query: Ted Bundy committed assaults in the seventies.

pos: Ted Bundy Theodore Robert Bundy ( born Theodore Robert Cowell ; November 24 , 1946 -- January 24 , 1989 ) was an American serial killer , kidnapper , rapist , burglar , and necrophile who assaulted and murdered numerous young women and girls during the 1970s , and possibly earlier . Shortly before his execution -- after more than a decade of denials -- he confessed to 30 homicides committed in seven states between 1974 and 1978 . The true victim count remains unknown , and could be much higher .   Bundy was regarded by many of his young female victims as handsome and charismatic , traits that he exploited to win their trust . He typically approached them in public places , feigning injury or disability , or impersonating an authority figure , before overpowering and assaulting them at more secluded locations . He sometimes revisited his secondary crime scenes for hours at a time , grooming and performing sexual acts with the decomposing corpses until putrefaction and destruction by wild animals made further interaction impossible . He decapitated at least 12 of his victims , and kept some of the severed heads in his apartment for a period of time as mementos . On a few occasions , he simply broke into dwellings at night and bludgeoned his victims as they slept .   Initially incarcerated in Utah in 1975 for aggravated kidnapping and attempted criminal assault , Bundy became a suspect in a progressively longer list of unsolved homicides in multiple states . Facing murder charges in Colorado , he engineered two dramatic escapes and committed further assaults , including three murders , before his ultimate recapture in Florida in 1978 . He received three death sentences in two separate trials for the Florida homicides .   Bundy died in the electric chair at Raiford Prison in Starke , Florida , on January 24 , 1989 . Biographer Ann Rule described him as `` a sadistic sociopath who took pleasure from another human 's pain and the control he had over his victims , to the point of death , and even after '' . He once called himself `` the most cold-hearted son of a bitch you 'll ever meet '' . Attorney Polly Nelson , a member of his last defense team , agreed : `` Ted '' , she wrote , `` was the very definition of heartless evil . ''

neg: James Edward Pough James Edward `` Pop '' Pough ( February 16 , 1948 -- June 18 , 1990 ) was an American spree killer , who , on June 18 , 1990 , killed nine people and wounded four others in a General Motors Acceptance Corporation car loan office in Jacksonville , Florida , before committing suicide . The day before , he had already killed a prostitute and her pimp , wounded two teenagers , and robbed a convenience store .   The shooting at the GMAC office was the worst single-day massacre by a lone gunman in Florida history , surpassing the murder of eight machine shop employees in Hialeah by Carl Robert Brown on August 20 , 1982 . It was surpassed on June 12 , 2016 by the murder of 50 people in the massacre at the Pulse nightclub shooting in Orlando .

neg: Strategic Defense Initiative The Strategic Defense Initiative ( SDI ) was a proposed missile defense system intended to protect the United States from attack by ballistic strategic nuclear weapons ( intercontinental ballistic missiles and submarine-launched ballistic missiles ) . The system , which was to combine ground-based units and orbital deployment platforms , was first publicly announced by President Ronald Reagan on March 23 , 1983 . The initiative focused on strategic defense rather than the prior strategic offense doctrine of mutual assured destruction ( MAD ) . The Strategic Defense Initiative Organization ( SDIO ) was set up in 1984 within the United States Department of Defense to oversee the Strategic Defense Initiative .   Reagan was a vocal critic of MAD doctrine . SDI was an important part of his defense policy intended to end MAD as a nuclear deterrence strategy , as well as a strategic initiative to neutralize the military component of the Soviet Union 's nuclear defenses .   The ambitious initiative was criticized for allegedly threatening to destabilize the MAD-approach and to possibly re-ignite `` an offensive arms race '' . SDI was nicknamed largely in the mainstream media as `` Star Wars '' , after the popular 1977 film by George Lucas . In 1987 , the American Physical Society concluded that a global shield such as `` Star Wars '' was extremely ambitious and with existing technology not directly feasible for operational status , and that about ten more years of research was needed to learn about such a comprehensive and complex system to set up and make it fully operational .   Under the SDIO 's Innovative Sciences and Technology Office , headed by physicist and engineer Dr. James Ionson , the investment was predominantly made in basic research at national laboratories , universities , and in industry ; these programs have continued to be key sources of funding for top research scientists in the fields of high-energy physics , supercomputing/computation , advanced materials , and many other critical science and engineering disciplines -- funding which indirectly supports other research work by top scientists , and which was most politically viable to fund within the budget environment .   Laser research funded by the SDI office was disclosed at laser conferences that also included panel discussions on the subject with the participation of James Ionson , Edward Teller , and other prominent advocates of SDI .   During the administration of President Bill Clinton in 1993 , the SDIO 's name was changed to the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization ( BMDO ) and its focus shifted from national missile defense to theater missile defense ; and its scope from global to more regional coverage . It was never truly developed or deployed , though certain aspects of SDI research and technologies paved the way for some anti-ballistic missile systems of today . BMDO was renamed to the Missile Defense Agency in 2002 . This article covers defense efforts under the SDIO .   Today , the United States holds a significant advantage in the field of comprehensive advanced missile defense systems through years of extensive research and testing . The US and the UK also have both laser weapons and 360 degree laser shields in development , which are expected to be ready for military use as early as 2020 . Many of the obtained technological insights were transferred to subsequent programs and would find use in follow-up programs .

neg: David Wayne Hull David Wayne Hull is a leader of the White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan , which is considered the most militant as well as the most violent Ku Klux Klan in history .   Hull was indicted in March 2003 for , witness tampering , and instructing persons on procedures for creating destructive devices . Hull threatened minorities and workers and patients at abortion clinics . He had built and detonated improvised explosive devices ( IEDs ) during KKK events , and was recorded instructing individuals on how to place IEDs to cause maximum damage . A jury in western Pennsylvania convicted Hull on seven counts of a ten-count indictment . On February 25 , 2005 , he was sentenced to 12 years in prison , followed by three years of probation .   Hull 's criminal record dates back to 1994 . He was arrested by the Pittsburgh Joint Terrorism Task Force , which consists of federal , state and local law enforcement agencies . According to the Southern Poverty Law Center , Hull published a newsletter in which he urged readers to write Timothy McVeigh `` to tell this great man goodbye . ''   The Anti-Defamation League , wrote that , in July 2002 , Hull attended the neo-Nazi `` Aryan Nations World Congress '' and he is a follower of Christian Identity , `` a racist and anti-Semitic sect whose adherents believe that white people are God 's chosen people , descended from the lost tribes of ancient Israel , and that minorities are soulless `` mud peoples . '' '' In 2003 , during an FBI `` sting operation '' Hull said he wanted grenades to be used to `` blow up '' abortion clinics . He was subsequently arrested .   Hull 's conviction was reversed in part when the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit ruled possession of a pipe bomb in and of itself did not constitute a federal `` crime of violence '' .   Hull was released from federal prison in 2012 .

neg: Doodler The Doodler , also known as the Black Doodler , is an unidentified serial killer believed responsible for 14 slayings and three assaults of men in the gay community of San Francisco , California , between January 1974 and September 1975 . The nickname was given due to the perpetrator 's habit of sketching his victims prior to their sexual encounters and murders by stabbing . The perpetrator met his victims at gay nightclubs , bars and restaurants .

neg: True threat A true threat is a threatening communication that can be prosecuted under the law . It is distinct from a threat that is made in jest . The U.S. Supreme Court has held that true threats are not protected under the U.S. Constitution based on three justifications : preventing fear , preventing the disruption that follows from that fear , and diminishing the likelihood that the threatened violence will occur . There is some concern that even satirical speech could be regarded as a `` true threat '' due to concern over terrorism .   The true threat doctrine was established in the 1969 Supreme Court case Watts v. United States . In that case , an eighteen-year-old male was convicted in a Washington , D.C. District Court for violating a statute prohibiting persons from knowingly and willfully making threats to harm or kill the President of the United States . The conviction was based on a statement made by Watts , in which he said , '' -LSB- i -RSB- f they ever make me carry a rifle the first man I want to get in my sights is L.B.J. '' Watts appealed , leading to the Supreme Court finding the statute constitutional on its face , but reversing the conviction of Watts .   In reviewing the lower court 's analysis of the case , the Court noted that `` a threat must be distinguished from what is constitutionally protected speech . '' The Court recognized that `` uninhibited , robust , and wideopen '' political debate can at times be characterized by `` vehement , caustic , and sometimes unpleasantly sharp attacks on government and public officials . '' In light of the context of Watts ' statement - and the laughter that it received from the crowd - the Court found that it was more `` a kind of very crude offensive method of stating a political opposition to the President '' than a `` true threat . '' In so holding , the Court established that there is a `` true threat '' exception to protected speech , but also that the statement must be viewed in its context and distinguished from protected hyperbole . The opinion , however , stopped short of defining precisely what constituted a `` true threat . ''

neg: Timeline of Ulster Defence Association actions This is a timeline of actions by the Ulster Defence Association ( UDA ) , a loyalist paramilitary group formed in 1971 . Most of these actions took place during the conflict known as `` the Troubles '' in Northern Ireland . The UDA 's declared goal was to defend unionist areas from attack and to combat Irish republican paramilitaries . However , most of its victims were Irish Catholic civilians , who were often chosen at random .   It used the name Ulster Freedom Fighters ( UFF ) when it wished to claim responsibility for its attacks and avoid political embarrassment , as the UDA was a legal organisation for much of its history . The UFF usually claimed that those targeted were Provisional Irish Republican Army members or IRA sympathizers . Other times , attacks on Catholic civilians were claimed as `` retaliation '' for IRA actions , since the IRA drew most of its support from Catholics . Such retaliation was seen as both collective punishment and an attempt to weaken the IRA 's support .   Attacks resulting in at least three deaths are marked in bold .

neg: School attacks in China (2010–12) A series of uncoordinated mass stabbings , hammer attacks , and cleaver attacks in the People 's Republic of China began in March 2010 . The spate of attacks left at least 25 dead and some 115 injured . As most cases had no known motive , analysts have blamed mental health problems caused by rapid social change for the rise in these kinds of mass murder and murder-suicide incidents .   As the Chenpeng school attack was followed by the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting in the United States hours later comparisons were drawn between the two . The difference in gun control laws between the two countries was used to explain the disparity in casualties of the school attacks by journalists and politicians , including U.S. Representative Jerry Nadler , and an article in the Associated Press noted that despite the different outcomes , an underlying commonality between the attacks was the increased frequency of school attacks because , `` attackers often seek out the vulnerable , hoping to amplify their outrage before they themselves often commit suicide . ''

neg: Dirty bomb A dirty bomb or radiological dispersal device ( RDD ) is a speculative radiological weapon that combines radioactive material with conventional explosives . The purpose of the weapon is to contaminate the area around the dispersal agent/conventional explosion with radioactive material , serving primarily as an area denial device against civilians . It is however not to be confused with a nuclear explosion , such as a fission bomb , which by releasing nuclear energy produces blast effects far in excess of what is achievable by the use of conventional explosives .   Though an RDD would be designed to disperse radioactive material over a large area , a bomb that uses conventional explosives and produces a blast wave would be far more lethal to people than the hazard posed by radioactive material that may be mixed with the explosive . At levels created from probable sources , not enough radiation would be present to cause severe illness or death . A test explosion and subsequent calculations done by the United States Department of Energy found that assuming nothing is done to clean up the affected area and everyone stays in the affected area for one year , the radiation exposure would be `` fairly high '' , but not fatal . Recent analysis of the nuclear fallout from the Chernobyl disaster confirms this , showing that the effect on many people in the surrounding area , although not those in close proximity , was almost negligible .   Since a dirty bomb is unlikely to cause many deaths by radiation exposure , many do not consider this to be a weapon of mass destruction . Its purpose would presumably be to create psychological , not physical , harm through ignorance , mass panic , and terror . For this reason dirty bombs are sometimes called `` weapons of mass disruption '' . Additionally , containment and decontamination of thousands of victims , as well as decontamination of the affected area might require considerable time and expense , rendering areas partly unusable and causing economic damage .

neg: 1967 Detroit riot The 1967 Detroit riot , also known as the 12th Street riot , was a violent public disorder that turned into a civil disturbance in Detroit , Michigan . It began in the early morning hours of Sunday , July 23 , 1967 . The precipitating event was a police raid of an unlicensed , after-hours bar then known as a blind pig , just north of the corner of 12th Street ( today Rosa Parks Boulevard ) and Clairmount Avenue on the city 's Near West Side . Police confrontations with patrons and observers on the street evolved into one of the deadliest and most destructive riots in the history of the United States , lasting five days and surpassing the violence and property destruction of Detroit 's 1943 race riot .   To help end the disturbance , Governor George W. Romney ordered the Michigan Army National Guard into Detroit , and President Lyndon B. Johnson sent in both the 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions . The result was 43 dead , 1,189 injured , over 7,200 arrests , and more than 2,000 buildings destroyed . The scale of the riot was surpassed in the United States only by the 1863 New York City draft riots during the American Civil War , and the 1992 Los Angeles riots . The riot was prominently featured in the news media , with live television coverage , extensive newspaper reporting , and extensive stories in Time and Life magazines . The staff of the Detroit Free Press won the 1968 Pulitzer Prize for general local reporting for its coverage .

neg: Murder of Olive Balchin Olive Balchin ( c. 1906 -- 20 October 1946 ) was a British murder victim whose body was found near a bomb site in Manchester , England . The murder weapon , a bloodstained hammer , was found nearby . After a lengthy investigation , police were given a description of a man who purchased a hammer from a local shopkeeper , which was similar to the description that eyewitnesses provided of a man last seen in the company of Balchin on the night of her murder . Based on this information , police questioned Walter Graham Rowland , a man who had been convicted in 1934 of murdering his two-year-old child . His death sentence for that crime had been commuted after serving eight years , due to the onset of World War II and the need for able-bodied men .   A forensic examination of Rowland 's clothes showed bloodstains matching Balchin 's blood type as well as dust particles and plant debris traced to the bomb site . Police arrested Rowland for her murder , and he was convicted and held at Strangeways Prison .   While Rowland was in prison awaiting execution , a prisoner at Walton Jail in Liverpool , David J. Ware , made unprompted three confessions to the crime - first in writing to the governor of the prison , then to police , and finally to Rowland 's lawyer . The confession was quickly followed by a retraction wherein Ware admitted to confessing because he wanted to appear `` swank , '' and said that he had obtained details of the murder from newspapers he read in prison . There were also questions as to Ware 's mental state , as he had been discharged from the British Army in 1943 after a diagnosis of manic depressive psychosis . Additionally , unlike Rowland , there was no forensic evidence found that tied Ware to the murder scene .   Despite the retraction , Rowland 's lawyer argued for his conviction to be overturned on appeal because of Ware 's confession . The motion failed and Rowland was hanged on 27 February 1947 . A Home Office inquiry determined that Ware had made a false confession , and therefore found no impropriety with regards to the conviction .   In 1951 , Ware attacked a woman with a hammer , and was found guilty of attempted murder . He was deemed not criminally responsible due to insanity and was committed to Broadmoor Hospital . This attack , coupled with his prior confession to the Balchin murder , led some in Britain to believe that Rowland had been falsely convicted and was the victim of a miscarriage of justice . The matter is still occasionally raised in debates about the death penalty and wrongful convictions in Britain .

neg: Sam D. Bundy Sam D. Bundy ( July 19 , 1906 -- January 19 , 1983 ) was an American educator and politician .   Born in Farmville , North Carolina , Bundy graduated from Farmville High School in 1923 . In 1927 , Bundy received his bachelor 's degree from Duke University and his master 's degree , in 1948 , from East Carolina University . Bundy was a school principal in several schools . Bundy served in the North Carolina House of Representatives from 1971 until his death in 1982 . He was a Democrat . Bundy died in a hospital in Raleigh , North Carolina after suffering a heart attack at a hotel restaurant .

neg: Veterans' Land Board scandal The Veterans ' Land Board Scandal was a political scandal in Texas in that became public in 1954 .   The Texas Legislature enacted the Veterans ' Land Act in November 1946 . The measure called for issuing $ 25 million in bonds , the proceeds of which would be used by the state government to purchase land and resell it to veterans of World War II at 3 % interest on 40 year loans . In early 1951 another $ 75 million was appropriated by the state for this purpose . The only stipulations on the purchase was that the loan could not be for more than $ 7,500 and the tracts of land could not be less than 20 acres ( 80,000 m ² ) . A 5 % downpayment was required , and the land could not be resold for three years . The law allowed for `` block sales , '' whereby veterans could join together to buy the land . This was allowed because it would be difficult to buy 20 acres ( 80,000 m ² ) with only $ 7,500 .   The scandal was unveiled in November 1954 when reporter Roland Towery , then managing editor of the Cuero Record , published the results of his investigation of a tip that prominent Cuero-area businessmen were entertaining local Hispanic and African-American laborers , an unheard of thing in South Texas at this time . The businessmen were paying the laborers , who were veterans and mostly illiterate , to sign applications for the land grants and the businessmen would pocket the money . Many of the veterans who purchased land in block sales were not even aware that they had purchased land . In fact , many were led to believe that they were getting free land as part of a veteran entitlement program or else were receiving some type of veterans ' compensation from the state . When Towery asked Texas Veterans Land Board chairman ( and Texas General Land Office commissioner ) Bascom Giles about these irregularities , Giles denied involvement , attributing the irregularities to local land speculators . Struck by the fact that Giles had defended himself before even being accused of anything , Towrey ran with the story , accelerating an investigation begun the previous year by the state attorney general , John Ben Shepperd .   Fraud was soon discovered in nine south Texas counties , and numerous members of the General Land Office were charged with fraud and conspiracy to defraud veterans . Giles was imprisoned for his role in the scandal , and many others paid heavy fines for their crimes . Governor Allan Shivers and John Ben Sheppard , as ex officio members of the Veterans Land Board , were tainted by the scandal . Ralph Yarborough and his allies in the liberal wing of the Texas Democratic Party pointed to the scandal as an example of the kind of corruption that the conservative Shivercrats were willing to overlook .

neg: Committee on Obscenity and Film Censorship The Committee on Obscenity and Film Censorship , better known as the Williams Committee , was a 1970s British Home Office committee chaired by Professor Bernard Williams . The task of the committee was to `` review the laws concerning obscenity , indecency and violence in publications , displays and entertainments in England and Wales , except in the field of broadcasting , and to review the arrangements for film censorship in England and Wales '' .   The committee reported in 1979 that : `` Given the amount of explicit sexual material in circulation and the allegations often made about its effects , it is striking that one can find case after case of sex crimes and murder without any hint at all that pornography was present in the background . '' The Committee 's report was evidently influenced by the liberal thinking of John Stuart Mill , a philosopher greatly admired by Williams , and who used Mill 's principle of liberty to develop what he called the `` harm condition , '' whereby `` no conduct should be suppressed by law unless it can be shown to harm someone . ''   Williams concluded that pornography could not be shown to be harmful and that `` the role of pornography in influencing society is not very important ... to think anything else is to get the problem of pornography out of proportion with the many other problems that face our society today . '' The committee reported that , so long as children were protected from seeing it , adults should be free to read and watch pornography as they saw fit .   It found that the existing variety of laws in the field should be scrapped , and that terms such as ` obscene ' , ` indecent ' and ` deprave and corrupt ' should be abandoned as they were no longer useful . The Committee thought existing laws should be replaced with a comprehensive new statute , under which the availability of material would be restricted so that it did not cause offence to reasonable people , and was not accessible to children . The recommended restrictions on availability would not have been confined just to material that involved nudity and/or which was sexually explicit . Restrictions were to apply to : `` matter ( other than the printed word ) and to a performance whose unrestricted availability is offensive to reasonable people by reason of the manner in which it portrays , deals with or relates to violence , cruelty or horror , or sexual , faecal or urinary functions or genital organs . ''   Regarding the definition of pornography the commission stated that , `` a pornographic representation is one that combines two features : it has a certain function or intention , to arouse its audience sexually , and also a certain content , explicit representations of sexual material ( organs , postures , activity , etc ) .   On the difference between ` obscenity ' and ` pornography ' , the committee found that the word ` obscene ' was a subjective term that refers to peoples reaction to material , and that '' it principally expresses an intense or extreme version of what we have called ` offensiveness ' . It may be that it particularly emphasises the most strongly aversive element in that notion , the idea of an object 's being repulsive or disgusting . '' ` Pornography ' however was found to be `` a rather more objective expression referring to a certain kind of writing , picture etc ... Pornography will have some tendency to be obscene , but will not necessarily be so ... a tendency to be offensive is built into it , but it is not universally even offensive ... Still less must it inevitably be very strongly offensive or obscene . ''   On whether art could be obscene , it reported that , `` work ... may be experienced as offensive , and also be experienced as having aesthetic interest , but in the case of which the two experiences do not occur at the same time . These will be works which are found offensive at first , or by a spectator who remains distanced from them , but which lose that character for someone involved in them . It did however recognize that `` it would be unwise to deny that ... there could be works which were , and remained , offensive , indeed intensely offensive or obscene . ''

neg: Helmet-to-helmet collision Helmet-to-helmet collisions are occurrences in American football when two players ' helmets make head-to-head contact with a high degree of force . Despite its long association with the sport , this type of contact is now considered to be dangerous play by league authorities due to the potential of causing serious injury . Major football leagues , such as the National Football League ( NFL ) , and NCAA , have taken a tougher stance on helmet-to-helmet collisions after the US Congress launched an investigation into the effects repeated concussions have on football players and the new discoveries of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy . Other possible injuries include head traumas , spinal cord injuries , and even death ; nevertheless helmet manufacturers are constantly improving their designs in order to best protect their users against injuries from such collisions . Intentionally causing a helmet-to-helmet collision is banned in most , if not all , football leagues .   The crackdown on helmet-to-helmet collisions has resulted in reappraisals of the sport . An image of two helmets smashing together -- which had been a staple for 20 years -- was dropped in 2006 from Monday Night Football on ESPN . The NFL also ordered Toyota Motor Company to stop using a similar helmet collision in its advertisements .   However , despite the safety concerns , some professional football players have criticized bans on helmet-to-helmet collisions on the basis that gridiron football is a game that is supposed to be composed of the world 's biggest and best athletes , and placing such restrictions `` waters down '' the game .

neg: The Seventies (miniseries) The Seventies is a documentary miniseries which premiered on CNN on June 11 , 2015 . Produced by Tom Hanks and Gary Goetzman ' studio Playtone , and serving as a follow-up to The Sixties , the 8-part series chronicled events and popular culture of the United States during the 1970s .   In February 2016 , CNN announced that it would premiere a third installment in the franchise , The Eighties , on March 31 , 2016 .

neg: Democrats for Nixon Democrats for Nixon was a campaign to promote Democratic support for the then-incumbent Republican President Richard Nixon in the 1972 presidential election . The campaign was led by the former Democratic governor of Texas , John Connally .   Connally , who was serving as the United States Secretary of the Treasury , announced that he would be supporting Nixon for re-election and would spend his time until the elections working on behalf of the incumbent .   A Democrat who had been Governor of Texas and United States Secretary of the Navy under John F. Kennedy , Connally formally announced the formation of the organization in August 1972 . Polling cited by Connally indicated that as many as 20 million Democrats would cross over to vote for Nixon and invited `` all those millions of Democrats who realize that in this Presidential election President Nixon is simply the better choice '' . Connally stated that he was troubled by Senator George McGovern 's campaign and felt that the Democratic party `` is becoming an ideological machine closed to millions who have been the party 's most loyal and steadfast members '' under McGovern 's leadership . The committee included Mayor Beverly Briley of Nashville , Tennessee , former Governor of Florida Farris Bryant , Mayor of Boston John F. Collins , Mayor Thomas G. Dunn of Elizabeth , New Jersey , Teamsters president Frank Fitzsimmons , Governor of Virginia Mills E. Godwin , Jr. , Mayor of Miami , Florida David T. Kennedy and Leonard Marks who had previously headed the United States Information Agency . A fundraising target of as much as $ 3 million was set for the organization . Connally also announced that Jeno Paulucci , a frozen food distributor who had been closely involved as a fundraiser for Hubert H. Humphrey in his presidential bids , would serve as head of a group encouraging independent voters to choose Nixon .   In a September 1972 article in The New York Times , Connally was quoted as saying that increasing numbers of traditionally Democratic voters were leaving the fold because they `` are afraid of George McGovern '' because of his proposals for major cutbacks in defense spending and in the number of U.S. troops serving in Europe . Connally insisted that `` it is in the best interests of this country that the president be re-elected this year '' .

neg: Protestant Action Force The name Protestant Action Force ( PAF ) was used by loyalists , especially members of the Ulster Volunteer Force ( UVF ) , to claim responsibility for a number of paramilitary attacks during the Troubles . It was first used in this context in 1974 , and has since been used to claim the killings of at least 41 Catholic civilians .   It has been suggested that PAF was a covername used by a semi-independent group ( or groups ) within the UVF who were carrying out attacks on their own initiative or without the sanction of the UVF leadership . Almost all of the attacks claimed by the PAF took place in North Belfast/Newtownabbey and the area of County Armagh/Tyrone known as the `` murder triangle '' . The name was first used during 1974 -- 1976 . All of the attacks in Armagh/Tyrone during this period have been linked to the Glenanne gang . This was a group comprising members of the Mid Ulster UVF , British soldiers from the Ulster Defence Regiment ( UDR ) -LSB- Citation Needed -RSB- , and police officers from the Royal Ulster Constabulary ( RUC ) . The name was revived in 1982 . In the 1980s , the PAF claimed about 15 attacks in the Belfast area and two in Armagh . UDR soldiers were convicted of the two Armagh attacks . The PAF claimed its last attacks in the early 1990s . All were in north Armagh and there have been allegations of security force involvement in them .   On 24 November 1974 , shortly after the name first appeared , an interview with three unidentified men was published in the Sunday World . They claimed to represent a loyalist group that had existed since 1971 , was made up of former British soldiers and had killed 28 people in the past two months . When asked if they belonged to the PAF they replied `` no comment '' . Later in the interview they stated : `` You can say we are members of the Mid-Ulster unit of the Protestant Task Force '' . Former British Intelligence officer Colin Wallace claimed that the three men were known to British Intelligence and were involved in the Dublin-Monaghan bombings , which has been linked to the Glenanne gang . In a September 1975 letter , Wallace states that most of the loyalist killings in Armagh/Tyrone in 1975 , including the Miami Showband killings , were carried out by the Protestant Task Force or PTF . He states there are rumours the group is linked to the Special Duties Team based at British Army HQ in Lisburn . This was a team of British soldiers involved in undercover operations .   The name PAF was used to claim responsibility for the following attacks :   1970s  10 October 1974 : Killing of Catholic civilian Albert Lutton , who was shot dead at a house in Newtownabbey , County Antrim .  11 October 1974 : Killing of Catholic civilian James Hasty , who was shot dead as he walked to work along Brougham Street , north Belfast .  18 October 1974 : Exploding a bomb outside a Catholic school in Belfast , injuring 12 people ( including children ) .  18 October 1974 : Shooting two Catholic street-sweepers in Belfast .  27 October 1974 : Killing of Catholic civilian Anthony Duffy . His body was found at the back of a farmhouse at Mullantine , near Portadown , County Armagh . He had been beaten , strangled and then shot by UVF members after taking a lift from Lurgan to Portadown , together with a friend who managed to escape .  8 November 1974 : Killing of Catholic civilian Paul Armstrong . He was found shot dead in a derelict bakery on Byron Street , north Belfast . This was claimed as retaliation for the Guildford pub bombings .  9 November 1974 : Killing of Catholic civilians Patrick Courtney and William Tierney . They were shot dead at a garage owned by Courtney near Templepatrick , County Antrim .  12 November 1974 : Killing of Catholic civilian Michael Brennan . He was shot dead at St Mary Youth Centre on Carolan Road , south Belfast .  20 November 1974 : Gun attack on Falls Bar at Aughamullen , near Clonoe , County Tyrone . Catholic civilian Patrick Falls was killed and another wounded . UDR soldier James Somerville , a member of the Glenanne gang , was convicted for the attack . It was claimed as retaliation for the killing of a Royal Ulster Constabulary ( RUC ) officer in Craigavon earlier that day .  1 April 1975 : Killing of Catholic civilian Dorothy Trainor . She and her husband were shot by at least two gunmen as they walked through a park near Garvaghy Road , Portadown . Two of her sons were later killed by loyalists . The attack has been linked to the Glenanne gang .  3 April 1975 : Killing of Catholic civilian Martin McVeigh . He was shot dead near his home at Ballyoran Park , off the Garvaghy Road in Portadown , as he cycled home from work . Alleged RUC agent Robin Jackson -- a member of the Glenanne gang -- was later arrested in possession of the murder weapon , but the RUC did not question or charge him with the murder .  5 April 1975 : Bomb attack on McLaughlin 's bar in the New Lodge area of north Belfast . Catholic civilians Kevin Kane and Michael Coyle were killed .  11 April 1975 : Killing of Catholic civilian Owen Boyle . Gunmen shot him through the window of his house in Glencull , near Aughnacloy , County Tyrone . He died on 22 April 1975 . The attack has been linked to the Glenanne gang .  21 April 1975 : Killing of Catholic civilians Marion Bowen ( who was eight months pregnant ) , and her brothers Seamus McKenna and Michael McKenna . They were killed by a booby-trap bomb left in Bowen 's house at Killyliss , near Granville , County Tyrone . Seamus and Michael were renovating the house , which had been unoccupied for almost a year . The attack has been linked to the Glenanne gang .  27 April 1975 : Gun attack on a social club in Bleary , County Down . Gunmen burst into the Catholic-frequented darts club and opened fire indiscriminately . Catholic civilians Joseph Toman , John Feeney and Brendan O'Hara were killed and ten others were wounded . The attack has been linked to the Glenanne gang .  14 May 1975 : An attempted bomb attack on the Catholic-owned Hill Tavern in Belfast . A 15 lb bomb was thrown into the pub but the security guard kicked it outside before it exploded . Seven were wounded by the blast .  21 May 1975 : A bomb attack on the Christian Brothers Past Pupils Union building on Antrim Road in north Belfast .  22 May 1975 : Killing of Catholic civilian Gerald D'Eath . He was killed by a booby-trap bomb hidden in a flask at the building site where he was working on Hightown Road , Newtownabbey .  23 May 1975 : Killing of Catholic brothers John and Thomas McErlane ; both civilians . A Protestant work colleague had lured them to a flat in Mount Vernon , north Belfast . The two brothers had been playing cards when gunmen forced them to lie face-down and shot them in the head .  19 June 1975 : Killing of Catholic civilian Francis Bradley . He was killed by a bomb left in an oil can at a filling station on Great Patrick Street , north Belfast .  20 June 1975 : Killing of Catholic civilian Anthony Molloy . He was shot dead at his home on Ballymena Street , north Belfast .  22 June 1975 : Killing of Catholic civilian Hugh Brankin . He was found shot dead on the road to the Knockagh Monument , near Newtownabbey .  24 August 1975 : Killing of Catholic civilians Colm McCartney and Sean Farmer , who were found shot dead at Altnamachin , near Newtownhamilton , County Armagh . They were driving home from a Gaelic football match in Dublin when they were apparently stopped at a fake military checkpoint by men in British Army uniform . They were found shot dead a short distance away . RUC officer John Weir claims that a fellow RUC officer confessed to partaking in the attack , alongside a UDR soldier and UVF members . The attack has been linked to the Glenanne gang .  4 January 1976 : Reavey and O'Dowd killings . At about 6pm , gunmen broke into the Reavey family home in Whitecross , County Armagh . They shot brothers John , Brian and Anthony Reavey ; all Catholic civilians . John and Brian were killed outright while Anthony died of a brain hemorrhage less than a month later . Twenty minutes after the shooting , gunmen broke into the O'Dowd family home in Ballydougan , about twenty miles away . They shot dead Joseph O'Dowd and his nephews Barry and Declan O'Dowd . All three were members of the SDLP . Barney O'Dowd was wounded by gunfire . The attack has been linked to the Glenanne gang . RUC officer Billy McConnell admitted taking part in the Reavey killings and accused RUC reserve officer James Mitchell of being involved too . According to Weir , UDR Corporal Robert McConnell was the lead gunman in the Reavey killings and Robin Jackson was the lead gunman in the O'Dowd killings .   1980s  24 October 1982 : Killing of Catholic civilian Joseph Donegan . He was kidnapped and beaten-to-death in an alley off Brookmount Street in the Shankill area of Belfast . The killing was carried out by Lenny Murphy and two other members of the Shankill Butchers . It was claimed as retaliation for the IRA 's kidnapping and killing of a UDR soldier in Glenanne . Murphy was himself killed by the IRA on 16 November .  25 October 1982 : Killing of civilian Sinn Féin member Peter Corrigan . He was shot from a passing car while walking along Loughgall Road , Armagh . A UDR soldier , who was also a UVF member , was convicted of the murder and for six other attempted murders .  20 November 1982 : Killing of Catholic civilian Michael Fay . He was found shot in his car on Mount Regan Avenue , Dundonald . The PAF claimed it was retaliation for the killing of Lenny Murphy and vowed to kill another three Catholics to avenge his death .  23 April 1983 : Bomb attack on the Hole-in-the-Wall pub in Belfast , which was frequented by Catholics . There were no injuries .  29 October 1983 : Killing of civilian Workers ' Party member David Nocher . He was shot dead while cleaning a shop window on Mill Road , north Belfast .  8 November 1983 : Killing of Catholic civilian Adrian Carroll . He was shot dead outside his home on Abbey Street , Armagh . In 1986 , four UDR soldiers -- the `` UDR Four '' -- were convicted of the murder .  5 December 1983 : Killing of Irish National Liberation Army volunteer Joseph Craven . He was shot from a passing motorbike on Church Road , Newtownabbey .  31 October 1984 : Killing of Catholic civilian Harry Muldoon . He was shot dead at his home on Mountainview Drive , north Belfast .  23 November 1984 : Killing of civilian Sinn Féin member William McLaughlin . He was shot dead on Church Road , Newtownabbey ; the same place where Joseph Craven was killed the year before .  10 July 1986 : Killing of Catholic civilian Brian Leonard . He was shot while working at a building site on Snugville Street , in the Shankill area of Belfast , and died on 12 July .  14 July 1986 : Killing of Catholic civilian Colm McCallan . He was shot near his home on Millview Court in north Belfast and died on 16 July .  19 July 1986 : Killing of Catholic civilian Martin Duffy . A taxi driver , he was shot dead when lured to a bogus pickup at Chichester Park , north Belfast .  16 September 1986 : Killing of Catholic civilian Raymond Mooney . He was shot dead in the grounds of Holy Cross Roman Catholic Church in the Ardoyne area of north Belfast . This was claimed as retaliation for the killing of UVF member John Bingham two days before .  17 September 1986 : Killing of Catholic civilian Joseph Webb . He was shot dead at his amusement arcade in Smithfield , north of Belfast city centre .  15 May 1988 : Gun attack on the Avenue Bar on Union Street , north of Belfast city centre . Three Catholic civilians were killed : Stephen McGahon , Damian Devlin and Paul McBride .  8 August 1988 : Killing of Catholic civilians Seamus Morris and Peter Dolan . They were shot from a passing car while walking along Brompton Park and Etna Drive in the Ardoyne area of north Belfast .  10 March 1989 : Killing of Catholic civilian James McCartney . A security man , he was shot dead outside the Orient Bar on Springfield Road , Belfast .   1990s  7 January 1990 : Killing of Catholic civilian Martin Byrne . A taxi driver , he was found shot dead in his car at Aghacommon , near Lurgan , north County Armagh . The PAF claimed it was retaliation for the killings of loyalist militants Harry Dickey and Robert Metcalfe .  6 October 1990 : Killing of Catholic civilian Denis Carville . He was shot while sitting in a car with his girlfriend at Oxford Island , near Lurgan , north County Armagh . This was believed to be a retaliation for the shooting of a UDR soldier at the same spot on 23 September 1990 . It has been alleged that the killing was organized by RUC officers and carried out by Mid Ulster UVF leader Billy Wright .  24 October 1990 : Killing of Catholic civilian Francis Hughes . A taxi driver , he was found shot dead in his burnt out car on Derryane Road , near Maghery , north County Armagh . This was claimed as retaliation for the killing of Protestant taxi driver in Belfast : UVF member William Aitken .  28 March 1991 : Killing of three Catholic civilians at a mobile shop in Craigavon , north County Armagh . Two teen girls ( Eileen Duffy , Katrina Rennie ) and a man ( Brian Frizzell ) were shot dead . This was claimed as retaliation for the alleged shooting and wounding of a Protestant woman . It has been claimed that alleged RUC agent Robin Jackson was involved in the attack . Investigative journalist Paul Larkin suggested that it was organized by Jackson upon receiving complaints from UDR soldiers after they had been refused service and insulted by the mobile shop employees . In The Committee , journalist Sean McPhilemy alleges that the attack was organized by RUC officers and carried out by Jackson .

neg: Trev Broudy Treve `` Trev '' G. Broudy ( born October 21 , 1968 ) is an American actor and former model . Broudy came to national attention when he became the victim of a violent attack in 2002 , which touched off a national discussion of hate crimes , drawing comparisons to the Matthew Shepard case .   On September 1 , 2002 , Broudy and friend Edward Ulett were attacked after embracing outside Broudy 's West Hollywood , California home by three black male assailants , Larry Walker , Torwin Sessions and Vincent Dotson . Broudy was beaten with a baseball bat and left in a coma for 10 days . In response the West Hollywood gay community organized a candlelight vigil .   Upon his regaining consciousness , Broudy 's doctors determined that he had suffered permanent brain damage and was left legally blind . Part of his skull was replaced with a metal plate .   Walker , Sessions and Dotson were initially charged with attempted robbery , assault with a deadly weapon and conspiracy to commit robbery . Republican Los Angeles County District Attorney Steve Cooley declined to press hate crime charges , a decision that sparked outrage in the community . West Hollywood City Councilmember Sal Guarriello and his political consultants immediately launched a recall campaign against Cooley to demonstrate their disgust for Cooley 's homophobia . Cooley stated that he believed the motive to be robbery , not bias , a conclusion that Broudy disagreed with . After the preliminary hearing , an additional charge of aggravated mayhem was added for each defendant .   On August 27 , 2003 , Walker pleaded guilty to all charges and a day later Sessions and Dotson did the same . Walker was sentenced to 13 years in prison , Dotson received a seven-year sentence and Sessions was sentenced to 21 years .

neg: List of terrorist incidents in 1970 This is a timeline of incidents in 1970 that have been labelled as `` terrorism '' and are not believed to have been carried out by a government or its forces ( see state terrorism and state-sponsored terrorism ) .   , 1970 -- 1972 : The Jewish Defense League was linked with a bomb explosion outside Aeroflot 's New York City office , and a detonation outside of Soviet cultural offices in Washington . Also a JDL member allegedly fired a rifle into the Soviet Union 's mission office at the United Nations . Two JDL members were convicted of bomb possession and burglary in a conspiracy to blow up the Long Island residence of the Soviet Mission to The Bronx .


query: Chinese people only can be associated with Spain through nationality.

pos: Chinese people Chinese people are the various individuals or groups of people associated with China , either through ancestry , ethnicity , nationality , citizenship , or other affiliation .

neg: China International Publishing Group The China International Publishing Group ( CIPG ) ,  also known as the China Foreign Languages Publishing Administration ,  is the largest foreign-language publishing organisation in China .  Established in October 1949 , it has developed into a global media corporation , providing up-to-date information about China to readers worldwide through books , magazines and the Internet .   CIPG owns seven subordinate publishing houses , i.e. Foreign Languages Press , New World Press , Morning Glory Publishers , Sinolingua , China Pictorial Publishing House , Dolphin Books and New Star Publishers .  The organisation annually publishes over 3,000 titles of books and around 50 journals in more than 10 languages .  Notable periodicals include Beijing Review , China Today , China Pictorial , People 's China and China Report .  Its subsidiary , the China International Book Trading Corporation is in charge of the distribution .   It also runs 20 overseas branches in countries and regions , including the United States , Britain , Germany , Japan , Belgium , Egypt , Mexico and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region , with about 3,000 staff members including around 100 foreign workers .   In addition to publishing , CIPG operates a number of websites , including china.org.cn and chinagate.com.cn ,  releasing news in nine languages , including Chinese ( both in simplified and traditional characters ) , English , French , German , Japanese , Spanish , Arabic , Russian , Korean and Esperanto .  It is also responsible for the implementation and management of the national translation test and appraisal for the Chinese Ministry of Personnel .   Prominent people who have worked in the CIPG include Nobel Literature Prize-winning novelist and playwright Gao Xingjian , Nobel Prize-nominated poet Bei Dao , actor and politician Ying Ruocheng , known for his role in Oscar-winning The Last Emperor , translators Yang Xianyi and Ye Junjian , author Xiao Qian , non-fiction novel writer Xu Chi , cartoonist Ding Cong , former Chinese Foreign Minister Qiao Guanhua and former UN Undersecretary of State ( 1972-1979 ) Tang Mingzhao . Several foreign employees have also gained notoriety , including the pseudonymous author `` Alex Hill , '' whose account of working as a foreign editor for the organization was widely read in 2015 . In his account , the author writes of feckless bureaucracy , political correctness , and a general feeling of malaise among the many foreigners working in the compound .

neg: Castilians Castilians ( Spanish : castellanos ) are certain inhabitants in regions of central Spain including at least the eastern part of Castile and León , the northern and eastern parts of Castile-La Mancha , and the Madrid community , who are the source of the Spanish language ( Castilian ) among other aspects of cultural identity . However , not all people in the regions of the medieval Kingdom of Castile think of themselves as Castilian . For this reason , the exact limits of what Castile is today are disputed . As an ethnicity , they are most commonly associated with the sparsely populated inner plateau of the Iberian peninsula , which is split in two by the Sistema Central mountain range and Northern or `` Old Castile '' from southern or `` New Castile '' , the latter being somewhat closer in terms of culture and dialect to southern regions of Spain such as Andalusia , Extremadura and Murcia .   Through the Reconquista and other conquests in the Middle Ages , the Kingdom of Castile ( later Crown of Castile ) spread over a large part of the Iberian Peninsula , especially towards the southern Spanish regions . After this , since the 15th century , through the Spanish colonization of the Americas , the Castilians also spread over the New World , bringing with them not only their language , but also elements of their culture and traditions .

neg: Hispanismo Hispanismo or Hispanicism is an ideology , school of thought and historiographic current centered on Spanish heritage . In Hispanic America it is similar but opposite to indigenismo . The view of hispanismo holds that `` countries '' should not deny their cultural roots because in doing so they are denying themselves . In the case of Hispanic America these cultural roots are Spanish and indigenous . An important detail is that in hispanismo the Spanish roots are implicitly more important than the indigenous roots . Hispanismo consist of Hispanic American countries building upon their `` own heritage '' which would be the same as Spanish heritage .

neg: Hui people The Hui people ( , Xiao'erjing : خُوِذُو Dungan : Хуэйзў , Xuejzw ) are a Chinese ethnic group which is composed predominantly of adherents of the Muslim faith and found throughout China , though they are concentrated mainly in the Northwestern provinces of the country and the Zhongyuan . According to a 2011 census , China is home to approximately 10.5 million Hui people , the majority of whom are Chinese-speaking practitioners of Islam , though some may practice other religions .   Hui people are ethnically and linguistically similar to Han Chinese with the exception that most of them practice Islam , engendering distinctive cultural characteristics . For example , as Muslims , they follow Islamic dietary laws and reject the consumption of pork , the most common meat consumed in China , and have given rise to their variation of Chinese cuisine . Traditional Hui clothing differs from that of other Chinese groups as it incorporates elements primarily found in other Islamic cultures . However , since the rapid industrialization and modernization of China , younger generations have slowly been shifting towards Western dress code .   The Hui people are one of 56 ethnic groups recognized by China . The government defines the Hui people to include all historically Muslim communities not included in China 's other ethnic groups . The Hui predominantly speak Chinese , while maintaining some Persian and Arabic phrases . In fact , the Hui ethnic group is unique among Chinese ethnic minorities in that it associates with non-Sinitic languages .   The Hui people are more concentrated in Northwestern China ( Ningxia , Gansu , Qinghai , Xinjiang ) , but communities exist across the country , e.g. Beijing , Inner Mongolia , Hebei , Hainan , and Yunnan .

neg: Spanish New Zealanders Spanish New Zealanders refers to New Zealand citizens and residents of Spanish descent , or people who were born in Spain and emigrated to New Zealand . There are approximately 2,043 New Zealanders who are full or partial Spanish descent , most of whom reside within the major cities of Auckland and Wellington .   Immigration to New Zealand from Spain was minimal during the 1850s and 1860s resulting from the social disruption of the Carlist civil wars . Larger numbers of Spanish immigrants entered the country in the first quarter of the twentieth century due to the same circumstances of rural poverty and urban congestion that led other Europeans to emigrate in that period , as well as unpopular wars . Many immigrants either moved back to Spain or to another country .

neg: Isleño Isleño ( -LSB- izˈleɲo -RSB- , pl . isleños ) is the Spanish word meaning `` islander . '' The term was applied to the Canary Islanders to distinguish them from Spanish mainlanders known as `` peninsulars '' ( links = no ) . The Isleños are the inhabitants of the Canary Islands , and by extension the descendants of Canarian settlers and emigrants to present-day Louisiana , Texas , Cuba , the Dominican Republic , Venezuela , Puerto Rico , and other parts of the Americas . In these places , the name , which formerly referred to a general category of people , now refers to the specific cultural identity of Canary Islanders or their descendants throughout Latin America and in Louisiana , where they are still called isleños . Another name for Canary Islander in English is `` Canarian . '' In Spanish , an alternative is canario or isleño canario .   The term isleño is still used in Latin America , at least in those countries which had large Canarian populations , to distinguish a Canary Islander from a peninsular ( continental Spaniard ) . By the early 19th century there were more people of Canarian extraction in the Americas than in the Canary Islands themselves , and the number of descendants of those first immigrants is exponentially larger than the number who originally migrated . The Americas were the destination of most Canarian immigrants , from their discovery by Europeans in the 15th century until the 20th century , when substantial numbers went to the Spanish colonies of Ifni , Western Sahara and Equatorial Guinea in Africa during the first half of the century . Beginning in the 1970s , they began to emigrate to other European countries , although emigration to the Americas did not end until the early 1980s .   The cultures of Cuba , the Dominican Republic , Puerto Rico , Venezuela , and Uruguay partially have all been influenced by Canarian culture , as have the dialects of Spanish spoken in all but Uruguay . Although almost all descendants of Canary Islanders who emigrated to the Americas from the 16th to the 20th century are incorporated socially and culturally within the larger populations , there remain a few communities that have preserved at least some their ancestors ' Canarian culture , as in Louisiana , San Antonio in Texas , Hatillo , Puerto Rico San Carlos de Tenerife ( now a neighborhood of Santo Domingo ) in the Dominican Republic and San Borondón in Peru .

neg: Asian-Scots Asian-Scots or Scottish Asians is a term used for people of South Asian ancestry who were born and/or raised in Scotland . Their parents or grandparents are normally South Asia immigrants . Many of them are academics , doctors , business owners and/or engineers .   In British usage , the term does not include East Asians , who are known by their respective national origins ( e.g. Chinese , Japanese , Malaysians and others ) or under the umbrella term `` Oriental '' . It also does not include western Asians , such as Turks .

neg: Manchu people The Manchu are an ethnic minority in China and the people from whom Manchuria derives its name . They are sometimes called `` red-tasseled Manchus '' , a reference to the ornamentation on traditional Manchu hats . The Later Jin ( 1616-1636 ) , and Qing dynasty ( 1636 -- 1912 ) are established by Manchus , who are descended from the Jurchen people who earlier established the Jin dynasty ( 1115 -- 1234 ) in China .   Manchus form the largest branch of the Tungusic peoples and are distributed throughout China , forming the fourth largest ethnic group in the country . They can be found in 31 Chinese provincial regions . They also form the largest minority group in China without an autonomous region . Among them , Liaoning has the largest population and Hebei , Heilongjiang , Jilin , Inner Mongolia and Beijing have over 100,000 Manchu residents . About half of the population live in Liaoning and one-fifth in Hebei . There are a number of Manchu autonomous counties in China , such as Xinbin , Xiuyan , Qinglong , Fengning , Yitong , Qingyuan , Weichang , Kuancheng , Benxi , Kuandian , Huanren , Fengcheng , Beizhen and over 300 Manchu towns and townships .

neg: Culture of Chile The culture of Chile reflects the relatively homogeneous population as well as the geographic isolation of the country in relation to the rest of South America . Since colonial times , the Chilean culture has been a mix of Spanish colonial elements with indigenous ( mostly Mapuche ) culture .   The Huasos of Central Chile and their folk music and dance are central to Chilean folk culture . Even though the folk traditions the Central Chile are central to Chilean cultural and national identity , Chile is both geographically and culturally diverse with both the North and the South having their own folk music and dance due to different indigenous peoples and immigrant groups settling there . Additionally , while some regions of Chile have very strong indigenous heritage , such as Araucanía Region , Easter Island , and Arica y Parinacota Region , some regions lacks considerable indigenous communities and a few other regions have noteworthy non-Spanish European immigrant heritage .

neg: Taiwanization Taiwanization , also known as the Taiwanese localization movement , is a conceptual term used in Taiwan to emphasize the importance of a ( separate ) Taiwanese culture , society , economy , nationality , and identity rather than to regard Taiwan as solely an appendage of China . This involves the teaching of the history of Taiwan , geography , and culture from a Taiwan-centric perspective , as well as promoting languages locally established in Taiwan , including Taiwanese Hokkien ( Taiwanese ) , Hakka , and aboriginal languages .   Originally part of the Taiwan independence movement and related to the Taiwan Name Rectification Campaign , some of Taiwanization 's aims are now endorsed by some supporters of Chinese Unification on Taiwan .   The localization movement has been expressed in forms such as the use of language or dialect in the broadcast media and entire channels devoted to aboriginal and Hakka affairs . Textbooks have been rewritten by scholars to more prominently emphasize Taiwan . The political compromise that has been reached is to teach both the history of Taiwan and the history of mainland China .   Some Taiwanese-owned companies or organizations established in earlier times have names containing the words `` China '' or `` Chinese '' . They have been encouraged in recent years to change the word `` China '' in their names to `` Taiwan '' as an act of Taiwanization . This campaign for changing the names is known as the `` Name Rectification Campaign '' or `` Taiwan Name Rectification '' . Many Taiwan-based companies in international sectors already identify themselves as `` Taiwan '' - based for clarity 's sake . This keeps international customers from confusing them with an enterprise based in the People 's Republic of China . Other Taiwan-based companies decline to change to a `` Taiwanese '' name because of expense or the political views held by important clients and company leaders .

neg: Spanish language Spanish ( castellano ) -- is a Romance language that originated in the Castile region of Spain , with hundreds of millions of native speakers around the world . It is usually considered the world 's second-most spoken native language after Mandarin Chinese . It is one of the few languages to use inverted question and exclamation marks ( ¿ and ¡ , respectively ) .   Spanish is a part of the Ibero-Romance group of languages , which evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in Iberia after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century . The oldest Latin texts which show traces of Spanish come from mid-northern Iberia in the 9th century , and the first systematic written use of the language happened in Toledo , then capital of the Kingdom of Castile , in the 13th century . Beginning in the early 16th century , Spanish was taken to the colonies of the Spanish Empire , most notably to the Americas , as well as territories in Africa , Oceania and the Philippines .   Around 75 % of modern Spanish is derived from Latin . Greek has also contributed substantially to Spanish vocabulary , especially through Latin , on which it had a great impact .   Spanish vocabulary has been in contact from an early date with Arabic , having developed during the Al-Andalus era in the Iberian Peninsula . With around 8 % of its vocabulary being Arabic in origin , this language is the second most important influence after Latin . It has also been influenced by Basque as well as by neighboring Ibero-Romance languages . It also adopted words from non-Iberian languages such as Gothic language from the Visigoths in which many Spanish names and surnames have a Visigothic origin . It has absorbed vocabulary from other languages , particularly the Romance languages French , Italian , Occitan , and Sardinian , as well as from Nahuatl , Quechua , and other indigenous languages of the Americas .   Spanish is one of the six official languages of the United Nations . It is also used as an official language by the European Union , the Organization of American States , the Union of South American Nations , the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States and by many other international organizations .

neg: Luu Lưu or Luu is a Vietnamese surname . It is also the Vietnamese transliteration of the Chinese surname Liu . during the Ancient , The Yao people use surname Liu , H'mong - Mien Lìu , they emigrate from Guangdong , Guangxi , to Vietnam . during the Yuan dynasty , the Mongols used the surname Liu in Vietnam .   In according to folk-story `` Hùng Vương Ngọc Phả '' ( Family tree of Hung King ) one of 50 son of Kinh Dương Vương there was Lưu Lang , who joined with Mother Âu Cơ and settled to northern mountain area of Van Lang . Luu Lang is considered as Ancestor of all Vietnamese/Kinh people possessed surname Luu . And other folktale : `` Sự tích trầu cau '' - Legend of areca nuts and betel leaves , its mentioned about a Landlord with surname Luu . The offering of areca nuts and betel leaves to the ancestors is a Vietnamese wedding ritual . It 's also ancient legendary story only .   Lưu is a Vietnamese surname . Some ( though not all ) Lưu are of Han Chinese descent . Between changes in Chinese dynasties and regimes , there were several major Luu/Liu families who immigrated to Vietnam . An example would be the Shu Han 蜀漢 dynasty where Emperor Liu ( Luu ) Bei 's 劉備descendants left their capital Chengdu in Sichuan . After losing the Cao Wei 曹魏dynasty in the Three Kingdoms 三國 era , many royalties and peasants alike headed south and eventually escaped to Vietnam . Another major immigration period is in 1949 when the communist took over China and many loyal nationalist of the Republic of China left to Vietnam . Prior to French occupation , Vietnamese writing was in Chinese characters and Luu was written as 劉 . After French occupation , alphabets were introduced and Liu surnames were spelled as Luu . In 1919 , the French government abandoned the use of Chinese characters and forced the Vietnamese to use strictly French 's alphabet spelling system . Many descendants of Luu who speak Chinese would spell Luu in English and write 劉 as their Chinese surname . After the Vietnam War in 1975 , many left the country and resettled all over the world . The majority resides in France and the United States .

neg: Spanish Canadians Spanish Canadians , in Spanish as Canadienses-Españoles , and in French as Canadiens Espagnols . are Canadians of full or partial Spanish heritage or people who hold a European Union citizenship from Spain as well as one from Canada .   The laws in Spain ( see Spanish nationality law ) limit who may be granted Spanish citizenship from Latin America to parents and grandparents who once held spanish citizenship . More recently the legal system in Spain has granted citizenship to Cubans who can prove that their grandparents immigrated to Cuba during the Spanish Civil War ( see Law of Historical Memory ) .

neg: China national football team The Chinese national football team , recognized as China PR by FIFA , is the national association football team of the People 's Republic of China and is governed by the Chinese Football Association . The team is colloquially referred to as `` Team China '' , the `` National Team '' or `` Guózú '' ( , short for ) .   The team was founded in 1924 by the Republic of China and joined FIFA in 1931 . Following the Chinese Civil War , the Chinese Football Association was reformed by the newly founded People 's Republic of China . They remained affiliated with FIFA until 1958 , when they withdrew , but they rejoined the organisation in 1979 .   China has won the EAFF East Asian Cup twice in 2005 and 2010 and have been runners-up at the AFC Asian Cup twice in 1984 and 2004 . Although China failed to score a goal in their FIFA World Cup debut appearance during the 2002 FIFA World Cup , losing all their matches , qualifying for the tournament has been considered the greatest accomplishment in the country 's football history .   Although modern football lacks a distinguished history in China , there were an estimated 250 million viewers for the 2004 AFC Asian Cup Final , which China lost 3 -- 1 to arch-rivals Japan , the largest single-event sports audience in the country 's history at that time .

neg: List of adjectival and demonymic forms for countries and nations The following is a list of adjectival forms of countries and nations in English and their demonymic equivalents . A country adjective describes something as being from that country , for example , `` Italian cuisine '' is `` cuisine of Italy '' . A country demonym denotes the people or the inhabitants of or from there , for example , `` Germans '' are people of or from Germany .  Note : Demonyms are given in plural forms . Singular forms simply remove the final 's ' or , in the case of - ese endings , are the same as the plural forms .  The ending - men has feminine equivalent - women ( e.g. an Irishman and a Scotswoman ) . The French terminations - ois / ais serve as both the singular and plural masculine ; adding ` e ' ( - oise / aise ) makes them singular feminine ; ` es ' ( - oises / aises ) makes them plural feminine . The Spanish and Portuguese terminations '' - o '' usually denotes the masculine and is normally changed to feminine by dropping the '' - o '' and adding '' - a '' . The plural forms are usually '' - os '' and '' - as '' respectively .   Adjectives ending in - ish can be used as collective demonyms ( e.g. the English , the Cornish ) . So can those ending in - ch / - tch ( e.g. the French , the Dutch ) provided they are pronounced with a ` ch ' sound ( e.g. the adjective Czech does not qualify ) .   Many place-name adjectives and many demonyms refer also to various other things , sometimes with and sometimes without one or more additional words . ( Sometimes , the use of one or more additional words is optional . ) Notable examples are cuisines , cheeses , cat breeds , dog breeds , and horse breeds . ( See List of words derived from toponyms . )   Note - in cases where two or more adjectival forms are given , there is often a subtle difference in usage between the two . This is particularly the case with Central Asian countries where one form tends to relate to the nation and the other often relates to the predominant ethnic group ( e.g. , Uzbek is primarily an ethnicity , Uzbekistani relates to citizens of Uzbekistan ) .   In addition , several countries have a large number of sub-names for their citizens in the form of nicknames for people of certain different areas ; these are usually related to something typical of the area . In Puerto Rico for example , people who come from the town of Bayamon are referred to as `` Cowboy ( s ) '' or `` Cowgirl ( s ) '' ; those from Caguas are referred to as `` Criollo ( s ) '' or `` Criolla ( s ) '' . Except in cases such as Spain , in which sub-names have been used interchangeably by others , sub-names belonging to some areas in a country are not listed here .

neg: Quechua people The Quechua people are the indigenous peoples of South America who speak any of the Quechua languages . Most Quechua speakers live in Peru , Ecuador , Bolivia , Argentina , Chile and Colombia .   The most common Quechua dialect is Southern Quechua . The Kichwa people of Ecuador speak the Kichwa dialect ; in Colombia , the Inga people speak Inga Kichwa .   The Quechua word for a Quechua speaker is runa or nuna ( `` person '' ) ; the plural is runakuna or nunakuna ( `` people '' ) .   Some historical Quechua peoples are :  The Chanka people , who lived in the Huancavelica , Ayacucho , and Apurímac regions of Peru .  The Huanca people of the Junín Region of Peru , who spoke Quechua before the Incas did .  The Inca , who established the largest empire of the pre-Columbian era .  The Cañari of Ecuador , who adopted the Quechua language from the Inca .  The Chincha , an extinct merchant kingdom of the Ica Region of Peru .

neg: China–France relations China -- France relations , also known as Sino-French relations or Franco-Chinese relations , refers to the interstate relations between China and France ( Kingdom or later ) .   Note that the meaning of both `` China '' and `` France '' as entities has changed throughout history ; this article will discuss what was commonly considered ` France ' and ` China ' at the time of the relationships in question . There have been many political , cultural and economic relationships between the two countries .

neg: Hispanic (disambiguation) Hispanic means `` of or from Spain '' . The term is commonly used to refer to the people and languages of what is now Spain from the historic period during the Roman Empire .   It may especially refer to :   Derived from the name of the Roman province of Hispania ( Modern day Spain , Portugal , Andorra and Gibraltar in the Iberian Peninsula ) .  Related to , or derived from , the Spanish people or the culture of Spain , Hispanidad or other Hispanophone countries .  Related to , or derived from , the countries and culture of the people of Hispanic America .  Related to , or derived from , Hispanic Americans living in the United States and their culture .  Relating to the Spanish and Mexican period of colonial rule in the Philippines .  Relating to the Spanish and Mexican derived influences on the Culture of the Philippines , but not in relation to said Filipino culture or the Filipino people , nor to that which derives from these .

neg: Spanish naming customs Spanish naming customs are historical traditions for naming children practised in Spain . According to these customs , a person 's name consists of a given name ( simple or composite ) followed by two family names ( surnames ) . The first surname is usually the father 's first surname , and the second the mother 's first surname . In recent years , the order of the surnames can be reversed at birth if it is so decided by the parents . Often , the practice is to use one given name and the first surname only , with the full name being used in legal , formal , and documentary matters , or for disambiguation when the first surname is very common ( e.g. Federico García Lorca ) .

neg: Singaporean Chinese privilege Singaporean Chinese privilege ( or simply Chinese privilege within Singaporean contexts ) is a term used to describe the societal privileges that Chinese Singaporeans enjoy as compared to non-Chinese Singaporeans by virtue of their race . Similar to how white privilege operates in white-dominated societies , Chinese privilege can manifest as various benefits and advantages that may often go unnoticed by Chinese Singaporeans , such as the prevalence of Mandarin Chinese in the public sphere , access to better educational , political and employment opportunities , and widespread media representation of Chinese people .


query: Schindler's List was released in 1993.

pos: Schindler's List Schindler 's List is a 1993 American epic historical period drama film directed and co-produced by Steven Spielberg and scripted by Steven Zaillian . It is based on the novel Schindler 's Ark by Australian novelist Thomas Keneally . The film relates a period in the life of Oskar Schindler , an ethnic German businessman , during which he saved the lives of more than a thousand mostly Polish-Jewish refugees from the Holocaust by employing them in his factories during World War II . It stars Liam Neeson as Schindler , Ralph Fiennes as SS officer Amon Göth , and Ben Kingsley as Schindler 's Jewish accountant Itzhak Stern .   Ideas for a film about the Schindlerjuden ( Schindler Jews ) were proposed as early as 1963 . Poldek Pfefferberg , one of the Schindlerjuden , made it his life 's mission to tell the story of Schindler . Spielberg became interested in the story when executive Sidney Sheinberg sent him a book review of Schindler 's Ark. . Universal Pictures bought the rights to the novel , but Spielberg , unsure if he was ready to make a film about the Holocaust , tried to pass the project to several other directors before finally deciding to direct the film himself .   Principal photography took place in Kraków , Poland , over the course of 72 days in 1993 . Spielberg shot the film in black and white and approached it as a documentary . Cinematographer Janusz Kamiński wanted to give the film a sense of timelessness . John Williams composed the score , and violinist Itzhak Perlman performs the film 's main theme .   Schindler 's List premiered on November 30 , 1993 , in Washington , D.C. and it was released on December 15 , 1993 , in the United States . Often listed among the greatest films ever made , it was also a box office success , earning $ 321.2 million worldwide on a $ 22 million budget . It was the recipient of seven Academy Awards ( out of twelve nominations ) , including Best Picture , Best Director , Best Adapted Screenplay , and Best Original Score , as well as numerous other awards ( including seven BAFTAs and three Golden Globes ) . In 2007 , the American Film Institute ranked the film 8th on its list of the 100 best American films of all time . The Library of Congress selected it for preservation in the National Film Registry in 2004 .

neg: 11th Robert Awards The 11th Robert Awards ceremony was held in 1994 in Copenhagen , Denmark . Organized by the Danish Film Academy , the awards honoured the best in Danish and foreign film of 1993 .

neg: Carnosaur (film) Carnosaur is a 1993 American science fiction horror film written and directed by Adam Simon . The film stars Diane Ladd , Raphael Sbarge , Jennifer Runyon , and Harrison Page . The film 's plot revolves around a mad scientist who plans to recreate dinosaurs and destroy humanity . The film is loosely based on the 1984 novel Carnosaur by John Brosnan ( under the pseudonym of Harry Adam Knight ) . The book and film have little in common , with the exception of the villain 's same basic motive , and the explicit gore and violence . It was the only film based on a Brosnan novel to be produced in America .   The film was released to theaters on May 21 , 1993 by Concorde Films , just four weeks before the larger-scale blockbuster Jurassic Park . As a result , Carnosaur may be considered a `` mockbuster '' . Diane Ladd 's daughter Laura Dern was one of the stars of Jurassic Park . The film was a financial success , grossing $ 1,753,979 at the box office on a budget of $ 850,000 . Critical reception was poor however , with film critic Roger Ebert naming it the worst movie of 1993 .   The film 's financial success spawned two official sequels , Carnosaur 2 in 1995 and Carnosaur 3 : Primal Species in 1996 . The second film fared poorly at the box office and the remainders were released direct-to-video . Stock footage from the first three films was used in the spin-offs Raptor and The Eden Formula .

neg: Beck – De gesloten kamer Beck -- De gesloten kamer ( `` Beck - the closed room '' ) is a Dutch 1993 police film about Martin Beck , directed by Jacob Bijl .

neg: Solomon Schindler Solomon Schindler ( 1842 -- 1915 ) was a rabbi and author .

neg: Peter Schindler (disambiguation) Peter Schindler ( born 1960 ) is a German composer , pianist , keyboardist , organist and author   Peter Schindler may also refer to :   Peter Schindler ( journalist ) ( 1930 -- 2005 ) , Swiss journalist and politician ( FDP )  Peter Schindler ( clergyman ) ( 1892 -- 1967 )  Peter Schindler ( sociologist ) ( born 1938 ) , German sociologist  Peter Schindler ( producer )

neg: Fearless (1993 film) Fearless is a 1993 American drama film directed by Peter Weir and starring Jeff Bridges , Isabella Rossellini , Rosie Perez and John Turturro . It was written by Rafael Yglesias from his novel of the same name .   Rosie Perez was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role as Carla Rodrigo . The film was also entered into the 44th Berlin International Film Festival . Jeff Bridges ' role as Max Klein is widely regarded as one of the best performances of his career . The film 's soundtrack features part of the first movement of Henryk Górecki 's Symphony No. 3 , subtitled Symphony of Sorrowful Songs . The film 's screenwriter was inspired to write the script after he was in a car accident . Yglesias began writing the story after reading about United Airlines Flight 232 , that crashed in Sioux City , Iowa in 1989 .

neg: Miramax Miramax ( also known as Miramax Films , stylized as MIRAMAX ) is an American entertainment company known for producing and distributing films and television shows . It is headquartered in Santa Monica , California . Miramax was founded in 1979 by Bob and Harvey Weinstein , and was a leading independent film motion picture distribution and production company before it was acquired by the Walt Disney Company on June 30 , 1993 . Shortly thereafter , Pulp Fiction was released . The Weinsteins operated Miramax with more creative and financial independence than any other division of Disney , until September 30 , 2005 when they decided to leave the company and founded The Weinstein Company . Miramax was sold by Disney to Filmyard Holdings , a joint venture of Colony Capital , Tutor-Saliba Corporation , and Qatar Investment Authority , in 2010 , ending Disney 's 17-year ownership of the studio . In 2016 , ownership was transferred to beIN Media Group .

neg: David A. Goldsmith David A. Goldsmith lives and works in the UK and Italy . His career in television spans the vast technological changes : from film to videotape ; from black & white to colour ; from terrestrial to satellite ; from the UK 's three national networks to the plethora of channels today ; from analogue to digital ; from 405 lines to High Definition . He moved through the ranks : from a Programme Assistant in educational television to a presenter of Ready Steady Go ! ; from film Location Manager at the newly formed Yorkshire TV to Programme Director ; from drama to current affairs ; from making documentaries in ITV to directing at ITN where he won a BAFTA award covering the 1980 Iranian Embassy Siege .   Other experiences include : teaching at the then London College of Printing , TV production for the Metropolitan Police , directing the pan-European satellite experiment , setting up the BBC 's school of TV Journalism in Bucharest , starting the RGB news production Partnership , and as a Vice President at ScanSat Broadcasting launching its news department .   In 1993 he acted as an advisor to a start up television company in Hungary . Assisted in the production of a documentary about the British television industry .   His documentaries mainly in the field of human rights range : from the 1964 civil rights campaign in Mississippi to Amnesty International 's concern about the state of human rights in Mexico ; from following the Six-Day War in Jerusalem to the role of policewomen under the Equal Opportunities Act ; from World War I Old Contemptibles in Flanders to Hells Angels in Great Britain . His enthusiasm for the documentary led to his book The Documentary Makers published by RotoVision . Since 2006 he has been developing a film project to be shot in Venezuela .

neg: Beyond Citizen Kane Beyond Citizen Kane ( 1993 ) is a British documentary film directed by Simon Hartog , produced by John Ellis , and first broadcast on Channel 4 .   It details the dominant position of the Rede Globo media group , the largest in Brazil , and discusses the group 's influence , power , and political connections . Globo 's president and founder Roberto Marinho was criticised and compared to the fictional newspaper tycoon Charles Foster Kane , created by Orson Welles for the 1941 film Citizen Kane . According to the documentary , Marinho 's media group engages in manipulation of news to influence public opinion .   Rede Globo objected to the film 's position and tried to buy Brazilian rights , but Hartog had already made agreements to give non-TV rights to political and cultural groups in Brazil . While it is often claimed in Brazil that exhibiting the documentary in Brazil was forbidden by the justice , John Ellis claims that there are no legal restrictions in place , but the documentary ca n't be broadcast on TV in Brazil since it contains large sections of footage owned by Globo .   However , copies sold in Britain reached Brazil in the 1990s and circulated widely there . In addition , since the Internet boom of the early 21st century , the film has been released on sharing networks and had hundreds of thousands of views , as measured on YouTube and Google Video .

neg: Duquesne Spy Ring The Duquesne Spy Ring is the largest espionage case in United States history that ended in convictions . A total of 33 members of a German espionage network headed by Frederick `` Fritz '' Joubert Duquesne were convicted after a lengthy investigation by the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) . Of those indicted , 19 pleaded guilty . The remaining 14 were brought to jury trial in Federal District Court , Brooklyn , New York , on September 3 , 1941 ; all were found guilty on December 13 , 1941 . On January 2 , 1942 , the group was sentenced to serve a total of over 300 years in prison .   The agents who formed the Duquesne Ring were placed in key jobs in the United States to get information that could be used in the event of war and to carry out acts of sabotage : one opened a restaurant and used his position to get information from his customers ; another worked on an airline so that he could report Allied ships that were crossing the Atlantic Ocean ; others worked as delivery people so they could deliver secret messages alongside mundane ones .   William G. Sebold , who had been blackmailed into becoming a spy for Germany , became a double agent and helped the FBI gather evidence . For nearly two years , the FBI ran a shortwave radio station in New York for the ring . They learned what information Germany was sending its spies in the United States and controlled what was sent to Germany . Sebold 's success as a counterespionage agent was demonstrated by the successful prosecution of the German agents .   One German spymaster later commented the ring 's roundup delivered `` the death blow '' to their espionage efforts in the United States . FBI director J. Edgar Hoover called his concerted FBI swoop on Duquesne 's ring the greatest spy roundup in U.S. history .   The 1945 film The House on 92nd Street was a thinly disguised version of the Duquesne Spy Ring saga of 1941 .

neg: 1993 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards The 19th Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards , honoring the best in film for 1993 , were given on 11 December 1993 .

neg: Kraljevo massacre The Kraljevo massacre was the mass murder of approximately 2,000 residents of the central Serbian city of Kraljevo by the Wehrmacht between 15 and 20 October 1941 , during World War II . The massacre came in reprisal for a joint Partisan -- Chetnik attack on a German garrison in which 10 German soldiers were killed and 14 wounded . The number of hostages to be shot was calculated based on a ratio of 100 hostages executed for every German soldier killed and 50 hostages executed for every German soldier wounded , a formula devised by Adolf Hitler with the intent of suppressing anti-Nazi resistance in Eastern Europe .   The Wehrmacht initially responded by rounding up and executing 300 Serbian civilians , described in contemporary documents as `` communists , nationalists , democrats and Jews . '' Over the following several days , all men between the ages of 14 and 60 were arrested and herded into a makeshift detention centre at the local rolling-stock factory . Once there , their papers were checked and their names entered into a ledger . When the camp was full , the Wehrmacht ordered groups of 100 prisoners to march to pre-dug mass graves , where they were executed with heavy machine guns . The bodies were then examined for any signs of life ; victims that had survived the initial volley were dealt a single bullet to the head . Once the first group had been liquidated , the soldiers returned to the factory and collected the next 100 victims . This process continued until all the men that were rounded up had been killed . The reprisals lasted several days . Following the shooting of hostages from the rolling-stock factory , the Wehrmacht deployed through the surrounding villages , burning homes and killing indiscriminately . According to the 717th Infantry Division 's own records , 1,736 men and 19 `` communist '' women from the city and its outskirts were executed , despite attempts by local collaborationists to mitigate the punishment . Twenty members of the 717th Infantry Division were later conferred Iron Crosses for their role in the killings .   The massacre at Kraljevo , as well as a similar and nearly concurrent massacre in nearby Kragujevac , convinced German commanders that mass killings of Serbian hostages were not only ineffectual but also counterproductive , as they drove locals into the hands of insurgents and sometimes resulted in the deaths of factory workers contributing to the German war effort . Following the war , several senior German military officials were tried and convicted for their involvement in the reprisal shootings at the Nuremberg Trials and the Subsequent Nuremberg trials .

neg: Spy Hard Spy Hard is a 1996 American spy comedy film parody starring Leslie Nielsen and Nicollette Sheridan , parodying James Bond films and other action films . The introduction to the movie is sung by comedy artist `` Weird Al '' Yankovic . It is the first film to be written by Jason Friedberg and Aaron Seltzer . The film 's title is a pun of Die Hard . The film is directed by Rick Friedberg and produced by Doug Draizin and Jeffery Knovitz .   The film was released by Buena Vista Pictures on May 24 , 1996 , receiving generally negative reviews from critics . While many praised Nielsen 's acting and its humor , most found the script , story and its direction lame . The film eventually grossed $ 26 million against a production budget of $ 18 million , making it a relative success .

neg: Nesmrtelná teta Nesmrtelná teta is a 1993 Czech film written and directed by Zdeněk Zelenka .

neg: Central Registry of War Criminals and Security Suspects The Central Registry of War Criminals and Security Suspects , more commonly known as CROWCASS , was an organisation set up to assist the United Nations War Crimes Commission and Allied governments in tracing ex-enemy nationals suspected of committing war crimes or atrocities in Europe during the Second World War . The organisation was originally set up by the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force ( SHAEF ) in 1945 .   In 1947 , CROWCASS published a four volume list divided into Germans , Non Germans and two supplementary lists of people suspected of committing war crimes between September 1939 and May 1945 . To Allied Nazi hunters the CROWCASS lists became known as the ` Nazi Hunter 's Bible ' . The lists contain over 60,000 people in all , not all of them are war criminals ( some were simply being sought for interrogation or to act as witnesses ) however within the pages of CROWCASS are the alleged perpetrators of tens of thousands of war crimes . Among those on the list are Case Registry No 1 . Adolf Hitler - wanted for murder by Poland , Czechoslovakia and Belgium .   In 2005 , the British government sanctioned the publication of the CROWCASS Consolidated Wanted Lists . Originally the lists were not intended to be in the public domain until the year 2023 .

neg: 1993 Toronto International Film Festival The 18th Toronto International Film Festival ( TIFF ) took place in Toronto , Ontario , Canada between September 9 and September 18 , 1993 . M. Butterfly by David Cronenberg was selected as the opening film .   Forest Whitaker won FIPRESCI International Critics ' Award for Strapped .

neg: Karl Eberhard Schöngarth __ NOTOC __  Karl Georg Eberhard Schöngarth ( 22 April 1903 -- 16 May 1946 ) or Niclause Overby was a member of the SS of Nazi Germany . He was a war criminal who perpetrated mass murder and genocide in occupied Poland during the Holocaust .   Schöngarth was born in Leipzig , Saxony . In 1933 he became a member of the SD Intelligence Service of the SS . During the German attack on Poland he was promoted to SS-Obersturmbannfuhrer and served as Senior Inspector of SiPo Security Police in Dresden . In January 1941 he was sent to Kraków , Poland , as Senior Commander of the SiPo and SD . During the time Schöngarth was stationed in Kraków , he formed several Einsatzgruppen ( Special Action Groups ) in Warsaw , Radom , and Lublin , with the intention of perpetrating massacres . He was responsible for the murder of up to 10,000 Jewish citizens between July and September 1941 and the massacre of Lviv professors behind the frontline of Operation Barbarossa in the Soviet Union . Schöngarth attended the Wannsee Conference on 20 January 1942 , along with Dr. Rudolf Lange ( Einsatzgruppen A ) , who had also participated in the Holocaust . From early July 1944 until the end of war he worked as Commander of the Gestapo in the Netherlands .   Schöngarth was captured by the allies at the end of the war in Europe . After an investigation into his background , he was charged with the crime of murdering a downed Allied pilot ( on 21 November 1944 ) and tried by a British Military Court in Burgsteinfurt . He was found guilty of this war crime on 11 February 1946 and sentenced to death by hanging . Schöngarth was executed by Albert Pierrepoint on 16 May 1946 at Hameln Prison .

neg: Hollywood blacklist The Hollywood blacklist -- as the broader entertainment industry blacklist is generally known -- was the practice of denying employment to screenwriters , actors , directors , musicians , and other American entertainment professionals during the mid-20th century because they were accused of having Communist ties or sympathies . Artists were barred from work on the basis of their alleged membership in or sympathy with the Communist Party USA or refusal to assist investigations into the party 's activities . Even during the period of its strictest enforcement , the late 1940s through the late 1950s , the blacklist was rarely made explicit or verifiable , but it directly damaged the careers of scores of individuals working in the film industry .   The first systematic Hollywood blacklist was instituted on November 25 , 1947 , the day after ten writers and directors were cited for contempt of Congress for refusing to testify to the House Un-American Activities Committee . A group of studio executives , acting under the aegis of the Association of Motion Picture Producers , fired the artists -- the so-called Hollywood Ten -- and made what has become known as the Waldorf Statement .   On June 22 , 1950 , a pamphlet entitled Red Channels was published . Focused on the field of broadcasting , it identified 151 entertainment industry professionals in the context of `` Red Fascists and their sympathizers . '' Soon , most of those named , along with a host of other artists , were barred from employment in most of the entertainment field .   The blacklist lasted until 1960 , when Dalton Trumbo , a Communist Party member from 1943 to 1948  and member of the Hollywood Ten , was credited as the screenwriter of the highly successful film Exodus , and later publicly acknowledged by actor Kirk Douglas for writing the screenplay for the movie Spartacus . A number of those blacklisted , however , were still barred from work in their professions for years afterward .

neg: Love Hurts (1993 film) Love Hurts or Hartverscheurend is a 1993 Dutch drama film directed by Mijke de Jong .

neg: Oskar Schindler Oskar Schindler ( 28 April 1908 -- 9 October 1974 ) was a German industrialist , spy , and member of the Nazi Party who is credited with saving the lives of 1,200 Jews during the Holocaust by employing them in his enamelware and ammunitions factories , which were located in occupied Poland and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia . He is the subject of the 1982 novel Schindler 's Ark , and the subsequent 1993 film Schindler 's List , which reflected his life as an opportunist initially motivated by profit who came to show extraordinary initiative , tenacity and dedication to save the lives of his Jewish employees .   Schindler grew up in Zwittau , Moravia , and worked in several trades until he joined the Abwehr , the intelligence service of Nazi Germany , in 1936 . He joined the Nazi Party in 1939 . Prior to the German occupation of Czechoslovakia in 1938 , he collected information on railways and troop movements for the German government . He was arrested for espionage by the Czech government but was released under the terms of the Munich Agreement in 1938 . Schindler continued to collect information for the Nazis , working in Poland in 1939 before the invasion of Poland at the start of World War II .   In 1939 , Schindler acquired an enamelware factory in Kraków , Poland , which employed about 1,750 workers , of whom 1,000 were Jews at the factory 's peak in 1944 . His Abwehr connections helped Schindler to protect his Jewish workers from deportation and death in the Nazi concentration camps . As time went on , Schindler had to give Nazi officials ever larger bribes and gifts of luxury items obtainable only on the black market to keep his workers safe .   By July 1944 , Germany was losing the war ; the SS began closing down the easternmost concentration camps and deporting the remaining prisoners westward . Many were killed in Auschwitz and Gross-Rosen concentration camp . Schindler convinced SS-Hauptsturmführer Amon Göth , commandant of the nearby Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp , to allow him to move his factory to Brünnlitz in the Sudetenland , thus sparing his workers from almost certain death in the gas chambers . Using names provided by Jewish Ghetto Police officer Marcel Goldberg , Göth 's secretary Mietek Pemper compiled and typed the list of 1,200 Jews who travelled to Brünnlitz in October 1944 . Schindler continued to bribe SS officials to prevent the execution of his workers until the end of World War II in Europe in May 1945 , by which time he had spent his entire fortune on bribes and black-market purchases of supplies for his workers .   Schindler moved to West Germany after the war , where he was supported by assistance payments from Jewish relief organisations . After receiving a partial reimbursement for his wartime expenses , he moved with his wife , Emilie , to Argentina , where they took up farming . When he went bankrupt in 1958 , Schindler left his wife and returned to Germany , where he failed at several business ventures and relied on financial support from Schindlerjuden ( `` Schindler Jews '' ) -- the people whose lives he had saved during the war . He was named Righteous Among the Nations by the Israeli government in 1963 . He died on 9 October 1974 in Hildesheim , Germany , and was buried in Jerusalem on Mount Zion , the only member of the Nazi Party to be honoured in this way .