query: The University of Oxford's academics fled to Cambridge.

pos: University of Oxford The University of Oxford ( informally Oxford University or simply Oxford ) is a collegiate research university located in Oxford , England . It has no known date of foundation , but there is evidence of teaching as far back as 1096 , making it the oldest university in the English-speaking world and the world 's second-oldest university in continuous operation . It is one of the world 's most prestigious universities . It grew rapidly from 1167 when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris . After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209 , some academics fled north-east to Cambridge where they established what became the University of Cambridge . The two `` ancient universities '' are frequently jointly referred to as `` Oxbridge '' .   The university is made up of a variety of institutions , including 38 constituent colleges and a full range of academic departments which are organised into four divisions . All the colleges are self-governing institutions within the university , each controlling its own membership and with its own internal structure and activities . Being a city university , it does not have a main campus ; instead , its buildings and facilities are scattered throughout the city centre . Most undergraduate teaching at Oxford is organised around weekly tutorials at the colleges and halls , supported by classes , lectures and laboratory work provided by university faculties and departments .   Oxford is the home of the Rhodes Scholarship , one of the world 's oldest and most prestigious scholarships , which has brought graduate students to study at the university for more than a century . The university operates the world 's oldest university museum , as well as the largest university press in the world and the largest academic library system in Britain . Oxford has educated many notable alumni , including 28 Nobel laureates , 27 Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom , and many heads of state and government around the world .

neg: Edmund Castell Edmund Castell ( 1606 -- 1686 ) was an English orientalist .   He was born at Tadlow , in Cambridgeshire . At the age of fifteen he entered Emmanuel College , Cambridge , gaining his BA in 1624-5 and his MA in 1628 . Appointed Professor of Arabic in 1666 , with the full title ` Sir Thomas Adams Professor of Arabic ' . He moved to St John 's in 1671 , because of the valuable library there . His great work , the Lexicon Heptaglotton Hebraicum , Chaldaicum , Syriacum , Samaritanum , Aethiopicum , Arabicum , et Persicum ( 1669 ) , took him eighteen years to complete , working ( according to his own account ) from sixteen to eighteen hours a day . He employed fourteen assistants on the project , and spent # 12,000 , ruining himself in the process as there was little demand for his finished lexicon .   By 1667 , he found himself in prison because he was unable to discharge his brother 's debts , for which he had made himself liable . However , a volume of poems dedicated to the king brought him preferment . He was made prebendary of Canterbury Cathedral and professor of Arabic at Cambridge . Before undertaking the Lexicon Heptaglotton , Castell had helped Dr Brian Walton in the preparation of his Polyglott Bible . He died at Higham Gobion , Bedfordshire , where he was rector , and bequeathed his manuscripts to the University of Cambridge .   The Syriac section of the Lexicon was issued separately at Göttingen in 1788 by J.D. Michaelis , who made a tribute to Castell 's learning and industry . Trier published the Hebrew section in 1790 -- 1792 .

neg: Oxford Philosophical Club The Oxford Philosophical Club refers to a group of natural philosophers , mathematicians , physicians , virtuosi and dilettanti gathering around John Wilkins FRS ( 1614 -- 1672 ) at Oxford in the period 1649 to 1660 . It is documented in particular by John Aubrey : he refers to it as an `` experimental philosophical club '' run weekly by Wilkins , who successfully bridged the political divide of the times . There is surviving evidence that the Club was formally constituted , and undertook some projects in Oxford libraries . Its historical importance is that members formed one of the major groups that came together in the early 1660s to form the Royal Society of London .   Wilkins was Warden of Wadham College , and the circle around him is also known as the Wadham Group , though it was not restricted to members of the College . It included William Petty , Jonathan Goddard and John Wallis from the 1645 group in London .   The term Oxford Philosophical Society may refer to this club , or at least two later societies .

neg: Christ Church, Oxford Christ Church ( Ædes Christi , the temple or house , aedes , of Christ , and thus sometimes known as `` The House '' ) is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in England . The college is associated with Christ Church Cathedral , Oxford , which serves as the college chapel and whose dean is ex officio the college head .   It is the second wealthiest Oxford college by financial endowment ( after St John 's ) with an endowment of # 436m .   Christ Church has produced thirteen British prime ministers , more than any other Oxbridge college .   The college was the setting for parts of Evelyn Waugh 's Brideshead Revisited , as well as a small part of Lewis Carroll 's Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland . More recently it has been used in the filming of the movies of J. K. Rowling 's Harry Potter series and also the film adaptation of Philip Pullman 's novel Northern Lights ( the film bearing the title of the American edition of the book , The Golden Compass ) . Distinctive features of the college 's architecture have been used as models by a number of other academic institutions , including the National University of Ireland , Galway , which reproduces Tom Quad . The University of Chicago and Cornell University both have reproductions of Christ Church 's dining hall ( in the forms of Hutchinson Hall and the dining hall of Risley Residential College , respectively ) . ChristChurch Cathedral in New Zealand , after which the City of Christchurch is named , is itself named after Christ Church , Oxford . Stained glass windows in the cathedral and other buildings are by the Pre-Raphaelite William Morris group with designs by Edward Burne-Jones .   Christ Church is also partly responsible for the creation of University College Reading , which later gained its own Royal Charter and became the University of Reading .   The first female undergraduates matriculated at Christ Church in 1980 .

neg: Siege of Oxford The Siege of Oxford refers to the English Civil War military campaigns waged to besiege the Royalist controlled city of Oxford , involving three short engagements over twenty-five months , which ended with a Parliamentarian victory in June 1646 .   The first engagement was in May 1644 , during which King Charles I escaped , thus preventing a formal siege . The second , in May 1645 , had barely started when Sir Thomas Fairfax was given orders to stop and pursue the King to Naseby instead . The last siege began in May 1646 and was a formal siege of some three months ; but the war was obviously over and negotiation , rather than fighting , took precedence . Being careful not to inflict too much damage on the city , Fairfax even sent in food to the King 's second son , James , and was happy to conclude the siege with an honourable agreement before any further escalation occurred .

neg: Lawrence Brockett Lawrence Brockett ( 13 August 1724 -- 12 July 1768 ) was an English academic .   The youngest of five sons born to Lawrence Brockett and Anne Clarke , Lawrence inherited from his parents Headlam Hall , a country house near Gainford , County Durham . The house was originally built by Henry Birkbeck , Lawrence 's maternal great great grandfather .   Brockett matriculated at Trinity College , Cambridge in 1743 from Scorton Grammar School , graduating BA in 1747 and becoming a fellow of Trinity in 1749 . Brockett was tutor to James Lowther ( 1736 -- 1802 ) , 1st Earl of Lonsdale . Lowther later married the daughter of John Stuart , 3rd Earl of Bute . Stuart had been tutor to King George III , and was from May 1762 to April 1763 his first appointment as prime minister .   On the death of Shallet Turner in 1762 , the King preferred Brockett over Thomas Gray for the post of Regius Professor of Modern History at Cambridge University , a sinecure . Gray succeeded Brockett in this position after the latter 's death .   Brockett died on 12 July 1768 after a riding accident while returning from Hinchingbrooke , near Huntingdon , to Cambridge . He was buried according to tradition at Gainford by torchlight , probably the church 's last nocturnal burial . An ancient foliated cross in the porch of Gainford church , Co. . Durham , is superinscribed as memorial to Lawrence Brockett , MA , BD of Trinity College , Cambridge .   `` Professor Brockett was the last person who was buried , according to the custom of the family , by night and with torchlight . There are several persons now living who retain a vivid recollection of the awful solemnity of the scene as the procession moved slowly on with its line of torches down the long and shady lane from Headlam to the last resting-place of the dead . ''

neg: Buildings of Jesus College, Oxford The main buildings of Jesus College , one of the colleges of the University of Oxford , are located in the centre of the city of Oxford , England , between Turl Street , Ship Street , Cornmarket Street , and Market Street . Jesus College was founded in 1571 by Elizabeth I upon the petition of a Welsh clergyman , Hugh Price , who was treasurer of St David 's Cathedral . Her foundation charter gave to the college the land and buildings of White Hall , a university hall that had experienced a decline in student numbers . Price added new buildings to those of White Hall , and construction work continued after his death in 1574 . The first of the college 's quadrangles , which includes the hall , chapel , and principal 's lodgings was completed between 1621 and 1630 . Construction of the second quadrangle began in the 1630s , but was interrupted by the English Civil War and was not completed until about 1712 . Further buildings were erected in a third quadrangle during the 20th century , including science laboratories ( now closed ) , a library for undergraduates , and additional accommodation for students and fellows . In addition to the main site , the college owns flats in east and north Oxford , and a sports ground .   The chapel , which was dedicated in 1621 and extended in 1636 , was extensively altered in 1864 under the supervision of the architect George Edmund Street . The alterations have had their supporters and their critics ; one historian of the college ( Ernest Hardy , principal from 1921 to 1925 ) described the work as `` ill-considered '' . The hall 's original hammerbeam roof was hidden by a plaster ceiling in 1741 when rooms were installed in the roofspace . The principal 's lodgings , the last part of the first quadrangle to be constructed , contain wooden panelling from the early 17th century . The Fellows ' Library in the second quadrangle dates from 1679 and contains 11,000 antiquarian books ; it was restored at a cost of # 700,000 in 2007 . A new Junior Common Room , about twice the size of its predecessor , was completed in the third quadrangle in 2002 . Further student and teaching rooms were added in Ship Street , opposite the college , in 2010 .   Eleven parts of the college are listed buildings , including all four sides of the first and second quadrangles . Nine parts , including the chapel , hall , and principal 's lodgings , have the highest Grade I designation , given to buildings of exceptional interest . Two other parts ( an external wall and an early 20th-century addition in the third quadrangle ) have a Grade II designation , given to buildings of national importance and special interest . The architectural historian Sir Nikolaus Pevsner described the first quadrangle as `` small and pretty '' , and said that the reredos behind the chapel altar was `` heavily gorgeous '' ; he was , however , critical of the Old Members ' Building in the third quadrangle , opened in 1971 , describing it as a `` mannered and modish design '' . The historian John Julius Norwich said that the first quadrangle had `` a curious charm '' , while the second quadrangle had `` a strong feeling of unity owing to the somewhat relentless succession of ogival gables '' . The poet Sir John Betjeman said that the clear planning of the first and second quadrangles , coupled with the relationship of their size to the heights of the buildings around them , `` make what would be undistinguished buildings judged on their detail , into something distinguished '' . However , he regarded the early 20th-century additions in the third quadrangle as `` dull '' .

neg: Old Schools The Old Schools are part of the University of Cambridge , in the centre of Cambridge , England . The Old Schools house the Cambridge University Offices , which form the main administration for the University .   Within the Old Schools are West Court and Cobble Court . The building is Grade I listed . It is two storeys high with ashlar facing and a parapet above .   The Old Schools building is located at the end of Trinity Lane and is surrounded by other historic University and College buildings . To the north is Gonville and Caius College .  To the east is the University of Cambridge Senate House where degree ceremonies are held , on King 's Parade . To the south , the scene is dominated by the large King 's College Chapel . To the west are Trinity Hall and Clare College .   The Old Schools Site covers the Old Schools , the Senate House , and Great St Mary 's , the University Church .

neg: Michaelhouse, Cambridge Michaelhouse is the name of one of the former colleges of the University of Cambridge , that existed between 1323 and 1546 , when it was merged with King 's Hall to form Trinity College . Michaelhouse was the second residential college to be founded , after Peterhouse ( 1284 ) . Though King 's Hall was established earlier in 1317 , it did not acquire actual premises until its re-foundation by Edward III in 1336 . The name Michaelhouse is now used for St Michael 's Church .

neg: Worcester College, Oxford Worcester College -LSB- ˈwʊstər -RSB- is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England . The college was founded in 1714 by the benefaction of Sir Thomas Cookes , a Worcestershire baronet , with the college gaining its name from the county of Worcestershire . Its predecessor , Gloucester College , had been an institution of learning on the same site since the late 13th century until the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1539 .   , Worcester had a financial endowment of # 16.7 million .   Notable alumni of the college include the media mogul Rupert Murdoch , television producer and screenwriter Russell T Davies , US Supreme Court justice Elena Kagan , actress Emma Watson and novelist Richard Adams .

neg: Oxbridge Oxbridge is a portmanteau ( composite word ) of `` Oxford '' and `` Cambridge '' , both elite universities in the United Kingdom . The term is used to refer to them collectively , both in contrast to other British universities and more broadly to describe characteristics reminiscent of University of Oxford and University of Cambridge , often with implications of superior social or intellectual status .

neg: Kings Manor Community College Kings Manor Community College ( formerly Kings Manor School ) was a secondary school located in Shoreham-by-Sea , West Sussex . A specialist status state school , Kings Manor closed and reopened as an Academy named Shoreham Academy , with funding from the central government , in September 2009 .   Kings Manor School was formed in 1970 by the merger of King 's Manor Girls school in Kingston Lane which had opened in 1959 , with Shoreham and Southwick Senior Boys County school in Middle Road which had opened in 1937 . Initially , the school operated on both sites , but later all facilities were transferred to the Kingston Lane site .   The school took in students from years seven through eleven and had an adjoined sixth form college , the student population of which was derived primarily from the main school . The wide catchment area of the school resulted in pupils being taken from diverse social-economic backgrounds .   For ease of administration , each year group was divided into ten bands , assigned the letter K or M and a number from 1-5 ( e.g. 9K5 or 10M3 ) . However , beyond this , there was little resemblance to a traditional house system .   With regards to uniforms , year seven , eight , and nine pupils wore dark blue shirts while those in years ten and eleven wore pale blue .   Local newspaper The Argus commented upon the irony of the school 's first pupil to go onto the University of Oxford in the same year that Secretary of State for Children , Schools and Families Ed Balls threatened the school with closure . This was , however , incorrect , as the government economist Paul Johnson had gone on from the school to Oxford in the mid 1980s . The Education Secretary noted King 's Manor as one of 11 schools in the Sussex area which qualified as `` failing schools '' because less than 30 % of students manage to achieve A-C grades at General Certificate of Secondary Education ( GCSE ) . In 2007 , 23 % of pupils attained five or more GCSEs at Grade C or above including English and Maths , which was roughly half the national average of 46.7 % ; only 11 % of pupils got an A * - C pass in GCSE Science .

neg: University A university ( universitas , `` a whole '' , `` a corporation '' ) is an institution of higher ( or tertiary ) education and research which grants academic degrees in various academic disciplines . Universities typically provide undergraduate education and postgraduate education .   The word `` university '' is derived from the Latin universitas magistrorum et scholarium , which roughly means `` community of teachers and scholars . '' Universities were created in Italy and evolved from Cathedral schools for the clergy during the High Middle Ages .

neg: Christ Church Meadow, Oxford Christ Church Meadow is a well-known flood-meadow , and popular walking and picnic spot in Oxford , England .   Roughly triangular in shape it is bounded by the River Thames ( the stretch through Oxford being known as `` The Isis '' ) , the River Cherwell , and Christ Church . The meadow provides access to many of the college boat houses which are on an island at the confluence of the two rivers . The lower sections of the meadow , close to the Thames , are grazed by cattle , while the upper sections have sports fields . Broad Walk is at the northern edge with Merton Field to the north and Merton College , dominated by the tower of Merton College Chapel , beyond that .   Christ Church Meadow is owned by Christ Church , and is thus the private property of the college , however access is allowed during the day . Access starts very early to allow rowers to go to the boathouses . Eights Week and Torpids , Oxford University 's two main rowing events , and Christ Church Regatta are held on the Thames here . In past times , ornamental wooden barges were moored on the river here to store boats and house spectators . However these have all now been replaced by boathouses .   The meadow can be accessed from St Aldate 's to the northwest via Broad Walk through the Christ Church War Memorial Garden , from the north in Merton Street via Grove Walk and Merton Walk , and from the eastern end of the High Street via Rose Lane near the Oxford Botanic Garden to the northeast . There is also lesser used access from near the Head of the River public house by Folly Bridge on the River Thames to the southwest , connecting to Poplar Walk ( created by Henry Liddell in 1872 ) and the path by the river . All entrances are via railinged gates that are locked at night .   James Sadler made the first ascent in a balloon by an Englishman from the Meadow on 4 October 1784 . The balloon rose to a height of around 3,600 feet and landed six miles away near the village of Wood Eaton near Islip to the north-east of Oxford . A plaque notes the event . The Meadow was also the location where the medieval royal pretender , John Deydras , claimed to have been persuaded by the devil to impersonate Edward II in 1318 .   Postwar development planned for central Oxford included a relief road passing through the meadow and joining the district of St Ebbe 's . The proposal was defeated after vigorous opposition .

neg: University House, University of Birmingham Originally a hall of residence at the University of Birmingham , University House became the home for the university 's business school in 2004 after having been extensively refurbished and extended to provide teaching and research facilities . It is located in grounds in the conservation area of Edgbaston , Birmingham .   The name ` University House ' was originally given to a building on Hagley Road in 1908 . The present building was constructed in 1912 as a residence for female students at the university . In 1964 , the hall became one of the UK 's first mixed-sex university residences . It remained so until its closure as a residence in July 2002 .

neg: Oxford–Cambridge rivalry Rivalry between the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge is a phenomenon going back many centuries . During most of that time , they were the only two universities in England and Wales , making the rivalry more intense than it is now .   The University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge , sometimes collectively known as Oxbridge , are the two oldest universities in the United Kingdom . Both were founded more than 800 years ago , and between them they have produced a large number of Britain 's most prominent scientists , writers and politicians , as well as noted figures in many other fields . Competition between Oxford and Cambridge also has a long history , dating back to around 1208 when Cambridge was founded by scholars taking refuge from hostile townsmen in Oxford .

neg: Universities Act 1825 The Universities Act 1825 ( Ch 97 6 Geo 4 , long name An Act for the better Preservation of the Peace and good Order in the Universities of England ) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which provides for officers of police constable status within Cambridge and Oxford Universities . Sections 3 and 4 have been repealed . In 2003 the University of Oxford closed its police force to avoid the complexity and costs of complying with new standards .

neg: West Road, Cambridge West Road is located in western Cambridge , England . It links Grange Road to the west with Queen 's Road to the east . The road is north of Sidgwick Avenue and the Sidgwick Site , a major site of the University of Cambridge , currently under redevelopment . Facilities on West Road include the Cambridge University Faculty of Law , the Faculty of Music , and the West Road Concert Hall .   To the north of West Road are King 's College School , associated with King 's College , and the Cambridge University Library . There are also tennis courts here .   There are a number of University of Cambridge college buildings off West Road :   Harvey Court , Gonville and Caius College  Garden Hostel , King 's College  St Chad 's , St Catharine 's College

neg: London Institution The London Institution was an educational institution founded in London in 1806 ( not to be confused with the British Institution for Promoting the Fine Arts in the United Kingdom founded the previous year , with which it shared some founders ) . It preceded the University of London in making scientific education widely available in the capital to people such as the Dissenters who adhered to non-orthodox religious beliefs and were consequently barred from attending Oxford University or Cambridge University .   The Institution moved into premises at Finsbury Circus in 1815 and was particularly noted for the teaching of chemistry . It closed in 1912 and the buildings were used for the University of London until their demolition in 1936 .

neg: Witton Isolation Hospital Witton Isolation Hospital was a facility for the treatment and quarantine of smallpox victims and their contacts in Birmingham , England . Built around 1900 , it was initially in a semi-rural district but by the 1930s the site was surrounded by the newly built Kingstanding and Perry Common social housing developments . It occupied the site now enclosed by College Road , Brackenbury Road and Plumstead Road . The hospital was used sporadically during the 20th century , particularly during the outbreak of smallpox that occurred in the city in 1962 . The last cases quarantined there were during January and February 1966 , following an outbreak that originated at the University of Birmingham Medical School .   In May 1966 , the hospital 's resident caretaker resigned and the facility of ten buildings was left unguarded except for the ten feet high perimeter wall . In the middle of 1966 , local children broke in , causing some vandalism . Birmingham 's Chief Medical Officer , Ernest Millar , was contacted by a local resident who had regularly seen the children from the top seats of a double-decker bus . Dr Millar ordered the facility to be destroyed by fire and on 3 May 1967 -- chosen because the wind was blowing from the south , away from the city centre -- the buildings were set ablaze by firemen of the Birmingham Fire and Ambulance Service , under the supervision of William Nicholls , Deputy Chief Medical Officer , and George Merrill , Deputy Chief Fire Officer , accompanied by representatives of the news media . Four tons of flammable material , including kerosene , waste oil and aluminium powder accelerants , were needed to burn the buildings , which were empty . A virologist from UK government microbiology laboratories at Porton Down , ( then part of the Ministry of Defence ) , was asked to conduct tests to assess the efficiency of the conflagration .   The affair was discussed in Parliament . Harold Gurden , Member of Parliament for the Selly Oak constituency in Birmingham asked The Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Health , Julian Snow how such a danger could have occurred in `` a densely populated area '' , why the local residents had not been informed , was the facility going to be replaced and what evidence there was of the destruction of any remaining sources of smallpox virus by the fire . In his reply Julian Snow said :   In October 1967 an application to redevelop the site for housing was made to the Birmingham City Council , which was approved by the Council in February 1968 .   The hospital was superseded by the UK 's first National Isolation Hospital , established at nearby Catherine-de-Barnes in 1966 .

neg: Silicon Fen Silicon Fen ( sometimes known as the Cambridge Cluster ) is the name given to the region around Cambridge , England , which is home to a large cluster of high-tech businesses focusing on software , electronics and biotechnology . Many of these businesses have connections with the University of Cambridge , and the area is now one of the most important technology centres in Europe .   It is called `` Silicon Fen '' by analogy with Silicon Valley in California , because it lies at the southern tip of the English Fenland . The interest in technology in the area started with Acorn Computers .


query: FC Barcelona has won zero European titles in soccer.

pos: Supercopa de España The Supercopa de España or the Spanish Super Cup is a Spanish football championship contested by the winners of La Liga and the Copa del Rey .  In the event that a team wins both La Liga and the Copa del Rey , the runners up of the Copa del Rey will play against the winner of La Liga .

pos: FC Barcelona Futbol Club Barcelona ( -LSB- fubˈbɔɫ ˈkɫub bərsəˈɫonə -RSB- ) , commonly known as Barcelona and familiarly as Barça , is a professional football club based in Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain .   Founded in 1899 by a group of Swiss , English and Catalan footballers led by Joan Gamper , the club has become a symbol of Catalan culture and Catalanism , hence the motto `` Més que un club '' ( `` More than a club '' ) . Unlike many other football clubs , the supporters own and operate Barcelona . It is the second most valuable sports team in the world , worth $ 3.56 billion , and the world 's second richest football club in terms of revenue , with an annual turnover of $ 560.8 million . The official Barcelona anthem is the `` Cant del Barça '' , written by Jaume Picas and Josep Maria Espinàs .   Domestically , Barcelona has won 24 La Liga , 29 Copa del Rey , 12 Supercopa de España , 3 Copa Eva Duarte and 2 Copa de la Liga trophies , as well as being the record holder for the latter four competitions . In international club football , Barcelona has won twenty European and World titles -- four UEFA Champions League titles and one European Cup , a record four UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , a shared record five UEFA Super Cup , a record three Inter-Cities Fairs Cup and a record three FIFA Club World Cup . Barcelona was ranked first in the IFFHS Club World Ranking for 1997 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 and 2015 and currently occupies the third position on the UEFA club rankings . The club has a long-standing rivalry with Real Madrid ; matches between the two teams are referred to as El Clásico .   Barcelona is one of the most widely supported teams in the world , and the club has the largest social media following in the world among sports teams . Barcelona players have won a record number of Ballon d'Or awards ( 11 ) , with recipients including Johan Cruyff , as well as a record number of FIFA World Player of the Year awards ( 7 ) , with winners including Ronaldo , Romário and Ronaldinho . In 2010 , three players who came through the club 's youth academy ( Lionel Messi , Andrés Iniesta and Xavi ) were chosen as the three best players in the world in the FIFA Ballon d'Or awards , an unprecedented feat for players from the same football school .   Barcelona is one of three founding members of the Primera División that have never been relegated from the top division , along with Athletic Bilbao and Real Madrid . In 2009 , Barcelona became the first Spanish club to win the continental treble consisting of La Liga , Copa del Rey , and the UEFA Champions League , and also became the first football club to win six out of six competitions in a single year , completing the sextuple in also winning the Spanish Super Cup , UEFA Super Cup and FIFA Club World Cup . In 2011 , the club became European champions again and won five trophies . This Barcelona team , which won 14 trophies in just 4 years under Pep Guardiola , is considered by some in the sport to be the greatest team of all time . By winning their fifth Champions League trophy on 6 June 2015 , Barcelona became the first European club in history to achieve the continental treble twice .

pos: Copa Eva Duarte The Copa Eva Duarte was a Spanish football tournament organized by the Royal Spanish Football Federation ( RFEF ) and contested by the winners of La Liga and the Copa del Generalísimo . In 1940 , it had the name of Copa de Campeones , and was not played again until 1945 , when the ambassador of Argentina , due to the good relations with the military government , offered a trophy called `` Copa de Oro Argentina '' . Both these tournaments were unofficial .   In 1941 the `` Copa Presidente FEF '' was established as an official tournament founded and organized by the RFEF .   In 1947 the `` Copa Eva Duarte de Perón '' was established as an annual and official tournament founded and organized by the RFEF , as a tribute to Argentine president Juan Perón and his wife Eva Perón . It was played between September and December , usually as one-match finals . The trophy was the predecessor of the current Supercopa de España , first held in 1982 .

pos: La Liga The Primera División , commonly known as La Liga and as La Liga Santander for sponsorship reasons with Santander , is the top professional association football division of the Spanish football league system . Administrated by the Liga de Fútbol Profesional ( LFP ) , La Liga is contested by 20 teams , with the three lowest-placed teams relegated to the Segunda División and replaced by the top two teams in that division plus the winner of a play-off .   A total of 60 teams have competed in La Liga since its inception . Nine teams have been crowned champions , with Real Madrid winning the title a record 33 times and Barcelona 24 times . Real Madrid dominated the championship from the 1950s through the 1980s . From the 1990s onwards , Barcelona ( 14 titles ) and Real Madrid ( 8 titles ) both dominated , though La Liga also saw other champions , including Atlético Madrid , Valencia , and Deportivo de La Coruña . In more recent years , Atlético Madrid has joined a coalition of now three teams dominating La Liga alongside Real Madrid and Barcelona .   According to UEFA 's league coefficient , La Liga has been the top league in Europe over the last five years , and has produced the continent 's top-rated club more times ( 18 ) than any other league , double that of second-placed Serie A. Its clubs have won the most UEFA Champions League ( 16 ) , UEFA Europa League ( 10 ) , UEFA Super Cup ( 13 ) , and FIFA Club World Cup ( 5 ) titles , and its players have accumulated the highest number of ( FIFA ) Ballon d'Or awards ( 19 ) .   La Liga is one of the most popular professional sports leagues in the world , with an average attendance of 26,741 for league matches in the 2014 -- 15 season . This is the sixth-highest of any domestic professional sports league in the world and the fourth-highest of any professional association football league in the world , behind the Bundesliga , the Premier League , and the Indian Super League .

pos: Copa del Rey The Copa del Rey ( King 's Cup ) is an annual football cup competition for Spanish football teams . Its full name is Campeonato de España - Copa de Su Majestad el Rey ( Championship of Spain - His Majesty the King 's Football Cup ) , and is also known as La Copa .   The competition was founded in 1903 , thus making it the oldest Spanish football competition . Typically , the winner of Copa del Rey goes to the UEFA Europa League ; unless they qualify for the UEFA Champions League .   Barcelona are currently the cup holders , who won their 29th Copa del Rey against Deportivo Alavés at the 2017 Copa del Rey Final held at the Vicente Calderón Stadium .

neg: 1958–59 FC Barcelona season The 1958 -- 59 season was the 60th season for FC Barcelona .

neg: 2014 UEFA Europa League Final The 2014 UEFA Europa League Final was the final match of the 2013 -- 14 UEFA Europa League , the 43rd season of Europe 's secondary club football tournament organised by UEFA , and the fifth season since it was renamed from the UEFA Cup to the UEFA Europa League . It was played at the Juventus Stadium in Turin , Italy on 14 May 2014 , between Spanish side Sevilla and Portuguese side Benfica . Sevilla won the match 4 -- 2 on penalties , following a 0 -- 0 draw after extra time .   Sevilla secured their third title in eight years , after winning the competition in 2006 and 2007 . With this triumph , they joined Juventus ( 1977 , 1990 , 1993 ) , Internazionale ( 1991 , 1994 , 1998 ) and Liverpool ( 1973 , 1976 , 2001 ) as the teams with the most wins . Benfica lost their second consecutive UEFA Europa League final , following their defeat against Chelsea in the 2013 final . Including their runner-up finish in 1983 , Benfica are the team with the most lost finals in the competition .   As the winners , Sevilla earned the right to play against 2013 -- 14 UEFA Champions League winners Real Madrid in the 2014 UEFA Super Cup .

neg: AS Monaco FC in European football Association Sportive de Monaco Football Club is a French -- listed football club , located in Monaco . They received entry to their first European competition , the European Cup , after being crowned as winners of the league in 1961 . The side qualified for the beginning round , the preliminary stage , where they were beaten 4 -- 6 on aggregate by Scottish opponents Rangers in both legs of the tie , 2 -- 3 at home , and 3 -- 2 on foreign ground . As runners-up of the French annual cup , the Coupe de France , AS Monaco added their name to a second European tournament , the 1974 -- 75 European Cup Winners ' Cup , also exiting in the first phase against Eintracht Frankfurt with a 2 -- 5 total score .   The outfit achieved their best results in the 1991 -- 92 European Cup Winners ' Cup , being defeated in the final 0 -- 2 contrary to Werder Bremen , and the 2003 -- 04 UEFA Champions League , where they suffered a 0 -- 3 loss to Porto . AS Monaco recorded their highest win against Swansea City of Wales with 8 -- 0 at the Stade Louis II in the first phase , second leg of the 1991 -- 92 Cup Winners ' Cup . Their largest deficit was against another Scottish club , Dundee United , in the 1981 -- 82 UEFA Cup first home round which they lost 2 -- 5 . The club 's latest participation was in the 2016 -- 17 UEFA Champions League round of 16 , where their last fixture was against Manchester City on 15 November 2017 at Stade Louis II , which they won 3 -- 1 .

neg: 2008–09 Manchester United F.C. season The 2008 -- 09 season was Manchester United 's 17th season in the Premier League , and their 34th consecutive season in the top division of English football . After winning a third consecutive Premier League title for the second time to equal Liverpool 's record of 18 league titles , the team aimed to become the first team to retain the European Cup since Milan in 1990 . However , they were beaten 2 -- 0 by Barcelona in the final at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome on 27 May 2009 .   United started their season in August 2008 by winning the Community Shield . In December 2008 , the club became the first English side to win the FIFA Club World Cup when they beat LDU Quito 1 -- 0 in the final . Two months later , on 1 March 2009 , the club added the 2008 -- 09 League Cup to their trophy cabinet with a 4 -- 1 penalty shootout win over Tottenham Hotspur after a goalless 120 minutes in the final .   United secured a third consecutive Premier League with a goalless draw at home to Arsenal on 16 May 2009 . This made them the first team ever to win three consecutive English top flight titles on two separate occasions , having previously done so between 1999 and 2001 .

neg: Jordi Cruyff Johan Jordi Cruijff ( -LSB- ˈjoːɦɑn ˈjɔrdi krœyf -RSB- , anglicised to Cruyff ; born 9 February 1974 ) is a Dutch former footballer . Cruyff is currently Maccabi Tel Aviv 's sports director , a position he previously held at AEK Larnaca . He is the son of Dutch former player and manager Johan Cruyff . Cruyff was also Maccabi Tel Aviv 's interim manager between January and February 2017 .   Under his stewardship as Maccabi Tel Aviv 's sports director , the club has enjoyed a successful period , becoming a dominant force in Israeli football . The team won consecutive league titles from 2012-2015 , as well as regularly qualifying for the Europa League and Champions League .   As a footballer , he played from 1992 through to 2010 , his list of clubs include Barcelona and Manchester United . He earned nine caps for the Netherlands national football team , playing at UEFA Euro 1996 .   Jordi played mainly as an attacking midfielder , although he could also perform as a second striker . In his later years , notably with Metalurh Donetsk , he also played as a centre back . After starting his career with Barcelona and playing for the Netherlands aged 22 , Cruyff 's career stalled while at Manchester United , as he appeared just 36 times in the league over four years due largely to injuries . His most successful period was arguably with Deportivo Alavés , whom he led to the 2001 UEFA Cup Final . He also played for Celta Vigo , RCD Espanyol and finished his playing career with Valletta in the Maltese Premier League .

neg: 1936–37 FC Barcelona season The 1936 -- 37 season was the 38th season for FC Barcelona .

neg: 1912 Copa del Rey The Copa del Rey 1912 was the 11th edition of the oldest Spanish Association Football cup competition the Copa del Rey .   The competition started on March 31 , 1912 , and concluded on April 12 , 1912 , with the Final , held at the Industria Stadium in Barcelona , in which FC Barcelona lifted the trophy for the second time ever after a 2 -- 0 victory over Sociedad Gimnástica .   Six teams were planned to take place in the tournament , but Athletic de Bilbao and Academia de Infantería withdrew just before the  start of the tournament .

neg: UEFA Euro 2012 The 2012 UEFA European Championship , commonly referred to as UEFA Euro 2012 or simply Euro 2012 , was the 14th European Championship for men 's national football teams organised by UEFA . The final tournament , held between 8 June and 1 July 2012 , was co-hosted for the first time by Poland and Ukraine , and was won by Spain , who beat Italy 4 -- 0 in the final at the NSC Olimpiyskiy in Kiev , Ukraine .   Poland and Ukraine 's bid was chosen by UEFA 's Executive Committee on 18 April 2007 . The two host teams qualified automatically while the remaining 14 finalists were decided through a qualifying competition , featuring 51 teams , from August 2010 to November 2011 . This was the last European Championship to employ the 16-team finals format in use since 1996 ; from Euro 2016 onward , it was expanded to 24 finalists .   Euro 2012 was played at eight venues , four in each host country . Five new stadiums were built for the tournament , and the hosts invested heavily in improving infrastructure such as railways and roads at UEFA 's request . Euro 2012 set attendance records for the 16-team format , for the highest aggregate attendance ( 1,440,896 ) and average per game ( 46,481 ) .   Spain became the first team to win two consecutive European Championships , and also three straight major tournaments ( Euro 2008 , 2010 World Cup and Euro 2012 ) . Spain had already gained entry to the 2013 Confederations Cup by winning the 2010 World Cup , so runners-up Italy qualified instead . As at Euro 2008 in Austria and Switzerland , both 2012 host nations were eliminated in the group stage .

neg: 1974 Intercontinental Cup The 1974 Intercontinental Cup was a football tie held over two legs in March and April 1975 between Independiente , winners of the 1974 Copa Libertadores , and the runners up of the 1973 -- 74 European Cup , Atlético Madrid ( European Cup winners Bayern Munich declined to participate ) .   The first leg was held on 12 March 1975 at the Estadio Libertadores de América , then known as La Doble Visera , home of Independiente . The match finished up as a 1-0 victory for Independiente . The goals was scored by Agustín Alberto Balbuena in the 34th minute .   Estadio Vicente Calderón hosted the return leg on 10 April 1975 . Atlético de Madrid won the second leg 2-0 . The goals came from Javier Irureta in the 23rd minute , and Rubén Ayala in the 85th minute . Atlético won on aggregate 2-1 .   To this date , Atletico Madrid is the only team that participated in the Intercontinental Cup as the runner-up of the European cup and have managed to win it . ( Panathinaikos lost in 1971 , Juventus lost in 1973 , Borussia Mönchengladbach lost in 1977 , Malmö FF lost in 1979 and Milan lost in 1993 ) .

neg: 1999–2000 UEFA Cup The 1999 -- 2000 UEFA Cup season was the 29th edition of the UEFA Cup competition . The final took place at Parken Stadium in Copenhagen and was won by Galatasaray , who defeated Arsenal in the final . The game was scoreless through the first ninety minutes and stayed that way through thirty minutes of extra time . The match went on to penalty kicks in which Gheorghe Popescu scored the winning goal to win the cup . Galatasaray won the cup without losing a single game . The competition was marred by violence involving English and Turkish hooligans in the semi-finals and the final , in particular the fatal stabbings of Leeds United fans Kevin Speight and Christopher Loftus by Galatasaray fans in Istanbul .   Parma were the defending champions , but were eliminated by Werder Bremen in the fourth round .   It was the first season of the new format UEFA Cup ; it had absorbed the now defunct Cup Winners ' Cup to include domestic cup winners , and now featured an additional knockout round . This season 's champions qualified for the 2001 FIFA Club World Championship , which was never disputed . So far , Galatasaray are the only UEFA Cup champions to qualify for a Club World Cup .

neg: 1929–30 FC Barcelona season The 1929 -- 30 season is FC Barcelona 's 31st in existence , and was their second year in the Primera División , and covers the period from 1929-08-01 to 1930-07-31 .   FC Barcelona won the Catalan League for the 16th time , their only title in the season .

neg: 2009 FIFA Club World Cup The 2009 FIFA Club World Cup ( officially known as the FIFA Club World Cup UAE 2009 presented by Toyota for sponsorship reasons ) was a football tournament played from 9 December to 19 December 2009 . It was the sixth FIFA Club World Cup and was played in Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates . Australia , Japan and Portugal also placed bids to host the tournament , but Portugal later withdrew from the process .   The final was played on 19 December 2009 and was won by European champions Barcelona , who came from behind to defeat the South American entrants , Estudiantes , 2 -- 1 after extra time . Mauro Boselli put Estudiantes ahead in the 37th minute , but Pedro equalised with one minute left in normal time before Lionel Messi scored the winning goal five minutes into the second half of extra time . This made Barcelona the first Spanish side to win the FIFA Club World Cup , and it also meant that they had won a total of six competitions in the 2009 calendar year , beating Liverpool 's record five trophies won in 2001 .

neg: Ciutat de Barcelona Trophy Ciutat de Barcelona Trophy is a summer tournament organized by RCD Espanyol in Barcelona . In the beginning there used to be four participating teams , but in the last years it has been a two-team tournament . Normally the teams are club-level , but in 1981 the Honduras national football team participated , finishing last in the tournament . The 1980 Final was the only final played in which RCD Español did not played . The current holders of the trophy are RCD Espanyol after a 1 -- 1 ( 5 -- 4 p ) victory against Betis .

neg: Celtic F.C. in European football Celtic Football Club is a Scottish football club based in Glasgow , which has regularly taken part in European competitions since its first appearance in the 1962 -- 63 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup . Since then , the club has competed in every UEFA organised competition , with the exception of the now defunct Intertoto Cup .   The club became the first British team and only Scottish team to win the European Cup , by beating Inter Milan in the 1967 final . The team that defeated Inter at the final held at the Estádio Nacional in Lisbon have since become known as `` The Lisbon Lions '' . During the 1960s , Celtic also twice reached the semi-finals of the European Cup Winners ' Cup before reaching a further European Cup final in 1970 where they lost 2 -- 1 to Feyenoord after extra-time , and then two further European Cup semi-finals in 1972 and 1974 .   In more recent years , Celtic reached the 2003 UEFA Cup Final in Seville , which they lost 3 -- 2 after extra time to Porto , and also reached the last 16 of the Champions League on three occasions in the 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 and 2012 -- 13 seasons . The 2016 -- 17 season competing in the Champions League saw Celtic participating in its 53rd European campaign .   Scott Brown , Celtic 's current captain , holds the club record for the most appearances , playing in 75 matches . Henrik Larsson , who scored twice in the 2003 UEFA Cup Final , is the club 's record goalscorer , with 35 goals .

neg: 1955–58 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup The first Inter-Cities Fairs Cup took place over three seasons from 1955 to 1958 . The competition began with a group stage with each team playing home and away against each other . Due to the competition rules which stated only one side from each city was allowed to compete , many cities with several football clubs picked the best players from those teams to create a city representative side . One of these , the London XI , went on to reach the final where they were beaten over two legs by the Barcelona XI ( later recognized as FC Barcelona ) .

neg: 2016–17 RCD Espanyol season Reial Club Deportiu Espanyol de Barcelona ( Catalan pronunciation : -LSB- rəˈjaɫ ˈkɫub dəpurˈtiw əspəˈɲɔɫ də βərsəˈɫonə -RSB- ; Royal Spanish Sports Club of Barcelona ) , commonly known as RCD Espanyol , or simply as Espanyol , is a professional sports club based in Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain.During the 2016/17 campaign they will be competing in the following competitions : La Liga , Copa del Rey .

neg: 1998 UEFA Champions League Final The 1998 UEFA Champions League Final was a football match that took place at the Amsterdam Arena in Amsterdam , Netherlands on 20 May 1998 to determine the winner of the 1997 -- 98 UEFA Champions League . It pitted Real Madrid of Spain and Juventus of Italy . Juventus appeared in their third consecutive final , while Real Madrid were in their first of the Champions League era . Real Madrid won 1 -- 0 , the only goal scored by Predrag Mijatović , to clinch their seventh European title , their first for 32 years .

neg: CONCACAF The Confederation of North , Central America and Caribbean Association Football ( CONCACAF , -LSB- ˈkɒn.kəkæf -RSB- ) is the continental governing body for association football in North America , that includes Central America and the Caribbean regions . Three South American entities -- the independent nations of Guyana and Suriname and the French department of French Guiana -- are also members . CONCACAF 's primary functions are to organize competitions for national teams and clubs , and to conduct Men 's World Cup and Women 's World Cup qualifying tournaments .   CONCACAF was founded in its current form on 18 September 1961 in Mexico City , Mexico , with the merger of the NAFC and the CCCF , which made it one of the then five , now six continental confederations affiliated with FIFA . Canada , Costa Rica , Cuba , El Salvador , Guatemala , Haiti , Honduras , Mexico , Netherlands Antilles ( Curaçao ) , Nicaragua , Panama , Suriname and United States were founding members .   CONCACAF is the third-most successful FIFA confederation . Mexico dominated CONCACAF men 's competition early on and has since won the most Gold Cups since the beginning of the tournament in its current format . The Mexican national team is the only CONCACAF team to win an official FIFA tournament by winning the 1999 FIFA Confederations Cup . They have also reached the Round of 16 for the past 6 World Cups . While the U.S. is the only country outside of Europe and South America to receive a medal in the World Cup , finishing third in 1930 , they also reached the 2002 World Cup quarterfinals and the 2009 Confederations Cup final . Between them , Mexico and the U.S. have won all but one of the editions of the CONCACAF Gold Cup . In recent years Costa Rica has become a power in the region and in 2014 became the 4th CONCACAF country after the United States , Cuba , and Mexico to make the World Cup quarterfinals . The United States has been very successful in the women 's game , being the only CONCACAF member to win all three major worldwide competitions in women 's football -- the World Cup ( 3 ) , the Olympics ( 4 ) , and the Algarve Cup ( 10 ) . Canada is the only other member to win at least one of the major competitions , winning the Algarve Cup in 2016 .

neg: Barcelona Esporte Clube Barcelona Esporte Clube , commonly known as Barcelona , is a Brazilian football club based in Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro state .

neg: UEFA The Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA , -LSB- juːˈeɪfə -RSB- Union des Associations Européennes de Football ) Vereinigung Europäischer Fußballverbände ) is the administrative body for association football in Europe , although several member states are primarily or entirely located in Asia . It is one of six continental confederations of world football 's governing body FIFA . UEFA consists of 55 national association members .   UEFA represents the national football associations of Europe , runs nation and club competitions including the UEFA European Championship , UEFA Champions League , UEFA Europa League , and UEFA Super Cup , and controls the prize money , regulations , and media rights to those competitions .   Until 1959 the main headquarters were located in Paris , and later in Bern . In 1995 , UEFA headquarters were transferred to Nyon , Switzerland . Henri Delaunay was the first general secretary and Ebbe Schwartz the first president . The current president is Aleksander Čeferin , a former Football Association of Slovenia president , who was elected as UEFA 's seventh president at the 12th Extraordinary UEFA Congress in Athens in September 2016 , and automatically became a vice-president of the world body FIFA .


query: The Netherlands does not host the Permanent Court of Arbitration.

pos: Netherlands The Netherlands , ( -LSB- ˈnɛðərləndz -RSB- Nederland -LSB- ˈneːdərˌlɑnt -RSB- ; Nederlân ) also known informally as Holland , is the main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . It is a densely populated country located in Western Europe with three island territories in the Caribbean.designated Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba within ISO ISO 3166-1 . The European part of the Netherlands borders Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , sharing maritime borders with Belgium , the United Kingdom , and Germany .   The four largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague and Utrecht ( collectively known as G4 ) . Amsterdam is the country 's capital , while The Hague holds the Dutch seat of parliament and government . The port of Rotterdam is the world 's largest port outside East-Asia , and the largest port in Europe . The name Holland is used informally to refer to the whole of the country of the Netherlands.Formally ` Holland ' refers only to two of the country 's twelve provinces : North Holland and South Holland .   `` Netherlands '' literally means `` lower countries '' , influenced by its low land and flat geography , with only about 50 % of its land exceeding one metre above sea level . Most of the areas below sea level are artificial . Since the late 16th century , large areas ( polders ) have been reclaimed from the sea and lakes , amounting to nearly 17 % of the country 's current land mass . With a population density of 412 people per km2 -- 507 ( January 2017 ) if water is excluded -- the Netherlands is classified as a very densely populated country . Only Bangladesh , South Korea , and Taiwan have both a larger population and higher population density . Nevertheless , the Netherlands is the world 's second-largest exporter of food and agricultural products , after the United States . This is partly due to the fertility of the soil and the mild climate . The Netherlands was the third country in the world to have an elected parliament , and since 1848 it has been governed as a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy , organised as a unitary state . The Netherlands has a long history of social tolerance and is generally regarded as a liberal country , having legalised abortion , prostitution and euthanasia , while maintaining a progressive drugs policy . In 2001 , it became the world 's first country to legalise same-sex marriage .   The Netherlands is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G-10 , NATO , OECD and WTO ; as well as being a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . The country is host to the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons and five international courts : the Permanent Court of Arbitration , the International Court of Justice , the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia , the International Criminal Court and the Special Tribunal for Lebanon . The first four are situated in The Hague , as is the EU 's criminal intelligence agency Europol and judicial co-operation agency Eurojust . This has led to the city being dubbed `` the world 's legal capital . '' The country also ranks second highest in the world 's 2016 Press Freedom Index , as published by Reporters Without Borders .   The Netherlands has a market-based mixed economy , ranking 17th of 177 countries according to the Index of Economic Freedom . It had the thirteenth-highest per capita income in the world in 2013 according to the International Monetary Fund . In 2013 , the United Nations World Happiness Report ranked the Netherlands as the seventh-happiest country in the world , reflecting its high quality of life . The Netherlands also ranks joint third highest in the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index , along with Australia .

neg: Singapore International Arbitration Centre Singapore International Arbitration Centre ( SIAC ) is a not-for-profit arbitration organisation based in Singapore , which administers arbitrations under its own rules of arbitration and the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules . It was established in 1991 .

neg: Supreme Court of the Netherlands The Supreme Court of the Netherlands ( Hoge Raad der Nederlanden -LSB- ˈɦoːɣə raːdɛr ˈneːdərlɑndə ( n ) -RSB- , literally `` High Council of the Netherlands '' ) is one of the highest courts of the Netherlands , Curaçao , Sint Maarten and Aruba . The Court was established on 1 October 1838 and sits in The Hague , Netherlands .   The Court has exclusive final jurisdiction over civil and criminal matters . In certain administrative cases it has final jurisdiction as well , while in other cases this jurisdiction rests with the adjudicative division of the Council of State , the Central Appeals Tribunal , the Trade and Industry Appeals Tribunal as well as judicial institutions in the Caribbean part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The Court is a court of cassation , which means that it has the competence to quash or affirm rulings of lower courts , but no competence to re-examine or question the facts . It only considers whether the lower courts applied the law correctly and the rulings have sufficient reasoning . In so doing it establishes case law . According to Article 120 of the Constitution , courts may not rule on the constitutionality of laws passed by the States General and treaties . With the exception of constitutional Court of Sint Maarten courts ( which rules on constitutionality with regards to the Sint Maarten constitution only ) have thus no competence for judicial review with respect to the Constitution .   The Supreme Court currently consists of 36 judges : a president , 6 vice-presidents , 25 justices ( , literally `` Lords of the Council '' ) and 4 justices in exceptional service . All judges are appointed for life , until they retire at their own request or mandatorily at the age of 70 .

neg: Netherlands in World War II The direct involvement of the Netherlands in World War II began with its invasion by Nazi Germany on 10 May 1940 . The Netherlands had proclaimed neutrality when war broke out in September 1939 , just as it had in World War I , but Adolf Hitler ordered it to be invaded anyway . On 15 May 1940 , one day after the bombing of Rotterdam , the Dutch forces surrendered . The Dutch government and the royal family escaped and went into exile in London .   Following the defeat , the Netherlands was placed under German occupation , which endured in some areas until the German surrender in May 1945 . Active resistance was carried out by a small minority , which grew in the course of the occupation . The occupiers deported the majority of the country 's Jews to Nazi concentration camps , with the cooperation of much of the Dutch police and civil service .   Due to the high variation in the survival rate of Jewish inhabitants amongst local regions in the Netherlands , scholars have questioned the validity of a single explanation at the national level . Nonetheless , and also due to the well organized population registers comparing to other countries , about 70 % of the country 's Jewish population were killed during the conflict ; a much higher percentage than comparable countries , like Belgium and France . However , the city of Amsterdam organized the only industrial action in protest to the persecution of their Jewish fellow citizens ever in all of the Nazi occupied areas .   Most of the south of the country was liberated in the second half of 1944 . The rest , especially the west and north of the country still under occupation , suffered from a famine at the end of 1944 , known as the `` Hunger Winter '' . On 5 May 1945 , the whole country was finally liberated by the total surrender of all German forces .

neg: T.M.C. Asser Instituut The T.M.C. Asser instituut ( established in 1965 ) is a professional inter-university centre of knowledge and research . The institute carries out research in private and public international law , European law , international commercial arbitration and all other related fields , such as international sports law and international humanitarian and criminal law . It is based in The Hague and it is affiliated to the University of Amsterdam .   The institute is named after Tobias Michael Carel Asser ( 1838 -- 1913 ) , who was a Dutch jurist , and co-winner ( with Alfred Fried ) of the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1911 for his role in the formation of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at the first Hague peace conference ( 1899 ) . He also advocated for the creation of an international academy of law , which led to founding of the Revue de Droit International et de Législation Comparée with John Westlake and Gustave Rolin-Jaequemyns , the Institut de Droit International and the creation of the Hague Academy of International Law .

neg: Bert Koenders Albert Gerard `` Bert '' Koenders ( -LSB- ˈɑlbərt ˈɣɪːrɑrt bɛrt ˈkundərs -RSB- ; born 28 May 1958 ) is a Dutch politician and diplomat , a member of the Labour Party . He has been the Netherlands ' Minister of Foreign Affairs since 17 October 2014 .   Koenders studied political science and international relations . He was a member of the House of Representatives ( 1997 -- 2007 ) , the Minister for Development Cooperation ( 2007 -- 2010 ) , the UN Secretary-General 's Special Representative and Head of the United Nations Operation in the Ivory Coast ( 2011 -- 2013 ) , and the UN Secretary-General 's Special Representative and Head of the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali ( 2013 -- 2014 ) . Koenders founded the Parliamentary Network on the World Bank/International Monetary Fund and has served as President of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization Parliamentary Assembly and leader of its Socialist Group .

neg: Judiciary of Germany The judiciary of Germany is the system of courts that interprets and applies the law in Germany .   The German legal system is a civil law mostly based on a comprehensive compendium of statutes , as compared to the common law systems . In criminal and administrative law , Germany uses an inquisitorial system where the judges are actively involved in investigating the facts of the case , as compared to an adversarial system where the role of the judge is primarily that of an impartial referee between the prosecutor or plaintiff and the defendant .   In Germany , the independence of the judiciary is historically older than democracy . The organisation of courts is traditionally strong , and almost all federal and state actions are subject to judicial review .   Judges follow a distinct career path . At the end of their legal education at university , all law students must pass a state examination before they can continue on to an apprenticeship that provides them with broad training in the legal profession over two years . They then must pass a second state examination that qualifies them to practice law . At that point , the individual can choose either to be a lawyer or to enter the judiciary . Judicial candidates start working at courts immediately . However , they are subjected to a probationary period of up to five years before being appointed as judges for life .   The judicial system is established and governed by part IX of the Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland ( the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany ) . Article 92 of the Basic Law establishes the courts , and that states that `` the judicial power shall be vested in the judges ; it shall be exercised by the Federal Constitutional Court , by the federal courts provided for in this Basic Law , and by the courts of the Länder . ''

neg: United Netherlands (organization) United Netherlands ( UNL ) is an educational student-led organization that focuses on the theory and practice of international relations and diplomacy . It is based at the Radboud University in Nijmegen , the Netherlands .   UNL has organized various student activities related to the United Nations , including the Radboud international Model United Nations ( RiMUN ) , the Month of the United Nations ( MotUN ) , and the High School Program ( HSP ) . Furthermore , United Netherlands offers the accredited United Nations and Multilateral Diplomacy ( UNMD ) course , and its corresponding Delegation to Oxford University and Harvard University .

neg: Netherlands Worldwide Students Netherlands Worldwide Students ( Nederlandse Wereldwijde Studenten ) , NWS for short , is a Dutch student organisation   NWS forms a worldwide network of Dutch students currently , formerly and prospectively enrolled at foreign universities or professional schools . It offers a platform for joint activities and bridges the gap to the government , private sector , academic sector and society of the Netherlands . Most importantly , NWS tries to maintain a strong connection between Dutch students abroad and the Netherlands , and vice versa . Integral to this mission is making sure that the voices of Dutch students abroad are being heard in policy debates and that the value of studying abroad is appreciated from an individual , economic and societal perspective .   NWS Clubs form an integral part of the NWS network , offering local activities , seminars , borrels and Dutch gezelligheid at universities outside of the Netherlands . NWS Clubs are active at Harvard , Cornell , Oxford , Cambridge , LSE , Paris and Bruges , amongst others .   In addition , NWS maintains an online database of Dutch students currently or formerly enrolled at foreign universities . This network provides its participants access to local contacts , knowledge and advice in any sector or country to facilitate studying abroad or returning to the Netherlands . NWS also has its own Wiki-based site , for user-generated information on studying abroad , foreign universities , financial aid and such .   NWS was founded in 2007 by and for students and is completely run by volunteers . It is registered as a charity and receives support from Nuffic , the IB-Group , as well as several Dutch multinationals through sponsorship for events .   As part of their activities , NWS conducts research on studying abroad through surveys among its members . The findings are presented in the `` NWS-onderzoek '' research report , which is published every other year . After publicatiosen , the report is presented to a representative of the Dutch government . Previous representatives to receive the report include Sybrand Haersma Buma and former State Secretary of Education Halbe Zijlstra . In past years , the research report has focused on obstacles for Dutch students in going abroad and returning to the Netherlands .   Over the past few years , NWS has increasingly become involved in informing Dutch secondary school and university students about the opportunities for studying abroad .

neg: International Court of Justice The International Court of Justice ( Cour internationale de justice commonly referred to as the World Court , ICJ or The Hague ) is the primary judicial branch of the United Nations ( UN ) . Seated in the Peace Palace in The Hague , Netherlands , the court settles legal disputes submitted to it by states and provides advisory opinions on legal questions submitted to it by duly authorized international branches , agencies , and the UN General Assembly .

neg: Politics of Aruba Aruba , a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands , takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic country , whereby the prime minister is the head of government , and of a multi-party system . Executive power is exercised by the government . Federal legislative power is vested in both the government and parliament . The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature . Aruba has full autonomy on most matters . Exceptions are defence , foreign affairs , and the Supreme Court . The constitution was enacted in January 1986 .   Executive power rests with a governor , and a prime minister heads an eight-member Cabinet . The governor of Aruba is appointed for a six-year term by the monarch , and the prime minister and deputy prime minister are elected by the Staten ( legislature ) for four-year terms . The Staten is made up of 21 members elected by direct , popular vote to serve four-year terms .   Aruba 's judicial system , which has mainly been derived from the Dutch system , operates independently of the legislature and the executive . Jurisdiction , including appeal , lies with the Common Court of Justice of Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles and the Supreme Court of Justice in the Netherlands .   Category : Aruba  Category : Government of Saba  *  Category : Politics of the Caribbean by territory or dependency

neg: Hague Marriage Convention The Hague Convention on Celebration and Recognition of the Validity of Marriages or Hague Marriage Convention is a multilateral treaty developed by the Hague Conference on Private International Law that provides the recognition of marriages . The convention was signed in 1978 by Portugal , Luxembourg and Egypt , and later by Australia , Finland and the Netherlands . It entered into force more than 10 years after opening for signature after ratification by Australia , the Netherlands ( for its European territory only ) and Luxembourg , and no countries have acceded to the convention since .

neg: Peace Palace Library The Peace Palace Library is a collection of studies and references specializing in international law . It is located in The Hague , Netherlands , and was established to support the Permanent Court of Justice .

neg: Spanish Netherlands Spanish Netherlands ( Países Bajos españoles Spaanse Nederlanden ) ; Pays-Bas espagnols ) was the collective name of States of the Holy Roman Empire in the Low Countries , held in personal union by the Spanish Crown ( also called Habsburg Spain ) from 1581 to 1714 . This region comprised most of modern Belgium and Luxembourg , as well as parts of northern France and western Germany . The capital was Brussels .   The Imperial fiefs of the former Burgundian Netherlands had been inherited by the Austrian House of Habsburg from the extinct House of Valois-Burgundy upon the death of Mary of Burgundy in 1482 . The Seventeen Provinces formed the core of the Habsburg Netherlands which passed to the Spanish Habsburgs upon the abdication of Emperor Charles V in 1556 . When part of the Netherlands separated to form the autonomous Dutch Republic in 1581 , the remainder of the area stayed under Spanish rule until the War of the Spanish Succession .

neg: List of municipalities of the Netherlands There are 388 regular municipalities ( gemeenten ) ( January 2017 ) and 3 public bodies ( openbare lichamen ) , also referred to as special municipalities ( bijzondere gemeenten ) , in the Netherlands . Municipalities are the second-level administrative division in the Netherlands and are subdivisions of their respective provinces . Their duties are delegated to them by the central government and they are ruled by a municipal council that is elected every four years . Municipal mergers have reduced the total number of municipalities by two-thirds since the first official boundaries were created in the mid 19th century . Municipalities themselves are informally subdivided into districts and neighbourhoods for administrative and statistical purposes .   These municipalities come in a wide range of sizes , Westervoort is the smallest at 7.84 km2 and Súdwest-Fryslân the largest with an area of 841.56 km2 . Schiermonnikoog is both the least populous municipality and has the lowest population density with 938 inhabitants for a density of 21 / km2 . Amsterdam has the highest population with 810,909 residents , whereas The Hague is most densely populated with a density of 6131 / km2 .

neg: Netherlands in the Eurovision Song Contest 2004 The Netherlands was represented by Re-Union and the song `` Without You '' . The Dutch Songfestival has had five selection rounds where a total of 24 artists participated . The selection rounds and the National Final were held in the Pepsi Stage Theatre in Amsterdam , hosted by Nance & Humberto Tan . Each selection round contained six songs of which the two highest-scoring songs proceeded to the final , while the third placed song moved on to a wildcard stage where they would compete for another chance to reach the final . A total of 10 songs were chosen to compete in the final , which was held on February 22 , 2004 . The jury accounted for 50 % of the score while televoting took care of the rest . On the jury was Ruth Jacott who represented The Netherlands in 1993 at the Eurovision Song Contest with the song `` Vrede '' .   At Eurovision , the performance began with an `` A cappella '' opening sung by the backing singers . After the music started the focus shifted to the duo who delivered their presentation on stools . The simple performance and the advantage of performing last pushed the song into the final from the semi . In the final , the song was drawn into a bad spot surrounded by stronger songs that made the Dutch performance forgettable . The song finished 20th with 11 points , which is a huge difference from the 146 points they earned in the semi-final .

neg: Human rights in Switzerland Human rights are comprehensively guaranteed in Switzerland , one of Europe 's oldest democracies . Together with other European states , Switzerland is often at or near the head in international civil liberties and political rights rankings . Switzerland places human rights at the core of the nation 's value system , as represented in the Federal Constitution and political model . Promotion of peace , mutual respect , equality and non-discrimination are central to the country 's democratic election .   Switzerland is signatory to all relevant international human rights instruments . It is also the depositary state of the Geneva Conventions and the place where several human rights-related NGOs were established or headquartered , including the Red Cross . The United Nations Human Rights Council , of which Switzerland is a member and which it was instrumental in establishing , has its seat in Geneva . Respect for human rights and the promotion of democracy is also one of the five official policy goals of Switzerland .

neg: List of companies of Austria Austria is a federal republic and a landlocked country of over 8.7 million people in Central Europe . It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north , Hungary and Slovakia to the east , Slovenia and Italy to the south , and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west . The territory of Austria covers 83879 km2 .   Austria is the 12th richest country in the world in terms of GDP ( Gross domestic product ) per capita , has a well-developed social market economy , and a high standard of living . Until the 1980s , many of Austria 's largest industry firms were nationalised ; in recent years , however , privatisation has reduced state holdings to a level comparable to other European economies . Labour movements are particularly strong in Austria and have large influence on labour politics . Next to a highly developed industry , international tourism is the most important part of the national economy .   For further information on the types of business entities in this country and their abbreviations , see `` Business entities in Austria '' .

neg: Belgium Belgium ( -LSB- ˈbɛldʒəm -RSB- België -LSB- ˈbɛlɣijə -RSB- ; Belgique -LSB- bɛlʒik -RSB- ; Belgien -LSB- ˈbɛlɡi̯ən -RSB- ) , officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a sovereign state in Western Europe bordered by France , the Netherlands , Germany , Luxembourg , and the North Sea . It is a small , densely populated country which covers an area of 30528 km2 and has a population of about 11 million people . Straddling the cultural boundary between Germanic and Latin Europe , Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups : the Dutch-speaking , mostly Flemish community , which constitutes about 59 % of the population , and the French-speaking , mostly Walloon population , which comprises 41 % of all Belgians . Additionally , there is a small group of German-speakers who live in the East Cantons located around the High Fens area , and bordering Germany .   Historically , Belgium , the Netherlands and Luxembourg ( along with parts of Northern France and Western Germany ) were known as the Low Countries ; it once covered a somewhat larger area than the current Benelux group of states . The region was called Belgica in Latin , after the Roman province of Gallia Belgica . From the end of the Middle Ages until the 17th century , the area of Belgium was a prosperous and cosmopolitan centre of commerce and culture . From the 16th century until the Belgian Revolution in 1830 , when Belgium seceded from the Netherlands , the area of Belgium served as the battleground between many European powers , causing it to be dubbed the `` Battlefield of Europe , ''  a reputation strengthened by both world wars .   Today , Belgium is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance . It is divided into three regions and three communities , that exist next to each other . Its two largest regions are the Dutch-speaking region of Flanders in the north and the French-speaking southern region of Wallonia . The Brussels-Capital Region is an officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) enclave within the Flemish Region .  A German-speaking Community exists in eastern Wallonia .  Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments .   Belgium participated in the Industrial Revolution  and , during the course of the 20th century , possessed a number of colonies in Africa . The second half of the 20th century was marked by rising tensions between the Dutch-speaking and the French-speaking citizens fueled by differences in language and culture and the unequal economic development of Flanders and Wallonia . This continuing antagonism has led to several far-reaching reforms , resulting in a transition from a unitary to a federal arrangement during the period from 1970 to 1993 . Despite the reforms , tensions between the groups have remained , if not increased ; there is significant separatism particularly among the Flemish ; controversial language laws exist such as the municipalities with language facilities ; and the formation of a coalition government took 18 months following the June 2010 federal election , a world record . Belgium is one of the six founding countries of the European Union and hosts the official seats of the European Commission , Council of the European Union , and European Council , as well as a seat of the European Parliament in the country 's capital , Brussels . Belgium is also a founding member of the Eurozone , NATO , OECD and WTO , and a part of the trilateral Benelux Union . Its capital , Brussels , hosts several of the EU 's official seats as well as the headquarters of many major international organizations such as NATO.Belgium is a member of , or affiliated to , many international organizations , including ACCT , AfDB , AsDB , Australia Group , Benelux , BIS , CCC , CE , CERN , EAPC , EBRD , EIB , EMU , ESA , EU , FAO , G-10 , IAEA , IBRD , ICAO , ICC , ICRM , IDA , IDB , IEA , IFAD , IFC , IFRCS , IHO , ILO , IMF , IMO , IMSO , Intelsat , Interpol , IOC , IOM , ISO , ITU , MONUC ( observers ) , NATO , NEA , NSG , OAS ( observer ) , OECD , OPCW , OSCE , PCA , UN , UNCTAD , UNECE , UNESCO , UNHCR , UNIDO , UNMIK , UNMOGIP , UNRWA , UNTSO , UPU , WADB ( non-regional ) , WEU , WHO , WIPO , WMO , WTrO , ZC . Belgium is also a part of the Schengen Area . Belgium is a developed country , with an advanced high-income economy and is categorized as `` very high '' in the Human Development Index .

neg: Frisian Islands The Frisian Islands , also known as the Wadden Islands or Wadden Sea Islands , form an archipelago at the eastern edge of the North Sea in northwestern Europe , stretching from the northwest of the Netherlands through Germany to the west of Denmark . The islands shield the mudflat region of the Wadden Sea ( large parts of which fall dry during low tide ) from the North Sea .   The Frisian Islands , along with the mainland coast in the German Bight , form the region of Frisia ( German and Dutch : Friesland ) , homeland of the Frisian people . Generally , the term Frisian Islands is used for the islands where Frisian is spoken and the population is ethnically Frisian . In contrast , the term Wadden Islands applies to the entire archipelago , including the Dutch speaking western islands of Texel and Vlieland in North Holland and Danish-speaking Danish Wadden Sea Islands further north off the west coast of Jutland .   Most of the Frisian Islands are environmentally protected areas , and an international wildlife nature reserve is being coordinated between the Netherlands , Germany and Denmark . Natural gas and oil drilling continue , however , and in the vicinity of the Ems , Weser and Elbe estuaries , and ship traffic causes tension between wildlife protection and economic values .

neg: Peace Implementation Council The Peace Implementation Council ( PIC ) is an international body charged with implementing the Dayton Peace Agreement for Bosnia and Herzegovina . The Council was established at an implementation conference held in London , United Kingdom on December 8 and 9 , 1995 , subsequent to the completion of the negotiations of the accord the preceding month . The Council is , in effect , the realization , through the High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina , of the international community 's governance of Bosnia and Herzegovina after signature of the Dayton Agreement . This international control over Bosnia and Herzegovina is to last until the country is deemed politically and democratically stable and self-sustainable .   The PIC comprises 55 countries and agencies that support the peace process in many different ways - by assisting it financially , providing troops for SFOR , or directly running operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina . There is also a fluctuating number of observers .   Since the London conference , the PIC has come together at the ministerial level another six times to review progress and define the goals of peace implementation for the coming period : in June 1996 in Florence , Italy ; in December 1996 for a second time in London ; in December 1997 in Bonn , Germany ; in December 1998 in Madrid , Spain , in May 2000 and February 2007 in Brussels , Belgium .   The PIC clarifies the responsibilities of the High Representative as the main implementing body of the civilian part of the Dayton Agreement , as set out in Annex 10 the Dayton Agreement . For example , the 1997 Bonn session provided the Office of the High Representative with the so-called `` Bonn authority '' to dismiss elected and non-elected officials who obstruct the implementation of the Dayton Agreement . The High Representative from 2006-2007 , Christian Schwarz-Schilling , used this power sparingly , to promote confidence in elected domestic government . This strategy was reversed by the new appointee to that post , Miroslav Lajčák , who imposed several decisions on his first day at work .