query: Rio de Janeiro is in hell.

pos: Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro ( -LSB- ˈriːoʊ_di_ʒəˈnɛəroʊ , _ - deɪ_ʒə - , _ - də_dʒə - -RSB- -LSB- ˈʁi.u d ( ʒi ) ʒɐˈnejɾu -RSB- ; River of January ) , or simply Rio , is the second-most populous municipality in Brazil and the sixth-most populous in the Americas . The metropolis is anchor to the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area , the second-most populous metropolitan area in Brazil and sixth-most populous in the Americas . Rio de Janeiro is the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 's third-most populous state . Part of the city has been designated as a World Heritage Site , named `` Rio de Janeiro : Carioca Landscapes between the Mountain and the Sea '' , by UNESCO on 1 July 2012 as a Cultural Landscape .   Founded in 1565 by the Portuguese , the city was initially the seat of the Captaincy of Rio de Janeiro , a domain of the Portuguese Empire . Later , in 1763 , it became the capital of the State of Brazil , a state of the Portuguese Empire . In 1808 , when the Portuguese Royal Court transferred itself from Portugal to Brazil , Rio de Janeiro became the chosen seat of the court of Queen Maria I of Portugal , who subsequently , in 1815 , under the leadership of her son , the Prince Regent , and future King João VI of Portugal , raised Brazil to the dignity of a kingdom , within the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil , and Algarves . Rio stayed the capital of the pluricontinental Lusitanian monarchy until 1822 , when the War of Brazilian Independence began . This is one of the few instances in history that the capital of a colonising country officially shifted to a city in one of its colonies . Rio de Janeiro subsequently served as the capital of the independent monarchy , the Empire of Brazil , until 1889 , and then the capital of a republican Brazil until 1960 when the capital was transferred to Brasília .   Rio de Janeiro has the second largest municipal GDP in the country , and 30th largest in the world in 2008 , estimated at about R$ 343 billion ( IBGE , 2008 ) ( nearly US$ 201 billion ) . It is headquarters to Brazilian oil , mining , and telecommunications companies , including two of the country 's major corporations -- Petrobras and Vale -- and Latin America 's largest telemedia conglomerate , Grupo Globo . The home of many universities and institutes , it is the second-largest center of research and development in Brazil , accounting for 17 % of national scientific output according to 2005 data .   Rio de Janeiro is one of the most visited cities in the Southern Hemisphere and is known for its natural settings , Carnival , samba , bossa nova , and balneario beaches such as Barra da Tijuca , Copacabana , Ipanema , and Leblon . In addition to the beaches , some of the most famous landmarks include the giant statue of Christ the Redeemer atop Corcovado mountain , named one of the New Seven Wonders of the World ; Sugarloaf Mountain with its cable car ; the Sambódromo ( Sambadrome ) , a permanent grandstand-lined parade avenue which is used during Carnival ; and Maracanã Stadium , one of the world 's largest football stadiums .   Rio de Janeiro was the host of the 2016 Summer Olympics and the 2016 Summer Paralympics , making the city the first South American and Portuguese-speaking city to host the events , and the third time the Olympics were held in a Southern Hemisphere city . The Maracanã Stadium held the finals of the 1950 and 2014 FIFA World Cups , the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup , and the XV Pan American Games .   The city is divided into 33 administrative regions .

neg: Mundaú Lagoon Mundaú Lagoon is an estuarine lagoon situated west of Maceió , capital city of Alagoas state , in Brazil . Its total area is 23 km ² . The lake receives the Mundaú River , and is connected to the Atlantic Ocean and Manguaba Lagoon by a network of canals which cross the plain forming a lot of little islands . The large mangrove and the numerous kind of fish , crabs , shrimps and shellfish are its remarkable characteristics . Mundaú Lagoon is the northernmost of several coastal lakes with the same features , including Manguaba , Roteiro and Jequiá lagoons .   Besides Maceió , two other municipalities are located on its edge , the little towns of Santa Luzia do Norte and Coqueiro Seco .   Despite its astonishing natural beauty , the Mundaú Lagoon suffers with pollution problems , mainly due to urban sewage dispensing along its shore close to downtown Maceió . This compromises the communities who makes a living from the fishing on the lagoon . Unfortunately , this is not the only pollution problem surrounding Maceió . The Riacho Salgadinho is also the destination for most of the sewage system in Maceió downtown . In the past years , several politicians have made promises of putting sewage treatment stations to alleviate the problems caused by the pollution during the rainy season , but virtually no progress has been made .   Category : Landforms of Alagoas  Category : Estuaries of Brazil  Category : Lagoons of Brazil

neg: São Luís, Maranhão São Luís ( -LSB- sɐ̃w luˈis -RSB- , Saint Louis ) is the capital and largest city of the Brazilian state of Maranhão . The city is located on Ilha de São Luís ( Saint Louis ' Island ) in the Baía de São Marcos ( Saint Mark 's Bay ) , an extension of the Atlantic Ocean which forms the estuary of Pindaré , Mearim , Itapecuru and other rivers . Its coordinates are 2.53 ° south , 44.30 ° west . The city proper has a population of some 986,826 people ( 2008 IBGE estimate ) . The metropolitan area totals 1,227,659 , ranked as the 16th largest in Brazil .   São Luís , created originally as Saint-Louis-de-Maragnan , is the only Brazilian state capital founded by France ( see France Équinoxiale ) and it is one of the three Brazilian state capitals located on islands ( the others are Vitória and Florianópolis ) .   The city has two major sea ports : Madeira Port and Itaqui Port , through which a substantial part of Brazil 's iron ore , originating from the ( pre ) - Amazon region , is exported . The city 's main industries are metallurgical with Alumar , and VALE . São Luís is home of the Federal University of Maranhão .   São Luís was the home town of famous Brazilian samba singer Alcione , Brazilian writers Aluísio Azevedo , Ferreira Gullar and Josué Montello , Belgian-naturalised soccer player Luís Oliveira , and the musician João do Vale and Zeca Baleiro , a Música popular brasileira ( MPB ) singer .

neg: Guanabara (state) The State of Guanabara ( Estado da Guanabara , -LSB- ɡwanaˈbaɾa -RSB- ) was a Brazilian city-state that existed from 1960 to 1975 . It comprised only the city of Rio de Janeiro after the Federal District was moved from that city to Brasília in 1960 . The state was named after Guanabara Bay , along its eastern coast .   In 1834 , the city of Rio de Janeiro was elevated to Imperial capital of the Empire of Brazil , but it was not part of any Brazilian province , having special status as the so-called `` Neutral municipality '' ( Município Neutro ) . The surrounding Province of Rio de Janeiro ( which did not include the city ) had its capital city in Niterói . When Brazil became a republic in 1889 , the city of Rio de Janeiro remained the national capital and became the Federal District ( Distrito Federal ) , while the surrounding homonymous province became a state , still with Niterói as its capital .   When the national capital was moved to Brasília in 1960 , a new Federal District was carved out of the state of Goiás to contain it , and the old Federal District became Guanabara State .   Throughout its 15-year existence , Guanabara was a unique state in many ways . Comprising only one city ( albeit a large one ) , Guanabara was the smallest Brazilian state by land . It also had the peculiarity of being the only Brazilian state that was not divided into municipalities . Although for some practical purposes , it was sometimes counted as having one single municipality , and Rio de Janeiro was officially named its capital , there was no mayor , municipal legislature or any other municipal government institution there , as the city of Rio de Janeiro was directly administered by the state government . On the other hand , that also meant that the Guanabara state government had some functions that were normally assigned to municipalities elsewhere , such as regulating urban zoning , inspecting the safety of buildings , or issuing licenses for commercial venues , for example .   All the characteristics disappeared in 1975 , when the states of Guanabara and Rio de Janeiro merged into a new , larger State of Rio de Janeiro . The city of Rio de Janeiro became a municipality of the new combined state and its new capital city .

neg: Rio de Janeiro Metro The Rio de Janeiro Metro ( Portuguese : MetrôRio -LSB- meˌtɾo ˈʁi.u -RSB- , commonly referred to as just the Metrô -LSB- Meˈtɾo -RSB- ) is a mass-transit underground railway network that serves the city of Rio de Janeiro , Brazil . The Metrô was inaugurated on March 5 , 1979 and consisted of five stations operating on a single line . The system currently covers a total of 58 km , serving 41 stations , divided into three lines : Line 1 ( 16 km ) ; Line 2 ( 30.2 km ) , which together travel over a shared stretch of line that covers 10 stations of an approximate distance of 5 kilometers ; and Line 4 ( 16 km ) . Metrô Rio has the second highest passenger volume of the metro systems in Brazil , after the São Paulo Metro .   Line 1 ( orange line ) serves downtown Rio , tourist areas in the South Zone , and several neighbourhoods in the North Zone . It is a semicircular line , and is fully underground . It runs from Uruguai Station to Ipanema/General Osório Station . Line 2 ( green line ) serves working-class residential neighborhoods extending toward the north . It is a northwest-to-southeast line , and almost completely above-ground ( mostly at grade and partly elevated ) . This line started as a light rail , but due to increasing numbers of commuters , it gradually changed to rapid transit or metro . Because of its origin as light rail , it is at grade except for Estácio Station ( the former connection station between lines 1 and 2 ) , which is underground and Cidade Nova Station , which is elevated , and Line 4 ( yellow line ) , connecting Barra da Tijuca/Jardim Oceânico Station in the West Zone to Ipanema/General Osório Station on Line 1 .   The Government of the State of Rio de Janeiro remains responsible for the expansion of the metro network through Rio Trilhos . In late December 2007 , the lease was renewed until 2038 and Metrô Rio assumed responsibility for the construction of Cidade Nova Station , which serves as a link between Line 2 and Line 1 ending the need to transfer stations , with the purchase of 114 cars , and construction of Uruguai Station , extending Line 1 further north .   The extension works of Line 2 , called Line 1A , which ended the need for a transfer at Estácio Station and allowed the direct connection from Pavuna Station to Botafogo were started by Metrô Rio on November 13 , 2008 and the tracks were completed in December 2009 . With the extension , the 250 thousand passengers that circulate daily on Line 2 do not need to change trains any more in order to get to the South Zone . The interconnection of the two metro lines will reduce , by up to 13 minutes , the journey time from Pavuna station to the city 's downtown , the destination of 83 % of Line 2 's passengers .

neg: Río Negro (Central America) Río Negro ( -LSB- ˈri.o ˈneɣɾo -RSB- ) is a river that divides the countries of Honduras and Nicaragua along the Pacific coast . Its path was substantially altered by Hurricane Mitch in October 1998 . It mostly runs through a very undeveloped jungle region of the 2 countries .   Category : Rivers of Honduras  Category : Rivers of Nicaragua

neg: Caio Fernando Abreu Caio Fernando Loureiro de Abreu ( September 12 , 1948 -- February 25 , 1996 ) , best known as Caio Fernando Abreu is one of the most influential and original Brazilian writers of the 1970s and 1980s . Caio F. , as he habitually signed his letters , was born in Santiago do Boqueirão in the state of Rio Grande do Sul in 1948 , and died in Porto Alegre in 1996 .   Abreu studied at the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul but abandoned academia before graduating to write for pop culture magazines such as Revista Nova , Revista Manchete , Revista Veja and Revista Pop . He was a prolific journalist and literary writer . He wrote short stories , novels , chronicles or crônicas , drama , and he also maintained throughout his life an extensive correspondence with other writers and artists , family and friends .   In 1968 Abreu was put on the wanted list by the DOPS or the Departamento de Ordem Política e Social , a repressive branch of the Brazilian government that operated during years when the repressive military regime was in power , but found refuge at the country estate of Brazilian writer Hilda Hilst , located near the city of Campinas , in state of São Paulo . During the early '70s he spent one year in self-exile in Europe , spending time in England , Sweden , France , the Netherlands and in Spain .   In 1983 he relocated from his native Porto Alegre , the capital of Rio Grande do Sul , to the city of Rio de Janeiro ; and in 1985 he moved to the city of São Paulo . Abreu then return again to France in 1994 where he found out that he was HIV positive . That same year he returned home to Porto Alegre permanently to live with his parents . He enjoyed gardening before dying there two years later .

neg: Naraka (Buddhism) Naraka ( नरक निरय Niraya ) is a term in Buddhist cosmology usually referred to in English as `` hell '' ( or `` hell realm '' ) or `` purgatory '' . The Narakas of Buddhism are closely related to diyu , the hell in Chinese mythology . A Naraka differs from the hell of Christianity in two respects : firstly , beings are not sent to Naraka as the result of a divine judgment or punishment ; and secondly , the length of a being 's stay in a Naraka is not eternal , though it is usually extremely long , as measured in many millions or billions of years .   A being is born into a Naraka as a direct result of his or her accumulated actions ( karma ) and resides there for a finite period of time until that karma has achieved its full result . After his or her karma is used up , he or she will be reborn in one of the higher worlds as the result of karma that had not yet ripened .   In the Devaduta Sutta , the 130th discourse of Majjhima Nikaya , the Buddha teaches about hell in vivid detail .   Physically , Narakas are thought of as a series of cavernous layers which extend below Jambudvīpa ( the ordinary human world ) into the earth . There are several schemes for enumerating these Narakas and describing their torments . The Abhidharma-kosa ( Treasure House of Higher Knowledge ) is the root text that describes the most common scheme , as the Eight Cold Narakas and Eight Hot Narakas .

neg: João Pessoa, Paraíba João Pessoa ( -LSB- ʒʊˈɐ̃w peˈsoɐ -RSB- ) is the capital of the state of Paraíba in Brazil . It was founded in 1585 and it is also known as the city where the sun rises first , because it is the easternmost city in the Americas at 34 ° 47 ′ 38 ″ W , 7 ° 9 ′ 28 ″ S. Its easternmost point is known as Ponta do Seixas . The city is considered `` the second greenest in the world '' , with more than 7 km2 of forested land , second only to Paris , France .   It is the state 's largest city , with an estimated population of 801,718 of inhabitants . Its metropolitan area comprises eight other satellite cities ( Bayeux , Cabedelo , Conde , Lucena , Santa Rita , and others ) , totalling 1,223,000 of inhabitants .   The new `` Estação Ciência , Cultura e Artes '' ( Science , Culture and Art Station ) , located at the most eastern point of the Americas ( Ponta das Seixas ) , is both an educational and cultural institution as well as a national landmark . The complex , inaugurated in 2008 , was created by Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer and is one of his last projects .

neg: Mangaratiba Mangaratiba ( -LSB- mɐ̃ˈɡaɾaˈtʃibɐ -RSB- ) is a municipality located in the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro . Its population is 29,272 ( 2005 ) and its area is 352 km ² .   Part of the Sylvester Stallone film The Expendables was shot in the central part of the city . The pier that is exploded in the film is the pier that the main ferry to Ilha Grande uses as its base of operation .   Many large bulk carriers enter the port of Mangaratiba , fetching heavy loads of iron ore bound for especially European ports . As such , the port of Mangaratiba is one of the largest in Brazil .

neg: 2016 São Paulo flood and mudslide Intense flooding and mudslides struck São Paulo ( city ) and São Paulo ( state ) , Brazil , following heavy rain and killed at least 21 . The downpour in São Paulo and the surrounding areas set new records for rainfall levels for the month of March and left cities covered in up to a meter of slowly draining mud and flood water . The rain occurred after months of drought .

neg: Porto Velho Porto Velho ( -LSB- ˈpoʁtu ˈvɛʎu -RSB- , Old Port ) is the capital of the Brazilian state of Rondônia , in the upper Amazon River basin , and a Catholic Metropolitan Archbishopric . The population is 426,558 people ( as of the IBGE 2010 census ) . Located on the border of Rondônia and the state of Amazonas , the town is an important trading center for cassiterite , the mining of which represents the most important economic activity in the region , as well as a transportation and communication center . It is on the eastern shore of the Madeira River , one of the main tributaries of the Amazon River . It is also Rondônia 's largest city , and the largest state capital of Brazil by area .   The municipality occupies most of the border between Amazonas and Rondônia , and is both the westernmost and northernmost city in the state .

neg: Paulistas Paulistas are the inhabitants of the state of São Paulo , Brazil , and of its antecessor the Capitaincy of São Vicente , whose capital early shifted from the village of São Vicente to the one of São Paulo dos Campos de Piratininga .   The early population of São Paulo consisted mainly of indigenous Amerindian with few Portuguese settlers . The Portuguese settlements were small .   As the Bandeirantes gained power and the vice-kingdom of Brazil developed , the Portuguese element predominated in the population , the Indians being either absorbed or killed . But the province of São Paulo , enlarged by the Bandeiras to include Mato Grosso , Goiás , Paraná and Santa Catarina , remained undeveloped , having neither the gold of Minas Gerais nor the sugar cane of Pernambuco . As a consequence , it did not receive the same influx of black slaves during the 16th and 17th centuries as the more prosperous provinces of Brazil . Nevertheless , the number of black slaves increased substantially in São Paulo during the Brazilian Empire , as the slave traffic reached its peak during the first half of the 19th century . After the abolition of the international slave trade in 1850 , many more slaves were transferred from declining regions of Brazil ( such as the Northeast ) to work in coffee plantations .   The economic development of São Paulo only really took off with the founding of coffee plantations in the nineteenth century . Those coffee plantations were manned , from the beginning , by slaves , and remained so during most of the 19th century . Not even the abolition of the transatlantic trade changed this , with the coffee barons resorting to the import of slaves from the Northeastern and Southern regions . Both the coffee planters and the Brazilian government , however , were aware that the abolition of slavery could be postponed but not avoided at all ; as a result , a few experiments in immigration were tried during this period , and some ideas were discussed , including the immigration of Chinese workers . Only in the 1880s , however , did immigration start in earnest .   From then on , immigration was the solution adopted to what was seen as a labour shortage , and Italian and Spanish immigrants made the bulk of the workers brought to coffee plantations ; the reasons why ex-slaves were not employed , or were only marginally employed , are unclear and subject to debate . Much is made of a supposed `` whitening '' ideology , or even `` program '' , but the cold fact is that , when faced with the impossibility of obtaining European manpower , the coffee barons had no qualms about resorting to Japanese immigrants . A curious fact from this period was the immigration of US Southerners moving from a country where slavery had been abolished to one where it still existed . Of course , those were not manual workers and did n't come to work in coffee plantations .   The wealth produced by coffee culture eventually sparked urbanisation and industrialisation ; the growing urban environment attracted even more immigrants , especially Armenians and other Europeans , Syrians and Lebanese . Later , as the foreign immigration declined , a strong chain of internal migration from the Brazilian Northeast developed .

neg: Indaiatuba Indaiatuba is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil . It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Campinas . The population is 235,367 ( 2016 est. ) in an area of 311.55 km ² . The elevation is 624 m . The city 's name derives from the Tupi language . It is an important city in one of Brazil 's main industrial regions .   Based on the latest IFDM social index data , Indaiatuba ranks number one of the `` Top 100 best cities to live in , in Brazil '' .   The Federation of Industries of Rio de Janeiro , surveyed data and compared information on education , health , income and employment ( wage and average generation of formal jobs ) of all municipalities in the country and , with this data they created the Firjan Development Index Municipal ( IFDM ) , so it was possible to create the rank of the top 100 cities to live in Brazil .   Data was collected from the Ministries of Education , Health and Labour for all municipalities .

neg: Maracanã River (Rio de Janeiro) The Maracanã River of Rio de Janeiro ( Brazilian Portuguese : -LSB- mɐɾakɐˈnɐ̃ -RSB- ) , which means green bird in Tupi -- Guarani , is a river located in Rio de Janeiro state in southeastern Brazil .

neg: Itatiba Itatiba is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil , approximately 80 km from the State Capital . It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Campinas . The population is 113,284 ( 2015 est. ) in an area of 322.28 km ² . The average elevation is 750 m . The place 's name comes from the Tupi Guarani language , and means `` Many Rocks '' . The city is known as the `` Princess of the Hill '' due to its rugged terrain . According to the Federation of Industries of the State of Rio de Janeiro , Itatiba is the third city with the highest quality of life in Brazil , presenting a FIRJAN Municipal Development Index of 0.9276 . It is considered to be the town with the 3rd highest levels of oxygen in the air in the whole world . It used to be the furniture capital of Brazil .  Itatiba also has the biggest thematic zoo in Latin America , the `` Zooparque '' .   The city is also base of the famous country club and golf course Quinta da Baroneza .

neg: Río Negro, Chile Río Negro ( -LSB- ˈri.o ˈneɣɾo -RSB- , English : Black River ) is a Chilean city and commune in Osorno Province , Los Lagos Region . The city is located 38 km south of Osorno and 6 km west of Route 5 . It has an area of 1,266 km ² and a population of 14,732 inhabitants ( 7,204 women and 7,528 men according to census 2002 ) .   The commune is bordered on the north by Osorno and San Juan de la Costa , on the east by Puerto Octay , on the west by the Pacific Ocean , and on the south by Purranque .

neg: Rubber soldiers Rubber soldiers ( Portuguese : Soldados da borracha ) were people in Brazil which were compulsorily drafted to harvest rubber in the Amazon rainforest during World War II .   The `` rubber soldiers '' program was a consequence of the Brazil-United States Political-Military Agreement during the war , after the United States were cut off by Japan from its major supply of rubber in Malaysia . About 55,000 persons were mostly transferred from drought-stricken northeast areas and contributed to the second rubber boom in Brazil . They were enlisted into the Serviço Especial de Mobilização de Trabalhadores para a Amazônia ( SEMTA ; `` Special Service of Mobilization of Workers for the Amazon '' ) , with support of several other governmental organizations .   Each migrant signed a contract with SEMTA which offered a small salary for the worker during their transport to the Amazon region . Upon arrival , they received a payment of 60 % of the total profit which had been obtained with the rubber . The basic kit they received included basic clothing , eating equipment , a net , and a carton of Colomy cigarettes . After being recruited , the volunteers were placed in specially-built housing , under strict military watch , and then sent into the Amazon , on trips which could last two to three months .   For many workers , it was a one-way journey . About 30,000 rubber workers died abandoned in the Amazon , after having exhausted their energies extracting the `` white gold . '' They died of malaria , yellow fever , and hepatitis , and were attacked by animals such as panthers , serpents , and scorpions . The Brazilian government also did not fulfill its promise to return the `` rubber soldiers '' to their homes at the end of the war as heroes and with housing comparable to that of the military .

neg: Funk ostentação Funk ostentação ( from Portuguese : Ostentation , or `` swag '' , funk ) is a Brazilian music style created in São Paulo in 2008 . The central theme addressed in the songs is conspicuous consumption , and many funk ostentação artists sing about cars , motorcycles , drink , women , and ambitions to leave the favela and achieve life goals .   While the dominant lyrical themes of the Rio de Janeiro scene at the time were criminality and lack of social justice , the first funk ostentação song , `` Bonde da Juju '' , recorded by MCs Backdi and Bio G3 in September 2008 , established the new genre 's opposing theme of ostentation . Several funk ostentação festivals were subsequently held in the state of São Paulo , and the movement began to grow . Its national debut came with the launch of the video for `` Megane '' by MC Boy do Charmes in mid-2011 . As it became clear that funk ostentação would be best represented in audiovisual format , the cinematographer KondZilla became the first to produce videos , which were received enthusiastically by fans . Of the ten most watched music videos in Brazil in both 2012 and 2013 , three were funk ostentação .   It was established as one of the most popular genres in Brazil with the tragic death of Daniel Pellegrine a.k.a MC Daleste , who was shot on stage in Campinas in July 2013 . He had been one of the principal proponents of the genre at the time of his death , and its extensive media coverage included widely televised tributes by other funk artists .   Funk ostentação became strongly associated with the emerging nova classe média ( new middle class ) in Brazil , whose financial status was improving along with that of principal funk ostentação artists like MC Guimê , MC Lon , MC Gui e MC Pocahontas .

neg: Santo Cristo, Rio de Janeiro Santo Cristo is a neighborhood in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil .

neg: São Paulo (state) São Paulo ( -LSB- sɐ̃w ˈpawlu -RSB- ) is one of the 26 states of the Federative Republic of Brazil and is named after Saint Paul of Tarsus . As the richest Brazilian state and a major industrial complex , often dubbed the `` locomotive of Brazil '' , the state alone is responsible for 33.9 % of the Brazilian GDP . São Paulo also has the second highest Human Development Index ( HDI ) and GDP per capita , the fourth lowest infant mortality rate and the third lowest rate of illiteracy among the federative units of Brazil . São Paulo alone is richer than Argentina , Uruguay , Paraguay and Bolivia combined . If São Paulo were an independent country , its nominal GDP would be ranked among the top 20 in the world ( 2010 estimate ) . The economy of São Paulo State is the most developed in Brazil   With more than 45 million inhabitants in 2014 , São Paulo is the most populous Brazilian state , the most populous national subdivision in the Americas , and the third most populous political unit of South America , surpassed only by the rest of the Brazilian Federation and Colombia . The local population is one of the most diverse in the country and descended mostly from Italians , who began immigrating to the country in the late 19th century ; of the Portuguese , who colonized Brazil and installed the first European settlements in the region ; indigenous peoples , a large number of distinct ethnic groups ; Africans , who were brought from Africa as slaves in the colonial era and migrants from other regions of the country . In addition , Arabs , Germans , Spanish , Japanese and Chinese also are present in the ethnic composition of the local population .   The area that today corresponds to the state territory was already inhabited by indigenous peoples from approximately 12,000 B.C. . In the early 16th century , the coast of the region was visited by Portuguese and Spanish explorers and navigators . In 1532 Martim Afonso de Sousa would establish the first Portuguese permanent settlement in the Americas -- the village of São Vicente , in the Baixada Santista . In the 17th century , the paulistas bandeirantes intensified the exploration of the interior of the colony , which eventually expanded the territorial domain of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire in South America . In the 18th century , after the establishment of the Province of São Paulo , the region began to gain political weight . After independence in 1820 , São Paulo began to become a major agricultural producer ( mainly coffee ) in the newly constituted Empire of Brazil , which ultimately created a rich regional rural oligarchy , which would switch on the command of the Brazilian government with Minas Gerais 's elites during the early republican periodin the 1880s . Under the Vargas Era , the state was one of the first to initiate a process of industrialization and its population became one of the most urban of the federation .   The city of São Paulo , the homonymous state capital , is ranked as the world 's 12th largest city and its metropolitan area , with 20 million inhabitants , is the 9th largest in the world and second in the Americas , after Greater Mexico City . Regions near the city of São Paulo are also metropolitan areas , such as Campinas , Santos , Sorocaba and São José dos Campos . The total population of these areas coupled with the state capital -- the so-called `` Expanded Metropolitan Complex of São Paulo '' -- exceeds 30 million inhabitants , i.e. approximately 75 percent of the population of São Paulo statewide , the first macro-metropolis in the southern hemisphere , joining 65 municipalities that together are home to 12 percent of the Brazilian population .


query: Burundi was ruled by another country.

pos: Burundi Burundi ( -LSB- bəˈrʊndi -RSB- or -LSB- bəˈrʌndi -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of Burundi ( Republika y' Uburundi , -LSB- buˈɾundi -RSB- République du Burundi , -LSB- buʁundi -RSB- or -LSB- byʁyndi -RSB- ) , is a landlocked country in the African Great Lakes region of East Africa , bordered by Rwanda to the north , Tanzania to the east and south , and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west . It is also considered part of Central Africa . Burundi 's capital is Bujumbura . The southwestern border is adjacent to Lake Tanganyika .   The Twa , Hutu and Tutsi peoples have lived in Burundi for at least 500 years . For more than 200 of those years , Burundi was an independent kingdom , until the beginning of the 20th century , when Germany colonised the region . After the First World War and Germany 's defeat , it ceded the territory to Belgium . Both Germans and Belgians ruled Burundi and Rwanda as a European colony known as Ruanda-Urundi . Despite common misconceptions , Burundi and Rwanda had never been under common rule until the time of European colonisation .   Burundi gained independence in 1962 and initially had a monarchy , but a series of assassinations , coups and a general climate of regional instability culminated in the establishment of a republic and one-party state in 1966 . Bouts of ethnic cleansing and ultimately two civil wars and genocides during the 1970s and again in the 1990s left the country undeveloped and its population as one of the world 's poorest . 2015 witnessed large-scale political strife as President Pierre Nkurunziza opted to run for a third term in office , a coup attempt failed and the country 's parliamentary and presidential elections were broadly criticised by members of the international community .   Burundi 's political system is that of a presidential representative democratic republic based upon a multi-party state . The President of Burundi is the head of state and head of government . There are currently 21 registered parties in Burundi . On 13 March 1992 , Tutsi coup leader Pierre Buyoya established a constitution , which provided for a multi-party political process and reflected multi-party competition . Six years later , on 6 June 1998 , the constitution was changed , broadening National Assembly 's seats and making provisions for two vice-presidents . Because of the Arusha Accord , Burundi enacted a transitional government in 2000 . In October 2016 , Burundi informed the UN of its intention to withdraw from the International Criminal Court .   Burundi remains an overwhelmingly rural society , with just 13 % of the population living in urban areas in 2013 . The population density of around 315 people per square kilometre ( 753 per sq mi ) is the second highest in Sub-Saharan Africa . Roughly 85 % of the population are of Hutu ethnic origin , 15 % are Tutsi , and fewer than 1 % are indigenous Twa ( or Pygmies ) . The official languages of Burundi are French and Kirundi , although Swahili can be found spoken along the Tanzanian border .   One of the smallest countries in Africa , Burundi has an equatorial climate . Burundi is a part of the Albertine Rift , the western extension of the East African Rift . The country lies on a rolling plateau in the centre of Africa . The highest peak , Mount Heha at 8810 ft , lies to the southeast of the capital , Bujumbura . The source of the River Nile is in Bururi province , and is linked from Lake Victoria to its headwaters via the Ruvyironza River Another major lake is Lake Tanganyika , located in much of Burundi 's southwestern corner . There are two national parks , Kibira National Park to the northwest ( a small region of rain forest , adjacent to Nyungwe Forest National Park in Rwanda ) , Ruvubu National Park to the northeast ( along the Rurubu River , also known as Ruvubu or Ruvuvu ) . Both were established in 1982 to conserve wildlife populations . Burundi 's lands are mostly agricultural or pasture .   Settlement by rural populations has led to deforestation , soil erosion and habitat loss . Deforestation of the entire country is almost completely due to overpopulation , with a mere 230 mi2 remaining and an ongoing loss of about 9 % per annum . In addition to poverty , Burundians often have to deal with corruption , weak infrastructure , poor access to health and education services , and hunger . Burundi is densely populated and has had substantial emigration as young people seek opportunities elsewhere . The World Happiness Report 2017 ranked Burundi as the world 's second least happy nation with a rank of 154 .

neg: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1040 United Nations Security Council resolution 1040 , adopted unanimously on 29 January 1996 , after considering letters by the Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali and statements by the President of the Security Council , the Council addressed the civil war in Burundi and efforts for political dialogue .   The Security Council was concerned that the situation in Burundi had deteriorated and threatened stability in the region . Violence had increased , particularly against refugees and international humanitarian aid workers , and the importance of continued assistance to refugees was stressed . The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees had recently visited the country and there were security plans being drawn up .   The resolution demanded that all parties in Burundi refrain from violence and the use of force , and to pursue dialogue . Member States and others concerned were urged to cooperate with the dismantling of radio stations inciting hatred and violence . Further measures would be considered , in consultation with the Organisation of African Unity and other countries . The Secretary-General had sent a technical mission to Burundi to examine ways to protect United Nations personnel and aid agencies and was asked by 20 February 1996 to report on that mission , the overall situation and progress of the dialogue . On the basis of the report , the Council would consider further measures , including an arms embargo and travel restrictions against leaders in Burundi .

neg: Council of Ministers (Burundi) In 2007 the Government of Burundi consisted of a 20-member Council of Ministers appointed by the President . The Council of Ministers , together with the President and Vice-Presidents , forms the executive branch of government in the country .   The constitution , which enshrines ethnically-based power-sharing , requires that 60 % of ministers come from the ethnic Hutu majority while the remaining 40 % come from the ethnic Tutsi minority . At least 30 % of government ministers must be women .   Members of President Pierre Nkurunziza 's government were announced on 14 November 2007 . The government consisted of 12 men ( 8 Hutus and 4 Tutsis ) and 8 women ( 6 Hutus and 2 Tutsis ) . The ethnic composition was 14 Hutus and 6 Tutsis . A new government was announced on August 29 , 2010 .

neg: Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville) The Republic of the Congo ( République du Congo ) was a sovereign state in Central Africa that was created with the independence of the Belgian Congo in 1960 . From 1960-1966 , the country was often known as Congo-Léopoldville ( after its capital ) in order to distinguish it from its north-western neighbour , also called the Republic of the Congo or Congo-Brazzaville . With the renaming of Léopoldville as Kinshasa on 1 June 1966 , it was known as Congo-Kinshasa until 1971 .   On 1 August 1964 , the state 's official name was changed to Democratic Republic of the Congo . In 1971 , the state 's name changed to Zaire .   The period between 1960 and 1965 is referred to as the First Congolese Republic , and the current Democratic Republic of the Congo is the Third Republic .   Unrest and rebellion continued to plague the government until 1965 , when Lieutenant General Joseph Désiré Mobutu , now commander-in-chief of the national army , seized control of the country . Mobutu changed the country 's name to Zaire in 1971 and remained its president until 1997 .

neg: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1053 United Nations Security Council resolution 1053 , adopted unanimously on 23 April 1996 , after recalling all previous resolutions on Rwanda , particularly resolutions 918 ( 1994 ) , 997 ( 1995 ) , 1011 ( 1995 ) and 1013 ( 1995 ) , the Council reviewed the findings of the Commission of Inquiry concerning violations of the arms embargo against former Rwandan government forces .   Despite the arms embargo , a number of violations were still reported with arms and materiel being sold to former Rwandan government forces . An inquiry had concluded its investigation , but it was noted that some countries had not fully co-operated with the investigation . The committee had concluded that Rwandan elements had received military training for the purposes of conducting destabilising raids into Rwanda , and there was strong evidence that arms deliveries had taken place . In one instance , there was a sale of weapons from the Seychelles in June 1994 and two subsequent shipments to Goma in the Democratic Republic of the Congo destined for Rwandan government forces . Aircraft were still continuing to land at Goma and Bukavu with arms for former Rwandan government forces and senior figures in those forces were raising funds for an armed struggle against Rwanda . These and continuing allegations had not been thoroughly investigated . Finally , radio broadcasts which spread hate and fear in the region needed to be terminated .   The ban on arms supplies to Rwandan government forces had not been effectively implemented . The countries in the Great Lakes region were asked to ensure that their territory was not used as a base for incursions or providing weapons into Rwanda . The Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali was asked to consult with the neighboring countries of Rwanda and Zaire in particular , on measures which could include the stationing of United Nations observers at airports and at border crossings . Countries whose citizens were accused of involvement were prompted to conduct further investigations and make all information available to the committee .   Finally , the Secretary-General was requested by 1 October 1996 to report on the implementation of the current resolution .

neg: Postage stamps and postal history of Uganda This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Uganda .   Uganda is a landlocked country in East Africa . It is bordered on the east by Kenya , on the north by South Sudan , on the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo , on the southwest by Rwanda , and on the south by Tanzania . The southern part of the country includes a substantial portion of Lake Victoria , which is also bordered by Kenya and Tanzania .

neg: Uganda–Tanzania War The Uganda -- Tanzania war ( usually referred to in Uganda as the Liberation War ) was fought between Uganda and Tanzania in 1978 -- 1979 , and led to the overthrow of Idi Amin 's regime . Idi Amin 's forces included thousands of troops sent by Libya , and some Palestinian support .

neg: Outline of Burundi thumb | The location of Burundi  thumb | An enlargeable map of the Republic of Burundi   The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Burundi :   The Republic of Burundi is a small sovereign country located in the Great Lakes region of Africa . Geographically isolated , facing population pressures and having sparse resources , Burundi has the lowest GDP per capita in the world , arguably making it the poorest country on the planet . One scientific study of 178 nations rated Burundi 's population as having the lowest satisfaction with life of all .

neg: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1375 United Nations Security Council resolution 1375 , adopted unanimously on 29 October 2001 , after reaffirming all resolutions and statements by the President of the Security Council on the civil war in Burundi , endorsed efforts by South Africa and other states to implement the Arusha Agreement and supported the establishment of an interim multinational security presence in Burundi .   The Security Council reaffirmed that the Arusha Peace and Reconciliation Agreement remained as a basis for a settlement of the conflict in Burundi and welcomed mediation efforts by the former South African President Nelson Mandela and the United Nations . There was concern at the ongoing violence in the country and its consequences on the situation in Burundi and regional instability .   The resolution , initiated by Jamaica and Mauritius , supported the future installation of a transitional government on 1 November 2001 . Armed groups , including the Forces pour la Défense de la Démocratie ( FDD ) and Forces Nationales de Libération ( FNL ) were urged to end hostilities and attacks against the civilian population and enter into negotiations as part of the peace process .   The Council supported the establishment of a temporary multinational security presence in the country to protect returning political leaders and train a Burundian protection force , asking the Burundian government to keep the Council informed in this regard . The peacekeeping mission would be the first time South Africa had participated in such an operation . It expressed willingness to consider further contributions to the peace process and urged the international community to provide assistance .

neg: Gervais Rufyikiri Gervais Rufyikiri ( born 12 April 1965 ) is a Burundian politician who was Second Vice President of Burundi from 2010 to 2015 .   Born in Gitega Province , Rufyikiri holds a doctorate ( PhD ) in Biological , Agricultural and Environmental Engineering Sciences from the Belgian university Université Catholique de Louvain . An ethnic Hutu , he is a member of the National Council for the Defense of Democracy-Forces for the Defense of Democracy ( CNDD-FDD ) , became President of Senate of Burundi on 17 August 2005 . He became Second Vice-President in 2010 .   As a member of President Pierre Nkurunziza 's ruling party , the CNDD-FDD , Rufyikiri expressed his opposition to Nkurunziza 's controversial bid for a third term in 2015 . As a result , he was effectively marginalized , although he initially remained in his post as Second Vice-President . On 25 June 2015 , Rufyikiri left the country and went into exile in Belgium , declaring that Nkurunziza 's candidacy was unconstitutional and that , by running , Nkurunziza was putting his own interests ahead of the nation 's interests . He said that Nkurunziza was `` deaf '' to ignore all the voices calling on him not to run . The government welcomed Rufyikiri 's departure and alleged that he was involved in the failed May 2015 coup attempt .

neg: Law enforcement in Burundi The principle law enforcement agency in Burundi is the National Police of Burundi ( Police Nationale du Burundi , PNB ) . The police falls within the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Community Development and Regional Administration . The PNB was founded in 2004 , following the end of the Burundian Civil War and the Arusha Accords . Its stated objectives are the maintenance of public order , the protection of the population , and the fight against organised crime . Burundi has been a member of INTERPOL since 1970 . Burundian police have been deployed abroad as part of United Nations ( UN ) operations in Africa .   The PNB is divided into missions , dealing with separate areas as well as five regional commissariats . The different services include :  Internal Security Police ( Police de sécurité intérieure )  Judicial Police ( Police judiciaire )  Air Police ( Police de l'Air )  Border and Aliens Police ( Police des frontières et des étrangers )  Prison Police ( Police pénitentiaire )   According to Transparency International , in 2014 over 80 percent of Burundians believed that there was corruption within the police service . The Burundian government has tried to resolve the corruption problem with the aid of foreign assistance from countries including the Netherlands . Although little effective citizen oversight exists , there is theoretically a police ombudsman and attorney general , both tasked with dealing with complaints against police .   During the popular unrest in Burundi since 2015 , the police have frequently been used to suppress anti-government protests . Police violence against protestors , both in the form of beatings and shootings , was particularly criticised by Human Rights Watch . As a response , in 2016 , the UN decided to repatriate 280 Burundian police from the MINUSCA mission in the Central African Republic because of the police had been accused of brutality in Burundi before their departure . Burundi also refused an offer by the UN Security Council to deploy 288 UN police officers to Burundi in August 2016 .

neg: Burundian presidential election, 2005 Indirect presidential elections were held in Burundi on 19 August 2005 . Members of the National Assembly and Senate chose the new president of the republic for a five-year term . The sole candidate , Pierre Nkurunziza of the CNDD -- FDD , was elected by a vote of 151 -- 9 . Nkurunziza was sworn in on 26 August 2005 .

neg: Melchior Ndadaye Melchior Ndadaye ( March 28 , 1953 -- October 21 , 1993 ) was a Burundian intellectual and politician . He was the first democratically elected and first Hutu president of Burundi after winning the landmark 1993 election . Though he moved to attempt to smooth the country 's bitter ethnic divide , his reforms antagonised soldiers in the Tutsi-dominated army , and he was assassinated amidst a failed military coup in October 1993 , after only three months in office . His assassination sparked an array of brutal tit-for-tat massacres between the Tutsi and Hutu ethnic groups , and ultimately sparked the decade-long Burundi Civil War .

neg: Mozambique Mozambique ( -LSB- moʊzæmˈbiːk -RSB- or -LSB- mɔːzæmˈbiːk -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of Mozambique ( Moçambique or República de Moçambique , -LSB- rɛˈpublikɐ dɨ musɐ̃ˈbikɨ -RSB- ) is a country in Southeast Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east , Tanzania to the north , Malawi and Zambia to the northwest , Zimbabwe to the west , and Swaziland and South Africa to the southwest . It is separated from Madagascar by the Mozambique Channel to the east . The capital and largest city is Maputo ( known as `` Lourenço Marques '' before independence ) .   Between the 1st and 5th centuries AD , Bantu-speaking peoples migrated from farther north and west . Swahili ( and later Arab ) commercial ports existed along the coasts until the arrival of Europeans . The area was explored by Vasco da Gama in 1498 and colonised by Portugal from 1505 . The country was an important place where Somali merchants enslaved the local population , starting what is now known as the Somali slave trade . After over four centuries of Portuguese rule , Mozambique gained independence in 1975 , becoming the People 's Republic of Mozambique shortly thereafter . After only two years of independence , the country descended into an intense and protracted civil war lasting from 1977 to 1992 . In 1994 , Mozambique held its first multiparty elections and has remained a relatively stable presidential republic . However , since 2013 , following more than 20 years of peace , a renewed insurgency by RENAMO has been occurring .   Mozambique is one of the poorest and most underdeveloped countries in the world . Mozambique is endowed with rich and extensive natural resources . The country 's economy is based largely on agriculture , but industry is growing , mainly food and beverages , chemical manufacturing , and aluminium and petroleum production . The country 's tourism sector is also growing . South Africa is Mozambique 's main trading partner and source of foreign direct investment . Belgium , Brazil , Portugal , and Spain are also among the country 's most important economic partners . Since 2001 , Mozambique 's annual average GDP growth has been among the world 's highest . However , the country ranks among the lowest in GDP per capita , human development , measures of inequality , and average life expectancy .   The only official language of Mozambique is Portuguese , which is spoken mostly as a second language by about half of the population . Common native languages include Makhuwa , Sena , and Swahili . The country 's population of around 24 million is composed overwhelmingly of Bantu people . The largest religion in Mozambique is Christianity , with significant minorities following Islam and African traditional religions . Mozambique is a member of the African Union , the Commonwealth of Nations , the Community of Portuguese Language Countries , the Latin Union , the Non-Aligned Movement , and the Southern African Development Community , and is an observer at La Francophonie .

neg: Rwandan genocide The Rwandan genocide , also known as the genocide against the Tutsi , was a genocidal mass slaughter of Tutsi in Rwanda by members of the Hutu majority government . An estimated 500,000 -- 1,000,000 Rwandans were killed during the 100-day period from April 7 to mid-July 1994 , constituting as many as 70 % of the Tutsi population . Additionally , 30 % of the Pygmy Batwa were killed . The genocide and widespread slaughter of Rwandans ended when the Tutsi-backed and heavily armed Rwandan Patriotic Front ( RPF ) led by Paul Kagame took control of the country . An estimated 2,000,000 Rwandans , mostly Hutus , were displaced and became refugees .   The genocide was planned by members of the core political elite , many of whom occupied positions at top levels of the national government . Perpetrators came from the ranks of the Rwandan army , the Gendarmerie , government-backed militias including the Interahamwe and Impuzamugambi .   The genocide took place in the context of the Rwandan Civil War , an ongoing conflict beginning in 1990 between the Hutu-led government and the Rwandan Patriotic Front ( RPF ) , which largely consisted of Tutsi refugees whose families had fled to Uganda after the 1959 Hutu revolt against colonial rule . Waves of Hutu violence against the RPF and Tutsi followed Rwandan independence in 1962 . International pressure on the Hutu government of Juvénal Habyarimana resulted in a ceasefire in 1993 , with a road-map to implement the Arusha Accords , which would create a power-sharing government with the RPF . This agreement was not acceptable to a number of conservative Hutu , including members of the Akazu , who viewed it as conceding to enemy demands . The RPF military campaign intensified support for the so-called `` Hutu Power '' ideology , which portrayed the RPF as an alien force who were non-Christian , intent on reinstating the Tutsi monarchy and enslaving Hutus . Many Hutus reacted to this prospect with extreme opposition . In the lead-up to the genocide the number of machetes imported into Rwanda increased .   On April 6 , 1994 , an airplane carrying Habyarimana and Burundian President Cyprien Ntaryamira was shot down on its descent into Kigali . At the time , the plane was in the airspace above Habyarimana 's house . One person survived but died soon after en route to the hospital . The assassination of Habyarimana ended the peace accords .   Genocidal killings began the following day . Soldiers , police , and militia quickly executed key Tutsi and moderate Hutu military and political leaders who could have assumed control in the ensuing power vacuum . Checkpoints and barricades were erected to screen all holders of the national ID card of Rwanda ( which contained ethnic classification information introduced by the Belgian colonial government in 1933 ) in order to systematically identify and kill Tutsi . These forces recruited and pressured Hutu civilians to arm themselves with machetes , clubs , blunt objects , and other weapons to rape , maim , and kill their Tutsi neighbors and to destroy or steal their property . The breakdown of the peace accords led the RPF to restart its offensive and rapidly seize control of the northern part of the country before capturing Kigali in mid-July , bringing an end to the genocide . During these events and in the aftermath , the United Nations ( UN ) and countries including the United States , the United Kingdom , and Belgium were criticized for their inaction and failure to strengthen the force and mandate of the UN Assistance Mission for Rwanda ( UNAMIR ) peacekeepers . Other observers criticized the government of France for alleged support of the Hutu government after the genocide had begun .   The genocide had a lasting and profound impact on Rwanda and its neighboring countries . The pervasive use of rape as a weapon of war caused a spike in HIV infection , including babies born of rape to newly infected mothers ; many households were headed by orphaned children or widows . The destruction of infrastructure and the severe depopulation of the country crippled the economy , challenging the nascent government to achieve rapid economic growth and stabilization . The RPF military victory and installation of an RPF-dominated government prompted many Hutus to flee to neighboring countries , particularly in the eastern portion of Zaire ( now the Democratic Republic of Congo ) , where the Hutu genocidaires began to regroup in refugee camps along the border with Rwanda . Declaring a need to avert further genocide , the RPF-led government led military incursions into Zaire , including the First ( 1996 -- 97 ) and Second ( 1998 -- 2003 ) Congo Wars . Armed struggles between the Rwandan government and their opponents in DRC have continued to play out through proxy militias in the Goma region , including the M23 rebellion ( 2012 -- 2013 ) . Large Rwandan Hutu and Tutsi populations continue to live as refugees throughout the region .   Today , Rwanda has two public holidays mourning the genocide . The national mourning period begins with Kwibuka , the national commemoration , on April 7 and concludes with Liberation Day on July 4 . The week following April 7 is an official week of mourning , known as Icyunamo . The genocide served as an impetus for creating the International Criminal Court to eliminate the need for ad hoc tribunals to prosecute genocide , crimes against humanity , and war crimes .

neg: List of African Great Lakes kingdoms The African Great Lakes kingdoms refers to the numerous historic kingdoms in the African Great Lakes region . These polities existed in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries , and had similar and yet sometimes distinct cultures , values and traditions . The Great Lakes kingdoms were found in Southeast Africa and some parts of Central Africa , in what is present-day northwest Tanzania , south Uganda , some parts of Rwanda , and Eastern Congo .   Buganda  Bunyoro  Burundi  Busoga  Buvinza  Buyungu  Buzinza  Gisaka  Heru  Igara  Ihangiro  Karagwe  Kimwani  Kiziba  Kyamutwara  Kyania  Mpororo  Mubari  Muhambwe  Nkore  Rwanda  Ruguru  Rusubi  Toro

neg: Zambia Zambia ( -LSB- ˈzæmbiə -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of Zambia , is a landlocked country in Southern Africa , neighbouring the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north , Tanzania to the north-east , Malawi to the east , Mozambique , Zimbabwe , Botswana and Namibia to the south , and Angola to the west . The capital city is Lusaka , in the south-central part of Zambia . The population is concentrated mainly around Lusaka in the south and the Copperbelt Province to the northwest , the core economic hubs of the country .   Originally inhabited by Khoisan peoples , the region was affected by the Bantu expansion of the thirteenth century . After visits by European explorers in the eighteenth century , Zambia became the British protectorate of Northern Rhodesia towards the end of the nineteenth century . For most of the colonial period , Zambia was governed by an administration appointed from London with the advice of the British South Africa Company .   On 24 October 1964 , Zambia became independent of the United Kingdom and prime minister Kenneth Kaunda became the inaugural president . Kaunda 's socialist United National Independence Party ( UNIP ) maintained power from 1964 until 1991 . Kaunda played a key role in regional diplomacy , cooperating closely with the United States in search of solutions to conflicts in Rhodesia ( Zimbabwe ) , Angola , and Namibia . From 1972 to 1991 Zambia was a one-party state with the UNIP as the sole legal political party under the motto `` One Zambia , One Nation '' . Kaunda was succeeded by Frederick Chiluba of the social-democratic Movement for Multi-Party Democracy in 1991 , beginning a period of social-economic growth and government decentralisation . Levy Mwanawasa , Chiluba 's chosen successor , presided over Zambia from January 2002 until his death in August 2008 , and is credited with campaigns to reduce corruption and increase the standard of living . After Mwanawasa 's death , Rupiah Banda presided as Acting President before being elected President in 2008 . Holding office for only three years , Banda stepped down after his defeat in the 2011 elections by Patriotic Front party leader Michael Sata . Sata died on 28 October 2014 , the second Zambian president to die in office . Guy Scott served briefly as interim president until new elections were held on 20 January 2015 , in which Edgar Lungu was elected as the sixth President .   In 2010 , the World Bank named Zambia one of the world 's fastest economically reformed countries . The Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa ( COMESA ) is headquartered in Lusaka .

neg: Foreign relations of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Its location in the center of Africa has made the Democratic Republic of the Congo ( at one time known as Zaire ) a key player in the region since independence . Because of its size , mineral wealth , and strategic location , Zaire was able to capitalize on Cold War tensions to garner support from the West . In the early 1990s , however , with the end of the Cold War and in the face of growing evidence of human rights abuses , Western support waned as pressure for internal reform increased .   The Democratic Republic of the Congo is in the grip of a civil war that has drawn in military forces from neighboring states , with Ugandan , Burundian , and Rwandan forces helping the rebel movement which occupies much of the eastern portion of the state .   One problem is the continuing theft of mineral resources , such as coltan , by occupying forces . One estimate has the Rwandan army making $ 350 million in 48 months from the sale of coltan , even though Rwanda has no coltan deposits . Not only can the DRC not make any money from its mineral wealth , due to its inability to tax anything in rebel-held areas , but the wealth is also used itself to finance insurgent activities .   Troops from Zimbabwe , Angola , Namibia , Chad , and Sudan support the Kinshasa regime .   Furthermore , relations with surrounding countries have often been driven by security concerns . Intricate and interlocking alliances have often characterized regional relations . Conflicts in Sudan , Uganda , Angola , Rwanda , and Burundi have at various times created bilateral and regional tensions . The current crisis in DRC has its roots both in the use of The Congo as a base by various insurgency groups attacking neighboring countries and in the absence of a broad-based political system in the Congo .   The Democratic Republic of the Congo is also a member of the International Criminal Court with a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for the U.S.-military ( as covered under Article 98 ) .

neg: Republic of Cabinda The Republic of Cabinda ( Ibinda : Kilansi kia cabinda ; República de Cabinda ) is an unrecognized state in southern Africa . The Front for the Liberation of the State of Cabinda-Exercito de Cabinda ( FLEC ) claims sovereignty from Angola and proclaimed the Republic of Cabinda as an independent country in 1975 . The government of this ( internationally not recognized ) entity operates in exile , with offices located in Paris , France and Pointe Noire , Congo-Brazzaville .   The 1885 Treaty of Simulambuco designated Cabinda a Portuguese protectorate known as the Portuguese Congo , which was administratively separate from Portuguese West Africa ( Angola ) . In the 20th century , Portugal decided to integrate Cabinda into Angola , giving it the status of a district of that `` overseas province '' . During the Portuguese Colonial War , FLEC fought for the independence of Cabinda from the Portuguese . Independence was proclaimed on 1 August 1975 , and FLEC formed a provisional government led by Henriques Tiago . Luiz Branque Franque was elected president .   In January 1975 , Angola 's three national liberation movements ( People 's Movement for the Liberation of Angola ( MPLA ) , National Liberation Front of Angola ( FNLA ) and National Union for the Total Independence of Angola ( UNITA ) ) met with the colonial power in Alvor , Portugal , to establish the modalities of the transition to independence . FLEC was not invited . The Alvor Agreement was signed , establishing Angolan independence and confirming Cabinda as part of Angola . After Angolan independence was declared in November 1975 , Cabinda was occupied by the forces of the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola ( MPLA ) , which had been present in Cabinda since the mid-1960s , sustaining an anti-colonial guerrilla war that was rather more efficient than the one run by FLEC .   For much of the 1970s and 1980s , FLEC fought a low-intensity guerrilla war , attacking the troops of what was by then the People 's Republic of Angola , led by the MPLA . FLEC 's tactics included attacking economic targets and kidnapping foreign employees working in the province 's oil and construction businesses . In July 2006 , after ceasefire negotiations , António Bento Bembe -- as president of the Cabindan Forum for Dialogue and Peace , vice-president and executive secretary of FLEC -- announced that the Cabindan separatist forces were ready to declare a ceasefire . A peace treaty was signed . FLEC-FAC from Paris contends Bembe had no authority or mandate to negotiate with the Angolans and that the only acceptable solution is total independence .

neg: List of companies of Tanzania Tanzania is a large country in Eastern Africa within the African Great Lakes region . Parts of the country are in Southern Africa . It is bordered by Kenya and Uganda to the north ; Rwanda , Burundi , and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west ; Zambia , Malawi , and Mozambique to the south ; and by the Indian Ocean to the east . Kilimanjaro , Africa 's highest mountain , is in northeastern Tanzania .   The country has the second largest economy in the East African Community and the twelfth largest in Africa . It is largely dependent on agriculture for employment , accounting for about half of the employed workforce . An estimated 34 percent of Tanzanians currently live in poverty . The economy has been transitioning from a command economy to a market economy since 1985 . Although total GDP has increased since these reforms began , GDP per capita dropped sharply at first , and only exceeded the pre-transition figure in around 2007 .

neg: Central African Empire The Central African Empire ( French : Empire centrafricain ) was a short-lived , self-declared `` constitutional monarchy '' , but in reality an absolute monarchy under a one-party military dictatorship , that replaced the Central African Republic and was , in turn , replaced by the restoration of the Republic . The empire was formed by and under the command of Jean-Bédel Bokassa , president of the Republic , who declared himself Emperor Bokassa I on 4 December 1976 .   Bokassa spent the equivalent of over 20 million United States dollars , a third of the country 's government annual income , on his coronation ceremony . The monarchy was abolished and the name `` Central African Republic '' was restored on 21 September 1979 , when Bokassa was ousted with French support . His Palace was destroyed .


query: Fernando Alonso's birth month is July.

pos: Fernando Alonso Fernando Alonso Díaz ( born 29 July 1981 ) is a Spanish Formula One racing driver and a double World Champion who is currently racing for McLaren-Honda . He is often regarded as one of the greatest Formula One drivers in the history of the sport .  He took part in the 2017 Indianapolis 500 .   Born in Oviedo , the capital of the autonomous region of Asturias , Alonso started in karting from the age of 3 . He won three consecutive karting championships in Spain from 1994 to 1997 , and he became world karting champion in 1996 . He made his Formula One debut in the season with Minardi , and then moved to the Renault team as a test driver the next year . Starting in Alonso then became one of the main drivers of the team . On 25 September 2005 , he won the Formula One World Drivers ' Championship title at the age of 24 years and 58 days , at the time making him the youngest Formula One World Drivers ' Champion . After retaining the title the following year , Alonso also became the youngest double Champion at the time . He joined McLaren in , before returning to Renault for two seasons in and .   For the season , he joined Scuderia Ferrari . Although Alonso did not reach his goal of winning a third title while at Ferrari he managed to finish runner up on three occasions ( , and ) as well as winning eleven Grands Prix with the team and clearly beating his teammates for points in all five seasons . His strongest title challenges were in 2010 and 2012 , finishing both seasons just adrift of title winner Sebastian Vettel . He left Ferrari at the end of the season , two years prior to the original expiry of his contract .   Nicknamed El Nano , a typical pseudonym for Fernando in Asturias , his place of birth , Alonso acts as a Goodwill Ambassador for UNICEF . Alonso also had become the youngest driver to win a pole position and Grand Prix respectively in the 2003 Malaysian Grand Prix and the 2003 Hungarian Grand Prix , before both records were broken by Sebastian Vettel in the 2008 Italian Grand Prix . With his fourth-place finish in the 2013 Japanese Grand Prix , scoring his 1,571 st career point , Alonso took over the record for most championship points in his career . However , the record has once again been broken by Sebastian Vettel at the 2015 Italian Grand Prix . , Alonso is the only Spanish driver to have won a Formula One Grand Prix and is the driver with the sixth highest number of Grand Prix wins , with .

neg: Fernando Osorio Fernando Osorio is a singer-songwriter , born in Bogotá , Colombia , and raised in Caracas , Venezuela .

neg: Fernando Adames Torres Fernando Adames Torres was born around the 3rd decade of the 19th century in Siquisique , a small city near Barquisimeto on Lara State in the country of Venezuela . He was the son of Juan Bautista Adames and Magdalena Torres . During his early years prior to entering the Military , Fernando Adames spent most of his time as a business entrepreneur , until March 1858 where he joined the military during the Revolution of 1858 serving under the orders of Mariscal Falcon . This revolution lasted five years and ended with the formation of the `` Federacion Venezolana '' .

neg: 2013 Chinese Grand Prix The 2013 Chinese Grand Prix ( formally known as the 2013 Formula 1 UBS Chinese Grand Prix ) was a Formula One motor race that was held on 14 April 2013 at the Shanghai International Circuit in Shanghai , China . The race was the third round of the 2013 season , and marked the tenth running of the Chinese Grand Prix as a round of the Formula One World Championship . The race was won by Fernando Alonso .

neg: Carlos Martínez Alonso Carlos Martínez Alonso , ( Carlos Martinez-A . ) was born in Villasimpliz ( Pola de Gordón ) , in the province of León , on January 9 , 1950 . In 1974 he obtained a chemistry degree from the Universidad Complutense of Madrid . Four years later , in 1978 , he obtained a Ph.D. in immunology by the same university . He was appointed President of the Spanish National Research Council ( CSIC ) from 2004 to 2008 , and Secretary of State for Research in the Ministry of Science and Innovation from early 2008 to December 2009 .   He did his scientific research in several institutions : La Clínica Puerta de Hierro ( Autonomous University of Madrid ) , the Basel Institute for Immunology ( Basel , Switzerland ) , the Umeå University School of Medicine ( Umeå , Sweden ) , the Pasteur Institute ( Paris , France ) , the California Institute of Technology ( Pasadena , California , USA ) , the Severo Ochoa Center for Molecular Biology ( Madrid , Spain ) , with stays in institutions , including the Institute of Immunobiology of the Max Planck Society ( Freiburg , Germany ) , the Ontario Cancer Institute ( Toronto , Canada ) , Millennium Pharmaceuticals ( Boston , Massachusetts , USA ) . He now works at the National Center for Biotechnology ( CNB-CSIC ) in Madrid , where he was vice-director and founded and directed the Department of Immunology and Oncology from 1996 to 2004 , thanks to a large collaborative core grant from Pharmacia/Pfizer .   He is a member of the European Molecular Biology Organization ( EMBO ) and was the president of the European Molecular Biology Conference from 1995 to 1999 , and vice-president of the European Molecular Biology Laboratory ( EMBL ) in Heidelberg . He is member of the editorial committee of various international journals , and author to more than 400 articles in such scientific journals . In 2004 he was elected president of the Spanish Spanish National Research Council ( CSIC ) . In April 2008 he moved from this position to his present one in the Ministry for Science and Innovation , and was substituted by Rafael Rodrigo Montero at the CSIC presidency .

neg: Fernando Zavala Fernando Martín Zavala Lombardi ( -LSB- feɾˈnando mar ` tin saˈβala lomˈbaɾði -RSB- ; born 16 February 1971 ) is the Prime Minister of Peru , in office since July 28 , 2016 . Previously he was the President of Backus and Johnston , a subsidiary of SABMiller . From 2005 to 2006 he was Minister of Economy and Finance .

neg: San Fernando, Cádiz San Fernando ( -LSB- san fernˈando -RSB- , Saint-Ferdinand ) is a town in the province of Cádiz , Spain . It is home to more than 97,500 inhabitants . The city also uses the name `` La Isla '' ( The Island ) . The people from San Fernando are locally known as `` Cañaíllas '' or `` Isleños '' .

neg: Marcos Senna Marcos Antônio Senna da Silva ( born 17 July 1976 ) , known as Senna , is a retired footballer who played as a central midfielder .   He is known for his passing range and long shooting and is also a penalty specialist , and spent most of his professional career in Spain with Villarreal , appearing in 363 official games of the course of 11 seasons , ten in La Liga ( 33 goals scored ) . He ended his career at the New York Cosmos , where he twice won the Soccer Bowl .   Born in Brazil , Senna represented the Spain national team during four years , appearing at the 2006 World Cup and Euro 2008 and winning the latter tournament as starter .

neg: Néstor Bareiro Néstor Fabián Bareiro Leguizamón ( born 11 December 1983 in Fernando de la Mora ) is a Paraguayan footballer forward .

neg: Rodrigo Alonso Rodrigo Alonso ( born February 11 , 1982 in Hurlingham , Buenos Aires ) is an Argentine football defender currently playing for Temperley of the Primera B Nacional .

neg: Adrián Alonso Pereira Adrián Alonso Pereira ( born 26 June 1988 ) , commonly known as Pola , is a Spanish futsal player who plays for Inter Movistar as an Ala. .

neg: Fernando Rubén González Fernando Rubén González Pineda ( born January 27 , 1994 ) is a Mexican footballer who plays as a Midfielder for Coras F.C. on loan from C.D. Guadalajara .

neg: Alonso Duralde Alonso Duralde ( born May 18 , 1967 ) is an American writer and film critic .

neg: Fernando González (writer) Fernando González Ochoa ( April 24 , 1895 -- February 16 , 1964 ) , was a Colombian writer and existentialist philosopher known as `` el filósofo de Otraparte '' ( The Philosopher from somewhere else ) . He wrote about sociology , history , art , morality , economics , epistemology and theology in a magisterial and creative way , using different genres of literature . González is considered one of the most original writers of Colombia during the 20th century . His ideas were controversial and had a great influence in the Colombian society at his time and today . The González work was the inspiration of Nadaism , a literary movement founded by one of his disciples , Gonzalo Arango . The Otraparte Villa , his house in Envigado , is today a museum and the headquarters of the cultural foundation to preserve and promote his legacy . The place was declared a National Patrimony of Colombia in 2006 .

neg: Fernando Martínez Aldana Fernando Martínez Aldana ( born June 14 , 1977 in Tlalnepantla de Baz , State of Mexico ) is a Mexican football manager and former player .

neg: National Alliance July 18 National Alliance July 18 ( in Spanish : Alianza Nacional 18 de Julio ) was a far-right nationalist electoral coalition in Spain , formed ahead of the 1977 elections by New Force of Blas Piñar , Círculos Doctrinales José Antonio and Carlist Traditionalist Communion . July 18 refers to the day on which the Nationalist forces under the leadership of Francisco Franco launched a military uprising in 1936 .

neg: Flavio Alonso Not to be confused with Fernando Alonso .   Flavio Alonso ( born May 11 , 1968 ) is a Spanish rally driver . He is best known for participating in the Race of Champions during the event 's tenure at Gran Canaria , the highlight being winning the ` Rally Masters ' contest in 1992 and 1996 . He also represented Spain alongside Oriol Servia and Emilio Alzamora at the 2003 event , losing in the final to the ` All-Star ' team . He also reached the quarter-finals of the main event that year , but was beaten by François Duval .   He has competed sporadically in the Spanish Rally Championship and the European Rally Championship , and also participated in the Spanish round of the 1999 World Rally Championship .

neg: 2011 Italian Grand Prix The 2011 Italian Grand Prix , formally known as the 2011 Gran Premio Santander d'Italia , was a Formula One motor race that was held on 11 September 2011 at the Autodromo Nazionale Monza in Italy . It was the thirteenth round of the 2011 Formula One season and was also the sixtieth time the Italian Grand Prix had been held at Monza . The 53-lap race was won by Red Bull 's Sebastian Vettel , the World Drivers ' Championship leader , after he started from pole position . Jenson Button finished in second place for McLaren , and Fernando Alonso completed the podium in third position for Ferrari .   As a consequence of the race , Vettel extended his lead in the World Drivers ' Championship to 112 points over Alonso , who moved up to second place in the championship . Button moved into third place in the championship , five points behind Alonso , and level on points with fourth-placed Mark Webber , but ahead on countback . In the World Constructors ' Championship , Red Bull 's championship lead was cut by McLaren to 126 points , with Ferrari a further 71 points behind in third position .

neg: Ernesto Velázquez Ernesto Velázquez ( born 3 October 1988 ) is a Spanish male badminton player . In 2007 , he won bronze medal at the European Junior Badminton Championships in boys ' singles event .