query: Three videos were released to expand on Prometheus's universe.

pos: Prometheus (2012 film) Prometheus ( -LSB- prəˈmiːθiəs -RSB- ) is a 2012 science fiction film directed by Ridley Scott , written by Jon Spaihts and Damon Lindelof and starring Noomi Rapace , Michael Fassbender , Guy Pearce , Idris Elba , Logan Marshall-Green and Charlize Theron . It is set in the late 21st century and centers on the crew of the spaceship Prometheus as it follows a star map discovered among the artifacts of several ancient Earth cultures . Seeking the origins of humanity , the crew arrives on a distant world and discovers a threat that could cause the extinction of the human species .   Development of the film began in the early 2000s as a fifth installment in the Alien franchise . Scott and director James Cameron developed ideas for a film that would serve as a prequel to Scott 's 1979 science-fiction horror film Alien . By 2003 , the development of Alien vs. Predator took precedence , and the project remained dormant until 2009 when Scott again showed interest . Spaihts wrote a script for a prequel to the events of the Alien films , but Scott opted for a different direction to avoid repeating cues from those films . In late 2010 , Lindelof joined the project to rewrite Spaihts 's script , and he and Scott developed a story that precedes the story of Alien but is not directly connected to that franchise . According to Scott , although the film shares `` strands of Aliens DNA , so to speak '' , and takes place in the same universe , Prometheus explores its own mythology and ideas .   Prometheus entered production in April 2010 , with extensive design phases during which the technology and creatures that the film required were developed . Principal photography began in March 2011 , with an estimated US$ 120 -- 130 million budget . The project was shot using 3D cameras throughout , almost entirely on practical sets , and on location in England , Iceland , Spain , and Scotland . It was promoted with a marketing campaign that included viral activities on the web . Three videos featuring the film 's leading actors in character , which expanded on elements of the fictional universe , were released and met with a generally positive reception and awards .   Prometheus was released on June 1 , 2012 , in the United Kingdom and on June 8 , 2012 , in North America . The film received praise for the aesthetic design and the acting , especially Fassbender 's performance as the android David , while plot elements that remained unresolved or predictable were the main source of criticism . The film grossed over $ 403 million worldwide . A sequel , Alien : Covenant , was released in the U.S. on May 19 , 2017 .

neg: List of Bionicle toys The following is a list of toys in Lego Bionicle line . They are organized by North American release dates ; major differences in international releases are noted , America and Europe being one of the first to receive them .   There are five main kinds of sets :  Collectibles are random assortments of pieces to be used as accessories for larger sets . New collectibles were originally released every six months , but were reduced to a yearly schedule as of 2004 . Collectibles are no longer released as of 2007 .  Box Sets are the smallest and cheapest independent sets . Though most sets are packaged in cardboard boxes , this article will use the term to describe these small sets . A group of six box sets were released yearly , though in 2007 there were only four . In 2008 , 6 of these were released to correspond with the canister sets , though the boxes themselves were similar to canisters . Box sets contain from around 15 pieces to about 30 .  Canister Sets are the main focus in the toyline and the storyline , and are packaged in plastic canisters . Groups of six canister sets are released every six months . Canister sets usually contain around 50 , 60 or 70 pieces .  Titans was a term first used for the 2005 large sets , and fans often use the label for similar large character sets . In this article , it will be used to describe any set larger than a canister set ( besides playsets ) . Most Titans contain more than 100 pieces , though larger ones contain at least 200 or 500 .  ( Note : The 2007 -- 2009 sets are labeled `` Warriors '' on Bionicle.com . For the time being , this article will continue to use the `` Titan '' label . )  Battle Vehicles are the newest types of sets . They feature canister-set-sized characters on a larger vehicle . They were introduced in 2008 and replaced Playsets . They can be classified as a type of Titan . A few Battle Vehicle sets are about the size and cost of normal titans , however these sets are considerably smaller in size and have Box Set size figures in place of the Canister-size figures . One exception to this is the Toa Ignika set , which contained a vehicle and a Canister-sized set as the rider while still maintaining the normal titan cost . However , the skyboard ( the corresponding vehicle ) is considerably smaller than even other `` normal titan '' vehicles .  Playsets were introduced in 2005 and are traditional Lego construction sets ; including minifigures of canister set characters . In 2008 these have been replaced with Battle Vehicle sets ( see above ) .  Stars were canister sets in early 2010 that contained Box Set size counterparts of characters from previous years . Each contained a piece of golden armor that would fit onto the Tahu set within that particular toyline .   There are also two kinds of other sets :  This list also includes specific promotions ; either items packaged with sets or special collectibles available separately . Promotional sets that are officially not part of the toyline are not included , unless they are acknowledged by the storyline . Promotional Bionicle sets are usually under ten pieces and are free .   Other models are not categorized in any of the above . Other models includes a few Bionicle pieces , and sometimes a CD or video . Their prices vary widely . Most other models were released in Europe or America .   Releases are grouped in this list into six-month periods , the beginnings of which are marked by when canister sets are released ; usually around January for winter periods and July for summer periods ( though due to retail schedules , European `` winter '' releases begin around March instead ) .   Some sets are labeled `` store exclusive '' ; they are only available at that store and directly through Lego ( both Lego outlet stores and the Lego Shop At Home website ) , such as an unnumbered set of random Bionicle parts in a plastic bag .

neg: Saints Row: The Third downloadable content Downloadable content for Saints Row : The Third was announced before the game 's November 2011 release along with a commitment from publisher THQ to support 40 weeks of content . Among smaller upgrades , three main content packs were released : Genkibowl VII , Gangstas in Space , and The Trouble with Clones . Reviewers found all three packs short -- around an hour in length -- and considered The Trouble with Clones the best of the bunch .   Genkibowl VII , released in January 2012 , brought four new activity types to Steelport around a Professor Genki-themed competition . Sad Panda Skyblazing , the only one of the four activities to not modify an existing activity type , was the reviewers ' favorite . Gangstas in Space , released in February , is a three-mission story about a Saints-themed film production starring the player and fighting aliens . The Trouble with Clones , released in March , has the player tracking down and quelling a rampant clone of Saints leader Johnny Gat . Reviewers highly praised its `` Saints Flow '' superpower sequences , and questioned why they could not have been unlocked in the main game afterwards . All download packs offered unlocks upon their completion .   The Full Package , a version containing all of the game 's downloadable content on disc alongside the main game , was released in November . Some of the smaller content items include costume , vehicle , and ability unlocks . THQ planned a standalone expansion of the game called Enter the Dominatrix . It was originally announced as an April Fool 's joke , but was confirmed and later spun into Saints Row IV 's downloadable content .

neg: List of Persona: Trinity Soul episodes Persona : Trinity Soul , a sequel to Shin Megami Tensei : Persona 3 , is an anime television series produced by Aniplex and animated by A-1 Pictures . It began airing on Tokyo MX on January 5 , 2008 , and ran for twenty-six episodes , concluding on June 28 , 2008 . The series also aired on BS11 , MBS , Animax , CTC , CBC , TVS and tvk .   The show takes place approximately 10 years after the events of Persona 3 . A string of mysterious paranormal attacks on civilians in Ayanagi City brings the Kanzato siblings together as they try to figure out who or what is responsible for the attacks . Jun and Shin team up with friends to figure out how the attacks affect their lives with the help of mysterious entities called Personas .   The show featured four theme songs . For the first thirteen episodes , the opening song was `` Breakin ' Through '' by Shūhei Kita and the ending song was `` Suicides Love Story '' by Nana Kitade . The last thirteen episodes used `` Word of the Voice '' by Flow as the opening theme and `` Found Me '' by Yumi Kawamura as the ending theme . Three of these songs were released as singles in 2008 : `` Breakin ' Through '' on February 27 , `` Suicides Love Story '' on March 5 , and `` Word of the Voice '' on June 4 . `` Found Me '' can only be found on the soundtrack CD , which was released on July 2 , 2008 .   In Japan , the entire series was released in 10 volumes . Volume 1 was released April 23 , 2008 . Volume 2 was released May 28 , 2008 . Volume 3 was released June 25 , 2008 . Volume 4 was released July 23 , 2008 . Volume 5 was released August 27 , 2008 . Volume 6 was released September 24 , 2008 . Volume 7 was released October 22 , 2008 . Volume 8 was released November 26 , 2008 . Volume 9 was released December 17 , 2008 . Volume 10 was released January 28 , 2009 .  __ TOC __

neg: Trio (Buffy the Vampire Slayer) The Trio is a group of three fictional characters in the sixth season of Buffy the Vampire Slayer , who serve as the villains of the season . They continually strive to neutralize Buffy , the Slayer , and thus the primary obstacle to their ultimate goal of taking over Sunnydale . Though initially comic relief and little more than a nuisance to the Scooby Gang , they take a darker turn by the episode `` Dead Things '' . Most of their schemes combine science and mysticism , and they are able to avoid detection by the Scoobies ( who merely assume their conducts to be the doings of demons ) until halfway through the season .   The Trio was formed by Warren Mears , technology expert ; Andrew Wells , summoner of demons ; and Jonathan Levinson , caster of spells . Jonathan was a long time recurring character , having first appeared in season 2 , and was a friendly acquaintance of the Scooby Gang , and Warren had appeared twice in season 5 . While Andrew had never been seen on the show before , his brother was in `` The Prom '' episode , and Andrew often speaks of the time he summoned flying demon monkeys to the school production of Romeo and Juliet , of which Buffy and the Scoobies have no recollection .   The three of them begin season 6 as good friends . Tired of being pushed around , they resolve to combine their expertise and `` take over Sunnydale '' as equal partners . As the stakes rise , the power shifts and Warren gradually dominates the group . Though Jonathan and Andrew lack the malice and hatred of true villains , Warren eventually reveals his true colors as a violent misogynist capable of murder . The Trio is continually thwarted by Buffy , and none of their actions make any name for themselves in Sunnydale 's mystical underground , as revealed in `` Villains '' . The group is ultimately disbanded when , after a face-off with Buffy , Warren flees and leaves Andrew and Jonathan to take the fall with the police .

neg: Prophets of Science Fiction Prophets of Science Fiction is an American documentary television series produced and hosted by Ridley Scott for the Science Channel . The program premiered on .   The series covers the life and work of leading science fiction authors of the last couple of centuries . It depicts how they predicted and , accordingly , influenced the development of scientific advancements by inspiring many readers to assist in transforming those futuristic visions into everyday reality . The stories are told through film clips , reenactments , illustrations and interviews .   The first episode received mixed reviews . Commentators appreciated the approach of combining coverage of contemporary scientific research and biographical exposition , but criticized the series as `` light on the substance and heavy on the exaggeration '' . The series ' attempts to link Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein to developments such as organ transplants , supercomputers and DNA research were described by one critic as far-fetched but by another as successful .

neg: Pokémon: Arceus and the Jewel of Life Pokémon : Arceus and the Jewel of Life , originally released in Japan as , is a 2009 Japanese anime film directed by Kunihiko Yuyama . It is the twelfth Pokémon film and the third in the Diamond & Pearl trilogy . This film so far has earned US$ 50.2 million in Japan , making it the highest grossing animated film of the year in that country , beating Evangelion : 2.0 You Can ( Not ) Advance and Detective Conan : The Raven Chaser . The English language dub was aired on November 6 , 2009 , in Australia , November 20 , 2009 , in the United States in theaters and on Cartoon Network , on May 28 , 2010 , in the United Kingdom on Disney XD UK and The Spanish language dub was aired on Spain April 4 , 2010 , on Disney XD and Latin America on November 21 , 2010 , on Cartoon Network . This marks the first time that a Pokémon feature film has made its U.S. debut in the same year as its original Japanese release before the Japanese DVD release on December 18 , 2009 . The theme song of the film is `` Kokoro no Antenna '' by Shoko Nakagawa . Cartoon Network ( Pakistan ) aired the movie in August 2011 .   The movie 's fictitious setting is based on various locations in Greece , which the director and producers visited during August 2008 . Among the locations they visited and have been used as inspiration for the movie were the Acropolis , Mycenae , Delphi , Metéora .   The DVD was released on Monday 28 November 2011 in the UK by Universal , as the third Pokémon DVD to come out in the UK since The Rise of Darkrai .

neg: Music video game A music video game , also commonly known as a music game , is a video game where the gameplay is meaningfully and often almost entirely oriented around the player 's interactions with a musical score or individual songs . Music video games may take a variety of forms and are often grouped with puzzle games due to their common use of `` rhythmically generated puzzles '' .   Strong support for the convergence of live music and video games is evident with the success of the Video Games Live concert series . Emergent games for live concert performance , `` game-scores '' , augment traditional western music notation with the dramatic elements of animation , interactivity , graphic elements and aleatoric principles ( Anigraphical Music ) . The concept of incorporating game theory and music is not new and can be traced back to Musikalisches Würfelspiel .   Music video games are distinct from purely audio games ( e.g. the 1997 Sega Saturn release Real Sound : Kaze no Regret ) in that they feature a visual feedback , to lead the player through the game 's soundtrack , although eidetic music games can fall under both categories .

neg: List of accolades received by BioShock Infinite BioShock Infinite is a first-person shooter video game developed by Irrational Games and published by 2K Games . Players assume control of Booker DeWitt ( Troy Baker ) , who is sent to rescue Elizabeth ( Courtnee Draper ) from her captivity on the floating air city of Columbia . The game 's development was led by creative director Ken Levine . The game was officially announced on August 12 , 2010 , and was widely anticipated . At the Spike Video Game Awards , it was nominated Most Anticipated Game three times .   Following its previews at the Electronic Entertainment Expo , the game won numerous awards , including Best of Show from several gaming publications . It was released worldwide on March 26 , 2013 for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 . Review aggregator Metacritic assigned the game a normalized score of 94 out of 100 , indicating `` universal acclaim '' , based on 27 and 68 reviews for the Windows and PlayStation 3 versions , respectively ; the Xbox 360 version received 93 out of 100 based on 33 reviews . Within four months of its release , BioShock Infinite sold approximately four million copies , and eleven million by June 2015 .   BioShock Infinite garnered awards and nominations in a variety of categories with particular praise for its music , story , visual design , characters , and the acting of its cast . At the 17th Annual DICE Awards , the game received six nominations and went on to win two awards : Action Game of the Year , and Outstanding Achievement in Original Music Composition . The game earned four nominations at the 10th British Academy Video Games Awards , winning Original Music . At IGN 's Best of 2013 , the game garnered twenty nominations and went on to win nine awards , including Best Overall Shooter Game and Best Overall Graphics for Art Design .   At the 14th Annual Game Developers Choice Awards , BioShock Infinite won Best Audio and Best Visual Art . The game received nine nominations at the Spike VGX , winning Best Shooter , Best Song in a Game and Character of the Year . At the National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards , the game received eleven nominations , with Courtnee Draper winning Supporting Performance in a Drama . The game appeared on several year-end lists of the best games of 2013 , receiving Game of the Year wins from the Associated Press , CNN , Electronic Gaming Monthly , Entertainment Weekly , Forbes , and Games .

neg: Galactus Galactus is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . Formerly a mortal man , Galactus is a cosmic entity who originally consumed planets to sustain his life force , and serves a functional role in the upkeep of the primary Marvel continuity . Galactus was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby and first appeared in the comic book Fantastic Four # 48 , published in March 1966 .   Lee and Kirby had desired to introduce a character that broke away from the archetype of the standard villain , culminating in the creation of Galactus . In the character 's first appearance Galactus was depicted as a god-like figure who feeds by draining living planets of their energy , and operates without regard to the morality and judgements of mortal beings . Galactus ' initial origin was that of a space explorer named Galan who gained cosmic abilities by passing near a star , but writer Mark Gruenwald further developed the origin of the character , revealing that Galan lived during the previous universe . As Galan 's universe came to an end , Galan merged with the `` Sentience of the Universe '' to become Galactus , an entity that wielded such cosmic power as to require devouring entire planets to sustain his existence . Additional material written by John Byrne , Jim Starlin , and Louise Simonson explored Galactus ' role and purpose in the Marvel Universe , and examined the actions of the character through themes of genocide , manifest destiny , ethics , and natural/necessary existence . Frequently accompanied by a herald ( such as the Silver Surfer ) , the character has appeared as both antagonist and protagonist in central and supporting roles . Since debuting in the Silver Age of Comic Books , Galactus has played a role in over five decades of Marvel continuity .   The character has been featured in other Marvel media , such as arcade games , video games , animated television series , and the 2007 film Fantastic Four : Rise of the Silver Surfer .   In 2009 , Galactus ranked 5th on IGN 's list of `` Top 100 Comic Book Villains '' , citing the character 's `` larger than life presence '' as making him one of the more important villains ever created . IGN also noted `` Galactus is one of the few villains on our list to really defy the definition of an evil-doer '' as the character is compelled to destroy worlds because of his hunger .

neg: Peckhammer TV Peckhammer TV was an Internet TV show that premiered on YouTube on February 5 , 2008 , and ran until November 2010 , with one final episode posted on April 6 , 2013 . The motorcycle-themed shows often included educational content . Peckhammer TV was produced by David E. Aldrich , a Seattle-based documentary director , cinematographer and independent motorsports journalist .   Peckhammer TV was created by David Aldrich , AKA Peckhammer , who was the writer , director , editor and producer . Aldrich is known in the new media field for his early work in podcasting . Together with his assistant producer , Juliette Pezé ( `` Girl Wonder '' ) , the two flew around the United States to document the industry and interview notable riders such as racing great Eddie Mulder , and Hollywood stunt woman Alisa Hensley-Lane .   Peckhammer TV operated as an independent , self-financed , nonprofit project . Peckhammer focused on stories that were not usual for television , such as racing support teams . This , and the fact that assistant producer Pezé is tri-lingual and could conduct interviews in several languages , made the show notable .   Peckhammer TV debuted in 2008 , and gained an international following . New webisodes were released monthly via several online outlets . The webisode `` Bob Milewsky , 2008 Chehalis Classic '' was written about in Racer X online magazine . Peckhammer TV videos hosted on YouTube have received more than 1,000,000 views .

neg: Paul Drane Paul Drane is an Australian television producer-director . He was initially known as studio director of the Australian TV pop show Countdown from 1975 to 1977 . During this period , he directed several music videos ( promotional film clips ) made especially for Countdown , including the original clips for the AC/DC hits `` It 's a Long Way to the Top '' and `` Jailbreak '' .   His innovative and award-winning Countdown video for Supernaut 's `` I Like It Both Ways '' gave viewers an early taste of visual effects in music videos . These were achieved without the benefit of ( yet to be invented ) high end CGI , but improvised with clever use of video feed-back by pointing the cameras at monitors to create wildly looping , distortion effects . With its blend of live action and 2D visual imagery , the award-winning video was an early glimpse of the rapid advances that lay ahead .   In addition to the Countdown live performances , Drane independently produced and directed many Australian music videos during the 70s ( Skyhooks , John Paul Young , Cold Chisel , Little River Band , Marcia Hines ) and full concerts from local and international artists .   In 1978 he produced and directed the independent music documentary , ` Australian Music to the World ' , based on the original radio series by Vince Lovegrove . Filmed worldwide , the program featured interviews and performances by artists including AC/DC ( live in Atlanta ) , Peter Allen , Helen Reddy and Little River Band .   The following year Drane produced and directed the documentary special ` The Prophecies of Nostradamus ' for Australian television network Seven . Hosted by actor , John Waters , the program set a ratings record , with unprecedented reaction the following day , prompting the network to schedule a repeat run two weeks later .   This program was sold to Warner Bros in the United States in 1980 . Repackaged for worldwide release , it was hosted by Orson Welles and titled ` The Man Who Saw Tomorrow ' .   Throughout his lengthy career Paul Drane has maintained his passion for music , and in particular live music on television . This has given rise to classic televised concerts from artists including Split Enz , INXS , and Paul Kelly , and iconic musical moments such as Stevie Wright 's ` Evie ' at the Sydney Opera House .   Since 2005 Drane has directed RocKwiz for SBS One and continues to make music videos and television content .

neg: Bleach (season 3) The is the third season of the Bleach anime series . In the English adaptation of the anime released by Viz Media , the title of the season is translated as The Rescue . The episodes are directed by Noriyuki Abe and produced by TV Tokyo , Dentsu , and Studio Pierrot . The episodes are based on Tite Kubo 's Bleach manga series over twenty-two episodes . The episodes ' plot centers on Ichigo Kurosaki 's and his friends ' efforts to save Soul Reaper Rukia Kuchiki from execution by her superiors in the Soul Society .   The season initially ran from July 26 , 2005 , to January 10 , 2006 , in Japan on TV Tokyo . The English adaptation of the season began airing on July 21 , 2007 on Adult Swim in the United States . On October 14 , 2007 , the Bleach anime went on a hiatus ; episodes resumed airing on March 2 , 2008 , and finished airing on May 11 , 2008 .   The episodes use four pieces of theme music : two opening themes and two ending themes . The opening theme for the first ten episodes is `` D-TecnoLife '' by Uverworld ; the other episodes of the season use by High and Mighty Color . The two ending themes are `` HappyPeople '' by Skoop on Somebody , used from episode 42 to 52 , and Yui 's `` Life '' , which was used for the remainder of the episodes .   Five DVD compilations , each containing four episodes of the season , with the exception of the last two discs with contain five episodes , were released by Aniplex between December 21 , 2005 to April 26 , 2006 . The English adaptation of the anime is distributed by Viz Media ; three DVD compilations have been released on July 22 , 2008 , September 23 , 2008 , and November 18 , 2008 respectively . Another DVD compilation was set for release on January 20 , 2009 .

neg: P.N.03 P.N. 03 , short for Product Number Zero Three , is a 2003 third-person shooter video game developed and published by Capcom for the Nintendo GameCube . Set in a science-fictional space colony compound , the game stars Vanessa Z. Schneider , a mercenary controlled by the player to combat berserk robots . The game was directed by Shinji Mikami as part of the Capcom Five . To avoid similarities with Devil May Cry and Resident Evil , the P.N. 03 team emphasized defensive and rhythmic maneuvers and a `` delicate '' , `` feminine '' game world .   P.N. 03 was developed on a tight schedule in an attempt to offset Capcom 's poor fiscal year . However , the game received mixed reviews and failed commercially . Several critics found the game repetitive and unintuitive . They were divided on its gameplay mechanics : some disliked its controls -- specifically the inability to move and shoot simultaneously -- while others compared it favorably to golden age arcade games . Mikami repurposed ideas from P.N. 03 in his 2010 game Vanquish .

neg: Alien (film) Alien is a 1979 British-American science-fiction horror film directed by Ridley Scott , and starring Sigourney Weaver , Tom Skerritt , Veronica Cartwright , Harry Dean Stanton , John Hurt , Ian Holm and Yaphet Kotto . The film 's title refers to a highly aggressive extraterrestrial creature that stalks and kills the crew of a spaceship . Dan O'Bannon wrote the screenplay from a story he wrote with Ronald Shusett , drawing influence from previous works of science fiction and horror . The film was produced by Gordon Carroll , David Giler and Walter Hill through their Brandywine Productions and distributed by 20th Century Fox . Giler and Hill made revisions and additions to the script . Shusett was executive producer . The eponymous Alien and its accompanying elements were designed by Swiss artist H. R. Giger , while concept artists Ron Cobb and Chris Foss designed the human aspects of the film . Alien launched the Alien franchise and is chronologically the first of the main series , with the prequel series set in an earlier timeframe .   Alien received both critical acclaim and box office success , receiving an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects , Saturn Awards for Best Science Fiction Film , Best Direction for Scott , and Best Supporting Actress for Cartwright , and a Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , along with numerous other award nominations . It has remained highly praised in subsequent decades , being considered one of the greatest films of all time . In 2002 , the film was deemed `` culturally , historically or aesthetically significant '' by the Library of Congress and was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry . In 2008 , it was ranked as the seventh-best film in the science fiction genre by the American Film Institute , and as the 33rd greatest film of all time by Empire magazine .   The success of Alien spawned a media franchise of novels , comic books , video games , and toys . It also launched Weaver 's acting career by providing her with her first lead role , and the story of her character Ellen Ripley 's encounters with the Alien creatures became the thematic thread that ran through the sequels Aliens ( 1986 ) , Alien 3 ( 1992 ) and Alien : Resurrection ( 1997 ) . , a crossover with the Predator franchise produced the Alien vs. Predator series , which includes Alien vs. Predator ( 2004 ) and Aliens vs. Predator : Requiem ( 2007 ) , and also a prequel series of films , which includes Prometheus ( 2012 ) and Alien : Covenant ( 2017 ) .

neg: Michael Jackson's Vision Michael Jackson 's Vision is a deluxe DVD box set by American recording artist Michael Jackson . It was released on November 22 , 2010 by Epic Records , Legacy Recordings , and Jackson 's own label , MJJ Productions . It includes three DVDs , featuring 4.5 hours of content of 42 music videos with newly restored color and remastered audio . Jackson referred to each of these productions as a `` short film '' and not a music video . This is the first time that all of Jackson 's videos have been released on DVD . According to a statement by the producers , the video recognizes Jackson 's `` pioneering short films that transformed the entertainment industry with timeless , pop culture classics '' .   Disc one features videos from the albums Off the Wall , Thriller and Bad and disc two features videos from the albums Dangerous , HIStory : Past , Present and Future , Book I , Blood on the Dance Floor : HIStory in the Mix and Invincible . The third disc , which is a bonus disc , features seven videos . Michael Jackson 's Vision includes the full-length versions of the John Landis-directed `` Thriller '' and `` Black or White '' as well as the classic `` Bad '' directed by Academy Award winning filmmaker Martin Scorsese . Also included in the boxed set are Jackson 's collaborations with other noted film directors such as John Singleton , Spike Lee and David Fincher as well as `` Ghosts , '' his rarely seen collaboration with special effects legend Stan Winston . Michael Jackson 's Vision is available in a limited edition boxed set featuring a 60-page glossy hard-bound book that includes behind-the-scenes photos from Jackson 's videos , which includes information for each video including : songwriter , album , director , production date , location and photography .   Ten music videos previously unavailable on DVD including `` One More Chance '' are included . It was also released on the iTunes Store and has iTunes LP features . The videos `` Smooth Criminal '' , `` Speed Demon '' , `` Come Together '' , and `` Leave Me Alone '' come from Jackson 's 1988 film Moonwalker . The `` Smooth Criminal '' segment is actually over 40 minutes long but only the 10-minute song and dance scene is featured . The video `` Another Part of Me '' is from Jackson 's Bad World Tour and `` Will You Be There '' is from the Dangerous World Tour .   The `` HIStory '' video is the only short film that is not included in this box set . The original music video of `` Blood on the Dance Floor '' is replaced with the Refugee Camp Mix for unknown reasons . The videos for The Jacksons ' songs `` Torture '' and `` Body '' are also not included , because Michael did not appear in either of them , despite having a verse in each of them . Also not included is the music video for The Jacksons ' `` 2300 Jackson Street '' .   On February 15 , 2011 , Michael Jackson 's Vision was certified 5 × Platinum by RIAA for the sales of over 0.5 million units in the United States . On December 31 , 2010 , it was also certified Diamond in France ( for the sales of over 60 000 units ) and 2 × Platinum in Australia . On May 29 , 2011 , it was also certified Gold in New Zealand . It has been also certified Gold in Austria and Platinum in Poland .   Reception over the video and audio quality of the box set has been mixed . As the videos are played in 16:9 , videos with a 4:3 aspect ratio are pillarboxed and as a result the resolution is lower than some previous DVDs . Also , the audio is mixed in PCM stereo instead of 5.1 Surround as in many previous DVDs .

neg: Freaks and Geeks Freaks and Geeks is an American teen comedy-drama television series , created by Paul Feig , with Judd Apatow as executive producer , that aired on NBC during the 1999 -- 2000 television season . Eighteen episodes were completed , but the series was canceled after only 12 had aired .   A fan-led campaign persuaded NBC to broadcast three more episodes in July 2000 ; the three remaining unaired episodes , for a total of 18 , aired that September on the cable network Fox Family Channel .   The series appeared on Time magazine 's 2007 `` 100 Greatest Shows of All Time '' list , and placed third on the magazine 's list of greatest television shows of the 2000s ( decade ) . In 2007 , Freaks and Geeks ranked # 21 on TV Guides Top Cult Shows Ever . In 2008 , Entertainment Weekly ranked it the 13th-best series of the past 25 years . The same year , AOL TV named it the Best School Show of All Time . In 2013 TV Guide included it in its list of The 60 Greatest Dramas of All Time , and ranked it # 1 on their list of 60 shows that were `` Cancelled Too Soon '' . It launched several of its young actors into successful television and film careers .

neg: Panopticon (album) Panopticon is the third full-length album by Los Angeles , California based post-metal band ISIS , released by Ipecac Recordings in 2004 . The album 's title is derived from philosopher Jeremy Bentham 's panopticon prison ideal and philosopher/historian Michel Foucault 's later allegorical appropriation of the concept . The liner notes also include quotes from technology writer Howard Rheingold and futurist Alex Steffen ; as a concept album , Panopticon '' 's focus is on the proliferation of surveillance technologies throughout modern society and the government 's role in that spread .   Critical response to Panopticon was generally very warm ; as it followed 2002 's critically acclaimed Oceanic , many reviewers were quick to hold the two in comparison . The consensus was that Panopticon represented a progression , of sorts . The album 's sound continued Isis ' departure from the strictures of sludge and metal -- which had been the hallmarks of their earlier material -- and continued along the trajectory of post-metal , achieved by heightened use of melody and clean vocals .   On April 29 , 2014 a deluxe version of Panopticon '' , remastered by Mika Jussila , was released by Ipecac Recordings . It contains extra music in the transitions to and from `` Wills Dissolve , '' adding 10 seconds to the overall running time of the album .

neg: Pokémon Apokélypse Pokémon Apokélypse is a 2010 fan-made short film directed by Kial Natale and produced by Dylan Innes and Lee Majdoub . Based on the Pokémon franchise , the storyline takes place several years after the events of the original anime series . Intended as a fan-response to `` the common trend of ` dark and gritty ' reboots of popular franchises '' , the film was meant to give a mature spin on Pokémon and be in the same vein as work seen on parody website CollegeHumor . The creators initially intended to reveal the film at the Vancouver Anime Evolution convention , it was not shown due to technical difficulties . Instead on September 14 , 2010 , it revealed online via a teaser segment distributed through emails sent to various media outlets , which presented itself as a recording of a `` secret movie trailer screening '' for a film in development . The full film followed shortly thereafter , posted online on September 20 .   The result of almost two years of work , the film follows Ash Ketchum and his friends years after the events of the original anime series , and their struggle against criminal organization Rocket Industries . Deciding on using the subject of Pokémon after considering several possibilities such as Grand Theft Auto and Dragon Ball Z , the producers were surprised by fan reaction to the material . Despite praises for the content , they have stated they have no intention to produce a full-fledged film .   The initial `` leaked '' preview was met with skepticism and criticism , with Crave Online in particular recalling the trend of past video game-inspired films being of poor quality . Kotaku and Topless Robot in particular noting that the preview did it a disservice by hiding the charm of the completed project , which by comparison was met with very positive reception . GamesRadar called it `` amazing '' , and stated that the content was `` good enough for grown ups '' ; in a further discussion , they added they were impressed by the quality of the work , and how it addressed the similarity between the games and dog fighting . Other sources such as The Escapist and Game Informer also heavily praised the production , with the former lamenting that such a concept would never officially appear from Nintendo .

neg: Universe (economics) In economics and marketing a universe is a population to be studied or measured .   In economics a population to be measured is described as a `` universe '' , and the measures which are generated are intended to reflect the behavior of that population . Different statistical surveys may measure related , but different , universes and have to be adjusted to reflect this difference . For example , the American Bureau of Labor Statistics has a household survey and an establishment survey to measure employment . The differences in the populations and behavior that these two surveys measure are said to be the differences in their `` universe '' .   The word has a similar meaning in marketing , where it describes the activity in a given population . For example , ASCAP measures airplay in different radio `` universes '' to determine royalties for different songs , because e.g. air play in the `` classical '' universe is compensated differently from popular music . It also fundamental to television audience measurement : advertisers buy into programmes based on the ratings in different demographic universes and those different universes will cost different amounts . For example , a hair dye ad campaign may buy 1000 Gross Rating Points ( GRP ) in the Women 25-44 universe in order to target that particular audience , rather than a demographic irrelevant to their product .

neg: Stargate fandom Stargate fandom is a community of people actively interested in the military science fiction film Stargate and the television shows Stargate SG-1 ( SG1 ) , Stargate Infinity ( SGI ) , Stargate Atlantis ( SGA ) , Stargate Universe ( SGU ) and their spin offs . The first franchise release , Stargate ( 1994 ) spawned four television series successors , four movies ( two in production ) , a plethora of merchandise , and a massive franchise collectively known as the Stargate ( owned by Metro -- Goldwyn -- Mayer and aired by Syfy , which now owns television properties they previously held with Carolco Pictures ) .   Thanks to Stargate fandom , the franchise has spawned other media including books , television series , video games , comic books and audiobooks . These supplements to the film and series trilogies comprise another universe than the series and the film , and have resulted in significant development of the series ' fictional universe . These media kept the franchise going in the interim between the film and series trilogies . In 2008 , Stargate : The Ark of Truth and Continuum was released direct-to-DVD , which in total grossed over 21 million in the United States . In 2002 , the franchise 's first animated series , Stargate Infinity , was released as an introduction to the Expanded Universe . In 2004 , Stargate Atlantis was released as a spin off from Stargate SG-1 and a new Stargate spin-off series entitled Stargate Universe was released in the fall of 2009 .


query: Henri Poincare was a philosopher of science.

pos: Henri Poincaré Jules Henri Poincaré ( -LSB- ʒyl ɑ̃ʁi pwɛ̃kaʁe -RSB- ; 29 April 1854 -- 17 July 1912 ) was a French mathematician , theoretical physicist , engineer , and philosopher of science . He is often described as a polymath , and in mathematics as The Last Universalist by Eric Temple Bell , since he excelled in all fields of the discipline as it existed during his lifetime .   As a mathematician and physicist , he made many original fundamental contributions to pure and applied mathematics , mathematical physics , and celestial mechanics . He was responsible for formulating the Poincaré conjecture , which was one of the most famous unsolved problems in mathematics until it was solved in 2002 -- 2003 by Grigori Perelman . In his research on the three-body problem , Poincaré became the first person to discover a chaotic deterministic system which laid the foundations of modern chaos theory . He is also considered to be one of the founders of the field of topology .   Poincaré made clear the importance of paying attention to the invariance of laws of physics under different transformations , and was the first to present the Lorentz transformations in their modern symmetrical form . Poincaré discovered the remaining relativistic velocity transformations and recorded them in a letter to Dutch physicist Hendrik Lorentz ( 1853 -- 1928 ) in 1905 . Thus he obtained perfect invariance of all of Maxwell 's equations , an important step in the formulation of the theory of special relativity . In 1905 , Poincaré first proposed gravitational waves ( ondes gravifiques ) emanating from a body and propagating at the speed of light as being required by the Lorentz transformations .   The Poincaré group used in physics and mathematics was named after him .

neg: Revue Philosophique de Louvain The Revue Philosophique de Louvain was founded in 1894 by Désiré Mercier as the Revue Néoscolastique . It is now published by the Institut Supérieur de Philosophie at the Catholic University of Louvain . The journals publishes on the international philosophical movements in the broadest sense .   The journal is a source of research and discussion through its articles ; a source of documentation and critics by its `` bulletins '' , its book reviews and book notes ; a source of information through its various chronicles . The Revue Philosophique de Louvain aims to be a working instrument as certain and complete as possible in the philosophical research field .

neg: Philosophy and economics Philosophy and economics , also philosophy of economics , studies topics such as rational choice , the appraisal of economic outcomes , institutions and processes , and the ontology of economic phenomena and the possibilities of acquiring knowledge of them .   Although these inquiries overlap in many ways , it is useful to divide philosophy of economics in this way into three subject matters which can be regarded respectively as branches of action theory , ethics ( or normative social and political philosophy ) , and philosophy of science . Economic theories of rationality , welfare , and social choice defend substantive philosophical theses often informed by relevant philosophical literature and of evident interest to those interested in action theory , philosophical psychology , and social and political philosophy .   Economics is of particular interest to those interested in epistemology and philosophy of science both because of its detailed peculiarities and because it possesses many of the overt features of the natural sciences , while its object consists of social phenomena .

neg: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society Philosophical Transactions , titled Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society ( Phil . Trans . ) from 1776 , is a scientific journal published by the Royal Society . In its earliest days , it was a private venture of the Royal Society 's secretary . It became an official society publication in 1752 . It was established in 1665 , making it the first journal in the world exclusively devoted to science , and therefore also the world 's longest-running scientific journal . The use of the word `` Philosophical '' in the title refers to `` natural philosophy '' , which was the equivalent of what would now be generally called `` science '' .

neg: Science book A science book is a work of nonfiction , usually written by a scientist , researcher , or professor like Stephen Hawking ( A Brief History of Time ) , or sometimes by a non-scientist such as Bill Bryson ( A Short History of Nearly Everything ) . Usually these books are written for a wide audience presumed to have a general education rather than a specifically scientific training , as opposed to the very narrow audience that a scientific paper would have , and are therefore referred to as popular science . As such , they require considerable talent on the part of the author to sufficiently explain difficult topics to  people who are totally new to the subject , and a good blend of storytelling and technical writing . In the UK , the Royal Society Prizes for Science Books are considered to be the most prestigious awards for science writing . In the US , the National Book Awards briefly had a category for science writing in the 1960s , but now they just have the broad categories of fiction and nonfiction .   There are many disciplines that are well explained to lay people through science books . A few examples include Carl Sagan on astronomy , Jared Diamond on geography , Stephen Jay Gould and Richard Dawkins on evolutionary biology , David Eagleman on neuroscience , Donald Norman on usability and cognitive psychology , Steven Pinker , Noam Chomsky , and Robert Ornstein on linguistics and cognitive science , Donald Johanson and Robert Ardrey on paleoanthropology , and Desmond Morris on zoology and anthropology , and Fulvio Melia on black holes .

neg: Henri Laborit Henri Laborit ( 21 November 1914 -- 18 May 1995 ) was a French surgeon , writer and philosopher . In 1952 , Laborit was instrumental in the development of the drug chlorpromazine , published his findings , and convinced three psychiatrists to test it on a patient , resulting in great success . Laborit was recognized for his work , but as a surgeon searching for an anesthetic , he wound up at odds with psychiatrists who made their own discoveries and competing claims .   Laborit was personally untroubled by the requirements of science and the constraints of university life . He maintained an independence from academia and never sought to produce the orderly results that science requires of its adherents .

neg: Scientific theory A scientific theory is an explanation of some aspect of the natural world that can , in accordance with the scientific method , be repeatedly tested , using a predefined protocol of observations and experiments . Established scientific theories have withstood rigorous scrutiny and are a comprehensive form of scientific knowledge .   It is important to note that the definition of a `` scientific theory '' ( often ambiguously contracted to `` theory '' for the sake of brevity , including in this page ) as used in the disciplines of science is significantly different from the common vernacular usage of the word `` theory '' . Per NAS 2008 : `` The formal scientific definition of theory is quite different from the everyday meaning of the word . It refers to a comprehensive explanation of some aspect of nature that is supported by a vast body of evidence . '' In everyday non-scientific speech , `` theory '' can imply that something is an unsubstantiated and speculative guess , conjecture , idea , or , hypothesis ; such a usage is the opposite of the word `` theory '' in science . These different usages are comparable to the differing , and often opposing , usages of the term `` prediction '' in science versus `` prediction '' in vernacular speech , denoting a mere hope .   The strength of a scientific theory is related to the diversity of phenomena it can explain . As additional scientific evidence is gathered , a scientific theory may be rejected or modified if it does not fit the new empirical findings ; in such circumstances , a more accurate theory is then desired . In certain cases , the less-accurate unmodified scientific theory can still be treated as a theory if it is useful ( due to its sheer simplicity ) as an approximation under specific conditions ( e.g. , Newton 's laws of motion as an approximation to special relativity at velocities that are small relative to the speed of light ) .   Scientific theories are testable and make falsifiable predictions . They describe the causal elements responsible for a particular natural phenomenon , and are used to explain and predict aspects of the physical universe or specific areas of inquiry ( e.g. , electricity , chemistry , astronomy ) . Scientists use theories as a foundation to gain further scientific knowledge , as well as to accomplish goals such as inventing technology or curing disease .   As with other forms of scientific knowledge , scientific theories are both deductive and inductive in nature and aim for predictive power and explanatory capability .   Paleontologist , evolutionary biologist , and science historian Stephen Jay Gould said , `` ... facts and theories are different things , not rungs in a hierarchy of increasing certainty . Facts are the world ′ s data . Theories are structures of ideas that explain and interpret facts . ''

neg: The central science Chemistry is often called the central science because of its role in connecting the physical sciences , which include chemistry , with the life sciences and applied sciences such as medicine and engineering . The nature of this relationship is one of the main topics in the philosophy of chemistry and in scientometrics . The phrase was popularized by its use in a textbook by Theodore L. Brown and H. Eugene LeMay , titled Chemistry : The Central Science , which was first published in 1977 , with a thirteenth edition published in 2014 .   The central role of chemistry can be seen in the systematic and hierarchical classification of the sciences by Auguste Comte in which each discipline provides a more general framework for the area it precedes ( mathematics → astronomy → physics → chemistry → physiology and medicine → social sciences ) . Balaban and Klein have more recently proposed a diagram showing partial ordering of sciences in which chemistry may be argued is `` the central science '' since it provides a significant degree of branching . In forming these connections the lower field can not be fully reduced to the higher ones . It is recognized that the lower fields possess emergent ideas and concepts that do not exist in the higher fields of science .   Thus chemistry is built on an understanding of laws of physics that govern particles such as atoms , protons , electrons , thermodynamics , etc. although it has been shown that it has not been `` fully ` reduced ' to quantum mechanics '' . Concepts such as the periodicity of the elements and chemical bonds in chemistry are emergent in that they are more than the underlying forces that are defined by physics .   In the same way , biology can not be fully reduced to chemistry despite the fact that the machinery that is responsible for life is composed of molecules . For instance , the machinery of evolution may be described in terms of chemistry by the understanding that it is a mutation in the order of genetic base pairs in the DNA of an organism . However , chemistry can not fully describe the process since it does not contain concepts such as natural selection that are responsible for driving evolution . Chemistry is fundamental to biology since it provides a methodology for studying and understanding the molecules that compose cells .   Connections made by chemistry are formed through various sub-disciplines that utilize concepts from multiple scientific disciplines . Chemistry and physics are both needed in the areas of physical chemistry , nuclear chemistry , and theoretical chemistry . Chemistry and biology intersect in the areas of biochemistry , medicinal chemistry , molecular biology , chemical biology , molecular genetics , and immunochemistry . Chemistry and the earth sciences intersect in areas like geochemistry and hydrology .

neg: Spacetime In physics , spacetime is any mathematical model that combines space and time into a single interwoven continuum .   Until the turn of the 20th century , the assumption had been that the three-dimensional geometry of the universe ( its description in terms of locations , shapes , distances , and directions ) was distinct from time ( the measurement of when events occur within the universe ) . However , Albert Einstein 's 1905 special theory of relativity postulated that the speed of light through empty space has one definite value -- a constant -- that is independent of the motion of the light source . Einstein 's equations precisely described important consequences of this fact : both the shape of space and the measurement of time simultaneously change for observers who have different relative velocities , which is to say , for observers who have different inertial frames of reference .   Einstein 's theory was framed in terms of kinematics ( the study of moving bodies ) , and showed how measurements of space and time varied for observers in different reference frames . His theory was a breakthrough advance over Lorentz 's 1904 theory of electromagnetic phenomena and Poincaré 's electrodynamic theory . Although these theories included equations identical to those that Einstein introduced ( i.e. the Lorentz transformation ) , they were essentially ad hoc models proposed to explain the results of various experiments -- including the famous Michelson -- Morley interferometer experiment -- that were extremely difficult to fit into existing paradigms .   In 1908 , Hermann Minkowski , expanding upon Einstein 's work , presented a geometric interpretation of special relativity that fused time and the three spatial dimensions of space into a single four-dimensional continuum now known as Minkowski space -- an example of what mathematicians call a 4‑dimensional manifold . A key feature of this interpretation is the definition of a spacetime interval that combines distance and time . Although measurements of distance and time between events differ among observers , the spacetime interval is independent of the inertial frame of reference in which they are recorded .

neg: Ferdinand Alquié Ferdinand Alquié ( -LSB- alkje -RSB- ; ( Carcassonne , Aude , 18 December 1906 -- 28 February 1985 , Montpellier ) was a French philosopher and member of the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques from 1978 .  In the years 1931 to 1945 he was a professor in various provincial and Parisian lycees , and later at the University of Montpellier and Sorbonne where he worked until he retired in 1979 .   Alquie 's career was dominated by the decades-long polemic between himself as a Cartesian and the Spinozian perspective of his rival Martial Gueroult . He was vehemently opposed to all forms of philosophical monism and felt that human life is permeated by various forms of dualism . He was opposed to totalitarianism and Marxism and as a close friend of André Breton , he aligned himself with the surrealist project .   He was an instructor of Gilles Deleuze , whom , according to Michael Hardt , he accused of drawing on biology , psychology , and other fields , neglecting philosophy . Deleuze responded by agreeing with Alquié and moreover , he argued that his primary interest was precisely in the metaphysics science needs rather than in the science philosophy needs . Alquié went on to direct Deleuze 's secondary thesis , `` Expressionism in Philosophy : Spinoza . '' He has published many books about Descartes , Kant and Spinoza , as well as a book on Nicolas Malebranche . He was close to André Breton and wrote Philosophy of Surrealism ( 1955 ) , which espoused a view of surrealism as a form of humanism that values the vibrant potential of the unconscious mind .

neg: Index of philosophy of science articles This is a list of articles in philosophy of science .   A-series and B-series  A New Model of the Universe  Abductive reasoning  Abner Shimony  Abstinence  Adolf Grünbaum  Alan Turing  Albert Einstein  Alexandre Koyré  Alfred Jules Ayer  Alfred North Whitehead  Alfred Wilm  Alison Wylie  Altruism  André-Marie Ampère  Andreas Speiser  Androcentrism  Anthropic principle  Anti-Supernaturalism  Antiscience  Anton Kržan  Approximation  Archimedes  Aristotelian physics  Arthur Fine  Arthur Pap  Artificial consciousness  Artificial intelligence  Asa Gray  Atomism  Augustine Eriugena  Avicenna  Barry Loewer  Bas van Fraassen  Bayesian probability  Behaviorism  Berlin Circle  Bernard d'Espagnat  Bertrand Russell  Biological determinism  Biological imperative  Blockhead ( computer system )  Bohr -- Einstein debates  Bonifaty Kedrov  Boris Hessen  C. D. Broad  Cargo cult science  Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker  Carl Gustav Hempel  Carl Linnaeus  Carlos Castrodeza  Carnap -- Ramsey sentence  Causality  Centre for History and Philosophy of Science , University of Leeds  Christopher Potter ( author )  Classical mechanics  Classification of the sciences ( Peirce )  Claus Emmeche  Closed circle  Cognitive science  Commensurability ( philosophy of science )  Computational humor  Computer ethics  Confirmation holism  Conjecture  Conjectures and Refutations  Connectionism  Consciousness  Conservation biology  Constantin Noica  Construct ( philosophy of science )  Constructive empiricism  Constructive realism  Contextual empiricism  Conventionalism  Copernican Revolution ( metaphor )  Crabtree 's bludgeon  Critical realism  Daniel Chandler  Data system  David Hilbert  David Hull  David N. Stamos  David Papineau  David Stenhouse  Dawkins vs. Gould  Decision theory  Deductive-nomological model  Demarcation problem  Democratic Rationalization  Determinism  Deterministic system ( philosophy )  Dominique Lecourt  Don Ihde  Ecology  Edward Grant  Edward Jones-Imhotep  Edward S. Reed  Elisabeth Lloyd  Elliott Sober  Emergence  Émile Meyerson  Empirical method  Empirical relationship  Empirical research  Empiricism  Entity realism  Epicurus  Epistemological anarchism  Epistemological rupture  Epistemology  Eric Higgs ( philosopher )  Ernest Nagel  Ernst Mach  Ernst W. Mayr  Ervin László  Erwin Schrödinger  Ethics of artificial intelligence  Ethics of technology  Ethics of terraforming  Eugenics  Evelyn Fox Keller  Evolution  Evolutionary epistemology  Evolutionary logic  Evolutionary psychology  Experiment  Experimenter 's bias  Explanation  Explanatory gap  Explanatory power  Eyewitness testimony  Fact , Fiction , and Forecast  Faith , Science and Understanding  Falsifiability  Faraday Institute for Science and Religion  Fatalism  Federico Cesi  Francis Bacon  Frank P. Ramsey  Frederick Suppe  Friedrich Kambartel  Friedrich von Hayek  Friedrich Waismann  Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling  Fringe science  Fritjof Capra  Functional contextualism  Galileo Galilei  Game theory  Gaston Bachelard  Genidentity  Geoffrey Hellman  Geohumoral theory  Gerald Holton  Gerard Verschuuren  Gerd Buchdahl  God of the gaps  Great chain of being  Greedy reductionism  Gunther Stent  Gustav Bergmann  Hans Hahn  Hans Reichenbach  Harvey Brown ( philosopher )  Helen Longino  Henri Poincaré  Henry Margenau  Henry Moyes  Herbert Feigl  Herbert Spencer  Heroic theory of invention and scientific development  Hilary Putnam  History and philosophy of science  History of evolutionary thought  History of the Church -- Turing thesis  Horror vacui ( physics )  Hossein Nasr  Hugh Everett III  Hugo Dingler  Ian Hacking  Ignoramus et ignorabimus  Ilkka Niiniluoto  Immunology  Implications of nanotechnology  Imre Lakatos  Indeterminacy ( philosophy )  Individual  Inductive reasoning  Inductivism  Infinite regress  Information ethics  Ingenuity  Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies  Instrumentalism  Intentionality  Internalism and externalism  International Network of Engineers and Scientists for Global Responsibility  Internet ethics  Introspection  Ionian Enlightenment  Irreversibility  Is logic empirical ?  Isaac Newton  Jakob Friedrich Fries  James G. Lennox  James Robert Brown  Jean Cavaillès  Jerome Ravetz  Jerzy Giedymin  Jesús Mosterín  Joachim Jungius  John Beatty ( philosopher )  John Bulwer  John Earman  John L. Pollock  John Lennox  John Searle  John von Neumann  John Weckert  John Worrall ( philosopher )  Jordi Pigem  Joseph Henry Woodger  Jules Vuillemin  Jürgen Mittelstraß  Karl Jaspers  Karl Popper  Kinetic theory  Kurt Riezler  Kyle Stanford  Larry Laudan  Leonardo Moledo  Lindley Darden  List of philosophers of science  Logical positivism  Louis Rougier  Luddite  Ludwik Fleck  Mariano Artigas  Mario Bunge  Marx W. Wartofsky  Mary Hesse  Mary Tiles  Matteo Campani-Alimenis  Mauricio Suarez  Max Bense  Max Black  Maxwell 's demon  Measurement in quantum mechanics  Mechanism ( philosophy )  Mediocrity principle  Meera Nanda  Methodological individualism  Michael Oakeshott  Michael Ruse  Michael Scriven  Michel Bitbol  Miura Baien  Models of scientific inquiry  Modern Physics and Ancient Faith  Molecular biology  Molyneux 's Problem  Moravec 's paradox  Moritz Schlick  Multiple discovery  Myth of Progress  Naïve empiricism  Nancy Cartwright ( philosopher )  Natural law  Natural philosophy  Natural selection  Nature ( philosophy )  Neo-Luddism  Neuroethics  Neuroscience  Neven Sesardic  Newton 's flaming laser sword  Newtonianism  Niels Bohr  Noam Chomsky  Norman Swartz  Norwood Russell Hanson  Not even wrong  Novum Organum  Objectivity ( science )  Observation  Occam 's razor  Olavo de Carvalho  Omnology  Operational definition  Operationalization  Otto Neurath  Oxford Calculators  Paradigm  Paradigm shift  Parsimony  Particle physics  Paul Feyerabend  Paul Häberlin  Perception  Percy Williams Bridgman  Peripatetic axiom  Pessimistic induction  Peter Achinstein  Peter J. Lewis  Phenomenalism  Philip Kitcher  Philip Mirowski  Philipp Frank  Phillip H. Wiebe  Philosophical interpretation of classical physics  Philosophy of artificial intelligence  Philosophy of biology  Philosophy of chemistry  Philosophy of computer science  Philosophy of economics  Philosophy of engineering  Philosophy of information  Philosophy of mathematics  Philosophy of physics  Philosophy of psychology  Philosophy of science  Philosophy of Science Association  Philosophy of social science  Philosophy of space and time  Philosophy of statistics  Philosophy of technology  Philosophy of thermal and statistical physics  Physical law  Physicalism  Physics envy  Pierre Duhem  Pierre Gassendi  Popper 's experiment  Popper and After  Positivism  Post-positivist  Pragmatism  Prediction  Principle of uniformity  Probability  Problem of induction  Pseudoscience  Psychological nominalism  Psychologism  Ptolemy  Quantity  Quantum field theory  Quantum indeterminacy  Quantum logic  Quantum mechanics  R. B. Braithwaite  Raimo Tuomela  Ramsey -- Lewis method  Rational reconstruction  Reasonable doubt  Received view of theories  Reductionism  Regulation of science  Relationship between religion and science  Religious interpretations of the Big Bang theory  René Descartes  Retrocausality  Richard Boyd  Richard Swinburne  Robert Grosseteste  Robert Kilwardby  Roberto Refinetti  Robin O. Andreasen  Roboethics  Roger Bacon  Roger Penrose  Rose Rand  Rudolf Carnap  Sandra Mitchell  Science  Science and Christian Belief  Scientific Communism  Scientific essentialism  Scientific law  Scientific misconduct  Scientific modelling  Scientific progress  Scientific realism  Scientific revolution  Scientific theory  Scientism  Scientistic materialism  Scientists for Global Responsibility  Semantic view of theories  Sense data  Sherrilyn Roush  Social constructionism  Space  Spacetime  Species  Stephen Mulhall  Stephen Toulmin  Steve Fuller ( sociologist )  Structuralism ( philosophy of science )  Supervenience  Susan Oyama  Taketani Mitsuo  Technocriticism  Technological determinism  Technological Somnambulism  Technorealism  Temporal finitism  The Incoherence of the Philosophers  The Logic of Scientific Discovery  The Relativity of Wrong  The Selfish Genius  The Structure of Scientific Revolutions  The Two Cultures  The Value of Science  Theoretical definition  Theory  Theory choice  Thomas Samuel Kuhn  Thucydides  Time  Uncertainty principle  Unified Science  Uniformitarianism  Unity of science  Universe  Varadaraja V. Raman  Verificationism  Verisimilitude  Victor Kraft  Victoria Institute  Vienna Circle  Voodoo science  Werner Heisenberg  Wesley C. Salmon  What Is This Thing Called Science ?  Whitny Braun  Wilhelm Windelband  Wilhelm Wundt  Willard Van Orman Quine  Willem B. Drees  William Irwin Thompson  William Newton-Smith  William W. Tait  William Whewell  Wolfgang Smith  Wolfgang Stegmüller  Wronger than wrong  Xu Liangying  Yoichiro Murakami  Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance    Science

neg: Existentialism and Humanism Existentialism and Humanism ( L'existentialisme est un humanisme , `` Existentialism is a Humanism '' ) is a 1946 work by the philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre , based on a lecture called `` Existentialism is a Humanism '' he gave at Club Maintenant in Paris , on 29 October 1945 . Existentialism and Humanism was the title used in the United Kingdom ; the work was originally published in the United States as Existentialism . Once a popular starting-point in discussions of Existentialist thought , the work has been criticized by several philosophers . Sartre himself later rejected some of the views he expressed in it and regretted its publication .

neg: Being and Time Being and Time ( Sein und Zeit ) is a 1927 book by the German philosopher Martin Heidegger , in which the author seeks to analyse the concept of Being . This has fundamental importance for philosophy , he thought , because since the time of the Ancient Greeks , philosophy has avoided this question , turning instead to the analysis of particular beings . Heidegger seeks a more fundamental ontology through understanding being itself . He approaches this through seeking understanding of beings to whom the question of being is important , i.e. Dasein , or the human being in the abstract . Although written quickly , and though Heidegger did not complete the project outlined in the introduction , Being and Time remains his most important work .   Being and Time has profoundly influenced 20th-century philosophy , particularly existentialism , hermeneutics , deconstruction , and the enactivist approach to cognition . The book is dedicated to Edmund Husserl `` in friendship and admiration '' .

neg: Discourse on Metaphysics The Discourse on Metaphysics ( Discours de métaphysique , 1686 ) is a short treatise by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in which he develops a philosophy concerning physical substance , motion and resistance of bodies , and God 's role within the universe . It is one of the few texts presenting in a consistent form the earlier philosophy of Leibniz .   The Discourse is closely connected to the epistolary discussion which he carried with Antoine Arnauld . However Leibniz refrained from sending the full text and it remained unpublished until the mid 19th century . Arnauld received only an abridged version in 37 points which resumed whole paragraphs and steered their discussion .   The metaphysical considerations proceed from God to the substantial world and back to the spiritual realm . The starting point for the work is the conception of God as an absolutely perfect being ( I ) , that God is good but goodness exists independently of God ( a rejection of divine command theory ) ( II ) , and that God has created the world in an ordered and perfect fashion ( III -- VII ) .   At the time of its writing Discourse made the controversial claim That the opinions of ... scholastic philosophers are not to be wholly despised ( XI ) . Early work in modern philosophy during the 17th century were based on a rejection of many of the precepts of medieval philosophy . Leibniz saw the failures of scholasticism merely as one of rigor . -LSB- If -RSB- some careful and meditative mind were to take the trouble to clarify and direct their thoughts in the manner of analytic geometers , he would find a great treasure of important truths , wholly demonstrable .   Leibniz claimed that God 's omnipotence was in no way impugned by the thought of evil , but was rather solidified . He endorsed the view that God chose the best of all possible worlds . In other words , Leibniz believed this world ( or reality ) to be the best there possibly could be -- taking all facts into account , no better world could be imagined , even if we believed that we could think of something more perfect .   Leibniz 's conception of physical substance is expanded upon in The Monadology .

neg: Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences The Institute of Philosophy was founded as the Institute of Scientific Philosophy in 1921 by Gustav Shpet , who was its first director until 1923 . The philosophy department of the University of Moscow had been disbanded in the summer of 1921 , however philosophers such as Semyon Frank and Ivan Ilyin attempted to set up temporary courses at the new institute . However , the Bolsheviks soon put a stop to this and Frank and Ilyin where amongst the deportees sent into exile on the philosophers ' ships . Shpet 's name was put forward for deportation but Anatoli Lunacharsky , the People 's Commissar for Education , intervened and he was allowed to remain in Russia .

neg: Michael Friedman (philosopher) Michael Friedman ( born April 2 , 1947 ) is an American philosopher of science , best known for his work on scientific explanation , philosophy of physics and Immanuel Kant . Friedman has also done important historical work on figures in Continental philosophy such as Martin Heidegger and Ernst Cassirer .

neg: Pseudorationalism Pseudorationalism was the label given by economist and philosopher Otto Neurath to a school of thought that he was heavily critical of , throughout many of his writings but primarily in his 1913 paper `` The lost wanderers of Descartes and the auxiliary motive '' and later to a lesser extent in his 1935 `` Pseudorationalismus der Falsifikation '' , a review of and attack on Popper 's first book , Logik der Forschung ( The Logic of Scientific Discovery ) , contrasting this approach with his own view of what rationalism should properly be . Neurath aimed his criticism at a Cartesian belief that all actions can be subject to rational analysis , saying that   Neurath considered that `` pseudo-rationalists '' , be they philosophers or scientists , made the mistake of assuming that a complete rational system could be devised for the laws of nature . He argued rather that no system could be complete , being based upon an picture of reality that could only ever be incomplete and imperfect . Pseudo-rationalism , in Neurath 's view , was a refusal or simple inability to face up to the limits of rationality and reason . `` Rationalism '' , he wrote , `` sees its chief triumph in the clear recognition of the limits of actual insight . '' . Whereas a pseudorationalist acknowledges no such limits , but rather contents that all decisions can be subject to the rules of insight . Scientific method is , according to Neurath , pseudorationalist where it contends that the rules for the scientific method will always lead ever closer to the truth .   Neurath further challenged Cartesian `` pseudorationalism '' by asserting that operating upon incomplete data was in fact the norm , where Cartesian thinking would have it be the rare exception . Rather than there being one , final , rational answer to any given problem , Neurath asserted that scientific endeavour required a continuing and never ending series of choices , made so in part because of the ambiguity of language .

neg: Marxist philosophy Marxist philosophy or Marxist theory are works in philosophy that are strongly influenced by Karl Marx 's materialist approach to theory , or works written by Marxists . Marxist philosophy may be broadly divided into Western Marxism , which drew out of various sources , and the official philosophy in the Soviet Union , which enforced a rigid reading of Marx called dialectical materialism , in particular during the 1930s .  Marxist philosophy is not a strictly defined sub-field of philosophy , because the diverse influence of Marxist theory has extended into fields as varied as aesthetics , ethics , ontology , epistemology , theoretical psychology and philosophy of science , as well as its obvious influence on political philosophy and the philosophy of history . The key characteristics of Marxism in philosophy are its materialism and its commitment to political practice as the end goal of all thought .   Marxist theorist Louis Althusser , for example , defined philosophy as `` class struggle in theory '' , thus radically separating himself from those who claimed philosophers could adopt a `` God 's eye view '' as a purely neutral judge .

neg: Cartesian anxiety Cartesian anxiety refers to the notion that , ever since René Descartes promulgated his influential form of body-mind dualism , Western civilization has suffered from a longing for ontological certainty , or feeling that scientific methods , and especially the study of the world as a thing separate from ourselves , should be able to lead us to a firm and unchanging knowledge of ourselves and the world around us . The term is named after Descartes because of his well-known emphasis on `` mind '' as different from `` body '' , `` self '' as different from `` other '' .   Richard J. Bernstein coined the term in his 1983 book Beyond Objectivism and Relativism : Science , Hermeneutics , and Praxis .   Category : Philosophy of science

neg: Branches of science The branches of science ( also referred to as `` sciences '' , `` scientific fields '' , or `` scientific disciplines '' ) are commonly divided into three major groups :  Natural sciences : the study of natural phenomena ( including fundamental forces and biological life )  Formal sciences : the study of mathematics and logic , which use an a priori , as opposed to factual , methodology )  Social sciences : the study of human behavior and societies .   Natural and social sciences are empirical sciences , meaning that the knowledge must be based on observable phenomena and must be capable of being verified by other researchers working under the same conditions .   Natural , social , and formal science make up the fundamental sciences , which form the basis of interdisciplinary and applied sciences such as engineering and medicine . Specialized scientific disciplines that exist in multiple categories may include parts of other scientific disciplines but often possess their own terminologies and expertises .

neg: Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy is a book by Bertrand Russell , published in 1919 , written in part to exposit in a less technical way the main ideas of his and Whitehead 's Principia Mathematica ( 1910 -- 1913 ) , including the theory of descriptions .   Mathematics and logic , historically speaking , have been entirely distinct studies . Mathematics has been connected with science , logic with Greek . But both have developed in modern times : logic has become more mathematical and mathematics has become more logical . The consequence is that it has now become wholly impossible to draw a line between the two ; in fact , the two are one . They differ as boy and man : logic is the youth of mathematics and mathematics is the manhood of logic . This view is resented by logicians who , having spent their time in the study of classical texts , are incapable of following a piece of symbolic reasoning , and by mathematicians who have learnt a technique without troubling to inquire into its meaning or justification . Both types are now fortunately growing rarer . So much of modern mathematical work is obviously on the border-line of logic , so much of modern logic is symbolic and formal , that the very close relationship of logic and mathematics has become obvious to every instructed student . The proof of their identity is , of course , a matter of detail : starting with premises which would be universally admitted to belong to logic , and arriving by deduction at results which as obviously belong to mathematics , we find that there is no point at which a sharp line can be drawn , with logic to the left and mathematics to the right . If there are still those who do not admit the identity of logic and mathematics , we may challenge them to indicate at what point , in the successive definitions and deductions of Principia Mathematica , they consider that logic ends and mathematics begins . It will then be obvious that any answer must be quite arbitrary . ( Russell 1919 , 194 -- 195 ) .