query: Iceland was founded in the year 874 AD.

pos: Iceland Iceland ( -LSB- ˈaɪslənd -RSB- -LSB- ˈistlant -RSB- ) is a Nordic island country in the North Atlantic Ocean . It has a population of and an area of 103000 km2 , making it the most sparsely populated country in Europe . The capital and largest city is Reykjavík . Reykjavík and the surrounding areas in the southwest of the country are home to over two-thirds of the population . Iceland is volcanically and geologically active . The interior consists of a plateau characterised by sand and lava fields , mountains and glaciers , while many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands . Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate , despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle . Its high latitude and marine influence still keeps summers chilly , with most of the archipelago having a tundra climate .   According to the ancient manuscript Landnámabók , the settlement of Iceland began in the year 874 AD when the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson became the first permanent settler on the island . In the following centuries , Norwegians , and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians , emigrated to Iceland , bringing with them thralls of Gaelic origin . The island was governed as an independent commonwealth under the Althing , one of the world 's oldest functioning legislative assemblies . Following a period of civil strife , Iceland acceded to Norwegian rule in the 13th century . The establishment of the Kalmar Union in 1397 united the kingdoms of Norway , Denmark and Sweden . Iceland thus followed Norway 's integration to that Union and came under Danish rule after Sweden 's secession from that union in 1523 . Although the Danish kingdom introduced Lutheranism forcefully in 1550 , Iceland remained a distant semi-colonial territory in which Danish institutions and infrastructures were conspicuous by their absence . In the wake of the French revolution and the Napoleonic wars , Iceland 's struggle for independence took form and culminated in independence in 1918 and the founding of a republic in 1944 . Until the 20th century , Iceland relied largely on subsistence fishing and agriculture , and was among the poorest in Europe . Industrialisation of the fisheries and Marshall Plan aid following World War II brought prosperity , and Iceland became one of the wealthiest and most developed nations in the world . In 1994 , it became a part of the European Economic Area , which further diversified the economy into sectors such as finance , biotechnology , and manufacturing .   Iceland has a market economy with relatively low taxes compared to other OECD countries . It maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens . Iceland ranks high in economic , political and social stability and equality . In 2013 , it was ranked as the 13th most-developed country in the world by the United Nations ' Human Development Index . Iceland runs almost completely on renewable energy . Affected by the ongoing worldwide financial crisis , the nation 's entire banking system systemically failed in October 2008 , leading to a severe depression , substantial political unrest , the Icesave dispute , and the institution of capital controls . Some bankers were jailed . Since then , the economy has made a significant recovery , in large part due to a surge in tourism .   Icelandic culture is founded upon the nation 's Scandinavian heritage . Most Icelanders are descendants of Germanic and Gaelic settlers . Icelandic , a North Germanic language , is descended from Old Norse and is closely related to Faroese and West Norwegian dialects . The country 's cultural heritage includes traditional Icelandic cuisine , Icelandic literature and medieval sagas . Iceland has the smallest population of any NATO member and is the only one with no standing army , its lightly armed coast guard being in charge of defence .

neg: Icelandic Sculptors Society The Icelandic Sculptors Society was established in the Icelandic capital of Reykjavík in 1972 by Hallsteinn Sigurðsson , Jon Gunnar Árnason , Ragnar Kjartansson , Þorbjörg Pálsdóttir and others .

neg: Þjórsá Þjórsá ( -LSB- ˈθjoursau -RSB- ) is Iceland 's longest river at 230 kilometers ( about 143 miles ) . It is in the south of the island .   Þjórsá is a glacier river and has its source on the glacier Hofsjökull . It flows out through narrow gorges in the highlands of Iceland . Further downstream , another river , the Tungnaá , flows into it ( see also Háifoss ) , before it enters the lowlands . There it passes the valley of Þjórsárdalur ( Thjorsardalur ) where the historical farm of Stöng is located at . In the lowlands it flows along the eastern border of the Great Þjórsá Lava .   In the middle of the now rather wide river , there is a big island called Árnes , where there used to be a Þing . The administrative unit of Árnessýsla was named after it .   The hringvegur ( Road No. 1 ) traverses the river via a bridge between Selfoss and Hella . Some kilometers to the southwest the river flows into the Atlantic Ocean .

neg: Diocese of Skálholt Skálholt was the estate of the first bishop in Iceland , Isleifr Gizurarson , who became bishop in 1056 . ( Christianity had been formally adopted in 1000 ) . His son , Gizurr , donated it to become the official see . The Diocese was amalgamated in 1801 , and now forms part of the Diocese of Reykjavik .   There is still a current Bishop of Skálholt , as it is now a Suffragan See ( Anglican/Lutheran sense ) in the Reykjavik diocese .

neg: Architecture of Finland The architecture of Finland has a history spanning over 800 years , and while up until the modern era the architecture was strongly influenced by currents from Finland 's two respective neighbouring ruling nations , Sweden and Russia , from the early 19th century onwards influences came directly from further afield ; first when itinerant foreign architects took up positions in the country and then when the Finnish architect profession became established . Also , Finnish architecture in turn has contributed significantly to several styles internationally , such as Jugendstil ( or Art Nouveau ) , Nordic Classicism and Functionalism . In particular , the works of the country 's most noted early modernist architect Eliel Saarinen have had significant worldwide influence . But even more renowned than Saarinen has been modernist architect Alvar Aalto , who is regarded as one of the major figures in the world history of modern architecture . In an article from 1922 titled `` Motifs from past ages '' , Aalto discussed national and international influences in Finland , and as he saw it ;   In a 2000 review article of twentieth century Finnish architecture , Frédéric Edelmann , arts critic of the French newspaper Le Monde , suggested that Finland has more great architects of the status of Alvar Aalto in proportion to the population than any other country in the world . Finland 's most significant architectural achievements are related to modern architecture , mostly because the current building stock has less than 20 % that dates back to before 1955 , which relates significantly to the reconstruction following World War II and the process of urbanisation which only gathered pace after the war .   1249 is the date normally given for the beginning of Swedish rule over the land now known as Finland ( in Finnish , Suomi ) , and this rule continued until 1809 , after which it was ceded to Russia . However , under Russian rule it had a significant degree of autonomy as the Grand Duchy of Finland . Finland declared independence from Russia in 1917 , at the time of the Russian Revolution . These historical factors have had a significant bearing on the history of architecture in Finland , along with the founding of towns and the building of castles and fortresses ( in the numerous wars between Sweden and Russia fought in Finland ) , as well as the availability of building materials and craftsmanship and , later on , government policy on issues such as housing and public buildings . As an essentially forested region , timber has been the natural building material , while the hardness of the local stone ( predominantly granite ) initially made it difficult to work , and the manufacture of brick was rare before the mid-19th century . The use of concrete took on a particular prominence with the rise of the welfare state in the 1960s , in particular in state-sanctioned housing with the dominance of prefabricated concrete elements .

neg: Petty kingdoms of Norway The petty kingdoms of Norway were the entities from which the later Kingdom of Norway was founded . Before the unification of Norway in 872 and during the period of fragmentation after King Harald Fairhair 's death Norway was divided in several small kingdoms . Some could have been as small as a cluster of villages and others comprised several of today 's counties .   By the time of the first historical records of Scandinavia , about the 8th century , a number of small political entities existed in Norway . The exact number is unknown , and would probably also fluctuate with time . It has been estimated that there were 9 petty realms in Western Norway during the early Viking age . Archaeologist Bergljot Solberg on this basis estimates that there would have been at least 20 in the whole country .   There are no written source from this time to tell us the title used by these rulers , or the exact borders between their realms . The main written sources we have on this period , the kings ' sagas , were not written until the 12th and 13th centuries . While they were in part based on skaldic poems , and possibly on oral tradition , their reliability as sources for detailed events of the Viking age continues to be debated among historians . The sagas , most notable of which is Heimskringla , often refer to the petty rulers as konungr , i.e. king , as in Agder , Alvheim , Hedmark , Hordaland , Nordmøre og Romsdal , Rogaland , Romerike , Sogn , Solør , Sunmmøre , Trøndelag , Vestfold ( which at various times included several of the aforementioned ) and Viken ; however in Hålogaland the title was jarl ( compare earl ) , later Ladejarl ( from the rulers power base at Lade , in modern-day Trondheim ) . The rulers of all the areas might be called petty kings , herser , subkings , kings or jarls depending on the source . A number of small communities were gradually organised into larger regions in the 9th century , and in 872 King Harald Fairhair unified the realm and became its first supreme ruler . Many of the former kingdoms would later become jarldoms under the Norwegian high king and some would try to break free again .   Below follows an incomplete list of petty kingdoms of Norway and their known rulers . Most of the people mentioned in this list are legendary or semi-legendary . Some of the areas might have a contested status as petty kingdoms .

neg: Gunnlaugr Ormstunga Gunnlaugr Ormstunga ( i.e. `` Serpent-Tongue '' ) was an Icelandic poet . His life is described in Gunnlaugs saga ormstungu , where several of his poems are preserved .   Gunnlaugr was born ca. 983 . From an early age he proved himself impetuous , audacious , brave , and tough . He was also a skilled author of mostly derogatory poems , which earned him the cognomen ormstunga , `` serpent 's tongue '' . After a quarrel with his father , Illugi , Gunnlaugr left his home at the age of twelve to stay for some time at Borg with Þorsteinn Egilsson , the son of Egill Skallagrímsson . There , he became acquainted with Þorsteinn 's daughter , Helga the fair , reputedly the most beautiful woman in Iceland . Her hair was so ample that she could hide herself in it .   When Gunnlaugr was eighteen , he went abroad . At that time , Helga became his fiancée , on the condition that she would wait no more than three years for Gunnlaugr . He visited the courts of Norway , Ireland , Orkney and Sweden and England . In Sweden , he visited the court of King Óláfr Skötkonung where he met his rival , the Icelandic champion and skald , Hrafn Önundarson .   Gunnlaugr 's stay in the service of King Æthelred of England delayed his return to Iceland and Helga . He did not return until four years had passed ( ca. 1005 ) . Since Gunnlaugr had been gone longer than his allotted three years , Helga was forced into an unhappy marriage to Gunnlaugr 's rival , Hrafn Önundarson . Gunnlaugr and Hrafn met at the Althing and Gunnlaugr challenged Hrafn to a duel of honour , a holmgang ( hólmganga ) . The duel ended in a draw and was the last one allowed in Iceland . From that time hólmganga were forbidden by Icelandic law .   In order to settle their dispute in blood , the two champions met in Norway in the spring of 1008 . There , Gunnlaugr defeated Hrafn , but was fatally wounded . After a short time he died . He was 25 . Helga later remarried , but never recovered from Gunnlaugr 's death . Her greatest pleasure was to rest her eyes on a sumptuous coat that Gunnlaugr had given her . One evening , she rested her head on her husband 's shoulder , spread the coat in front of her , and watched it for a while . Thereafter , she fell back into her husband 's embrace and was dead .

neg: Economy of Iceland The economy of Iceland is small and subject to high volatility . In 2011 , gross domestic product was US$ 12.3 bn . With a population of 321,000 , this is $ 38,000 per capita , based on purchasing power parity ( PPP ) estimates . The financial crisis of 2007 -- 2010 produced a decline in GDP and employment , although the magnitude of this decline remains to be determined .   Iceland has a mixed economy with high levels of free trade and government intervention . However , government consumption is less than other Nordic countries . Geothermal power is the primary source of home and industrial energy in Iceland .   In the 1990s Iceland undertook extensive free market reforms , which initially produced strong economic growth . As a result , Iceland was rated as having one of the world 's highest levels of economic freedom as well as civil freedoms . In 2007 , Iceland topped the list of nations ranked by Human Development Index and was one of the most egalitarian , according to the calculation provided by the Gini coefficient .   From 2006 onwards , the economy faced problems of growing inflation and current account deficits . Partly in response , and partly as a result of earlier reforms , the financial system expanded rapidly before collapsing entirely in a sweeping financial crisis . Iceland had to obtain emergency funding from the International Monetary Fund and a range of European countries in November 2008 .

neg: Uí Ímair The Uí ( h ) Ímair -LSB- iː ˈiːvˠaɾʲ -RSB- , or Dynasty of Ivar , were a royal Norse dynasty members of which ruled much of the Irish Sea region , the Kingdom of Dublin , the western coast of Scotland , including the Hebrides and some part of Northern England , from the mid 9th century .   The dynasty lost control of York in the mid 10th century , but reigned over the other domains at variously disputed times , depending on which rulers may be counted among their descendants . This has proved a difficult question for scholars to determine , because reliable pedigrees do not survive . Additionally , for between three and four decades , the Uí Ímair were probably overkings of the Kingdom of Scotland itself , distinct from the Kingdom of Strathclyde , of which they may also have been overkings , and later briefly the Irish province of Munster , dominated from Waterford , and later still , briefly the English kingdom of Mercia . In the west of Ireland , the Uí Ímair also supplied at least two kings of Limerick , from which they may have attempted to conquer Munster again .   On the female side , two members are styled Queens of Ireland in the Irish annals ( they were also Queen of Mide and Queen of Munster , respectively ) , while another was Queen of Leinster ( and Osraige ) . In the Norse sources , another was Queen consort of Norway . Finally , another may have been Queen of Brega . The name Uí Ímair in Old Irish means `` grandchildren '' or descendants of Ivar , but the dynasty includes its progenitor and his sons . The Irish annals describe Ivar as the brother of Amlaíb Conung and of Auisle , and the Annals of Ulster record his obituary under the year 873 , reading : Imhar , rex Nordmannorum totius Hibernie & Brittanie , uitam finiuit -LSB- `` Ivar , king of all the Norse of Ireland and Britain , ended his life '' -RSB- . Probably the senior leader of the Great Heathen Army , Ivar may thus have become the inspiration for the legendary Ivar the Boneless ( fl . 865-860 ) , son of Ragnar Lodbrok . In any event , Uí Ímair dynasts may also have exercised power as overkings of East Anglia during their career in Britain .   Alex Woolf points out it would be a mistake to view the lordship as a `` unitary empire '' ; it was , rather , a collection of lordships ruled by the same kindred , with only varying degrees of unity depending on the political circumstances of the moment and the charisma of individual leaders . Especially in the early period , a great portion of the dynasty 's wealth , probably the majority , came from the international slave trade , both as slavers themselves and from the taxation of it , for which they were infamous in their time . In this role they star as the principal antagonists in the early 12th-century Irish epic political tract The War of the Irish with the Foreigners , although the account is exaggerated .   One of the greatest dynasties of the Viking Age , the Uí Ímair were at their height the most fearsome and wide-reaching power in the British Isles and perhaps beyond . However , unlike the contemporary Rurikids in the East they ultimately failed to make any long-lasting territorial gains of significance and are considered a strategic failure , despite their considerable economic and political influence .

neg: Steingrímur J. Sigfússon Steingrímur Jóhann Sigfússon ( born 4 August 1955 ) is an Icelandic politician . He has been a member of the Althing ( Icelandic parliament ) since 1983 and is the founding chairman of the Left-Green Movement ( Vinstri hreyfingin -- grænt framboð ) . He was the Minister for Agriculture and Communications from 1988 -- 1991 . He became Minister of Finance in 2009 . In 2011 he took on the roles of Minister of Fisheries and Agriculture and Minister of Economic Affairs .   Steingrímur was born in Gunnarsstaðir , a large sheep farm between Garður and Þórshöfn in the Þistilfjörður region of northeast Iceland ( Svalbarðshreppur municipality ) . In his younger days he was an avid sportsman , both track and field and also a volleyball player . On 16 January 2006 , Steingrímur was injured in a car accident not far from Blönduós , Iceland but he later recovered .   He supported the end of the US military presence in Iceland , but believed Iceland itself should have taken the initiative in ending this presence . Since September 2006 , when US forces left Naval Air Station Keflavik , he has strongly opposed any possible development of an Icelandic army seeing the country 's need for armed forces as practically non-existent . He believes that civilian institutions such as the police and the coast guard should be organized in order to provide the needed protection in the unlikely event of a major disturbance .   In November 2006 , he published the book Við öll -- Íslenskt velferðarsamfélag á tímamótum ( `` All of Us -- Icelandic Welfare Society at Crossroads '' ) , laying out his political ideology .

neg: Iceland Triangular Tournament The Iceland Triangular Tournament was an international football tournament in 1986 . All matches were played in Laugardalsvöllur , Reykjavík . The three teams competing were the Republic of Ireland , Iceland and Czechoslovakia . The Republic of Ireland won the competition , the first time that country won an international football tournament .

neg: Oddr Snorrason The Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar of Oddr Snorrason whose name is also sometimes Anglicized as Odd Snorrason was a Latin royal biography attributed to a 12th-century Icelandic Benedictine monk at the Þingeyrar monastery ( Þingeyrarklaustur ) .  The monastery was founded in 1133 and was the first in Iceland .   Its subject is the 10th-century Norwegian king Óláfr Tryggvason . The original work has been almost completely lost but a translation into Old Norse is preserved in two nearly complete versions and a fragment of a third . The work is often referred to as Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar . Oddr made use of previous written works including those of Sæmundr fróði and Ari Þorgilsson as well as Acta sanctorum in Selio and possibly Historia de Antiquitate Regum Norwagiensium . In turn Snorri Sturluson made use of Oddr 's work when writing the Heimskringla , as did the author of Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar en mesta .   It is difficult to tell how closely the Old Norse translation of Oddr 's Óláfs saga resembles the Latin original but it clearly owes a debt to hagiography , presenting King Óláfr as the apostle to the Norwegians .   Yngvars saga víðförla also credits Oddr with its original authorship . Scholars have been skeptical towards this claim but in recent years it has gained more acceptance .

neg: Icelandic Elf School The Icelandic Elf School , known as Álfaskólinn in Icelandic , is a school in Iceland that teaches students and visitors about Icelandic folklore .   The school teaches about the hidden people and the 13 different kinds of elves that the school believes inhabit the country of Iceland . According to the school 's headmaster , hidden people `` are just the same size and look exactly like human beings , the only difference is that they are invisible to most of us . Elves , on the other hand , are n't entirely human , they 're humanoid , starting at around eight centimetres . '' He also claims there are gay and lesbian elves . The school is located in Reykjavík , the country 's largest city .   The school is headed by Magnús Skarphéðinsson . Magnús has a full curriculum , and certificate programs for visitors that can be earned in as little as half a day . However , the school also publishes texts on hidden people , partly for its own use in the classroom . There is also ongoing research on the elves and hidden people of Iceland . He also collects stories about trolls , fairies , dwarves , and gnomes , but says that `` nearly 70 percent of our stories are about hidden people , because they are most seen here . '' These stories have been collected for the purpose of preservation . Magnús organizes five hour long educational excursions for visitors , and finishes the tour with coffee and pancakes at the school . Despite never advertising his school , Magnus typically gets 5-10 people per excursion . Since opening in 1991 , over 9,000 people , most of them foreigners , have attended the school . The Álfaskólinn also provides `` aura readings '' and `` past-life explorations '' .   The question of the `` level of belief in elves '' in Iceland is somewhat of a cultural topos , with survey results published in 1975 , 1995 , 1998 , 2006 . Interpretations of the survey results vary .  Based on the 2006 figures , Magnús claims that while only 26 % of Icelanders believe in elves ( summing the responses ` certain ' and ` probable ' ) , 80 % `` do take notice '' ( including the replies ` possible ' and ` unlikely ' ) .

neg: Sturlungar family clan The Sturlungs ( Icelandic : Sturlungar ) were a powerful family clan in medieval mid-13th century Iceland , in the time of the Icelandic Commonwealth . Their story is partly told in Sturlunga saga , and members of the clan were significant participants in the civil war of the Age of the Sturlungs .   The Sturlungs were a wealthy and influential clan . They controlled Western Iceland , the Westfjords and North Eastern Iceland .   The patriarch of the Sturlungs was Sturla Þórðarson , whom scholars believe was born around 1115 . He inherited his Goðorð ( domain , realm or area of influence ) from his father Þórður Gilsson . Sturla quarrelled extensively with Einar Þorgilsson of Staðarhóll and many other chieftains . Jón Loftsson , a well-respected man , mediated in one of these disputes . Following this , he was entrusted with the upbringing of Sturla 's son Snorri Sturluson , who later became the most influential of the Sturlungs , and the most famous due to his literary endeavours . Snorri had two brothers , Þórður Sturluson and Sighvatur Sturluson .   The descendants of Sturla played an important role in the Age of the Sturlungs civil war , most notably his sons Snorri and Sighvatur , and Sighvatur 's son Þórður kakali Sighvatsson . Another notable Sturlung was Sturla Þórðarson , son of Þórður Sturluson , who fought with Þórður kakali . He wrote Íslendinga saga , the longest part of Sturlunga saga , and Hákonar saga gamla , the story of Haakon IV of Norway . Some scholars also attribute to him the authorship of Kristni saga and a transcript of Landnáma .   The writing of the Icelandic sagas began with the Sturlungs , and many of those written before 1280 were their work , or were written at their behest .

neg: Gunnar Thoroddsen Gunnar Thoroddsen ( pronounced -LSB- ˈɡʏnːar ˈtʰoːurɔtˌsɛn -RSB- ) ( December 29 , 1910 -- September 25 , 1983 ) was the Prime Minister of Iceland from 8 February 1980 to 26 May 1983 . Gunnar was the youngest man ever elected to the Althing , Iceland 's Parliament . He was 23 years old when he was elected as MP in 1934 . He served as an Ambassador of Iceland in Denmark from 1965 to 1969 when he ran for the presidency of Iceland in 1968 . He wished to succeed his father in law , Ásgeir Ásgeirsson , who served as president from 1952 to 1968 . Gunnar had been mayor of Reykjavík from 1947 to 1959 and minister of finance from 1959 to 1965 . He was minister of industry and a social welfare minister in the cabinet of Geir Hallgrímsson August 28 , 1974 to June 27 , 1978 .   Gunnar and Geir were not in agreement and the disagreement led to Gunnar breaking away from the will of the Independence Party with a few members of parliament and forming a cabinet with the Progressive Party and the People 's Alliance , that replaced a minority government of Benedikt Sigurðsson Gröndal . By forming his government Gunnar became the oldest Prime Minister in Iceland 's history at the age of 69 . Gunnar did not run in the 1983 elections for parliament , due to his illness , and ended his involvement in politics when his cabinet was succeeded by Steingrímur Hermannsson 's cabinet .   Gunnar Thoroddsen died in September 1983 .   | -   Category :1910 births  Category :1983 deaths  Category : Ambassadors of Iceland to Denmark  Category : Independence Party ( Iceland ) politicians  Category : Mayors of Reykjavík  Category : Prime Ministers of Iceland

neg: Menntaskólinn við Hamrahlíð Menntaskólinn við Hamrahlíð ( Hamrahlíð College ) , usually referred to as MH , is a public gymnasium ( menntaskóli ) , located in Hlíðahverfi , Reykjavík , Iceland . The school was founded in 1966 by the Icelandic Ministry of Education ; with the first graduation occurring in 1970 . The school 's first rector was Guðmundur Arnlaugsson .   The school 's objective is to prepare students for rigorous tertiary studies both locally and in an international environment . It offers four Icelandic-taught programmes leading to the Stúdentspróf qualification : languages , natural sciences , social sciences and performance dance ; and one English-taught programme leading to the IB Diploma . The newest addition is an `` independent programme '' which allows slightly more room for mixing the other ones together . The school also offers evening classes for older students and coordinates annual language tests for foreign students who wish to apply to local schools .   Since foundation , the school was meant to be a pioneer project , and has therefore received relative freedom in advancing its education policy . It was the first in the country to adopt a university-style credit system , which was soon replicated by several other schools and eventually became the basis for all government-regulated upper secondary curricula .   MH is one of the most selective upper secondary schools in the country . It prides itself for its services to students with disabilities and students whose mother tongue is not Icelandic , who also enjoy priority in the selection process .   Some famous Icelanders that once attended MH include Björk , Paul Oscar and Jón Gnarr , the former mayor of Reykjavík .

neg: National Archives of Iceland The National Archives of Iceland is the national archive of Iceland , located in Reykjavík .  Founded in April 1882 by the Danish appointed governor ( landshøvding ) of Iceland , Hilmar Finsen . The National Archives of Iceland ( NAI ) drew its material mainly from governmental archives . At first , it was located in the attic of the Reykjavík Cathedral . The National Library of Iceland and the National Museum of Iceland had been moved from the loft of the Cathedral to the new Parliament Building ( Alþingishús ) , and the governor took this opportunity to use the Cathedral loft for the new archives , so bringing together the archive materials that had accumulated in various government departments and providing them with better facilities for preservation . The archives have moved to new premises three times since : first to the Alþingishús in 1900 , then to the new Archives and Library building on Hverfisgata ( Safnahúsið ) in 1908 and finally to their present location at Laugavegur 162 in 1987-98 .   Over the past 130 years both the size and the facilities of the archives have increased immensely . Initially there was no special staff , the various departments was simply in charge of their own materials on the Cathedral loft without any coordination . The first national archivist was Jón Þorkelsson , who was appointed in 1900 . The present staff numbers over 25 people , and the materials , comprising sources on Icelandic history from the era of the sagas in the 12th century to the present day , now occupy more than 40,000 metres of shelf space . These materials play a key role in historical research , as records of the rights and duties of individuals and society throughout the history of Iceland .

neg: Economic history of Iceland The economy history of Iceland covers the development of its economy from the Settlement of Iceland in the late 9th century until the present .

neg: President of Iceland The President of Iceland ( Forseti Íslands ) is Iceland 's elected head of state . The incumbent is Guðni Thorlacius Jóhannesson , who is now in his first term as president , elected in 2016 .   The president is elected to a four-year term by popular vote , is not term-limited , and has limited powers . The presidential residence is situated in Bessastaðir in Garðabær , near the capital city Reykjavík .

neg: The Herring Era Museum The Herring Era Museum is located in Siglufjörður , Iceland . It is Iceland ` s largest maritime museum and the only Icelandic museum who has won the European Museum Award . The museum officially opened in 1994 in Róaldsbrakki , an old salting station which had been left abandoned after the collapse of the herring stock in 1969 . Additionally two more buildings have been built for the museums exhibitions since then . Also , the museum owns the Old Slipway down by the harbour . Siglufjörður used to be the center of the herring fisheries in Iceland , and the herring played a very large role in the nations economy and industry , providing as much as 44 % of the nations export income during some years .

neg: 2. deild karla 2 . deild karla ( E. Men 's Second Division ) is a football league in Iceland . It is the third division in the Icelandic football league system . The current champions are ÍR , who won their 2nd title in 2016 .   The division was started in 1966 as third division with two provisional groups , with number of teams varying from 7 to 10 teams in each group . In 1987 it was decided to merge the two groups to form a single nationwide league with 10 teams so at the end of the 1987 season only three teams from each group would stay in the league , the top teams in each group were promoted , all other teams relegated to the 4th division and two teams promoted from the 4th division . In 1997 after a name change , the division became Second division .   In 2008 , as a part of a general change in Icelandic football , the number of teams was increased from 10 to 12 .


query: Austria was defeated by Prussia.

pos: Austria Austria ( listen ) , is a federal republic and a landlocked country of over 8.7 million people in Central Europe . It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north , Hungary and Slovakia to the east , Slovenia and Italy to the south , and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west . The territory of Austria covers 83879 km2 . The terrain is highly mountainous , lying within the Alps ; only 32 % of the country is below 500 m , and its highest point is 3798 m . The majority of the population speaks local Bavarian dialects of German as their native language , and Austrian German in its standard form is the country 's official language . Other local official languages are Hungarian , Burgenland Croatian , and Slovene .   The origins of modern-day Austria date back to the time of the Habsburg dynasty , when the vast majority of the country was a part of the Holy Roman Empire . From the time of the Reformation , many northern German princes , resenting the authority of the Emperor , used Protestantism as a flag of rebellion . The Thirty Years War , the influence of the Kingdom of Sweden and Kingdom of France , the rise of the Kingdom of Prussia , and the Napoleonic invasions all weakened the power of the Emperor in the north of Germany , but in the south , and in non-German areas of the Empire , the Emperor and Catholicism maintained control . During the 17th and 18th centuries , Austria retained its position as one of the great powers of Europe and , in response to the coronation of Napoleon as the Emperor of the French , the Austrian Empire was officially proclaimed in 1804 . Following Napoleon 's defeat , Prussia emerged as Austria 's chief competitor for rule of a greater Germany . Austria 's defeat by Prussia at the Battle of Königgrätz , during the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 , cleared the way for Prussia to assert control over the rest of Germany . In 1867 , the empire was reformed into Austria-Hungary . After the defeat of France in the 1870-1 Franco-Prussian War , Austria was excluded from the new German Empire , although in the following decades , its politics , and its foreign policy , increasingly converged with those of the Prussian-led Empire . During the 1914 July Crisis that followed the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria on June 28 , Austria-Hungary , emboldened by a pledge of German support , on July 28 declared war on Serbia because that country had not fully complied with an Austrian ultimatum . Austria was thus the first to go to war in the July Crisis , which would ultimately escalate into World War I.   After the collapse of the Habsburg ( Austro-Hungarian ) Empire in 1918 at the end of World War I , Austria adopted and used the name the Republic of German-Austria ( Deutschösterreich ) , later changed to Österreich , in an attempt at union with Germany , but this was forbidden under the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye ( 1919 ) . The First Austrian Republic was established in 1919 . In 1938 Nazi Germany annexed Austria in the Anschluss . This lasted until the end of World War II in 1945 , after which Germany was occupied by the Allies and Austria 's former democratic constitution was restored . In 1955 , the Austrian State Treaty re-established Austria as a sovereign state , ending the occupation . In the same year , the Austrian Parliament created the Declaration of Neutrality which declared that the Second Austrian Republic would become permanently neutral .   Today , Austria is a parliamentary representative democracy comprising nine federal states . The capital and largest city , with a population exceeding 1.7 million , is Vienna . Other major urban areas of Austria include Graz , Linz , Salzburg and Innsbruck . Austria is one of the richest countries in the world , with a nominal per capita GDP of $ 43,724 . The country has developed a high standard of living and in 2014 was ranked 21st in the world for its Human Development Index . Austria has been a member of the United Nations since 1955 , joined the European Union in 1995 , and is a founder of the OECD . Austria also signed the Schengen Agreement in 1995 , and adopted the euro currency in 1999 .

neg: Mediterranean Agreements (1887) The Mediterranean Agreements ( German Mittelmeerentente ; French Entente de la Méditerranée ) were a series of treaties signed in 1887 by the United Kingdom with the Italy on 12 February ( through the mediation of Germany ) , with Austria-Hungary on March 24 and with Spain on May 4 . Further notes were exchanged between Britain , Italy and Austria-Hungary on 12 December .   On the face of it the treaties recognised the status quo in the Mediterranean Sea . In fact , one of the objectives was to halt the expansion of the Russian Empire in the Balkans and her wish to control the straits of the Bosphorus and Dardanelles . From that perspective it also assured the survival of the Ottoman Empire . It also protected Italian interests against France . Thus it united forces hostile to Russia in the Balkans and to France in North Africa .   From the point of view of the German chancellor Otto von Bismarck , the benefit of these agreements to which Germany was not a party , was in bringing Britain closer to the Triple Alliance of Germany , Italy and Austria-Hungary . This advantage proved short-lived since Britain achieved a rapprochement with Russia . The Alliance was dissolved in 1896 when Wilhelm II , German Emperor alienated Great Britain with his `` Kruger telegram '' .   The treaty potentially conflicted with the Reinsurance Treaty of 1888 , between Germany and Russia . In the secret protocol to the Reinsurance Treaty , Bismarck lent support to Russia 's expansion efforts . Thus the Mediterranean Agreement , while not a de jure contradiction of the Reinsurance Treaty was at least contrary to its spirit .

neg: King in Prussia King in Prussia was a title used by the Electors of Brandenburg from 1701 to 1772 . Subsequently , they used the title King of Prussia .   The House of Hohenzollern ruled Brandenburg as Prince-Electors , and were subjects of the Holy Roman Emperor . Since 1618 , the Electors of Brandenburg had also ruled the Duchy of Prussia , which lay outside of the empire , in a personal union . The dual state was known as Brandenburg-Prussia . The Duchy of Prussia was originally a fief that the dukes held of the King of Poland , of whom they were vassals , until the Treaties of Labiau ( 1656 ) and Bromberg ( 1657 ) , with which Frederick William , the Great Elector , had achieved full sovereignty from the Polish Crown . In 1701 Elector Frederick III wanted to show his greatness by adopting the title king .   In return for Hohenzollern assistance in the War of the Spanish Succession and support for the Habsburg candidate in the subsequent election , Emperor Leopold I allowed Frederick to crown himself `` King in Prussia '' .   Legally , Frederick was only an elector in his domains within the borders of the empire ; he was only king in his former duchy . Even though Brandenburg was still legally part of the empire and ruled in personal union with Prussia , it soon came to be treated as a de facto part of Prussia .   On 17 January 1701 , Frederick dedicated the royal coat of arms , the Prussian black eagle with the motto `` suum cuique '' imprinted . On 18 January , he crowned himself and his wife Sophie Charlotte in a baroque ceremony in Königsberg Castle .   Even so , Frederick 's move was controversial , and only became widely accepted after the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 . The title `` King of Prussia '' implied lordship over the entire Prussian region , not simply the former Duchy of Prussia , now Kingdom of Prussia , and the assumption of such a title by the Hohenzollern margraves would have threatened neighboring Poland ; because the province of Royal Prussia was part of the Kingdom of Poland , the Kings of Poland titled themselves Kings of Prussia until 1742 .   Throughout the 18th century the power of the Kings in Prussia continued to increase . They were victorious over the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy in the three Silesian Wars , greatly increasing their power through the acquisition of Silesia . King Frederick II adopted the title King of Prussia in 1772 , the same year he annexed most of Royal Prussia in the First Partition of Poland . The kings of Prussia continued to be Electors of Brandenburg until the empire 's dissolution in 1806 . Brandenburg was then made a province of the Kingdom of Prussia , Berlin officially gaining the status of capital of the Kingdom .

neg: Battle of Novi (1799) The Battle of Novi ( 15 August 1799 ) saw a combined army of Habsburg Austrians and Imperial Russians under Field Marshal Alexander Suvorov attack a Republican French army under General Barthélemy Catherine Joubert . After a prolonged and bloody struggle , the Austro-Russians broke through the French defenses and drove their enemies into a disorderly retreat . Joubert was killed while French division commanders Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon and Emmanuel Grouchy were captured . Novi Ligure is located in the province of Piedmont in Italy a distance of 58 km north of Genoa . The battle occurred during the War of the Second Coalition which was part of the French Revolutionary Wars .   In 1799 , Russian and Austrian forces swept across the Po River valley , recapturing lands taken by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1796 . The French troops in Italy were badly defeated at the major battles of Magnano , Cassano and the Trebbia . Subsequently , French and Cisalpine Italian troops retreated into Genoa and the Ligurian Republic . A new French government placed Joubert in command of the reformed Army of Italy and ordered him to take the offensive . Accordingly , the French army moved north across the mountain crests and assembled on high ground at Novi Ligure on 14 August . To Joubert 's dismay , it was clear that large Coalition forces were nearby . The next morning Paul Kray 's Austrian corps assaulted the French left flank and the battle was on . After a delay , Suvorov committed a Russian corps to attack the center and Michael von Melas ' Austrian corps to attack the French right flank . Kray 's troops suffered heavy losses but by evening the French army was badly beaten and the French hold on the Italian Riviera was gravely weakened . However , the Coalition planners proceeded to throw away their advantage by sending Suvorov 's Russians to Switzerland , a change of strategy that ended badly .

neg: Wilhelminer War Wilhelminer War was a minor war fought in the March of Pannonia ( later Austria ) from 882 to 884 . It was initially a rebellion of the sons of the margraves William II and Engelschalk I , led by Engelschalk II , against the new margrave Aribo . Svatopluk I of Great Moravia intervened as an ally of Aribo because he had been at war with William and Engelschalk when the two died in 871 . The `` Wilhelminers '' were the descendants of William I , father of the two late margraves .   At first , the rebels were successful , but Aribo appealed to not only Moravia , but also the Emperor Charles the Fat , who confirmed Aribo in his post , to which he had been appointed by Charles ' father , Louis the German , back in 871 . Svatopluk invaded Pannonia and , capturing one of the Wilhelminer sons , mutilated him . The remaining sons then withdrew from Charles ' suzerainty and did homage to Arnulf of Carinthia , Charles ' bastard nephew , who thus estranged himself from his uncle . The war between Arnulf and Svatopluk escalated after the former refused to surrender the Wilhelminers after a request . After two and a half years , Charles himself came to Kaumberg to receive Svatopluk as his vassal and accept promises of peace . An actual agreement was not reached between the Moravians and Arnulf until late 885 .   The war is generally seen as having greatly augmented the power of Svatopluk I and strengthened his bonds to the Empire , as illustrating Charles diminished authority over his vassals and his inability to control their fidelity , and as rupturing the relationship between uncle and nephew and thus ruining the chances of Arnulf becoming Charles ' heir or even receiving imperial largesse . It is disputed whether the war really indicates the weakness or in fact the relative strength of the emperor or whether Arnulf ever had any potential of inheriting the imperial title in the first place .

neg: Constitutional Party (Austria) The Constitutional Party ( Verfassungspartei ) , also known as the German-Liberal Party ( Deutschliberale Partei ) was the main representative of liberalism and national liberalism in the German-speaking parts of the Austro-Hungarian Empire during the 1860s and 70s .   It was a party of the German-speaking bourgeoisie , had anti-clerical positions and sought to defend the privileges of German-speakers vis-à-vis the rising national movements of the Slavic minorities in the Habsburg monarchy . It supported the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 , transforming the Austrian Empire into the Austro-Hungarian Dual monarchy and the 1867 December Constitution , which is why it received its name . Afterwards it became the strongest political group in the Imperial Council ( the parliament of the Cis-Leithanian , i.e. Austrian-dominated , part of the empire ) until 1879 .   It was weakened after the financial crisis of 1873 , which added to the rise of the more radical German nationalist movement . The Constitutional Party merged with the Progressive Club to form the `` United Left '' in 1881 , which fell apart again in 1885 splitting into the German-Austrian Club and the German Club . Former members of the Constitutional Party were later referred to as `` Old Liberals '' ( Altliberale ) .

neg: 18th century The 18th century lasted from January 1 , 1701 to December 31 , 1800 in the Gregorian calendar . During the 18th century , the Enlightenment culminated in the French and American revolutions . Philosophy and science increased in prominence . Philosophers dreamed of a brighter age . This dream turned into a reality with the French Revolution of 1789 - , though later compromised by the excesses of the Reign of Terror ( 1793-1794 ) under Maximilien Robespierre . At first , many monarchies of Europe embraced Enlightenment ideals , but with the French Revolution they feared losing their power and formed broad coalitions for the counter-revolution . The Ottoman Empire experienced an unprecedented period of peace and economic expansion , taking part in no European wars from 1740 to 1768 . As a consequence the empire did not share in Europe 's military improvements during the Seven Years ' War ( 1756-1763 ) , causing its military to fall behind and suffer defeats against Russia in the second half of the century .   The 18th century also marked the end of the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth as an independent state . The once-powerful and vast kingdom , which had once conquered Moscow and defeated great Ottoman armies , collapsed under numerous invasions . Its semi-democratic government system was not robust enough to rival the neighboring monarchies of the Kingdom of Prussia , the Russian Empire and the Archduchy of Austria which divided the Commonwealth territories between themselves , changing the landscape of Central European politics for the next hundred years .   European colonization of the Americas and other parts of the world intensified and associated mass migrations of people grew in size as the Age of Sail continued . Great Britain became a major power worldwide with the defeat of France in North America in the 1760s and the conquest of large parts of India . However , Britain lost many of its North American colonies after the American Revolution , which resulted in the formation of the newly independent United States of America . The Industrial Revolution started in Britain in the 1770s with the production of the improved steam engine . Despite its modest beginnings in the 18th century , steam-powered machinery would radically change human society and the environment .   Western historians have occasionally defined the 18th century otherwise for the purposes of their work . For example , the `` short '' 18th century may be defined as 1715 -- 1789 , denoting the period of time between the death of Louis XIV of France and the start of the French Revolution , with an emphasis on directly interconnected events . To historians who expand the century to include larger historical movements , the `` long '' 18th century may run from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 to the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 or even later .

neg: Austro-German Postal Union The Austro-German Postal Union ( Deutsch-Österreichischer Postverein , literally `` German -- Austrian Postal Association '' ) was a union of the postal systems of the Austrian Empire and the pre-Empire German states . The union was established on July 1 , 1850 . The administrative prerequisites were already provided by the German Zollverein established in 1834 . On October 18 , 1847 the representatives convened to the German Postal Conference in Dresden on a suggestion of Prussia and Austria . Not until April 6 , 1850 Prussia and Austria , slowed down by political circumstances , closed a contract establishing a German -- Austrian Postal Association in Berlin .

neg: Ottoman–Venetian War (1714–1718) The Seventh Ottoman -- Venetian War was fought between the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire between 1714 and 1718 . It was the last conflict between the two powers , and ended with an Ottoman victory and the loss of Venice 's major possession in the Greek peninsula , the Peloponnese ( Morea ) . Venice was saved from a greater defeat by the intervention of Austria in 1716 . The Austrian victories led to the signing of the Treaty of Passarowitz in 1718 , which ended the war .   This war was also called the Second Morean War , the Small War or , in Croatia , the War of Sinj .

neg: Prussian uprisings The Prussian uprisings were two major and three smaller uprisings by the Prussians , one of the Baltic tribes , against the Teutonic Knights that took place in the 13th century during the Prussian Crusade . The crusading military order , supported by the Popes and Christian Europe , sought to conquer and convert the pagan Prussians . In the first ten years of the crusade five of the seven major Prussian clans fell under the control of the less numerous Teutonic Knights . However , the Prussians rose against their conquerors on five occasions .   The first uprising was supported by Duke Swietopelk II , Duke of Pomerania . The Prussians were successful at first , reducing the Knights to only five of their strongest castles . Conversely , the duke suffered a series of military defeats and was eventually forced to make peace with the Teutonic Knights . With Duke Swietopelk 's support for the Prussians broken , a prelate of Pope Innocent IV then negotiated a peace treaty between the Prussians and the Knights . However , this treaty was never honored or enforced , especially after the Battle of Krücken at the end of 1249 .   The second uprising , known in historiography as `` The Great Prussian Uprising '' , was prompted by the 1260 Battle of Durbe , the largest defeat suffered by the Teutonic Knights in the 13th century . This uprising was the longest , largest , and most threatening to the Teutonic Order , who again were reduced to five of their strongest castles . Reinforcements for the Knights were slow to arrive , despite repeated encouragements from Pope Urban IV , and the position of the Order looked set to worsen . Luckily for the Order , the Prussians lacked unity and a common strategy and reinforcements finally reached Prussia in around 1265 . One by one , Prussian clans surrendered and the uprising was ended in 1274 .   The later three lesser uprisings depended on foreign help and were suppressed within one or two years . The last uprising in 1295 effectively ended the Prussian Crusade and Prussia became a Christian German-speaking territory , which assimilated native Prussians and a number of settlers from different German states .

neg: Armistice of Versailles The Armistice of Versailles that came into effect on 28 January 1871 brought to an end the active phase of the Franco-Prussian War . The signatories were Jules Favre , foreign minister in the provisional Government of National Defence , for the French and Otto von Bismarck , chancellor of the newly established German Empire , for Prussia and her allies . The suspension of hostilities initially lasted until 19 February , when it was extended through 26 February , when a preliminary peace treaty was signed , also at Versailles . The definitive Treaty of Frankfurt was signed on 10 May . Although technically an armistice , the military position of France at the time and the terms were such that it was de facto a conditional surrender by the vanquished to the victors .

neg: List of companies of Austria Austria is a federal republic and a landlocked country of over 8.7 million people in Central Europe . It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north , Hungary and Slovakia to the east , Slovenia and Italy to the south , and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west . The territory of Austria covers 83879 km2 .   Austria is the 12th richest country in the world in terms of GDP ( Gross domestic product ) per capita , has a well-developed social market economy , and a high standard of living . Until the 1980s , many of Austria 's largest industry firms were nationalised ; in recent years , however , privatisation has reduced state holdings to a level comparable to other European economies . Labour movements are particularly strong in Austria and have large influence on labour politics . Next to a highly developed industry , international tourism is the most important part of the national economy .   For further information on the types of business entities in this country and their abbreviations , see `` Business entities in Austria '' .

neg: List of monarchs of Prussia The monarchs of Prussia were members of the House of Hohenzollern who were the hereditary rulers of the former German state of Prussia from its founding in 1525 as the Duchy of Prussia . The Duchy had evolved out of the Teutonic Order , a Roman Catholic crusader state and theocracy located along the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea . The Teutonic Knights were under the leadership of a Grand Master , the last of whom , Albert , converted to Protestantism and secularized the lands , which then became the Duchy of Prussia . The Duchy was initially a vassal of the Kingdom of Poland , as a result of the terms of the Prussian Homage whereby Albert was granted the Duchy as part of the terms of peace following the Prussian War . When the main line of Prussian Hohenzollerns died out in 1618 , the Duchy passed to a different branch of the family , who also reigned as Electors of Brandenburg in the Holy Roman Empire . While still nominally two different territories , Prussia under the suzerainty of Poland and Brandenburg under the suzerainty of the Holy Roman Empire , the two states are known together historiographically as Brandenburg-Prussia . Following the Second Northern War , a series of treaties freed the Duchy of Prussia from any vassalage to any other state , making it a fully sovereign Duchy in its own right . This complex situation ( where the Hohenzollern ruler of the independent Duchy of Prussia was also a subject of the Holy Roman Emperor as Elector of Brandenburg ) laid the eventual groundwork for the establishment of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1701 . For diplomatic reasons , the rulers of the state were known as the King in Prussia from 1701 to 1772 ; largely because they still owed fealty to the Emperor as Electors of Brandenburg , the `` King in Prussia '' title ( as opposed to `` King of Prussia '' ) avoided offending the Emperor . As the Prussian state grew through several wars and diplomatic moves throughout the 18th century , it became apparent that Prussia had become a Great Power that did not need to submit meekly to the Holy Roman Empire . By 1772 , the pretense was dropped , and the style `` King of Prussia '' was adopted . Thus it remained until 1871 , when in the aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War , the King of Prussia Wilhelm I was crowned German Emperor . From that point forward , though the Kingdom of Prussia retained its status as a constituent state of the German Empire , all remaining Kings of Prussia also served as German Emperor , and that title took precedence .

neg: Districts of Prussia Prussian districts ( Kreise , literally `` circles '' ) were administrative units in the former Kingdom of Prussia , part of the German Empire from 1871 to 1918 , and its successor state , the Free State of Prussia , similar to a county or a shire . They were established in the course of the Stein-Hardenberg Reforms from 1815 to 1818 at an intermediate level , between the higher provinces and the government districts ( Regierungsbezirke ) , and the lower municipal governments ( Gemeinden ) . Then part of a modern and highly effective public administration structure , they served as a model for the present-day districts of Germany   In the aftermath of World War I , the Prussian districts of Eupen and Malmedy ( Belgium ) were annexed by Belgium in 1925 , thereby causing the presence of a German-speaking minority .

neg: Battle of Aspern-Essling In the Battle of Aspern-Essling ( 21 -- 22 May 1809 ) , Napoleon attempted a forced crossing of the Danube near Vienna , but the French and their allies were driven back by the Austrians under Archduke Charles . The battle was the first time Napoleon had been personally defeated in over a decade . However , Archduke Charles failed to secure a decisive victory as Napoleon was able to successfully withdraw most of his forces .

neg: Fürstenbund The ( Deutsche ) Fürstenbund ( -LSB- ( ˈdɔʏtʃə ) ˈfʏʁstn̩bʊnt -RSB- , '' -LSB- German -RSB- League of Princes '' ) was an alliance of mostly Protestant princes in the Holy Roman Empire formed in 1785 under the leadership of Frederick II of Prussia . The alliance , which initially comprised the three major northern states of Brandenburg/Prussia , Hanover and Saxony , was set up officially to safeguard the constitutional integrity and territorial status quo of the Empire , but more immediately to oppose the long-cherished ambition of Joseph II to add Bavaria to the Habsburg domains .   Soon after he became sole ruler of the Habsburg lands at the death of his mother Maria Theresa in 1780 , Joseph II revived an old ambition and entered into negotiations with Elector Karl Theodor of the Palatinate and Bavaria with the aim of trading Bavaria for the Austrian Netherlands . Had the plan been brought to fruition , the Habsburgs would have augmented their core domains with a large contiguous German-speaking territory while at the same time getting rid of far-away provinces that has proven to be difficult and costly to defend whenever Austria had been at war with France and/or Prussia . For Karl Theodor , his interest in the projected deal was mostly a matter of prestige as he envisioned himself as the ruler , possibly with the title of king , of a reconstructed Duchy of Burgundy composed of the Southern Netherlands plus his existing possessions in the Lower and Upper Rhine region , such as the Palatinate of the Rhine and the duchy of Berg-Jülich .   The rumored deal proved unpalatable both to the ambitious Frederick II , who saw himself as the foremost German monarch , and to the Electors of Hanover and Saxony who were disturbed by the far-reaching political and strategic implications of the projected territorial swap . Once they publicly declared their opposition though the creation of a Deutsche Fürstenbund , the rulers of lesser Protestant states , including Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel , Saxe-Gotha , Saxe-Weimar , Mecklenburg , Baden and Brandenburg-Ansbach , soon joined them . The Archbishop-Elector of Mainz , Archchancellor of the Empire , eventually gave his support , not least because it was known that Karl Theodor and Joseph II also mulled over the possible secularization of the Archbishopric of Salzburg , inconveniently wedged between Bavaria and Austria .   Joseph II was taken aback by the suddenness and strength of the opposition to his plan and after some minor sabre-rattling suspended his project . Having attained its true objective , the Fürstenbund gradually disintegrated and disappeared altogether after the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789 and the death of Joseph II the year after .

neg: Kingdom of Poland (1916–18) The Kingdom of Poland ( Królestwo Polskie ) , also known informally as the Regency Kingdom of Poland ( Królestwo Regencyjne ) , was a proposed puppet state of Germany during World War I . In reality , the German Empire planners wanted to annex around 30,000 square kilometers of the territory of former Congress Poland and carry out ethnic cleansing up to 3 million Poles and Jews to make room for German colonists in the so-called Polish Border Strip plan .  The decision to promise restoration of Poland was taken by Germany in order to attempt to legitimize its military occupation amongst the Polish inhabitants , following upon German propaganda sent to the Poles in 1915 that German soldiers were arriving as liberators to free Poland from subjugation by Russia .  A draft of a constitution was proposed 1917 .  German government used punitive threats to induce Polish landowners living in the German-occupied Baltic territories to move to the state and sell their Baltic property to Germans in exchange for moving to Poland , and efforts were made to remove Poles from Polish territories partitioned by Prussia .   Following the armistice with Germany that ended World War I , the area became part of the Second Polish Republic .

neg: Armistice of Znaim The Armistice of Znaim was a ceasefire agreed between Archduke Charles and Napoleon I on 12 July 1809 following the Battle of Znaim , effectively ending hostilities between Austria and France in the War of the Fifth Coalition .   Following defeat at the Battle of Wagram , Archduke Charles retreated north into Bohemia hoping to regroup his battered forces . The French army had also suffered in the battle and did not give immediate pursuit . But two days after the battle , Napoleon ordered his troops north intending to defeat the Austrians once and for all . The French eventually caught up the Austrians at Znaim ( now Znojmo , Czech Republic ) on 10 July 1809 . Realising they were in no position to give battle , the Austrians proposed a ceasefire as Archduke Charles went to begin peace negotiations with Napoleon . However , Marshal Auguste de Marmont refused to observe the ceasefire and committed his XI Corps of around 10,000 men into battle . With Marmont greatly outnumbered , André Masséna had no choice but to support him . By 11 July , Masséna 's corps had joined Marmont 's in battle but the Austrians had also reinforced their position around Znaim . After two days of futile fighting , with both sides suffering similar casualties and neither side gaining any advantage , Napoleon finally arrived with news of an armistice and ordered Marmont to end the battle .   Although the Battle of Znaim was the last action between Austria and France in the war , a formal peace was not agreed until the Treaty of Schönbrunn was signed on 14 October 1809 , which finally ended the War of the Fifth Coalition .

neg: Great Northern War The Great Northern War ( 1700 -- 21 ) was a conflict in which a coalition led by the Tsardom of Russia successfully contested the supremacy of the Swedish Empire in Central , Northern , and Eastern Europe . The initial leaders of the anti-Swedish alliance were Peter I of Russia , Frederick IV of Denmark -- Norway and Augustus II the Strong of Saxony-Poland . Frederick IV and Augustus II were defeated by Sweden , under Charles XII , and forced out of the alliance in 1700 and 1706 respectively , but rejoined it in 1709 after the defeat of Charles XII at the battle of Poltava . George I of Great Britain and of Brunswick-Lüneburg ( Hanover ) joined the coalition in 1714 for Hanover and in 1717 for Britain , and Frederick William I of Brandenburg-Prussia joined it in 1715 .   Charles XII led the Swedish army . Swedish allies included Holstein-Gottorp , several Polish magnates under Stanisław I Leszczyński ( 1704 -- 10 ) and Cossacks under the Ukrainian Hetman Ivan Mazepa ( 1708 -- 10 ) . The Ottoman Empire temporarily hosted Charles XII of Sweden and intervened against Peter I.   The war began when an alliance of Denmark -- Norway , Saxony , Poland and Russia sensing an opportunity as Sweden was ruled by the young Charles XII , declared war on the Swedish Empire , and launched a threefold attack on Swedish Holstein-Gottorp , Swedish Livonia , and Swedish Ingria . Sweden parried the Danish and Russian attacks at Travendal ( August 1700 ) and Narva ( November 1700 ) respectively , and in a counter-offensive pushed Augustus II 's forces through the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth to Saxony , dethroning Augustus on the way ( September 1706 ) and forcing him to acknowledge defeat in the Treaty of Altranstädt ( October 1706 ) . The treaty also secured the extradition and execution of Johann Reinhold Patkul , architect of the alliance seven years earlier . Peter I 's forces had meanwhile recovered from its defeat at Narva and gained ground in Sweden 's Baltic provinces , where he cemented Russia 's access to the Baltic Sea by founding Saint Petersburg in 1703 . Charles XII moved from Saxony into Russia to confront Peter , but the campaign ended with the destruction of the main Swedish army at the decisive 1709 Battle of Poltava ( in present-day Ukraine ) , and Charles ' exile in the Ottoman town of Bender . The Ottoman Empire defeated the Russian-Moldavian army in the Pruth River Campaign , but that peace treaty was in the end without great consequence to Russia 's position .   After Poltava , the anti-Swedish coalition revived and subsequently Hanover and Prussia joined it . The remaining Swedish forces in plague-stricken areas south and east of the Baltic Sea were evicted , with the last city , Riga , falling in 1710 . The coalition members partitioned most of the Swedish dominions among themselves , destroying the Swedish dominium maris baltici . Sweden proper was invaded from the west by Denmark -- Norway and from the east by Russia , which had occupied Finland by 1714 . Sweden defeated the Danish invaders at the Battle of Helsingborg ( 1710 ) . Charles XII opened up a Norwegian front , but was killed in Fredriksten in 1718 .   The war ended with Sweden 's defeat , leaving Russia as the new dominant power in the Baltic region and as a new major force in European politics . The Western powers , Great Britain and France , became caught up in the separate War of the Spanish Succession ( 1702-1715 ) , which broke out over the Bourbon Philip of Anjou 's succession to the Spanish throne and a possible joining of France to Spain . The formal conclusion of the Great Northern War came with the Swedish-Hanoverian and Swedish-Prussian Treaties of Stockholm ( 1719 ) , the Dano-Swedish Treaty of Frederiksborg ( 1720 ) , and the Russo-Swedish Treaty of Nystad ( 1721 ) . By these treaties Sweden ceded her exemption from the Sound Dues , and lost the Baltic provinces and the southern part of Swedish Pomerania . The peace treaties also ended her alliance with Holstein-Gottorp . Hanover gained Bremen-Verden , Brandenburg-Prussia incorporated the Oder estuary ( Stettin Lagoons ) , Russia secured the Baltic Provinces , and Denmark strengthened her position in Schleswig-Holstein . In Sweden , the absolute monarchy had come to an end with the death of Charles XII , and Sweden 's Age of Liberty began .

neg: History of Austria The history of Austria covers the history of Austria and its predecessor states , from the early Stone Age to the present state . The name Ostarrîchi ( Austria ) has been in use since 996 AD when it was a margravate of the Duchy of Bavaria and from 1156 an independent duchy ( later archduchy ) of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation ( Heiliges Römisches Reich 962 -- 1806 ) .   Austria was dominated by the House of Habsburg ( Haus Österreich ) from 1273 to 1806 , when the Holy Roman Empire came to an end . Austria then became the Austrian Empire , a part of the German Confederation until the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 , which Austria lost and was subsequently excluded from German affairs . In 1867 Austria formed with Hungary as a dual monarchy the Austro-Hungarian Empire ( 1867 -- 1918 ) . When this empire collapsed after the end of World War I in 1918 , Austria was reduced to the main German speaking areas of the empire ( its current frontiers ) , and adopted the name The Republic of German-Austria , with hope of joining the new German Weimar Republic . However the union and name were forbidden by the Allies at the Treaty of Versailles . This led to the creation of the First Austrian Republic ( 1918-1933 ) .   Following the First Republic , Austrofascism tried to keep Austria independent from the German Reich . Engelbert Dollfuss accepted that Austrians were Germans but wanted Austria to remain independent from a Protestant Germany . In 1938 Austrian-born Adolf Hitler annexed Austria to the German Reich with the Anschluss , which was supported by a large majority of the Austrian people . After the Second World War Austria again became an independent republic as the Second Republic in 1955 and joined the European Union in 1995 .


query: Jackie Robinson was the recipient of the inaugural MLB Rookie of the Year Award in 1947.

pos: Jackie Robinson Jack Roosevelt Robinson ( January 31 , 1919 -- October 24 , 1972 ) was an American professional baseball second baseman who became the first African American to play in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) in the modern era . Robinson broke the baseball color line when the Brooklyn Dodgers started him at first base on April 15 , 1947 . The Dodgers , by signing Robinson , heralded the end of racial segregation in professional baseball that had relegated black players to the Negro leagues since the 1880s . Robinson was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962 .   Robinson had an exceptional 10-year baseball career . He was the recipient of the inaugural MLB Rookie of the Year Award in 1947 , was an All-Star for six consecutive seasons from 1949 through 1954 , and won the National League Most Valuable Player Award in 1949 -- the first black player so honored . Robinson played in six World Series and contributed to the Dodgers ' 1955 World Series championship .   In 1997 , MLB `` universally '' retired his uniform number , 42 , across all major league teams ; he was the first pro athlete in any sport to be so honored . MLB also adopted a new annual tradition , `` Jackie Robinson Day '' , for the first time on April 15 , 2004 , on which every player on every team wears No. 42 .   Robinson 's character , his use of nonviolence , and his unquestionable talent challenged the traditional basis of segregation which then marked many other aspects of American life . He influenced the culture of and contributed significantly to the Civil Rights Movement . Robinson also was the first black television analyst in MLB , and the first black vice president of a major American corporation , Chock full o'Nuts . In the 1960s , he helped establish the Freedom National Bank , an African-American-owned financial institution based in Harlem , New York . After his death in 1972 , in recognition of his achievements on and off the field , Robinson was posthumously awarded the Congressional Gold Medal and Presidential Medal of Freedom .

neg: List of New York Mets first-round draft picks The New York Mets are a Major League Baseball franchise based in New York City . They play in the National League East division . Since the institution of Major League Baseball 's Rule 4 Draft , the Mets have selected 61 players in its first round . Officially known as the `` First-Year Player Draft '' , the Rule 4 Draft is Major League Baseball 's primary mechanism for assigning amateur baseball players from high schools , colleges , and other amateur baseball clubs to its teams . The draft order is determined based on the previous season 's standings , and the team that had the worst record receives the first pick . In addition , teams that lost free agents in the previous off-season may be awarded compensatory or supplementary picks . The First-Year Player Draft is unrelated to the 1961 expansion draft in which the Mets initially filled their roster .   Of the 62 players picked in the first round by the Mets , 25 have been pitchers , the most of any position ; 18 of these were right-handed , while 7 were left-handed . 17 of the players picked in the initial round were outfielders , while eight shortstops , six catchers , and three third basemen were selected . The team also selected two players at first base and one at second base . 14 of the players came from high schools or universities in the state of California , while Florida and Texas follow , with nine and five players , respectively .   Four Mets ' first-round picks have won championships with the franchise . No first-round picks were on the 1969 championship team . Outfielders Lee Mazzilli ( 1973 ) and Darryl Strawberry ( 1980 ) , shortstop Wally Backman ( 1977 ) , and pitcher Dwight Gooden ( 1982 ) played in the 1986 World Series for the Mets ' second championship team . Three first-round draft picks have gone on to win the Rookie of the Year Award with the Mets : Jon Matlack in 1972 , Strawberry in 1983 , and Gooden in 1984 . Gooden went on to win the Cy Young Award in 1985 , his second season , after placing second in the voting his rookie year . Gooden is also the only first-round draft pick of the Mets to make the All-Star team in his rookie season .   The Mets have made 11 selections in the supplemental round of the draft . They have also made the first overall selection five times ( 1966 , 1968 , 1980 , 1984 , and 1994 ) , tied for the most such picks with the San Diego Padres . The first of these picks , Steve Chilcott ( 1966 ) , is one of only two first overall picks ( along with Brien Taylor ) to never play in the major leagues . The Mets have had 18 compensatory picks since the institution of the First-Year Player Draft in 1965 . These additional picks are provided when a team loses a particularly valuable free agent in the prior off-season , or , more recently , if a team fails to sign a draft pick from the previous year . One player , George Ambrow ( 1970 ) , did not sign with the Mets after he was drafted but they received no compensation pick .

neg: Jackie Price John Thomas Reid Price ( November 13 , 1912 -- October 2 , 1967 ) was a Major League Baseball shortstop who played in seven games for the Cleveland Indians during the 1946 Cleveland Indians season . He was known for delighting fans with his skills - such as batting whilst hanging upside-down or throwing three balls to three different men in one movement - and was dubbed `` the Clown Prince of Baseball '' for antics which included releasing a pair of five-foot Boa constrictors on board a train . Price briefly teamed up with Max Patkin , another baseball clown ; together they were described by Boston Red Sox manager Lou Boudreau as the `` funniest show I ever saw '' .

neg: 2005 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position -- who in turn are given the honorific `` All-America '' and typically referred to as `` All-American athletes '' , or simply `` All-Americans '' . Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit , the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media . Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889 .   The NCAA recognizes four different All-America selectors for the 2005 college baseball season : the American Baseball Coaches Association ( since 1947 ) , Baseball America ( since 1981 ) , Collegiate Baseball ( since 1991 ) , and the National Collegiate Baseball Writers Association ( since 2001 ) .

neg: Negro World Series The Negro World Series was a post-season baseball tournament that was held from 1924 to 1927 and from 1942 to 1948 between the champions of the Negro leagues , matching the mid-western winners against their east-coast counterparts . The series was also known as the Colored World Series , especially during the 1920s , and as the Negro League World Series , in more recent books , though contemporary black newspapers usually called it simply , the `` World Series '' , without any modification .

neg: 1947 Major League Baseball season On April 15 , 1947 , was Opening Day of the 1947 Major League Baseball season . The New York Giants were at the Phillies , the Yankees were home in the Bronx against the Philadelphia A 's and the Brooklyn Dodgers were home to open against the Boston Braves at old Ebbets Field .  Jack Roosevelt Robinson was in the Dodgers lineup , playing first base . This began a new chapter in Major League Baseball , as it was the first time an African American had been allowed to play in the league . There were more than 26,000 fans at Ebbets Field that day .

neg: Montreal Royals The Montreal Royals were a minor league professional baseball team in Montreal , Quebec , from 1897 -- 1917 and 1928 -- 60 . A member of the International League , the Royals were the top farm club ( Class AAA ) of the Brooklyn Dodgers from 1939 ; pioneering African-American player Jackie Robinson was a member for the 1946 season . The 1946 Royals were recognized as one of the 100 greatest minor league teams of all time .

neg: 1987 Major League Baseball draft The Major League Baseball Draft is the process by which Major League Baseball ( MLB ) teams select athletes to play for their organization . High school seniors , college juniors and seniors , and anyone who had never played under a professional contract were considered eligible for the draft . The 1987 MLB Draft took place as a conference call to the Commissioner of Baseball 's office in New York from June 2 -- 4 . As opposed to the National Football League Draft which appeared on ESPN , no network aired the MLB Draft .   The American League ( AL ) and the National League ( NL ) alternated picks throughout the first round ; because an NL team drafted first in the 1986 MLB Draft , an AL team had the first selection in 1987 . Having finished 67 -- 95 in 1986 , the Seattle Mariners had the worst record in the AL and thus obtained the first overall selection . The second selection went to the Pittsburgh Pirates , who had the worst record in the NL .   With the first overall pick , the Mariners drafted Ken Griffey , Jr. from Moeller High School . Griffey , Jr. became a 13-time All-Star and helped Seattle make its first postseason appearance in franchise history . Mark Merchant , the second overall pick , however , never played in a major league game . Two years after he was drafted , the Pirates traded Merchant to Seattle . Chicago White Sox ' first overall selection Jack McDowell won the 1993 Cy Young Award as Chicago made a League Championship Series appearance that year . The total number of athletes drafted , 1,263 , broke a record for the most players ever chosen in a draft . In total , 27 All-Stars were selected in 1987 , although not all signed a professional contract . , only two players from the draft has been elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame -- Craig Biggio and Griffey , Jr. .

neg: 1951 New York Yankees season The 1951 New York Yankees season was the 49th season for the team in New York , and its 51st season overall . The team finished with a record of 98 -- 56 , winning their 18th pennant , finishing five games ahead of the Cleveland Indians . New York was managed by Casey Stengel . The Yankees played at Yankee Stadium . In the World Series , they defeated the New York Giants in 6 games .   This year was noted for a `` changing of the guard '' for the Yankees , as it was Joe DiMaggio 's final season and Mickey Mantle 's first . The 1951 season also marked the first year of Bob Sheppard 's long tenure as Yankee Stadium 's public address announcer .

neg: Ace (baseball) In baseball , an ace is the best starting pitcher on a team and nearly always the first pitcher in the team 's starting rotation . Barring injury or exceptional circumstances , an ace typically starts on Opening Day . In addition , aces are usually preferred to start crucial playoff games , sometimes on three days rest .   The term may be a derivation of the nickname of Asa Brainard , ( real first name : `` Asahel '' ) , a 19th-century star pitcher , who was sometimes referred to as `` Ace '' .   In the early days of baseball , the term `` ace '' was used to refer to a run .   A lot of modern baseball analysts and fans have started using the term `` ace '' to refer to the elite pitchers in the game , not necessarily to the best starting pitcher on each team . For example , the April 27 , 1981 Sports Illustrated cover was captioned `` The Amazing A 's and Their Five Aces '' to describe the starting rotation of the 1981 Oakland Athletics .

neg: Paul Minner Paul Edison Minner ( July 30 , 1923 -- March 28 , 2006 ) , is a former professional baseball player who played pitcher in the Major Leagues from 1946 to 1956 . He would play for the Chicago Cubs and Brooklyn Dodgers . Born in New Wilmington , Pennsylvania , he was listed at 6 ft and 210 lb .   Minner was signed by the Dodgers and began minor league play in 1941 , but service as a master sergeant in the United States Army during World War II interrupted his baseball career from 1943 through 1945 .   Minner surrendered the first home run in Frank Robinson 's career on April 28 , 1956 . It was the first of his 586 career home runs , seventh all-time .   Minner died March 28 , 2006 , in Lemoyne , Pennsylvania , aged 82 .

neg: Branch Rickey Wesley Branch Rickey ( December 20 , 1881 -- December 9 , 1965 ) was a Major League Baseball ( MLB ) executive elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1967 . He was perhaps best known for breaking Major League Baseball 's color barrier by signing African American player Jackie Robinson , for drafting the first Hispanic superstar , Roberto Clemente , for creating the framework for the modern minor league farm system , for encouraging the Major Leagues to add new teams through his involvement in the proposed Continental League , and for introducing the batting helmet .   Rickey played in MLB for the St. Louis Browns and New York Highlanders from 1905 through 1907 . After struggling as a player , Rickey returned to college , where he learned about administration from Philip Bartelme . Returning to MLB in 1913 , Rickey embarked on a successful managing and executive career with the St. Louis Browns , the St. Louis Cardinals , Brooklyn Dodgers and Pittsburgh Pirates . The Cardinals elected him to their team Hall of Fame in 2014 .   Rickey also had a career in the sport of American football , as a player for the professional Shelby Blues and as a coach at Ohio Wesleyan University and Allegheny College . His many achievements and deep Christian faith earned him the nickname `` the Mahātmā . ''

neg: Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year Award In Major League Baseball , the Rookie of the Year Award is annually given to one player from each league as voted on by the Baseball Writers ' Association of America ( BBWAA ) . The award was established in 1940 by the Chicago chapter of the BBWAA , which selected an annual winner from 1940 through 1946 . The award became national in 1947 ; Jackie Robinson , the Brooklyn Dodgers ' second baseman , won the inaugural award . One award was presented for both leagues in 1947 and 1948 ; since 1949 , the honor has been given to one player each in the National and American League . Originally , the award was known as the J. Louis Comiskey Memorial Award , named after the Chicago White Sox owner of the 1930s . The award was renamed the Jackie Robinson Award in July 1987 , 40 years after Jackie Robinson broke the baseball color line .   Of the 140 players named Rookie of the Year ( as of 2016 ) , 16 have been elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame -- Jackie Robinson , five American League players , and ten others from the National League . The award has been shared twice : once by Butch Metzger and Pat Zachry of the National League in 1976 ; and once by John Castino and Alfredo Griffin of the American League in 1979 . Members of the Brooklyn and Los Angeles Dodgers have won the most awards of any franchise ( with 17 ) , twice the total of the New York Yankees , and members of the Philadelphia and Oakland Athletics ( eight ) , who have produced the most in the American League . Fred Lynn and Ichiro Suzuki are the only two players who have been named Rookie of the Year and Most Valuable Player in the same year , and Fernando Valenzuela is the only player to have won Rookie of the Year and the Cy Young Award in the same year . Sam Jethroe is the oldest player to have won the award , at age 32 , 33 days older than 2000 winner Kazuhiro Sasaki ( also 32 ) . Michael Fulmer of the Detroit Tigers and Corey Seager of the Los Angeles Dodgers are the most recent winners .

neg: Brooks Robinson Brooks Calbert Robinson , Jr. ( born May 18 , 1937 ) is an American former professional baseball player . He played his entire 23-year major league career for the Baltimore Orioles ( 1955 -- 1977 ) . He batted and threw right-handed , though he was a natural left-hander . Nicknamed `` The Human Vacuum Cleaner '' or `` Mr. Hoover '' , he is considered one of the greatest defensive third basemen in major league history . He won 16 consecutive Gold Glove Awards during his career , tied with pitcher Jim Kaat for the second-most all-time for any player at any position . Robinson was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1983 .

neg: 1952 Brooklyn Dodgers season The 1952 Brooklyn Dodgers rebounded from the heartbreaking ending of 1951 to win the National League pennant by four games over the New York Giants . However , they dropped the World Series in seven games to the New York Yankees . Led by Gil Hodges , Jackie Robinson , and Duke Snider , the high-powered Brooklyn offense scored the most runs in the majors .

neg: Aaron Robinson Aaron Andrew Robinson ( June 23 , 1915 in Lancaster , South Carolina -- March 9 , 1966 in Lancaster , South Carolina ) , was an American professional baseball player . He played in Major League Baseball as a catcher from to for the Chicago White Sox , the Detroit Tigers , the New York Yankees , and the Boston Red Sox . Robinson 's tenure with the Yankees spanned the gap between the careers of Yankee Hall of Fame catchers Bill Dickey ( 1928 -- 1946 ) and Yogi Berra ( 1946 -- 1963 ) .

neg: Draft (sports) A draft is a process used in some countries and sports to allocate certain players to teams . In a draft , teams take turns selecting from a pool of eligible players . When a team selects a player , the team receives exclusive rights to sign that player to a contract , and no other team in the league may sign the player .   The best-known type of draft is the entry draft , which is used to allocate players who have recently become eligible to play in a league . Depending on the sport , the players may come from college , high school or junior teams or teams in other countries .   An entry draft is intended to prevent expensive bidding wars for young talent and to ensure that no one team can sign contracts with all of the best young players and make the league uncompetitive . To encourage parity , teams that do poorly in the previous season usually get to choose first in the postseason draft , sometimes with a `` lottery '' factor to discourage teams from deliberately losing .   Other types of drafts include the expansion draft , in which a new team selects players from other teams in the league ; and the dispersal draft , in which a league 's surviving teams select players from the roster of a newly defunct franchise .   Drafts are usually permitted under anti-trust or restraint of trade laws because they are included in collective bargaining agreements between leagues and labor unions representing players . These agreements generally stipulate that after a certain number of seasons , a player whose contract has expired becomes a free agent and can sign with any team . They also require minimum and sometimes maximum salaries for newly drafted players .   National Football League President Joseph Carr instituted a draft in 1935 as a way to restrain teams ' payrolls and reduce the dominance of the league 's perennial contenders . It was adopted by the precursor of the National Basketball Association in 1947 ; by the National Hockey League in 1963 ; and by Major League Baseball in 1965 , although draft systems had been used in baseball since the 19th century .   Drafts are uncommon outside the U.S. and Canada , and most professional football clubs obtain young players through transfers from smaller clubs or by developing youth players through their own academies . The youth system is operated directly by the teams themselves , who develop their players from childhood . Parity in these leagues is instead maintained through promotion and relegation , which automatically expels the weakest teams from a league in exchange for the strongest teams in the next lower league . The result is a drastically different endgame for poor teams : a North American sports team may see the opportunity to get better through the draft after a poor season , but a European club will instead be relegated down to a league with less money and prestige , potentially exacerbating the problems .

neg: Roberto Clemente Award The Roberto Clemente Award is given annually to the Major League Baseball ( MLB ) player who `` best exemplifies the game of baseball , sportsmanship , community involvement and the individual 's contribution to his team '' , as voted on by baseball fans and members of the media . It is named for Hall of Fame outfielder Roberto Clemente . Originally known as the Commissioner 's Award , it has been presented by the MLB since 1971 . In 1973 , the award was renamed after Clemente following his death in a plane crash while delivering supplies to victims of the Nicaragua earthquake .   Each year , a panel of baseball dignitaries selects 1 player from 30 nominees , one from each club . Teams choose their nominee during the regular season , and the winner is announced at the World Series . The player who receives the most votes online via MLB 's official website , MLB.com , gets one vote in addition to the votes cast by the panel . Since 2007 , the Roberto Clemente Award has been presented by Chevy . Chevy donates money and a Chevy vehicle to the national winner 's charity of choice and additional money is donated by Chevy to the Roberto Clemente Sports City , a non-profit organization in Carolina , Puerto Rico , designed to provide recreational sports activities for children . Additionally , Chevy donates money to the charity of choice of each of  the 30 Club recipients .   The first winner of the award was Willie Mays , and the most recent winner is Curtis Granderson . None of the winners has received the award more than once , so far . The first pitcher to win the award was Phil Niekro in 1980 , and the first catcher to win the award was Gary Carter in 1989 . To date , Clemente 's former teammate Willie Stargell and McCutchen are the only members of the Pittsburgh Pirates to win the award . Stargell won his award in 1974 , and McCutchen won in 2015 . The Pirates themselves have been wearing Clemente-era throwback uniforms in recent years on Roberto Clemente Day , which is the day they play the game that they present their nominee to MLB . In 2014 , for the first time , the award was awarded to two players instead of one . The award was awarded to Paul Konerko and Jimmy Rollins .

neg: Early Wynn Early Wynn Jr. ( January 6 , 1920 -- April 4 , 1999 ) , nicknamed `` Gus '' , was an American Major League Baseball ( MLB ) right-handed pitcher . He pitched for the Washington Senators , Cleveland Indians , and Chicago White Sox during his 23-year major league career . He was identified as one of the most intimidating pitchers in the game with his powerful fastball combined with a hard attitude towards batters . Wynn was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1972 .   Wynn was born in Alabama and signed with the Senators at the age of 17 , deciding to pursue baseball instead of finishing high school . He spent a couple of seasons in the minor leagues , had a brief major league stint in 1939 , returned to the major leagues in 1941 and pitched his first full MLB season in 1942 . He missed the 1945 MLB season and a portion of the next season while serving in the United States Army during the latter part of World War II .   Wynn was a member of one of baseball 's best pitching rotations along with Bob Feller , Mike Garcia , and Bob Lemon , while with the Indians in the mid-1950s . He won the 1959 Cy Young Award , beginning to rely on the knuckleball as the velocity of his pitches declined . Wynn retired in 1963 . He finished with exactly 300 career wins ; he had spent several months in pursuit of his 300th win .   Wynn served as a coach and broadcaster in the major leagues after his retirement as a player . In 1999 , he was included on The Sporting News list of the 100 greatest players in baseball history . He died that year in an assisted living facility following heart related problems and a stroke .

neg: Elias Sports Bureau The Elias Sports Bureau ( ESB ) is a company providing historical and current statistical information for sports , especially for major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada .   In 1913 , Al Munro Elias and his brother Walter established the Al Munro Elias Bureau in New York City . At first they sold printed scorecards with baseball data directly to fans , until The Telegram daily newspaper purchased their weekly compilation of `` averages '' in 1916 . Elias was appointed official statistician of the National League and International League in 1919 with the American League and other minor leagues to follow .   In 1937 , the Elias brothers assumed publication of Charley White 's Record Book , the so-called Little Red Book , after the death of its originator . It became an official ( authorized ) source for major league records . In 1938 , the Bureau began producing the Pocket Cyclopedia of Major League Baseball , and for many years published the official Green Book , the National League 's annual summary .   After the Elias brothers died in the 1940s , the company was managed by Lester Goodman . Seymour Siwoff , who had worked for the Elias brothers as a high school student before serving his country in World War II and earning the Purple Heart , returned to become the company 's accountant . In 1952 , after Lester Goodman 's sudden death , Seymour Siwoff purchased the company from the widows of the Elias brothers . The new company was renamed Elias Sports Bureau to better fulfill Siwoff 's vision of incorporating all professional sports , and Siwoff took the company into the computer age .   Under Siwoff 's leadership for over 60 years and to the present , ESB has become the leading authority on sports statistics . Originally official statistician of Major League Baseball , Siwoff was able to add to this distinction the National Football League , the National Basketball Association , the National Hockey League , Major League Soccer , and the Arena Football League . More recently , ESB added pro-women 's basketball ( WNBA ) and pro-golf to its list of league clientele .   ESB also is a primary source of statistics for national newspapers , magazines and websites , as well as dozens of broadcasters of MLB , NBA and NHL telecasts . With Sporting News having phased out its record book publishing business during 2007 , The Elias Book of Baseball Records appears to be the sole hard-copy source of official baseball records . This book is available only through the company website .   Steve Hirdt , executive vice-president , added his skills as a sports writer . His first venture was writing for ESPN 's Page2 website for a brief time . Later , he moved to a column for ESPN The Magazine . The column is entitled `` Do the Math '' and focuses on sports statistics .

neg: 1948 Major League Baseball season During the 1948 Major League Baseball season , the Boston Braves won the NL pennant and the Cleveland Indians won a 1-game playoff against the Boston Red Sox to take the AL pennant .