query: RB Leipzig is based in France.

pos: RB Leipzig RasenBallsport Leipzig e.V. , commonly known as RB Leipzig , is a German association football club based in Leipzig , Saxony . The club was founded in 2009 by initiative of energy drink-maker Red Bull GmbH who purchased a playing right of the fifth division side SSV Markranstädt with the intention of advancing the new club to the top-flight Bundesliga within eight years . Men 's professional football is run by the spin-off organization RasenballSport Leipzig GmbH . RB Leipzig plays its home matches at the Red Bull Arena .   In its inaugural season in 2009 -- 10 , RB Leipzig dominated the NOFV-Oberliga Süd ( V ) and was promoted as champions to the Regionalliga Nord ( IV ) . RB Leipzig won the 2012 -- 13 Regionalliga Nordost season without conceding a single defeat and was promoted to the 3 . Liga ( III ) , then finished the 2013 -- 14 3 . Liga season as runner-up and was promoted to the 2 . Bundesliga ( II ) as the first team since the introduction of the 3 . Liga to win promotion after only one season .   On 8 May 2016 , RB Leipzig ensured promotion to the Bundesliga for the 2016 -- 17 season with a 2 -- 0 defeat of Karlsruher SC . One year later , RB Leipzig captured a place in the 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League by finishing as runner-up of the Bundesliga .

pos: Saxony The Free State of Saxony ( der Freistaat Sachsen -LSB- ˈfʁaɪ̯ʃtaːt ˈzaksn̩ -RSB- Swobodny stat Sakska ) is a landlocked federal state of Germany , bordering the federal states of Brandenburg , Saxony Anhalt , Thuringia , and Bavaria , as well as the countries of Poland ( Lower Silesian and Lubusz Voivodeships ) and the Czech Republic ( Karlovy Vary , Liberec and Ústí nad Labem Regions ) . Its capital is Dresden , and its largest city is Leipzig .   Saxony is the tenth largest of Germany 's sixteen states , with an area of 18,413 km2 , and the sixth most populous , with 4 million people .   Located in the middle of a large , formerly all German-speaking part of Europe , the history of the state of Saxony spans more than a millennium . It has been a medieval duchy , an electorate of the Holy Roman Empire , a kingdom , and twice a republic .   The area of the modern state of Saxony should not be confused with Old Saxony , the area inhabited by Saxons . Old Saxony corresponds approximately to the modern German states of Lower Saxony , Saxony-Anhalt and the Westphalian part of North Rhine-Westphalia .

neg: Tereos Tereos S.A. is a French maker of sugar , starch and bioethanol .   Tereos produces sugar based on sugar beet and sugar cane . It also engages in the production of fondant sugar .   Subsidiary Syral processes cereals into a range of native starch , starch sugars ( glucose syrup , maltodextrin , dextrose , and polyols from corn and wheat starch ) , bioethanol and by-products intended for animal feed and the supply of electricity .   Tereos has 35 industrial facilities mainly in France and Brazil , but also Czech Republic , Réunion , Mozambique , Spain , Italy , UK and Belgium which produce 2.9 million tons of sugar , 1.8 million tons of starch based products ( subsidiary Syral ) and 1.5 million m3 of alcohol and ethanol .   The company is headquartered in Lille , France .

neg: AS Illzach Modenheim Association Sportive Illzach Modenheim Foot is a French association football team founded in 1932 . They are based in Illzach , Alsace , France and are currently playing in the Championnat de France Amateur 2 Group D , the fifth tier in the French football league system . They play at the Stade Joseph Biechlin in Illzach .

neg: Strasbourg–Wörth railway The Strasbourg -- Wörth railway is a French-German railway , which runs in the French region of Grand Est and the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate .   The route was opened on 15 May 1876 and was at that time completely within the German Empire . From 1906 to 1914 it was part of the European long-distance transport network . Long-distance services ended as a result of the First World War and the resulting return of Alsace to France . As a result , the remaining part of the line in Germany also lost importance . This resulted in the closure of passenger services between Wörth and Berg in 1984 .   In 2002 , passenger traffic between Wörth and Lauterbourg was reactivated , although no through services currently run through to Strasbourg . Since its reactivation , the German section of the route has also been designated for marketing purposes as the Bienwaldbahn ( Bienwald Railway ) , since it runs along the eastern edge of the Bienwald .   Meanwhile , it still plays an important role in the transport of freight , notably in recent decades for the transport of nuclear waste ( dry cask storage ) from Cap de la Hague to Gorleben .

neg: French Rugby League Federation The French Rugby League Federation ( Fédération Française de Rugby à XIII ( FFR ) is the governing body for the sport of rugby league football in France . The Federation was formed during 1934 and since then has organized and governed the French rugby league championship , the Lord Derby Cup and all of the clubs that are contained within those organisations .   The FFR also controls the France national rugby league team organizing fixtures that they compete in , they also have a major voting position in the Rugby League International Federation where they help organise many aspects of rugby league worldwide .   Following development work by both Harry Sunderland ( on behalf of the Australian Rugby League ) and the Rugby Football League based in England , the Australian and Great British Test teams played an exhibition game at Stade Pershing in Paris in late December 1933 .  The French Rugby League was formed on 6 April 1934 .   The Federation was arguably at its most progressive under the presidency of Paul Barrière . Barrière was a driving force in the formation of an International Board for the sport in 1948 and the institution of a World Cup in 1954 .

neg: Olympique Lyonnais (Women) Olympique Lyonnais Féminin ( -LSB- ɔlɛ̃pik ljɔnɛ -RSB- ; commonly referred to as Olympique Lyon , Lyon , or simply OL ) is a French women 's football club based in Lyon . It is the most successful club in the history of Division 1 Féminine with fourteen league titles . The club has been the female section of Olympique Lyonnais since 2004 . Lyon currently play in the Division 1 Féminine and are the defending champions , having won the league for eleven consecutive seasons .   The club was formed as the women 's section of FC Lyon in 1970 . In 2004 , the women 's club became the women 's section of Olympique Lyonnais . Since joining Lyon , the women 's section has won the Division 1 Féminine ten times and seven Coupe de France titles . Lyon reached the semi-finals of the 2007 -- 08 edition of the UEFA Women 's Cup and , during the 2009 -- 10 season , reached the final of the inaugural edition of the UEFA Women 's Champions League losing to German club Turbine Potsdam 7 -- 6 on penalties . In the following season , Lyon finally captured the UEFA Women 's Champions League defeating its nemesis Turbine Potsdam 2 -- 0 in the 2011 final . It successfully defended its title in 2012 , defeating FFC Frankfurt in the final .   Lyon hosts its matches at the Groupama OL training Center , a 1,524-capacity stadium that is situated not far from the Parc Olympique Lyonnais , where the male sections plays . The women 's team does host its `` big '' matches at the 55,000-seat stadium . The president of the club is Jean-Michel Aulas and the captain of the team is Wendie Renard . According to the UEFA women 's coefficient , Lyon are the highest-ranked club in UEFA .

neg: History of FC Bayern Munich FC Bayern Munich is a German sports club based in Munich , Bavaria . It is best known for its professional football team , which plays in the Bundesliga , the top tier of the German football league system , and is the most successful club in German football history , having won a record 26 national titles and 18 national cups .   Founded in 1900 by eleven football players led by Franz John , the club had its period of greatest success in the middle of the 1970s when , under the captaincy of Franz Beckenbauer , it won the European Cup three times in a row ( 1974 -- 76 ) . Overall , Bayern has reached ten European Cup/UEFA Champions League finals , most recently winning their fifth title in 2013 as part of a continental treble . Bayern has also won one UEFA Cup , one European Cup Winners ' Cup , one UEFA Super Cup , one FIFA Club World Cup and two Intercontinental Cups , making it one of the most successful European clubs internationally . Since the formation of the Bundesliga , Bayern has been the dominant club in German football with 26 titles and has won 8 of the last 12 titles .

neg: Leverkusen Leverkusen ( -LSB- ˈleɪvərˌkuːzən -RSB- -LSB- ˈleːvɐˌkuːzn̩ -RSB- ) is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia , Germany on the eastern bank of the Rhine . To the South , Leverkusen borders the city of Cologne and to the North is the state capital Düsseldorf .   With about 161,000 inhabitants , Leverkusen is one of the state 's smaller cities . The city is known for the pharmaceutical company Bayer and its associated sports club Bayer 04 Leverkusen .

neg: Hessische Landesbahn Hessische Landesbahn ( Hessian State Railway , HLB ) is a regional transport company owned by the German state of Hesse , based in Frankfurt am Main . It provides bus and rail passenger transport services and , to a lesser extent , rail freight services in Hesse and across the state 's borders through its subsidiaries and affiliates .

neg: Lyon Lyon ( -LSB- liːˈɒn -RSB- or -LSB- ˈliːɒn -RSB- -LSB- ljɔ̃ -RSB- , locally : -LSB- lijɔ̃ -RSB- Liyon -LSB- - frpʎjɔ̃ -RSB- ) is a city in east-central France , in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region , about 470 km from Paris , 320 km from Marseille and 55 km from Saint-Etienne . Inhabitants of the city are called Lyonnais .   Lyon had a population of 506,615 in 2014 and is France 's third-largest city after Paris and Marseille . Lyon is the capital of the Metropolis of Lyon and the region of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes . The metropolitan area of Lyon had a population of 2,237,676 in 2013 , the second-largest in France after Paris .   The city is known for its cuisine and gastronomy and historical and architectural landmarks and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Lyon was historically an important area for the production and weaving of silk .   It played a significant role in the history of cinema : Auguste and Louis Lumière invented the cinematographe in Lyon . The city is also known for its famous light festival , Fête des Lumières , which occurs every 8 December and lasts for four days , earning Lyon the title of Capital of Lights .   Economically , Lyon is a major centre for banking , as well as for the chemical , pharmaceutical , and biotech industries . The city contains a significant software industry with a particular focus on video games , and in recent years has fostered a growing local start-up sector . Lyon hosts the international headquarters of Interpol , Euronews , and International Agency for Research on Cancer . Lyon was ranked 19th globally and second in France for innovation in 2014 . It ranked second in France and 39th globally in Mercer 's 2015 liveability rankings .

neg: Forbach Forbach ( -LSB- fɔʁbak -RSB- , Lorraine Franconian : Fuerboch ) is a commune in the department of Moselle in the northeastern French Region of Grand Est. .   It is located on the German border approximately 15 minutes from the center of Saarbrücken , Germany , with which it constitutes a cross-border conurbation , and is part of the Saar-Moselle Eurodistrict . According to the 2011 national census , Forbach had a population of 21,954 inhabitants , which , including its greater urban area , makes it the largest town in the eastern Moselle area .   Before the Schengen Treaty , Forbach was a major border crossing at which customs procedures were carried out , both for road and for rail transport and travel . Here , trains also change track sides from right-hand running ( Germany ) to left-hand running ( France ) . Since 2007 , the TGV and ICE high speed trains connecting Paris and Frankfurt have stopped at the station in Forbach , and passengers can now travel to Paris Gare de l'Est in 1 hour and 45 minutes and to the German financial center and airport in the Frankfurt and Rhine-Main metropolis in 2 hours .   Its location in the Saar-Warndt coal mining basin , which extends into eastern Moselle , made Forbach an important mining town , with offices of the Houillères du Bassin de Lorraine ( Lorraine coal mining board ) , a section of the French Coal Board . When the mining operations were permanently shut down in 2004 , Forbach turned to activities in the tourism , service , energy and other industries to rebuild the local economy . The `` Musée des Mineurs - Wendel '' in the neighboring village of Petite-Rosselle is a coal mining museum which preserves the industrial and cultural heritage from the coal mining era in the Forbach region . It was awarded the `` Musées de France '' quality label in 2002 .

neg: FV Dresden 06 FV Dresden 06 is a German association football club from Dresden , Saxony .

neg: FT Braunschweig Freie Turnerschaft Braunschweig , commonly known as Freie Turner , FT Braunschweig or simply FTB , is a German association football and sports club based in Braunschweig , Lower Saxony .

neg: Germany national football team The Germany national football team ( Die deutsche Fußballnationalmannschaft or just Die Mannschaft ) is the men 's football team that has represented Germany in international competition since 1908 . It is governed by the German Football Association ( Deutscher Fußball-Bund ) , founded in 1900 . Ever since the DFB was reinaugurated in 1949 the team has represented the Federal Republic of Germany . Under Allied occupation and division , two other separate national teams were also recognised by FIFA : the Saarland team representing the Saarland ( 1950 -- 1956 ) and the East German team representing the German Democratic Republic ( 1952 -- 1990 ) . Both have been absorbed along with their records by the current national team . The official name and code `` Germany FR ( FRG ) '' was shortened to `` Germany ( GER ) '' following the reunification in 1990 .   Germany is one of the most successful national teams in international competitions , having won a total of four World Cups ( 1954 , 1974 , 1990 , 2014 ) and three European Championships ( 1972 , 1980 , 1996 ) . They have also been runners-up three times in the European Championships , four times in the World Cup , and a further four third-place finishes at World Cups . East Germany won Olympic Gold in 1976 . Germany is the only nation to have won both the men 's and women 's World Cups . At the end of the 2014 FIFA World Cup , Germany earned the highest Elo rating of any national football team in history , with a record 2200 points . Germany is also the only European nation that has won a FIFA World Cup in the Americas . The current manager of the national team is Joachim Löw .

neg: FC Nantes Football Club de Nantes ( , Gallo : Naunnt ) , commonly referred to as FC Nantes or simply Nantes ( -LSB- nɑ̃t -RSB- ) , is a French association football club based in Nantes , Pays de la Loire . The club was founded on 21 April 1943 , during World War II , as a result of local clubs based in the city coming together to form one large club . From 1992 to 2007 , the club was referred to as FC Nantes Atlantique before reverting to its current name at the start of the 2007 -- 08 season . Nantes currently play in Ligue 1 , the first division of French football . The first-team is currently managed by Sérgio Conceição and captained by goalkeeper Rémy Riou .   Nantes is one of the most successful clubs in French football , having won eight Ligue 1 titles , three Coupe de France wins and attained one Coupe de la Ligue victory . The club is famous for its jeu à la nantaise ( `` Nantes-style play '' ) , its collective spirit , mainly advocated under coaches José Arribas , Jean-Claude Suaudeau and Raynald Denoueix and for its youth system , which has produced players such as Marcel Desailly , Didier Deschamps , Mickaël Landreau , Claude Makélélé , Christian Karembeu and Jérémy Toulalan . As well as Les Canaris ( The Canaries ) , Nantes is also nicknamed Les jaunes et verts ( The Green and Yellows ) and La Maison Jaune ( The Yellow House ) .

neg: German Sport University Cologne German Sport University Cologne ( German : Deutsche Sporthochschule Köln , DSHS ) , founded in 1947 , is a sport university in Cologne , Germany . It is the largest sport university in Europe with approximately 6,000 students . The German Sport University ( GSU ) , in Cologne called SpoHo , combines qualified teaching and international research of the highest level . The University is located in the Cologne district Müngersdorf , adjacent to the facilities of the major sports in Cologne , such as the RheinEnergieStadion , home of the Cologne Premier League football team 1 . FC Koeln . Since May 20 , 2014 Heiko K. Strüder has been rector of the GSU , Chancellor has been Angelika Claßen since August 18 , 2014 .

neg: Saxony Football Association The Saxony Football Association ( Sächsischer Fußball-Verband , SFV ) , is the umbrella organization of the football clubs in the German state Saxony and covers 13 football districts . The SFV was founded in 1990 and has its headquarters in Leipzig . President of the association is Klaus Reichenbach .   The SFV belongs to the Northeastern German Football Association and is one of 21 state organizations of the German Football Association ( German : Deutscher Fussball-Bund - DFB ) .   In 2016 , the SFV had 147,731 members from 915 football clubs with 6,368 teams .

neg: Moritzbastei The Moritzbastei is the only remaining part of the ancient town fortifications of Leipzig . Today it is widely known as a cultural centre .

neg: Clairefontaine (football) Le Centre Technique National Fernand Sastre ( Fernand Sastre National Technical Centre ) , commonly referred to as INF Clairefontaine ( `` Institut national du football de Clairefontaine '' ) , INF , or simply Clairefontaine , is the national football centre that specializes in training French football players . The academy is one of twelve élite academies located in and around France that are supervised by the French Football Federation ( FFF ) . Only the best players from the Île-de-France région train at the Clairefontaine academy . The eleven other academies are situated in Castelmaurou , Châteauroux , Liévin , Dijon , Marseille , Ploufragan , Vichy and Reims , Réunion , Saint-Sébastien-sur-Loire , and Talence .   Clairefontaine opened in 1988 and is named after Fernand Sastre , the president of the FFF from 1972 -- 1984 . The academy is located 50 km southwest of Paris at Clairefontaine-en-Yvelines and is one of the best known football academies in the world . It has a high reputation of producing some of the most gifted French players including Nicolas Anelka , Louis Saha , William Gallas , Hatem Ben Arfa , Abou Diaby , Sébastien Bassong , Mehdi Benatia , Blaise Matuidi , Kylian Mbappe , Olivier Giroud and national team top scorer Thierry Henry . The academy is also used to house the national football teams of France and the centre drew media spotlight following its usage as a base camp by the France team that won the 1998 FIFA World Cup .

neg: List of rugby union clubs in Germany This is a List of rugby union clubs in Germany . It lists all rugby union clubs in Germany registered with the German Rugby Federation , the DRV , or taking part in the German league system . As of April 2010 , the International Rugby Board lists the number of clubs in Germany at 110 .   Some of the clubs competing in the German league system are clubs of the US and British armed forces in Germany and therefore not necessarily members of the DRV . Examples of US Army rugby clubs in Germany are the teams in Illesheim , Ramstein and Vilseck , while other clubs , like in the RC Kaiserslautern , recruit some of their players from the US forces but have German players as well . Up to 32 US forces teams had been playing in Southern Germany at its peak , based in Hesse , Rhineland-Palatinate , Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg , being organised in the `` United States Forces Europe Rugby Union '' ( USFERU ) . Most disappeared with the withdrawal of US forces from Germany at the end of the Cold War . A number of clubs remained but have since dropped out of the German league system , like the Bamberg RFC , Darmstadt 233rd BSB RFC , Hanau Hornets , Schweinfurt RFC , Spangdahlem RFC and Würzburg RFC , while a few , like the Ramstein Rogues RFC , Illesheim RFC and Baumholder RFC still compete in 2009-10 .   The RC Mönchengladbach Rhinos and the Elmpt Falcons are rugby teams of the British Army in Germany and still active .   The oldest rugby union club in Germany is the DSV 78 Hannover , formed in 1878 as DFV Hannover , in a time when a differencation between rugby and football was not yet made in Germany . While there is older clubs in Germany then DSV 78 , like the Heidelberger TV which was formed in 1846 , their rugby departments were established after DSV 's .


query: Some of Alphabet's stock is from Google.

pos: Alphabet Inc. Alphabet Inc. is an American multinational conglomerate created in a corporate restructuring on October 2 , 2015 . It is the parent company of Google and several former Google subsidiaries . The two founders of Google assumed executive roles in the new company , with Larry Page serving as CEO and Sergey Brin as President . The company is based in Mountain View , California .   Alphabet 's portfolio encompasses several industries , including technology , life sciences , investment capital , and research . Some of its subsidiaries include Google , Calico , GV , CapitalG , Verily , Waymo , X , and Google Fiber . Some of the subsidiaries of Alphabet have altered their names since leaving Google -- Google Ventures becoming GV , Google Life Sciences becoming Verily and Google X becoming just X. Following the restructuring Page became CEO of Alphabet while Sundar Pichai took his position as CEO of Google . Shares of Google 's stock have been converted into Alphabet stock , which trade under Google 's former ticker symbols of `` GOOG '' and `` GOOGL '' .   The establishment of Alphabet was prompted by a desire to make the core Google Internet services business `` cleaner and more accountable '' while allowing greater autonomy to group companies that operate in businesses other than Internet services .

neg: Google logo The Google logo appears in numerous settings to identify the search engine company . Google has relied on several logos since its renaming ( see History of Google ) , with the first logo created by Sergey Brin using GIMP . A revised logo debuted on September 1 , 2015 . The previous logo , with slight modifications between 1999 and 2013 , was designed by Ruth Kedar ; the wordmark was based on the Catull typeface , an old style serif typeface designed by Gustav Jaeger for the Berthold Type Foundry in 1982 .   The company also includes various modifications or humorous features , such as cartoon modifications of their logo for use on holidays , birthdays of famous people , and major events , such as the Olympics . These special logos , some designed by Dennis Hwang , have become known as Google Doodles .

neg: Tom Stocky Tom Stocky is Vice President of Search at Facebook , where he oversees the engineering , product and design teams for Facebook Search . He also serves on the board of the Silicon Valley Community Foundation . Prior to Facebook , he was a director of product management at Google , responsible for search , client and infrastructure products based in Zurich . He 's credited with Google 's early forays into travel , leading up to the acquisition of ITA Software , which closed in April , 2011 . He had also helped start their developer products team and was part of the team that launched Google App Engine in April , 2008 .   In 2013 he and Lars Rasmussen were listed as number 79 in The 100 Biggest Stars In Silicon Valley by Business Insider .

neg: Private equity firm A private equity firm is an investment management company that provides financial backing and makes investments in the private equity of startup or operating companies through a variety of loosely affiliated investment strategies including leveraged buyout , venture capital , and growth capital . Often described as a financial sponsor , each firm will raise funds that will be invested in accordance with one or more specific investment strategies .   Typically , a private equity firm will raise pools of capital , or private equity funds that supply the equity contributions for these transactions . Private equity firms will receive a periodic management fee as well as a share in the profits earned ( carried interest ) from each private equity fund managed .   Private equity firms , with their investors , will acquire a controlling or substantial minority position in a company and then look to maximize the value of that investment . Private equity firms generally receive a return on their investments through one of the following avenues :  an initial public offering ( IPO ) -- shares of the company are offered to the public , typically providing a partial immediate realization to the financial sponsor as well as a public market into which it can later sell additional shares ;  a merger or acquisition -- the company is sold for either cash or shares in another company ;  a recapitalization -- cash is distributed to the shareholders ( in this case the financial sponsor ) and its private equity funds either from cash flow generated by the company or through raising debt or other securities to fund the distribution .   Private equity firms characteristically make longer-hold investments in target industry sectors or specific investment areas where they have expertise . Private equity firms and investment funds should not be confused with hedge fund firms which typically make shorter-term investments in securities and other more liquid assets within an industry sector but with less direct influence or control over the operations of a specific company . Where private equity firms take on operational roles to manage risks and achieve growth through long term investments , hedge funds more frequently act as short-term traders of securities betting on both the up and down sides of a business or of an industry sector 's financial health .

neg: Google Founders' Award The Google Founders ' Award was a special award for entrepreneurial achievement awarded to groups at Google Inc. .   The awards are given in the form of stock grants , and the program was initiated in 2004 by Google founders Sergey Brin and Lawrence E. Page to reward groups .

neg: Google Attribution Google Attribution is a monitoring program developed by Internet advertising company Alphabet Inc. .

neg: Mergers and acquisitions Mergers and acquisitions ( M&A ) are transactions in which the ownership of companies , other business organizations or their operating units are transferred or combined . As an aspect of strategic management , M&A can allow enterprises to grow , shrink , and change the nature of their business or competitive position .   From a legal point of view , a merger is a legal consolidation of two entities into one entity , whereas an acquisition occurs when one entity takes ownership of another entity 's stock , equity interests or assets . From a commercial and economic point of view , both types of transactions generally result in the consolidation of assets and liabilities under one entity , and the distinction between a `` merger '' and an `` acquisition '' is less clear . A transaction legally structured as an acquisition may have the effect of placing one party 's business under the indirect ownership of the other party 's shareholders , while a transaction legally structured as a merger may give each party 's shareholders partial ownership and control of the combined enterprise . A deal may be euphemistically called a `` merger of equals '' if both CEOs agree that joining together is in the best interest of both of their companies , while when the deal is unfriendly ( that is , when the management of the target company opposes the deal ) it may be regarded as an `` acquisition '' .

neg: Piqqem Piqqem is an online stock selection service using a method of selection based on the Wisdom of Crowds . It was launched in the fall of 2008 with angel funding from early-stage Apple investor Mike Markkula ( the first investor in Apple ) and Tellme Networks founder Mike McCue . Piqqem encourages users to make predictions on stock prices with simple graphical icons or using online graphing charts . Piqqem then uses a proprietary algorithm to aggregate the expressed sentiments in graphical and symbolic form and compile those aggregate sentiments to provide predictions on share price movement based on the collective `` crowd opinion . '' Piqqem is similar to current prediction markets like those found on Betfair ( sports betting ) and the Hollywood Stock Exchange ( movie box office returns ) . Piqqem 's competitors include Covestor , Cake Financial , and the Motley Fool , among others . Critics of Piqqem 's approach assert that the stock market already reflects the wisdom of crowds in its pricing methodology . The company is located in the Silicon Valley town of Los Altos in Northern California near San Francisco .

neg: Graphiq Graphiq ( formerly FindTheBest ) is a semantic technology company that uses artificial intelligence to rapidly create interactive data-driven infographics . Its intent is similar to Wolfram Alpha which is designed to provide users with direct information on a variety of subjects rather than going through a search engine . Graphiq 's flagship product for online content creators , Graphiq Search , allows users to access it 's library of 10B + interactive visualizations . Additionally , Graphiq offers 22 vertically aligned research sites that allow consumers to research important topics . The company states that 33 million visitors use Graphiq research sites every month . The data from Graphiq is mined from a variety of public and private sources and presented to users in a visual table with filters and ratings .   Graphiq is based in Santa Barbara , California and has raised $ 32 million in total funding from venture funding companies by 2013 .

neg: Loopt Loopt was a company based in Mountain View , California , United States which provided a service for smartphone users to share their location selectively with other people ( see location-based service ) . The service supported iPhone , BlackBerry , Android and Windows Phones . Loopt 's services had more than five million registered users and partnerships with every major U.S. mobile phone carrier . Their applications offered a variety of privacy controls . In addition to its core features , users also had the ability to integrate Loopt with other social networks , including Facebook and Twitter .   The company was founded in 2005 and received initial funding from Y Combinator , and completed Series A and B financing led by Sequoia Capital and New Enterprise Associates . Over the life of the company , Loopt raised over $ 39 million in funding over 5 rounds . The company 's board members included TiVo-founder Mike Ramsay and Greg McAdoo of Sequoia Capital . In March 2012 Loopt agreed to be acquired by Green Dot Corporation for $ 43.4 million in cash , with $ 9.8 million of that to be set aside for employee retention .

neg: Google Voice Search Google Voice Search or Search by Voice is a Google product that allows users to use Google Search by speaking on a mobile phone or computer , i.e. have the device search for data upon entering information on what to search into the device by speaking .   Initially named as Voice Action which allowed one to give speech commands to an Android phone . Once only available for the U.S. English locale -- commands were later recognizable and replied to in American , British , and Indian English ; French , Italian , German , and Spanish .   In Android 4.1 + ( Jelly Bean ) , it was merged with Google Now .   In August 2014 , a new feature was added to Google Voice Search , allowing users to choose up to five languages and the app will automatically understand the spoken language .

neg: Ruth Porat Ruth Porat ( born 1957 ) is a British-born American financial executive , who is the current Chief Financial Officer of Alphabet Inc ( of which Google is a subsidiary ) as of May 2015 . She was the CFO and Executive Vice President of Morgan Stanley from January 2010 to May 2015 .

neg: Open Sans Open Sans is a sans-serif typeface designed by Steve Matteson and commissioned by Google . According to Google , it was developed with an `` upright stress , open forms and a neutral , yet friendly appearance '' and is `` optimized for legibility across print , web , and mobile interfaces . '' Featuring wide apertures on many letters and a large x-height ( tall lower-case letters ) , the typeface is highly legible on screen and at small sizes . It belongs to the humanist genre of sans-serif typefaces , with a true italic .   Open Sans is used in some of Google 's web pages as well as its print and web advertisements . Its design is similar to that of Matteson 's Droid Sans , created as the first user interface font for Android phones , but with wider characters and the inclusion of italic variants .

neg: Sergey Brin Sergey Mikhaylovich Brin ( Серге́й Миха́йлович Брин born August 21 , 1973 ) is a Russian American computer scientist , internet entrepreneur , and philanthropist . Together with Larry Page , he co-founded Google . Brin is the President of Google 's parent company Alphabet Inc. .   , Brin is the 13th richest person in the world , with an estimated net worth of US$ 39.8 billion .   Brin immigrated to the United States with his family from the Soviet Union at the age of 6 . He earned his bachelor 's degree at the University of Maryland , following in his father 's and grandfather 's footsteps by studying mathematics , as well as computer science . After graduation , he moved to Stanford University to acquire a PhD in computer science . There he met Page , with whom he later became friends . They crammed their dormitory room with inexpensive computers and applied Brin 's data mining system to build a web search engine . The program became popular at Stanford , and they suspended their PhD studies to start up Google in a rented garage .   The Economist referred to Brin as an `` Enlightenment Man '' , and as someone who believes that `` knowledge is always good , and certainly always better than ignorance '' , a philosophy that is summed up by Google 's mission statement , `` Organize the world 's information and make it universally accessible and useful , '' and unofficial yet sometimes controversial motto , `` Do n't be evil '' .

neg: Google Calendar Google Calendar is a time-management and scheduling calendar service developed by Google . It became available as a limited beta release on April 13 , 2006 , and exited the beta stage in July 2009 . It is available on the web and as mobile apps for the Android and iOS mobile operating systems .   Google Calendar allows users to create and edit events . Reminders can be enabled for events , with options available for type and time . Event locations can also be added , and other users can be invited to events . Users can enable or disable the visibility of special calendars , including Birthdays , where the app retrieves dates of births from Google contacts and displays birthday cards on a yearly basis , and Holidays , a country-specific calendar that displays dates of special occasions . Over time , Google has added functionality that makes use of machine learning , including `` Events from Gmail '' , where event information from a user 's Gmail messages are automatically added to Google Calendar ; `` Reminders '' , where users add to-do activities that can be automatically updated with new information ; `` Smart Suggestions '' , where the app recommends titles , contacts , and locations when creating events ; and `` Goals '' , where users enter information on a specified personal goal , and the app automatically schedules the activity at optimal times .   Google Calendar 's mobile apps have received polarized reviews . 2015 reviews of the Android and iOS apps both praised and criticized the design . While some critics praised the design for being `` cleaner '' , `` bold '' and making use of `` colorful graphics '' , other reviewers asserted that the graphics took up too much space . The Smart Suggestions feature was also liked and disliked , with varying levels of success in the app actually managing to suggest relevant information upon event creation . The integration between Google Calendar and Gmail was praised , however , with critics writing that `` all of the relevant details are there '' . The iOS app has been criticized for its lack of iPad support , and for the lack of a widget in the iOS Notification Center . An update in March 2017 added iPad support , and a blog post by Google announced that a Notification Center widget is coming in a future update .

neg: OpenIPO OpenIPO is a modified Dutch auction which allows shares of an initial public offering ( IPO ) to be allocated in an impartial way . It is a variation on the traditional way that shares are sold during the IPO process and results in all successful bidders paying the same price per share .   Based on an auction system designed by the economist William Vickrey , the OpenIPO auction uses a mathematical model to treat all qualifying bids in an impartial way . It is similar to the model used to auction Treasury bills , notes , and bonds . Just like in a typical auction , the highest bidders win in an OpenIPO auction , but there are important differences . In the OpenIPO auction , the entire auction is private , and winning bidders all pay the same price per share -- the public offering price .   WR Hambrecht + Co has used OpenIPO to take a number of companies public including Morningstar , Interactive Brokers Group , Overstock.com , Ravenswood Winery , Clean Energy Fuels , Boston Beer Company , and , most notably , functioned as co-manager to take Google public in 2004 , using the Dutch auction system . Many traditional investment banks have balked at the idea of using an auction process , such as OpenIPO to engage in public securities offerings as this new method allows for equal access to the allocation of shares and eliminates the `` behind the scenes '' dealings of shares and favorable treatment often found in conventional IPOs . Despite other banks ' resistance to using this method , however , OpenIPO has been used for over 20 public offerings .   Financial historians Richard Sylla and Robert E. Wright have shown that before the Civil War most early U.S. corporations sold shares in themselves directly to the public without the aid of intermediaries like investment banks . The direct public offering or DPO , as they term it , was not done by auction but rather at a share price set by the issuing corporation . The DPO eliminated the agency problem associated with offerings intermediated by investment banks but was not as effective at price discovery .

neg: Taro Pharmaceuticals Taro Pharmaceutical Industries is a research-based pharmaceutical manufacturer publicly listed in the New York Stock Exchange . The company has more than 180 of its own drugs sold all over the world , reaching the markets of over 25 countries . The company 's products are mainly sold in the United States , Canada and Israel . The symbol of the company in NYSE is `` TARO '' .   Taro Pharmaceutical Industries is reported to be on steady growth since 2008 . Its revenues have increased from $ 327 million to an estimated $ 717 million , and at the same time , its earnings per share have been increasing from $ 0.76 to an estimated $ 6.92 during this period .

neg: Rio Tinto Group Rio Tinto is an Australian-British multinational and one of the world 's largest metals and mining corporations . The company was founded in 1873 , when a multinational consortium of investors purchased a mine complex on the Rio Tinto , in Huelva , Spain , from the Spanish government . Since then , the company has grown through a long series of mergers and acquisitions to place itself among the world leaders in the production of many commodities , including aluminium , iron ore , copper , uranium , coal , and diamonds . Although primarily focused on extraction of minerals , Rio Tinto also has significant operations in refining , particularly for refining bauxite and iron ore . The company has operations on six continents , but is mainly concentrated in Australia and Canada , and owns its mining operations through a complex web of wholly and partly owned subsidiaries .  Rio Tinto has joint head offices in London ( global and `` plc '' ) and Melbourne ( `` Limited '' Australia ) .   Rio Tinto Group is a dual-listed company traded on both the London Stock Exchange , where it is a component of the FTSE 100 Index , and the Australian Securities Exchange , where it is a component of the S&P / ASX 200 index .

neg: Google Gadgets Google Gadgets are dynamic web content that can be embedded on a web page . They can be added to and interact strongly with Google 's iGoogle personalized home page ( discontinued in November 2013 , although iGoogle Gadgets still work on other websites ) and the Google Desktop ( discontinued in September 2011 ) application , as well as Google Wave ( also no longer supported by Google ) and Google Sites . Webmasters can add and customize a gadget to their own business or personal web site , a process called `` syndication '' .   Gadgets are developed by Google and third-party developers using the Google Gadgets API , using basic web technologies such as XML and JavaScript .

neg: Peter Thiel Peter Andreas Thiel ( -LSB- ` tiːl -RSB- born October 11 , 1967 ) is an American entrepreneur , venture capitalist , philanthropist , political activist , and author . He was ranked No. 4 on the Forbes Midas List of 2014 , with a net worth of $ 2.2 billion , and No. 246 on the Forbes 400 in 2016 , with a net worth of $ 2.7 billion .   Thiel was born in Frankfurt , and holds German citizenship . He moved with his family to the United States as an infant , and spent a portion of his upbringing in Africa before returning to the U.S. . He studied philosophy at Stanford University , graduating with a B.A. in 1989 . He then went on to the Stanford Law School , and received his J.D. in 1992 . After graduation , he worked as a judicial clerk for Judge James Larry Edmondson , a securities lawyer for Sullivan & Cromwell , a speechwriter for former-U.S. Secretary of Education William Bennett and as a derivatives trader at Credit Suisse prior to founding Thiel Capital in 1996 . He then co-founded PayPal in 1999 , and served as chief executive officer until its sale to eBay in 2002 for $ 1.5 billion .   After the sale of PayPal , he founded Clarium Capital , a global macro hedge fund . He launched Palantir Technologies , an analytical software company , in 2004 and continues to serve as its chairman as of 2016 . His Founders Fund , a venture capital firm , was launched in 2005 along with PayPal partners Ken Howery and Luke Nosek . Earlier , Thiel became Facebook 's first outside investor when he acquired a 10.2 % stake for $ 500,000 in August 2004 . He sold the majority of his shares in Facebook for over $ 1 billion in 2012 , but remains on the board of directors . He also co-founded Valar Ventures in 2010 and operates as its chairman , co-founded Mithril Capital , of which he is investment committee chair , in 2012 , and has served as a partner at Y Combinator since 2015 .   Thiel is involved with a variety of philanthropic and political pursuits . Through the Thiel Foundation , he governs the grant-making bodies Breakout Labs and Thiel Fellowship , and supports life extension , seasteading and other speculative research . A founder of The Stanford Review , he is a conservative libertarian who is critical of excessive government spending , high debt levels , and foreign wars . He has donated to numerous political figures , and provided financial support to Hulk Hogan in Bollea v. Gawker .

neg: FindArticles FindArticles was a website which provided access to articles previously published in over 3,000 magazines , journals , and other sources . The site offered free and paid content through the HighBeam Research database . In 2008 , FindArticles accessed over 11 million resource articles , going back to 1998 .   The site was founded in 2000 as a partnership between LookSmart , which authored the search technology , and the Gale Group , which provided the articles . The two companies had first partnered to provide content in August of that year , and FindArticles.com soon resulted . As it grew , FindArticles moved away from an all-free model driven by advertising to a mixture of free and paid content .   The site remained a part of LookSmart throughout the various changes in that company until it was sold to CNET Networks for $ 20.5 million on November 8 , 2007 , as part of a larger sell-off of LookSmart properties . Looksmart 's need to offload non-critical assets in the wake of poor corporate performance , along with CNET 's commensurate desire to expand its library of offerings , motivated the deal . FindArticles '' ' SEO value -- i.e. , the frequency with which its articles appear as search engine results -- likely factored into the final purchase price.FindArticles had been part of the BNET division of CNET Networks .   Sometime in 2012 , the URL became a redirect to Search.com '' . which is owned by CBS Interactive .


query: Hamlet (1990 film) starred Mel Gibson.

pos: Hamlet (1990 film) Hamlet is a 1990 drama film based on the Shakespearean tragedy of the same name , directed by Franco Zeffirelli and starring Mel Gibson as the eponymous character . The film also features Glenn Close , Alan Bates , Paul Scofield , Ian Holm , Helena Bonham Carter , Stephen Dillane , and Nathaniel Parker . An international co-production between the United States , the United Kingdom , and France , the film is notable for being the first film produced by Icon Productions , a company co-founded by Gibson .

neg: Macbeth (1971 film) Macbeth ( or The Tragedy of Macbeth ) is a 1971 British-American historical drama film directed by Roman Polanski and co-written by Polanski and Kenneth Tynan . A film adaptation of William Shakespeare 's tragedy of the same name , it retells the story of the Highland lord who becomes King of Scotland through treachery and murder . The film stars Jon Finch as the title character and Francesca Annis as Lady Macbeth , noted for their relative youth as actors . Themes of historic recurrence , greater pessimism and internal ugliness in physically beautiful characters are added to Shakespeare 's story of moral decline , which is presented in a more realistic style .   The production , funded by Playboy Enterprises , was troubled by poor weather around the British Isles , and the film was a box office bomb . Polanski 's Macbeth was screened out of competition at the 1972 Cannes Film Festival . It was somewhat controversial for its depictions of graphic violence and nudity , but has also received positive attention , and was named Best Film by the National Board of Review .

neg: Dilys Hamlett Dilys Hamlett ( 31 March 1928 , South Tidworth , Hampshire -- 7 July 2002 , Cupar , Fife ) was a British actress .

neg: Macbeth (1909 French film) Macbeth , is a silent 1909 film adaptation of the William Shakespeare play . It was released on December 3 , 1909 . It is a silent black-and-white film with French intertitles .

neg: Richard Gibson (disambiguation) Richard Gibson ( born 1954 ) is a British actor .   Richard Gibson may also refer to :

neg: Norman Wooland Norman Wooland ( 16 March 19103 April 1989 ) was a British character actor who appeared in many major films , including several Shakespearean adaptations .   During the Second World War he was a junior radio announcer , reporting the news for the BBC . His acting break came when he played Horatio in Laurence Olivier 's Hamlet ( 1948 ) , and in which his `` fine work '' was noted by The New York Times . Then came Catesby in Olivier 's film of Richard III , and Paris in Romeo and Juliet ( 1954 ) . He also had supporting roles in Quo Vadis ( 1951 ) , Ivanhoe ( 1952 ) , Background ( 1953 ) , The Guns of Navarone ( 1961 ) , Life for Ruth ( 1962 ) and International Velvet ( 1978 ) .   Wooland kept a herd of cows , each of which was named after a Shakespearean character . He died in 1989 , aged 79 .

neg: Three Days (of Hamlet) Three Days ( of Hamlet ) is an American documentary film from independent production company TMG , The Martindale Group , based in Los Angeles , California . TMG previously produced `` Pursuit of Happiness '' in 2000 starring Frank Whaley and Annabeth Gish .   Three Days ( of Hamlet ) covers a troupe of actors , and others , who gather to rehearse and perform a staged-reading of William Shakespeare 's Tragedy of Hamlet at the Matrix Theatre in West Hollywood , California during three days in July 2010 . Reality intrudes .   Alex Rotaru , Director of the documentary film Shakespeare High , in a personal message to the film 's creator , actor/director Alex Hyde-White , says about Three Days ( of Hamlet ) ' ... jaw-droppingly ambitious and often brilliant ... It was such an exquisite pleasure to learn something new about the play of all plays through your eyes . The pressure cooker in which you put yourself and your fellow actors was truly an ultimate test - I felt butterflies in my stomach just watching it . If Hamlet urges his actors to `` hold a mirror up to nature '' , you hold a mirror up to the mirror itself , doing what the French call ` mise en abime ' , or loosely : ` looking into the abyss of infinite reflections '   The film builds on its main structure of on-stage happenings by juxtaposing stories from the players , including actors Richard Chamberlain ( Polonius ) , Stefanie Powers ( Gertrude ) , Tom Badal ( Claudius ) , Peter Woodward ( Laertes/Player King ) and Joseph Culp ( Himself ) . The lead actor/manager Alex Hyde-White weaves his own personal dramatic narrative about `` Fathers and Sons '' as he recalls stories from his childhood as the son of the well-known British actor Wilfrid Hyde-White . At times , particularly when the character of Hamlet experiences the visitations from his father 's ghost , King Hamlet , the line of what is theatre and what is real life is purposely `` deconstructed '' and what happens onstage is commented on offstage resulting in a self-reflective dynamic of sometimes very powerful and moving proportions . Later , as the Son becomes the Father , a clear line of succession emerges in a profound , archetypal , way .

neg: Golda's Balcony Golda 's Balcony is a play by William Gibson .   It follows the trajectory of the life of Golda Meir from Russian immigrant to American schoolteacher to a leader of international politics as the fourth Prime Minister of Israel . Much of its focus is on the period surrounding the 1973 Yom Kippur War , when Israel was attacked by Egypt and Syria . Gibson 's drama suggests Meir threatened Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger with the launch of nuclear weapons against her enemies , conceivably starting World War III , unless the U.S. came to her country 's aid .   Gibson first explored Meir in 1977 in his multi-character work Golda , which was produced on Broadway with Anne Bancroft in the title role . Never fully satisfied with the piece , he decided to tackle the subject matter , this time in the form of a one-woman play .   Golda 's Balcony , produced by David Fishelson , opened Off-Broadway at Manhattan Ensemble Theatre ( `` MET '' ) on March 26 , 2003 , where it sold out its entire 16-week run . Three months after closing Off-Broadway , the MET production , also starring Tovah Feldshuh and produced by Fishelson ( directed by Scott Schwartz ) , opened on October 15 , 2003 at the Helen Hayes Theatre , where it ran for 14 previews and 493 performances , making it the longest-running one-woman show in Broadway history .   Feldshuh was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play and won the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Solo Performance .   In 2006 the play was adapted into a film of the same title , starring Valerie Harper .   The term `` Golda 's Balcony '' refers to the nickname given to an area inside the secretive Dimona nuclear weapons facility from which visiting VIPs can observe some of the activity taking place in the underground portion of the facility .

neg: Critics' Circle Award for Distinguished Service to the Arts Each year since 1988 The Critics ' Circle has presented an award for Distinguished Service to the Arts , voted for by all members of the Circle , embracing Dance , Drama , Film , Music , Visual Arts and Architecture .   This performing arts Award takes the form of an engraved crystal rose bowl , presented at a celebratory luncheon . The recipients were :   1988 Sir Peter Hall  1989 Dame Ninette de Valois  1990 Sir Michael Tippett  1991 Sir David Lean  1992 Sir John Mills  1993 Sir Peter Ustinov  1994 Sir John Drummond  1995 Sir Peter Wright  1996 Sir Richard Eyre  1997 Dame Judi Dench  1998 Sir Edward Downes  1999 Harold Pinter  2000 Dame Alicia Markova  2001 Paul Scofield  2002 Sir Alfred Brendel  2003 Sir Ian McKellen  2004 Mike Leigh  2005 Alan Bennett  2006 Dame Helen Mirren  2007 Sir Tom Stoppard  2008 Peter Brook  2009 Sir Alan Ayckbourn  2010 Ken Loach  2011 Stephen Sondheim  2013 Grayson Perry  2014 Sir Nicholas Hytner  2015 Dame Maggie Smith   Category : Performing arts awards

neg: The Jew (play) The Jew is a comedy written by playwright Richard Cumberland and first presented at the Drury Lane Theatre in London in May 1794 . The play is notable as the first play in the English theatre to portray a Jewish moneylender as the hero of a stage production . An adaptation of the original play along with a facsimile copy of The Jew was published in 2012 as Sheva , the Benevolent .   The anti-Jewish tradition on the English stage dates back at least to the expulsion of the Jews from England in 1290 and is exemplified by the characters of Shylock in William Shakespeare 's The Merchant of Venice and Barabas in Christopher Marlowe 's The Jew of Malta . In a series of articles called Observer , first published in 1785 , Cumberland created a character named Abraham Abrahams who would later serve as a template for Sheva , the title character in The Jew . In one instalment of Observer , Abrahams is quoted as saying , `` I verily believe the odious character of Shylock has brought little less persecution upon us , poor scattered sons of Abraham , than the Inquisition itself . '' A decade later , in writing The Jew , Cumberland sought to create a positive image of a Jewish man that would counteract centuries of anti-Semitic portraits . The tremendous success of the initial production prompted Cumberland to later write , `` The benevolence of the audience assisted me in rescuing a forlorn and persecuted character , which till then had only been brought upon the stage for the unmanly purpose of being made a spectacle of contempt , and a butt for ridicule . In the success of this comedy I felt of course a greater gratification , than I had ever felt upon a like occasion . ''   Shortly after its London premiere , the play began to be performed in the United States , first in Boston , Philadelphia , and New York City and , later , in Richmond , Charleston , and many other cities and towns . The play was also translated into numerous languages including German , French , Hebrew , Yiddish , and Russian . The last known New York production under its original title was presented at the Bronx Free Synagogue in 1919 .

neg: The Taming of the Shrew The Taming of the Shrew is a comedy by William Shakespeare , believed to have been written between 1590 and 1592 .   The play begins with a framing device , often referred to as the induction , in which a mischievous nobleman tricks a drunken tinker named Christopher Sly into believing he is actually a nobleman himself . The nobleman then has the play performed for Sly 's diversion .   The main plot depicts the courtship of Petruchio and Katherina , the headstrong , obdurate shrew . Initially , Katherina is an unwilling participant in the relationship ; however , Petruchio `` tames '' her with various psychological torments , such as keeping her from eating and drinking , until she becomes a desirable , compliant , and obedient bride . The subplot features a competition between the suitors of Katherina 's younger sister , Bianca , who is seen as the `` ideal '' woman . The question of whether the play is misogynistic or not has become the subject of considerable controversy , particularly among modern scholars , audiences , and readers .   The Taming of the Shrew has been adapted numerous times for stage , screen , opera , ballet , and musical theatre ; perhaps the most famous adaptations being Cole Porter 's Kiss Me , Kate and the 1967 film of the play , starring Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton . The 1999 high school comedy film 10 Things I Hate About You is also loosely based on the play .

neg: Chinatown (1974 film) Chinatown is a 1974 American neo-noir mystery film , directed by Roman Polanski from a screenplay by Robert Towne , starring Jack Nicholson and Faye Dunaway . The film was inspired by the California Water Wars , a series of disputes over southern California water at the beginning of the 20th century , by which Los Angeles interests secured water rights in the Owens Valley . The Robert Evans production , a Paramount Pictures release , was the director 's last film in the United States and features many elements of film noir , particularly a multi-layered story that is part mystery and part psychological drama .   In 1991 , the film was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being `` culturally , historically or aesthetically significant '' and it is frequently listed as one of the greatest films of all-time . At the 47th Academy Awards , it was nominated for eleven Oscars , with Towne winning Best Original Screenplay . The Golden Globe Awards honored it for Best Drama , Best Director , Best Actor and Best Screenplay . The American Film Institute placed it second among mystery films in 2008 .   A sequel , The Two Jakes , was released in 1990 , again starring Nicholson , who also directed , with Robert Towne returning to write the screenplay . The film failed to generate the acclaim of its predecessor .

neg: Hamlet (1921 film) Hamlet is a 1921 German film adaptation of the William Shakespeare play of the same name starring Danish silent film actress Asta Nielsen . It was directed by Svend Gade and Heinz Schall .   In this interpretation , inspired by Dr. Edward P. Vining 's book The Mystery of Hamlet , Hamlet is born female and disguised as a male to preserve the lineage . Though a radical interpretation , the New York Times said this film , `` holds a secure place in class with the best . ''

neg: Wild Honey (play) Wild Honey is a 1984 adaptation by British playwright Michael Frayn of an earlier play by Anton Chekhov . The original work , a sprawling five-hour drama from Chekhov 's earliest years as a writer , has no title , but is usually known in English as Platonov , after its principal character `` Mikhail Platonov '' , a disillusioned provincial schoolmaster .   Frayn 's adaptation was given its first production at London 's National Theatre in 1984 and won Olivier Awards in three categories : for Ian McKellen as Actor of the Year in a Revival , Christopher Morahan as Director of the Year and John Gunter as Designer of the Year . `` Anna Petrovna '' was played by Charlotte Cornwell .   The play opened at New York 's Virginia Theatre in December 1986 presented by impresario Douglas Urbanski with McKellen repeating his title role , but otherwise with an American cast which included Kim Cattrall , Kathryn Walker and Kate Burton .   The play was broadcast as a radio play on the digital radio station , BBC7 on 31 January 2010 as part of a BBC radio season of documentaries , drama , short stories and essays to celebrate the 150th anniversary of Chekhov 's birthday . Ian McKellen returned to play Platonov , while Anna Calder Marshall played Sasha .

neg: 1990 in film The year 1990 in film involved many significant events as shown below . Universal Pictures celebrated its 75th anniversary in 1990 .

neg: William Gibson William Ford Gibson ( born March 17 , 1948 ) is an American-Canadian speculative fiction writer and essayist widely credited with pioneering the science fiction subgenre known as cyberpunk . Beginning his writing career in the late 1970s , his early works were noir , near-future stories that explored the effects of technology , cybernetics , and computer networks on humans -- a `` combination of lowlife and high tech '' -- and helped to create an iconography for the information age before the ubiquity of the Internet in the 1990s . Gibson notably coined the term `` cyberspace '' in his short story `` Burning Chrome '' ( 1982 ) and later popularized the concept in his acclaimed debut novel Neuromancer ( 1984 ) . These early works have been credited with `` renovating '' science fiction literature after it had fallen largely into insignificance in the 1970s .   After expanding on Neuromancer with two more novels to complete the dystopic Sprawl trilogy , Gibson collaborated with Bruce Sterling on the alternate history novel The Difference Engine ( 1990 ) , which became an important work of the science fiction subgenre steampunk . In the 1990s , Gibson composed the Bridge trilogy of novels , which explored the sociological developments of near-future urban environments , postindustrial society , and late capitalism . Following the turn of the century and the events of 9/11 , Gibson emerged with a string of increasingly realist novels -- Pattern Recognition ( 2003 ) , Spook Country ( 2007 ) , and Zero History ( 2010 ) -- set in a roughly contemporary world . These works saw his name reach mainstream bestseller lists for the first time . His more recent novel , The Peripheral ( 2014 ) , returned to a more overt engagement with technology and recognizable science fiction concerns .   In 1999 , The Guardian described Gibson as `` probably the most important novelist of the past two decades , '' while the Sydney Morning Herald called him the `` noir prophet '' of cyberpunk . Throughout his career , Gibson has written more than 20 short stories and 10 critically acclaimed novels ( one in collaboration ) , contributed articles to several major publications , and collaborated extensively with performance artists , filmmakers , and musicians . His work has been cited as an influence across a variety of disciplines spanning academia , design , film , literature , music , cyberculture , and technology .

neg: Awaargi Awaargi is a 1990 Bollywood drama film directed by Mahesh Bhatt starring Anil Kapoor , Meenakshi Sheshadri and Govinda . The film is considered to have featured Anil Kapoor 's and Meenakshi Sheshadri 's best performances . Over the years it has gained immense critical praise and is considered a classic now .   Like several other 1980s films by Mahesh Bhatt , Awaargi , containing serious and realistic content , belongs to the arthouse cinematic genre , known in India as parallel cinema . On its release , it received critical acclaim .

neg: William Gibson (playwright) William Gibson ( November 13 , 1914 -- November 25 , 2008 ) was an American playwright and novelist . He won the Tony Award for Best Play for The Miracle Worker in 1959 , which he later adapted for the film version in 1962 .

neg: The Man Without a Face The Man Without a Face is a 1993 American drama film starring and directed by Mel Gibson , in his directorial debut . The film is based on Isabelle Holland 's 1972 novel of the same name . Gibson 's direction received respectful reviews from most critics .

neg: Rex Gibson Dr Rex Gibson ( 29 October 1932 , in Bristol -- 1 May 2005 , in Cambridge ) was an English academic writing on the theatre . He is best known for his creation and editing of the Cambridge School Shakespeare series , for which he was given the first Sam Wanamaker Award in 1994 .

neg: Macbeth (1979 film) Macbeth is a 1979 videotaped version of Trevor Nunn 's Royal Shakespeare Company production of the play by William Shakespeare . Produced by Thames Television , it features Ian McKellen as Macbeth and Judi Dench as Lady Macbeth . The TV version was directed by Philip Casson .   The original stage production was performed at The Other Place , the RSC 's small studio theatre in Stratford-upon-Avon . It had been performed in the round before small audiences , with a bare stage and simple costuming . The recording preserves this style : the actors perform on a circular set and with a mostly black background ; changes of setting are indicated only by lighting changes .


query: Julius Caesar held office in 44 BCE.

pos: Assassination of Julius Caesar The assassination of Julius Caesar was the result of a conspiracy by many Roman senators . Led by Gaius Cassius Longinus , Decimus Junius Brutus , and Marcus Junius Brutus , they stabbed Julius Caesar to death in a location adjacent to the Theatre of Pompey on the Ides of March ( March 15 ) , 44 BC . Caesar was the dictator of the Roman Republic at the time , having recently been declared dictator perpetuo by the Senate . This declaration made several senators fear that Caesar wanted to overthrow the Senate in favor of tyranny . The conspirators were unable to restore the Roman Republic . The ramifications of the assassination led to the Liberators ' civil war and , ultimately , to the Principate period of the Roman Empire .

pos: Julius Caesar Gaius Julius Caesar ( -LSB- ˈɡaː.i.ʊs ˈjuː.li.ʊs ˈkae̯.sar -RSB- ; 13 July 100 BC -- 15 March 44 BC ) , known as Julius Caesar , was a Roman politician , general , and notable author of Latin prose . He played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire .   In 60 BC , Caesar , Crassus , and Pompey formed a political alliance that dominated Roman politics for several years . Their attempts to amass power as Populares were opposed by the Optimates within the Roman Senate , among them Cato the Younger with the frequent support of Cicero . Caesar 's victories in the Gallic Wars , completed by 51 BC , extended Rome 's territory to the English Channel and the Rhine . Caesar became the first Roman general to cross both the Channel and the Rhine , when he built a bridge across the Rhine and crossed the Channel to invade Britain .   These achievements granted him unmatched military power and threatened to eclipse the standing of Pompey , who had realigned himself with the Senate after the death of Crassus in 53 BC . With the Gallic Wars concluded , the Senate ordered Caesar to step down from his military command and return to Rome . Caesar refused the order , and instead marked his defiance in 49 BC by crossing the Rubicon with the 13th Legion , leaving his province and illegally entering Roman Italy under arms . Civil war resulted , and Caesar 's victory in the war put him in an unrivalled position of power and influence .   After assuming control of government , Caesar began a programme of social and governmental reforms , including the creation of the Julian calendar . He centralised the bureaucracy of the Republic and was eventually proclaimed `` dictator in perpetuity '' , giving him additional authority . But the underlying political conflicts had not been resolved , and on the Ides of March ( 15 March ) 44 BC , Caesar was assassinated by a group of rebellious senators led by Marcus Junius Brutus . A new series of civil wars broke out , and the constitutional government of the Republic was never fully restored . Caesar 's adopted heir Octavian , later known as Augustus , rose to sole power after defeating his opponents in the civil war . Octavian set about solidifying his power , and the era of the Roman Empire began .   Much of Caesar 's life is known from his own accounts of his military campaigns , and from other contemporary sources , mainly the letters and speeches of Cicero and the historical writings of Sallust . The later biographies of Caesar by Suetonius and Plutarch are also major sources . Caesar is considered by many historians to be one of the greatest military commanders in history .

neg: Battle of Alesia The Battle of Alesia or Siege of Alesia was a military engagement in the Gallic Wars that took place in September , 52 BC , around the Gallic oppidum ( fortified settlement ) of Alesia , a major centre of the Mandubii tribe . It was fought by the army of Julius Caesar against a confederation of Gallic tribes united under the leadership of Vercingetorix of the Arverni . It was the last major engagement between Gauls and Romans , and is considered one of Caesar 's greatest military achievements and a classic example of siege warfare and investment . The battle of Alesia marked the end of Gallic independence in France and Belgium .   The battle site was probably atop Mont Auxois , above modern Alise-Sainte-Reine in France , but this location , some have argued , does not fit Caesar 's description of the battle . A number of alternatives have been proposed over time , among which only Chaux-des-Crotenay ( in Jura in modern France ) remains a challenger today .   At one point in the battle the Romans were outnumbered by the Gauls by four to one . The event is described by several contemporary authors , including Caesar himself in his Commentarii de Bello Gallico . After the Roman victory , Gaul ( very roughly modern France ) was subdued and became a Roman province . The Roman senate granted a thanksgiving of 20 days for his victory in the Gallic War .

neg: Postumus the Younger In the Historia Augusta , Postumus the Younger figures as one of the so-called Thirty Tyrants who usurped power against the Roman Emperor Gallienus .  According to the pseudo-historical list of ` Thirty Tyrants ' , the Emperor of the Gallic Empire Postumus had a son , also called Postumus , whom he nominated to be first caesar , and later even augustus and co-ruler . Postumus the Younger would have been killed together with his father in 268 , during the rebellion of Laelianus ( called Lollianus in the Historia ) .   The historian J. F. Drinkwater dismisses the Historia Augusta '' 's reference to Postumus the Younger as a `` fiction '' . There are no references to any son of Postumus on coins or inscriptions from the period .   The author ( s ) of the Historia asserts that Postumus the Younger was a skilled rhetor , and that his Controversiae were included among Quintilian 's Declamationes '' .

neg: 388 BC __ NOTOC __  Year 388 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar . At the time , it was known as the Year of the Tribunate of Capitolinus , Fidenas , Iullus , Corvus , Flavus and Rufus ( or , less frequently , year 366 Ab urbe condita ) . The denomination 388 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period , when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years .

neg: Julius (disambiguation) Julius is the name of a Roman family , most famously the dictator Gaius Julius Caesar . The name Julius may be derived from Greek ιουλος ( ioulos ) `` downy-bearded '' or from Latin Jovilius `` devoted to Jove '' .  Julio/J úlio is the Spanish/Portuguese form and Jules is the French form .   Julius may also refer to :

neg: Battle of Zela The Battle of Zela was a battle fought in 47 BC between Julius Caesar and Pharnaces II of The Kingdom of Pontus .

neg: 359 BC __ NOTOC __  Year 359 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar . At the time , it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Laenas and Imperiosus ( or , less frequently , year 395 Ab urbe condita ) . The denomination 359 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period , when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years .

neg: Augustan History The Augustan History ( Latin : Historia Augusta ) is a late Roman collection of biographies , written in Latin , of the Roman Emperors , their junior colleagues , designated heirs and usurpers of the period 117 to 284 . Supposedly modeled on the similar work of Suetonius , The Twelve Caesars , it presents itself as a compilation of works by six different authors ( collectively known as the Scriptores Historiae Augustae ) , written during the reigns of Diocletian and Constantine I and addressed to those emperors or other important personages in Rome . The collection , as extant , comprises thirty biographies , most of which contain the life of a single emperor , while some include a group of two or more , grouped together merely because these emperors were either similar or contemporaneous .   However , the true authorship of the work , its actual date , and its purpose , have long been matters for controversy amongst historians and scholars , ever since Hermann Dessau in 1889 rejected both the date and the authorship as stated within the manuscript . Major problems include the nature of the sources it used , and how much of the content is pure fiction . For instance , the collection contains in all about 150 alleged documents , including 68 letters , 60 speeches and proposals to the people or the senate , and 20 senatorial decrees and acclamations . Virtually all of these are now considered to be fraudulent .   By the second decade of the 21st century , the overall consensus supported the position that there was only a single author who was writing either at the end of the 4th century or the beginning of the 5th century , and who was interested in blending contemporary issues ( political , religious and social ) into the lives of the 3rd century emperors . Further , that the author used the fictitious elements in the work to highlight references to other published works , such as to Cicero and Ammianus Marcellinus in a complex allegorical game . Despite these conundrums , it is the only continuous account in Latin for much of its period and is thus continually being re-evaluated , since modern historians are unwilling to abandon it as a unique source of possible information , despite its obvious untrustworthiness on many levels .

neg: Early life and career of Julius Caesar The early career of Julius Caesar was characterized by military adventurism and political persecution . Julius Caesar was born on July 13 , 100 BC , into a patrician family , the gens Julia , which claimed descent from Iulus , son of the legendary Trojan prince Aeneas , supposedly the son of the goddess Venus . His father died early , and his family status put him at odds with the Dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla , who almost had him executed .   At about that time , Caesar found himself captured by pirates , only to crucify his former captors after he was ransomed . Before long he began his military career . He served in Hispania , married Sulla 's granddaughter and was elected chief priest , all in rapid succession .   Shortly after this , he was suspected , though not convicted , of involvement in the Catiline Conspiracy . Before long he was leaving for a governorship in Hispania and positioning himself to be one of the most important figures in history .

neg: Roman Constitution The Roman Constitution was an uncodified set of guidelines and principles passed down mainly through precedent . The Roman constitution was not formal or even official , largely unwritten and constantly evolving . Having those characteristics , it was therefore more like the British common law system than a statutory law system like the written United States Constitution , even though the constitution 's evolution through the years was often directed by passage of new laws and repeal of older ones .   Concepts that originated in the Roman constitution live on in both forms of government to this day . Examples include checks and balances , the separation of powers , vetoes , filibusters , quorum requirements , term limits , impeachments , the powers of the purse , and regularly scheduled elections . Even some lesser used modern constitutional concepts , such as the bloc voting found in the electoral college of the United States , originate from ideas found in the Roman constitution .   Over the years , the Roman constitution continuously evolved . By the late 5th century BC , the Constitution of the Roman Kingdom had given way to the Constitution of the Roman Republic . By 27 BC , the Constitution of the Roman Republic had transformed into the Constitution of the Roman Empire . By 300 AD , the Constitution of the Roman Empire had been reformed into the Constitution of the Late Roman Empire . The actual changes , however , were quite gradual . Together , these four constitutions formed four epochs in the continuous evolution of one master constitution .

neg: Servius Tullius Servius Tullius was the legendary sixth king of Rome , and the second of its Etruscan dynasty . He reigned 575 -- 535 BC . Roman and Greek sources describe his servile origins and later marriage to a daughter of Lucius Tarquinius Priscus , Rome 's first Etruscan king , who was assassinated in 579 BC . Servius is said to have been the first Roman king to accede without election by the Senate , having gained the throne by popular support ; and the first to be elected by the Senate alone , without reference to the people .   Several traditions describe Servius ' father as divine . Livy depicts Servius ' mother as a captured Latin princess enslaved by the Romans ; her child is chosen as Rome 's future king after a ring of fire is seen around his head . The Emperor Claudius discounted such origins and described him as an originally Etruscan mercenary , named Mastarna , who fought for Caelius Vibenna .   Servius was a popular king , and one of Rome 's most significant benefactors . He had military successes against Veii and the Etruscans , and expanded the city to include the Quirinal , Viminal and Esquiline hills . He is traditionally credited with the institution of the Compitalia festivals , the building of temples to Fortuna and Diana and , less plausibly , the invention of Rome 's first true coinage .   Despite the opposition of Rome 's patricians , he expanded the Roman franchise and improved the lot and fortune of Rome 's lowest classes of citizens and non-citizens . According to Livy , he reigned for 44 years , until murdered by his daughter Tullia and son-in-law Tarquinius Superbus . In consequence of this `` tragic crime '' and his hubristic arrogance as king , Tarquinius was eventually removed . This cleared the way for the abolition of Rome 's monarchy and the founding of the Roman Republic , whose groundwork had already been laid by Servius ' reforms .

neg: Gaius Vettius Sabinianus Julius Hospes Gaius Vettius Sabinianus Julius Hospes ( fl . 2nd century ) was a Roman military officer and senator who was appointed consul around AD 175 or 176 . He had a long and distinguished military and political career under the reigns of the emperors Antonius Pius , Marcus Aurelius and Commodus .

neg: Roman army mutiny in 342 BC Several ancient authors have written descriptions of a Roman army mutiny in 342 BC.The Romans customarily dated events by noting which consuls held office that year , the mutiny took place in the year in which Quintus Servilius Ahala , for the third time , and Gaius Marcius Rutilus , for the fourth time , were consuls . When converted to the western calendar using the traditional Varronian chronology this year becomes 342 BC . However modern historians have shown that the Varronian chronology dates the mutiny four years too early due to inclusion of unhistorical `` dictator years '' . Despite this known inaccuracy , the Varronian chronology remains in use by convention also in current academic literature . Forsythe ( 2005 ) , pp. 369-370 According to the most well-known version , the mutiny originated in a group of Roman garrison soldiers wintering in Campania to protect the cities there against the Samnites . Subverted by the luxurious living of the Campanians , these soldiers conspired to take over their host cities . When the conspiracy was discovered , the conspirators formed a rebel army and marched against Rome . They were met by an army commanded by Marcus Valerius Corvus who had been nominated dictator to solve the crisis . Rather than do battle , Corvus managed to end the mutiny by peaceful means . All the mutineers received amnesty for their part in the rebellion and a series of laws were passed to address their political grievances .   All preserved accounts of the mutiny were however written several hundred years after the events they describe . Modern historians have found many elements in the classical accounts resembling the civil strife of the Late Republic which they consider anachronistic to the Roman Republic of the late 4th century BC . Some even believe the mutiny to be entirely invented by writers wishing to provide a context for the important political reforms they knew had been legislated in 342 BC .

neg: 431 BC __ NOTOC __  Year 431 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar . At the time , it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Cincinnatus and Mento ( or , less frequently , year 323 Ab urbe condita ) . The denomination 431 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period , when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years .

neg: Gaius Caninius Rebilus Gaius Caninius Rebilus , a member of the plebeian gens Caninia , was a Roman general and politician . As a reward for devoted service , Julius Caesar appointed him consul suffectus in 45 BC .   Rebilus , a Novus homo of the late republic , served with Julius Caesar throughout the Gallic Wars and the Civil Wars . He was Military tribune in Gaul in 52 BC , before becoming one of Caesar 's legates in 51 BC . During the later stages of the Gallic War he commanded two legions on the southern slope of the heights during the siege of Alesia , where Caesar 's defences were weakest . With great difficulty , and the timely support of Titus Labienus , he withstood the last major attack on the Roman position there on October 2 , 52 BC . The following year he was sent to pursue Cadurci leader Lucterius , who fled to the stronghold of Uxellodunum which Rebilus proceeded to besiege . Attempting to emulate the tactics at Alesia , he was forced to deal with repeated sorties which disrupted his attempts to complete his lines . Eventually Caesar made his way there to take overall command of the siege .   Upon the outbreak of the civil war , Rebilus accompanied him in his march into Italy and he was sent by Caesar to Brundisium as an unsuccessful negotiator to Pompey . In 49 BC he was sent by Caesar as a legate under Gaius Scribonius Curio in the hope that Rebilus would compensate for Curio 's lack of military experience . He pushed Curio to take advantage of a break in the enemy lines to achieve victory at the Battle of Utica , and after the latter 's defeat and death , he was one of the few who escaped from Africa Province . In the following year ( 48 BC ) , it is assumed that he was made Praetor .   In 46 BC he again returned to Africa as Propraetor with Caesar , under whom he served in the Thapsus campaign , laying siege to Thapsus and accepting the surrender of Gaius Vergilius , the governor of Africa . The next year he accompanied Caesar to Spain as his legate , joining him to fight in the last stand of the Republicans at Munda , after which he occupied the town of Hispalis during the push to drive out the demoralized Republicans .   On the last day of December 45 BC , the consul Quintus Fabius Maximus suddenly died and Caesar made Rebilus consul suffectus for the few remaining hours of the year , to the scorn of Cicero , who commented , `` Understand therefore that in the consulship of Caninius no one breakfasted . However , while he was consul there was no harm done , for he was so astonishingly vigilant that throughout his consulship he never closed his eyes . ''   He had a son , Gaius Caninius Rebilus , who was suffect consul in 12 BC .

neg: Battle of Corbione The Battle of Corbione took place in 446 BC . General Titus Quinctius Capitolinus Barbatus and legatus Spurius Postumius Albus Regillensis led Roman troops to a victory over the Aequi tribes of north-east Latium and the Volsci tribes of southern Latium . The Romans had already defeated the Aequi in the Battle of Mons Algidus , so that the Battle of Corbione definitely marked the dominion of the Romans over this tribe .   Corbione  Corbione  Category :446 BC  Category :5 th century BC in Europe  Category :440 s BC in Europe

neg: Valerio-Horatian Laws The Valerio-Horatian Laws ( leges Valeriae Horatiae ) were three laws which were passed by the consuls of Rome for 449 BC , Lucius Valerius Potitus and Marcus Horatius Barbatus . They restored the right of appeal to the people and introduced measures which were favourable to the plebeians . The consuls ' actions came after a plebeian rebellion , the second plebeian secession , which overthrew the second decemvirate , which had ruled tyrannically . The two consuls had shown sympathy towards the plebeians and , as a result , had been chosen to negotiate the resolution of the rebellion . Their new laws quelled the plebeian unrest .

neg: Clearchus (consul 384) Clearchus was a Roman politician who was consul of the Roman Empire in 384 AD .

neg: Siege of Massilia -RCB-  | -  |  | -RCB-   The Siege and naval Battle of Massilia was an episode of Caesar 's civil war , fought in 49 BC .   Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus had become proconsul of Gaul and was sent to gain control of Massilia ( modern Marseille ) in order to oppose Caesar . As Caesar marched to Hispania ( en route to the Battle of Ilerda ) , the Massiliots closed their gates to him , having allied with Ahenobarbus and the Optimates . Roused by their hostile actions , he commenced a siege against Massilia , leaving the newly raised 17th , 18th , and 19th legions to conduct the siege . These were the same legions that would be wiped out at Teutoburg Forest 58 years later . He also placed Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus in charge of his fleet there .   After the siege had begun , Ahenobarbus arrived in Massilia to defend it against the Caesarian forces . In late June , Caesar 's ships , although they were less skillfully built than those of the Massiliots and outnumbered , were victorious in the ensuing naval battle .   Gaius Trebonius , Caesar 's legatus , conducted the siege using a variety of siege machines including siege towers , a siege-ramp , and a `` testudo-ram '' .  Gaius Scribonius Curio , careless in adequately guarding the Sicilian Straits , allowed Lucius Nasidius to bring more ships to the aid of Ahenobarbus . He fought a second naval battle with Decimus Brutus in early September , but withdrew defeated and sailed for Hispania .   Caesar built a stationary tower , 30 ft. square and six stories in height , under the very walls of the city and in face of a rain of missiles from its engines . The walls of the tower were of brickwork 5 ft. thick . When the lowest storey was built it was covered with a solid fireproof roof which was not secured to the walls but rested upon them like a lid . The eaves projected  considerably , and from them screens were hung on all sides , covering all the walls . By means of screws the whole canopy , roof and screens , was now raised to the height of one storiey and the workmen proceeded to build the  walls of that storiey under its protection . This process was repeated in the same  manner until the full height of the tower was attained .   The Massiliots valiantly defended against the siege machines and works . They threw down burning pitch and pine-shavings and the Caesarians undermined the foundations of their city walls . At one point they seemed likely to surrender and declare a truce , but at night they cunningly destroyed the siege works in a gross violation of the treaty , according to Caesar 's own account ( Bellum Civile 2.14 ; alternatively , Dio 41.25.2 records that the Massiliots destroyed these works in response to a surprise attack by the Caesarian forces ) . The city 's inhabitants were then near surrender .   At the final surrender of Massilia , Caesar showed his usual leniency and Lucius Ahenobarbus escaped to Thessaly in the only vessel that was able to escape from the Populares . Afterwards , Massilia was allowed to keep nominal autonomy , due to ancient ties of friendship and support of Rome , along with some territories while most of its empire was confiscated by Julius Caesar .

neg: Marcus Porcius Cato Salonianus Marcus Porcius M. f. M. n. Cato Salonianus ( born c. 154 BC ) was the younger son of Cato the Elder , and grandfather of Marcus Porcius Cato Uticensis , also known as `` Cato the Younger '' .   Salonianus ' father was Marcus Porcius Cato , consul in 195 BC , and censor in 184 . Celebrated for his courage , austerity , and strict moral code , the elder Cato , who already had a grown son by his first wife , Licinia , took a second wife at an advanced age , choosing the daughter of his client and scribe , Salonius . He was eighty years old when his younger son was born , and since both sons bore the praenomen Marcus , they later came to be referred to as Cato Licinianus and Cato Salonianus , after their mothers .   Licinianus died soon after the birth of his younger brother , and Cato the Elder died in 149 , when Salonianus was five years old . The younger Cato lived to attain the praetorship , but died during his year of office , leaving two sons , Marcus and Lucius . Both would pursue public careers , like their father and grandfather , and also like Saloninus and his brother , neither were long-lived . Marcus was tribune of the plebs , and a candidate for the praetorship at the time of his death , some time before the outbreak of the Social War , in 91 BC , while Lucius would achieve the consulship in 89 BC , only to fall in the course of the war .   By his son Marcus , Salonianus was the grandfather of Cato the Younger , a notable adherent of Stoicism , whose lifestyle emulated that of Cato the Elder . Famed for his conservative views , austerity , and stubbornness , the younger Cato served as praetor , and became a staunch supporter of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus during the Civil War , choosing to take his own life rather than be captured by Caesar , even though he would almost certainly have been pardoned .

neg: Licinius II Licinius II or Licinius the Younger ( full name : Valerius Licinianus Licinius ) ( approx . 315 -- 326 ) was the son of Roman emperor Licinius . He nominally served as Caesar in the eastern empire from 317 to 324 AD while his father was Augustus . His mother was Licinius ' wife Flavia Julia Constantia , who was also the half-sister of Constantine I.   After his defeat by Constantine at the Battle of Chrysopolis , Licinius the elder was initially spared and placed in captivity at Thessalonica . However , within a year Constantine seems to have regretted his leniency and the former Emperor was hanged .   The younger Licinius , who was Constantine 's nephew , also fell victim to the emperor 's suspicions and was killed , probably in the context of the execution of Crispus in 326 .   Other reports relate that Licinius the younger was forced into slavery in the imperial textile factories in Africa , where he is noted in 336 . However , the imperial rescript of 336 makes it clear that the `` son of Licinianus '' referred to was not Licinius II as it directs that he be reduced to the slave status of his birth . No son of Constantine 's sister would have been referred to in this manner .