query: Alkaline Trio recorded the EP For Your Lungs Only.

pos: Alkaline Trio Alkaline Trio is an American punk rock band from McHenry , Illinois . The band consists of guitarist and vocalist Matt Skiba , bassist and vocalist Dan Andriano , and drummer Derek Grant . Founded in late 1996 by Skiba , bassist Rob Doran , and drummer Glenn Porter , Alkaline Trio released its debut single , `` Sundials '' , in 1997 . Following its release , Doran departed from the band and was replaced by Andriano . The band subsequently recorded an EP , For Your Lungs Only ( 1998 ) , and its debut studio album , Goddamnit ( 1998 ) . Following the release of the band 's second album , Maybe I 'll Catch Fire ( 2000 ) , Porter left the band and was replaced by Mike Felumlee for its subsequent album , From Here to Infirmary ( 2001 ) .   Backed by the singles `` Stupid Kid '' and `` Private Eye '' , From Here to Infirmary significantly increased the band 's exposure , and its follow-up , Good Mourning ( 2003 ) , charted highly on the Billboard 200 . Good Mourning marked the recording debut of current drummer Derek Grant . In 2005 , the band released Crimson which expanded upon the band 's punk rock influences , with prominent overdubs and additional instrumentation , and continued with this direction on Agony & Irony ( 2008 ) , which was released on V2 Records .   In 2010 , the band released This Addiction on its own label Heart & Skull and Epitaph . Recorded in the band 's home town of Chicago , with early producer Matt Allison , the album was a conscious effort by the band to return to their punk rock roots ; it became the highest charting album of their career , debuting on the Billboard 200 at No. 11 . In 2011 , the band celebrated its 15-year anniversary with the release of Damnesia , which featured new , acoustic-based recordings of songs from across the band 's career . The band 's eighth studio album , My Shame Is True , was released on April 2 , 2013 .

neg: Cuando Respiro En Tu Boca `` Cuando Respiro En Tu Boca '' ( When I Breath in Your Mouth ) is an alternative rock song by Chilean rock band Lucybell . Released as third single from their debut album Peces on 1995 . The song already have a good rotation around Chilean radios . Is considered a classic song of the band . The music video was directed by Pepe Maldonado and was composed by Claudio Valenzuela . Is the first track of the album .

neg: Third (Cait Brennan album) Third is the second full-length album by Cait Brennan , released by Omnivore on April 21 , 2017 . The follow-up to 2016 's critically lauded Debutante , Third was recorded at Ardent Studios in Memphis , TN , in the same studio and on much of the same recording gear as Big Star used during its Ardent heyday .   The album was co-produced and performed entirely by Brennan and Fernando Perdomo , a producer and rock artist who also co-produced Linda Perhacs ' widely acclaimed 2014 album The Soul of All Natural Things for Asthmatic Kitty records . Perdomo and Brennan met as fellow artists on the International Pop Overthrow festival in 2012 , and quickly became friends ; Brennan appears in Perdomo 's `` Smile '' music video , and Perdomo has played in Brennan 's touring band . The duo produced Brennan 's 2016 debut , as well as an unreleased second album and a set of demos for Sire Records founder Seymour Stein before ultimately signing with Omnivore Recordings in January 2017 .   During the recording of Brennan 's Sire Records demo sessions , Brennan and Perdomo attended a Grammy Museum presentation celebrating the 50th Anniversary of Ardent Studios . At the event , Brennan and Perdomo encountered Big Star drummer and Ardent president Jody Stephens , who invited the pair to record their third album at Ardent in Memphis . When the Sire deal did not materialize , the duo traveled to Memphis and recorded 13 songs in three days , with Brennan and Perdomo producing and playing all the instruments , and Ardent 's Adam Hill engineering the sessions . During the sessions , the pair used many of the same instruments and amplifiers used by Big Star during their heyday , including Alex Chilton 's Hi-Watt amps , Mellotron and Chris Bell 's cherry red Gibson guitar . As with Brennan 's debut album Debutante , Brennan and Perdomo played all of the instruments , with the exception of two guest appearances by longtime Memphis power pop legend Van Duren and former Continental Drifters guitarist Robert Mache . The album was mastered by Grammy-winning audio engineer Michael Graves ; Cheryl Pawelski of Omnivore Recordings , who had a long history working with Ardent and Big Star , signed Brennan to Omnivore in January 2017 , slating Brennan 's Third for an April 2017 release to coincide with Record Store Day .

neg: Sky 3 (album) Sky 3 '' is the third album by English/Australian instrumental progressive rock band Sky , released in 1981 . It reached number three in the British Albums chart . It was the first album recorded after Francis Monkman 's departure from the group , with Steve Gray replacing him on keyboards .   In 2015 Esoteric Recordings continued their schedule of remasters and expanded releases with this recording .

neg: Only If... `` Only If ... '' is a song by the Irish artist Enya . It was released along with her first greatest hits compilation Paint the Sky with Stars on 3 November 1997 . It charted in several countries and its video was noted for its creative direction . Enya promoted the song with interviews and performances on The Rosie O'Donnell Show , Late Show with David Letterman and Royal Variety Performance .

neg: Alchemy (Third Ear Band album) Alchemy is an album released in 1969 by the Third Ear Band .

neg: To Record Only Water for Ten Days To Record Only Water for Ten Days is the third solo album by American musician John Frusciante , released in 2001 through Warner Music Group . Unlike his previous two solo albums , Niandra Lades and Usually Just a T-Shirt and Smile from the Streets You Hold , the record differs significantly in that Frusciante explores elements of electronica , synthpop and new wave .

neg: This Addiction (song) `` This Addiction '' is a song by the punk rock band Alkaline Trio , released as the first single from their 2010 album This Addiction . The single was released as a digital download through online retailers on January 12 , 2010 , and as a 7 '' single exclusively through Hot Topic stores on February 9 , 2010 .

neg: The Sky Is a Landfill `` The Sky Is a Landfill '' is the first track on the posthumous Sketches for My Sweetheart the Drunk album release by Jeff Buckley . It was written by Buckley together with bandmate Michael Tighe , whom he had worked with on `` So Real '' . Heavy , rocky and discordant , the track has a different tone from many of Buckley 's songs from his debut album Grace . Two live recordings , from performances at the New York 's The Knitting Factory and Arlene 's Grocery in 1997 , can be found online and feature different lyrics .   The song is based on journalist Al Giordano 's essay `` The Medium Is the Middleman '' , which Buckley , a friend of Giordano 's , adapted : `` He applied my critique of the media industry to the music industry , and we had the exact same conclusions , '' says Giordano . `` The concept of the song was that the media turned the airwaves into a garbage dump . ''   Performance artist Penny Arcade , a friend of Buckley 's , had called the song his `` magnum opus '' . The A.V. Club says that the song `` seethes with his inimitable flair for epic drama . '' Pitchfork Media says `` it 's clear that Buckley was beginning to explore a more discordant and subversive approach '' , and Rolling Stone notes the `` explosive garage-rock theater '' in the album generally , referencing the `` barking vocal rage and twisted-metal guitars '' of the song .

neg: Only Man `` Only Man '' is the eighth single from British electronic music duo Audio Bullys . The video for the song was directed by Jonas & François , and is featured on Higher Than the Eiffel , Ibiza Fever 2010 , Global Gathering Festival Anthems , Clubbers Guide to Festivals and the similarly titled single from the band .

neg: Slowdive discography The discography of Slowdive , an English alternative rock band , consists of four studio albums , three compilation albums , five extended plays , five singles , four music videos and various compilation releases .   Slowdive were formed in Reading in late 1989 by vocalist -- guitarists Neil Halstead and Rachel Goswell . The duo recruited guitarist Christian Savill , bassist Nick Chaplin and drummer Adrian Sell -- who left the band after they signed to Creation Records and before the release of their eponymous EP Slowdive in 1990 . Released to critical acclaim from the alternative press , Slowdive was succeeded by a further two EPs , Morningrise and Holding Our Breath ( 1991 ) , both of which placed in the UK Singles Chart ; Holding Our Breath reached number 5 on the Independent Singles Chart . The band 's debut studio album , Just for a Day , was released in September 1991 to poor reviews , due in part to the British press ' growing disillusion with the shoegazing genre . However , Just for a Day was a minor independent success , peaking at number 3 on the Independent Albums Chart and gaining Slowdive a significant following in the United States .   In 1993 , under pressure from Creation to produce a commercial-sounding album , Slowdive recruited ambient innovator Brian Eno and began producing new material . Souvlaki was released in May 1993 alongside the Outside Your Room EP ; both received similarly negative reviews but placed in the mainstream and independent charts , with Souvlaki peaking at number 52 on the UK Albums Chart . A follow-up EP , 5 , was released in November 1993 and placed at number 87 in the UK Singles Chart , however following a tour in support of its release drummer Simon Scott left the band due to creative differences .   Slowdive 's third and final studio album , Pygmalion , was released in February 1995 . Halstead had dominated the recording process , with the album only featuring minor contributions by Goswell and Ian McCutcheon , the band 's new drummer . Reviews for Pygmalion were more favourable than the band 's preceding releases and the album peaked at number 108 in the UK Albums Chart , however Creation were unsatisfied and dropped Slowdive two weeks after its release . Following Slowdive 's disbandment in 1995 , Halstead , Goswell and McCutcheon formed Mojave 3 . The band reformed in 2014 .

neg: Cold Chillin' Cold Chillin ' is the third EP from British hardcore punk band Your Demise . Released on May 14 , 2013 , in conjunction with Impericon and Pinky Swear Records , it is the first official work since the band split from Visible Noise Records .

neg: Extended Play '07 Extended Play '07 is an EP by British alternative rock band Placebo , released on 31 July 2007 in the US only . It contains a popular single from every one of their albums as well as three live tracks . The EP was released mainly as a promotional item , targeting new fans created in the wake of the band 's inclusion in Projekt Revolution 2007 .

neg: Mink Lungs The Mink Lungs were a Brooklyn-area band began in 1993 .   Jennifer Hoopes and Gian Carlo Feleppa met while working at a diner in the Hamptons . Both adoring music and influenced by Michael Siegel and Gert Wilden , the pair began composing and writing music with Gian 's half-brother Tim Feleppa . Gian had also studied guitar and composition at the Berklee College of Music . Drummer Tom Galbraith relocated from San Francisco to New York and the band started recording on a four-track recorder , each contributing to the songwriting process . In April 1999 , the Mink Lungs performed its first show in New York but were soon performing in famous venues such as Brownies and the Mercury Lounge . Opening slots for Luna and Delta 72 soon followed . Before being seen , Mink Lungs were signed to the Arena Rock Recording Co. , appearing on the label 's This Is Next Year : A Brooklyn-Based Compilation . In 2002 , the band released its debut album The Better Button.Allmusic review Often switching vocals and instruments , the group has performed across the United States , including the South By Southwest Festival . Tim Feleppa contributed music to the independent film Sore Losers . Gian Feleppa and Jennifer Hoopes went on to form Emergency Party .

neg: The Beach Will Never Die The Beach Will Never Die is the third album released by surf music band The Surfin ' Lungs , released in 1990 on the Swiss label Lux-Noise . This was the first album by the new-look Lungs , with keyboardist/guitarist/vocalist Clive Gilling and drummer Graeme Block in the ranks and marked a change in style , with Gilling 's organ playing a prominent role in proceedings , while the production had a much crisper feel to it . Of the 13 tracks , 11 were written by the group , while one , `` Oh Oh I Love Her So '' was a cover of a song by The Ramones , which featured a different arrangement , while the other , `` Anywhere The Girls Are '' , stayed true to the original effort by The Fantastic Baggies .

neg: Elevator (EP) Elevator is an EP by the rock band Epicure . It was released in 2001 on Flugelhorn Records .

neg: Shallow Believer Shallow Believer is an EP by American rock band The Used that was released digitally on February 19 , 2008 . The EP is a compilation of b-sides from their first 3 studio albums . The artwork was done by Bert McCracken and Alex Pardee . It gets its title from a lyric in the song `` Slit Your Own Throat '' . On Record Store Day ( April 18 , 2015 ) the EP received a physical release on royal blue vinyl , limited to 3,000 copies .

neg: Snails (EP) Snails is the second EP and third release by American rock band The Format . The EP was created to be sold at shows while The Format were on tour with Taking Back Sunday and Jimmy Eat World . It also became available on iTunes . Physical copies of the album came with a promotional code to download 2 additional tracks from The Format 's website . The EP includes two new songs ( four if you count the free downloads ) and acoustic versions of three tracks from 2003 's Interventions + Lullabies .

neg: For Your Lungs Only For Your Lungs Only is the debut EP by the Chicago-based punk rock band Alkaline Trio , released May 26 , 1998 through Asian Man Records . The song `` Southern Rock '' was re-recorded for their debut album Goddamnit later that year . All four tracks from the EP were reissued on the compilation album Alkaline Trio in 2000 .

neg: Breathing (Kate Bush song) `` Breathing '' is a single by Kate Bush , the first cut from her 1980 album Never for Ever , with backing vocals by Roy Harper .   The single was issued on 14 April 1980 , four months before the album was released , and reached number 16 in the UK charts , remaining in the charts for seven weeks . It was the first single by Bush to feature a non-LP track on its B-side , `` The Empty Bullring '' .

neg: & (The Moth & The Flame EP) ⅋ , sometimes written Ampersand , is an EP and the debut major label recording by rock group The Moth & The Flame , released digitally on November 5 , 2013 internationally . It was produced by drummer/producer Joey Waronker ( Beck , Atoms for Peace , R.E.M. ) and mixed by Peter Katis ( The National , Interpol ) . All songs were written by The Moth & The Flame . To promote the EP , The Moth & the Flame toured Europe supporting Imagine Dragons during the fall and winter of 2013 .


query: Hong Kong keeps a separate political system from China.

pos: Hong Kong Hong Kong , officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China , is an autonomous territory on the Pearl River Delta of China . Macau lies across the delta to the west , and the province of Guangdong borders the territory to the north . With a total land area of 1,106 km2 and a population of over 7.3 million of various nationalities , it ranks as the world 's fourth most densely populated sovereign state or territory .   After the First Opium War ( 1839 -- 42 ) , Hong Kong became a British colony with the perpetual cession of Hong Kong Island , followed by the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 and a 99-year lease of the New Territories from 1898 . Hong Kong was later occupied by Japan during World War II until British control resumed in 1945 . In the early 1980s , negotiations between the United Kingdom and China resulted in the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration , which paved way for the transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong in 1997 , when it became a special administrative region ( SAR ) of the Peoples Republic of China with a high degree of autonomy .   Under the principle of `` one country , two systems '' , Hong Kong maintains a separate political and economic system from China . Except in military defence and foreign affairs , Hong Kong maintains its independent executive , legislative and judiciary powers . In addition , Hong Kong develops relations directly with foreign states and international organisations in a broad range of `` appropriate fields '' .   Hong Kong is one of the world 's most significant financial centres , with the highest Financial Development Index score and consistently ranks as the world 's most competitive and freest economic entity . As the world 's 8th largest trading entity , its legal tender , the Hong Kong dollar , is the world 's 13th most traded currency . It 's also a member of the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC ) . Hong Kong 's tertiary sector dominated economy is characterised by simple taxation with a competitive level of corporate tax and supported by its independent judiciary system . However , while Hong Kong has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world , it suffers from severe income inequality .   Hong Kong is renowned for its deep natural harbour , which enables ready access by international cargo ships , and its impressive skyline , with a very high density of skyscrapers ; the territory boasts the second largest number of high rises of any city in the world . It has a very high Human Development Index ranking and the world 's longest life expectancy . Over 90 % of the population makes use of well-developed public transportation . Seasonal air pollution with origins from neighbouring industrial areas of Mainland China , which adopts loose emissions standards , has resulted in a high level of atmospheric particulates .

neg: Constitution of the Communist Party of China The Constitution of the Communist Party of China ( CPC ) has 53 Articles and includes contents of General Program , Membership , Organization System , Central Organizations , Local Organizations , Primary Organizations , Party Cadres , Party Discipline , Party Organs for Discipline Inspection , Leading Party Members ' Groups , Relationship Between the Party and the Communist Youth League , Party Emblem and Flag .   The Party Constitution currently in force was adopted at the Twelfth National Congress of the CPC in September 1982 . In accordance with the changing situation and tasks , revisions were made in some of the articles at the Thirteenth National Congress in November 1987 and in the General Program and some of the articles at the Fourteenth National Congress in October 1992 , and a few revisions were made in the General Program at the Sixteenth National Congress of the CPC in November 2002 .   The organizational principle that drives the political system of the PRC is `` democratic centralism '' . Within the system , the democratic feature demands participation and expression of opinion on key policy issues from members at all levels of party organization . It depends on a constant process of consultation and investigation . At the same time , the centralist feature requires that subordinate organizational levels follow the dictates of superior levels . Once the debate has reached the highest level and decisions concerning policy have been made , all party members are obliged to support the Central Committee .   The constitution emphasizes the party 's role in promoting socialist democracy , in developing and strengthening a socialist legal system , and in consolidating public resolve to carry out the modernization program .

neg: Bishop of Hong Kong The Bishop of Hong Kong may refer to the leaders of the following religious entities :   Roman Catholic Diocese of Hong Kong , established as a Prefecture Apostolic in 1841 , as a Vicariate Apostolic in 1874 , and as a Diocese in 1946  Orthodox Metropolitanate of Hong Kong and Southeast Asia , established in 1996

neg: Steve Tsang Steve Tsang is a political scientist and historian whose expertise includes politics and governance in China , Taiwan and Hong Kong , the foreign and security policies of China and Taiwan , and peace and security in East Asia .   Born in Hong Kong , Tsang received a B.A. at the University of Hong Kong in 1981 and D.Phil at St Antony 's College , Oxford in 1986 . He is a professor of contemporary Chinese studies at the University of Nottingham , and served as Head of the School of Contemporary Chinese Studies at the University of Nottingham ( 2014 -- 2016 ) and Director of the China Policy Institute ( 2011-2014 ) . In September 2016 , the School of Oriental and African Studies ( SOAS ) announced the appointment of Professor Tsang as Professor of Chinese Studies and the new Director of the SOAS China Institute , effective 1 December 2016 . Before joining the University of Nottingham , he spent his career at the University of Oxford , where among other positions , he served as Director of the Pluscarden Programme for the Study of Global Terrorism and Intelligence ( 2005 -- 2011 ) , Dean of St Antony 's College ( 2002 , 1996 -- 98 ) , Director of the Taiwan Studies Programme ( 2001 -- 2011 ) , Director of the Asian Studies Centre ( 1997 -- 2003 ) , and Director of the Oxford University Hong Kong Project ( 1987 -- 1994 ) .   Tsang is the author of A Modern History of Hong Kong ( 2004 ) , which the last British Hong Kong governor Chris Patten described as `` authoritative and well-researched '' . He is also the author of Governing Hong Kong : Administrative Officers from the 19th Century to the Hand-over of China , 1862-1997 ( London : I.B. Tauris , 2007 ) ; The Cold War 's Odd Couple : The Unintended Partnership between the Republic of China and the United Kingdom , 1950-1958 ( London : I.B. Tauris , 2006 ) ; Hong Kong : An Appointment with China ( London : I.B. Tauris , 1997 ) ; Democracy Shelved : Great Britain , China and Attempts at Constitutional Reform in Hong Kong ( Oxford University Press , 1998 ) . He is the author of numerous articles in refereed journals , including most recently `` Chiang Kai-shek 's ` secret deal ' at Xian and the start of the Sino-Japanese War '' ; `` The U.S. Military and American Commitment to Taiwan 's Security '' ; `` Ma Ying-jeou 's re-election : implications for Taiwan and East Asia '' , and `` Consultative Leninism : China 's new political framework '' .   Tsang is an associate fellow at Chatham House , Associate Editor of Palgrave Communication ( 2014 -- ) , Editor of the Nottingham China Policy Institute Series for Palgrave Macmillan ( 2011 -- ) , and serves on the Editorial Advisory Board for several academic journals . He regularly contributes to public debates on issues related to the politics , history , and development of East Asia , particularly China , Hong Kong , and Taiwan . He is a frequent commentator in print media and on television and radio , particularly the BBC , where he has appeared on Newsnight , BBC News at Ten , World News , BBC News , News 24 , The Talk Show , Today , PM , Newshour , What If , and various World Service programmes in English , Mandarin , and Cantonese . His op-ed contributions have appeared in The New York Times , Foreign Policy magazine , Jane 's Intelligence Review , Time , Wall Street Journal , Forbes , South China Morning Post , China Daily , Taipei Times , The Straits Times , The Globe and Mail , Chicago Tribune , and the New Statesman amongst others . He has provided expert opinions to parliamentary committees in the British House of Commons , the European Parliament , and the United States Congress .   His wife is English writer Rhiannon Jenkins Tsang . They studied at Oxford University but did not meet until years later in a seminar on the 1997 Hong Kong Handover .

neg: 2014–15 Hong Kong electoral reform The Hong Kong electoral reform was a proposed reform for the 2017 Hong Kong Chief Executive election and 2016 Legislative Council election .   According to the decision made by the National People 's Congress Standing Committee ( NPCSC ) of the People 's Republic of China in 2007 , the 2017 Chief Executive election may be implemented by universal suffrage . The issues on how to achieve universal suffrage in the 2017 Chief Executive election became the focal point of the public debates . Most of the major political factions campaigned for their ideas on the universal suffrage , including Occupy Central with Love and Peace , an advocacy group for the occupation movement , to pressure the Beijing government to implement full universal suffrage initiated by the pan-democracy camp , as well as the Alliance for Peace and Democracy , an anti-occupy central alliance formed by the pro-Beijing camp .   After the first consultation period , lasting from December 2013 to May 2014 , a consultation report was submitted to the National People 's Congress in July 2014 . On 31 August 2014 , the NPCSC decided that a 1200-member Nominating Committee based on the present Election Committee should only select two or three candidates before presenting them for a territory-wide ballot by ordinary voters , and each candidate must have more than half of support members of the Election Committee . It also decided that the 2016 legislative election would undergo no further adaptations since those proposed by the 2010 electoral reform .   On 18 June 2015 , the Legislative Council rejected the unmodified electoral reform proposal with 8 votes in favour , 28 against , and 33 not voting .

neg: Distinct society Distinct society ( in la société distincte ) is a political term especially used during constitutional debate in Canada , in the second half of the 1980s and in the early 1990s , and present in the two failed constitutional amendments , the Meech Lake Accord and the Charlottetown Accord . `` Distinct society '' refers to the uniqueness of the province of Quebec within Canada , although here the meaning of `` unique '' is vague and controversial .

neg: Chief Justice of the Court of Final Appeal The Chief Justice of the Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal is the head of the Judiciary of Hong Kong and the chief judge of the Court of Final Appeal . The Chief Justice is one of four permanent members of the Court . During British rule between 1843 and 1997 , the office was known as the Chief Justice of Hong Kong .   The Chief Justice acts as the chief administrative officer for the courts system , and in that capacity serves as the spokesperson for the judicial branch ; he is assisted by the Chief Judge of the High Court , who is responsible for the administration of the High Court and is accountable to the Chief Justice . The office of Chief Justice is second only to the Chief Executive of Hong Kong in the Hong Kong order of precedence . In the case of an impeachment of a Chief Executive of Hong Kong , the Chief Justice presides over the trial as provided by the Hong Kong Basic Law .   The first Chief Justice of the Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal was Andrew Li . The second and incumbent Chief Justice is Geoffrey Ma .

neg: Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League The Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League is one of the eight legally recognised political parties in the People 's Republic of China that follow the direction of the Communist Party of China and are member of the Chinese People 's Political Consultative Conference . It was formed in Hong Kong on November 1947 by members of the Taiwanese Communist Party who survived the February 28 Incident .   The Taiwan Democratic Self Government League has a membership of 2,100 people , most of whom are prominent people that are from Taiwan or are of Taiwanese heritage , but now reside on the mainland .

neg: City-state A city-state is a sovereign state that consists of a city and its dependent territories . Historically , this included cities such as Rome , Athens , Carthage , and the Italian city-states during the Renaissance -- but today only a handful of sovereign city-states exist , with some disagreement as to which are city-states . A great deal of consensus exists that the term properly applies to Singapore , Monaco , and Vatican City .   A number of other small states share similar characteristics , and therefore are sometimes also cited as modern city-states . Namely , Qatar , Brunei , Kuwait , Bahrain , and Malta , which each have an urban center comprising a significant proportion of the population , though , all have several distinct settlements and a designated or de facto capital city . Occasionally , other small states with high population densities , such as San Marino , are also cited , despite lacking a large urban centre characteristic of traditional city-states .   Several non-sovereign cities enjoy a high degree of autonomy , and are sometimes considered city-states . Hong Kong and Macau , along with independent members of the United Arab Emirates , most notably Dubai and Abu Dhabi , are often cited as such .

neg: Hong Kong national football team The Hong Kong national football team , represents Hong Kong in international association football competitions such as the FIFA World Cup , AFC Asian Cup and East Asian Football Championship . The team is represented and supervised by the Hong Kong Football Association , the governing body for football in Hong Kong . Although usually known as simply Hong Kong , the EAFF refer to the team as Hong Kong , China .   The team had been representing Hong Kong in international football events before 1997 when Hong Kong was a colony of the United Kingdom . It continues to represent Hong Kong even after Hong Kong was handed over to the People 's Republic of China by the United Kingdom and became a special administrative region of the People 's Republic of China in 1997 . This team is a separate team from the national team of the People 's Republic of China , as the Basic Law and the principle of `` One country , two systems '' allows Hong Kong to maintain its own representative teams in international sports competitions . In Hong Kong , the Hong Kong football team is colloquially referred as the `` Hong Kong team '' ( Chinese : 香港隊 ) , while the Chinese national team is referred as the `` national team '' ( Chinese : 國家隊 ) .

neg: People's Radio Hong Kong People 's Radio Hong Kong ( Chinese : 香港人民廣播電台 ) or its abbreviation PRHK.org ( Chinese : 人民台 ) is a defunct online radio station in Hong Kong . The initial objectives include :   the formation of a local community radio station ,  not accepting donations  participation in political groups independently operated by volunteers ,  accept public donations as the main source of funding .   Radio Hong Kong People 's First , referred to as `` people 's first '' , created mainly to comment on current affairs and public issues , and the main program include the `` Long Menzhen Storm '' and `` ShiuShiu Podcast '' （ 風蕭蕭 ） .   The second station is referred to as `` People 's second '' , mainly to discuss a small minority issues and the users produced programs , the current broadcast programs include `` international free exercise '' , `` Hong Kong people philosophy stresses '' , `` Hong Kong way out '' and '' My Network Places '' and so on .   In Hong Kong , People 's Radio is aired the first Tuesday night with the Neighborhood and Workers Service Center online radio network ; Friday will be two sets of programs broadcast .

neg: Central and Western Democratic Power Central and Western Democratic Power is a local political group in the Central and Western district of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China . It was convened by Kam Nai Wai , a member of Democratic Party and Central and Western District Councillor , and is mainly composed of pro-democracy District Councillors of the district .   Its platform includes striving for general election of the Chief Executive in 2007 and Legislative Council in 2008 , public consultation of implementation of Article 23 of the Basic Law by means of a White Bill , stopping reclamation to protect the Victoria Harbour , cutting transportation fares for elderly citizens , and other local affairs .   8 out of 10 members of the group won in the 2003 District Council elections in the Central and Western district .

neg: Exit-Entry Permit for Travelling to and from Hong Kong and Macau The Exit-Entry Permit for Travelling to and from Hong Kong and Macau , colloquially known as a Two-way Permit or EEP ( Exit-Entry Permit ) is issued to Chinese nationals with residency in Mainland China as a travel document for the sole purpose to travel the Chinese Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau . The Bureau of Exit and Entry Administration of the Chinese Ministry of Public Security is responsible for the issuing of Two-way Permits and exit endorsements .   Due to the `` One country , two systems '' policy , Hong Kong , Macau and Mainland Chinese residents who are Chinese citizens can not use their Chinese , Hong Kong , or Macau passports to enter their respective territories , even though those passports are considered legal valid travel document . The Two-way Permit is the sole travel document for personal visit , family reunion , business , and other non-government purposes to and from the two Chinese Special Administrative Regions . Exceptions are Mainland residents who are transiting to or from a third country or region , as they can use their Chinese passports when entering Hong Kong or Macau for a stay of seven days .

neg: Crown dependencies The Crown dependencies are the Isle of Man in the Irish Sea , and the Bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey in the English Channel . They are independently administered jurisdictions , and do not form part of either the United Kingdom or the British Overseas Territories . They are self-governing possessions of the Crown ( defined uniquely in each jurisdiction ) . Internationally , the dependencies are considered `` territories for which the United Kingdom is responsible '' , rather than sovereign states . As a result , they are not member states of the Commonwealth of Nations . However , they do have relationships with the Commonwealth , the European Union , and other international organisations , and are members of the British -- Irish Council . They have their own teams in the Commonwealth Games . They are not part of the European Union ( EU ) , although they are within the EU 's customs area .   As the Crown dependencies are not sovereign states , the power to pass legislation affecting the islands ultimately rests with the government of the United Kingdom . However they each have their own legislative assemblies , with the power to legislate on many local matters with the assent of the Crown ( Privy Council , or in the case of the Isle of Man in certain circumstances the Lieutenant-Governor ) . In each case , the head of government is referred to as the Chief Minister .

neg: Conservatism in Hong Kong Conservatism has deep roots in Hong Kong politics and society . As a political trend , it is often reflected in but not limited to the current pro-Beijing camp , one of the two major political forces in Hong Kong , as opposed to liberalism , a dominant feature of the pro-democracy camp .

neg: Hong Kong Cantonese Hong Kong Cantonese is a dialect of the Cantonese language commonly spoken in Hong Kong , as well as Macau . Although the Hong Kong people largely identify this variant of Chinese with the term `` Cantonese '' , a variety of publications in Mainland China describe the variant as Hong Kong speech .   There are slight differences between the pronunciation used in Hong Kong Cantonese and that of the Cantonese spoken in the neighbouring Chinese province of Guangdong , where Cantonese ( based on the Guangzhou dialect ) is a main lingua franca .   Over the years , Hong Kong Cantonese has also absorbed foreign terminology and developed a large set of Hong Kong-specific terms . These differences from the Guangzhou dialect are the result of British rule between 1841 and 1997 , as well as the closure of the Hong Kong-China border immediately after the establishment of the People 's Republic of China in 1949 .

neg: Chung Ying Street Chung Ying Street is a street on the border between Hong Kong and Shenzhen , within the border town of Sha Tau Kok ( Hong Kong ) and Shatoujiao ( Shenzhen ) . One side of the street belongs to Hong Kong and the other belongs to Mainland China .   In Cantonese , Chung means China and Ying England or the United Kingdom . The name is a mark of history of the Second Convention of Peking , a treaty that China under the Qing dynasty was forced to lease New Territories to Britain in 1899 .   The street was a river in 1899 . British use the high water mark as the border . The river was too shallow at the section of Sha Tau Kok . It dried before the coming of World War II . The residents on both dried river sides then erected their shops to trade . The dried river then renamed to Chung Hing Street , and later renamed to Chung Ying Street . The town of Sha Tau Kok flourished for that period of time . After World War II , with large influx of refugees from China , the British colonial government decided to close the border and the town fell within the Frontier Closed Area . The border town declined since then .   Chung Ying Street was once a famous place for shopping . In the 1990s , when China was still closed to the world , Chinese tourists visited to buy foreign goods , mostly watches , clothing and jewellery . However , the prosperity has declined in the early 21st century , due to a policy allowing most people from Mainland China to apply to visit Hong Kong directly , causing Chung Ying Street to transform into a place for historical sight-seeing . The PRC government has built a museum about the history of Chung Ying Street to attract tourists again .

neg: Vote allocation Vote allocation is a system of tactical voting used in the Republic of China on Taiwan from the late-1990s , after which the voting system is to be changed from single non-transferable vote to a parallel voting system . In this system , voters are asked to vote for a party candidate based on items such as their day of birthday so as to evenly distribute votes . In districts where a party is running two candidates , males may be asked to vote for one candidate and females for another to insure even distribution . It was also practice in Japan and South Korea , where the SNTV system were used .   Hong Kong political parties started to adopt this strategy since 2000 to overcome the effect of the largest remainder system with Hare quota combined with small constituencies ( 5 - to 8-member in 2008 ) . They are able to get more seats with fewer votes by filling separate lists of candidates in the same constituencies .   Category : Elections  Category : Politics of Taiwan  Category : Elections in Hong Kong

neg: Hong Kong Alliance of Chinese and Expatriates The Hong Kong Alliance of Chinese and Expatriates ( Chinese : 香港中外聯盟 ) was a small political party in Hong Kong set up in 1994 .   The party aimed at upholding the Hong Kong residents holding foreign passports . It took a conservative and pro-Beijing stance as its Chairman Guy Lam Kwok-hung , who was a Canadian citizen , said Hong Kong should not be hostile towards Beijing as it was reverting to Mainland China . Guy Lam also said he supported Beijing 's decision to suppress the students in the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 .   Guy Lam campaigned for a seat in the Legislative Council in the 1995 elections , but lost to Democratic Party 's Huang Chen-ya in Island West constituency .   The party ceased to exist in 2007 .

neg: List of political parties in China The People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) is formally a multi-party state under the leadership of the Communist Party of China ( CPC ) in a United Front similar to the popular fronts of former Communist-era Eastern European countries such as the National Front of Democratic Germany .   Under the one country , two systems scheme , the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau , which were previously colonies of European powers , operate under a different political system to the rest of the PRC . Currently , both Hong Kong and Macau possess multi-party systems .

neg: Patent law in Hong Kong The patent law in Hong Kong is based on the Hong Kong Patents Ordinance of 27 June 1997 , as last amended on 22 February 2008 . The Hong Kong patent system is independent from the patent system in the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , in that a `` patent granted for Hong Kong SAR takes effect in Hong Kong only and does not provide for protection in the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) '' .   Two types of patents for inventions are available in Hong Kong , the so-called `` standard patent '' and the `` short-term patent '' :   A standard patent in Hong Kong can be based on a European patent application designating to United Kingdom , or a patent application in the PRC or the United Kingdom ( UK ) . The standard patent is independent from the original foreign patent ( i.e. , from the Chinese patent , the European patent , or the UK patent ) .  Short-term patents are also available . Such patents have a maximum term of eight years from the filing date . The short-term patents are subject to a formality examination only , not to a substantive examination on the patentability of the invention .


query: Borrelia afzelli is likely to infect humans.

pos: Borrelia afzelii Borrelia afzelii is a species of Borrelia a bacterium that can infect various species of vertebrates and invertebrates .   Among 30 Borrelia known species , it is one of four which are likely to infect humans causing a variant of Lyme disease .   Coinfection by this Borrelia species with one or more pathogens can occur , carried by the vector , which appears to be in most cases the tick .

neg: Erythema chronicum migrans Erythema chronicum migrans ( New Latin , literally , `` chronic migrating redness '' ) refers to the rash often ( though not always ) seen in the early stage of Lyme disease . It can appear anywhere from one day to one month after a tick bite . This rash does not represent an allergic reaction to the bite , but rather an actual skin infection with the Lyme bacteria , Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato . `` Erythema migrans is the only manifestation of Lyme disease in the United States that is sufficiently distinctive to allow clinical diagnosis in the absence of laboratory confirmation . '' It is a pathognomonic sign : a physician-identified rash warrants an instant diagnosis of Lyme disease and immediate treatment without further testing , even by the strict criteria of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Such target lesions ( bull 's - eye rashes ) are characteristic of Borrelia infections , and no other pathogens are known that cause this form of rash .   A similar condition called Southern Tick Associated Rash Illness ( STARI ) produces a similar rash pattern although it develops more quickly and is smaller . The associated infectious agent has not been determined . Antibiotic treatment resolves the illness quickly .   This erythema is also sometimes called erythema migrans or EM . However , a less common meaning of the term `` erythema migrans '' is a mucosal condition of the tongue , also called geographic tongue .

neg: Borrelia texasensis Candidatus Borrelia texasensis is a proposed new strain of the spirochete borrelia . B. texasensis was `` isolated in March 1998 from an adult male Dermacentor variabilis tick feeding on a coyote from Webb County , Texas . '' According to the discovering researchers from Georgia Southern University 's Institute of Arthropodology and Parasitology , `` It differs from other borreliae based on the banding patterns obtained by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA ( RAPD ) analysis '' along with several other variations including morphological changes identified under electron microscope . Unfortunately the researchers were `` unable to revive frozen cultures and so can not meet the requirements of the Bacteriological Code to deposit viable type material at two different culture collections '' leading to the use of the candidatus prefix .

neg: Bed bug Bed bugs are parasitic insects of the cimicid family that feed exclusively on blood . Cimex lectularius , the common bed bug , is the best known as it prefers to feed on human blood . Other Cimex species specialize in other animals , e.g. , bat bugs , such as Cimex pipistrelli ( Europe ) , Cimex pilosellus ( Western United States ) , and Cimex adjunctus ( entire Eastern United States ) .   The name bed bug derives from the preferred habitat of Cimex lectularius : warm houses and especially near or inside beds and bedding or other sleep areas . Bed bugs are mainly active at night , but are not exclusively nocturnal . They usually feed on their hosts without being noticed .   A number of adverse health effects may result from bed bug bites , including skin rashes , psychological effects , and allergic symptoms . Bed bugs are not known to transmit any pathogens as disease vectors . Certain signs and symptoms suggest the presence of bed bugs ; finding the adult insects confirms the diagnosis .   Bed bugs have been known as human parasites for thousands of years . At a point in the early 1940s , they were mostly eradicated in the developed world , but have increased in prevalence since 1995 , likely due to pesticide resistance , governmental bans on effective pesticides , and international travel . Because infestation of human habitats has begun to increase , bed bug bites and related conditions have been on the rise as well .

neg: Porphyria Porphyria is a group of diseases in which substances called porphyrins build up , affecting the skin or nervous system . The types that affect the nervous system are also known as acute porphyria . Symptoms of acute porphyria include abdominal pain , chest pain , vomiting , confusion , constipation , fever , and seizures . These symptoms typically come and go with attacks that last for days to weeks . Attacks may be triggered by alcohol , smoking , stress , or certain medications . If the skin is affected , blisters or itching may occur with sunlight exposure .   The disease is usually inherited from a person 's parents and is due to a mutation in one of the genes that make heme . Some types are autosomal dominant and others are autosomal recessive . One type , porphyria cutanea tarda , may also be due to increased iron in the liver , hepatitis C , alcohol , or HIV/AIDS . The underlying mechanism results in a decrease in the amount of heme produced and a build-up of substances involved in making heme . Porphyrias may also be classified by whether the liver or the bone marrow is affected . Diagnosis is typically by blood , urine , and stool tests . Genetic testing may be done to determine the specific mutation .   Treatment depends on the type of porphyria and a person 's symptoms . The treatment of porphyria of the skin generally involves the avoidance of sunlight . The treatment for acute porphyria may involve giving intravenous heme or a glucose solution . Rarely a liver transplant may be carried out .   The frequency of porphyria is unclear . It is estimated that it affects 1 to 100 per 50,000 people . Rates vary around the world . Porphyria cutanea tarda is believed to be the most common type . The disease was described at least as early as 370 BC by Hippocrates . The underlying mechanism was first described by Felix Hoppe-Seyler in 1871 . The name porphyria is from the Greek πορφύρα , porphyra , meaning `` purple '' , a reference to the color of the urine that may occur during an attack .

neg: Dracunculiasis Dracunculiasis , also called Guinea-worm disease ( GWD ) , is an infection by the Guinea worm . A person becomes infected when they drink water that contains water fleas infected with guinea worm larvae . Initially there are no symptoms . About one year later , the person develops a painful burning feeling as the female worm forms a blister in the skin , usually on a lower limb . The worm then emerges from the skin over the course of a few weeks . During this time , it may be difficult to walk or work . It is very uncommon for the disease to cause death .   In humans , the only known cause is Dracunculus medinensis . The worm is about one to two millimeters wide , and an adult female is 60 to 100 centimeters long ( males are much shorter at 12 - ) . Outside of humans , the young form can survive up to three weeks , during which they must be eaten by water fleas to continue to develop . The larva inside water fleas may survive up to four months . Thus , in order for the disease to remain in an area , it must occur each year in humans . A diagnosis of the disease can usually be made based on the signs and symptoms .   Prevention is by early diagnosis of the disease followed by keeping the person from putting the wound in drinking water to decrease spread of the parasite . Other efforts include improving access to clean water and otherwise filtering water if it is not clean . Filtering through a cloth is often enough . Contaminated drinking water may be treated with a chemical called temefos to kill the larva . There is no medication or vaccine against the disease . The worm may be slowly removed over a few weeks by rolling it over a stick . The ulcers formed by the emerging worm may get infected by bacteria . Pain may continue for months after the worm has been removed .   In 2015 there were 22 reported cases of the disease while in 2016 there were 25 . This is down from an estimated 3.5 million cases in 1986 . In 2016 the disease occurred in three countries , all in Africa , down from 20 countries in the 1980s . It will likely be the first parasitic disease to be globally eradicated . Guinea worm disease has been known since ancient times . It is mentioned in the Egyptian medical Ebers Papyrus , dating from 1550 BC . The name dracunculiasis is derived from the Latin `` affliction with little dragons '' , while the name `` guinea worm '' appeared after Europeans saw the disease on the Guinea coast of West Africa in the 17th century . Other Dracunculus species are known to infect various mammals , but do not appear to infect humans . Dracunculiasis is classified as a neglected tropical disease . Because dogs may also become infected , the eradication program is monitoring and treating dogs as well .

neg: Coronavirus Coronaviruses are species of virus belonging to the subfamily Coronavirinae in the family Coronaviridae , in the order Nidovirales . Coronaviruses are enveloped viruses with a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome and with a nucleocapsid of helical symmetry . The genomic size of coronaviruses ranges from approximately 26 to 32 kilobases , the largest for an RNA virus .   The name `` coronavirus '' is derived from the Latin corona , meaning crown or halo , and refers to the characteristic appearance of virions under electron microscopy ( E.M. ) with a fringe of large , bulbous surface projections creating an image reminiscent of a royal crown or of the solar corona . This morphology is created by the viral spike ( S ) peplomers , which are proteins that populate the surface of the virus and determine host tropism .   Proteins that contribute to the overall structure of all coronaviruses are the spike ( S ) , envelope ( E ) , membrane ( M ) and nucleocapsid ( N ) . In the specific case of the SARS coronavirus ( see below ) , a defined receptor-binding domain on S mediates the attachment of the virus to its cellular receptor , angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 ( ACE2 ) . Some coronaviruses ( specifically the members of Betacoronavirus subgroup A ) also have a shorter spike-like protein called hemagglutinin esterase ( HE ) .

neg: Nanophyetus salmincola Nanophyetus salmincola is a food-borne intestinal trematode parasite prevalent on the Pacific Northwest coast . The species may be the most common trematode endemic to the United States .   The life cycle of the N. salmincola requires three hosts . The first intermediate host is an Juga plicifera stream snail . The second intermediate host is a salmonid fish , though some non-salmonid fishes also play a role . Lastly , the definitive host is most commonly a canid , though many other mammals are also definitive hosts , including humans . Transmission of N. salmincola to the definitive host occurs upon ingestion of parasite-infected fish .   The parasite is most known for its association with `` salmon poisoning disease '' , which , left untreated , proves to be fatal to dogs and other canids . However , canids are affected by the Neorickettsia helminthoeca bacteria , for which N. salmincola acts as a vector , and not by the parasite itself .   Very few known cases of naturally acquired human infection with N. salmincola are found in the literature , though it is likely that many cases are unreported , since most people are asymptomatic , or symptomatic with non-specific symptoms like gastrointestinal discomfort . Disease caused by N. salmincola , or nanophyetiasis , is easily preventable by thoroughly cooking fish before consumption . There are no known cases of human infection by the Rickettsia bacteria carried by N. salmincola .   A subspecific parasite , Nanophyetus schikhobalowi , is endemic to Siberia , where human cases of nanophyetiasis have been reported in scientific literature since 1931 .

neg: Kaposi's sarcoma Kaposi 's sarcoma or Kaposi sarcoma ( -LSB- ˈkæpəʃi_sɑrˈkoʊmə -RSB- KS ) is a tumor caused by infection with human herpesvirus 8 ( HHV8 ) , also known as Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus ( KSHV ) or KS agent . It was originally described by Moritz Kaposi , a Hungarian dermatologist practicing at the University of Vienna in 1872 . It became more widely known as one of the AIDS-defining illnesses in the 1980s . The viral cause for this cancer was discovered in 1994 . Although KS is now well-established to be caused by a viral infection , there is widespread lack of awareness of this even among persons at risk for KSHV/HHV -8 infection .   Kaposi sarcoma ( KS ) is a systemic disease that can present with cutaneous lesions with or without internal involvement . Four subtypes have been described : Classic KS , affecting middle aged men of Mediterranean descent ; African endemic KS ; KS in iatrogenically immunosuppressed patients ; and AIDS-related KS . The erythematous to violaceous cutaneous lesions seen in KS have several morphologies : macular , patch , plaque , nodular , and exophytic . The cutaneous lesions can be solitary , localized or disseminated . KS can involve the oral cavity , lymph nodes , and viscera . Classic KS tends to be indolent , presenting with erythematous or violaceous patches on the lower extremities . African endemic KS and AIDS-related KS tend to be more aggressive . The AIDS-related KS lesions often rapidly progress to plaques and nodules affecting the upper trunk , face , and oral mucosa . The diagnosis can be made with a tissue biopsy and , if clinically indicated , internal imaging should be done .   Once the diagnosis of KS has been made , treatment is based on the subtype and the presence of localized versus systemic disease . Localized cutaneous disease can be treated with cryotherapy , intralesional injections of vinblastine , alitretinoin gel , radiotherapy , topical immunotherapy ( Imiquimod ) , or surgical excision . Extensive cutaneous disease or internal disease may require intravenous chemotherapy and immunotherapy . Discontinuation or reduction of immunosuppressive therapy is recommended when KS arises in the setting of iatrogenic immunosuppression . However , with AIDS-related KS , highly active antiretroviral therapy ( HAART ) has been shown to prevent , or induce regression of , KS . Some AIDS patients have complete resolution of the lesions and prolonged remission while continuing the therapy . Therefore , HAART should be considered first-line treatment for these patients , though they may require other treatments at the same time .

neg: HIV/AIDS denialism HIV/AIDS denialism is the belief , contradicted by conclusive medical and scientific evidence , that human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) does not cause acquired immune deficiency syndrome ( AIDS ) . Some of its proponents reject the existence of HIV , while others accept that HIV exists but argue that it is a harmless passenger virus and not the cause of AIDS . Insofar as they acknowledge AIDS as a real disease , they attribute it to some combination of sexual behavior , recreational drugs , malnutrition , poor sanitation , haemophilia , or the effects of the drugs used to treat HIV infection .   The scientific consensus is that the evidence showing HIV to be the cause of AIDS is conclusive and that HIV/AIDS denialist claims are pseudoscience based on conspiracy theories , faulty reasoning , cherry picking , and misrepresentation of mainly outdated scientific data . With the rejection of these arguments by the scientific community , HIV/AIDS denialist material is now targeted at less scientifically sophisticated audiences and spread mainly through the Internet .   Despite its lack of scientific acceptance , HIV/AIDS denialism has had a significant political impact , especially in South Africa under the presidency of Thabo Mbeki . Scientists and physicians have raised alarm at the human cost of HIV/AIDS denialism , which discourages HIV-positive people from using proven treatments . Public health researchers have attributed 330,000 to 340,000 AIDS-related deaths , along with 171,000 other HIV infections and 35,000 infant HIV infections , to the South African government 's former embrace of HIV/AIDS denialism . The interrupted use of antiviral treatments is also a major global concern as it potentially increases the likelihood of the emergence of antiviral-resistant strains of the virus .

neg: Epidemiology of schizophrenia Schizophrenia affects around 0.3 -- 0.7 % of people at some point in their life , or 21 million people worldwide as of 2011 ( about one of every 285 ) . By using precise methods in its diagnosis and a large , representative population , schizophrenia seems to occur with relative consistency over time during the last half-century .   While it is claimed that schizophrenia occurs at similar rates worldwide , its prevalence and incidence varies across the world , within countries , and at the local and neighborhood level . It causes approximately 1 % of worldwide disability-adjusted life years ( DALYs ) . The rate of schizophrenia varies up to threefold depending on how it is defined .

neg: Microfilaria Microfilaria may also refer to an informal `` collective group '' genus name , proposed by Cobbold in 1882 . While a convenient category for newly discovered microfilariae which can not be assigned to a known species because the adults are unknown , it is seldom used today .   The microfilaria ( plural microfilariae , sometimes abbreviated mf ) is an early stage in the life cycle of certain parasitic nematodes in the family Onchocercidae . In these species , the adults live in a tissue or the circulatory system of vertebrates ( the `` definitive hosts '' ) . They release microfilariae into the bloodstream of the vertebrate host . The microfilariae are taken up by blood-feeding arthropod vectors ( the `` intermediate hosts '' ) . In the intermediate host the microfilariae develop into infective larvae that can be transmitted to a new vertebrate host .   The presence of microfilariae in the host bloodstream is called `` microfilaraemia '' . The success of filariasis eradication programs is typically gauged by the reduction in numbers of circulating microfilariae in infested individuals within a geographic area .

neg: Hand, foot, and mouth disease Hand , foot and mouth disease ( HFMD ) is a common infection caused by a group of viruses . It typically begins with a fever and feeling generally unwell . This is followed a day or two later by flat discolored spots or bumps that may blister , on the hands , feet , and mouth , and occasionally buttocks and groin . Signs and symptoms normally appear 3 -- 6 days after exposure to the virus . The rash generally goes away on its own in about a week . Fingernail and toenail loss may occur a few weeks later and these then regrow .   The viruses that cause HFMD are spread through close personal contact , through the air from coughing , and the feces of an infected person . Contaminated objects can also spread the disease . Coxsackievirus A16 is the most common cause and Enterovirus 71 is the second-most common cause . Other strains of coxsackievirus and enterovirus can also be responsible . Some people may carry and pass on the virus despite having no symptoms of disease . Other animals are not involved . Diagnosis can often be made based on symptoms . Occasionally throat or stool sample may be tested for the virus .   Handwashing may prevent spread and those infected should not go to work , daycare , or school . No antiviral medication or vaccine is available , but development efforts are underway . Most cases require no specific treatment . Simple pain medication such as ibuprofen or numbing mouth gel may be used . Occasionally intravenous fluids are given to children who are unable to drink enough . Rarely viral meningitis or encephalitis may complicate the disease .   HFMD occurs in all areas of the world . It often occurs in small outbreaks in nursery schools or kindergartens . Large outbreaks have been occurring in Asia since 1997 . It usually occurs during the spring , summer , and fall months . Typically it occurs in children less than five years old , but can occasionally occur in adults . HFMD should not be confused with foot-and-mouth disease ( also known as hoof-and-mouth disease ) which mostly affects livestock .

neg: Epidemiology of chikungunya Chikungunya is a mosquito-borne alpha virus that was first isolated after a 1952 outbreak in modern-day Tanzania . The virus has circulated in forested regions of sub-Saharan African in cycles involving nonhuman primate hosts and arboreal mosquito vectors . Phylogenetic studies indicate that the urban transmission cycle -- the transmission of a pathogen between humans and mosquitoes that exist in urban environments -- was established on multiple occasions from strains occurring on the eastern half of Africa in non-human primate hosts . This emergence and spread beyond Africa may have started as early as the 18th century . Currently , available data does not indicate whether the introduction of chikungunya into Asia occurred in the 19th century or more recently , but this epidemic Asian strain causes outbreaks in India and continues to circulate in Southeast Asia .   A number of chikungunya outbreaks have occurred since 2005 . An analysis of the chikungunya virus 's genetic code suggests that the increased severity of the 2005 -- present outbreak may be due to a change in the genetic sequence , altering the virus ' viral coat protein , which potentially allows it to multiply more easily in mosquito cells . The change allows the virus to use the Asian tiger mosquito ( an invasive species ) as a vector in addition to the more strictly tropical main vector , Aedes aegypti . In July 2006 , a team analyzed the virus ' RNA and determined the genetic changes that have occurred in various strains of the virus and identified those genetic sequences which led to the increased virulence of recent strains .

neg: Oesophagostomum Oesophagostomum is a genus of parasitic nematodes of the family Strongyloidae . These worms occur in Africa , Brazil , China , Indonesia and the Philippines . The majority of human infection with Oesophagostomum is localized to northern Togo and Ghana . Because the eggs may be indistinguishable from those of the hookworms ( which are widely distributed and can also rarely cause helminthomas ) , the species causing human helminthomas are rarely identified with accuracy . Oesophagostomum , especially O. bifurcum , are common parasites of livestock and animals like goats , pigs and non-human primates , although it seems that humans are increasingly becoming favorable hosts as well . The disease they cause , oesophagostomiasis , is known for the nodule formation it causes in the intestines of its infected hosts , which can lead to more serious problems such as dysentery . Although the routes of human infection have yet to be elucidated sufficiently , it is believed that transmission occurs through oral-fecal means , with infected humans unknowingly ingesting soil containing the infectious filariform larvae .   Oesophagostomum infection is largely localized to northern Togo and Ghana in western Africa where it is a serious public health problem . Because it is so localized , research on intervention measures and the implementation of effective public health interventions have been lacking . In recent years , however , there have been advances in the diagnosis of Oesophagostomum infection with PCR assays and ultrasound and recent interventions involving mass treatment with albendazole shows promise for controlling and possibly eliminating Oesophagostomum infection in northern Togo and Ghana .

neg: Ebola virus cases in the United States In December 2014 , Ebola virus cases in the United States occurred due to four laboratory-confirmed cases of Ebola virus disease ( commonly known as `` Ebola '' ) in the United States . Eleven cases have been reported , including these four cases and seven cases medically evacuated from other countries ; the first was reported in September 2014 . Nine of the people contracted the disease outside the US and traveled into the country , either as regular airline passengers or as medical evacuees ; of those nine , two died . Two people have contracted Ebola in the United States . Both were nurses who treated an Ebola patient ; both have recovered .   On September 30 , 2014 , the CDC announced that Thomas Eric Duncan , a reportedly 42-year-old ( later corrected by CDC reports as a 45-year-old ) Liberian national visiting the United States from Liberia , had been diagnosed with Ebola in Dallas , Texas .  Duncan , who had been visiting family in Dallas , was treated at Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas . By October 4 , Duncan 's condition had deteriorated from `` serious but stable '' to `` critical '' . On October 8 , Duncan died of Ebola.The other three cases diagnosed in the United States were :  October 11 , 2014 , a nurse , Nina Pham , who had provided care to Duncan at the hospital .  October 14 , 2014 , Amber Joy Vinson , another nurse who treated Duncan .  October 23 , 2014 , physician Craig Spencer , diagnosed in New York City ; he had just returned from working with Doctors Without Borders in Guinea , a country in west Africa .   Hundreds of people were tested or monitored for potential Ebola virus infection , but the two nurses were the only confirmed cases of locally transmitted Ebola . Public health experts and the Obama administration opposed instituting a travel ban on Ebola endemic areas , stating that it would be ineffective and would paradoxically worsen the situation .   No one both contracted and died of Ebola virus disease while in the United States . No new cases have been diagnosed in the United States since Craig Spencer was released from a New York City hospital on November 11 , 2014 .

neg: Laryngeal papillomatosis Laryngeal papillomatosis , also known as recurrent respiratory papillomatosis or glottal papillomatosis or associated with condyloma acuminata , is a rare medical condition ( 2 per 100,000 adults and 4.5 per 100,000 children ) , caused by a human papillomavirus ( HPV ) infection of the throat . Laryngeal papillomatosis causes assorted tumors or papillomas to develop over a period of time . Without treatment it is potentially fatal as uncontrolled growths could obstruct the airway . Laryngeal papillomatosis is caused by HPV types 6 and 11 , in which benign tumors form on the larynx or other areas of the respiratory tract . These tumors can recur frequently , may require repetitive surgery , and may interfere with breathing . The disease can be treated with surgery and antivirals . In addition antiangiogenic therapy shows promising results .   __ TOC __

neg: Dog bite prevention Dog bite prevention is the effort to educate the public on the prevention of being attacked , bitten and killed by a dog or dogs . Approximately 16,000 -- 39,000 persons come in contact with potentially rabid dogs and other animals and receive rabies pre - and postexposure prophylaxis against the rabies virus each year . Up to 800,000 Americans are treated for dog bites each year . About half are children . Young children are typically bitten by familiar or family dogs during normal activities . Some people , like the very young or the very old are more susceptible to being bitten and therefore may need additional methods of prevention .   Approximately 4.5 million dog bites occur each year in the United States . Almost 1 out of 5 bites becomes infected . In addition to causing pain , injury , or nerve damage , dog bites can become infected , placing the bite victim at risk for illness or death . Those who work and live around dogs should be aware of the risk and take precautions .

neg: Pertussis Pertussis ( also known as whooping cough or 100-day cough ) is a highly contagious bacterial disease . Initially , symptoms are usually similar to those of the common cold with a runny nose , fever , and mild cough . This is then followed by weeks of severe coughing fits . Following a fit of coughing , a high-pitched whoop sound or gasp may occur as the person breathes in . The coughing may last for 10 or more weeks , hence the phrase `` 100-day cough '' . A person may cough so hard that they vomit , break ribs , or become very tired from the effort . Children less than one year old may have little or no cough and instead have periods where they do not breathe . The time between infection and the onset of symptoms is usually seven to ten days . Disease may occur in those who have been vaccinated , but symptoms are typically milder .   Pertussis is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis . It is an airborne disease which spreads easily through the coughs and sneezes of an infected person . People are infectious to others from the start of symptoms until about three weeks into the coughing fits . Those treated with antibiotics are no longer infectious after five days . Diagnosis is by collecting a sample from the back of the nose and throat . This sample can then be tested by either culture or by polymerase chain reaction .   Prevention is mainly by vaccination with the pertussis vaccine . Initial immunization is recommended between six and eight weeks of age , with four doses to be given in the first two years of life . The vaccine becomes less effective over time , with additional doses often recommended for older children and adults . Antibiotics may be used to prevent the disease in those who have been exposed and are at risk of severe disease . In those with the disease , antibiotics are useful if started within three weeks of the initial symptoms , but otherwise have little effect in most people . In children less than one year old and among those who are pregnant , they are recommended within six weeks of symptom onset . Antibiotics used include erythromycin , azithromycin , clarithromycin , or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole . Evidence to support interventions , other than antibiotics , for the cough is poor . Many children less than a year of age require hospitalization .   An estimated 16.3 million people worldwide were infected in 2015 . Most cases occur in the developing world , and people of all ages may be affected . In 2015 , it resulted in 58,700 deaths -- down from 138,000 deaths in 1990 . Nearly 0.5 % of infected children less than one year of age die . Outbreaks of the disease were first described in the 16th century . The bacterium that causes the infection was discovered in 1906 . The pertussis vaccine became available in the 1940s .

neg: Ebola vaccine Ebola vaccine candidates against Ebola have been developed in the decade prior to 2014 , but none have yet been approved for clinical use in humans . Several promising vaccine candidates have been shown to protect nonhuman primates ( usually macaques ) against lethal infection . These include replication-deficient adenovirus vectors , replication-competent vesicular stomatitis ( VSV ) and human parainfluenza ( HPIV-3 ) vectors , and virus-like nanoparticle preparations . Conventional trials to study efficacy by exposure of humans to the pathogen after immunization are obviously not feasible in this case . For such situations , the FDA has established the `` Animal Efficacy Rule '' allowing licensure to be approved on the basis of animal model studies that replicate human disease , combined with evidence of safety and a potentially potent immune response ( antibodies in the blood ) from humans given the vaccine . Clinical trials involve the administration of the vaccine to healthy human subjects to evaluate the immune response , identify any side effects and determine the appropriate dosage .   In December 2016 , a study found the VSV-EBOV vaccine to be 70 -- 100 % effective against the Ebola virus , making it the first proven vaccine against the disease .

neg: Dermatitis herpetiformis Dermatitis herpetiformis ( DH ) , or Duhring 's disease , Freedberg , et al. ( 2003 ) . Fitzpatrick 's Dermatology in General Medicine . ( 6th ed . ) . McGraw-Hill . ISBN 0-07-138076-0 . is a chronic blistering skin condition , characterised by blisters filled with a watery fluid . Despite its name , DH is neither related to nor caused by herpes virus : the name means that it is a skin inflammation having an appearance similar to herpes .   DH was first described by Louis Adolphus Duhring in 1884 . A connection between DH and celiac disease was recognised in 1967 , although the exact causal mechanism is not known . DH is a specific manifestation of celiac disease .   The age of onset is usually about 15-40 , but DH can also affect children and the elderly . Men and women are equally affected . Estimates of DH prevalence vary from 1 in 400 to 1 in 10,000 . It is most common in patients of northern European/northern Indian ancestry , and is associated with the HLA-DQ2 haplotype along with coeliac disease and gluten sensitivity .


query: An actress from the United States starred in Joy.

pos: Jennifer Lawrence Jennifer Shrader Lawrence ( born August 15 , 1990 ) is an American actress . Since 2015 , Lawrence has been the highest-paid actress in the world , and her films have grossed over $ 5.5 billion worldwide . She appeared in Time 100 most influential people in the world in 2013 and Forbes Celebrity 100 the following year and in 2016 .   During her childhood , Lawrence performed in church plays and school musicals . When she was 14 , a talent scout spotted her in New York . She then moved to Los Angeles and began her acting career by playing guest roles in television shows . Her first major role came as a main cast member on the sitcom The Bill Engvall Show ( 2007 -- 2009 ) . Lawrence made her film debut with a supporting role in Garden Party ( 2008 ) , and had her breakthrough playing a poverty-stricken teenager in the independent drama Winter 's Bone ( 2010 ) . She achieved wider recognition for playing the mutant Mystique in X-Men : First Class ( 2011 ) , a role she reprised in later installments of the series .   Lawrence 's fame continued to grow with her starring role as Katniss Everdeen in the Hunger Games film series ( 2012 -- 2015 ) , which established her as the highest-grossing action heroine of all time . She went on to earn various accolades from her collaborations with director David O. Russell . Her performance as a depressed widow in the romance film Silver Linings Playbook ( 2012 ) received an Academy Award for Best Actress , making her the second youngest Best Actress Oscar winner . Lawrence subsequently won a BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for playing a troubled wife in the black comedy American Hustle ( 2013 ) . She also received Golden Globe Awards for her roles in both of these films and for playing the eponymous inventor in the biopic Joy ( 2015 ) .   Lawrence is known in the media for being a vocal advocate of feminism and gender equality , and is the founder of the Jennifer Lawrence Foundation through which she supports various charitable organizations .

pos: Joy (film) Joy is a 2015 American biographical comedy-drama film , written and directed by David O. Russell and starring Jennifer Lawrence as Joy Mangano , about whom the story is loosely based as a self-made millionaire who created her own business empire .   Joy received a theatrical release on December 25 , 2015 , distributed by 20th Century Fox . It received mixed reviews from critics , who praised Lawrence 's performance but criticized the writing and pace of the film . Lawrence received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress and won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for her performance . Joy was also nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy , among other accolades .

neg: Caitlin Dulany Caitlin Dulany is an American actress .

neg: Country Joy Country Joy is a Canadian soap opera television series which aired on CBC Television from 1979 to 1980 .

neg: Jessica Stroup Jessica Leigh Stroup ( born October 23 , 1986 ) is an American actress , best known for her role as Erin Silver on 90210 , Max Hardy on The Following , and Joy Meachum in Iron Fist . She is regarded as a scream queen for starring in the horror films Prom Night , Vampire Bats , Left in Darkness , and The Hills Have Eyes 2 .

neg: Joy Boushel Joy Boushel ( born 15 December 1959 ) is an actress who appeared in a handful of movies and TV shows .   Boushel 's acting career has consisted of Pick-up Summer ( 1980 ) , Terror Train ( 1980 ) , Quest for Fire ( 1982 ) , Humongous ( 1982 ) , Thrillkill ( 1984 ) , The Fly ( 1986 ) , Keeping Track ( 1987 ) , Look Who 's Talking ( 1989 ) , and Cursed ( 1990 ) .

neg: Marion Marshall (actress) Marion Marshall ( born Marion Tanner ; June 8 , 1929 ) is an American actress .

neg: Aunjanue Ellis Aunjanue L. Ellis ( born February 21 , 1969 ) is an American film , stage , and television actress , and producer . She began her acting career in theater , and made her film debut in Girls Town . She later had leading roles in a number of independent movies , and co-starred in several mainstream films .   Ellis is best known for her roles in films Men of Honor ( 2000 ) , The Caveman 's Valentine ( 2001 ) , Undercover Brother ( 2002 ) , Ray ( 2004 ) , The Express ( 2008 ) , The Taking of Pelham 123 ( 2009 ) and The Help ( 2011 ) . On television , Ellis had regular role in the ABC police drama series High Incident ( 1996 -- 97 ) , and later co-starred in a number of short-lived dramas . She had recurring roles on The Practice , True Blood , and The Mentalist , and played roles in a number of made for television movies , such as Gifted Hands : The Ben Carson Story ( 2009 ) and Abducted : The Carlina White Story ( 2013 ) .   In 2015 , Ellis played the leading role in the miniseries The Book of Negroes , based on bestselling novel by Lawrence Hill . She received critical acclaim and a Critic 's Choice Award nomination for Best Actress in a Movie/Miniseries . Later that year , she began starring as Miranda Shaw in the ABC thriller series Quantico . In 2016 , Ellis played Nancy Turner , Nat Turner 's mother , in the critically acclaimed period drama film , The Birth of a Nation .

neg: Joy Behar Josephine Victoria Behar ( -LSB- ˈbeɪhɑːr -RSB- née Occhiuto ; born October 7 , 1942 ) is an American comedian , writer , and actress . She co-hosts the ABC daytime talk show The View . She hosted The Joy Behar Show on HLN from 2009 to 2011 and Joy Behar : Say Anything ! on Current TV , from 2012 until the channel switched formats in August 2013 . Behar 's new weekly late-night talk show , Late Night Joy , premiered on TLC in November 2015 .

neg: Joy (South African band) Joy was a South African female vocal group , who had a charts-topping hit in South Africa in 1980 with `` Paradise Road '' . The record spent nine weeks at the No. 1 spot , and went on to become considered an unofficial South African anthem . Felicia Marion , Thoko Ndlozi and Anneline Malebo joined forces in 1979 and proceeded to set South African stages alight with colourful and fiery performances . They were very successful in the South African charts as well .   Prior to their forming , each singer led a solo career . Thoko Ndlozi had appeared in a couple of Gibson Kente 's productions , Zwi and Sikalo , and had sung with the Uncle Joe Rhythm Cabins . Felicia Marion did backing vocals for Sammy Brown and toured the country with the Sound Black Shows . Anneline Malebo toured with the Rockets and recorded two solo singles : `` Let 's Live Together '' ( 1976 ) and `` Love The Way You Love '' ( 1977 ) . Brenda Fassie sang with Joy for a short period , filling in for Anneline Malebo who was on maternity leave .   Joy have supported Lamont Dozier , Timmy Thomas , Clarence Carter and Dobie Gray on their South African tours , and Leo Sayer at Sun City . The trio also held a lengthy singing-recording relationship with Spirits Rejoice . Joy won two SARIE Awards for Best Vocal Group and Best English LP of the Year in 1980 . They broke up in 1983 .

neg: Lois Smith Lois Arlene Smith ( née Humbert ; born November 3 , 1930 ) is an American actress . She has played supporting roles in films including East of Eden , Five Easy Pieces , Resurrection , Fatal Attraction , Fried Green Tomatoes , Dead Man Walking , Tumbleweeds , Twister , Please Give , and The Nice Guys . In television she has performed in series that include The Americans , True Blood , and Desperate Housewives .   Smith is also known for her extensive work in the theatre , receiving two Tony Award nominations for originating the role of Ma Joad in The Grapes of Wrath ( 1990 ) and for the role of Halie in a revival of Buried Child in 1996 . She also starred in an acclaimed Off-Broadway revival of The Trip to Bountiful in 2005 for which she received an Obie Award for Best Actress , an Outer Critics Circle Award , a Lucille Lortel Award , and a Drama Desk Award . Smith is an ensemble member of Steppenwolf Theatre Company in Chicago .   She was inducted into the American Theatre Hall of Fame in 2007 for her outstanding contributions to the theatre . In 2013 she was given a Lifetime Achievement Obie Award for excellence in Off-Broadway performance . In her career she has also taught , directed , and written for the stage .

neg: Anne Bloom Anne Bloom ( born January 1 ( New Year 's Day ) , 1947 , in Los Angeles ) is an American former film and television actress .

neg: Petra Joy Petra Joy ( born 1964 in Kempten , West Germany ) is an award-winning German feminist film director , film producer , TV producer , distributor , author , and photographer . She lives in Brighton , England . Along with Candida Royalle , Annie Sprinkle , Maria Beatty , and others , she is one of the pioneers of the movement to make pornography for women . Her genre is described as `` art-core , '' meaning the focus is on sexuality from the female perspective , female pleasure , and creative , sensual play . Common themes in her erotic films include safe sex , men seen as sexual objects , female fantasies , and male bisexuality .

neg: Joy Davidson Joy Davidson ( born August 18 , 1937 , Fort Collins , Colorado ) is an American operatic mezzo-soprano , actress , and pedagogue . She has performed internationally in many of the world 's great opera houses .

neg: Julie Ann Emery Julie Ann Emery ( born January 16 , 1975 ) is an American actress .

neg: Sylvia Kauders Sylvia Kauders ( née Wolinsky ; December 1 , 1921 -- May 5 , 2016 ) was an American film , television , and theater actress known for numerous small but memorable roles on Broadway and in major motion pictures .

neg: Han Ye-seul Han Ye-seul ( born Leslie Kim on 18 September 1981 ) is an American-born South Korean actress . She made her acting debut in the sitcom Nonstop 4 ( 2003 ) , and has since played leading roles in television dramas such as Couple or Trouble ( 2006 ) , Tazza ( 2008 ) , and Birth of a Beauty ( 2014 ) , as well as the films Miss Gold Digger ( 2007 ) and Penny Pinchers ( 2011 ) .

neg: Osas Ighodaro Osas Ighodaro Ajibade ( born Osariemen Martha Elizabeth Ighodaro ; 26 October ) is a Nigerian American actress , host and humanitarian . She won the Miss Black USA Pageant in 2010 and founded The Joyful Joy Foundation , raising funds and awareness towards the fight against Malaria . Additionally , she co-hosted the 2014 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards . She played the role of Adanna ( Danni ) on the soap opera Tinsel , and won Best TV Actress of the Year at the 2014 ELOY Awards .

neg: Susan Johnson (actress) Susan Johnson ( July 6 , 1927 -- February 24 , 2003 ) , also known as Susan Johnson-Kehn , was an American actress and singer . She appeared primarily in musical theatre , but also appeared in films and television .

neg: Sondra Currie Sondra Currie ( born Sandra Marie Currie ; January 11 , 1947 ) is an American actress .

neg: Anne Twomey Anne Carolyn Twomey ( born 7 June 1951 ) is an American theater , film , and television actress .

neg: Kimberlin Brown Kimberlin Ann Brown ( born June 29 , 1961 ) is an American actress , best known for her role as Sheila Carter in The Young and the Restless ( May 1990 to May 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , August 2005 to January 2006 ) and The Bold and the Beautiful ( May 1992 to October 2 , 1998 , April 2002 to November 2002 , September 29 , 2003 to October 10 , 2003 ) .