query: Los Angeles has religious diversity.

pos: Los Angeles Los Angeles ( -LSB- lɒs_ˈændʒəlᵻs -RSB- , Spanish for `` The Angels '' ; -LSB- los ˈaŋxeles -RSB- ) , officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L.A. , is the cultural , financial , and commercial center of Southern California . With a census-estimated 2017 population of 4,042,000 , it is the second-most populous city in the United States ( after New York City ) and the most populous city in the state of California . Located in a large coastal basin surrounded on three sides by mountains reaching up to and over 10000 ft , Los Angeles covers an area of about 469 sqmi . The city is also the seat of Los Angeles County , the most populated county in the country . Los Angeles is the center of the Los Angeles metropolitan area , and is part of the larger designated Los Angeles-Long Beach combined statistical area ( CSA ) , the second most populous in the nation with a 2015 estimated population of 18.7 million .   Historically home to the Chumash and Tongva , Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California . The city was officially founded on September 4 , 1781 , by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve . It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence . In 1848 , at the end of the Mexican -- American War , Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , thereby becoming part of the United States . Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4 , 1850 , five months before California achieved statehood . The discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city . The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913 , delivering water from Eastern California , later assured the city 's continued rapid growth .   Nicknamed the `` City of Angels '' , Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate , ethnic diversity , and sprawling metropolis . The city is also one of the most substantial economic engines within the nation , with a diverse economy in a broad range of professional and cultural fields . Los Angeles is also famous as the home of Hollywood , a major center of the world entertainment industry . A global city , it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index and 9th in the Global Economic Power Index . The Los Angeles combined statistical area ( CSA ) also has a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of $ 831 billion , making it the third-largest in the world , after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas .

neg: Religious qualifications for public office in the United States Religious qualifications for public office in the United States have always been prohibited at the national level of the federal system of government under the Constitution . Article VI of the Constitution of the United States declares that `` no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States '' . The First Amendment of the Constitution also prevents the Congress of the United States from making any law `` respecting an establishment of religion '' ( the Establishment Clause ) .   Neither the First Amendment nor Article VI , however , were originally applied to the individual states , and individual restrictions were utilized by individual states to prevent Jews , Catholics , and atheists from occupying public offices . State-level requirements for public office were not entirely abolished until 1961 , when the Supreme Court of the United States struck down religious qualifications for all public officeholders in its decision in Torcaso v. Watkins , a case concerning an atheist 's right to serve as a notary public under a Maryland law requiring public officials to declare they believed in God . However , eight states still have language in their constitutions that requires such qualifications .

neg: Christianity among Hispanic and Latino Americans Latinos and Hispanics are predominantly Christians in the United States . Specifically , they are most often Roman Catholic .

neg: Chinese enclaves in the San Gabriel Valley Chinese communities form a substantial portion of the population of the San Gabriel Valley . The region has achieved international prominence as a hub of overseas Chinese or hua qiao . Although Chinese immigrants were a noteworthy presence in the establishment of Southern California from the 19th century , significant Chinese migration to suburban San Gabriel Valley coincided with a trend of white out-migration from the 1970s onward . This opened an opportunity for well-educated and affluent Asian Americans to begin settling in the west San Gabriel Valley , primarily to Monterey Park .   High property values and overcrowding in Monterey Park have contributed to a secondary movement away from that city , and the Chinese community is now spread over a cluster of cities in the west San Gabriel Valley . Suburban cities in the valley with large non-white populations , also called ethnoburbs , include Alhambra , Arcadia , Rosemead , San Marino , San Gabriel , South Pasadena , and Temple City and then eastward to Diamond Bar , Hacienda Heights , Rowland Heights , and Walnut . Numerous Mandarin - and Cantonese-speaking businesses have been established in these suburbs to accommodate the changing population .

neg: Religious pluralism Religious pluralism is an attitude or policy regarding the diversity of religious belief systems co-existing in society . It can indicate one or more of the following :   As the name of the worldview according to which one 's religion is not the sole and exclusive source of truth , and thus the acknowledgement that at least some truths and true values exist in other religions .  As acceptance of the concept that two or more religions with mutually exclusive truth claims are equally valid . This may be considered a form of either toleration ( a concept that arose as a result of the European wars of religion ) or moral relativism .  The understanding that the exclusive claims of different religions turn out , upon closer examination , to be variations of universal truths that have been taught since time immemorial . This is called Perennialism ( based on the concept of philosophia perennis ) or Traditionalism .  Sometimes as a synonym for ecumenism , i.e. , the promotion of some level of unity , co-operation , and improved understanding between different religions or different denominations within a single religion .  As a term for the condition of harmonious co-existence between adherents of different religions or religious denominations .  As a social norm and not merely a synonym for religious diversity .

neg: An American Mosque __ NOTOC __  An American Mosque is a 2012 documentary produced by filmmaker David Washburn which first aired nationwide in the United States on July 11 , 2015 on PBS . It tells the story of the destruction by arson of a just-completed mosque , the Islamic Center of Yuba City , in rural California in 1994 . And it tells of its community and of its eventual rebuilding by Muslims joined by Sikhs , Mormons , other Christians and others of different faiths .   BeliefNet called it `` a poignant story of hope and solidarity , in spite of hate , '' and suggested it gives a `` raw , yet honest reflection of life as a Muslim in America . ''   The arson was the first hate-crime destroying a mosque in U.S. history . The Islamic Center had just been completed at an estimated cost of $ 1.8 million plus sweat equity of the Muslims of its rural community , including descendants of Pakistani who immigrated to the area 1902 . A fire marshal established that the blaze was started deliberately . Law enforcement reportedly were able to identify the probable perpetrator ( s ) of the crime but lacked sufficient evidence to name and prosecute them .   The incident , seven years before 9/11 , attracted relatively little attention at the time , and this is suggested to have contributed to the failure of law enforcement to solve the crime . The documentary includes interviews of Muslim members of the mosque , law enforcement officers , and others in the community 20 years later .   The replacement mosque was completed in 2000 .   IMDB describes the film succinctly as :   The film was to be screened and discussed at `` Neighbor to Neighbor '' , an East Bay partnership of Christian , Muslim and Jewish organizations , in an event including filmmaker Washburn . The artist promoting the event noted that Washburn considered gatherings like that to be important for being proactive rather than reactive : `` Although recent events like the terrorist killings in Paris and ongoing extremism by groups like ISIS , Boko Haram and al-Qaida cast dark shadows , Washburn said -LSB- by -RSB- reflecting on Islam in America , the focus of his documentary , the program will create a safe space where fears and frustrations can be shared . '' Washburn has elsewhere spoken of the timeliness of the film .   The film premiered on TV on PBS TV in New York City in June 2014 .

neg: Gramercy Park, Los Angeles The Gramercy Park neighborhood of Los Angeles is a 1.13-square-mile district in Los Angeles , California , within the South Los Angeles region . Its population of 11,000 + residents is older than the city 's average , and it has a large percentage of military veterans . The 2000 census found it was 86.4 % African American in its ethnic distribution .

neg: California Water Wars The California Water Wars were a series of conflicts between the city of Los Angeles and farmers and ranchers in the Owens Valley of Eastern California .   As Los Angeles grew in the late 19th century , it started to outgrow its water supply . Fred Eaton , mayor of Los Angeles , realized that water could flow from Owens Valley to Los Angeles via an aqueduct . The aqueduct construction was overseen by William Mulholland and was finished in 1913 . The water rights were acquired through political fighting and , as described by one author , `` chicanery , subterfuge ... and a strategy of lies . ''   Since 1913 , the Owens River had been diverted to Los Angeles , causing the ruin of the valley 's economy . By the 1920s , so much water was diverted from the Owens Valley that agriculture became difficult . This led to the farmers trying to destroy the aqueduct in 1924 . Los Angeles prevailed and kept the water flowing . By 1926 , Owens Lake at the bottom of Owens Valley was completely dry due to water diversion .   The water needs of Los Angeles kept growing . In 1941 , Los Angeles diverted water that previously fed Mono Lake , north of Owens Valley , into the aqueduct . Mono Lake 's ecosystem for migrating birds was threatened by dropping water levels . Between 1979 and 1994 , David Gaines and the Mono Lake Committee engaged in litigation with Los Angeles . The litigation forced Los Angeles to stop diverting water from around Mono Lake , which has started to rise back to a level that can support its ecosystem .

neg: Harbor Gateway, Los Angeles The Harbor Gateway is a 5.14-square-mile , shoelace-shaped north-south residential and industrial neighborhood in the Los Angeles , California , Harbor Region , in the southern part of the city . It is highly diverse ethnically , and has experienced a measure of hostilities between blacks and Latinos , and a gang injunction has been enforced against Latino gangs .   Harbor Gateway was originally known as the Shoestring Strip and was attached to Los Angeles in 1906 to serve as a link to the Pacific Ocean port cities of Wilmington and San Pedro . It was given its present name in 1985 .   With a relatively youthful population of 42,000 + , it is the home of Gardena High School and seven other schools . The neighborhood is bisected by Artesia Boulevard and has two neighborhood councils , one north of the boulevard and the other south of it . A large transportation center serves the south Los Angeles County area .

neg: Religion in Dominica According to the 2001 population and housing census , approximately 61 percent of Dominica 's population is Roman Catholic . Followers of evangelical churches represent 18 percent of the population , Seventh-day Adventists 6 percent , and Methodists 3.7 percent . Minority religious groups and denominations , whose members range from 1.6 percent to 0.2 percent of the population , include Rastafarians , Jehovah 's Witnesses , Anglicans , and Muslims . According to the census , 1.4 percent of the population belongs to `` other '' religious groups , including Baptist , Nazarene , Church of Christ , Brethren Christian , the Baha'i Faith and Buddhist ; 6 percent of the population claims no religious affiliation .   The Constitution provides for freedom of religion , and other laws and policies contributes to the generally free practice of religion . The law at all levels protects this right in full against abuse , either by governmental or private actors . The Government generally respects religious freedom in practice . In 2008 , the U.S. government received no reports of societal abuses or discrimination based on religious affiliation , belief , or practice .

neg: Pueblo de Los Ángeles See also History of Los Angeles   El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles ( the Town of Our Lady the Queen of the Angels ) was the Spanish civilian pueblo founded in 1781 , which by the 20th century became the American metropolis of Los Angeles .   Official settlements in Alta California were of three types : presidio ( military ) , mission ( religious ) and pueblo ( civil ) . The Pueblo de los Ángeles was the second pueblo ( town ) created during the Spanish colonization of California ( the first was San Jose , in 1777 ) . El Pueblo de la Reina de los Ángeles -- ` The Town of the Queen of Angels ' was founded twelve years after the first presidio and mission , the Presidio of San Diego and the Mission San Diego de Alcalá ( 1769 ) . The original settlement consisted of forty-four people in eleven families , recruited mostly from Estado de Occidente . As new settlers arrived and soldiers retired to civilian life in Los Angeles , the town became the principal urban center of southern Alta California , whose social and economic life revolved around the raising of livestock on the expansive ranchos .

neg: Holmby Park Holmby Park is a public park in Holmby Hills , Los Angeles , California .

neg: Commerce, California Commerce is a city located in southeast Los Angeles County , California , United States . The population was 12,823 at the 2010 census , up from 12,568 at the 2000 census . It is bordered by Vernon on the west , Los Angeles on the northwest , East Los Angeles on the north , Montebello on the east , Downey and Bell Gardens on the south , and Maywood on the southwest . The Los Angeles River forms part of its southwestern boundary , and the Rio Hondo separates it from Downey . Commerce is served by the Long Beach and Santa Ana freeways , as well as the Metrolink commuter rail service at the Commerce station . It is usually referred to as the `` City of Commerce '' to distinguish it from the common noun .

neg: Polity of the Seventh-day Adventist Church The governance ( polity ) of the Seventh-day Adventist Church is based on democratic representation , and therefore resembles the Presbyterian system of church organization . The organizational structure of the church consists of the following levels :  The global church is called the `` General Conference '' , composed operatively of 13 `` Divisions '' .  Each division is composed of `` Union Conferences '' and/or `` Union Missions '' ( 112 total ) . Union Conferences are self-supporting financially , while Union Missions are not .  Each union conference is composed of -LSB- local -RSB- `` Conferences '' and/or `` Missions '' ( 572 total ) . Local Conferences are self-supporting financially , while Local Missions are not . Certain unions are composed of local congregations . They do not have local conferences/missions .  Each local conference/mission is composed of local churches ( congregations ) . Often a number of local congregations are grouped operatively as a district , led by one senior pastor . In the United States , these numbers tend to be smaller ( 2-4 churches per district , perhaps ) , while in most of the worldwide church , the numbers tend to be larger ( 5 + per district and per pastor , sometimes as many as 15 or more ) .   Each level of organization holds a `` general session '' at certain intervals , when elected representatives gather to vote on general decisions and church business . The president of the General Conference , for instance , is elected at the General Conference Session every five years .   At the local churches , decisions are made by elected committees through vote of members . The day-to-day running of churches is governed by a church board formed by members of that church , together with the pastor of that congregation .   In contrast to congregational polity , the conference corporation owns church property , employs and pays ministers , and receives tithes from members . In contrast to episcopal polity , the ministers or pastors are a single level of ordained clergy and there are no bishops ; elders and deacons are lay ministries . Moreover , it incorporates a hierarchical polity .   A 2002 survey of Adventists worldwide showed three quarters `` affirm the structure , polity , and financial policies of the church . ''

neg: Southern California InFocus Southern California InFocus is a free monthly tabloid-format newspaper serving the Muslim community in Southern California . Its offices are in Anaheim .   InFocus was started in Anaheim , California on February 4 , 2005 . It is the largest Muslim newspaper in Southern California . Asma Ahmad , a Pakistani Canadian citizen who grew up in Saudi Arabia attending American-run schools and formerly edited the national newsletter of the Muslim Students Association , is the paper 's managing editor and only full-timer staffer . Its deputy editor is Muneer Adhami .   The Council on American Islamic Relations financially subsidizes and provides office space for the newspaper , but the managing editor states that the paper is `` editorially independent from CAIR '' . 20,000 copies of the paper are printed monthly ; 500 copies are mailed to paid subscribers and the remainder are distributed free through Muslim-owned businesses and mosques in Southern California .   The paper `` covers a large variety of local , national , and international events , features , profiles , and has the following sections : arts , book review , restaurant review , Islam , money , legal , kids , travel , interfaith , commentary , and opinion . ''   The paper describes its mission as :   '' ... serving to document the rich history of Muslims in the Southland -- past and present . Through feature stories , mosque profiles , interviews of individuals who have made a difference , and in-depth coverage of news stories affecting Muslims , InFocus is the first localized effort in Southern California to record the American Muslim experience . For American Muslims , it is a platform which brings forth issues of their concern . For the larger community , it is a window into the Muslim world right here in California '' .   Managing editor Ahmad describes the paper as , `` an Islamic newspaper but not a publication about Islam , '' and says she wants , `` In Focus to concentrate on issues important to Muslims , such as civil rights and discrimination , which she says are largely ignored by the mainstream media in the post-Sept . 11 world . '' Ahmad said the community is committed to democracy . An editorial in the March issue offered qualified support for President Bush 's Middle East policy and called for the democratization of Arab countries , urging Muslims to turn the `` breeze of democracy into an unstoppable wind . '' More than anything , Ahmad said , she wants the newspaper to pull American Muslims into the mainstream . `` We can keep our religion and not have an isolationist approach . We can do this in America , '' she said .

neg: Hollywood Sign The Hollywood Sign ( formerly the Hollywoodland Sign ) is a landmark and American cultural icon located in Los Angeles , California . It is situated on Mount Lee , in the Hollywood Hills area of the Santa Monica Mountains . The sign overlooks Hollywood , Los Angeles .   `` HOLLYWOOD '' is spelled out in 45 ft-tall white capital letters and is 350 feet ( 106.7 m ) long . It was originally created in 1923 as an advertisement for a local real estate development , but it garnered increasing recognition after the sign was left up . The sign was a frequent target of pranks and vandalism , but it has since undergone restoration , including the installation of a security system to deter vandalism . The sign is protected and promoted by The Trust For Public Land , a nonprofit organization , while its site and the surrounding land are part of Griffith Park .   From the ground , the contours of the hills give the sign a wavy appearance . When observed at a comparable altitude , the letters appear nearly level .   The sign makes frequent appearances in popular culture , particularly in establishing shots for films and television programs set in or around Hollywood . Signs of similar style , but spelling different words , are frequently seen as parodies .

neg: Mission San Gabriel Arcángel The Mission San Gabriel Arcángel is a fully functioning Roman Catholic mission and a historic landmark in San Gabriel , California . The settlement was founded by Spaniards of the Franciscan order on `` The Feast of the Birth of Mary , '' September 8 , 1771 , as the fourth of what would become 21 Spanish missions in California . San Gabriel Arcángel , named after the Archangel Gabriel and often referred to as the `` Godmother of the Pueblo of Los Angeles '' , was designed by Antonio Cruzado , who hailed from Córdoba , Spain . Cruzado gave the building its strong Moorish architectural influence . The capped buttresses and the tall , narrow windows are unique among the missions of the California chain .

neg: Religious naturalism Religious naturalism ( RN ) combines a naturalist worldview with perceptions and values commonly associated with religions . In this , `` religious '' is understood in general terms , separate from established traditions , in designating feelings and concerns ( e.g. gratitude , wonder , humility , compassion ) that are often described as spiritual or religious . Naturalism refers to a view that the natural world is all we have substantiated reason to believe exists , and there is no substantiated reason to believe that anything else , including deities , exists or may act in ways that are independent of the natural order .   Areas of inquiry include attempts to understand the natural world and the spiritual and moral implications of naturalist views . Understanding is based in knowledge obtained through scientific inquiry and insights from the humanities and the arts . Religious naturalists use these perspectives in responding to personal and social challenges ( e.g. finding purpose , seeking justice , coming to terms with mortality ) and in relating to the natural world .

neg: Los Angeles High School Los Angeles High School is the oldest public high school in the Southern California Region and in the Los Angeles Unified School District . Its colors are royal blue and white and the teams are called the Romans .   Los Angeles High School is a public secondary high school , enrolling an estimated 2,000 students in grades 9-12 . After operating on a year-round basis consisting of three tracks for ten years , it was restored to a traditional calendar in 2010 . Los Angeles High School receives accreditation approval from the Western Association of Schools and Colleges ( WASC ) . Concurrent enrollment programs , provided in large by the Los Angeles Unified School District and the Los Angeles Community College District , are offered with West Los Angeles College , Los Angeles Trade Technical College , Los Angeles City College , or Santa Monica College .   Los Angeles High School is a large , urban , inner-city school located in the Mid-Wilshire District of Los Angeles . The attendance boundary consists of a contrasting spectrum of economic diversity ranging from affluent Hancock Park and Lafayette Square to the low-income , densely populated immigrant community of Koreatown . Within the school is a College Incentive Magnet Program . Forty-four percent of the student population is identified as LEP , or Limited English Proficient . Currently , 66 % of the students are identified as eligible to receive supplemental instructional services and materials through the Federal Title I Program .   The magnet high school has a university preparatory secondary high school program and a `` school within a school . '' First established as a part of student integration services in the 1970s , the Los Angeles High School Math/Science/Technology magnet prepares students with an intensive , rigorous course load in order to better prepare them for university entrance . There are 317 students enrolled in the magnet program , grades 9-12 .   Typically , the senior class has approximately 35 % of seniors entering into four-year universities and schools . The magnet senior class typically has 85 % of its senior class entering into four-year colleges and universities .

neg: Oasis Church (Los Angeles) Oasis Church is a Christian church in Los Angeles , California .

neg: Jewish Institute of Religion The Jewish Institute of Religion was an educational establishment created by Rabbi Stephen S. Wise in 1922 in New York City . While generally incorporating Reform Judaism , it was separate from the previously established Hebrew Union College . It sought to train rabbis `` for the Jewish ministry , research , and community service . '' Students were to serve either Reform or traditional pulpits .   Wise 's early support for Zionism , and his dispute with Reform hierarchy over the `` question whether the pulpit shall be free or whether the pulpit shall not be free , and , by reason of its loss of freedom , reft of its power for good '' , led to the establish of his Free Synagogue in 1907 . Wise remained president until 1948 , and housed JIR next to his Free Synagogue on West 68th Street , he hoped that its graduates would generate other Free Synagogues `` animated by the same spirit of free inquiry , of warm Jewish feeling , and of devotion to the cause of social regeneration . '' JIR from the start inclined to Zionism , in contrast to HUC , which at the time did not favor Jewish nationalism .   Motivated largely by budgetary difficulties , Wise accepted the prospect of JIR 's merger with HUC once the biblical archaeologist Nelson Glueck assumed the presidency . Negotiations were completed in 1948 and in 1950 the two schools merged . In 1954 a school in Los Angeles was chartered and , in 1963 , primarily as a result of Glueck 's efforts , a Jerusalem campus , initially devoted to archaeology , was opened .


query: British Fantasy Award categories include Best Short Story.

pos: British Fantasy Award The British Fantasy Awards are administered annually by the British Fantasy Society ( BFS ) and were first awarded in 1976 . Prior to that they were known as The August Derleth Fantasy Awards ( see August Derleth Award ) . First awarded in 1972 ( The Knight of Swords by Michael Moorcock ) only for novels , the number of award categories increased and in 1976 the BFS renamed them collectively the British Fantasy Awards . The current award categories are Best Fantasy Novel ( the Robert Holdstock Award ) , Best Horror Novel ( the August Derleth Award ) , Best Novella , Best Short Story , Best Independent Press , Best Artist , Best Anthology , Best Collection , Best Comic/Graphic Novel , Best Non-Fiction , and Best Newcomer ( the Sydney J. Bounds Award ) , while the Karl Edward Wagner Award for `` important contribution to the genre or the Society '' is given at the discretion of the BFS committee . The membership of the BFS vote to determine the shortlists of the awards , the winners being decided by juries .

neg: Out of the Unknown (collection) Out of the Unknown is a collection of fantasy short stories by Canadian writers A. E. van Vogt and E. Mayne Hull . It was first published in 1948 by Fantasy Publishing Company , Inc. in an edition of 1,000 copies . The stories originally appeared in the magazine Unknown .

neg: Hay Festival The Hay Festival of Literature & Arts is an annual literature festival held in Hay-on-Wye , Powys , Wales , for ten days from May to June . Devised by Norman and Peter Florence in 1988 , the festival was described by Bill Clinton in 2001 as `` The Woodstock of the mind '' . Tony Benn said : `` In my mind it 's replaced Christmas '' . Florence continues to be director of the Festival .   Hay-on-Wye was already well known for its many bookshops before the festival was launched . Richard Booth opened his first shop there in 1962 , and by the 1970s Hay had gained the nickname `` The Town of Books '' . From its inception , the festival was held at a variety of venues around Hay , including the local Primary School , until 2005 when it moved to a unified location just south of the town .   The Guardian was the main sponsor of the festival from 2002 to 2010 , succeeding The Sunday Times . The Daily Telegraph and its associated brands in Telegraph Media Group had two terms as 3-year sponsors , starting with the 2011 festival . From 2017 , the Tata Group and Baillie Gifford are amongst the principal sponsors , along with the BBC and many non-media companies such as the Arts Council of Wales and the British Council .   The festival has expanded over the years to include musical performances and film previews . A children 's festival , `` Hay Fever '' , runs alongside the main festival . It has also expanded internationally and sister festivals take place in Arequipa , Nairobi , Dhaka , Zacatecas , The Maldives , Kerala at Thiruvananthapuram , Beirut , Belfast , Cartagena , the Alhambra Palace , Parc Prison in Bridgend and Segovia . In 2009 Hay Festival also took on the ailing Brecon Jazz Festival . It is run by a not-for-profit company , and entrance is free to students .   The Hay Festival was one of 11 Welsh winners of The Queen 's Awards for Enterprise for 2009 . The 2009 festival included writers Carol Ann Duffy , David Simon , Stephen Fry , David Nicholls , Jenny Valentine and Melvyn Bragg , scientists Martin Rees and Sabine Bahn , economists Anthony Giddens , Nicholas Stern , Howard Davies and Danny Quah , comedians Dylan Moran , Dara Ó Briain and Sandi Toksvig , and general speakers David Frost , Desmond Tutu , Rowan Williams and Rhodri Morgan .   The 2012 festival included writers Martin Amis , Jung Chang , Louis de Bernières , Mark Haddon , Mario Vargas Llosa , Hilary Mantel , Ian McEwan , Michael Morpurgo , Ben Okri , Ian Rankin , Salman Rushdie , Owen Sheers , Jeanette Winterson , comedians Bill Bailey , Rob Brydon , Julian Clary , Jack Dee , Tim Minchin , politicians Peter Hain and Boris Johnson , scientists John D. Barrow , Martin Rees , Simon Singh , and general speakers Harry Belafonte , William Dalrymple , Stephen Fry , A.C. Grayling , Germaine Greer , Michael Ignatieff , and David Starkey .   Sessions at the Hay Festival have been recorded for television and radio programmes such as The Readers ' and Writers ' Roadshow and The One Show . All the BBC 's national radio channels apart from Radio One have been involved in broadcasting from the festival , and Sky Arts showed highlights of the festival from 2010 until 2013 , handing over the main coverage to the BBC for the 2014 event .

neg: The Hounds of Tindalos (book) The Hounds of Tindalos is a collection of fantasy , horror and science fiction short stories by author Frank Belknap Long . It was released in 1946 and was the author 's third book . It was published by Arkham House in an edition of 2,602 copies with cover art by Hannes Bok . A British hardcover was issued by Museum Press in 1950 . Belmont Books reprinted Hounds in two paperback volumes , The Hounds of Tindalos ( 1963 ) and The Dark Beasts ( 1964 ) , omitting three stories ; Panther Books issued a complete two-volume British paperback edition as The Hounds of Tindalos ( 1975 ) and The Black Druid ( 1975 ) .   The 1975 Doubleday collection The Early Long may be considered as crucially supplemental to the Arkham House volume , since while it comprises only seventeen of the twenty-one stories in the Arkham House book , it adds `` an excellent introduction and head notes '' written by Long . ( The 1978 paperback edition of The Early Long was retitled The Hounds of Tindalos . )

neg: The Golden Baobab Prize The Golden Baobab Prize ( formerly The Baobab Prize ) is awarded annually to African writers of children 's literature and young adult literature . The Golden Baobab Prize accepts entries of unpublished short stories written by African citizens irrespective of age , race or geographical location . The prize is awarded annually to African citizens who submit a short story geared toward children and/or young adults in one of three categories : Junior Category ( stories for readers aged 8 -- 11 years ) , Senior Category ( stories for readers aged 12 -- 15 years ) and a Rising Writer prize for a promising writer aged 18 years and under . Entry into the prize is by email , submitted stories should be unpublished works in English . Established in July 2008 , the Golden Baobab Prize is an African literary award that aims to encourage the writing of African literature for children and young adults . Its mission is to identify African literary giants of the next generation and produce classic African stories that will be appreciated for years to come .   The Golden Baobab Prize is an initiative of The Golden Baobab Foundation for Education , a nonprofit organization registered in Ghana . The prize is supported by the African Library Project , Playing for Change , Echoing Green , and The Global Fund for Children . The organization operates from its office in Accra , Ghana , led by co-founder Deborah Ahenkorah . In 2009 the inaugural 2008 winners were awarded $ 800 each , this was increased to $ 1000 for the 2009/2010 awards in the Junior and Senior categories .

neg: Fantasy Masterworks Fantasy Masterworks is a series of British paperbacks intended to comprise `` some of the greatest , most original , and most influential fantasy ever written '' , and claimed by its publisher Millennium ( an imprint of Victor Gollancz ) to be `` the books which , along with Tolkien , Peake and others , shaped modern fantasy . ''   It has a companion series in the SF Masterworks line . A separate Future Classics line has also started featuring eight science fiction novels from the last few decades .   The books were numbered only through No. 50 ; in the 2013 reboot of the series the books are unnumbered , have a uniform look , and feature introductions by well-known writers and critics .

neg: Dwarf Stars Award The Dwarf Stars Award is an annual award presented by the Science Fiction Poetry Association to the author of the best horror , fantasy , or science fiction poem of ten lines or fewer published in the previous year . The award was established in 2006 as a counterpoint to the Rhysling Award , which is given by the same organization to horror , fantasy , or science fiction poems of any length . Poems are submitted to the association by the poets , from which approximately 30 are chosen by an editor to be published in an anthology each fall . Members of the association then vote on the published poems , and first through third-place winners are announced . The 2006 anthology was edited by Deborah P. Kolodji , and subsequent anthologies have been edited by an array of editors , including Kolodji , Stephen M. Wilson , Joshua Gage , Geoffrey A. Landis , Linda D. Addison , Sandra J. Lindow , John Amen , Jeannine Hall Gailey , and Lesley Wheeler .   During the 11 nomination years , 35 poems by 25 poets have been selected as third place or better , including one three-way tie for second place in 2016 , of which 11 poets have won outright . Jane Yolen has been noted four times , a first and a third place and two second-place results ; Deborah P. Kolodji and Julie Bloss Kelsey have each received a first and a second place ; Greg Beatty a first and a third place ; Sonya Taaffe has received two second-place results ; and Ann K. Schwader has received two third-place results .

neg: The Encyclopedia of Fantasy The Encyclopedia of Fantasy is a 1997 reference work concerning fantasy fiction , edited by John Clute and John Grant . Other contributors include Mike Ashley , Neil Gaiman , Diana Wynne Jones , David Langford , Sam J. Lundwall , Michael Scott Rohan , Brian Stableford and Lisa Tuttle .   The book was well-received on publication . During 1998 , it received the Hugo Award , World Fantasy Award , and Locus Award . The industry publication Library Journal described The Encyclopedia of Fantasy as `` the first of its kind '' .   Since November 2012 , the full text of The Encyclopedia of Fantasy is available on-line , as a companion to the on-line Encyclopedia of Science Fiction . However , the editors of the Encyclopedia of Science Fiction have stated that there are not any plans to update the Encyclopedia of Fantasy , at least for the foreseeable future .

neg: Sunday Times Literary Awards The Sunday Times Literary Awards are composed of two awards , fiction and non-fiction , given by the South African newspaper The Sunday Times . The awards are the Barry Ronge Fiction Prize ( formerly Sunday Times Fiction Prize 2001 -- 14 ) and the Alan Paton Award for works of non-fiction ( 1989-present ) .   The prize was restructured in 2015 with the Sunday Times Fiction Prize renamed the Barry Ronge Fiction Prize , which was then merged with the Alan Paton Award to form the Sunday Times Literary Awards ; the money for each prize was increased in 2015 from R75 000 to R100 000 .

neg: Tir na n-Og Award The Tir na n-Og Awards ( abbreviated TnaO ) are a set of annual children 's literary awards in Wales from 1976 . They are presented by the Welsh Books Council to the best books published during the preceding calendar year in each of three awards categories , one English-language and two Welsh-language . Their purpose is '' -LSB- to raise -RSB- the standard of children 's and young people 's books and to encourage the buying and reading of good books . '' There is no restriction to fiction or prose . Each prize is # 1,000 .   The awards are named for Tír na nÓg , the `` Land of the Young '' , an otherworldly realm in Irish mythology .   The English-language award honours one book with an `` authentic Welsh background '' whose original language is English . It is sponsored by the British Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals , Cymru Wales division ( CILIP/Wales ) , and presented at that association 's annual conference in May .   The Welsh-language Primary Sector and Secondary Sector awards honour one book written for primary school children and one for secondary school children .  They are presented at the annual Urdd National Eisteddfod , recently at the beginning of June or end of May .  Since 2011 , the Welsh-language awards are co-sponsored by the Cardigan-based publisher Cymdeithas Lyfrau Ceredigion .   Shortlists comprising three or four books in each awards category have been published by WBC at least from 2011 .

neg: Welsh literature in English Anglo-Welsh literature and Welsh writing in English are terms used to describe works written in the English language by Welsh writers . It has been recognised as a distinctive entity only since the 20th century . The need for a separate identity for this kind of writing arose because of the parallel development of modern Welsh-language literature ; as such it is perhaps the youngest branch of English-language literature in the British Isles .   Welsh writers in English have traditionally favoured the short story form over the novel for two main reasons : in a society lacking sufficient wealth to support professional writers , the amateur writer was able to spare time only for short bursts of creativity ; and , like poetry , it concentrated linguistic delight and exuberance . However , the genre did not develop in these writers much beyond its origin in rural sketches . Satire was avoided , and , since the main market was London publishers , the short stories tended to focus on the eccentricities ( as seen from a metropolitan viewpoint ) of Welsh life .

neg: Magic for Beginners (collection) Magic for Beginners is a collection of nine works of fantasy and light horror short fiction by Kelly Link . The stories were all previously published in other venues from 2002 to 2005 .   The book won the 2006 Locus Award for best short story collection . The title story , `` Magic for Beginners '' , won the 2006 Nebula Award and 2006 Locus Award for best novella , and the 2006 British SF Award for best short fiction . Another story in the book , `` The Faery Handbag '' , won the 2005 Hugo Award for Best Novelette , the 2006 Nebula Award , and the 2005 Locus Award for best novelette .

neg: Anselm Audley Anselm Audley ( born 1982 ) is a British fantasy writer .

neg: A Wizard of Earthsea A Wizard of Earthsea is a young adult fantasy novel written by the American author Ursula K. Le Guin , first published by the small press Parnassus in 1968 . The novel received highly positive reviews , initially as a work for children , and later among a general audience as well .   Set in the fictional archipelago of Earthsea , the story centers around a young mage named Ged , born in a village on the island Gont . Displaying great power while still a boy , he joins the school of wizardry , where his prickly nature drives him into conflict with one of his fellows . During a magical duel , Ged 's spell goes awry and releases a shadow creature that attacks him . The novel follows his journey as he seeks to be free of the creature .   The book has often been described as a Bildungsroman or coming of age story , as it explores Ged 's process of learning to cope with power and come to terms with death . The novel also carries Taoist themes about a fundamental balance in the universe of Earthsea , which wizards are supposed to maintain , closely tied to the idea that language and names have power to affect the material world and alter this balance . Although the structure of the story is similar to that of a traditional epic , critics also described it as subverting this genre in many ways , such as by making the protagonist dark-skinned , in comparison to more typical white-skinned heroes .   A Wizard of Earthsea is widely regarded as a classic of fantasy and young-adult literature and was one of the final recipients of the Lewis Carroll Shelf Award . The book was widely influential within the genre of fantasy ; Margaret Atwood , for instance , called A Wizard of Earthsea one of the `` wellsprings '' of fantasy literature . Le Guin would later write five subsequent books that , together with A Wizard of Earthsea , are referred to as the Earthsea Cycle : The Tombs of Atuan ( 1971 ) , The Farthest Shore ( 1972 ) , Tehanu ( 1990 ) , The Other Wind ( 2001 ) , and Tales from Earthsea ( 2001 ) . George Slusser has described the series as a `` work of high style and imagination '' .

neg: The House of Lost Identity The House of Lost Identity is a collection of short stories by Donald Corley , illustrated by the author . Corley did not limit himself to one genre , but the primary distinction of the collection is its inclusion of a number of classic dark fantasies . It was first published in hardcover in New York by Robert M. McBride in May 1927 , and had a number of reprintings ; printings after the first include an introduction by James Branch Cabell . It was reissued in hardcover by Books for Libraries in 1971 , and in hardcover and paperback by Wildside Press in February 2008 . The first British edition was published by George G. Harrap and Co. in 1927 . The book 's importance in the history of fantasy literature was also recognized by the anthologization of two of its tales by Lin Carter in the 1970s ; `` The Song of the Tombelaine , '' in Discoveries in Fantasy ( 1972 ) , for the celebrated Ballantine Adult Fantasy Series , and `` Figs '' ( under the alternate title of `` The Book of Lullûme '' ) in Realms of Wizardry ( 1976 ) .   The collection was named after its initial story , `` The House of Lost Identity . ''

neg: The Crime Wave at Blandings `` The Crime Wave at Blandings '' is a short story by P. G. Wodehouse , which first appeared in the United States in two parts , in the October 10 and October 17 , 1936 editions of the Saturday Evening Post , and in the United Kingdom in the January 1937 issue of the Strand . It was included in the collection Lord Emsworth and Others , ( 1937 ) , and provided the title to the U.S. equivalent of that collection .   The story was a rewritten version of an older piece , entitled `` Creatures of Instinct '' , which had appeared in the Strand in October 1914 , and in the U.S. in McClure 's that same month . It is set at Blandings Castle , home of Lord Emsworth , and features several other well-known characters ; the story is considered something of a classic , and is included in many `` Best of Wodehouse '' collections .

neg: 13 Great Stories of Science Fiction 13 Great Stories of Science Fiction is an anthology of science fiction short stories edited by Groff Conklin . It was first published in paperback by Fawcett Gold Medal in May 1960 and reprinted by Fawcett Gold Medal in September 1962 , 1964 , December 1969 , and July 1979 . The first hardcover edition was published by White Lion in 1972 . The first British edition was issued by Coronet in 1967 and reprinted in 1972 and 1973 .   The book collects thirteen novelettes and short stories by various science fiction authors , together with an introduction by the editor . The stories were previously published from 1946-1957 in various science fiction and other magazines .

neg: PEN/Robert W. Bingham Prize The PEN/Robert Bingham W. Prize is awarded by the PEN American Center `` to exceptionally talented fiction writers whose debut work -- a first novel or collection of short stories ... represent distinguished literary achievement and suggests great promise . '' The winner is selected by a panel of PEN Members made up of three writers or editors . The PEN/Robert Bingham W. Prize was originally named the PEN/Robert Bingham Fellowship for Writers . The prize awards the debut writer a cash award of US$ 25,000 .  The PEN/Robert W. Bingham Prize was established in memory of Robert W. Bingham , who died in 1999 at the age of 33 , to commemorate his support of young writers , his love of literature , and his contribution to literary fiction .   The award is one of many PEN awards sponsored by International PEN affiliates in over 145 PEN centres around the world . The PEN American Center awards have been characterized as being among the `` major '' American literary prizes .

neg: Bram Stoker Award for Best Poetry Collection The Bram Stoker Award for Best Poetry Collection is an award presented by the Horror Writers Association ( HWA ) for `` superior achievement '' in horror writing for a poetry collection .

neg: Before (short story) `` Before '' is a short story by Gael Baudino written deliberately in a style similar to William Faulkner 's : the foreword to the story says , `` the sometimes strange syntax and editorial elisions are intentional in this homage to Faulkner . '' It concerns Greta Harlow , a young woman living in a Lee 's Corners , a small town in fictional Oktibushubee County . She is raped and impregnated by Jimmy White , son of a prominent and wealthy businessman . An elderly wealthy woman , Mrs. Gavin , counsels her on how to abort the baby . The story ends with Greta debating whether to follow through with the abortion or not .   Lee 's Corners , Sophonsiba Gavin , and Greta 's child , Magic , all play key parts in Baudino 's most recent book , `` The Borders of Life '' ( written as Gael Kathryns ) .   Category :1996 short stories  Category : American short stories  Category : Fantasy short stories  Category : Rape in fiction

neg: Seiun Award The is a Japanese speculative fiction award for the best science fiction works and achievements during the preceding year . Organized and overseen by , the awards were given each year at the annual Japan Science Fiction Convention . It is the oldest SF award in Japan , which was first given in 1970 at the 9th Japan Science Fiction Convention and has been awarded every year since that .   `` Seiun '' , the Japanese word for `` nebula '' , was named after the first and short-lived professional science fiction magazine in Japan , which appeared in 1954 . The award is not related to the American Nebula Award .   It is similar to the Hugo Award , which is presented by the members of the World Science Fiction Society , in that all of the members of the presenting convention are eligible to participate in the selection process . But it is not strictly correct to call it Japan 's `` equivalent '' to the Hugo Awards , as the Hugo Awards are open to works from anywhere in any language while the Seiun implicitly limited the area and the language like as the BSFA Awards .


query: The G20 economies account for two-thirds of the world population.

pos: G20 The G20 ( or G-20 or Group of Twenty ) is an international forum for the governments and central bank governors from 20 major economies . It was founded in 1999 with the aim of studying , reviewing , and promoting high-level discussion of policy issues pertaining to the promotion of international financial stability . It seeks to address issues that go beyond the responsibilities of any one organization . The G20 heads of government or heads of state have periodically conferred at summits since their initial meeting in 2008 , and the group also hosts separate meetings of finance ministers and central bank governors .   The members include 19 individual countries and along with the European Union ( EU ) . The EU is represented by the European Commission and by the European Central Bank . Collectively , the G20 economies account for around 85 % of the gross world product ( GWP ) , 80 % of world trade ( or , if excluding EU intra-trade , 75 % ) , and two-thirds of the world population .   With the G20 growing in stature after its inaugural leaders ' summit in 2008 , its leaders announced on 25 September 2009 that the group would replace the G8 as the main economic council of wealthy nations . Since its inception , the G20 's membership policies have been criticized by numerous intellectuals , and its summits have been a focus for major protests by anti-globalists , nationalists and others .   The heads of the G20 nations met semi-annually at G20 summits between 2009 and 2010 . Since the November 2011 Cannes summit , all G20 summits have been held annually .

neg: Demographics of France The demography of France is monitored by the Institut national d'études démographiques ( INED ) and the Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques ( INSEE ) . As of the 1 January 2017 , almost 67 million people lived in the French Republic ( 66,991,000 ) , including all the five overseas departments ( 2,132,000 ) , but excluding the overseas collectivities and territories ( 604,000 ) . 64,859,000 of these lived in Metropolitan France , the part of France located in Europe .   In March 2017 the population of France officially reached the 67 million mark . The 66 million mark was reached in the beginning of 2014 .   Between the years 2010 and 2017 the population of France grew from 64,613 million to 66,991 million or with about 2,4 million people for a span of 7 years , making France one of the fastest growing countries in Europe . The population of France is growing with 1 million people every 3 years . For an average annual growth of 340,000 people , or a grow rate of +0,6 % .   France was historically Europe 's most populous nation . During the Middle Ages , more than one quarter of Europe 's total population was French ; by the 17th century , this had decreased slightly to one fifth . By the beginning of the 20th century , other European nations , such as Germany and Russia , had caught up with and overtaken it . However , the country 's population sharply increased with the baby boom following World War II .   According to INSEE , since 2004 , 200,000 immigrants entered annually into the country . One out of two was born in Europe and one in three in Africa . Between 2009 and 2012 , the number of Europeans entering France increased sharply ( + 12 % per year on average ) .   The national birth rate , after dropping for a time , began to rebound in the 1990s and currently the country 's fertility rate is close to the replacement level . According to a 2006 INSEE study , `` The natural increase is close to 300,000 people , a level that has not been reached in more than thirty years . ''   Among the 802,000 newborns in metropolitan France in 2010 , 80.1 % had two French parents , 13.3 % had one French parent , and 6.6 % had two non-French parents . For the same year , 27.3 % of newborns in metropolitan France had at least one foreign-born parent and 23.9 % had at least one parent born outside of Europe ( parents born in overseas territories are considered as born in France ) . Between 2006 and 2008 , about 40 % of newborns in France had one foreign-born grandparent ( 11 % born in another European country , 16 % born in the Maghreb and 12 % born in another region of the world ) .   Racial and ethnic censuses have been banned by the French government since 1978 , since the term `` race '' in France invokes associations with Nazi Germany .

neg: France France ( -LSB- fʁɑ̃s -RSB- ) , officially the French Republic ( -LSB- ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz -RSB- ) , is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . The European , or metropolitan , area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . France spans 643801 km2 and had a total population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017 . It is a unitary semi-presidential republic with the capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban centres include Marseille , Lyon , Lille , Nice , Toulouse and Bordeaux .   During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome , which held Gaul until 486 , when the Germanic Franks conquered the region and formed the Kingdom of France . France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , with its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337 to 1453 ) strengthening state-building and political centralisation . During the Renaissance , French culture flourished and a global colonial empire was established , which by the 20th century would be the second largest in the world . The 16th century was dominated by religious civil wars between Catholics and Protestants ( Huguenots ) . France became Europe 's dominant cultural , political , and military power under Louis XIV . In the late 18th century , the French Revolution overthrew the absolute monarchy , established one of modern history 's earliest republics , and saw the drafting of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen , which expresses the nation 's ideals to this day .   In the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire , whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe . Following the collapse of the Empire , France endured a tumultuous succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870 . France was a major participant in the First World War , from which it emerged victorious , and was one of the Allied Powers in the Second World War , but came under occupation by the Axis Powers in 1940 . Following liberation in 1944 , a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War . The Fifth Republic , led by Charles de Gaulle , was formed in 1958 and remains to this day . Algeria and nearly all the other colonies became independent in the 1960s and typically retained close economic and military connections with France .   France has long been a global centre of art , science , and philosophy . It hosts Europe 's fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually , the most of any country in the world . France is a developed country with the world 's sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity . In terms of aggregate household wealth , it ranks fourth in the world . France performs well in international rankings of education , health care , life expectancy , and human development . France remains a great power in the world , being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state . It is a leading member state of the European Union and the Eurozone . It is also a member of the Group of 7 , North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) , Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) , and La Francophonie .

neg: 18th century The 18th century lasted from January 1 , 1701 to December 31 , 1800 in the Gregorian calendar . During the 18th century , the Enlightenment culminated in the French and American revolutions . Philosophy and science increased in prominence . Philosophers dreamed of a brighter age . This dream turned into a reality with the French Revolution of 1789 - , though later compromised by the excesses of the Reign of Terror ( 1793-1794 ) under Maximilien Robespierre . At first , many monarchies of Europe embraced Enlightenment ideals , but with the French Revolution they feared losing their power and formed broad coalitions for the counter-revolution . The Ottoman Empire experienced an unprecedented period of peace and economic expansion , taking part in no European wars from 1740 to 1768 . As a consequence the empire did not share in Europe 's military improvements during the Seven Years ' War ( 1756-1763 ) , causing its military to fall behind and suffer defeats against Russia in the second half of the century .   The 18th century also marked the end of the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth as an independent state . The once-powerful and vast kingdom , which had once conquered Moscow and defeated great Ottoman armies , collapsed under numerous invasions . Its semi-democratic government system was not robust enough to rival the neighboring monarchies of the Kingdom of Prussia , the Russian Empire and the Archduchy of Austria which divided the Commonwealth territories between themselves , changing the landscape of Central European politics for the next hundred years .   European colonization of the Americas and other parts of the world intensified and associated mass migrations of people grew in size as the Age of Sail continued . Great Britain became a major power worldwide with the defeat of France in North America in the 1760s and the conquest of large parts of India . However , Britain lost many of its North American colonies after the American Revolution , which resulted in the formation of the newly independent United States of America . The Industrial Revolution started in Britain in the 1770s with the production of the improved steam engine . Despite its modest beginnings in the 18th century , steam-powered machinery would radically change human society and the environment .   Western historians have occasionally defined the 18th century otherwise for the purposes of their work . For example , the `` short '' 18th century may be defined as 1715 -- 1789 , denoting the period of time between the death of Louis XIV of France and the start of the French Revolution , with an emphasis on directly interconnected events . To historians who expand the century to include larger historical movements , the `` long '' 18th century may run from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 to the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 or even later .

neg: New international division of labour In economics , the new international division of labor ( NIDL ) is an outcome of globalization . The term was coined by theorists seeking to explain the spatial shift of manufacturing industries from advanced capitalist countries to developing countries -- an ongoing geographic reorganization of production , which finds its origins in ideas about a global division of labor . It is a spatial division of labor which occurs when the process of production is no longer confined to national economies . Under the `` old '' international division of labor , until around 1970 , underdeveloped areas were incorporated into the world economy principally as suppliers of minerals and agricultural commodities . However , as developing economies are merged into the world economy , more production takes place in these economies .   This has led to a trend of transference , or what is also known as the `` global industrial shift '' , in which production processes are relocated from developed countries ( such as the US , European countries , and Japan ) to developing countries in Asia ( such as China , Vietnam , and India ) and Latin America . This is because companies search for the cheapest locations to manufacture and assemble components , so low-cost labor-intensive parts of the manufacturing process are shifted to the developing world where costs are substantially lower . Companies do so by taking advantage of transportation and communications technology , as well as fragmentation and locational flexibility of production . From 1953 to the late 1990s , the industrialized economies ' share of world manufacturing output declined from 95 % to 77 % , and the developing economies ' share more than quadrupled from 5 % to 23 % .   The resultant division of labor across continents closely follows the North -- South socio-economic and political divide , wherein the North -- with one quarter of the world population -- controls four fifths of the world income , while the South -- with three quarters of the world population -- has access to one fifth of the world income .

neg: List of country groupings This is a list of groupings of countries or of intergovernmental organisations , formal or informal , organisational or economic category .   African Union ( AU ) is a continental union consisting of all fifty-five countries on the African continent  Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC ) is a forum for 21 Pacific Rim member economies that promotes free trade throughout the Asia-Pacific region  Arab League , a regional organization of Arab countries in and around North Africa , the Horn of Africa and Arabia , Algeria , Bahrain , Comoros , Djibouti , Egypt , Iraq , Jordan , Kuwait , Lebanon , Libya , Mauritania , Morocco , Oman , Palestine , Qatar , Saudi Arabia , Somalia , Sudan , Syria , Tunisia , United Arab Emirates , Yemen , to draw closer the relations between member States and co-ordinate collaboration between them , to safeguard their independence and sovereignty , and to consider in a general way the affairs and interests of the Arab countries  ASEAN , The Association of Southeast Asian Nations , a regional organisation comprising ten Southeast Asian states  BASIC countries , four large newly industrialized countries , Brazil , South Africa , India , China , to act jointly on climate change and emissions reduction  Benelux Union is a politico-economic union of three neighbouring states in western Europe : Belgium , the Netherlands , and Luxembourg .  BRIC , Brazil , Russia , India and China , which are all deemed to be at a similar stage of newly advanced economic development  BRICS , Brazil , Russia , India , China and South Africa , leading developing or newly industrialized countries , and are distinguished by their large , sometimes fast-growing economies and significant influence on regional affairs  CIVETS , six emerging markets countries , Colombia , Indonesia , Vietnam , Egypt , Turkey and South Africa , a diverse and dynamic economy and a young , growing population  Commonwealth of Nations , fifty-two member states that are mostly former territories of the British Empire  Development Assistance Committee ( DAC ) , to discuss issues surrounding aid , development and poverty reduction in developing countries , the world 's major donor countries , Australia , European Union , Iceland , New Zealand , South Korea , Austria , Finland , Ireland , Norway , Spain , Belgium , France , Italy , Poland , Sweden , Canada , Germany , Japan , Portugal , Switzerland , Czech Republic , Greece , Luxembourg , Slovakia , United Kingdom , Denmark , Hungary , Netherlands , Slovenia , United States  Economic Cooperation Organisation ( ECO ) , Afghanistan , Azerbaijan , Iran , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyz , Pakistan , Tajikistan , Turkey , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan , a political and economic organization , a platform to discuss ways to improve development and promote trade and investment opportunities , the objective is to establish a single market for goods and services  EAEU , Eurasian Economic Union , an economic union of Belarus , Kazakhstan , Russia , Armenia , Kyrgyzstan  EU , The European Union , a political and economic union of twenty-eight member states that are located primarily in Europe  Four Asian Tigers , economies of Hong Kong , Singapore , South Korea , Taiwan , underwent rapid industrialization and maintained exceptionally high growth rates , now developed into advanced and high-income economies  G4 nations , Brazil , Germany , India , and Japan , four countries which support each other 's bids for permanent seats on the United Nations Security Council  Group of Eight ( G8 ) , Canada , France , Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , the United States , and Russia , the world 's major highly industrialized economies in countries that view themselves as democracies  G8 +5 , the G8 nations , plus the five leading emerging economies ( Brazil , China , India , Mexico , and South Africa )  G20 , or Group of Twenty , twenty major economies , Argentina , Australia , Brazil , Canada , China , European Union , France , Germany , India , Indonesia , Italy , Japan , South Korea , Mexico , Russia , Saudi Arabia , South Africa , Turkey , United Kingdom , United States , for studying , reviewing , and promoting high-level discussion of policy issues pertaining to the promotion of international financial stability  Group of 7 ( G7 ) , Canada , France , Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , and the United States , the seven major advanced economies as reported by the International Monetary Fund  Group of 77 ( G77 ) , a loose coalition of developing nations , designed to promote its members ' collective economic interests and create an enhanced joint negotiating capacity in the United Nations  Gulf Cooperation Council , Bahrain , Kuwait , Oman , Qatar , Saudi Arabia and the UAE . A regional intergovernmental political and economic union consisting of all Arab states of the Persian Gulf , except for Iraq .  IBSA Dialogue Forum , India , Brazil , South Africa , an international tripartite grouping for promoting international cooperation among these countries  Mercosur ( Southern Common Market ) , Argentina , Brazil , Paraguay , Uruguay , Venezuela , Bolivia , Chile , Peru , Colombia , Ecuador , Suriname , to promote free trade and the fluid movement of goods , people , and currency  MIKTA , an informal partnership between Mexico , Indonesia , Republic of Korea , Turkey , Australia , to support effective global governance  MINT , the economies of Mexico , Indonesia , Nigeria , and Turkey  NACAr , Norway , Australia , Canada , Argentina , countries characterized by middle to high income per capita , a low population density and a concentration of exports in natural resources  North American Free Trade Agreement , NAFTA is an agreement signed by Canada , Mexico , and the United States , creating a trilateral trade bloc in North America  Next Eleven ( Nll ) , Bangladesh , Egypt , Indonesia , Iran , Mexico , Nigeria , Pakistan , the Philippines , Turkey , South Korea and Vietnam -- identified as having a high potential of becoming , along with the BRICS countries , among the world 's largest economies in the 21st century  OECD , Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development , to stimulate economic progress and world trade , countries committed to democracy and the market economy , most OECD members are high-income economies with a very high Human Development Index ( HDI ) and are regarded as developed countries  OPEC , Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries , thirteen countries accounting for an estimated 42 percent of global oil production and 73 percent of the world 's proven oil reserves  P5 , permanent members of the United Nations Security Council , China , France , Russia , the United Kingdom , the United States  PIGS , the economies of the countries of Portugal , Italy and or Ireland , Greece , and Spain  United Nations ( UN ) , an intergovernmental organization to promote international co-operation , 193 member states .  VISTA ( Vietnam , Indonesia , South Africa , Turkey , Argentina ) is an emerging markets grouping proposed in 2006 by BRICs Economic Research Institute of Japan .

neg: Commitment to Development Index The Commitment to Development Index ( CDI ) , published annually by the Center for Global Development , ranks the world 's richest countries on their dedication to policies that benefit the five billion people living in poorer nations . Rich and poor countries are linked in many ways ; thus the Index looks beyond standard comparisons of foreign aid flows . It measures `` development-friendliness '' of 27 of the world 's richest countries , all member nations of the OECD 's Development Assistance Committee . The CDI assesses national effort in seven policy areas : aid , trade , investment , migration , environment , security , and technology . It is considered to be a numerical targeting indicator for Goal 8 of the Millennium Development Goals . It shows that aid is about more than quantity - quality also matters - and that development policy is about more than aid . The Index penalizes countries that give with one hand , for instance through aid or investment , but take away with the other , through trade barriers or pollution .   In 2016 , the CDI ranked Finland number one in the world , followed by Denmark , Sweden , France and Portugal . Poland , Japan and Switzerland finished at the bottom , partly because of high trade barriers .

neg: The World Development Report 2011 The 2011 World Development Report : Conflict , Security and Development ( WDR ) is a document by the World Bank on the challenges organised violence poses to the advancement of less developed countries . The report finds that over the last 30 years poverty has been reduced for most of the world 's population - but this is not the case for the estimated 1.5 billion people living in countries blighted by on-going conflict . Not one low income country suffering from on-going violence has achieved a single Millennium Development Goal . Once mass violence takes root in a society , it can take a generation or more to restore stability .   Organised violence as defined by the report includes civil and inter-state war as well as the violence resulting from criminal activity , especially drug and human trafficking . The WDR does not address interpersonal and domestic violence , though it acknowledges they are also relevant to development .   The report finds that overall mass conflict has become less prevalent over recent decades , with the average number of worldwide battle deaths dropping from 164,000 per year in the 1980s to only 42,000 in the 2000s . But the 1.5 billion living in conflict wracked states have not benefited from this trend . A new form of mass violence plagues their countries , with cycles of political violence alternating with periods where as many or more die from criminal activity .   Despite the difficulties in overcoming a legacy of conflict , violence or authoritarian rule , several countries have made impressive progress including Chile , Colombia , Ghana , Indonesia , Mozambique , South Africa and Timor-Leste . The report offers lessons drawn from these past successes . The World Bank stress that their report does not proscribe standard fixes suitable for all , and that efforts to resolve conflicts should be nationally led from within affected countries . Workable solutions will have to be tailored to each set of individual circumstance . Yet the WDR does find that previous successful efforts share many common features , which are reflected in the report 's WDR framework .

neg: Chinese economic reform The Chinese economic reform refers to the program of economic reforms termed `` Socialism with Chinese characteristics '' in the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) that was started in December 1978 by reformists within the Communist Party of China , led by Deng Xiaoping .   China had one of the world 's largest and most advanced economies prior to the nineteenth century . In the 18th century , Adam Smith claimed China had long been one of the richest , that is , one of the most fertile , best cultivated , most industrious , most prosperous and most urbanized countries in the world . The economy stagnated beginning in the 16th century and even declined in absolute terms in the nineteenth and much of the twentieth century , with a brief recovery in the 1930s .   Economic reforms introducing market principles began in 1978 and were carried out in two stages . The first stage , in the late 1970s and early 1980s , involved the decollectivization of agriculture , the opening up of the country to foreign investment , and permission for entrepreneurs to start businesses . However , most industry remained state-owned . The second stage of reform , in the late 1980s and 1990s , involved the privatization and contracting out of much state-owned industry and the lifting of price controls , protectionist policies , and regulations , although state monopolies in sectors such as banking and petroleum remained . The private sector grew remarkably , accounting for as much as 70 percent of China gross domestic product by 2005 . From 1978 until 2013 , unprecedented growth occurred , with the economy increasing by 9.5 % a year . The conservative Hu-Wen Administration more heavily regulated and controlled the economy after 2005 , reversing some reforms .   The success of China 's economic policies and the manner of their implementation has resulted in immense changes in Chinese society . Large-scale government planning programs alongside market characteristics have greatly decreased poverty , while incomes and income inequality have increased , leading to a backlash led by the New Left . In the academic scene , scholars have debated the reason for the success of the Chinese `` dual-track '' economy , and have compared them to attempts to reform socialism in the Eastern Bloc and the Soviet Union ; as well as the growth of other developing economies .

neg: BRIC In economics , BRIC is a grouping acronym that refers to the countries of Brazil , Russia , India and China , which are all deemed to be at a similar stage of newly advanced economic development . It is typically rendered as `` the BRICs '' or `` the BRIC countries '' or `` the BRIC economies '' or alternatively as the `` Big Four '' . A related acronym , BRICS , adds South Africa .  There are arguments that Indonesia should be included into grouping , effectively turning it into BRIIC or BRIICS .   Previously BRIC was coined by Jim O'Neill in 2001 as an acronym of 4 countries which are all deemed to be at a similar stage of newly advanced economic development , but in 2009 the leaders of BRIC countries made the first summit and in 2010 BRIC became a formal institution . South Africa began efforts to join the BRIC grouping and on December 24 , 2010 South Africa was invited to join BRICS . The aim of BRIC is establishment of an equitable , democratic and multi polar world order , but later BRIC became a political organization , moreover after South Africa joined BRICS . Jim O'Neill , told the summit that South Africa , at a population of under 50 million people , was just too small as an economy to join the BRIC ranks .   But future of BRIC as an economy group is questionable . In 2012 , a book with title ` Breakout Nations ' mentioned that it is hard to sustain rapid growth for more than a decade . And in 2015 , only India can lure global investors , China struggles with its slow down , while Brazil and Russia are in heavy recessions .

neg: American upper class The American upper class is a social group consisting of the people who have the highest social rank and who are usually rich . People of this social class are socioeconomically distinguishable from other classes by its greater influence , power , and wealth . The American upper class is composed of members born into this class , called members of Old money ; as well as those who have acquired their wealth and influence within their own generation , called the Nouveau riche . In a CNBC Millionaire Survey it can be observed that a majority of millionaires polled , representing the wealthiest 10 percent of Americans , described themselves as middle class ( 44 % ) or upper middle class ( 40 % ) .   `` The study of attitudes is reasonably easy -LSB- ... -RSB- it 's concluded that for roughly 70 % of the population -- the lower 70 % on the wealth/income scale -- they have no influence on policy whatsoever . They 're effectively disenfranchised . As you move up the wealth/income ladder , you get a little bit more influence on policy . When you get to the top , which is maybe a tenth of one percent , people essentially get what they want , i.e. they determine the policy . So the proper term for that is not democracy ; it 's plutocracy . '' -- Noam Chomsky .   Many Politicians , heirs to fortunes , top business executives , CEOs , successful venture capitalists , those born into high society , and some celebrities may be considered members of this class . Some prominent and high-rung professionals may also be included if they attain great influence and wealth . The main distinguishing feature of this class , which is estimated to constitute roughly 1 % of the population , is the source of income . While the vast majority of people and households derive their income from wages or salaries , those in the upper class derive their income from investments and capital gains . Estimates for the size of this group commonly vary from 1 % to 2 % , while some surveys have indicated that as many as 6 % of Americans identify as `` upper class . '' Sociologist Leonard Beeghley sees wealth as the only significant distinguishing feature of this class and , therefore , refers to this group simply as `` the rich . ''   Sociologists such as W. Lloyd Warner , William Thompson and Joseph Hickey recognize prestige differences between members of the upper class . Established families , prominent professionals and politicians may be deemed to have more prestige than some entertainment celebrities who in turn may have more prestige than the members of local elites . Yet , contemporary sociologists argue that all members of the upper class share such great wealth , influence and assets as their main source of income as to be recognized as members of the same social class . As great financial fortune is the main distinguishing feature of this class , sociologist Leonard Beeghley at the University of Florida identifies all `` rich '' households , those with incomes in the top 1 % or so , as upper class .   In 1998 , Bob Herbert of The New York Times referred to modern American plutocrats as `` The Donor Class '' ( list of top donors ) and defined the class , for the first time , as `` a tiny group -- just one-quarter of 1 percent of the population -- and it is not representative of the rest of the nation . But its money buys plenty of access . ''

neg: Financial Stability Forum The Financial Stability Forum ( FSF ) was a group consisting of major national financial authorities such as finance ministries , central bankers , and international financial bodies . The Forum was founded in 1999 to promote international financial stability . Its founding resulted from discussions among Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors of the G7 countries , and a study which they commissioned . The Forum facilitated discussion and co-operation on supervision and surveillance of financial institutions , transactions and events . FSF was managed by a small secretariat housed at the Bank for International Settlements in Basel , Switzerland . The FSF membership included about a dozen nations who participate through their central banks , financial ministries and departments , and securities regulators , including : the United States , Japan , Germany , the United Kingdom , France , Italy , Canada , Australia , the Netherlands and several other industrialized economies as well as several international economic organizations . At the G20 summit on November 15 , 2008 it was agreed that the membership of the FSF will be expanded to include emerging economies , such as China . The 2009 G-20 London summit decided to establish a successor to the FSF , the Financial Stability Board . The FSB includes members of the G20 who were not members of FSF .

neg: Global Forum on Migration and Development The Global Forum on Migration and Development ( GFMD ) is a recent initiative of the United Nations Member States to address the migration and development interconnections in practical and action-oriented ways . It is an informal , non-binding , voluntary and government-led process that marks the culmination of more than a decade of international dialogue on the growing importance of the linkages between migration and development . It reflects the progressive acknowledgement of the limits of a strictly national approach to migration questions and implications at a global level in an intergovernmental framework . In view of the societal implications of these issues , civil society representatives have also been involved from the outset in this process.The GFMD Business Mechanism , endorsed at the 2015 GFMD Summit in Istanbul , brings the voice of business to the forum . There is clearly a mutual interest between governments , the private sector , and civil society , to promote more transparent , effective and humane migration policies , taking into accounts labour market needs . The International Organisation of Employers ( IOE ) and the World Economic Forum Global Future Council on Migration coordinate the work of the GFMD Business mechanism . Together they form the Business Advisory Group . The GFMD Business Mechanism is housed at the IOE in Geneva .

neg: The Path to Degrowth in Overdeveloped Countries The Path to Degrowth in Overdeveloped Countries is the second chapter of the Worldwatch Institute 's State of the World ( book series ) 2012 : Moving Toward Sustainable Prosperity ( ISBN 978-1-61091-037-8 ) by Erik Assadourian . It is available for free online , along with these other chapters from the report :  Making the Green Economy Work for Everybody by Michael Renner  Nine Population Strategies to Stop Short of 9 Billion by Robert Engelman  Biodiversity : Combating the Sixth Mass Extinction by Bo Normander   In his chapter of the report , Assadourian defines degrowth as an `` essential and urgent '' economic strategy to pursue in countries entrenched in overdevelopment ( such as the United States ) in order for those countries to be truly sustainable and adapt to `` The rapidly warming Earth and the collapse of ecosystem services '' . Furthermore , he hopes to dispel `` the myth that perpetual pursuit of growth is good for economies or the societies of which they are a part '' for the well-being of the planet , of underdeveloped populations , and of the sick , stressed , and overweight populations of overdeveloped countries . Assadourian argues via the principle of plenitude that degrowth will inevitably occur whether we want it to or not because -- on a planet of finite resources -- economies and populations can not grow infinitely , and overdeveloped countries are still pursuing more economic growth and overconsuming resources .   Assadourian outlines four policies overdeveloped nations could employ to sufficiently facilitate a planned and controlled contraction of the economy so as to get back in line with planetary boundaries . Each of these , in unison , will eventually foster the creation of a steady-state economy that is in balance with Earth 's limits :   Reduce Overall Consumption by Overconsumers  Distribute Tax Burdens More Equitably  Share Work Hours Better  Cultivate a Plenitude Economy : `` informalize '' certain sectors of the economy   Assadourian also wrote a 2-page policy brief on the chapter highlighting the key messages of , the problem regarding , and points to keep in mind moving forward on our path to degrowth .

neg: History of democracy A democracy is a political system , or a system of decision-making within an institution or organization , in which all members have an equal share of power . Modern democracies are characterized by two capabilities that differentiate them fundamentally from earlier forms of government : the capacity to intervene in their own societies and the recognition of their sovereignty by an international legalistic framework of similarly sovereign states . -LSB- 2 -RSB- Democratic government is commonly juxtaposed with oligarchic and monarchic systems , which are rule by a minority and a sole monarch respectively .   Democracy in its earliest forms is generally associated with the efforts of the ancient Greeks and Romans , who were themselves considered the founders of Western civilization by the 18th century intellectuals who attempted to leverage these early democratic experiments into a new template for post-monarchical political organization . The extent to which these 18th century democratic revivalists succeeded in turning the democratic ideals of the ancient Greeks and Romans into the dominant political institution of the next 300 years is hardly debatable , even if the moral justifications they often employed might be . Nevertheless , the critical historical juncture catalyzed by the resurrection of democratic ideals and institutions fundamentally transformed the ensuing centuries and has dominated the international landscape since the dismantling of the final vestige of empire following the end of the Second World War .   Modern representative democracies attempt to bridge the gulf between the Hobbesian ` state of nature ' and the grip of authoritarianism through ` social contracts ' that enshrine the rights of the citizens , curtail the power of the state , and grant agency through the right to vote .

neg: Superstate A superstate is defined as `` a large and powerful State formed when several smaller countries unite '' , `` A large and powerful state formed from a federation or union of nations '' .  This is distinct from the concept of superpower , although these are frequently seen together . It is also distinct from the concept of empire , where one nation dominates other nations through military , political , and economic power , although an empire may also be a superstate .   In the early 20th century , `` superstate '' had a similar definition as today 's supranational organisations . In a 1927 article by Edward A. Harriman on the League of Nations , a superstate was defined as merely `` an organisation , of which a state is a member , which is superior to the member themselves '' , in that '' -LSB- a -RSB- complete superstate has legislative , executive and judicial organs to make , to execute and to interpret its laws '' . According to this definition , Harriman saw the League of Nations as a `` rudimentary superstate '' , and the United States as `` an example of a complete and perfect superstate '' .   In World Order of Bahá ` u 'll áh , first published in 1938 , Shoghi Effendi , the Guardian of the Bahá ' í Faith , described the anticipated world government of that religion as the `` world 's future super-state '' with the Bahá ' í Faith as the `` State Religion of an independent and Sovereign Power . ''   In the 1970s , academic literature used the term `` superstate '' to indicate a particularly rich and powerful state , in a similar fashion to the term superpower .   In contemporary political debate , especially the one centred on the European Union , the term `` superstate '' is used to indicate a ( usually deemed unwelcome ) development in which the Union takes over the character of a State ( including the monopoly on violence ) thus abolishing the sovereignty and independence of its member states .  For instance , Glyn Morgan opposes the perspective of a `` European superstate '' to the ones of `` a Europe of nation-states '' and of `` a post-sovereign European polity '' . In her definition , a `` European superstate is nothing more than a sovereign state - a tried and tested type of polity that predominates in the modern world - operating on a European wide scale '' , i.e. , `` a unitary European state ''   The term was famously used by Margaret Thatcher in her 1988 Bruges speech , when she decried the perspective of `` a European super-state exercising a new dominance from Brussels '' , and has since entered the eurosceptic lexicon .  Tony Blair argued in 2000 that he welcomed an EU as a `` superpower , not a superstate ''

neg: Economy of the African Union The combined states of the African Union ( AU ) constitute the world 's 7th largest economy with a nominal gross domestic product ( GDP ) of US$ 2263 billion . By measuring GDP by purchasing power parity ( PPP ) , the African Union 's economy totals US$ 1.515 billion , ranking it 11th after Russia . At the same time , they have a combined total debt of US$ 200 billion .   The AU has only 2 % of the world 's international trade . Because over 90 % of international trade consists of currency futures , Africa 's 2 % , however , actually makes up the bulk of real commodity traded worldwide , including about 70 % of the world 's strategic minerals , including gold and aluminium . Africa is also a large market for European , American and Chinese industry .   The AU future confederation 's goals include the creation of a free trade area , a customs union , a single market , a central bank , and a common currency , thereby establishing economic and monetary union . The current plan is to establish an African Economic Community with a single currency by 2023 .

neg: Say's law Say 's law , or the law of markets , in classical economics , states that aggregate production necessarily creates an equal quantity of aggregate demand . The French economist Jean-Baptiste Say ( 1767 -- 1832 ) introduced the idea in 1803 , in his principal work , A Treatise on Political Economy ( Traité d'économie politique ) :  A product is no sooner created , than it , from that instant , affords a market for other products to the full extent of its own value .  and  As each of us can only purchase the productions of others with his own productions -- as the value we can buy is equal to the value we can produce , the more men can produce , the more they will purchase .   Say further argued that this law of markets implies that a general glut ( the term used in Say 's time for a widespread excess of supply over demand ) can not occur . If there is a surplus of one good , there must be unmet demand for another : `` If certain goods remain unsold , it is because other goods are not produced . '' Say 's law has been one of the principal doctrines used to support the laissez-faire belief that a capitalist economy will naturally tend toward full employment and prosperity without government intervention .   Over the years , at least two objections to Say 's law have been raised :  General gluts do occur , particularly during recessions and depressions .  Economic agents may collectively choose to increase the amount of money they hold , thereby reducing demand but not supply .   Say 's law was generally accepted throughout the 19th century , though modified to incorporate the idea of a `` boom-and-bust '' cycle . During the worldwide Great Depression of the 1930s , the theories of Keynesian economics disputed Say 's conclusions .   Scholars disagree on the question of whether it was Say who first stated the principle , but by convention , Say 's law has been another name for the law of markets ever since John Maynard Keynes used the term in the 1930s .

neg: Economy of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation The economy of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation ( OIC ) combines the economies of 57 member states . 49 are predominantly Muslim states . The other 8 have large Muslim minorities . Those 57 countries have a combined GDP ( at Purchasing power parity ; PPP ) of USD 18,600 billion . The richest country on the basis of GDP per capita at PPP is United Arab Emirates . On basis of per capita GDP , Qatar is richest country with incomes exceeding US$ 108,000 per capita . According to a report by Salam Standard , the GDP impact of the world 's Muslim tourism sector exceeded $ 138 billion in 2015 , generating 4.3 million jobs and contributing more than $ 18 billion in tax revenue .

neg: Global workforce Global workforce refers to the international labor pool of workers , including those employed by multinational companies and connected through a global system of networking and production , immigrant workers , transient migrant workers , telecommuting workers , those in export-oriented employment , contingent work or other precarious employment . As of 2012 , the global labor pool consisted of approximately 3 billion workers , around 200 million unemployed .

neg: European social model The European social model is a common vision many European states have for a society that combines economic growth with high living standards and good working conditions . Historian Tony Judt has argued that the European social model `` binds Europe together '' in contrast to the ` American way of life ' .   European states do not all use a single social model , but welfare states in Europe do share several broad characteristics . These generally include a commitment to full employment , social protections for all citizens , social inclusion , and democracy . Examples common among European countries include universal health care , free higher education , strong labor protections and regulations , and generous welfare programs in areas such as unemployment insurance , retirement pensions , and public housing . The Treaty of the European Community set out several social objectives : promotion of employment , improved living and working conditions ... proper social protection , dialogue between management and labour , the development of human resources with a view to lasting high employment and the combating of exclusion . Because different European states focus on different aspects of the model , it has been argued that there are four distinct social models in Europe -- the Nordic , British , Mediterranean and the Continental .   The general outlines of a European social model emerged during the post-war boom . Tony Judt lists a number of causes : the abandonment of protectionism , the baby boom , cheap energy , and a desire to catch up with living standards enjoyed in the United States . The European social model also enjoyed a low degree of external competition as the Soviet bloc , China and India were not yet integrated into the global economy . In recent years , it has become common to question whether the European social model is sustainable in the face of low birthrates , globalisation , Europeanisation and an ageing population .