query: The United States is the second largest country by land area.

pos: United States The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. ) or America , is a constitutional federal republic composed of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions .  Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico . The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America , bordered by Canada to the east and across the Bering Strait from Russia to the west . The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean . The U.S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea . Nine time zones are covered . The geography , climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse .   At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) and with over 324 million people , the United States is the world 's third - or fourth-largest country by total area , third-largest by land area , and the third-most populous . It is one of the world 's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations , and is home to the world 's largest immigrant population . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the largest city is New York City ; nine other major metropolitan areas -- each with at least 4.5 million inhabitants and the largest having more than 13 million people -- are Los Angeles , Chicago , Dallas , Houston , Philadelphia , Miami , Atlanta , Boston , and San Francisco .   Paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies following the Seven Years ' War led to the American Revolution , which began in 1775 . On July 4 , 1776 , during the course of the American Revolutionary War , the colonies unanimously adopted the Declaration of Independence . The war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain , representing the first successful war of independence against a European power . The current constitution was adopted in 1788 , after the Articles of Confederation , adopted in 1781 , were felt to have provided inadequate federal powers . The first ten amendments , collectively named the Bill of Rights , were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties .   The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century , displacing Native American tribes , acquiring new territories , and gradually admitting new states until it spanned the continent by 1848 . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the end of legal slavery in the country . By the end of that century , the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean , and its economy , driven in large part by the Industrial Revolution , began to soar . The Spanish -- American War and confirmed the country 's status as a global military power . The United States emerged from as a global superpower , the first country to develop nuclear weapons , the only country to use them in warfare , and a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council . The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the world 's sole superpower . The U.S. is a founding member of the United Nations , World Bank , International Monetary Fund , Organization of American States ( OAS ) , and other international organizations .   The United States is a highly developed country , with the world 's largest economy by nominal GDP and second-largest economy by PPP . Though its population is only 4.3 % of the world total , Americans hold nearly 40 % of the total wealth in the world . The United States ranks among the highest in several measures of socioeconomic performance , including average wage , human development , per capita GDP , and productivity per person . While the U.S. economy is considered post-industrial , characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy , the manufacturing sector remains the second-largest in the world . Accounting for approximately a quarter of global GDP and a third of global military spending , the United States is the world 's foremost economic and military power . The United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally , and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations .

neg: Geography of Oklahoma The Geography of Oklahoma encompasses terrain and ecosystems ranging from arid plains to subtropical forests and mountains . Oklahoma contains 10 distinct ecological regions , more per square mile than in any other state by a wide margin . One of six states on the Frontier Strip , it is situated in the Great Plains and U.S. Interior Highlands region near the geographical center of the 48 contiguous states . Usually considered part of the South Central United States , Oklahoma is bounded on the east by Arkansas and Missouri , on the north by Kansas , on the northwest by Colorado , on the far west by New Mexico , and on the south and near-west by Texas .   The state has four primary mountain ranges : the Arbuckle Mountains , the Wichita Mountains , the Ozark Mountains and the Ouachita Mountains . Part of the U.S. Interior Highlands region , the Ozarks and Ouachitas form the only major highland region between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachians .   A portion of the Flint Hills stretches into north-central Oklahoma , and in the state 's southeastern corner , Cavanal Hill is officially regarded as the world 's tallest hill ; at 1,999 feet ( 609 m ) , it fails the definition of a mountain by one foot . More than 500 named creeks and rivers make up Oklahoma 's waterways , and with 200 lakes created by dams , it holds the highest number of reservoirs in the nation .  Oklahoma covers an area of 69,898 sqmi , with 68,667 sqmi of land and 1,231 sqmi of water , making it the 20th-largest state in the United States . Generally , it is divided into seven geographical regions : Green Country , or Northeast Oklahoma , Southeastern Oklahoma , Central Oklahoma , South Central Oklahoma , Southwest Oklahoma , Northwest Oklahoma , and the Oklahoma Panhandle .

neg: National Landscape Conservation System The National Landscape Conservation System ( now known as the National Conservation Lands ) is a 35 e6acre collection of lands in 873 federally recognized areas considered to be the crown jewels of the American West . These lands represent 10 % of the 258 e6acre managed by the Bureau of Land Management ( BLM ) . The BLM is the largest federal public land manager and is responsible for over 40 % of all the federal public land in the nation . The other major federal public land managers include the US Forest Service ( USFS ) , National Park Service ( NPS ) , and the US Fish and Wildlife Service ( USFWS ) .   Over the years , the Bureau of Land Management has had to adjust its approach to public land management to fit the changing needs of the nation . The BLM historically has managed lands under its jurisdiction for extractive uses , such as mining , logging , grazing , and oil and gas production . In 1983 , Congress acknowledged the value of watersheds , wildlife habitat , recreation , scenery , scientific exploration and other non-extractive uses with the designation of the first BLM-managed wilderness area -- the Bear Trap Canyon unit of the Lee Metcalf Wilderness in Montana . In 1996 , President Clinton underscored non-extractive priorities on BLM lands when he established the first national monument to be administered by the BLM -- the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument in southern Utah . With this and several similar designations , a new focus emerged that would become part of how the agency looks at the land it manages : the protection of special areas where conservation and restoration of the landscape and its biological or cultural resources is the overriding objective .   The Bureau of Land Management 's National Landscape Conservation System , better known as the National Conservation Lands , was created in 2000 with the mission to `` conserve , protect , and restore these nationally significant landscapes that have outstanding cultural , ecological , and scientific values for the benefit of current and future generations . ''   There are ten different federal conservation designations for the units that make up the National Conservation Lands :   National Monument  National Conservation Area  Wilderness Area  Wilderness Study Area  National Wild and Scenic River  National Scenic Trail  National Historic Trail  Cooperative Management and Protection Area  Forest Reserve  Outstanding Natural Area   The Conservation System was created in 2000 , but without Congressional authorization , there was no guarantee that the System would be permanent . The National Landscape Conservation System Act was signed into law in March 2009 . The Act permanently unified the individual units as a public lands System , protecting the System in law so that it would no longer exist at the pleasure of each president . This marked the first new congressionally authorized public lands system in decades .   The Conservation System act was included in the Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009 , which also added 1200000 acre of new designations to the System , including a National Monument , three National Conservation Areas , Wilderness , Wild and Scenic Rivers and National Scenic Trails .

neg: Superstate A superstate is defined as `` a large and powerful State formed when several smaller countries unite '' , `` A large and powerful state formed from a federation or union of nations '' .  This is distinct from the concept of superpower , although these are frequently seen together . It is also distinct from the concept of empire , where one nation dominates other nations through military , political , and economic power , although an empire may also be a superstate .   In the early 20th century , `` superstate '' had a similar definition as today 's supranational organisations . In a 1927 article by Edward A. Harriman on the League of Nations , a superstate was defined as merely `` an organisation , of which a state is a member , which is superior to the member themselves '' , in that '' -LSB- a -RSB- complete superstate has legislative , executive and judicial organs to make , to execute and to interpret its laws '' . According to this definition , Harriman saw the League of Nations as a `` rudimentary superstate '' , and the United States as `` an example of a complete and perfect superstate '' .   In World Order of Bahá ` u 'll áh , first published in 1938 , Shoghi Effendi , the Guardian of the Bahá ' í Faith , described the anticipated world government of that religion as the `` world 's future super-state '' with the Bahá ' í Faith as the `` State Religion of an independent and Sovereign Power . ''   In the 1970s , academic literature used the term `` superstate '' to indicate a particularly rich and powerful state , in a similar fashion to the term superpower .   In contemporary political debate , especially the one centred on the European Union , the term `` superstate '' is used to indicate a ( usually deemed unwelcome ) development in which the Union takes over the character of a State ( including the monopoly on violence ) thus abolishing the sovereignty and independence of its member states .  For instance , Glyn Morgan opposes the perspective of a `` European superstate '' to the ones of `` a Europe of nation-states '' and of `` a post-sovereign European polity '' . In her definition , a `` European superstate is nothing more than a sovereign state - a tried and tested type of polity that predominates in the modern world - operating on a European wide scale '' , i.e. , `` a unitary European state ''   The term was famously used by Margaret Thatcher in her 1988 Bruges speech , when she decried the perspective of `` a European super-state exercising a new dominance from Brussels '' , and has since entered the eurosceptic lexicon .  Tony Blair argued in 2000 that he welcomed an EU as a `` superpower , not a superstate ''

neg: List of people by number of countries visited This is a list of people by number of countries and territories visited .   There are a number of people claiming to have visited every country in the world , though there is great debate as to how many countries there are in the world . The most commonly agreed base number is the number of United Nations member states , of which there are 193 . According to the United Nations , `` The recognition of a new State or Government is an act that only other States and Governments may grant or withhold . '' As a result , the membership of some countries to the United Nations is blocked by one or more other members , such as Taiwan and Kosovo , and there are also two observer states , the Holy See and the State of Palestine . Additionally , there are various dependencies and territories that maintain autonomy , their own government , immigration , and/or print their own currency , and can be widely held as de facto countries by travellers . ISO 3166 is maintained by ISO as an updated list of the aforementioned derived from United Nations sources ( Terminology Bulletin Country Names and the Country and Region Codes for Statistical Use maintained by the United Nations Statistics Divisions ) , and lists 249 countries . The Travelers ' Century Club , whose membership is limited to those travellers who have visited one hundred or more territories of the world , maintains its own official list of countries and territories , a total of 325 as of 1 January 2016 , which includes geographically separated areas , such as Hawaii and other areas of cultural interest . This list of people by countries visited does not prescribe one list as correct ; rather , it lists the number of countries visited from any of these competing lists . The Best Travelled is also considered a reference for the 1281 world regions and well travelled people , and hold a verification process to check on traveller 's claims . Their UN Master List regroups all those travellers .

neg: List of metropolitan areas in the Americas This is a list of the fifty most populous metropolitan areas in the Americas as of 2015 , the most recent year for which official census results , estimates or projections are available for every major metropolitan area in the Americas . Where available , it uses official definitions of metropolitan areas based on the concept of a single urban core and its immediate surroundings , as opposed to polycentric conurbations . Figures refer to mid-2015 populations except in the case of Mexican metropolitan areas , whose figures derive from the 2015 Intercensal Survey conducted by INEGI with a reference date of 15 March 2015 .

neg: Geology of North America The geology of North America is a subject of regional geology and covers the North American continent , third-largest in the world . Geologic units and processes are investigated on a large scale to reach a synthesized picture of the geological development of the continent .   The divisions of regional geology are drawn in different ways , but are usually outlined by a common geologic history , geographic vicinity or political boundaries . The regional geology of North America usually encompasses the geographic regions of Alaska , Canada , Greenland , the continental United States , Mexico , Central America , and the Caribbean . The parts of the North American Plate that are not occupied by North American countries are usually not discussed as part of the regional geology . The regions that are not geographically North American but reside on the North American Plate include parts of Siberia ( see the Geology of Russia ) , and Iceland , and Bermuda . A discussion of North American geology can also include other continental plates including the Cocos and Juan de Fuca plates being subducted beneath western North America . A portion of the Pacific Plate underlies Baja California and part of California west of the San Andreas Fault .

neg: List of countries by easternmost point This is a list of countries by easternmost point on land ( dependent territories included ) . A selection of dependent territories are listed in italics and are not ranked .   The order does not always reflect the proximity of the country 's territory to the 180th meridian . In such a case there would be three both the very westernmost and the very easternmost countries or territories , Russia , Fiji , and Antarctica , as the Start Meridian passes through them on land . Instead for the number of countries , namely Russia , New Zealand , Fiji , the United States , and Kiribati , which have territory on both sides of the 180th meridian , the given easternmost point of the country is the easternmost point in the direction of travel . The United States and Kiribati have most of their territory east of the 180th meridian , in the Western Hemisphere , so they are considered to belong to the westernmost countries with their territory stretching as far to the west as beyond the 180th meridian into the Eastern Hemisphere . Conversely , Russia , New Zealand , and Fiji have most of their territory west of the 180th meridian , in the Eastern Hemisphere , so they are considered to belong to the easternmost countries with their territory stretching as far to the east as beyond the 180th meridian into the Western Hemisphere .

neg: Illinois Illinois ( -LSB- ɪlᵻˈnɔɪ -RSB- ) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States , achieving statehood in 1818 . It is the 6th-most populous state and 25th-largest state in terms of land area , and is noted as a microcosm of the entire country . The word `` Illinois '' comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word . With Chicago in the northeast , small industrial cities and great agricultural productivity in central and northern Illinois , and natural resources like coal , timber , and petroleum in the south , Illinois has a diverse economic base and is a major transportation hub . The Port of Chicago connects the state to other global ports from the Great Lakes , via the Saint Lawrence Seaway , to the Atlantic Ocean , as well as the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River , via the Illinois Waterway . For decades , O'Hare International Airport has been ranked as one of the world 's busiest airports . Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics .   Although today the state 's largest population center is around Chicago in the northern part of the state , the state 's European population grew first in the west , with French Canadian colonists who settled along the Mississippi River in the 17th and 18th century , and gave the area the name , `` Pays des Illinois '' or Illinois Country a region that was known as part of New France . After the American Revolutionary War established the United States , American settlers began arriving crossing the Appalachians barrier range in the 1810s via the gaps of the Allegheny to boat building centers in Pittsburgh , from Cumberland , Maryland via the Cumberland Narrows pass to outfit in Brownsville , Pennsylvania , from North Carolina and Virginia via the Cumberland Gap to Kentucky and Tennessee , all on the Ohio River .   With the War of 1812 , the growth of Illinois slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier . After the war 's end , the federal government re-established forts such as Fort Dearborn ( in 1816 -- now the site is within Chicago ) and army patrols west of the Mississippi diminished the threat from Amerindian raids , so settlers were able to move into all of Illinois from the eastern and southern emigrant trails .   Mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration -- by the 1810s , the Eastern U.S. had exhausted most timber stands close to the established cities creating a hard felt first energy crisis by the late-1790s , and after 1818 , the industrial revolution was being fueled by new canals such as the Lehigh Canal feeding the furnaces of the rapidly industrializing east coast . Also in 1818 , Illinois achieved statehood and its growth , as yet untroubled by the speed of as yet unrefined railway technology , would be fueled by the new religion of industrialized forward thinking .   After construction of the Erie Canal with increasing traffic and trade through the Great Lakes , Chicago was founded in the 1830s on the banks of the Chicago River , at one of the few natural harbors on southern Lake Michigan . John Deere 's invention of the self-scouring steel plow turned Illinois ' rich prairie into some of the world 's most productive and valuable farmlands , attracting new immigrant farmers from Germany and Sweden . Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s , and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois , as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets . Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other mid-western states from the tyranny of water transport ; no longer was a location near a river or canal a need to ship bulk goods .   By 1900 , the growth of industrial jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants , from Eastern and Southern Europe . Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars . The Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago , who created the city 's famous jazz and blues cultures .   Three U.S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois : Abraham Lincoln , Ulysses S. Grant , and most recently Barack Obama . Additionally , Ronald Reagan , whose political career was based in California , was the only U.S. president born and raised in Illinois . Today , Illinois honors Lincoln with its official state nickname `` The Land of Lincoln , '' which has been displayed on its license plates since 1954 . The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the state capital of Springfield , and the Barack Obama Presidential Center will be completed in Chicago by 2020 .

neg: Krasnoyarsk Krai Krasnoyarsk Krai ( -LSB- Красноя́рский край , r = Krasnoyarsky kray , p = krəsnɐˈjarskʲɪj ˈkraj -RSB- ) is a federal subject of Russia ( a krai ) , with its administrative center in the city of Krasnoyarsk -- the third-largest city in Siberia ( after Novosibirsk and Omsk ) . Krasnoyarsk Krai is the largest krai in the Russian Federation , the second largest federal subject ( after the Sakha Republic ) , and the third largest subnational governing body by area in the world , after Sakha Republic and the Australian state of Western Australia . The krai covers an area of 2339700 km2 , which is nearly one quarter the size of the entire country of Canada ( the next-largest country in the world after Russia ) , constituting roughly 13 % of the Russian Federation 's total area and containing a population of 2,828,187 , or just under 2 % of its population . ( 2010 Census ) .

neg: United States Congress The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States consisting of two chambers : the Senate and the House of Representatives . The Congress meets in the Capitol in Washington , D.C. Both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election , though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a gubernatorial appointment . Members are usually affiliated to the Republican Party or to the Democratic Party , and only rarely to a third party or as independents . Congress has 535 voting members : 435 Representatives and 100 Senators . The House of Representatives has six non-voting members in addition to its 435 voting members . These members can , however , sit on congressional committees and introduce legislation . These members represent Washington , D.C. , Puerto Rico , American Samoa , Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands and the U.S. Virgin Islands .   The members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms representing the people of a single constituency , known as a `` district '' . Congressional districts are apportioned to states by population using the United States Census results , provided that each state has at least one congressional representative . Each state , regardless of population or size , has two senators . Currently , there are 100 senators representing the 50 states . Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a six-year term , with terms staggered , so every two years approximately one-third of the Senate is up for election .

neg: Demographics of Texas Texas is the second most populous U.S. state , with an estimated 2017 population of 28.449 million . In recent decades , it has experienced strong population growth . Texas has many major cities and metropolitan areas , along with many towns and rural areas . Much of the population is in the major cities of Houston , San Antonio , Dallas , Fort Worth , Austin , and El Paso .

neg: District of Columbia statistical areas The statistical areas of the United States of America comprise the metropolitan statistical areas ( MSAs ) , the micropolitan statistical areas ( μSAs ) , and the combined statistical areas ( CSAs ) currently defined by the United States Office of Management and Budget ( OMB ) .   Most recently on December 1 , 2009 , the Office of Management and Budget defined 1067 statistical areas for the United States , including a combined statistical area and a metropolitan statistical area in the District of Columbia . The district has no counties or other legal subdivisions . The table below shows the recent population of these statistical areas .  thumb | 578px | An enlargeable map of the Washington-Baltimore-Northern Virginia , DC-MD-VA-WV Combined Statistical Area  __ TOC __

neg: Provinces and territories of Canada Canada 's geography is divided into administrative divisions known as provinces and territories that are responsible for delivery of sub-national governance . When Canada was formed in 1867 , three provinces of British North America -- New Brunswick , Nova Scotia and the Province of Canada ( which , on the formation of Canada , was divided into Ontario and Quebec ) -- were united to form a federated colony , which eventually became a sovereign nation in the next century . Over its history , Canada 's international borders have changed several times , and the country has grown from the original four provinces to the current ten provinces and three territories . The ten provinces are Alberta , British Columbia , Manitoba , New Brunswick , Newfoundland and Labrador , Nova Scotia , Ontario , Prince Edward Island , Quebec , and Saskatchewan . Several of the provinces were former British colonies , and Quebec was originally a French colony , while others were added as Canada grew . The three territories are Northwest Territories , Nunavut , and Yukon , which govern the rest of the area of the former British North America . Together , the provinces and territories make up the world 's second-largest country by area .   The major difference between a Canadian province and a territory is that provinces receive their power and authority from the Constitution Act , 1867 ( formerly called the British North America Act , 1867 ) , whereas territorial governments have powers delegated to them by the Parliament of Canada . The powers flowing from the Constitution Act are divided between the federal government and the provincial governments to exercise exclusively . A change to the division of powers between the federal government and the provinces requires a constitutional amendment , whereas a similar change affecting the territories can be performed unilaterally by the Parliament of Canada or government .   In modern Canadian constitutional theory , the provinces are considered to be co-sovereign divisions and each province has its own `` Crown '' represented by the lieutenant governor . The territories are not sovereign , but simply part of the federal realm , and have a commissioner who represents the federal government .   __ TOC __

neg: History of the United States The date of the start of the history of the United States is a subject of debate among historians . Older textbooks start with the arrival of Christopher Columbus on October 12 , 1492 and emphasize the European background of the colonization of the Americas , or they start around 1600 and emphasize the American frontier . In recent decades American schools and universities typically have shifted back in time to include more on the colonial period and much more on the prehistory of the Native Americans .   Indigenous people lived in what is now the United States for thousands of years before European colonists began to arrive , mostly from England , after 1600 . The Spanish built small settlements in Florida and the Southwest , and the French along the Mississippi River and the Gulf Coast . By the 1770s , thirteen British colonies contained two and a half million people along the Atlantic coast east of the Appalachian Mountains . After the end of the French and Indian Wars in the 1760s , the British government imposed a series of new taxes , rejecting the colonists ' argument that any new taxes had to be approved by them ( see Stamp Act 1765 ) . Tax resistance , especially the Boston Tea Party ( 1773 ) , led to punitive laws ( the Intolerable Acts ) by Parliament designed to end self-government in Massachusetts . American Patriots ( as they called themselves ) adhered to a political ideology called republicanism that emphasized civic duty , virtue , and opposition to corruption , fancy luxuries and aristocracy .   Armed conflict began in 1775 as Patriots drove the royal officials out of every colony and assembled in mass meetings and conventions . In 1776 , the Second Continental Congress declared that there was a new , independent nation , the United States of America , not just a collection of disparate colonies . With large-scale military and financial support from France and the military leadership of General George Washington , the American Patriots won the Revolutionary War . The peace treaty of 1783 gave the new nation the land east of the Mississippi River ( except Florida and Canada ) . The central government established by the Articles of Confederation proved ineffectual at providing stability , as it had no authority to collect taxes and had no executive officer . Congress called a convention to meet secretly in Philadelphia in 1787 . It wrote a new Constitution , which was adopted in 1789 . In 1791 , a Bill of Rights was added to guarantee inalienable rights . With Washington as the first president and Alexander Hamilton his chief political and financial adviser , a strong central government was created . When Thomas Jefferson became president he purchased the Louisiana Territory from France , doubling the size of the United States . A second and final war with Britain was fought in 1812 .   Encouraged by the notion of Manifest Destiny , federal territory expanded all the way to the Pacific . The U.S. always was large in terms of area , but its population was small , only 4 million in 1790 . Population growth was rapid , reaching 7.2 million in 1810 , 32 million in 1860 , 76 million in 1900 , 132 million in 1940 , and 321 million in 2015 . Economic growth in terms of overall GDP was even faster . However , compared to European powers , the nation 's military strength was relatively limited in peacetime before 1940 . The expansion was driven by a quest for inexpensive land for yeoman farmers and slave owners . The expansion of slavery was increasingly controversial and fueled political and constitutional battles , which were resolved by compromises . Slavery was abolished in all states north of the Mason -- Dixon line by 1804 , but the South continued to profit off the institution , producing high-value cotton exports to feed increasing high demand in Europe . The 1860 presidential election of Republican Abraham Lincoln was on a platform of ending the expansion of slavery and putting it on a path to extinction .   Seven cotton-based deep South slave states seceded and later founded the Confederacy four months before Lincoln 's inauguration . No nation ever recognized the Confederacy , but it opened the war by attacking Fort Sumter in 1861 . A surge of nationalist outrage in the North fueled a long , intense American Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) . It was fought largely in the South as the overwhelming material and manpower advantages of the North proved decisive in a long war . The war 's result was restoration of the Union , the impoverishment of the South , and the abolition of slavery . In the Reconstruction era ( 1863 -- 1877 ) , legal and voting rights were extended to the freed slave . The national government emerged much stronger , and because of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868 , it gained the explicit duty to protect individual rights . However , when white Democrats regained their power in the South during the 1870s , often by paramilitary suppression of voting , they passed Jim Crow laws to maintain white supremacy , and new disfranchising constitutions that prevented most African Americans and many poor whites from voting , a situation that continued for decades until gains of the civil rights movement in the 1960s and passage of federal legislation to enforce constitutional rights .   The United States became the world 's leading industrial power at the turn of the 20th century due to an outburst of entrepreneurship in the Northeast and Midwest and the arrival of millions of immigrant workers and farmers from Europe . The national railroad network was completed with the work of Chinese immigrants and large-scale mining and factories industrialized the Northeast and Midwest . Mass dissatisfaction with corruption , inefficiency and traditional politics stimulated the Progressive movement , from the 1890s to 1920s , which led to many social and political reforms . In 1920 , the 19th Amendment to the Constitution guaranteed women 's suffrage ( right to vote ) . This followed the 16th and 17th amendments in 1913 , which established the first national income tax and direct election of US senators to Congress . Initially neutral during World War I , the US declared war on Germany in 1917 and later funded the Allied victory the following year .   After a prosperous decade in the 1920s , the Wall Street Crash of 1929 marked the onset of the decade-long worldwide Great Depression . Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt ended the Republican dominance of the White House and implemented his New Deal programs for relief , recovery , and reform . The New Deal , which defined modern American liberalism , included relief for the unemployed , support for farmers , Social Security and a minimum wage . After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7 , 1941 , the United States entered World War II along with Britain , the Soviet Union , China , and the smaller number of Allied nations . The U.S. financed the Allied war effort and helped defeat Nazi Germany in the European theater . Its involvement culminated in using the newly invented nuclear weapons on Japanese cities that helped defeat Imperial Japan in the Pacific theater .   The United States and the Soviet Union emerged as rival superpowers after World War II . During the Cold War , the US and the USSR confronted each other indirectly in the arms race , the Space Race , proxy wars , and propaganda campaigns . US foreign policy during the Cold War was built around the support of Western Europe and Japan along with the policy of containment , stopping the spread of communism . The US joined the wars in Korea and Vietnam to try to stop its spread . In the 1960s , in large part due to the strength of the civil rights movement , another wave of social reforms were enacted by enforcing the constitutional rights of voting and freedom of movement to African-Americans and other racial minorities . Native American activism also rose . The Cold War ended when the Soviet Union officially dissolved in 1991 , leaving the United States as the world 's only superpower .   After the Cold War , the United States focused on international conflicts around the Middle East in response to the Gulf War in the early 1990s . The beginning of the 21st century saw the September 11 attacks by Al-Qaeda in 2001 , which would later followed by the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan . In 2008 , the United States had its worst economic crisis since the Great Depression , which has been followed by slower than usual rates of economic growth during the 2010s .

neg: List of United States national lakeshores and seashores The United States has ten protected areas known as national seashores and four known as national lakeshores , which are operated by the National Park Service , an agency of the Department of the Interior . National seashores and lakeshores must be established by an act of the United States Congress . National seashores and lakeshores are coastal areas federally designated as being of natural and recreational significance as a preserved area . The first national seashore , Cape Hatteras , was established in 1953 , and the first national lakeshore , Pictured Rocks , was established in 1966 . The newest national lakeshore or seashore is Canaveral , established in 1975 . All of the national lakeshores are on Lakes Michigan and Superior , and nine of the ten national seashores are on the Atlantic Ocean , including two on the Gulf of Mexico .   National seashores are located in ten states and national lakeshores are in three other states . Florida , North Carolina , and Michigan each have two . Point Reyes is the only national seashore on the Pacific coast . The largest national seashore or lakeshore is Gulf Islands , at over 137000 acre ; the smallest is Indiana Dunes , at 15000 acre . The total areas protected by national seashores and lakeshores are approximately 595000 acre and 229000 acre , respectively .

neg: Consolidated city-county In United States local government , a consolidated city-county is a city and county that have been merged into one unified jurisdiction . As such it is simultaneously a city , which is a municipal corporation , and a county , which is an administrative division of a state . It has the powers and responsibilities of both types of entities .   A consolidated city-county is different from an independent city , although the latter may result from consolidation of a city and a county and may also have the same powers as a consolidated city-county . An independent city is a city not deemed by its state to be located within the boundary of any county and recognized by its state as a legal territorial entity separate from surrounding or adjoining counties . A consolidated city-county differs from an independent city in that the city and county both nominally exist , although they have a consolidated government , whereas in an independent city , the county does not even nominally exist .   Not considering Hawaii , which has no independent cities , the Midwest and Upper South have the highest concentration of large consolidated city-county governments in the United States , including Indianapolis , Indiana ; Nashville , Tennessee ; Jacksonville , Florida ; Louisville , Kentucky ; Kansas City , Kansas ; and Lexington , Kentucky . Currently , the largest consolidated city-county in the United States by population is Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , while the largest by land-area is Sitka , Alaska .

neg: South Dakota South Dakota ( -LSB- saʊθ_dəˈkoʊtə -RSB- -LSB- -LSB- ˌsɑʊθ dəˈko̞ɾə -RSB- -RSB- ) is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States . It is named after the Lakota and Dakota Sioux Native American tribes , who compose a significant portion of the population and historically dominated the entire territory . South Dakota is the 17th most expansive , but the 5th least populous and the 5th least densely populated of the 50 United States . Once the southern portion of the Dakota Territory , South Dakota became a state on November 2 , 1889 , simultaneously with North Dakota . Pierre is the state capital and Sioux Falls , with a population of about 171,000 , is South Dakota 's largest city .   South Dakota is bordered by the states of North Dakota ( on the north ) , Minnesota ( to the east ) , Iowa ( to the southeast ) , Nebraska ( on the south ) , Wyoming ( on the west ) , and Montana ( to the northwest ) . The state is bisected by the Missouri River , dividing South Dakota into two geographically and socially distinct halves , known to residents as `` East River '' and `` West River '' . Eastern South Dakota is home to most of the state 's population , and fertile soil in this area is used to grow a variety of crops . West of the Missouri , ranching is the predominant agricultural activity , and the economy is more dependent on tourism and defense spending . Most of the Native American reservations are located in West River . The Black Hills , a group of low pine-covered mountains sacred to the Sioux , are located in the southwest part of the state . Mount Rushmore , a major tourist destination , is located there . South Dakota experiences a temperate continental climate , with four distinct seasons and precipitation ranging from moderate in the east to semi-arid in the west . The ecology of the state features species typical of a North American grassland biome .   Humans have inhabited the area for several millennia , with the Sioux becoming dominant by the early 19th century . In the late 19th century , European-American settlement intensified after a gold rush in the Black Hills and the construction of railroads from the east . Encroaching miners and settlers triggered a number of Indian wars , ending with the Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890 . Key events in the 20th century included the Dust Bowl and Great Depression , increased federal spending during the 1940s and 50s for agriculture and defense , and an industrialization of agriculture that has much reduced family farming .   While several Democratic senators have represented South Dakota for multiple terms at the federal level , the state government is largely controlled by the Republican Party , whose nominees have carried South Dakota in each of the last 13 presidential elections . Historically dominated by an agricultural economy and a rural lifestyle , South Dakota has recently sought to diversify its economy in areas to attract and retain residents . South Dakota 's history and rural character still strongly influence the culture of the state .

neg: Census division Census division is an official term in Canada and the United States . The census divisions of Canada are second-level census geographic unit , below provinces and territories , and above `` census subdivisions '' and `` dissemination areas '' . In provinces where they exist , the census division may correspond to a county , a regional municipality or a regional district .   In the United States , the Census Bureau divides the country into four census regions and nine census divisions . The bureau also divides counties ( or county equivalents ) into either census county divisions or minor civil division , depending on the state . The American state of Alaska does not include counties , instead being divided into 19 boroughs and 10 census divisions .

neg: List of geographic centers of the United States This is a list of geographic centers of each U.S. state . Note that the geographic center of the entire U.S. is northeast of Belle Fourche in Butte County , South Dakota , while that of the contiguous 48 is near Lebanon in Smith County , Kansas . The geographic center of North America lies near Rugby , North Dakota , though this designation has no official status .

neg: Geographic center of the contiguous United States The geographic center of the contiguous United States is the center of 48 U.S. states . It has been regarded as such by the U.S. National Geodetic Survey ( NGS ) since the 1912 additions of New Mexico and Arizona to the United States .


query: Cracks stars only Rob Schneider.

pos: Cracks (film) Cracks is a 2009 independent drama psychological thriller film starring Eva Green , James McGovern , Juno Temple , María Valverde , and Imogen Poots , which was released theatrically in the UK and Ireland on 4 December 2009 . In the United States it was released by IFC Films on 18 March 2011 , and premiered on Showtime in late 2011 .   The film was produced in May 2008 , written for the screen by Caroline Ip , Ben Court and Jordan Scott , based on the 1999 novel written by Sheila Kohler , directed by Jordan Scott and produced by Kwesi Dickson , Andrew Lowe , Julie Payne , Rosalie Swedlin and Christine Vachon . Ridley and Tony Scott serve as executive producers . The film was mostly filmed in County Wicklow , Ireland .

neg: Streets of Death Streets of Death is a 1987 American film . Tommy Kirk had retired from acting when the film was made but the producer made him an offer `` that was hard to refuse . '' He was the only professional actor in the cast .  The film had some problems ... . I played a cop who has been kicked off the force because he was a drunk and had accidentally killed somebody . But he wanted to be back on the force , to be a cop again , so he goes off on his own and tries to solve this string of serial killings in the Los Angeles suburbs ... That picture was a good example of a case of good intentions .

neg: Spy Hard Spy Hard is a 1996 American spy comedy film parody starring Leslie Nielsen and Nicollette Sheridan , parodying James Bond films and other action films . The introduction to the movie is sung by comedy artist `` Weird Al '' Yankovic . It is the first film to be written by Jason Friedberg and Aaron Seltzer . The film 's title is a pun of Die Hard . The film is directed by Rick Friedberg and produced by Doug Draizin and Jeffery Knovitz .   The film was released by Buena Vista Pictures on May 24 , 1996 , receiving generally negative reviews from critics . While many praised Nielsen 's acting and its humor , most found the script , story and its direction lame . The film eventually grossed $ 26 million against a production budget of $ 18 million , making it a relative success .

neg: The Comedian (2016 film) The Comedian is a 2016 American comedy-drama film directed by Taylor Hackford and written by Lewis Friedman , Richard LaGravenese , Art Linson , and Jeff Ross . The film stars Robert De Niro , Leslie Mann , Danny DeVito , Edie Falco , Veronica Ferres , Charles Grodin , Cloris Leachman , Patti LuPone and Harvey Keitel .   The film had its world premiere at the AFI Fest on November 11 , 2016 and was released on December 9 , 2016 , by Sony Pictures Classics . The film opened to negative reviews from critics .

neg: Rollercoaster (1977 film) Rollercoaster is a 1977 American disaster-suspense film starring George Segal , Richard Widmark , Henry Fonda and Timothy Bottoms , and directed by James Goldstone . It was one of the few films to be shown in Sensurround , which caused audience seats to vibrate during certain periods during the `` thrill scenes '' on the rides .

neg: Just a Little Harmless Sex Just a Little Harmless Sex is a 1999 romantic comedy film which revolves around the offer of oral sex by a stranded motorist ( and prostitute ) to a monogamous man who stops to help her . Arrested by a passing police officer , the unlikely good Samaritan must telephone his wife to bail him out in the middle of the night . A few days later , she throws him out of the house and goes out with her friends to enjoy a sexy night on the town . The denouement takes place when all the parties meet at a local nightclub for explanations and apologies . The film was directed by Rick Rosenthal , and stars Alison Eastwood , Rachel Hunter , and Lauren Hutton .   The film received generally poor reviews from critics , with a Rotten Tomatoes rating of 20 % derived from five professional reviews . Writing for The New York Times , Lawrence Van Gelder compared the film to a TV sitcom , and said the movie was `` well cast , well acted and thoroughly inconsequential '' . Writing for Variety , Lael Loewenstein said `` what saves -LSB- the film -RSB- from being utterly predictable is its zesty dialogue '' .

neg: John Schneider (stage actor) John Schneider is an actor , theatre director , playwright , and musician based in Milwaukee , Wisconsin .   He was one of the founding members of Theatre X , has appeared in hundreds of the group 's productions since 1969 , and was its Artistic Director and resident playwright until the group disbanded in 2004 . His plays , produced by Theatre X and other companies around the world , include Acts of Kindness , An Interest in Strangers , and numerous literary adaptations .   Since 1988 , Schneider has also performed as a cabaret singer , tap dancer , and leader of the John Schneider Orchestra , a touring jazz/swing group . He has also appeared on film , as a narrator in Wisconsin Death Trip .

neg: Seinfeld: A XXX Parody Seinfeld : A XXX Parody is a 2009 American pornographic situation comedy film that parodies the American television sitcom Seinfeld which ran from 1989 until 1998 . Like other porn parodies , it has the same characters , settings and other production elements of the original show but adds an explicitly sexual element that was not present in the series . Written by A.J. Slater and directed by Lee Roy Myers , the plot is based on the episode `` The Soup Nazi '' . The film stars James Deen , Kristina Rose , Eric John , Steve Pomerantz , Evan Stone , Ashlynn Brooke , London Keyes , Natalie Horton , Tony Disergio , Sasha Grey , Sadie West and Cassandra Calogera . Released to DVD on June 29 , 2009 , the movie received positive reviews from critics , who enjoyed the acting , casting , sexual content and comedy . In addition to the positive reception , it also earned ten nominations at the 27th AVN Awards .

neg: Jack Dishel Jack Dishel ( born Yevgeny Leonidovich Dishel ) is an American musician , actor , writer , comic and producer . Born in the Soviet Union , he grew up in the US from the age of three . He releases and performs music under the band name Only Son and was previously the lead guitarist for The Moldy Peaches .   On December 17 , 2015 , Dishel launched his new web series , '' : DRYVRS '' starring Macaulay Culkin , which amassed over 6 million views on its first day of release and within its first week online had been viewed more than 20 million times .

neg: Confidence and Paranoia `` Confidence and Paranoia '' is the fifth episode from series one of the science fiction sitcom Red Dwarf . It was first broadcast on the British television channel BBC2 on 14 March 1988 . The plot involves Lister 's mutated pneumonia which manifests solid hallucinations .   Written by Rob Grant and Doug Naylor , and directed by Ed Bye , the episode was originally going to be broadcast as the series cliffhanger but was moved down in the broadcast schedule with a new series finale taking its place . Considered to be one of the weaker efforts from the first series , the episode was re-mastered , along with the rest of the first three series , in 1998 , to bring the episode up to a standard suitable for international broadcast .

neg: List of Nostalgia Critic episodes Nostalgia Critic is a web review series hosted by actor/comedian Doug Walker . The series began in July 2007 on YouTube , but after the website removed several episodes due to alleged copyright violations , the series was moved in April 2008 to Walker 's own humor website , That Guy with the Glasses , where it was hosted until late 2014 , when it was moved to ChannelAwesome.com . Most episodes center on comedic bashings of movies and serials that Walker finds to be poorly written , badly acted , and typically panned by critics -- particularly Siskel and Ebert , whom Doug openly acknowledges as his favorite critics . Not all of his reviews are negative , as he sometimes finds positive aspects and even praises some films and TV shows ( sometimes their hamminess/bad production ) . The series also features several `` Top 11 Countdown '' segments , which Doug does as opposed to the traditional `` Top 10 '' because he , in his own words , `` Like ( s ) to go one step beyond '' , as well as a series of `` Old vs. New '' segments , where The Critic compares iconic films like Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory , True Grit , Batman , The Karate Kid , King Kong , Spider-Man , Cinderella and The Evil Dead with their respective modern-day reboots/remakes and levies to discover which is the better film .

neg: Stealth (film) Stealth is a 2005 science fiction action film starring Josh Lucas , Jessica Biel , Jamie Foxx , Sam Shepard , Joe Morton and Richard Roxburgh . The film , an international co-production between the United States , Australia , and New Zealand , was directed by Rob Cohen , director of The Fast and the Furious and xXx . The film follows three top fighter pilots as they join a project to develop an automated robotic stealth aircraft .   Released on July 29 , 2005 by Columbia Pictures , the film cost $ 135 million to make , but was panned by critics , and was a box office bomb making only $ 76 million worldwide , one of the worst losses in cinematic history .

neg: Christmas Comes to Willow Creek Christmas Comes to Willow Creek is a 1987 American made-for-television drama film directed by Richard Lang and produced by Billie André and Blue André , with the screenplay written by Michael Norell and Andy Siegel .   The film stars John Schneider and Tom Wopat ( reunited from The Dukes of Hazzard , and one of the few projects in which the pair did n't play the Duke cousins ) , with Kim Delaney , Zachary Ansley , Joy Coghill and Hoyt Axton . Music for the film includes songs written and recorded by Billy Milo .   Scenes set in Willow Creek were filmed in Dawson City , Yukon , with the Palace Grand Theatre 's exterior representing the general store .

neg: Rob Parissi Robert `` Rob '' Parissi is an American singer , songwriter and guitarist , perhaps best known as frontman for the American funk group Wild Cherry , best known for their 1976 Parissi-penned chart-topper `` Play That Funky Music '' . He was born in 1950 and raised in the steel mill town of Mingo Junction , Ohio . He graduated from Mingo High School in 1968 . Rob formed the band Wild Cherry in 1970 in Steubenville , Ohio , one mile north of Mingo Junction along the Ohio River . The band played the Ohio Valley region , Wheeling , West Virginia and the rest of the Northern West Virginia panhandle , and Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania .   After Wild Cherry disbanded in 1979 without another major hit , Parissi became a producer and dedicated himself to adult contemporary music . He writes and records in the Smooth Jazz genre and has collaborated with Steve Oliver and Will Donato .

neg: Bill Cracks Down Bill Cracks Down is a 1937 American film directed by William Nigh . The film is also known as Men of Steel in the United Kingdom .

neg: Shaky Ground Shaky Ground is an American sitcom created by Bob Keyes , Chip Keyes & Doug Keyes , which starred Matt Frewer as Bob Moody , a hapless , but supportive and caring father . Robin Riker played his wife and Matthew Brooks , Jennifer Love Hewitt and Bradley Pierce played their children . The show aired on Fox for the 1992-1993 season .

neg: The Benchwarmers The Benchwarmers is a 2006 American sports-comedy film directed by Dennis Dugan . It stars Rob Schneider , David Spade , and Jon Heder . It is produced by Revolution Studios and Happy Madison Productions and is distributed by Columbia Pictures .

neg: Robert Hirschfeld Robert Hirschfeld ( June 8 , 1942 -- December 4 , 2009 ) was an American actor and author . He was best known for playing Officer Leo Schnitz on Hill Street Blues from 1981 to 1985 . He also appeared in the films Cradle Will Rock ( 1999 ) and Escape from Alcatraz ( 1979 ) .   Hirschfeld died in Dobbs Ferry , New York , at the age of 67 .

neg: Kurtwood Smith Kurtwood Larson Smith ( born July 3 , 1943 ) is an American television and film actor . He is known for playing Clarence Boddicker in RoboCop ( 1987 ) and Red Forman in That '70s Show , as well as for his many appearances in science fiction films and television programs ( Star Trek , The X-Files ) . He also starred in the seventh season of 24 .

neg: Saw V Saw is a 2008 Canadian-American horror film directed by David Hackl and written by Patrick Melton and Marcus Dunstan and stars Tobin Bell , Costas Mandylor , Scott Patterson , Betsy Russell , Mark Rolston , Julie Benz , Carlo Rota , and Meagan Good . It is the fifth installment of the Saw franchise , and was released on October 23 , 2008 in Australia and October 24 , 2008 in North America .   David Hackl , who served as the production designer of Saw , Saw , and Saw IV , and second-unit director for Saw and Saw IV made his directorial debut with Saw . Patrick Melton and Marcus Dunstan , the writers of the previous film , returned to write the film . Charlie Clouser , who provided the score for all previous Saw films , also returned to compose the score for the film . Saw creators James Wan and Leigh Whannell served as executive producers .   The film focuses primarily on the events that led up to Detective Mark Hoffman becoming an apprentice of the Jigsaw Killer , as well as his efforts to prevent anyone else from learning his secret .

neg: Voice Crack Voice Crack was a Swiss electronic free improvisation group . Formed in late 1972 by Andy Guhl and Norbert Möslang , Voice Crack were initially a free jazz duo . They began incorporating pre-recorded tape effects and live sound processing , and by 1983 they eliminated any normal instrumentation in favor of what they call `` cracked everyday electronics : '' Mundane objects such as `` radios , turntables , transmitters , dictating machines '' and other items are cracked open and manipulated to produce `` new sounds using magnetic and radio waves in a complex system controlled by movements of their hands and by light . ''   The resulting music - which consisted of various overlapping buzzes , clicks , drones and oscillations - has been described as , `` Cascading magnetic waves arc across the sky as three-headed critters race and rummage through alien flora ... or at least that 's what it sounds like . '' ; and was favorably compared to some of John Cage 's work .   Voice Crack collaborated with Borbetomagus , Butch Morris ( as part of a larger ensemble ) , and were members of poire z . The group has now disbanded .


query: Harry Styles composed an album in 2012.

pos: Harry Styles Harry Edward Styles ( born 1 February 1994 ) is an English singer and songwriter . He is known as a member of the pop boy band One Direction . He made his debut as a singer with his band White Eskimo , who performed locally in Holmes Chapel , Cheshire . In 2010 , Styles auditioned as a solo artist for the British television series The X Factor . After being eliminated as a solo performer , Styles was brought back into the competition , along with four other contestants , Niall Horan , Zayn Malik , Liam Payne and Louis Tomlinson , to form One Direction .   Styles and his bandmates have released the albums Up All Night ( 2011 ) , Take Me Home ( 2012 ) , Midnight Memories ( 2013 ) , Four ( 2014 ) , and Made in the A.M. ( 2015 ) . They have also performed on two worldwide tours , one featured on concert film One Direction : This Is Us , and won several awards , including five Brit Awards and four MTV Video Music Awards .   On 23 June 2016 it was reported by Billboard that Styles had signed a three-album solo recording deal with Columbia Records , the same label behind One Direction . Styles will make his acting debut in the war film Dunkirk in July 2017 . Preceded by its first solo single `` Sign of the Times '' , his self-titled debut album was released on 12 May 2017 .

pos: Take Me Home (One Direction album) Take Me Home is the second studio album by British-Irish group One Direction , released on 9 November 2012 by Syco Music and Columbia Records . As a follow-up to One Direction 's internationally successful debut album Up All Night ( 2011 ) , Take Me Home was written in groups and has an average of just under five songwriters per track . Largely recorded and composed in Sweden during 2012 , Savan Kotecha , Rami Yacoub and Carl Falk , who composed One Direction 's hits , `` What Makes You Beautiful '' and `` One Thing '' , spent six months in Stockholm developing songs for the album , and were able to shape melodies around the members ' tones .   The album 's songs are characterised by metronomic pop , vocal harmonies , hand claps , prominent electric guitar riffs , bright synthesizers , a homogeneous sound and message , and rotations of lead vocals . The members ' voices are presented individually on the record , and its lyricism speaks of falling in love , unrequited love , the insistence that flaws are what make a person unique , commitment , jealousy , and longing for past significant others . Take Me Home garnered mostly positive reviews from music critics . There was praise for its quality of production , while criticism hinged on its generic , rushed nature .   Globally , the album topped the charts in more than 35 countries , and was the fourth best-selling album of 2012 , selling 12.4 million units . The album 's number-one debut on the US Billboard 200 chart made One Direction the first group to bow atop the Billboard 200 with their first two albums since American girl group Danity Kane entered with Welcome to the Dollhouse in 2008 and their self-titled debut in 2006 . One Direction also became the second act in 2012 to achieve two number-one albums within a 12-month period , and the first boy band in US chart history to land two number-one albums in a calendar year . Their debut album and Take Me Home were the third and fifth best-selling albums of 2012 in the United States , respectively , making the band the first act to place two albums in the year-end top five in the Nielsen SoundScan era .   The album 's lead single , `` Live While We 're Young '' , released on 28 September 2012 , peaked inside the top ten in almost every country it charted in and recorded the highest one-week opening sales figure for a song by a non-US artist . The subsequent singles , `` Little Things '' and `` Kiss You '' , were less successful , although the former topped the UK Singles Chart . To support the release , One Direction performed the album 's songs on several televised programmes and during their worldwide Take Me Home Tour ( 2013 ) .

neg: Master of Styles Master of Styles is the fifth studio album by alternative rock band The Urge . It was released in 1998 in cassette and CD format . The album produced 3 singles ( `` Jump Right In '' , `` Straight to Hell '' , and `` Closer '' ) and sold 250,000 copies . `` Jump Right In '' featured guest vocals by Nick Hexum of 311 and hit the # 10 position on the Modern Rock list .

neg: Chillwave Chillwave ( originally called `` glo-fi '' or `` hypnagogic pop '' ; also `` dream-beat '' ) is a style of music characterized by a faded or dreamy retro pop sound , mellow vocals , a low-to-moderate tempo , escapist lyrics about the beach or summertime , psychedelic or lo-fi textures , effects processing ( reverb especially ) , vintage synthesizers , and other attempts to loosely emulate 1980s electronic pop aesthetics as well as engage with notions of memory and nostalgia . Sometimes regarded as a `` made-up '' genre , the movement 's vanguard was represented by Neon Indian , Washed Out , and Toro y Moi , who gained critical attention through what was termed the 2009 `` Summer of Chillwave '' .   Coinciding with the economic turmoil of the late 2000s and early 2010s recession , chillwave was one of the first music genres to develop by being linked and defined through various outlets on the Internet rather than geographic location . The style draws from elements in dream pop and shoegaze , as well as the work of artists such as Panda Bear , Animal Collective , and lo-fi musician Ariel Pink . The term `` hypnagogic pop '' was coined at virtually the same time as `` chillwave '' to describe similar artists . Other elements related to drug-induced mind states and idyllic summer fantasies were drawn from the Beach Boys ' Brian Wilson . Washed Out 's 2009 track `` Feel It All Around '' remains the genre 's definitive and best-known song .   The term `` chillwave '' , which originated from the satirical blog Hipster Runoff in 2009 , was ultimately criticized for being nebulous and contrived . Some artists rejected the tag , while hundreds of others exploited the style 's low-budget simplicity , one of the major reasons for its decline . Media coverage usually derided the genre 's name , its reliance on nostalgia , and the ubiquitous mention of `` the summer '' in its writings . After chillwave was the subject of much discourse on websites like Gorilla vs. Bear and Pitchfork , the movement dissipated , and the style effectively fell out of vogue . The Internet-based microgenre vaporwave would be inspired by chillwave .

neg: Big Willie Style Big Willie Style is the debut solo studio album by American rapper Will Smith . It was released on November 25 , 1997 , by Columbia Records . Recording sessions took place from 1996 to 1997 , with a range of several record producers that Will was working with such as Poke & Tone and his former collaborator DJ Jazzy Jeff on the album . The album reached the top ten on both the US Billboard 200 and the UK Albums Chart , and later became a certified multi-platinum in a number of regions and countries . The album was supported by five singles : `` Men in Black '' , `` Just Cruisin ' '' , `` Gettin ' Jiggy wit It '' , `` Just the Two of Us '' and `` Miami '' .   After releasing five albums as part of the duo DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince , Smith turned his focus to acting , starring in films such as Bad Boys and Independence Day . During the same period he recorded his first solo album , including the single `` Men in Black '' , which is the theme song to the film of the same name , which topped singles charts in a number of countries . Big Willie Style went on to become Smith 's most commercially successful album , earning him a number of music awards and nominations .

neg: Harry Brooks (composer) Harry Brooks ( September 20 , 1895 -- June 22 , 1970 ) was an American writer of popular songs , jazz pianist and composer in the 1920s to the early 1950s .   Brooks was born in Homestead , Pennsylvania , USA . After graduating from his hometown high school in 1914 , he worked as a pianist with Pittsburgh bands ( dance orchestras ) and then as a staff composer for a publishing company . He is recalled mostly in the 21st century for his work with his friends Thomas `` Fats '' Waller and the lyricist Andy Razaf . Brooks was the composer of several hit songs including his composition `` Ai n't Misbehavin ' '' , written with Waller and Razaf .   Also with Razaf and Waller , Brooks scored the Broadway shows Snapshots of 1921 and Connie 's Hot Chocolates . He died , aged 74 , in Teaneck , New Jersey .

neg: Midnight Memories Midnight Memories is the third studio album by British-Irish boy band One Direction , released on 25 November 2013 by Columbia Records , Syco Music and Sony Music . The album was described as having a `` slightly rockier tone '' than their previous efforts . It has become the fastest-selling album in Amazon UK 's history , breaking the record set by One Direction 's previous release , Take Me Home ( 2012 ) . The album debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 , making One Direction the first group in history to debut at number one in the US with their first three albums . The album was preceded by the release of the singles `` Best Song Ever '' and `` Story of My Life '' .   Upon the album 's release , Midnight Memories received mixed reviews from music critics . Many critics praised the lyrical depth and musical composition on the album , as well as the group 's level of involvement in the production process . However , others argued that the material was less memorable than their previous work and felt the themes were not as mature as expected . Despite being released five weeks before the year 's end , Midnight Memories nevertheless became the best-selling album of 2013 as listed by the IFPI , with sales of four million copies .

neg: Time Is Money (Styles P album) Time Is Money is the second studio album by American rapper Styles P . The album was released on December 19 , 2006 , by Ruff Ryders Entertainment and Interscope Records .   The album suffered several pushbacks starting from spring 2005 . It was originally scheduled to be released on November 14 , 2006 but was delayed for a month . It peaked at number 19 on the Billboard Top R&B / Hip-Hop Albums chart , number ten on the Top Rap Albums chart , and number 79 on the Billboard 200 .   `` Can You Believe It '' , `` I 'm Black '' and `` Favorite Drug '' were released as singles . The clean version of `` Favorite Drug '' is titled `` Favorite One '' . A track called `` All My Life '' which is featuring Akon ( who featured Styles P on his hit `` Locked Up '' two years before ) was supposed to be on the album but it did n't make the final cut .

neg: Ashanti (singer) Ashanti Shequoiya Douglas ( born October 13 , 1980 ) , known simply as Ashanti , is an American singer , songwriter , record producer , dancer and actress . Ashanti is known for her eponymous debut album , which featured the hit song `` Foolish '' , and sold over 505,000 copies in its first week of release throughout the U.S. in April 2002 . In 2003 , the self-titled debut album won Ashanti her first Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R&B album . Her second release achieved a platinum certification and other top 10 singles .   Ashanti wrote and sang background on Jennifer Lopez 's `` Ai n't It Funny ( Murder Remix ) '' , which reached number one on Billboard Hot 100 , which was also in the top 10 chart at the same time as `` Foolish '' , `` Always on Time '' ( with Ja Rule ) , and `` What 's Luv ? '' ( with Fat Joe ) . Later that year , she was acclaimed as the `` Princess Of Hip-Hop & R&B '' by her label and capped off her successful debut by winning eight Billboard awards and two American Music Awards .   Ashanti cites Whitney Houston , Janet Jackson , Prince , Madonna , Tupac Shakur , Mary J. Blige , Ella Fitzgerald , Smokey Robinson , Donna Summer , and Blue Magic as her musical influences . Since 2013 , she is currently working on her own publishing company titled Written Entertainment .

neg: A Million Lights A Million Lights is the third studio album by English recording artist Cheryl , released on 15 June 2012 through Fascination Records . Following her divorce from Ashley Cole , this is Cheryl 's first album to be released under the mononym Cheryl , dropping her married surname . The album was recorded in 2011 and 2012 . As the executive producer of the album , Cheryl enlisted a variety of producers such as Alex da Kid , Calvin Harris , will.i.am , Pantha , Agent X , HyGrade , Dada Life , Jim Beanz , Taio Cruz , Mathias Wollo , The Beamer Boyz , Billy Wes , Electric , Bibi Jones and Dave Munday . Sonically , the album is rooted in pop and dance-pop genres .   Upon its release , A Million Lights received mainly mixed to positive reviews from music critics , who commended its progression from Cheryl 's previous albums , but were ambivalent towards the mix of genres . The album debuted on the UK Albums Chart at position two , selling 34,934 copies in its first week . A Million Lights also peaked at two on the Irish Albums Chart , and one on the Scottish albums chart . A Million Lights was certified Gold in the United Kingdom for shipments of 100,000 copies .   Two singles have been released from the album . The first single , `` Call My Name '' , was released on 8 June 2012 . With only three days of release , `` Call My Name '' sold a total of 97,000 in the United Kingdom alone , debuting at number one with first week sales of 152,001 and becoming the second fastest selling single of 2012 . `` Under the Sun '' was released 2 September 2012 as the second single from the album . The song peaked at number 13 , becoming her sixth solo top-twenty single . `` Screw You '' was scheduled to be the album 's third single , but the release was cancelled indefinitely and no more singles were released from A Million Lights due to the reunion of Girls Aloud in November 2012 .

neg: Songs from Another Love Songs from Another Love is an extended play ( EP ) from singer-songwriter Tom Odell . The four-track extended play was first released in the United Kingdom on 15 October 2012 through Columbia and In the Name Of .

neg: Night and Day (Joe Jackson album) Night and Day is Joe Jackson 's fifth album , released in June 1982 . It reached the Top 5 in both the UK and US , Jackson 's only studio album to do so . It sold over one million copies , earning platinum disc status .   The album pays tribute to the wit and style of Cole Porter ( and indirectly to New York ) . The track `` Real Men '' pointed obliquely to the city 's early 1980s gay culture .   `` Steppin ' Out '' earned Grammy nominations for Record of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Performance , Male . It reached # 6 on both the UK and the US charts . `` Breaking Us in Two '' reached # 18 in the US and # 59 in the UK .

neg: Harry Manfredini Harry Manfredini ( born August 25 , 1943 in Chicago , Illinois ) is an American film composer and jazz soloist , who has scored more than one hundred films , most notably perhaps the Friday the 13th film series . He has had years of classical training , as well as twenty years in the popular music scene . His style of music compares to Bernard Herrmann .  In conversation with Russian journalist and composer Tony Vilgotsky Harry Manfredini said that his musical tastes and style were influenced by such composers like Giacomo Puccini , Igor Stravinsky , Maurice Ravel and others .

neg: American popular music American popular music has had a profound effect on music across the world . The country has seen the rise of popular styles that have had a significant influence on global culture , including ragtime , blues , jazz , swing , rock , bluegrass , country , R&B , doo wop , gospel , soul , funk , heavy metal , punk , disco , house , techno , salsa , grunge and hip hop . In addition , the American music industry is quite diverse , supporting a number of regional styles such as zydeco , klezmer and slack-key .   Distinctive styles of American popular music emerged early in the 19th century , and in the 20th century the American music industry developed a series of new forms of music , using elements of blues and other genres of American folk music . These popular styles included country , R&B , jazz and rock . The 1960s and 1970s saw a number of important changes in American popular music , including the development of a number of new styles , such as heavy metal , punk , soul , and hip hop . Though these styles were not in the sense of mainstream , they were commercially recorded and are thus examples of popular music as opposed to folk or classical music .

neg: Harry Ellis Wooldridge Harry Ellis Wooldridge ( 28 March 1845 -- 13 February 1917 ) was an English musical antiquary , artist and Professor of Fine Arts . His music collections included transcripts of 17th - and 18th-century Italian music .   He enrolled at the Royal Academy in 1865 , becoming interested in early music at about the same time . He was studio assistant to Sir Edward Burne-Jones and later worked with Henry Holiday , the chief designer for James Powell and Sons , stained glass makers . Wooldridge was retained by Powell 's and designed stained glass and tile paintings for more than twenty years .   His church commissions included a reredos for St Martin 's Church in Brighton ( described as his chef d'œuvre ) , and the painting of frescoes in St John-at-Hampstead .   His growing authority on early music led to his 1895 appointment , succeeding John Ruskin as Slade Professor of Fine Art at Oxford . His main contributions to music literature are a new edition of William Chappell 's Popular Music of the Olden Time , which appeared under the title Old English Popular Music ( 1893 ) and The Polyphonic Period , parts I. and II . ( vols . i. and ii . of the Oxford History of Music , 1901 -- 05 ) .   Wooldridge edited the Yattendon Hymnal ( 1895 -- 1899 ) with his lifelong friend , the Poet Laureate , Robert Seymour Bridges , with whom he lived at one stage at 50 Maddox Street in London . The Hymnal is regarded as `` influential in the contemporary reform of hymnody and the revival of sixteenth and seventeenth century music '' .

neg: Characteristics of progressive rock Progressive rock is a term that refers to a musical style . The term was originally referred to as `` classical rock '' ( in which a band performed together with an orchestra ) , but the term 's use has expanded in recent years to include other fusions of music styles including jazz fusion , metal and folk rock musics . The term does not refer to one particular music style but to an approach that combines elements of diverse styles . Jerry Ewing , editor of Prog Magazine , explains that `` Prog is not just a sound , it 's a mindset . '' Dream Theater guitarist John Petrucci outlines that Progressive rock is defined by its very lack of stylistic boundaries . The advent of the concept album , plus the genre 's roots in psychedelia , led albums and performances to be viewed as combined presentations of music , lyrics , and visuals .   Bands abandoned the short pop single in favor of instrumentation and compositional techniques more frequently associated with jazz or classical music as part of an effort to give rock music the same level of musical sophistication and critical respect . Progressive rock abandons the danceable beat that defines earlier rock styles and is more likely than other types of popular music to experiment with compositional structure , instrumentation , harmony and rhythm , or lyrical content . It may demand more effort on the part of the listener than other types of music .   Musicians in progressive rock typically display a high degree of instrumental skill , although this is not always the case . Virtuoso instrumental skills are so closely associated with progressive rock that authors such as Bill Martin consider it as a defining element and exclude bands such as Pink Floyd from consideration . It is not uncommon for musicians to have received a higher-than-average level of formal training . Players from the genre frequently appear in readers ' polls of publications that cater to musicians .

neg: Royalty (Childish Gambino album) Royalty ( stylized as R O Y A L T Y ) is the sixth mixtape by American recording artist Donald Glover , under the stage name Childish Gambino . It was released on July 4 , 2012 , by Glassnote Records . The album has many featured artists and is produced by Glover and his co-producer Ludwig Goransson , as well as Beck , Boi-1da and SKYWLKR . This is notably different from how Glover operates on other projects , as he has been known to not work with other artists much in his music .

neg: Unchained (Molly Sandén album) Unchained is a 2012 studio album by Molly Sandén .

neg: Darren Styles Darren James Mew ( born 23 May 1975 ) , better known as Darren Styles , is an English record producer , disc jockey , singer and songwriter from Colchester , England . Originally a member of the breakbeat hardcore group DJ Force & The Evolution , Styles found success during the 1990s as one half of Force & Styles . The duo were pioneers of happy hardcore and wrote several well-known songs such as `` Heart of Gold '' , `` Pretty Green Eyes '' and `` Paradise & Dreams '' .   In the early 2000s , Darren Styles began producing more trance-influenced records with Mark Brady as Styles & Breeze . The duo released two hit singles `` You 're Shining '' ( 2004 ) and `` Heartbeatz '' ( 2005 ) which both reached the Top 20 of the UK Singles Chart . They have been involved in all volumes of the popular Clubland X-Treme Hardcore compilation series . Darren Styles also has a collab alias with Stonebank called `` Zero Hero '' .   As a solo artist , Styles has released two studio albums , the Gold-selling Skydivin ' ( 2008 ) and Feel the Pressure ( 2010 ) . He has also frequently collaborated with several other artists such as Hixxy , Ultrabeat and N-Force .

neg: 12 (Herbert Grönemeyer album) 12 is the twelfth full-length album by German singer Herbert Grönemeyer , released in March 2007 . It was recorded between 2006 and 2007 in London and was produced by Alex Silva and Herbert Grönemeyer .  All songs were written by Grönemeyer , except the song `` Spur '' to which Arezu Weitholz contributed parts of the lyrics .   The Album reached # 1 - Position in German Charts . The first single `` Stück vom Himmel '' , became his third number-one single in Germany after `` Mensch '' and `` Zeit , dass sich was dreht '' .

neg: Ultra Dance 13 Ultra Dance 13 is a compilation DJ mix album featuring songs from the dance music genre as well as dance remixes of songs . It is the thirteenth album in the Ultra Dance series . It was released by Ultra Records on February 7 , 2012 .   The album peaked at number 157 on the Billboard 200 chart as well as at number 10 on the Top Dance/Electronic Albums chart .

neg: Grammy Award for Best Country Duo/Group Performance The Grammy Award for Best Country Duo/Group Performance is an award presented at the Grammy Awards , a ceremony that was established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards . It was first awarded in 2012 , after a major overhaul of Grammy Award categories .  The award combines the previous categories for Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal , Best Country Collaboration with Vocals and Best Country Instrumental Performance ( if the instrumental recording is performed by a duo or group ) . The restructuring of these categories was a result of the Recording Academy 's wish to decrease the list of categories and awards .   According to the 54th Grammy Awards description guide it is designed for duo/group or collaborative ( vocal or instrumental ) country recordings and is limited to singles or tracks only .


query: Sofía Vergara models professionally.

pos: Sofía Vergara Sofía Margarita Vergara Vergara ( -LSB- soˈfi.a βerˈɣaɾa -RSB- ; born July 10 , 1972 ) is a Colombian-American actress and model .   Vergara rose to prominence while co-hosting two television shows for Spanish-language television network Univisión in the late 1990s . Her first notable acting job in English was in the film Chasing Papi ( 2003 ) . Subsequently , she appeared in other films , including Four Brothers ( 2005 ) and two Tyler Perry films : Meet the Browns ( 2008 ) and Madea Goes to Jail ( 2009 ) , receiving an ALMA Award nomination for the latter . Vergara 's success on television has earned her roles in films The Smurfs ( 2011 ) , New Year 's Eve ( 2011 ) , Happy Feet Two ( 2011 ) , The Three Stooges ( 2012 ) , Escape from Planet Earth ( 2013 ) , Machete Kills ( 2013 ) , Chef ( 2014 ) , and Hot Pursuit ( 2015 ) . In 2012 , 2013 , and 2016 , she was the top-earning actress on US television .   Vergara stars on the ABC series Modern Family as Gloria Delgado-Pritchett , for which she has been nominated for four Golden Globe Awards , four Primetime Emmy Awards , and seven Screen Actors Guild Awards . In 2014 , she was ranked as the 32nd most powerful woman in the world by Forbes .

neg: Jovovich-Hawk Jovovich-Hawk was a clothing line created by models Milla Jovovich and Carmen Hawk in 2003 . The atelier was based in Los Angeles , with pieces sold at Fred Segal in Los Angeles , Harvey Nichols , and over 50 stores around the world . Vogue magazine praised the line for its `` girl-about-town cult status most designers spend years trying to achieve . '' Jovovich-Hawk had an annual turnover of $ 210 million .   In the September 2008 issue of Lucky magazine , Jovovich announced that Jovovich-Hawk had ceased operations .

neg: Danijela Dimitrovska Danijela Dimitrovska ( Serbian Cyrillic : Данијела Димитровска ; -LSB- danijɛ̌ːla dimitrɔ̌ʋskaː -RSB- ; born 22 April 1987 ) is a Serbian model . She began her modelling career by winning the Elite Model Look competition in Serbia in 2004 .

neg: Glamourcon Glamourcon is a fan convention that takes place twice a year , once in Chicago and once in Los Angeles , that centers upon glamour models and glamour photography , with its guests typically being Playboy Playmates , Penthouse Pets , Hustler Honeys , Perfect 10 Models , soft core Pornographic Actresses and other pin-up models . A portmanteau of the phrase `` Glamour Convention '' , it was founded by entrepreneur Robert Schulz .

neg: Livia Brito Livia Brito ( born Livia Brito Pestana , July 21 , 1986 ) is a Cuban-born Mexican actress and model who gained popularity after making her acting debut in Televisa 's telenovela Triunfo del amor .

neg: Caterina Lopez Caterina Marie Lopez ( born December 13 , 1987 ) , is an American model and actress .

neg: Mónica Vergara Mónica Vergara Rubio ( born 2 May 1983 in Guadalajara , Jalisco ) is a Mexican footballer who played for the Mexico women 's national football team . She competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece , where the team finished in eighth place .

neg: Leonor Varela Leonor Varela Palma ( born December 29 , 1972 ) is a Chilean actress and model . She played the title role in the 1999 television film Cleopatra , and vampire princess Nyssa Damaskinos in the 2002 film Blade II .

neg: Diana Franco Diana Franco was born in Cali , Colombia and in 1982 moved to New York City , where she lived and studied . In 1988 , in a nationwide televised competition , Franco was crowned Miss Colombia USA . Franco became a TV commercial and editorial model and in December 1990 appeared on her first cover of Cosmopolitan en Español . In Peru , La Modelo Latina Pageant 1991 awarded her La Silueta Diet-Coke title . In 1992 , Franco was approached to participate in Buscando Estrellas Con Budweiser , the Spanish-version of Star Search , where - once again -- won first place . Later that same year , Cover Girl Make-Up chose her to be one of the faces for their TV campaigns for the Hispanic market alongside of Barbara Palacios ( Miss Universe 1986 ) .   After traveling and working around the world , including places such as Taipei , Istanbul and Hong Kong , Franco decided to stay in the U.S. to pursue her acting career in her native language.In 1992 Salvese Quien Pueda ( SQP ) , a weekly comedy show that aired on the Telemundo Network made her part of their regular cast . In SQP she developed and often played Vicky Bikini , a girl who always did her errands wearing only a bikini , high hills and a handbag so she would never have to make a line . Vicky Bikini soon became one of the shows most requested characters .   In 1995 , Univision Network hired Franco as the female VJ for Caliente , one of its most widely seen weekend TV shows . Caliente gave Franco the opportunity to interact with her young Latino audience while traveling to exotic beaches around the world . Two years later , Franco was asked to be part of Edición Especial ( Telemundo Network ) , which earned her the anchor star status in the Spanish market . She was also in charged of hosting most of Telemundo 's specials for the network . In 1998 she landed the role of Sylvia La Rosen in Safe Harbor ( Aaron Spelling ) which aired in WB Network . Glamour en Español magazine recognized her with the Most Glamorous Woman Award 1998 and in 1999 People en Español places Franco as one of the `` 25 Most Beautiful People '' along with faces such as Salma Hayek and Ricky Martin .   In 2002 , Franco traveled back to her native Colombia to portray Sandra , a cocaine manufacturer in the soap opera El Precio del Silencio ( Telefutura Network ) . In October 2006 , Franco had the opportunity to be part of the very-selected cast of the short film : Marrying God ( AFI ) where she played Maricela , the single mother of Lola played by Ashlyn Sanchez ( Crash ) and Ivy played by Alexa Vega ( Spy Kids ) . Franco has also developed the `` Life Style Specialist '' title , and is often featured in US Spanish TV station across the nation .   In Pecados Ajenos , a Telemundo Studios production , Franco played Lola , the cellmate of Natalia - played by Lorena Rojas - and later , Oficial Joyer , in El Rostro de Analía alongside of Elizabeth Gutiérrez .   At the end of 2009 , Franco was called to play Berta , a lonely bitter architect designer in the new version of Perro Amor , but due to a skiing accident , where she suffered several fractures , her role was eventually withdrawn . It took her several months to recuperate from her injuries .   In 2010 , Franco became part of the selected cast of the new version of the Chilean soap opera , Alguien Te Mira ( 2010 ) , produced this time by Telemundo Television Studios in the USA . Franco portrays Dolores `` Lola '' Morandé , a housewife that has everything under control , except a couple of pounds of over weight , until she meets a very troubled woman that is determined to make her life miserable and hopes one day to take her place as the wife of her perfect husband .

neg: Juliet Reagh Juliet Reagh ( born September 5 , 1964 ) is an American actress and model . She was the Penthouse Pet for April 1987 under the name `` Jenna Persaud '' .

neg: Mor Katzir Mor Katzir ( Hebrew : מור קציר ; born August 23 , 1980 ) is an Israeli model from Haifa , Israel . She has posed for ads for Cole Haan , Ann Taylor , Costume National , and Missoni , and in catalogs for Saks , JCrew , H&M , and Nordstroms . Her most notable editorial work includes the covers of L'Officiel , Elle ( France ) , and D ( Italy ) . She has also appeared in V , The Face , Another , and German Vogue . Katzir has walked the runway for fashion houses including Bottega Veneta , Burberry , Givenchy , and Rick Owens   Katzir has been represented by agencies including 1 Model Mgmt NYC , Women Management Milan , and Women Management Paris . She is currently represented by Silent models in Paris .   Her hobbies include Feng Shui and Chinese art .

neg: Alektra Blue Alektra Blue ( born June 9 , 1983 ) is an American pornographic actress and model . She was the Penthouse Pet of the Month for April 2008 .

neg: Lucie Robinson Lucie Robinson ( born 1978 ) is a portrait , art and fashion photographer .   Robinson was born in Jablonec nad Nisou in the former Czechoslovakia into a family with roots in Austria and Imperial Russia . She studied joaillerie in her hometown and design at the Academy of Arts , Architecture and Design ( VSUP ) in Prague . In 1996 she launched a career as a commercial model , moving to Paris in 1998 .   She had received formal education covering artistic techniques , but concentrated on the medium of photography and by the early 2000s established herself as a portrait and fashion photographer . She photographed many celebrities and top models including a 2009 publicity campaign for Louis Vuitton featuring Paulina Porizkova , Miloš Forman and Helena Houdová . Her portraits and fashion editorials have been published by Elle , Harper 's Bazaar , Marie Claire , Vision ( China ) , Wig ( UK ) and further fashion and lifestyle magazines in Europe and in Asia . However , Robinson 's uncredited work appeared also in commercial advertisement campaigns for industrial clients like Cadbury , Orange Mobile , T-Mobile and Procter & Gamble .   Her work has won various prizes , including the 2006 Cannes Fashion Photography Festival and three consecutive wins ( 2007 -- 2009 ) of the Schwarzkopf Press Awards . In 2008 , a solo exhibition of her work on fashion and architecture was staged in the New York Museum of Arts and Design .

neg: Ugly Models Ugly Models is a London-based alternative modelling agency that specialises in character modelling . Its owner Marc French says it is about `` celebrating everyone 's unique beauty '' . Its major clients include Calvin Klein , Levi 's , Diesel , Vogue , Elle , and Cosmopolitan . Its models have appeared in film series such as Harry Potter , Pirates of the Caribbean and James Bond . Ugly Models are in official partnership with Guinness World Records and represents the world 's tallest man , the world 's most pierced woman and the world 's most tattooed man .

neg: Daniela Urzi Daniela Urzi ( -LSB- daˈnjela ˈursi -RSB- ; born October 28 , 1975 , San Fernando , Buenos Aires ) is a fashion model from Argentina . She has appeared in fashion campaigns for Armani Jeans , the Giorgio Armani collection , Roberto Cavalli , Burberry , and John Richmond , and has done catalog work for Victoria 's Secret . Her magazine covers include international editions of Vogue and ELLE .   Directly from Latin America , a new young man has managed to carve out a prestigious niche in the world of fashion . Daniela Urzi is not only just a girl of study or a body 86-59-86 ( chest , waist , hip ) walking on the catwalk , is a name that is printed on paper and has managed to achieve that throne , within Argentine models only he had Valeria Mazza . But unlike the latter , Daniela flees the look of blond with blue eyes and points to the rage of the moment wearing a brown hair that enhances his blue eyes . This gives it a personal touch that has been captured on the covers of various publications such as Marie Claire ( France ) , Elle ( Spain and Argentina ) , Cosmopolitan ( Argentina ) and Harper 's Bazaar . It has also been the face of brands like Victoria ' s Secret Cortefiel , Silhouette , Mango , Giorgio Armani , Candy , Margaret Astor , La Perla , Burberry , Chanel N ° 5 , Revlon and Triumph . -

neg: Silvia Poloto Silvia Poloto is an artist who was born in São Paulo , Brazil , and immigrated to San Francisco , California , in 1992 . She was educated at the University of São Paulo , where she earned a B.S. in electrical engineering . She earned her M.B.A. at the Fundação Getúlio Vargas ( Getulio Vargas Foundation ) in São Paulo . From 1996-1999 , she worked as an instructor 's assistant in the Sculpture Department , City College of San Francisco . During that period , she also worked as a welder at 3D Studios in Oakland and an art instructor in mixed media at the Associated Students of the University of California Art Studio at the University of California , Berkeley .   She works in a variety of media , including photography , sculpture , and painting , and she also creates video art . Her work has been exhibited throughout the United States and abroad , including the United Arab Emirates , France , Spain , Italy , Singapore , Romania , Bulgaria , Greece , and China , among others . In the San Francisco Bay Area , her work has been featured in exhibitions at the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts , the Italian American Museum , and the M. H. de Young Memorial Museum , where she was an artist-in-residence in 2001 . Poloto 's work has been acquired by more than 50 institutional and corporate collections around the US and by more than 800 private collectors around the world .

neg: Elite Model Look Serbia Elite Model Look Serbia is an annual fashion modeling contest held by Models Inc. since 2012 . www.modelsinc.rs The winner of the title takes it for one year , taking part later in Elite Model Look international contest .

neg: Malena Belafonte Malena Belafonte ( born Malena Mathiesen ) is an international fashion model .

neg: Maria Fernanda Cândido Maria Fernanda Cândido ( born May 21 , 1974 ) is a Brazilian actress and model .

neg: Chunchuna Villafañe Elva `` Chunchuna '' Villafañe ( born April 9 , 1940 ) is an Argentine model , actress and architect , born in Buenos Aires , Argentina .   She has appeared in film and television since the year 1971 .   Her most well-known role is as Ana in La historia oficial ( 1985 ) .

neg: Colombia's Next Top Model Colombia 's Next Top Model is a Colombian reality television series , based on Tyra Banks ' America 's Next Top Model . It is the third franchise in Latin America after Brazil 's Next Top Model and Mexico 's Next Top Model . The series began to air on Caracol TV on January 8 , 2013 .   The series features a group of young women who compete for the title of `` Colombia 's Next Top Model '' and a chance to begin their career in the modeling industry .   The second season aired on January 13 , 2014 . Carolina Cruz was introduced as the new image of the contest and Franklin Ramos remained as the tutor . On the other hand , Kika Rocha and Catalina Aristizábal remained part of the team as judges and Mauricio Vélez entered the show as a replacement of Raúl Higuera who was no longer part of the team for season 2 .