query: Minions is the name of a university swim team.

pos: Minions (film) Minions is a 2015 American computer-animated comedy film , serving as a spin-off/prequel to the Despicable Me franchise . Produced by Illumination Entertainment for Universal Pictures , it was directed by Pierre Coffin and Kyle Balda , written by Brian Lynch , and produced by Chris Meledandri and Janet Healy . The film stars the voices of Coffin ( as the Minions , including : Kevin , Stuart and Bob ) , Sandra Bullock , Jon Hamm , Michael Keaton , Allison Janney , Steve Coogan and Jennifer Saunders with the narration provided by Geoffrey Rush . It was first foreshadowed in the end credits of Despicable Me 2 ( 2013 ) , where Kevin , Stuart and Bob , three of the Minions , are seen auditioning for the film .   Minions had its premiere on June 11 , 2015 , in Leicester Square , London , and went into general release in the United States on July 10 , 2015 . Critical response was mixed : some critics praised the comedic aspects of the film and the performances of Bullock and Hamm , while also felt that the title characters were not able to carry the film on their own , and that the villains were flatly characterized . The film has grossed over $ 1.1 billion worldwide ( outgrossing each of the Despicable Me films ) , making it the thirteenth highest-grossing film of all time , the second highest-grossing animated film and the highest-grossing non-Disney animated film . A sequel is scheduled to be released on July 3 , 2020 .

neg: New Hampshire Wildcats The New Hampshire Wildcats , or ` Cats , are the athletic teams of the University of New Hampshire . The wildcat is the school 's official mascot , the colors are UNH Blue and white . There are 18 varsity sports , 25 sport clubs , and 23 different Intramural sports .   The men 's and women 's varsity teams compete at the NCAA Division I level ; in football , it competes in the second tier of Division I , the Football Championship Subdivision ( formerly Division I-AA ) . The football program plays in the Colonial Athletic Association , and the men 's and women 's hockey teams are members of Hockey East . The other teams compete in the America East , except for the ski teams and gymnastics team who compete in the East Atlantic Gymnastics League ( EAGL ) and Eastern Intercollegiate Ski Association ( EISA ) respectively .

neg: Northeastern University Northeastern University ( NU , formerly NEU ) is a private research university in Boston , Massachusetts , established in 1898 . It is categorized as an R1 institution ( Doctoral Universities : Highest Research Activity ) by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education .   The university offers undergraduate and graduate programs on its main campus in the Fenway-Kenmore , Roxbury , South End , and Back Bay neighborhoods of Boston . The university has satellite campus in Charlotte , North Carolina , Seattle , Washington , and Silicon Valley , California that exclusively offer graduate degrees . An additional satellite campus will open in Toronto , Ontario , Canada in late 2016 . The university 's enrollment is approximately 18,000 undergraduate students and 7,000 graduate students .   Northeastern features a cooperative education program that integrates classroom study with professional experience on seven continents and a comprehensive study abroad program . In 2011 , the university opened the George J. Kostas Research Institute for Homeland Security . The Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering Complex opened in early 2017 .   Northeastern is a large , highly residential university . Most students choose to live on campus but upperclassmen have the option to live off campus . More than 75 % of Northeastern students receive some form of financial aid . In the 2015 -- 16 school year , the university offered $ 239 million in grant and scholarship assistance .   The university 's sports teams , the Northeastern Huskies , compete in NCAA Division I as members of the Colonial Athletic Association ( CAA ) in 18 varsity sports . The men 's and women 's hockey teams compete in Hockey East , while the men 's and women 's rowing teams compete in the Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges ( EARC ) and Eastern Association of Women 's Rowing Colleges ( EAWRC ) , respectively . Men 's Track and Field has won the CAA back to back years in 2015 and 2016 . In 2013 , men 's basketball won its first CAA regular season championship , men 's soccer won the CAA title for the first time , and women 's ice hockey won a record 16th Beanpot championship .

neg: San Diego State Aztecs The San Diego State Aztecs are the athletic teams that represent San Diego State University ( SDSU ) . The university participates in baseball , basketball , football , soccer , golf , gymnastics , rowing ( crew ) , softball , tennis , track , swimming , diving , women 's volleyball , and water polo .   The Aztecs compete in NCAA Division I ( FBS for football ) . Its primary conference is the Mountain West Conference . The women 's water polo team participates in the Golden Coast Conference after leaving the Big West Conference in July 2013 . The men 's soccer team participates as an associate member of the Pac-12 Conference . The women 's rowing team is a member of the American Athletic Conference ( The American ) , following moves from the Western Intercollegiate Rowing Association ( WIRA ) to Conference USA ( C-USA ) in 2013 and from C-USA to The American in 2014 . San Diego State 's football team had intended to move to the Big East Conference beginning in 2013 with the remainder of its current Mountain West sports moving to the Big West , but on January 17 it was reported that all of San Diego State 's athletic teams would be readmitted to the Mountain West .   News reports ( especially on local radio ) often mention `` Montezuma Mesa '' or `` news from the mesa '' when discussing San Diego State-related sports events . The San Diego State campus is known as `` Montezuma Mesa '' , as the university is situated on a mesa overlooking Mission Valley and is located at the intersection of Montezuma Road and College Avenue in the city of San Diego .

neg: 1953 NCAA Swimming and Diving Championships The 1953 NCAA Swimming and Diving Championships were contested in March 1953 at the Ohio State Natatorium at the Ohio State University in Columbus , Ohio at the 17th annual NCAA-sanctioned swim meet to determine the team and individual national champions of men 's collegiate swimming and diving in the United States .   Yale topped hosts , and defending national champions , Ohio State in the team standings to capture the Bulldogs ' fourth national title ( and second title in three years ) .

neg: 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Swimming and Diving Championships The 2017 NCAA Division I Men 's Swimming and Diving Championships were contested from March 23 -- 25 , 2017 at the Indiana University Natatorium at Indiana University -- Purdue University Indianapolis in Indianapolis , Indiana at the 94th annual NCAA-sanctioned swim meet to determine the team and individual national champions of Division I men 's collegiate swimming and diving in the United States .

neg: Make a Splash Make A Splash is a child-focused water safety initiative created by the USA Swimming Foundation . The goal of the foundation is to prevent drownings by teaching every child in the United States how to swim . Make A Splash works by providing free swimming lessons to underprivileged children at their partner institutions .   The program works by partnering with swim schools , YMCAs , and youth clubs across the country . Currently , Make A Splash has partner institutions in California , Washington , Idaho , Utah , Colorado , Texas , Louisiana , Tennessee , Missouri , Florida , Georgia , South Carolina , North Carolina , Indiana , Illinois , Wisconsin , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , New York , Virginia , Maryland , and New Jersey .   In October 2016 , Make A Splash partnered with SafeSplash Swim Schools , Swimtastic Swim Schools and Missy Franklin to create the Ripples to Waves program as an extension to the Make A Splash program .

neg: Northeastern Huskies swimming and diving The Northeastern University women 's swimming and diving team debuted in the Fall of 1978 under the coaching staff of NU hall of fame member Janet Swanson . Since its inception , the Boston-based team has grown into one of the most respected and competitive Division I aquatics programs in New England . Northeastern was a member of the America East Conference from 1990 to 2005 and is currently a member of the Colonial Athletic Association .

neg: Swim Team (TV series) Swim Team is an Indian television series that aired on Channel V India from 9 March 2015 to 19 February 2016 .

neg: NCAA Beach Volleyball Championship The NCAA Beach Volleyball Championship is an NCAA-sanctioned tournament to determine the national champions of collegiate women 's beach volleyball . It is a National Collegiate Championship featuring teams from Division I , Division II and Division III , and is the 90th , and newest , NCAA championship event . It was the first new NCAA championship to be created since the NCAA Division III Men 's Volleyball Championship in 2012 , and the first for women since the NCAA Bowling Championship in 2004 .

neg: University of Pennsylvania School of Engineering and Applied Science The School of Engineering and Applied Science , also known as SEAS , is one of the four undergraduate schools of the University of Pennsylvania . The School offers programs that emphasize hands-on study of engineering fundamentals ( with an offering of approximately 300 courses ) while encouraging students to leverage the educational offerings of the broader University . Engineering students can also take advantage of research opportunities through interactions with Penn 's School of Medicine , School of Arts and Sciences and the Wharton School .   The School of Engineering and Applied Science offers bachelors , masters and PhD degree programs in contemporary fields of engineering study . The nationally ranked bioengineering department offers the School 's most popular undergraduate degree program . The Jerome Fisher Program in Management and Technology , offered in partnership with the Wharton School , allows students to simultaneously earn a Bachelor of Science degree in Economics as well as a Bachelor of Science degree in Engineering . The School of Engineering and Applied Science also offers several masters programs , which include : Executive Master 's in Technology Management , Master of Biotechnology , Master of Computer and Information Technology , Master of Computer and Information Science and a Master of Science in Engineering in Telecommunications and Networking .

neg: List of college athletic programs in Ohio The main article is College sports .   Notes :  This list is in a tabular format , with columns arranged in the following order , from left to right :  Athletic team description ( short school name and nickname ) , with a link to the school 's athletic program article if it exists . When only one nickname is listed , it is used for teams of both sexes . ( Note that in recent years , many schools have chosen to use the same nickname for men 's and women 's teams even when the nickname is distinctly masculine . ) When two nicknames are given , the first is used for men 's teams and the other is used for women 's teams . Different nicknames for a specific sport within a school are noted separately below the table .  Full name of school .  Location of school .  Conference of the school ( if conference column is left blank , the school is either independent or the conference is unknown ) .  Apart from the ongoing conversions , the following notes apply :  Following the normal standard of U.S. sports media , the terms `` University '' and `` College '' are ignored in alphabetization , unless necessary to distinguish schools ( such as Boston College and Boston University ) or are actually used by the media in normally describing the school ( formerly the case for the College of Charleston , but media now use `` Charleston '' for that school 's athletic program ) .  Schools are also alphabetized by the names they are most commonly referred to by sports media , with non-intuitive examples included in parentheses next to the school name . This means , for example , that campuses bearing the name `` University of North Carolina '' may variously be found at `` C '' ( Charlotte ) , `` N '' ( North Carolina , referring to the Chapel Hill campus ) , and `` U '' ( the Asheville , Greensboro , Pembroke , and Wilmington campuses , all normally referred to as UNC - -LCB- campus name -RCB- ) .  The prefix `` St. '' , as in `` Saint '' , is alphabetized as if it were spelled out .

neg: 1975 NCAA Division I Swimming and Diving Championships The 1975 NCAA Men 's Division I Swimming and Diving Championships were contested in March 1975 at the Cleveland State University Natatorium at Cleveland State University in Cleveland , Ohio at the 52nd annual NCAA-sanctioned swim meet to determine the team and individual national champions of Division I men 's collegiate swimming and diving in the United States .   USC again topped the team standings , the Trojans ' second consecutive title and seventh overall .

neg: 1937 NCAA Swimming and Diving Championships The 1937 NCAA Swimming and Diving Championships were contested at the University of Minnesota Armory at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis , Minnesota as part of the 14th annual NCAA swim meet to determine the team and individual national champions of men 's collegiate swimming and diving in the United States .   Even though NCAA swimming championships had been held since 1924 , this was the first event with an official team championship .   Michigan won the inaugural official team national championship , defeating rival Ohio State by 36 points , 75 -- 39 . It was the first official NCAA title for the Wolverines but their eighth including the unofficial titles won between 1924 and 1936 .

neg: Columbia College Koalas The Columbia College Koalas are the athletic teams for Columbia College , a women 's liberal arts institution in Columbia , South Carolina . The university is a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics ( NAIA ) , primarily competing in Appalachian Athletic Conference . In addition , the school is a member of the NCCAA and serves as host for the softball national championship .   Women 's sports  Basketball  Cheerleading  Cross country  Golf  Lacrosse  Soccer  Softball  Swimming  Tennis  Track and Field  Volleyball

neg: LIU Brooklyn Blackbirds The LIU Brooklyn Blackbirds refer to the 16 sports teams representing Long Island University 's campus in Brooklyn , New York in intercollegiate athletics , including men and women 's basketball , cross country , golf , soccer , and track ; women 's - only bowling , lacrosse , softball , tennis , and volleyball ; and men 's - only baseball . The Blackbirds compete in the NCAA Division I and are members of the Northeast Conference .

neg: 1977 NCAA Division I Swimming and Diving Championships The 1977 NCAA Men 's Division I Swimming and Diving Championships were contested in March 1977 at the Cleveland State University Natatorium at Cleveland State University in Cleveland , Ohio at the 54th annual NCAA-sanctioned swim meet to determine the team and individual national champions of Division I men 's collegiate swimming and diving in the United States .   USC once again topped the team standings , the Trojans ' fourth consecutive title and ninth overall .

neg: Michael Dormer Michael Dormer or Michael Henry Dashwood Dormer ( born 1935 in Hollywood , California , U.S. - 2012 ) was an American fine artist , writer , songwriter , entrepreneur , and creator of the 1960s TV show Shrimpenstein .   A childhood protégé of artist Louis Geddes , Dormer took first prize in a National Fire Prevention poster contest at age 12 . At 18 Dormer was working in art full-time .   In 1957 Dormer established a painting studio in La Jolla and moonlighted as a part-time night club comic and jazz poet at the Pour House , a cabaret in Bird Rock . He also published an art and poetry magazine , titled Scavenger .   In 1968 Dormer painted his first aluminum piece ; a technique he developed , which has never been used by any other artist . These pieces are part of private collections across the globe . His vast body of work includes his mid-century Crankshaft series , an extensive collection of nudes , oils , watercolors , sculpture , intricate pencil drawings , charcoals , and murals .   Dormer , with his lifelong friend and collaborator , Lee Teacher , created a counter-culture sculpture Hot Curl , a 400 lb concrete statue , and installed it on the rocks near the surf shack at Windansea Beach in La Jolla in San Diego , California . The sculpture of a mop-haired , 6 ft , knobby-kneed surfer gazed out at the sea with a beer in his hand . The pot-bellied surf god quickly became a nationwide sensation , appearing in SurfToons comics and as a plastic model kit , selling hundreds of thousands of copies . Today , Hot Curl appears regularly in Surfer magazine .   In 1964 Dormer 's artwork was featured in the opening credits of Muscle Beach Party , which featured the first film appearance of Hot Curl and `` Little '' Stevie Wonder . He also doubled as a talent scout for that film and subsequent surf films , recruiting actual surfers and surfer girls off the beaches of La Jolla to serve as extras .   In 1963 Dormer and Teacher created and launched Shrimpenstein , an off-beat children 's television show which aired live weekdays on Channel 9 in Los Angeles . The program , which featured a miniature Frankenstein monster , brought to life when his creator , Dr. Von Schtick , accidentally dropped a bag of jelly beans in his monster machine . The wacky adventures of the little monster , and his eccentric pals , enchanted , with double entendre , and wit fit for children and adults , grew a great following . Frank Sinatra and his Rat Pack sought out Dormer to tell him they never missed an episode .   Dormer lived in Ocean Beach in San Diego , California .   Michael Dormer died at home in Ocean Beach , San Diego , California on 10 September 2012 . Shortly before his death he had written this short statement about his work -LSB- source needed -RSB- :   DORMER ON DORMER   I 've always considered myself an experimentalist . My subject matter is often whimsical or mysteriously off-beat . I 've been told that my work reflects my personality pretty accurately .   I follow no particular established schools of painting and consider my works essentially excursions into alternate fantasy dimensions . Odd creatures abound in these regions and strange allegories unfold . New languages are born and mingle freely with conjured-up communicative symbols .   My paintings are windows looking out into new places at new things .

neg: 1984 NCAA Division I Women's Swimming and Diving Championships The 1984 NCAA Women 's Division I Swimming and Diving Championships were contested at the third annual NCAA-sanctioned swim meet to determine the team and individual national champions of Division I women 's collegiate swimming and diving in the United States .   This year 's events were hosted by Indiana University at the Indiana University Natatorium in Indianapolis , Indiana .   Texas topped the team standings , finishing 68 points ahead of defending champions Stanford , claiming the Longhorns ' first women 's team title .

neg: Yanitelli Center The Victor R. Yanitelli , S.J. Recreational Life Center is a multipurpose athletic facility on the campus of Saint Peter 's University , a private , coeducational Roman Catholic college in Jersey City New Jersey , United States . Notable for its air-supported `` bubble , '' the building opened in 1975 at a cost of $ 6 million and is named after the 17th president of the college .   The facility is the host of home contests at the college 's for men 's and women 's basketball , volleyball , tennis , swimming and diving . For men 's basketball games , collapsible bleachers are expanded to cover two of the main gymnasium 's three full courts and provide a seating capacity of 3,200 . For the women 's games , only one of the bleachers is opened .   The building also houses an Olympic-size swimming pool with 1 - and 3-meter diving boards , a fitness center , a weight room , a racquetball court , and a squash court . The offices for the Department of Athletics are located on the third floor while the Department of Recreation and Intramural Sports is in the basement .   Students often refer to the building simply as `` The Bubble '' due to the air-supported roof , which is one of the most recognizable landmarks on the campus and in Jersey City . The Bubble covers five roof-top tennis courts and a jogging track . The tennis nets can be removed to provide facilities for indoor athletic practices as well as a venue for intramural sporting events .

neg: How to swim How to Swim is a cartoon made by Walt Disney Productions in 1942 .   How to swim may also refer to :  How to Swim ( band ) , a pop/rock band from Glasgow , United Kingdom  Ability to swim , the ability in a range of organisms to propel motion through a liquid medium  Human swimming , the self propulsion of a person through water for survival , recreation , sport , or exercise  Swimming ( sport ) , a water based sport


query: Arcade Fire toured with instrumentalists.

pos: Régine Chassagne Régine Chassagne ( -LSB- ʁeˈʒin ʃaˈsaːɲ -RSB- ; born 19 August 1976 ) is a Canadian multi-instrumentalist musician , singer and songwriter , and is a founding member of the band Arcade Fire . She is married to co-founder Win Butler .

pos: Win Butler Edwin Farnham `` Win '' Butler III ( born April 14 , 1980 ) is an American-Canadian lead vocalist , multi-instrumentalist and songwriter of the Montreal-based indie rock band Arcade Fire . His wife Régine Chassagne and younger brother Will Butler are both members of the band .

pos: William Butler (musician) William Pierce `` Will '' Butler ( born October 6 , 1982 ) is an American multi-instrumentalist and composer who is best known as a core member of the indie rock band Arcade Fire . Will plays synthesizer , bass , guitar and percussion . He is known for his spontaneity and antics during performances . He is the brother of Arcade Fire frontman Win Butler . Butler received his first Academy Award nomination for his work on the original score of the film Her in 2014 .

pos: Tim Kingsbury Tim Kingsbury is a Canadian musician and member of the indie rock band Arcade Fire . He plays bass guitar , guitar , and occasionally keyboards .

pos: Jeremy Gara Jeremy Gara ( born June 6 , 1978 ) is a Canadian drummer from Ottawa , Ontario .

pos: Richard Reed Parry Richard Reed Parry ( born October 4 , 1977 ) is a Canadian multi-instrumentalist , composer , producer , best known as a core member of the Grammy Award-winning indie rock band Arcade Fire , where he plays a wide variety of instruments , often switching between guitar , double bass , drums , celesta , keyboards , and accordion .

pos: Arcade Fire Arcade Fire is a Canadian indie rock band based in Montreal , Quebec , consisting of husband and wife Win Butler and Régine Chassagne , along with Win 's younger brother William Butler , Richard Reed Parry , Tim Kingsbury and Jeremy Gara . The band 's current touring line-up also includes former core member Sarah Neufeld , frequent collaborator Owen Pallett , two additional percussionists , Diol Edmond and Tiwill Duprate , and saxophonists Matt Bauder and Stuart Bogie .   Founded in 2001 by friends and classmates Win Butler and Josh Deu , the band came to prominence in 2004 with the release of their critically acclaimed debut album Funeral . Their second studio album , Neon Bible , won them the 2008 Meteor Music Award for Best International Album and the 2008 Juno Award for Alternative Album of the Year . Their third studio album , The Suburbs , was released in 2010 to critical acclaim and commercial success . It received many accolades , including the 2011 Grammy for Album of the Year , the 2011 Juno Award for Album of the Year , and the 2011 Brit Award for Best International Album . In 2013 , Arcade Fire released their fourth album , Reflektor , and scored the feature film Her , for which band members William Butler and Owen Pallett were nominated in the Best Original Score category at the 86th Academy Awards . All four of their studio albums have received nominations for the Best Alternative Music Album Grammy ; the band 's work has also been named three times as a shortlist nominee for the Polaris Music Prize : in 2007 for Neon Bible , in 2011 for The Suburbs and in 2014 for Reflektor , winning the award for The Suburbs .   The band plays guitar , drums , bass guitar , piano , violin , viola , cello , double bass , xylophone , glockenspiel , keyboard , synthesizer , French horn , accordion , harp , mandolin , and hurdy-gurdy , and takes most of these instruments on tour ; the multi-instrumentalist band members switch duties throughout shows .

neg: Characteristics of progressive rock Progressive rock is a term that refers to a musical style . The term was originally referred to as `` classical rock '' ( in which a band performed together with an orchestra ) , but the term 's use has expanded in recent years to include other fusions of music styles including jazz fusion , metal and folk rock musics . The term does not refer to one particular music style but to an approach that combines elements of diverse styles . Jerry Ewing , editor of Prog Magazine , explains that `` Prog is not just a sound , it 's a mindset . '' Dream Theater guitarist John Petrucci outlines that Progressive rock is defined by its very lack of stylistic boundaries . The advent of the concept album , plus the genre 's roots in psychedelia , led albums and performances to be viewed as combined presentations of music , lyrics , and visuals .   Bands abandoned the short pop single in favor of instrumentation and compositional techniques more frequently associated with jazz or classical music as part of an effort to give rock music the same level of musical sophistication and critical respect . Progressive rock abandons the danceable beat that defines earlier rock styles and is more likely than other types of popular music to experiment with compositional structure , instrumentation , harmony and rhythm , or lyrical content . It may demand more effort on the part of the listener than other types of music .   Musicians in progressive rock typically display a high degree of instrumental skill , although this is not always the case . Virtuoso instrumental skills are so closely associated with progressive rock that authors such as Bill Martin consider it as a defining element and exclude bands such as Pink Floyd from consideration . It is not uncommon for musicians to have received a higher-than-average level of formal training . Players from the genre frequently appear in readers ' polls of publications that cater to musicians .

neg: Filament (band) Filament is a musical group from Japan that consists of Otomo Yoshihide and Sachiko M , two of the major exponents of the electroacoustic improvisation style of music .   The two played as a duo for the first time on November 5 , 1995 in London , but it was not until 1997 that they began to play often together and Filament became one of their main projects . At first their work together was branded as A-102 , then they used both Filament and A-102 , and occasionally simply `` duo , '' with no specific project name . Since their United States and France concert tour of May 1998 , they have used the name Filament exclusively .

neg: Europe Live Europe Live is Eric Johnson 's fourth live album , released on June 25 , 2014 , by Provogue Records .   The album features Johnson , bassist Chris Maresh , and drummer Wayne Salzmann II .

neg: The Arcade (producers) The Arcade ( Kurtis Mckenzie and Jon Mills ) are a Grammy-nominated songwriting and music production duo , based in London . They co-produced and co-composed Iggy Azalea 's hit single `` Fancy '' , ( featuring Charli XCX ) , which has sold 7 million copies worldwide to date . The duo produced ` Beg For It ' the lead single of Reclassified the reissue of her debut studio album , with the song selling over 1,000,000 copies and certified Platinum in the United States .   The producers have worked with Iggy Azalea , Rita Ora , Conor Maynard , Taio Cruz , Tinie Tempah , Katy B , Maino , Nicola Roberts , and Khalid .

neg: Dave Matthews & Friends Dave Matthews & Friends is an American jam band that was put together for a tour to support Dave Matthews ' solo debut , Some Devil . Most of the musicians participated in the album 's production . The band consists of :  Dave Matthews -- rhythm guitar , lead vocals  Trey Anastasio -- lead guitar , vocals  Tim Reynolds -- lead guitar  Tony Hall -- bass guitar  Brady Blade -- drums , backing vocals  Ray Paczkowski -- keyboard

neg: Wake Up (Arcade Fire song) `` Wake Up '' is an indie rock song by Canadian rock band Arcade Fire . It was the fifth and final single released from the band 's debut album , Funeral . The single was released as a one-sided 7 '' vinyl record on November 14 , 2005 .

neg: Five Style Five Style ( a name taken from a martial arts technique called `` Five Style Fist '' ) , also known as 5ive Style , is a Chicago-based funk/jam quartet . Their albums were released on the Subpop label in the 1990s . The group existed from about 1993-2000 in various incarnations , centered on the guitar work of Billy Dolan ( who has also played in Heroic Doses , and The Fire Theft which featured 3 members of Sunny Day Real Estate , among other projects ) . Other members were major players of the 1990s Chicago music scene and included bassist Leroy Bach ( of Chicago funk group Uptighty , the first Liz Phair studio band , and Wilco fame ) , drummer John Herndon ( aka `` Johnny Machine '' , who made his first appearances on record in `` Tool of the Man '' era Poster Children and became established as a longstanding drummer/percussionist in Tortoise ) , and keyboardist Jeremy Jacobsen ( also known as The Lonesome Organist and member of Euphone ) . Drummer Ryan Rapsys , also of Euphone and Gauge , filled in on drums on a January 2000 tour when they opened for Giant Sand and Vic Chesnutt . 5ive Style were the opening act in a brief May 1996 tour which also included The Sea and Cake and Tortoise ; by some accounts these dates were the best shows of the Chicago `` post-rock '' hey day .

neg: This Is Hawkwind, Do Not Panic This is Hawkwind , Do Not Panic is a 1984 live album by the English space rock group Hawkwind . The album consisted of two discs : an LP which was recorded during the group 's 1980 Levitation tour ; and a 12 '' EP recorded at their June 1984 appearance at the Stonehenge Free Festival .   The group 's line-up had changed by their June 1984 appearance at the Stonehenge Free Festival , with guitarists Dave Brock , Huw Lloyd-Langton and saxophonist Nik Turner remaining , Harvey Bainbridge switching from bass to keyboards . They were joined by bassist Alan Davey and drummer Clive Deamer , although Danny Thompson deputised for Deamer on the Stonehenge recording .   The group undertook a 13 date UK tour in November 1984 to promote this album , with support from Wildfire . The Sheffield University show on 27 November was recorded , and part released on Undisclosed Files Addendum ( 1995 ) .   The tracks from disc 1 have been re-issued on the 2009 3CD re-issue of Levitation .

neg: Nick Launay Nicolas Launay ( born 5 March 1960 ) is an English record producer , composer and recording engineer . He is one of the most sought after record producers in the world due to his success with recent albums by Yeah Yeah Yeahs , Arcade Fire , and Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds . He is among the most successful producers of the post-punk era , helming records from pivotal acts including Blue October , Public Image Ltd , Gang of Four , Killing Joke , The Birthday Party , and The Slits .   Launay is known primarily for his passionate approach to recording with emphasis on raw sounds and capturing mood . Other artists he has worked with include : Kate Bush , Talking Heads , David Byrne , INXS , Midnight Oil , Grinderman , Lou Reed , The Veils , The Cribs , Supergrass , The Living End , Band of Skulls , and Silverchair . He lives in Hollywood , United States and travels to London frequently . More recent work includes producing Yeah Yeah Yeahs ' Mosquito , It 's Blitz ! , mixing Arcade Fire 's The Suburbs , and producing and recording Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds 's Push the Sky Away , along with Grinderman 's Grinderman 2 .

neg: Use Your Illusion II Use Your Illusion II is the fourth studio album by the American hard rock band Guns N ' Roses . The album was released on September 17 , 1991 , the same day as its counterpart album Use Your Illusion I. Both of the albums were released in conjunction with the Use Your Illusion Tour . Bolstered by the lead single `` You Could Be Mine , '' Use Your Illusion II was the slightly more popular of the two albums , selling 770,000 copies its first week and debuting at No. 1 on the U.S. charts , ahead of Use Your Illusion I '' 's first week sales of 685,000 . As of 2010 , Use Your Illusion II '' has sold 5,587,000 units in the U.S. , according to Nielsen SoundScan . Both albums have since been certified 7 × Platinum by the RIAA . It was also No. 1 on the UK Albums Chart for a single week . It is the last Guns N ' Roses album to feature rhythm guitarist Izzy Stradlin . It also included the last Guns N ' Roses song to feature drummer Steven Adler , who played on `` Civil War . ''

neg: PAX AM Days PAX AM Days ( stylized as PAX • AM Days ) is an EP by American rock band Fall Out Boy , released on October 15 , 2013 by Island Records and PAX AM . It consists of 1980s and 90s hardcore punk and punk rock influenced tracks recorded during a two-day `` marathon '' session with producer Ryan Adams and the band in July 2013 at PAX AM Studios . The EP was released on CD , digitally and on double 7 '' vinyl as a stand-alone EP , and also on a limited Save Rock and Roll PAX AM Edition ( 2013 ) double-disc reissue . The double 7 '' vinyl pressing was limited to 3,000 , and released on November 29 as part of Record Store Day - Back to Black Friday . Each copy came with a code for a bonus song download , a cover of `` New Dreams '' by Naked Raygun . The code was found stamped into the dead wax of the 7 '' . On September 30 , Fall Out Boy announced the EP and its release date , as well as premiered the first digital single `` Love , Sex , Death '' with its accompanying video . PAX AM Days was the band 's second release in 2013 after the comeback album Save Rock and Roll , and marks a return to their hardcore musical roots with aggressive guitar work , the `` antithesis '' to the polished Save Rock and Roll .   Adams reached out to the group at the request of Fall Out Boy 's friend and collaborator Butch Walker . Bassist Pete Wentz commented `` I think there 's a side of our band in our fans that would appreciate some of the noise that Ryan comes up with , and it would be great for the fans to be able to hear that -- hear sort of the raw energy that happens from sessions like that . '' The band called it `` a collection of songs we did for fun ... us letting out some demons '' rather than a new album . On October 7 , the entire EP was released for free streaming online . The EP debuted at No. 25 on the US Billboard 200 with 11,000 first week sales .

neg: The White Arcades The White Arcades ( 1988 ) is an album performed by Harold Budd . The album was recorded at various locations , including Palladium in Edinburgh , and the Cocteau Twins studio in London . Individual tracks were engineered by Robin Guthrie and Brian Eno .

neg: Sidewinder (band) Sidewinder were an Australian indie pop group founded in 1990 in Canberra by Pip Branson on guitar , Martin Craft on bass guitar and backing vocals , his brother Nick Craft on lead guitar and vocals , and Giri Fox on drums . Early in 1994 Shane Melder replaced Fox on drums and in the next year the group relocated to Sydney . Sidewinder were staples of the Australian alternative rock scene in the 1990s and released two studio albums , Atlantis ( January 1996 ) and Tangerine ( September 1997 ) . Australian musicologist , Ian McFarlane , described them as `` an accessible brand of distortion-drenched , harmony-driven , indie guitar power pop . ''  Sidewinder released two albums and three EPS between 1992 and 1998 , all of which were critically acclaimed and received solid Triple J and commercial airplay . These albums ` traversed a broad sonic terrain , from Beatlesesque psychedelia to eardrum shattering ballsy rock ' . Sidewinder were one of the ` best loved live acts of this decade -LSB- 1990s -RSB- ' . had regular spots on festival bills , including the Big Day Out ( 1994 , 1995 , and as national touring artists 1996 ) and played every Homebake from 1996 to 1998 ( January , December 1996 / January , December 1998 ) .   They toured extensively with many of their contemporaries , including bands such as Powderfinger , Custard , The Hummingbirds , You Am I , The Clouds , The Fauves , Tumbleweed and Magic Dirt . They also played with other bands , such as Something for Kate , the Dirty Three , the Whitlams , the Underground Lovers and Gaslight Radio . They supported international touring artists , including U2 on the Australian leg of their PopMart Tour in February 1998 . They also played with Pavement , the Jesus and Mary Chain , Sebadoh and Red Kross .   They disbanded in 2000 .

neg: Trial Through Fire City of Fire , the side project of vocalist Burton C. Bell ( Fear Factory ) alongside bassist Byron Stroud ( 3 Inches of Blood , ex-Fear Factory , Strapping Young Lad ) , drummer Bob Wagner and guitarist / producer Terry `` Sho '' Murray launched its much awaited and delayed second album `` Trial Through Fire '' . The CD was recorded at The Factory studios in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada .

neg: Sarah Neufeld Sarah Neufeld ( born August 27 , 1979 ) is a Canadian violinist is known for her work with indie rock band Arcade Fire , with whom she was a former core member and is currently a touring member . She has worked with other artists and released a number of solo works .

neg: Stockholm Syndrome (band) Stockholm Syndrome is an American rock music band formed in Athens , Georgia , as a collaboration between Dave Schools of Widespread Panic and Jerry Joseph of Jerry Joseph and the Jackmormons . The two enlisted Los Angeles drummer Wally Ingram ( Jackson Browne and Sheryl Crow ) , San Francisco guitarist Eric McFadden ( who had previously worked with Keb ' Mo ' , Primus , Les Claypool , and the P Funk All Stars ) , and German keyboardist Danny Dziuk . Dziuk however , has since been replaced on tour by Gov ' t Mule keyboardist Danny Louis .   Originally intended as a one-time studio side-project for the musicians , the band released an album in 2004 , Holy Happy Hour , and then went on a nationwide tour in support of the album . The band has toured intermittently since then and on February 16 , 2010 they released a live EP , `` Stockholm Syndrome Live at Streetlight Records , '' which was recorded during an in-store performance at Streetlight Records in Santa Cruz in September 2009 . The band has said that they have gotten another full-length album ready for release .   As the band allows audience members to tape their shows , many of their concert recordings can be found at the Internet Archive .   The band 's second album , Apollo , was released on February 15 , 2011 . Schools and Joseph wrote the songs after sitting on a porch looking at redwood trees in California . The band recorded in '' a converted chicken coop '' to achieve `` a low-fi garage -LSB- sound -RSB- '' . From the recording sessions , they produced a two-track vinyl record to sell at concerts .

neg: Amusement Parks on Fire Amusement Parks on Fire are a British rock band from Nottingham .   The band was established by Michael Feerick in 2004 , who wrote and performed all the instruments for the self-titled debut album .

neg: Transplants (band) The Transplants are an American punk rock/rap rock supergroup . They formed in 1999 when Tim Armstrong ( of the bands Rancid and Operation Ivy ) played his friend and roadie Rob Aston some beats he had made using Pro Tools and asked Aston if he would consider contributing lyrics . Initially , Armstrong played all the instruments himself but as the project grew , he invited musician friends such as Matt Freeman ( Rancid ) , Lars Frederiksen ( Rancid ) , and Vic Ruggiero ( The Slackers ) to add to the sound . Before long , Armstrong and Aston decided to officially form a band , but to make things complete , they wanted a drummer , so Travis Barker from Blink-182 was asked to join in 2002 .   After the release of their first album , The Transplants briefly disbanded in 2003 , due to all members being involved in their own projects , including Rancid and Blink-182 . Then in 2004 , they reunited to record their second album ( Haunted Cities ) before going on hiatus again until 2010 when the band has started to record new material . This new material was released as In a Warzone in 2013 .

neg: Urban Blitz Urban Blitz is best known for his `` eerie and atmospheric '' ( Ira Robbins ) electric violin , baritone violectra and lead guitar work with the 1970s London protopunk art rock band Doctors of Madness .   However , Blitz had considerable earlier musical experience , graduating from a classical background to hone his skills on the London late 1960s , and early 1970s club and pub rock scene . He travelled to Italy in early 1973 , to play with the Neapolitan Italian / Celtic chanteuse , Jenny Sorrenti . He lived and rehearsed with Sorrenti 's band , ` Saint Just ' , in the ` House on the Lake ' on Lake Bracciano , that led to the album of the same name but before the recording , Blitz left Italy to join the Doctors of Madness in June 1974 .   With Doctors of Madness , Blitz further developed his unique counterpoint electric violin style , incorporating a garage rock edge to complement the Doctor 's nihilistic , manic , approach to rock music ; using fuzz box , wah-wah pedal , phasing , echoplex and reverberation to appropriate effect . He cited avant garde violinists Jean-Luc Ponty , Don ` Sugarcane ' Harris and John Cale of the Velvet Underground as his main influences ; having largely rejected his early classical training .   Blitz was also an adventurous violin designer and maker , and in the early 1970s produced the first ` skeleton ' electric violin design that is widely copied and adapted in mass-produced electric violins today .   Blitz 's multifaceted lead guitar work also made a significant impact throughout the Doctors ' music .   In the mid 1970s , Blitz did occasional freelance studio work , playing the electric violin solo on `` Watch Out Carolina '' , produced by David Essex , for The Real Thing , and he also showed some flair as a producer himself , working with York punk rock band The Jermz on their single & .

neg: Pearl Jam 2008 United States Tour The Pearl Jam 2008 United States Tour was a concert tour by the American rock band Pearl Jam .


query: Social justice is invoked today in philosophical debates.

pos: Social justice Social justice is the fair and just relation between the individual and society . This is measured by the explicit and tacit terms for the distribution of wealth , opportunities for personal activity and social privileges . In Western as well as in older Asian cultures , the concept of social justice has often referred to the process of ensuring that individuals fulfill their societal roles and receive what was their due from society . In the current global grassroots movements for social justice , the emphasis has been on the breaking of barriers for social mobility , the creation of safety nets and economic justice .   Social justice assigns rights and duties in the institutions of society , which enables people to receive the basic benefits and burdens of cooperation . The relevant institutions often include taxation , social insurance , public health , public school , public services , labour law and regulation of markets , to ensure fair distribution of wealth , and equal opportunity .   Interpretations that relate justice to a reciprocal relationship to society are mediated by differences in cultural traditions , some of which emphasize the individual responsibility toward society and others the equilibrium between access to power and its responsible use . Hence , social justice is invoked today while reinterpreting historical figures such as Bartolomé de las Casas , in philosophical debates about differences among human beings , in efforts for gender , racial and social equality , for advocating justice for migrants , prisoners , the environment , and the physically and mentally disabled .   While the concept of social justice can be traced through the theology of Augustine of Hippo and the philosophy of Thomas Paine , the term `` social justice '' became used explicitly from the 1840s . A Jesuit priest named Luigi Taparelli is typically credited with coining the term , and it spread during the revolutions of 1848 with the work of Antonio Rosmini-Serbati . In the late industrial revolution , progressive American legal scholars began to use the term more , particularly Louis Brandeis and Roscoe Pound . From the early 20th century it was also embedded in international law and institutions ; the preamble to establish the International Labour Organization recalled that `` universal and lasting peace can be established only if it is based upon social justice . '' In the later 20th century , social justice was made central to the philosophy of the social contract , primarily by John Rawls in A Theory of Justice ( 1971 ) . In 1993 , the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action treats social justice as a purpose of human rights education .

neg: Third Way In politics , the Third Way is a position akin to centrism that tries to reconcile right-wing and left-wing politics by advocating a varying synthesis of right-wing economic and left-wing social policies . The Third Way was created as a serious re-evaluation of political policies within various centre-left progressive movements in response to international doubt regarding the economic viability of the state ; economic interventionist policies that had previously been popularized by Keynesianism and contrasted with the corresponding rise of popularity for economic liberalism and the New Right . The Third Way is promoted by some social democratic and social liberal movements .   Major Third Way social democratic proponent Tony Blair claimed that the socialism he advocated was different from traditional conceptions of socialism . Blair said `` My kind of socialism is a set of values notions of social justice ... Socialism as a rigid form of economic determinism has ended , and rightly '' . Blair referred to it as `` social-ism '' that involves politics that recognized individuals as socially interdependent , and advocated social justice , social cohesion , equal worth of each citizen , and equal opportunity . Third Way social democratic theorist Anthony Giddens has said that the Third Way rejects the traditional conception of socialism , and instead accepts the conception of socialism as conceived of by Anthony Crosland as an ethical doctrine that views social democratic governments as having achieved a viable ethical socialism by removing the unjust elements of capitalism by providing social welfare and other policies , and that contemporary socialism has outgrown the Marxian claim for the need of the abolition of capitalism . Blair in 2009 publicly declared support for a `` new capitalism '' .   It supports the pursuit of greater egalitarianism in society through action to increase the distribution of skills , capacities , and productive endowments , while rejecting income redistribution as the means to achieve this . It emphasizes commitment to balanced budgets , providing equal opportunity combined with an emphasis on personal responsibility , decentralization of government power to the lowest level possible , encouragement of public-private partnerships , improving labour supply , investment in human development , protection of social capital , and protection of the environment .   The Third Way has been criticized by some conservatives and libertarians who advocate laissez-faire capitalism . It has also been heavily criticized by many social democrats , democratic socialists , anarchists and communists in particular as a betrayal of left-wing values . Specific definitions of Third Way policies may differ between Europe and America .

neg: Ecological self Ecological self is central to the school of Experiential Deep Ecology , which , based on the work of Norwegian philosopher Arne Næss , argues that through the process of self-actualisation , one transcends the nations of the individuated `` egoic '' self and arrives at a position of an ecological self . So long as one is working within the narrower concept of self , Næss argues , environmentally responsible behaviour is a form of altruism , a `` doing good for the other '' , which historically has been a precarious ethical basis , usually involved in exhorting others to `` be good '' . Næss argues that in his Ecosophy , the enlargement of the ego-self to the eco-self results in environmentally responsible behaviour as a form of self-interest .   Warwick Fox argued that Næss 's philosophy was based upon a variety of `` transpersonal ecology '' in which self-interest was firmly embedded within the interest of the ecommunity ecosphere of which the self was eternally embedded   As deep ecologist John Seed has stated , `` Deep ecology critiques the idea that we are the crown of creation , the measure of all being : that the world is a pyramid with humanity rightly on top , merely a resource , and that nature has instrumental value only '' . The concept of the Ecological Self goes beyond anthropocentrism , which , by contrast locates human concerns as the exclusive source of all value . It draws upon the Land Ethic of Aldo Leopold . Leopold argued that within conventional ethics , the land itself was considered only as property , occupying a role analogous to slavery in earlier societies that permitted the ownership of people . By comparison a land ethic enlarges the boundary of moral concern to include `` soils , waters , plants , and animals , or collectively : the land '' . The basis of such a non-anthropocentric ethic , according to Leopold was that `` A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity , stability , and beauty of the biotic community . It is wrong when it tends otherwise . ''   Like Thomas Berry and Brian Swimme , ecological philosopher Freya Mathews argues that in considering the ecological self , we need to look beyond the present to the `` deep time '' of ages past , in the evolution of life and the creation of the cosmos , in order to consider the real roots of human consciousness . Experiential deep ecologist Joanna Macy speaks of the Ecological Self in her book `` World as Lover , World as Self '' , and uses the concept in her work on `` Deep Time '' .

neg: Social Science History Association The Social Science History Association , formed in 1976 , brings together scholars from numerous disciplines interested in social history .   Statement of Purpose : To bring together members of various disciplines ( including economics , sociology , demography , anthropology , and history ) who work with historical materials .   Social Science History is a quarterly , peer-reviewed academic journal . It is the official journal of the Social Science History Association . Its articles bring an analytic , theoretical , and often quantitative approach to historical evidence . The journal 's founders intended to `` improve the quality of historical explanation '' with `` theories and methods from the social science disciplines '' and to make generalizations across historical cases . The first issue came out in the fall of 1976 . The journal 's articles that are most-accessed and cited through JSTOR are about social and political movements and associated narratives .   The `` Social Science History Association '' was formed in 1976 as an interdisciplinary group with a journal Social Science History and an annual convention . The goal was to incorporate in historical studies perspectives from all the social sciences , especially political science , sociology and economics . The pioneers shared a commitment to quantification . However , by the 1980s the first blush of quantification had worn off , as critics complained that quantification undervalued the role of contingency , and warned against a naive positivism . Meanwhile quantification became well-established inside economics , in the field of cliometrics , as well as in political science . In history , quantification remained central to demographic studies , but slipped behind in political and social history .

neg: Marxist philosophy Marxist philosophy or Marxist theory are works in philosophy that are strongly influenced by Karl Marx 's materialist approach to theory , or works written by Marxists . Marxist philosophy may be broadly divided into Western Marxism , which drew out of various sources , and the official philosophy in the Soviet Union , which enforced a rigid reading of Marx called dialectical materialism , in particular during the 1930s .  Marxist philosophy is not a strictly defined sub-field of philosophy , because the diverse influence of Marxist theory has extended into fields as varied as aesthetics , ethics , ontology , epistemology , theoretical psychology and philosophy of science , as well as its obvious influence on political philosophy and the philosophy of history . The key characteristics of Marxism in philosophy are its materialism and its commitment to political practice as the end goal of all thought .   Marxist theorist Louis Althusser , for example , defined philosophy as `` class struggle in theory '' , thus radically separating himself from those who claimed philosophers could adopt a `` God 's eye view '' as a purely neutral judge .

neg: Gender feminism Gender feminism is a term used in relation to other forms of feminism . First explicated in the book `` Who Stole Feminism ? '' in 1994 , Christina Hoff Sommers categorized gender feminism as a gynocentric subdivision of feminism . According to Wendy McElroy and Christina Hoff Sommers , gender or political feminism is defined in opposition to individualist feminism . Disapproval of modern-day gender roles and the gradual eradication of them are at the foundation of gender feminism . Gender feminism aims to bring awareness to a perspective on the development of the different sexes Feminism , itself , is defined in Sommers ' book , `` Who Stole Feminism ? '' as a `` collection of movements and ideologies aimed at defining , establishing , and defending equal political , economic , and social rights for women . '' Gender feminism views gender as socially constructed . Furthermore , that this construction of gender is embedded into various aspects of the everyday social order , which consists of power , privileges and economic resources .   The term was used especially in the early 1990s to refer to some different concepts . It has been used to distinguish perceived radical feminism in comparison to liberal feminism . It has also been used in relation to some feminists ' arguments about gendering and other topics : that all cognition is gendered and that all knowledge is gendered . Gender reform feminism laid the theoretical groundwork for second-wave feminism . Contrary to equity feminist , who have an exclusive sociopolitical aspiration for men 's and women 's legal and social equality , gender feminist also argue that psychological differences between men and women are adapted from societal acclimation and have little to do with evolution .   Critiques   Though viewed as the dominant feminist outlook among scholars , as an alternative version of feminism , gender feminism has been met with opposition . Critiques argue that there is science that supports the claim that the sexes are substantially different in a natural and inherent way . Kuhle maintains that due to evolution , regardless of whether they are viewed as equal , men and women have diverse roles in society . Other critiques have said that though feminism is the dismantlement of the patriarchy and challenges gender roles , the notion that gender differences do not exist biologically is problematic . Others argue that every feminist has an altered standpoint on the movement due to the varying hurdles women of different backgrounds come across . This would validate gender feminists in their fight to raise awareness for equality through the belief that gender should not possess as much value in the society as it currently does .   Divisions in feminist ideology have caused many to question the cohesiveness of the feminist movement as a whole and if devoting their efforts to the movement would genuinely be beneficial . Although , varying perspectives have hindered the collaboration of some feminist subdivisions , a common interest in the upward mobilization of women as a whole has prompted a desire for a more inclusive and universal feminist movement .   A category of anti-gender feminism has also been described .

neg: African philosophy African philosophy is philosophy produced by African people , philosophy that presents African worldviews , or philosophy that uses distinct African philosophical methods . Although African philosophers may be found in the various academic fields of philosophy , such as metaphysics , epistemology , moral philosophy , and political philosophy , much of the modern African philosophy has been concerned with defining the ethnophilosophical parameters of African philosophy and identifying what differentiates it from other philosophical traditions . One of the implicit assumptions of ethnophilosophy is that a specific culture can have a philosophy that is not applicable and accessible to all peoples and cultures in the world , however this concept is disputed by traditional philosophers .  Furthermore , in A Discourse on African Philosophy : A New Perspective on Ubuntu and Transitional Justice in South Africa , Christian B. N. Gade argues that the ethnophilosophical approach to African philosophy as a static group property is highly problematic . His research on ubuntu presents an alternative collective discourse on African philosophy ( `` collective '' in the sense that it does not focus on any individual in particular ) that takes differences , historical developments , and social contexts seriously .   Father of African Philosophy , Uzodinma Nwala , prior to his employment to teach at UNN , there was nothing called African Philosophy as course of study in any university . `` All we were taught as students were Western philosophy . Nothing like African philosophy existed anywhere . In fact , many years after the introduction of the courses , there still remained arguments among experts , whether there was really African Philosophy '' . He was awarded the Aime Cesiare award in 2013 at the University of Abuja .  African Philosophy can be formally defined as a critical thinking by Africans on their experiences of reality . Nigerian born Philosopher K.C. Anyanwu defined African philosophy as `` that which concerns itself with the way in which African people of the past and present make sense of their destiny and of the world in which they live . '' In this regard , African philosophy is a critical reflection on African leaderships in the administration of their duties towards their citizens ; the morally blameworthiness or praiseworthiness of it . It will also provide possible solutions to the problems experienced in African governances .   As a rational critical inquiry on Africans and their worlds , it is consequently the task of African philosophy and of African philosophers to make the uncoordinated coordinated , the uncritical critical and the inarticulate articulate , particularly of the preliterate Africa .   One of the most basic disagreements concerns what exactly the term ` African ' qualifies : the content of the philosophy and the distinctive methods employed , or the identities of the philosophers . On the former view , philosophy counts as African if it involves African themes such as perceptions of time , personhood , space and other subjects , or uses methods that are defined as distinctively African . In the latter view , African philosophy is any philosophy produced by Africans or by people of African descent , and others engaged in critiques or analysis of their works .   Nigerian philosopher Joseph I. Omoregbe broadly defines a philosopher as one who attempts to understand the world 's phenomena , the purpose of human existence , the nature of the world , and the place of human beings in that world . This form of natural philosophy is identifiable in Africa even before individual African philosophers can be distinguished in the sources .

neg: Dialectic Dialectic or dialectics ( διαλεκτική , dialektikḗ ) , also known as the dialectical method , is a discourse between two or more people holding different points of view about a subject but wishing to establish the truth through reasoned arguments .   The term dialectic is not synonymous with the term debate . While in theory debaters are not necessarily emotionally invested in their point of view , in practice debaters frequently display an emotional commitment that may cloud rational judgment . Debates are won through a combination of persuading the opponent , proving one 's argument correct , and proving the opponent 's argument incorrect . Debates do not necessarily require promptly identifying a clear winner or loser ; however , clear winners are frequently determined by a judge , a jury or group consensus . The term dialectics is also not synonymous with the term rhetoric , a method or art of discourse that seeks to persuade , inform , or motivate an audience . Concepts , like `` logos '' or rational appeal , `` pathos '' or emotional appeal , and `` ethos '' or ethical appeal , are intentionally used by rhetoricians to persuade an audience .   Socrates favoured truth as the highest value , proposing that it could be discovered through reason and logic in discussion : ergo , dialectic . Socrates valued rationality ( appealing to logic , not emotion ) as the proper means for persuasion , the discovery of truth , and the determinant for one 's actions . To Socrates , truth , not aretē ( moral virtue ) , was the greater good , and each person should , above all else , seek truth to guide one 's life . Therefore , Socrates opposed the Sophists and their teaching of rhetoric as art and as emotional oratory requiring neither logic nor proof . Different forms of dialectical reasoning have emerged throughout history from the Indosphere ( Greater India ) and the West ( Europe ) . These forms include the Socratic method , Hindu , Buddhist , Medieval , Hegelian dialectics , Marxist , Talmudic , and Neo-orthodoxy .

neg: Social philosophy Social philosophy is the study of questions about social behavior and interpretations of society and social institutions in terms of ethical values rather than empirical relations . Social philosophers place new emphasis on understanding the social contexts for political , legal , moral , and cultural questions , and to the development of novel theoretical frameworks , from social ontology to care ethics to cosmopolitan theories of democracy , human rights , gender equity and global justice .

neg: Philosophy and economics Philosophy and economics , also philosophy of economics , studies topics such as rational choice , the appraisal of economic outcomes , institutions and processes , and the ontology of economic phenomena and the possibilities of acquiring knowledge of them .   Although these inquiries overlap in many ways , it is useful to divide philosophy of economics in this way into three subject matters which can be regarded respectively as branches of action theory , ethics ( or normative social and political philosophy ) , and philosophy of science . Economic theories of rationality , welfare , and social choice defend substantive philosophical theses often informed by relevant philosophical literature and of evident interest to those interested in action theory , philosophical psychology , and social and political philosophy .   Economics is of particular interest to those interested in epistemology and philosophy of science both because of its detailed peculiarities and because it possesses many of the overt features of the natural sciences , while its object consists of social phenomena .

neg: Justice (economics) Justice in economics is a subcategory of welfare economics with models frequently representing the ethical-social requirements of a given theory , whether `` in the large , '' as of a just social order , or `` in the small , '' as in the equity of `` how institutions distribute specific benefits and burdens . '' That theory may or may not elicit acceptance . In the Journal of Economic Literature classification codes ` justice ' is scrolled to at JEL : D63 , wedged on the same line between ` Equity ' and ` Inequality ' along with ` Other Normative Criteria and Measurement ' . Categories above and below the line are Externalities and Altruism .   Some ideas about justice and ethics overlap with the origins of economic thought , often as to distributive justice and sometimes as to Marxian analysis . The subject is a topic of normative economics and philosophy and economics . In early welfare economics , where mentioned , ` justice ' was little distinguished from maximization of all individual utility functions or a social welfare function . As to the latter , Paul Samuelson ( 1947 ) , expanding on work of Abram Bergson , represents a social welfare function in general terms as any ethical belief system required to order any ( hypothetically feasible ) social states for the entire society as `` better than , '' `` worse than , '' or `` indifferent to '' each other . Kenneth Arrow ( 1963 ) showed a difficulty of trying to extend a social welfare function consistently across different hypothetical ordinal utility functions even apart from justice . Utility maximization survives , even with the rise of ordinal-utility/Pareto theory , as an ethical basis for economic-policy judgments in the wealth-maximization criterion invoked in law and economics .   Amartya Sen ( 1970 ) , Kenneth Arrow ( 1983 ) , Serge-Christophe Kolm ( 1969 , 1996 , 2000 ) , and others have considered ways in which utilitarianism as an approach to justice is constrained or challenged by independent claims of equality in the distribution of primary goods , liberty , entitlements , opportunity , exclusion of antisocial preferences , possible capabilities , and fairness as non-envy plus Pareto efficiency . Alternate approaches have treated combining concern for the worst off with economic efficiency , the notion of personal responsibility and ( de ) merits of leveling individual benefits downward , claims of intergenerational justice , and other non-welfarist/Pareto approaches . Justice is a subarea of social choice theory , for example as to extended sympathy , and more generally in the work of Arrow , Sen , and others .   A broad reinterpretation of justice from the perspective of game theory , social contract theory , and evolutionary naturalism is found in works of Ken Binmore ( 1994 , 1998 , 2004 ) and others . Arguments on fairness as an aspect of justice have been invoked to explain a wide range of behavioral and theoretical applications , supplementing earlier emphasis on economic efficiency ( Konow , 2003 ) .

neg: Transformative social change Transformative social change is a philosophical , practical and strategic process to affect revolutionary change within society , i.e. , social transformation . It is effectively a systems approach applied to broad-based social change and social justice efforts to catalyze sociocultural , socioeconomic and political revolution . In seeking to integrate and then politicize personal development and social development as an overarching approach to social change at multiple levels , addressing a wide range of issues , using holistic , nonviolent methods , it may be best classified as a new social movement . Rather than focus on particular issue ( s ) , it seeks to impact the culture of left of center social movement and organizing work . However , by considering the dismantling of and liberation from oppressive systems , including economic , as core to its goal , it defies even definitions put forth for new social movements . As a comprehensive approach to progressive social change , it seeks distinguishes to itself from the `` ordinary '' change of conventional social change , social justice and their respective organizing practices by placing emphasis on personal , organizational and social systemic change that can not be undone , or `` deep change '' .

neg: Equality of outcome Equality of outcome , equality of condition , or equality of results is a political concept which is central to some political ideologies and is used regularly in political discourse , often in contrast to the term equality of opportunity . It describes a state in which people have approximately the same material wealth and income , or in which the general economic conditions of their lives are similar . Achieving equal results generally entails reducing or eliminating material inequalities between individuals or households in a society , and usually involves a transfer of income or wealth from wealthier to poorer individuals , or adopting other measures to promote equality of condition . A related way of defining equality of outcome is to think of it as `` equality in the central and valuable things in life . '' One account in the Journal of Political Philosophy suggested that the term meant , `` equalising where people end up rather than where or how they begin , '' but described this sense of the term as `` simplistic '' since it failed to identify what was supposed to be made equal .

neg: LGBT social movements Lesbian , gay , bisexual , transgender , and questioning ( LGBTQ ) social movements are social movements that advocate for the equalized acceptance of LGBT people in society . In these movements , LGBTQ people and their allies have a long history of campaigning for what is now generally called LGBTQ rights , sometimes also called gay rights or gay and lesbian rights . Although there is not a primary or an overarching central organization that represents all LGBT people and their interests , numerous LGBT rights organizations are active worldwide . The earliest organizations to support LGBT rights were formed in the 19th century .   A commonly stated goal among these movements is social equality for LGBT people , but there is still denial of full LGBTQ rights . Some have also focused on building LGBT communities or worked towards liberation for the broader society from biphobia , homophobia , and transphobia . There is a struggle for LGBTQ rights today . LGBT movements organized today are made up of a wide range of political activism and cultural activity , including lobbying , street marches , social groups , media , art , and research .   Overview   Sociologist Mary Bernstein writes : `` For the lesbian and gay movement , then , cultural goals include ( but are not limited to ) challenging dominant constructions of masculinity and femininity , homophobia , and the primacy of the gendered heterosexual nuclear family ( heteronormativity ) . Political goals include changing laws and policies in order to gain new rights , benefits , and protections from harm . '' Bernstein emphasizes that activists seek both types of goals in both the civil and political spheres .   As with other social movements there is also conflict within and between LGBT movements , especially about strategies for change and debates over exactly who comprises the constituency that these movements represent , this also applies to changing education . There is debate over to what extent lesbians , gays , bisexuals , transgender people , intersexed people and others share common interests and a need to work together . Leaders of the lesbian and gay movement of the 1970s , 80s and 90s often attempted to hide masculine lesbians , feminine gay men , transgender people , and bisexuals from the public eye , creating internal divisions within LGBT communities . Roffee and Waling ( 2016 ) discovered that LGBTIQ people experience microaggressions , bullying and anti-social behaviours from other people within the LGBTIQ community . This is due to misconceptions and conflicting views as to what entails `` LGBTIQ '' . For example , transgender people found that other members of the community were not understanding to their own , individual , specific needs and would instead make ignorant assumptions , and this can cause health risks . Additionally , bisexual people found that lesbian or gay people were not understanding or appreciative of the bisexual sexuality . Evidently , even though most of these people would say that they stand for the same values as the majority of the community , there are still remaining inconsistencies even within the LGBTIQ community .   LGBT movements have often adopted a kind of identity politics that sees gay , bisexual and transgender people as a fixed class of people ; a minority group or groups , and this is very common among LGBTQ communities . Those using this approach aspire to liberal political goals of freedom and equal opportunity , and aim to join the political mainstream on the same level as other groups in society . In arguing that sexual orientation and gender identity are innate and can not be consciously changed , attempts to change gay , lesbian and bisexual people into heterosexuals ( `` conversion therapy '' ) are generally opposed by the LGBT community . Such attempts are often based in religious beliefs that perceive gay , lesbian and bisexual activity as immoral .   However , others within LGBT movements have criticised identity politics as limited and flawed , elements of the queer movement have argued that the categories of gay and lesbian are restrictive , and attempted to deconstruct those categories , which are seen to `` reinforce rather than challenge a cultural system that will always mark the nonheterosexual as inferior . ''   After the French Revolution the anticlerical feeling in Catholic countries coupled with the liberalizing effect of the Napoleonic Code made it possible to sweep away sodomy laws . However , in Protestant countries , where the church was less severe , there was no general reaction against statutes that were religious in origin . As a result , many of those countries retained their statutes on sodomy until late in the 20th century .

neg: Common good In philosophy , economics , and political science , the common good ( also commonwealth or common weal ) is a term of art , referring to either what is shared and beneficial for all or most members of a given community , or alternatively , what is achieved by citizenship , collective action , and active participation in the realm of politics and public service . The concept of the common good differs significantly among philosophical doctrines . Early conceptions of the common good were set out by Ancient Greek philosophers , including Aristotle and Plato . One understanding of the common good rooted in Aristotle 's philosophy remains in common usage today , referring to what one contemporary scholar calls the `` good proper to , and attainable only by , the community , yet individually shared by its members . '' The concept of common good developed through the work of political theorists , moral philosophers , and public economists , including Thomas Aquinas , Niccolò Machiavelli , John Locke , Jean-Jacques Rousseau , James Madison , Adam Smith , Karl Marx , John Stuart Mill , John Rawls , and many other thinkers . In contemporary economic theory , a common good is any good which is rivalrous yet non-excludable , while the common good , by contrast , arises in the subfield of welfare economics and refers to the outcome of a social welfare function . Such a social welfare function , in turn , would be rooted in a moral theory of the good ( such as utilitarianism ) . Social choice theory aims to understand processes by which the common good may or may not be realized in societies through the study of collective decision rules . And public choice theory applies microeconomic methodology to the study of political science in order to explain how private interests affect political activities and outcomes .

neg: Center for the Study of Science and Religion The Center for the Study of Science and Religion ( CSSR ) is a center inside The Earth Institute at Columbia University . It `` was founded in the summer of 1999 as a forum for the examination of issues that lie at the boundary of these two complementary ways of comprehending the world and our place in it . By examining the intersections that cross over the boundaries between one or another science and one or another religion , the CSSR hopes to stimulate dialogue and encourage understanding . '' The founder and director of CSSR is Robert Pollack , Professor of Biological Sciences and Adjunct Professor of Science and Religion at Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York and also Adjunct Professor of Religion at Columbia University .   Questions currently being addressed by CSSR include :  Development and equitable sharing of water resources between nations in the Jordan River Valley , with Upmanu Lall  Long term women 's health effects of human egg harvesting , with Wendy Chavkin  American slavery and memory , with Patricia J. Williams   CSSR offers courses , varying in length and content , for undergraduates , graduate students , clergy , and professional students .   CSSR sponsors one major symposium about every two years , and four or more guest lectures each semester . CSSR symposia have included :   Mind and Reality , February 25 & 26 , 2005  Love and its Obstacles , November 7 , 2004  Destructive Emotions : Neuroscience , Psychology and Buddhism , January 28 , 2003  A Colloquium on the Centennial of William James 's The Varieties of Religious Experience , March 24 & 25 , 2002   CSSR and Columbia University Press oversee publication of the Columbia Series in Science and Religion .

neg: Justice (ethics) In research ethics , justice is the fair selection of research participants . Justice is the ideal distribution of risks and benefits when scientists conducting clinical research are recruiting volunteer research participants to participate in clinical trials . The concept gives guidelines on how scientific objectives and not membership in either a privileged or vulnerable population should determine which members of which communities should meet inclusion criteria to participate in research in order to most equitably share the risks and benefits of the research .

neg: A Theory of Justice A Theory of Justice is a work of political philosophy and ethics by John Rawls , in which the author attempts to solve the problem of distributive justice ( the socially just distribution of goods in a society ) by utilising a variant of the familiar device of the social contract . The resultant theory is known as `` Justice as Fairness '' , from which Rawls derives his two principles of justice : the liberty principle and the difference principle . First published in 1971 , A Theory of Justice was revised in both 1975 ( for the translated editions ) and 1999 .

neg: Pragmatic ethics Pragmatic ethics is a theory of normative philosophical ethics . Ethical pragmatists , such as John Dewey , believe that some societies have progressed morally in much the way they have attained progress in science . Scientists can pursue inquiry into the truth of a hypothesis and accept the hypothesis , in the sense that they act as though the hypothesis were true ; nonetheless , they think that future generations can advance science , and thus future generations can refine or replace ( at least some of ) their accepted hypotheses . Similarly , ethical pragmatists think that norms , principles , and moral criteria are likely to be improved as a result of inquiry .

neg: Public interest Public interest , according to the Random House Dictionary , is `` 1 . the welfare or well-being of the general public ; commonwealth . 2 . appeal or relevance to the general populace : a news story of public interest . ''   Economist Lok Sang Ho in his Public Policy and the Public Interest ( Routledge , 2012 , published 2011 ) argues that the public interest must be assessed impartially and , therefore , defines the public interest as the `` ex ante welfare of the representative individual . '' Under a thought experiment , by assuming that there is an equal chance for one to be anyone in society and , thus , could benefit or suffer from a change , the public interest is by definition enhanced whenever that change is preferred to the status quo ex ante . This approach is `` ex ante '' , in the sense that the change is not evaluated after the fact but assessed before the fact without knowing whether one would actually benefit or suffer from it .   This approach follows the `` veil of ignorance '' approach , which was first proposed by John Harsanyi but popularized by John Rawls in his 1971 Theory of Justice . Historically , however , the approach can be traced to John Stuart Mill , who , in his letter to George Grote , explained that `` human happiness , even one 's own , is in general more successfully pursued by acting on general rules , than by measuring the consequences of each act ; and this is still more the case with the general happiness , since any other plan would not only leave everybody uncertain what to expect , but would involve perpetual quarrelling ... ''   The Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales argues that applying a detailed definition is likely to result in unintended consequences , in Acting in the Public Interest ( 2012 ) . Instead , each circumstance needs to be assessed based on criteria such as the relevant public , wants , and constraints . The key to assessing any public interest decision is transparency of the decision-making process , including balancing competing interests .

neg: Intellectual An intellectual is a person who engages in critical thinking , research , and reflection about the reality of society , and proposes solutions for the normative problems of society , and thus he or she gains authority as a public intellectual . Coming from the world of culture , either as a creator or as a mediator , the intellectual participates in politics , either to defend a concrete proposition or to denounce an injustice , usually by producing or by extending an ideology , and by defending a system of values .


query: Ramona Marquez was born in 1991.

pos: Ramona Marquez Ramona Marquez ( born 24 February 2001 ) is a British child actress from London , best known for her role as Karen Brockman in the BBC One sitcom Outnumbered .

neg: Netherlands Antilles at the 1991 Pan American Games The 11th Pan American Games were held in Havana , Cuba from August 2 to August 18 , 1991 .

neg: Thierry Moutinho Thierry Rua Moutinho ( born 26 February 1991 ) is a Portuguese footballer who plays for Spanish club RCD Mallorca as a midfielder .

neg: Ricardo Chará Ricardo Chará Lerma ( born 24 May 1990 ) is a Colombian footballer , currently free agent .

neg: Jorge Valencia Jorge Valencia ( born April 6 , 1991 in Querétaro ) is a Mexican footballer .

neg: Juan José Navarro Guerra Juan José Navarro Guerra ( born 8 March 1991 ) is a Spanish footballer who plays for SD Ejea as a central midfielder .

neg: Arturo Ramírez Arturo José Ramírez Álvarez ( born 19 April 1991 in San Juan de los Morros ) is a Venezuelan sprinter . He competed in the 4 × 400 m relay event at the 2012 Summer Olympics .

neg: Édson Rivera Édson Ulises Rivera Vargas ( born 4 November 1991 in Guadalajara ) is a Mexican professional footballer who plays as a striker for Santos Laguna in the Liga MX .

neg: Diego González Reyes Diego Ignacio González Reyes ( born 16 January 1991 ) is a Chilean footballer that currently plays for Deportes Copiapó in the Primera B de Chile .

neg: Katherine Alvarado Katherine Alvarado ( born 11 April 1991 ) is a Costa Rican footballer who play as a midfielder .

neg: Ramon Llull University Ramon Llull University ( Universitat Ramon Llull , URL -LSB- uniβərsiˈtat rəˈmoɲ ˈʎuʎ -RSB- ) is a private university located in Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain established in 1990 . Currently it is formed by several different colleges specialized in different topics , most of which are located in downtown Barcelona .

neg: Ramón Puerta Federico Ramón Puerta ( born September 9 , 1951 ) is an Argentine Peronist politician who has served as a governor , senator and national deputy and effectively acted as President of Argentina during 2001 .

neg: Antonio Alejandro Franco Antonio Alejandro Franco Arza ( born 10 July 1991 ) is a Paraguayan footballer who plays for Deportivo Capiatá in the Paraguayan Primera División .

neg: Jessica Salazar Trejo Jessica Salazar Trejo ( born 30 May 1991 ) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the PRD . As of 2013 she served as Deputy of the LXII Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing the State of Mexico .

neg: Conchi Ríos Conchi Reyes Ríos ( born 11 March 1991 ) is a Spanish bullfighter . In 2011 , she was the first woman to take two ears off a bull . In 2015 , she was featured on a Spanish national list of bullfighters , one of six women out of 825 .

neg: 1991 PBA First Conference Finals The 1991 PBA First Conference Finals was the best-of-7 basketball championship series of the 1991 PBA First Conference , and the conclusion of the conference 's playoffs . Ginebra San Miguel and the Shell Rimula X played for the 48th championship contested by the league .   This series also serves as a rematch after Shell captured the championship in the same conference a year before when Ginebra ( then known as the Añejo Rum 65ers ) walked out of the playing court in the sixth and series-clinching game with Shell leading , 62-47 with 2:52 left in the second quarter .   Ginebra San Miguel won against Shell Rimula X in seven games to capture their third PBA title , coming from a 1-3 deficit . Ginebra 's championship victory was the biggest PBA finals comeback in the league 's history until the 2015 -- 16 Philippine Cup Finals when the San Miguel Beermen came back from a 0 -- 3 deficit to defeat the Alaska Aces and win the championship series .

neg: Maria Arrillaga María Arrillaga is a Puerto Rican poet who has been a professor at the University of Puerto Rico . She taught in the Spanish Department on the Rio Piedras campus . She is a member of PEN American Center as well as PEN Club de Puerto Rico . She was a member of the Women 's Writing Committee of PEN International , served as its secretary and organizer for Latin America . Arrillaga was president of PEN Club de Puerto Rico during 1989-1991 .   She is the author of several collections of poetry . According to Matos Paoli , the poetry of Maria Arrillaga participates in the `` demythologizing conventional culture '' both in the claiming of human sexual nature and in its commitment to social justice .   She has contributed to the following journals : Confrontation , Cupey , Festa Da Palabra , PEN International , and Tercer Milenio .   Dr. Arrillaga was a 1996 fiction finalist at the Institute of Latin American Writers . In Puerto Rico , she has won awards for poetry , essays , and fiction .   She is currently working on a book of memoirs , The Guava Orchard , and has a home in two cities ; New York and Old San Juan , Puerto Rico .

neg: Rhonard García Rhonard García Ángeles ( born September 15 , 1990 ) is a Dominican footballer who plays for local club Cibao FC as a midfielder . He also can play as a fullback in both sides .

neg: Yurena María del Mar Cuena Seisdedos ( Baracaldo , 11 December 1966 ) , known under the stage names Tamara ( 1990-2004 ) , Ámbar ( 2004-2005 ) and then Yurena ( from 2005 ) is a Spanish pop singer . Her early career was marred by controversy , but after a five-year hiatus from the music industry while she operated a club , she launched a successful comeback . Her music was introduced to China in 2014 .

neg: Juan José Calderón Juan José Calderón Enríquez ( born February 17 , 1991 in Tlajomulco de Zúñiga , Jalisco ) , known as Juan Calderón , is a Mexican professional footballer who plays for Tlaxcala F.C.

neg: Ramón Ayala Ramón Covarrubias Garza ( born December 8 , 1945 ) known by his stage name Ramón Ayala is a Mexican musician , composer and songwriter of Norteño and Conjunto music . Known as the `` King of the Accordion , '' Ayala has recorded over 113 albums for which he has received four Grammy Awards . Additionally , Ayala has been featured in thirteen movies . A legend of norteño music , Ayala is one of the most recognized and best-selling artists of this genre of Mexican music , breaking many sales records along the way .