query: International Relations includes nuclear proliferation.

pos: International relations International relations ( IR ) or international affairs , depending on academic institution , is either a field of political science , an interdisciplinary academic field similar to global studies , or an entirely independent academic discipline in which students take a variety of internationally focused courses in social science and humanities disciplines . In both cases , the field studies relationships between political entities ( polities ) such as states , sovereign states , empires , inter-governmental organizations ( IGOs ) , international non-governmental organizations ( INs ) , non-governmental organizations ( NGOs ) , and multinational corporations ( MNCs ) , and the wider world-systems produced by this interaction . International relations is an academic and a public policy field , and so can be positive and normative , because it analyzes and formulates the foreign policy of a given State .   As political activity , international relations dates from the time of the Greek historian Thucydides ( c. 460 -- 395 BC ) , and , in the early 20th century , became a discrete academic field ( No. 5901 in the 4-digit UNESCO Nomenclature ) within political science . In practice International Relations and International Affairs forms a separate academic program or field from Political Science , and the courses taught therein are highly interdisciplinary .   For example , international relations draws from the fields of : technology and engineering , economics , communication studies , history , international law , demography , philosophy , geography , social work , sociology , anthropology , criminology , psychology , gender studies , cultural studies , culturology , and diplomacy . The scope of international relations comprehends globalization , diplomatic relations , state sovereignty , international security , ecological sustainability , nuclear proliferation , nationalism , economic development , global finance , as well as terrorism and organized crime , human security , foreign interventionism , and human rights , as well , as , more recently , comparative religion .

neg: Special Relationship The Special Relationship is the unofficial term for the exceptionally close political , diplomatic , cultural , economic , military and historical relations between the United Kingdom and the United States . It was used in a 1946 speech by Winston Churchill . Although both the United Kingdom and United States have close relationships with many other nations , the level of cooperation between them in economic activity , trade and commerce , military planning , execution of military operations , nuclear weapons technology , and intelligence sharing has been described as `` unparalleled '' among major powers .   The United Kingdom and United States have been close allies in numerous military and political conflicts throughout the 20th and 21st centuries including World War I , World War II , the Korean War , the Cold War , the Gulf War , and the War on Terror .

neg: History of nuclear weapons Nuclear weapons possess enormous destructive power from nuclear fission or combined fission and fusion reactions . Starting with scientific breakthroughs made during the 1930s , the United States , the United Kingdom and Canada collaborated during World War II in what was called the Manhattan Project to counter the suspected Nazi German atomic bomb project . In August 1945 , two fission bombs were dropped on Japan , and stands to date as the only use of nuclear weapons in combat . The Soviet Union started development shortly thereafter with their own atomic bomb project , and not long after that both countries developed even more powerful fusion weapons known as `` hydrogen bombs '' .

neg: Nuclear weapons in popular culture Since their public debut in August 1945 , nuclear weapons and their potential effects have been a recurring motif in popular culture , to the extent that the decades of the Cold War are often referred to as the `` atomic age '' .

neg: Non-Aligned Movement The Non-Aligned Movement ( NAM ) is a group of states that are not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc . , the movement has 120 members .   The purpose of the organization has been enumerated as to ensure `` the national independence , sovereignty , territorial integrity and security of non-aligned countries '' in their `` struggle against imperialism , colonialism , neo-colonialism , racism , and all forms of foreign aggression , occupation , domination , interference or hegemony as well as against great power and bloc politics , '' by Fidel Castro in the Havana Declaration of 1979 . The countries of the Non-Aligned Movement represent nearly two-thirds of the United Nations ' members and contain 55 % of the world population . Membership is particularly concentrated in countries considered to be developing or part of the Third World .   Although many of the Non-Aligned Movement 's members were actually quite closely aligned with one or another of the superpowers , the movement still maintained cohesion throughout the Cold War , even despite several conflicts between members which also threatened the movement . In the years since the Cold War 's end , it has focused on developing multilateral ties and connections as well as unity among the developing nations of the world , especially those within the Global South .

neg: Nuclear weapons and Israel Israel is widely believed to possess nuclear weapons and to be the sixth country in the world to have developed them , allegedly having built its first deliverable nuclear weapon in December 1966 based on scientific and industrial cooperation with pre-nuclear France . It is one of four nuclear-armed countries not recognized as a Nuclear Weapons State by the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty ( NPT ) ; the others being India , Pakistan , and North Korea . Israel maintains a policy known as `` nuclear ambiguity '' ( also known as `` nuclear opacity '' ) . Israel has never officially denied nor admitted to having nuclear weapons , instead repeating over the years that it would not be the first country to `` introduce '' nuclear weapons to the Middle East , leaving ambiguity as to whether it means it will not create , will not disclose , will not make first use of the weapons or possibly some other interpretation of the phrase . The `` not be the first '' formulation goes back to the Eshkol-Comer ( sic ) memorandum of understanding made between Israel and the United States on March 10 , 1965 , which contained Israel 's written assurance for the first time that it would not be the first to introduce nuclear weapons in the Middle East . Israel has refused to sign the NPT despite international pressure to do so , and has stated that signing the NPT would be contrary to its national security interests .   Additionally , Israel has made extensive efforts to deny other regional actors the ability to acquire their own nuclear weapons . The counter-proliferation , preventive strike Begin Doctrine added another dimension to Israel 's existing nuclear policy . Israel remains the only country in the Middle East believed to possess them .   Israel started investigating the nuclear field soon after its founding in 1948 and with French support secretly began building the Negev Nuclear Research Center , a facility near Dimona housing a nuclear reactor and reprocessing plant in the late 1950s . Israel is alleged to have built its first nuclear weapon in December 1966 , but it is not publicly confirmed . In 1986 , Mordechai Vanunu , a former Israeli nuclear technician , provided explicit details and photographs to The Sunday Times of a nuclear weapons program in which he had been employed for nine years , `` including equipment for extracting radioactive material for arms production and laboratory models of thermonuclear devices . '' In 1987 , an unclassified US DoD report ( released in February 2015 in response to a FOIA request ) stated that `` As far as nuclear technology is concerned , the Israelis are roughly where the U.S. -LSB- w -RSB- as in the fission weapon field in about 1955 to 1960 . It should be noted that the Israelis are developing the kind of codes which will enable them to make hydrogen bombs . ''   Estimates as to the size of the Israeli nuclear arsenal vary between 75 and 400 nuclear warheads . It is estimated that the Israel nuclear deterrent force has the ability to deliver them by intermediate-range ballistic missile , intercontinental ballistic missile , aircraft , and submarine-launched cruise missile . The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute estimates that Israel has approximately 80 intact nuclear weapons , of which 50 are for delivery by Jericho II medium-range ballistic missiles and 30 are gravity bombs for delivery by aircraft . Former U.S. officials Jimmy Carter and Colin Powell have stated that Israel has 200 ( Powell ) or more than 300 ( Carter ) nuclear warheads .

neg: Sanctions against North Korea Sanctions against North Korea , officially known as the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea , have been imposed by various countries and international bodies . The current sanctions are largely concerned with North Korea 's nuclear weapons program and were imposed after its first nuclear test in 2006 .

neg: Origins of the Cold War The Origins of the Cold War are widely regarded to lie most directly in the relations between the Soviet Union and the allies ( the United States , Great Britain and France ) in the years 1945 -- 1947 . Those events led to the Cold War that endured for just under half a century .   Events preceding the Second World War , and even the Russian Revolution of 1917 , underlay pre -- World War II tensions between the Soviet Union , western European countries and the United States . A series of events during and after World War II exacerbated tensions , including the Soviet-German pact during the first two years of the war leading to subsequent invasions , the perceived delay of an amphibious invasion of German-occupied Europe , the western allies ' support of the Atlantic Charter , disagreement in wartime conferences over the fate of Eastern Europe , the Soviets ' creation of an Eastern Bloc of Soviet satellite states , western allies scrapping the Morgenthau Plan to support the rebuilding of German industry , and the Marshall Plan .

neg: Nuclear Information and Resource Service The Nuclear Information and Resource Service ( NIRS ) is an anti-nuclear group founded in 1978 to be the information and networking center for citizens and organizations concerned about nuclear power , radioactive waste , radiation and sustainable energy issues . The organization advocates the implementation of safe , sustainable solutions such as energy efficiency , solar power , wind power and plug-in hybrids .   As of 2007 , NIRS claims to initiate `` large-scale organizing and public education campaigns on specific issues , '' such as to `` bring technical expertise and strategic sense to grassroots environmental groups . ''   In 2000 , NIRS ' affiliation with World Information Service on Energy ( WISE ) turned it into an international organization ( NIRS/WISE ) .   The magazine Nuclear Engineering International has said that it runs easily the best website on uranium mining throughout the world .

neg: Un-American Un-American is a pejorative term of U.S. political discourse which is applied to ideas , people or institutions in the United States seen as deviating from what are widely perceived to be fundamental American cultural and political values .   The most famous use is in the title of the House Un-American Activities Committee which was started to investigate alleged disloyalty and subversive activities on the part of private citizens , public employees , and those organizations suspected of having Communist ties . By 1959 , former President Harry S. Truman had denounced the Committee as the `` most un-American thing in the country today '' . The Committee lost considerable prestige as the 1960s progressed , and it was abolished by the House of Representatives in 1975 .   The use and meaning of the term is by no means uniform in the US . Due in part to these historical associations with political abuses and jingoism , the attitudes of Americans toward the pejorative use of `` Un-American '' are often critical or suspicious . Moreover , Americans may vary widely in what they believe to be un-American .

neg: United States Strategic Communication According to the author Christopher Paul ( RAND ) , Strategic Communication is the `` coordinated actions , messages , images , and other forms of signaling or engagement intended to inform , influence , or persuade selected audiences in support of national objectives . '' There is often debate and discussion concerning what makes strategic communication . Regarding definition , psychological operations , public or civil affairs , information operations and public diplomacy are seemingly the least contested components of U.S. strategic communication . With those components , the most important factor that separates strategic communication from other types of communication is the synchronization and coordination of U.S. efforts . For example , in the National Strategy for Public Diplomacy and Strategic Communication , all strategic communication efforts activities should :   underscore our commitment to freedom , human rights and the dignity and equality of every human being ;  reach out to those who share our ideals ;  support those who struggle for freedom and democracy ; and  counter those who espouse ideologies of hate and oppression   Strategic communication can be a major tool against adversaries that threaten values supported by the United States . U.S. strategic communication promotes democratization and good governance . It proved vital in winning the Cold War . In the 21st Century , it is critical in countering the radical ideologies of the Islamic Republic of Iran , the Muslim Brotherhood , al - Qaeda and other extremist organizations .

neg: Geneva Conference (1932) The Second Geneva Naval Conference was a conference held to discuss naval arms limitation , held in Geneva , Switzerland , in 1932 . This is a separate conference from the previous disarmament conference , the Geneva Naval Conference of 1927 .   Apart from naval disarmaments , a reduction in land forces and limits on weapons were also discussed at the conference .   Thirty-one nations , including USA , USSR and Germany , came to the conference wanting a reduction in general arms . Some progress was made , but when Hitler came into power in 1933 he took Germany out of the Geneva Conference and the League of Nations , which was questionable on the basis of international agreements , but nothing was done about it .   As Gibson had observed not long after the London Conference , the United States had decreased interest in the new conference because treaties already limited its navy , its army was so small that reduction was ludicrous , and the proposed measures of air limitation were so vague that they meant little . Gibson wrote that the conference would `` probably meet in February or March 1932 and , discouraging as it may sound , it will probably go on and on . '' He had come to believe that armaments would never be abolished completely but that treaties could perhaps maintain military balances . Secretary Stimson later wrote that Americans regarded the Geneva Conference as `` a European peace conference with European political questions to be settled . The necessary work of settling them must be done by the leaders of Europe . '' Stimsom realized that Germany 's position in European affairs could not be ignored as it had been at Geneva in 1927 or at London in 1930 , but he did not know how to reconcile German military ambition with French fear of its neighbor . Stimson therefore hoped the Europeans might find a solution . The secretary also hesitated over further naval disarmament because of the Manchurian crisis ; in particular he worried whether the navy possessed enough carriers for possible action in the Far East .

neg: Nuclear strike Nuclear strike may refer to :  Nuclear warfare , a military conflict or political strategy in which nuclear weaponry is used to inflict damage on the enemy  Nuclear Strike , an installment in the Strike series of video games  `` Nuclear Strike '' ( Spooks ) , a 2008 episode of the BBC television series Spooks

neg: Israeli–Palestinian conflict The Israeli -- Palestinian conflict ( -LSB- Ha'Sikhsukh Ha'Yisraeli - Falestini ; -LSB- al-Niza ' a al ` Filastini al ` Israili ) is the ongoing struggle between Israelis and Palestinians that began in the mid-20th century . The conflict is wide-ranging , and the term is sometimes also used in reference to the earlier sectarian conflict in Mandatory Palestine , between the Jewish yishuv and the Arab population under British rule . It has been referred to as the world 's `` most intractable conflict '' , with the ongoing Israeli occupation of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip reaching years .   Despite a long-term peace process and the general reconciliation of Israel with Egypt and Jordan , Israelis and Palestinians have failed to reach a final peace agreement . The key issues are : mutual recognition , borders , security , water rights , control of Jerusalem , Israeli settlements , Palestinian freedom of movement , and Palestinian right of return . The violence of the conflict , in a region rich in sites of historic , cultural and religious interest worldwide , has been the object of numerous international conferences dealing with historic rights , security issues and human rights , and has been a factor hampering tourism in and general access to areas that are hotly contested .   Many attempts have been made to broker a two-state solution , involving the creation of an independent Palestinian state alongside the State of Israel ( after Israel 's establishment in 1948 ) . In 2007 , the majority of both Israelis and Palestinians , according to a number of polls , preferred the two-state solution over any other solution as a means of resolving the conflict . Moreover , a majority of Jews see the Palestinians ' demand for an independent state as just , and thinks Israel can agree to the establishment of such a state . The majority of Palestinians and Israelis in the West Bank and Gaza Strip have expressed a preference for a two-state solution . Mutual distrust and significant disagreements are deep over basic issues , as is the reciprocal scepticism about the other side 's commitment to upholding obligations in an eventual agreement .   Within Israeli and Palestinian society , the conflict generates a wide variety of views and opinions . This highlights the deep divisions which exist not only between Israelis and Palestinians , but also within each society . A hallmark of the conflict has been the level of violence witnessed for virtually its entire duration . Fighting has been conducted by regular armies , paramilitary groups , terror cells , and individuals . Casualties have not been restricted to the military , with a large number of fatalities in civilian population on both sides . There are prominent international actors involved in the conflict .   The two parties engaged in direct negotiation are the Israeli government , currently led by Benjamin Netanyahu , and the Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) , currently headed by Mahmoud Abbas . The official negotiations are mediated by an international contingent known as the Quartet on the Middle East ( the Quartet ) represented by a special envoy , that consists of the United States , Russia , the European Union , and the United Nations . The Arab League is another important actor , which has proposed an alternative peace plan . Egypt , a founding member of the Arab League , has historically been a key participant .   Since 2006 , the Palestinian side has been fractured by conflict between the two major factions : Fatah , the traditionally dominant party , and its later electoral challenger , Hamas . After Hamas 's electoral victory in 2006 , the Quartet conditioned future foreign assistance to the Palestinian National Authority ( PA ) on the future government 's commitment to non-violence , recognition of the State of Israel , and acceptance of previous agreements . Hamas rejected these demands , which resulted in the Quartet 's suspension of its foreign assistance program , and the imposition of economic sanctions by the Israelis . A year later , following Hamas 's seizure of power in the Gaza Strip in June 2007 , the territory officially recognized as the PA was split between Fatah in the West Bank , and Hamas in the Gaza Strip . The division of governance between the parties had effectively resulted in the collapse of bipartisan governance of the PA. . However , in 2014 , a Palestinian Unity Government , composed of both Fatah and Hamas , was formed . The latest round of peace negotiations began in July 2013 and was suspended in 2014 .

neg: Weapon of mass destruction A weapon of mass destruction ( WMD ) is a nuclear , radiological , chemical , biological or other weapon that can kill and bring significant harm to a large number of humans or cause great damage to human-made structures ( e.g. , buildings ) , natural structures ( e.g. , mountains ) , or the biosphere . The scope and usage of the term has evolved and been disputed , often signifying more politically than technically . Originally coined in reference to aerial bombing with chemical explosives , since World War II it has come to refer to large-scale weaponry of other technologies , such as chemical , biological , radiological , or nuclear .

neg: Surrender of Japan The surrender of Imperial Japan was announced on August 15 and formally signed on September 2 , 1945 , bringing the hostilities of World War II to a close . By the end of July 1945 , the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) was incapable of conducting major operations and an Allied invasion of Japan was imminent . Together with the British Empire and China , the United States called for the unconditional surrender of the Japanese armed forces in the Potsdam Declaration on July 26 , 1945 -- the alternative being `` prompt and utter destruction '' . While publicly stating their intent to fight on to the bitter end , Japan 's leaders ( the Supreme Council for the Direction of the War , also known as the `` Big Six '' ) were privately making entreaties to the still-neutral Soviet Union to mediate peace on terms more favorable to the Japanese . Meanwhile , the Soviets were preparing to attack Japanese forces in Manchuria and Korea ( in addition to South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands ) in fulfillment of promises they had secretly made to the United States and the United Kingdom at the Tehran and Yalta Conferences .   On August 6 , 1945 , at 8:15 AM local time , the United States detonated an atomic bomb over the Japanese city of Hiroshima . Sixteen hours later , American President Harry S. Truman called again for Japan 's surrender , warning them to `` expect a rain of ruin from the air , the like of which has never been seen on this earth . '' Late in the evening of August 8 , 1945 , in accordance with the Yalta agreements , but in violation of the Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact , the Soviet Union declared war on Japan , and soon after midnight on August 9 , 1945 , the Soviet Union invaded the Imperial Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo . Later in the day , the United States dropped a second atomic bomb , this time on the Japanese city of Nagasaki . Following these events , Emperor Hirohito intervened and ordered the Supreme Council for the Direction of the War to accept the terms the Allies had set down in the Potsdam Declaration for ending the war . After several more days of behind-the-scenes negotiations and a failed coup d'état , Emperor Hirohito gave a recorded radio address across the Empire on August 15 . In the radio address , called the , he announced the surrender of Japan to the Allies .   On August 28 , the occupation of Japan by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers began . The surrender ceremony was held on September 2 , aboard the United States Navy battleship , at which officials from the Japanese government signed the Japanese Instrument of Surrender , thereby ending the hostilities . Allied civilians and military personnel alike celebrated V-J Day , the end of the war ; however , some isolated soldiers and personnel from Imperial Japan 's far-flung forces throughout Asia and the Pacific islands refused to surrender for months and years afterwards , some even refusing into the 1970s . The role of the atomic bombings in Japan 's unconditional surrender , and the ethics of the two attacks , is still debated . The state of war formally ended when the Treaty of San Francisco came into force on April 28 , 1952 . Four more years passed before Japan and the Soviet Union signed the Soviet -- Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956 , which formally brought an end to their state of war .

neg: Policy studies Policy studies is the combination of policy analysis and program evaluation . It `` involves systematically studying the nature , causes , and effects of alternative public policies , with particular emphasis on determining the policies that will achieve given goals . ''   Policy Studies also examines the conflicts and conflict resolution that arise from the making of policies in civil society , the private sector , or more commonly , in the public sector ( e.g. government ) .   It is frequently focused on the public sector but is equally applicable to other kinds of organizations ( e.g. , the not-for-profit sector ) . Some policy study experts graduate from public policy schools with public policy degrees . Alternatively , experts may have backgrounds in policy analysis , program evaluation , sociology , psychology , philosophy , economics , anthropology , geography , law , political science , social work , environmental planning and public administration .   Traditionally , the field of policy studies focused on domestic policy , with the notable exceptions of foreign and defense policies . However , the wave of economic globalization , which ensued in the late 20th and early 21st centuries , created a need for a subset of policy studies that focuses on global governance , especially as it relates to issues that transcend national borders such as climate change , terrorism , nuclear proliferation , and economic development . This subset of policy studies , which is often referred to as international policy studies , typically requires mastery of a second language and attention to cross-cultural issues in order to address national and cultural biases . For example , the Monterey Institute of International Studies at Middlebury College offers Master of Arts programs that focus exclusively on international policy through a mix of interdisciplinary and cross-cultural analysis called the `` Monterey Way '' .

neg: Nuclear fratricide In relation to nuclear warfare , nuclear fratricide denotes the inadvertent destruction of nuclear warheads or their delivery systems by detonations from other warheads in the same attack . The blast , EMP and debris cloud may knock them off course , cause damage or destroy them .   Estimating fratricidal effects is complex . One source states that `` It appears that two weapons targeted on a silo must arrive at least 10 s apart to avoid fratricidal fireball effects , and less than 1 min or more than 1 h apart to avoid fratricidal nuclear dust cloud effects . '' Hence `` deconflicting '' attack patterns and using staggered `` walking barrages '' became part of U.S. and Soviet nuclear tactics .   This theory was put forward as a defense mechanism for the LGM-118 Peacekeeper missile deployment , reasoning that multiple detonations would be required to knock out an entire battery of missiles if sufficiently protected . This strategy was ultimately rejected though , as enemy launches can be staggered through time to ensure warheads reach their target with enough delay between them to prevent the phenomenon .   This method of using staggered launch was described by a missile combat crew , whose members revealed that on receiving a launch command `` Some -LSB- missiles -RSB- fly immediately , some with a delay to prevent nuclear fratricide when the bombs approach their targets in 20 to 30 minutes . '' .

neg: Societal security Societal security is a concept developed by the Copenhagen School of security studies that refers to ` the ability of a society to persist in its essential character under changing conditions and possible or actual threats ' .   The end of the Cold War prompted scholars to rethink the paradigm of security independently from the state and the military . In Europe , the collapse of the Soviet Union led to the emergence of new states and sustained efforts to pursue the European Union ( EU ) integration . The new order called for a ( re ) conceptualisation of Europe and European security , which challenged classic understandings of security , as something that took place between states . The move towards an EU security was , thus , closely articulated around questions of EU identity , free movement of people and borders .  The concept of societal security , developed by scholars associated with the Copenhagen Peace Research Institute , is situated within this context . Societal security relates to : `` the ability of a society to persist in its essential character under changing conditions and possible or actual threats . ''   In ` Identity , Migration , and the New Security Agenda in Europe ' , Wæver notes the emergence of different conceptions of the nation-state , and further establishes a distinction between Western and Eastern Europe . In the West , a `` decoupling of state and nation '' takes place , as Member States , by seeking more integration , accept to relinquish some of their sovereignty . This move towards a `` post-sovereign '' nation-state is due to `` internationalisation and Europeanization '' processes , as international institutions assume increased influence over domestic affairs . Subsequently , communities , perceiving their identities to be threatened by this integration , can no longer call upon the state to protect them . A duality occurs between the security needs of the state and of society , where `` state security has sovereignty as its ultimate criterion , and societal security has identity '' . In the East , the emergence of new states , formed after the dismantlement of the Soviet Union , leads to more traditional attempts at merging the nation and the state ; thus , conflicts arise when the coupling can not be done ( i.e. Yugoslavia ) .   In ` Security : a new framework for analysis ' , Buzan et al. formalise their broader understanding of security by introducing five sectors , each governed by `` distinctive characteristics and dynamics '' , and conceptualised around particular referent objects and actors ( i.e. military , environmental , economic , societal and political ) . Societal security is about the survival of a community as a cohesive unit ; its referent object is '' large scale collective identities that can function independent of the state . ''  Societal insecurities arise when `` a society fears it would not be able to live as itself '' , and stem from :  migration : the influx of people will `` overrun or dilute '' a group 's identity e.g. the need to define Britishness ;  vertical competition : the integration of a group within a broader organisation e.g. euroscepticism with regards to EU integration , national-separatist claims ; and ,  horizontal competition : group is forced to integrate more influential identities within their own e.g. France 's cultural exception defending itself against American influences .   Societal security is not tied to a territory , as is state security , e.g. Kurds , where security matters of state and society widely diverge and enter into conflict .   Societal security in sociological viewpoint is :   Regarding security as an `` independent phenomenon '' :   So , societal security is n't threat , no opportunity . But it is a center and base , upon it the reliability and certainty of collective life could be gained .   Rereading of security from `` social '' perspective :   It means that security is based on collective life , the life of common people , instead of looking at differences and insisting on disagreement between groups and states that is key factor in determining threats and distinguish friend and foe .   Viewing security as `` social phenomenon '' :   Hence , societal security does n't need military weapons and soft power solutions . In other words , societal security does n't integrate with power and remain by converting links to social capitals .   Finally , threats and opportunities could be considered as deterrent or impeller factors .   So the final goal of societal security is comfort and understanding the beauty of collective life -- not an interest for government , not eliminating enemies , not confronting a threat for nation .

neg: National security National Security is a concept that a government , along with its parliaments , should protect the state and its citizens against all kind of `` national '' crises through a variety of power projections , such as political power , diplomacy , economic power , military might , and so on .   The concept developed all in the United States after World War II . Initially focusing on military might , it now encompasses a broad range of facets , all of which impinge on the non-military or economic security of the nation and the values espoused by the national society . Accordingly , in order to possess national security , a nation needs to possess economic security , energy security , environmental security , etc. . Security threats involve not only conventional foes such as other nation-states but also non-state actors such as violent non-state actors , narcotic cartels , multinational corporations and non-governmental organisations ; some authorities include natural disasters and events causing severe environmental damage in this category .   Measures taken to ensure national security include :  using diplomacy to rally allies and isolate threats  marshalling economic power to facilitate or compel cooperation  maintaining effective armed forces  implementing civil defense and emergency preparedness measures ( including anti-terrorism legislation )  ensuring the resilience and redundancy of critical infrastructure  using intelligence services to detect and defeat or avoid threats and espionage , and to protect classified information  using counterintelligence services or secret police to protect the nation from internal threats   There is no single universally accepted definition of national security . The variety of definitions provide an overview of the many usages of this concept . The concept still remains ambiguous , having originated from simpler definitions which initially emphasised the freedom from military threat and political coercion to later increase in sophistication and include other forms of non-military security as suited the circumstances of the time .   A typical dictionary definition , in this case from the Macmillan Dictionary ( online version ) , defines the term as `` the protection or the safety of a country 's secrets and its citizens '' emphasising the overall security of a nation and a nation state . Walter Lippmann , in 1943 , defined it in terms of war saying that `` a nation has security when it does not have to sacrifice its legitimate ínterests to avoid war , and is able , if challenged , to maintain them by war '' . A later definition by Harold Lasswell , a political scientist , in 1950 , looks at national security from almost the same aspect , that of external coercion : `` The distinctive meaning of national security means freedom from foreign dictation . ''   In 1960 , Arnold Wolfers , while recognising the need to segregate the subjectivity of the conceptual idea from the objectivity , talks of threats to acquired values : `` An ambiguous symbol meaning different things to different people . National security objectively means the absence of threats to acquired values and subjectively , the absence of fear that such values will be attacked . '' The 1996 definition propagated by the National Defence College of India accretes the elements of national power : `` National security is an appropriate and aggressive blend of political resilience and maturity , human resources , economic structure and capacity , technological competence , industrial base and availability of natural resources and finally the military might . ''   Harold Brown , U.S. Secretary of Defense from 1977 to 1981 in the Carter administration , enlarged the definition of national security by including elements such as economic and environmental security : National security then is the ability to preserve the nation 's physical integrity and territory ; to maintain its economic relations with the rest of the world on reasonable terms ; to preserve its nature , institution , and governance from disruption from outside ; and to control its borders.In 1990 , Harvard University history professor Charles Maier defined national security through the lens of national power : `` National security ... is best described as a capacity to control those domestic and foreign conditions that the public opinion of a given community believes necessary to enjoy its own self-determination or autonomy , prosperity and wellbeing . '' According to Prabhakaran Paleri , author of National Security , Imperatives and Challenges , national security may be defined as : The measurable state of the capability of a nation to overcome the multi-dimensional threats to the apparent well-being of its people and its survival as a nation-state at any given time , by balancing all instruments of state policy through governance , that can be indexed by computation , empirically or otherwise , and is extendable to global security by variables external to it .  A concise working definition by Premaratne that paraphrases the aspects of the definitions of Brown , Romm and Paleri defines national security as  Safeguarding the sovereignty , territorial integrity , citizenry and socioeconomic functionality of a nation from an aggressor intent on undermining a particular valued aspect of a nation through violent or unjust means

neg: Nationlab The Center for Hemispheric Defense studies ( CHDS ) conducts NationLab , a computer-assisted simulation exercise that engages senior policy makers and senior students at superior studies institutes throughout Latin America and the Caribbean . It consists of a series of complex exercises designed to develop organizational capabilities in defense and security . CHDS NationLab challenges players to re-examine existing processes , procedures and doctrine to identify possible improvements in defense and security capabilities . Exercise play is complemented by `` reference lectures '' by CHDS professors and host institution experts . CHDS NationLab places a heavy emphasis on collaborative analysis of intermediate products , utilizing standard methods for employing modeling and simulation as analytical tools . In implementing CHDS NationLab , CHDS has begun to move toward its goal of becoming a center for excellence in employing modeling and simulation tools to analyze and enhance defense and security policy in the Americas .   The objective of CHDS NationLab is to promote a rational , integrated approach to defense and security strategy and policies . It provides a self-learning experience designed to broaden the player 's perspective on national security strategy and policy within a national environment using fictitious but near-real-world scenarios . Players work in teams to devise , recommend and advocate solutions within constraints on their authority , time , and resources . Because the game is non-prescriptive in nature , it allows participants to discover potential changes in national security procedures and strategies within the context of their own national economic , social and political environments .   CHDS has refocused NationLab to challenge players in partner nations to re-examine existing processes , procedures and doctrine to identify possible improvements in defense and security capabilities . Exercise play is complemented by `` reference lectures '' by CHDS professors with the goal of advancing the national state of the art with respect to national security strategy planning . There are three modules of CHDS NationLab , each with slightly different approaches to the same objective .  PolicyLab generates feasible and affordable solutions for defense and security challenges by using a crisis management scenario . Simulation teams divide into `` virtual ministries '' charged with dealing with both the short and long-term implications of a given crisis scenario within the context of `` virtual cabinet '' meetings . PolicyLab initiates using current host nation policy formation techniques and exercises identification and validation of national agencies ' contributions to national security . While generally conducted at superior studies institutes , PolicyLab is also relevant to senior members of the national defense , security , government and justice , foreign relations , and interior ministries , with participation from other ministries and cabinet agencies as appropriate for the national scenario .  StrategyLab enhances the capabilities of the host nation 's defense forces to meet the evolving requirements of the 21st century , including international peacekeeping , stabilization , and counter-terrorism . StrategyLab initiates with a scenario challenging current host nation policy formation techniques , augmented in stages with the principles of adaptive defense design . It exercises problem framing , threat analysis , defense planning , and the interagency process . Its learning outcomes highlight changes necessary to the national security strategy planning process in the context of operations with multi-agency and/or multinational forces . Like PolicyLab , it is generally conducted at superior studies institutes , but StrategyLab is also valuable for senior members of the national defense , security , foreign relations , and interior ministries , with participation from other ministries and cabinet agencies as appropriate for the scenario .  RegionLab builds on current annual exercise conducted at the Inter-American Defense College to encourage inter-agency and multilateral cooperation on defense and security issues . It employs strategic dialogue to exercise crisis management , interagency and international collaboration and disaster response capabilities with an international security focus . Its learning outcomes include ways to validate Confidence and Security Building Measures and other ways of inter-agency and international collaboration . In addition to the IADC , its clients will be the strategic studies institutes of the region . The institutes can create multilateral participation using exchange students and professors or small teams traveling from neighboring countries .   In October 2006 , the NationLab seminar was transferred from the U.S. Southern Command , Miami , Florida , for oversight to the Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies ( CHDS ) , a regional center of the United States National Defense University in Washington , DC . The original authors of this programs were Dr. Loren Cobb and Dr. M.A. Gonzalez .   As of mid-2008 , over 4000 people have participated in some form of NationLab strategic seminar . NationLab alumni have gone on to become ambassadors , ministers , central bankers , generals and admirals , national police commanders , prosecutors , economic and political advisors , and corporation presidents .   Category : Educational programs  Category : Military exercises and wargames


query: Joey Graceffa is a person.

pos: Joey Graceffa Joseph Michael `` Joey '' Graceffa ( -LSB- grəˈsɛfə -RSB- born May 16 , 1991 ) is an American YouTube personality , actor , author , producer , and singer . He has two active YouTube channels , both of which are named after him . One of them is for vlogging and the other is used for video gaming content . They both have a combined total of more than 1.6 billion views . His other YouTube channel , which he no longer uses , called WinterSpringPro , has 60 million views ( as of May 2017 ) . He was a contestant on 22nd and 24th seasons of The Amazing Race and has appeared in short films ( as web films ) and short web television series on YouTube and its subscription-only service YouTube Red .

neg: Jeonju International Film Festival Launched in 2000 , Jeonju International Film Festival ( JIFF , Korean : 전주국제영화제 , Hanja : 全州國際映畵祭 ) is one of the Asian film festivals .   In the first edition of JIFF , debut films of Darren ARONOFSKY , Fernando MEIRELLES , and Alejandro González IÑÁRRITU were introduced to South Korea . For the first time in Asia , Jiff highlighted early works of Béla TARR , Ulrich SEIDL , Laurent CANTET as well . The winners of Jeonju IFF 's International Competition Section include Matias PIÑEIRO , YING Liang , Denis CÔTÉ , Apichatpong WEERASETHAKUL , SUWA Nobuhiro , John AKOMFRAH and MIIKE Takashi .   Another point of Jeonju is that it produces movies as well . Directors that once invited to Jeonju IFF , were later invited again to Jeonju Digital Project ( JDP ) which is a set of three digital shorts . JDP granted financial support to masters for their short films and world-premiered those pieces in Jeonju . The former directors ran JDP include ZHANG Yuan , JIA Zhang Ke , TSAI Ming Liang , SUWA Nobuhiro , Shinji AOYAMA , BONG Joon-Ho , Apichatpong WEERASETHAKUL , Shinya TSUKAMOTO , Darezhan OMIRVAEV , Pedro COSTA , Mahamat-saleh HAROUN , HONG Sang-soo , Lav DIAZ , Denis CÔTÉ , Jean-Marie STRAUB , Claire DENIS , José Luis GUERIN , YING Liang , Edwin , ZHANG Lu , KOBAYASHI Masahiro .   Celebrating its 15th edition , JDP has boosted scale up to Feature-length with GYÖRGY Pálfi ( Hungary ) , PARK Jung bum/SHIN Yeon-shick ( Republic of Korea . )   One of the other characteristics of JIFF is its experimental section called Expanded Cinema ( formerly called Stranger than Cinema . ) Expanded Cinema is possibly the best experimental film section in Asia that world-premieres new project of directors such as Peter KUBELKA , Peter TSCHERKASSKY , Harun FAROCKI , Artavazd PELESHIAN , James BENNING , Alexander KLUGE , Pere PORTABEELA , Raya MARTIN , Romuald KARMAKAR , and Jon JOST .

neg: Ian Schaffa Ian James Schaffa ( born as Ian James Schaffer on 23 January 1978 ) is an Australian professional mixed martial artist , kickboxer and boxer . He has fought for XFC , K-1 , S-Cup , World Victory Road , and Shooto promotions . Schaffa is most notable for his intense bout with UFC fighter Kid Yamamoto and holds a notable K-1 kickboxing KO win over Japanese superstar Genki Sudo and Japanese kickboxing champion Keiji Ozaki .

neg: Grace (food company) Grace is the brand name of GraceKennedy Limited , a manufacturer of Caribbean cuisine and Jamaican cuisine food products . It was established in 1922 . It also licenses some products for manufacture and sale in foreign countries such as Canada and Great Britain .   Grace manufactures :  Beverages including juices and drinks made from Caribbean fruits , vegetable blends and concentrates .  Canned meats and fish  Chips  Coconut products  Dairy products  Jams and jellies  Protein Drinks  Ready mixes including traditional Caribbean `` favorites ''  Rice combos  Sauces and condiments  Spices and seasonings  Soups  Teas  Veggie meals

neg: Joe Johnson (cartoonist) Joe Johnson was an American gay cartoonist , whose Miss Thing and Big Dick were among the first ongoing gay comics characters , appearing in the late 1960s and early 1970s . The characters were featured in single-panel humor cartoons originally published in The Advocate .   Miss Thing is an unflappable , stereotypically effeminate gay `` queen '' ; the name was a popular expression in gay male subculture for such a person . He has a willowy physique and a pompadour hairstyle , and wears floral prints , bell-bottoms , and flamboyant blouses . Big Dick is an outgoing , stereotypically macho gay man . He has a highly muscular physique and an exaggeratedly large penis , and wears a baseball cap , jeans , and a leather jacket and boots , in the mold of a Tom of Finland character . Both characters are sexually adventurous , and the cartoons are blatantly sexual with frequent nudity , but not sexually explicit . The characters usually appear separately in cartoons under their respective names , but sometimes meet .   Johnson published a collection of Miss Thing and Big Dick cartoons through Funny Bone Press in 1973 as : ... and so , this is YOUR life , Miss Thing ( the title being a reference to the then-recent popular television program This Is Your Life ) , with an introduction by Larry Townsend . Some of Johnson 's cartoons were also reprinted in volumes of Meatmen in the 1980s , as well as in historical overviews such as No Straight Lines published by Fantagraphics in 2012 . Johnson also produced explicit erotic illustrations for sale .   Cartoonist Donelan was inspired by Johnson 's work to begin his series `` It 's a Gay Life '' , which appeared in The Advocate after `` Miss Thing '' and `` Big Dick '' ended . Howard Cruse cited Johnson 's `` brazenly gay '' cartooning as an inspiration .

neg: Joey Jeremiah Joseph `` Joey '' Jeremiah is a fictional character from the Degrassi series portrayed by Pat Mastroianni . His first appearance in the series was as a grade 8 student on Degrassi Junior High . Since his first appearance up to Degrassi High , he has been the main focus character and arguably the most popular among the viewers . On Degrassi : The Next Generation , he is a recurring character .

neg: Joey King Joey Lynn King ( born July 30 , 1999 ) is an American actress . She is known for her starring role as Ramona Quimby in Ramona and Beezus , the 2010 adaptation of Beverly Cleary 's book series with the same title . She has also appeared in the films Oz the Great and Powerful , The Conjuring and White House Down .

neg: Joey Dunlop William Joseph Dunlop , OBE ( 25 February 1952 -- 2 July 2000 ) , was a world champion motorcyclist from Ballymoney in Northern Ireland . In 2016 , he was voted the 2nd greatest motorcycling icon ever , one behind Valentino Rossi by Motorcycle News . His achievements include three hat-tricks at the Isle of Man TT meeting ( 1985 , 1988 and 2000 ) , where he won a record 26 races in total . Joey Dunlop 's name is amongst the most revered by fans of motorcycle racing . This iconic stature , coupled to Dunlop 's somewhat shy and unassuming persona , has led to him being seen as a true working class hero . Such attributes deeply endeared him to fans of motorcycling across the world . During his career he won the Ulster Grand Prix 24 times . In 1986 , he won a fifth consecutive TT Formula One world title .   He was awarded the MBE in 1986 for his services to the sport , and in 1996 he was awarded the OBE for his humanitarian work for children in Romanian orphanages , to which he had delivered clothing and food . Joey - The Man Who Conquered the TT , a documentary entirely focussed on Joey 's racing career , was released in 2013 . Another documentary , Road , based on the life of Joey Dunlop and his brothers , was released in the UK and Ireland on 11 June 2014 .

neg: Joey Accaoui Joey Accaoui ( born July 12 , 1989 ) is a Lebanese-American professional basketball player who plays for Club Sagesse of the Lebanese Basketball League . He played his collegiate basketball at the University of Vermont .

neg: The Nail: The Story of Joey Nardone The Nail : The Story of Joey Nardone is a 2009 drama film . The film was directed by James Quattrochi and stars Tony Luke , Jr. , Tony Danza , and William Forsythe .

neg: Joey Montana Edgardo Antonio Miranda Beiro ( born May 3 , 1982 ) , known artistically as Joey Montana , is a Panamanian reggaeton singer . He is known for the songs `` La Melodia '' , `` Tus Ojos No Me Ven '' , `` Hola '' and `` Picky '' .

neg: Joey Forman Joey Forman ( November 18 , 1929 -- December 9 , 1982 ) was an American comedian and comic actor .

neg: Joe Glaser Joseph G. `` Joe '' Glaser ( December 17 , 1896 -- June 6 , 1969 ) was an artist manager famous for his involvement in the careers of Jazz musicians , including Louis Armstrong and Billie Holiday .   Glaser was the son of a Chicago family of Russian Jewish origins . After a series of irregular jobs ( fight promoter , club manager ) , with the help of his alleged mob connections he started managing Louis Armstrong in May 1935 . The success of their association caused other jazz musicians to join Glaser and his agency known as the Associated Booking Corporation which `` was formed in 1940 by Joe Glaser and Louis Armstrong '' .   Although his clients had a high opinion of him , Glaser was a feared person in the business industry . Associated Booking Corporation or `` ABC '' as it is also known as , has at various times represented Duke Ellington , Benny Goodman , Lionel Hampton , Woody Herman , Dave Brubeck , Barbra Streisand , B.B. King , The Allman Brothers Band , T. Rex , and many others .   Joseph ` Joe ' G. Glaser died on June 6 , 1969 at Mount Sinai Beth Israel Hospital in New York City , New York after suffering a stroke . He was 72 .   His agency - Associated Booking Corporation - was incorporated on June 26 , 1943 and is still in existence today .   After his death in 1969 , Joe Glaser 's FBI File - CR 166-1672 - was shipped over to the H.R. Select Committee On Assassinations sometime in 1976-1979 . While the file was sent to the committee in the belief that Glaser had known Jack ` Sparky ' Rubenstein , better known as Jack Ruby , from his Chicago , Illinois days , that file revealed that Glaser was still doing some boxing promotion as late as 1966 , representing Ernie Terrell in his 1966 boxing match against the then Cassius Clay .

neg: Talk to Me (Joey McIntyre album) Talk to Me is the fifth solo album by Joey McIntyre , a member of New Kids on the Block . These are smooth , contemporary renditions of classic songs previously recorded by Frank Sinatra and other great singers . From December 19 , 2006 , to February 11 , 2007 , McIntyre went on the 38 city smash hit tour , Dancing with the Stars - The Tour performing `` Come Dance With Me '' with dancers and `` The Way You Look Tonight '' with the band . During the eight weeks tour , the album sold 10,000 copies .

neg: Joey Archer Joey Archer , ( born February 11 , 1938 in New York City , New York ) is a retired American boxer . Archer defeated Sugar Ray Robinson in Robinson 's final fight in 1965 ( by unanimous decision ) , and fought Hall of Fame boxers such as Emile Griffith and Dick Tiger .

neg: Jamie Grace Jamie Grace Harper ( born November 25 , 1991 ) is an American contemporary Christian musician , singer , rapper , and songwriter from Atlanta , Georgia . In 2010 , TobyMac found her songs on YouTube and signed her to his label Gotee Records for two albums . She released the song `` Hold Me '' in 2011 which landed her a nomination at the 2012 Grammys and won the 2012 Dove Award for New Artist of the Year .

neg: Joey Saldana Joey Saldana ( born March 14 , 1972 ) , known as the `` Brownsburg Bullet '' , is an American sprint car racing driver . He is the son of former sprint car and Indy car driver Joe Saldana .   Saldana began racing at the local Indiana tracks close to his home in the early 1990s . He then moved up to the All Star Circuit of Champions , where he won 18 races in 1995 . He ran occasionally with the World of Outlaws winning his first race with the series in 1995 and then began touring full-time with the series in 1996 . He finished third in points in 2003 and 2006 and second in 2007 . He won 20 races ( one of only four racers to do so in a season ) in 2009 on his way to third in points for Kasey Kahne 's race team . He finished fourth in points in 2010 with 13 wins driving for the same team . He was contending for the 2011 title when he broke his arm , ribs and punctured a lung at the King 's Royal race in July which caused him to be out for nine weeks .   He parted ways with Kasey Kahne Racing at the end of the 2012 season and teamed up with Dan and Ruth Motter of the famed yellow Motter Motorsports Sprint Car Team from 2013 - 2015 . The Motter family due to lack of sponsorship scaled back their racing schedule leaving Joey looking for a ride the following year . Joey took the checkered flag for 11 WoO races and 1 All Star race , and a series best 48 Top - Qualifier awards in his three years in the seat of the Motter Motorsports entry from 2013 - 2015 .   Joey moved back to a previous seat ( 1996 , 2001 ) for the 2016 season in the Roth Motorsports # 83 team owned by Dennis and Teresa Roth .  Even with numerous crew changes , Joey was able to pilot the famed maroon colored Roth # 83 to 5 WoO wins and 62 Top 10 finishes .   For 2017 Joey has joined forces with Stenhouse Jr/Wood Racing . This team is made up of Matt Wood Racing and Ricky Stenhouse Jr. . https://www.facebook.com/SJWRacing/   Joey has finished second in the Knoxville Nationals three times . Joey has won prestigious events such as the Devil 's Bowl Speedway Winter and Summer Nationals , Silver Dollar Speedway 's Gold Cup , Eldora Speedway 's 4 Crown Sprint Nationals , and I-55 Speedway 's inaugural Iron Man 55 which is the longest race on the season . His father Joe Saldana won the esteemed Knoxville Nationals race in 1970 . Joey has distinguished himself as one of the greatest sprint car drivers of his generation .   During the mid-late 1990 's , Saldana also raced in Australia in the World Series Sprintcars , racing for popular South Australian based former driver Bill Barrows . Racing the Barrows owned OTR ( for Oval Track Racing , an Australian designed and built chassis ) , Joey finished second in the 1995/96 World Series Sprintcars behind multiple Australian Sprintcar Champion Brooke Tatnell .   He is married to Shannon , and has two sons : Reece & Ragan .

neg: Joe Dallas Joe Dallas ( born 1954 ) is a prominent figure in the ex-gay movement and an advocate of reparative therapy from a Christian perspective .

neg: Joey Henderson Joseph James `` Joey '' Henderson is a fictional character on the New Zealand soap opera Shortland Street who was portrayed by Johnny Barker from mid-2007 to early 2008 .   Arriving in June 2007 as an eager yet awkward newbie nurse , Joey was a potential love interest for Claire Solomon ( Emily Robins ) . However Claire ended up murdered by an unknown assailant and for the next 6 months , Shortland Street underwent its largest and most dramatic whodunit storyline in its history . After 5 characters were killed off at the hands of a serial killer dubbed ; `` The Ferndale Strangler '' , Joey was finally unveiled as the murderer in a dramatic season cliffhanger that saw Joey attempt to murder fan favourite - Tania Jeffries ( Faye Smythe ) . The 2008 season donned the title of `` The Killer Season '' and the Joey storyline finished in three dramatic episodes airing in early March 2008 . Since then Joey has appeared in two flashbacks .   The Ferndale Strangler storyline was hugely praised , with both critics and audiences tuning in to witness the dramatic 9 months that unfolded . Barker was nominated for several awards for his portrayal and the character 's death was singled out in a bid for suicide prevention . The Ferndale Strangler storyline has since gone down as one of the most iconic moments of the show .

neg: The One with the Girl Who Hits Joey `` The One with the Girl Who Hits Joey '' is the fifteenth episode of Friends fifth season , and the 112th overall . It first aired on the NBC network in the United States on February 18 , 1999 .


query: Leonardo da Vinci only made discoveries in geology.

pos: Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci ( -LSB- leoˈnardo di ˌsɛr ˈpjɛːro da ( v ) ˈvintʃi -RSB- ; 15 April 14522 May 1519 ) , more commonly Leonardo da Vinci or simply Leonardo , was an Italian polymath whose areas of interest included invention , painting , sculpting , architecture , science , music , mathematics , engineering , literature , anatomy , geology , astronomy , botany , writing , history , and cartography . He has been variously called the father of palaeontology , ichnology , and architecture , and is widely considered one of the greatest painters of all time . Sometimes credited with the inventions of the parachute , helicopter and tank , he epitomised the Renaissance humanist ideal .   Many historians and scholars regard Leonardo as the prime exemplar of the `` Universal Genius '' or `` Renaissance Man '' , an individual of `` unquenchable curiosity '' and `` feverishly inventive imagination '' . According to art historian Helen Gardner , the scope and depth of his interests were without precedent in recorded history , and `` his mind and personality seem to us superhuman , while the man himself mysterious and remote '' . Marco Rosci notes that while there is much speculation regarding his life and personality , his view of the world was logical rather than mysterious , and that the empirical methods he employed were unorthodox for his time .   Born out of wedlock to a notary , Piero da Vinci , and a peasant woman , Caterina , in Vinci in the region of Florence , Leonardo was educated in the studio of the renowned Florentine painter Andrea del Verrocchio . Much of his earlier working life was spent in the service of Ludovico il Moro in Milan . He later worked in Rome , Bologna and Venice , and he spent his last years in France at the home awarded to him by Francis I of France .   Leonardo was , and is , renowned primarily as a painter . Among his works , the Mona Lisa is the most famous and most parodied portrait and The Last Supper the most reproduced religious painting of all time . Leonardo 's drawing of the Vitruvian Man is also regarded as a cultural icon , being reproduced on items as varied as the euro coin , textbooks , and T-shirts . Perhaps fifteen of his paintings have survived.There are 15 significant artworks which are ascribed , either in whole or in large part , to Leonardo by most art historians . This number is made up principally of paintings on panel but includes a mural , a large drawing on paper and two works which are in the early stages of preparation . There are a number of other works that have also been variously attributed to Leonardo . Nevertheless , these few works , together with his notebooks , which contain drawings , scientific diagrams , and his thoughts on the nature of painting , compose a contribution to later generations of artists rivalled only by that of his contemporary , Michelangelo .   Leonardo is revered for his technological ingenuity . He conceptualised flying machines , a type of armoured fighting vehicle , concentrated solar power , an adding machine , and the double hull . Relatively few of his designs were constructed or even feasible during his lifetime , as the modern scientific approaches to metallurgy and engineering were only in their infancy during the Renaissance . Some of his smaller inventions , however , such as an automated bobbin winder and a machine for testing the tensile strength of wire , entered the world of manufacturing unheralded . A number of Leonardo 's most practical inventions are nowadays displayed as working models at the Museum of Vinci . He made substantial discoveries in anatomy , civil engineering , geology , optics , and hydrodynamics , but he did not publish his findings and they had no direct influence on later science .   Today , Leonardo is widely considered one of the most diversely talented individuals ever to have lived .

neg: Royal Library of Turin The Royal Library of Turin ( Biblioteca Reale di Torino ) is located under the porticoes on the ground floor of the Royal Palace ( today a World Heritage Site ) in the north-west Italian city of Turin . At the time of the library 's foundation around 1840 , Turin was the capital of the Kingdom of Sardinia and the library was fitted out by Pelagio Palagi on the initiative of the King of Sardinia Carlo Alberto in order to hold the rare manuscripts that had been collected by the House of Savoy for many years . The king also increased the collection by 2000 drawings by famous artists , including Leonardo da Vinci . In 1893 , during the reign of Umberto I of Savoy as King of Italy , the collection of Leonardo da Vinci drawings was added to by a Russian collector who donated Codex on the Flight of Birds . Further works by Leonardo held by the library include his well-known self-portrait , his study for the angel in the first version of his Virgin of the Rocks , and his study for the angel in Verrocchio 's The Baptism of Christ .

neg: Geological Curators' Group The Geological Curators ' Group ( GCG ) is a United Kingdom based registered charity and a membership organisation . GCG 's aims are , `` to advance the education of the public in geology in particular by improving the standard of geological curation and by improving displays and information in public museums and other institutions . '' It is recognised by the Arts Council as one of 40 organisations in the Subject Specialist Network Programme that support , `` the development of knowledge and expertise associated with specialist collections and their contribution to public engagement , education and enjoyment '' . The GCG is affiliated to the Geological Society of London as a specialist group , and it shares a Memorandum of Understanding with the Natural Sciences Collections Association ( NatSCA ) and the Society for the Preservation of Natural History Collections .

neg: Giotto Giotto di Bondone ( 1266/7 -- January 8 , 1337 ) , known mononymously as Giotto ( -LSB- ˈdʒɔtto -RSB- ) and Latinized as Giottus , was an Italian painter and architect from Florence in the late Middle Ages . He is generally considered the first in a line of great artists who contributed to the Renaissance .   Giotto 's contemporary , the banker and chronicler Giovanni Villani , wrote that Giotto was `` the most sovereign master of painting in his time , who drew all his figures and their postures according to nature '' and also of his publicly recognized `` talent and excellence '' . ''

neg: Leonardo da Vinci International Art Award The Leonardo da Vinci Award was established in 1975 by the Rotary Club of Florence as an annual international prize named after Leonardo da Vinci , to be presented to young people involved in the study of the sciences , technology , literature and the arts . Among the disciplines recognised and rewarded so far have been painting , sculpture , music , geology , architecture , medicine and nuclear physics . The 21st Leonardo da Vinci Prize was recently presented to the brilliant young pianist Johan Schmidt . The prize giving event has been hosted by other European Rotary Clubs in cities such as Tours , Vienna , Athens , Madrid , Würzburg , Brussels and Amsterdam . This event was last held in London in 1987 , when the prize was awarded to the internationally recognised percussionist Evelyn Glennie . In 1996 1/2 the Rotary Club of London will again be responsible for hosting the prize-giving ceremony .

neg: Organic geochemistry Organic geochemistry is the study of the impacts and processes that organisms have had on the Earth . The study of organic geochemistry is usually traced to the work of Alfred E. Treibs , `` the father of organic geochemistry . '' Treibs first isolated metalloporphyrins from petroleum . This discovery established the biological origin of petroleum , which was previously poorly understood . Metalloporphyrins in general are highly stable organic compounds , and the detailed structures of the extracted derivatives made clear that they originated from chlorophyll .   The relationship between the occurrence of organic compounds in sedimentary deposits and petroleum deposits has long been of interest . Studies of ancient sediments and rock provide insights into the origins and sources of oil petroleum geochemistry and the biochemical antecedents of life .   Modern organic geochemistry includes studies of recent sediments to understand the carbon cycle , climate change , and ocean processes .

neg: Lode In geology , a lode is a deposit of metalliferous ore that fills or is embedded in a fissure ( or crack ) in a rock formation or a vein of ore that is deposited or embedded between layers of rock .  The current meaning ( ore vein ) dates from the 17th century , being an expansion of an earlier sense of a `` channel , watercourse '' in late Middle English , which in turn is from the 11th-century meaning of lode as a ` course , way ' .   The generally accepted hydrothermal model of lode deposition posits that metals dissolved in hydrothermal solutions ( hot spring fluids ) deposit the gold or other metallic minerals inside the fissures in the pre-existing rocks . Lode deposits are distinguished primarily from placer deposits , where the ore has been eroded out from its original depositional environment and redeposited by sedimentary forces . A third process for ore deposition is as an evaporite .   A stringer lode is one in which the rock is so permeated by small veinlets that rather than mining the veins , the entire mass of ore and the enveined country rock is mined . It is so named because of the irregular branching of the veins into many anastomosing stringers , so that the ore is not separable from the country rock .   One of largest silver lodes was the Comstock Lode in Nevada , although it is overshadowed by the more recently discovered Cannington Lode in Queensland , Australia . The largest gold lode in the United States was the Homestake Lode . The Broken Hill Lode in South Australia is the largest lead-zinc lode ever discovered .

neg: Cave of Altamira The Cave of Altamira ( Cueva de Altamira -LSB- ˈku̯e.βa ðe al.ta.ˈmi.ɾa -RSB- ) located near the historic town Santillana del Mar in Cantabria , Spain , is renowned for its numerous parietal cave paintings featuring charcoal drawings and polychrome paintings of contemporary local fauna and human hands , created between 18,500 and 14,000 years ago during the Upper Paleolithic by Paleo human settlers . The earliest paintings in the cave were executed around 35,600 years ago .   Altamira was the first European cave for which prehistoric origin of the paintings was suggested and promoted by Marcelino Sanz de Sautuola . He published his research with the support of Juan Vilanova y Piera in 1880 to public acclaim . Nonetheless a bitter public controversy among experts ensued and continued until 1902 , as reports of similar findings of prehistoric paintings in the region had accumulated and evidence could no longer be rejected .   Altamira is located in the Franco-Cantabrian region and declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO as the central element of the Cave of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain .

neg: Forensic geology Forensic geology is the study of evidence relating to minerals , oil , petroleum , and other materials found in the Earth , used to answer questions raised by the legal system .   In 1975 , Ray Murray and fellow Rutgers University professor John Tedrow published Forensic Geology .   More recently , in 2008 , Alastair Ruffell and Jennifer McKinley , both of Queen 's University Belfast , UK , published Geoforensics a book that focuses more on the use of geomorphology and geophysics for searches . In 2012 , Elisa Bergslien , at SUNY Buffalo State , published a general textbook on the topic , An Introduction to Forensic Geoscience .

neg: Lost City of Z The Lost City of Z is the name given by Col. Percy Harrison Fawcett , a British surveyor , to an indigenous city that he believed had existed in the jungle of the Mato Grosso region of Brazil . Based on early histories of South America and his own explorations of the River Amazon region , Fawcett theorized that a complex civilization once existed in the Amazon region and that isolated ruins may have survived .   Fawcett found a document known as Manuscript 512 ( links to non-English page ) , held at the National Library of Rio de Janeiro , believed to be written by Portuguese bandeirante João da Silva Guimarães . Da Silva wrote that during 1753 , he had discovered the ruins of an ancient city that contained arches , a statue , and a temple with hieroglyphics . He described the city ruins in great detail without giving its location . Manuscript 512 was written after explorations made in the sertão of the province of Bahia ( see Fawcett 's own book Exploration Fawcett ) . Fawcett intended to pursue finding this city as a secondary goal after `` Z '' .   He was preparing an expedition to find `` Z '' when World War I broke out and the British government suspended support . During 1920 Fawcett undertook a personal expedition to find the city , but withdrew after suffering from fever and having to shoot his pack animal . During a second 1925 expedition , Fawcett , his son Jack , and Raleigh Rimell disappeared in the Mato Grosso jungle .   David Grann wrote a 2005 article , `` The Lost City of Z '' , on Fawcett 's expeditions and findings , published in New Yorker . He expanded and developed it into a full-length book of the same title , published in 2009 . That work was adapted as a movie of the same name and released in April 2017 .

neg: Leonardo Vinci Leonardo Vinci ( 1690 -- 27 May 1730 ) was an Italian composer , best known for his operas .

neg: Diapir A diapir ( -LSB- ˈdaɪ.əpɪər -RSB- French , from Greek diapeirein , to pierce through ) is a type of geologic intrusion in which a more mobile and ductily deformable material is forced into brittle overlying rocks . Depending on the tectonic environment , diapirs can range from idealized mushroom-shaped Rayleigh -- Taylor-instability-type structures in regions with low tectonic stress such as in the Gulf of Mexico to narrow dikes of material that move along tectonically induced fractures in surrounding rock . The term was introduced by the Romanian geologist Ludovic Mrazek , who was the first to understand the principle of salt intrusion and plasticity . The term `` diapir '' may be applied to igneous structures , but it is more commonly applied to non-igneous , relatively cold materials , such as salt domes and mud diapirs .   In addition to Earth-based observations , diapirism is thought to occur on Neptune 's moon Triton , Jupiter 's moon Europa , Saturn 's moon Enceladus , and Uranus 's moon Miranda .   Diapirs commonly intrude vertically upward along fractures or zones of structural weakness through denser overlying rocks because of density contrast between a less dense , lower rock mass and overlying denser rocks . The density contrast manifests as a force of buoyancy . The process is known as diapirism . The resulting structures are also referred to as piercement structures .   In the process , segments of the existing strata can be disconnected and pushed upwards . While moving higher , they retain much of their original properties such as pressure , which can be significantly different from that of the shallower strata they get pushed into . Such overpressured Floaters pose a significant risk when trying to drill through them . There is an analogy to a Galilean thermometer .   Rock types such as evaporitic salt deposits , and gas charged muds are potential sources of diapirs . Diapirs also form in the earth 's mantle when a sufficient mass of hot , less dense magma assembles . Diapirism in the mantle is thought to be associated with the development of large igneous provinces and some mantle plumes .   Explosive , hot volatile rich magma or volcanic eruptions are referred to generally as diatremes . Diatremes are not usually associated with diapirs , as they are small-volume magmas which ascend by volatile plumes , not by density contrast with the surrounding mantle .

neg: The Romance of Leonardo da Vinci The Romance of Leonardo da Vinci ( Воскресшие боги . Леонардо да Винчи , Resurrected Gods . Leonardo da Vinci , in literal translation ) is the second novel by Dmitry Merezhkovsky , first published in 1900 by Mir Bozhy magazine , then released as a separate edition 1901 . The novel constitutes the second part of the Christ and Antichrist trilogy ( 1895-1907 ) , started by the writer 's debut novel The Death of the Gods .

neg: Early world maps The earliest known world maps date to classical antiquity , the oldest examples of the 6th to 5th centuries BCE still based on the flat Earth paradigm .  World maps assuming a spherical Earth first appear in the Hellenistic period .  The developments of Greek geography during this time , notably by Eratosthenes and Posidonius culminated in the Roman era , with Ptolemy 's world map ( 2nd century CE ) , which would remain authoritative throughout the Middle Ages .   Since Ptolemy , knowledge of the approximate size of the globe allowed cartographers to estimate the extent of their geographical knowledge , and to indicate parts of the globe known to exist but not yet explored as terra incognita .  With the Age of Discovery , during the 15th to 18th centuries , world maps became increasingly accurate ; exploration of Antarctica and the interior of Africa was left to the 19th and early 20th century .

neg: Vulci Vulci or Volci was a rich and important Etruscan city ( in Etruscan , Velch or Velx , depending on the romanization used ) .   As George Dennis wrote : `` Vulci is a city whose very name ... . was scarcely remembered , but which now , for the enormous treasures of antiquity it has yielded , is exalted above every other city of the ancient world . . ''   Many impressive remains of the city can be seen today .   Vulci was located near the coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea about 80 km northwest of Rome , on the Fiora River , between Montalto di Castro and Canino .   The Vulci , like other Etruscans , became master sculptors in bronze as acknowledged by ancient writers . Although most large bronzes have been lost , there remain some magnificent examples of Etruscan bronze work such as the Chimera of Arezzo and the Monteleone chariot , possibly made in Vulci .   In the 19th century thousands of the ancient tombs of Vulci were discovered , and many were so well-known and spectacular , such as the Tomb of the Sun and Moon , that they were included on the Grand Tour of Europe . From these tombs more Attic vases have been found in the Vulci tombs than at any other ancient site ( at least by the 1850s ) and many of these masterpieces as well as Etruscan bronzes have found their way into the major museums of the world where they can be seen today .   Despite these discoveries most of these tombs were later forgotten and lost .

neg: Northern North Sea basin The North Sea is part of the Atlantic Ocean in northern Europe . It is located between Norway and Denmark in the east , Scotland and England in the west , Germany , the Netherlands , Belgium and France in the south .   The geology of the North Sea describes the geological features such as channels , trenches , and ridges today and the geological history , plate tectonics , geological events that created them .   A geological basin is a large low-lying area or depression . It is often below sea level . Depressions are typically formed by tectonic processes acting on the lithosphere , providing `` accommodation space '' for sediment to be preserved . Basins are formed in a variety of tectonic settings : extensional , compressional , strike-slip and intraplate .   Geological basins are one of the most common places which collect sediment . The type of rocks which form there tell about the palaeoclimate of the continent . The geology is of interest to oil prospectors , hydrologists and palaeontologists . Exploration in the North Sea was initiated in May 1964 when the first well was spudded and the area has now become one of the most prolific hydrocarbon provinces in the world . Total recoverable reserves found to date , including adjacent land areas , amount to over 100 billion barrels of oil and natural gas .   Geologically speaking , the North Sea is divided into four main basins : Northern , Moray Firth , Central , and Southern . Each has a long and complex geologic history with unique structural and stratigraphic developments driven by tectonic events over the last 400 Million years . The northern North Sea Paleorift system , including the Viking and Sogn graben , is an approximately 150-200 km wide zone of extended upper crust with preserved strata from pre-Triassic to Tertiary . It is bounded by the Shetland Platform to the west and the Norwegian mainland to the east .

neg: Geological formation A formation or geological formation is the fundamental unit of lithostratigraphy . A formation consists of a certain number of rock strata that have a comparable lithology , facies or other similar properties . Formations are not defined on the thickness of the rock strata they consist of and the thickness of different formations can therefore vary widely .   The concept of formally defined layers or strata is central to the geologic discipline of stratigraphy . Formations can be divided into members and are themselves frequently parcelled together in groups .

neg: Barton Beds Barton Beds ( now the Barton Group ) is the name given to a series of grey and brown clays , with layers of sand , of Upper Eocene age ( around 40 million years old ) , which are found in the Hampshire Basin of southern England . They are particularly well exposed in the cliffs at Barton-on-Sea , which is the world type locality for the Barton Beds , and lends its name to the Bartonian age of the Eocene epoch . The clay is abundant in fossils , especially molluscs .   The beds are found in the Hampshire Basin , and are well exposed in the cliffs of Barton , Hordle , and on the Isle of Wight . The cliffs at Barton are the world type locality for the Barton Beds . The beds consist of grey , greenish and brown clays with bands of sand and have long been well known for the abundance and excellent preservation of their fossils . More than 500 species have been recorded , of which , over half are molluscs , including numerous turret shells and lamellibranchs . Sharks teeth are common , and the beds have yielded remains of corals , fishes , mammals , reptiles , and birds . Plant fossils are also abundant . In the 1840s fossils were found in the `` crocodile bed '' at Hordle cliff , which belonged to an extinct species of alligator , which was subsequently named Diplocynodon hantoniensis , after the county of Hampshire ( Hantonia being a Latinization based on the Anglo-Saxon name Hantescire ) . Above the highly fossiliferous Barton Clay , there is a sandy series with few fossils ; these are the Headon Hill or Barton Sands . Today , the Barton Beds are rather poorly exposed in many sections due to coastal protection works .   The Barton Beds are of Upper Eocene age , and the area was covered with an inland sea , and the temperature was higher than at the present day . The term `` Bartonian '' was introduced by Karl Mayer-Eymar in 1857 for the continental equivalents of the series .

neg: Geology of South Wales South Wales is an area with many features of outstanding interest to geologists , who have for long used the area for University field trips .   This varied and accessible region has provided a written record of geological interest that dates to the 12th century , when Giraldus Cambrensis noted pyritous shales near Newport . Some of the first published representations of fossils were of fossil plants from coal measures near Neath ( Gibson late 17th century ) . The British geologists Adam Sedgwick and Roderick Murchison did fundamentally important work in South Wales on Old Red Sandstone and the underlying rocks . The first volume of memoirs ( 1846 ) published by the Geological Survey contained a conspectus of the geology of South Wales that set a template for all future work .   Significant discoveries continue to be made . For instance , in Carmarthenshire , in the late 70s , John Cope detected a small area of Precambrian and Cambrian rocks . Other parts of South Wales , however , have not seen a Geological Survey officer since the mid-19th century . The geology of south Wales was central to the massive contribution Wales made to the Industrial Revolution .   Several successive periods are represented , including all of the Palaeozoic periods . Pembrokeshire has outcrops of both Precambrian and Cambrian ( 542-488 million years ago ) rocks . A notable feature of the Ordovician system ( 488-444 million years old ) is a major subsidence area , or basin , which later filled with substantial thicknesses of mostly sandy and muddy sediment . The line of the shallower continental shelf area , to the south-east , ran approximately from the Long Mynd ( in Shropshire ) to Haverfordwest in Pembrokeshire . Some volcanic action also occurred . This thick sedimentary deposition continued into the Silurian period ( 444-416 million years old ) . Silurian volcanicity led to production of lavas at localised sites such as Skomer Island .   Silurian rocks are widely distributed in south Wales and are well displayed on the Cardiganshire coast . The Silurian and earlier rocks were folded , faulted , and distorted several times , notably during the late Ordovician , and late Silurian , by which time the area had begun to rise above sea level as mountain ranges were uplifted to the north-west . This was caused by the collision of a proto-North America ( `` Laurentia '' ) and the present southern Britain ( `` Eastern Avalonia '' ) . The intervening sea , the Iapetus Ocean , closed as a result of plate tectonic movements , similar to those that now close the Mediterranean Sea between Europe and Africa .   The succeeding Devonian period ( 416-359 million years ago ) saw mostly alluvial deposits ( `` Old Red Sandstone '' ) , which were interrupted by major uplift . Following this , the land subsided again in the Carboniferous period ( 359-299 million years ago ) . In the early Carboniferous period , limestones were deposited on a continental shelf , which deepened towards the south where there was a major sea area . During earth movements caused by the approach of a continent from the south , sea shallowing led to thick alluvial and coastal plain sediments ( see below ) containing economic developments of coal . Carboniferous Limestone outcrops occur in south Pembrokeshire , the Gower Peninsula , the Vale of Glamorgan and around the edge of the coalfield .   At the end of the Carboniferous , during Permian ( 299-251 my ago ) time , Wales is thought to have been a landmass . Only in late Triassic ( 251-200 my ago ) times did deposition return , with coarse-grained screes forming around a series of low but rugged hills . Continuing deposition led to the formation of the early Jurassic deposits of mudstones and muddy limestones ( the `` Lias '' ) . Deposits later than this are almost completely absent , although the Chalk sea probably covered most of Wales between 100 and 66 million years ago . Any such later deposits have been eroded away .   One of the geological rarities of south Wales is the coastline of St Brides Major at Ogmore-by-Sea and Southerndown . Its cliffs are composed partly of earliest Jurassic Sutton stone , a rare freestone that is a marginal or coastal deposit derived in part from erosion of carboniferous limestone . Sutton stone has always been highly regarded : as well as being used in construction throughout the Vale of Glamorgan , it was also shipped over the Bristol Channel to North Devon and North Cornwall , which are both deficient in limestone .   A major geological feature of the Upper Carboniferous rocks in south Wales is the south Wales coalfield . The rocks comprising this important area were laid down during the later Carboniferous . This sedimentary succession includes a sequence with a thickness of more than 1800 m in the west . The coal measures were laid down on a low-lying waterlogged plain with peat mires immediately south of an ancient and persistent geological feature known as the Wales-London-Brabant High . Burial converted the peat deposits to thinner coal seams . Later earth movements distorted the coal-bearing strata , and the difficulty of mining led to premature closure of many mines on economic grounds , especially in Pembrokeshire where seams were squeezed completely out of shape .

neg: University of Lucca The University of Lucca was an Italian university located in Lucca ( LU ) , Italy , established in 1785 by the government of the Republic of Lucca . The university disappearing for good in 1867 .  There had previously been several attempts in the medieval period to found a University of Lucca : On 6 June 1369 Emperor Charles IV granted Lucca a charter for the establishment of a Studium Generale , confirmed on 13 September 1387 by Pope Urban VI . No university was actually founded , but again in 1455 Gonfalonier Giovanni Gigli tried to raise funds for a university , but once more it did not result in an actual institution .   In modern times there are three university colleges in Lucca : The Istituto Musicale ( founded in 1843 , whose students included Giacomo Puccini ) , IMT ( Institutions Markets Technologies , an Institute for Advanced Studies with a graduate school dedicated to doctoral and post doctoral education and research ) and the Campus Studi del Mediterraneo ( offering a Bachelor 's degree course in Tourism Science and Master 's degree course in Planning and Management of Mediterranean Tourism ) .

neg: Muisca art This article describes the art produced by the Muisca . The Muisca established one of the four grand civilisations of the pre-Columbian Americas on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense in present-day central Colombia . Their various forms of art have been described in detail and include pottery , textiles , body art , hieroglyphs and rock art . While their architecture was modest compared to the Inca , Aztec and Maya civilisations , the Muisca are best known for their skilled goldworking . The Museo del Oro in the Colombian capital Bogotá houses the biggest collection of golden objects in the world , from various Colombian cultures including the Muisca .   The first art in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes goes back several millennia . Although this predates the Muisca civilisation , whose onset is commonly set at 800 AD , nevertheless , some of these styles persevered through the ages .   During the preceramic era , the people of the highlands produced petrographs and petroglyphs representing their deities , the abundant flora and fauna of the area , abstract motives and anthropomorphic or anthropo-zoomorphic elements . The self-sufficient sedentary agricultural society developed into a culture based on ceramics and the extraction of salt in the Herrera Period , usually defined as 800 BC to 800 AD . During this time , the oldest existing form of constructed art was erected ; the archaeoastronomical site called El Infiernito ( `` The Little Hell '' ) by the catholic Spanish conquistadors . The Herrera Period also marked the widespread use of pottery and textiles and the start of what would become the main motive for the Spanish conquest ; the skilled fine goldworking . The golden age of Muisca metallurgy is represented in the Muisca raft , considered the masterpiece of this technology and depicts the initiation ritual of the new zipa of Bacatá , the southern part of the Muisca Confederation . This ceremony , performed by xeques ( priests ) and caciques wearing feathered golden crowns and accompanied by music and dance , took place on a raft in Lake Guatavita , in the northern part of the flat Bogotá savanna . Accounts of such ceremonies created the legend of El Dorado among the Spanish , leading them on a decade-long quest for this mythical place .   The rich art elaborated by the Muisca has inspired modern artists and designers in their creativity . Muisca motives are represented as murals , in clothing and as objects found all over the former Muisca territories as well as in animated clips and video games . The art of the indigenous inhabitants of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense is well studied by many different researchers who published their work right from the beginning of colonial times . The conquistador who made first contact with the Muisca , Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada , wrote in his memoires about a skilled and well-organised civilisation of traders and farmers . Friar Pedro Simón described the relation between art and the religion and later contributions in the analysis of the various artforms have been made by Alexander von Humboldt , Joaquín Acosta and Liborio Zerda in the 19th century , Miguel Triana , Eliécer Silva Celis and Sylvia M. Broadbent in the 20th century and modern research is dominated by the work of Carl Henrik Langebaek Rueda , Javier Ocampo López and many others .