query: Neil Young holds no rank in the Order of Canada.

pos: Neil Young Neil Percival Young , ( born November 12 , 1945 ) , is a Canadian singer-songwriter , musician , producer , director and screenwriter . Young began performing in a group covering Shadows instrumentals in Canada in 1960 . In 1966 , after a brief stint with the Rick James-fronted Mynah Birds , he moved to Los Angeles , where he formed Buffalo Springfield with Stephen Stills , Richie Furay and others . Young had released two solo albums by the time he joined Crosby , Stills & Nash in 1969 , in addition to two as a member of Buffalo Springfield . From his early solo albums and those with his backing band Crazy Horse , Young has recorded a steady stream of studio and live albums , sometimes warring with his recording company along the way .   Young 's often distorted electric guitar work , deeply personal lyrics and signature tenor singing voice transcend his long career . Young also plays piano and harmonica on many albums which frequently combine folk , rock , blues and other musical styles . Known to rip up live set lists , Young often plays acoustic versions of songs in one show and electric versions in others . His gritty guitar work , especially with Crazy Horse , earned him the nickname `` Godfather of Grunge '' and led to his 1995 album Mirror Ball with Pearl Jam . More recently Young has been backed by Promise of the Real .   Young directed ( or co-directed ) films using the pseudonym Bernard Shakey , including Journey Through the Past ( 1973 ) , Rust Never Sleeps ( 1979 ) , Human Highway ( 1982 ) , Greendale ( 2003 ) , and CSNY/D éjà Vu ( 2008 ) . He also contributed to the soundtracks of the films Philadelphia ( 1993 ) and Dead Man ( 1995 ) .   Young has received several Grammy and Juno awards . The Rock & Roll Hall of Fame inducted him twice : as a solo artist in 1995 and in 1997 as a member of Buffalo Springfield . In 2000 , Rolling Stone named Young the 34th greatest rock 'n roll artist .   He has lived in California since the 1960s but retains Canadian citizenship . He was awarded the Order of Manitoba on July 14 , 2006 , and was made an Officer of the Order of Canada on December 30 , 2009 .

neg: John Archibald Armstrong John Archibald `` Jack '' Armstrong , ( 1917 -- December 26 , 2010 ) was a Canadian business executive .   Armstrong was Chief Executive Officer of Imperial Oil from 1973 to 1981 . He was also a director of the Royal Bank of Canada .   In 1983 , he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada . He was inducted into the Canadian Petroleum Hall of Fame in 2004 .   He died in his sleep in Nanaimo , British Columbia in 2010 .

neg: Provinces and territories of Canada Canada 's geography is divided into administrative divisions known as provinces and territories that are responsible for delivery of sub-national governance . When Canada was formed in 1867 , three provinces of British North America -- New Brunswick , Nova Scotia and the Province of Canada ( which , on the formation of Canada , was divided into Ontario and Quebec ) -- were united to form a federated colony , which eventually became a sovereign nation in the next century . Over its history , Canada 's international borders have changed several times , and the country has grown from the original four provinces to the current ten provinces and three territories . The ten provinces are Alberta , British Columbia , Manitoba , New Brunswick , Newfoundland and Labrador , Nova Scotia , Ontario , Prince Edward Island , Quebec , and Saskatchewan . Several of the provinces were former British colonies , and Quebec was originally a French colony , while others were added as Canada grew . The three territories are Northwest Territories , Nunavut , and Yukon , which govern the rest of the area of the former British North America . Together , the provinces and territories make up the world 's second-largest country by area .   The major difference between a Canadian province and a territory is that provinces receive their power and authority from the Constitution Act , 1867 ( formerly called the British North America Act , 1867 ) , whereas territorial governments have powers delegated to them by the Parliament of Canada . The powers flowing from the Constitution Act are divided between the federal government and the provincial governments to exercise exclusively . A change to the division of powers between the federal government and the provinces requires a constitutional amendment , whereas a similar change affecting the territories can be performed unilaterally by the Parliament of Canada or government .   In modern Canadian constitutional theory , the provinces are considered to be co-sovereign divisions and each province has its own `` Crown '' represented by the lieutenant governor . The territories are not sovereign , but simply part of the federal realm , and have a commissioner who represents the federal government .   __ TOC __

neg: Neil Macdonald Neil Macdonald ( born 1957 ) is a Canadian journalist with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation , currently senior correspondent for CBC News The National . He is the brother of comedian Norm Macdonald .

neg: National Academy Orchestra of Canada The National Academy Orchestra of Canada ( NAO ) is a professional training orchestra primarily based in Hamilton , Ontario , Canada . Founded in 1989 by conductor Boris Brott , it is recognized as a Canadian National School for professional training , and each winter over 400 potential apprentices audition from across Canada for a spot in the orchestra .   The National Academy Orchestra is the orchestra-in-residence -- for 16 to 20 weeks -- of the 20-year-old Brott Music Festival , Canada 's largest orchestral music festival . Young musicians between the ages of 18 and 30 who are studying or are recent graduates of a music program are eligible to apply and audition for one of 45 spots in the annual program .

neg: Juno Awards of 1994 The Juno Awards of 1994 , representing Canadian music industry achievements of the previous year , were awarded on 20 March 1994 in Toronto at a ceremony in the O'Keefe Centre . Roch Voisine was the host for the ceremonies , which were taped that afternoon for broadcast that evening on CBC Television .   Nominations were announced 8 February 1994 . Starting in 1994 , the Best New Solo Artist combined the former Most Promising Male and Female Vocalist categories . Reggae also received its own category , after years of being included under banners such as `` world beat '' or mixed with calypso .   A new category for aboriginal music was also introduced and was awarded by Robbie Robertson . The award faced controversy after nominee Sazacha Red Sky was accused of cultural appropriation by Leonard George son of Chief Dan George , the alleged writer of the song that has since been registered as Public Domain , because she was not personally a member of the Tsleil-Waututh First Nation and according to Leonard George did not have the right to record it under their cultural traditions . His son Leonard George sought a legal injunction to prevent the award from being presented at the Juno Awards ceremony at all , and a final compromise revising Red Sky 's nomination to reflect the album instead of the song was announced on the morning of the ceremony .   Around the time of the 1994 ceremonies , there were plans to host the 1995 ceremonies in Winnipeg . However , Juno organisers CARAS was demanding substantial funding from the Winnipeg committee attempting to host the awards .   Atlantic group The Rankin Family was the major winner in 1994 , winning awards in four categories including Entertainer of the Year .

neg: Neil D. Schaerrer Neil Dean Schaerrer ( April 12 , 1930 -- January 18 , 1985 ) was the fourteenth general president of the Young Men organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 1977 to 1979 .   Born in Payson , Utah , Schaerrer served as a LDS Church missionary to Switzerland from 1950 to 1953 . He was the president of the Austria Vienna Mission of the church from 1972 to 1975 . In 1975 , Schaerrer established the LDS Church as a legal entity in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia .   In 1977 , Schaerrer was asked to become the general president of the Young Men . The organization had not had a general president since Robert L. Backman was released in 1974 and the organization was placed under the direct supervision of the church 's presiding bishop . Schaerrer served just two years , and in 1979 was succeeded by Backman , who by then had become a general authority of the church . Schaerrer was the last non-general authority to serve as president of the Young Men until Charles W. Dahlquist II was called in 2004 . Schaerrer 's counselors were Graham W. Doxey and Quinn G. McKay .   Schaerrer was married to Jane Coon and was the father of four children . He was an attorney by profession , and died in Salt Lake City at the age of 54 .

neg: Peter Busby Waite Peter Busby Waite , ( born 1922 ) is a Canadian historian , and a retired Dalhousie University professor .   Born in Toronto , Ontario , he attended high school in Saint John , New Brunswick . He obtained B.A. and M.A. degrees from the University of British Columbia , and a PhD degree from the University of Toronto . He served with the Royal Canadian Navy during World War II , attaining the rank of Lieutenant .   Popularly known as P.B. Waite , Dr. Waite began his association in 1951 with Dalhousie University in Halifax , Nova Scotia . He taught at Dalhousie first as a lecturer in history ( 1951 - 55 ) , then assistant professor ( 1955 - 1960 ) and finally Thomas McCulloch Professor of History from 1960 until his retirement . He is currently a professor emeritus and lives in Halifax .   Waite is an elegant writer , known especially for his analysis of the events leading to Confederation and the subsequent 30 years from 1867 to 1896 . His Arduous Destiny , a history of Canada from 1874 to 1896 , was part of The Canadian Centenary Series , a multi-volume project which was commissioned for the centenary of Canadian Confederation in 1967 .   He has published biographies of three Conservative Canadian Prime Ministers ( Macdonald , Thompson , Bennett ) . His 1985 biography of Sir John Sparrow David Thompson , some ten years in the making , remains a thorough and fundamental resource on Thompson .   He was made an Officer of the Order of Canada on October 27 , 1993 .

neg: Pierre Juneau Pierre Juneau , , ( October 17 , 1922 -- February 21 , 2012 ) was a Canadian film and broadcast executive , a one-time member of the Canadian Cabinet , the first chairman of the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission ( CRTC ) and subsequently president of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . He is credited with the creation , promotion , and championing of Canadian content requirements for radio and television . Juneau is the namesake of the Juno Awards , which were named for him .

neg: Young Greens of Canada The Young Greens of Canada are the youth wing of the Green Party of Canada and were formed at the 2006 leadership convention . The Young Greens of Canada 's membership consists of youth aged 14 to 29 years of age . All Green Party of Canada members in good standing , between the ages of 14 and 29 , are eligible to vote on Young Greens Council elections every year . The Young Greens have campus clubs and regional clubs established across Canada .

neg: Art McDonald (admiral) Rear-Admiral Arthur Gerard McDonald is an officer in the Royal Canadian Navy . In January 2016 it was announced that he would be appointed Commander of Maritime Forces Pacific .   Captain McDonald served as the Maritime Component Commander of Canadian Joint Task Force Haiti in 2010 . He received a Meritorious Service Medal in recognition for his coordination of the disaster relief activities of HMCS Halifax and HMCS Athabaskan . He served as commanding officer of HMCS Halifax from 2007 to 2009 before taking command of Fifth Maritime Operations Group in December 2009 .   In February 2014 he was appointed Director General Maritime Forces Development .

neg: Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada Innovation , Science and Economic Development Canada ( Innovation , Sciences et Développement économique Canada ) , or ISED , formerly Industry Canada , is the department of the Government of Canada with a mandate of fostering a growing , competitive , knowledge-based Canadian economy . The Department headquarters are located at the C.D. Howe Building at 235 Queen Street in Ottawa , Ontario .   Upon the November 2015 installation of the 29th Canadian Ministry , led by newly-elected Prime Minister Justin Trudeau , the position of Minister of Industry was re-named Minister of Innovation , Science , and Economic Development , and Industry Canada was subsequently re-named Innovation , Science and Economic Development Canada .

neg: Bob Young (businessman) Robert Young is a serial entrepreneur who is best known for founding Red Hat Inc. , the open source software company . He is also the Caretaker of the Hamilton Tiger-Cats of the Canadian Football League . He was born in Hamilton , Ontario , Canada . He attended Trinity College School in Port Hope , Ontario . He received a Bachelor of Arts from Victoria College at the University of Toronto .

neg: Associate Minister of National Defence (Canada) The Associate Minister of National Defence is a member of the Canadian cabinet who is responsible for various files within the defence department as assigned by the Prime Minister or Defence Minister .   The position was created in 1940 during World War II under the War Measures Act along with the creation of a Minister of Defence for Air and a Minister of Defence for Naval Services . These positions lapsed with the end of the war . The position of Associate Minister of Defence was recreated in 1953 when the National Defence Act was amended to provide for the appointment in peacetime .   This post remained vacant under Pierre Trudeau , Joe Clark and John Turner . Brian Mulroney revived the position but it was abolished under Kim Campbell when she decreased the size of cabinet from 35 to 24 ministers . The post was also not used under Jean Chrétien .   This position reappeared on December 12 , 2003 , when Paul Martin chose his first cabinet and named Albina Guarnieri as the Associate Minister of National Defence and Minister of State for Civil Preparedness , and the portfolio passed to Mauril Bélanger in a subsequent reshuffle . Stephen Harper did not name anyone to the position until his May 18 , 2011 reshuffle , when Julian Fantino was appointed to the portfolio . The position was left vacant by Harper in the July 15 , 2013 cabinet shuffle .

neg: REAL Women of Canada REAL Women of Canada ( Vraies Femmes du Canada in French ) is a socially conservative advocacy group in Canada . The organization was founded in 1983 .   REAL stands for `` Realistic , Equal , Active , for Life '' . The group believes that the nuclear family is the most important unit in Canadian society , and that the fragmentation of the Canadian family is a primary cause of social disorder . It lobbies the Government of Canada in favour of legislation to promote what it believes to be the Judeo-Christian model of family life , and to support homemaking . It is also opposed to feminism , abortion and LGBT rights ( and same-sex marriage in Canada as well ) .   The group has intervened in Supreme Court of Canada cases such as R. v. Morgentaler ( 1993 ) and M. v. H. ( 1999 ) . In R. v. Sullivan ( 1991 ) it argued that a fetus is a person .   Its objectives are , according to its website :   To reaffirm that the family is society 's most important unit , since the nurturing of its members is best accomplished in the family setting .  To promote the equality , advancement and well being of women , recognizing them as interdependent members of society , whether in the family , workplace or community .  To promote , secure and defend legislation which upholds what it considers the Judeo-Christian understanding of marriage and family life .  To support government and social policies that make homemaking possible for women who , out of necessity , would otherwise have to take employment outside the home .  To support the right to life of all innocent individuals from conception to natural death .   Part of their economic policies to help meet their objectives are increased tax relief for single-income families , families with children , and individuals with children .   REAL Women is similar in political and social outlook to Phyllis Schlafly 's Eagle Forum and to Concerned Women for America in the United States .   The organization has also heavily criticized individuals who have spoken out against Uganda 's criminalization of homosexual relations . On August 7 , 2013 , the group issued a statement criticizing Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird for speaking out on LGBT human rights issues in both Uganda and Russia as part of Canada 's foreign policy .

neg: Secretary of State (Canada) Secretary of State was a title given to some Ministers of State in the Government of Canada sitting outside Cabinet from 1993 to 2003 and again from 2007 to 2008 . Secretaries of State were members of the ministry and the Queen 's Privy Council for Canada . Just as Ministers of State , they were assigned to assist Cabinet ministers , but unlike ministers of state are not themselves members of Cabinet . For instance , the Secretary of State ( Training and Youth ) would assist the Minister for Human Resources and Development . This usage is opposite to that in the United Kingdom , where junior Ministers generally report to more senior Secretaries of State .   These positions were first used by Jean Chrétien as a way to decrease the size of the cabinet without substantially decreasing the size of the ministry . When Paul Martin became Prime Minister in 2003 , this usage ended , and he instead appointed Ministers of State and increased the powers of Parliamentary Secretaries to act in junior policy positions .   Martin 's successor Stephen Harper resumed the use of secretaries of state in a Cabinet shuffle on January 4 , 2007 , but went back to Ministers of State in his October 2008 Cabinet .   This generic usage should not be confused with the former cabinet positions of Secretary of State for Canada ( 1867 -- 1996 ) and Secretary of State for External Affairs ( 1909 -- 1995 ) .

neg: The Archives Vol. 1 1963–1972 The Archives Vol . 1 1963 -- 1972 is a box set by Neil Young , released on June 2 , 2009 and designed by Gary Burden .

neg: Karen Young (Canadian singer) Karen Young ( born June 19 , 1951 ) is a singer , lyricist , composer and arranger from Quebec , Canada who has explored several different musical styles .   Young was born in Montreal . Starting in folk music with a medium chart hit Garden Of Ursh ( 1971 ) in the late 1960s , she switched to jazz in the mid-1970s with the successful bebop vocal group , Bug Alley . She was a member from 1975 to 1979 . She played lead roles in the musical theatre productions Mata Hari and Angel , written by David Rimmer and Edward Knoll , in the early 1980s . In the later 1980s , she was part of the renowned bass and voice duo , Young and Donato . Their album Young & Donato was nominated for a Juno Award 1985 . The following album Contredanse won a Félix Award in category Best jazz album in Quebec in 1988 . The duo had 4 times 1987-90 tours in France and 1989-90 in the USA , and also some gigs in 1989 in England . She played lead roles in musicals Mata Hari and Angel , written by David Rimmer and Edward Knoll , in the early 1980s .   She has been touring with her bands mostly in Canada , so at the Kaslo Jazz Festival ( 2003 ) with a psychedelic music style or as a member of Sylvain Provost Trio at Jazz en Rafale Festival 2008 .   Her eclecticism and familiarity with world , classical and jazz styles allow her to present works ranging from traditional , Latin and contemporary jazz to , more recently , medieval ( album Âme , corps et désir , 2007 ) and electro jazz ( album Electro-Beatniks , 2009 ) . Young established her own independent record label in 1991 , Les Disques URSH . Since then , she has released nine records featuring combinations of artists from different musical backgrounds and traditions .   Young composed the musical soundtracks for Joseph 's Daughter , a film by Ilana Schwartz , The Road from Kampuchea by Anne Henderson  and for Revoir Julie by Jeanne Crepeau . She was awarded another Félix Award in 2008 for Âme , Corps et Desir in the category `` best classic vocal album '' . She has been touring also with jazz musicians Michel Donato ( bass ) , Norman Lachapelle ( bass ) , Éric Auclair ( bass ) .   Karen 's daughter , Coral Egan , is also a singer-songwriter and has released several jazz and pop albums ; Coral has also given Karen a granddaughter .

neg: Neil Campbell (geologist) Neil Campbell FRSC ( April 27 , 1914 -- July 12 , 1978 ) was a famous Canadian geologist , and is a notable within the Canadian Mining Hall of Fame .   Campbell was born in Medicine Hat , Alberta and was a 1937 graduate of the University of Alberta 's Mining and Metallurgical Engineering program . He sometimes worked for the Geological Survey of Canada during his summer breaks , and in 1935 under the direction of Alfred W. Jolliffe , Campbell mapped the Yellowknife , Northwest Territories area following numerous gold strikes in 1933-1934 . Upon his graduation from the University of Alberta , Neil Campbell hired on with Cominco who owned the Con Mine in Yellowknife . He was involved in the exploration department of the company and over his career with Cominco he was responsible for the following developments or discoveries :   In 1943 , he began research that identified the West Bay Fault in Yellowknife as having faulted the massive ore bodies at the Giant Mine beneath the Con Mine . This new gold deposit , now called the Campbell Shear Zone , brought new life into the Con Mine .  He developed theories about the geological nature of the lead and zinc orebodies at Pine Point , on the south shore of Great Slave Lake , Northwest Territories . As a result , Cominco authorized large scale exploration that by 1954 had outlined a huge deposit . Pine Point went into production in 1964 .  He supervised the exploration that led to the Wedge copper mine in New Brunswick , the Magmont lead and zinc mine in Missouri , and potash mines in Saskatchewan .   Neil Campbell was awarded the CIMM ( Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy ) Barlow Memorial Award in 1947 and was elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 1953 . He left Cominco in 1965 to become chief geologist of a Spokane mining company , and then 1967 pursued a career as world traveling consulting geologist . In 1970 , he received an honorary doctorate from the University of Alberta for his lifetime achievements . He died in 1978 in Spokane , Washington .

neg: Canadian studies Canadian studies is a college-level study of Canadian culture , the spoken languages of Canada , Canadian literature , Quebec , agriculture in Canada , the history of Canada , and Canadian government and politics .   Most universities that offer the discipline recommend that students take a double major ( e.g. Political Science , International Relations ) or French , if not included in the course . Some careers for students who take Canadian studies include the foreign service and working at Canadian embassies or the foreign embassies in Canada .   Scholars known for their work in Canadian studies include Fernand Ouellet , Linda Hutcheon , George Ramsay Cook , William T. R. Fox , Annette Baker Fox , Susan Swan , Christl Verduyn , Sergey Rogov , and George Melnyk . The Governor General 's International Award for Canadian Studies is an award for excellence in the field and was established in 1995 by the International Council for Canadian Studies .

neg: Gary Graham (musician) Gary Graham ONL , is a Canadian musician born in Wolfville Nova Scotia . His early musical education began at the Banff Centre while still a teenager and continued at the Music School of Acadia University in Wolfville , Nova Scotia , and later at McGill University in Montreal .   A long-time resident of Corner Brook , Newfoundland , Graham was the founding musical director of Theatre Newfoundland and Labrador , he has directed several dozen musical theatre productions over the years . He worked as the musical director of the Stephenville festival during its heyday under the direction of Maxim Mazumdar , directing top notch professional casts here at home in Newfoundland and on national and international tours . Graham has devoted most of his adult life to the success of the careers of hundreds of amateur performers . As a choral director Graham is well decorated . His choirs have received prizes at the regional , provincial , national and international levels . He has toured his choirs across both sides for the Atlantic receiving some of the highest honours available to amateur choral groups . As a teacher of performance , Graham 's students have established thriving careers at the highest levels in Canada , the U.S. and Europe . Graham was invested as a member of the Order of Newfoundland and Labrador in 2004 for his role in the development of the musical , cultural and artistic life on the West Coast of the province .


query: Singapore has a low level of press freedom.

pos: Singapore Singapore ( -LSB- ˈsɪŋgəpɔr -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of Singapore , sometimes referred to as the Lion City , the Garden City or the Little Red Dot , is a sovereign city-state in Southeast Asia . It lies one degree ( 137 km ) north of the equator , at the southern tip of peninsular Malaysia , with Indonesia 's Riau Islands to the south . Singapore 's territory consists of one main island along with 62 other islets . Since independence , extensive land reclamation has increased its total size by 23 % ( 130 km2 ) , and its greening policy has covered the densely populated island with tropical flora , parks and gardens .   Stamford Raffles founded colonial Singapore in 1819 as a trading post of the East India Company ; after its collapse and the eventual establishment of the British Raj , the islands were ceded to Britain and became part of its Straits Settlements in 1826 . During the Second World War , Singapore was occupied by Japan . It gained independence from the UK in 1963 by federating with other former British territories to form Malaysia , but separated two years later over ideological differences , becoming a sovereign nation in 1965 . After early years of turbulence , and despite lacking natural resources and a hinterland , the nation developed rapidly as an Asian Tiger economy , based on external trade and its workforce .   Singapore is a global commerce , finance and transport hub . Its standings include : the most `` technology-ready '' nation ( WEF ) , top International-meetings city ( UIA ) , city with `` best investment potential '' ( BERI ) , second-most competitive country , third-largest foreign exchange market , third-largest financial centre , third-largest oil refining and trading centre , and the second-busiest container port . The country has also been identified as a tax haven .   Singapore ranks 5th on the UN Human Development Index and the 3rd highest GDP per capita . It is ranked highly in education , healthcare , life expectancy , quality of life , personal safety , and housing . Although income inequality is high , 90 % of homes are owner-occupied . 38 % of Singapore 's 5.6 million residents are permanent residents and other foreign nationals . There are four official languages : English ( common and first language ) , Malay , Mandarin , Tamil ; almost all Singaporeans are bilingual .   Singapore is a unitary multiparty parliamentary republic , with a Westminster system of unicameral parliamentary government . The People 's Action Party has won every election since self-government in 1959 . The dominance of the PAP , coupled with a low level of press freedom and restrictions on civil liberties and political rights , has led to Singapore being classified by some as a semi-authoritarian regime . One of the five founding members of the ASEAN , Singapore is also the host of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC ) Secretariat , and a member of the East Asia Summit , Non-Aligned Movement , and the Commonwealth of Nations .

neg: Human rights in Cambodia The human rights situation in Cambodia is facing growing criticisms both within the country and an increasingly alarmed international community . After a series of flagrant violation against basic human rights a feeling of incertitude regarding the direction the country is emerging , sometimes comparing the situation to a newborn Burma .   In its report on Cambodia , Human Rights Watch stated that `` Authorities continue to ban or disperse most public demonstrations . Politicians and journalists critical of the government face violence and intimidation and are barred from equal access to the broadcast media . In addition , the judiciary remains weak and subject to political influence . Trafficking of women and children for sexual exploitation through networks protected or backed by police or government officials is rampant . The government continues to turn a blind eye to fraudulent confiscation of farmers ' land , illegal logging , and widespread plundering of natural resources . ''   The current state of the country could be described as a semblance of pluralistic democracy . In July 2004 , the royalist opposition party FUNCINPEC formed a coalition government with the Cambodian People Party ( CPP ) after a political deadlock of more than a year . More recently , Sam Rainsy Party ( SRP ) members have been targeted for criminal prosecutions , after seeing the parliamentarian immunity of several SRP members lifted by a criticized closed-door hand vote with members of the parliament .

neg: Singapore Children's Society Singapore Children 's Society ( Chinese : 新加坡儿童会 ) is a charitable organisation which looks after the welfare of children . It started out as an organisation which protects the physical , emotional and mental well-being of disadvantaged children .   Singapore Children 's Society protects and nurtures children and youth of all races and religions . In 2016 , the Society reached out to 74,173 children , youth and families in need .   Established in 1952 , its services have evolved to meet the changing needs of children . Today , Children 's Society operates 11 service centres islandwide , offering services in the four categories of : Vulnerable Children Services , Children and Youth Services , Family Services , and Research and Advocacy .

neg: Politics of Indonesia The Politics of Indonesia take place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic , whereby the President of Indonesia is both head of state and head of government , and of a multi-party system . Executive power is exercised by the government . Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two People 's Representative Councils . The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature .   The 1945 constitution provided for a limited separation of executive , legislative and judicial power . The governmental system has been described as `` presidential with parliamentary characteristics . '' Following the Indonesian riots of May 1998 and the resignation of President Suharto , several political reforms were set in motion via amendments to the Constitution of Indonesia , which resulted in changes to all branches of government .

neg: Berita Harian (Singapore) Berita Harian ( Malay for Daily News ) is the sole Malay language broadsheet newspaper published in Singapore . It is published daily from Monday to Saturday and on Sunday as Berita Minggu ( Malay : Sunday News ) . It was founded on 1 July 1957 . The newspaper was revamped on May 2013 .   It had an average daily circulation of 52,500 in 2012 .   In December 2013 , Berita Harian relaunched their website , replacing the previous cyberita.asia1.com.sg .   This newspaper is not related to another newspaper of the same name , Berita Harian , which is based and published in Malaysia .

neg: Malay Peninsula The Malay Peninsula ( Semenanjung Tanah Melayu , سمننجوڠ تانه ملايو คาบสมุทรมลายู , , -LSB- kʰâːp.sā.mùt mā.lāː.jūː -RSB- ) is a peninsula in Southeast Asia . The land mass runs approximately north-south and , at its terminus , is the southernmost point of the Asian mainland . The area contains the southernmost tip of Myanmar , Peninsular Malaysia , and Southern Thailand .   The Titiwangsa Mountains are part of the Tenasserim Hills system , and form the backbone of the Peninsula . They form the southernmost section of the central cordillera which runs from Tibet through the Kra Isthmus ( the Peninsula 's narrowest point ) into the Malay Peninsula . The Strait of Malacca separates the Malay Peninsula from the Indonesian island of Sumatra while the south coast is separated from the island of Singapore by the Straits of Johor .

neg: Singaporean Chinese privilege Singaporean Chinese privilege ( or simply Chinese privilege within Singaporean contexts ) is a term used to describe the societal privileges that Chinese Singaporeans enjoy as compared to non-Chinese Singaporeans by virtue of their race . Similar to how white privilege operates in white-dominated societies , Chinese privilege can manifest as various benefits and advantages that may often go unnoticed by Chinese Singaporeans , such as the prevalence of Mandarin Chinese in the public sphere , access to better educational , political and employment opportunities , and widespread media representation of Chinese people .

neg: Sports in colonial times in Singapore Sports in Singapore can be traced back to the colonial times where the earliest official records on sports were found . Sports had an important role to play as it helped to fill the idle hours for the colonials who had to wait for months for news of home from mail ships . It also offered an alternative to other activities such as the amateur local theatre scene and the `` stiff dinner parties '' .   It is important to realize that sports during those times was very much a luxury and was only for the privileged few . The average local had few , if any , opportunities to indulge in sporting activities . For most , simply trying to make a living took up most of their time . Moreover , the older sports clubs were established mainly for the colonials .   With the influx of Asian immigrants , various communal clubs began to sprout to serve their respective communities , such as the Chinese Swimming Club , the Indian Association , the Ceylon Sports Club and others . These , together with the colonial clubs played a key role in the development of sports in those days .   Associations for specific sports were also formed such as the Singapore Rifle Association , Football Association of Singapore , Singapore Rugby Union and others . Many more such sports clubs , established during this period , eventually became National Sports Associations .   With the growing interest in sports , the British Colonials built a number of public sports facilities during the 1930s to 50s e.g. Mt. Emily Swimming Complex , Farrer Park Sports Complex , Yan Kit Swimming Complex and others . Some of these facilities have since undergone major changes .

neg: Anarchism in Singapore There is a brief history of anarchism in Singapore . In contemporary times , there is little or no presence of the ideology in the country .

neg: Corruption in China Corruption in China post-1949 lies in the `` organizational involution '' of the ruling party , including the Communist Party of China 's policies , institutions , norms , and failure to adapt to a changing environment in the post-Mao era caused by the market liberalization reforms initiated by Deng Xiaoping . Like other socialist economies that have undertaken economic reforms , such as post-Soviet Eastern Europe and Central Asia , reform-era China has experienced increasing levels of corruption .   Cadre corruption in China has been subject to significant media attention since Communist Party General Secretary Xi Jinping announced his Anti-corruption campaign following the 18th National Congress which was held in November 2012 . Despite this high-profile anti-graft drive , in 2014 China was ranked No. 100 in Transparency International 's Corruption Perceptions Index , which is 20 places lower than 2013 , when it ranked No. 80 . According to 2016 results of Corruption Perception Index of Transparency International , China ranks 79th place out of 176 countries . This puts China on par with Algeria and Suriname , and comparable to Armenia , Colombia , Egypt , Gabon , Liberia , Panama , Bolivia , Mexico , Moldova and Niger . China ranked less corrupt than neighbours Myanmar , Vietnam , Laos , North Korea , Russia , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan , Afghanistan , Pakistan and Nepal but more corrupt than neighbours Australia , New Zealand , Singapore , India , Bhutan , Macau , Hong Kong and Mongolia . Means of corruption include graft , bribery , embezzlement , backdoor deals , nepotism , patronage , and statistical falsification .   Public surveys on the mainland since the late 1980s have shown that it is among the top concerns of the general public . According to Yan Sun , Associate Professor of Political Science at the City University of New York , it was corruption , rather than democracy as such , that lay at the root of the social dissatisfaction that led to the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 . Corruption undermines the legitimacy of the CPC , adds to economic inequality , undermines the environment , and fuels social unrest .   Since then , corruption has not slowed down as a result of greater economic freedom , but instead has grown more entrenched and severe in its character and scope . Business deals often involve participation in corruption . In popular perception , there are more dishonest CPC officials than honest ones , a reversal of the views held in the first decade of reform of the 1980s . China specialist Minxin Pei argues that failure to contain widespread corruption is among the most serious threats to China 's future economic and political stability . Bribery , kickbacks , theft , and misspending of public funds costs at least three percent of GDP . China , though not a member of the OECD has participated as an observer in the OECD Working Group on Bribery in International Business Transactions , see OECD Anti-Bribery Convention .

neg: Human rights in Tibet Human rights in Tibet is a contentious issue . According to a 1992 Amnesty International report , judicial standards in China , including in Tibet , were not up to `` international standards '' . The report charged the Chinese Communist Party government with keeping political prisoners and prisoners of conscience , including the death penalty in its penal code , ill-treatment of detainees and inaction in the face of ill-treatment of detainees , including torture , the use of the death penalty , extrajudicial executions , forced abortions and sterilisation . The status of religion , mainly as it relates to figures who are both religious and political , such as the 14th Dalai Lama , is a regular object of criticism .   Reported abuses of human rights in Tibet include restricted freedom of religion , belief , and association . Specifically , Tibetans have faced arbitrary arrest and maltreatment in custody , including torture at the hands of Chinese authorities . Freedom of the Press in the PRC is still absent , and Tibet 's media is tightly controlled by the Chinese leadership , making it difficult to determine accurately the scope of human rights abuses . A series of reports published in the late 1980s claimed that China was forcing Tibetans to adhere to strict birth control programs that included forced abortions , sterilizations , and even infanticide .   Before the Invasion of Tibet in 1951 , Tibet was ruled by a theocracy and had a caste-like social hierarchy . Official crackdowns in the region generally center on `` the three evils of separatism , terrorism and religious extremism , '' which give pretext for abuses .

neg: Colony of Singapore The Colony of Singapore was a British Crown colony that existed from 1946 until 1963 , when Singapore became part of Malaysia . When the Empire of Japan surrendered to the Allies at the end of World War II , the island was handed back to the British in 1945 . In 1946 , the Straits Settlements were dissolved and Singapore together with the Cocos-Keeling and Christmas islands became a separate Crown colony . The colony was governed by the British Empire until it gained partial internal self-governance in 1955 .

neg: Attorney-General of Singapore The Attorney-General of Singapore is the legal adviser to the government of the Republic of Singapore and its public prosecutor .   The office was founded in 1867 as the chief legal officer of the British crown colony of the Straits Settlements . The current requirements for appointment as Attorney-General are set out in the Singapore Constitution . Unlike some other countries that follow the Westminster parliamentary model , in Singapore the Attorney-General is not a member of Parliament . He carries out his functions , with the assistance of his deputy , known as the Solicitor-General , through the Attorney-General 's Chambers .   Prior to 1867 the law officer of Singapore was the Recorder of the Prince of Wales Island , Malacca and Singapore ( 1826 to 1855 ) , the Recorder of Singapore ( 1855 to 1864 ) and the Crown Counsel of Singapore ( 1864 to 1867 ) .

neg: Internet censorship in Hong Kong There is very little Internet censorship in Hong Kong beyond laws that criminalize the distribution of unlicensed copyrighted material and obscene images , particularly child pornography . Hong Kong law provides for freedom of speech and press , and the government generally respects these rights in practice . Freedom of expression is well protected by the Hong Kong Bill of Rights . No websites , regardless of their political views , are blocked and government licenses are not required to operate a website . There is some monitoring of the Internet . Democratic activists claim central government authorities closely monitor their e-mails and Internet use .

neg: Journalism ethics and standards Journalism ethics and standards comprise principles of ethics and of good practice as applicable to the specific challenges faced by journalists . Historically and currently , this subset of media ethics is widely known to journalists as their professional `` code of ethics '' or the `` canons of journalism '' . The basic codes and canons commonly appear in statements drafted by both professional journalism associations and individual print , broadcast , and online news organizations .   While various existing codes have some differences , most share common elements including the principles of -- truthfulness , accuracy , objectivity , impartiality , fairness and public accountability -- as these apply to the acquisition of newsworthy information and its subsequent dissemination to the public .   Like many broader ethical systems , journalism ethics include the principle of `` limitation of harm . '' This often involves the withholding of certain details from reports such as the names of minor children , crime victims ' names or information not materially related to particular news reports release of which might , for example , harm someone 's reputation .   Some journalistic codes of ethics , notably the European ones , also include a concern with discriminatory references in news based on race , religion , sexual orientation , and physical or mental disabilities . The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe approved in 1993 Resolution 1003 on the Ethics of Journalism which recommends journalists to respect the presumption of innocence , in particular in cases that are still sub judice .

neg: Singapore hip hop Singapore hip hop is a collective of hip hop music , graffiti arts , deejaying/turntablism , break dancing and beatboxing , which are performed by hip hop enthusiasts who are of Singapore descent mainly from the four races of the metropolis ; the Chinese , Malays , Indians and the Eurasian . This article and its contents are exact up-to-date , through first-person written documents and oral accounts . This article focuses primarily on Singapore hip hop icons , discography , historical events , DMC World DJ Championship representatives , in and out of Singapore . This article also focuses on how Singapore has its hip hop origins and culture scene in South East Asia in the mid-1980s , largely due to the country 's geographically international sea port location for military and worldwide trading connections , one of which is , with the United States where the hip hop culture was originated .

neg: Warna 94.2FM Warna 94.2 FM is a Malay language contemporary music radio station operated by Mediacorp . The station plays a unique blend of international Malay top 40 music from 1950s and beyond , and provides Islamic General Service for Singapore .   It is one of the nation 's oldest stations , having began operating out of Singapore with the independence of Malaya on 31 August 1957 as RTS Radio 2 . The branding stuck even as the network the station was in changed names several times until 23 November 1991 where the station gained its current name as Warna ( Malay : `` Colour '' ) .   It is currently Singapore 's # 1 Malay Radio Station according to the latest Nielsen Radio Survey as of 1 December 2016 .

neg: Bhutan News Service Bhutan News Service , abbreviated as BNS , is the first news agency of Bhutan . It is run as an independent news agency by Bhutanese refugee journalists since 2004 from Kathmandu , the capital city of Nepal . This is , probably , first of its kind considering a very few refugee media or journalism in exile . The agency is solely operated by refugees who are mostly born or brought up in refugee camps and without previous media experiences .   When over 100,000 of Bhutanese refugees started taking shelter in UN-administered refugee camps of Jhapa and Morang districts in eastern part of Nepal , there was a need of a vocal media in the refugee community . Several attempts were made by persons of various backgrounds to keep the journalism works going . However , survival of those media was not easy due to lack of funding , and they died one after the other .   The Bhutan News Service was founded in 2004 by a small group of Bhutanese refugee youths , who during the time believed that journalism was a noble means to keep community informed and continue advocating the refugee issue . Most of the exiled publications were shut down , in particular following crunch financial assistance and or due to lack of human resources to continue volunteering without anything in return . Therefore , the news service emerged in as an alternative means to replace most of those publications , if not all . Initially , the works were limited to simply blogging . From 2006 , BNS went online through its own news portal .   ″ APFA initiated a joint effort for press freedom and called on two other media organizations working for press freedom in Bhutan and operating in exile . Thus a conference was held in eastern Nepal making a historic declaration vowing to expedite fight for press freedom . The first media conference adopted `` Declaration Dé Exile '' . The declaration also accepted the APFA proposal to accept Bhutan News Service as the common and first news agency of Bhutan , but operating from exile . ″   Currently , around two dozens of reporters and over half a dozen of editors from various countries contribute for the news service on voluntary basis . The news agency has not been legally registered since Nepalese laws do not entertain registration of any entity owned and run by foreign nationals in Nepalese soil .   ″ Unfortunately , we are not a registered entity yet . While most of our members were based in the capital city of Nepal for years , we made several attempts to get it registered in Nepal , but to no avail . We are , however , in the course of getting it registered preferably in USA since most of our members are based there and a vast majority of the Bhutanese have gotten resettled in the same place . ″

neg: United World College of South East Asia The United World College of South East Asia ( UWCSEA ) is an independent international school in Singapore , and a member of the United World College ( UWC ) movement . The school provides a K -- 12 education consisting of five interlinking elements : academics , activities , outdoor education , personal and social education and service . The UWCSEA learning programme leads to the IGCSE in Grades 9 and 10 and the IB Diploma in Grades 11 and 12 . The school has two campuses , with around 3,000 students at the Dover Campus and 2,400 at the East Campus .   The school offers extensive sports , drama , visual art , music , clubs/societies and leadership activities , along with an outdoor education programme . All students contribute to the community as part of the service programme , which can involve service to the school community , the Singaporean community , and overseas communities . The Good Schools Guide International 's review of the school , states that : `` This school has a deservedly good reputation academically but offers far more than exam success to its students ... This is not a school for those who would be happy to sit on the sidelines ... '' .   UWCSEA is somewhat different from many of its sister colleges in the UWC movement , most of which are wholly boarding institutions which offer only a two-year International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme for mainly scholarship students of around 16 -- 19 years of age . UWCSEA admits students from the age of 4 and , the majority of students are children of expatriates in Singapore . There are more than 300 boarders from 76 countries across both campuses , and over 100 students from 47 countries in grades 8-12 who are supported by scholarships . Singapore government policy prevents most citizens from attending international schools within the country , and therefore UWCSEA has the smallest percentage of local students of any UWC . There are 30 nationalities represented in the teaching staff .

neg: Mediacorp Suria Mediacorp Suria or more commonly known as Suria ( Malay : `` Sun '' ) is a Singaporean Malay language channel owned by Mediacorp , broadcasting via digital cable , terrestrial , IPTV and satellite platforms . The channel broadcasts popular Malay television programmes whether they are made locally in-house or acquired from neighbouring countries such as Malaysia and Indonesia .

neg: Japanese occupation of Singapore The Japanese occupation of Singapore in World War II took place from 1942 to 1945 , following the fall of the British colony on 15 February 1942 . Military forces of the Empire of Japan occupied it after defeating the combined British , Indian , Australian , and Malayan garrison in the Battle of Singapore . The occupation was to become a major turning point in the histories of several nations , including those of Japan , Britain , and the then-colonial state of Singapore . Singapore was renamed , meaning `` Light of the South '' .   Singapore was officially returned to British colonial rule on 12 September 1945 , following the formal signing of the surrender instrument at the Municipal Building .


query: Katie Holmes' birthday is December 18, 1978.

pos: Katie Holmes Kate Noelle Holmes ( born December 18 , 1978 ) is an American actress who first achieved fame for her role as Joey Potter on The WB television teen drama Dawson 's Creek from 1998 to 2003 . She appeared in 1998 's Disturbing Behavior , a thriller , which won her an MTV Movie Award for Best Breakthrough Performance . In 2000 Holmes featured in Wonder Boys which got positive attention from many leading critics .   Holmes had a starring role in 2003 's Pieces of April , a gritty comedy about a dysfunctional family on Thanksgiving . In the 2005 film Batman Begins , the highest-grossing film of her career to date , she played Rachel Dawes , Gotham City 's assistant district attorney and Bruce Wayne 's childhood sweetheart . She also appeared in art house films such as The Ice Storm , horror films such as Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark and thrillers including Abandon . She has also played on Broadway in a production of Arthur Miller 's All My Sons and had numerous guest roles on television programs such as How I Met Your Mother . In 2011 , she starred as Jacqueline Kennedy in the The Kennedys miniseries , a role she later reprised in the 2017 miniseries The Kennedys : After Camelot .   Her marriage to actor Tom Cruise from 2006 to 2012 led to a great deal of media attention , with the pair being called a supercouple and given the nickname `` TomKat '' .

neg: His Last Bow His Last Bow : Some Reminiscences of Sherlock Holmes is a collection of previously published Sherlock Holmes stories by Arthur Conan Doyle , including the titular short story , `` His Last Bow . The War Service of Sherlock Holmes '' ( 1917 ) . The collection 's first US edition adjusts the anthology 's subtitle to Some Later Reminiscences of Sherlock Holmes . All editions contain a brief preface , by `` John H. Watson , M.D. '' , that assures readers that as of the date of publication ( 1917 ) , Holmes is long retired from his profession of detective but is still alive and well , albeit suffering from a touch of rheumatism .

neg: Katie Katie is an English feminine name . It is a pet form of Katherine , Kate , Caitlin , Kathleen and their related forms . It is frequently used on its own . It may refer to :

neg: Katie Holmes (historian) Katie Holmes is a professor of history at La Trobe University , Melbourne , Australia .

neg: 19-Nineteen 19-Nineteen ( ; lit . `` I 'm 19 years old '' ) is a 2009 South Korean-Japanese film starring T.O.P , Seungri and Huh E-jae . Three nineteen-year-olds , two boys and a girl , are accused of murder and forced to run away . Everyone , including their parents , believes they are guilty , but the experience strengthens their bond as they attempt to find the real killer and prove their innocence .   It was part of the `` Telecinema7 '' project , seven feature-length mini-dramas which were collaborations between South Korean TV directors and Japanese TV screenwriters ; the seven Korea-Japan joint productions both received a limited theater release and were broadcast on television . 19-Nineteen was first released in Korea in CGV theaters on November 12 , 2009 , and later aired on SBS ( South Korea ) and TV Asahi ( Japan ) in 2010 .

neg: The Sherlock Holmes The Sherlock Holmes is a Victorian era themed public house in Northumberland Street near Charing Cross railway station and Trafalgar Square which contains a large collection of memorabilia related to the fictional detective Sherlock Holmes . The original collection was put together for display in Baker Street in London during the Festival of Britain in 1951 .

neg: Alexandria Karlsen Alexandria ( `` Lexie '' ) Karlsen ( born October 26 , 1978 ) is a US model , actress and author .

neg: William Gillette, America's Sherlock Holmes William Gillette , America 's Sherlock Holmes , by Henry Zecher , is the first full and in-depth biography of William Hooker Gillette ( 1853 -- 1937 ) , the American actor , playwright and stage-manager of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries who is best remembered today for portraying Sherlock Holmes .   Gillette was among the first American playwrights to offer tightly-knit and well-constructed plays , Bronson Howard , Steele MacKaye and James Herne being the others , but his most significant contributions to the theater were in devising realistic stage settings and special sound and lighting effects , and , as an actor , in putting forth what he called The Illusion of the First Time . His portrayal of Holmes helped create the modern image of the detective . His use of the deerstalker cap ( which first appeared in some Strand Magazine illustrations by Sidney Paget ) and the curved pipe became synonymous with the character . And it was in his play , not in Arthur Conan Doyle 's stories , that Holmes first said `` This is elementary , my dear fellow , '' which subsequently became `` Elementary , my dear Watson '' . Gillette assumed the role onstage more than 1,300 times over thirty years , starred in a silent motion picture based on his Holmes play , and voiced the character twice on radio .   The author is a graduate of the University of Maryland School of Journalism , Class of 1971 . He was an award-winning sports writer and sports editor of the Delaware State News in Dover , Delaware , before embarking on a career in Federal government human resources . He has worked as a free-lance writer for many years and published a number of magazine articles , two of them of historical importance . One was an evaluation of German Reformer Martin Luther 's impact on the English Bible , and the other was the first analysis from a biblical and historical point of view of the Ipuwer Papyrus , first claimed by Immanuel Velikovsky and subsequently by others to have been an Egyptian version of the plagues on Egypt described in the Old Testament Book of Exodus .   This is Zecher 's first book . It contains 585 pages of text and is profusely illustrated with more than ninety images , nearly all of them containing two to four and , in two cases , six individual photographs . It contains a bibliography of Gillette 's writings , a list of his plays subsequently made into motion pictures , a list of his patents , a list of audio/visual recordings of his voice , and 97 pages of Endnotes .

neg: Katie George Katie George ( born on September 7 , 1988 in Fairhope , Alabama , United States ) is an award-winning American cosplayer who has been cosplaying since 2004 and lives in Atlanta . George has been a special guest at conventions in the United States and abroad , including MomoCon , Pensacon and more , hosting panels and acting as a judge in costume contests . In 2012 , she was featured in the television documentary Cosplay : Crafting a Secret Identity and represented the USA at the World Cosplay Summit in Nagoya , Japan . In 2014 , she joined the cast of the reality television show Heroes of Cosplay .

neg: Merry Christmas, Mrs. Moskowitz `` Merry Christmas , Mrs. Moskowitz '' is the tenth episode of Frasier 's sixth season . It first aired on NBC in the United States on December 17 , 1998 . In the episode , Frasier , while shopping for Christmas gifts meets a stylish Jewish woman , Helen Moskowitz , who asks him to take her daughter Faye on a blind date . This leads to a deepening relationship between each other . Helen on Christmas Eve makes a stop by Frasier 's apartment , unaware that he is not Jewish and so he and the family must pretend that they are to survive the visit .   The episode was directed by Kelsey Grammer and was written by Jay Kogen . Amy Brenneman and Carole Shelley guest stars in the episode as Faye and Helen respectively . Since airing , the episode has received many positive reviews from television critics and fans .

neg: Bassey – The EMI/UA Years 1959 – 1979 Bassey -- The EMI/UA Years 1959 -- 1979 is a 5-CD boxset compilation from Shirley Bassey issued in 1994 , this set features 94 studio recordings on four CDs , recorded for EMI/United Artists between 1959 and 1979 . Disc five features a previously unreleased live recording from Carnegie Hall . The boxset was reissued by EMI in 2010 in a standard jewel case set .   All tracks appear here in stereo , the original singles released between 1959 and 1969 were released in mono . Later re-issues on compilations were stereo versions of the mono singles , these are the versions featured here . Original mono single recordings made for EMI Columbia were re-issued in 2006 on the 2-CD set The Complete EMI/Columbia Singles Collection .  It was not unusual in this era to make a recording twice , as recording methods for mono and stereo were very different . This created two recordings of the same song , with differing vocals and instrumentation . Both versions were released on separate albums , making two versions of an album available . Mono albums were less expensive and it took a few years before stereo became the dominant market . Later all recordings were made in stereo but were mixed to mono for single releases .   Several previously unreleased tracks were discovered in the EMI vaults and made available here for the first time . This box covers extensively Shirley Bassey 's career from the late 1950s through to the late 1970s , from traditional pop to disco . All three of her world famous James Bond themes are represented here , as are many rare single and EP only releases . Many of the tracks here had not been available in any form since the original release on vinyl . None of Bassey 's live albums recorded in this period are represented on this release . Two B-sides were omitted : The 1976 B-side of `` Natalie '' , a track titled `` Runaway '' ( Shapiro , Lovecchio ) ( an Italian original ) , and the other was a 1979 cover of Barry Manilow 's `` Copacabana ( At The Copa ) '' ( Manilow , Sussman , Feldman ) which only appeared on the 1979 single `` This Is my Life '' . These two tracks are the only ones , originally released in the UK during the EMI/UA Years , not to have had a digital re-issue , as of October 2009 .   A fifth disc features a previously unreleased live recording made on 15 February 1964 at Carnegie Hall , New York . Planned for an album release , this performance was recorded live on a three track tape and was originally mixed for Mono . Due to limitations of the period the results were found unsatisfactory . In 1994 while this boxset was being planned the tapes were discovered and mixed for Stereo at Abbey Road , London . The recording represents well the experience of an early Shirley Bassey concert , highlighting some of her earliest recordings at her previous label ( Philips ) and showcasing a selection of her newest recordings taken from her first three albums at EMI/Columbia . Some of the performances found here are the only live recordings of several Bassey tracks . Her concert performances changed a great deal in the next few years . By the time she finally released Shirley Bassey at the Pigalle in 1965 her early recordings were no longer part of the set list . The song `` Typically English '' was never recorded in a studio version . Musical Direction on the original live recording was by Tony Osborne , and remixed for EMI by Tristam Penna and Ashley Alexander in September 1994 .

neg: Birthday cake A birthday cake is a cake traditionally eaten as part of a birthday celebration in many cultures around the world . Traditions associated with the birthday cake in many Western cultures include singing the Happy Birthday to You song . Candles are often put on the cake and the person whose birthday it is has to blow out the candles . Often , the number of candles on the cake corresponds to the age of the person whose birthday it is ( although the older the person , the less likely it is that this tradition will be upheld ) . Blowing all the candles out at once is thought to bring good luck . Variations of the typical birthday cake include birthday cupcakes , cake pops , pastries , and tarts . While there is not a universal standard regarding taste , birthday cakes are often vanilla , chocolate , or strawberry flavored . They are also baked in a variety of shapes and decorated in one color or multiple colors with icing or fondant .

neg: National Kidney Registry The National Kidney Registry ( NKR ) is the largest paired exchange program in the United States and facilitates over 360 paired exchange transplants annually . The NKR was founded by the Hil family in 2007 after their youngest daughter lost her kidney function at age ten . Both parents were ruled out from donating to their daughter because they were biologically incompatible . Finally , after unsuccessful attempts to find a compatible donor through all of the kidney paired exchange programs in the United States , a compatible donor was found . After their transplant ordeal , the Hil family founded the National Kidney Registry to eliminate the problem of incompatible donors by building a national kidney paired donation program ( KPD ) . Mr. Hil was the first KPD leader to donate one of his kidneys to start a chain . His kidney donation 2015 initiated a swap that facilitated 8 transplants . The success of the NKR has generated significant media coverage including a front page story in the New York Times and nationally televised interviews by Katie Couric with CBS Evening News , Diane Sawyer from ABC News , and Byron Pitts at Nightline .

neg: Katie Cassidy Katherine Evelyn Anita `` Katie '' Cassidy ( born November 25 , 1986 ) is an American actress . After initially appearing in minor television roles , she made her film debut in When a Stranger Calls ( 2006 ) . During the same year , she also had her first starring role as Kelli Presley in Black Christmas ( 2006 ) . In 2007 , Cassidy gained attention for her role as Ruby on the supernatural-horror television series Supernatural , during its third season . She later had a supporting role in Taken . In 2009 , Cassidy became a cast member of the series Harper 's Island and Melrose Place , both of which lasted for only one season . During 2010 , she had a supporting role in A Nightmare on Elm Street and a recurring role during the fourth season of Gossip Girl .   Cassidy had her breakthrough in 2012 , after being cast as Laurel Lance / Black Canary , one of the main protagonists on the television series Arrow , which spawned an entire franchise known as the Arrowverse . Cassidy reprises her role in The Flash , Legends of Tomorrow and voiced the character in the animated web series Vixen . Following her character 's death , Cassidy began playing Laurel Lance / Black Siren , an antagonistic version of her character from a parallel universe , starting in The Flash and continuing on to Arrow . Because of her roles in numerous horror films ( most of which are remakes of classics of the genre ) which include her feature film debut When a Stranger Calls ( 2006 ) , The Lost ( 2006 ) , Black Christmas ( 2006 ) , and A Nightmare on Elm Street ( 2010 ) , she has been called a modern-day scream queen .

neg: 18XX 18XX is the generic term for a series of board games that , with a few exceptions , recreate the building of railroad corporations during the 19th century ; individual games within the series use particular years in the 19th century as their title ( usually the date of the start of railway development in the area of the world they cover ) , or `` 18 '' plus a two-letter geographical designator ( such as 18EU for a game set in the European Union ) . The games 2038 , set in the future , and Poseidon and Ur , 1830 BC , both set in ancient history , are also regarded as 18XX titles as their game mechanics and titling nomenclature are similar despite variance from the common railroad/stock-market theme .   The 18XX series has its origins in the game 1829 , first produced by Francis Tresham in the mid-1970s . 1829 was chosen as it was the year of the Rainhill Trials . 1830 was produced by Avalon Hill in 1986 , and was the first game of the series widely available in the United States ; it is seen as the basic 18XX game by the U.S. audience .   In addition to traditionally published games , the 18XX series has spawned self-published variants and games published by low-volume game companies .   With few exceptions ( such as 2038 ) , 18XX titles are multiplayer board games without random variables in their game mechanics .

neg: Katie Leigh Katherine `` Katie '' Leigh ( born December 16 , 1958 ) is an American voice actress , best known for her roles as Sunni Gummi , the granddaughter of Grammi Gummi ( played by June Foray ) on Disney 's Adventures of the Gummi Bears ( 1985 -- 1991 ) and as Connie Kendall on the Focus on the Family radio program Adventures in Odyssey since 1987 . She has voice acted in both television , film and occasionally video game roles .

neg: Clifford W. Holmes Award The Clifford W. Holmes Award is presented annually near Big Bear City , California at the RTMC Astronomy Expo to an individual for a significant contribution to popularizing astronomy .   Established in 1978 by Richard Poremba as the Astronomy for America Award , it was renamed for Clifford W. Holmes , the founder of the Riverside Telescope Makers Conference ( RTMC ) in 1980 .

neg: Dale Holmes Dale Holmes ( born 6 October 1971 , Heanor , Derbyshire ) is a British former professional `` Old/Mid School '' Bicycle Motocross ( BMX ) racer whose prime competitive years were from 1983 to 2009 .

neg: Kate More Kate More ( born July 13 , 1978 ) is a pornographic film actress .