query: The Dark Knight did not feature Ledger as the Joker.

pos: The Dark Knight (film) The Dark Knight is a 2008 superhero film directed , co-produced , and co-written by Christopher Nolan . Featuring the DC Comics character Batman , the film is the second part of Nolan 's The Dark Knight Trilogy and a sequel to 2005 's Batman Begins , starring an ensemble cast including Christian Bale , Michael Caine , Heath Ledger , Gary Oldman , Aaron Eckhart , Maggie Gyllenhaal and Morgan Freeman . In the film , Bruce Wayne/Batman ( Bale ) , James Gordon ( Oldman ) and Harvey Dent ( Eckhart ) form an alliance to dismantle organized crime in Gotham City , but are menaced by a criminal mastermind known as the Joker ( Ledger ) who seeks to undermine Batman 's influence and create chaos .   Nolan 's inspiration for the film was the Joker 's comic book debut in 1940 , the 1988 graphic novel The Killing Joke , and the 1996 series The Long Halloween , which retold Two-Face 's origin . The nickname `` the Dark Knight '' was first applied to Batman in Batman # 1 ( 1940 ) , in a story written by Bill Finger . The Dark Knight was filmed primarily in Chicago , as well as in several other locations in the United States , the United Kingdom , and Hong Kong . Nolan used IMAX 70 mm film cameras to film some sequences , including the Joker 's first appearance in the film . The film is dedicated to the memory of Ledger , who died on January 22 , 2008 , some months after the completed filming and six months before the film 's release , from a toxic combination of prescription drugs , leading to intense attention from the press and movie-going public . Warner Bros. initially created a viral marketing campaign for The Dark Knight , developing promotional websites and trailers highlighting screenshots of Ledger as the Joker .   A co-production of the United States and the United Kingdom , The Dark Knight was released on July 16 , 2008 in Australia , on July 18 , 2008 , in North America , and on July 25 , 2008 , in the United Kingdom . Considered by film critics to be one of the best films of the 2000s and one of the best superhero films ever , the film received highly positive reviews and set numerous records during its theatrical run . The Dark Knight appeared on more critics ' top ten lists ( 287 ) than any other film of 2008 with the exception of WALL-E , and more critics ( 77 ) named The Dark Knight the best film of 2008 than any other film released that year . With over $ 1 billion in revenue worldwide , it is the 29th-highest-grossing film of all time , unadjusted for inflation . The film received eight Academy Award nominations ; it won the award for Best Sound Editing and Ledger was posthumously awarded Best Supporting Actor . The Dark Knight Rises , the final film in the trilogy , was released on July 20 , 2012 .

neg: Age of the Joker Age of the Joker is the ninth studio album by the German power metal band Edguy . It was released on 26 August 2011 through Nuclear Blast .   Alongside the normal release , a double disc digipak edition was also issued , featuring b-sides , single versions of two album songs , as well as a cover of the Slade hit `` Cum on Feel the Noize '' . A music video was shot for `` Robin Hood '' , featuring German comedian Bernhard Hoecker and parodying the film The Adventures of Robin Hood . The album also features a return to the power metal style whereas the previous two albums focused more towards a heavy metal/hard rock oriented style .   The album was listed at many charts throughout Europe , reaching No. 3 in Germany , No. 10 in Czech Republic , No. 13 in Switzerland , No. 30 in Austria and No. 63 in France .

neg: God of Thunder (2015 film) God of Thunder ( aka Dark Universe ) is a 2015 film .

neg: Kamen Rider Blade: Missing Ace is the theatrical superhero film adaptation of the Japanese 2004 Kamen Rider series , Kamen Rider Blade , directed by Hidenori Ishida and Katsuya Watanabe and written by Toshiki Inoue .   The film is produced by Ishimori Productions and Toei , the producers of all the previous television series and films of the Kamen Rider series . Following the tradition of all Heisei Kamen Rider movies , it is a double bill with the movie for 2004 's Super Sentai series Tokusou Sentai Dekaranger , Tokusou Sentai Dekaranger The Movie : Full Blast Action , both of which premiered on September 11 , 2004 . The film 's title is translated into English as Masked Rider Blade The Movie : Missing Ace .   The Director 's Cut was released on DVD on May 21 , 2005 and peaked at number 13 in the weekly Oricon chart , remaining in the list for 5 weeks .

neg: Austin Film Critics Association Awards 2008 4th AFCA Awards   Best Film :  The Dark Knight  The 4th Austin Film Critics Association Awards , honoring the best in filmmaking for 2008 , were announced on December 16 , 2008 .

neg: Dick Grayson Richard John `` Dick '' Grayson is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics , commonly in association with Batman . Created by Bob Kane and Bill Finger and illustrator Jerry Robinson , he first appeared in Detective Comics # 38 in April 1940 as the original incarnation of Robin . In Tales of the Teen Titans # 44 ( July 1984 ) the character retires his role as Robin and assumes the superhero persona of Nightwing , created by Marv Wolfman and artist George Pérez .   The youngest in a family of acrobats known as the `` Flying Graysons '' , Dick watches a mafia boss kill his parents in order to extort money from the circus that employed them . Batman ( Bruce Wayne ) takes him in as a legal ward ( retconned as an adopted son in some cases ) and the crime-fighting partner Robin . He is written by many authors as the first son of Batman . As well as being Batman 's crime-fighting partner , Dick establishes himself as the leader of the Teen Titans , a team of teenage superheroes . As a young man , he retires as Robin and takes on his own superhero identity to assert his independence , becoming Nightwing . As Nightwing , he continues to lead the Teen Titans and later the Outsiders . In the first volume of his eponymous series ( 1996 -- 2009 ) , he becomes the protector of Blüdhaven , Gotham 's economically troubled neighboring city , the locale the character is most closely associated with . He has also served stints protecting the streets of New York , Chicago and Gotham in other runs over the years .   Dick Grayson has taken on the identity of Batman on a few occasions . Following `` Batman : Knightfall '' , Grayson declines taking up the mantle of Batman while the original was recovering from a broken back as he feels Nightwing is a hero in his own right and not Batman 's understudy , but after the events of the Zero Hour miniseries later that year , he replaces Bruce Wayne as Batman , beginning in Robin # 0 ( 1994 ) and extending throughout the Batman : Prodigal storyline in 1995 . Dick again assumes the mantle following the events of `` Batman R.I.P. '' ( 2008 ) and Final Crisis ( 2008 -- 9 ) . As Batman , Dick moves to Gotham City following his mentor 's apparent death and partners with the fifth Robin , Damian Wayne . On Bruce 's return , both men maintained the Batman identity until 2011 , when Dick returned to the Nightwing identity with DC 's The New 52 continuity reboot . In a 2014 comic story , Dick is forced to abandon the Nightwing identity after being unmasked on TV and faking his death , setting up Tim Seeley 's Grayson comic book , Dick becomes Agent 37 , Batman 's mole in the nefarious spy organization Spyral . Following the conclusion of the Grayson series , and the restoration of his secret identity in the series ' final issue , Dick returns to being Nightwing as part of the DC Rebirth relaunch in 2016 .   Dick Grayson has appeared as Robin in several other media adaptations : the 1943 serial played by Douglas Croft , the 1949 serial played by Johnny Duncan , the 1966 -- 1968 live action Batman television series and its motion picture portrayed by Burt Ward , played by Chris O'Donnell in the 1995 film Batman Forever and its 1997 sequel Batman & Robin . Loren Lester voiced the character as Robin in Batman : The Animated Series and later as Nightwing 's first screen adaptation in The New Batman Adventures . In May 2011 , IGN ranked Dick Grayson # 11 on their list of the `` Top 100 Super Heroes of All Time '' . In 2013 , ComicsAlliance ranked Grayson as Nightwing as # 1 on their list of the `` 50 Sexiest Male Characters in Comics '' .

neg: Darkman (video game) Darkman was developed by Ocean Software ( Painting By Numbers on the NES version ) and published by Ocean Software in 1991 . It was released for the ZX Spectrum , NES , Amstrad CPC and Commodore 64 . It was also ported to the Game Boy and Atari ST. The game 's plot is loosely based on the film of the same name .   In this side-scrolling platformer , the player controls Darkman , a superhero who can jump , kick and punch , as well as swing from a rope during action sequences between levels . In each level , Darkman disguises himself as the boss of the level , whom he must defeat before the time limit elapses . Tying into the plot of the film , Darkman wears masks of various gangsters who are responsible for his disfigurement , but his disguise dissolves after being exposed to sunlight for too long . The character changes into a different member of the evil gang in each level , taking on their attack moves as well as their face .   In-between levels , Darkman must photograph his quarry before he can make a mask of them . These scenes involve moving the cursor to take a picture of the gangster . The better the photo accuracy , the more time Darkman is granted to complete the subsequent level . The final level is the most faithful to the film , and takes place on a skyscraper under construction .

neg: Alone in the Dark (disambiguation) Alone in the Dark is the title of several works of fiction :   Alone in the Dark , a series of video games and films  Alone in the Dark ( 1992 video game ) , the first in the series of Alone in the Dark video games  Alone in the Dark 2 ( 1993 video game ) , sequel to the first video game  Alone in the Dark 3 ( 1994 video game ) , sequel to the second video game  Alone in the Dark : The New Nightmare ( 2001 video game )  Alone in the Dark ( 2008 video game )  Alone in the Dark ( 2005 film ) , a 2005 horror movie loosely based on the video game series , directed by Uwe Boll and featuring Christian Slater , Tara Reid , and Stephen Dorff  Alone in the Dark II ( film ) , a 2008 horror film sequel to the 2005 film  Alone in the Dark ( 1978 film ) , or Solos en la madrugada , a 1978 Spanish movie directed by José Luis Garci  Alone in the Dark ( 1982 film ) , a 1982 horror movie featuring Jack Palance , Donald Pleasence , and Martin Landau  `` Alone in the Dark '' , a song by American thrash-metal band Testament from their 1987 album The Legacy  `` Alone in the Dark '' , a song by John Hiatt from his 1987 album Bring the Family

neg: Batman: Whatever Happened to the Caped Crusader? `` Whatever Happened to the Caped Crusader ? '' is a 2009 story featuring the DC Comics character Batman . The story is published in two parts , in the `` final '' issues of the series Batman ( # 686 ) and Detective Comics ( # 853 ) , released February and April respectively . Written by Neil Gaiman , pencilled by Andy Kubert , and inked by Scott Williams , the story is purported to be the `` last '' Batman story in the wake of severe psychological trauma that Batman endures within the Batman R.I.P. story , and his ultimate fate in Final Crisis .   The story 's title is a reference to the backup stories published in DC Comics Presents from the early 1970s to the mid-1980s ( which revisited various long-unused Golden Age and Silver Age characters ; these stories were all titled `` Whatever Happened to ( x ) ? '' ) akin to writer Alan Moore 's `` last '' Superman story Whatever Happened to the Man of Tomorrow ? .

neg: List of Batman Family adversaries The Batman Family adversaries or the rogues gallery are a collective of fictional supervillains appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . These characters are depicted as adversaries of the superhero Batman and his allies .   Since Batman first appeared in Detective Comics # 27 ( May 1939 ) , his supporting cast has expanded to include other superheroes , and has become what is now informally called the Batman Family . As with most superheroes , a cast of recurring enemies to the Batman Family have been introduced throughout the decades , collectively referred to as the rogues gallery . Many characters from Batman 's rogues gallery who are criminally insane become patients at Arkham Asylum after they are apprehended .   The Batman Family 's rogues gallery has widely been well received , considered by many journalists to be one of the greatest superhero rogues galleries in all of comics .

neg: Batman & Dracula trilogy The Batman and Dracula trilogy is a group of American comics stories which began with Batman & Dracula : Red Rain , a 1991 graphic novel by Doug Moench and Kelley Jones , in DC Comics ' Elseworlds line of alternate reality stories . It spawned two sequels by the same creative team ; Batman : Bloodstorm and Batman : Crimson Mist . DC Comics later released The Batman and Dracula trilogy in a trade paperback collection , entitled Tales of the Multiverse : Batman - Vampire .

neg: Aaron Eckhart Aaron Edward Eckhart ( born March 12 , 1968 ) is an American film and stage actor . Born in Cupertino , California , he moved to the UK at age 13 , when his father relocated the family . Several years later , he began his acting career by performing in school plays , before moving to Sydney , Australia for his high school senior year . He left high school without graduating , but earned a diploma through an adult education course , and graduated from Brigham Young University ( BYU ) in 1994 with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in film . For much of the mid-1990s , he lived in New York City as a struggling , unemployed actor .   As an undergraduate at BYU , Eckhart met director and writer Neil LaBute , who cast him in several of his own original plays . Five years later Eckhart made a debut as an unctuous , sociopathic ladies ' man in LaBute 's black comedy film In the Company of Men ( 1997 ) . Under LaBute 's guidance he worked in the director 's films Your Friends & Neighbors ( 1998 ) , Nurse Betty ( 2000 ) , and Possession ( 2002 ) .   Eckhart gained wide recognition as George in Steven Soderbergh 's critically acclaimed film Erin Brockovich ( 2000 ) , and in 2006 received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actor for his portrayal of Nick Naylor in Thank You for Smoking . Another mainstream breakout occurred in 2008 when he starred in the blockbuster Batman film The Dark Knight as District Attorney Harvey Dent . Other key roles include The Pledge ( 2001 ) , The Core ( 2003 ) , Rabbit Hole ( 2010 ) Battle : Los Angeles ( 2011 ) , Olympus Has Fallen ( 2013 ) , I , Frankenstein ( 2014 ) , Olympus '' ' sequel , London Has Fallen and Sully '' ( both 2016 ) .

neg: Batman: Anarky Batman : Anarky is a 1999 trade paperback published by DC Comics . The book collects prominent appearances of Anarky , a comic book character created by Alan Grant and Norm Breyfogle . Although all of the collected stories were written by Alan Grant , various artists contributed to individual stories . Dual introductions were written by the creatorsboth of whom introduce the character and give insight into their role in Anarky 's creation and development .   Featured as an antagonist in various Batman comics during the '90s , stories based on the character were highly thematic , political , and philosophical in tone . The majority of the collected stories ( `` Anarky in Gotham City '' , `` Anarky : Tomorrow Belongs to Us '' , `` Anarky '' ) are influenced by the philosophy of anarchism , while the final story ( `` Metamorphosis '' ) is influenced by Frank R. Wallace . Although anti-statism is the overarching theme of the collection , other concepts are explored . Anarky 's characterization was expanded throughout the stories to present him first as a libertarian socialist and anarchist , and in the final story as a vehicle for explorations into atheism , rationalism , and bicameralism . Literary references are also utilized throughout the collected stories to stress the philosophical foundations of the character . The collection also tracks the character 's evolution from a petty , street-crime fighting vigilante , to a competent freedom fighter in opposition to powerful forces of evil .   Critics have positively received some of the stories within the collection , analyzing Anarky as a unique force for political commentary and discussion within DC Comics ' storytelling . However , the expansive growth of the character 's unique abilities and characterization has also fueled criticism as having overpowered the character beyond suspension of disbelief .

neg: Japan Academy Prize for Outstanding Foreign Language Film Every year since its inception , the Japanese Academy has recognized an outstanding foreign film . The year that any given film is nominated is not based on the film 's domestic release date but rather on the date it is released in Japan . As delays of over four months are not uncommon , many films are nominated in Japan the following year after their release to the Japanese market ( i.e. Million Dollar Baby won the American Academy Award for Best Picture for films made in 2004 , but the Japanese award , based on its localized release date , is for 2005 ) . In fact , not one of the five films nominated for the 2007 Academy Award for Best Picture had been released in Japan by February 15 , 2008 , the date of the Japan Academy Prize Ceremony . Although the 2007 recipient of this award , Letters from Iwo Jima , a film almost entirely in Japanese , would not seem to meet the qualification of a `` Foreign Language Film '' , the actual Japanese title of the award , 最優秀外国作品賞 makes no mention of language . It would be more accurately translated as `` Best Foreign Production '' .   2017 - Sully  The Martian  Zootopia  Star Wars : The Force Awakens  The Revenant  2016 - American Sniper  Kingsman : The Secret Service  Mad Max : Fury Road  Spectre  Whiplash  2015 - Frozen  Interstellar  Jersey Boys  Fury  Godzilla  2014 - Les Misérables  3 Idiots  Captain Phillips  Django Unchained  Gravity  2013 - The Intouchables  Argo  The Dark Knight Rises  The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo  Skyfall  2012 - The King 's Speech  Rise of the Planet of the Apes  Moneyball  The Social Network  Black Swan  2011 - Avatar  Inception  Toy Story 3  Invictus  The Hurt Locker  2010 - Gran Torino  Slumdog Millionaire  Changeling  The Wrestler  Red Cliff Part II  2009 - The Dark Knight  The Bucket List  No Country for Old Men  Lust , Caution  Red Cliff Part I  2008 - Letters from Iwo Jima  Dreamgirls  Babel  Hairspray  The Bourne Ultimatum  2007 - Flags of Our Fathers  Crash  Hotel Rwanda  Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest  The Da Vinci Code  2006 - Million Dollar Baby  Cinderella Man  Charlie and the Chocolate Factory  The Phantom of the Opera  Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith  2005 - The Last Samurai  The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King  Mystic River  Seabiscuit  Troy  2004 - The Pianist  Chicago  The Hours  The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers  Yeopgijeogin geunyeo  2003 - Monster 's Ball  Gangs of New York  Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets  I Am Sam  The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring  2002 - Billy Elliot  Artificial Intelligence : AI  Chocolat  Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone  Postmen in the Mountains  2001 - Dancer in the Dark  American Beauty  Gladiator  The Green Mile  Swiri  2000 - The Sixth Sense  Elizabeth  The Matrix  Shakespeare in Love  La Vita è bella  1999 - L.A. Confidential  Armageddon  As Good as It Gets  Good Will Hunting  Saving Private Ryan  1998 - Titanic The English Patient Shine Air Force One Seven Years in Tibet1997 - Il Postino Independence Day Mission : Impossible Se7en 12 Monkeys1996 - The Shawshank Redemption  Apollo 13  The Bridges of Madison County  Forrest Gump  Léon  1995 - Schindler 's List  The Piano  Pulp Fiction  Speed  True Lies  1994 - Jurassic Park  Cliffhanger  The Fugitive  Heaven & Earth  Unforgiven  1993 - JFK  The Lover  Basic Instinct  The Bodyguard  A League of Their Own  1992 - Dances with Wolves  Awakenings  Nikita  The Silence of the Lambs  Terminator 2 : Judgment Day  1991 - Field of Dreams  Die Hard 2  Ghost  Cinema Paradiso  Total Recall  1990 - Die Hard  Black Rain  Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade  Major League  Rain Man  1989 - The Last Emperor  Fatal Attraction  Full Metal Jacket  Moonstruck  Wall Street  1988 - Platoon  Hannah and Her Sisters  Stand By Me  Top Gun  The Untouchables  1987 - Back to the Future  Aliens  A Chorus Line  The Color Purple  Out of Africa  1986 - Amadeus  The Cotton Club  The Killing Fields  A Passage to India  Witness  1985 - Once Upon a Time in America  Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom  The Natural  The Right Stuff  Terms of Endearment  1984 - An Officer and a Gentleman  The Woman Next DoorFlashdanceGandhiSophie 's Choice1983 - E.T. the Extra-TerrestrialDas BootChariots of FireOn Golden PondRocky III1982 - Die BlechtrommelBeing ThereThe Elephant ManOrdinary PeopleLes Uns et les Autres1981 - Kramer vs. KramerAll That JazzApocalypse NowManhattanTess1980 - The Deer HunterThe Tree of Wooden ClogsBig WednesdayThe ChampThe Travelling Players1979 - Conversation PieceClose Encounters of the Third KindThe Goodbye GirlStar Wars Episode IV : A New HopeThe Turning Point1978 - RockyThe Fire WithinNetworkSlap ShotVoyage of the Damned ''

neg: Batman: Mask of the Phantasm Batman : Mask of the Phantasm ( also known as Batman : The Animated Movie ) is a 1993 American animated neo-noir superhero mystery film feauring the DC Comics character Batman . Directed by Eric Radomski and Bruce Timm , it is based on the hit TV series Batman : The Animated Series and was distributed by Warner Bros. . Pictures . The film was written by Alan Burnett , Paul Dini , Martin Pasko and Michael Reaves and stars the vocal talents of Kevin Conroy , Mark Hamill and Efrem Zimbalist , Jr. ( all reprising their roles from The Animated Series ) , in addition to Dana Delany , Hart Bochner , Stacy Keach , and Abe Vigoda . It revolves around Batman attempting to apprehend a mysterious vigilante who 's murdering Gotham City 's crime bosses .   The film was originally thought of as a direct-to-video release . Warner Bros. ultimately decided for a theatrical release , giving the filmmakers a strenuous eight-month schedule . Mask of the Phantasm was released on December 25 , 1993 to widespread acclaim from critics , who praised the animation , voice performances , storyline and music , among others . However , due to the decision to release the film in theaters on such short notice , it failed at the box office .   After its release on home video , the film found cult success and over the years developed a cult following . The film 's success led to two direct-to-video standalone sequels , Batman & Mr. Freeze : SubZero in 1997 and Mystery of the Batwoman in 2003 . In recent years , many publications including Time , IGN and WhatCulture , have ranked it as one of the best Batman films ever made and among the best animated films ever made .

neg: Dark Knight (nickname) The Dark Knight is the nickname of the superhero Batman who appears in American comic books published by DC Comics . Batman was first referred to by the nickname in Batman # 1 ( Spring 1940 ) , in a story written by Bill Finger .

neg: Gotham City Impostors Gotham City Impostors is a first-person shooter multiplayer-only video game set in the universe of DC Comics ' Batman . Developed by Monolith Productions and published by Warner Bros. . Interactive Entertainment , the downloadable game is played from the perspective of two teams each trying to kill the other : one with people dressed like Batman and the other with people dressed like his archenemy , The Joker .   Unlike other Batman games , Gotham City Impostors was not physically released . It was released on Xbox 360 via Xbox Live Arcade , PlayStation 3 via the PlayStation Network and Microsoft Windows via Games for Windows -- Live in February 2012 . The game was re-released on Microsoft Windows as a free-to-play title in August 30 , 2012 via Steam using Steamworks . The game is a six versus six first person shooter multiplayer game featuring customizable characters . Players take on the role of either amateur vigilantes ( the Bats ) or criminals ( the Jokerz ) . The game features a range of both traditional and imagined weapons .

neg: List of The Batman characters The following is a list of characters that have appeared in the television series The Batman , which ran from September 11 , 2004 to March 22 , 2008 . The animation style bears a strong resemblance to that of Jackie Chan Adventures , since Jeff Matsuda was the chief character designer for both shows . Many of the supervillains who appear in the series , like the characters Joker , Penguin and Riddler , are very different from those of their comic counterparts ( especially through their designs ) . While many characters adapted from the mainstream DC comics appear , some of them only appeared in the show 's tie-in comic called The Batman Strikes . Characters that were planned for a guest appearance but ultimately did not appear were Wonder Woman , Bizarro , Vigilante , and Owlman .

neg: Film series A film series ( also referred to as a film franchise ) is a collection of related films in succession that share the same fictional universe , or are marketed as a series .   Sometimes the work is conceived from the beginning as a multiple-film work , for example the Three Colours series , but in most cases the success of the original film inspires further films to be made . Individual sequels are relatively common , but are not always successful enough to spawn further installments .   The Marvel Cinematic Universe is the highest grossing film series in unadjusted US Dollar figures surpassing the Harry Potter , Star Wars , James Bond , and Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings series . However , `` Star Wars '' has the highest when adjusted for inflation .

neg: Batwing (DC Comics) Batwing is a fictional comic book superhero appearing in publications by DC Comics . Within DC Comics internal continuity , Batwing is one of several superheroes patterned after the famous superhero Batman . Batwing , in particular , was conceived by Batman as his crime-fighting counterpart overseas , ` the Batman of Africa ' .   The first Batwing is David Zavimbe , a Congolese police officer , created by writer Grant Morrison within the pages of Batman Incorporated prior to receiving his own eponymous series . Following later events within Batman Incorporated and Batwing , Zavimbe is replaced in the role by Luke Fox , an American mixed martial artist who had been Batman 's first choice in the role , who is also the son of Batman 's close associate Lucius Fox .   Batwing faces a roster of adversaries ranging from international super villains to the Democratic Republic of Congo 's corrupt police force . Batwing expands the DC Universe by taking place in Africa , making David Zavimbe both the first ( in continuity ) black Batman and one of the few characters headlining a series outside the United States . Fox is also black , and becomes the first in-continuity African American Batman .

neg: Batman: Year Two `` Year Two '' is the title of a four-part story arc featuring Batman , written by Mike W. Barr and illustrated by Alan Davis , Paul Neary , Alfredo Alcala , Mark Farmer and Todd McFarlane . It originally appeared in the American comic book Detective Comics # 575-578 , published by DC Comics .   The story was initially a treatment by Barr titled `` Batman : 1980 '' , but it was released as `` Batman : Year Two '' following the success of Frank Miller 's `` Batman : Year One '' .   This story was collected as a trade paperback in 1990 . In 2002 , DC Comics published a second printing of the trade paperback , this time with the addition of the one-shot sequel , Batman : Full Circle included , with the new edition retitled as Batman : Year Two - Fear The Reaper . Elements of the story were incorporated into the animated film Batman : Mask of the Phantasm .


query: Tony Blair was elected the leader of a British political party.

pos: Tony Blair Anthony Charles Lynton Blair ( born 6 May 1953 ) is a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1997 to 2007 and Leader of the Labour Party from 1994 to 2007 . He remains the most recent Labour Party leader to have won a general election .   From 1983 to 2007 , Blair was the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Sedgefield . He was elected Labour Party leader in July 1994 , following the sudden death of his predecessor , John Smith , who together with his predecessor , Neil Kinnock , had started to move the party closer to the political centre , in the hope of winning power . Under Blair 's leadership , the party used the phrase `` New Labour '' , to distance it from previous Labour policies and the traditional conception of socialism . Blair declared support for a new conception that he referred to as `` social-ism '' , involving politics that recognised individuals as socially interdependent , and advocated social justice , cohesion , the equal worth of each citizen , and equal opportunity , also referred to as the Third Way . Critics of Blair denounced him for having the Labour Party abandon genuine socialism and accepting capitalism . Supporters , including the party 's public opinion pollster Philip Gould , stated that after four consecutive general election defeats , from 1979 to 1992 , the Labour Party had to demonstrate that it had made a decisive break from its left-wing past , in order to win an election again .   In May 1997 , the Labour Party won a landslide general election victory , the largest in its history , allowing Blair , at 43 years old , to become the youngest Prime Minister since 1812 . In September 1997 , Blair attained early personal popularity , receiving a 93 % public approval rating , after his public response to the death of Princess Diana . The Labour Party went on to win two more elections under his leadership : in 2001 , in which it won another landslide victory , and in 2005 , with a reduced majority . In the first years of the New Labour government , Blair 's government introduced the National Minimum Wage Act , Human Rights Act , and Freedom of Information Act . Blair 's government also devolved power , establishing the Scottish Parliament , the National Assembly for Wales , and the Northern Ireland Assembly . In Northern Ireland , Blair was involved in the 1998 Good Friday Agreement .   Blair strongly supported the foreign policy of the Bush administration , and ensured that the British Armed Forces participated in the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan and , more controversially , the 2003 invasion of Iraq . Blair has faced strong criticism for his role in the invasion of Iraq , including calls for having him tried for war crimes and waging a war of aggression . In 2016 , the Iraq Inquiry strongly criticised his actions and described the invasion of Iraq as unjustified and unnecessary . Blair also intervened militarily in Kosovo and Sierra Leone .   Blair was succeeded as the leader of the Labour Party and as Prime Minister by Gordon Brown in June 2007 . On the day that Blair resigned as Prime Minister , he was appointed the official Special Envoy of the Quartet on the Middle East , an office which he held until May 2015 . He now runs a consultancy business and has set up various foundations in his own name , including the Tony Blair Faith Foundation .

neg: Free England Party The Free England Party was a right-wing political party in the United Kingdom , which campaigned for English independence . Founded in 2008 , and registered with the Electoral Commission in February of that year , it was at the time the largest English civic nationalist party in the United Kingdom . The Free England Party was formed in 2008 by Andrew Constantine and Richard Aitkins , both former members of the English Democrats . The party was formed due to the alleged `` appalling mismanagement of England by the British government '' , following the devolution legislation enacted in the 1990s by Tony Blair 's Labour government .   The party was disbanded in 2009 after some of the leadership tried to force the party into an ethnic nationalist direction .

neg: Her Majesty's Most Loyal Opposition (United Kingdom) Her Majesty 's Most Loyal Opposition , or the Official Opposition , in the United Kingdom is led by the Leader of the Opposition . This is usually the political party with the second-largest number of seats in the House of Commons , as the largest party will usually form Her Majesty 's Government . Since May 2010 , the Official Opposition has been the Labour Party , currently led by Jeremy Corbyn .

neg: 2012 British cabinet reshuffle British prime minister David Cameron conducted the first major reshuffle of his coalition government on 4 September 2012 . The reshuffle , nearly two and a half years after the government was sworn in , was highly anticipated , and eschewed the trend of annual reshuffles which had become common under the governments of the 1990s and 2000s . As a result , many ministers had been in place not just since the government was elected in 2010 , but had covered the portfolio in Cameron 's shadow cabinet or even earlier ; Andrew Lansley had covered the health brief since 2004 , when Michael Howard led the Conservatives in opposition .   Despite this , Cameron 's room to manoeuvre was limited by his coalition agreement with Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg 's Liberal Democrats , which guaranteed the minority party seats in government , and Clegg the right to select his ministers . Further , Cameron 's personal aversion to reshuffles and belief that ministers were most effective when given time at a department led to him viewing many cabinet members , including the holders of the Great Offices of State , as immovable .   The reshuffle , which was criticised by the opposition for resulting in a cabinet with only four female members out of twenty-two , ultimately shifted Cameron 's government significantly to the right on business , justice , and the environment , and rid the government of perceived weaknesses , while maintaining stability at the top . In an official statement , Number 10 stated that the impetus for the reshuffle was the fact that after more than two years , the government was `` at the delivery phase '' and that ministers had `` been appointed with that in mind '' .

neg: Prime Minister of the United Kingdom The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is the head of Her Majesty 's Government in the United Kingdom . The Prime Minister ( informal abbreviation : PM ) and Cabinet ( consisting of all the most senior ministers , most of whom are government department heads ) are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to the Monarch , to Parliament , to their political party and ultimately to the electorate . The office is one of the Great Offices of State . The , Theresa May , leader of the Conservative Party , was appointed by the Queen on 13 July 2016 .   The office is not established by any constitution or law but exists only by long-established convention , which stipulates that the monarch must appoint as Prime Minister the person most likely to command the confidence of the House of Commons ; this individual is typically the leader of the political party or coalition of parties that holds the largest number of seats in that chamber . The position of Prime Minister was not created ; it evolved slowly and erratically over three hundred years due to numerous acts of Parliament , political developments , and accidents of history . The office is therefore best understood from a historical perspective . The origins of the position are found in constitutional changes that occurred during the Revolutionary Settlement ( 1688 -- 1720 ) and the resulting shift of political power from the Sovereign to Parliament . Although the Sovereign was not stripped of the ancient prerogative powers and legally remained the head of government , politically it gradually became necessary for him or her to govern through a Prime Minister who could command a majority in Parliament .   By the 1830s the Westminster system of government ( or cabinet government ) had emerged ; the Prime Minister had become primus inter pares or the first among equals in the Cabinet and the head of government in the United Kingdom . The political position of Prime Minister was enhanced by the development of modern political parties , the introduction of mass communication ( inexpensive newspapers , radio , television and the internet ) , and photography . By the start of the 20th century the modern premiership had emerged ; the office had become the pre-eminent position in the constitutional hierarchy vis-à-vis the Sovereign , Parliament and Cabinet .   Prior to 1902 , the Prime Minister sometimes came from the House of Lords , provided that his government could form a majority in the Commons . However as the power of the aristocracy waned during the 19th century the convention developed that the Prime Minister should always sit in the lower house . As leader of the House of Commons , the Prime Minister 's authority was further enhanced by the Parliament Act of 1911 which marginalised the influence of the House of Lords in the law-making process .   The Prime Minister is ex officio also First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service . Certain privileges , such as residency of 10 Downing Street , are accorded to Prime Ministers by virtue of their position as First Lord of the Treasury .

neg: Leader of the Labour Party (UK) The Leader of the Labour Party is the most senior politician within the Labour Party in the United Kingdom . Since 12 September 2015 , the office has been held by Jeremy Corbyn , who represents the constituency of Islington North .   Harriet Harman was the Deputy Leader of the Labour Party and also Acting Leader since the resignation of Ed Miliband on 8 May 2015 following the 2015 general election . On 12 September 2015 , she was replaced by Jeremy Corbyn , who won the Labour leadership election . Tom Watson is now the Deputy Leader of the Labour Party , elected on the same day . Corbyn 's leadership was under challenge in mid 2016 , but he was again elected in the subsequent leadership election .

neg: Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence The Unilateral Declaration of Independence ( UDI ) was a statement adopted by the Cabinet of Rhodesia on 11 November 1965 , announcing that Rhodesia , a British territory in southern Africa that had governed itself since 1923 , now regarded itself as an independent sovereign state . The culmination of a protracted dispute between the British and Rhodesian governments regarding the terms under which the latter could become fully independent , it was the first unilateral break from the United Kingdom by one of its colonies since the United States Declaration of Independence nearly two centuries before . Britain , the Commonwealth and the United Nations all deemed Rhodesia 's UDI illegal , and economic sanctions , the first in the UN 's history , were imposed on the breakaway colony . Amid near-complete international isolation , Rhodesia continued as an unrecognised state with the assistance of South Africa and Portugal .   The Rhodesian government , which mostly comprised members of the country 's white minority of about 5 % , was indignant when , amid decolonisation and the Wind of Change , less developed African colonies to the north without comparable experience of self-rule quickly advanced to independence during the early 1960s while Rhodesia was refused sovereignty under the newly ascendant principle of `` no independence before majority rule '' ( `` NIBMAR '' ) . Most white Rhodesians felt that they were due independence following four decades ' self-government , and that Britain was betraying them by withholding it . This combined with the colonial government 's acute reluctance to hand over power to black nationalists -- the manifestation of racial tensions , Cold War anti-communism and the fear that a dystopian Congo-style situation might result -- to create the impression that if Britain did not grant independence , Rhodesia might be justified in taking it unilaterally .   Stalemate developed between the British and Rhodesian Prime Ministers , Harold Wilson and Ian Smith respectively , between 1964 and 1965 . Dispute largely surrounded the British condition that the terms for independence had to be acceptable `` to the people of the country as a whole '' ; Smith contended that this was met , while Britain and black nationalist leaders in Rhodesia held that it was not . After Wilson proposed in late October 1965 that Britain might safeguard future black representation in the Rhodesian parliament by withdrawing some of the colonial government 's devolved powers , then presented terms for an investigatory Royal Commission that the Rhodesians found unacceptable , Smith and his Cabinet declared independence . Calling this treasonous , the British colonial Governor Sir Humphrey Gibbs formally dismissed Smith and his government , but they ignored him and appointed an `` Officer Administering the Government '' to take his place .   While no country recognised UDI , the Rhodesian High Court deemed the post-UDI government legal and de jure in 1968 . The Smith administration initially professed continued loyalty to Queen Elizabeth II , but abandoned this in 1970 when it declared a republic in an unsuccessful attempt to win foreign recognition . The Rhodesian Bush War , a guerrilla conflict between the government and two rival communist-backed black nationalist groups , began in earnest two years later , and after several attempts to end the war Smith agreed the Internal Settlement with non-militant nationalists in 1978 . Under these terms the country was reconstituted under black rule as Zimbabwe Rhodesia in June 1979 , but this new order was rejected by the guerrillas and the international community . The Bush War continued until Zimbabwe Rhodesia revoked UDI as part of the Lancaster House Agreement in December 1979 . Following a brief period of direct British rule , the country was granted internationally recognised independence under the name Zimbabwe in 1980 .

neg: Reform of the House of Lords Certain governments in the United Kingdom have , for more than a century , attempted to find a way to reform the House of Lords , the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . This process was started by the Parliament Act 1911 introduced by the then Liberal Government which stated :   ... whereas it is intended to substitute for the House of Lords as it at present exists a Second Chamber constituted on a popular instead of hereditary basis , but such substitution can not be immediately brought into operation   When the Labour Party came to power in the 1997 general election , it had in its manifesto the promise to reform the House of Lords :  The House of Lords must be reformed . As an initial , self-contained reform , not dependent on further reform in the future , the right of hereditary Peers to sit and vote in the House of Lords will be ended by statute . . '' .  The Blair government subsequently passed the House of Lords Act 1999 . On 7 November 2001 the government undertook a public consultation . This helped to create a public debate on the issue of Lords reform , with 1,101 consultation responses and numerous debates in Parliament and the media . However , no consensus on the future of the upper chamber emerged .   All three of the main parties promised to take action on Lords reform in the 2010 general election , and following it the Coalition Agreement included a promise to `` establish a committee to bring forward proposals for a wholly or mainly elected upper chamber on the basis of proportional representation '' . Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg introduced the House of Lords Reform Bill 2012 on 27 June 2012 which built on proposals published on 17 May 2011 . However , this Bill was abandoned by the Government on 6 August 2012 following opposition from within the Conservative Party . A successful attempt to pursue minor reform of the House was made on 14 May 2014 when the House of Lords Reform Act 2014 gained Royal Assent .

neg: Shadow Cabinet of Michael Foot Michael Foot was Leader of the Opposition from 4 November 1980 , following his victory in the 1980 leadership election , to 2 October 1983 , when he was replaced by Neil Kinnock at the 1983 leadership election . The 1980 election was triggered by James Callaghan 's loss at the 1979 general election , and Foot 's own disastrous defeat in the 1983 general election .   Until 2011 , the Labour MPs elected the bulk of the membership of the Shadow Cabinet . The leader was expected to assign portfolios to those elected , but was able to assign portfolios to MPs not elected to the Shadow Cabinet and to refuse to assign portfolios to elected members . For example , William Rodgers was not given a portfolio despite winning in the 1980 Shadow Cabinet elections . When he left the party months later to help create the Social Democratic Party , Tony Benn automatically joined the Shadow Cabinet . Foot also chose not to give the more radical Benn a portfolio . When Benn lost in the 1981 Shadow Cabinet elections , all the new members received portfolios ( Shadow Minister for Europe became a Shadow Cabinet post for the rest of Foot 's tenure as leader ) .

neg: Northern Ireland Unionist Party The Northern Ireland Unionist Party ( NIUP ) was a small political party in Northern Ireland . It was formed in January 1999 as a splinter party from the UK Unionist Party ( UKUP ) . This split was caused by disagreement between the five UKUP members of the Northern Ireland Assembly . Four of the members disagreed with UKUP leader Robert McCartney 's policy of resigning from the Assembly should Sinn Féin become part of the power-sharing executive . Cedric Wilson , Patrick Roche , Norman Boyd and Roger Hutchinson disagreed with McCartney , wanting to remain in the Assembly to challenge unionists in favour of the Belfast Agreement . McCartney disciplined these members in their absence and , in response , they left the UKUP and formed the NIUP . Led by Wilson , the new party argued that it had the support of the grassroots membership of the UKUP , but McCartney disputed this .   Subsequently , Hutchinson left the NIUP on 30 November 1999 , sitting as an independent Unionist for a period before joining the Democratic Unionist Party ( DUP ) . He then left the DUP and unsuccessfully contested the 2003 Assembly Election as an independent Unionist .   The NIUP opposed the Belfast Agreement and the reformation of the Royal Ulster Constabulary to the Police Service Northern Ireland . They described their position as `` principled unionism . ''   In its first electoral test , the party polled very poorly in the 2001 General Election and in local elections held on the same day , winning no Westminster or council seats . In the 2003 Assembly Election , the NIUP won no seats at all .   The NIUP consistently a low level of support and mainly contested the constituencies represented by its four Assembly members . In 2001 , it received 1,794 votes in the general election and 1,818 votes in the local elections . This fell to 1,350 in the 2003 Assembly election . Its share of the vote across Northern Ireland was around 0.2 % in each case .   The party 's submission of accounts for 2004 stated that the party was `` inactive '' during this period and there is no evidence of subsequent activity . Wilson stood as an independent candidate in the Strangford constituency at the 2007 Assembly Election where he polled 305 votes ( 0.8 % ) , thus finishing last out of the fifteen candidates .   The NIUP voluntarily deregistered as a political party on 10 March 2008 .

neg: UK Independence Party leadership election, 2010 The United Kingdom Independence Party ( UKIP ) leadership election of 2010 was triggered on 17 August 2010 with the resignation of the incumbent leader , Lord Pearson of Rannoch , following difficulties during the 2010 general election campaign , with the result announced on 5 November 2010 . Lord Pearson of Rannoch had been leader of the party since the previous leadership election , less than a year earlier . Jeffrey Titford was appointed interim leader during the summer by the UKIP National Executive Committee . Nigel Farage won the election with over 60 % of the vote .

neg: Tony Abbott Anthony John `` Tony '' Abbott ( born 4 November 1957 ) is an Australian politician who was the 28th Prime Minister of Australia , from 18 September 2013 to 15 September 2015 . Abbott was leader of the Liberal Party of Australia from 2009 to 2015 , and has been a member of parliament for Warringah since 1994 .   Abbott was born in London , to an Australian mother and a British father , and emigrated to Sydney , Australia , with his parents in 1960 . Prior to entering Parliament , Abbott took the degrees of Bachelor of Economics and Bachelor of Laws at the University of Sydney , then attended The Queen 's College , Oxford , as a Rhodes Scholar , graduating as a Bachelor of Arts in Philosophy , Politics and Economics . He later proceeded by seniority to Master of Arts .   After graduating from Oxford , Abbott trained as a Roman Catholic seminarian , and later worked as a journalist , a manager , and a political adviser . In 1992 , he was appointed Director of Australians for Constitutional Monarchy , a position he held until his election to Parliament in 1994 . Abbott was first appointed to Cabinet following the 1998 election , as part of the Second Howard Ministry , becoming Minister for Employment , Workplace Relations and Small Business .   In 2003 , Abbott became Minister for Health and Ageing , retaining this position until the defeat of the Howard Government at the 2007 election . Initially serving in the Shadow Cabinets of Brendan Nelson and then Malcolm Turnbull , Abbott resigned from the front bench in November 2009 , in protest against Turnbull 's support for the Rudd Government 's proposed Emissions Trading Scheme ( ETS ) . Forcing a leadership ballot on the subject , Abbott defeated Turnbull by 42 votes to 41 , to become the Party 's leader and Leader of the Opposition .   Abbott led the Coalition at the 2010 election , which resulted in a hung parliament . Following negotiations , Labor formed a Government , with the support of one Greens MP and three Independent MPs . Abbott was re-elected as Liberal Leader unopposed . Abbott went on to lead the Coalition to victory in the 2013 election and was sworn in as the 28th Prime Minister of Australia on 18 September 2013 . On 14 September 2015 , Abbott was defeated in a vote for the Liberal leadership ( 54 votes to 44 ) by Malcolm Turnbull , who replaced Abbott as Prime Minister the following day .

neg: New Labour New Labour refers to a period in the history of the British Labour Party from the mid-1990s until 2010 , under the leadership of Tony Blair and Gordon Brown . The name dates from a conference slogan first used by the party in 1994 ; which was later seen in a draft manifesto published in 1996 , called New Labour , New Life for Britain . It was presented as the brand of a newly reformed party that had altered Clause IV and endorsed market economics . The branding was extensively used while the party was in government , between 1997 and 2010 .   The `` New Labour '' brand was developed to regain trust from the electorate and to portray a departure from their traditional democratic socialist policies , which was criticised for its breaking of election promises and its links between trade unions and the state . The `` New Labour '' brand was used to communicate the party 's modernisation to the public . It was coordinated by Alastair Campbell , who centralised the party 's communications and used his experience in journalism to achieve positive media relations . In 2002 , following criticism from Philip Gould , Blair announced the need to reinvent the brand based on a unified domestic policy and greater assertion in foreign affairs . Following the leadership of Neil Kinnock and John Smith , the party under the New Labour brand attempted to widen its electoral appeal , and by the 1997 general election it had made significant gains in the upper and middle-classes . Labour maintained this wider support at the 2001 general election , and won a third consecutive victory in 2005 , for the first time ever in the history of the Labour Party .   In 2007 , Blair resigned from the party leadership after thirteen years , and was succeeded by his Chancellor of the Exchequer , Gordon Brown . Labour lost the 2010 general election , which resulted in the first hung parliament in thirty-six years and led to the creation of a Conservative -- Liberal Democrat coalition government ; Brown resigned as Prime Minister , and as Labour Party leader shortly thereafter . He was succeeded as party leader by Ed Miliband , who abandoned the New Labour branding and moved the Labour Party 's political stance slightly further to the left .   New Labour was influenced by the political thinking of Anthony Crosland , the leadership of Tony Blair and Gordon Brown , and Peter Mandelson and Alastair Campbell 's media campaigning . The political philosophy of New Labour was influenced by the party 's development of Anthony Giddens ' `` Third Way '' , which attempted to provide a synthesis between capitalism and socialism . The party emphasised the importance of social justice , rather than equality , emphasising the need for equality of opportunity , and believed in the use of free markets to deliver economic efficiency and social justice . In 2002 , Giddens named spin as New Labour 's biggest failure , but commended the party 's success in certain policy areas and at marginalising the Conservative Party .

neg: Culture of the United Kingdom The culture of the United Kingdom is influenced by the UK 's history as a developed island country , a liberal democracy and a major power ; its predominantly Christian religious life ; and its composition of four countries -- England , Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland -- each of which has distinct customs , cultures and symbolism . The wider culture of Europe has also influenced British culture , and Humanism , Protestantism and representative democracy developed from broader Western culture .   British literature , music , cinema , art , theatre , comedy , media , television , philosophy , architecture and education are important aspects of British culture . The United Kingdom is also prominent in science and technology , producing world-leading scientists ( e.g. Isaac Newton and Charles Darwin ) and inventions . Sport is an important part of British culture ; numerous sports originated in the country , including football . The UK has been described as a `` cultural superpower '' , and London has been described as a world cultural capital .   The Industrial Revolution , which started in the UK , had a profound effect on the socio-economic and cultural conditions of the world . As a result of the British Empire , significant British influence can be observed in the language , law , culture and institutions of a geographically wide assortment of countries , including Australia , Canada , India , the Republic of Ireland , New Zealand , Nigeria , Pakistan , South Africa , the United States and English speaking Caribbean nations . These states are sometimes collectively known as the Anglosphere , and are among Britain 's closest allies . In turn the empire also influenced British culture , particularly British cuisine .   The cultures of England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland are diverse and have varying degrees of overlap and distinctiveness .

neg: Right Now! (magazine) Right Now ! was a right-wing British political magazine , which ran from 1993 to 2006 . The magazine also featured arts coverage and cultural criticism . It proclaimed itself a magazine of `` politics , ideas and culture '' .   It was initially edited by Michael Harrison ( an associate of Lady Birdwood ) , and then from 1995 until closure by Derek Turner . Contributing editors included Allan Robertson and Christopher Luke of the London Swinton Circle and Stuart Millson of the Conservative Democratic Alliance . Its origins lay in the Revolutionary Conservative Caucus and with right-wing members of the Monday Club .   The magazine featured interviews with and articles by many leading politicians , thinkers and writers . These include Antony Flew , Roger Scruton , Pat Buchanan , Peter Brimelow , Frederick Forsyth , Charles Moore , Garry Bushell , Nick Griffin , Jean-Marie Le Pen , Alain de Benoist , Richard Lynn , J. Philippe Rushton , Thomas Fleming , Samuel T. Francis and C. B. Liddell .   Prominent Conservative politicians who contributed to , or were interviewed by , Right Now ! include Norman Tebbit , Ann Widdecombe , John Redwood , Teddy Taylor , Teresa Gorman and Bill Cash .   The magazine was mentioned by then Foreign Secretary Robin Cook in 2000 in an attack on then Conservative Party leader William Hague 's inability to contain `` extremists '' within the party ; Cook criticised Hague for not shutting the magazine down .   Andrew Hunter , a former Conservative MP who defected to Ian Paisley 's Democratic Unionist Party , was a long-time patron of the magazine . Hunter ceased links with the magazine in 2002 , following pressure from Iain Duncan Smith , stating disagreement with an advert in the magazine for the Conservative Democratic Alliance which was critical of the Conservative Party .

neg: Prime Minister of Australia The Prime Minister of the Commonwealth of Australia is the head of government of Australia . The individual who holds the office is the most senior Minister of the Crown , the leader of the Cabinet and the chairperson of the National Security Committee . The Prime Minister also has the responsibility of administering the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . The office is not mentioned in the Constitution of Australia and exists only through longstanding political convention and tradition . Despite this , in practice it is the most powerful parliamentary position in Australia . The individual who holds the office is commissioned by the Governor-General of Australia .   Almost always and according to convention , the Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party or largest party in a coalition of parties in the House of Representatives . However , there is no constitutional requirement that the Prime Minister sit in the House of Representatives , though by convention this is always the case . The only case where a member of the Senate was appointed Prime Minister was John Gorton , who subsequently resigned his Senate position and was elected as a member of the House of Representatives ( Senator George Pearce was acting Prime Minister for seven months in 1916 while Billy Hughes was overseas ) .   Malcolm Turnbull has held the office of Prime Minister since 15 September 2015 . He received his commission after replacing Tony Abbott as the leader of the Liberal Party , the dominant party in the Coalition government , following the outcome of the September 2015 Liberal leadership ballot .

neg: One-nation conservatism One-nation conservatism ( also known as one-nationism , or Tory democracy ) is a form of British political conservatism that views society as organic and values paternalism and pragmatism . The phrase `` One-nation Tory '' originated with Benjamin Disraeli ( 1804 -- 1881 ) , who served as the chief Conservative spokesman and became Prime Minister in February 1868 . He devised it to appeal to working-class men as a solution to worsening divisions in society through introducing factory and health Acts , as well as greater protection for workers .   As a political philosophy , one-nation conservatism reflects the belief that societies exist and develop organically , and that members within them have obligations towards each other . There is particular emphasis on the paternalistic obligation of those who are privileged and wealthy to the poorer parts of society .   The ideology featured heavily during Disraeli 's terms in government , during which considerable social reforms were passed . Towards the end of the 19th century , the party moved away from paternalism in favour of free market capitalism , but fears of extremism during the interwar period caused the revival of one-nation conservatism . The philosophy continued to be held by the Conservative party throughout the post-war consensus , influencing the decision to maintain Labour government keynesian intervention in the economy , forming a welfare state and National Health Service . Later years saw the rise of the New Right , which attributed the country 's social and economic troubles to one-nation conservatism . David Cameron , former leader of the Conservative Party , named Disraeli as his favourite Conservative and some commentators and MPs have suggested that Cameron 's ideology contains an element of one-nationism . Other commentators have questioned the degree to which Cameron and his coalition have embodied One-Nation Conservatism , instead locating them in the intellectual tradition of Thatcherism . In 2016 , Cameron 's successor , Theresa May , referred to herself as a one-nation conservative in her first speech as prime minister and outlined her focus on social justice .

neg: Ian Paisley Ian Richard Kyle Paisley , Baron Bannside , PC ( 6 April 1926 -- 12 September 2014 ) was a loyalist politician and Protestant religious leader from Northern Ireland .   He became a Protestant evangelical minister in 1946 and remained one for the rest of his life . In 1951 he co-founded the fundamentalist Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster and was its leader until 2008 . Paisley became known for his fiery sermons and regularly preached and protested against Catholicism , ecumenism and homosexuality . He gained a large group of followers who were referred to as Paisleyites .   Paisley became involved in Ulster unionist/loyalist politics in the late 1950s . In the mid-late 1960s , he led and instigated loyalist opposition to the Catholic civil rights movement in Northern Ireland . This led to the outbreak of the Troubles in the late 1960s , a conflict that would engulf Northern Ireland for the next thirty years . In 1970 he became Member of Parliament for North Antrim and the following year he founded the Democratic Unionist Party ( DUP ) , which he would lead for almost forty years . In 1979 he became a Member of the European Parliament .   Throughout the Troubles , Paisley was seen as a firebrand and the face of hardline unionism . He opposed all attempts to resolve the conflict through power-sharing between unionists and Irish nationalists/republicans , and all attempts to involve the Republic of Ireland in Northern affairs . His efforts helped bring down the Sunningdale Agreement of 1974 . He also opposed the Anglo-Irish Agreement of 1985 , with less success . His attempts to create a paramilitary movement culminated in Ulster Resistance . Paisley and his party also opposed the Northern Ireland peace process and Good Friday Agreement of 1998 .   In 2005 , Paisley 's DUP became the largest unionist party in Northern Ireland , displacing the Ulster Unionist Party ( UUP ) , which had dominated unionist politics since 1905 . In 2007 , following the St Andrews Agreement , the DUP finally agreed to share power with republican party Sinn Féin and consent to all-Ireland governance in certain matters . Paisley and Sinn Féin 's Martin McGuinness became First Minister and deputy First Minister respectively in May 2007 . He stepped down as First Minister and DUP leader in mid-2008 , and left politics in 2011 . Paisley was made a life peer in 2010 as Baron Bannside .

neg: United Kingdom general election, 1900 The United Kingdom general election of 1900 was held between 26 September and 24 October 1900 , following the dissolution of Parliament on 25 September . Also known as the khaki election ( the first of several elections to bear this sobriquet ) , it was held at a time when it was widely believed that the Second Boer War had effectively been won ( though in fact it was to continue for a further two years ) . The Conservatives , led by Lord Salisbury with their Liberal Unionist allies , secured a large majority of 130 , despite securing only 5.6 % more votes than Henry Campbell-Bannerman 's Liberals . This was largely due to the Conservatives winning 163 uncontested seats . The Labour Representation Committee , later to become the Labour Party , participated in a general election for the first time even though they had only been in existence for a few months . As a result , Keir Hardie and Richard Bell were the only LRC members of parliament in 1900 .   This was the first time that Winston Churchill was elected to the House of Commons . He had stood in the same seat , Oldham , in a by-election the previous year , but had lost . It was also the final general election of the Victorian era and the 19th century .

neg: Terrorism Act 2006 The Terrorism Act 2006 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that received Royal Assent on 30 March 2006 , after being introduced on 12 October 2005 . The Act creates new offences related to terrorism , and amends existing ones . The Act was drafted in the aftermath of the 7 July 2005 London bombings , and some of its terms have proven to be highly controversial . The government considered the act a necessary response to an unparalleled terrorist threat ; it has encountered opposition from those who feel that it is an undue imposition on civil liberties , and could increase the terrorism risk .   The act drew considerable media attention , not least because one of the key votes resulted in the first defeat of the government of Tony Blair on the floor of the House of Commons , and the worst such defeat for any government since 1978 .