query: Islam is the quickest growing major religion in the world.

pos: Islam Islam ( -LSB- ˈɪslɑːm -RSB- There are ten pronunciations of Islam in English , differing in whether the first or second syllable has the stress , whether the s is -LSB- slinkz -RSB- or -LSB- slinks -RSB- , and whether the a is pronounced -LSB- slinkɑː -RSB- , -LSB- slinkæ -RSB- or ( when the stress is on the first syllable ) -LSB- slinkə -RSB- ( Merriam Webster ) . The most common are -LSB- ˈɪzləm , _ ˈɪsləm , _ ɪzˈlɑːm , _ ɪsˈlɑːm -RSB- ( Oxford English Dictionary , Random House ) and -LSB- ˈɪzlɑːm , _ ˈɪslɑːm -RSB- ( American Heritage Dictionary ) . الإسلام , -LSB- alʔisˈlaːm -RSB- ) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion which professes that there is only one and incomparable God ( Allah ) and that Muhammad is the last messenger of God . It is the world 's second-largest religion and the fastest-growing major religion in the world , with over 1.8 billion followers or 24.1 % of the global population , known as Muslims . Islam teaches that God who is merciful , all-powerful , and unique has guided mankind through prophets , revealed scriptures and natural signs . The primary scriptures of Islam are the Quran , viewed by Muslims as the verbatim word of God , and the teachings and normative example ( called the sunnah , composed of accounts called hadith ) of Muhammad ( 570 -- 8 June 632 CE ) .   Muslims believe that Islam is the complete and universal version of a primordial faith that was revealed many times before through prophets including Adam , Abraham , Moses , and Jesus . As for the Quran , Muslims consider it to be the unaltered and final revelation of God . Like other Abrahamic religions , Islam also teaches a final judgment with the righteous rewarded paradise and unrighteous are punished in hell . Religious concepts and practices include the five pillars of Islam , which are obligatory acts of worship , and following Islamic law , which touches on virtually every aspect of life and society , from banking and welfare to women and the environment . The cities of Mecca , Medina and Jerusalem are home to the three holiest sites in Islam .   Islam originated in the early 7th century in Mecca , and by the 8th century the Islamic empire extended from Iberia in the west to the Indus River in the east . The Islamic Golden Age refers to the period traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century when much of the historically Islamic world was experiencing a scientific , economic and cultural flourishing . The expansion of the Muslim world involved various caliphates and empires , traders and conversion to Islam by missionary activities .   Most Muslims are of one of two denominations : Sunni ( 75 -- 90 % ) or Shia ( 10 -- 20 % ) . About 13 % of Muslims live in Indonesia , the largest Muslim-majority country , 31 % in South Asia , the largest population of Muslims in the world , 23 % in the Middle East-North Africa , where it is the dominant religion , and 15 % in Sub-Saharan Africa . Sizable Muslim communities are also found in the Americas , Caucasus , China , Europe , Mainland Southeast Asia , Philippines and Russia . Converts and immigrant communities are found in almost every part of the world .

neg: Ahmadiyya in Australia Ahmadiyya is an Islamic movement in Australia , first formally founded in the country in the 1980s , during the era of the fourth caliph . However , the history of the Community dates back to the early 20th century , during the lifetime of the founder of the movement , Mirza Ghulam Ahmad , with the first contacts arising as a consequence of Australians travelling to British India , and also as a consequence of early , `` Afghan '' camel drivers settling in Australia during the mid to late 19th century . Today there are at least four mosques , in four of the six Australian states , representing an estimated 3,000 Australian Ahmadi Muslims in the country .

neg: Christian population growth Christian population growth is the population growth of the global Christian community . According to a 2011 Pew Research Center survey , there were 2.19 billion Christians around the world in 2010 , more than three times as much from the 600 million recorded in 1910 . According to a 2015 Pew Research Center study , by 2050 , the Christian population is expected to be 2.9 billion .   Protestantism is one of the most dynamic religious movements in the contemporary world . From 1960 to 2000 , the global growth of the number of reported Evangelical Protestants grew three times the world 's population rate , and twice that of Islam .

neg: Dar al-Islam Dar al-Islam ( دار الإسلام , literally '' )  Dar al-Islam , one of the divisions of the world in Islam  Dar es Salaam , the largest city in Tanzania  Dar al-Islam ( organisation ) , a small non-profit organisation in New Mexico , USA  Dar al-Islam ( magazine ) , a French-language magazine published by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

neg: National Islamic Front The National Islamic Front ( الجبهة الإسلامية القومية transliterated : al-Jabhah al-Islamiyah al-Qawmiyah ) was an Islamist political organization founded in 1976 and led by Dr. Hassan al-Turabi that influenced the Sudanese government starting in 1979 , and dominated it from 1989 to the late 1990s . It was one of only two Islamic revival movements to secure political power in the 20th century ( the other being the followers of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini in the Islamic Republic of Iran ) .   The NIF emerged from Muslim student groups that first began organizing in the universities during the 1940s , and its main support base has remained the college educated . It supported the maintenance of an Islamic state run on sharia and rejected the concept of a secular state . It took a `` top down '' or `` Islamisation from above '' approach of `` infiltrating Sudan 's state apparatus , army , and financial system '' . It demonstrated itself to be both politically adept and ruthless in its use of violence , in particular in the internal conflicts of the Second Sudanese Civil War and the Darfur conflict , as well in the provisioning of proxy forces such as the Lord 's Resistance Army , West Nile Bank Front and Uganda National Rescue Front II against Uganda .   In the late 1990s , the Front changed its name to National Congress , and the `` gross human rights violations '' of the regime 's early years gave way to `` more subtle methods of social control such as restrictions on the right to freedom of expression , opinion , religion , association , and movement . '' In 1999 al-Turabi and his supporters were expelled from the Congress by Sudan 's ruler Omar Hassan al-Bashir ,   and subsequently founded the rival Popular Congress Party which has remained in opposition .

neg: Early Islamic philosophy Early Islamic philosophy or classical Islamic philosophy is a period of intense philosophical development beginning in the 2nd century AH of the Islamic calendar ( early 9th century CE ) and lasting until the 6th century AH ( late 12th century CE ) . The period is known as the Islamic Golden Age , and the achievements of this period had a crucial influence in the development of modern philosophy and science ; for Renaissance Europe , the influence represented `` one of the largest technology transfers in world history . '' . This period starts with al-Kindi in the 9th century and ends with Averroes ( Ibn Rushd ) at the end of 12th century . The death of Averroes effectively marks the end of a particular discipline of Islamic philosophy usually called the Peripatetic Arabic School , and philosophical activity declined significantly in Western Islamic countries , namely in Islamic Spain and North Africa , though it persisted for much longer in the Eastern countries , in particular Persia and India where several schools of philosophy continued to flourish : Avicennism , Illuminationist philosophy , Mystical philosophy , and Transcendent theosophy .   Some of the significant achievements of early Muslim philosophers included the development of a strict science of citation , the isnad or `` backing '' ; the development of a method of open inquiry to disprove claims , the ijtihad , which could be generally applied to many types of questions ( although which to apply it to is an ethical question ) ; the willingness to both accept and challenge authority within the same process ; recognition that science and philosophy are both subordinate to morality , and that moral choices are prior to any investigation or concern with either ; the separation of theology ( kalam ) and law ( shariah ) during the early Abbasid period , a precursor to secularism ; the distinction between religion and philosophy , marking the beginning of secular thought ; the beginning of a peer review process ; early ideas on evolution ; the beginnings of the scientific method , an important contribution to the philosophy of science ; the introduction of temporal modal logic and inductive logic ; the beginning of social philosophy , including the formulation of theories on social cohesion and social conflict ; the beginning of the philosophy of history ; the development of the philosophical novel and the concepts of empiricism and tabula rasa ; and distinguishing between essence and existence .   Saadia Gaon , David ben Merwan al-Mukkamas , Maimonides , and Thomas Aquinas , were influenced by the Mutazilite work , particularly Avicennism and Averroism , and the Renaissance and the use of empirical methods were inspired at least in part by Arabic translations of Greek , Jewish , Persian and Egyptian works translated into Latin during the Renaissance of the 12th century , and taken during the Reconquista in 1492 .   Early Islamic philosophy can be divided into clear sets of influences , branches , schools , and fields , as described below .

neg: Religion in Sweden Lutheran Christianity is officially the largest religion in Sweden , with 6.1 million Swedish citizens being members of the Church of Sweden . The high membership figure is mainly due to the fact that until 1996 all newborn children with at least one parent being a member of the church were also made members . Other Christian Churches include the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church . Islam is the second largest religion in Sweden , practiced by 5 % of the population . The rest of the population are either irreligious or members of other religious groups .   Sweden was Christianized from Norse paganism during a long period , not final until the 1130s . Since the 16th century , Sweden has been predominantly Lutheran . From the Protestant Reformation in the 1530s until 2000 , the Lutheran Church of Sweden ( Svenska kyrkan ) was the state church . As of 2016 , 61.2 % of Swedish citizens are members of the Church of Sweden , compared to over 95 % in 1970 , and 83 % in 2000 .   Despite that , religion in Sweden plays a limited role compared to the European average , and even many church members participate in religious activities for only cultural reasons , and do not believe in Christianity . Atheism and agnosticism are widespread in Swedish society . In a Eurobarometer Poll in 2010 , just 18 % of Swedish citizens responded that `` they believe there is a god '' , although a further 45 % answered that `` they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force '' . In a 2009 Gallup poll , 17 % answered yes to the question `` Is religion an important part of your daily life ? '' . A survey found that only 15 % of Church of Sweden members actually believe in Jesus , while another 15 % identified as atheists , and a quarter as agnostic . Less than 4 % of the Church of Sweden membership attends public worship during an average week ; about 2 % are regular attendees . Some scholars consider the nation to be a place where religion is regarded with `` benign indifference '' .   The history of the Jews in Sweden can be traced back to the 17th century , and there are about 20,000 ethnic Jews in Sweden today , of whom about 7,000 belong to a Jewish religious congregation . Because of immigration in the latter part of the 20th century , there is today a sizeable minority of Muslims ( 5 % of population ) and Roman Catholics ( 2 % ) .

neg: Religious traditionalism in Iran Traditionalism is one of the three basic types of Islam in Iran : traditionalism ( traditional humanism ) , modernism , and a variety of forms of revivalism usually brought together as fundamentalism .   Until two hundred years ago , in spite of the many schools and interpretations , many Muslims in Iran lived within the tradition . It was a living tradition , emphasizing the harmony of law , art , and all forms of knowledge . Also a significant Iranian scholar followed the tradition of Persian sufism and pluralism . Currently in Iran there exist three main types of Islam : traditionalists ( represented by Hossein Nasr and Yousef Sanei ) , modernists ( represented by Abdolkarim Soroush ) and different groups under the conservative umbrella ( represented by Ruhollah Khomeini , Ali Khamenei , Mohammad-Taghi Bahjat , Naser Makarem Shirazi , Mohammad Taghi Mesbah Yazdi and Hossein Noori Hamedani ) . Iranian Islam differs from the mainstream Sunni Islam and may be better understood by studying the Shia history in Arabia and Iran .   Some groups of conservatives and Traditionals humanists have tendencies toward mystical spiritualism and some of them are less political ( or apolitcal ) .   In traditional schools , traditional astronomy and geometry are discussed as well as philosophy , Sufism and ethics .

neg: Entry by troops Entry by troops is a term that developed in the Bahá ' í Faith to describe a process of expansion when the Faith would emerge from relative obscurity , and masses of people would become Bahá ' ís . It is not meant to suggest militancy - the word `` troops '' is used for its secondary meaning of `` large groups of people '' . The term first appeared in Bahá ` u 'll áh 's Suriy-i-Haykal .   The Bahá ' í Faith currently claims at least 6 million members , in almost every country of the world . It is the second most widespread , behind Christianity , and ranks among the fastest growing in many parts of the world .

neg: Religion in Pakistan The state religion in Pakistan is Islam , which is practiced by about 95 -- 98 % of the 195,343,000 people of the nation . The remaining 2 -- 5 % practice Christianity , Hinduism and other religions . Muslims are divided into the following sects : the majority of them practice Sunni Islam , while 5 -- 20 % are Shias and 0.22 % -2.2 % are Ahmadi . Nearly all Pakistani Sunni Muslims belong to the Hanafi Fiqh Islamic law school . The majority of Pakistani Shia Muslims belong to the Ithnā ` Ashariyyah Islamic law school , with significant minority groups who practice Ismailism , which is composed of Nizari ( Aga Khanis ) , Mustaali , Dawoodi Bohra , Sulaymani , and others .

neg: Islam in Asia Islam began in Asia in the 7th century during the lifetime of Muhammad . A number of adherents of Islam have lived in Asia & specially West Asia and South Asia since the beginning of Islamic history . Islam is said to have arrived in Manipur ( Northeast India ) in 615 AD via Chittagong which is part of present-day Bangladesh 's coast in the age of silk route ( both onland and by sea ) trades when Sa ` d ibn Abi Waqqas ( b.594-d .674 AD ) and others namely Uwais al-Qarni ( 594-657 ) , Khunais ibn Hudhaifa , Saeed ibn Zaid , Wahb Abu Kabcha , Jahsh and Jafar ibn Abu Talib preached there .  The Barmakid family was an early supporter of the Abbasid Revolution against the Umayyads and of As-Saffah . This gave Khalid ibn Barmak considerable influence , and his son Yaḥyā ibn Khālid ( d. 806 ) was the vizier of the caliph al-Mahdi ( ruled 775 -- 785 ) and tutor of Hārūn ar-Rashīd ( ruled 786-809 ) . Yaḥyā 's sons al-Faḍl and Ja ` far ( 767-803 ) both occupied high offices under Harun .   Many Barmakids were patrons of the sciences , which greatly helped the propagation of Indian science and scholarship from the neighbouring Academy of Gundishapur into the Arabic world . They patronized scholars such as Gebir and Jabril ibn Bukhtishu . They are also credited with the establishment of the first paper mill in Baghdad . The power of the Barmakids in those times is reflected in The Book of One Thousand and One Nights ; the vizier Ja ` far appears in several stories , as well as a tale that gave rise to the expression `` Barmecide feast '' .   Many of the early governors of the Caliphate were Barmakids . Khalid ibn Barmak built Mansura , Sindh and later Baghdad . His son was the governor of what is now Azerbaijan .

neg: Hanbali The Hanbali school is one of the four orthodox Sunni Islamic schools of jurisprudence ( fiqh ) . It is named after the Iraqi scholar Ahmad ibn Hanbal ( d. 855 ) , and was institutionalized by his students . The Hanbali madhhab is the smallest of four major Sunni schools , the others being the Hanafi , Maliki and Shafi`i .   Hanbali school derives Sharia predominantly from the Quran , the Hadiths ( sayings and customs of Muhammad ) , and the views of Sahabah ( Muhammad 's companions ) . In cases where there is no clear answer in sacred texts of Islam , the Hanbali school does not accept jurist discretion or customs of a community as a sound basis to derive Islamic law , a method that Hanafi and Maliki Sunni fiqhs accept . Hanbali school is the strict traditionalist school of jurisprudence in Sunni Islam . It is found primarily in Saudi Arabia and Qatar , where it is the official fiqh . Hanbali followers are the demographic majority in four emirates of UAE ( Sharjah , Umm al-Quwain , Ras al-Khaimah and Ajman ) . Large minorities of Hanbali followers are also found in Bahrain , Oman and Yemen and within Iraqi and Jordanian bedouins .   The Hanbali school experienced a reformation in the Wahhabi-Salafist movement . Historically the school was small ; during the 18th to early-20th century Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab and Al Saud greatly aided its propagation around the world by way of their interpretation of the school 's teachings . As a result of this , the school 's name has become a controversial one in certain quarters of the Islamic world due to the influence he is believed by some to have had upon these teachings , which cites Ibn Hanbal as a principal influence along with the thirteenth-century Hanbali reformer Ibn Taymiyyah . However , it has been argued by certain scholars that Ibn Hanbal 's own beliefs actually played `` no real part in the establishment of the central doctrines of Wahhabism , '' as there is evidence , according to the same authors , that `` the older Hanbalite authorities had doctrinal concerns very different from those of the Wahhabis , '' rich as medieval Hanbali literature is in references to saints , grave visitation , miracles , and relics . Historically , the Hanbali school was treated as simply another valid interpretation of Islamic law , and many prominent medieval Sufis , such as Abdul Qadir Jilani , were Hanbali jurists and mystics at the same time .

neg: Historiography of early Islam The historiography of early Islam refers to the study of the early history of Islam during the 7th century ,  from Muhammad 's first revelations in AD 610 until the disintegration of the Rashidun Caliphate in AD 661 ,  and arguably throughout the 8th century and the duration of the Umayyad Caliphate , terminating in the incipient Islamic Golden Age around the beginning of the 9th century .

neg: Izala Society Izala Society , formally Jama'at Izalat al Bid ' a Wa Iqamat as Sunna ( Society of Removal of Innovation and Re-establishment of the Sunna ) , also called JIBWIS , is an Islamic movement originally established in Northern Nigeria to fight what it sees as the bid ' a , ( innovation ) , practiced by the Sufi brotherhoods . It is one of the largest Islamic societies in Nigeria , Chad , Niger , and Cameroon .   Izala was established 1978 in Jos , Nigeria by Sheikh Ismaila Idris ( 1937-2000 ) , `` in reaction to the Sufi brotherhoods '' , specifically the Qadiri and Tijan Sufi orders .  According to Ramzi Amara , Today the Izala is one of the largest Islamic societies not only in Northern Nigeria , but also in the South and even in the neighbouring countries ( Chad , Niger , and Cameroon ) . It is very active in Da ` wa ( propagation of the faith ) and especially in education . The Izala has many institutions all over the country and is influential at the local , state , and even federal levels .   The group has been called a salafist organization `` that embraces a legalist and scripture centered understanding of Islam '' .  David Commins has described it as the fruit of missionary work by the Saudi Arabian funded and led World Muslim League .  `` Essential texts '' for members of the Izala Society are `` Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab 's treatise of God 's unity and commentaries by his grandsons '' . Ibn Abd al-Wahhab was the founder of the Wahhabi mission , the official Islamic interpretation of Saudi Arabia . He saw Sufism as rife with idolatry ( shirk ) . The Izala Society has been labeled as infidels by Islamist group Boko Haram , due to their willingness to work with the Nigerian government .

neg: Ali Ali ( -LSB- ˈɑːli , _ ɑːˈliː -RSB- -LSB- علي , ʿAlī -RSB- , -LSB- ʕaliː -RSB- ; 15 September 601 -- 29 January 661 ) was the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad , the prophet of Islam . He ruled over the Caliphate from 656 to 661 , and was Imam of Shia Islam from 632 to 661 .   Born to Abu Talib and Fatimah bint Asad , ` Ali was the only person born in the sacred sanctuary of the Ka ` bah in Mecca , the holiest place in Islam , according to many classical Islamic sources , especially Shia ones . ` Ali was the first young male who accepted Islam . After migrating to Medina , he married Muhammad 's daughter Fatimah . Ali took part in the early caravan raids from Mecca and later in almost all the battles fought by the nascent Muslim community . He was appointed caliph by Muhammad 's Companions ( Sahaba ) in 656 , after Caliph Uthman ibn Affan was assassinated . ` Ali 's reign saw civil wars and in 661 , he was attacked and assassinated by a Kharijite while praying in the Great Mosque of Kufa , dying two days later .   ` Ali is important to various Sunni and Shi`ite denominations politically , legislatively and spiritually . The numerous biographical sources about Ali are often biased due to sectarianism , but they agree that he was a pious Muslim , devoted to the cause of Islam and a just ruler in accordance with the Qur ' an and the Sunnah . While Sunnis consider Ali the fourth and final of the Rashidun ( rightly guided ) caliphs , Shi`ites regard ` Ali as the first Imam after Muhammad due to their interpretation of the events at Ghadir Khumm . Shias also believe that ` Ali and the other Shi`ite Imams ( all of whom are members of the Ahl al-Bayt , Muhammad 's household ) are the rightful successors to Muhammad . This disagreement split the Ummah ( Muslim community ) into the Sunni and Shia branches .

neg: Mary in Islam Mary ( -LSB- مريم , translit = Maryam -RSB- ) , the mother of Jesus ( Isa ) , holds a singularly exalted place in Islam as the only woman named in the Qur ' an , which refers to her seventy times and explicitly identifies her as the greatest of all women , stating , with reference to the angelic saluation during the annunciation , `` O Mary , God has chosen you , and purified you ; He has chosen you above all the women of creation . '' In the Quran , her story is related in three Meccan chapters ( 19 , 21 , 23 ) and four Medinan chapters ( 3 , 4 , 5 , 66 ) , and the nineteenth chapter of the scripture , the Chapter of Mary ( Surat Maryam ) , is named after her . The Quran refers to Mary more than the entire New Testament .   According to the Qur ' an , divine grace surrounded Mary from birth , and , as a young woman , she received a message from God through the archangel Gabriel that God had chosen her , purified her , and had preferred her above all `` the women of the worlds . '' This event , according to the same narrative , was followed by the annunciation of a child who was to be miraculously conceived by her through the intervention of the divine spirit while she was still virgin , whose name would be Jesus and who would be the `` anointed one , '' the Promised Messiah . As such , orthodox Islamic belief `` has upheld the tenet of the virgin birth of Jesus , '' and although the classical Islamic thinkers never dwelt on the question of the perpetual virginity of Mary at any great length , it was generally agreed in traditional Islam that Mary remained virgin through the entirety of her life , with the Qur ' an 's mention of Mary 's purification `` from the touch of men '' implying perpetual virginity in the minds of many of the most prominent Islamic fathers .

neg: 1st millennium The first millennium was a period of time that began on January 1 , AD 1 , and ended on December 31 , AD 1000 , of the Julian calendar . It was the first period of one thousand years in the Anno Domini or Common Era .   In Europe and the Mediterranean , the first millennium was a time of great transition . The 1st century saw the peak of the Roman Empire , followed by its gradual decline during the period of Late Antiquity , the rise of Christianity and the Great Migrations . The second half of the millennium is characterized as the Early Middle Ages in Europe , and marked by the Viking expansion in the west , the rise of the Byzantine Empire in the east , and by the Islamic conquests throughout the Near East , North Africa and the Iberian peninsula , culminating in the Islamic Golden Age ( 700 -- 1200 AD ) .   In Arabia , in the mid-7th century , a man called Muhammad became the leader and the final prophet of Islam . After his death , his companions extended the religion .   In East Asia , the first millennium was also a time of great cultural advances , notably the spread of Buddhism to East Asia . In China , the Han dynasty is replaced by the Jin dynasty and later the Tang dynasty until the 10th century sees renewed fragmentation in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period . In Japan , a sharp increase in population followed when farmers ' use of iron tools increased their productivity and crop yields . The Yamato court was established .   In South Asia , the Indian subcontinent was divided among numerous kingdoms throughout the first millennium , until the formation of the Gupta Empire .   In Mesoamerica , the first millennium was a period of enormous growth known as the Classic Era ( 200 -- 900 AD ) . Teotihuacan grew into a metropolis and its empire dominated Mesoamerica . In South America , pre-Incan , coastal cultures flourished , producing impressive metalwork and some of the finest pottery seen in the ancient world .   In North America , the Mississippian culture rose at the end of the millennium in the Mississippi and Ohio river valleys . Numerous cities were built ; Cahokia , the largest , was based in present-day Illinois , and may have had 30,000 residents at its peak about 1250 AD . The circumference of the 10-story-high Monks Mound at Cahokia was larger than that of the Pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacan or the Great Pyramid in Egypt .

neg: Superstate A superstate is defined as `` a large and powerful State formed when several smaller countries unite '' , `` A large and powerful state formed from a federation or union of nations '' .  This is distinct from the concept of superpower , although these are frequently seen together . It is also distinct from the concept of empire , where one nation dominates other nations through military , political , and economic power , although an empire may also be a superstate .   In the early 20th century , `` superstate '' had a similar definition as today 's supranational organisations . In a 1927 article by Edward A. Harriman on the League of Nations , a superstate was defined as merely `` an organisation , of which a state is a member , which is superior to the member themselves '' , in that '' -LSB- a -RSB- complete superstate has legislative , executive and judicial organs to make , to execute and to interpret its laws '' . According to this definition , Harriman saw the League of Nations as a `` rudimentary superstate '' , and the United States as `` an example of a complete and perfect superstate '' .   In World Order of Bahá ` u 'll áh , first published in 1938 , Shoghi Effendi , the Guardian of the Bahá ' í Faith , described the anticipated world government of that religion as the `` world 's future super-state '' with the Bahá ' í Faith as the `` State Religion of an independent and Sovereign Power . ''   In the 1970s , academic literature used the term `` superstate '' to indicate a particularly rich and powerful state , in a similar fashion to the term superpower .   In contemporary political debate , especially the one centred on the European Union , the term `` superstate '' is used to indicate a ( usually deemed unwelcome ) development in which the Union takes over the character of a State ( including the monopoly on violence ) thus abolishing the sovereignty and independence of its member states .  For instance , Glyn Morgan opposes the perspective of a `` European superstate '' to the ones of `` a Europe of nation-states '' and of `` a post-sovereign European polity '' . In her definition , a `` European superstate is nothing more than a sovereign state - a tried and tested type of polity that predominates in the modern world - operating on a European wide scale '' , i.e. , `` a unitary European state ''   The term was famously used by Margaret Thatcher in her 1988 Bruges speech , when she decried the perspective of `` a European super-state exercising a new dominance from Brussels '' , and has since entered the eurosceptic lexicon .  Tony Blair argued in 2000 that he welcomed an EU as a `` superpower , not a superstate ''

neg: Rahmanism Raḥmānism ( from Old South Arabian rḥmn-n `` the Merciful '' ) ( Ar : الرحمن ) ( Musnad : ð © § ð © cents ð © # ð © ¬ ) refers to one or more monotheistic religions which ousted the polytheistic Old South Arabian religion from the 4th century AD . Since the sole indication of Raḥmānism is the mention of a monotheistic God , it is difficult to establish whether Raḥmānism is an homogenous religion or whether it can be identified with another monotheist  From the second half of the fourth century the `` Merciful '' ( Old South Arabian rḥmn-n , where the - n is the definite article ) and `` the Lord of Heaven and Earth '' are increasingly invoked . A number of inscriptions as well as archaeological synagogues show that Judaism had played an important role in South Arabia since the 4th Century , but it is not clear whether all the Raḥmānist inscriptions of this time should be construed as Jewish ; at the same time it is conceivable that Raḥmānism also involved an autochthonous monotheistic religion in its own right . Distinct references to Christians in South Arabia are found at the beginning of the 6th century when a Christian community in the city of Najrān fell victim to a pogrom initiated by the Jewish king Yūsuf Asʾar Yathʾar . Some consider this event politically motivated while others claim it to be the result of religious zeal . The slaughter is probably that which is alluded to in the Quranic reference to the ` People of the Ditch ( Aṣḥābu Ukhdūd ) , which describes a group of people being thrust into a ditch of fire because of their faith . Apart from being the word for ` ditch ' Ukhdūd is also the name of a place just south-west of modern Najrān . As a result of this massacre the Christian Aksumite Kingdom marched into South Arabia and enforced Christianity as the official religion , which was then supplanted by Islam in 632 . Christian communities are documented right up till the 13th century in Najrān and till the 16th century in Soqotra . Christian communities are documented ; Jewish communities persist until today .

neg: Etiquette in the Middle East Many matters of etiquette in the Middle East are connected to Islam as it is written in the Qur ` an and how it has been traditionally understood and practiced throughout the centuries . Prescribed Islamic etiquette is referred to as Adab , and described as `` refinement , good manners , morals , ethics , decorum , decency , humaneness and righteousness '' .   As such , many points discussed in this article are applicable in other regions of the Islamic world . This holds especially true in Muslim majority countries outside Middle East .   The Middle East is home to many people who follow faiths besides Islam . Most notable among them are the churches of Eastern Orthodox Christianity , Copts and other adherents of Oriental Orthodoxy , Maronites , Melkites other Catholics of the Eastern Rites as well as the Roman Rite , Zoroastrians , Bahá ' ís , and various Jewish denominations .   In many cases , however , Muslims and non-Muslims in the Middle East will share characteristics , whether it is the prohibition against pork ordained by both Islamic and Jewish dietary restrictions , a preference for the beverage widely known elsewhere as `` Turkish coffee '' , or knowledge of how to conduct business in a crowded souk without being cheated . It is a place where people with different beliefs often share the same traditions .

neg: Mirza Tahir Ahmad Mirza Tahir Ahmad ( -LSB- ) ( 18 December 1928 -- 19 April 2003 ) was Khalifatul Masih IV ( خليفة المسيح الرابع , khalīfatul masīh al-rābi ) and the head of the worldwide Ahmadiyya Muslim Community . He was elected as the fourth successor of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad on 10 June 1982 , the day after the death of his predecessor , Mirza Nasir Ahmad .   Following the Ordinance XX that was promulgated by the government of Pakistan in 1984 , which prohibited Ahmadi Muslims from any public expression of the Islamic faith , Tahir Ahmad left Pakistan and migrated to London , England , provisionally moving the headquarters of the community to the Fazl Mosque in London . He is noted particularly for his question and answer sessions which he held regularly with people from around the world and for his Quranic discourses . Under his leadership , there was an acceleration in the number of Quran translations produced by the community ; and during his caliphate , the community experienced structural and financial growth on an international level , including the launch of the first Muslim satellite television network , Muslim Television Ahmadiyya in 1994 through which he could communicate televised messages to the community globally and have his sermons and other public engagements transmitted throughout the world through this medium .   Tahir Ahmad also authored many books including , Some Distinctive Features of Islam ; Christianity : a Journey From Facts to Fiction ; Murder in the name of Allah , and his magnum opus Revelation , Rationality , Knowledge & Truth . He initiated various funds for humanitarian causes such as the Maryam Shaadi Fund , used to assist deserving parents in marrying off their daughters , the Sayyidna Bilal Fund , for  the welfare and upkeep of the families of martyrs who have been killed in the cause of the community and the Yatama Fund to provide financial assistance to orphans especially in Africa , India and Bangladesh . In 1994 , he also initiated the international charity organization Humanity First .


query: Teen Wolf is loosely based on the 1985 film of the same name, starring Michael J. Fox.

pos: Teen Wolf (2011 TV series) Teen Wolf is an American television series developed by Jeff Davis for MTV . It is loosely based on the 1985 film of the same name , and stars Tyler Posey as a teenager named Scott McCall , who is bitten by a werewolf and must cope with how it affects his life and the lives of those closest to him , and Dylan O'Brien as `` Stiles '' Stilinski , Scott 's best friend . The series has received generally positive reviews from critics and is a fan favorite on social media .   Teen Wolf premiered on June 5 , 2011 , following the 2011 MTV Movie Awards . On July 9 , 2015 , Teen Wolf was renewed for a sixth season of 20 episodes , which premiered on November 15 , 2016 . On July 21 , 2016 , the cast announced at Comic Con that the sixth season would be the series ' final .

pos: Teen Wolf Teen Wolf is a 1985 American fantasy-comedy film directed by Rod Daniel and written by Jeph Loeb and Matthew Weisman . The film stars Michael J. Fox as a high school student who discovers that his family has an unusual pedigree when he finds himself transforming into a werewolf .

neg: The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (2003 film) The Texas Chainsaw Massacre is a 2003 American slasher film , and a remake of The Texas Chain Saw Massacre . The fifth entry in the Texas Chainsaw Massacre franchise , the film was directed by Marcus Nispel , written by Scott Kosar , and produced by Michael Bay . It was also co-produced by Kim Henkel and Tobe Hooper , co-creators of the original 1974 film .   TCM is the first of many horror remakes to come from Michael Bay 's Platinum Dunes production company which also released the remakes The Amityville Horror , The Hitcher , Friday the 13th , and A Nightmare on Elm Street . Though met with negative reception from critics , the film was well received by fans , and grossed $ 107 million worldwide above its $ 9.5 million budget , making it a strong financial success . A prequel was released in 2006 , titled The Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Beginning .

neg: Wolfe Video Wolfe Video is the oldest and largest exclusive distributor of LGBT films in North America .   Founded in 1985 in New Almaden by Kathy Wolfe , the company began as a consumer mail order distribution company for lesbian VHS videos but has evolved over the years to become a full-service distributor of LGBT films . Wolfe releases LGBT films on DVD in North America as well as doing film festival bookings , foreign sales , US digital delivery , and broadcast sales for its library of more than one hundred feature films and dozens of shorts and documentaries .   Notable Wolfe releases over the years include the film Big Eden , the 20th Anniversary DVD release of Desert Hearts , Were the World Mine , and Thom Fitzgerald 's AIDS drama 3 Needles . Significant Wolfe DVD releases in recent years include the Sundance Film Festival award-winner Undertow , the acclaimed French drama Tomboy , the multiple award-winner Gayby , and Swedish lesbian romance Kiss Me ( With Every Heartbeat ) . Wolfe has also released two films by the writer and director Stephen Cone , including The Wise Kids and Henry Gamble 's Birthday Party .   In June 2012 the company launched a new worldwide LGBT movie-watching platform , WolfeOnDemand .   In 2015 , Wolfe Video donated its complete library of lesbian movies to the June L. Mazer Lesbian Archives .

neg: List of teen films Teen film is a film genre targeted at teenagers and young adults in which the plot is based upon the special interests of teenagers and young adults , such as coming of age , first love , rebellion , conflict with parents , teen angst , and alienation . Some of these films are targeted at adults as well as teenagers . Teen films have been a trope of the cinema industry for decades since the 1950s . At this time , the film industry saw a greater market for teens with more disposable income and therefore more money to spend on leisure activities , largely going to films . Because of the boom in teen viewers , drive-in movie theaters were also very popular . However , even the silent era had teen films . Recently , online streaming services such as Netflix have created a resurgence in the `` tween '' and teenage-oriented film .

neg: Sylvester (film) Sylvester is a 1985 American family drama film directed by Tim Hunter and starring Richard Farnsworth and Melissa Gilbert . The movie was nominated for a Young Artist Award in 1986 .

neg: A Star Is Burns `` A Star Is Burns '' is the eighteenth episode of The Simpsons ' sixth season . It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on March 5 , 1995 . In the episode , Springfield decides to hold a film festival , and famed critic Jay Sherman is invited to be a judge .   The story involves a crossover with the short-lived animated series The Critic . Jay Sherman was the main character on the show . The Critic was created by Al Jean and Mike Reiss , who had previously written for The Simpsons but left following the fourth season , and produced by James L. Brooks , who was also a producer for The Simpsons . The show had premiered on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) network in January 1994 but was canceled despite positive critical reception . The series was switched over to Fox , and put in the timeslot directly after The Simpsons . Brooks pitched a crossover episode as a way to promote The Critic and decided that a film festival would be a good way to introduce Sherman .   Matt Groening , creator of The Simpsons , reacted negatively when he heard about this episode , feeling that it was just an advertisement for The Critic , and that people would incorrectly associate the show with him . When he was unsuccessful in getting the program pulled , he had his name removed from the credits and went public with his concerns , openly criticizing James L. Brooks .   The episode was directed by Susie Dietter and was the first episode to be written by Ken Keeler . Jon Lovitz , the star of The Critic , guest stars as Jay Sherman , while Maurice LaMarche ( who was also a regular on The Critic ) has a few minor roles . The episode received mixed reviews from critics , many of whom felt the crossover was out of place on the show , although Barney 's film festival entry was well received .

neg: American Teen (film) American Teen is a 2008 documentary film directed by Nanette Burstein ( On the Ropes , The Kid Stays in the Picture ) and produced by 57th & Irving . It competed in the Documentary Competition at the 2008 Sundance Film Festival , where it received the Directing Award : Documentary . Following the Sundance Film Festival , the movie was picked up by Paramount Vantage and was released to general cinema July 25 , 2008 .   Much of the movie was filmed at Warsaw Community High School in Warsaw , Indiana . Director Nanette Burstein originally reviewed more than 100 different schools in the pre-production process , and ten schools replied , agreeing to participate . After she interviewed incoming seniors at all 10 , she chose Warsaw .

neg: Fox hunting Fox hunting is an activity involving the tracking , chase and , if caught , the killing of a fox , traditionally a red fox , by trained foxhounds or other scent hounds , and a group of unarmed followers led by a `` master of foxhounds '' ( `` master of hounds '' ) , who follow the hounds on foot or on horseback .   Fox hunting with hounds , as a formalised activity , originated in England in the sixteenth century , in a form very similar to that practised until 2005 , when the traditional form was made unlawful in England and Wales . A ban on hunting in Scotland had been passed in 2002 , but it continues to be within the law in Northern Ireland and several other countries , including : Australia , Canada , France , Ireland , Italy , and the United States . In Australia , the term also refers to the hunting of foxes with firearms , similar to deer hunting or spotlighting . In much of the world , hunting in general is understood to relate to any game animals or weapons ( e.g. , deer hunting with bow and arrow ) ; in Britain and Ireland , `` hunting '' without qualification implies fox hunting ( or other forms of hunting with hounds -- beagling , drag hunting , hunting the clean boot , mink hunting , or stag hunting ) , as described here .   This sport is controversial , particularly in the UK , where its traditional form was banned in Scotland in 2002 , and in England and Wales in November 2004 ( law enforced from February 2005 ) , although certain modified forms of hunting foxes with hounds are still within the law , and shooting foxes as vermin also remains lawful .   Proponents of fox hunting view it as an important part of rural culture , and useful for reasons of conservation and pest control , while opponents argue that it is cruel and unnecessary .

neg: Frankie Muniz Francisco `` Frankie '' Muñiz IV ( born December 5 , 1985 ) is an American actor , musician , writer , producer , race car driver , and band manager . In the early-to-mid 2000s , he garnered fame as the star of the Fox television family sitcom Malcolm in the Middle , which earned him an Emmy Award nomination and two Golden Globe Award nominations .   In 2003 , he was considered `` one of Hollywood 's most bankable teens . '' In 2008 , he put his acting career on hold to pursue an open wheel racing career . He competed in the Atlantic Championship . In 2012 , he joined the band Kingsfoil as a drummer ; however , he left the band in 2014 .

neg: The Adventures of a Two-Minute Werewolf The Adventures of a Two-Minute Werewolf , also called The Adventures of a 2-Minute Werewolf is a 1985 television film produced by ABC television as part of its ABC Weekend Special series ( an after school special ) . It is based on the young adult novel of the same name by Gene DeWeese .

neg: Mythology of Teen Wolf The mythology of the MTV supernatural action drama series Teen Wolf follows a teenager named Scott McCall ( Tyler Posey ) , who is bitten by an Alpha werewolf and must cope with how it affects his life and the lives of those closest to him and Dylan O'Brien as `` Stiles '' Stilinski , Scott 's best friend . Most mythological elements in Teen Wolf relate to supernatural creatures and draws heavily from Greek mythology , Norse mythology , Japanese mythology , Aztec mythology , Native American beliefs and Celtic herbalism . The show has created its own unique mythos centered around shapeshifters and their connections to one-another throughout the world .

neg: 2014 Teen Choice Awards The 2014 Teen Choice Awards ceremony was held on August 10 , 2014 at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles . The event was originally scheduled to take place at the UCLA Pauley Pavilion , which was flooded by a broken water pipe on July 29 , 2014 near the campus . It was broadcast on Fox at 8:00 -- 10:00 pm ET live/PT tape-delayed . The awards celebrate the year 's achievements in music , film , television , sports , fashion , comedy , and the Internet , and were voted on by viewers aged 13 through 19 .  Selena Gomez was awarded the Ultimate Choice Award during the show .   One Direction were the biggest winners of the night , winning all ten awards they were nominated for ( including an award given out to Harry Styles and one dedicated to their fans ) . The Fault in Our Stars won all seven of its nominations as well , including four awards for Ansel Elgort .

neg: Huckleberry Fox George Fox , better known as Huckleberry Fox ( 1974 ) , is an American actor who performed in Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) . and the Disney film The Blue Yonder ( 1985 ) .

neg: Alpha (The X-Files) `` Alpha '' is the sixteenth episode of the sixth season of the science fiction television series The X-Files . It premiered on the Fox network on March 28 , 1999 in the United States . The episode was written by Jeffrey Bell , and directed by Peter Markle . The episode is a `` Monster-of-the-Week '' story , unconnected to the series ' wider mythology . `` Alpha '' earned a Nielsen household rating of 10.1 , being watched by 17.7 million people in its initial broadcast . The episode received mostly negative reviews from critics .   The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X-Files . Mulder is a believer in the paranormal , while the skeptical Scully has been assigned to debunk his work . In this episode , Mulder and Scully investigate several killings blamed on an Asian dog called the Wanshang Dhole , thought to be extinct . Mulder and Scully join an obstinate Sheriff , a seemingly eccentric hunter , and a reclusive canine expert to find it . However , there is more mystery to the expert than meets the eye .   `` Alpha '' was based on a single motif -- `` Scary dogs in the City '' -- written by Jeffrey Bell onto a notecard . The episode went through several drafts before being readied right before filming began . Several of the scenes featuring the Chinese freighter were created either through digital technology or through the combination of matte paintings and actual filmed footage .

neg: The Wolf The Wolf may refer to :   In film :  The Wolf ( film ) , a 2004 film directed by Miguel Courtois  Winston Wolf , a fictional character played by Harvey Keitel in the 1994 film Pulp Fiction   In music :  The Wolf ( Andrew W.K. album )  The Wolf ( Shooter Jennings album )  `` The Wolf '' ( Mumford & Sons song )  `` The Wolf '' , a song by The Banner from Frailty  `` The Wolf '' , a song by Motörhead from Rock 'n' Roll  `` The Wolf '' , a song by Fever Ray  `` The Wolf '' , a song by Eddie Vedder from Into the Wild  `` The Wolf '' , a song by Phildel from The Disappearance of the Girl   In literature :  The Wolf ( magazine ) , an independent literary magazine based in the UK .   In radio :

neg: Better Off Dead (film) Better Off Dead is a 1985 American teen romantic comedy film starring John Cusack and written and directed by Savage Steve Holland . It tells the story of high school student Lane Myer who is suicidal after his girlfriend breaks up with him shortly before Christmas .

neg: The Long Hot Summer (1985 film) The Long Hot Summer is a 1985 television film starring Don Johnson . It is a remake of the 1958 film of the same name .

neg: Next Summer Next Summer ( L'été prochain ) is a 1985 French drama film directed by Nadine Trintignant .

neg: War Wolves (film) War Wolves is a 2009 television movie that originally aired on the Syfy network on March 8 , 2009 . The film stars John Saxon and Michael Worth , who also serves as the film 's director .

neg: The NeverEnding Story (film) The NeverEnding Story is a 1984 American epic fantasy film based on the novel of the same name by Michael Ende , about a boy who reads a magical book that tells a story of a young warrior whose task is to stop a dark storm called the Nothing from engulfing a fantasy world . The film was produced by Bernd Eichinger and Dieter Giessler and directed and co-written by Wolfgang Petersen ( his first English-language film ) and starred Noah Hathaway , Barret Oliver , Tami Stronach , Patricia Hayes , Sydney Bromley , Gerald McRaney , Moses Gunn , and Alan Oppenheimer as the voices of both Falkor and Gmork ( as well as other characters ) . At the time of its release , it was the most expensive film produced outside the United States or the Soviet Union . The film was the first in The NeverEnding Story film series and later followed by two sequels .   Ende felt that this adaptation 's content deviated so far from the spirit of his book that he requested that production either be halted or the film 's title be changed ; when the producers did neither , he sued them and subsequently lost the case . Ende called the film a `` gigantic melodrama of kitsch , commerce , plush and plastic '' -LSB- Ein `` gigantisches Melodram aus Kitsch , Kommerz , Plüsch und Plastik '' -RSB- . The film only adapts the first half of the book , and consequently does not convey the message of the title as it was portrayed in the novel . The second half of the book would subsequently be used as the rough basis for the second film , The Next Chapter . The third film , Escape from Fantasia , features a completely original plot .

neg: Foxes in popular culture The fox appears in the folklore of many cultures as a figure of cunning or trickery , or as a familiar animal possessed of magic powers . The fox is also sometimes associated with transformation .   In Europe , in the Middle Ages and Renaissance , foxes , which were associated with wiliness and fraudulent behavior , were sometimes burned as symbols of the Devil .   The term `` foxy '' in English ( `` having the qualities of a fox '' ) can also connote attractiveness , sexiness or being red-haired . The term to `` outfox '' means `` to beat in a competition of wits '' , the synonym with `` outguess '' , `` outsmart '' or `` outwit '' .


query: The Battle of York was fought in Toronto

pos: Toronto Toronto is the most populous city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario . With a population of 2,731,571 , it is the fourth most populous city in North America after Mexico City , New York City , and Los Angeles . Toronto is the centre of the Greater Toronto Area ( GTA ) , the most populous metropolitan area in Canada , and anchors the Golden Horseshoe , a heavily urbanized region that is home to 9.2 million people , or over 26 % of the population of Canada . A global city , Toronto is an international centre of business , finance , arts , and culture , and is recognized as one of the most multicultural and cosmopolitan cities in the world .   Aboriginal peoples have inhabited the area now known as Toronto for thousands of years . The city itself is situated on the southern terminus of an ancient Aboriginal trail leading north to Lake Simcoe , used by the Wyandot , Iroquois , and the Mississauga . Permanent European settlement began in the 1790s , after the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase of 1787 , when the Mississaugas surrendered the area to the British Crown . The British established the town of York , and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada . During the War of 1812 , the town was the site of the Battle of York and suffered heavy damage by U.S. troops . York was renamed and incorporated as the city of Toronto in 1834 , and became the capital of the province of Ontario during Canadian Confederation in 1867 . The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities at various times in its history to its current area of 630.2 km2 .   Located in Southern Ontario on the northwestern shore of Lake Ontario , Toronto is situated on a broad sloping plateau intersected by an extensive network of rivers , deep ravines , and urban forest , with 140 independently unique and clearly defined official neighbourhoods making up the city . The diverse population of Toronto reflects its current and historical role as an important destination for immigrants to Canada , with nearly 50 % of residents belonging to a visible minority population group , and over 200 distinct ethnic origins represented among its inhabitants . While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language , there are over 160 different languages spoken in the city .   Toronto is a prominent centre for music , theatre , motion picture production , and television production , and is home to the headquarters of Canada 's major national broadcast networks and media outlets . Its varied cultural institutions , which include numerous museums and galleries , festivals and public events , entertainment districts , national historic sites , and sports activities , attract over 25 million tourists each year . Toronto is known for its many skyscrapers and high-rise buildings , in particular the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere , the CN Tower . As Canada 's commercial capital , the city is home to the Toronto Stock Exchange , the headquarters of Canada 's five largest banks , and the headquarters of many large Canadian and multinational corporations . Its economy is highly diversified with strengths in technology , design , financial services , life sciences , education , arts , fashion , business services , environmental innovation , food services , and tourism .

neg: Silverthorn, Toronto Silverthorn , often misspelled as Silverthorne , is a neighbourhood in Toronto , Ontario , Canada . It was part of the former City of York before the amalgamation of Toronto in 1998 . The approximate boundaries are the GO Transit Barrie line railway tracks to the east , Black Creek Drive and the CP railway line to the west and the former boundaries of the City of York to the north and south . The neighbourhood west of Black Creek Drive is known as Keelesdale . For demographic purposes , the city breaks the area down into two neighbourhoods Keelesdale-Eglinton West , south of Eglinton , and Beechborough-Greenbrook north of Eglinton .   Silverthorn contained the central commercial district for the former City of York along Eglinton Avenue where the York Civic Centre , which housed York 's municipal offices , is located . The area has a large number of Roman Catholics many of whom are Italian and Portuguese by descent . However , Silverthorn is very diverse and includes many Baptists , Buddhists and other Christians . Latin Americans , Blacks and Southeast Asians are also well represented in this area ( source : Statistics Canada 2001 ) .   North of Eglinton , nearly two-thirds of the Silverthorn 's population resides in rental units , many of them in low-rise apartment buildings . South of Eglinton the area retains its working class character , though the majority of residents are owners ( almost 60 % ) . Although the houses are modest they are also single detached and owned . There is an above-average contingency of Romance language speakers including Portuguese , Italian and Spanish . This area contains the western end of Eglinton West .   The hilly terrain of the Silverthorn is comparable to nearby areas but distinguishable compared with the city , which in general slopes south to the lake . The winding and one-way streets make through traffic a non-factor for ball playing .

neg: St. Lawrence Hall St. Lawrence Hall is a meeting hall in Toronto , Ontario , located at the corner of King Street East and Jarvis Street . It was created to be Toronto 's public meeting hall home to public gatherings , concerts , and exhibitions . Its main feature was a thousand-seat amphitheater . For decades the hall was the centre of Toronto 's social life , before larger venues took over much of this business . Today the hall continues as a venue for events including weddings , conferences , and art shows .   The location was previously part of the Market Square area , and had been the site of the first permanent market buildings . A fire in 1841 caused the northern portions of this building to be pulled down , leading to the building of the current St. Lawrence Market in 1850 a block south at what was then Palace Street , and today known as Front Street . The vacated area at the corner of King and Jarvis was in the heart of the growing community . The Renaissance Revival style building was designed by William Thomas .   It was here that prominent politicians such as John A. Macdonald and George Brown , Fathers of Confederation , addressed the people of Toronto . It was the main venue for musicians and other performers who came to the city . The lower levels were integrated into the market and were home to stores and businesses . A third storey section of the building was known as St. Patrick Hall , an important meeting place for the Irish Catholic Benevolent Union .   By the 1870s the growing city had a number of larger and more suitable performance venues and the Hall entered a long decline . It continued to serve a number of roles , including several years as the home of the National Ballet . The city of Toronto fully restored the hall in 1967 to mark the Centennial of Confederation ( and rebuilt the east wing which had completely collapsed ) . That same year it was designated as a National Historic Site . The first two Juno Awards ceremonies were presented here in 1970 and 1971 .   A remote detonated explosion , standing in for the groundbreaking of Canada 's Wonderland theme park in the York Region town of Maple , took place from the Hall .

neg: Toronto Hunt Club The Toronto Hunt Club was established by British Army officers of the Toronto garrison ( Fort York ) in 1843 . It held gymkhana equestrian events at various sites around the city . In 1895 it acquired its first permanent home in a rural area east of the city between Kingston Road and the waterfront . In 1898 the streetcar was extended eastward to the site , and soon the area became a cottage district and then streetcar suburb of Toronto . This forced the equestrian activities to move further afield . In 1907 the horses were thus moved to a site in Thornhill ( Steeles ' Corner at Steeles Avenue and Yonge Street ) .   In 1919 the club moved to a location closer to town at Eglinton Avenue and Avenue Road . Known as the Eglinton Hunt Club , a polo arena , clubhouses and other facilities were erected . The 1930s saw the club run into financial difficulties , however . In 1939 , with the outbreak of the Second World War , the large site was purchased by the federal government and turned into a secret Royal Canadian Air Force research facility , the No. 1 Clinical Investigation Unit . Noted scientists Frederick Banting and Wilbur R. Franks were employed there , and it was at the CIU that Franks invented the anti gravity g-suit . The club was also home to RCAF No. 1 Initial Training School , a unit of the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan .   After the war it became the RCAF Staff School , and remained an officer training facility of the Canadian Forces until closed in 1994 . By 1998 the Government of Canada transferred the property to the Toronto Catholic District School Board and the Marshall McLuhan Catholic Secondary School was built there . The area surrounding the old Eglinton Hunt Club is now an established residential neighbourhood of Forest Hill .   The original Hunt Club site in Scarborough was turned into a nine-hole golf course in the 1930s , and it remains an exclusive private golfing club today .

neg: East Toronto East Toronto was an incorporated community , later annexed into Old Toronto , in Ontario , Canada . It covered much of the present day neighbourhood , the Upper Beaches , stretching up to Danforth Avenue in the north . The central street in the community was Main Street , running between Danforth Avenue to Kingston Road . The commercial center of the town was located at the intersection of Main Street and Lake View , which is present-day Main Street and Gerrard Street . Following the annexation of East Toronto , Main Street retained its name despite Toronto 's `` Main Street '' being historically considered as Yonge Street .

neg: Invasion of Quebec (1775) The Invasion of Quebec in 1775 was the first major military initiative by the newly formed Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War . The objective of the campaign was to gain military control of the British Province of Quebec ( modern day Canada ) , and convince the French-speaking Canadiens to join the revolution on the side of the Thirteen Colonies . One expedition left Fort Ticonderoga under Richard Montgomery , besieged and captured Fort St. Johns , and very nearly captured British General Guy Carleton when taking Montreal . The other expedition left Cambridge , Massachusetts under Benedict Arnold , and traveled with great difficulty through the wilderness of Maine to Quebec City . The two forces joined there , but were defeated at the Battle of Quebec in December 1775 .   Montgomery 's expedition set out from Fort Ticonderoga in late August , and began besieging Fort St. Johns , the main defensive point south of Montreal , in mid-September . After the fort was captured in November , Carleton abandoned Montreal , fleeing to Quebec City , and Montgomery took control of the city before heading for Quebec with an army much reduced in size by expiring enlistments . There he joined Arnold , who had left Cambridge in early September on an arduous trek through the wilderness that left his surviving troops starving and lacking in many supplies and equipment .   These forces joined before Quebec City in December , where they assaulted the city in a snowstorm on the last day of the year . The battle was a disastrous defeat for the Americans ; Montgomery was killed and Arnold wounded , while the city 's defenders suffered few casualties . Arnold then conducted an ineffectual siege on the city , during which Loyalist sentiments were boosted by successful propaganda campaigns , and General David Wooster 's blunt administration of Montreal served to annoy both supporters and detractors of the Americans .   The British sent several thousand troops , including General John Burgoyne and Hessian allies , to reinforce those in the province in May 1776 . General Carleton then launched a counter-offensive , ultimately driving the smallpox-weakened and disorganized American forces back to Fort Ticonderoga . The Americans , under Arnold 's command , were able to hinder the British advance sufficiently that an attack could not be mounted on Fort Ticonderoga in 1776 . The end of the campaign set the stage for Burgoyne 's campaign of 1777 to gain control of the Hudson River valley .

neg: Governor's Bridge, Toronto Governor 's Bridge is a bridge and small neighbourhood in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , located to the east of Rosedale and Moore Park , and like them is one of the most expensive in Toronto . Unlike them it was part of the former city of East York . The neighbourhood is named for the Governor 's Bridge that crosses the Moore Park Ravine and connects the area to Rosedale .   Governor 's Bridge 's boundaries are the Canadian Pacific Railroad to the north , Bayview Avenue to the south and east , and Mud Creek as part of the Moore Park Ravine to its intersection with Pottery Road to the west . It contains all residential properties on the streets currently known as Governor 's Road , Nesbitt Drive , Douglas Crescent , True Davidson Drive and Hampton Park Crescent , as of May 1 , 2009 . The neighbourhood is divided into two sections by a smaller set of railway tracks .

neg: York North York North was a federal riding in Ontario , Canada , that was in the House of Commons of Canada from Confederation in 1867 until 2004 .   The federal riding was eliminated in 2003 when it was redistributed between two new ridings of Newmarket -- Aurora and York -- Simcoe . Another small section was incorporated into Oak Ridges -- Markham . The riding covered the northern suburbs of the city of Toronto often including such towns as Aurora , Vaughan , Newmarket , Richmond Hill and Markham . The borders changed often , however , most notably in 1996 when the riding was so altered that it contained very little of the same territory as before .

neg: HMCS Toronto (K538) HMCS Toronto was a that served in the Royal Canadian Navy during the Second World War and as a from 1953-1956 . She was named for Toronto , Ontario . She was later acquired by the Royal Norwegian Navy and renamed Garm and then again in 1965 as HNoMS Valkyrien .   Toronto was ordered 1 February 1943 as Giffard ( after Giffard , Quebec ) as part of the 1943-1944 River-class building program . She was laid down on 10 May 1943 by Davie Shipbuilding & Repairing Co. Ltd. at Lauzon and launched 18 September 1943 . Her name was changed to Toronto and she was commissioned into the RCN on 6 May 1944 with the pennant K538 .

neg: William Barclay McMurrich William Barclay McMurrich ( November 1 , 1842 -- September 6 , 1908 ) was a Canadian lawyer and politician . He was the mayor of Toronto from 1881 to 1882 . He was also a member of the Orange Order in Canada .   Born in Toronto , the son of John McMurrich and Janet Dixon , McMurrich was educated at Knox Academy and Upper Canada College . He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1863 and a Master of Arts degree in 1864 from the University of Toronto . He then studied law and was called to the Bar in 1866 . He was a practising lawyer .   In 1868 , he was elected a public school trustee for the St. Andrew 's ward and served in this position for eight years . In 1879 , he was elected to the Toronto City Council for the St. Patrick 's Ward . In 1881 , he was elected mayor of Toronto and re-elected in 1882 . He did not run in 1883 instead was a candidate for the Canadian House of Commons in the riding of West Toronto in the 1882 federal election . He lost to James Beaty , Jr. .   He died while at a cottage on Lake Joseph in 1908 and was buried in Mount Pleasant Cemetery .

neg: Adelaide Street Court House The Adelaide Street Court House , or York County Court House , is a historic former courthouse located at 57 Adelaide Street East in the St. Lawrence neighbourhood of Toronto , Ontario , Canada . It served as a court house from 1852 until 1900 . It currently houses Terroni restaurant .

neg: German Mills Creek German Mills Creek is a river in the municipalities of Markham , Richmond Hill , Toronto and Vaughan in the Greater Toronto Area of Ontario , Canada . It is part of the Great Lakes Basin and is a left tributary of the East Branch Don River . It originates in Vaughan ( near Bathurst Street and the King -- Vaughan Town Line ) , flows south through Richmond Hill and Markham , and empties into the East Branch Don River in the East Don Parklands in Toronto , south of Steeles Avenue between Bayview Avenue and Leslie Street . It is part of a number of streams , swamps and swales located near the Oak Ridges Moraine .   It is named after the pioneer settlement German Mills , founded by William Berczy in 1796 . The settlement disappeared after a few years , but the creek retained the name . The Richmond Hill portions of the river snake through residential development with a very narrow greenbelt on either side of the creek . The Markham sections run through a mix of residential , commercial and light industrial areas .   Duncan Woods Creek is a small left tributary that flows northwest to German Mills Creek in Toronto , at the southeast corner of Steeles Avenue and Leslie Street .   There are a few undeveloped portions along the creek , mostly as parks in Markham .   The creek 's approximate length is 10 km .

neg: Metropolitan Street Railway (Toronto) The Metropolitan Street Railway was the operator of the Metropolitan line in the Toronto area that started out as a local horsecar line and transformed itself into an electric radial line extending to Lake Simcoe . In 1904 , the railway was acquired by the Toronto and York Radial Railway ( T&YRR ) and became the T&YRR Metroplolitan Division . In 1922 , the City of Toronto acquired the T&YRR and contracted Ontario Hydro to manage the four T&YRR lines including the Metropolitan . In 1927 , the TTC took over the operation of the Metropolitan Line to Sutton , and renamed it the Lake Simcoe line . In 1930 , the TTC closed the Metropolitan Line but shortly reopened the portion between Glen Echo and Richmond Hill operating it as the North Yonge Railways until 1948 .   This article is more about the Metropolitan line than about the company that spawned it .

neg: Toronto municipal election, 1909 Municipal elections were held in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , on January 1 , 1909 . Joseph Oliver was easily re-elected to his second term as mayor . One of the central issues of the campaign was whether the city should construct a bridge over the Don River connecting to Danforth Avenue . A referendum was held as part of the vote , and the bridge was approved . It would be built as the Prince Edward Viaduct .

neg: 204th Battalion (Beavers), CEF The 204th ( Toronto Beavers ) Battalion , CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War . Based in Toronto , Ontario , the unit began recruiting during the winter of 1915/16 in that city and surrounding district .   According to a local paper , the 204th were recruiting at a rate of 450 per month , and since authorization had raised $ 27,000 for recruiting expenses . This source claimed that the 204th held the record for recruiting among units authorized in Toronto since 1916 .   The 204th were quartered at the Government and Transportation buildings at the Exhibition Camp , located on the Canadian National Exhibition grounds in Toronto .   On March 16 , 1917 , the colours of the 204th ( Toronto Beavers ) Battalion were deposited in the Legislative Assembly Chamber at the Ontario Parliament Buildings . The unit marched from their quarters at Exhibition Camp to the Parliament Buildings headed by their battalion band . Family members witnessed the ceremony of depositing the colours for safe-keeping until after the war . The unit was paraded at full strength outside the building with the men standing at a salute as the colours passed through the doors carried by Lieutenant-Colonel William Herbert Price , and Lieutenant Hitchens with an escort of 40 men . Sir William Howard Hearst was in attendance among other prominent local figures .   On March 19 it was announced that the 204th would soon be leaving Toronto for eastern Canada to continue with their training .   After sailing to England in March 1917 , the battalion was absorbed into the 2nd Reserve Battalion on May 4 , 1917 . The 204th ( Toronto Beavers ) Battalion , CEF had one Officer Commanding : Lieutenant-Colonel Price . Price was a member for the Parkdale electoral district in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario , and was a Barrister .   The fate of the 204th was discussed in a July 1917 interview with Major Ernest George Switzer , who had gone overseas as second in command of the 204th . Switzer had returned to his home in July 1917 and was interviewed by a local reporter . He explained that most of the men of the 204th went to the 3rd and 75th Battalions , and some went into the ranks of the 5th Division .   After the war a battalion association was established for veterans of the 204th . In June 1919 nearly 400 veterans of the 204th gathered at Victoria Hall in Toronto for the purpose of forming this battalion association . The officers elected included Lieutenant-Colonel Price as honorary president .   The lobby of Old City Hall ( Toronto ) bears an ornate plaque in honour of the former 204th men who died during their military service in the First World War . 102 names are listed on this plaque , but this may be incomplete . Toronto 's Cenotaph is directly in front of this building .

neg: First Toronto Post Office Toronto 's First Post Office ( or Fourth York Post Office ) is an 1834 post office in Toronto , Ontario , Canada . It is the oldest purpose-built and the only surviving example , of a post office that functioned as a department of the British Royal Mail in Canada . After its use as a post office , it was part of a Roman Catholic boys ' school and later a cold storage building . Located at 260 Adelaide Street East , the building now houses a museum and a full-service post office , run by the Town of York Historical Society .

neg: David Breakenridge Read David Breakenridge Read ( 13 June 1823 -- 11 May 1904 ) was a Canadian lawyer , educator , author , and Mayor of Toronto in 1858 . Read was Mayor of Toronto from November 11 , 1858 to December 31 , 1858 . He served a mere 50 fifty days , thus making him the shortest serving Mayor of that city .   Born in Merrickville , Ontario , the sixth child of John Landon Read -LSB- 1789 - ?? -RSB- and Janet Breakenridge -LSB- 1795-1832 -RSB- . Read was educated in Brockville , and , at the age of thirteen , was accepted into Toronto 's Upper Canada College . Four years later , 1840 , he was admitted to the Law Society of Upper Canada . Read began his law articles while working for George Sherwood in Brockville . His studies were finished with John Ross in Belleville and then John Willoughby Crawford in Toronto . Read was admitted into the bar in 1845 . He then began a law practice which became successful.In 1845 he served as Barrister at Law .   He married Emily Ballard , born 1827 , daughter of Norman Ballard . The couple had seven children .   In November 1855 , he was elected a Bencher of the Law Society of Upper Canada . The next year , Read was appointed by Attorney General John A.MacDonald to a commission to revise the statutes of Upper Canada . Read served as a junior commissioner and was the commission 's secretary . In 1858 , he was elected to Toronto City Council as alderman for St Patrick 's Ward . Council appointed him Mayor of Toronto on November 11 , 1858 after his predecessor , William Henry Boulton , announced his resignation . He served in that post until December 31 of that year , when Adam Wilson was elected to take that post . He was also a member of the Orange Order in Canada .   Read continued to serve in the Law Society until his retirement in April 1881 at the age of 55 . In November 1902 , at the age of 79 , Read suffered a stroke that would leave him bedridden for the final year and half until his death . He died on May 11 , 1904 , and was buried among many of his colleagues in a private funeral at St. James Cemetery in Toronto .

neg: Toronto Islands The Toronto Islands ( formerly known as Island of Hiawatha and also known as Menecing , meaning `` On the Island '' in the Ojibwa language ) are a chain of small islands in Lake Ontario , south of mainland Toronto , Ontario , Canada . Comprising the only group of islands in the western part of Lake Ontario , the Toronto Islands are located just offshore from the city centre , and provide shelter for Toronto Harbour . The islands are home to parkland , the Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport , several yacht clubs , Centreville Amusement Park , and Hanlan 's Beach . The island community is considered to be the largest urban car-free community in North America , although some service vehicles are permitted . Access to the Islands is by ferry , including the City of Toronto ferries operating from Jack Layton Ferry Terminal at the foot of Bay Street , or by water taxis .   The island is a popular recreation destination . Recreational bicyclists are accommodated on the ferries . There is a public bicycle sharing station operated by Bike Share Toronto at Jack Layton Ferry Terminal and bicycles and quadracycles can be rented at Centre Island . Canoes , kayaks and paddle boats can also be rented on the island . A frisbee golf course exists on the island . The main beach is along the south shore and the beach on the west shore is clothing-optional . There is ample park land suitable for picnicking which is popular , several playgrounds , and several gardens .

neg: East York Town Centre East York Town Centre is a shopping centre in the East York district of Toronto , Ontario , Canada , located at 45 Overlea Blvd. .

neg: Battle of Cobleskill The Battle of Cobleskill ( also known as the Cobleskill massacre ) was an American Revolutionary War raid on the frontier settlement of Cobleskill , New York on May 30 , 1778 . The battle , having taken place in the modern-day village of Warnerville , NY near Cobleskill-Richmondville High School , marked the beginning of a phase in which Loyalists and Iroquois , encouraged and supplied by British authorities in the Province of Quebec , raided and destroyed numerous villages on what was then the United States western frontier of New York and Pennsylvania .   A small party of Iroquois entered Cobleskill and drew the local defenders into a trap set by a much larger party of Iroquois and Loyalists under the command of Joseph Brant . After killing a number of the militia and driving off the remainder , Brant 's forces destroyed much of the settlement . New York 's defenders retaliated against Brant 's actions against Cobleskill and other communities by destroying Iroquois villages later in the year , and Continental Army forces destroyed more Iroquois villages in the Sullivan Expedition of 1779 .

neg: Bloor Street Bloor Street is a major east -- west residential and commercial thoroughfare in Toronto , Ontario , Canada . Bloor Street runs from the Prince Edward Viaduct , which spans the Don River Valley , westward into Mississauga where it ends at Central Parkway . East of the viaduct , Danforth Avenue continues along the same right-of-way . The street , approximately 25 km long , contains a significant cross-sample of Toronto 's ethnic communities . It is also home to Toronto 's famous shopping street , the Mink Mile .   The street is named after Joseph Bloore ( a clerical error caused his name to drop an `` e '' ) , a brewer and land speculator of this area in the 19th century who founded the Village of Yorkville in 1830 . He is buried at Necropolis Cemetery on Bayview Avenue and Rosedale Valley Road .   A portion of Line 2 of the Bloor-Danforth subway line runs along Bloor from Kipling Avenue to the Don Valley Parkway , and then continues east along Danforth Avenue .