query: Coke Boys Records was founded in 2008.

pos: Coke Boys Records Coke Boys Records is an independent record label , originally known as Cocaine City Records that was founded by American rapper French Montana in 2008 . It is now an imprint on both Bad Boy Records and Maybach Music Group . Since then , French Montana has signed artists as follow .

neg: Day26 (album) Day26 is the debut studio album by R&B group Day26 released on March 25 , 2008 .

neg: Razor Boy Music Publishing Razor Boy Music Publishing is a Swedish independent music publishing company . It launched its operations on June 1 , 2008 .

neg: Kung Fu Records Kung Fu Records is an American independent record label founded in 1996 by Joe Escalante and Warren Fitzgerald of the punk rock band The Vandals . Founded in order to release a record by the Riverside , California band Assorted Jelly Beans , the label soon grew to include a roster of notable artists such as The Ataris , Ozma , Tsunami Bomb , and The Vandals themselves . In 2000 Escalante started Kung Fu Films as a subsidiary of the music label in order to release DVDs of live concerts , music videos , band documentaries , and independent films . In 2005 Kung Fu also spawned the spinoff label Broken Sounds Records , focusing on hardcore releases .

neg: Top Dawg Entertainment Top Dawg Entertainment ( TDE ) is an American independent record label founded in 2004 , by chief executive officer ( CEO ) Anthony `` Top Dawg '' Tiffith . Dave `` Miyatola '' Free and Terrence `` Punch '' Henderson are the co-presidents of TDE . There are currently eight artists signed to the label , Isaiah Rashad , SZA , Lance Skiiiwalker and SiR , as well as the flagship artists , Black Hippy members , Kendrick Lamar , Jay Rock , ScHoolboy Q and Ab-Soul . The label also houses a production division that includes Digi + Phonics , THC , and King Blue .

neg: Almost Gold Recordings Almost Gold Recordings is an independent record label . It was founded in 2007 in New York City by Scott Rodger of Quest Management with distribution in North America through Columbia Records . The first release on Almost Gold was the Peter Bjorn and John album Writer 's Block , on February 6 , 2007 . Almost Gold is now fully independent in North America having severed ties with Columbia Records .   Almost Gold Recordings is a partnership between Scott Rodger and Clare Britt ( formerly of Rough Trade and Island Records ) , with distribution Worldwide through Mercury Records . The first release on Almost Gold in the UK and internationally was Black Kids ' debut album Partie Traumatic in July 2008 . Other notable acts include Calvin Harris and Does It Offend You , Yeah ?

neg: My Life: The True Testimony My Life : The True Testimony is the solo debut album by C.T.E. affiliate rapper Blood Raw . It was released June 17 , 2008 . The album will feature guest appearances by Mannie Fresh , Lyfe Jennings , Trina , Big Rube , and fellow C.T.E. rappers Young Jeezy & Slick Pulla , while production was handled by The Runners , J.U.S.T.I.C.E. League , Midnight Black , DJ Nasty & LVM and Drumma Boy .

neg: Inside Recordings Inside Recordings is a Los Angeles , California based independent record label founded by singer-songwriter Jackson Browne in 1999 . Browne has stated that the mission of the label is to `` create a haven for music that might not find a home in the mainstream . '' In 2005 , Inside Recordings signed a nationwide direct distribution deal with independent music distributor Alternative Distribution Alliance . The label 's inaugural release under the agreement was Browne 's own Solo Acoustic , Vol . 1 , which was released in the U.S. on October 11 , 2005 . It was nominated for a Grammy Award soon afterward , just as Solo Acoustic , Vol . 2 was released . Artists with works previously released on the label include the Joel Rafael Band and Native American activist and spoken word artist John Trudell .   In 2008 , Browne released his first studio recording in five years ; Time the Conqueror on Inside Recordings .

neg: Rising Down Rising Down is the eighth studio album by American hip hop band The Roots , released April 28 , 2008 on Def Jam Recordings . The album 's title is adapted from William T. Vollmann 's book Rising Up and Rising Down : Some Thoughts on Violence , Freedom and Urgent Means ( 2004 ) . Expanding on the dark , dense production and political tone of Game Theory ( 2006 ) , Rising Down features lyrical themes concerning issues of contemporary society , including violence , poverty , social and environmental climate , drugs , police corruption , and the music industry .   The album debuted at number six on the US Billboard 200 chart , selling 54,000 copies in its first week . It charted modestly in other countries and achieved moderate sales success . Upon its release , Rising Down received generally positive reviews from most music critics . Music critic Robert Christgau named it the ninth best album of 2008 . The album has sold 171,000 copies in the United States .

neg: Country Grammar Country Grammar is the debut studio album by American rapper Nelly . It was released on June 27 , 2000 , by Universal Records ( who released the album after listening to demos by Nelly , before signing a record deal with the rapper in 1999 ) . The production on the album was handled by Jason `` Jay E '' Epperson , with additional production by C-Love , Kevin Law , City Spud , Steve `` Blast '' Wills and Basement Beats . Nelly contributed to all lyrics on the album , with Epperson and City Spud also contributing . The album introduced a unique Saint Louis , Midwestern sound , and introduces Nelly 's vocal style of pop-rap singalongs and Midwestern , Missouri twang . It was supported four successful singles : `` Country Grammar ( Hot Shit ) '' , `` E.I. '' , `` Ride wit Me '' and `` Batter Up '' . Its lead single , `` Country Grammar ( Hot Shit ) '' , peaked at number 7 on the Billboard Hot 100 and UK Singles Chart . `` E.I. '' charted at number 16 , number 12 and number 11 on the Hot 100 , UK Singles Chart and ARIA Singles Chart , respectively . `` Ride wit Me '' peaked within the top five on the Hot 100 , ARIA Singles Chart , Irish Singles Chart and UK Singles Chart . The album 's fourth and final single , `` Batter Up '' featuring Murphy Lee and Ali , achieved moderate chart success .   Country Grammar received positive reviews , with critics praising Nelly 's vocal style and the album 's production . It topped the US Billboard 200 chart for five consecutive weeks , and the US Top R&B / Hip-Hop Albums chart for six consecutive weeks . It peaked in the top five on the New Zealand Albums Chart and Australian Albums Chart , as well as the top ten on the Canadian Albums Chart and Dutch Albums Chart . The album was certified three times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) and Music Canada ( MC ) , denoting shipments of 45,000 and 300,000 copies , respectively .   In 2016 , Country Grammar became the ninth hip hop album to be certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , denoting shipment of 10 million copies in the US . Its commercial success secured Nelly 's status as one of the most successful hip hop acts of the 2000s decade . On Billboard decade-end chart , Nelly ranked as the third most successful act of the 2000s decade , due largely to the success of Country Grammar and his follow-up album Nellyville ( 2002 ) .

neg: Radio (LL Cool J album) Radio is the debut studio album by American rapper LL Cool J , released November 18 , 1985 on Def Jam Recordings in the United States . It serves as the label 's first full-length album release . Recording sessions for the album took place during 1984 to 1985 at Chung King House of Metal in New York City . The album was primarily produced by Rick Rubin , who provided a sparse and minimal production style . Radio also features a sound that is punctuated by DJ scratching , mostly brief samples , and emphasis of the downbeat . LL Cool J 's b-boy lyricism conveys themes of inner city culture , teenage promiscuity , and braggadocio raps .   The album experienced a significant amount of commercial success and sales for a hip hop record at the time , earning U.S. Billboard chart success and selling over 500,000 copies within its first five months of release . On April 19 , 1989 , Radio was certified platinum in sales by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , following sales in excess of one million copies in the United States . Initial criticism of the album was generally positive , as LL Cool J 's lyricism and Rick Rubin 's production were praised by several music critics . It has since been recognized by critics as LL Cool J 's greatest work .   Reflecting the new school and ghettoblaster subculture in the U.S. during the mid-1980s , Radio belongs to a pivotal moment in the history and culture of hip hop . Its success contributed to the displacement of the old school with the new school form and to the genre 's mainstream success during the period . Its success also served as a career breakthrough for LL Cool J and Rick Rubin . Radio has been recognized by music writers as one of the first cohesive and commercially successful hip hop albums .

neg: 785 Records 785 Records is a record label located in New York , United States , founded in 2005 by songwriter Denise Rich . The label 's first release was the charity single Come Together Now , written by Rich , Sharon Stone , Mark Feist and Damon Sharpe from which the proceeds went to benefit the victims of Hurricane Katrina .   Marc Eichner , a senior executive at RCA/BMG , joined the label as president in August 2006 . The label built a $ 1 million recording studio in Rich 's Fifth Avenue penthouse in Manhattan overlooking Central Park in 2007 .

neg: The Block (album) The Block is the fifth studio album by New Kids on the Block . The album was released on September 2 , 2008 , along with a deluxe edition that included four bonus tracks . It sold 100,000 copies in its first week of release and debuted at number one on the U.S. Top Pop Albums chart and at number two on the Billboard 200 . Several artists collaborated on the album , such as Ne-Yo , Lady Gaga , The Pussycat Dolls , Akon , Teddy Riley and New Edition .   The first official single from the album is `` Summertime '' and the song was released on May 13 , 2008 . The second official single titled `` Single '' featuring Ne-Yo was released on August 12 , 2008 . The third single `` Dirty Dancing '' was released on December 19 . The single was the album 's most successful single in Europe and Canada , peaking at number 31 and reaching the number-one position on the CHUM Chart in Toronto on February 21 , 2009 after twelve weeks on the chart . The album 's fourth single , `` 2 in the Morning '' , was officially released February 23 , 2009 in the United States and the United Kingdom .   It is the group 's first studio album in fourteen years since Face the Music .

neg: We Made It `` We Made It '' is a promo single by rapper Busta Rhymes featuring American rock band Linkin Park . The song was to be on Busta Rhymes 's eighth studio album Back on My B.S. , but was then cancelled off the track list because the album was released on a different label as `` We Made It '' was Busta Rhymes 's last song on Interscope . The song was produced by Cool & Dre , with additional production by Linkin Park 's Mike Shinoda and Brad Delson . The song was released on April 29 , 2008 . It was Busta Rhymes 's final release on Aftermath Entertainment . The track debuted and peaked on the Billboard Hot 100 charts at # 65 .

neg: Son Records Son Records was set up in 1998 by Alastair Nicholson ( formerly of Ninja Tune ) , to provide an outlet for hip-hop coming out the UK , whether by established names or up and coming talent . With over 40 releases to date , Son has put out debut releases from some of the hip-hop artists in the country , including C-Mone , Cappo , DPF , the Pitman , Styly Cee and Wordsmith , along with releases from musical dons like Def Tex , HKB Finn and Mad Doctor X.

neg: Indie hip-hop Indie hip hop ( short for independent hip hop ) is hip hop that primarily exists in the independent underground music scene .   The term underground hip hop may be used to describe both indie hip hop ( which is defined by its artists being unsigned or signed to independent record labels , rather than major record labels ) as well as alternative hip hop ( which is defined by music that diverges from mainstream hip hop music such as Gangsta rap . )   As the term `` indie hip hop '' is indicative of the musicians making the music rather than the music itself , it is not strictly a genre but rather covers a range of styles with clearly discernable hip hop characteristics .   Like indie rock artists , many indie hip hop artists place a premium on maintaining complete control of their music and careers , releasing albums on independent record labels ( sometimes their own ) and relying on touring , word-of-mouth , and air play on independent or college radio stations for promotion . Some of its more popular artists , however , may end up moving to major labels , though often on favorable terms won by their prior independent success .   Independent hip hop labels include Babygrande Records , Definitive Jux , Nature Sounds Records and Strange Famous Records . Notable indie hip hop artists include 7L & Esoteric , Bronze Nazareth , Chief Kamachi , Lord Jamar , Mr. Lif , Jedi Mind Tricks , OuterSpace , The Perceptionists , WMR Music Group and The Society of Invisibles .

neg: Taihe Rye Music Taihe Rye Music is a C-pop ( Mandopop ) record label , founded in China 2004 by Song Ke and Zhang Yadong .

neg: B-Unique Records B-Unique Records is a London-based record label , and publishing company founded in 2001 by Mark Lewis and Martin Toher .   B-Unique 's current roster includes John Newman , Kodaline , James Bay , The Mispers , Darlia , Benjamin Francis Leftwich , Luke Sital Singh , Port Isla and artists and writers Ian Broudie , Samuel Preston , John Power , Liam O'Donnell , Jonny Coffer , Anders Grahn , Grace Tither , James Flannigan and Ralph Pelleymounter .   Other bands include Kaiser Chiefs , The Twang , The Automatic , The Ordinary Boys and Aqualung . Also released on the label to critical acclaim : Primal Scream , Fenech Soler , Mull Historical Society , Leaves , Alkaline Trio , Hot Hot Heat , Saves The Day , Rocket from the Crypt , Bedouin Soundclash , Harmar Superstar and Coheed and Cambria .   Before launching B-Unique Toher signed artists including Therapy ? , The Bluetones , Dodgy and Cud to A&M . Mark Lewis as Head of A&R at Polygram Music and London Records signed Echo and The Bunnymen , Cast , Alisha 's Attic and many others .

neg: Quote Unquote Records Quote Unquote Records is a donation-based online independent record label , founded and run by Bomb the Music Industry ! and The Arrogant Sons of Bitches frontman Jeff Rosenstock . The label is an example of Rosenstock 's DIY ideals . Many of the label 's artists have personal connections , and all of the music released by the label is available as a free download from its website , along with an array of lyrics and photos . In fact , the label does not sell any material of any kind , and the website 's headline bills the label as `` The First Ever Donation Based Record Label '' .   Rosenstock explains the modest success of Quote Unquote Records by stating , `` The donations that come in are not huge , but since we do n't spend that much money they pile up . '' Most donations are more than the $ 5 suggestion . During October 2008 , the Quote Unquote Records web site was shut down over alleged copyright infringement in publishing its own songs ; however , the site was quickly restored .

neg: Music of Life Music of Life is a British independent dance music label formed in 1986 by two influential DJ remixers , Froggy and Simon Harris , managed by Chris France . Following several successful productions , one of which reached No. 3 in the UK pop music charts ( The Real Thing 's ` You to me are Everything ' ) Harris and Froggy decided to launch their own label , they were offered a label deal by Morgan Khan ( Streetwave ) and the first release was a remix by the duo of Cerrone 's ` Supernature ' ( his ` Music of Life song was the inspiration for the label name ) . Within a few months Froggy left the label and Streetwave went out of business . Harris being active in remixing and production for many other artists and labels financed the label with his remix income . After the demise of Streetwave Harris and France decided to re-launch as a British hip-hop ( usually UK Hip Hop , ) music label . Music of Life opened an office in London 's Soho at 22 Hanway Street , Chris France and his sister Michelle spent their days in the busy Soho office whilst Simon could usually be found in his home studio ` The Bunker ' producing many of the Music of Life releases .   At first the label licensed new rap music from US production company Powerplay for the first compilation album ` Def Beats 1 ' but as an addition to the US material Harris produced an extra track , under his own ` Music of Life Productions ' recorded in London by the label 's A&R man Derek Boland . ` Rock the Beat ' by Derek B created a demand for British hip-hop and the demo tapes started to arrive , Music of Life signed the best artists instead of licensing more US material and Harris would produce many new songs featuring artists including M.C Duke , The Demon Boyz ( Million Dan ) , Thrashpack , Asher D and Daddy Freddy , CJ Macintosh & Einstein , She Rockers ( Betty Boo ) , Hijack and many more .   Many of these recordings broke ground and are still considered to be highly innovative , the first reggae/hip-hop combination ( Asher D & Daddy Freddy 's ` Ragamuffin Hip Hop ) and Derek B 's album would be licensed to US label ` Profile ' ( Run DMC ) , Hijack would be signed to Ice-T 's Rhyme syndicate label and many more . Music Week wrote that Music of Life was `` the most successful hip hop label in the UK right now '' , in 1988 . Record Mirror identified Music of Life as one of the few hip hop labels `` to believe in home grown talent '' . In 1989 , Studio Week magazine called Music of Life `` the foremost rap label in this country at the moment . ''   So far the Music of Life catalog of recordings and copyrights under Music of Life Productions and released on many labels worldwide including Music of Life have exceeded 2000 titles and include music videos and documentary TV shows ( ` Kings of Rap ' - MTV ) .   Music of Life is one of the UK 's longest running independent dance music labels ( 1986 -- present day ) and the catalog has been licensed and released in over 70 countries with many chart hits including the UK , Germany , Japan , France and the USA ( Harris 's ` Bass ' how low can you go ? was a No. 1 Billboard US chart hit ) and many Grammy award winning artists ( Luthor Vandross , REM , Beastie Boys , Beck ) have licensed from the Music of Life catalog .   Sister label ` Living Beat ' was launched in 1989 and would release many dance music , house and pop recordings with chart success including ` Supermarioland ' reaching No. 6 in the UK pop charts with Harris 's AKA ` Ambassadors of Funk ' in association with Nintendo , Samantha Fox 's Song for Europe entry ` Go for the Heart ' and was instrumental in helping Prince achieve his first UK No1 pop single ` The Most Beautiful Girl in the World ' .   Harris also produced the world 's best selling series of ` Breakbeat ' albums used by DJs and producers , ` Beats Breaks and Scratches ' in 12 volumes and worked with top artists Norman Cook ( Fatboy Slim ) , Paul Oakenfold , Afrika Bambaataa and George Clinton to produce and release similar albums that are part of the Music of Life catalog . Music of Life is now a registered trademark .   The Music of Life catalog includes songs from :   M.C. Duke & D.J. Leader 1  Thrashpack  She Rockers ( featuring * Betty Boo )  Daddy Freddy  Asher D  Tenor Fly  Nitty Gritty  Derek B  Hijack  Hardnoise  3 Knights  DJ Daddy  Leslie Lyrics  Norman Cook  Paul Oakenfold  George Clinton  Simon Harris ( label founder )  Einstein  Ambassadors of Funk  Afrika Bambaataa  Demon Boyz  Professor Griff  Clyde Stubblefield  Killa Instinct  S.L. Troopers  First Frontal Assault  Kobalt 60  Overlord X

neg: Aspire Music Group Aspire Music Group , LLC is an American record label founded by Cortez Bryant , Gerald `` Gee '' Roberson and Derrick Lawrence in 2008 . Their roster currently only includes multi-platinum Canadian rapper Drake .


query: Charlemagne was crowned.

pos: Charlemagne Charlemagne ( -LSB- ˈʃɑːrlᵻmeɪn -RSB- ) or Charles the Great ( 2 April 742/747/74828 January 814 ) , numbered Charles I , was the King of the Franks from 768 , King of the Lombards from 774 and Emperor of the Romans from 800 . He united much of Europe during the early Middle Ages . He was the first recognised emperor in western Europe since the fall of the Western Roman Empire three centuries earlier . The expanded Frankish state that Charlemagne founded was called the Carolingian Empire .   Charlemagne was the oldest son of Pepin the Short and Bertrada of Laon . He became king in 768 following his father 's death , initially as co-ruler with his brother Carloman I. Carloman 's sudden death in 771 in unexplained circumstances left Charlemagne as the undisputed ruler of the Frankish Kingdom . He continued his father 's policy towards the papacy and became its protector , removing the Lombards from power in northern Italy and leading an incursion into Muslim Spain . He campaigned against the Saxons to his east , Christianising them upon penalty of death and leading to events such as the Massacre of Verden . Charlemagne reached the height of his power in 800 when he was crowned Emperor of the Romans by Pope Leo III on Christmas Day at Old St. Peter 's Basilica .   Charlemagne has been called the `` Father of Europe '' ( Pater Europae ) , as he united most of Western Europe for the first time since the Roman Empire . His rule spurred the Carolingian Renaissance , a period of energetic cultural and intellectual activity within the Western Church . All Holy Roman Emperors considered their kingdoms to be descendants of Charlemagne 's empire , up to the last Emperor Francis II and the French and German monarchies .   However , the Eastern Orthodox Church views Charlemagne more controversially , labelling as heterodox his support of the filioque and recognition by the Bishop of Rome as legitimate Roman Emperor , rather than recognising Irene of Athens of the Eastern Roman Empire . These and other machinations led to the eventual split of Rome and Constantinople in the Great Schism of 1054 .   Charlemagne died in 814 , having ruled as emperor for thirteen years . He was laid to rest in his imperial capital of Aachen in what is today Germany . He married at least four times and had three legitimate sons , but only his son Louis the Pious survived to succeed him .

neg: Council of Aachen A number of significant councils of the Roman Catholic Church were held at Aachen ( also known in French as Aix-la-Chapelle ) in the early Middle Ages .   In the mixed council of 798 , Charlemagne proclaimed a capitulary of eighty-one chapters , largely a repetition of earlier ecclesiastical legislation , that was accepted by the clergy and acquired canonical authority . At the council of 799 , after a discussion of six days Felix , Bishop of Urgel in Spain , avowed himself overcome by Alcuin and withdrew his theory of Adoptianism .   At the council held in 809 , the Frankish Church adopted the filioque addition in the Creed ( which contributed to the East-West Schism ) , although Pope Leo III refused to recognize it as valid ( and the Church of Rome did not accept this addition until 1014 ) .   In the Synods of Aachen ( 816-819 ) , clerical and monastic discipline was the chief issue . The council of 816 established the Rule of Aix which was made obligatory on all establishments of canons and canonesses . The later councils imposed a new revision of the Rule of St. Benedict on the monks of the Benedictine Order by Benedict of Aniane . A list of monasteries and the services to the crown that they owed following these councils can be found in the Notitia de servitio monasteriorum . The synod of 836 was largely attended and devoted itself to the restoration of ecclesiastical discipline that had been affected by the civil wars between Louis the Pious and his sons .   From 860 to 862 three councils were occupied with the question of the divorce of King Lothaire I from his wife , Theutberga .   In 1166 took place the schismatic council , approved by the Antipope Paschal III , in which was decreed the canonization of Charlemagne , that was solemnly celebrated 29 December of that year .

neg: Fürstenbund The ( Deutsche ) Fürstenbund ( -LSB- ( ˈdɔʏtʃə ) ˈfʏʁstn̩bʊnt -RSB- , '' -LSB- German -RSB- League of Princes '' ) was an alliance of mostly Protestant princes in the Holy Roman Empire formed in 1785 under the leadership of Frederick II of Prussia . The alliance , which initially comprised the three major northern states of Brandenburg/Prussia , Hanover and Saxony , was set up officially to safeguard the constitutional integrity and territorial status quo of the Empire , but more immediately to oppose the long-cherished ambition of Joseph II to add Bavaria to the Habsburg domains .   Soon after he became sole ruler of the Habsburg lands at the death of his mother Maria Theresa in 1780 , Joseph II revived an old ambition and entered into negotiations with Elector Karl Theodor of the Palatinate and Bavaria with the aim of trading Bavaria for the Austrian Netherlands . Had the plan been brought to fruition , the Habsburgs would have augmented their core domains with a large contiguous German-speaking territory while at the same time getting rid of far-away provinces that has proven to be difficult and costly to defend whenever Austria had been at war with France and/or Prussia . For Karl Theodor , his interest in the projected deal was mostly a matter of prestige as he envisioned himself as the ruler , possibly with the title of king , of a reconstructed Duchy of Burgundy composed of the Southern Netherlands plus his existing possessions in the Lower and Upper Rhine region , such as the Palatinate of the Rhine and the duchy of Berg-Jülich .   The rumored deal proved unpalatable both to the ambitious Frederick II , who saw himself as the foremost German monarch , and to the Electors of Hanover and Saxony who were disturbed by the far-reaching political and strategic implications of the projected territorial swap . Once they publicly declared their opposition though the creation of a Deutsche Fürstenbund , the rulers of lesser Protestant states , including Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel , Saxe-Gotha , Saxe-Weimar , Mecklenburg , Baden and Brandenburg-Ansbach , soon joined them . The Archbishop-Elector of Mainz , Archchancellor of the Empire , eventually gave his support , not least because it was known that Karl Theodor and Joseph II also mulled over the possible secularization of the Archbishopric of Salzburg , inconveniently wedged between Bavaria and Austria .   Joseph II was taken aback by the suddenness and strength of the opposition to his plan and after some minor sabre-rattling suspended his project . Having attained its true objective , the Fürstenbund gradually disintegrated and disappeared altogether after the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789 and the death of Joseph II the year after .

neg: Conrad I, Duke of Merania Conrad I ( died 18 February 1159 ) was the Duke of Merania from 1152 until his death . Thitherto he had been the advocate of St Andreas at Freising since 1150 and Count of Dachau ( as Conrad II ) from 1152 .   Conrad was the elder of two sons of Conrad I of Dachau . Conrad inherited Dachau from his father and lands in Dalmatia which had formerly been the March of Carniola from his mother , Willibirg , who had inherited them from Adelaide , daughter of Poppo II of Carniola . Conrad married Adelaide , daughter of Henry , Duke of Lower Lorraine , sometime before 1140 . They had no children and Conrad remarried after her death ( before 1146 ) . His second wife , Matilda of Falkenstein , gave him one son , Conrad II , who inherited Merania and , in 1172 , Dachau .   Conrad was in Bamberg in February 1152 , when King Conrad III died there . In late June or early July 1152 , the Frederick I granted Conrad the title of duke for his lands around the Kvarner Gulf , possibly as a reward for helping Frederick secure the throne after the king 's death . He used the title dux Meranus to refer to his coastal territory , but Bishop Otto I of Freising , in his history of Frederick 's reign , calls him `` Duke of Dalmatia and Croatia '' . He was also sometimes called `` Duke of Dachau '' , but he was still officially a count there .   In 1156 , Conrad gave Dachau to his younger brother Arnold . Conrad died in battle at Bergamo and was buried in Scheyern .

neg: Crown of Napoleon The Crown of Napoleon was a coronation crown manufactured for Emperor Napoleon I of the French and used in his coronation on December 2 , 1804 . Napoleon called his new crown the Crown of Charlemagne , the name of the ancient royal coronation crown of France that had been destroyed in the French Revolution , a name which allowed him to compare himself to the famed mediaeval monarch Charlemagne , King of the Franks and Holy Roman Emperor .

neg: Siege of Paris (845) The Siege of Paris and the Sack of Paris of 845 was the culmination of a Viking invasion of the kingdom of the West Franks . The Viking forces were led by a Norse chieftain named `` Reginherus '' , or Ragnar , who traditionally has been identified with the legendary saga character Ragnar Lodbrok . Ragnar 's fleet of 120 Viking ships , carrying thousands of men , entered the Seine in March and proceeded to sail up the river . The West Frankish king Charles the Bald assembled a smaller army in response , but as the Vikings defeated one division , comprising half of the army , the remaining forces retreated . The Vikings reached Paris at the end of the month , during Easter . After plundering and occupying the city , the Vikings withdrew when they had been paid a ransom of 7,000 French livres ( 2570 kg ) of silver and gold from Charles the Bald .

neg: Papal inauguration Papal Inauguration is a liturgical service of the Catholic Church within Mass celebrated in the Roman Rite but with elements of Byzantine Rite for the ecclesiastical investiture of a pope . Since the inauguration of Pope John Paul I , it has not included the 820-year-old ( 1143 -- 1963 ) papal coronation ceremony .   It was in the 11th century that the popeification took the form of a coronation . Along with other ceremonies used at papal inaugurations , a coronation became part of a pope 's inauguration ritual from the time of Pope Nicholas II ( 1059 -- 1061 ) until 1963 . Pope Paul VI , the last pope to be crowned or to use a papal tiara , abandoned the use of his tiara in a ceremony at the end of the second period of the Second Vatican Council .   More than twenty tiaras are held in the Vatican ( see List of papal tiaras in existence ) . That of Paul VI is in the crypt of the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington , D.C. .   A small one is still used to symbolically crown a statue of Saint Peter on his saint 's day every year . The first pope for over eight centuries to inaugurate his pontificate without a coronation was Pope John Paul I.

neg: Charles the Child Charles the Child ( Latin Karolus puer , from the Annales Bertiniani ; 847/848 , Frankfurt am Main -- 29 September 866 , Buzançais ) was the King of Aquitaine from October 855 until his death in 866 . If his father , Charles the Bald , and great grandfather , Charlemagne , are counted as rulers of Aquitaine , he would be numbered Charles III .   He was the second son of Charles the Bald and brother of Louis the Stammerer . The younger Charles was appointed by his father , who had previously ruled as King of Aquitaine himself from 838 , as a sop to Aquitainian separatism . The Aquitainians had previously rebelled against Charles the Bald , requesting from Louis the German that he send one of his sons to rule over them . Louis had sent his second son , Louis the Younger , prompting Charles the Bald to release his rival claimant to Aquitaine , Pippin II . Pippin succeeded in rallying the nobles to support himself and Charles the Bald against Louis the Younger , who was driven out . By October , however , Pippin lost his popularity with the still-rebellious Aquitainians , prompting Charles the Bald to appoint Charles the Child as King . Charles the Child was duly anointed at Limoges . Within a year , he had been replaced by the Aquitainians with Pippin II . These same then deposed Pippin and restored Charles the Child . Pippin was captured in 864 and imprisoned at Senlis , at which point he disappears from history .   Unlike previous sub-kings of Aquitaine , ( Louis the Pious , Pippin I , Pippin II ) , Charles the Child had no real authority at all . Before 840 , the kingdom had been ruled in person by an autonomous king ; Charles the Bald , however , after his accession as King of Western Francia , attempted to maintain power in Aquitaine . Consequently , Charles the Child , and his brother , Louis the Stammerer , did not rule in person , had no chancery , could issue no instruments ; they were no longer empowered to bestow privileges , endow religious establishments , or dispose of royal property . All the rights of the region were invested in Charles the Bald , in whose absence the nobles of the Kingdom gathered power .   Nonetheless , as Charles grew older , he began to exercise what little personal authority he could . For example , in 862 he chose and married a wife against the will of his father . The name of his wife is unknown , although she was apparently the widow of a count named Humbert . Charles the Bald reasserted his power over his son in 863 , forcing the younger Charles to put away his wife and be loyal to his father . A year later , he was accidentally struck with a sword in the head by a member of his own hunting party in a mock combat , leading Ado of Vienne to say that `` Charles was dishonoured ( dehonestatus ) by having suffered it '' . The blow left him mentally incapacitated until his resultant death in 866 . He died childless and was buried in Bourges .

neg: Clausula de Pippino The Clausula de Pippino is a brief account of the election , coronation and consecration of Pippin the Short as King of the Franks and Roman patrician in 751 -- 54 . It was probably written at Saint-Denis in 767 , shortly before Pippin 's death . Although its authenticity was doubted early , and doubts are still occasionally raised , it has been generally received as authentic since the nineteenth century . It is the earliest source for the events it narrates , pre-dating the account of Einhard , who probably made use of it , by several decades .   The coronation ceremony of Pippin included his two young sons , Charles and Carloman , and his queen , Bertrada . According to the Clausula , Pope Stephen II :  ... blessed the Queen Bertrada and the nobles of the Frankish nation , and while confirming them in the grace of the Holy Spirit , he bound them under penalty of interdict and excommunication never to presume to elect a king who should come forth from the loins of any other than these persons whom Divine Providence had raised to the throne , and who through the intercession of the holy Apostles had been consecrated and confirmed by the hands of their vicar , the pope .

neg: Otto I, Duke of Swabia and Bavaria Otto I ( born 954 , died 31 October or 1 November 982 ) was the Duke of Swabia from 973 and Duke of Bavaria from 976 . He was a member of the Ottonian dynasty , the only son of Duke Liudolf of Swabia and his wife Ida , and thus a grandson of the Emperor Otto I and his Anglo-Saxon wife Eadgyth . His sister Mathilde was the abbess of Essen Abbey .   Otto was only three years old when his father died in 957 . He was raised at the court of his grandfather , Otto I , who seems to have adopted him and raised him alongside his own son , the future Emperor Otto II , born late in 955 . The latter regarded him as both `` nephew and brother '' ( nepos ac frater ) . When the childless Duke Burchard III of Swabia died in 973 , Otto II transferred the Swabian duchy to his nineteen-year-old nephew and brother , whose father had been Burchard 's predecessor . The elder Otto became a close confidante of his younger sovereign .   In 976 the imprisoned Duke Henry the Wrangler of Bavaria was formally dismissed from office for rebellion . In his place the emperor appointed Otto of Swabia , who became the first ruler of two duchies in medieval Germany . The Duchy of Carinthia and the March of the Nordgau were also taken from Henry , but were not bestowed on Otto , thus their history is separate from that of Bavaria from this point on . In 977 , while the emperor was campaigning elsewhere , Otto helped crush the revolt of the Three Henries -- the deposed duke of Bavaria , Bishop Henry I of Augsburg and Duke Henry I of Carinthia -- by successfully besieging the leaders in Passau . The army of Bavarians that was ambushed by Boleslaus I of Bohemia near Plzeň while on its way to join the emperor at this time may have been sent by Duke Otto .   In 980 Otto accompanied the emperor on his south Italian campaign , fighting both the Byzantines and the Sicilian Arabs . He survived the defeat near Crotone on 13/14 July 982 and a subsequent ambush by an Arab force . Assigned to take the news of the campaign back to Germany , he died en route , of wounds received in battle , either 31 October or 1 November , at Lucca . His father had also died south of the Alps . His family brought his body back and had it buried in the collegiate church of Saints Peter and Alexander at Aschaffenburg , which Otto had generously endowed . His death is noted in the contemporary Abingdon version of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle : `` And then , as he went home , his -LSB- the emperor 's -RSB- brother 's son , who was called Otto , passed away ; and he was the son of the aetheling Liudolf , and this Liudolf was son of Otto the Elder and King Edward 's daughter '' .   Otto 's sister Mathilde endowed a precious crux gemmata ( jewelled cross ) , the Cross of Otto and Mathilde , which is kept in the Essen Cathedral Treasury ; the siblings are pictured on it . Otto never married and left no children .

neg: Felix of Aquitaine Felix ( floruit 660s ) was a patrician in the Frankish kingdom under the Merovingians . He had his seat at Toulouse . According to the tenth-century Miracula sancti Martialis lemovicensis , Felix was `` a noble and renowned patrician from the town of Toulouse , who had obtained authority over all the cities up to the Pyrenees and over the iniquitous people of the Wascones , '' that is , the Gascons . Felix is probably the first ruler of the Duchy of Aquitaine that evolved from the old kingdom of Charibert II in the decades following his death ( 632 ) and Dagobert I 's subjection of the Gascons . Despite the fact that he stands at the head of the list of semi-independent rulers of Aquitaine that extends through the Middle Ages , he is regarded as extremely `` mysterious '' and `` obscure '' .   Felix was probably a supporter of Chlothar III and his majordomo , Ebroin . His patriciate corresponds to the years when Chlothar 's appointee , Erembert , was bishop of Toulouse . After Chlothar 's death ( 673 ) , Erembert retired and Chlothar 's brother , Childeric II , took over the throne and deposed Ebroin . At this time , a certain Lupus , whom the Miracula describes as `` coming to '' Felix , presided over a regional synod at Bordeaux , though Felix was still in power in Aquitaine at that time . This synod was held under Childeric II , indicating continued Frankish sovereignty or suzerainty over Aquitaine and Gascony at that time , but a subsequent break with the Merovingians appears to have occurred following Childeric 's death in 675 . Lupus is often considered a protégé of Felix , to whom the latter delegated Gascony , and who eventually succeeded him over all Aquitaine . On the other hand , he was an opponent Ebroin , and so may have been an enemy of Felix who usurped authority in Gascony . Later Lupus had control over southern Aquitaine and was trying to assert it in the north when he died .

neg: Charles V of France Charles V ( 21 January 1338 -- 16 September 1380 ) , called the Wise ( French : `` le Sage '' ) , was a monarch of the House of Valois who ruled as King of France from 1364 to his death .   In 1349 , as a young prince , Charles received from his grandfather King Philip VI the province of Dauphiné to rule . This allowed him to bear the title `` Dauphin '' until his coronation , which led to the integration of the Dauphiné into the crown lands of France . After 1350 , all heirs apparent of France bore the title of Dauphin until their coronation .   Charles became regent of France when his father John II was captured by the English at the Battle of Poitiers in 1356 . To pay the ransom , Charles raised taxes . As a result , he faced hostility from the nobility , led by Charles the Bad , King of Navarre ; the opposition of the French bourgeoisie , which was channeled through the Estates-General led by Etienne Marcel ; and with peasant revolts known as Jacqueries . Charles overcame all of these rebellions , but in order to liberate his father , he had to conclude the Treaty of Brétigny in 1360 , in which he abandoned large portions of south-western France to Edward III of England and agreed to pay a huge ransom .   Charles became king in 1364 . With the help of talented advisers known as the Marmousets , his skillful management of the kingdom allowed him to replenish the royal treasury and to restore the prestige of the House of Valois . He established the first permanent army paid with regular wages , which liberated the French populace from the companies of routiers who regularly plundered the country when not employed . Led by Bertrand du Guesclin , the French Army was able to turn the tide of the Hundred Years ' War to Charles ' advantage , and by the end of Charles ' reign , they had reconquered almost all the territories ceded to the English in 1360 . Furthermore , the French Navy , led by Jean de Vienne , managed to attack the English coast for the first time since the beginning of the Hundred Years ' War .   Charles V died in 1380 . He was succeeded by his son Charles VI the Mad , whose disastrous reign allowed the English to regain control of large parts of France .

neg: Roi fainéant Roi fainéant ( -LSB- ʁwa fɛneɑ̃ -RSB- ) , literally `` do-nothing king '' and so presumably `` lazy king '' , is a French term primarily used to refer to the later kings of the Merovingian dynasty after they seemed to have lost their initial energy , from the death of Dagobert I in 639 ( or alternatively from the accession of Theuderic III in 673 ) until the deposition of Childeric III in favour of Pepin the Short in 751 .   The appellation goes back to Einhard , the biographer of Charlemagne , who described the late Merovingian kings as kings `` in nothing but in name '' ,   During the century of the rois fainéants , the Merovingian kings were increasingly dominated by their mayors of the palace , in the 6th century the office of the manager of the royal household , but in the 7th increasingly the real `` power behind the throne '' who limited the role of the king to an essentially ceremonial office .   The last Carolingian ruler , Louis V of France , was also in his turn nicknamed le Fainéant ( `` the Do-Nothing '' ) , because his effective rule was limited to the region around Laon .

neg: Aldric of Le Mans Saint Aldric ( c. 800 -- 7 January 856 ) was Bishop of Le Mans in the time of Louis the Pious .   As a youth Aldric lived in the court of Charlemagne , at Aix la Chapelle , as well as in that of Charlemagne 's son and successor Louis . Aldric was highly esteemed by both monarchs , but at the age of twenty-one he withdrew to Metz and became a priest . He was then recalled to the court by Louis , who took him as the guide of his conscience .   Nine years after his ordination , Aldric was made Bishop of Le Mans . Apart from being conspicuously virtuous , he showed a practical turn in building aqueducts and ransoming captives , as well as building new churches and restoring monasteries .   In the civil wars which followed the death of Louis , Aldric 's loyalty to Charles the Bald resulted in his expulsion from his see , and he withdrew to Rome . Gregory IV reinstated him . As an emissary of the Council of Aix la Chapelle Aldric visited Pepin I , who was then King of Aquitaine , with Erchenrad , Bishop of Paris , and persuaded Pepin to order that all the possessions of the Church which had been seized by his followers should be restored .   Aldric 's episcopate lasted for twenty-four years , and during his lifetime he took part in the Councils of Paris and Tours . He died at Le Mans on 7 January 856 and was succeeded by Robert .

neg: Monarchy of the Netherlands The monarchy of the Netherlands is constitutional and as such , the role and position of the monarch are defined and limited by the constitution of the Netherlands . Consequently , a fairly large portion of the Dutch constitution is devoted to the monarch ; roughly a third of the constitution describes the succession , mechanisms of accession and abdication to the throne , the roles and responsibilities of the monarch and the formalities of communication between the States-General of the Netherlands and the role of the monarch in the creation of laws .   The Kingdom of the Netherlands has been an independent monarchy since 16 March 1815 , but its one-time sovereign provinces have intermittently been `` governed '' by members of the House of Orange-Nassau and the House of Nassau from 1559 to 1747 , since Philip II of Spain appointed William of Orange as stadtholder . William became the leader of the Dutch Revolt and the independent Dutch Republic . As stadtholder , he was followed by several of his descendants . In 1747 , the function of stadtholder became a hereditary position in all Provinces of the thus `` crowned '' Dutch Republic . The last stadtholder was William V. His son became the first king as William I.

neg: Godescalc Evangelistary The Godescalc Evangelistary , Godescalc Sacramentary , Godescalc Gospels , or Godescalc Gospel Lectionary ( Paris , BNF . lat .1203 ) is an illuminated manuscript made by the Frankish scribe Godescalc and today kept in the Bibliothèque nationale de France . It was commissioned by the Carolingian king Charlemagne and his wife Hildegard on October 7 , 781 and completed on April 30 , 783 . The Evangelistary is the earliest known manuscript produced at the scriptorium in Charlemagne 's Court School in Aachen . The manuscript was intended to commemorate Charlemagne 's march to Italy , his meeting with Pope Adrian I , and the baptism of his son Pepin . The crediting of the work to Godescalc and the details of Charlemagne 's march are contained in the manuscript 's dedication poem .

neg: List of monarchs of Prussia The monarchs of Prussia were members of the House of Hohenzollern who were the hereditary rulers of the former German state of Prussia from its founding in 1525 as the Duchy of Prussia . The Duchy had evolved out of the Teutonic Order , a Roman Catholic crusader state and theocracy located along the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea . The Teutonic Knights were under the leadership of a Grand Master , the last of whom , Albert , converted to Protestantism and secularized the lands , which then became the Duchy of Prussia . The Duchy was initially a vassal of the Kingdom of Poland , as a result of the terms of the Prussian Homage whereby Albert was granted the Duchy as part of the terms of peace following the Prussian War . When the main line of Prussian Hohenzollerns died out in 1618 , the Duchy passed to a different branch of the family , who also reigned as Electors of Brandenburg in the Holy Roman Empire . While still nominally two different territories , Prussia under the suzerainty of Poland and Brandenburg under the suzerainty of the Holy Roman Empire , the two states are known together historiographically as Brandenburg-Prussia . Following the Second Northern War , a series of treaties freed the Duchy of Prussia from any vassalage to any other state , making it a fully sovereign Duchy in its own right . This complex situation ( where the Hohenzollern ruler of the independent Duchy of Prussia was also a subject of the Holy Roman Emperor as Elector of Brandenburg ) laid the eventual groundwork for the establishment of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1701 . For diplomatic reasons , the rulers of the state were known as the King in Prussia from 1701 to 1772 ; largely because they still owed fealty to the Emperor as Electors of Brandenburg , the `` King in Prussia '' title ( as opposed to `` King of Prussia '' ) avoided offending the Emperor . As the Prussian state grew through several wars and diplomatic moves throughout the 18th century , it became apparent that Prussia had become a Great Power that did not need to submit meekly to the Holy Roman Empire . By 1772 , the pretense was dropped , and the style `` King of Prussia '' was adopted . Thus it remained until 1871 , when in the aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War , the King of Prussia Wilhelm I was crowned German Emperor . From that point forward , though the Kingdom of Prussia retained its status as a constituent state of the German Empire , all remaining Kings of Prussia also served as German Emperor , and that title took precedence .

neg: Gallo-Roman culture This article covers the culture of Romanized areas of Gaul . For the political history of the brief `` Gallic Empire '' of the third century , see Gallic Empire .   The term Gallo-Roman describes the Romanized culture of Gaul under the rule of the Roman Empire . This was characterized by the Gaulish adoption or adaptation of Roman morals and way of life in a uniquely Gaulish context . The well-studied meld of cultures in Gaul gives historians a model against which to compare and contrast parallel developments of Romanization in other , less-studied Roman provinces .   Interpretatio romana offered Roman names for Gaulish deities such as the smith-god Gobannus , but of Celtic deities only the horse-patroness Epona penetrated Romanized cultures beyond the confines of Gaul .   The barbarian invasions beginning in the early fifth century forced upon Gallo-Roman culture fundamental changes in politics , in the economic underpinning , in military organization . The Gothic settlement of 418 offered a double loyalty , as Western Roman authority disintegrated at Rome . The plight of the highly Romanized governing class is examined by R.W. Mathisen , the struggles of bishop Hilary of Arles by M. Heinzelmann .   Into the seventh century , Gallo-Roman culture would persist particularly in the areas of Gallia Narbonensis that developed into Occitania , Cisalpine Gaul and to a lesser degree , Gallia Aquitania . The formerly Romanized north of Gaul , once it had been occupied by the Franks , would develop into Merovingian culture instead . Roman life , centered on the public events and cultural responsibilities of urban life in the res publica and the sometimes luxurious life of the self-sufficient rural villa system , took longer to collapse in the Gallo-Roman regions , where the Visigoths largely inherited the status quo in 418 . Gallo-Roman language persisted in the northeast into the Silva Carbonaria that formed an effective cultural barrier with the Franks to the north and east , and in the northwest to the lower valley of the Loire , where Gallo-Roman culture interfaced with Frankish culture in a city like Tours and in the person of that Gallo-Roman bishop confronted with Merovingian royals , Gregory of Tours . Based on mutual intelligibility , David Dalby counts seven languages descended from Gallo-Romance : Gallo-Wallon , French , Franco-Provençal ( Arpitan ) , Romansh , Ladin , Friulian , and Lombard . However , other definitions are far broader , variously encompassing the Rhaeto-Romance languages , Occitano-Romance languages , and Gallo-Italic languages .

neg: France France ( -LSB- fʁɑ̃s -RSB- ) , officially the French Republic ( -LSB- ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz -RSB- ) , is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . The European , or metropolitan , area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . France spans 643801 km2 and had a total population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017 . It is a unitary semi-presidential republic with the capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban centres include Marseille , Lyon , Lille , Nice , Toulouse and Bordeaux .   During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome , which held Gaul until 486 , when the Germanic Franks conquered the region and formed the Kingdom of France . France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , with its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337 to 1453 ) strengthening state-building and political centralisation . During the Renaissance , French culture flourished and a global colonial empire was established , which by the 20th century would be the second largest in the world . The 16th century was dominated by religious civil wars between Catholics and Protestants ( Huguenots ) . France became Europe 's dominant cultural , political , and military power under Louis XIV . In the late 18th century , the French Revolution overthrew the absolute monarchy , established one of modern history 's earliest republics , and saw the drafting of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen , which expresses the nation 's ideals to this day .   In the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire , whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe . Following the collapse of the Empire , France endured a tumultuous succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870 . France was a major participant in the First World War , from which it emerged victorious , and was one of the Allied Powers in the Second World War , but came under occupation by the Axis Powers in 1940 . Following liberation in 1944 , a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War . The Fifth Republic , led by Charles de Gaulle , was formed in 1958 and remains to this day . Algeria and nearly all the other colonies became independent in the 1960s and typically retained close economic and military connections with France .   France has long been a global centre of art , science , and philosophy . It hosts Europe 's fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually , the most of any country in the world . France is a developed country with the world 's sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity . In terms of aggregate household wealth , it ranks fourth in the world . France performs well in international rankings of education , health care , life expectancy , and human development . France remains a great power in the world , being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state . It is a leading member state of the European Union and the Eurozone . It is also a member of the Group of 7 , North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) , Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) , and La Francophonie .

neg: Duke of Aquitaine The Duke of Aquitaine ( Duc d'Aquitània , Duc d'Aquitaine , -LSB- dyk dakitɛn -RSB- ) was the ruler of the ancient region of Aquitaine ( not to be confused with modern-day Aquitaine ) under the supremacy of Frankish , English , and later French kings .   As successor states of the Visigothic Kingdom ( 418 -- 721 ) , Aquitania ( Aquitaine ) and Languedoc ( Toulouse ) inherited both Visigothic laws and Roman Law , which together allowed women more rights than their contemporaries would enjoy until the 20th century . Particularly under the Liber Judiciorum as codified 642/643 and expanded by the Code of Recceswinth in 653 , women could inherit land and title and manage it independently from their husbands or male relations , dispose of their property in legal wills if they had no heirs , represent themselves and bear witness in court from the age of 14 , and arrange for their own marriages after the age of 20 . As a consequence , male-preference primogeniture was the practiced succession law for the nobility .

neg: Palais des Papes The Palais des Papes ( English : Papal palace , lo Palais dei Papas in Occitan ) is a historical palace in Avignon , southern France , one of the largest and most important medieval Gothic buildings in Europe . Once a fortress and palace , the papal residence was the seat of Western Christianity during the 14th century . Six papal conclaves were held in the Palais , leading to the elections of Benedict XII in 1334 , Clement VI in 1342 , Innocent VI in 1352 , Urban V in 1362 , Gregory XI in 1370 and Antipope Benedict XIII in 1394 .   The Palais is actually two joined buildings : the old palais of Benedict XII , which sits on the impregnable rock of Doms , and the new palais of Clement VI , the most extravagant of the Avignon popes . Together they form the largest Gothic building of the Middle Ages , it is also one of the best examples of the International Gothic architectural style . The construction design was the work of two of France 's best architects , Pierre Peysson and Jean du Louvres and the lavish ornamentation was the work of two of the best students of the School of Siena ( Italy ) , Simone Martini and Matteo Giovanetti .   In addition , the papal library housed in the Palais ( the largest in Europe at the time with over 2,000 volumes ) , attracted a group of clerics passionate in the study of `` belle-lettres '' , amongst them the founder of Humanism , Petrarch . At the same time , composers , singers and musicians were drawn to the Great Chapel of the Palais . It was there that Clement VI appreciated the Mass of Notre-Dame of Guillaume de Machaut , there that Philippe de Vitry at the pope 's invitation presented his Ars Nova and there that Johannes Ciconia came to study .   Due to its immense size , the Palais was also the place where the general organisation of the Church began to change . It facilitated the centralisation of services and the adaption of operations in order to suit the needs of the papacy , creating a truly central administration for the Church . The manpower of the Curia ( Church administration ) , while 200 at the end of the 13th century , surpassed 300 at the beginning of the 14th century and reached 500 people in 1316 . To this were added over 1,000 lay officials working within the Palais .   Despite this , the Palais became obsolete when the papacy found it necessary to return to Rome . The hope of reuniting Latin and Orthodox Christians , along with the achievement of peace in the Papal States in Italy , made the case of returning stronger . Added to that was the strong conviction of both Urban V and Gregory XI that the seat of the papacy could only be the tomb of St Peter . Despite strong opposition from the Court of France and the College of Cardinals , both popes found the means to return to Rome , the first , on 30 April 1362 , the second on 13 September 1370 . This time , the return was absolute .   In the following centuries , the Palais lost all of its former glory , despite it serving as the seat of two anti-popes and many cardinals . It retained , however , a `` work of destruction '' aspect that French poets and writers such as Charles Forbes René de Montalembert have referred to over the centuries , with its powerful sense of beauty , simplicity , grandeur and immortality .   Since 1995 , the Palais des Papes has been classified , along with the historic center of Avignon , as a UNESCO World Heritage Site , under cultural criteria i , ii and iv .


query: Fiji is the name of a place.

pos: Fiji Fiji ( -LSB- ˈfiːdʒiː -RSB- ) ( Viti -LSB- ˈβitʃi -RSB- फ़िजी ) , officially the Republic of Fiji ( Matanitu Tugalala o Viti फ़िजी गणराज्य ) , is an island country in Melanesia in the South Pacific Ocean about 1100 nmi northeast of New Zealand 's North Island . Its closest neighbours are Vanuatu to the west , New Caledonia to the southwest , New Zealand 's Kermadec Islands to the southeast , Tonga to the east , the Samoas and France 's Wallis and Futuna to the northeast , and Tuvalu to the north .   Fiji is an archipelago of more than 330 islands , of which 110 are permanently inhabited , and more than 500 islets , amounting to a total land area of about 18300 km2 . The farthest island is Ono-i-Lau . The two major islands , Viti Levu and Vanua Levu , account for 87 % of the population of almost 860,000 . The capital , Suva on Viti Levu , serves as Fiji 's principal cruise port . About three-quarters of Fijians live on Viti Levu 's coasts , either in Suva or in smaller urban centres like Nadi ( tourism ) or Lautoka ( sugar cane industry ) . Viti Levu 's interior is sparsely inhabited due to its terrain .   Fiji has one of the most developed economies in the Pacific due to an abundance of forest , mineral , and fish resources . Today , the main sources of foreign exchange are its tourist industry and sugar exports . The country 's currency is the Fijian dollar . Fiji 's local government , in the form of city and town councils , is supervised by the Ministry of Local Government and Urban Development .   The majority of Fiji 's islands were formed through volcanic activity starting around 150 million years ago . Today , some geothermal activity still occurs on the islands of Vanua Levu and Taveuni . Fiji has been inhabited since the second millennium BC , and was settled first by Austronesians and later by Melanesians , with some Polynesian influences . Europeans visited Fiji from the 17th century , and , after a brief period as an independent kingdom , the British established the Colony of Fiji in 1874 . Fiji was a Crown colony until 1970 , when it gained independence as a Commonwealth realm . A republic was declared in 1987 , following a series of coups d'état .   In a coup in 2006 , Commodore Frank Bainimarama seized power . When the High Court ruled in 2009 that the military leadership was unlawful , President Ratu Josefa Iloilo , whom the military had retained as the nominal Head of State , formally abrogated the Constitution and reappointed Bainimarama . Later in 2009 , Iloilo was replaced as President by Ratu Epeli Nailatikau . After years of delays , a democratic election was held on 17 September 2014 . Bainimarama 's FijiFirst party won with 59.2 % of the vote , and the election was deemed credible by international observers .

pos: Fijian dollar The Fijian dollar ( currency sign : FJ$ , $ ; currency code : FJD ) has been the currency of Fiji since 1969 and was also the currency between 1867 and 1873 . It is normally abbreviated with the dollar sign $ , or alternatively FJ$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies . It is divided into 100 cents .

pos: Viti Levu Viti Levu ( pronounced -LSB- ˈβitʃi ˈleβu -RSB- ) is the largest island in the Republic of Fiji , the site of the nation 's capital , Suva , and home to a large majority of Fiji 's population .

pos: Ono-i-Lau Ono-i-Lau is a group of islands within a barrier reef system in the Fijian archipelago of Lau Islands ( ono means `` six '' in the Fijian languages ) . There are three central volcanic islands : Onolevu , Doi ( or Ndoi ) and Ndavura , the uppermost parts of the volcanic edifice rising from the Lau Ridge slightly more than 1,000 m below sea level and on which the reef and other islands are built . There are also three clusters of coral limestone islets , Yanuya ( 50 islets ) and Mana ( 46 islets ) on the barrier reef and Niuta ( 7 tiny islets ) . A sand cay , Udui , is not counted as one of the six `` islands '' .   The group forms one of the southernmost of the Lau Islands ; it is located at 20.80 ° South and 178.75 ° West , and occupies an area of 7.9 km2 . It has a maximum elevation of 113 m . It is 90 kilometers southsouthwest of Vatoa , the nearest largish island ; the only land further south in the Lau Group is in the two small Tuvana islands of coral limestone and sand .   There are four villages in the group - Nukuni and Lovoni adjacent and Matokana on Onolevu , the largest island , and Doi on Doi .

pos: Lautoka Lautoka is the second largest city of Fiji . It is in the west of the island of Viti Levu , 24 kilometres north of Nadi and port of entry in Fiji , after Suva . Lying in the heart of Fiji 's sugar cane growing region , it is known as the Sugar City . Covering an area of 16 square kilometres , it had a population of 52,220 at the 2007 census , the most recent to date .

pos: FijiFirst FijiFirst is a registered political party in Fiji . The party was formed in March 2014 by the current Prime Minister , Frank Bainimarama .

pos: Suva Suva ( -LSB- ˈsuβa -RSB- ) is the capital and second largest municipality and largest municipality with city status in Fiji . It is located on the southeast coast of the island of Viti Levu , in the Rewa Province , Central Division .   Suva is Fiji 's political and administrative capital . It is the largest and most cosmopolitan city in the southern Pacific Ocean and has become an important regional centre . Students from the Pacific region and a growing expatriate community make up a significant portion of the city 's population . According to the Authority of Local Government Act , Suva is governed and administratively looked after by the Suva City Council .   In 1877 , it was decided to make Suva the capital of Fiji , as the geography of former main European settlement at Levuka on the island of Ovalau , Lomaiviti province proved too restrictive . The administration of the colony was moved from Levuka to Suva in 1882 .   At the 2007 census , the city of Suva had a population of 85,691 . Including independent suburbs , the population of the Greater Suva urban area was 172,399 at the 2007 census . Suva , along with the bordering towns of Lami , Nasinu , and Nausori have a total urban population of around 330,000 , over a third of the nation 's population . This urban complex ( not including Lami ) is known also as the Suva -- Nausori corridor .

pos: Vanua Levu Vanua Levu ( pronounced -LSB- βaˈnua ˈleβu -RSB- ) , formerly known as Sandalwood Island , is the second largest island of Fiji . Located 64 km to the north of the larger Viti Levu , the island has an area of 5587.1 km ² and a population of 135,961 .

pos: Epeli Nailatikau Brigadier-General Ratu Epeli Nailatikau , CF , LVO , OBE , MSD , KStJ , ( born 5 July 1941 ) ( often referred to as Na Turaga Mai Naisogolaca ) is a Fijian chief who was President of Fiji from 2009 to 2015 . He has had a long career in the Military , diplomatic service , and government . From 2001 to 2006 he served as Speaker of the House of Representatives -- the lower and more powerful chamber of the Fijian Parliament . He was also the Chairman of the Parliamentary Appropriations Committee and of the House Committee . On 8 January 2007 , he was appointed the interim Minister for Foreign Affairs and External Trade ; he was moved to the post of interim Minister for Provincial Development and Multi-Ethnic Affairs in September 2008 . In October 2008 , he became Indigenous Affairs Minister `` and effectively Great Council of Chiefs chairman '' . On 17 April 2009 , he was appointed Vice-President by the Military government .   On 30 July 2009 , he became Acting President after the retirement of President Josefa Iloilo . On 5 November 2009 , he was sworn in as President of Fiji . George Konrote was elected to succeed him in October 2015 .

pos: New Zealand New Zealand -LSB- njuːˈziːlənd -RSB- ( Aotearoa -LSB- aɔˈtɛaɾɔa -RSB- ) is an island nation in the southwestern Pacific Ocean . The country geographically comprises two main landmasses -- the North Island ( or Te Ika-a-Māui ) , and the South Island ( or Te Waipounamu ) -- and around 600 smaller islands . New Zealand is situated some 1500 km east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1000 km south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia , Fiji , and Tonga . Because of its remoteness , it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans . During its long period of isolation , New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal , fungal and plant life . The country 's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks , such as the Southern Alps , owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions . New Zealand 's capital city is Wellington , while its most populous city is Auckland .   Sometime between 1250 and 1300 CE , Polynesians settled in the islands that later were named New Zealand and developed a distinctive Māori culture . In 1642 , Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand . In 1840 , representatives of Britain and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi , which declared British sovereignty over the islands . In 1841 , New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire and in 1907 it became a Dominion . Today , the majority of New Zealand 's population of 4.7 million is of European descent ; the indigenous Māori are the largest minority , followed by Asians and Pacific Islanders . Reflecting this , New Zealand 's culture is mainly derived from Māori and early British settlers , with recent broadening arising from increased immigration . The official languages are English , Māori and New Zealand Sign Language , with English predominant .   New Zealand is a developed country and ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance , such as health , education , economic freedom and quality of life . Since the 1980s , New Zealand has transformed from an agrarian , regulated economy to a market economy . Nationally , legislative authority is vested in an elected , unicameral Parliament , while executive political power is exercised by the Cabinet , led by the Prime Minister , who is currently Bill English . Queen Elizabeth II is the country 's head of state and is represented by a governor-general , currently Dame Patsy Reddy . In addition , New Zealand is organised into 11 regional councils and 67 territorial authorities for local government purposes . The Realm of New Zealand also includes Tokelau ( a dependent territory ) ; the Cook Islands and Niue ( self-governing states in free association with New Zealand ) ; and the Ross Dependency , which is New Zealand 's territorial claim in Antarctica . New Zealand is a member of the United Nations , Commonwealth of Nations , ANZUS , Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development , Pacific Islands Forum , and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation .

pos: 1997 Constitution of Fiji The 1997 Constitution of Fiji was the supreme law of Fiji from its adoption in 1997 until 2009 when President Josefa Iloilo purported to abrogate it . It was also suspended for a period following the 2000 coup d'état led by George Speight .

pos: Fijian general election, 2014 General elections were held in Fiji on 17 September 2014 , to select the 50 members of the Fijian parliament .   The incumbent Prime Minister , Frank Bainimarama , was re-elected . Prior to the election Bainimarama was an Independent but stood for the FijiFirst Party in 2014 . The Social Democratic Liberal Party and the National Federation Party both got over 5 % , the threshold for a party or independent to have seats in the parliament .   The elections were originally scheduled for March 2009 , but were not held then because politicians did not agree to the People 's Charter for Change , Peace and Progress . Between 2009 and 2014 many public announcements and requests were made and on 23 March 2014 the interim government announced the election would be held on 17 September 2014 .   The elections were to be held under the new constitution which lowered the voting age to 18 and gave the right of multiple citizenship to Fijians for the first time .

pos: 1987 Fijian coups d'état The Fiji coups of 1987 resulted in the overthrow of the elected government of Fijian Prime Minister Timoci Bavadra , the deposition of Elizabeth II as Queen of Fiji , and in the declaration of a republic . The first coup , in which Bavadra was deposed , took place on 14 May 1987 ; a second coup on 28 September ended the Fijian Monarchy , and was shortly followed by the proclamation of a republic on 7 October . Both military actions were led by Lieutenant Colonel Sitiveni Rabuka , then third in command of the Royal Fiji Military Forces . Depending on perspective , one may view the event either as two successive coups d'état separated by a four-month intermission , or as a single coup begun on 14 May and completed with the declaration of the republic .

pos: 2006 Fijian coup d'état The Fijian coup d'état of December 2006 occurred as a continuation of the pressure which had been building since the military unrest of the 2000 Fijian coup d'état and 2005 -- 06 Fijian political crisis .   Fiji had seen four definitive coups in the past two decades . At the heart of the previous three of these lay the tensions between the ethnic Fijians and Indian Fijians . Religion played a significant role ; the majority of ethnic Fijians belong to the Methodist church whereas the majority of the Indians are Hindu . In each coup , one of the sides sought to establish reduced rights for the Indian Fijians ; the other side sought to grant greater rights and equality to the Indian Fijians .   The church in Fiji frequently played a significant role in politics -- senior leaders of the Methodist Church of Fiji and Rotuma supported the coup of 2000 and the subsequent proposal to pardon those involved . Even the possibility of declaring Fiji a theocratic Christian state was proposed in the past . This has brought Josaia Voreqe `` Frank '' Bainimarama , leader of the December 2006 coup , in conflict with the Methodist church in the past .

pos: Taveuni Taveuni ( pronounced -LSB- taweuni -RSB- ) is the third-largest island in Fiji , after -LSB- -LSB- Viti Levu -RSB- , Vanua Levu , with a total land area of 434 km2 . The cigar-shaped island , a massive shield volcano which rises from the floor of the Pacific Ocean , is situated 6.5 km to the east of Vanua Levu , across the Somosomo Strait . It belongs to the Vanua Levu Group of islands and is part of Fiji 's Cakaudrove Province within the Northern Division .   The island had a population of around 19,000 , some 75 percent of them indigenous Fijians , at the 2015 census . Taveuni has abundant flora and is known as the ` Garden Island of Fiji ' . It is a popular tourist destination . Tourists are attracted to the excellent diving opportunities , prolific bird life , bushwalks and waterfalls . Central parts of the island receive very high rainfall rates . Being volcanic in origin Taveuni 's soils have supported the island 's most historically significant industry , agriculture .

neg: Fiji Independence Medal __ NOTOC __  The Fiji Independence Medal was authorised by Queen Elizabeth II on the occasion of the granting of independence to Fiji to give recognition to individuals of the Armed Forces , Police Force , Prison Service , Aerodrome Fire Service , Forest Guards who were serving on the 10 October 1970 and members of the Civil Service and other residents of Fiji who have rendered outstanding public service .

neg: Viseisei Viseisei is a village at Vuda Point on the west coast of Viti Levu island , in Ba Province of Fiji .

neg: Fijian Fijian may refer to :  Something of , from , or related to the country of Fiji  The Fijians , persons from Fiji , or of Fijian descent . For more information about the Fijian people , see :  Demographics of Fiji  Culture of Fiji  The Fijian language  Fijian cuisine

neg: Central Pacific languages The family of Central Pacific or Central Oceanic languages , also known as Fijian -- Polynesian , are a branch of the Oceanic languages .

neg: List of countries by easternmost point This is a list of countries by easternmost point on land ( dependent territories included ) . A selection of dependent territories are listed in italics and are not ranked .   The order does not always reflect the proximity of the country 's territory to the 180th meridian . In such a case there would be three both the very westernmost and the very easternmost countries or territories , Russia , Fiji , and Antarctica , as the Start Meridian passes through them on land . Instead for the number of countries , namely Russia , New Zealand , Fiji , the United States , and Kiribati , which have territory on both sides of the 180th meridian , the given easternmost point of the country is the easternmost point in the direction of travel . The United States and Kiribati have most of their territory east of the 180th meridian , in the Western Hemisphere , so they are considered to belong to the westernmost countries with their territory stretching as far to the west as beyond the 180th meridian into the Eastern Hemisphere . Conversely , Russia , New Zealand , and Fiji have most of their territory west of the 180th meridian , in the Eastern Hemisphere , so they are considered to belong to the easternmost countries with their territory stretching as far to the east as beyond the 180th meridian into the Western Hemisphere .

neg: LGBT rights in Fiji Lesbian , gay , bisexual and transgender ( LGBT ) people in Fiji may face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents . In 1997 , Fiji became the second country in the world to explicitly protect against discrimination based on sexual orientation in its Constitution . In 2009 , the Constitution was abolished . The new Constitution , promulgated in September 2013 , bans discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity or expression . However , same-sex marriage remains banned in Fiji and reports of societal discrimination and bullying are not uncommon .

neg: Fijian presidential election, 2000 A Presidential election took place in Fiji on 18 July 2000 , to replace Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara , who had resigned , possibly under pressure from the Military , during the Fiji coup of 2000 . The Great Council of Chiefs , an assembly of mostly hereditary chiefs which is constitutionally empowered to elect the President , chose the Tui Vuda ( Paramount Chief of Vuda ) , Ratu Josefa Iloilovatu Uluivuda ( commonly known simply as Ratu Josefa Iloilo ) , who had been Vice-President under Mara , to succeed him . Iloilo had already exercised Presidential duties since 13 July , when the Military had asked him to take over the office .   One of his earliest acts as President was to reappoint Laisenia Qarase , who had been chosen by the Military in July , as Prime Minister on 10 September 2000 .

neg: Fiji at the 1984 Summer Olympics Fiji competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles , United States . The nation returned to the Summer Games after participating in the American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics . Fourteen competitors , eleven men and three women , took part in twenty-two events in five sports .

neg: Yanawai River Yanawai River is a river of Vanua Levu , Fiji .

neg: Religious reaction to the Reconciliation, Tolerance, and Unity Bill Religion plays an important role in Fijian society . Indigenous Fijians are overwhelmingly Christian , predominantly Methodist but with significant Roman Catholic , Assemblies of God , Seventh-day Adventist , and other Christian minorities ; Indo-Fijians are mostly Hindu , with a large Muslim as well as a smaller Christian minority . Religious organizations and preachers have been vocal in their comments on the controversial legislation that seeks to establish a commission with the power to compensate victims and pardon perpetrators of the coup d'état which shook Fiji to its foundations in 2000 .   The Methodist Church has endorsed the bill ( with a faction dissenting ) , Hindu organizations have opposed it , as has the Roman Catholic Church and a number of other religious groups . Several religious groups have taken more nuanced positions , calling for dialogue , negotiation , and good will .

neg: Fiji Hindi Fiji Hindi or Fijian Hindi , known locally as `` Hindustani '' , is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by most Fijian citizens of Indian descent , though a small number speak other languages at home . It is an Eastern Hindi language that has been subject to considerable influence by Awadhi , Bhojpuri , Magahi and other Bihari languages . It has also borrowed a large number of words from the Fijian and English languages . A large number of words , unique to Fiji Hindi , have been created to cater for the new environment that Indo-Fijians now live in . First-generation Indians in Fiji , who used the language as a lingua franca in Fiji , referred to it as Fiji Baat , `` Fiji talk '' . It is closely related to Caribbean Hindustani and the Hindustani spoken in Mauritius and South Africa .

neg: Fiji National Rugby League The Fiji National Rugby League are the governing body for rugby league in Fiji . They are based in the capital Suva , the League has suffered financially due to member leagues not paying affiliation fees .

neg: Geography of Fiji -RSB-   Fiji is a group of volcanic islands in the South Pacific , lying about 4,450 km ( 2,775 mi ) southwest of Honolulu and 1,770 km ( 1,100 mi ) north of New Zealand . Of the 332 islands and 522 smaller islets making up the archipelago , about 106 are permanently inhabited . Viti Levu , the largest island , covers about 57 % of the nation 's land area , hosts the two official cities ( the capital Suva , and Lautoka ) and most other major towns , such as Nausori , Vaileka , Ba , Tavua , Kororvou , Nasinu , and Nadi ( the site of the international airport ) , and contains some 69 % of the population . Vanua Levu , 64 km to the north of Viti Levu , covers just over 30 % of the land area though is home to only some 15 % of the population . Its main towns are Labasa and Savusavu . In the northeast it features Natewa Bay , carving out the Loa peninsula .   Both islands are mountainous , with peaks up to 1300 m rising abruptly from the shore , and covered with tropical forests . Heavy rains ( up to 304 cm or 120 inches annually ) fall on the windward ( southeastern ) side , covering these sections of the islands with dense tropical forest . Lowlands on the western portions of each of the main islands are sheltered by the mountains and have a well-marked dry season favorable to crops such as sugarcane .   Other islands and island groups , which cover just 12.5 % of the land area and house some 16 % of the population , include Taveuni southeast off Vanua Levu and Kadavu Island , south off Viti Levu ( the third and fourth largest islands respectively ) , the Mamanuca Group ( just off Nadi ) and Yasawa Group ( to the north of the Mamanucas ) , which are popular tourist destinations , the Lomaiviti Group ( just off Suva ) with Levuka , the former capital and the only major town on any of the smaller islands , located on the island of Ovalau , and the remote Lau Group over the Koro Sea to the east near Tonga , from which it is separated by the Lakeba Passage .   Two outlying regions are Rotuma , 400 km to the north , and the uninhabited coral atoll and cay Ceva-i-Ra or Conway Reef , 450 km to the southwest of main Fiji . Culturally conservative Rotuma with its 2000 people on 44 km2 geographically belongs to Polynesia , and enjoys relative autonomy as a Fijian dependency .   Fiji Television reported on 21 September 2006 that the Fiji Islands Maritime and Safety Administration ( FIMSA ) , while reviewing its outdated maritime charts , had discovered the possibility that more islands could lie within Fiji 's Exclusive Economic Zone .   More than half of Fiji 's population lives on the island coasts , either in Suva or in smaller urban centers . The interior is sparsely populated because of its rough terrain .

neg: Vuniyaro River Vuniyaro River is a river of Vanua Levu , Fiji .

neg: Outline of Fiji The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Fiji :   Republic of Fiji -- sovereign island nation located in the South Pacific Ocean east of Vanuatu , west of Tonga and south of Tuvalu . The country occupies an archipelago of about 322 islands , of which 106 are permanently inhabited , and 522 islets . The two major islands , Viti Levu and Vanua Levu , account for 87 % of the population .

neg: Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation (Fiji) The Ministry of Foreign Affairs & International Cooperation is the ministry responsible for handling the Republic of Fiji 's external relations . The ministry 's current director is Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation , Ratu Inoke Kubuabola , who was appointed in August 2009 .   The ministry states that its objective is `` the provision of policy advice to the Government -LSB- of Fiji -RSB- regarding the formulation and implementation of its foreign policies , '' and it maintains the country 's various diplomatic missions based domestically in Suva , those attributed to Fiji in Canberra , Australia and Wellington , New Zealand , as well as those based internationally .

neg: Nasinu River Nasinu River is a river of Viti Levu , Fiji .

neg: Rotumans The Rotuman people are the indigenous inhabitants of Rotuma , a small island group forming part of the Republic of Fiji . The island itself is a cultural melting pot at the crossroads of the Micronesian , Melanesian and Polynesian divisions of the Pacific Ocean , and due to the seafaring nature of traditional Pacific cultures , the indigenous Rotuman have adopted or share many aspects of its multifaceted culture with its Melanesian , Micronesian and Polynesian neighbours .

neg: Mataika House Mataika House ( in Tamavua , Suva , Fiji ) is the building that houses , and the informal name for , what is formally now called the Fiji Centre for Communicable Disease Control ( FCCDC ) , and what used to be called the National Centre for Scientific Services for Virology and Vector Borne Diseases ( NCSSVVBD ) , a subdivision of the Fiji Ministry of Health .   For the purposes of the World Health Organization 's Global Influenza Programme ( GISN ) , the FCCDC is the National Influenza Centre designated by the government of Fiji , having been designated as such in 2004 .   Officially opened as the NCSSVVBD on 1999-12-02 by Dr Shigeru Omi , the WHO regional director for the Western Pacific , the Centre 's name was changed to the FCCDC oin 2005-02-09 .

neg: Fiji at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games Fiji 's participation in the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Cardiff , Wales marked the colony 's fourth appearance at the Games .   Fiji athletes competed only in athletics . The country sent three athletes to compete in four events . Mesulame Rakuro , in the men 's discus throw , finished 5th out of 15 with a throw of 48.01 m. Joseph `` Joe '' Tokana finished joint 20th ( out of 27 ) in the men 's high jump , with a jump of 1.85 m , and 17th ( out of 21 ) in the men 's triple jump , with a jump of 14.07 m. Viliame Bale Liga finished 5th out of 15 in the men 's javelin , with a throw of 66.9 m . The delegation contained no female athletes .   For the third time ( and the second time running ) , Fiji won no medals .