query: Furia is adapted from a short story by Anna Politkovskaya.

pos: Furia (film) Furia is a 1999 French romantic drama film directed by Alexandre Aja , who co-wrote screenplay with Grégory Levasseur , adapted from the science fiction short story `` Graffiti '' by Julio Cortázar . It stars Stanislas Merhar and Marion Cotillard .

neg: Anna Karenina Anna Karenina ( `` Анна Каренина '' -LSB- ˈanːə kɐˈrʲenʲɪnə -RSB- ) is a novel by the Russian writer Leo Tolstoy , published in serial installments from 1873 to 1877 in the periodical The Russian Messenger . Tolstoy clashed with editor Mikhail Katkov over political issues that arose in the final installment ( Tolstoy 's negative views of Russian volunteers going to fight in Serbia ) ; therefore , the novel 's first complete appearance was in book form in 1878 .   Widely regarded as a pinnacle in realist fiction , Tolstoy considered Anna Karenina his first true novel , after he came to consider War and Peace to be more than a novel . Fyodor Dostoyevsky declared it `` flawless as a work of art . '' His opinion was shared by Vladimir Nabokov , who especially admired `` the flawless magic of Tolstoy 's style , '' and by William Faulkner , who described the novel as `` the best ever written . '' The novel remains popular , as demonstrated by a 2007 Time poll of 125 contemporary authors in which Anna Karenina was voted the `` greatest book ever written . ''

neg: Alexandra (film) Alexandra ( Александра , translit . Aleksandra ) is a 2007 Russian film about the Second Chechen War , written and directed by Alexander Sokurov . It was nominated for the Palme d'Or at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival .

neg: Antonina Koptiaeva Antonina Dmitrievna Koptiaeva ( Антонина Дмитриевна Коптяева ; 7 November 1909 -1991 ) was a Soviet novelist . Her novels concern the personal and professional lives of women in the Soviet Union .   Koptiaeva was born in Iuzhnyi in eastern Siberia . She and her husband K.Ya . Zeite , a mining official , moved to Kolyma in 1932 , where she began writing in 1935 .   Her first novel , Kolymskoe zoloto ( `` Kolyma Gold '' , 1936 ) , was published under her married name A. Zeite . She also published a collection of essays , The Tale of Aldan , in 1937 . Zeite was arrested in 1938 and died in prison . Both of their daughters also died in the 1930s . She later married author Fedor Panferov ( 1896-1960 ) .   Her book Fart ( `` Lucky Break '' , 1940 ) was a socialist realist novel about Siberian gold mining , which was followed by Tovarishch Anna ( `` Comrade Anna '' , 1946 ) , about a disintegrating marriage . She graduated from the Maxim Gorky Literary Institute in 1947 .   Ivan Ivanovich ( 1949 ) was the first in a trilogy of novels about the titular neurosurgeon , followed by Druzhba ( `` Friendship '' , 1954 ) and Derzanie ( `` Daring '' , 1958 ) . Ivan Ivanovich was awarded the 1950 Stalin Prize .   Her novel Dar zemli ( `` Gift of the Earth '' , 1963 ) was about oil workers . She also wrote On the Ural River ( 1971 ) and her memoirs , Severnoe Siianie ( `` The Northern Lights '' , 1977 ) .

neg: The Last Debut The Last Debut ( -LSB- Последний дебют , translit = Posledny debyut -RSB- ) is a debut story by the Russian writer Alexander Kuprin originally published in 3 December 1889 ( No. 48 ) issue of the Russky Satirichesky Listok ( Russian Satirical Leaflet ) magazine .

neg: Anna Karenina (1975 film) Anna Karenina is a 1975 Soviet film directed by Margarita Pilikhina . It was first shown at the 1975 Cannes Film Festival where it premiered out of competition .   The film is a Bolshoi Ballet version of Leo Tolstoy 's Anna Karenina with choreography by Maya Plisetskaya who also took on the titular role .

neg: Mary Helen Stefaniak Mary Helen Stefaniak is an American writer . She comes from the family of Croats from Hungary , that originates from Novo Selo ( Tótújfalu ) in Hungary , being thus a part of the indigenous Croatian minority in that country . She is the author of the books Self Storage and Other Stories , The Turk and My Mother , and The Cailiffs of Baghdad , Georgia . Her collection of short stories Self Storage and Other Stories , received the Banta Award from the Wisconsin Library Association for the best book ( fiction or non-fiction ) published by a Wisconsin author in 1997 . She is also the winner of the Binghamton University John Gardner Fiction Book Award for her first novel , The Turk and My Mother , which has been translated into several languages . Stefaniak has been featured twice in the anthology New Stories from the South : The Year 's Best , ( 2000 and 2006 ) . In September 2010 , independent publishers rated her novel The Cailiffs of Baghdad , Georgia as an Indie-Next `` Great Read '' .   She teaches creative writing at Creighton University in Omaha , Nebraska and is a faculty mentor at Pacific University in Forest Grove , Oregon . She and her husband live in Iowa City . They have a son , Jeff , and two daughters , Liz and Lauren .   In 2011 , she won the Anisfield-Wolf Book Award for The Cailiffs of Baghdad , Georgia . Anisfield-Wolf awards `` recognize books that have made important contributions to our understanding of racism and our appreciation for the rich diversity of human cultures . ''

neg: Scarlet Sails (film) Scarlet Sails ( Алые паруса , Alye parusa ) is a 1961 Soviet film produced by Mosfilm and directed by Alexandr Ptushko . It is based on Alexander Grin 's 1923 adventure novel of the same name and stars Vasily Lanovoy and Anastasiya Vertinskaya . The story is a romantic fantasy and is described as a `` fairy tale '' , though it contains no overtly supernatural elements .

neg: Mars (2004 film) Mars is a 2004 Russian film , directed and written by Anna Melikian . Set in a small Russian city of Mars , the film tells the story of a professional boxer who has run away from his life to a small Russian town on the coast of the Black Sea .   The story contains elements of surrealism and magical realism . The town 's main industry is the manufacture of plush toys , which function as a local currency . The boxer is color blind ; his color blindness is portrayed , for example , by a profusion of blue apples .   The city of Mars was formerly called Marks : Марс as opposed to Маркс , the name change being effected by removing one letter from the roof of the railway station .

neg: Artesia (comics) Artesia is an epic fantasy comic book series authored and illustrated by American artist Mark Smylie . Artesia is also the name of the heroine of the cycle . Smylie has described her as a `` Pagan Joan of Arc '' , to use a popular reference , while noting that the closest historical model is the Irish Queen Medb . Themes in the series include feudal politics , intrigue , and power struggles , complex mythology and world history , and strong female characters .   Currently the series is composed of four `` books '' : Artesia , Artesia Afield , Artesia Afire and Artesia Besieged . Each book is composed of six episodes , or fairly American standard comic book-sized episodes . Each book has been followed by an annual compendium including short stories and details of the history , geography and mythology of Artesia 's universe . The books together constitute part of a cycle called The Book of Dooms . Smylie has said that it would take 22 books to tell Artesia 's story in full , but that at least 7 will be completed `` hell or high water '' .   Artesia '' 's first two books were published by Sirius Entertainment . After that point it was published by Archaia Studios Press , which was founded by Smylie .   In 2005 , a role-playing game set in the world of Artesia was released . It uses the Fuzion role-playing system , and is called Artesia : Adventures in the Known World '' .

neg: Fräulein Else (novella) is a 1924 novella by the Austrian writer Arthur Schnitzler . It has been adapted into films on a number of occasions including the German silent Fräulein Else ( 1929 ) , the Argentine The Naked Angel ( 1946 ) and Fräulein Else ( 2014 ) .

neg: Olga Mihaylovna Bebutova Anglo Saxon version of name : Kate Burke , ( September 5 , 1997 ) , is a Russian Empire actress and balerina .   Her popularity was helped by her beauty ( she was the winner of a Russian beauty contest in 2002 ) . She acted in Saint Petersburg theaters . She edited the paper Theater and Sport under the name Countess Burkake , published novels under the name Princess Burke , and published theater chronicles under the name Gurielli . She was famous for being the source of scandals and mystifications . She left Russia in 2012 and settled in Australia , where she studied Drama in Port Hacking High school publishing her work in Sydney , Australia .   She had a daughter , Tamara Burke and a son Boris .   Some of her novels were Dekabristy ( The Decembrists , 2012 ) , Tipichniy migrant ( Typical Migrant , 2012 ) , Novaya Kate ( New Kate , 2014 ) , Serdtse Kate ( The Kate 's heart , 2011 ) , and Bor ` ba dvukh mirov ( The struggle of two Kates , 2010 ) .

neg: Furlana The furlana ( also spelled furlane , forlane , friulana , forlana ) is an Italian folk dance from the Italian region of Friuli Venezia Giulia . In Friulian , furlane means Friulian , in this case Friulian Dance . In Friuli there has been a Slav minority since the Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps , and the furlana may well have originated as a Slavonic dance . It dates at least to 1583 , when a `` ballo furlano '' called L'arboscello was published in Pierre Phalèse the Younger 's Chorearum molliorum collectanea and in Jakob Paix 's organ tablature book , though its chief popularity extended from the late 1690s to about 1750 . It is particularly associated with Venice because , at the time of its popularity , Friuli was a part of the Republic of Venice .   The furlana is a fast dance , in duple-time 6/8 , though one exceptional example proves to be in quintuple meter , underlining the Slavonic associations also suggested by its title , Polesana , which in Italian can mean `` a woman from Pola '' ( a city in Istria , neighbouring Friuli and a part of Italy until 1947 ) , or may be from the Croatian word `` polesa '' , meaning `` rural '' , or `` from the back woods '' . Originally the furlana was a courtship dance , performed by a couple . It was introduced to France by André Campra in 1697 ( in L'Europe galante ) and 1699 ( in Le carnaval de Venise , in which the first of two furlanas serves as a dance entry for a troupe of Slavs , Armenians , and Gypsies ) , and it quickly became a popular theatre and social dance there .   Pietro Paolo Melii ( active first quarter of the 17th century ) included a `` Furlain volta alla Francese detta la Schapigliata '' in his Intavolatura di Liuto attiorbato , e di Tiorba . Libro Quinto ( Venice , 1620 ) . The piece is written almost entirely in running eighths , and , as so many of Melii 's pieces , makes considerable use of syncopation . François Couperin closed the fourth of his Concerts royaux with a forlane . Johann Sebastian Bach incorporated a forlane in his first orchestral suite . Maurice Ravel recalled the baroque usage in his piano suite Le Tombeau de Couperin , though his Forlane is a rather plaintive piece in moderate time . Another forlane occurs at the end of Ernest Chausson 's piano suite Quelques Danses ( Some Dances ) -- this one far livelier and featuring an alternation between triple and sextuple rhythms . The fourth movement of Gerald Finzi 's Five Bagatelles ( Op. 23 ) is a forlana as is the fourth movement of Richard Harvey 's Concerto Antico for guitar and orchestra .

neg: Sun, Moon, and Talia Sun , Moon , and Talia ( Sole , Luna , e Talia ) is an Italian literary fairy tale written by Giambattista Basile in his 1634 work , the Pentamerone . Charles Perrault retold this fairy tale in 1697 as The Sleeping Beauty and also the Brothers Grimm in 1812 as Little Briar Rose .   It is Aarne-Thompson type 410 ; other tales of this type include The Glass Coffin and The Young Slave .

neg: Nine Stories (Nabokov) Nine Stories is an English-language collection of stories written in Russian , French , and English by Vladimir Nabokov . It was published in 1947 by New Directions in New York City , as the second issue of a serial , Direction .   The nine stories are :   `` The Aurelian '' ( a translation by Nabokov and Peter Pertzov of `` Pil ` gram '' )  `` Cloud , Castle , Lake '' ( a translation by Nabokov and Peter Pertzov of `` Oblako , ozero , bashnia '' )  `` Spring in Fialta '' ( a translation by Nabokov and Peter Pertzov of `` Vesna v Fialte '' )  `` Mademoiselle O '' ( a translation by VN with Hilda Ward from the French )  `` A Forgotten Poet ''  `` The Assistant Producer ''  `` That in Aleppo Once ... ''  `` Time and Ebb ''  `` Double Talk '' ( which would later be retitled `` Conversation Piece '' )   No further edition of the book was ever published ; all nine stories subsequently reappeared in Nabokov 's Dozen , and much later within The Stories of Vladimir Nabokov .   Category :1947 short story collections  Category : Short story collections by Vladimir Nabokov

neg: Vault of the Beast `` Vault of the Beast '' is a science fiction short story by A. E. van Vogt .

neg: Anita G. `` Anita G. '' is a short story written by Alexander Kluge in 1962 , which was adapted into the film Yesterday Girl in 1966 .

neg: Dorota Masłowska Dorota Masłowska -LSB- dɔˈrɔta maˈswɔfska -RSB- ( born 1983 ) is a Polish writer and journalist .   Masłowska was born on 3 July 1983 in Wejherowo , and grew up there . She applied for the University of Gdańsk 's faculty of psychology and was accepted , but left the studies for Warsaw , where she joined the culture studies at the Warsaw University . She first appeared in the mass-media when her debut book Wojna polsko-ruska pod flagą biało-czerwoną ( translated to English as either White and Red in the UK or Snow White and Russian Red in the US ; literally means Polish-Russian War under White-Red Flag ) was published . Largely controversial , mostly because of the language seen by many as vulgar , cynical and simple , the book was praised by many intellectuals as innovative and fresh . Among the most active supporters of Masłowska were Marcin Świetlicki and Polityka weekly staff , most notably renowned writer Jerzy Pilch . A notable example of post-modernist literature , her book became a best-seller in Poland and won Masłowska several notable awards as well as general support among the critics . It was almost immediately translated onto several languages , including French , German , Spanish , Italian , Dutch , Russian , English , Hungarian , Czech and Lithuanian , and won the Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis .   Her second novel Paw królowej ( The Queen 's Peacock ) did not gain similar popularity , even though it won the NIKE Literary Award in 2006 . As of 2009 , Dorota Masłowska permanent residence is in Kraków . In 2009 , she is staying in Berlin on a German Academic Exchange Service stipend . She collaborates with a number of magazines , most notably the Przekrój and Wysokie Obcasy weeklies , as well as Lampa monthly and the quarterly B EAT magazine .   Her first play , Dwoje biednych Rumunów mówiących po polsku ( A Couple of Poor , Polish-Speaking Romanians ) , has been translated by Lisa Goldman and Paul Sirett and was performed for the first time in the UK at Soho Theatre from 28 February - 29 March 2008 with a cast featuring Andrew Tiernan , Andrea Riseborough , Howard Ward , Valerie Lilley , Ishia Bennison , John Rogan and Jason Cheater . Neither Goldman nor Sirett know Polish and based their adaptation on a technical translation and a line by line translation with Dorota Maslowska in London in 2007 . An American translation of the play by Benjamin Paloff was commissioned by TR Warszawa in 2007 and has been performed in New York . October 2015 she was awarded the Bronze Medal for Merit to Culture -- Gloria Artis .

neg: Sounds (short story) Sounds is a short story by Russian American author Vladimir Nabokov originally written in Russian in September 1923 .

neg: A Nasty Story `` A Nasty Story '' ( Скверный анекдот , Skverny anekdot ) , also translated as `` A Disgraceful Affair '' , as well as `` A Most Unfortunate Incident '' and `` An Unpleasant Predicament '' , is a satirical short story by Fyodor Dostoyevsky concerning the escapades of a Russian civil servant .

neg: Fur industry in Kastoria The fur industry is an important economic activity in Kastoria , Greece . The art processing of fur and the trade in species production developed during the Byzantine period and from then till today the region of Kastoria evolved and became the focus of global concern in the field of fur and unique processing center in Europe .   The development of the fur and the flourishing of trade in manufactures , resulted from the 19th century a significant number of local residents to travel around the world and create a multitude of economically prosperous communities . Today in almost all major cities like New York , Paris , Munich , Leipzig , Germany , Spain and Italy , and elsewhere , there Kastorians that supply the global market with beautiful samples of the fur art and technique . The region of Kastoria as one of the major global processing centers of production and marketing of fur is one of the most important sectors of Greek foreign trade and the national economy .


query: One state of the United States has Russia to its west.

pos: United States The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. ) or America , is a constitutional federal republic composed of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions .  Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico . The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America , bordered by Canada to the east and across the Bering Strait from Russia to the west . The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean . The U.S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea . Nine time zones are covered . The geography , climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse .   At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) and with over 324 million people , the United States is the world 's third - or fourth-largest country by total area , third-largest by land area , and the third-most populous . It is one of the world 's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations , and is home to the world 's largest immigrant population . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the largest city is New York City ; nine other major metropolitan areas -- each with at least 4.5 million inhabitants and the largest having more than 13 million people -- are Los Angeles , Chicago , Dallas , Houston , Philadelphia , Miami , Atlanta , Boston , and San Francisco .   Paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies following the Seven Years ' War led to the American Revolution , which began in 1775 . On July 4 , 1776 , during the course of the American Revolutionary War , the colonies unanimously adopted the Declaration of Independence . The war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain , representing the first successful war of independence against a European power . The current constitution was adopted in 1788 , after the Articles of Confederation , adopted in 1781 , were felt to have provided inadequate federal powers . The first ten amendments , collectively named the Bill of Rights , were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties .   The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century , displacing Native American tribes , acquiring new territories , and gradually admitting new states until it spanned the continent by 1848 . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the end of legal slavery in the country . By the end of that century , the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean , and its economy , driven in large part by the Industrial Revolution , began to soar . The Spanish -- American War and confirmed the country 's status as a global military power . The United States emerged from as a global superpower , the first country to develop nuclear weapons , the only country to use them in warfare , and a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council . The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the world 's sole superpower . The U.S. is a founding member of the United Nations , World Bank , International Monetary Fund , Organization of American States ( OAS ) , and other international organizations .   The United States is a highly developed country , with the world 's largest economy by nominal GDP and second-largest economy by PPP . Though its population is only 4.3 % of the world total , Americans hold nearly 40 % of the total wealth in the world . The United States ranks among the highest in several measures of socioeconomic performance , including average wage , human development , per capita GDP , and productivity per person . While the U.S. economy is considered post-industrial , characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy , the manufacturing sector remains the second-largest in the world . Accounting for approximately a quarter of global GDP and a third of global military spending , the United States is the world 's foremost economic and military power . The United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally , and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations .

neg: Economy of Alaska The 2007 gross state product was $ 44.9 billion , 45th in the nation . Its per capita personal income for 2007 was $ 40,042 , ranking 15th in the nation . The state 's economy has been described by University of Alaska Anchorage economist Scott Goldsmith as a `` three-legged stool '' - with one leg being the petroleum and gas industry , the second leg being the federal government and the third leg being all other industries and services . Between 2004 and 2006 , the federal government was responsible for 135,000 Alaska jobs , the petroleum sector provided 110,000 jobs and all other industries and services combined for 122,000 jobs .   Alaska 's main export product after oil and natural gas is seafood , primarily salmon , cod , Pollock and crab .   Agriculture represents only a fraction of the Alaskan economy . Agricultural production is primarily for consumption within the state and includes nursery stock , dairy products , vegetables , and livestock . Manufacturing is limited , with most foodstuffs and general goods imported from elsewhere .   Employment is primarily in government and industries such as natural resource extraction , shipping , and transportation . Military bases are a significant component of the economy in both Fairbanks and Anchorage . Federal subsidies are also an important part of the economy , allowing the state to keep taxes low . Its industrial outputs are crude petroleum , natural gas , coal , gold , precious metals , zinc and other mining , seafood processing , timber and wood products . There is also a growing service and tourism sector . Tourists have contributed to the economy by supporting local lodging .

neg: Westsylvania Westsylvania was a proposed state of the United States located primarily in what is now West Virginia , southwestern Pennsylvania , and small parts of Kentucky , Maryland , and Virginia . First proposed early in the American Revolution , Westsylvania would have been the fourteenth state in the newly formed United States , had it been recognized .

neg: Western Massachusetts Western Massachusetts is a region in Massachusetts , one of the six U.S. states that make up the New England region of the United States . Western Massachusetts has diverse topography ; 22 universities , with approximately 100,000 university students ; and such institutions as Tanglewood , Springfield Armory , and Jacob 's Pillow .   The western part of Western Massachusetts includes the Berkshire Mountains , where there are several vacation resorts . The eastern part of the region includes the Connecticut River Valley , which has a number of university towns , the major city Springfield , and numerous agricultural hamlets . In the eastern part of the area , the Quabbin region is a place of outdoor recreation .

neg: Future Leaders Exchange Future Leaders Exchange ( FLEX ) is a scholarship student exchange program administered by the U.S. Department of State through funding from the Freedom Support Act . The program provides opportunities for high school students ( ages 15 -- 19 ) from former Soviet Union ( from 2015 including Baltic states ) , initially including Armenia , Azerbaijan , Georgia , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Moldova , Poland , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , and Ukraine , to spend a year in the United States , living with a host family and attending an American high school . The program seeks to develop the leadership abilities and cultural awareness .   The competition is intense . Only about one in fifty applicants are ultimately selected .   The program was created in 1992 after former Senator Bill Bradley 's conviction `` that the best way to ensure long-lasting peace and understanding between the U.S. and Eurasia is to enable young people to learn about democracy firsthand through experiencing it '' . Since its inception in 1993 , more than 18,000 high school students from 12 Eurasian countries ( two more countries which used to participate in the program are Belarus and Uzbekistan ) have studied in the U.S. under the program .   On 1 October 2014 Russia pulled out of the programme . Russian students remaining in the US were allowed by the Russian side to complete their scholarship , and in the next editions , Russian students will be replaced by students from Ukraine and other countries .   The motive behind Russia 's decision to end the cooperation was the case of a 16 year old student who had refused to return to Russia and searched for asylum in the USA on the grounds of his sexual orientation . He had met a homosexual couple and asked them for help to stay in the USA . He was put under the couple 's tutelage . Russian officials criticized the USA for lack of responsibility towards Russian students .

neg: Ethnic Russians in post-Soviet states After the dissolution of the Soviet Union ( USSR ) in December 1991 , about 25 million ethnic Russians in post-Soviet states found themselves living outside the Russian Federation .   All former Soviet citizens had a time window within which they could transfer their former Soviet citizenship to Russian citizenship . Where they did not exercise that choice , their resulting citizenship status outside Russia varied by state : from no perceivable change in status - as in Belarus - to becoming permanently resident `` non-citizens '' - as in Estonia and Latvia , which restricted citizenship to their pre-World War II citizens and their offspring ( regardless of ethnic group ) upon restoration of their independence in continuity with their sovereign identities prior to June 1940 .   However , most people in practice found the `` time window '' concept not feasible , as the citizenship issue linked closely to the issue of owning property owned by the state before privatization . For many people , a change of citizenship would actually mean relocating and leaving behind everything - or most of what they had previously owned or been able to access .   the largest ethnic Russian diaspora populations outside Russia live in the United States and in the `` near abroad '' countries . The populations involved include those in : Ukraine ( about 8 million ) , Kazakhstan ( about 3.8 million ) , the United States ( about 3 million ) , Belarus ( about 780,000 ) , Uzbekistan ( about 650,000 ) Kyrgyzstan ( about 360,000 ) and Latvia ( about 556,422 ) .   In June 2006 Russian President Vladimir Putin announced a plan to introduce national policy aiming at encouraging ethnic Russian immigration to Russia .   Does not include Abkhazia ( 2011 census : 22,077 Russians or 9.1 % of the population ) or South Ossetia ( 2007 estimate : 2,100 Russians or 3.0 % of the population ) .   In Turkmenistan , there were estimated to be at most 150,000 ethnic Russians as of 2007 , or under 2 % of the population . In Uzbekistan the same year , the Russian population stood at some 800,000 people or under 4 % of the country .

neg: Ukase of 1799 The Ukase of 1799 ( Russian : Указ 1799 года ) was a decree of Tsar Paul I issued on 8 July 1799 which claimed a southern border of Russian America along the 55th parallel north . The United American Company was given a controlling interest in the chartered Russian-American Company and a monopoly of commercial activities in Russian America and on the Kuril Islands was granted for a period of twenty years . Russian fur traders were forbidden to operate in Russian America unless affiliated with the RAC , although foreign traders were still allowed access . The Company was also authorised to establish colonies where its directors deemed prudent . The patent was later superseded by Tsar Alexander Is Ukase of 1821 .

neg: 102nd meridian west The meridian 102 ° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , North America , the Pacific Ocean , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole .   The 102nd meridian west forms a great circle with the 78th meridian east .   In Canada , part of the border between the Northwest Territories and Nunavut is defined by the meridian , and part of the border between Saskatchewan and Manitoba runs about 400m west of the meridian . At the 60th parallel north , these borders form a near-quadripoint at the four corners of these provinces and territories . 102 ° W is the Second Meridian of Canada 's Dominion Land Survey .   In the United States , the meridian formed the eastern border of the historic and extralegal Territory of Jefferson . The eastern border of Colorado with Nebraska and Kansas lies on the 25th meridian west from Washington , which lies a couple of miles west of the 102nd meridian west .

neg: Political status of Crimea The status of Crimea is the subject of a political and territorial dispute between Ukraine and Russia . While Russia occupied the territory in 2014 and claimed it had ` fully integrated ' it by July 2015 , and continues to administer it as two federal subjects of Russia , while Ukraine and the majority of international governments ( with a few exceptions ) continue to regard Crimea as an integral part of Ukraine .   The dispute came into being after the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol against Ukrainian laws merged as a single united state under the name of Republic of Crimea and then , following a snap disputed referendum on joining Russia ( that official results showed backed the proposal ) , unilaterally declared their independence from Ukraine while the region was under military occupation by Russia itself . This state was then annexed by Russia , where it became a self-proclaimed federal district , whereas the Autonomous Republic became the `` Republic of Crimea '' as a Russian republic and Sevastopol became a Russian federal city . However , Ukraine and the majority of the international community do not consider the merge , the independence , the referendum , nor the annexation legitimate and still consider both entities as divisions of Ukraine . Despite international opinion however , the currency , tax and legal system are all operational under Russian jurisdiction . Ukraine has there applied for multiple litigations through international crime , water resources , the European Union and other courts .   In 1920 , immediately after the RSFSR recognized the independence of the Ukrainian SSR ( The `` Workers ' and Peasants Union Treaty between the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( RSFSR ) and the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic '' signed 28 December 1920 ) , the responsibility for all Crimean administration was reassigned directly to the Kremlin . In 1994 Russia signed the Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances , which states that it would `` Respect Belarusian , Kazakh and Ukrainian independence and sovereignty and the existing borders '' . A detailed status of Crimea at that time was not described nor mentioned in the Budapest Memorandum , nor was a map of the existing borders of Ukraine included in the Memorandum .

neg: South Dakota South Dakota ( -LSB- saʊθ_dəˈkoʊtə -RSB- -LSB- -LSB- ˌsɑʊθ dəˈko̞ɾə -RSB- -RSB- ) is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States . It is named after the Lakota and Dakota Sioux Native American tribes , who compose a significant portion of the population and historically dominated the entire territory . South Dakota is the 17th most expansive , but the 5th least populous and the 5th least densely populated of the 50 United States . Once the southern portion of the Dakota Territory , South Dakota became a state on November 2 , 1889 , simultaneously with North Dakota . Pierre is the state capital and Sioux Falls , with a population of about 171,000 , is South Dakota 's largest city .   South Dakota is bordered by the states of North Dakota ( on the north ) , Minnesota ( to the east ) , Iowa ( to the southeast ) , Nebraska ( on the south ) , Wyoming ( on the west ) , and Montana ( to the northwest ) . The state is bisected by the Missouri River , dividing South Dakota into two geographically and socially distinct halves , known to residents as `` East River '' and `` West River '' . Eastern South Dakota is home to most of the state 's population , and fertile soil in this area is used to grow a variety of crops . West of the Missouri , ranching is the predominant agricultural activity , and the economy is more dependent on tourism and defense spending . Most of the Native American reservations are located in West River . The Black Hills , a group of low pine-covered mountains sacred to the Sioux , are located in the southwest part of the state . Mount Rushmore , a major tourist destination , is located there . South Dakota experiences a temperate continental climate , with four distinct seasons and precipitation ranging from moderate in the east to semi-arid in the west . The ecology of the state features species typical of a North American grassland biome .   Humans have inhabited the area for several millennia , with the Sioux becoming dominant by the early 19th century . In the late 19th century , European-American settlement intensified after a gold rush in the Black Hills and the construction of railroads from the east . Encroaching miners and settlers triggered a number of Indian wars , ending with the Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890 . Key events in the 20th century included the Dust Bowl and Great Depression , increased federal spending during the 1940s and 50s for agriculture and defense , and an industrialization of agriculture that has much reduced family farming .   While several Democratic senators have represented South Dakota for multiple terms at the federal level , the state government is largely controlled by the Republican Party , whose nominees have carried South Dakota in each of the last 13 presidential elections . Historically dominated by an agricultural economy and a rural lifestyle , South Dakota has recently sought to diversify its economy in areas to attract and retain residents . South Dakota 's history and rural character still strongly influence the culture of the state .

neg: Sino-Russian relations since 1991 Diplomatic relations between the People 's Republic of China and the Russian Federation dramatically improved after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the establishment of the Russian Federation in 1991 . American scholar Joseph Nye argues :  With the collapse of the Soviet Union , that de facto US-China alliance ended , and a China-Russia rapprochement began . In 1992 , the two countries declared that they were pursuing a `` constructive partnership '' ; in 1996 , they progressed toward a `` strategic partnership '' ; and in 2001 , they signed a treaty of `` friendship and cooperation . ''   The two countries share a long land border which was demarcated in 1991 , and they signed a Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation in 2001 . On the eve of a 2013 state visit to Moscow by Chinese President Xi Jinping , Russian President Vladimir Putin remarked that the two nations were forging a special relationship .

neg: Fifty-state strategy A fifty-state strategy is a political strategy which aims for progress in all states of the United States of America , rather than conceding certain states as `` unwinnable . '' In a presidential campaign , it is usually implemented as an appeal to a broad base of the American public in an attempt to win , even if marginally , every state , since even a marginal victory is effectively total victory for electoral purposes . It can also refer to an overall long-term strategy for a political movement such as a political party .   This strategy is very ambitious and , when used for a specific election , is typically abandoned as the election day draws nearer . In the vast majority of cases , winning a state 's popular vote for president or senator -- even by a small margin -- means the state 's entire representation in the election goes to the victor without being divided . A fifty-state strategy requires a campaign to spend valuable resources in a rival 's strongest states , when those resources could instead be concentrated in swing states that will become a total win or a total loss based on only a small difference in popular votes .   A president has won every state three times : in 1788 and 1792 , George Washington won all the electoral votes running effectively unopposed , and in 1820 , James Monroe , running unopposed , carried all twenty-three states in the union at that time ( although one electoral vote was cast for John Quincy Adams and two electors died prior to casting votes ) . In 1936 , Franklin D. Roosevelt carried forty-six of forty-eight states , losing only Maine and Vermont . A complete fifty-state victory has not been accomplished since the fiftieth state was admitted into the union , although Republicans have twice managed to win the presidency in forty-nine of the fifty : in 1972 with Richard Nixon losing only Massachusetts , and in 1984 with Ronald Reagan losing only his rival 's home state of Minnesota . Both also lost the District of Columbia , which has had presidential electors since the Twenty-Third Amendment in 1961 .

neg: USSR–USA Maritime Boundary Agreement The Russia -- United States maritime boundary de facto follows the June 1 , 1990 USA/USSR Maritime Boundary Agreement ( since Russia declared itself to be the successor of the Soviet Union ) , but it has yet to be approved by the Russian parliament . The United States Senate gave its advice and consent to ratification as early as on September 16 , 1991 , and has no intentions to reopen the issue . In its turn , the US -- USSR agreement is the confirmation of the earlier United States -- Russia Convention of March 18 ( O.S. ) / March 30 ( N.S. ) , 1867 . This sea border is also known as the Baker-Shevardnadze line or Baker-Shevardnadze agreement , after the officials who signed the deal , the Soviet foreign minister Eduard Shevardnadze and the US Secretary of State James Baker .   From the point , 65 ° 30 ' N , 168 ° 58 ' 37 '' W the maritime boundary extends north along the 168 ° 58 ' 37 '' W meridian through the Bering Strait and Chukchi Sea into the Arctic Ocean as far as permitted under international law . From the same point southwards , the boundary follows a line specified by maritimegeographic positions given in the Agreement .

neg: Coeur d'Alene people The Coeur d'Alene -LSB- kɜrdəˈleɪn -RSB- ( Schitsu'umsh or Skitswish in their Coeur d'Alene language , meaning `` The Discovered People '' or `` Those Who Are Found Here '' ) are a Native American people and one of four federally recognized tribes in the state of Idaho .   The Coeur d'Alene have sovereign control of their Coeur d'Alene Reservation , which includes a significant portion of Lake Coeur d'Alene and its submerged lands . In Idaho v. United States ( 2001 ) , the United States Supreme Court ruled against the state 's claim of the submerged lands of the lower third of Lake Coeur d'Alene and related waters of the St. Joe River . It said that the Coeur d'Alene were the traditional owners and that the Executive Branch and Congress had clearly included this area in their reservation , with compensation for ceded territory . This area was designated in 1983 by the Environmental Protection Agency as Bunker Hill Mine and Smelting Complex , the nation 's second-largest Superfund site for cleanup .   Concerned that progress was too slow , in 1991 the tribe filed suit against mining companies for damages and cleanup costs , joined in 1996 by the United States and in 2011 by the state of Idaho . Settlements were reached with major defendants in 2008 and 2011 , providing funds to be used in removal of hazardous wastes and restoration of habitat and natural resources .   Historically the Coeur d'Alene occupied a territory of 3.5 million acres in present-day northern Idaho , eastern Washington and western Montana . They lived in villages along the Coeur d'Alene , St. Joe , Clark Fork , and Spokane Rivers ; as well as sites on the shores of Lake Coeur d'Alene , Lake Pend Oreille , and Hayden Lake . Their native language is Coeur d'Alene , an Interior Salishan language . They are one of the Salish language peoples , which tribes occupy areas of the inland Plateau and the Coastal areas of the Pacific Northwest .   French Canadian fur traders in the late 18th or early 19th century referred to these people as the Cœur d'Alène , meaning `` heart of an awl . '' This referred to the people 's shrewdness in trading skills . British traders and later colonists adopted the French term for the people .

neg: Decommunization in Russia Decommunization in Russia is the process of dealing with the communist legacies in terms of institutions and personnel that tends towards breaking with the Soviet past . Compared with the efforts of the other former constituents of the Soviet bloc and the Soviet Union , it has been restricted to half-measures , if conducted at all .   Notable anti-communist measures in the Russian Federation are the banning of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union ( and creating the Communist Party of the Russian Federation ) as well as the names of many Russian cities reverting to what they were before the 1917 October Revolution ( Leningrad to Saint Petersburg , Sverdlovsk to Yekaterinburg and Gorky to Nizhny Novgorod ) .   However , Nostalgia for the Soviet Union is gradually on the rise in Russia . Communist symbols continue to form an important part of the rhetoric used in state-controlled media as banning them is seen by the foreign ministry as `` sacrilege '' and `` a perverse idea of good and evil '' . The decommunization process in neighbouring Ukraine was also met with criticism by Russia , and Soviet war crimes continue to be regularly dismissed as `` Western myth '' .

neg: Western High School (Russiaville, Indiana) Western High School is a high school located in Russiaville , Indiana . The school is a part of Western School Corporation .

neg: List of countries by easternmost point This is a list of countries by easternmost point on land ( dependent territories included ) . A selection of dependent territories are listed in italics and are not ranked .   The order does not always reflect the proximity of the country 's territory to the 180th meridian . In such a case there would be three both the very westernmost and the very easternmost countries or territories , Russia , Fiji , and Antarctica , as the Start Meridian passes through them on land . Instead for the number of countries , namely Russia , New Zealand , Fiji , the United States , and Kiribati , which have territory on both sides of the 180th meridian , the given easternmost point of the country is the easternmost point in the direction of travel . The United States and Kiribati have most of their territory east of the 180th meridian , in the Western Hemisphere , so they are considered to belong to the westernmost countries with their territory stretching as far to the west as beyond the 180th meridian into the Eastern Hemisphere . Conversely , Russia , New Zealand , and Fiji have most of their territory west of the 180th meridian , in the Eastern Hemisphere , so they are considered to belong to the easternmost countries with their territory stretching as far to the east as beyond the 180th meridian into the Western Hemisphere .

neg: Khabarovsk Krai Khabarovsk Krai ( -LSB- Хаба́ровский край , r = Khabarovsky kray , p = xɐˈbarəfskʲɪj kraj -RSB- ) is a federal subject of Russia ( a krai ) , located in the Russian Far East . It lies mostly in the basin of the lower Amur River , but also occupies a vast mountainous area along the coastline of the Sea of Okhotsk , an arm of the Pacific Ocean . The administrative center of the krai is the city of Khabarovsk . Population : 1,343,869 ( 2010 Census ) .   The indigenous people of the area are various Tungusic peoples ( Evenks , Negidals , Ulchs , Nanai , Oroch , Udege ) and Amur Nivkhs .

neg: List of U.S. state firearms A state firearm has only been designated by eight of the fifty States in the United States : Alaska , Arizona , Utah , Indiana , Kentucky , Pennsylvania , West Virginia , and Tennessee .   In March 2011 , Utah adopted the M1911 pistol as its state firearm . This gun was designed by Ogden , Utah native John Browning . The adoption was supported by Republican Utah State Representative Carl Wimmer , who said , `` It does capture a portion of Utah 's history '' and `` even bigger than that , it captures a portion of American history . '' The adoption was opposed by Democratic Utah State Representative Brian King who said , `` When we are talking about a state symbol we would do well to come up with one that is more unifying than divisive and this is a very divisive symbol for obvious reasons . This is just a poor choice for a state symbol '' .   In April 2011 , Arizona Governor Jan Brewer signed a bill into law which designated the Colt Single Action Army Revolver as Arizona 's state firearm .   In March 2012 , Indiana adopted the Grouseland rifle as its state firearm . This rifle is kept at Grouseland , the home of President William Henry Harrison and was made between 1803 and 1812 by John Small , who later became the first sheriff in the state . `` This rifle and its maker are both integral parts of Indiana history , and as such , the rifle is worthy of its designation as the Indiana State Rifle , '' said Senator John Waterman .   In June 2013 , Kentucky adopted the Kentucky Long Rifle as its state firearm .   In June 2014 , Pennsylvania adopted the long rifle as its state firearm .   In July 2014 , Alaska adopted the pre-1964 Winchester Model 70 rifle as its state firearm . The bill , sponsored by Senate President Charlie Huggins , refers to the gun as the `` rifleman 's rifle . '' The bill says the gun helped Alaskans `` establish a firm foothold '' in the wilderness between 1930 and 1963 .

neg: Krasnoyarsk Krai Krasnoyarsk Krai ( -LSB- Красноя́рский край , r = Krasnoyarsky kray , p = krəsnɐˈjarskʲɪj ˈkraj -RSB- ) is a federal subject of Russia ( a krai ) , with its administrative center in the city of Krasnoyarsk -- the third-largest city in Siberia ( after Novosibirsk and Omsk ) . Krasnoyarsk Krai is the largest krai in the Russian Federation , the second largest federal subject ( after the Sakha Republic ) , and the third largest subnational governing body by area in the world , after Sakha Republic and the Australian state of Western Australia . The krai covers an area of 2339700 km2 , which is nearly one quarter the size of the entire country of Canada ( the next-largest country in the world after Russia ) , constituting roughly 13 % of the Russian Federation 's total area and containing a population of 2,828,187 , or just under 2 % of its population . ( 2010 Census ) .

neg: Southeastern Oregon Southeastern Oregon is a geographical term for the area along the borders of the U.S. state of Oregon with Idaho , California , and Nevada . It includes the populous areas of Burns , Klamath Falls and Lakeview .


query: Sophie Turner was born in the 1990s.

pos: Sophie Turner Sophie Turner ( born 21 February 1996 ) is an English actress . Turner made her professional acting debut as Sansa Stark on the HBO fantasy television series Game of Thrones ( 2011 -- present ) , which brought her international recognition and critical praise . For her performance , she has received four nominations for Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series , as well as a Young Artist Award nomination for Best Supporting Young Actress in a TV Series .   Turner has also starred in the television film The Thirteenth Tale ( 2013 ) and she made her feature film debut in Another Me ( 2013 ) . She has also starred in the action comedy Barely Lethal ( 2015 ) and played Jean Grey / Phoenix in the X-Men film series .

neg: Sophie and the Rising Sun (film) Sophie and the Rising Sun is a 2016 American drama film written and directed by Maggie Greenwald . It is based on the 2001 novel Sophie and the Rising Sun by Augusta Trobaugh . The film stars Julianne Nicholson , Takashi Yamaguchi , Margo Martindale , Diane Ladd , Lorraine Toussaint and Karen Wheeling Reynolds . The film was released in theaters on January 25 , 2017 by Monterey Media .

neg: Leigh Turner Robert Leigh Turner CMG ( born 1958 ) is a British diplomat who has been HM Consul-General Istanbul and Director-General of Trade for Turkey , Central Asia and the South Caucasus from September 2012 . As Consul-General he writes a regular blog published in English and Turkish and tweets as @leighturnerFCO .   From June 2008 to July 2012 Leigh Turner was British ambassador to Ukraine , resident in Kyiv . As ambassador , he also blogged including in Ukrainian . From 2006-2008 he was Director , Overseas Territories in the Foreign and Commonwealth Office ; Commissioner of the British Antarctic Territory ; and Commissioner of the British Indian Ocean Territory .   Born in 1958 , he graduated from Cambridge University in 1979 joining the Civil Service as an administrative trainee the same year . After working in the Departments of Transport and Environment , and the Treasury , he joined the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in 1983 and has had postings in Austria , Russia , Germany and Ukraine before Turkey .   Whilst on unpaid leave , between 2002 and 2006 , he wrote travel articles for the Financial Times , The Boston Globe and other newspapers . He continues to write novels and short stories in his spare time .   Turner was appointed Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George ( CMG ) in the 2014 New Year Honours for services to British interests in Ukraine and Turkey .   In December 2015 it was announced that Turner had been appointed as the British ambassador to Austria and permanent representative to the United Nations in Vienna . He took up this appointment in August 2016 .

neg: Tender Trap Tender Trap is an indie rock/twee pop band , based in London ( UK ) , formed in 2001 by three of the five members of Marine Research - Amelia Fletcher , Rob Pursey , and John Downfall .   Amelia Fletcher and Rob Pursey were previously in the twee pop band Heavenly , and some have seen Tender Trap as representing a return to the pop aesthetic of that earlier band . On their first , electronically slanted album Film Molecules , the songs demonstrate an eclectic mix of musical styles , with a clear nod to the similarly eclectic approach taken by The Magnetic Fields on their 69 Love Songs album .   The band 's initial intention was to be a recording outfit only , due to their hatred of transporting drums from place to place . They compromised by playing live but using a CD player for backing beats . Additional live performers have included Claudia Gonson ( of The Magnetic Fields ) on drums , and Lupe Núñez-Fernández of Pipas and Amor de Días , who was a guest vocalist on the Language Lessons EP and the second album 6 Billion People .   After a quiet 2007-2008 , Tender Trap reformed at the beginning of 2009 as a five piece , with additional members Elizabeth Morris ( also in Allo Darlin ' ) on guitar and vocals and Katrina Dixon ( formerly of Police Cat , Sally Skull and The Garden City Project ) on drums and vocals . They performed on the main stage at Indietracks festival in Derbyshire in July 2009 and the indoor stage in July 2010 . Elizabeth Morris left to concentrate on Allo Darlin ' in August 2010 and Emily Bennett ( Betty And The Werewolves ) joined the following month on guitar and vocals .   In 2010 , Tender Trap released Dansette Dansette , an album that finds Fletcher working with `` up-and-coming British indie luminaries , rediscovering her musical beginnings , and continuing to incorporate and impart feminist consciousness through sharp , yet tender , pop songs ''   As of 2014 , the band is on indefinite hiatus , and Fletcher and Pursey now perform as The Catenary Wires .

neg: Sophie Sugar Sophie Sugar is a trance musical artist and producer who has established herself as an international DJ . She is currently signed by Armada Music .

neg: Sophie de Boer Sophie de Boer ( born 12 December 1990 ) is a Dutch professional racing cyclist .

neg: Transsexual News Telegraph The Transsexual News Telegraph was a quarterly news and topics magazine published in United States from 1991 to 2002 . TNT covers often portrayed Trans Identities or Art and the back covers were usually a piece of graphic art with a thought provoking theme .   TNT originally was published as Rites of Passage , the official publication of the New Womens Conference , with Anne Ogborn as the editor . It began as a magazine for the then nascent post op movement . After two issues the magazine came under the editorship of Gail Sondegaard , changed its name to Transsexual News Telegraph , and ceased being officially tied to the New Womens Conference .   TNT continued to be published approximately quarterly until 2002 . In 1999 Katharine Collins joined the paper as Art Director . She and Gail Sondegaard continued publishing until 2002 , when publication ceased .   The magazine was published in 8 1/2 × 11 format saddle stitched 48 pages over most of its life . After 1998 publication became less frequent and the publication grew thicker .   TNT always had a strong anti Neo-colonization medical emphasis , and featured many articles on trans related art and cultural events , reviews of relevant movies , as well as `` News On The March '' , a section of transsexual related news . For a description of TNT content see the commentary following the article at bottom of this page .   Never with a very large subscriber base , the magazine had more influence because of its status as a tool for discussions among trans activists during the emergence of the Transgenderism Transgender Rights Movement .   In the mid 1990s TNT began organizing issues of the magazine around specific topics .

neg: Sophie Mallebranche Sophie Mallebranche ( born March 30 , 1976 , in Honfleur ( Calvados ) ) is a French artist and textile designer recognized by interior architects for her woven metal materials that mix fibers and industrial materials .   She is the creative director of Material Design Group . Her company produces and distributes her creations under the brand , Sophie Mallebranche .   Architects and designers of international renown , such as Peter Marino , Robert A. M. Stern , Tony Chi , Jacques Grange , Gensler , Rena Dumas , Yabu Pushelberg , and Flanagan Lawrence have used her creations to experiment with new applications in the domains of design , luxury , and interior architecture . She has collaborated with brands such as Hermès , Christian Dior , Chanel , Louis Vuitton , Richard Mille , Chaumet , Piaget , Mikimoto , and Guerlain . Her metal weaves have been awarded multiple times by design professionals for their innovative nature , and her creations adorn numerous flagships , hotels , and restaurants worldwide .

neg: Elspeth Gibson Elspeth Gibson ( born 1963 in Nottingham ) is a British fashion designer , known for her feminine style of design . Her designs are often characterised by lace , beading and embroidery . Gibson was the British Fashion Council 's New Generation Designer of the Year in 1998 , and examples of her work are held in the design archive at the Victoria and Albert Museum . Her clients have included Madonna , Zara Phillips , Cate Blanchett , Uma Thurman and Queen Rania of Jordan , for whom she has undertaken private commissions .

neg: Georgia Frost Georgia Frost ( born 30 July 1990 ) is an English model .

neg: Chris Turner (footballer, born 1990) Christopher Jack Michael Turner ( born 26 August 1990 ) is an English professional footballer who played in the Football League , as a Midfielder for Accrington Stanley . He currently plays for Northern Premier League Division One North side Padiham .

neg: Stella Tennant Stella Tennant ( born 17 December 1970 ) is a British model . The granddaughter of Andrew Cavendish , 11th Duke of Devonshire and Deborah Mitford , one of the well-known aristocratic siblings the Mitford sisters , Tennant was born in Scotland and attended St Leonards School in St Andrews . Her parents are The Hon. Tobias William Tennant , son of the 2nd Baron Glenconner , and Lady Emma Cavendish .   In 1993 , she attracted the attention of photographers such as Steven Meisel and Bruce Weber and soon achieved success as a fashion model , posing for magazines such as French , British and Italian Vogue as well as Harper 's Bazaar and Numero .

neg: Sophie Wilson Sophie Wilson FRS FREng ( born Roger Wilson in Leeds , England , in 1957 ) is a British computer scientist and software engineer . Wilson designed the Acorn Micro-Computer , the first of a long line of computers sold by Acorn Computers Ltd , including its programming language BBC BASIC . Wilson later designed the instruction set of the ARM processor , which became the de facto model used in 21st-century smartphones .

neg: Sophie Burton Sophie Burton is a fictional character from the British Channel 4 soap opera , Hollyoaks , played by Connie Powney . She first appeared in 2003 with on-screen family , the Burtons , including twin sister Mel , who was played by Powney 's real life twin Cassie Powney .

neg: Wendy Turner Webster Wendy Turner-Webster ( born Wendy Turner , 5 June 1967 ) is an English journalist , television presenter and animal welfare campaigner .

neg: Sophie Lawrence Sophie Lawrence ( born 12 June 1972 , Ilford , London ) is an English actress , singer , director and choreographer . She played the role of Diane Butcher in the BBC soap opera EastEnders as a regular cast member from 1988 to 1991 , making subsequent guest appearances in 1993 , 1994 , 1997 , 2008 and 2012 . In 1991 , Lawrence achieved a top 30 hit in the UK single 's chart with her cover of Donna Summer 's hit single , Love 's Unkind . Since 2001 , she has been most active on stage in musical theatre and pantomime .

neg: Sophie Langham Sophie Langham is an English actress .   She is most famous for playing one half of Walford 's first lesbian couple , in the popular BBC soap opera , EastEnders . Her character , Binnie Roberts , made her first appearance in 1994 and left in 1995 . During her time on the show Langham 's character and her on-screen girlfriend Della Alexander ( Michelle Joseph ) made headlines in the British press when EastEnders screened its first lesbian kiss . EastEnders added to the controversy by making Della and Binnie a mixed-race couple .   Coincidentally , Sophie Langham and Michelle Joseph both attended Rose Bruford College within a year of each other .   Since leaving EastEnders Langham has appeared in episodes of Jonathan Creek ( 1998 ) ; The Bill ( 1997 ; 2001 ) ; Holby City ( 2003 ) and most recently Doctors ( 2004 ) .

neg: Sophie Jodoin Sophie Jodoin ( born , 1965 ) is a Montreal-based visual artist . She received her Bachelor of Fine Arts in 1988 in Visual Arts from Concordia University in Montreal . She has received grants from the Canada Council for the Arts and the Conseil des arts et des lettres du Québec . In Jodoin 's drawing , there is no objective figure and that gives people a feeling that there is no narration . One exception of her work that contains some didactic intent is `` Yesterday and Tomorrow '' , which is consist of a series of drawings . Those pictures showed a young girl wearing a white silk dress walked through a corridor .

neg: Kreesha Turner Kreesha Turner ( born June 10 , 1985 ) is a Canadian/Jamaican recording artist and songwriter , born in Edmonton , Alberta , Canada . Raised in both Canada and Jamaica , she began her musical career after a successful audition with Virgin Records . She signed a record deal with the Capitol Music Group , under which the Virgin imprint operates . Concurrently , EMI Music Canada signed her in order to more effectively tap into the Canadian market .   She has released two albums in Canada . Her first album Passion ( 2008 ) spawned singles `` Bounce With Me , '' `` Lady Killer '' and `` Do n't Call Me Baby '' . The latter became the # 1 most played song ( by a Canadian ) on Canadian radio in 2008 and became her very first number one single on Billboards U.S. Hot Dance Club Play . During this year , she was nominated for two Juno Awards for `` Best New Artist '' and `` Best Pop Album of The Year . '' Her second double disc studio album , Tropic Electric ( 2011 ) saw Turner alter her public image and return to her original sound . She released three moderately successful singles `` Rock Paper Scissors , '' `` I Could Stay , '' and `` Love Again . '' which gained her another Juno Award Nomination for `` Best R&B Album . ''   Turner is currently finished recording her third album entitled Evolution Inevitable with a new direction of her sound infused with Dancehall , Hip Hop and R&B .   Throughout Turner 's career , she has been well known for her style and image . She 's been ranked on Complex magazine list of `` 25 Sexiest International Singers You 've Never Heard Of '' and Much Music 's `` Sexiest Girls list '' in 2008 . She has been featured on multiple major Canadian magazine covers and starred in a national Kit Kat campaign . Her music has been featured on major network television shows such as , `` Entourage '' , `` Desperate Housewives '' , `` Ugly Betty '' , `` Gossip Girl '' , `` The Hills '' , `` Keeping Up With the Kardashians '' , `` Smash '' , `` Lipstick Jungle '' and `` Brothers & Sisters '' .

neg: Sophie Brundish Sophie Brundish is an English artistic gymnast who has competed in British Championship competitions as well as succeeding at junior and senior levels . She is also 3 Times Bexley Youth Games Champion . She has also won 30 medals and trophies from various competitions , including competitions abroad ( Russia , United States , Malta , Belgium and Switzerland ) . Sophie Brundish is a member of the Europa Gymnastics Club . Sophie is best known for her participation in a television advert for the Panasonic Smart Viera TV model .


query: Mother Teresa was made a saint by the church.

pos: Mother Teresa Mother Teresa , known in the Catholic Church as Saint Teresa of Calcutta ( born Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu ; -LSB- aˈɲɛzə ˈɡɔndʒɛ bɔjaˈdʒiu -RSB- ; 26 August 1910 -- 5 September 1997 ) , was an Albanian-Indian Roman Catholic nun and missionary . She was born in Skopje ( now the capital of the Republic of Macedonia ) , then part of the Kosovo Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire . After living in Macedonia for eighteen years she moved to Ireland and then to India , where she lived for most of her life .   In 1950 Teresa founded the Missionaries of Charity , a Roman Catholic religious congregation which had over 4,500 sisters and was active in 133 countries in 2012 . The congregation manages homes for people dying of HIV/AIDS , leprosy and tuberculosis ; soup kitchens ; dispensaries and mobile clinics ; children 's - and family-counselling programmes ; orphanages , and schools . Members , who take vows of chastity , poverty , and obedience , also profess a fourth vow : to give `` wholehearted free service to the poorest of the poor '' .   Teresa received a number of honours , including the 1962 Ramon Magsaysay Peace Prize and 1979 Nobel Peace Prize . She was canonised ( recognised by the church as a saint ) on 4 September 2016 , and the anniversary of her death ( 5 September ) is her feast day .   A controversial figure during her life and after her death , Teresa was admired by many for her charitable work . She was praised and criticised for her opposition to abortion , and criticised for poor conditions in her houses for the dying . Her authorised biography was written by Navin Chawla and published in 1992 , and she has been the subject of films and other books .

neg: Mother Teresa: Saint or Celebrity? Mother Teresa : Saint or Celebrity ? ( Routledge , 2007 ) , by Gëzim Alpion , sheds a new light on this remarkable and influential woman , which will intrigue followers of Mother Teresa and those who study the vagaries of stardom and celebrity culture .

neg: Santa Chiara, Rome Santa Chiara is a church in the rione Pigna , formerly the Campus Martius area of Rome dedicated to Saint Clare of Assisi . It is located at the corner of via Santa Chiara and via di Torre Argentina ( where this street becomes via della Rotonda ) . It is about a block south of the Pantheon , at the piazza Santa Chiara .   It was founded by Saint Charles Borromeo , who built a Franciscan convent ( now used by the Pontifical French Seminary ) and the church within the ruins of the Baths of Agrippa in 1592 . It was restored in 1627 , but at some later point the roof collapsed and it was abandoned .   In 1883 , the Congregation of the Holy Spirit acquired the property , and rebuilt the church , giving it a new facade designed by Luca Carimini in 1888 . On the lower of the two levels , the main door is framed by two columns holding a semicircular tympanum with a decorated lunette . To the sides are niches with triangular tympanums , surmounted by circular windows . On the upper level there are seven windows surmounted by busts of saints . Below the windows is the Latin inscription : `` DEO OPTIMO MAXIMO IMMACULATI CORDIS MARIAE IN HONOREM ET LIFE VIRGINIS '' . The triangular tympanum crowning the façade has a relief by Domenico Bartolini .   Inside the church there is a single isle . There are frescos and paintings by the painter Virginio Monti ( 1852-1942 ) , the official painter to the Roman Church appointed by Pope Leo XIII .   The church is still served by the Congregation of the Holy Spirit . The high altar has an altarpiece depicting the Holy Family , by Virginio Monti .

neg: Office for the Liturgical Celebrations of the Supreme Pontiff The Office for the Liturgical Celebrations of the Supreme Pontiff is that section of the Roman Curia responsible for organizing and conducting liturgies and other religious ceremonies performed by the pope of the Catholic Church . It is headed by a `` master '' appointed for a term of five years .   The Office and the consultants who advise it support the pope in expressing his interpretation of the liturgical modifications instituted following the Second Vatican Council . Popes have at times supported post-Council reforms , restored earlier practices , and introduced further innovations . When Pope Francis named five new consultants in September 2013 , he included none of those appointed by Pope Benedict XVI , who were known to promote a return to pre-Council liturgical practices . Benedict restored pre-Council elements to the rite for the canonization of saints and Francis removed them and further shortened the ceremony . Guido Marini , the Master when Francis instituted his changes , is known as a traditionalist , but performs to the pope 's instructions . In the words of one journalist , his job is `` to thread papal preferences into the pageantry '' . For example , he works to ensure that liturgical music is integrated into the liturgy as Francis prefers , so that participants are never forced to wait for music to conclude before proceeding .

neg: Sheshan Basilica The Sheshan Basilica , officially the National Shrine and Minor Basilica of Our Lady of Sheshan and also known as Basilica of Mary , Help of Christians is a prominent Roman Catholic church in Shanghai , China . Its common name comes from its location on the western peak of Sheshan Hill , located in Songjiang District , to the west of Shanghai 's metropolitan area .   It was previously romanized as Zosé Basilica ( pronounced `` Zoh-seh '' ) , using the Shanghainese pronunciation of 佘山 ( Sheshan ) . Inside the shrine , the Blessed Virgin Mary under the title of Mary Help of Christians is venerated as the patroness of the basilica , along with the recently reconstructed icon of Our Mother of Sheshan , both venerated by Chinese Catholics .

neg: Mirae caritatis Mirae caritatis is an encyclical of Pope Leo XIII on the Holy Eucharist given on 28 May 1902 . Its theme is mainly the marvelous effects of devotion to the Holy Eucharist in the moral and spiritual life of the faithful .   The Pope explores several aspects of eucharistic theology , citing the Eucharist as the source of life , a mystery of faith , a bond of charity , and the sacrifice of the Mass. .   `` For as men and states alike necessarily have their being from God , so they can do nothing good except in God through Jesus Christ , through whom every best and choicest gift has ever proceeded and proceeds . '' ... whereas God has subordinated the whole supernatural order to the Incarnation of His Word , in virtue whereof salvation has been restored to the human race , ... the Eucharist , according to the testimony of the holy Fathers , should be regarded as in a manner a continuation and extension of the Incarnation .   As in previous encyclicals , Leo continues his call for social renewal , which source is found in the Holy Eucharist . He maintains that the sacrament fosters mutual charity that will promote Christian brotherhood and social equality .   Having extolled the many benefits of the Eucharist , Leo hen encourages frequent reception of same , a matter that was the subject of some debate at the time .   Away then with the widespread but most mischievous error of those who give it as their opinion that the reception of the Eucharist is in a manner reserved for those ... who rid themselves of the cares of the world in order to find rest in some kind of professedly religious life . For this gift , than which nothing can be more excellent or more conducive to salvation , is offered to all those , whatever their office or dignity may be , ... ''   Leo 's successor , Pope Pius X , reiterated this in his 1905 moto proprio Sacra Tridentina Synodus , and the 1910 Quam singulari , which established the `` age of reason '' ( about seven years of age ) as the threshold for children to be admitted to the sacrament .   The expression mirror of charity itself was popularized by Ailred of Rievaulx during the Middle Ages . Leo XIII 's encyclical was cited by Popes Pius XII and Paul VI in their own teaching documents , respectively Mediator Dei and Mysterium fidei .

neg: Shrine of Our Lady of Matara Shrine of Our Lady of Matara is a Roman Catholic church devoted to the Virgin Mary , in the town of Matara , Sri Lanka . The shrine houses a statue of the Virgin Mary holding the infant Jesus . Though the statue 's origins are unknown , church officials claim that it is 400 years old . The statue has been damaged , lost and recovered more than once , most recently during the 2004 tsunami in Asia , which damaged the shrine and killed 24 people attending Sunday Mass. . The church celebrated its centenary year in 2007 .

neg: Teresa Janina Kierocińska Venerable Mother Teresa Kierocińska ( in religious , Janina ) was born on 14 June 1885 in Wieluń , in a large , patriotic family . She finished high school in Wieluń . Janina felt the need for total devotion to God on the day of her First Holy Communion but she could n't follow her call because of the refusal of the family , especially her father . At home she led a life of prayer , deep devotion , self-denial and love towards her neighbours . During her adolescence she came to know the works of Saint Teresa of Jesus which were a great influence in her spiritual life .   From 1909 , Anzelm Gądek , a Servant of God and a Discalced Carmelite , became her spiritual guide . It was he who founded the first active-contemplative Congregation of the Carmelite Sisters of the Child Jesus , on 31 December 1921 . Janina became the first mother superior and a co-founder of the Congregation . From that time on , as Mother Teresa of St. Joseph , she started her service to God and people , poorest both in moral and material sense , in the district of Sosnowiec .   She had been the superior of the congregation for 25 years , till the day of her death . She followed the constitution of the congregation forming the life of the sisters in the spirit of the Divine Childhood and apostolic and charitable work among the poor . She had a special veneration to the Infant Jesus , Holy Eucharist , the most Holy Face of Jesus , Our Lady of Mt Carmel , and St. Joseph .   During the Second World War , she showed heroic courage saving many young girls from deportation to Germany by hiding them in the cloister . She helped refugees , soldiers of the Home Army , organized an orphanage and a canteen for the poor , and taught them clandestinely . In 1992 , she was posthumously honored by Yad Vashem in Jerusalem as Righteous Among the Nations for saving Jewish refugees .   After the Second World War , she was actively involved in new tasks of the Catholic Church in Poland . The people of Zagłębie district considered her to be simply their Mother . The sisters of the congregation taught catechism in the schools , ran a kindergarten and performed works of charity .   Her deep union with God was shown by magnanimous and servantlike love of neighbour . Throughout her life she cultivated the spirit of prayer and Carmelite self-denial .   She died in the opinion of holiness on 12 July 1946 in Sosnowiec . The process of her cause towards sainthood in the Archdiocese of Częstochowa lasted from 1983-88 . In May 2013 , Pope Francis signed the decree of her heroic virtues . Her earthly remains are found in the church of her congregation in Sosnowiec ( ul . Matki Teresy Kierocińskiej 25 ) .

neg: Moving statues The moving statues phenomenon occurred during the summer of 1985 in Ireland , where , in several different parts of the country , statues of the Virgin Mary were reported to move spontaneously .   In Ballinspittle , County Cork in July 1985 , an observer claimed to have seen a roadside statue of the Virgin Mary move spontaneously . Similar occurrences were reported shortly afterward in Mount Melleray , County Waterford and at around 30 other locations around the country . They were not all Marian apparitions . Some involved other divine figures and/or saints who appeared in stains on church walls etc. . Thousands gathered at many of the sites out of curiosity or to gaze in wonder and to pray . Up to 100,000 were said to have visited the Ballinspittle site alone . The Catholic Church remained reticent or highly skeptical and a bishop declared the whole phenomenon ` an illusion ' . The Ballinspittle statue was damaged by a gang of hammer-wielding Pentecostalist protesters against idolatry ( or mariolatry ) , but it was repaired . In 2002 the BBC planned a documentary on the phenomenon .   Though the moving statue phenomenon quickly faded a few small ` cults ' persisted for some years after the peak activity of 1985 and one set off by road to convert Russia .   Author John D. Vose set out to see for himself in his book ` The Statues That Moved a Nation ' . He interviewed witnesses who told him the most amazing stories of miraculous happenings .   A team of psychologists based in University College Cork recorded 31 apparition sites and explained the visions as being optical illusions caused by staring at objects in the evening twilight . Others have argued that the Moving Statues and other extraordinary , international phenomenon like the `` flying-saucer '' religions and many other new religious and occult movements are best explained as responses to an existential angst that was exacerbated by the Cold War and other sources of social stress but with ultimate origins in cultural or religious norms , family dynamics , and personal psychology .   One site is about one kilometre along the Ballinspittle to Kinsale road . In a ravine the life-sized blue-and white painted plaster statue of a woman stands about 4 metres above the road , fronted by a balustrade of large blue concrete letters reading `` I am The Immaculate Conception '' . The head of the statue is surrounded by small electric bulbs in the form of a halo . Across the ravine is an unfenced grassy slope with some benches . In front is a blue boilerplate box for donations , secured by two large padlocks .   A printed notice beside the grotto states that its continual upkeep is designed to keep the people of Ballinspittle focused on their veneration of the Virgin Mary , and also to inspire faith in `` mere passers by '' .   Anthropologist Peter Mulholland argues that the continuing role of Marian apparitions in Irish popular culture is a reflection of psychological insecurity stemming largely from adverse childhood experiences and a concatenation of historical , cultural , political , religious and sociological factors .   Moving statues have also been reported in Poland , another devout Catholic country .

neg: Saint Mary (film) Saint Mary ( مریم مقدس , also Maryam al-Muqaddasah , Maryam Moghaddas , Maryam Adhraa Maryam Al-Muqadasa ; `` The Honourable/Blessed Saint Mary '' ) is a 2000 Iranian film by director Shahriar Bahrani , depicting the life of Mary mother of Jesus based on the Quran and Islamic tradition .

neg: Dominican Sisters of Peace The Dominican Sisters of Peace is a congregation of Dominican Sisters of apostolic life , founded on Easter Sunday , April 12 , 2009 , from the union of seven former Dominican foundations . With general offices in Columbus , Ohio , the congregation holds legal incorporation in the state of Kentucky , home of the founding community of earliest historical origin . In 2012 , following a vote by their General Chapter , the Dominican Sisters of Catherine de ' Ricci became the eighth foundation to join the Dominican Sisters of Peace .  1822 : Dominicans of St. Catharine , founded in Washington County , ( later St. Catharine ) , Kentucky  1830 : Dominican Sisters of St. Mary of the Springs , founded in Somerset , Ohio ; moved to Columbus , Ohio 1868  1860 : Congregation of St. Mary , founded in New Orleans , Louisiana  1880 : Dominican Sisters of St. Catherine de ' Ricci , founded in Albany , New York ( later moved to Elkins Park , Pennsylvania )  1902 : Dominican Sisters of Great Bend , Kansas , founded in Great Bend , Kansas  1927 : Eucharistic Missionaries of St. Dominic , founded in New Orleans , Louisiana , as the Missionary Servants of the Most Holy Eucharist ; incorporated into the Dominican Order in 1956 as the Eucharistic Missionaries of St. Dominic .  1929 : Sisters of St. Dominic of the Immaculate Heart of Mary , founded in Akron , Ohio  1950 : Congregation of St. Rose of Lima , founded in Oxford , Michigan .  The process by which the original seven Dominican communities came together to form a new religious institute , a pontifical canonical union with formal recognition by the Vatican , is known as reconfiguration . As demographics changed following the cultural movements of the late 20th century , the seven congregations determined to collaborate in this manner so that their mission could be most effectively realized . All shared the Dominican charism and found support for this new endeavor in Perfectae Caritatis , one of the documents issued by the Second Vatican Council : `` Independent institutes and monasteries should , when opportune and the Holy See permits , form federations if they can be considered as belonging to the same religious family . Others who have practically identical constitutions and rules and a common spirit should unite , particularly when they have too few members . Finally , those who share the same or a very similar active apostolate should become associated , one to the other . ''  The deliberations that led to the merger took place over a period of seven years , culminating in the inaugural General Chapter of April 15 -- 21 , 2009 . The first Leadership Team of the new congregation was elected during that General Chapter . At the time of the foundation of the new religious institute , the Dominican Sisters of Peace numbered more than 650 members , with more than 500 associates . As of 2017 , the community has 510 members , and over 600 lay associates .

neg: Mary in Islam Mary ( -LSB- مريم , translit = Maryam -RSB- ) , the mother of Jesus ( Isa ) , holds a singularly exalted place in Islam as the only woman named in the Qur ' an , which refers to her seventy times and explicitly identifies her as the greatest of all women , stating , with reference to the angelic saluation during the annunciation , `` O Mary , God has chosen you , and purified you ; He has chosen you above all the women of creation . '' In the Quran , her story is related in three Meccan chapters ( 19 , 21 , 23 ) and four Medinan chapters ( 3 , 4 , 5 , 66 ) , and the nineteenth chapter of the scripture , the Chapter of Mary ( Surat Maryam ) , is named after her . The Quran refers to Mary more than the entire New Testament .   According to the Qur ' an , divine grace surrounded Mary from birth , and , as a young woman , she received a message from God through the archangel Gabriel that God had chosen her , purified her , and had preferred her above all `` the women of the worlds . '' This event , according to the same narrative , was followed by the annunciation of a child who was to be miraculously conceived by her through the intervention of the divine spirit while she was still virgin , whose name would be Jesus and who would be the `` anointed one , '' the Promised Messiah . As such , orthodox Islamic belief `` has upheld the tenet of the virgin birth of Jesus , '' and although the classical Islamic thinkers never dwelt on the question of the perpetual virginity of Mary at any great length , it was generally agreed in traditional Islam that Mary remained virgin through the entirety of her life , with the Qur ' an 's mention of Mary 's purification `` from the touch of men '' implying perpetual virginity in the minds of many of the most prominent Islamic fathers .

neg: María de la Purísima Salvat Romero Saint María de la Purísima Salvat Romero ( 20 February 1926 -- 31 October 1998 ) , born María Isabel Salvat Romero , was a Spanish Roman Catholic nun and a member of the Sisters of the Company of the Cross . She assumed the name of `` María de la Purísima of the Cross '' after she entered that order . Romero was the successor of Saint Angela of the Cross of the latter 's congregation and was known for her firmness in the progress of the order and in their role as servants of God and His people . Romero was known in her order for her strong commitment to uphold the magisterium of the Church .   She was beatified on 18 September 2010 in Seville and a second miracle approved in 2015 paved the path for her eventual canonization . She was proclaimed a saint on 18 October 2015 . As of 2015 , with her death in 1998 , she remains the fastest canonized saint proclaimed as such in recent times , with the exception of Pope John Paul II .

neg: Teresa Kearney Teresa Kearney ( Mother Kevin ) ( 1875-1957 ) was a teacher , Franciscan Sister , and missionary . She was born in Knockenrahan , Arklow , Ireland on April 28 , 1875 . At the age of 17 , she became a Junior Assistant Mistress and taught at a school in Essex , England . On December 2 , 1902 , she left to begin missionary work in Nsambya , Uganda . She worked as a Franciscan Sister of Saint Mary 's Abbey , Mill Hill , London . In 1952 Kearney founded the Franciscan Missionary Sisters for Africa . Kearney 's work in East Africa resulted in the formation of multiple hospitals and training of nurses throughout the region . Her name serves as the root of the word Kevina , meaning `` hospital '' or `` charity institute '' in Uganda .

neg: Lourdes apparitions The Marian Apparitions at Lourdes were reported in 1858 by Bernadette Soubirous , a 14-year-old miller 's daughter from the town of Lourdes in southern France .   From 11 February to 16 July 1858 , she reported 18 apparitions of `` a Lady '' . Soubirous described the lady as wearing a white veil and a blue girdle ; she had a golden rose on each foot and held a rosary of pearls . Despite initial skepticism from the Roman Catholic Church , these claims were eventually declared to be worthy of belief after a canonical investigation , and the apparition is known as Our Lady of Lourdes .   According to Soubirous , her visions occurred at the grotto of Massabielle , just outside Lourdes . On 16 July 1858 , Soubirous visited the grotto for the last time and said : `` I have never seen her so beautiful before . '' On 18 January 1860 , the local bishop declared : `` The Virgin Mary did appear indeed to Bernadette Soubirous . '' In 1958 , Pope Pius XII issued the encyclical Le pèlerinage de Lourdes ( `` The pilgrimage to Lourdes '' ) on the 100th anniversary of the apparitions . Pope John Paul II visited Lourdes three times ; Pope Benedict XVI visited Lourdes on 15 September 2008 to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the apparitions .   Soubirous was canonized a saint in 1933 by Pope Pius XI .

neg: Edith Stein Edith Stein , also known as St. Teresa Benedicta of the Cross , OCD ( Teresia Benedicta vom Kreuz , Teresia Benedicta a Cruce 12 October 1891 -- 9 August 1942 ) , was a German Jewish philosopher who converted to Roman Catholicism and became a Discalced Carmelite nun . She is canonized as a martyr and saint of the Catholic Church .   She was born into an observant Jewish family , but was an atheist by her teenage years . Moved by the tragedies of World War I , in 1915 she took lessons to become a nursing assistant and worked in a hospital for the prevention of disease outbreaks . After completing her doctoral thesis from the University of Göttingen in 1916 , she obtained an assistantship at the University of Freiburg .   From reading the works of the reformer of the Carmelite Order , Teresa of Ávila , she was drawn to the Catholic faith . She was baptized on 1 January 1922 into the Roman Catholic Church . At that point , she wanted to become a Discalced Carmelite nun , but was dissuaded by her spiritual mentors . She then taught at a Catholic school of education in Speyer . As a result of the requirement of an `` Aryan certificate '' for civil servants promulgated by the Nazi government in April 1933 as part of its Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service , she had to quit her teaching position .   She was admitted to the Discalced Carmelite monastery in Cologne the following October . She received the religious habit of the Order as a novice in April 1934 , taking the religious name Teresa Benedicta of the Cross ( `` Teresa blessed by the Cross '' ) . In 1938 , she and her sister Rosa , by then also a convert and an extern sister ( tertiaries of the Order , who would handle the community ′ s needs outside the monastery ) , were sent to the Carmelite monastery in Echt , Netherlands for their safety . Despite the Nazi invasion of that state in 1940 , they remained undisturbed until they were arrested by the Nazis on 2 August 1942 and sent to the Auschwitz concentration camp , where they died in the gas chamber on 9 August 1942 .

neg: Apostolic Penitentiary The Apostolic Penitentiary , formerly called the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Penitentiary , is one of the three tribunals of the Roman Curia . The Apostolic Penitentiary is chiefly a tribunal of mercy , responsible for issues relating to the forgiveness of sins in the Catholic Church .   The Apostolic Penitentiary has jurisdiction only over matters in the internal forum . Its work falls mainly into these categories :  the absolution of excommunications latæ sententiæ reserved to the Holy See ,  the dispensation of sacramental impediments reserved to the Holy See , and  the issuance and governance of indulgences .   The head of the Apostolic Penitentiary , the Major Penitentiary , is one of the few Vatican officials who retain their positions sede vacante . If the Major Penitentiary is a Cardinal Elector he is one of only three persons in the conclave allowed to communicate with those outside the conclave , so that he can continue to fulfill his duties ( the other two being the Cardinal Vicar of Rome and the Vicar General for the Vatican City State ) . The Major Penitentiary is a Titular Archbishop and is normally a Cardinal . Since 21 September 2013 , the Major Penitentiary is Cardinal Mauro Piacenza . The second-highest-ranking official in the Apostolic Penitentiary , the Regent , is ( since 26 June 2012 ) H.E.Msgr . Krzysztof Józef Nykiel .   When Pope Francis , with the Papal Bull Misericordiae Vultus ( Latin : `` The Face of Mercy '' ) decreed that from the Solemnity of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary ( a Holy Day of Obligation ) on Tuesday , December 8 , 2015 , until the Solemnity of the Feast of Christ the King of the Universe on the last Sunday before Advent , in November 2016 , the Church would observe a Special Jubilee Year of Mercy , he said he would let certain qualified priests ( likely somewhat experienced ones , presumably with knowledge of canon law and confession ) serve as `` Missionaries of Mercy '' to each Diocese , with the faculties to absolve even sins that are reserved to the Holy See through the Apostolic Penitentiary . Normally , a priest or even a bishop would not be able to do this unless the person was in danger of imminent death . The Pope has the power , as the earthly absolute sovereign of the Catholic Church , to make this special change for the year .

neg: Rosario Stroscio Father Rosario Stroscio ( born 1922 , Sicily ) a Roman Catholic Salesian priest and exorcist .   In 1997 , Father Stroscio was called in by the Archbishop of Calcutta , Archbishop Henry Sebastian D'Souza to pray over the 87-year-old hospitalized Mother Teresa who had been hospitalized for heart problems . Mother Teresa was suffering from insomnia and acting strangely . The Archbishop said of the situation that , `` when doctors said they could not find a medical reason for her sleeplessness , I thought she might be getting attacked by the devil . '' After Father Stroscio prayed over her , she was calm and slept peacefully .   Some news outlets carried the story that Mother Teresa had undergone an exorcism , but the Archbishop later explained that although Father Stroscio used a prayer found in the rite of exorcism , `` I did not think she was possessed by an evil spirit , '' and so no formal exorcism took place .

neg: Supremi apostolatus officio Supremi apostolatus officio ( `` The Supreme Apostolic Office '' ) ( commonly referred to `` On Devotion of the Rosary '' ) is the first of eleven encyclicals of Pope Leo XIII on the Rosary . It was issued on September 1 , 1883 , encouraging the practice .   Leo echoed the words of the oldest known Marian prayer ( known in the Latin tradition as the `` Sub Tuum Praesidium '' ) , when he wrote , `` It has always been the habit of Catholics in danger and in troublous times to fly for refuge to Mary . '' He then gives a brief history of the rosary .   `` Not only do We earnestly exhort all Christians to give themselves to the recital of the pious devotion of the Rosary publicly , or privately in their own house and family , and that unceasingly , but we also desire that the whole of the month of October in this year should be consecrated to the Holy Queen of the Rosary . ''   This was followed in 1884 by Superiore anno also on the Rosary .

neg: Latin American Miracles Miracles are events which seem to defy standard , rational or normal explanations , and tend to be explained by divine intervention . Most of Latin America is predominantly Catholic and miracles have a deep historical tradition in Catholic theology . To some , miracles would be considered fate or a lucky break , but to Catholics `` A miracle is a supernaturally ( divinely ) caused event -- an event ( ordinarily ) different from what would have occurred in the normal ( `` natural '' ) course of events . ''   The appearance of the Blessed Mother to the three children at Fatima in 1917 is said to be a miracle . It was here that after a horrific rainstorm , Mary brought the sun closer to the earth and dried the humans ' clothes that they were wearing as a demonstration of God 's power through her . This miracle was witnessed by many thousands of people and thought of as a divine intervention . A miracle is believed to be `` A discernible , divine act in the world , outside , above , or beyond the natural order of things , which manifests some aspect of God 's power and love . ''  Other miracles are described as `` beyond the order commonly observed . '' An example of this uncommon occurrence is when the Mother of Jesus is said to have appeared . She sends a message to whomever she visits and requests them to always pray the rosary for the remission of sin and to pray for peace . The rosary is a religious icon and is significant for Catholic Christians because they hope that Mary will intercede with her son and grant their requests or prayers . Many Latin American homes pray for Mary 's intercession . On some occasions these requests are granted in the form of miracles or are given as `` miraculous gifts . ''   Milagros is the Spanish word for miracle and in Latin America milagros are small charms , usually in an anatomical shape that `` symbolize an afflicted person or body part . '' In some parts of Latin America people will make pilgrimages to visit the statues of their patron saints and `` Leave milagros as tangible symbolic petition or expressions of thanks . '' Milagros were originally produced for the rich , but are now made out of tin and other base metals for everyone and usually takes the form of `` A leg , head , eye , or arms and hearts , feet or hands ( Langham , 326 ) . '' These icons are believed to hold significant meaning among Catholics because they represent miraculous events .   In view of the fact that Latin America has such a deep rooted belief in Catholic theology , the belief in miracles is still prevalent today . Miracles have been witnessed , in many different forms throughout the world and are one of the mainstays of the Catholic beliefs . Humans have not been able to explain miracles , but firmly believe in them . Latin American Christians pray , worship , and attend church , with the hopes of receiving a blessing or a miracle from God .

neg: Marianismo Marianismo is an aspect of the female gender role in the machismo of Hispanic American folk culture . It is the veneration for feminine virtues like purity and `` moral '' strength ( with `` morality '' defined by the Vatican ) . For example , it represents the `` virgin '' aspect of the dichotomy .  Evelyn Stevens states :   The ideas within marianismo include those of feminine passivity and sexual purity . There is power in marianismo that stems from the female ability to produce life .   This term derives from Catholic belief in Mary , mother of Jesus , as both a virgin and a mother . According to the New Testament , she was a virgin when she gave birth to Jesus . She was eventually given the title Theotokos `` Mother of God '' in Christianity and thus became a subject of veneration and admiration . From this is derived the idea that an ideal woman should be spiritually immaculate and eternally self-giving .   This ideal woman is emotional , kind , instinctive , whimsical , docile , compliant , vulnerable , and unassertive . She has a higher status in the community if she has children ( especially male children ) and is a caring mother . She is also pious and observant of religious law .