query: Tanzania's Dar es Salaam was once the capital city.

pos: Tanzania Tanzania -LSB- ˌtænzəˈniːə -RSB- , officially the United Republic of Tanzania ( Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania ) , is a country in Eastern Africa within the African Great Lakes region . Parts of the country are in Southern Africa . It is bordered by Kenya and Uganda to the north ; Rwanda , Burundi , and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west ; Zambia , Malawi , and Mozambique to the south ; and by the Indian Ocean to the east . Mount Kilimanjaro , Africa 's highest mountain , is in northeastern Tanzania .   Tanzania 's population of 51.82 million ( 2014 ) is diverse , composed of several ethnic , linguistic , and religious groups . Tanzania is a presidential constitutional republic , and since 1996 , its official capital city has been Dodoma , where the President 's Office , the National Assembly , and some government ministries are located . Dar es Salaam , the former capital , retains most government offices and is the country 's largest city , principal port , and leading commercial centre . Tanzania is a one party dominant state with the socialist-progressive Chama Cha Mapinduzi ( CCM ) party in power . From its formation until 1992 , it was the only legally permitted party in the country . This changed on 1 July 1992 , when amendments to the Constitution and a number of laws permitting and regulating the formation and operations of more than one political party were enacted by the National Assembly . Elections for president and all National Assembly seats were last held in October 2015 . The CCM holds approximately 75 % of the seats in the assembly .   Prehistoric population migrations include Southern Cushitic speakers , who are ancestral to the Iraqw , Gorowa , and Burunge and who moved south from Ethiopia into Tanzania . Based on linguistic evidence , there may also have been two movements into Tanzania of Eastern Cushitic people at about 4,000 and 2,000 years ago , originating from north of Lake Turkana . Archaeological evidence supports the conclusion that Southern Nilotes , including the Datoog , moved south from the present-day South Sudan-Ethiopia border region into central northern Tanzania between 2,900 and 2,400 years ago . These movements took place at about the same time as the settlement of the iron-making Mashariki Bantu from West Africa in the Lake Victoria and Lake Tanganyika areas . They brought with them the west African planting tradition and the primary staple of yams . They subsequently migrated out of these regions across the rest of Tanzania , between 2,300 and 1,700 years ago . European colonialism began in mainland Tanzania during the late 19th century when Germany formed German East Africa , which gave way to British rule following World War I . The mainland was governed as Tanganyika , with the Zanzibar Archipelago remaining a separate colonial jurisdiction . Following their respective independence in 1961 and 1963 , the two entities merged in April 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanzania .   Tanzania is mountainous and densely forested in the northeast , where Mount Kilimanjaro is located . Three of Africa 's Great Lakes are partly within Tanzania . To the north and west lie Lake Victoria , Africa 's largest lake , and Lake Tanganyika , the continent 's deepest lake , known for its unique species of fish . The eastern shore is hot and humid , with the Zanzibar Archipelago just offshore . The Kalambo water falls in the southwestern region of Rukwa are the second highest uninterrupted fall in Africa and are located near the southeastern shore of Lake Tanganyika on the border with Zambia . The Menai Bay Conservation Area is Zanzibar 's largest marine protected area .   Over 100 different languages are spoken in Tanzania , making it the most linguistically diverse country in East Africa . Among the languages spoken in Tanzania are all four of Africa 's language families : Bantu , Cushitic , Nilotic , and Khoisan . Swahili and English are Tanzania 's official languages . A highly multilingual country , Swahili is used in parliamentary debate , in the lower courts , and as a medium of instruction in primary school ; and English is used in foreign trade , in diplomacy , in higher courts , and as a medium of instruction in secondary and higher education , although the Tanzanian government plans to discontinue English as a language of instruction altogether . In connection with his Ujamaa social policies , President Nyerere encouraged the use of Swahili ; as a means of unifying the country 's many ethnic groups . Approximately 10 % of Tanzanians speak Swahili as a first language , and up to 90 % speak it as a second language . Most Tanzanians thus speak both Swahili and a local language ; many educated Tanzanians are trilingual ; also speaking English . The widespread use and promotion of Swahili is contributing to the decline of smaller languages in the country . Young children increasingly speak Swahili as a first language , mostly in urban areas .   Tanzania-Malawi relations have been tense because of a dispute over the countries ' Lake Nyasa ( Lake Malawi ) border . An unsuccessful mediation regarding this issue happened in March 2014 . The two countries agreed in 2013 to ask the International Court of Justice ( ICJ ) to resolve the dispute should mediation be unsuccessful . Malawi , but not Tanzania , has accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the ICJ .

neg: Zambia Zambia ( -LSB- ˈzæmbiə -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of Zambia , is a landlocked country in Southern Africa , neighbouring the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north , Tanzania to the north-east , Malawi to the east , Mozambique , Zimbabwe , Botswana and Namibia to the south , and Angola to the west . The capital city is Lusaka , in the south-central part of Zambia . The population is concentrated mainly around Lusaka in the south and the Copperbelt Province to the northwest , the core economic hubs of the country .   Originally inhabited by Khoisan peoples , the region was affected by the Bantu expansion of the thirteenth century . After visits by European explorers in the eighteenth century , Zambia became the British protectorate of Northern Rhodesia towards the end of the nineteenth century . For most of the colonial period , Zambia was governed by an administration appointed from London with the advice of the British South Africa Company .   On 24 October 1964 , Zambia became independent of the United Kingdom and prime minister Kenneth Kaunda became the inaugural president . Kaunda 's socialist United National Independence Party ( UNIP ) maintained power from 1964 until 1991 . Kaunda played a key role in regional diplomacy , cooperating closely with the United States in search of solutions to conflicts in Rhodesia ( Zimbabwe ) , Angola , and Namibia . From 1972 to 1991 Zambia was a one-party state with the UNIP as the sole legal political party under the motto `` One Zambia , One Nation '' . Kaunda was succeeded by Frederick Chiluba of the social-democratic Movement for Multi-Party Democracy in 1991 , beginning a period of social-economic growth and government decentralisation . Levy Mwanawasa , Chiluba 's chosen successor , presided over Zambia from January 2002 until his death in August 2008 , and is credited with campaigns to reduce corruption and increase the standard of living . After Mwanawasa 's death , Rupiah Banda presided as Acting President before being elected President in 2008 . Holding office for only three years , Banda stepped down after his defeat in the 2011 elections by Patriotic Front party leader Michael Sata . Sata died on 28 October 2014 , the second Zambian president to die in office . Guy Scott served briefly as interim president until new elections were held on 20 January 2015 , in which Edgar Lungu was elected as the sixth President .   In 2010 , the World Bank named Zambia one of the world 's fastest economically reformed countries . The Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa ( COMESA ) is headquartered in Lusaka .

neg: Dar es Salaam bus rapid transit Dar es Salaam bus rapid transit is a bus rapid transit system that began operations on 10 May 2016 in Dar es Salaam , Tanzania . The transit system consists of 6 phases and the construction of the first phase began in April 2012 by the Austrian construction company Strabag International GmbH . Construction of the first phase was completed in December 2015 at a total cost of $ 134 million funded by the African Development Bank , World Bank and the Government of Tanzania . The first phase of the project has a total length of 21.1 kilometers with dedicated bus lanes on three trunk routes with a total of 29 stations . The entire system is operated by Usafiri Dar es Salaam Rapid Transit ( UDA-RT ) under the surveillance of the Surface and Marine Transport regulatory authority ( Sumatra ) . Currently , the route is serviced by 140 Chinese built Golden Dragon buses , providing express and local service for 18 hours daily from 05:00 am to 11:00 pm .

neg: History of Nairobi The earliest account of Nairobi 's -LSB- naɪˈroʊbɪ -RSB- history dates back to 1899 when a railway depot was built in a brackish African swamp occupied only by a pastoralist people , the Maasai , as well as the agriculturalist Kikuyu people who were displaced . The railway complex and the building around it rapidly expanded and urbanized until it became the largest city of Kenya and the country 's capital . The name `` Nairobi '' comes from the Maasai phrase Enkare Nyorobi , which translates to `` the place of cool waters '' . However , Nairobi is popularly known as the `` Green City in the Sun . ''

neg: Transkei The Transkei ( -LSB- trɑːnsˈkeɪ , _ - ˈkaɪ , _ trænz - -RSB- , meaning the area beyond -LSB- the river -RSB- Kei ) , officially the Republic of Transkei ( iRiphabliki yeTranskei ) , was a Bantustan -- an area set aside for members of a specific ethnicity -- and nominal parliamentary democracy in the southeastern region of South Africa . Its capital was Umtata , which was renamed Mthatha in 2004 .   Transkei represented a significant precedent and historic turning point in South Africa 's policy of apartheid and `` separate development '' ; it was the first of four territories to be declared independent of South Africa . Throughout its existence , it remained an internationally unrecognised , diplomatically isolated , politically unstable de facto one-party state , which at one point broke relations with South Africa , the only country that acknowledged it as a legal entity . In 1994 , it was reintegrated into its larger neighbour and became part of the Eastern Cape province .

neg: White Fathers' House The White Fathers ' House ( also known as Atiman House ) is a historical building in Dar es Salaam , Tanzania . It is located in Sokoine Street , north-east of St. Joseph 's Cathedral . It is named after the White Fathers , as the building has been the seat of their mission since 1922 . The alternative name of `` Atiman '' refers to Adrian Atiman , an African physician who was freed from slavery in Nigeria by the White Fathers and later served in Tanzania until his death , in 1924 .   The building is believed to have been built in the 1860s ( possibly 1866 ) as a harem for Sultan Majid of Zanzibar . In 1922 , it was sold to the White Fathers , and became their main base in East Africa . The building is open to visitors and has a little exhibit with old pictures of Dar 's sea front , dating back to the years of German rule ( early 20th century ) .

neg: Tanzania national football team The Tanzania national football team ( Timu ya Taifa ya Mpira wa Miguu ya Tanzania ) represents Tanzania in association football and is controlled by the Tanzania Football Federation , the governing body for football in Tanzania . Tanzania 's home ground is Benjamin Mkapa National Stadium in Dar-es-Salaam and their head coach is Mart Nooij from the Netherlands . Tanzania has never qualified for the World Cup finals . Before uniting with Zanzibar , the team played as the Tanganyika national football team .   The island of Zanzibar , part of Tanzania ( and once an independent nation ) , is also an associate member of CAF and has played matches with other nations , but is not eligible to enter the World Cup or Africa Cup of Nations . See Zanzibar national football team .

neg: White settlement in Zimbabwe before 1923 White people first came to the region in southern Africa today called Zimbabwe in the 16th century , when Portuguese colonials ventured inland from Mozambique and attacked the Kingdom of Mutapa , which then controlled an area roughly equivalent to eastern Zimbabwe and western Mozambique . Portuguese influence over Mutapa endured for about two centuries before fading away during the 1690s and early 1700s ( decade ) .   During the 1880s and 1890s , the British South Africa Company initiated colonisation by whites , backed by a royal charter from Britain 's Queen Victoria : company rule over the country began in 1890 , when the Pioneer Column marched to Mashonaland , founded Fort Salisbury and settled in the area .   The company domain was named `` Rhodesia '' after its founder , Cecil Rhodes , in 1895 ; the portion south of the Zambezi became officially called Southern Rhodesia in 1898 . Concurrently with the expiry of the company 's charter in 1923 , Southern Rhodesia was granted responsible government by Britain , and became a self-governing colony .

neg: Arusha Cultural Heritage Centre The Arusha Cultural Heritage Centre is located in Arusha , Tanzania . It is a place where the past and present of the Tanzania 's 120-plus tribes can be viewed in a single compound . The centre boasts of various carvings , gemstones , artifacts , clothing and books .   The Centre has hosted the following World statesmen :  's King Harald , Queen Sonja and Princess Märtha Louise  's Thabo Mbeki and Zanele Mbeki  's Bill Clinton  's George W. Bush

neg: Juba Conference (1947) The Juba Conference was a June 1947 meeting attended by British and Sudanese delegates in the city of Juba , then regional capital of Equatoria Province in South Sudan ( and today the national capital of South Sudan ) .   Britain organised the conference to combine northern and southern Sudan into one political entity . Until then , the two sectors were essentially treated by the British as two separate colonies because of ethnic , religious and cultural differences . Northern Sudan was heavily Arabized and had a fairly well-structured political and economic infrastructure . Northerners practiced Islam and were relatively well-educated . Southern Sudan was mainly composed of various Nilotic tribes who practiced a mixture of Christian and traditional beliefs . Economically , it did not possess the organization of northern Sudan .   The Juba Conference agreed that northern and southern Sudan would constitute one state and that a Legislative Assembly would represent the entire colony . However , southern Sudanese representatives had several reservations about the resolutions , largely because they were in an inferior position in regards to their region 's lack of educational and political experience .   Their apprehension was realised when 800 administrative posts were vacated by the British in preparation for Sudanese `` self-rule '' ; only four of the government posts went to Southerners . In discussions to determine the future of the modern state of Sudan , the southern provinces were largely excluded from the political process .   This disparity lead to the First and Second Sudanese Civil Wars , eventually resulting , in 2011 , in the Southern provinces becoming an independent state , the Republic of South Sudan .

neg: Chama Cha Mapinduzi presidential primaries, 2015 The Chama Cha Mapinduzi ( CCM ) presidential primaries , 2015 took place in July 2015 to determine CCM 's nominee for the Presidency of Tanzania for the 2015 election . The Chama Cha Mapinduzi ( Party of the Revolution ) is the country 's dominant ruling party , and the longest reigning ruling party in Africa .   Incumbent president and 2010 nominee Jakaya Kikwete is ineligible for re-election due to term limits . He is looking forward to his retirement , and has described the presidency as being both `` stressful and thankless '' . Kikwete , who also serves as the party 's National Chairman , said that he was not backing anyone as his preferred and chosen successor .   More than forty candidates ( including 12 Cabinet Members ) collected the nomination forms . On 12 July , Minister of Works John Magufuli was selected as the party 's presidential nominee , and is most likely to win the presidential election .

neg: Mozambique Mozambique ( -LSB- moʊzæmˈbiːk -RSB- or -LSB- mɔːzæmˈbiːk -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of Mozambique ( Moçambique or República de Moçambique , -LSB- rɛˈpublikɐ dɨ musɐ̃ˈbikɨ -RSB- ) is a country in Southeast Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east , Tanzania to the north , Malawi and Zambia to the northwest , Zimbabwe to the west , and Swaziland and South Africa to the southwest . It is separated from Madagascar by the Mozambique Channel to the east . The capital and largest city is Maputo ( known as `` Lourenço Marques '' before independence ) .   Between the 1st and 5th centuries AD , Bantu-speaking peoples migrated from farther north and west . Swahili ( and later Arab ) commercial ports existed along the coasts until the arrival of Europeans . The area was explored by Vasco da Gama in 1498 and colonised by Portugal from 1505 . The country was an important place where Somali merchants enslaved the local population , starting what is now known as the Somali slave trade . After over four centuries of Portuguese rule , Mozambique gained independence in 1975 , becoming the People 's Republic of Mozambique shortly thereafter . After only two years of independence , the country descended into an intense and protracted civil war lasting from 1977 to 1992 . In 1994 , Mozambique held its first multiparty elections and has remained a relatively stable presidential republic . However , since 2013 , following more than 20 years of peace , a renewed insurgency by RENAMO has been occurring .   Mozambique is one of the poorest and most underdeveloped countries in the world . Mozambique is endowed with rich and extensive natural resources . The country 's economy is based largely on agriculture , but industry is growing , mainly food and beverages , chemical manufacturing , and aluminium and petroleum production . The country 's tourism sector is also growing . South Africa is Mozambique 's main trading partner and source of foreign direct investment . Belgium , Brazil , Portugal , and Spain are also among the country 's most important economic partners . Since 2001 , Mozambique 's annual average GDP growth has been among the world 's highest . However , the country ranks among the lowest in GDP per capita , human development , measures of inequality , and average life expectancy .   The only official language of Mozambique is Portuguese , which is spoken mostly as a second language by about half of the population . Common native languages include Makhuwa , Sena , and Swahili . The country 's population of around 24 million is composed overwhelmingly of Bantu people . The largest religion in Mozambique is Christianity , with significant minorities following Islam and African traditional religions . Mozambique is a member of the African Union , the Commonwealth of Nations , the Community of Portuguese Language Countries , the Latin Union , the Non-Aligned Movement , and the Southern African Development Community , and is an observer at La Francophonie .

neg: Sumbawanga Sumbawanga is a city located in western Tanzania . It is the capital of Rukwa Region . The regional population is approximately 150,000 based on a 2002 census . Sumbawanga lies in the territory of the Wafipa Fipa tribe and so many people speak Kifipa , as well as Kiswahili , the most widely used language of Tanzania . The name of the town literally translates as `` throw away your witchcraft '' , thought to be a warning from local spiritual `` healers '' to any bringing in superstitions and practices relating to spiritual healers from other areas ; there are still some healers who practice both in town and in the surrounding smaller villages on the plateau . The town has the largest hospital in the region , Rukwa General Hospital , which is government funded , as well as the smaller Dr. Atiman Hospital administrated and run by the Catholic Diocese of Sumbawanga .   The town acts as a supply and commercial center for the Rukwa Region and some governmental agencies are to be found there , notably the transport department for the region . Sumbawanga has both Libori and Moravian conference centres . A modest-size market is in the town centre where local produce may be found . This includes maize , rice , fruit , poultry and fish ( from Lake Tanganyika and Lake Rukwa ) . Many imported plastic goods and electronics are available as well as bicycles and spares . Although there are several fuel outlets , supply can be quite erratic because of the difficulties of transport from the coast .   The local economy is largely dependent on agriculture and small locally owned businesses . There is very limited industry or production in the town . Significant improvement could be expected if the road to Mbeya was sealed to enable reliable all-weather access year round . This road , and its continuation north to Mpanda and Tabora or Kigoma , can become impassable at the height of the wet season ( Feb-Mar ) . The Tanzanian government does have contracts in place for upgrading large sections of these roads . The town can be reached by flights operated by Auric Air or by bus from Mbeya which lies to the south with train links to the town of Kapiri Mposhi in Zambia , to Dar es Salaam . Rail is also available through Tabora from Mpanda in the north . Mpanda also has an airport with a 2km sealed runway .   Sumbawanga has many schools and colleges , including Chem Chem Secondary School , Sumbawanga Secondary School , St. Aggrey Chanji High School , Mazwi Secondary School , St. Aggrey Teaching College , Musoma Utalii College , and Chem Chem Teaching College .

neg: Kigoma Region Kigoma Region is one of Tanzania 's 30 administrative regions . The regional capital is the city of Kigoma . According to the 2012 national census , the region had a population of 2,127,930 , which was higher than the pre-census projection of 1,971,332 . For 2002-2012 , the region 's 2.4 percent average annual population growth rate was tied for the fourteenth highest in the country . It was also the sixteenth most densely populated region with 57 people per square kilometer . With a size of 45066 km2 , the region is slightly smaller than Estonia ( 45227 km2 ) .

neg: Hadza people The Hadza , or Hadzabe , are an indigenous ethnic group in north-central Tanzania , living around Lake Eyasi in the central Rift Valley and in the neighboring Serengeti Plateau . The Hadza number just under 1,000 . Some 300 -- 400 Hadza live as part-time hunter-gatherers , although the increasing impact of tourism and encroaching pastoralists pose serious threats to the continuation of their traditional way of life .   The Hadza are not closely genetically related to any other people . While traditionally classified with the Khoisan languages , primarily because it has clicks , the Hadza language appears to be an isolate , unrelated to any other . As descendants of Tanzania 's aboriginal hunter-gatherer population , they have probably occupied their current territory for thousands of years , with relatively little modification to their basic way of life until the past hundred years .   Since the 18th century , the Hadza came into increasing contact with farming and herding people entering Hadzaland and its vicinity ; the interactions were often hostile and caused population decline in the late 19th century . The first European contact and written accounts of the Hadza are from the late 19th century . Since then , there have been many attempts by successive colonial administrations , the independent Tanzanian government , and foreign missionaries to settle the Hadza , by introducing farming and Christianity . These have largely failed , and many Hadza still pursue virtually the same way of life as their ancestors are described as having in early 20th-century accounts . In recent years , they have been under pressure from neighbouring groups encroaching on their land , and also affected by tourism and safari hunting .

neg: White Tanzanians White Tanzanian is a term which can apply to people from Tanzania who are of European , White African 's or Arab descent and who do not regard themselves , or are not regarded as , being part of another racial group . 20,000 belong to different European groups . Arab-Tanzanians first arrived as a result of coastal trading , while small numbers of German government officials and missionaries arrived during the existence of German East Africa . Limited European immigration to Tanzania has also taken place .

neg: Songea Songea is the capital of the Ruvuma Region in southeastern Tanzania . It is located along the A19 road . The city has a population of approximately 203,309 , and is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Songea . Between 1905 and 1907 the city was a centre of African resistance during the Maji Maji Rebellion in German East Africa . The city is poised to experience significant economic growth in the near future as the Mtwara Corridor opens up in a few years .

neg: Mogadishu Mogadishu ( -LSB- ˌmɔːɡəˈdiːʃuː -RSB- Muqdisho -LSB- mʉqdɪʃɔ -RSB- ; مقديشو -LSB- maqadiːʃuː -RSB- ) , known locally as Hamar , is the capital and most populous city of Somalia . Located in the coastal Banaadir region on the Indian Ocean , the city has served as an important port for millennia . , it has a population of 2,425,000 residents .   Tradition and old records assert that southern Somalia , including the Mogadishu area , was historically inhabited by hunter-gatherers . These were later joined by Cushitic-speaking agro-pastoralists , who would go on to establish local aristocracies . During its medieval Golden Age , Mogadishu was ruled by the Muzaffar dynasty , a vassal of the Ajuran Sultanate . It subsequently fell under the control of an assortment of local Sultanates and polities , most notably the Sultanate of the Geledi . The city later became the capital of Italian Somaliland ( 1889 -- 1936 ) in the colonial period . After the Somali Republic became independent in 1960 , Mogadishu became known and promoted as the White Pearl of the Indian Ocean . After the ousting of the Siad Barre regime in 1991 and the ensuing Somali Civil War , various militias fought for control of the city , later to be replaced by the Islamic Courts Union in the mid-2000s . The ICU thereafter splintered into more radical groups , notably al-Shabaab , which fought the Transitional Federal Government ( 2004 -- 2012 ) and its African Union Mission to Somalia allies . With a change in administration in late 2010 , government troops and their military partners had succeeded in forcing out Al-Shabaab by August 2011 . Mogadishu has subsequently experienced a period of intense reconstruction .   As Somalia 's capital city , many important national institutions are based in Mogadishu . It is the seat of the Federal Government of Somalia established in August 2012 , with the Somalia Federal Parliament serving as the government 's legislative branch . Thabit Abdi Mohammed has been the Mayor of Mogadishu since April 2017 . Villa Somalia is the official residential palace and principal workplace of the President of Somalia , Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed . In May 2012 , the First Somali Bank was established in the capital , which organized Mogadishu 's first ever Technology , Entertainment , Design ( TEDx ) conference . The establishment of a local construction yard has also galvanized the city 's real-estate sector . Arba'a Rukun Mosque is one of the oldest Islamic places of worship in the capital , built circa 667 ( 1268/9 AD ) . The Mosque of Islamic Solidarity in Mogadishu is the largest masjid in the Horn region . Mogadishu Cathedral was built in 1928 by the colonial authorities in Italian Somaliland in a Norman Gothic style , and served as the traditional seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Mogadiscio . The National Museum of Somalia is based in Mogadishu and holds many culturally important artefacts . The National Library of Somalia is undergoing a $ 1 million Somali federal government funded renovation , including a new library complex .   Mogadishu is home to a number of scholastic and media institutions . As part of the municipality 's urban renewal program , 100 schools across the capital are scheduled to be refurbished and reopened . The Somali National University ( SNU ) was established in the 1950s , and professors from the university later founded the non-governmental Mogadishu University ( MU ) . Benadir University ( BU ) was established in 2002 with the intention of training doctors . Various national sporting bodies have their headquarters in Mogadishu , including the Somali Football Federation and the Somali Olympic Committee . Mogadishu Stadium was constructed in 1978 during the Siad Barre administration , with the assistance of Chinese engineers . It hosts football matches with teams from the Somali First Division and the Somalia Cup . Additionally , the Port of Mogadishu serves as a major national seaport and is the largest harbour in Somalia . Mogadishu International Airport , the capital 's main airport , is the hub of the national carrier Somali Airlines .

neg: Miss Tanzania Miss Tanzania is a national Beauty pageant in Tanzania .

neg: Zimbabwe Zimbabwe ( -LSB- zɪmˈbɑːbweɪ -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of Zimbabwe , is a landlocked country located in southern Africa , between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers . It is bordered by South Africa to the south , Botswana to the west and southwest , Zambia to the northwest , and Mozambique to the east and northeast . Although it does not border Namibia , less than 200 metres of the Zambezi River separates it from that country . The capital and largest city is Harare . A country of roughly 13 million people , Zimbabwe has 16 official languages , with English , Shona , and Ndebele the most commonly used .   Since the 11th century , present-day Zimbabwe has been the site of several organised states and kingdoms as well as a major route for migration and trade . The British South Africa Company of Cecil Rhodes first demarcated the present territory during the 1890s ; it became the self-governing British colony of Southern Rhodesia in 1923 . In 1965 , the conservative white minority government unilaterally declared independence as Rhodesia . The state endured international isolation and a 15-year guerrilla war with black nationalist forces ; this culminated in a peace agreement that established universal enfranchisement and de jure sovereignty in April 1980 . Zimbabwe then rejoined the Commonwealth of Nations -- which it withdrew from in 2003 . It is a member of the United Nations , the Southern African Development Community ( SADC ) , the African Union ( AU ) , and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa ( COMESA ) .   Robert Mugabe became Prime Minister of Zimbabwe in 1980 , when his ZANU-PF party won the elections following the end of white minority rule ; he has been the president of Zimbabwe since 1987 . Under Mugabe 's authoritarian regime , the state security apparatus has dominated the country and been responsible for widespread human rights violations . Mugabe has maintained the revolutionary socialist rhetoric from the Cold War era , blaming Zimbabwe 's economic woes on conspiring Western capitalist countries , while still executing conservative policies . Burnished by his anti-imperialist credentials , contemporary African political leaders have been reluctant to criticise Mugabe , though Archbishop Desmond Tutu has called him `` a cartoon figure of an archetypal African dictator '' .

neg: Kampala Kampala is the capital and largest city of Uganda . The city is divided into five boroughs that oversee local planning : Kampala Central Division , Kawempe Division , Makindye Division , Nakawa Division , and Lubaga Division . The city is conterminous with Kampala District . Surrounding Kampala is the rapidly growing Wakiso District , whose population more than doubled between 2002 and 2014 and now stands at over 2 million .   Kampala was named the 13th fastest growing city on the planet , with an annual population growth rate of 4.03 percent , by City Mayors . Kampala has been ranked the best city to live in East Africa ahead of Nairobi and Kigali by Mercer , a global development consulting agency based in New York City , U.S.   In December 2015 , Google launched its first wi-fi network in Kampala .


query: Anna Kendrick did not act in a 2012 musical comedy.

pos: Anna Kendrick Anna Cooke Kendrick ( born August 9 , 1985 ) is an American actress and singer . She began her career as a child actor in theater productions . Her first prominent role was in the 1998 Broadway musical High Society , which earned her a Tony Award nomination for Best Featured Actress in a Musical . She made her film debut in the musical comedy Camp ( 2003 ) .   Kendrick rose to prominence for her supporting role in The Twilight Saga ( 2008 -- 12 ) , the film franchise based on Stephenie Meyer 's book series . She received an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in Up in the Air ( 2009 ) . She achieved further fame for playing the protagonist in the 2012 musical comedy Pitch Perfect and the 2015 sequel , Pitch Perfect 2 .   Kendrick has also featured in the comedy-drama 50/50 ( 2011 ) , the crime-drama End of Watch ( 2012 ) , the musical-fantasy Into the Woods ( 2014 ) , and the adult comedy Mike and Dave Need Wedding Dates ( 2016 ) .  In 2016 , Kendrick published her memoir , Scrappy Little Nobody .

neg: New Girl in Town New Girl in Town is a musical with a book by George Abbott and music and lyrics by Bob Merrill based on Eugene O'Neill 's 1921 gloomy play Anna Christie , about a prostitute who tries to live down her past . New Girl , unlike O'Neill 's play , focuses on the jealousy of the character Marthy and on love 's ability to conquer all . The musical ends far more hopefully than the play .   The Broadway production opened on May 4 , 1957 at the 46th Street Theatre , where it ran for 431 performances . The show was written as a star vehicle for Gwen Verdon , who had just had a hit with Damn Yankees and won raves for her portrayal of Anna , a role that showed off her acting , singing and dancing abilities to maximum effect . Composer Bob Merrill was at the beginning of a string of 1960s successes . New Girl in Town , produced by Frederick Brisson , Robert E. Griffith and Harold S. Prince , was well received by both critics and audiences . Verdon and co-star Thelma Ritter shared the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical , and the show received three other Tony nominations , including the Best Musical and best choreography for Bob Fosse .

neg: The Performers (play) The Performers is a comedy play written by David West Read and directed by Evan Cabnet . It premiered on Broadway on November 14 , 2012 .

neg: The Comedy The Comedy is a 2012 drama film directed and co-written by Rick Alverson , and starring Tim Heidecker . Supporting actors include Eric Wareheim ( Tim and Eric ) , James Murphy ( LCD Soundsystem ) , and Gregg Turkington ( better known as Neil Hamburger ) . The film was premiered at the 2012 Sundance Film Festival and screened within such festivals as Maryland Film Festival 2012 . The film was distributed by Tribeca Film and was slated for theatrical release on November 9 , 2012 and nationwide On Demand starting October 24 , 2012 .   Despite the title and use of comedians as actors , Sundance festival chief programmer Trevor Groth says that the film is not a comedy , but instead `` a provocation , a critique of a culture based at its core around irony and sarcasm and about ultimately how hollow that is . ''   The first ten minutes of the film was purposely leaked onto various torrent websites with an anti-piracy statement at the end of the video . The resulting publicity made the actual film the most pirated independent film of the year .

neg: Colma: The Musical Colma : The Musical is a 2006 American musical independent film directed by Richard Wong and written by H.P. Mendoza . Wong 's feature directorial debut , shot on location in the city of Colma , California and parts of San Francisco , is a coming of age story based on the lives of and the relationships between three teenagers living in Colma and how they deal with newfound problems that challenge their friendship . Along the way , they also learn what to hold on to and how best to follow their dreams .   The film features 13 songs all written and produced by H.P. Mendoza . Colma : The Musical was released through Roadside Attractions in partnership with Lions Gate Entertainment .   The film premiered March 21 , 2006 at the San Francisco International Asian American Film Festival . After a year of touring the film festival circuit and winning three Special Jury Prizes , Colma : The Musical was theatrically released on June 22 , 2007 .

neg: An Oversimplification of Her Beauty An Oversimplification of Her Beauty is a 2012 American semi-animated comedy-drama-romance film , directed by Terence Nance , following a quixotic artist who , when stood up by an attractive woman , makes a film about it and shows it to her . It premiered at the 2012 Sundance Film Festival and has received generally positive reviews from critics .

neg: Loosies Loosies ( also known as Love Is Not a Crime and Pick Pocket ) is a 2012 romantic comedy-drama film written and produced by Peter Facinelli , and directed by Michael Corrente . The film stars Peter Facinelli , Jaimie Alexander , Michael Madsen , Joe Pantoliano , William Forsythe , Christy Carlson Romano , Glenn Ciano , Vincent Gallo and Chad A. Verdi .

neg: A Simple Life (1912 film) A Simple Life is a 1912 silent short film comedy starring Anna Lehr .   A print is preserved in the Library of Congress collection .

neg: Sosy Problems Sosy Problems is a Filipino comedy film produced by GMA Films and directed by Andoy Ranay . It stars Rhian Ramos , Heart Evangelista , Solenn Heussaff , and Bianca King . The film is one of the eight official entries of the 2012 Metro Manila Film Festival which began on December 25 , 2012 .

neg: Man on a Ledge Man on a Ledge is a 2012 American thriller film directed by Asger Leth , starring Sam Worthington , Elizabeth Banks , Jamie Bell , Edward Burns , Anthony Mackie , Génesis Rodríguez and Ed Harris . Filming took place in New York City .

neg: Annabouboula Annabouboula  is a Greek-American musical act based in New York City featuring vocalist Anna Paidoussi and producers George Sempepos and Christopher Lawrence . Annabouboula first released records and performed in the 1980s and 1990s .

neg: Anna Fantastic Anna Garcia , whose legal name is Anna Florence and is professionally known as Anna Fantastic ( a name given to her by Prince ) , is an English actress , singer and model .

neg: Enchanted (film) Enchanted is a 2007 American live-action/animated musical fantasy romantic comedy film , produced by Walt Disney Pictures with New York Academy Barry Sonnenfeld and Josephson Entertainment . Written by Bill Kelly and directed by Kevin Lima , the film stars Amy Adams , Patrick Dempsey , James Marsden , Timothy Spall , Idina Menzel , Rachel Covey , and Susan Sarandon . The plot focuses on Giselle , an archetypal Disney Princess , who is forced from her traditional animated world of Andalasia into the live-action world of New York City . Enchanted was the first Disney film to be distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures , instead of Buena Vista Pictures Distribution .   The film is both a homage to , and a self-parody of , Disney 's animated features , making numerous references to Disney 's past works through the combination of live-action filmmaking , traditional animation , and computer-generated imagery . It marks the return of traditional animation to a Disney feature film after the company 's decision to move entirely to computer animation in 2004 . Composer Alan Menken and lyricist Stephen Schwartz , who had written songs for previous Disney films , produced the songs of Enchanted , with Menken also composing its score .   The animation sequences were produced at James Baxter Animation in Pasadena . Filming of the live action segments took place around New York City . It premiered on October 20 , 2007 , at the London Film Festival before its wide release on November 21 , 2007 , in the United States . Enchanted was well-received critically , established Adams as a leading lady , and earned more than $ 340 million worldwide at the box office . It won three Saturn Awards , including Best Fantasy Film and Best Actress for Adams . Enchanted also received two nominations at the 65th Golden Globe Awards and three Best Original Song nominations at the 80th Academy Awards .

neg: Song for Marion Song for Marion ( released in the United States as Unfinished Song ) is a 2012 British-German comedy-drama film written and directed by Paul Andrew Williams and starring Terence Stamp , Gemma Arterton , Christopher Eccleston and Vanessa Redgrave .   The film was nominated for three awards -- Best Actor , Best Screenplay , and Best Supporting Actress -- at the 2012 British Independent Film Awards .

neg: Nick & Nora Nick & Nora is a musical with a book by Arthur Laurents , lyrics by Richard Maltby , Jr. , and music by Charles Strouse .   The plot involves witty and urbane high society couple Nick and Nora Charles , characters created by Dashiell Hammett in his novel The Thin Man , which inspired six films , a radio show , and a television series . In this version , the two are attempting to solve the murder of a bookkeeper on a film production in Hollywood . Crucially , the musical departs from the formula of previous incarnations , defined by the chemistry between Nick and Nora , by creating a subplot of marital woes and tensions between them .   The show had a brief run of nine performances on Broadway in 1991 , and was remounted for the first and only time by San Francisco 's 42nd Street Moon in April 2015 .

neg: The Apparition The Apparition is a 2012 American supernatural horror film , written and directed by Todd Lincoln , making his directorial debut , and starring Ashley Greene , Sebastian Stan , Tom Felton , Julianna Guill and Rick Gomez . The plot follows three college students who , after the death of their friend , must battle a supernatural force they summoned themselves . The film was loosely inspired by the Philip experiment conducted in 1972 . The film was a box office bomb and was cited by critics as one of the worst horror movies of 2012 . It was also the last Warner Bros. . Pictures horror film to be released under its own label before resorting to New Line Cinema to release all future horror movies made by Warner Bros. .

neg: Straight Talk Straight Talk is an 1992 American romantic comedy film directed by Barnet Kellman and starring Dolly Parton and James Woods . Parton did not receive solo star-billing in any other theatrically released films until the 2012 film Joyful Noise , alongside Queen Latifah . Her previous starring films had been 9 to 5 ( 1980 ) , The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas ( 1982 ) , Rhinestone ( 1984 ) , and Steel Magnolias ( 1989 ) .

neg: The Rink (musical) The Rink is a musical with a book by Terrence McNally , lyrics by Fred Ebb , and music by John Kander , the tenth Kander and Ebb collaboration .   The musical focuses on Anna , the owner of a dilapidated roller skating rink on the boardwalk of a decaying seaside resort , who has decided to sell it to developers . Complicating her plans are her prodigal daughter Angel , who returns to town seeking to reconnect with the people and places she long ago left behind . Through a series of flashbacks , revelations , and minimal forward-moving plot development , the two deal with their pasts in their attempt to reconcile and move on with their lives .

neg: Andrea McArdle Andrea McArdle ( born November 5 , 1963 ) is an American singer and actress best known for originating the role of Annie in the Broadway musical Annie .

neg: I, Anna I , Anna is a 2012 noir thriller film written and directed by Barnaby Southcombe and based on Elsa Lewin 's novel of the same name . The film stars Southcombe 's mother Charlotte Rampling alongside Gabriel Byrne and Hayley Atwell .

neg: Tip-Toes Tip-Toes is a musical with a book by Guy Bolton and Fred Thompson , lyrics by Ira Gershwin , and music by George Gershwin . It centers on a vaudeville act composed of Tip-Toes , her brother and her uncle , who try to pass her off as an aristocrat to snare a millionaire husband . Farcical complications ensue involving Tip-Toes ' temporary amnesia and a marital infidelity subplot .   The musical was modestly successful on Broadway in 1925 and in London in 1926 . It was quickly adapted as a silent film starring Dorothy Gish and Will Rogers .


query: Andy Warhol was the producer of a band.

pos: Andy Warhol Andy Warhol ( -LSB- ˈwɔrhɒl -RSB- born Andrew Warhola ; August 6 , 1928 -- February 22 , 1987 ) was an American artist , director and producer who was a leading figure in the visual art movement known as pop art . His works explore the relationship between artistic expression , celebrity culture , and advertising that flourished by the 1960s , and span a variety of media , including painting , silkscreening , photography , film , and sculpture . Some of his best known works include the silkscreen paintings Campbell 's Soup Cans ( 1962 ) and Marilyn Diptych ( 1962 ) , the experimental film Chelsea Girls ( 1966 ) , and the multimedia events known as the Exploding Plastic Inevitable ( 1966 -- 67 ) .   Born and raised in Pittsburgh , Warhol initially pursued a successful career as a commercial illustrator . After exhibiting his work in several galleries in the late 1950s , he began to receive recognition as an influential and controversial artist . His New York studio , The Factory , became a well-known gathering place that brought together distinguished intellectuals , drag queens , playwrights , Bohemian street people , Hollywood celebrities , and wealthy patrons . He promoted a collection of personalities known as Warhol superstars , and is credited with coining the widely used expression `` 15 minutes of fame . '' In the late 1960s , he managed and produced the experimental rock band The Velvet Underground and founded Interview magazine . He authored numerous books , including The Philosophy of Andy Warhol and Popism : The Warhol Sixties . He is also notable as a gay man who lived openly as such before the gay liberation movement . After a gallbladder surgery in 1987 , Warhol died in February of that year at the age of 58 .   Warhol has been the subject of numerous retrospective exhibitions , books , and feature and documentary films . The Andy Warhol Museum in his native city of Pittsburgh , which holds an extensive permanent collection of art and archives , is the largest museum in the United States dedicated to a single artist . Many of his creations are very collectible and highly valuable . The highest price ever paid for a Warhol painting is US$ 105 million for a 1963 canvas titled `` Silver Car Crash ( Double Disaster ) '' ; his works include some of the most expensive paintings ever sold . A 2009 article in The Economist described Warhol as the `` bellwether of the art market '' .

neg: The Shirts The Shirts are a New York-based American punk band , which was formed in 1975 . The band 's early existence ( 1975 to 1981 ) was closely linked with CBGB , a music club in the Bowery , but it reformed with many of the early members in 2003 and is currently active .

neg: P.K. 14 P.K. 14 is a Chinese rock band composed of vocalist/producer Yang Haisong , Xu Bo on guitar , bassist Shi Xudong , and drummer Jonathan Leijonhufvud ( 雷坛坛 , or `` Tan Tan '' ) . Their post-punk , indie rock musical style has been influential on the Chinese rock scene since their first album was released in 2001 , making them `` elder statesmen of the Beijing rock scene '' . Formed in 1997 in Nanjing , they moved to Beijing in 2001 . One of five groups selected by Time magazine as Asia 's best bands in 2008 , the band 's name is intended as an abbreviation of `` public kingdom for teens '' . The band , which sings exclusively in Mandarin Chinese , has been praised for its `` sharp , post-punk '' sound : `` P.K. 14 , for all its lyrical depth , creates an overwhelming barrage of beautiful postpunk chaos '' .   In addition to his work with P.K. 14 , Yang Haisong is also a sought-after record producer in China , working primarily with the Beijing-based labels Maybe Mars , Modern Sky and Genjing Records to produce efforts from Carsick Cars , Birdstriking , Skip Skip Ben Ben , The Dyne , Goodnight Goodluck , Alpine Decline , Fallacy , Doc Talk Shock and his own side project , the lo-fi noise duo Dear Eloise .

neg: The Del-Byzanteens The Del-Byzanteens was a New York-based no wave band active in the early 1980s . The band comprised Phil Kline ( vocals , guitar ) ; Jim Jarmusch ( vocals , keyboards ) ; Philippe Hagen ( bass ) ; Josh Braun ( percussion , drums ) ; and Dan Braun ( drums , percussion ) . Luc Sante wrote the lyrics to some of their songs , while James Nares sometimes contributed as a percussionist , and occasionally John Lurie performed with them on stage .   They released a 12 '' EP : Girl 's Imagination ( 1981 ) , an LP : Lies to Live By ( 1982 ) , and a 7 '' single : Draft Riot ( 1982 ) . In 1985-86 they recorded two more songs ( `` The Last Time '' and `` Fascination '' ) , which were never finished or officially released .   `` At that time everyone in New York had a band , '' Jarmusch recalled in an interview The Washington Post ( 1984 ) . `` The idea was that you did n't have to be a virtuoso musician to have a band . The spirit was more important than having technical expertise , and that influenced a lot of filmmakers . '' According to Sante , they were `` a band that insouciantly blended high and low , virtuosity and amateurism , calypso and science fiction , pots and pans and drones and the Supremes . They released several records , on a British label , which did very well in the former Yugoslavia . ''   They played a number of concerts at clubs such as CBGB , Hurrah and the Mudd Club in New York City . Two of their songs were featured in Wim Wenders ' 1982 film The State of Things . At the time , Hot Press said that their debut LP was `` a debut equal to anything out of New York these past six years '' , and Melody Maker described it as `` mighty stuff ... You are strongly urged to investigate this record ... outstanding . '' Like the filmmaker Jim Jarmusch , many of its members have gone on to become famous in their own right , making music ( Phil Kline ) , art ( James Nares ) , and writing ( Luc Sante ) .   Their back catalogue has never been re-issued on CD , and Del-Byzanteens vinyl is a rare sight on the second-hand market . However , `` Girl 's Imagination '' was featured on the Beggars Banquet 's 1999 compilation Pspyched ! , and again on the Gomma compilation Anti-NY in 2001 , while `` My Hands Are Yellow ( from the job that i do ) '' was released on New York Noise Vol 2 , in 2003 . Three of their shows at the Hurrah club were filmed , in their entirety , by Merrill Aldighieri . In early 2011 she released a 52-minute `` hand-made '' DVD , `` Eskimo Lounge Music '' , featuring live footage from these performances , interfoiled with recent interviews with the band members .

neg: The White Stripes The White Stripes were an American rock duo formed in 1997 in Detroit , Michigan . The group consisted of Jack White ( songwriter , vocals , guitar , piano , and mandolin ) and Meg White ( drums and vocals ) . After releasing several singles and three albums within the Detroit music scene , The White Stripes rose to prominence in 2002 , as part of the garage rock revival scene . Their successful and critically acclaimed albums White Blood Cells and Elephant drew attention from a large variety of media outlets in the United States and the United Kingdom , with the single `` Seven Nation Army '' and its now-iconic guitar line becoming their signature song . The band recorded two more albums , Get Behind Me Satan in 2005 and Icky Thump in 2007 , and dissolved in 2011 after a lengthy hiatus from performing and recording .   The White Stripes used a low-fidelity approach to writing and recording . Their music featured a melding of garage rock and blues influences and a raw simplicity of composition , arrangement , and performance . The duo was also noted for their fashion and design aesthetic which featured a simple color scheme of red , white , and black -- which was used on every album and single cover the band released -- as well as the band 's fascination with the number three . The band 's discography consists of six studio albums , one live album , two extended plays ( EP ) , one concert film , one tour documentary , twenty-six singles , and fourteen music videos . Their last three albums each won the Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album .

neg: Asbestos Records Asbestos Records is an American independent record label in Stratford , Connecticut , United States , founded in 1996 by Matt Flood . It was started as a vehicle to release albums and compilations for local bands , and to book DIY shows at the Newtown Teen Center .   Over the next eight years , Asbestos Records released albums from notable CT bands , such as : Slackjaw , Grover Dill , and West Beverly , whose members went on to join bands such as Dropkick Murphys , In Pieces , Staring Back , and Punchline .   The label was also home of the first four album covers by cult Artist Rob Dobi , known for his parody send up of emo fashion How to Dress Emo and his clothing company Full Bleed .   In 2007 the label began a project to reissue popular 3rd Wave Ska albums from defunct labels . This series of reissues included by artists including :  The Mighty Mighty Bosstones  The Suicide Machines  The Slackers  Spring Heeled Jack U.S.A.  The Toasters  Mustard Plug  and many more .   In a joint effort between Asbestos Records , Chicago , IL 's Underground Communiqué Records and Ska Is Dead , the three started a Ska Is Dead 7 '' Subscription Series made up of six split 7 '' records . Each 7 '' featured two currently active ska bands . Series 1 has been completely released with Series 2 on the way .   The label has also been involved in reissuing the portion of They Might Be Giants ' discography that was originally released on Elektra Records .   The Asbestos Records website previously hosted a message board for music fans from the southern New England area , which is now defunct .

neg: Sick of It All discography Sick of It All is a New York hardcore band formed in 1986 and currently consists of brothers Lou Koller ( vocals ) and Pete Koller ( guitar ) , Armand Majidi ( drums ) and Rich Cipriano ( bass guitar ) . In the years since its inception , the band has released twelve studio albums , two live recordings , two compilation albums , two EPs , six singles and one documentary film .   After recording a demo in 1987 and playing Sunday afternoon matinees at the famous CBGB 's , Sick of It All signed a record contract with Revelation Records , who released a self-titled 7 '' EP . In 1988 , the band terminated their contract with Revelation and signed with the now-defunct Relativity Records , who released their first two studio albums as well as a live EP . In 1993 , they decided to end their five-year relationship with Relativity and signed with East West Records . In 1998 , Sick of It All terminated their U.S. record contract for the fourth time and signed with Fat Wreck Chords . Around 2005 , they ended their seven-year relationship with Fat Wreck and signed to Abacus Recordings , who released one album for the band before the label went bankrupt . As of 2009 , Sick of It All is under contract to Century Media .

neg: The Psychic Paramount The Psychic Paramount is an American experimental rock group from New York City .

neg: Vinyl (1965 film) Vinyl is a 1965 American black-and-white experimental film directed by Andy Warhol at The Factory . It is an early adaptation of Anthony Burgess ' novel A Clockwork Orange , starring Gerard Malanga , Edie Sedgwick , Ondine , and Tosh Carillo , and featuring such songs as `` Nowhere to Run '' by Martha and the Vandellas , `` Tired of Waiting for You '' by The Kinks , `` The Last Time '' by The Rolling Stones and `` Shout '' by The Isley Brothers .

neg: Beaver & Krause Beaver & Krause were a musical duo made up of Paul Beaver and Bernie Krause . Their 1967 album The Nonesuch Guide to Electronic Music was a pioneering work in the electronic music genre .   Beaver introduced Monkees singer-drummer Micky Dolenz to the Moog , which became a featured instrument on the fourth Monkees album , Pisces , Aquarius , Capricorn & Jones Ltd. , and Beaver himself performed on one track , `` Star Collector '' in 1967 . In addition , he led workshops at the Beaver & Krause LA studio attended by a who 's who of film composers and session keyboardists of the time .   In June 1967 , Beaver and Krause set up a booth at the Monterey Pop Festival , demonstrating their newly purchased electronic synthesiser , one of the first constructed by Bob Moog .   Thanks to their demonstrations of the Moog at Monterey , Beaver and Krause also introduced the instrument to a number of other leading American pop acts including The Doors , Simon & Garfunkel and The Byrds , helping to create the vogue for the Moog that emerged in the late 1960s and early 1970s .   Krause introduced the instrument first to Sir George Martin , producer of the Beatles , and then to George Harrison during Harrison 's 1968 visit to California while producing the Apple artist , Jackie Lomax . He used it to generate his 1969 free-form solo Electronic Sound album for Apple Records ' spinoff label Zapple , with the first side of the disc consisting of not only Krause 's composition , but also his performance -- one that remained completely unacknowledged and uncompensated for .   In 1968 , Beaver and Krause released an album for Mercury Records imprint Limelight Records , Ragnarok , then released a series of three albums for Warner Brothers Records , In a Wild Sanctuary ( 1970 ) , Gandharva ( 1971 ) and All Good Men ( 1972 ) , effectively creating both the electronica and New Age musical movements .   The final chord of the track `` Spaced '' from their album , In a Wild Sanctuary , is abnormally similar to the later synthesizer THX Sound Logo heard for years in movie theaters and named deep note . The THX performance conveniently begins on the same first note ( a G pedal tone ) , splits into an 8-tone glissando with four notes rising and four descending , and ends on the same open ( D Major ) chord . Despite THX 's contention that it was not directly influenced by Beaver and Krause , no other musical rendering of that kind can be found over the entire course of musical history .   Both Mike Bloomfield and Ronnie Montrose played guitar on the Beaver & Krause song `` Saga Of The Blue Beaver '' .   The duo ended with Beaver 's premature death in January , 1975 , at age 49 .   Krause released at least two more solo albums : Citadels of Mystery in 1979 and Gorillas in the Mix in 1988 . He also scored music and/or effects for many movies like Apocalypse Now on synthesizer .   In 1995 Krause released an album of Holiday music with Phil Aaberg composed entirely of sampled animal noises recorded in the wild titled A Wild Christmas .   Since earning his Ph.D. in Creative ( Sound ) Arts with an internship in bioacoustics ( 1981 ) , Krause has specialized almost exclusively in the recording and archiving of natural soundscapes from wild habitats worldwide and has been a major influence in the introduction to bioacoustics of the fields of soundscape ecology and ecoacoustics . In 2014 , Krause collaborated with Richard Blackford , former composer-in-residence at Balliol College Oxford , to compose a symphony titled , The Great Animal Orchestra Symphony for Orchestra and Wild Soundscapes , commissioned and performed by the BBC National Orchestra of Wales . Echoing the pioneering ecoacoustic approach in Beaver & Krause 's In A Wild Sanctuary , the symphony featured the first full orchestration combining wild soundscapes performed live as a component of orchestration . In 2015 , Blackford and Krause were commissioned by the Alonzo King LINES Ballet , an internationally known corps based in San Francisco , to score the ballet , Biophony , which premiered in April of that year .

neg: Exploding Plastic Inevitable The Exploding Plastic Inevitable , sometimes simply called Plastic Inevitable or EPI , was a series of multimedia events organized by Andy Warhol between 1966 and 1967 , featuring musical performances by The Velvet Underground and Nico , screenings of Warhol 's films , and dancing and performances by regulars of Warhol 's Factory , especially Mary Woronov and Gerard Malanga . Andy Warhol 's Exploding Plastic Inevitable is also the title of an 18-minute film by Ronald Nameth with recordings from one week of performances of the shows which were filmed in Chicago , Illinois , in 1966 . In December 1966 Warhol included a one-off magazine called The Plastic Exploding Inevitable as part of the Aspen No. 3 package .

neg: Velvet Crush Velvet Crush is an American power pop band from Providence , Rhode Island , United States , that achieved prominence in indie-rock circles in the early - and mid-1990s . The band broke up in 1996 but re-formed in 1998 and have continued to record , releasing their most recent album in 2004 . Vocalist/bassist Paul Chastain and drummer Ric Menck are the band 's core members , having previously worked together as Choo Choo Train , Bag-O-Shells , and The Springfields , and they share singing and songwriting duties . Guitarist Jeffrey Borchardt ( of Honeybunch ) played on the band 's first three albums , In the Presence of Greatness , Teenage Symphonies to God , and Heavy Changes . In the Presence of Greatness was produced by Matthew Sweet , while the second and third albums were produced by Mitch Easter .

neg: Kleeer Kleeer was an American New York-based funk , disco and post-disco band , which was formed in 1972 under the name The Jam Band , as a backup group to different disco bands and vocalists .

neg: Art in America (band) Art in America is an American progressive rock band that achieved success in the early 1980s . They are best known for their self-titled song `` Art in America '' released in 1983 .

neg: Love Crushed Velvet Love Crushed Velvet is a rock band from New York , NY .   Lead singer and songwriter A.L.X. began collaborating with drummer Thommy Price ( Billy Idol , Joan Jett , Blue Öyster Cult , Scandal ) in 2008 . Jimi Bones ( Joan Jett , Blondie ) joined as lead guitarist , and Enzo Penizzotto ( Joan Jett ) was the primary bass player on what became the band 's self-titled debut album . The album was recorded at Shabby Road Studio and Kingsland Recording in Brooklyn , NY , and in the studio of Brian McGee , also in New York . British producer and engineer Dave Bascombe ( Tears for Fears , Depeche Mode , The Human League , Erasure , Goldfrapp , Placebo ) mixed the album , which was officially released in the U.S. on July 12 , 2011 .   The band 's lineup varies for live performances , with A.L.X. being the key consistent member . Keyboardist Linda Leseman has played with A.L.X. in New York since May 2010 , and 2011 performances have included drummers Aaron A. Brooks ( Moby ) and Massimo `` Max '' Majorana and guitarist Jay Stone , who has been a long-time songwriting partner of A.L.X. Bass players Drew Mortali and Darren Korb , both of whom were featured on the record , have also performed live with the band .   In early 2011 , the song `` Letter '' , remixed by DJ Asha and 2 a.m. , became a viral hit on electronic music blogs . In July of the same year , `` Goodbye Goldblatt '' was added to the game Rock Band 3 .

neg: Transplants (band) The Transplants are an American punk rock/rap rock supergroup . They formed in 1999 when Tim Armstrong ( of the bands Rancid and Operation Ivy ) played his friend and roadie Rob Aston some beats he had made using Pro Tools and asked Aston if he would consider contributing lyrics . Initially , Armstrong played all the instruments himself but as the project grew , he invited musician friends such as Matt Freeman ( Rancid ) , Lars Frederiksen ( Rancid ) , and Vic Ruggiero ( The Slackers ) to add to the sound . Before long , Armstrong and Aston decided to officially form a band , but to make things complete , they wanted a drummer , so Travis Barker from Blink-182 was asked to join in 2002 .   After the release of their first album , The Transplants briefly disbanded in 2003 , due to all members being involved in their own projects , including Rancid and Blink-182 . Then in 2004 , they reunited to record their second album ( Haunted Cities ) before going on hiatus again until 2010 when the band has started to record new material . This new material was released as In a Warzone in 2013 .

neg: Berlin Trilogy The Berlin Trilogy consists of three consecutively released studio albums by English singer and songwriter David Bowie : Low ( 1977 ) , `` Heroes '' ( 1977 ) and Lodger ( 1979 ) . The albums were recorded after Bowie took up residence in West Berlin in late 1976 , and saw him experiment with elements of electronic , krautrock , ambient , and world music in collaboration with American producer Tony Visconti and English musician Brian Eno .   Bowie began referring to the three albums as a Berlin-centered trilogy during the promotion of Lodger , although `` Heroes '' was the only installment primarily recorded in the city . Each album reached the UK top five . Bowie would later call the music of the trilogy his `` DNA '' . Consequence of Sound characterized the trilogy as an `` art rock trifecta '' , while Rolling Stone wrote that '' ' -LSB- the -RSB- ` Berlin Trilogy ' stands as some of the most innovative music in the artist 's influential canon '' . According to Robert Christgau , `` the true beginnings of illbient and chillout techno '' lay in the `` second side '' of each album .

neg: Work Group The Work Group ( stylized as The WORK Group ) was an American record label .

neg: International Artists International Artists ( IA ) was an independent record label based in Houston , Texas that originally existed from 1965 to 1970 .   During its existence IA released 12 albums and 39 singles and was owned by a group of businessmen in Houston . Among its staff was producer Lelan Rogers , brother of country singer Kenny Rogers . The label is famous for its roster of well-known Texas psychedelic rock bands , including The 13th Floor Elevators , The Red Crayola and Bubble Puppy , as well as lesser known bands such as The Golden Dawn , Lost And Found and Endle St. Cloud . International Artists also released an album by blues guitarist Lightnin ' Hopkins that featured session work by the 13th Floor Elevators ' rhythm section .   The label originally folded in 1971 , but was revived by Lelan Rogers in 1978 . Rogers released a box-set that reissued all 12 albums . In 1980 the double-LP Epitaph for a Legend ( IA # 13 ) reissued rare International Artists tracks from Roky Erickson 's first band , The Spades , early demos by the Red Krayola , and forgotten relics from other Texas blues and psychedelic artists . A six-CD box set , The Best of International Artists , was released in 2003 and included the entire Epitaph compilation along with reissues of the debut albums by the Thirteenth Floor Elevators , Red Krayola , Lost & Found and Bubble Puppy .   In 2008 , now under the control of Charly Records , the label began to re-issue all of its past albums together with some rarities and previously unheard recordings , including a 10-CD box set dedicated solely to the Thirteenth Floor Elevators .

neg: Shoplifter Records Shoplifter Records was originally an English record company created by producer Gordon Raphael and Paul Harrison -LSB- disambiguation needed -RSB- as a partnership in 2003 . Raphael has acted as producer for many bands , but most notably for The Strokes ' albums Is This It ? and Room on Fire . ↵ Shoplifter signed Regina Spektor to her first contract and released the album Soviet Kitsch after teaming up with Sony S.I.N.E for international licensing . ↵ . ↵ Other artists to pass through Shoplifter 's doors are The Satellites , Anna Mercedes , Miss Machine - who were actually the first release on Shoplifter , Absinthee , Black Light and Kill Kenada , and Char Johnson.The following year saw the merger of Sony Music and BMG which also coincided with Raphael relocating to Berlin . . The label 's first single `` Your Honour '' by Regina Spektor was NME single of the week , beating Brian Wilson , Robbie Williams and R.E.M. amongst others . ↵ The album Soviet Kitsch was voted into the top 50 albums in the majority of that year 's music press and broadsheet reviews . Raphael is currently producing bands internationally , but based in Berlin since 2005 .

neg: Joe's Garage Joe 's Garage is a three-part rock opera recorded by American musician Frank Zappa in 1979 . Originally released as two separate studio albums on Zappa Records , the project was later remastered and reissued as a triple album box set , Joe 's Garage , Acts I , II & III , in 1987 . The LPs initially received mixed to positive reviews , with critics praising its innovative and original music , but criticizing the scatological , sexual and profane nature of the lyrics . Since its original release , Joe 's Garage has been reappraised in a better light by some critics .   Zappa self-deprecatingly described the album as a `` stupid little story about how the government is going to do away with music . '' The story is told by a character identified as the `` Central Scrutinizer '' narrating the story of Joe , an average adolescent male who forms a garage rock band , has unsatisfying relationships with women , gives all of his money to a government assisted and insincere religion , explores sexual activities with appliances , and is imprisoned . After being released from prison into a dystopian society in which music itself has been criminalized , he lapses into insanity .   The album encompasses a large spectrum of musical styles , while its lyrics often feature satirical or humorous commentary on American society and politics . It addresses themes of individualism , free will , censorship , the music industry and human sexuality , while criticizing government and religion , and satirizing Catholicism and Scientology . Joe 's Garage is noted for its use of xenochrony , a recording technique that takes guitar solos from older live recordings and overdubs them onto new studio recordings . All of the guitar solos on the album are xenochronous except for `` Crew Slut '' and `` Watermelon in Easter Hay '' , a signature song that Zappa has described as the best song on the album , and according to his son Dweezil , the best guitar solo his father ever played .


query: Gerd von Rundstedt died February 24, 1953.

pos: Gerd von Rundstedt Karl Rudolf Gerd von Rundstedt ( 12 December 1875 -- 24 February 1953 ) was a Field Marshal in the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany during World War II .   Born into a Prussian family with a long military tradition , Rundstedt entered the Prussian Army in 1892 . During World War I , he served mainly as a staff officer . In the inter-war years , he continued his military career , reaching the rank of Colonel General ( Generaloberst ) before retiring in 1938 .   He was recalled at the beginning of World War II as commander of Army Group South in the invasion of Poland . He commanded Army Group A during the Battle of France , and was promoted to the rank of Field Marshal in 1940 . In the invasion of the Soviet Union , he commanded Army Group South , responsible for the largest encirclement in history , the Battle of Kiev , as well as the largest mass killing of the Holocaust to that date , at Babi Yar . He was relieved of command in December 1941 , but was recalled in 1942 and appointed Commander-in-Chief in the West .   He was dismissed after the German defeat in Normandy in July 1944 , but was again recalled as Commander-in-Chief in the West in September , holding this post until his final dismissal by Adolf Hitler in March 1945 . Rundstedt was aware of the various plots to depose Hitler , but refused to support them . After the war , he was charged with war crimes , but did not face trial due to his age and poor health . He was released in 1949 , and died in 1953 .

neg: Frankfurt Documents thumb | right | 200px | Members of the Frankfurt conference  Frankfurt Documents were a series of documents which were an important step on the way to the founding of the Federal Republic of Germany .   On July 1 , 1948 the representatives of the Western allied occupation forces handed over a number of documents to the prime ministers and two ruling mayors from the western zones of occupation , in which the recommendations were made , including establishing a West German state . The main problem of these recommendations was that they did not provide all-German solution , but only a West German state . The Frankfurt documents formed a working basis for the work on the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany . They were created at the London 6-Power Conference in early 1948 .   The handover took place in the IG Farben Building in Frankfurt am Main , and the documents took the name of this town . The military governors Lucius D. Clay ( United States ) , Marie-Pierre Koenig ( France ) and Sir Brian Robertson ( UK ) issued an order establishing a western German state . Present were Peter Altmeier ( Rhineland-Palatinate ) , Karl Arnold ( North Rhine-Westphalia ) , Lawrence Bock ( Württemberg-Hohenzollern ) , Max Brauer ( Hamburg ) , Hans Ehard ( Bavaria ) , Wilhelm Kaisen ( Bremen ) , Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf ( Lower Saxony ) , Hermann Lüdemann ( Schleswig-Holstein ) , Reinhold Maier ( Württemberg-Baden ) , Christian Stock ( Hessen ) and Leo Wohleb ( Baden ) .   A West German state was to be established under the following conditions :   There should be a constitutional convention ( German : Verfassunggebende Versammlung , literally , `` Constituent Assembly '' ) before September 1 , 1948 , to draft a constitution shaping a federal form of government , while maintaining the rights of people and the participating states .  This constitution should first be approved by the military governments , then a referendum in the countries to ratify the Constitution .  The respective simple majority in two thirds of eleven West German states should be sufficient for ratification . Constitutional amendments must be approved by the military governors .  The German foreign policy should continue to be controlled by the military governors in a minimum , as Ruhr questions , repairs , industrial and rights of the Allied forces .  The boundaries of each state should be reviewed and it should , if necessary , taking into account of traditional forms of new countries are created , none compared to the other should be too large or too small .   The Frankfurt Documents prompted the Prime Minister to hold Rittersturz Conference in Koblenz , on the resolutions that were passed .   Category : Political history of Germany  Category : Political conferences

neg: Die Zeit (Prague) Die Zeit ( ` The Time ' ) was a German language daily newspaper published in Prague , Czechoslovakia from 1935 to 1938 . The newspaper was the central organ of the Sudeten German Party ( SdP ) . The first issue came out on October 1 , 1935 . Die Zeit took over the role as the central party organ from the weekly Rundschau . Walter Brand was the editor-in-chief of Die Zeit .   The newspaper received funds from Germany . 250,000 Reichmark were transferred for the launch of Die Zeit , followed by a monthly subsidy of 10,000 Reichmarks .   Die Zeit had an illustrated supplement , Zeitspiegel ( ` Mirror of Time ' ) .   As of 1937/1938 SdP re-organized its party press . All small publishing companies were merged in two central publishing companies . On January 1 , 1938 Die Zeit , Zeitspiegel and Rundschau came under the management of the publishing company `` Pressa-Gesellschaft m. b. H. , Herausgabe und Verkauf von Zeitungen und Zeitschriften '' , at Hybernska Street 4 , Prague II . On April 1 , 1938 the weekly Die Zeit am Montag ( ` The Time on Monday ' ) was added to the publications issued by the same company .   The SdP shut down its Prague HQ and Die Zeit on September 14 , 1938 . The suspension of publishing of Die Zeit was supposedly ` temporary ' .   On October 4 , 1938 Die Zeit re-appeared , being published from Dresden , Germany . Once the Reichsgau Sudetenland had been established , Die Zeit became the official NSDAP daily for Sudetenland . The publishing was shifted to Reichenberg . Die Zeit was issued by R.S. Gauverlag Sudetenland G.m.b.H. between 1939-1945 . Publication continued at least until February 1945 .

neg: 1953 in South Korea Events from the year 1953 in South Korea .

neg: Flensburg Government The Flensburg Government ( Flensburger Regierung ) , also known as the Flensburg Cabinet ( Flensburger Kabinett ) , the Dönitz Government ( Regierung Dönitz ) , or the Schwerin von Krosigk Cabinet ( Kabinett Schwerin von Krosigk ) , was the short-lived government of Nazi Germany during a period of three weeks around the end of World War II in Europe . The government was formed following the suicide of Adolf Hitler on 30 April during the Battle of Berlin . It was headed by Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz as the Reichspräsident and Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk as the Leading Minister .   The administration was referred to as the `` Flensburg Government '' because Dönitz 's headquarters had been relocated in the port of Flensburg in northern Germany on 3 May 1945 . Due to the rapid Allied advance , its nominal jurisdiction at the outset was limited to a narrow wedge of territory running from the Austrian border through Berlin to the Danish border ; which , since 25 April 1945 , had been cut in two by the American advance to join with Soviet forces at Torgau on the Elbe . Following the capitulation of all German armed forces on 8 May , the Flensburg government lost all direct territorial , military or civil jurisdiction , and all diplomatic relations were withdrawn . The western Allies allowed it to continue to meet and conduct what business it could until 23 May .

neg: Friedrich Sixt von Armin Friedrich Bertram Sixt von Armin ( 27 November 1851 -- 30 September 1936 ) was a German general who participated in the Franco-Prussian War and the First World War . In the latter he participated in many battles on the Western Front , including the Battles of Passchendaele and the Lys .

neg: Günter Pfitzmann Günter Pfitzmann ( 8 April 1924 -- 30 May 2003 ) was a German film actor . He appeared in 60 films between 1952 and 2001 . He was born and died in Berlin , Germany .

neg: Richard Trenkel Richard Trenkel was an East German racing driver , who twice won his class of the DDR Sportscar Championship , in 1953 and 1953 , who died 5 July 1964 .

neg: Green Run The `` Green Run '' was a secret U.S. Government release of radioactive fission products on December 2 -- 3 , 1949 , at the Hanford Site plutonium production facility , located in Eastern Washington . Radioisotopes released at that time were supposed to be detected by U.S. Air Force reconnaissance . Freedom of Information Act ( FOIA ) requests to the U.S. Government have revealed some of the details of the experiment . Sources cite 5500 to of iodine-131 released , and an even greater amount of xenon-133 . The radiation was distributed over populated areas , and caused the cessation of intentional radioactive releases at Hanford until 1962 when more experiments commenced .   There are some indications contained in the documents released by the FOIA requests that many other tests were conducted in the 1940s prior to the Green Run , although the Green Run was a particularly large test . Evidence suggests that filters to remove the iodine were disabled during the Green Run .   The project gets its name from the processing of uranium at Hanford , WA in an open loop/water cooled nuclear reactor for the sole purpose of irradiating the Uranium-238 producing the fissile Plutonium-239 . Due to other unwanted highly radioactive decay products being formed , normal batch processing would take place 83 to 101 days after reactor extraction to allow the radioactive isotopes to decay before extracting the fissile Plutonium-239 in a safe manner for the 30,000 nuclear weapons amassed and now MOX fuel during the cold war by the United States . For the Green Run test , a batch was fresh from the reactor with only a scheduled 16-day decay period and then was vented into the atmosphere prematurely . The unfiltered exhaust from the production facility was therefore much more radioactive than during a normal batch .

neg: Republikflucht `` Republikflucht '' ( `` desertion from the republic '' ) and `` Republikflüchtling ( e ) '' ( `` deserters from the republic '' ) were the terms used by authorities in the German Democratic Republic ( GDR -- East Germany ) to describe the process of and the person ( s ) leaving the GDR for a life in West Germany or any other Western ( non-Warsaw Pact ) country ( Eastern Bloc emigration and defection ) .   The term applies both to the mass desertion of millions who could leave the GDR rather easily before the Berlin Wall was erected on 13 August 1961 , as well as those few thousands who made a dangerous attempt to cross over the Iron Curtain ( e.g. the Berlin Wall , the Inner German border , or the western border of another country of the Eastern Bloc ) , or who managed to obtain temporary exit visas and subsequently did not return , from 1961 to 1989 .   Some estimates put the number of those who left the Soviet sector of Berlin , the Soviet occupation zone , and the GDR between 1945 and 1961 between 3 and 3.5 million . Close to one million of those who left were refugees and expellees from World War II and the post-war era initially stranded in the Soviet zone or East Berlin .   The numbers leaving the GDR following the construction of the Wall dropped sharply to several hundred a year as an attempt to flee the GDR via its fortified borders involved considerable personal risk of injury or death ( see : List of deaths at the Berlin Wall ) . Several hundred Republikflüchtlinge were shot ; about 75,000 were caught and imprisoned .   A propaganda booklet published by the Socialist Unity Party of Germany ( SED ) in 1955 for the use of party agitators outlined the seriousness of ` flight from the republic ' :   Article 213 of the GDR Penal Code of 1979 also made it quite clear that crossing the border without first obtaining government authorization would not be taken lightly :   The former East German party leader Erich Honecker was charged in 1993 for ordering soldiers to kill people trying to escape . The trial was postponed due to his bad health , and he died in 1994 . Former Stasi chief Erich Mielke was also put on trial for the same charge . In November 1994 , however , the presiding judge closed the proceedings , ruling that the defendant was not mentally fit to stand trial .   Refugees from the Soviet sector of Berlin , the Soviet zone , or East Germany could apply to be accepted as Vertriebene ( expellees ) of the sub-group of Soviet Zone Refugees ( Sowjetzonenflüchtlinge ) under the Federal Expellee Law ( BVFG § 3 ) , and thus receive support from the West German government . They must have fled before 1 July 1990 in order to rescue themselves from an emergency created by the political conditions imposed by the regime there , especially a danger for one 's health , life , personal freedom , or freedom of conscience ( BVFG § 3 ) . The law did not apply for former supporters of the eastern political system of considerable influence , perpetrators against legality and humanity during the Nazi rule or afterwards within East Berlin or East Germany , and finally not for those who had fought against the democracy in West Germany or West Berlin ( BVFG § 3 ( 2 ) ) .

neg: 1953 Summer International University Sports Week The 1953 Summer International University Sports Week were organised by the International University Sports Federation ( FISU ) and held in Dortmund , West Germany . At these games a number of Athletic events were contested .

neg: Gebhard I von Mansfeld-Vorderort Johann Gebhard von Mansfeld-Vorderort , born circa 1525 -- 30 , was Archbishop-Elector of Cologne . He died in Frankfurt on 2 November 1562 .

neg: Johann von Gardner Johann von Gardner or in Russian Ivan Alekseevich Gardner Иван Алексеевич Гарднер ( 22 December 1898 - 26 February 1984 ) was a Russian-born Slavic musicologist , best known in the English language for his published work on Russian church singing .   Von Gardner was born into a family of Scottish ancestry on the family estate near Sevastopol , Crimea . He graduated Orthodox Theology at the University of Belgrade , after that he worked for a while as teacher in the Seminary of Cetinje and later on he took monastic vows and was given the name Filipp . In 1931 he was ordained priest serving in the Eastern part of Slovakia , between 1934 and 1938 he was the head of the Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Jerusalem . After his return he served a few years as parish priest in Berlin before he was consecrated bishop for the Russian Orthodox Church in Exile ( ROCOR ) in June 1942 . On this occasion he was given the title `` Bishop of Potsdam '' thus being mainly responsible for the Russian Orthodox parishes of Berlin and Vienna . Yet in 1944 he had to leave holy orders and married shortly after - the exact circumstances how all this happened are not quite clear . After World War II he installed himself in the Bavarian spa town Bad Reichenhall situated not far from the Austrian border and became also choirmaster in one of the Russian Orthodox parishes of Salzburg which at that time were made up of refugees . In 1954 he was invited to the University of Munich as a lecturer of musicology hereby dealing especially with traditional Russian Chant , finally in 1965 he earned a doctorate and was subsequently given a professorship .   After 1917 , he spent four years living in Subcarpathian Rus and was particularly amazed at the religious knowledge of the simple peasants , acquired simply by singing in church . He described the singing which he heard in the churches of the Carpathian regions : `` In Subcarpathian Rus ' in all the villages both among the Uniates and also among the Orthodox , there was always practiced only congregational singing of the complete services ... . The numerous chants ... were known by everyone , even the children of school age . The leader of song -- the most experienced singer from the parish -- standing at the kliros and sang the chant . As soon as the worshippers heard the beginning , they would join in the chant and the entire church sang ; they sang all the stikhery , all the troparia , all the irmosy -- in a word , everyone sang properly . ''   Johann von Gardner died at 26 February 1984 in Munich .

neg: Toni Brutscher Toni Brutscher ( born 15 November 1925 in Oberstdorf -- 16 November 1983 ) was a West German ski jumper who competed during the 1950s . He finished fourth in the individual large hill event at the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo .   Brutscher 's best individual career finish was third twice in the individual normal hill event ( 1953 , 1956 ) .   Toni Brutscher died of cancer in 1983 at the age of 58 .

neg: Botho von Wedel Botho Graf von Wedel ( 23 December 1862 -- 5 February 1943 ) was a German diplomat .

neg: Wilhelm Karpenstein Wilhelm Karpenstein ( born 24 May 1903 in Frankfurt am Main -- died 2 May 1968 in Lauterbach , Hesse ) was a German Nazi Party politician . He served as Gauleiter of Pomerania during the early days of the Third Reich .   Karpenstein was elected to the Reichstag in the 1930 election and served as a Nazi Party deputy until the end of the Second World War . He was appointed the party 's Gauleiter in Pomerania in 1931 .   Immediately after the Nazis came to power a significant amount of autonomy lay with the gauleiters and their radicalism threatened to disrupt the relationship between Adolf Hitler and the middle classes that had helped to ensure his election . Karpenstein was one of the few who did not offer this problem as he was conservative and pro-middle class . Nevertheless , he did not miss the opportunity to increase his personal power in the early days of Nazism and sought to make all of the churches , government officials and media outlets in Pomerania answerable to him directly .   Karpenstein however , despite not holding left-wing economic ideas , was too weak to control the dissident sentiments emerging from the Sturmabteilung in Pomerania , which was one of their power bases . As a result , Karpenstein was one of those to be purged during the Night of the Long Knives , although his lack of direct involvement with the SA meant that he was not killed but rather sacked in favour of Franz Schwede-Coburg . Ostensibly however Karpenstein was dismissed for his supposed links to Gregor Strasser and his failure to work with Hermann Göring .

neg: Operation Clausewitz Operation Clausewitz was the codeword initiation of the defence of Berlin plan by Nazi Germany during the final stage of the European conflict of World War II , the Battle of Berlin . Clausewitz was established in the 9 March 1945 document , Basic Order for the Preparations for the Defense of the Reich Capital ( Grundsätzlicher Befehl für die Vorbereitungen zur Verteidigung der Reichshauptstadt ) , a 33 page document containing 24 separate points . The second point of the document , in full ( translated ) is : `` The Reich capital will be defended to the last man and to the last bullet . '' It has been referred to as the Nazis ' last stand against the Soviets .   The document divided the city of Berlin into 9 operational defense zones ( A through H , as slices of the outer city of Berlin and Z , its center , corresponding to the government district ) . It further divided the region into four concentric rings : an outer exclusion zone , extending well past Berlin 's city limits ; an outer defense zone extending roughly to the city limits ; an inner defense zone extending out to the Berlin Ringbahn ; and the Citadel ( Zitadelle ) , again , zone Z . In addition to the establishment of defense zones , this document also described the overall mechanism by which Berlin would be converted to a front line city . This included :  The evacuation of all Wehrmacht and SS offices in Berlin  Evacuation of the central command post of the capital from General Command on Hohenzollerndamm to L-Tower of the Zoo bunker no more than six hours after the issuance of Clausewitz  The imposition of martial law for the civilian populace , and offenses under which the death penalty was authorized  Hitler ordered the execution of Fall Clausewitz on 20 April 1945 . This set into motion preparedness according to the Basic Order plan , and would have been followed later by the codeword Kolberg meaning full preparedness should be completed and the battle has started .

neg: Oscar von Gebhardt Oscar Leopold von Gebhardt ( 22 June 1844 -- 9 May 1906 ) was a German Lutheran theologian , born in the Baltic German settlement of Wesenberg in the Russian Empire ( now Rakvere , Estonia ) .   He studied theology at Dorpat and at several other German universities , and afterwards worked in university libraries at Strasbourg , Leipzig , Halle and Göttingen . In 1891 he became director of the publication department at the Royal Library at Berlin , and in 1893 became chief librarian and professor of paleography at the University of Leipzig .   He specialized in the field of early Christian literature . He strongly believed in the independence of the librarian profession as an academic , but to be separate from the academic teaching profession .   He published Karl Gottfried Wilhelm Theile 's `` Novum Testamentum Graece '' ( 1875 -- 1900 ) and `` Das Neue Testament griechisch und deutsch '' ( fourth edition , 1896 ) ; edited `` The Miniatures of the Ashburnham Pentateuch '' ( 1883 ) ; with Adolf von Harnack , `` Texte und Untersuchungen zur Gerschichte der altchristlichen Literatur '' ( 1882 -- 1905 ) , a multi-volume series devoted to New Testament and patristic criticism ; and with Harnack and Theodor Zahn , an edition of the Apostolic Fathers ( 1875 -- 78 ) .   Gebhardt died in Leipzig .

neg: 6th SS-Standarte The 6th SS-Standarte was a regimental command of the Allgemeine-SS situated in the city of Berlin . As the command was located in the capital of Germany , the 6th Standarte was considered one of the more important SS units in Nazi Germany . The members of the Standarte themselves , however , were non-paid mustering troops of the `` General-SS '' as was the practice for most Allgemeine-SS regiments .   The Standarte was first formed in October 1931 and was part of the so-called `` Northern SS '' under the control of Kurt Daluege . At the time , there was a divisional disunity in the SS , with SS units in southern Germany controlled by Heinrich Himmler and the northern units answering to Daluege . It was not until 1934 , after most of the SS headquarters offices had relocated to Berlin , that this division was eventually done away with .   During Reichstag elections of 1931 , the 6th SS Standarte played a significant role in campaigning for the Nazi Party and repeated the effort again when Adolf Hitler ran for the office of President of Germany in 1932 . One early member of the Standarte , who would later become the Reichsführer-SS was Karl Hanke .   After Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in 1933 , the 6th SS-Standarte adopted the honor title of `` Charlottenburg '' and often participated in several major Nazi Party rallies held in the German capitol . A year later , during the Night of the Long Knives , the Standarte played a major role in rounding up the Sturmabteilung leadership in Berlin , although most SA executions were carried out by SD troops and Gestapo agents .   One of the most notorious actions that the 6th SS-Standarte engaged in was `` Kristallnacht '' where Berlin SS men sought out and destroyed numerous Jewish synagogues and businesses . Shortly afterwards , the Standarte was granted a second honor title as `` 6 SS-Standarte Eduard Felsen '' .   When World War II began in 1939 , the Berlin SS regiment slowly began losing its members to regular military service , since mustering Allgemeine-SS personnel were not exempt from conscription . The Standarte was still participating in ceremonial functions as late as 1944 , however , and in the last year of the war many of the remaining members became involved with the Volksturm and participated in the Battle of Berlin .

neg: Horst Astroth Horst Astroth ( 30 October 1923 -- 10 January 2017 ) was a German track and field athlete who competed at the 1960 Summer Olympics , where he finished 16th out of 39 participants in the men 's 50 kilometres walk . At the Games he represented SV Halle . Born in Naumburg , Astroth began his sporting career as a gymnast and was injured in combat during World War II . Following the conflict he worked as a teacher and took up running in 1953 at the age of 30 . Over the course of his career he set seven senior East German records and was national runner-up in the 50 km in 1956 , 1958 , and 1959 . He was also eighth in that event at the 1962 European Athletics Championships . After retiring from international competition , he continued to compete and set records at master 's - level events , while also working as a trainer with Naumburg BSG and a freelancer writer for the local Liberal Democratic newspaper . He died in January 2017 at the age of 93 .

neg: Gerhard von Kamptz __ NOTOC __   Kurt Gerhard von Kamptz ( 27 December 1902 -- 16 May 1998 ) was an officer in the Kriegsmarine of Nazi Germany during World War II and recipient of the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves .   Kamptz was made commander of the Danish island Bornholm on 5 March 1945 . Kamptz refused to surrender the island to the Soviet forces , having been ordered to surrender to the Western Allies instead . He surrendered the Soviet forces and released on 1 January 1954 .