query: Tardigrades have been found only in deserts.

pos: Tardigrade Tardigrades ( -LSB- ˈtɑrdᵻˌgreɪd -RSB- also known as water bears , space bears , or moss piglets ) are water-dwelling , eight-legged , segmented micro-animals . They were first discovered by the German zoologist Johann August Ephraim Goeze in 1773 . The name Tardigrada ( meaning `` slow stepper '' ) was given three years later by the Italian biologist Lazzaro Spallanzani . They have been found everywhere from mountaintops to the deep sea , mud volcanoes , and from tropical rain forests to the Antarctic .   Tardigrades are one of the most resilient animals known : they can survive extreme conditions that would be rapidly fatal to nearly all other known life forms . They can withstand temperature ranges from 1 K ( close to absolute zero ) to about 420 K for several minutes , pressures about six times greater than those found in the deepest ocean trenches , ionizing radiation at doses hundreds of times higher than the lethal dose for a human , and the vacuum of outer space . They can go without food or water for more than 30 years , drying out to the point where they are 3 % or less water , only to rehydrate , forage , and reproduce . Tardigrades living in harsh conditions undergo an annual process of cyclomorphosis .   They are not considered extremophilic because they are not adapted to exploit these conditions . This means that their chances of dying increase the longer they are exposed to the extreme environments , whereas true extremophiles thrive in a physically or geochemically extreme environment that would harm most other organisms .   Usually , tardigrades are about 0.5 mm long when they are fully grown . They are short and plump with four pairs of legs , each with four to eight claws also known as `` disks '' . The first three pairs of legs are directed ventrolaterally and are the primary means of locomotion , while the fourth pair is directed posteriorly on the terminal segment of the trunk and is used primarily for grasping the substrate . Tardigrades are prevalent in mosses and lichens and feed on plant cells , algae , and small invertebrates . When collected , they may be viewed under a very low-power microscope , making them accessible to students and amateur scientists .   Tardigrades form the phylum Tardigrada , part of the superphylum Ecdysozoa . It is an ancient group , with fossils dating from 530 million years ago , in the Cambrian period . About 1,150 species of tardigrades have been described . Tardigrades can be found throughout the world , from the Himalayas ( above 6000 m ) , to the deep sea ( below 4000 m ) and from the polar regions to the equator .

neg: Volcanic desert A volcanic desert is an area devoid of vegetation because of volcanic activity . Usually the term is applied to larger areas such as the Highlands of Iceland or Cordón Caulle in Chile . Volcanic deserts may have enough precipitation to sustain vegetation , but due to repeated covering of tephra after eruptions and high percolation and infiltration rates of water , vegetation is scarce . In addition to this volcanic desert shows often poor or little soil formation due to slow chemical weathering caused by cold climate or resistant felsic tephra .   Category : Deserts  Category : Volcanic landforms

neg: Chameleon Chameleons or chamaeleons ( family Chamaeleonidae ) are a distinctive and highly specialized clade of Old World lizards with 202 species described as of June 2015 . These species come in a range of colors , and many species have the ability to change color .   Chameleons are distinguished by their zygodactylous feet ; their very extensive , highly modified , rapidly extrudable tongues ; their swaying gait ; and crests or horns on their brow and snout . Most species , the larger ones in particular , also have a prehensile tail . Chameleons ' eyes are independently mobile , but in aiming at a prey item , they focus forward in coordination , affording the animal stereoscopic vision .   Chameleons are adapted for Climbing and visual hunting . They live in warm habitats that range from rain forest to Desert conditions , with various species occurring in Africa , Madagascar , southern Europe , and across southern Asia as far as Sri Lanka . They also have been introduced to Hawaii , California , and Florida , and often are kept as household pets .

neg: Dryosaurus Dryosaurus ( -LSB- ˌdraɪoʊ-ˈsɔːrəs -RSB- ; meaning ` tree lizard ' , Greek δρυς / drys meaning ` tree , oak ' and σαυρος / sauros meaning ` lizard ' ; the name reflects the forested habitat , not a vague oak-leaf shape of its cheek teeth as is sometimes assumed ) is a genus of an ornithopod dinosaur that lived in the Late Jurassic period . It was an iguanodont ( formerly classified as a hypsilophodont ) . Fossils have been found in the western United States ( and supposedly the Marnes de Bleville locality in Europe ) , and were first discovered in the late 19th century . Valdosaurus canaliculatus and Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki were both formerly considered to represent species of Dryosaurus .

neg: High Desert (Oregon) The Oregon high desert is a region of the U.S. state of Oregon , located east of the Cascade Range and south of the Blue Mountains , in the central and eastern parts of the state . Divided into a southern region and a northern region , the desert covers most of five Oregon counties and averages 4000 ft above sea level . The southwest region is part of the Great Basin and the southeast is the lower Owyhee River watershed . The northern region is part of the Columbia Plateau , where somewhat more rainfall allows the largest industry on private land to be the cultivation of alfalfa and hay . Public land within the region is owned primarily by the Bureau of Land Management ( BLM ) , which manages more than 30000 mi2 , including five rivers designated as Wild and Scenic .   While the high desert is somewhat dry , it is only arid relative to Western Oregon . The region averages 15 in of annual rainfall ; the Alvord Desert , however , gets only 7 in of rain each year . Contrary to its name , most of the high desert is not dry enough to truly qualify as desert , and biologically , most of the region is classified as scrubland or steppe .   At 9733 ft above sea level , the summit of Steens Mountain is the highest point in the high desert . The broad fault-block mountain is characteristic of the basin and range plate tectonics of the high desert . About 16 million years ago , during the early Miocene epoch , lava flows from volcanic eruptions covered about half the surface area of Oregon . The Earth 's crust then began stretching , giving way to further volcanic activity from 15 million to 2 million years ago . Several ice ages over this time formed the large lakes in the high desert .   The climate of the high desert provides habitat for mammals such as pronghorn , coyote , mule deer , black-tailed jackrabbit , and cougar . Birds common in the region include sage grouse , California quail , and prairie falcon . The western juniper is the most common tree in the region , and big sagebrush and common woolly sunflower are the region 's most widespread plants .

neg: Gobiderma Gobiderma is an extinct genus of Late Cretaceous lizard whose fossils are known from the Gobi Desert in southern Mongolia . It was first discovered as a result of a joint Polish-Mongolian Paleontological Expedition , and formally named in 1984 . In life , it probably resembled lizards of the genus Heloderma to a large degree , though its skull was more elongated than lizards of that genus .

neg: Vegas Valley leopard frog The Vegas Valley leopard frog ( Lithobates fisheri ) is a species of frog previously declared extinct . Once it occurred in the Las Vegas Valley , as well as Tule Springs , Clark County , southern Nevada , United States of America , at elevations between 370 and . It was believed to be the only frog endemic to the United States to have become extinct in modern times .   A. Vanderhorst collected 10 specimens of this species at Tule Springs on January 13 , 1942 . These frogs were believed to be the last recorded specimens of the Vegas Valley leopard frog , and are now in the University of Michigan Museum of Comparative Zoology collection . The Vegas Valley leopard frog was considered extinct after extensive searches have failed to locate the species .   In 2011 , a genetic analysis using DNA from preserved museum specimens of the Vegas Valley leopard frog revealed it is 100 % identical , genetically , to the northwestern Mogollon Rim populations of the Chiricahua leopard frog ( Lithobates chiricahuensis ) , which is extant but threatened . While it has been extirpated from the Las Vegas area , the frog is no longer considered extinct because it is the same species as the Chiricahua leopard frog . According to nomenclatural priority , the northwestern Mogollon Rim population of L. chiricahuensis , described in 1979 , is referable to the 1893-described , extinct population of the species , L. fisheri . L. chiricahuensis may remain a valid taxon for the southern and eastern range of the Chiricahua leopard frog .   It appears then that there are two separate species within the fisheri/chiricahuensis complex - Lithobates fisheri , comprising the former Vegas Valley leopard frogs near Las Vegas and the Chiricahua leopard frogs from the Mogollon Rim , and Lithobates chiricahuensis , comprising the Chiricahua leopard frogs from the southern and eastern portions of the range in Arizona and New Mexico . The status of the Chiricahua leopard frogs in northern Mexico may be uncertain , and this may be yet another separate lineage . The fisheri/chiricahuensis complex has a close relationship with an unnamed leopard frog species called only `` Lithobates species 2 '' known from San Luis Potosí , Mexico .

neg: Gecko Geckos are lizards belonging to the infraorder Gekkota , found in warm climates throughout the world . They range from 1.6 to 60 cm ( 0.64 to 24 inches ) . Most geckos can not blink , but they often lick their eyes to keep them clean and moist . They have a fixed lens within each iris that enlarges in darkness to let in more light .   Geckos are unique among lizards in their vocalizations . They use chirping sounds in social interactions with other geckos . They are the most species-rich group of lizards , with about 1,500 different species worldwide . The New Latin gekko and English `` gecko '' stem from the Indonesian-Malay gēkoq , which is imitative of the sound the animals make .   All geckos , excluding the Eublepharidae family , lack eyelids and instead have a transparent membrane , which they lick to clean . Nocturnal species have an excellent night vision ; their color vision is 350 times more sensitive than human color vision . The nocturnal geckos evolved from diurnal species which had lost the eye rods . The gecko eye therefore modified its cones that increased in size into different types both single and double . Three different photopigments have been retained and are sensitive to UV , blue , and green . They also use a multifocal optical system that allows them to generate a sharp image for at least two different depths .   Most gecko species can lose their tails in defense , a process called autotomy . Many species are well known for their specialised toe pads that enable them to climb smooth and vertical surfaces , and even cross indoor ceilings with ease . Geckos are well-known to people who live in warm regions of the world , where several species of geckos make their home inside human habitations . These ( for example the house gecko ) become part of the indoor menagerie and are often welcomed , as they feed on insects , including moths and mosquitoes . Unlike most lizards , geckos are usually nocturnal .   The largest species , the kawekaweau , is only known from a single , stuffed specimen found in the basement of a museum in Marseille , France . This gecko was 60 cm ( 24 in ) long and it was likely endemic to New Zealand , where it lived in native forests . It was probably wiped out along with much of the native fauna of these islands in the late 19th century , when new invasive species such as rats and stoats were introduced to the country during European colonization . The smallest gecko , the Jaragua sphaero , is a mere 1.6 cm long and was discovered in 2001 on a small island off the coast of the Dominican Republic .

neg: North Africa North Africa is the term given to a group of Mediterranean countries situated in the northern-most region of the African continent . The term `` North Africa '' has no single accepted definition . It is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of Morocco in the west , to the Suez Canal and the Red Sea in the east . Others have limited it to the countries of Morocco , Algeria , and Tunisia , a region known by the French during colonial times as `` Afrique du Nord '' and by the Arabs as the Maghreb ( `` West '' ) .   The most commonly accepted definition includes Morocco , Algeria , and Tunisia , as well as Libya and Egypt , It should be noted however that the term `` North Africa '' , when commonly used in North Africa and the Middle East , often refers only to the countries of the Maghreb and Libya . Egypt , due to its greater Middle Eastern associations , is typically viewed separately . The countries of North Africa share a common ethnic , cultural and linguistic identity that is unique to this region .   North west Africa has been inhabited by Berbers since the beginning of recorded history , while the eastern part of North Africa has been home to the Egyptians . Following the Muslim conquest in the seventh century C.E. , the region underwent a process of Arabization and Islamization that has defined its cultural landscape ever since .   The distinction between North Africa and much of Sub-Saharan Africa is historically and ecologically significant because of the effective barrier created by the Sahara Desert for much of modern history . From 3500 BC , following the abrupt desertification of the Sahara due to gradual changes in the Earth 's orbit , this barrier has culturally separated the North from the rest of the continent . As the seafaring civilizations of the Phoenicians , Greeks , Romans , Muslims and others facilitated communication and migration across the Mediterranean Sea , the cultures of North Africa became much more closely tied to Southwestern Asia and Europe than Sub-Saharan Africa . The Islamic influence in the area is also significant , and North Africa is a major part of the Muslim world .   Some researchers have postulated that North Africa rather than East Africa served as the exit point for the modern humans who first trekked out of the continent in the Out of Africa migration .

neg: Taruga (amphibian) Taruga is the only foam-nesting tree frog in the Old World Tree frog family ( Rhacophoridae ) that is endemic to Sri Lanka .   Genus Taruga was previously assigned to the genus Polypedates . As presently understood , Taruga comprises three named species : T. fastigo , T. eques and T. longinasus . Hence two genera of foam-nesting rhacophorid tree frogs are present in Sri Lanka : ( 1 ) Polypedates , with many species in India and Asia but just two in Sri Lanka ( P. maculatus -- widely distributed in South Asia ; and P. cruciger -- endemic to Sri Lanka , albeit widely distributed ) ; and ( 2 ) Taruga , the Sri Lankan endemic forms , whose three constituent species ( T. eques , T. fastigo and T. longinasus ) each have restricted distributions mostly in the forested highlands .  The best character to distinguish the adults of Taruga from Polypedates are a set of prominent cone-like projections around the vent . Furthermore , the supratympanic fold of Taruga is straighter than those in Polypedates . The snout of Taruga is very much acute than that of Polypedates .   Considering tadpoles , the vent of Polypedates forms a tube between left leg and tail , and in Taruga , there is no such tube , only an opening between leg and tail . There are also several more features of the mouth cavity , such as the number of projections on the tongue , shape of the tongue etc. that helps to distinguish Taruga from Polypedates .   Taruga in Sanskrit ( and early-Sinhala ) means `` tree climber '' . This name is very appropriate as the adults of these are tree inhabiting frogs , and rarely come to the ground . They often even lay their eggs on vegetation overhanging water .   All three frogs need shade in the form of a canopy to survive , and shallow and slow flowing streams or puddles to breed .   The female of the species builds a foamy nest overhanging water where eggs develop for a few days , after which tadpoles fall into water where they undergo further development until metamorphosis occurs . The juvenile frogs that emerge from water return to an arboreal life , on trees .   Sri Lanka is now known to contain clade level endemicity despite many land-bridge connections with India . Taruga is yet another such deeply divergent clade .   Following scientists contributed to this paper : Dr. Madhava Meegaskumbura ( Dept. of Zoology , University of Peradeniya , Sri Lanka ) ; Dr. Suyama Meegaskumbura ( Dept. of Zoology , University of Peradeniya ) , Mr. Gayan Bowatte ( Dept. of Zoology , University of Peradeniya ) , Prof. Christopher J. Schneider ( Boston University , USA ) and Prof. James Hanken ( Harvard University , USA ) .

neg: Indus Valley Desert The Indus Valley Desert is an almost uninhabited desert ecoregion of northern Pakistan .

neg: Camel racing Camel racing is a popular sport in Pakistan , Saudi Arabia , Egypt , Bahrain , Jordan , Qatar , United Arab Emirates , Oman , Australia , and Mongolia . Professional camel racing , like horse racing , is an event for betting and tourist attraction . Camels can run at speeds up to 65 km/h ( 18 m/s ; 40 mph ) in short sprints and they can maintain a speed of 40 km/h ( 11 m/s ; 25 mph ) for an hour .   Camels are often controlled by child jockeys , but allegations of human rights abuses have led to nationwide bans on underage labor in the UAE and Qatar . In modern camel racing , camels are often controlled by remote controlled robotic whips .   A major camel race is the Camel Cup held at Alice Springs which is the second biggest prize purse camel race in Australia . It is held annually and includes not only the camel races themselves , but also a collection of market stalls and other entertainment .   The biggest prize money camel race in Australia is `` The Boulia desert Sands '' with a A$ 25,000 prize purse in Queensland .

neg: Tanami Desert The Tanami Desert is a desert in northern Australia situated in the Northern Territory and Western Australia .   It has a rocky terrain with small hills . The Tanami was the Northern Territory 's final frontier and was not fully explored by Australians of European descent until well into the twentieth century . It is traversed by the Tanami Track .   The name Tanami is thought to be a corruption of the Walpiri name for the area , `` Chanamee '' , meaning `` never die '' . This referred to certain rock holes in the desert which were said to never run dry .   Under the name Tanami , the desert is classified as an interim Australian bioregion , comprising 25997277 ha .

neg: Barton Beds Barton Beds ( now the Barton Group ) is the name given to a series of grey and brown clays , with layers of sand , of Upper Eocene age ( around 40 million years old ) , which are found in the Hampshire Basin of southern England . They are particularly well exposed in the cliffs at Barton-on-Sea , which is the world type locality for the Barton Beds , and lends its name to the Bartonian age of the Eocene epoch . The clay is abundant in fossils , especially molluscs .   The beds are found in the Hampshire Basin , and are well exposed in the cliffs of Barton , Hordle , and on the Isle of Wight . The cliffs at Barton are the world type locality for the Barton Beds . The beds consist of grey , greenish and brown clays with bands of sand and have long been well known for the abundance and excellent preservation of their fossils . More than 500 species have been recorded , of which , over half are molluscs , including numerous turret shells and lamellibranchs . Sharks teeth are common , and the beds have yielded remains of corals , fishes , mammals , reptiles , and birds . Plant fossils are also abundant . In the 1840s fossils were found in the `` crocodile bed '' at Hordle cliff , which belonged to an extinct species of alligator , which was subsequently named Diplocynodon hantoniensis , after the county of Hampshire ( Hantonia being a Latinization based on the Anglo-Saxon name Hantescire ) . Above the highly fossiliferous Barton Clay , there is a sandy series with few fossils ; these are the Headon Hill or Barton Sands . Today , the Barton Beds are rather poorly exposed in many sections due to coastal protection works .   The Barton Beds are of Upper Eocene age , and the area was covered with an inland sea , and the temperature was higher than at the present day . The term `` Bartonian '' was introduced by Karl Mayer-Eymar in 1857 for the continental equivalents of the series .

neg: Unquillosaurus Unquillosaurus ( meaning `` Unquillo river lizard '' ) is a genus of maniraptoran dinosaur from the late Cretaceous Period , discovered in Argentina . Known only from a single fossilized pubis ( a pelvic bone ) , its total body length may have reached 2-3 meters ( 6-10 ft ) .   The type species Unquillosaurus ceibalii was described by Jaime Eduardo Powell in 1979 . The generic name is derived from the river Unquillo . The specific name refers to the town El Ceibal .   The holotype , PVL 3670-11 , was found at Arroyo-Morterito in the Los Blanquitos Formation dating from the Campanian . It consists of a left pubis , 514 mm long . The specimen was re-studied by Fernando Novas and Federico Agnolin in 2004 , who concluded that the orientation of the pubis had been misinterpreted : it pointed backwards , as was shown by the fossil still being attached to a displaced part of the pubic peduncle of the ilium .   Powell originally assigned Unquillosaurus to the Carnosauria , in 1986 . Novas and Agnolin in 2004 concluded from the opisthopubic pelvic anatomy that Unquillosaurus was part of the Maniraptora or at least Maniraptoriformes , and likely closely related to either the Avialae or the bird-like Alvarezsauridae ; perhaps it was itself a bird , a basal member of the Metornithes . In 2006 however , Novas stated that Unquillosaurus probably belonged to the maniraptoran clade Dromaeosauridae .

neg: Gobi bear The Gobi bear , Ursus arctos gobiensis ( known in Mongolian as the mazaalai / Мазаалай ) is a subspecies of the brown bear , Ursus arctos , that is found in the Gobi Desert of Mongolia . It is listed as critically endangered by Mongolian Redbook of Endangered Species and by the Zoological Society of London using IUCN standards , the population included only around 20 adults and were separated by enough distance .   `` Break camp about 9.30 a.m. and head for the Atis Mountains . We cross a large open plain and then enter a steep-sided , black , shale-strewn valley . Just before we entered the valley we discovered the footprints of the extremely rare Gobi Bear ( ursus gobiensis ) -LSB- there are presumed to be approximately only thirty-two in the world and there is continuing debate among scientists over whether they are a true species or a sub-species -RSB- . ''   Gobi bears mainly eat roots , berries , and other plants , sometimes rodents , there were no evidence that they ate large mammals . Small compared to other brown bear subspecies , adult males weigh about 96.0 -- and females about 51.0 -- .   The Gobi brown bear is sometimes classified as being of the same subspecies as the Tibetan blue bear ; this is based on morphological similarities , and the belief that the desert-dwelling Gobi bear represents a relict population of the blue bear . However , the Gobi bear is sometimes classified as its own subspecies , and closely resembles other Asian brown bears . There are only 22 Gobi bears left .

neg: Predator trap A predator trap is a natural hazard such as a tar pit . Predators would become attracted to struggling animals that have become entrapped in viscous or glutinous material , such as a heavy sedimentary deposit or tar and , in the process , become entrapped themselves . More predators , scavengers , insects and birds become attracted to this mounting accumulation of carrion , until a wide variety of animals are caught and ultimately killed by the hazard . This may happen many times over . Typically , the number of lured predators will greatly outnumber the prey , thus providing the name .   A famous example is the La Brea Tar Pits site . The Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry may yet prove to be a further example , although still nowadays it is debated if it 's a predator trap or not . The Gobi Desert dinosaur death traps may have been sauropod footprints that have been filled with a mixture of thick mud & sandstone in the former wetland .

neg: Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa is , geographically , the area of the continent of Africa that lies south of the Sahara . According to the UN , it consists of all African countries that are fully or partially located south of the Sahara . It contrasts with North Africa , whose territories are part of the League of Arab states within the Arab world . Somalia , Djibouti , Comoros and Mauritania are geographically in Sub-Saharan Africa , but are likewise Arab states and part of the Arab world .   The Sahel is the transitional zone between the Sahara and the tropical savanna ( the Sudan region ) and forest-savanna mosaic to the south .   Since probably 3500 BCE , the Saharan and Sub-Saharan regions of Africa have been separated by the extremely harsh climate of the sparsely populated Sahara , forming an effective barrier interrupted by only the Nile in Sudan , though the Nile was blocked by the river 's cataracts . The Sahara pump theory explains how flora and fauna ( including Homo sapiens ) left Africa to penetrate the Middle East and beyond . African pluvial periods are associated with a `` wet Sahara '' phase during which larger lakes and more rivers existed .   The use of the term has been criticized because it refers to the South only by cartography conventions and projects a connotation of inferiority ; a vestige of colonialism , which some say , divided Africa into European terms of homogeneity .

neg: Arabhar Arabhar , literally `` arab snake '' is a type of snake thought to live near the Arabian Sea . The thing that makes this creature special is its alleged ability to fly . There 's a lot of debate about how the Arabhar actually takes flight . Some reports say it flies using bat-like , leathery wings . Others think it may use some sort of flap or specialized spine that allows it to glide through the air . There are also known snakes belonging to the genus Chrysopelea that `` fly '' through the air by jumping from branch to branch , so it is possible this snake has adapted that ability as well . It is more likely that many reported sightings of Arabhar are simply these flying snakes .   Category : Reptile cryptids

neg: Desert A desert is a barren area of land where little precipitation occurs and consequently living conditions are hostile for plant and animal life . The lack of vegetation exposes the unprotected surface of the ground to the processes of denudation . About one third of the land surface of the world is arid or semi-arid . This includes much of the polar regions where little precipitation occurs and which are sometimes called polar deserts or `` cold deserts '' . Deserts can be classified by the amount of precipitation that falls , by the temperature that prevails , by the causes of desertification or by their geographical location .   Deserts are formed by weathering processes as large variations in temperature between day and night put strains on the rocks which consequently break in pieces . Although rain seldom occurs in deserts , there are occasional downpours that can result in flash floods . Rain falling on hot rocks can cause them to shatter and the resulting fragments and rubble strewn over the desert floor is further eroded by the wind . This picks up particles of sand and dust and wafts them aloft in sand or dust storms . Wind-blown sand grains striking any solid object in their path can abrade the surface . Rocks are smoothed down , and the wind sorts sand into uniform deposits . The grains end up as level sheets of sand or are piled high in billowing sand dunes . Other deserts are flat , stony plains where all the fine material has been blown away and the surface consists of a mosaic of smooth stones . These areas are known as desert pavements and little further erosion takes place . Other desert features include rock outcrops , exposed bedrock and clays once deposited by flowing water . Temporary lakes may form and salt pans may be left when waters evaporate . There may be underground sources of water in the form of springs and seepages from aquifers . Where these are found , oases can occur .   Plants and animals living in the desert need special adaptations to survive in the harsh environment . Plants tend to be tough and wiry with small or no leaves , water-resistant cuticles and often spines to deter herbivory . Some annual plants germinate , bloom and die in the course of a few weeks after rainfall while other long-lived plants survive for years and have deep root systems able to tap underground moisture . Animals need to keep cool and find enough food and water to survive . Many are nocturnal and stay in the shade or underground during the heat of the day . They tend to be efficient at conserving water , extracting most of their needs from their food and concentrating their urine . Some animals remain in a state of dormancy for long periods , ready to become active again when the rare rains fall . They then reproduce rapidly while conditions are favorable before returning to dormancy .   People have struggled to live in deserts and the surrounding semi-arid lands for millennia . Nomads have moved their flocks and herds to wherever grazing is available and oases have provided opportunities for a more settled way of life . The cultivation of semi-arid regions encourages erosion of soil and is one of the causes of increased desertification . Desert farming is possible with the aid of irrigation and the Imperial Valley in California provides an example of how previously barren land can be made productive by the import of water from an outside source . Many trade routes have been forged across deserts , especially across the Sahara Desert , and traditionally were used by caravans of camels carrying salt , gold , ivory and other goods . Large numbers of slaves were also taken northwards across the Sahara . Some mineral extraction also takes place in deserts and the uninterrupted sunlight gives potential for the capture of large quantities of solar energy .

neg: Eurypterid Eurypterids ( sea scorpions ) are an extinct group of arthropods related to arachnids that include the largest known arthropods to have ever lived . They are members of the extinct order Eurypterida ( Chelicerata ) ; which is the most diverse Paleozoic chelicerate order in terms of species . The name Eurypterida comes from the Greek words eury - ( meaning `` broad '' or `` wide '' ) and pteron ( meaning `` wing '' ) . This name was chosen due to the pair of wide swimming appendages on the first fossil eurypterids discovered . The largest , such as Jaekelopterus , reached 2.5 m in length , but most species were less than 20 cm . They were formidable predators that thrived in warm shallow water , in both seas and lakes , from the mid Ordovician to late Permian .   Although informally called `` sea scorpions '' , only the earliest ones were marine ( later ones lived in brackish or freshwater ) , and they were not true scorpions . According to theory , the move from the sea to fresh water had probably occurred by the Pennsylvanian subperiod . Eurypterids are believed to have undergone ecdysis , making their significance in ecosystems difficult to assess , because it can be difficult to tell a fossil moult from a true fossil carcass . They became extinct during the Permian -- Triassic extinction event or sometime before the event . Their fossils have a near global distribution .   About two dozen families of eurypterids are known . Perhaps the best-known genus of eurypterid is Eurypterus , of which around 16 fossil species are known . The genus Eurypterus was described in 1825 by James Ellsworth De Kay , a zoologist . He recognized the arthropod nature of the first-ever described eurypterid specimen , found by Dr. S. L. Mitchill . In 1984 , that species , Eurypterus remipes was named the state fossil of New York .   Pentecopterus decorahensis , which lived as early as 467.3 million years ago , is the oldest described eurypterid ; with an estimated length of 1.83 m , it has been described as `` the first real big predator '' .


query: Bon Scott was in a band.

pos: Bon Scott Ronald Belford `` Bon '' Scott ( 9 July 1946 -- 19 February 1980 ) was an Australian rock musician , best known for being the lead singer and lyricist of Australian hard rock band AC/DC from 1974 until his death in 1980 .   Scott was born in Forfar , Scotland , and raised in Kirriemuir , before moving to Melbourne with his family in 1952 at the age of six . They lived in the suburb of Sunshine for four years before moving to Fremantle . Scott formed his first band , The Spektors , in 1964 and became the band 's drummer and occasional lead vocalist . He performed in several other bands including The Valentines and Fraternity before replacing Dave Evans as the lead singer of AC/DC in 1974 .   AC/DC 's popularity grew throughout the 1970s , initially in Australia , and then internationally . Their 1979 album Highway to Hell reached the top twenty in the United States , and the band seemed on the verge of a commercial breakthrough . However , on 19 February 1980 , Scott died after a night out in London . AC/DC briefly considered disbanding , but the group recruited vocalist Brian Johnson of the British glam rock band Geordie . AC/DC 's subsequent album , Back in Black , was released only five months later , and was a tribute to Scott . It went on to become the second best-selling album in history .   In the July 2004 issue of Classic Rock , Scott was rated as number one in a list of the `` 100 Greatest Frontmen Of All Time '' ahead of Freddie Mercury and Robert Plant . Hit Parader ranked Scott as fifth on their 2006 list of the 100 Greatest Heavy Metal Vocalists of all time .

neg: The Animals The Animals are an English rhythm and blues and rock band , formed in Newcastle upon Tyne in the early 1960s . The band moved to London upon finding fame in 1964 . The Animals were known for their gritty , bluesy sound and deep-voiced frontman Eric Burdon , as exemplified by their signature song and transatlantic No. 1 hit single , `` The House of the Rising Sun '' , as well as by hits such as `` We Got ta Get out of This Place '' , `` It 's My Life '' , `` I 'm Crying '' and `` Do n't Let Me Be Misunderstood '' . The band balanced tough , rock-edged pop singles against rhythm and blues-orientated album material . They were known in the US as part of the British Invasion .   The Animals underwent numerous personnel changes in the mid-1960s and suffered from poor business management . Under the name Eric Burdon and the Animals , the much-changed act moved to California and achieved commercial success as a psychedelic and hard rock band with hits like `` San Franciscan Nights '' , `` When I Was Young '' and `` Sky Pilot '' , before disbanding at the end of the decade . Altogether , the group had ten Top Twenty hits in both the UK Singles Chart and the US Billboard Hot 100 .   The original lineup of Burdon , Alan Price , Chas Chandler , Hilton Valentine and John Steel reunited for a one off benefit concert in their home city of Newcastle in 1968 . They later had brief comebacks in 1975 and 1983 . There have been several partial regroupings of the original era members since then under various names . The Animals were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1994 .

neg: Uncle Bonsai Uncle Bonsai is an American contemporary folk trio from Seattle , Washington . They formed in 1981 , took a hiatus from 1989 - 1998 , and have been performing and recording regularly again since 1999 . Their earlier songs included `` Suzy '' , `` Charlie and Me '' , `` Penis Envy '' , and `` Boys Want Sex in the Morning '' , some of which occasionally resulted in Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) problems when played on the radio , and twenty-odd songs recounting the life experiences of a character named Doug ( `` Doug 's First Date '' , `` Doug at His Mom 's '' , `` Doug 's First Job '' , `` Doug Engaged '' , `` Doug Gets Married '' , etc. ) . Their more recent works , including `` The Baby 's Head '' , `` The Grim Parade '' , `` 20th Century Man , '' and `` Where 's The Milk '' , focus on the passing of time , the passing of genes , and the passing of pets -- the truth of everything seemingly buried somewhere under the family tree .   Uncle Bonsai has headlined at clubs and festivals throughout North America and opened for various artists , including Bonnie Raitt , TOTO , Suzanne Vega , Loudon Wainwright III , and The Bobs . The original members were Andrew Ratshin , Arni Adler , and Ashley O'Keeffe . In March 2007 they announced that they would be recording and performing more frequently , with O'Keeffe replaced by singer/songwriter ( and Mel Cooleys member ) Patrice O'Neill . Most of the satirical songs were written by Ratshin , but Adler revealed her own brand of absurdist wit in several songs , including fan favorites `` Cheerleaders on Drugs '' and `` Do n't Put It In Your Mouth . '' The band 's songs continue to receive airplay on college radio and Dr. Demento .   Andrew Ratshin also performs and records solo as ` The Electric Bonsai Band ' ( `` It 's not electric , it 's not a band . '' ) , and as part of a sextet , ` Mel Cooleys ' . His records are available on the Yellow Tail Records label .

neg: Horn section A horn section is a group of musicians playing horns . In an orchestra or concert band , it refers to the musicians who play the `` French '' horn , and in a British-style brass band it is the tenor horn players . In many popular-music genres the term is applied loosely to any group of woodwind or brass instruments , or a combination of woodwinds and brass .

neg: Bonaroo Bonnaroo , or Bon-a-roo , is a New Orleans French Creole slang phrase meaning `` best on the street . '' The phrase is derived from French words `` bon à rue '' , though the phrase does not exist in French . The term may also refer to :   Bonnaroo Music Festival founded 2002 , and named after the 1974 album  Desitively Bonnaroo 1974 album by Dr. John  Bonaroo ( band ) 1970s band Bobby Winkelman and Michael Hossack  Bonaroo , 1975 album by Bonaroo ( band )  Bonaroo II , album by Bobby Winkelman after disbanding of Bonaroo ( band )

neg: Bona Drag Bona Drag is a compilation album by Morrissey released on 15 October 1990 . The album features an array of Morrissey 's most popular songs from his early solo career , most of which had not been released on any previous album . The album name meaning nice outfits is an example of the subculture slang Polari explored further on the album 's first track `` Piccadilly Palare '' . The album was certified Gold by the RIAA on 6 December 2000 .

neg: Kansas (band) Kansas is an American rock band that became popular in the 1970s initially on album-oriented rock charts and later with hit singles such as `` Carry On Wayward Son '' and `` Dust in the Wind '' . The band has produced eight gold albums , three multi-platinum albums ( Leftoverture , Point of Know Return , The Best of Kansas ) , one platinum live album ( Two for the Show ) and a million-selling single , `` Dust in the Wind '' . Kansas appeared on the Billboard charts for over 200 weeks throughout the 1970s and 1980s and played to sold-out arenas and stadiums throughout North America , Europe and Japan . `` Carry On Wayward Son '' was the second-most-played track on US classic rock radio in 1995 and No. 1 in 1997 .

neg: Burning for Love `` Burning for Love '' is a single by American rock band Bon Jovi . It is taken from their self-titled debut album and was released in Japan only as the third and final single .

neg: Scott McCaughey Scott Lewis McCaughey is an American singer and songwriter and the leader of the Seattle and Portland-based bands The Young Fresh Fellows and The Minus 5 .   He is also bassist for Robyn Hitchcock 's most recent touring band , The Venus 3 , along with Bill Rieflin ( drums ) and Peter Buck ( guitar ) .   In June 2003 Scott recorded a song with Moween ( Peter Schoemaker/Bram van den Berg ) at the IDQ studio in Utrecht , called `` Move on '' . To be found on http://www.moween.eu .  In 2008 , McCaughey formed the side band The Baseball Project with Buck , Steve Wynn and Linda Pitmon . Their first album , Volume 1 : Frozen Ropes and Dying Quails , celebrates many aspects of baseball culture , and includes a song in tribute to Pittsburgh Pirates pitcher Harvey Haddix .   From 1994 through 2011 , he worked with R.E.M. both on stage and in the studio . While originally brought on as a second guitarist for the Monster tour , McCaughey remained with R.E.M. in various capacities until the band 's dissolution . He contributed to the studio albums New Adventures in Hi-Fi , Up , Reveal , Around the Sun , Accelerate and Collapse into Now . Additionally , he has received credits for his work on the live albums R.E.M. Live and Live at The Olympia album as well as their 2003 greatest hits collection , In Time . When working with R.E.M. , McCaughey played guitar , bass guitar , keyboards , and sang backing vocals .   McCaughey also plays in Tuatara , an instrumental group which features Peter Buck from R.E.M.

neg: The Bills The Bills are a high impact , acoustic folk music quintet from the West Coast of Canada . They have developed a unique sound , blending traditional influences from around North America and the rest of the globe in crafting their own vocal and instrumental music . Formed in 1996 ( as The Bill Hilly Band ) , they have performed extensively throughout North America and Europe . Most recently , in 2012/2013 , the band has embarked on tours in North America to support their 2012 release ( 2013 in the US ) , Yes Please .   Though the lineup has had a few changes since the band first formed , the present-day Bills include :  Marc Atkinson - mandolin , guitar , vocals  Richard Moody - violin , viola , vocals  Chris Frye - guitar , lead vocals  Adrian Dolan - fiddle , piano , accordion , vocals  Scott `` Grampa Bill '' White - upright bass , vocals   The group has also toured and recorded with both Joey Smith and Nick Mintenko on bass , and Glen Manders ( `` Reverend Bill Bass '' ) was the bassist and key part of their early success from 1998 to 2008 .   The Hamilton Spectator said `` The Bills represent everything that is good about roots music in Canada '' . The Boston Globe wrote `` Their sound is panoramic , mischievous , fiercely unpretentious - and musically splendid '' . And to top it all off , in honour of their legendary live shows and inventive rootsy style , the UK press proclaimed `` The biggest blast of fresh air to come out of Canada since The Band '' ( Glasgow Herald ) and `` Probably the best live act I have ever seen '' ( Maverick Magazine ) .   The Bills have their strongest followings in Western Canada , the Western US ( particularly Northern California ) , Ontario and the UK .

neg: Hearts & Flowers Hearts & Flowers was a Los Angeles folk rock club band , perhaps most significant as one of the groups that launched the career of Eagles ' founding member and guitarist-songwriter , Bernie Leadon . The lineup included Larry Murray ( vocals , guitar ) , Dave Dawson ( vocals , guitar , autoharp ) , and Rick Cunha ( vocals , guitar ) .   The individual members met at the ongoing Monday night jam sessions being held at The Troubador over which Murray presided . Cunha and Dawson , who played in a duo , were newcomers as recent transplants to the area from Hawaii . After a few informal picking sessions , the trio gelled and started performing .   `` We had a unique sound , a very strange sound , particularly because we found what we did best was old , traditional , country hillbilly music , Murray told John Einarson . `` That became the core of what we did , the three of us , and we took it from there . ''   The group 's sound was described as `` Merle Haggard-meets-Sgt . Pepper '' as a result of the wide-ranging influences each member brought to Hearts & Flowers . This included the aforementioned Haggard , plus Buck Owens , The Louvin and Everly brothers , The Country Gentlemen , The Beatles , and Bob Dylan . With such unorthodox influences -- plus the fact that the band featured autoharp -- , the group was torn about the direction it wanted to take . `` Had it been up to us , we would have gone way country , '' said Cunha . `` We wanted it to be commercial and fit into the pop market , but left to our own devices it would have been even more country . Production changed what we would have done . ''   Meanwhile , Hearts & Flowers was influencing local musicians who heard them in various folk clubs around the Los Angeles area . This included several people who would later be credited with developing the then-germinating Southern California country-rock sound . Jim Messina ( Buffalo Springfield , Poco , Loggins and Messina ) says , `` Those three guys were probably the closest thing to what we were all flowing into . They were the cutting edge of where the rest of us were going . They were the black that did n't quite have the edge sharped on it yet . I got my first Telecaster from Rick Cunha . ''   The group signed a deal with Capitol Records ' Folk World label in December 1966 . Once in the studio , the trio was filled out with studio musicians and steered into a more folk direction . On the road , the group would be augmented with an ever-changing series of musicians including Terry Paul ( Kris Kristofferson ) , Pete Carr ( The Hour Glass ) , and Karen Carpenter ( The Carpenters ) .   Tensions over the direction of the group eventually came to a head . Cunha left the group in Fall 1967 to write country music and produce .   Leadon replaced Cunha for the second album in 1968 . Leadon was well known to Murray as they had played in the Scottsville Squirrel Barkers , a San Diego bluegrass group responsible for launching both those members ' careers as well as those of Chris Hillman ( The Byrds , The Flying Burrito Brothers , Manassas ) and Kenny Wertz ( The Flying Burrito Brothers , Country Gazette ) .   Among venues they played during the mid-1960s , were Los Angeles clubs Ledbetter 's , Doug Weston 's Troubadour , The Whisky-a-Go-Go , and the Ash Grove , primarily as an opening act . Some of the groups with whom they shared a bill included The Doors , Bill Monroe , The Buffalo Springfield , and Blue Cheer . After recording two albums without major success , the group disbanded in 1968 .   Murray claims the group was `` in a rut '' and each member was working with other , different musicians . `` But for a simple twist of fate , we could have been huge . We had what it took , we had a lot of charisma , the personality of the group was amazing . But I do n't think we were focused business-wise . We tended to go with losers , because they were less high-pressure , and we dodged the real pressure people whose asses we should have been kissing . But you do what you do . Everything we did seemed like a good idea at the time . ''   The timing of the break-up could n't have been worse . It was just prior to the release of the seminal country-rock album by The Byrds , Sweetheart of the Rodeo , and the subsequent formation of The Flying Burrito Brothers , both of which are credited with popularizing the genre .

neg: Yorkshire Imperial Band The Yorkshire Imperial Band , also known as the Yorkshire Imperial Urquhart Travel Band ( from current sponsors David Urquhart Travel ) and the Yorkshire Imps , is a brass band from West Yorkshire , England . Other names used have included Yorkshire Imperial Metals Band , IMI Yorkshire Imperial Band , Yorkshire Imperial David Urquhart Travel Band and DUT Yorkshire Imperial Band .   The band was formed in the 1930s as the Yorkshire Copper Works Band based at the Yorkshire Copper Works in Stourton , Leeds , and was renamed when Yorkshire Imperial Metals was created in 1958 , owned by Yorkshire Copper Works and ICI Metals Division .   The Rothwell Temperance Band was founded in 1881 , when the drinkers and non-drinkers of the Rothwell Model Band , established in 1841 or earlier , divided to form two bands , the other being the Rothwell Old Band . In 1999 it was renamed the Wallace Arnold ( Rothwell ) Band , reflecting sponsorship by coach tour operator Wallace Arnold . The then `` B '' band retained the name Rothwell Temperance Band and still exists . In 2000 the Wallace Arnold ( Rothwell ) Band merged with the Yorkshire Imperial Band , which became for some time the Yorkshire Imperial DUT ( Rothwell ) Band .   the band was ranked 9th in Yorkshire and 50th in the world in listings at brass band website 4barsrest . com .   The band has made many recordings , going back as far as the 1967 CBS Yorkshire Brass .   The band 's logo shows an imp sitting on a Yorkshire rose .

neg: Earth, Wind & Fire Earth , Wind & Fire ( EWF ) is an American band that has spanned the musical genres of R&B , soul , funk , jazz , disco , pop , rock , Latin and African . They are one of the most successful bands of all time . Rolling Stone Magazine described them as `` innovative , precise yet sensual , calculated yet galvanizing '' and declared that the band `` changed the sound of black pop '' .   The band was founded in Chicago by Maurice White in 1970 , having grown out of a previous band known as The Salty Peppers . Other members have included Philip Bailey , Verdine White , Ralph Johnson , Larry Dunn , Al McKay and Andrew Woolfolk . The band has received 20 Grammy nominations ; they won six as a group and two of its members , Maurice White and Bailey , won separate individual awards . Earth , Wind & Fire have 12 American Music Awards nominations and four awards . They have been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and the Vocal Group Hall of Fame , received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , and have sold over 100 million records , making them one of the world 's best-selling bands of all time . Five members of Earth , Wind & Fire were also inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame : Maurice White , Philip Bailey , Verdine White , Larry Dunn and Al McKay . The music industry and fans have bestowed Lifetime Achievement honors from the American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( Rhythm & Soul Heritage Award -- 2002 ) , NAACP ( Hall of Fame -- 1994 ) and the BET Awards ( Lifetime Achievement Award -- 2002 ) .   Earth , Wind & Fire is known for the dynamic sound of their horn section , their energetic and elaborate stage shows , and the interplay between the contrasting vocals of Philip Bailey 's falsetto and Maurice White 's tenor . The kalimba ( African thumb piano ) is played on all of the band 's albums . In the 1970s and early 1980s , the band had many hits , including `` Shining Star '' , `` That 's the Way of the World '' , `` Devotion '' , `` Reasons '' , `` Sing a Song '' , `` Ca n't Hide Love '' , `` Getaway '' , `` Fantasy '' , `` Love 's Holiday '' , `` September '' , `` Boogie Wonderland '' , `` After the Love Has Gone '' , and `` Let 's Groove '' . Two Earth , Wind & Fire classic songs have been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame : `` That 's the Way of the World '' ( 2004 ) and `` Shining Star '' ( 2007 ) .   The band is also known as having been the first African-American act to sell out Madison Square Garden and to receive the MSG Gold Ticket Award . President Barack Obama invited Earth , Wind & Fire to perform at the White House for the first social event of the new administration .

neg: The Prime Movers (Michigan band) The Prime Movers were a blues band based in the Ann Arbor , Michigan , formed in 1965 . The band originally consisted of Michael Erlewine ( lead singer , harmonica ) , Dan Erlewine ( lead guitar ) , Robert Sheff ( keyboards ) , Robert Vinopal ( bass ) , and Michael `` Spider '' Wynn ( drums ) . Vinopal left soon after the band 's formation and was replaced by Jack Dawson . Wynn left a short time later and was replaced by James Osterberg , who would later become famous as Iggy Pop . When he joined the Prime Movers Osterberg took the name `` Iggy '' , from his previous band The Iguanas .   The Prime Movers played throughout the Midwest . In 1966 , the band frequented blues clubs in Chicago where they saw blues legends like Little Walter , Magic Sam , Big Walter Horton , and many other bluesmen perform live . Courted by a subsidiary of Motown Records who wanted to promote them as a white group playing `` black '' music , the band refused to cooperate , preferring to study and perform classic Chicago-style blues than to record songs that were fed to them by Motown . A consequence of this is that they were not professionally recorded . ( Recordings made by the band and fans surfaced years later , including a recording of Iggy Pop singing the Muddy Waters song `` I 'm a Man . '' )   The Prime Movers played a significant part in helping to host the first two Ann Arbor Blues Festivals , in 1969 and 1970 , which were the first ( and largest ) blues festivals ( in terms of the number of great bluesman who performed ) in the U.S. Michael Erlewine interviewed dozens of the performers , and the spirit of these early festivals carried over into the Ann Arbor Blues & Jazz Festival in 1972 , 1973 , and 1974 . Members of the band were also involved in the 1972 festival .   As time passed , the Prime Movers became kind of the elder statesmen in the burgeoning Ann Arbor music scene , working with the younger groups , and playing with visiting artists like Jerry Garcia . They frequently shared the bill with the MC5 . In the Midwest , the band played at Detroit clubs like the Grande Ballroom , the Living End , the Chessmate , and the Wisdom Tooth . They also appeared frequently at Mother Blues in Chicago as well as other Michigan clubs like the 5th Dimension , Mothers , Schwaben Inn , Depot House , Town Bar , and Clint 's Club , and Mr. Flood 's Party .   In 1967 , the band toured the West Coast and spent the Summer of Love in San Francisco , living at the Sausalito Heliport , and playing at places like The Matrix , The Straight Theater , the Haight A , New Orleans House , and the Fillmore West , where they opened for Cream .   Iggy Pop was replaced by Jesse Crawford in early 1967 . Crawford later became famous as the MC for the MC5 , belting out the phrase `` Kick out the jams , Motherfucker ... '' that kicked off their shows . The band went through some 37 members , and broke up by 1970 . The Erlewine brothers continued to play around the Ann Arbor area for some years after that . Michael Erlewine had a solo piano act as late as 1971 , and went on to found the popular All-Music Guide , while Dan Erlewine became an accomplished luthier and prolific author on guitar repair , notably for Guitar Player magazine .

neg: Scott McCord William Scott McCord ( born April 19 , 1971 ) is a Canadian actor , voice actor , musician , and composer currently based in Brooklyn . He is also Co-Artistic Director of Criminal Theatre . A versatile performer , he has appeared in the films 16 Blocks , Shoot 'Em Up and the animated feature The Nut Job . On television , he is best known for his voice over work in popular animated series . He plays Dan Kuso in Bakugan Battle Brawlers , Tetsuya Watarigani in Beyblade Metal Fusion , Owen and Trent in Fresh Animation 's Total Drama series , Skull Boy in Ruby Gloom and most recently , Jake in the animated TVOKids/Nickelodeon television series , PAW Patrol . In 2016 , he won the Canada Screens Award for Best Performance in an Animated Series for his role as Squidgy on Guru 's Justin Time . In 2002 he was nominated for a Dora Mavor Moore Award with Best Performance by a Male in Independent Theatre for his performance in Jacob Richmond 's The Qualities of Zero . He has released two albums , the solo effort Blues For Sunshine ( 2009 ) and Scott McCord and the Bonafide Truth ( 2012 ) . The latter is also the name of the soul/jazz/blues / rock eight piece band that was created for touring the first album . Scott McCord and the Bonafide Truth were nominated for Best Artist of the Year at the 2010 Maple Blues Awards .

neg: Live from London (Bon Jovi) Live From London is a live concert video from the American rock band Bon Jovi . It was the band 's first concert video and was shot at Wembley Stadium on June 25 , 1995 in front of 72,000 fans on the These Days Tour . Directed by David Mallet and produced by Andy Picheta , the release shows Bon Jovi performing some of their staple live hits , and also some songs from their album These Days . The approximate running time is 90 minutes , as some songs from the concert were cut from this release . For the production , Mallett and Picheta earned a nomination for Best Long Form Music Video at the 39th Annual Grammy Awards .   The last track `` These Days '' is a music video featuring concert clips rather than a live performance .

neg: The Section (band) The Section are a US instrumental rock band formed in the early 1970s by musicians Danny Kortchmar , Craig Doerge , Leland Sklar , and Russ Kunkel . They are best known for both studio and stage work in support of some of the best selling solo singers of that decade . Their frequent appearances on the records of artists signed to Asylum Records made them the label 's de facto house band . Their close association with the singer-songwriter and soft rock genres of the 1970s also led to their alternate moniker of `` The Mellow Mafia . ''   They appeared together and individually on albums by Linda Ronstadt , Crosby & Nash , James Taylor , Carole King , Jackson Browne , Warren Zevon , and acted as back-up band on their tours . Other musicians closely associated with The Section include guitarist Waddy Wachtel , bassist Tim Drummond and multi-instrumentalist David Lindley .   By the 1980s , the group stopped working together collectively , though as individuals they continued to play prominent roles in the studio and on tour with many of the most popular solo acts of the decade , including Phil Collins ( who collaborated with Sklar frequently starting with 1985 's No Jacket Required album and subsequent tour ) , Stevie Nicks ( whose landmark Bella Donna album features guitar work from Wachtel , who continues to work with her as her musical director ) , and Don Henley ( who used Kortchmar 's skills on numerous instruments on his Building the Perfect Beast album ) .   Beside their supporting work for other musicians , The Section also released three albums of their own , consisting of mostly instrumental music .

neg: Lost Highway (Bon Jovi album) Lost Highway is the tenth studio album by American rock band Bon Jovi , released on June 19 , 2007 through Island Records . Produced by John Shanks and Dann Huff , the album was recorded at Black Bird Studios , Nashville and NGR Recording , Hollywood .   The album influences the band 's rock sound with that of country music following the success of a country version of the band 's 2006 single `` Who Says You Ca n't Go Home '' , a duet with Jennifer Nettles , which reached No. 1 on the U.S. country chart in May 2006 . Following the success had with the duet version of `` Who Says You Ca n't Go Home '' , there are two songs on the album produced in collaboration with other artists , namely `` We Got It Going On '' featuring Big & Rich and the single `` Till We Ai n't Strangers Anymore '' featuring LeAnn Rimes .   Described by Jon Bon Jovi as a `` Bon Jovi album influenced by Nashville '' , the album debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard 200 , becoming Bon Jovi 's first ever album to debut at No. 1 and their third album to reach that position in the United States . The album was nominated for Best Pop Vocal Album at the 2008 Grammy Awards .

neg: Splendor Solis (album) Splendor Solis ( 1993 ) is The Tea Party 's second album , and their first major label release on EMI Music Canada . The overall tone of the album is very organic and natural , with many songs featuring 6 - and 12-string guitar acoustic guitars , and very little in terms of electronic effects or production techniques .   The album draws heavily on the rock and blues of the 1970s , as well as displaying some psychedelic influences . As a result , The Tea Party was often compared to Led Zeppelin , a parallel that was reinforced by Jeff Martin playing guitar with a violin bow ( not unlike Jimmy Page ) on `` Save Me '' . Martin 's appearance , voice and singing style also drew comparisons to those of Jim Morrison , as did some of the album 's lyrics . `` Sure , '' said Stuart Chatwood said of these comparisons `` we draw from 70s rock as much as the other influences we 've talked about . You ca n't ignore the power that Led Zeppelin or The Doors had , and there are elements of those influences in our songs , but it 's a cop out to then write us off as some retro act . If people listen closely , they 'll appreciate the originality of what we 're doing , time changes . The fact that Jeff 's a rock baritone does n't justify the laziness of critics who slag him as a Morrison wanna-be . ''   Splendor Solis sold very well in Canada , reaching # 20 on the Canadian album chart and platinum status in 1994 ( now double platinum in 2000 ) , and earning a Juno nomination for `` Best Hard Rock Album '' . The band was also nominated for `` Best New Group '' . Splendor Solis was also The Tea Party 's first gold selling album in Australia , where the band had enjoyed great success throughout their career .

neg: 22, A Million 22 , A Million is the third studio album by American indie folk band Bon Iver , released on September 30 , 2016 . It was recorded in Justin Vernon 's April Base studio in Eau Claire , Wisconsin , and marked a shift in the band 's sound -- incorporating elements of electronic music , hip-hop , and soul and making extensive use of samples , synths , and effects .   First premiered at Vernon 's Eaux Claires Music Festival , the album debuted at number 2 on the Billboard 200 and received widespread acclaim from critics , who praised its original sound and colorful lyricism . Several publications , including Pitchfork , Rolling Stone , and The Guardian , listed 22 , A Million as one of the best albums of 2016 . It also received nominations for Best Alternative Music Album and Best Recording Package at the 2017 Grammy Awards .

neg: 'Til the Band Comes In 'Til the Band Comes In is the sixth studio album by the American solo artist Scott Walker . It was released in December 1970 but failed to chart . Three singles were released from the album . The title track backed with `` Jean the Machine '' was released in the Netherlands . `` Jean the Machine '' and `` Thanks For Chicago Mr. James '' were each released in Japan . No singles were released in the UK . The release is a loose concept album about the inhabitants of a tenement .   Walker wrote the songs for the album quickly while on a working holiday in Greece in September 1970 . The album was recorded late that same year between September and November 1970 with Walker 's usual Philips studio team consisting of producer Johnny Franz , engineer Peter J. Olliff and Wally Stott and Peter Knight directing the musical arrangements . Receiving negative reviews the album was first released as an LP in December 1970 . The album was deleted and was not available for over twenty-five years . The album was later reassessed much more favourably and was eventually reissued in the UK on CD by BGO Records in August 1996 , with new liner notes . This new edition fell out of print before a second CD re-issue followed in 2008 by the US label Water Records . The album was re-issued again on 3 June 2013 as part of a 5-CD set entitled Scott - The Collection 1967-1970 .   The original liner notes were by Walker 's then-manager Ady Semel with cover photography by Michael Joseph .


query: It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia premiered in 2005.

pos: It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia is an American television black comedy sitcom that premiered on FX on August 4 , 2005 . It moved to FXX beginning with the ninth season , and has remained there since . It was created by Rob McElhenney , who developed it with Glenn Howerton . It is executive produced and primarily written by McElhenney , Howerton , and Charlie Day , all of whom star alongside Kaitlin Olson and Danny DeVito . The series follows the exploits of `` The Gang '' , a group of self-centered friends who run the Irish bar Paddy 's Pub in South Philadelphia .   The series was renewed for a twelfth season that premiered on January 4 , 2017 . On April 1 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a thirteenth and fourteenth season , which will tie it with The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet as the longest running live-action sitcom in American TV history .

neg: Architecture of Philadelphia The architecture of Philadelphia is a mix of historic and modern styles that reflect the city 's history . The first European settlements appeared within the present day borders of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania in the 17th century with most structures being built from logs . By the 18th century brick structures had become common . Georgian and later Federal style buildings dominated much of the cityscape . In the first half of the 19th century , Greek revival appeared and flourished with architects such as William Strickland , John Haviland , and Thomas U. Walter . In the second half of the 19th century , Victorian architecture became popular with the city 's most notable Victorian architect being Frank Furness .   Steel and concrete skyscrapers appeared in the first decades of the 20th century and glass and granite skyscrapers towards the end of the century . Construction continued into the 21st century with the city tallest building , the Comcast Center . Philadelphia made significant contributions in the architecture of the United States . The row house was introduced to the United States via Philadelphia in the 17th century , the United States ' first International style skyscraper was built in Philadelphia , and one of the most important examples of Postmodern architecture , Robert Venturi 's Guild House , is located in the city .

neg: West Oak Lane, Philadelphia West Oak Lane is a neighborhood in the Upper Northern section of Philadelphia . The neighborhood was developed primarily between the early 1920s and late 1930s , with the areas near to Cedarbrook constructed after World War II . At the northeast corner of Limekiln Pike and Washington Lane was the site of the Cedar Park Inn , an historic tavern built in the early 19th century , which was torn down sometime after 1931 as the neighborhood was being fully developed .   Although it was predominately Caucasian from its inception until the mid-1960s , West Oak Lane is now one of Philadelphia 's middle-class African American communities .   The neighborhood is known throughout the city for its jazz festival . The West Oak Lane Jazz Festival has been held in mid-June since 2003 . Artists such as Chaka Khan , Teena Marie , Jeffrey Osbourne and Chrisette Michele have performed at the West Oak Lane Jazz Festival . However , since March 2012 , the West Oak Lane Jazz Festival has been cancelled . `` The festival was never supposed to be something that was going to last forever , '' the Ogontz Avenue Revitilization Corporation ( OARC ) director of marketing and public relations Naja Killebrew stated . `` We accomplished everything we wanted to do with it . ''   The neighborhood has distinct architecture that separates it from surrounding neighborhoods . Along with larger and sometimes detached houses , West Oak Lane also has many tree-lined streets and small yards . In 2005 , the 19126 and 19138 ZIP codes , which contain West Oak Lane , had a median home sale price of $ 113,200 . This was a 34-percent increase over the median price in 2004 . The median home sale price as of April 2015 was $ 122,941 , which was a 1.2 % percent increase from the previous year .

neg: Penn & Teller: Off the Deep End Penn & Teller : Off the Deep End is a two-hour special that premiered on NBC on November 13 , 2005 . It featured magicians Penn & Teller performing a variety of illusions in various locations around the Caribbean , most of which were done underwater or involved marine animals . It also featured a performance by musician Aaron Carter .

neg: Theatre Suburbia Theatre Suburbia is a theatre company in the Oak Forest area of Houston , Texas . It presents a full year of theatrical productions in a community-operated theatre .   Theatre Suburbia is Northwest Houston 's longest running all-volunteer playhouse . Having produced over 355 shows , 2014-2015 is their 54th season . Throughout the years , they have endeavored to provide quality live theatre to the Houston area , trying to reach as many as possible by providing a wide variety of plays as well as the unique sets custom designed for each show . Theatre Suburbia is a small theatre , but that only refers to their physical space , not the quality of live theatre they provide .   Each season , Theatre Suburbia brings seven plays to life , remaining dark for only two weekends between productions . They have produced plays by Richard Alfieri , Norm Foster , Sam Bobrick , Philip Barry , Agatha Christie , and many more . Tickets are very reasonably priced and they offer season ticket packages as well as group , senior , and student rates . Performances run on Fridays and Saturdays for five weekends ( six for the summer mellerdrammer ) and include two Sunday matinees ( four for the summer mellerdrammer ) .   Having produced a variety of works including classics , heavy dramas , dark comedies , light comedies , mysteries , children 's shows , and the ever popular mellerdrammer , versatility seems to be the theme of Theatre Suburbia 's show selections . Additionally , they are willing to consider any script or to try something new , having produced a number of works by the local playwright community ( some of which have gone on to be published ) and promote the local talent pool here in Houston .   The theatre is supported by box office sales , memberships , patronage , corporate donations , and occasional grants . But the theatre 's biggest support comes from an ever-changing group of dedicated and willing individuals working diligently to do whatever is needed to continue bringing quality theatre to the Houston community .   In 2008 , the theatre moved from their original location at 1410 West 43rd Street to their permanent location near the intersection of West 43rd Street and the Hempstead Highway :

neg: Broad Humor Film Festival The Broad Humor Film Festival is a film festival that takes place every year in Los Angeles , California . It focuses exclusively on comedic films written and directed by women . Begun in 2005 , it is held yearly in the summer months and brings together female writers and directors for a weekend of screenings , readings and events with the aim of fostering greater opportunity for women as the creators of film content . The festival has film and screenplay competitions for both feature-length and short films . Projects can be narrative or documentary . In addition , the festival offers continuing support to festival filmmakers and writers through its Legacy Program , a series of initiatives encouraging alumnae to create and screen new work .

neg: Edmond (film) Edmond is a 2005 American drama film directed by Stuart Gordon and starring William H. Macy , based on the 1982 play Edmond by David Mamet . Mamet also wrote the screenplay for the film . Edmond features Julia Stiles , Rebecca Pidgeon , Denise Richards , Mena Suvari , Joe Mantegna , Bai Ling , Jeffrey Combs , Dylan Walsh and George Wendt in supporting roles . It was screened at several film festivals from September 2005 to May 2006 , and had a limited release on July 14 , 2006 .

neg: Theatre Tulsa Theatre Tulsa , Inc. is a community theatre company in Tulsa , Oklahoma , USA .   Theatre Tulsa , the longest running community theatre west of the Mississippi and seventh in the nation , has had a prosperous but sometimes difficult history . The theatre has survived multiple wars , fires , and economic depressions . Theatre Tulsa started as a small community theatre that played shows in a tent , and grew to the largest community theatre in the nation in the 1970s , followed by years of decline and a recent re-invigoration that includes the new creation of a Broadway Series main stage season , a Next Stage series season composed of new works , and a Family Series season for children , families , and arts education programming .   Tulsa Little Theatre was incorporated December . 10 , 1922 by Mrs. Bonnie Reed and Mrs. Hope Holway . Despite the Great Depression , the group managed to raise money to build a theater which was christened with a performance of The Cradle Song in February 1932 . Two years later , the group incorporated as Tulsa Little Theatre . Struggling through the next few years , the theater survived a threatened bank foreclosure in 1935 after a number of donors stepped in , and in 1940 the theater paid off its mortgage . During World War II , it produced shows for military camps and veterans ' hospitals . Tulsa Little Little Theatre prospered , and by 1959 was the largest non-professional theater company in the country . In 1964 , its membership was 8,000 strong . By 1972 it had the largest community theater membership in the nation and had counted 1.5 million members over the past 50 years . In 1974 Tulsa Little Theatre changed its name to Theatre Tulsa , Inc. . Theatre Tulsa remains active today producing 10 productions a year that include modern and classic dramas , comedies , and musicals .   Theatre Tulsa has had many firsts ; it was the first community theater in the country to premiere Our Town ( 1939 ) and All My Sons ( 1947 ) ; the musical Brownstone ( 1985 ) ; `` Miracle on 34th Street : A Musical Adaptation '' ( a 1993 original musical written for Theatre Tulsa ) ; `` I Love You , You 're Perfect , Now Change '' ( 2003 ) ; and the first American production of Pitmen Painters ( 2011 ) . Theatre Tulsa 's production of Forever Plaid sold out more than 400 shows in 1995 and 1996 . Some noted performers , including Jeanne Tripplehorn , Kristin Chenoweth and Sam Harris , received their first stage experience with Theatre Tulsa .

neg: Nikos Psacharopoulos Nikos Psacharopoulos ( born Athens , January 18 , 1928 , died St. John , U.S. Virgin Islands , on January 12 , 1989 ) was an American theater producer , director , and educator .   Born Nickolas Konstantin Athanasios Psacharopoulos VII , he claimed to have organized his first theatrical troupe at age 15 under the Nazi occupation of his homeland . He moved to the United States in 1947 and attended Oberlin College where he directed productions for the Oberlin Mummers . He graduated in 1951 with a degree in art history . Three years later he received a Master of Fine Arts Degree in theater direction from the Yale Drama School . In 1955 , he joined the faculty of Yale 's undergraduate theater studies department and also taught in the graduate Drama School , where he remained until his death of colon cancer at age 60 .   Psacharopoulos was a co-founder of the Williamstown Theater Festival ( WTF ) in 1955 , based in the Adams Memorial Theater on the campus of Williams College . Psacharopoulos went on to serve as WTF 's sole artistic executive director for 33 years , creating a professional summer theater that was more than a typical summer stock escapist operation . He was aided for many years by Tom Brennan , who served as the WTF associate director . Under Psacharopoulos ' leadership , WTF specialized in the plays of Anton Chekhov and Bertolt Brecht , as well as the work of many classic American playwrights such as Tennessee Williams , Thornton Wilder , Arthur Miller , and Archibald MacLeish . Psacharopoulos traveled often between his Greek homeland and New York City , his main residence , where he staged theater productions with the Circle-in-the-Square , the New York Pro Musica , and City Opera .   Psacharopoulos ' international reputation and demanding artistry drew many famous actors to perform with the WTF , names such as Frank Langella , Kate Burton , Rosemary Harris , Blythe Danner , and Colleen Dewhurst . To all -- his `` stars '' and apprentices -- he was a man of great style , a gourmet who would excuse himself from a table of friends to confer with a restaurant 's chef ; he was something of a dandy who , nevertheless , was always addressed simply as `` Nikos . ''   Many directors and leaders of American theater were inspired by Nikos ' guidance . Each year he would choose an assistant from his students at Yale to accompany him to WTF to experience their first seasons as professional directors . Peter H. Hunt , Austin Pendleton , Keith Fowler , and Arvin Brown are among those who first served with Nikos .

neg: As the World Turns As the World Turns ( often referred to as ATWT ) is an American television soap opera that aired on CBS for 54 years from April 2 , 1956 , to September 17 , 2010 . Irna Phillips created As the World Turns as a sister show to her other soap opera Guiding Light . Running for 54 years , As the World Turns holds the second-longest continuous run of any daytime network soap opera on American television , surpassed only by Guiding Light . As the World Turns was produced for the first 43 years in Manhattan and in Brooklyn from 2000 until 2010 .   Set in the fictional town of Oakdale , Illinois , the show debuted on April 2 , 1956 , at 1:30 pm EST. . Prior to that date , all serials had been 15 minutes in length . As the World Turns and The Edge of Night , which premiered on the same day at 4:30 pm EST , were the first two to be 30 minutes in length from their premiere . At first , viewers did not respond to the new half-hour serial , but ratings picked up in its second year , eventually reaching the top spot in the daytime Nielsen ratings by fall 1958 . In 1959 , the show started a streak of weekly ratings wins that was not interrupted for over 12 years . The show switched to color on August 21 , 1967 , and expanded from a half-hour in length to one hour starting on December 1 , 1975 , when The Edge of Night moved to ABC . In the year-to-date ratings , As the World Turns was the most-watched daytime drama from 1958 until 1978 , with ten million viewers tuning in each day . At its height , core actors such as Helen Wagner , Don MacLaughlin , Don Hastings , and Eileen Fulton became nationally known . Three of these actors -- Wagner , Hastings , and Fulton -- are also the three longest serving actors in the history of American soap operas .   The show passed its 10,000 th episode on May 12 , 1995 , and celebrated its 50th anniversary on April 2 , 2006 . On September 18 , 2009 , As the World Turns became the last remaining Procter and Gamble-produced soap opera for CBS after Guiding Light aired its final episode on the network .   On December 8 , 2009 , CBS announced that it cancelled As the World Turns after almost 54 years due to low ratings . The show taped its final Procter and Gamble scenes for CBS on June 23 , 2010 , and with a dramatic storyline finale , its final episode on the network aired on September 17 , 2010 . On October 18 , 2010 , CBS replaced As the World Turns with a newly debuted talk show The Talk .

neg: Glasgow Film Festival The Glasgow Film Festival is an annual film festival based in Glasgow , Scotland . The festival began in 2005 . By 2015 , the festival had seen audience figures top 40,000 for two consecutive years .

neg: Podcast Awards The People 's Choice Podcast Awards , better known as the Podcast Awards , are a set of United States-centric awards given annually to the best podcasts as voted by the general public . Founded in 2005 by Todd Cochrane of Podcast Connect Inc. , the Podcast Awards were bought by New Media Expo in September 2014 . The first Podcast Awards show was held in 2006 ( awarding shows for the 2005 calendar year ) had over 350,000 people vote for their nominated podcasts , with nearly 1000 people attending the awards ceremony . The 10th annual Podcast Awards Show , the first show run exclusively by the New Media Expo , took place at Westgate Las Vegas Resort and Casino on April 14 , 2015 . It was hosted by Chris Jericho and Emily Morse .

neg: 32nd Annie Awards The 32nd Annual Annie Awards were held on January 30 , 2005 , at the Alex Theatre in Glendale , California . They were hosted by Tom Kenny .

neg: Philadelphia Asian American Film Festival The Philadelphia Asian American Film Festival ( PAAFF ) is an annual film festival that shows feature films and short films by and about Asian Americans . Run by the nonprofit group Philadelphia Asian American Film and Filmmakers , it was first held October 9 -- 12 , 2008 ; its presenting sponsor was HBO .

neg: Philadelphia Media Network Philadelphia Media Network LLC is an American media company . It owns The Philadelphia Inquirer , Philadelphia Daily News , and the newspapers ' joint web portal Philly.com . The company is owned by The Philadelphia Foundation , a nonprofit organization in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , U.S.A.   Philadelphia Media Network ( PMN ) was formed and initially owned by the creditors of Philadelphia Media Holdings ( PMH ) , acquired out of Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection . The company sold its inherited community newspaper division in December 2010 . A group of local investors -- under the corporate name of Interstate General Media LLC -- bought the company for $ 55 million in April 2012 . Publisher and chief executive officer Greg Osberg stepped down on 11 May 2012 . He was replaced by Bob Hall , 67 , the publisher of the Daily News and Inquirer from 1990 to 2003 , when the papers were owned by Knight Ridder . Philadelphia Media Network was purchased by Philadelphia businessman H. F. `` Gerry '' Lenfest in 2014 . Lenfest donated the company to The Philadelphia Foundation , a nonprofit organization , in 2016 .

neg: Norman Lear Center The Norman Lear Center is a multi-disciplinary research and public policy center exploring implications of the convergence of entertainment , commerce , and society . It is based at the USC Annenberg School for Communication . Through scholarship and research , and its programs of visiting fellows , conferences , public events and publications , the Lear Center works to be at the forefront of discussion and practice in the field .   The Center is named for benefactor Norman Lear , the social activist and philanthropist , and television producer , and was founded and is directed by Marty Kaplan , associate dean of the USC Annenberg School , who has been a political speechwriter , Hollywood studio executive , and screenwriter-producer .   The Lear Center officially launched on January 24 , 2000 . Some of the programs it houses include Entertainment Goes Global , which explores the political , cultural , economic and technological implications of the globalization of entertainment ; Celebrity , Politics & Public Life , wherein faculty and deans from over 20 USC departments convene to develop an inter-disciplinary analysis of American political life , as it is shaped by popular culture ; and Hollywood , Health & Society , which provides entertainment industry professionals with accurate and timely information for health storylines . Hollywood , Health & Society is funded by , and works closely with such governmental agencies as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , the National Institutes of Health , and the National Cancer Institute . That program hosts its annual Sentinel for Health Awards to recognize exemplary television storylines that best inform , educate and motivate viewers to make choices for healthier and safer lives .   Since 2005 , the Lear Center 's Grand Avenue Intervention Project has been a driving force behind the civic outreach for the planning of a new 16 acre park in the heart of downtown Los Angeles . In partnership with the Los Angeles Times , the Lear Center solicited design proposals from the public and published a selection of them in a special section of the Times .   The Lear Center 's publishing imprint has published several works of scholarship such as Artists , Technology & The Ownership of Creative Content , Warners ' War : Politics , Pop Culture & Propaganda in Wartime Hollywood , Frank Capra and the Image of the Journalist in American Film , and Ready to Share : Creativity & Fashion in Digital Culture .

neg: Streamy Awards The Streamy Awards , often referred to as the Streamys , are presented annually by Dick Clark Productions and Tubefilter to recognize and honor excellence in online video , including directing , acting , producing , and writing . The formal ceremony at which the awards are presented takes place in Los Angeles , California . They were the first envelope-opening live-streamed award show .   The Streamy Awards were created by Executive Producers Drew Baldwin , Brady Brim-DeForest and Marc Hustvedt of Tubefilter and Joshua Cohen and Jamison Tilsner of Tilzy.tv .   The winners of awards in over 30 categories , including the Audience Choice and Visionary Award , were announced for the first time on March 28 , 2009 at the 1st Annual Streamy Awards . Winners of the 1st Annual Streamy Awards included individual recipients ( Best Male and Female Actor ) , and web series . Each year , certain awards are presented before the main ceremony at the Streamys Craft Awards .   The 2nd Annual Streamy Awards were hosted by actor/comedian Paul Scheer and streamed live online from the Orpheum Theatre ( Los Angeles , California ) on April 11 , 2010 . The production experienced technical problems as well as interruptions due to people streaking the stage and interrupting the presenters . This show incorporated an online live internet streaming broadcast . Due to poor reception and execution of the show , the IAWTV halted its production of the award ceremony and formed their own Web TV awards presentation .   Tubefilter joined Dick Clark productions to produce the 3rd Streamy Awards in 2013 .   The 5th Streamy Awards were broadcast live on VH1 on September 17 , 2015 .

neg: Commerce Square Commerce Square is a Class-A , high-rise office building complex in Center City Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , United States . Commerce Square consists of One and Two Commerce Square , two identical 41-story office towers 565 ft high that surround a paved courtyard of 30000 sqft . Architecturally , the granite-clad towers feature setbacks on the north and south sides of the building and are topped with a pair of stone diamonds with cutout squares in the center . The towers were built as part an office-building boom Philadelphia was experiencing on West Market Street in the late 1980s . Designed by IM Pei & Partners ( now called Pei Cobb Freed & Partners ) , the towers were developed in a joint venture between Maguire Thomas Partners and IBM . IBM also leased more than half of One Commerce Square for the company 's Mid-Atlantic headquarters . Construction of the first phase , which included One Commerce Square , the plaza , and retail space , began in 1985 and was completed in 1987 . The project 's second phase , Two Commerce Square , did not begin until a lead tenant was secured for the building in 1990 . Consolidated Rail Corporation ( Conrail ) agreed to be Two Commerce Square 's lead tenant and make the skyscraper its corporate headquarters after a two-year search for office space in the region . Two Commerce Square ended the skyscraper construction boom of the 1980s when it was completed in 1992 . No other office skyscraper was built in Philadelphia until Brandywine Realty Trust ( NYSE : BDN ) built the Cira Centre in 2005 .   In the 1990s , Commerce Square 's lead tenants reduced their presence dramatically in the towers . IBM moved some of its operations out of Philadelphia in the early 1990s , and Conrail was bought by Norfolk Southern Railway and CSX Transportation later in the decade . Almost all of Conrail 's operations were moved out of Philadelphia by the 2000s . Commerce Square was praised mainly for its design of two towers surrounding a plaza . Renowned Philadelphia urban planner Edmund N. Bacon praised Commerce Square and its plaza by saying it `` will prove to be one of the finest commercial projects to be built in this century '' .

neg: Chestnut Street Theatre The Chestnut Street Theatre in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania was the first theater in the United States built by entrepreneurs solely as a venue for paying audiences .

neg: The Channel Magazine The Channel Magazine ( referred to as The Channel ) is an American entertainment magazine , headquartered in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania and owned by All Access Media , Inc. . The first issue was published on April 23 , 2007 , and is known as being among the more informative entertainment magazines in the business . The magazine focuses on music , film , fashion , entertainment business , and popular culture .

neg: 2005 Philadelphia Phillies season The 2005 Philadelphia Phillies season was the 123rd season in the history of the franchise . The Phillies finished in second place in the National League East with a record of 88-74 , two games behind the Atlanta Braves , and one game behind the NL Champion Houston Astros , who won the NL Wild-Card race for the second consecutive season . The Phillies were managed by their new manager Charlie Manuel , as they played their home games at Citizens Bank Park . First-baseman Ryan Howard was named the National League 's Rookie-of-the-Year for the 2005 season .