query: Theodore Roosevelt was a child.

pos: Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt Jr. ( -LSB- ˈroʊzəvɛlt -RSB- ; October 27 , 1858 -- January 6 , 1919 ) was an American statesman , author , explorer , soldier , naturalist , and reformer who served as the 26th President of the United States from 1901 to 1909 . He also served as the 25th Vice President of the United States and as the 33rd Governor of New York . As a leader of the Republican Party during this time , he became a driving force for the Progressive Era in the United States in the early 20th century . His face is depicted on Mount Rushmore , alongside those of George Washington , Thomas Jefferson , and Abraham Lincoln .   Roosevelt was born a sickly child with debilitating asthma , but he successfully overcame his physical health problems by embracing a strenuous lifestyle . He integrated his exuberant personality , vast range of interests , and world-famous achievements into a `` cowboy '' persona defined by robust masculinity . Home-schooled , he began a lifelong naturalist avocation before attending Harvard College . His book , The Naval War of 1812 ( 1882 ) , established his reputation as both a learned historian and as a popular writer . Upon entering politics , he became the leader of the reform faction of Republicans in New York 's state legislature . Following the near-simultaneous deaths of his wife and mother , he escaped to a cattle ranch in the Dakotas . Roosevelt served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President William McKinley , but resigned from that post to lead the Rough Riders during the Spanish -- American War . Returning a war hero , he was elected Governor of New York in 1898 . After the death of Vice President Garret Hobart , the New York state party leadership convinced McKinley to accept Roosevelt as his running mate in the 1900 election , moving Roosevelt to the prestigious but powerless role of vice president . Roosevelt campaigned vigorously and the McKinley-Roosevelt ticket won a landslide victory based on a platform of peace , prosperity , and conservatism .   Following McKinley 's assassination in September 1901 , Roosevelt became president at age 42 , and remains the youngest president . As a leader of the Progressive movement , he championed his `` Square Deal '' domestic policies , promising the average citizen fairness , breaking of trusts , regulation of railroads , and pure food and drugs . Making conservation a top priority , he established a myriad of new national parks , forests , and monuments intended to preserve the nation 's natural resources . In foreign policy , he focused on Central America , where he began construction of the Panama Canal . He expanded the Navy and sent the Great White Fleet on a world tour to project the United States ' naval power around the globe . His successful efforts to broker the end of the Russo-Japanese War won him the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize . He avoided the controversial tariff and money issues . Elected in 1904 to a full term , Roosevelt continued to promote progressive policies , but many of his efforts and much of his legislative agenda were eventually blocked in Congress . Roosevelt successfully groomed his close friend , William Howard Taft , and Taft won the 1908 presidential election to succeed him . In polls of historians and political scientists , Roosevelt is generally ranked as one of the five best presidents .   Frustrated with Taft 's conservatism , Roosevelt belatedly tried to win the 1912 Republican nomination . He failed , walked out , and founded a third party , the Progressive , so-called `` Bull Moose '' Party , which called for wide-ranging progressive reforms . The split allowed the Democrats to win the White House and a majority in both houses of Congress . Following his election defeat , Roosevelt led a two-year expedition to the Amazon basin , where he nearly died of tropical disease . During World War I , he criticized President Woodrow Wilson for keeping the country out of the war with Germany , and his offer to lead volunteers to France was rejected . Though he had considered running for president again in 1920 , Roosevelt 's health continued to deteriorate , and he died in 1919 .

neg: Wendell Willkie Wendell Lewis Willkie ( born Lewis Wendell Willkie ; February 18 , 1892 -- October 8 , 1944 ) was an American lawyer and corporate executive , and the 1940 Republican nominee for President . Willkie appealed to many convention delegates as the Republican field 's only interventionist : although the U.S. remained neutral prior to Pearl Harbor , he favored greater U.S. involvement in World War II to support Britain and other Allies . His Democratic opponent , incumbent President Franklin D. Roosevelt , won the 1940 election with about 55 % of the popular vote and took the electoral college vote by a wide margin .   Willkie was born in Indiana in 1892 ; both his parents were lawyers , and he also became one . He served in World War I but was not sent to France until the final days of the war , and saw no action . Willkie settled in Akron , Ohio , where he was initially employed by Firestone , but left for a law firm , becoming one of the leaders of the Akron bar . Much of his work was representing electric utilities , and in 1929 Willkie accepted a job in New York City as counsel for Commonwealth & Southern Corporation ( C&S ) , a utility holding company . He was rapidly promoted , and became corporate president in 1933 . Roosevelt was sworn in as U.S. president soon after Willkie became head of C&S , and announced plans for a Tennessee Valley Authority ( TVA ) that would supply power in competition with C&S . Between 1933 and 1939 , Willkie fought against the TVA before Congress , in the courts , and before the public . He was ultimately unsuccessful , but sold C&S 's property for a good price , and gained public esteem .   A longtime Democratic activist , Willkie changed his party registration to Republican in late 1939 . He did not run in the 1940 presidential primaries , but positioned himself as an acceptable choice for a deadlocked convention . He sought backing from uncommitted delegates , while his supporters -- many youthful -- enthusiastically promoted his candidacy . As German forces under Hitler rampaged through western Europe in 1940 , many Republicans did not wish to nominate an isolationist like Thomas E. Dewey , and turned to Willkie , who was nominated on the sixth ballot over Ohio Senator Robert A. Taft . Willkie 's support for aid to Britain removed it as a major factor in his race against Roosevelt , and Willkie also backed the president on a peacetime draft . Both men took more isolationist positions towards the end of the race . Roosevelt won an unprecedented third term , taking 38 of the 48 states .   After the election , Willkie made two wartime foreign trips as Roosevelt 's informal envoy , and as nominal leader of the Republican Party gave the president his full support . This angered many conservatives , especially as Willkie increasingly advocated liberal or internationalist causes . Willkie ran for the Republican nomination in 1944 , but bowed out after a disastrous showing in the Wisconsin primary in April . He and Roosevelt discussed the possibility of forming , after the war , a liberal political party , but Willkie died in October 1944 before the idea could bear fruit . Willkie is remembered for giving Roosevelt vital political assistance in 1940 , which allowed the president to aid Britain in its time of crisis .

neg: John Elliott (Georgia) John Elliott ( October 24 , 1773 -- August 9 , 1827 ) was a United States Senator from Georgia , serving from 1819 to 1825 .   Elliott graduated from Yale University in 1794 and returned to Georgia to practice law . He was elected to the Senate after holding several local offices .   Through his first wife Esther Dunwoody , he was the father of Hester Amarintha `` Hettie '' Elliott ( 1797 -- 1831 ) and Corinne Elliott . Hettie was the first wife of Major James Stephens Bulloch ( 1793 -- 1849 ) and mother of Civil War Confederate veteran James Dunwoody Bulloch ( 1823 -- 1901 ) .   Senator Elliott was also the first husband of Martha `` Patsy '' Stewart ( 1799 -- 1864 ) , daughter of General Daniel Stewart and Sarah Susannah Oswald . John and Patsy had four children :   Susan Ann Elliott ( 1820 -- 1895 )  Georgia Amanda Elliott ( 1822 -- 1848 )  Charles William Elliott ( September 1824 -- c. 1825 )  Daniel Stewart `` Dan '' Elliott ( 1826 -- 1861 ) , Civil War Confederate casualty   After his death , Patsy married Major Bulloch in May 8 , 1832 and had four children , including Martha `` Mittie '' Bulloch ( 1835 -- 1884 ) and Civil War Confederate veteran Irvine Stephens Bulloch ( 1842 -- 1898 ) . Mittie was the mother of US President Theodore Roosevelt ( 1858 -- 1919 ) and Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt ( 1860 -- 1894 ) , who was the father of First Lady Anna Eleanor Roosevelt ( 1884 -- 1962 ) .   In 1820 , he owned 115 slaves in Liberty County , Georgia . In 1830 , his estate owned 117 slaves .

neg: Stalky & Co. Stalky & Co. is a novel by Rudyard Kipling about adolescent boys at a British boarding school . It is a collection of school stories whose juvenile protagonists display a know-it-all , cynical outlook on patriotism and authority . According to his family , Kipling enjoyed reading aloud stories from Stalky & Co. to them and often went into spasms of laughter over his own jokes . It was first published in 1899 ( following serialisation in the Windsor Magazine ) . Reflecting its origins , the novel is episodic in nature , with self-contained chapters . It is set at an unnamed school referred to as the College or the Coll. , which is based on the United Services College in Devon , which Kipling attended . The character Beetle , one of the main trio , is partly based on Kipling himself , while the charismatic character Stalky is based on Lionel Dunsterville , M'Turk is based on George Charles Beresford , Mr King is based on William Carr Crofts. , and the school Head , Mr. Bates , is based on Cormell Price .   The stories have elements of revenge , the macabre , bullying and violence , and hints about sex , making them far from childish or idealised . For example , Beetle pokes fun at an earlier , more earnest , boys ' book , Eric , or , Little by Little , thus flaunting his more worldly outlook . There is also some information about Stalky in later life . In his essay entitled `` What We Can Expect of the American Boy , '' Teddy Roosevelt disdained this novel , calling it `` a story which ought never to have been written , for there is hardly a single form of meanness which it does not seem to extol , or of school mismanagement which it does not seem to applaud . ''

neg: First 100 days of Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidency During the first hundred days of Franklin D. Roosevelt 's presidency , President Franklin D. Roosevelt planned to end the Great Depression . When Roosevelt took office on March 4 , 1933 , he immediately addressed the effects of the depression . His main four priorities were to get Americans back to work , protect their savings and create prosperity , provide relief for the sick and elderly , and get industry and agriculture back on their feet . 15 major laws were enacted in Roosevelt 's first 100 days .

neg: Van Dearing Perrine Van Dearing Perrine ( 1869 - 1955 ) was a well regarded American Impressionist painter . Perrine moved to New York around 1893 , and studied at the National Academy of Design ( 1894-1897 ) . He founded The Country Sketch Club , which held a number of exhibitions at the Academy in the late 1890s , and the Art Institute of Chicago in 1901 . Walter Farndon , Charles Hawthorne , Jonas Lie , and Maurice Stern also exhibited in these shows . Perrine 's first solo exhibition was at the Glaenzer Galleries in New York in 1903 . He also exhibited at the Durand-Ruel Gallery , the New Gallery , the Armory Show of 1913 , and The Grand Central Art Galleries in New York City .   He was often referred to as the `` Painter of the Palisades , '' or the `` Thoreau of the Palisades . '' Perrine was a guest of Eleanor Roosevelt at the White House in June 1934 , and Theodore Roosevelt purchased one of Van Perrine 's paintings of the Palisades to have it hung in the White House shortly thereafter . He has also been collected by the Smithsonian Museum .   Perrine married Theodora Snow in 1911 . They had one son and one daughter . Perrine later became known for his development of a unique program of art instruction for children . His book on that topic , titled `` Let the Child Draw '' was published in 1936 .

neg: Presidency of William McKinley The presidency of William McKinley began on March 4 , 1897 at noon Eastern Standard Time , when William McKinley was inaugurated as President of the United States , and ended on September 14 , 1901 , upon his assassination and death , days into his second term . McKinley , a Republican , was succeeded by Vice President Theodore Roosevelt .   The 25th United States president , he took office following the 1896 presidential election , in which he defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan , after a front-porch campaign in which he advocated `` sound money '' , promised that high tariffs would restore prosperity , and denounced Bryan 's radicalism and class warfare . He defeated Bryan again in the 1900 presidential election , in a campaign focused on imperialism , protectionism , and free silver . McKinley 's presidency marked the beginning of an era in American political history from the mid -- 1890s to 1932 that was generally dominated by the Republican Party .   McKinley led the nation to victory in the Spanish -- American War , took ownership of Hawaii , the Philippines and Puerto Rico , restored prosperity , promoted pluralism among all groups , raised protective tariffs to promote American industry , and maintained the nation on the gold standard in a rejection of inflationary proposals . Rapid economic growth marked his presidency . He promoted the 1897 Dingley Tariff to protect manufacturers and factory workers from foreign competition , and in 1900 , he secured the passage of the Gold Standard Act . McKinley hoped to persuade Spain to grant independence to rebellious Cuba without conflict , but when negotiation failed , he led the nation in the Spanish -- American War of 1898 ; the U.S. victory was quick and decisive . As part of the peace settlement , Spain turned over to the United States its main overseas colonies of Puerto Rico , Guam , and the Philippines ; Cuba was promised independence , but for a time remained under the control of the U.S. Army . The United States annexed the independent Republic of Hawaii in 1898 and it became a U.S. territory . As an innovator of American interventionism and pro-business sentiment , McKinley 's presidency is generally ranked above average . Historian Lewis L. Gould argues that McKinley was effective in domestic and foreign affairs and was `` the first modern president '' :

neg: 1910s The 1910s ( pronounced `` nineteen-tens '' , also abbreviated as the `` teens '' ) was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1 , 1910 , and ended on December 31 , 1919 . The 1910s represented the culmination of European militarism which had its beginnings during the second half of the 19th century . The conservative lifestyles during the first half of the decade , as well as the legacy of military alliances , was forever changed by the assassination , on June 28 , 1914 , of Archduke Franz Ferdinand , the heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne . The murder triggered a chain of events in which , within 33 days , World War I broke out in Europe on August 1 , 1914 . The conflict dragged on until a truce was declared on November 11 , 1918 , leading to the controversial , one-sided Treaty of Versailles , which was signed on June 28 , 1919 .   The war 's end triggered the abdication of various monarchies and the collapse of five of the last modern empires of Russia , Germany , China , Ottoman Turkey and Austria-Hungary , with the latter splintered into Austria , Hungary , southern Poland ( who acquired most of their land in a war with Soviet Russia ) , Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia , as well as the unification of Romania with Transylvania and Moldavia . However , each of these states ( with the possible exception of Yugoslavia ) had large German and Hungarian minorities , there creating some unexpected problems that would be brought to light in the next two decades . ( See Dissolution of Austro-Hungarian Empire : Successor States for better description of composition of names of successor countries/states following the splinter . )   The decade was also a period of revolution in a number of countries . The Mexican Revolution spearheaded the trend in November 1910 , which led to the ousting of dictator Porfirio Diaz , developing into a violent civil war that dragged on until mid-1920 , not long after a new Mexican Constitution was signed and ratified . Russia also had a similar fate , since World War I led to a collapse in morale as well as to economic chaos . This atmosphere encouraged the establishment of Bolshevism , which was later renamed as communism . Like the Mexican Revolution , the Russian Revolution of 1917 , known as the October Revolution , immediately turned to Russian Civil War that dragged until approximately late 1922 .   Much of the music in these years was ballroom-themed . Many of the fashionable restaurants were equipped with dance floors . Prohibition in the United States began January 16 , 1919 , with the ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution .

neg: Leonidas C. Dyer Leonidas Carstarphen Dyer ( June 11 , 1871 -- December 15 , 1957 ) was an American politician , reformer , civil rights activist , and military officer who served 11 terms in the U.S. Congress as a Republican Representative from Missouri from 1911 to 1933 . In 1898 enrolling in the U.S. Army as a private , Dyer served notably in the Spanish -- American War ; and was promoted to Colonel at the war 's end .   Working as an attorney in St. Louis , Dyer started an anti-usury campaign and was elected to Congress as a Republican in 1910 . As a progressive reformer , Dyer authored an anti-usury law in 1914 that limited excessive loan rates by bank lenders in the nation 's capital , then still governed by Congress .   Horrified by the race riots in Saint Louis and East Saint Louis in 1917 and the high rate of reported lynchings in the South , in 1918 Dyer was notable for proposing the Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill . In 1920 the Republican Party supported such legislation in its platform from the National Convention . In January 1922 , Dyer 's bill was passed by the House , which approved it by a wide margin due to `` insistent countrywide demand '' . The bill was defeated by the white Democratic voting bloc of the South in filibusters in the Senate in December 1922 , in 1923 and 1924 .   In 1919 , Dyer authored the motor-vehicle theft law , which made transporting stolen automobiles across state lines a federal crime . By 1956 , the FBI reported that the law had enabled the recovery of cars worth more than $ 212 million . In terms of Prohibition , Rep. Dyer voted against various anti-liquor laws , including the Eighteenth Amendment .   Dyer served in Congress from the 62nd Congress to the 72nd Congress . He was defeated for re-election during the 1930s of the Great Depression . President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's programs to put people to work and extend social welfare during the Depression helped attract voters to Democratic candidates .

neg: Theodore S. Weiss Theodore S. `` Ted '' Weiss ( September 17 , 1927 -- September 14 , 1992 ) was a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives from New York serving from 1977 until his death from heart failure in New York City in 1992 .   Weiss was born in Gáva , Hungary and emigrated to the United States in 1938 as his family fled the Nazi invasion of Hungary . He grew up in Perth Amboy , New Jersey . Weiss served in the United States Army from 1946 until 1947 . He graduated from Syracuse University in 1951 , earning a law degree from Syracuse University College of Law in 1952 . In 1953 , Weiss became a naturalized citizen of the United States . Between 1955 and 1959 , he served as assistant New York County , New York ( Manhattan ) district attorney , before leaving the position to return to private practice .   From 1962 until 1976 , Weiss was a member of the New York City Council . He was a delegate to the 1972 Democratic National Convention . Weiss was elected to Congress in 1976 , representing most of Manhattan 's West Side , and served from January 3 , 1977 , until his death . Weiss was known for his avid support of liberal causes , including civil rights , open government , and the arts . He served on the House Committee on Banking , Finance , and Urban Affairs , the House Committee on Government Operations , and the House Committee on Foreign Affairs . In 1985 Weiss headed a committee that found 90 percent of the twenty to thirty thousand new drugs used on farm animals had not been approved by the FDA in violation of the Federal Food , Drug , and Cosmetic Act . They also found that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) failed to remove several drugs already known to be carcinogens .   Weiss died three days before the state 's Democratic primary election . Due to the Congressman 's ailing health , five Democrats appeared on the ballot to challenge him . Nonetheless , Weiss posthumously won the primary by a huge margin . State Assemblyman Jerry Nadler was named to replace Weiss on the ballot and was handily elected in November ; Nadler still holds the seat .   The Ted Weiss Federal Building in Lower Manhattan , adjacent to the African Burial Ground National Monument , has been named in Weiss ' honor .

neg: Theodore Parker Theodore Parker ( August 24 , 1810 -- May 10 , 1860 ) was an American Transcendentalist and reforming minister of the Unitarian church . A reformer and abolitionist , his words and popular quotations would later inspire speeches by Abraham Lincoln and Martin Luther King , Jr. .

neg: James Alfred Roosevelt Estate James Alfred Roosevelt Estate , also known as Yellowbanks , is a historic estate located at Cove Neck in Nassau County , New York . It is located several hundred feet west of Sagamore Hill , home of President Theodore Roosevelt . It was designed by noted architect Bruce Price ( 1845-1903 ) in 1881 as a summer home for James A. Roosevelt ( 1825-1898 ) , uncle to Theodore Roosevelt . It is a Shingle Style house , basically rectangular in massing , two and a half to three stories in height with a gambrel roof . The home was occupied by Emlen Roosevelt ( 1857-1930 ) .   It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 .

neg: Taft Commission The Taft Commission , also known as Second Philippine Commission ( Filipino : Ikalawang Komisyon ng Pilipinas ) was established by United States President William McKinley on March 16 , 1900 following the recommendations of the First Philippine Commission . The Second Commission was at first the sole legislative body of the Philippines , then known as the Philippine Islands under the sovereign control of the United States , while still under the Philippine -- American War . After the passage of the Philippine Organic Act in 1902 , the Commission functioned as a House of bicameral legislature until it was supplanted in 1916 by an elected legislature established in 1916 by the Philippine Autonomy Act .   William Howard Taft was the first head of the Philippine Commission , a post he filled between March 16 , 1900 and July 4 , 1901 , after which the commission head also became the Civil Governor of the Philippines . He held the post until January 31 , 1904 after he was appointed as the Secretary of War by Pres. Theodore Roosevelt . The Philippine Commission was subsequently headed by a number of persons , but is often mentioned informally and collectively as the `` Taft Commission '' .

neg: Hall Roosevelt Gracie Hall Roosevelt ( June 28 , 1891 -- September 25 , 1941 ) was the youngest brother of First Lady of the United States Eleanor Roosevelt and a nephew of President Theodore Roosevelt . He was usually called Hall .

neg: Roosevelt Reservation The Roosevelt Reservation is a 60 ft strip of land on the United States side of the United States-Mexico Border under the jurisdiction of the United States Federal Government . It was established in a 1907 Presidential Proclamation ( 35 Stat . 2136 ) by Theodore Roosevelt in order to keep the land `` free from obstruction as a protection against the smuggling of goods between the United States and Mexico '' .

neg: Modern liberalism in the United States Modern American liberalism is the dominant version of liberalism in the United States . It is characterized by social liberalism , and combines ideas of civil liberty and equality with support for social justice and a mixed economy . The term `` modern liberalism '' in this article refers only to the United States . In a global context , this philosophy is usually referred to as social liberalism .   The American modern liberal philosophy strongly endorses public spending on programs such as education , health care , and welfare . Important social issues today include addressing inequality , voting rights for minorities , affirmative action , reproductive and other women 's rights , support for LGBT rights , and immigration reform .   Modern liberalism took shape during the twentieth century , with roots in Theodore Roosevelt 's New Nationalism , Woodrow Wilson 's New Freedom , Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal , Harry S. Truman 's Fair Deal , John F. Kennedy 's New Frontier , and Lyndon B. Johnson 's Great Society . American liberals oppose conservatives on most issues , but not all . Modern liberalism is historically related to social liberalism and progressivism , though the current relationship between liberal and progressive viewpoints is debated .   John F. Kennedy defined a liberal as follows :   Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1941 defined a liberal party as one ,   Keynesian economic theory has played an important role in the economic philosophy of modern American liberals . Modern American liberals generally believe that national prosperity requires government management of the macroeconomy , in order to keep unemployment low , inflation in check , and growth high . They also value institutions that defend against economic inequality . In The Conscience of a Liberal Paul Krugman writes : `` I believe in a relatively equal society , supported by institutions that limit extremes of wealth and poverty . I believe in democracy , civil liberties , and the rule of law . That makes me a liberal , and I 'm proud of it . '' Liberals often point to the widespread prosperity enjoyed under a mixed economy in the years since World War II . They believe liberty exists when access to necessities like health care and economic opportunity are available to all , and they champion the protection of the environment .   Modern American liberalism is typically associated with the Democratic Party , as modern American conservatism is typically associated with the Republican Party .

neg: Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt The presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt began on March 4 , 1933 , when he was inaugurated as the 32nd President of the United States , and ended upon his death on April 12 , 1945 , a span of ( 4422 days ) . Roosevelt assumed the presidency in the midst of the Great Depression . Starting with his landslide victory over Republican President Herbert Hoover in the 1932 election . He won a record four presidential terms , and became a central figure in world affairs during World War II . His program for relief , recovery and reform , known as the New Deal , involved a great expansion of the role of the federal government in the economy . Under his steady leadership , the Democratic Party built a `` New Deal Coalition '' of labor unions , big city machines , white ethnics , African Americans , and rural white Southerners , that would significantly realign American politics for the next several decades in the Fifth Party System and also define modern American liberalism .   During his first hundred days in office , Roosevelt spearheaded unprecedented major legislation and issued a profusion of executive orders that instituted the New Deal -- a variety of programs designed to produce relief ( government jobs for the unemployed ) , recovery ( economic growth ) , and reform ( through regulation of Wall Street , banks and transportation ) . He created numerous programs to support the unemployed and farmers , and to encourage labor union growth while more closely regulating business and high finance . The repeal of Prohibition in 1933 added to his popularity , helping him win re-election by a landslide in 1936 . The economy improved rapidly from 1933 to 1937 , but then relapsed into a deep recession in 1937 -- 38 . The bipartisan Conservative Coalition that formed in 1937 prevented his attempted packing of the Supreme Court , and blocked most of his legislative proposals , aside from the Fair Labor Standards Act . When the war began and unemployment largely became a non-issue , conservatives in Congress repealed the two major relief programs , the WPA and CCC , but kept most of the regulations on business . Along with several smaller programs , major surviving programs from the New Deal include the Securities and Exchange Commission , the Wagner Act , the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation , and Social Security .   A potential worldwide war loomed after 1937 , with the Japanese invasion of China and the aggression of Nazi Germany , which invaded Poland in September 1939 . Roosevelt remained officially neutral but gave strong diplomatic and financial support to China , the United Kingdom , Free France , and the Soviet Union via initiatives such as the Lend-Lease programs . Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7 , 1941 , Roosevelt sought and obtained a declaration of war upon Japan . A few days later , he sought and obtained a declaration of war upon the other major Axis powers , Germany and Italy . Assisted by his top aide Harry Hopkins , and with very strong national support , he worked closely with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill , Soviet leader Joseph Stalin , and Chinese Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek in leading the Allies during World War II . He supervised the mobilization of the U.S. economy to support the war effort , and the war saw the end of the massive unemployment that characterized the Great Depression . Roosevelt sought to desegregate the federal workforce with the Fair Employment Practice Committee , but he also controversially ordered the internment of 100,000 Japanese American civilians . As an active military leader , Roosevelt implemented a war strategy on two fronts that ended in the defeat of the Axis Powers and the development of the world 's first nuclear bomb . Though he died months before the end of the war , his work on the post-war order shaped the new United Nations and the Bretton Woods international financial system . Roosevelt 's health seriously declined during the war years , and he died three months into his fourth term . He was succeeded by Vice President Harry S. Truman . It was on Roosevelt 's watch that the Democratic Party was returned to dominance , prosperity returned , and two great military enemies were destroyed .   Scholars , historians and the public typically rank Roosevelt alongside Abraham Lincoln and George Washington as one of the three greatest U.S. Presidents .

neg: Robert A. Taft Robert Alphonso Taft ( September 8 , 1889 -- July 31 , 1953 ) was a conservative American politician , statesman , and presidential hopeful who served as a United States Senator from Ohio from 1939 until his death in 1953 . A member of the Republican Taft political family , he was the elder son of William Howard Taft ( the 27th President of the United States and 10th Chief Justice of the United States ) .   Taft was the Senate 's main opponent of Franklin Roosevelt 's New Deal domestic policies .   After the president 's death , Taft successfully led the conservative coalition 's efforts to curb the power of labor unions . Taft was a leading advocate of non-interventionism in foreign policy . He failed in his quests to win the Republican Party 's presidential nomination in 1940 , 1948 , and 1952 . Throughout that period he battled New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey ( leader of the moderate `` Eastern Establishment '' ) for control of the party . Taft 's biographer , James T. Patterson , portrayed Taft as honest , conscientious , courageous , dignified , and highly intelligent but also faulted Taft 's competitiveness , lack of public-relations skills , and extreme partisanship . A 1957 Senate committee named Taft as one of America 's five greatest senators , along with Henry Clay , Daniel Webster , John C. Calhoun , and Robert M. La Follette , Sr. .

neg: Roosevelt Raceway Roosevelt Raceway was a racetrack located in the town of Westbury in Long Island , New York . Initially created as a venue for motor racing , it was converted to a 1/2 - mile harness racing facility ( the actual circumference was 165 feet shorter or 15/32-mile ) . The harness racing facility operated from September 2 , 1940 until July 15 , 1988 . It was the original home of the Messenger Stakes , part of the Triple Crown of Harness Racing for Pacers . The raceway hosted the event until it closed . It was also the first track to use the now universal `` mobile starting gate '' . The operation was sold in 1984 on the condition it was to remain an operating racetrack , but the facilities deteriorated , attendance dropped off and the plant was no longer profitable . Roosevelt Raceway 's closure was ( and still is ) controversial .   The site of Roosevelt Raceway is part of the Hempstead Plains , located in an unincorporated area of the Town of Hempstead , within the Westbury 11590 Zip Code . It is located near where the first English Governor of New York , Richard Nicolls , established the `` Newmarket Course '' , the first horse racing track in North America ( and indeed , the first organized sport of any kind ) in the territory that would become the United States , in 1664 .

neg: 1940 State of the Union Address The 1940 State of the Union Address was given by the 32nd President of the United States , Franklin D. Roosevelt , on January 3 , 1940 , to both houses of Congress . It was given right before the United States entered World War II . He said , `` You are well aware that dictatorships -- and the philosophy of force that justifies and accompanies dictatorships -- have originated in almost every case in the necessity for drastic action to improve internal conditions in places where democratic action for one reason or another has failed to respond to modern needs and modern demands . ''

neg: Political positions of Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt ( 1858 -- 1919 ) was the 26th President of the United States ( 1901 -- 09 ) and also served as Governor of New York and Vice President . He is known for becoming a leading spokesman for his version of progressivism after 1890 . Author Daniel Ruddy , however , argues in his book Theodore the Great : Conservative Crusader that Roosevelt was a actually a populist conservative and a Hamiltonian -- a conservative in the eighteenth century sense of the word .


query: The United States Naval Academy is a four year educational institution.

pos: United States Naval Academy The United States Naval Academy ( also known as USNA , Annapolis , or simply Navy ) is a four-year coeducational federal service academy in Annapolis , Maryland , United States . Established on 10 October 1845 , under Secretary of the Navy George Bancroft , it is the second oldest of the United States ' five service academies , and educates officers for commissioning primarily into the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps . The 338 acre campus is located on the former grounds of Fort Severn at the confluence of the Severn River and Chesapeake Bay in Anne Arundel County , 33 mi east of Washington , D.C. and 26 mi southeast of Baltimore . The entire campus is a National Historic Landmark and home to many historic sites , buildings , and monuments . It replaced Philadelphia Naval Asylum , in Philadelphia , that served as the first United States Naval Academy from 1838 to 1845 when the Naval Academy formed in Annapolis .   Candidates for admission generally must both apply directly to the academy and receive a nomination , usually from a Member of Congress . Students are officers-in-training and are referred to as midshipmen . Tuition for midshipmen is fully funded by the Navy in exchange for an active duty service obligation upon graduation . Approximately 1,200 `` plebes '' ( an abbreviation of the Ancient Roman word plebeian ) enter the Academy each summer for the rigorous Plebe Summer , but only about 1,000 midshipmen graduate . Graduates are usually commissioned as ensigns in the Navy or second lieutenants in the Marine Corps , but a small number can also be cross-commissioned as officers in other U.S. services , and the services of allied nations . The United States Naval Academy has some of the highest paid graduates in the country according to starting salary . The academic program grants a bachelor of science degree with a curriculum that grades midshipmen 's performance upon a broad academic program , military leadership performance , and mandatory participation in competitive athletics . Midshipmen are required to adhere to the academy 's Honor Concept .

neg: Higher education in the United States Higher education in the United States is an optional final stage of formal learning following secondary education . Higher education , also referred to as post-secondary education , third stage , third level , or tertiary education occurs most commonly at one of the 4,726 Title IV degree-granting institutions , either colleges or universities in the country . These may be public universities , private universities , liberal arts colleges , community colleges , or for-profit colleges . High visibility issues include greater use of the Internet , such as massive open online courses , competency-based education , cutbacks in state spending , rapidly rising tuition and increasing student loans .   According to the National Student Clearinghouse , US college enrollment has declined for five consecutive years and is projected to continue declining for the next two decades .   Strong research and funding have helped make American colleges and universities among the world 's most prestigious , making them particularly attractive to international students , professors and researchers in the pursuit of academic excellence .   Unlike the tertiary education system of the UK and Australia , American education is unique in the world to place strong emphasis on Liberal Arts education in its higher education curriculum .

neg: 2003 Navy Midshipmen football team The 2003 Navy Midshipmen football team represented the United States Naval Academy ( USNA ) in during the 2003 NCAA Division I-A football season . Navy competed as an independent with no conference affiliation . The team was led by second-year head coach Paul Johnson .

neg: Naval Postgraduate School The Naval Postgraduate School ( NPS ) is a graduate school operated by the United States Navy . Located in Monterey , California , it grants master 's degrees , engineer 's degrees and doctoral degrees . Established in 1909 , the school also offers research fellowship opportunities at the postdoctoral level through the National Academies ' National Research Council research associateship program .

neg: Wardroom The wardroom is the mess cabin or compartment for commissioned naval officers above the rank of midshipman . Although typically applies to officers in a navy , it is also applicable to marine officers and coast guard officers in those nations that have such service branches . Typically the mess compartment aboard a naval or coast guard vessel , and on larger vessels , such as aircraft carriers of the U.S. Navy , there may more than one wardroom . It may also be used to refer to similar officer mess facilities at naval , marine , and coast guard installations ashore .   The term the wardroom is also used ( metonymically ) to refer to those individuals with the right to occupy that wardroom , meaning `` the officers of the wardroom . ''   The wardoom provides a place of recreation as well as being a dining room . Usually , a galley or scullery adjoins the wardroom . Service is provided by stewards , now known in some services as mess specialists or culinary specialists . On warships other than those of the U.S. Navy , there is usually a bar where alcoholic drinks can be purchased . Ships can be either `` wet '' or `` dry '' : the former allowing the consumption of alcohol at sea , while the latter only allows alcohol when alongside at port , if at all . Ships of the United States Navy have not allowed alcohol consumption onboard since 1913 , although since 1980 unique , by exception , single-day waivers have been granted to vessels deployed in excess of ninety 90 ) days without a port call .   Wardrooms have rules governing etiquette . Traditionally considered taboo are three topics : politics , religion , and sex ( earlier guidebooks referred to the latter as ladies , this being changed as increasing numbers of female officers joined the wardrooms of warships and coast guard cutters ) . On large ships in peacetime , talking about professional business is also frowned upon . It is also considered inappropriate to perform work or to meet with subordinates in a wardroom . Typically , upon entering the wardroom at meal time , members ask permission from the most senior officer present before joining the table .   The ship 's executive officer is usually the mess president . On warships and coast guard vessels , the commanding officer is normally not a member of the wardroom , but is invited to join the members for special occasions .

neg: Naval Academy Mürwik The Naval Academy Mürwik ( Marineschule Mürwik ) is the main training establishment for all German Navy officers and replaced the German Imperial Naval Academy in Kiel .   It is located at Mürwik which is a part of Germany 's northernmost city , Flensburg . Built on a small hill directly by the coast , it overlooks the Flensburg Fjord . The main building of the academy is known for its beautiful architecture and location , and is often named the `` Red Castle '' .

neg: Lieutenant (junior grade) Lieutenant ( junior grade ) ( LTJG ) is a junior commissioned officer rank in the United States Navy , the United States Coast Guard , the United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps , and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps ( NOAA Corps ) , with the pay grade of O-2 . The rank is also used in the United States Maritime Service . The NOAA Corps 's predecessors , the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps ( 1917 -- 1965 ) and the Environmental Science Services Administration Corps or ESSA Corps ( 1965 -- 1970 ) , also used the rank .   Lieutenant , junior grade , ranks above ensign and below lieutenant and is equivalent to a first lieutenant in the other uniformed services ( the Army , Marine Corps and Air Force ) and sub-lieutenant in the Royal Navy and the navies of many Commonwealth countries .   Promotion to LTJG is governed by Department of Defense policies derived from the Defense Officer Personnel Management Act of 1980 . DOPMA guidelines suggest all `` fully qualified '' ensigns should be promoted to LTJG . The time for promotion to LTJG is a minimum of two years after commissioning in the Navy or 18 months in the Coast Guard . Lieutenants , junior grade typically lead petty officers and non-rated personnel , unless assigned to small aircraft or on staff duty . A LTJG 's usual shipboard billet is as a division officer .   Lieutenant , junior grade is often referred to colloquially as JG ( `` Jay-Jee '' ) . Prior to March 3 , 1883 , this rank was known in the Navy as Master .

neg: Blackstone Military Academy Blackstone Military Academy , a military school located in the town of Blackstone in Nottoway County , Virginia , was founded in 1912 and located off South Main Street in Blackstone itself . The exact coordinates of its former location are : Latitude : 37.0709835 , Longitude : -78.0047258 . These coordinates place it as having been to the immediate East of present-day Blackstone Army Airfield .  The establishment of BMA occurred when Hodge Military Academy , a school that had been located on those same grounds since 1894 , closed . BMA suffered a fire at one time in its history , but the school was rebuilt in 1922 . BMA eventually closed , and the building that once served as the barracks for attending cadets functions today as the Clays Rest Home . From `` Nottoway County in War Time '' by Agnes Epes , referencing BMA 's history in World War I :   Blackstone Military Academy responded liberally to the subscriptions for the Soldiers ' Library fund as well as to many other causes . Mrs. E. S. Ligon has the following to say of the work of the academy :   `` Blackstone Military Academy was headquarters of the Nottoway Soldiers ' Comfort League , and it was here that the members frequently met to wrap , address and send the sweaters to the Nottoway boys . On these occasions news of our boys was exchanged and letters read from those who had received the league 's gifts . From the faculty and cadet corps of B. M. A. we furnished fifteen commissioned officers and twenty-seven noncommissioned officers , and at one time eighty-one percent of the total enrollment of the school faculty , cadets and alumni were in service . Three of the cadets lost their lives . ''   Sources   1 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100418142012/http://directory.militaryschools.us:80/Defunct-Military-Schools/index3.html  2 . http://virginia.hometownlocator.com/maps/feature-map,ftc,3,fid,1493900,n,blackstone%20military%20academy.cfm  3 . http://www.newrivernotes.com/va/nottww1.htm   Category : Military academies of the United States  Category : Education in Virginia  Category : Education in Nottoway County , Virginia  Category :1912 establishments in Virginia  Category : Educational institutions established in 1912

neg: The Apprentice School The Apprentice School ( also known as Newport News Apprentice School ) is a four-year apprenticeship vocational school founded and operated by Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company in Newport News in the U.S. state of Virginia . The school trains students for careers in the shipbuilding industry . It is not a traditional college in that it does not grant degrees -- associate 's degrees earned by students in the program are earned through Thomas Nelson Community College -- but it does compete athletically with other small colleges .

neg: Bibliography of early American naval history Historical accounts for early American naval history now occur across the spectrum of two and more centuries . This Bibliography lends itself primarily to reliable sources covering early American naval history beginning around the American Revolution period on through the 18th and 19th centuries and includes sources which cover notable naval commanders , Presidents , important ships , major naval engagements and corresponding wars . The bibliography also includes sources that are not committed to the subject of American naval history per se but whose content covers this subject extensively .   Among the contemporary and earlier historical accounts are primary sources , historical accounts , often derived from letters , dispatches , government and military records , captain 's logs and diaries , etc. , written by authors who were involved in or closely associated to the historical episode in question . Primary source material is often collected , compiled and published by other editors also , sometimes many years after the historical subject has passed . Many of the authors are notable and even famous in their own right and are linked to their corresponding biographies .

neg: Nakhimov Naval School The Nakhimov Naval School or simply Nakhimov School is a form of military education for teenagers introduced in the Soviet Union and once also located in other cities . They are named after Imperial Russian admiral Pavel Nakhimov .   The first Nakhimov School was introduced in Tbilisi in 1943 during the Great Patriotic War , for sons of military personnel who died in action . The Tbilisi Nakhimov Naval School ( : ru : Тбилисское Нахимовское военно-морское училище ) existed during 1943-1955 . In 1944 the Leningrad Nakhimov Naval School started to operate . Riga Nakhimov Naval School ( : ru : Рижское Нахимовское военно-морское училище , Rigas Nachimova Skola ) existed during 1945-1953 .   In modern Russia only the St. Petersburg Nakhimov School continues to exist . Since the annexation of Crimea , Russia taken over jurisdiction of the Nakhimov Naval School in Sevastopol . The school today offers to teenage boys preparing for service as officers in the Russian Navy secondary education and military style training in the naval traditions of the nation . By 2017 , the school now has a campus in Vladivostok , Murmansk and Sevastopol , all formerly cadet schools .

neg: University Royal Naval Unit A University Royal Naval Unit ( URNU ) is a Royal Navy training establishment connected to a university , or a number of universities concentrated in one area . There are 15 URNUs nationwide in the UK , and each URNU has land-based facilities near the university in question , up to four training officers ( members of the Royal Naval Reserve ) and , with the exception of Devon , a dedicated training vessel ( an Archer-class P2000 fast patrol boat ) .

neg: United States Air Force Academy The United States Air Force Academy ( also known as USAFA , the Air Force Academy , or the Academy ) , is a military academy for officer cadets of the United States Air Force . Its campus is located in the western United States in Colorado , immediately north of Colorado Springs in El Paso County .   The Academy 's stated mission is `` to educate , train , and inspire men and women to become leaders of character , motivated to lead the United States Air Force in service to our nation . '' It is the youngest of the five U.S. service academies , having graduated its first class in 1959 . Graduates of the Academy 's four-year program receive a Bachelor of Science degree , and are commissioned as second lieutenants in the U.S. Air Force . The Academy is also one of the largest tourist attractions in Colorado , attracting approximately a million visitors each year .   Admission is extremely competitive , with nominations divided equally among Congressional districts . Recent incoming classes have had about 1,200 cadets ; historically , just under 1,000 of those will graduate . Tuition along with room and board are all paid for by the Air Force . Cadets receive a monthly stipend , but incur a commitment to serve a number of years of military service after graduation .   The program at the Academy is guided by the Air Force 's core values of `` Integrity First , Service Before Self , and Excellence in All We Do '' , and based on four `` pillars of excellence '' : military training , academics , athletics and character development . In addition to a rigorous military training regimen , cadets also take a broad academic course load with an extensive core curriculum in engineering , humanities , social sciences , basic sciences , military studies and physical education . All cadets participate in either intercollegiate or intramural athletics , and a thorough character development and leadership curriculum provides cadets a basis for future officership . Each of the components of the program is intended to give cadets the skills and knowledge that they will need for success as officers .

neg: United States Public Service Academy The United States Public Service Academy ( S. 960 and H.R. 1671 ) is a proposed institution of higher education . The Academy would be a federally subsidized four-year college modeled on the United States military service academies devoted to public service .  It was envisioned in 2006 and introduced into congress in 2007 and again in the next congress but did not pass .

neg: List of state universities in the United States In the United States , a state college or state university is one of the public colleges or universities funded by or associated with the state government . In some cases , these institutions of higher learning are part of a state university system , while in other cases they are not . Several U.S. territories also administer public colleges and universities . The U.S. federal government does not run colleges or universities except for the service academies , the Community College of the Air Force , the Naval Postgraduate School , the Air Force Institute of Technology , the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , military war colleges and staff colleges , and Haskell Indian Nations University . Additionally , Georgetown University , Gallaudet University , Howard University , and American University are private universities that are federally chartered . However , the federal government does make grants to state universities .   These state , as well as private , universities are accredited by different regional , not national , accreditation agencies , including the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools , the New England Association of Schools and Colleges , the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities , the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools , the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools , and the Western Association of Schools and Colleges , depending on which region of the United States the university is located in . These accreditation agencies ' approvals are critical to a university 's operations and public reputation . If a university loses accreditation or is not accredited in the first place , students will be reluctant to either continue or enroll at the school because the degree will be seen as being worthless . In a worst-case scenario , a university can shut down completely . The aforementioned agencies are all recognized by the United States Department of Education .   Most state universities receive at least part of their funding from the state , although many have substantial income from tuition and fees , endowment proceeds , donations ( such as from alumni or philanthropists ) , and revenue from royalties . State universities usually offer lower tuition costs to in-state residents . According to the College Board , public four-year colleges charge on average $ 7,605 per year in tuition and fees for full-time in-state students and $ 11,990 for out-of-state students .   In some states , e.g. Maryland , Tennessee , Indiana , and Washington , there is a campus designated as the `` flagship '' campus in the state 's university system , which generally is the most prestigious campus and the largest campus in student population , e.g. the University of Maryland College Park campus in the University System of Maryland , the Indiana University Bloomington campus in the Indiana University System , the University of Tennessee Knoxville campus in the University of Tennessee System , and the University of Washington 's Seattle campus in the University of Washington System .   However , in some other states , the state universities are treated as equal partners ; therefore there is no officially recognized flagship campus in the state 's university system .   There are a number of states that have more than one university system , e.g. California with 2 ; Colorado with 2 ; New York with 2 ; and Texas with 6 ( the most ) .   Notes :  As a general rule , schools are not alphabetized by their complete names , but rather by the names by which they are normally called . For example , in a list alphabetized by normal rules , `` Auburn University '' would precede `` University of Alabama , '' but the schools are virtually always referred to in popular conversation as `` Auburn '' and `` Alabama '' ( followed by a campus identifier if required by the context ) . Therefore , in this article , `` Alabama '' precedes `` Auburn '' .  The list includes some of the more common academic nicknames or acronyms used for certain colleges or universities , e.g. `` Ole Miss '' for the University of Mississippi , `` Idaho State '' for Idaho State University , or `` UNF '' for the University of North Florida , not the `` Rebels '' , `` Bengals '' , or `` Ospreys '' , respectively .  To minimize any confusion regarding acronyms , either the first school listed or the school that is more nationally known having an acronym the same as another has the acronym provided , e.g. San Diego State University has the acronym `` SDSU '' included because it is listed before South Dakota State University , and Arizona State University has the acronym `` ASU '' given because it is better known nationally than Alabama State . In addition , only acronyms that are unique are given , e.g. `` UW Tacoma '' for the University of Washington 's Tacoma campus or `` UNH '' for the University of New Hampshire .  The list also includes schools that grant first-professional doctorates only ( e.g. , medical schools , law schools , or veterinary schools ) that are independent of any other school in a state system .  To see a list of community colleges and technical centers in the United States that offer only associate 's degrees , visit the community colleges list .  To see a list of tribal colleges and universities in the United States , visit the tribal colleges and universities list .

neg: 1983 Navy Midshipmen football team The 1983 Navy Midshipmen football team represented the United States Naval Academy ( USNA ) during the 1983 NCAA Division I-A football season . Navy competed as an independent with no conference affiliation . The team was led by second-year head coach Gary Tranquill .

neg: Judge Advocate General's Corps, U.S. Navy The Judge Advocate General 's Corps also known as the `` JAG Corps '' or `` JAG '' is the legal arm of the United States Navy . Today , the corps consists of a worldwide organization of more than 730 Judge Advocates , 30 limited duty officers ( law ) , 500 enlisted members and nearly 275 civilian personnel , serving under the direction of the Judge Advocate General of the Navy .   The headquarters of the Judge Advocate General 's Corps of the United States Department of the Navy is located at the Washington Navy Yard in Washington , D.C.

neg: Naval Academy Research Institute The Naval Academy Research Institute ( in French : Institut de recherche de l'École navale ) , also known as IRENav , is a French research institute under the authority of Arts et Métiers ParisTech and the Navy School ( École Navale ) . The institute is part of the Carnot Institute ARTS and currently employs more than 70 persons . It is also involved in the scientific group `` Europôle mer '' .

neg: Liberal arts college A liberal arts college is a college with an emphasis on undergraduate study in the liberal arts and sciences . A liberal arts college aims to impart a broad general knowledge and develop general intellectual capacities , in contrast to a professional , vocational , or technical curriculum . Students in a liberal arts college generally major in a particular discipline while receiving exposure to a wide range of academic subjects , including sciences as well as the traditional humanities subjects taught as liberal arts . Although it draws on European antecedents , the liberal arts college is strongly associated with American higher education , and most liberal arts colleges around the world draw explicitly on the American model .   There is no formal definition of liberal arts college , but one American authority defines them as schools that `` emphasize undergraduate education and award at least half of their degrees in the liberal arts fields of study . '' Other researchers have adopted similar definitions .   Although many liberal arts colleges are exclusively undergraduate , some also offer graduate programs that lead to a master 's degree or doctoral degree in subjects such as business administration , nursing , medicine , and law . Similarly , although the term `` liberal arts college '' most commonly refers to an independent institution , it may also sometimes refer to a university college within or affiliated with a larger university . Most liberal arts colleges outside of the United States follow this model .

neg: Officer Candidates School (United States Marine Corps) The United States Marine Corps Officer Candidates School ( OCS ) is the entry-level training for Marine officers , equivalent to recruit training for enlisted Marines . Located at Marine Corps Base Quantico , the school trains , screens , and evaluates potential Marine Corps officers . Unlike the other United States military services , the majority of Marine Corps officers complete OCS to earn a commission ; the exceptions are midshipmen from the United States Naval Academy and Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps , limited duty officers , and inter-service transfers . Additionally , OCS boasts an attrition rate of 30 -- 50 % .   Depending on the course , Officer Candidates go through either a 10-week ( PLC Combined/OCC ) , or two 6-week courses ( PLC ) over separate summers , designed primarily to screen and evaluate candidates ' fitness to lead Marines by placing them in leadership positions in a stressful environment . Students are evaluated during 2 -- 3 day garrison command billets at the company and platoon level , and squad and fire-team level tactical billets during field exercises .

neg: National Defense Cadet Corps The National Defense Cadet Corps ( NDCC ) is similar to the Junior Reserve Officers ' Training Corps ( JROTC ) except that it is fully funded by schools that choose to pursue a JROTC unit without financial assistance from the Department of Defense . The school incurs all costs to include instructor salaries , uniforms , and daily operational expenses . As of 2012 , there were three US Army NDCC units across the United States . The US Navy began its program in April 2011 . The US Marine Corps and the US Air Force also operate NDCC programs .


query: A quarry is where rock has been excavated.

pos: Quarry A quarry is a place from which dimension stone , rock , construction aggregate , riprap , sand , gravel , or slate has been excavated from the ground . A quarry is the same thing as an open-pit mine from which minerals are extracted . The only non-trivial difference between the two is that open-pit mines that produce building materials and dimension stone are commonly referred to as quarries .   The word quarry can also include the underground quarrying for stone , such as Bath stone .

neg: Thin section In optical mineralogy and petrography , a thin section ( or petrographic thin section ) is a laboratory preparation of a rock , mineral , soil , pottery , bones , or even metal sample for use with a polarizing petrographic microscope , electron microscope and electron microprobe . A thin sliver of rock is cut from the sample with a diamond saw and ground optically flat . It is then mounted on a glass slide and then ground smooth using progressively finer abrasive grit until the sample is only 30 μm thick . The method involved using the Michel-Lévy interference colour chart . Typically quartz is used as the gauge to determine thickness as it is one of the most abundant minerals .   When placed between two polarizing filters set at right angles to each other , the optical properties of the minerals in the thin section alter the colour and intensity of the light as seen by the viewer . As different minerals have different optical properties , most rock forming minerals can be easily identified . Plagioclase for example can be seen in the photo on the right as a clear mineral with multiple parallel twinning planes . The large blue-green minerals are clinopyroxene with some exsolution of orthopyroxene .   Thin sections are prepared in order to investigate the optical properties of the minerals in the rock . This work is a part of petrology and helps to reveal the origin and evolution of the parent rock .   A photograph of a rock in thin section is often referred to as a photomicrograph .

neg: List of rock formations in the United Kingdom This is a selected list of notable , natural landscape features in England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland . It includes isolated , scenic , or spectacular surface rock outcrops . These formations are usually the result of weathering and erosion sculpting the existing rock . For the stratigraphic term ` formation ' applied by geologists to rock sequences , see Formation ( stratigraphy ) .

neg: Dump digging Dump digging is the practice of locating and excavating old garbage dumps with the intent of discovering objects which have potential value as collectibles or antiques . These dumps are sometimes centuries old but often date to the late 19th century or early part of the 20th century . Among other things , the practice of dump digging is directly linked to antique bottle collecting and glassmaking .   It is a form of historical digging which involves long hours working with a shovel , pick and other hand tools . Finding evidence of potential antique bottle dumps or middens is done by searching areas where it is likely that older garbage was deposited . Diggers generally look for clues of pre1920s junk piles in the woods or down embankments , places where old houses or businesses stand or once stood . Hiking along waterways and swampy areas , particularly during droughts , can also produce important clues and lead to good discoveries .   Additionally , many coastal cities are surrounded by landfills or `` tips '' , places where enormous quantities of trash were deposited in the past intended to create additional acres of viable real estate . It can take many months of searching each of these locations for a decent dig to be surface .

neg: History of the Burgess Shale The Burgess Shale , a series of fossil beds in the Canadian Rockies , was first noticed in 1886 by Richard McConnell of the Geological Survey of Canada ( GSC ) . His and subsequent finds , all from the Mount Stephen area , came to the attention of palaeontologist Charles Doolittle Walcott , who in 1907 found time to reconnoitre the area . He opened a quarry in 1910 and in a series of field trips brought back 65,000 specimens , which he identified as Middle Cambrian in age . Due to the quantity of fossils and the pressures of his other duties at the Smithsonian Institution , Walcott was only able to publish a series of `` preliminary '' papers , in which he classified the fossils within taxa that were already established . In a series of visits beginning in 1924 , Harvard University professor Percy Raymond collected further fossils from Walcott 's quarry and higher up on Fossil Ridge , where slightly different fossils were preserved .   Interest in the area 's fossil beds faded after Raymond 's 1930s expeditions . In the early 1960s Harry B. Whittington was persuaded that further investigation was required , and organised surveys in partnership with the Geological Survey of Canada . These new specimens led him to set up a team to re-examine Walcott 's fossils , which had languished in a store-room at the Smithsonian since Walcott 's death in 1927 . In the early 1970s the team published papers that diagnosed many of the specimens as fossils of previously unknown types of animals , some possibly belonging to new phyla . These analyses heightened interest in the existing debate about whether the Cambrian explosion represented a truly abrupt evolution of recognisable animals or was the result of a longer development , most of which was hidden by gaps in the known sets of fossils that had been found .   All this time no Canadian museum had its own collection of Burgess Shale fossils . In 1975 the Royal Ontario Museum ( ROM ) began collecting , found 7,750 new specimens around the existing sites , and discovered similar fossil beds up to 40 km away . Their collection currently stands at 140,000 specimens and growing , and the rate at which new species are found suggests that the Burgess Shale will continue to produce important discoveries for the foreseeable future .

neg: Plough A plough ( UK ) or plow ( US ; both -LSB- ˈplaʊ -RSB- ) is a tool or farm implement used in farming for initial cultivation of soil in preparation for sowing seed or planting to loosen or turn the soil . Ploughs were traditionally drawn by working animals such as horses or cattle , but in modern times are drawn by tractors . A plough may be made of wood , iron , or steel frame with an attached blade or stick used to cut the earth . It has been a basic instrument for most of recorded history , although written references to the plough do not appear in English until c. 1100 at which point it is referenced frequently . The plough represents one of the major agricultural inventions in human history .   The primary purpose of ploughing is to turn over the upper layer of the soil , bringing fresh nutrients to the surface , while burying weeds and the remains of previous crops and allowing them to break down . As the plough is drawn through the soil it creates long trenches of fertile soil called furrows . In modern use , a ploughed field is typically left to dry out , and is then harrowed before planting . Ploughing and cultivating a soil homogenises and modifies the upper 12 to 25 cm of the soil to form a plough layer . In many soils , the majority of fine plant feeder roots can be found in the topsoil or plough layer .   Ploughs were initially human-powered , but the process became considerably more efficient once animals were pressed into service . The first animal-powered ploughs were undoubtedly pulled by oxen , and later in many areas by horses ( generally draft horses ) and mules , although various other animals have been used for this purpose . In industrialised countries , the first mechanical means of pulling a plough were steam-powered ( ploughing engines or steam tractors ) , but these were gradually superseded by internal-combustion-powered tractors .   Modern competitions take place for ploughing enthusiasts like the National Ploughing Championships in Ireland . Use of the plough has decreased in some areas , often those significantly threatened by soil damage and erosion , in favour of shallower ploughing and other less-invasive conservation tillage techniques .   Natural farming methods are emerging that do not involve any ploughing at all , unless an initial ploughing is necessary to break up hardpan on a new plot to be cultivated , so that the newly introduced soil life can penetrate and develop more quickly and deeply . By not ploughing , beneficial fungi and microbial life can develop that will eventually bring air into the soil , retain water and build up nutrients . A healthy soil full of active fungi and microbial life , combined with a diverse crop ( making use of companion planting ) , suppresses weeds and pests naturally and retains rainwater . Thus the intensive use of water - , oil - and energy hungry irrigation , fertilisers and herbicides are avoided . Cultivated land becomes more fertile and productive over time , while tilled land tends to go down in productivity over time due to erosion and the removal of nutrients with every harvest . Proponents of permaculture claim that it is the only way of farming that can be maintained when fossil fuel runs out . On the other hand , the advantage of agricultural methods that require repeated ploughing are that they allow monocropping on a large scale at remote locations , using industrial machinery rather than human labour .

neg: Geological formation A formation or geological formation is the fundamental unit of lithostratigraphy . A formation consists of a certain number of rock strata that have a comparable lithology , facies or other similar properties . Formations are not defined on the thickness of the rock strata they consist of and the thickness of different formations can therefore vary widely .   The concept of formally defined layers or strata is central to the geologic discipline of stratigraphy . Formations can be divided into members and are themselves frequently parcelled together in groups .

neg: Rock (geology) Rock or stone is a natural substance , a solid aggregate of one or more minerals or mineraloids . For example , granite , a common rock , is a combination of the minerals quartz , feldspar and biotite . The Earth 's outer solid layer , the lithosphere , is made of rock .   Rock has been used by mankind throughout history . The minerals and metals found in rocks have been essential to human civilization .   Three major groups of rocks are defined : igneous , sedimentary , and metamorphic . The scientific study of rocks is called petrology , which is an essential component of geology .

neg: Lithic technology In archeology , lithic technology refers to a broad array of techniques and styles to produce usable tools from various types of stone . The earliest stone tools were recovered from modern Ethiopia and were dated to between two-million and three-million years old . The archaeological record of lithic technology is divided into three major time periods : the Paleolithic ( Old Stone Age ) , Mesolithic ( Middle Stone Age ) , and Neolithic ( New Stone Age ) . Not all cultures in all parts of the world exhibit the same pattern of lithic technological development , and stone tool technology continues to be used to this day , but these three time periods represent the span of the archaeological record when lithic technology was paramount . By analysing modern stone tool usage within an ethnoarchaeological context insight into the breadth of factors influencing lithic technologies in general may be studied . See : Stone tool . For example , for the Gamo of Southern Ethiopia , political , environmental , and social factors influence the patterns of technology variation in different subgroups of the Gamo culture ; through understanding the relationship between these different factors in a modern context , archaeologists can better understand the ways that these factors could have shaped the technological variation that is present in the archaeological record .

neg: List of rock formations A rock formation is an isolated , scenic , or spectacular surface rock outcrop . Rock formations are usually the result of weathering and erosion sculpting the existing rock . The term ` rock formation ' can also refer to specific sedimentary strata or other rock unit in stratigraphic and petrologic studies .   A rock structure can be created in any rock type or combination :   Sedimentary rocks are created by a variety of processes but usually involving deposition , grain by grain , layer by layer , in water or , in the case of terrestrial sediments , on land through the action of wind or sometimes moving ice . Erosion later exposes them in their current form . An example is Bryce Canyon National Park in Utah .  Metamorphic rocks are created by rocks that have been transformed into another kind of rock , usually by some combination of heat , pressure and chemical alteration . An example are the Seneca Rocks in West Virginia .  Igneous rocks are created when molten rock cools and solidifies , with or without crystallization . They may be either plutonic bodies or volcanic extrusives . Again , erosive forces sculpt their current forms . An example is Half Dome in Yosemite National Park .   Geologists have created a number of terms to describe different rock structures in the landscape that can be formed by natural processes :   Inselberg or monadnock is a residual relief feature . It can be an isolated hill , a knob , ridge or small mountain that rises abruptly , like an island , from a gently sloping or virtually level surrounding plain . Inselberg is a German word that means `` island mountain '' . Uluru/Ayers Rock in Australia is a noted example .  Peak  Stack  Mesa  Butte  Escarpment  Gorge  Sea cliff  River cliff  Stone run  Crag  Tor  Promontory is a prominent mass of land which overlooks lower lying land or a body of water .   Here is a list of rock formations by continent .

neg: Skiddaw Slate Skiddaw slate is an early Ordovician metamorphosed sedimentary rock , as first identified on the slopes of Skiddaw in the English Lake District .   The base of this series is unknown . The thickness could , therefore , amount to several thousand feet of sediment . These sediments were formed about 500 mya by deposition in a shallow sea , low-energy environment . The series contains differing grain sizes and comprises grits , flags , shales and mudstones .   In some places , there is evidence of intrusion of Skiddaw Granite into the Skiddaw Slates , close to the anticlinal axis of the Lake District .   Skiddaw slate has a grey hue ( as opposed to Honister slate which has a green hue ) and is used for building , in the Lake District . The traditional buildings of Keswick and other settlements are almost entirely of Skiddaw slate . The slate is also used for making souvenirs , monuments , ornaments etc. . Smaller fragments are used for gravels or for ornamental pathways .   Category : Lower Ordovician Series  Category : Shale formations  Category : Ordovician England  Category : Lithostratigraphy of England  Category : Slate industry in the United Kingdom  Category : Mining in Cumbria  Category : Geology of Cumbria

neg: Group (stratigraphy) A group in stratigraphy is a lithostratigraphic unit , a part of the geologic record or rock column that consists of defined rock strata . Groups are generally divided into individual formations . Groups may sometimes be divided into `` subgroups '' and are themselves sometimes grouped into `` supergroups '' .   Some well known groups of northwestern Europe have in the past also been used as units for chronostratigraphy and geochronology . These are the Rotliegend , Zechstein ( both of Permian age ) , Buntsandstein , Muschelkalk , Keuper ( Triassic in age ) , Lias , Dogger and Malm ( Jurassic in age ) groups . Because of the confusion this causes , the official geologic timescale of the ICS does not contain any of these names any longer .

neg: Ore Mountain Mining Region The Ore Mountain Mining Region ( Montanregion Erzgebirge ) is an industrial heritage landscape , over 800 years old , in the border region between the German state of Saxony and North Bohemia in the Czech Republic .  It is characterised by a plethora of historic , largely original , monuments to technology , as well as numerous individual monuments and collections related to the historic mining industry of the region .  The identity and authenticity of the mining heritage landscape of the Ore Mountains on both sides of the German-Czech border has no equivalent anywhere in the world , and if the region succeeds in being recognised as a UNESCO world heritage site - for which it has been nominated - it should help to preserve it for future generations as a `` developing cultural landscape '' .

neg: Great Rocks Dale Great Rocks Dale is a dry valley in the Derbyshire Peak District , known for its extensive quarrying .

neg: Mine reclamation Mine reclamation is the process of restoring land that has been mined to a natural or economically usable state . Although the process of mine reclamation occurs once mining is completed , the planning of mine reclamation activities occurs prior to a mine being permitted or started . Mine reclamation creates useful landscapes that meet a variety of goals ranging from the restoration of productive ecosystems to the creation of industrial and municipal resources . In the United States , mine reclamation is a regular part of modern mining practices . Modern mine reclamation minimizes and mitigates the environmental effects of mining .

neg: Raise (mining) In underground mining a raise refers to a vertical or inclined excavation that leads from one level , or drift , to another . A raise may also extend to surface . There are four excavation methods for raises :  Conventional or open raise  Long-hole or drop raise  Alimak  Raise boring   Raises serve a number of purposes including :  Transportation of ore and waste rock  Ventilation  Creating a free face for mining  Movement of workers via manway ladders

neg: Quarry Hill Quarry Hill is the name of several places in the world :  Quarry Hill , Leeds , England  Quarry Hill , Hong Kong  Quarry Hill , Victoria , in Bendigo , Australia  Quarry Hill ( Riverside , California ) , in Riverside , California , United States  Quarry Hill Creative Center , Rochester , Vermont  Quarry Hill Nature Center , Rochester , Minnesota

neg: Desert A desert is a barren area of land where little precipitation occurs and consequently living conditions are hostile for plant and animal life . The lack of vegetation exposes the unprotected surface of the ground to the processes of denudation . About one third of the land surface of the world is arid or semi-arid . This includes much of the polar regions where little precipitation occurs and which are sometimes called polar deserts or `` cold deserts '' . Deserts can be classified by the amount of precipitation that falls , by the temperature that prevails , by the causes of desertification or by their geographical location .   Deserts are formed by weathering processes as large variations in temperature between day and night put strains on the rocks which consequently break in pieces . Although rain seldom occurs in deserts , there are occasional downpours that can result in flash floods . Rain falling on hot rocks can cause them to shatter and the resulting fragments and rubble strewn over the desert floor is further eroded by the wind . This picks up particles of sand and dust and wafts them aloft in sand or dust storms . Wind-blown sand grains striking any solid object in their path can abrade the surface . Rocks are smoothed down , and the wind sorts sand into uniform deposits . The grains end up as level sheets of sand or are piled high in billowing sand dunes . Other deserts are flat , stony plains where all the fine material has been blown away and the surface consists of a mosaic of smooth stones . These areas are known as desert pavements and little further erosion takes place . Other desert features include rock outcrops , exposed bedrock and clays once deposited by flowing water . Temporary lakes may form and salt pans may be left when waters evaporate . There may be underground sources of water in the form of springs and seepages from aquifers . Where these are found , oases can occur .   Plants and animals living in the desert need special adaptations to survive in the harsh environment . Plants tend to be tough and wiry with small or no leaves , water-resistant cuticles and often spines to deter herbivory . Some annual plants germinate , bloom and die in the course of a few weeks after rainfall while other long-lived plants survive for years and have deep root systems able to tap underground moisture . Animals need to keep cool and find enough food and water to survive . Many are nocturnal and stay in the shade or underground during the heat of the day . They tend to be efficient at conserving water , extracting most of their needs from their food and concentrating their urine . Some animals remain in a state of dormancy for long periods , ready to become active again when the rare rains fall . They then reproduce rapidly while conditions are favorable before returning to dormancy .   People have struggled to live in deserts and the surrounding semi-arid lands for millennia . Nomads have moved their flocks and herds to wherever grazing is available and oases have provided opportunities for a more settled way of life . The cultivation of semi-arid regions encourages erosion of soil and is one of the causes of increased desertification . Desert farming is possible with the aid of irrigation and the Imperial Valley in California provides an example of how previously barren land can be made productive by the import of water from an outside source . Many trade routes have been forged across deserts , especially across the Sahara Desert , and traditionally were used by caravans of camels carrying salt , gold , ivory and other goods . Large numbers of slaves were also taken northwards across the Sahara . Some mineral extraction also takes place in deserts and the uninterrupted sunlight gives potential for the capture of large quantities of solar energy .

neg: Achilleion (Thessaly) Achilleion is an early Neolithic site in Thessaly , Greece . It was partly excavated by the American archaeologist Marija Gimbutas . Achilleion is a large site that is practically untouched by archaeologists which Gimbutas claims to be filled entirely with Neolithic debris and hundreds of Neolithic mounds . An excavation was planned because the dig was expected to have a high yield of artifacts and if successful would possibly provide proof of an earlier age of European Neolithic settlement then was previously known . Excavation was started because it was expected that they would find significant numbers of preceramic Neolithic remains . The work started by Marija Gimbutas was stopped because the dig failed to yield any significant findings , but Gimbutas claims that the dig was interrupted by the political unrest caused by the Cyprus conflict .  Location  The Excavation  The Findings   Location : Achilleion is located in modern-day Greece , in an area now known as Thessaly . Thessaly lies in northern Greece , just south of Macedonia . Thessaly is best known as a popular vacation spot with beautiful scenery , but it was also believed to be filled with artifacts that could give scientists important clues to past civilizations .   The Excavation : The excavation was funded by UCLA in 1973 and 1974 during the months of August and September . The dig was also supported by the National Science Foundation and the Samuel H. Kress foundation . The dig team consisted of Marija Gimbutas leading the excavation along with 40 other students and scholars .   The Findings : While the excavation was still in progress , there were four test pits dug each about 5 meters deep . Some useful things were recovered from the site ; samples of preserved fauna , pottery , and 3 houses were discovered . Unfortunately , Gimbutas overlooked important details when reporting on her excavation , `` No geologic , geomorphologic , sedimentologic , or pedologic study was carried out - a serious failing '' ( McPherron ) .

neg: Trialetian Trialetian is the name for an Upper Paleolithic-Epipaleolithic stone tool industry from the area south of the Caucasus Mountains and to the northern Zagros Mountains . It is tentatively dated to the period between 14,000 / 11,000 BCE and 6,000 BCE . The name of the archaeological culture derives from sites in the district of Trialeti in south Georgian Khrami river basin . These sites include Barmaksyzkaya and Edzani-Zurtaketi , . In Edzani , an Upper Paleolithic site , a significant percentage of the artifacts are made of obsidian .   The Caucasian-Anatolian area of Trialetian culture was adjacent to the Iraqi-Iranian Zarzian culture to the east and south as well as the Levantine Natufian to the southwest . Alan H. Simmons describes the culture as `` very poorly documented '' . In contrast , recent excavations in the Valley of Qvirila river , to the north of the Trialetian region , display a Mesolithic culture . The subsistence of these groups were based on hunting Capra caucasica , wild boar and brown bear .

neg: Decomposed granite Decomposed granite , also known as DG , is classification of rock that is derived from granite via its weathering to the point that the parent material readily fractures into smaller pieces of weaker rock . Further weathering yields material that easily crumbles into a mixtures of gravel-sized particles , that in turn may break down to produce a mixture of clay and silica sand or silt particles . Different specific granite types have differing propensities to weather , and so differing likelihoods of producing DG . It has practical uses that include its incorporation into paving and driveway materials , residential gardening materials in arid environments , as well as various types of walkways and heavy-use paths in parks . Different colors of DG are available , deriving from the natural range of granite colors from different quarry sources , and admixture of other natural and synthetic materials can extend the range of DG properties .