query: Stephen Hawking is a lifetime member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences among other honors.

pos: Stephen Hawking Stephen William Hawking , ( born 8 January 1942 ) is an English theoretical physicist , cosmologist , author and Director of Research at the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology within the University of Cambridge . His scientific works include a collaboration with Roger Penrose on gravitational singularity theorems in the framework of general relativity and the theoretical prediction that black holes emit radiation , often called Hawking radiation . Hawking was the first to set out a theory of cosmology explained by a union of the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics . He is a vigorous supporter of the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics .   Hawking is an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts , a lifetime member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences , and a recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom , the highest civilian award in the US . In 2002 , Hawking was ranked number 25 in the BBC 's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons . He was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge between 1979 and 2009 and has achieved commercial success with works of popular science in which he discusses his own theories and cosmology in general ; his book A Brief History of Time appeared on the British Sunday Times best-seller list for a record-breaking 237 weeks .   Hawking has a rare early-onset , slow-progressing form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS ) that has gradually paralysed him over the decades . He now communicates using a single cheek muscle attached to a speech-generating device .

neg: Fellow of the Royal Society Fellowship of the Royal Society ( FRS , ForMemRS and HonFRS ) is an award and fellowship granted by the Royal Society of London to individuals the society judges to have made a `` substantial contribution to the improvement of natural knowledge , including mathematics , engineering science and medical science '' .   Fellowship of the Society , the oldest scientific academy in continuous existence , is a significant honour which has been awarded to many eminent scientists from history including Isaac Newton ( 1672 ) , Charles Darwin ( 1839 ) , Michael Faraday ( 1824 ) , Ernest Rutherford ( 1903 ) , Srinivasa Ramanujan ( 1919 ) , Albert Einstein ( 1921 ) , Winston Churchill ( 1941 ) , Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar ( 1944 ) , Dorothy Hodgkin ( 1947 ) , Alan Turing ( 1951 ) and Francis Crick ( 1959 ) . More recently , fellowship has been awarded to Stephen Hawking ( 1974 ) , Tim Hunt ( 1991 ) , Elizabeth Blackburn ( 1992 ) , Tim Berners-Lee ( 2001 ) , Venkatraman Ramakrishnan ( 2003 ) , Andre Geim ( 2007 ) , James Dyson ( 2015 ) , Ajay Kumar Sood ( 2015 ) and around 8000 others in total , including over 280 Nobel Laureates since 1900 . , there are around 1600 living Fellows , Foreign and Honorary Members .   Fellowship of the Royal Society has been described by The Guardian newspaper as `` the equivalent of a lifetime achievement Oscar '' with several institutions celebrating their announcement each year .

neg: James G. Lennox James G. Lennox ( born January 11 , 1948 ) is a professor in the Department of History and Philosophy of Science at the University of Pittsburgh , United States , with secondary appointments in the departments of Classics and Philosophy . He is a leader in the study of Aristotelian science in light of his groundbreaking work on Aristotle 's biology and philosophy of biology . In particular , Lennox 's work in the 1980s catalyzed a renewed interest in Aristotle 's biology by arguing that his natural historical works are consistent with and even demonstrative of the scientific methodology he lays out in the Posterior Analytics . His work on teleology in the history of biology , particularly in the thought of Charles Darwin , has also been influential .   Canadian by birth , Lennox is a founding member of the Ayn Rand Society , affiliated with the American Philosophical Association , Eastern Division , and has served frequently on its Steering Committee . He has also served as the director for the Center for Philosophy of Science at the University of Pittsburgh , the program committee chair for the International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science , and has served on the editorial board of the History of Philosophy Quarterly and Philosophy of Science , among other journals . Fellowships include a senior fellowship at the Istituto di Studi Avanzati in Bologna and a visiting fellowship at the University of Cambridge , where he is a life member of Clare Hall . He also received the Biggs Resident Scholar award in 2010 and was the Dyason Lecturer at the University of Brisbane in 2009 , and has received grants from the NEH and the NSF .  He previously served as the director of the Center for Philosophy of Science from 1997-2005 .   His areas of research include Ancient Greek philosophy , science and medicine , and Charles Darwin . He is working on a book-length manuscript on Aristotle 's normative account of scientific inquiry .

neg: Laurentius Corvinus Laurentius Corvinus ( Laurentius Rabe Wawrzyniec Korwin 1465 -- 1527 ) was a Silesian scholar who lectured as an `` extraordinary '' ( i.e. untenured ) professor at the University of Krakow when Nicolaus Copernicus began to study there . He also attracted a reputation as one of the finest Silesian poets of the early Renaissance and as an important agent for cultural and religious change in his adopted home of Breslau ( now Wrocław ) .   Laurentius Corvinus was born as Laurentius Rabe in Neumarkt ( now Środa Śląska ) in Lower Silesia , about 30 km east of Legnica west of Vrotzuav , son of Barthel Rabe , a furrier and member of the local council . As a student at Kraków , he Latinized his name , possibly under the influence of Conrad Celtis , and became known as Corvinus ( a Latin translation of his German name Rabe , or raven ) . After receiving his M.A. at the University of Kraków , Corvinus lectured on `` De ente et essentia '' ( 1492 ) and Aristotle 's Libri Posteriorum ( 1493 ) ; the young Nicolaus Copernicus was probably one of his students during this time . Corvinus later helped to publish Copernicus ' Latin translation of the Letters of the Byzantine Greek poet Theophylactus Simocatta by sending Copernicus 's translation to the printer Johann Haller in Kraków to be published in 1509 . He also supplied the printed edition of Copernicus ' translation with two poems , one of which describes the journey of Corvinus and his wife Anna back to Breslau , and also makes reference to Copernicus ' interest in astronomy . It is not entirely clear whether or not Corvinus ' poem actually refers to Copernicus ' heliostatic theory , but in any case it is important as a very early witness for Copernicus ' involvement in astronomical speculation .   Corvinus was also close friend to another Silesian , Johannes Sommerfeld , who also taught at Kraków while Copernicus was there . He was influenced by Conrad Celtis and Copernicus befriended the group of humanists . As a student and later magister at the University of Krakow he was acquainted with astronomy ; as magister he lectured at the faculty for several years , including the first years of Copernicus ' studies in Kraków .   After leaving Kraków , Corvinus worked as school rector and then city secretary ( Stadtschreiber ) at Schweidnitz ' ( now Świdnica ) ( 1494 -- 1497 ) . He then moved to Breslau to work as rector of St Elisabeth 's school ( 1497 -- 1503 ) and then as one of the senior city secretaries ( 1503 -- 1506 ) , before moving to a position as city secretary of Toruń ( 1506 -- 1508 ) . He and his wife then moved back to Breslau in 1508 , where he resumed his position as senior city secretary ; they remained in Breslau , living in a house near the Siebenradmühle ( near the present site of the university library ) , for the rest of their lives .   Corvinus published humanistic writings and poems , many of them religious and philosophical in nature . He was greatly influenced by the Franciscan spirituality of St Bonaventure and the Neoplatonism of Marsilio Ficino . In the spirit of Italian and German humanists he described his adopted home of Breslau in terms borrowed from classical mythology as the new home of the Muses . He was also involved in the introduction of the Lutheran Reformation to Breslau , and personally took part in Johann Heß 's disputation in 1524 , where he declaimed a poem celebrating Martin Luther as a hero of religion . He was also involved in an epistolary exchange on religious matters with Stanisław Byliński , canon at Przemyśl , published by Byliński in 1531 .

neg: Office for the Liturgical Celebrations of the Supreme Pontiff The Office for the Liturgical Celebrations of the Supreme Pontiff is that section of the Roman Curia responsible for organizing and conducting liturgies and other religious ceremonies performed by the pope of the Catholic Church . It is headed by a `` master '' appointed for a term of five years .   The Office and the consultants who advise it support the pope in expressing his interpretation of the liturgical modifications instituted following the Second Vatican Council . Popes have at times supported post-Council reforms , restored earlier practices , and introduced further innovations . When Pope Francis named five new consultants in September 2013 , he included none of those appointed by Pope Benedict XVI , who were known to promote a return to pre-Council liturgical practices . Benedict restored pre-Council elements to the rite for the canonization of saints and Francis removed them and further shortened the ceremony . Guido Marini , the Master when Francis instituted his changes , is known as a traditionalist , but performs to the pope 's instructions . In the words of one journalist , his job is `` to thread papal preferences into the pageantry '' . For example , he works to ensure that liturgical music is integrated into the liturgy as Francis prefers , so that participants are never forced to wait for music to conclude before proceeding .

neg: Panthéon-Assas University -RCB- -RCB-   Panthéon-Assas University ( Université Panthéon-Assas -LSB- ynivɛʁsite pɑ̃teɔ̃ asas -RSB- , also referred to as `` Assas '' -LSB- asas -RSB- , `` Paris II '' -LSB- paʁi dø -RSB- , or `` Sorbonne Law School '' ) is a public university in Paris , France .   Heir of the faculty of law and economics of the University of Paris ( La Sorbonne ) , it was established as its successor when the world 's second oldest academic institution was divided into autonomous universities in 1970 . It is a member of the alliance Sorbonne University .   Panthéon-Assas University is ranked first in France in law by Eduniversal and is renowned for excellence in Law . '' Since its founding , it has produced two presidents including former French president François Hollande , four prime ministers and the holders of thirty-seven other ministerships in France and around the world . Forty alumni of the university have been members of various parliaments as well .   The majority of the nineteen campuses of Panthéon-Assas are located in the Latin Quarter , with the main campus on place du Panthéon . The university is composed of four departments specializing in law , economics , public and private management , and political science , and hosts twenty-four research centres and five specialized doctoral schools . Every year , the university enrolls approximately 18,000 students , including 3,000 international students .

neg: Paolo Farinella Prize The Paolo Farinella Prize is named after Paolo Farinella . The prize recognizes significant contributions in the fields of planetary sciences , space geodesy , fundamental physics , science popularization , security in space , weapons control , and disarmament . Recipients must be under the age of 47 ( the age at which Farinella died ) to qualify for the prize .

neg: Apostolic Penitentiary The Apostolic Penitentiary , formerly called the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Penitentiary , is one of the three tribunals of the Roman Curia . The Apostolic Penitentiary is chiefly a tribunal of mercy , responsible for issues relating to the forgiveness of sins in the Catholic Church .   The Apostolic Penitentiary has jurisdiction only over matters in the internal forum . Its work falls mainly into these categories :  the absolution of excommunications latæ sententiæ reserved to the Holy See ,  the dispensation of sacramental impediments reserved to the Holy See , and  the issuance and governance of indulgences .   The head of the Apostolic Penitentiary , the Major Penitentiary , is one of the few Vatican officials who retain their positions sede vacante . If the Major Penitentiary is a Cardinal Elector he is one of only three persons in the conclave allowed to communicate with those outside the conclave , so that he can continue to fulfill his duties ( the other two being the Cardinal Vicar of Rome and the Vicar General for the Vatican City State ) . The Major Penitentiary is a Titular Archbishop and is normally a Cardinal . Since 21 September 2013 , the Major Penitentiary is Cardinal Mauro Piacenza . The second-highest-ranking official in the Apostolic Penitentiary , the Regent , is ( since 26 June 2012 ) H.E.Msgr . Krzysztof Józef Nykiel .   When Pope Francis , with the Papal Bull Misericordiae Vultus ( Latin : `` The Face of Mercy '' ) decreed that from the Solemnity of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary ( a Holy Day of Obligation ) on Tuesday , December 8 , 2015 , until the Solemnity of the Feast of Christ the King of the Universe on the last Sunday before Advent , in November 2016 , the Church would observe a Special Jubilee Year of Mercy , he said he would let certain qualified priests ( likely somewhat experienced ones , presumably with knowledge of canon law and confession ) serve as `` Missionaries of Mercy '' to each Diocese , with the faculties to absolve even sins that are reserved to the Holy See through the Apostolic Penitentiary . Normally , a priest or even a bishop would not be able to do this unless the person was in danger of imminent death . The Pope has the power , as the earthly absolute sovereign of the Catholic Church , to make this special change for the year .

neg: Regensburg lecture The Regensburg lecture or Regensburg address was delivered on 12 September 2006 by Pope Benedict XVI at the University of Regensburg in Germany , where he had once served as a professor of theology . It was entitled `` Faith , Reason and the University -- Memories and Reflections '' ( Glaube , Vernunft und Universität -- Erinnerungen und Reflexionen ) . The lecture is considered to be among the most important papal statements on world affairs since John Paul II 's 1995 address to the United Nations , and sparked international reactions and controversy .   In his lecture , the Pope , speaking in German , quoted a passage about Islam made at the end of the 14th century by Manuel II Palaiologos , the Byzantine emperor . As the English translation of the Pope 's lecture was disseminated across the world , the quotation was taken out of context and many Islamic politicians and religious leaders protested against what they saw as an insulting mischaracterization of Islam .   Mass street protests were mounted in many Islamic countries , the Majlis-e-Shoora ( Pakistani parliament ) unanimously called on the Pope to retract `` this objectionable statement '' . The Pope maintained that the comment he had quoted did not reflect his own views , and he offered an apology to Muslims . His statement has been included as a footnote in the official text of the lecture available at Vatican website :   The controversial comment originally appeared in the 7th of the 26 Dialogues Held With A Certain Persian , the Worthy Mouterizes , in Anakara of Galatia , written in 1391 as an expression of the views of the Byzantine emperor Manuel II Palaiologos , one of the last Christian rulers before the Fall of Constantinople to the Muslim Ottoman Empire , on such issues as forced conversion , holy war , and the relationship between faith and reason . The passage , in the English translation published by the Vatican , was :   A better translation of what appeared as key words politically , `` Schlechtes und Inhumanes '' , would have been `` bad and inhumane '' .   The pope had consulted a bilingual critical edition of this dialogue in the original Greek and with French translation .

neg: Heidelberg Appeal The Heidelberg Appeal , authored by Michel Salomon and signed by a large number of scientists , is a statement decrying `` an irrational ideology which is opposed to scientific and industrial progress , and impedes economic and social development . '' Issued to coincide with the opening of the United Nations-sponsored Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 , the Appeal stated that its signers :   `` share the objectives of the ` Earth Summit ' '' but advised `` the authorities in charge of our planet 's destiny against decisions which are supported by pseudo-scientific arguments or false and non-relevant data . ... The greatest evils which stalk our Earth are ignorance and oppression , and not Science , Technology and Industry . ''   It was carefully worded to be directed generally at underfunded and poorly conducted science , rather than specifically at climate change . This allowed it to be promoted and exploited by a number of different industries by using this in the context of their own pollution defenses . In fact , the Appeal was created and promoted by a group of industry associations with polluting problems ( including chemical , energy , and mining concerns ) : the tobacco industry was involved , but in this case it was not the primary driving force . At that time the tobacco industry was focussed on trying to change the scientific standards for Good Epidemiology Practice ( GEP )   A version of the Heidelberg Appeal was published in the June 1 , 1992 , Wall Street Journal over the signatures of 46 prominent scientists and other intellectuals . It has subsequently been endorsed by some 4,000 scientists , including 72 Nobel Prize winners . The Appeal was for an anthropocentric assessment of the world 's resources and a utilitarian as opposed to abolitionist approach to hazardous substances used or created by technology . It targeted as irrational , by implication , if not explicitly , both a vision of a `` Natural State '' with intrinsic rights to impede the activities of man , and hysterical fears of environmental poisons , disproportionate to the threat and dismissive of their associated benefits .   The Heidelberg Appeal has been enthusiastically embraced by critics of the environmental movement such as S. Fred Singer of the Science and Environmental Policy Project . Conservative think tanks frequently cite the Heidelberg Appeal as proof that scientists reject the theory of global warming as well as a host of other environmental health risks associated with modern science and industry . Its name has subsequently been adopted by the Heidelberg Appeal Nederland Foundation , which was founded in 1993 and disputes health risks related to nitrates in foods and antibiotic-resistant bacteria . The Heidelberg Appeal was promoted in 1993 by the International Center for a Scientific Ecology , a group set up by Michael Salomon `` that was considered important in Philip Morris ' plans to create a group in Europe similar to The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition ( TASSC ) '' .   Parts of the Heidelberg Appeal endorse environmental concerns , such as a sentence that states , `` We fully subscribe to the objectives of a scientific ecology for a universe whose resources must be taken stock of , monitored and preserved . '' Its 72 Nobel laureates include 49 who also signed the `` World Scientists ' Warning to Humanity '' , which was circulated that same year by the Union of Concerned Scientists ( UCS ) and attracted the majority of the world 's living Nobel laureates in science along with some 1,700 other leading scientists . In contrast with the vagueness of the Heidelberg Appeal , the `` World Scientists ' Warning '' is a very explicit environmental manifesto , stating that `` human beings and the natural world are on a collision course '' and citing ozone depletion , global climate change , air pollution , groundwater depletion , deforestation , overfishing , and species extinction among the trends that threaten to `` so alter the living world that it will be unable to sustain life in the manner that we know . ''   Moreover the Heidelberg Appeal has been , if not specifically misrepresented , at least broadly interpreted out of context , for example , by The National Center for Public Policy which asserts `` The appeal warns industrialized nations that no compelling scientific consensus exists to justify mandatory greenhouse gas emissions cuts . '' Although the Heidelberg Appeal may be open to such an interpretation , it is not what the document said , as the text below shows .   1994 Jun 16 Matt Winokur then sends to a list of PM organisers a note saying :   APCo ( the old spelling of APCO Worldwide ) is completing its evaluation of a Symposium for Europe in the fall . They have forwarded the draft Guiding Scientific Principles ( or GEP ) which would constitute the outcome of such a meeting .   They are on the right track but the language is too vague . ( Tom ) Borelli and ( Richard ) Carchman will review and tighten . Obviously , any output from the symposium must be supportive of GEP . So the bottom line for both the GEP resolution and GEP Symposium must be in synch . Burson ( Marsteller ) has begun its feasibility review based on a more explicit understanding that GEP is what we are interested in promoting .   I gather from Jim -LSB- Lindheim of B-M -RSB- that there may have been a misunderstanding as to whether or not Burson was to have proceeded with the review prior to the presentation of a `` joint '' proposal -LSB- APCO and B-M -RSB- . I was aware that Burson began and take responsibility for allowing them to proceed . If you do n't want to pay for it then I will . But the intelligence obtained from their interviews with potential coalition sponsors as well as information about analogous efforts by existing groups , e.g. , Heidelberg , will be critical to the development of a comprehensive Burson/APCo proposal .  -LSB- Note : after a territory battle , Philip Morris had suggested that rivals APCO and B-M present this as a joint proposal -RSB-   The Burson research is necessary now in order to tell us whether it is possible or efficient to try to develop an enduring -LSB- ` Sound Science ' -RSB- coalition following on from the symposium . Possible , in that there may prove to be an insufficient amount of interest in the corporate sector for such a movement . Efficient , in that there may already exist analogous groups which we could use without going to the effort of starting one from scratch .   And we need to be careful not to step on unseen toes . For example , Bruce Ames is part of TASSC and Heidelberg . Do we need/want him on a third group in Europe ?   Thus the benefit in having Burson complete the study now , is that what they learn will be factored into both the content of the symposium AND inform us as to what options are available after the symposium concludes . If we only want a one off event , that 's our decision . But I would think we 'd at least want a mechanism to be able to tap the participants to later on endorse the GEP resolution in the appropriate EU institutions .   The Burson research will also turn up corporate interest in GEP in general which may help us identify allies regardless of whether we do either a symposium or create a coalition . The presentation therefore at the next TF mtg. will be a single proposal for PM prepared jointly by Burson and APCo . And I 've asked Margery -LSB- Krause of APCO -RSB- and Jim -LSB- Lindheim of B-M -RSB- to come themselves , as well as any other support staff they may wish to have accompany them .

neg: Gregory Scott Aldering Gregory Scott Aldering ( born 1962 ) , also known simply as Greg Aldering is an American astronomer , discoverer of minor planets and supernovae , currently with the University of California , Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory .   As a high school student in Bridgeport , Michigan , he was an avid amateur astronomer and showed a particular aptitude for scientific studies in his studies of variable stars . Currently , his interests center on cosmology , including measurement of the cosmological parameters , the exploration of the nature of the `` dark energy '' and the large-scale distribution of matter in the universe . His current cosmological studies focus on the use of Type Ia supernovae as tools for determining the cosmological parameters , through his participation in the Supernova Cosmology Project . He is now the primary investigator of the Nearby Supernova Factory experiment , and is also a co-investigator on the Supernova/Acceleration Probe .   While an undergraduate student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( 1979 -- 1983 ) , he discovered four asteroids at Kitt Peak National Observatory ( 695 ) , as credited by the Minor Planet Center . He has so far classified some 266 supernovae , and is one of the co-discoverers of SN 2002bk .   The minor main-belt asteroid 26533 Aldering was named in his honor .

neg: List of Heidelberg University people Alumni and faculty of the university include many founders and pioneers of academic disciplines , and a large number of internationally acclaimed philosophers , poets , jurisprudents , theologians , natural and social scientists . 56 Nobel Laureates , at least 18 Leibniz Laureates , and two `` Oscar '' winners have been associated with Heidelberg University . Nine Nobel Laureates received the award during their tenure at Heidelberg .   Besides several Federal Ministers of Germany and Prime Ministers of German States , five Chancellors of Germany have attended the university , the latest being Helmut Kohl , the `` Chancellor of the Reunification '' . Heads of State or Government of Belgium , Bulgaria , Greece , Nicaragua , Serbia , Thailand , a British Crown Prince , a Secretary General of NATO and a director of the International Peace Bureau have also been educated at Heidelberg ; among them Nobel Peace Laureates Charles Albert Gobat and Auguste Beernaert . Former university affiliates in the field of religion include Pope Pius II , Cardinals , Bishops , and with Philipp Melanchthon and Zacharias Ursinus two key leaders of Protestant Reformation . Outstanding university affiliates in the legal profession include a President of the International Court of Justice , two Presidents of the European Court of Human Rights , a President of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea , a Vice President of the International Criminal Court , an Advocate General at the European Court of Justice , at least 16 Justices of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany , a President of the Federal Court of Justice , a President of the Federal Court of Finance , a President of the Federal Labor Court , two Attorney Generals of Germany , and a British Law Lord . In business , Heidelberg alumni and faculty notably founded , co-founded or presided over ABB Group ; Astor corporate enterprises ; BASF ; BDA ; Daimler AG ; Deutsche Bank ; EADS ; Krupp AG ; Siemens AG ; and Thyssen AG .   Alumni in the field of arts include classical composer Robert Schumann , philosophers Ludwig Feuerbach and Edmund Montgomery , poet Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff and writers Christian Friedrich Hebbel , Gottfried Keller , Irene Frisch , Heinrich Hoffmann , Sir Muhammad Iqbal , José Rizal , W. Somerset Maugham , Jean Paul , and Literature Nobel Laureate Carl Spitteler . Amongst Heidelberg alumni in other disciplines are the `` Father of Psychology '' Wilhelm Wundt , the `` Father of Physical Chemistry '' J. Willard Gibbs , the `` Father of American Anthropology '' Franz Boas , Dmitri Mendeleev , who created the periodic table of elements , inventor of the two-wheeler principle Karl Drais , Alfred Wegener , who discovered the continental drift , as well as political theorist Hannah Arendt , political scientist Carl Joachim Friedrich , and sociologists Karl Mannheim , Robert E. Park and Talcott Parsons .   Philosophers Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel , Karl Jaspers , Hans-Georg Gadamer , and Jürgen Habermas served as university professors , as did also the pioneering scientists Hermann von Helmholtz , Robert Wilhelm Bunsen , Gustav Robert Kirchhoff , Emil Kraepelin , the founder of scientific psychiatry , and outstanding social scientists such as Max Weber , the founding father of modern sociology .   Present faculty include Medicine Nobel Laureates Bert Sakmann ( 1991 ) and Harald zur Hausen ( 2008 ) , Chemistry Nobel Laureate Stefan Hell ( 2014 ) , 7 Leibniz Laureates , former Justice of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany Paul Kirchhof , and Rüdiger Wolfrum , the former President of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea .   __ TOC __

neg: Štefan Luby Prof. Ing . Štefan Luby , DrSc. , Dr. h. c. mult . ( born 6 May 1941 , Bratislava ) is a Slovak physicist and senior research fellow at the Slovak Academy of Sciences ( SAS ) . He is Doctor honoris causa of University of Salento , Italy , Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava , University of Constantine the Philosopher in Nitra , Slovakia , and Alexander Dubček University in Trenčín , Slovakia . He occupied positions of the Director of the Institute of Physics of SAS for the period of 9 years and was the President of SAS 14 years ( 1995 -- 2009 ) . He was the Acting President of the All European Academies ( federation of European academies of sciences and arts ) and the Acting President of the Central European Academy of Sciences and Arts . At present , he is a member of Senate and Vice-president of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts with the headquarters in Salzburg . He has chaired the Editorial Board of the Slovak Encyclopaedia Beliana since 1992 .   His research field covers physics of semiconductors and metals , electronic devices , laser technology , X-ray optics , nanoscience and nanotechnology . He published more than 400 scientific papers , 8 patents and 10 books of non-fiction literature .

neg: World Academy of Art and Science The World Academy of Art and Science ( WAAS ) is an international non-governmental scientific organization , a world network of more than 700 individual fellows from more than 80 countries . Fellows are elected for distinguished accomplishments in the sciences , arts and the humanities with an inter-disciplinary and trans-disciplinary approach with an outstanding record of public service and are committed to addressing the pressing social problems confronting humanity today . The Academy strives to promote the growth of knowledge , enhance public awareness of the social consequences and policy implications of that growth , and provide `` leadership in thought that leads to action '' . The spirit of the academy can be expressed in the words of Albert Einstein `` The creations of our mind shall be a blessing and not a curse to mankind '' .

neg: Leonard Parker Leonard Emanuel Parker ( born Leonard Pearlman in 1938 in Brooklyn , New York ) is a Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Physics and a former Director of the Center for Gravitation and Cosmology at the University of Wisconsin -- Milwaukee . During the late 1960s , Parker established a new area of physics - quantum field theory in curved spacetime . Specifically , by applying the technique of Bogoliubov transformations to quantum field theory with a changing gravitational field , he discovered the physical mechanism now known as gravitational particle production . His work inspired research by hundreds of physicists and has been cited in more than 2,000 research papers ; it was credited in the memoirs of Soviet physicist Andrei Sakharov and helped Stephen Hawking discover the creation of particles by black holes .   Recently , with David Toms of Newcastle University , Parker co-wrote a latest addition to graduate-level textbooks on quantum field theory in curved spacetime , entitled Quantum Field Theory in Curved Spacetime : Quantized Fields and Gravity ( Cambridge University Press , 2009 , ISBN 978-0-521-87787-9 ) .   He received his PhD from Harvard University in 1967 . His advisor was Sidney Coleman .

neg: Papal conclave A papal conclave is a meeting of the College of Cardinals convened to elect a new Bishop of Rome , also known as the Pope . The pope is considered by Roman Catholics to be the apostolic successor of Saint Peter and earthly head of the Roman Catholic Church . The conclave has been the procedure for choosing the pope for almost a thousand years , and is the oldest ongoing method for choosing the leader of an institution .   A history of political interference in papal selection and consequently long vacancies between popes , culminating in the interregnum of 1268 -- 1271 , prompted Pope Gregory X to decree during the Second Council of Lyons in 1274 that the cardinal electors should be locked in seclusion cum clave ( Latin for `` with a key '' ) and not permitted to leave until a new Bishop of Rome had been elected . Conclaves are now held in the Sistine Chapel of the Apostolic Palace .   Since the Apostolic Age , the Bishop of Rome , like other bishops , was chosen by the consensus of the clergy and laity of the diocese . The body of electors was more precisely defined when , in 1059 , the College of Cardinals was designated the sole body of electors . Since then , other details of the process have developed . In 1970 , Pope Paul VI limited the electors to cardinals under 80 years of age ( per Ingravescentem Ætatem ) . The procedures were established by Pope John Paul II in his apostolic constitution Universi Dominici gregis as amended by motu proprios of Pope Benedict XVI dated 11 June 2007 and 25 February 2013 . A two-thirds supermajority vote is required to elect the new pope , which also requires acceptance from the person elected .

neg: Fondazione per le Scienze Religiose Giovanni XXIII The Foundation for Religious Sciences John XXIII is a research institution at Bologna presided by Valerio Onida and directed by Alberto Melloni , which publishes , shapes , serves , organizes , receives and communicates research within religious sciences with a particular view to Christianity and other religions with which it has come in contact .   Foundation , established in 1953 , is recognized by decree of the President of the Italian Republic and has conventions with Bologna University and other institutions : it operates in conditions of absolute autonomy regarding both in relation to churches and universities . It is open to public and private funding , as we all as that of foundations , companies , cooperatives and to ties with other centers . It intends to give continuity to the scientific research in the area of historical cultural activities begun by the intuition of Giuseppe Dossetti ( 1913 -- 1996 ) and which developed thanks to the intellectual passion of Giuseppe Alberigo ( 1926 -- 2007 ) who , for nearly 50 years , was its soul and secretary .   From this consideration derives a non-antiquarian taste for research and the conviction that rigorous knowledge of the historical processes is an adequate and exhaustive way to participate in the collective intellectual and spiritual dynamism by which research is continuously increased .

neg: List of Jesuit scientists The Jesuits have made numerous significant contributions to the development of science . For example , they have dedicated significant study to earthquakes , and seismology has been described as `` the Jesuit science . '' The Jesuits have been described as `` the single most important contributor to experimental physics in the seventeenth century . '' According to Jonathan Wright in his book God 's Soldiers , by the eighteenth century the Jesuits had `` contributed to the development of pendulum clocks , pantographs , barometers , reflecting telescopes and microscopes , to scientific fields as various as magnetism , optics and electricity . They observed , in some cases before anyone else , the colored bands on Jupiter 's surface , the Andromeda nebula and Saturn 's rings . They theorized about the circulation of the blood ( independently of Harvey ) , the theoretical possibility of flight , the way the moon affected the tides , and the wave-like nature of light . ''   The Jesuit China missions of the 16th and 17th centuries introduced Western science and astronomy , then undergoing its own revolution , to China . One modern historian writes that in late Ming courts , the Jesuits were `` regarded as impressive especially for their knowledge of astronomy , calendar-making , mathematics , hydraulics , and geography . '' The Society of Jesus introduced , according to Thomas Woods , `` a substantial body of scientific knowledge and a vast array of mental tools for understanding the physical universe , including the Euclidean geometry that made planetary motion comprehensible . '' Another expert quoted by Woods said the scientific revolution brought by the Jesuits coincided with a time when science was at a very low level in China .   This is a list of Jesuit scientists , who contributed somehow to science . Members of the Society of Jesus have a historical and occasionally controversial role in the history of science . These are Jesuits who were notable scientists and were not required to be of any significance in discussing the relationship between religion and science . Also , included are fictional characters of Jesuit scientists in literature as well as historical people . It is chronologically arranged by date of death .

neg: Search for extraterrestrial intelligence The search for extraterrestrial intelligence ( SETI ) is a collective term for scientific searches for intelligent extraterrestrial life , for example , monitoring electromagnetic radiation for signs of transmissions from civilizations on other worlds .   There are great challenges in searching the universe for signs of intelligent life , including their identification and interpretation . As various SETI projects have progressed , their claims have been criticized by some researchers as being too `` euphoric '' .   Scientific investigation of the potential phenomenon began shortly after the advent of radio in the early 1900s . Focused international efforts to answer a variety of scientific questions have been going on since the 1980s . In 2015 , Stephen Hawking and Russian billionaire Yuri Milner announced a well-funded effort , called the Breakthrough Initiatives to expand efforts to search for extraterrestrial life .

neg: Nick Bostrom Nick Bostrom ( -LSB- langˈbɒstrəm -RSB- Niklas Boström , -LSB- ˈbuːˌstrœm -RSB- ; born 10 March 1973 ) is a Swedish philosopher at the University of Oxford known for his work on existential risk , the anthropic principle , human enhancement ethics , superintelligence risks , the reversal test , and consequentialism . In 2011 , he founded the Oxford Martin Programme on the Impacts of Future Technology , and he is currently the founding director of the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University .   He is the author of over 200 publications , including Superintelligence : Paths , Dangers , Strategies ( 2014 ) , a New York Times bestseller and Anthropic Bias : Observation Selection Effects in Science and Philosophy ( 2002 ) . In 2009 and 2015 , he was included in Foreign Policys Top 100 Global Thinkers list . Bostrom 's work on superintelligence -- and his concern for its existential risk to humanity over the coming century -- has brought both Elon Musk and Bill Gates to similar thinking .

neg: Sedevacantism Sedevacantism is the position , held by a minority of traditionalist Catholics , that the alleged present occupant of the Holy See is not truly pope due to the mainstream church 's espousal of the heresy of modernism and that , for lack of a valid pope , the see has been vacant since the death of Pope Pius XII in 1958 .   The term `` sedevacantism '' is derived from the Latin phrase sede vacante , which literally means `` with the chair -LSB- of Saint Peter -RSB- vacant '' . The phrase is commonly used to refer specifically to a vacancy of the Holy See from the death or resignation of a pope to the election of his successor . `` Sedevacantism '' as a term in English appears to date from the 1980s , though the movement itself is older .   Among those who maintain that the see of Rome , occupied by what they declare to be an illegitimate pope , was really vacant , some have chosen an alternative pope of their own , and thus in their view ended the vacancy of the see , and are known sometimes as `` conclavists '' .   The number of sedevacantists is largely unknown , with estimates given in tens to hundreds of thousands .


query: Romelu Lukaku joined a soccer team.

pos: Romelu Lukaku Romelu Menama Lukaku ( born 13 May 1993 ) is a Belgian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Premier League club Everton and the Belgium national team . He is one of only five players to score 50 Premier League goals before his 23rd birthday , and the first foreign player to score 80 before his 24th birthday .   Lukaku started his career with local side Rupel Boom , before joining Lierse , where he earned a move to Anderlecht of the Belgian Pro League in 2006 . Lukaku made his professional debut while still at school at the age of 16 , and became the 2009 -- 10 top scorer in Belgium as Anderlecht won the Belgian championship . He also won the Belgian Ebony Shoe in 2011 . In the 2011 summer transfer window , Lukaku joined Premier League club Chelsea . He did not appear regularly in his first season there , and spent the following two seasons on loan at West Bromwich Albion and Everton respectively , signing permanently for the latter for a club record # 28 million in 2014 .   Lukaku made his senior international debut for Belgium in 2010 , and has since earned over 50 caps . He has also represented the country at the 2014 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2016 .

neg: Käpylän Pallo Käpylän Pallo or KäPa for short , is a football ( soccer ) club from the Käpylä district of Helsinki . The club currently plays in the Kakkonen , the third tier of the Finnish league system . KäPa play their home matches at the Max Westerberg Areena in Käpylän liikuntapuisto .

neg: Luvian Veto Luvian Veto ( abbreviated LuVe ) is a sports club from Luvia , Finland . The club was formed in 1930 and currently has sections covering football , skiing , athletics and fitness . The men 's football first team currently plays in the Nelonen ( Fourth Division ) . Their home ground is at the Tasala Park .

neg: SuperClasico The SuperClasico , formerly known as the Honda SuperClasico for sponsorship reasons , and also known as the L.A. Derby or El Clásico Angelino , was a sports rivalry between Major League Soccer teams LA Galaxy and Chivas USA . The rivalry was considered as the only `` true '' local derby in MLS from 2005 until 2014 , as both teams were based in the StubHub Center in the Greater Los Angeles city of Carson , California . The rivalry ended in 2014 when Chivas ceased operations .   The word `` SuperClasico '' is an allegory to the Mexican Súper Clásico between Club América and Chivas USA 's parent club Chivas Guadalajara . The term `` Clásico '' is commonly used to refer to other rivalries in Spanish-speaking countries , most prominently , Argentina 's Superclásico between Boca Juniors and River Plate or Spain 's El Clásico between Barcelona and Real Madrid . The derby was sponsored by auto company Honda .   From 2005 -- 2007 , the derby was four league matches ( with a Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup match in 2005 ) . In 2008 -- 2009 , the derby was played three times ( plus a two-legged playoff series in 2009 ) . For 2010-2011 , the derby was played twice each season . All games were played at StubHub Center , the local venue for both teams . However , in 2012 , the league reverted to a more American-style format that sacrificed equity for divisional rivalries which resulted in the teams facing each other 3 times again . The Galaxy led Chivas in the derby , winning eight of nine cups all time .

neg: Wilson Raj Perumal Wilson Raj Perumal ( born 31 July 1965 ) is a convicted Singaporean match-fixer .   Perumal is accused on several match fixing scandals , including Asiagate in 2007 -- 2009 and the 2008 -- 2011 Finnish match-fixing scandal . He was first jailed for match-fixing in 1995 in Singapore . In the same year , Perumal traveled to England on behalf of a Singaporean match-fixing boss to fix two FA Cup matches . According to his autobiography , Perumal and an associate attempted to bribe Birmingham 's goalkeeper Ian Bennett and Chelsea 's goalkeeper Dmitri Kharine , failing both times .   In February 2011 Perumal was arrested in Finland and later sentenced to two years in prison . He served a year in Finnish prison and was then turned over to authorities in Hungary .   During his stay in Finnish prison , Perumal spoke to Finnish authorities and revealed a global network match-fixers based in Singapore . Blaming other members of the network for his arrest , he fingered Dan Tan as the boss of his operation .   Perumal may also have connections to the 2013 Europol match-fixing investigation .   Wilson Raj Perumal has published his match fixing memoirs in a book titled `` Kelong Kings '' , written with investigative journalists Alessandro Righi and Emanuele Piano ; the book was released on April 28 , 2014 . In the book , Perumal claims not only to have ferried Nigeria and Honduras to the final rounds of the 2010 South Africa FIFA World Cup by fixing their qualification matches , but also to have rigged competitions in the Atlanta 1996 and Beijing 2008 Olympic games .   Wilson Raj Perumal 's memoir also revealed intricate details about the fixing of a number of 2010 FIFA World Cup warm-up friendly matches involving South Africa , Bulgaria , Colombia , Guatemala , Denmark , Brazil and Tanzania . The revelations were confirmed by a FIFA report , excerpts of which appeared on the New York Times a month after the book 's publication .   Wilson Raj Perumal appeared in his first televised interview on August 26 , 2014 , on CNN . During the interview , he boasted about having fixed up to 100 games , including FIFA World Cup qualification matches .   On February 17 , 2015 , the investigative journalism website Invisible Dog issued a press release stating that the film rights to the book Kelong Kings were optioned by Gianni Nunnari 's Hollywood Gang productions , who are developing a feature film based on the match-fixer 's autobiography .   On February 19 , 2015 , Al Jazeera English aired an investigative report called `` killing the Ball '' , produced by Invisible Dog , in which Wilson Raj Perumal described how he ferried the Nigerian national football team to the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa by rigging their qualification match against Kenya , played on November 14 , 2009 , in Nairobi .

neg: Atlético Petróleos de Luanda Atlético Petróleos de Luanda , best known as Petro Atlético de Luanda , or simply Petro Atlético or Petro de Luanda , is a traditional football club from Luanda , Angola , founded in 1980 . The club won its first title , the Angolan League , in 1982 .   Four players from Petro Atlético represented Angola at their first World Cup in 2006 : Lebo Lebo , Lamá , Zé Kalanga and Delgado .   The club has also a basketball team . Many basketball players of the team , participated with Angola national basketball team in the Olympics 2008 .

neg: Pan-Pacific Championship The Pan-Pacific Football Championship was an inter-confederation football tournament between teams from A-League ( Australia and New Zealand ) , Chinese Super League ( China ) , J. League ( Japan ) , K-League ( Korea ) , and Major League Soccer ( United States and Canada ) .  The event was underwritten by MLS and promoted through its Soccer United Marketing arm .

neg: Wilson Kamavuaka Wilson Kamavuaka ( born 29 March 1990 in Düren ) is a Congolese footballer who plays for SV Darmstadt 98 .   On 1 February 2015 , after being without a club for seven months , Kamavuaka joined Austrian Bundesliga side Sturm Graz . He signed a contract until the end of the 2014 -- 15 season , which includes an extension clause for another two years .   On 9 September 2016 , he signed a two-year contract with Panetolikos F.C. .   Fellow professional footballer Richard Sukuta-Pasu is his second cousin .

neg: FC Tokyo is a Japanese association football club playing in J1 League . Its hometown is Tokyo prefecture . The team is one of only four in the J. League to be simply called Football Club without an extended name .

neg: TFC Academy Toronto FC ( TFC ) Academy is the youth academy and development system of Canadian Major League Soccer club , Toronto FC . For sponsorship purposes , the Academy teams are referred to as the KIA Toronto FC Academy , with the title sponsor being Kia Motors Canada .   KIA Toronto FC Academy adheres to the same vision and values as the Toronto FC first team . The vision is to create a club that is internationally recognized as : a leader in player development , a leading edge organization on innovative practices , and a consistent contender for championships in North America ( MLS , Canadian Cup , CCL )   The academy currently consists of multiple teams spanning different age groups , from U11 to U20 .  Foundation ( U13 , U12 , U11 teams )  Pre-formation ( U16 , U15 , U14 teams )  Formation ( U20 , U17 teams )  All teams play their home games at KIA Training Ground . KIA Toronto FC Academy operates eight full-time teams , within a three pod structure .   The senior squads play in the Premier Development League and the League1 Ontario , the third tier of the Canadian soccer pyramid . League1 Ontario was introduced by the Ontario Soccer Association in 2014 . Since December 2016 , the League1 Academy team has been known as Toronto FC III .

neg: Benjamin Mokulu Benjamin Mokulu Tembe ( born 11 October 1989 ) is a Belgian-born Congolese professional footballer who plays as a forward for Frosinone Calcio on loan from A.S. Avellino 1912 .

neg: Kaká (footballer, born May 1991) Everton Ferreira Guimarães or simply Kaká ( born May 20 , 1991 in São Paulo ) is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Portuguese club Académica de Coimbra on loan from C.D. Mafra .

neg: Nico Colaluca Nicolas `` Nico '' Colaluca ( born May 23 , 1986 ) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a midfielder .

neg: Denver Kickers Denver Kickers are an American soccer club , founded in 1956 . The club fields a number of teams at the adult and youth levels . The Kickers premier team plays in the United States Adult Soccer Association sanctioned Colorado Adult Soccer Association , formerly the Colorado State Soccer Association . The club is a former member of the National Premier Soccer League ( NPSL ) , the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid , and played in the Southwest Conference .   They currently play their home games at the Denver Kickers Sport Complex in Golden , Colorado , 15 miles west of downtown Denver . The team 's colors are red , white and blue . When the Kickers won the National Amateur Cup in 1977 , 1978 , and 1983 , their colors were white jerseys , black shorts , and white stockings . The Kickers repeated as National Amateur champions in 1994 and 1995 .   The Kickers are part of a larger organization which celebrates the German heritage of the Denver area through sports -- mainly soccer and dancing . In addition to the NPSL side , the Kickers organization has over 400 members and sponsors four Men 's Adult Soccer teams , one Women 's Adult Soccer team , Competitive Youth Soccer teams , and Recreation Youth Soccer teams , as well as Adult and Junior Schuhplattlers ( Bavarian Dance Groups ) . Current management of the Kickers says the club was founded in 1962 and today 's team patches carry this date , but there are club banners and patches with the date 1956 : According to long-time member and former chairman John Ziel , the Denver Kickers as a soccer team began in 1956 , and the Kickers organization was incorporated in 1962 .

neg: 3v3 Soccer 3v3 Soccer is a variety of soccer played between two teams . Each team may only have 3 players on the field at a time ( hence providing the name , `` 3 v 3 '' , `` 3 versus 3 '' , or `` 3 on 3 '' ) . This style of soccer is more commonly referred to as a `` small-sided '' game , as compared to a full game with larger teams . The field used is smaller than a regulation soccer pitch , instead it typically is 30 yards wide by 40 yards long , although these dimensions vary quite a bit when the game is played indoors due to the varied styles and sizes of indoor pitches . It uses a much smaller goal than fullsided soccer . In most 3v3 there is no keeper , although one variant , 3v3 Micro Soccer , does use a keeper .   `` 3v3 Soccer '' is claimed to be the fastest growing form of soccer in the World . Its greatest popularity is in the United States , where hundreds , and perhaps thousands of Tournaments take place each year , however it is also now begun to catch on in many other countries . Nike helped to popularize it with its international Joga3 Joga Bonito Tour back in 2006 , in which teams qualified at local events around the World , culminating in a big 3v3 World Cup played in Brazil .   It is a much faster paced , and higher scoring game than traditional full sided soccer . The speed of the attack , the use of triangulation , and the strategies bring aspects of Hockey into the game . The quick shift from one end of the field to the other after a goal is scored , or upon loss of possession is reminiscent of Basketball . It requires the blending of individual skills with teamwork .   Its gain in popularity is largely because every member of the team gets equal playing time , and equal touches on the ball . All players on the field are a part of the play . Because of the speed of the game , and the fact that players are constantly in motion , there are frequent substitutions . A typical player may be rotated on six times or more in one game . There are no permanently assigned positions as there are in full sided soccer , giving each team member equal status and equal importance . This helps to develop individual skills .   Currently there are Four major tours in the United States , Colorado based Kick it 3v3 Soccer http://www.kickit3v3.com/ with their World Championship 's held at the ESPN Wide World Of Sports Complex in Florida , Utah based 3v3 Live , Florida based Challenge3v3 and 3v3 World Tour , a 3v3 soccer tour that offers a 3v3 ranking system . There is also a new California based US 3v3 Soccer is promoting 3v3 soccer throughout California and the West . Canada also finally has its own home grown tour attempting to promote 3v3 there . Ontario based Ultimate 3 on 3 Soccer is the first Canadian based 3v3 Soccer Tour .

neg: Lucio Filomeno Lucio Filomeno ( born 8 May 1980 ) is a former Argentine football striker who last played for Acassuso . After growing up in Haedo , Buenos Aires , Filomeno played for a variety of clubs around the world and also for the Argentina U-16 National Team .   Filomeno made his professional debut in March 1996 playing for Nueva Chicago and being still 15 years old . He was one of the youngest players to this day to start playing professionally in Argentina . He was then noticed by English club Newcastle United F.C. and made his first move to Europe . He did not play officially for Newcastle and moved to Italy where he signed first for Udinese and then for Inter Milan . A year later he returned to Argentina to join San Lorenzo de Almagro where he contributed to the club winning of the Argentine `` Torneo Clausura '' 2001 and the Southamerican `` Copa Mercosur '' 2001 .  Subsequently , he moved to Mexico where he joined Jaguares de Chiapas in their inaugural 2002 season , scoring the team 's first goal ever in a 3 -- 1 loss to Tigres . In 2005 , He joined Busan IPark , But He appeared only League Cup 8 matches . In 2006 , he returned to Argentina to join his original club , Nueva Chicago .  In the summer of 2007 he was signed by Greek first division club Asteras Tripolis and in June 2009 he was picked up on a two-year deal by Greek club PAOK FC .  He had signed a one-year deal with Atlético de Rafaela of the Argentinian first division on August 4 , 2011 . He played for one season and then he stopped . In summer 2013 , he signed with Acassuso playing in Primera B Metropolitana , the regionalised third division of the Argentine football league system .

neg: 2014 Puskás Cup The 2014 Puskás Cup was the seventh edition of the Puskás Cup and took place between 18 April to 21 April in Felcsút , Hungary . Real Madrid were the defending champions .   On 3 March 2014 , it was announced that the final match of the 2014 Puskás Cup will be the opening match of the new Pancho Arena . György Szöllősi , communication director of the Ferenc Puskás Football Academy , announced that there will be 4,500 spectators at the final of the 2014 Puskás Cup . Among the invited guests there will be the wife of Ferenc Puskás , the former Croatian football legend , Davor Šuker , the former German international and Hungary coach , Lothar Matthäus , former Videoton coach and Portugal international Paulo Sousa , and former Golden Team members Jenő Buzánszky and Gyula Grosics . The opening speech will be delivered by the president of the Hungarian Olympic Committee and former Hungarian MP Pál Schmitt and the president of the Spanish Football Federation , Ángel María Villar .

neg: Slovakia at the FIFA World Cup This is a record of Slovakia 's results at the FIFA World Cup . The FIFA World Cup , sometimes called the Football World Cup or the Soccer World Cup , but usually referred to simply as the World Cup , is an international association football competition contested by the men 's national teams of the members of Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) , the sport 's global governing body . The championship has been awarded every four years since the first tournament in 1930 , except in 1942 and 1946 , due to World War II .   The tournament consists of two parts , the qualification phase and the final phase ( officially called the World Cup Finals ) . The qualification phase , which currently take place over the three years preceding the Finals , is used to determine which teams qualify for the Finals . The current format of the Finals involves 32 teams competing for the title , at venues within the host nation ( or nations ) over a period of about a month . The World Cup Finals is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world , with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the 2006 tournament final .   Slovakia have appeared in the finals of the FIFA World Cup on one occasion in 2010 where they reached the second round .

neg: United States Soccer Federation The United States Soccer Federation ( USSF ) , commonly referred to as U.S. Soccer , is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit organization and the official governing body of the sport of soccer in the United States . With headquarters in Chicago , Illinois , the FIFA member governs U.S. amateur and professional soccer , including the men 's , women 's , youth , beach soccer , futsal , and Paralympic national teams . U.S. Soccer sanctions referees and soccer tournaments for most soccer leagues in the United States . The U.S. Soccer Federation also administers and operates the Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup , which was first held in 1914 .

neg: Luka Zarandia Luka Zarandia ( ლუკა ზარანდია born 17 February 1996 ) is a Georgian football player . He is a midfielder and currently plays for Arka Gdynia in Poland .   He made debut for the club in April in a 5-1 defeat against Pogoń Szczecin .

neg: Ekstraklasa The Ekstraklasa ( -LSB- ˌɛkstraˈklasa -RSB- ) ( since July 2016 currently named Lotto Ekstraklasa due to sponsorship reasons ) is the top Polish professional league for men 's association football clubs ( it is the country 's primary football competition ) . Contested by 16 clubs , operating a system of promotion and relegation with the I liga . Seasons starts in July , and ends in May or June the following year . Teams play a total of 37 games each , totalling 296 matches in the season . Games are played on Fridays , Saturdays , Sundays and Mondays . The winner of the Ekstraklasa qualifies for the Polish SuperCup . The Ekstraklasa is now operated by the Ekstraklasa SA ( English : Ekstraklasa Joint-stock company ) .   The Ekstraklasa ( former I liga ) was officially formed as Liga Polska on 4-5 December 1926 in Warsaw , since 1 March 1927 as Liga Piłki Nożnej ( -LSB- ˈlʲiɡa ˈpiwki ˈnɔʐnɛj -RSB- ) , but the Polish Football Association ( Polish : Polski Związek Piłki Nożnej , PZPN ) had been in existence since 20 December 1919 , a year after the independence of Poland in 1918 . The first games of the freshly created league took place on 3 April 1927 , while first national non-league football championship took place in 1920 .   A total of 80 clubs have played in the top division of Polish football since the founding of the league , of which 16 clubs have won the title . The current champions are Legia Warsaw , who won their eleventh title in 2015 -- 16 .


query: Shonen Jump uses abbreviation.

pos: Shonen Jump (magazine) Shonen Jump , officially stylized SHONEN JUMP and abbreviated SJ , is a shōnen manga anthology published in North America by Viz Media . It debuted in November 2002 with the first issue having a January 2003 cover date . Based on Shueisha 's popular Japanese magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump , Shonen Jump is retooled for English readers and the American audience , including changing it from a weekly publication to a monthly one . It features serialized chapters from four manga series , and articles on Japanese language and culture , as well as manga , anime , video games , and figurines . Prior to the magazine 's launch , Viz launched an extensive marketing campaign to promote it and help it succeed where previous manga anthologies published in North America had failed . Shueisha purchased an equity interest in Viz to help fund the venture , and Cartoon Network , Suncoast , and Diamond Distributors became promotional partners in the magazine .   In conjunction with the magazine , Viz launched new imprints for releasing media related to the series presented in the magazine , and other shōnen works . This includes two new manga imprints , an anime DVD imprint , a fiction line for releasing light novels , a label for fan and data books , and a label for the release of art books .   Targeted towards young adult males , the first issue required three printings to meet consumer demand , with over 300,000 copies sold . It was awarded the ICv2 `` Comic Product of the Year '' award in December 2002 , and has continued to enjoy high sales with a monthly circulation of 215,000 in 2008 . Approximately half of its circulation comes from subscriptions rather than store sales .   Shonen Jump published its final issue in April 2012 when Viz decided to focus on a weekly digital manga anthology . Weekly Shonen Jump ( initially named Weekly Shonen Jump Alpha ) launched in January 2012 and is still in production .

neg: Weekly Shōnen Sunday is a weekly shōnen manga magazine published in Japan by Shogakukan since March 1959 . Contrary to its title , Weekly Shōnen Sunday issues are released on Wednesdays .

neg: List of Hikaru no Go chapters is a coming of age story manga , based on the board game Go , written by Yumi Hotta and illustrated by Takeshi Obata . The series was published Shueisha in its Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine from 1998 to 2003 and the 189 serialized chapters were collected in 23 tankōbon volumes .   The series has been adapted by Studio Pierrot as a 75-episode anime television series , with a broadcast between 2001 and 2003 on TV Tokyo .   __ TOC __

neg: Comic High! is a Japanese seinen manga magazine published on a monthly basis by Futabasha . It was launched as a special issue of Weekly Manga Action but has since become its own independent monthly anthology . The magazine was first published on March 2 , 2004 as the industry 's first shōjo manga magazine for males ; the official website describes the magazine as `` Girlish comics for boys and girls . '' The magazine is aimed at males between 18 and 35 years old .

neg: Saikyō Jump is a Japanese bimonthly shōnen manga magazine published by Shueisha . The magazine was started on December 3 , 2010 with three completely original titles and seven spin-off manga from series in Weekly Shōnen Jump and V Jump . Originally a quarterly magazine , Saikyō Jump became a monthly publication in December 2011 , before switching to its current bimonthly schedule with the November 2014 issue .   The magazine 's mascot was created by Eiichiro Oda .

neg: List of Fist of the North Star chapters The manga Hokuto no Ken ( known as Fist of the North Star in its English editions ) by Buronson and Tetsuo Hara was originally published by Shueisha in the magazine Weekly Shonen Jump from 1983 to 1988 , and the series was subsequently reprinted in 27 collected editions ( tankōbon ) under the Jump Comics imprint . During the 1990s , Shueisha reprinted Hokuto no Ken in 15 hardcover aizōban editions , as well as 15 corresponding economy-sized bunko editions .   After Tetsuo Hara left Shueisha , other companies started reprinting the manga under license from Hara 's new employer Coamix . A 31-volume tankōbon was published by Shinchosha under the Bunch World imprint from 2001 to 2002 , followed by a 12-volume conbini comic edition published by Tokuma Shoten under the Tokuma Favorite Comics imprint in 2004 . A 14-volume Kanzenban edition was published by Shogakukan in 2006 under the Big Comics Selection imprint , featuring the original water-colored artwork and opening pages from the Weekly Shōnen Jump serialization . It has also been released in 27-volume e-book edition .   In 2013 , the kyūkyokuban or `` Extreme Edition '' began publication by Tokuma Shoten under the `` Zenon Comics DX '' imprint . This 18-volume edition , in addition to featuring all the pages from both , the tankōbon and kanzenban edition , has new cover artwork by Tetsuo Hara himself for each volume , as well as a new 30th anniversary-themed chapter titled Hokuto no Ken : Last Piece , which is included in Volume 11 .   Viz Communications published the first sixteen chapters of Fist of the North Star in English as an eight-issue monthly comic in 1989 , which were later reprinted in a single graphic novel collection in 1995 . During that same year , Viz resumed publication of the series as a monthly comic until 1997 , lasting eighteen issues ( spanning chapters 17-44 ) , which were subsequently reprinted in three additional graphic novels . The license was later acquired by Gutsoon ! Entertainment , which published a new translation of the series in the form of a `` Master Edition '' featuring newly colorized artwork and retained the original right-to-left orientation of the art , as well as new cover artwork by Tetsuo Hara from the fourth volume and onward . Fist of the North Star : Master Edition was published from 2002 to 2003 , lasting only nine volumes , due to Gutsoon ! 's withdrawal from the North American market .

neg: Jump Square is a Japanese monthly shōnen manga magazine . Published by Shueisha , the magazine premiered on November 2 , 2007 as a replacement for Monthly Shōnen Jump , another manga anthology that Shueisha discontinued in June of that year . The magazine is a part of the Jump line of magazines . The manga titles serialized in the magazine are also published in tankōbon volumes under the Jump Comics label . The manga series within the magazine target young male readers and tend to be set in a fantasy setting with a large amount of action scenes . Like most monthly shonen manga magazines , Jump Square is aimed at ages 16 to 21 . The current ( 2015 ) editor-in-chief is Kôsuke Yahagi .

neg: List of The New York Times Manga Best Sellers The New York Times Best Seller list for manga published in the United States was introduced on March 5 , 2009 , along with two additional lists for hardcover and paperback graphic novels . The three lists are grouped under the `` Graphic Books '' category . Deborah Hoffman , an editor for the Best Seller lists , explained that the term `` Graphic Books '' was selected to create an `` inclusive and expansive '' list which can extend to works of both fiction and non-fiction . Journalist George Gustines announced , in his introduction of the new lists , `` Comics have finally joined the mainstream . '' The announcement was made the week the film Watchmen , based on the comic book of the same name , was released in movie theaters throughout the U.S. . The Best Seller lists are printed weekly in The New York Times Book Review magazine , which is published in the Sunday edition of The New York Times and as a stand-alone publication .   Gustines explained the methodology used to determine the rankings :   Rankings reflect sales of graphic novels -LSB- ... -RSB- at many thousands of venues where a wide range of books are sold nationwide . These include hundreds of independent book retailers ( statistically weighted to represent all such outlets ) ; national , regional and local chains ; online and multimedia entertainment retailers ; university , gift , supermarket , discount department stores and newsstands . In addition , these rankings also include unit sales reported by retailers nationwide that specialize in graphic novels and comic books .   On multiple occasions , manga have been listed outside its designated list . Mike Kiley , then-Senior Vice President of the publisher Tokyopop , explained in 2010 that it has become more difficult to draw a distinguishing line between works that are manga and manga-inspired , such as Korean manhwa and American original English language ( OEL ) manga . A Drifting Life , an autobiographical manga by Yoshihiro Tatsumi , appeared on the May 3 , 2009 , Best Seller list for paperback graphic novels , where it ranked third . X-Men : Misfits , an original English manga based on the X-Men comic book franchise , ranked fifth at its debut on the August 30 , 2009 , paperback graphic novels list , and stayed on the chart for five consecutive weeks . The first volume of a manhwa adaptation of the popular vampire-themed Twilight novels by Stephenie Meyer remained on the hardcover graphic novels Best Seller list for 27 consecutive weeks in 2010 .   In January 2017 , the Times decided to stop producing the separate manga best seller list .

neg: Boy's Life (Japanese magazine) was a Japanese monthly shōnen magazine published by Shogakukan from April 1963 until August 1969 . The magazine was marketed to boys in junior high school and older , and included a manga section as well as general interest articles and information .

neg: Weekly Shōnen Jump is a weekly shōnen manga anthology published in Japan by Shueisha under the Jump line of magazines . It is the best-selling manga magazine , as well as one of the longest-running ; the first issue was released with a cover date of August 1 , 1968 . The manga series within the magazine target young male readers and tend to consist of a large number of action scenes and a fair amount of comedy . The chapters of series that run in Weekly Shōnen Jump are collected and published in tankōbon volumes under the `` Jump Comics '' imprint every two to three months .   The mid-1980s to the mid-1990s represents the era when the magazine 's circulation was at its highest ( 6.53 million ) . However , since then it has experienced a drastic decline and had a circulation of 1.9 million copies in early-2017 .   Weekly Shōnen Jump has two sister magazines called Jump SQ , created after the fall of Monthly Shōnen Jump , and Saikyō Jump . The magazine has also had several international counterparts , including the current North American Weekly Shonen Jump .

neg: Seiun Award The is a Japanese speculative fiction award for the best science fiction works and achievements during the preceding year . Organized and overseen by , the awards were given each year at the annual Japan Science Fiction Convention . It is the oldest SF award in Japan , which was first given in 1970 at the 9th Japan Science Fiction Convention and has been awarded every year since that .   `` Seiun '' , the Japanese word for `` nebula '' , was named after the first and short-lived professional science fiction magazine in Japan , which appeared in 1954 . The award is not related to the American Nebula Award .   It is similar to the Hugo Award , which is presented by the members of the World Science Fiction Society , in that all of the members of the presenting convention are eligible to participate in the selection process . But it is not strictly correct to call it Japan 's `` equivalent '' to the Hugo Awards , as the Hugo Awards are open to works from anywhere in any language while the Seiun implicitly limited the area and the language like as the BSFA Awards .

neg: My Hero Academia is a Japanese superhero manga series written and illustrated by Kōhei Horikoshi . It has been serialized in Weekly Shōnen Jump since July 2014 , and 13 volumes have been collected in tankōbon format . The series has been licensed for English-language release by Viz Media , and began serialization in their weekly digital manga anthology Weekly Shonen Jump on February 9 , 2015 . The story follows Izuku Midoriya , a boy born without superpowers in a world where they are the norm , but who still dreams of becoming a superhero himself , and is scouted by the world 's greatest hero who shares his powers with Izuku after recognizing his value and enrolls him in a high school for heroes in training . The manga was adapted into an anime television series ; the first season aired from April 3 to June 26 , 2016 , and a second season premiered on April 1 , 2017 .

neg: Enoki Films is a producer of anime based in the Enoki Building in Shinjuku , Tokyo .   Enoki Films also had a North American division , established in 1986 , headquartered in the Encino area of Los Angeles , California , United States called Enoki Films USA , Inc. . Enoki Films USA acted as a middle-man between Japanese companies and American licensees such as 4Kids Entertainment and Saban . In May 2007 it was announced that their content would also be provided as video on demand by Internet startup ReelTime.com ( worldwide except Japan ) .   As of 2002 Enoki licenses anime but sub-licenses its licenses to various distributors instead of distributing them directly . Anime News Network wrote that `` They generally only license TV shows that they hope to also license to TV broadcasters such as Cartoon Network , ABC Family and Fox Kids . ''   Some of the anime productions that were listed on Enoki 's website are under alternate names and may list characters under different names as well . In many cases , when sub-licensed to anime home video companies , the original titles and character names have been restored . Enoki 's translations of episode titles and scenarios may also be different than what may be on the official release .   If Enoki 's series ' had a separate movie or direct-to-video production , it is usually not licensed by Enoki , and the film or direct-to-video production may be licensed to a separate company than the series ( as is the case with the Slayers movies and OVAs and the Utena movie ) .   As of 2016 , Enoki Films ' North American division is now defunct , since it bought its operations to an end in 2010 .

neg: Gutsoon! Entertainment Gutsoon ! Entertainment , Inc. is a now defunct publisher of English translated manga . The company , headquartered in Encino , Los Angeles , served as the US subsidiary of Coamix , which was founded by Nobuhiko Horie and manga artist Tsukasa Hojo . The company published the English manga anthology Raijin Comics , a U.S. equivalent to the Japanese Weekly Comic Bunch and published many of the same titles ( Fist of the Blue Sky and City Hunter ) , as well titles from other magazines such as the Japanese Weekly Shōnen Jump . Raijin Comics began as a weekly magazine with its first issue ( dated December 18 , 2002 ) , but switched to being a monthly publication beginning with its 36th issue ( dated September 2003 ) . Gutsoon ! also published a companion magazine to Raijin Comics , titled Raijin Game & Anime ( originally called Fujin Magazine ) , which lasted only 20 issues before being merged into the pages of Raijin Comics . The collected volumes of Raijin Comics titles were published under the Raijin Graphic Novels imprint . Raijin Comics also has a mascot called `` Raijin Maru '' . Before the company 's fall they were also planning to make a shōjo manga magazine called Smile Magazine .   On March 15 , 2004 , Gutsoon ! announced that they will be placing their Rajin Comics brand on hiatus . Raijin Comics ceased publication with its July 2004 issue ( issue # 46 ) and the Raijin Graphic Novels line was subsequently cancelled as well .

neg: Akame ga Kill! is a Japanese shōnen manga series written by Takahiro and illustrated by Tetsuya Tashiro . It started serialization in Square Enix 's Gangan Joker in March 2010 . The story focuses on Tatsumi who is a young villager that travels to the Capital to raise money for his home only to discover a strong corruption in the area . The assassin group known as Night Raid recruits the young man to help them in their fight against the Empire to end its corruption . The series is known for its graphic content .   The series was licensed by Yen Press in June 2014 . A prequel manga focused on Akame 's backstory , Akame ga Kill ! Zero , began serialization in Square Enix 's Monthly Big Gangan in October 2013 . An anime television series adaptation of the main series premiered in Japan in July 2014 . This is the second work in the Japanese game developer MinatoSoft 's Takahiro IV Project .

neg: Genshiken is a manga series by Shimoku Kio about a college club for otaku ( extremely obsessed fans of various media ) and the lifestyle its members pursue . The title is a shortening of the club 's official name , , or `` The Society for the Study of Modern Visual Culture '' . The series has also been adapted into an anime directed by Tsutomu Mizushima . The manga originally ran in Kodansha 's monthly manga anthology Afternoon from April 2002 to May 2006 , and has been reprinted in nine bound volumes . The ninth and final volume was released in Japan in December 2006 .   A two-part short bonus story was included across both volumes of the Kujibiki Unbalance manga , published 2006/7 .   In December 2009 , a new chapter was released in Afternoon to celebrate the release of the Japanese Genshiken 2 DVD box-set , and in October 2010 , the series resumed serialization as .

neg: Alive: The Final Evolution is a manga series written by Tadashi Kawashima and illustrated by Adachitoka . The series premiered in Monthly Shōnen Magazine in October 2003 . Tadashi finished the series on his sickbed in February 2010 and the final chapter was published in the March issue of the Monthly Shōnen Magazine , although he died soon after . The chapters were later collected by Kodansha and released in 21 tankōbon bound volumes . Del Rey Manga licensed series for an English localization and released eight volumes as of November 2009 . In July 2016 , Kodansha Comics USA took over North American release of the series digitally only . An anime adaptation for the series was planned and to be produced by Gonzo and co-produced by Anime International Company , but the adaptation was canceled due to Gonzo being delisted from the Tokyo Stock Exchange .

neg: Kamikaze (manga) is a manga series written and illustrated by Satoshi Shiki , published in Kodansha 's Afternoon magazine from 1998 to 2003 .   A 2-CD audio drama based on the manga was released on December 26 , 2003 . An English translation of all seven volumes of the manga was released by Tokyopop between February 2006 and February 2008 .

neg: Dengeki hp was a Japanese magazine published by MediaWorks centered on publishing light novels that 's aimed at young adult male readership . The first issue was released on December 18 , 1998 , and for the first eight issues was published quarterly ; after this , it is being published bimonthly . The magazine was discontinued in October 2007 , and was succeeded by Dengeki Bunko Magazine in December 2007 .

neg: Kerberos Panzer Cop Kerberos Panzer Cop , also known as , is a 1988 to 2000 Kerberos saga manga written by Mamoru Oshii and illustrated by Kamui Fujiwara ( Studio 2B ) with mechanical design by Yutaka Izubuchi . This comic series tales events prior to those portrayed in Oshii 's 1987 live-action feature film The Red Spectacles . In 1991 , Mamoru Oshii directed the movie StrayDog : Kerberos Panzer Cops which is based on the first volume of Kerberos Panzer Cop . The complete comic series was loosely adapted for the screen in the 1999 animated feature Jin-Roh directed by Hiroyuki Okiura and written by Mamoru Oshii .   Part One ( Act 1 ~ 4 ) of Kerberos Panzer Cop was published in various Japanese comic magazines from 1988 to 1990 , it was later completed with Part Two ( Act 5 ~ 8 ) published in Monthly Shōnen Ace from 1999 to 2000 . Translated versions of the complete series were issued in South Korea , Hong Kong , Macau , Malaysia and Taiwan in the early 2000s . A sequel named Kerberos Saga : Rainy Dogs was serialized in Ace Tokunoh from 2003 to 2005 , then published as an extended single volume in 2005 .   An English language adaptation of the first four acts was published under the title Hellhounds : Panzer Cops in 1994 by Dark Horse Comics . The American translators from Studio Protheus , Alan Gleason and Toren Smith , randomly used the alternative titles Hellhounds ( Cerberos - sic - : Panzer Cop ) and Hellhounds . This adaptation was later issued in the United Kingdom by Diamond Comic Distributors in 1998 , and a translated version was published in the German magazine Manga Power in 1996 .   On April 2010 , as a twentieth anniversary of the Original Edition ( 1990 volume compilation ) , Gakken publisher will issue Kerberos Panzer Cop a Revision : 20th edition , a planned revised version ( Act 1 ~ 8 ) with corrected scenes and `` digitally refine '' graphics by Kamui Fujiwara . A 16 pages extra Act Kerberos Panzer Cop : Special Issue ( 前夜-ケルベロス騒乱異聞 , zenya - keruberosu souran ibun ) was prepublished in Kerberos Panzer Cops : Tokyo War , the Kerberos Saga 's definitive guide .

neg: Weekly Shonen Jump (magazine) Weekly Shonen Jump is a digital shōnen manga anthology published in North America by Viz Media , and the successor to their monthly print anthology Shonen Jump . It began serialization on January 30 , 2012 as Weekly Shonen Jump Alpha ( officially stylized as Weekly SHONEN JUMP αlpha or Weekly SHONEN JUMP Alpha ) , with two free preview issues released in the buildup to its launch . Based on Shueisha 's popular Japanese magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump , Weekly Shonen Jump is an attempt to provide English readers with easily accessible , affordable , and officially licensed editions of the latest installments of popular Shōnen Jump manga soon after their release in Japan , as an alternative to popular bootleg scanlation services .   The anthology launched with a lineup of six titles , with new issues published online two weeks after the equivalent Japanese release . The magazine currently features twelve ongoing titles , including installments of monthly series from Weekly Shōnen Jump 's sister publications , Weekly Young Jump , Jump SQ , V Jump , and Young Jump Web Comics . At New York Comic-Con 2012 it was announced that the magazine would transition to simultaneous publication with Japan beginning with the January 21 , 2013 issue , with more new series to be added to the lineup . The magazine was renamed Weekly Shonen Jump starting on January 21 , 2013 .