query: The Lego Movie was released on the 8th.

pos: The Lego Movie The Lego Movie is a 2014 3D computer-animated adventure comedy film directed by Phil Lord and Christopher Miller . The screenplay , penned by Lord and Miller , is based on a story by them and Dan and Kevin Hageman ; while the film features a few live-action scenes , it is primarily an animated film . Based on the Lego line of construction toys , the story focuses on an ordinary Lego minifigure who finds himself being the only one to help a resistance stop a tyrannical businessman from gluing everything in the Lego worlds into his vision of perfection . Chris Pratt , Will Ferrell , Elizabeth Banks , Will Arnett , Nick Offerman , Alison Brie , Charlie Day , Liam Neeson , and Morgan Freeman provide their voices for the film 's main characters . The Lego Movie was the first film produced by Warner Animation Group since the release of Looney Tunes : Back in Action in 2003 , and was an international co-production of the United States , Australia and Denmark . It was dedicated to the memory of Kathleen Fleming , the former director of entertainment development of the Lego company , following her death in Cancun , Mexico in April 2013 .   The film was released on February 7 , 2014 by Warner Bros. . Pictures to near-unanimous acclaim ; critics praised its visual style , humor , voice cast and heartwarming message . It earned more than $ 257 million in the U.S. and Canada and $ 210 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of over $ 469 million , with the film winning the BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film , the Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Animated Feature , and the Saturn Award for Best Animated Film ; it was also nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film and an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Song for `` Everything Is Awesome '' .   The film has since expanded into a major franchise which ties into the Lego brand . A spin-off film , The Lego Batman Movie , was released to theaters on February 10 , 2017 , with a second spin-off , The Lego Ninjago Movie , set to release later in the year . A sequel to the film is scheduled for release on February 8 , 2019 , as well as a third spin-off , The Billion Brick Race , also planned .

neg: Bionicle 2: Legends of Metru Nui Bionicle 2 : Legends of Metru Nui is the second film in the Bionicle series and is a prequel to Bionicle : Mask of Light . This movie follows the 2004 storyline and was created using Lego elements from the Bionicle series , and was released as a direct-to-DVD . It is also the last film in the franchise to be given a rating by the MPAA .   In this movie , Vakama recalls events that took place long before the classic Bionicle stories at Mata Nui , during which he , along with his friends Nuju , Matau , Onewa , Whenua , and Nokama were chosen to be the new Toa of the island of Metru Nui . To save the city , they must prove themselves worthy Toa , find their mask powers , and protect the `` Heart of Metru Nui '' . However , they also find themselves caught up in the schemes of the evil Makuta .   The film has many scenes taking stock footage from itself . The film was received with mixed reviews , with some noting the filling in of plot holes from the last movie . The series continued to be noted for its visual effects and musical score . It was followed by a sequel , Bionicle 3 : Web of Shadows .

neg: Lego Bionicle: The Journey to One Lego Bionicle : The Journey to One is an animated web television series created for Netflix based on the Lego toy theme Bionicle , chronicling events from its 2016 storyline . The series follows the Toa , part-organic , part-machine beings with power over the elements in their quest of safeguarding their island home of Okoto and protecting its inhabitants from the evils of Makuta , the main antagonist .   Consisting of four episodes , the series premiered on March 4 , 2016 with its first two episodes and a preceding prologue , with the latter two being released the following July 29 .

neg: Film series A film series ( also referred to as a film franchise ) is a collection of related films in succession that share the same fictional universe , or are marketed as a series .   Sometimes the work is conceived from the beginning as a multiple-film work , for example the Three Colours series , but in most cases the success of the original film inspires further films to be made . Individual sequels are relatively common , but are not always successful enough to spawn further installments .   The Marvel Cinematic Universe is the highest grossing film series in unadjusted US Dollar figures surpassing the Harry Potter , Star Wars , James Bond , and Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings series . However , `` Star Wars '' has the highest when adjusted for inflation .

neg: Section 8 (military) Section 8 is a category of discharge from the United States military , used for a service member judged mentally unfit for service . It also came to mean any service member given such a discharge or behaving as if deserving such a discharge , as in the expression , `` he 's a Section 8 '' . The term comes from Section VIII of the World War II-era United States Army Regulation 615-360 , which provided for the discharge of those deemed unfit for military service .   Discharge under Section 8 is no longer practiced , as medical discharges for psychological/psychiatric reasons are now covered by a number of regulations . In the Army , such discharges are handled under the provisions of AR 635-200 , Active Duty Enlisted Administrative Separations . Chapter 5 , paragraph 13 governs the separation of personnel medically diagnosed with a personality disorder .   Section 8 became a household phrase when used in the 1970s TV series M * A * S * H , in which the character Corporal Klinger was continually seeking one ( until he eventually abandoned his efforts ) . Other pop culture references to the term include :  The 1987 movie Full Metal Jacket , in which a recruit ( Leonard Lawrence , a.k.a. `` Private Gomer Pyle '' ) becomes noticeably unstable as a result of the abuse from his drill instructor and platoon-mates . Later in the film , it is mentioned again when Private `` Cowboy '' mentions how one of his recently deceased platoon-mates was about to be shipped out on a Section 8 for chronic masturbation .  The 2003 movie Basic , in which a DEA agent Tom Hardy ( played by John Travolta ) investigates a group of rogue Rangers turned drug dealers calling themselves Section 8 . They are later revealed to be a black-ops anti-drug unit led by Hardy ( now addressed as `` Colonel '' ) ; the `` Section-8 '' insane-mercenary story is a cover to spook the cartels .  The 2007 video game BioShock , in which Atlas , via radio , informs the player that Fort Frolic has been handed over to a deranged artist named Sander Cohen . `` Cohen 's an artist , says some . He 's a Section 8 , says I. I seen all kinds of cutthroats , freaks , and headcases , but Cohen 's a real lunatic . ''  The 2016 movie Hacksaw Ridge , in which Army recruit Desmond Doss is required to undergo psychiatric evaluation or else face a Section 8 discharge for refusing to participate in weapons training because of his religious convictions .

neg: Millennium Falcon The Millennium Falcon is a spaceship in the Star Wars universe commanded at one time by Corellian smuggler Han Solo ( Harrison Ford ) and his Wookiee first mate , Chewbacca ( Peter Mayhew ) . The highly modified Corellian Engineering Corporation ( CEC ) YT-1300 light freighter first appears in Star Wars ( 1977 ) , and subsequently in The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) , Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) and The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) . The ship also makes a brief cameo appearance in Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) . Additionally , the Falcon appears in a variety of Star Wars expanded universe materials , including books , comics , and games ; James Luceno 's novel Millennium Falcon focuses on the titular ship . It also appears in the 2014 animated film The Lego Movie in Lego form , with Billy Dee Williams and Anthony Daniels reprising their roles of Lando Calrissian and C-3PO , with Keith Ferguson voicing Han Solo .

neg: Lego Island 2: The Brickster's Revenge Lego Island 2 : The Brickster 's Revenge is an action-adventure comedy video game . It is the sequel to Lego Island and was followed by Island Xtreme Stunts .

neg: Star Wars Holiday Special The Star Wars Holiday Special is a 1978 American musical science fiction television film set in the Star Wars galaxy . It stars the series ' first film 's main cast while introducing the character Boba Fett , who would appear in later films . It is one of the first official Star Wars spin-offs and was directed by Steve Binder .   In the storyline that ties the special together , Chewbacca and Han Solo visit Kashyyyk , Chewbacca 's home world , to celebrate Life Day . They are pursued by agents of the Galactic Empire , who are searching for members of the Rebel Alliance on the planet . The special introduces three members of Chewbacca 's family : his father Itchy , his wife Malla , and his son Lumpy , though these names were later explained to have been nicknames , their full names being Attichitcuk , Mallatobuck , and Lumpawarrump , respectively .   The program also features many other Star Wars characters , including Luke Skywalker , C-3PO , R2-D2 , Darth Vader and Princess Leia ( who sings the film 's `` theme song '' , set to the music of John Williams ' Star Wars theme , near the end ) , all of them portrayed by the original actors . The program includes stock footage from Star Wars , and also features a cartoon produced by Toronto-based Nelvana that officially introduces the bounty hunter Boba Fett . Scenes also take place in outer space and in spacecraft including the Millennium Falcon and an Imperial Star Destroyer . The variety-show segments and cartoon also take place in a few other locales , such as a Mos Eisley cantina on the desert planet of Tatooine and a newly introduced red ocean planet known as Panna .   The special is notorious for its extremely negative reception and has never been rebroadcast or officially released on home video . It has therefore become something of a cultural legend , because of the `` underground '' quality of its existence . It has been viewed and distributed in off-air recordings made from its original telecast by fans , which were later adapted to content-sharing websites via the Internet and bootleg copies .

neg: Thor: The Mighty Avenger (toy line) Thor : The Mighty Avenger is a toy line manufactured by Hasbro based on the Marvel Comics film , Thor . It is composed mainly of 3.75 '' scale action figures .   The line falls under Marvel 's `` Avengers Assemble '' marketing banner , which will also include the Iron Man : The Armored Avenger and Captain America : The First Avenger toy lines . This will be used as a lead up to 2012 's The Avengers motion picture .   Unlike previous 3.75 '' action figure lines based on movies , Hasbro is not doing a comic series with this line . All of the figures will be based on the movie . This official street date for the line is March 1 , though some stores have started selling the toys in early February .

neg: The Croods The Croods is a 2013 American 3D computer-animated adventure comedy film produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by 20th Century Fox . It stars the voices of Nicolas Cage , Emma Stone , Ryan Reynolds , Catherine Keener , Clark Duke , and Cloris Leachman . The film is set in a fictional prehistoric Pliocene era known as `` The Croodaceous '' ( a prehistoric period which contains fictional prehistoric creatures ) when a caveman 's position as a `` Leader of the Hunt '' is threatened by the arrival of a prehistoric genius who comes up with revolutionary new inventions as they trek through a dangerous but exotic land in search of a new home .   The Croods was written and directed by Kirk DeMicco and Chris Sanders , and produced by Kristine Belson and Jane Hartwell . The film premiered at the 63rd Berlin International Film Festival on February 15 , 2013 , and was released in the United States on March 22 , 2013 . As part of the distribution deal , this is the first film from DreamWorks Animation to be distributed by 20th Century Fox , since the end of their distribution deal with Paramount Pictures .   The Croods received generally positive reviews , and proved to be a box office success , earning more than $ 587 million on a budget of $ 135 million . The film launched a new franchise , with a television series , Dawn of the Croods , which debuted on December 24 , 2015 , on Netflix . A sequel was announced for a 2018 release , but was later cancelled .

neg: Little Boy (film) Little Boy is a 2015 World War II war fantasy-drama film directed by Alejandro Gómez Monteverde . The screenplay is by Monteverde and Pepe Portillo , and the film was produced by Eduardo Verástegui and Leo Severino , edited by Joan Sobel and Fernando Villena . The film stars Jakob Salvati , Emily Watson , Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa , Michael Rapaport , David Henrie , Ben Chaplin , Eduardo Verástegui , Ted Levine , Abraham Benrubi , Tom Wilkinson . The title is a reference to Little Boy , the code name for the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima as well as a reference to Pepper , the main character 's height . The film was co-produced by Metanoia Films and Santa Fé Films and was released on April 24 , 2015 , by Open Road Films . It was released on DVD and Blu-ray on August 18 , 2015 by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment . The film received negative reviews from mainstream critics and it earned $ 17 million on a $ 20 million budget . The story of the movie is being used in the 2017 Bollywood movie Tubelight starring Salman Khan in the lead role .

neg: E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial is a 1982 American science fiction fantasy film co-produced and directed by Steven Spielberg , and written by Melissa Mathison . It features special effects by Carlo Rambaldi and Dennis Muren , and stars Henry Thomas , Dee Wallace , Robert MacNaughton , Drew Barrymore , Peter Coyote and Pat Welsh . It tells the story of Elliott ( Thomas ) , a lonely boy who befriends an extraterrestrial , dubbed `` E.T. '' , who is stranded on Earth . He and his siblings help it return home while attempting to keep it hidden from their mother and the government .   The concept was based on an imaginary friend Spielberg created after his parents ' divorce in 1960 . In 1980 , Spielberg met Mathison and developed a new story from the stalled sci-fi horror film project Night Skies . It was shot from September to December 1981 in California on a budget of US$ 10.5 million . Unlike most films , it was shot in rough chronological order , to facilitate convincing emotional performances from the young cast .   Released on June 11 , 1982 by Universal Pictures , E.T was an immediate blockbuster , surpassing Star Wars to become the highest-grossing film of all time -- a record it held for eleven years until Jurassic Park , another Spielberg-directed film , surpassed it in 1993 . It is the highest-grossing film of the 1980s . Widely regarded as one of the greatest films of all time , critics acclaimed it as a timeless story of friendship , and it ranks as the greatest science fiction film ever made in a Rotten Tomatoes survey . In 1994 , it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . It was re-released in 1985 , and then again in 2002 to celebrate its 20th anniversary , with altered shots and additional scenes .

neg: Il 7 e l'8 Il 7 e l' 8 ( `` 7 and 8 '' ) is a 2007 Italian comedy film written and directed by Giambattista Avellino and by Ficarra e Picone . For this film they were nominated to David di Donatello for Best New Director and to Silver Ribbon in the same category . The film grossed $ 10,412,376 at the Italian box office .

neg: Lego Knights' Kingdom Lego Knights ' Kingdom is an action-adventure video game based on the Lego toy brand . It was developed by Razorback Developments and published in 2004 by THQ for the Game Boy Advance handheld system . It was the second game based on the Knights ' Kingdom theme , after Lego Creator : Knights ' Kingdom . However , that game was based on the first version of Knights ' Kingdom , while the GBA game is based on the second version .

neg: List of Bionicle toys The following is a list of toys in Lego Bionicle line . They are organized by North American release dates ; major differences in international releases are noted , America and Europe being one of the first to receive them .   There are five main kinds of sets :  Collectibles are random assortments of pieces to be used as accessories for larger sets . New collectibles were originally released every six months , but were reduced to a yearly schedule as of 2004 . Collectibles are no longer released as of 2007 .  Box Sets are the smallest and cheapest independent sets . Though most sets are packaged in cardboard boxes , this article will use the term to describe these small sets . A group of six box sets were released yearly , though in 2007 there were only four . In 2008 , 6 of these were released to correspond with the canister sets , though the boxes themselves were similar to canisters . Box sets contain from around 15 pieces to about 30 .  Canister Sets are the main focus in the toyline and the storyline , and are packaged in plastic canisters . Groups of six canister sets are released every six months . Canister sets usually contain around 50 , 60 or 70 pieces .  Titans was a term first used for the 2005 large sets , and fans often use the label for similar large character sets . In this article , it will be used to describe any set larger than a canister set ( besides playsets ) . Most Titans contain more than 100 pieces , though larger ones contain at least 200 or 500 .  ( Note : The 2007 -- 2009 sets are labeled `` Warriors '' on Bionicle.com . For the time being , this article will continue to use the `` Titan '' label . )  Battle Vehicles are the newest types of sets . They feature canister-set-sized characters on a larger vehicle . They were introduced in 2008 and replaced Playsets . They can be classified as a type of Titan . A few Battle Vehicle sets are about the size and cost of normal titans , however these sets are considerably smaller in size and have Box Set size figures in place of the Canister-size figures . One exception to this is the Toa Ignika set , which contained a vehicle and a Canister-sized set as the rider while still maintaining the normal titan cost . However , the skyboard ( the corresponding vehicle ) is considerably smaller than even other `` normal titan '' vehicles .  Playsets were introduced in 2005 and are traditional Lego construction sets ; including minifigures of canister set characters . In 2008 these have been replaced with Battle Vehicle sets ( see above ) .  Stars were canister sets in early 2010 that contained Box Set size counterparts of characters from previous years . Each contained a piece of golden armor that would fit onto the Tahu set within that particular toyline .   There are also two kinds of other sets :  This list also includes specific promotions ; either items packaged with sets or special collectibles available separately . Promotional sets that are officially not part of the toyline are not included , unless they are acknowledged by the storyline . Promotional Bionicle sets are usually under ten pieces and are free .   Other models are not categorized in any of the above . Other models includes a few Bionicle pieces , and sometimes a CD or video . Their prices vary widely . Most other models were released in Europe or America .   Releases are grouped in this list into six-month periods , the beginnings of which are marked by when canister sets are released ; usually around January for winter periods and July for summer periods ( though due to retail schedules , European `` winter '' releases begin around March instead ) .   Some sets are labeled `` store exclusive '' ; they are only available at that store and directly through Lego ( both Lego outlet stores and the Lego Shop At Home website ) , such as an unnumbered set of random Bionicle parts in a plastic bag .

neg: Barbie: Star Light Adventure Barbie : Star Light Adventure is a 2016 animated film and the second film in the fourth season of films in the Barbie film series . The movie was given a limited theatrical release in July 30 , 2016 and was released to home video in September 13 , 2016 .   Mattel has released a toy line , a story book , and a comic , based on the film .

neg: Lego Universe Lego Universe was a massively multiplayer online game and was available from October 2010 to February 2012 . The game was developed by NetDevil and released on October 26 , 2010 , with an early opening ( October 8 , 2010 ) for the to-be Lego `` Founders '' , which consisted of users who pre-ordered the game . It was globally distributed by Warner Bros. . Interactive Entertainment . Its release was delayed from original estimates of 2009 , Teasers were released by Lego in 2007 and late November 2008 to promote the game , and also in 2009 for one last promotion . The game was available in English and German . The servers were shut down permanently on January 30 , 2012 due to ` unsatisfactory revenue ' from within the game 's target audience .

neg: Major film studio A major film studio is a production and film distributor that releases a substantial number of films annually and consistently commands a significant share of box office revenue in a given market . In the North American , Western , and global markets , the major film studios , often simply known as the majors , are commonly regarded as the six diversified media conglomerates whose various film production and distribution subsidiaries collectively command approximately 80 to 85 percent of U.S. and Canadian box office revenue . The term may also be applied more specifically to the primary motion picture business subsidiary of each respective conglomerate .   The `` Big Six '' majors , whose operations are based in or around the Los Angeles neighborhood of Hollywood , are all centered in film studios active during Hollywood 's Golden Age of the 1930s and 1940s . In three cases -- 20th Century Fox , Warner Bros. , and Paramount -- the studios were one of the `` Big Five '' majors during that era as well . In two cases -- Columbia and Universal -- the studios were also considered majors , but in the next tier down , part of the `` Little Three '' . In the sixth case , Walt Disney Studios was an independent production company during the Golden Age ; it was an important Hollywood entity , but not a major . Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , United Artists , and RKO were majors .   Today , Disney is the only member of the Big Six whose parent entity is still located near Los Angeles ( actually , on Disney 's studio lot and in the same building ) . The five others report to conglomerates headquartered in New York City , Philadelphia , and Tokyo . Of the Big Six , Paramount is the only one still based in Hollywood , and Paramount and Fox are the only ones still located within the Los Angeles city limits , while Disney and Warner Bros. are located in Burbank , Columbia in Culver City , and Universal in the unincorporated area of Universal City .   Most of today 's Big Six control subsidiaries with their own distribution networks that concentrate on arthouse pictures ( e.g. Fox Searchlight Pictures ) or genre films ( e.g. Sony 's Screen Gems ) ; several of these specialty units were shut down or sold off between 2008 and 2010 . The six major studios are contrasted with smaller production and/or distribution companies , which are known as independents or `` indies '' . The leading independent producer/distributors -- Lionsgate Films , The Weinstein Company , and former major studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer -- are sometimes referred to as `` mini-majors '' . From 1998 through 2005 , DreamWorks SKG commanded a large enough market share to arguably qualify it as a seventh major , despite its relatively small output . In 2006 , DreamWorks was acquired by Viacom , Paramount 's corporate parent . In late 2008 , DreamWorks once again became an independent production company ; its films were distributed by Disney 's Touchstone Pictures until 2016 , at which point distribution switched to Universal .   The Big Six major studios are today primarily backers and distributors of films whose actual production is largely handled by independent companies -- either long-running entities or ones created for and dedicated to the making of a specific film . The specialty divisions often simply acquire distribution rights to pictures in which the studio has had no prior involvement . While the majors still do a modicum of true production , their activities are focused more in the areas of development , financing , marketing , and merchandising . Those business functions are still usually performed in or near Los Angeles , even though the runaway production phenomenon means that most films are now mostly or completely shot on location at places outside Los Angeles .   Since the dawn of filmmaking , the U.S. major film studios have dominated both American cinema and the global film industry . U.S. studios have benefited from a strong first-mover advantage in that they were the first to industrialize filmmaking and master the art of mass-producing and distributing high-quality films with broad cross-cultural appeal . Today , the Big Six majors routinely distribute hundreds of films every year into all significant international markets ( that is , where discretionary income is high enough for consumers to afford to watch films ) . It is very rare , if not impossible , for a film to reach a broad international audience on multiple continents and in multiple languages without first being picked up by one of the majors for distribution .

neg: Lego The Lord of the Rings (video game) Lego The Lord of the Rings is a Lego-themed action-adventure video game developed by Traveller 's Tales , that was released on Nintendo 3DS , Nintendo DS , PlayStation Vita , Microsoft Windows , Wii , PlayStation 3 , and Xbox 360 . The OS X version of the game , published by Feral Interactive , was released on 21 February 2013 .   Based on The Lord of the Rings film trilogy , the game follows the original but spoofed storylines of The Fellowship of the Ring , The Two Towers , and The Return of the King , taking players through the epic story events , `` re-imagined with the humour and endless variety of Lego play '' . The game utilises music and voice acting taken from all three films of the film trilogy . Developer Traveller 's Tales has stated they toned down the slapstick humor found in other Lego-licensed titles . The game follows the events in the films ; however , like the Lego Star Wars series , some scenes from the films have been altered to become more family friendly or just provide comic relief to the player .

neg: Lego Friends (2013 video game) Lego Friends is a Lego-themed life simulation video game developed by Hellbent Games and published by Warner Bros. . Interactive Entertainment . The game was first released for Nintendo 3DS systems on 12 November 2013 , and for Nintendo DS systems on 8 April 2014 . The game was later ported to and released for Android and iOS devices on 31 July 2014 . The game is based on the Lego Friends theme of the same name and adapts many of the characters and settings from it .


query: Felicity Jones has received awards for her performances.

pos: Felicity Jones Felicity Rose Hadley Jones ( born 17 October 1983 ) is an English actress . She started her professional acting career as a child , appearing at age 12 in The Treasure Seekers ( 1996 ) . Jones went on to play Ethel Hallow for one season in the television show The Worst Witch and its sequel Weirdsister College . She took time off from acting to attend university at Wadham College , Oxford where she performed in Shakespeare 's The Comedy of Errors for the Oxford University Dramatic Society , and has worked steadily since graduating in 2006 . On radio , she has played the role of Emma Grundy in the BBC 's The Archers . In 2008 , she appeared in the Donmar Warehouse production of The Chalk Garden .   Since 2006 , Jones has appeared in numerous films , including Northanger Abbey ( 2007 ) , Brideshead Revisited ( 2008 ) , Chéri ( 2009 ) , and The Tempest ( 2010 ) . Her performance in the 2011 film Like Crazy was met with critical acclaim , garnering her numerous awards , including a special jury prize at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival . In 2014 , her performance as Jane Hawking in The Theory of Everything also met with critical acclaim , garnering her nominations for the Golden Globe , SAG , BAFTA and Academy Award for Best Actress . In 2016 , Jones starred in the adventure-thriller Inferno , the fantasy drama A Monster Calls and the Star Wars anthology film Rogue One . In 2016 , she received the BAFTA Britannia Award for British Artist of the Year .

neg: List of awards and nominations received by Angelina Jolie The following is a list of awards and nominations received by American actress and filmmaker Angelina Jolie . She received three Golden Globe Awards , two Screen Actors Guild Awards , and an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her portrayals of First Lady of Alabama Cornelia Wallace in George Wallace ( 1997 ) , troubled supermodel Gia Carangi in Gia ( 1998 ) , and a sociopathic mental patient in Girl , Interrupted ( 1999 ) . Her later performances as Mariane Pearl in A Mighty Heart ( 2007 ) and Christine Collins in Changeling ( 2008 ) earned her additional nominations , including for an Academy Award for Best Actress . For her work in the action films Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow ( 2004 ) , Mr. and Mrs. Smith ( 2005 ) , Wanted ( 2008 ) , and The Tourist ( 2010 ) , Jolie received awards based on popular votes , including an MTV Movie Award , two People 's Choice Awards , and four Teen Choice Awards .

neg: List of awards and nominations received by Judi Dench The following is a list of awards and nominations received by actress Judi Dench .   Among her Major awards , Dench has won an Oscar , a Tony , seven Oliviers , six film and four television BAFTA Awards . She holds the record for most acting majors across all six American and British events , winning eighteen and receiving fifty two nominations . Other significant awards include two Golden Globes , two Screen Actors Guild Awards and ten critics awards . Overall in her career to date , she has won 55 competitive awards from 203 nominations . She has also received 10 honorary awards , including the lifetime achievement Special Olivier Award and the BAFTA Fellowship .

neg: Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role The Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role is an annual award presented by The Society of London Theatre in recognition of achievements in commercial British theatre . The awards were established as the Society of West End Theatre Awards in 1976 , and , renamed in 1984 in honour of English actor Lord Olivier .   The award was first given in 1977 but in the years following was often given as a singular award for Best Performance in a Supporting Role .

neg: National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress The National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress is one of the annual awards given by the National Society of Film Critics .   This awards was given for the first time in 1967 to Marjorie Rhodes for her role in The Family Way .   Meryl Streep won this award three times ( record ) : in 1978 for The Deer Hunter , in 1979 for Kramer vs. Kramer , for Manhattan and for The Seduction of Joe Tynan and in 2006 for The Devil Wears Prada and for A Prairie Home Companion . Anjelica Huston ( 1985 and 1989 ) , Dianne Wiest ( 1986 and 1994 ) , Patricia Clarkson ( 2002 and 2003 ) and Amy Adams ( 2005 and 2012 ) each won the award two times . In 2009 , Mo'Nique became the first African-American to win in this category for her performance in Precious .

neg: Cate Blanchett on screen and stage Cate Blanchett is an Australian actress who has extensively appeared in film and stage . She made her stage debut in 1992 by playing Electra in the National Institute of Dramatic Art production of the same name . She followed it with performances in Timothy Daly 's Kafka Dances ( 1993 ) and the Sydney Theatre Company stage production of Oleanna ( 1993 ) opposite Geoffrey Rush . Blanchett won the Sydney Theatre Critics Award for Best Newcomer for the former and Best Actress for the latter , making her the first person to win both awards at once . She went on to perform several roles on stage , notably Susan Traherne in Plenty ( 1999 ) , Hedda Gabler in Hedda Gabler ( 2004 ) , Blanche DuBois in A Streetcar Named Desire ( 2009 ) , Yelena in Uncle Vanya ( 2011 ) and Claire in The Maids ( 2013 ) .   In 1997 , Blanchett made her feature film debut in a supporting role in the World War II drama Paradise Road . The same year , she had her first leading role in Oscar and Lucinda , which earned her an AACTA Award nomination for Best Actress . Blanchett received worldwide attention for playing Queen Elizabeth I of England in the acclaimed drama Elizabeth ( 1998 ) . Her performance garnered her a Golden Globe and a BAFTA Award for Best Actress and her first Academy Award nomination for Best Actress . Elizabeth and her next film , the thriller The Talented Mr. Ripley ( 1999 ) , performed well at the box office . However , her other 1999 releasesthe widely praised An Ideal Husband and the largely panned Pushing Tinwere unsuccessful .   Blanchett found greater success for portraying Galadriel in Peter Jackson 's epic fantasy trilogy The Lord of the Rings ( 2001-03 ) . During this period , she also appeared in several films which had mixed reception and performed poorly at the box office . She won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress , among other honors for portraying Katharine Hepburn in Martin Scorsese 's 2004 drama The Aviator , making her the only actor to win an Oscar for portraying another Oscar-winning actor . Her only screen appearance in 2005 was in Little Fish , for which she won the AACTA Award for Best Actress . Blanchett 's performance in the 2006 thriller Notes on a Scandal garnered her another Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress . In 2007 , she received both Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress Oscar nominations for her roles in Elizabeth : The Golden Age and I 'm Not There , becoming one of the few actors to achieve this feat .   In 2008 , Blanchett appeared in Steven Spielberg 's action adventure Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull and David Fincher 's fantasy drama The Curious Case of Benjamin Button . She briefly reprised her role of Galadriel in the The Hobbit trilogy ( 2012-14 ) . For her performance as the titular socialite in Woody Allen 's 2013 drama Blue Jasmine , Blanchett won the Golden Globe , the BAFTA Award , the SAG Award and the Academy Award for Best Actress . In 2014 , she voiced Valka in the $ 620 million-grossing animated fantasy How to Train Your Dragon 2 . In 2015 , she received praise for playing Lady Tremaine in Disney 's live action film Cinderella , Mary Mapes in Truth and the titular character in Todd Haynes 's romantic drama Carol . Cinderella was a notable box office success while Carol garnered her seventh Oscar nomination . Blanchett made her Broadway debut in 2017 with The Present , receiving her first Tony Award nomination for the Best Actress in a Play .

neg: Laurence Olivier Award for Best Performance in a Supporting Role in a Musical The Laurence Olivier Award for Best Performance in a Supporting Role in a Musical is an annual award presented by The Society of London Theatre in recognition of achievements in commercial British theatre . The awards were established as the Society of West End Theatre Awards in 1976 , and , renamed in 1984 in honour of English actor Lord Olivier . The Olivier Awards are the most prestigious theatrical awards in the United Kingdom and are the UK equivalent of the Tony Awards .   Until 2015 , the Olivier Awards did not honour supporting musical performances separately and was therefore a unisex category , honouring both male and female actors . Starting with the 2015 ceremony , the awards have been separated into Best Actor in a Supporting Role in a Musical and Best Actress in a Supporting Role in a Musical

neg: Felicity Montagu Felicity J. Montagu ( born 12 September 1960 ) is an English actress .

neg: AACTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role The AACTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role is an award presented by the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts ( AACTA ) , a non-profit organisation whose aim is to `` identify , award , promote and celebrate Australia 's greatest achievements in film and television . '' The award is presented at the annual AACTA Awards , which hands out accolades for achievements in feature films , television , documentaries and short films . From 1971 -- 2010 , the category was presented by the Australian Film Institute ( AFI ) , the Academy 's parent organisation , at the annual Australian Film Institute Awards ( known as the AFI Awards ) . When the AFI launched the Academy in 2011 , it changed the annual ceremony to the AACTA Awards , with the current award being a continuum of the AFI Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role .   It was presented as a special award , from 1971 -- 1975 , and was accompanied with a cash prize , before it became a competitive award from 1976 , onward . Judy Davis is the most nominated actress in this category , with five wins from eight nominations , most recently for her role in The Eye of the Storm ( 2011 ) .   Candidates for this award must be human and female , and can not be nominated for the same role in the supporting actress category .

neg: List of awards and nominations received by Sharon Stone American actress Sharon Stone has won 10 awards from 41 nominations , including one Emmy Award , one Golden Globe Award , and two MTV Movie Awards . She has also received several `` dishonors '' for poor performances in films , earning three Golden Raspberry Awards , and two Stinkers Bad Movie Awards .   Stone 's breakout role as Catherine Tramell in Basic Instinct ( 1992 ) earned her a Chicago Film Critics Association Award , Golden Globe Award , and Saturn Award nominations . This was followed by two nominations for MTV Movie Award for Most Desirable Female for the films Sliver ( 1993 ) and The Specialist ( 1994 ) . For her role as Ginger McKenna in Casino ( 1995 ) , she won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture -- Drama and received her only Academy Award nomination for the same category . She guest starred as an attorney who believes she can communicate with God in The Practice ( 1997 -- 2004 ) , a role that earned her the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series . In Basic Instinct 2 ( 2006 ) , her return to the character Tramell received mixed critical reviews , and garnered her both a Golden Raspberry Award .   Stone has also received a number of non-performance honors . She was inducted to the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1995 for her contribution to acting . The actress was nominated for Golden Apple Award for being easy to work with according to her co-stars . In 2005 , she was named Officer of the Order of Arts and Letters in France . She received recognition at the 2006 Women Film Critics Circle Awards for her collaborations with AmfAR with their research on AIDS .

neg: Claire Foy Claire Foy ( born 16 April 1984 ) is an English actress . She studied drama and screen studies at Liverpool John Moores University and trained at the Oxford School of Drama , where she appeared in four plays , including Watership Down . She made her screen debut in the pilot episode of Being Human ( 2008 ) and in an episode of the BBC soap opera Doctors ( 2008 ) . Following her professional stage debut at the Royal National Theatre , she played the title role in the BBC One production of Little Dorrit , ( 2008 ) , and made her film debut as Anna in Season of the Witch ( 2011 ) .   She had main roles as Erin Matthews in the Channel 4 series The Promise ( 2011 ) and several other television films and miniseries , including as Kate Balfour in the NBC series Crossbones ( 2014 ) . She received unanimous praise for her performance as Anne Boleyn in BBC2 's Wolf Hall ( 2015 ) , for which she was nominated for the British Academy Television Award for Best Actress and the Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Movie/Miniseries . Since 2016 , she has portrayed the young Queen Elizabeth II on the Netflix series The Crown , a role for which she has received critical acclaim and won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Television Series Drama and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series , and was nominated for the BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress .

neg: Amanda Foreman (actress) Amanda Foreman ( born July 15 , 1966 ) is an American actress best known for her role as Meghan Rotundi on the college drama series Felicity which ran from 1998-2002

neg: The Theory of Everything (2014 film) The Theory of Everything is a 2014 British biographical romantic drama film directed by James Marsh and adapted by Anthony McCarten from the memoir Travelling to Infinity : My Life with Stephen by Jane Wilde Hawking , which deals with her relationship with her ex-husband , theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking , his diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS , also known as Lou Gehrig 's disease or motor neurone disease ) , and his success in physics .   The film stars Eddie Redmayne and Felicity Jones with Charlie Cox , Emily Watson , Simon McBurney , Christian McKay , Harry Lloyd and David Thewlis featured in supporting roles . The film had its world premiere at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival on 7 September 2014 .   The film was acclaimed critically worldwide , with praise for the musical score , cinematography and the performance of Felicity Jones and especially Eddie Redmayne , which earned him nominations for a variety of accolades in award shows and film festivals , including the Academy Award for Best Actor . The film received four Golden Globe Award nominations , winning the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama for Redmayne and Best Original Score for Jóhannsson . It received three Screen Actors Guild Awards nominations , winning one for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role for Redmayne . It received 10 British Academy Film Awards nominations and won Outstanding British Film , Best Leading Actor ( for Redmayne ) and Best Adapted Screenplay ( for McCarten ) .

neg: Theatre of Australia Theatre of Australia refers to the history of the performing arts in Australia , or produced by Australians . There are theatrical and dramatic aspects to a number of Indigenous Australian ceremonies such as the corroboree . During its colonial period , Australian theatrical arts were generally linked to the broader traditions of English literature and to British and Irish theatre . Australian literature and theatrical artists ( including Aboriginal as well as Anglo-Celtic and multicultural migrant Australians ) have over the last two centuries introduced the culture of Australia and the character of a new continent to the world stage .   Individuals who have contributed to theatre in Australia and internationally include Sir Robert Helpmann , Dame Joan Sutherland , Barry Humphries , David Williamson , Cate Blanchett , Geoffrey Rush , Judy Davis , Jim Sharman , Tim Minchin and Baz Luhrmann . Notable theatrical institutions include the Sydney Opera House , and the National Institute of Dramatic Art in Sydney .

neg: Siân Phillips Dame Jane Elizabeth Ailwên Phillips , DBE ( born 14 May 1933 ) , known professionally as Siân Phillips ( -LSB- ˈʃɑːn -RSB- ) , is a Welsh actress , author and singer .

neg: Soap Opera Digest Award for Hottest Female Star The Soap Opera Digest Award for Hottest Female Star has been given every year since the 9th Soap Opera Digest Award in 1993 until 1999 .   In the lists below , the winner of the award for each year is shown first , followed by the other nominees .

neg: Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards 2014 The 20th Dallas -- Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards honoring the best in film for 2014 were announced on December 15 , 2014 . These awards `` recognizing extraordinary accomplishment in film '' are presented annually by the Dallas -- Fort Worth Film Critics Association ( DFWFCA ) , based in the Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex region of Texas . The organization , founded in 1990 , includes 30 film critics for print , radio , television , and internet publications based in north Texas . The Dallas -- Fort Worth Film Critics Association began presenting its annual awards list in 1993 .   Birdman was the DFWFCA 's most awarded film of 2014 , taking five top honors . Birdman won in Best Picture , Best Actor ( Michael Keaton ) , Best Director ( Alejandro G. Iñárritu ) , Best Cinematography ( Emmanuel Lubezki ) , and Best Screenplay ( Alejandro G. Iñárritu , Nicolás Giacobone , Alexander Dinelaris Jr. , and Armando Bo ) .   Another film , Boyhood , earned multiple 2014 honors from the DFWFCA . The coming-of-age tale received top honors in the Best Supporting Actress ( Patricia Arquette ) as well as being presented the Russell Smith Award as the `` best low-budget or cutting-edge independent film '' of the year . The award is named in honor of late Dallas Morning News film critic Russell Smith . Reese Witherspoon was named Best Actress for her role as Cheryl Strayed in Wild . The other films earning honors were Sweden 's Force Majeure for Best Foreign Language Film , Citizenfour as Best Documentary Film , and The Lego Movie for Best Animated Film .

neg: Catherine Jones (journalist) Catherine Jones ( born 14 June 1971 ) is an English television news journalist , currently working as Health Editor for ITV News .   Brought up in Essex , Jones started her professional career in the newsroom of Buckinghamshire-based local radio station Mix 96 in 1994 . She then worked for London 's News Direct , and later ITN 's Independent Radio News .   She joined Channel 5 in 1999 as a reporter , and became a relief presenter from 2005 , mainly on Sundays . Catherine was later promoted to `` Health Correspondent '' for Channel 5 .   In May 2014 , Jones began the role of Health Editor at ITV News , taking over from Lawrence McGinty , who retired as Science & Medical Editor . As well as working on the main news bulletins on ITV , Catherine also worked on current affairs programme Tonight and On Assignment . Catherine left the role on ITV News after only four months , returning to her previous position of Health Correspondent on 5 News .

neg: Goya Award for Best Supporting Actress The Goya Award for Best Supporting Actress ( Spanish : Premio Goya a la mejor interpretación femenina de reparto ) is one of the Goya Awards , Spain 's principal national film awards .   In the list below the winner of the award for each year is shown first , followed by the other nominees .

neg: Julia Jones (writer) Julia Jones , formerly also known as Julia Thorogood , is an English writer , editor , book publisher , aged-care advocate and classic yacht owner .


query: Buzz Aldrin did not live in the 20th century.

pos: Buzz Aldrin Buzz Aldrin ( born Edwin Eugene Aldrin Jr. , January 20 , 1930 ) is an American engineer and former astronaut . As the Lunar Module Pilot on Apollo 11 , he was one of the first two humans to land on the Moon , and the second person to walk on it . He set foot on the Moon at 03:15:16 on July 21 , 1969 ( UTC ) , following mission commander Neil Armstrong . He is a former U.S. Air Force officer with the Command Pilot rating . He also went into orbit on the Gemini 12 mission , finally achieving the goals for EVA ( space-walk work ) that paved the way to the Moon and success for the Gemini program ; he spent over five hours on EVA on that mission .

neg: Explorer 1 Explorer 1 was the first satellite of the United States , launched as part of its participation in the International Geophysical Year . The mission followed the first two satellites the previous year ; the Soviet Union 's Sputnik 1 and 2 , beginning the Cold War Space Race between the two nations .   Explorer 1 was launched on January 31 , 1958 at 22:48 Eastern Time ( equal to February 1 , 03:48 UTC ) atop the first Juno booster from LC-26 at the Cape Canaveral Missile Annex , Florida . It was the first spacecraft to detect the Van Allen radiation belt , returning data until its batteries were exhausted after nearly four months . It remained in orbit until 1970 , and has been followed by more than 90 scientific spacecraft in the Explorer series .   Explorer 1 was given Satellite Catalog Number 4 , and the Harvard designation 1958 Alpha 1 , the forerunner to the modern International Designator .

neg: Mission to Mars: My Vision for Space Exploration Mission to Mars : My Vision for Space Exploration is a 2013 book written by retired NASA astronaut Buzz Aldrin and Leonard David . The book was released on May 7 , 2013 by National Geographic Books . In the book , Aldrin outlines his plan for humans to be able to colonize Mars by the year 2035 . The books goes over a number of past and then current space concepts , policy , and future mission concepts . He encouraged future missions to not focus on strictly on Mars exploration , but also on Mars settlement .   The books goes beyond just Mars missions to review the overall space exploration vision-scape , such as considering the viability of Lunar missions and international cooperation in space .   National Geographic released a video trailer for the book .

neg: Telecommunication Telecommunication is the transmission of signs , signals , messages , words , writings , images and sounds or intelligence of any nature by wire , radio , optical or other electromagnetic systems . Telecommunication occurs when the exchange of information between communication participants includes the use of technology . It is transmitted either electrically over physical media , such as cables , or via electromagnetic radiation . Such transmission paths are often divided into communication channels which afford the advantages of multiplexing . The term is often used in its plural form , telecommunications , because it involves many different technologies .   Early means of communicating over a distance included visual signals , such as beacons , smoke signals , semaphore telegraphs , signal flags , and optical heliographs . Other examples of pre-modern long-distance communication included audio messages such as coded drumbeats , lung-blown horns , and loud whistles . 20th and 21st century technologies for long-distance communication usually involve electrical and electromagnetic technologies , such as telegraph , telephone , and teleprinter , networks , radio , microwave transmission , fiber optics , and communications satellites .   A revolution in wireless communication began in the first decade of the 20th century with the pioneering developments in radio communications by Guglielmo Marconi , who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1909 . Other notable pioneering inventors and developers in the field of electrical and electronic telecommunications include Charles Wheatstone and Samuel Morse ( inventors of the telegraph ) , Alexander Graham Bell ( inventor of the telephone ) , Edwin Armstrong and Lee de Forest ( inventors of radio ) , as well as Vladimir K. Zworykin , John Logie Baird and Philo Farnsworth ( some of the inventors of television ) .

neg: Twentieth Century (film) Twentieth Century is a 1934 American pre-Code screwball comedy film . Much of the film is set on the 20th Century Limited train as it travels from Chicago to New York City . The film was directed by Howard Hawks , stars John Barrymore and Carole Lombard , and features Walter Connolly , Roscoe Karns and Edgar Kennedy . Ben Hecht and Charles MacArthur adapted their Broadway play of the same name -- itself based on the unproduced play Napoleon of Broadway by Charles Bruce Millholland -- with uncredited contributions from Gene Fowler and Preston Sturges .   Along with Frank Capra 's It Happened One Night , also released in 1934 ( which amazingly has exactly the same music over the opening titles ) , Twentieth Century is considered to be a prototype for the screwball comedy . `` Howard Hawks ' rapid-fire romantic comedy established the essential ingredients of the screwball -- a dizzy dame , a charming but befuddled hero , dazzling dialogue and a dash of slapstick . '' Its success propelled Lombard into the front ranks of film comediennes . The film was added to the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress in 2011 .

neg: Air and Space Museum Air and Space Museum may refer to :   The National Air and Space Museum ( NASM ) of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington , D.C. , United States , plus its annex , the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center at Washington Dulles International Airport ;  the Air and Space Museum of France ( Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace ) , in Le Bourget , Paris , France  the Canadian Air and Space Museum , in Downsview , Toronto , Canada  the San Diego Air & Space Museum , formerly the San Diego Aerospace Museum , in San Diego , California  the Tulsa Air and Space Museum & Planetarium , in Tulsa , Oklahoma , United States  the South Dakota Air and Space Museum , in Box Elder , South Dakota , United States  the Stafford Air & Space Museum , in Weatherford , Oklahoma , United States ;  the Greater Saint Louis Air & Space Museum , located at St. Louis Downtown Airport , Cahokia , Illinois , United States  the Pima Air & Space Museum , in Tucson , Arizona , United States  the International Women 's Air & Space Museum , in Cleveland , Ohio , United States  the Neil Armstrong Air and Space Museum , in Wapakoneta , Ohio , the birthplace of U.S. astronaut Neil Armstrong  the Oregon Air and Space Museum , in Eugene , Oregon , United States  the Peterson Air and Space Museum , near Colorado Springs , Colorado , United States , a restricted access museum located inside Peterson Air Force Base  the Jimmy Doolittle Air & Space Museum , a restricted access museum located within Travis Air Force Base in Fairfield , California , United States  the Wings Over the Rockies Air and Space Museum , on the former grounds of Lowry Air Force Base in Denver , Colorado , United States  the Strategic Air and Space Museum , a museum focused on USAF aircraft and nuclear missiles , near Ashland , Nebraska , United States   Similar :   The Canada Aviation and Space Museum , in Ottawa , Canada  the Virginia Air and Space Center , a museum and educational facility in Hampton , Virginia , United States  the Intrepid Sea , Air & Space Museum , in New York City , N.Y. , United States  the Aero Space Museum of Calgary , in Calgary , Alberta , Canada  the Evergreen Aviation & Space Museum , in McMinnville , Oregon , United States  the Aerospace Museum of California , in North Highlands , California , United States on the former McClellan Air Force Base  the HAL Aerospace Museum , part of the HAL Heritage Centre and Aero Space Museum , located at Hindustan Aeronautics Limited in Bangalore , India  the Misawa Aviation and Space Museum , in Misawa , Japan  the Museo Aeronáutico y del Espacio , Santiago , Chile  the Museo Aeroespacial Colombiano , Bogotá , Colombia   See also   Aviation museum  List of aerospace museums

neg: Lindbergh Boom The Lindbergh Boom ( 1927 -- 1929 ) is a period of rapid interest in aviation following the awarding of the Orteig Prize to Charles Lindbergh for his 1927 non-stop solo transatlantic flight in the Spirit of St. Louis . The Lindbergh Boom occurred during the interwar period between World War I and World War II , where aviation development was fueled by commercial interests rather than wartime necessity . During this period , dozens of companies were formed to create airlines , and aircraft for a new age in aviation . Many of the fledgling companies funded by stock went under as quick as they started as the stock that capitalized them plummeted in value following the Wall Street Crash of 1929 . The Great Depression dried up the market for new aircraft , causing many aircraft companies to go into bankruptcy or get consolidated by larger entities . Air racing , record attempts , and barnstorming remained popular , as aviators tried to recapture the prizes and publicity of Lindbergh 's Transatlantic flight .

neg: Project HOMERUN HOMERUN was a secret US aerial reconnaissance operation against the USSR in 1956 .   Project HOMERUN was conducted between March and May 1956 . During that time RB-47E and RB-47H reconnaissance aircraft flew almost daily flights over the North Pole to photograph and gather electronic intelligence over the entire northern section of the Soviet Union .   Project Homerun used 16 RB-47Es from the 10th SRS and five RB-47Hs from the 343rd SRS . 156 sorties were performed .   On a typical RB-47H reconnaissance mission covering 5,984 mi ( 9,360 km ) , the aircraft would fly from Thule , Greenland to the Kara Sea to Murmansk and then return only to find Thule weathered-in , forcing the flight from the air-refueling/decision point near the northeast shore of Greenland to one of three equidistant alternates : Goose Bay , Labrador , London , or Fairbanks , Alaska . Five KC-97s at Thule were required to support this scenario . Two ground spares and one air spare insured two 20,000 lb ( 9,090 kg ) fuel transfers at a distance of over 600 mi ( 965 km ) from Thule . Tankers returned to Thule to refuel and again repeat the flight to intercept the returning RB-47H six hours later for another air refueling .   When USSR government filed an angry complaint with the US government , the US government attributed the overflights to `` navigational difficulties '' .

neg: Apogee Books Apogee Books is an imprint of Canadian publishing house Collector 's Guide Publishing . The Apogee imprint began with `` Apollo 8 The NASA Mission Reports '' in November 1998 at the request of astronaut Buzz Aldrin , second man on the moon . The first publication by Apogee was printed to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the first manned flight around the moon . A limited edition print run of this Apollo 8 book led to Aldrin suggesting that the imprint continue with further anniversary publications .   In March 1999 Apogee published the book Apollo 9 - The NASA Mission Reports . Since that time Apogee has been the winner of the Space Frontier Foundation 's media award and has published almost 100 books on space flight . Almost all of the Apogee titles were packaged with CDROMs or DVDs which included what was , at the time , the first digital release of seminal NASA footage , including the first commercial release of the uncut television broadcast of the Apollo 11 moonwalk . Notable contributors to the Apogee series include Sir Arthur C. Clarke , Tom Hanks , Ron Howard , Buzz Aldrin , Harrison Schmitt , William Pogue , Wernher von Braun , David Lasser , Sy Liebergot , Guenter Wendt , Robert Zubrin , Wally Schirra , David R. Scott , Rick Tumlinson and Winston Scott . Apogee Books has performed contracted work with or for , Lockheed , Boeing , Energia , NASA , Imax , Space Frontier Foundation , The Mars Society and The National Space Society .   An offshoot of Apogee Books , publishing science fiction , began in 2005 . Apogee Science Fiction specializes in space-related historical science fiction . By 2007 titles had been published by Hugo Gernsback , Garrett P. Serviss , Wernher von Braun , and George Griffith .

neg: Search for extraterrestrial intelligence The search for extraterrestrial intelligence ( SETI ) is a collective term for scientific searches for intelligent extraterrestrial life , for example , monitoring electromagnetic radiation for signs of transmissions from civilizations on other worlds .   There are great challenges in searching the universe for signs of intelligent life , including their identification and interpretation . As various SETI projects have progressed , their claims have been criticized by some researchers as being too `` euphoric '' .   Scientific investigation of the potential phenomenon began shortly after the advent of radio in the early 1900s . Focused international efforts to answer a variety of scientific questions have been going on since the 1980s . In 2015 , Stephen Hawking and Russian billionaire Yuri Milner announced a well-funded effort , called the Breakthrough Initiatives to expand efforts to search for extraterrestrial life .

neg: Machine Age The Machine Age is an era that includes the early 20th century , sometimes also including the late 19th century . An approximate dating would be about 1880 to 1945 . Considered to be at a peak in the time between the first and second world wars , it forms a late part of the Second Industrial Revolution . By the mid to late 1940s , the atom bomb , the first computers , and the transistor came into being , beginning the contemporary era of Digital Revolution and thus ending the intellectual model of the machine age founded in the mechanical and heralding a new more complex model of high technology . The digital era has been called the Second Machine Age , with its increased focus on machines that do mental tasks .

neg: Space Shuttle design process See also Space Shuttle program - Conception and development   Even before the Project Apollo moon landing in 1969 , NASA began studies of space shuttle designs as early as October 1968 . The early studies were denoted `` Phase A '' , and in June 1970 , `` Phase B '' , which were more detailed and specific . The primary intended use of the space shuttle was supporting the future space station , ferrying a minimum crew of four and about 20000 lb of cargo , and able to be rapidly turned around for future flights .   Two designs emerged as front-runners . One was designed by engineers at the Manned Spaceflight Center , and championed especially by George Mueller . This was a two-stage system with delta-winged spacecraft , and generally complex . An attempt to re-simplify was made in the form of the DC-3 , designed by Maxime Faget , who had designed the Mercury capsule among other vehicles . Numerous offerings from a variety of commercial companies were also offered , but generally fell by the wayside as each NASA lab pushed for its own version .   All of this was taking place in the midst of other NASA teams proposing a wide variety of post-Apollo missions , a number of which would cost as much as Apollo or more . As each of these projects fought for funding , the NASA budget was at the same time being severely constrained . Three were eventually presented to Vice President Agnew in 1969 . The shuttle project rose to the top , largely due to tireless campaigning by its supporters . By 1970 the shuttle had been selected as the one major project for the short-term post-Apollo time frame .   When funding for the program came into question , there were concerns that the project might be cancelled . This led to an effort to interest the US Air Force in using the shuttle for their missions as well . The Air Force was mildly interested , but demanded a much larger vehicle , far larger than the original concepts . To lower the development costs of the resulting designs , boosters were added , a throw-away fuel tank was adopted , and many other changes made that greatly lowered the reusability and greatly added to vehicle and operational costs . With the Air Force 's approval , the system emerged in its operational form .

neg: Goddard Space Flight Center The Goddard Space Flight Center ( GSFC ) is a major NASA space research laboratory established on May 1 , 1959 as NASA 's first space flight center . GSFC employs approximately 10,000 civil servants and contractors , and is located approximately 6.5 mi northeast of Washington , D.C. in Greenbelt , Maryland , United States . GSFC , one of ten major NASA field centers , is named in recognition of Dr. Robert H. Goddard ( 1882 -- 1945 ) , the pioneer of modern rocket propulsion in the United States .   GSFC is the largest combined organization of scientists and engineers in the United States dedicated to increasing knowledge of the Earth , the Solar System , and the Universe via observations from space . GSFC is a major U.S. laboratory for developing and operating unmanned scientific spacecraft . GSFC conducts scientific investigation , development and operation of space systems , and development of related technologies . Goddard scientists can develop and support a mission , and Goddard engineers and technicians can design and build the spacecraft for that mission . Goddard scientist John C. Mather shared the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on COBE .   GSFC also operates two spaceflight tracking and data acquisition networks ( the Space Network and the Near Earth Network ) , develops and maintains advanced space and Earth science data information systems , and develops satellite systems for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) .   GSFC manages operations for many NASA and international missions including the Hubble Space Telescope ( HST ) , the Explorer program , the Discovery Program , the Earth Observing System ( EOS ) , INTEGRAL , MAVEN , OSIRIS-REx , the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory ( SOHO ) , the Solar Dynamics Observatory ( SDO ) , and Swift . Past missions managed by GSFC include the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer ( RXTE ) , Compton Gamma Ray Observatory , SMM , COBE , IUE , and ROSAT . Typically , unmanned earth observation missions and observatories in Earth orbit are managed by GSFC , while unmanned planetary missions are managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ) in Pasadena , California .

neg: Michael Collins (astronaut) Michael Collins ( born October 31 , 1930 ) ( Major General , USAF , Ret . ) , is an American former astronaut and test pilot . Selected as part of the third group of fourteen astronauts in 1963 , he flew into space twice . His first spaceflight was on Gemini 10 , in which he and Command Pilot John Young performed two rendezvous with different spacecraft and Collins undertook two extra-vehicular activities ( EVAs ) . His second spaceflight was as the Command Module Pilot for Apollo 11 . While he stayed in orbit around the Moon , Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin left in the Lunar Module to make the first manned landing on its surface . He is one of 24 people to have flown to the Moon .   Collins was the fourth person , and third American , to perform an EVA ; and is the first person to have performed more than one EVA .   Prior to becoming an astronaut , he attended the United States Military Academy , and from there he joined the United States Air Force and flew F-86s at Chambley-Bussieres Air Base , France . He was accepted to the U.S. Air Force Experimental Flight Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base in 1960 . He unsuccessfully applied for the second astronaut group , but was accepted for the third group .   After retiring from NASA in 1970 he took a job in the Department of State as Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs . A year later he became the director of the National Air and Space Museum . He held this position until 1978 when he stepped down to become undersecretary of the Smithsonian Institution . In 1980 he took the job as Vice President of LTV Aerospace . He resigned in 1985 to start his own business .   He was married to Patricia Collins until her death in April 2014 . They had three children : Kate ( born May 6 , 1959 ) , Ann ( born October 31 , 1961 ) , and Michael ( born February 23 , 1963 ) .

neg: Mercury-Redstone BD Mercury-Redstone BD was an unmanned booster development flight in the U.S. Mercury program . It was launched on March 24 , 1961 from Launch Complex 5 at Cape Canaveral , Florida . The mission used a boilerplate Mercury spacecraft and Redstone MRLV-5 .   After the problems that developed during the MR-2 mission carrying the chimpanzee Ham , it was apparent that the Redstone needed further development before it could be trusted to carry a human passenger .   Dr. Wernher von Braun added Mercury-Redstone BD ( Booster Development ) to the launch schedule between the MR-2 and MR-3 missions .   The cause of previous Redstone rocket over-accelerations was a servo valve that did not properly regulate the flow of hydrogen peroxide to the steam generator . This in turn overpowered the fuel pumps . The thrust regulator and velocity integrator were modified on the MR-BD and later Mercury-Redstone rockets to prevent them from exceeding the speed limit again .   Another problem encountered in previous Mercury-Redstone flights were harmonic vibrations induced by aerodynamic stress in the topmost section of the elongated Redstone . To fix this problem , four stiffeners were added to the ballast section and 210 pounds ( 95 kg ) of insulation was applied to the inner skin of the upper part of the Mercury Redstone instrument compartment .   The mission used a boilerplate Mercury spacecraft , with inert escape rocket . The spacecraft also did not have a retro package or posigrade rockets .   The MR-BD mission lasted eight minutes and 23 seconds . It reached an apogee of 113.5 miles ( 183 km ) and a range of 307 miles ( 494 km ) . The peak velocity was 5,123 mph ( 8,245 km/h ) .  The spacecraft experienced a peak load of 11 g ( 108 m/s ² ) . There was no intention to separate the Redstone rocket and boilerplate Mercury spacecraft and they impacted together 307 miles ( 494 km ) downrange , 5 miles ( 8 km ) short of the plan . They sank to the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean , exploding a sofar bomb en route .   MR-BD was highly successful and led the way to the flight of Alan Shepard aboard MR-3 .

neg: 1950s American automobile culture 1950s American automobile culture has had an enduring influence on the culture of the United States , as reflected in popular music , major trends from the 1950s and mainstream acceptance of the `` hot rod '' culture . The American manufacturing economy switched from producing war-related items to consumer goods at the end of World War II , and by the end of the 1950s , one in six working Americans were employed either directly or indirectly in the automotive industry . The United States became the world 's largest manufacturer of automobiles , and Henry Ford 's goal of 30 years earlier -- that any man with a good job should be able to afford an automobile -- was achieved . A new generation of service businesses focusing on customers with their automobiles sprang up during the decade , including drive-through or drive-in restaurants and more drive-in theaters ( cinemas ) .   The decade began with 25 million registered automobiles on the road , most of which predated World War II and were in poor condition ; no automobiles or parts were produced during the war owing to rationing and restrictions . By 1950 , most factories had made the transition to a consumer-based economy , and more than 8 million cars were produced that year alone . By 1958 , there were more than 67 million cars registered in the United States , more than twice the number at the start of the decade .   As part of the U.S. national defenses , to support military transport , the National Highway System was expanded with Interstate highways , beginning in 1955 , across many parts of the United States . The wider , multi-lane highways allowed traffic to move at faster speeds , with few or no stoplights on the way . The wide-open spaces along the highways became a basis for numerous billboards showing advertisements .   The dawning of the Space Age and Space Race were reflected in contemporary American automotive styling . Large tailfins , flowing designs reminiscent of rockets , and radio antennas that imitated Sputnik 1 were common , owing to the efforts of design pioneers such as Harley Earl .

neg: Lauren "Deac" Lyman Lauren Dwight `` Deac '' Lyman ( April 24 , 1891 -- July 12 , 1972 ) was an American reporter and aviation writer . He worked for The New York Times from 1919 to 1937 and from 1937 to 1959 as a public relations executive for United Aircraft , a predecessor to United Technologies Corporation . He won a Pulitzer Prize in 1936 for `` his exclusive story revealing that the Charles A. Lindbergh family was leaving the United States to live in England . ''   Born Lauren Dwight Lyman on a farm in Easthampton , Massachusetts , he was known all his life by the nickname `` Deac '' , which he inherited from his father and grandfather who were both New England church deacons . In 1917 he dropped out of Yale University to join the Army when the United States entered World War I . After two years of service in France , he was discharged in 1919 and joined The New York Times as an assistant real estate editor and general assignment reporter . In 1927 Lyman was named aviation editor and one of the first stories he covered was Charles Lindbergh 's non-stop `` New York to Paris '' solo flight in May 1927 ; the two remained friends for 45 years , to Lyman 's death in 1972 . Late in December 1935 , Lyman provided exclusive coverage of the Lindbergh family flight from the U.S. , made in secret , to live in self-imposed exile.For that coup , he won the annual Pulitzer Prize for Reporting . In 1938 Lyman and Carl B. Allen co-wrote The Wonder Book of the Air ( John C. Winston Co. , 1939 ) , a 340-page illustrated volume for children and young adults , covering all aspects of aviation .   Following his death in 1972 , the former Aviation/Space Writers Association established the Lauren D. Lyman Award in his honor to be presented annually `` for distinguished , career-long achievements in aviation journalism or public relations '' . The Award is now administered by the Aerospace Industries Association .

neg: 1950s The 1950s ( pronounced nineteen-fifties ; commonly abbreviated as the 50s or Fifties ) was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1 , 1950 , and ended on December 31 , 1959 .   By its end , the world had largely recovered from World War II and the Cold War developed from its modest beginning in the late-1940s to a hot competition between the United States and the Soviet Union by the early-1960s .   Clashes between communism and capitalism dominated the decade , especially in the Northern Hemisphere . The conflicts included the Korean War in the beginnings of the decade and the beginning of the Space Race with the launch of Sputnik 1 . Along with increased testing of nuclear weapons ( such as RDS-37 and Upshot -- Knothole ) , this created a politically conservative climate . In the United States , the Second Red Scare caused Congressional hearings by both houses in Congress and anti-communism was the prevailing sentiment in the United States throughout the decade . The beginning of decolonization in Africa and Asia took place in this decade and accelerated in the following decade .

neg: American Airpower Museum The American Airpower Museum , is an aviation museum located on the former site of Republic Aviation at Republic Airport in East Farmingdale , New York . It maintains a collection of aviation artifacts and an array of aircraft spanning the many years of the aircraft factory 's history .   The museum is one of relatively few worldwide that actually flies historic aircraft . It operates an original Republic P-47D fighter among others in its airworthy fleet .   The museum has many static displays which includes a Republic F-84 first generation jet fighter , a rare example of the swept-wing RF-84F reconnaissance variant , and an Republic F-105 Thunderchief . The last production aircraft was the Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II .   The museum has a group of volunteers which includes both former Republic workers and veterans of all branches of the military . A flight experience is available on board a C-47 aircraft which actually flew during the Normandy invasion on D-Day .   For several years the Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) had been pursuing a $ 10.6 million plan to tear down the 35000 sqft hangar built around 1940 and replace it with a safety apron at the end of a north-south runway to provide more room for emergency stops . In March 2011 Democrats Charles Schumer and Steve Israel said that the FAA stated it was not necessary for the hangar to be torn down , but if it was , federal money could be used to help relocate the hangar ( to a proposed location further south along New Highway .

neg: Celebrate the Century Celebrate the Century is the name of a series of postage stamps made by the United States Postal Service featuring images recalling various important events in the 20th century in the United States . Ten of these sheets were issued , with each sheet depicting events of one decade of the 20th century , from the 1900s to 1990s . Fifteen stamps were embedded into each sheet . For the first eight sheets ( 1900s to 1970s ) of the fifteen stamps , one stamp of each sheet was printed using the intaglio process , while the remaining fourteen were offset printed along with the rest of the sheet . All the sheets were printed by the Ashton-Potter USA printing company .

neg: Skylab mutiny The Skylab mutiny was a day-long mutiny held by the crew of Skylab 4 on December 28 , 1973 , the last of the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration 's Skylab missions . The three-man crew , Gerald P. Carr , Edward G. Gibson , and William R. Pogue , turned off radio communications with NASA ground control for a full day , spending the day relaxing and looking at the Earth before resuming communication with NASA . They refused communications from mission control during this period . Once communications resumed , there were discussions between the crew and NASA , and the mission continued for several more weeks before the crew returned to Earth in 1974 . The 84-day mission was Skylab 's last crew , and last time American astronauts set foot in a space station for two decades , until Shuttle -- Mir in the 1990s .   The event , which is the only strike to have occurred in space , has been extensively studied as case study in various fields of endeavor including space medicine , team management , and psychology . Man-hours in space was , and continued to be into the 21st century , a profoundly expensive undertaking ; a single day on Skylab was worth about $ 22.4 million in 2017 dollars . The mutiny also impacted the planning of future space missions , especially long-term missions .   Sources including David Hitt 's Homesteading Space dispute that the crew purposefully ended contact with mission control .