query: Julie Christie was a star in the cast of Away from Her.

pos: Julie Christie Julie Frances Christie ( born 14 April 1940 ) is an English actress . An icon of the `` swinging London '' era of the 1960s , she has won the Academy , Golden Globe , BAFTA , and Screen Actors Guild Awards , and in 1997 she received the BAFTA Fellowship .   Christie 's breakthrough film role was in Billy Liar ( 1963 ) . She came to international attention in 1965 for her performances in Darling , for which she won the Academy Award for Best Actress , and Doctor Zhivago , the eighth highest-grossing film of all time after adjustment for inflation .   In the following years , she starred in Fahrenheit 451 ( 1966 ) , Far from the Madding Crowd ( 1967 ) , Petulia ( 1968 ) , The Go-Between ( 1971 ) , McCabe & Mrs. Miller ( 1971 ) , for which she received her second Oscar nomination , Do n't Look Now ( 1973 ) , Shampoo ( 1975 ) , and Heaven Can Wait ( 1978 ) .   From the early 1980s her appearances in mainstream films reduced , though she held roles as Thetis in Wolfgang Petersen 's historical epic Troy and in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( both 2004 ) . She has continued to receive significant critical recognition for her work , including Oscar nominations for the independent films Afterglow ( 1997 ) and Away from Her ( 2007 ) .

pos: Away from Her Away from Her is a 2006 Canadian drama film written and directed by Sarah Polley and starring Gordon Pinsent , Julie Christie and Olympia Dukakis . The feature-length directorial debut of Polley , the film is based on Alice Munro 's short story `` The Bear Came Over the Mountain '' , from the 2001 collection Hateship , Friendship , Courtship , Loveship , Marriage . Executive produced by Atom Egoyan and shot in Ontario , it debuted at the 2006 Toronto International Film Festival .   The story centers on a couple whose marriage is tested when Christie 's character begins to suffer from Alzheimer 's and moves into a nursing home , where she loses virtually all memory of her husband and begins to develop a close relationship with another nursing home resident . The cast also includes Michael Murphy , Wendy Crewson , Alberta Watson , Lili Francks and Kristen Thomson . It was nominated for two Academy Awards , Christie for Best Actress and Polley for Best Adapted Screenplay . It also won seven Genie Awards , including Best Motion Picture .

neg: Julie Ann Emery Julie Ann Emery ( born January 16 , 1975 ) is an American actress .

neg: John and Julie John and Julie ( 1955 ) is a British comedy film , featuring Peter Sellers and Sid James in early screen roles .

neg: Cirque du Soleil: Worlds Away Cirque du Soleil : Worlds Away is a 2012 American 3D family fantasy film directed by Andrew Adamson . The film premiered on October 20 , 2012 at the Tokyo International Film Festival , and was released theatrically in the United States on December 21 , 2012 . Distributed worldwide by Paramount Pictures on December 21 , 2012 , the film tells the story of a girl named Mia going to a traveling circus and falling in love with its main attraction , the Aerialist . After the Aerialist falls during his act , he and Mia are transported to another world where each encounter the different worlds of Cirque du Soleil through O , Mystère , Kà , Love , Zumanity , Viva Elvis and Criss Angel Believe . It stars Erica Linz and Igor Zaripov as the main characters and incorporates acts from some of the Cirque du Soleil shows that were running in Las Vegas in 2011 including O , Mystère , Kà , Love , and Viva Elvis .   The 3D used in the film was highly admired by critics on its Tokyo premiere . The Eels performed a song titled `` Calling for Your Love '' for the movie . The film incorporates acts from the seven Cirque du Soleil shows running in Las Vegasin 2011 : O , Mystère , Kà , Love , Zumanity , Viva Elvis and Criss Angel Believe . Each of the acts/performances was filmed on the stage of the theater in Las Vegas where the show is/was running : the acts from `` O '' at the `` O '' Theatre at the Bellagio , those from `` Ka '' at the Ka Theater at the MGM Grand , those from `` Love '' at the Love Theater at the Mirage , the act from `` Mystere '' at the Mystere Theater at Treasure Island , the act from `` Zumanity '' at the Zumanity Theater at the New York New York and the act from `` Viva Elvis '' at the Aria Theater . It was Reel FX 's first and only live action film .

neg: Blast from the Past Blast from the Past may refer to :  Blast from the Past ( film ) , a 1999 romantic comedy film  Blast from the Past ( novel ) , a 1998 suspense novel by Ben Elton  `` Blast from the Past '' , a 1997 James Bond short story by Raymond Benson  `` Blast from the Past '' , a 2001 song by Quiet Riot from Guilty Pleasures  Blast from the Past ( album ) , a 2000 album by Gamma Ray  `` Blast from the Past '' ( Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles episode ) , 1989  `` Blast from the Past '' ( Veronica Mars ) , 2005  `` A Blast From the Past '' ( Diagnosis : Murder ) , 1995  `` Blast from the Past '' , a segment in the Hamish & Andy Show  `` Blast from the Past '' ( column ) , a column that is published every Sunday in The Hindu  `` Blast From the Past '' , an episode of NCIS

neg: Divorce His, Divorce Hers Divorce His , Divorce Hers is a 1973 television film starring Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton . The film examines the conflicted emotions felt by a couple whose 18-year marriage has frayed beyond repair . The first half of the film details the story from the husband 's view , and the second half takes the wife 's perspective .   The film , which was directed by Waris Hussein , from a script by John Hopkins , was originally presented in a two-part broadcast on U.S. television on February 6-7 , 1973 ( appearing on the Tuesday and Wednesday editions of ABC Movie of the Week ) , although it was theatrically released in France in 1974 . The critic Clive James wrote after the television screening in Britain : `` After movies as monumentally lousy as Bluebeard and Hammersmith is Out it was good to see Burton chipping some of the rust off his technique . ''

neg: Julie Wilson Julie May Wilson ( October 21 , 1924 -- April 5 , 2015 ) was an American singer and actress `` widely regarded as the queen of cabaret '' . She was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical in 1989 for her performance in Legs Diamond .

neg: Julie Laipply Julie Laipply ( born 1978 ) also known as Julie Marie Carrier or Julie Carrier is an award winning speaker , author and role model who is especially recognized for her work promoting youth leadership and self-esteem in young women .   Laipply won the Miss Virginia USA 2002 title in a state pageant held in late 2001 . She represented Virginia in the Miss USA 2002 pageant broadcast live from Gary , Indiana in March 2002 .   Laipply graduated from the Ohio State University Honors Program with a degree in Leadership Studies in 2000 . She competed in the Miss Ohio system prior to competing at Miss Virginia USA , placing in the top ten in 2001 , and used the scholarship money she received to pay for college . She moved to Virginia to become a consultant for a training firm contracted by The Pentagon where she served as a Senior Management Consultant in leadership training and development .   In addition to being a professional speaker who has traveled the country , Laipply is a New York Emmy-nominated television personality for NYC TV in New York City . Her current television projects include `` $ 9.99 '' and '' What 's Cooking at Gracie '' .

neg: ITV Sunday Night Theatre ITV Sunday Night Theatre , originally titled ITV Saturday Night Theatre , is a UK television anthology series screened on ITV , and produced by London Weekend Television ( LWT ) . Some episodes were produced with Kestrel Productions .   Around 200 episodes aired on ITV from 1969-1974 , including productions of the plays Long Day 's Journey into Night by Eugene O'Neill , A Doll 's House by Henrik Ibsen , and Arms and the Man by George Bernard Shaw . Other episodes included adaptions of the works of William Shakespeare , James Joyce , Wilkie Collins , Simon Gray , Sam Shepard , Israel Horovitz , Arthur Miller , August Strindberg , J.B. Priestley , Lanford Wilson , and John Mortimer .   Among its directors were Michael Lindsay-Hogg , Anthony Page , Mike Newell , Fielder Cook , Ted Kotcheff , Peter Wood , and Vivian Matalon .   The actors involved included Helen Mirren , Laurence Olivier , Sean Connery , Anthony Hopkins , Michael Caine , Paul Scofield , George C. Scott , Laurence Harvey , Ralph Richardson , Diana Rigg , Trevor Howard , Glenda Jackson , Diane Cilento , Alec Guinness , Jane Asher , Martin Sheen , Colleen Dewhurst , Jean Marsh , Shelley Winters , Ian Holm , Richard Chamberlain , Edith Evans , John Gielgud , Shirley Knight , Ian McKellen , George Sanders and Margaret Whiting .

neg: Julie Delpy Julie Delpy ( -LSB- ʒyli dɛlpi -RSB- ; born 21 December 1969 ) is a French-American actress , film director , screenwriter , and singer-songwriter . She studied filmmaking at New York University 's Tisch School of the Arts and has directed , written , or acted in more than 30 films , including Europa Europa ( 1990 ) , Voyager ( 1991 ) , Three Colors : White ( 1993 ) , Before Sunrise ( 1995 ) , An American Werewolf in Paris ( 1997 ) , Before Sunset ( 2004 ) , 2 Days in Paris ( 2007 ) , and Before Midnight ( 2013 ) . She has been nominated for three César Awards , two Online Film Critics Society Awards , and two Academy Awards . After moving to the United States in 1990 , she became an American citizen in 2001 .

neg: Mabel Poulton Mabel Lilian Poulton ( 29 July 1901 -- 21 December 1994 ) was an English film actress , popular in Britain during the era of silent films .   Born in Bethnal Green , London , England , Poulton worked as a stenographer and entered films by chance . Her first role in George Pearson 's Nothing Else Matters ( 1920 ) was opposite Betty Balfour , who was also making her debut , and the film was a success . Over the next several years , Poulton was cast in a succession of roles , and usually played feisty or mischievous characters . A petite blonde , she also became well regarded for her fashion style , and was a highly recognisable celebrity . In 1928 , she starred in The Constant Nymph by Adrian Brunel and received excellent reviews for her performance . By the end of the decade she was considered to be one of Britain 's leading screen actresses along with Balfour , and was described by critics as Balfour 's only serious rival .   The advent of sound film brought a premature end to Poulton 's film career . The addition of the microphone revealed Poulton 's broad Cockney accent , which was at odds with the characters she had become identified with . Like Clara Bow who faced the same problem as a result of her Brooklyn accent , Poulton struggled to maintain her status . Also like Bow , she attempted to mount a comeback in the mid-1930s , which was well publicised but unsuccessful . She made her final film appearance in 1938 .   She spent her last years writing and re-writing a typescript about a young British starlet who is raped by a film director and who then descends into alcoholism . In biro , at some point of the writing process , she wrote in real names . Thomas Bentley is the director she accuses . She died in Merton , Surrey in 1994 aged 93 .

neg: Jackson Gillis Jackson Clark Gillis ( August 21 , 1916 -- August 19 , 2010 ) was an American radio and television scriptwriter whose career spanned more than 40 years and encompassed a wide range of genres .   Gillis was born in Kalama , Washington to a highway engineer and a piano teacher . His family moved to California when he was a teenager . He attended California State University , Fresno , but transferred to Stanford University , where he earned his undergraduate degree in English in 1938 . He worked in England after graduating from college . After returning to the United States , he performed with the Barter Theatre in Virginia , together with Gregory Peck . George Bernard Shaw attended a performance of one of his plays , in which Gillis acted . Gillis received a note from Shaw that critiqued his exit , a postcard Gillis retained for decades . He enlisted in the United States Army and worked as an intelligence officer during World War II in the Pacific Theater .   After completing his military service , Gillis moved to Los Angeles and took a job writing for radio shows , including the dramas The Whistler and Let George Do It . He moved into television scriptwriting and earned his first credit -- for an episode of Racket Squad , a series that starred Reed Hadley -- in 1952 . He wrote for The Adventures of Superman from 1953 to 1957 and also spent several years writing for Perry Mason and Lassie . His scriptwriting was prolific and varied , and over the years , he worked on shows such as Lost in Space , Hawaii Five-O , and Knight Rider . He wrote for the series Columbo , starring Peter Falk , from 1971 to 1992 . He also wrote a pair of detective novels , The Killers of Starfish and Chainsaw .   After retiring from Hollywood in the 1990s , Gillis and his wife moved to Moscow , Idaho , to be near their daughter . Gillis was married to the former Patricia Cassidy , a fellow actor whom he met during his brief acting career at the Barter Theatre , until her death in 2003 . He died at age 93 on August 19 , 2010 , of pneumonia in Moscow , Idaho . His daughter recalled that her father watched little on television other than football , as `` he thought most of what was on TV was junk '' .

neg: Selling away Selling away in the U.S. securities brokerage industry is the inappropriate practice of an investment professional ( such as a registered representative , stockbroker , or financial adviser ) who sells , or solicits the sale of , securities not held or offered by the brokerage firm with which he is associated ( affiliated ) . An example of the term expressed in a sentence is , `` The broker was selling investments away from the firm . '' Brokers marketing securities must have obtained the appropriate securities licenses for various types of investments . Brokers in the U.S. may be `` associated '' with only one Brokerage firm and they obtain such licenses or `` series '' by passing standardized Financial Industry Regulatory Authority ( FINRA ) exams such as the Series 6 or Series 7 exam . See List of Securities Examinations for types of securities licenses in the U.S.   More specifically , selling away describes the situation where the transaction or securities in question are not approved for sale by the firm , they are not on the firm 's approved product list . The approved product list identifies the types of securities and investments that are approved for brokers to sell after the securities have been subjected to the brokerage firm 's due diligence process which includes receiving the necessary risk and compliance department reviews and approvals , and so forth .   Selling away often involves investment securities that are in the form of a private placement or other non-public investment , though not always . Sometimes a transaction may not be an obvious or apparent ` investment ' or security . Selling away may not always be deliberate or intentional or with even intent to deceive an investor , but in many cases , the broker knew what he or she was doing . Selling away is often associated with a broker 's other ( `` outside '' ) business activities ( those other businesses or activities that a broker conducts outside or separate from his/her securities brokerage activities . )   Selling away situations result from a broker 's desire to not pass up on earning a commission on an investment his client is willing to buy , and further , to not have to share any of the commission with his/her associated firm . Selling away schemes are particularly dangerous for investors because they usually end up becoming victims of theft , securities fraud , or some other loss related to the investment . These schemes also often involve the sale of promissory notes which are essentially loan investments wherein the borrower promises to pay investors high interest rates in exchange for the loan amount from the investor . Once the investor ( client ) pays the money , the borrower sooner or later stops ( or never begins ) paying interest payments and the client 's investment vanishes .

neg: Getting Away with Murder (film) Getting Away with Murder is a 1996 American comedy film written and directed by Harvey Miller . The film stars Dan Aykroyd , Jack Lemmon , Lily Tomlin and Bonnie Hunt .   This was the final project for veteran writer and director Harvey Miller . It received poor reviews and was panned by critics .

neg: Sheila Kennelly Sheila Kennelly ( 28th December , Marine Square , Brighton , Sussex ) , also credited as Sheila Kenneally , is an English-born Australian character actress of theatre , television and film , with a vast repertoire spanning over 50 years in the industry , she came to Australia with her family , attending North Sydney Girls ' High School and trained at the Independent theatre . She has played several television soap opera and comedy relief roles starting in the 1970s . Sheila appeared in plays starting her career on the stage , appearing at such venues as Old Tote Theatre and Nimrod Theatre Company before a lengthy Arts Council tour of `` A View from the Bridge '' ( playing Beatrice ) as well as many roles at Neutral Bay Music Hall and worked on plays at the ABC , before becoming a household name in soap opera Number 96 in Australia as bubbly barmaid Norma Whittaker along with her on-screen husband Les Whittaker ( Gordon McDougall ) the duo were comedy characters added to the cast of the series a few months after it premiered in 1972 , she remained with 96 for 4 and half years , and featured in the series film version in 1974 . In 1988 she became an original cast member on the seven network series Home and Away , as retired carnival entertainer and tarot reader Floss McPhee , until 1990 , and was one of 16 original characters but has returned in numerous guest appearances reprising the role , the most recent in 2008 .

neg: Julie Hébert Julie Hébert ( sometimes credited as Julie Hebert ) is an award-winning writer/director of theater , film and television .

neg: Diana Franco Diana Franco was born in Cali , Colombia and in 1982 moved to New York City , where she lived and studied . In 1988 , in a nationwide televised competition , Franco was crowned Miss Colombia USA . Franco became a TV commercial and editorial model and in December 1990 appeared on her first cover of Cosmopolitan en Español . In Peru , La Modelo Latina Pageant 1991 awarded her La Silueta Diet-Coke title . In 1992 , Franco was approached to participate in Buscando Estrellas Con Budweiser , the Spanish-version of Star Search , where - once again -- won first place . Later that same year , Cover Girl Make-Up chose her to be one of the faces for their TV campaigns for the Hispanic market alongside of Barbara Palacios ( Miss Universe 1986 ) .   After traveling and working around the world , including places such as Taipei , Istanbul and Hong Kong , Franco decided to stay in the U.S. to pursue her acting career in her native language.In 1992 Salvese Quien Pueda ( SQP ) , a weekly comedy show that aired on the Telemundo Network made her part of their regular cast . In SQP she developed and often played Vicky Bikini , a girl who always did her errands wearing only a bikini , high hills and a handbag so she would never have to make a line . Vicky Bikini soon became one of the shows most requested characters .   In 1995 , Univision Network hired Franco as the female VJ for Caliente , one of its most widely seen weekend TV shows . Caliente gave Franco the opportunity to interact with her young Latino audience while traveling to exotic beaches around the world . Two years later , Franco was asked to be part of Edición Especial ( Telemundo Network ) , which earned her the anchor star status in the Spanish market . She was also in charged of hosting most of Telemundo 's specials for the network . In 1998 she landed the role of Sylvia La Rosen in Safe Harbor ( Aaron Spelling ) which aired in WB Network . Glamour en Español magazine recognized her with the Most Glamorous Woman Award 1998 and in 1999 People en Español places Franco as one of the `` 25 Most Beautiful People '' along with faces such as Salma Hayek and Ricky Martin .   In 2002 , Franco traveled back to her native Colombia to portray Sandra , a cocaine manufacturer in the soap opera El Precio del Silencio ( Telefutura Network ) . In October 2006 , Franco had the opportunity to be part of the very-selected cast of the short film : Marrying God ( AFI ) where she played Maricela , the single mother of Lola played by Ashlyn Sanchez ( Crash ) and Ivy played by Alexa Vega ( Spy Kids ) . Franco has also developed the `` Life Style Specialist '' title , and is often featured in US Spanish TV station across the nation .   In Pecados Ajenos , a Telemundo Studios production , Franco played Lola , the cellmate of Natalia - played by Lorena Rojas - and later , Oficial Joyer , in El Rostro de Analía alongside of Elizabeth Gutiérrez .   At the end of 2009 , Franco was called to play Berta , a lonely bitter architect designer in the new version of Perro Amor , but due to a skiing accident , where she suffered several fractures , her role was eventually withdrawn . It took her several months to recuperate from her injuries .   In 2010 , Franco became part of the selected cast of the new version of the Chilean soap opera , Alguien Te Mira ( 2010 ) , produced this time by Telemundo Television Studios in the USA . Franco portrays Dolores `` Lola '' Morandé , a housewife that has everything under control , except a couple of pounds of over weight , until she meets a very troubled woman that is determined to make her life miserable and hopes one day to take her place as the wife of her perfect husband .

neg: Claire Foy Claire Foy ( born 16 April 1984 ) is an English actress . She studied drama and screen studies at Liverpool John Moores University and trained at the Oxford School of Drama , where she appeared in four plays , including Watership Down . She made her screen debut in the pilot episode of Being Human ( 2008 ) and in an episode of the BBC soap opera Doctors ( 2008 ) . Following her professional stage debut at the Royal National Theatre , she played the title role in the BBC One production of Little Dorrit , ( 2008 ) , and made her film debut as Anna in Season of the Witch ( 2011 ) .   She had main roles as Erin Matthews in the Channel 4 series The Promise ( 2011 ) and several other television films and miniseries , including as Kate Balfour in the NBC series Crossbones ( 2014 ) . She received unanimous praise for her performance as Anne Boleyn in BBC2 's Wolf Hall ( 2015 ) , for which she was nominated for the British Academy Television Award for Best Actress and the Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Movie/Miniseries . Since 2016 , she has portrayed the young Queen Elizabeth II on the Netflix series The Crown , a role for which she has received critical acclaim and won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Television Series Drama and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series , and was nominated for the BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress .

neg: Julie Farr, M.D. Julie Farr , M.D. ( Having Babies ) is an American television show that aired on the ABC network in 1978 . It followed three television movies called Having Babies which aired from 1976 -- 78 , and was not renewed after its initial run of episodes aired in March -- April 1978 . The show began airing as Having Babies but was renamed Julie Farr , M.D. during its run after its lead character .

neg: Duet Acting Duet Acting ( often shortened to `` Duet '' or abbreviated as `` DA '' in tournament schedules and results ) is an event in competitive high school forensics . Similar to Duo Interpretation , Duet Acting varies in two major respects : first , Duet is not an official National Forensic League event although some state organizations , such as the Texas Forensic Association , the Louisiana High School Speech League , and ( formerly ) the Ohio High School Speech League practice the event . Secondly , unlike Duo , in which the actors are not permitted to make eye contact with each other or touch each other , Duet incorporates an element of acting . Cuttings must be made from scripts .   Duet Acting involves two people , two chairs , and ( in some jurisdictions ) a table ; the furniture is supplied in each room of competition . Time limits vary , but generally each acting pair performs an eight - to twelve-minute scene , typically using only two characters . Occasionally the performers change roles , but can only play one character per scene in the manner of dramatic or humorous interpretation . The pieces may be either serious or funny , and the extensive use of movement is permitted ( i.e. , interaction between both characters , as well as with the table and chairs ) . Duet Acting has been removed from the Ohio High School Speech League .   Category : Debating

neg: Julie Hagerty Julie Beth Hagerty ( born June 15 , 1955 ) is an American actress and former model . She starred as Elaine in the films Airplane ! ( 1980 ) and Airplane II : The Sequel ( 1982 ) . Her other film roles include A Midsummer Night 's Sex Comedy ( 1982 ) , Lost in America ( 1985 ) , and A Master Builder ( 2014 ) .


query: The Golden State Warriors play minor league basketball.

pos: Golden State Warriors The Golden State Warriors are an American professional basketball team based in Oakland , California . The Warriors compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Western Conference Pacific Division . The team was established in 1946 as the Philadelphia Warriors based in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , a founding member of the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) . In 1962 , the franchise relocated to the San Francisco Bay Area and was renamed the San Francisco Warriors . In 1971 , the team changed its geographic moniker to Golden State , California 's state nickname . Since 1971 , the team 's home court has been the Oracle Arena in Oakland . The team is nicknamed the `` Dubs . ''   The Warriors have reached nine NBA Finals , winning four NBA championships in 1947 , 1956 , 1975 and most recently in 2015 when they defeated the Cleveland Cavaliers . Golden State 's four NBA championships are the fifth most in history behind only the Boston Celtics ( 17 ) , Los Angeles Lakers ( 16 ) , Chicago Bulls ( 6 ) and San Antonio Spurs ( 5 ) . Wilt Chamberlain and Stephen Curry have both been named the NBA 's Most Valuable Player while playing for the Warriors , for a total of three MVP awards . Golden State holds the NBA record for best regular season with 73 -- 9 and most combined wins in a season ( regular season and postseason ) with 88 wins .

neg: Joe Smith (basketball) Joseph Leynard Smith ( born July 26 , 1975 ) is an American former professional basketball player who played at power forward position for 12 teams of the NBA during his 16-year career .   Born and raised in Norfolk , Virginia , Smith was the College Player of the Year at Maryland in 1995 and the No. 1 pick of that season 's NBA draft , picked by the Golden State Warriors . He was named to the 1995 -- 96 All-Rookie team . Smith was mobile throughout his career , the NBA indicated that he was one of the most traded players . In 1998 , Smith was traded to the Philadelphia 76ers ; he then played for the Minnesota Timberwolves ( with a mid-way pitstop for the Detroit Pistons ) until 2003 . He later played for the Milwaukee Bucks , the Denver Nuggets , the 76ers again , the Chicago Bulls , the Oklahoma City Thunder , the Cleveland Cavaliers , the Atlanta Hawks , the New Jersey Nets , and the Los Angeles Lakers .

neg: Grand Rapids Hoops The Grand Rapids Hoops was a basketball team that played in the Continental Basketball Association , based in Grand Rapids , Michigan . Their first season was in 1989 , and their final season was in 2003 . Now defunct , professional basketball had been replaced in Grand Rapids by the no longer active Grand Rapids Flight . The Detroit Pistons ' minor league affiliate , the Grand Rapids Drive , currently serves as the city 's professional basketball team , playing their games at the DeltaPlex Arena .

neg: List of career achievements by Kevin Durant This page details the records , statistics and career achievements of American basketball player Kevin Durant . Durant is an American basketball small forward who plays for the Golden State Warriors of the National Basketball Association .

neg: 1947 BAA Playoffs The 1947 BAA Playoffs was the postseason tournament that followed the inaugural Basketball Association of America 1946 -- 47 season . ( After its 1948 -- 49 season , the BAA merged with the older National Basketball League to create the National Basketball Association or NBA . ) The tournament concluded with the Philadelphia Warriors defeating the Chicago Stags , 4 games to 1 , in the BAA Finals .   The six qualified teams all began tournament play on Wednesday , April 2 , and the Finals concluded on Tuesday , April 22 . Philadelphia and Chicago played 10 and 11 games in the span of 21 days but their final series was compact , five games in seven days .

neg: 2003–04 Sacramento Kings season The 2003 -- 04 NBA season was the Kings ' 55th season in the NBA and 19th in Sacramento . The season was best remembered for the team making a move in the offseason , acquiring Brad Miller from the Indiana Pacers and signing free agent Anthony Peeler . Superstar forward Chris Webber , who spent most of the season recovering from microfracture knee surgery , then serving a suspension due to the Ed Martin scandal , returned for the final 23 games of the season in which they played mediocre basketball the rest of the way .   Still , the Kings finished the season second in the Pacific Division with a 55 -- 27 record . In the first round of the playoffs , the Kings got the last laugh as they defeated their archrivals the Dallas Mavericks in five games , before falling to Kevin Garnett and the Minnesota Timberwolves in the second round as Webber missed a potential game-tying 3-pointer in Game 7 . This ended the Kings ' attempt at a championship as their core would be dismantled the following season , which included Vlade Divac re-signing as a free agent with the Los Angeles Lakers , and Gerald Wallace leaving for the 2004 NBA Expansion Draft .

neg: Damian Jones (basketball) Damian William Jones ( born June 30 , 1995 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Golden State Warriors of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He played college basketball for Vanderbilt .

neg: Anthony Miller (basketball) Anthony Miller ( born October 22 , 1971 ) is an American former professional basketball player who was selected by the Golden State Warriors in the second round ( 39th overall ) of the 1994 NBA Draft . He was born and raised in Benton Harbor , Michigan .   A 6 ' 9 '' forward from Michigan State University , Miller played in eight NBA seasons for 4 different teams . He played for the Los Angeles Lakers , Atlanta Hawks , Houston Rockets and Philadelphia 76ers . He has also been under contract with the Minnesota Timberwolves and Golden State Warriors . The last time Miller played in the NBA was during the 2004-05 season , appearing in 2 games for the Hawks .   In his NBA career , Miller played in 181 games and scored a total of 510 points .   Miller played in the CBA for the Yakima Sun Kings but signed with the American Basketball Association 's Las Vegas Aces on August 27 , 2008 .   Miller appeared in the 1996 movie Space Jam along with Laker teammates Cedric Ceballos and Vlade Divac and then-coach Del Harris .

neg: Wayne Cooper (basketball) Artis Wayne Cooper ( born November 16 , 1956 ) is a retired American professional basketball player . He was born in Milan , Georgia .   Cooper was selected by the Golden State Warriors in the second round ( 40th overall ) of the 1978 NBA draft . A 6 ft 10 in ( 2.1 m ) forward-center from the University of New Orleans , Cooper played in 14 NBA seasons from 1978 to 1992 . He played for the Warriors , Utah Jazz , Dallas Mavericks , Portland Trail Blazers and Denver Nuggets .   In his NBA career , Cooper played in 984 games and scored a total of 7,777 points . His best season as a professional came during the 1985-86 NBA season as a member of the Nuggets , appearing in 78 games and averaging 13.1 ppg .

neg: 2016–17 Cleveland Cavaliers season The 2016 -- 17 Cleveland Cavaliers season is the 47th season of the franchise in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . For the first time in franchise history , the Cavaliers entered the season as the defending NBA champions . The Cavaliers also broke the record of most made three-pointers in a regular season game with 25 against the Atlanta Hawks .   The Cavaliers finished the regular season with a 51 -- 31 record , securing the 2nd seed . In the playoffs , the Cavaliers defeated and swept the Indiana Pacers in four games in the First Round , advancing to the Semifinals . They then defeated and swept the Toronto Raptors in four games , advancing to the Eastern Conference Finals . They defeated the Boston Celtics in five games to advance to the NBA Finals for the third straight season . In the 2017 NBA Finals , the Cavaliers will face the Golden State Warriors for the third straight year .

neg: Maurice Baker Maurice Baker ( born July 28 , 1979 ) is an American professional basketball player who last played for the Santa Cruz Warriors of the NBA Development League . He played college basketball for Dixie State College and Oklahoma State University , and has spent time in the NBA with the Los Angeles Clippers and the Portland Trail Blazers . He has also played professionally in Russia , Syria , Mexico , Lithuania , France , Puerto Rico , Philippines , Venezuela , and the Dominican Republic .   Baker has been one of the Santa Cruz Warriors ' greatest club servants , dating back to their Dakota Wizards days , having played every season since 2004 in the Continental Basketball Association and the NBA Development League . Baker has appeared in the second-most D-League games ( 356 ) in league history , and is the Warriors ' franchise all-time leader in points , minutes played , rebounds , assists , steals , and field goals made .

neg: 2014–15 Houston Rockets season The 2014 -- 15 Houston Rockets season was the 48th season of the franchise in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , and the 44th in the Houston area . The Rockets finished the regular season with a 56 -- 26 record , the third best in franchise history . They also won their first ever Southwest Division title and first Division crown since 1994 . The Rockets beat the Dallas Mavericks 4 -- 1 in the first round , advancing to the Western Conference Semifinals for the first time since 2009 . They beat the Los Angeles Clippers in seven games after trailing the series 1 -- 3 , advancing to the Western Conference Finals for the first time since 1997 . They became just the ninth team in NBA history to come back from such a deficit -- and currently the only franchise to do so twice . The Rockets ' season ended with a 1 -- 4 loss in the Western Conference Finals to the Golden State Warriors .

neg: Columbus Clippers The Columbus Clippers are a minor league baseball team based in Columbus , Ohio . The team plays in the International League and is the Triple-A affiliate of the Cleveland Indians . The team is owned by the government of Franklin County , Ohio .   From to , the Clippers played in Cooper Stadium , which was known as Franklin County Stadium until 1984 . The final game at `` The Coop '' was played on September 1 , 2008 in front of a sellout crowd of 16,777 . It was the third largest audience in stadium history . In 2009 , the Clippers began playing in Huntington Park , located at the corner of Neil Ave. and Nationwide Blvd. in the Arena District of Columbus .   The Clippers began play in as an affiliate of the Pittsburgh Pirates , changing its affiliation to the New York Yankees in , beginning a 28-year relationship that ended in . An affiliation with the Washington Nationals lasted from to . A four-year affiliation with the Cleveland Indians was announced on September 18 , 2008 . In September 2010 that working agreement with the Indians was extended through 2014 . The agreement has since been extended through the 2016 season .  Coincidentally , the major/minor league sports connection between Cleveland and Columbus is duplicated , but with reverse roles , in ice hockey , as the Cleveland Monsters are the top-level minor league affiliate of the National Hockey League 's Columbus Blue Jackets .   In 2011 , the team won back-to-back Governors ' Cup championships for the first time since 1992 by defeating the Lehigh Valley IronPigs 3 games to 1 in the best-of-five series . They went on to defeat the Omaha Storm Chasers in the Triple-A Baseball National Championship Game to win their second consecutive Triple-A baseball title .   The 1992 Clippers were recognized as one of the 100 greatest minor league teams of all time . In 2016 , Forbes listed the Clippers as the fifth-most valuable Minor League Baseball team with a value of $ 41 million .

neg: New York State League The New York State League was an independent baseball league that played six seasons between 2007 and 2012 in the New York City metro area . Over 500 NYSL players have been signed by professional teams . Players from forty-eight states and eleven countries have competed in the league . The NYSL was the developmental league for the Can-Am League . Its level of play was self-described as being on par with the lowest level of minor league baseball , the complex-based `` rookie '' leagues ( it explicitly compared its format to that of the Gulf Coast League ) .

neg: Adonal Foyle Adonal David Foyle ( born March 9 , 1975 ) is a retired Vincentian-American professional basketball center . He was selected by the Golden State Warriors with the eighth overall selection of the 1997 NBA Draft . He played ten seasons with the team until the team bought out his contract on August 13 , 2007 . At the time , he had been the Warriors ' longest-tenured player . He then played two seasons with the Orlando Magic and part of the season with the Memphis Grizzlies , sat out the next season due to knee surgery , and retired .

neg: 2017–18 Golden State Warriors season The 2017 -- 18 Golden State Warriors season will be the 72nd season of the franchise in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , and its 56th in the San Francisco Bay Area .

neg: 1991 NBA Playoffs The 1991 NBA Playoffs was the postseason tournament of the National Basketball Association 's 1990 -- 91 season . The tournament concluded with the Eastern Conference champion Chicago Bulls defeating the Western Conference champion Los Angeles Lakers 4 games to 1 in the NBA Finals . Michael Jordan was named NBA Finals MVP .   After the Pistons had ended their season the last three years , the Bulls got revenge in the Eastern Conference Finals by sweeping the two-time defending NBA champions . It was the first time the Bulls won a playoff series over the Pistons since 1974 , when both teams were still part of the Western Conference . Game 4 ended with some of the Pistons walking off the court before time expired , refusing to shake the Bulls ' hands . In the 1989 NBA Finals , the Pistons themselves had swept the two-time defending champion Lakers . Detroit did not reach the conference finals again until 2003 .   The seventh seeded Golden State Warriors stunned the San Antonio Spurs in the first round of the playoffs , defeating them 3 games to 1 . It would be Golden State 's last playoff series win until 2007 .   The 76ers and the Bucks met in the first round of the playoffs where the 76ers swept the series . It would be both teams last playoff appearance until 1999 .   Game 4 of the Blazers -- Jazz series was the last game ever played at the Salt Palace .   This was the first year that NBC aired the NBA Playoffs .

neg: Western Baseball League The Western Baseball League was an independent baseball league based in the Western United States and Western Canada . Its member teams were not associated with any Major League Baseball teams . It operated from 1995 to 2002 .  The league was founded in 1994 by Portland , Oregon businessman Bruce L. Engel . It began play in 1995 , with the following teams :   Northern Division :  Bend Bandits  Grays Harbor Gulls  Surrey Glaciers  Tri-City Posse   Southern Division :  Long Beach Barracuda  Palm Springs Suns  Salinas Peppers  Sonoma County Crushers   Long Beach won the inaugural league championship , defeating Tri-City , 3 games to 1 .   In 1996 , Surrey folded , then the Reno Chukars were added . Long Beach won its second consecutive title , again 3 games to 1 over Tri-City .   In 1997 , the league added the Chico Heat , while Palm Springs took the year off and Long Beach became the Mission Viejo Vigilantes . Chico won the league championship in its first season in the league , defeating Reno , 3-2 .   In 1998 , Salinas disbanded , while dormant Palm Springs moved to Oxnard , California and became the Pacific Suns . Grays Harbor suspended operations halfway through the season , and the league took over management of the team , which continued as the Western Warriors and went on an extended 68-game road trip with no home stadium . Despite the lack of a home stadium , the Warriors made it to the league championship series before being swept by Sonoma County , 3-0 .   In 1999 , the league disbanded the Western Warriors , while Mission Viejo , Bend , and Pacific also folded . The Sacramento Steelheads and Zion Pioneerzz were added , making the WBL a six-team league . Tri-City won the league championship for the year , 3 games to 1 over Chico .   For the 2000 season , Reno called it quits after four years in the league , while Sacramento moved to Vacaville , California and became the Solano Steelheads . The WBL was back at eight teams , however , as the Yuma ( AZ ) Bullfrogs , Feather River ( Marysville , CA ) Mudcats and Valley ( Scottsdale , AZ ) Vipers were added . The Zion Pioneerzz won the league championship , defeating Chico 3 games to 1 .   For the 2001 season , Valley and Feather River folded , while league stalwart Tri-City defected to the Northwest League . The league returned to a market it previously served , adding the Long Beach Breakers to bring the loop back to six teams . The Zion Pioneerzz were renamed the St. George Pioneerzz . The expansion Breakers won the league championship , defeating Chico 3 games to 2 .   In its final year of 2002 , the Western Baseball League again operated with six teams . St. George folded , while Marysville , Calif. , re-entered the league to take the Pioneerzz ' place , playing the season as the Yuba-Sutter Gold Sox . The Chico Heat won the league championship in the league 's final season , defeating Long Beach 3 games to 1 .   After the league folded , the western United States were without independent baseball until 2005 , when former WBL cities Chico , Long Beach , and Yuma were awarded franchises in the upstart Golden Baseball League . Three of the 8 current GBL cities are former Western League markets , as Reno was added to the circuit in 2006 , while St. George became a member of the league in 2007 .   On September 9 , 2014 , it was reported that former WBL team , the Grays Harbor Gulls , would be reborn as a member of the new Mount Rainier Professional Baseball League in 2015 and would play their home games at Olympic Stadium once again . It is also mentioned that the `` new '' Gulls will have no ties to the original team .

neg: Valley Jr. Warriors The Valley Jr. . Warriors are an American Tier III junior ice hockey organization playing in Haverhill , Massachusetts . They have two Tier III teams that play in the Eastern Hockey League Premier and 19U Elite Divisions . The organization also fields a number of youth hockey teams at the Bantam , Peewee , and Squirt other various levels . The youth hockey teams compete in the Elite 9 Hockey League and the Mass State Select League . The teams play home games at the Haverhill Valley Forum in Haverhill , Massachusetts .

neg: 1994–95 Minnesota Timberwolves season The 1994 -- 95 NBA season was the Timberwolves ' 6th season in the National Basketball Association . During the offseason , the Timberwolves acquired Sean Rooks from the Dallas Mavericks . Under new head coach Bill Blair , the Timberwolves continued to struggle losing 13 of their first 14 games , as Michael Williams missed all but one game of the season due to a left heel injury . Midway through the season , top draft pick Donyell Marshall was traded to the Golden State Warriors for Tom Gugliotta . Despite a stellar season from second-year star Isaiah Rider leading the team in scoring with 20.4 points per game , the Timberwolves lost nine of their final ten games . They finished last place in the Midwest Division with a 21 -- 61 record , setting a dubious record in becoming the first team ever to lose 60 or more games in four consecutive seasons .

neg: Los Angeles Lakers The Los Angeles Lakers are an American professional basketball team based in Los Angeles . The Lakers compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , as a member of the league 's Western Conference Pacific Division . The Lakers play their home games at Staples Center , an arena shared with the NBA 's Los Angeles Clippers , the Los Angeles Sparks of the Women 's National Basketball Association , and the Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League . The Lakers are one of the most successful teams in the history of the NBA , and have won 16 NBA championships , their last being in 2010 . As of 2015 , the Lakers are the second most valuable franchise in the NBA according to Forbes , having an estimated value of $ 2.7 billion .   The franchise began with the 1947 purchase of a disbanded team , the Detroit Gems of the National Basketball League ( NBL ) . The new team began playing in Minneapolis , calling themselves the Minneapolis Lakers in honor of the state 's nickname , `` Land of 10,000 Lakes '' . Initially a member of the NBL , the Lakers won the 1948 NBL championship before joining the rival Basketball Association of America and winning five of the next six BAA and NBA championships in Minneapolis after the NBA formed in 1949 . The team was propelled by center George Mikan , who is described by the NBA 's official website as the league 's `` first superstar '' . After struggling financially in the late 1950s following Mikan 's retirement , they relocated to Los Angeles before the 1960 -- 61 season .   Led by Hall of Famers Elgin Baylor and Jerry West , Los Angeles made the NBA Finals six times in the 1960s , but lost each series to the Boston Celtics , beginning their long and storied rivalry . In 1968 , the Lakers acquired four-time NBA Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) Wilt Chamberlain to play center , and after losing in the Finals in 1969 and 1970 , they won their sixth NBA title -- and first in Los Angeles -- in 1972 , led by new head coach Bill Sharman . After the retirement of West and Chamberlain , the team acquired another center , Kareem Abdul-Jabbar , who had won multiple MVP awards , but was unable to make the Finals in the late 1970s . The 1980s Lakers were nicknamed `` Showtime '' due to their Magic Johnson-led fast break-offense , and won five championships in a 9-year span , including their first ever Finals championship against the Celtics in 1985 . This team featured Hall of Famers in Johnson , Abdul-Jabbar , and James Worthy , and a Hall of Fame coach , Pat Riley . After Abdul-Jabbar and Johnson 's retirement , the team struggled in the early 1990s before acquiring Shaquille O'Neal and Kobe Bryant in 1996 . Led by O'Neal , Bryant , and another Hall of Fame coach , Phil Jackson , Los Angeles won three consecutive titles between 2000 to 2002 , securing the franchise its second `` three-peat '' . After losing both the 2004 and 2008 NBA Finals , the Lakers won two more championships by defeating the Orlando Magic in 2009 and Boston in 2010 .   The Lakers hold the record for NBA 's longest winning streak , 33 straight games , set during the 1971 -- 72 season . 21 Hall of Famers have played for Los Angeles , while four have coached the team . Four Lakers -- Abdul-Jabbar , Johnson , O'Neal , and Bryant -- have won the NBA MVP Award for a total of eight awards .


query: Charles Marie de La Condamine was French.

pos: Charles Marie de La Condamine Charles Marie de La Condamine ( 28 January 1701 -- 13 February 1774 ) was a French explorer , geographer , and mathematician . He spent ten years in present-day Ecuador measuring the length of a degree latitude at the equator and preparing the first map of the Amazon region based on astronomical observations . Furthermore he was a contributor to the Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences , des arts et des métiers .

neg: Comte de Gabalis Comte de Gabalis is a 17th-century French text by Abbé Nicolas-Pierre-Henri de Montfaucon de Villars ( 1635-1673 ) . The titular `` Comte de Gabalis '' ( `` Count of Cabala '' ) is an occultist who explains the mysteries of the world to the author . It first appeared in Paris in 1670 , anonymously , though the identity of the author came to be known . The original title as published by Claude Barbin was Le comte de Gabalis , ou entretiens sur les sciences secrètes , `` The Count of Cabala , Or Dialogs on the Secret Sciences '' .   The book was widely read in France and abroad , and is a source for many of the `` marvelous beings '' that populate later European literature . French readers include Charles Baudelaire and Anatole France -- it was the main source for his At the Sign of the Reine Pédauque ( 1892 ) . In English literature , it influenced Alexander Pope , who borrowed from it to create the sylphs in The Rape of the Lock ( 1714 ) , and in German , it is a likely source for Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué 's Undine . In recent times it has been considered by some to have been intended as a satire of occult philosophy , though in its time it was taken seriously by many readers . Many later authors have also taken it to be a serious source , including Edward Bulwer-Lytton and prominent occult writers such as Eliphas Levi , Helena Blavatsky , and M.P Hall .

neg: William-Louis Ternaux William-Louis Ternaux ( 1763-1833 ) , the eldest son of Charles-Louis Ternaux ( 1738-1814 ) , took over the direction of his family 's small woolen cloth business at Sedan ( Department of Ardennes ) in 1781 and rose to become the leading woolens manufacturer in France under Napoleon and during the Restoration . At the height of his success and fame in 1823 , he challenged anyone to provide evidence to the contrary . If anyone , he wrote , could prove `` ... the existence of a manufacturer , not only in France , but in Europe , who has , at the same time , manufactured a greater amount and a greater value of woolen stuffs , created more new stuffs , experimented more with the use of raw materials and with the texture of fabrics , added more to the value of common woolen cloths , than I have done in the course of my life , I stand ready to pay this researcher the sum of 100,000 francs for his efforts . ''   Ternaux was indeed one of the great ` lanceurs d'affaires ' of the early Industrial Revolution in France . During 1781-1789 he very capably expanded the family woolens business at Sedan from 8 to 150 looms , giving work to over 3,000 men , women and children . The politics of the Revolution interrupted his achievement and led to his exile from France during 1792-98 , but he used these years to advantage by studying the woolens industry in England , Germany and Switzerland . He formulated an ambitious business plan for when he would return to France . By the time of the `` Exposition of the Products of French Industry '' in Paris in 1823 , when he composed his daring challenge cited above , he had created and was orchestrating a giant mechanized woolens industry employing overall some 20,000 people . Every requirement , from the raising of sheep to the marketing of finished products , was provided for and integrated . His main factories ( usines de fabrication ) at Sedan , Reims , Louviers and Verviers ( Belgium ) employed a total of about 800 looms . He had experimental model factories for new fabrics ( ateliers d'essais ) at his summer estate at Saint-Ouen , near Paris . In Paris , there were workshops on the rue Mouffetard for constructing and testing new textiles machines and a chain of ten retail shops for displaying his wares , the most important of which was the Cachemire Français at No. 3 Place des Victoires . His main offices and private bank were at the same address . He built a dyeworks at Ternes and a Spanish-style wool washing plant at Auteuil . He had commerce houses in cities throughout Europe as well as in New York , Mexico , Valparaiso and Calcutta . His ship , named ` Ternaux ' , carried his goods to ports around the world . Ternaux contributed significantly to the introduction and perfection of merino sheep from Spain and , most famously , in 1818-19 he brought Tibetan cashmere goats to France and experimented with their fine down for his famous luxury shawls ( cachemires , also named ` Ternauxs ' ) . His private herd of about 150 goats at Saint-Ouen supplied the fine wool for his factories at Reims that specialized in high quality fabrics -- '' étoffes de goût et de fantasie en laine . ''   In private societies and the councils of Napoleon , as well as in the legislative assemblies of the Restoration , Ternaux was a key spokesman for economic and educational policies for the advancement of French industry . He was a principal founder of the Society for the Encouragement of National Industry ( 1801 ) and the first manufacturer appointed to the Ministry of Interior 's advisory Conseil Général des Fabriques et Manufactures ( 1810 ) . He was a respected member of the important Chamber of Commerce of Paris . In the Chamber of Deputies of the Restoration ( 1818-1824 , 1827-1831 ) , Ternaux spoke out in favor of `` liberal '' measures for the freedom of commerce and industry . He advocated government support for expanding French overseas markets , especially in South America . He opposed strongly the policies of the Comte de Saint-Cricq ( Director General of Customs ) establishing high tariffs for the protection of French industry and agriculture . Ternaux 's speech ( `` In the name of industry ... '' ) in the Chamber of Deputies at the time of the 1829 depression in France was a biting , summary attack on Restoration economic policies . Ternaux was a close friend of Jean Baptiste Say , the French proponent of laissez faire economics , and he supported Henri Saint-Simon 's concept of an industrial-scientific society headed by the captains of industry .   Ternaux 's contributions over 50 years to the advancement of the woolens industry in France were truly remarkable . By the late 1820s , however , he was in trouble financially and forced to withdraw gradually from the field . He found it increasingly difficult to compete with less expensive English woolens , and there was growing consumer demand by then for cheaper machine-made cotton goods . In addition , he was having growing problems acquiring fine wools for the production of his luxury goods . His efforts to increase and improve French sheep herds had only limited success , and agricultural interests in France had succeeded in having a high tariff placed on imports of foreign wools . Ternaux decided to shift his energies and available investment capital to the manufacture of linens and canvas . He researched the cultivation of flax in France and experimented at Saint-Ouen with machines for the manufacture of linens . Finally , in 1829 , he organized a joint stock company for the construction of a large , up-to-date linens and canvas factory at the small village of Boubers-sur-Canche , near Arras ( Department of Pas-de-Calais ) . Unfortunately , just as the Boubers factory was about to begin production , the Revolution of July 1830 in France scared off his investors . The fate of the Boubers venture was still in question when Ternaux died accidentally ( 2 April 1833 ) at his home in Saint-Ouen .   William Ternaux 's impressive woolens empire did not endure after his sudden and tragic death . His only brother , Etienne-Nicolas , who contributed importantly to the success of ` Ternaux frères ' from 1795 to 1816 , died in 1830 . Etienne had liquidated his business relationship with his brother earlier in 1816 . Ternaux 's two sons , Charles-Louis ( 1791-1835 ) and Édouard-Louis ( 1792-1836 ) , were unwilling to carry on the family enterprise . They refused their inheritance which was encumbered with their father 's debts . Charles , in 1826 , was a partner in a commercial bank in Paris , named Charles Ternaux , J. Gandolphe & Company , No. 2 rue des Fossés-Montmartre . Édouard had been a partner with his father 's associates at Reims , Jobert-Lucas & Company . This company was dissolved in 1829 . Ternaux was unmarried in 1833 . He divorced his first wife , Françoise Lecomte , in 1795 ; a second marriage in 1800 , to Sabine de Gonzenbach , was annulled in 1811 .

neg: Auguste-Charles Marie Auguste-Charles Marie ( 26 July 1864 -- 29 March 1935 ) was a French microbiologist born in Bayeux , department Calvados .   He served as interne des hôpitaux in Paris , earning his medical doctorate in 1895 with a thesis on cancer titled Recherches sur la question du cancer . From 1894 to 1899 he focused on physico-pathological studies of microbial poisoning at the Pasteur Institute in Paris . In 1899 -- 1900 he served under Maurice Nicolle ( 1862 -- 1932 ) as chief of anti-rabies services at the institute of microbiology in Constantinople . Afterwards he was associated with research done at the Pasteur Institute in Paris . Following the death of Emile Roux ( 1853 -- 1933 ) , he was appointed manager of anti-rabies services .   Marie is known for his research involving the action of tetanus toxin on the nervous system , as well as studies of tuberculosis and rabies . In the 1910s he demonstrated that natural and synthetic suprarenin had the ability to neutralize diphtheria and tetanus toxins . His investigations of rabies led to the development of new vaccination processes . With Jean Cantacuzène ( 1863-1934 ) , he published two articles on gastrointestinal cholera .   In 1903 he was co-founder of the Bulletin de l'Institut Pasteur . In 1934 , with Paul Remlinger ( 1871 -- 1964 ) , he was recipient of the `` Prix Dagnan-Bouveret '' by the Académie des sciences for work involving rage expérimentale ( experimental rabies ) . He died on 29 March 1935 in his laboratory at the Pasteur Institute .

neg: Maria Anna of Savoy, Duchess of Chablais Maria Anna of Savoy ( Maria Anna Carlota Gabriela ; 17 December 1757 -- 11 October 1824 ) was a Princess of Savoy by birth and Duchess of Chablais by her marriage to her uncle .   Born at the Royal Palace of Turin , she was the sixth child of Prince Victor Amadeus , Duke of Savoy and , since 1773 , King of Sardinia , by his wife , Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain , as daughter of Philip V.   Maria Anna was the fourth but third surviving daughter of her parents . Her two older sisters were the future `` grand daughters in law '' of Louis XV of France , Princess Maria Giuseppina , who married the future Louis XVIII of France in 1771 and Princess Maria Teresa , who married the future Charles X of France in 1773 . Their younger surviving sister , Maria Carolina , married Anthony of Saxony .   Three of her brothers were the last three Kings of Sardinia from the senior line of the House of Savoy : the future Charles Emmanuel IV , Victor Emmanuel I and Charles Felix . After the death of the last one in 1831 without issue , the throne passed to Charles Albert , Prince of Carignano and next legitimate male heir .

neg: France France ( -LSB- fʁɑ̃s -RSB- ) , officially the French Republic ( -LSB- ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz -RSB- ) , is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . The European , or metropolitan , area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . France spans 643801 km2 and had a total population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017 . It is a unitary semi-presidential republic with the capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban centres include Marseille , Lyon , Lille , Nice , Toulouse and Bordeaux .   During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome , which held Gaul until 486 , when the Germanic Franks conquered the region and formed the Kingdom of France . France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , with its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337 to 1453 ) strengthening state-building and political centralisation . During the Renaissance , French culture flourished and a global colonial empire was established , which by the 20th century would be the second largest in the world . The 16th century was dominated by religious civil wars between Catholics and Protestants ( Huguenots ) . France became Europe 's dominant cultural , political , and military power under Louis XIV . In the late 18th century , the French Revolution overthrew the absolute monarchy , established one of modern history 's earliest republics , and saw the drafting of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen , which expresses the nation 's ideals to this day .   In the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire , whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe . Following the collapse of the Empire , France endured a tumultuous succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870 . France was a major participant in the First World War , from which it emerged victorious , and was one of the Allied Powers in the Second World War , but came under occupation by the Axis Powers in 1940 . Following liberation in 1944 , a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War . The Fifth Republic , led by Charles de Gaulle , was formed in 1958 and remains to this day . Algeria and nearly all the other colonies became independent in the 1960s and typically retained close economic and military connections with France .   France has long been a global centre of art , science , and philosophy . It hosts Europe 's fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually , the most of any country in the world . France is a developed country with the world 's sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity . In terms of aggregate household wealth , it ranks fourth in the world . France performs well in international rankings of education , health care , life expectancy , and human development . France remains a great power in the world , being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state . It is a leading member state of the European Union and the Eurozone . It is also a member of the Group of 7 , North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) , Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) , and La Francophonie .

neg: Notre-Dame, une fin d'après-midi Notre-Dame , une fin d'après-midi ( `` A Glimpse of Notre-Dame in the Late Afternoon '' ) is a painting by Henri Matisse from 1902 . Its somber coloration is typical of Matisse 's works executed between the end of 1901 and the end of 1903 , a period of personal difficulties for the artist . This episode has been called Matisse 's Dark Period .   Between 1896 and 1901 , Matisse 's painting had progressed from the subdued tones of his earliest works to an intense colorism that prefigured the Fauvism to come . In 1896 and 1897 he had traveled to Brittany , where the Australian painter John Peter Russell encouraged him to paint en plein air . Through Russell he met Camille Pissarro , whose influence was decisive in making a colorist of Matisse . In 1898 he traveled to London , where he studied the works of J. M. W. Turner ; then , after a year spent in Corsica and Toulouse , he returned to Paris , where the startling boldness of his work was admired by other young artists . His paintings found few buyers , however , and his wife , Amélie , had to open a dress shop to support their household .   In May 1902 a major financial scandal , the Humbert Affair , unexpectedly ensnared Amélie 's family . Her mother was the Humbert family 's housekeeper , and both she and her husband became scapegoats in the scandal . As a result , Matisse was forced to spend much of his time during the next year dealing with lawyers and journalists . His studio was searched by detectives , and his wife 's family was menaced by angry mobs of fraud victims . According to art historian Hilary Spurling , `` their public exposure , followed by the arrest of his father-in-law , left Matisse as the sole breadwinner for an extended family of seven . This is why he switched to painting canvases that were at least potentially saleable '' .   Inspired by Rodin and Barye , Matisse struggled to master volume in sculpture as well as in painting . He darkened his palette , with the results seen in the present work , and in such paintings as Carmelina ( 1903 , in the Museum of Fine Arts , Boston ) .   The medium is oil on paper mounted on canvas and it measures 72.5 × 54.5 cm ( 28 1/2 × 21 1/2 in ) . The painting is in the Albright -- Knox Art Gallery , Buffalo , New York .

neg: Palais de la Cité The Palais de la Cité , located on the Île de la Cité in the Seine River in the center of Paris , was the residence of the Kings of France from the sixth century until the 14th century . From the 14th century until the French Revolution , it was the headquarters of the French treasury , judicial system and the Parlement of Paris , an assembly of nobles . During the Revolution it served as a courthouse and prison , where Marie Antoinette and other prisoners were held and tried by the Revolutionary Tribunal . The palace was built and rebuilt over the course of six centuries ; the site is now largely occupied by the buildings of the 19th century Palais de Justice , but a few important vestiges remain ; the medieval lower hall of the Conciergerie , four towers along the Seine , and , mostly important , Sainte-Chapelle , the former chapel of the Palace , masterpiece of Gothic architecture . Both parts of the Conciergerie and Saint-Chapelle are classified as national historical monuments and can be visited , though most of the Palais de Justice is closed to the public .

neg: Charles de La Fosse Charles de La Fosse ( or Lafosse ) ( June 15 , 1636 -- December 13 , 1716 ) , French painter , was born in Paris .

neg: Charles V of France Charles V ( 21 January 1338 -- 16 September 1380 ) , called the Wise ( French : `` le Sage '' ) , was a monarch of the House of Valois who ruled as King of France from 1364 to his death .   In 1349 , as a young prince , Charles received from his grandfather King Philip VI the province of Dauphiné to rule . This allowed him to bear the title `` Dauphin '' until his coronation , which led to the integration of the Dauphiné into the crown lands of France . After 1350 , all heirs apparent of France bore the title of Dauphin until their coronation .   Charles became regent of France when his father John II was captured by the English at the Battle of Poitiers in 1356 . To pay the ransom , Charles raised taxes . As a result , he faced hostility from the nobility , led by Charles the Bad , King of Navarre ; the opposition of the French bourgeoisie , which was channeled through the Estates-General led by Etienne Marcel ; and with peasant revolts known as Jacqueries . Charles overcame all of these rebellions , but in order to liberate his father , he had to conclude the Treaty of Brétigny in 1360 , in which he abandoned large portions of south-western France to Edward III of England and agreed to pay a huge ransom .   Charles became king in 1364 . With the help of talented advisers known as the Marmousets , his skillful management of the kingdom allowed him to replenish the royal treasury and to restore the prestige of the House of Valois . He established the first permanent army paid with regular wages , which liberated the French populace from the companies of routiers who regularly plundered the country when not employed . Led by Bertrand du Guesclin , the French Army was able to turn the tide of the Hundred Years ' War to Charles ' advantage , and by the end of Charles ' reign , they had reconquered almost all the territories ceded to the English in 1360 . Furthermore , the French Navy , led by Jean de Vienne , managed to attack the English coast for the first time since the beginning of the Hundred Years ' War .   Charles V died in 1380 . He was succeeded by his son Charles VI the Mad , whose disastrous reign allowed the English to regain control of large parts of France .

neg: Order of Good Cheer The Order of Good Cheers ( French : L'Ordre de Bon Temps ) , was originally a French Colonial Order founded by suggestion of Samuel de Champlain upon arrival in New France , present day Canada . The Order of Good Cheer , was founded at Port-Royal , Nova Scotia and was originally chartered under the Royal auspices of the Baron de Poutrincourt and Pierre Dugua , Sieur de Mons . The Order 's practices were established by the first Chief Steward Marc Lescarbot .   On May 11 , 2001 , the Speaker of the House in Nova Scotia , Canada , the Hon. Murray Scott reaffirmed official recognition of the Order in Canada as grant of the Province under the custodianship of the Nova Scotia Ministry of Heritage . According to resolution 1111 , the minimum condition of membership to the Order is that a pledge to visit Nova Scotia must be made . The Order is generally presented in recognition of individuals valued by the Province of Nova Scotia or in honour of the Acadian tradition in Canada .   One becomes a member of the Order of Good Cheer by receiving an invitation from the Province of Nova Scotia or by a Chevalier / Member of the Order .   It was after an impossible winter at Ste. Croix Island where many of the first French settlers in North America died of scurvy that the French fur trading colony relocated across the Baie Française ( Bay of Fundy ) , settling the following year in a location they named Port-Royal .   At the time it was believed that `` land sickness '' ( now known as scurvy ) was caused by idleness , so Champlain organized the Order to include not just food , but also entertainment . The first meeting , which took place on November 14 , 1606 , included a theatrical performance called `` Le Theatre de Neptune en la Nouvelle-France '' . The play told the story of sailors travelling to the New World , only to encounter Neptune , god of the sea on the way .   The Baron de Poutrincourt , Intendant to the King of France in North America , had been on an expedition on the Atlantic coast to the coast of present-day Maine , and , on the occasion of his return to the fort at Port-Royal , the Order was founded at a glorious reception , the preparations for which reportedly involved all those remaining at Port-Royal .   His return on the 14th of November , 1606 , is a date to remember in the annals of the New World , as the establishment of the first North American order of chivalry and the birth of the Nouveau Noblesse of New France . The feasting of the Order occurred weekly and continued throughout the winter until the last of March , only to recommence annually in the Fall .   The first toast of the Order made by the Baron de Poutrincourt :   Quoting Lescarbot , the French historian François-Edme Rameau de Saint-Père writes :  Poutrincourt returned from his excursion on the 14th November , 1606 ; Lescarbot , who was always full of ideas , and who knew , no doubt , the useful part to be obtained by exterior demonstrations , foresaw to prepare for his honor a quasi - triumphal return from his voyage ; Nature itself has already furnished the principle -LSB- sic -RSB- initiative , and advantage of it had been taken , everywhere were decorations and garlands of natural green ; a magnificent forest hid the rusticity of wooden buildings and huts ; even a theatre was built where allegoric scenes were represented ; there was a feast , a discharge of musketry , and as much noise as could be made by some fifty men , joined by a few Indians , whose families served as spectators .   In 1606 , there were less than 70 men at Port-Royal . Lescarbot states that , in total , about 50 Frenchmen , joined by Indians , participated in the welcoming home of Poutrincourt and the first gathering of the Order . However only fifteen men of birth are recognized as founding the Order . These would have been the only men present at the time of sufficient social standing with whom Champlain and the Baron de Poutrincourt would care to dine . The guests of the Order likely sat at other tables , probably getting equally good dinners as the rest , but without being recognized as official members of the Order .   Likely everyone at the settlement took part in the staging of `` Le Théâtre de Neptune en la Nouvelle-France , '' written by Lescarbot and performed at the first celebration Order , which was the first theatrical performance in North America .

neg: Conseil du Roi The Conseil du Roi ( -LSB- kɔ̃sɛj dy ʁwa -RSB- ; French for `` The King 's Council '' ) , also known as the is a general term for the administrative and governmental apparatus around the king of France during the Ancien Régime designed to prepare his decisions and give him advice . It should not be confused with the role and title of a `` Conseil du Roi '' , a type of public prosecutor in the French legal system at the same period .   One of the established principles of the French monarchy was that the king could not act without the advice of his council . Under Charles V , it was put forward that the king made decisions only after `` good and careful deliberation '' ( bonne et mûre délibération ) , and this principle was maintained by his successors ; the closing formula of royal acts `` le roi en son conseil '' expressed this deliberative aspect . Even during the period of French absolutism , the expression `` car tel est notre bon plaisir '' ( `` because such is our pleasure '' ) applied to royal decisions made with consultation .   The administration of the French state in the early modern period went through a long evolution , as a truly administrative apparatus -- relying on old nobility , newer chancellor nobility ( `` noblesse de robe '' ) and administrative professionals -- substituted the feudal clientel system . The exact divisions and names of these councils varied over time .

neg: Joséphine de Beauharnais Joséphine de Beauharnais ( -LSB- ʒo.ze.fin də ‿ bo.aʁ.nɛ -RSB- ; née Tascher de la Pagerie ; 23 June 1763 -- 29 May 1814 ) was the first wife of Napoleon I , and thus the first Empress of the French ( commonly called Empress Joséphine or just Joséphine ) .   Her marriage to Napoleon I was her second ; her first husband Alexandre de Beauharnais was guillotined during the Reign of Terror , and she herself was imprisoned in the Carmes prison until five days after Alexandre 's execution . Her two children by Alexandre became significant to royal lineage . Through her daughter , Hortense , she was the maternal grandmother of Napoléon III . Through her son , Eugène , she was the great-grandmother of later Swedish and Danish kings and queens . The reigning houses of Belgium , Norway and Luxembourg also descend from her . She did not bear Napoleon any children ; as a result , he divorced her in 1810 to marry Marie Louise of Austria .   Joséphine was the recipient of numerous love letters written by Napoleon , many of which still exist . Her Château de Malmaison was noted for its magnificent rose garden , which she supervised closely , owing to her passionate interest in roses , collected from all over the world .

neg: Dauphin of France The Dauphin of France ( -LSB- pronˈdɔːfᵻn -RSB- , also -LSB- ˈdəufæn -RSB- and -LSB- douˈfæn -RSB- Dauphin de France , -LSB- dofɛ̃ -RSB- ) -- strictly The Dauphin of Viennois ( Dauphin de Viennois ) -- was the title given to the heir apparent to the throne of France from 1350 to 1791 and 1824 to 1830 . The word is French for dolphin , as a reference to the depiction of the animal on their coat of arms .

neg: Hundred Years' War The Hundred Years ' War was a series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 by the House of Plantagenet , rulers of the Kingdom of England , against the House of Valois , rulers of the Kingdom of France , over the succession of the French throne . Each side drew many allies into the war . It was one of the most notable conflicts of the Middle Ages , in which five generations of kings from two rival dynasties fought for the throne of the largest kingdom in Western Europe . The war marked both the height of chivalry and its subsequent decline , and the development of strong national identities in both countries .   After the Norman Conquest , the kings of England were vassals of the kings of France for their possessions in France . The French kings had endeavored , over the centuries , to reduce these possessions , to the effect that only Gascony was left to the English . The confiscation or threat of confiscating this duchy had been part of French policy to check the growth of English power , particularly whenever the English were at war with the Kingdom of Scotland , an ally of France .   Through his mother , Isabella of France , Edward III of England was the grandson of Philip IV of France and nephew of Charles IV of France , the last king of the senior line of the House of Capet . In 1316 , a principle was established denying women succession to the French throne . When Charles IV died in 1328 , Isabella , unable to claim the French throne for herself , claimed it for her son . The French rejected the claim , maintaining that Isabella could not transmit a right that she did not possess . For about nine years ( 1328 -- 1337 ) , the English had accepted the Valois succession to the French throne , but the interference of the French king , Philip VI , in Edward III 's war against Scotland permitted Edward III to reassert his claim to the French throne . Several overwhelming English victories in the war -- especially at Crecy , Poitiers , and Agincourt -- raised the prospects of an ultimate English triumph . However , the greater resources of the French monarchy precluded a complete conquest . Starting in 1429 , decisive French victories at Orléans , Patay , Formigny , and Castillon concluded the war in favour of France , with England permanently losing most of its major possessions on the continent .   Historians commonly divide the war into three phases separated by truces : the Edwardian Era War ( 1337 -- 1360 ) ; the Caroline War ( 1369 -- 1389 ) ; and the Lancastrian War ( 1415 -- 1453 ) . Local conflicts in neighbouring areas , which were contemporarily related to the war , including the War of the Breton Succession ( 1341 -- 1364 ) , the Castilian Civil War ( 1366 -- 1369 ) , the War of the Two Peters ( 1356 -- 1375 ) in Aragon , and the 1383 -- 85 Crisis in Portugal , were availed by the parties to advance their agendas . Later historians adopted the term `` Hundred Years ' War '' as a historiography periodization to encompass all of these events , thus constructing the longest military conflict in European history .   The war owes its historical significance to multiple factors . By its end , feudal armies had been largely replaced by professional troops , and aristocratic dominance had yielded to a democratisation of the manpower and weapons of armies . Although primarily a dynastic conflict , the war gave impetus to ideas of French and English nationalism . The wider introduction of weapons and tactics supplanted the feudal armies where heavy cavalry had dominated , and artillery became important . The war precipitated the creation of the first standing armies in Western Europe since the time of the Western Roman Empire and thus helping to change their role in warfare . With respect to the belligerents , in France , civil wars , deadly epidemics , famines , and bandit free-companies of mercenaries reduced the population drastically . English political forces over time came to oppose the costly venture . The dissatisfaction of English nobles , resulting from the loss of their continental landholdings , became a factor leading to the civil wars known as the Wars of the Roses ( 1455 -- 1487 ) .

neg: Les Liaisons dangereuses Les Liaisons dangereuses ( -LSB- le ljɛ.zɔ̃ dɑ̃.ʒə.ʁøz -RSB- ; Dangerous Liaisons ) is a French epistolary novel by Pierre Choderlos de Laclos , first published in four volumes by Durand Neveu from March 23 , 1782 .   It is the story of the Marquise de Merteuil and the Vicomte de Valmont , two rivals ( and ex-lovers ) who use seduction as a weapon to humiliate and degrade others , all the while enjoying their cruel games and boasting about their manipulative talents . It has been claimed to depict the decadence of the French aristocracy shortly before the French Revolution , thereby exposing the perversions of the so-called Ancien Régime . However , it has also been described as an amoral story .   As an epistolary novel , the book is composed entirely of letters written by the various characters to each other . In particular , the letters between Valmont and the Marquise drive the plot , with those of their victims and other characters serving as contrasting figures to give the story its depth .   It is often claimed to be the source of the saying `` Revenge is a dish best served cold '' , a paraphrased translation of `` La vengeance est un plat qui se mange froid '' ( more literally , `` Revenge is a dish that is eaten cold '' ) . However , the expression does not actually occur in the original novel in any form .

neg: Paris Commune (French Revolution) The Paris Commune during the French Revolution was the government of Paris from 1792 until 1795 . Established in the Hôtel de Ville just after the storming of the Bastille , it consisted of 144 delegates elected by the 48 divisions of the city . The Paris Commune became insurrectionary in the summer of 1792 , essentially refusing to take orders from the central French government . It took charge of routine civic functions but is best known for mobilizing extreme views and actions among the people and for its campaign to dechristianize the churches and the people . It lost much power in 1794 and was replaced in 1795 .   The first mayor was Jean Sylvain Bailly ; he was succeeded on November 1791 by Pétion de Villeneuve after Bailly 's unpopular use of the National Guard to disperse a riotous assembly in the Champ de Mars ( 17 July 1791 ) .   In 1792 , the Commune was dominated by those Jacobins who were not in the Legislative Assembly due to the Self-Denying Ordinance .   On the night of 9 August 1792 a new revolutionary Commune , led by Georges Danton , Camille Desmoulins and Jacques Hébert took possession of the Hôtel de Ville ; the next day insurgents assailed the Tuileries , where the royal family resided . During the ensuing constitutional crisis , the collapsing Legislative Assembly of France was heavily dependent on the Commune for the effective power that allowed it to continue to function as a legislature . The all-powerful Commune demanded custody of the royal family , imprisoning them in the Temple fortress . A list of `` opponents of the Revolution '' was drawn up , the gates to the city were sealed , and on 28 August the citizens were subjected to domiciliary visits , ostensibly in a search for muskets .   It was not until 1792 that the government had a formal cabinet in place , with the appointment of the Ministers of the French National Convention and the decision of the Commissioners of the Committee of Public Safety in 1794 to take charge of administrative departments .   The government of the republic was succeeded by the French Directory in November 1795 .

neg: History of fashion design The history of fashion design refers to the development of the fashion industry which designs clothing and accessories . The modern industry , based around firms or fashion houses run by individual designers , started in the 19th century with Charles Frederick Worth who was the first designer to have his label sewn into the garments that he created .   Couture beginnings . Rose Bertin ( July 2 , 1747 -- September 22 , 1813 ) was the dressmaker named bill to Marie Antoinette , Queen of France , and a high public profile . Sometimes called sarcastically the `` Minister of Fashion '' , she opened a shop in Paris and had a considerable influence on Parisian style , until this was drastically changed by the French Revolution , from which she fled into exile in London for some years .   An outsider to the French Court , Marie Antoinette relied on Bertin 's meticulous designs to help her `` to combat her enemies with style '' . -LSB- 1 -RSB- Marie Antoinette 's unique fashion preferences such as masculine riding breeches or simple muslin shift dressed , contrasted sharply with her elaborate gowns as the Queen attempted to create a persona that would allow the citizens of France to connect with her and her lifestyle . Although Marie Antoinette 's attempts were largely unsuccessful , the ways Bertin helped the Queen articulate herself through fashion were groundbreaking and set a precedent for monarchs who followed . -LSB- 2 -RSB-   An Englishman living in Paris , Charles Frederick Worth ( 1825 - 1905 ) is usually seen as the first designer in something like the modern sense , with a large business employing many largely anonymous tailors and seamstresses . A former draper , Worth 's success was such that he was able to dictate what they should wear to his customers . Launched into the spotlight as the Empress Eugénie 's primary designer , Worth used his royal connections to gain recognition and clients . The proclamation on February 1 , 1853 by Napolón III that no visitors would be received to his court without formal dress meant that the popularity of Worth-style gowns was overwhelming . Ornately decorated and constructed from the finest materials , Worth 's gowns are well known for their crinolines ( cage-like metal structures that held the dress out in a stylish shape .  Throughout the early 20th century , practically all high fashion originated in Paris and to a lesser extent London . Fashion magazines from other countries sent editors to the Paris fashion shows . Department stores sent buyers to the Paris shows , where they purchased garments to copy ( and openly stole the style lines and trim details of others ) . Both made-to-measure salons and ready-to-wear departments featured the latest Paris trends , adapted to the stores ' assumptions about the lifestyles and pocket books of their targeted customers .   At this time in history the division between haute couture and ready-to-wear was not sharply defined . The two separate modes of production were still far from being competitors and they often co-existed in houses where the seamstresses moved freely between made-to-measure and ready-made .   Around the start of the 20th century fashion magazines began to include photographs and became even more influential . Throughout the world these magazines were greatly sought-after and had a profound effect on public taste . Talented illustrators - among them Paul Iribe , Georges Lepape , Erté , and George Barbier - drew attractive fashion plates for these publications , which covered the most recent developments in fashion and beauty . Perhaps the most famous of these magazines was La Gazette du Bon Ton which was founded in 1912 by Lucien Vogel and regularly published until 1925 .

neg: Martin le Franc Martin le Franc ( c. 1410 -- 1461 ) was a French poet of the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance .   He was born in Normandy , and studied in Paris . He entered clerical orders , becoming an apostolic prothonotary , and later becoming secretary to both Antipope Felix V and Pope Nicholas V.   He was named provost at Lausanne in 1443 , became canon of the Church of Geneva in 1447 . In 1451 he was employed by the Duke of Savoy , and he became administrator of the abbey of Novalèse in 1459 .   Le Franc 's most famous work was his huge , 24,000-verse composition Le Champion des Dames ( The Champion of Women ) , dedicated to Philip the Good and dating from 1440 or 1442 ( first printed in Lyon in 1485 and again in Paris in 1530 ) . It recounts the nobility and deeds of many women throughout history , including Joan of Arc , and also fiercely attacks corruption in government as well as the hedonistic luxury of the aristocratic class . It was illuminated by Peronet Lamy .   Martin le Franc is famous in music history for penning the phrase `` la contenance angloise '' , the English countenance , a much-debated phrase referring to a characteristically English sound found in the music of composers such as John Dunstaple . The `` countenance '' -- probably consonant , sweet intervals ( 3rds and 6ths ) which were predominant in the music of contemporary English composers -- was massively influential on the music of the Burgundian School during the period that Burgundy was allied with England .   Another long poem by Le Franc is L'Estrif de Fortune et Vertu ( 1447-1448 ) , which was also moralistic and didactic , presenting a debate between Fortune and Virtue .

neg: Siege of Paris (845) The Siege of Paris and the Sack of Paris of 845 was the culmination of a Viking invasion of the kingdom of the West Franks . The Viking forces were led by a Norse chieftain named `` Reginherus '' , or Ragnar , who traditionally has been identified with the legendary saga character Ragnar Lodbrok . Ragnar 's fleet of 120 Viking ships , carrying thousands of men , entered the Seine in March and proceeded to sail up the river . The West Frankish king Charles the Bald assembled a smaller army in response , but as the Vikings defeated one division , comprising half of the army , the remaining forces retreated . The Vikings reached Paris at the end of the month , during Easter . After plundering and occupying the city , the Vikings withdrew when they had been paid a ransom of 7,000 French livres ( 2570 kg ) of silver and gold from Charles the Bald .

neg: Louis Marie Fontan Louis Marie Fontan ( November 4 , 1801 -- October 10 , 1839 ) , a French man of letters , was born in Lorient and died in Thiais .   He began his career as a clerk in a government office , but was dismissed for taking part in a political banquet . At the age of nineteen he went to Paris and began to contribute to the Tablettes and the Album . He was brought to trial for political articles written for the latter paper , but defended himself so energetically that he secured indefinite postponement of his trial .   The offending paper was suppressed for a time , and Fontan produced a collection of political poems , Odes et epîtres , and a number of plays , of which Perkins Warbec ( 1828 ) , written in collaboration with MM . Halévy and Drouineau , was the most successful . In 1828 the Album was revived , and in it Fontan published a virulent but witty attack on Charles X , entitled Le Mouton enrage ( June 10 , 1829 ) .   To escape the inevitable prosecution Fontan fled over the frontier , but , finding no safe asylum , he returned to Paris to give himself up to the authorities , and was sentenced to five years ' imprisonment and a heavy fine . He was liberated by the revolution of 1830 , and his Jeanne la folle , performed in the same year , gained a success due perhaps more to sympathy with the author 's political principles than to the merits of the piece itself , a somewhat crude and violent picture of Breton history .   A drama representing the trial of Marshal Ney , which he wrote in collaboration with Charles Dupeuty , Le Proces d'un maréchal de France ( printed 1831 ) , was suppressed on the night of its production . Fontan died in Thiais on 10 October 1839 .   A sympathetic portrait of Fontan as a prisoner , and an analysis of his principal works , are to be found in Jules Janin 's Histoire de la littérature dramatique , vol . i and also in Eugène Briffault 's biographical portrait `` Fontan '' in the collection Nouvelles parisiennes ( 1843 ) .   Category :19 th-century French dramatists and playwrights  Category :19 th-century male writers  Category : People from Lorient  Category :1801 births  Category :1839 deaths