query: Spiders are not arthropods.

pos: Spider Spiders ( order Araneae ) are air-breathing arthropods that have eight legs and chelicerae with fangs that inject venom . They are the largest order of arachnids and rank seventh in total species diversity among all other orders of organisms . Spiders are found worldwide on every continent except for Antarctica , and have become established in nearly every habitat with the exceptions of air and sea colonization . , at least 45,700 spider species , and 113 families have been recorded by taxonomists . However , there has been dissension within the scientific community as to how all these families should be classified , as evidenced by the over 20 different classifications that have been proposed since 1900 .   Anatomically , spiders differ from other arthropods in that the usual body segments are fused into two tagmata , the cephalothorax and abdomen , and joined by a small , cylindrical pedicel . Unlike insects , spiders do not have antennae . In all except the most primitive group , the Mesothelae , spiders have the most centralized nervous systems of all arthropods , as all their ganglia are fused into one mass in the cephalothorax . Unlike most arthropods , spiders have no extensor muscles in their limbs and instead extend them by hydraulic pressure .   Their abdomens bear appendages that have been modified into spinnerets that extrude silk from up to six types of glands . Spider webs vary widely in size , shape and the amount of sticky thread used . It now appears that the spiral orb web may be one of the earliest forms , and spiders that produce tangled cobwebs are more abundant and diverse than orb-web spiders . Spider-like arachnids with silk-producing spigots appeared in the Devonian period about , but these animals apparently lacked spinnerets . True spiders have been found in Carboniferous rocks from , and are very similar to the most primitive surviving suborder , the Mesothelae . The main groups of modern spiders , Mygalomorphae and Araneomorphae , first appeared in the Triassic period , before .   A herbivorous species , Bagheera kiplingi , was described in 2008 , but all other known species are predators , mostly preying on insects and on other spiders , although a few large species also take birds and lizards . It is estimated that the world 's 25 million tons of spiders kill 400 -- 800 million tons of prey per year . Spiders use a wide range of strategies to capture prey : trapping it in sticky webs , lassoing it with sticky bolas , mimicking the prey to avoid detection , or running it down . Most detect prey mainly by sensing vibrations , but the active hunters have acute vision , and hunters of the genus Portia show signs of intelligence in their choice of tactics and ability to develop new ones . Spiders ' guts are too narrow to take solids , and they liquefy their food by flooding it with digestive enzymes . They also grind food with the bases of their pedipalps , as arachnids do not have the mandibles that crustaceans and insects have .   Male spiders identify themselves by a variety of complex courtship rituals to avoid being eaten by the females . Males of most species survive a few matings , limited mainly by their short life spans . Females weave silk egg-cases , each of which may contain hundreds of eggs . Females of many species care for their young , for example by carrying them around or by sharing food with them . A minority of species are social , building communal webs that may house anywhere from a few to 50,000 individuals . Social behavior ranges from precarious toleration , as in the widow spiders , to co-operative hunting and food-sharing . Although most spiders live for at most two years , tarantulas and other mygalomorph spiders can live up to 25 years in captivity .   While the venom of a few species is dangerous to humans , scientists are now researching the use of spider venom in medicine and as non-polluting pesticides . Spider silk provides a combination of lightness , strength and elasticity that is superior to that of synthetic materials , and spider silk genes have been inserted into mammals and plants to see if these can be used as silk factories . As a result of their wide range of behaviors , spiders have become common symbols in art and mythology symbolizing various combinations of patience , cruelty and creative powers . An abnormal fear of spiders is called arachnophobia .

neg: Ostracod Ostracods , or ostracodes , are a class of the Crustacea ( class Ostracoda ) , sometimes known as seed shrimp . Some 70,000 species ( only 13,000 of which are extant ) have been identified , grouped into several orders . They are small crustaceans , typically around 1 mm in size , but varying from 0.2 to in the case of Gigantocypris . Their bodies are flattened from side to side and protected by a bivalve-like , chitinous or calcareous valve or `` shell '' . The hinge of the two valves is in the upper ( dorsal ) region of the body . Ostracods are grouped together based on gross morphology , but the group may not be monophyletic ; their molecular phylogeny remains ambiguous .   Ecologically , marine ostracods can be part of the zooplankton or ( most commonly ) are part of the benthos , living on or inside the upper layer of the sea floor . Many ostracods , especially the Podocopida , are also found in fresh water , and terrestrial species of Mesocypris are known from humid forest soils of South Africa , Australia and New Zealand . They have a wide range of diets , and the group includes carnivores , herbivores , scavengers and filter feeders .   As of 2008 , around 2000 species and 200 genera of nonmarine ostracods are found . However , a large portion of diversity is still undescribed , indicated by undocumented diversity hotspots of temporary habitats in Africa and Australia . Of the known specific and generic diversity of nonmarine ostracods , half ( 1000 species , 100 genera ) belongs to one family ( of 13 families ) , Cyprididae . Many Cyprididae occur in temporary water bodies and have drought-resistant eggs , mixed/parthenogenetic reproduction , and the ability to swim . These biological attributes preadapt them to form successful radiations in these habitats .

neg: Hermaphrodite In biology , a hermaphrodite is an organism that has reproductive organs normally associated with both male and female sexes . Many taxonomic groups of animals ( mostly invertebrates ) do not have separate sexes . In these groups , hermaphroditism is a normal condition , enabling a form of sexual reproduction in which either partner can act as the `` female '' or `` male '' . For example , the great majority of tunicates , pulmonate snails , opisthobranch snails and slugs are hermaphrodites . Hermaphroditism is also found in some fish species and to a lesser degree in other vertebrates . Most plants are also hermaphrodites .   Historically , the term hermaphrodite has also been used to describe ambiguous genitalia and gonadal mosaicism in individuals of gonochoristic species , especially human beings . The word intersex has come into preferred usage for humans , since the word hermaphrodite is considered to be misleading and stigmatizing , as well as `` scientifically specious and clinically problematic '' .   A rough estimate of the number of hermaphroditic animal species is 65,000 . Since the estimated total number of animal species is 8.6 million , the percentage of animal species that are hermaphroditic is about 0.7 % . Arthropods are the phylum with the largest number of species . Most hermaphroditic species exhibit some degree of self-fertilization . The distribution of self-fertilization rates among animals is similar to that of plants , suggesting that similar processes are operating to direct the evolution of selfing in animals and plants .

neg: Eurypterid Eurypterids ( sea scorpions ) are an extinct group of arthropods related to arachnids that include the largest known arthropods to have ever lived . They are members of the extinct order Eurypterida ( Chelicerata ) ; which is the most diverse Paleozoic chelicerate order in terms of species . The name Eurypterida comes from the Greek words eury - ( meaning `` broad '' or `` wide '' ) and pteron ( meaning `` wing '' ) . This name was chosen due to the pair of wide swimming appendages on the first fossil eurypterids discovered . The largest , such as Jaekelopterus , reached 2.5 m in length , but most species were less than 20 cm . They were formidable predators that thrived in warm shallow water , in both seas and lakes , from the mid Ordovician to late Permian .   Although informally called `` sea scorpions '' , only the earliest ones were marine ( later ones lived in brackish or freshwater ) , and they were not true scorpions . According to theory , the move from the sea to fresh water had probably occurred by the Pennsylvanian subperiod . Eurypterids are believed to have undergone ecdysis , making their significance in ecosystems difficult to assess , because it can be difficult to tell a fossil moult from a true fossil carcass . They became extinct during the Permian -- Triassic extinction event or sometime before the event . Their fossils have a near global distribution .   About two dozen families of eurypterids are known . Perhaps the best-known genus of eurypterid is Eurypterus , of which around 16 fossil species are known . The genus Eurypterus was described in 1825 by James Ellsworth De Kay , a zoologist . He recognized the arthropod nature of the first-ever described eurypterid specimen , found by Dr. S. L. Mitchill . In 1984 , that species , Eurypterus remipes was named the state fossil of New York .   Pentecopterus decorahensis , which lived as early as 467.3 million years ago , is the oldest described eurypterid ; with an estimated length of 1.83 m , it has been described as `` the first real big predator '' .

neg: List of birds of Brazil Brazil has one of the richest bird diversities in the world . The avifauna of Brazil include a total of 1799 species , of which 231 are endemic . Four have been introduced by humans , 69 are rare or accidental , and four are extinct or extirpated . An additional 24 species are hypothetical ( see below ) .   Brazil hosts about 60 % of the bird species recorded for all of South America . These numbers are still increasing almost every year , due to new occurrences , new species being described , or splits of existing species . About 10 % of the bird species found in Brazil are , nonetheless , threatened .   In June 2013 a simultaneous discovery of fifteen bird species in Brazil was announced , the first such since 1871 , when August von Pelzeln described forty new species . The birds were from the families Corvidae , Thamnophilidae , Dendrocolaptidae , Tyrannidae , and Polioptilidae . Eleven of the new species are endemics of Brazil and four also inhabit Peru and Bolivia .   This list 's taxonomic treatment ( designation and sequence of orders , families , and species ) and nomenclature ( common and scientific names ) follow the conventions of The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World , 2016 edition . Except as an entry is cited otherwise , the list of species is that of the South American Classification Committee ( SACC ) of the American Ornithologists ' Union . The taxonomy used by the SACC differs from `` Clements '' , and significant differences in names are noted . Especially see typical antbirds and puffbirds ; entries in those families increase the above total species count by two and decrease the endemic count by one , respectively .   Differences from `` Clements '' in the sequence of orders , families , and species within families are not noted . Several new species have been proposed and are under consideration by the SACC ; one is listed here .   The following tags have been used to highlight certain categories , but not all species fall into one of these categories . Those that do not are commonly occurring native species .   ( A ) Accidental - a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in Brazil  ( E ) Endemic - a species endemic to Brazil  ( I ) Introduced - a species introduced to Brazil as a consequence , direct or indirect , of human actions  ( H ) Hypothetical - a species recorded but with `` no tangible evidence '' according to the SACC

neg: Taxonomic sequence Taxonomic sequence ( also known as systematic , phyletic or taxonomic order ) is a sequence followed in listing of taxa which aids ease of use and roughly reflects the evolutionary relationships among the taxa . Taxonomic sequences can exist for taxa within any rank , that is , a list of families , genera , species can each have a sequence .   Early biologists used the concept of `` age '' or `` primitiveness '' of the groups in question to derive an order of arrangement , with `` older '' or more `` primitive '' groups being listed first and more recent or `` advanced '' ones last . A modern understanding of evolutionary biology has brought about a more robust framework for the taxonomic ordering of lists . A list may be seen as a rough one-dimensional representation of a phylogenetic tree . Taxonomic sequences are essentially heuristic devices that help in arrangements of linear systems such as books and information retrieval systems . Since phylogenetic relationships are complex and non-linear , there is no unique way to define the sequence , although they generally have the more basal listed first with species that cluster in a tight group included next to each other .   The organization of field guides and taxonomic monographs may either follow or prescribe the taxonomic sequence ; changes in these sequences are often introduced by new publications .

neg: Zodarion Zodarion is a genus of ant-eating spiders from the Zodariidae family . Over 150 species from Eurasia and North Africa have been described .

neg: Anthrobotics Anthrobotics is the science of developing and studying robots that are either entirely or in some way human-like .   The term anthrobotics was originally coined by Mark Rosheim in a paper entitled `` Design of An Omnidirectional Arm '' presented at the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation , May 13 -- 18 , 1990 , pp. 2162 -- 2167 . Rosheim says he derived the term from '' ... Anthropomorphic and Robotics to distinguish the new generation of dexterous robots from its simple industrial robot forebears . '' The word gained wider recognition as a result of its use in the title of Rosheim 's subsequent book Robot Evolution : The Development of Anthrobotics , which focussed on facsimiles of human physical and psychological skills and attributes .   However , a wider definition of the term anthrobotics has been proposed , in which the meaning is derived from anthropology rather than anthropomorphic . This usage includes robots that respond to input in a human-like fashion , rather than simply mimicking human actions , thus theoretically being able to respond more flexibly or to adapt to unforeseen circumstances . This expanded definition also encompasses robots that are situated in social environments with the ability to respond to those environments appropriately , such as insect robots , robotic pets , and the like .   Anthrobotics is now taught at some universities , encouraging students not only to design and build robots for environments beyond current industrial applications , but also to speculate on the future of robotics that are embedded in the world at large , as mobile phones and computers are today . In 2016 philosopher Luis de Miranda created the Anthrobotics Cluster at the University of Edinburgh `` a platform of cross-disciplinary research that seeks to investigate some of the biggest questions that will need to be answered '' on the relationship between humans , robots and intelligent systems and `` a think tank on the social spread of robotics , and also how automation is part of the definition of what humans have always been '' . to explore the symbiotic relationship between humans and automated protocols .

neg: Termite Termites are eusocial insects that are classified at the taxonomic rank of infraorder Isoptera , or as epifamily Termitoidae within the cockroach order Blattodea . Termites were once classified in a separate order from cockroaches , but recent phylogenetic studies indicate that they evolved from close ancestors of cockroaches during the Jurassic or Triassic . However , the first termites possibly emerged during the Permian or even the Carboniferous . About 3,106 species are currently described , with a few hundred more left to be described . Although these insects are often called `` white ants '' , they are not ants .   Like ants and some bees and wasps from the separate order Hymenoptera , termites divide labour among castes consisting of sterile male and female `` workers '' and `` soldiers '' . All colonies have fertile males called `` kings '' and one or more fertile females called `` queens '' . Termites mostly feed on dead plant material and cellulose , generally in the form of wood , leaf litter , soil , or animal dung . Termites are major detritivores , particularly in the subtropical and tropical regions , and their recycling of wood and plant matter is of considerable ecological importance .   Termites are among the most successful groups of insects on Earth , colonising most landmasses except for Antarctica . Their colonies range in size from a few hundred individuals to enormous societies with several million individuals . Termite queens have the longest lifespan of any insect in the world , with some queens reportedly living up to 30 to 50 years . Unlike ants , which undergo a complete metamorphosis , each individual termite goes through an incomplete metamorphosis that proceeds through egg , nymph , and adult stages . Colonies are described as superorganisms because the termites form part of a self-regulating entity : the colony itself .   Termites are a delicacy in the diet of some human cultures and are used in many traditional medicines . Several hundred species are economically significant as pests that can cause serious damage to buildings , crops , or plantation forests . Some species , such as the West Indian drywood termite ( Cryptotermes brevis ) , are regarded as invasive species .

neg: Cyriopagopus schmidti Cyriopagopus schmidti is a species of spider in the family Theraphosidae ( tarantulas ) , found in China and Vietnam . It is one of a number of species known as `` Chinese bird spider '' and `` Chinese earth tiger '' . Haplopelma huwenum was synonymized with this species in 2008 . Spiders under this name and its synonyms have been shown to produce toxins called huwentoxins .

neg: Eresus cinnaberinus Eresus cinnaberinus and Eresus niger are names formerly used for a group of spiders in the genus Eresus now divided into three species , E. kollari , E. sandaliatus and E. moravicus . The three species differ in size , colour pattern , shape of prosoma and copulatory organs , and habitat , with no morphologically intermediate forms . As eastern and western E. kollari are genetically different , with the eastern form likely a hybrid between `` pure '' E. kollari and E. moravicus , it is possible that later revisions will partition it into additional species .   Both Eresus cinnaberinus and Eresus niger are now regarded as nomina dubia .

neg: Evolution of reptiles Reptiles arose about 310 -- 320 million years ago during the Carboniferous period . Reptiles , in the traditional sense of the term , are defined as animals that have scales or scutes , lay land-based hard-shelled eggs , and possess ectothermic metabolisms . So defined , the group is paraphyletic , excluding endothermic animals like birds and mammals that are descended from early reptiles . A definition in accordance with phylogenetic nomenclature , which rejects paraphyletic groups , includes birds while excluding mammals and their synapsid ancestors . So defined , Reptilia is identical to Sauropsida .   Though few reptiles today are apex predators , many examples of apex reptiles have existed in the past . Reptiles have an extremely diverse evolutionary history that has led to biological successes , such as dinosaurs , pterosaurs , plesiosaurs , mosasaurs , and ichthyosaurs .

neg: Araniella cucurbitina Araniella cucurbitina , sometimes called the `` cucumber green spider '' , is a spider of the family Araneidae . Females grow up to 6 mm , males only up to 4 mm . The spider is mainly found on forest clearings , where it weaves its orb-web between leaves and flowers . These webs are only about 100 mm in diameter .   This spider does not use a hideout , because it is camouflaged by its green colour . Adult spiders first show this colour in spring . Freshly hatched spiderlings are red , and change to brown before the autumn . On the end of the abdomen there is a red mark in adults .   This species occurs in the Palaearctic , although it can be found in parts of North America , where it was probably introduced .   Araniella opisthographa is an almost identical spider which can only be distinguished from A. cucurbitina by a microscopic investigation .

neg: Spirochaete A spirochaete ( -LSB- ˈspaɪroʊ-ˌkiːt -RSB- ) or spirochete is a member of the phylum Spirochaetes ( -LSB- ˌspaɪroʊ-ˈkiːtiz -RSB- ) , which contains distinctive diderm ( double-membrane ) bacteria , most of which have long , helically coiled ( corkscrew-shaped or spiraled , hence the name ) cells . Spirochaetes stain gram-negative and are chemoheterotrophic in nature , with lengths between 3 and 500 µm and diameters around 0.09 to at least 3 µm .   Spirochaetes are distinguished from other bacterial phyla by the location of their flagella , sometimes called axial filaments , which run lengthwise between the bacterial inner membrane and outer membrane in periplasmic space . These cause a twisting motion which allows the spirochaete to move about . When reproducing , a spirochaete will undergo asexual transverse binary fission . Most spirochaetes are free-living and anaerobic , but there are numerous exceptions . Spirochaetes bacteria are diverse in their pathogenic capacity , the ecological niches that they inhabit , as well as molecular characteristics including GC content and genome size .

neg: Polyergus Polyergus , also called Amazon ants , is a small genus of 14 described species of `` slave-raiding '' ants . Its workers are incapable of caring for brood , in part due to their dagger-like , piercing mandibles , but more importantly , because in the evolution of their parasitism on certain species of the host genus Formica , they have lost the `` behavioral wiring '' to carry out even rudimentary brood care , or even to feed themselves . Polyergus workers exist in essence as a specialized brood-acquiring caste in their mixed Polyergus/Formica colonies , maintaining the Formica worker force by robbing brood , especially pupae , of particular species in the closely related genus Formica in massive colony-to-colony raids . The captured ants are generally referred to as `` slaves '' in scientific and popular literature , though recent attempts have been made to apply other human cultural models , such as describing the Polyergus individuals of a colony as `` raiders '' or `` pirates '' or `` kidnappers '' and the Formica workers as `` helper-ants '' , or `` domesticated animals '' . Biologists describe the system as parasitism by `` dulosis '' ( slavemaking ) by Polyergus on the host Formica species .   Polyergus obtains its Formica work force by stealing pupae from nearby Formica colonies and carrying them back to its own nest . Back in the Polyergus nest , Formica workers are eventually helped to emerge from the cocoons and pupal exuvia by Formica workers already living there . The new workers quickly assimilate the characteristic odor of the mixed-species population of the Polyergus colony -- without violence or coercion . The Formica workers that emerge in the mixed-species colony go on to nurse the brood , forage , maintain the nest , feed their adult captors and their mother the queen , and perform other colony upkeep duties .   As far as is known , all established Polyergus colonies have only one queen . However , many contain ergatoids , large , worker-like forms with large gasters . These may be substitutes reproductive individuals after the queen 's death , but this has not been proven . To found a new colony , a lone Polyergus queen invades a nest of the host species , or encounters and moves in with a colony-founding queen of the host species and her first few workers . In the latter case , the host queen is allowed to survive until her little colony has reared a sufficient number of host workers to support the parasite queen , something the Polyergus queen can not do herself . A young Polyergus queen kills the existing Formica queen ( immediately if sufficient workers are present , later if these are not yet reared ) and becomes accepted by the Formica workers . These proceed to rear the first and all subsequent Polyergus brood . Clearly , this complicated and lengthy process often fails , as Polyergus colonies are relatively rare , even though each mature colony produces dozens or hundreds of new potential queens each year . To counteract the natural mortality of the Formica worker population , Polyergus workers must conduct regular raids over a 6-8 week period , every summer over the 10-15-year life span of their colony .

neg: Palaeognathae Palaeognathae , or paleognaths , is one of the two living clades of birds -- the other being Neognathae . Together , these two clades form the clade Neornithes . Palaeognathae contains five extant branches of flightless lineages ( plus two extinct clades ) , termed ratites , and one flying lineage , the Neotropic tinamous . There are 47 species of tinamous , 5 of kiwis ( Apteryx ) , 3 of cassowaries ( Casuarius ) , 1 of emus ( Dromaius ) ( another became extinct in historic times ) , 2 of rheas and 2 of ostrich . Recent research has indicated that paleognaths are monophyletic but the traditional taxonomic split between flightless and flighted forms is incorrect ; tinamous are within the ratite radiation , meaning flightlessness arose independently multiple times via parallel evolution .   There are three extinct groups , the Lithornithiformes , the Dinornithiformes ( moas ) and the Aepyornithiformes ( elephant birds ) , that are undisputed members of Palaeognathae . There are other extinct birds which have been allied with the Palaeognathae by at least one author , but their affinities are a matter of dispute .   The word Paleognath is derived from the ancient Greek for `` old jaws '' in reference to the skeletal anatomy of the palate , which is described as more primitive and reptilian than that in other birds . Paleognathous birds retain some basal morphological characters but are by no means living fossils as their genomes continued to evolve at the DNA level under selective pressure at rates comparable to the Neognathae branch of living birds , though there is some controversy about the precise relationship between them and the other birds . There are also several other scientific controversies about their evolution ( see below ) .

neg: Seothyra Seothyra , commonly known as the buck spoor spiders , buckspoor spiders or just spoor spiders , belong to a sand-dwelling , burrowing genus of araneomorph spiders in the family Eresidae . The 13 species are endemic to the arid , sandy flats and semistabilized red dunes of southern Africa . They are sexually dimorphic . The tiny males , which are seldom seen , imitate sugar ants or velvet ants in their appearance and habits , while the females hide in and hunt from their characteristic burrows . They are thermophilous , with males as well as females being most active on hot days .

neg: Palpimanoidea Palpimanoidea or palpimanoids are a group of araneomorph spiders , originally treated as a superfamily . As with many such groups , its circumscription has varied . , the following five families were included :   Archaeidae  Huttoniidae  Mecysmaucheniidae  Palpimanidae  Stenochilidae   In 1984 , Raymond R. Forster and Norman I. Platnick proposed that some groups previously considered araneoid actually belonged in the distantly related Palpimanoidea , including the families Holarchaeidae , Micropholcommatidae , Mimetidae and Pararchaeidae . Subsequent phylogenetic studies have rejected this proposal , firmly placing them in Araneoidea .   The Palpimanoidea ( together with the Dionycha ) are the only spider group with no cribellate members .

neg: Formicinae The Formicinae are a subfamily within the Formicidae containing ants of moderate evolutionary development .   Formicines retain some primitive features , such as the presence of cocoons around pupae , the presence of ocelli in workers , and little tendency toward reduction of palp or antennal segmentation in most species , except subterranean groups . Extreme modification of mandibles is rare , except in the genera Myrmoteras and Polyergus . However , some members show considerable evolutionary advancement in behaviors such as slave-making and symbiosis with root-feeding hemipterans . Finally , all formicines have very reduced stings and enlarged venom reservoirs , with the venom gland , specialized ( uniquely among ants ) for the production of formic acid .   All members of the Formicinae `` have a one-segmented petiole in the form of a vertical scale '' .

neg: Australian garden orb weaver spider The Australian garden orb weaver spider ( Eriophora transmarina ) is a very common species of spider with many variants in size , shape , and colour across the coastal regions of the eastern states of Australia . They have very large abdomens when well-fed and exhibit a tremendous colour-range from off-white through tan , brown to almost black . They have a roughly leaf-shaped pattern on the top of their abdomen with a complex outline that is darker than the surrounding area . There may also be several whitish spots or one or more stripes . The spiders ' cephalothoraxes ( heads ) and proximal ( closer to the body ) leg segments are usually darker , mostly reddish or reddish brown . They are able to change their colour with each moult to better match the background upon which they rest during the day .   The spiders are notable for the often large and intricate webs which they weave at night . They are usually nocturnal feeders , resting head down in their webs waiting to catch flying insects . They make their sticky rounded orb webs near lights and between trees where insects are likely to fly . During the day the spider will often rest somewhere near the web , usually under a leaf or twig , or in a crevice in bark or rock . They are commonly found around human habitation so may be found resting under eaves and in similar places . When disturbed they will retreat towards this rest area , although under imminent danger the spider will drop to the ground and `` play dead '' . Occasionally individual spiders will remain on the web during the day , possibly when prey has not been caught for a while , but this makes them more vulnerable to predation by birds .   Their bite is not dangerous to humans but may induce mild , local pain , redness , and occasionally swelling for a period of 30 minutes up to three to four hours .   The female is larger than the male , having a body length of 20 - 25 mm compared with 15 - 17 mm for the males . Females may also be distinguished by a needle-like epigynum protruding in the direction of the spinnerets .

neg: Caterpillar Caterpillars -LSB- ˈkætərˌpɪlər -RSB- are the larval stage of members of the order Lepidoptera ( the insect order comprising butterflies and moths ) .   As with most common names , the application of the word is arbitrary and the larvae of sawflies commonly are called caterpillars as well .   Caterpillars of most species are herbivorous , but not all ; some ( about 1 % ) are insectivorous , even cannibalistic . Some feed on other animal products ; for example clothes moths feed on wool , and horn moths feed on the hooves and horns of dead ungulates .   Caterpillars as a rule are voracious feeders and many of them are among the most serious of agricultural pests . In fact many moth species are best known in their caterpillar stages because of the damage they cause to fruits and other agricultural produce , whereas the moths are obscure and do no direct harm . Conversely , various species of caterpillar are valued as sources of silk , as human or animal food , or for biological control of pest plants .


query: Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth that cannot be stopped.

pos: Cancer Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body . Not all tumors are cancerous ; benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body . Possible signs and symptoms include a lump , abnormal bleeding , prolonged cough , unexplained weight loss and a change in bowel movements . While these symptoms may indicate cancer , they may have other causes . Over 100 types of cancers affect humans .   Tobacco use is the cause of about 22 % of cancer deaths . Another 10 % is due to obesity , poor diet , lack of physical activity , and excessive drinking of alcohol . Other factors include certain infections , exposure to ionizing radiation and environmental pollutants . In the developing world nearly 20 % of cancers are due to infections such as hepatitis B , hepatitis C and human papillomavirus ( HPV ) . These factors act , at least partly , by changing the genes of a cell . Typically many genetic changes are required before cancer develops . Approximately 5 -- 10 % of cancers are due to inherited genetic defects from a person 's parents . Cancer can be detected by certain signs and symptoms or screening tests . It is then typically further investigated by medical imaging and confirmed by biopsy .   Many cancers can be prevented by not smoking , maintaining a healthy weight , not drinking too much alcohol , eating plenty of vegetables , fruits and whole grains , vaccination against certain infectious diseases , not eating too much processed and red meat , and avoiding too much sunlight exposure . Early detection through screening is useful for cervical and colorectal cancer . The benefits of screening in breast cancer are controversial . Cancer is often treated with some combination of radiation therapy , surgery , chemotherapy , and targeted therapy . Pain and symptom management are an important part of care . Palliative care is particularly important in people with advanced disease . The chance of survival depends on the type of cancer and extent of disease at the start of treatment . In children under 15 at diagnosis the five-year survival rate in the developed world is on average 80 % . For cancer in the United States the average five-year survival rate is 66 % .   In 2015 about 90.5 million people had cancer . About 14.1 million new cases occur a year ( not including skin cancer other than melanoma ) . It caused about 8.8 million deaths ( 15.7 % ) of human deaths . The most common types of cancer in males are lung cancer , prostate cancer , colorectal cancer and stomach cancer . In females , the most common types are breast cancer , colorectal cancer , lung cancer and cervical cancer . If skin cancer other than melanoma were included in total new cancers each year it would account for around 40 % of cases . In children , acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and brain tumors are most common except in Africa where non-Hodgkin lymphoma occurs more often . In 2012 , about 165,000 children under 15 years of age were diagnosed with cancer . The risk of cancer increases significantly with age and many cancers occur more commonly in developed countries . Rates are increasing as more people live to an old age and as lifestyle changes occur in the developing world . The financial costs of cancer were estimated at $ 1.16 trillion US dollars per year as of 2010 .

neg: Hairy cell leukemia Hairy cell leukemia is an uncommon hematological malignancy characterized by an accumulation of abnormal B lymphocytes . It is usually classified as a sub-type of chronic lymphoid leukemia . Hairy cell leukemia makes up approximately 2 % of all leukemias , with fewer than 2,000 new cases diagnosed annually in North America and Western Europe combined .   Hairy cell leukemia was originally described as histiocytic leukemia , malignant reticulosis , or lymphoid myelofibrosis in publications dating back to the 1920s . The disease was formally named leukemic reticuloendotheliosis and its characterization significantly advanced by Bertha Bouroncle and colleagues at The Ohio State University College of Medicine in 1958 . Its common name , which was coined in 1966 , is derived from the `` hairy '' appearance of the malignant B cells under a microscope .

neg: Molecular oncology Molecular oncology is an interdisciplinary medical speciality at the interface of medicinal chemistry and oncology that refers to the investigation of the chemistry of cancer and tumors at the molecular scale . Also the development and application of molecularly targeted therapies .

neg: Cure A cure is the end of a medical condition ; the substance or procedure that ends the medical condition , such as a medication , a surgical operation , a change in lifestyle , or even a philosophical mindset that helps end a person 's sufferings ; or the state of being healed , or cured .   A remission is a temporary end to the medical signs and symptoms of an incurable disease . A disease is said to be incurable if there is always a chance of the patient relapsing , no matter how long the patient has been in remission . An incurable disease may or may not be a terminal illness ; conversely , a curable illness can still result in the patient 's death .   The proportion of people with a disease that are cured by a given treatment , called the cure fraction or cure rate , is determined by comparing disease-free survival of treated people against a matched control group that never had the disease .   Another way of determining the cure fraction and/or `` cure time '' is by measuring when the hazard rate in a diseased group of individuals returns to the hazard rate measured in the general population .   Inherent in the idea of a cure is the permanent end to the specific instance of the disease . When a person has the common cold , and then recovers from it , the person is said to be cured , even though the person might someday catch another cold . Conversely , a person that has successfully managed a disease , such as diabetes mellitus , so that it produces no undesirable symptoms for the moment , but without actually permanently ending it , is not cured .   Related concepts , whose meaning can differ , include response , remission and recovery .

neg: Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors ( PanNETs , PETs , or PNETs ) , often referred to as `` islet cell tumors '' , or `` pancreatic endocrine tumors '' are neuroendocrine neoplasms that arise from cells of the endocrine ( hormonal ) and nervous system within the pancreas .   PanNETs are a type of neuroendocrine tumor , representing about one third of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors ( GEP-NETs ) . Many PanNETs are benign , while some are malignant . Aggressive PanNET tumors have traditionally been termed `` islet cell carcinoma '' .   PanNETs are quite distinct from the usual form of pancreatic cancer , the majority of which are adenocarcinomas , which arises in the exocrine pancreas . Only 1 or 2 % of clinically significant pancreas neoplasms are PanNETs .

neg: Lung cancer susceptibility Lung cancer susceptibility tests suggest the probability or susceptibility an individual may have of getting lung cancer . Lung cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in the lung tissue . If left untreated , this growth can spread beyond the lungs in a process called metastasis , into nearby tissues or other parts of the body .

neg: Oncocytoma An oncocytoma is a tumor made up of oncocytes , epithelial cells characterized by an excessive amount of mitochondria , resulting in an abundant acidophilic , granular cytoplasm . The cells and the tumor that they compose are often benign but sometimes may be premalignant or malignant .

neg: Squamous cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma ( SCC or SqCC ) , also known as squamous cell cancer , is one of the main types of skin cancer that begins from squamous cells in the skin . Cancers that involve the anus , cervix , head and neck , and vagina are also most often squamous cell cancers . The esophagus , urinary bladder , prostate , and lung are other possible sites .   Frequent exposure to direct , strong sunlight without adequate sunscreen protection is a risk factor for skin cancer . Despite sharing the name squamous cell carcinoma , the SCCs of different body sites can show differences in their presenting symptoms , natural history , prognosis , and response to treatment .   SCC typically occurs in people older than 50 years . As of 2014 an increasing number of people in their 20s and 30s are being affected . It is twice as common in men as in women . People with darker skin and eyes have a lower risk than individuals with lighter colored skin . People with fair skin , light hair and eyes are at highest risk of developing the disease .

neg: Lists of diseases __ NOTOC __  A medical condition is a broad term that includes all diseases and disorders .   A disease is an abnormal condition affecting the body of an organism .   A disorder is a functional abnormality or disturbance .   List of cancer types  List of cutaneous conditions  List of endocrine diseases  List of eye diseases and disorders  List of intestinal diseases  List of infectious diseases  List of human disease case fatality rates  List of notifiable diseases - diseases that should be reported to public health services e.g.hospitals .   Disorders  List of communication disorders  List of genetic disorders  List of neurological disorders  List of voice disorders  List of vulvovaginal disorders  List of liver disorders  List of heart disorders  Mental illness ( alphabetical list )  List of eating disorders  List of mood disorders  List of personality disorders

neg: Clinical Cancer Research Clinical Cancer Research is a peer-reviewed medical journal on oncology , including the cellular and molecular characterization , prevention , diagnosis , and therapy of human cancer , medical and hematological oncology , radiation therapy , pediatric oncology , pathology , surgical oncology , and clinical genetics . The applications of the disciplines of pharmacology , immunology , cell biology , and molecular genetics to intervention in human cancer are also included . One of the main interests of Clinical Cancer Research is on clinical trials that evaluate new treatments together with research on pharmacology and molecular alterations or biomarkers that predict response or resistance to treatment . Another priority for Clinical Cancer Research is laboratory and animal studies of new drugs as well as molecule-targeted agents with the potential to lead to clinical trials , and studies of targetable mechanisms of oncogenesis , progression of the malignant phenotype , and metastatic disease . The journal is published by the American Association for Cancer Research .

neg: Hypoplasia Hypoplasia ( from Ancient Greek ὑπo - hypo - , `` under '' + πλάσις plasis , `` formation '' ; adjective form hypoplastic ) is underdevelopment or incomplete development of a tissue or organ . Although the term is not always used precisely , it properly refers to an inadequate or below-normal number of cells . Hypoplasia is similar to aplasia , but less severe . It is technically not the opposite of hyperplasia ( too many cells ) . Hypoplasia is a congenital condition , while hyperplasia generally refers to excessive cell growth later in life . ( Atrophy , the wasting away of already existing cells , is technically the direct opposite of both hyperplasia and hypertrophy . )   Hypoplasia can be present in any tissue or organ . It is descriptive of many medical conditions , including underdevelopment of organs such as :   Breasts during puberty  Testes in Klinefelter 's syndrome  Ovaries in Fanconi anemia , gonadal dysgenesis , trisomy X  Thymus in DiGeorge syndrome  Labia majora in popliteal pterygium syndrome  Corpus callosum , connecting the two sides of the brain , in Agenesis of the corpus callosum  Cerebellum caused by mutation in the Reelin gene  Tooth caused by oral pathology , such as Turner 's hypoplasia  Chambers of the heart in hypoplastic left heart syndrome and hypoplastic right heart syndrome  Optic nerve in optic nerve hypoplasia  Sacrum in sacral agenesis  Facial muscle in asymmetric crying facies  Thumb from birth  Lungs , often as a result of oligohydramnios during gestation or the existence of congenital diaphragmatic hernia  Small bowel in coeliac disease  Fingers and ears in Harlequin type ichthyosis  Mandible in congenital hypothyroidism

neg: Chondrosarcoma Chondrosarcoma is a cancer composed of cells derived from transformed cells that produce cartilage . Chondrosarcoma is a member of a category of tumors of bone and soft tissue known as sarcomas . About 30 % of skeletal system cancers are chondrosarcomas . It is resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy . Unlike other primary bone cancers that mainly affect children and adolescents , chondrosarcoma can present at any age . It more often affects the axial skeleton than the appendicular skeleton .

neg: Chemotherapy Chemotherapy ( often abbreviated to chemo and sometimes CTX or CTx ) is a category of cancer treatment that uses one or more anti-cancer drugs ( chemotherapeutic agents ) as part of a standardized chemotherapy regimen . Chemotherapy may be given with a curative intent ( which almost always involves combinations of drugs ) , or it may aim to prolong life or to reduce symptoms ( palliative chemotherapy ) . Chemotherapy is one of the major categories of the medical discipline specifically devoted to pharmacotherapy for cancer , which is called medical oncology .   By common usage , the term chemotherapy has come to connote the use of rather non-specific intracellular poisons , especially related to inhibiting the process of cell division known as mitosis , and generally excludes agents that more selectively block extracellular growth signals ( i.e. blockers of signal transduction ) . To avoid these connotations for recently developed ( against specific molecular or genetic targets ) therapies which inhibit of growth-promoting signals coming from classic endocrine hormones ( primarily estrogens for breast cancer and androgens for prostate cancer ) is known as hormonal therapy , while the inhibition of other growth-promoting influences ( especially those associated with receptor tyrosine kinases ) is known as targeted therapy .   Importantly , the use of drugs ( whether chemotherapy , hormonal therapy or targeted therapy ) constitutes systemic therapy for cancer in that they are introduced into the blood stream and are therefore in principle able to address cancer at any anatomic location in the body . Systemic therapy is often used in conjunction with other modalities that constitute local therapy ( i.e. treatments whose efficacy is confined to the anatomic area where they are applied ) for cancer such as radiation therapy , surgery and/or hyperthermia therapy .   Traditional chemotherapeutic agents are cytotoxic by means of interfering with cell division ( mitosis ) but cancer cells vary widely in their susceptibility to these agents . To a large extent , chemotherapy can be thought of as a way to damage or stress cells , which may then lead to cell death if apoptosis is initiated . Many of the side effects of chemotherapy can be traced to damage to normal cells that divide rapidly and are thus sensitive to anti-mitotic drugs : cells in the bone marrow , digestive tract and hair follicles . This results in the most common side-effects of chemotherapy : myelosuppression ( decreased production of blood cells , hence also immunosuppression ) , mucositis ( inflammation of the lining of the digestive tract ) , and alopecia ( hair loss ) . Because of the effect on immune cells ( especially lymphocytes ) , chemotherapy drugs often find use in a host of diseases that result from harmful overactivity of the immune system against self ( so-called autoimmunity ) . These include rheumatoid arthritis , systemic lupus erythematosus , multiple sclerosis , vasculitis and many others .

neg: Xenotransplantation Xenotransplantation ( xenos - from the Greek meaning `` foreign '' ) , is the transplantation of living cells , tissues or organs from one species to another . Such cells , tissues or organs are called xenografts or xenotransplants . It is contrasted with allotransplantation ( from other individual of same species ) , Syngeneic transplantation ( Grafts transplanted between two genetically identical individuals of the same species ) and Autotransplantation ( from one part of the body to another in the same person ) .   Xenotransplantation of human tumor cells into immunocompromised mice is a research technique frequently used in pre-clinical oncology research .   Human xenotransplantation offers a potential treatment for end-stage organ failure , a significant health problem in parts of the industrialized world . It also raises many novel medical , legal and ethical issues . A continuing concern is that many animals , such as pigs , have a shorter lifespan than humans , meaning that their tissues age at a quicker rate . Disease transmission ( xenozoonosis ) and permanent alteration to the genetic code of animals are also causes for concern . A few successful cases of xenotransplantation are published .   It is not uncommon for patients and physicians to use the term `` allograft '' imprecisely to refer to either allograft ( human-to-human ) or xenograft ( animal-to-human ) , but it is helpful scientifically ( for those searching or reading the scientific literature ) to maintain the more precise distinction in usage .

neg: Psycho-oncology Psycho-oncology is a field of interdisciplinary study and practice at the intersection of lifestyle , psychology and oncology . It is concerned with aspects of cancer that go beyond medical treatment and include lifestyle , psychological and social aspects of cancer . Sometimes it is also referred to as psychosocial oncology or behavioral oncology because it deals with psychosocial and behavioral topics . The field is concerned both with the effects of cancer on a person 's psychological health as well as the social and behavioral factors that may affect the disease process of cancer and/or the remission of it .   This is where the effects of :  Chemobrain or post-chemotherapy cognitive impairment `` PCCI '' would be addressed .  Radiation induced cognitive decline issues .  Placebo effect and the nocebo effect will be studied .  Self care issues are studied .  Transition to survivorship phase of cancer journey ( See : Cancer survivor )   Psycho-oncology , as a subspeciality , addresses the two major psychological dimensions of cancer : the psychological responses of patients to cancer at all stages of the disease and that of their families and caretakers ( called oncopsychology ) ; and the psychological , behavioral and social factors that may influence the disease process ( called psychosocial-oncology ) .   Psycho-oncology is an area of multi-disciplinary interest and has boundaries with the major specialities in oncology : the clinical disciplines ( surgery , medicine , pediatrics , radiotherapy ) , epidemiology , immunology , endocrinology , biology , pathology , bioethics , palliative care , rehabilitation medicine , clinical trials research and decision making , as well as psychiatry and psychology .

neg: Vascular tumor Vascular tumor may mean :   tumor of vascular origin , a growth ( benign or malignant ) formed from blood vessels ; for example , hemangioma , Lymphangioma , hemangioendothelioma , Kaposi sarcoma , angiosarcoma , hemangioblastoma , etc. .  a highly vascularized tumor or poorly vascularized tumor , referring to the degree of adequate or inadequate ( ischemic ) blood supply to a tumor formed from any biological tissue

neg: Cancer prevention Cancer prevention is defined as active measures to decrease the risk of cancer . The vast majority of cancer cases are due to environmental risk factors , and many , but not all , of these environmental factors are controllable lifestyle choices . Greater than 30 % of cancer deaths could be prevented by avoiding risk factors including : tobacco , overweight / obesity , an insufficient diet , physical inactivity , alcohol , sexually transmitted infections , and air pollution . Not all environmental causes are controllable , such as naturally occurring background radiation , and other cases of cancer are caused through hereditary genetic disorders , and thus it is not possible to prevent all cases of cancer .

neg: Hippo signaling pathway The Hippo signaling pathway , also known as the Salvador/Warts/Hippo ( SWH ) pathway , controls organ size in animals through the regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis . The pathway takes its name from one of its key signaling components -- the protein kinase Hippo ( Hpo ) . Mutations in this gene lead to tissue overgrowth , or a `` hippopotamus '' - like phenotype .   A fundamental question in developmental biology is how an organ knows to stop growing after reaching a particular size . Organ growth relies on several processes occurring at the cellular level , including cell division and programmed cell death ( or apoptosis ) . The Hippo signaling pathway is involved in restraining cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis . As many cancers are marked by unchecked cell division , this signaling pathway has become increasingly significant in the study of human cancer .   The Hippo signaling pathway appears to be highly conserved . While most of the Hippo pathway components were identified in the fruit fly ( Drosophila melanogaster ) using mosaic genetic screens , orthologs to these components ( genes that function analogously in different species ) have subsequently been found in mammals . Thus , the delineation of the pathway in Drosophila has helped to identify many genes that function as oncogenes or tumor suppressors in mammals .

neg: Melanocytic nevus A melanocytic nevus ( also known as `` nevocytic nevus '' or `` nevus-cell nevus '' ) is a type of lesion that contains nevus cells ( a type of melanocyte ) . Some sources equate the term mole with `` melanocytic nevus '' . Other sources reserve the term `` mole '' for other purposes .   The majority of moles appear during the first two decades of a person 's life , with about one in every 100 babies being born with moles . Acquired moles are a form of benign neoplasm , while congenital moles , or congenital nevi , are considered a minor malformation or hamartoma and may be at a higher risk for melanoma . A mole can be either subdermal ( under the skin ) or a pigmented growth on the skin , formed mostly of a type of cell known as a melanocyte . The high concentration of the body 's pigmenting agent , melanin , is responsible for their dark color . Moles are a member of the family of skin lesions known as nevi .

neg: Asbestosis Asbestosis is a chronic inflammatory and scarring disease affecting the tissue of the lungs . People with the condition may experience severe shortness of breath and are at an increased risk for certain cancers , including lung cancer and , less commonly , mesothelioma . Asbestosis specifically refers to fibrosis within the lung tissue from asbestos , and not scarring around the outside of the lungs .   It is caused by the breathing in and retention of asbestos fibers . It usually occurs after high intensity and/or long-term exposure to asbestos ( particularly in those individuals working on the production or end-use of products containing asbestos ) and is therefore regarded as an occupational lung disease . People with extensive occupational exposure to the mining , manufacturing , handling , or removal of asbestos are at risk of developing asbestosis .

neg: Morphogenesis Morphogenesis ( from the Greek morphê shape and genesis creation , literally , `` beginning of the shape '' ) is the biological process that causes an organism to develop its shape . It is one of three fundamental aspects of developmental biology along with the control of cell growth and cellular differentiation , unified in evolutionary developmental biology ( evo-devo ) .   The process controls the organized spatial distribution of cells during the embryonic development of an organism . Morphogenesis can take place also in a mature organism , in cell culture or inside tumor cell masses . Morphogenesis also describes the development of unicellular life forms that do not have an embryonic stage in their life cycle , or describes the evolution of a body structure within a taxonomic group .   Morphogenetic responses may be induced in organisms by hormones , by environmental chemicals ranging from substances produced by other organisms to toxic chemicals or radionuclides released as pollutants , and other plants , or by mechanical stresses induced by spatial patterning of the cells .


query: Selena Gomez's middle name is Marie.

pos: Selena Gomez Selena Marie Gomez ( -LSB- səˈliːnə_məˈɹiː_ˈɡoʊmɛz -RSB- ; -LSB- seˈlena ˈɣomes -RSB- ; born July 22 , 1992 ) is an American actress and singer . Having appeared in the children 's television series Barney & Friends while growing up , she rose to fame playing the role of Alex Russo on the Disney Channel series Wizards of Waverly Place ( 2007 -- 2012 ) .   In 2008 , she signed a recording contract with Hollywood Records and formed her band Selena Gomez & the Scene . The band released three studio albums and produced four top 30 singles by 2011 . Gomez also formed her own production company in 2008 , July Moon Productions ; she serves as an executive producer on the Netflix original series 13 Reasons Why , which released in March 2017 .   Between 2009 and 2011 , Gomez starred in films such as Princess Protection Program , Ramona and Beezus , and Monte Carlo , and took on a more mature role in Spring Breakers ( 2013 ) . Gomez also took her singing career in a different direction , with the release of her first solo album Stars Dance ( 2013 ) ; the album debuted atop the Billboard 200 in the United States and included the top ten single `` Come & Get It . '' Gomez released a compilation album in 2014 as her fifth and final release through Hollywood Records , which was preceded by her second top ten single `` The Heart Wants What It Wants '' , and signed a new recording contract with Interscope Records .   In 2015 , she released her second solo album , Revival , which debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 , while the first three singles , `` Good for You , '' `` Same Old Love , '' and `` Hands to Myself , '' all topped the Mainstream Top 40 chart in the United States . Gomez has also starred in the films The Fundamentals of Caring ( 2016 ) , In Dubious Battle ( 2016 ) , and in the Hotel Transylvania films .   Since the start of her singing career , she has gone on to sell over 7 million albums and 22 million singles worldwide , according to Billboard . Gomez has earned a number of awards and nominations for her work as an actress and singer , and has won a Billboard Women in Music award , an MTV Video Music Award , an American Music Award , and fifteen Teen Choice Awards . As of November 2016 , Gomez is the most-followed Instagram user in the world .

neg: Mexican pop music Mexican pop is a music genre produced in Mexico , particularly intended for teenagers and young adults .   Mexico is the country that exports the most entertainment in Spanish language . Mexican pop was limited to Latin America until the mid-1990s , when an interest towards this type of music increased after Luis Miguel 's , Lynda Thomas ' , Selena 's , Thalía 's ,  Gloria Trevi 's and Paulina Rubio 's debuts before the mainstream USA audience .   During the 1960s and 1970s most of the pop music produced in Mexico consisted on Spanish-language versions of English-language rock-and-roll hits . Singers and musical groups like Angélica María , Johnny Laboriel , Alberto Vázquez , Enrique Guzmán or Los Teen Tops performed cover versions of songs by Elvis Presley , Paul Anka , Nancy Sinatra and others .

neg: Julissa (singer) Julissa Arce Rivera ( born January 13 , 1976 ) commonly known simply as Julissa , is a Puerto Rican Christian music singer .

neg: The Heart Wants What It Wants `` The Heart Wants What It Wants '' is a song by American singer Selena Gomez from her 2014 compilation album For You . It was released on November 6 , 2014 , through Hollywood Records . The song was written by Gomez , Antonina Armato and Tim James . Additional songwriting was provided by David Jost . Armato and James , who collectively form the production duo Rock Mafia , also produced the song . A mid-tempo pop and R&B track with a minimal electropop beat , its accompanying music video was premiered on November 6 , 2014 , alongside the premiere of the song itself . It is Gomez 's last release under the label .   Music critics mostly commended the song 's lyrical content , production , vocals , and Gomez 's new direction . The song reached number six on the Billboard Hot 100 . It also reached number six in Canada , and peaked in the top 40 in sixteen countries , including Australia , Belgium , New Zealand , and the United Kingdom .

neg: Selena Roberts Selena Roberts ( born May 16 , 1966 in Live Oak , Florida ) is an American best-selling author , sportswriter , and digital entrepreneur . Previously , she was a senior writer for Sports Illustrated and a columnist for The New York Times . Roberts began her career as a beat writer for the Minnesota Vikings at the Minneapolis Star Tribune and for the Orlando Magic and Tampa Bay Buccaneers at the Orlando Sentinel . She received a B.A. degree in journalism from Auburn University in 1988 where she was a sports editor for the university paper The Plainsman . She also made frequent appearances on the ESPN talk show The Sports Reporters . In a February 7 , 2009 article on SI.com that quickly made the cover of Sports Illustrated , Roberts revealed that Yankees third baseman Alex Rodriguez tested positive for steroids in 2003 .

neg: Marie Davidson Marie Davidson is a Canadian singer , poet , and electronic music producer . Originating from Montreal , she is also one half of the minimal wave duo Essaie Pas , a duo she formed with her partner , Frenchman Pierre Guerineau . She sings in both English and French . Her third album , Adieux au Dancefloor was named by Pitchfork as one of `` The 20 Best Electronic Albums of 2016 '' . The album is themed around Davidson 's ambivalent feelings towards dance music and club culture . Describing her two earlier albums , Pitchfork wrote , `` Her two previous solo releases ( Perte D'Identité and Un Autre Voyage ) mingled gothic ambient music , poetic repetitions , and analog synthpop to great success . Her work has never felt campy , but is darkly rendered , probing , and redolent of Lizzy Mercier Descloux . ''   Davidson was also part of the duo Les Momies de Palerme , along with Xarah Dion . Their LP Brûlez ce coeur was released on Constellation Records in 2010 . She has collaborated with various other musicians including Matana Roberts ( on her project Coin Coin ) and David Kristian , and she was part of the orchestral project Land of Kush .

neg: Lovergirl `` Lovergirl '' is the first single from Teena Marie 's 1984 album , Starchild . The song became Marie 's biggest hit , peaking at # 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 . She wrote and produced the song .

neg: Gabriela Palacio Gabriela Palacio Díaz de León ( born March 28 , 1989 ) is a Mexican singer , model and beauty pageant titleholder who obtained the 2010 Nuestra Belleza Internacional México title .   A marketing student from Aguascalientes , Aguascalientes , Gabriela Palacio was designated to participate in the 2010 Nuestra Belleza México contest , held September 25 , 2010 in Saltillo , Coahuila . The 21-year-old was crowned Nuestra Belleza Internacional México by Anagabriela Espinoza , the outgoing national titleholder and reigning Miss International 2009 . She is the first delegate from her state to obtain a national title from the Nuestra Belleza México organization . Palacio competed in the 50th Miss International pageant , held on November 7 , 2010 in Chengdu , China where she won the Miss Photogenic award . She previously won the 2009 Reina Nacional de la Feria de San Marcos contest . On August 3 , 2011 it was announced by the Nuestra Belleza Mexico organization that Palacio would represent her country in the 61st Miss World pageant , held on November 6 , 2011 after Cynthia de la Vega was dethroned .   Gabriela Palacio participated in the successful Musical `` Anjou , a tale of horror '' 2009-2010 . This TJMC ( Thomas Jefersson Musical Theatre Company ) musical has been presented in New York Musical Theatre Festival and China .

neg: List of awards and nominations received by Jennifer Lopez Jennifer Lopez is an American singer , actress , dancer , fashion designer and producer . She began her career as an actress for a minor role in the film My Little Girl . Lopez gained her first regular high-profile job as a Fly Girl dancer on In Living Color in 1991 , where she remained for two seasons and remained a regular until she decided to pursue an acting career in 1993 . She received her first leading role in the Selena biopic of the same name in 1997 which made $ 35.5 million at box office . She ventured into the music industry in 1999 , with her debut studio album , On the 6 , preceded by the number-one single `` If You Had My Love '' . In 2001 , she released her second studio album J.Lo which sold over 12 million copies worldwide . she has released eight studio albums overall , as of today . Lopez has sold over 80 million records worldwide . She has won 133 awards from 324 nominations including 3 American Music Awards , 1 BET Awards , 1 Billboard Music Award , 10 Billboard Latin Music Awards , and 2 World Music Awards . In 2014 , she received the prestigious Billboard Icon Award for her contribution in music .

neg: Baby Bell (actress) Baby Bell ( born María Isabel Gómez Bell ; January 26 , 1943 -- 2000 ) was an Argentine-born Mexican actress and singer . She was perhaps best known for starring in the film Cada quién su lucha .

neg: Olé (Azúcar Moreno album) Olé is the ninth studio album by Spanish duo Azúcar Moreno , released on Sony International in 1998 .   After the commercial success of the 1996 album Esclava De Tu Piel which had produced five hit singles followed by `` Muévete Salvaje '' from the 1997 hits compilation Mucho Azúcar - Grandes Éxitos , Azúcar Moreno teamed up with producer Ricardo `` Eddy '' Martinez in Miami again for the recording of 1998 album Olé . The album included further original material from Spanish singer Miguel Gallardo and Luis Cabañas , the team that had composed most of the singles on the preceding Esclava De Tu Piel , collaborations between Gallardo and David Ferrero and Pedro del Moral , songs by producer Richardo `` Eddy '' Martinez and it also saw one of the Salazar sisters , Encarna , making her debut as composer on the track `` Dime Que Me Quieres '' . Production-wise Olé followed the winning combination of up-to-date club beats fused with flamenco and rock and contrasting R&B influenced ballads and rumbas , arrangement-wise the album differed slightly to its predecessor as it featured live strings on several titles . The album also closes with the acoustic `` No Pretenderás '' , with instrumentation of just flamenco guitars and palmas - and a guest appearance by the duo 's brothers Los Chunguitos .   The lead single was the title track `` Olé '' , just like `` Sólo Se Vive Una Vez '' musically influenced by contemporary dance genres like reggaeton and dancehall but , as the title suggests , lyrically a tribute to the duo 's native Spain . `` Olé '' was also released as two separate remix singles , the second entitled Olé - The Summer '99 Remixes featuring the track remixed and with additional production by renowned Latin remixer , DJ , music producer and arranger Pablo Flores , best known for being Gloria Estefan 's personal remixer but also for having co-produced major hits for among others Madonna , Chayanne , Shakira and Ricky Martin . Flores ' Club Mix of `` Olé '' was substantially rearranged from the original , not just by speeding up the tempo for the dancefloor but by adding new orchestration of brass , flamenco guitars and castanets to emphasize the song 's lyrics and the track proved to be another big hit single for Azúcar Moreno in both Spain and Latin America .   The second single released and second big hit was '' ¡ Mecachis ! '' ( `` Mechachis en la mar '' a mildly profane expression , roughly translated as `` Damnit ! '' ) , a midtempo dance track again written by Miguel Gallardo and Luis Cabañas and also issued with a series of dance remixes on the ¡ Mechachis ! - The Alabim-Bom-Ba-Remixes release , mixed by co-producers Pedro del Moral and David Ferrero .   Further hit singles from the album include `` Cumbaya '' , the double A-side `` Ese Beso '' / `` No Pretenderás '' and `` Agua Que No Has De Beber '' .   While Olé did n't manage to match the extraordinary sales figures of the preceding Esclava De Tu Piel - half a million in Spain alone - it did sell some two-hundred thousand copies and was later awarded double platinum in Spain .

neg: Selena Royle Selena Royle ( November 6 , 1904 -- April 23 , 1983 ) was an American stage , radio , television and film actress .

neg: María Gómez María Gómez may refer to :   María Cristina Gómez ( 1942 -- 1989 ) , Baptist primary school teacher and community leader in El Salvador who was abducted and murdered  María Gómez ( handballer ) ( born 1984 ) , Paraguayan team handball player  María Gómez ( weightlifter ) ( born 1975 ) , Mexican weightlifter

neg: Send It On (Disney's Friends for Change song) `` Send It On '' is a song performed by American recording artists Demi Lovato , the Jonas Brothers , Miley Cyrus and Selena Gomez . The group , billed as Disney 's Friends for Change , stems from Disney 's environmental initiative of the same name . `` Send It On '' was written by Adam Anders , Nikki Hassman , and Peer Åström and produced by Anders and Åström . The song was released on August 11 , 2009 by Walt Disney and Hollywood Records as a promotional charity single in order to benefit international environmental associations . In regard to the song and the campaign , the six singers noted that it is a good cause and that it is one dear to them . The ballad is lyrically about passing on an environmentalist message .   The song garnered mixed to average reviews from critics , who noted that the lyrics make no mention of the environment . The song received airplay only on Radio Disney and peaked at number twenty on the Billboard Hot 100 . The corresponding music video has all four acts singing into microphones on top of a brightly lit stage and running across a park setting where many children are following them .

neg: Teena Marie Mary Christine Brockert ( March 5 , 1956 -- December 26 , 2010 ) , better known by her stage name Teena Marie , was an American singer-songwriter , and producer . She was known by her childhood nickname Tina before taking the stage name Teena Marie and later acquired the nickname Lady Tee ( sometimes spelled Lady T ) , given to her by her collaborator and friend , Rick James .   She was known for her distinctive soulful vocals , which caused many listeners to believe she was African American . Her success in R&B and soul music , and loyalty to these genres would earn her the title Ivory Queen of Soul . She played rhythm guitar , keyboards , and congas , and wrote , produced , sang , and arranged virtually all of her songs since her 1980 release , Irons in the Fire , which she later said was her favorite album .

neg: Camila Camila is the Italian , Portuguese and Spanish form of the given name Camilla and may refer to :   Camila ( band ) , Mexican band  Camila ( telenovela ) , a Mexican telenovela from 1998  Camila ( film ) , a 1984 Argentine film by María Luisa Bemberg  `` Camila , Camila '' , a song by Brazilian rock band Nenhum de Nós  Camila Giorgi , Italian tennis player  Camila Martins Pereira , Brazilian footballer  Camila Cabello , Cuban-American singer and former member of Fifth Harmony  Camila , brand name of a progestogen-only pill containing norethisterone ( norethindrone )   See Also  Camilla ( disambiguation )

neg: Caterina Lopez Caterina Marie Lopez ( born December 13 , 1987 ) , is an American model and actress .

neg: Diana Franco Diana Franco was born in Cali , Colombia and in 1982 moved to New York City , where she lived and studied . In 1988 , in a nationwide televised competition , Franco was crowned Miss Colombia USA . Franco became a TV commercial and editorial model and in December 1990 appeared on her first cover of Cosmopolitan en Español . In Peru , La Modelo Latina Pageant 1991 awarded her La Silueta Diet-Coke title . In 1992 , Franco was approached to participate in Buscando Estrellas Con Budweiser , the Spanish-version of Star Search , where - once again -- won first place . Later that same year , Cover Girl Make-Up chose her to be one of the faces for their TV campaigns for the Hispanic market alongside of Barbara Palacios ( Miss Universe 1986 ) .   After traveling and working around the world , including places such as Taipei , Istanbul and Hong Kong , Franco decided to stay in the U.S. to pursue her acting career in her native language.In 1992 Salvese Quien Pueda ( SQP ) , a weekly comedy show that aired on the Telemundo Network made her part of their regular cast . In SQP she developed and often played Vicky Bikini , a girl who always did her errands wearing only a bikini , high hills and a handbag so she would never have to make a line . Vicky Bikini soon became one of the shows most requested characters .   In 1995 , Univision Network hired Franco as the female VJ for Caliente , one of its most widely seen weekend TV shows . Caliente gave Franco the opportunity to interact with her young Latino audience while traveling to exotic beaches around the world . Two years later , Franco was asked to be part of Edición Especial ( Telemundo Network ) , which earned her the anchor star status in the Spanish market . She was also in charged of hosting most of Telemundo 's specials for the network . In 1998 she landed the role of Sylvia La Rosen in Safe Harbor ( Aaron Spelling ) which aired in WB Network . Glamour en Español magazine recognized her with the Most Glamorous Woman Award 1998 and in 1999 People en Español places Franco as one of the `` 25 Most Beautiful People '' along with faces such as Salma Hayek and Ricky Martin .   In 2002 , Franco traveled back to her native Colombia to portray Sandra , a cocaine manufacturer in the soap opera El Precio del Silencio ( Telefutura Network ) . In October 2006 , Franco had the opportunity to be part of the very-selected cast of the short film : Marrying God ( AFI ) where she played Maricela , the single mother of Lola played by Ashlyn Sanchez ( Crash ) and Ivy played by Alexa Vega ( Spy Kids ) . Franco has also developed the `` Life Style Specialist '' title , and is often featured in US Spanish TV station across the nation .   In Pecados Ajenos , a Telemundo Studios production , Franco played Lola , the cellmate of Natalia - played by Lorena Rojas - and later , Oficial Joyer , in El Rostro de Analía alongside of Elizabeth Gutiérrez .   At the end of 2009 , Franco was called to play Berta , a lonely bitter architect designer in the new version of Perro Amor , but due to a skiing accident , where she suffered several fractures , her role was eventually withdrawn . It took her several months to recuperate from her injuries .   In 2010 , Franco became part of the selected cast of the new version of the Chilean soap opera , Alguien Te Mira ( 2010 ) , produced this time by Telemundo Television Studios in the USA . Franco portrays Dolores `` Lola '' Morandé , a housewife that has everything under control , except a couple of pounds of over weight , until she meets a very troubled woman that is determined to make her life miserable and hopes one day to take her place as the wife of her perfect husband .

neg: Pandora Marie Marie `` Pandora '' Medina , aka Pandora or Pandora Marie ( born Marie Faye Medina , July 25 , 1981 ) , is an American dancer , choreographer , and actress who specializes in the `` tutting '' and `` popping '' dance styles . She is a member of the Style Elements Crew , The LXD and Venus Fly . Pandora 's career has spanned over fifteen years , primarily as part of the popping dance funk culture .

neg: Hernandez (wrestler) Shawn Hernandez ( born February 11 , 1973 ) is an American professional wrestler , best known for his time in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) under the ring name Hernandez .  He is an eight-time World Tag Team Champion , having held the TNA World Tag Team Championship five times , the NWA World Tag Team Championship twice and the IWA World Tag Team Championship once .   Hernandez is also the co-promoter of the Houston , Texas-based promotion Latino Wrestling Entertainment ( LWE ) .

neg: Catalina Gómez María Catalina Gómez Sánchez ( born September 8 , 1984 in Armenia , Quindío ) simply known as Catalina Gómez or Catalina Gómez Sánchez , is a Colombian journalist and news presenter .   Gómez studied at the Pontifical Bolivarian University , where she majored in Social communication and journalist , subsequently , she debuted in 2006 in a local radio program , as producer , later , she entered as news reporter and anchor at the cable news channel based-in Bogota , Colombia  NTN 24 .   During 2012 , she became a press chief of a Institutional program , and later Gómez moved to Colombia , while worked as the oficial anchor of the Noticias MundoFox in Miami .  In March 2013 , she joined Noticias Caracol as a reporter and substitute anchor , later she passed to the weekends edition , and nowadays is the current First edition co-anchor alongside Juan Diego Alvira . Gómez is married since 2010 with the sports journalist Juan Raúl Mejia .


query: Willow Smith Dances.

pos: Willow Smith Willow Camille Reign Smith ( born October 31 , 2000 ) , known professionally as Willow , is an American singer , actress and dancer . She is the daughter of Will Smith and Jada Pinkett Smith , the younger sister of Jaden Smith and the half-sister of Willard Carroll `` Trey '' Smith III . Smith made her acting debut in 2007 in the film I Am Legend and later appeared in Kit Kittredge : An American Girl alongside Abigail Breslin . She received a Young Artist Award for her performance .   Smith launched her music career in the autumn of 2010 with the release of the singles `` Whip My Hair '' and `` 21st Century Girl '' , and signed to her current mentor Jay-Z 's record label Roc Nation , becoming the youngest artist signed to the label . `` Whip My Hair '' peaked at number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The video was nominated for Video of the Year at the BET Awards of 2011 . She released her debut album , ARDIPITHECUS , on December 11 , 2015 .

neg: Hooping Hooping ( also called hula hooping or hoop dance ) generally refers to manipulation of and artistic movement or dancing with a hoop ( or hoops ) . Hoops can be made of metal , wood , or plastic . Hooping combines technical moves and tricks with freestyle or technical dancing . Hooping can be practiced to or performed with music . In contrast to the classic toy hula hoop , modern hoopers use heavier and larger diameter hoops , and frequently rotate the hoop around parts of the body other than the waist , including the hips , chest , neck , shoulders , thighs , knees , arms , hands , thumbs , feet , and toes . The hoop can also be manipulated and rotated off the body as well . Modern hooping has been influenced by art forms such as rhythmic gymnastics , hip-hop , freestyle dance , fire performance , twirling , poi , and other dance and movement forms .   Hooping is part of the greater spectrum of flow arts , which are playful movement arts involving skill toys that are used to evoke the exploration of dynamic , flowing , and sequential movements . This movement , and the related mind/body state , is referred to as `` flow '' . Technically , hooping is a form of object manipulation and therefore shares some lineage with juggling .   In its modern incarnation as an art or dance form , and form of exercise , the practice of manipulating a hoop is referred to either as hoop dance or simply hooping . Hoop dance artists commonly refer to themselves , and the greater hoop dance community , as hoopers .

neg: Kate Vaughan Kate Vaughan ( 1852 -- 21 February 1903 ) was the stage name of Catherine Alice Candelin , a British dancer and actress . She was best known for developing the skirt dance and has been called the `` greatest dancer of her time '' .   After performing as a young girl , Vaughan had a seven-year engagement at the Gaiety Theatre in London from 1876 to 1883 , where she joined its Victorian burlesque troupe that included Nellie Farren and Edward Terry . She was married , for a decade , to Colonel the Hon Frederick Arthur Wellesley , son of the 1st Earl Cowley . She retired from dancing in 1885 and soon began to tour in classic comedies with considerable success . From about 1896 her health began to deteriorate , but she continued to perform until her death .

neg: Graham technique Graham technique is a modern dance movement style and pedagogy created by American dancer and choreographer Martha Graham ( 1894 -- 1991 ) . Graham technique has been called the `` cornerstone '' of American modern dance , and has been taught worldwide . It is widely regarded as the first codified modern dance technique , and strongly influenced the later techniques of Merce Cunningham , Lester Horton , and Paul Taylor .   Graham technique is based on the opposition between contraction and release , a concept based on the breathing cycle which has become a `` trademark '' of modern dance forms . Its other dominant principle is the `` spiraling '' of the torso around the axis of the spine . Graham technique is known for its unique dramatic and expressive qualities and distinctive floorwork ; dance critic Anna Kisselgoff described it as `` powerful , dynamic , jagged and filled with tension . ''   The phrase `` Graham technique '' was registered as a trademark before Graham 's death , and was the subject of a trademark dispute in the early 2000s .

neg: Let the Dance Begin Let the Dance Begin is an album by Jean Stafford , recorded in Nashville , Tennessee . Released in 2005 the album was produced by Jimmy Crawford , an American steel guitar player . The song `` Steelin ' The 2 Step '' written by Stafford , is a western swing song which mentions Bob Wills from Bob Wills & The Texas Playboys . Jean Stafford won an AWA Award ( Academy of Western Artists ) for `` Steelin ' The 2 Step '' in 2006 . All songs were written by Jean Stafford .

neg: Lyrical dance Lyrical dance is a style of dance created by merging ballet , jazz and contemporary dance techniques . Lyrical dancing is performed to music with lyrics to inspire movements to express strong emotions the choreographer feels from the lyrics in the chosen song . Because lyrical dancing focuses on the expression of strong emotion , the style concentrates more on individual approach and expressiveness than the precision of the dancer 's movements . The emergent lyrical style has a relatively recent history and a genesis based on the coming together of ballet with rock/folk/pop / alternative music and a variety of jazz dance styles and modern dance . Dancer , teacher , and choreographer Suzi Taylor , who holds regular classes at Steps on Broadway in New York City is considered by many to be an early mother of lyrical dance , having emphasized a unique brand of musicality and expressiveness which influenced many future teachers and choreographers .

neg: Quickstep The quickstep is a light-hearted member of the standard ballroom dances . The movement of the dance is fast and powerfully flowing and sprinkled with syncopations . The upbeat melodies that quickstep is danced to make it suitable for both formal and informal events . Quickstep was developed in the twenties in New York and was first danced by Caribbean and African dancers . Its origins are in combination of slow foxtrot combined with the Charleston , a dance which was one of the precursors to what today is called swing dancing .

neg: Willamette Ballet Academy Willamette Ballet Academy is the only ballet school in the small town of Woodburn , Oregon . It was founded in 1982 by Rick and Deborah van Winkle ( now known as Deborah Higginbotham ) . Classes are structured in accordance to the Vaganova and Cecchetti ballet techniques . The academy provides a serious program for pre-professionals and also serves the recreational student . It has through its outreach program , reached thousands of people with lecture demonstrations in the schools , free performances , and scholarships for students in need .   Students from Willamette Ballet Academy have been accepted at all the major ballet schools , many with full scholarships : Schools of New York City Ballet , Joffrey Ballet , San Francisco Ballet , Royal Ballet , Martha Graham , Pacific Ballet Theatre , Eugene Ballet , Houston Ballet , Ballet Magnificat , Oregon Ballet Theater , Pacific Northwest Ballet , Universal Ballet , Goh Academy , Pittsburgh Ballet Theatre , and American Ballet Theatre ( NY ) . Its dancers have gone on to professional careers in dance , musical comedy , and theater .   In 2004 , Willamette Ballet Academy student Adrianne Newton was chosen Oregon 's Best Dancer by American Dance Awards . Willamette Ballet was once listed in the 100 Things to Do and See in Woodburn , and was featured article in the ` Living ' section of the `` Oregonian '' newspaper .

neg: International folk dance International folk dance is a genre of dance where in selected folk dances from multiple ethnic groups are done by the same dancers , typically as part of a regular recreational dance club , for performances or at other events . The dances are typically considered the products of national or cultural traditions rather than part of an international tradition . International folk dancers need not be a member of any particular ethnicity .   It is done for various purposes , typically for preservation , recreation , or performance . Groups that dance for different purposes tend to do dances differently , and to select different dances . Recreational dancers select and tend to alter the dances ( often unintentionally ) according to their own tastes , and as a result of the changes that inevitably occur as dances are passed on from one person to the next . Performers typically prefer dramatic , flamboyant , or athletic dances , and they often tend to dance with stylized techniques and exaggerated movements . Dances for performances are usually selected and choreographed for presentation on stage . Nevertheless , there is substantial overlap between the dances done for recreation and performance . Some dancers of both types are often concerned with the preservation of a dance for its cultural value .   Some recreational international folk dance groups also perform dances not strictly considered folk dances . These are dances which are choreographed , or are aristocratic in nature . Choreographed modern Israeli folk dancing is often incorporated into international folk dance repertoire .

neg: Watch Me Dance Watch Me Dance is the second album by British artist Toddla T . It features collaborations from artists including Shola Ama and Roots Manuva . Two singles were released from the album , `` Take It Back '' featuring Shola Ama and `` Watch Me Dance '' featuring Roots Manuva .

neg: Hoop (rhythmic gymnastics) A hoop is an apparatus in rhythmic gymnastics and may be made of plastic or wood , provided that it retains its shape during the routine . The interior diameter is from 51 to 90 cm , and the hoop must weigh a minimum of 300g . The hoop may be of a natural colour or be partially of fully covered by one or several colours , and it may be covered with adhesive tape either of the same or different colour as the hoop .   Fundamental requirements of a hoop routine include rotation around the hand or body and rolling , as well as swings , circles , throws , and passes through and over the hoop .   Many of the techniques of rhythmic gymnastics have been adopted by the modern hooping community .

neg: Chicken walks Chicken walks is a dance move that is most frequently used in swing dances , such as East Coast Swing , West Coast Swing and jive . Sometimes they can be seen incorporated in samba ( where they are known as `` plaits '' ) .   The chicken walks steps are similar from both feet . The basic way of performing chicken walks may be described as follows .   Initial position : knees slightly bent , weight on one , say , left foot .  On count 1 , slide the moving ( right ) foot straight forward without weight , while turning hips and shoulders to the right ( kind of contra body movement ) . The right toe is in contact with the floor all the time .  On count 2 , transfer the weight onto the right foot ( keeping knees bent ) , at the same time do the same what was described on count 1 , but with opposite feet .  Repeat   The basic chicken walks may be styled into a great variety of moves :  the dancer may lean backwards ;  the walks may be done with kind of charleston bobbing ;  the support foot may swivel at the moment of weight transfer * in * the direction of the forthcoming body turn ;  as a result of the swivels just described , the steps may be done in outward-diagonal directions , etc. .   Almost never chicken walks are done by both partners simultaneously . Almost always the follower does the chicken , while the leader leads .   Dance connection may vary .  The leader may walk backwards pretending that they are pulling the follower , while the follower is doing chicken walks .  Assuming the shadow position ( with any handhold ) , the leader leads the follower into chicken walks .  The leader does chicken walks while the follower pretends pushing the leader from behind while doing swivel walks .

neg: Dances with Wolves Dances with Wolves is a 1990 American epic Western film directed by , produced by , and starring Kevin Costner . It is a film adaptation of the 1988 book of the same name by Michael Blake and tells the story of a Union Army lieutenant who travels to the American frontier to find a military post and his dealings with a group of Lakota Indians .   Costner developed the film with an initial budget of $ 15 million . Dances with Wolves had high production values and won seven Academy Awards including Best Picture and the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Drama . Much of the dialogue is spoken in Lakota with English subtitles . It was shot in South Dakota and Wyoming , and translated by Albert White Hat , the chair of the Lakota Studies Department at Sinte Gleska University .   The film is credited as a leading influence for the revitalization of the Western genre of filmmaking in Hollywood . In 2007 , Dances with Wolves was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' .

neg: Snow dance A snow dance is a ritual that is performed with the hopes of bringing snow in the winter months . This ritual is often performed with the goal of avoiding school or work the next day . Specific Snow Dance rituals vary from person to person , but commonly include sleeping with silverware under one 's pillow , throwing ice cubes out of a window , or walking backwards to bed . Considered by many to be an urban legend , the Snow Dance is often referred to in jest .

neg: Canter rhythm Canter time , canter timing or canter rhythm is a two-beat regular rhythmic pattern of a musical instrument or in dance steps within 3/4 time music . The term is borrowed from the canter horse gait , which sounds three hoof beats followed by a pause , i.e. , 3 accents in 4/4 time .   In waltz dances it may mark the 1st and the 4th eighths of the measure , producing a 2/4 time overlay beat over the 3/4 time . In other words , when a 3/4 measure is cued as `` 1,2 , & ,3 , ... '' , the canter rhythm marks `` 1 '' and '' & '' . This rhythm is the basis of the Canter Waltz . In modern ballroom dancing , an example is Canter Pivot in Viennese Waltz .   In Vals ( a 3/4 style of Tango ) , the canter rhythm is also known as medio galope ( which actually means `` canter '' in Spanish ) and may accent beats 1 and 2 of the 3/4 measure .   The Canter Waltz or Canter is a dance with waltz music characterized by the canter rhythm of steps . A 1922 dance manual describes it as follows : `` The Canter Waltz has been revived and presents an opportunity to show the use of `` direction '' in the straight backward and forward series of walking steps . This dance is walking to waltz time but walking most quietly and gracefully . There are two steps to the three counts of music . Step forward on 1 and make the second step between the 2 and 3 count . Give the first step the accent , although the steps are almost of the same value . It may , perhaps , help the student practicing alone with the aid of the victrola to count 1 - & , 2 - & , 3 - & , making the second step on the second & , until able to do the step smoothly . ''

neg: January Low Wye San January Low Wye San ( born 23 August 1985 ) is a Malaysian Indian Classical dancer of Chinese Indian descent . She specializes in the classical dance forms of Orissi and Bharathanatyam .   Dancing under the tutelage of guru Ramli Ibrahim since she was 8 , she developed into a promising artist and was soon labeled his protégé .   She had her arangetram ( solo graduation dance ) when she was 18 and went to receive the 2003 Kakiseni Award for Best Solo Performer for her performance .   Since then she has toured around the world with the Sutra Dance Theatre , performing in Sydney , New York , Ukaraine , Paris , India , Italy and Malaysia .   She also appeared in Malaysian musician Pete Teo 's national unity music video `` Here in My Home last '' in 2008 , starring alongside 49 other personalities , including football pundit Shebby Singh , Air Asia chief executive officer Datuk Seri Tony Fernandes , model Amber Chia , comedian Harith Iskander and actors Maya Karin .   She has appeared in various magazines , most recently on the cover of Tatler Malaysia 's May 2009 arts issue .   In May 2009 , she resigned from Sutra Dance Theatre and is in Seoul till November as part of a residency program in conjunction with the Seoul International Dance Festival to be held in South Korea later this year .

neg: Star Dance Star Dance may refer to :   Star Dancer , first novel in the Star Dancer tetralogy , written by the British author Beth Webb  Star-Dancer , a Marvel Comics characterStars Dance , debut album by Selena GomezDance Star '' , 2010 British dance musical film

neg: Pandora Marie Marie `` Pandora '' Medina , aka Pandora or Pandora Marie ( born Marie Faye Medina , July 25 , 1981 ) , is an American dancer , choreographer , and actress who specializes in the `` tutting '' and `` popping '' dance styles . She is a member of the Style Elements Crew , The LXD and Venus Fly . Pandora 's career has spanned over fifteen years , primarily as part of the popping dance funk culture .

neg: Aerial (dance move) A Aerial ( also acrobatic or air ) is a dance move in Lindy Hop where one 's feet leave the floor . The term has come to mean a wide range of special and unusual dance moves , including dips , slides , and tricks .   The first Lindy Hop aerial was performed by Frankie Manning in 1935 . Frankie Manning and George `` Shorty '' Snowden competed in weekly dance contests at the Savoy Ballroom . Shorty George and Big Bea had a move , where they stood back-to-back ; they locked arms ; Big Bea bent over , picking Shorty George up on her back ; and then she carried him off the floor , while he kicked his feet . Frankie Manning wanted to outdo Shorty George , so he convinced his partner Freda Washington , to flip over his back . Called the ` over the back ' , this flip is considered the first Lindy aerial .   Aerials quickly caught on in Lindy Hop . In 1935 , the troupe Whitey 's Lindy Hoppers ( aka the Harlem Congeroos ) formed and performed at private parties in New York . From 1936 to 1941 , they toured the world and performed in movies and some after 1945 , showing Lindy Hop and aerials to the world .   Aerials had been performed in other dances before 1935 . For example , the Nicholas Brothers used leaps and flips in their tap dance routines in the early 1930s at the Cotton Club . Flash dancers , who toured with big bands in the United States in the early twentieth century , performed acrobatic dances , often matched with tap dancers and contortionists in traveling shows .

neg: Folk dance Folk dances are dances that are developed by people that reflect the life of the people of a certain country or region . Not all ethnic dances are folk dances ; for example , ritual dances or dances of ritual origin are not considered to be folk dances . Ritual dances are usually called `` Religious dances '' because of their purpose .   The terms `` ethnic '' and `` traditional '' are used when it is required to emphasize the cultural roots of the dance . In this sense , nearly all folk dances are ethnic ones . If some dances , such as polka , cross ethnic boundaries and even cross the boundary between `` folk '' and `` ballroom dance '' , ethnic differences are often considerable enough to mention , e.g. , Czech polka vs. German polka

neg: Step Up (film) Step Up is a 2006 American romantic dance film directed by Anne Fletcher starring Channing Tatum and Jenna Dewan . Set in Baltimore , Maryland , the film follows the tale of the disadvantaged Tyler Gage ( Channing Tatum ) and the privileged modern dancer Nora Clark ( Jenna Dewan ) , who find themselves paired up in a showcase that determines both of their futures . Realizing that they only have one chance , they finally work together . The film is the first installment in the Step Up series and was followed by four sequels , Step Up 2 : The Streets ( 2008 ) , Step Up 3D ( 2010 ) , Step Up Revolution ( 2012 ) and Step Up : All In ( 2014 ) .