query: Wyatt Earp traveled to an American state in the Midwestern US.

pos: Kansas Kansas -LSB- ˈkænzəs -RSB- is a U.S. state in the Midwestern United States . Its capital is Topeka and its largest city is Wichita . Kansas is named after the Kansa Native American tribe , which inhabited the area . The tribe 's name ( natively kką : ze ) is often said to mean `` people of the ( south ) wind '' although this was probably not the term 's original meaning . For thousands of years , what is now Kansas was home to numerous and diverse Native American tribes . Tribes in the eastern part of the state generally lived in villages along the river valleys . Tribes in the western part of the state were semi-nomadic and hunted large herds of bison .   Kansas was first settled by European Americans in 1812 , in what is now Bonner Springs , Kansas , but the pace of settlement accelerated in the 1850s , in the midst of political wars over the slavery issue . When it was officially opened to settlement by the U.S. government in 1854 with the Kansas -- Nebraska Act , abolitionist Free-Staters from New England and pro-slavery settlers from neighboring Missouri rushed to the territory to determine whether Kansas would become a free state or a slave state . Thus , the area was a hotbed of violence and chaos in its early days as these forces collided , and was known as Bleeding Kansas . The abolitionists prevailed , and on January 29 , 1861 , Kansas entered the Union as a free state . After the Civil War , the population of Kansas grew rapidly when waves of immigrants turned the prairie into farmland .   By 2015 , Kansas was one of the most productive agricultural states , producing high yields of wheat , corn , sorghum , and soybeans . Kansas , which has an area of 82,278 sqmi is the 15th-largest state by area and is the 34th most-populous of the 50 states with a population of 2,911,641 . Residents of Kansas are called Kansans . Mount Sunflower is Kansas 's highest point at 4,041 ft.

pos: Wyatt Earp Wyatt Berry Stapp Earp ( March 19 , 1848 -- January 13 , 1929 ) was an American Old West gambler , a deputy sheriff in Pima County , and deputy town marshal in Tombstone , Arizona Territory , who took part in the gunfight at the O.K. Corral , during which lawmen killed three outlaw cowboys . He is often regarded as the central figure in the shootout in Tombstone , although his brother Virgil was Tombstone city marshal and Deputy U.S. Marshal that day , and had far more experience as a sheriff , constable , marshal , and soldier in combat .   Earp lived a restless life . He was at different times a constable , city policeman , county sheriff , Deputy U.S. Marshal , teamster , buffalo hunter , bouncer , saloon-keeper , gambler , brothel keeper , miner , and boxing referee . Earp spent his early life in Iowa . In 1870 , Earp married his first wife , Urilla Sutherland Earp , who contracted typhoid fever and died shortly before their first child was to be born . During the next two years Earp was arrested for stealing a horse , escaped from jail , sued twice , and was arrested and fined three times during the course of 1872 for `` keeping and being found in a house of ill-fame '' . His third arrest was subject of a lengthy account in the `` Daily Transcript '' which referred to him as an `` old offender '' and nicknamed him the `` Peoria Bummer '' .   By 1874 he had arrived in the cattle boomtown of Wichita , Kansas where his brother had opened a brothel . On April 21 , 1875 he was appointed to the Wichita police force , and developed a solid reputation as a lawman . In April 1876 he was dismissed from his position as a lawman following an altercation with a political opponent of his boss which led to him being fined $ 30 . In 1876 , he followed his brother James to Dodge City , Kansas , where he became an assistant city marshal . In winter 1878 , he went to Texas to track down an outlaw and met John `` Doc '' Holliday , whom Earp later credited with saving his life .   Earp moved constantly throughout his life from one boomtown to another . He left Dodge City in 1879 and moved to Tombstone with his brothers James and Virgil , where a silver boom was underway . There , the Earps clashed with a loose federation of outlaws known as the Cowboys . Wyatt , Virgil , and their younger brother Morgan held various law enforcement positions that put them in conflict with Tom and Frank McLaury , and Ike and Billy Clanton , who threatened on several occasions to kill the Earps . The conflict escalated over the next year , culminating on October 26 , 1881 in the gunfight at the O.K. Corral , in which the Earps and Holliday killed three of the Cowboys . In the next five months , Virgil was ambushed and maimed , and Morgan was assassinated . Pursuing a vendetta , Wyatt , his brother Warren , Holliday , and others formed a federal posse that killed three of the Cowboys whom they thought responsible . Wyatt was never wounded in any of the gunfights in which he took part , unlike his brothers Virgil and James , or his friend , Doc Holliday , which only added to his mystique after his death .   Earp was a lifelong gambler and was always looking for a quick way to make money . After leaving Tombstone , Earp went to San Francisco where he reunited with Josephine Earp . She became his common-law wife . They joined a gold rush to Eagle City , Idaho , where they owned mining interests and a saloon . They left there to race horses and open a saloon during a real estate boom in San Diego , California . Back in San Francisco , Wyatt raced horses again , but his reputation suffered irreparably when he refereed the Fitzsimmons-Sharkey boxing match and called a foul that led many to believe that he fixed the fight . They moved briefly to Yuma , Arizona before joining the Nome Gold Rush in 1899 . In partnership with Charlie Hoxie they opened a two-story saloon called the Dexter and made an estimated $ 80,000 ( about $ 2 million in 2017 dollars ) . Returning to the lower 48 , they opened another saloon in Tonopah , Nevada , the site of a new gold find . In about 1911 , Earp began working several mining claims in Vidal , California , retiring in the hot summers with Josephine to Los Angeles .   Wyatt Earp died on January 13 , 1929 . He was known as a Western lawman , gunfighter , and boxing referee . He had a notorious reputation for both his handling of the Fitzsimmons-Sharkey fight and his role in the O.K. Corral gunfight . This only began to change after his death when an extremely flattering biography was published in 1931 . It became a bestseller and created his reputation as a fearless lawman . Since then , Earp has been the subject of and model for numerous films , TV shows , biographies , and works of fiction that have increased his notoriety . He did , however , live to see himself being portrayed in the film Wild Bill Hickok , released in 1923 . Long after his death , he has many devoted detractors and admirers . Earp 's modern-day reputation is that of the Old West 's `` toughest and deadliest gunman of his day . ''

neg: Natchez Trace The Natchez Trace , also known as the `` Old Natchez Trace '' , is a historic forest trail within the United States which extends roughly 440 mi from Natchez , Mississippi , to Nashville , Tennessee , linking the Cumberland , Tennessee , and Mississippi Rivers .   The trail was created and used for centuries by Native Americans , and was later used by early European and American explorers , traders , and emigrants in the late 18th and early 19th centuries . Today , the path is commemorated by the 444 mi Natchez Trace Parkway and Bridge , which follow the approximate path of the Trace , as well as the related Natchez Trace Trail . Parts of the original trail are still accessible and some segments are listed on the National Register of Historic Places .

neg: Illinois Illinois ( -LSB- ɪlᵻˈnɔɪ -RSB- ) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States , achieving statehood in 1818 . It is the 6th-most populous state and 25th-largest state in terms of land area , and is noted as a microcosm of the entire country . The word `` Illinois '' comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word . With Chicago in the northeast , small industrial cities and great agricultural productivity in central and northern Illinois , and natural resources like coal , timber , and petroleum in the south , Illinois has a diverse economic base and is a major transportation hub . The Port of Chicago connects the state to other global ports from the Great Lakes , via the Saint Lawrence Seaway , to the Atlantic Ocean , as well as the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River , via the Illinois Waterway . For decades , O'Hare International Airport has been ranked as one of the world 's busiest airports . Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics .   Although today the state 's largest population center is around Chicago in the northern part of the state , the state 's European population grew first in the west , with French Canadian colonists who settled along the Mississippi River in the 17th and 18th century , and gave the area the name , `` Pays des Illinois '' or Illinois Country a region that was known as part of New France . After the American Revolutionary War established the United States , American settlers began arriving crossing the Appalachians barrier range in the 1810s via the gaps of the Allegheny to boat building centers in Pittsburgh , from Cumberland , Maryland via the Cumberland Narrows pass to outfit in Brownsville , Pennsylvania , from North Carolina and Virginia via the Cumberland Gap to Kentucky and Tennessee , all on the Ohio River .   With the War of 1812 , the growth of Illinois slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier . After the war 's end , the federal government re-established forts such as Fort Dearborn ( in 1816 -- now the site is within Chicago ) and army patrols west of the Mississippi diminished the threat from Amerindian raids , so settlers were able to move into all of Illinois from the eastern and southern emigrant trails .   Mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration -- by the 1810s , the Eastern U.S. had exhausted most timber stands close to the established cities creating a hard felt first energy crisis by the late-1790s , and after 1818 , the industrial revolution was being fueled by new canals such as the Lehigh Canal feeding the furnaces of the rapidly industrializing east coast . Also in 1818 , Illinois achieved statehood and its growth , as yet untroubled by the speed of as yet unrefined railway technology , would be fueled by the new religion of industrialized forward thinking .   After construction of the Erie Canal with increasing traffic and trade through the Great Lakes , Chicago was founded in the 1830s on the banks of the Chicago River , at one of the few natural harbors on southern Lake Michigan . John Deere 's invention of the self-scouring steel plow turned Illinois ' rich prairie into some of the world 's most productive and valuable farmlands , attracting new immigrant farmers from Germany and Sweden . Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s , and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois , as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets . Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other mid-western states from the tyranny of water transport ; no longer was a location near a river or canal a need to ship bulk goods .   By 1900 , the growth of industrial jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants , from Eastern and Southern Europe . Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars . The Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago , who created the city 's famous jazz and blues cultures .   Three U.S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois : Abraham Lincoln , Ulysses S. Grant , and most recently Barack Obama . Additionally , Ronald Reagan , whose political career was based in California , was the only U.S. president born and raised in Illinois . Today , Illinois honors Lincoln with its official state nickname `` The Land of Lincoln , '' which has been displayed on its license plates since 1954 . The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the state capital of Springfield , and the Barack Obama Presidential Center will be completed in Chicago by 2020 .

neg: Kentucky in the American Civil War Kentucky was a border state of key importance in the American Civil War . President Abraham Lincoln recognized the importance of the Commonwealth when , in a September 1861 letter to Orville Browning , he wrote :  I think to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose the whole game . Kentucky gone , we can not hold Missouri , nor Maryland . These all against us , and the job on our hands is too large for us . We would as well consent to separation at once , including the surrender of this capitol .   Kentucky , being a border state , was among the chief places where the `` Brother against brother '' scenario was prevalent . Kentucky officially declared its neutrality at the beginning of the war , but after a failed attempt by Confederate General Leonidas Polk to take the state of Kentucky for the Confederacy , the legislature petitioned the Union Army for assistance . After early 1862 Kentucky came largely under Union control .   Kentucky was the site of several fierce battles , including Mill Springs and Perryville . It was host to such military leaders as Ulysses S. Grant on the Union side , who first encountered serious Confederate gunfire coming from Columbus , Kentucky , and Confederate cavalry leader Nathan Bedford Forrest . Forrest proved to be a scourge to the Union Army in western Kentucky , even making an attack on Paducah . Kentuckian John Hunt Morgan further challenged Union control , as he conducted numerous cavalry raids through the state .   Kentucky was the birthplace of Abraham Lincoln , his wife Mary Todd , and his southern counterpart , Confederate President Jefferson Davis .   In the historiography of the Civil War , Kentucky is treated primarily as a border state , with special attention to the social divisions during the secession crisis , invasions and raids , internal violence , sporadic guerrilla warfare , federal-state relations , the ending of slavery , and the return of Confederate veterans .

neg: William Jackson Marion In May 1872 , William Jackson Marion and John Cameron , two friends from Kansas , left Liberty , Nebraska , and headed to work on the railroad . On May 5 , 1872 , Marion returned to his mother-in-law 's home near Liberty with Cameron 's team of horses . Marion 's mother-in-law suspected that Marion had killed Cameron , and eventually Marion left Nebraska . In March , 1873 , a body/skeleton was found in a Gage County , Nebraska riverbed , wearing clothing that unidentified witnesses claimed to be John Cameron 's . Marion was named a suspect , although he was unable to be located .

neg: Frank Loving Frank Loving , sometimes called `` Cockeyed '' Frank Loving ( 1860 -- April 21 , 1882 ) was an Old West gambler and gunman . His two known gunfights were two of the better-known and well-publicized shootouts of the day , although over time they have become obscure .   Loving was born in Jackson County , Missouri , and later moved with his family to Texas , where his father died in the early 1870s . He began making his living as a professional gambler by his late teens , frequenting saloons and eventually landing in Dodge City , Kansas . Once settled in Dodge City , Loving began to frequent the Long Branch Saloon , where he became associated with other well-known gamblers , gunmen , and lawmen , to include Doc Holliday , Bat Masterson , Wyatt Earp , Charlie Bassett , and John Allen , with a friendship developing between gunman/gambler Levi Richardson and him . He also became good friends with Long Branch Saloon owner Chalkley Beeson .

neg: U.S. Route 75 in Kansas U.S. Route 75 ( US 75 ) is a north -- south U.S. Highway stretching from Kittson County , Minnesota to Dallas , Texas . In Kansas , the highway runs from south to north through the eastern part of the state . It enters the state from Oklahoma near Caney and runs north , serving the state capitol of Topeka . The highway continues north of Topeka , passing by the Potawatomi and Kickapoo Indian reservation , and passes over the Nebraska state line near Sabetha .

neg: Sauk Trail The Sauk Trail began as a Native American trail running through Illinois , Indiana and Michigan in the United States . From west to east , the trail ran from Rock Island on the Mississippi River to the Illinois River near modern Peru then along the north bank of that river to Joliet , and on to Valparaiso , Indiana . Then it ran northeasterly to La Porte and into southern Michigan running through Niles , Three Rivers , Ypsilanti , and ending at the Detroit River near Detroit . There is a suggestion that sections of the trail followed the southern boundary between the dense forest and the mixed grassland regions . The presence of a mastodon trailway along the same path indicates that the Native Americans may have been using a long established game trail . Henry Schoolcraft , at present-day Michigan City , Indiana , in 1820 , describes the trail , as a `` plain horse path , which is considerably traveled by traders , hunters , and others ... '' and said that a stranger could not follow it without the services of a guide because of the numerous side trails . The Sauk Trail intersected many important trails and early roads including the trails to Vincennes , to Green Bay , to Fort Wayne and to Little Traverse Bay .

neg: South Alabama South Alabama is the various parts of southern Alabama . Although it is not a strictly defined geographic region , it generally includes all Alabama counties south of the Black Belt . However , residents of the largest population center , Mobile , often make the argument that the phrase refers only to the extreme southernmost parts of Alabama . In that view , South Alabama consists of just the two counties that border the Gulf of Mexico and Mobile Bay : Baldwin County and Mobile County . That area is characterized by extensive wetlands , but also by long , sandy beaches which are very conducive to tourism . Many deluxe golf courses have been developed in the area in recent decades .   Because Mobile and Baldwin Counties tend to use `` South Alabama '' with such exclusivity , other parts of southern Alabama , particularly the Florida-border counties from Escambia County over to Houston County often humorously prefer to be called Lower Alabama if a regional name must be given . Traditionally the south central and southeastern parts of the state have less in common with the Mobile area than they have in common with southwest Georgia and the Black Belt region . Alternative names include South Central Alabama , Southeast Alabama , and the Wiregrass .

neg: Fred J. Dodge Frederick J. Dodge ( August 29 , 1854 -- December 16 , 1938 ) was an undercover Wells Fargo detective , a constable in Tombstone , Arizona , and Texas cattleman . He was born in Spring Valley in northern Butte County , California and was raised in Sacramento .   He worked as undercover agent for Wells Fargo in California , Nevada and Arizona . In December 1879 , he was working in Tombstone , Arizona and recommended that Wyatt Earp be hired as a guard and messenger for the stage line . The two quickly became good friends and Dodge supported Wyatt and his brothers in their troubles in Tombstone that led up to the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral and afterward . He and Wyatt remained friends the rest of their lives .

neg: A. J. Blackwell A.J. Blackwell ( Andrew Jackson Blackwell ) ( January 29 , 1842 - June 19 , 1903 ) was the founder and namesake of Blackwell , Kay County , Oklahoma . Blackwell , the city , was founded in September 1893 as of one the Cherokee Allotments . A.J. Blackwell had settled in the area in 1882 , having married the former Rosa Vaught who was of Cherokee descent , he was eligible to found the city . Blackwell served as Justice of the Peace and Mayor of Blackwell . He also worked as a merchant in Fayetteville , Arkansas , built the first house in Ottawa , Kansas , and founded the towns of Rock Falls , Oklahoma Territory , David , Indian Territory , and Chelsea , Indian Territory . An entrepreneur , he also established the first hotel in Blackwell , and was president of the North Oklahoma Railroad .   A.J. Blackwell was born on January 29 , 1842 in Georgia to Janos and Matilda Blackwell . He enlisted in the Confederate army during the Civil War under the 3rd Confederate Cavalry . A.J. and Rosa Blackwell had two sons and one daughter : King Solomon , King David and Hazel .   Prior to founding Blackwell , Oklahoma , A.J. Blackwell lived in Joplin , Missouri where he held bear and dog fights and built the town 's first opera house . He was arrested on counterfeiting charges and spent time in the Missouri State Penitentiary . Blackwell also was indicted twice for murder , but was not convicted .   Early settlers in the town of Blackwell reportedly viewed A.J. Blackwell as a despot who operated as `` practically a one-man government . '' At one point , Blackwell brought a group of black workmen into town , in defiance of an unofficial but strict ban on their residence or employment there . This prompted a strong reaction from the townspeople , who fired shots at night at the tent where the black workers were staying . Blackwell responded by brandishing a Winchester rifle to hold off the mob . Ultimately , however , the citizenry drove all members of the black race out of town . A black family attempted to move into Blackwell in 1902 , and was chased by a mob of 1,200 people who burned their home .   In 1894 , A.J. Blackwell was arrested by the Cherokee government , sentenced to death for treason , and tortured by being poked with steel rods after refusing to confess to charges of selling land to white settlers . He was rescued the night before his scheduled execution . His wife , Rosa , was deeded the land of the town of David , founded in 1895 , as she could legally own it . The Cherokees sued , and the white residents of the town were expelled in 1898 .   A.J. Blackwell died June 19 , 1903 in Chelsea , Indian Territory , another town he had founded . Prior to his death , in July 1902 , Blackwell had erected a monument in his honor and publicly read his will .

neg: Cochise County in the Old West Cochise County in the Old West was the site of ongoing Apache Indian attacks and a bitter feud between outlaw Cowboys and lawmen like Virgil Earp and his brothers . The county was carved off in 1881 from the easternmost portion of Pima County during a formative period in the American Southwest . Tensions began as soon as American settlers began arriving in what is now Cochise County . The time period was characterized by rapidly growing boomtowns , ongoing Apache raids , smuggling and cattle rustling across the United States-Mexico border , growing ranching operations , and the expansion of new technologies in mining , railroading , and telecommunications .   In the 1860s , following the Gadsden Purchase and the arrival of American settlers , conflict between the Apaches and the Americans was at its height . Pima County and later Cochise County were located in the center of the Apache wars and until 1886 there was almost constant warfare in that region adjacent to the Mexican border .   In addition to the conflict with the Native Americans , during the 1870s and 1880s , there was considerable tension between the rural residents who were for the most part Democrats from the agrarian Confederate States and town residents and business owners who were largely Republicans from the industrial Union States . The tension culminated in what has been called the Cochise County feud , or the Earp-Clanton feud , which ended with the historic Gunfight at the O.K. Corral and Wyatt Earp 's Vendetta Ride . Dr. George E. Goodfellow described Tombstone , the capital of Cochise County , as the `` condensation of wickedness . ''

neg: Frank Dalton Frank Dalton ( June 8 , 1859 -- November 27 , 1887 ) was a Deputy US Marshal of the Old West under Judge Isaac Parker ( the hangin ' judge ) , for Oklahoma Territory , as well as the older brother to the members of the Dalton Gang , in addition to being the brother to William M. Dalton , once a member of California legislature , and later an outlaw and leader of the Doolin Dalton gang alongside Bill Doolin . Frank Dalton is not to be confused with J. Frank Dalton , who made many claims to be famous people , including his claim of being Frank Dalton , and later Jesse James .   Dalton became , without much effort , the success story of the Dalton family . He was commissioned as a Deputy US Marshal , serving under Judge Parker , and quickly developed a reputation as being a brave lawman . Based out of Fort Smith , Arkansas , Dalton was involved in a number of shootouts and high risk arrests over a three-year period . However , on November 27 , 1887 , he and Deputy J.R. Cole were on the trail of outlaw Dave Smith , wanted for horse theft . As they approached Smith 's camp , Smith fired a shot from a rifle , hitting Dalton in the chest . Deputy Cole returned fire , killing Smith , but was then shot and wounded by a Smith cohort . Cole was able to make his escape , however , believing Dalton was dead . Dalton , however , was still alive , and engaged the outlaws in a short gunbattle . One of Smith 's cohorts was wounded , and a woman who was in the camp was killed during the crossfire . Frank Dalton was dead by the time Deputy Cole returned with a posse , having been killed with two additional rifle shots by outlaw Will Towerly . The outlaw wounded by Dalton never revealed his own name . He died shortly thereafter , but not before naming Towerly as Frank Dalton 's murderer . A newspaper of the time indicated Dalton had begged Towerly not to kill him , saying he was already dying . However that was a rumour , and there were no witnesses to the crime who ever made that statement . Towerly was killed one month later by Deputy William Moody and Deputy US Marshal Ed Stokley . Stokley was also killed during the gunfight . Dalton was buried in Elmwood Cemetery in Coffeyville , Kansas , not far from the graves of his two outlaw brothers , Grat and Bob . ( One can see the graves of Bob , and Grat just to the left of Frank 's grave about 30 yards back with the original hitching post that they tied their horses to )   The actor Robert Lansing played Frank Dalton in the NBC television series The Outlaws in a two-part episode `` The Daltons Must Die '' , which aired early in 1961 .

neg: Timeline of Arizona The following is a timeline of the history of the area which today comprises the U.S. state of Arizona . Situated in the desert southwest , for millennia the area was home to a series of Pre-Columbian peoples . By 1 AD , the dominant groups in the area were the Hohokam , the Mogollon , and the Ancestral Puebloans ( also known as the Anasazi ) . The Hohokam dominated the center of the area which is now Arizona , the Mogollon the southeast , and the Puebloans the north and northeast . As these cultures disappeared between 1000 -- 1400 AD , other Indian groups settled in Arizona . These tribes included the Navajo , Apache , Southern Paiute , Hopi , Yavapai , Akimel O'odham , and the Tohono O'odham .   The first European presence in the state were the Spanish . In 1539 Marcos de Niza explored the area , followed by Francisco Vásquez de Coronado the following year . Spanish missionaries began to settle in the southern portion of the state , near present-day Tucson , around 1700 , but did not move further north . With the construction of the Presidio San Augustin del Tucson , on August 20 , 1775 , Tucson became the first European city in what would become Arizona . In 1822 , Arizona became part of the state of Sonora , Mexico , but most of current Arizona was transferred to the United States as a result of the Mexican -- American War , with the rest transferring with the completion of the Gadsden Purchase in 1853 . During the American Civil War , both sides laid claim to Arizona , although the North and South split the New Mexico/Arizona area differently : the South split the territory into north and south divisions , creating Confederate Arizona , while the northern section remained part of the United States as the New Mexico Territory ; while the North in 1863 , after driving Confederate forces from the Tucson area , created the Arizona Territory from the New Mexico Territory by splitting off the western section . Prescott became the territory 's first capital , which would transfer to Tucson in 1867 , then back to Prescott in 1877 , before settling finally in Phoenix in 1889 .   Arizona achieved statehood in 1912 , becoming the 48th state , with Phoenix remaining the capital of the new state . In the 1900s , the state , particularly the Phoenix Metropolitan area , has seen tremendous population growth . Phoenix currently ranks as the 6th most populous city in the nation .

neg: Ambrose Key Ambrose W. Key ( 27 November 1829 -- 17 August 1908 ) was an American pioneer . He was born in Crawfordsville , Indiana , the son of George Key and his wife Rebecca Mintun . George , a native of Virginia , settled with his family in Ohio circa 1800 . From there , he began a career as a trader , traveling various rivers while establishing his trade routes . In 1836 , George spotted lands in Iowa which reminded him of his boyhood home in Virginia , staking a claim to what he dubbed `` Virginia Grove '' in Louisa County . George planted crops there in 1836 and 1837 , and wintered with his family back in Montgomery County , Indiana . While raising his crops in 1838 , George sent for his wife and family to come to Iowa . Rebecca hired 10 men to help her move her family of 10 children , including Ambrose , 300 mi from Indiana to Iowa . They averaged 7 miles per day on their 45-day trek , employing three wagons and a carriage , while driving a collection of young horses , cattle , and nearly 100 head of sheep .   Ambrose purchased 80 acre of government land in Louisa County during 1855 , and was an established merchant in the town of Wapello by 1856 . On 21 May 1859 , he married Mary Jones Garrett , a native of Ohio , in Tipton , Moniteau County , Missouri . Within a year , the couple was residing in Washington County , Texas , where Ambrose was the proprietor of a general store . Ambrose also purchased the Baker and Thomson Sawmill on the San Jacinto River , and operated a sash , door , and blind factory for about 4 years . The family lived in Falls County , Texas for several years , where Ambrose bought another sawmill and started a tannery .   At the close of the Civil War , Ambrose and family spent a year in St. Louis , then relocated to Westport on the Kansas border . He carried on a general trading and freighting business from Westport for 3 years , then bought a farm in Shawnee Township of Wyandotte County , Kansas on the Gibbs road , 3 mi southwest of Argentine . From 1872 until his death on 17 August 1908 , Ambrose conducted a profitable business of raising fruits on his farm . He was survived by his wife and 4 children : sons Sidney D. and Joseph Francis Key , and daughters Nellie G. Key and Mrs. Gertrude Baldwin .

neg: Richard Lemon Owings Richard Lemon Owings ( 1812-1902 ) , more commonly known as `` Richard Owens '' or `` Dick Owens '' , was a pioneer of the American West who played an important role in John C. Fremont 's third expedition to the Great Basin and California . He is best known as a frequent companion and close friend of Kit Carson . The Owens Valley , Owens River , and Owens Lake in eastern California were all named after him by Fremont , even though Owings apparently never visited any of them .   Owings was born in Owings Mills , Maryland , and grew up near Zanesville , Ohio before going west in 1834 with Caleb Wilkins . His adventures with Carson and Fremont took place in the years between then and 1850 . Around 1850 he returned to his family near Marion , Indiana , and in 1854 married Emily Miller . He moved to Iowa during the Civil War and then to Circleville , Kansas in 1872 , living there until he died in 1902 . He and Emily had four sons , three of whom survived him .   In 1839 Owings spent three months trapping beaver with Carson in South Dakota . The two became close friends and were frequent companions over the following decade . Carson and other `` mountain men '' invariably called Owings by the name `` Dick Owens '' . Carson and Owings both spent most of the early 1840s living near Taos , New Mexico , and in March 1845 the two started a joint farming venture fifty miles away in Rayado . When they learned , however , that Fremont was preparing a third expedition to the Great Basin and California , they sold everything at a loss and moved to join Fremont 's company . ( Carson had served Fremont as a guide on his earlier expeditions and was highly trusted by him . ) The expedition traveled across the Utah desert to Oregon and spent some time there before moving south along the eastern flank of the Cascade Range and Sierra Nevadas . In the vicinity of Truckee a small group broke off , including Fremont , Carson , and Owings , and crossed the Sierra Nevada range , arriving eventually in Sacramento . Meanwhile , the majority of the group continued southward , traveling through the area that Fremont would later name Owens Valley , not crossing the mountains until they reached Walker Pass . Thus Owings did not actually see the river , valley , and lake that Fremont would later name after him .

neg: State of Deseret The State of Deseret ( -LSB- dɛzəˈrɛt -RSB- ) was a provisional state of the United States , proposed in 1849 by settlers from The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) in Salt Lake City . The provisional state existed for slightly over two years and was never recognized by the United States government . The name derives from the word for `` honeybee '' in the Book of Mormon .

neg: Mexican Kickapoo The Mexican Kickapoo ( Tribu Kikapú ) are a bi-national indigenous people , some of whom live both in Mexico and in the United States . In Mexico , they were granted land at Hacienda del Nacimiento near the town of Múzquiz in the state of Coahuila in 1850 . A few small groups of Kickapoo also live in the states of Sonora and Durango . The Mexican Kickapoo often work as migrants in Texas and move throughout the midwest and the western United States , returning in winter to Mexico . They are affiliated with the federally recognized tribes of the Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas , Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma , and Kickapoo Tribe in Kansas .   In 1979 the Mexican Kickapoo who were dual residents requested clarification of their status , as they had no clear legal status in either the United States or Mexico . An Act was passed in 1983 by the United States Congress , which recognized them as a distinct subgroup of the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma . It also granted federal recognition to the Texas Kickapoo . A 1985 law gave the Texas band the option of selecting Mexican or U.S. citizenship . Some 145 of the tribe members chose to become U.S. citizens and the remaining 500 or so chose to obtain Mexican citizenship .

neg: Frank Stilwell Frank C. Stilwell ( ca. 1856 -- March 20 , 1882 ) was an outlaw Cowboy who killed at least two men in Cochise County during 1877 -- 82 . Both killings were considered to have been self-defense . For four months he was a deputy sheriff in Tombstone , Arizona Territory for Cochise County Sheriff Johnny Behan . Stilwell owned interests in several mines and various businesses , including a saloon , a wholesale liquor business , a stage line , and at his death livery stables in Charleston and Bisbee . He was also a partner in a Bisbee-area saloon with ex-Texas Ranger Pete Spence .   He was closely involved in the events leading up to and following the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral on October 26 , 1881 , and was suspected in the murder of Morgan Earp on March 18 , 1882 . Two days after Morgan 's death , Frank Stilwell was killed by Deputy U.S. Marshal Wyatt Earp in a Tucson train yard . Arrest warrants were issued for Earp and four others in his gang suspected of murdering Stilwell . Murder indictments were issued at Pima County for Wyatt Earp , Doc Holliday , Warren Earp , Sherman McMaster and John Johnson . Earp agreed to turn himself in but instead fled the Arizona Territory for Colorado . Wyatt Earp admitted late in his life to killing Stilwell at close range with a shotgun .

neg: Dawes Act The Dawes Act of 1887 ( also known as the General Allotment Act or the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 ) ,  adopted by Congress in 1887 , authorized the President of the United States to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians . Those who accepted allotments and lived separately from the tribe would be granted United States citizenship . The Dawes Act was amended in 1891 , in 1898 by the Curtis Act , and again in 1906 by the Burke Act .   The Act was named for its creator , Senator Henry Laurens Dawes of Massachusetts . The objectives of the Dawes Act were to lift the Native Americans out of poverty , to stimulate assimilation of them into mainstream American society , and to transfer lands under Indian control to white settlers . Individual household ownership of land and subsistence farming on the European-American model was seen as an essential step . The act provided that the government would classify as `` excess '' those Indian reservation lands remaining after allotments , and sell those lands on the open market , allowing purchase and settlement by non-Native Americans .   The Dawes Commission , set up under an Indian Office appropriation bill in 1893 , was created to try to persuade the Five Civilized Tribes to agree to allotment plans . ( They had been excluded from the Dawes Act by their treaties . ) This commission registered the members of the Five Civilized Tribes on what became known as the Dawes Rolls .   The Curtis Act of 1898 amended the Dawes Act to extend its provisions to the Five Civilized Tribes ; it required abolition of their governments , allotment of communal lands to people registered as tribal members , and sale of lands declared surplus , as well as dissolving tribal courts . This completed the extinguishment of tribal land titles in Indian Territory , preparing it to be admitted to the Union as the state of Oklahoma .   During the ensuing decades , the Five Civilized Tribes lost 90 million acres of former communal lands , which were sold to non-Natives . In addition , many individuals , unfamiliar with land ownership , became the target of speculators and criminals , were stuck with allotments that were too small for profitable farming , and lost their household lands . Tribe members also suffered from the breakdown of the social structure of the tribes .   During the Great Depression , the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration supported passage on June 18 , 1934 of the US Indian Reorganization Act ( also known as the Wheeler-Howard Law ) . It ended land allotment and created a `` New Deal '' for Indians , renewing their rights to reorganize and form their self-governments .

neg: Enoch W. Eastman Enoch W. Eastman ( April 15 , 1810 -- January 9 , 1885 ) was an American politician .   Born in Deerfield , New Hampshire , Enoch Worthen Eastman studied law in New Hampshire and was admitted to the bar . He then moved to Iowa . Although a Democrat , he distinguished himself the first year of his residence in Iowa by taking the stump against the adoption of the Constitution recently framed by his party and helped to defeat it at the election . Under this Constitution the boundaries of the State would have extended north taking in a large portion of southeastern Minnesota and would have excluded all of the Missouri slope west of a line running north and south from near the west side of Kossuth and Ringgold counties . Enoch W. Eastman , Theodore S. Parvin and Frederick D. Mills , all Democrats and young men , warmly opposed the adoption of such boundaries and influenced enough of their Democratic associates to unite with the Whigs to defeat the Constitution . This was one of the most important public services ever rendered the State . When Iowa was called upon to contribute a stone for the Washington monument in 1850 , Enoch W. Eastman was the author of the inscription placed upon it : `` Iowa -- Her affections like the rivers of her borders , flow to an inseparable Union . '' Mr. Eastman removed to Oskaloosa in 1847 and to Eldora in 1857 . When the Civil War began he left the Democratic party and united with the Republicans .   Eastman was elected Lieutenant Governor of Iowa serving under Governor William M. Stone . In 1883 , Eastman was elected to the Iowa State Senate and died while in office .


query: New England contains the state of Pennsylvania.

pos: New England New England is a geographical region comprising six states of the northeast United States : Connecticut , Maine , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , Rhode Island , and Vermont . It is bordered by the state of New York to the west and south , and the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Quebec to the northeast and north , respectively . The Atlantic Ocean is to the east and southeast , and Long Island Sound is to the south . Boston , the capital of Massachusetts , is New England 's largest city . The largest metropolitan area is Greater Boston , which also includes Worcester ( the second-largest city in both Massachusetts and New England ) , Manchester ( the largest city in New Hampshire ) , and Providence ( the capital and largest city of Rhode Island ) , with nearly a third of the entire region 's population .   In 1620 , Puritan Separatist Pilgrims from England first settled in the region , forming the Plymouth Colony , the second successful English settlement in the Americas , following the Jamestown Settlement in Virginia founded in 1607 . Ten years later , more Puritans settled north of Plymouth Colony in Boston , thus forming Massachusetts Bay Colony . Over the next 126 years , people in the region fought in four French and Indian Wars , until the British and their Iroquois allies defeated the French and their Algonquin allies in North America . In 1692 , the town of Salem , Massachusetts and surrounding areas experienced one of the most infamous cases of mass hysteria in the history of the Western Hemisphere , the Salem witch trials . In the late 18th century , political leaders from the New England Colonies known as the Sons of Liberty initiated resistance to Britain 's efforts to impose new taxes without the consent of the colonists . The Boston Tea Party was a protest to which Britain responded with a series of punitive laws stripping Massachusetts of self-government , which were termed the `` Intolerable Acts '' by the colonists . The confrontation led to the first battles of the American Revolutionary War in 1775 , and the expulsion of the British authorities from the region in spring 1776 .   The region played a prominent role in the movement to abolish slavery in the United States , and was the first region of the U.S. transformed by the Industrial Revolution , centered on the Blackstone and Merrimack river valleys .   The physical geography of New England is diverse for such a small area ; southeastern New England is covered by a narrow coastal plain , while the western and northern regions are dominated by the rolling hills and worn-down peaks of the northern end of the Appalachian Mountains . With the Atlantic fall line lying so close to the coast , numerous industrial cities were able to take advantage of water power along the numerous rivers , such as the Connecticut River , which bisects the region from north to south .   Each state is principally subdivided into small incorporated municipalities known as towns , many of which are governed by town meetings . The only unincorporated areas in the region exist in the sparsely populated northern regions of Maine , New Hampshire , and Vermont . The region is one of the U.S. Census Bureau 's nine regional divisions and the only multi-state region with clear , consistent boundaries . It maintains a strong sense of cultural identity , although the terms of this identity are often contrasted , combining Puritanism with liberalism , agrarian life with industry , and isolation with immigration .

neg: Flag and coat of arms of New Jersey The coat of arms of the state of New Jersey includes :  A shield with three plows , representative of New Jersey 's agricultural tradition .  A forward-facing helmet .  A horse 's head as the crest of the helmet .  The female figures Liberty and Ceres , representative of the state 's motto ( see next item ) . Liberty is holding a staff supporting a `` liberty cap '' ; Ceres is holding an overflowing cornucopia .  The streamer at the foot of the emblem contains the State Motto of New Jersey , `` Liberty and Prosperity '' , and the year of statehood , 1776 .   It was originally designed by Pierre Eugene du Simitiere in 1777 and was modified slightly in 1928 .   The seal is the central motif in the flag of New Jersey and the Great Seal of the State of New Jersey .   The coat of arms contains a horse 's head ; beneath that is a helmet , showing that New Jersey governs itself , and it has three plows on a shield to highlight the state 's agriculture tradition , which shows why the state has the nickname `` Garden State '' . The two Goddesses represent the state motto , `` Liberty and Prosperity '' . Liberty is on the left . She is holding a staff with a liberty cap on it , and the word liberty underneath her . The goddess on the right is Ceres , goddess of agriculture . She is holding a cornucopia with prosperity written below her .   According to the minutes of the New Jersey General Assembly for May 11 , 1896 , the date on which the Assembly officially approved the flag as the state emblem , the buff color is due indirectly to George Washington , who had ordered on September 14 , 1779 , that the uniform coats of the New Jersey Continental Line be dark ( Jersey ) blue , with buff facings . Buff-colored facings had until then been reserved only for his own uniform and those of other Continental generals and their aides . Then , on February 14 , 1780 the Continental War Officers in Philadelphia directed that the uniform coat facings of all regiments were to be the same as the background color of the regiments ' state flag .   The seal is described in New Jersey statute Title 52 , § 2-1 :   In 2015 a circular letter issued by the State of New Jersey Department of the Treasury addressed the issue of unapproved and incorrect versions of `` The Great Seal of the State of New Jersey '' . Many of which incorrectly show the underskirt in blue and not argent .

neg: Atlantic Northeast The Atlantic Northeast is a region of North America , which includes the US states of Connecticut , Massachusetts , Rhode Island , New Hampshire , Vermont , and Maine , as well as the Canadian Maritimes .   The Atlantic Northeast region is noted for its cultural unity , stark climate , landscape of dense forests , and a shared economic history in the exploitation of logging and the regional fishery . Further uniting this area is the `` Gray Zone '' which is an area of land and sea which is claimed by both Canada and the United States . It is located off the coasts of New Brunswick and Maine . The only land within this area are two islands , Machias Seal Island and North Rock . The `` Gray Zone '' is one of four areas between the two countries whose sovereignty is still in dispute , but is the only one of the disputed areas containing land . In 1979 , both countries filed a joint application to the International Court of Justice to avoid having the dispute settled when oceanic boundaries in the area were set for mineral and fishing rights . Canadians have had a continuous presence in the area since 1832 when a lighthouse was built .   Since the Atlantic Northeast is such a large region , it is home to many different types of wildlife , sports teams , and geographical locations . The Atlantic Northeast is home to the Boston Celtics , Boston Bruins , New England Patriots , Halifax Hurricanes , Boston Red Sox and many more . It also includes many notable species including the Bald Eagle , Atlantic Salmon , and the Swamp Pink . Lastly , the Atlantic Northeast includes many geographical places of interest including the Northeast Canyons and Seamounts Marine National Monument and Salem , Massachusetts , home of the Salem Witch Trials .   Though cross-border connections are widely acknowledged , the area has rarely been given a single name . `` Atlantic Northeast '' is a term that has been used most prominently in discussions of regional folk culture , another name that is used is Atlantica . ''   These names are often tied to various proposals for greater economic or political integration of the region

neg: Western Massachusetts Western Massachusetts is a region in Massachusetts , one of the six U.S. states that make up the New England region of the United States . Western Massachusetts has diverse topography ; 22 universities , with approximately 100,000 university students ; and such institutions as Tanglewood , Springfield Armory , and Jacob 's Pillow .   The western part of Western Massachusetts includes the Berkshire Mountains , where there are several vacation resorts . The eastern part of the region includes the Connecticut River Valley , which has a number of university towns , the major city Springfield , and numerous agricultural hamlets . In the eastern part of the area , the Quabbin region is a place of outdoor recreation .

neg: Dutch Americans Dutch Americans are Americans of Dutch descent whose ancestors came from The Netherlands in the recent or distant past . Whether intentional or not , they usually maintain connections with their Dutch heritage , by having , for example , a Dutch surname or belonging to a Dutch community group . Dutch settlement in the Americas started in 1613 with New Amsterdam , which was exchanged with the British for the current Suriname at the treaty of Breda ( 1667 ) and renamed New York City . The British split the Dutch colony of New Netherlands into two pieces , and named them New York and New Jersey . Further waves of immigration occurred in the 19th and 20th centuries .   According to the 2013 American Community Survey , an estimated 4.5 million Americans claim total or partial Dutch heritage . Today the majority of the Dutch Americans live in Michigan , California , Montana , Minnesota , New York , Wisconsin , Idaho , Utah , Iowa , Ohio , West Virginia , and Pennsylvania .

neg: Flag of New England There is no official Flag of New England . Consequently , `` the Flag of New England '' can refer to any number of historical and modern banners used to represent Massachusetts , the New England Colonies , or the six states in the New England region of the northeastern United States . There are some variations , but common designs include a plain colored field ( usually red ) with a pine tree in the canton . Pinus strobus , the eastern white pine , is the most common symbol of New England and most often represents that tree 's former importance in shipbuilding and New England maritime culture .

neg: Sports in Boston Boston , the capital city of the U.S. state of Massachusetts and largest city in the New England region of the northeastern United States , is home to several major league sports teams , including the Red Sox ( baseball ) , the Celtics ( basketball ) and the Bruins ( ice hockey ) . The New England Patriots ( American football ) and the New England Revolution ( soccer ) play at Gillette Stadium in nearby Foxborough , Massachusetts . Several Boston-area colleges and universities are also active in college athletics .   Sports are a major part of the city 's culture ( as well as the culture of the Greater Boston area ) . Boston sports fans are known for their fanatical devotion to the Red Sox and knowledge of the team 's history . Fenway Park , home of the Red Sox , is the oldest ballpark in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) and holds a legendary status among baseball fans .   Boston is the only city in professional sports in which all facilities are privately owned and operated . The Patriots own Gillette Stadium , the Red Sox own Fenway Park , and TD Garden is owned by Delaware North , owner of the Bruins . The Celtics rent TD Garden from Delaware North .   In the 2000s , Boston 's professional teams had arguably the most successful decade in sports history , winning ten championships ( five by the Patriots , three by the Red Sox and one each by the Celtics and Bruins ) . When the Bruins won the 2011 Stanley Cup Finals , the city of Boston became the first city in the 21st century to have all four of its major professional league teams win a league championship , and it is the only city ever to have championships in all four major professional leagues within a ten-year span ( from the Patriots ' victory in February 2002 to the Bruins ' in June 2011 ) . In just ten years , between February 2002 and June 2011 , Boston 's teams completed what Sports Illustrated dubbed as the `` Grand Slam of North American sports . '' With the Patriots ' victory over the Seattle Seahawks in Super Bowl XLIX , the four major Boston-area sports teams completed a grand-slam in six years ( the 2008 Celtics , the 2011 Bruins , the 2013 Red Sox and the 2014 Patriots ) . Beyond that , several of the teams were league finalists : the Revolution four times , the Patriots twice and the Bruins and Celtics once apiece .   With the Bruins reaching the 2011 Stanley Cup Finals , this allowed Boston to join Philadelphia as being the only cities to have had all of their teams play in each of the four major North American professional sports leagues ' title rounds since 2000 , following the Patriots in Super Bowls XXXVI in 2002 , XXXVIII in 2004 , XXXIX in 2005 , XLII in 2008 , XLVI in 2012 , XLIX in 2015 , and LI in 2017 and winning all of them , except Super Bowl XLII and XLVI , the Red Sox winning World Series titles in ( ending the Curse of the Bambino ) , , and , and the Celtics in the NBA Finals in and and winning in 2008 . In addition , Boston beat out Philadelphia for playing in all of the `` big '' league championship rounds in the shortest time in the new millennium , as it took 9 years for Philadelphia to achieve this feat ; Boston needed only three years and eight months . From 2004 to 2015 , all four Boston major league teams have each reached the championship rounds two times or more .

neg: Luzerne County, Pennsylvania Luzerne County is a county located in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the county has a total area of 906 sqmi , of which 890 sqmi is land and 16 sqmi is water . It is Northeastern Pennsylvania 's second-largest county by total area . As of the 2010 census , the population was 320,918 , making it the most populous county in the northeastern part of the state . The county seat and largest city is Wilkes-Barre . Other populous communities include Hazleton , Kingston , Nanticoke , and Pittston . Luzerne County is included in the Scranton -- Wilkes-Barre -- Hazleton Metropolitan Statistical Area , which has a total population of 558,166 ( as of 2015 ) .   On September 25 , 1786 , Luzerne County was formed from part of Northumberland County . It was named after Chevalier de la Luzerne , a French soldier and diplomat during the 18th century . When it was founded , Luzerne County occupied a large portion of Northeastern Pennsylvania . From 1810 to 1878 , it was divided into several smaller counties . The counties of Bradford , Lackawanna , Susquehanna , and Wyoming were all formed from parts of Luzerne County .   The county gained prominence in the 19th and 20th centuries as an active anthracite coal mining region , drawing a large portion of its labor force from European immigrants . At its peak ( in 1930 ) , the county 's population was 445,109 . By the early 21st century , many factories and coal mines were closed . Like most counties in the Rust Belt , Luzerne witnessed population loss and urban decay .

neg: New River (Kanawha River) The New River , part of the Ohio River watershed , is about 360 mi ( 515 km ) long . The river flows through the U.S. states of North Carolina , Virginia , and West Virginia before joining with the Gauley River to form the Kanawha River at the town of Gauley Bridge , WV .   Much of the river 's course through West Virginia is designated as the New River Gorge National River , and the New River is one of the nation 's American Heritage Rivers . In 1975 , North Carolina designated a 26.5 miles segment of the river as `` New River State Scenic River '' , by including it in the state 's Natural and Scenic Rivers System . The segment was added to the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System the following year .   The origins of the name are unclear . Possibilities include being a new river that was not on the Fry-Jefferson map of Virginia , an Indian name meaning `` new waters '' , or the surname of an early settler . Despite its name , the New River is one of the five oldest rivers in the world geologically .   This ancient river begins in the mountains of North Carolina near the Tennessee state line , flows generally northeastward across the Blue Ridge Mountains , Great Appalachian Valley , Ridge and Valley Province , and the Allegheny Front in western North Carolina and Virginia , before turning and following a more northwestward course into West Virginia , where it then cuts through the Appalachian Plateau ( in the New River Gorge ) to meet the Gauley River and become the Kanawha River in south-central West Virginia . The Kanawha then flows into the Ohio River at Point Pleasant , WV . Much of the river 's course is lined with steep cliffs and rock outcrops , particularly in its gorge in West Virginia .   This low-level crossing of the Appalachians , many millions of years old , has long been a biogeographical corridor allowing numerous species of plants and animals to spread between the lowlands of the American East Coast and those of the Midwest ; other unusual kinds of plants occur on the gorge 's cliffs or rim-top ledges . Portions of this corridor are now also used by various railroads and highways , and some segments of the river have been dammed for hydroelectric power production .   The New River Gorge is not only quite scenic , but also offers numerous opportunities for white-water recreation such as rafting and kayaking . Many open ledges along the rim of the gorge offer popular views , with favorites including Hawks Nest State Park and various overlooks on lands of the New River Gorge National River .   Few highways cross the gorge , with the most dramatic bridge by far being the New River Gorge Bridge on U.S. 19 , a steel arch bridge spanning 1700 ft , with the roadway 876 ft above the average level of the river . This structure is the third-longest single-arch bridge in the world , and is also the world 's twelfth-highest vehicular bridge , and the fourth highest in the Americas .   The New River Gorge and the U.S. 19 bridge crossing it are shown on the West Virginia State Quarter , minted in 2005 .

neg: Pocono Mountains The Pocono Mountains , commonly referred to as the Poconos , is a geographical , geological , and cultural region in Northeastern Pennsylvania , United States . The Poconos are an upland of the larger Allegheny Plateau . Forming a 2400 sqmi escarpment overlooking the Delaware River and Delaware Water Gap to the east , the mountains are bordered on the north by Lake Wallenpaupack , on the west by the Wyoming Valley and the Coal Region , and to the south by the Lehigh Valley . It comes from the Munsee word Pokawachne , which means `` Creek Between Two Hills . '' Much of the Poconos region lies within the Greater New York-Newark , NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area . The wooded hills and valleys have long been a popular recreation area , accessible within a two-hour drive to millions of metropolitan area residents , with many communities having resort hotels with fishing , hunting , skiing , and other sports facilities .

neg: Geology of New England New England is a region in the North Eastern United States consisting of the states Rhode Island , Connecticut , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , Vermont , and Maine . Most of New England consists geologically of volcanic island arcs that accreted onto the eastern edge of the Laurentian Craton in prehistoric times . Much of the bedrock found in New England is heavily metamorphosed due to the numerous mountain building events that occurred in the region . The most recent rock layers are glacial conglomerates .

neg: Culture of New England The culture of New England comprises a shared heritage and culture primarily shaped by its indigenous peoples , early English colonists , and waves of immigration from Europe , Asia , Africa , and the Americas . In contrast to other American regions , many of New England 's earliest Puritan settlers came from eastern England , contributing to New England 's distinctive accents , foods , customs , and social structures .

neg: New York Line The New York Line was a formation within the Continental Army . The term `` New York Line '' referred to the quota of numbered infantry regiments assigned to New York at various times by the Continental Congress . These , together with similar contingents from the other twelve states , formed the Continental Line . The concept was particularly important in relation to the promotion of commissioned officers . Officers of the Continental Army below the rank of brigadier general were ordinarily ineligible for promotion except in the line of their own state .   Not all Continental infantry regiments raised in a state were part of a state quota , however . On December 27 , 1776 , the Continental Congress gave Washington temporary control over certain military decisions that the Congress ordinarily regarded as its own prerogative . These `` dictatorial powers '' included the authority to raise sixteen additional Continental infantry regiments at large .   Early in 1777 , Washington offered command of one of these additional regiments to William Malcolm of New York , who accepted . Malcolm had formerly commanded a New York militia unit . Half of Malcolm 's Regiment was drawn from New York and half from Pennsylvania .   Still other Continental infantry regiments and smaller units , also unrelated to a state quota , were raised as needed for special or temporary service . Nicholson 's Regiment , raised in 1776 for the defense of Canada , was an example of such an `` extra '' regiment .

neg: Southeastern Pennsylvania Synod The Southeastern Pennsylvania Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America is the regional ELCA judicatory of the Philadelphia metropolitan area . The synod covers Bucks , Chester , Delaware , and Montgomery counties as well as the City of Philadelphia .   The synod , consisting of rostered leaders ( pastors , associates in ministry , deaconesses , and diaconal ministers ) and approximately 172 congregations and missions , is located in an area rich in German and Swedish history , with the latter bringing Lutheranism ( as missions of the Church of Sweden ) in the 1640s before the subsequent takeover of Tinicum ( present-day Chester ) by the British and the formation of the Province of Pennsylvania under the Quaker William Penn , who invited scores of people , mostly British Quakers and German Lutherans and Anabaptists ( Amish and Mennonite ) , to settle the land . Its predecessor body , the Ministerium of Pennsylvania and Adjacent States , the oldest Lutheran synod in America , was organized in 1748 at Philadelphia by the Lutheran patriarch , Pastor Henry Melchior Muhlenberg of Trappe , Pennsylvania . The synod is also the home of Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia ( LTSP ) , under which the ELCA maintains the main office of the seventh region , which oversees the ELCA 's New England , Upstate and Metropolitan New York Synods , the Slovak Zion Synod , New Jersey Synod , and two of the ELCA synods in Pennsylvania .   The highest legislative authority of the synod is the Synod Assembly , which meets annually . The Synod Council is the board of directors of the synod and is its interim legislative authority between meetings of the Synod Assembly . The Synod Council normally meets five times every year and consists of 29 members . The Bishop is elected by the Synod Assembly and may serve an unlimited number of six-year terms . The other synod officers are the Vice President ( who must be a layperson ) , Secretary , and Treasurer ( either a layperson or a rostered pastor ) , all of whom may serve an unlimited number of four-year terms .   The synod 's current office is located on the grounds of LTSP , having been moved from its previous office in Norristown , Pennsylvania in 2008 . Since the Called to Common Mission with the Episcopal Church , it has been in ecumenical partnership with the Episcopal Diocese of Pennsylvania , allowing the synod and the diocese to share both pastors and staff . Symbolically , the synod gave the diocese a baptismal font with the consecration of the new Philadelphia Episcopal Cathedral located in Philadelphia 's `` University City '' section ( near the University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University ) . In 2006 , the Rev. Claire Schenot Burkat , a Lutheran pastor who had been both on the synod 's and diocese 's `` deployed staff , '' in support of the formation of new congregations , was elected as the synod 's fourth bishop , and the first woman to hold the title . She was formally installed on October 14 , 2006 . Her co-consecrators included ELCA Presiding Bishop Mark S. Hanson and the Rt. . Rev. Samuel Colerman , former Episcopal bishop of Connecticut and former assistant bishop of Pennsylvania under the Rt. . Rev. Charles Bennison .   Geographically , the synod shares the same five-county area as the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia and the Episcopal Diocese of Pennsylvania . The Eastern Pennsylvania Conference of the United Methodist Church , part of the larger Philadelphia Episcopal Area ( which includes the Peninsula Delaware Conference ) , is also located within the geographic boundaries of the Southeastern Pennsylvania Synod , but also includes territory located within the ELCA 's Northeastern Pennsylvania Synod , mostly the Lehigh Valley and Pocono Mountains regions .

neg: New England Puritan culture and recreation The Puritan culture of the New England colonies of the seventeenth century was influenced by Calvinist Theology , which believed in a `` just , almighty God '' and a lifestyle that consisted of pious , consecrated actions . The Puritans participated in their own forms of recreational activity , including visual arts , literature , and music . The Puritans were educated and literate , and their culture was broadly based in the arts and languages .

neg: Restoration colony A restoration colony was one of a number of land grants in North America given by King Charles II of England in the later half of the 17th century , ostensibly as a reward to his supporters in the Stuart Restoration . The grants marked the resumption of English colonization of the Americas after a 30-year hiatus . The two major restoration colonies were the Province of Pennsylvania and the Province of Carolina . The founding of the Carolinas is described thusly :   In 1663 , three years after he was restored to his father 's throne , England 's Charles II granted a vast territory named Carolina to a group of supporters during his years of exile . Its boundaries extended from Virginia southward to central Florida and eastward to the Atlantic Ocean . Within this potential empire , eight London-based proprietors , including several involved in Barbados sugar plantations , gained governmental powers and semifeudal rights to the land . The system of governance planned for Carolina had both feudal and modern features . To lure settlers , the proprietors promised religious freedom and offered land free for the asking . But onto this generous land offer they grafted a scheme for a semimedieval government in which they , their deputies , and a few noblemen would monopolize political power . Reacting to a generation of revolutionary turbulence in England , they designed Carolina as a model of social and political stability in which a hereditary aristocracy would check boisterous small landholders .   The Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations and Connecticut Colony were given their formal charters and Rhode Island even honored the King with King 's Province ( what has since been renamed Washington County , Rhode Island ) .

neg: Anglo-Americans Anglo-Americans or Anglos are people who are inhabitants of Anglo-America and are referred to as English Americans and/or an English Canadians . It typically refers to an English-speaking American in distinction to Spanish speakers in the Southwestern states and in Mexico ; German speakers ( Amish ) in North Dakota , Ohio , and Pennsylvania ; and French speakers in Canada , New England and Louisiana . This usage originated in the discussion of the history of English-speaking people of the United States and the Spanish-speaking people residing in the western United States during the Mexican -- American War .

neg: Pennsylvania, Exeter Pennsylvania is a suburb situated on the high ground to the north of the city of Exeter in the county of Devon , England . It lies between the ancient deer park of Duryardand Stoke Hill and was the last area of the city to be developed , because of its steep-sided valleys . It was named after the US state by Joseph Sparkes , a Quaker banker who built the first terrace there in about 1820 .   Its southern slopes , nearest to the city , include many spacious late Victorian and Edwardian houses , while on the steep higher hills , heading north out of Exeter , the housing is mainly 1920s -- 1970s , with a few newer estates on the city 's extremities .   Its proximity within walking distance of Exeter University has made it popular with academics and students . J. K. Rowling was a resident of Pennsylvania while a student at Exeter University in the late 1980s .

neg: Down East `` Down East '' , also `` Downeast '' , is a term referring to parts of eastern coastal New England and Canada , particularly the U.S. state of Maine and Canada 's Maritime Provinces , an area that closely corresponds to the historical French territory of Acadia . The phrase apparently derives from sailing terminology : sailors from western ports sailed downwind toward the east to reach the area .   A person from this area may be called a down-easter . Within Maine , the phrase `` Down East '' may refer specifically to the state 's easternmost regions , also called Down East Maine .

neg: Merrimack Valley The Merrimack Valley is a bi-state region along the Merrimack River in the U.S. states of New Hampshire and Massachusetts , United States . The Merrimack is one of the larger waterways in the New England region and has helped define the livelihood and culture of those living along it since native times .   Major cities in the Merrimack Valley include Concord , Manchester and Nashua in New Hampshire , as well as Lowell , Lawrence and Haverhill in Massachusetts . The Merrimack Valley was a major center of the textile industry in America during the 19th century .

neg: Music of New Hampshire New Hampshire is a state of the United States , located in the New England region . It is home to several professional performing institutions , including the more than 90-year-old fully professional Symphony New Hampshire ( known from 1923-2012 as the Nashua Symphony ) based out of Nashua , and the community-based New Hampshire Philharmonic .   The state of New Hampshire is unusual for having nine state songs .