query: Bosnia and Herzegovina isn't a country.

pos: Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina ( -LSB- ˈbɒzniə_ənd_ˌhɛərtsəɡoʊˈviːnə , _ - ˌhɜːrt - , _ - ɡə - -RSB- or -LSB- ˌhɜːrtsəˈɡɒvᵻnə -RSB- B&H ; Bosnian , Croatian , Serbian : Bosna i Hercegovina / Боснa и Херцеговина -LSB- bôsna i xěrt͡seɡoʋina -RSB- ) , sometimes called Bosnia-Herzegovina ( BiH ) , and , in short , often known informally as Bosnia , is a country in Southeastern Europe located on the Balkan Peninsula . Sarajevo is the capital and largest city . Bordered by Croatia to the north , west , and south ; Serbia to the east ; Montenegro to the southeast ; and the Adriatic Sea to the south , with a coastline about 20 km long surrounding the city of Neum . In the central and eastern interior of the country the geography is mountainous , in the northwest it is moderately hilly , and the northeast is predominantly flatland . The inland is a geographically larger region and has a moderate continental climate , with hot summers and cold and snowy winters . The southern tip of the country has a Mediterranean climate and plain topography .   Bosnia and Herzegovina is a region that traces permanent human settlement back to the Neolithic age , during and after which it was populated by several Illyrian and Celtic civilizations . Culturally , politically , and socially , the country has a rich history , having been first settled by the Slavic peoples that populate the area today from the 6th through to the 9th centuries . In the 12th century the Banate of Bosnia was established , which evolved into the Kingdom of Bosnia in the 14th century , after which it was annexed into the Ottoman Empire , under whose rule it would remain from the mid-15th to the late 19th centuries . The Ottomans brought Islam to the region , and altered much of the cultural and social outlook of the country . This was followed by annexation into the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy , which lasted up until World War I . In the interwar period , Bosnia was part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and after World War II , the country was granted full republic status in the newly formed Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . Following the dissolution of Yugoslavia , the country proclaimed independence in 1992 , which was followed by the Bosnian War , lasting until late 1995 .   Today , the country maintains high literacy , life expectancy and education levels and is one of the most frequently visited countries in the region , projected to have the third highest tourism growth rate in the world between 1995 and 2020 . Bosnia and Herzegovina is regionally and internationally renowned for its natural beauty and cultural heritage inherited from six historical civilizations , its cuisine , winter sports , its eclectic and unique music , architecture and its festivals , some of which are the largest and most prominent of their kind in Southeastern Europe . The country is home to three main ethnic groups or , officially , constituent peoples , as specified in the constitution . Bosniaks are the largest group of the three , with Serbs second and Croats third . A native of Bosnia and Herzegovina , regardless of ethnicity , is identified in English as a Bosnian . The terms Herzegovinian and Bosnian are maintained as a regional rather than ethnic distinction , and the region of Herzegovina has no precisely defined borders of its own . Moreover , the country was simply called `` Bosnia '' until the Austro-Hungarian occupation at the end of the 19th century .   Bosnia and Herzegovina has a bicameral legislature and a three-member Presidency composed of a member of each major ethnic group . However , the central government 's power is highly limited , as the country is largely decentralized and comprises two autonomous entities : the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska , with a third region , the Brčko District , governed under local government . The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is itself complex and consists of 10 cantons . The country is a potential candidate for membership to the European Union and has been a candidate for North Atlantic Treaty Organisation membership since April 2010 , when it received a Membership Action Plan at a summit in Tallinn . Additionally , the country has been a member of the Council of Europe since April 2002 and a founding member of the Mediterranean Union upon its establishment in July 2008 .

neg: Health in Bosnia and Herzegovina Health in Bosnia and Herzegovina was impacted by the Balkan War of the early 1990s , during which Bosnia and Herzegovina declared their independence . Bosnia faced many challenges during the war , including bombings throughout the country that ruined much of the infrastructure . Parallel regimes took over Bosnia and flipped the country upside down with land mines , bullets , and bombings . The war displaced over 800,000 refugees and killed over 100,000 people . The war in Bosnia also consisted of an ethnic `` cleanse '' of Bosnian Muslims initiated by Bosnian Serbs , which included containment of Bosniaks in concentration camps . The war ended with NATO involvement and the Dayton Agreement in 1995 . The Dayton Agreement acknowledges Bosnia and Herzegovina as a democratic country and the country is moving toward the basic principals that accompany that , such as civil rights and equality . During the war there was minimal attention given to the standard of health and major public health concerns , such as pest control , hygiene , disinfection , and import and export programs , were all interrupted or stopped .  The war affected Bosnia in many ways . The war torn country not only lost much of the infrastructure , but the economy and the governmental system were also affected . It is estimated that there are still thousands of people living as refugees and a large portion of the population still fall under the United Nations High Commission of Refugees category of a refugee or displaced person . The shortcomings of the current health care system include the lack of communication between health care centers , lack of skills , and lack of standards that are uniform throughout the country .

neg: Army of Republika Srpska The Army of Republika Srpska ; Serbian , Bosnian , Croatian Vojska Republike Srpske ( VRS ) ) , also referred to as the Bosnian Serb Army , was the military of the Republika Srpska , an area which was previously the `` Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina '' .   In 2003 the army began to integrate into the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina . In 2005 a fully integrated unit of Serbs , Bosniaks , and Croats was deployed to augment the US-led coalition forces in Iraq . On 6 June 2006 , it was fully integrated into the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina controlled by the Ministry of Defence of Bosnia and Herzegovina .

neg: House of Peoples of Bosnia and Herzegovina The House of Peoples of Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Dom Naroda Bosne i Hercegovine / Дом Народа Босне и Херцеговине ) is one of the two chambers of the Parliamentary Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina , with the other chamber being the House of Representatives of Bosnia and Herzegovina . It was established through the signing of the Dayton Agreement in 1995 .   It has 15 members equally distributed among the three ethnic groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina : 5 Bosniaks , 5 Serbs , and 5 Croats . The members are appointed by the parliaments of the constituent peoples . Their duty is to make sure that no law is passed unless all three groups agree on it .

neg: Continental Europe Continental Europe , also referred to as mainland Europe , or , by Europeans , simply the Continent , is the continuous continent of Europe , excluding surrounding islands .   The most common definition of continental Europe excludes continental islands , encompassing the Greek Islands , Cyprus , Malta , Sicily , Sardinia , Corsica , the Balearic Islands , Ireland , Great Britain , the Isle of Man , the Channel Islands , Novaya Zemlya and the Danish archipelago , as well as nearby oceanic islands , including the Canary Islands , Madeira , the Azores , Iceland , the Faroe Islands , and Svalbard .   The Scandinavian peninsula is sometimes also excluded , as even though it is technically part of `` mainland Europe '' , the de facto connections to the rest of the continent are across the Baltic Sea or North Sea ( rather than via the lengthy land route that involves travelling to the north of the peninsula where it meets Finland , and then south through north-east Europe ) .   The notion of Europe as a geopolitical or cultural term is centred on core Europe ( Kerneuropa ) , the continental territory of the historical Carolingian Empire and the core of Latin Christendom , corresponding to modern France , Italy , Germany ( or German-speaking Europe ) and the Benelux states ( historical Austrasia ) . This historical core of `` Carolingian Europe '' was consciously invoked in the 1950s as the historical ethno-cultural basis for the prospective European integration ( see also Multi-speed Europe ) .

neg: List of companies of Slovakia Slovakia is a landlocked country in Central Europe . The capital and largest city is Bratislava . The official language is Slovak .   Slovakia is a high-income advanced economy with a very high Human Development Index , a very high standard of living and performs favourably in measurements of civil liberties , press freedom , internet freedom , democratic governance and peacefulness . The country maintains a combination of market economy with universal health care and a comprehensive social security system . The country joined the European Union in 2004 and the Eurozone on 1 January 2009 . Slovakia is also a member of the Schengen Area , NATO , the United Nations , the OECD , the WTO , CERN , the OSCE , the Council of Europe and the Visegrád Group . The Slovak economy is one of the fastest growing economies in Europe and 3rd fastest in eurozone . Its legal tender , the Euro , is the world 's 2nd most traded currency . Although regional income inequality is high , 90 % of citizens own their homes . In 2016 , Slovak citizens had visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to 165 countries and territories , ranking the Slovak passport 11th in the world . Slovakia is the world 's biggest per-capita car producer with a total of 1,040,000 cars manufactured in the country in 2016 alone . The car industry represents 43 percent of Slovakia 's industrial output , and a quarter of its exports .   For further information on the types of business entities in this country and their abbreviations , see `` Business entities in Slovakia '' .

neg: Bosnia and Herzegovina–Malaysia relations Bosnia and Herzegovina -- Malaysia relations refers to a foreign relations between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Malaysia . Bosnia and Herzegovina has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur , and Malaysia has an embassy in Sarajevo .

neg: Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina The Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Bosnian , Croatian and Serbian : Akademija nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine Cyrillic : Академија наука и умјетности Босне и Херцеговине ) is the national academy of Bosnia and Herzegovina .

neg: Bosnians Bosnians ( Bosnian , Croatian and Serbian : Bosanci / Босанци ; singular : Bosnian ( Bosanac / Босанац ) are people who live in Bosnia , or who are of Bosnian descent . Bosnia is one of two main regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina .   According to the latest official population census made in Bosnia and Herzegovina , most of the people identified with Bosniak , Croat or Serb nationality . Some people identified with `` Bosnian '' nationality , however these are listed under the category `` Others '' ( along with all the other options such as Jews , Romas etc. ) . According to the latest population census ( 2013 ) , there were around 2.7 % `` Others '' .   According to some , a Bosnian can be anyone who holds citizenship of the state of Bosnia and Herzegovina , and thus is largely synonymous with the all-encompassing national demonym Bosnians and Herzegovinians . This includes , but is not limited to , members of the constituent ethnic groups of Bosnia and Herzegovina : Bosniaks , Serbs and Croats . Those who reside in the smaller geographical region of Herzegovina usually prefer to identify as Herzegovinians .   CIA factbook , used in this article as a source for numbers , does n't mention a sole `` Bosnian '' nationality . Instead it mentions `` Bosnian ( s ) , Herzegovinian ( s ) '' thereby emphasizing the regional significance and equity between the terms .   Ethnic minorities in this territory , such as Jews , Roma , Albanians , Montenegrins and others , may consider Bosnian as an adjective modifying their ethnicity ( e.g. Bosnian Roma ) to indicate place of residence . Other times they use ( with equal rights ) the term Herzegovinians .   In addition , a sizable population in Bosnia and Herzegovina believe that the term `` Bosnians '' defines a people who constitute a distinct collective cultural identity or ethnic group . According to the latest ( 2013 ) census however , this population does n't rise above 2.7 % .   According to a study conducted by University of Montenegro , Faculty for Sport and Physical Education , Nikšić , Montenegro and University of Novi Sad in Serbia , Bosnian people are the tallest in the world .

neg: United Nations Security Council Resolution 838 United Nations Security Council resolution 838 , adopted unanimously on 10 June 1993 , after reaffirming Resolution 713 ( 1991 ) and all subsequent resolutions on the situation in the former Yugoslavia and in particular Bosnia and Herzegovina , the Council discussed options for the deployment of international observers on the borders of Bosnia and Herzegovina to ensure implementation of previous Security Council resolutions .   The Council reiterated its demands in resolutions 752 ( 1992 ) and 819 ( 1993 ) which called for the end of foreign interference in Bosnia and Herzegovina and for the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbia and Montenegro ) cease supplying arms and military equipment to Bosnian Serb paramilitary units respectively . Violations of resolutions 757 ( 1992 ) , 787 ( 1992 ) and 820 ( 1993 ) were condemned which involved actions that took place between Serbia and Montenegro and the protected areas in Croatia and those areas of Bosnia and Herzegovina under the control of Bosnian Serbs . In this regard , the Council considered the possible deployment of observers around the borders of Bosnia and Herzegovina as indicated in Resolution 787 ( 1992 ) .   The resolution also noted the decision of Serbia and Montenegro to prohibit all but humanitarian supplies to Bosnian Serb paramilitaries and the Council urged the country to implement the commitment . The Vance-Owen Peace Plan was recommended as a peaceful settlement of the conflict in the region .   The Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali was requested to report back to the Security Council on options for the deployment of international observers to monitor the borders of Bosnia and Herzegovina with priority for its border with Serbia and Montenegro . He was requested to contact Member States in order to ensure the availability of any material derived from aerial surveillance .

neg: Contact Group (Balkans) The Contact Group is the name for an informal grouping of Great Powers that have a significant interest in policy developments in the Balkans . The Contact Group is composed of United States , United Kingdom , France , Germany , Italy , and Russia . It was first created in response to the war and the crisis in Bosnia in the early 1990s . The Contact Group includes four of the five Permanent Members of the UN Security Council and the countries that contribute the most in troops and assistance to peacebuilding efforts in the Balkans . Representatives of the EU Council , EU Presidency , European Commission and NATO generally attend Contact Group meetings .   The Contact Group has taken a major interest in the UN-led process to determine the future political status of Kosovo and Metohija ( i.e. , whether it should be independent or remain a part of Serbia ) . The Contact Group meets regularly with UN Special Envoy Martti Ahtisaari , who has been charged with running the future status process .   The Contact Group has no Secretariat or permanent staff -- it is simply an informal grouping of countries that meets regularly at various levels to coordinate international policy initiatives in southeast Europe . Contact Group public statements , often negotiated to painstaking detail within the group , are considered to be significant statements of the international community 's policy and intentions in the region . The Contact Group usually meets at the level of Balkans director ( i.e. , the highest-ranking diplomats in charge of the Balkans in each foreign ministry ) . Occasionally , however , the Contact Group meets at the level of Political Director or even Foreign Minister .

neg: Romani people in Bosnia and Herzegovina The Romani people in Bosnia and Herzegovina are the largest of the 17 national minority in the country , although -- due to the stigma attached to the label -- this is often not reflected in statistics and censuses .

neg: Macedonia naming dispute The Macedonia naming dispute is a political dispute regarding the use of the name Macedonia between the southeastern European countries of Greece and the Republic of Macedonia , formerly a federal unit of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . Pertinent to its background is an early 20th century multifaceted dispute and armed conflict that formed part of the background to the Balkan Wars . The specific naming dispute , although an existing issue in Yugoslav -- Greek relations since World War II , was reignited after the breakup of Yugoslavia and the newly gained independence of the former Socialist Republic of Macedonia in 1991 . Since then , it has been an ongoing issue in bilateral and international relations .   Citing historical and territorial concerns resulting from the ambiguity between the Republic of Macedonia , the adjacent Greek region of Macedonia and the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon which falls mostly within Greek Macedonia , Greece opposes the use of the name `` Macedonia '' by the Republic of Macedonia without a geographical qualifier such as `` Northern Macedonia '' for use by all and for all purposes . As millions of ethnic Greeks identify themselves as Macedonians , unrelated to the Slavic people who are associated with the Republic of Macedonia , Greece further objects to the use of the term `` Macedonian '' for the neighboring country 's largest ethnic group and its language . The Republic of Macedonia is accused of appropriating symbols and figures that are historically considered part of Greek culture such as the Vergina Sun and Alexander the Great , and of promoting the irredentist concept of a United Macedonia , which involves territorial claims on Greece , Bulgaria , Albania , and Serbia .   The dispute has escalated to the highest level of international mediation , involving numerous attempts to achieve a resolution . In 1995 , the two countries formalised bilateral relations and committed to start negotiations on the naming issue , under the auspices of the United Nations . Until a solution is found , the provisional reference `` the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia '' ( sometimes unofficially abbreviated as FYROM ) is used by international organisations and states which do not recognise translations of the constitutional name Republic of Macedonia ( Република Македонија , Republika Makedonija ) . UN members , and the UN as a whole , have agreed to accept any final agreement on a new name resulting from negotiations between the two countries . The parties are represented by Ambassadors Vasko Naumovski and Adamantios Vassilakis , under the mediation of Matthew Nimetz .

neg: Bosnia and Herzegovina–United States relations The 1992-95 war in Bosnia and Herzegovina was ended with the help of participation by the United States in brokering the 1995 Dayton Agreement . The United States maintains command of the NATO headquarters in Sarajevo . The United States has donated hundreds of millions of dollars to help with infrastructure , humanitarian aid , economic development , and military reconstruction in Herzegovina and Bosnia . The U.S. Agency for International Development ( USAID ) and Support for Eastern European Democracies ( SEED ) has played a large role in post-war Bosnia and Herzegovina , including programs in economic development and reform , democratic reform ( media , elections ) , infrastructure development , and training programs for Bosnian professionals , among others . Additionally , there are many non-governmental organizations ( NGOs ) that have likewise played significant roles in the reconstruction .   According to the 2012 U.S. Global Leadership Report , 33 % of Bosnia and Herzegovina 's people approve of U.S. leadership , with 49 % disapproving and 18 % uncertain .

neg: Regions in Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina , like every European country is made of geographical and historical regions .

neg: Brod, Bosnia and Herzegovina Brod ( Serbian Cyrillic : Брод ; -LSB- brôːd -RSB- ) is a town and municipality located on the south bank of the river Sava in the northern part of Bosnia and Herzegovina . It is situated in the northwestern part of the Republika Srpska entity and the western part of the Posavina region .

neg: Banate of Bosnia The Banate of Bosnia ( Bosanska banovina , banovina Bosna ) was a medieval state based in what is today Bosnia and Herzegovina . Although it was a part of the Hungarian Crown Lands , the Banate of Bosnia was a de facto independent state . It was founded in the mid-12th century and existed until 1377 , when it was proclaimed a kingdom with the coronation of Tvrtko I . The greater part of its history was marked by a religiopolitical controversy revolving around the native Bosnian Church condemned as heretical by both the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches , although with the Catholic church being particularly antagonistic and persecuting its members through the Hungarians .

neg: Bosnia and Herzegovina national futsal team The Bosnia and Herzegovina national futsal team is controlled by the Football Association of Bosnia and Herzegovina , the governing body for futsal in Bosnia and Herzegovina and represents the country in international futsal competitions , such as the FIFA Futsal World Cup and the European Championships .

neg: Bosnia and Herzegovina–Russia relations Bosnia and Herzegovina -- Russia relations are the bilateral relations between the two countries , Bosnia and Herzegovina and Russia . Bosnia is one of the countries where Russia has contributed troops for the NATO-led stabilization force . Russia recognized the independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina on 27 April 1992 .

neg: Croatia–United States relations Croatia -- United States relations refer to the bilateral relationship between Croatia and the United States . Diplomatic relations among two countries were established on April 7 , 1992 following Croatia 's independence from SFR Yugoslavia .   Croatia has an embassy in Washington D.C. , general consulates in Chicago , Los Angeles , New York City , and consulates in Anchorage , Kansas City , Pittsburgh , Seattle and Houston . The US has an embassy in Zagreb .   American engagement in Croatia is aimed at fostering a democratic , secure , and market-oriented society that will be a strong US partner in Euro-Atlantic institutions . Bilateral relations between the two countries are described as very strong .   Croatian diaspora in the US is one of the largest in the world with an estimate of more than 1.2 million members . Most of the Croats live in Chicago ( ~ 150,000 ) , New York City , New Jersey and Connecticut ( ~ 80,000 ) , St. Louis ( ~ 40,000 ) , San Pedro ( ~ 35,000 ) , Detroit ( ~ 7,000 ) and San Jose ( ~ 5,000 ) . The National Federation of Croatian Americans is the main organization that brings together Croats in the US .   Both countries are members of UN , NATO , Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council , Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe , International Monetary Fund , World Bank and World Trade Organization . In addition , Croatia is an observer to the Organization of American States .

neg: Geography of Kosovo Kosovo is a small landlocked country in Southeastern Europe , in the center of Balkan Peninsula .  With an area of 10,908 km2 , it is one of the smallest countries in Europe .   Considering it 's small area , Kosovo has a variety of topographical features . It is surrounded by mountains : the Sharr Mountains are located in the south and southeast , bordering Macedonia , while the Kopaonik Mountains rise in the north . The southwest borders with Montenegro and Albania are also mountainous , and home to the country 's highest peak , Gjeravica , 2656 m high . The central region is mainly hilly , but two large plains spread over Kosovo 's west and east , respectively , Metohija plain and Kosovo plain .   In the terms of hydrography , Kosovo has limited water resources . The main rivers in the country are the White Drin , running towards the Adriatic Sea , the South Morava in the Goljak area , and Ibar in the north . Sitnica , a tributary of Ibar , is the longest river lying completely within Kosovo . There are several small natural lakes but the country 's most important lakes are artificial . The biggest lakes are Gazivoda , Radonjić , Batlava and Badovac . Kosovo also does have a large number of karst springs , thermal and mineral water springs .


query: Google's moto is "Do the right thing"

pos: Google Google is an American multinational technology company specializing in Internet-related services and products . These include online advertising technologies , search , cloud computing , software , and hardware . Google was founded in 1998 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they were Ph.D. students at Stanford University , in California . Together , they own about 14 percent of its shares , and control 56 percent of the stockholder voting power through supervoting stock . They incorporated Google as a privately held company on September 4 , 1998 . An initial public offering ( IPO ) took place on August 19 , 2004 , and Google moved to its new headquarters in Mountain View , California , nicknamed the Googleplex . In August 2015 , Google announced plans to reorganize its various interests as a conglomerate called Alphabet Inc. . Google , Alphabet 's leading subsidiary , will continue to be the umbrella company for Alphabet 's Internet interests . Upon completion of the restructure , Sundar Pichai became CEO of Google , replacing Larry Page , who became CEO of Alphabet .   Rapid growth since incorporation has triggered a chain of products , acquisitions , and partnerships beyond Google 's core search engine ( Google Search ) . It offers services designed for work and productivity ( Google Docs , Sheets and Slides ) , email ( Gmail/Inbox ) , scheduling and time management ( Google Calendar ) , cloud storage ( Google Drive ) , social networking ( Google + ) , instant messaging and video chat ( Google Allo/Duo/Hangouts ) , language translation ( Google Translate ) , mapping and turn-by-turn navigation ( Google Maps ) , video sharing ( YouTube ) , notetaking ( Google Keep ) , and photo organizing and editing ( Google Photos ) . The company leads the development of the Android mobile operating system , the Google Chrome web browser , and Chrome OS , a lightweight operating system based on the Chrome browser . Google has moved increasingly into hardware ; from 2010 to 2015 , it partnered with major electronics manufacturers in the production of its Nexus devices , and in October 2016 , it released multiple hardware products ( including the Google Pixel smartphone , Home smart speaker , Wifi mesh wireless router , and Daydream View virtual reality headset ) . The new hardware chief , Rick Osterloh , stated : `` a lot of the innovation that we want to do now ends up requiring controlling the end-to-end user experience '' . Google has also experimented with becoming an Internet carrier . In February 2010 , it announced Google Fiber , a fiber-optic infrastructure that was installed in Kansas City ; in April 2015 , it launched Project Fi in the United States , combining Wi-Fi and cellular networks from different providers ; and in 2016 , it announced the Google Station initiative to make public Wi-Fi around the world , which had already been deployed in India .   Alexa , a company that monitors commercial web traffic , lists Google.com as the most visited website in the world . Several other Google services also figure in the top 100 most visited websites , including YouTube and Blogger . Google has been the second most valuable brand in the world for 4 consecutive years , but has received significant criticism involving issues such as privacy concerns , tax avoidance , antitrust , censorship , and search neutrality . Google 's mission statement , from the outset , was `` to organize the world 's information and make it universally accessible and useful '' , and its unofficial slogan was `` Do n't be evil '' . In October 2015 , the motto was replaced in the Alphabet corporate code of conduct by the phrase `` Do the right thing '' .

neg: Google WiFi Google WiFi is a municipal wireless network deployed in Mountain View , California . It is entirely funded by Google and installed primarily on Mountain View lightposts . Google had committed to keeping the service free until 2010 . The initial service was shut down by Google on May 3 , 2014 at their Mountain View base , and provided a new public outdoor WiFi .

neg: Nexus 5 Nexus 5 ( codenamed Hammerhead ) is an Android smartphone manufactured by LG Electronics for Google . Co-developed with and marketed by Google Inc. as part of its Nexus line of flagship devices and unveiled on October 31 , 2013 , it is a successor to the Nexus 4 . Nexus 5 served as the launch device for Android 4.4 `` KitKat '' , which introduced a refreshed interface , performance improvements , increased Google Now integration , better battery life and other features .   The Nexus 5 received mostly positive reviews , praising the device 's balance of overall performance and cost in comparison to other `` flagship '' phones , along with the quality of its display and some of the changes introduced by Android 4.4 . The display was , however , criticized for being too dim in comparison to other devices , and the camera was criticized for having inconsistent quality .

neg: Google Contact Lens Google Contact Lens is a smart contact lens project announced by Google on 16 January 2014 . The project aims to assist people with diabetes by constantly measuring the glucose levels in their tears . The project is being carried out by Verily and it is currently being tested using prototypes .

neg: Android Wear Android Wear is a version of Google 's Android operating system designed for smartwatches and other wearables . By pairing with mobile phones running Android version 4.3 or newer , or iOS version 8.2 or newer with limited support from Google 's pairing application , Android Wear integrates Google Now technology and mobile notifications into a smartwatch form factor . It also adds the ability to download applications from the Google Play Store .   Android Wear supports Bluetooth , Wi-Fi , 3G and LTE ( telecommunication ) connectivity , as well as a range of features and applications . Watch face styles include round , square and rectangular . Released devices include Motorola Moto 360 , the LG G Watch , and the Samsung Gear Live . Hardware manufacturing partners include Asus , Broadcom , Fossil , HTC , Intel , LG , MediaTek , Imagination Technologies , Motorola , New Balance , Qualcomm , Samsung , Huawei , Polar and TAG Heuer .   In the first six months of availability , Canalys estimates that over 720,000 Android Wear smartwatches were shipped . , Android Wear had between one and five million application installations . Android Wear was estimated to account for 10 % of the smart watch market in 2015 .

neg: Lithium-ion battery A lithium-ion battery or Li-ion battery ( abbreviated as LIB ) is a type of rechargeable battery in which lithium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge and back when charging . Li-ion batteries use an intercalated lithium compound as one electrode material , compared to the metallic lithium used in a non-rechargeable lithium battery . The electrolyte , which allows for ionic movement , and the two electrodes are the constituent components of a lithium-ion battery cell .   Lithium-ion batteries are common in home electronics . They are one of the most popular types of rechargeable batteries for portable electronics , with a high energy density , tiny memory effect and low self-discharge . LIBs are also growing in popularity for military , battery electric vehicle and aerospace applications . For example , lithium-ion batteries are becoming a common replacement for the lead -- acid batteries that have been used historically for golf carts and utility vehicles . Instead of heavy lead plates and acid electrolyte , the trend is to use lightweight lithium-ion battery packs that can provide the same voltage as lead-acid batteries , so no modification to the vehicle 's drive system is required .   Chemistry , performance , cost and safety characteristics vary across LIB types . Handheld electronics mostly use LIBs based on lithium cobalt oxide , which offers high energy density , but presents safety risks , especially when damaged . Lithium iron phosphate , lithium ion manganese oxide battery ( , , or LMO ) and lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide ( or NMC ) offer lower energy density , but longer lives and inherent safety . Such batteries are widely used for electric tools , medical equipment and other roles . NMC in particular is a leading contender for automotive applications . Lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide ( or NCA ) and lithium titanate ( or LTO ) are specialty designs aimed at particular niche roles . The newer lithium -- sulfur batteries promise the highest performance-to-weight ratio .   Lithium-ion batteries can pose unique safety hazards since they contain a flammable electrolyte and may be kept pressurized . An expert notes `` If a battery cell is charged too quickly , it can cause a short circuit , leading to explosions and fires '' . Because of these risks , testing standards are more stringent than those for acid-electrolyte batteries , requiring both a broader range of test conditions and additional battery-specific tests . There have been battery-related recalls by some companies , including the 2016 Samsung Galaxy Note 7 recall for battery fires .   Research areas for lithium-ion batteries include life extension , energy density , safety , and cost reduction , among others .

neg: Motorola Devour The Motorola Devour is an Internet and multimedia enabled smartphone designed by Motorola , which runs Google 's Android operating system . In the United States , the handset is distributed exclusively by Verizon Wireless . The Devour has a Hearing Aid Compatibility ( HAC ) rating of M4/T4 . Although it runs Android , the Devour was not branded or marketed as part of Verizon 's `` DROID '' series of Android smartphones .

neg: Palm TX The Palm TX ( written as `` Palm T | X '' in official documentation ) was a personal digital assistant which was produced by Palm , Inc. . It was announced and released as part of Palm 's October 2005 product cycle , and was in production until March 2009 .   It succeeded the Tungsten T5 PDA . The TX marked Palm 's discontinuation of `` Tungsten '' sub-branding for its high-end handhelds . It featured 802.11 b Wi-Fi and Bluetooth wireless connectivity . It ran Palm OS Garnet , version 5.4.9 . As Palm considered the LifeDrive to be separate from its PDA line , designating it as a `` Mobile Manager '' , the TX was Palm 's flagship PDA .

neg: Samsung Galaxy Mini The Samsung Galaxy Mini ( GT-S5570 -LSB- B/L/i -RSB- ) is a smartphone manufactured by Samsung that runs the Android operating system . It was announced and released by Samsung in early 2011 . In some markets it is known as Samsung Galaxy Next/Pop/NG  It is currently available in four different colors ; steel grey , white , lime and orange . The same device is sold in the United States as the Samsung Dart exclusively for T-Mobile . The face buttons were changed to capacitive matching the rest of the Galaxy lineup . The FM radio functionality was removed amid fears of making it too good .   It was succeeded by the Samsung Galaxy Mini 2 , featuring major processor improvements from the original . This included FM radio .

neg: Open Sans Open Sans is a sans-serif typeface designed by Steve Matteson and commissioned by Google . According to Google , it was developed with an `` upright stress , open forms and a neutral , yet friendly appearance '' and is `` optimized for legibility across print , web , and mobile interfaces . '' Featuring wide apertures on many letters and a large x-height ( tall lower-case letters ) , the typeface is highly legible on screen and at small sizes . It belongs to the humanist genre of sans-serif typefaces , with a true italic .   Open Sans is used in some of Google 's web pages as well as its print and web advertisements . Its design is similar to that of Matteson 's Droid Sans , created as the first user interface font for Android phones , but with wider characters and the inclusion of italic variants .

neg: List of Google Play edition devices The Google Play edition devices ( GPE ) is a series of consumer mobile devices sanctioned by Google that run the Android operating system . Unlike the standard versions of Android on these devices , which have received `` skins '' from the original equipment manufacturer , such as Samsung TouchWiz or HTC Sense , they run a `` stock '' version of Android , without any manufacturer or wireless carrier modifications , making them essentially like Google Nexus devices in terms of software but do not carry the Google Nexus branding , nor does their hardware differ from that of the original devices upon which the Play editions are based . Because of this , the software includes slight , under-the-hood changes to function on the original manufacturer 's hardware .   These devices are carrier unlocked and GSM-based , and have been offered exclusively through Google 's Play Store . Updates for these devices are delivered by Google ( bypassing carriers ) , but are supplied by the original device manufacturer .  Although the updates are not supplied directly by Google , as is the case with the products from the Nexus line , these devices receive Android updates at nearly the same time as Nexus products .   In January 2015 , Google stopped selling their final Google Play edition phone . While Google never officially announced the end of the program , no new phones have been announced since .

neg: Android Donut Android 1.6 `` Donut '' is a version of the open source Android mobile operating system developed by Google , that is no longer supported . Among the more prominent features introduced with this update were added support for CDMA smartphones , additional screen sizes , a battery usage indicator , and a text-to-speech engine .   After the public release of Donut -- its official dessert-themed code name , the convention employed by Google to designate major Android versions -- carriers were quick to follow with its roll out to customers in the form of an over-the-air ( OTA ) update for compatible smartphones .

neg: Google Gadgets Google Gadgets are dynamic web content that can be embedded on a web page . They can be added to and interact strongly with Google 's iGoogle personalized home page ( discontinued in November 2013 , although iGoogle Gadgets still work on other websites ) and the Google Desktop ( discontinued in September 2011 ) application , as well as Google Wave ( also no longer supported by Google ) and Google Sites . Webmasters can add and customize a gadget to their own business or personal web site , a process called `` syndication '' .   Gadgets are developed by Google and third-party developers using the Google Gadgets API , using basic web technologies such as XML and JavaScript .

neg: Google Fuchsia Fuchsia is a capability-based , real-time operating system ( RTOS ) currently being developed by Google . It was first discovered as a mysterious code post on GitHub in August 2016 , without any official announcement . In contrast to prior Google-developed operating systems such as Chrome OS and Android , which are based on Linux kernels , Fuchsia is based on a new microkernel named `` Magenta '' , derived from `` Little Kernel '' , a small operating system intended for embedded systems . Upon inspection , media outlets noted that the code post on GitHub suggested Fuchsia 's capability to run on universal devices , from embedded systems to smartphones , tablets and personal computers . In May 2017 , Fuchsia was updated with a user interface , along with a developer writing that the project was not a `` dumping ground of a dead thing '' , prompting media speculation about Google 's intentions with the operating system , including the possibility of it replacing Android .   It is distributed as free and open-source software under a mix of software licenses , including BSD 3 clause , MIT , and Apache 2.0 .

neg: XRS Corporation XRS Corporation ( NASDAQ : XRSC ) ( Formally `` XATA Corporation '' ) provides on-demand software and services to the trucking industry . Based in Eden Prairie , Minn. , XRS 's software solutions and services deliver data on vehicle and driver performance . Fleet managers , dispatchers and drivers collect , sort , view and analyze the data to improve savings , safety and regulatory compliance .   XRS solutions include XataNet , a full fleet solution for private and for-hire fleets , and Turnpike , a solution that runs on drivers ' existing cell phones , smartphones and tablet computers .   On April 7 2009 , XRS Corporation was sued among some other defendants over patent infringement .   XRS introduced an all-mobile platform of the same name for trucking compliance , performance and fleet optimization . The announcements came on August 13 , 2012 during the Xata User Event ( XUE ) in Minneapolis , the same day that they announced the change from their former name `` XATA Corporation ''   In 2010 , XRS earned the rank of 363 on the Technology Fast 500 ( TM ) list , which is Deloitte LLP 's ranking of 500 of the fastest growing technology , media , telecommunications , life sciences and clean technology companies in North America . The Minnesota High Tech Association ( MHTA ) , in partnership with Enterprise Minnesota and LifeScience Alley , named Xata Corporation as the recipient of the 2009 Tekne Award in the Technology Services award category .

neg: Droid 2 The Motorola Droid 2 ( GSM/UMTS version : Motorola Milestone 2 ; GSM/UMTS/CDMA version : Motorola Droid 2 Global ) is the fifth phone in Verizon 's Droid line . In the U.S. , it is available exclusively on Verizon Wireless , and was released August 12 , 2010 ( pre-order sales of the device began August 11 ) . It runs the Android operating system by Google , and can run Flash Player 10.1 . It comes with 8 GB of internal memory and is shipped with an additional 8 GB SDHC card , upgradable to 32 GB . It has a 3.7 in display and a 5-megapixel camera . Unlike the Droid X , the Motorola Droid 2 features a redesigned slide-out QWERTY keyboard , but still features the Swype keyboard found on the Droid X . A limited edition version featuring the Star Wars droid character R2-D2 with exclusive apps and content was announced by Verizon for September 30 , 2010 , to commemorate the thirtieth anniversary for The Empire Strikes Back .

neg: Nexus 7 (2013) The second generation Nexus 7 is a mini tablet computer co-developed by Google and Asus that runs the Android operating system . It is the third tablet in the Google Nexus series , a family of Android consumer devices marketed by Google and built by an original equipment manufacturer partner . Following the success of the original Nexus 7 , a second generation of the device was released on July 26 , 2013 , four days earlier than the originally scheduled date due to early releases from various retailers . The tablet was the first device to ship with version 4.3 of Android .   The second iteration of the 7 in tablet , code named `` Razor '' , has various upgrades from the previous generation , including a 1.5 GHz quad-core Snapdragon S4 Pro processor , 2 GB of memory , a 1920 × 1200 pixel display ( 323 pixels per inch ; 127 ppcm ) , dual cameras ( 1.2 MP front , 5 MP rear ) , stereo speakers , built-in inductive Qi wireless charging , and a SlimPort ( via micro USB connector ) capable of full high-definition video output to an external display .

neg: Sergey Brin Sergey Mikhaylovich Brin ( Серге́й Миха́йлович Брин born August 21 , 1973 ) is a Russian American computer scientist , internet entrepreneur , and philanthropist . Together with Larry Page , he co-founded Google . Brin is the President of Google 's parent company Alphabet Inc. .   , Brin is the 13th richest person in the world , with an estimated net worth of US$ 39.8 billion .   Brin immigrated to the United States with his family from the Soviet Union at the age of 6 . He earned his bachelor 's degree at the University of Maryland , following in his father 's and grandfather 's footsteps by studying mathematics , as well as computer science . After graduation , he moved to Stanford University to acquire a PhD in computer science . There he met Page , with whom he later became friends . They crammed their dormitory room with inexpensive computers and applied Brin 's data mining system to build a web search engine . The program became popular at Stanford , and they suspended their PhD studies to start up Google in a rented garage .   The Economist referred to Brin as an `` Enlightenment Man '' , and as someone who believes that `` knowledge is always good , and certainly always better than ignorance '' , a philosophy that is summed up by Google 's mission statement , `` Organize the world 's information and make it universally accessible and useful , '' and unofficial yet sometimes controversial motto , `` Do n't be evil '' .

neg: Samsung Galaxy S5 The Samsung Galaxy S5 is an Android smartphone produced by Samsung Electronics . Unveiled on 24 February 2014 at Mobile World Congress in Barcelona , Spain , it was released on 11 April 2014 in 150 countries as the immediate successor to the Galaxy S4 . As with the S4 , the S5 is an evolution of the prior year 's model , placing a particular emphasis on an improved build with a textured rear cover and IP67 certification for dust and water resistance , a more refined user experience , new security features such as a fingerprint reader and private mode , expanded health features ( such as a built-in heart rate monitor ) , and an updated camera .   The Galaxy S5 received mostly positive reviews ; The phone was praised for its display , hardware , camera and battery life but it was criticized for its plastic design , bloated software and the inconsistent fingerprint scanner featured on the phone .   In August 2015 , following the release of its latest flagship , the Galaxy S6 , Samsung released an updated version called the `` Galaxy S5 Neo '' which has a Exynos 7 Octa ( 7580 ) processor clocked at 1.6 GHz . It has 2 GB of RAM , 16 GB of internal storage and comes with Android 5.1.1 `` Lollipop '' or Android 4.3 `` Jelly Bean '' depending on carrier .

neg: Handango Handango was one of the first online software stores to sell mobile apps for personal digital assistants ( PDAs ) and smartphones . Handango offered worldwide distribution , support , and e-commerce services to its partners . Company 's customers include consumers , software developers , mobile operators , and original equipment manufacturers . Supported mobile devices include Android devices , Palm handhelds , Windows Mobile devices , Symbian OS devices , and BlackBerry devices .   Handango was founded in 1999 by Randy Eisenman . Early founding employees of the company included Eric Matzinger , James Lowe , Andrew Blake , Gabe Bass , Will Pinnell , Rusty Butler , Lindsay Rall , Laura Rippy , Jason Wells , Dustin Brown and Bob Weber . Handango was a pioneer of mobile software distribution and is widely credited with many `` firsts '' in the distribution of mobile apps including a self-service developer management and reporting portal , the business model of a 70/30 developer revenue split ( changed to a 60/40 split in 2005 ) , over-the-air distribution of software with palm -RCB- , the industry 's first digital rights management deployed with Nokia , and the Handango Commerce Engine that facilitated ecommerce on behalf of the software developer directly from their Web site .   Handango InHand , available since 2003 for Symbian UIQ , since 2004 for Windows Mobile and Palm OS , since 2005 for Blackberry and since 2006 for Symbian S60 , is an on-device application store for finding , installing and buying software for your mobile device . Application download and purchasing are completed directly on the device so sync with a computer is not necessary . Description , rating and screenshot are available for any application . Software for using Handango InHand is available for free for Palm OS , Windows Mobile , Symbian UIQ & S60 , Blackberry , Android . Handango pionereed this on-air business model for smartphones which achieved great success some years later with similar Apple Inc. 's App Store and Google 's Android Market .   On February 23 , 2010 , Jud Bowman of Motricity , a Durham , North Carolina supplier of software and games for mobile phones , acquired Handango , making PocketGear third behind Apple Inc. and Google in the app market . While PocketGear remained in Durham , the company kept the Handango offices in the Dallas , Texas area . PocketGear.com , LLC was started in 1998 by Nathan Miller as a teenager , and was later acquired by Motricity . Bowman bought back the smart phone application business in 2008 when Motricity moved from Durham to the Seattle area . Bowman remained a Motricity investor .   In February 2011 , Handango 's new owner PocketGear , Inc. rebranded itself as Appia  and shifted its focus to `` white label '' mobile app stores - i.e. on-device OEM-branded store apps . Handango 's traditional website at www.handango.com as well as www.pocketgear.com appear to have been taken offline no later than December 2013 .

neg: Unboxing Unboxing is the unpacking of new products , especially high tech consumer products , where the process is captured on video and uploaded to the web .   Yahoo Tech places the first Unboxing video to be for the Nokia E61 cellphone in 2006 . According to Google Trends , searches for the term `` unboxing '' began to surface in the final quarter of 2006 . Early unboxing videos were focused mainly either on gadgets or fashion items , however once the trend took off unboxing videos were available for , as Yahoo 's Deb Amien put it `` nearly every thing that is available for purchase '' By 2014 the popularity of the videos were such that some companies had been known to upload unboxing videos for their own products , whilst others sent products to uploaders for free .   Some consider the popularity of this practice is due to the ability of showing the product exactly for what it is without any adulteration advertisers usually make around the product . Being able to see what one is getting can contribute to the decision process . Some users have tried to make these unboxings more interesting by adding special effects or doing them in different ways , such as underwater unboxing of a waterproof smartphone .


query: Haitian Creole is the only book.

pos: Haitian Creole Haitian Creole ( -LSB- ˈheɪʃən_ˈkriːoʊl -RSB- -LSB- kreyòl ayisyen , links = no -RSB- , -LSB- kɣejɔl -RSB- ; créole haïtien ) is a French-based creole language spoken by 9.6 -- 12million people worldwide , and the only language of most Haitians . It is a creole language based largely on 18th century French with influences from Portuguese , Spanish , English , Taíno , and West African languages . Haitian Creole emerged from contact between French settlers and African slaves during the Atlantic slave trade in the French colony of Saint-Domingue ( now Haiti ) . Haitians are the largest creole-speaking community in the world .   The usage and education in Haitian Creole -- which is not mutually intelligible with French -- has been contentious since at least the 19thcentury : where Haitians saw French as a sign of colonialism , Creole was maligned by francophone elites as a miseducated or poor person 's French . Until the late 20thcentury , Haitian presidents spoke only French to their fellow citizens , and until the 2000s , all instruction at Haitian elementary schools was in French , a foreign language to most of the students .

neg: Bocas del Toro Creole Bocas del Toro Patois , or Panamanian Patois English , is a dialect of Jamaican Patois spoken in Bocas del Toro Province , Panama . Bocas del Toro Patois is a dialect of Jamaican Patois similar to Central American varieties such as Limón Coastal Patois . It does not have the status of an official language .

neg: Loa Loa ( also spelled lwa ) are the spirits of Haitian Vodou and Louisiana Voodoo . They are also referred to as `` mystères '' and `` the invisibles '' and are intermediaries between Bondye ( French : Bon Dieu , meaning `` good God '' ) -- the Supreme Creator , who is distant from the world -- and humanity . Unlike saints or angels , however , they are not simply prayed to , they are served . They are each distinct beings with their own personal likes and dislikes , distinct sacred rhythms , songs , dances , ritual symbols , and special modes of service . Contrary to popular belief , the loa are not deities in and of themselves ; they are intermediaries for , and dependent on , a distant Bondye .

neg: Jamaican Americans Jamaican Americans are Americans who have full or partial Jamaican ancestry . The largest proportion of Jamaicans live in New York City , which has various other Caribbean cultural elements such as food and music . There are also communities of Jamaican Americans residing in Philadelphia , Boston , South Florida , Tampa , Los Angeles , Orlando , Baltimore , Washington , D.C. , Atlanta , Cleveland , Western New York , Connecticut , and New Jersey .   After 1838 , European colonies in the Caribbean with expanding sugar industries imported large numbers of immigrants to meet their acute labor shortage . Large numbers of Jamaicans were recruited to work in Panama and Costa Rica in the 1850s . After slavery was abolished in the United States in 1865 , American planters imported temporary workers , called `` swallow migrants '' , to harvest crops on an annual basis . These workers , many of them Jamaicans , returned to their countries after harvest . Between 1881 and the beginning of World War I , the United States recruited over 250,000 workers from the Caribbean , 90,000 of whom were Jamaicans , to work on the Panama Canal . During both world wars , the United States again recruited Jamaican men for service on various American bases in the region . The vast majority of Jamaican American are of black Afro-Caribbean descent .

neg: Barrel children Barrel children are children who are abandoned or `` left behind '' by their parents who are seeking a better life abroad .   Dr. Claudette Crawford-Brown , the University of the West Indies academic who first described the phenomenon of barrel children , defines `` barrel children '' as those children who , while waiting in the Caribbean to migrate to their parents in the metropoles of North America and the United Kingdom , receive material resources in the form of food and clothing in lieu of direct care . Dr. Crawford-Brown , in her publication Who will save our children : The plight of the Jamaican child in the nineties , showed that these children have surrogate parents who are often unable to give them the emotional support and nurturance that they need , most of these children may be instead raised by grandparents or close relatives .   The impact on these children of this type of neglect includes a range of emotional and behavioural problems including run-away behaviour , withdrawal , depression , and , in some cases , acting-out behaviour . The Trinidad and Tobago News said that for `` barrel children the psychological scars have been great and have been troubling factors unto the second , third and fourth generations . ''   The Wellcome Trust discussed barrel children in an article focusing on violence in the Caribbean while it was the title and subject of a short film by Cara Elmslie Weir about a Trinidadian family split by migration , the parents `` sending barrels full of material goods '' from the U.S.A. to their children in Trinidad .   UNICEF in Jamaica agreed that `` Migration of parents who seek more lucrative employment abroad has had a negative impact on Jamaican children . Some children are left in the care of strangers , neighbours or even older siblings who are still children . These so-called `` barrel children '' are left without parental guidance or adult supervision and with access to significant material resources in the form of cash remittances and barrels of clothing and toys sent by absentee parents . ''   It has also been discussed in Caribbean Studies Journals , conferences on the Caribbean , the Trinidad Guardian and Trinidad Newsday . Discussing absent parents The Trinidad Guardian noted that `` At holiday time , they ship their barrels of love , disguised as brand-name sneakers and clothing , believing that these would make their children happy and make up for them being not around . But the fact remains that children are deprived of the real love of their parents . ''   An article published in Newsweek by Brook Larmar entitled the `` Barrel Children '' dramatised the problem in its effects on one particular family . `` The cardboard barrel has been sitting empty in Marsha Flowers 's backyard for more than a month now , but the Jamaican teenager hangs onto it as though it were a sacred totem . And in a way , it is . Five years after her mother immigrated to the United States , leaving Marsha and two sisters to fend for themselves in a Kingston slum , the barrel is one of the few tangible signs of her mother 's love - and of her own frustrated desires . ''   Blogs also exist highlighting the experiences of barrel children . Memories of a Caribbean Barrel Child was created by Dr. Anthony Salandy ( a native of Trinidad and Tobago ) to shed light of the experiences and outcomes associated with being a barrel child .

neg: Trinidadian English Trinidadian English ( TE ) or Trinidad and Tobago Standard English is a dialect of English used in Trinidad and Tobago . TE co-exists with both non-standard varieties of English as well as other dialects , namely Trinidadian Creole in Trinidad and Tobagonian Creole in Tobago . Both islands as one consider the dialect as Trinbagonian Creole .   Trinidadian English was originally based on a standard of British English . Located in the Americas , TE now uses many Americanisms , including apartment and trunk ( of a car ) . It is understandable by speakers of international standard English , although it uses a number of terms that are unique to it ( perhaps coming from Trinidadian Creole ) , such as `` to lime '' , meaning `` to hang out '' . Speech in Trinidad ( and , to some degree , in Tobago ) may vary by location and circumstance and is often remarked for its `` sing-song '' ( i.e. a rising and falling inflection ) intonation .

neg: Governor General's Award for French-language fiction The Governor General 's Award for French-language fiction is a Canadian literary award that annually recognizes one Canadian writer for a fiction book written in French . It is one of fourteen Governor General 's Awards for Literary Merit , seven each for creators of English - and French-language books . The Governor General 's Awards program is administered by the Canada Council for the Arts .   The program was created and inaugurated in 1937 , for 1936 publications in two categories , conventionally called the 1936 awards . French-language works were first recognized by the 1959 Governor General 's Awards .   The winners alone were announced until 1979 , when Canada Council released in advance a shortlist of three nominees . Since then , the advance shortlist has numbered three to six ; from 2002 , always five .

neg: Oh Canada! Oh Quebec! Oh Canada ! Oh Quebec ! Requiem for a Divided Country is a book by Canadian novelist Mordecai Richler . Published in 1992 , it parodied the evolution of language policy in Quebec , and spoofed the Canadian province of Quebec 's language laws that restrict the use of the English language . The book , a best-seller , grew out of a long article published in a September 1991 issue of The New Yorker .   According to the book cover :   With a sure satirical eye , Richler takes a look at what he calls `` the western world 's goofiest and most unnecessary political crisis . English-speaking Quebecers endure Draconian language laws prohibiting English or bilingual signs in Montreal because they are seen as an affront to the city 's visage linguistique .

neg: Ancient Egyptian literature Ancient Egyptian literature was written in the Egyptian language from ancient Egypt 's pharaonic period until the end of Roman domination . It represents the oldest corpus of Egyptian literature . Along with Sumerian literature , it is considered the world 's earliest literature .   Writing in ancient Egypt -- both hieroglyphic and hieratic -- first appeared in the late 4th millennium BC during the late phase of predynastic Egypt . By the Old Kingdom ( 26th century BC to 22nd century BC ) , literary works included funerary texts , epistles and letters , hymns and poems , and commemorative autobiographical texts recounting the careers of prominent administrative officials . It was not until the early Middle Kingdom ( 21st century BC to 17th century BC ) that a narrative Egyptian literature was created . This was a `` media revolution '' which , according to Richard B. Parkinson , was the result of the rise of an intellectual class of scribes , new cultural sensibilities about individuality , unprecedented levels of literacy , and mainstream access to written materials . However , it is possible that the overall literacy rate was less than one percent of the entire population . The creation of literature was thus an elite exercise , monopolized by a scribal class attached to government offices and the royal court of the ruling pharaoh . However , there is no full consensus among modern scholars concerning the dependence of ancient Egyptian literature on the sociopolitical order of the royal courts .   Middle Egyptian , the spoken language of the Middle Kingdom , became a classical language during the New Kingdom ( 16th century BC to 11th century BC ) , when the vernacular language known as Late Egyptian first appeared in writing . Scribes of the New Kingdom canonized and copied many literary texts written in Middle Egyptian , which remained the language used for oral readings of sacred hieroglyphic texts . Some genres of Middle Kingdom literature , such as `` teachings '' and fictional tales , remained popular in the New Kingdom , although the genre of prophetic texts was not revived until the Ptolemaic period ( 4th century BC to 1st century BC ) . Popular tales included the Story of Sinuhe and The Eloquent Peasant , while important teaching texts include the Instructions of Amenemhat and The Loyalist Teaching . By the New Kingdom period , the writing of commemorative graffiti on sacred temple and tomb walls flourished as a unique genre of literature , yet it employed formulaic phrases similar to other genres . The acknowledgment of rightful authorship remained important only in a few genres , while texts of the `` teaching '' genre were pseudonymous and falsely attributed to prominent historical figures .   Ancient Egyptian literature has been preserved on a wide variety of media . This includes papyrus scrolls and packets , limestone or ceramic ostraca , wooden writing boards , monumental stone edifices and coffins . Texts preserved and unearthed by modern archaeologists represent a small fraction of ancient Egyptian literary material . The area of the floodplain of the Nile is under-represented because the moist environment is unsuitable for the preservation of papyri and ink inscriptions . On the other hand , hidden caches of literature , buried for thousands of years , have been discovered in settlements on the dry desert margins of Egyptian civilization .

neg: Maroon music Maroon Music is a genre involving people of African descent that were not born on the continent creating songs in an African language ( as opposed to their first language ) . It is named after the Maroon ( people ) , African refugees who escaped from slavery in the Americas and formed independent settlements . Just as the Maroon people created their own societies in lands foreign to them in attempts to retain their freedom , Maroon music is an attempt by African American artists to reacquire their Mother tongue through writing music in an indigenous African language . Maroon Music subject matter centers around stories about Maroon leaders and other historic freedom fighters of African descent , Maroon groups , peace , unity , and righteousness .   In the intro to Maroon music artist , Adetokunbo 's first album `` Maroon Music '' the history of the genre is explained :   `` African refugees that escaped slavery in the Americas and formed independent settlements were called Maroons . The term can also be applied to their descendants . The same root word also gives us the English verb `` to maroon '' .   When runaway slaves banded together and subsisted independently they were called Maroons . On the Caribbean islands , runaway slaves formed bands and on some islands formed armed camps . Maroon communities faced great odds to survive against oppressive attackers , obtain food for subsistence living , and to reproduce and increase their numbers .  There is much variety among Maroon cultural groups because of differences in history , geography , African nationality , and the culture of indigenous people throughout the Western hemisphere .   Maroon settlements sometimes developed creole languages by mixing European tongues with their original African languages . Other times the Maroons would adopt the local European language as a common tongue , for members of the community frequently spoke a variety of Mother Tongues .   What you are about to hear is a family 's journey to reacquire their Mother Tongue through song . Their goal is to reacquire that which was lost in the Middle Passage . Let this music , Maroon Music , serve as their testament to freedom in a world that has nothing but contempt for the self liberated . ''   Maroon music is less concerned with the perfection and fluency of speech of the African language but more with the exercise of learning and improving communication , while providing subtitles and written keys in English so that others will understand the message attempting to be conveyed by the artist . As pidgin English is noted as `` is a simplified version of a language that develops as a means of communication between two or more groups that do not have a language in common Pidgin , Maroon music employs the pidginization or Creolization of African languages as a simplified means for African Americans to communicate with indigenous Africans . For this reason , key 's and subtitles in Maroon Music videos are an essential component for conveying intended meaning to both indigenous Africans and those born abroad .   The Maroons are a number of diverse peoples in the Caribbean , South America , North America and Central America , the descendants of escaped slaves . The Seminole music tradition of the United States is an example , as are numerous communities in Jamaica , Suriname and French Guiana .   The Surinamese , Guyanese , and French Guianan escaped slaves managed to hide in the dense jungles of the area , and formed communities like the Aluku , Saramaka and Ndjuka . Their traditional sung stories are called mato , and there is also a kind of popular Maroon music called aleke . Traditional dances include awasa , a women 's social dance .   The Jamaican Maroons are known for instruments like the abeng , a kind of horn .

neg: Pan Hai-tian Pan Haitian is a Chinese science fiction author . He was born in 1975 and is part of the `` third generation '' of Chinese sci-fi writers . His books include Run , Dajiao , Run about a boy in search of medicine and City of Clones which deals with human nature . Lauren Hilgers of Wired called him `` one of China 's most thoughtful - and cynically funny - sci-fi writers . ''

neg: Language on Vacation Language on Vacation : An Olio of Orthographical Oddities is a 1965 book written by Dmitri Borgmann .

neg: Histoire des Miao Histoire des Miao ( `` History of the Miao '' ) is a 1924 ethnographic book of the Hmong people by François Marie Savina , published by the Société des Missions-Etrangères de Paris . As of 2006 , of Savina 's writings , it is the most well-known and the most often cited . The book includes Savina 's theories and views of the Hmong . Savina argued that the Hmong had non-Asian origins because their legends had similarities to European stories .   Jean Michaud , author of Historical Dictionary of the Peoples of the Southeast Asian Massif , described the book as `` highly original yet controversial work of applied ethnography and largely conjectural history '' . Mark Pfeifer of the Hmong Cultural and Resource Center wrote that the book is `` Not supported by any available empirical evidence , not given credence by contemporary scholars '' . A statement Michaud , in a biography of Savina included to his ` Incidental ' Ethnographers . French Catholic Missions on the Tonkin-Yunnan Frontier , 1880-1930 , contributes to refine by showing the staggering extent of Savina 's field experience and proficiency in several vernacular languages , including Hmong/Miao . Analyzing critically Histoire des Miao ( pp. 186 -- 203 ) , Michaud shows that it is not so much Savina 's ethnography that is lacking , but his critical sense as visible in unwarranted historical assumptions rendered partial by his Catholic faith .

neg: Barzakh Editions Barzakh Editions is an independent publishing house in Algeria . It publishes work of a new generation of Algerian writers . Barzakh within islam is the period between someone 's death and his resurrection at the Last Judgment and the stay in the akhirah afterwards .   Barzakh was founded by Selma Hellal and Sofiane Hadjadj in the year of 2000 , during the last years of the Algerian Civil War . In these years the conflicts in the country were greatly isolated form the world outside . According to the jury of the Prince Claus Awards in 2010 , the foundation of this publishing house was elemental for opening the door again between Algeria and the rest of the world .   Initially it had been the purpose to publish work of writers of Algerian soil only . Hellal and Hadjadj noticed though , that the civil war had caused that a great number of writers had fled abroad . For this reason the focus changed to publish work of authors that lived in exile as well as giving a chance to authors who otherwise probably would n't have had a chance .   An important mainspring for the founders was the passion for books and the trust that freedom of thought and of expression are essential for development .   Up to 2010 the house had published more than 110 books , varying mainly between novels and poetry . Furthermore , books have been published in areas like philosophy , photography , drama , politics , art , and more .   As from the start the house has been dependent from mainly European sponsors , because the circumstances and the nature of the publications caused that the publisher was n't viable on itself . For instance the French embassy in Algiers had mercy on the cost for establishing copyrights for the books . Furthermore , the Swiss government and a number of funds offered financial support to the publisher .   In 2010 Barzakh Editions was honored with the Principal Prince Claus Award from the Netherlands . The jury praised it among other things for '' giving concrete form to Algeria 's voices , for opening up a much needed space for critical reflection on Algerian realities , for building a bridge connecting different languages and cultures , and for creatively breaking through the threatening cultural isolation of the country . ''

neg: Bible translations into creole languages The creole languages include Dutch-based creole languages , English-based creole languages and French-based creole languages . Major Bible translations into creole languages include :

neg: Haitian Cuban A Haitian Cuban ( Haitiano-Cubano , Haïtien Cubain , Ayisyen Kiben ) is a Cuban citizen of full or partial Haitian ancestry .

neg: List of populated places affected by the 2010 Haiti earthquake This is a list of populated places and structures affected by the 2010 Haiti earthquake , a magnitude 7.0 Mw earthquake which occurred on 12 January 2010 , with an epicentre approximately 25 km west of Port-au-Prince , Haiti ,  and affected an estimated three million people .  The Haitian government estimated that 230,000 people died ,  300,000 were injured and 1,000,000 made homeless by the quake .   The earthquake caused extensive damage to infrastructure in southwestern Haiti -- in February , Prime Minister Jean-Max Bellerive estimated that 250,000 residences and 30,000 commercial buildings had collapsed or were severely damaged .  The deputy mayor of Léogâne , at the epicentre of the earthquake , reported that 90 percent of buildings in the city were destroyed and Léogâne had `` to be totally rebuilt . '' As much as 90 percent of Grand-Goâve was devastated , including all public buildings . In Gressier , 40 -- 50 percent of buildings were destroyed ; the same in the worst-affected areas of Carrefour . Jacmel , the capital of Sud-Est Department , also was heavily affected ; 70 percent of homes in the city were damaged according to the mayor of Jacmel , as well as the airport , hospital and city hall building .   Many landmark buildings were damaged or destroyed , including the Presidential Palace , the National Assembly building ( Palais Législatif ) , the Supreme Court building ( Palais de Justice ) and the Holy Trinity and Port-au-Prince Cathedrals . Port-au-Prince 's main port and airport , the Port international de Port-au-Prince and Toussaint Louverture International Airport also suffered severe damage , as did Killick , the Haitian Coast Guard 's base in the capital city . The Ciné Institute , Haiti 's only film school , `` lost two buildings '' .

neg: The Last Days of Louisiana Red The Last Days of Louisiana Red ( 1974 ) is a novel written by Ishmael Reed . It is considered a model novel of the Black Arts Movement and contains many elements of postmodernism . It continues the story of the character Papa LaBas introduced in Reed 's previous novel , 1972 's Mumbo Jumbo . The book revolves heavily around voodoo .

neg: Pompée Valentin Vastey Pompée Valentin Vastey ( 1781 - 1820 ) , or Pompée Valentin , Baron de Vastey , was a Haitian writer , educator , and politician . Vastey was what people at the time called a `` mulatto , '' because he was born to a white French father and a black Haitian mother . He served as secretary to King Henri Christophe and tutor to Christophe 's son , Victor Henri . Vastey also claimed to have fought in Toussaint 's army and is said to have been the second cousin of the French novelist and playwright Alexandre Dumas ( Daut 56 ; see also , Griggs 181 ) . Vastey is best known for his essays on the history and contemporary circumstances of Haiti .

neg: Mauritian literature The island of Mauritius is home to many languages , and Mauritian literature exists in French , English , Creole and Indian languages . Major themes in Mauritian literature include exoticism , multiracialism and miscegenation , racial and social conflicts , indianocéanisme , and -- more recently -- post-modernism and post-structuralism currents , such as coolitude .   After independence in 1968 writers like Dev Virahsawmy reactivated creole language , then considered as a `` patois , '' and wrote literature , especially drama . The new generation of writers has expressed persistent concern with structure and more global themes .   While Kreol Morisyen is the most spoken language on in Mauritius , most of the literature is written in French , although many authors write in English , Bhojpuri , and Morisyen . Mauritius 's renowned playwright Dev Virahsawmy writes exclusively in Morisyen .   Important authors include Malcolm de Chazal , Ananda Devi , Raymond Chasle , and Edouard Maunick . Lindsey Collen has been able to carve out a meeting of imaginaries in the unique social setup of this multi-faceted country . Other younger writers like Shenaz Patel , Natacha Appanah , Sabah Carrim , Alain Gordon-Gentil and Carl de Souza explore the issues of ethnicity , superstition and politics in the novel . Poet and critic Khal Torabully has put forward the concept of `` coolitude , '' a poetics that results from the blend of Indian and Mauritian cultural diversity . Other poets include Hassam Wachill , Edouard Maunick , Sedley Assone , Yusuf Kadel and Umar Timol .   J. M. G. Le Clézio , who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2008 , is of Mauritian heritage and holds dual French-Mauritian citizenship .   The island plays host to the Le Prince Maurice Prize , a literary award celebrating and recognizing ` writers of the heart ' . The award is designed to highlight the literary love story in all its forms rather than for pure Romantic Fiction . In keeping with the island 's literary culture the prize alternates on a yearly basis between English-speaking and French-speaking writers .

neg: Black Skin, White Masks Black Skin , White Masks ( Peau noire , masques blancs ) is a 1952 book by Frantz Fanon , in which Fanon studies the psychology of the racism and dehumanization inherent in situations of colonial domination .   With the application of historical interpretation , and the concomitant underlying social indictment , the psychiatrist Frantz Fanon formulated Black Skin , White Masks to combat the oppression of black people . He applied psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic theory to explain the feelings of dependency and inadequacy that Black people experience in a White world . That the divided self-perception of the Black Subject who has lost his native cultural origin , and embraced the culture of the Mother Country , produces an inferiority complex in the mind of the Black Subject , who then will try to appropriate and imitate the culture of the colonizer . Such behavior is more readily evident in upwardly mobile and educated black people who can afford to acquire status symbols within the world of the colonial ecumene , such as an education abroad and mastery of the language of the colonizer , the white masks .   Based upon , and derived from , the concepts of the collective unconscious and collective catharsis , the sixth chapter , `` The Negro and Psychopathology '' , presents brief , deep psychoanalyses of colonized black people , and thus proposes the inability of black people to fit into the norms ( social , cultural , racial ) established by white society . That `` a normal Negro child , having grown up in a normal Negro family , will become abnormal on the slightest contact of the white world . '' That , in a white society , such an extreme psychological response originates from the unconscious and unnatural training of black people , from early childhood , to associate `` blackness '' with `` wrongness '' . That such unconscious mental training of black children is effected with comic books and cartoons , which are cultural media that instil and affix , in the mind of the white child , the society 's cultural representations of black people as villains . Moreover , when black children are exposed to such images of villainous black people , the children will experience a psychopathology ( psychological trauma ) , which mental wound becomes inherent to their individual , behavioral make-up ; a part of his and her personality . That the early-life suffering of said psychopathology -- black skin associated with villainy -- creates a collective nature among the men and women who were reduced to colonized populations .