query: John Wick: Chapter 2 premiered on January 30th, 2017.

pos: John Wick: Chapter 2 John Wick : Chapter 2 is a 2017 American neo-noir action thriller film directed by Chad Stahelski and written by Derek Kolstad . The second installment of the John Wick series , the plot follows hitman John Wick , who goes on the run after a bounty is placed on his head . It stars Keanu Reeves , Common , Laurence Fishburne , Riccardo Scamarcio , Ruby Rose , John Leguizamo and Ian McShane , and marks the first collaboration between Reeves and Fishburne since appearing together in The Matrix trilogy .   Principal photography began on October 26 , 2015 , in New York City . The film premiered in Los Angeles on January 30 , 2017 , and was theatrically released in the United States on February 10 , 2017 . It received positive reviews from critics and grossed $ 166 million worldwide , over four times its $ 40 million budget and nearly twice the $ 88 million gross of the original film .

neg: 2017 Kids' Choice Awards The 30th Annual Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards was held on March 11 , 2017 , at the Galen Center on the University of Southern California campus in Los Angeles live on Nickelodeon and either live or on tape delay across all of Nickelodeon 's international networks and also served as a full-length TV movie . John Cena hosted the ceremony . This is the earliest Kids ' Choice Awards ceremony date to take place , with the former latest being the 1989 ceremony on June 25 , 1989 .   A new episode of one of Nickelodeon 's television series , Henry Danger , premiered right before the ceremony . Jace Norman subsequently led the transfer from the show to the ceremony . Afterwards , an unlisted airing of the Hunter Street premiere was shown .

neg: Episode II Episode II , Episode 2 or Episode Two may refer to :   Episode II ( album ) , an album by Safri Duo  Episode II ( EP ) , an EP by Eiffel 65  `` Episode 2 '' ( song ) , a song by Dragon Ash  `` Episode 2 '' ( Ashes to Ashes ) , an episode of Ashes to Ashes  `` Series 1 : Episode 2 '' ( Life on Mars ) , an episode of Life on Mars  `` Episode 2 '' ( Twin Peaks ) , an episode of Twin Peaks  Episode 2 ( The Casual Vacancy ) , ( 2015 ) , the second episode of the TV miniseries The Casual Vacancy  Half-Life 2 : Episode Two , a computer game sequel  Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones , a 2002 film

neg: Real World Seattle: Bad Blood Real World Seattle : Bad Blood is the thirty-second season of MTV 's reality television series Real World , which focuses on a group of diverse strangers living together for several months in a different city each season as cameras document their lives and interpersonal relationships . It is the ninth season to be filmed in the Pacific States region of the United States , specifically in Washington , and is also the third season to be filmed in the Pacific Northwest after The Real World : Portland .   The season featured a total of fourteen people , consisting of seven original roommates and seven additional permanent roommates who lived in the Capitol Hill neighborhood of Seattle , Washington . This season follows a twist from the past three seasons . It is the tenth season to take place in a city that had hosted a previous season , as the show 's seventh season was set in Seattle in 1998 . Seattle was first reported as the location for the thirty-second season by the website Vevmo on May 22 , 2016 . Production began on June 30 , and concluded on August 27 , 2016 totaling up to 58 days of filming .   The season premiered on October 12 of that year on MTV and the MTV app , and concluded with the season finale on January 4 , 2017 , consisting of 12 episodes .

neg: The Secret Life of the American Teenager (season 2) The second season of The Secret Life of the American Teenager , an American television series created by Brenda Hampton , debuted on the ABC Family television network on Monday , June 22 , 2009 at 8:00 PM . Season two regular cast members include Shailene Woodley , India Eisley , Daren Kagasoff , Francia Raisa , Kenny Baumann , Molly Ringwald , Mark Derwin , Megan Park , and Greg Finley II . Following the first season , Jorge Pallo and Luke Zimmerman were demoted to recurring guest stars . Jorge returned for a select number of episodes to wrap up his character 's storyline and eventually departed the series after its January return .   Following the success of its first season , ABC Family announced on January 31 , 2009 , plans to renew Secret Life , following the cancellation of its hit sci-fi TV show , Kyle XY . The official press release was released on February 9 with ABC Family ordering 24 episodes for season two . Season 2 began with 12 episodes broadcast starting June 22 , 2009 . Though marketed as the season finale , the mid season finale aired on September 7 , 2009 , with the second half of the season returning on January 4 , 2010 . The second 12 episodes finished their run on March 22 , 2010 .   The season premiere of Secret Life brought in the largest audience for the show so far , with a record breaking 4.68 million viewers . It brought in the second largest audience in adults 18-34 with 1.40 million viewers , behind season one 's mid-season finale . 2.10 million adults 18-49 watched `` The Big One '' along with 1.60 million females between the ages 18 -- 34 . The season premiere remains the number one scripted original premiere of Summer 2009 in Adults 18-34 . Furthermore , the mid-season premiere became ABC Family 's most watched telecast of all time with viewers ages 12 -- 34 with more than three million viewers watching . The mid-season premiere also brought in the show 's second largest audience in total viewers , with more than 4.55 million people watching .   This season , Amy Juergens must deal with juggling motherhood and high school , while her family and friends experience relationship challenges of their own .

neg: Wind River (2017 film) Wind River is a 2017 American thriller film directed and written by Taylor Sheridan in his directorial debut . The film stars Jeremy Renner , Elizabeth Olsen , Jon Bernthal and Kelsey Asbille .   It premiered at the 2017 Sundance Film Festival . It is scheduled to be released on August 4 , 2017 , by The Weinstein Company .

neg: The Good Place The Good Place is an American fantasy comedy television series created by Mike Schur . It premiered on September 19 , 2016 on NBC .   The series focuses on Eleanor Shellstrop ( Kristen Bell ) , a recently deceased young woman who wakes up in the afterlife and is sent by Michael ( Ted Danson ) to `` The Good Place '' , a heaven-like utopia he designed , in reward for her righteous life . However , she quickly realizes that she was sent there by mistake , and must hide her morally imperfect behavioral past and present . William Jackson Harper , Jameela Jamil , and Manny Jacinto co-star as other residents of the Good Place , together with D'Arcy Carden as an artificial being helping the inhabitants .   The Good Place has received critical acclaim since its premiere , with many praising its performances , writing , originality , setting , and tone . On January 30 , 2017 , NBC renewed the series for a second season of 13 episodes .

neg: Outsiders (U.S. TV series) Outsiders is an American television drama series created by Peter Mattei . Set in the fictional town of Blackburg , Crockett County , Kentucky , the series tells the story of the Farrell clan and their struggle for power and control in the hills of Appalachia . It is WGN America 's third original series , which debuted on January 26 , 2016 . On March 11 , 2016 , WGN America renewed Outsiders for a second season which premiered on January 24 , 2017 . On April 14 , 2017 , WGN America announced , the series had been canceled after two seasons , with the then forthcoming last episode of the second season , airing as a series finale on the channel . Production and distributing studio Sony Pictures Television is set to shop the series elsewhere for further seasons .

neg: Mr. Roosevelt (film) Mr. Roosevelt is an American comedy film written and directed by Noël Wells in her directorial debut . It stars Wells , Nick Thune , Britt Lower , Danielle Pineda  Andre Hyland , Doug Benson , Armen Weitzman and Sergio Cilli .   The film had its world premiere at South by Southwest on March 12 , 2017 .

neg: Private Practice (season 2) The second season of Private Practice premiered on October 1 , 2008 and concluded on April 30 , 2009 . The season consisted of 22 episodes .

neg: Mission: Impossible 2 Mission : Impossible 2 ( stylized as M : I-2 ) is a 2000 American action spy film directed by John Woo and starring Tom Cruise , who also served as the film 's producer . It is the second installment in the Mission : Impossible film series . In the film , Ethan Hunt is recruited by the Impossible Missions Force ( IMF ) to find and destroy a dangerous biological weapon called `` Chimera '' from a rogue IMF agent named Sean Ambrose with the help of his new girlfriend , Nyah Nordoff-Hall . .   Mission : Impossible 2 was released in theaters worldwide on May 24 , 2000 . It grossed more than $ 546.4 million worldwide , becoming the highest grossing film of 2000 . But the critical response was mixed ; praise was directed at Tom Cruise 's performance and the action sequences , but the plot and dialogue were criticized .

neg: Wynonna Earp (TV series) Wynonna Earp is a Canadian-American supernatural Western horror television series . Developed by Emily Andras , it is based on the comic book series by Beau Smith . Melanie Scrofano plays the series ' titular character .   Wynonna Earp premiered in the United States on Syfy on April 1 , 2016 , at 10 p.m. ET , and in Canada on CHCH-DT on April 4 , 2016 , at 9 p.m. ET .   On July 23 , 2016 , the renewal for a second season was announced at the Wynonna Earp panel at San Diego Comic-Con . Originally slated for ten episodes , the season was increased to 12 episodes in October 2016 .   In Canada , Wynonna Earp moved from CHCH-DT to Space effective April 15 , 2017 . In anticipation of the premiere of Season 2 , Space began airing Season 1 on the same date with a special double-episode series debut .   Season 2 will premiere simultaneously on Syfy and Space at 10 p.m. ET on June 9 , 2017 .

neg: Huck Out West Huck Out West is a 2017 novel by American author Robert Coover . The novel concerns the lives of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn during and after the American Civil War . The novel is one of several to imagine Huck 's life after The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn .

neg: French Connection II French Connection II is a 1975 crime drama film starring Gene Hackman and directed by John Frankenheimer . It is a fictional sequel to the initially true story of the 1971 Academy Award winning picture The French Connection . The film expands on the central character of Det. Jimmy `` Popeye '' Doyle who travels to Marseille , France where he is attempting to track down French drug-dealer Alain Charnier , who got away at the end of the first film . Hackman won an Academy Award for Best Actor for the original The French Connection and he and Fernando Rey are the only returning cast members .

neg: Kingsman: The Golden Circle Kingsman : The Golden Circle is an upcoming 2017 British-American action spy comedy-drama film directed by Matthew Vaughn , and is the sequel to 2015 film Kingsman : The Secret Service . The series is based on the comic book The Secret Service , created by Dave Gibbons and Mark Millar . The film stars Colin Firth , Julianne Moore , Taron Egerton , Mark Strong , Halle Berry , Elton John , Channing Tatum and Jeff Bridges , and is scheduled to be released on 22 September 2017 .

neg: Cold Case (season 2) Season two of Cold Case , an American television series , began airing on October 3 , 2004 and concluded on May 22 , 2005 . Season two regular cast members include Kathryn Morris , Danny Pino , John Finn , Thom Barry and Jeremy Ratchford .

neg: Person to Person (film) Person to Person is an American drama film directed and written by Dustin Guy Defa . The film stars Michael Cera , Tavi Gevinson , and Abbi Jacobson .   The film had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 20 , 2017 . It is scheduled to be released on July 28 , 2017 , by Magnolia Pictures .

neg: Big Little Lies (miniseries) Big Little Lies is an American black comedy-drama HBO miniseries created and written by David E. Kelley , based on the novel of the same name by Liane Moriarty . The series began filming in January 2016 . The miniseries consists of seven episodes , all directed by Jean-Marc Vallée . It premiered on February 19 , 2017 and concluded on April 2 , 2017 .

neg: Supernatural (season 2) The second season of Supernatural , an American fantasy horror television series created by Eric Kripke , premiered on September 28 , 2006 , and concluded on May 17 , 2007 , airing 22 episodes . The season focuses on protagonists Sam ( Jared Padalecki ) and Dean Winchester ( Jensen Ackles ) as they track down Azazel , the demon responsible for the deaths of their mother Mary and father John . They attempt to discover the demon 's plan for Sam and other psychic children -- young adults who were visited by Azazel as infants and given abilities , and whose mothers often then died in a fire . During their travels , they use their father 's journal to help them carry on the family business -- saving people and hunting supernatural creatures .   The season aired on Thursdays at 9:00 pm ET in the United States , and was the first season to air on The CW television network , a joint venture of The WB and UPN . The previous season was broadcast on The WB . It averaged only about 3.14 million American viewers , and was in danger of not being renewed . The cast and crew garnered many award nominations , but the episodes received mixed reviews from critics . While both the brotherly chemistry between the lead actors and the decision to finish the main storyline were praised , the formulaic structure of the episodes was criticized .   The season was internationally syndicated , airing in the United Kingdom on ITV , in Canada on Citytv and SPACE , and in Australia on Network Ten . It was released on DVD as a six-disc box set September 11 , 2007 , by Warner Home Video in Region 1 . Although the season was split into two separate releases in Region 2 , the complete set was released October 29 , 2007 , and in Region 4 October 3 , 2007 . The episodes are also available through digital retailers such as Apple 's iTunes Store , Microsoft 's Xbox Live Marketplace , and Amazon.com 's on-demand TV service .

neg: 132nd Ohio General Assembly The One Hundred Thirty-Second Ohio General Assembly is the current meeting of the Ohio state legislature , composed of the Ohio State Senate and the Ohio House of Representatives . It convened in Columbus , Ohio on January 3 , 2017 and is scheduled to adjourn December 31 , 2018 . The apportionment of legislative districts is based on the 2010 United States Census and 2011 redistricting plan . Both the Ohio Senate and Ohio House of Representatives were retained by the Ohio Republican Party .

neg: Samurai Jack (season 5) The fifth season of Samurai Jack is the final season of the animated series . This season follows Jack on a journey that concludes his story . It premiered on the Toonami programming block of Adult Swim on March 11 , 2017 and concluded its run on May 20 , 2017 . The announcement of the season came in December 2015 , eleven years since the series was originally concluded on Cartoon Network . Genndy Tartakovsky , the series ' creator , returned as a director , writer , and storyboarder for this season . The season received universal acclaim from critics , praising it for its more intense and mature tone .


query: Facebook is from a place.

pos: Facebook Facebook is an American for-profit corporation and an online social media and social networking service based in Menlo Park , California . The Facebook website was launched on February 4 , 2004 , by Mark Zuckerberg , along with fellow Harvard College students and roommates , Eduardo Saverin , Andrew McCollum , Dustin Moskovitz , and Chris Hughes .   The founders had initially limited the website 's membership to Harvard students ; however , later they expanded it to higher education institutions in the Boston area , the Ivy League schools , and Stanford University . Facebook gradually added support for students at various other universities , and eventually to high school students as well . Since 2006 , anyone age 13 and older has been allowed to become a registered user of Facebook , though variations exist in the minimum age requirement , depending on applicable local laws . The Facebook name comes from the face book directories often given to United States university students .   Facebook may be accessed by a large range of desktops , laptops , tablet computers , and smartphones over the Internet and mobile networks . After registering to use the site , users can create a user profile indicating their name , occupation , schools attended and so on . Users can add other users as `` friends '' , exchange messages , post status updates and digital photos , share digital videos and links , use various software applications ( `` apps '' ) , and receive notifications when others update their profiles or make posts . Additionally , users may join common-interest user groups organized by workplace , school , hobbies or other topics , and categorize their friends into lists such as `` People From Work '' or `` Close Friends '' . In groups , editors can pin posts to top . Additionally , users can complain about or block unpleasant people . Because of the large volume of data that users submit to the service , Facebook has come under scrutiny for its privacy policies . Facebook makes most of its revenue from advertisements which appear onscreen .   Facebook , Inc. held its initial public offering ( IPO ) in February 2012 , and began selling stock to the public three months later , reaching an original peak market capitalization of $ 104 billion . On July 13 , 2015 , Facebook became the fastest company in the Standard & Poor 's 500 Index to reach a market cap of $ 250 billion . Facebook has more than 1.94 billion monthly active users as of March 31 , 2017 . As of April 2016 , Facebook was the most popular social networking site in the world , based on the number of active user accounts . Facebook classifies users from the ages of 13 to 18 as minors and therefore sets their profiles to share content with friends only .

neg: Timeline of Facebook This is a timeline of Facebook .

neg: Computational sociology Computational sociology is a branch of sociology that uses computationally intensive methods to analyze and model social phenomena . Using computer simulations , artificial intelligence , complex statistical methods , and analytic approaches like social network analysis , computational sociology develops and tests theories of complex social processes through bottom-up modeling of social interactions .   It involves the understanding of social agents , the interaction among these agents , and the effect of these interactions on the social aggregate . Although the subject matter and methodologies in social science differ from those in natural science or computer science , several of the approaches used in contemporary social simulation originated from fields such as physics and artificial intelligence . Some of the approaches that originated in this field have been imported into the natural sciences , such as measures of network centrality from the fields of social network analysis and network science .   In relevant literature , computational sociology is often related to the study of social complexity . Social complexity concepts such as complex systems , non-linear interconnection among macro and micro process , and emergence , have entered the vocabulary of computational sociology . A practical and well-known example is the construction of a computational model in the form of an `` artificial society '' , by which researchers can analyze the structure of a social system .

neg: The Social Network Song `` The Social Network Song ( OH OH - Uh - OH OH ) '' ( originally titled `` Facebook Uh , Oh , Oh ( A Satirical Song ) '' ) is a song by singer Valentina Monetta which was the Sammarinese entrant at the Eurovision Song Contest 2012 . At the Eurovision Song Contest 2012 the song finished in 14th place in the first semi-final with 31 points , although it did not qualify for the final , this was their best result since their début in the 2008 . `` The Social Network Song '' was the 20th Eurovision entrant produced by Ralph Siegel .

neg: South Korean web culture South Korean web culture indicates distinct activities that South Korean internet users enjoy on the web . Most of the internet users are in the 13 - 50 age range . People often access the Internet through cyber cafes ( Korean : PC방 ; PC bang ) .   Most of the activities are targeted to teenagers and college students . Youngsters who feel more comfortable texting than talking are known as the `` thumb tribe '' . The LG Mobile World Cup , an international competition held on January 14 , 2010 , in which participants competed using their texting speed and accuracy was won by a pair of South Koreans .   Highly urbanized at 92 % , South Koreans lead a distinctive urban lifestyle ; half of them live in high-rises concentrated in the Seoul Capital Area with 25 million residents . The rise of online social activities closely mirrors the wider cultural trend towards shared spaces , such as the habitual use of coffee houses .   South Korea enjoys the world 's swiftest Internet speeds and the highest rate of Internet penitration but also suffers from very high censorship of content .

neg: Socialbakers Socialbakers is a global social media analytics company offering a marketing software-as-a-service platform called Socialbakers Solutions that delivers data analytics and social media management for thousands of companies of all sizes for marketing on Facebook , Instagram , Twitter , YouTube , LinkedIn , Google + , VK and Pinterest .   Socialbakers was founded in 2008 and has offices in Prague , London , San Francisco , New York City , Plzeň , Split , Singapore , Sydney , Paris , Munich , São Paulo , Mexico City , Dubai and Istanbul , with over 300 employees globally .

neg: Civic application Civic application is application software aiming at users ' activation to participate in public good development through this application . In civil societies , civic applications are created to enhance public good , civic engagement , and generally social capital .   Civic applications can for example aim at :  development of engaged citizenship ,  strengthening of local communities ,  growth of democracy ,  supporting entrepreneurship ,  protection of nature and a common living space , etc. .   Civic applications are to some extent often social networking services , but what distinguishes them is the civic goal , the mission funding its existence .   Interaction between the user and the application is what differentiates civic applications from any IT service ( website , portal ) speaking about any citizen 's topics , where interaction is not necessary and if exists often takes form of commenting under articles .   Civic application can be accessed from a server via an Internet browser ( online ) or using mobile devices , such as mobile phones or tablets ( mobile ) , less often from user 's local drive ( offline ) .   Non-Governmental Organisations and public national institutions are noticing the value of the civic apps and invite people working in Information Technology domain to participate in their development ( e.g. in Greater Portland , Chicago , Boston , Boulder , Washington D.C , Seattle and other American cities as part of the Code For America initiative ) . Very often they are created as part of `` hackatons '' , IT development competitions .   Civic applications are part of a greater concept of civic technologies , which encompass variety of civic applications , together with any software tools and platforms , enabling its development or hosting , and the software supporting local and national governments in performing their public functions .

neg: Adam D'Angelo Adam D'Angelo is the chief executive officer and co-founder of Quora , an online knowledge market based in Mountain View , California . He was chief technology officer of Facebook , and also served as its vice president of engineering . He left Facebook in 2008 . In June 2009 , he started Quora with Charlie Cheever , another early Facebook employee .

neg: Town hall meeting Town hall meetings , also referred to as town halls or town hall forums , are a way for local and national politicians to meet with their constituents , either to hear from them on topics of interest or to discuss specific upcoming legislation or regulation . During periods of active political debate , town halls can be a locus for protest and more active debate .   Despite their name , town hall meetings need not take place in a town hall . They are commonly held in a range of venues , including schools , libraries , municipal buildings , and churches . A number of officials have also experimented with digital formats for town halls . Town hall meetings organized by national politicians are often held in a variety of locations distributed across a voting district so that elected representatives can receive feedback from a larger proportion of constituents .   Historically , no specific rules or guidelines have defined a town hall meeting . Any event that allows constituent participation with a politician may be called a town hall , including gatherings in person , group phone calls , or events on Internet platforms such as Facebook or Twitter . Attendees use town halls to voice their opinions and question elected officials , political candidates , and public figures . In contrast to town meetings , a type of direct democratic rule that originated in colonial New England , attendees do not vote on issues during town hall meetings .   In the United States , town halls are a common way for national politicians to connect or reconnect with their constituents during recesses , when they are in their home districts away from Washington , DC .

neg: Chan Zuckerberg Initiative The Chan Zuckerberg Initiative ( CZI ) is a limited liability company founded by Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg and Priscilla Chan with an investment of `` up to $ 1 billion in -LSB- Facebook -RSB- shares in each of the next three years '' . Its creation was announced on December 1 , 2015 , for the birth of their daughter , Maxima Chan Zuckerberg .   The aim of the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative is to `` advance human potential and promote equality in areas such as health , education , scientific research and energy '' .

neg: The Dodo The Dodo is an American online publisher focused on animals and animal rights issues . The website was launched in January 2014 by Izzie Lerer , the daughter of media executive Kenneth Lerer . The Dodo has become one of the most popular Facebook publishers , garnering 1 billion video views from the social network in November 2015 . The Dodo is headquartered in New York , New York .

neg: If(we) if ( we ) is a social and mobile technology company based in San Francisco , CA . and owned by MeetMe . It was originally known as Tagged Inc. and owns and operates social networks Tagged.com and Hi5.com and animated iOS messaging app Nod .   The company operates as an incubator of new social technology and apps seeking to find the next big thing . The firm has been ranked the # 3 Best Place to Work in the Bay Area for medium size companies and has 140 employees .

neg: Social graph The social graph in the Internet context is a graph that depicts personal relations of internet users . In short , it is a model or representation of a social network , where the word graph has been taken from graph theory . The social graph has been referred to as `` the global mapping of everybody and how they 're related '' .   The term was popularized at the Facebook F8 conference on May 24 , 2007 , when it was used to explain how the newly introduced Facebook Platform would take advantage of the relationships between individuals to offer a richer online experience . The definition has been expanded to refer to a social graph of all Internet users .   Since explaining the concept of the social graph , Mark Zuckerberg , one of the founders of Facebook , has often touted Facebook 's goal of offering the website 's social graph to other websites so that a user 's relationships can be put to use on websites outside of Facebook 's control . This can be accomplished through the Facebook Open Graph API .   One of the earliest known forms of the social graph was created in 2002 by Harvard student Philippe Bouzaglou in a paper published on the Harvard Department of Economics website . The paper replicated the Kevin Bacon Game using Harvard students and for the first time , gave an overview of an entire social graph , allowing the analysis of the characteristics of the network using graph theory . This paper was written for a seminar that was attended by Dustin Moskovitz who later became a Facebook co-founder .

neg: Silicon Fen Silicon Fen ( sometimes known as the Cambridge Cluster ) is the name given to the region around Cambridge , England , which is home to a large cluster of high-tech businesses focusing on software , electronics and biotechnology . Many of these businesses have connections with the University of Cambridge , and the area is now one of the most important technology centres in Europe .   It is called `` Silicon Fen '' by analogy with Silicon Valley in California , because it lies at the southern tip of the English Fenland . The interest in technology in the area started with Acorn Computers .

neg: Facebook diplomacy The term Facebook diplomacy was coined sometime in October 2008 in casual notes exchanged on Twitter , in connection to U.S. President Barack Obama 's electoral political campaign 's keen use of Facebook and other social network websites . The term Facebook diplomacy was further introduced and elaborated to describe the potential ` soft power ' that can be created with Internet social networking tools like Facebook to counter terrorism , and interfere with repressive governments and militant groups in a discussion at a social networking and technology conference in December 2008 in New York .   During the December conference in New York , the United States Undersecretary of Public Diplomacy , James Glassman said , `` New technology gives the United States and other free nations a significant advantage over terrorists . '' In his presentation at New York 's Columbia University Law School , he went on to illustrate how Facebook diplomacy and on-line activism created success through the use of Facebook groups and the use of the platform to create activism and cause global awareness relative to issues in Colombia against the infamous FARC rebels .

neg: Notes from the Road Notes from the Road is an American online travel journal and blog founded in 1999 by travel writer Erik Gauger , which focuses primarily on North America . Forbes magazine praised the site in 2008 for having `` photos worthy of National Geographic '' , and called it the best-looking travel blog they had seen . Forbes also noted that the navigation system was poor and that links were often overlaid over photographs . Notes from the Road was also picked as a favorite website by Time Magazine in 2005 .   According to the site , `` Notes from the Road is a project in experimental travel writing - it is about subjective travel ; the kind of real world of random things and real people . '' The focus of the travelogue is not in specific destinations , but in the subjects of travel , from cultural history , to biology , and to the importance of travel writing in society .   Gauger founded the site in January 2000 to let friends know about his travels , and has since broadened to include other content such as details about political disputes between preservationists and developers in various parts of the globe .   Notes from the Road covers travel issues which are rarely covered by the travel media , such as controversial environmental battles such as those on Great Guana Cay and Sand Mountain .

neg: Too Many Friends `` Too Many Friends '' is a single by alternative rock band Placebo , the first single off of their seventh studio album Loud Like Love . The single was released on 8 July 2013 , as a digital download but was actually released on 23 August 2013 in physical format as a limited edition CD and 7 '' single in Germany . The song deals with people on the internet and being far more close to friends on the internet , rather than off the computer . It is also about loneliness , which Placebo frontman Brian Molko said was the `` modern version of , ` I 'm sitting by the phone , waiting for you to call . ' ''

neg: Dragon City Dragon City is a social network game from social games developer Social Point which was launched for play on Facebook in May 2012 and for download on iOS in 2013 . In August 2014 the aforementioned developer made the game available for download on Intel Atom tablets for Android . The game targets mid-core players , allowing them to raise their own dragons and create a Dragon City on floating islands . In December 2012 The Next Web ran an article announcing that Dragon City was ranked # 2 in Facebook 's 25 top rated games that year . Dragon city can be connected with Facebook ( giving players a reward of an exclusive dragon and 10 gems ) .

neg: List of place names of French origin in the United States Several thousand place names in the United States have names of French origin , some a legacy of past French exploration and rule over much of the land and some in honor of French help during the American Revolution and the founding of the country ( see also : New France and French in the United States ) . Others were named after early Americans of French , especially Huguenot , ancestry ( Marion , Revere , Fremont , Lanier , Sevier , Macon , Decatur , etc. ) . Some places received their names as a consequence of French colonial settlement ( e.g. Baton Rouge , Detroit , New Orleans , Saint Louis ) . Nine state capitals are French words or of French origin ( Baton Rouge , Boise , Des Moines , Juneau , Montgomery , Montpelier , Pierre , Richmond , Saint Paul ) - not even counting Little Rock ( originally `` La Petite Roche '' ) or Cheyenne ( a French rendering of a Lakota word ) , compared to only two that are Spanish ( Sacramento and Santa Fe ) . Fifteen state names are either French words / origin ( Delaware , New Jersey , Louisiana , Maine , Oregon , Vermont ) or Native American words rendered by French speakers ( Arkansas , Illinois , Iowa , Kansas , Michigan , Mississippi , Mississippi , Ohio , Wisconsin ) , versus nine state names that are Spanish or Spanish rendered ( Montana , California , Colorado , Florida , Montana , Nevada , New Mexico , Texas , Utah ) .   The suffix '' - ville , '' from the French word for `` city '' is common for town and city names throughout the United States . Many originally French place names , possibly hundreds , in the Midwest and Upper West were replaced with directly translated English names once American settlers became locally dominant ( e.g. `` La Petite Roche '' became Little Rock ; `` Baie Verte '' became Green Bay ; `` Grandes Fourches '' became Grand Forks ) . In contrast , Spanish place names in the Southwest were generally not replaced by English names .

neg: Loan-a Lisa `` Loan-a Lisa '' is the second episode of The Simpsons twenty-second season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on October 3 , 2010 . In the episode , Lisa helps fund Nelson 's bicycle company with money Grampa Simpson gives her as part of his inheritance , but after Nelson meets Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg and is convinced he can be successful by dropping out of school , Lisa tries to convince Nelson to stay in school . Meanwhile , Homer gets addicted to buying expensive items and returning them .   The episode was written by Valentina L. Garza and directed by Matthew Faughnan , after Yeardley Smith suggested writing one centered around microfinancing . It guest starred Mark Zuckerberg , Chris Hansen and Muhammad Yunus . The episode received positive reviews from critics . According to the Nielsen Media Research receiving a 4.1 / 11 in the 18-49 demographic going up from the previous episode both in the demographic and in total viewers . The episode was broadcast two days after the theatrical release of The Social Network , a film based on Zuckerberg 's founding of Facebook .

neg: Racial bias on Wikipedia Wikipedia has been criticized for having a systemic racial bias in its coverage , due to an under-representation of people of color within its editor base . The President of Wikimedia D.C. , James Hare , noted that `` a lot of black history is left out '' of Wikipedia , due to articles predominately being written by white editors . Articles that do exist on African topics are , according to some critics , largely edited by editors from Europe and North America and thus reflect their knowledge and consumption of media , which `` tend to perpetuate a negative image '' of Africa . Maira Liriano of the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture , has argued that the lack of information regarding black history on Wikipedia `` makes it seem like it 's not important . ''   Different theories have been provided to explain these racial discrepancies . Jay Cassano , writing for Fast Company magazine , argued that Wikipedia 's small proportion of black editors is a result of the small black presence within the tech sector , and a relative lack of reliable access to the Internet . Katherine Maher , chief communications officer for the Wikimedia Foundation , has argued that focuses in Wikipedia 's content are representative of those of society as a whole . She said that Wikipedia could only represent that which was referenced in secondary sources , which historically have been favourable towards white men .   Attempts have been made to rectify racial biases through edit-a-thons , organised events at which Wikipedia editors attempt to improve coverage of certain topics and train new editors . In February 2015 , multiple edit-a-thons were organised to commemorate Black History Month in the United States of America . One such edit-a-thon was organized by the White House to create and improve articles on African Americans in STEM . The Schomburg Center , Howard University , and National Public Radio , also coordinated edit-a-thons to improve coverage of black history . And while Wikipedia supports these edit-a-thons , the organization has always stressed that adequate citation must always be present and neutrality always maintained .


query: The Democratic Republic of the Congo is located in Central Africa.

pos: Democratic Republic of the Congo The Democratic Republic of the Congo ( -LSB- ˈkɒŋɡəʊ -RSB- -LSB- kɔ̃ɡo -RSB- ; République démocratique du Congo ) , also known as DR Congo , DRC , DROC , Congo-Kinshasa or simply the Congo , is a country located in Central Africa . The DRC borders the Central African Republic and South Sudan to the north ; Uganda , Rwanda , Burundi and Tanzania to the east ; Zambia and Angola to the south ; the Republic of the Congo to the west and the Atlantic Ocean to the southwest . It is the second-largest country in Africa by area and eleventh largest in the world . With a population of over 80 million , the Democratic Republic of the Congo is the most populated officially Francophone country , the fourth most-populated nation in Africa and the eighteenth most populated country in the world .   The territory of the DR Congo was first settled by humans around 90,000 years ago . Bantu peoples began migrating into the region in the 5th century and again in the 10th century . In the West of the region the Kingdom of Kongo ruled from the 14th to 19th centuries , while in the centre and East of the region the kingdoms of Luba and Lunda ruled from the 16th and 17th centuries to the 19th century . In the 1870s , before the onset of the Scramble for Africa , European exploration of the Congo was carried out , first led by Sir Henry Morton Stanley under the sponsorship of King Leopold II of Belgium . Leopold formally acquired rights to the Congo territory at the Conference of Berlin in 1885 and made the land his private property . He named it the Congo Free State . During the Free State the colonial military unit , the Force Publique , forced the local population into producing rubber , and from 1885 to 1908 millions of Congolese died as a consequence of disease and exploitation . In 1908 Belgium , despite initial reluctance , formally annexed the Free State from Leopold , which became the Belgian Congo .   The Belgian Congo achieved independence on 30 June 1960 under the name Republic of the Congo ( Léopoldville ) . Congolese nationalist Patrice Lumumba was elected the first Prime Minister , while Joseph Kasa-Vubu became the first President . Conflict arose over the administration of the territory which became known as the Congo Crisis . The provinces of Katanga , under Moïse Tshombe , and South Kasai attempted to secede from the Congo . On 5 September 1960 , Kasa-Vubu dismissed Lumumba from office , encouraged by the United States and Belgium after Lumumba turned to the Soviet Union for assistance in the crisis . On 14 September , with U.S. and Belgian support , Lumumba was arrested by forces loyal to Army Chief of Staff Joseph-Désiré Mobutu , who had gained de facto control over the country through a coup d'état the same day , and on 17 January 1961 Lumumba was handed over to Katangan authorities and executed by Belgian-led Katangese troops .   In 1965 Joseph-Désiré Mobutu , who later renamed himself Mobutu Sese Seko , officially came into power through a second coup . In 1971 he renamed the country Zaire . The country was run as a one-party state with his Popular Movement of the Revolution as the sole legal party . Mobutu 's government received considerable support from the United States for its anti-communist stance during the Cold War . By the early 1990s Mobutu 's government began to weaken . Disenfranchisement of the eastern Congolese Tutsi population led to a 1996 invasion led by Tutsi-ruled Rwanda , which began the First Congo War . On 17 May 1997 Laurent-Désiré Kabila , a leader of Tutsi forces from the province of South Kivu , became President , bringing about the end of Mobutu 's 32-year rule . Tensions between President Kabila and the Rwandan and Tutsi presence in the country led to the Second Congo War from 1998 to 2003 . Ultimately , nine African countries and around twenty armed groups became involved in the war , which resulted in the deaths of 5.4 million people . The two wars together devastated the country . President Laurent-Désiré Kabila was assassinated by one of his bodyguards on 16 January 2001 and was succeeded eight days later as President by his son Joseph Kabila .   The Democratic Republic of Congo is extremely rich in natural resources but has had political instability , a lack of infrastructure , issues with corruption and centuries of both commercial and colonial extraction and exploitation with little holistic development . Besides the capital Kinshasa , the two next largest cities Lubumbashi and Mbuji-Mayi are both mining communities . DR Congo 's largest export is raw minerals , with China accepting over 50 % of DRC 's exports in 2012 . , according to the Human Development Index ( HDI ) , DR Congo 's level of human development ranks 176 out of 187 countries .

neg: Aba, Democratic Republic of the Congo Aba is a city in the northeast of Orientale Province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo ; it is near the border with South Sudan .

neg: Postage stamps and postal history of the Republic of the Congo This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of the Republic of the Congo , a former French colony known as Middle Congo or French Congo , and now often known simply as The Congo .   The Republic of the Congo is a country in central Africa bordered by Gabon , Cameroon , the Central African Republic , the Democratic Republic of the Congo ( formerly known as Zaire ) , the Angolan exclave province of Cabinda , and the Gulf of Guinea .

neg: Education in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Primary education in the Democratic Republic of the Congo ( DRC ) is free and compulsory .   The education system in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is governed by three government ministries : the Ministère de l'Enseignement Primaire , Secondaire et Professionnel ( MEPSP ) , the Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et Universitaire ( MESU ) and the Ministère des Affaires Sociales ( MAS ) .

neg: Republic of Cabinda The Republic of Cabinda ( Ibinda : Kilansi kia cabinda ; República de Cabinda ) is an unrecognized state in southern Africa . The Front for the Liberation of the State of Cabinda-Exercito de Cabinda ( FLEC ) claims sovereignty from Angola and proclaimed the Republic of Cabinda as an independent country in 1975 . The government of this ( internationally not recognized ) entity operates in exile , with offices located in Paris , France and Pointe Noire , Congo-Brazzaville .   The 1885 Treaty of Simulambuco designated Cabinda a Portuguese protectorate known as the Portuguese Congo , which was administratively separate from Portuguese West Africa ( Angola ) . In the 20th century , Portugal decided to integrate Cabinda into Angola , giving it the status of a district of that `` overseas province '' . During the Portuguese Colonial War , FLEC fought for the independence of Cabinda from the Portuguese . Independence was proclaimed on 1 August 1975 , and FLEC formed a provisional government led by Henriques Tiago . Luiz Branque Franque was elected president .   In January 1975 , Angola 's three national liberation movements ( People 's Movement for the Liberation of Angola ( MPLA ) , National Liberation Front of Angola ( FNLA ) and National Union for the Total Independence of Angola ( UNITA ) ) met with the colonial power in Alvor , Portugal , to establish the modalities of the transition to independence . FLEC was not invited . The Alvor Agreement was signed , establishing Angolan independence and confirming Cabinda as part of Angola . After Angolan independence was declared in November 1975 , Cabinda was occupied by the forces of the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola ( MPLA ) , which had been present in Cabinda since the mid-1960s , sustaining an anti-colonial guerrilla war that was rather more efficient than the one run by FLEC .   For much of the 1970s and 1980s , FLEC fought a low-intensity guerrilla war , attacking the troops of what was by then the People 's Republic of Angola , led by the MPLA . FLEC 's tactics included attacking economic targets and kidnapping foreign employees working in the province 's oil and construction businesses . In July 2006 , after ceasefire negotiations , António Bento Bembe -- as president of the Cabindan Forum for Dialogue and Peace , vice-president and executive secretary of FLEC -- announced that the Cabindan separatist forces were ready to declare a ceasefire . A peace treaty was signed . FLEC-FAC from Paris contends Bembe had no authority or mandate to negotiate with the Angolans and that the only acceptable solution is total independence .

neg: Mozambique Mozambique ( -LSB- moʊzæmˈbiːk -RSB- or -LSB- mɔːzæmˈbiːk -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of Mozambique ( Moçambique or República de Moçambique , -LSB- rɛˈpublikɐ dɨ musɐ̃ˈbikɨ -RSB- ) is a country in Southeast Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east , Tanzania to the north , Malawi and Zambia to the northwest , Zimbabwe to the west , and Swaziland and South Africa to the southwest . It is separated from Madagascar by the Mozambique Channel to the east . The capital and largest city is Maputo ( known as `` Lourenço Marques '' before independence ) .   Between the 1st and 5th centuries AD , Bantu-speaking peoples migrated from farther north and west . Swahili ( and later Arab ) commercial ports existed along the coasts until the arrival of Europeans . The area was explored by Vasco da Gama in 1498 and colonised by Portugal from 1505 . The country was an important place where Somali merchants enslaved the local population , starting what is now known as the Somali slave trade . After over four centuries of Portuguese rule , Mozambique gained independence in 1975 , becoming the People 's Republic of Mozambique shortly thereafter . After only two years of independence , the country descended into an intense and protracted civil war lasting from 1977 to 1992 . In 1994 , Mozambique held its first multiparty elections and has remained a relatively stable presidential republic . However , since 2013 , following more than 20 years of peace , a renewed insurgency by RENAMO has been occurring .   Mozambique is one of the poorest and most underdeveloped countries in the world . Mozambique is endowed with rich and extensive natural resources . The country 's economy is based largely on agriculture , but industry is growing , mainly food and beverages , chemical manufacturing , and aluminium and petroleum production . The country 's tourism sector is also growing . South Africa is Mozambique 's main trading partner and source of foreign direct investment . Belgium , Brazil , Portugal , and Spain are also among the country 's most important economic partners . Since 2001 , Mozambique 's annual average GDP growth has been among the world 's highest . However , the country ranks among the lowest in GDP per capita , human development , measures of inequality , and average life expectancy .   The only official language of Mozambique is Portuguese , which is spoken mostly as a second language by about half of the population . Common native languages include Makhuwa , Sena , and Swahili . The country 's population of around 24 million is composed overwhelmingly of Bantu people . The largest religion in Mozambique is Christianity , with significant minorities following Islam and African traditional religions . Mozambique is a member of the African Union , the Commonwealth of Nations , the Community of Portuguese Language Countries , the Latin Union , the Non-Aligned Movement , and the Southern African Development Community , and is an observer at La Francophonie .

neg: Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa is , geographically , the area of the continent of Africa that lies south of the Sahara . According to the UN , it consists of all African countries that are fully or partially located south of the Sahara . It contrasts with North Africa , whose territories are part of the League of Arab states within the Arab world . Somalia , Djibouti , Comoros and Mauritania are geographically in Sub-Saharan Africa , but are likewise Arab states and part of the Arab world .   The Sahel is the transitional zone between the Sahara and the tropical savanna ( the Sudan region ) and forest-savanna mosaic to the south .   Since probably 3500 BCE , the Saharan and Sub-Saharan regions of Africa have been separated by the extremely harsh climate of the sparsely populated Sahara , forming an effective barrier interrupted by only the Nile in Sudan , though the Nile was blocked by the river 's cataracts . The Sahara pump theory explains how flora and fauna ( including Homo sapiens ) left Africa to penetrate the Middle East and beyond . African pluvial periods are associated with a `` wet Sahara '' phase during which larger lakes and more rivers existed .   The use of the term has been criticized because it refers to the South only by cartography conventions and projects a connotation of inferiority ; a vestige of colonialism , which some say , divided Africa into European terms of homogeneity .

neg: Banyamulenge Banyamulenge , sometimes called `` Tutsi Congolese '' , is a term historically referring to the ethnic Tutsi concentrated on the High Plateau of South Kivu , in the eastern region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo , close to the Burundi-Congo-Rwanda border .   The Banyamulenge form a minority of the South Kivu population . Rival ethnic groups in the late 1990s claimed the Banyamulenge numbered no more than 35,000 , while the Banyamulenge sympathizers claim up to ten times that number . The population of Banyamulenge in the early 21st century is estimated at between 50,000 and 70,000 by René Lemarchand or by Gérard Prunier at around 60,000 -- 80,000 , a figure about 3 -- 4 percent of the total provincial population .   Lemarchand notes that the group represents `` a rather unique case of ethnogenesis . '' The Banyamulenge of South Kivu are culturally and socially distinct from the Tutsis of North Kivu and the Tutsis who fled to South Kivu in the 1959 -- 1962 Rwandan revolution . Most Banyamulenge speak Kinyarwanda , and those that do speak it with a dialect different from other Tutsi groups . The ambiguous political and social position of the Banyamulenge has been a point of contention in the province , leading to the Banyamulenge playing a key role in the run-up to the First Congo War in 1996 -- 7 and Second Congo War of 1998 -- 2003 .

neg: Zimbabwe Zimbabwe ( -LSB- zɪmˈbɑːbweɪ -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of Zimbabwe , is a landlocked country located in southern Africa , between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers . It is bordered by South Africa to the south , Botswana to the west and southwest , Zambia to the northwest , and Mozambique to the east and northeast . Although it does not border Namibia , less than 200 metres of the Zambezi River separates it from that country . The capital and largest city is Harare . A country of roughly 13 million people , Zimbabwe has 16 official languages , with English , Shona , and Ndebele the most commonly used .   Since the 11th century , present-day Zimbabwe has been the site of several organised states and kingdoms as well as a major route for migration and trade . The British South Africa Company of Cecil Rhodes first demarcated the present territory during the 1890s ; it became the self-governing British colony of Southern Rhodesia in 1923 . In 1965 , the conservative white minority government unilaterally declared independence as Rhodesia . The state endured international isolation and a 15-year guerrilla war with black nationalist forces ; this culminated in a peace agreement that established universal enfranchisement and de jure sovereignty in April 1980 . Zimbabwe then rejoined the Commonwealth of Nations -- which it withdrew from in 2003 . It is a member of the United Nations , the Southern African Development Community ( SADC ) , the African Union ( AU ) , and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa ( COMESA ) .   Robert Mugabe became Prime Minister of Zimbabwe in 1980 , when his ZANU-PF party won the elections following the end of white minority rule ; he has been the president of Zimbabwe since 1987 . Under Mugabe 's authoritarian regime , the state security apparatus has dominated the country and been responsible for widespread human rights violations . Mugabe has maintained the revolutionary socialist rhetoric from the Cold War era , blaming Zimbabwe 's economic woes on conspiring Western capitalist countries , while still executing conservative policies . Burnished by his anti-imperialist credentials , contemporary African political leaders have been reluctant to criticise Mugabe , though Archbishop Desmond Tutu has called him `` a cartoon figure of an archetypal African dictator '' .

neg: Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville) The Republic of the Congo ( République du Congo ) was a sovereign state in Central Africa that was created with the independence of the Belgian Congo in 1960 . From 1960-1966 , the country was often known as Congo-Léopoldville ( after its capital ) in order to distinguish it from its north-western neighbour , also called the Republic of the Congo or Congo-Brazzaville . With the renaming of Léopoldville as Kinshasa on 1 June 1966 , it was known as Congo-Kinshasa until 1971 .   On 1 August 1964 , the state 's official name was changed to Democratic Republic of the Congo . In 1971 , the state 's name changed to Zaire .   The period between 1960 and 1965 is referred to as the First Congolese Republic , and the current Democratic Republic of the Congo is the Third Republic .   Unrest and rebellion continued to plague the government until 1965 , when Lieutenant General Joseph Désiré Mobutu , now commander-in-chief of the national army , seized control of the country . Mobutu changed the country 's name to Zaire in 1971 and remained its president until 1997 .

neg: Kitona Kitona is a town of about 4,000 persons in the Bas-Congo province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo . It is located to the southwest of the country along the Atlantic Ocean , about 190 miles southwest of the capital city of Kinshasa . Following the Second World War , a Belgian military base , including an airbase , was established there , along with another at Kamina . Both bases played important roles during the early 1960s Congo Crisis .   Upon the outbreak of the Second Congo War in early August 1998 , the rebel group , the Rally for Congolese Democracy , commandeered three aircraft in the eastern town of Goma and flew them to Kitona , taking the garrison by surprise and capturing the town . It was subsequently recaptured by a government-aligned Angolan force with tanks that drove out of the province of Cabinda on 22 August .   Currently , an airbase is located in the town .

neg: Water crisis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Although the Democratic Republic of the Congo ( DRC ) has Africa 's largest freshwater resources , it is suffering from an acute drinking water supply crisis . The country has one of the lowest rates of access to drinking water in Sub-Saharan Africa . Only 46 percent of the population had access to an improved drinking water source in 2012 . Furthermore , the sanitation coverage was estimated at only 31 percent in 2012 . Up to date and accurate information on water supply and sanitation services in the DRC is scarce . As a result of inadequate water supply and sanitation services , many inhabitants are suffering from waterborne diseases , including diarrhea , typhoid , and cholera .   The current water crisis is a result of the deteriorated state of the water infrastructure due to underinvestment in the water sector and conflict-related destruction as well as the rapid growth of the population , which was estimated at 4 percent in urban areas and 2.5 percent in rural areas by the World Bank in 2009 . Overall , the DRC 's water supply and sanitation sector is characterized by several overlapping and conflicting institutional jurisdictions . Therefore , the water crisis in the DRC can be categorized as an economic water scarcity problem , hindering development in the country . Article 48 of the 2006 Constitution of the DRC recognizes the human right to water . The rehabilitation and development of the water sector is a priority to which the national government committed itself in the Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategies and to which it agreed as part of the international framework of the UN Millennium Development Goals .

neg: Foreign relations of Cameroon Cameroon 's noncontentious , low-profile approach to foreign relations puts it squarely in the middle of other African and developing country states on major issues . It supports the principles of non-interference in the affairs of third world countries and increased assistance to underdeveloped countries . Cameroon is an active participant in the United Nations , where its voting record demonstrates its commitment to causes that include international peacekeeping , the rule of law , environmental protection , and Third World economic development . In the UN and other human rights fora , Cameroon 's non-confrontational approach has generally led it to avoid criticizing other countries .   Cameroon enjoys good relations with the United States and other developed countries . Cameroon enjoys generally good relations with its African neighbors . It supports UN peacekeeping activities in Central Africa .

neg: Bundu dia Kongo Bundu dia Kongo ( meaning Kingdom of Kongo ; abbreviated BDK ) is a new religious movement with a political and cultural agenda that is associated with the Kongo ethnic group . It was founded in June 1969 by Ne Muanda Nsemi , who is the group 's current leader , and is mainly based in the Kongo Central ( Bas-Congo ) province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo ( DRC ) . The movement supports Kongo nationalism and the establishment of a Kongo state encompassing parts of the modern-day DRC , Angola , and the Republic of the Congo .

neg: Central African Republican Party The Central African Republican Party ( , PRC ) is a political party in the Central African Republic .

neg: Foreign relations of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Its location in the center of Africa has made the Democratic Republic of the Congo ( at one time known as Zaire ) a key player in the region since independence . Because of its size , mineral wealth , and strategic location , Zaire was able to capitalize on Cold War tensions to garner support from the West . In the early 1990s , however , with the end of the Cold War and in the face of growing evidence of human rights abuses , Western support waned as pressure for internal reform increased .   The Democratic Republic of the Congo is in the grip of a civil war that has drawn in military forces from neighboring states , with Ugandan , Burundian , and Rwandan forces helping the rebel movement which occupies much of the eastern portion of the state .   One problem is the continuing theft of mineral resources , such as coltan , by occupying forces . One estimate has the Rwandan army making $ 350 million in 48 months from the sale of coltan , even though Rwanda has no coltan deposits . Not only can the DRC not make any money from its mineral wealth , due to its inability to tax anything in rebel-held areas , but the wealth is also used itself to finance insurgent activities .   Troops from Zimbabwe , Angola , Namibia , Chad , and Sudan support the Kinshasa regime .   Furthermore , relations with surrounding countries have often been driven by security concerns . Intricate and interlocking alliances have often characterized regional relations . Conflicts in Sudan , Uganda , Angola , Rwanda , and Burundi have at various times created bilateral and regional tensions . The current crisis in DRC has its roots both in the use of The Congo as a base by various insurgency groups attacking neighboring countries and in the absence of a broad-based political system in the Congo .   The Democratic Republic of the Congo is also a member of the International Criminal Court with a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for the U.S.-military ( as covered under Article 98 ) .

neg: Postage stamps and postal history of Uganda This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Uganda .   Uganda is a landlocked country in East Africa . It is bordered on the east by Kenya , on the north by South Sudan , on the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo , on the southwest by Rwanda , and on the south by Tanzania . The southern part of the country includes a substantial portion of Lake Victoria , which is also bordered by Kenya and Tanzania .

neg: List of companies of the Republic of the Congo The Republic of the Congo is a country located in Central Africa . It is bordered by Gabon , Cameroon , the Central African Republic , the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Angolan exclave of Cabinda . In the early 1980s , rapidly rising oil revenues enabled the government to finance large-scale development projects with GDP growth averaging 5 % annually , one of the highest rates in Africa . The government has mortgaged a substantial portion of its petroleum earnings , contributing to a shortage of revenues . The January 12 , 1994 devaluation of Franc Zone currencies by 50 % resulted in inflation of 46 % in 1994 , but inflation has subsided since .

neg: United Nations Operation in the Congo Organisation des Nations Unies au Congo , abbreviated ONUC ( English : United Nations Organization in the Congo ) , was a United Nations peacekeeping force in Congo that was established after United Nations Security Council Resolution 143 of 14 July 1960 . In 1963 the name changed to Opération des Nations Unies au Congo , retaining the same abbreviation . To generalise , the mission was a response to the Congo Crisis . ONUC was the UN 's first peacekeeping mission with a significant military force , but has been described as a `` pyrrhic victory at best . ''   Following Security Council actions , the United Nations Organization in the Congo ( ONUC ) was established . To carry out these tasks , the Secretary-General set up a United Nations Force -- at its peak strength numbering nearly 20,000 . The UN Force stayed in the Congo between 1960 and 1964 , and underwent a transition from a peacekeeping presence to a military force .   ONUC 's main goals stayed consistent from the first to fifth resolution . It featured the double purpose of withdrawing Belgian military personnel ( later expanding to mercenaries ) and providing military assistance to ensure internal stability . The successive Security Council resolutions added to and elaborated on the initial mandate but did not fundamentally change the operation 's objectives . These were especially significant because Belgium 's invasion violated the norm of sovereignty , and the second objective was set to prevent the country from becoming a Cold War client state .   The first troops reached Congo on 15 July 1960 , many airlifted in by the United States Air Force as part of Operation New Tape .   Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba , dissatisfied with Dag Hammarskjöld 's refusal to use UN troops to subdue the insurrection in Katanga , decided to attempt an invasion of Katanga on his own and turned to the Soviet Union for help . The invasion attempt never reached Katanga but led to dissension within the Central Government , the collapse of the Central Government , and eventually to Lumumba 's arrest in December and execution in Katanga in February 1961 . Only then did the United Nations Security Council explicitly authorize the use of force for purposes beyond self-defense .

neg: North Region (Cameroon) The North Region ( Région du Nord ) makes up 66,090 km ² of the northern half of The Republic of Cameroon . Neighbouring territories include the Far North Region to the north , the Adamawa Region to the south , Nigeria to the west , Chad to the east , and Central African Republic to the southeast . The city of Garoua is both the political and industrial capital . Garoua is Cameroon 's third largest port , despite the fact that the Bénoué River upon which it relies is only navigable for short periods of the year .   Major ethnic groups include the Fula or Fulani ( Fulɓe links = no ) , who are Islamic pastoralists , and numerous Muslim and animist speakers of Adamawa , Chadic , and Nilo-Saharan languages . French is the language of formal education , and Fulfulde , the language of the Fulbe , is widespread as a lingua franca .

neg: Congolese nationalism (Democratic Republic of the Congo) Congolese nationalism of Democratic Republic of the Congo , was also for a time known as Zairian nationalism during the rule of Mobutu Sese Seko . Congolese nationalism persists amongst the people of Democratic Republic of the Congo , in spite of civil war and the lack of a clear definition of what it means to be Congolese .


query: John Hartford can play guitar.

pos: John Hartford John Cowan Hartford ( December 30 , 1937 -- June 4 , 2001 ) was an American folk , country and bluegrass composer and musician known for his mastery of the fiddle and banjo , as well as for his witty lyrics , unique vocal style , and extensive knowledge of Mississippi River lore . His most successful song is `` Gentle on My Mind '' which won three Grammy Awards and was listed in `` BMI 's Top 100 Songs of the Century '' . Hartford performed with a variety of ensembles throughout his career , and is perhaps best known for his solo performances where he would interchange the guitar , banjo , and fiddle from song to song . He also invented his own shuffle tap dance move , and clogged on an amplified piece of plywood while he played and sang .

neg: WWYZ WWYZ is a country music station licensed to Waterbury , Connecticut , broadcasting at 92.5 FM . It is owned by iHeartMedia , Inc. , and was previously locally owned by the Gilmore family as a sister to WATR and WATR-TV ( now WCCT-TV ) . Studios are at 10 Columbus Boulevard in Hartford , Connecticut , and the transmitter site is in Meriden , Connecticut .   In the early 1970s , WWYZ was called the `` Music Lover 's WISE Choice '' , trailing among many easy listening stations blanketing much of Connecticut . In June 1976 under program director Bob Craig , WWYZ switched to `` YZ the Natural 92 FM '' as a `` laid back and mellow '' soft rock station . The format outlasted its N.Y. City counterpart WKTU ( which went disco ) and served WWYZ well for about five years . Various attempts to meet new competitors in the adult contemporary arena fell short between 1981 and 1988 . In 1988 , the station switched to a country music format , making it the only FM station in Connecticut with a wide reach to adopt this format full-time . The station has had considerable success with this format and through 2007 remains the only FM country music station in the Hartford and New Haven areas , carrying programs both national and local in origin .

neg: Guitar technician A guitar technician ( or ` guitar tech ' ) is a member of a music ensemble 's road crew who maintains and sets up the musical equipment for one or more guitarists . Depending on the type and size of band , the guitar tech may be responsible for stringing , tuning , and adjusting electric guitars and acoustic guitars , and maintaining and setting up guitar amplifiers and other related electronic equipment such as effect pedals .   Once the guitar equipment has been set up onstage , the guitar tech does a soundcheck to ensure that the equipment is working well . If there are any problems , the guitar tech replaces or repairs the faulty components or equipment . Since guitar techs need to soundcheck the instruments and amplifiers , they must have basic guitar-playing skills , a musical `` ear '' for tuning , and a familiarity with the way guitars , amplifiers , and effect pedals are supposed to sound in the style of music of their band .   Guitar techs learn their craft either `` on the job '' , by working in a range of music , sound engineering , and instrument repair jobs ; by completing a guitar repair program at a college or lutherie school ; or from a combination of these two routes . The salaries and conditions of work for guitar techs vary widely , depending on whether a guitar tech is working for a minor or regional touring bar band or a major international touring act .

neg: Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary On May 14 , 1988 , the Atlantic Records label held its 40th Anniversary Celebration by staging a non-stop concert lasting almost 13 hours at Madison Square Garden , New York . The event was dubbed `` It 's Only Rock And Roll '' .   Only artists who had released material on the Atlantic label in the United States performed , with the artists spanning the 40 years of the company 's existence . Lavern Baker and Ruth Brown were the longest tenured Atlantic acts to perform , while Debbie Gibson was the most recent Atlantic signing to make an appearance at the event .   Some Atlantic signings , who had either officially split up or who had not performed together for a number of years , re-formed especially to perform at the concert . These artists included The Rascals , Iron Butterfly , and the former members of Led Zeppelin . Other notable performers included Yes , Genesis , Crosby , Stills & Nash , Keith Emerson and Carl Palmer ( representing Emerson , Lake & Palmer ) , Foreigner , Paul Rodgers , Bob Geldof , Booker T. Jones , Wilson Pickett , The Coasters , The Spinners , Peabo Bryson , The Blues Brothers ( featuring Dan Aykroyd and Sam Moore ) , Roberta Flack , The Manhattan Transfer , Bee Gees , Ben E. King and Vanilla Fudge .   There had been plans to close the performance with a greatest hits all-star jam , but this idea was shelved . Instead , the former members of Led Zeppelin performed as the last act .   The concert was broadcast live in the US on FM radio and HBO television , commentary for the latter being provided backstage by comedian Robert Townsend . HBO commenced its live broadcast a few hours into the event and interspersed footage of the concert which had been taped earlier by the network . In so doing , some of the artists ' sets were edited or omitted . An edited version aired later that year on ABC hosted by Robert Hays . Several banners heralding the reunion of Led Zeppelin band members were displayed like tapestry by excited fans , but , to their dismay , were taken down before HBO went with their live feed . The Audio was recorded by David Hewitt and Stanley Johnston on the Record Plant Black Truck .   In the United Kingdom the event was broadcast over a period of four weeks by BBC 2 , presented as hour-long episodes . Atlantic Records later released this production on video under the title Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary : It 's Only Rock 'n' Roll . The release intercut concert footage with highlights from earlier performances , as well as older footage from the Atlantic archives .

neg: Allan Holdsworth Allan Holdsworth ( 6 August 1946 -- 15 April 2017 ) was a British guitarist and composer . He released twelve studio albums as a solo artist and played a variety of musical styles in a career spanning more than four decades , but is best known for his work in jazz fusion .   Holdsworth was known for his advanced knowledge of music , through which he incorporated a vast array of complex chord progressions and intricate solos ; the latter comprising myriad scale forms often derived from those such as the diminished , augmented , whole tone , chromatic and altered scales , among others , resulting in an unpredictable and `` outside '' sound . His unique legato soloing technique stemmed from his original desire to play the saxophone . Having been unable to afford one , he strove to use the guitar to create similarly smooth lines of notes . He also become associated with playing an early form of guitar synthesizer called the SynthAxe , a company he endorsed in the 1980s .   Holdsworth was cited as an influence by a host of rock , metal and jazz guitarists such as Eddie Van Halen , Joe Satriani , Greg Howe , Shawn Lane , Richie Kotzen , John Petrucci , Alex Lifeson , Kurt Rosenwinkel , Yngwie Malmsteen , Michael Romeo , Ty Tabor , and Tom Morello . Frank Zappa once lauded him as `` one of the most interesting guys on guitar on the planet '' , while Robben Ford has said : `` I think Allan Holdsworth is the John Coltrane of the guitar . I do n't think anyone can do as much with the guitar as Allan Holdsworth can . ''

neg: Guitarist A guitarist ( or a guitar player ) is a person who plays the guitar . Guitarists may play a variety of guitar family instruments such as classical guitars , acoustic guitars , electric guitars , and bass guitars . Some guitarists accompany themselves on the guitar by singing or playing the harmonica .

neg: John Mellencamp John J Mellencamp ( born October 7 , 1951 ) , also known as John Cougar Mellencamp , is an American musician , singer-songwriter , painter , and actor . He is known for his catchy , populist brand of heartland rock , which emphasizes traditional instrumentation . Mellencamp rose to superstardom in the 1980s while `` honing an almost startlingly plainspoken writing style that , starting in 1982 , yielded a string of Top 10 singles , '' including `` Hurts So Good , '' `` Jack & Diane , '' `` Crumblin ' Down , '' `` Pink Houses , '' `` Lonely Ol' Night , '' `` Small Town , '' `` R.O.C.K. in the U.S.A. , '' `` Paper in Fire , '' and `` Cherry Bomb . '' He has amassed 22 Top 40 hits in the United States . In addition , he holds the record for the most tracks by a solo artist to hit number one on the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart , with seven , and has been nominated for 13 Grammy Awards , winning one . Mellencamp released his latest album , Sad Clowns & Hillbillies , on April 28 , 2017 , to widespread critical acclaim .   Mellencamp is also one of the founding members of Farm Aid , an organization that began in 1985 with a concert in Champaign , Illinois , to raise awareness about the loss of family farms and to raise funds to keep farm families on their land . Farm Aid concerts have remained an annual event over the past 32 years , and as of 2017 the organization has raised over $ 50 million to promote a strong and resilient family farm system of agriculture .   Mellencamp was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on March 10 , 2008 . His biggest musical influences are Bob Dylan , Woody Guthrie , James Brown , Buddy Holly and the Rolling Stones . Said longtime Rolling Stone contributor Anthony DeCurtis : `` Mellencamp has created an important body of work that has earned him both critical regard and an enormous audience . His songs document the joys and struggles of ordinary people seeking to make their way , and he has consistently brought the fresh air of common experience to the typically glamour-addled world of popular music . ''   The late Billboard magazine editor-in-chief Timothy White said in 2001 :   Johnny Cash called Mellencamp `` one of the 10 best songwriters '' in music .

neg: Live from Austin, TX (John Mayall album) Live from Austin , TX is a live album by John Mayall  and the Bluesbreakers . The  performance from Sept. 13 , 1993 was for the TV show Austin City Limits and has been released in 2007 on CD and DVD . Only John Mayall is credited on cover but he can be heard to announce ` The Bluesbreakers ' : Joe Yuele on drums , Rick Cortes on bass and Coco Montoya on lead guitar . Texas guitarist David Grissom makes a guest appearance on last track .   The concert marks for John Mayall 's band a return to the standard quartet format , after some ten years with twin lead guitars . Playing alone now gives Coco Montoya the opportunity to present his own approach to the music which sounds more British blues . Mayall , who was soon to turn 60 years old , is also in top form as pianist , harmonica player and singer .   Eight of the nine tracks are songs from the album Wake Up Call released earlier the same year . Among them , `` Nature 's Disappearing '' was already a rerecording of a song from USA Union ( 1970 ) . `` The Bear '' is the exception which comes from Blues from Laurel Canyon , a 1968 album .

neg: The Parachute Years The Parachute Years : 1977-1981 is a compilation album 7-CD box set by John Zorn . It features recordings of Zorn 's game pieces originally released as self-produced albums on the Parachute label as well as previously unreleased performances . All of the discs in this box set have been subsequently given their own releases on Zorn 's Tzadik label .   The first two discs feature Zorn 's 1977 composition Lacrosse . The first disc was recorded at WKCR in June 1978 and features Mark Abbott , Polly Bradfield , Eugene Chadbourne , and LaDonna Smith and Zorn on 6 different takes of `` Lacrosse '' . Takes 3 , 4 and 6 were originally released on the Parachute Records double LP School ( 1978 ) . The second disc is the original recording of `` Lacrosse '' which was made by Eugene Chadbourne , Henry Kaiser , Bruce Ackley , and Zorn ( dubbed `` Twins '' ) in San Francisco , California in June 1977 . The third disc features 17 takes ( four electric and thirteen acoustic ) of the composition Hockey . Five of these takes were first released on vinyl on Parachute Records in 1980 , ( tracks 4-9 ) , along with Pool which features on disc four . The final three discs feature Zorn 's Archery composition in previously unreleased rehearsal takes and versions released on Parachute Records in 1982 .

neg: Vinyl Tap Vinyl Tap is a Canadian radio show hosted by Randy Bachman , musician alumnus of the famous Canadian rock band The Guess Who and Bachman -- Turner Overdrive . Each episode of the show first airs on CBC Radio One Saturday nights from 7 to 9 p.m. , and is then repeated on CBC Radio 2 Sunday evening from 6 to 8 p.m. and again on Radio One Fridays from 11 p.m. to 1 a.m.   In the two-hour program , Randy Bachman plays predominantly classic rock , pop and older jazz music and tells stories behind the selections , adding from time to time short musical demonstrations played live , besides frequent personal anecdotes . Musical selections are commonly organized around a theme , sometimes of Bachman 's own choosing and sometimes in response to a request submitted by a listener . The program 's format somewhat resembles Finkleman 's 45s , the program it replaced on the CBC Radio schedule , although Bachman presents a very different range of musical selections than Danny Finkleman did . Some of Bachman 's musical stories from the program were published in book form in the fall of 2011 .   Until 2011 , when they separated , Bachman 's wife Denise McCann Bachman also participated in the show , reading listener mail ( typically 40 minutes into the first hour ) , doing fact research and commenting . His son Tal Bachman took over the research for the show , but does not contribute as an on-air personality .   In 2010 , Bachman hosted an episode of the show live from the Glenn Gould Studio at the CBC Broadcast Centre in Toronto . Titled `` Guitarology 101 '' , the episode featured Bachman , McCann , Mick Dalla-Vee and Brent Knudsen talking about various aspects of guitars , including live performances of a number of classic rock and rhythm and blues songs .   CBC Vancouver senior radio producer Tod Elvidge engineers , edits and compiles each show for broadcast .

neg: Classical Gas `` Classical Gas '' is an instrumental musical piece composed and originally performed by Mason Williams with instrumental backing by members of the Wrecking Crew . Originally released in 1968 on the album The Mason Williams Phonograph Record , it has been re-recorded and re-released numerous times since by Williams . One later version served as the title track of a 1987 album by Williams and the band Mannheim Steamroller .   Originally named `` Classical Gasoline '' , the song was envisioned to be `` fuel '' for the classical guitar repertoire . The title was later shortened by a music copyist .   Williams was the head writer for The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour at the time of the piece 's release and premiered the composition on the show . Williams performed it several times over several episodes . After the piece had reached the Top Ten , Williams asked an experimental filmmaker named Dan McLaughlin to adjust a student video montage that he had created of classical art works using Beethoven 's 5th Symphony and edit it in time to `` Classical Gas '' , using the visual effect now known as kinestasis . The work , 3000 Years of Art , premiered in 1968 on the Smothers Brothers . The song peaked at number 2 for two weeks in August that year . On the US Easy Listening chart , it went to number one for three weeks .   It is sometimes erroneously thought that `` Classical Gas '' was performed , or even composed , by Eric Clapton . This may be due to the fact that Clapton was musical director of , and played much of the guitar music for , the feature film The Story of Us in which Williams ' own solo-guitar re-recording of it , from his 1970 album Handmade , appeared . Clapton has actually never recorded a cover of the song .   Williams re-recorded `` Classical Gas '' as a solo guitar piece on his 1970 album Handmade . This version was re-released by Sony in 2003 ,  after being featured in the film Cheaper by the Dozen , which starred Williams 's Smothers Brothers protégé , Steve Martin .   During the 1970s and early 1980s , many television stations ( such as KIRO-TV in Seattle , WTAE-TV in Pittsburgh , WMGC now WIVT in Binghamton , WKYC in Cleveland , WBAL-TV in Baltimore , KNTV in San Jose , WXII-TV in Winston-Salem , WECT in Wilmington ( NC ) , WIS-TV in Columbia , WCHS-TV in Charleston ( WV ) , WFTV in Orlando , and WNEP-TV in Wilkes-Barre ) used the composition -- or a version of it re-recorded by Telesound -- as their news theme .   In the late 2000 's a banjo version was used in an advertisement campaign by the Irish beer Guinness .

neg: John Ford Noonan John Ford Noonan ( born 1943 in Greenwich , Connecticut ) is an American playwright . He has also written for theater , film and television , and he is an actor . His father worked as a jazz musician . He has four children . His brother , Tom Noonan , is an actor and writer .

neg: Kansas (band) Kansas is an American rock band that became popular in the 1970s initially on album-oriented rock charts and later with hit singles such as `` Carry On Wayward Son '' and `` Dust in the Wind '' . The band has produced eight gold albums , three multi-platinum albums ( Leftoverture , Point of Know Return , The Best of Kansas ) , one platinum live album ( Two for the Show ) and a million-selling single , `` Dust in the Wind '' . Kansas appeared on the Billboard charts for over 200 weeks throughout the 1970s and 1980s and played to sold-out arenas and stadiums throughout North America , Europe and Japan . `` Carry On Wayward Son '' was the second-most-played track on US classic rock radio in 1995 and No. 1 in 1997 .

neg: WWUH WWUH is a non-commercial radio station licensed to the University of Hartford in West Hartford , Connecticut , United States . The station was started on July 15 , 1968 and has a Public Alternative Radio format .   WWUH operates on 91.3 MHz from a tower site in Avon , Connecticut but their programming is also rebroadcast on WWEB ( 89.9 FM ) Wallingford , Connecticut , WAPJ ( 89.9 and 105.1 FM ) in Torrington , Connecticut , and WDJW ( 89.7 FM ) in Somers , Connecticut . In addition , WWUH was the first station in the state of Connecticut to webcast on a regular basis via its website . WWUH has an extensive music library consisting of close to 100,000 LPs and CDs .

neg: Louis K. Roth Louis K. Roth was a businessman and civic leader from Connecticut . He was born in 1896 and completed his education at Columbia University and New York University . His involvement with radio and electronics began in 1924 as a distributor of radios . He joined Radio Corporation , Victor Division in 1935 as production manager of their electronic division . In 1944 , he and two partners set up Radio and Appliance Distributors in Hartford , Connecticut ( USA ) , which eventually became one of the largest radio wholesalers in the state .   Mr. Roth was involved in many civic and community organizations . In addition to being a trustee of the Connecticut Opera Association , Mr. Roth was a trustee of the Julius Hart Musical Foundation at the University of Hartford . He also served on various university committees and served on the Board of Regents of the University of Hartford from 1961 to 1967 . A residence hall at the University of Hartford is named for Roth .   The Hartford Times , in a May 1967 editorial said :   `` In the brief span of 23 years Louis K. Roth made an indelible mark on the civic , cultural and business life of this community . He was a man of diverse interests , unbounded energy and willingness to give uncounted hours to non-business activities in which he had a special interest .   `` The list of the social and civic agencies with which he was identified in lengthy . They range from those formed to help needy persons to societies of a musical or other artistic or cultural nature .   `` Mr. Roth took his community responsibilities seriously . He was generous with his money , time and counsel whenever the call came for assistance . Hartford will recall Louis Roth with the warmest recollection as a civic-minded citizen of the highest quality . ''

neg: John Kruth John Kruth is a singer/songwriter/multi-instrumentalist best known for his highly energetic `` Banshee Mandolin '' style of playing . He is also proficient on guitar , banjo , harmonica and various flutes . Kruth is co-founder and the main songwriter of New York-based world music ensemble TriBeCaStan , and also a music journalist and author .   Kruth 's first biography , Bright Moments -- The Life and Legacy of Rahsaan Roland Kirk was first published in the U.S. and England in 2000 by Welcome Rain Books . Bright Moments was translated into Japanese and published by Kawade Shobo in 2005 . His most recent biography is Rhapsody In Black - The Life and Music of Roy Orbison from Hal Leonard Books , NYC . He is also the author of To Live 's To Fly - the Ballad of Townes Van Zandt , was published by Da Capo Books in March 2007 , winner of 2008 Deems Taylor ASCAP Award for Best Musical Biography .   John has nine solo albums to his credit . His latest CD , Splitsville , was released in the fall of 2008 by Smiling Fez Records . In November 1997 Kruth performed at Carnegie Hall as a soloist for composer John Corigliano on the Moroccan folk oboe called the ghaita , commonly played by the Master Musicians of Jajouka . He has also performed with playwright Sam Shepard , poet Allen Ginsberg , Patti Smith , performance artist Laurie Anderson , producer Hal Willner , folksinger John Prine , as well as Violent Femmes , the Meat Puppets , King Missile , Peter Stampfel , Rick Danko , Garth Hudson , James Belushi , Steve Buscemi , Eric von Schmidt , Stan Ridgeway , Bob Neuwirth , Die Kreuzen , Cyberchump and members of Camper Van Beethoven .   In 2006 , John traveled to India where he studied mandolin and performed with Carnatic mandolin virtuoso U. Rajesh .   Kruth is currently a Professor of Music at the College of Mount St. Vincent . In the past , his writing has appeared in the New York Times , Rolling Stone , The Progressive , Frets , and Signal to Noise . He is currently a regular contributor to Rave ( India ) , Sing Out ! , Wax Poetics and Fretboard Journal . He spent much of his early career in Milwaukee , but now lives in New York City .

neg: Rickenbacker 360 The Rickenbacker 360 is an electric , semi-acoustic guitar made by Rickenbacker , and part of the Rickenbacker 300 Series . The instrument incorporates many features standard on Rickenbacker guitars , including a three-ply maple/walnut neck , shallow headstock angle , a thick rosewood fretboard finished with clear conversion varnish , and double truss rods . The 360 also features stereo or mono output , a body with Rickenbacker 's `` crescent moon '' cutaway shape and rounded top edge and bound back , and an `` R '' - shaped trapeze tailpiece . A twelve-string version of the 360 ( Rickenbacker 360/12 ) is available . A three-pickup version of this model is also available , the 370 .   George Harrison used a 12-string 360 extensively with The Beatles . Roger McGuinn , of The Byrds , played a 12-string Rickenbacker 370 . The six-string Rickenbacker 360 model is the principal guitar of artists such as R.E.M. 's Peter Buck and Against Me ! 's Laura Jane Grace . The 360 was once produced with slanted frets for `` a natural finger angle , '' but negative response led Rickenbacker to switch to parallel frets .

neg: Vibrato systems for guitar A variety of mechanical vibrato systems for guitar have been developed since the 1920 's . They are used to add vibrato to the sound by changing the tension of the strings , typically at the bridge or tailpiece of an electric guitar using a controlling lever ( often referred to as a whammy bar , vibrato arm/bar , or incorrectly as tremolo arm/bar ) . The lever enables the player to quickly vary the tension and sometimes the length of the strings temporarily , changing the pitch to create a vibrato , portamento or pitch bend effect .   Instruments without this device have other bridge and tailpiece systems . The mechanical vibrato systems began as a device for more easily producing the vibrato effects that blues and jazz guitarists had long produced on arch top guitars by manipulating the tailpiece with their picking hand . However , it has also made many sounds possible that could not be produced by the old technique , such as the 1980s-era shred guitar `` dive bombing '' effect .   Since the regular appearance of mechanical vibrato systems in the 1950s , they have been used by many guitarists , ranging from the gentle inflections of Chet Atkins , the exaggerated twang effects of Duane Eddy and the buoyant effects of surf music aficionados like The Ventures , The Shadows and Dick Dale . In the 1960s and 1970s , vibrato arms were used for more pronounced effects by Jimi Hendrix , Jeff Beck , David Gilmour , Ritchie Blackmore , Jimmy Page , and Frank Zappa . In the 1980s , shred guitar virtuosos such as Eddie Van Halen , Joe Satriani and Steve Vai , and metal guitarists such as Ritchie Blackmore and Kirk Hammett used the `` whammy bar '' in a range of metal-influenced styles . The pitch-bending effects , whether subtle inflections or exaggerated effects , have become an important part of many styles of electric guitar . Terje Rypdal , David Torn and David Duhig have added to the language and extended techniques of vibrato bar usage .   Despite the common misnomer tremolo arm , these devices can not produce tremolo in the normal sense of the word , but can produce vibrato ; while some electronic `` vibrato units '' used by electric guitarists generally produce a tremolo effect , rather than vibrato . See `` Vibrato or Tremolo '' .   Guitars equipped with any vibrato system can be harder to re-string , tune , and keep in tune than `` stop-tail '' ( fixed tailpiece ) guitars .

neg: Characteristics of progressive rock Progressive rock is a term that refers to a musical style . The term was originally referred to as `` classical rock '' ( in which a band performed together with an orchestra ) , but the term 's use has expanded in recent years to include other fusions of music styles including jazz fusion , metal and folk rock musics . The term does not refer to one particular music style but to an approach that combines elements of diverse styles . Jerry Ewing , editor of Prog Magazine , explains that `` Prog is not just a sound , it 's a mindset . '' Dream Theater guitarist John Petrucci outlines that Progressive rock is defined by its very lack of stylistic boundaries . The advent of the concept album , plus the genre 's roots in psychedelia , led albums and performances to be viewed as combined presentations of music , lyrics , and visuals .   Bands abandoned the short pop single in favor of instrumentation and compositional techniques more frequently associated with jazz or classical music as part of an effort to give rock music the same level of musical sophistication and critical respect . Progressive rock abandons the danceable beat that defines earlier rock styles and is more likely than other types of popular music to experiment with compositional structure , instrumentation , harmony and rhythm , or lyrical content . It may demand more effort on the part of the listener than other types of music .   Musicians in progressive rock typically display a high degree of instrumental skill , although this is not always the case . Virtuoso instrumental skills are so closely associated with progressive rock that authors such as Bill Martin consider it as a defining element and exclude bands such as Pink Floyd from consideration . It is not uncommon for musicians to have received a higher-than-average level of formal training . Players from the genre frequently appear in readers ' polls of publications that cater to musicians .

neg: The Essential Johnny Cash (2002 album) The Essential Johnny Cash is a double-compact disc compilation by Johnny Cash released as part of Sony BMG 's Essential series . It was compiled to commemorate Cash 's 70th birthday . It is not to be confused with the three-CD box set of the same name released by Columbia Records in 1992 .   The double album concentrates mainly on Cash 's first 15 years as a recording artist with Sun Records and Columbia , contains only eight post-1970 selections , and no selections from Cash 's work with Rick Rubin for American Recordings : Cash 's final hit single , a cover of Nine Inch Nails ' `` Hurt '' , was released ten months later . The album was certified Gold and Platinum on February 5 , 2005 and was certified 2 & 3 x Platinum on March 3 , 2016 for sales of 1,500,000 copies by the RIAA . It has sold 1,724,200 copies in the US as of April 2017 .   Amongst the 36 tracks on the compilation are two songs that feature Cash prominently but never appeared on any of his albums : `` Girl from the North Country '' from Bob Dylan 's 1969 album Nashville Skyline , and `` The Wanderer '' from U2 's 1993 album Zooropa .   As a testimony to Cash 's wide sphere of influence on country , rock , and other modern musics and his wide fan base , the liner notes feature testimonials and 70th birthday greetings from a wide array of artists - not only from friends and fellow travelers and collaborators like Willie Nelson , Kris Kristofferson , Tom Petty , ex-stepson-in-law Nick Lowe , and wife June Carter Cash , but from the likes of Keith Richards , Elvis Costello , Corey Taylor and Shawn Crahan of Slipknot , Metallica 's Kirk Hammett , and Henry Rollins .

neg: Classical guitar strings Classical guitar strings are strings manufactured for use on classical guitars . While steel-string acoustic guitar strings and electric guitar strings are made of metal , modern classical guitar strings are made of nylon and nylon wound with wire , which produces a different sound to the metal strings . Classical guitar strings were originally made with animal intestine and silk wound with animal intestine up until World War II , when war restrictions led Albert Augustine Ltd. to develop nylon strings . Nylon guitar strings were put into production in 1948 . Strings made from Fluorocarbon polymers have since been developed and are the main alternative to nylon strings .