query: Thomas DeSimone was Irish.

pos: Thomas DeSimone Thomas Anthony DeSimone ( May 24 , 1950 -- disappeared January 14 , 1979 ) , also known as Two-Gun Tommy or Tommy D , was a Sicilian-American gangster and associate of the Lucchese crime family in New York City . DeSimone was a grandson and nephew of Los Angeles mob bosses Rosario DeSimone and Frank DeSimone , respectively . He was married to Angelica `` Cookie '' Spione , but had many mistresses , including Theresa Ferrara .   In Martin Scorsese 's film Goodfellas , the character Tommy DeVito ( portrayed by Joe Pesci ) is based on DeSimone .

neg: Thomas St. Lawrence Thomas St. Lawrence , also called Thomas Howth ( c.1480-1553 ) was a leading statesman and judge in sixteenth-century Ireland . He held the offices of Attorney General for Ireland and judge of the Court of King 's Bench ( Ireland ) and was a member of the Privy Council of Ireland . He is remembered today mainly for his efforts to save the life of John Alen , Archbishop of Dublin , who was murdered during the Rebellion of Silken Thomas , and for his opposition to the Reformation which led to a bitter clash with the leading reformer John Bale , Bishop of Ossory . His family were Barons and later Earls of Howth , hence his alternative name Thomas Howth .

neg: Matthew O'Conor Matthew O'Conor Don ( Mathghamhain Ó Conchubhair Donn 1773 -- 1844 ) of Ballinagare , County Roscommon , Ireland was an Irish historian , the O'Conor Don and de jure King of Connacht .   O'Conor Don was the grandson of Charles O'Conor Don ( 1710-1791 ) the famed Irish antiquarian of the 18th century . His brother the Rev. Charles O'Conor ( 1767-1828 ) was likewise a historian . Matthew was educated for the priesthood in Rome , but changed his mind and became by profession a lawyer .   Matthew was highly regarded by fellow Irish scholars such as George Petrie and John O'Donovan . To the latter he gave unstinting aid during his field work in Roscommon for the Ordnance Survey ; O'Donovan held him in very high regard , not only because of his historical efforts and political work , but also because of his noble descent and status as a Prince of the Royal Family of Connacht . In this he was not alone ; during the Tithe War a large assembly of Roscommon Catholics unanimously elected him King of Connacht ( in his absence ) and sent word to him to meet them at Carnfree for the formal inauguration .   He wrote The History of Irish Catholics from the Settlement in 1691 , based on letters of his grandfather Charles O'Conor to Dr. John Curry .

neg: Irish Americans Irish Americans ( Gael-Mheiriceánaigh ) are an ethnic group comprising Americans who have full or partial ancestry from Ireland , especially those who identify with that ancestry , along with their cultural characteristics . About 33.3 million Americans -- 10.5 % of the total population -- reported Irish ancestry in the 2013 American Community Survey conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau . This compares with a population of 6.4 million on the island of Ireland . Three million people separately identified as Scots-Irish , whose ancestors were Ulster Scots who emigrated from Ireland to the United States .

neg: Thomas O'Donoghue Thomas O'Donoghue was an Irish Sinn Féin politician . He was elected unopposed as a Sinn Féin Teachta Dála ( TD ) to the 2nd Dáil at the 1921 elections for the Kerry -- Limerick West constituency . He opposed the Anglo-Irish Treaty and voted against it . He was re-elected unopposed as an anti-Treaty Sinn Féin TD to the 3rd Dáil at the 1922 general election though he did not take his seat . He was re-elected at the 1923 general election for the Kerry constituency and again did not take his seat . He did not stand at the June 1927 general election .

neg: Thomas Royse Thomas Henry Foorde Russell Buckworth Royse , MC was Archdeacon of Cloyne from 1951 until 1957 .   Royse was educated at Trinity College , Dublin and ordained in 1906 . After curacies at Kilbrogan and Cork he was a Chaplain to the Forces during World War One . He was the incumbent at Garrycloyne from 1919 ; and Chancellor of Saint Fin Barre 's Cathedral from 1947 .

neg: Thomas Tennison Thomas Tennison ( 1707 -- 27 March 1779 ) was an Irish politician and judge . He served as Prime Serjeant and as a judge of the Court of Common Pleas . He also sat in the Irish House of Commons as member for Dunleer .   He was born in Dillonstown , County Louth , son of Henry Tennison , Member of Parliament for Louth and grandson of Richard Tennison ( 1642-1705 ) , Bishop of Meath ; his mother was Anne Moore of County Fermanagh , who was a cousin of the Earl of Drogheda . His father was a wealthy landowner of scholarly tastes , who was part of the Dublin intellectual circle which revolved around Esther Johnson , the beloved Stella of Jonathan Swift ; Henry and Swift had been friends at Trinity College , Dublin . Henry died when his son was only two years old , and Anne had died the previous year . Thomas and his sister Mary were probably raised by relatives , most likely by their uncle Richard Tennison junior , MP for Dunleer , who founded the County Monaghan branch of the family .   He married the heiress Dorothy Upton , daughter of Thomas Upton , Member of Parliament for Antrim , and cousin of the first Baron Templetown , by his wife Sarah Rowley of Derry . They had one son , Richard , who predeceased his father by 20 years , leaving at least one daughter but no son , so Thomas 's estate passed at his death to his nephew Dixie Coddington , the son of his sister Mary , who married Nicholas Coddington .   He went to school in Dublin and matriculated from the University of Dublin in 1725 . He entered Middle Temple in 1726 and was called to the Irish Bar in 1728 . He acted as a Commissioner for Revenue appeals and became Prime Serjeant in 1759 . Two years later he was appointed to the Court of Common Pleas . He died in Dundalk in 1779 , while on assize .   He represented Dunleer in the Parliament of Ireland from 1728 to 1760 and from April to December 1761 . As a politician he was noted for a style of oratory which was `` warm , if not always clear '' ; in private life he was noted as a connoisseur of wine .

neg: John Browne (sheriff) John Browne ( died 1589 ) was an Irish cartographer and sheriff .   Browne appears to have been a member of the Anglo-Norman Browne family of Kilpatrick , County Westmeath . By his own account , he was `` the first Englishman ( Anglo-Irish ) that in the memory of man settled himself to dwell in the county of Mayo . ''   In August 1583 , while servant to Sir Christopher Hatton , he created town plans of Athenry and Galway , which he sent to Sir Francis Walsingham . That November , he was appointed the first Sheriff of County Mayo . He settled at The Neale , Ballinrobe , on lands thought to have been acquired from the Mac Meyler Bourkes . In the summer of 1584 , he prepared a map of Mayo , leaving out the barony of Costello and parts of Gallen and Clanmorris . This map was created at the request of Sir Richard Bingham , and was sent to Walsingham . He was again appointed Sheriff in 1587 .   Other maps by Browne included one of Connacht , which was completed by his nephew , John , in 1591 , and one of parts of County Monaghan .   Browne and his sub-Sheriff , Donnel O'Daly , were killed in an encounter with Risdeard mac Deamhain and Chorrain and Walter na mBuilleadh Burke at Burrishoole in February 1589 at the start of a major rebellion .   John Browne married Ann , daughter of Thomas Kardyff of Dunsink , County Dublin . From their only son , Josias Browne , descends Baron Kilmaine , Marquess of Sligo and a number of other Browne families in Mayo . They were known as Browne of the Neale , and distinct from the family of Browne - one of the Tribes of Galway - who also settled in Mayo and assumed the title Baron Oranmore and Browne . Other descendants included John Browne of the Neale ( 1638-1712 ? ) ; John Browne ( died 1762 ) and Henry Browne , Chief Justice of Jamaica .

neg: Thomas Davis (Rhode Island) Thomas Davis ( December 18 , 1806July 26 , 1895 ) was an Irish-American manufacturer , politician and abolitionist . He was a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives , and served in the Rhode Island State Senate and the Rhode Island House of Representatives .

neg: Thomas Grant (bishop) Thomas Grant ( 1816 -- 1870 ) was a Catholic bishop .   Born at Ligny-les-Aires , Arras , France , on 25 November 1816 , the son of Bernard Grant , an Irishman who enlisted in the British army , became sergeant , and finally purchased a commission . His mother , Ann MacGowan , was also Irish by birth . In January 1829 he was sent to Ushaw College , where he studied until 1836 , when he went to the English College at Rome . There he was ordained priest on 28 November 1841 , was created doctor of divinity and appointed as secretary to Cardinal Acton , a position in which he acquired a knowledge of canon law , and acquaintance with the method of conducting ecclesiastical affairs at Rome .   In October 1844 , at the early age of twenty-eight , he became rector of the English College , Rome , and was made agent for the English bishops . In this capacity he assisted William Bernard Ullathorne , who was then negotiating for the restoration of the English hierarchy . He also translated for Propaganda all English documents relating to the matter , and furnished the materials for the historical preface to the Decree of 1850 . A year later , he was appointed to the new Diocese of Southwark , and was consecrated bishop on 6 July 1851 . Though he came to England almost as a stranger , he soon won the confidence of Catholics and others . As the Government was shy of transacting business directly with Cardinal Wiseman , many negotiations were carried on by Dr. Grant , who was specially successful in obtaining from the Government the appointment of military and naval chaplains , as well as prison chaplains .   To the newly appointed hierarchy he was , as Bishop Ullathorne testified , most useful : `` His acuteness of learning , readiness of resource and knowledge of the forms of ecclesiastical business made him invaluable to our joint counsels at home , whether in synods or in our yearly episcopal meetings ; and his obligingness , his untiring spirit of work , and the expedition and accuracy with which he struck off documents in Latin , Italian , or English , naturally brought the greater part of such work on his shoulders . '' In the administration of his diocese he proved equal to the task of organization , which was necessary in an age of rapid expansion , while the remarkable sanctity of his private life led to his being generally regarded as a saint , and caused Pius IX , when he learned of his death , to exclaim `` Another saint in heaven ! '' The virtues of charity and humility in particular were practised by him in an heroic degree .   The last years of his life were spent in great suffering , caused by cancer , and when he set out to attend the First Vatican Council at Rome in 1870 , he knew that he would not return . He was appointed member of the Congregation for the Oriental Rites and the Apostolic Missions , but was too ill to take an active part in the proceedings . He died in Rome on 1 June 1870 . After death his body was brought back to England for burial .   Category :1816 births  Category :1870 deaths  Category : French emigrants to England  Category : Alumni of Ushaw College  Category : English College , Rome alumni  Category :19 th-century Roman Catholic bishops  Category : Rectors of the English College , Rome  Category : French people of Irish descent  Category : People from Arras

neg: Reginald of Bologna Reginald ( or Rayner ) of Bologna ( died 1256 ) was the Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of Ireland from 1247 until his death . He was highly praised by Humbert de Romans , Bernard Gui , Antonio Pierozzi , Leander Alberti , and Thomas Malvenda in his Annals .   Reginald was an early follower of Dominic of Osma and entered the Dominican Order at San Nicolò delle Vigne in Bologna , where he was thereafter lived in a Dominican confraternity . The name by which he is commonly known may indicate either that he was born in Bologna or merely reflects his conversion and occupation there . His teaching at the University of Bologna influenced Ramon de Penyafort to convert to mendicancy in 1222 . In 1221 he was one of twelve or thirteen friars sent to England by Dominic in one of his last acts . Their work was to be not only missional but also foundational : they were commissioned to found Dominican houses in the British Isles , under the superiority of Gilbert of Fresnay . Reginald held no official post in the Isles , rather he travelled them widely , covering most of England and setting foot in Ireland .   Reginald spent a few years in Britain before returning to Italy , where he entered the service of Pope Gregory IX as a penitentiary in Rome . It was he who received the news in Europe of the death of the Dominican master-general , Jordan of Saxony , off the coast of Palestine and brought it , with another Dominican papal penitentiary , Godfrey , to Paris and probably elsewhere in 1237 .   In 1247 Pope Innocent IV appointed Reginald Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of Ireland , perhaps on account of his knowledge of the English language , but also as a check on the power of Henry III of England over the Irish church . Two other Dominicans , David McKelly , Archbishop of Cashel , and Alan O'Sullivan , Bishop of Cloyne , already held posts in Ireland and may have influenced Innocent 's choice of Reginald to replace the abdicating Albert Suerbeer . Reginald could speak no Irish .   In 1252 Reginald paid his ad limina to Innocent IV , but was detained in Rome for a long period of time litigating on behalf of his diocese , which cases he eventually won . He never returned to Ireland . He died in Italy late in 1256 , probably at either Rome or Anagni . He may have been ill for some time .

neg: Lough Gowna Lough Gowna is a fresh water lake which is the uppermost lake on the River Erne . It is located on the border between County Longford and County Cavan , with the largest part of the lake being in County Longford .   Lough Gowna is a moraine-dammed lake formed at the end of the last glaciation , and owes its complex indented shape to the underlying drumlin landscape . This results in a large number of bays and inlets on the lake , often connected by narrow channels . The river Erne enters the system in a western direction into the easternmost part of the lake ( locally known as Derries Lough ) and exits northward through County Cavan . However , the damming caused by the moraines that gave rise to the lake result in large bodies of water to the north-west and south-west which form the bulk of the area of the lake . A number of other small rivers also flow into the lake . The county border runs through the north-western part of the lake , and then turns eastwards , with the western and southern parts of the lake being in Longford and the north-eastern parts being in Cavan .   The north-western and south-western portions of the lake are connected by a narrow channel at Dernaferst ( a townland on the western ( Longford ) shore of the lake , but which is in County Cavan ) . The northern and eastern shores of the lake are surrounded by peat bog , with areas of planted woodland along the southern shores of the lake in former demesnes in the townlands of Derrycassan and Culray . The lake is considered to be an important site for wintering wildfowl .   The lake contains one large island in the south-western part , Inchmore ( Inis Mór in Irish , meaning `` Big island '' ) , which was the site of a monastery founded in the sixth century by Saint Colmcille . The monastery was raided by the Vikings in 804 , being burned and looted . During the twelfth century , the abbey conformed to Augustinian rules and remained there until the dissolution of the monasteries by Henry VIII in 1543 . The site was still used as a graveyard by the local population until the early years of the twentieth century . The remains of the abbey are still to be seen on the island . A fifteenth-century tower bell , reputedly from the monastery , was recovered in the nineteenth century and now hangs in the Roman Catholic church in the nearby village of Aughnacliffe .   Lough Gowna is an important centre for coarse fishing and the shape of the lake , with wooded peninsulas interspersed with bays and inlets , make it attractive for tourism . There are picnic sites at Dernaferst and at Dring ( at the southernmost point of the lake ) .   The name of the lake comes from a legend about a supernatural calf which escaped from a well in the townland of Rathcor ( south of the lake ) and raced northward with a stream of water from the well following it and flooding the area now making up the lake .   The lake gives its name to the village of Loch Gowna , on the north-eastern shore of the lake in County Cavan . The original name of the village was Scrabby ( Screabach in Irish ) , and gave its name to the townland and parish in which it is located . However , in 1950 , after a plebiscite of the villagers , the name was officially changed to Loch Gowna . The village serves as a service centre for tourism , with hotel accommodation and sizeable numbers of holiday homes in the area .   Other parishes adjacent to the lake are Colmcille on the western and southern shores of the lake , Mullinalaghta on the eastern shore , and Dromard in the extreme north-west , all in County Longford ; and Mullahoran in the extreme east where the Erne enters the lake , in County Cavan .

neg: Richard de Clare, Steward of Forest of Essex Richard de Clare ( after 1281 -- 10 May 1318 ) 1st Lord Clare was the son of Thomas de Clare , Lord of Thomond and Juliana FitzGerald .   A descendant of Strongbow , he succeeded his older brother , Gilbert , in 1308 as Lord of Thomond . In 1309 , and then again between 1312 and 1316 , he was sheriff of Cork . Forced to put down a number of rebellions , he was eventually killed while commanding his forces at the Battle of Dysert O'Dea near what is now Ennis , County Clare . According to legend , the day before his death , Richard de Clare beheld a woman dressed in white on the river 's edge washing bloody clothing and armor . When he asked whose clothes they were , she replied , `` yours , '' and then vanished . This woman was believed to be a banshee foretelling his death the next day when he lay dead with his clothes caked in blood on the battlefield of Dysert O'Dea ( Lewis Spence , The Magical Arts in Celtic Britain 81 ( 1999 ) ) .   Richard was succeeded by his son Thomas , who was born in 1318 and died three years later . A series of inquisitions post mortem that were held following a writ issued on 10 April 1321 established that Thomas ' heirs were his father 's sisters ; Margaret , the wife of Bartholomew de Badlesmere and Maud , the wife of Sir Robert de Welle . As well as stewardship of the Forest of Essex , Thomas ' estate included numerous properties in Ireland .

neg: List of Galway people Thomas Arthur , comte de Lally -RSB- -RSB- , Baron de Tollendal ( 1702 -- 1766 )  Margaret Athy , founder of St. Augustine 's Convent , Galway  Nora Barnacle , wife of James Joyce  Francis Barrett , professional boxer  Joseph Henry Blake ( 1797 -- 1849 ) , 3rd Baron Wallscourt  Ken Bruen , author  Sister Mary Bonaventure Browne , Poor Clares nun and historian  Peadar de Burca , actor , playwright , comedian  Robert Malachy Burke , Christian Socialist development worker  Eamon Casey , ex-Roman Catholic bishop  James Cole , Professional Gamer  J. J. Clancy , MP  Anthony Daly ( Whiteboy ) ( ex .1820 )  Fr . Peter Daly  Patrick D'Arcy , lawyer and Confederate Ireland leader  Richard Donovan , long distance runner  Anthony Duane ( 1679 -- 1747 )  Luke Duffy , trade unionist ; Senator  Jim Fahy , RTÉ reporter  Mickey Finn , fiddler  David Forde , soccer player  Pat Gibson , a top prize winner on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ?  Julian Gough , writer and former lead singer of Toasted Heretic  Lady Gregory ( 1852 -- 1932 )  James Hardiman  Frank Harris  Michael D. Higgins , politician  Rita Ann Higgins ( born 1955 )  Dolores Keane , musician  Richard Kirwan  Gerard Lally ( fl . 1689 -- 1737 )  Graham Lee , jockey  Tony Lundon ( b. 1979 ) , pop singer  Angela Lynch  Patrick Lynch , Roman Catholic bishop of Charleston , South Carolina  Patrick Lynch , Irish emigrant to Argentina ; ancestor of Che Guevara  Peirce Lynch ( fl . 1485 )  Walter Macken ( 1915 -- 1967 )  Richard Martin fitz Oliver ( 1602 -- 1648 ) , father of Richard Martin ( `` Humanity Dick '' )  Thomas Barnwall Martin ( 1784-1847 )  Violet Florence Martin ( 1862 -- 1915 )  Edward Martyn ( 1859 -- 1923 )  Gerard A. Hays McCoy ( 1911 -- 1975 )  Pat McDonagh  Bishop James McLoughlin  Pauline McLynn , actress  Tom Molloy , electro and house music producer  Aoife Mulholland , musical actress  Ronan Mullen , columnist with the Irish Daily Mail  Nora Jane Noone , actress  Brendan O'Brien , cricketer  Pádraic Ó Conaire , Irish language author  Éamon Ó Cuív , Fianna Fáil politician  Liam O'Flaherty  Dessie O'Halloran  William O'Halloran , trade union pioneer  Gideon Ouseley  Marc Roberts  John Sealy Townsend ( 1869 -- 1967 ) , mathematical physicist  Alexander Young

neg: Aonach An Aonach or Óenach was an ancient Irish public national assembly called upon the death of a king , queen , notable sage or warrior as part of ancestor worship practices . As well as the entertainment , the óenach was an occasion on which kings and notables met under truce and where laws were pronounced and confirmed .   The Aonach had three functions ; honoring the dead , proclaiming laws , and funeral games and festivities to entertain . The first function took between one and three days depending on the importance of the deceased , guests would sing mourning chants called the Guba after which druids would improvise songs in memory of the dead called a Cepóg . The dead would then be burnt on a funeral pyre . The second function would then be carried out by the Ollamh Érenn , giving out laws to the people via bards and druids and culminating in the igniting of another massive fire . The custom of rejoicing after a funeral was then enshrined in the Cuiteach Fuait , games of mental and physical ability accompanied by a large market for traders .   The most notable fair , that held under the auspices of the High King of Ireland and the Uí Néill , was the Óenach Tailten , which is given prehistoric origins by medieval writers . This was held at Teltown , in modern County Meath , as late as 1770 . The compilers of the Irish annals considered violence and disorders at this óenach , or the failure of the incumbent High King to hold the fair , to be of note .   Other important assemblies included that of Tlachtga , held on the Hill of Ward at Samhain , that of Carman , held in County Wexford , that of Uisnech , held at Beltane and that of Raigne in Osraige . Not all had pagan calendrical associations . The Óenach Colmáin , probably held at Lynally , was named for Saint Elo Colman .   Éamon de Valera tried to revive an Aonach called the Aonach Tailteann , others included the Aonach Carman in Wexford and Aonach Colmain in Kildare .

neg: Burials in Glasnevin Cemetery This is a list of notable people buried in Glasnevin Cemetery .  Thomas Ashe -- died on hunger strike in 1917  Kevin Barry -- medical student executed for his role in the Irish War of Independence . ( His body was moved from Mountjoy Prison to Glasnevin in 2001 , having been accorded a state funeral . )  Piaras Béaslaí -- Easter Rising survivor turned writer  Sir Alfred Chester Beatty -- art collector  Brendan Behan -- author and playwright  Professor Thomas Bodkin -- lawyer , art historian , art collector and curator  Harry Boland -- friend of Michael Collins and anti-Treaty politician . Image of Harry Boland 's grave  Christy Brown -- writer of My Left Foot and subject of the film of the same name  Father Francis Browne -- Jesuit priest and photographer who took the last known photographs of RMS Titanic  Cathal Brugha -- first President of Dáil Éireann ( January -- April 1919 ) Image of Cathal Brugha 's grave  Thomas Henry Burke -- Permanent Under Secretary to Chief Secretary for Ireland Lord Frederick Cavendish , victim with his master of the Phoenix Park murders in 1882  Sergeant James Byrne -- Victoria Cross recipient ( Indian Mutiny )  Sir Roger Casement -- human rights campaigner turned revolutionary , executed by the British in 1916 2 Image of Casement grave  Robert Erskine Childers -- Irish Nationalist and writer , executed by the Irish Free State government during the Irish Civil War . Erskine Childers ' grave , located in the Republican Plot  Mary `` Molly '' Alden Childers -- Irish Nationalist and wife of Robert Erskine Childers  J. J. Clancy -- Irish Nationalist MP ( 1847 -- 1928 )  Michael Collins -- assassinated republican leader , Anglo-Irish Treaty signatory and first internationally recognised Irish head of government  Dáithí Ó Conaill -- a founder member of the Provisional Irish Republican Army  Roddy Connolly -- socialist politician and son of James Connolly  Andy Cooney -- Irish republican  John Philpot Curran -- patriotic barrister , renowned wit , lawyer on behalf of Wolfe Tone and other United Irishmen , Sarah Curran 's father  William Dargan -- Ireland 's rail pioneer  Charlotte Despard -- suffragist  Private Thomas Duffy -- VC recipient ( Indian Mutiny )  Éamon de Valera -- 3rd President of Ireland ( 1959 -- 1973 ) and dominant Irish leader of 20th century  Sinéad de Valera -- wife of Éamon de Valera , buried in the same plot  Anne Devlin -- famed housekeeper of Robert Emmet  John Devoy -- Fenian leader Image of John Devoy 's grave .  John Blake Dillon -- Irish writer and politician  Martin Doherty -- IRA member  Frank Duff -- founder of the Legion of Mary  Edward Duffy -- Irish Fenian , Irish Republican Brotherhood  James Fitzmaurice -- aviation pioneer  Francis Gleeson -- Chaplain to the British Army and the Irish Free State  Edmund Dwyer Gray -- Irish 19th century MP , son of Sir John Gray  Sir John Gray -- Irish 19th century MP . Image of Sir John Gray 's gravestone  Maud Gonne -- nationalist campaigner , famed beauty and mother of Nobel and Lenin Peace Prize winner Seán MacBride , who is also buried in the grave Image of Maud Gonne & Seán MacBride 's grave  Arthur Griffith -- President of Dáil Éireann ( January -- August 1922 )  Joseph Patrick Haverty -- Irish painter  Tim Healy -- 1st Governor-General of the Irish Free State . image of Tim Healy 's grave .  Denis Caulfield Heron -- lawyer and politician  Gerard Manley Hopkins -- poet  Peadar Kearney -- composer of the Irish National Anthem , Amhrán na bhFiann  Luke Kelly -- singer and folk musician , founding member of The Dubliners  Kitty Kiernan -- fiancée of Michael Collins  James Larkin -- Irish trade union leader and founder of the Irish Transport & General Workers Union ( ITGWU )  Seán MacBride -- founder of Clann na Poblachta and a founder-member of Amnesty International  Edward MacCabe -- late 19th century Cardinal Archbishop of Dublin and Primate of Ireland Image of the elaborate monument to Cardinal MacCabe .  Dick McKee -- member of the Irish Republican Army during the War of Independence  Terence MacManus -- Irish rebel and shipping agent  James Patrick Mahon -- Irish nationalist politician and mercenary  Countess Constance Markievicz -- first woman elected to the British House of Commons and a minister in the first Irish government  Manchester Martyrs -- cenotaph honouring 3 members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood known in history as the Manchester Martyrs who were in fact buried in the grounds of a British prison following their execution  Lance Corporal James Murray -- VC recipient ( First Boer War )  Dermot Morgan -- Irish satirist and star of Father Ted . Cremated in Glasnevin and interred at Deansgrange Cemetery .  Kate Cruise O'Brien -- writer and publisher ( This is not Kate O'Brien who is buried in Faversham Cemetery , England . )  Daniel O'Connell -- Irish political leader from 1820s to 1840s O'Connell 's tomb under the specially built round tower O'Connell 's tomb interior  Patrick O'Donnell the Avenger -- executed in 1883 in London for the assassination of the co-conspirator turncoat of the Phoenix Park murder , James Carey . A memorial in his honour stands in Glasnevin .  Patrick Denis O'Donnell -- Irish military historian , writer , and former UN peace-keeper  Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa -- Fenian leader Patrick Pearse 's oration at his funeral in 1915 has gone down in history .  Eoin O'Duffy -- Chief of Staff of the Irish Republican Army and leader of The Blueshirts  Thomas O'Hagan , 1st Baron O'Hagan -- Lord Chancellor of Ireland  Kevin O'Higgins -- assassinated Vice-President of the Executive Council  Seán T. O'Kelly -- 2nd President of Ireland ( 1945 -- 1959 )  John O'Mahony -- a founder of the Irish Republican Brotherhood  Ernie O'Malley - anti-Treaty IRA leader during the Irish Civil War  John O ' Leary -- poet  James O'Mara -- nationalist leader and member of the First Dáil  Henry O'Neill -- painter and archaeologist  Christopher Palles , Chief Baron of the Irish Exchequer , often described as `` the greatest of Irish judges ''  Charles Stewart Parnell -- dominant Irish political leader from 1875 to 1891  Patrick ( P.J. ) Ruttledge -- Minister in Éamon de Valera 's early governments  Daniel D. Sheehan -- first independent Irish labour MP  Hanna Sheehy-Skeffington -- founder of Irish Women 's Franchise League  Sergeant Philip Smith -- VC recipient ( Crimean War )  Chief Boatswain 's Mate John Sullivan -- Royal Navy VC recipient ( Crimean War )  Patrick James Smyth -- journalist and politician  David P. Tyndall -- prominent Irish businessman who transformed the grocery business  William Joseph Walsh -- Roman Catholic Archbishop of Dublin  Billy Whelan -- Manchester United footballer who died the Munich air disaster of 1958

neg: Irish conjugation Irish verb forms are constructed either synthetically or analytically .   Synthetic forms express the information about person and number in the ending : e.g. , molaim `` I praise '' , where the ending - aim stands for `` 1st person singular present '' . In this case , a pronoun is not allowed : -LSB- Asterisk #Generativist tradition in linguistics , * molaim mé -RSB- is ungrammatical . Molann mé is allowed but using the - aim ending is more common .   Analytic forms are those whose endings contain no information about person and number , and a pronoun is necessary : e.g. , molann sibh `` you ( pl . ) praise '' , where the ending - ann expresses only the present tense , and the pronoun sibh `` you '' ( pl . ) must accompany it in order to express `` 2nd person plural '' .   In addition to the three persons , Irish also has an impersonal form ( also called the `` autonomous '' form ) , which is used in forming passives and can conveniently be translated with `` one '' or `` someone '' as the subject . Shown below are the distribution of synthetic and analytic forms in the standard language ; in the dialects , other patterns may be found , although some of the most important distinctions made in certain dialects are pointed out in this article .   See Irish orthography for a discussion of how verb endings are pronounced .

neg: Thomas Lyons (politician) Thomas Lyons ( 18 February 1896 -- 16 May 1985 ) was a unionist politician in Northern Ireland .   Lyons studied at Albert Agricultural College in Glasnevin , then emigrated to Australia in 1922 . He returned to Ireland in 1939 , and was elected for the Ulster Unionist Party in North Tyrone in 1943 . At the 1945 general election , he stood unsuccessfully in Fermanagh and Tyrone . He served as Chairman of Ways and Means and Deputy Speaker of the Northern Ireland House of Commons from 1955 until 1969 , when he was deselected by his constituency association and stood down . In 1961 , he served as High Sheriff of County Tyrone .

neg: Thomas Carve Thomas Carve ( b. in Co. . Tipperary , Ireland , 1590 ; d. probably in 1672 ) was an Irish historian . His correct name was Carew , that of a family of great influence in Munster during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries . From his own works it is clear that the Butlers of Ormonde were his patrons during his early years . It is not certain where he was educated , but he was ordained priest , and passed some years in an Irish diocese .   On the invitation of Walter Butler , then Colonel of an Irish regiment serving in Austria , he left Ireland and remained for some time as chaplain to Butler 's regiment . He returned to Ireland twice ( 1630 , 1632 ) , and on the death of Butler he acted as chaplain to Devereux , Butler 's successor in the command of the Irish forces fighting under Ferdinand II . He accompanied the troops during several of the campaigns of the Thirty Years ' War , and had thus a good opportunity of observing the events recorded in his history of the war . In 1640 he was appointed chaplain to the English , Scotch , and Irish forces in Austria , and continued to hold that position till 1643 , when he went to reside at Vienna as a choral vicar of St. Stephen 's Cathedral , Vienna . His last book was published in Sulzbach in 1672 .

neg: Jasper Wolfe Jasper Travers Wolfe ( 3 August 1872 -- 27 August 1952 ) was an Irish independent politician who was elected three times as Teachta Dála ( TD ) for Cork West from 1927 -- 33 .   He was born into a Methodist family the son of William J. Wolfe . He was educated at Bishop 's School , Skibbereen and was admitted as a solicitor in 1893 . He obtained first place in his final exams and was awarded the Findlater Scholarship . He was a member of Skibbereen Urban District Council for a number of years . He was crown prosecutor in Cork city for a period and for the West Riding of County Cork 1916 -- 1923 . He was the first Cork man to hold the Presidency of the Incorporated Law Society of Ireland . Wolfe was elected to Dáil Éireann on his first attempt , at the June 1927 general election , and took his seat in the short-lived 5th Dáil . He was re-elected at the September 1927 general election and again at the 1932 general election , but did not contest the 1933 general election .   Wolfe was a solicitor who also owned the Cork County Eagle and Munster Advertiser newspaper . This was a successor to the Skibbereen Eagle , which in an editorial in 1897 had famously warned the Tsar of Russia about expanionist aims towards China , declaring that the Skibbereen Eagle had `` got its eye on the Tsar '' .   An incident with Wolfe ( later TD for Cork West ) was described by another solicitor Willie Kingston in the Skibbereen Historical Journal . Kingston was a cousin of Jasper Wolfe . Wolfe at the time had friends in both camps . In April 1921 , Wolfe , Kingston and Miss Brown motored to Durrus where he had a case at Petty Sessions . Kingston had been in Bantry earlier where he saw two men coming towards him , one saying to the other ` that 's him ' . Kingston thought it was a case of mistaken identity . Later he met Wolfe at the hotel and a man came out of the shadows and peered at his face . Wolfe had met ( Bawnie ) T.T. McCarthy , cattle dealer earlier and offered him a lift to Skibbereen . They all went to Durrus in Wolfe 's car driven by a chauffeur and had tea in Miss Brown 's mother 's house . Leaving Durrus for Caheragh , McCarthy was in front with Wolfe but his profile indicated him as a cattle dealer rather than the Crown Prosecutor . As they rounded a corner in Caheragh a whistle was blown violently , suggesting the man was running and giving a pre-ordained signal . Kingston and Miss Brown crouched down but nothing happened . Wolfe had had a few drinks and slept through the entire episode . When they got back to Skibbereen they heard that an ambush was being laid for Wolfe . Kingston thought that the unexpected lift to the cattle dealer had the effect of calling off the ambush .   A book about Wolfe 's life has been written , entitled Jasper Wolfe of Skibbereen . It was written by Jasper Ungoed-Thomas , the grandson of Jasper Wolfe , and tells the story of his life , set against the backdrop of the partition of Ireland and the emergent new political order .   In 1894 Wolfe founded Wolfe & Co. . Solicitors , which is still operating in Market Street , Skibbereen , County Cork . He died at his residence , `` Norton '' , Skibbereen and is buried in Aughadown Cemetery .

neg: Murroe Murroe -LSB- məˈruː -RSB- , officially spelled Moroe , is a village in County Limerick , Ireland .   Murroe is located in the north-eastern part of County Limerick , approximately 15 km from Limerick City and close to the County Tipperary border . Nearby towns include Cappamore and Newport . The village is located on the R506 road . It is surrounded by the Slieve Felim Mountains . The population , including surrounding townlands , is approximately 5,000 . The increase in recent times is due in part to the growth of Limerick city thus creating a commuter belt to include Murroe and many of the other towns and villages in the area .   The village was founded in the 1830s by the Barrington family , who lived in the now Glenstal Abbey monastery and boarding school from 1926 . It is possible to go for walks in the Clare Glens wooded area along the banks of the Clare River and in the gardens and lands of the monastery . Murroe is also situated near an older monastic settlement of Abbey Owney and is home to a number of historical houses and buildings , such as Brittas Castle and Thomond Scout centre .   Murroe once had eight primary schools in the area . Each of the schools , called Murroe , Clonkeen , Eyon , Kiskiquirk were split into a boys ' and girls ' school .   John Canon Hayes , founder of Muintir na Tíre , was born in Murroe in 1882 . He was a priest of the Archdiocese of Cashel and Emly , ordained at the Irish College , Paris in 1913 and died at Bansha , County Tipperary , where he was the parish priest , in 1957 . There are many sporting and cultural organisations in Murroe including Murroe Boher Amateur Dramatic Society , The Marion Active Retirement Club , Mulcair Men 's Shed , Glenstal walkers , Murroe AFC , Murroe/Boher GAA , and Murroe-Boher Scouts . Murroe AFC , situated in Tubber , have grown from strength to strength in recent years with many new members coming from the many new inhabitants following the rapid development of Murroe .   There is a highly decorated modern High Cross , erected in memory of the victims of the War of Independence and the Civil War .   The Murroe Boher Parish releases a weekly newsletter on their website .   In the near future Murroe is set to enjoy the advantages of the local `` community field '' project which will see an all-weather pitch , skate park , multi-access walkway with outdoor exercise stations , and a multi-purpose building with a community plaza put in place on a 6-acre site in the centre of the village . Construction of the first phase of this project is set to begin in May 2017 and scheduled for completion in August 2017 .


query: Audrey Hepburn starred in a movie.

pos: Audrey Hepburn Audrey Hepburn ( -LSB- ˈɔːdri_ˈhɛpˌbɜrn -RSB- born Audrey Kathleen Ruston ; 4 May 1929 -- 20 January 1993 ) was a British actress , model , dancer and humanitarian . Recognized as a film and fashion icon , Hepburn was active during Hollywood 's Golden Age . She was ranked by the American Film Institute as the third-greatest female screen legend in Golden Age Hollywood and was inducted into the International Best Dressed List Hall of Fame .  Born in Ixelles , a district of Brussels , Hepburn spent her childhood between Belgium , England and the Netherlands . In Amsterdam , she studied ballet with Sonia Gaskell before moving to London in 1948 , continuing her ballet training with Marie Rambert , and then performing as a chorus girl in West End musical theatre productions .   Following minor appearances in several films , Hepburn starred in the 1951 Broadway play Gigi after being spotted by French novelist Colette , on whose work the play was based . She shot to stardom for playing the lead role in Roman Holiday ( 1953 ) , for which she was the first actress to win an Academy Award , a Golden Globe and a BAFTA Award for a single performance . The same year Hepburn won a Tony Award for Best Lead Actress in a Play for her performance in Ondine . She went on to star in a number of successful films , such as Sabrina ( 1954 ) , The Nun 's Story ( 1959 ) , Breakfast at Tiffany 's ( 1961 ) , Charade ( 1963 ) , My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) and Wait Until Dark ( 1967 ) , for which she received Academy Award , Golden Globe and BAFTA nominations . Hepburn won a record three BAFTA Awards for Best British Actress in a Leading Role . In recognition of her film career , she was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award from BAFTA , the Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award , the Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award and the Special Tony Award . She remains one of the 12 people who have won Academy , Emmy , Grammy and Tony Awards .   Hepburn appeared in fewer films as her life went on , devoting much of her later life to UNICEF . She had contributed to the organisation since 1954 , then worked in some of the poorest communities of Africa , South America and Asia between 1988 and 1992 . She was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in recognition of her work as a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador in December 1992 . A month later , Hepburn died of appendiceal cancer at her home in Switzerland at the age of 63 .

neg: Room for Two Room for Two is a 1940 British comedy film directed by Maurice Elvey and starring Frances Day , Vic Oliver and Greta Gynt . The film was written by Gilbert Wakefield , based on his 1938 stage farce . The film 's Italian setting was overtaken by events , as by the time of its release Fascist Italy had entered the Second World War against Britain .

neg: Tobacco Road (film) Tobacco Road is a 1941 film directed by John Ford starring Charley Grapewin , Marjorie Rambeau , Gene Tierney , William Tracy Dana Andrews and Ward Bond . It was based on the novel of the same name by Erskine Caldwell , but the plot was rewritten for the film .

neg: Not as a Stranger Not as a Stranger is a 1955 Drama film produced and directed by Stanley Kramer based on the 1954 novel of the same name by Morton Thompson . The romantic melodrama novel was widely popular , topping that year 's list of bestselling novels in the United States .   The film was Kramer 's directorial debut and featured Olivia de Havilland and Robert Mitchum in the lead roles , backed by a stellar supporting cast including Frank Sinatra , Gloria Grahame , Broderick Crawford , Charles Bickford , Lon Chaney , Jr. , Harry Morgan , and Lee Marvin . The film was released by United Artists .   Sinatra had catapulted back into the limelight as the result of a supporting role for a film from a similarly popular novel , From Here to Eternity , two years earlier . Initially a minor box office success , Not as a Stranger is seldom seen today , never receiving widespread distribution on home video . It was first released on DVD in 1992 .

neg: Pat and Mike Pat and Mike is a 1952 American romantic comedy film starring Spencer Tracy and Katharine Hepburn . The movie was written by Ruth Gordon and Garson Kanin , and directed by George Cukor , who also directed The Philadelphia Story ( 1940 ) with Hepburn , and Adam 's Rib ( 1949 ) with Hepburn and Tracy .

neg: Falling in Love (1984 film) Falling in Love is a 1984 American romantic drama film starring Robert De Niro and Meryl Streep and directed by Ulu Grosbard . In the film , two married strangers meet randomly , become friends , and fall in love . They spend time together , riding the train into the city of New York , and begin meeting for coffee or lunch . They enjoy their time together and this enjoyment eventually blossoms into love .

neg: Prestige (film) Prestige is a 1932 American Pre-Code drama film directed by Tay Garnett and written by Tay Garnett , Rollo Lloyd and Francis Edward Faragoh . The film stars Ann Harding , Adolphe Menjou , Melvyn Douglas and Guy Bates Post . The film was released on January 22 , 1932 , by RKO Pictures .

neg: Car 99 Car 99 is a 1935 American thriller film directed by Charles Barton and written by Karl Detzer and C. Gardner Sullivan . The film stars Fred MacMurray , Ann Sheridan , Guy Standing , Marina Koshetz , Dean Jagger , William Frawley and Frank Craven . The film was released on March 2 , 1935 , by Paramount Pictures .

neg: None but the Lonely Heart (film) None but the Lonely Heart is a 1944 American drama romance film which tells the story of a young Cockney drifter who returns home with no ambitions but finds that his family needs him . Adapted by Clifford Odets from the novel by Richard Llewellyn and directed by Odets , the movie stars Cary Grant , Ethel Barrymore , and Barry Fitzgerald .   The title of the film is taken from one of Tchaikovsky 's best-known songs , which is featured in the background music .

neg: Above Suspicion (1943 film) Above Suspicion is a 1943 American spy film distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer starring Joan Crawford and Fred MacMurray , and directed by Richard Thorpe . The screenplay was adapted from the novel Above Suspicion by Helen MacInnes , which is loosely based on the life experiences of MacInnes and her husband , Gilbert Highet .   The plot follows two newlyweds who spy on the Nazis for the British Secret Service during their honeymoon in Europe .   This film marked the end of Crawford 's 18-year career with MGM before signing with Warner Bros , and the last for character actor Conrad Veidt who died of a heart attack a few weeks after shooting ended .

neg: Audrey Rose (novel) Audrey Rose is a novel written by Frank De Felitta , published in 1975 . about a couple confronted with the idea that their young daughter might be the reincarnation of another man 's child . The book was inspired by an incident in which De Felitta 's young son began displaying unusual talents and interests , leading an occultist to suggest to De Felitta that the child might be remembering a previous life . The book was followed by a 1982 sequel , For Love of Audrey Rose .   It was made into a film in 1977 , with the same title .

neg: Red-Headed Woman Red-Headed Woman is a 1932 American pre-Code romantic comedy film , produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , based on a novel of the same name by Katherine Brush , and with a screenplay by Anita Loos . It was directed by Jack Conway , and stars Jean Harlow as a woman who uses sex to advance her social position . During the course of the film , Harlow breaks up a marriage , has multiple affairs and pre-marital sex , and attempts to kill a man .

neg: 25th Academy Awards The 25th Academy Awards ceremony was held on March 19 , 1953 . It took place at the RKO Pantages Theatre in Hollywood , California , and the NBC International Theatre in New York City .   It was the first Academy Awards ceremony to be televised , and the first ceremony to be held in Hollywood and New York City simultaneously . It was also the only year that the New York ceremonies were to be held in the NBC International Theatre on Columbus Circle , which was shortly thereafter demolished and replaced by the New York Coliseum convention center .   A major upset occurred in the category of Best Picture . The heavily favored High Noon lost to Cecil B. DeMille 's The Greatest Show on Earth , eventually considered among the worst films to have won the Academy Award for Best Picture . The American film magazine Premiere placed the movie on its list of the 10 worst Oscar winners and the British film magazine Empire rated it # 3 on their list of the 10 worst Oscar winners . It has the lowest spot on Rotten Tomatoes ' list of the 81 films to win Best Picture . Of all the films nominated for the Oscar this year , only High Noon and Singin ' in the Rain would show up 46 years later on the American Film Institute list of the greatest American films of the 20th Century . For a film that only received two nominations , Singin ' in the Rain went on to be named as the greatest American musical film of all time and in the 2007 American Film Institute updated list as the fifth greatest American film of all time , while High Noon was ranked twenty-seventh on the same 2007 list , as well .   The Bad and the Beautiful won five awards , the most wins ever for a film not nominated for Best Picture . It was also the second Academy Awards in which a film not nominated for Best Picture received the most awards of the evening , excluding years where there were ties for the most wins . The only other film to do this was The Thief of Bagdad at the 13th Academy Awards ; as of the 87th Academy Awards , it has not happened since .   Until Spotlight won only Best Picture and Best Original Screenplay at the 88th Academy Awards , this was the last year in which the Best Picture winner won just two Oscars . It was also the second of three years to date in which two films not nominated for Best Picture received more nominations than the winner ( The Bad and the Beautiful and Hans Christian Andersen , both with six ) . This occurred again at the 79th Academy Awards .   Shirley Booth also became the last person to win an Oscar in a Leading Role to be born in the 19th century . She also holds the distinction of being the first woman in her 50s to win the award , at the age of 54 ( the second woman in her 50s to win , Julianne Moore , was 54 when awarded at the 87th Academy Awards ) .   John Ford 's fourth win for Best Director set a record for the most wins in this category that remains unmatched to this day .   For the first time since the introduction of Supporting Actor and Actress awards in 1936 , Best Picture , Best Director , and all four acting Oscars went to six different films . This has happened only three times since , at the 29th Academy Awards for 1956 , the 78th for 2005 , and the 85th for 2012 .

neg: It Started in Naples It Started in Naples is an American romantic comedy film made by Paramount Pictures and released in August 1960 . It was directed by Melville Shavelson and produced by Jack Rose from a screenplay by Suso Cecchi d'Amico based on the story by Michael Pertwee and Jack Davies . The Technicolor cinematography was by Robert Surtees . The film stars Clark Gable , Sophia Loren , Vittorio De Sica and an Italian cast .

neg: Gardens of the World with Audrey Hepburn Gardens of the World with Audrey Hepburn is a 1990s documentary television series filmed on location in some of the world 's most beautiful , noteworthy gardens , hosted by Audrey Hepburn , who also co-narrates the series with Michael York .  Her Emmy for Outstanding Individual Achievement − Informational Programming was awarded posthumously .   A one-hour introductory special premiered on PBS in March , 1991 ; the premiere of six half-hour episodes began on January 24 , 1993 . Two further episodes along with a re-release of the six-part series by Home & Garden Television premiered in January , 1996 . The series was shown internationally in more than 30 countries . A DVD of all 8 programs was released in 1999 ; in September 2006 , an extended DVD edition was released .   Audrey Hepburn 's principal photography was filmed in the spring and summer of 1990 in exemplary public and private gardens in England , France , Italy , Japan , Netherlands , Dominican Republic & U.S.A. From her home in Tolochenaz , Switzerland that summer Hepburn wrote her foreword to the companion book for the series . She loved nature and gardens and saw a rare opportunity to bring forth their beauty in a poetic , meaningful way . Her life partner Robert Wolders was with Hepburn throughout the production : `` It became an intensely personal and creative process for her . She immersed herself in not only the beauty of the gardens , but also in their origins and evolution . ''   In January 1991 , Hepburn recorded her voice over narration in Los Angeles and graced the cover of House & Garden  magazine , U.S. edition . In New York on March 6 , 1991 , Cartier honored Audrey Hepburn and Gardens of the World with a High Tea reception at their Fifth Avenue Mansion ; the following day , Ralph Lauren at 72nd Street hosted the occasion of her book signing .

neg: Twentieth Century (film) Twentieth Century is a 1934 American pre-Code screwball comedy film . Much of the film is set on the 20th Century Limited train as it travels from Chicago to New York City . The film was directed by Howard Hawks , stars John Barrymore and Carole Lombard , and features Walter Connolly , Roscoe Karns and Edgar Kennedy . Ben Hecht and Charles MacArthur adapted their Broadway play of the same name -- itself based on the unproduced play Napoleon of Broadway by Charles Bruce Millholland -- with uncredited contributions from Gene Fowler and Preston Sturges .   Along with Frank Capra 's It Happened One Night , also released in 1934 ( which amazingly has exactly the same music over the opening titles ) , Twentieth Century is considered to be a prototype for the screwball comedy . `` Howard Hawks ' rapid-fire romantic comedy established the essential ingredients of the screwball -- a dizzy dame , a charming but befuddled hero , dazzling dialogue and a dash of slapstick . '' Its success propelled Lombard into the front ranks of film comediennes . The film was added to the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress in 2011 .

neg: The Hucksters The Hucksters is a 1947 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film directed by Jack Conway and starring Clark Gable that marked the debut of Deborah Kerr in an American film . The supporting cast includes Sydney Greenstreet , Adolphe Menjou , Keenan Wynn , Edward Arnold and Ava Gardner . The movie is based on the novel The Hucksters by Frederic Wakeman , Sr. , a skewering of the post-World War II radio advertising industry with a racy backdrop for its day involving Gable and his alternating pursuit of Kerr and Gardner .

neg: Without Love (film) Without Love is a 1942 play by Philip Barry , later made into a 1945 romantic comedy film starring Spencer Tracy and Katharine Hepburn . The film was directed by Harold S. Bucquet from a screenplay by Donald Ogden Stewart based on the Barry play . Lucille Ball also stars in the film .

neg: Cactus Flower (film) Cactus Flower is a 1969 American comedy film directed by Gene Saks and starring Walter Matthau , Ingrid Bergman , and Goldie Hawn , who won an Oscar for her performance .   The screenplay was adapted by I. A. L. Diamond from the Broadway play of the same name written by Abe Burrows , which in turn was based upon the French play Fleur de cactus by Pierre Barillet and Jean-Pierre Grédy . The film was the seventh highest grossing film of 1970 .

neg: The Big Shot The Big Shot ( 1942 ) is an American film noir crime drama film starring Humphrey Bogart as a crime boss and Irene Manning as the woman he falls in love with . This was the last film in which former supporting player Bogart , who had finally reached stardom with High Sierra ( 1940 ) and The Maltese Falcon ( 1941 ) , would portray a gangster .   One of Bogart 's lesser-known works , it was released on DVD for the first time by Warner Archive early in 2015 .

neg: Holiday (1930 film) Holiday is a 1930 American Pre-Code romantic comedy film which tells the story of a young man who is torn between his free-thinking lifestyle and the tradition of his wealthy fiancée 's family . It stars Ann Harding , Mary Astor , Edward Everett Horton , Robert Ames and Hedda Hopper . It was produced and released by Pathé Exchange .   The film was adapted by Horace Jackson from the play by Philip Barry . It was directed by Edward H. Griffith .


query: Hunter S. Thompson traveled to South America.

pos: Hunter S. Thompson Hunter Stockton Thompson ( July 18 , 1937 -- February 20 , 2005 ) was an American journalist and author , and the founder of the gonzo journalism movement . Born in Louisville , Kentucky , to a middle-class family , Thompson had a turbulent youth after the death of his father left the family in poverty . He was unable to formally finish high school as he was incarcerated for 60 days after abetting a robbery . He subsequently joined the United States Air Force before moving into journalism . He traveled frequently , including stints in California , Puerto Rico , and Brazil , before settling in Aspen , Colorado , in the early 1960s .   Thompson became internationally known with the publication of Hell 's Angels : The Strange and Terrible Saga of the Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs ( 1967 ) . For his research on the book he had spent a year living and riding with the Angels , experiencing their lives and hearing their stories first-hand . Previously a relatively conventional journalist , with the publication in 1970 of The Kentucky Derby Is Decadent and Depraved he became a counter cultural figure , with his own brand of New Journalism which he termed `` Gonzo '' , an experimental style of journalism where reporters involve themselves in the action to such a degree that they become central figures of their stories . The work he remains best known for , Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas : A Savage Journey to the Heart of the American Dream ( 1971 ) , constitutes a rumination on the failure of the 1960s counterculture movement . It was first serialized in Rolling Stone , a magazine with which Thompson would be long associated , and was released as a film starring Johnny Depp and Benicio del Toro and directed by Terry Gilliam in 1998 .   Politically minded , Thompson ran unsuccessfully for sheriff of Pitkin County , Colorado , in 1970 , on the Freak Power ticket . He became well known for his inveterate hatred of Richard Nixon , who he claimed represented `` that dark , venal , and incurably violent side of the American character '' and whom he characterized in Fear and Loathing on the Campaign Trail ' 72 . Thompson 's output notably declined from the mid-1970s , as he struggled with the consequences of fame , and he complained that he could no longer merely report on events as he was too easily recognized . He was also known for his lifelong use of alcohol and illegal drugs , his love of firearms , and his iconoclastic contempt for authoritarianism . He remarked : `` I hate to advocate drugs , alcohol , violence , or insanity to anyone , but they 've always worked for me . ''   After a bout of health problems , Thompson committed suicide at the age of 67 . In accordance with his wishes , his ashes were fired out of a cannon in a ceremony funded by his friend Johnny Depp and attended by friends including then-Senator John Kerry and Jack Nicholson . Hari Kunzru wrote that `` the true voice of Thompson is revealed to be that of American moralist ... one who often makes himself ugly to expose the ugliness he sees around him . ''

neg: Fear and Loathing on the Campaign Trail '72 Fear and Loathing : On the Campaign Trail '72 is a collection of articles covering the 1972 presidential campaign written by Hunter S. Thompson and illustrated by Ralph Steadman . The articles were first serialized in Rolling Stone magazine throughout 1972 and later released as a book in early 1973 ( San Francisco , CA : Straight Arrow Books , 1973 ; London : Allison & Busby , 1973 ) .   The book focuses almost exclusively on the Democratic Party 's primaries and the breakdown of the party as it splits between the different candidates . Of particular focus is the manic maneuvering of the George McGovern campaign during the Miami convention as they sought to ensure the Democratic nomination despite attempts by the Hubert Humphrey campaign and other candidates to block McGovern .   Thompson began his coverage of the campaign in December 1971 , just as the race toward the primaries was beginning , from a rented apartment in Washington , DC ( a situation he compared to `` living in an armed camp , a condition of constant fear '' ) . Over the next 12 months , in voluminous detail , he covered every aspect of the campaign , from the smallest rally to the raucous conventions .   Because of the freewheeling nature of the campaign , a first-generation fax machine was procured at great expense by the magazine for Thompson . Dubbing it `` the mojo wire '' , Thompson used the new technology to extend the writing process precariously close to printing deadlines , often haphazardly sending in notes mere hours before the magazine went to press . Fellow writers and editors would have to assemble the finished product with Thompson over the phone .   Like his earlier novel Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas , Thompson employed a number of unique literary styles in On the Campaign Trail , including the use of vulgarity and the humorous exaggeration of events . Despite the unconventional style , the book is still considered a hallmark of campaign journalism and helped to launch Thompson 's role as a popular political observer .

neg: Hunt's Hill, California Hunt 's Hill ( also , Hunts Hill and formerly , Gouge Eye ) is a former mining camp in Nevada County , California , United States . Hunt 's Hill was located in the Sierra Nevada foothills about 6 miles in a straight line southeast of Nevada City and about 2 miles northwest of You Bet , on the north side of Greenhorn Creek , not far from the present intersection of Red Dog and Buckeye Roads .  Hunt 's Hill was founded in 1852 by a miner named Hunt . It was located on one of the deepest parts of the rich Blue Lead channel of gold-bearing gravel . In 1855 , one of the mining claims established by some French miners , was `` jumped '' . During the fight , one of the French miners lost an eye . Thereafter , that mine , and sometimes the town , were called Gouge Eye .  By 1857 , the town boasted two saloons , a hotel , a blacksmith and stable , a butcher shop , a boot and shoe store , and several grocery stores . In 1858 , a stage line from Nevada City arrived . In 1866 , seven cement mills for extracting gold from the `` blue cement '' were operating in the area . By 1880 , the town was reduced to a combined store and saloon and a few houses . In 1895 , one directory summed up the state of the community thus : `` At the present time there is not much doing there . '' Since that same directory identified the town 's justice of the peace and constable , what little happened must have been interesting . Today , it is just a historic site .

neg: South of the Border (2009 film) South of the Border is a 2009 American documentary film directed by Oliver Stone . The documentary premiered at the 2009 Venice Film Festival . Writer for the project Tariq Ali calls the documentary `` a political road movie '' . Stone stated that he hopes the film will help people better understand a leader who is wrongly ridiculed `` as a strongman , as a buffoon , as a clown . ''   The film has Stone and his crew travel from the Caribbean down the spine of the Andes in an attempt to explain the `` phenomenon '' of Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez , and account for the continent 's `` pink tide '' leftward tilt . A key feature is also Venezuela 's recent Bolivarian revolution and Latin America 's political progress in the 21st century . In addition to Chávez , Stone sought to flesh out several other Latin American presidents whose policies and personalities generally get limited , or according to Stone , biased media attention in the United States and Europe , notably : Evo Morales of Bolivia ; Cristina Kirchner and former president Néstor Kirchner of Argentina ; Rafael Correa of Ecuador ; Raúl Castro of Cuba ; Fernando Lugo of Paraguay ; and Lula da Silva of Brazil .

neg: A Turn in the South A Turn in the South is a travelogue of the American South written by Nobel Prize-winning writer V. S. Naipaul . The book was published in 1989 and is based upon the author 's travels in the southern states of the United States .   Naipaul has written fiction and non-fiction about life in the Caribbean , India , Africa and South America . In this book the subject is the U.S. , including South Carolina , Florida , Mississippi , et cetera . He discusses topics such as Martin Luther King , the economy , technology , industrialization , tourism , religion , rednecks and racism . The book works to compare the American South to its geographical neighbors , the nations of the Caribbean .

neg: List of birds of Brazil Brazil has one of the richest bird diversities in the world . The avifauna of Brazil include a total of 1799 species , of which 231 are endemic . Four have been introduced by humans , 69 are rare or accidental , and four are extinct or extirpated . An additional 24 species are hypothetical ( see below ) .   Brazil hosts about 60 % of the bird species recorded for all of South America . These numbers are still increasing almost every year , due to new occurrences , new species being described , or splits of existing species . About 10 % of the bird species found in Brazil are , nonetheless , threatened .   In June 2013 a simultaneous discovery of fifteen bird species in Brazil was announced , the first such since 1871 , when August von Pelzeln described forty new species . The birds were from the families Corvidae , Thamnophilidae , Dendrocolaptidae , Tyrannidae , and Polioptilidae . Eleven of the new species are endemics of Brazil and four also inhabit Peru and Bolivia .   This list 's taxonomic treatment ( designation and sequence of orders , families , and species ) and nomenclature ( common and scientific names ) follow the conventions of The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World , 2016 edition . Except as an entry is cited otherwise , the list of species is that of the South American Classification Committee ( SACC ) of the American Ornithologists ' Union . The taxonomy used by the SACC differs from `` Clements '' , and significant differences in names are noted . Especially see typical antbirds and puffbirds ; entries in those families increase the above total species count by two and decrease the endemic count by one , respectively .   Differences from `` Clements '' in the sequence of orders , families , and species within families are not noted . Several new species have been proposed and are under consideration by the SACC ; one is listed here .   The following tags have been used to highlight certain categories , but not all species fall into one of these categories . Those that do not are commonly occurring native species .   ( A ) Accidental - a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in Brazil  ( E ) Endemic - a species endemic to Brazil  ( I ) Introduced - a species introduced to Brazil as a consequence , direct or indirect , of human actions  ( H ) Hypothetical - a species recorded but with `` no tangible evidence '' according to the SACC

neg: Polo Is My Life Polo Is My Life is an unpublished novel written by Hunter S. Thompson . It was briefly excerpted in Rolling Stone in 1994 , and which Thompson himself described in 1996 as '' ... a sex book -- you know , sex , drugs and rock and roll . It 's about the manager of a sex theater who 's forced to leave and flee to the mountains . He falls in love and gets in even more trouble than he was in the sex theater in San Francisco '' . The novel was slated to be released by Random House in 1999 , and was even assigned ISBN 0-679-40694-8 , but was not published .   Thompson recalled the origin of the title during the conclusion of an October 30 , 1998 interview on Charlie Rose : `` I remember this woman ... the title comes from ... I was talking to this woman that I developed a correspondence for -- a polo person -- and , she had a violent husband , the cops were all over me ... chasing me ; I said , ` Let 's go to Australia , go on a plane ... across Australia ' , and she said , ` You do n't understand . Polo is my life . I ca n't run away with you . Who would take care of my ponies ? ' That 's where Polo Is My Life comes from '' .

neg: Pack hunter A pack hunter or social predator is a predator belonging to the animal kingdom which has evolved to hunt its prey by working together with other members of its species . Normally animals hunting in this way are closely related , and with the exceptions of humans and chimpanzees where only males normally hunt , all individuals in a family group will contribute to hunting . The most commonly known pack hunter is the gray wolf , the closest wild relative of all breeds of domesticated dog . Humans and their closest-living relatives chimpanzees are also pack hunters . Other pack hunting mammals include dolphins , lions , dwarf and banded mongooses and spotted hyenas . A number of avian social predators exist , including the Harris 's hawk , butcherbirds , three of four kookaburra species and many helmetshrikes . There are a few cold-blooded pack hunters including simple arthropods such as army ants , the yellow saddle goatfish and occasionally crocodiles .   There is a possibility that some non-avian theropod dinosaurs displayed pack behavior as well .   A social animal that always hunts , singly such as the domestic cat , is not a pack hunter .   Pack hunting is typically associated with cooperative breeding and its concentration in the Afrotropical Region is a reflection of this . Most pack hunters are found in the southern African savannas , with a notable absence in tropical rainforests and with the exception of the wolf and coyote , higher latitudes . It is thought that either on the ancient and poor soils of the southern African savanna it is not possible for individual predators to find adequate food , or that the environment 's inherent unpredictability due to ENSO or IOD events means that in very bad conditions it will not be possible to raise the young necessary to prevent declining populations from adult mortality . It is also argued that Africa 's very large area of continuous flat and open country , which was even more extensive while rainforest contracted during glacial periods of the Quaternary , may have helped encourage pack hunting to become much more common than on any other continent .   A shared pack hunting history is thought to be the main conduit through which humans have been able to form a mutual relationship with dogs ( that is , domestication ) , as both species are highly social and inter-dependent . Humans easily take over the dominance hierarchy of dogs as subordinates instinctively follow the `` alpha '' individual and dogs are accustomed to living very close together   When wolves hunt a Moose or Elk , it sometimes takes to deep water to avoid the pack . A wolf response to this behavior is that the pack rests with one or two wolves annoying the prey until it gets fatigued .

neg: The Scout (Buffalo Bill statue) The Scout , a bronze statue of a mounted rider outside the Buffalo Bill Historical Center in Cody , Wyoming , was placed in 1924 to commemorate the town 's most famous resident and de facto founder , Buffalo Bill Cody . Originally in open land on the western outskirts of Cody , the statue today stands at the end of Sheridan Avenue , the town 's main thoroughfare , as the town has grown to the west . The project was initiated by Cody 's niece , Mary Jester Allen , who had established the basis of what would become the Buffalo Bill Historical Center . A New Yorker , she persuaded heiress and artist Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney to sculpt the piece .   Despite the offer of two existing sites in Cody , Vanderbilt selected and bought the final Cody site . Her first efforts attracted criticism for the type of horse , its pose , and its tack , all of which were regarded as too `` eastern . '' She then arranged for a horse named `` Smokey '' from Cody 's TE Ranch to be shipped to New York , along with a cowboy from Cody to pose in the saddle . The statue was dedicated on July 4 , 1924 in the presence of an unusual number of dignitaries for such a remote location . It stands on a large stone base , meant to represent nearby Cedar Mountain , which Cody chose as his gravesite . The base is a consciously ironic statement , since Cody was buried , against his wishes , at Lookout Mountain in Colorado .   In time , Sheridan Avenue was extended to the statue and loops around the site . The Buffalo Bill Historical Center is located nearby .   Vanderbilt funded most of the estimated $ 50,000 cost for the memorial out of her own pocket . She would go on to establish the Whitney Museum of American Art in 1931 . Her son , Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney would fund the establishment of the Whitney Museum of Western Art at the Buffalo Bill Historical Center .   The statue 's full title is Buffalo Bill - The Scout . The statue was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974 .

neg: Andean states The Andean States ( Estados Andinos ) are a group of nations in South America connected by the Andes mountain range . `` Andean States '' is sometimes used to refer to all seven countries that the Andes runs through , regions with a shared culture primarily spread during the times of the Inca Empire ( such as the Quechua language and Andean cuisine ) , or it can be used in a geopolitical sense to designate countries in the region that are members of the Andean Community trade group and have a local ( as opposed to European ) cultural orientation .   The Andes extend through the western part of South America in following countries :        ( not considered to be geopolitically an Andean State )  ( not considered to be geopolitically an Andean State )   When grouped as `` the Andean states '' , the emphasis is on the mountainous regions of these countries . For example , the Argentine pampas are not part of the Andean region , but western Argentina along with Chile is part of the Andean region , and has cultural continuities with its Andean neighbors . Venezuela , Colombia , Peru , Ecuador and Bolivia are part of the Andean Community ( a trade grouping ) , and each contains Amazon Rainforest and Amazonian indigenous people as well as Andean mountains .

neg: Human trafficking in Venezuela Venezuela is a source , transit , and destination country for men , women , and children trafficked for the purposes of commercial sexual exploitation and forced labor . Venezuela 's political , economic , and social concerns contribute to the factors and types of human trafficking in the country . In particular , the severe poverty in Venezuela has increased the rate of human trafficking . Venezuelan women and girls are trafficked within the country for sexual exploitation , lured from poor regions in the nation 's interior to urban and tourist areas . Victims are recruited through false job offers and subsequently forced into prostitution or conditions of labor exploitation . Child prostitution in urban areas and child sex tourism in resort destinations such as Margarita Island appear to be growing . Venezuelan women and girls are trafficked for commercial sexual exploitation to Western Europe and Mexico , in addition to Caribbean destinations such as Trinidad and Tobago , Aruba , and the Dominican Republic . Men , women , and children from Colombia , Peru , Ecuador , Brazil , the Dominican Republic , and the People 's Republic of China are trafficked to and through Venezuela and may be subjected to commercial sexual exploitation and forced labor .

neg: Galápagos Islands The Galápagos Islands ( official name : Archipiélago de Colón , other Spanish name : Islas Galápagos , -LSB- ˈizlaz ɣaˈlapaɣos -RSB- ) are part of the Republic of Ecuador and an archipelago of volcanic islands distributed on either side of the Equator in the Pacific Ocean surrounding the centre of the Western Hemisphere , 906 km west of continental Ecuador . The islands are known for their vast number of endemic species and were studied by Charles Darwin during the voyage of the Beagle , as his observations and collections contributed to the inception of Darwin 's theory of evolution by natural selection .   The Galápagos Islands and their surrounding waters form the Galápagos Province of Ecuador , the Galápagos National Park , and the Galápagos Marine Reserve . The principal language on the islands is Spanish . The islands have a population of slightly over 25,000 .   The first recorded visit to the islands happened by chance in 1535 , when Fray Tomás de Berlanga , the Bishop of Panamá , was surprised with this undiscovered land during a voyage to Peru to arbitrate in a dispute between Francisco Pizarro and Diego de Almagro . De Berlanga eventually returned to the Spanish Empire and described the conditions of the islands and the animals that inhabited them . The group of islands was shown and named in Abraham Ortelius 's atlas published in 1570 . The first crude map of the islands was made in 1684 by the buccaneer Ambrose Cowley , who named the individual islands after some of his fellow pirates or after British royalty and noblemen . These names were used in the authoritative navigation charts of the islands prepared during the Beagle survey under captain Robert Fitzroy , and in Darwin 's popular book The Voyage of the Beagle . The new Republic of Ecuador took the islands from Spanish ownership in 1832 , and subsequently gave them official Spanish names . The older names remained in use in English language publications , including Herman Melville 's The Encantadas of 1854 .

neg: Muisca art This article describes the art produced by the Muisca . The Muisca established one of the four grand civilisations of the pre-Columbian Americas on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense in present-day central Colombia . Their various forms of art have been described in detail and include pottery , textiles , body art , hieroglyphs and rock art . While their architecture was modest compared to the Inca , Aztec and Maya civilisations , the Muisca are best known for their skilled goldworking . The Museo del Oro in the Colombian capital Bogotá houses the biggest collection of golden objects in the world , from various Colombian cultures including the Muisca .   The first art in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes goes back several millennia . Although this predates the Muisca civilisation , whose onset is commonly set at 800 AD , nevertheless , some of these styles persevered through the ages .   During the preceramic era , the people of the highlands produced petrographs and petroglyphs representing their deities , the abundant flora and fauna of the area , abstract motives and anthropomorphic or anthropo-zoomorphic elements . The self-sufficient sedentary agricultural society developed into a culture based on ceramics and the extraction of salt in the Herrera Period , usually defined as 800 BC to 800 AD . During this time , the oldest existing form of constructed art was erected ; the archaeoastronomical site called El Infiernito ( `` The Little Hell '' ) by the catholic Spanish conquistadors . The Herrera Period also marked the widespread use of pottery and textiles and the start of what would become the main motive for the Spanish conquest ; the skilled fine goldworking . The golden age of Muisca metallurgy is represented in the Muisca raft , considered the masterpiece of this technology and depicts the initiation ritual of the new zipa of Bacatá , the southern part of the Muisca Confederation . This ceremony , performed by xeques ( priests ) and caciques wearing feathered golden crowns and accompanied by music and dance , took place on a raft in Lake Guatavita , in the northern part of the flat Bogotá savanna . Accounts of such ceremonies created the legend of El Dorado among the Spanish , leading them on a decade-long quest for this mythical place .   The rich art elaborated by the Muisca has inspired modern artists and designers in their creativity . Muisca motives are represented as murals , in clothing and as objects found all over the former Muisca territories as well as in animated clips and video games . The art of the indigenous inhabitants of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense is well studied by many different researchers who published their work right from the beginning of colonial times . The conquistador who made first contact with the Muisca , Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada , wrote in his memoires about a skilled and well-organised civilisation of traders and farmers . Friar Pedro Simón described the relation between art and the religion and later contributions in the analysis of the various artforms have been made by Alexander von Humboldt , Joaquín Acosta and Liborio Zerda in the 19th century , Miguel Triana , Eliécer Silva Celis and Sylvia M. Broadbent in the 20th century and modern research is dominated by the work of Carl Henrik Langebaek Rueda , Javier Ocampo López and many others .

neg: List of butterflies of the Amazon River basin and the Andes This is a list of butterflies of the Amazon River basin and the Andes .   The Amazon River basin may be the most speciose region for butterflies . Nine countries have territory in the Amazon River basin or immediately adjoin this region : Brazil , Bolivia , Peru , Ecuador , Colombia , Venezuela , Guyana , Suriname , and French Guiana . The Andes extends from north to south through seven South American countries : Venezuela , Colombia , Ecuador , Peru , Bolivia , Chile , and Argentina . The fauna of the Andes is also diverse . Both regions have many endemic species . South America as a whole constitutes the Neotropical realm . Habitats in these two regions are very various and include Amazon rainforest , Atlantic forest , Los Llanos grasslands , Puna grassland and Valdivian temperate rain forest . Peru east of the Andes is regarded as the most important biodiversity hotspot in the world . The two regions ( Amazon and Andes ) are South America proper excluding the pampas plains of Uruguay and Paraguay which have a distinct butterfly fauna .   Isolation has led to the evolution of endemic higher taxa . Instances are Ithomiinae , Dismorphiinae , Phyciodina , Pyrrhopygini , Eumaeini ( over 1,000 species ) , Pronophilina and Eudaminae . Endemic genera ( among very many ) include Morpho , Agrias , Prepona Caligo , Cithaerias , Catagramma , Parides , Hamadryas , Nessaea , Marpesia , Melanis Mesosemia , Symmachia , Evenus , Memphis , Pierella , and Astraptes . Other higher taxa are most speciose in the Neotropics , for instance Riodininae . Many species , notably Heliconius , are members of complex mimicry rings . Adaptive radiation has led to many species being geographically diverse . Examples are Consul fabius and Mechanitis lysimnia .   Notable entomologists associated with Neotropical butterflies are Jean Baptiste Godart , Henry Walter Bates , William Chapman Hewitson , Hans Fruhstorfer , Otto Staudinger , Karl Jordan and Walter Rothschild , Anton Fassl , Hermann Burmeister , William Schaus , Eugène Le Moult , Richard Haensch , Gustav Weymer , Ferdinand Heinrich Hermann Strecker , Andrey Avinoff , Carlos Berg , and Vladimir Nabokov .

neg: Thompson River The Thompson River is the largest tributary of the Fraser River , flowing through the south-central portion of British Columbia , Canada . The Thompson River has two main branches , the South Thompson River and the North Thompson River . The river is home to several varieties of Pacific salmon and trout . The area 's geological history was heavily influenced by glaciation , and the several large glacial lakes have filled the river valley over the last 12,000 years . Archaeological evidence shows human habitation in the watershed dating back to at least 8300 years . The Thompson was named by Fraser River explorer , Simon Fraser , in honour of his friend , Columbia Basin explorer David Thompson . Recreational use of the river includes whitewater rafting and angling .

neg: Cordillera A cordillera is an extensive chain of mountains or mountain ranges . The term is a borrowing from Spanish , in which it has the same meaning . The Spanish word originates from cordilla , a diminutive of `` cuerda '' , or `` rope '' . It is most commonly used in the field of physical geography .   The term is particularly applied to the various ranges of the Andes of South America , and less frequently to other mountain ranges in the `` ridge '' which rims the Pacific Ocean . In Colombia and Venezuela the cordilleras are named according to their position : Cordillera Occidental , Central , and Oriental . Various local names identify the cordilleras in Ecuador , Peru , Bolivia , Chile , and Argentina .   Mountain ranges of this type have a complex structure , usually the result of folding and faulting accompanied by volcanic activity . In South America the ranges include numerous volcanic peaks . ( Though not itself a volcano , Argentina 's Mt. Aconcagua , at 22,834 feet ( 6,960 metres ) high , is the highest point in the Western Hemisphere . The Andes cordillera has Ojos del Salado , the highest active volcano in the world , and second highest point in the Western Hemisphere .   A number of the volcanoes have been active in historic times . Aside from the volcanic peaks , the crests include many narrow ridges , some of which reach into the zone of permanent snow . Between the ranges there are numerous inhabited valleys , basins , and low plateaux with a wide range of elevations .

neg: Cartagena Manifesto The Cartagena Manifesto was written by Simón Bolívar during the Colombian and Venezuelan War of Independence , after the fall of the First Republic , explaining with great detail and precision what he believed to be the causes of this loss . It was written in Cartagena de Indias , on 15 December 1812 . This is the first of Bolívar 's public documents , which due to his later fame as the `` Liberator of five nations , '' have become quite well known . Prior to this , Bolívar had been an officer in the Venezuelan army ; now he was acting on his own . A few months after his arrival in Cartagena , he accepted a commission in the army of the United Provinces of New Granada , which later granted him permission to lead a force to free Venezuela , in what became known as the Admirable Campaign .   The political , economic , social , and natural causes which Bolívar mentioned included :   The use of a federal system , which Bolivar considered weak for a time of war  Bad administration of the public income by the republican government  The earthquake of Caracas of 1812 , which worsened the economic and political situation  The impossibility of establishing a permanent army due to the intransigence of the general population  The opposing influence of the Roman Catholic Church , which clandestinely promoted anti-republican views

neg: Balloon effect The balloon effect is an often-cited criticism of United States drug policy . The name draws an analogy between efforts to eradicate the production of illegal drugs in South American countries and the phenomenon of the same name when a latex balloon is squeezed : The air is moved , but does not disappear , instead moving into another area of less resistance .   Examples of this displacement in drug traffic include :  Fumigation of marijuana in Mexico caused production to migrate to Colombia .  Marijuana crackdowns in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta moved activity to Cauca .  In the late 1990s , coca was largely eradicated in Peru and Bolivia , only to be replaced by new crops in Colombia .  Recently , with the intense spraying in the Colombian Putumayo Department , coca has been planted in other departments including Arauca , Cauca , Caquetá , Guaviare , Huila , Meta , Nariño , and Santander .   As described in The Economist :   Brazil and the Southern Cone ( Chile , Uruguay , Paraguay , Argentina ) neglected their respective drug trafficking issues and due to the concentration on the Andean region , these were neglected by the United States as well . These nations ignored the problem primarily due to its slow introduction and penetration into their society , the insistence from the U.S. that the sources of the drugs was the only problem and because the governments at the time were more concerned with foreign debt , inflation , economic growth , civil-military relations and political survival . The United States continued to increase their anti-drug operations in the Andean region resulting in displacement . This means that the U.S. tactics forced the drug traffickers to search for safer areas with less government pressure to eliminate the flow of narcotics . The drug traffickers took advantage of the neglected Southern Cone and began shifting their routes , locations for cocaine laboratories and money laundering centres . These shifts have also created growing drug consumption issues among the Southern Cone countries . While the role of the Southern Cone had been that of a transhipment point for cocaine produced in the Andean region , further evidence appeared to indicate that in fact since 1984 the region had been used extensively by Colombian and Bolivian drug traffickers . Cocaine labs were found in Northern and Western Brazil and in Argentina . It was also found that Uruguay and Chile had become major financial centres for money laundering after the invasion of Panama . Uruguay was particularly attractive as it has one of the most open banking systems in the Western hemisphere and the government has always put great emphasis on having tight bank secrecy laws .

neg: Extreme tourism Extreme tourism ( also often referred to as shock tourism , although both concepts do not appear strictly similar ) is a niche in the tourism industry involving travel to dangerous places ( mountains , jungles , deserts , caves , canyons , etc. ) or participation in dangerous events . Extreme tourism overlaps with extreme sport . The two share the main attraction , `` adrenaline rush '' caused by an element of risk , and differing mostly in the degree of engagement and professionalism .   While traditional tourism requires significant investments in hotels , roads , etc. , extreme tourism requires much less to jump-start a business . In addition to traditional travel-based tourism destinations , various exotic attractions are suggested , such as flyovers in MiGs at Mach 2.5 , ice diving in the White Sea , or travelling across the Chernobyl zone .   Some of the Extreme tourism famous attractions in the world :  Chernobyl Tours -- Ukraine .  Swimming in the Devil 's Pool in Victoria Falls -- Zambia and Zimbabwe .  Walking the Plank at Mount Hua -- China .  Death Road Tour -- Bolivia .  Green Zone -- Baghdad , Iraq .  Sac Actun tours - Riviera Maya , Mexico  Cave of Swallows - Mexico

neg: Pacific Fur Company The Pacific Fur Company ( PFC ) was an American fur trade venture wholly owned and funded by John Jacob Astor that functioned from 1810 to 1813 . It was based in the Pacific Northwest , an area contested over the decades between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland , the Spanish Empire , the United States of America and the Russian Empire .   Management , clerks and fur trappers were sent both by land and by sea to the Pacific Coast in the Autumn of 1810 . The base of operations was constructed at the mouth of the Columbia River in 1811 , Fort Astoria ( present-day Astoria , Oregon ) . The destruction of the company vessel the Tonquin later that year off the shore of Vancouver Island took with it the majority of the annual trading goods . Commercial competition with the NWC began soon after the foundation of Fort Astoria . The Canadian competitors maintained several stations in the interior , primarily Spokane House , Kootanae House and Saleesh House . Fort Okanogan was also opened in 1811 , the first of several PFC posts created to counter these locations . The Overland Expedition faced military hostilities from several Indigenous cultures and later had an acute provision crisis leading to starvation . Despite losing men crossing the Great Plains and later at the Snake River , they arrived in groups throughout January and February 1812 at Fort Astoria .   A beneficial agreement with the Russian-American Company was also planned through the regular supply of provisions for posts in Russian America . This was planned in part to prevent the rival Montreal based North West Company ( NWC ) to gain a presence along the Pacific Coast , a prospect neither Russian colonial authorities nor Astor favored .   The lack of military protection during the War of 1812 forced the sale of PFC assets to the NWC . While the transactions were not finalized until 1814 , due to the distance from Fort Astoria to Montreal and New York City , the company was functionally defunct by 1813 . A party of Astorians returning overland to St. Louis in 1813 made the important discovery of the South Pass through the Rocky Mountains . This geographic feature would later be used by hundreds of thousands of settlers traveling over the Oregon , California , and Mormon routes , collectively called the Westward Expansion Trails . The emporium envisioned by Astor was a failure for a number of reasons , including the loss of two supply ships , the material difficulties of crossing the North American continent and competition from the North West Company . Historian Arthur S. Morton concluded that `` The misfortunes which befell the Pacific Fur Company were great , but such as might be expected at the initiation of an enterprise in a distant land whose difficulties and whose problems lay beyond the experience of the traders . ''

neg: Rubber soldiers Rubber soldiers ( Portuguese : Soldados da borracha ) were people in Brazil which were compulsorily drafted to harvest rubber in the Amazon rainforest during World War II .   The `` rubber soldiers '' program was a consequence of the Brazil-United States Political-Military Agreement during the war , after the United States were cut off by Japan from its major supply of rubber in Malaysia . About 55,000 persons were mostly transferred from drought-stricken northeast areas and contributed to the second rubber boom in Brazil . They were enlisted into the Serviço Especial de Mobilização de Trabalhadores para a Amazônia ( SEMTA ; `` Special Service of Mobilization of Workers for the Amazon '' ) , with support of several other governmental organizations .   Each migrant signed a contract with SEMTA which offered a small salary for the worker during their transport to the Amazon region . Upon arrival , they received a payment of 60 % of the total profit which had been obtained with the rubber . The basic kit they received included basic clothing , eating equipment , a net , and a carton of Colomy cigarettes . After being recruited , the volunteers were placed in specially-built housing , under strict military watch , and then sent into the Amazon , on trips which could last two to three months .   For many workers , it was a one-way journey . About 30,000 rubber workers died abandoned in the Amazon , after having exhausted their energies extracting the `` white gold . '' They died of malaria , yellow fever , and hepatitis , and were attacked by animals such as panthers , serpents , and scorpions . The Brazilian government also did not fulfill its promise to return the `` rubber soldiers '' to their homes at the end of the war as heroes and with housing comparable to that of the military .