query: Marcus Rashford was named on October.

pos: Marcus Rashford Marcus Rashford ( born 31 October 1997 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a forward for Premier League club Manchester United and the England national team .   A Manchester United player from the age of seven , he scored twice in both his first-team debut ( Europa League ) after the warm-up injury of striker Anthony Martial and in his first Premier League game in February 2016 ( against Arsenal ) . He also scored in his first Manchester derby game , and his first League Cup game .   Rashford scored on his England debut in May 2016 , becoming the youngest English player to score in his first senior international game . He was chosen for UEFA Euro 2016 .

neg: Clive Walford Clive Walford ( born October 1 , 1991 ) is an American football tight end for the Oakland Raiders of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football for the University of Miami .

neg: Marcus Charles Marcus Charles ( born November 13 , 1973 ) is an American restaurateur and entrepreneur in Seattle . He is known for fostering and expanding the Capitol Hill Block Party , resurrecting the Crocodile Cafe music venue , and founding Neumos Crystal Ball Reading Room , along with multiple , successful Seattle bars and restaurants . In 2012 he was a recipient of the Puget Sound Business Journal 's `` 40 Under 40 '' award .

neg: Wendell H. Ford Wendell Hampton Ford ( September 8 , 1924 -- January 22 , 2015 ) was an American politician from the Commonwealth of Kentucky . He served for twenty-four years in the U.S. Senate and was the 53rd Governor of Kentucky . He was the first person to be successively elected lieutenant governor , governor and United States senator in Kentucky history . The Senate Democratic whip from 1991 to 1999 , he was considered the leader of the state 's Democratic Party from his election to governor in 1971 until his retirement from the Senate in 1999 . At the time of his retirement , he was the longest-serving senator in Kentucky 's history , a mark which was then surpassed by Mitch McConnell in 2009 .   Born in Daviess County , Kentucky , Ford attended the University of Kentucky , but his studies were interrupted by his service in World War II . After the war , he graduated from the Maryland School of Insurance and returned to Kentucky to help his father with the family insurance business . He also continued his military service in the Kentucky Army National Guard . He worked on the gubernatorial campaign of Bert T. Combs in 1959 , and became Combs ' executive assistant when Combs was elected governor . Encouraged to run for the Kentucky Senate by Combs ' ally and successor , Ned Breathitt , Ford won the seat and served one four-year term before running for lieutenant governor in 1967 . He was elected on a split ticket with Republican Louie B. Nunn . Four years later , Ford defeated Combs in an upset in the Democratic primary en route to the governorship .   As governor , Ford made government more efficient by reorganizing and consolidating some departments in the executive branch . He raised revenue for the state through a severance tax on coal and enacted reforms to the educational system . He purged most of the Republicans from statewide office , including helping Walter `` Dee '' Huddleston win the Senate seat vacated by the retirement of Republican stalwart John Sherman Cooper . In 1974 , Ford himself ousted the other incumbent senator , Republican Marlow Cook . Following the rapid rise of Ford and many of his political allies , he and his lieutenant governor , Julian Carroll , were investigated on charges of political corruption , but a grand jury refused to indict them . As senator , Ford was a staunch defender of Kentucky 's tobacco industry . He also formed the Senate National Guard Caucus with Missouri senator Kit Bond . Chosen as Democratic party whip in 1991 , Ford considered running for floor leader in 1994 before throwing his support to Connecticut 's Christopher Dodd . He retired from the Senate in 1999 and returned to Owensboro , where he taught politics to youth at the Owensboro Museum of Science and History .

neg: Rayford B. High, Jr. Rayford B. High , Jr. is a bishop of the Episcopal Church . He was consecrated October 4 , 2003 as bishop suffragan in the Episcopal Diocese of Texas and served as bishop provisional of the Episcopal Diocese of Fort Worth from November , 2012 through June , 2015 . He currently serves as an assisting bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Fort Worth .

neg: Shacklefords, Virginia Shacklefords is an unincorporated community in King and Queen County , Virginia , United States . It derives its name from the Shackleford ( or Shackelford ) family , of whom the immigrant ancestor to the Virginia colony was Roger Shackelford , who was born in Old Alresford in the English county of Hampshire in 1629 . ( The orthography of the name of Roger Shackelford 's descendants varies , sometimes spelled ` el ' and sometimes ` le . ' )   The immigrant Roger Shackelford was first mentioned in Gloucester County , in a grant of land in 1658 . The family likely took its name from the village of Shackleford , in the English county of Surrey , which adjoins Hampshire and is not far from London . A North Carolina barrier island , Shackleford Banks , is named for descendants of the family , as is Shackelford County , Texas . An Orange , Virginia branch of the Shackelford family also counts President Thomas Jefferson and his wife Martha Wayles as ancestors .   The post office in Shacklefords ( which was at one stage spelled with an apostrophe ) was established in 1800 .   Dixon , Kempsville , and King and Queen Courthouse Green Historic District are listed on the National Register of Historic Places .

neg: Marcus B. Nash Marcus Bell Nash ( born March 26 , 1957 ) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) since 2006 .

neg: Marcus Bai Marcus `` George '' Bai ( born 11 October 1972 , in Ulamona , Papua New Guinea ) is a former professional rugby league footballer of the 1990s , and 2000s . An international representative winger , he represented his country on numerous occasions including at the 1995 Rugby League World Cup . Bai played club football for English clubs Hull F.C. , Leeds and Bradford , as well as Australian clubs the Gold Coast Chargers and Melbourne Storm . He became the first player to have won the World Club Challenge with three different clubs . In 2005 he was minutes away from being the first person to win all of the major domestic competitions in both Australia and England ( NRL Premiership , Super League , World Club Challenge , League Leaders Shield and Challenge Cup ) however Hull struck with minutes to go in the Challenge Cup final to deny Leeds the cup and him a place in the history books .

neg: Tim Hardaway Jr. Timothy Duane Hardaway Jr. ( born March 16 , 1992 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Atlanta Hawks of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He played college basketball for the Michigan Wolverines and declared for the NBA draft after his junior season for the national runner-up 2012 -- 13 team . Hardaway was selected with the 24th overall pick in the 2013 NBA draft by the New York Knicks . He is the son of former NBA All-Star Tim Hardaway .   As a freshman during the 2010 -- 11 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season , he earned four Big Ten Conference Freshman of the Week awards , including three in the final four weeks during which he averaged over 20 points a game to help the 2010 -- 11 team to climb up to fourth in the 2010 -- 11 Big Ten Conference men 's basketball season standings . He was an honorable mention All-Big Ten selection and a unanimous Big Ten All-Freshman team selection following the season . He established the Michigan freshman record for single-season three-point shots made . He was a 2011 Collegeinsider.com Freshmen All-America selection and participated as a member of Team USA in the 2011 FIBA Under-19 World Championship . As a sophomore for the 2011 -- 12 team , he earned the 2011 -- 12 All-Big Ten 3rd team recognition . He earned 2012 -- 13 All-Big Ten ( 1st team : coaches and 2nd team : media ) recognition .

neg: Rashard Lewis Rashard Quovon Lewis ( born August 8 , 1979 ) is an American former professional basketball player . He rose to prominence in the NBA as a scorer with the Seattle SuperSonics , and was later a member of the Orlando Magic , Washington Wizards and Miami Heat . He garnered two All-Star selections , one with Seattle and another with Orlando . Lewis reached the NBA Finals three times , winning an NBA championship in 2013 as a member of the Heat .

neg: American Mideast Conference The American Mideast Conference ( AMC ) was formerly an affiliate of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics that included eight member institutions in Ohio , Pennsylvania , New York , and Massachusetts . Founded in 1949 , it was known as the Mid-Ohio League , and named the Mid-Ohio Conference from 1962 until 1998 , when it adopted its final moniker . The name change was the first step in a multi-phase expansion that extended the conference into states beyond Ohio before the league was eventually disbanded in 2012 .   In its final five years the conference experienced a number of changes , with numerous members moving to the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . Former members Roberts Wesleyan and Walsh University received admission to the NCAA and underwent the process of transferring athletics into Division II ; Houghton College transitioned to Division III and joined the Empire 8 conference in 2012 -- 13 . Daemen , Roberts Wesleyan , and Point Park applied for NCAA Division II status in June 2011 and in July 2011 Roberts Wesleyan was approved for membership . In June 2011 former AMC members Cedarville , Notre Dame College , Urbana , and Ursuline College announced the creation of a new NCAA DII conference that hoped to develop and expand for an anticipated lifting of the moratorium on new NCAA DII conferences in 2013 . In July 2011 , Cedarville , and Notre Dame were awarded NCAA provisional status , while Malone University and Ursuline College were granted candidacy year two , all three left the NAIA and AMC for the 2011 -- 12 academic year . With the addition of Fisher College from the collapsed Sunrise Athletic Conference , there were reports that the AMC would operate as an eight team conference in 2011 -- 12 with the eight teams being Carlow , Daemen , Fisher , Houghton , Point Park , Roberts Wesleyan , Wilberforce , and Walsh . However , on January 12 , 2012 , the Kentucky Intercollegiate Athletic Conference announced that it had accepted Point Park University and Carlow University as full members beginning with the 2012 -- 13 school year . This left Fisher College and Wilberforce University as the only remaining members , but as they have now become NAIA independent schools in the Association of Independent Institution , the conference has been shut down .

neg: Hawthorne Derby The Hawthorne Derby is an American Thoroughbred horse race held annually since 1965 at Hawthorne Race Course in Stickney/Cicero , Illinois , near Chicago . Raced in October , it is open to three-year-old horses . It is contested for a purse of $ 250,000 over a distance of miles on turf .   Inaugurated as the Hawthorne Diamond Jubilee in 1965 ( through 1968 ) , it was run on dirt until 1984 when it was switched to the turf course . The John R. Gaines colt Bold Bidder won the inaugural race then the following year returned to the Hawthorne Race Course to win the 1966 Hawthorne Gold Cup .   From inception , the Hawthorne Derby has been run at various distances . Since 1989 it has been set at a mile and one eighth . In 1979 the race was run at the now closed Sportsman 's Park .

neg: Winston-Salem State Rams men's basketball The Winston-Salem State Rams men 's basketball team is the men 's basketball team that represents Winston-Salem State University in Winston-Salem , North Carolina , United States . The school 's team currently competes in the NCAA Division II Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association . Winston-Salem State competed in Division I from the 2007 -- 08 season to the 2009 -- 10 season as a transitional member of the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference ( MEAC ) ; it returned to Division II in 2010 for financial reasons .   Among its coaches was noted Clarence `` Big House '' Gaines ( 1923 -- 2005 ) : during his 47-year tenure at WSSU as coach , professor and athletic director , his men 's basketball team compiled a record of 828 -- 447 . Gaines was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1982 . Noted players under Gaines ' era were Earl Monroe ; Cleo Hill , the first African-American from an historically Black college and university to be drafted # 1 by the National Basketball Association ( St. Louis Hawks , 1961 ) ; and sports commentator and columnist Stephen A. Smith .

neg: Woodward Stakes The Woodward Stakes is an American Grade I stakes race and is one of the premier races for older thoroughbred horses in the United States . Named for prominent racehorse owner , William Woodward , it is run at 1 +1 / 8 mi on the dirt for a current purse of $ 600,000 .   The race was first run in 1954 at Aqueduct Racetrack and then at Belmont Park in late September . In 2006 , the Woodward was moved to Saratoga Race Course for its 53rd running and is now run on the Saturday of the Labour Day weekend .   The Woodward was run as a handicap in 1954 , 1955 , and in 1976 and 1977 . From 1957 through 1975 it was a weight-for-age event , and was run as an allowance stakes from 1977 through 1987 . The race returned to being a handicap event in 1988 , 1989 , and 1990 then reverted to a weight-for-age race in 1991 . In 2014 , it was changed to allowance weights , meaning horses that do not meet certain conditions carry less weight .   This race is to honor the memory of Belair Stud 's William Woodward , Sr. , a dedicated horseman , who was chairman of the Jockey Club from 1930 to 1950 .   Since its inception , the Woodward Stakes has been run at a variety of distances :  1 mile - 1954  miles - 1955 , 1976 -- 1977 , 1981 -- 1987 , 1990 to present  miles - 1956-1971 , 1978 -- 1980 , 1988 -- 1989  miles - 1972-1975

neg: Redford (surname) Redford is a variant of the toponymic surname `` Radford '' , though it may also arise directly from the placename `` East Retford '' in Nottingham , England which had an alternative spelling of `` Redeford '' .   Notable people sharing this surname include :   born in 16th Century  John Redford ( died 1547 ) , English composer and organist   born in 18th Century  Sebastian Redford ( 1701 -- 1763 ) , English Jesuit   born in 19th Century  Alvin J. Redford ( 1883-1974 ) , American politician  Harry Redford ( 1841 -- 1901 ) , also known as Captain Starlight , Australian stockman and cattle thief  James Redford ( 1821 -- 1909 ) , Canadian businessman and political figure   born in 20th Century  Alison Redford ( born 1965 ) , Former Premier of Alberta , Canada  Angus Redford ( born 1956 ) , Australian politician  Blair Redford ( born 1983 ) , American actor  Donald B. Redford ( born 1934 ) , Canadian Egyptologist  Emmette Redford ( 1904 -- 1998 ) , American political scientist and historian  Ian Redford ( actor ) ( born 1951 ) , British actor  Ian Redford ( born 1960 ) , Scottish footballer  Robert Redford ( born 1936 ) , American film director , actor , producer  Spencer Redford ( born 1983 ) , American actress  William Redford ( born 1958 ) , British corporate executive

neg: Judiciary Act of 1802 The United States Judiciary Act of 1802 ( 2 Stat . 156 ) was a Federal statute , enacted on April 29 , 1802 , to reorganize the federal court system . It restored some elements of the Judiciary Act of 1801 , which had been adopted by the Federalist majority in the previous Congress , but was repealed by the Democratic-Republican majority earlier in 1802 .   The Act restructured the circuit courts into six circuits , and assigned one Supreme Court justice to each circuit . Unlike the 1801 Act , no new circuit judgeships were created , so the justices were faced with having to return to the practice of `` riding circuit '' to hold court in each district within their circuit , along with the local district judge , during the majority of the year . No circuit courts were created for the judicial districts of Kentucky , Tennessee , Maine , or the territories , although the 1801 Act would have done so .   Since the circuit courts were now to consist of only two judges , the Act permitted them to certify to the Supreme Court any question of law on which the two could not agree . Also , the district judge was not permitted to hear appeals of his own decisions , so appeals from the district courts were decided by the circuit justice alone . But the most important part of the Act was the provision that a quorum of only one judge was needed to convene a circuit court . As a result , Supreme Court justices could often rely on district court judges to convene circuit courts . With circuit riding largely optional , Supreme Court justices were no longer saddled with what they had previously felt was a tremendous burden . The Act 's flexibility proved crucial to the demise of circuit riding , which essentially disappeared by 1840 .   The Act also created additional district courts by dividing the District of North Carolina into the districts of Albemarle , Cape Fear , and Pamptico , and by dividing the District of Tennessee into the Eastern and Western Districts of Tennessee . No new judgeships were created for these courts ; however , the district judges in North Carolina and Tennessee had to hold court in each district within their state , and the North Carolina judge also had to sit on the circuit court ( which , however , continued to sit for the state as a whole , not in the separate district court districts ) .   The Act established a United States District Court for the District of Columbia , although this court is not the direct predecessor of today 's court bearing the same name .

neg: Frank Benford Frank Albert Benford , Jr. , ( 1883 Johnstown , Pennsylvania -- December 4 , 1948 ) was an American electrical engineer and physicist best known for rediscovering and generalizing Benford 's Law , a statistical statement about the occurrence of digits in lists of data . The use of Benford 's Law has been popularized by Mark Nigrini , an accounting professor at West Virginia University , to detect anomalies in tabulated data .   Benford is also known for having devised , in 1937 , an instrument for measuring the refractive index of glass . An expert in optical measurements , he published 109 papers in the fields of optics and mathematics and was granted 20 patents on optical devices .   His date of birth is given variously as May 29 or July 10 , 1883 . After graduating from the University of Michigan in 1910 , Benford worked for General Electric , first in the Illuminating Engineering Laboratory for 18 years , then the Research Laboratory for 20 years until retiring in July 1948 . He died suddenly at his home on December 4 , 1948 .

neg: Road to the Kentucky Derby The Road to the Kentucky Derby is a points system by which horses qualify for a position in the starting gate in the Kentucky Derby . It features around 35 stakes races for 2 and 3-year-old Thoroughbreds -- the number and specific races have changed slightly over the years . The point system replaces the previous qualifying system which looked at earnings from graded stakes races worldwide .   The series is divided into two phases , the Kentucky Derby Prep Season and the Kentucky Derby Championship Series . The prep season consists of early races on dirt or synthetic surfaces over distances of at least one mile that typically are run between late September and late February . Points are awarded to the top 4 finishers in each race on a 10-4-2-1 scale , except for the Breeders ' Cup Juvenile , which is awarded points on a 20-8-4-2 scale . The championship season consists of two legs and a `` wild card '' round . The first leg includes minor prep races , usually Grade II , with a 50-20-10-5 scale . The second leg includes major prep races , usually Grade I , with a 100-40-20-10 scale . The `` wild card '' consists of one race and has a 10-4-2-1 scale .   The top 19 point earners are entitled to a position in the starting gate in the Derby ( the actual post position is determined later , by random draw ) . If any of the top 19 ( or the 20th position offered to a horse from Japan ) does not enter the Derby , their position is given to the next ranked horses on the list . Up to 24 horses may enter the race , with the bottom four point-earners listed as `` also eligible '' . If any of the top 20 is scratched after entries are taken but before betting begins , the next ranked horse on the also eligible list will be eligible to run .   If two or more horses have the same number of points , the tiebreaker to get into the race will be earnings in non-restricted stakes races , whether or not they are graded . In the event of a tie , those horses will divide equally the points they would have received jointly had one beaten the other . If an owner wants a filly to run in the race , she will have to earn points in the same races as the colts and geldings -- points earned of the Road to the Kentucky Oaks are not transferable to the Derby . Horses listed as `` also eligible '' are not allowed to participate in the race once wagering is opened .

neg: Richard Beresford Richard Beresford ( June 3 , 1755 -- February 6 , 1803 ) was an American planter and lawyer from Berkeley County , South Carolina . He was a delegate for South Carolina in the Confederation Congress in 1783 and 1784 .   Beresford was born near Charleston , South Carolina and was baptized June 3 , 1755 . He was educated in South Carolina and in England , studying law at the Middle Temple in London . He became a lawyer in private practice and also engaged in planting , with extensive estates in Berkeley County and Colleton County in South Carolina as well as in England .   He took an active part in the American Revolutionary War , serving as an officer in the 1st South Carolina Regiment under General Isaac Huger in the Georgia campaign in 1778 . He was captured at the fall of Charleston in 1780 and imprisoned at St. Augustine until 1781 , when he was exchanged . He was member of the South Carolina state house of representatives , 1781 and was elected by the South Carolina state general assembly as a member of the privy council in 1782 . He was elected the ninth Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina in January 1783 , but resigned shortly afterward , having been elected to the Continental Congress . He was a member of the Confederation Congress in 1783 and 1784 , after which he resumed planting . He later engaged in literary pursuits and published the Vigil in Charleston in 1798 . He died in Charleston .   The Confederation Congress had scheduled to meet at the Maryland State House in November , 1783 , to ratify the Treaty of Paris ending the American Revolutionary War . However , by mid-January only seven of the thirteen states had sent delegates , which was not enough to ratify the treaty . On January 13 , 1784 , Beresford , who was ill , was the last delegate to arrive . Soon after his arrival , the vote was taken and on January 14 , the Congress ratified the treaty .


query: Mukesh Ambani is a person.

pos: Mukesh Ambani Mukesh Dhirubhai Ambani ( born 19 April 1957 ) is an Indian business magnate who is the chairman , managing director and largest shareholder of Reliance Industries Limited ( RIL ) , a Fortune Global 500 company and India 's second-most valuable company by market value . He holds a 44.7 % stake in the company . RIL deals mainly in refining , petrochemicals , and in the oil and gas sectors . Reliance Retail Ltd. , another subsidiary , is the largest retailer in India .   He is the elder son of the late Dhirubhai Ambani and Kokilaben Ambani and the brother of Anil Ambani . In 2016 , he was ranked 38 , and is the only Indian businessman , on Forbes list of the world 's most powerful people . , Ambani has consistently held the title of India 's richest person on the magazine 's list for ten years . Through Reliance , he also owns the Indian Premier League franchise Mumbai Indians . In 2012 , Forbes named him one of the richest sports owners in the world . He resides at the Antilia Building , one of the world 's most expensive private residences . Its value is close to 1 billion dollars . , Ambani ranked fifth among India 's philanthropists , according to China 's Hurun Research Institute .   He has served on the board of directors of Bank of America and the international advisory board of the Council on Foreign Relations . He was the chairman of the board of Indian Institute of Management Bangalore , which is one of the leading business schools in India .

neg: Mr. India (1987 film) Mr. India is a 1987 Indian Hindi science fiction superhero film directed by Shekhar Kapur . It stars Anil Kapoor , Sridevi and Amrish Puri in the lead roles   The film was the highest grossing Indian film of 1987 , and remains a cult classic in India . The film was known for several of its lines and songs , including Sridevi 's Miss Hawa Hawaii performance , and Amrish Puri 's quote `` Mogambo khush hua '' ( Mogambo is pleased ) , which is one of the most famous quotes of Bollywood and became synonymous with Puri . The Mogambo character is also considered to be one of the best villains in Bollywood history . Laxmikant-Pyarelal 's music performed well too , especially the song Hawa Hawaii which is very popular till today . The film has often been featured in different lists of top Bollywood films . Indiatimes Movies ranks the movie amongst the Top 25 Must See Bollywood Films . This was the last film that the writing duo Salim-Javed wrote together . They had split up earlier in 1982 , but came back for one last film .   On the centenary of Indian Cinema , Mr. India has been declared one of the 100 Greatest Indian Films of All Time . Interestingly Rajesh Khanna and Amitabh Bachchan were offered the lead role , but they turned it down as they could n't relate with the invisible hero .

neg: Premchand Premchand ( -LSB- mʊnʃi preːm t͡ʃənd̪ -RSB- ) ( 31 July 1880 -- 8 October 1936 ) , better known as Munshi Premchand , Munshi being an honorary prefix , was an Indian writer famous for his modern Hindi-Urdu literature . He is one of the most celebrated writers of the Indian subcontinent , and is regarded as one of the foremost Hindustani writers of the early twentieth century . Born Dhanpat Rai , he began writing under the pen name `` Nawab Rai '' , but subsequently switched to `` Premchand '' . A novel writer , story writer and dramatist , he has been referred to as the `` Upanyas Samrat '' ( `` Emperor among Novelists '' ) by writers . His works include more than a dozen novels , around 250 short stories , several essays and translations of a number of foreign literary works into Hindi .

neg: PK (film) PK is a 2014 Indian satirical science fiction comedy film . The film was directed by Rajkumar Hirani , produced by Hirani and Vidhu Vinod Chopra , and written by Hirani and Abhijat Joshi . The film stars Aamir Khan in the title role with Anushka Sharma , Sushant Singh Rajput , Boman Irani , Saurabh Shukla , and Sanjay Dutt in supporting roles . It tells the story of an alien who comes to Earth on a research mission . He befriends a television journalist and questions religious dogmas and superstitions .   The film received positive reviews and emerged as the 3rd highest-grossing Indian film of all time , and ranks as the 70th highest-grossing film of 2014 worldwide . The film has been regarded as one of the best Hindi films of 2014 . It is currently the 3rd highest-grossing Indian film of all time only behind Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion and Dangal ( film ) .   PK is the first Indian film to gross 7 billion worldwide . It is also the first Indian film to gross US$ 100 million ( Rs 630 crore ) worldwide .

neg: Manuvāda The term Manuvāda ( also Manuvād , Manuwād , Hindi मनुवाद ) denotes the ethos of a society governed by Manusmṛti , with the term Manuvādi denoting a proponent of such an ethos .   In contemporary political discourse , these terms ( especially the latter ) are often used oppositionally by OBC ( shudra ) Muslims , Dalits , Buddhists , and others to contrast their positions , interests , and viewpoints with a society that is informed by and/or identifies with Manuvāda , particularly with respect to caste .

neg: Parkhi Parkhi is a surname of Deshastha Rigvedi Brahmins . The common Gotra found in Parkhis is Vashishtha/Vashishthas . They are mostly located in Pune and Nagpur .  Other Parkhis are also found in -LSB- Ahmednagar -RSB- , Mumbai , Thane , Nashik , Dombivali and abroad in the United States and United Kingdom .   Chandu Parkhi is one of the most notable persons with the surname Parkhi .   Sandeep Parkhi has designed the website for the Parkhi family in Nagpur . URL for that is registered as `` www.parkhi.net ''   Raghunath Shatanand Parkhi ( 1901 -- 1968 ) was one of the stalwarts in the field of Library Science in India . He was the Librarian of Fergusson College , Pune & a visiting professor at DRTC Bangalore . R.S. Parkhi originated from Bhor , one of the princely states of British India , under the Poona political agency . His ancestors worked with Pantsachiv Shankarrao Chimnajirao , the Ruler of Bhor . Like many Maharashtrian surnames originate from their native place or from their profession , it is believed that `` Parkhi '' surname originated from being a `` Connoisseur '' at Bhor Sansthan .   Gopal Gangadhar Parkhi known as Go Gam Parkhi ( 1926 -- 1982 ) was a writer . The famous marathi movie `` Sangatye Aika `` was based on his novel similarly  movie `` Pahu Re Kiti Wat '' & `` Jidd '' were also based on his stories . He wrote many dramas including Kachech Ghar , Akshansh Rekhansh , Katha Kunachi Vyatha Kuna , Navi kahani Smruti Purani , Mihi Ahe Ek Jatayu , and Halo Mi Boltoy . He belongs to Vasishthh gotra & native place-Kadus taluka Khed jilah Pune . His father Gangadhar Gopal Parkhi ( 1900-1933 ) was a writer , who wrote the book `` Nibandh Manjiri '' . This book was a school textbook and was published by Chitrashala Press , pune in 1931 .   Category : Indian family names

neg: Amol Dighe Amol Dighe is a Professor of Physics in Tata Institute of Fundamental Research , Mumbai , India . He studied in Saraswati Secondary School , Thane , Maharashtra up to 10th grade and attended D. G. Ruparel College for the next 2 years . He was awarded the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for science and technology , the highest science award in India , for the year 2013 in physical science category .  His main research interest is in the area of high energy physics with focus on particles known as neutrinos , their nature and the role they play in astrophysics and cosmology .  Dighe completed his BTech in Engineering Physics ( 1992 ) from Indian Institute of Technology , Bombay , MS and PhD ( 1997 ) from University of Chicago . Later he did postdoctoral research at ICTP , Trieste , CERN and Max Planck Institute before joining TIFR as a faculty member in 2003 .  He is a fellow the Indian Academy of Sciences and has won the Swarnajayanti Fellowship from the Department of Science and Technology , Government of India .

neg: Cinema of India The cinema of India consists of films produced across India . Cinema as a medium has gained immense popularity in the country and as many as 1,600 films in various languages of India are produced annually . Indian films have also come to be followed throughout South Asia , the Greater Middle East , Southeast Asia and other countries . Dadasaheb Phalke is known as the `` father of Indian cinema '' . The Dadasaheb Phalke Award , for lifetime contribution to cinema , was instituted in his honour , by the Government of India in 1969 , and is the most prestigious and coveted award in Indian cinema .   In the 20th century , Indian cinema , along with the Hollywood and Chinese film industries , became a global enterprise . As of 2013 , in terms of annual film output , India ranks first , followed by Nollywood , Hollywood and China . In 2012 , India produced 1,602 feature films . The Indian film industry reached overall revenues of $ 1.86 billion ( 93 billion ) in 2011 . This is projected to rise to $ 3 billion ( 200 billion ) in 2016 . In 2015 , India had a total box office gross of , the fourth largest in the world outside North America . Enhanced technology paved the way for upgrading from established cinematic norms of delivering product , altering the manner in which content reached the target audience . Biopics like Dangal and CGI-laden epics like Baahubali emerged as transnational blockbusters grossing over $ 200 million each in early 21st century . Indian cinema found markets in over 90 countries where films from India are screened . The Indian government extended film delegations to foreign countries such as the United States of America and Japan while the country 's Film Producers Guild sent similar missions through Europe .   The provision of 100 % foreign direct investment has made the Indian film market attractive for foreign enterprises such as 20th Century Fox , Sony Pictures , Walt Disney Pictures and Warner Bros. . Indian enterprises such as AVM Productions , Prasad 's Group , Sun Pictures , PVP Cinemas , Zee , UTV , Suresh Productions , Eros Films , Ayngaran International , Pyramid Saimira , Aascar Films and Adlabs also participated in producing and distributing films . Tax incentives to multiplexes have aided the multiplex boom in India . By 2003 as many as 30 film production companies had been listed in the National Stock Exchange of India , making the commercial presence of the medium felt .   The South Indian film industry defines the four film cultures of South India as a single entity . They are the Telugu , the Tamil , the Malayalam and the Kannada industries . Although developed independently over a long period , gross exchange of film performers and technicians as well as globalisation helped to shape this new identity .   The Indian diaspora consists of millions of Indians overseas for which films are made available both through media such as DVDs and by screening of films in their country of residence wherever commercially feasible . These earnings , accounting for some 12 % of the revenue generated by a mainstream film , contribute substantially to the overall revenue of Indian cinema , the net worth of which was found to be 1.3 billion in 2000 . Music in Indian cinema is another substantial revenue generator with the music rights alone accounting for 4 -- 5 % of the net revenues generated by a film in India .

neg: Vidyananda Acharya Vidyanand ji ( Born 22 April 1925 ) is one of the senior most principal thinker , philosopher , writer , composer , editor , curator and a versatile Jain monk who has dedicated his entire life in preaching and practicing the noble concept of nonviolence ( Ahimsa ) through Jainism . He is the disciple of Acharya Deshbhushan . He has written may books and articles . He is now about 90 years old . He has spent his past four chaturmas ( 4 months stay during the rainy season ) in Delhi . Several institutions like D.J. Muni Vidyanand Shodhpith , Baraut , Uttar Pradesh are named after him . He has many monk disciples like Muni and lay disciples like Sahu Shanti Prasad Jain , Dr. Jay Kumarji Upadhye , a renowned Jain Scholar . Ahinsa Sthal in Delhi was established at the initiative of Acharya Vidyanandji on the land granted by the late Prime Minister , Rajiv Gandhi . Vidyanand was a notable figure in voicing the opinions of Digambara in the Bahubali affair . There have been several distinguished Jain monks with the same name in history . One of whom is commentator of Tattvartha Sutra and Aptmimamsa , lived during 800 CE .

neg: Ashutosh Mukherjee Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee , CSI originally spelt as Sir Asutosh Mookerjee ( 29 June 1864 -- 25 May 1924 ) was a prolific Bengali educator and the second Indian Vice-Chancellor of the University of Calcutta for four consecutive two-year terms ( 1906 -- 1914 ) and a fifth two-year term ( 1921 -- 23 ) . Perhaps the most emphatic figure of Indian education , he was a man of great personality , high self-respect , courage and towering administrative ability . He became the first student to be awarded a dual degree ( MA in Mathematics and Physics ) from Calcutta University and received the prestigious Premchand-Roychand scholarship .   Mukherjee was responsible for the foundation of the Bengal Technical Institute in 1906 and the College of Science of the Calcutta University in 1914 and also played a vital role in the founding of the University College of Law . The Calcutta Mathematical Society was also founded by Mukherjee in 1908 and he served as the president of the Society from 1908 to 1923 . He was also the president of the inaugural session of the Indian Science Congress in 1914 . The Ashutosh College was also founded under his stewardship in 1916 , when he was Vice-chancellor of University of Calcutta .   Ashutosh Mukherjee was knighted in 1911 for his contributions to education in India . He was often called `` Banglar Bagh '' meaning the `` Tiger of Bengal '' for his high self-esteem , courage , academic integrity and a general intransigent attitude towards the British Government . Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee died in 1924 at Patna , Bihar . His son Syama Prasad Mookerjee founded the Bharatiya Jana Sangh .

neg: Sarwanam Theatre Group Sarwanam Theatre Group is a leading Nepalese theatre group founded by Dr Govind Singh Rawat with its play , directed and written by Dr Govind Singh Rawat and Asses Malla ; `` Murdabad ma utheka hathharu ( Hands raised in protest ) '' at the Tribhuwan University Auditorium in Kathmandu . The play 's target was the political system , with artists depicting the grave realities of the political upheaval in the country . The ruling political elite of the time banned the play . They united with other minded theater artists and gave birth to Sarwanam Theatre Group in A.D 1982 .   Today , Sarwanam has established itself as the leading theater group of Nepal . By introducing alternative theatre that requires little or no artificial props on the stage , Sarwanam has successfully triumphed over the dominating rule of the traditional and conventional proscenium theatre in Nepal . Before the birth of Sarwanam , conventional theatre was the popular form of theatre in Nepal that only focused towards the elite and privileged classes and displayed expensive props and settings . Sarwanam devised alternative theatre as a need to reach out to the common people that accumulate the large population of the country .   Sarwanam emphasizes on mime and symbolic body movements to express social based stories in a distinctive style . Its heart rendering social plays express the plight of sufferers from all across the country . Since its initial days , Sarwanam has been constantly fighting to attain democracy in the nation through its highly artistic plays . It has traveled all over the nation delivering social messages through its plays . It has also established more than 50 theatre groups in various communities by assisting them in training and other activities .  Sarwanam is also the pioneer organization of street theatre in Nepal . In a developing country like Nepal , they took this street theatre to every nook and corner of the country , even to most remote areas where the only mode of transportation is walking . Collaborating with INGO 's like The Asia Foundation , UN , DANIDA , WWF and Save the Children , Sarwanam 's street theatre delivers various social messages through its entertaining and engaging street plays .  Sarwanam has performed popular proscenium plays all over Nepal and most South Asian countries like India , Pakistan , Bangladesh and Pakistan . It regularly invites foreign theatre groups to perform in Nepal .   Some works pioneered by Sarwanam  Street Drama  Experimental presentation of short stories and poems in stage  Advertisement Play  Sarwanam music  Playback Theatre  Community development through theatrical activities .   Organized to perform street theater , Sarwanam performs plays which focus on social issues in Nepal .  Ashesh Malla , Om Mani Sharma , and Indra Ratna Bajracharya form the Managing committee who manage Sarwanam Theatre Group and Sarwanam Dramatic Art Centre .   The group has developed the Sarwanam Art Centre in Putali Sadak , Kalikasthan , Kathmandu , which houses a theatre auditorium , cafeteria , art gallery , workshop hall and research centre .   Sarwanam has given performances in collaboration with The Asia Foundation , UNMIN , UNFPA , and Save the Children .

neg: Poona Pact The Poona Pact refers to an agreement between Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi signed on 24 September 1932 at Yerwada Central Jail in Pune , India . It was signed by Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya and Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar and some other leaders to break the fast unto death undertaken by Gandhi in Yerwada prison to annul the Macdonald Award giving separate electorates to Dalits for electing members of state legislative assemblies in British India .   History of the Poona Pact  The British invited leaders of different parties in the Round Table Conferences in 1930-32 to draft a new law involving self-rule for the Indians . Mahatma Gandhi did not attend the first and the last but attended the second of the Conferences . The concept of separate electorates for the untouch was raised by Ambedkar . Similar provisions were already available for other minorities , including Muslims , Christians , Anglo-Indians and Sikhs . The British government agreed with Ambedkar 's contention and British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald 's Communal Award to the depressed classes was to be incorporated into the constitution in the governance of British India . Gandhi strongly opposed the Communal Award on the grounds that it would disintegrate Hindu society . Ambedkar vehemently criticised the way of handling the problems of the Harijans by Gandhiji . Gandhi took up a fast unto death in his prison cell in Poona , protesting that separate electorates were a device which would separate the untouchables from the Hindu society forever . He began an indefinite hunger strike at Yerwada Central Jail from 20 September 1932 to protest against this Award . A compromise was reached on 24 September 1932 .   The text uses the term `` Depressed Classes '' to denote Untouchables who were later called Scheduled Castes under India Act 1935 , and the later Indian Constitution of 1950 .

neg: Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar (film) Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar is a 2000 Indian feature film in English language , directed by Jabbar Patel . It tells the story of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar , known mainly for his contributions in shaping the Constitution of India , as the chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Indian Constituent Assembly . The film was a project funded jointly by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment and the Government of Maharashtra . It was made at a budget of 8.95 crore . The production was managed by the government-owned National Film Development Corporation of India . The film was dubbed in nine Indian languages .   The role of Ambedkar was played by actor Mammootty : He won the National Film Award for Best Actor that year . Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar won the National Film Awards for Best feature film in English and Best Art Direction ( Nitin Chandrakant Desai ) in 1999 . The film was screened retrospective on August 15th 2016 at the Independence Day Film Festival jointly presented by the Indian Directorate of Film Festivals and Ministry of Defense , commemorating 70th Indian Independence Day .

neg: Amal Mahadik Amal Mahadik is an Indian politician and member of the Bharatiya Janata Party .

neg: Banni Grasslands Reserve Banni Grasslands Reserve or Banni grasslands form a belt of arid grassland ecosystem on the outer southern edge of the desert of the marshy salt flats of Rann of Kutch in Kutch District , Gujarat State , India . They are known for rich wildlife and biodiversity and are spread across an area of 3,847 square kilometres . They are currently legally protected under the status as a protected or reserve forest in India . Though declared a protected forest more than half a century ago Gujarat state 's forest department has recently proposed a special plan to restore and manage this ecosystem in the most efficient way . Wildlife Institute of India ( WII ) has identified this grassland reserve as one of the last remaining habitats of the cheetah in India and a possible reintroduction site for the species .   The word ` Banni ' comes from Hindi and Sanskrit word ` banai ' , meaning made . The land here was formed from the sediments that were deposited by the Indus and other rivers over thousands of years . Old villagers from this region say that before the 1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake , the river Indus flowed right through banni and the local farmers reaped a rich harvest of crops like red rice and sindhi chookha etc. , red rice was the staple diet of the people of the region and it was even recommended by medical practitioners as a ` light diet ' for ailing people . However , since the earthquake of 1819 the river Indus changed its course and now flows through Sindh in neighbouring country of Pakistan effectively turning this entire region arid .   Banni grassland is peculiar to the Rann of Kutch , it has some forty Sindhi speaking Maldhari ( cattle breeders ) hamlets , home to the Halaypotra , Hingora , Hingorja , Jat and Mutwa tribes  . It was first declared a `` protected forest '' in May 1955 , using the nomenclature of the Indian Forest Act , 1927 . Since then , the actual transfer of the land from the Revenue department to the Forest department has not been completed .

neg: Ram Gopal Varma Ram Gopal Varma is an Indian film director , screenwriter and producer , known for his works in Telugu cinema , Bollywood , and television . Influenced by Russian-American playwright Ayn Rand , and European authors Friedrich Nietzsche , James Hadley Chase and Frederick Forsyth , Varma directed films across multiple genres , including parallel cinema and docudrama noted for their gritty realism , technical finesse , and craft .   Varma has garnered the National Film Award for scripting the political crime drama , Shool ( 1999 ) . In 2004 , He was featured in the BBC World series Bollywood Bosses . In 2006 , Grady Hendrix of Film Comment , published by the Film Society of Lincoln Center , New York City cited Varma as `` Bombay 's Most Successful Maverick '' for his works on experimental films . Varma is regarded as the fountain head of new age Indian cinema .   Varma is known for presenting the Indian Political Trilogy , and the Indian Gangster Trilogy , film critic Rajeev Masand has labeled the series as one of the `` most influential movies of Hindi cinema .  The first installment of the trilogy , Satya , was also listed in CNN-IBN 's 100 greatest Indian films of all time . Varma 's recent avant-garde works include hits such as the alternate history , Rakta Charitra ( 2010 ) , the dramatized re-enactment of 2008 Mumbai attacks in The Attacks of 26/11 ( 2013 ) , a horror fiction , Ice Cream shot with Flowcam Technology ( 2014 ) , a slasher film , Anukshanam ( 2014 ) , Killing Veerappan ( 2016 ) , a documentary drama , and Vangaveeti ( 2016 ) a biographical `` based on true events '' .   Starting his career as a civil engineer , he made an entry into Telugu cinema , with the path-breaking crime thriller , Siva ( 1989 ) screened at the 13th International Film Festival of India , and has garnered Varma , the state Nandi Awards for Best direction , Best first film of a director , and the Filmfare Award for Best Film -- Telugu . Siva explores the concepts of student exploitation by anti-social behavior and the impact of crowd psychology . Subsequently , the film was included in CNN-IBN 's list of 100 greatest Indian films of all time . He then experimented with the Neo-noir , Kshana Kshanam ( 1991 ) screened at the Ann Arbor Film Festival , the sleeper hit won him another Nandi Award for Best Direction , and the Nandi Award for Best Screenplay Writer . The 1993 political drama , Gaayam received six state Nandi Awards . In 1999 , He directed Prema Katha for which he received his third Nandi Award for Best Director .

neg: Amra Bangali Amra Bangali ( AMB ) ( আমরা বাঙালী translation : We are Bengalis '' ) is a radical Bengali political party in India . Founded by renowned philosopher Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar ; the party was sparked off in reaction against anti-Bengali rhetoric in Indian politics that characterised Bengalis as infiltrators in Northeast India . Amra Bangali enjoyed a short stint in the spotlight in the mid-eighties when it even won some gram panchayat seats in border districts . Today , AMB is involved in various movements and protests including those against the Darjeeling Gorkhas calling for the creation of new state of Gorkhaland .   The politics of Amra Bangali is based on Sarkar 's ideas of economic and political democracy . The party is organized in West Bengal , as well as in other states with large Bengali populations such as Tripura , Bihar , Odisha , Assam and Jharkhand . The only real political breakthrough the party has had was in Tripura during the 1980s , when the party entered the Legislative Assembly in connection with the mounting ethnic tensions in the state .   The aims and objects of Amra Bangali include :  Restoration and development of Bengali language and culture .  Economic self-sufficiency .  Self-determination in socio-political field .   Few radical elements of AMB have also suggested the re-organization of the territory of Bengal with all the like minded people having respect for Bengali language and culture and giving a new name `` Bangalistan '' '' ' to this territory .   In West Bengal , Amra Bengali has vandalised signs in railway stations , obscuring English and Hindi place names with black tar , so that only the Bengali name remains visible .

neg: List of Padma Vibhushan award recipients The Padma Vibhushan is the second highest civilian award of the Republic of India . Instituted on 2 January 1954 , the award is given for the `` exceptional and distinguished service '' , without distinction of race , occupation , position , or sex . The Padma Vibhushan award recipients are announced every year on Republic Day and registered in The Gazette of Indiaa publication released weekly by the Department of Publication , Ministry of Urban Development used for official government notices . The conferral of the award is not considered official without its publication in the Gazette . Recipients whose awards have been revoked or restored , both of which require the authority of the President , are also registered in the Gazette and are required to surrender their medals when their names are struck from the register . , none of the conferments of Padma Vibhushan have been revoked or restored . The recommendations are received from all the state and the union territory governments , the Ministries of the Government , the Bharat Ratna and previous Padma Vibhushan award recipients , the Institutes of Excellence , the Ministers , the Chief Ministers and the Governors of State , and the Members of Parliament including private individuals . The recommendations received during 1 May and 15 September of every year are submitted to the Padma Awards Committee , constituted by the Prime Minister . The committee recommendations are later submitted to the Prime Minister and the President for the further approval .   When instituted in 1954 , the Padma Vibhushan was classified as `` Pahela Warg '' ( Class I ) under the three-tier Padma Vibhushan awards ; preceded by the Bharat Ratna , the highest civilian award , and followed by `` Dusra Warg '' ( Class II ) , and `` Tisra Warg '' ( Class III ) . On 15 January 1955 , the Padma Vibhushan was reclassified into three different awards ; the Padma Vibhushan , the highest of the three , followed by the Padma Bhushan and the Padma Shri . The criteria includes `` exceptional and distinguished service in any field including service rendered by Government servants '' but excluding those working with the Public sector undertakings with the exception of doctors and scientists . The 1954 statutes did not allow posthumous awards but this was subsequently modified in the January 1955 statute . The award , along with other personal civil honours , was briefly suspended twice in its history ; for the first time in July 1977 when Morarji Desai was sworn in as the fourth Prime Minister . The suspension was rescinded on 25 January 1980 , after Indira Gandhi became the Prime Minister . The civilian awards were suspended again in mid-1992 , when two Public-Interest Litigations were filed in the High Courts questioning the civilian awards being `` Titles '' per an interpretation of Article 18 ( 1 ) of the Constitution . The awards were reintroduced by the Supreme Court in December 1995 , following the conclusion of the litigation .   The recipients receive a Sanad ( certificate ) signed by the President and a medal with no monetary grant associated with the award . The decoration is a circular-shaped toned bronze medallion 1 +3 / 4 inch in diameter and 1/8 inch thick . The centrally placed pattern made of outer lines of a square of 1 +3 / 16 inch side is embossed with a knob embossed within each of the outer angles of the pattern . A raised circular space of diameter 1 +1 / 16 inch is placed at the centre of the decoration . A centrally located lotus flower is embossed on the obverse side of the medal and the text `` Padma '' written in Devanagari script is placed above and the text `` Vibhushan '' is placed below the lotus . The Emblem of India is placed in the centre of the reverse side with the national motto , `` Satyameva Jayate '' ( Truth alone triumphs ) in Devanagari Script , inscribed on the lower edge . The rim , the edges and all embossing on either side is of white gold with the text `` Padma Vibhushan '' of silver gilt . The medal is suspended by a pink riband 1 +1 / 4 inch in width . It is ranked fourth in the order of precedence of wearing of medals and decorations .   The first recipients of the Padma Vibhushan were Satyendra Nath Bose , Nandalal Bose , Zakir Husain , Balasaheb Gangadhar Kher , V. K. Krishna Menon , and Jigme Dorji Wangchuck , who were honoured in 1954 . , the award has been bestowed on 300 individuals , including twelve posthumous and nineteen non-citizen recipients . Some of the recipients have refused or returned their awards ; Vilayat Khan , Swami Ranganathananda , and Manikonda Chalapathi Rau refused the award ; the family members of Lakshmi Chand Jain ( 2011 ) and Sharad Anantrao Joshi ( 2016 ) declined their posthumous conferments , and 1986 recipient Baba Amte returned his honour in 1991 . Most recently on 25 January 2017 , the award has been bestowed upon seven recipients ; Murli Manohar Joshi , Sharad Pawar , Udupi Ramachandra Rao , Jaggi Vasudev , K. J. Yesudas and posthumously on Sunder Lal Patwa and P. A. Sangma .

neg: Reliance Communications Reliance Communications Ltd. ( RCom ) is an Indian Internet access and telecommunications company headquartered in Navi Mumbai , India . It provides GSM ( Voice , 2G , 3G , 4G ) mobile services , fixed line broadband and voice services , DTH depending upon the areas of operation . Reliance Communications is the sixth largest telecom operator in India with 83.70 million subscribers as of March 2017 .   Established in 2002 , it is a subsidiary of Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group . Reliance Communication IT Support is provided by Reliance Tech Services and Telecom network is maintained and operated by Ericsson , transmission towers are maintained by its subsidiary Reliance Infratel . Reliance Infocomm laid the largest Optic Fiber Cable network in the country in 2003 to 2005 , approximately 135,000 km , and touched almost all top broadband cities with the help of their Franchisee 's - Local Cable Operators ( LCO 's ) . On an average 1900 large LCO 's were connected to the Reliance Infocomm network to provide Voice , Data and Video services known as Triple Play on IPTV platform . After the split of the Telecom business venture between Mukesh Ambani and Anil Ambani , the telecom business was handed over to Anil Ambani , who later christened the company as `` Reliance Communications Limited '' .   In September 2016 , RCom announced that it would merge its wireless business with Aircel .

neg: Social movement in India From the early 1970s new forms of social mobilisation began in India . They gained a variety of names such as social movement , people 's movement , popular movements etc. . These movements emerged and highlighted some of the major issues such as gender and environment .   One of the leading analyst and participant in social movements in India , Sanjay Sangvi , identified the major agendas of them as `` Movements of landless , unorganised labour in rural and urban areas , adivasis , dalits , displaced people , peasants , urban poor , small entrepreneurs and unemployed youth took up the issues of livelihood , opportunities , dignity and development . ''   Most well known movements in the country are Chipko movement , Save Silent Valley , Narmada Bachao Andolan , Koel Karo , Chhattisgarh Mukti Morcha , Jhola Aandolan chutmarika ( fighting polythene ) , Appiko movement , Save Kudremukh , Lok Satta Movement , Swadhyay Movement , Swatantra Sharad Joshi , Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha   These movements largely distanced themselves from political parties , or tried to cut across the ideologies of the political parties . Yet many of them rooted themselves or drew from ideologies of the Mahatma Gandhi , various shades environmentalisms or gender politics , or socialism .   The most recent of social movements is ` Campaign against corruption ' , April 2011 , led by a group of social activists - Anna Hazare , Arvind Kejriwal , Kiran Bedi , a Gandhian sits on , Sri Ram Burgula the heart of New Delhi , capital of India , for fast unto death , demanding enactment of the long pending Jan Lokpal Bill . This movement got support of general masses and media . This created a buzz when political leaders were denied sharing of dias with the social activists . This movement is a landmark in the constitutional history of independent India , which has forced government to include 5 non-official members in the Sri Ram Burgula Bill Drafting committee . Usually , only ministers are members of any legislation drafting committees . While enactment of the law and action by Sri Ram Burgula and Sri Ram Burgula ( ombudsmen ) will take some more time to be on actual ground , this movement has certainly made corruption a major social issue in India .   Some of the popular leaders of such movements are Sunderlal Bahuguna , Medha Patkar , Baba Amte , Vandana Shiva , Vijaypal Baghel , etc. .

neg: Jamiat-e-Ahle Hadith, J&K Jamiat Ahle Hadees J&K is the Islamic religious organisation in the state of Jammu and Kashmir . The organisation has thousands of followers across the state . The Jamiat Ahle Hadees Hind is considered as the parent organization adhering the same ideology .  The organization has many educational centers across the state imparting the Islamic education and some schools operating under JK Board . The organization planned to open a university in Kashmir but has n't been able to do so due to some government concerns . The planned university was scheduled to be named as `` Transworld Muslim University '' . The headquarters of the organization ion are located in Barbarshah , Srinagar . The former president of the organization was killed in a blast when he was approaching the grand mosque in Gawkadal for Friday prayers . The organization helds religious conferences across the state each year in which many scholars of India actively participate . The organization has many charitable diagnostic test centers in Kashmir which provide medical facilities at relatively less and affordable cost . The main test center is located at headquarters in Barbashah locality of Srinagar and samples are collected at different places like Soura .


query: Muhammad spent his whole life in Mecca.

pos: Muhammad Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd AllāhFull name : Abū al-Qāsim Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib ibn Hāshim ( ابو القاسم محمد ابن عبد الله ابن عبد المطلب ابن هاشم , lit : Father of Qasim Muhammad son of Abd Allah son of Abdul-Muttalib son of Hashim ) ( محمد -LSB- muħammad -RSB- ; Classical Arabic pronunciation c. 570 CE -- 8 June 632 CE ) is the prophet of Islam and widely identified as its founder by non-Muslims . According to Islamic doctrine , he was God 's Messenger ( rasūl Allāh ) sent to confirm the essential teachings of monotheism preached previously by Adam , Abraham , Moses , Jesus , and other prophets . He is viewed as the final prophet of God in primary branches of Islam , though some modern denominations diverge from this belief.The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community considers Muhammad to be the `` Seal of the Prophets '' ( Khātam an-Nabiyyīn ) and the last law-bearing Prophet but not the last Prophet . See :   There are also smaller sects which believe Muhammad to be not the last Prophet :  The Nation of Islam considers Elijah Muhammad to be a prophet ( source : African American Religious Leaders -- p. 76 , Jim Haskins , Kathleen Benson -- 2008 ) .  United Submitters International consider Rashad Khalifa to be a prophet . ( Source : Daniel Pipes , Miniatures : Views of Islamic and Middle Eastern Politics , p. 98 ( 2004 ) ) Muhammad united Arabia into a single Muslim polity and ensured that his teachings , practices , and the Quran , formed the basis of Islamic religious belief .   Born approximately 570CE ( Year of the Elephant ) in the Arabian city of Mecca , Muhammad was orphaned at an early age ; he was raised under the care of his paternal uncle Abu Talib . Periodically , he would seclude himself in a mountain cave named Hira for several nights of prayer ; later , at age 40 , he reported being visited by Gabriel in the cave , where he stated he received his first revelation from God . Three years later , in 610 , Muhammad started preaching these revelations publicly , proclaiming that `` God is One '' , that complete `` surrender '' ( lit . islām ) to him is the right course of action ( dīn ) , and that he was a prophet and messenger of God , similar to the other prophets in Islam .   Muhammad gained few early followers , and met hostility from some Meccan tribes . To escape persecution , Muhammad sent some followers to Abyssinia before he and his followers migrated from Mecca to Medina ( then known as Yathrib ) in the year 622 . This event , the Hijra , marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar , also known as the Hijri Calendar . In Medina , Muhammad united the tribes under the Constitution of Medina . In December 629 , after eight years of intermittent conflict with Meccan tribes , Muhammad gathered an army of 10,000 Muslim converts and marched on the city of Mecca . The attack went largely uncontested and Muhammad seized the city with little bloodshed . In 632 , a few months after returning from the Farewell Pilgrimage , he fell ill and died . Before his death , most of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to Islam .   The revelations ( each known as Ayah , lit . `` Sign -LSB- of God -RSB- '' ) , which Muhammad reported receiving until his death , form the verses of the Quran , regarded by Muslims as the `` Word of God '' and around which the religion is based . Besides the Quran , Muhammad 's teachings and practices ( sunnah ) , found in the Hadith and sira literature , are also upheld by Muslims and used as sources of Islamic law ( see Sharia ) .

neg: Sidi Abder Rahman El Thaelebi Sidi Abdul-Rahman ( 1384 / 785 -- 1479 / 875 ) was born near the town of Isser 86 km south east of Algiers . He was raised in a very spiritual environment with high Islamic values and ethics .   When 15 years old , Sidi Abdul-Rahman , with his father Sidi Mohamed Ben Makhlouf , went to Morocco for studies where he met the Muslim scholar Sidi Mohamed Ibn Marzoug Al Adrissi . In 1392 , he made another trip to Bejaia ( 200 km east of Algiers ) seeking knowledge where his father died . He stayed in Bejaia for 7 years studying Islamic sciences .   He then travelled to Tunis in 1406 , Cairo in 1414 and Bursa in Turkey , where he was well received and a shrine was erected in his honour which remains an endowment for this saint man .   From Turkey , Sidi Abdul-Rahman went to perform Hajj to Mecca , after which he returned to his native Algeria after a 20 years . He taught in the Great Mosque of Algiers until he died on the Friday of 23rd of Ramadan 875 AH , the 15th of March 1479 after dedicating 95 years of his life to serve Islam and Muslims .

neg: Hegira (disambiguation) Hegira refers to the migration of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Yathrib ( later renamed by him to Medina ) in 622 CE .   Hegira , Hejira , Hijra , Hijrah or Hijrat may also refer to :

neg: Umama bint Abdulmuttalib Umama ( or Umayma ) bint Abdul Muttalib was an aunt of Muhammad .   She was born in Mecca , the daughter of Abdul Muttalib ibn Hashim and Fatimah bint Amr al-Makhzumiya .   She married Jahsh ibn Riyab , an immigrant from the Asad ibn Khuzayma tribe , and they had six children .   Abdullah .  Ubaydullah .  Zaynab , later a wife of Muhammad .  Abd , who was always known as an adult by his kunya , Abu Ahmad .  Habiba , also known as Umm Habib .  Hamna .   It is not recorded that Umama ever became a Muslim , and she did not accompany her children on their Hijra to Medina in 622 . She was still alive in 628 , when Muhammad assigned her an annual pension of 40 wasqs of dates from Khaybar .

neg: Moses in Islam Mûsâ al ibn Amram ( -LSB- ٰمُوسَى , Mūsa -RSB- ) known as Moses in the Hebrew Bible , considered a prophet , messenger , and leader in Islam , is the most frequently mentioned individual in the Quran . In Islamic tradition , instead of introducing a new religion , Musa is regarded by Muslims as teaching and practicing the religion of his predecessors and confirming the scriptures and prophets before him . The Quran states that Moses was sent by God to the Pharaoh of Egypt and the Israelites for guidance and warning . Moses is mentioned more in the Quran than any other individual , and his life is narrated and recounted more than that of any other prophet . According to Islam , all Muslims must have faith in every prophet ( nabi ) and messenger ( rasul ) which includes Moses and his brother Aaron ( Harun ) . The Quran states :   Moses is considered to be a prophetic predecessor to Muhammad . Generally attributed the tale of Moses as a spiritual parallel to the life of Muhammad , considering many aspects of their lives to be shared . Islamic literature also describes a parallel between their believers and the incidents which occurred in their lifetimes . The exodus of the Israelites from Egypt is considered similar to the migration ( hijra ) made by the followers of Muhammad .   Moses ( Musa ) is also very important in Islam for having been given the revelation of the Torah , which is considered to be one of the true revealed scriptures in Muslim theology , and Muslims generally hold that much of the Torah is confirmed and repeated in the Qur ` an . Moreover , according to Islamic tradition , Moses was one of the many prophets Muhammad met in the event of the Mi ` raj , when he ascended through the seven heavens . In Muslim belief , Moses is regarded as having urged Muhammad during his Mi ` raj to reduce the number of prayers until they were only five remaining , which are regarded as being the five obligatory prayers . Moses is further revered in Islamic literature , which expands upon the incidents of his life and the miracles attributed to him in the Qur ` an and hadith , such as his direct conversation with God .

neg: Migration to Abyssinia The Migration to Abyssinia ( الهجرة إلى الحبشة , al-hijra ʾilā al-habaša ) , also known as the First Hegira ( هِجْرَة hijrah ) , was an episode in the early history of Islam , where Prophet Muhammad 's first followers ( the Sahabah ) fled from the persecution of the ruling Quraysh tribe of Mecca . They sought refuge in the Christian Kingdom of Aksum , present-day Ethiopia and Eritrea ( formerly referred to as Abyssinia , a name derived from the Arabic Al-Habash ) , in or . The Aksumite monarch who received them is known in Islamic sources as the Negus ( نجاشي najāšī ) Ashama ibn Abjar . Modern historians have alternatively identified him with King Armah and Ella Tsaham . Some of the exiles returned to Mecca and made the hijra to Medina with Muhammad , while others remained in Abyssinia until they came to Medina in 628 .

neg: Maliki The madhhab is one of the four major schools of Fiqh or religious law within Sunni Islam . It was founded by Malik ibn Anas in the 8th century . The Maliki school of jurisprudence relies on the Quran and hadiths as primary sources . Unlike other Islamic fiqhs , Maliki fiqh also considers the consensus of the people of Medina to be a valid source of Islamic law .   The Maliki madhhab is one of the largest group of Sunni Muslims , comparable to the Shafi`i madhhab in adherents , but smaller than the Hanafi madhhab . Sharia based on Maliki doctrine is predominantly found in North Africa ( excluding northern and eastern Egypt ) , West Africa , Chad , Sudan , Kuwait , Bahrain , the Emirate of Dubai ( UAE ) , and in northeastern parts of Saudi Arabia .   In the medieval era , the Maliki school was also found in parts of Europe under Islamic rule , particularly Islamic Spain and the Emirate of Sicily . A major historical center of Maliki teaching , from the 9th to 11th centuries , was in the Mosque of Uqba of Tunisia .

neg: Al-Farazdaq Hammam ibn Ghalib ( همام بن غالب born c. 641 ; died 728 -- 730 ) , most commonly known as Al-Farazdaq or Abu Firas , was an Arabian poet .   He was born in what is present-day Kuwait ( Kāzimah ) and lived in Basra . He was a member of Darim , one of the most respected divisions of the Bani Tamim , and his mother was of the tribe of Dabba . His grandfather Sa ` sa ' was a Bedouin of great repute , his father Ghalib followed the same manner of life until Basra was founded , and was famous for his generosity and hospitality . Al-Farazdaq is recognized as one of the greatest classical poets of the Arabs .   At the age of 15 , Farazdaq was known as a poet , and though checked for a short time by the advice of the caliph Ali to devote his attention to the study of the Qur ` an , he soon returned to making verse . He devoted his talent largely to satire and attacked the Bani Nahshal and the Bani Fuqaim . When Ziyad , a member of the latter tribe , became governor of Basra in 669 , the poet was compelled to flee , first to Kufa , and then , as he was still too near Ziyad , to Medina , where he was well received by the city 's emir , Sa'id ibn al - ` As . Here he remained about ten years , writing satires on tribes , but avoiding city politics .   But he lived a prodigal life , and his amorous verses led to his expulsion by the caliph Marwan I. Just at that time , he learned of the death of Ziyad and returned to Basra , where he secured the favor of Ziyad 's successor Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad . Much of his poetry was now devoted to his matrimonial affairs . He had taken advantage of his position as guardian and married his cousin Nawar against her will . She sought help in vain from the court of Basra and from various tribes . All feared the poet 's satires . At last , she fled to Mecca and appealed to the political contender to the Umayyads Abdallah ibn Zubayr , who , however , succeeded in inducing her to consent to a confirmation of the marriage .   Quarrels soon arose again . Farazdaq took a second wife , and after her death a third , to annoy Nawar . Finally , he consented to a divorce pronounced by Hasan al-Basri . Another subject occasioned a long series of verses , namely his feud with his rival Jarir and his tribe the Bani Kulaib . These poems are published as the Nakaid of Jarir and al-Farazdaq .   Al-Farazdaq became official poet to the Umayyad caliph Al-Walid I ( reigned 705 -- 715 ) , to whom he dedicated a number of panegyrics .   He is most famous for the poem that he gave in Makkah when Ali bin Hussain bin Ali bin Abu Talib ( Zayn al-Abidin ) entered the Haram of the Kaba angering the emir . The poem is extremely powerful . It is because of this poem that he was imprisoned .

neg: Akib ibn Usaid Akib ibn Usaid , a sahaba of Muhammad , was the first governor of Mecca . It was the first permanent civil appointment made in Islam . Akib took charge of his duties as governor of Mecca in January 630 .

neg: Hejaz The Hejaz , also Al-Hijaz ( اَلْـحِـجَـاز , , literally `` the Barrier '' ) , is a region in the west of present-day Saudi Arabia . The region is so called as it separates the land of the Najd in the east from the land of Tihamah in the west . It is also known as the `` Western Province . '' It is bordered on the west by the Red Sea , on the north by Jordan , on the east by the Najd , and on the south by ` Asir Region . Its main city is Jeddah , but it is probably better known for the Islamic holy cities of Mecca and Medina . As the site of Islam 's holiest places , the Hejaz has significance in the Arab and Islamic historical and political landscape .   Historically , the Hejaz has always seen itself as separate from the rest of Saudi Arabia . The Hejaz is the most populated region in Saudi Arabia ; 35 % of all Saudis live in Hejaz . Hejazi Arabic is the most widely spoken dialect in the region . Saudi Hejazis are of ethnically diverse origins .   The Hejaz is the most cosmopolitan region in the Arabian Peninsula . People of Hejaz have the most strongly articulated identity of any regional grouping in Saudi Arabia . Their place of origin alienates them from the Saudi state , which invokes different narratives of the history of the Arabian Peninsula . Thus , Hejazis experienced tensions with people of Najd .

neg: Mecca Gate Mecca Gate , ( also known as Quran Gate ) is a landmark on the Makkah Mukkarram road of the Jeddah-Makkah Highway . It is the entrance to Makkah and the birthplace of Muhammad . The gate signifies the boundary of the haram area of the city of Makkah , where non-Muslims are prohibited to enter .  The structure is that of a book , representing the Qur ` an , sitting on a rehal , or book stand .

neg: Muhammad's wives Muhammad 's wives or Wives of Muhammad were the eleven women ( not including his two concubines ) married to the Islamic prophet Muhammad . Muslims refer to them as Mothers of the Believers ( Arabic : أمهات المؤمنين Ummahāt al-Muʾminīn ) . Muslims use the term prominently before or after referring to them as a sign of respect . The term is derived from :   Muhammad 's life is traditionally delineated as two epochs : pre-hijra ( emigration ) in Mecca , a city in western Arabia , from the year 570 to 622 , and post-hijra in Medina , from 622 until his death in 632 . All but two of his marriages were contracted after the Hijra ( migration to Medina ) . Of Muhammad 's thirteen `` wives '' , at least two , Rayhana bint Zayd and Maria al-Qibtiyya , were actually only concubines ; however , there is debate among Muslims as to whether these two became his wives . Of his thirteen wives and/or concubines only two bore him children , a fact which has been described as `` curious '' by Cornell University Professor of Near Eastern Studies David S. Powers .

neg: Mosque of Bani Haram Mosque of Bani Haram is one of the historic mosques in Medina , Saudi Arabia . It stands in the area where the tribe of Bani Haram lived , and it was used as a base camp during the Battle of the Trench . It is also believed to be the place where the Islamic prophet Muhammad stopped by for prayer during digging of a trench before the battle . The house of Jabir ibn Abd Allah , one of Muhammad 's companions , was located here , and several accounts of miracles are considered to be witnessed in his house .

neg: Stoning of the Devil The Stoning of the Devil ( -LSB- , `` stoning of the -LSB- place of pebbles -RSB- '' )  is part of the annual Islamic Hajj pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca in Saudi Arabia . During the ritual , Muslim pilgrims throw pebbles at three walls ( formerly pillars ) , called jamarāt , in the city of Mina just east of Mecca . It is one of a series of ritual acts that must be performed in the Hajj . It is a symbolic reenactment of Abraham 's hajj , where he stoned three pillars representing the temptation to disobey God and preserve Ishmael .   On Eid al-Adha ( the 10th day of the month of Dhu al-Hijjah ) , pilgrims must strike only one of the three jamraat ; specifically , the larger one ; with seven pebbles . After the stoning is completed on the day of Eid , every pilgrim must cut or shave their hair . On each of the following two days , they must hit each of the three walls with seven pebbles , going in order from east to west . Thus at least 49 pebbles are needed for the ritual , more if some throws miss . Some pilgrims stay at Mina for an additional day , in which case they must again stone each wall seven times . The pebbles used in the stoning are traditionally gathered at Muzdalifah , a plain southeast of Mina , on the night before the first throwing , but can also be collected at Mina .

neg: Historiography of early Islam The historiography of early Islam refers to the study of the early history of Islam during the 7th century ,  from Muhammad 's first revelations in AD 610 until the disintegration of the Rashidun Caliphate in AD 661 ,  and arguably throughout the 8th century and the duration of the Umayyad Caliphate , terminating in the incipient Islamic Golden Age around the beginning of the 9th century .

neg: Hanbali The Hanbali school is one of the four orthodox Sunni Islamic schools of jurisprudence ( fiqh ) . It is named after the Iraqi scholar Ahmad ibn Hanbal ( d. 855 ) , and was institutionalized by his students . The Hanbali madhhab is the smallest of four major Sunni schools , the others being the Hanafi , Maliki and Shafi`i .   Hanbali school derives Sharia predominantly from the Quran , the Hadiths ( sayings and customs of Muhammad ) , and the views of Sahabah ( Muhammad 's companions ) . In cases where there is no clear answer in sacred texts of Islam , the Hanbali school does not accept jurist discretion or customs of a community as a sound basis to derive Islamic law , a method that Hanafi and Maliki Sunni fiqhs accept . Hanbali school is the strict traditionalist school of jurisprudence in Sunni Islam . It is found primarily in Saudi Arabia and Qatar , where it is the official fiqh . Hanbali followers are the demographic majority in four emirates of UAE ( Sharjah , Umm al-Quwain , Ras al-Khaimah and Ajman ) . Large minorities of Hanbali followers are also found in Bahrain , Oman and Yemen and within Iraqi and Jordanian bedouins .   The Hanbali school experienced a reformation in the Wahhabi-Salafist movement . Historically the school was small ; during the 18th to early-20th century Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab and Al Saud greatly aided its propagation around the world by way of their interpretation of the school 's teachings . As a result of this , the school 's name has become a controversial one in certain quarters of the Islamic world due to the influence he is believed by some to have had upon these teachings , which cites Ibn Hanbal as a principal influence along with the thirteenth-century Hanbali reformer Ibn Taymiyyah . However , it has been argued by certain scholars that Ibn Hanbal 's own beliefs actually played `` no real part in the establishment of the central doctrines of Wahhabism , '' as there is evidence , according to the same authors , that `` the older Hanbalite authorities had doctrinal concerns very different from those of the Wahhabis , '' rich as medieval Hanbali literature is in references to saints , grave visitation , miracles , and relics . Historically , the Hanbali school was treated as simply another valid interpretation of Islamic law , and many prominent medieval Sufis , such as Abdul Qadir Jilani , were Hanbali jurists and mystics at the same time .

neg: Assassination of Ali Ali ibn Abi Talib , the fourth ( last ) Sunni Rashidun caliph and first Shia Imam , was assassinated by a Kharijite called Ibn Muljam on 26 January 661 at the Great Mosque of Kufa , in present-day Iraq . Ali , who was then 62 or 63 years of age , died due to his injuries two days after Ibn Muljam struck him on his head by a poison-coated sword , on the 21 ( or 19 ) Ramadan 40 AH ( 28 January 661 CE ) . He was the third successive caliph , after Umar and Uthman , to be assassinated .   Ali became the caliph after the assassination of Uthman in 656 . However he faced opposition from various factions including the Levant governor , Muawiyah I . A civil war , called the First Fitna , took place within the early Islamic state which resulted in the overthrow of the Rashidun caliphs and the establishment of the Umayyad dynasty . It began when the caliph Uthman ibn Affan was assassinated in 656 and continued through the four-year reign of Ali .  After Ali agreed to arbitration with Muawiyah I following the Battle of Siffin ( 657 ) , a revolt happened against him by some members of his army , later known as Kharijites ( `` those who leave '' ) . They killed some of Ali 's supporters , but they were crushed by Ali 's forces at the Battle of Nahrawan in July 658 .   Ibn Muljam met up with two other Kharijites namely al-Burak ibn Abd Allah and Amr ibn Bakr al-Tamimi at Mecca , and concluded that the situation of the Muslims at the time was due to the errors of Ali , Muawiah and Amr ibn As , governor of Egypt . They decided to kill the three in order to resolve the `` deplorable situation '' of their time and also avenge their companions killed at Nahrawan . Aiming to kill Ali , Ibn Muljam headed toward Kufa where he fell in love with a woman whose brother and father had died at Nahrawan . She agreed to marry him if only he could kill Ali . Consequently , Ali was stabbed by Ibn Muljam at the Great Mosque of Kufa . After Ali 's death , Ibn Muljam was executed in retaliation by Hasan ibn Ali .

neg: Hajj The Hajj ( -LSB- hædʒ -RSB- -LSB- `` pilgrimage '' ) is an annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca , the most holy city of the Muslims , and a mandatory religious duty for Muslims that must be carried out at least once in their lifetime by all adult Muslims who are physically and financially capable of undertaking the journey , and can support their family during their absence . It is one of the five pillars of Islam , alongside Shahadah , Salat , Zakat , and Sawm . The Hajj is the largest annual gathering of people in the world . The state of being physically and financially capable of performing the Hajj is called istita'ah , and a Muslim who fulfills this condition is called a mustati . The Hajj is a demonstration of the solidarity of the Muslim people , and their submission to God ( Allah ) . The word Hajj means `` to intend a journey '' , which connotes both the outward act of a journey and the inward act of intentions .   The pilgrimage occurs from the 8th to 12th ( or in some cases 13th ) of Dhu al-Hijjah , the last month of the Islamic calendar . Because the Islamic calendar is lunar and the Islamic year is about eleven days shorter than the Gregorian year , the Gregorian date of Hajj changes from year to year . Ihram is the name given to the special spiritual state in which pilgrims wear two white sheets of seamless cloth and abstain from certain actions .   The Hajj is associated with the life of Islamic prophet Muhammad from the 7th century , but the ritual of pilgrimage to Mecca is considered by Muslims to stretch back thousands of years to the time of Abraham . During Hajj , pilgrims join processions of hundreds of thousands of people , who simultaneously converge on Mecca for the week of the Hajj , and perform a series of rituals : each person walks counter-clockwise seven times around the Ka'aba ( the cube-shaped building and the direction of prayer for the Muslims ) , runs back and forth between the hills of Al-Safa and Al-Marwah , drinks from the Zamzam Well , goes to the plains of Mount Arafat to stand in vigil , spends a night in the plain of Muzdalifa , and performs symbolic stoning of the devil by throwing stones at three pillars . The pilgrims then shave their heads , perform a ritual of animal sacrifice , and celebrate the three-day global festival of Eid al-Adha .   Pilgrims can also go to Mecca to perform the rituals at other times of the year . This is sometimes called the `` lesser pilgrimage '' , or Umrah . However , even if they choose to perform the Umrah , they are still obligated to perform the Hajj at some other point in their lifetime if they have the means to do so , because Umrah is not a substitute for Hajj .

neg: Harb tribe Harb `` War '' is a large Sunni Tribe in the Arabian peninsula . There is no official tribe population count but it is estimated to be approximately four million in Saudi Arabia . It is originally a Qahtani tribe . Several authentic sources on Arab tribes genealogy state that the great-grandfather of Harb tribe is Harb ibn Saad ibn Saad ibn Khawlan ibn Amr ibn Qadha'ah ibn Himyar ibn Qahtan . Harb tribal lands extend from the Red Sea coast in Tihamah ( Western Part of Saudi Arabia ) to the heart of Najd in the central region of Saudi Arabia , and from North the Harbi lands extend from Madinah ( a holy city for Muslims ) to Al Qunfudhah in the south . The tribe 's reach extends to other countries like Kuwait , Iraq , Egypt and UAE .   The origins of Harb tribe came from the 2nd century of the Islamic calendar . When Qahtani tribes emigrated from the south of Arabian Peninsula to Hijaz around 131 AH for water and land space after some battles with their cousins Banu Ar-Rabi ` ah bin Saad . As a result , this caused several tribal conflicts with the native and mostly Adnani Arab tribes of Hijaz and Tihamah such as Juhainah , Inazah , Muzianah , and Sulaim over land and water . After around three centuries in Hijaz , Harb tribe became a dominant tribe in the heart of Hijaz with territories surrounding the holy city of Medina . It is important to note that Harb now , like many other Arabian tribes , is a federation of tribes and families , a good example is that Muzaynah in Saudi Arabia are considered from Harb but it is well known that it was a tribe of its own with a known presence in Hijaz in the Pre-Islamic Arabia as well as the time of the Prophet Muhammed -- i.e. , before the origin of Harb tribe in Hijaz .   Currently , many of the tribe sons have migrated in recent decades to the three major metropolitan centers of Saudi Arabia , namely Riyadh , Jeddah , and Dammam , in search of better education and employment . One of the main branches of the tribe such as Banu Shaker left al Hejaz and set off to the west coasts of Palestine to start business in agriculture . For the coast of Palestine is well known all around the world for its fertile soil . Banu Shaker that trace there ancestry to Al Hassan Al Muthana are also known to be the Abunamous and Al Shaker Families from Yaffa or Jaffa have developed their reputation of being prominent landowners in Yaffa city   In the Arab World outside of Saudi Arabia , the Harb family became prominent in the Christian population of Ramallah , Palestine .

neg: Rahmanism Raḥmānism ( from Old South Arabian rḥmn-n `` the Merciful '' ) ( Ar : الرحمن ) ( Musnad : ð © § ð © cents ð © # ð © ¬ ) refers to one or more monotheistic religions which ousted the polytheistic Old South Arabian religion from the 4th century AD . Since the sole indication of Raḥmānism is the mention of a monotheistic God , it is difficult to establish whether Raḥmānism is an homogenous religion or whether it can be identified with another monotheist  From the second half of the fourth century the `` Merciful '' ( Old South Arabian rḥmn-n , where the - n is the definite article ) and `` the Lord of Heaven and Earth '' are increasingly invoked . A number of inscriptions as well as archaeological synagogues show that Judaism had played an important role in South Arabia since the 4th Century , but it is not clear whether all the Raḥmānist inscriptions of this time should be construed as Jewish ; at the same time it is conceivable that Raḥmānism also involved an autochthonous monotheistic religion in its own right . Distinct references to Christians in South Arabia are found at the beginning of the 6th century when a Christian community in the city of Najrān fell victim to a pogrom initiated by the Jewish king Yūsuf Asʾar Yathʾar . Some consider this event politically motivated while others claim it to be the result of religious zeal . The slaughter is probably that which is alluded to in the Quranic reference to the ` People of the Ditch ( Aṣḥābu Ukhdūd ) , which describes a group of people being thrust into a ditch of fire because of their faith . Apart from being the word for ` ditch ' Ukhdūd is also the name of a place just south-west of modern Najrān . As a result of this massacre the Christian Aksumite Kingdom marched into South Arabia and enforced Christianity as the official religion , which was then supplanted by Islam in 632 . Christian communities are documented right up till the 13th century in Najrān and till the 16th century in Soqotra . Christian communities are documented ; Jewish communities persist until today .

neg: Shuraih Al-Qadhi Shuraih ibn al-Hârith ibn Qays ibn al-Jahm al-Kindî accepted Islam in Yemen during the lifetime of Muhammad though he never met him . During the reign of Abû Bakr al-Siddîq , he relocated to Kufah in Iraq .   `` Umar appointed him to be the judge of Kufah and he was very young at the time . Abû Nu`aym relates from Umm Dâwûd al-Wâbishiyyah that `` people took their disputes before Shuraih at a time when he still had no beard . ''   It is said that he spent sixty years in that office . He also served as judge in Basra for a year . He succeeded Abdullah ibn Masood as the Qadi of Kufa . He was well known throughout the country for his intelligence and keen sense of judgment . He was regarded as a model judge . Ali used to call him iiAqd-ul-Arabi , that is the most judicious of all the judges of Arabia .   Shuraih was known for his extensive knowledge of Islamic law and respected for his good judgment . The caliphs showed deference to him .   Caliph Mu ` âwiyah then transferred him to Damascus . On account of this , Shuraih became known as `` the Judge of the Two Great Cities '' . He retired from office only a year before his death , and he is supposed to have lived to the age of 108 or 110 .  It is related that ,  `` Alî assembled the people in the public square , saying : ' I am going to leave you , so assemble in the public square . ' The people came and began to petition him with their questions until they were finished and no one remained but Shuraih , who sat upon his knees and began to ask him . ` Alî said : `` Go , for indeed you are the most knowledgeable of Arabs in matters of judicial verdicts . '' -LSB- Hilyah al-Awliyâ ' ( 4/134 ) -RSB-   Once a woman came to ` Alî with a case against her husband in a matter of divorce . After she presented her case to him , ` Alî turned to Shuraih and said : `` Judge between them . '' Shuraih said : `` O Commander of the Faithful ! ( Should I presume to do so ) while you are right here ? '' ` Alî repeated : `` Judge between them . ''   Shurayh was renowned for his impeccable sense of justice and for holding all people equal before the law .   About Shuraih 's appointment as a judge , it is related that Umar purchased a horse on approval , and gave it to somebody to try it . The horse got hurt in the ride , and Umar wanted to return it , but the owner refused to take it back . In the dispute that arose as a consequence , Shuraih was chosen as the arbitrator . He gave the verdict that if the horse was ridden with the permission of the owner it could be returned ; otherwise not . Umar said that that was the right decision and at once appointed Shuraih as the Qadi of Kufa .   Another well known incidence records Ali 's shield being stolen . Ali recognised his shield when he saw it in the possession of a Jew . He instituted a claim in the court of Qadhi Shuraih who asked that Ali produce his witnesses to prove his claim . Ali presented his son and then his emancipated slave . According to Qadhi Shuraih the testimony of a son in favour of his father or an emancipated slave was not admissible , hence he ordered Ali to present another witness . When Ali was unable to do so , Qadhi Shuraih dismissed his original claim to the shield . Ali , the caliph of the time , emerged from the court cheerfully .   On seeing this high degree of justice where the leader of the Muslim world could lose a case in the face of a just ruling , the Jew recited the Muslim testification of faith embraced Islam . He later presented the shield to Ali saying that he did indeed steal the shield and that it did belonged to him . Ali responded : `` I have made it a gift for you '' . Thereafter the Jew remained perpetually in the company of Ali and was martyred in the battle of Siffeen .