query: Caroline, Princess of Hanover is wedded to the descendant of George III of the United Kingdom.

pos: Caroline, Princess of Hanover Caroline , Princess of Hanover ( Caroline Louise Marguerite ; born 23 January 1957 ) , is the eldest child of Rainier III , Prince of Monaco , and American actress Grace Kelly . She is the elder sister of Prince Albert II and Princess Stéphanie . Until the births of her niece and nephew Princess Gabriella and Prince Jacques of Monaco in December 2014 she had been heir presumptive to the throne of Monaco since 2005 , a position which she previously held from 1957 to 1958 .   Caroline is married to Ernst August , Prince of Hanover ( born 1954 ) , the heir to the former throne of the Kingdom of Hanover , as well as the heir male of George III of the United Kingdom .

neg: Charles, Prince of Wales Charles , Prince of Wales ( Charles Philip Arthur George ; born 14 November 1948 ) is the eldest child and heir apparent of Queen Elizabeth II . Known alternatively in South West England as Duke of Cornwall and in Scotland as Duke of Rothesay , he is the longest-serving heir apparent in British history , having held the position since 1952 . He is also the oldest person to be next in line to the throne since Sophia of Hanover ( the heir presumptive to Queen Anne ) , who died in 1714 at the age of 83 .   Charles was born at Buckingham Palace as the first grandchild of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth . He was educated at Cheam and Gordonstoun Schools , which his father , Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh , had attended as a child , as well as the Timbertop campus of Geelong Grammar School in Victoria , Australia . After earning a bachelor of arts degree from Trinity College , Cambridge , Charles served in the Royal Navy from 1971 to 1976 .   In 1981 , he married Lady Diana Spencer and they had two sons : Prince William ( born 1982 ) later to become Duke of Cambridge , and Prince Harry ( born 1984 ) . In 1996 , the couple divorced , following well-publicised extramarital affairs . Diana died in a car crash in Paris the following year . In 2005 , Charles married Camilla Parker Bowles .   Charles 's interests encompass a range of humanitarian and social issues : he founded The Prince 's Trust in 1976 , sponsors The Prince 's Charities , and is patron of numerous other charitable and arts organisations . Charles has long championed organic farming for which he established the Duchy Home Farm , run by the Duchy of Cornwall , which produces ingredients for the Duchy Originals brand which he founded in 1990 . Charles has sought to raise world awareness of the dangers facing the natural environment , such as climate change . As an environmentalist , he has received numerous awards and recognition from environmental groups around the world . His support for alternative medicine , including homeopathy , has been criticised by some in the medical community . He has been outspoken on the role of architecture in society and the conservation of historic buildings . Subsequently , Charles created Poundbury , an experimental new town based on his theories , in Dorset in 1993 . He has authored a number of books , including A Vision of Britain : A Personal View of Architecture in 1989 and the children 's book The Old Man of Lochnagar in 1980 .

neg: Prince Ernst August of Hanover (born 1954) Ernst August , Prince of Hanover , Duke of Brunswick and Lüneburg ( Ernst August Albert Paul Otto Rupprecht Oskar Berthold Friedrich-Ferdinand Christian-Ludwig Prinz von Hannover Herzog zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg ; born 26 February 1954 ) is head of the deposed royal House of Hanover which held the thrones of the former Kingdom of Hanover ( until 1866 ) and of the sovereign Duchy of Brunswick ( 1913 to 1918 ) . As the husband of Princess Caroline of Monaco , he is the brother-in-law of Albert II , Prince of Monaco . His wealth is estimated at # 500 million .

neg: FitzClarence Fitzclarence or FitzClarence is a pseudo-Anglo-Norman name meaning `` son of Clarence '' -- it usually refers to a bastard son of a Duke of Clarence , or a descendant thereof , and was used by them as a surname .   The FitzClarence family was an illegitimate branch of the House of Hanover . Prince William , Duke of Clarence , and future king William IV of the United Kingdom , had at least ten children with his mistress Dorothea Jordan , all of whom took the surname FitzClarence . All of them were also granted by their father the rank of a marquess ' younger sons or daughters .   The Duke of Clarence 's eldest surviving illegitimate child , George FitzClarence ( 1794 -- 1842 ) , was created Earl of Munster in 1831 and his male-line was continued until the death of Anthony FitzClarence , 7th Earl of Munster in 2000 . Two of Lord Munster 's brothers , Frederick and Augustus ( a priest ) , had issue that were also part of the family . Five daughters of William IV and Dorothy Jordan were married to nobles or prominent military figures , including William Hay , 18th Earl of Erroll , Lucius Cary , 10th Viscount Falkland , and Admiral Lord John Hallyburton . Only one , Mary , had no children .   The 10 children of Prince William , Duke of Clarence , future King of Great Britain and his mistress , Dorothy Jordan , and their descendants :  George FitzClarence ( 1794 -- 1842 ) and his grandson :  Charles FitzClarence ( 1865 -- 1914 )  Henry FitzClarence ( 1795 -- 1817 )  Sophia FitzClarence ( 1796 -- 1837 )  Mary FitzClarence ( 1798 -- 1864 )  Frederick FitzClarence ( 1799 -- 1854 )  Elizabeth FitzClarence ( 1801 -- 1856 )  Adolphus FitzClarence ( rear admiral ) ( 1802 -- 1856 ) ( no issue )  Augusta FitzClarence ( 1803 -- 1865 )  Augustus FitzClarence ( 1805 -- 1854 )  Amelia FitzClarence ( 1807 -- 1858 )  William FitzClarence , 2nd Earl of Munster ( 1824 -- 1901 )  Geoffrey FitzClarence , 3rd Earl of Munster ( 1859 -- 1902 )  Aubrey FitzClarence , 4th Earl of Munster ( 1862 -- 1928 )  Geoffrey FitzClarence , 5th Earl of Munster ( 1906 -- 1975 )  Edward FitzClarence , 6th Earl of Munster ( 1899 -- 1983 )  Anthony FitzClarence , 7th Earl of Munster ( 1926 -- 2000 )    Category : House of Hanover  Category : Noble families of the United Kingdom  Category : William IV of the United Kingdom  Category : Norman-language surnames !

neg: Prince Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach Prince Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach may refer to :  Prince Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach ( 1792 -- 1862 ) , Prince Carl Bernhard , son of Charles Augustus , Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach and husband of Princess Ida of Saxe-Meiningen .  Prince Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach ( 1878 -- 1900 ) , son of Charles Augustus , Hereditary Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach ( 1844 -- 1894 ) and potential suitor of Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands .  Prince Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach ( 1917 -- 1986 ) , Bernhard Friedrich Viktor , son of William Ernest , Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach

neg: Prince Ernst August of Hanover (born 1983) Prince Ernst August of Hanover , Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg ( legal name in Ernst August Prinz von Hannover Herzog zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg Königlicher Prinz von Großbritannien und Irland christened as Ernst August Andreas Philipp Constantin Maximilian Rolf Stephan Ludwig Rudolph ; born 19 July 1983 ) is the elder son and heir apparent of Prince Ernst August of Hanover ( pretender of the House of Hanover and the House of Welf ) and his former wife Chantal Hochuli .

neg: Prince Christian of Denmark Prince Christian of Denmark , Count of Monpezat ( Christian Valdemar Henri John ; born 15 October 2005 ) is the elder son and eldest child of Crown Prince Frederik and Crown Princess Mary . He is a grandson of Queen Margrethe II and her husband Prince Henrik . He is second in the Danish line of succession , after his father . His sister Isabella is immediately after him in the line of succession .

neg: Prince Michael of Kent Prince Michael of Kent , ( Michael George Charles Franklin ; born 4 July 1942 ) is a paternal first cousin of Queen Elizabeth II , being a grandson of King George V and Queen Mary . Prince Michael occasionally represents the Queen at some functions in Commonwealth realms outside the United Kingdom . Otherwise , he manages his own consultancy business and undertakes various commercial work around the world . He has also presented some television documentaries on the royal families of Europe . He is named after Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia , the younger brother of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia , and a first cousin of three of Michael 's grandparents .   Since his mother was a cousin of Prince Philip , he is also a second cousin to Prince Charles and his siblings .

neg: Descent of Elizabeth II from William the Conqueror This list shows the most senior line of descent of Elizabeth II , the current British Sovereign , from William I. Each person on the list is the son or daughter of the person above him or her on the list . There are many other more junior lines of descent of the family , but the crown , in theory at least , only descends through the most senior line ( a major exception being the exclusion of the genealogically senior Jacobite succession by the Act of Settlement 1701 ) . Owing to extinct lines , large parts of entire royal houses ( Lancaster , Tudor , Stuart ) are bypassed in the current most senior line . The numbers can be used to calculate the number of generations between two individuals on this list .

neg: Princess Eugenie of York Princess Eugenie of York ( -LSB- ˈjuːʒəni -RSB- Eugenie Victoria Helena ; born 23 March 1990 ) is the younger daughter of Prince Andrew , Duke of York , and of Sarah , Duchess of York . She is eighth in line to succeed her grandmother , Queen Elizabeth II .   In 2015 , she started working for the Hauser & Wirth art gallery in London as an associate director .

neg: Wedding of Gustav III and Sophia Magdalena The wedding between Crown Prince Gustav , later Gustav III of Sweden , and Princess Sophia Magdalena of Denmark took place on November 4 , 1766 at The Royal Palace .

neg: Imperial Highness His/Her Imperial Highness ( abbreviation HIH ) is a style used by members of an imperial family to denote imperial -- as opposed to royal -- status to show that the holder in question is descended from an Emperor rather than a King ( compare His/Her Royal Highness ) .  The first dynasty to use the style on the generic basis were the Romanovs in the eighteenth century ; the archdukes and archduchess of the House of Habsburg were only styled as Royal Highness given the officially elective nature of the Holy Roman Empire .  With the establishment of the Austrian Empire in 1804 their style was changed to that of Imperial and Royal Highness .   Today , the style has mainly fallen from use with the exception of the . In the past , the style has been applied to more senior members of imperial dynasties , including the French , Turkish , Russian , and Ethiopian imperial houses , among many others . Archdukes of Austria from the Habsburg dynasty held the style of Imperial and Royal Highness ( Kaiserliche und königliche Hoheit ) , with the `` Royal '' signifying their status as Princes of Hungary and Bohemia . They were also addressed as `` Imperial Highness '' ( Kaiserliche Hoheit ) . Members of the British royal family , theoretically , as the imperial family of India could have used the title , but did not .   Category : Styles ( manners of address )   es : Tratamientos protocolares de la monarquía

neg: George V of Hanover George V ( George Frederick Alexander Charles Ernest Augustus ; Georg Friedrich Alexander Karl Ernst August 27 May 1819 -- 12 June 1878 ) was the last king of Hanover , the only child and successor of King Ernest Augustus . George V 's reign was ended by the Unification of Germany .

neg: Kingdom of Great Britain The United Kingdom of Great Britain , officially Great Britain , was a sovereign state in western Europe from 1 May 1707 to 31 December 1800 . The state came into being following the Treaty of Union in 1706 , ratified by the Acts of Union 1707 , which united the kingdoms of England and Scotland to form a single kingdom encompassing the whole island of Great Britain and its outlying islands . It did not include Ireland , which remained a separate realm . The unitary state was governed by a single parliament and government that was based in Westminster . The former kingdoms had been in personal union since James VI , King of Scots , became King of England and King of Ireland in 1603 following the death of Queen Elizabeth I , bringing about a `` Union of the Crowns '' . Also after the accession of George I to the throne of Great Britain in 1714 , the kingdom was in a personal union with the Electorate of Hanover .   The early years of the unified kingdom were marked by Jacobite risings which ended in defeat for the Stuart cause at Culloden in 1746 . Later on in 1763 , victory in the Seven Years ' War led to the dominance of the British Empire , which was to become the foremost global power for over a century and later grew to become the largest empire in history .   On 1 January 1801 , the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland were merged to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . In 1922 , five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the United Kingdom and the state was renamed the `` United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland '' -- a title it has retained to date .

neg: Charles III of England There has not been an English , Scottish nor British king with the title Charles III , but it is sometimes used to refer to :  Charles Edward Stuart ( 1720 -- 1788 ) , Jacobite pretender to the throne  Charles , Prince of Wales ( born 1948 ) , heir apparent to the throne of the United Kingdom

neg: Princess Charlotte of Prussia (1831–1855) Princess Frederica Louise Wilhelmina Marianne Charlotte of Prussia ( 21 June 1831 -- 30 March 1855 ) , was by birth a Princess of Prussia and member of the House of Hohenzollern and by marriage Hereditary Princess of Saxe-Meiningen .   She was the eldest child and daughter of Prince Albert of Prussia ( younger son of Frederick William III of Prussia and Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz ) and his first wife Princess Marianne of the Netherlands ( daughter of William I of the Netherlands and Wilhelmine of Prussia ) .

neg: Crown Estate The Crown Estate is a collection of lands and holdings in the United Kingdom belonging to the British monarch as a corporation sole , making it the `` Sovereign 's public estate '' , which is neither government property nor part of the monarch 's private estate . As a result of this arrangement , the sovereign is not involved with the management or administration of the estate , exercising only very limited control of its affairs . Instead , the estate 's extensive portfolio is overseen by a semi-independent , incorporated public body headed by the Crown Estate Commissioners , who exercise `` the powers of ownership '' of the estate , although they are not `` owners in their own right '' . The revenues from these hereditary possessions have been placed by the monarch at the disposition of Her Majesty 's Government and thus proceed directly to Her Majesty 's Treasury for the benefit of the British nation . The Crown Estate is formally accountable to the Parliament of the United Kingdom , where it is legally mandated to make an annual report to the sovereign , a copy of which is forwarded to the House of Commons .   The Crown Estate is one of the largest property managers in the United Kingdom , overseeing property worth # 12 billion , with urban properties valued at # 9.1 billion representing the majority of the estate by value . These include a large number of properties in central London , but the estate also controls 792000 ha of agricultural land and forest , more than half of the UK 's foreshore , and retains various other traditional holdings and rights , including Ascot Racecourse and Windsor Great Park . Naturally occurring gold and silver in the UK , collectively known as `` Mines Royal '' , are managed by The Crown Estate and leased to mining operators .   Historically , Crown Estate properties were administered by the reigning monarch to help fund the business of governing the country . However , in 1760 , George III surrendered control over the Estate 's revenues to the treasury , thus relieving him of the responsibility of personally paying for the costs of the civil service , defence costs , the national debt , and his own personal debts . In return , he received an annual grant known as the Civil list . By tradition , each subsequent monarch agreed to this arrangement upon his or her accession . However , from 1 April 2012 , under the terms of the Sovereign Grant Act 2011 ( SSG ) , the Civil List was abolished and the monarch was thenceforth provided with a stable source of revenue indexed to a percentage of the Crown Estate 's annual net revenue ( currently set at 15 % ) . This was intended to provide a long-term solution and remove the politically sensitive issue of Parliament having to debate the Civil List allowance every ten years . Subsequently , the Sovereign Grant Act allows for all future monarchs to simply extend these provisions for their reigns by Order in Council . The act does not imply any legal change on the nature of the estate 's ownership , but is simply a benchmark by which the sovereign grant is set as a grant by Parliament .

neg: Duke of Bedford Duke of Bedford ( named after Bedford , England ) is a title that has been created six times ( for five distinct people ) in the Peerage of England . The first and second creations came in 1414 in favour of Henry IV 's third son , John , who later served as regent of France . He was made Earl of Kendal at the same time and was made Earl of Richmond later the same year . The titles became extinct on his death in 1435 . The third creation came in 1470 in favour of George Neville , nephew of Warwick the Kingmaker . He was deprived of the title by Act of Parliament in 1478 . The fourth creation came 1478 in favour of George , the third son of Edward IV . He died the following year at the age of two . The fifth creation came in 1485 in favour of Jasper Tudor , half-brother of Henry VI and uncle of Henry VII . He had already been created Earl of Pembroke in 1452 . However , as he was a Lancastrian , his title was forfeited between 1461 and 1485 during the predominance of the House of York . He regained the earldom in 1485 when his nephew Henry VII came to the throne and was elevated to the dukedom the same year . He had no legitimate children and the titles became extinct on his death in 1495 .   The Russell family currently holds the titles of Earl and Duke of Bedford . John Russell , a close advisor of Henry VIII and Edward VI , was granted the title of Earl of Bedford in 1551 , and his descendant William , 5th Earl , was created Duke following the Glorious Revolution .   The subsidiary titles of the Duke of Bedford , all in the Peerage of England , are Marquess of Tavistock ( created 1694 ) , Earl of Bedford ( 1550 ) , Baron Russell , of Cheneys ( 1539 ) , Baron Russell of Thornhaugh in the County of Northampton ( 1603 ) , and Baron Howland , of Streatham in the County of Surrey ( 1695 ) ( and possibly the Barony of Bedford , which was merged into it in 1138 , 1366 or 1414 ) . The courtesy title of the Duke of Bedford 's eldest son and heir is Marquess of Tavistock '' .   Every Duke from the 5th Duke onwards is descended from Charles II of England . The family seat is Woburn Abbey , Bedfordshire . The private mausoleum and chapel of the Russell Family and the Dukes of Bedford is at St. Michael 's Church in Chenies , Buckinghamshire ( photo ) . The family owns The Bedford Estate in central London .

neg: David Graeme (British Army officer) David Graeme ( 2 February 1716 -- 19 January 1797 ) was a British soldier , diplomat and courtier , responsible for carrying George III 's proposal of marriage to Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz .

neg: Duke of Marlborough (title) Duke of Marlborough ( -LSB- localaudio = En-uk-Marlborough . oggˈmɔːlbrə -RSB- ) is a title in the Peerage of England . It was created by Queen Anne in 1702 for John Churchill , 1st Earl of Marlborough ( 1650 -- 1722 ) , the noted military leader , and indeed an unqualified reference to the Duke of Marlborough in a historical text will almost certainly refer to him . The name of the dukedom refers to Marlborough in Wiltshire . It is one of the few titles in the peerage which allows for suo jure '' female inheritance , and the only current dukedom to do so .   The earldom of Marlborough was held by the family of Ley from its creation 1626 until its extinction with the death of the 4th earl in 1679 . The title was recreated 10 years later for John Churchill ( in 1689 ) .

neg: Anne, Queen of Great Britain Anne ( 6 February 1665 -- 1 August 1714 ) became Queen of England , Scotland and Ireland on 8 March 1702 . On 1 May 1707 , under the Acts of Union , two of her realms , the kingdoms of England and Scotland , united as a single sovereign state known as Great Britain . She continued to reign as Queen of Great Britain and Ireland until her death .   Anne was born in the reign of her uncle Charles II , who had no legitimate children . Her father , James , was first in line to the throne . His suspected Roman Catholicism was unpopular in England , and on Charles 's instructions Anne was raised as an Anglican . Three years after he succeeded Charles , James was deposed in the `` Glorious Revolution '' of 1688 . Anne 's Dutch Protestant brother-in-law and cousin William III became joint monarch with his wife , Anne 's elder sister Mary II . Although the sisters had been close , disagreements over Anne 's finances , status and choice of acquaintances arose shortly after Mary 's accession and they became estranged . William and Mary had no children . After Mary 's death in 1694 , William continued as sole monarch until he was succeeded by Anne upon his death in 1702 .   As queen , Anne favoured moderate Tory politicians , who were more likely to share her Anglican religious views than their opponents , the Whigs . The Whigs grew more powerful during the course of the War of the Spanish Succession , until in 1710 Anne dismissed many of them from office . Her close friendship with Sarah Churchill , Duchess of Marlborough , turned sour as the result of political differences .   Anne was plagued by ill health throughout her life . From her thirties onwards , she grew increasingly lame and obese . Despite seventeen pregnancies by her husband , Prince George of Denmark , she died without any surviving children and was the last monarch of the House of Stuart . Under the terms of the Act of Settlement 1701 , she was succeeded by her second cousin George I of the House of Hanover , who was a descendant of the Stuarts through his maternal grandmother , Elizabeth , a daughter of James VI and I.


query: Water only occurs artificially.

pos: Water Water is a transparent and nearly colorless chemical substance that is the main constituent of Earth 's streams , lakes , and oceans , and the fluids of most living organisms . Its chemical formula is H2O , meaning that its molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms , that are connected by covalent bonds . Water strictly refers to the liquid state of that substance , that prevails at standard ambient temperature and pressure ; but it often refers also to its solid state ( ice ) or its gaseous state ( steam or water vapor ) . It also occurs in nature as snow , glaciers , ice packs and icebergs , clouds , fog , dew , aquifers , and atmospheric humidity .   Water covers 71 % of the Earth 's surface . It is vital for all known forms of life . On Earth , 96.5 % of the planet 's crust water is found in seas and oceans , 1.7 % in groundwater , 1.7 % in glaciers and the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland , a small fraction in other large water bodies , and 0.001 % in the air as vapor , clouds ( formed of ice and liquid water suspended in air ) , and precipitation . Only 2.5 % of this water is freshwater , and 98.8 % of that water is in ice ( excepting ice in clouds ) and groundwater . Less than 0.3 % of all freshwater is in rivers , lakes , and the atmosphere , and an even smaller amount of the Earth 's freshwater ( 0.003 % ) is contained within biological bodies and manufactured products . A greater quantity of water is found in the earth 's interior .   Water on Earth moves continually through the water cycle of evaporation and transpiration ( evapotranspiration ) , condensation , precipitation , and runoff , usually reaching the sea . Evaporation and transpiration contribute to the precipitation over land . Large amounts of water are also chemically combined or adsorbed in hydrated minerals .   Safe drinking water is essential to humans and other lifeforms even though it provides no calories or organic nutrients . Access to safe drinking water has improved over the last decades in almost every part of the world , but approximately one billion people still lack access to safe water and over 2.5 billion lack access to adequate sanitation . There is a clear correlation between access to safe water and gross domestic product per capita . However , some observers have estimated that by 2025 more than half of the world population will be facing water-based vulnerability . A report , issued in November 2009 , suggests that by 2030 , in some developing regions of the world , water demand will exceed supply by 50 % .   Water plays an important role in the world economy . Approximately 70 % of the freshwater used by humans goes to agriculture . Fishing in salt and fresh water bodies is a major source of food for many parts of the world . Much of long-distance trade of commodities ( such as oil and natural gas ) and manufactured products is transported by boats through seas , rivers , lakes , and canals . Large quantities of water , ice , and steam are used for cooling and heating , in industry and homes . Water is an excellent solvent for a wide variety of chemical substances ; as such it is widely used in industrial processes , and in cooking and washing . Water is also central to many sports and other forms of entertainment , such as swimming , pleasure boating , boat racing , surfing , sport fishing , and diving .

neg: 100-year flood A one-hundred-year flood is a flood event that has a 1 % probability of occurring in any given year . The 100-year flood is also referred to as the 1 % flood , since its annual exceedance probability is 1 % . For river systems , the 100-year flood is generally expressed as a flowrate . Based on the expected 100-year flood flow rate , the flood water level can be mapped as an area of inundation . The resulting floodplain map is referred to as the 100-year floodplain . Estimates of the 100-year flood flowrate and other streamflow statistics for any stream in the United States are available . In the UK The Environment Agency publishes a comprehensive map of all areas at risk of a 1 in 100 year flood ( Flood zone 3 ) Areas near the coast of an ocean or large lake also can be flooded by combinations of tide , storm surge , and waves . Maps of the riverine or coastal 100-year floodplain may figure importantly in building permits , environmental regulations , and flood insurance .

neg: Forebay (reservoir) A forebay is an artificial pool of water in front of a larger body of water . The larger body of water may be natural or man-made .   Forebays have a number of functions . They are used in flood control to act as a buffer during flooding or storm surges , impounding water and releasing in a controlled way into the larger waterbody . They may be used upstream of reservoirs to trap sediment and debris ( sometimes called a sediment forebay ) in order to keep the reservoir clean . This may entail the use of a forebay dam or pre-dam . They may also be used upstream of lakes to prevent siltation . Some forebays are used simply to create a natural habitat for flora and fauna , to counterbalance the environmental impact of a dam or reservoir . Forebays vary greatly in size depending on their situation and purpose .

neg: Water landing A water landing is , in the broadest sense , a landing on a body of water . Some aircraft such as floatplanes land on water as a matter of course .   The phrase `` water landing '' is also used as a euphemism for crash-landing into water an aircraft not designed for the purpose , an event formally termed ditching . In this case , the flight crew knowingly make a controlled emergency landing on water . Ditching of commercial aircraft is a rare occurrence .

neg: Transepidermal water loss Transepidermal water loss ( TWL or TEWL ) is a term associated with dermatology and its connected sciences . It is defined as the measurement of the quantity of water that passes from inside a body ( animal or plant ) through the epidermal layer ( skin ) to the surrounding atmosphere via diffusion and evaporation processes . TWL in mammals is also known as `` insensible water loss '' as it is a process over which organisms have little physiological control .   Measurements of TWL may be useful for identifying skin damage caused by certain chemicals , physical insult ( such as `` tape stripping '' ) or pathological conditions such as eczema , as rates of TWL increase in proportion to the level of damage . However , TWL is also affected by environmental factors such as humidity , temperature , the time of year ( season variation ) and the moisture content of the skin ( hydration level ) . Therefore , care must be taken when interpreting the meaning of TWL rates .

neg: Fine chemical Fine chemicals are complex , single , pure chemical substances , produced in limited quantities in multipurpose plants by multistep batch chemical or biotechnological processes . They are described by exacting specifications , used for further processing within the chemical industry and sold for more than $ 10/kg ( see the comparison of fine chemicals , commodities and specialties ) . The class of fine chemicals is subdivided either on the basis of the added value ( building blocks , advanced intermediates or active ingredients ) , or the type of business transaction , namely standard or exclusive products .   Fine chemicals are produced in limited volumes ( < 1000 tons/year ) and at relatively high prices ( > $ 10/kg ) according to exacting specifications , mainly by traditional organic synthesis in multipurpose chemical plants . Biotechnical processes are gaining ground . The global production value is about $ 85 billion . Fine chemicals are used as starting materials for specialty chemicals , particularly pharmaceuticals , biopharmaceuticals and agrochemicals . Custom manufacturing for the life science industry plays a big role ; however , a significant portion of the fine chemicals total production volume is manufactured in house by large users . The industry is fragmented and extends from small , privately owned companies to divisions of big , diversified chemical enterprises . The term `` fine chemicals '' is used in distinction to `` heavy chemicals '' , which are produced and handled in large lots and are often in a crude state .   Since their inception in the late 1970s , fine chemicals have become an important part of the chemical industry . The total production value of $ 85 billion is split about 60 / 40 among in-house production by the main consumers , the life science industry , on the one hand , and the fine chemicals industry on the other hand . The latter pursues both a `` supply push '' strategy , whereby standard products are developed in-house and offered ubiquitously , and a `` demand pull '' strategy , whereby products or services determined by the customer are provided exclusively on a `` one customer / one supplier '' basis . The products are mainly used as building blocks for proprietary products . The hardware of the top tier fine chemical companies has become almost identical . The design , lay-out and equipment of the plants and laboratories has become practically the same all over the world . Most chemical reactions performed go back to the days of the dyestuff industry . Numerous regulations determine the way labs and plants have to be operated , thereby contributing to the uniformity .

neg: Volcanic dam A volcanic dam is a type of natural dam produced directly or indirectly by volcanism , which holds or temporarily restricts the flow of surface water in existing streams , like a man-made dam . There are two main types of volcanic dams , those created by the flow of molten lava , and those created by the primary or secondary deposition of pyroclastic material and debris . This classification generally excludes other , often larger and longer lived dam-type geologic features , separately termed crater lakes , although these volcanic centers may be associated with the source of material for volcanic dams , and the lowest portion of its confining rim may be considered as such a dam , especially if the lake level within the crater is relatively high .   Volcanic dams generally occur worldwide , in association with former and active volcanic provinces , and are known to have existed in the geologic record , in historic times and occur in the present day . Their removal or failure is similarly recorded . The longevity , and extent varies widely , having periods ranging from a few days , weeks or years to several hundred thousand years or more , and dimensions ranging from a few meters to hundreds , to several thousand .   The emplacement , internal structure , distribution and longevity of such dams can be related variously to the amount , rapidity and duration of ( primary ) geothermal energy released , and the rock material made available ; other considerations include the rock types produced , their physical and toughness characteristics , and their various modes of deposition . Depositional modes include gravity flow of molten lava at the surface , gravity flow or fall of pyroclastics through the air , as well as the redistribution and transportation of those materials by gravity and water .

neg: Water detector A water detector is an electronic device that is designed to detect the presence of water and provide an alert in time to allow the prevention of water damage . A common design is a small cable or device that lies flat on a floor and relies on the electrical conductivity of water to decrease the resistance across two contacts . The device then sounds an audible alarm together with providing onward signalling in the presence of enough water to bridge the contacts . These are useful in a normally occupied area near any infrastructure that has the potential to leak water , such as HVAC , water pipes , drain pipes , vending machines , dehumidifiers , or water tanks .

neg: Phreatophyte A phreatophyte is a deep-rooted plant that obtains a significant portion of the water that it needs from the phreatic zone ( zone of saturation ) or the capillary fringe above the phreatic zone .  Phreatophytes are plants that are supplied with surface water and often have their roots constantly in touch with moisture . A phreatophyte is one that absorbs its water from a constant source on the ground . They can usually be found along streams where there is a steady flow of surface or groundwater in areas where the water table is near the surface .   Phreatophytes live in areas with standing or running water , in arid areas and along the riverbeds and areas , apparently dry , where the water table is very shallow and near the surface . These plants have very deep roots that are able to reach the water table . Phreatophytes are not only characteristic of arid or desert zones , but also of wetlands , floodplains , depressions that hold water and estuaries . In the wetlands , ecological classification does not provide a special classification , since in this case , most of the plants in the regions of high rainfall can deepen their roots to the top of the capillary fringe immediately above the water table , and function well as a phreatophyte . In this case they receive the label of mesophytic . Phreatophytic artificial extensions , manmade , are used as a method to purify greywater .

neg: Hypothetical types of biochemistry Hypothetical types of biochemistry are forms of biochemistry speculated to be scientifically viable but not proven to exist at this time . The kinds of living organisms currently known on Earth all use carbon compounds for basic structural and metabolic functions , water as a solvent , and DNA or RNA to define and control their form . If life exists on other planets or moons , it may be chemically similar ; it is also possible that there are organisms with quite different chemistries -- for instance involving other classes of carbon compounds , compounds of another element , or another solvent in place of water .   The possibility of life-forms being based on `` alternative '' biochemistries is the topic of an ongoing scientific discussion , informed by what is known about extraterrestrial environments and about the chemical behaviour of various elements and compounds . It is also a common subject in science fiction .   The element silicon has been much discussed as a hypothetical alternative to carbon . Silicon is in the same group as carbon on the periodic table and , like carbon , it is tetravalent , although the silicon analogs of organic compounds are generally less stable . Hypothetical alternatives to water include ammonia , which , like water , is a polar molecule , and cosmically abundant ; and non-polar hydrocarbon solvents such as methane and ethane , which are known to exist in liquid form on the surface of Titan .

neg: Metabolic water Metabolic water refers to water created inside a living organism through their metabolism , by oxidizing energy-containing substances in their food . Animal metabolism produces about 100 grams of water per 100 grams of fat , 42 grams of water per 100 g of protein and 60 grams of water per 100 g of carbohydrate .   Some organisms , especially xerocoles , animals living in the desert , rely exclusively on metabolic water . Migratory birds must rely exclusively on metabolic water production while making non-stop flights . Humans , by contrast , obtain only about 8-10 % of their water needs through metabolic water production .   In mammals , the water produced from metabolism of protein roughly equals the amount needed to excrete the urea which is a byproduct of the metabolism of protein . Birds , however , excrete uric acid and can have a net gain of water from the metabolism of protein .

neg: Rainmaking Rainmaking , also known as artificial precipitation , artificial rainfall and pluviculture , is the act of attempting to artificially induce or increase precipitation , usually to stave off drought . According to the clouds ' different physical properties , this can be done using airplanes or rockets to sow to the clouds with catalysts such as dry ice , silver iodide and salt powder , to make clouds rain or increase precipitation , to remove or mitigate farmland drought , to increase reservoir irrigation water or water supply capacity , or to increase water levels for power generation .   In the United States , rainmaking was attempted by traveling showmen . It was practiced in the old west , but may have reached a peak during the dust bowl drought of the American West and Midwest in the 1930s . The practice was depicted in the 1956 film The Rainmaker . Attempts to bring rain directly have waned with development of the science of meteorology , the advent of laws against fraud and increased communication technology , with some exceptions such as cloud seeding and forms of prayer including rain dances , which are still practiced today . Prayer for more rain is also a cross cultural practice in Christians and Muslims in areas where people keep `` traditional '' non-scriptural religions . In the Christian areas the Defteras ( learned clerics of the Orthodox Christian Church ) believed to have the wisdom to arrest the rain , to bring hail to farms of individuals who refuse to comply with religious rules as well as to bring more rains when the rainy season fell short of giving the usual amount of rain needed for growing cereals .   The term is also used metaphorically to describe the process of bringing new clients into a professional practice , such as law , architecture , consulting , advertising , or investment banking -- in general , processes that bring money into a company .   It is also used to describe a confidence trick where the scammer takes money from the victim to influence a system over which they have no real control , but a random chance of the outcome happening anyway .

neg: Magmatic water Magmatic water or juvenile water is water that exists within , and in equilibrium with , a magma or water-rich volatile fluids that are derived from a magma . This magmatic water is released to the atmosphere during a volcanic eruption . Magmatic water may also be released as hydrothermal fluids during the late stages of magmatic crystallization or solidification within the Earth 's crust . The crystallization of hydroxyl bearing amphibole and mica minerals acts to contain part of the magmatic water within a solidified igneous rock . Ultimate sources of this magmatic water includes water and hydrous minerals in rocks melted during subduction as well as primordial water brought up from the deep mantle .

neg: Desalination Desalination is a process that extracts minerals from saline water . More generally , desalination refers to the removal of salts and minerals from a target substance , as in soil desalination , which is an issue for agriculture .   Saltwater is desalinated to produce water suitable for human consumption or irrigation . One by-product of desalination is salt . Desalination is used on many seagoing ships and submarines . Most of the modern interest in desalination is focused on cost-effective provision of fresh water for human use . Along with recycled wastewater , it is one of the few rainfall-independent water sources .   Due to its energy consumption , desalinating sea water is generally more costly than fresh water from rivers or groundwater , water recycling and water conservation . However , these alternatives are not always available and depletion of reserves is a critical problem worldwide . Currently , approximately 1 % of the world 's population is dependent on desalinated water to meet daily needs , but the UN expects that 14 % of the world 's population will encounter water scarcity by 2025 .   Desalination is particularly relevant in dry countries such as Australia , which traditionally have relied on collecting rainfall behind dams for water .   According to the International Desalination Association , in June 2015 , 18,426 desalination plants operated worldwide , producing 86.8 million cubic meters per day , providing water for 300 million people . This number increased from 78.4 million cubic meters in 2013 , a 10.71 % increase in 2 years . The single largest desalination project is Ras Al-Khair in Saudi Arabia , which produced 1,025,000 cubic meters per day in 2014 , although this plant is expected to be surpassed by a plant in California . Kuwait produces a higher proportion of its water than any other country , totaling 100 % of its water use .

neg: Water resource management Water resource management is the activity of planning , developing , distributing and managing the optimum use of water resources . It is a sub-set of water cycle management . Ideally , water resource management planning has regard to all the competing demands for water and seeks to allocate water on an equitable basis to satisfy all uses and demands . As with other resource management , this is rarely possible in practice .

neg: Mineral spring Mineral springs are naturally occurring springs that produce water containing minerals , or other dissolved substances , that alter its taste or give it a purported therapeutic value . Salts , sulfur compounds , and gases are among the substances that can be dissolved in the spring water during its passage underground .   Mineral water obtained from mineral springs has long been an important commercial proposition .   Mineral spas are resorts that have developed around mineral springs , where ( often wealthy ) patrons would repair to `` take the waters '' -- meaning that they would drink ( see hydrotherapy and water cure ) or bathe in ( see balneotherapy ) the mineral water .   Historical mineral springs were often outfitted with elaborate stone-works -- including artificial pools , retaining walls , colonnades and roofs -- sometimes in the form of fanciful `` Greek temples '' , gazebos or pagodas . Others were entirely enclosed within spring houses .

neg: Water resources Water resources are sources of water that are potentially useful . Uses of water include agricultural , industrial , household , recreational and environmental activities . The majority of human uses require fresh water .   97 % of the water on the Earth is salt water and only three percent is fresh water ; slightly over two thirds of this is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps . The remaining unfrozen freshwater is found mainly as groundwater , with only a small fraction present above ground or in the air .   Fresh water is a renewable resource , yet the world 's supply of groundwater is steadily decreasing , with depletion occurring most prominently in Asia , South America and North America , although it is still unclear how much natural renewal balances this usage , and whether ecosystems are threatened . The framework for allocating water resources to water users ( where such a framework exists ) is known as water rights .

neg: Spring supply A spring supply is a provision of piped mains water to a number of consumers direct from a natural spring . Spring supplies are therefore a source of groundwater , which in most instances has fewer micro-organisms ( e.g. coliform bacteria and protozoa such as Giardia and Cryptosporidium ) and chemical contaminants than a supply from surface water . The point at which the groundwater reaches the surface is prone to contamination , so must be protected using a structure called a spring box . This is often surrounded by a fence to keep animals out , with other common features being a ditch on the uphill side , an overflow pipe and a well fitting lid . Spring supplies can range from single property supplies that are privately owned , to large supplies that are managed by water companies and serve entire communities . As with any water supply , a spring supply may need to be treated in order to bring it up to drinking water standards . The method for doing this will vary according to the contaminant , but can include sand filters , pH balancing units and ultraviolet light .

neg: Precipitation (chemistry) Precipitation is the creation of a solid from a solution . When the reaction occurs in a liquid solution , the solid formed is called the ` precipitate ' . The chemical that causes the solid to form is called the ` precipitant ' . Without sufficient force of gravity ( settling ) to bring the solid particles together , the precipitate remains in suspension . After sedimentation , especially when using a centrifuge to press it into a compact mass , the precipitate may be referred to as a ` pellet ' . Precipitation can be used as a medium . The precipitate-free liquid remaining above the solid is called the ` supernate ' or ` supernatant ' . Powders derived from precipitation have also historically been known as ` flowers ' . When the solid appears in the form of cellulose fibers which have been through chemical processing , the process is often referred to as regeneration .   Sometimes the formation of a precipitate indicates the occurrence of a chemical reaction . If silver nitrate solution is poured into a solution of sodium chloride , a chemical reaction occurs forming a white precipitate of silver chloride . When potassium iodide solution reacts with lead ( II ) nitrate solution , a yellow precipitate of lead ( II ) iodide is formed .   Precipitation may occur if the concentration of a compound exceeds its solubility ( such as when mixing solvents or changing their temperature ) . Precipitation may occur rapidly from a supersaturated solution .   In solids , precipitation occurs if the concentration of one solid is above the solubility limit in the host solid , due to e.g. rapid quenching or  ion implantation , and the temperature is high enough that diffusion can lead to segregation into precipitates . Precipitation in solids is routinely used to synthesize nanoclusters .   An important stage of the precipitation process is the onset of nucleation . The creation of a hypothetical solid particle includes the formation of an interface , which requires some energy based on the relative surface energy of the solid and the solution . If this energy is not available , and no suitable nucleation surface is available , supersaturation occurs .

neg: Groundwater recharge Groundwater recharge or deep drainage or deep percolation is a hydrologic process where water moves downward from surface water to groundwater . Recharge is the primary method through which water enters an aquifer . This process usually occurs in the vadose zone below plant roots and is often expressed as a flux to the water table surface . Recharge occurs both naturally ( through the water cycle ) and through anthropogenic processes ( i.e. , `` artificial groundwater recharge '' ) , where rainwater and or reclaimed water is routed to the subsurface .

neg: Water efficiency Water efficiency is reducing water wastage by measuring the amount of water required for a particular purpose and the amount of water used or delivered . Water efficiency differs from water conservation . In that it focuses on reducing waste , not restricting use . Solutions for water efficiency focus not only on reducing the amount of potable water used , but also on reducing the use of non-potable water where appropriate ( i.e. flushing toilet , watering landscape , etc. ) . It also emphasises the influence consumers can have in water efficiency by making small behavioural changes to reduce water wastage and by choosing more water efficient products .   Examples of water efficient steps includes fixing leaking taps , taking showers rather than baths , installing displacements devices inside toilet cisterns , and using dishwashers and washing machines with full loads . These are things that fall under the definition of water efficiency , as their purpose is to obtain the desired result or level of service with the least necessary water .


query: Michael Fassbender was born in France.

pos: Michael Fassbender Michael Fassbender ( born 2 April 1977 ) is a German-born Irish actor . His feature film debut was in the fantasy war epic 300 ( 2007 ) as a Spartan warrior ; his earlier roles included various stage productions , as well as starring roles on television such as in the HBO miniseries Band of Brothers ( 2001 ) and the Sky One fantasy drama Hex ( 2004 -- 05 ) . He first came to prominence for his role as IRA activist Bobby Sands in Hunger ( 2008 ) , for which he won a British Independent Film Award . Subsequent roles include in the independent film Fish Tank ( 2009 ) , as a Royal Marines lieutenant in Inglourious Basterds ( 2009 ) , as Edward Rochester in the 2011 film adaptation of Jane Eyre , as Carl Jung in A Dangerous Method ( 2011 ) , as a sentient android in Prometheus ( 2012 ) and its sequel , Alien : Covenant ( 2017 ) , and in the musical comedy-drama Frank ( 2014 ) as an eccentric musician loosely inspired by Frank Sidebottom .   In 2011 , Fassbender debuted as the Marvel Comics antihero Magneto in X-Men : First Class , and went on to share the role with Ian McKellen in X-Men : Days of Future Past ( 2014 ) , and reprise it again in X-Men : Apocalypse ( 2016 ) . Also in 2011 , Fassbender 's performance as a sex addict in Shame earned him the Volpi Cup for Best Actor at the Venice Film Festival and was nominated for Golden Globe and BAFTA Awards . In 2013 , his role as slave owner Edwin Epps in the slavery epic 12 Years a Slave was similarly praised , earning him his first Oscar nomination for Best Supporting Actor . In 2013 , Fassbender appeared in another Ridley Scott film , The Counselor . In 2015 , he portrayed the title role in the Danny Boyle-directed biopic Steve Jobs ( 2015 ) , and played Macbeth in Justin Kurzel 's adaptation of William Shakespeare 's play . For the former , he has received Academy Award , BAFTA , Golden Globe and SAG nominations . In 2015 , he produced the western Slow West , in which he also starred .

neg: Bel Ami (1955 film) Bel Ami is a 1955 historical drama film directed by Louis Daquin and starring Anne Vernon , Renée Faure and Jean Danet . It was a co-production between Austria , France and East Germany . The film was shot in the Soviet-controlled Rosenhügel Studios in Vienna .   It is an adaptation of the novel Bel Ami by Guy de Maupassant .

neg: Michel Fagadau Michel Fagadau ( born Mihai Făgădău , 1930 -- February 10 , 2011 ) was a Romanian-born French theater director and producer .   Born in Bucharest , his family had to leave Romania during the war due to his father 's antifascist activities . They ended up in the Orient , where they stayed for two years , and where he started to learn English . After the war they settled in France . He took his Baccalauréat degree there , and then went to London to study acting at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts . After only six months in London , he was hired by the Royal Shakespeare Company , studying in parallel at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts . When he graduated in 1957 , he continued to work for the Royal Shakespeare Company . It was the same company where directed his first play , Voulez-vous jouer avec moâ by Marcel Achard .   In 1960 , he was entrusted with the leadership of the `` Théâtre de la Gaîté Montparnasse '' in Paris , a post he held until 1990 . In 1994 , he became artistic director of the Comédie des Champs Elysée and Studio des Champs-Elysée .   An admirer of Montgomery Clift and Elia Kazan , he died in Paris on February 10 , 2011 .

neg: France France ( -LSB- fʁɑ̃s -RSB- ) , officially the French Republic ( -LSB- ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz -RSB- ) , is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . The European , or metropolitan , area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . France spans 643801 km2 and had a total population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017 . It is a unitary semi-presidential republic with the capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban centres include Marseille , Lyon , Lille , Nice , Toulouse and Bordeaux .   During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome , which held Gaul until 486 , when the Germanic Franks conquered the region and formed the Kingdom of France . France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , with its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337 to 1453 ) strengthening state-building and political centralisation . During the Renaissance , French culture flourished and a global colonial empire was established , which by the 20th century would be the second largest in the world . The 16th century was dominated by religious civil wars between Catholics and Protestants ( Huguenots ) . France became Europe 's dominant cultural , political , and military power under Louis XIV . In the late 18th century , the French Revolution overthrew the absolute monarchy , established one of modern history 's earliest republics , and saw the drafting of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen , which expresses the nation 's ideals to this day .   In the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire , whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe . Following the collapse of the Empire , France endured a tumultuous succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870 . France was a major participant in the First World War , from which it emerged victorious , and was one of the Allied Powers in the Second World War , but came under occupation by the Axis Powers in 1940 . Following liberation in 1944 , a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War . The Fifth Republic , led by Charles de Gaulle , was formed in 1958 and remains to this day . Algeria and nearly all the other colonies became independent in the 1960s and typically retained close economic and military connections with France .   France has long been a global centre of art , science , and philosophy . It hosts Europe 's fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually , the most of any country in the world . France is a developed country with the world 's sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity . In terms of aggregate household wealth , it ranks fourth in the world . France performs well in international rankings of education , health care , life expectancy , and human development . France remains a great power in the world , being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state . It is a leading member state of the European Union and the Eurozone . It is also a member of the Group of 7 , North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) , Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) , and La Francophonie .

neg: Ali: Fear Eats the Soul Ali : Fear Eats the Soul ( Angst essen Seele auf ) is a 1974 West German film written and directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder and starring Brigitte Mira and El Hedi ben Salem . The film won two awards at the 1974 Cannes Film Festival . It is considered to be one of Fassbinder 's most powerful works and is hailed by many as a masterpiece . Brigitte Mira received the German Film Award for her performance . The film revolves around an unlikely relationship which develops between an elderly woman and a Moroccan migrant worker in post-war Germany .

neg: Francine Stock Francine Stock ( born 14 March 1958 ) is a British radio and TV presenter and novelist , of part-French origin .

neg: Viva la vie Viva la vie is a 1984 French film directed by Claude Lelouch .

neg: Stéphane Brizé Stéphane Brizé ( born 18 October 1966 ) is a French film director , producer , screenwriter and actor .

neg: Roman Polanski sexual abuse case In March 1977 , film director Roman Polanski was arrested and charged in Los Angeles with five offenses against Samantha Gailey , a 13-year-old girl -- rape by use of drugs , perversion , sodomy , lewd and lascivious act upon a child under 14 , and furnishing a controlled substance to a minor . At his arraignment Polanski pleaded not guilty to all charges , but later accepted a plea bargain whose terms included dismissal of the five initial charges in exchange for a guilty plea to the lesser charge of engaging in unlawful sexual intercourse .   Polanski underwent a court-ordered psychiatric evaluation , and a report was submitted to the court recommending probation . However , upon learning that he was likely to face imprisonment and deportation , Polanski fled to France in February 1978 , hours before he was to be formally sentenced . Since then Polanski has mostly lived in France and has avoided visiting countries likely to extradite him to the United States .

neg: Free French Flight Free French Flight refers to three specific fledgling units in the Free French Air Force ( FAFL ) which were created in the Middle East on 8 July 1940 .   Free French Flight N ° 1 - its designation later changed to Escadrille N ° 2 de Bombardement . Subsequently it became the Nancy squadron of GB Lorraine . It was formed around two Martin 167A-3 Maryland bombers which flew to Gibraltar on 19 July 1940 .  Free French Flight N ° 2 - its designation later changed to Première Escadrille de Chasse ( E.F.C. 1 ) , and was commanded by Lieutenant Denis . It was hierarchically a part of 33 Sqn RAF , and the unit later had a dual designation of C Flight , 73 Sqn RAF . Subsequently it became Groupe de Chasse Alsace .  Free French Communication Flight N ° 3 - its designation later changed to French Transport Flight . It consisted of five different French-built aircraft , it was hierarchically a part of 267 Sqn RAF .   Free French Flight N ° 2 was stationed at Haifa and initially consisted of one Potez 63.11 ( a second and third arriving on 14 October and 3 November 1940 respectively ) and two MS 406 ( a third appearing on 14 February 1941 ) . In addition to these aircraft , a Miles Magister was used as a hack , and was superseded by a Loire 130 on 12 March 1941 . The unit diary refers to the arrival of a Potez 29 and a Bloch MB .81 ( with a Salmson 9 powerplant ) from Heliopolis on 28 September 1940 , but neither aircraft appears in the subsequent daily unit statistics forms ( RAF Form 765a ) . A memo dated 4 April 1941 from the RAF 's Free French liaison officer to General Spears advises ` in practically every case the aircraft were unserviceable chiefly owing to lack of spares ' .   The port of Haifa was bombed on 6 September 1940 by the Regia Aeronautica . The four bombers were intercepted by Flying Officer Peronne in a Potez 63.11 and Warrant Officer Ballatore in a MS 406 . Due to the deteriorating serviceability of the aircraft , flying hours decreased , and the unit diary itself only covers September 1940 .   In addition to these units , there were some units formed in the UK :   Topic - six Blenheims . Along with `` Jam '' , there was a redeployment to Fort Lamy . Both units were merged into the `` Groupe réservé de bombardement n ° 1 '' ( GRB1 ) , with an official inception date of 30 March 1941 , which subsequently became the Metz squadron of GB Lorraine .  Jam - Official designation `` Groupe de combat n ° 1 '' ( GC1 ) . It consisted of four squadrons .  French Fighter Group - this unit 's small complement of Dewoitine D. 520 fighters became part of E.F.C. 1 ( see above ) , and its Blenheims became part of GRB1 .   Independent of the hierarchy of the RAF , there were aviation detachments in Chad , Cameroon , and Equatorial Africa .

neg: Apocalypse: The Second World War Apocalypse : The Second World War ( French : Apocalypse , la 2e Guerre mondiale ) ( 2009 ) is a six-part French documentary by Daniel Costelle and Isabelle Clarke about the Second World War . The music of the documentary was composed by Kenji Kawai .   The documentary is composed exclusively of actual footage of the war as filmed by war correspondents , soldiers , resistance fighters and private citizens . The series is shown in color , with the black-and-white footage being fully colorized , save for some original color footage . The only exception to the treatment are most Holocaust scenes , which are presented in the original black and white .   It was first aired from August 20 and 27 and September 3 on the French-speaking Belgian RTBF then on August 23 and 30 and September 6 on the French-speaking Swiss TSR and finally on September 8 , 2009 , to September 22 , 2009 , on France 2 channel . It was narrated in French by actor/director Mathieu Kassovitz . The documentary was shown on the Smithsonian Channel in the United States , where it was narrated by actor Martin Sheen , on the National Geographic Channel and Channel 4 in the United Kingdom , where it was narrated by actor Jonathan Booth , Canada , the Netherlands , Poland , Australia , Romania and Asia , on YLE Teema in Finland , on Rete 4 in Italy , on IBA , the national public channel in Israel , on RTP2 , the national public channel in Portugal , and on La 2 , the national public channel in Spain .

neg: List of submissions to the 66th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film The 66th Academy Awards , which were held on March 21 , 1994 , saw 35 countries submit films for competition in the Best Foreign Language Film category . The Academy had initially invited 57 countries to send their best films , and the submission deadline was set on November 22 , 1993 . While the rules were basically unchanged , the applications for the 66th Academy Awards included a new form requesting information about the nationalities of the film 's creative team , due to the controversy that had led to the disqualification of A Place in the World at the 65th Academy Awards .   The bolded titles were the five nominated films , which came from Hong Kong , Spain , Taiwan , the United Kingdom and Vietnam . It was the first time that the majority of the nominees in this category came from outside Europe ( it happened again in 1997 , 2006 and 2011 ) and is the only time when there have been three Asian nominees . Vietnam made history by becoming the only Southeast Asian country ever to be nominated in this category ( accurate as of 2013 ) . The prize was ultimately awarded to Spain for the romantic comedy , Belle Epoque .

neg: Michael Fassbender filmography Michael Fassbender is a German-Irish actor who made his screen debut in the 2001 war drama miniseries Band of Brothers as Sgt. Burton `` Pat '' Christenson . Fassbender followed this with a number of television roles including a German motorcycle courier in the drama Hearts and Bones ( 2001 ) , Guy Fawkes in the miniseries Gunpowder , Treason & Plot ( 2004 ) , Lt. Harry Colebourn in the film A Bear Named Winnie ( 2004 ) , and Azazeal in the series Hex ( 2004 -- 05 ) . He made his film debut playing a Spartan soldier in Zack Snyder 's 300 ( 2007 ) . The following year Fassbender portrayed Irish republican Bobby Sands during the events of the 1981 Irish hunger strike in Steve McQueen 's historical drama Hunger . His performance garnered him the Best Actor award at the British Independent Film Awards , and the Irish Film and Television Awards .   Fassbender appeared as a British soldier in Quentin Tarantino-directed film Inglourious Basterds ( 2009 ) . Two years later , he played Carl Jung in David Cronenberg 's A Dangerous Method , and a man suffering with sex addiction in McQueen 's Shame . His performance in the latter earned him the Volpi Cup for Best Actor at the Venice Film Festival . In the same year he also appeared in superhero film X-Men : First Class as Magneto . In 2013 , Fassbender reteamed with McQueen on the period drama 12 Years a Slave . For his role as a slave owner in the film he received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . The following year , he reprised his role as Magneto in the superhero sequel X-Men : Days of Future Past which grossed a box-office total of over $ 747 million -- his highest grossing release as of April 2016 . In 2015 , he appeared as the title character in Justin Kurzel 's film adaptation of the play Macbeth . In the same year , Fassbender 's portrayal of Steve Jobs in Danny Boyle 's eponymous film garnered him a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actor .

neg: Land of the Blind Land of the Blind is a 2006 British-American black comedy drama film starring Ralph Fiennes , Donald Sutherland , Tom Hollander and Lara Flynn Boyle .   Land of the Blind is a dark political satire , based on several incidents throughout history in which tyrannical rulers were overthrown by new leaders who proved to be just as bad , if not worse , and subtle references are made to several such cases . The title is taken from the saying , `` In the land of the blind , the one-eyed man is king . ''   Land of the Blind had its world premiere in competition at the International Film Festival Rotterdam , and was the Opening Night Gala film at the 2006 Human Rights Watch Film Festival in London . Its U.S. premiere was in competition at the 2006 Tribeca Film Festival . The film sparked intense reaction during its festival run , attacked by both left and right , each of which saw the film as a critique of its position .   Historical references in the film include Jean-Paul Marat ( from the French Revolution ) , Kim Jong-Il , Joseph Stalin , Benito Mussolini , Augusto Pinochet , Anastasio Somoza Debayle , François Duvalier , Rudolph Hess , Jean-Claude Duvalier , Lyndon B. Johnson , Julius Caesar ( from William Shakespeare 's play ) , Robert Mugabe , Ngo Dinh Diem , Idi Amin , the PIRA Maze prison protests , U.S. POWs in Vietnam , the Weathermen terrorist group , the Khmer Rouge , the 1979 Revolution in Iran , and the subsequent Cultural Revolution in that country .

neg: Bernard Farcy Bernard Farcy ( born 2 February 1949 ) is a French actor . He is best known for his role in French action-comedy franchise Taxi .

neg: Demographics of France The demography of France is monitored by the Institut national d'études démographiques ( INED ) and the Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques ( INSEE ) . As of the 1 January 2017 , almost 67 million people lived in the French Republic ( 66,991,000 ) , including all the five overseas departments ( 2,132,000 ) , but excluding the overseas collectivities and territories ( 604,000 ) . 64,859,000 of these lived in Metropolitan France , the part of France located in Europe .   In March 2017 the population of France officially reached the 67 million mark . The 66 million mark was reached in the beginning of 2014 .   Between the years 2010 and 2017 the population of France grew from 64,613 million to 66,991 million or with about 2,4 million people for a span of 7 years , making France one of the fastest growing countries in Europe . The population of France is growing with 1 million people every 3 years . For an average annual growth of 340,000 people , or a grow rate of +0,6 % .   France was historically Europe 's most populous nation . During the Middle Ages , more than one quarter of Europe 's total population was French ; by the 17th century , this had decreased slightly to one fifth . By the beginning of the 20th century , other European nations , such as Germany and Russia , had caught up with and overtaken it . However , the country 's population sharply increased with the baby boom following World War II .   According to INSEE , since 2004 , 200,000 immigrants entered annually into the country . One out of two was born in Europe and one in three in Africa . Between 2009 and 2012 , the number of Europeans entering France increased sharply ( + 12 % per year on average ) .   The national birth rate , after dropping for a time , began to rebound in the 1990s and currently the country 's fertility rate is close to the replacement level . According to a 2006 INSEE study , `` The natural increase is close to 300,000 people , a level that has not been reached in more than thirty years . ''   Among the 802,000 newborns in metropolitan France in 2010 , 80.1 % had two French parents , 13.3 % had one French parent , and 6.6 % had two non-French parents . For the same year , 27.3 % of newborns in metropolitan France had at least one foreign-born parent and 23.9 % had at least one parent born outside of Europe ( parents born in overseas territories are considered as born in France ) . Between 2006 and 2008 , about 40 % of newborns in France had one foreign-born grandparent ( 11 % born in another European country , 16 % born in the Maghreb and 12 % born in another region of the world ) .   Racial and ethnic censuses have been banned by the French government since 1978 , since the term `` race '' in France invokes associations with Nazi Germany .

neg: List of awards and nominations received by Michael Fassbender The following is a list of awards and nominations received by Irish-German actor Michael Fassbender throughout his acting career .

neg: Charlotte Valandrey Charlotte Valandrey ( born 29 November 1968 in Paris , France ) is a French actress . After early success she was widely tipped for stardom , but her career took a more modest course until the release of her autobiography in 2005 .

neg: Roger Grosjean Roger Grosjean ( 25 July 1920 -- 7 June 1975 ) started his career as a French Air Force fighter pilot in France , England and North Africa . This involved a short stint as a Security Service ( MI5 ) double agent during World War II ( code name FIDO ) . He then became a successful archeologist in Corsica .   Grosjean was born on 25 July 1920 , in Chalon-sur-Saône , France . He entered the French Air Force in 1939 and spent the next three years in various postings , among them Fighter Group ( GC ) 2/1 in Le Luc , Var . When the Germans invaded the non-occupied part of France in November 1942 , Grosjean was demobilized .   So as to join Charles de Gaulle in London , he put together a very risky strategy : he made the Germans believe that if they helped him get over to England , he would send back various types of information . Grosjean reached England in July 1943 and reported his cover story at the start of his stay at the Royal Victoria Patriotic School ( London Reception Centre ) . He agreed to act as a double agent for the Security Service ( MI5 ) and was part of the Double-Cross System from August 1943 to May 1944 .   During that time he was also a member of the Free French Air Force . In the summer of 1944 he was sent to Algeria and then to Morocco where he was an instructor on P-39s . He ended his French Air Force career in 1946 and was awarded a number of French distinctions , among them the Legion of Honour .   After a transition period , during which he trained as an archeologist and took part in digs with L'Abbé Henri Breuil , the famous French archeologist , he joined the French National Centre for Scientific Research ( CNRS ) . In 1954 , he left for Corsica and began what was to be a very successful research career spanning twenty years studying the Corsican megalithic civilization . He uncovered quite splendid sculpted menhirs at Filitosa , Cauria and Palaghju , for example , as well as megalithic fortified settlements at Alo-Bisucce , Cucuruzzu and Araghju .   In the summer of 1975 , at the height of his career , and while working on his new museum in Sartène , Grosjean died of a heart attack . He was fifty-four years old .   An illustrated biography of Grosjean was published in 2011 by his son , François Grosjean , who also wrote an article about him in British Archaeology in 2012 . A few years later he wrote a book on his search of his two parents , Roger and Sallie , whom he did not know well as a child .

neg: Jacques Spiesser Jacques Spiesser ( born 7 June 1947 ) is a French actor , born in Angers .

neg: Film à clef A film à clef or film à clé ( -LSB- film ‿ a kle -RSB- , French for `` film with a key '' ) , is a film describing real life , behind a façade of fiction . `` Key '' in this context means a table one can use to swap out the names .  It is the film equivalent of the literary roman à clef .