query: Albania is a member of NATO.

pos: Albania Albania ( -LSB- ælˈbeɪniə , _ ɔːl - -RSB- , ; Shqipëri / Shqipëria Shqipni/Shqipnia or Shqypni/Shqypnia ) , officially the Republic of Albania ( Republika e Shqipërisë , -LSB- ɾɛpuˈblika ɛ ʃcipəˈɾiːsə -RSB- ) , is a country in Southeastern Europe . Albania spans 28,748 km2 and had a total population of almost 3 million people .   It is a unitary parliamentary constitutional republic with the capital in Tirana , the country 's largest city and main economic and commercial centre , followed by Durrës and Vlorë . It is located in the south-western part of the Balkan peninsula , bordered by Montenegro to the northwest , Kosovo to the northeast , the Republic of Macedonia to the east , and Greece to the south and southeast . The country has a coastline on the northern shore of the Mediterranean Sea , the Adriatic Sea to the west and the Ionian Sea to the southwest where the Albanian Riviera begins . Albania is less than 72 km from Italy , across the Strait of Otranto which connects the Adriatic Sea to the Ionian Sea .   During the classical times , the modern area of Albania was home to several Illyrian , Thracian and Greek tribes , as well as several Greek colonies established on the Illyrian coast . In the 3rd century BC , the area was annexed by Rome and became part of the Roman provinces of Dalmatia , Macedonia and Moesia Superior . In 1190 , the first Albanian entity , the Principality of Arbanon was established by archon Progon in the region of Krujë , within the Byzantine Empire . The territory of Albania was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in the 15th century , of which it remained part of for the next five centuries . After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in Europe , following the Balkan Wars , Albania declared its independence in 1912 and was recognized the following year . The Kingdom of Albania was invaded by Italy in 1939 , which formed Greater Albania , before becoming a Nazi German protectorate in 1943 . The following year , a socialist People 's Republic was established under the leadership of Enver Hoxha and the Party of Labour . Albania experienced widespread social and political transformations in the communist era , as well as isolation from much of the international community . In 1991 , the Socialist Republic was dissolved and the Republic of Albania was established .   Albania is a democratic and developing country with an upper-middle income economy . The service sector dominates the country 's economy , followed by the industrial and agriculture sector . After the fall of communism in Albania , free-market reforms have opened the country to foreign investment , especially in the development of energy and transportation infrastructure . Albania has a high HDI and provides universal health care system and free primary and secondary education to its citizens .   Albania is a member of the United Nations , NATO , WTO , World Bank , the Council of Europe , the OSCE , the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation . It is also an official candidate for membership in the European Union . Albania is one of the founding members of the Energy Community , Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation and the Union for the Mediterranean . It is home to the largest lake in Southern Europe and one of the oldest lakes in Europe .

neg: Albania–India relations India-Albania relations are the bilateral ties between the Republic of India ( Bhārat Gaṇarājya ) and the Republic of Albania ( Republika e Shqipërisë ) . Bilateral relations between India and Albania are cordial and friendly .   Mother Teresa , one of India 's national symbols , was of Albanian origin .

neg: Albanian local elections, 2007 Local elections were held in Albania on 18 February 2007 . They came after threats to boycott the elections by opposition parties because of concerns over fraudulent voting rolls ; because of this , the elections were rescheduled from 20 January 2007 to the new date on very short notice , a move which was criticised by observers . The elections were seen as crucial to the future of Albanian integration with the European Union .   The leftist opposition , led by Edi Rama 's Socialist Party of Albania , won in the majority of the 384 municipalities , including the major cities of Tirana , Durrës , Fier , Elbasan , Korçë , Berat , Gjirokastër and Vlorë ; the only major city won by the rightist government was Shkodër . But nationwide the mayor-candidates of PD + allies got 47,86 % vs. 43,74 % for PS + allies .   Despite improvements , observers from the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe , the Council of Europe and the European Union criticised that `` shortcomings in the preparation and conduct of these elections reflect the need for improved cross-party co-operation to fulfill Albania 's international commitments '' .

neg: Ministry of European Integration The Ministry for European Integration is an official governmental body in various countries seeking accession to the European Union . It is responsible for integration of Georgia in Europe . It is in Georgia and Albania   Category : Politics of Georgia ( country )  Category : Politics of Albania

neg: Albania–Hungary relations Albania -- Hungary relations refer to the current and historical relations of Albania and Hungary . Albania has an embassy in Budapest and Hungary has an embassy , and a consular office in Tirana and a honorary consulate in Shkodër . The history of diplomatic relations of Albania and Hungary dates back to 1912 , when Albania declared its independence in November 28 , 1912 .   The countries are members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation . As a European Union ( EU ) member , Hungary supports Albania in its euro-integration path .

neg: Albanian-American Enterprise Fund Albanian-American Enterprise Fund ( AAEF ) is a non-political , not-for-profit US corporation established pursuant to the Support for East European Democracy Act of 1989 ( `` SEED Act '' ) . It was incorporated in 1995 and maintains offices in New York City and Tirana . It is located in `` Ibrahim Rugova '' str , `` Green Park '' Complex , Tower 2 , 12th Floor , Postal Code 1019 , Tirana , Albania .

neg: Association of Professional Journalists of Albania The Association of Professional Journalists of Albania ( Short : APJ Albania ) is a union for journalists based in Tirana , Albania .  It is part of International Federation of Journalists and European Federation of Journalists .  The Association of Professional Journalists of Albania was founded about in october 1993 and since the beginning took a critical position in commenting on matters affecting the Albanian media , and its activities and reputation are now such that it defends the rights of all journalists .  The Association of Professional Journalists of Albania is the most active and representative such body in Albania , and it is a member of The International Federation of Journalists ( IFJ )  The main role of The Association of Professional Journalists of Albania is to protect the right of free expression and the rights of journalists in Albania .

neg: Albania under the Ottoman Empire Ottoman Albania comprised Albania during the period it was part of the Ottoman Empire , from 1385 to 1912 . Ottoman rule in Albania began after the Battle of Savra in 1385 when most of the local chieftains became Ottoman vassals . The Ottomans erected their garrisons throughout southern Albania by 1415 and established formal jurisdiction over most of Albania by 1431 . Independence for some Albanian regions was gained during 1443-1479 , with the uprising under the lead of George Kastrioti Skanderbeg . The last towns captured by the Ottomans were Shkodër in 1479 and Durrës in 1501 . The territory which today belongs to the Republic of Albania remained part of the Ottoman Empire until declaring independence in 1912 during the Balkan Wars .

neg: League of Lezhë The League of Lezhë ( Lidhja/Bes ëlidhja e Lezhës ) was a military alliance of feudal lords in Albania forged in Lezhë on 2 March 1444 , initiated and organised under Venetian patronage with Skanderbeg as leader of the regional Albanian and Serbian chieftains united against the Ottoman Empire . The main members of the league were the Arianiti , Balšić , Zaharia , Muzaka , Spani , Thopia and Crnojevići . All earlier and many modern historians accepted Marin Barleti 's news about this meeting in Lezhë ( without giving it equal weight ) , although no contemporary Venetian document mentions it . Barleti referred to the meeting as the generalis concilium or universum concilium -LSB- general or whole council -RSB- ; the term `` League of Lezhë '' was coined by subsequent historians .

neg: Albanian National Council Albanian National Council ( Këshilli Nacional i Shqiptarëve , Montenegrin : Nacionalni Savjet Albanaca ) is an institution of self governance of the Albanian minority in Montenegro . The council was founded in 2008 in Ulcinj .   The council has 12 permanent commissions :  Commission for provisions  Commission for cooperation with Albanians in other countries  Commission for state relations  Commission for education  Commission for information  Commission for official use of Albanian language  Commission for culture  Commission for finances and economy  Commission for space planning  Commission for turism , sport and environment  Commission for agriculture  Commission for appeals

neg: Contact Group (Balkans) The Contact Group is the name for an informal grouping of Great Powers that have a significant interest in policy developments in the Balkans . The Contact Group is composed of United States , United Kingdom , France , Germany , Italy , and Russia . It was first created in response to the war and the crisis in Bosnia in the early 1990s . The Contact Group includes four of the five Permanent Members of the UN Security Council and the countries that contribute the most in troops and assistance to peacebuilding efforts in the Balkans . Representatives of the EU Council , EU Presidency , European Commission and NATO generally attend Contact Group meetings .   The Contact Group has taken a major interest in the UN-led process to determine the future political status of Kosovo and Metohija ( i.e. , whether it should be independent or remain a part of Serbia ) . The Contact Group meets regularly with UN Special Envoy Martti Ahtisaari , who has been charged with running the future status process .   The Contact Group has no Secretariat or permanent staff -- it is simply an informal grouping of countries that meets regularly at various levels to coordinate international policy initiatives in southeast Europe . Contact Group public statements , often negotiated to painstaking detail within the group , are considered to be significant statements of the international community 's policy and intentions in the region . The Contact Group usually meets at the level of Balkans director ( i.e. , the highest-ranking diplomats in charge of the Balkans in each foreign ministry ) . Occasionally , however , the Contact Group meets at the level of Political Director or even Foreign Minister .

neg: Albania–Japan relations Albania -- Japan relations are the bilateral relations between Albania and Japan . Japan 's Ambassador in Rome is accredited to Albania , while an Honorary Consulate in Tirana assists Japanese interests in Albania .  Albania has an embassy in Tokyo .

neg: Albanians in Montenegro Albanians in Montenegro '' ' ( Albanci u Crnoj Gori , Shqiptarët e Malit të Zi ) constitute 4.91 % of the county 's total population . Albanians of Montenegro are Ghegs who mainly live in southeastern and eastern Montenegro , mainly in the following municipalities : Ulcinj ( 71 % of population ) , Plav ( 19 % ) , Bar ( 6 % ) , Podgorica ( 5 % ) and Rožaje ( 5 % ) .   The largest city of Albanians in Montenegro is Ulcinj , where the headquarters of Albanian National Council are located .

neg: International Gendarmerie The International Gendarmerie was the first law enforcement agency of the Principality of Albania . It was established by the decision of the ambassadors of the six Great Powers that participated in the London Peace Conference . This decision was made on the basis of the London Treaty signed on May 30 , 1913 . Since most of the members were from the Netherlands , this force was also known as the Dutch Military Mission .   The first gendarmerie members arrived in Albania on November 10 , 1913 . They were soon faced with a peasant revolt . One International Gendarmerie officer was killed and many were imprisoned after the revolt erupted in June 1914 . Dutch officers were gradually replaced by officers from Austria-Hungary and Germany , who arrived in Durrës on July 4 . Soon , World War I broke out and by August 4 , most of the Dutch officers had returned to the Netherlands . By September 19 , 1914 , the last two imprisoned officers were released .

neg: Ukraine–European Union relations Relations between Ukraine and the European Union ( EU ) are currently shaped through the European Neighbourhood Policy ( ENP ) , a foreign policy instrument of the EU designed for the countries it borders .  The EU is seeking an increasingly close relationship with Ukraine , going beyond co-operation , to gradual economic integration and deepening of political co-operation . Ukraine is a priority partner within the ENP .   In 2012 , the EU initialled deals on free trade and political association with Ukraine ; however , EU leaders stated that these agreements would not be ratified unless Ukraine addresses concerns over a `` stark deterioration of democracy and the rule of law '' , including the imprisonment of Yulia Tymoshenko and Yuriy Lutsenko in 2011 and 2012 . Deadlines were set for Ukraine to carry out the required changes to its justice and electoral systems in order to enable the formal signing of their agreements with the EU in Vilnius on 29 November 2013 . But although the then Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych had urged the Ukrainian parliament to adopt laws so that Ukraine could meet the EU 's criteria , the Ukrainian government suspended preparations for signing the association agreement on 21 November 2013 . Yanukovych still attended the aforementioned EU summit in Vilnius on 28 -- 29 November 2013 where the association agreement was originally planned to be signed but it was not . The decision to put off signing the association agreement led to pro-EU Euromaidan movement . These led to the removal of Yanukovych and his government by parliament after the 2014 Ukrainian revolution in February 2014 . Since then , Ukraine has been striving towards integration into the European Union whilst the eastern part of the county has been engaged in pro-Russian unrest , opposing the Euromaidan movement .   The political part of the Association Agreement was signed on 21 March 2014 by the new Prime Minister , Arseniy Yatsenyuk . Meanwhile , the EU has attempted to stabilize Ukraine by freezing assets of allegedly corrupt Russians and Ukrainians and by granting financial aid to Ukraine . The economic part of the Ukraine -- European Union Association Agreement was signed on 27 June 2014 by the new President , Petro Poroshenko , who described this as Ukraine 's `` first but most decisive step '' towards EU membership . Poroshenko also set 2020 as a target for an EU membership application . On January 1 , 2016 , Ukraine joined the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area with the EU .

neg: Member states of the Council of Europe The Council of Europe has 47 member states . It was founded on 5 May 1949 by ten Western and Northern European states , with Greece and Turkey joining three months later , and Iceland and West Germany following suit the next year . It now has 47 member states , with Montenegro being the latest to join .   Article 4 of the Council of Europe Statute specifies that membership is open to any European country , provided they meet specific democratic and human rights standards . Nearly all European states have acceded to the Council of Europe , with the exception of Belarus , the Vatican City , predominantly Central Asian Kazakhstan , as well as some of the states with limited recognition .   __ TOC __

neg: Geography of Kosovo Kosovo is a small landlocked country in Southeastern Europe , in the center of Balkan Peninsula .  With an area of 10,908 km2 , it is one of the smallest countries in Europe .   Considering it 's small area , Kosovo has a variety of topographical features . It is surrounded by mountains : the Sharr Mountains are located in the south and southeast , bordering Macedonia , while the Kopaonik Mountains rise in the north . The southwest borders with Montenegro and Albania are also mountainous , and home to the country 's highest peak , Gjeravica , 2656 m high . The central region is mainly hilly , but two large plains spread over Kosovo 's west and east , respectively , Metohija plain and Kosovo plain .   In the terms of hydrography , Kosovo has limited water resources . The main rivers in the country are the White Drin , running towards the Adriatic Sea , the South Morava in the Goljak area , and Ibar in the north . Sitnica , a tributary of Ibar , is the longest river lying completely within Kosovo . There are several small natural lakes but the country 's most important lakes are artificial . The biggest lakes are Gazivoda , Radonjić , Batlava and Badovac . Kosovo also does have a large number of karst springs , thermal and mineral water springs .

neg: Gjirokastër Gjirokastër ( -LSB- ɟiɾokastəɾ -RSB- ) is a city in southern Albania , situated in a valley between the Gjerë mountains and the Drino , at 300 metres above sea level . Its old town is a UNESCO World Heritage Site described as `` a rare example of a well-preserved Ottoman town , built by farmers of large estate '' . The city is overlooked by Gjirokastër Fortress , where the Gjirokastër National Folklore Festival is held every five years . It is the birthplace of former Albanian communist leader Enver Hoxha and notable writer Ismail Kadare .   The city appears in the historical record dating back in 1336 by its Greek name , Αργυρόκαστρο - Argyrokastro , as part of the Byzantine Empire . It became part of the Orthodox Christian doecese of Dryinoupolis and Argyrokastro after the destruction of nearby Adrianoupolis . Gjirokastër later became the center of the principality ruled by John Zenevisi ( 1373 -- 1417 ) before falling under Ottoman rule for the next five centuries . Throughout the Ottoman era Gjirokastër was officially known in Ottoman Turkish as Ergiri and also Ergiri Kasrı . During the Ottoman period conversions to Islam and an influx of Muslim converts from the surrounding countryside made Gjirokastër go from being an overwhelmingly Christian city in the 16th century into one with a large Muslim population by the early 19th century . Gjirokastër also became a major religious centre for Bektashi Sufism . Taken by the Hellenic Army during the Balkan Wars of 1912 -- 3 on account of its large Greek population , it was eventually incorporated into the newly independent state of Albania in 1913 . This proved highly unpopular with the local Greek population , who rebelled ; after several months of guerrilla warfare , the short-lived Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus was established in 1914 with Gjirokastër as its capital . It was definitively awarded to Albania in 1921 . In more recent years , the city witnessed anti-government protests that lead to the Albanian civil war of 1997 .   Along Muslim and Orthodox Albanians , the city is also home to a substantial Greek minority . The city together with Sarandë , is considered one of the centers of the Greek community in Albania , and there is a consulate of Greece .

neg: Albania–Israel relations Albania -- Israel relations refer to the current , cultural and historical relations of Albania and Israel . Albania has an embassy in Tel Aviv and Israel has an embassy in Tirana . Diplomatic relations between the countries were established on August 20 , 1991 .   Albania has recognized Israel as a state since 1949 .

neg: Albanian parliamentary election, 1996 Parliamentary elections were held in Albania on 26 May 1996 , with a second round of voting for 25 seats on 2 June . The result was a victory for the ruling Democratic Party of Albania , which won 122 of the 140 seats . Voter turnout was 89.1 % .   On the day of the first round of voting , six opposition parties led by the Socialist Party of Albania withdrew from the election , accusing the Democratic Party of intimidation . International observers noted that the elections were marred by `` a number of irregularities and technical shortcomings '' and concluded that the election `` did not meet international standards for free and fair elections '' , nor the standards of Albanian law . After the first round results were released on 29 May , the Socialist Party of Albania announced that they would not take up their seats in the National Assembly . Almost all opposition parties boycotted the second round as a result .

neg: The Kosovo Times The Kosovo Times is an English language independent electronic news journal published and based in Pristina , the capital of Kosovo . It publishes news and regional news about Kosovo and the Balkans , and provides interviews and analyses on Kosovo . It uses the slogan `` Kosovo 's leading electronic news Journal '' .   Except of being an electronic news journal The Kosovo Times strives to become the key web portal for Kosovo providing useful information about Kosovo ; government , tourism , airport info , useful addresses etc. .   The Kosovo Times Library is a project of The Kosovo Times . Documents that are notable about Kosovo are stored in this electronic library and are available for free download . The library includes constitutional and legal documents , laws , policy papers , international documents on Kosovo subject matter . The documents are in English .   The Kosovo Times is one of the sources of Google News for the news covering Kosovo and beyond .   The Kosovo Times was founded by several local Non Governmental Organisations , primarily by ` The Kosovo Arab Chamber for Friendship and Cooperation ' .


query: Gerald Ford succeeded to office as a result of an electoral victory.

pos: Gerald Ford Gerald Rudolph Ford , Jr. ( born Leslie Lynch King , Jr. ; July 14 , 1913 -- December 26 , 2006 ) was an American politician who served as the 38th President of the United States from 1974 to 1977 , following the resignation of Richard Nixon . Prior to this he served eight months as the 40th Vice President of the United States , following the resignation of Spiro Agnew . He was the first person appointed to the vice presidency under the terms of the 25th Amendment , and consequently the only person to have served as both Vice President and President of the United States without being elected to executive office . Before his appointment to the vice presidency , Ford served 25 years as U.S. Representative from Michigan 's 5th congressional district , the final nine of them as the House Minority Leader .   As President , Ford signed the Helsinki Accords , marking a move toward détente in the Cold War . With the conquest of South Vietnam by North Vietnam nine months into his presidency , U.S. involvement in Vietnam essentially ended . Domestically , Ford presided over the worst economy in the four decades since the Great Depression , with growing inflation and a recession during his tenure . One of his most controversial acts was to grant a presidential pardon to President Richard Nixon for his role in the Watergate scandal . During Ford 's presidency , foreign policy was characterized in procedural terms by the increased role Congress began to play , and by the corresponding curb on the powers of the President . In the Republican presidential primary campaign of 1976 , Ford defeated former California Governor Ronald Reagan for the Republican nomination . He narrowly lost the presidential election to the Democratic challenger , former Georgia Governor Jimmy Carter , making him the first President who succeeded to office as a result of a mid-term vacancy since Chester A. Arthur not to be elected in his own right .   Following his years as President , Ford remained active in the Republican Party . After experiencing health problems , he died at home on December 26 , 2006 . Ford lived longer than any other U.S. president -- 93 years and 165 days -- while his 895-day presidency was the shortest of all presidents who did not die in office .

neg: NCAA Gerald R. Ford Award The NCAA Gerald R. Ford Award was named in recognition of Gerald Ford , 38th President of the United States . Presented by the National Collegiate Athletic Association , the award honors an individual who has provided significant leadership in the role of advocate for intercollegiate athletics and has done so a continuous basis over the course of their career . Ford played the position of center in football at the University of Michigan , participating on national championship teams in 1932 and 1933 . He turned down offers from Green Bay Packers and Detroit Lions to study law at Yale University . The Gerald Ford Award was first awarded in 2004 .

neg: United States presidential election in New Mexico, 2012 The 2012 United States presidential election in New Mexico took place on November 6 , 2012 as part of the 2012 General Election in which all 50 states plus The District of Columbia participated . This was the 25th U.S. Presidential Election in which New Mexico participated . New Mexico voters chose five electors to represent them in the Electoral College via a popular vote pitting incumbent Democratic President Barack Obama and his running mate , Vice President Joe Biden , against Republican challenger and former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney and his running mate , Congressman Paul Ryan .   Prior to the election , 17 news organizations considered this a state Obama would win , or otherwise considered as a safe blue state.President Obama and Vice President Biden carried New Mexico with 52.99 % of the vote to Mitt Romney 's 42.84 % , a victory margin of 10.15 percentage points . Libertarian Gary Johnson , a former Republican who served two terms as Governor of New Mexico from 1995 to 2003 , garnered 3.55 % of the vote , his strongest statewide performance in the nation , and the strongest 3rd party showing in the state since 2000 ( although that was easily surpassed by Johnson in 2016 , when he received nearly 10 % of the vote in New Mexico ) .

neg: United States presidential election in Michigan, 1972 The 1972 United States presidential election in Michigan took place on November 7 , 1972 , as part of the 1972 United States presidential election . Michigan voters chose twenty-one representatives , or electors , to the Electoral College , who voted for President and Vice President .   Michigan was won by incumbent President Richard Nixon ( R -- California ) , with 62.07 % of the popular vote , against George McGovern ( D -- South Dakota ) , with 35.79 % of the popular vote . John G. Schmitz was the only other candidate on the ballot , and , as the candidate for the American Independent Party , he received over 63,000 votes .   Delta , Lake , Washtenaw , and Wayne counties were the only four of Michigan 's 83 counties to vote for McGovern .

neg: Fifty-state strategy A fifty-state strategy is a political strategy which aims for progress in all states of the United States of America , rather than conceding certain states as `` unwinnable . '' In a presidential campaign , it is usually implemented as an appeal to a broad base of the American public in an attempt to win , even if marginally , every state , since even a marginal victory is effectively total victory for electoral purposes . It can also refer to an overall long-term strategy for a political movement such as a political party .   This strategy is very ambitious and , when used for a specific election , is typically abandoned as the election day draws nearer . In the vast majority of cases , winning a state 's popular vote for president or senator -- even by a small margin -- means the state 's entire representation in the election goes to the victor without being divided . A fifty-state strategy requires a campaign to spend valuable resources in a rival 's strongest states , when those resources could instead be concentrated in swing states that will become a total win or a total loss based on only a small difference in popular votes .   A president has won every state three times : in 1788 and 1792 , George Washington won all the electoral votes running effectively unopposed , and in 1820 , James Monroe , running unopposed , carried all twenty-three states in the union at that time ( although one electoral vote was cast for John Quincy Adams and two electors died prior to casting votes ) . In 1936 , Franklin D. Roosevelt carried forty-six of forty-eight states , losing only Maine and Vermont . A complete fifty-state victory has not been accomplished since the fiftieth state was admitted into the union , although Republicans have twice managed to win the presidency in forty-nine of the fifty : in 1972 with Richard Nixon losing only Massachusetts , and in 1984 with Ronald Reagan losing only his rival 's home state of Minnesota . Both also lost the District of Columbia , which has had presidential electors since the Twenty-Third Amendment in 1961 .

neg: United States presidential election in Utah, 1964 The 1964 United States presidential election in Utah took place on November 3 , 1964 , as part of the 1964 United States presidential election . Utah voters chose four representatives , or electors , to the Electoral College , who voted for President and Vice President .   Utah was won by incumbent President Lyndon B. Johnson ( D -- Texas ) , with 54.86 % of the popular vote , against Senator Barry Goldwater ( R -- Arizona ) , with 45.14 % of the popular vote .

neg: United States presidential election, 1836 The United States presidential election of 1836 was the 13th quadrennial presidential election , held from Thursday , November 3 , to Wednesday , December 7 , 1836 . As the third consecutive election victory for the Democratic Party , it ushered incumbent Vice President Martin Van Buren into the White House with 170 electoral votes to 124 electoral votes for William Henry Harrison and other Whigs . The popular vote was closer ; Martin Van Buren attracted 764,000 votes to the 738,000 won by the various Whig candidates .   The election of 1836 is principally remembered for three distinctive circumstances :  The Whig Party ran four candidates in different parts of the country in hopes that each would be popular enough to defeat Democrat Martin Van Buren in their respective region . The strategy failed , but had three of the four received more electoral votes then Van Buren , it would have been left to the House of Representatives to decide between the competing Whig candidates .  Richard Mentor Johnson became the first ( and to date only ) Vice President elected by the United States Senate . Although pledged to Van Buren and Johnson ( his running mate ) , Virginia 's 23 electors refused to vote for Johnson , which left him one electoral vote short of the 148-vote majority required to be elected . As such , it was left to the Senate to decide between the top two vote recipient recipients , Johnson and Francis Granger . Johnson was elected on the first ballot 33 to 16 .  This was the last election until the 1988 election ( of George H. W. Bush ) in which the incumbent Vice President was elected to succeed the president under whom he served .   The election of 1836 also marked an important turning point in American political history because of the part it played in establishing the Second Party System . In the 1830s the political party structure was still changing , rapidly , the Democratic Party was organized , but factional and personal leaders still played a major role in politics . By the end of the campaign of 1836 , the new party system was almost complete , as nearly every faction had been absorbed by either the Democrats or the Whigs .

neg: Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection, 1968 This article lists those who were potential candidates for the Republican nomination for Vice President of the United States in the 1968 election . After winning the Republican presidential nomination at the 1968 Republican National Convention , former Vice President Richard Nixon convened a series of meetings with close advisers and party leaders such as Strom Thurmond in order to choose his running mate . Nixon ultimately asked the convention to nominate Maryland Governor Spiro Agnew as his running mate . By a large margin , Agnew won the vice presidential nomination on the first ballot over Michigan Governor George W. Romney , who was supported by a faction of liberal Republicans . Nixon chose Agnew because he wanted a centrist who was broadly acceptable to the party , had experience with domestic issues , and appealed to Southern voters ( to counter the third party candidacy of former Alabama Governor George Wallace ) . The Nixon-Agnew ticket defeated the Humphrey-Muskie ticket , and also won re-election in 1972 , defeating the McGovern-Shriver ticket . However , Agnew was forced to resign as Vice President in 1973 due to a controversy regarding his personal taxes .

neg: Republican Party presidential primaries, 1964 The 1964 Republican presidential primaries were the selection process by which voters of the Republican Party chose its nominee for President of the United States in the 1964 U.S. presidential election . Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona was selected as the nominee through a series of primary elections and caucuses culminating in the 1964 Republican National Convention held from July 13 to July 16 , 1964 , in San Francisco , California .

neg: United States presidential election in New York, 1916 The 1916 United States presidential election in New York took place on November 7 , 1916 . All contemporary 48 states were part of the 1916 United States presidential election . New York voters chose forty-five electors to the Electoral College , which selected the President and Vice President .   New York was won by the Republican nominee , U.S. Supreme Court Justice Charles Evans Hughes of New York , and his running mate Senator Charles W. Fairbanks of Indiana . Hughes and Fairbanks defeated the Democratic nominees , incumbent Democratic President Woodrow Wilson and Vice President Thomas R. Marshall .   The former Governor of New York , Hughes won his home state fairly comfortably , taking 51.53 % of the vote to Wilson 's 44.51 % , a victory margin of 7.02 % . Coming in a distant third was Socialist candidate Allan L. Benson , who took 2.69 % .   New York in this era was a Republican state in presidential elections ; however in 1912 , a strong third party run by former Republican President Theodore Roosevelt against the incumbent Republican President William Howard Taft had split the Republican vote , and had enabled Woodrow Wilson as the Democratic candidate to win New York State 's electoral votes in 1912 with a plurality of only 41 % of the vote . With the Republican base re-united behind Charles Evans Hughes in 1916 , New York returned to the Republican column , and delivered a fairly comfortable win to Hughes even as Wilson won re-election nationwide . Hughes ' seven percent margin of victory made New York State a strong ten percent more Republican than the national average in the 1916 election ; despite this , Hamilton and Greene Counties voted for Wilson , yet would never vote Democratic again until 1964 and never do so subsequently .

neg: United States presidential election in Arizona, 2000 The 2000 United States presidential election in Arizona took place on November 7 , 2000 throughout all 50 states and D.C. , which was part of the 2000 United States presidential election . Voters chose 8 representatives , or electors to the Electoral College , who voted for President and Vice President .   Arizona was won by Governor George W. Bush by a 6.3 % margin of victory . Ralph Nader received 3 % , as all of the other candidates received a combined 1 % . Pre-election polling showed that Bush had a solid lead of Gore . Bush won all the congressional districts , except Arizona 's 2nd congressional district . The key for Bush 's victory was Maricopa County , which has by far the highest population in the state . Bush made history by winning Greenlee County . This thinly populated working class county , which has been dependent on copper mining as the basis for its economy , had voted Democratic in every election since Arizona achieved statehood from 1912 to 1996 , and now is a Republican stronghold in the 21st century .

neg: United States presidential election in Massachusetts, 1960 The 1960 United States presidential election in Massachusetts took place on November 8 , 1960 as part of the 1960 United States presidential election , which was held throughout all 50 states . Voters chose 16 representatives , or electors to the Electoral College , who voted for President and Vice President .   Massachusetts voted overwhelmingly for the Democratic nominee , Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts , over the Republican nominee , Vice President Richard Nixon of California . Kennedy ran with Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas , while Nixon 's running mate was Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge , Jr. of Massachusetts .   Kennedy carried his home state of Massachusetts in a landslide , taking 60.22 % of the vote to Nixon 's 39.55 % , a Democratic victory margin of 20.67 % . This made it the third most Democratic state in the nation , after Rhode Island and Georgia .   As Kennedy narrowly defeated Nixon nationally to win the presidency , Massachusetts weighed in for this election as about 21 % more Democratic than the national average .   Massachusetts had been a Democratic-leaning state since 1928 , when the Democratic Party had nominated the first Roman Catholic nominee for president , Al Smith . While Smith lost nationally in a landslide , partially due to anti-Catholic prejudice in much of the country , he won Massachusetts due to the massive turnout and support of the many Irish Catholics in the state . In 1960 , John F. Kennedy would be the second Roman Catholic to be nominated for president by a major party , and again his religion became an issue in some regions of the country . However , there was little doubt that Kennedy , an Irish Catholic born in Brookline , Massachusetts , would be able to carry Massachusetts in his presidential run .   Prior to 1960 , Massachusetts had been a swing state , having voted for Democrats Franklin Roosevelt and Harry Truman in the 1930s and 1940s , but voting for Republican Dwight Eisenhower in the 1950s . In 1956 , Eisenhower had carried the state by 19 points . The 21 point margin by which Kennedy won the state four years later thus represented a massive 40 point swing toward the Democrats between the 1956 and 1960 elections . Kennedy 's landslide victory in 1960 finally solidified the transformation of Massachusetts into a Democratic stronghold in the modern era . 1960 was the first election ever in which a Democrat had broken 60 % of the vote in Massachusetts , and thus Kennedy 's 60.22 % was the highest percentage of the vote any Democrat had ever received in the state up to that point .   Religion was a major dividing factor in shaping the vote in 1960 . Nixon 's running mate , Henry Cabot Lodge , was also from Massachusetts , and had served the state as a Republican Senator , but was a Protestant , and represented traditional Protestant Yankee Republicanism in Massachusetts . Kennedy , an Irish Catholic Democrat , represented an entirely different strain of Massachusetts politics , the emerging majority coalition of urban and ethnic immigrant voters . In 1952 , Kennedy had first defeated Lodge to take the latter 's U.S. Senate seat , symbolizing this new Democratic coalition 's rise in the state . The residual Yankee Republicanism combined with the popularity of the Republican incumbent Eisenhower allowed Nixon to take a decent 39.55 % of the vote , but by 1960 , the ethnic Catholic vote held a decisive majority in Massachusetts , and turnout among Catholic voters reached record highs in 1960 .   Kennedy carried nine of the state 's fourteen counties , including the most heavily populated parts of the state surrounding the large cities of Boston , Worcester , and Springfield . Nixon carried only five counties , three of them island or peninsula counties . Nixon 's most significant win was Plymouth County , which he won narrowly with 51 percent of the vote .   Kennedy put in an historically strong performance in the state 's capital and largest city , Boston , home to many Catholics of Irish and Italian immigrant heritage . In Suffolk County , where Boston is located , Kennedy won a landslide with 74.4 percent of the vote to Nixon 's 25 percent , the first time in history that a presidential candidate had received more than 70 percent of the vote in the county . Kennedy was also the first Democrat to carry Norfolk County since Martin van Buren in 1836 .   The decisive Democratic win in 1960 would foreshadow the political direction Massachusetts would take in the years to come , as it would become one of the most Democratic states in the nation in the elections that followed . In 1964 and 1968 , Democrats would even outperform Kennedy , and in 1972 it would be the only state in the nation to vote for Democrat George McGovern , ultimately making it the only state that Richard Nixon would never win in any of his three presidential campaigns .   The 1960 election was also the last time a candidate who declared Massachusetts as his home state won the presidency regardless of his performance in the state . The next three presidential candidates whose home state was Massachusetts , Michael Dukakis , John Kerry , and Mitt Romney , all lost their presidential bids .

neg: United States presidential election in Montana, 1980 The 1980 United States presidential election in Montana took place on November 4 , 1980 throughout all 50 states and D.C. , which was part of the 1980 United States presidential election . Voters chose 4 representatives , or electors to the Electoral College , who voted for President and Vice President .   Montana overwhelmingly voted for the Republican nominee , Governor Ronald Reagan , over the Democratic nominee , President Jimmy Carter . Reagan won Montana by a landslide margin of 24.39 % .

neg: Presidency of John F. Kennedy The presidency of John F. Kennedy began on January 20 , 1961 , when he was inaugurated as the 35th President of the United States , and ended on November 22 , 1963 , upon his assassination and death , a span of days . A Democrat , he took office following the 1960 presidential election , in which he narrowly defeated Richard Nixon . He was succeeded by Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson .   Kennedy was the first person born in the 20th century to be elected president , and , at age 43 , the youngest person elected to the office . He was also the first Roman Catholic elected to the presidency . Kennedy played an important role in bringing American politics into the modern communications age , as his use of television provided a campaign model that spoke to voters directly , and his media presidency greatly weakened the power of political machines in party politics .   Kennedy 's time in office was marked by Cold War tensions with the Soviet Union and especially with Cuba . In Cuba , a failed attempt was made in April 1961 at the Bay of Pigs to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro . Kennedy 's administration subsequently rejected plans by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to orchestrate false-flag attacks on American soil in order to gain public approval for a war against Cuba . In October 1962 , it was discovered that Soviet ballistic missiles had been deployed in Cuba ; the resulting period of unease , termed the Cuban Missile Crisis , is seen by many historians as the closest the human race has ever come to nuclear war between nuclear-armed belligerents .   To contain Communist expansion in Asia , Kennedy increased the number of American military advisers in South Vietnam by a factor of 18 over his predecessor , Dwight D. Eisenhower ; a further escalation of the American role in the Vietnam War took place after Kennedy 's death . In domestic politics Kennedy made bold proposals in his New Frontier agenda , but few were passed by Congress . He did establish of the Peace Corps , and intensify the Space Race . Kennedy took steps to support the Civil Rights Movement , and after his death his proposed civil rights bill was passed as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 .

neg: United States presidential election in Minnesota, 1984 The 1984 United States presidential election in Minnesota took place on November 6 , 1984 in Minnesota as part of the 1984 United States presidential election .   The Democratic Party candidate , former Vice President Walter Mondale , narrowly won his home state over incumbent President Ronald Reagan by just 3,761 votes , giving him his only state victory in the election ( Mondale also carried the District of Columbia ) . Minnesota was the only state not to back Reagan in either of his presidential campaigns .   Since all 49 other states went to the Republican Party in 1984 , this established Minnesota 's status as the state with the longest streak of voting Democratic . As of 2016 , it still has not voted for a Republican presidential candidate since 1972 . However , the District of Columbia has voted Democratic in all presidential elections since 1964 , when it was first granted the right to vote for president .

neg: United States presidential election in Pennsylvania, 1972 The 1972 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania took place on November 7 , 1972 , throughout all 50 states and D.C. , which was part of the 1972 United States presidential election . Voters chose 27 representatives , or electors to the Electoral College , who voted for President and Vice President .   Pennsylvania overwhelmingly voted for the Republican nominee , President Richard Nixon , over the Democratic nominee , Senator George McGovern . Nixon won Pennsylvania by a massive margin of 19.98 % , winning every county except for Philadelphia .

neg: Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt The presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt began on March 4 , 1933 , when he was inaugurated as the 32nd President of the United States , and ended upon his death on April 12 , 1945 , a span of ( 4422 days ) . Roosevelt assumed the presidency in the midst of the Great Depression . Starting with his landslide victory over Republican President Herbert Hoover in the 1932 election . He won a record four presidential terms , and became a central figure in world affairs during World War II . His program for relief , recovery and reform , known as the New Deal , involved a great expansion of the role of the federal government in the economy . Under his steady leadership , the Democratic Party built a `` New Deal Coalition '' of labor unions , big city machines , white ethnics , African Americans , and rural white Southerners , that would significantly realign American politics for the next several decades in the Fifth Party System and also define modern American liberalism .   During his first hundred days in office , Roosevelt spearheaded unprecedented major legislation and issued a profusion of executive orders that instituted the New Deal -- a variety of programs designed to produce relief ( government jobs for the unemployed ) , recovery ( economic growth ) , and reform ( through regulation of Wall Street , banks and transportation ) . He created numerous programs to support the unemployed and farmers , and to encourage labor union growth while more closely regulating business and high finance . The repeal of Prohibition in 1933 added to his popularity , helping him win re-election by a landslide in 1936 . The economy improved rapidly from 1933 to 1937 , but then relapsed into a deep recession in 1937 -- 38 . The bipartisan Conservative Coalition that formed in 1937 prevented his attempted packing of the Supreme Court , and blocked most of his legislative proposals , aside from the Fair Labor Standards Act . When the war began and unemployment largely became a non-issue , conservatives in Congress repealed the two major relief programs , the WPA and CCC , but kept most of the regulations on business . Along with several smaller programs , major surviving programs from the New Deal include the Securities and Exchange Commission , the Wagner Act , the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation , and Social Security .   A potential worldwide war loomed after 1937 , with the Japanese invasion of China and the aggression of Nazi Germany , which invaded Poland in September 1939 . Roosevelt remained officially neutral but gave strong diplomatic and financial support to China , the United Kingdom , Free France , and the Soviet Union via initiatives such as the Lend-Lease programs . Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7 , 1941 , Roosevelt sought and obtained a declaration of war upon Japan . A few days later , he sought and obtained a declaration of war upon the other major Axis powers , Germany and Italy . Assisted by his top aide Harry Hopkins , and with very strong national support , he worked closely with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill , Soviet leader Joseph Stalin , and Chinese Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek in leading the Allies during World War II . He supervised the mobilization of the U.S. economy to support the war effort , and the war saw the end of the massive unemployment that characterized the Great Depression . Roosevelt sought to desegregate the federal workforce with the Fair Employment Practice Committee , but he also controversially ordered the internment of 100,000 Japanese American civilians . As an active military leader , Roosevelt implemented a war strategy on two fronts that ended in the defeat of the Axis Powers and the development of the world 's first nuclear bomb . Though he died months before the end of the war , his work on the post-war order shaped the new United Nations and the Bretton Woods international financial system . Roosevelt 's health seriously declined during the war years , and he died three months into his fourth term . He was succeeded by Vice President Harry S. Truman . It was on Roosevelt 's watch that the Democratic Party was returned to dominance , prosperity returned , and two great military enemies were destroyed .   Scholars , historians and the public typically rank Roosevelt alongside Abraham Lincoln and George Washington as one of the three greatest U.S. Presidents .

neg: United States presidential election in North Carolina, 1968 The 1968 United States presidential election in North Carolina took place on November 5 , 1968 throughout all 50 states and D.C. , which was part of the 1968 United States presidential election . Voters chose 13 representatives , or electors to the Electoral College , who voted for President and Vice President .   The vote in North Carolina was split three ways , between Republican nominee Richard Nixon , Democratic nominee Hubert Humphrey , and American Independent Party nominee George Wallace . Nixon won the state , with 39.5 % of the vote , while Wallace 's 31.3 % pushed Humphrey into third on 29.2 % . Nixon won twelve of the state 's electoral votes , while one faithless elector that had been pledged to Nixon voted instead for Wallace .

neg: United States presidential election in Connecticut, 1976 The 1976 United States presidential election in Connecticut took place on November 2 , 1976 . All 50 states and The District of Columbia , were part of the 1976 United States presidential election . Connecticut voters chose eight electors to the Electoral College , who voted for President and Vice President .   Connecticut was won by the Republican nominees , incumbent President Gerald Ford of Michigan and his running mate Senator Bob Dole of Kansas . Ford and Dole defeated the Democratic nominees , Governor Jimmy Carter of Georgia and his running mate Senator Walter Mondale of Minnesota .   Ford narrowly carried Connecticut with 52.06 % of the vote to Carter 's 46.90 % , a victory margin of 5.16 % .

neg: United States presidential election in Nebraska, 2008 The 2008 United States presidential election in Nebraska took place on November 4 , 2008 as part of the 2008 United States presidential election . Voters chose 5 electors to the Electoral College , who voted for President and Vice President . However , this state is one of the two states of the U.S. that , instead of giving all of its electors to the winner based on its statewide results , just 2 of them vote based on the statewide results , and the others vote based on their individual congressional district results .   Nebraska , statewide , was not a swing state in 2008 . Located in the Great Plains of the United States , it is one of the most staunchly Republican states in the country . While some hypothetical general election match-up polls between Republican John McCain and Democrat Barack Obama showed the race to be seemingly close , they were largely regarded as outliers as more polls released showed McCain leading in double digits . McCain wound up carrying the popular vote in Nebraska by 14.93 points , taking in 56.53 % of the total statewide vote . However , Obama narrowly defeated McCain in Nebraska 's 2nd congressional district , which contains Omaha and the surrounding areas . Due to Nebraska 's system of allocating electoral votes to winners of Congressional Districts , Obama was able to win one electoral vote while John McCain received the state 's other four electoral votes .

neg: Electoral history of Barry Goldwater Electoral history of Barry Goldwater , United States Senator from Arizona ( 1953-1965 , 1969-1987 ) and Republican Party nominee for President of the United States during 1964 election   Phoenix City Council , At-large district , 1949 :   Elected :  Barry Goldwater - 16,405 ( 17.34 % )  Harry Rosenzweig - 14,887 ( 15.73 % )  Margaret B. Kober - 14,498 ( 15.32 % )  Frank G. Murphy - 13,598 ( 14.37 % )  Charles N. Walters - 12,838 ( 13.57 % )  Hohen Foster - 12,556 ( 13.27 % )   Defeated :  Rocky Ford - 4,678 ( 4.94 % )  Tony Grosso - 3,000 ( 3.17 % )  James H. Kerby - 2,177 ( 2.30 % )   Phoenix City Council , At-large district , 1951 :   Elected :  Hohen Foster ( inc. . )  Barry Goldwater ( inc. . )  Margaret B. Kober ( inc. . )  Frank G. Murphy ( inc. . )  Harry Rosenzweig ( inc. . )  Charles N. Walters ( inc. . )   Defeated :  A.J. Beaty  Guz Rodriguez  Charles Romaine  Calvin R. Sanders  John W. Strode  James A. Tilley , Sr. .   Republican primary for the United States Senator ( class 1 ) from Arizona , 1952 :  Barry Goldwater - 33,460 ( 91.03 % )  Lester K. Kahl - 3,297 ( 8.97 % )   United States Senate election in Arizona , 1952 :  Barry Goldwater ( R ) - 132,063 ( 51.31 % )  Ernest McFarland ( D ) ( inc. ) - 125,338 ( 48.69 % )   United States Senate election in Arizona , 1958 :  Barry Goldwater ( R ) ( inc. ) - 164,593 ( 56.06 % )  Ernest McFarland ( D ) - 129,030 ( 43.94 % )   1960 Republican presidential primaries :  Richard Nixon - 4,975,938 ( 86.63 % )  Unpledged - 314,234 ( 5.47 % )  George H. Bender - 211,090 ( 3.68 % )  Cecil H. Underwood - 123,756 ( 2.16 % )  James M. Lloyd - 48,461 ( 0.84 % )  Nelson Rockefeller - 30,639 ( 0.53 % )  Frank R. Beckwith - 19,677 ( 0.34 % )  John F. Kennedy - 12,817 ( 0.22 % )  Barry Goldwater - 3,146 ( 0.06 % )  Paul C. Fisher - 3,146 ( 0.06 % )  Henry Cabot Lodge , Jr. - 514 ( 0.01 % )  Dwight D. Eisenhower ( inc. ) - 172 ( 0.00 % )  Styles Bridges - 108 ( 0.00 % )   1960 Republican National Convention ( presidential tally ) :  Richard Nixon - 1,321 ( 99.25 % )  Barry Goldwater - 10 ( 0.75 % )   United States presidential election , 1960 :  John F. Kennedy/Lyndon B. Johnson ( D ) - 34,220,984 ( 49.7 % ) and 303 electoral votes ( 22 states carried )  Richard Nixon/Henry Cabot Lodge , Jr. ( R ) - 34,108,157 ( 49.6 % ) and 219 electoral votes ( 27 states carried )  Harry F. Byrd/Strom Thurmond ( I ) - 286,359 ( 0.4 % ) and 14 electoral votes ( 2 states carried )  Harry F. Byrd/Barry Goldwater ( I ) - 1 electoral vote ( Oklahoma faithless elector )  Orval Faubus/John G. Crommelin ( National States ' Rights ) - 44,984 ( 0.1 % )  Charles L. Sullivan/Merritt Curtis ( CST ) - 18,162 ( 0.0 % )   1964 Republican presidential primaries :  Barry Goldwater - 2,267,079 ( 38.33 % )  Nelson Rockefeller - 1,304,204 ( 22.05 % )  James A. Rhodes - 615,754 ( 10.41 % )  Henry Cabot Lodge , Jr. - 386,661 ( 6.54 % )  John W. Byrnes - 299,612 ( 5.07 % )  William Scranton - 245,401 ( 4.15 % )  Margaret Chase Smith - 227,007 ( 3.84 % )  Richard Nixon - 197,212 ( 3.33 % )  Unpledged - 173,652 ( 2.94 % )  Harold Stassen - 114,083 ( 1.93 % )   1964 Republican National Convention ( presidential tally ) :  Barry Goldwater - 883 ( 67.51 % )  William Scranton - 214 ( 16.36 % )  Nelson Rockefeller - 114 ( 8.72 % )  George W. Romney - 41 ( 3.14 % )  Margaret Chase Smith - 27 ( 2.06 % )  Walter Judd - 22 ( 1.68 % )  Hiram Fong - 5 ( 0.38 % )  Henry Cabot Lodge , Jr. - 2 ( 0.15 % )   United States presidential election , 1964 :  Lyndon B. Johnson/Hubert Humphrey ( D ) - 43,127,041 ( 61.1 % ) and 486 electoral votes ( 44 states and D.C. carried )  Barry Goldwater/William E. Miller ( R ) - 27,175,754 ( 38.5 % ) and 52 electoral votes ( 6 states carried )  Unpledged electors ( D ) - 210,732 ( 0.3 % )   United States Senate election in Arizona , 1968 :  Barry Goldwater ( R ) - 274,607 ( 57.22 % )  Roy Elson ( D ) - 205,338 ( 42.78 % )   United States Senate election in Arizona , 1974 :  Barry Goldwater ( R ) ( inc. ) - 320,396 ( 58.26 % )  Jonathan Marshall ( D ) - 229,523 ( 41.74 % )   United States Senate election in Arizona , 1980 :  Barry Goldwater ( R ) ( inc. ) - 432,371 ( 49.46 % )  Bill Schultz ( D ) - 422,972 ( 48.38 % )  Fred R. Esser ( Libertarian ) - 12,008 ( 1.37 % )  Lorenzo Torrez ( People over Politics ) - 3,608 ( 0.41 % )  Josefina Otero ( Socialist Workers ) - 3,266 ( 0.37 % )


query: Princess Margaret did not have at least three strokes.

pos: Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon Princess Margaret , Countess of Snowdon , ( Margaret Rose ; 21 August 1930 -- 9 February 2002 ) was the younger daughter of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth of the United Kingdom and the only sibling of Queen Elizabeth II .   Margaret spent much of her childhood in the company of her older sister and parents . Her life changed dramatically in 1936 , when her paternal uncle , King Edward VIII , abdicated to marry a divorcée , Wallis Simpson . Margaret 's father became King , and her older sister became heir presumptive , with Margaret second in line to the throne . During World War II , the two sisters stayed at Windsor Castle , despite suggestions to evacuate them to Canada . During the war years , Margaret was considered too young to perform any official duties and instead continued her education .   After the war , Margaret fell in love with Group Captain Peter Townsend . In 1952 , Margaret 's father died , her sister became Queen , and Townsend divorced his first wife . Early the following year , he proposed to Margaret . Many in the government believed he would be an unsuitable husband for the Queen 's 22-year-old sister , and the Church of England refused to countenance a marriage to a divorced man . Margaret eventually abandoned her plans with him and in 1960 , she accepted the proposal of the photographer Antony Armstrong-Jones , who was created Earl of Snowdon by the Queen . The couple had two children . They divorced in 1978 .   Margaret was often viewed as a controversial member of the British royal family . Her divorce earned her negative publicity , and she was romantically associated with several men . Her health gradually deteriorated in the final two decades of her life . A heavy smoker for most of her adult life , she had a lung operation in 1985 , a bout of pneumonia in 1993 , and at least three strokes between 1998 and 2001 . She died at King Edward VII Hospital on 9 February 2002 .

neg: Charles, Prince of Wales Charles , Prince of Wales ( Charles Philip Arthur George ; born 14 November 1948 ) is the eldest child and heir apparent of Queen Elizabeth II . Known alternatively in South West England as Duke of Cornwall and in Scotland as Duke of Rothesay , he is the longest-serving heir apparent in British history , having held the position since 1952 . He is also the oldest person to be next in line to the throne since Sophia of Hanover ( the heir presumptive to Queen Anne ) , who died in 1714 at the age of 83 .   Charles was born at Buckingham Palace as the first grandchild of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth . He was educated at Cheam and Gordonstoun Schools , which his father , Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh , had attended as a child , as well as the Timbertop campus of Geelong Grammar School in Victoria , Australia . After earning a bachelor of arts degree from Trinity College , Cambridge , Charles served in the Royal Navy from 1971 to 1976 .   In 1981 , he married Lady Diana Spencer and they had two sons : Prince William ( born 1982 ) later to become Duke of Cambridge , and Prince Harry ( born 1984 ) . In 1996 , the couple divorced , following well-publicised extramarital affairs . Diana died in a car crash in Paris the following year . In 2005 , Charles married Camilla Parker Bowles .   Charles 's interests encompass a range of humanitarian and social issues : he founded The Prince 's Trust in 1976 , sponsors The Prince 's Charities , and is patron of numerous other charitable and arts organisations . Charles has long championed organic farming for which he established the Duchy Home Farm , run by the Duchy of Cornwall , which produces ingredients for the Duchy Originals brand which he founded in 1990 . Charles has sought to raise world awareness of the dangers facing the natural environment , such as climate change . As an environmentalist , he has received numerous awards and recognition from environmental groups around the world . His support for alternative medicine , including homeopathy , has been criticised by some in the medical community . He has been outspoken on the role of architecture in society and the conservation of historic buildings . Subsequently , Charles created Poundbury , an experimental new town based on his theories , in Dorset in 1993 . He has authored a number of books , including A Vision of Britain : A Personal View of Architecture in 1989 and the children 's book The Old Man of Lochnagar in 1980 .

neg: Margaret Cecil, Countess of Ranelagh Margaret Cecil , Countess of Ranelagh ( 1672/1673 -- 21 February 1728 ) was a British courtier . The Countess was one of the `` Hampton Court Beauties '' painted by Sir Godfrey Kneller for Queen Mary II .

neg: Anne, Queen of Great Britain Anne ( 6 February 1665 -- 1 August 1714 ) became Queen of England , Scotland and Ireland on 8 March 1702 . On 1 May 1707 , under the Acts of Union , two of her realms , the kingdoms of England and Scotland , united as a single sovereign state known as Great Britain . She continued to reign as Queen of Great Britain and Ireland until her death .   Anne was born in the reign of her uncle Charles II , who had no legitimate children . Her father , James , was first in line to the throne . His suspected Roman Catholicism was unpopular in England , and on Charles 's instructions Anne was raised as an Anglican . Three years after he succeeded Charles , James was deposed in the `` Glorious Revolution '' of 1688 . Anne 's Dutch Protestant brother-in-law and cousin William III became joint monarch with his wife , Anne 's elder sister Mary II . Although the sisters had been close , disagreements over Anne 's finances , status and choice of acquaintances arose shortly after Mary 's accession and they became estranged . William and Mary had no children . After Mary 's death in 1694 , William continued as sole monarch until he was succeeded by Anne upon his death in 1702 .   As queen , Anne favoured moderate Tory politicians , who were more likely to share her Anglican religious views than their opponents , the Whigs . The Whigs grew more powerful during the course of the War of the Spanish Succession , until in 1710 Anne dismissed many of them from office . Her close friendship with Sarah Churchill , Duchess of Marlborough , turned sour as the result of political differences .   Anne was plagued by ill health throughout her life . From her thirties onwards , she grew increasingly lame and obese . Despite seventeen pregnancies by her husband , Prince George of Denmark , she died without any surviving children and was the last monarch of the House of Stuart . Under the terms of the Act of Settlement 1701 , she was succeeded by her second cousin George I of the House of Hanover , who was a descendant of the Stuarts through his maternal grandmother , Elizabeth , a daughter of James VI and I.

neg: Jane Howard, Duchess of Norfolk Jane Howard , Duchess of Norfolk ( née Bickerton ; 1643/4 - 28 August 1693 ) , was the second wife of Henry Howard , 6th Duke of Norfolk .   Bickerton came from a very modest social background . Her parents were Anne Hester and Robert Bickerton , Gentleman of the Wine Cellar to King Charles II of England . She met Howard when he was heir presumptive to his unmarried brother Thomas and became his mistress . She started living with him after the death of his wife , Lady Anne Somerset , in 1662 . Upon his brother 's death in 1677 , Howard succeeded to the dukedom and made his marriage to Bickerton public , though it may have taken place a year earlier , with the Duke 's children by Lady Anne Somerset protesting against the marriage . Family feeling became so bad that the Duke went abroad for a time with his new wife .   The Duke and Duchess of Norfolk had four sons , all of whom died childless , and three daughters :   George Howard , married but childless  James Howard , drowned unmarried in August 1702  Frederick Henry Howard ( d. 16 March 1727 ) , married but childless  Lady Catherine Howard , a nun in Flanders  Lady Elizabeth Howard , m. 1st Duke of Gordon , had issue . Later became a nun in Flanders  Lady Philippa Howard ( d. January 1683 ) , who had issue   After the Duke 's death in 1684 , the Duchess married a Scotsman , Thomas Maxwell .   John Evelyn had a very low opinion of her : on a visit to the Duke not long before the latter 's death he wrote uncharitably :   '' Went to visit the Duke of Norfolk and to know whether he would sell me any of his cartoons and other drawings of Raphael and the great masters . He answered me that he would part with and sell anything for money but his wife the Duchess who stood near him ; and I thought with myself that if I were in his condition she should be the first thing that I would be glad to part with .

neg: Princess Victoria of the United Kingdom Princess Victoria of the United Kingdom ( Victoria Alexandra Olga Mary ; 6 July 1868 -- 3 December 1935 ) , known as `` Toria '' , was the fourth child and second daughter of Edward VII and Alexandra of Denmark , and the younger sister of George V.

neg: Absence of King William Act 1689 The Absence of King William Act 1689 ( 2 Will . & Mar. c. 6 ) was an Act of the Parliament of England which stated that Queen Mary II was to govern England whenever her husband , King William III , was absent from England . ( It did not apply to Scotland or Ireland . )   The Act was passed because , following the Glorious Revolution , the Bill of Rights had enacted that although William and Mary were to reign as joint monarchs ( with Mary as a queen regnant , not a mere consort ) , William alone was to exercise the actual power of government . However William intended to travel to Ireland , and so another Act was necessary to provide for the administration of the kingdom while he was abroad .   The Act declared that `` whensoever and as often as it shall happen that his said Majestie shall be absent or continue out of this Realme of England It shall and may be lawfull for the Queens Majestie to exercise and administer the Regall Power and Government of the Kingdome of England Dominion of Wales and Towne of Berwicke-upon-Tweede and the Plantations and Territories thereunto belonging in the Names of both their Majestyes for such time onely dureing their joynt Lives as his said Majestie shall be absent or continue out of this Realme of England any thing in the said Act -LSB- the Bill of Rights -RSB- to the contrary notwithstanding '' .

neg: Margaret Island Margaret Island ( Margit-sziget -LSB- ˈmɒrɡit ˈsigɛt -RSB- , Margareteninsel , Kızadası ) is a 2.5 km long island , 500 m wide , ( 0.965 km2 in area ) in the middle of the Danube in central Budapest , Hungary . The island is mostly covered by landscape parks , and is a popular recreational area . Its medieval ruins are reminders of its importance in the Middle Ages as a religious centre . The island spans the area between the Margaret Bridge ( south ) and the Árpád Bridge ( north ) . Before the 14th century the island was called Insula leporum ( Island of Rabbits ) . Administratively Margaret Island used to belong to the 13th district until 2013 . Now it is directly under the control of the city .   Today 's appearance was developed through the connection of three separate islands , the Festő ( Painter ) , the Fürdő ( Bath ) and the Nyulak ( Rabbits ) , during the end of the 19th century , to control the flow of the Danube . Originally , the island was 102.5 metres above sea level , but now has been built up to 104.85 metres above sea level to control flooding .

neg: Elizabeth Somerset, Duchess of Beaufort Elizabeth Somerset , Duchess of Beaufort ( née Berkeley ; 9 April 1799 ) was born in Stoke Gifford in Gloucestershire to John Symes Berkeley and Elizabeth Norborne . Her younger brother was Norborne , Lord Botetourt .   On 1 May 1740 she married Charles Noel Somerset , 4th Duke of Beaufort , younger son of Henry Somerset , 2nd Duke of Beaufort and his second wife Rachel Noel . They had six children :  Lady Anne Somerset ( 11 March 1741 -- 18 May 1763 , aged 22 ) , married Charles Compton , 7th Earl of Northampton on 13 September 1759 and had issue  Lady Elizabeth Somerset ( 12 March 1742 -- 7 May 1760 , aged 18 )  Henry Somerset , 5th Duke of Beaufort ( 16 October 1744 -- 11 October 1803 , aged 58 )  Lady Rachel Somerset ( August 1746 -- May 1747 ) ( died an infant )  Lady Henrietta Somerset ( 26 April 1748 -- 24 July 1770 , aged 22 ) , married Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn , 4th Baronet on 6 April 1769 , no issue .  Lady Mary Isabella Somerset ( 1 August 1756 -- 2 September 1831 , aged 75 ) , married Charles Manners , 4th Duke of Rutland on 26 December 1775 and had issue   A stone obelisk to the memory of her daughter Elizabeth is located in Stoke Park , Bristol . It is engraved with the Latin inscription :   ELIZABETHA SOMERSET  CAROLI DUCIS BEAUFORT FILIA SECUNDA HIC OBIIT VII  MAII MDCCLX  RESTITUTUM ANNO MMIV   This translates as ` Elizabeth Somerset , second daughter of Charles Duke of Beaufort , died here 7 May 1760 . Restored in the year 2004 ' .

neg: List of Acts of the Parliament of Great Britain, 1720–39 This is an incomplete list of Acts of the Parliament of Great Britain for the years 1720 -- 1739 . For Acts passed up until 1707 see List of Acts of the Parliament of England and List of Acts of the Parliament of Scotland . See also the List of Acts of the Parliament of Ireland to 1700 and the List of Acts of the Parliament of Ireland , 1701 -- 1800 .   For Acts passed from 1801 onwards see List of Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . For Acts of the devolved parliaments and assemblies in the United Kingdom , see the List of Acts of the Scottish Parliament from 1999 , the List of Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly , and the List of Acts and Measures of the National Assembly for Wales ; see also the List of Acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland .   The number shown after each Act 's title is its chapter number . Acts are cited using this number , preceded by the year ( s ) of the reign during which the relevant parliamentary session was held ; thus the Union with Ireland Act 1800 is cited as `` 39 & 40 Geo . 3 c. 67 '' , meaning the 67th Act passed during the session that started in the 39th year of the reign of George III and which finished in the 40th year of that reign . Note that the modern convention is to use Arabic numerals in citations ( thus `` 41 Geo . 3 '' rather than `` 41 Geo . III '' ) . Note also that Acts of the last session of the Parliament of Great Britain and the first session of the Parliament of the United Kingdom are both cited as `` 41 Geo . 3 '' .   Acts passed by the Parliament of Great Britain did not have a short title ; however , some of these Acts have subsequently been given a short title by Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom ( such as the Short Titles Act 1896 ) .   Before the Acts of Parliament ( Commencement ) Act 1793 came into force on 8 April 1793 , Acts passed by the Parliament of Great Britain were deemed to have come into effect on the first day of the session in which they were passed . Because of this , the years given in the list below may in fact be the year before a particular Act was passed .

neg: Princess Margaret Stakes | -RCB-   The Princess Margaret Stakes is a Group 3 flat horse race in Great Britain open to two-year-old fillies . It is run at Ascot over a distance of 6 furlongs ( 1,207 metres ) , and it is scheduled to take place each year in July .   The event is named after Princess Margaret , the younger daughter of King George VI . It was established in 1946 , and the inaugural running was won by Orum Blaze . For a period it was classed at Listed level , and it was promoted to Group 3 status in 1986 .   The Princess Margaret Stakes is usually held at the same meeting as the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes but was run a week later in 2012 .

neg: Sarah Villiers, Countess of Jersey Sarah Sophia Child Villiers , Countess of Jersey ( 4 March 1785 -- 26 January 1867 ) , was an English noblewoman , and through her marriage a member of the Villiers family . She was the eldest daughter of John Fane , 10th Earl of Westmorland , and Sarah Anne Child . Her mother was the only child of Robert Child , the principal shareholder in the banking firm Child & Co. . Under the terms of his will , the Countess of Jersey was the primary legatee , and she not only inherited Osterley Park but became senior partner of the bank . Her husband , George Villiers , added the surname Child by royal licence .   Lady Jersey married George Child Villiers , 5th Earl of Jersey , on 23 May 1804 , in the drawing room of her house in Berkeley Square . Her husband 's mother , Frances Villiers , Countess of Jersey ( also Lady Jersey ) , was one of the more notorious mistresses of King George IV when he was Prince of Wales . Her sister Maria married John Ponsonby , Viscount Duncannon , later the 4th Earl of Bessborough , a brother of Lady Caroline Lamb . Her own affairs , though conducted discreetly , were said to be numerous : Henry John Temple , 3rd Viscount Palmerston , was thought to be one of her lovers . When asked why he had never fought a duel to preserve his wife 's reputation , Lord Jersey dryly replied that this would require him to fight every man in London .   Lady Jersey was one of the patronesses of Almack 's , the most exclusive social club in London , and a leader of the ton during the Regency era . She was immortalized as Zenobia in Disraeli 's novel Endymion . Caroline Lamb ridiculed her in Glenarvon : in revenge Lady Jersey had her barred from Almack 's , the ultimate social disgrace . This , however , was unusual since she was notable for acts of kindness and generosity ; and she was eventually persuaded to remove the ban .   In politics she was a Tory , although she lacked the passion for politics shown by her cousin Harriet Arbuthnot . On hearing that the Duke of Wellington had fallen from power in 1830 , she burst into tears in public . She reportedly `` moved heaven and earth '' against the Reform Act 1832 .   Lady Jersey was known by the nickname Silence ; the nickname was ironic since , famously , she almost never stopped talking .   She is a recurring character in the Regency novels of Georgette Heyer , where she is presented as eccentric and unpredictable , but highly intelligent and observant , and capable of kindness and generosity .   She died at No. 38 , Berkeley Square , Middlesex now London .

neg: Marlborough: His Life and Times Marlborough : His Life and Times is a panegyric biography written by Winston Churchill about John Churchill , 1st Duke of Marlborough . Churchill was a lineal descendant of the duke .   The book comprises four volumes , the first of which appeared in October 1933 ( 557 pages , 200,000 words ) with subsequent volumes in 1934 , 1936 and 1938 . The publisher was George G Harrup , who in 1929 agreed an advance of # 10,000 for the publishing rights , topping the offer made by Churchill 's customary publishers , Thornton Butterworth . The American publisher , Scribner 's , paid # 5000 advance for United States publishing rights . At that time Churchill envisaged writing 180,000 to 250,000 words to be published in no more than two volumes . Cumulative sales of the first volume were 17,000 copies , 15,000 for the second and 10,000 for the third and fourth , which was a respectable though not exceptional performance for such a work .   Churchill had conceived the idea of writing the book by 1929 , when the conservative defeat in the general election meant that he was no longer a government minister , giving him both spare time and the loss of his ministerial salary . His first act in preparing the book was to employ Maurice Ashley part-time for a  salary of # 300 per year to carry out research about Marlborough . Ashley later produced his own biography of Marlborough , in 1939 . Churchill , with other assistants , worked on and published a number of different historical books while work on Marlborough was proceeding . Churchill turned seriously to writing Marlborough after Easter 1932 , following pressure from his publishers . His initial draft was passed to Edward Marsh , who had been his private secretary while a government minister , with instructions to look out for repetitions , boring passages or clumsy sentences . He wrote over 300 letters requesting information or opinions about the work in progress .   In the preface to volume one , Churchill writes '' `` It is my hope to recall this great shade from the past , and not only invest him with his panoply , but make him living and intimate to modern eyes . ''   Churchill was sceptical of the claim that Marlborough had at 17 or 18 years of age became the lover of the King 's mistress but accepted that he did so somewhat later , at 20 . In 1675 , however , he met the 15-year-old Sarah Jennings , married her and lived with contentedly for the remainder of their lives . They were of comparable social status , but neither had any significant money . Churchill saw similarities between his ancestor and himself .

neg: Duke of Marlborough (title) Duke of Marlborough ( -LSB- localaudio = En-uk-Marlborough . oggˈmɔːlbrə -RSB- ) is a title in the Peerage of England . It was created by Queen Anne in 1702 for John Churchill , 1st Earl of Marlborough ( 1650 -- 1722 ) , the noted military leader , and indeed an unqualified reference to the Duke of Marlborough in a historical text will almost certainly refer to him . The name of the dukedom refers to Marlborough in Wiltshire . It is one of the few titles in the peerage which allows for suo jure '' female inheritance , and the only current dukedom to do so .   The earldom of Marlborough was held by the family of Ley from its creation 1626 until its extinction with the death of the 4th earl in 1679 . The title was recreated 10 years later for John Churchill ( in 1689 ) .

neg: Royal Berkshire Militia The Royal Berkshire Militia was a militia regiment in the United Kingdom from 1759 to 1881 , when it was amalgamated into The Princess Charlotte of Wales 's ( Berkshire Regiment ) .   A Berkshire Militia was embodied at Reading during the English Civil War , but with no formal connection to the later regiment .   The regiment was organised in 1759 , as the Berkshire Militia , and designated `` Royal '' the following year . It was embodied in 1778 , at which time it was ranked the 34th regiment of militia , and remained active for five years . It was regularly re-ranked through its embodiment , becoming the 11th in 1779 , 25th in 1780 , 29th in 1781 , and 20th in 1782 .   It was embodied again in 1793 for the French Revolutionary Wars , ranked as the 30th . With the resumption of hostilities in 1803 , it was embodied as the 37th , and disembodied in 1816 following the peace .   In 1833 , it was ranked as the 7th . It saw service during the Crimean War , being embodied in 1855 and volunteering for garrison service in the Mediterranean , being embodied again in late 1857 and finally disembodied in 1858 .   In 1881 , under the Childers Reforms , the regiment was transferred into The Princess Charlotte of Wales 's ( Berkshire Regiment ) as the 3rd Battalion . This was embodied during the South African War in 1900 . It was disembodied in mid-1901 .   During the Haldane Reforms in 1908 the battalion was transferred to the Special Reserve , and was embodied on mobilisation in 1914 for the First World War . As with all Special Reserve battalions , it served as a regimental depot , and was disembodied following the end of hostilities in 1919 , with personnel transferred to the 2nd Battalion . The battalion nominally remained in existence throughout the Second World War , but was never activated , and was finally disbanded in 1953 .

neg: Crown Estate The Crown Estate is a collection of lands and holdings in the United Kingdom belonging to the British monarch as a corporation sole , making it the `` Sovereign 's public estate '' , which is neither government property nor part of the monarch 's private estate . As a result of this arrangement , the sovereign is not involved with the management or administration of the estate , exercising only very limited control of its affairs . Instead , the estate 's extensive portfolio is overseen by a semi-independent , incorporated public body headed by the Crown Estate Commissioners , who exercise `` the powers of ownership '' of the estate , although they are not `` owners in their own right '' . The revenues from these hereditary possessions have been placed by the monarch at the disposition of Her Majesty 's Government and thus proceed directly to Her Majesty 's Treasury for the benefit of the British nation . The Crown Estate is formally accountable to the Parliament of the United Kingdom , where it is legally mandated to make an annual report to the sovereign , a copy of which is forwarded to the House of Commons .   The Crown Estate is one of the largest property managers in the United Kingdom , overseeing property worth # 12 billion , with urban properties valued at # 9.1 billion representing the majority of the estate by value . These include a large number of properties in central London , but the estate also controls 792000 ha of agricultural land and forest , more than half of the UK 's foreshore , and retains various other traditional holdings and rights , including Ascot Racecourse and Windsor Great Park . Naturally occurring gold and silver in the UK , collectively known as `` Mines Royal '' , are managed by The Crown Estate and leased to mining operators .   Historically , Crown Estate properties were administered by the reigning monarch to help fund the business of governing the country . However , in 1760 , George III surrendered control over the Estate 's revenues to the treasury , thus relieving him of the responsibility of personally paying for the costs of the civil service , defence costs , the national debt , and his own personal debts . In return , he received an annual grant known as the Civil list . By tradition , each subsequent monarch agreed to this arrangement upon his or her accession . However , from 1 April 2012 , under the terms of the Sovereign Grant Act 2011 ( SSG ) , the Civil List was abolished and the monarch was thenceforth provided with a stable source of revenue indexed to a percentage of the Crown Estate 's annual net revenue ( currently set at 15 % ) . This was intended to provide a long-term solution and remove the politically sensitive issue of Parliament having to debate the Civil List allowance every ten years . Subsequently , the Sovereign Grant Act allows for all future monarchs to simply extend these provisions for their reigns by Order in Council . The act does not imply any legal change on the nature of the estate 's ownership , but is simply a benchmark by which the sovereign grant is set as a grant by Parliament .

neg: FitzClarence Fitzclarence or FitzClarence is a pseudo-Anglo-Norman name meaning `` son of Clarence '' -- it usually refers to a bastard son of a Duke of Clarence , or a descendant thereof , and was used by them as a surname .   The FitzClarence family was an illegitimate branch of the House of Hanover . Prince William , Duke of Clarence , and future king William IV of the United Kingdom , had at least ten children with his mistress Dorothea Jordan , all of whom took the surname FitzClarence . All of them were also granted by their father the rank of a marquess ' younger sons or daughters .   The Duke of Clarence 's eldest surviving illegitimate child , George FitzClarence ( 1794 -- 1842 ) , was created Earl of Munster in 1831 and his male-line was continued until the death of Anthony FitzClarence , 7th Earl of Munster in 2000 . Two of Lord Munster 's brothers , Frederick and Augustus ( a priest ) , had issue that were also part of the family . Five daughters of William IV and Dorothy Jordan were married to nobles or prominent military figures , including William Hay , 18th Earl of Erroll , Lucius Cary , 10th Viscount Falkland , and Admiral Lord John Hallyburton . Only one , Mary , had no children .   The 10 children of Prince William , Duke of Clarence , future King of Great Britain and his mistress , Dorothy Jordan , and their descendants :  George FitzClarence ( 1794 -- 1842 ) and his grandson :  Charles FitzClarence ( 1865 -- 1914 )  Henry FitzClarence ( 1795 -- 1817 )  Sophia FitzClarence ( 1796 -- 1837 )  Mary FitzClarence ( 1798 -- 1864 )  Frederick FitzClarence ( 1799 -- 1854 )  Elizabeth FitzClarence ( 1801 -- 1856 )  Adolphus FitzClarence ( rear admiral ) ( 1802 -- 1856 ) ( no issue )  Augusta FitzClarence ( 1803 -- 1865 )  Augustus FitzClarence ( 1805 -- 1854 )  Amelia FitzClarence ( 1807 -- 1858 )  William FitzClarence , 2nd Earl of Munster ( 1824 -- 1901 )  Geoffrey FitzClarence , 3rd Earl of Munster ( 1859 -- 1902 )  Aubrey FitzClarence , 4th Earl of Munster ( 1862 -- 1928 )  Geoffrey FitzClarence , 5th Earl of Munster ( 1906 -- 1975 )  Edward FitzClarence , 6th Earl of Munster ( 1899 -- 1983 )  Anthony FitzClarence , 7th Earl of Munster ( 1926 -- 2000 )    Category : House of Hanover  Category : Noble families of the United Kingdom  Category : William IV of the United Kingdom  Category : Norman-language surnames !

neg: Margaret, Maid of Norway Margaret , Maid of Norway ( 9 April 1283 -- 26 September 1290 ) was a Norwegian princess who reigned as Queen of Scots from 1286 until her death . Her death while travelling to Scotland sparked off the disputed succession which led to the Wars of Scottish Independence .   She was the daughter of King Eric II of Norway and Margaret , daughter of King Alexander III of Scotland . Margaret was born in Tønsberg . Her mother died in childbirth .

neg: Baron Mount Temple Baron Mount Temple was a title that was created twice in British history , both times in the Peerage of the United Kingdom . The first creation came on 25 May 1880 when the Liberal politician the Honourable William Cowper-Temple was made Baron Mount Temple , of Mount Temple in the County of Sligo . He was born William Cowper , the second son of Peter Clavering-Cowper , 5th Earl Cowper ( see Earl Cowper for earlier history of the family ) by his wife the Honourable Emily , sister of The 2nd Viscount Melbourne . Emily married as her second husband The 3rd Viscount Palmerston , a man who would serve as British Prime Minister . Lord Palmerston , an Anglo-Irish peer , died in 1865 when the viscountcy and his junior title of Baron Temple , of Mount Temple , became extinct . Emily died 11 September 1869 , leaving her second husband 's estates , including Broadlands in Hampshire , to her second son , William , who thereupon adopted by Royal licence the surname Cowper-Temple , in whose favour the Mount Temple title was revived in 1880 .   Lord Mount Temple died without issue on 16 October 1888 when the peerage became extinct . However , it was revived on 13 January 1932 when his great-nephew , the Conservative politician , Wilfrid Ashley , was made Baron Mount Temple , of Lee in the County of Southampton . He was the son of the Honourable Evelyn Ashley , private secretary to and biographer of third Viscount Palmerston and the second son of Anthony Ashley Cooper , 7th Earl of Shaftesbury ( see Earl of Shaftesbury for earlier history of the family ) , husband of Lady Emily Cowper , sister of the first Baron of the first creation . He had already inherited Broadlands . Ashley had been married in 1901 to `` Maudie '' Cassel , only daughter of the Edwardian financier Sir Ernest Cassel , and their elder daughter the Honourable Edwina Ashley , a considerable heiress , was married in 1922 to Lord Louis Mountbatten , later the last Viceroy of India . However , Lord Mount Temple had no sons and the title became extinct on his death on 3 July 1939 . Broadlands passed through Edwina Ashley into the Mountbatten , now Knatchbull family ( see Earl Mountbatten of Burma ) .

neg: Margaret Curtis Margaret Curtis ( October 8 , 1883 -- December 24 , 1965 ) was an American golf and tennis champion and lifelong social worker .   From the Manchester-by-the-Sea , Massachusetts area , she was the youngest of ten children . Her father was a colonel in the Union Army cavalry during the American Civil War . Her brother James Freeman Curtis became a lawyer in New York City , and was the Assistant United States Secretary of the Treasury under President William Howard Taft . Her cousin Laurence Curtis , who served as the second President of the United States Golf Association in 1897 -- 98 , encouraged the family to take up the game of golf . As a result , Margaret and her sister Harriot began playing golf at a young age and as young ladies became members of the Women 's Golf Association of Massachusetts . Founded in 1900 , it was the first state women 's golf association in the United States .   In 1897 , 13-year-old Curtis qualified fourth in her first appearance at the U.S. Women 's Amateur . In 1906 her sister Harriot won the Championship . Although health problems had prevented Margaret from competing for several years , she captured her first of three U.S. championships in 1907 by beating her sister in the finals . That year she played in England and in a stroke-play tournament at Walton Heath , near London , she was leading playing partner May Hezlet by five stokes going into the final hole . Curtis hit her drive into gorse bush , a very spiny and dense evergreen shrub common throughout western Europe but unfamiliar to an American . Curtis ended up taking a disastrous 13 on the hole to lose the tournament .   In 1908 she lost in the quarter-finals of the U.S. Championship to eventual winner Katherine Harley . In the 1911 U.S. Championship semi-finals she beat Dorothy Campbell , that year 's Canadian Women 's Amateur and British Ladies Amateur champion , then defeated Lillian B. Hyde in the championship match . Curtis made it back-to-back U.S. titles in 1912 when she also was the medalist for the sixth time .   Besides her skill at golf , Curtis was an excellent tennis player . In 1908 she won the U.S. Open doubles tennis championship with Evelyn Sears , becoming the only woman to simultaneously hold the U.S. golf and tennis titles .   In 1904 , Curtis was a student at Simmons College School of Social Work in Boston , training that would lead to her being a Board member of the Family Service Society for 51 years . With her career over in competitive golf , during World War I , she went to Paris , France where she joined the Red Cross , serving as the head of its Bureau for Refugees for three years . Her time in Paris marked the beginning of several more years spent in various places across Europe with the Red Cross .   In 1932 , Curtis and her sister donated the Curtis Cup for a biennial golf competition between amateur teams representing the United States and Great Britain . She remained active in golf matters for most of her life . In December 1955 , the Women 's Golf Association of Massachusetts established a tournament in her and her sister 's honor . The trophy , known as `` The Curtis Bowl , '' is a replica of the Curtis Cup .   Curtis was the recipient of the 1958 Bob Jones Award , the highest honor given by the United States Golf Association in recognition of distinguished sportsmanship in golf . She died in 1965 at the age of 82 .

neg: Margaret Hogg Margaret Hogg ( c. 1939 -- October 1976 ) was a manslaughter victim whose body was preserved in Wast Water , Lake District National Park , Cumbria , for eight years . Married to Peter Hogg , she had worked as an airline stewardess for Air Europe ; her husband was a pilot .   Peter was 19 years older than Margaret , and briefly achieved front-page news on 16 August 1974 when he landed at Luton Airport as the captain of a Lockheed L-1011 Tristar of Court Line that he had piloted overnight from a refuelling stop at Gander , Canada , bringing Clarksons holidaymakers back from St. Lucia . This was the airline 's last flight as Court Line had ceased trading the previous day .   Margaret had a three-year affair with banker Graham Ryan , and often flaunted it before Peter . One night in October 1976 , Mrs Hogg attacked her husband , hitting and kicking until he `` grabbed her round the neck and squeezed hard '' . Margaret Hogg suffocated and Peter wrapped her body in a carpet , tied it to a block of concrete , drove north overnight from Surrey and dumped the body in Wast Water lake in the Wasdale valley in the Lake District National Park , England .   The body settled at a depth of 34 metres ( 110 ft ) , only a short distance away from much deeper parts of the deepest lake in England . Due to the lack of oxygen , her body did not decompose , but over time was preserved by the formation of adipocere .   In 1983 , the lake was searched for the body of Veronique Mireille Marre , a missing French student . Subsequently , the remains of Margaret Hogg were found by a diver , Neil Pritt , in March 1984 , who initially thought them to be just a roll of old carpet . Shortly after the recovery , the body was identified by friends . The police investigation was made easier by noting the two sets of initials engraved on the inside of the gold wedding ring recovered from Margaret 's body .   Her husband Peter , the prime suspect , initially denied the murder before giving a confession . He was sentenced to four years for manslaughter , obstructing a coroner , and perjury in his divorce proceedings .   The body of Veronique Mireille Marre was eventually found in April 1984 . Her remains were found on a mountain at the bottom of a cliff , but no cause of death could be officially given .