query: There is a mosque in the Taj Mahal.

pos: Taj Mahal The Taj Mahal ( -LSB- ˌtɑːdʒ_məˈhɑːl -RSB- , more often -LSB- ˈtɑːʒ -RSB- meaning Crown of the Palace ) is an ivory-white marble mausoleum on the south bank of the Yamuna river in the Indian city of Agra . It was commissioned in 1632 by the Mughal emperor , Shah Jahan ( reigned 1628 -- 1658 ) , to house the tomb of his favourite wife , Mumtaz Mahal . The tomb is the centrepiece of a 42 acre complex , which includes a mosque and a guest house , and is set in formal gardens bounded on three sides by a crenellated wall .   Construction of the mausoleum was essentially completed in 1643 but work continued on other phases of the project for another 10 years . The Taj Mahal complex is believed to have been completed in its entirety in 1653 at a cost estimated at the time to be around 32 million rupees , which in 2015 would be approximately 52.8 billion rupees ( US$ 827 million ) . The construction project employed some 20,000 artisans under the guidance of a board of architects led by the court architect to the emperor , Ustad Ahmad Lahauri .   The Taj Mahal was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983 for being `` the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world 's heritage '' . Described by Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore as `` the tear-drop on the cheek of time '' , it is regarded by many as the best example of Mughal architecture and a symbol of India 's rich history . The Taj Mahal attracts 7 -- 8 million visitors a year . In 2007 , it was declared a winner of the New7Wonders of the World ( 2000 -- 2007 ) initiative .

neg: Mahalla (Uzbeks) A mahalla is an urban division in Uzbek communities which today exist in Uzbekistan , Kyrgyzstan , and Tajikistan . Historically , mahallas were autonomous social institutions built around familial ties and Islamic rituals . Before the establishment of the Soviet rule in Uzbekistan , Mahallas fulfilled local self-government functions connecting private sphere with public sphere . Religious rituals , life-cycle crisis ceremonies , resource management , conflict resolution , and many other community activities were performed at mahalla , or ( neighbourhood ) level . An informal council of elders ( oqsoqol , or aksakal ) provided leadership .   After the establishment of the Soviet Union , informal mahalla organizations were placed under the state control and served as local extensions of the Soviet government . Mahallas were thought to be `` eyes '' and `` ears '' of the Soviet government ; mahalla became a control mechanism of the state and the mahalla leaders were appointed by the government . However , mahalla level state-society relationships were more complex as mahalla leaders could serve as henchmen while also acting as buffers between the local community and the state . Due to intimate , face-to face relationships dominant at mahalla , mahalla organizations could shield the community from the incursions of the state .   Since 1993 , Uzbek government reorganized mahalla councils as bearers of `` Uzbek nationhood '' and `` morality , '' effectively reproducing Soviet style state domination over the society . Thus , they are formal structures run by committees ( headed by chairs called `` oqsoqols '' ) and regulated by the government . Human rights groups have accused Islam Karimov 's government of using mahallas to control the population , repress dissent , force resettlement , and persecute religious minorities .   Mahalla is a common unit not only in Uzbekistan , but in Tajikistani cities like Khujand and Kyrgyzstani cities like Osh .

neg: Al Sada Mosque Al Sada Mosque is a mosque in Djibouti City , Djibouti .

neg: Temple A temple ( from the Latin word templum ) is a structure reserved for religious or spiritual rituals and activities such as prayer and sacrifice . It is typically used for such buildings belonging to all faiths where a more specific term such as church , mosque or synagogue is not generally used in English . These include Hinduism , Buddhism , and Jainism among religions with many modern followers , as well as other ancient religions such as Ancient Egyptian religion .   The form and function of temples is thus very variable , though they are often considered by believers to be in some sense the `` house '' of one or more deities . Typically offerings of some sort are made to the deity , and other rituals enacted , and a special group of clergy maintain and operate the temple . The degree to which the whole population of believers can access the building varies significantly ; often parts or even the whole main building can only be accessed by the clergy . Temples typically have a main building and a larger precinct , which may contain many other buildings .   The word comes from Ancient Rome , where a templum constituted a sacred precinct as defined by a priest , or augur . It has the same root as the word `` template '' , a plan in preparation of the building that was marked out on the ground by the augur . Templa also became associated with the dwelling places of a god or gods . Despite the specific set of meanings associated with the Ancient Roman religion , the word has now become quite widely used to describe a house of worship for any number of religions and is even used for time periods prior to the Romans .

neg: Kalyan minaret The Kalyan minaret is a minaret of the Po-i-Kalyan mosque complex in Bukhara , Uzbekistan and one of the most prominent landmarks in the city .   The minaret , designed by Bako , was built by the Qarakhanid ruler Mohammad Arslan Khan in 1127 to summon Muslims to prayer five times a day . An earlier tower collapsed before completion .  It is made in the form of a circular-pillar baked brick tower , narrowing upwards . It is 45.6 metres ( 149.61 ft ) high ( 48 metres including the point ) , of 9 metres ( 29.53 ft ) diameter at the bottom and 6 metres ( 19.69 ft ) overhead .   The body of the minaret is topped by a rotunda with 16 arched fenestrations , from which the muezzins summoned the Muslims in the city to prayer . There is a brick spiral staircase that twists up inside around the pillar to the rotunda . Once the minaret was believed to have had another round section above the rotunda , but now only the cone-shaped top remains . The tower base has narrow ornamental strings belted across it made of bricks which are placed in both straight or diagonal fashion . The frieze is covered with a blue glaze with inscriptions .   In times of war , warriors used the minaret as a watchtower to lookout for enemies .   About a hundred years after its construction , the tower so impressed Genghis Khan that he ordered it to be spared when all around was destroyed by his men . It is also known as the Tower of Death , because until as recently as the early twentieth century criminals were executed by being thrown from the top . Fitzroy Maclean , who made a surreptitious visit to the city in 1938 , says in his memoir Eastern Approaches , `` For centuries before 1870 , and again in the troubled years between 1917 and 1920 , men were cast down to their death from the delicately ornamented gallery which crowns it . ''

neg: Mosque of Ibn Tulun The Mosque of Ahmad Ibn Ţūlūn is located in Cairo , Egypt . It is arguably the oldest mosque in the city surviving in its original form , and is the largest mosque in Cairo in terms of land area .   The mosque was commissioned by Ahmad ibn Ţūlūn , the Turkic Abbassid governor of Egypt from 868 -- 884 whose rule was characterized by de facto independence . The historian al-Maqrizi lists the mosque 's construction start date as 876 AD , and the mosque 's original inscription slab identifies the date of completion as 265 AH , or 879 AD .   The mosque was constructed on a small hill called Gebel Yashkur , `` The Hill of Thanksgiving . '' One local legend says that it is here that Noah 's Ark came to rest after the Deluge , instead of at Mount Ararat .   The grand ceremonial mosque was intended as the focal point of Ibn Ţūlūn 's capital , al-Qata ` i , which served as the center of administration for the Tulunid dynasty . The mosque originally was backed by ibn Ţūlūn 's palace , and a door adjacent to the minbar allowed him direct entry to the mosque . Al-Qata ' i was razed in the early 10th century , AD , and the mosque is the only surviving structure .  The mosque was constructed in the Samarran style common with Abbasid constructions . The mosque is constructed around a courtyard , with one covered hall on each of the four sides , the largest being on the side of the qibla , or direction to Mecca . The original mosque had its ablution fountain ( sabil ) in the area between the inner and outer walls . A distinctive sabil with a high drum dome was added in the central courtyard at the end of the thirteenth century by the Sultan Lajīn .   There is significant controversy over the date of construction of the minaret , which features a helical outer staircase similar to that of the famous minaret in Samarra . It is also told that using these stairs one can climb up on a horse . Legend has it that ibn Ţūlūn himself was accidentally responsible for the design of the structure : supposedly while sitting with his officials , he absentmindedly wound a piece of parchment around his finger . When someone asked him what he was doing , he responded , embarrassed , that he was designing his minaret . Many of the architectural features , however , point to a later construction , in particular the way in which the minaret does not connect well with the main mosque structure , something that would have been averted had the minaret and mosque been built at the same time . Architectural historian Doris Behrens-Abouseif asserts that Sultan Lajīn , who restored the mosque in 1296 , was responsible for the construction of the current minaret .   The mosque has been restored several times . The first known restoration was in 1177 under orders of the Fatimid wazir Badr al-Jamālī , who left a second inscription slab on the mosque , which is noted for containing the Shī ' ī version of the shahada , adding the phrase `` And Ali is the wali of God '' after acknowledging the oneness of God and the prophethood of Muhammad . Sultan Lajīn 's restoration of 1296 added several improvements . The mosque was most recently restored by the Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquities in 2004 .   During the medieval period , several houses were built up against the outside walls of the mosque . Most were demolished in 1928 by the Committee for the Conservation of Arab Monuments , however , two of the oldest and best-preserved homes were left intact . The `` house of the Cretan woman '' ( Bayt al-Kritliyya ) and the Beit Amna bint Salim , were originally two separate structures , but a bridge at the third floor level was added at some point , combining them into a single structure . The house , accessible through the outer walls of the mosque , is open to the public as the Gayer-Anderson Museum , named after the British general R.G. ` John ' Gayer-Anderson , who lived there until 1942 .   Parts of the James Bond film The Spy Who Loved Me were filmed at the mosque . The mosque is featured in the game Serious Sam 3 : BFE , forming a significant part of the game 's third level .

neg: Madrasa Salafiah Parsa Introduction :  Madrasa salafiah Parsa was established in 1982 as an institution with the objects to develop patterns of teaching in Religion , Humanities & Modern Scientific Education as to demonstrate a high standard of Education in the Muslim Community .   Madrasa Salafiah Parsa is Affiliated to Al-Jamia-tus-Salafiah ( Markazi Darul-Uloom ) of Varanasi . The Madrasa has comprehensive facilities for teaching & research in the field of Religion & Humanities . Madrasa Salafiah is the lead , having more than 500 residential & non residential students and 20 well qualified teaching staff .   The field is vast but the resources are limited , yet by the welfare activity of the helping persons and their full support is encouragement for us due to which we are able to face innumerable difficulties quite easily and are crossing the hurdles with perfect patience and tolerance . We are never ignorant of your selfless guidance and precious advice . We are always in dire need of your financial support and oral suggestion .   May all your and our deeds be performed merely for the will of Allah and we may be furnished with enhancement of religious beliefs and principles .   Mission  To develop a pattern of teaching & Research in Religion , Humanities & Modern Scientific Education to all Islamic & Non Islamic institutions in India & Abroad   تعلیم کی شمع ہی حقیقت میں ہے شمع ... اس شمع بے مثال کو گھر گھر جلاے   Products  The product of Madrasa Salafiah is known as `` SALAFI '' ; and doing remarkable job in their respective field .

neg: Alhamra Arts Council Alhamra Arts Council ( also known as the Alhamra Hall , Alhamra Cultural Complex , Alhamra Art Gallery and Lahore Arts Council ) was designed by Nayyar Ali Dada and completed in 1992 .   The Alhamra Arts Council is located on a colonial-period road in Lahore , Pakistan , that was formerly known as Mall Road and has been renamed as Shahrah Quaid-e-Azam . The origins of the arts complex lie in an initial commission of Nayyar Ali Dada to design a 1000-seat auditorium for the Alhambra Arts Council ( AAC ) , of which he was a member . The AAC had been given the site by the government in the years immediately following independence but had generally staged its performances outdoors . The auditorium was completed in 1979 and replaced some temporary buildings .   A further three phases of construction followed that of the auditorium . There were commissioned from Dada by the Lahore Arts Council , a government agency that took over the project from the non-governmental AAC following a dispute concerning ownership of the land . The first of these phases was completed in 1984 and consisted of offices and art galleries housed in four octagonal structures . In the following year , a 450-seat theatre in hexagonal form was added to the existing auditorium and , in 1992 , an octagonal 250-seat facility for lectures and recitals was completed . The buildings are placed in a manner that creates semi-enclosed courtyards and the various polygonal shapes in their design are intended to enhance acoustics when used for performances .   The structures are influenced by Mughal architecture and are constructed using a veneer of handmade red bricks overlaying a concrete form . The bricks are bonded with a local mortar and reflect the construction of the historic Lahore Fort and Badshahi Mosque , as well as the red sandstone that was favoured by the Mughals .   The design was a winner of the Aga Khan Award for Architecture in 1998 , when the jury described it as `` a rare example of flexible spaces that has enabled several additions to be made over time , each of which has in turn enhanced , rather than detracted from , its overall architectural value . This is a very popular and successful public building , projecting its complexities in a simple and powerful manner . ''

neg: Raiwind Markaz Raiwind Markaz is a building Complex , consisting the main Mosque , Islamic Madrassa and residential areas ) located in the neighourhood of Raiwind city , near Lahore , Pakistan and is the home of the religious movement Tablighi Jamaat in Pakistan .

neg: Mirza Tahir Ahmad Mirza Tahir Ahmad ( -LSB- ) ( 18 December 1928 -- 19 April 2003 ) was Khalifatul Masih IV ( خليفة المسيح الرابع , khalīfatul masīh al-rābi ) and the head of the worldwide Ahmadiyya Muslim Community . He was elected as the fourth successor of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad on 10 June 1982 , the day after the death of his predecessor , Mirza Nasir Ahmad .   Following the Ordinance XX that was promulgated by the government of Pakistan in 1984 , which prohibited Ahmadi Muslims from any public expression of the Islamic faith , Tahir Ahmad left Pakistan and migrated to London , England , provisionally moving the headquarters of the community to the Fazl Mosque in London . He is noted particularly for his question and answer sessions which he held regularly with people from around the world and for his Quranic discourses . Under his leadership , there was an acceleration in the number of Quran translations produced by the community ; and during his caliphate , the community experienced structural and financial growth on an international level , including the launch of the first Muslim satellite television network , Muslim Television Ahmadiyya in 1994 through which he could communicate televised messages to the community globally and have his sermons and other public engagements transmitted throughout the world through this medium .   Tahir Ahmad also authored many books including , Some Distinctive Features of Islam ; Christianity : a Journey From Facts to Fiction ; Murder in the name of Allah , and his magnum opus Revelation , Rationality , Knowledge & Truth . He initiated various funds for humanitarian causes such as the Maryam Shaadi Fund , used to assist deserving parents in marrying off their daughters , the Sayyidna Bilal Fund , for  the welfare and upkeep of the families of martyrs who have been killed in the cause of the community and the Yatama Fund to provide financial assistance to orphans especially in Africa , India and Bangladesh . In 1994 , he also initiated the international charity organization Humanity First .

neg: Star Mosque Star Mosque ( তারা মসজিদ also known as Tara Masjid ) , is a mosque located in Armanitola area , Dhaka , Bangladesh . The mosque has ornate designs and is decorated with motifs of blue stars . It was built in the first half of the 19th century by Mirza Golam Pir ( Mirza Ahmed Jan ) .

neg: Hyderabadi Muslims Hyderabadi Muslims are an ethnoreligious community of Urdu-speaking Muslims , part of a larger group of Dakhini Muslims , from the area that used to be the princely state of Hyderabad , India , including cities like Hyderabad , Aurangabad , Gulbarga and Bidar . While the term `` Hyderabadi '' now only refers to residents in and around the city of Hyderabad , the term Hyderabadi Muslims can refer to those native Muslim residents of the erstwhile princely state.The native language of the Hyderabadi Muslims is Hyderabadi Urdu , which is a form of the Dakhini language . With their origins in the Muslim Bahmani Sultanate and then the Deccan sultanates , Hyderabadi Muslim culture became defined in the latter half of the reign of the Asif Jahi Dynasty in Hyderabad . The culture exists today mainly in the old city of Hyderabad , Aurangabad , and among the Hyderabadi Muslim diaspora around the world , in particular , Pakistan , Saudi Arabia , the Arab states of the Persian Gulf , USA , Canada and the United Kingdom .

neg: King Abdullah I Mosque The King Abdullah I Mosque in Amman , Jordan was built between 1982 and 1989 . It is capped by a magnificent blue mosaic dome beneath which 3,000 Muslims may offer prayer .

neg: Chaqchan Mosque The Masjid Chqchan ( -LSB- ) means the Miraculous mosque in Khaplu , Baltistan built by Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani or by Shah Syed Muhammad Nurbakhsh Qahistani Sufi in 1370 ( A.D ) is one of the oldest mosque in Baltistan and Pakistan . It is one of Baltistan 's most famous landmarks and a major tourist attraction . The Government of Pakistan also listed the inclusion of the Chqchan Mosque as a Pakistan Heritage Site

neg: Hejaz The Hejaz , also Al-Hijaz ( اَلْـحِـجَـاز , , literally `` the Barrier '' ) , is a region in the west of present-day Saudi Arabia . The region is so called as it separates the land of the Najd in the east from the land of Tihamah in the west . It is also known as the `` Western Province . '' It is bordered on the west by the Red Sea , on the north by Jordan , on the east by the Najd , and on the south by ` Asir Region . Its main city is Jeddah , but it is probably better known for the Islamic holy cities of Mecca and Medina . As the site of Islam 's holiest places , the Hejaz has significance in the Arab and Islamic historical and political landscape .   Historically , the Hejaz has always seen itself as separate from the rest of Saudi Arabia . The Hejaz is the most populated region in Saudi Arabia ; 35 % of all Saudis live in Hejaz . Hejazi Arabic is the most widely spoken dialect in the region . Saudi Hejazis are of ethnically diverse origins .   The Hejaz is the most cosmopolitan region in the Arabian Peninsula . People of Hejaz have the most strongly articulated identity of any regional grouping in Saudi Arabia . Their place of origin alienates them from the Saudi state , which invokes different narratives of the history of the Arabian Peninsula . Thus , Hejazis experienced tensions with people of Najd .

neg: Grand Mosque (Kuwait) The Grand Mosque is the largest and the official mosque in the country of Kuwait . Its area spans 45000 m2 , out of which the building itself covers 20000 m2 . The main prayer hall is 72 m wide on all sides , has teakwood doors , and has lighting provided by 144 windows . The islamic mousqe and about 5000 man is prayer

neg: Islamic art Islamic art encompasses the visual arts produced from the 7th century onward by people who lived within the territory that was inhabited by or ruled by culturally Islamic populations . It is thus a very difficult art to define because it covers many lands and various peoples over some 1,400 years ; it is not art specifically of a religion , or of a time , or of a place , or of a single medium like painting . The huge field of Islamic architecture is the subject of a separate article , leaving fields as varied as calligraphy , painting , glass , pottery , and textile arts such as carpets and embroidery .   Islamic art is not at all restricted to religious art , but includes all the art of the rich and varied cultures of Islamic societies as well . It frequently includes secular elements and elements that are frowned upon , if not forbidden , by some Islamic theologians . Apart from the ever-present calligraphic inscriptions , specifically religious art is actually less prominent in Islamic art than in Western medieval art , with the exception of Islamic architecture where mosques and their complexes of surrounding buildings are the most common remains . Figurative painting may cover religious scenes , but normally in essentially secular contexts such as the walls of palaces or illuminated books of poetry . The calligraphy and decoration of manuscript Qur ` ans is an important aspect , but other religious art such as glass mosque lamps and other mosque fittings such as tiles ( e.g. Girih tiles ) , woodwork and carpets usually have the same style and motifs as contemporary secular art , although with religious inscriptions even more prominent .   `` Islamic art developed from many sources : Roman , Early Christian art , and Byzantine styles were taken over in early Islamic art and architecture ; the influence of the Sassanian art of pre-Islamic Persia was of paramount significance ; Central Asian styles were brought in with various nomadic incursions ; and Chinese influences had a formative effect on Islamic painting , pottery , and textiles . '' Though the whole concept of `` Islamic art '' has been criticised by some modern art historians , calling it a `` figment of imagination '' or a `` mirage '' ,  the similarities between art produced at widely different times and places in the Islamic world , especially in the Islamic Golden Age , have been sufficient to keep the term in wide use by scholars .   There are repeating elements in Islamic art , such as the use of geometrical floral or vegetal designs in a repetition known as the arabesque . The arabesque in Islamic art is often used to symbolize the transcendent , indivisible and infinite nature of God . Mistakes in repetitions may be intentionally introduced as a show of humility by artists who believe only God can produce perfection , although this theory is disputed .   Typically , though not entirely , Islamic art has focused on the depiction of patterns , whether purely geometric or floral , and Arabic calligraphy , rather than on figures , because it is feared by many Muslims that the depiction of the human form is idolatry and thereby a sin against God , forbidden in the Qur ` an . Human portrayals can be found in all eras of Islamic art , above all in the more private form of miniatures , where their absence is rare . Human representation for the purpose of worship is considered idolatry and is duly forbidden in some interpretations of Islamic law , known as Sharia law . There are also many depictions of Muhammad , Islam 's chief prophet , in historical Islamic art . Small decorative figures of animals and humans , especially if they are hunting the animals , are found on secular pieces in many media from many periods , but portraits were slow to develop .

neg: Jama'at Khana Jamatkhana ( from جماعت خانه , literally `` congregational place '' ) is an amalgamation derived from the Arabic word jama`a ( gathering ) and the Persian word khana ( house , place ) . It is a term used by some Muslim communities around the world to denote a place of gathering . Among some communities of Muslims , the term is often used interchangeably with the Arabic word Musallah ( a place of worship that has not been formally sanctified as a masjid or is a place that is being temporarily used as a place of worship by a Muslim ) . The Nizārī Ismā ' īlī community uses the term Jama'at Khana to denote their places of worship .

neg: Umm al-Qura Mosque The Umm al-Qura ( `` Mother of All Cities '' ) mosque in Baghdad is the city 's largest place of worship for Sunni Muslims . Originally called the Umm al-Ma ` arik ( `` Mother of All Battles '' ) mosque , it was designed to commemorate Saddam Hussein 's victory in the 1991 Gulf War and was intended to serve as a personal tribute to Saddam himself . It is located in the Sunni-populated al-Adel area of western Baghdad . Costing $ 7.5 million to build , the mosque 's cornerstone was laid on Saddam 's 61st birthday on 28 April 1998 . It was formally completed on 28 April 2001 in time for the ten-year anniversary of the Gulf War .   Although never confirmed by his regime or himself during his lifetime , there has been speculation that it was intended to have been Saddam 's final resting place .   Many architectural features of the mosque and the surrounding complex allude to either Saddam or the war ( or both ) . It has four minarets on its perimeter , each resembling a Kalashnikov rifle barrel and standing 43 m high , marking the 43 days of the Gulf War . Around the dome are another four minarets , each in the shape of a Scud missile on its launchpad standing 37 m high . The dome is set in the middle of a lake in the shape of the Arab world , in which was set a 7.5 m wide mosaic representation of Saddam 's thumbprint with an inset magnified version of his initials , made from gold . The mosque was formerly used to display a Qur ` an written in Saddam 's blood . The 28 fountains of the lake , the four inner minarets and the 37 m height of each minaret together represent the date of Saddam 's birth - 28 April 1937 . The building is constructed from white limestone with blue mosaic decorations , and red , white and black Iraqi flags are painted on the peaks of the inner minarets .   Following the fall of Saddam Hussein in the aftermath of the 2003 invasion of Iraq , the mosque was taken over by a Sunni group called the Association of Muslim Scholars . It became a recruiting site and propaganda centre for the early Iraqi insurgency . The association became a de facto Al Qaeda ally ; its leader Harith Suleiman al-Dhari , who operated out of the mosque , is said to have played a key role in mobilizing insurgents during the 2004 fighting in Fallujah , west of Baghdad . In 2007 , the association was expelled by the Sunni Endowment , a quasi-governmental agency responsible for Sunni mosques in Iraq , which took control of Umm al-Qura .   On 28 August 2011 , the mosque was attacked by a suicide bomber during prayers , killing at least 28 people and injuring 30 more . An Iraqi member of parliament was among the dead .

neg: An American Mosque __ NOTOC __  An American Mosque is a 2012 documentary produced by filmmaker David Washburn which first aired nationwide in the United States on July 11 , 2015 on PBS . It tells the story of the destruction by arson of a just-completed mosque , the Islamic Center of Yuba City , in rural California in 1994 . And it tells of its community and of its eventual rebuilding by Muslims joined by Sikhs , Mormons , other Christians and others of different faiths .   BeliefNet called it `` a poignant story of hope and solidarity , in spite of hate , '' and suggested it gives a `` raw , yet honest reflection of life as a Muslim in America . ''   The arson was the first hate-crime destroying a mosque in U.S. history . The Islamic Center had just been completed at an estimated cost of $ 1.8 million plus sweat equity of the Muslims of its rural community , including descendants of Pakistani who immigrated to the area 1902 . A fire marshal established that the blaze was started deliberately . Law enforcement reportedly were able to identify the probable perpetrator ( s ) of the crime but lacked sufficient evidence to name and prosecute them .   The incident , seven years before 9/11 , attracted relatively little attention at the time , and this is suggested to have contributed to the failure of law enforcement to solve the crime . The documentary includes interviews of Muslim members of the mosque , law enforcement officers , and others in the community 20 years later .   The replacement mosque was completed in 2000 .   IMDB describes the film succinctly as :   The film was to be screened and discussed at `` Neighbor to Neighbor '' , an East Bay partnership of Christian , Muslim and Jewish organizations , in an event including filmmaker Washburn . The artist promoting the event noted that Washburn considered gatherings like that to be important for being proactive rather than reactive : `` Although recent events like the terrorist killings in Paris and ongoing extremism by groups like ISIS , Boko Haram and al-Qaida cast dark shadows , Washburn said -LSB- by -RSB- reflecting on Islam in America , the focus of his documentary , the program will create a safe space where fears and frustrations can be shared . '' Washburn has elsewhere spoken of the timeliness of the film .   The film premiered on TV on PBS TV in New York City in June 2014 .

neg: Abbey Mills Mosque The Abbey Mills Mosque , also known as the London Markaz or Masjid-e-Ilyas , is a mosque located in Stratford , east London , accommodating up to 2,500 people . It had been proposed to expand it to a larger Islamic centre on a 70000 m ² site . It was originally reported that the structure , had it been built , would have been the largest religious building in Britain three times the size of St Paul 's Cathedral and one of the largest mosques in western Europe . For this reason the proposed building is often informally referred to in the press as the `` mega-mosque '' .   The mosque extension would have been built by Tablighi Jamaat , near the site of the London 2012 Olympic Park . is Tablighi Jamaat 's charitable trust and has been the owner of the site since 1996 . The Tablighi Jamaat website devoted to the mosque places the maximum capacity at 12,000 worshipers .   The plan sparked controversy for various reasons , including its initially reported size , the possible chemical contamination risk associated with the site , the uncertainty as to the sources of funding that will be used by Tablighi Jamaat , and alleged links between Tablighi Jamaat and Islamic extremism and terrorism . Mosque officials are engaged in resolving the controversies , as well as countering the perception implied by the term `` mega-mosque '' .   Public response to the mosque and associated controversies has included on-line petitions , various public talks , debates , speeches and various demonstrations .   With the expiration of the permit to use the site , and neither a current plan permission nor application for a mosque , the building 's future appeared uncertain . In February 2010 , Newham Council tried to shut down the existing temporary facility by serving an enforcement notice on the owners . However , this was overturned on appeal and a two-year extension granted for the use of the site .


query: Cry Freedom wasn't shot in Kenya.

pos: Cry Freedom Cry Freedom is a 1987 British epic drama film directed by Richard Attenborough , set in late-1970s apartheid era South Africa . The screenplay was written by John Briley based on a pair of books by journalist Donald Woods . The film centres on the real-life events involving black activist Steve Biko and his friend Donald Woods , who initially finds him destructive , and attempts to understand his way of life . Denzel Washington stars as Biko , while actor Kevin Kline portrays Woods . Cry Freedom delves into the ideas of discrimination , political corruption , and the repercussions of violence .   The film was primarily shot on location in Zimbabwe and in Kenya due to political turmoil in South Africa at the time of production . As a film showing mostly in limited cinematic release , it was nominated for multiple awards , including Academy Award nominations for Best Actor in a Supporting Role , Best Original Score , and Best Original Song . It also won a number of awards including those from the Berlin International Film Festival and the British Academy Film Awards .   A joint collective effort to commit to the film 's production was made by Universal Pictures and Marble Arch Productions . It was commercially distributed by Universal Pictures cinematically , and by MCA Home Video for home media . Cry Freedom premiered in cinemas nationwide in the United States on 6 November 1987 grossing $ 5,899,797 in domestic ticket receipts . The film was at its widest release showing in 479 cinemas nationwide . It was generally met with positive critical reviews before its initial screening in cinemas .

neg: Cinema of Kenya The cinema of Kenya refers to the film industry of Kenya . Although a very small industry in western comparison , Kenya has produced or been a location for film since the early 1950s when Men Against the Sun was filmed in 1952 . Although , in the United States , jungle epics that were set in the country were shot in Hollywood as early as the 1940s .

neg: Durban III Durban III is an informal name for a high-level United Nations General Assembly meeting marking the 10th anniversary of the adoption of The Durban Declaration and Programme of Action that was held in New York City on 22 September 2011 . It was mandated in 2009 by United Nations General Assembly ( GA ) resolution 64/148 to commemorate the World Conference against Racism 2001 ( also known as Durban I ) , and given additional form and visibility by a GA Third Committee draft resolution adopted on 24 November 2010 . It followed the Durban Review Conference , the official name of the 2009 United Nations World Conference Against Racism ( WCAR ) , also known as Durban II .   The theme of the conference was `` Victims of racism , racial discrimination , xenophobia and related intolerance : recognition , justice and development '' , and most of the member states of the UN attended . Consisting of a plenary session and a series of round table discussions at the level of Heads of State and Government , its stated goal was to build upon the agenda outlined in The Durban Declaration and Programme of Action , or DDPA , described by the UN as `` the international community 's blueprint for action to fight racism . ''   The Durban conferences had previously been criticized by Western governments for allegedly promoting rather than combating racism . Australia , Austria , Bulgaria , Canada , the Czech Republic , France , Germany , Israel , Italy , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Poland , the United Kingdom and the United States all boycotted Durban III . They charged that the Durban process has been used to promote racism , intolerance , antisemitism and Holocaust denial , and to erode freedom of speech and Israel 's right to exist . The same countries , excluding Austria , Bulgaria , France and the United Kingdom , also previously boycotted the Durban Review Conference in 2009 .   A coalition of 25 non-governmental organizations ( NGOs ) critical of the conference , led by UN Watch , organized a parallel human rights summit with the stated aim of drawing attention to flaws in the UN system and promoting reform . A similar counter-conference organized by Nobel Peace Prize laureate Elie Wiesel and human rights scholar Anne Bayefsky featured scholars and public figures . Conversely , the Durban +10 Coalition , a group of NGOs which included the US Human Rights Network , National Lawyers Guild and the International Jewish Anti-Zionist Network , expressed its unequivocal support for the DDPA and criticized countries boycotting the conference .

neg: Unclaimed Unclaimed is a 2013 Canadian documentary film about a man who claims to be former Special Forces Green Beret Master Sgt. John Hartley Robertson , who was declared dead after being shot down over Laos on a classified mission on 20 May 1968 . The documentary is written , directed , and produced by Michael Jorgensen . It follows Tom Faunce , a veteran of the Vietnam War , in tracking down the man who claimed to be Robertson . Faunce was skeptical of Robertson 's identity but eventually became convinced . He convinced Jorgensen to make a documentary about Robertson 's story as a way to unite the man with his American family .   Leading up to the film 's release , the validity of Robertson 's identity was challenged by groups of Vietnam War veterans and groups that advocate the Vietnam War POW/MIA issue . Jean Robertson-Holley , Robertson 's surviving sister , was convinced the man was her brother but initially declined DNA testing as unnecessary . Eventually she and her daughter ( and Robertson 's niece ) Gail Metcalf expressed openness to going through with testing . The documentary was screened at the Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival on , 2013 . A day later , The Independent reported the contents of a memo from a 2009 report by the Defense Prisoner of War/Missing Personnel Office that the man who claimed to be Robertson was actually Dang Tan Ngoc , `` a 76-year-old Vietnamese citizen of French origin who has a history of pretending to be US army veterans '' .

neg: Not Another Happy Ending Not Another Happy Ending is a 2013 British romantic comedy film directed by John McKay , starring Karen Gillan , Stanley Weber and Freya Mavor . Produced by Claire Mundell and Wendy Griffin , and written by David Solomons , the film premiered at the Edinburgh International Film Festival on 30 June 2013 .   It was largely shot in Glasgow 's Merchant City .

neg: Kaleke kasome `` Kaleke Kasome '' is a song recorded at True Vine Studios in Makindye by producer Didi March , officially released on 20 November 2005 . Maurice Hasa composed and sang the song , about the pain , anger , and helplessness he felt due to the rape and murder of a four-year-old girl in his neighborhood .   Kaleke Kasome has proven to be instrumental in efforts to fight sex related crime ; it has , for more than a decade , been a tool in awareness campaigns fighting against child molestation . The song was covered in May 2014 by a group of artists on request of RAHU ( Reach A Hand Uganda ) . The recorded song was to be used in campaigns for sexual and reproductive health and rights . These artists included the original composer Maurice Hasa , GNL Zamba , a hip-hop artist based in Uganda , Ray Signature , a vocalist and songwriter , and Jody Phibi , a young female vocalist from Rwanda .   Kaleke Kasome was originally sung in Luganda , a language used by the Baganda people in central ( also known as the Buganda Kingdom ) and peripheral Uganda . The phrase kaleke kasome thus became a common phrase , one whose message everyone who understands Luganda can comprehend .   The lyrics of the song , which runs 5:38 , directly plead for the rights of children to education . The song starts with a narrative of the hardships parents of low income go through to provide basic necessities to their children . It further describes the pain a mother in the slums undergoes seeing her daughter grow up to become a woman .   The song calls on young men in the ghettos to respect human rights with emphasis on the female . Songwriter Hasa directly requested everyone to let children continue with education free from sexual harassment , intimidation , and other forms of violence . He tells the world to stop seeing young girls as sexual partners because they need to complete their education . The last forty seconds are emotive , drawing a clear picture of rapists in the communities . They carry the most important lesson from the whole track , with sounds of a crying girl in the process of telling how a man had tricked her to get her in his house where he raped her .   `` Kaleke Kasome '' ( `` let the child obtain education '' ) , was warmly welcomed by the whole country and beyond . The song is popular , and receives airtime on various FM stations , in homes , and with music vendors in countries such as Kenya and Tanzania , as well as Rwanda and Sudan , due to those who sought refuge in Uganda during war periods .   Many programs have gone on to use the song in different ways to achieve their objectives . The song has been performed at different events , including weddings .

neg: Carcase for Hounds Carcase for Hounds is a novel by Kenyan writer Meja Mwangi first published in 1974 . The novel concerns the Mau Mau liberation struggle during the latter days of British colonial rule and attempts , by the actions of the main protagonists , to show how Mau Mau was organized and why it took so long for the colonial government to defeat them . Carcase for Hounds received mixed reviews . The novel was also adapted into a movie by Ola Bologun , Cry Freedom ( 1981 ; not to be confused with the more famous 1987 film of the same name ) .

neg: Gandhi (film) Gandhi is a 1982 British-Indian epic biographical drama film which dramatises the life of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi , the leader of India 's non-violent , non-cooperative independence movement against the United Kingdom 's rule of the country during the 20th century . Gandhi was written by John Briley and produced and directed by Richard Attenborough . It stars Ben Kingsley in the title role . The film covers Gandhi 's life from a defining moment in 1893 , as he is thrown off a South African train for being in a whites-only compartment , and concludes with his assassination and funeral in 1948 . Although a practising Hindu , Gandhi 's embracing of other faiths , particularly Christianity and Islam , is also depicted .   Gandhi was released in India on 30 November 1982 , in the United Kingdom on 3 December , and in the United States on 10 December . It was nominated for Academy Awards in eleven categories , winning eight , including Best Picture and Best Director for Attenborough , Best Actor for Ben Kingsley , and Best Original Screenplay for Briley . The film was screened retrospective on 12 August 2016 as the Opening Film at the Independence Day Film Festival jointly presented by the Indian Directorate of Film Festivals and Ministry of Defense , commemorating 70th Indian Independence Day . The screenplay of Gandhi is available as a published book .

neg: Battle Cry of Freedom The `` Battle Cry of Freedom '' , also known as `` Rally ` Round the Flag '' , is a song written in 1862 by American composer George Frederick Root ( 1820 -- 1895 ) during the American Civil War . A patriotic song advocating the causes of Unionism and abolitionism , it became so popular that composer H. L. Schreiner and lyricist W. H. Barnes adapted it for the Confederacy .   A modified Union version was used as the campaign song for the Lincoln-Johnson ticket in the 1864 presidential election , as well as in elections after the war , such as for Garfield in the 1880 U.S. presidential election . The song was so popular that the music publisher had 14 printing presses going at one time and still could not keep up with demand . It is estimated that over 700,000 copies of this song were put in circulation . Louis Moreau Gottschalk thought so highly of the song that in his diary he confided that he thought `` it should be our national anthem '' and used it as the basis for his 1863 concert paraphrase for solo piano `` Le Cri de délivrance , '' opus 55 , and dedicated it to Root , who was a personal friend . Charles Ives quoted the song in his own patriotic song , `` They Are There '' .

neg: WE Charity WE Charity , formerly known as Free The Children , is a worldwide development charity and youth empowerment movement founded in 1995 by human rights advocates Craig Kielburger and Marc Kielburger . The organization focuses on young people , with programs in Canada , the U.S. and U.K. for service learning and active citizenship , and international development projects in Asia , Africa and Latin America focused on children and education . The organization runs programs in approximately 10,000 schools in Canada , the U.S. and U.K. for service learning and active citizenship , with the aim of empowering youth to become socially engaged .  The domestic youth empowerment work is funded by corporate sponsors and profits from the social enterprise , ME to WE . In 2013 , Charity Intelligence Canada awarded Free The Children its highest four-star rating , along with an A for the organization 's reporting of its `` social results '' . In July 2016 , Free The Children rebranded as WE Charity , part of WE .

neg: Filep Karma Filep Jacob Semuel Karma ( born 14 August 1959 ) , commonly known as Filep Karma , is a Papuan independence activist . On 1 December 2004 he helped raise the Morning Star flag at a ceremony in Jayapura , West Papua , currently occupied by the Government of Indonesia , for which he was charged with treason and given a fifteen-year prison sentence . Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch have protested on his behalf , the former designating him a prisoner of conscience . He was released on 19 November 2015 .

neg: Africa United (2005 film) Africa United is an Icelandic documentary film by director Ólaf de Fleur Jóhannesson released in 2005 . The film explores the life of Zakaria Anbari who moves to Iceland from Morocco in search of fortune . It won the Documentary of the Year at the 2005 Edda Awards . It also received nominations for Director of the Year and Script of the Year at the 2005 Edda Awards .   `' Africa United '' was filmed in Iceland , England , Morocco and Serbia .   The original musical score is by Barđi Jóhannsson .

neg: USA Freedom Kids USA Freedom Kids , sometimes referred to as USA Freedom Girls , is a dancing girl group , known for performing to their song `` Freedom 's Call '' at a Donald Trump rally in Pensacola , Florida , in January 2016 during his presidential campaign .

neg: 2013 Nairobi bus attack On 14 December 2013 , a hand grenade was thrown onto a minibus in Eastleigh , a Somali-dominated suburb in Nairobi , the capital of Kenya . The explosion killed at least 4 people and wounded 36 others . It was the fourth such attack to occur during the 50th anniversary week of Kenya 's independence . Thirteen people died since 10 December 2013 , with no group claiming responsibility for the assaults . A string of similar attacks have occurred in various areas across Kenya since the Kenyan military deployed troops in southern Somalia against the Al-Shabaab militant group .

neg: Kenya national football team The Kenya national football team represents Kenya in international football . It is controlled by the Football Kenya Federation , the governing body of football in Kenya , and competes as a member of the Confederation of African Football ( CAF ) and the Council for East and Central Africa Football Associations ( CECAFA ) , a sub-confederation of CAF that has jurisdiction in East and Central Africa . The team is colloquially known as the Harambee Stars and plays its home games primarily at the Nyayo National Stadium in the country 's capital , Nairobi . The team has never qualified for a FIFA World Cup finals .

neg: Run (2014 film) Run is a 2014 French-Ivorian drama film directed by Philippe Lacôte . It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival . The film was selected as the Ivorian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 88th Academy Awards but it was not nominated . It received 12 nominations at the 11th Africa Movie Academy Awards but did not win any award .

neg: FilmAid International FilmAid International is a non-profit humanitarian organization that uses film to educate and entertain displaced people around the world . FilmAid was founded during the Balkan crisis in 1999 by producer Caroline Baron ( Capote , Monsoon Wedding ) to assist with refugee communities in Macedonia suffering the effects of war , poverty , displacement and disaster .  Since 1999 , FilmAid has worked in partnership with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) and other global aid organizations to help bring information and training to more than two million people worldwide .  FilmAid produces and distributes community-based films on public health and safety issues such as maternal health , HIV , cholera , gender-based violence and conflict resolution .  Using inflatable screens and other ` Mobile Cinema ' units , FilmAid screenings aims to overcome language and literacy boundaries .  FilmAid currently works in Kenya , in the large refugee camps of Dadaab and Kakuma as well as informal settlements in Nairobi and Mombassa , with Burmese refugees in Thailand and also in Haiti .  FilmAid is a global federation of nonprofit , charitable organizations . Members include FilmAid International ( the founding organization ) , FilmAid Asia , FilmAid Kenya , and FilmAid U.K.

neg: Zimbabwean jazz Zimbabwean Jazz , also known as Afro Jazz was developed in the 20th century . Its history can be traced from its early colonial era .   It was influenced by a style of township rhythm that evolved in a southern part of Africa over the last century . One can also trace similarities from Kwela , a pennywhistle-based , street music from the southern part of Africa with jazzy underpinnings and a distinctive , skiffle-like beat . Kwela music was influenced by blending the music of Malawian immigrants to South Africa , together with the local South African sounds . In Chichewa , the word Kwela has a very similar meaning to the South African meaning : `` to climb '' . The music was popularised in South Africa and then brought to Malawi , where contemporary Malawian artists have also begun producing Kwela music .   It is also closely related to Marabi which was the name given to a keyboard style ( often using cheap pedal organs ) that had a musical link to American jazz , ragtime and blues , with roots deep in the African tradition .  Early Marabi musicians were part of an underground musical culture and were typically not recorded . An example of such an artist in the early 1940s is August Musarurwa of the Skokiaan fame . It has continued to develop and you can even see traits of this music in his grandson Prince Kudakwashe Musarurwa .   This music was often played in townships ( segregated parts of suburban areas ) . During colonial years of Rhodesia , the term township referred to a residential area reserved for black citizens within the boundaries of a city or town , and is still commonly used colloquially . But In modern Zimbabwe it is also used to refer to a residential area within close proximity of a rural growth point . These townships you would find `` Shebeens '' . Shebeens are most often located in townships as an alternative to pubs and bars . In the colonial error indigenous Africans were barred from entering pubs or bars reserved for those of European descent .   Originally shebeens were operated illegally by women who were called Shebeen Queens and was itself a revival of the African tradition that assigned the role of alcohol brewing to women . The Shebeen Queens would sell home brewed and home-distilled alcohol and provided patrons with a place to meet and discuss political and social issues . Often , patrons and owners were arrested by the police , though the shebeens were frequently reopened because of their importance in unifying the community and providing a safe place for discussion . During the colonial error era shebeens became a crucial meeting place for activists , some attracting working class activists and community members , while others attracted lawyers , doctors and musicians .   Shebeens also provided music and dancing , allowing patrons to express themselves culturally , which helped give rise to and support for the musical genre called Township Jazz which we now call Afro Jazz or Zimbabwean Jazz .

neg: Cry (Michael Jackson song) `` Cry '' is a song recorded by American recording artist Michael Jackson that features on his tenth and final studio album , Invincible ( 2001 ) . The song was written by R&B singer-songwriter R. Kelly , who had previously written Jackson 's 1995 single `` You Are Not Alone '' . `` Cry '' was produced by Jackson and Kelly . It was released in December 2001 under Epic Records as the second single from Invincible . `` Cry '' is a R&B ballad , with lyrics that highlight problems with the planet . The lyrics also urge people to unite to make the world a better place . The track , thus , recalls previous Jackson songs that promote peace and environmentalism .   The song was released with two B-side tracks ; `` Shout '' and `` Streetwalker '' . `` Cry '' received mixed reviews from music critics . The single had a moderate chart performance internationally , with its highest peak being number sixteen in Denmark , and its least successful charting country being Austria . The track was promoted with a music video , which was filmed by Nicholas Brandt . The video does not feature Jackson but shows people holding hands and standing side by side in a variety of settings , including a beach and a forest .

neg: Cine Foundation International Cine Foundation International is London-based non-profit film company and human rights NGO `` aiming to 'em power open consciousness through cinema ' '' . The foundation was formed in December 2010 by American filmmaker Jesse Richards , founder of the Remodernist film movement , South Korean film critic Blue Un Sok Kim and Tobias Morgan , formerly the developer of `` The Garage '' on Mubi .   On 3 January 2011 , CFI announced their launch of a campaign of protest films and public actions calling for the release of imprisoned Iranian filmmaker Jafar Panahi . `` The campaign will include protest films that speak to human rights issues in Iran and throughout the world , six of which are commissioned feature-length , plus twenty shorts . Participating filmmakers may act anonymously or through pseudonyms since voicing their stories can be dangerous . The films , which will address themes of nation , identity , self , spiritual culture , censorship and imprisonment , will be aimed for public , web and various exhibition media '' . In January 2011 , filmmakers Béla Tarr and Lav Diaz joined the foundation 's Board of Directors , and in February Fred Kelemen joined the Board of Directors .   Also in January 2011 , CFI deployed a video protest mechanism called WHITE MEADOWS ( named for the Mohammad Rasoulof film of the same title ) and developed by Ericson deJesus ( of Yahoo! and frog design ) at the request of the foundation . The video mechanism `` allow ( s ) anyone in the world to record a short video statement about Panahi and Rasoulof . There will be an ESCAPE button at top , allowing quick exit for those in countries where recording a statement would be dangerous . There will be an option to have the screen black , and soon , voice distortion . The video statements will be recorded as mp4s , giving them maximum transmedia capacity , which essentially makes them broadcastable from any device that can show video '' . Users can also use the mechanism to comment on how they would `` like to see as an international response by the film industry '' , comment on the state of human rights in general , or to `` report a human rights abuse to the world '' .   Late in 2011 , CFI launched #OccupyCinema , an ongoing collective project in collaboration with the global Occupy movement . The project encompasses `` public space projections onto buildings or other public surfaces -- broadcasting films , video documents or live feeds , with the intention of decentralising traditional broadcast monopolies and information power structures where these interfere with freedom of speech or otherwise compel human beings to surrender to the agendas of ethically bankrupt regimes . '' On November 1 , #OccupyCinema will launch public displays of films in New York City , Dallas , Kansas , London and Paris , with more to follow over the next week .   Tobias Morgan resigned as Chair in Autumn 2011 , having been commissioned to make a Cine Foundation International feature film dedicated to the Iranian film producer Katayoun Shahabi . Jesse Richards resigned in 2012 , and Blue Un Sok Kim took the Chair .   Category : International human rights organizations  Category : Organisations based in the United Kingdom  Category : Arts organisations based in the United Kingdom  Category : Film organisations in the United Kingdom

neg: Media Council of Kenya The Media Council of Kenya is an independent national institution established by the Media Act , 2007 as the leading institution in the regulation of media and in the conduct and discipline of journalists in Kenya . It is mandated amongst other to register and accredit journalists , register media establishments , handle complaints from the public and create and publish yearly media audit on the Media Freedom in Kenya . During accreditation the journalists agree to adhere to the Code of Conduct and Practice of Journalism in Kenya , which was created by media practitioners and stakeholders with the view of making Journalism in Kenya a more professional and respectable field .   Prior to the Media Act 2007 , the Media Council of Kenya was a self-regulatory body formed in 2004 by media stakeholders to regulate the media and prevent Government from creating a regulatory body . It was only after agreements between the Government of Kenya and the Media stakeholders in Kenya did it convert from a Self-Regulatory to a Statutory body in 2007 .   Council membership is drawn from media stakeholders in Kenya including the Media Owners Association , Kenya Union of Journalists , Kenya Correspondents Association , Kenya Editors Guild , Public Relations Society of Kenya , Kenya News Agency , Private and Public Universities , the Kenya Institute of Mass Communication and the Law Society of Kenya .


query: In the United States presidential election of 1972, Richard Nixon was a candidate.

pos: Richard Nixon Richard Milhous Nixon ( January 9 , 1913 -- April 22 , 1994 ) was an American politician who served as the 37th President of the United States from 1969 until 1974 , when he became the only U.S. president to resign from office . He had previously served as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961 under the presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower , and prior to that as a U.S. Representative and also Senator from California .   Nixon was born in Yorba Linda , California . After completing his undergraduate studies at Whittier College , he graduated from Duke University School of Law in 1937 and returned to California to practice law . He and his wife Pat moved to Washington in 1942 to work for the federal government . He subsequently served on active duty in the U.S. Navy Reserve during World War II . Nixon was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946 and to the Senate in 1950 . His pursuit of the Hiss Case established his reputation as a leading anti-communist , and elevated him to national prominence . He was the running mate of Dwight D. Eisenhower , the Republican Party presidential nominee in the 1952 election . Nixon served for eight years as vice president -- at 40 , the second-youngest vice president in history . He waged an unsuccessful presidential campaign in 1960 , narrowly losing to John F. Kennedy , and lost a race for Governor of California to Pat Brown in 1962 . In 1968 , he ran for the presidency again and was elected by defeating incumbent Vice President Hubert Humphrey .   Nixon ended American involvement in the war in Vietnam in 1973 and brought the American POWs home , and ended the military draft . Nixon 's visit to the People 's Republic of China in 1972 eventually led to diplomatic relations between the two nations , and he initiated détente and the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty with the Soviet Union the same year . His administration generally transferred power from Washington D.C. to the states . He imposed wage and price controls for a period of ninety days , enforced desegregation of Southern schools and established the Environmental Protection Agency . Nixon also presided over the Apollo 11 moon landing , which signaled the end of the moon race . He was reelected in one of the largest electoral landslides in U.S. history in 1972 , when he defeated George McGovern .   The year 1973 saw an Arab oil embargo , gasoline rationing , and a continuing series of revelations about the Watergate scandal . The scandal escalated , costing Nixon much of his political support , and on August 9 , 1974 , he resigned in the face of almost certain impeachment and removal from office . After his resignation , he was issued a pardon by his successor , Gerald Ford . In retirement , Nixon 's work writing several books and undertaking of many foreign trips helped to rehabilitate his image . He suffered a debilitating stroke on April 18 , 1994 , and died four days later at the age of 81 .

neg: Nixon goes to China The phrase `` Nixon goes to China '' , `` Nixon to China '' , or `` Nixon in China '' is a historical reference to United States President Richard Nixon 's 1972 visit to the People 's Republic of China , where he met with Chairman Mao Zedong . The metaphor is often expressed as the observation `` Only Nixon could go to China '' or `` It took Nixon to go to China '' .   As a political metaphor , it refers to the ability of a politician with an unassailable reputation among his or her supporters for representing and defending their values to take actions that would draw their criticism and even opposition if taken by someone without those credentials . Although the example is that of a hardliner taking steps toward peace with a traditional enemy , and this is the most common application of the metaphor , it could also be applied to a reputedly cautious diplomat defying expectations by taking military action , or a political leader reforming aspects of the political system of which they have been strong supporters .

neg: United States presidential election in Michigan, 1972 The 1972 United States presidential election in Michigan took place on November 7 , 1972 , as part of the 1972 United States presidential election . Michigan voters chose twenty-one representatives , or electors , to the Electoral College , who voted for President and Vice President .   Michigan was won by incumbent President Richard Nixon ( R -- California ) , with 62.07 % of the popular vote , against George McGovern ( D -- South Dakota ) , with 35.79 % of the popular vote . John G. Schmitz was the only other candidate on the ballot , and , as the candidate for the American Independent Party , he received over 63,000 votes .   Delta , Lake , Washtenaw , and Wayne counties were the only four of Michigan 's 83 counties to vote for McGovern .

neg: Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1980 The 1980 Democratic presidential primaries were the selection process by which voters of the Democratic Party chose its nominee for President of the United States in the 1980 U.S. presidential election . Incumbent President Jimmy Carter was again selected as the nominee through a series of primary elections and caucuses culminating in the 1980 Democratic National Convention held from August 11 to August 14 , 1980 , in New York City . It is notable for being the last time that an incumbent president lost a state 's presidential primary .

neg: United States presidential election in Tennessee, 1984 The 1984 United States presidential election in Tennessee took place on November 6 , 1984 . All 50 states and the District of Columbia , were part of the 1984 United States presidential election . Tennessee voters chose 11 electors to the Electoral College , which selected the President and Vice President of the United States .   Tennessee was won by incumbent United States President Ronald Reagan of California , who was running against former Vice President Walter Mondale of Minnesota . Reagan ran for a second time with former C.I.A. Director George H. W. Bush of Texas , and Mondale ran with Representative Geraldine Ferraro of New York , the first major female candidate for the Vice-Presidency .

neg: The Selling of the President 1968 The Selling of the President 1968 is a non-fiction book written by American author Joe McGinniss and published by Trident Press in October , 1969 .   The book describes the marketing of Richard Nixon during the 1968 presidential campaign . It has been described as `` a classic of political journalism '' and a `` classic of campaign reporting that first introduced many readers to the stage-managed world of political theater . '' It was reprinted in 1988 under the title The Selling of the President .   McGinniss became an overnight success when the book , his first , landed on The New York Times bestseller list . He was 26 years old , making him the youngest living writer with that achievement . The book was on the New York Times non-fiction bestseller list for 31 weeks from October 1969 to May 1970 .   The idea for the book came to McGinniss almost serendipitously :   -LSB- He -RSB- stumbled across his book 's topic while taking a train to New York . A fellow commuter had just landed the Hubert Humphrey account and was boasting that ` in six weeks we 'll have him looking better than Abraham Lincoln . ' McGinniss tried to get access to Humphrey 's campaign first , but they turned him down . So he called up Nixon 's , and they said yes . '' .   The book was very well received by both critics and the public . It `` spent more than six months on best-sellers lists , and McGinniss sold a lot of those books through television , appearing on the titular shows of Merv Griffin , David Frost and Dick Cavett , among others . '' Conservative writer William F. Buckley `` assumed McGinniss had relied on ` an elaborate deception which has brought joy and hope to the Nixon-haters . ' But even Buckley liked the book . ''   In 1972 , the book was adapted into a short-lived Broadway musical .

neg: Republican Party presidential primaries, 1964 The 1964 Republican presidential primaries were the selection process by which voters of the Republican Party chose its nominee for President of the United States in the 1964 U.S. presidential election . Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona was selected as the nominee through a series of primary elections and caucuses culminating in the 1964 Republican National Convention held from July 13 to July 16 , 1964 , in San Francisco , California .

neg: Democrats for Nixon Democrats for Nixon was a campaign to promote Democratic support for the then-incumbent Republican President Richard Nixon in the 1972 presidential election . The campaign was led by the former Democratic governor of Texas , John Connally .   Connally , who was serving as the United States Secretary of the Treasury , announced that he would be supporting Nixon for re-election and would spend his time until the elections working on behalf of the incumbent .   A Democrat who had been Governor of Texas and United States Secretary of the Navy under John F. Kennedy , Connally formally announced the formation of the organization in August 1972 . Polling cited by Connally indicated that as many as 20 million Democrats would cross over to vote for Nixon and invited `` all those millions of Democrats who realize that in this Presidential election President Nixon is simply the better choice '' . Connally stated that he was troubled by Senator George McGovern 's campaign and felt that the Democratic party `` is becoming an ideological machine closed to millions who have been the party 's most loyal and steadfast members '' under McGovern 's leadership . The committee included Mayor Beverly Briley of Nashville , Tennessee , former Governor of Florida Farris Bryant , Mayor of Boston John F. Collins , Mayor Thomas G. Dunn of Elizabeth , New Jersey , Teamsters president Frank Fitzsimmons , Governor of Virginia Mills E. Godwin , Jr. , Mayor of Miami , Florida David T. Kennedy and Leonard Marks who had previously headed the United States Information Agency . A fundraising target of as much as $ 3 million was set for the organization . Connally also announced that Jeno Paulucci , a frozen food distributor who had been closely involved as a fundraiser for Hubert H. Humphrey in his presidential bids , would serve as head of a group encouraging independent voters to choose Nixon .   In a September 1972 article in The New York Times , Connally was quoted as saying that increasing numbers of traditionally Democratic voters were leaving the fold because they `` are afraid of George McGovern '' because of his proposals for major cutbacks in defense spending and in the number of U.S. troops serving in Europe . Connally insisted that `` it is in the best interests of this country that the president be re-elected this year '' .

neg: Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection, 1968 This article lists those who were potential candidates for the Republican nomination for Vice President of the United States in the 1968 election . After winning the Republican presidential nomination at the 1968 Republican National Convention , former Vice President Richard Nixon convened a series of meetings with close advisers and party leaders such as Strom Thurmond in order to choose his running mate . Nixon ultimately asked the convention to nominate Maryland Governor Spiro Agnew as his running mate . By a large margin , Agnew won the vice presidential nomination on the first ballot over Michigan Governor George W. Romney , who was supported by a faction of liberal Republicans . Nixon chose Agnew because he wanted a centrist who was broadly acceptable to the party , had experience with domestic issues , and appealed to Southern voters ( to counter the third party candidacy of former Alabama Governor George Wallace ) . The Nixon-Agnew ticket defeated the Humphrey-Muskie ticket , and also won re-election in 1972 , defeating the McGovern-Shriver ticket . However , Agnew was forced to resign as Vice President in 1973 due to a controversy regarding his personal taxes .

neg: 1952 Republican National Convention The 1952 Republican National Convention was held at the International Amphitheatre in Chicago , Cook County , Illinois from July 7 to July 11 , 1952 , and nominated the popular general and war hero Dwight D. Eisenhower of Kansas , nicknamed `` Ike , '' for president and the anti-communist crusading Senator from California , Richard M. Nixon , for vice president .   The Republican platform pledged to end the unpopular war in Korea , supported the development of nuclear weapons as a deterrence strategy , to fire all `` the loafers , incompetents and unnecessary employees '' at the State Department , condemned the Roosevelt and Truman administrations ' economic policies , supported retention of the Taft-Hartley Act , opposed `` discrimination against race , religion or national origin '' , supported `` Federal action toward the elimination of lynching '' , and pledged to bring an end to communist subversion in the United States .

neg: United States presidential election, 1992 The United States presidential election of 1992 was the 52nd quadrennial presidential election . It was held on Tuesday , November 3 , 1992 . There were three major candidates : Incumbent Republican President George H. W. Bush , Democratic Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton , and independent Texas businessman Ross Perot .   Bush had alienated much of his conservative base by breaking his 1988 campaign pledge against raising taxes . The economy was in recession and Bush 's perceived greatest strength , foreign policy , was regarded as much less important following the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the relatively peaceful climate in the Middle East after the defeat of Iraq in the Gulf War .   Clinton won a plurality in the popular vote , and a wide Electoral College margin . The election was a significant realigning election after three consecutive Republican landslides . Northeastern , Upper Midwest , and West Coast states which had previously been competitive began voting reliably Democratic . As of 2016 , this is the most recent election in which an incumbent president was unseated , the previous one having been the 1980 election in which Ronald Reagan unseated then-incumbent Jimmy Carter .   Perot 's campaign took 18.9 % of the vote , finishing second in Maine and Utah . This was noted for being the highest vote share of a third-party candidate since 1912 , though he did not obtain any electoral votes .   As of 2017 , this is the last time Georgia and Montana voted for the Democratic candidate , and the last time the state of Florida was on the losing end of the presidential election .

neg: United States presidential election in Arizona, 1984 The 1984 United States presidential election in Arizona took place on November 6 , 1984 . All fifty states and the District of Columbia , were part of the 1984 United States presidential election . Arizona voters chose seven electors to the Electoral College , which selected the President and Vice President of the United States .   Arizona was won by incumbent United States President Ronald Reagan of California , who was running against former Vice President Walter Mondale of Minnesota . Reagan ran for a second time with former C.I.A. Director George H. W. Bush of Texas , and Mondale ran with Representative Geraldine Ferraro of New York , the first major female candidate for the Vice-Presidency .

neg: Silent majority The silent majority is an unspecified large group of people in a country or group who do not express their opinions publicly . The term was popularized by U.S. President Richard Nixon in a November 3 , 1969 , speech in which he said , `` And so tonight -- to you , the great silent majority of my fellow Americans -- I ask for your support . '' In this usage it referred to those Americans who did not join in the large demonstrations against the Vietnam War at the time , who did not join in the counterculture , and who did not participate in public discourse . Nixon along with many others saw this group of Middle Americans as being overshadowed in the media by the more vocal minority .   Preceding Nixon by half a century , it was employed in 1919 by Warren Harding 's campaign for the 1920 presidential nomination . Before that , the phrase was used in the 19th century as a euphemism referring to all the people who have died , and others have used it before and after Nixon to refer to groups of voters in various nations of the world .

neg: Fear and Loathing on the Campaign Trail '72 Fear and Loathing : On the Campaign Trail '72 is a collection of articles covering the 1972 presidential campaign written by Hunter S. Thompson and illustrated by Ralph Steadman . The articles were first serialized in Rolling Stone magazine throughout 1972 and later released as a book in early 1973 ( San Francisco , CA : Straight Arrow Books , 1973 ; London : Allison & Busby , 1973 ) .   The book focuses almost exclusively on the Democratic Party 's primaries and the breakdown of the party as it splits between the different candidates . Of particular focus is the manic maneuvering of the George McGovern campaign during the Miami convention as they sought to ensure the Democratic nomination despite attempts by the Hubert Humphrey campaign and other candidates to block McGovern .   Thompson began his coverage of the campaign in December 1971 , just as the race toward the primaries was beginning , from a rented apartment in Washington , DC ( a situation he compared to `` living in an armed camp , a condition of constant fear '' ) . Over the next 12 months , in voluminous detail , he covered every aspect of the campaign , from the smallest rally to the raucous conventions .   Because of the freewheeling nature of the campaign , a first-generation fax machine was procured at great expense by the magazine for Thompson . Dubbing it `` the mojo wire '' , Thompson used the new technology to extend the writing process precariously close to printing deadlines , often haphazardly sending in notes mere hours before the magazine went to press . Fellow writers and editors would have to assemble the finished product with Thompson over the phone .   Like his earlier novel Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas , Thompson employed a number of unique literary styles in On the Campaign Trail , including the use of vulgarity and the humorous exaggeration of events . Despite the unconventional style , the book is still considered a hallmark of campaign journalism and helped to launch Thompson 's role as a popular political observer .

neg: Fifty-state strategy A fifty-state strategy is a political strategy which aims for progress in all states of the United States of America , rather than conceding certain states as `` unwinnable . '' In a presidential campaign , it is usually implemented as an appeal to a broad base of the American public in an attempt to win , even if marginally , every state , since even a marginal victory is effectively total victory for electoral purposes . It can also refer to an overall long-term strategy for a political movement such as a political party .   This strategy is very ambitious and , when used for a specific election , is typically abandoned as the election day draws nearer . In the vast majority of cases , winning a state 's popular vote for president or senator -- even by a small margin -- means the state 's entire representation in the election goes to the victor without being divided . A fifty-state strategy requires a campaign to spend valuable resources in a rival 's strongest states , when those resources could instead be concentrated in swing states that will become a total win or a total loss based on only a small difference in popular votes .   A president has won every state three times : in 1788 and 1792 , George Washington won all the electoral votes running effectively unopposed , and in 1820 , James Monroe , running unopposed , carried all twenty-three states in the union at that time ( although one electoral vote was cast for John Quincy Adams and two electors died prior to casting votes ) . In 1936 , Franklin D. Roosevelt carried forty-six of forty-eight states , losing only Maine and Vermont . A complete fifty-state victory has not been accomplished since the fiftieth state was admitted into the union , although Republicans have twice managed to win the presidency in forty-nine of the fifty : in 1972 with Richard Nixon losing only Massachusetts , and in 1984 with Ronald Reagan losing only his rival 's home state of Minnesota . Both also lost the District of Columbia , which has had presidential electors since the Twenty-Third Amendment in 1961 .

neg: Inauguration of Gerald Ford The inauguration of Gerald Ford as the 38th President of the United States was held on August 9 , 1974 , in the East Room of the White House in Washington , D.C. , following the resignation of President Richard Nixon . The inauguration marked the commencement of Gerald Ford 's only term ( a partial term of ) as President . Chief Justice Warren Burger administered the oath of office . The Bible upon which Ford recited the oath was held by his wife , Betty Ford , open to Proverbs 3:5 -6 .   While this was the ninth non-scheduled , extraordinary inauguration to take place since the presidency was established in 1789 , it was the first to take place because the incumbent had resigned from office . Ford had become Vice President on December 6 , 1973 , after the resignation of Spiro Agnew . He was the first person appointed to the vice presidency under the terms of the Twenty-fifth Amendment . Thus , when he succeeded Nixon , Ford became the first ( and to date only ) person to have held both the office of Vice President and President without having been elected to either .

neg: United States Senate election in North Carolina, 1972 The North Carolina United States Senate election of 1972 was held on 7 November 1972 as part of the nationwide elections to the Senate , and coinciding with the 1972 presidential election . The general election was fought between the Republican nominee Jesse Helms and the Democrat nominee Rep. Nick Galifianakis . Helms won the election , taking a Senate seat in North Carolina from the Democrats for the first time in the twentieth century .   Three-term Representative Nick Galifianakis defeated two-term incumbent Senator B. Everett Jordan in the second ballot in the Democratic primary . Galifianakis was seen as an anti-establishment liberal in North Carolina ; although an opponent of busing , Galifianakis was not as conservative as the segregationist Jordan .

neg: United States presidential election in Massachusetts, 1960 The 1960 United States presidential election in Massachusetts took place on November 8 , 1960 as part of the 1960 United States presidential election , which was held throughout all 50 states . Voters chose 16 representatives , or electors to the Electoral College , who voted for President and Vice President .   Massachusetts voted overwhelmingly for the Democratic nominee , Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts , over the Republican nominee , Vice President Richard Nixon of California . Kennedy ran with Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas , while Nixon 's running mate was Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge , Jr. of Massachusetts .   Kennedy carried his home state of Massachusetts in a landslide , taking 60.22 % of the vote to Nixon 's 39.55 % , a Democratic victory margin of 20.67 % . This made it the third most Democratic state in the nation , after Rhode Island and Georgia .   As Kennedy narrowly defeated Nixon nationally to win the presidency , Massachusetts weighed in for this election as about 21 % more Democratic than the national average .   Massachusetts had been a Democratic-leaning state since 1928 , when the Democratic Party had nominated the first Roman Catholic nominee for president , Al Smith . While Smith lost nationally in a landslide , partially due to anti-Catholic prejudice in much of the country , he won Massachusetts due to the massive turnout and support of the many Irish Catholics in the state . In 1960 , John F. Kennedy would be the second Roman Catholic to be nominated for president by a major party , and again his religion became an issue in some regions of the country . However , there was little doubt that Kennedy , an Irish Catholic born in Brookline , Massachusetts , would be able to carry Massachusetts in his presidential run .   Prior to 1960 , Massachusetts had been a swing state , having voted for Democrats Franklin Roosevelt and Harry Truman in the 1930s and 1940s , but voting for Republican Dwight Eisenhower in the 1950s . In 1956 , Eisenhower had carried the state by 19 points . The 21 point margin by which Kennedy won the state four years later thus represented a massive 40 point swing toward the Democrats between the 1956 and 1960 elections . Kennedy 's landslide victory in 1960 finally solidified the transformation of Massachusetts into a Democratic stronghold in the modern era . 1960 was the first election ever in which a Democrat had broken 60 % of the vote in Massachusetts , and thus Kennedy 's 60.22 % was the highest percentage of the vote any Democrat had ever received in the state up to that point .   Religion was a major dividing factor in shaping the vote in 1960 . Nixon 's running mate , Henry Cabot Lodge , was also from Massachusetts , and had served the state as a Republican Senator , but was a Protestant , and represented traditional Protestant Yankee Republicanism in Massachusetts . Kennedy , an Irish Catholic Democrat , represented an entirely different strain of Massachusetts politics , the emerging majority coalition of urban and ethnic immigrant voters . In 1952 , Kennedy had first defeated Lodge to take the latter 's U.S. Senate seat , symbolizing this new Democratic coalition 's rise in the state . The residual Yankee Republicanism combined with the popularity of the Republican incumbent Eisenhower allowed Nixon to take a decent 39.55 % of the vote , but by 1960 , the ethnic Catholic vote held a decisive majority in Massachusetts , and turnout among Catholic voters reached record highs in 1960 .   Kennedy carried nine of the state 's fourteen counties , including the most heavily populated parts of the state surrounding the large cities of Boston , Worcester , and Springfield . Nixon carried only five counties , three of them island or peninsula counties . Nixon 's most significant win was Plymouth County , which he won narrowly with 51 percent of the vote .   Kennedy put in an historically strong performance in the state 's capital and largest city , Boston , home to many Catholics of Irish and Italian immigrant heritage . In Suffolk County , where Boston is located , Kennedy won a landslide with 74.4 percent of the vote to Nixon 's 25 percent , the first time in history that a presidential candidate had received more than 70 percent of the vote in the county . Kennedy was also the first Democrat to carry Norfolk County since Martin van Buren in 1836 .   The decisive Democratic win in 1960 would foreshadow the political direction Massachusetts would take in the years to come , as it would become one of the most Democratic states in the nation in the elections that followed . In 1964 and 1968 , Democrats would even outperform Kennedy , and in 1972 it would be the only state in the nation to vote for Democrat George McGovern , ultimately making it the only state that Richard Nixon would never win in any of his three presidential campaigns .   The 1960 election was also the last time a candidate who declared Massachusetts as his home state won the presidency regardless of his performance in the state . The next three presidential candidates whose home state was Massachusetts , Michael Dukakis , John Kerry , and Mitt Romney , all lost their presidential bids .

neg: United States presidential election in Utah, 1964 The 1964 United States presidential election in Utah took place on November 3 , 1964 , as part of the 1964 United States presidential election . Utah voters chose four representatives , or electors , to the Electoral College , who voted for President and Vice President .   Utah was won by incumbent President Lyndon B. Johnson ( D -- Texas ) , with 54.86 % of the popular vote , against Senator Barry Goldwater ( R -- Arizona ) , with 45.14 % of the popular vote .

neg: South Dakota gubernatorial election, 1972 The 1972 South Dakota gubernatorial election was held on November 7 , 1972 , to elect a Governor of South Dakota . It was the last election in South Dakota to elect the governor for a two-year term after a 1972 state constitutional amendment established a four-year term . Democratic nominee Richard F. Kneip was re-elected , defeating Republican nominee Carveth Thompson .

neg: United States presidential election in Pennsylvania, 1972 The 1972 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania took place on November 7 , 1972 , throughout all 50 states and D.C. , which was part of the 1972 United States presidential election . Voters chose 27 representatives , or electors to the Electoral College , who voted for President and Vice President .   Pennsylvania overwhelmingly voted for the Republican nominee , President Richard Nixon , over the Democratic nominee , Senator George McGovern . Nixon won Pennsylvania by a massive margin of 19.98 % , winning every county except for Philadelphia .