query: No artists lived in Amsterdam.

pos: Amsterdam Amsterdam ( -LSB- ˈæmstərdæm , _ ˌæmstərˈdæm -RSB- -LSB- ɑmstərˈdɑm -RSB- ) is the capital and most populous municipality of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . Its status as the capital is mandated by the Constitution of the Netherlands , although it is not the seat of the government , which is The Hague . Amsterdam has a population of 851,373 within the city proper , 1,351,587 in the urban area , and 2,410,960 in the Amsterdam metropolitan area . The city is located in the province of North Holland in the west of the country . The metropolitan area comprises much of the northern part of the Randstad , one of the larger conurbations in Europe , with a population of approximately 7 million .   Amsterdam 's name derives from Amstelredamme , indicative of the city 's origin around a dam in the river Amstel . Originating as a small fishing village in the late 12th century , Amsterdam became one of the most important ports in the world during the Dutch Golden Age ( 17th century ) , a result of its innovative developments in trade . During that time , the city was the leading centre for finance and diamonds . In the 19th and 20th centuries the city expanded , and many new neighborhoods and suburbs were planned and built . The 17th-century canals of Amsterdam and the 19 -- 20th century Defence Line of Amsterdam are on the UNESCO World Heritage List . Since the annexation of municipality Sloten in 1921 by the municipality of Amsterdam , the oldest historic part of the city lies in Sloten ( 9th century ) .   As the commercial capital of the Netherlands and one of the top financial centres in Europe , Amsterdam is considered an alpha world city by the Globalization and World Cities ( GaWC ) study group . The city is also the cultural capital of the Netherlands . Many large Dutch institutions have their headquarters there , and seven of the world 's 500 largest companies , including Philips and ING , are based in the city . In 2012 , Amsterdam was ranked the second best city to live in by the Economist Intelligence Unit ( EIU ) and 12th globally on quality of living for environment and infrastructure by Mercer . The city was ranked 3rd in innovation by Australian innovation agency 2thinknow in their Innovation Cities Index 2009 . The Amsterdam seaport to this day remains the second in the country , and the fifth largest seaport in Europe .   Famous Amsterdam residents include the diarist Anne Frank , artists Rembrandt van Rijn and Vincent van Gogh , and philosopher Baruch Spinoza .   The Amsterdam Stock Exchange , the oldest stock exchange in the world , is located in the city center . Amsterdam 's main attractions , including its historic canals , the Rijksmuseum , the Van Gogh Museum , Stedelijk Museum , Hermitage Amsterdam , Anne Frank House , Amsterdam Museum , its red-light district , and its many cannabis coffee shops draw more than 5 million international visitors annually .

neg: Adam Jankowski Adam Jankowski ( born 1948 in Gdańsk , Poland ) is an Austrian painter and professor at the Offenbach University of Art & Design . His studio is located in St. Pauli , Hamburg , Germany .   The early work of Jankowski is closely related to the '68 movement . The political subject of his painting was seen as a provocation at that time . The artistic career of Adam Jankowski has always been characterized by exchanges with other artists like Uwe Schneede and Robert Lettner . Up to the present Jankowski 's work is dedicated to the question of landscape painting in the age of digital imaging technologies .

neg: Isaac Koedijck Isaac Koedijck ( 1618 , Amsterdam -- 1668 , Amsterdam ) , was a Dutch Golden Age painter .

neg: Karl Ernst Osthaus Karl Ernst Osthaus ( 15 April 1874 , Hagen -- 25 March 1921 , Merano ) was an important German patron of avant-garde art and architecture .   In 1902 , Osthaus founded the Folkwang Museum in Hagen , Germany . After his death , the city of Hagen was unable to purchase the museum collection and in 1922 Hagen was outbid by the neighbouring city of Essen which now houses the Folkwang Collection . A separate museum survives in Hagen , the Karl Ernst Osthaus-Museum .   Osthaus was a notable patron of the European avant-garde . Although in his early life he tended to German nationalism , active in the Alldeutscher Verband , the Pan-German League , and supporting figures such as the Austrian Georg von Schönerer , Osthaus 's nationalism became tempered with interest in transforming Hagen and Germany into the leading centers of the European avant-garde . Under the guidance of Henry van de Velde , Osthaus began a collection of European modernist painting that comprised one of the first purely modernist collections to be open to the public . The Folkwang in Hagen sponsored some of the earliest exhibits of Expressionist painting , and the collection early on included works by Ernst Ludwig Kirchner , Emil Nolde , and Christian Rohlfs and work by non-German artists such as Aristide Maillol , Johan Thorn Prikker , and Henri Matisse .   Osthaus also attempted to spark interest in avant-garde architecture in Hagen . In this regard , he encountered many frustrations . In some ways , the story of the projects that were not built is more interesting than the projects that were built . Major architects including Henry van de Velde , Richard Riemerschmid , Peter Behrens , and Walter Gropius were all active in Hagen . A small artist colony also emerged including the sculptor Milly Steger , the Dutch artist and theosophist J.L.M. Lauweriks , and a score of figures important for Hagen 's local cultural history .   Osthaus 's Jugendstil villa , the Hohenhof , is one of the most important examples of bourgeois Jugendstil architecture in Europe . It was recently renovated and is open to the public .

neg: Conservatorium van Amsterdam The Conservatorium van Amsterdam is a Dutch academy of music located in Amsterdam . This school is the music division of the Amsterdam University of the Arts , the city 's vocational university of arts . The Conservatorium van Amsterdam ( CvA ) is the largest music academy in the Netherlands , offering programs in classical music , jazz , pop , early music , music education , and opera .

neg: Henk Schiffmacher Hendrikus Johannes Everhardus `` Henk '' Schiffmacher ( born 22 March 1952 ) , also known as Hanky Panky , is a Dutch tattoo artist . He is considered an expert within the field of body decoration , having curated exhibitions , written books , and presented television shows on the subject . Schiffmacher has claimed members of the Red Hot Chili Peppers and Pearl Jam , as well as Nirvana frontman Kurt Cobain and Motörhead frontman Lemmy , to be amongst his clients . RHCP frontman Anthony Kiedis once described Schiffmacher as `` an underground philosopher , artist , Hell 's Angels associate , booze hound , drug hound , girl hound , an absolute rapscallion of Dutch proportions . ''

neg: Dutch Americans Dutch Americans are Americans of Dutch descent whose ancestors came from The Netherlands in the recent or distant past . Whether intentional or not , they usually maintain connections with their Dutch heritage , by having , for example , a Dutch surname or belonging to a Dutch community group . Dutch settlement in the Americas started in 1613 with New Amsterdam , which was exchanged with the British for the current Suriname at the treaty of Breda ( 1667 ) and renamed New York City . The British split the Dutch colony of New Netherlands into two pieces , and named them New York and New Jersey . Further waves of immigration occurred in the 19th and 20th centuries .   According to the 2013 American Community Survey , an estimated 4.5 million Americans claim total or partial Dutch heritage . Today the majority of the Dutch Americans live in Michigan , California , Montana , Minnesota , New York , Wisconsin , Idaho , Utah , Iowa , Ohio , West Virginia , and Pennsylvania .

neg: Muntplein, Amsterdam The Muntplein ( literally `` mint square '' ) is a square in the centre of Amsterdam . The square is in fact a bridge -- the widest bridge in Amsterdam -- which crosses the Singel canal at the point where it flows into the Amstel river . All bridges in Amsterdam are numbered , and the Muntplein carries the number 1 .   Muntplein is named after the Munttoren ( or simply Munt ) tower which stands on this square . This tower was once part of one of the three main medieval city gates . In the 17th century , it temporarily served as a mint , hence the name . The guard house building attached to the tower is not the original medieval structure but a late 19th-century fantasy . An underpass was added to the building during a 1938 -- 1939 renovation .   The name `` Muntplein '' dates from 1917 . The square was originally known as Schapenplein ( `` sheep square '' ) and , from 1877 to 1917 , as Sophiaplein ( after Queen Sophia , first wife of William III ) .   The square is a bustling intersection of six streets . It forms the southern end of the Kalverstraat shopping street and the major street Rokin . The eastern end of the floating flower market ( Bloemenmarkt ) along the Singel canal is directly south of the square . Six tram lines ( 4 , 9 , 14 , 16 , 24 and 25 ) stop at Muntplein , but only when travelling south .   The building on Muntplein at the intersection of the Kalverstraat and Rokin is an early design by prominent Dutch architect Hendrik Petrus Berlage .

neg: Johannes Holt-Iversen Johannes Holt Iversen ( born 8 September 1989 ) is a Danish painter and sculptor currently located in Amsterdam , The Netherlands .  In 2014 he participated in the development and initiation of the Spotify Artists open data programme , using an artist pseudonyme on the streaming service .  In 2016 he participated in the Остен International Biennial of Drawing at the Остен Museum of Modern Art Skopje , Macedonia .

neg: Hortus Botanicus (Amsterdam) Hortus Botanicus is a botanical garden in the Plantage district of Amsterdam , the Netherlands . One of the oldest in the world , it is one of Amsterdam 's major tourist attractions .

neg: FC Amsterdam FC Amsterdam was a Dutch football club which was founded on June 20 , 1972 , from the merger of the Amsterdam football clubs Blauw Wit and DWS . The club Volewijckers joined the side for the 1973 -- 1974 season . After a successful start , in which the club made it to the quarter finals of the 1974 -- 75 UEFA Cup defeating Italian giants Inter Milan in the process , the club was relegated from the Eredivisie to the Eerste Divisie in 1978 . This resulted in a massive reduction in spectator numbers for FC Amsterdam , with the club moving out of the Olympisch Stadion in 1980 . The side disbanded in 1982 .   Category : Association football clubs established in 1972  Category : Association football clubs disestablished in 1982  Amsterdam  Amsterdam  Category : Sport in Amsterdam  Category :1972 establishments in the Netherlands  Category :1982 disestablishments in the Netherlands

neg: Berend Strik Berend Strik ( born 26 April 1960 ) is a Dutch visual artist working and living in Amsterdam .

neg: Damrak The Damrak is an avenue and partially filled in canal at the centre of Amsterdam , running between Amsterdam Centraal in the north and Dam Square in the south . It is the main street where people arriving at the station enter the centre of Amsterdam . Also it is one of the two GVB tram routes from the station into the centre , with lines 4 , 9 , 16 , and 25 running down it . It is also on the route of the North/South Line ( Amsterdam metro line ) being constructed between the existing metro station at Centraal Station and the new Rokin station .   The street was located on a rak ( reach ) , a straight part of the Amstel river near a dam ; hence the name . In the 19th century , a section of it was filled in . Because of the former stock exchange building , the monumental Beurs van Berlage , and several other buildings related to financial activities erected there in the early 20th century , the term `` Damrak '' has come to be a synonym for the Amsterdam Stock Exchange in the same way `` Wall Street '' is synonymous with the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ . The Beurs van Berlage now serves as a concert and exhibition hall . Today , the area is known for its restaurants , bars , and tourist shops . Its canals serve as a busy area for canal boats , as well .

neg: Geert R. A. Kliphuis Geert Richt Alexander Kliphuis is an author , songwriter and guitarist , born in the Netherlands in 1955 , and currently living in Brussels , Belgium .   His father was the art therapist Maks Kliphuis ( 1923-2015 ) , as a teacher one of the driving forces behind Middeloo , the social-pedagogic training centre for therapists in Amersfoort , the Netherlands , and later head of the department of creative process therapy -LSB- 1 -RSB- at the Jelgersma Kliniek of Leiden University . Kliphuis 's mother , who died in 1964 , was Nel van der Velde , a drama teacher , radio presenter and author of children 's books , and poetry and fiction for adults . ( Het Kleinere Werk and Het Grotere Werk were published posthumously in 2008/2009 by the Erven Nel Kliphuis-Van der Velde . )   Working as a street-musician in Brussels , the former West-Berlin , Barcelona , Hamburg , London and Paris during the 1970s and 1980s , Kliphuis wrote an extensive series of short travel stories for NRC Handelsblad , the national newspaper published in Rotterdam . He applied the same format for his songs : concise observations with a tragicomical undercurrent . The Belgian band Vaya Con Dios recorded his At the Parallel -LSB- 2 -RSB- , to great critical acclaim , and On A Hot August Night -LSB- 3 -RSB- . Using the pseudonym Jay Conrad , Kliphuis recorded a twenty-odd songs on two albums , A Penniless Gentleman ( 1994 , BMG ) and Steeltown Girls ( 1997 , Arcade ) .   In all , Kliphuis has written close to 70 songs , all registered at SABAM . These days he writes novels , such as The Mirror City -LSB- 4 -RSB- , and publishes Zeitgeist Letters -LSB- 5 -RSB- , a non-profit online magazine about medieval Arabic science and philosophy .

neg: Blauwe Theehuis The Blauwe Theehuis ( `` Blue Tea House '' ) is a 1930s Modernist pavilion in the Vondelpark in Amsterdam , the capital city of the Netherlands . It is a ring-shaped building , somewhat reminiscent of a flying saucer . Originally a tea house , it is in use as a café and restaurant , surrounded by outside seating . The Blauwe Theehuis is also used for theatre performances , festivals , weddings , and other events . The building has rijksmonument ( national monument ) status .   The building was constructed out of concrete , steel and glass . It consists of two circular floors stacked on top of each other , with a circular roof as the third `` saucer '' . The octagonally shaped ground floor is topped by a 12-sided top floor which originally served as residence of the proprietor . A staircase on the outside of the building provides access to the top floor . The roof edges and balustrades and the 12 pillars supporting the top floor are painted blue .

neg: Patronaat Patronaat is one of the 10 largest alternative pop music halls in the Netherlands and was established in 1984 . It is located at the Zijlsingel in Haarlem , near the city center .   In 2003 the old building was replaced with a brand new concert hall , which was being used for the first time in 2005 . Between September 2003 until May 2005 a temporary location at the Oostvest functioned as Haarlem 's concert hall .   The new building was designed by architect Paul Diederen of the architecture firm Diederen Dirriox Architecten of Eindhoven . The building 's capacity was significantly increased with a large hall for 1000 visitors , a second one for some 350 guests and a music bar for 100 people , which has live music three days in the week , free of admission . A total of 500 events is organised every year , for some 140.000 people .   With a strong program and a character of its own Patronaat provides progressive pop music and meets the wishes of its catchment . Over the years artists like Willy DeVille , Solomon Burke , Tori Amos , Dick Dale , Herman Brood , Living Colour , Bo Diddley , dEUS , Zita Swoon , Gabriel Rios , Rickie Lee Jones , The Gutter Twins , Steve Lukather , José Feliciano , Babyshambles , Calexico , Michael Franti & Spearhead , but also heavy acts like Limp Bizkit , Anthrax , The Bloodhound Gang , Marillion , The Misfits , Danko Jones , Soulfly , Therapy ? , New Model Army , Y&T , Neurosis , Cradle of Filth , Obituary , D.R.I. , Helmet , Dimmu Borgir and Deicide , as well as large names in the electronic music world like Paul Kalkbrenner , Dave Clarke , Knife Party , Steve Aoki , Modeselektor , Jeff Mills , James Holden , DJ Hell , Orbital , Leftfield , Battles , Pendulum , Chase & Status , Nero , Camo & Krooked , Andy C , Sub Focus , Aphrodite , Ed Rush , Benga , Skream , Caspa and Rusko have found their way to the Haarlem venue .

neg: Maurits Niekerk Maurits Joseph Niekerk ( 11 September 1871 , Amsterdam - 20 March 1940 , Paris ) was a Dutch Impressionist painter of Jewish ancestry who spent much of his career in Belgium .

neg: Jean Frémon Jean Frémon , born in 1946 , is a French gallerist and writer . His written work spans and fuses genres , and contributes importantly to a trans-genre tendency in contemporary French letters . Working principally in the modes of ekphrasis , art criticism , literary commentary , narrative , and poetry , Frémon is perhaps unique in his fusion of late 20th century experimentalisms with the deeply rooted French tradition of belles lettres .   After taking a degree in law , Frémon joined the Galerie Maeght , well known for representing important early and mid-20th century artists such as Joan Míro , Marc Chagall , Henry Matisse , and Alexander Calder . After the death of its founder , Aimé Maeght , in 1981 , Frémon , along with Daniel Lelong and Jacques Dupin , founded the Galerie Lelong , which continued and extended the work of the Galerie Maeght in its same location at 13 rue de Téhéran in the 8th arrondisement in Paris .   The Galerie Lelong , of which Frémon is now the president , also has a branch in the Chelsea district of New York and participates in all the principal annual international art fairs including Art Basel , Art Basel Miami , and FIAC Paris . Artists shown by the gallery include Etel Adnan , Pierre Alechinsky , Francis Bacon , Louise Bourgeois , Nicola De Maria , Jan Dibbets , Andy Goldsworthy , David Hockney , Donald Judd , Konrad Klapheck , Jannis Kounellis , Wolfgang Laib , Nalini Malani , Ana Mendieta , David Nash , Jaume Plensa , Arnulf Rainer , Robert Ryman , Antonio Saura , Sean Scully , Richard Serra , Kiki Smith , Nancy Spero , Antoni Tapies , Barthélémy Toguo , and Juan Uslé .

neg: No Colour Bar No Colour Bar : Black British Art in Action 1960 -- 1990 is a major public art and archives exhibition , the first of its kind in the UK , held at the Guildhall Art Gallery , City of London , over a six-month period ( 10 July 2015 -- 24 January 2016 ) , with a future digital touring exhibition , and an associated programme of events . No Colour Bar took its impetus from the life work and archives of Jessica Huntley ( 23 February 1927 -- 13 October 2013 ) and Eric Huntley ( born 25 September 1929 ) , Guyanese-born campaigners , political activists and publishers , who founded the publishing company Bogle-L'Ouverture Publications and the associated Walter Rodney Bookshop .   Comprising contemporary fine art combined with archive materials , the multi-media exhibition features the work of seminal Black British artists and historically significant activists , and was described by Colin Prescod ( chair of the Institute of Race Relations ) as an `` exposition of startling and radical imaginative works , addressing grand British cultural and historical matters , and touching on themes of existential and social restlessness '' . Participants in the Caribbean Artists Movement , such as Winston Branch , Aubrey Williams , Ronald Moody and Errol Lloyd , are featured together with other prominent artists , including Eddie Chambers , Sonia Boyce , Sokari Douglas Camp , Denzil Forrester and Chila Kumari Burman , with works on display across all media : painting sculpture , painting , drawing , illustration , photography and film . In conjunction with the art and archives , panels and talks led by the exhibition curators , Makeda Coaston and Katty Pearce , and featuring individual artists , writers and publishers , including Eddie Chambers , Errol Lloyd , Denzil Forrester , Fowokan , Donald Hinds , Kadija George , Dorothea Smartt , Arif Ali , Sarah White , as well as Eric Huntley himself , were programmed .   Within the exhibition is a purpose-built interactive installation by Michael McMillan , in conjunction with sound and visual specialists Dubmorphology , that recreates the famed Walter Rodney Bookshop , which was formerly located in West Ealing , functioning as a cultural hub of the community until it closed at the beginning of the 1990s .

neg: Westelijke Eilanden (Amsterdam) Westelijke Eilanden ( Amsterdam ) is a neighborhood of Amsterdam , Netherlands .

neg: Jan van Oolen Adriaen , or Jan van Alen ( 1651 -- 1698 ) was a painter from the Northern Netherlands .  He was born as the son of the animal painter Jacob van Oolen in Amsterdam , with whom his works are sometimes confused . He became an imitator of Melchior Hondekoeter , and his pictures , like those of that master , represent fowls , landscapes , and still-life . Though inferior to Hondekoeter , he painted those objects with great fidelity . He also imitated other masters of the period with so much success that his copies have often passed for originals . He died in Amsterdam .


query: Australia is a country in the Pacific Ocean.

pos: Australia (continent) Australia , sometimes known in technical contexts by the names Sahul , Australinea or Meganesia , to distinguish it from the Australian mainland , is a continent comprising mainland Australia , Tasmania , New Guinea , Seram , possibly Timor , and neighbouring islands .   It is the smallest of the seven traditional continents in the English conception . The continent lies on a continental shelf overlain by shallow seas which divide it into several landmasses -- the Arafura Sea and Torres Strait between mainland Australia and New Guinea , and Bass Strait between mainland Australia and Tasmania . When sea levels were lower during the Pleistocene ice age , including the Last Glacial Maximum about 18,000 BC , they were connected by dry land . During the past 10,000 years , rising sea levels overflowed the lowlands and separated the continent into today 's low-lying arid to semi-arid mainland and the two mountainous islands of New Guinea and Tasmania . Geologically , a continent extends to the edge of its continental shelf , so the now-separate islands are considered part of the continent . Due to the spread of animals , fungi and plants across the single Pleistocene landmass the separate lands have a related biota .   New Zealand is not part of the continent of Australia , but of the separate , submerged continent of Zealandia . New Zealand and Australia are both part of the wider regions known as Australasia and Oceania . The term Oceania is often used to denote the region encompassing the Australian continent and various islands in the Pacific Ocean that are not included in the seven-continent model .

pos: Australia Australia ( -LSB- əˈstreɪliə -RSB- , -LSB- ɒ - -RSB- , -LSB- - ljə -RSB- ) , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands . It is the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea , Indonesia and East Timor to the north ; the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east ; and New Zealand to the south-east . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest urban area is Sydney .   For about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century , Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians ,  who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups . After the European discovery of the continent by Dutch explorers in 1606 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain in 1770 and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states and several territories . The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard .   Australia has the world 's 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income ( IMF ) . With the second-highest human development index globally , the country ranks highly in quality of life , health , education , economic freedom , and civil liberties and political rights . Australia is a member of the United Nations , G20 , Commonwealth of Nations , ANZUS , Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , World Trade Organization , Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation , and the Pacific Islands Forum .

pos: Pacific Islands Forum The Pacific Islands Forum is an inter-governmental organization that aims to enhance cooperation between the independent countries of the Pacific Ocean . It was founded in 1971 as the South Pacific Forum . In 1999 , the name was changed ; Pacific Islands Forum is more inclusive of the Forum 's Oceania-spanning membership of both north and south Pacific island countries , including Australia . It is an official observer at the United Nations .   The mission of the Pacific Islands Forum is `` to work in support of Forum member governments , to enhance the economic and social well-being of the people of the South Pacific by fostering cooperation between governments and between international agencies , and by representing the interests of Forum members in ways agreed by the Forum '' . Its decisions are implemented by the Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat ( PIFS ) , which grew out of the South Pacific Bureau for Economic Co-operation ( SPEC ) . As well as its role in harmonising regional positions on various political and policy issues , the Forum Secretariat has technical programmes in economic development , transport and trade . The Pacific Islands Forum Secretary General is the permanent Chairman of the Council of Regional Organisations in the Pacific ( CROP ) .   Australia and New Zealand are generally larger and wealthier than the other countries that make up the rest of the forum , Australia 's population is around twice that of the other 17 members combined and its economy is more than five times larger . They are significant aid donors and big markets for exports from the other countries . Military and police forces as well as civilian personnel of Forum states , chiefly Australia and New Zealand , have recently been part of regional peacekeeping and stabilization operations in other states , notably in Solomon Islands ( 2003 -- ) and Nauru ( 2004 -- 2009 ) , under Forum auspices . Such regional efforts are mandated by the Biketawa Declaration , which was adopted at the 31st Summit of Pacific Islands Forum Leaders , held at Kiribati in October 2000 .   In September 2011 , the U.S. territories of American Samoa , Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands were granted observer status in the Pacific Islands Forum . While in September 2016 the French territories of French Polynesia and New Caledonia were granted full membership .

neg: Asia-Pacific region Asia-Pacific region ( or Region ) may refer to :   Asia-Pacific , a geographic designation  Asia-Pacific Scout Region ( World Organization of the Scout Movement )  Pacific Rim , countries and cities located around the edge of the Pacific Ocean

neg: Australian migration zone The Australian migration zone is a legal device created by the Australian government for the purpose of Australia 's visa policy and immigration policy . In the Australian migration zone , which covers such Australian controlled territories as the government may determine , a non-citizen must hold an Australian visa . Without such a visa , or a bridging visa , the alien is treated as an `` unauthorised arrival '' . Prior to 2001 , the Australian migration zone consisted of the mainland , and some external territories .   To stem the flow of unauthorised arrivals into Australia , in September 2001 , the Australian government passed the Migration Amendment ( Excision from Migration Zone ) Act 2001 and the Migration Amendment ( Excision from Migration Zone ) ( Consequential Provisions ) Act 2001 which removed ( `` excised '' ) a number of external territories from the Australian migration zone for purposes relating to unauthorised arrivals . The effect of this change was to limit the ability of `` offshore entry persons '' to apply for a visa on arrival . The territories excised were Ashmore Island , Cartier Islands , Christmas Island , and Cocos Islands .   After Australian Indian Ocean territories were excised , increasing numbers of asylum seekers attempted to reach the Australian mainland by-passing those islands , which are closer to Indonesia . To combat this tactic , on 30 October 2012 , the Australian government excised the entire Australian mainland from the Australian migration zone . The legislation to excise the mainland itself from the migration zone was passed by Parliament on 16 May 2013 . Before the excise , asylum seekers who reached the mainland by boat could not be sent offshore to Australian immigration detention facilities on Nauru or Papua New Guinea 's Manus Island for immigration processing .

neg: Geography of Fiji -RSB-   Fiji is a group of volcanic islands in the South Pacific , lying about 4,450 km ( 2,775 mi ) southwest of Honolulu and 1,770 km ( 1,100 mi ) north of New Zealand . Of the 332 islands and 522 smaller islets making up the archipelago , about 106 are permanently inhabited . Viti Levu , the largest island , covers about 57 % of the nation 's land area , hosts the two official cities ( the capital Suva , and Lautoka ) and most other major towns , such as Nausori , Vaileka , Ba , Tavua , Kororvou , Nasinu , and Nadi ( the site of the international airport ) , and contains some 69 % of the population . Vanua Levu , 64 km to the north of Viti Levu , covers just over 30 % of the land area though is home to only some 15 % of the population . Its main towns are Labasa and Savusavu . In the northeast it features Natewa Bay , carving out the Loa peninsula .   Both islands are mountainous , with peaks up to 1300 m rising abruptly from the shore , and covered with tropical forests . Heavy rains ( up to 304 cm or 120 inches annually ) fall on the windward ( southeastern ) side , covering these sections of the islands with dense tropical forest . Lowlands on the western portions of each of the main islands are sheltered by the mountains and have a well-marked dry season favorable to crops such as sugarcane .   Other islands and island groups , which cover just 12.5 % of the land area and house some 16 % of the population , include Taveuni southeast off Vanua Levu and Kadavu Island , south off Viti Levu ( the third and fourth largest islands respectively ) , the Mamanuca Group ( just off Nadi ) and Yasawa Group ( to the north of the Mamanucas ) , which are popular tourist destinations , the Lomaiviti Group ( just off Suva ) with Levuka , the former capital and the only major town on any of the smaller islands , located on the island of Ovalau , and the remote Lau Group over the Koro Sea to the east near Tonga , from which it is separated by the Lakeba Passage .   Two outlying regions are Rotuma , 400 km to the north , and the uninhabited coral atoll and cay Ceva-i-Ra or Conway Reef , 450 km to the southwest of main Fiji . Culturally conservative Rotuma with its 2000 people on 44 km2 geographically belongs to Polynesia , and enjoys relative autonomy as a Fijian dependency .   Fiji Television reported on 21 September 2006 that the Fiji Islands Maritime and Safety Administration ( FIMSA ) , while reviewing its outdated maritime charts , had discovered the possibility that more islands could lie within Fiji 's Exclusive Economic Zone .   More than half of Fiji 's population lives on the island coasts , either in Suva or in smaller urban centers . The interior is sparsely populated because of its rough terrain .

neg: Archipelagic state An archipelagic state is any internationally recognized state or country that comprises a series of islands that form an archipelago . The term is defined by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in order to define what borders such states should be allowed to claim .   In various conferences , Fiji , Indonesia , Papua New Guinea , the Bahamas , and the Philippines are the five sovereign states that obtained approval in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea signed in Montego Bay , Jamaica on December 10 , 1982 and qualified as archipelagic states .   Archipelagic states are states that are composed of groups of islands forming a state as a single unit , with the islands and the waters within the baselines as internal waters . Under this concept ( `` archipelagic doctrine '' ) , an archipelago shall be regarded as a single unit , so that the waters around , between , and connecting the islands of the archipelago , irrespective of their breadth and dimensions , form part of the internal waters of the state , and are subject to its exclusive sovereignty .   The approval of the United Nations for the five sovereign states as archipelagic states respect existing agreements with other countries and shall recognize traditional fishing rights and other legitimate activities of the immediately adjacent neighboring countries in certain areas falling within archipelagic waters . The terms and conditions for the exercise of such rights and activities , including the nature , the extent and the areas to which they apply , shall , at the request of any of the countries concerned , be regulated by bilateral agreements between them . Such rights shall not be transferred to or shared with third countries or their nationals .

neg: Timor Timor is an island at the southern end of Maritime Southeast Asia , north of the Timor Sea . The island is divided between the sovereign states of East Timor on the eastern part and Indonesia , on the western part . The Indonesian part , also known as West Timor , constitutes part of the province of East Nusa Tenggara . Within West Timor lies an exclave of East Timor called Oecusse District . The island covers an area of 30,777 km2 . The name is a variant of timur , Malay for `` east '' ; it is so called because it lies at the eastern end of the Lesser Sunda Islands .

neg: Impacts of ocean acidification on the Great Barrier Reef Ocean acidification threatens the Great Barrier Reef by reducing the viability and strength of coral reefs . The Great Barrier Reef , considered one of the seven natural wonders of the world and a biodiversity hotspot , is located in Australia . Similar to other coral reefs , it is experiencing degradation due to ocean acidification . Ocean acidification results from a rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide , which is taken up by the ocean . This process can increase sea surface temperature , decrease aragonite , and lower the pH of the ocean .   Calcifying organisms are under risk , due to the resulting lack of aragonite in the water and the decreasing pH. This decreased health of coral reefs , particularly the Great Barrier Reef , can result in reduced biodiversity . Organisms can become stressed due to ocean acidification and the disappearance of healthy coral reefs , such as the Great Barrier Reef , is a loss of habitat for several taxa .

neg: Pacific Islander Pacific Islander is a term used to refer to the peoples of the Pacific Islands .

neg: Bass Islands (French Polynesia) The Bass Islands ( Îles ( de ) Bass or Îlots ( de ) Bass ) consist primarily of Rapa Iti and Marotiri . They are usually considered to be the southernmost of the Austral Islands , although this classification is one of geographic and political expediency more so than because of similarities between them and the rest of the Austral Islands . The Bass Islands , lying several degrees outside the tropics , are the southernmost islands in French Polynesia .   Geologically , the Bass Islands are distinguished from the Austral Islands in that their vulcanism appears to be much more recent .   Culturally , the Bass Islands appear to have been colonized about the same time as Tahiti and the Marquesas , and the culture and language ( Rapan ) appear to have diverged about the same time as well , indicating that they developed in relative isolation almost from the time of first settlement .   Rapa , sometimes called Rapa Iti ( Little Rapa , to distinguish it from `` Rapa Nui '' ( Big Rapa ) , a name for Easter Island ) , is the largest and only inhabited island of the Bass Islands . An older name for the island is Oparo . Its area is 40 km2 with a population of almost 500 and a max elevation of 650 m. Its main town is Ahuréi .   Marotiri is a group of four uninhabited volcanic rocks protruding from the sea ( and several submerged rocks ) , forming the southeastern end of the Austral Islands of French Polynesia . Marotiri is also known as Bass Rocks ( Îlots de Bass in French ) , maybe according to the name of the European explorer George Bass . Marotiri is very isolated , located at , about 725 mi west-south-westward of Pitcairn Island . The closest island is Rapa Iti , 75 km further northwest , but separated from it by an ocean depth of more than 1,500 meters . The rocks are part of the municipality of Rapa and uninhabitable by people . They form an important bird sanctuary .

neg: South Pacific Gyre __ NOTOC __  The Southern Pacific Gyre is part of the Earth 's system of rotating ocean currents , bounded by the Equator to the north , Australia to the west , the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to the south , and South America to the east . The center of the South Pacific Gyre is the site on Earth farthest from any continents and productive ocean regions and is regarded as Earth 's largest oceanic desert .

neg: Law in Oceania Law in Oceania refers to the different legal systems within the geographical area of Oceania . Countries such as Australia and New Zealand follow in the Commonwealth tradition of common law , and until recently were subject to the United Kingdom House of Lords . Other countries and islands trace their legal heritage to different former colonialists .

neg: Pacific Union The Pacific Union is a proposed development of the Pacific Islands Forum , suggested in 2003 by a committee of the Australian Senate , into a political and economic intergovernmental community . The union , if formed , will have a common charter , institutions and currency . Although former Prime Minister of Australia John Howard spoke of a Pacific Union whilst in office , his government 's emphasis was focused on bilateral relations and agreements with the individual states of the Forum .

neg: German New Guinea German New Guinea ( Deutsch-Neuguinea ) was the first part of the German colonial empire . It was a protectorate from 1884 until 1914 when it fell to Australian forces following the outbreak of the First World War . It consisted of the northeastern part of New Guinea and several nearby island groups . The mainland part of German New Guinea and the nearby islands of the Bismarck Archipelago and the North Solomon Islands are now part of Papua New Guinea . The Micronesian islands of German New Guinea are now governed as the Federated States of Micronesia , the Marshall Islands , Nauru , the Northern Mariana Islands and Palau .   The mainland portion , Kaiser-Wilhelmsland , was formed from the northeastern part of New Guinea . The islands to the east of Kaiser-Wilhelmsland , on annexation , were renamed the Bismarck Archipelago ( formerly the New Britannia Archipelago ) and the two largest islands renamed Neu-Pommern ( `` New Pomerania '' , today 's New Britain ) and Neu-Mecklenburg ( `` New Mecklenburg , now New Ireland ) . Due to their accessibility by water , however , these outlying islands were , and have remained , the most economically viable part of the territory .   With the exception of German Samoa , the German islands in the Western Pacific formed the `` Imperial German Pacific Protectorates '' . These were administered as part of German New Guinea and they included the German Solomon Islands ( Buka , Bougainville , and several smaller islands ) , the Carolines , Palau , the Marianas ( except for Guam ) , the Marshall Islands , and Nauru . The total land area of German New Guinea was 249500 km ² .

neg: Conservation in Australia Conservation in Australia is an issue of state and federal policy . Australia is one of the most biologically diverse countries in the world , with a large portion of species endemic to Australia . Preserving this wealth of biodiversity is important for future generations .   Animal habitats like reefs and forests must be preserved in order to preserve population and diversity of animal species . Conservation is vital for future study and for field research to be taken , and because biological richness is an unmeasurable aesthetic that may be developed into commercial recreational attractions .   According to Janine Benyus , the potential for advances in biomimicry in Australia are great because the extreme weather and conditions found here provide an excellent evolutionary incubator . Research on natural processes can only occur if habitat is preserved and organisms continue to thrive .   Federal and State governments manage protected areas and national parks ; a number of non-governmental organizations are also involved in conservation .

neg: Australian Plate The Australian Plate is a major tectonic plate in the eastern and , largely , in the southern hemispheres . Originally a part of the ancient continent of Gondwana , Australia remained connected to India and Antarctica until approximately when India broke away and began moving north . Australia and Antarctica began rifting and completely separated roughly The Australian plate later fused with the adjacent Indian Plate beneath the Indian Ocean to form a single Indo-Australian Plate . However , recent studies suggest that the two plates have once again split apart and have been separate plates for at least 3 million years and likely longer . The Australian plate includes the continent of Australia , including Tasmania , as well portions of New Guinea , New Zealand , and the Indian Ocean basin .

neg: Australia–Turkey relations Australia -- Turkey relations are foreign relations between the Commonwealth of Australia and the Republic of Turkey . Diplomatic relations between the two countries were established in 1967 . Australia has had an embassy in Ankara since 1968 , a consulate-general in Istanbul and a consulate in Çanakkale . Turkey has had an embassy in Canberra since 1967 and two consulates-general in Melbourne and Sydney .   The first encounter of Turkey and Australia was on the battlefields of Çanakkale , the scene of a fierce but , at the same time , gentlemanly war . This has created a bond of mutual respect , admiration and friendship . The historical bond between the two countries constitutes a strong foundation to further strengthen and deepen their relations in every fields . The warm sentiments between Turkish and Australian nations were best voiced in the message of the Great Leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk , which was sent to the Australian and New Zealander mothers in 1934 and is as follows :  `` Those heroes that shed their blood and lost their lives ... you are now lying in the soil of a friendly country . Therefore rest in peace . There is no difference between the Johnnies and the Mehmets where they lie side by side here in this country of ours ... You the mothers who sent their sons from far away countries , wipe away your tears . Your sons are now lying in our bosom and are in peace . Having lost their lives on this land they have become our sons as well . ''   The Çanakkale Battles are commemorated every year in Çanakkale on 24 -- 25 April with a wide participation from Australia .   There are no contentious issues between Turkey and Australia . The Turkish community living in Australia constitutes a bridge of friendship between the two countries .

neg: European Australians European Australians , or White Australians , are citizens or residents of Australia whose ancestry originates from the peoples of Europe and the Caucasus .   Since the early 19th century , people of European descent have formed the vast majority of the population in Australia . The majority of European Australians are of British Isles -- English , Irish , Scottish , Welsh or Cornish ( Anglo-Celtic ) -- ancestral origin . In 2010 , it was estimated that around 74 % of the Australian population were Anglo-Celtic Australians .   Other significant ancestries include Italian , German , Greek , Dutch , New Zealanders ( European New Zealanders ) , Polish , Maltese and Croatian . Today , Australians of British and other European ancestries are the dominant majority in Australia , estimated at 92 % of the total population .   Historically , European immigrants had great influence over Australian history and society , which resulted in the perception of Australia as a European country .

neg: ISO 3166-2:AU ISO 3166-2 : AU is the entry for Australia in ISO 3166-2 , part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization ( ISO ) , which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions ( e.g. , provinces or states ) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1 .   Currently for Australia , ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 6 states and 2 territories . Lesser territories that are under the administration of the federal government , such as the Jervis Bay Territory , the Ashmore and Cartier Islands , and the Coral Sea Islands , are not listed .   Each code consists of two parts , separated by a hyphen . The first part is , the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Australia . The second part is two or three letters , which is the conventional abbreviation of the state or territory ( defined in Australian Standard AS 4212-1994 ) .

neg: Hope Islands National Park Hope Islands National Park is a national park in Queensland ( Australia ) 1,521 km north-west of Brisbane . The park consists of four islands : East Hope and West Hope , Snapper Island and Struck Island .  The Hope islands are situated approximately 37 km south-east of Cooktown and about 8 km offshore  Struck Island is a rocky outcrop just off Thornton Beach and south of Cape Tribulation  Snapper island is about two km long and is at the mouth of the Daintree River . It is about 20 km north of Port Douglas   Access is via private vessel or by permitted commercial operators .   The Hope islands were named by Lt James Cook in June 1770 , as his ship HMS Endeavour edged its way northward along the eastern Australian coastline during his first voyage in the Pacific . Cook had hoped to put ashore on the islands when they were first sighted 10 June 1770 , but found the surrounding water too shallow to bring Endeavour close . Later that night Endeavour struck a reef and narrowly avoided sinking ; Cook then stood her offshore while he searched for a point on the mainland upon which to beach her for repairs . Cook named them on 12 June as Endeavour headed further north , because `` we were always in hopes of being able to reach these Islands . ''

neg: Foreign relations of Vanuatu Vanuatu maintains relations with more than 65 countries , and has a very modest network of diplomatic missions . Australia , France , Republic of Korea , New Zealand and the People 's Republic of China maintain embassies , high commissions , or missions in Port Vila . The British High Commission closed in 2005 after maintaining a presence for almost a century .   The government 's main concern has been to bolster the economy . In keeping with its need for financial assistance , Vanuatu has joined the Asian Development Bank , the World Bank , the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) . According to ABC Radio Australia , `` Foreign policy issues that feature in Vanuatu include wide support for the Free West Papua Movement and broadly for independence throughout Melanesia , the One China Policy and relations with Australia and New Zealand . '' On the latter topic , guest worker programmes feature prominently .

neg: Racial violence in Australia Various examples of violence have been attributed to racial factors during the recorded history of Australia since white settlement , and a level of intertribal rivalry and violence among Indigenous Australians pre-dates the arrival of white settlers from Britain in 1788 .   During the period of British colonisation , various incidents of inter-racial tension and competition for land and resources between Europeans and Indigenous peoples involved violence , becoming a factor in the decline of indigenous populations during the 19th century . Incidents of racial violence between settler communities followed the large scale multi-ethnic immigration of the Australian goldrushes of the mid-19th century - notably white miners targeting Chinese miners - which contributed to the development of the White Australia Policy which preferenced British and `` white '' immigration to Australia for some decades . The policy resulted in a largely racially homogenous population by the mid-20th century .   Australia 's large scale , Post-World War Two , multi-ethnic immigration program has seen Australia develop into one of the most ethnically diverse nations , with relatively little racial violence , and in which incitement to racial violence is a crime . Nevertheless , incidents and examples of violence between the various ethnicities of modern Australia have continued to be attributed to racial motivations up to the present time .


query: Event management includes decor.

pos: Event management Event management is the application of project management to the creation and development of large scale events such as festivals , conferences , ceremonies , formal parties , concerts , or conventions . It involves studying the brand , identifying it 's target audience , devising the event concept , and coordinating the technical aspects before actually launching the event .   The process of planning and coordinating the event is usually referred to as event planning and which can include budgeting , scheduling , site selection , acquiring necessary permits , coordinating transportation and parking , arranging for speakers or entertainers , arranging decor , event security , catering , coordinating with third party vendors , and emergency plans .   The events industry now includes events of all sizes from the Olympics down to business breakfast meetings . Many industries , charitable organizations , and interest groups hold events in order to market themselves , build business relationships , raise money , or celebrate achievement .

neg: Event photography Event photography is the practice of photographing guests and occurrences at any Event or occasion where one may hire a photographer for . This is a coverage that is used around the world at occasions such as weddings , christenings , naming ceremonies , parties , birthdays , formals , dances , ceremonies , award ceremonies , funerals , meals and engagements .

neg: Ideal Home Show The Ideal Home Show ( formerly called the Ideal Home Exhibition ) is an annual event in London held at Olympia , London since March 2015 . The show was devised by the Daily Mail newspaper in 1908 and continued to be run by the Daily Mail up until 2009 . It was then sold to events and publishing company Media 10 .   Its goal is to bring together everything associated with having an `` ideal home '' , such as the latest inventions for the modern house , and to showcase the latest housing designs . A regular feature of the show for many years was the Ideal House Competition , where designs were invited and the winning schemes erected at the exhibition the following year .   The first exhibition was held in 1908 at the Olympia exhibition centre , with sections dedicated to `` phases of home life '' such as construction , food and cookery , furniture and decoration . Demonstrations and contests included an Arts and Crafts competition and a competition to design the `` Ideal Home '' . Wareham Smith , advertising manager of the Daily Mail , founded the exhibition as a marketing event for the newspaper . It was often visited by celebrities and royalty .

neg: Design management Design management is a business discipline that uses project management , design , strategy , and supply chain techniques to control a creative process , support a culture of creativity , and build a structure and organization for design . The objective of design management is to develop and maintain an efficient business environment in which an organization can achieve its strategic and mission goals through design . Design management is a comprehensive activity at all levels of business ( operational to strategic ) , from the discovery phase to the execution phase . `` Simply put , design management is the business side of design . Design management encompasses the ongoing processes , business decisions , and strategies that enable innovation and create effectively-designed products , services , communications , environments , and brands that enhance our quality of life and provide organizational success . '' The discipline of design management overlaps with marketing management , operations management , and strategic management .   Traditionally , design management was seen as limited to the management of design projects , but over time , it evolved to include other aspects of an organization at the functional and strategic level . A more recent debate concerns the integration of design thinking into strategic management as a cross-disciplinary and human-centered approach to management . This paradigm also focuses on a collaborative and iterative style of work and an abductive mode of inference , compared to practices associated with the more traditional management paradigm .   Design has become a strategic asset in brand equity , differentiation , and product quality for many companies . More and more organizations apply design management to improve design-relevant activities and to better connect design with corporate strategy .

neg: Event-driven Event driven may refer to :   The term event-driven refers to a methodology that focuses on events and event dependencies .   Examples include :   Event-driven finite-state machine , finite-state machine where the transition from one state to another is triggered by an event or a message  Event-driven programming , a programming paradigm in which the flow of the program is determined by events , and is often characterised by a main loop , event handlers , and asynchronous programming  Event-driven architecture , a software architecture pattern promoting the production , detection , consumption of , and reaction to events  Event-driven investing , a hedge fund investment strategy that seeks to exploit pricing inefficiencies that may occur before or after a corporate event  Event-driven process chains , a type of flowchart used for business process modelling  Workflows , a sequence of connected steps

neg: Oriental management Oriental management , doing research on both the latest and historical theories and practices of management both inside and outside China and operation rules of management , is one of the modern management schools . Oriental management , based on the unique traditional culture of eastern countries , especially China , has integrated the essence of management thoughts from both the east and the west , after decades of study . The theoretical foundations of oriental management are Chinese Management , Western Management and Overseas Chinese Management.The concept of `` human orientedness '' , `` human morality '' and `` human behavior '' , which is the essence and core value of oriental management , was created by Prof. Su Dongshui , who is the founder of oriental management school , in the early 1990s . The research scope of oriental management is not confined to business , but extending to almost all fields of management , including individual governance , management analysis , family governance , business governance and state governance . By exercising and implementing the `` Fifteen philosophical elements '' , including rules of governing a state , flexibility against changes , human orientedness , application of power , pragmaticism , regarding harmony as priority , attaching importance on using tools , state governance by law , embarking on a business with credit and good faith , being well planned , stratagem in decision making , subtle using of tactics , being highly efficient and uncorrupted , being industrious in making a fortune , and entelechy with reason , the highest purpose or ultimate value of oriental management is harmonious society in which everybody fulfills his comprehensive and free development .

neg: Design brief A design brief is a written document for a design project developed by a person or team ( the ` designer ' or ` design team ' ) in consultation with the ` client ' . They outline the deliverables and scope of the project including any products or works ( function and aesthetics ) , timing and budget . They can be used for many projects including those in the fields of architecture , interior design and industrial design . Design briefs are also used to evaluate the effectiveness of a design after it has been produced and during the creation process to keep the project on track and on budget . Some firms rely on them more than others but there is a move towards greater accountability in the design process and thus many people find them most useful . They usually change over time and are adjusted as the project scope evolves . Often they are ` signed off ' by the client and designer at set stages in the project .   A design brief may use the following layout :   Title page  Table of contents  History  Company history  Company Profile  Specializations  Designer Profile  Company Name  Past Accomplishments  Problem Statement  Problem Description  Constraints  Budget  Time  Needs of the Problem  Goals  What you plan to accomplish  Due dates  Solution Analysis  Risks/Benefits  Planned Solutions  Sketches  Synopsis  Evaluation  Conclusion/Summary

neg: Arts administration Arts administration ( alternatively arts management ) is the field that concerns business operations around an arts organization . Arts administrators are responsible for facilitating the day-to-day operations of the organization and fulfilling its mission . Arts organizations include professional non-profit entities ( e.g. theaters , museums , symphonies , jazz organizations , opera houses , and ballet companies ) and many smaller professional and non-professional for-profit arts-related organizations ( e.g. auction houses , art galleries , music companies , etc. ) . The duties of an arts administrator can include staff management , marketing , budget management , public relations , fundraising , program development and evaluation , and board relations .

neg: Window manager A window manager is system software that controls the placement and appearance of windows within a windowing system in a graphical user interface . Most window managers are designed to help provide a desktop environment . They work in conjunction with the underlying graphical system that provides required functionality -- support for graphics hardware , pointing devices , and a keyboard , and are often written and created using a widget toolkit .   Few window managers are designed with a clear distinction between the windowing system and the window manager . Every graphical user interface based on a windows metaphor has some form of window management . In practice , the elements of this functionality vary greatly . Elements usually associated with window managers allow the user to open , close , minimize , maximize , move , resize , and keep track of running windows , including window decorators . Many window managers also come with various utilities and features : e.g. docks , task bars , program launchers , desktop icons , and wallpaper .

neg: Event (computing) In computing , an event is an action or occurrence recognized by software that may be handled by the software . Computer events can be generated or triggered by the system , by the user or in other ways . Typically , events are handled synchronously with the program flow , that is , the software may have one or more dedicated places where events are handled , frequently an event loop . A source of events includes the user , who may interact with the software by way of , for example , keystrokes on the keyboard . Another source is a hardware device such as a timer . Software can also trigger its own set of events into the event loop , e.g. to communicate the completion of a task . Software that changes its behavior in response to events is said to be event-driven , often with the goal of being interactive .

neg: Functional Strategy Functional strategy - organizational plans prepared for various functional areas of a company 's organizational structure ( e.g. , marketing strategy , financial strategy , production strategy etc. ) . Functional strategies can be part of overall corporate strategy or serve as separate plans of strategy cascading/implementation within a functional area .   Some common functional strategies are :  Production strategy ( `` make or buy '' ) - defines what the company produces itself , and that purchases from suppliers or partners , that is , how far worked out the production chain .  Financial Strategy - to select the main source of funding : the development of their own funds ( depreciation , profit , the issue of shares , etc. ) or through debt financing ( bank loans , bonds , commodity suppliers ' credits , etc. ) .  Organizational strategy - decision on the organization of the staff ( choose the type of organizational structure , compensation system , etc. ) .  others , such as : research and development ( R & D ) strategy , investment strategy , etc. .   In addition , each of the functional strategies can be divided into components . For example , organizational strategy can be divided into three components :   strategy of building organizations - to select the type of structure ( divisional , functional , project , etc. ) ;  strategy to work with the staff - a way of training ( mainly administrative staff ) , training of staff ( in a business or educational institutions ) , career planning , etc. ;  strategy of remuneration ( wages , rewards and penalties ) - in particular , the approach to the compensation of senior managers ( salary , bonuses , profit sharing , etc. ) .   Responsible for implementation of the strategy at the functional level are senior specialists ( Ch . Engineer , Director of Finance ) . At the enterprise level - CEO , general director or director of the department , at the level of groups of companies - a collegiate body ( board of directors ) .

neg: Painting and Decorating Contractors of America The Painting and Decorating Contractors of America ( PDCA ) is a non-profit association established in 1884 to represent the painting and decorating industry . It was founded as the `` Master House Painters Association of the United States and Canada '' . PDCA has established industry standards , issues publications , and has a contractor accreditation program through Contractor College . Members of PDCA can be found throughout the United States , Canada and other countries . They are served regionally and locally by more than 100 volunteer based Councils , Chapters and Forums .

neg: Scenario paintball Scenario paintball is a type of paintball game in which players participate in a scenario , or story ; and may include historical re-enactments , futuristic or video game simulations . Games tend to last in the range of hours or days , and may include a large group of players . The largest paintball scenario games are the Skirmish Invasion of Normandy ( ION ) scenario & Oklahoma D-DAY , both of which attract upwards of 4,000 players annually .   Scenario games are almost always objective-driven in regard to scoring . Each team must complete a series of missions to score points . These may be simple `` capture the flag at this location '' missions to elaborate missions involving props , multiple locations , interactive non-player characters and more .   To further enhance the theme of a game , field locations may be named for important story locations , and props of various sorts are added to the game . These may be objects that players collect for points , or even vehicles that take part in the fighting , like paintball tanks . Players may don costumes specific to the theme , such as historic military uniforms or other costumes .   Scenario events are usually planned far in advance , both by the event `` producers '' or fields , and by the players themselves . Players may form large , lasting networks of players and teams that play together year after year in a specific scenario . These organizations help plan game strategy and direct their groups on the field and offer a level of organization beyond the basic two-sided team play .   Like all forms of paintball , scenario paintball has a very good per-capita safety record . Due to longer play times , heat-related injuries are one of the more common injuries in scenario paintball . Many players often carry 1 - to 3-liter water bladders , allowing players to drink water without removing their safety masks , to combat heat and dehydration .

neg: Corporate design A corporate design ( CD ) is the official graphical design of the logo and name of a company or institution used on letterheads , envelopes , forms , folders , brochures , etc. . The house style is created in such a way that all the elements are arranged in a distinctive design and pattern .   This includes dictating what ink pantones should be used in the coloring , and what typefaces .   Governments may have corporate designs as well . On June 2 , 1999 , the German federal cabinet introduced a corporate design for the flag of Germany .   The term ` corporate design ' is not the name of a specific design profession .   Corporations do have special design needs based on their behaviors . They communicate their mission , objectives , needs , and product information -- with users , clients , or members ; with suppliers , distributors , service providers ; with the surrounding community and the media ; with financial institutions and other corporations , and with the state . They create , acquire , modify , organize and distribute large amounts of information and raw data , as well as goods and services . ( Sometimes the goods or services are themselves information . For example , The Yellow Pages , or The New York Times . )   A designer whose client is a corporation will include the logo and other elements of the corporate brand as a way to standardize and unify all communication between company and audience , whether in print or online . Scenarios that includes human-computer interactions take place through software and hardware user interfaces that are also branded and designed with the corporate culture in mind . ( Examples of user scenarios : update the Web site , transfer funds , document procedures , control security , operate machinery , plan projects , conduct virtual meetings , check inventory , fill an order , or ship a product . )   These interactions are increasingly taking place through Web sites , through mobile devices and at dedicated terminals , and may include sound , video , animation and user feedback mechanisms . A savvy designer will create designs that can be adapted to all of these applications .

neg: Ole Fogh Kirkeby Ole Fogh Kirkeby ( born 1947 ) is a Danish philosopher and a professor at Copenhagen Business School in the Philosophy of Leadership .   He is a Doctor of Philosophy from Aarhus University , graduated with honours , 1994 , with the dissertation `` Event and Body-mind . A phenomenological-hermeneutic Analysis '' . He has an MA ( mag.art . ) in the History of Ideas from Aarhus University .   As a professional philosopher , Kirkeby focused on the event as the centre of being . In order to describe the event , he conceived it as a way in which the body-mind ( his neologism ) absorbed the event by being absorbed by it . The media in which this takes place is language . Thus Kirkeby combined the theory of language games , and the phenomenological tradition , with its emphasis on self-reflective being ( Heidegger ) , and the theory of bodily incorporation developed by Merleau-Ponty , interpreted through the Stoic vocabulary of the event , into an epistemological theory of the way in which we are `` evented '' .   In his philosophical trilogy about the event , with the volumes '' Eventum Tantum -- The Ethos of the Event ( `` Eventum Tantum - Begivenhedens ethos , '' København : Samfundslitteratur , 2005 ) ; Beauty Happens . The Aesthetics of the Event ( `` Skønheden sker . Begivenhedens æstetik . København : Samfundslitteratur 2007 ) : and The Self happens . The Event of Consciousness ( '' Selvet sker . Bevidsthedens begivenhed '' . Samfundslitteratur ) 2008 , he created a new framework for approaching the event .   Kirkeby developed a theory of the Good and Welfare , which will be published in the autumn 2011 by Gyldendal , Copenhagen .   Kirkeby also worked intensively with business economics , creating a new agenda for leadership , exerting a great influence on managers in Denmark . He focused a radical-normative perspective on leadership , emphasizing leadership virtues , the duty of the leader to make values real , and the indispensable importance of the leader to know himself . He wrote several bestsellers inside this field , among others The Philosophy of Management . A Radical-Normative Perspective ( '' Ledelsesfilosofi . Et Radikalt Normativt Perspektiv '' , København : Samfundslitteratur , 1997 , tranl . To Swedish ) ; The New Leadership ( '' Det Nye Lederskab '' . København : Børsens Forlag , 2004 ) ; and The Leadership of the Event and the Force of Action ( '' Begivenhedsledelse og handlekraft '' . Børsens Forlag . København 2006 ) .   In English , these topics of business economics are published in the books Management Philosophy . A Radical-Normative Perspective , Heidelberg and New York : Springer Verlag 2000 ; The Virtue of Leadership . Copenhagen : CBS Press 2007 ; and The New Protreptic . The Concept and the Art . Copenhagen : CBS Press 2009 .   In 2002 , Kirkeby founded the Center for Art and Leadership at CBS , with particular emphasis on the way arts are able to inspire leadership . He still functions as its director .   Kirkeby has been active as an author of fiction with the books Philosophical Stories ( '' Filosofiske Fortællinger '' . København : Lindhardt & Ringhof , 2004 ) ; More Philosophical Short Stories ( Flere filosofiske fortællinger : Lindhardt og Ringhof , København 2008 ) .   In 2010 he wrote the dramatic draft for Cantabile-II , Project Seek-to-Seek , participating himself as an actor .  In 2008 he hosted the re-casting the draft to a new law of Danish Theatre together with a group of experts .   In 2007 he developed experimental theatre together with Bent Noergaard , developing and participating in the play The Creative Human Being , Centre for Art and Science , SDU .   From 1996 to 2000 , Kirkeby co-developed and was the head of the studyboard at the MSc study programmes in Economics & Business Administration ( cand.merc . ) at the Copenhagen Business School , Denmark .   From 2006-2008 he was Professor II at Trøndelag Research & Development , Norway , in Art , business and philosophy .   In 2003 he co-founded a Danish think tank on Public Governance together with The SAS Institute , Denmark .

neg: Rehearsal A rehearsal is an activity in the performing arts that occurs as preparation for a performance in music , theatre , dance and related arts , such as opera , musical theatre and film production . It is undertaken as a form of practising , to ensure that all details of the subsequent performance are adequately prepared and coordinated . The term `` rehearsal '' typically refers to ensemble activities undertaken by a group of people . For example , when a musician is preparing a piano concerto alone in their music studio , this is called `` practicing '' , but when they begin to practice the concerto with an orchestra , this activity is called a `` rehearsal '' . The music rehearsal takes place in a music rehearsal space .   A rehearsal may involve as few as two people , as with a small play for two actors , an art song performance by a singer and a pianist or a folk music duo of a singer and a guitar player . On the other end of the spectrum , a rehearsal can be held for a very large orchestra with over 100 performers and a choir . A rehearsal can involve only performers of one type , as in an a cappella choir show , in which a group of singers perform without instrumental accompaniment or a play involving only theatre actors ; it can involve performers of different instruments , as with an orchestra , rock band or jazz `` big band '' ; vocal and instrumental performers , as with opera and choral works accompanied by orchestra ; or a mix of actors , vocalists , instrumentalists and dancers , as with musical theatre .   Rehearsals of small groups of performers , such as small rock bands , jazz quartets or organ trios may be held without a leader ; in these cases , the performers themselves jointly determine how to run the rehearsal , which songs to practice , and so on . Some small groups may have their rehearsals led by a bandleader . Almost all mid - to large group performances have a person who leads the rehearsals ; this person may be a bandleader in a rock , country or jazz setting ; a conductor in classical music ( including in opera ) ; a director in theatre or musical theatre ; or a film director for movie rehearsals .   While the term is most commonly used in the performing arts to refer to preparation for a public presentation or show , the term is also used to refer to the preparation for other anticipated activities , such as wedding guests and couples practicing a wedding ceremony , paramedics practicing responding to a simulated emergency , or army troops practicing for an attack using a mock-up of the building they will be assaulting .

neg: Event tree Event tree is an inductive analytical diagram in which an event is analyzed using Boolean logic to examine a chronological series of subsequent events or consequences . For example , event tree analysis is a major component of nuclear reactor safety engineering .   An event tree displays sequence progression , sequence end states and sequence-specific dependencies across time .

neg: Business process management Business process management ( BPM ) is a field in operations management that focuses on improving corporate performance by managing and optimizing a company 's business processes . It can therefore be described as a `` process optimization process '' . It is argued that BPM enables organizations to be more efficient , more effective and more capable of change than a functionally focused , traditional hierarchical management approach . These processes can impact the cost and revenue generation of an organization .   As a policy-making approach , BPM sees processes as important assets of an organization that must be understood , managed , and developed to announce value-added products and services to clients or customers . This approach closely resembles other total quality management or continual improvement process methodologies and BPM proponents also claim that this approach can be supported , or enabled , through technology . As such , many BPM articles and scholars frequently discuss BPM from one of two viewpoints : people and/or technology .

neg: Fluent (artificial intelligence) In artificial intelligence , a fluent is a condition that can change over time . In logical approaches to reasoning about actions , fluents can be represented in first-order logic by predicates having an argument that depends on time . For example , the condition `` the box is on the table '' , if it can change over time , can not be represented by ; a third argument is necessary to the predicate to specify the time : means that the box is on the table at time . This representation of fluents is modified in the situation calculus by using the sequence of the past actions in place of the current time .   A fluent can also be represented by a function , dropping the time argument . For example , that the box is on the table can be represented by , where is a function and not a predicate . In first order logic , converting predicates to functions is called reification ; for this reason , fluents represented by functions are said to be reified . When using reified fluents , a separate predicate is necessary to tell when a fluent is actually true or not . For example , means that the box is actually on the table at time , where the predicate is the one that tells when fluents are true . This representation of fluents is used in the event calculus , in the fluent calculus , and in the features and fluents logics .   Some fluents can be represented as functions in a different way . For example , the position of a box can be represented by a function whose value is the object the box is standing on at time . Conditions that can be represented in this way are called functional fluents . Statements about the values of such functions can be given in first order logic with equality using literals such as . Some fluents are represented this way in the situation calculus .

neg: Design leadership Design leadership is a concept complementary to design management . In practice , design managers within companies often operate in the field of design leadership and design leaders in the field of design management . However , the two terms are not interchangeable .   Design leadership can be described as leadership that generates innovative design solutions . Turner defines design leadership by adding three additional aspects for design leadership ,  the difference in leading through design ,  the sustaining design leadership over time and  the gaining of acknowledgment for achievements through design .   Turner separates the core responsibilities of design leadership in following six activities :  envisionising of the future  manifesting strategic intent  directing design investment  managing corporate reputation  creating and nurturing an environment of innovation  training for design leadership

neg: Process specification Process specification is a generic term for the specification of a process . Its context is not unique to `` business activity '' but can be applied to any organizational activity .   Within some structured methods , the capitalized term Process Specification refers to a description of the procedure to be followed by an actor within an elementary level business activity , as represented on a process model such as a dataflow diagram or IDEF0 model . A common alias is minispec short for miniature specification .