query: Marshall McLuhan was incapable of being a Professor of English.

pos: Marshall McLuhan Herbert Marshall McLuhan , ( July 21 , 1911 -- December 31 , 1980 ) was a Canadian professor , philosopher , and public intellectual . His work is viewed as one of the cornerstones of the study of media theory , as well as having practical applications in the advertising and television industries . He was educated at the University of Manitoba and the University of Cambridge ; he began his teaching career as a Professor of English at several universities in the U.S. and Canada before moving to the University of Toronto , where he remained for the rest of his life .   McLuhan is known for coining the expression `` the medium is the message '' and the term global village , and for predicting the World Wide Web almost thirty years before it was invented . He was a fixture in media discourse in the late 1960s , though his influence began to wane in the early 1970s . In the years after his death , he continued to be a controversial figure in academic circles . With the arrival of the internet , however , interest has renewed in his work and perspective .

neg: An Experiment in Criticism An Experiment in Criticism is a 1961 book by C. S. Lewis in which he proposes that the quality of books should be measured not by how they are written , but by how they are read . To do this , the author describes two kinds of readers . One is what he calls the `` unliterary '' , and the other the `` literary '' . He proceeds to outline some of the differences between these two types of readers . For example , one characterization of an unliterary reader is that the argument `` I 've read it before '' is a conclusive reason not to read a book . In contrast , literary readers reread books many times , savoring certain passages , and attempting to glean more from subsequent readings .   Lewis also argued that judging books by whether they are `` lowbrow '' or `` highbrow '' is not necessarily fruitful ; many `` lowbrow '' books prove to be valuable to a literary reader willing to approach without prejudgment . He noted that books classified as `` lowbrow '' , such as science fiction , are also capable of inducing a passion to re-read and imparting experience which changes reader 's worldview . Lewis suggests that books which are capable of doing this may prove to have enduring merit regardless of their genre of origin . He suggested that attempting to judge the literary merit of books based on traditional criteria may not prove fruitful .   Thus , Lewis suggests that a quality book is one that someone , anyone will re-read . A highbrow view that such a book is poor quality has failed to appreciate whatever qualities merit re-reading by someone .

neg: The Responsibility of Intellectuals `` The Responsibility of Intellectuals '' is an essay by the American academic Noam Chomsky which was published as a special supplement by The New York Review of Books on the 23 February 1967 .   The article was written during the then-ongoing Vietnam War , as news of human rights abuses started to return to the United States , and as the war had increasingly become seen as a quagmire . An attack on the intellectual culture in the U.S. , Chomsky argues that it is largely subservient to power . He is particularly critical of social scientists and technocrats , who he believed were providing a pseudo-scientific justification for the crimes of the state in regard to the Vietnam War . He notes that those who opposed the war on moral rather than technical grounds are `` often psychologists , mathematicians , chemists , or philosophers , ... rather than people with Washington contacts , who , of course , realize that ` had they a new , good idea about Vietnam , they would get a prompt and respectful hearing ' in Washington . ''   The topic was inspired by articles of Dwight Macdonald published after the Second World War who `` asks the question : To what extent were the German or Japanese people responsible for the atrocities committed by their governments ? And , quite properly , ... turns the question back to us : To what extent are the British or American people responsible for the vicious terror bombings of civilians , perfected as a technique of warfare by the Western democracies and reaching their culmination in Hiroshima and Nagasaki , surely among the most unspeakable crimes in history . ''   The article brought Chomsky to public attention as one of the leading American intellectuals in the movement against the Vietnam war .

neg: William C. Dowling William C. Dowling ( -LSB- ˈdaʊlɪŋ -RSB- born April 5 , 1944 in Warner , New Hampshire ) is University Distinguished Professor of English and American Literature emeritus at Rutgers University in New Brunswick , New Jersey , specializing in 18th-century English literature , literature of the early American Republic , and Literary Theory .

neg: Harvard Department of Social Relations The Department of Social Relations for Interdisciplinary Social Science Studies , more commonly known as the `` Department of Social Relations '' was an interdisciplinary collaboration among three of the social science departments at Harvard University ( anthropology , psychology , and sociology ) beginning in 1946 . Originally , the program was headquartered in Emerson Hall at Harvard before moving to William James Hall in 1965 . While the name `` Social Relations '' is often associated with the program 's long-time chair and guiding spirit , sociologist Talcott Parsons , many major figures of mid-20th-century social science also numbered among the program 's faculty , including psychologists Gordon Allport ( personality and motivation ) , Jerome Bruner ( cognitive psychology and narrative analysis ) , Roger Brown ( social psychology and psycholinguistics ) , and Henry Murray ( personality ) ; anthropologists Clyde and Florence Kluckhohn ( value orientations ) , John and Beatrice Whiting ( cross-cultural child development ) , Evon Z. Vogt ( comparative religion ) ; and sociologist Alex Inkeles ( Soviet studies and national character ) . Many of its graduate students also went on to be major figures in U.S. social sciences during the latter part of the twentieth century ; their work tends towards strong interdisciplinary and cross-disciplinary approaches .   Allport and Boring discussed the origins of the department 's name in the April 1946 issue of the American Psychologist :  While -LSB- academic -RSB- departmental lines have remained rigid , there has been developing during the last decade , a synthesis of socio-cultural and psychological sciences which is widely recognized within the academic world in spite of the fact that there is no commonly accepted name to designate the synthesis . We propose that Harvard adopt , and thus help establish , the term Social Relations to characterize the emerging discipline which deals not only with the body of fact and theory traditionally recognized as the subject matter of sociology , but also with that portion of psychological science that treats the individual within the social system , and that portion of anthropological science that is particularly relevant to the social and cultural patterns of literate societies .   Social Relations sponsored or collaborated in a number of research studies characterized by explicit cross-cultural comparisons and multidisciplinary approaches to problems of policy or social theory . Major projects included the Six Cultures Study ( headed by John and Beatrice Whiting , an anthropological study of child development in six different cultures , including a New England Baptist community ; a Philippine barrio ; an Okinawan village ; an Indian village in Mexico ; a northern Indian caste group ; and a rural tribal group in Kenya ) ; a multidisciplinary analysis of Soviet culture and society , published in part as How the Soviet System Works ; and the Comparative Study of Values in Five Cultures during the 1950s , which examined five very different communities living in the same region of Texas : Zuni , Navajo , Mormon ( LDS ) , Spanish-American ( Mexican-American ) , and Texas Homesteaders .   The curriculum of the Harvard Social Relations had four inter-related components :  Sociology ;  Social Psychology ;  Social Anthropology ; and  Personality Theory .   The program disaggregated into its component departments around 1972 , though a certain interdisciplinarity remained throughout the 1970s .   A similar program at Yale , the Institute for Human Relations , also now disbanded , developed the Human Relations Area Files ( HRAF ) , a cross-cultural database for comparative research , administered by Carol and Melvin Ember .

neg: Stephanian School of Literature Stephanian School of Literature refers to a body of fictional works written in English , mostly novels written by the alumni of St. Stephen 's College , Delhi .   It can be called as a subgenre of Indian English literature but the validity of it is heavily debated among various critics . Brinda Bose 's `` Of Voids and Speculums ; Or Where Is the Woman in the Text '' is an essay that forcefully denies the existence of such a school of writing .   Many other authors and scholars have discussed this in detail in various essays . Some authors defend the spirit of Stephania and state it does not matter whether or not there is such a school of literature , while others tend to celebrate the college .   Amitav Ghosh , Rukun Advani , Mukul Kesavan and Shashi Tharoor are some famous Indian English writers who belong to the Stephanian School of Literature .   In an interview Amitav Ghosh comments on this topic :   The ethos of St. Stephen 's were not at all artistic . Everyone had the IAS exams in their mind . But in a way many writers like Shashi Tharoor and Upamanyu Chatterjee came through that bureaucratic set-up . When I look back I find there is nothing really surprising about it . Because Stephen 's had a lot of talented people who were also self-confident . Whenever there is some form of artistic outburst , there are links of this kind . Spanish filmmaker Luis Buñuel studied at San Fernando Academy of Fine Arts in Madrid with poet Federico Garcia Lorca and surrealist painter Salvador Dali . I think these connections do exist in the world of art and literature .

neg: Language Language is the ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication , particularly the human ability to do so , and a language is any specific example of such a system . The scientific study of language is called linguistics . Questions concerning the philosophy of language , such as whether words can represent experience , have been debated since Gorgias and Plato in Ancient Greece . Thinkers such as Rousseau have argued that language originated from emotions while others like Kant have held that it originated from rational and logical thought . 20th-century philosophers such as Wittgenstein argued that philosophy is really the study of language . Major figures in linguistics include Ferdinand de Saussure and Noam Chomsky .   Estimates of the number of languages in the world vary between 5,000 and 7,000 . However , any precise estimate depends on a partly arbitrary distinction between languages and dialects . Natural languages are spoken or signed , but any language can be encoded into secondary media using auditory , visual , or tactile stimuli -- for example , in whistling , signed , or braille . This is because human language is modality-independent . Depending on philosophical perspectives regarding the definition of language and meaning , when used as a general concept , `` language '' may refer to the cognitive ability to learn and use systems of complex communication , or to describe the set of rules that makes up these systems , or the set of utterances that can be produced from those rules . All languages rely on the process of semiosis to relate signs to particular meanings . Oral , manual and tactile languages contain a phonological system that governs how symbols are used to form sequences known as words or morphemes , and a syntactic system that governs how words and morphemes are combined to form phrases and utterances .   Human language has the properties of productivity and displacement , and relies entirely on social convention and learning . Its complex structure affords a much wider range of expressions than any known system of animal communication . Language is thought to have originated when early hominins started gradually changing their primate communication systems , acquiring the ability to form a theory of other minds and a shared intentionality . This development is sometimes thought to have coincided with an increase in brain volume , and many linguists see the structures of language as having evolved to serve specific communicative and social functions . Language is processed in many different locations in the human brain , but especially in Broca 's and Wernicke 's areas . Humans acquire language through social interaction in early childhood , and children generally speak fluently when they are approximately three years old . The use of language is deeply entrenched in human culture . Therefore , in addition to its strictly communicative uses , language also has many social and cultural uses , such as signifying group identity , social stratification , as well as social grooming and entertainment .   Languages evolve and diversify over time , and the history of their evolution can be reconstructed by comparing modern languages to determine which traits their ancestral languages must have had in order for the later developmental stages to occur . A group of languages that descend from a common ancestor is known as a language family . The Indo-European family is the most widely spoken and includes languages as diverse as English , Russian and Hindi ; the Sino-Tibetan family , which includes Mandarin , Bodo and the other Chinese languages , and Tibetan ; the Afro-Asiatic family , which includes Arabic , Somali , and Hebrew ; the Bantu languages , which include Swahili , and Zulu , and hundreds of other languages spoken throughout Africa ; and the Malayo-Polynesian languages , which include Indonesian , Malay , Tagalog , and hundreds of other languages spoken throughout the Pacific . The languages of the Dravidian family that are spoken mostly in Southern India include Tamil and Telugu . Academic consensus holds that between 50 % and 90 % of languages spoken at the beginning of the 21st century will probably have become extinct by the year 2100 .

neg: Richard A. Macksey Richard A. Macksey ( born 1931 ) is Professor of Humanities and Co-founder and longtime Director of the Humanities Center at The Johns Hopkins University , where he has taught critical theory , comparative literature , and film studies . Professor Macksey was educated at Johns Hopkins , earning his B.A. in 1953 and his Ph.D. in 1957 . He has taught at Johns Hopkins ( both the school of Arts & Sciences as well as the Medical School ) since 1958 . He is the longtime Comparative Literature editor of MLN ( Modern Language Notes ) , published by Johns Hopkins University Press . He is a recipient of the Hopkins Distinguished Alumnus Award . Dr. Macksey also presides over one of the largest private libraries in Maryland , with over 70,000 books and manuscripts .   As Director for the Humanities Center , Macksey , with funding from the Ford Foundation , organized the influential international literary theory symposium , `` The Languages of Criticism and the Sciences of Man , '' which featured prominent academics such as Paul de Man , Jacques Derrida , Roland Barthes , and Jacques Lacan , and where Derrida presented his lecture `` Structure , Sign , and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences '' , credited with `` tear -LSB- ing -RSB- down the temple of structuralism . '' These lectures were collected as The Structuralist Controversy , the most recent version of which was published in 2005 .   In 1999 the Richard A. Macksey Professorship for Distinguished Teaching in the Humanities was established by a former student Edward T. Dangel III and his wife , Bonni Widdoes . The professorship is currently held by Alice McDermott .   Notable students of Richard Macksey include Susan Stewart , Caleb Deschanel , Walter Murch , and Matthew Robbins .

neg: Indian English literature Indian English Literature ( IEL ) refers to the body of work by writers in India who write in the English language and whose native or co-native language could be one of the numerous languages of India . Its early history began with the works of R. K. Narayan , Mulk Raj Anand and Raja Rao who contributed to Indian fiction in the 1930s . It is also associated with the works of members of the Indian diaspora , such as V. S. Naipaul , Kiran Desai , Jhumpa Lahiri , Kovid Gupta , Agha Shahid Ali , Rohinton Mistry and Salman Rushdie , who are of Indian descent .   It is frequently referred to as Indo-Anglian literature . ( Indo-Anglian is a specific term in the sole context of writing that should not be confused with Anglo-Indian ) . As a category , this production comes in the broader realm of postcolonial literature -- the production from previously colonised countries such as India .

neg: Marxist philosophy Marxist philosophy or Marxist theory are works in philosophy that are strongly influenced by Karl Marx 's materialist approach to theory , or works written by Marxists . Marxist philosophy may be broadly divided into Western Marxism , which drew out of various sources , and the official philosophy in the Soviet Union , which enforced a rigid reading of Marx called dialectical materialism , in particular during the 1930s .  Marxist philosophy is not a strictly defined sub-field of philosophy , because the diverse influence of Marxist theory has extended into fields as varied as aesthetics , ethics , ontology , epistemology , theoretical psychology and philosophy of science , as well as its obvious influence on political philosophy and the philosophy of history . The key characteristics of Marxism in philosophy are its materialism and its commitment to political practice as the end goal of all thought .   Marxist theorist Louis Althusser , for example , defined philosophy as `` class struggle in theory '' , thus radically separating himself from those who claimed philosophers could adopt a `` God 's eye view '' as a purely neutral judge .

neg: Lecture A lecture ( from the French ` lecture ' , meaning ` reading ' -LSB- process -RSB- ) is an oral presentation intended to present information or teach people about a particular subject , for example by a university or college teacher . Lectures are used to convey critical information , history , background , theories , and equations . A politician 's speech , a minister 's sermon , or even a businessman 's sales presentation may be similar in form to a lecture . Usually the lecturer will stand at the front of the room and recite information relevant to the lecture 's content .   Though lectures are much criticised as a teaching method , universities have not yet found practical alternative teaching methods for the large majority of their courses . Critics point out that lecturing is mainly a one-way method of communication that does not involve significant audience participation but relies upon passive learning . Therefore , lecturing is often contrasted to active learning . Lectures delivered by talented speakers can be highly stimulating ; at the very least , lectures have survived in academia as a quick , cheap , and efficient way of introducing large numbers of students to a particular field of study .   Lectures have a significant role outside the classroom , as well . Academic and scientific awards routinely include a lecture as part of the honor , and academic conferences often center on `` keynote addresses '' , i.e. , lectures . The public lecture has a long history in the sciences and in social movements . Union halls , for instance , historically have hosted numerous free and public lectures on a wide variety of matters . Similarly , churches , community centers , libraries , museums , and other organizations have hosted lectures in furtherance of their missions or their constituents ' interests . Lectures represent a continuation of oral tradition in contrast to textual communication in books and other media . Lectures may be considered a type of grey literature .

neg: The medium is the message `` The medium is the message '' is a phrase coined by Marshall McLuhan meaning that the form of a medium embeds itself in any message it would transmit or convey , creating a symbiotic relationship by which the medium influences how the message is perceived .

neg: Epiphany Philosophers The Epiphany Philosophers was a group of philosophers , scientists and religious ( priests , nuns and monks ) who met regularly and published between 1950 and 2010 . Their founders included Margaret Masterman , Richard Braithwaite , Dorothy Emmet , Robert H. Thouless , Michael Argyle and Ted Bastin . Later members included Kwame Anthony Appiah , Rupert Sheldrake , Rowan Williams , Clive W. Kilmister , Frederick Parker-Rhodes , Jonathan Westphal and Yorick Wilks .   The group published a quarterly journal , published by Gordon and Breach Science Publishers , `` Theoria to Theory '' , subtitled `` An International Journal of Philosophy , Science and Contemplative Religion '' .

neg: Language of thought hypothesis The language of thought hypothesis ( LOTH ) , sometimes known as Thought Ordered Mental Expression ( TOME ) , is a view in linguistics , philosophy of mind and cognitive science , forwarded by American philosopher Jerry Fodor . It describes the nature of thought as possessing `` language-like '' or compositional structure ( sometimes known as mentalese ) . On this view , simple concepts combine in systematic ways ( akin to the rules of grammar in language ) to build thoughts . In its most basic form , the theory states that thought , like language , has syntax .   Using empirical data drawn from linguistics and cognitive science to describe mental representation from a philosophical vantage-point , the hypothesis states that thinking takes place in a language of thought ( LOT ) : cognition and cognitive processes are only ` remotely plausible ' when expressed as a system of representations that is `` tokened '' by a linguistic or semantic structure and operated upon by means of a combinatorial syntax . Linguistic tokens used in mental language describe elementary concepts which are operated upon by logical rules establishing causal connections to allow for complex thought . Syntax as well as semantics have a causal effect on the properties of this system of mental representations .   These mental representations are not present in the brain in the same way as symbols are present on paper ; rather , the LOT is supposed to exist at the cognitive level , the level of thoughts and concepts . The LOTH has wide-ranging significance for a number of domains in cognitive science . It relies on a version of functionalist materialism , which holds that mental representations are actualized and modified by the individual holding the propositional attitude , and it challenges eliminative materialism and connectionism . It implies a strongly rationalist model of cognition in which many of the fundamentals of cognition are innate .

neg: Samuel Jefferson Mason Samuel Jefferson Mason ( 1921 -- 1974 ) was an American electronics engineer . Mason 's invariant and Mason 's rule are named after him .   He was born in New York City , but he grew up in a small town in New Jersey . It was so small , in fact , that it only had a population of 26 . He received a B.S. in electrical engineering from Rutgers University in 1942 , and after graduation , he joined the Antenna Group of MIT Radiation Laboratory as a staff member . Mason went on to earn his S.M. and Ph.D. in electrical engineering from MIT in 1947 and 1952 , respectively . After World War II , the Radiation Laboratory was renamed the MIT Research Laboratory of Electronics , where he became the associate director in 1967 . Mason served on the faculty of MIT from 1949 until his death in 1974 -- as an assistant professor in 1949 , associate professor in 1954 , and full professor in 1959 . Mason unexpectedly died in 1974 due to a cerebral hemorrhage .   Mason 's doctoral dissertation , supervised by Ernst Guillemin , was on signal-flow graphs and he is often credited with inventing them . Another one of his contributions to the field of control systems theory was a method to find the transfer function of a system , now known as Mason 's rule . Mason was an expert in optical scanning systems for printed materials . He was the leader of the Cognitive Information Processing Group of the MIT Research Laboratory of Electronics , and he created systems that scanned printed materials and read them out loud for the blind . Similarly , he developed tactile devices powered by photocells that enabled the blind to sense light .   While at MIT , Mason was also responsible for revisions to the undergraduate curriculum in electrical engineering . He implemented innovations in the teaching of electric circuit theory by co-authoring a textbook on the subject , and he introduced digital signal analysis to undergraduates , which led to a textbook as well . Mason was also known to get students heavily involved in research , and he often had six or more doctoral candidates under his care . His students remembered him as , `` A gentle , compassionate man ... -LSB- who -RSB- had a deep , abiding interest in young people . '' Similarly , one of his thesis advisees said , `` I came to know , admire , and respect Professor Mason as a thinker , friend , personal adviser , and confidant . '' Mason also served his community as the chairman of the Faculty Committee on Student Environment , a member of the Faculty Committee on Education in the Face of Poverty and Segregation , and a leader of underprivileged youth in the Upward Bound program .

neg: John Marshall (author) John Marshall ( 9 March 1845 -- 15 December 1915 ) was a British classicist and the rector of the Royal High School , Edinburgh , who published very widely used translations of several Greek and Roman classics , and a history of Greek philosophy . He received a M.A. from Oxford University and an honorary LL.D . from the University of Edinburgh .   He is the author of the book A Short History of Greek Philosophy which was published in 1891 in London by Percival and Co. and can be found in epub form According to WorldCat , the book is held in 625 libraries , and has been translated into Hebrew by ; Samuel Scolnicov as תולדות הפילוסופיה היוונית / Toldot ha-filosofyah ha-Yeṿanit It was reviewed by Wm. A. Hammond.in The Philosophical Review . vol . 1 , no. 1 : 109-111 . ( 1892 )   He translated Horace 's Odes , bk . I-IV , Epodes. , and Saecular hymn , tr . by Dr. J. Marshall for the Everyman 's Library edition of the Complete Works of Horace published in 1911 , ( this edition in its various version is in 1357 libraries according to WorldCat . He also translated Xenophon 's Memorabilia and Anabasis ,

neg: The Underground History of American Education The Underground History of American Education : A Schoolteacher 's Intimate Investigation Into the Problem of Modern Schooling ( ISBN 0-945700-05-9 , pbk . ISBN 0-945700-04-0 ) is a critique of the United States education system by John Taylor Gatto .   A former teacher , Gatto left the classroom the same year he was named New York State Teacher of the Year . He announced his decision in a letter titled `` I Quit , I Think '' .   Using anecdotes gathered from thirty years of teaching , alongside documentation , Gatto presents his view of modern compulsion schooling as opposed to genuine education , describing a `` conflict between systems which offer physical safety and certainty at the cost of suppressing free will , and those which offer liberty at the price of constant risk '' .   Gatto argues that educational strategies promoted by government and industry leaders for over a century included the creation of a system that keeps real power in the hands of very few people .   From the book 's Introduction :  '' ... Underground History is n't a history proper , but a collection of materials toward a history , embedded in a personal essay analyzing why mass compulsion schooling is unreformable . The history I have unearthed is important to our understanding ; it 's a good start , I believe , but much remains undone . ''   '' ... what I 'm trying to describe -LSB- is -RSB- that what has happened to our schools was inherent in the original design for a planned economy and a planned society laid down so proudly at the end of the nineteenth century . ''   Russ Kick offers this in summary :  `` In other words , the captains of industry and government explicitly wanted an educational system that would maintain social order by teaching us just enough to get by but not enough so that we could think for ourselves , question the sociopolitical order , or communicate articulately . ''   The book was read from 2006-2007 for the Unwelcome Guests radio show .   The second edition of the book is expected to be released in November , 2015 , with a foreword by Ron Paul .

neg: Foucault's lectures at the Collège de France On the proposal of Jules Vuillemin , a chair in the department of Philosophy and History was created at Collège de France to replace the late Jean Hyppolite . The title of the new chair was The history of systems of thought and it was created on 30 November 1969 . Vuillemin put forward the then-little known outside the shores of France-philosopher Michel Foucault - to the general assembly of professors and Foucault was duly elected on the 12th April 1970 . He was 44 years old . As required by this appointment he held a series of public lectures from 1970 until his death in 1984 . These lectures in which he further advanced his work , were summarised from audio recordings and edited by Michel Senellart . They were subsequently translated into English and further edited by Graham Burchell and published posthumously by St Martin 's Press .

neg: Scientific theory A scientific theory is an explanation of some aspect of the natural world that can , in accordance with the scientific method , be repeatedly tested , using a predefined protocol of observations and experiments . Established scientific theories have withstood rigorous scrutiny and are a comprehensive form of scientific knowledge .   It is important to note that the definition of a `` scientific theory '' ( often ambiguously contracted to `` theory '' for the sake of brevity , including in this page ) as used in the disciplines of science is significantly different from the common vernacular usage of the word `` theory '' . Per NAS 2008 : `` The formal scientific definition of theory is quite different from the everyday meaning of the word . It refers to a comprehensive explanation of some aspect of nature that is supported by a vast body of evidence . '' In everyday non-scientific speech , `` theory '' can imply that something is an unsubstantiated and speculative guess , conjecture , idea , or , hypothesis ; such a usage is the opposite of the word `` theory '' in science . These different usages are comparable to the differing , and often opposing , usages of the term `` prediction '' in science versus `` prediction '' in vernacular speech , denoting a mere hope .   The strength of a scientific theory is related to the diversity of phenomena it can explain . As additional scientific evidence is gathered , a scientific theory may be rejected or modified if it does not fit the new empirical findings ; in such circumstances , a more accurate theory is then desired . In certain cases , the less-accurate unmodified scientific theory can still be treated as a theory if it is useful ( due to its sheer simplicity ) as an approximation under specific conditions ( e.g. , Newton 's laws of motion as an approximation to special relativity at velocities that are small relative to the speed of light ) .   Scientific theories are testable and make falsifiable predictions . They describe the causal elements responsible for a particular natural phenomenon , and are used to explain and predict aspects of the physical universe or specific areas of inquiry ( e.g. , electricity , chemistry , astronomy ) . Scientists use theories as a foundation to gain further scientific knowledge , as well as to accomplish goals such as inventing technology or curing disease .   As with other forms of scientific knowledge , scientific theories are both deductive and inductive in nature and aim for predictive power and explanatory capability .   Paleontologist , evolutionary biologist , and science historian Stephen Jay Gould said , `` ... facts and theories are different things , not rungs in a hierarchy of increasing certainty . Facts are the world ′ s data . Theories are structures of ideas that explain and interpret facts . ''

neg: Intellectual freedom Intellectual freedom encompasses the freedom to hold , receive and disseminate ideas without restriction . Viewed as an integral component of a democratic society , intellectual freedom protects an individual 's right to access , explore , consider , and express ideas and information as the basis for a self-governing , well-informed citizenry . Intellectual freedom comprises the bedrock for freedoms of expression , speech , and the press and relates to freedoms of information and privacy .   The United Nations upholds intellectual freedom as a basic human right through Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights which asserts :  Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression ; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek , receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers .   The institution of libraries in particular values intellectual freedom as part of their mission to provide and protect access to information and ideas . The American Library Association ( ALA ) defines intellectual freedom as `` the right of every individual to both seek and receive information from all points of view without restriction . It provides for free access to all expressions of ideas through which any and all sides of a question , cause or movement can be explored . ''   The modern concept of intellectual freedom developed out of an opposition to book censorship . It is promoted by several professions and movements . These entities include , among others , librarianship , education , and the Free Software Movement .

neg: Character (arts) A character ( sometimes known as a fictional character ) is a person or other being in a narrative work of art ( such as a novel , play , television series , or film ) . The character may be entirely fictional or based on a real-life person , in which case the distinction of a `` fictional '' versus `` real '' character may be made . Derived from the ancient Greek word χαρακτήρ , the English word dates from the Restoration , although it became widely used after its appearance in Tom Jones in 1749 . From this , the sense of `` a part played by an actor '' developed . Character , particularly when enacted by an actor in the theatre or cinema , involves `` the illusion of being a human person . '' In literature , characters guide readers through their stories , helping them to understand plots and ponder themes . Since the end of the 18th century , the phrase `` in character '' has been used to describe an effective impersonation by an actor . Since the 19th century , the art of creating characters , as practiced by actors or writers , has been called characterisation .   A character who stands as a representative of a particular class or group of people is known as a type . Types include both stock characters and those that are more fully individualised . The characters in Henrik Ibsen 's Hedda Gabler ( 1891 ) and August Strindberg 's Miss Julie ( 1888 ) , for example , are representative of specific positions in the social relations of class and gender , such that the conflicts between the characters reveal ideological conflicts .   The study of a character requires an analysis of its relations with all of the other characters in the work . The individual status of a character is defined through the network of oppositions ( proairetic , pragmatic , linguistic , proxemic ) that it forms with the other characters . The relation between characters and the action of the story shifts historically , often miming shifts in society and its ideas about human individuality , self-determination , and the social order .


query: Unpredictable was a single.

pos: Unpredictable (Jamie Foxx album) Unpredictable is the second studio album by American singer-songwriter and actor Jamie Foxx . It was released on December 27 , 2005 , by J Records . Recording sessions took place from 2004 to 2005 , with the production that was provided by Timbaland , Mike City , Sean Garrett and Jim Jonsin , among others . The album serves as a follow-up to the release of Peep This ( 1994 ) , which occurred to be his first studio release in eleven years . The album was supported by four singles : `` Extravaganza '' featuring Kanye West , the title track `` Unpredictable '' featuring Ludacris , `` DJ Play a Love Song '' featuring Twista , and `` Can I Take U Home '' .   Upon its release , Unpredictable received generally mixed reviews from music critics , who were ambivalent towards its lyrical content and production . The album debuted at number 2 , beating behind Mary J. Blige 's The Breakthrough on the US Billboard 200 , with 597,000 copies in its first week . In the second week , the album rose to number one , overtaking Blige , making Foxx as the fourth artist to ever won a Academy Award for acting , while achieving a number-one album on the US Billboard charts .

neg: Unleashed (Hurricane Chris album) Unleashed is the second studio album by American rapper Hurricane Chris . It was released on December 21 , 2009 , by Polo Grounds Music and J Records . This record would later be his final studio release with Polo Grounds and J Records . Recording sessions took place from 2008 to 2009 , featuring the executive production from Hurricane Chris himself , alongside Bryan Leach and Anthony Murray . Aside from the executive production , the album features the production from Play-N-Skillz , Shawty Redd and Fiend , among others .   The album was supported by two singles : `` Halle Berry ( She 's Fine ) '' featuring Superstarr , and `` Headboard '' featuring Mario and Plies , which both of these singles did not have success on the music charts . Upon its release , the album received mixed or average reviews from critics . Unleashed did not chart internationally , however , it reached at number 46 on the US Billboards R&B / Hip-Hop Albums , and number 20 on the US Billboards Top Rap Albums charts , respectively .

neg: List of number-one singles of 2013 (Australia) The ARIA Singles Chart ranks the best-performing singles in Australia . Its data , published by the Australian Recording Industry Association , is based collectively on each single 's weekly physical and digital sales . In 2013 , seventeen singles claimed the top spot , including `` Thrift Shop '' by Macklemore and Ryan Lewis , which started its peak position in late 2012 . Fifteen acts achieved their first number-one single in Australia , either as a lead or featured artist : Mary Lambert , Nate Ruess , Baauer , Ray Dalton , Passenger , Daft Punk , Pharrell Williams , Robin Thicke , T.I. , Avicii , 2 Chainz , Redfoo , Dami Im , Taylor Henderson and John Legend . Im and Henderson were the only Australian artists to achieve a number-one single .   Macklemore and Ryan Lewis had three number-one singles during the year for `` Thrift Shop '' , `` Same Love '' and `` Ca n't Hold Us '' . Jason Derulo earned two number-one singles for `` Talk Dirty '' and `` Trumpets '' . Pharrell Williams also earned two number-one singles during the year , as a featured artist on Daft Punk 's `` Get Lucky '' and Robin Thicke 's `` Blurred Lines '' . Katy Perry 's `` Roar '' was the longest-running number-one single of 2013 , having topped the ARIA Singles Chart for nine weeks . `` Blurred Lines '' was the second longest-running number-one single , with eight consecutive weeks at the top . Passenger 's `` Let Her Go '' stayed at number one for five consecutive weeks , while Avicii 's `` Wake Me Up ! '' topped the chart for six consecutive weeks .

neg: E.G. Crazy E.G. Crazy ( stylized as E.G. CRAZY ) is a double album by Japanese musical unit E-girls , which also serves as their fourth studio release . It was distributed on January 3 , 2016 for streaming through Japan 's AWA services , and released on January 18 , 2017 release via Rhythm Zone and Avex Music Creative Inc. in five physical editions and for digital consumption . Additionally , it will be their first album without ex-vocalists and performers Chiharu Muto , Kyoka Ichiki and Erie Abe , with singing and disc jockey credits to the latter as a service to her sub-group Dream .   E.G. Crazy works as a concept album , which segregates the discs into two themes ; the first being E.G. Pop , and the latter having a E.G. Cool vibe ; furthermore , selected tracks represent a new theme Japanese Neo Girls , which executes international cultures through a Japanese woman 's perspective . Each disc features 12 tracks , all of which are a mixture of previous singles , cover songs , B-sides and new original recordings . Musically , it is a J-pop collection which incorporates various elements of electronic dance music , and is solely produced by Exile Hiro .   Upon its release , E.G. Crazy received positive reviews from music critics , who praised the idea of a double packaged release , along with its production and sound . Commercially , it experienced success in Japan , reaching the top spot on the Oricon Albums Chart and Billboard charts . In order to promote the record , E-girls conducted a series of live performances , radio and television appearances , and interviews throughout the region . The record also spawned six original singles : `` Anniversary !! '' , `` Dance Dance Dance '' , `` Merry x Merry Xmas '' , `` E.G. Summer Rider '' , `` Pink Champagne '' and `` Go ! Go ! Let 's Go ! '' .

neg: A Single Man (album) A Single Man , released in 1978 , is the twelfth official album release for Elton John . It is the first album where Gary Osborne replaced Bernie Taupin as lyricist .

neg: Endless (Inna song) `` Endless '' is a song by Romanian recording artist Inna . It was released in November 2011 as the fourth single from her second studio album , I Am the Club Rocker . The song was written and produced by Inna 's long time producers and managers Play & Win .

neg: Singles 1971–2006 Singles 1971 -- 2006 is a box set compilation of singles by The Rolling Stones spanning the years 1971 to 2006 . It covers their output with both Rolling Stones Records and Virgin Records labels .   A sequel of sorts to ABKCO 's three boxes of singles replicas from the mid-2000s ( Singles 1963 -- 1965 , Singles 1965 -- 1967 , Singles 1968 -- 1971 ) , Universal 's The Singles : 1971 -- 2006 is a 45-disc box set that offers single replicas of every 45 the Rolling Stones released between Sticky Fingers and A Bigger Bang .   This first edition of the set contained a skip around the 4-second mark on the B-side , `` I Think I 'm Going Mad '' . The error was fixed in a subsequent edition .

neg: Dangerous (Roxette song) `` Dangerous '' is a song by the Swedish pop duo Roxette . Written by Per Gessle , the song was released as the fifth and final single from their second studio album Look Sharp ! ( 1988 ) . Gessle penned it just before Roxette 's first tour in 1987 . Released at the end of 1989 , it was the group 's third top 10 showing on the Billboard Hot 100 , spending two weeks at number two in February 1990 -- kept off the top spot by Janet Jackson 's `` Escapade '' . The music video was recorded in the ruins of Borgholm Castle . It was released as a double A-side in the UK with `` Listen to Your Heart '' .   The version on the single features a different introduction , omitting the instruments in favour of the duo singing the first line of the chorus .

neg: Quelle Surprise `` Quelle Surprise '' is a single by British rock band Enter Shikari , released on 19 May 2011 . It was originally planned to be the first single released from the band 's third studio album A Flash Flood of Colour . However , Rou Reynolds has since confirmed that it wo n't feature , and instead will be a stand-alone single much like the previous single `` Destabilise '' . The song was first played live at the SXSW Festival on 18 March 2011 in Houston , Texas . The track 's debut airing was on 19 May 2011 Zane Lowe 's BBC Radio 1 show , he chose the track for the `` Hottest Record In the World '' spot .   The single was released on iTunes shortly after being played on Zane 's show . The single comes with 3 b-sides , 2 of them being remixes of `` Destabilise '' , one by Reynolds ' side project ROUT and the other by London artists Creatures of Love . The other b-side being a live recording of `` Hectic '' from the Enter Shikari Christmas party featuring Matty P . It was announced that on 11 July 2011 that this EP would be released as a limited edition 2 7 '' vinyl set ( one will be red , the other will be white ) .   The song was eventually included on A Flash Flood of Colour as a bonus track on the iTunes version of the album in the UK and Ireland . The same edition of the album also included the previous stand alone single `` Destabilise '' as a bonus track , as well .

neg: List of UK Independent Singles Chart number ones of 2007 The UK Indie Chart is a weekly chart that ranks the biggest-selling singles that are released on independent record labels in the United Kingdom . The chart is compiled by the Official Charts Company , and is based on both physical and digital single sales . During 2007 , 37 singles reached number one .   The biggest-selling indie hit of the year was `` Brianstorm '' by Arctic Monkeys , which sold over 104,000 copies during 2007 , topped the indie chart for four weeks and reached number two on the UK Singles Chart . Other high-selling indie hits 2007 included `` Heavyweight Champion of the World '' by Reverend and the Makers , which sold approximately 97,000 singles , and `` Fluorescent Adolescent '' by Arctic Monkeys , which sold more than 96,000 copies .   Eight acts managed to top the UK Indie Chart more than once . They were : Good Shoes , Arctic Monkeys , Elliot Minor , The Pigeon Detectives , Reverend and the Makers , The White Stripes , Jack Peñate and Dizzee Rascal .   Chart-topping singles from the 2007 UK Indie Chart also included `` My Baby Left Me '' , which was re-released by HMV to commemorate the 30th anniversary of the death of Elvis Presley , and topped the chart 51 years after it was first released . Another highlight was `` Life 's a Treat '' , the theme tune to the BBC children 's TV programme Shaun the Sheep , sung by comedian Vic Reeves , which topped the indie chart in December .

neg: Wonderful (Annie Lennox song) `` Wonderful '' is a song by Annie Lennox , released as the third and last single from her album Bare in 2004 . It was released as a CD single and 12 inch single in the United States and only as a promotional single elsewhere . The single topped the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart for a week and became her fifth number one on that chart .  No music video was made for this song .

neg: List of Billboard 200 number-one albums of 1983 The Billboard 200 , published in Billboard magazine , is a weekly chart that ranks the highest-selling music albums and EPs in the United States . In 1983 , the name of the chart was Top LPs & Tape . Before Nielsen SoundScan began tracking sales in 1991 , Billboard estimated sales from a representative sampling of record stores nationwide , using telephone , fax or messenger service . Data were based on rankings made by the record stores of the best-selling records , not on actual sales figures .   There were six number-one albums on this chart in 1983 , including the debut album of the Australian band Men at Work , Business as Usual , which spent the last seven weeks of 1982 and the first eight weeks of 1983 at number one , and was certified quadruple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) in 1984 . Thriller , the sixth studio album by recording artist Michael Jackson , was released on November 1982 . It peaked at number one for twenty-two non-consecutive weeks in 1983 with another fifteen consecutive weeks at the top into the following year , and seven songs from the album became top ten singles between late 1982 and early 1984 . Two of them : `` Billie Jean '' and `` Beat It '' , reached the top position of the Billboard Hot 100 . Thriller won eight Grammy Awards , including Album of the Year at the 26th Grammy Awards , and was the best-selling album of 1983 with more than fifteen million copies sold . In 2008 , twenty-five years after its release , the record was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame , and a few weeks later , it was among twenty-five recordings preserved by the Library of Congress to the National Recording Registry as `` culturally significant '' .   Flashdance , the soundtrack to the 1983 musical and romance film of the same name , peaked at number one for two weeks and won the Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture . The two singles released from the album , `` Flashdance ... What a Feeling '' by Irene Cara , and `` Maniac '' by Michael Sembello , reached the top of the singles chart in 1983 . The New York Times considered the British band The Police to be the year 's most influential rock band . Australian , British , and American bands copied the white-reggae formula of their ( The Police 's ) earlier successes . The group released their fifth and final studio album , Synchronicity , in 1983 . The album , a varied accomplished blend of rock , funk , and third-world rhythms , stayed at number one for seventeen weeks and was certified four times platinum by the RIAA in 1984 . Metal Health , the third album by heavy metal band Quiet Riot , peaked at number one for one week , becoming the first heavy metal record to reach the top of the Billboard 200 . Singer-songwriter Lionel Richie released his second album Ca n't Slow Down in 1983 , which spent three weeks at the top and won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year at the 27th Grammy Awards .

neg: The Runaways (album) The Runaways is the debut album by the American all-female rock band The Runaways , released in 1976 .   Website AllMusic has praised the record ( especially band members Cherie Currie , Joan Jett and Lita Ford ) , comparing the band 's music to material by Led Zeppelin and The Stooges .   According to multiple sources including Cherie Currie ( in her memoir Neon Angel ) , the liner notes of the Raven Records release of The Runaways , and Jackie Fox herself , bassist Nigel Harrison played bass on the first album , due to manager Kim Fowley refusing to let Fox play on the record .   The documentary film Edgeplay : A Film About the Runaways states that the album 's first track `` Cherry Bomb '' was written ad hoc during the audition of lead singer Cherie Currie and the title is a play on the pronunciation of Currie 's first name . Currie was told to prepare a Suzi Quatro song for the audition ; she picked `` Fever '' , a song the band did not know how to play . Instead , Joan Jett and Kim Fowley came up with the song and had Currie sing it for her audition .   In 2009 , `` Cherry Bomb '' was named the 52nd-best hard rock song of all time by VH1 . A cover of `` Cherry Bomb '' is featured in the music video game Rock Band as a downloadable single track . The song also featured in the movies Dazed and Confused , RV , Cherrybomb , The Runaways , and Guardians of the Galaxy , and is played in the opening scene of Margaret Cho 's stand-up comedy DVD `` I 'm the One That I Want '' .   `` You Drive Me Wild '' is featured in the 2010 film about the band . Actress Dakota Fanning covers `` Cherry Bomb '' as well as `` Dead End Justice '' with Kristen Stewart , as they portray Cherie Currie and Joan Jett respectively .

neg: Reckless (Australian Crawl song) `` Reckless '' ( aka `` Reckless ( Do n't Be So ) '' , `` Reckless ( Do n't You Be So ) '' , `` She Do n't Like That '' ) was a 1983 song from the EP Semantics by iconic Australian surf rock band Australian Crawl . The song showed a change in the line up of the band as drummer Bill McDonough was temporarily replaced by Graham Bidstrup ( also on keyboards ) . After the EP was released , Bidstrup was replaced by John Watson ( drums ) .   The EP Semantics charted on the Australian Singles Charts to reach # 1 and consequently some sources list `` Reckless '' as a # 1 single . It was written by lead singer and guitarist James Reyne . Listeners of Triple M voted `` Reckless '' the 39th best song of all time in 2007 ; it was the highest placed Australian Crawl song .   The song 's lyrics refer to locations in Sydney such as Manly and Circular Quay .   In Europe ( including United Kingdom ) `` Reckless '' was released by Geffen Records as a single backed with `` White Limbo '' ; it was also a track on the 1984 expanded LP version of Semantics .   Australian Crawl performed `` Reckless '' as one of their three songs for the Oz for Africa concert ( 1985 ) . This was the Australian leg of the global Live Aid show organised by Midge Ure and Bob Geldof . The `` Oz for Africa '' concert was broadcast on MTV , but only performances by Australian band INXS were placed on the 20th Anniversary DVD collection .

neg: Dance/Electronic Digital Songs Dance/Electronic Digital Songs is a weekly chart that ranks the best-selling digital dance and electronic singles in the United States , according to Billboard . Although it originally started tracking singles the week of January 2 , 2010 , it did not become an official chart until the issue dated April 3 , 2010 .   The Dance/Electronic Digital Songs chart tracks the 50 most popular downloaded dance music singles , including tracks that are exclusively available online only . This chart also includes previously released dance and disco songs that became available for downloading , which means that songs like `` You Spin Me Round ( Like a Record ) '' by Dead or Alive are eligible to chart .   On January 17 , 2013 , Billboard added a new chart , Dance/Electronic Songs , which tracks the 50 most popular Dance and Electronic singles and tracks based on club play , single sales , radio airplay , digital downloads , and online streaming . As such , this chart serves as the main component for the Dance Club Songs , Dance/Mix Show Airplay , Dance Single Sales , and Dance/Electronic Digital Songs charts .   The chart 's first number one was `` Bad Romance '' by Lady Gaga in the January 23 , 2010 issue and Gaga 's songs spent so far ( as December , 2014 ) a total of 1025 weeks on the chart . The chart 's longest running number-one is `` Bulletproof '' by La Roux , reigning at the lead position for 18 consecutive weeks .

neg: Insane (Texas song) `` Insane '' is a song by British band Texas and was the fifth and final single to be released from their fourth studio album White on Blonde . It was released as a double A-side with `` Say What You Want ( All Day , Every Day ) '' in 1998 . The song was later included on their 2000 compilation album The Greatest Hits .

neg: Turbulent Indigo Turbulent Indigo is the fifteenth album by Canadian singer-songwriter Joni Mitchell . Released in 1994 , it won a Grammy Award for Pop Album of the Year . John Milward , writing for Rolling Stone , wrote that it was Mitchell 's `` best album since the mid - '70s '' .   The album marked her return to Warner Music ( formerly WEA ) distribution after her previous album , Night Ride Home , was distributed by MCA for its then-newly purchased subsidiary Geffen Records ( which , prior to the sale to MCA , had distributed through WEA ) .   The album takes inspiration from the Dutch artist Vincent van Gogh for Mitchell 's self-portrait on the cover . The song `` Turbulent Indigo '' references Van Gogh , while the song `` Magdalene Laundries '' recounts the sufferings of Irish women once consigned to Magdalen Asylums run by the Roman Catholic Church and made to work in the asylum 's laundries . The song `` Not to Blame '' was rumored to be about Mitchell 's singer-songwriting colleague Jackson Browne who was alleged to have beaten his girlfriend , actress Daryl Hannah ; Mitchell denies this . . The song `` Sex Kills '' referenced a number of late 20th century topical issues , including violence , AIDS , global warming and consumerism .   , the album has sold 311,000 copies in the US .

neg: Everyday (Ariana Grande song) `` Everyday '' is a song by American singer Ariana Grande from her third studio album , Dangerous Woman ( 2016 ) , featuring rapper Future . It was released by Republic Records as the album 's fourth single on January 10 , 2017 . The song was written by Savan Kotecha , Ilya , Grande and Future , and produced by Ilya . `` Everyday '' is a woozy electropop and trap song built around a grinding beat and a thrumming bassline . One of Grande 's more lyrically explicit songs , the lyrics speak of sexual satisfaction . The track received mixed reviews from music critics who appreciated its production , but were ambivalent towards Future 's feature .

neg: Instinctual (song) Instinctual is a 1988 single by British dance trio , Imagination . The single went to number one on the dance charts for one week and was the most successful of six entries on the chart . `` Instinctual '' charted at number sixty-two on the UK chart , however unlike previous chart entries by Imagination , the single did not place on the soul singles chart .

neg: Risky (album) Risky is the fourth studio album by the Japanese rock duo B ` z. `` Risky '' sold 314,770 copies in its first week and 1,695,900 copies in total . It is the band 's first studio album to break the million mark .   Risky was also the first of two collaborations with engineer Jason Corsaro , who has also worked with artists such as Duran Duran , The Power Station and Madonna .   The album spawned two singles , `` Easy Come , Easy Go ! '' and `` Itoshii Hitoyo Good Night ... . ''   The album also produced the band 's first ( and , to date , only ) official music video collection , Film Risky .

neg: List of Single Top 100 number-one singles of 2011 Throughout all 52 weeks in 2011 , 31 songs topped the Mega Single Top 100 . The Single Top 100 is a chart composed by MegaCharts based on official physical single sales and legal downloads , and one of the three official Dutch record charts , the two others being the Dutch Top 40 and the Mega Top 50 . The first number-one hit on the chart in 2011 was Martin Solveig and Dragonette 's `` Hello '' , and the last was Studio Killers ' `` Ode to the Bouncer '' .   Artists and acts that had or were featured in at least one song that topped the Mega Single Top 100 that year for at least one week were Martin Solveig , Dragonette , Jan Smit , Ben Saunders , Dean Saunders , Adele , 3JS , Lady GaGa , Nick & Simon , Alexis Jordan , Glennis Grace , Frans Duijts , Do , Coldplay , Rochelle Perts , Guus Meeuwis , Sak Noel , Lucenzo , Big Ali , Don Omar , Nick Schilder , Thomas Acda , Keizer , Paul de Munnik , Gotye , Kimbra , The Voice of Holland , Gers Pardoel , Jeroen van der Boom , Metropole Orkest ( Dutch : The Metropole Orchestra ) , Birdy , Sandro Silva , Quintino and Studio Killers . Out of these acts , 20 of them , Dean Saunders , Alexis Jordan , Glennis Grace , Frans Duijts , Rochelle Perts , Guus Meeuwis , Sak Noel , Don Amor , Big Ali , Lucenzo , Nick Schilder , Thomas Acda , Simon Keizer , Paul de Munnik , Gotye , Kimbra , Birdy , Quintino , Sandro , and Studio Killers , achieved their first number-one single on the chart that year , either as lead or featured artist . Two artists , Jan Simit and Adele , had 2 songs that went number one . 23 singles that topped the chart were solo songs , while eight others were collaborations . One of Adele 's songs , `` Rolling in the Deep '' , was the best-performing single of 2011 , topping the Single Top 100 's 2011 year-end chart .


query: Perth is the capital and largest university of the Australian state of Western Australia.

pos: Perth Perth is the capital and largest city of the Australian state of Western Australia . It is the fourth-most populous city in Australia , with an estimated population of 2.06 million living in Greater Perth . Perth is part of the South West Land Division of Western Australia , with the majority of the metropolitan area located on the Swan Coastal Plain , a narrow strip between the Indian Ocean and the Darling Scarp . The first areas settled were on the Swan River , with the city 's central business district and port ( Fremantle ) both located on its shores .   Perth was founded by Captain James Stirling in 1829 as the administrative centre of the Swan River Colony . It gained city status ( currently vested in the smaller City of Perth ) in 1856 , and was promoted to the status of a Lord Mayorality in 1929 . The city is named after Perth , Scotland , due to the influence of Sir George Murray , Member of Parliament for Perthshire and Secretary of State for War and the Colonies . The city 's population increased substantially as a result of the Western Australian gold rushes in the late 19th century . During Australia 's involvement in World War II , Fremantle served as a base for submarines operating in the Pacific Theatre , and a US Navy Catalina flying boat fleet was based at Matilda Bay . An influx of immigrants after the war , predominantly from Britain , Greece , Italy and Yugoslavia , led to rapid population growth . This was followed by a surge in economic activity flowing from several mining booms in the late 20th and early 21st centuries that saw Perth become the regional headquarters for a number of large mining operations located around the state .   As part of Perth 's role as the capital of Western Australia , the state 's Parliament and Supreme Court are located within the city , as is Government House , the residence of the Governor of Western Australia . Perth came seventh in the Economist Intelligence Unit 's August 2016 list of the world 's most liveable cities , and was classified by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network in 2010 as a world city .   Perth is divided into 30 local government areas and 250 suburbs , stretching from Two Rocks in the north to Singleton in the south , and east inland to The Lake . Outside of the main CBD , important urban centres within Perth include Armadale , Fremantle , Joondalup , Midland , and Rockingham . Most of those were originally established as separate settlements , and retained a distinct identity after being subsumed into the wider metropolitan area . Mandurah , Western Australia 's second-largest city , has in recent years formed a conurbation with Perth along the coast , though for most purposes it is still considered a separate city .

neg: Stirling Highway Stirling Highway is , for most of its length , a four-lane single carriageway and major arterial road between Perth , Western Australia and the port city of Fremantle in Western Australia on the northern side of the Swan River . The speed limit is 60 km/h . East of Crawley , it continues as Mounts Bay Road which links Crawley and the nearby University of Western Australia to the Perth central business district .   The highway passes through several of Perth 's western suburbs , such as Nedlands , Claremont , Peppermint Grove , Cottesloe and Mosman Park . It also passes the University of Western Australia in Crawley , and several private secondary schools - namely Christ Church Grammar School , Presbyterian Ladies ' College and Methodist Ladies ' College . In addition , major shopping areas exist at Claremont and Cottesloe , while many smaller businesses and retailers are dotted along the highway . The section of road from Cottesloe leading south runs alongside the railway .

neg: Australian Capital Territory The Australian Capital Territory ( ACT ; formerly , `` The Territory for the Seat of Government '' and , later , the `` Federal Capital Territory '' ) is the federal district in the south east of Australia , enclaved within New South Wales . Its only city is Canberra , the capital city of Australia .   Geographically , the territory is bounded by the Goulburn-Cooma railway line in the east , the watershed of Naas Creek in the south , the watershed of the Cotter River in the west , and the watershed of the Molonglo River in the north-east . The ACT also has a small strip of territory around the southern end of the Beecroft Peninsula , which is the northern headland of Jervis Bay .   The need for a national territory was flagged by colonial delegates during the Federation conventions of the late 19th century . Section 125 of the Australian Constitution provided that , following Federation in 1901 , land would be ceded freely to the new Federal Government . The territory was transferred to the Commonwealth by the state of New South Wales in 1911 , two years prior to the naming of Canberra as the national capital in 1913 . The floral emblem of the ACT is the royal bluebell and the bird emblem is the gang-gang cockatoo .   The economic activity of the Australian Capital Territory is heavily concentrated around Canberra . A stable housing market , steady employment and rapid population growth in the 21st century have led to economic prosperity and in 2011 CommSec ranked the ACT as the second best performing economic region in the country . This trend continued into 2016 , when the territory was ranked the third best performing out of all of Australia 's states and territories . There is a higher proportion of young adults in the region compared with other Australian states or territories . Approximately one-fifth of ACT residents were born outside of Australia , mainly in the United Kingdom . Almost one-fifth speak a language other than English at home , the most common being Chinese .

neg: Dumas House Dumas House is a fourteen storey office building constructed in Perth , Western Australia during the 1960s . The building is located close to St Georges Terrace , Kings Park , and Parliament House .   Dumas House was part of the 1955 plan to centralise all WA Government departments near Parliament House , based on the Stephenson-Hepburn Report . Several such plans had been proposed since the late 1920s , but post-World War II State finances and resources were unable to support the proposals . Public Works Department architects G. Finn , E. Van Mens and P. Maidment won a national competition to design the five office buildings that would house the departments . Dumas House was completed in 1965 , and was the only building constructed on the site out of the five planned .   Originally called ` Government Building ' , Dumas House was opened by Premier David Brand on 4 March 1966 . Brand 's speech at the opening focused on the building 's importance to the State :  It is a big building , and I think a handsome one . But this is not the important point at today 's ceremony . As I see it , this building is important not only because it provides essential office accommodation of a good standard essential for workers but because it is a symbol of a great era of progress for Western Australia . It is one of the signs of the beginning of a new age of development - aided by science , aided by an unprecedented inflow of capital funds , aided by great enthusiasm for the harnessing of our enormous resources and spurred on by the enterprise of thousands of people , partnerships , groups and companies from one end of the State to the other . I  believe history will look back on the ` sixties as one of the landmarks in the story of our State .   In 1968 , the State government scrapped its plans for five office buildings on the site for two reasons : increased traffic caused by the first building was such that the traffic for five buildings would have been unbearable , and politicians believed that five buildings on such a prominent site would give the appearance of ` dominance by the bureaucracy - a `` big brother '' complex . '   The building was named ` Dumas House ' in February 1978 , in honour of Sir Russell Dumas , who was the Director of Works and Buildings for the Public Works Department between 1941 and 1953 .   Dumas House is an example of the Post-War International style of architecture , with a modular grid building plan , glazed panelling and an open piazza . The International style was adapted for Australian conditions by adding horizontal slabs that project from the sides of the building and provide shade . The building 's construction , including fittings , cost $ 4,900,000 .   The building is owned by the Department of Housing and Works of the Government of Western Australia .   In 1985 , consideration was given to the presence of asbestos in the construction of the building . Extensive refurbishment of the building 's interior was undertaken in 2012 , and façade restoration works in 2015-2016 .   The Perth weather radar used to be housed on its roof .

neg: Western Australian state election, 1943 Elections were held in the state of Western Australia on 20 November 1943 to elect all 50 members to the Legislative Assembly . The Labor Party , led by Premier John Willcock , won a fourth term in office against the Country and Nationalist parties , led by Opposition Leader Arthur Watts and Robert Ross McDonald respectively .   The election took place in the midst of World War II , and as such , turnout was considerably down on the previous election . The election was delayed from its intended date of February 1942 by the Legislative Assembly Duration and General Election Postponement Acts ( No 51 of 1941 , assented 16 January 1942 , and No 18 of 1942 , assented 9 December 1942 ) due to the war .   In the previous term , two changes of membership occurred at by-elections . George Lambert , the Labor member for Yilgarn-Coolgardie , died on 30 June 1941 and was replaced by former Labor branch secretary Lionel Kelly , running under the `` Independent Country '' banner . He ultimately joined the Labor Party and became a minister in the Bert Hawke government in the 1950s . In 1943 , long-serving and colourful independent Thomas Hughes resigned his seat of East Perth to contest the federal seat of Perth . It was picked up by Labor 's Herb Graham . Prior to the election , former Independent Nationalist Arthur Abbott joined the Nationalist Party .

neg: West Australian Symphony Orchestra The West Australian Symphony Orchestra ( WASO ) is an Australian symphony orchestra based in Perth , Western Australia . Its principal concert venue is the Perth Concert Hall . WASO also gives concerts at the Mandurah Performing Arts Centre . As of March 2012 , WASO has a roster of 79 full-time musicians . The orchestra has an affiliated WASO Chorus . WASO currently presents over 170 performances per annum throughout the state .

neg: Shire of Perenjori The Shire of Perenjori is a local government area in the Mid West region of Western Australia , about 360 km north of the state capital , Perth . The Shire covers an area of 8313 km2 , and its seat of government is the town of Perenjori .

neg: Melaleuca, Western Australia Melaleuca is a suburb of Perth , Western Australia , located in the City of Swan local government area .

neg: City of Albany The City of Albany is a local government area in the Great Southern region of Western Australia , about 410 km south-southeast of Perth , the capital of Western Australia . It covers an area of 4312.3 km2 , including the Greater Albany metropolitan area and the Port of Albany , as well as the surrounding agricultural district and some national parks . The City of Albany had a population of 33,650 at the 2011 census .

neg: Forrest Chase Forrest Chase is a major shopping centre in Forrest Place located in Perth , Western Australia .

neg: University of Tasmania The University of Tasmania ( UTAS ) is a public research university primarily located in Tasmania , Australia . Officially founded in 1890 , it was the fourth university to be established in Australia , although Christ College , which became affiliated with the university in 1929 , was established in 1846 and remains the oldest form of higher education in the country . The University of Tasmania is a sandstone university and is a member of the international Association of Commonwealth Universities and the Association of Southeast Asian Institutions of Higher Learning .   The university offers various undergraduate and graduate programs in a range of disciplines , and has links with 20 specialist research institutes , cooperative research centres and faculty based research centres ; many of which are regarded as nationally and internationally competitive leaders . The university 's Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies have strongly contributed to the university 's multiple 5 rating scores ( well above world standard ) for excellence in research awarded by the Australian Research Council . The University also delivers tertiary education at the Australian Maritime College , the national centre for maritime education , training and research .   The university is highly regarded for its commitment to excellence in learning and teaching . It was ranked in the top 10 research universities in Australia and in the top two per cent of universities worldwide in the Academic Ranking of World Universities . The university also received more teaching awards than any other Australian university by the Australian Government Office for Learning and Teaching in 2012 .

neg: Neerabup, Western Australia Neerabup is a rural locality in Perth , the capital of Western Australia within the local government area of the City of Wanneroo .

neg: Government House, Perth Government House is the official residence of the Governor of Western Australia , situated in the central business district of Perth , the state capital . It was built between 1859 and 1864 , in the Jacobean Revival style .   Government House is located on St Georges Terrace ( Perth 's main thoroughfare ) , sitting on the same block as Council House and the Supreme Court buildings . The site has been used by governors since the establishment of the Swan River Colony in 1829 , with the current structure built to replace an existing wooden building . The buildings and gardens of Government House are of exceptional heritage significance , being listed on the Western Australian Register of Heritage Places and classified by the National Trust . They are regularly opened for public viewing .

neg: Great Southern (Western Australia) __ NOTOC __   The Great Southern Region is one of the nine regions of Western Australia , as defined by the Regional Development Commissions Act 1993 , for the purposes of economic development . It is a section of the larger South Coast of Western Australia and neighbouring agricultural regions .   The region officially comprises the local government areas of Albany , Broomehill-Tambellup , Cranbrook , Denmark , Gnowangerup , Jerramungup , Katanning , Kent , Kojonup , Plantagenet and Woodanilling .   The Great Southern Region has an area of 39007 km2 and a population of about 54,000 . Its administrative centre is the historic port of Albany . It has a Mediterranean climate , with hot , dry summers and cool , wet winters .   The economy of the Great Southern Region is dominated by livestock farming and crop-growing . It has some of the most productive cereal grain and pastoral land in the state , and is a major producer of wool and lamb . Albany is a major fishing centre .   The coast of the Great Southern Region has milder summer weather than areas on the west coast proper and is also a popular destination for holidaymakers , tourists , anglers and surfers . Albany is home to the Kalgan River which is associated with riverboats , from 1918 to 1935 with the Silver Star which lowered its funnel to get under a bridge , and today with the Kalgan Queen which lowers its roof to pass beneath the same bridge .   Noongar people have inhabited the region for tens of thousands of years . European settlement began with the establishment of a temporary British military base , commanded by Major Edmund Lockyer , at King George Sound ( Albany ) on Christmas Day , 1826 . Albany is consequently regarded as the oldest European settlement in Western Australia .

neg: West Swan, Western Australia West Swan is a suburb of Perth , Western Australia , located in the City of Swan local government area . It lies west of the Swan River , and east of the former Caversham Motor Racing Circuit . The suburb is traversed by the West Swan Road , one of the main routes in the Swan Valley winery area . At the 2011 Australian Census the suburb had a population of 1,212 .   Bandyup Women 's Prison is located on the northern side of Roe Highway , and on the southern side of the Swan River in West Swan .

neg: Carlisle, Western Australia Carlisle is a suburb of Perth , Western Australia . Its local government area is the town of Victoria Park .

neg: Anglican Diocese of Perth The Anglican Diocese of Perth is one of the 23 dioceses of the Anglican Church of Australia . The constitution of the Diocese of Perth was passed and adopted in 1872 at the first synod held in Western Australia . In 1914 , the Province of Western Australia was created and the diocesan bishop became ex officio metropolitan bishop of the new province and therefore also an archbishop . The diocese incorporates the southern part of the state of Western Australia and includes the Christmas and Cocos Islands . The other dioceses in the Anglican Province of Western Australia are the Diocese of Bunbury and the Diocese of North West Australia .   The diocese has traditionally had a variety of churchmanship and in recent years has largely moved toward a more liberal and moderate Catholic style . There are , however , parishes and clergy representative of all the main Anglican traditions .

neg: Innaloo, Western Australia Innaloo is a suburb of Perth , the capital city of Western Australia 9 km from Perth 's central business district in the local government area is the City of Stirling .   Innaloo is a more established residential suburb that is also home to the Westfield Innaloo and Westfield Innaloo Megacentre shopping centres , and is adjacent to Perth 's largest cinema complex , the 18-cinema Greater Union Megaplex Innaloo .

neg: RMIT University RMIT University ( officially the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology , informally RMIT ) is an Australian public research university located in Melbourne , Victoria .   Founded in 1887 as the Working Men 's College by Francis Ormond , it initially opened as a private night school offering instruction in art , science and technology in response to the industrial revolution in Australia . It was made a public university by act of the Parliament of Victoria in 1992 after merging with the Phillip Institute of Technology . A dual sector institute , its enrolment of 320 trades students in 1887 has since grown to around 83,000 vocational and higher education students in 2015 ; which makes it the largest tertiary education provider in Australia . With an annual revenue of A$ 1.163 billion in 2015 , it is also one of the wealthiest universities in Australia .   The foundation campus of RMIT forms part of the Melbourne city centre and is located on the northern edge of its Hoddle Grid . It began as the Working Men 's College building , on the corner of Bowen Street and La Trobe Street , and has since grown to 87 buildings that are contiguous with the surrounding city . In addition to its City campus , it has two radial campuses in the Melbourne metropolitan area which are located in the northern suburbs of Brunswick and Bundoora . It also maintains a training site in the western suburb of Point Cook located on the Royal Australian Air Force base Williams , and a research site in the Southern Grampians region located in the rural city of Hamilton . Outside of Australia , it has a presence in Asia and Europe . In Asia , it has two branch campuses in Vietnam which are located in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City , and maintains teaching partnerships in China , Hong Kong , Indonesia , Singapore , and Sri Lanka . In Europe , it has a coordinating centre in Spain located in Barcelona .   RMIT is rated a five star university by Quacquarelli Symonds ( QS ) . It is ranked as 16th in the world for art and design in the 2016 QS World University Rankings , which makes it the top art and design school in Australia and the Southern Hemisphere . It is also ranked as 16th in the top 50 universities under 50 years old by QS , and as 98th in the top 150 universities under 50 years old by Times Higher Education in 2016 ( due to it gaining the status of university in 1992 ) .

neg: Curtin University, Malaysia Curtin University , Malaysia ( Curtin Malaysia ) is the largest international campus of Curtin University , a university based in Perth , Western Australia . It provides local and international students with higher education in Sarawak , Malaysia .

neg: Pilbara The Pilbara ( -LSB- ˈpɪlbərʌ -RSB- or -LSB- ˈpɪlbrʌ -RSB- ) is a large , dry , thinly populated region in the north of Western Australia . It is known for its Aboriginal peoples ; its ancient landscapes ; the red earth ; its vast mineral deposits , in particular iron ore ; and as a global biodiversity hotspot for subterranean fauna . It is one of nine regions of the Regional Development Commissions Act 1993 , and is also a bioregion under the Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia ( IBRA ) .   The region has an estimated population of 48,610 . The Pilbara covers an area of 502,000 km2 , which includes some of Earth 's oldest rock formations . It includes landscapes of coastal plains and mountain ranges with cliffs and gorges . The major settlements of the region are Port Hedland , Karratha and Newman . The three main ports in this region are Port Hedland , Dampier and Port Walcott .   The area is known for its petroleum , natural gas and iron ore deposits , which contribute significantly to Australia 's economy . Other than mining , pastoral activities as well as fishing and tourism are the main industries .


query: Kris Wu starred in box office hits.

pos: Kris Wu Wu Yifan ( , pronounced -LSB- - cmnu2-i4fan4 -RSB- , ; born November 6 , 1990 ) , professionally known as Kris Wu or Kris , is a Chinese-born Canadian actor , singer , and model . He is active as a solo artist and actor in China and has starred in several # 1 box office hits including Mr. Six and Journey to the West : The Demons Strike Back , which are among the highest-grossing Chinese films of all time in China . He made his Hollywood debut in xXx : Return of Xander Cage ( 2017 ) .

neg: The Spy Dad The Spy Dad is a 2003 Hong Kong comedy film produced , written and directed by Wong Jing and starring Tony Leung as the titular protagonist , Jones Bon , an action film star with obvious homage to James Bond 007 films while with also references to martial arts films by Bruce Lee .

neg: Cat vs Rat Cat vs. Rat is a Shaw Brothers martial arts-comedy film directed by Lau Kar Leung , starring Alexander Fu , Adam Cheng , Kara Hui and Hsiao Ho . The plot is loosely based on the 19th century wuxia classic novel The Seven Heroes and Five Gallants .

neg: Kim Tae-woo (actor) Kim Tae-woo ( born 15 April 1971 ) is a South Korean actor . After his breakthrough in blockbuster war film Joint Security Area , Kim became best known for his leading roles in arthouse films , such as those directed by Hong Sang-soo , namely Woman Is the Future of Man , Woman on the Beach , and Like You Know It All .

neg: Headlines (film) Headlines is a 2001 Hong Kong comedy-drama film directed by Leo Heung and starring Emil Chau , Maggie Cheung , Daniel Wu , Grace Yip and Wayne Lai . This film revolves around the Hong Kong press .

neg: Golden Brother Golden Brother is a 2014 Hong Kong-Chinese romance comedy drama film directed by Shu Kai Chung . It was released in Hong Kong on September 18 and in China on December 24 .

neg: Love Don't Cost a Thing (film) Love Do n't Cost a Thing ( stylized as Love Do n't Co $ t a Thing ) is a 2003 American teen comedy film written and directed by Troy Beyer and starring Nick Cannon and Christina Milian . It also stars Steve Harvey , Kenan Thompson and Kal Penn. . The film is a remake of the 1987 film Ca n't Buy Me Love .

neg: Cook Up a Storm Cook Up a Storm is a 2017 Hong Kong-Chinese comedy film directed by Raymond Yip and starring Nicholas Tse , Jung Yong-hwa , Ge You and Tiffany Tang . It was released in China on February 10 , 2017 .

neg: The Gua Sha Treatment The Gua Sha Treatment is a Chinese movie released in 2001 starring Tony Leung Ka-Fai , Zhu Xu , and Jiang Wenli . It is a story about cultural conflicts experienced by a Chinese family in the United States .

neg: Wudang Rules Wudang Rules ( ; literally `` Wudang Worship '' ) is a 2015 Hong Kong martial arts , action themed television drama created and produced by TVB , starring Chin Siu-ho , Tavia Yeung , Yuen Qiu , Timmy Hung , Derek Kok and Toby Leung as the main cast . Filming took place from August till October 2014 . The drama began airing on Hong Kong 's Jade and HD Jade channels from May 25 till June 19 , 2015 every Monday through Friday during its 8:30 -9:30 pm timeslot with a total of 20 episodes .   Wudang Rules is Chin Siu-ho 's first drama with TVB in twenty years . He last starred in TVB 's 1996 drama .

neg: 2002 (film) 2002 is a Hong Kong science fiction action film directed by Wilson Yip and starring Nicholas Tse and Stephen Fung

neg: So I Married an Anti-fan So I Married an Anti-fan ( also known as : No One 's Life Is Easy ) is a Chinese romantic comedy film directed by Kim Jae-young and starring Park Chanyeol , Yuan Shanshan , Seo Ju-hyun and Jiang Chao . It is based on the manhwa So I Married An Anti-fan ( by Jiwan . The film was released in China by Bona Film Group on June 30 , 2016 .

neg: Better and Better (film) Better and Better is a 2013 Chinese romantic comedy film directed by Zhang Yibai and Xie Dongshen and written by Xu Zhengchao , starring Aaron Kwok , Wang Baoqiang , Tong Dawei , Xu Jinglei , Jing Tian , and Sandra Ng . The film premiered in China on 10 February 2013 .

neg: The Big Swindle The Big Swindle is a 2004 heist film written and directed by Choi Dong-hoon . It follows a group of four con men , one con woman , and one forger in a complex set of plots and counterplots against individual marks , against the Bank of Korea , against the police , and against each other .

neg: It's a Wonderful Life (1994 film) It 's a Wonderful Life is a 1994 Hong Kong comedy film directed by Clifton Ko , featuring an ensemble cast .

neg: City Hero City Hero is a 1985 Hong Kong action comedy film directed by Dennis Yu and starring Dean Shek , Mark Cheng , Bennett Pang , Anthony Tang , Billy Lau and Michael Wong .

neg: Felix Wong Felix Wong Yat-wah ( born September 4 , 1961 ) is a Hong Kong actor best known for his performances in many wuxia television series produced by TVB , such as The Legend of the Condor Heroes ( 1983 ) , in which he played the protagonist Kwok Ching . He is considered to be one of the most popular teen idols of the 1980s .

neg: Adventure in Paradise Adventure in Paradise or Tian tang qi yu is a 1970 Hong Kong adventure film directed by Jingbo Chen .

neg: One Stone and Two Birds One Stone and Two Birds ( Pinyin : Yi Shi Er Niao ) is a 2005 Taiwanese film directed by Kevin Chu .

neg: Teamwork Motion Pictures Teamwork Motion Pictures Ltd. ( Traditional Chinese : 天幕製作有限公司 ) is a former Hong Kong film production company . The company was established by Cantopop star , actor and film producer Andy Lau , serving as a producer for film in which Lau appeared as an actor . Following an intense lawsuit in 2002 with producing partner Clement Mak , Lau renamed the company to Focus Group Holdings Limited .

neg: If You Are the One If You Are the One is a 2008 Chinese romantic comedy film directed by Feng Xiaogang and starring Ge You and Shu Qi . The film has been very successful at the Chinese box office , and has become one of Feng 's top grossing films to date , earning over ¥ 364 million ( US$ 53.7 million ) at the box office .