query: Rich Girl (Gwen Stefani song) was nominated for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration.

pos: Rich Girl (Gwen Stefani song) `` Rich Girl '' is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani from her debut solo studio album , Love . Angel . Music . Baby . ( 2004 ) . Produced by Dr. Dre , the track features American rapper Eve , and is a remake of Louchie Lou & Michie One 's 1993 song of the same name , which is in turn an adaptation of the Fiddler on the Roof song `` If I Were a Rich Man '' . Stefani says the song discusses her dreams of fame and riches from the perspective of `` when she was just an Orange County girl '' .   The last song to be included on the album , `` Rich Girl '' was released as the album 's second single in late 2004 to mixed reviews from music critics . It was a commercial success , reaching the top 10 on most of the charts it entered . In the United States , `` Rich Girl '' was certified gold , and it received a nomination for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration at the 47th Grammy Awards .

neg: I Need a Girl (Part One) `` I Need a Girl ( Part One ) '' is a single by American rapper P. Diddy with the collaboration of Usher and Loon from the album We Invented the Remix . In 2004 , the song was featured in the Bad Boys compilation R&B Hits . Along with `` I Need a Girl ( Part Two ) '' , P. Diddy achieved a rare occurrence by having two parts of a song become chart hits . Part one peaked at # 2 on the US Billboard Hot 100 ( behind Ashanti 's `` Foolish '' ) and # 1 on the Billboard Hot Rap Tracks chart . It also charted on the UK Singles Chart at # 4 . Billboard ranked this song # 15 on their year end charts in 2002 .

neg: Rico Love Richard `` Rico '' Preston Butler , Jr. ( born December 3 , 1982 ) , better known by his stage name Rico Love , is an American songwriter , record producer and singer . He was born in New Orleans , Louisiana , but split his childhood between Milwaukee , Wisconsin and New York City 's Harlem neighborhood . He attended Florida A&M and , while visiting Atlanta , Georgia , worked his way into the music industry through connections with Usher , who would become Love 's mentor . The first song Love ever wrote in his career was `` Throwback '' for which ended up on Usher 's 2004 album `` Confessions . '' Love success continued writing and producing hit records such as Usher 's `` There Goes My Baby '' and `` Hey Daddy ( Daddy 's Home ) '' , Nelly 's `` Just a Dream '' and `` Gone '' , as well as Beyoncé Knowles ' `` Sweet Dreams '' . and has contributed to works which have gone on to win Grammys such as Beyoncé 's 2009 Best Contemporary R&B album I Am ... Sasha Fierce , Usher 's 2010 Best Contemporary R&B album Raymond v. Raymond , and Usher 's 2010 Best Male R&B Vocal Performance `` There Goes My Baby '' . In addition Love has written and produced records for Kelly Rowland , Diddy -- Dirty Money , Chris Brown , Alexandra Burke , Keri Hilson , Fergie , and Fantasia .   Love is also the CEO of Division1 , a record label which partnered with Interscope Records in 2013 . Love has appeared as a featured artist on records with T.I. , Usher , Jermaine Dupri , Jamie Foxx , Rich Boy , and Fat Joe .

neg: Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance The Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance ( previously called Best Rhythm and Blues Solo Vocal Performance , Female ) was an honor presented at the Grammy Awards , a ceremony established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards , to female recording artists for quality R&B songs . Awards in several categories are distributed annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States to `` honor artistic achievement , technical proficiency and overall excellence in the recording industry , without regard to album sales or chart position . ''   According to the category description guide for the 52nd Grammy Awards , the award was presented to artists that performed `` newly recorded solo R&B vocal performances '' . Solo numbers by members of an established group were not eligible for the award as `` separate entries from the duo or group performances . '' Albums were also considered for the accolade until 1992 .   As a part of the major overhaul of Grammy categories , the award was discontinued in 2011 . The Female R&B Vocal Performance category , Male R&B Vocal Performance category and all duo/group vocal performances in the R&B category shifted to the Best R&B Performance category in 2012 .   The award for the Best Female R&B Vocal Performance was first presented to Aretha Franklin at the 10th Grammy Awards ceremony in 1968 for the song `` Respect '' . Franklin received the most wins with eleven , followed by Anita Baker with five . Franklin also holds the record for the most nominations with twenty-three , while Chaka Khan is second with eight nominations . Fantasia Barrino became the final recipient of the award , when her song `` Bittersweet '' won the award in 2011 . The award was presented to artists from the United States each year .

neg: List of awards and nominations received by Fergie Stacy Ann Ferguson , better known as Fergie , is an American singer , songwriter , rapper , fashion designer and actress . She has won a total of 68 ( career solo and Black eyed Peas ) awards .

neg: Around the Way Girl `` Around the Way Girl '' is a hit single by LL Cool J from his 1990 album Mama Said Knock You Out .   This is a rap about LL searching for a girl who is streetwise to form a relationship with . The entire song describes the exact features of what he is looking for in this particular girl . For example , he constantly repeats the line `` I need an around the way girl '' through out the entire rap . The single samples Mary Jane Girls ' `` All Night Long '' , Keni Burke 's `` Risin ' to the Top '' , and The Honey Drippers ' `` Impeach the President '' , which is used as the main instrumental element of the song . It is also noted that this song is an early example of the high pitched sample rap . Around the Way Girl later appeared on LL Cool J 's 1996 greatest hits album , All World : Greatest Hits .   `` Around the Way Girl '' peaked at # 9 on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming his first top 10 single . It also was a hit on the R&B and dance music charts , where it peaked at # 5 and # 7 respectively . The RIAA certified `` Around the Way Girl '' Gold on January 15 , 1991 for sales of over 500,000 copies .

neg: The Real Thing (Gwen Stefani song) `` The Real Thing '' is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani from her debut solo studio album , Love . Angel . Music . Baby . ( 2004 ) . It was written by Stefani , Linda Perry , and her then-husband Gavin Rossdale , who is credited as `` GMR '' . Nellee Hooper produced the song , with Mark `` Spike '' Stent serving as an additional producer . An Europop and synthpop ballad , `` The Real Thing '' talks about mutual love between two lovers . Interscope Records released the track as a promotional single exclusively in the Philippines a year after the album 's release . It was released as a CD single that featured a remix by the music duo Wendy & Lisa . The remix was also included on the deluxe edition of L.A.M.B. , as well as on the international version of the album .   After its release , `` The Real Thing '' received generally favorable reviews from critics . Critics appreciated the `` vintage '' production of the song and labeled it a stand-out track on the album , while also noting its New Order influence . Stefani performed the single throughout her 2005 Harajuku Lovers Tour in a vintage red bathing suit along with a group of breakdancers and the Harajuku Girls . The live performance was praised and compared to similar works by Madonna and Cyndi Lauper .

neg: MTV Video Music Award for Best Video with a Social Message The MTV Video Music Award for Best Video with a Social Message is an award handed out at the yearly MTV Video Music Awards , first introduced at the 2011 ceremony . The first winner of the category was Lady Gaga . As of 2015 , Kelly Clarkson , Rise Against , and Beyoncé have received the most nominations in this category , being nominated twice .

neg: Money Ain't a Thang `` Money Ai n't a Thang '' is the second single from rapper Jermaine Dupri 's 1998 album Life in 1472 . It features rapper Jay-Z and appears as a bonus track on his album Vol . 2 ... Hard Knock Life . It is produced by Dupri , who samples `` Weak at the Knees '' by Steve Arrington for the track 's beat . It can be found on two of Jay-Z 's greatest hits compilations : Chapter One : Greatest Hits and Greatest Hits . In addition , it was nominated for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group at the 41st Grammy Awards in 1999 .   The title of `` Money Ai n't a Thang '' appears as `` Money Ai n't a Thing '' on the vinyl single , but not on the CD single or any album it appears on .

neg: The Sweet Escape (song) `` The Sweet Escape '' is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani from her second studio album of the same name ( 2006 ) . It was written by Stefani , Akon , and Giorgio Tuinfort . Akon , who is also a featured artist , developed the song 's beat before collaborating with Stefani . He designed it based on her previous work with No Doubt , and Stefani later commented that it put her `` on the yellow brick road to the No Doubt record I might do '' . `` The Sweet Escape '' is an apology for a fight between two lovers and describes a dream of a pleasant life for them . As the album 's title track , its title was chosen to help market Stefani 's music and fashion lines .   The song received generally positive reviews from contemporary music critics , though there was a negative response to Akon 's presence as a featured artist . `` The Sweet Escape '' was released as the album 's second single on December 19 , 2006 and was commercially successful in mainstream and adult contemporary markets . It reached the top 10 of most singles charts and topped the New Zealand Singles Chart . The song was nominated for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals at the 50th Grammy Awards . In the song 's accompanying music video , Stefani attempts to escape from a golden prison .

neg: 2014 iHeartRadio Music Awards The 2014 iHeartRadio Music Awards , was the inaugural music award show presented by iHeartMedia 's platform iHeartRadio and NBC . The awards were held on May 1 , 2014 , at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles . The awards show was announced on February 26 , 2014 . The nominations were compiled by the results of Mediabase charts , listener feedback and digital straming data from the iHeartRadio platform and announced on March 26 , 2014 . The awards recognized the biggest artists and songs of the year . The show was directed by Hamish Hamilton . The voting took place on iHeartRadio 's official webpage except for the `` Instagram Award '' , where voting took place on social network Instagram .   Rihanna led the nominations with eight and also became the biggest winner of the night with four wins including Artist of the Year and Song of the Year .   NBC 's telecast of the iHeartRadio Music Awards drew 5.4 million viewers overall and a rating of 1.7 in the key 18-to-49-year-old demographic .

neg: Major Key (album) Major Key ( stylized as Major ð ''` ) is the ninth studio album by DJ Khaled . It was released on July 29 , 2016 , by We the Best Music Group and Epic Records . The album features guest appearances from Future , Big Sean , Rick Ross , Jay Z , Drake , Nas , Kendrick Lamar , Betty Wright , J. Cole , Bryson Tiller , Nicki Minaj , Chris Brown , August Alsina , Jeremih , Kodak Black , Jeezy , French Montana , YG , Yo Gotti , Gucci Mane , 2 Chainz , Jadakiss , Fabolous , Fat Joe , Busta Rhymes , Kent Jones , Travis Scott , Lil Wayne , Meghan Trainor , Wiz Khalifa , Wale and Mavad   The album was supported by four singles , `` For Free '' , `` I Got the Keys '' , `` Holy Key '' and `` Do You Mind '' . Major Key received generally positive reviews from critics and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 . The album was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) in November 2016 . It received a Grammy nomination for Best Rap Album .

neg: List of awards and nominations received by Missy Elliott Missy Elliott is an American rapper , singer-songwriter , author , record producer and actress . Missy 's debut album Supa Dupa Fly was released on July 15 , 1997 in the United States under her own label The Goldmind Inc. signed under Elektra Records . Her second album Da Real World was then released on June 22 , 1999 , followed by her third album Miss E. . . So Addictive , released on May 15 , 2001 . Under Construction was the fourth album released by Elliott , which was released on November 12 , 2002 , followed by her fifth album This Is Not a Test ! that saw a release in November 25 , 2003 , and The Cookbook , Elliott 's latest album to date , which was released on July 4 , 2005 .   Throughout Missy Elliott 's career , she has received several awards and nominations . Elliott would also be noted to become the first female rapper in history to take home the award for `` Best International Video '' from VIVA Comet Media Awards for her solo debut single , `` The Rain ( Supa Dupa Fly ) '' . Elliott 's debut Supa Dupa Fly ( 1997 ) would go on to score two Grammy nominations for Best Rap Solo Performance & Best Rap Album , alongside three MTV Music Video Awards nominations for `` Best Direction in a Video , '' `` Best Breakthrough Video '' & `` Best Rap Video '' .   Missy Elliott 's second album Da Real World ( 1999 ) attained a Grammy nomination for Best Rap Album . She also received an award for `` Best R&B / Soul or Rap Music Video '' by the Soul Train Awards . The album went on to go platinum making it Elliott 's second platinum album . The follow-up , Miss E. . . So Addictive ( 2001 ) , was a commercial success ; selling over 9.2 million copies worldwide making it her third consecutive platinum album . This album would attain twelve MTV Video Music Awards nominations throughout 2001 and 2002 . Additionally , the effort gained Elliott several nominations from various award shows some including , the Grammy Awards , MTV Video Music Awards , and the BET Awards .   On March 27 , 2001 , Lil ' Kim , Christina Aguilera , Pink , and Mýa recorded a cover version of the LaBelle song , `` Lady Marmalade '' as a medley for the feature film Moulin Rouge that Missy Elliott wrote and produced , which topped # 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 for five weeks . `` Lady Marmalade '' scored Elliott 's first Grammy Award in 2002 for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals .   Missy Elliott 's fourth album Under Construction ( 2002 ) was certified double platinum , making it her fourth platinum album . The effort gained Elliott eight MTV Video Music Awards in 2003 , taking two awards for `` Video of the Year & `` Best Hip-Hop Video '' . The album also gained Elliott five Grammy nominations in 2004 for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group , Best Rap Album , Album of The Year , Best Rap Song & Best Female Rap Solo Performance taking an award for Best Female Rap Solo Performance . Elliott 's follow-up This Is Not a Test ! ( 2003 ) would also attain a platinum certification , as well as two MTV Video Music Awards and one MTV Music Video Japan Awards nominations .   The Cookbook ( 2005 ) is Missy Elliott 's latest album to date . The effort attained three Grammy nominations in 2006 for Best Short Form Music Video , Best Rap Song & Best Rap Album . Elliott received the award for Best Short Form Music Video for her single `` Lose Control '' . The Cookbook also gained Elliott seven MTV Video Music Awards nominations , taking two awards for `` Best Dance Video '' and `` Best Hip-Hop Video '' . In 2014 , Missy Elliott became nominated for a Grammy for Best R&B Song for the featured single , `` Without Me '' .

neg: Raja Kumari Svetha Rao ( born January 11 , 1986 ) , professionally known as Raja Kumari ( ` The daughter of the king ' in Tamil ) , is an Indian American songwriter , rapper and recording artist from Claremont , California . Kumari is best known for her collaboration with notable artists including Gwen Stefani , Iggy Azalea , Fifth Harmony , Knife Party , and Fall Out Boy . She is also notable for receiving as a songwriter , the BMI Pop Awards in 2016 , being nominated to a Grammy award in February 2015 , and featuring on BBC Asian Network programme Bobby Friction on July 5 , 2016 .

neg: Back Together (Robin Thicke song) `` Back Together '' is a song by American singer Robin Thicke . It premiered on August 5 , 2015 . It was made available for digital download and released a single on August 6 , 2015 , by Interscope Records . The song , produced by Max Martin and Ali Payami , features a guest appearance from Trinidadian native rapper Nicki Minaj .

neg: Rich Kidd Ritchie Acheampong ( born April 28 , 1987 ) , better known as Rich Kidd , is a Canadian hip hop recording artist , record producer and film/video director from Toronto , Ontario . He is a two-time nominee for the Juno Award for Rap Recording of the Year as a solo artist , garnering nominations at the Juno Awards of 2013 for The Closers and at the Juno Awards of 2014 for In My Opinion .   In 2013 , he formed the project Naturally Born Strangers with collaborators Tona and Adam Bomb . That group 's debut release , The Legends League Presents : Naturally Born Strangers , won the Juno Award for Rap Recording of the Year at the Juno Awards of 2015 .

neg: One More Chance (The Notorious B.I.G. song) `` One More Chance / Stay with Me ( Remix ) '' is a song written and recorded by American rapper The Notorious B.I.G. , featuring additional vocals sung by his wife Faith Evans and an uncredited appearance by Mary J. Blige . It was certified platinum by the RIAA on July 31 , 1995 and sold 1.1 million copies .   The original version of the song appears on B.I.G. 's album , Ready to Die . The remix features new lyrics , a new chorus , and a different beat than the original . There is also a `` hip hop mix '' which samples Marley Marl 's `` Droppin Science '' ( featuring rapper Craig G ) . Evans was an up-and-coming R&B artist at the time . The remix , produced by the Trackmasters samples DeBarge 's 1983 song `` Stay with Me '' .   The song peaked at # 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 and topped the Hot R&B / Hip-Hop Songs chart . It was the highest debuting single of all time , tying with Michael Jackson and Janet Jackson song `` Scream '' when it entered the Hot 100 at # 5 at the time . ( This record stood until later that year , when Michael Jackson 's `` You Are Not Alone '' debuted at number one . ) It remained the highest debuting single for a rap song on the Hot 100 until Puff Daddy 's tribute song `` I 'll Be Missing You '' debuted at # 1 . ( Lauryn Hill , Eminem and DJ Khaled would later equal this feat , with the former 's `` Doo Wop ( That Thing ) '' entering in the top spot in 1998 , the aforementioned with `` Not Afraid '' in 2010 and the latter with `` I 'm The One '' in 2017 . )

neg: Satisfy You (Puff Daddy song) `` Satisfy You '' , released on October 13 , 1999 , is a number-one R&B single by American hip-hop artist and producer Puff Daddy and features vocals by American R&B singer-songwriter R. Kelly on the hook The song spent six weeks at number one on the U.S. R&B chart and peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for three weeks behind `` Smooth '' by Santana featuring Rob Thomas . The song was co-written by both Combs and R. Kelly , with additional writing by R&B singer Kelly Price , who performs backing vocals . The song 's beat and bassline is taken from `` I Got 5 on It '' by Luniz , which itself interpolates Club Nouveau 's `` Why You Treat Me So Bad '' among others . The song garnered a nomination for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group at the 42nd Grammy Awards in 2000 .

neg: Long Way to Go (Gwen Stefani and André 3000 song) `` Long Way to Go '' is a song by American singer-songwriter Gwen Stefani with American rapper André 3000 . The song appears as the closing track on Stefani 's debut studio album , Love . Angel . Music . Baby . ( 2004 ) . It was released on November 23 , 2004 , along with the rest of Love . Angel . Music . Baby . by Interscope Records . The track was written by both Stefani and 3000 , while 3000 was the sole producer of the track . Despite being scrapped from André 3000 's critically acclaimed OutKast studio album , The Love Below ( 2003 ) , Stefani and 3000 finalized a reworked version of the song to be included on the former 's album . The song prominently features a sample from Martin Luther King , Jr. 's `` I Have a Dream '' speech in its closing outro . King is not credited for contributed lyrics to the song . Musically , `` Long Way to Go '' is influenced by electronic music and alternative hip hop , with partial influence from both dance music and soul music .   After its release , `` Long Way to Go '' received scrutiny for its sample of `` I Have a Dream '' . The song also was received negatively for its outdated metaphors on interracial relationships . However , the track did receive positive attention for being a `` standout '' on Love . Angel . Music . Baby . and also for its electronic production , particularly the closing of the track . Stefani performed the track during her 2005 Harajuku Lovers Tour , accompanied by the Harajuku Girls . During the rendition , digital images of people were displayed on a screen before the singer , while dancers performed minimal moves to achieve a more intimate approach .

neg: We're All in the Same Gang `` We 're All in the Same Gang '' is a 1990 single by the West Coast Rap All-Stars , a collaboration of West Coast hip-hop artists who assembled for this song , which promoted an anti-violence message .   Produced by Dr. Dre , the song featured rhymed lyrics from the following :  King Tee  Body & Soul ( including Dee Barnes )  Def Jef  Michel ` le  Tone-Loc  Above the Law  Ice-T  Dr. Dre , MC Ren and Eazy-E of N.W.A  J.J. Fad  Young MC  Digital Underground ( Money-B and Shock G )  Oaktown 's 3.5.7  MC Hammer   On the B-side was the Radio Special version of the single ( trimmed down to 4 minutes with the exclusion of Def Jef , Above The Law , JJ Fad , Oaktown 's 3.5.7 . , and MC Hammer ) , and the song `` Tellin ' Time ( Mike 's Rap ) '' , produced by Shock G and featuring Dr. Dre and Michael Concepcion , the executive producer of the project .   N.W.A. , Michel ` le , Above the Law and J.J. Fad all recorded for Eazy-E and Jerry Heller 's Ruthless Records .   In 1991 , the song was nominated at the 33rd Annual Grammy Awards for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group .

neg: The Heat (Toni Braxton album) The Heat is the third studio album by American recording artist Toni Braxton . Released in the United States on April 25 , 2000 by LaFace Records , the album marked Braxton 's departure from her ballads in favor of a more urban sound . Most of the songs ( including the nearly instrumental `` The Art of Love '' ) were written and produced by Braxton and her husband Keri Lewis ( a former member of Mint Condition ) , two ballads were penned by Diane Warren , and collaborations featured rappers Dr. Dre and Lisa `` Left Eye '' Lopes .   The Heat opened at number two on the Billboard 200 chart selling 194,448 units in its first week . It was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) on October 13 , 2000 , with sales of over 2.2 million copies within the U.S. Additionally , the album was nominated for Best R&B Album at the 2001 Grammy Awards , while lead single `` He Was n't Man Enough '' won for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance and was nominated for Best R&B Song .


query: Dileep (actor) began his film career in 1991.

pos: Dileep (actor) Dileep ( born Gopalakrishnan Padmanabhan Pillai , on 27 October 1968 ) is an Indian film actor , singer , impressionist , producer , and businessman . He 's best known for his slapstick comedy roles in Malayalam cinema and he is the Richest superstar and third highest paid actor of malayalm cinema . In a career spanning over a quarter-century , he has starred in more than 130 films .   Dileep began his film career in 1991 by assisting director Kamal . He attained popularity through his impressionist acts in stage shows and Comicola , a television comedy series aired on Asianet . His role as Dileep in Manathe Kottaram ( 1994 ) paved way to his acting career . Films such as Sallapam ( 1996 ) , Ee Puzhayum Kadannu ( 1997 ) , Punjabi House ( 1998 ) , Udayapuram Sulthan ( 1999 ) , and Chandranudikkunna Dikhil ( 1999 ) established his status as a prominent actor during the late-1990s .   After delivering back-to-back hits in the early-2000s with films such as Thenkasipattanam ( 2000 ) , Joker ( 2000 ) , Ee Parakkum Thalika ( 2001 ) , Ishtam ( 2001 ) , Mazhathullikkilukkam ( 2002 ) and Kalyanaraman ( 2002 ) , Dileep established himself as a bankable lead star in the Malayalam film industry with the blockbuster success of Meesa Madhavan ( 2002 ) . He won the Filmfare Award for Best Actor for his role as Madhavan in Meesa Madhavan . He won his first Kerala State Film Award ( Special Jury ) for his performance as Vimal Kumar ( Kunjan ) in Kunjikoonan ( 2002 ) and later won the Best Actor Award for his performance as Mukkom Shajahan in the film Vellaripravinte Changathi ( 2011 ) .   Dileep ventured into production , and produced and starred in C.I.D. Moosa ( 2003 ) under the banner Graand Production . Kathavasheshan ( 2004 ) won Dileep the Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Film as a producer . In 2008 , under the banner of Graand Production , Dileep produced Twenty :20 by casting most of the mainstream actors of Malayalam cinema , which had become the highest grossing Malayalam film at that time . He produced the multi-starrer in order to raise funds for the Association of Malayalam Movie Artists ( AMMA ) .

neg: Apoorvam Chilar Apoorvam Chilar is a 1991 Indian Malayalam film , directed by Kaladharanand produced by Kaladharan . The film stars Jagathy Sreekumar , Innocent , KPAC Lalitha and Ganesh Kumar in lead roles . The film had musical score by Johnson .

neg: Akshay Kumar Rajiv Hari Om Bhatia ( born 9 September 1967 ) , better known by his stage name Akshay Kumar , is an Indian-born actor who works in Bollywood films . Kumar is also a producer and martial artist who has appeared in over a hundred Hindi films . Kumar has Canadian citizenship .   Kumar won the National Film Award for Best Actor for his performance in Rustom and he has been nominated for Filmfare Awards several times , winning it two times .   Box Office India listed Kumar as one of the most successful actors in the history of Indian cinema .  In February 2013 , many media outlets reported that the net box-office collection of Kumar 's films had crossed and he was the first and the only Bollywood actor to do so .  Having done so , he has established himself as a leading contemporary actor of Hindi cinema .   When he began his acting career in the 1990s , he primarily starred in action films and was known for his appearances in films of the `` Khiladi series '' as well as other action films such as Waqt Hamara Hai ( 1993 ) , Mohra ( 1994 ) , Elaan ( 1994 ) , Suhaag ( 1994 ) , Sapoot ( 1996 ) , Jaanwar ( 1999 ) .   Later , Kumar also gained fame for his drama , romance , action and comic roles . His performances in romance films like Yeh Dillagi ( 1994 ) , Dhadkan ( 2000 ) , Andaaz ( 2003 ) and Namastey London ( 2007 ) , as well as drama films such as Waqt : The Race Against Time ( 2005 ) . His comic performances in comedy films such as Hera Pheri ( 2000 ) , Mujhse Shaadi Karogi ( 2004 ) , Garam Masala ( 2005 ) , Bhagam Bhag ( 2006 ) , Bhool Bhulaiyaa ( 2007 ) , and Singh Is Kinng ( 2008 ) met with acclaim . In 2007 , he starred in four consecutive commercially successful films . Kumar hit a rough patch since 2009 to 2011 but came back with two successes , Housefull 2 ( 2012 ) and Rowdy Rathore ( 2012 ) with both of them grossing over . His other films like OMG ( 2012 ) , Special 26 ( 2012 ) , Holiday ( 2014 ) and Gabbar Is Back ( 2015 ) were highly successful critically and commercially . From January 2016 to February 2017 , he starred in four Rs 100-crore plus earner in a row with films Airlift ( 2016 ) , Housefull 3 ( 2016 ) , Rustom ( 2016 ) and Jolly LLB 2 ( 2017 ) .   Apart from acting , Kumar has also worked as a stunt actor ; he has often performed many dangerous stunts in his films , which has earned him the sobriquet `` Indian Jackie Chan '' . In 2008 , he hosted the show Fear Factor -- Khatron Ke Khiladi . The next year , he founded the Hari Om Entertainment production company . In 2012 , he founded another production company called Grazing Goat Pictures . In 2014 , Kumar launched TV realty show Dare 2 Dance . He also owns the team Khalsa Warriors in the World Kabaddi League . In 2015 , Kumar was ranked 9th in Forbes ' first global list of highest-paid actors in the world .   In 2008 , the University of Windsor conferred an Honorary Doctorate on Kumar in recognition of his contribution to Indian cinema . The following year he was awarded the Padma Shri by the Government of India . In 2011 , The Asian Awards honoured Kumar for his outstanding achievement in Cinema .

neg: Jagdeep Jagdeep is the screen name of ( Syed Ishtiaq Ahmed Jafri ; born 29 March 1939 ) is an Indian film actor who has appeared in more than 400 films . He is especially known for his comic roles . He played Soorma Bhopali in Sholay ( 1975 ) , Machchar in Purana Mandir ( 1984 ) , Salman Khan 's dad in Andaz Apna Apna ( 1994 ) and directed a movie Soorma Bhopali with this character as the protagonist .

neg: Vembanad (film) Vembanad is a 1991 Indian Malayalam film , directed by Prof. Sivaprasad , starring Mahesh and Jayabharathi in the lead roles .

neg: Aditya Pancholi Aditya Pancholi ( born Nirmal Pancholi , 12 September 1965 ) is an Indian film actor , producer and playback singer who appears in Bollywood films . He started his career as a lead actor but found more success with supporting and negative roles and received a Filmfare nomination for the Best Performance in a Negative Role for Yes Boss ( 1997 ) .   Pancholi began his career with television movies produced by Nari Hira and ventured into mainstream Bollywood cinema with Sasti Dulhan Mehnga Dulha ( 1986 ) . Pancholi first came to limelight with an important role in Maha-Sangram ( 1990 ) . He had the peak of his career between the late 1980s and early 1990s . He initially gave critically acclaimed performances as a lead actor in films like Kab Tak Chup Rahungi ( 1988 ) , Qatil ( 1988 ) , Kahan Hai Kanoon ( 1989 ) , Sailaab ( 1990 ) , Laal Paree ( 1991 ) , Naamcheen ( 1991 ) , Yaad Rakhegi Duniya ( 1992 ) , Chor Aur Chaand ( 1993 ) and Surakshaa ( 1995 ) but failed to find commercial success . His biggest commercial success as a lead actor and his most well-known performance was in Mahesh Bhatt 's Saathi ( 1991 ) .   After failing to make a mark as a lead actor , Pancholi became a supporting actor in multi-starrer movies like Ladaai ( 1988 ) , Jaadugar ( 1989 ) , Aatish : Feel the Fire ( 1994 ) and Aankhen ( 2002 ) and became synonymous for negative roles in movies like Awwal Number ( 1990 ) , Jung ( 1996 ) , Khilona ( 1996 ) , Yes Boss ( 1997 ) , Hameshaa ( 1997 ) , Jung ( 2000 ) and Musafir ( 2004 ) .

neg: Sundeep Malani Sandeep Malani ( born 19 November 1971 ) is an Indian film director .

neg: Diljit Dosanjh Diljit Dosanjh ( Punjabi : ਦਿਲਜੀਤ ਦੋਸਾਂਝ ) is an Indian film actor , singer and television presenter , who works in Punjabi and Hindi cinema . He is recognized as one of the leading artists in the Punjabi music industry . He also acts in Punjabi movies , with many of them being noticeable hits , including 2012 film Jatt & Juliet , 2013 films Jatt & Juliet 2 and Punjab 1984 , 2015 film Sardaar Ji , and the 2016 films Ambarsariya and Sardaar Ji 2 -- which are counted among the most successful Punjabi movies in history . His first recorded mainstream performance was his solo track and music video Ishq Da Uda Ada from his 2000 album produced by Finetone Cassettes . He made his Bollywood debut with Udta Punjab in 2016 for which he earned Filmfare Award for Best Debut ( Male ) . He mostly works with White Hill Productions .

neg: Dilbagh Singh (singer) Dilbagh Singh is a Punjabi language singer-songwriter and film actor . Singh was born in Delhi , but is currently based in Mumbai , India .

neg: PK (film) PK is a 2014 Indian satirical science fiction comedy film . The film was directed by Rajkumar Hirani , produced by Hirani and Vidhu Vinod Chopra , and written by Hirani and Abhijat Joshi . The film stars Aamir Khan in the title role with Anushka Sharma , Sushant Singh Rajput , Boman Irani , Saurabh Shukla , and Sanjay Dutt in supporting roles . It tells the story of an alien who comes to Earth on a research mission . He befriends a television journalist and questions religious dogmas and superstitions .   The film received positive reviews and emerged as the 3rd highest-grossing Indian film of all time , and ranks as the 70th highest-grossing film of 2014 worldwide . The film has been regarded as one of the best Hindi films of 2014 . It is currently the 3rd highest-grossing Indian film of all time only behind Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion and Dangal ( film ) .   PK is the first Indian film to gross 7 billion worldwide . It is also the first Indian film to gross US$ 100 million ( Rs 630 crore ) worldwide .

neg: Kill Dil Kill Dil ( English : Kill Heart , stylized as : Kill/Dil ) is a 2014 Indian romantic action comedy film directed by Shaad Ali and produced by Aditya Chopra under the Yash Raj Films banner . The film stars Ranveer Singh , Ali Zafar and Parineeti Chopra in lead roles , with Govinda portraying the antagonist . The film was released on 14 November 2014 .

neg: I (film) I ( also known as Shankar 's I ) is a 2015 Indian Tamil-language romantic thriller film written and directed by Shankar and co-written by Subha . Produced and distributed by V. Ravichandran under his production company , Aascar Films , the film features Vikram and Amy Jackson in lead roles while Suresh Gopi , Upen Patel , Santhanam and Ramkumar Ganesan portray pivotal roles . The soundtrack and film score were composed by A. R. Rahman . Production design was handled by T. Muthuraj . P. C. Sreeram was the film 's cinematographer and editing was done by Anthony .   The visual effects were designed by V. Srinivas Mohan through Rising Sun Pictures . Weta Workshop had worked on the digital and prosthetic make-up and background arts for the film . Principal photography commenced on 15 July 2012 . The filming lasted for two years and eight months , during which shooting was done extensively in China . Further schedules were filmed in locations in Chennai , Bangkok , Jodhpur , Kodaikanal , Pollachi , Bangalore and Mysore . The film was dubbed and released in Telugu and Hindi along with the Tamil version .   The film , released on Pongal 2015 , tells the story of a body builder turned supermodel , played by Vikram , who after being deformed , exacts revenge upon those who were responsible for his predicament . Critics praised Vikram 's performance , the technical aspects of the film - especially the costume design and makeup , and A.R. Rahman 's soundtrack and score but criticised the ` wafer-thin ' writing and screenplay and the film 's excessive length ( 188 minutes ) . However , the film was a commercial success , grossing worldwide , becoming the fourth-highest grossing Tamil film and Vikram 's highest-grossing film at the time . Vikram won the Filmfare Award for Best Actor -- Tamil for the movie .

neg: Life of Josutty Life of Josutty is a 2015 Malayalam drama film directed by Jeethu Joseph . The film stars Dileep in the title role along with a supporting cast consisting of Jyothi Krishna , Rachana Narayanankutty , Renjini Rupesh , Hareesh Perady and Chempil Asokan . The story is formatted with commentaries from the protagonist . The screenplay and dialogue are written by Rajesh Varma . The film is co-produced and released by Eros International , it is their debut production and distribution in Malayalam cinema . Life of Josutty released on 24 September 2015 and met with generally positive reviews .

neg: Sadhu Sant Sadhu Sant is a 1991 Hindi Indian film announced , starring Amitabh Bachchan and Mithun Chakraborty . The film was much awaited , but never graced theatres .

neg: Angaar Angaar ( English : Fire ) is an Indian Hindi crime drama film directed by Shashilal K. Nair , released on 1 September 1992 . The film stars Jackie Shroff , Dimple Kapadia , and Nana Patekar in lead roles . The film was speculated to have been based on the life of Karim Lala .

neg: List of films released by Yash Raj Films Yash Raj Films ( abbreviated as YRF ) is an Indian entertainment company , established by Yash Chopra in 1970 , that produces and distributes motion pictures . As of 2017 , the company has produced 71 Hindi films , including three that are yet-to-be-released , and one Tamil film . Yash Raj Films started a film distribution business in 1997 , and in addition to distributing their own productions , the company has handled the domestic and international distribution of 35 films from other companies .   Yash Raj Films ' first release came in 1973 with the Chopra-directed Daag : A Poem of Love , a drama about bigamy , starring Rajesh Khanna , Raakhee and Sharmila Tagore . The company had four more releases in the 1970s , including the family drama Kabhie Kabhie and the action film Kaala Patthar , both of which starred Amitabh Bachchan . Yash Raj Films ' sole commercial success in the 1980s was the Sridevi-starring romance Chandni . The year 1995 marked the directorial debut of Yash Chopra 's son , Aditya Chopra , with the highly successful romantic drama Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge . Starring Shah Rukh Khan and Kajol , the film has the longest theatrical run in Indian cinema history . Other successful releases of the 1990s were Darr ( 1993 ) and Dil To Pagal Hai ( 1997 ) , both starring Khan .   In the 2000s , Yash Raj Films produced a larger number of films . In addition to directorial ventures from Yash and Aditya Chopra , the company launched several new directors , including Sanjay Gadhvi , Vijay Krishna Acharya , Kunal Kohli , Siddharth Anand , and Shaad Ali . Some of the company 's top-grossing films in that decade include Gadhvi 's action thrillers Dhoom ( 2004 ) and Dhoom 2 ( 2006 ) , Kohli 's romantic thriller Fanaa ( 2006 ) , Ali 's comedy film Bunty Aur Babli ( 2005 ) , Yash Chopra 's romance Veer-Zaara ( 2004 ) , and Aditya Chopra 's dramas Mohabbatein ( 2000 ) and Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi ( 2008 ) . Beginning in 2008 , the company introduced a number of new actors such as Anushka Sharma , Ranveer Singh , Parineeti Chopra , and Arjun Kapoor .   Yash Raj Films ' highest-grossing films came in the 2010s with the Kabir Khan-directed action thriller Ek Tha Tiger ( 2012 ) , starring Salman Khan and Katrina Kaif , the third installment of the Dhoom franchise , entitled Dhoom 3 ( 2013 ) , featuring Aamir Khan , Uday Chopra and Abhishek Bachchan , and the sports drama Sultan ( 2016 ) , starring Salman Khan and Sharma . All three films rank among the highest-grossing Bollywood films of all time . The most frequent collaborations of the company have been with the actors Rani Mukerji , Rishi Kapoor , Shah Rukh Khan , and Saif Ali Khan .

neg: Kohraam Kohraam is a 1991 Bollywood film starring Dharmendra directed by Kuku Kohli .

neg: Jigar Jigar is a 1992 Bollywood martial arts action film directed by Farogh Siddique . It was inspired by the 1989 Hollywood movie Kickboxer . Jigar was released during Diwali weekend and proved to be successful . It was Ajay Devgn 's second success after Phool Aur Kaante and premiered at the Plaza cinema , Mumbai .

neg: Khilaaf Khilaaf is a 1991 Indian Bollywood film directed by Rajeev Nagpal and produced by Anil Tarika . It stars Chunky Pandey and Madhuri Dixit in pivotal roles .

neg: Deepankar De Deepankar De ( born 5 July 1944 ) is an actor in the Kolkata-based Bengali film industry . He has worked in many movies as hero , villain and character artist .   His first film role was in Satyajit Ray 's Seemabaddha ( Company Limited , 1971 ) . He starred in Ray 's Ganashatru ( Enemy of the People , 1990 ) , Shakha Proshakha ( Branches of the Tree , 1990 ) and Agantuk ( The Stranger , 1991 ) . He has acted in many art house and commercial films .

neg: Dil Deke Dekho Dil Deke Dekho , a 1959 Indian Hindi romantic comedy film , was Nasir Hussain 's second film as director . His first directorial venture was Tumsa Nahin Dekha ( 1957 ) , which became a big hit and which gave star Shammi Kapoor a new image as a comedic , dancing hero . Husain and Kapoor reteamed here . Asha Parekh , a former child actress , made her film debut as a heroine . This was also the debut film of comedian Rajendranath ( younger brother of Premnath . ) This is also music composer Usha Khanna 's first film .   The film became a hit at the box office . Husain , Kapoor , and Parekh would reteam again for Teesri Manzil ( 1966 ) , which also became a big hit . Husain would also cast Parekh as his leading lady in five other films . Shammi Kapoor had said that he had initially wanted Waheeda Rehman to play his leading lady in the film , but the producer had already signed Asha Parekh , and he encouraged her during filming . The film was released on Asha 's 17th birthday .


query: Beginning in 1963 and continuing until 1965, Singapore was a component of Malaysia.

pos: Singapore Singapore ( -LSB- ˈsɪŋgəpɔr -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of Singapore , sometimes referred to as the Lion City , the Garden City or the Little Red Dot , is a sovereign city-state in Southeast Asia . It lies one degree ( 137 km ) north of the equator , at the southern tip of peninsular Malaysia , with Indonesia 's Riau Islands to the south . Singapore 's territory consists of one main island along with 62 other islets . Since independence , extensive land reclamation has increased its total size by 23 % ( 130 km2 ) , and its greening policy has covered the densely populated island with tropical flora , parks and gardens .   Stamford Raffles founded colonial Singapore in 1819 as a trading post of the East India Company ; after its collapse and the eventual establishment of the British Raj , the islands were ceded to Britain and became part of its Straits Settlements in 1826 . During the Second World War , Singapore was occupied by Japan . It gained independence from the UK in 1963 by federating with other former British territories to form Malaysia , but separated two years later over ideological differences , becoming a sovereign nation in 1965 . After early years of turbulence , and despite lacking natural resources and a hinterland , the nation developed rapidly as an Asian Tiger economy , based on external trade and its workforce .   Singapore is a global commerce , finance and transport hub . Its standings include : the most `` technology-ready '' nation ( WEF ) , top International-meetings city ( UIA ) , city with `` best investment potential '' ( BERI ) , second-most competitive country , third-largest foreign exchange market , third-largest financial centre , third-largest oil refining and trading centre , and the second-busiest container port . The country has also been identified as a tax haven .   Singapore ranks 5th on the UN Human Development Index and the 3rd highest GDP per capita . It is ranked highly in education , healthcare , life expectancy , quality of life , personal safety , and housing . Although income inequality is high , 90 % of homes are owner-occupied . 38 % of Singapore 's 5.6 million residents are permanent residents and other foreign nationals . There are four official languages : English ( common and first language ) , Malay , Mandarin , Tamil ; almost all Singaporeans are bilingual .   Singapore is a unitary multiparty parliamentary republic , with a Westminster system of unicameral parliamentary government . The People 's Action Party has won every election since self-government in 1959 . The dominance of the PAP , coupled with a low level of press freedom and restrictions on civil liberties and political rights , has led to Singapore being classified by some as a semi-authoritarian regime . One of the five founding members of the ASEAN , Singapore is also the host of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC ) Secretariat , and a member of the East Asia Summit , Non-Aligned Movement , and the Commonwealth of Nations .

neg: List of Malaysian stamps Formerly called the Federation of Malaya until 1963 , Malaysia became started to issue stamps under the current name starting in 1963 .

neg: Singaporean general election, 1968 General elections were held in Singapore on 19 April 1968 , the first as an independent state following the island 's expulsion from Malaysia . The elections were boycotted by all opposition parties except the Workers Party , which only contested two constituencies . With five independents also running , only seven seats were contested , resulting in People 's Action Party ( PAP ) candidates returned unopposed in the other 51 seats , meaning the party had won the elections before voting took place .   Although the total electorate was 759,367 , only 84,883 voters lived in contested seats ; Farrer Park , Geylang Serai , Jalan Kayu , Kampong Ubi , Moulmein , Nee Soon and Tanjong Pagar .

neg: Port of Singapore The Port of Singapore refers to the collective facilities and terminals that conduct maritime trade handling functions in harbours and which handle Singapore 's shipping . Currently the world 's second-busiest port in terms of total shipping tonnage , it also trans-ships a fifth of the world 's shipping containers , half of the world 's annual supply of crude oil , and is the world 's busiest transshipment port . It was also the busiest port in terms of total cargo tonnage handled until 2005 , when it was surpassed by the Port of Shanghai . Thousands of ships drop anchor in the harbour , connecting the port to over 600 other ports in 123 countries and spread over six continents .   The Port of Singapore is not a mere economic boon , but an economic necessity because Singapore is lacking in land and natural resources . The Port is critical for importing natural resources , and then later re-exporting products after they have been refined and shaped in some manner , for example wafer fabrication or oil refining to generate revenue . The service industries such as hospitality services typical of a port of call restock the food and water supplies on ships . Ships pass between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean through the Singapore Strait . The Straits of Johor on the country 's north are impassable for ships due to the Johor-Singapore Causeway , built in 1923 , which links the city of Woodlands , Singapore to Johor Bahru in Malaysia .

neg: Mexico–Singapore relations The United Mexican States and the Republic of Singapore have had diplomatic and other bilateral relations since 1975 . Current annual trade between the two countries totals over 3 billion dollars .

neg: 1997 in Malaysia 1997 in Malaysia is the 40th anniversary of Malaysia 's independence .

neg: 1960 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference The 1960 Commonwealth Prime Ministers ' Conference was the tenth Meeting of the Heads of Government of the Commonwealth of Nations . It was held in the United Kingdom in May 1960 , and was hosted by that country 's Prime Minister , Harold Macmillan .   This was the first Commonwealth conference since Malayan independence in August 1957 and saw the growing importance of the non-white `` New Commonwealth '' countries . Malaya 's prime minister , Tunku Abdul Rahman and his government vigorously opposed the apartheid policies of South Africa and , with the support of Pakistan , India and Ghana , demanded that the issue be addressed by the Commonwealth . However , Macmillan insisted that the final communique could only include matters on which the leaders were unanimous . Ghana advised the meeting that it would be becoming a republic and South Africa advised that it would be holding a referendum on the issue . Ghana was advised that its continued membership in the Commonwealth as a republic was recognised , however , South Africa was advised that it would need to seek consent of other Commonwealth governments for its membership to continue .

neg: Sunda Straits Crisis The Sunda Straits Crisis was a two-week confrontation between the United Kingdom and Indonesia over the passage of the Illustrious-class aircraft carrier HMS Victorious through the Sunda Strait , a major waterway separating the Indonesian islands of Java and Sumatra , occurring between August and September 1964 . The incident was part of the larger Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation , an armed conflict between Indonesia and Malaysia ( with the military support of Britain ) over the formation of the latter as an independent state .   On 27 August 1964 , the British aircraft carrier HMS Victorious and her two destroyer escorts sailed through the Sunda Strait , an international waterway claimed by Indonesia , en route for Australia . Upset by the casual warning the British had given of the ships ' impending passage through the Strait ( a telephone call made two days before ) , the lack of mention of the carrier in the warning , and wary of the possibility that the British were attempting to provoke them into a violent response , the Indonesian Ministry of Foreign Affairs decided two days later to attempt to bar the warships from making the return journey to Singapore , scheduled for the middle of September .   Infuriated by what was perceived as yet another affront to British prestige after the recent landings at Pontian and Labis by Indonesian volunteers in southwestern Malaysia , members of the British Cabinet , particularly Peter Thorneycroft and Louis Mountbatten , favoured sending the carrier back through the Strait in spite of the Indonesian ban . Though British naval commanders in the Far East had grave concerns that the Victorious would be indefensible while in passage , the prevailing opinion was that not to send the ship would result in an immense political defeat on both a domestic and international scale as well as the loss of rights to an important waterway . Tension mounted as the British and Indonesians each refused to bend , and as the carrier 's time to sail came , war became extremely likely .   However , the Indonesians offered on 10 September a way out : an alternative route through the Lombok Strait . The British took them up on this offer , to the relief of both parties , and the Victorious made a peaceful return through Indonesian territory . War was averted , and the climax of tensions during the Confrontation had been passed . Never again was the threat of all-out war a realistic possibility , despite some large land battles in northern Borneo the following spring , and the Confrontation wound down by late fall of 1965 without ever escalating into a major conflict , with a peace deal signed the following year .

neg: Poverty in Malaysia Poverty in Malaysia is a controversial economic issue . The definition of poverty and the poverty line for Malaysians has been disputed , and government policies to address poverty such as the Malaysian New Economic Policy have been met with political protest .   Malaysia 's total population is 31 million as of 2015 , of which 0.6 % live below the national poverty line . Malaysia has grown rapidly in terms of economic development . An indicator is that in 2014 , 65.6 % of the population aged 15 years and above were employed .

neg: Tengku Abdul Rahman Tengku Abdul Rahman may refer to :   Tengku Abdul Rahman ( Sultan of Johor ) , Sultan of Johor when Singapore was founded in 1819  Tuanku Abdul Rahman , first Yang di-Pertuan Agong , the Malaysian king and the Yang di-Pertuan Besar of the Malaysian state of Negeri Sembilan  Tunku Abdul Rahman , first prime minister of Malaysia , prime minister of Federation of Malaya and also president of UMNO  Tunku Abdul Rahman ( born 1935 ) , younger brother of Sultan Iskandar of Johor , who also served as crown prince of Johor from 1961 to 1981  Tunku Abdul Rahman Hassanal Jeffri , 4th son of the Sultan of Johor , Sultan Ibrahim Ismail

neg: Sri Temasek Sri Temasek is a two-storey detached house built in 1869 which is sited within the grounds of the Istana in Singapore . During the island 's colonial era , it served as the residence of the Colonial Secretary or Chief Secretary . Since the establishment of the State of Singapore in 1959 , it has been the official residence of the Prime Minister of Singapore , though none of Singapore 's Prime Ministers has ever lived there . Together with the Istana , it was gazetted a national monument on 14 February 1992 .

neg: Treaty of London 1956 The Treaty of London 1956 was signed to set up the independent Federation of Malaya , which achieved its independence on 31 August 1957 .

neg: Ultra (Malaysia) During the 1960s in Malaysia and Singapore , some racial extremists were referred to as `` ultras '' . The phrase was most commonly used by the first Prime Minister of Singapore , Lee Kuan Yew , and other leaders of his political party , the People 's Action Party ( PAP ) , to refer to Malay extremists . However , it was also used by some members of the United Malays National Organisation ( UMNO ) -- the leader of the Alliance coalition governing Malaysia -- to refer to Lee instead , as Lee was perceived to be a Chinese chauvinist himself .

neg: Malaysian local elections, 1963 The local elections were held in Malaysia in 1963 .

neg: Warna 94.2FM Warna 94.2 FM is a Malay language contemporary music radio station operated by Mediacorp . The station plays a unique blend of international Malay top 40 music from 1950s and beyond , and provides Islamic General Service for Singapore .   It is one of the nation 's oldest stations , having began operating out of Singapore with the independence of Malaya on 31 August 1957 as RTS Radio 2 . The branding stuck even as the network the station was in changed names several times until 23 November 1991 where the station gained its current name as Warna ( Malay : `` Colour '' ) .   It is currently Singapore 's # 1 Malay Radio Station according to the latest Nielsen Radio Survey as of 1 December 2016 .

neg: Chief Secretary, Singapore The Chief Secretary , Singapore , known as the Colonial Secretary , Singapore , before 1955 , and the Colonial Secretary , Straits Settlements , before 1946 , was a high ranking government civil position in colonial Singapore ( the Straits Settlements before 1946 ) between 1867 and 1959 . It was second only to the Governor of Singapore ( formerly the Governor of the Straits Settlements ) in the colonial government .   The Straits Settlements , which mainly comprised Singapore , Penang and Malacca , became a crown colony in 1867 . The position of the Colonial Secretary ( CS ) was subsequently created with a view to replacing the Resident Councillor in Singapore . During the Second World War , the position was vacant and suspended following the downfall of the Malay Peninsula into the hands of the Japanese invaders . In 1946 , Singapore parted from Penang and Malacca , forming itself into a crown colony , so the jurisdiction of CS was reduced to Singapore only . The name `` Colonial Secretary '' was later changed to `` Chief Secretary '' in 1955 when the crown colony adopted the Rendel Constitution . Having been in existence for 92 years , the position was abolished in 1959 with the complete introduction of internal self-rule for Singapore .   Being the head of the CS 's Office , the CS was an ex-officio member of both the Executive and Legislative Councils , and at the same time the head of the Colonial Secretariat from 1867 to 1955 . When Singapore adopted its new constitution in 1955 , although the Colonial Secretariat was abolished , the CS remained an ex-officio member of the Council of Ministers and the Legislative Assembly . The workplace of CS was located at Empress Place Building while Sri Temasek , which was next to the Government House ( Istana ) , was the official residence of the CS .

neg: North Borneo dispute The North Borneo dispute is the territorial dispute between the Federation of Malaysia and the Republic of the Philippines over much of the eastern part of the state of Sabah , a territory known as North Borneo prior to the formation of the Malaysian federation . The Philippines , presenting itself as the successor state of the Sultanate of Sulu , retains a `` dormant claim '' on Sabah on the basis that the territory was only leased to the British North Borneo Company in 1878 , with the sovereignty of the Sultanate ( and subsequently the Republic ) over the territory never having been relinquished . However , Malaysia considers this dispute as a `` non-issue '' as it interprets the 1878 agreement as that of cession and that it deems that the residents of Sabah had exercised their right to self-determination when they joined to form the Malaysian federation in 1963 .

neg: Chief Ministers in Malaysia In Malaysia , the Menteri Besar ( Jawi : منتري بسر ; literally `` First Minister '' ) is the head of government of each of nine states in Malaysia with hereditary rulers . For four states without a monarch , the title Chief Minister ( Ketua Menteri ) is used . The title ` Menteri Besar ' is usually untranslated in the English media in Malaysia , but is typically translated as ` Chief Minister ' by foreign media . According to protocol , all Menteris Besar and Chief Ministers are styled Yang Amat Berhormat ( abbreviated YAB ) , which means `` The Most Honourable '' .   The nine hereditary rulers of the Malay states and the appointed governors of the other four states serve as constitutional and ceremonial heads of their states , with the state executive authority rests with the Menteris Besar and Chief Ministers . Following elections to the state legislative assembly , the Ruler or Governor usually invites the party ( or coalition ) with a majority of seats to form the state government . The Ruler or Governor appoints and swears in the Menteris Besar or Chief Ministers , whose executive council ( except Sabah and Sarawak which known as Cabinet ) are collectively responsible to the assembly . Based on the Westminster system , given that he retains the confidence of the assembly , the Menteri 's Besar or Chief Minister 's term can last for the length of the assembly 's life -- a maximum of five years . There are no limits to the number of terms that the Menteri Besar or Chief Minister can serve .

neg: Geography of Singapore Singapore is a small , heavily urbanised , island city-state in Southeast Asia , located at the end of the Malayan Peninsula between Malaysia and Indonesia . Singapore has a total land area of 719.1 km2 .   The Singapore area comprises mainland and other islands . The mainland of Singapore measures 50 km from east to west and 27 km from north to south with 193 km of coastline . These figures are based on 2.515 m High Water Mark cadastral survey boundaries .   Singapore is separated from Indonesia by the Singapore Strait and from Malaysia by the Straits of Johor .

neg: The Making of Malaysia The Making of Malaysia : Britain , the ` Grand Design ' , Decolonisation and Malaysia is a 2005 book by Professor Anthony John Stockwell which examines the British end of empire policy relating to the decolonization of North Borneo , Sarawak , Brunei and Singapore on the way to the formation of the new federation of Malaysia during the 1960s . Stockwell draws on an analysis of government and personal documents from the period in order to reveal the complex negotiations and rivalries involved in the transition .

neg: Kuala Terengganu Kuala Terengganu ( -LSB- ˈkuˈala ˈtəˈrengˈganu -RSB- Jawi : , ) , often abbreviated as K.T. , is the administrative capital , royal capital and the main economic centre of Terengganu , Malaysia . Kuala Terengganu is also the administrative centre for the eponymous district of Kuala Terengganu . Kuala Terengganu is located about 440 kilometres northeast of Kuala Lumpur on the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia . The city is situated at the estuary of Terengganu River , facing the South China Sea .   As a district , Kuala Terengganu is the smallest in terms of area , but it ( together with the district of Kuala Nerus that form the city area ) has the largest population in Terengganu with a population of 406,317 in 2010 . City status was awarded to Kuala Terengganu with the title Bandaraya Warisan Pesisir Air ( English : Coastal Heritage City ) on 1 January 2008 .   Besides being a major political and economic centre to the state , the city is also the main gateway to many of the state 's tourist destinations . The attractions in and around the city include Kampung Cina , Pasar Besar Kedai Payang , Terengganu State Museum , and Batu Buruk Beach . Even though the city is not spared from modernity and development , Kuala Terengganu still retains strong Malay influences that are intermixed with other cultures from its long history as a port .


query: Ātman is a word.

pos: Ātman (Hinduism) Ātman ( -LSB- ˈɑːtmən -RSB- ) is a Sanskrit word that means inner self or soul . In Hindu philosophy , especially in the Vedanta school of Hinduism , Ātman is the first principle , the true self of an individual beyond identification with phenomena , the essence of an individual . In order to attain liberation ( moksha ) , a human being must acquire self-knowledge ( atma jnana ) , which is to realize that one 's true self ( Ātman ) is identical with the transcendent self Brahman .   The six orthodox schools of Hinduism believe that there is Ātman ( soul , self ) in every being , a major point of difference with Buddhism , which does not believe that there is either soul or self .

neg: Transcendent truth Transcendent truths are those unaffected by time or space . They define the world , but are not defined by the world . An example of a transcendent truth is `` God is good '' , or `` there is no God '' . Either way , how one looks at things contained by time and space is a result of the transcendent truth . One is true ; both can not be true at the same time .   World views are made up of transcendent truths , things we believe are true before we question whether or not anything else is true .   The Transcendent Truth is the only Truth that is , ultimately , beyond human comprehension and before all concepts . It is beyond reality , and is the Creator of realities , existence , time and all there is , was and is yet to be . It is the Light that sacred texts speak of that illuminates hearts with knowledge from a Source beyond our universe . It is actually the true definition of God . Gandhi once signed a photograph of himself with the text `` God is truth '' . Buddha once said that truth is the saviour from sin . And Christ said to His disciples `` I am the Truth '' .

neg: Bałwan Bałwan pl , balvan / балван sr ( literally wood block ) or balvan ky -- today , literally indistinguishable from everyday word for snowman , is an ancient word common to all Slavic languages , describing a statuesque or monolithic depiction or a pillar or a plinth depicting or erected in honor of a deity . This object was worshipped , or constituted a tangible representation of a cult image . The Western Slavs transcribed and pronounced the word as bałwan ( in American English pronounced : BOW as in the phrase bow-wow and von as in Stratford-Upon-Avon , with the accent on the penultimate ( in this case , the first ) syllable , as is the typical stress ) , which is its contemporary and old Polish lexical manifestation , whereas the Southern Slavs and the Eastern Slavs used the just slightly differently-voweled bołwan ( English pronunciation : BOH-van ) .   The word itself has Sanskrit origins , where it figures as bala ( the force ) appended witth the suffix - van signifying possession of an attribute , thus etymologically bałwan means strong , powerful , mighty . In the Kyrgyz language of Central Asia , geographically remote from the territories Slavs are today identified with in Europe , balvan is a `` strongman '' or a hero , whereas in Persian , pahlevān denotes a militant or a veteran , as well as the plinth or boundary marker erected in his or her honor , or even a cairn , and , by extension , a fool . That latter meaning , at first secondary , became primary after Christianity was imposed on the Slavs , making bałwan acquire a distinctly pejorative primary meaning .   Some suggest that the Slavs share throughout their idioms such as they have evolved apart this single entity -- a common term for all cult objects in the form of a statue or cairn -- might suggest that idolatry spread early among the Slavic peoples , perhaps when they came in contact with Turkic peoples or Iranian . A word with similar etymology is the Slavic word for God ( when capitalized ) or deity , bóg , a cognate of Sanskrit `` bhaga '' / Iranian or Persian bag . In India the concept of a deity or god is often relayed with the word bhagvan , variously transcribed as bhagwan .   A derived term from bałwan is the Slavic word for idolatry : bałwochwalstwo '' .

neg: Alakh Niranjan Alakh Niranjan is a term used by Nath Yogis as a synonym for Creator , and to describe the characteristics of God and the Self , known as the Atman . Alakh means `` sightless '' and niranjan means `` spotfree '' . Niranjan is another name of Lord Shiva . Also spelled , `` Alekh '' .   The original Sanskrit term Alakhshya means `` one that can not be perceived ''

neg: ATM Grupa Established in 1992 , ATM Grupa S.A. is the largest independent TV producer in Poland . The company has an approximately 14 percent share of the market estimated to be worth PLN 750m . ATM is the only company in the market with its own technical and logistic base of studios and equipment that enables them to provide of the full range of services related to preparation and production of TV programs .

neg: Mandukya Upanishad The Māṇḍūkya Upaniṣad ( Sanskrit : माण्डूक्य उपनिषद् , ) is the shortest of all the Upanishads , and is assigned to Atharvaveda . It is listed as number 6 in the Muktikā canon of 108 Upanishads .   It is in prose , consisting of twelve terse verses , and is associated with a Rig Vedic school of scholars . It discusses the syllable Om , presents the theory of four states of consciousness , asserts the existence and nature of Atman ( Soul , Self ) .   The Mandukya Upanishad is notable for having been recommended in the Muktikā Upanishad , through two central characters of the Ramayana , as the one Upanishad that alone is sufficient for knowledge to gain moksha , and as first in its list of eleven principal Upanishads . The text is also notable for inspiring Gaudapada 's Karika , a classic for the Vedanta school of Hinduism . Mandukya Upanishad is among the oft cited texts on chronology and philosophical relationship between Hinduism and Buddhism .

neg: World Soul World Soul may refer to :   World Soul ( novel ) , a science fiction novel  Anima mundi , the `` World Soul '' in various philosophical systems  Atman ( disambiguation ) , a `` World Soul '' concept in several Dharmic traditions

neg: Bhava The Sanskrit word `` bhāva '' means `` emotion , sentiment , state of body or mind , disposition '' , while `` bhava '' means `` being , worldly existence , becoming , birth , be , production , origin '' . The former term is rooted in latter , and in some context also means `` becoming , being , existing , occurring , appearance '' while connoting the condition thereof .   In Buddhism , bhava denotes the continuity of becoming ( reincarnating ) in one of the realms of existence , in the samsaric context of rebirth , life and the maturation arising therefrom . It is the tenth of the Twelve Nidanas , in its Pratītyasamutpāda doctrine .

neg: Siddhar The Siddhar ( Tamil : Cittar from Tamil cittu meaning intellect , singular Cittar ) refers to intellectual people in Tamil language , from ancient Tamilakam , and was written only in Tamil language . A siddha obtains intellectual powers called siddhi by constant practice of certain educational disciplines .   Historically , Siddhar also refers to the people who were early age wandering adepts that dominated ancient Tamil teaching and philosophy . They were knowledgeable in science , technology , astronomy , literature , fine arts , music , drama , dance , and provided solutions to common people in their illness and advice for their future . Some of their ideologies are considered to have originated during the First Sangam period .

neg: Shaucha Shaucha ( Sanskrit : शौच , also spelled Saucha , Śauca ) literally means purity , cleanliness and clearness . It refers to purity of mind , speech and body . Saucha is one of the Niyamas of Yoga . It is discussed in many ancient Indian texts such as the Mahabharata and Patanjali 's Yoga Sutras . It is a virtue in Hinduism and Jainism .   Saucha includes outer purity of body as well as inner purity of mind . The concept of Saucha is synonymous with Shuddhi . LePage states that Saucha in yoga is on many levels , and deepens as an understanding and evolution of self increases .   Shaucha , or holistic purity of the body , is considered essential for health , happiness and general well-being . External purity is achieved through daily ablutions , while internal purity is cultivated through physical exercises , including asana ( postures ) and pranayama ( breathing techniques ) . Along with daily ablutions to cleanse one 's body , the concept of Shaucha suggests clean surrounding , along with fresh and clean food to purify the body . Lack of Saucha , such as letting toxins build in body are a source of impurity .   Shaucha goes beyond purity of body , and includes purity of speech and mind . Anger , hate , prejudice , greed , pride , fear , negative thoughts are a source of impurity of mind . The impurities of the intellect are cleansed through the process of self-examination , or knowledge of self ( Adhyatma-Vidya ) . The mind is purified through mindfulness and meditation on one 's intent , feelings , actions and its causes .

neg: Atharvashikha Upanishad The Atharvashikha Upanishad ( IAST : ) is a Sanskrit text that is one of the minor Upanishads of Hinduism . It is among the 31 Upanishads associated with the Atharvaveda . It is classified as a Shaiva Upanishad focussed on god Shiva .   The text is composed through the voice of the Sage Atharvan , to whom the Atharvaveda is eponymously attributed . The text discusses and equates Om symbol to Shiva as the Supreme Being and Brahman , explaining the spirituality behind its chanting and meditation . It declares Shiva to be higher than Brahma , Vishnu , Rudra and Ishana .   The text is also called Atharvashikhopanishad , and is listed at 23 in the Telugu language anthology of 108 Upanishads in Muktika canon .

neg: Samavasarana In Jainism , Samavasarana or Samosharana `` Refuge to All '' is a term for the divine preaching hall of the Tirthankara . The word samavasarana is derived from two words , sama meaning general and avasara meaning opportunity . A place where all have a common opportunity of acquiring the wisdom . The divine pavilion is built by heavenly beings ( devas ) after the tirthankara attain omniscience ( Kevala Jnana ) . The theme of Samavasaranas has been popular in Jain art .

neg: Angustha purusha The Katha Upanishad ( 1.12-13 ) mentions aa puruṣa ( man , being ) of the size of the thumb ( aṅgúṣṭha ) enshrined in the interiors of the heart ( hridaye guhaayaam `` cave of the heart '' ) of a human being .   `` The purusha , who is of the size of a thumb , resides in the body .  The purusha who is the size of a thumb is a light ( jyoti ) without smoke . ''   Certain other Upanishads describe the purusha to be of a golden ( hiranmaya ) hue and the purursha as a golden being ( hiranmaya purusha ) . The purusha is seated inside the cave of the human heart . As per Hindu religious beliefs , the heart is identified as the abode of divinity within the body . In Gita , Lord Krishna enunciated that he stays within heart of each human being .   This `` being '' dwelling inside the heart has been equated with the ` jiva ' or the ` self ' which carries the consciousness and a meta-physical body ( prakriti ) , also termed as the karana sharira . The karana sharira has most transcendental existence and accumulates the experiences of the physical , earthly life . This ` jiva ' is a spark of divinity , and its place in the body is the heart region . ( Heart means not the physical heart But the spiritual heart or the heart chakra . )   As per Sri Aurobindo , the angustha purusha is made up of elements of chaitya ( chetna ) , i.e. the angustha purusha is a being existing at the psychic ( Chetas ) sphere . Sri Aurobindo mentions that behind the ordinary chakra of the human heart region , inside a deep cave nihite guhayam as described by the Upanishads , is the center where a divine spark is present . This thumb-sized purusha is the bird in the twin-bird analogy of the Rigveda and Sankhya ( dvau suparna sayuja sakhaya ) which actually gets involved in the prakriti and suffers and/or enjoys the fruits of its Karma .   As per Upanishads , the hiranmaya angustha purusha embodies the karana sharira . This hiranmaya angustha purusha is the vehicle of transmigration of soul among births .   The visualizations regarding the size of the ` self ' has been of great significance in the Upansihads . The Brhadaranyaka Upanishad in V. 5.6.1 and the Chandogya Upanishad in V. 3.14.3 maintain the size of the self to be equal to a seed . The Shatapata Brahmana , V. 10.6.3 , mentions that the self :  ... in the interior of my heart , is as tiny like a rice or barley or millet seed and golden like a smokeless light ( or flame ) .   The angustha purusha is indestructible and resplendent and is contra-distinct from the purusha of the Purusha sukta . The angustha purusha is individualistic jivaatma while the primeval purursha of the purusha sukta is the collective paramatma .

neg: Bhuvaneshvari In Hinduism , Bhuvaneśwari is the fourth of the ten Dasa Mahavidya goddesses and an aspect of Devi or Durga as elements of the physical cosmos , in giving shape to the creation of the World '' . The word Bhuvaneśwari is a compound of the words Bhuvana Iśwari , meaning `` Goddess of the worlds '' where the worlds are the tri-bhuvana or three regions of bhūḥ ( earth ) , bhuvaḥ ( atmosphere ) and svaḥ ( heavens ) .   Bhuvaneshwari is known as the sovereign Queen of the Universe . Bhuvaneshwari means the Queen or ruler of the Universe . She is the Divine Mother as the Queen of all the worlds . The entire Universe is her body and all beings are ornaments on her infinite being . She carries all the worlds as a flowering of her own Self-nature . She is thus related to Sundari and to Rajarajeshwari , the supreme Lady of the Universe .  She is also known as Adi Shakti or Durga i.e. one of the earliest forms of shakti . She is capable of turning situations according to her wish . It is considered that even the navagrahas and Trimurti can not stop her from doing anything .

neg: Anuvyavasaya Anuvyavasāya ( Sanskrit : अनुव्यवसाय ) is derived from anu ( ` after ' ) + vyavasāya ( ` contact ' ) -- which means - ` after contact ' or ` self reflective cognition ' or ` cognition of a cognition ' .   Abhinavagupta has used this term to designate the re-presentation of what has been presented repeatedly as a dramatic representation . In Yoga psychology , it refers to the function of the mind in its intelligent ( sāttvika ) aspect by which the sensations ( due to the sense-object contact ālochana ) are associated , differentiated , integrated , and assimilated into precepts and concepts ; it refers to the creative faculty of the mind , and also accepted by Dignāga and Dharmakirti of the Yogacara and the Sautrāntika schools of Buddhism respectively . The former held the view that the nature of a reality is absolute consciousness devoid of any subject-object relations that are the constructs of the mind and expressed in language . However , the Nyāya realists did not accept Dignāga 's contention that the cognitive state is self-conscious or self-luminous awareness and its expression in propositional form is a mental construction , because they held that there are two stages of perception -- indeterminate or nirvikalpa perception and the determinate or savikalpa perception , follows the second stage , is when the mind relates it to the second stage . Abhinavagupta subscribes to the Yoga philosophy in explaining the determinate perception as an anuvyavasāya or creative function of the translucent mind predominated by its intelligence stuff ( sattva ) .   According to Murari Misra of the Mimamsa School , the primary knowledge whose truth is under consideration is apprehended in its anuvyavasāya or introspective awareness , which secondary knowledge also apprehends the truth of the primary knowledge . Ganesa , in support thereof , states that since a knowledge is specified only by its object ( viseyanirupya ) , the anuvyavasāya apprehending a primary knowledge should also apprehend the primary knowledge as being knowledge of such and such object , which in fact amounts to apprehending it as a true knowledge ; anuvyavasāya gives the datum for analysis , for it considers the ordinary mental perception of the primary knowledge with the extraordinary presentation through past knowledge of the object of the primary knowledge , and as a rule is accompanied by truth .   Anukirtana ( re-telling ) is a special type of anuvyavasāya ( re-perception ) . From the point of Advaita Vedanta , re-perception means the cognition of the mental states consisting of pleasure and pain . Anuvyavasāya ( re-perception ) reveals the previous knowledge existing at the stage as well as the self bearing that knowledge as a qualifier . In anuvyavasāya , the mind is conjunctively related to the knowing self in which the vyavasāya inheres ; and , anuvyavasāya , which is subsequent introspective awareness , amounts to the appropriation of the vyavasāya as a conscious ( intentional ) property of the knowing subject . This means , knowing is known in a secondary act of retrospection .

neg: Akashic records In theosophy and anthroposophy , the Akashic records are a compendium of all human events , thoughts , words , emotions and intent ever to have occurred , believed by theosophists to be encoded in a non-physical plane of existence known as the etheric plane . There are anecdotal accounts but no scientific evidence for existence of the Akashic records .   Akasha is the Sanskrit word for `` aether '' or `` atmosphere '' . Also , in Hindi , Akash means `` sky '' or `` heaven '' .

neg: Mannan language Mannan is a Dravidian language of Kerala and Tamil Nadu that is closely related to Malayalam and Tamil .

neg: Narayan (name) Narayan or Narain or Narayanan is a common Indian given name , and it is some times used in west as a family name of people of Indian origin . It is identical in form to the name of the deity Narayana an important Sanskrit name for Vishnu and in many contemporary vernaculars . The form Narayanan is predominantly used in South India especially among Malayalam and Tamil speakers .

neg: Akasha (disambiguation) Akasha ( also transliterated as Akasa , Akash or Aakash ) is a Sanskrit word referring to the Vedic concept of the aether or space .  ( Not to be confused with acacia . )   Akasha , Akasa , Akash or Aakash may also refer to :  Cyclone Akash , 2007 tropical storm system in the Indian Ocean  Aakash Educational Services Limited , Indian exam coaching service

neg: Man and his Becoming according to the Vedanta Man and his Becoming according to the Vedanta is a book by René Guénon .  The Introduction to the Study of the Hindu doctrines had , among its objectives , the purpose of giving the proper intellectual basis to promote openness to the study of eastern intellectuality . The study of Hindu doctrines is continued in his book Man and his Becoming according to the Vêdantâ by taking the specific viewpoint of the human being 's constitution according to the Vêdantâ : René Guénon states that his goal is not to present a synthetic exposition of all vedic doctrines `` which would be quite an impossible task '' , but to consider `` a particular point of that doctrine '' , in that case the definition of the human being , in order to contemplate afterwards other aspects of metaphysics .   The book begins in precising the nature of the Vêdantâ , its profound signification as the `` end of the Vedas '' , and the traditional signification of Shruti and Smriti scriptures :  the distinction between shruti and smriti is , fundamentally , equivalent to that between immediate intellectual intuition and reflective consciousness ; if the first is described by a word bearing the primitive meaning of ` hearing ' , this is precisely in order to indicate its intuitive character , and because according to the Hindu cosmological doctrine , sound holds the primordial rank among sensible qualities .  The fundamental texts called Mimânsa ( Pûrva-Mimânsa , Uttara-Mimânsa ) , the Upanishads , the Brahmâ-Sûtras , along with Hindu cosmological texts are listed , and the notion of `` intellectual function '' associated to their origin is proposed , as opposed to the profane notion of `` author '' .   The general considerations of the `` Self '' , the `` Unmanifested '' and the universal `` Manifestation '' are then introduced : the `` universal Manifestation '' is all that exists and its development is constantly being in progress , towards destiny . The `` Unmanifested '' is all that is beyond universal Manifestation , so that it can only be designated by negation . The second chapter also establishes the fundamental distinctions between the `` Self '' and the ego , or `` personality '' and `` individuality '' , the first being the only One that is `` absolutely real '' . These ideas are declined in different denominations depending , for a first part , on the different degrees of reality considered , and also from the `` transcendent '' and `` immanent '' point of views that can be contemplated : Ishwara is the `` Divine personality '' or the Principle of universal Manifestation . It is unmanifested , for the Principle of Manifestation can not be Itself manifested ( this is in relation to the symbolism of `` black heads '' : Ishwara has Its head in `` darkness '' ) . Atmâ , Paramâtmâ , Brahmâ : the realization that the Self , `` in relation to any being whatsoever , is in reality identical to Atmâ '' , constitutes the heart of the Hindu doctrine of `` delivrance '' or `` moksha '' , and that doctrine is absolutely identical to what Islamic esoterism calls the `` Supreme Identity '' ( that is to say , expressed in Hindu terms , the identity of Atmâ and Brahmâ ) :  `` the ` Supreme Identity ' , according to an expression borrowed from Islamic esoterism , where the doctrine on this and on many other points is fundamentally the same as in the Hindu tradition , in spite of great differences in form . ''  If the `` Supreme Identity '' ( or `` moksha '' or `` delivrance '' ) , is made possible , through realization , it is because at the very heart of the human being ( not to be confused with the heart organ of the corporeal envelope ) is found what is called Brahmâ 's journey , or Brahmâ-pura .   From there , all different degrees of individual manifestation can be described and named , and in particular the tanmatras , the mind or manas in its role of coordinator of internal and external faculties , the five vayus , the different prânas , and the distinctions between the waking state , the dream state , and the deep sleep state .   The book ends with a description of the reabsorption of the individual faculties , either in the posthumous conditions , or in the spiritual process of realization , up to the `` final delivrance '' or `` Supreme Identity '' , which is the ultimate goal of any true spiritual path .   Category :1925 books  Category : Books by René Guénon

neg: Pakad In Hindustani music , a pakad is a generally accepted musical phrase ( or set of phrases ) thought to encapsulate the essence of a particular raga . The pakad contains the melodic theme of the raga , on listening to the pakad a person who knows the raga is usually able to identify it . In many cases , the ragas contain the same swaras ( notes ) , then the pakad also contains information about gayaki or chalan ( the way the notes are to be ordered and played/sung ) . Usually , the pakad is formed from short convolutions of the arohana and avarohana , while in some cases it is quite different from them . The pakad for a particular raga need not be unique , its sole purpose is to clarify what raga it is .   For example , here is a pakad for raga Yaman , a prominent raga from Hindustani Music :   Ni * Re Ga Ma # Pa , Ma # Ga Re Sa .