query: Newcastle United F.C. is well-known around the world.

pos: Newcastle United F.C. Newcastle United Football Club is an English professional association football club based in Newcastle upon Tyne , that will play in the Premier League , the top tier of English football , after winning the Championship title in 2017 . Newcastle United was founded in 1892 by the merger of Newcastle East End and Newcastle West End , and has played at its current home ground , St James ' Park , ever since . The ground was developed into an all-seater stadium in the mid-1990s and now has a capacity of 52,354 . The club has been a member of the Premier League for all but three years of the competition 's history , spending 85 seasons in the top tier as of May 2016 , and has never dropped below English football 's second tier since joining the Football League in 1893 .   They have won four League Championship titles , six FA Cups and a Charity Shield , as well as the 1969 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup and the 2006 UEFA Intertoto Cup . Newcastle United has the ninth highest total of trophies won by an English club . The club 's most successful period was between 1904 and 1910 , when they won an FA Cup and three of their First Division titles . The club were highly successful in the Premier League in the 1990s and early 2000s without winning any trophies , but have been mostly struggling since the 2006 -- 07 season , and were relegated in 2009 and 2016 .   Newcastle has a fierce local rivalry with Sunderland , and the two clubs have engaged in the Tyne -- Wear derby since 1898 . The club 's traditional kit colours are black and white striped shirts , black shorts and black socks . Their traditional crest takes elements of the city coat of arms , which features two grey seahorses .   The club has been owned by Mike Ashley since 2007 , succeeding long term chairman and owner Sir John Hall . The club is the seventeenth highest revenue producing club in the world in terms of annual revenue , generating $ 169.3 m in 2015 . Historically , Newcastle 's highest placing was in 1999 when they were the fifth highest revenue producing football club in the world , and second in England only behind Manchester United .

neg: 1950–51 FA Cup The 1950 -- 51 FA Cup was the 70th season of the world 's oldest football cup competition , the Football Association Challenge Cup , commonly known as the FA Cup . Newcastle United won the competition for the fourth time , beating Blackpool 2 -- 0 in the final at Wembley , London .   Matches were scheduled to be played at the stadium of the team named first on the date specified for each round , which was always a Saturday . If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played , a replay would take place at the stadium of the second-named team later the same week . If the replayed match was drawn further replays would be held at neutral venues until a winner was determined . If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played in a replay , a 30-minute period of extra time would be played .

neg: UEFA The Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA , -LSB- juːˈeɪfə -RSB- Union des Associations Européennes de Football ) Vereinigung Europäischer Fußballverbände ) is the administrative body for association football in Europe , although several member states are primarily or entirely located in Asia . It is one of six continental confederations of world football 's governing body FIFA . UEFA consists of 55 national association members .   UEFA represents the national football associations of Europe , runs nation and club competitions including the UEFA European Championship , UEFA Champions League , UEFA Europa League , and UEFA Super Cup , and controls the prize money , regulations , and media rights to those competitions .   Until 1959 the main headquarters were located in Paris , and later in Bern . In 1995 , UEFA headquarters were transferred to Nyon , Switzerland . Henri Delaunay was the first general secretary and Ebbe Schwartz the first president . The current president is Aleksander Čeferin , a former Football Association of Slovenia president , who was elected as UEFA 's seventh president at the 12th Extraordinary UEFA Congress in Athens in September 2016 , and automatically became a vice-president of the world body FIFA .

neg: Tyne–Wear derby The Tyne-Wear derby , also known as the North East derby and the Wear-Tyne derby is a local derby between the association football clubs Sunderland and Newcastle United . The derby is an inter-city rivalry in North East England with the two cities of Sunderland and Newcastle just twelve miles apart . Sunderland play their home matches at the Stadium of Light whilst Newcastle play their home matches at St. James ' Park . The first meeting of the two sides took place in 1883 , with the first competitive fixture being an 1888 FA Cup tie , which Sunderland won 2 -- 1 . To date , both teams have won the fixture 53 times , whilst sharing 49 draws -- one of which Sunderland went on to win via a penalty shootout . Sunderland have dominated the Tyne -- Wear derby in recent seasons . They are currently undefeated in the last nine matches between the local rivals , including six consecutive victories from 14 April 2013 to 25 October 2015 . The most recent meeting of the two sides , on the 20th March 2016 , was a Premier League match at the St James ' Park and ended in a 1 -- 1 draw , with Jermain Defoe opening the scoring for Sunderland before Aleksandar Mitrovic equalised for Newcastle . Yann M'Vila , who has played in both games , describes it as bigger than the Milan derby .

neg: List of Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. records and statistics Wolverhampton Wanderers Football Club is an English football club based in Wolverhampton . The club was founded as St Luke 's in 1877 , soon becoming Wolverhampton Wanderers , before being a founder member of the Football League in 1888 . Since that time , the club has played in all four professional divisions of the English football pyramid , and been champions of all these levels . They have also been involved in European football , having been one of the first English clubs to enter the European Cup , as well as reaching the final of the first staging of the UEFA Cup .   This list encompasses all honours won by Wolverhampton Wanderers and records set by the club , their managers and their players . The player records section includes details of the club 's leading goalscorers and those who have made most appearances in first-team competitions , as well as transfer fee records paid and received by the club . A list of streaks recording all elements of the game ( wins , losses , clean sheets , etc. ) is also presented .

neg: Gateshead F.C. Gateshead Football Club is a professional football club based in Gateshead , Tyne and Wear , England . Established in 1977 after Gateshead United folded , they are currently members of the and play at the International Stadium .

neg: CONCACAF The Confederation of North , Central America and Caribbean Association Football ( CONCACAF , -LSB- ˈkɒn.kəkæf -RSB- ) is the continental governing body for association football in North America , that includes Central America and the Caribbean regions . Three South American entities -- the independent nations of Guyana and Suriname and the French department of French Guiana -- are also members . CONCACAF 's primary functions are to organize competitions for national teams and clubs , and to conduct Men 's World Cup and Women 's World Cup qualifying tournaments .   CONCACAF was founded in its current form on 18 September 1961 in Mexico City , Mexico , with the merger of the NAFC and the CCCF , which made it one of the then five , now six continental confederations affiliated with FIFA . Canada , Costa Rica , Cuba , El Salvador , Guatemala , Haiti , Honduras , Mexico , Netherlands Antilles ( Curaçao ) , Nicaragua , Panama , Suriname and United States were founding members .   CONCACAF is the third-most successful FIFA confederation . Mexico dominated CONCACAF men 's competition early on and has since won the most Gold Cups since the beginning of the tournament in its current format . The Mexican national team is the only CONCACAF team to win an official FIFA tournament by winning the 1999 FIFA Confederations Cup . They have also reached the Round of 16 for the past 6 World Cups . While the U.S. is the only country outside of Europe and South America to receive a medal in the World Cup , finishing third in 1930 , they also reached the 2002 World Cup quarterfinals and the 2009 Confederations Cup final . Between them , Mexico and the U.S. have won all but one of the editions of the CONCACAF Gold Cup . In recent years Costa Rica has become a power in the region and in 2014 became the 4th CONCACAF country after the United States , Cuba , and Mexico to make the World Cup quarterfinals . The United States has been very successful in the women 's game , being the only CONCACAF member to win all three major worldwide competitions in women 's football -- the World Cup ( 3 ) , the Olympics ( 4 ) , and the Algarve Cup ( 10 ) . Canada is the only other member to win at least one of the major competitions , winning the Algarve Cup in 2016 .

neg: Newcastle Thunder Newcastle Thunder R.L.F.C. is a professional rugby league club based in Newcastle upon Tyne , England . They play in the Kingstone Press League 1 competition , the third tier of rugby league in the United Kingdom . They play their home matches at Kingston Park , also home to rugby union side Newcastle Falcons .   Newcastle is the only professional rugby league club in North East England . The club was founded in 2000 as Gateshead Thunder as a replacement for the original Gateshead Thunder club that had merged into Hull F.C. after one season in the Super League . The club have won one trophy during their run , the 2008 National League 2 championship .

neg: Kenny Dalglish Kenneth Mathieson Dalglish , MBE ( born 4 March 1951 ) is a Scottish former footballer and manager . In a career spanning 22 years , he played for Celtic and Liverpool , winning numerous honours with both . He is Scotland 's most capped player of all time with 102 appearances , and also Scotland 's joint-leading goal scorer , with 30 goals . Dalglish won the Ballon d'Or Silver Award in 1983 , the PFA Player of the Year in 1983 , and the FWA Footballer of the Year in 1979 and 1983 . In 2009 FourFourTwo named Dalglish as the greatest striker in post-war British football , and in 2006 he topped a Liverpool fans ' poll of `` 100 Players Who Shook the Kop '' . He has been inducted into both the Scottish and English Football Halls of Fame .   Dalglish began his career with Celtic in 1971 , going on to win four Scottish First Divisions , four Scottish Cups and one Scottish League Cup with the club . In 1977 , Liverpool manager Bob Paisley paid a British transfer record of # 440,000 ( # today ) to bring Dalglish to Liverpool . His years at Liverpool were among the club 's most successful periods , as he won six Football League First Divisions , two FA Cups , four League Cups , seven FA Charity Shields , three European Cups and one UEFA Super Cup . For these achievements and his style of play he was given the name King Kenny by Liverpool supporters . Dalglish became player-manager of Liverpool in 1985 after the resignation of Joe Fagan , winning a further three First Divisions , two FA Cups and four FA Charity Shields , before resigning from Liverpool in 1991 .   Eight months later Dalglish made a return to football management with Blackburn Rovers , whom he led from the Second Division to win the Premier League in 1995 . Soon afterwards he stepped down as Blackburn manager to become Director of Football at the club , before leaving altogether in 1996 . In January 1997 Dalglish took over as manager at Newcastle United . Newcastle finished runners-up in both the Premier League and FA Cup during his first season , but they could only finish 13th in 1997 -- 98 , which led to his dismissal the following season . Dalglish went on to be appointed Director of Football at Celtic in 1999 , and later manager , where he won the Scottish League Cup before an acrimonious departure the following year .   Between 2000 and 2010 Dalglish focused on charitable concerns , founding The Marina Dalglish Appeal with his wife to raise money for cancer care . In January 2011 Dalglish was appointed Liverpool 's caretaker manager after the dismissal of Roy Hodgson , becoming the permanent manager in May 2011 . Despite winning the League Cup which earned them a place in the Europa League and reaching the FA Cup Final , Liverpool could only finish 8th in the Premier League , and Dalglish was dismissed in May 2012 . In October 2013 , Dalglish returned to Anfield as a non-executive director . On 3 May 2017 , it was announced that in recognition of Dalglish 's contribution to the club and community , the stadium 's Centenary Stand was to be renamed the Kenny Dalglish Stand .

neg: Culture of the United Kingdom The culture of the United Kingdom is influenced by the UK 's history as a developed island country , a liberal democracy and a major power ; its predominantly Christian religious life ; and its composition of four countries -- England , Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland -- each of which has distinct customs , cultures and symbolism . The wider culture of Europe has also influenced British culture , and Humanism , Protestantism and representative democracy developed from broader Western culture .   British literature , music , cinema , art , theatre , comedy , media , television , philosophy , architecture and education are important aspects of British culture . The United Kingdom is also prominent in science and technology , producing world-leading scientists ( e.g. Isaac Newton and Charles Darwin ) and inventions . Sport is an important part of British culture ; numerous sports originated in the country , including football . The UK has been described as a `` cultural superpower '' , and London has been described as a world cultural capital .   The Industrial Revolution , which started in the UK , had a profound effect on the socio-economic and cultural conditions of the world . As a result of the British Empire , significant British influence can be observed in the language , law , culture and institutions of a geographically wide assortment of countries , including Australia , Canada , India , the Republic of Ireland , New Zealand , Nigeria , Pakistan , South Africa , the United States and English speaking Caribbean nations . These states are sometimes collectively known as the Anglosphere , and are among Britain 's closest allies . In turn the empire also influenced British culture , particularly British cuisine .   The cultures of England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland are diverse and have varying degrees of overlap and distinctiveness .

neg: 1986–87 Manchester United F.C. season The 1986 -- 87 season was Manchester United 's 85th season in the Football League , and their 12th consecutive season in the top division of English football .   The pressure on manager Ron Atkinson after last season 's failed title challenge remained strong after United lost their opening three games of the season , and despite some decent results in the following few weeks , United bowed out of the League Cup in a fourth round replay defeat at Southampton , prompting the dismissal of Atkinson on 6 November 1986 after more than five years in charge .   Alex Ferguson was confirmed as Atkinson 's successor within hours , recruited from Scottish side Aberdeen , where he had enjoyed considerable success in the previous seven years . United recovered well in the league after his appointment and finished 11th , managing to scratch up some impressive results including winning both of their league clashes with Liverpool ( results which helped deprive Kenny Dalglish 's side of the league title ) , a 4 -- 1 home win over Newcastle United on New Year 's Day 1987 , a 2 -- 0 home win over a resurgent Arsenal and a 2 -- 0 win at Old Trafford in the Manchester derby which helped push City towards relegation . Their win at Liverpool also made them the only team to win at Liverpool in the league all season .   However , United were prevented from finishing even higher in the league by a few disappointing results after Ferguson 's arrival , beginning with a 2 -- 0 defeat in their first game under Ferguson at Oxford United , losing both of their clashes with newly promoted Wimbledon , being beaten at Old Trafford by Norwich City just after Christmas and suffering a 4 -- 0 defeat at Tottenham near the end of the season , although by the time of the Tottenham game it was mathematically impossible for United to either win the title or suffer relegation ( there was no prospect of European qualification due to the ongoing ban on English clubs in Europe following the Heysel disaster two years earlier ) . United also failed to win any another away games in the league apart from the visit to Liverpool on Boxing Day .   United 's improvement under Ferguson during the season was achieved without making any major signings , although it was widely expected that he would spend heavily on new players during the 1987 close season . He went on to pay Celtic # 850,000 for high-scoring striker Brian McClair . He strengthened the defence by paying Arsenal # 250,000 for experienced full-back Viv Anderson . Unsuccessful bids were also made for several other players : Ferguson expressed an interest in bringing striker Mark Hateley back to England from Milan , but the player opted to remain overseas and signed for AS Monaco instead . He also made a bid to bring Peter Beardsley back to the club from Newcastle United , but the England international forward instead joined Liverpool for a British record fee . Ferguson was offered the chance to sign Watford winger John Barnes , but declined to make an approach for the player due to his faith in Jesper Olsen in the same position .

neg: Mike Ashley (businessman) Michael James Wallace `` Mike '' Ashley ( born 9 September 1964 ) is an English billionaire retail entrepreneur in the sporting goods market . He is also the owner of Newcastle United after paying around # 135 million to buy the club .   Ranked 15th ( in Britain only ) in the 2012 version of Forbes magazine with estimated wealth of # 1.5 billion , Ashley was seen as an intensely private person , who never attended industry functions or gave interviews . Philip Beresford , who compiles the annual Sunday Times list , said neither he nor his staff have ever managed to contact Ashley , and in 2006 described him as `` easily Britain 's answer to the late Howard Hughes '' .   Since Sports Direct International Plc went public , and his purchase of Newcastle United where he took to sitting in the stands with fans , Ashley took on a more public and accessible persona . However , after the departure of Kevin Keegan as manager and the club 's relegation , he has only made low key appearances when attending Newcastle matches . As of October 2014 , Ashley also owns an 8.92 % stake in Scottish football club Rangers .

neg: 1981–82 British Home Championship The 1981-82 British Home Championship between the British Home Nations was won by a dominant England football team which won all three of its matches as the tournament returned after being abandoned in 1981 due to civil disturbances in Northern Ireland . The championship was eagerly awaited because for the first time since 1958 , three of the Home Nations were featuring in a World Cup ; the 1982 FIFA World Cup in Spain and this was a chance to see them in competitive action before the World Cup began . The end-of-season format that had been used throughout the 1970s was dropped as it was felt three games in eight days was too intense at the end of a season and prior to a World Cup . The English began impressively with a heavy victory over Northern Ireland at home , followed by victory away in Wales . The Scots could only manage a draw with the disappointing Irish by contrast although they did beat Wales . The Welsh managed to salvage a result in their third game with a 3 -- 0 defeat of Northern Ireland to claim third place . In the final deciding match in Glasgow , England edged victory through a Paul Mariner goal and thus claimed the championship . In the World Cup , Scotland were eliminated in the first round whilst England went out in the second round without losing a game . The unfancied Irish however provided a shock by beating hosts Spain and eliminating Yugoslavia in the first round before falling victim to the inspired French in round two .

neg: Football in Ivory Coast Football is a popular sport in Côte d'Ivoire . The national team won the Africa Cup of Nations in Senegal in 1992 . In 2006 they participated in the 2006 World Cup in Germany . The youth national teams have also done well in world championships , and the clubs from Côte d'Ivoire have won several continental titles . Among famous players from the country are Kolo Touré of Liverpool , Chelsea striker and former national team captain , Didier Drogba , Wilfried Bony and Yaya Touré of Manchester City , Gervinho and Seydou Doumbia of Roma , and Salomon Kalou of Hertha Berlin .   The Ivory Coast national team won a second African cup of nations in 2015 .

neg: 1995–96 Newcastle United F.C. season During the 1995 -- 96 football season , English club Newcastle United participated in the Premier League , finishing in second place .   An explosive start to the season saw Newcastle storm to the top of the Premier League table . At Christmas 1995 they held a lead of 10 points , which stretched to 12 points in mid-January 1996 . However , a run of five defeats from eight matches enabled Manchester United to catch up and overtake them in March , and Newcastle ultimately finished four points behind Alex Ferguson 's team .

neg: 1979–80 Manchester United F.C. season The 1979 -- 80 season was Manchester United 's 78th season in the Football League , and their fifth consecutive season in the top division of English football . They finished the season second in the league , just two points behind champions Liverpool , and qualified for the 1980 -- 81 UEFA Cup . It was the first season at the club for new midfielder Ray Wilkins , signed in the 1979 close season for a club record fee of # 750,000 . However , United had gained a reputation for playing generally dull football under Sexton , and by the end of his third season as manager they had still yet to win a major trophy , as Liverpool ruled supreme in the English league .

neg: Irving Nattrass Irving Nattrass ( born 20 December 1952 ) is an English former footballer who played as a midfielder for Newcastle and Middlesbrough   Born in Fishburn , England Nattrass attended Ferryhill Grammar School and Signed with Newcastle at age 16 on an apprenticeship .   As a youth player Irving lacked confidence and made slow progress within the club , even going so far as to look for employment elsewhere as a mechanic , however he soon found his stride and went on to sign professionally for the club in July 1970 aged 17 . A year later Irving went on to make his debut against Derby .   The then Newcastle manager Joe Harvey once commented `` Nattrass is my Paul Madeley and I ca n't pay him a bigger compliment than that '' . Paul Madeley was a Leeds and England player who was dubbed the `` Rolls Royce '' of footballers .   Hampered by injuries and disagreements with the Newcastle board he eventually moved to Middlesbrough for the sum of # 375,000 . Nattrass made his league debut for them against Arsenal on 15 September 1979 .   Nattrass is now a successful businessman and keen golfer .

neg: Darlington F.C. Darlington Football Club is an English football club based in Darlington , County Durham . They are members of the and play at Blackwell Meadows .   The club was founded in 1883 , and played its matches at Feethams . The club originally played in regionally organised leagues , and were one of the founding members of the Northern League in 1889 . They were first admitted to the Football League when the Third Division North was formed in 1921 . They won the Third Division North title in 1925 , and their 15th place in the Second Division in 1926 remains their highest ever league finish . After their admission to the League , they spent most of their history in the bottom tier . They won the Third Division North Cup in 1934 , their first victory in nationally organised cup competition . They reached the last 16 of the FA Cup twice , and the quarter-final of the Football League Cup once , in 1968 . In the early 1990s they won successive titles , in the Conference National in 1990 and the Fourth Division in 1991 . In 2011 they won the FA Trophy , defeating Mansfield Town 1 -- 0 at Wembley Stadium .   Darlington moved to the all-seater , 25,000-capacity Darlington Arena in 2003 . The cost of the stadium was a major factor in driving the club into administration . In May 2012 , the club was bought out of a period of administration without entering into a Creditors Voluntary Agreement ( CVA ) . The Football Association ruled that it should be treated as a new club , which required a change of playing name . The name chosen was Darlington 1883 , and that team was placed in the Northern League Division One , the ninth tier of English football , for the 2012 -- 13 season . They won three promotions in four seasons before the FA approved their request to revert to their traditional name .   The club 's main rivals are Hartlepool United . The club 's traditional colours are black and white shirts , black shorts and black and white socks . The club 's crest depicts Locomotion No 1 , referring to the town 's railway history ; as well as a stylised Quaker hat , referring to the religious movement that had a historic influence on the town , and which was the source of the team 's nickname , the Quakers .

neg: Rugby union Rugby union is a contact team sport which originated in England in the first half of the 19th century . One of the two codes of rugby football , it is based on running with the ball in hand . In its most common form , a game is between two teams of 15 players using an oval-shaped ball on a rectangular field with H-shaped goalposts on each try line .   In 1845 , the first football laws were written by Rugby School pupils ; other significant events in the early development of rugby include the Blackheath Club 's decision to leave the Football Association in 1863 and the split between rugby union and rugby league in 1895 . Historically an amateur sport , in 1995 restrictions on payments to players were removed , making the game openly professional at the highest level for the first time .   World Rugby , originally the International Rugby Football Board ( IRFB ) and from 1998 to 2014 the International Rugby Board ( IRB ) , has been the governing body for rugby union since 1886 . Rugby union spread from the Home Nations of Great Britain and Ireland , and was absorbed by many of the countries associated with the British Empire . Early exponents of the sport included Australia , New Zealand , South Africa and France .   Countries that have adopted rugby union as their de facto national sport include Fiji , Georgia , Madagascar , New Zealand , Samoa , Tonga and Wales . Rugby union is played in over 100 countries across six continents ; there are 101 full members and 18 associate members of World Rugby .   The Rugby World Cup , first held in 1987 , takes place every four years with the winner of the tournament receiving the Webb Ellis Cup . The Six Nations Championship in Europe and The Rugby Championship in the Southern Hemisphere are major annual competitions .   Major domestic competitions include the Premiership Rugby in England , Top 14 in France , the Mitre 10 Cup in New Zealand , National Rugby Championship in Australia , and the Currie Cup in South Africa . Other transnational competitions include the Pro12 , involving Irish , Italian , Scottish and Welsh teams ; the European Rugby Champions Cup , involving the top European teams from their respective domestic competitions ; and Super Rugby , launched in 1996 with Australian , New Zealand and South African teams and since 2016 also including teams in Argentina and Japan .

neg: 1994–95 Newcastle United F.C. season This article covers the squad and match results for the 1994 -- 95 season at the English football ( soccer ) club Newcastle United F.C. Newcastle United participated in the FA Premier League , finishing in 6th place .

neg: Victory International The term Victory International or Victory Internationals refers to two series of international football matches played by the national football teams of England , Scotland , Ireland and Wales at end of both the First and Second World Wars . The matches were organised to celebrate the Victory of the Allied Powers in both wars . The term specifically refers to those matches played after the conflicts were over , making them distinct from the wartime internationals which were played during the course of the wars .   Among the games regarded as Victory Internationals were those played as part of the 1945 -- 46 British Victory Home Championship . The 1945 -- 46 season also saw England play Victory internationals against France , Switzerland and Belgium . Scotland also played the latter two national teams . The status of these internationals is open to debate . England , Ireland and Wales do not recognize any of these games as full internationals . Scotland , however , does list the games against Belgium and Switzerland as full internationals . Similarly Belgium , Switzerland and France all regard their Victory Internationals as full internationals .


query: Randy Orton has been unable to move his entire life.

pos: Randy Orton Randal Keith Orton ( born April 1 , 1980 ) is an American professional wrestler and actor . He is currently signed to WWE , where he performs on the SmackDown brand .   Orton is a 13-time world champion . Orton has held the WWE Championship nine times ( eighth reign was as WWE World Heavyweight Champion ) and WWE 's World Heavyweight Championship four times , and was the final holder of the World Heavyweight Championship , which he unified with the WWE Championship to become the WWE World Heavyweight Champion . Orton is a third-generation professional wrestler ; his grandfather Bob Orton , Sr. , his father `` Cowboy '' Bob Orton , and his uncle Barry Orton all competed in the professional wrestling business . Before being promoted to the main World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) roster , Orton trained in and wrestled for Mid-Missouri Wrestling Association-Southern Illinois Conference Wrestling for a month . He was then sent to Ohio Valley Wrestling ( OVW ) , where he held the OVW Hardcore Championship twice .   Orton became a member of the stable Evolution shortly after his WWE debut , which quickly led to an Intercontinental Championship reign , his first title with the company . He also acquired the moniker `` The Legend Killer '' during a storyline where he began disrespecting and then physically attacking WWE Hall of Famers and wrestling veterans . At age 24 , he became the youngest world champion in WWE history after he won the World Heavyweight Championship . With this win , he departed from Evolution and a feud with his former stablemates began . In 2006 , Orton joined forces with Edge in a tag team known as Rated-RKO . Together , they held the World Tag Team Championship . After Rated-RKO disbanded in mid-2007 , Orton gained two WWE Championship reigns in one night , when at 27 he became the youngest two-time WWE Champion . He formed the group The Legacy with Cody Rhodes and Ted DiBiase in 2008 . It disbanded in 2010 and Orton returned to singles competition . From 2013 to 2015 , Orton was aligned with The Authority , who named him the `` face of the WWE '' . In late 2016 he joined The Wyatt Family , winning the WWE SmackDown Tag Team Championship with stablemates Bray Wyatt and Luke Harper before turning on Wyatt in February 2017 .   Overall , Orton has won 16 total championships in WWE . He is the winner of the 2013 Money in the Bank ladder match , both the 2009 and 2017 Royal Rumble matches , and has headlined multiple pay-per-view events for WWE , including WrestleMania XXV and WrestleMania XXX .

neg: Bad Blood (2003) Bad Blood ( 2003 ) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) and presented by Maxim Hair Color , which took place on June 15 , 2003 , at the Compaq Center in Houston , Texas . It was the second event produced under the Bad Blood name and starred wrestlers from the Raw brand . This event marked the beginning of worldwide pay-per-views ( with the exception of the older and more significant Royal Rumble , WrestleMania , SummerSlam and Survivor Series pay-per-views ) being brand exclusive ( UK-only pay-per-views had been brand exclusive since Insurrextion 2002 ) .   The main event was a Hell in a Cell match , featuring wrestlers fighting in a ring surrounded by a steel structure . In this match , World Heavyweight Champion Triple H defeated Kevin Nash to retain his title . Two predominant bouts were featured on the undercard ; in respective singles matches , Ric Flair defeated Shawn Michaels and Goldberg defeated Chris Jericho .   The event marked the second time the Hell in a Cell format was used by WWE in a Bad Blood event ; the first was at In Your House : Badd Blood in 1997 . The 2003 Bad Blood event grossed over $ 500,000 ticket sales from an attendance of 10,000 and received about 285,000 pay-per-view buys , which was more than the following year 's event . This event helped WWE increase its yearly pay-per-view revenue by $ 6.2 million from the previous year . When the event was released on DVD , it reached a peak position of second on Billboard 's DVD Sales Chart .

neg: WWE Cruiserweight Championship (1991–2007) The WWE Cruiserweight Championship was a professional wrestling championship originally used in World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) and later , World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment ( WWF/WWE ) . It was challenged by cruiserweights at a maximum weight of 225lbs . Following the acquisition of WCW by the then-WWF in 2001 , it became a WWF ( and later , WWE ) championship and replaced the WWF Light Heavyweight Championship . During the first WWE brand extension , it was the only title to be exclusive to the SmackDown ! brand during its entire tenure .   The championship was created in WCW in 1996 , with Shinjiro Otani as the inaugural champion . However , following WCW 's purchase , the WWF/E considered the title to be a continuation of the earlier WCW Light Heavyweight Championship , which had been created in 1991 with Brian Pillman as the inaugural champion . The Cruiserweight Championship was retired in 2007 with Hornswoggle as its final holder .   A new WWE Cruiserweight Championship was created in 2016 , and although both championships share the same name , the new championship does not carry the lineage of the original . The new WWE Cruiserweight Championship also has a different weight limit of 205lbs ( 93kg )

neg: Angelo Savoldi Mario Louis Fornini , Sr. ( April 21 , 1914 -- September 20 , 2013 ) was an American professional wrestler and wrestling promoter , better known professionally as Angelo Savoldi . At the time of his death , he was known as the world 's oldest retired wrestler at the age of 99 .

neg: List of WWE United States Champions The WWE United States Championship is a professional wrestling championship contested in the American promotion WWE on the SmackDown brand . It was originally known as the NWA United States Heavyweight Championship and began as a regional championship created by and defended in Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling , run by Jim Crockett , Jr. . Harley Race became the inaugural champion on the title 's introduction on January 1 , 1975 . Turner Broadcasting bought the company in November 1988 and renamed it World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) after its primary television program .   In March 2001 , the then-WWF bought selected assets of WCW . This resulted in the WCW United States Heavyweight Championship becoming a championship for the WWF , who referred to it as the WCW United States Championship . At Survivor Series in November 2001 , the WCW United States and WWF Intercontental Championships were unified , resulting in the United States Championship being deactivated . In July 2003 , the title was reactivated as the WWE United States Championship . As a result of the 2017 WWE Superstar Shake-up , it is exclusively contested on the SmackDown brand .   The championship is contested in professional wrestling matches , in which participants execute scripted finishes rather than contend in direct competition . Some reigns were held by champions using a ring name , while others used their real name . As of , , the current champion is Kevin Owens , who is in his second reign .   Overall , there have been 83 different champions . Ric Flair holds the record for having the most reigns at six , while John Cena holds the record for most reigns under the WWE banner at five . Lex Luger holds the record for longest reign , with his third reign lasting a total of 523 days , while Dean Ambrose holds the longest reign under the WWE banner , at 351 days ( overall the third longest in the title 's history ) . Only two men , Lex Luger and Rick Rude , have held the championship for a continuous reign of one year ( 365 days ) or more .

neg: WrestleMania VII WrestleMania VII was the seventh annual WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) . It took place on March 24 , 1991 , at the Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena in Los Angeles , California . The main event saw Hulk Hogan defeat Sgt. Slaughter for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship as part of a controversial storyline in which Sgt. Slaughter portrayed an Iraqi sympathizer during the United States ' involvement in the Gulf War . Significant events on the undercard included The Undertaker 's WrestleMania debut and the beginning of his renowned winning streak , a retirement match between Randy Savage and The Ultimate Warrior leading to the former 's reuniting with estranged love Miss Elizabeth , as well as the final match of the original Hart Foundation , after which Bret Hart became primarily a singles wrestler .

neg: Tony Borne Anthony Wayne `` Tony '' Osborne ( July 13 , 1926 -- August 27 , 2010 ) was an American professional wrestler , better known by his ring name , `` Tough '' Tony Borne .

neg: Verne Gagne Laverne Clarence `` Verne '' Gagne ( -LSB- ɡænjeɪ -RSB- February 26 , 1926 -- April 27 , 2015 ) was an American professional wrestler , football player , wrestling trainer , and wrestling promoter . He was the owner and promoter of the Minneapolis-based American Wrestling Association ( AWA ) , the predominant promotion throughout the Midwest and Manitoba for many years . He remained in this position until 1991 , when the company folded .   Gagne was a 16-time World Heavyweight Champion , having held the AWA World Heavyweight Championship ten times , the World Heavyweight Championship ( Omaha version ) five times , and the IWA World Heavyweight Championship once . He holds the record for the longest combined reign as a world champion and is third ( behind Bruno Sammartino and Lou Thesz ) for the longest single world title reign . He is one of only six men inducted into each of the WWE , WCW and Professional Wrestling halls of fame .

neg: No Mercy (2007) No Mercy ( 2007 ) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) , which took place on October 7 , 2007 , at the Allstate Arena in Rosemont , Illinois . It was the 10th annual No Mercy event and involved wrestlers from the Raw , SmackDown ! , and ECW brands .   Nine professional wrestling matches were scheduled on the event 's supercard . In the main event matches , Randy Orton defeated WWE Champion Triple H in a Last Man Standing match , and World Heavyweight Champion Batista defeated challenger The Great Khali in a Punjabi Prison match . Also on the undercard , WWE Champion Triple H defeated Umaga to retain his title and Finlay and Rey Mysterio fought to a no contest .   The 2007 No Mercy event had an approximate attendance of 12,500 and received approximately 271,000 pay-per-view buys . This event helped WWE obtain a pay-per-view revenue of $ 19.9 million . When the event was released on DVD , it reached a peak position of nineteenth on Billboard 's DVD Sales Chart .

neg: All Star Wrestling All Star Wrestling is a British Professional wrestling promotion also known as All Star Promotions , Superslam Wrestling and Big Time Wrestling and originally known as Wrestling Enterprises ( of Birkenhead ) , run by Brian Dixon and based in Liverpool , England . Dixon 's promotion tours theatres , leisure centres , town halls and similar venues , many of them old venues for televised wrestling in the UK in the 1950-1980s , as well as holiday camps . It is the oldest active wrestling promotion in the UK , and furthermore the longest-running UK wrestling promotion ever - a record it has held since September 2013 , when it eclipsed the 42 years and 11 months lifespan of Joint Promotions/Ring Wrestling Stars ( March 1952 -- February 1995 ) .   All Star contributed to the final two years of ITV 's regular televised wrestling programme in the UK in 1987-1988 and some of their matches were included on VHS and DVD compilations and repeated as part of the World of Sport programming on The Fight Network , formerly The Wrestling Channel , until it stopped transmission in 2008 . These matches are currently being repeated on the Men & Movies channel .

neg: Davey Boy Smith David `` Davey Boy '' Smith ( 27 November 1962 -- 18 May 2002 ) was a British professional wrestler . Born in Golborne , Lancashire , Smith is best known for his appearances in the United States with the World Wrestling Federation under his own name and under the ring name The British Bulldog .   He was trained by Ted Betley in Winwick , England before relocating to Calgary , Alberta , Canada to further his training under Stu Hart . While training with Hart , Smith met Stu and Helen Hart 's youngest daughter Diana , whom he married in 1984 . One of their two children , Harry , is also a professional wrestler .   Smith won titles within the WWF in three decades , from the 1980s to the 2000s . Never a world champion , Smith nevertheless headlined multiple pay-per-view events in the WWF and WCW , in which he challenged for the WWF - and WCW World Heavyweight championships . He defeated Bret Hart for the WWF Intercontinental Championship in the main event of SummerSlam 1992 at London 's original Wembley Stadium ; he also has the distinction of being the inaugural and longest reigning WWF European Champion in a total of 206 days , and to have held the title on the sole occasion where a match for that championship headlined a pay-per-view event , at One Night Only in 1997 . Prior to finding singles success , Smith achieved stardom as one half of The British Bulldogs tag team , alongside the Dynamite Kid .

neg: Moonsault A moonsault , moonsault press , or back flip splash is a professional wrestling aerial technique . It was innovated by Mando Guerrero . Much of its popularity in both Japanese and American wrestling is attributed to The Great Muta , despite it being used in North America by `` Leaping '' Lanny Poffo years before Muta came from Japan .  In a standard moonsault , which is generally attempted from the top rope , a wrestler faces away from the supine opponent and executes a backflip landing on the opponent in a splash/press position but facing towards the elevated position . Though this move is generally attempted from the top rope to an opponent lying face up in the mat , myriad variations exist , including moonsaults that see the wrestler land on a standing opponent and forcing them down to the mat . The move is considered a higher-impact version of a splash , since the wrestler utilizes rotational speed .   A less common variation sees the wrestler perform a moonsault on a standing opponent , with the torso of the wrestler striking the torso of the opponent ( albeit upside down ) , forcing the opponent backwards and to the ground with the opponent on top of them , usually placing the opponent in a pinning predicament . Most of the variations listed below can also be performed on standing opponents .

neg: Samoa Joe Nuufolau Joel `` Joe '' Seanoa ( born March 17 , 1979 ) , better known by his ring name Samoa Joe , is an American professional wrestler currently signed to WWE and performing on the Raw brand . He was previously best known for his time with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) and Ring of Honor ( ROH ) .   Joe established himself in ROH from the promotion 's beginning in 2002 , holding the ROH World Championship for a record 21 months from May 2003 to December 2004 . Upon joining TNA in June 2005 , he embarked on an 19-month-long undefeated streak , and went on to hold the TNA World Heavyweight Championship once , the TNA X Division Championship five times , the TNA World Tag Team Championship twice , and the TNA Television Championship once ; completing the TNA Triple Crown and the TNA Grand Slam .   He also wrestled internationally and on the independent circuit for various promotions , winning several titles , including the GHC Tag Team Championship with Magnus in Pro Wrestling Noah , and he was an inaugural NWA Intercontinental Tag Team Champion with Keiji Sakoda in Pro Wrestling Zero1 . He left TNA in February 2015 , briefly competing again in ROH and the independent circuit .   Joe officially debuted in WWE 's developmental territory NXT in May 2015 , and signed a full-time contract with the company in June ; he went on to become the first ever two-time NXT Champion .

neg: Ring of Honor Ring of Honor ( ROH ) is an American professional wrestling promotion , founded in 2002 by RF Video owner Rob Feinstein . From 2004 to 2011 , the promotion was under the ownership of Cary Silkin before being sold to the Sinclair Broadcast Group ( SBG ) , an American telecommunications company that operates the largest number of local television stations in the United States .   ROH holds TV tapings , pay-per-view events , live events , and Internet pay-per-view events throughout the United States and Canada . It has also held shows in the United Kingdom and Japan . Annual shows include the Anniversary Show , Supercard of Honor ( held annually during WrestleMania weekend ) , Best in the World , Global Wars , Death Before Dishonor , Glory By Honor , and Final Battle ( the last show of the calendar year and ROH 's marquee event ) .   ROH records all of its shows and sells them on DVD through mail order via its online store , and the DVDs have developed a fanbase for the promotion in the United States and beyond . In 2009 , ROH signed a television deal with HDNet , which aired shows every week until 2011 . As of September 2011 , ROH 's flagship broadcast Ring of Honor Wrestling has been syndicated by parent company Sinclair Broadcasting , and airs on Sinclair owned stations across the country . ROH is also broadcast on Samurai TV in Japan , and is the third-largest professional wrestling promotion in the United States , behind WWE and after Impact Wrestling .   On June 22 , 2014 , ROH had its first live pay-per-view broadcast , Best in the World , from Nashville , Tennessee . It was followed-up on December 7 with their biggest show of the year Final Battle , from Terminal 5 in New York City . Their next pay-per-view aired March 1 , 2015 , which was their 13th Anniversary Show , from Las Vegas , Nevada .

neg: Stone Cold Steve Austin Steve Austin ( born Steven James Anderson on December 18 , 1964 , later Steven James Williams ) , better known by the ring name `` Stone Cold '' Steve Austin , is an American actor , media personality , producer , and retired professional wrestler who is signed to a Legends contract with WWE . Veteran pro wrestling journalist Wade Keller remarked that Austin is `` in every conversation for the greatest wrestling act of all time '' , as well as for `` the most profitable and the most influential '' .   He enjoyed a successful mid card career as `` Stunning '' Steve Austin in World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) and a stint as a main event performer in Extreme Championship Wrestling ( ECW ) during the early and mid 1990s , before signing with the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) in 1995 as The Ringmaster . Rebranded `` Stone Cold '' Steve Austin the following year , he gained significant mainstream popularity as a disrespectful , beer-drinking antihero who routinely defied the establishment and his boss , company chairman Vince McMahon . This persona of Austin 's became the `` poster boy '' of the Attitude Era , a boom period in WWF business in the latter 1990s and early 2000s . He also devised the long-standing `` What ? '' chant in pro wrestling . Several prominent industry figures , including McMahon , have declared Austin to be the biggest star in WWF/E history , while stressing that he surpassed the popularity of Hulk Hogan .   Austin held 19 championships throughout his wrestling career ; he is a six-time WWF Champion , a two-time WWF Intercontinental Champion , and a four-time WWF Tag Team Champion , thus making him the fifth Triple Crown Champion in WWE history , while also being a two-time WCW United States Heavyweight Champion , a two-time WCW World Television Champion , a one-time WCW World Tag Team Champion , and a one-time NWA World Tag Team Champion in WCW . He was also the winner of the 1996 King of the Ring tournament , as well as the 1997 , 1998 , and 2001 Royal Rumbles , making him the only three-time winner of the event . Furthermore , he was awarded the unsanctioned Million Dollar Championship by Ted DiBiase .   Austin has headlined multiple pay-per-view events for the WWF , including three WrestleManias ( XIV , XV , and X-Seven ) . He was forced to retire from in-ring competition in 2003 due to a series of knee injuries and a serious neck injury . Throughout the rest of 2003 and 2004 , he was featured as the Co-General Manager and `` Sheriff '' of Raw . Since 2005 , he has continued to make occasional appearances , and was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2009 by Vince McMahon . In 2011 , Austin returned to WWE to host the reboot of the reality series Tough Enough .

neg: Bret "Hit Man" Hart: The Best There Is, the Best There Was, the Best There Ever Will Be Bret `` Hit Man '' Hart : The Best There Is , The Best There Was , The Best There Ever Will Be also known as The Bret Hart Story : The Best There Is , The Best There Was , The Best There Ever Will Be is a best selling DVD documentary film released as part of a three-DVD set on November 15 , 2005 , by World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) . The documentary chronicles the career of popular WWE wrestler Bret Hart . Hart collaborated with WWE to make the documentary , contributing hours of interview content to the film . This collaboration marked the first time Hart had worked in an on camera capacity with WWE since the Montreal Screwjob , which was Hart 's last in-ring appearance with the company until his return on January 4 , 2010 . The documentary chronicles Bret Hart 's wrestling career , from how he broke into the business as a member of the Hart family to his run in World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) . Highlights of matches from his days in his father 's Stampede Wrestling promotion , as well as his time in the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) and WCW are shown while insight is provided from Hart about what went on behind the scenes .   This is the second documentary about Bret Hart , the first being Hitman Hart : Wrestling with Shadows ( which was produced with cooperation by the WWF , but not released by WWF/E Home Video ) which chronicles Hart 's last days wrestling in the WWF and talks about his relationship with his brother Owen .

neg: Elimination Chamber (2014) Elimination Chamber ( 2014 ) ( known as No Escape ( 2014 ) in GermanyFor Germany , it was feared that the name `` Elimination Chamber '' may remind people of the gas chambers used during the Holocaust . ) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by WWE . The fifth Elimination Chamber event took place on February 23 , 2014 , at the Target Center in Minneapolis .   Eight matches , including the pre-show , took place at the event . In the Elimination Chamber match main event for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship , Randy Orton retained his title against John Cena , Daniel Bryan , Christian , Cesaro and Sheamus .   The event had 183,000 buys , down from previous year 's 213,000 buys .

neg: Jesse Sorensen Jessy Ryan Sorensen ( born April 1 , 1989 ) is an American professional wrestler , who is best known for his time in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) , where in February 2012 , he suffered a severe neck injury that took him out of action for over a year .

neg: Mauro Di Pasquale Mauro G. Di Pasquale , B.Sc. , MD , MRO , MFS is a world champion powerlifter , bodybuilding author and columnist . Di Pasquale was an assistant professor at the University of Toronto from 1988 to 1998 . He lectured and researched on athletic performance , nutritional supplements and drug use in sports . He holds an honors degree in biological science , majoring in molecular biochemistry ( 1968 ) , and a medical degree ( 1971 ) - both from the University of Toronto . Di Pasquale is certified as a Medical Review Officer ( MRO ) by the Medical Review Officer Certification Council ( MROCC ) . He was the MRO for the National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing ( NASCAR ) . From 1997 to 1999 Di Pasquale was involved in writing , research and product development for Experimental and Applied Sciences ( EAS ) .   As a bodybuilding author , Di Pasquale has written thousands of articles for many large bodybuilding and fitness magazines such as Muscle & Fitness and Iron Man . He has also written several books on bodybuilding related topics such as bodybuilding nutrition and performance-enhancing drugs . Impressed by the way Di Pasquale would monitor steroid use in the bodybuilding industry , World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) owner Vince McMahon hired him in June 1992 to monitor the company 's new drug testing program ; at this time , McMahon was facing criminal charges for allegedly supplying steroids to some of his wrestlers in a manner that violated federal law and was hoping to regain public confidence . While working with the WWF , Di Pasquale took a hardline approach and ensured that anyone who failed a drug test would leave the company ; such an example showed when WWF wrestler The Ultimate Warrior failed a drug test in September 1992 . His firm policy towards steroid use earned him the nickname `` Mr. Steroid Hunter . ''

neg: Face (professional wrestling) In professional wrestling , a face ( babyface ) is a heroic or a `` good guy '' wrestler , booked ( scripted ) by the promotion with the aim of being cheered by fans . Faces , traditionally , wrestle within the rules and avoid cheating ( in contrast to the heels who use illegal moves and call in additional wrestlers to do their work for them ) while behaving positively towards the referee and the audience .   Such characters are also referred to as blue-eyes in British wrestling , and técnicos in lucha libre . The face character is portrayed as a hero relative to the heel wrestlers , who are analogous to villains . Not everything a face wrestler does must be heroic : faces need only to be cheered by the audience to be effective characters . The vast majority of wrestling storylines involving faces place a face against a heel , although more elaborate set-ups ( such as two faces being manipulated by a nefarious outside party into fighting ) often happen as well .   In the world of lucha libre wrestling , they 're generally known for using moves requiring technical skill , particularly aerial maneuvers , and wearing outfits using bright colors with positive associations ( such as solid white ) . This is contrasted with the villainous rudos that are generally known for being brawlers , using physical moves that emphasize brute strength and/or size while often having outfits akin to demons or other nasty characters .

neg: El Gran Luchadore El Gran Luchadore is the name of a masked Mexican professional wrestling character in World Wrestling Entertainment , seen on its SmackDown ! brand in 2004 . El Gran Luchadore ( loosely translated from Spanish to `` The Great Fighter/Wrestler , '' `` Luchadore '' is also an incorrect spelling , luchador is the correct spelling ) was mainly used as a jobber gimmick to put over other wrestlers .   The first WWE wrestler to wrestle as the El Gran Luchadore was Paul London on April 22 , 2004 in a squash match against John Bradshaw Layfield ( JBL ) , Paul Heyman convinced Bradshaw to accept a match with the `` Mexican Heavyweight Champion '' after hearing that El Gran Luchadore punked out Bradshaw at an airport .   Next up was Shannon Moore on July 8 , 2004 , billed as the `` champion of Mexico '' , would face WWE Champion JBL in a champion vs. champion match ( no titles on the line ) . A second squash match for JBL took an unexpected turn when El Gran Luchadore pulled a switcharoo with Eddie Guerrero ( in El Gran 's costume ) who came back fighting . When JBL finally clued that it was Guerrero , he ran away from the ring getting counted out in the process , allowing El Gran Luchadore to pick up his first victory .   The next appearance of El Gran Luchadore was on July 15 , 2004 edition of SmackDown ! . During a Steel Cage match between Guerrero and JBL which saw both men sat on top of the Cage , exchanging punches until El Gran Luchadore ran down and climbed into the cage . This El Gran Luchadore held Eddie Guerrero 's leg , allowing Bradshaw to climb down the side of the cage to win . After the match El Gran Luchadore tried to get out of the locked door , but then decided to climb out the way he came in . Eddie Guerrero got to his feet and climbed up the cage struggling to get him back into the cage . Luchadore was able to get away , but in the struggle Guerrero pulled the mask off of him , revealing him to be the supposedly injured Kurt Angle .


query: Adderall contains a levoamphetamine component along with a dextroamphetamine component.

pos: Adderall Adderall is a combination drug containing salts of the two enantiomers of amphetamine , a central nervous system ( CNS ) stimulant of the phenethylamine class . Adderall is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) and narcolepsy . It is also used as an athletic performance enhancer and cognitive enhancer , and recreationally as an aphrodisiac and euphoriant . By salt content , the active ingredients of Adderall are 25 % levoamphetamine salts ( the levorotary or ` left-handed ' enantiomer ) and 75 % dextroamphetamine salts ( the dextrorotary or ` right-handed ' enantiomer ) .   Adderall is generally well-tolerated and effective in treating the symptoms of ADHD and narcolepsy . At therapeutic doses , Adderall causes emotional and cognitive effects such as euphoria , change in desire for sex , increased wakefulness , and improved cognitive control . At these doses , it induces physical effects such as decreased reaction time , fatigue resistance , and increased muscle strength . In contrast , much larger doses of Adderall can impair cognitive control , cause rapid muscle breakdown , or induce a psychosis ( e.g. , delusions and paranoia ) . The side effects of Adderall vary widely among individuals , but most commonly include insomnia , dry mouth , and loss of appetite . The risk of developing an addiction is insignificant when Adderall is used as prescribed at fairly low daily doses , such as those used for treating ADHD ; however , the routine use of Adderall in larger daily doses poses a significant risk of addiction due to the pronounced reinforcing effects that are present at higher doses . Recreational doses of Adderall are generally much larger than prescribed therapeutic doses , and carry a far greater risk of serious adverse effects .   The two amphetamine enantiomers that compose Adderall ( i.e. , levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine ) alleviate the symptoms of ADHD and narcolepsy by increasing the activity of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and dopamine in the brain , which results from their interactions with trace amine associated receptor 1 ( TAAR1 ) and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 ( VMAT2 ) in neurons . Dextroamphetamine is a more potent stimulant than levoamphetamine , but levoamphetamine has slightly stronger cardiovascular and peripheral effects and a longer elimination half-life ( i.e. , it remains in the body longer ) than dextroamphetamine . The levoamphetamine component of Adderall has been reported to improve the treatment response in some individuals relative to dextroamphetamine alone . Adderall 's active ingredient , amphetamine , shares many chemical and pharmacological properties with the human trace amines , particularly phenethylamine and , the latter of which is a positional isomer of amphetamine .

neg: Dextropropoxyphene Dextropropoxyphene is an analgesic in the opioid category , patented in 1955 and manufactured by Eli Lilly and Company . It is an optical isomer of levopropoxyphene . It is intended to treat mild pain and also has antitussive ( cough suppressant ) and local anaesthetic effects . The drug has been taken off the market in Europe and the US due to concerns of fatal overdoses and heart arrhythmias . Its onset of analgesia ( pain relief ) is said to be 20 -- 30 minutes and peak effects are seen about 1.5 -- 2 hours after oral administration .   Dextropropoxyphene is sometimes combined with acetaminophen . Trade names include Darvocet-N and Di-Gesic , Darvon with APAP ( for dextropropoxyphene and paracetamol ) . The British approved name ( i.e. the generic name of the active ingredient ) of the paracetamol/dextropropoxyphene preparation is `` co-proxamol '' ( sold under a variety of brand names ) ; however , it has been withdrawn since 2007 , and is no longer available to new patients , with exceptions . The paracetamol combination ( s ) are known as Capadex or Di-Gesic in Australia , Lentogesic in South Africa , and Di-Antalvic in France ( unlike co-proxamol , which is an approved name , these are all brand names ) .   Dextropropoxyphene is known under several synonyms , including :  Alpha-d-4-dimethylamino-3-methyl-1 ,2 - diphenyl-2-butanol propionate  -LSB- ( 2S ,3 S ) -4 - ( Dimethylamino ) -3 - methyl-1 ,2 - diphenylbutan-2-yl -RSB- propanoate  -1,2 - Diphenyl-2-propionoxy - 3-methyl-4-di-methylaminobutane  Desoxypropiophen

neg: Indolamines Indolamines are a family of neurotransmitters that share a common molecular structure ( namely , indolamine ) . Indolamines are a classification of monoamine neurotransmitter , along with catecholamines and ethylamine . A common example of an indolamine is the tryptophan derivative serotonin , a neurotransmitter involved in mood and sleep . Another example of an indolamine is melatonin , which regulates the sleep-wake cycle ( circadian rhythm ) in humans .   In biochemistry , indolamines are substituted indole compounds that contain an amino group . Examples of indoleamines include the lysergamides .

neg: Drug prohibition law Drug prohibition law is prohibition-based law by which governments prohibit , except under licence , the production , supply , and possession of many , but not all , substances which are recognized as drugs , and which corresponds to international treaty commitments in the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 1961 , the Convention on Psychotropic Substances 1971 , and the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances 1988 .   When produced , supplied or possessed under licence , otherwise prohibited drugs are known as controlled drugs . The aforementioned legislation is the cultural institution and social fact that de facto divides world drug trade as illegal vs legal , according to geopolitical issues . The United Nations has its own drug control programme , as part of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime ( UNODC ) , which was formerly called the United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention ( ODCCP ) , and the Commission on Narcotic Drugs is the central drug policy-making body within the United Nations system .   The International Narcotics Control Board ( INCB ) is an independent and quasi-judicial control organ for the implementation of the United Nations drug control conventions . It is important to note that there are several different sets of `` schedules '' , or lists , of controlled drugs . One is the INCB schedules ( four schedules numbered I-IV ) , while another is the United States ' Controlled Substances Act schedules of controlled substances ( five schedules , numbered I-V ) . Other countries also have different classifications and numbers of lists , such as those of the United Kingdom and Canada .

neg: Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor A serotonin -- norepinephrine -- dopamine reuptake inhibitor ( SNDRI ) , also known as a triple reuptake inhibitor ( TRI ) , is a type of drug that acts as a combined reuptake inhibitor of the monoamine neurotransmitters serotonin , norepinephrine , and dopamine . It does this by concomitantly inhibiting the serotonin transporter ( SERT ) , norepinephrine transporter ( NET ) , and dopamine transporter ( DAT ) , respectively . Inhibition of the reuptake of these neurotransmitters increases their extracellular concentrations and , therefore , results in an increase in serotonergic , adrenergic , and dopaminergic neurotransmission .   SNDRIs were developed as potential antidepressants and treatments for other disorders , such as obesity , cocaine addiction , attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) , and chronic pain . They are an extension of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs ) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors ( SNRIs ) whereby the addition of dopaminergic action is thought to have the possibility of heightening therapeutic benefit . However , increased side effects and abuse potential are potential concerns of these agents relative to their SSRI and SNRI counterparts .   The SNDRIs are similar to non-selective monoamine oxidase inhibitors ( MAOIs ) such as phenelzine and tranylcypromine in that they increase the action of all three of the major monoamine neurotransmitters . They are also very similar to serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agents ( SNDRAs ) like MDMA ( `` ecstasy '' ) and α-ethyltryptamine ( αET ) for the same reason , although they act via a different mechanism and have differing physiological and qualitative effects . One of the ways in which this is so is that SNDRIs lack the entactogenic , psychedelic , and neurotoxic effects of SNDRAs like MDMA and αET .   Cocaine is a naturally occurring SNDRI with a fast onset and short duration ( about two hours ) that is widely encountered as a drug of abuse . Although their primary mechanisms of action are as NMDA receptor antagonists , ketamine and phencyclidine are also SNDRIs and are similarly encountered as drugs of abuse .

neg: 3-Methylphenethylamine 3-Methylphenethylamine ( 3MPEA ) is an organic compound with the chemical formula of . 3MPEA is a human trace amine associated receptor 1 ( TAAR1 ) agonist , a property which it shares with its monomethylated phenethylamine isomers , such as amphetamine ( α-methylphenethylamine ) , , and ( a trace amine ) .   Very little data , even on toxicity , is available about its effects on humans other than the fact that it is corrosive and activates the human TAAR1 receptor .

neg: Cyclopentamine Cyclopentamine ( trade names Clopane , Cyclonarol , Cyclosal , Cyklosan , Nazett , Sinos , among others ) is a sympathomimetic alkylamine , classified as a vasoconstrictor . Cyclopentamine was indicated in the past as an over-the-counter ( OTC ) medication for use as a nasal decongestant , notably in Europe and Australia , but has now been largely discontinued possibly due to the availability , effectiveness , and safety of a structurally similar drug , propylhexedrine .

neg: Muscle relaxant A muscle relaxant is a drug that affects skeletal muscle function and decreases the muscle tone . It may be used to alleviate symptoms such as muscle spasms , pain , and hyperreflexia . The term `` muscle relaxant '' is used to refer to two major therapeutic groups : neuromuscular blockers and spasmolytics . Neuromuscular blockers act by interfering with transmission at the neuromuscular end plate and have no central nervous system ( CNS ) activity . They are often used during surgical procedures and in intensive care and emergency medicine to cause temporary paralysis . Spasmolytics , also known as `` centrally acting '' muscle relaxants , are used to alleviate musculoskeletal pain and spasms and to reduce spasticity in a variety of neurological conditions . While both neuromuscular blockers and spasmolytics are often grouped together as muscle relaxants , the term is commonly used to refer to spasmolytics only .

neg: Levomoprolol Levomoprolol is a beta adrenergic antagonist . It is the ( S ) - enantiomer of moprolol .

neg: Alpha-Methylserotonin α-Methylserotonin ( αMS ) , also known as α-methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine ( α-methyl-5-HT ) or 5-hydroxy-α-methyltryptamine ( 5-HO-αMT ) , is a tryptamine derivative closely related to the neurotransmitter serotonin ( 5-HT ) . It acts as a non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and has been used extensively in scientific research to study the function of the serotonin system .   Unlike serotonin , αMS is not metabolized by monoamine oxidase on account of the α-methyl substituent blocking the enzyme 's access to the amine . As a result , it has a much longer half-life in comparison . Similarly to serotonin however , αMS poorly crosses the blood-brain-barrier due to its free hydroxyl group , and thus has only weak or no central effects when administered peripherally .   α-Methyltryptophan ( αMTP ) is a prodrug to αMS which does cross the blood-brain-barrier and thus efficiently delivers αMS into the central nervous system . As a result , αMTP acts as an orally bioavailable false or substitute neurotransmitter for serotonin , and has been suggested as a possible therapeutic agent in the treatment of disorders where serotonin is deficient . The O-methylated analogue of αMS , 5-MeO-αMT , also readily enters the brain and could be used for this purpose as well .

neg: Ampromide Ampromides are a class of opioid drugs which includes :   Diampromide  Phenampromide  Propiram

neg: Sertraline Sertraline ( trade names Zoloft and others ) is an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor ( SSRI ) class . It was introduced to the market by Pfizer in 1991 . Sertraline is primarily prescribed for major depressive disorder in adult outpatients as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder , panic disorder , and social anxiety disorder , in both adults and children . In 2013 , it was the most prescribed antidepressant and second most prescribed psychiatric medication ( after alprazolam ) on the U.S. retail market , with over 41 million prescriptions .   Differences with other newer antidepressants are subtle and mostly confined to side effects . It is similar in tolerability profile to other SSRIs , with the types of adverse events usually including diarrhea , nausea , and sexual dysfunction . The incidence of diarrhea was higher with sertraline -- especially when prescribed at higher doses -- in comparison to other SSRIs .

neg: 5-HT2C receptor agonist Serotonin 5-HT2 receptors are stimulated by monoamine neurotransmitters including serotonin , dopamine and norepinephrine . 5-HT2 receptor stimulation causes a buildup of intracellular inositol triphosphate and thereby an increase of cytosolic Ca2 + . 5-HT2C receptor agonists are attractive drug targets that have potential use in the treatment of a number of conditions including obesity , psychiatric disorders , sexual dysfunction and urinary incontinence .   The 5-HT2C receptors are one of three subtypes that belong to the serotonin 5-HT2 receptor subfamily along with 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B receptors . The development of 5-HT2C agonists has been a major obstacle , because of severe side effects due to a lack of selectivity over 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B receptors . Activation of 5-HT2A receptors can induce hallucinations , and the activation of 5-HT2B receptors has been implicated in cardiac valvular insufficiency and possibly in pulmonary hypertension .

neg: Benzodiazepine Benzodiazepines ( BZD , BZs ) , sometimes called `` benzos '' , are a class of psychoactive drugs whose core chemical structure is the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring . The first such drug , chlordiazepoxide ( Librium ) , was discovered accidentally by Leo Sternbach in 1955 , and made available in 1960 by Hoffmann -- La Roche , which , since 1963 , has also marketed the benzodiazepine diazepam ( Valium ) . In 1977 benzodiazepines were globally the most prescribed medications .   Benzodiazepines enhance the effect of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid ( GABA ) at the GABAA receptor , resulting in sedative , hypnotic ( sleep-inducing ) , anxiolytic ( anti-anxiety ) , anticonvulsant , and muscle relaxant properties . High doses of many shorter-acting benzodiazepines may also cause anterograde amnesia and dissociation . These properties make benzodiazepines useful in treating anxiety , insomnia , agitation , seizures , muscle spasms , alcohol withdrawal and as a premedication for medical or dental procedures . Benzodiazepines are categorized as either short - , intermediate - , or long-acting . Short - and intermediate-acting benzodiazepines are preferred for the treatment of insomnia ; longer-acting benzodiazepines are recommended for the treatment of anxiety .   Benzodiazepines are generally viewed as safe and effective for short-term use , although cognitive impairment and paradoxical effects such as aggression or behavioral disinhibition occasionally occur . A minority of people can have paradoxical reactions such as worsened agitation or panic . Long-term use is controversial because of concerns about adverse psychological and physical effects , decreasing effectiveness , and physical dependence and withdrawal . As a result of adverse effects associated with the long-term use of benzodiazepines , withdrawal from benzodiazepines , in general , leads to improved physical and mental health . The elderly are at an increased risk of suffering from both short - and long-term adverse effects , and as a result , all benzodiazepines are listed in the Beers List of inappropriate medications for older adults .   There is controversy concerning the safety of benzodiazepines in pregnancy . While they are not major teratogens , uncertainty remains as to whether they cause cleft palate in a small number of babies and whether neurobehavioural effects occur as a result of prenatal exposure ; they are known to cause withdrawal symptoms in the newborn . Benzodiazepines can be taken in overdoses and can cause dangerous deep unconsciousness . However , they are less toxic than their predecessors , the barbiturates , and death rarely results when a benzodiazepine is the only drug taken . When combined with other central nervous system ( CNS ) depressants such as alcoholic drinks and opioids , the potential for toxicity and fatal overdose increases . Benzodiazepines are commonly misused and taken in combination with other drugs of abuse .

neg: Dopamine Dopamine ( DA , contracted from 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine ) is an organic chemical of the catecholamine and phenethylamine families that plays several important roles in the brain and body . It is an amine synthesized by removing a carboxyl group from a molecule of its precursor chemical L-DOPA , which is synthesized in the brain and kidneys . Dopamine is also synthesized in plants and most animals .   In the brain , dopamine functions as a neurotransmitter -- a chemical released by neurons ( nerve cells ) to send signals to other nerve cells . The brain includes several distinct dopamine pathways , one of which plays a major role in reward-motivated behavior . Most types of rewards increase the level of dopamine in the brain , and many addictive drugs increase dopamine neuronal activity . Other brain dopamine pathways are involved in motor control and in controlling the release of various hormones . These pathways and cell groups form a dopamine system which is neuromodulatory .   Outside the central nervous system , dopamine functions primarily as a local chemical messenger . In blood vessels , it inhibits norepinephrine release and acts as a vasodilator ( at normal concentrations ) ; in the kidneys , it increases sodium excretion and urine output ; in the pancreas , it reduces insulin production ; in the digestive system , it reduces gastrointestinal motility and protects intestinal mucosa ; and in the immune system , it reduces the activity of lymphocytes . With the exception of the blood vessels , dopamine in each of these peripheral systems is synthesized locally and exerts its effects near the cells that release it .   Several important diseases of the nervous system are associated with dysfunctions of the dopamine system , and some of the key medications used to treat them work by altering the effects of dopamine . Parkinson 's disease , a degenerative condition causing tremor and motor impairment , is caused by a loss of dopamine-secreting neurons in an area of the midbrain called the substantia nigra . Its metabolic precursor L-DOPA can be manufactured , and in its pure form marketed as Levodopa is the most widely used treatment for the condition . There is evidence that schizophrenia involves altered levels of dopamine activity , and most antipsychotic drugs used to treat this are dopamine antagonists which reduce dopamine activity . Similar dopamine antagonist drugs are also some of the most effective anti-nausea agents . Restless legs syndrome and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) are associated with decreased dopamine activity . Dopaminergic stimulants can be addictive in high doses , but some are used at lower doses to treat ADHD . Dopamine itself is available as a manufactured medication for intravenous injection : although it can not reach the brain from the bloodstream , its peripheral effects make it useful in the treatment of heart failure or shock , especially in newborn babies .

neg: Controlled substance A controlled substance is generally a drug or chemical whose manufacture , possession , or use is regulated by a government , such as illicitly used drugs or prescription medications that are designated a Controlled Drug in the United Kingdom .   In the United States , the Drug Enforcement Administration is responsible for suppressing illegal drug use and distribution by enforcing the Controlled Substances Act , which regulates both the drugs themselves and certain precursors . Some U.S. states have additional restrictions for substances which might or might not be regulated by the federal government . During the Obama Administration , the federal government also voluntarily suspended enforcement of federal laws restricting marijuana where people were operating in compliance with state law .   Some precursor chemicals used for the production of illegal drugs are also controlled substances in many countries , even though they may lack the pharmacological effects of the drugs themselves . Substances are classified according to schedules and consist primarily of potentially psychoactive substances . The controlled substances do not include many prescription items such as antibiotics .   Some states in the U.S. have statutes against health care providers self-prescribing and/or administering substances listed in the Controlled Substance Act schedules . This does not forbid licensed providers from self-prescribing medications not on the schedules .

neg: Tapentadol Tapentadol ( brand names : Nucynta , Palexia and Tapal ) is a centrally acting opioid analgesic of the benzenoid class with a dual mode of action as an agonist of the μ-opioid receptor and as a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor ( NRI ) . Analgesia occurs within 32 minutes of oral administration , and lasts for 4 -- 6 hours .   It is similar to tramadol in its dual mechanism of action ; namely , its ability to activate the mu opioid receptor and inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine . Unlike tramadol , it has only weak effects on the reuptake of serotonin and is a significantly more potent opioid with no known active metabolites . Tapentadol is not a pro-drug and therefore does not rely on metabolism to produce its therapeutic effects ; this makes it a useful moderate-potency analgesic option for patients who do not respond adequately to more commonly used opioids due to genetic disposition ( poor metabolizers of CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 ) , as well as providing a more consistent dosage-response range among the patient population .   Tapentadol general potency is somewhere between that of tramadol and morphine , with an analgesic efficacy comparable to that of oxycodone despite a lower incidence of side effects . It is generally regarded as a weak-moderate strength opioid ( a category shared by many better-known opioids such as hydrocodone and pethidine ) .   Tapentadol was approved by the US FDA in November 2008 , by the TGA of Australia in December 2010 and by the MHRA of the UK in February 2011.1

neg: D-DOPA D-DOPA ( D-3 ,4 - dihydroxyphenylalanine ; dextrodopa ) is similar to L-DOPA ( levodopa ) , but with opposite chirality . Levo - and dextro - rotation reference a molecule 's ability to rotate planes of polarized light in either direction . Whereas L-DOPA is moderately effective in the treatment of Parkinson 's disease ( PD ) and Dopamine-responsive dystonia ( DRD ) by stimulating the production of dopamine in the brain , D-DOPA is biologically inactive .

neg: Dopamine releasing agent A dopamine releasing agent ( DRA ) is a type of drug which induces the release of dopamine in the body and/or brain .   No selective DRAs are currently known . Many releasing agents of both dopamine and norepinephrine ( norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agents , or NDRAs ) and of serotonin , norepinephrine , and dopamine are known ( serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agents , or SNDRAs ) , however . Examples of NDRAs include amphetamine and methamphetamine , and an example of an SNDRA is MDMA . These drugs are frequently encountered as drugs of abuse .   A closely related type of drug is a dopamine reuptake inhibitor ( DRI ) . Various selective DRIs are known , in contrast to the case of DRAs . It is particularly of note that the mechanism of action at DAT for dopamine releasers/substrates is entropy-driven ( i.e. hydrophobic ) , whereas for dopamine re-uptake inhibitors it is enthalpy-driven ( i.e. conformational change ) .   There is some , albeit mixed , in vitro evidence that the antidepressant and modestly selective DRI amineptine may in addition to inhibiting the reuptake of dopamine selectively induce the presynaptic release of dopamine without affecting that of norepinephrine or serotonin .

neg: Tametraline Tametraline ( CP-24 ,441 ) is the parent of a series of chemical compounds investigated at Pfizer that eventually led to the development of sertraline ( CP-51 ,974 -1 ) .   Sertraline has been called `` 3,4-dichloro-tametraline '' . This is correct but it is an oversimplification in the sense that sertraline is the S,S-isomer whereas tametraline is the 1R,4S-stereoisomer .   1R-Methylamino-4S-phenyl-tetralin is a potent inhibitor of norepinephrine uptake in rat brain synaptosomes , reverses reserpine induced hypothermia in mice , and blocks uptake of 3H into rat heart .   Tametraline is a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor .   Indatraline is an indanamine homolog of tetralin-based tametraline , although in the case of indatraline the product is pm-dichlorinated .

neg: RTI-112 RTI ( -4229 ) -112 ( 2β-carbomethoxy-3β - ( 3-methyl-4-chlorophenyl ) tropane ) is a synthetic stimulant drug from the phenyltropane family . In contrast to RTI-113 , which is DAT selective , RTI-112 is a nonselective triple reuptake inhibitor .   In vitro tests show a very similar serotonin transporter ( SERT ) / dopamine transporter ( DAT ) / norepinephrine transporter ( NET ) selectivity to cocaine , although in vivo behaviour is different :   `` The nonselective monoamine transporter inhibitor RTI-126 and the DAT-selective inhibitors RTI-150 and RTI-336 both had a faster rate of onset ( 30 min ) and a short duration of action ( 4h ) . In contrast , the nonselective monoamine transporter inhibitor RTI-112 had a slower rate of onset ( 30 -- 60 min ) and a longer duration of action ( 10h ) . The DAT-selective inhibitors RTI-171 and RTI-177 also had slower rates of onset ( 30 -- 120 min ) , but RTI-171 had a short duration of action ( 2.5 h ) while RTI-177 had a very long duration of action ( 20 h ) . ''   The efficacy of cocaine analogs to elicit self-administration is related to the rate at which they are administered . Slower onset analogs are less likely to function as behavioral stimulants than analogs eliciting a faster rate of onset . Nonselective analogs are less likely to function as `` reinforcers '' than reuptake inhibitors that have DAT specificity .   In order for a dopamine reuptake inhibitor ( DRI ) such as cocaine to induce euphoria , PET scans on primates reveal that the DAT occupancy needs to be > 60 % .   RTI-112 has equipotent in vitro affinity at the SERT , NET and DAT , respectively . RTI-112 was not reliably self-administered , in contrast to the DAT selective reuptake inhibitors that were used in this study . In vivo at the ED50 , RTI-112 had no DAT occupancy at all . At the ED50 , almost all of the RTI-112 occupied the SERT at this dose . A significantly higher dose was required to get > 70 % DAT occupancy in the case of RTI-112 ; however , RTI-112 was still able to suppress cocaine administration at the ED50 , suggesting a serotonergic mechanism was responsible for this .