query: John F. Kennedy defeated Richard Nixon in the 1960 presidential election.

pos: John F. Kennedy John Fitzgerald `` Jack '' Kennedy ( May 29 , 1917 -- November 22 , 1963 ) , commonly referred to by his initials JFK , was an American politician who served as the 35th President of the United States from January 1961 until his assassination in November 1963 . Kennedy served at the height of the Cold War , and much of his presidency focused on managing relations with the Soviet Union . He was a member of the Democratic Party who represented Massachusetts in the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate prior to becoming president .   Kennedy was born in Brookline , Massachusetts to Joseph P. Kennedy , Sr. and Rose Kennedy . A scion of the Kennedy family , he graduated from Harvard University in 1940 before joining the United States Naval Reserve the following year . During World War II , Kennedy commanded a series of PT boats in the Pacific theater and earned the Navy and Marine Corps Medal for his service . After the war , Kennedy represented Massachusetts 's 11th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1947 until 1953 . He was subsequently elected to the U.S. Senate and served as the junior Senator from Massachusetts from 1953 until 1960 . While serving in the Senate , he published Profiles in Courage , which won the Pulitzer Prize for Biography . In the 1960 presidential election , Kennedy narrowly defeated Republican opponent Richard Nixon , who was the incumbent Vice President .   Kennedy 's time in office was marked by high tensions with Communist states in the Cold War . He increased the number of American military advisers in South Vietnam by a factor of 18 over President Dwight D. Eisenhower . In April 1961 , he authorized a failed joint-CIA attempt to overthrow the Cuban government of Fidel Castro in the Bay of Pigs Invasion . He subsequently rejected plans by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to orchestrate false-flag attacks on American soil in order to gain public approval for a war against Cuba . In October 1962 , U.S. spy planes discovered that Soviet missile bases had been deployed in Cuba ; the resulting period of tensions , termed the Cuban Missile Crisis , nearly resulted in the breakout of a global thermonuclear conflict . Domestically , Kennedy presided over the establishment of the Peace Corps and supported the Civil Rights Movement , but he was largely unsuccessful in passing his New Frontier domestic policies . Kennedy continues to rank highly in historians ' polls of U.S. presidents and with the general public . His average approval rating of 70 % is the highest of any president in Gallup 's history of systematically measuring job approval .   On November 22 , 1963 , Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas , Texas . Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested for the crime , but he was never prosecuted due to his murder by Jack Ruby two days later . Pursuant to the Presidential Succession Act , Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn in as president later that day . The FBI and the Warren Commission officially concluded that Oswald was the lone assassin , but various groups believed that Kennedy was the victim of a conspiracy . After Kennedy 's death , many of his proposals were enacted , including the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Revenue Act of 1964 .

neg: United States presidential election, 1992 The United States presidential election of 1992 was the 52nd quadrennial presidential election . It was held on Tuesday , November 3 , 1992 . There were three major candidates : Incumbent Republican President George H. W. Bush , Democratic Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton , and independent Texas businessman Ross Perot .   Bush had alienated much of his conservative base by breaking his 1988 campaign pledge against raising taxes . The economy was in recession and Bush 's perceived greatest strength , foreign policy , was regarded as much less important following the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the relatively peaceful climate in the Middle East after the defeat of Iraq in the Gulf War .   Clinton won a plurality in the popular vote , and a wide Electoral College margin . The election was a significant realigning election after three consecutive Republican landslides . Northeastern , Upper Midwest , and West Coast states which had previously been competitive began voting reliably Democratic . As of 2016 , this is the most recent election in which an incumbent president was unseated , the previous one having been the 1980 election in which Ronald Reagan unseated then-incumbent Jimmy Carter .   Perot 's campaign took 18.9 % of the vote , finishing second in Maine and Utah . This was noted for being the highest vote share of a third-party candidate since 1912 , though he did not obtain any electoral votes .   As of 2017 , this is the last time Georgia and Montana voted for the Democratic candidate , and the last time the state of Florida was on the losing end of the presidential election .

neg: John McCain presidential campaign, 2000 The 2000 presidential campaign of John McCain , the United States Senator from Arizona , began in September 1999 . He announced his run for the Republican Party nomination for the presidency of the United States in the 2000 presidential election .   McCain was the main challenger to Texas Governor George W. Bush , who had the political and financial support of most of the party establishment . McCain staged an upset win in the February 2000 New Hampshire primary , capitalizing on a message of political reform and `` straight talk '' that appealed to moderate Republican and independent voters and to the press . McCain 's momentum was halted when Bush won the South Carolina primary later that month , in a contest that became famous for its bitter nature and an underground smear campaign run against McCain .   McCain won some subsequent primaries , but after the March 2000 Super Tuesday contests he was well behind in delegates and withdrew . He grudgingly endorsed Bush two months later and made occasional appearances for him during the general election .

neg: Electoral history of Barry Goldwater Electoral history of Barry Goldwater , United States Senator from Arizona ( 1953-1965 , 1969-1987 ) and Republican Party nominee for President of the United States during 1964 election   Phoenix City Council , At-large district , 1949 :   Elected :  Barry Goldwater - 16,405 ( 17.34 % )  Harry Rosenzweig - 14,887 ( 15.73 % )  Margaret B. Kober - 14,498 ( 15.32 % )  Frank G. Murphy - 13,598 ( 14.37 % )  Charles N. Walters - 12,838 ( 13.57 % )  Hohen Foster - 12,556 ( 13.27 % )   Defeated :  Rocky Ford - 4,678 ( 4.94 % )  Tony Grosso - 3,000 ( 3.17 % )  James H. Kerby - 2,177 ( 2.30 % )   Phoenix City Council , At-large district , 1951 :   Elected :  Hohen Foster ( inc. . )  Barry Goldwater ( inc. . )  Margaret B. Kober ( inc. . )  Frank G. Murphy ( inc. . )  Harry Rosenzweig ( inc. . )  Charles N. Walters ( inc. . )   Defeated :  A.J. Beaty  Guz Rodriguez  Charles Romaine  Calvin R. Sanders  John W. Strode  James A. Tilley , Sr. .   Republican primary for the United States Senator ( class 1 ) from Arizona , 1952 :  Barry Goldwater - 33,460 ( 91.03 % )  Lester K. Kahl - 3,297 ( 8.97 % )   United States Senate election in Arizona , 1952 :  Barry Goldwater ( R ) - 132,063 ( 51.31 % )  Ernest McFarland ( D ) ( inc. ) - 125,338 ( 48.69 % )   United States Senate election in Arizona , 1958 :  Barry Goldwater ( R ) ( inc. ) - 164,593 ( 56.06 % )  Ernest McFarland ( D ) - 129,030 ( 43.94 % )   1960 Republican presidential primaries :  Richard Nixon - 4,975,938 ( 86.63 % )  Unpledged - 314,234 ( 5.47 % )  George H. Bender - 211,090 ( 3.68 % )  Cecil H. Underwood - 123,756 ( 2.16 % )  James M. Lloyd - 48,461 ( 0.84 % )  Nelson Rockefeller - 30,639 ( 0.53 % )  Frank R. Beckwith - 19,677 ( 0.34 % )  John F. Kennedy - 12,817 ( 0.22 % )  Barry Goldwater - 3,146 ( 0.06 % )  Paul C. Fisher - 3,146 ( 0.06 % )  Henry Cabot Lodge , Jr. - 514 ( 0.01 % )  Dwight D. Eisenhower ( inc. ) - 172 ( 0.00 % )  Styles Bridges - 108 ( 0.00 % )   1960 Republican National Convention ( presidential tally ) :  Richard Nixon - 1,321 ( 99.25 % )  Barry Goldwater - 10 ( 0.75 % )   United States presidential election , 1960 :  John F. Kennedy/Lyndon B. Johnson ( D ) - 34,220,984 ( 49.7 % ) and 303 electoral votes ( 22 states carried )  Richard Nixon/Henry Cabot Lodge , Jr. ( R ) - 34,108,157 ( 49.6 % ) and 219 electoral votes ( 27 states carried )  Harry F. Byrd/Strom Thurmond ( I ) - 286,359 ( 0.4 % ) and 14 electoral votes ( 2 states carried )  Harry F. Byrd/Barry Goldwater ( I ) - 1 electoral vote ( Oklahoma faithless elector )  Orval Faubus/John G. Crommelin ( National States ' Rights ) - 44,984 ( 0.1 % )  Charles L. Sullivan/Merritt Curtis ( CST ) - 18,162 ( 0.0 % )   1964 Republican presidential primaries :  Barry Goldwater - 2,267,079 ( 38.33 % )  Nelson Rockefeller - 1,304,204 ( 22.05 % )  James A. Rhodes - 615,754 ( 10.41 % )  Henry Cabot Lodge , Jr. - 386,661 ( 6.54 % )  John W. Byrnes - 299,612 ( 5.07 % )  William Scranton - 245,401 ( 4.15 % )  Margaret Chase Smith - 227,007 ( 3.84 % )  Richard Nixon - 197,212 ( 3.33 % )  Unpledged - 173,652 ( 2.94 % )  Harold Stassen - 114,083 ( 1.93 % )   1964 Republican National Convention ( presidential tally ) :  Barry Goldwater - 883 ( 67.51 % )  William Scranton - 214 ( 16.36 % )  Nelson Rockefeller - 114 ( 8.72 % )  George W. Romney - 41 ( 3.14 % )  Margaret Chase Smith - 27 ( 2.06 % )  Walter Judd - 22 ( 1.68 % )  Hiram Fong - 5 ( 0.38 % )  Henry Cabot Lodge , Jr. - 2 ( 0.15 % )   United States presidential election , 1964 :  Lyndon B. Johnson/Hubert Humphrey ( D ) - 43,127,041 ( 61.1 % ) and 486 electoral votes ( 44 states and D.C. carried )  Barry Goldwater/William E. Miller ( R ) - 27,175,754 ( 38.5 % ) and 52 electoral votes ( 6 states carried )  Unpledged electors ( D ) - 210,732 ( 0.3 % )   United States Senate election in Arizona , 1968 :  Barry Goldwater ( R ) - 274,607 ( 57.22 % )  Roy Elson ( D ) - 205,338 ( 42.78 % )   United States Senate election in Arizona , 1974 :  Barry Goldwater ( R ) ( inc. ) - 320,396 ( 58.26 % )  Jonathan Marshall ( D ) - 229,523 ( 41.74 % )   United States Senate election in Arizona , 1980 :  Barry Goldwater ( R ) ( inc. ) - 432,371 ( 49.46 % )  Bill Schultz ( D ) - 422,972 ( 48.38 % )  Fred R. Esser ( Libertarian ) - 12,008 ( 1.37 % )  Lorenzo Torrez ( People over Politics ) - 3,608 ( 0.41 % )  Josefina Otero ( Socialist Workers ) - 3,266 ( 0.37 % )

neg: Richard Nixon Foundation The Richard Nixon Foundation is a not-for-profit organization based at the Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum in Yorba Linda , California . It was founded in the late 1980s by Richard Nixon , 37th President of the United States , and served as the governing body of the Nixon Library for nearly twenty years . Today it operates the Nixon Library in conjunction with the National Archives and Records Administration , which is an entity of the federal government of the United States , in addition to undertaking charitable and education-based activities .   The Nixon Foundation founded , controlled and operated the Nixon Library from the library 's dedication on July 19 , 1990 until July 11 , 2007 , at which the Foundation invited the National Archives to take control . The two entities signed a joint operating agreement which allowed the library to become officially known as the Richard Nixon Presidential Library , welcoming it into the national system of presidential libraries . This move allowed President Nixon 's White House documents to be moved to his library in Yorba Linda .   The Nixon Foundation is governed by a Board of Directors , led by former Nixon White House Director of Presidential Advance Ronald H. Walker . The board includes President Nixon 's daughters Tricia Nixon Cox and Julie Nixon Eisenhower , his brother Edward Nixon , former Ambassador George Argyros former California Governor Pete Wilson , and longest-serving Vietnam War POW Everett Alvarez , Jr. . The Foundation 's President and CEO is William Baribault .   The Foundation has hosted United States presidents , first ladies and several vice presidents . Also hosted have been public affairs commentators such as Bill O'Reilly , academics such as Doris Kearns Goodwin , and Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer .   The library includes `` Meet the Presidents , '' in which presidential impersonators speak to several hundred school-aged children . To commemorate the 10th anniversary of the September 11 , 2001 attacks , the Nixon Foundation brought 16 tons of warped steel from the World Trade Center and a damaged , first-responder FDNY firetruck to the Nixon Library for viewing .   Before the National Archives took over its management , the Nixon Library had been accused by several media outlets of glossing over Nixon 's 1974 resignation with `` whitewashed '' exhibits . In 2007 , the National Archives removed the 17 year old Watergate exhibit and , after three years , the new exhibit was scheduled to open in July 2010 . The Nixon Foundation objected to the proposed exhibit , because the Nixon Foundation was not consulted in the way that other presidential foundations had been consulted with similar situations . The Foundation filed a 158 page memorandum to the Assistant Archivist for Presidential Libraries expressing their dissatisfaction and NARA stated a committee would review the objection but gave no timeline for when that process would be concluded . The exhibit opened on March 31 , 2011 .

neg: Presidency of William McKinley The presidency of William McKinley began on March 4 , 1897 at noon Eastern Standard Time , when William McKinley was inaugurated as President of the United States , and ended on September 14 , 1901 , upon his assassination and death , days into his second term . McKinley , a Republican , was succeeded by Vice President Theodore Roosevelt .   The 25th United States president , he took office following the 1896 presidential election , in which he defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan , after a front-porch campaign in which he advocated `` sound money '' , promised that high tariffs would restore prosperity , and denounced Bryan 's radicalism and class warfare . He defeated Bryan again in the 1900 presidential election , in a campaign focused on imperialism , protectionism , and free silver . McKinley 's presidency marked the beginning of an era in American political history from the mid -- 1890s to 1932 that was generally dominated by the Republican Party .   McKinley led the nation to victory in the Spanish -- American War , took ownership of Hawaii , the Philippines and Puerto Rico , restored prosperity , promoted pluralism among all groups , raised protective tariffs to promote American industry , and maintained the nation on the gold standard in a rejection of inflationary proposals . Rapid economic growth marked his presidency . He promoted the 1897 Dingley Tariff to protect manufacturers and factory workers from foreign competition , and in 1900 , he secured the passage of the Gold Standard Act . McKinley hoped to persuade Spain to grant independence to rebellious Cuba without conflict , but when negotiation failed , he led the nation in the Spanish -- American War of 1898 ; the U.S. victory was quick and decisive . As part of the peace settlement , Spain turned over to the United States its main overseas colonies of Puerto Rico , Guam , and the Philippines ; Cuba was promised independence , but for a time remained under the control of the U.S. Army . The United States annexed the independent Republic of Hawaii in 1898 and it became a U.S. territory . As an innovator of American interventionism and pro-business sentiment , McKinley 's presidency is generally ranked above average . Historian Lewis L. Gould argues that McKinley was effective in domestic and foreign affairs and was `` the first modern president '' :

neg: Democrats for Nixon Democrats for Nixon was a campaign to promote Democratic support for the then-incumbent Republican President Richard Nixon in the 1972 presidential election . The campaign was led by the former Democratic governor of Texas , John Connally .   Connally , who was serving as the United States Secretary of the Treasury , announced that he would be supporting Nixon for re-election and would spend his time until the elections working on behalf of the incumbent .   A Democrat who had been Governor of Texas and United States Secretary of the Navy under John F. Kennedy , Connally formally announced the formation of the organization in August 1972 . Polling cited by Connally indicated that as many as 20 million Democrats would cross over to vote for Nixon and invited `` all those millions of Democrats who realize that in this Presidential election President Nixon is simply the better choice '' . Connally stated that he was troubled by Senator George McGovern 's campaign and felt that the Democratic party `` is becoming an ideological machine closed to millions who have been the party 's most loyal and steadfast members '' under McGovern 's leadership . The committee included Mayor Beverly Briley of Nashville , Tennessee , former Governor of Florida Farris Bryant , Mayor of Boston John F. Collins , Mayor Thomas G. Dunn of Elizabeth , New Jersey , Teamsters president Frank Fitzsimmons , Governor of Virginia Mills E. Godwin , Jr. , Mayor of Miami , Florida David T. Kennedy and Leonard Marks who had previously headed the United States Information Agency . A fundraising target of as much as $ 3 million was set for the organization . Connally also announced that Jeno Paulucci , a frozen food distributor who had been closely involved as a fundraiser for Hubert H. Humphrey in his presidential bids , would serve as head of a group encouraging independent voters to choose Nixon .   In a September 1972 article in The New York Times , Connally was quoted as saying that increasing numbers of traditionally Democratic voters were leaving the fold because they `` are afraid of George McGovern '' because of his proposals for major cutbacks in defense spending and in the number of U.S. troops serving in Europe . Connally insisted that `` it is in the best interests of this country that the president be re-elected this year '' .

neg: United States presidential election in Michigan, 1972 The 1972 United States presidential election in Michigan took place on November 7 , 1972 , as part of the 1972 United States presidential election . Michigan voters chose twenty-one representatives , or electors , to the Electoral College , who voted for President and Vice President .   Michigan was won by incumbent President Richard Nixon ( R -- California ) , with 62.07 % of the popular vote , against George McGovern ( D -- South Dakota ) , with 35.79 % of the popular vote . John G. Schmitz was the only other candidate on the ballot , and , as the candidate for the American Independent Party , he received over 63,000 votes .   Delta , Lake , Washtenaw , and Wayne counties were the only four of Michigan 's 83 counties to vote for McGovern .

neg: 1952 Republican National Convention The 1952 Republican National Convention was held at the International Amphitheatre in Chicago , Cook County , Illinois from July 7 to July 11 , 1952 , and nominated the popular general and war hero Dwight D. Eisenhower of Kansas , nicknamed `` Ike , '' for president and the anti-communist crusading Senator from California , Richard M. Nixon , for vice president .   The Republican platform pledged to end the unpopular war in Korea , supported the development of nuclear weapons as a deterrence strategy , to fire all `` the loafers , incompetents and unnecessary employees '' at the State Department , condemned the Roosevelt and Truman administrations ' economic policies , supported retention of the Taft-Hartley Act , opposed `` discrimination against race , religion or national origin '' , supported `` Federal action toward the elimination of lynching '' , and pledged to bring an end to communist subversion in the United States .

neg: United States presidential election in Utah, 1964 The 1964 United States presidential election in Utah took place on November 3 , 1964 , as part of the 1964 United States presidential election . Utah voters chose four representatives , or electors , to the Electoral College , who voted for President and Vice President .   Utah was won by incumbent President Lyndon B. Johnson ( D -- Texas ) , with 54.86 % of the popular vote , against Senator Barry Goldwater ( R -- Arizona ) , with 45.14 % of the popular vote .

neg: Presidency of John F. Kennedy The presidency of John F. Kennedy began on January 20 , 1961 , when he was inaugurated as the 35th President of the United States , and ended on November 22 , 1963 , upon his assassination and death , a span of days . A Democrat , he took office following the 1960 presidential election , in which he narrowly defeated Richard Nixon . He was succeeded by Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson .   Kennedy was the first person born in the 20th century to be elected president , and , at age 43 , the youngest person elected to the office . He was also the first Roman Catholic elected to the presidency . Kennedy played an important role in bringing American politics into the modern communications age , as his use of television provided a campaign model that spoke to voters directly , and his media presidency greatly weakened the power of political machines in party politics .   Kennedy 's time in office was marked by Cold War tensions with the Soviet Union and especially with Cuba . In Cuba , a failed attempt was made in April 1961 at the Bay of Pigs to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro . Kennedy 's administration subsequently rejected plans by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to orchestrate false-flag attacks on American soil in order to gain public approval for a war against Cuba . In October 1962 , it was discovered that Soviet ballistic missiles had been deployed in Cuba ; the resulting period of unease , termed the Cuban Missile Crisis , is seen by many historians as the closest the human race has ever come to nuclear war between nuclear-armed belligerents .   To contain Communist expansion in Asia , Kennedy increased the number of American military advisers in South Vietnam by a factor of 18 over his predecessor , Dwight D. Eisenhower ; a further escalation of the American role in the Vietnam War took place after Kennedy 's death . In domestic politics Kennedy made bold proposals in his New Frontier agenda , but few were passed by Congress . He did establish of the Peace Corps , and intensify the Space Race . Kennedy took steps to support the Civil Rights Movement , and after his death his proposed civil rights bill was passed as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 .

neg: Nixon goes to China The phrase `` Nixon goes to China '' , `` Nixon to China '' , or `` Nixon in China '' is a historical reference to United States President Richard Nixon 's 1972 visit to the People 's Republic of China , where he met with Chairman Mao Zedong . The metaphor is often expressed as the observation `` Only Nixon could go to China '' or `` It took Nixon to go to China '' .   As a political metaphor , it refers to the ability of a politician with an unassailable reputation among his or her supporters for representing and defending their values to take actions that would draw their criticism and even opposition if taken by someone without those credentials . Although the example is that of a hardliner taking steps toward peace with a traditional enemy , and this is the most common application of the metaphor , it could also be applied to a reputedly cautious diplomat defying expectations by taking military action , or a political leader reforming aspects of the political system of which they have been strong supporters .

neg: United States presidential election in Massachusetts, 1960 The 1960 United States presidential election in Massachusetts took place on November 8 , 1960 as part of the 1960 United States presidential election , which was held throughout all 50 states . Voters chose 16 representatives , or electors to the Electoral College , who voted for President and Vice President .   Massachusetts voted overwhelmingly for the Democratic nominee , Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts , over the Republican nominee , Vice President Richard Nixon of California . Kennedy ran with Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas , while Nixon 's running mate was Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge , Jr. of Massachusetts .   Kennedy carried his home state of Massachusetts in a landslide , taking 60.22 % of the vote to Nixon 's 39.55 % , a Democratic victory margin of 20.67 % . This made it the third most Democratic state in the nation , after Rhode Island and Georgia .   As Kennedy narrowly defeated Nixon nationally to win the presidency , Massachusetts weighed in for this election as about 21 % more Democratic than the national average .   Massachusetts had been a Democratic-leaning state since 1928 , when the Democratic Party had nominated the first Roman Catholic nominee for president , Al Smith . While Smith lost nationally in a landslide , partially due to anti-Catholic prejudice in much of the country , he won Massachusetts due to the massive turnout and support of the many Irish Catholics in the state . In 1960 , John F. Kennedy would be the second Roman Catholic to be nominated for president by a major party , and again his religion became an issue in some regions of the country . However , there was little doubt that Kennedy , an Irish Catholic born in Brookline , Massachusetts , would be able to carry Massachusetts in his presidential run .   Prior to 1960 , Massachusetts had been a swing state , having voted for Democrats Franklin Roosevelt and Harry Truman in the 1930s and 1940s , but voting for Republican Dwight Eisenhower in the 1950s . In 1956 , Eisenhower had carried the state by 19 points . The 21 point margin by which Kennedy won the state four years later thus represented a massive 40 point swing toward the Democrats between the 1956 and 1960 elections . Kennedy 's landslide victory in 1960 finally solidified the transformation of Massachusetts into a Democratic stronghold in the modern era . 1960 was the first election ever in which a Democrat had broken 60 % of the vote in Massachusetts , and thus Kennedy 's 60.22 % was the highest percentage of the vote any Democrat had ever received in the state up to that point .   Religion was a major dividing factor in shaping the vote in 1960 . Nixon 's running mate , Henry Cabot Lodge , was also from Massachusetts , and had served the state as a Republican Senator , but was a Protestant , and represented traditional Protestant Yankee Republicanism in Massachusetts . Kennedy , an Irish Catholic Democrat , represented an entirely different strain of Massachusetts politics , the emerging majority coalition of urban and ethnic immigrant voters . In 1952 , Kennedy had first defeated Lodge to take the latter 's U.S. Senate seat , symbolizing this new Democratic coalition 's rise in the state . The residual Yankee Republicanism combined with the popularity of the Republican incumbent Eisenhower allowed Nixon to take a decent 39.55 % of the vote , but by 1960 , the ethnic Catholic vote held a decisive majority in Massachusetts , and turnout among Catholic voters reached record highs in 1960 .   Kennedy carried nine of the state 's fourteen counties , including the most heavily populated parts of the state surrounding the large cities of Boston , Worcester , and Springfield . Nixon carried only five counties , three of them island or peninsula counties . Nixon 's most significant win was Plymouth County , which he won narrowly with 51 percent of the vote .   Kennedy put in an historically strong performance in the state 's capital and largest city , Boston , home to many Catholics of Irish and Italian immigrant heritage . In Suffolk County , where Boston is located , Kennedy won a landslide with 74.4 percent of the vote to Nixon 's 25 percent , the first time in history that a presidential candidate had received more than 70 percent of the vote in the county . Kennedy was also the first Democrat to carry Norfolk County since Martin van Buren in 1836 .   The decisive Democratic win in 1960 would foreshadow the political direction Massachusetts would take in the years to come , as it would become one of the most Democratic states in the nation in the elections that followed . In 1964 and 1968 , Democrats would even outperform Kennedy , and in 1972 it would be the only state in the nation to vote for Democrat George McGovern , ultimately making it the only state that Richard Nixon would never win in any of his three presidential campaigns .   The 1960 election was also the last time a candidate who declared Massachusetts as his home state won the presidency regardless of his performance in the state . The next three presidential candidates whose home state was Massachusetts , Michael Dukakis , John Kerry , and Mitt Romney , all lost their presidential bids .

neg: Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy On June 5 , 1968 , presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy was fatally shot at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles , shortly after winning the California presidential primaries in the 1968 election , and died the next day while hospitalized .   After winning the California and South Dakota primary elections for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States , Kennedy was fatally shot while exiting through the hotel kitchen immediately after leaving the podium in the Ambassador Hotel and died in the Good Samaritan Hospital twenty-six hours later . Sirhan Sirhan , a 24-year-old Palestinian/Jordanian immigrant , was convicted of Kennedy 's murder and sentenced to death in 1969 , although his sentence was commuted to life in prison in 1972 . On November 22 , 2013 , Sirhan was transferred from Corcoran to the Richard J. Donovan Correctional Facility in San Diego County . The shooting was recorded on audio tape by a freelance newspaper reporter , and the aftermath was captured on film .   Kennedy 's body lay in repose at St. Patrick 's Cathedral in New York for two days before a funeral Mass was held on June 8 . His body was interred near his brother John at Arlington National Cemetery . His death prompted the protection of presidential candidates by the United States Secret Service . Hubert Humphrey later went on to win the Democratic nomination for the presidency , but ultimately lost the election to Republican Richard Nixon .   As with his brother John 's death , Kennedy 's assassination and the circumstances surrounding it have spawned a variety of conspiracy theories . Kennedy and Huey Long ( in 1935 ) are the only two sitting United States Senators to be assassinated .

neg: JFK in Ireland JFK in Ireland : Four Days That Changed a President is the title of the first book written by Irish broadcaster Ryan Tubridy . Released in the UK in 2010 , and by Lyons Press in the US in 2011 , it is a profile of President of the United States John F. Kennedy 's 1963 visit to Ireland .   A spokesperson for Eason & Son was reported to have called it `` one of the most highly anticipated literary events of the year '' . Tubridy was exempted from paying income tax on his work , leading to criticism from politicians and the media . The broadcaster said he would send copies of the book to both the Kennedy family and the White House . The book contains photographs of Kennedy 's visit .   A documentary , JFK : A Homecoming , by Ryan Tubridy was broadcast on RTÉ One prior to the book 's release . Bernice Harrison , reviewing the week 's television in The Irish Times , commented : `` The timing of this history documentary -- not the usual bank-holiday viewing , not an anniversary of the visit , no new revelations -- was peculiar until you noted that RTÉ 's star presenter has a book coming out this week about the JFK visit . Nice publicity if you can get it '' .

neg: Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1980 The 1980 Democratic presidential primaries were the selection process by which voters of the Democratic Party chose its nominee for President of the United States in the 1980 U.S. presidential election . Incumbent President Jimmy Carter was again selected as the nominee through a series of primary elections and caucuses culminating in the 1980 Democratic National Convention held from August 11 to August 14 , 1980 , in New York City . It is notable for being the last time that an incumbent president lost a state 's presidential primary .

neg: United States presidential election in New York, 1980 The 1980 United States presidential election in New York took place on November 4 , 1980 . All 50 states and The District of Columbia , were part of the 1980 United States presidential election . New York voters chose forty one electors to the Electoral College , which voted for President and Vice President .   New York was won by former California Governor Ronald Reagan , in a narrow victory against President of the United States Jimmy Carter , who failed to gain reelection against Reagan . Also in the running was Independent candidate Congressman John B. Anderson of Illinois , who ran in New York as the Liberal Party candidate .   Reagan won the state with a plurality of 46.66 % of the vote to Carter 's 43.99 % , a margin of 2.67 % . Anderson finished in third with 7.54 % .   New York 's election results reflect the Republican Party 's re-consolidation of base under what is popularly called the `` Reagan Revolution , '' which sounded various overwhelming conservative electoral victories across the United States throughout the 1980s - and most evidently against the relatively unpopular President Carter during the 1980 presidential election .   New York weighed in for this election as more Democratic than the national average by about 7 % .   This election is notable in that , while the highly populated regions of New York City , Buffalo , and Albany turned out for Carter , the election in the state was tipped by the majority of less-populated upstate counties , combined with heavily populated suburban counties around NYC , most of which were won by Reagan . Carter actually picked up plurality wins in 2 counties which he had lost in 1976 : Monroe County , home to the city of Rochester , and Niagara County .   A major contributing factor to Reagan 's victory over Carter was the relatively strong third party showing by independent candidate John B. Anderson , a former liberal Republican congressman who garnered 8 % of the vote in the State - twice the 4 % margin by which Carter had won New York in 1976 . Running on the ballot line of New York 's Liberal Party , Anderson attracted the votes of many liberals and moderates who normally leaned Democratic but were dissatisfied with the policies of the Carter Administration , thus splitting the left-leaning vote in New York State .   In the heavily populated , and very liberal , 5 boroughs of New York City , Carter still won overall , and Reagan made only modest gains in vote share over Gerald Ford 's 1976 showing of 33 % , taking 37 % in the city in 1980 . However , although still winning 4 out of 5 boroughs , Carter bled a massive amount of support in the city to Anderson , dropping from 66 % in 1976 to only 55 % in 1980 . Since Democratic victories in New York State in that era depended on running up massive margins in New York City to overcome the rest of the state 's Republican lean , the reduced margin in the city from vote-splitting would prove fatal to Carter 's chances of winning the state in 1980 . While Reagan only bled about 1 % of Republican base support in the state ( winning a plurality in a 3-way-race with 46.66 % while Gerald Ford had lost the state in a two-man race with 47.52 % in 1976 ) , Carter bled nearly 8 % of his 1976 support , falling from a 51.95 % majority win in 1976 to a losing 43.99 % in 1980 , most of those lost Democratic base votes going to Anderson instead .   This remains the last election in which a Republican presidential nominee has won Tompkins County in upstate New York , home to the college town of Ithaca , where Cornell University and Ithaca College are located . Reagan narrowly won the county with a plurality of 42 % to Carter 's 40 % , while Anderson took nearly 14 % , making it Anderson 's strongest county in the state . In 1984 , Tompkins County would vote against Reagan and in the following years it would become the most Democratic county in upstate New York , giving Barack Obama over 70 % of the vote in 2008 .

neg: Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection, 1968 This article lists those who were potential candidates for the Republican nomination for Vice President of the United States in the 1968 election . After winning the Republican presidential nomination at the 1968 Republican National Convention , former Vice President Richard Nixon convened a series of meetings with close advisers and party leaders such as Strom Thurmond in order to choose his running mate . Nixon ultimately asked the convention to nominate Maryland Governor Spiro Agnew as his running mate . By a large margin , Agnew won the vice presidential nomination on the first ballot over Michigan Governor George W. Romney , who was supported by a faction of liberal Republicans . Nixon chose Agnew because he wanted a centrist who was broadly acceptable to the party , had experience with domestic issues , and appealed to Southern voters ( to counter the third party candidacy of former Alabama Governor George Wallace ) . The Nixon-Agnew ticket defeated the Humphrey-Muskie ticket , and also won re-election in 1972 , defeating the McGovern-Shriver ticket . However , Agnew was forced to resign as Vice President in 1973 due to a controversy regarding his personal taxes .

neg: Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1964 The 1964 Democratic presidential primaries were the selection process by which voters of the Democratic Party chose its nominee for President of the United States in the 1964 U.S. presidential election . Incumbent President Lyndon B. Johnson was selected as the nominee through a series of primary elections and caucuses culminating in the 1964 Democratic National Convention held from August 24 to August 27 , 1964 , in Atlantic City , New Jersey .

neg: The Selling of the President 1968 The Selling of the President 1968 is a non-fiction book written by American author Joe McGinniss and published by Trident Press in October , 1969 .   The book describes the marketing of Richard Nixon during the 1968 presidential campaign . It has been described as `` a classic of political journalism '' and a `` classic of campaign reporting that first introduced many readers to the stage-managed world of political theater . '' It was reprinted in 1988 under the title The Selling of the President .   McGinniss became an overnight success when the book , his first , landed on The New York Times bestseller list . He was 26 years old , making him the youngest living writer with that achievement . The book was on the New York Times non-fiction bestseller list for 31 weeks from October 1969 to May 1970 .   The idea for the book came to McGinniss almost serendipitously :   -LSB- He -RSB- stumbled across his book 's topic while taking a train to New York . A fellow commuter had just landed the Hubert Humphrey account and was boasting that ` in six weeks we 'll have him looking better than Abraham Lincoln . ' McGinniss tried to get access to Humphrey 's campaign first , but they turned him down . So he called up Nixon 's , and they said yes . '' .   The book was very well received by both critics and the public . It `` spent more than six months on best-sellers lists , and McGinniss sold a lot of those books through television , appearing on the titular shows of Merv Griffin , David Frost and Dick Cavett , among others . '' Conservative writer William F. Buckley `` assumed McGinniss had relied on ` an elaborate deception which has brought joy and hope to the Nixon-haters . ' But even Buckley liked the book . ''   In 1972 , the book was adapted into a short-lived Broadway musical .

neg: Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt The presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt began on March 4 , 1933 , when he was inaugurated as the 32nd President of the United States , and ended upon his death on April 12 , 1945 , a span of ( 4422 days ) . Roosevelt assumed the presidency in the midst of the Great Depression . Starting with his landslide victory over Republican President Herbert Hoover in the 1932 election . He won a record four presidential terms , and became a central figure in world affairs during World War II . His program for relief , recovery and reform , known as the New Deal , involved a great expansion of the role of the federal government in the economy . Under his steady leadership , the Democratic Party built a `` New Deal Coalition '' of labor unions , big city machines , white ethnics , African Americans , and rural white Southerners , that would significantly realign American politics for the next several decades in the Fifth Party System and also define modern American liberalism .   During his first hundred days in office , Roosevelt spearheaded unprecedented major legislation and issued a profusion of executive orders that instituted the New Deal -- a variety of programs designed to produce relief ( government jobs for the unemployed ) , recovery ( economic growth ) , and reform ( through regulation of Wall Street , banks and transportation ) . He created numerous programs to support the unemployed and farmers , and to encourage labor union growth while more closely regulating business and high finance . The repeal of Prohibition in 1933 added to his popularity , helping him win re-election by a landslide in 1936 . The economy improved rapidly from 1933 to 1937 , but then relapsed into a deep recession in 1937 -- 38 . The bipartisan Conservative Coalition that formed in 1937 prevented his attempted packing of the Supreme Court , and blocked most of his legislative proposals , aside from the Fair Labor Standards Act . When the war began and unemployment largely became a non-issue , conservatives in Congress repealed the two major relief programs , the WPA and CCC , but kept most of the regulations on business . Along with several smaller programs , major surviving programs from the New Deal include the Securities and Exchange Commission , the Wagner Act , the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation , and Social Security .   A potential worldwide war loomed after 1937 , with the Japanese invasion of China and the aggression of Nazi Germany , which invaded Poland in September 1939 . Roosevelt remained officially neutral but gave strong diplomatic and financial support to China , the United Kingdom , Free France , and the Soviet Union via initiatives such as the Lend-Lease programs . Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7 , 1941 , Roosevelt sought and obtained a declaration of war upon Japan . A few days later , he sought and obtained a declaration of war upon the other major Axis powers , Germany and Italy . Assisted by his top aide Harry Hopkins , and with very strong national support , he worked closely with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill , Soviet leader Joseph Stalin , and Chinese Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek in leading the Allies during World War II . He supervised the mobilization of the U.S. economy to support the war effort , and the war saw the end of the massive unemployment that characterized the Great Depression . Roosevelt sought to desegregate the federal workforce with the Fair Employment Practice Committee , but he also controversially ordered the internment of 100,000 Japanese American civilians . As an active military leader , Roosevelt implemented a war strategy on two fronts that ended in the defeat of the Axis Powers and the development of the world 's first nuclear bomb . Though he died months before the end of the war , his work on the post-war order shaped the new United Nations and the Bretton Woods international financial system . Roosevelt 's health seriously declined during the war years , and he died three months into his fourth term . He was succeeded by Vice President Harry S. Truman . It was on Roosevelt 's watch that the Democratic Party was returned to dominance , prosperity returned , and two great military enemies were destroyed .   Scholars , historians and the public typically rank Roosevelt alongside Abraham Lincoln and George Washington as one of the three greatest U.S. Presidents .


query: The English language is spoken in New Zealand.

pos: English language English -LSB- ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ -RSB- is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and is now the global lingua franca . Named after the Angles , one of the Germanic tribes that migrated to England , it ultimately derives its name from the Anglia ( Angeln ) peninsula in the Baltic Sea . It is closely related to the Frisian languages , but its vocabulary has been significantly influenced by other Germanic languages , as well as by Latin and Romance languages , particularly French .   English is either the official language or one of the official languages in almost 60 sovereign states . It is the most commonly spoken language in the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada , Australia , Ireland , and New Zealand , and is widely spoken in some areas of the Caribbean , Africa , and South Asia . It is the third most common native language in the world , after Mandarin and Spanish . It is the most widely learned second language and an official language of the United Nations , of the European Union , and of many other world and regional international organisations . It is the most widely spoken Germanic language , accounting for at least 70 % of speakers of this Indo-European branch .   English has developed over the course of more than 1,400 years . The earliest forms of English , a set of Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the fifth century , are called Old English . Middle English began in the late 11th century with the Norman conquest of England , and was a period in which the language was influenced by French . Early Modern English began in the late 15th century with the introduction of the printing press to London and the King James Bible , and the start of the Great Vowel Shift . Through the worldwide influence of the British Empire , modern English spread around the world from the 17th to mid-20th centuries . Through all types of printed and electronic media , as well as the emergence of the United States as a global superpower , English has become the leading language of international discourse and the lingua franca in many regions and in professional contexts such as science , navigation , and law .   Modern English grammar is the result of a gradual change from a typical Indo-European dependent marking pattern with a rich inflectional morphology and relatively free word order , to a mostly analytic pattern with little inflection , a fairly fixed SVO word order and a complex syntax . Modern English relies more on auxiliary verbs and word order for the expression of complex tenses , aspect and mood , as well as passive constructions , interrogatives and some negation . Despite noticeable variation among the accents and dialects of English used in different countries and regions -- in terms of phonetics and phonology , and sometimes also vocabulary , grammar and spelling -- English-speakers from around the world are able to communicate with one another with relative ease .

neg: Fiji Hindi Fiji Hindi or Fijian Hindi , known locally as `` Hindustani '' , is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by most Fijian citizens of Indian descent , though a small number speak other languages at home . It is an Eastern Hindi language that has been subject to considerable influence by Awadhi , Bhojpuri , Magahi and other Bihari languages . It has also borrowed a large number of words from the Fijian and English languages . A large number of words , unique to Fiji Hindi , have been created to cater for the new environment that Indo-Fijians now live in . First-generation Indians in Fiji , who used the language as a lingua franca in Fiji , referred to it as Fiji Baat , `` Fiji talk '' . It is closely related to Caribbean Hindustani and the Hindustani spoken in Mauritius and South Africa .

neg: Military history of New Zealand The military history of New Zealand is an aspect of the history of New Zealand that spans several hundred years . When first settled by Māori almost a millennium ago , there was much land and resources , but war began to break out as the country 's carrying capacity was approached . Initially being fought with close range weapons of wood and stone , this continued on and off until Europeans arrived , bringing with them new weapons such as muskets . Colonisation by Britain led to the New Zealand land wars in the 19th century in which settler and imperial troops and their Māori allies fought against other Māori and a handful of Pākehā . In the first half of the 20th century , New Zealanders of all races fought alongside Britain in the Boer War and both World Wars . In the second half of the century and into this century the New Zealand Defence Force has provided token assistance to the United States in several conflicts . New Zealand has also contributed troops extensively to multilateral peacekeeping operations .

neg: English English may refer to :   Something of , from , or related to the country of England  English people , an ethnic group of people native to England  English national identity , an identity and common culture  English language  English studies , the study of English language and literature  English language in England , a variant of the English language  List of dialects of the English language

neg: New Zealand Society of Translators and Interpreters The New Zealand Society of Translators and Interpreters ( NZSTI ) ( or , in Maori , Te Ropu Kaiwhakamaori a-waha , a-tuhi o Aotearoa ) is the professional association for translators and interpreters in New Zealand . Its mission statement :   `` NZSTI is a nationally representative body of translators and interpreters that provides a networking forum for its members , represents members ' interests , and promotes continued professional development , quality standards and awareness of the profession within government agencies and the wider community . '' .   NZSTI is affiliated with the International Federation of Translators ( FIT ) and has a close relationship with SLIANZ , the Sign Language Interpreters Association of New Zealand ( which has its own seat on the NZSTI National Council ) .

neg: Culture of the United Kingdom The culture of the United Kingdom is influenced by the UK 's history as a developed island country , a liberal democracy and a major power ; its predominantly Christian religious life ; and its composition of four countries -- England , Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland -- each of which has distinct customs , cultures and symbolism . The wider culture of Europe has also influenced British culture , and Humanism , Protestantism and representative democracy developed from broader Western culture .   British literature , music , cinema , art , theatre , comedy , media , television , philosophy , architecture and education are important aspects of British culture . The United Kingdom is also prominent in science and technology , producing world-leading scientists ( e.g. Isaac Newton and Charles Darwin ) and inventions . Sport is an important part of British culture ; numerous sports originated in the country , including football . The UK has been described as a `` cultural superpower '' , and London has been described as a world cultural capital .   The Industrial Revolution , which started in the UK , had a profound effect on the socio-economic and cultural conditions of the world . As a result of the British Empire , significant British influence can be observed in the language , law , culture and institutions of a geographically wide assortment of countries , including Australia , Canada , India , the Republic of Ireland , New Zealand , Nigeria , Pakistan , South Africa , the United States and English speaking Caribbean nations . These states are sometimes collectively known as the Anglosphere , and are among Britain 's closest allies . In turn the empire also influenced British culture , particularly British cuisine .   The cultures of England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland are diverse and have varying degrees of overlap and distinctiveness .

neg: Oceanic languages The approximately 450 Oceanic languages are a well-established family of Austronesian languages . The area occupied by speakers of these languages includes Polynesia , as well as much of Melanesia and Micronesia .   Though covering a vast area , Oceanic languages are spoken by only two million people . The largest individual Oceanic languages are Eastern Fijian with over 600,000 speakers , and Samoan with an estimated 400,000 speakers . The Kiribati ( Gilbertese ) , Tongan , Tahitian , Māori , Western Fijian and Kuanua ( Tolai ) languages each have over 100,000 speakers .   The common ancestor which is reconstructed for this group of languages is called Proto-Oceanic ( abbr . POc ) .

neg: New Zealand art New Zealand art consists of the visual and plastic arts ( including architecture , woodwork , textiles , and ceramics ) originating from the geographical location of New Zealand . It come from different traditions : indigenous Māori art , that of the early European ( or Pākehā ) settlers , and later immigrants from Pacific , Asian and European countries . Because New Zealand is so isolated , in the past many artists had to go overseas to make a living . The visual arts flourished in the later decades of the 20th century , with the increased cultural sophistication of many New Zealanders .

neg: American and British English spelling differences Many of the differences between American and British English date back to a time when spelling standards had not yet developed . For instance , some spellings seen as `` American '' today were once commonly used in Britain and some spellings seen as `` British '' were once commonly used in the United States . A `` British standard '' began to emerge following the 1755 publication of Samuel Johnson 's A Dictionary of the English Language , and an `` American standard '' started following the work of Noah Webster and in particular his An American Dictionary of the English Language , first published in 1828 .   Webster 's efforts at spelling reform were somewhat effective in his native country , resulting in certain well-known patterns of spelling differences between the American and British varieties of English . But English-language spelling reform has rarely been adopted otherwise , and thus modern English orthography varies somewhat between countries and is far from phonemic in any country .

neg: English in computing The English language is sometimes described as the lingua franca of computing . In comparison to other sciences , where Latin and Greek are the principal sources of vocabulary , computer science borrows more extensively from English . Due to the technical limitations of early computers , and the lack of international standards on the Internet , computer users were limited to using English and the Latin alphabet . However , this historical limitation is less present today . Most software products are localized in numerous languages and the use of the Unicode character encoding has resolved problems with non-Latin alphabets . Some limitations have only been changed recently , such as with domain names , which previously allowed only ASCII characters .

neg: Ngāi Tahu Ngāi Tahu , or Kāi Tahu , is the principal Māori iwi ( tribe ) of the southern region of New Zealand . Its takiwā ( tribal area ) is the largest in New Zealand , and extends from Blenheim , Mount Mahanga and Kahurangi Point in the north to Stewart Island in the south . These are divided into 18 rūnanga ( governance areas ) corresponding to traditional settlements . Some definitions of Ngāi Tahu include the Waitaha and Kāti Mamoe tribes who lived in the South Island prior to the arrival of Kāi Tāhu . The five primary hapū of the three tribes are Kāti Kurī , Ngāti Irakehu , Kāti Huirapa , Ngāi Tūāhuriri and Ngāi Te Ruakihikihi .   The New Zealand Parliament passed the Ngai Tahu Claims Settlement Act in 1998 to record an apology from the Crown and to settle claims made under the Treaty of Waitangi . One of the Act 's provisions covered the use of dual ( Māori and English ) names for geographical locations in the Ngāi Tahu tribal area . The recognised tribal authority , Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu , is based in Christchurch and Invercargill .

neg: Invasive species in New Zealand A number of introduced species , some of which have become invasive species , have been added to New Zealand 's native flora and fauna . Both deliberate and accidental introductions have been made from the time of the first human settlement , with several waves of Polynesian people at some time before the year 1300 , followed by Europeans after 1769 .   Almost without exception , the introduced species have been detrimental to the native flora and fauna but some , such as farmed sheep and cows and the clover upon which they feed , now form a large part of the economy of New Zealand . Registers , lists and indexes of species that are invasive , potentially invasive , or a threat to agriculture or biodiversity are maintained by Biosecurity New Zealand .

neg: Business English Business English is a part of English for specific purposes and can be considered a specialism within English language learning and teaching . Many non-native English speakers study the subject with the goal of doing business with English-speaking countries , or with companies located outside the English-speaking world but which nonetheless use English as a shared language or lingua franca . Much of the English communication that takes place within business circles all over the world occurs between non-native speakers . In cases such as these , the object of the exercise is efficient and effective communication . The strict rules of grammar are in such cases sometimes ignored , when , for example , a stressed negotiator 's only goal is to reach an agreement as quickly as possible . ( See linguist Braj Kachru 's theory of the `` expanding circle '' . )   Business English means different things to different people . For some , it focuses on vocabulary and topics used in the worlds of business , trade , finance , and international relations . For others it refers to the communication skills used in the workplace , and focuses on the language and skills needed for typical business communication such as presentations , negotiations , meetings , small talk , socializing , correspondence , report writing , and a systematic approach . In both of these cases it can be taught to native speakers of English , for example , high school students preparing to enter the job market .   Business English is a variant of international English . One can study it at a college or university . Institutes around the world have courses or modules in BE available , which can lead to a degree in the subject .

neg: Trinidadian English Trinidadian English ( TE ) or Trinidad and Tobago Standard English is a dialect of English used in Trinidad and Tobago . TE co-exists with both non-standard varieties of English as well as other dialects , namely Trinidadian Creole in Trinidad and Tobagonian Creole in Tobago . Both islands as one consider the dialect as Trinbagonian Creole .   Trinidadian English was originally based on a standard of British English . Located in the Americas , TE now uses many Americanisms , including apartment and trunk ( of a car ) . It is understandable by speakers of international standard English , although it uses a number of terms that are unique to it ( perhaps coming from Trinidadian Creole ) , such as `` to lime '' , meaning `` to hang out '' . Speech in Trinidad ( and , to some degree , in Tobago ) may vary by location and circumstance and is often remarked for its `` sing-song '' ( i.e. a rising and falling inflection ) intonation .

neg: List of schools in Nelson, New Zealand Nelson is a city and unitary authority in the South Island of New Zealand . It contains several city schools .   In New Zealand schools , students begin formal education in Year 1 at the age of five . Year 13 is the final year of secondary education .   State schools are those fully funded by the government and at which no fees for tuition of domestic students ( i.e. New Zealand citizens and permanent residents , and Australian citizens ) can be charged , although a donation is commonly requested . A state integrated school is a former private school with a special character based on a religious or philosophical belief that has been integrated into the state system . State integrated schools charge `` attendance dues '' to cover the building and maintenance of school buildings , which are not owned by the government , but otherwise they like state schools can not charge fees for tuition of domestic students but may request a donation . Private schools charge fees to its students for tuition , as do state and state integrated schools for tuition of international students .   The socioeconomic decile indicates the socioeconomic status of the school 's catchment area . A decile of 1 indicates the school draws from a poor area ; a decile of 10 indicates the school draws from a well-off area . The decile ratings used here come from the Ministry of Education Te Kete Ipurangi website and from the decile change spreadsheet listed in the references . The deciles of all schools were last revised using information from the 2006 Census , and may occasionally change for some schools between Censuses as schools open , close and merge . The roll of each school changes frequently as students start school for the first time , move between schools , and graduate . The rolls given here are those provided by the Ministry of Education are based on figures from The Ministry of Education institution number links to the Te Kete Ipurangi page for each school .

neg: List of ethnic origins of New Zealanders In the 2006 census of New Zealand 67.6 percent of the population identified ethnically as `` New Zealand European '' and 14.6 percent as Māori . Other major ethnic groups include Asian ( 9.2 percent ) and Pacific peoples ( 6.9 percent ) , while 11.1 percent identified themselves simply as a `` New Zealander '' ( or similar ) and 1 percent identified with other ethnicities . When completing the census people could select more than one ethnic group and this list includes all of the stated ethnic groups if more than one is chosen .   During the 2013 census in New Zealand , it was estimated that 14.9 % of the population of New Zealand were Maori , 11.8 % of the population were Asians ( deriving from various nations in Asia ) , 7.4 % were of Pacific Islander origin ( including from the Cook Islands , Niue , and Tokelau , all of which are dependent states of New Zealand in the Pacific ) , and 1.20 % were individuals of Middle-Eastern , Latin American , and African descent . Approximately three-quarters of the population of New Zealand during the census were of European ethnicity .

neg: Climate of New Zealand The climate of New Zealand is varied due to the country 's diverse landscape . Most regions of New Zealand belong to the temperate zone with a maritime climate ( Köppen climate classification : Cfb ) characterised by four distinct seasons . The main factors are similar to those found in the British Isles owing to the Pacific Ocean and latitude , although the mountain ranges can cause significant climate variations in locations barely tens of kilometres from each other . Conditions vary from extremely wet on the West Coast of the South Island to almost semi-arid in Central Otago and subtropical in Northland .

neg: Waitakere Ranges The Waitakere Ranges are a chain of hills in the Auckland Region , generally running approximately 25 km ( 15.5 mi ) from north to south , 25 km west of central Auckland , New Zealand . The maximum elevation within the ranges is 474 m ( 1555 ft ) . The ranges and surrounding areas were traditionally known to local Māori as Te Wao Nui o Tiriwa ( The Great Forest of Tiriwa ) . It is under the jurisdiction of the Auckland Council .   The western coastline of the ranges consists of cliffs exceeding 300 m ( 984 ft ) , interspersed infrequently with beaches . The rugged upstanding topography is formed from erosion-resistant ancient volcanic conglomerate and lava flows laid down in eruptions from the large Waitakere volcano to the west 12 -- 25 million years ago . The ranges are covered in native forest , most of which is in the process of regeneration since extensive logging and farming in the mid -- late 19th and early 20th centuries .   In 1894 a group led by Sir Algernon Thomas ( the first professor of natural sciences at Auckland University College , now the University of Auckland ) persuaded the Auckland City Council to preserve 3,500 acres ( 14 km2 ) in the Nihotupu area of the ranges as a bush reserve . In 1895 the national Government vested the land , and several other smaller areas of the ranges , in the City Council as `` reserves for the conservation of native flora and fauna '' . The Waitakere Ranges Regional Park now contains about 39,500 acres ( 160 km2 ) . The area is also protected under the Waitakere Ranges Heritage Area Act 2008 .   Five reservoirs within the ranges supply water to the Auckland region , including the Waitakere Reservoir and the Lower Nihotupu Reservoir . Combined , the reservoirs supply approximately 26 % of Auckland 's potable water demand . The ranges receive an average of over 2,000 mm ( 78.75 inches ) of rainfall annually while the corresponding rate in the city is less than half that . As weather systems approach across the Tasman Sea , their path is blocked by the ranges causing a small uplift sufficient to trigger orographic rainfall .   The area is home to kauri snails , glowworms and native long-tailed bats . Long-tailed and short-tailed bats are New Zealand 's only native land-based mammals . At the northern end of the ranges , Otakamiro Point is the site of one of New Zealand 's few mainland gannet breeding colonies . In the bush are many indigenous invertebrates , including kauri snail , weta and oviparous velvet worms with 14 pairs of legs , and ovoviviparous species of 15 and 16 pairs of legs in the genus Peripatoides .   Some of the ranges ' main attractions are : the four popular surf beaches , Piha , Muriwai , Te Henga ( Bethells Beach ) , Karekare ; an extensive network of bush walks and tracks ; and panoramic views of the east and west coasts and the city . A road , aptly named Scenic Drive , runs a good portion of the length of the ranges from Titirangi to Swanson . The Auckland Regional Council operates an information centre near the Titirangi end .   The beaches are typical of west coast beaches north of Taranaki in that they are all black sand beaches . They have a reputation of being dangerous for swimmers due to rips and large swells . Surf Life Saving Clubs patrol designated areas of the four most popular beaches during the summer months . Piha Surf Life Saving Club is the oldest of these , being founded in 1934 .   On January 11 , 2010 , the Auckland Regional Council opened the Hillary Trail , a 77 km trail running roughly south-north from the Arataki Visitor Centre to Muriwai through the Waitakere Ranges , named in honour of the New Zealand mountaineer Sir Edmund Hillary .   The Ark in the Park conservation initiative , a partnership between Forest and Bird and the Auckland Council , is working to reintroduce some of the species made extinct in the Cascades Kauri Park section of the ranges . The project was started in 2003 and now covers 2300 ha .

neg: Cinema of New Zealand New Zealand cinema can refer to films made by New Zealand-based production companies in New Zealand . However , it may also refer to films made about New Zealand by filmmakers from other countries . In addition , due to the relatively small size of its film industry , many New Zealand-made films are co-productions with companies based in other nations .   Film has a long history in New Zealand . The first public screening of a motion picture was in 1896 ; a 1900 documentary is the oldest surviving New Zealand film - and the first feature film made in New Zealand premiered in 1914 . However , although there was a small-scale industry during the 1920s-1960s , it was n't until the 1970s that New Zealand made films were able to attract large-scale audiences .   From the 1990s onward , a steady flow on New Zealand made films have had international success , including both those with local funding and themes , and those such as the Lord of the Rings trilogy , made with Hollywood money .

neg: Language Language is the ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication , particularly the human ability to do so , and a language is any specific example of such a system . The scientific study of language is called linguistics . Questions concerning the philosophy of language , such as whether words can represent experience , have been debated since Gorgias and Plato in Ancient Greece . Thinkers such as Rousseau have argued that language originated from emotions while others like Kant have held that it originated from rational and logical thought . 20th-century philosophers such as Wittgenstein argued that philosophy is really the study of language . Major figures in linguistics include Ferdinand de Saussure and Noam Chomsky .   Estimates of the number of languages in the world vary between 5,000 and 7,000 . However , any precise estimate depends on a partly arbitrary distinction between languages and dialects . Natural languages are spoken or signed , but any language can be encoded into secondary media using auditory , visual , or tactile stimuli -- for example , in whistling , signed , or braille . This is because human language is modality-independent . Depending on philosophical perspectives regarding the definition of language and meaning , when used as a general concept , `` language '' may refer to the cognitive ability to learn and use systems of complex communication , or to describe the set of rules that makes up these systems , or the set of utterances that can be produced from those rules . All languages rely on the process of semiosis to relate signs to particular meanings . Oral , manual and tactile languages contain a phonological system that governs how symbols are used to form sequences known as words or morphemes , and a syntactic system that governs how words and morphemes are combined to form phrases and utterances .   Human language has the properties of productivity and displacement , and relies entirely on social convention and learning . Its complex structure affords a much wider range of expressions than any known system of animal communication . Language is thought to have originated when early hominins started gradually changing their primate communication systems , acquiring the ability to form a theory of other minds and a shared intentionality . This development is sometimes thought to have coincided with an increase in brain volume , and many linguists see the structures of language as having evolved to serve specific communicative and social functions . Language is processed in many different locations in the human brain , but especially in Broca 's and Wernicke 's areas . Humans acquire language through social interaction in early childhood , and children generally speak fluently when they are approximately three years old . The use of language is deeply entrenched in human culture . Therefore , in addition to its strictly communicative uses , language also has many social and cultural uses , such as signifying group identity , social stratification , as well as social grooming and entertainment .   Languages evolve and diversify over time , and the history of their evolution can be reconstructed by comparing modern languages to determine which traits their ancestral languages must have had in order for the later developmental stages to occur . A group of languages that descend from a common ancestor is known as a language family . The Indo-European family is the most widely spoken and includes languages as diverse as English , Russian and Hindi ; the Sino-Tibetan family , which includes Mandarin , Bodo and the other Chinese languages , and Tibetan ; the Afro-Asiatic family , which includes Arabic , Somali , and Hebrew ; the Bantu languages , which include Swahili , and Zulu , and hundreds of other languages spoken throughout Africa ; and the Malayo-Polynesian languages , which include Indonesian , Malay , Tagalog , and hundreds of other languages spoken throughout the Pacific . The languages of the Dravidian family that are spoken mostly in Southern India include Tamil and Telugu . Academic consensus holds that between 50 % and 90 % of languages spoken at the beginning of the 21st century will probably have become extinct by the year 2100 .

neg: Falkland Islands English Falkland Islands English is mainly British in character . However , as a result of the isolation of the islands , the small population has developed and retains its own accent/dialect , which persists despite a large number of immigrants from the United Kingdom in recent years . In rural areas ( i.e. anywhere outside Stanley ) , known as ` Camp ' ( from Spanish campo or ` countryside ' ) , the Falkland accent tends to be stronger . The dialect has resemblances to Australian , New Zealand , West Country and Norfolk dialects of English , as well as Lowland Scots .   Two notable Falkland Island terms are ` kelper ' meaning a Falkland Islander , from the kelp surrounding the islands ( sometimes used pejoratively in Argentina ) and ` smoko ' , for a smoking break ( as in Australia and New Zealand ) .   The word ` yomp ' was used by the British armed forces during the Falklands War but is passing out of usage .   In recent years , a substantial Saint Helenian population has arrived , mainly to do low-paid work , and they too have a distinct form of English .