query: Sleep apnea can disrupt sleep.

pos: Sleep Sleep is a naturally recurring state of mind and body characterized by altered consciousness , relatively inhibited sensory activity , inhibition of nearly all voluntary muscles , and reduced interactions with surroundings . It is distinguished from wakefulness by a decreased ability to react to stimuli , but is more easily reversed than the state of being comatose . Sleep occurs in repeating periods , in which the body alternates between two highly distinct modes known as non-REM and REM sleep . Although REM stands for `` rapid eye movement '' , this mode of sleep has many other aspects , including virtual paralysis of the body . A well-known feature of sleep is the dream , an experience typically recounted in narrative form , which resembles waking life while in progress , but which usually can later be distinguished as fantasy .   During sleep , most of the body 's systems are in an anabolic state , helping to restore the immune , nervous , skeletal , and muscular systems ; these are vital processes that maintain mood , memory , and cognitive performance and plays a large role in the function of the endocrine and immune systems . The internal circadian clock promotes sleep daily at night . The diverse purposes and mechanisms of sleep are the subject of substantial ongoing research . The advent of artificial light has substantially altered sleep timing in industrialized countries .   Humans may suffer from various sleep disorders , including dyssomnias , such as insomnia , hypersomnia , narcolepsy , and sleep apnea ; parasomnias , such as sleepwalking and REM behavior disorder ; bruxism ; and circadian rhythm sleep disorders .

neg: Heart murmur Heart murmurs are heart sounds produced when blood flows across one of the heart valves that are loud enough to be heard with a stethoscope .   There are two types of murmurs . A functional murmur or `` physiologic murmur '' is a heart murmur that is primarily due to physiologic conditions outside the heart . Other types of murmurs are due to structural defects in the heart itself . Functional murmurs are benign ( an `` innocent murmur '' ) .   Murmurs may also be the result of various problems , such as narrowing or leaking of valves , or the presence of abnormal passages through which blood flows in or near the heart . Such murmurs , known as pathologic murmurs , should be evaluated by an expert .   Heart murmurs are most frequently categorized by timing , into systolic heart murmurs and diastolic heart murmurs , differing in the part of the heartbeat on which they can be heard . However , continuous murmurs can not be directly placed into either category .

neg: Prenasalized consonant Prenasalized consonants are phonetic sequences of a nasal and an obstruent ( or occasionally a non-nasal sonorant such as -LSB- -LSB- ɺ -RSB- -RSB- ) that behave phonologically like single consonants . The primary reason for considering these to be single consonants , rather than clusters as in English finger or member , lies in their behavior ; however , there may also be phonetic correlates which distinguish prenasalized consonants from clusters . Because of the additional difficulty in both articulation and timing , prenasalized fricatives and sonorants are not as common as prenasalized stops or affricates , and the presence of the former implies the latter .   In most languages , when a prenasalized consonant is described as `` voiceless '' , it is only the oral portion that is voiceless , while the nasal portion is modally voiced . Thus a language may have `` voiced '' -LSB- -LSB- ᵐb ⁿd ᵑɡ -RSB- -RSB- and `` voiceless '' -LSB- -LSB- ᵐp ⁿt ᵑk -RSB- -RSB- . However , in some Southern Min ( incl . Taiwanese ) dialects , voiced stops are preceded by voiceless prenasalization : -LSB- -LSB- ᵐ̥b ⁿ̥d ⁿ̥ɺ ᵑ̊ɡ -RSB- -RSB- .   Prenasalized stops may be distinguished from post-stopped nasals ( orally released nasals ) , such as the -LSB- / mᵇ nᵈ ɲᶡ ŋᶢ / -RSB- of Acehnese and similar sounds ( including voiceless -LSB- / mᵖ / -RSB- etc. ) in many dialects of Chinese . ( Though at least in the Chinese case , in some dialects the nasalization continues in diminished degree through to the vowel , indicating that the consonant is partially denasalized rather than actually having an oral release . ) No language is known to contrast the two types of consonant , which are distinguished primarily by a difference in timing ( brief nasal followed by longer stop vs longer nasal followed by brief stop ) , nor are any expected to .

neg: Pulmonary aspiration Pulmonary aspiration is the entry of material ( such as pharyngeal secretions , food or drink , or stomach contents ) from the oropharynx or gastrointestinal tract into the larynx ( voice box ) and lower respiratory tract ( the portions of the respiratory system from the trachea -- i.e. , windpipe -- to the lungs ) . A person may either inhale the material , or it may be delivered into the tracheobronchial tree during positive pressure ventilation . When pulmonary aspiration occurs during eating and drinking , the aspirated material is often colloquially referred to as `` going down the wrong pipe . ''   Consequences of pulmonary aspiration range from no injury at all , to chemical pneumonitis or pneumonia , to death within minutes from asphyxiation . These consequences depend in part on the volume , chemical composition , particle size , presence or absence of infectious agents , and underlying health status of the person . In healthy people , aspiration of small quantities of material is common and rarely results in disease or injury . People with significant underlying disease or injury , especially hospitalized patients , are at greater risk for developing respiratory complications following pulmonary aspiration because of certain factors such as depressed level of consciousness and impaired airway defenses ( gag reflex and/or respiratory tract antimicrobial defense system ) . As the lumen of the right main bronchus is more vertical and of slightly wider diameter than that of the left , aspirated material is more likely to end up in this bronchus or one of its subsequent bifurcation .   About 3.6 million cases of pulmonary aspiration or foreign body in the airway occurred in 2013 .

neg: Benzodiazepine Benzodiazepines ( BZD , BZs ) , sometimes called `` benzos '' , are a class of psychoactive drugs whose core chemical structure is the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring . The first such drug , chlordiazepoxide ( Librium ) , was discovered accidentally by Leo Sternbach in 1955 , and made available in 1960 by Hoffmann -- La Roche , which , since 1963 , has also marketed the benzodiazepine diazepam ( Valium ) . In 1977 benzodiazepines were globally the most prescribed medications .   Benzodiazepines enhance the effect of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid ( GABA ) at the GABAA receptor , resulting in sedative , hypnotic ( sleep-inducing ) , anxiolytic ( anti-anxiety ) , anticonvulsant , and muscle relaxant properties . High doses of many shorter-acting benzodiazepines may also cause anterograde amnesia and dissociation . These properties make benzodiazepines useful in treating anxiety , insomnia , agitation , seizures , muscle spasms , alcohol withdrawal and as a premedication for medical or dental procedures . Benzodiazepines are categorized as either short - , intermediate - , or long-acting . Short - and intermediate-acting benzodiazepines are preferred for the treatment of insomnia ; longer-acting benzodiazepines are recommended for the treatment of anxiety .   Benzodiazepines are generally viewed as safe and effective for short-term use , although cognitive impairment and paradoxical effects such as aggression or behavioral disinhibition occasionally occur . A minority of people can have paradoxical reactions such as worsened agitation or panic . Long-term use is controversial because of concerns about adverse psychological and physical effects , decreasing effectiveness , and physical dependence and withdrawal . As a result of adverse effects associated with the long-term use of benzodiazepines , withdrawal from benzodiazepines , in general , leads to improved physical and mental health . The elderly are at an increased risk of suffering from both short - and long-term adverse effects , and as a result , all benzodiazepines are listed in the Beers List of inappropriate medications for older adults .   There is controversy concerning the safety of benzodiazepines in pregnancy . While they are not major teratogens , uncertainty remains as to whether they cause cleft palate in a small number of babies and whether neurobehavioural effects occur as a result of prenatal exposure ; they are known to cause withdrawal symptoms in the newborn . Benzodiazepines can be taken in overdoses and can cause dangerous deep unconsciousness . However , they are less toxic than their predecessors , the barbiturates , and death rarely results when a benzodiazepine is the only drug taken . When combined with other central nervous system ( CNS ) depressants such as alcoholic drinks and opioids , the potential for toxicity and fatal overdose increases . Benzodiazepines are commonly misused and taken in combination with other drugs of abuse .

neg: Apneustic respirations Apneustic respiration ( a.k.a. apneusis ) is an abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by deep , gasping inspiration with a pause at full inspiration followed by a brief , insufficient release .   Accompanying signs and symptoms may include decerebrate posturing ; fixed , dilated pupils ; coma or profound stupor ; quadriparesis ; absent corneal reflex ; negative oculocephalic reflex ; and obliteration of the gag reflex .

neg: Squawk (sound) Squawks or short wheezes are brief `` squeaky '' sounds that are also referred to as squeaks . Their waveforms show a sinusoidal pattern with a duration 10 to 100 ms and a frequency between 200 and 800 Hz . Many birds have made sounds which are onomatopoeically described as `` squawk '' . Squawks have been described in bird fancier 's disease and other forms of hypersensitivity pneumonitis . They are also heard in a variety of conditions in which alveolitis is present . In one study they were found in 10 % of patients with pneumonia .

neg: Air pollution sensor Air pollution sensors are devices that detect and monitor the presence of air pollution in the surrounding area . They can be used for both indoor and outdoor environments . These sensors can be built at home , or bought from certain manufactures . Although there are various types of air pollution sensors , and some are specialized in certain aspects , the majority focuses on five components : ozone , particulate matter , carbon monoxide , sulfur dioxide , and nitrous oxide . The sensors were very expensive in the past , but with technological advancements these sensors are becoming more affordable and more widespread throughout the population . These sensors can help serve many purposes and help bring attention to environmental issues beyond the scope of the human eye .   The EPA maintains a repository of air quality data through the Air Quality System ( AQS ) , where it stores data from over 10,000 monitors in the United States .   While use of these sensors was expensive in the past , the 2010s saw a recent trend towards the development of cheaper portable air-quality sensors that can be worn by individuals to monitor local air quality levels . These sensors , can then , in turn , help measure the spatiotemporal coverage and variety of chemical species , and empower individuals and communities to better understand their exposure environments and risks from air pollution .   A research group led by William Griswold at UCSD handed out portable air pollution sensors to 16 commuters , and found `` urban valleys '' where buildings trapped pollution . The group also found that passengers in buses have higher exposures compared to those in automobiles .

neg: Synactive Theory of Newborn Behavioral Organization and Development The Synactive Theory of Newborn Behavioral Organization and Development ( Synaction n. , or Synactive adj. -LSB- from the Greek syn `` together '' and the Latin actio `` action , '' resulting in : `` together in action '' -RSB- ) suggests that development of the human fetus , and later newborn , proceeds through the constant balancing of approach and avoidance behaviors , leading to : 1 ) a continuous interaction of the subsystems ( i.e. , Autonomic , Motor , State and Attention/Interaction , and Regulatory ) and their increasingly defined delineations within the organism , that is the infant , and 2 ) the organism 's interaction with the environment at large . This process is aimed at bringing about the increasingly well-defined species-unique developmental agenda .   Figure 1 ( below ) , provides a graphic representation of the Synactive Theory of development , as applied to both fetal and newborn stages . It focuses upon the infant 's within-organism , four subsystems of functioning , and their continuous interaction with each other and with the environment across time ( i.e. , `` together in action , '' or synaction ) . The four subsystems include the :   Autonomic Subsystem : Expressed in the pattern of respiration ( e.g. , fast , slow , pauses ) color changes ( e.g. , pink , pale , red ) , neurological indicators ( e.g. , seizures , tremulousness ) , and visceral or gut signals such as bowel movements , gagging , and hiccoughing ;   Motor Subsystem : Observable through the tone , posture and movement patterns of the infant ;   State and Attention/Interaction Subsystem : Expressed via : 1 ) the range of states available to the infant ( i.e. , deep sleep , light sleep , drowsy , alert , hyperalert , and cry ) , 2 ) how clearly it is to observably differentiate one state from the other , and 3 ) the patterns of transitions from one state to another ( e.g. , smooth well-differentiated state transitions versus abrupt unorganized state transitions ) .   The attention/interaction system is set within this state continuum ( i.e. , from deep sleep to cry ) and represented by the infant 's ability to adjust the robustness and increasing refinement of an alert , attentive state . The infant uses this state to take in cognitive and social information from the environment as well as to bring forth and modify inputs from the surrounding world ; and   Regulatory Subsystem : Behaviorally represented via the observable strategies the infant uses ( Self-Regulation ) in maintaining a balanced , relatively stable and relaxed state of subsystem of functioning or in returning to this a state of subsystem functioning if imbalance , or stress has occurred within the subsystems .   An additional component of the regulatory subsystem is observable in the kind and amount of support offered by the caregiver ( e.g. , supporting a soft , tucked , flexed position of the infant 's arms and legs ) or by the environment ( e.g. , dimming the lights in the nursery ) . This Co-Regulation may be necessary to help the infant 's return to balance in situations when his/her own self-regulatory capacities are exceeded .   Reproduced with permission from Als , H. Toward a synactive theory of development : Promise for the assessment of infant individuality . Infant Mental Health Journal . 1982 : ( 3 ) : 229-243 ; p. 234 .   The graphic representation of the Synactive Theory above depicts the developing organism , that is , the infant , in constant interaction with the environment from within the womb to the newborn intensive care unit ( NICU ) , and the caregiving family 's support in the NICU , to the family in their home . Newborn infants are actively striving for their next steps in development , while depending upon `` good enough '' environments and care to assure progress along their developmental agenda .   The Synactive Theory of Development continues to be instrumental in guiding clinicians ( e.g. , neonatologist , nurses , psychologists , developmental specialists , physical/occupational therapists , etc. ) and researchers in their understanding of the often very small steps in development that prematurely born and other high risk newborns attempt to accomplish ( which are major steps for their immature or injured brain ) . This theory gives professionals the framework and tools with which to identify the infant 's strengths , challenges and accomplishments . Such accomplishments may include breathing , sucking and swallowing in a coordinated sequence ; moving food down into and through the stomach and intestinal track instead of upwards , leading to reflux and vomiting ; looking at the caregiver and breathing at the same time , as well as many others .   The Synactive Theory is the foundation of both : 1 ) the Assessment of Preterm Infants ' Behavior ( APIB ) , a standardized comprehensive newborn test , and 2 ) the Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program ( NIDCAP ) , which is the care and intervention approach , that focuses on each infant 's behavioral cues ( e.g. , hand ( s ) to mouth , bracing with feet against a supporting surface ) in order to support the infant 's strengths and reduce the infant 's vulnerabilities . The infant 's family is viewed as the infant 's most important nurturer and is integrated in all care from the infant 's birth on throughout the infant 's hospitalization .

neg: Sleep together Sleep together may refer to :   Sexual intercourse  `` Sleep Together '' , a song by Garbage from the album Version 2.0  Sleep Together ( Porcupine Tree song )

neg: Hypnodermatology Hypnodermatology is an informal label for the use of hypnosis in treating the skin conditions that fall between conventional medical dermatology and the mental health disciplines .   The use of hypnosis to provide relief for some skin conditions is based on observations that the severity of the disease may correlate with emotional issues . In addition , hypnotherapy has been used to suggest improvement on dermatological symptoms , such as chronic psoriasis , eczema , ichthyosis , warts and alopecia areata .   Philip D. Shenefelt , a research dermatologist at the University of South Florida School of Medicine , has identified two dozen dermatologic conditions that have shown response to hypnosis in the literature , with varying degrees of evidence . These include successful results in controlled trials on verruca vulgaris , psoriasis , and atopic dermatitis . A 2005 review in the Mayo Clinic Proceedings stated that , `` A review of the use of hypnosis in dermatology supports its value for many skin conditions not believed to be under conscious control '' . The most comprehensively studied skin conditions in relation to hypnotherapy are psoriasis and warts . Hypnosis may have positive effects on dermatological conditions in both adults and children .   Hypnotherapy may contribute towards reducing itching and discomfort brought on by the presence of warts and improves and possibly decreasing lesions .

neg: Pertussis Pertussis ( also known as whooping cough or 100-day cough ) is a highly contagious bacterial disease . Initially , symptoms are usually similar to those of the common cold with a runny nose , fever , and mild cough . This is then followed by weeks of severe coughing fits . Following a fit of coughing , a high-pitched whoop sound or gasp may occur as the person breathes in . The coughing may last for 10 or more weeks , hence the phrase `` 100-day cough '' . A person may cough so hard that they vomit , break ribs , or become very tired from the effort . Children less than one year old may have little or no cough and instead have periods where they do not breathe . The time between infection and the onset of symptoms is usually seven to ten days . Disease may occur in those who have been vaccinated , but symptoms are typically milder .   Pertussis is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis . It is an airborne disease which spreads easily through the coughs and sneezes of an infected person . People are infectious to others from the start of symptoms until about three weeks into the coughing fits . Those treated with antibiotics are no longer infectious after five days . Diagnosis is by collecting a sample from the back of the nose and throat . This sample can then be tested by either culture or by polymerase chain reaction .   Prevention is mainly by vaccination with the pertussis vaccine . Initial immunization is recommended between six and eight weeks of age , with four doses to be given in the first two years of life . The vaccine becomes less effective over time , with additional doses often recommended for older children and adults . Antibiotics may be used to prevent the disease in those who have been exposed and are at risk of severe disease . In those with the disease , antibiotics are useful if started within three weeks of the initial symptoms , but otherwise have little effect in most people . In children less than one year old and among those who are pregnant , they are recommended within six weeks of symptom onset . Antibiotics used include erythromycin , azithromycin , clarithromycin , or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole . Evidence to support interventions , other than antibiotics , for the cough is poor . Many children less than a year of age require hospitalization .   An estimated 16.3 million people worldwide were infected in 2015 . Most cases occur in the developing world , and people of all ages may be affected . In 2015 , it resulted in 58,700 deaths -- down from 138,000 deaths in 1990 . Nearly 0.5 % of infected children less than one year of age die . Outbreaks of the disease were first described in the 16th century . The bacterium that causes the infection was discovered in 1906 . The pertussis vaccine became available in the 1940s .

neg: Postural drainage Postural drainage ( PD ) is drainage used in bronchiectasis and lung abscess . The patient 's body is positioned so that the trachea is inclined downward and below the affected chest area . Postural drainage is essential in treating bronchiectasis and patients must receive physiotherapy to learn to tip themselves into a position in which the lobe to be drained . It is done at least three times daily for up to 30 minutes . It can be done in the night to reduce coughing at night ( although PD should be avoided after meals ) or in the morning to clear accumulated secretions during the night . Bronchodilators can be used 15 minutes before PD is done to maximise its benefits . The most affected area is drained first to prevent infected secretions spilling into healthy lung . Drainage time varies but each position requires 10 minutes . If an entire hemithorax is involved , each lobe has to drained individual but a maximum of three position per session is considered sufficient . The procedure is discontinued if the patient complains of headache , discomfort , dizziness , palpitations , fatigue and dyspnea . Patients may be dyspnic after the various manuovers as the head-down position increases the work of breathing , reduces tidal volume and decreases FRC .   The treatment is often used in conjunction with a technique for loosening secretions in the chest cavity called chest percussion . Chest percussion is performed by clapping the back or chest with a cupped hand . Alternatively , a mechanical vibrator may be used in some cases to facilitate loosening of secretions . There are drainage positions for all segments of the lung . These positions can be modified depending on the patient 's condition .   Postural drainage may be followed by breathing exercises to help expel loosened secretions from the airway .

neg: Air embolism An air embolism , also known as a gas embolism , is a blood vessel blockage caused by one or more bubbles of air or other gas in the circulatory system . Air embolisms may also occur in the xylem of vascular plants , especially when suffering from water stress . Air can be introduced into the circulation during surgical procedures , lung over-expansion injury , decompression , and a few other causes .   Divers can suffer from arterial gas embolisms as a consequence of lung over-expansion injury . Breathing gas introduced into the venous system of the lungs due to pulmonary barotrauma will not be trapped in the alveolar capillaries , and will consequently be circulated to the rest of the body through the systemic arteries , with a high risk of embolism . Inert gas bubbles arising from decompression are generally formed in the venous side of the systemic circulation , where inert gas concentrations are highest , these bubbles are generally trapped in the capillaries of the lungs where they will usually be eliminated without causing symptoms . If they are shunted to the systemic circulation through a patent foramen ovale they can travel to and lodge in the brain where they can cause stroke , the coronary capillaries where they can cause myocardial ischaemia or other tissues , where the consequences are usually less critical . The first aid treatment is to administer oxygen at the highest practicable concentration , treat for shock and transport to a hospital where therapeutic recompression and hyperbaric oxygen therapy are the definitive treatment .

neg: Put to sleep The term `` put to sleep '' may refer to :   anesthesia  animal euthanasia  Actually helping something go to sleep

neg: Safety of electronic cigarettes The safety of electronic cigarettes is uncertain . There is little data about their safety , and considerable variability among e-cigarettes and in their liquid ingredients and thus the contents of the aerosol delivered to the user . Reviews on the safety of e-cigarettes have reached significantly different conclusions . A 2014 World Health Organization ( WHO ) report cautioned about potential risks of using e-cigarettes . Regulated US Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) products such as nicotine inhalers are likely safer than e-cigarettes , . A systematic review suggests that e-cigarettes are less harmful than smoking and since they contain no tobacco and do not involve combustion , users may avoid several harmful constituents usually found in tobacco smoke . However , e-cigarettes can not be considered harmless .   E-cigarettes have been found to reduce lung and myocardial function , increase inflammation , and have toxic content including carcinogens , but to a much lower extent than combustible cigarettes in virtually all cases . The long-term effects of e-cigarette use are unknown . A 2015 study found serious adverse events related to e-cigarettes were hypotension , seizure , chest pain , rapid heartbeat , disorientation , and congestive heart failure but it was unclear to the degree they were the result of e-cigarettes . Less serious adverse effects may include abdominal pain , headache , blurry vision , throat and mouth irritation , vomiting , nausea , and coughing . A 2014 WHO report said , `` ENDS -LSB- electronic nicotine delivery system -RSB- use poses serious threats to adolescents and fetuses . '' Aside from toxicity exposure in normal use , there are also risks from misuse or accidents such as nicotine poisoning ( especially among infants and children ) , contact with liquid nicotine , fires caused by vaporizer malfunction , and explosions resulting from extended charging , unsuitable chargers , or design flaws . Battery explosions are caused by an increase in internal battery temperature and some have resulted in severe skin burns . There is a small risk of battery explosion in devices modified to increase battery power .   The cytotoxicity of e-liquids varies , and contamination with various chemicals have been detected in the liquid . Metal parts of e-cigarettes in contact with the e-liquid can contaminate it with metals . Many chemicals including carbonyl compounds such as formaldehyde can inadvertently be produced when the nichrome wire ( heating element ) that touches the e-liquid is heated and chemically reacted with the liquid . Normal usage of e-cigarettes , and reduced voltage ( 3.0 V ) devices generate very low levels of formaldehyde . Later-generation e-cigarettes used with higher power may generate equal or higher levels of formaldehyde than compared to smoking . A 2015 review found that these levels were the result of overheating under test conditions that bear little resemblance to common usage . A 2015 Public Health England ( PHE ) report found that high levels of formaldehyde only occurred in overheated `` dry-puffing '' . Users detect the `` dry puff '' and avoid it , and they concluded that `` There is no indication that EC users are exposed to dangerous levels of aldehydes . '' However , e-cigarette users may `` learn '' to overcome the unpleasant taste due to elevated aldehyde formation , when the nicotine craving is high enough . E-cigarette users who use devices that contain nicotine are exposed to its potentially harmful effects . Nicotine is associated with cardiovascular disease , potential birth defects , and poisoning . In vitro studies of nicotine have associated it with cancer , but carcinogenicity has not been demonstrated in vivo . There is inadequate research to demonstrate that nicotine is associated with cancer in humans . The risk is probably low from the inhalation of propylene glycol and glycerin . No information is available on the long-term effects of the inhalation of flavors .   E-cigarettes create an aerosol that consists of fine and ultrafine particles of particulate matter , with the majority of particles in the ultrafine range . The vapor have been found to contain flavors , propylene glycol , glycerin , nicotine , tiny amounts of toxicants , carcinogens , heavy metals , and metal nanoparticles , and other substances . Exactly what the vapor comprises varies in composition and concentration across and within manufacturers . E-cigarette vapor potentially contains harmful substances not found in tobacco smoke . The majority of toxic chemicals found in tobacco smoke are absent in e-cigarette vapor . E-cigarette vapor contains lower concentrations of potentially toxic chemicals than with cigarette smoke . Those which are present , are mostly below 1 % the corresponding levels permissible by workplace safety standards . But workplace safety standards do not recognize exposure to certain vulnerable groups such as people with medical ailments , children , and infants who may be exposed to second-hand vapor . Concern exists that some of the mainstream vapor exhaled by e-cigarette users may be inhaled by bystanders , particularly indoors . E-cigarette use by a parent might lead to inadvertent health risks to offspring . A 2014 review recommended that e-cigarettes should be regulated for consumer safety . There is limited information available on the environmental issues around production , use , and disposal of e-cigarettes that use cartridges .

neg: Adherence management coaching Adherence management coaching ( AdM coaching ) is an evidence-based applied behavioral approach for significantly improving patient adherence and reducing unplanned hospital readmissions . It is based on the research and work of Bob Wright , Aubrey Daniels and BF Skinner . AdM coaches identify patients at high risk for readmission as a direct result of not following their discharge plan . Once identified , AdM Coaches work with these patients ( patient engagement ) to identify consequences ( consequence analysis ) with their plan of care that might result in non-adherence . Together , with their provider , AdM Coaches establish a patient centered adherence improvement plan ( AIP ) . The AIP is used to identify target behaviors , desired results ( clinical outcomes ) and reinforcers that support following their plan of care and developing adherent habits . Following hospital discharge , at-risk patients , and their families , are followed and coached by an AdM Coach for several months as the adherent replacement habits are developed and strengthened .   Home and work environments are filled with cues of a lifetime of habits . While meeting with at-risk patients and their families , AdM coaches identify these cues and work with the family to replace them and reinforce healthier habits . All new behaviors , if not reinforced , will return to the life-style habits that contributed to hospitalization in the first place . Adherence management provides a coaching toolkit to be used in conjunction with Teachback , motivational interviewing , pill counting , biochemical measurements , pharmacy data-base of usage and Directly Observed Treatment Short course ( DOTS ) .   Worldwide , half of all patients choose to not follow their plan of care . Current programs , like the teach-back method , focus on teaching all patients , just prior to their discharge , the new information they need to follow to once they go home . Motivational Interviewing takes more nurse educator time as together , with the patient , they attempt to identify and overcome areas of ambivalence concerning their disease process and plan of care . Other programs focus on alerting devices and pill-minders to aid patients in remembering to take their medications on time . At best , these `` cues '' or antecedents have had a marginal impact on improving adherence .   The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services has extended provider responsibility and accountability well beyond the front doors of clinics and hospitals . CMS , in responding to a hospital question concerning levels of responsibility following discharge , responded writing , `` Post discharge care is a joint responsibility . ''   Punitive programs have been established within the Affordable Care Act of 2010 as a `` quality incentive '' to create change . Hospitals with readmitted patients , above an allowable range and within 30 days of discharge , lose a 4 % `` Quality Withhold '' . A significant number of these readmissions , because of a lack of post-discharge transitional care coordination and patient engagement , will be the result of non-adherence to their discharge plan . Punishing hospitals for patient non-adherence may have some effect on hospital behavior , but little or no impact on improving patient adherence .

neg: Nasal EPAP Nasal expiratory positive airway pressure ( Nasal EPAP ) is a treatment for obstructive sleep apnea ( OSA ) and snoring .   Contemporary EPAP devices have two small valves that allow air to be drawn in through each nostril , but not exhaled ; the valves are held in place by adhesive tabs on the outside of the nose . The mechanism by which EPAP may work is not clear ; it may be that the resistance to nasal exhalation leads to a buildup in CO2 which in turn increases respiratory drive , or that resistance to exhalation generates pressure that forces the upper airway to open wider .   In OSA it appears to be effective to reduce but not eliminate apnea for people with mild to moderate OSA ( Apnea -- hypopnea index < 30 ) and for people who can not tolerate CPAP , but within those groups it is not clear why some respond and others do not , and the evidence consists of small clinical trials with follow-up no longer than one year . As of 2015 there was evidence from one small trial that it may be useful in children with OSA . It has shown evidence of reducing snoring as well .   EPAP is unlikely to be effective in people with significant nasal obstruction . Side effects that emerged during clinical trials included difficulty breathing , difficulty falling or staying asleep , dry mouth , nasal congestion , headache , difficulty putting on or removing the device , and anxiety .   Ventus Medical received FDA 510K clearance for marketing the Provent EPAP device for OSA in 2009 . Ventus received 510K clearance for an EPAP device to treat snoring in June 2012 . Ventus was acquired by Theravent Inc. in 2013 .

neg: Papworth method The Papworth method is a specific diaphragmatic breathing technique that was developed in the 1960s . The technique emphasises nose breathing and the development of a breathing pattern to suit current activity . It also involves relaxation exercises that , in concert with the breathing technique , have been purported to aid depression and anxiety .   Developed at Papworth Hospital in Cambridgeshire , England , the method seeks to control `` over-breathing '' ( rapid shallow breaths taken at the top of the chest ) that are usually associated with persons under stressful conditions . The aim is to encourage gentler , more relaxed breathing , using the abdomen and diaphragm rather than the chest .

neg: Breathing (disambiguation) Breathing is the process that moves air in and out of the lungs or oxygen through other breathing organs .   Breathing may also refer to :   Breathing ( film ) , a 2011 Austrian art-house film  Breathing ( lens ) , an effect in some photographic lenses  Breathing ( memorial sculpture ) , a memorial sculpture in London  Pre-echo or breathing , a digital audio compression artifact  One of two Greek diacritics :  Rough breathing , which represents h  Smooth breathing , which represents the absence of h  Breathing , aeration of wine , as by use of a decanter

neg: Nitrogen dioxide poisoning Nitrogen dioxide poisoning is the illness resulting from the toxic effect of nitrogen dioxide . It usually occurs after the inhalation of the gas beyond the threshold limit value .  Nitrogen dioxide is reddish-brown with very a sharp , harsh smell at high concentrations . It is colourless and odourless at lower concentration but yet harmful . Nitrogen dioxide poisoning depends on the duration , frequency and intensity of exposure .  Nitrogen dioxide is an irritant of the mucous membrane linked with other air pollutant that causes pulmonary diseases such as OLD , asthma , chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and sometimes acute exacerbation of COPD and in fatal cases , deaths .  Its poor solubility in water enhances its passage and its ability to pass through the moist oral mucosa of the respiratory tract .  Like most toxic gases , the dose inhaled determines the toxicity on the respiratory tract . Occupational exposures constitute the highest risk of toxicity and domestic exposure is uncommon . Prolonged exposure to low concentration of the gas may have lethal effects , as can short-term exposure to high concentrations like chlorine gas poisoning . It is one of the major air pollutant capable of causing severe heath hazards such as coronary artery disease as well as stroke .  Nitrogen dioxide is often released into the environment as a byproduct of fuel combustion but rarely released by spontaneous combustion . Known sources of nitrogen gas poisoning includes automobile exhaust and power stations .  The toxicity may also result from non-combustible sources such as the one released from anaerobic fermentation of food grains and anaerobic digestion of biodegradable waste .  The World Health Organization ( WHO ) developed a global recommendation limiting exposures to less than 20 parts per billion for chronic exposure and value less 100 ppb for one hour for acute exposure , using nitrogen dioxide as a marker for other pollutants from fuel combustion .  The standards also based on the concentration of nitrogen dioxide that show a significant and profound effects on the function of the pulmonary of asthmatic patients .  Historically , some cities in the United States including Chicago and Los Angeles have high levels of nitrogen dioxide but the EPA set a standard values less than 100 ppb for a one-hour exposure and less than 53 ppb for chronic exposure .


query: Mr. Freeze is a supervillain.

pos: List of Batman Family adversaries The Batman Family adversaries or the rogues gallery are a collective of fictional supervillains appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . These characters are depicted as adversaries of the superhero Batman and his allies .   Since Batman first appeared in Detective Comics # 27 ( May 1939 ) , his supporting cast has expanded to include other superheroes , and has become what is now informally called the Batman Family . As with most superheroes , a cast of recurring enemies to the Batman Family have been introduced throughout the decades , collectively referred to as the rogues gallery . Many characters from Batman 's rogues gallery who are criminally insane become patients at Arkham Asylum after they are apprehended .   The Batman Family 's rogues gallery has widely been well received , considered by many journalists to be one of the greatest superhero rogues galleries in all of comics .

pos: Mr. Freeze Mr. Freeze ( Victor Fries ) is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics , commonly as an adversary of the superhero Batman . Created by Bob Kane , David Wood , and Sheldon Moldoff , the character first appeared in Batman # 121 ( February 1959 ) , where he was known as Mr. Zero . Mr. Freeze is one of Batman 's most enduring enemies and belongs to the collective of adversaries that make up Batman 's rogues gallery .   In the most common variation of his origin story , he is a former cryogenics expert in Gotham City who was involved in a laboratory accident while attempting to cure his terminally ill wife Nora Fries . The disaster lowered his body temperature to the point that he must wear a cryogenic suit in order to survive , and he utilizes a `` freeze gun '' that freezes its targets solid .   Mr. Freeze was played by George Sanders , Otto Preminger , and Eli Wallach in the original Batman television series , by Arnold Schwarzenegger in the 1997 film Batman & Robin , and by Nathan Darrow on the TV series Gotham . He was voiced by Michael Ansara in Batman : The Animated Series , by Clancy Brown in The Batman , and by Maurice LaMarche in the Batman : Arkham video game franchise .   IGN 's list of the Top 100 Comic Book Villains of All Time List ranked Mr. Freeze as # 67 .

neg: Mister Twister (comics) Mister Twister is the name of three fictional supervillains appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics .

neg: Mr. Cranky Mr. Cranky , a satirical film critic , was created in 1995 by Jason Katzman and Hans Bjordahl . The Cranky personae premises that all movies are terrible ; at issue , solely , is the severity of pain , insult , discomfort or idiocy projected , injected , ingested , subjected or otherwise presented . There are no good films in the Cranky pantheon ; only films which inflict greater or lesser suffering .   Subtextually , the Mr. Cranky website is a comment on an uncritical film-reviewing culture . In contrast to boilerplate , overly effusive reviews -- often including declarations that incorporate a film 's theme or title in a pun or play-on-words -- the Cranky review is received on the originality of its portrayal of physical suffering and mental anguish effected by the viewing experience .   The movies are rated on a six-step scale , with the least bad ( i.e. best ) film receiving one `` bomb . '' Films that cause greater suffering receive additional `` bombs . '' ( Up to four . ) Movies deemed particularly offensive receive a Dynamite or `` Boomstick '' rating . The worst films ( i.e. those Cranky has marked as irredeemable -- `` Proof that Jesus died in vain '' in classic Cranky vernacular ) receive the Animated Atomic Explosion or `` Kaboom ! '' rating .   In October 2001 , a `` guest reviewer '' named Mr. Smiley appeared . A post-modern reflection of the Cranky character 's anti-reviews , Mr. Smiley is a mirror opposite of the Mr. Cranky personae : all reviews are hyperbolically positive . Mr. Smiley is a stereotypical smiley face smelling a pink Freesia flower , appearing every year near Halloween . Consistent with the theme , the Smiley character has a rising five-step scale going from one smiley face to the `` Prozacerrific ! '' Happy Pill . Consistent with other 20th-century artists including the post World War I Dadaists ( Absurdists ) and post-modern anti-art of the 1960s -- best embodied by Warhol 's `` pop art '' works and Lichenstein 's self-portraits -- Mr. Smilely was an effective ironic tool used to comment on the deficiencies of uncritical analysis and review .

neg: Ice cream Ice cream ( derived from earlier iced cream or cream ice ) is a sweetened frozen food typically eaten as a snack or dessert . It is usually made from dairy products , such as milk and cream , and often combined with fruits or other ingredients and flavors . It is typically sweetened with sugar or sugar substitutes . Typically , flavourings and colourings are added in addition to stabilizers . The mixture is stirred to incorporate air spaces and cooled below the freezing point of water to prevent detectable ice crystals from forming . The result is a smooth , semi-solid foam that is solid at very low temperatures ( < 35 ° F / 2 ° C ) . It becomes more malleable as its temperature increases .   The meaning of the phrase `` ice cream '' varies from one country to another . Phrases such as `` frozen custard '' , `` frozen yogurt '' , `` sorbet '' , `` gelato '' and others are used to distinguish different varieties and styles . In some countries , such as the United States , the phrase `` ice cream '' applies only to a specific variety , and most governments regulate the commercial use of the various terms according to the relative quantities of the main ingredients , notably the amount of cream . Products that do not meet the criteria to be called ice cream are labelled `` frozen dairy dessert '' instead . In other countries , such as Italy and Argentina , one word is used for all variants . Analogues made from dairy alternatives , such as goat 's or sheep 's milk , or milk substitutes ( e.g. , soy milk or tofu ) , are available for those who are lactose intolerant , allergic to dairy protein , or vegan .   Ice cream may be served in dishes , for eating with a spoon , or in cones , which are licked . Ice cream may be served with other desserts , such as apple pie . Ice cream is used to prepare other desserts , including ice cream floats , sundaes , milkshakes , ice cream cakes and even baked items , such as the Baked Alaska .

neg: Mega Man (Archie Comics) Mega Man is a comic series produced by Archie Comics which was announced at New York Comic Con 2010 . The series began publication in April 2011 with Ian Flynn , who has written many stories for Archie 's Sonic the Hedgehog series , involved with the production . The series has proved highly successful , and in 2013 a crossover took place between the Mega Man and Sonic series , under the title `` Worlds Collide . '' The series does not follow the events of the games in exact order , including an adaptation of the Japanese exclusive game Super Adventure Rockman between those of Mega Man 2 and Mega Man 3 . The series later included a few stories set in the time of the Mega Man X series . The popularity of Worlds Collide subsequently led to a second crossover with the Sonic series , Worlds Unite . The series went on an indefinite hiatus after issue 55 , concluding with setup for an adaptation of Mega Man 4 .   The series is also notable for the artistic liberties taken with various characters . Shadow Man of Mega Man 3 and the Stardroids of Mega Man V are both featured as creations of Ra Moon , the primary antagonist from Super Adventure Rockman , and all are featured as foes of a group of robots based on Mega Man 8 character Duo . Mega Man and Proto Man 's Japanese names-Rock and Blues-are adapted as the names for their civilian forms . Several Robot Masters also appear in the series earlier than they did in the games .

neg: Frozen (franchise) Frozen is a Disney media franchise started by the 2013 American animated feature Frozen , which was directed by Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee from a screenplay by Lee and produced by Peter Del Vecho , with songs by Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez . Walt Disney Animation Studios ' chief creative officer John Lasseter served as the film 's executive producer . The original film was inspired by the Hans Christian Andersen fairy tale `` The Snow Queen '' .   Since the film 's release in November 2013 , the franchise has expanded very rapidly . To date , the franchise includes various Disney theme park attractions , merchandise , video games , books , a Disney on Ice show , and a short animated film . Disney has also announced that it is working on a Broadway stage musical adaptation , an animated film sequel , and a new book series . In November 2014 , TheStreet.com explained that `` Frozen is no longer a movie , it 's a global brand , a larger than life franchise built around products , theme parks and sequels that could last into the next century '' . Boxoffice '' chief analyst Phil Contrino was quoted as saying `` it 's become massive '' .

neg: Thunderclap (comics) Thunderclap ( Stanley George Johnson ) is a fictional superhero created by Marvel UK a division of Marvel Comics .

neg: Freeze (T-Pain song) `` Freeze '' is the third and final single from R&B singer T-Pain from his third album , Thr33 Ringz . The song features singer Chris Brown . The song was released on iTunes on October 10 and was added to T-Pain 's MySpace on October 17 . A version that features Omarion was originally on the album , but was changed to Chris Brown .

neg: Batman: Mask of the Phantasm Batman : Mask of the Phantasm ( also known as Batman : The Animated Movie ) is a 1993 American animated neo-noir superhero mystery film feauring the DC Comics character Batman . Directed by Eric Radomski and Bruce Timm , it is based on the hit TV series Batman : The Animated Series and was distributed by Warner Bros. . Pictures . The film was written by Alan Burnett , Paul Dini , Martin Pasko and Michael Reaves and stars the vocal talents of Kevin Conroy , Mark Hamill and Efrem Zimbalist , Jr. ( all reprising their roles from The Animated Series ) , in addition to Dana Delany , Hart Bochner , Stacy Keach , and Abe Vigoda . It revolves around Batman attempting to apprehend a mysterious vigilante who 's murdering Gotham City 's crime bosses .   The film was originally thought of as a direct-to-video release . Warner Bros. ultimately decided for a theatrical release , giving the filmmakers a strenuous eight-month schedule . Mask of the Phantasm was released on December 25 , 1993 to widespread acclaim from critics , who praised the animation , voice performances , storyline and music , among others . However , due to the decision to release the film in theaters on such short notice , it failed at the box office .   After its release on home video , the film found cult success and over the years developed a cult following . The film 's success led to two direct-to-video standalone sequels , Batman & Mr. Freeze : SubZero in 1997 and Mystery of the Batwoman in 2003 . In recent years , many publications including Time , IGN and WhatCulture , have ranked it as one of the best Batman films ever made and among the best animated films ever made .

neg: List of Freezing chapters Freezing is a Japanese manga series written by Dall-Young Lim and illustrated by Kwang-Hyun Kim . The series revolves around an extraterrestrial force called the Nova that are invading Earth , and genetically engineered girls called Pandoras and their male partners called Limiters are created to combat them . The story centers on Kazuya Aoi , a Limiter whose late sister was a Pandora , and Satellizer el Bridget , a Pandora with a cold personality who is known as the `` Untouchable Queen '' for her intense fear of being touched . Both are enrolled at West Genetics Academy , which is a special school that is part of a series of academies that trains Pandoras and Limiters alike to fight against the Nova .   Freezing started serialization in Kill Time Communication 's seinen manga magazine Comic Valkyrie in its March 2007 issue , published on January 27 , 2007 . The first tankōbon was released in October 26 , 2007 , with a total of twenty-five volumes sold in Japan as of October 25 , 2014 under its Valkryie Comics imprint . Freezing is currently split into two parts : Part 1 which ran from Volume 1 to Volume 14 , spanning 96 chapters ; and Part 2 , going from Volume 15 onwards and currently ongoing in Comic Valkyrie .   A spinoff manga , called , illustrated by Jae-Ho Yoon ( the illustrator of Lim 's light novel-based manhwa The Phantom King ) , began serialization in the November 2011 issue of Comic Valkyrie ( released on September 27 , 2011 ) , and ran four chapters until the March 2011 issue ( released January 27 , 2012 ) . A prequel to the original series , the story centers on Chiffon Fairchild and Ticy Phenyl 's first year at West Genetics prior to them becoming Student Council President and Vice President , and also explains the origin of Chiffon 's title , `` The Unmatched Smiling Monster '' . First Chronicle was later released as a tankōbon volume on February 29 , 2012 .   A second spinoff manga , called , illustrated by Soo-Cheol Jeong ( the illustrator of Lim 's novel-based manhwa The Legend of Maian ) , began serialization in the May 2012 issue of Comic Valkyrie ( published on March 27 , 2012 ) . Like First Chronicle before it , Zero is also a prequel to the original series , chronicling the back stories of many Pandoras prior to them attending Genetics . The first bound volume of Zero was released on August 29 , 2012 . A third spinoff , called , began serialization in the April 2013 issue of Comic Valkyrie .   Outside Japan , Freezing is published in South Korea by Haksan Culture Company , where it is serialized in Booking ; in France by Bamboo Edition under their Doki-Doki manga imprint ; and in Taiwan by Tong Li Publishing . A 12-episode anime adaptation by A.C.G.T. aired in Japan between January and April 2011 on AT-X and other channels .

neg: Man-Ape Man-Ape ( M'Baku ) is a fictional character , a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . The character is depicted as a frequent enemy of the Black Panther .

neg: Spencer Smythe Spencer Smythe is a fictional character , a comic book villain in the Marvel Comics universe . He is the father of Alistair Smythe .

neg: Mr. Burns Charles Montgomery Burns , known as C. Montgomery Burns and Monty Burns , but usually referred to simply as Mr. Burns , is a recurring character in the animated television series The Simpsons , and is voiced by Harry Shearer . Burns is the evil owner of the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant and is also Homer Simpson 's boss . He is assisted at almost all times by Waylon Smithers , his loyal and sycophantic aide , adviser , confidant and secret admirer .   Although originally conceived as a one-dimensional , recurring villain who might occasionally enter the Simpsons ' lives and wreak some sort of havoc , Burns ' popularity has led to his repeated inclusion in episodes . He is a stereotype of corporate America in his unquenchable desire to increase his own wealth and power , inability to remember his employees ' names ( including Homer 's , despite frequent interactions -- which has become a recurrent joke ) and lack of concern for their safety and well-being . Reflecting his advanced age , Burns is given to expressing dated humor , making references to Jazz Age popular culture , and aspiring to apply obsolete technology to everyday life . Conan O'Brien has called Burns his favorite character to write for , due to his arbitrarily old age and extreme wealth .   Burns ' trademark expression is the word `` Excellent '' , muttered slowly in a low , sinister voice while steepling his fingertips . He occasionally orders Smithers to `` release the hounds '' , so as to let his vicious guard dogs attack any intruders , enemies or even invited guests . Burns is Springfield 's richest and most powerful citizen ( and also the richest person in Springfield 's state ; his current net worth has been given as $ 7.3 billion by Forbes , though it fluctuates wildly depending on the episode ) . He uses his power and wealth to do whatever he wants , usually without regard for consequences and without interference from the authorities . These qualities led Wizard Magazine to rate him the 45th greatest villain of all time . TV Guide named him # 2 in their 2013 list of The 60 Nastiest Villains of All Time . In 2016 , Rolling Stone ranked him # 8 of their `` 40 Greatest TV Villains of All Time '' .

neg: Captain Marvel (DC Comics) Captain Marvel , also known as Shazam , is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . Artist C. C. Beck and writer Bill Parker created the character in 1939 . Captain Marvel first appeared in Whiz Comics # 2 ( cover-dated Feb. 1940 ) , published by Fawcett Comics . He is the alter ego of Billy Batson , a boy who , by speaking the magic word `` SHAZAM '' ( acronym of 6 Greek `` immortal elders '' - Solomon , Hercules , Atlas , Zeus , Achilles , and Mercury ) , can transform himself into a costumed adult with the powers of superhuman strength , speed , flight , and other abilities .   Based on book sales , the character was the most popular superhero of the 1940s , outselling even Superman . Fawcett expanded the franchise to include other `` Marvels '' , primarily Marvel Family associates Mary Marvel and Captain Marvel Jr. , who can harness Billy 's powers as well . Captain Marvel was also the first comic book superhero to be adapted into film , in a 1941 Republic Pictures serial titled Adventures of Captain Marvel .   Fawcett ceased publishing Captain Marvel-related comics in 1953 , partly because of a copyright infringement suit from DC Comics , alleging that Captain Marvel was a copy of Superman . In 1972 , DC licensed the Marvel Family characters from Fawcett , and returned them to publication . By 1991 , DC had acquired all rights to the characters . DC has since integrated Captain Marvel and the Marvel Family into their DC Universe and has attempted to revive the property several times , with mixed success . Due to trademark conflicts over another character named `` Captain Marvel '' owned by Marvel Comics since 1967 , DC chose to publish the character 's adventures in a comic book titled Shazam ! for many years , leading many to assume that this was the character 's name . DC later officially renamed the character `` Shazam '' when relaunching its comic book properties in 2011 .   In addition , since 1972 , the character has been featured in two television series adaptations , one live action and one animated , by Filmation , and an upcoming Warner Bros. . Shazam ! feature film scheduled for release in 2019 as part of the DC Extended Universe . Captain Marvel was ranked as the 55th greatest comic book character of all time by Wizard magazine . IGN also ranked Captain Marvel as the 50th greatest comic book hero of all time , stating that the character will always be an enduring reminder of a simpler time . UGO Networks ranked him as one of the top heroes of entertainment , saying , `` At his best , Shazam has always been Superman with a sense of crazy , goofy fun '' .

neg: Freeze Frame (2004 film) Freeze Frame is a British-American psychological thriller-mystery film written and directed by John Simpson , and starring comedian Lee Evans in the lead role . The film follows the story of Sean Veil played by Evans who eventually becomes paranoid after being accused of triple murder and films his every moment of life to provide an alibi . The film was rated R by the Motion Picture Association of America .

neg: Character (arts) A character ( sometimes known as a fictional character ) is a person or other being in a narrative work of art ( such as a novel , play , television series , or film ) . The character may be entirely fictional or based on a real-life person , in which case the distinction of a `` fictional '' versus `` real '' character may be made . Derived from the ancient Greek word χαρακτήρ , the English word dates from the Restoration , although it became widely used after its appearance in Tom Jones in 1749 . From this , the sense of `` a part played by an actor '' developed . Character , particularly when enacted by an actor in the theatre or cinema , involves `` the illusion of being a human person . '' In literature , characters guide readers through their stories , helping them to understand plots and ponder themes . Since the end of the 18th century , the phrase `` in character '' has been used to describe an effective impersonation by an actor . Since the 19th century , the art of creating characters , as practiced by actors or writers , has been called characterisation .   A character who stands as a representative of a particular class or group of people is known as a type . Types include both stock characters and those that are more fully individualised . The characters in Henrik Ibsen 's Hedda Gabler ( 1891 ) and August Strindberg 's Miss Julie ( 1888 ) , for example , are representative of specific positions in the social relations of class and gender , such that the conflicts between the characters reveal ideological conflicts .   The study of a character requires an analysis of its relations with all of the other characters in the work . The individual status of a character is defined through the network of oppositions ( proairetic , pragmatic , linguistic , proxemic ) that it forms with the other characters . The relation between characters and the action of the story shifts historically , often miming shifts in society and its ideas about human individuality , self-determination , and the social order .

neg: Cyberman The Cybermen are a fictional race of cyborgs who are among the most persistent enemies of the Doctor in the British science fiction television programme , Doctor Who . Within the context of the series , the Cybermen were originally a wholly organic species of humanoids originating on Earth 's twin planet Mondas that began to implant more and more artificial parts into their bodies as a means of self-preservation . This led to the race becoming coldly logical and calculating , with every emotion deleted from their minds .   They were created by Dr. Kit Pedler ( the unofficial scientific advisor to the show ) and story editor Gerry Davis in 1966 , first appearing in the serial The Tenth Planet . They were featured numerous times , up until the show 's cancellation .   Following the 2005 revival of the show , the Cybermen returned with a new origin story in a parallel universe , in the 2006 series ' two-parter `` Rise of the Cybermen '' and `` The Age of Steel '' , and have been recurring villains again ever since . A further redesign took place in the 2013 episode `` Nightmare in Silver '' , showing technologically advanced Cybermen , the result of a merge between the Mondasian and Parallel universe Cybermen , depicted as being able to instantly upgrade themselves to fix flaws and weaknesses .   The species also appeared in the Doctor Who spin-off Torchwood in its fourth episode , `` Cyberwoman '' ( 2006 ) . Cybermen have also appeared in installments of the 2010 Doctor Who video game series The Adventure Games .

neg: Grinch The Grinch is a fictional character created by Dr. Seuss . He is best known as the main character of the children 's book How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1957 ) .   The grumpy , anti-holiday spirit of the character has led to the term `` Grinch '' , which is probably derived from the French word grincheux which means `` grumpy '' , coming to refer to a person opposed to Christmas time celebrations or to someone with a coarse , greedy attitude .   The Grinch has since become an icon of the winter holidays , despite the character 's hatred of the season , and has appeared on various forms of memorabilia such as Christmas ornaments , plush dolls , and various clothing items .   In 2002 , TV Guide ranked The Grinch number 5 on its `` 50 Greatest Cartoon Characters of All Time '' list .

neg: Sonic the Hedgehog is a video game franchise created and produced by Sega . The franchise centers on a series of speed-based platform games . The protagonist of the series is an anthropomorphic blue hedgehog named Sonic , whose peaceful life is often interrupted by the series ' main antagonist , Doctor Eggman . Typically , Sonic -- usually along with some of his friends , such as Tails , Amy , and Knuckles -- must stop Eggman and foil any plans of world domination . The first game in the series , released in 1991 , was conceived by Sega 's Sonic Team division after Sega requested a mascot character . The title was a success , it spawned many sequels , and it transformed Sega into a leading video game company during the 16-bit era in the early to mid -- 1990s .   While the first games in the series were side-scrolling platform games , later games expanded the series into various other genre and sub-series , such as Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Games and the Sonic Boom series . By 2016 , the series had sold over 80 million physical copies of games , and over 350 million units when combining packaged game software with mobile phone downloads . Outside of video games , the franchise has also been spun out into other media , including cartoons , anime , and a long-running comic book series , recognized as the longest running based on a video game by Guinness World Records .

neg: Monsieur Mallah Monsieur Mallah is a fictional character , a superintelligent anthropomorphic gorilla supervillain in the and the criminal and romantic partner of the Brain .


query: Paul Pierce played for the Brooklyn Nets.

pos: Paul Pierce Paul Anthony Pierce ( born October 13 , 1977 ) is an American former professional basketball player who played 19 seasons in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . Pierce was a high school McDonald 's All-American and earned All-America first team honors in his junior year at Kansas .   Pierce spent the first fifteen years of his career with the Boston Celtics , who drafted him with the 10th overall pick in the 1998 NBA draft . He became a bone fide star as captain of the Celtics , earning ten All-Star nods and becoming a four-time All-NBA team member . After nine seasons of leading the Celtics as their sole star player , Pierce combined with Kevin Garnett and Ray Allen in 2007 to form a `` Big Three '' that together led Boston to the NBA Finals in 2008 and 2010 , winning the 2008 NBA Championship . Pierce was instrumental to the Celtics ' 2008 championship run , as he was awarded the Finals MVP after averaging 22 points per game . Pierce is one of only three players , alongside Larry Bird and John Havlicek , to score over 20,000 points in their career with the Celtics alone . He holds the Celtics ' record for most three-point field goals made and also ranks third in team history in games played , second in points scored , seventh in total rebounds , fifth in total assists , and first in total steals . He has also made the fourth most three-point field goals in NBA history , behind only Jason Terry , Reggie Miller and Ray Allen . His nickname , `` The Truth '' , was given to him by Shaquille O'Neal in March 2001 .   In July 2013 , Pierce was included in a deal that sent him to the Brooklyn Nets , along with teammates Kevin Garnett and Jason Terry . He signed with the Washington Wizards the following offseason , but after just one season with the Wizards , he moved back home to Los Angeles and reunited with his former Celtics coach Doc Rivers at the Clippers . He spent two seasons with the Clippers before retiring following the 2016 -- 17 season .

neg: 1972–73 New York Nets season The 1972 -- 73 New York Nets season was the sixth season of the franchise .

neg: Richie Guerin Richard Vincent `` Richie '' Guerin ( born May 29 , 1932 ) is a retired American professional basketball player and coach . The 6 ' 4 '' ( 1.93 m ) Guerin played with the National Basketball Association 's ( NBA ) New York Knicks from 1956 to 1963 and was a player-coach of the St. Louis/Atlanta Hawks franchise where he spent nine years . On February 15 , 2013 , the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame announced that Guerin had been elected as one of its 2013 inductees .   He served in the Marine Corps Reserve from 1947 to 1954 . While a reservist , Guerin attended Iona College from 1950 to 1954 where he scored 1,375 points in 67 games playing for coach Jim McDermott . After graduation , Guerin served on active duty at Marine Corps Schools , Quantico , Virginia for two years .   The Knicks drafted Guerin with the 8th pick in the second round of the 1954 NBA draft while still on active duty . After leaving the Marine Corps , Guerin would begin his professional basketball career in 1956 .   As a high-scoring point guard in the late 1950s and early 1960s , Richie Guerin was one of the most talented and best-loved players ever to wear a New York Knicks jersey . His feisty on-court style and wisecracking off-court demeanor played well to Madison Square Garden crowds .   Guerin was a machinelike scorer , a gifted passer , a smart playmaker , and one of the best rebounding and driving guards of his era . He led the Knicks in assists for five consecutive seasons and in scoring three times during his seven full seasons in the Big Apple , and he tallied more than 20 points per game in four consecutive years . The explosive Guerin also set Knicks single-game records for scoring , with 57 points in 1959 , and assists , with 21 in 1958 . His 57-point game stood as a Knicks record until Bernard King scored 60 on Christmas Day in 1984 .   A fan and media favorite , Guerin played in six consecutive NBA All-Star Games . As a team , however , New York struggled , reaching the playoffs only once during Guerin 's tenure . He was traded to the St. Louis Hawks midway through the 1963 -- 64 season and spent the next eight years as the team 's player-coach and then head coach . With St. Louis ( and eventually Atlanta ) , Guerin played alongside such greats as Bob Pettit , Lou Hudson , Lenny Wilkens , and Cliff Hagan . Guerin helped the Hawks to nine consecutive playoff appearances and was named NBA Coach of the Year for 1967 -- 68 .

neg: Los Angeles Lakers The Los Angeles Lakers are an American professional basketball team based in Los Angeles . The Lakers compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , as a member of the league 's Western Conference Pacific Division . The Lakers play their home games at Staples Center , an arena shared with the NBA 's Los Angeles Clippers , the Los Angeles Sparks of the Women 's National Basketball Association , and the Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League . The Lakers are one of the most successful teams in the history of the NBA , and have won 16 NBA championships , their last being in 2010 . As of 2015 , the Lakers are the second most valuable franchise in the NBA according to Forbes , having an estimated value of $ 2.7 billion .   The franchise began with the 1947 purchase of a disbanded team , the Detroit Gems of the National Basketball League ( NBL ) . The new team began playing in Minneapolis , calling themselves the Minneapolis Lakers in honor of the state 's nickname , `` Land of 10,000 Lakes '' . Initially a member of the NBL , the Lakers won the 1948 NBL championship before joining the rival Basketball Association of America and winning five of the next six BAA and NBA championships in Minneapolis after the NBA formed in 1949 . The team was propelled by center George Mikan , who is described by the NBA 's official website as the league 's `` first superstar '' . After struggling financially in the late 1950s following Mikan 's retirement , they relocated to Los Angeles before the 1960 -- 61 season .   Led by Hall of Famers Elgin Baylor and Jerry West , Los Angeles made the NBA Finals six times in the 1960s , but lost each series to the Boston Celtics , beginning their long and storied rivalry . In 1968 , the Lakers acquired four-time NBA Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) Wilt Chamberlain to play center , and after losing in the Finals in 1969 and 1970 , they won their sixth NBA title -- and first in Los Angeles -- in 1972 , led by new head coach Bill Sharman . After the retirement of West and Chamberlain , the team acquired another center , Kareem Abdul-Jabbar , who had won multiple MVP awards , but was unable to make the Finals in the late 1970s . The 1980s Lakers were nicknamed `` Showtime '' due to their Magic Johnson-led fast break-offense , and won five championships in a 9-year span , including their first ever Finals championship against the Celtics in 1985 . This team featured Hall of Famers in Johnson , Abdul-Jabbar , and James Worthy , and a Hall of Fame coach , Pat Riley . After Abdul-Jabbar and Johnson 's retirement , the team struggled in the early 1990s before acquiring Shaquille O'Neal and Kobe Bryant in 1996 . Led by O'Neal , Bryant , and another Hall of Fame coach , Phil Jackson , Los Angeles won three consecutive titles between 2000 to 2002 , securing the franchise its second `` three-peat '' . After losing both the 2004 and 2008 NBA Finals , the Lakers won two more championships by defeating the Orlando Magic in 2009 and Boston in 2010 .   The Lakers hold the record for NBA 's longest winning streak , 33 straight games , set during the 1971 -- 72 season . 21 Hall of Famers have played for Los Angeles , while four have coached the team . Four Lakers -- Abdul-Jabbar , Johnson , O'Neal , and Bryant -- have won the NBA MVP Award for a total of eight awards .

neg: 1976 ABA Dispersal Draft On August 5 , 1976 , as a result of the ABA -- NBA merger , the NBA hosted a dispersal draft to select players from the Kentucky Colonels and Spirits of St. Louis , the two American Basketball Association ( ABA ) franchises that were not included in the ABA -- NBA merger .   The eighteen NBA teams and the four ABA teams that joined the NBA , the Denver Nuggets , Indiana Pacers , New York Nets and San Antonio Spurs , were allowed to participate in the draft . The teams selected in reverse order of their win -- loss percentage in the previous NBA and ABA seasons . The team that made a selection paid for the signing rights to the player , which were set by the league 's committee . The money from the draft was used to help the four ABA teams that merged with the NBA to pay off some of their obligations to the two folded ABA franchises , the Colonels and Spirits . The team that made a selection was obligated to assume the player 's ABA contract . The players who were not selected would become free agents .   Twenty players from the Colonels and the Spirits were available for the draft . Eleven were selected in the first round and the twelfth player was selected in the second round . Eight players were not selected and thus became a free agent . The Chicago Bulls used the first pick to select five-time ABA All-Star Artis Gilmore with a signing price of $ 1,100,000 . The Portland Trail Blazers , who acquired the Atlanta Hawks ' second pick , selected Maurice Lucas and Moses Malone with signing price of $ 300,000 and $ 350,000 respectively . Marvin Barnes , who was selected fourth by the Detroit Pistons was the second most expensive player in the draft with a signing price of $ 500,000 . Several teams elected to pass their first-round picks and only the Kansas City Kings used the second-round pick . The draft continued until the third round , but no other players were selected .

neg: 1989–90 New Jersey Nets season The 1989 -- 90 NBA season was the Nets ' 23rd season in the National Basketball Association , and 14th season in East Rutherford , New Jersey . The Nets decided to start the rebuilding process by acquiring Sam Bowie from the Portland Trail Blazers on draft day . Under new head coach Bill Fitch , they started the season winning their first two games , but went on to lose eleven of their next twelves games , including a nine-game losing streak . The Nets struggled all season long posting a 14-game losing streak between January and February , and losing eleven consecutive games in March . They lost their final seven games of the season , finishing last place in the Atlantic Division with a league worst record at 17 -- 65 . Following the season , Dennis Hopson was traded to the Chicago Bulls .

neg: 1989–90 New York Knicks season The 1989 -- 90 NBA season was the 44th season for the New York Knicks in the National Basketball Association . Before the season , owners Gulf + Western reorganized and became Paramount Communications , renaming themselves after the Paramount Pictures film studio .   During the offseason , the Knicks hired Stu Jackson as their new head coach . The team got off to a solid start , winning 20 of their first 27 games , while posting a nine-game winning streak . At midseason , the Knicks traded second-year guard Rod Strickland to the San Antonio Spurs for Maurice Cheeks . However , as they stood at a 39 -- 22 record , they struggled and lost 15 of their final 21 games . The Knicks had a 45 -- 37 record and finished third in the Atlantic Division . The Knicks ' fifth-place finish in the Eastern Conference earned them a berth in the NBA Playoffs for the third straight year . Patrick Ewing was selected for the 1990 NBA All-Star Game .   In the first round of the playoffs , New York defeated the 4th-seeded Boston Celtics three games to two , after overcoming an 0 -- 2 deficit . The Knicks were then eliminated in the conference semifinals by the Detroit Pistons , who later on won their second consecutive NBA title , four games to one over the Portland Trail Blazers . Following the season , Johnny Newman signed as an unrestricted free agent with the Charlotte Hornets .

neg: List of all-time NBA win-loss records The following is a listing of all 30 current National Basketball Association ( NBA ) teams ranked by win-loss record percentage , accurate as of the end of the 2016 -- 17 NBA season . The records do not count wins and losses recorded by a team 's playing time in the American Basketball Association ( ABA ) , despite the 1976 NBA-ABA merger . The San Antonio Spurs have the highest win-loss record percentage , with . The Minnesota Timberwolves have the lowest win-loss record percentage , with . The Boston Celtics have recorded the most wins , with 3,274 , while the Sacramento Kings have recorded the most losses at 2,955 . The Boston Celtics lead the association with the most played games , with 5,560 . Conversely , the Pelicans have played the least overall games , with 1,132 .

neg: 2002 NBA Finals The 2002 NBA Finals was the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) 's championship series for the 2001 -- 02 season . The best-of-seven playoff was contested between the Western Conference champion Los Angeles Lakers ( who were also two-time defending NBA champions ) , and the Eastern Conference champion New Jersey Nets . The Lakers swept the Nets four games to none to win the franchise 's 14th NBA championship . The 56th edition of the championship series was played between June 5 and June 12 and was broadcast on NBC -- the ( to date ) last NBA games broadcast on the network .   Shaquille O'Neal , who averaged 36 points and 12 rebounds in the Finals , was named the NBA Finals Most Valuable Player . Lakers coach Phil Jackson won his ninth ring , tying him with Red Auerbach for most all-time . During the series , he surpassed Pat Riley for most career playoffs wins with 156 .   Will Lyman narrated the season-ending documentary for NBA Entertainment .

neg: 1986–87 New Jersey Nets season The 1986 -- 87 NBA season was the Nets ' 11th season in the NBA .

neg: George Bucci George P. `` The King '' Bucci Jr. ( born July 9 , 1953 ) is a retired American basketball player .   He played collegiately for the Manhattan College .   He was selected by the Buffalo Braves in the 3rd round ( 52nd pick overall ) of the 1975 NBA draft and by the New York Nets in the 1975 ABA Draft .   He played for the New York Nets ( 1975 -- 76 ) in the ABA for 33 games , Nets won the ABA championship that season .   From 1977 until 1992 he played in the Lega Basket Serie A   In the 1990s he was elected to political office , as councilman and later supervisor of the Town of Newburgh , New York .   His uncle , Paul , resides in Wildwood , Florida .

neg: Richard Rinaldi Richard P. `` Rich '' Rinaldi ( born August 3 , 1949 ) is a retired American professional basketball player who was selected 43rd overall by the Baltimore Bullets in the 1971 NBA Draft . A 6 ' 3 '' guard from St. Peter 's College in Jersey City , N.J. , Rinaldi played for the Bullets from 1971 -- 1973 and the Capital Bullets-NY Nets ( ABA ) from 1973 -- 1974 . Rinaldi 's most successful NBA season came in 1972 -- 73 , when he averaged 8.5 points and 2.1 rebounds in 33 games for the Bullets .   Born in Poughkeepsie , New York , Rinaldi attended F.D. Roosevelt High School in Hyde Park , New York and was an All-American player at St. Peter 's , where he played from 1967 -- 71 . As a senior at St. Peter 's in 1970 -- 71 , Rinaldi averaged 28.6 points per game , which was the nation 's 6th highest scoring average that season . He ended his professional career in Europe , playing in Italy and Switzerland from 1976 -- 1982 .   Rich currently serves as a career counselor for the NBPA/NBA Career Development Program , where he has worked since 2000 . The program assists current NBA players who are interested in preparing for life after basketball .

neg: 2001–02 Los Angeles Lakers season The 2001 -- 02 NBA season was the Lakers ' 54th season in the National Basketball Association , and 42nd in the city of Los Angeles . During the offseason , the Lakers signed All-Star guard Mitch Richmond and free agent Samaki Walker , while acquiring Lindsey Hunter from the Milwaukee Bucks . The team got off to a fast start winning 16 of their first 17 games , and finished second in the Pacific Division with a 58 -- 24 record . Kobe Bryant and Shaquille O'Neal were both selected for the 2002 NBA All-Star Game in which Bryant won MVP honors , but O'Neal did not participate in the All-Star game due to an injury .   After sweeping the Portland Trail Blazers 3 -- 0 in the first round of the playoffs , then defeating the San Antonio Spurs 4 -- 1 in the semifinals , the Lakers where pushed to the brink once more in the Western Conference Finals by their archrivals the Sacramento Kings , who they narrowly defeated in a deciding seventh game . They then went on to win the NBA Finals , defeating and sweeping the New Jersey Nets in four straight games for their second three-peat in franchise history , the first since 1952 -- 54 . Following the season , Richmond retired and Hunter was traded to the Toronto Raptors .   This would be the third and final consecutive NBA Championship the Lakers won in the early 2000s , as in the next season , their quest for a fourth consecutive NBA Championship ended with a playoff elimination by the San Antonio Spurs in six games in the semifinals , who would then go on to win the NBA Finals that season and their second NBA Championship . Although the Lakers returned to the Finals in 2004 , the Lakers would lose to the Detroit Pistons in five games , despite being the heavy favorites to win and having former All-Stars and veterans Gary Payton and Karl Malone , leading to O'Neal 's departure from the Lakers amidst boiling points between the Lakers staff and management and Kobe Bryant , culminating in his trade to the Miami Heat , ending the early 2000s Lakers dynasty . The Lakers would not win another title until 2009 , in which they defeated the Orlando Magic in five games .

neg: Paul Nowak (basketball) Paul Nowak ( March 14 , 1914 -- January 10 , 1983 ) was an American basketball player . He was a three-time All-American at Notre Dame and was an early professional in the National Basketball League .   Nowak , a center , played at South Bend Central High School and Notre Dame . He played for Hall of Fame coach George Keogan and with fellow All-American teammate John Moir and future coaches Ray Meyer and George Ireland . The squad went 22-2-1 in 1936 and was later named national champions by the Helms Athletic Foundation .   After his collegiate career , Nowak played professionally for the Akron Firestone Non-Skids with former Notre Dame teammate John Moir , leading the team to two National Basketball League titles in 1939 and 1940 . Nowak later played for the Toledo Jim Whites Chevrolets , Rochester Royals , and Philadelphia Sphas .

neg: 2000–01 Seattle SuperSonics season The 2000 -- 01 NBA season was the 33rd season for the Seattle SuperSonics in the National Basketball Association . With the hopes of improving the team in the middle , the Sonics acquired All-Star center Patrick Ewing from the New York Knicks during the offseason . However , the Sonics would get off to a slow start losing seven of their first ten games . Head coach Paul Westphal was fired after a 6 -- 9 start , and was replaced with former Sonics guard Nate McMillan . The Sonics played above .500 for the remainder of the season finishing fifth in the Pacific Division with a 44 -- 38 record , missing the playoffs by finishing tenth place in the Western Conference . During the All-Star Weekend in Washington , D.C. , Gary Payton was selected for the All-Star Game and rookie Desmond Mason won the Slam Dunk Contest . It was Ewing 's only season in a Sonics uniform as he left for the Orlando Magic the next season . Also following the season , Ruben Patterson signed as a free agent with the Portland Trail Blazers .

neg: Guy Sparrow (basketball) Guy Paul Joseph Sparrow ( born November 2 , 1932 ) , nicknamed `` The Bird '' , is a former American National Basketball Association player . He was drafted in 1955 with the fifth pick in the third round by the New York Knicks . In his first season with the Knicks , Guy averaged 11.1 points and 6.4 rebounds per game . During his second NBA season , Guy was traded to the Philadelphia Warriors for Jack George . In his second season , Guy averaged 5.0 points and 3.6 rebounds per game . In Guy 's final NBA season , he averaged 2.7 points per game and 2.1 rebounds a game for the Warriors .

neg: 1994 NBA Finals The 1994 NBA Finals was the championship round of the 1993 -- 94 National Basketball Association ( NBA ) season , featuring the Western Conference 's Houston Rockets defeating the Eastern Conference 's New York Knicks .   This matchup was Hakeem Olajuwon 's second NBA Finals appearance , his other being in 1986 , where Larry Bird and the Boston Celtics defeated the Houston Rockets four games to two . The series was Patrick Ewing 's first NBA Finals appearance . The Rockets came in with strong determination to win not only the franchise 's first NBA championship , but the city 's first championship in a league that still existed , while the Knicks were looking to add a third NBA championship trophy , as the Knicks ' last trophy came from the 1973 NBA Finals . The Knicks also hoped to impress their new owners Viacom , who had just bought Paramount Communications ( formerly Gulf + Western ) , their longtime owners ( after the series however , Viacom sold the Knicks and the rest of the Madison Square Garden properties ) .   The series was hailed as a meeting of the two great centers who had previously played for a championship in college . In 1984 while Olajuwon was with the University of Houston and Ewing was with Georgetown University , Georgetown had beaten Houston 84 -- 75 in the 1984 NCAA Championship game . In this series , however , Olajuwon outperformed Ewing , outscoring him in every game of the series and posting numbers of 26.9 ppg on 50.0 % shooting compared to Ewing 's 18.9 ppg on 36.3 % shooting . However , Ewing set an NBA finals record in the series with a total of 30 blocks , and he tied the single-game record of 8 blocks in Game 5 . Tim Duncan would later set the record for most blocks in a Finals series ( 2003 ) with 32 blocks in six games while Dwight Howard would set the record for most blocked shots in a Finals game with 9 blocked shots in Game 4 of the 2009 Finals while with the Orlando Magic .   During the series , the Houston Rockets played seven low-scoring , defensive games against the New York Knicks . After splitting the first two games in Houston , the Knicks won two out of three games at Madison Square Garden , which also hosted the Rangers first Stanley Cup celebration in 54 years during the series .   In Game 6 , however , Rockets center Hakeem Olajuwon blocked a last-second championship-winning shot attempt by John Starks , giving the Rockets an 86 -- 84 victory and forcing a Game 7 , which made Knicks Coach Pat Riley the first ( and to this date , the only ) coach in a Game 7 NBA Finals on two different teams , having been with the Los Angeles Lakers in and . In addition , the Knicks set a record for most playoff games played in one season , with 25 . The Detroit Pistons tied this record in . The Boston Celtics , coached by Doc Rivers , would surpass it during their championship season of 2008 when they played 26 .   The Rockets beat the Knicks in Game 7 , 90 -- 84 , enabling the city of Houston to not only celebrate its first NBA and fifth professional sports championship ( first in an existing league ) , but also deny New York from having both NBA and NHL championships in the same year ( Chicago had suffered this fate in 1992 , with the Bulls winning their second NBA championship and the Blackhawks losing in the Stanley Cup Finals ) . For his efforts Olajuwon was named NBA Finals Most Valuable Player . For the Knicks , Riley had the unfortunate distinction of having become the first ( and to this date , the only ) coach to lose a Game 7 NBA Finals on two different teams , having lost to the Celtics in 1984 . It also denied him the distinction of being the first coach to win a Game 7 NBA Finals with two different teams , having defeated the Detroit Pistons in 1988 .   NBC Sports used Ahmad Rashād ( Knicks sideline ) and Hannah Storm ( Rockets sideline ) .   Hal Douglas narrated the season-ending documentary Clutch City for NBA Entertainment .

neg: Jerome Kersey Jerome Kersey ( June 26 , 1962 -- February 18 , 2015 ) was an American professional basketball player in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He played for the Portland Trail Blazers ( 1984 -- 1995 ) , Golden State Warriors ( 1995 -- 96 ) , Los Angeles Lakers ( 1996 -- 97 ) , Seattle SuperSonics ( 1997 -- 98 ) , San Antonio Spurs ( 1998 -- 2000 ) , and Milwaukee Bucks ( 2000 -- 01 ) .   The Trail Blazers selected Kersey in the second round of the 1984 NBA draft from Longwood University ( then Longwood College ) in Farmville , Virginia . He was a member of the Spurs during their 1999 NBA Finals victory over the New York Knicks . Following his playing career , Kersey worked with his former Portland teammate and then-head coach of the Milwaukee Bucks Terry Porter as an assistant in 2005 . Kersey died from a pulmonary embolism caused by a blood clot at his home in Tualatin , Oregon on February 18 , 2015 .

neg: Dražen Petrović Dražen Petrović ( -LSB- drǎʒɛn pɛ̌trɔʋit͡ɕ -RSB- ; October 22 , 1964 -- June 7 , 1993 ) was a Croatian professional basketball player . A shooting guard , he initially achieved success playing professional basketball in Europe in the 1980s , before joining the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) in 1989 .   A star on multiple stages , Petrović earned two silver medals and one bronze in Olympic basketball , a gold and a bronze in the FIBA World Cup , a gold and a bronze in the FIBA EuroBasket , and two EuroLeague titles . He represented Yugoslavia 's national team and , later , Croatia 's national team . He earned four Euroscars , and was named Mr. Europa twice . In 1985 , he received the Golden Badge award for best athlete of Yugoslavia .   Seeking a bigger arena after his career start in Europe , Petrović joined the NBA in 1989 , as a member of the Portland Trail Blazers . After playing mostly off the bench that year , Petrović experienced a breakthrough following a trade to the New Jersey Nets . While starting for the Nets , he became one of the league 's best shooting guards and was in consideration for being the best shooter ever . Petrović 's career and life were cut short after he died in a car accident at the age of 28 .   Petrović is considered the crucial part of the vanguard to the present-day mass influx of European players into the NBA . Petrović 's # 3 was retired by the Nets in 1993 , and in 2002 , he was posthumously enshrined in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . In 2013 , he was voted the best European Basketball player in history , by players at the 2013 FIBA EuroBasket .

neg: Wayne Embry Wayne Richard Embry ( born March 26 , 1937 ) is a retired American basketball player & basketball executive . Embry 's 11-year playing career as a center/forward spanned from 1958 to 1969 playing for the Cincinnati Royals , Boston Celtics and Milwaukee Bucks , all of the NBA . After his playing career , Embry transitioned to a career as a professional basketball executive , becoming the first African-American general manager & team president in NBA history .   Since 2004 , Embry has served as a senior basketball advisor for the Toronto Raptors .

neg: 1998–99 Miami Heat season The 1998 -- 99 NBA season was the 11th season for the Miami Heat in the National Basketball Association . During the offseason , the Heat signed free agents Terry Porter and Clarence Weatherspoon . In the shortened NBA season , the Heat won 18 of their first 23 games , despite Jamal Mashburn playing just 24 games due to a knee injury , and Voshon Lenard missing 38 games with a broken leg . Miami finished with a 33 -- 17 win-loss record , which earned them the # 1 seed in the Eastern Conference . Alonzo Mourning was named Defensive Player of the Year , and finished second in MVP voting behind Karl Malone of the Utah Jazz .   In the playoffs , the Heat faced the New York Knicks for the third consecutive time . The 8th-seeded Knicks defeated the Heat in the Eastern Conference First round , with Allan Houston of New York hitting a buzzer-beater basket in the winner-take-all Game 5 , which prevailed the Knicks over Miami , 78 -- 77 . This was also their final full season playing at the Miami Arena . Following the season , Porter signed as a free agent with the San Antonio Spurs , and longtime Heat forward Keith Askins retired .