query: Sunrise created a media franchise that features giant robots and it is Japanese.

pos: Sunrise (company) is a Japanese animation studio and production enterprise . It is a subsidiary of Bandai Namco Holdings . Its former name was Nippon Sunrise , and prior to that , Sunrise Studios . Its headquarters is located in Suginami , Tokyo .   Among Japan 's largest and most famous studios , Sunrise is renowned for several critically lauded and popular original anime series , such as Gundam , Cowboy Bebop , Space Runaway Ideon , Armored Trooper Votoms , Yoroiden Samurai Troopers , Future GPX Cyber Formula , Crush Gear Turbo , The Vision of Escaflowne , Love Live School Idol Project , Witch Hunter Robin , My-HiME , My-Otome , Code Geass : Lelouch of the Rebellion , Tiger & Bunny , Cross Ange : Rondo of Angel and Dragon , as well as its numerous adaptations of acclaimed light novels including Dirty Pair , Horizon in the Middle of Nowhere and Accel World , and manga such as City Hunter , InuYasha , Outlaw Star , Yakitate !! Japan , Planetes , Keroro Gunso , Gin Tama , Kekkaishi and several others .   Many of Sunrise 's original anime include similar themes , including mecha and masked identities accompanied with fluid animation . Because of the fluidity and high degree of details on much of their works , fans refer to their animation works as `` Sunrise Smooth '' .   Most of their works are mostly original titles created in-house by their creative staffs that went into a collective pseudonym called Hajime Yatate . They also previously operated a now defunct video game studio of their own named Sunrise Interactive . Sunrise also launched their own light novel publication titled Yatate Bunko Imprint on September 30 , 2016 aimed to publish new original titles and also to supplemment their already existing franchises with new materials .   Anime created by Sunrise that have won the Animage Anime Grand Prix prize are Mobile Suit Gundam in 1979 and the first half of 1980 , Space Runaway Ideon in the second half of 1980 , Crusher Joe ( co-production with Studio Nue ) in 1983 , Dirty Pair in 1985 , Future GPX Cyber Formula in 1991 , Gundam SEED in 2002 , Gundam SEED Destiny in 2004 and 2005 , Code Geass : Lelouch of the Rebellion in 2006 and 2007 and Code Geass R2 in 2008 , thus making Sunrise as the studio that won the most number of Animage Awards .

neg: Mecha The term may refer to both scientific ideas and science fiction genres that centers on robots or machines controlled by people . Mechas are typically depicted as `` walker '' types of Mobile robots .   These machines vary greatly in size and shape , but are distinguished from vehicles by their humanoid or biomorphic appearance . Different subgenres exist , with varying connotations of realism . The concept of Super Robot and Real Robot are two such examples found in Japanese anime . The term may also refer to real world piloted humanoid robots / non-humanoid robotic platforms , either currently in existence or still on the drawing board ( i.e. at the planning or design stage ) . Alternatively , in the original Japanese context of the word ( see Characteristics ) , ` mecha ' may refer to mobile machinery/vehicles ( including aircraft ) in general , manned or otherwise .

neg: Gamera Gamera is a fictional giant monster or kaiju originating from a series of Japanese tokusatsu films of the same name . He first appeared in Daiei Film 's 1965 film Gamera : The Giant Monster , which was initially produced to rival the success of Toho 's Godzilla ; however , Gamera has gained fame and notoriety as a Japanese icon in his own right . The character has appeared in other media such as comic books and video games .   In the United States , Gamera attained prominence during the 1970s due to the burgeoning popularity of UHF television stations featuring Saturday afternoon matinee showcases like Creature Double Feature and later in the 1990s when five Gamera films were featured on the TV show Mystery Science Theater 3000 .

neg: List of Ranma ½ episodes is a Japanese anime series adapted from the manga of the same name by Rumiko Takahashi . It was created by Studio Deen and aired weekly between April 15 , 1989 and September 16 , 1989 on Fuji TV before being canceled after 18 episodes due to low ratings . Shortly after , the series was reworked by most of the same staff , retitled and launched in a different time slot , running between October 20 , 1989 and September 25 , 1992 for 143 episodes .   Three movies were produced , The Battle of Nekonron , China ! A Battle to Defy the Rules ! on November 2 , 1991 ; Battle at Togenkyo ! Get Back the Brides on August 1 , 1992 ; and Super Indiscriminate Decisive Battle ! Team Ranma vs. the Legendary Phoenix on August 20 , 1994 . The first two movies are feature length , but the third was originally aired in theaters with two other movies : Ghost Sweeper Mikami and Heisei Dog Stories : Bow . Following the ending of the TV series , 12 OVA episodes were released directly to home video , the earliest on December 7 , 1993 and the twelfth on October 20 , 2010 . In celebration of Rumiko Takahashi 's 35th anniversary as a manga artist , the TV series was released on Blu-ray for the first time in three box sets between May 24 , 2013 and January 24 , 2014 .   Viz Media licensed both anime , the films and the first 11 OVAs for English dubs in North America . They labeled both anime as one series and first released it on subtitled and dubbed VHS , later combining it into seven DVD collections they call `` seasons '' . Besides changing the ordering of many of the anime episodes , Viz also added the third film to their set of the OVAs . They began re-releasing the show on Blu-ray and DVD in 2014 . Madman Entertainment released part of the anime series and the first two movies in Australasia , before their license expired , and MVM Films released the first two movies in the United Kingdom .

neg: List of Gundam Reconguista in G episodes , also referred to as , is a 2014 Japanese science fiction anime television series and the thirteenth incarnation of Sunrise 's long-running Gundam mecha metaseries . Created for the Gundam 35th Anniversary celebration , it is the first Gundam TV series to be written and directed by Yoshiyuki Tomino since Turn A Gundam in 1999 and features character designs by Kenichi Yoshida of Overman King Gainer & Eureka Seven fame . Airing in the MBS/TBS networks ' Animeism block starting in October 2014 , it is the first traditional Gundam TV series to be initially released as a late night anime .   The first opening theme is `` BLAZING '' by Garnidelia , while the first ending theme is `` G no Senkō '' by Daisuke Hasegawa . The second opening theme is `` Magic of Futari '' by May J.

neg: The Brave of Gold Goldran is a Japanese anime television series begun in 1995 , created by Sunrise under the direction of Shinji Takamatsu , and was the sixth in the Yūsha metaseries funded by Takara and produced by Sunrise . Goldran follows the adventures of three young boys who are tasked with finding alien robot fighters , or Braves , that are sleeping in the form of crystals . Their major antagonist is the flamboyant and thoroughly incompetent Walter , and the villains that follow him are often similarly humorous . The entire show is extremely focused on comedy and silliness almost to the exclusion of much in the way of storytelling , although the series does develop some running plot lines towards its end . In terms of television ratings , Goldran was the peak of the Brave series ' popularity .

neg: Hayao Miyazaki is a Japanese film director , producer , screenwriter , animator , author , and manga artist . Through a career that has spanned over five decades , Miyazaki has attained international acclaim as a masterful storyteller and as a maker of anime feature films and , along with Isao Takahata , co-founded Studio Ghibli , a film and animation studio .   Born in Bunkyō , Tokyo , Miyazaki began his animation career in 1963 when he joined Toei Animation . From there , Miyazaki worked as an in-between artist for Gulliver 's Travels Beyond the Moon , where he pitched ideas that eventually became the film 's ending . Hayao Miyazaki was also associated with Tokyo Movie Shinsha . He co-directed Lupin III with Isao Takahata , provided the screenplay and key animation for Panda ! Go Panda ! , provided key animation for the first episode of Tokyo Giants , provided the original concept for Jungle Kurobe , provided the director role for Lupin III : Tales of the Wolf , provided key animation for the Ulysses 31 pilot in conjunction with Diffusion Information Communication , provided the director role for The New Adventures of Zorro , provided key animation for the Inspector Gadget pilot , and provided the chief director role for season 1 of Sherlock Hound .   He continued to work in various roles in the animation industry with various studios until he directed his first feature film , The Castle of Cagliostro , a Lupin the Third story , released in 1979 . After the success of his next film , Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind ( 1984 ) , he co-founded Studio Ghibli , where he continued to produce many feature films .   While Miyazaki 's films have long enjoyed both commercial and critical success in Japan , he remained largely unknown to the West until Miramax Films released Princess Mononoke in 1997 . Princess Mononoke was briefly the highest-grossing film in Japan until it was eclipsed by another 1997 film , Titanic , and it became the first animated film to win Picture of the Year at the Japanese Academy Awards . Miyazaki 's next film , Spirited Away ( 2001 ) , won Picture of the Year at the Japanese Academy Awards , and was the first anime film to win an American Academy Award .   Miyazaki 's films often contain recurrent themes , like humanity 's relationship with nature and technology , and the difficulty of maintaining a pacifist ethic . His films ' protagonists are often strong girls or young women . While two of his films , The Castle of Cagliostro and Castle in the Sky , involve traditional villains , his other films like Nausicaä and Princess Mononoke present morally ambiguous antagonists with redeeming qualities . He co-wrote films The Secret World of Arrietty , released in July 2010 in Japan and February 2012 in the United States ; and From Up on Poppy Hill released in July 2011 in Japan and March 2013 in the United States .   Miyazaki 's newest film The Wind Rises was released on July 20 , 2013 and screened internationally in February 2014 . The film would go on to earn him his third American Academy Award nomination and first Golden Globe Award nomination . Miyazaki announced on September 1 , 2013 that The Wind Rises would be his final feature-length movie . In November 2014 , Miyazaki was awarded an Honorary Academy Award for his impact on animation and cinema . He is the second Japanese filmmaker to win this award , after Akira Kurosawa in 1990 . In 2002 , American film critic Roger Ebert suggested that Miyazaki may be the best animation filmmaker in history , praising the depth and artistry of his films .

neg: J9 Series The is a trilogy of Japanese Super Robot mecha anime television series . The anime were broadcast by TV Tokyo ( TX Network ) from 1981 to 1984 , the 80 's trilogy was animated by Kokusai Eiga-sha and produced by Movie International Co.Ltd . In 2014 , a fourth series was announced to be in production for a 2016 release , with the original creative and production team reunited after 30 years .

neg: Sonic the Hedgehog is a video game franchise created and produced by Sega . The franchise centers on a series of speed-based platform games . The protagonist of the series is an anthropomorphic blue hedgehog named Sonic , whose peaceful life is often interrupted by the series ' main antagonist , Doctor Eggman . Typically , Sonic -- usually along with some of his friends , such as Tails , Amy , and Knuckles -- must stop Eggman and foil any plans of world domination . The first game in the series , released in 1991 , was conceived by Sega 's Sonic Team division after Sega requested a mascot character . The title was a success , it spawned many sequels , and it transformed Sega into a leading video game company during the 16-bit era in the early to mid -- 1990s .   While the first games in the series were side-scrolling platform games , later games expanded the series into various other genre and sub-series , such as Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Games and the Sonic Boom series . By 2016 , the series had sold over 80 million physical copies of games , and over 350 million units when combining packaged game software with mobile phone downloads . Outside of video games , the franchise has also been spun out into other media , including cartoons , anime , and a long-running comic book series , recognized as the longest running based on a video game by Guinness World Records .

neg: Sengoku Basara is a series of video games developed and published by Capcom , and a bigger media franchise based on it , including three anime series and an animated film . Its story is very loosely based on real events of the titular Sengoku era in the history of feudal Japan .

neg: Akira (manga) Akira ( often stylized as AKIRA ) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Katsuhiro Otomo . Set in a post-apocalyptic Neo-Tokyo , the work uses conventions of the cyberpunk genre to detail a saga of turmoil . Initially serialized in the pages of Young Magazine from 1982 until 1990 , the work was collected into six volumes by its publisher Kodansha . The work was first published in an English-language version by the Marvel Comics imprint Epic Comics , one of the first manga works to be translated in its entirety . Otomo 's art is considered outstanding , and a breakthrough for both Otomo and the manga form . Throughout the breadth of the work , Otomo explores themes of social isolation , corruption , and power .   An animated film adaptation ( anime ) was released in 1988 which shortened the plot considerably , but retained much of the main character and plot structures from the manga as well as many original scenes and settings . The manga takes place in a longer time frame than the film , and involves a much wider array of characters and subplots . Otomo 's Akira anime marked his transition from a career primarily in manga , to one almost exclusively in anime .   Akira was instrumental in an upsurge of manga popularity outside Japan , especially as Epic Comics ' edition was colorized and coincided with the release of the film . It has won several awards , including the Kodansha Manga and Harvey Awards , and is named as being an important title in the French manga explosion .

neg: Tokyo Dome City , referred to as Big Egg City before January 1 , 2000 , is an entertainment complex in Bunkyo , Tokyo , Japan .   It includes the world 's largest roofed baseball stadium known as Tokyo Dome ( nicknamed `` Big Egg '' ) , an amusement park known as Tokyo Dome City Attractions ( formerly Kōrakuen Yūenchi ) , and Korakuen Hall . In May 2003 , a spa resort known as LaQua opened for business near Tokyo Dome City Attractions . It also hosts character shows for Toei Company 's Toei Superheroes , including the Kamen Rider and Super Sentai series .   The Tokyo Dome City contains the Tokyo Dome Hotel , a 43-story hotel that is easily visible from the street and from the Tokyo Subway Suidobashi Station , which is only two blocks away .

neg: Scan2Go is a Japanese-Korean anime series co-produced by d-rights Inc. , NewBoy. , SBS Productions Inc. and Stonebridge Capital Inc. , under the direction of Mitsuo Hashimoto . The series is set in a futuristic universe of races involving the use of miniature automated toy cars . The TV animation lasts for 52 episodes and is targeted to boys from 4 -- 12 years old . The series has been licensed by Cookie Jar Entertainment for North and South American audiences and dubbed by Ocean Productions and Blue Water Studios . In the United States , the series premiered September 1 , 2012 , on Cartoon Network . While the last 7 episodes have not been shown in the United States , all 52 episodes have been broadcast on YTV and Kix . also aring on K2 In Italy .

neg: Kuratas Kuratas is a rideable and user-operated mecha built by the Japanese company Suidobashi Heavy Industry . Billed as `` the world 's first giant boarding robot '' , the Kuratas was unveiled when the website was opened in 2012 . It was demonstrated at Wonder Festival . In June 2015 , MegaBots challenged Suidobashi Heavy Industry to its first robot duel confronting Kuratas versus their Mark II .

neg: Speed Racer Speed Racer , also known as , is a Japanese media franchise about automobile racing . Mach GoGoGo was originally serialized in print in Shueisha 's 1966 Shōnen Book . It was released in tankōbon book form by Sun Wide Comics , and later re-released in Japan by Fusosha . Adapted into anime by Tatsunoko Productions , its 52 episodes aired on Fuji TV from April 1967 to March 1968 . The anime was later re-broadcast on Tokyo MX from July 1 to September 25 , 2008 .   Selected chapters of the manga were released by NOW Comics in the 1990s under the title Speed Racer Classics . These were later released by Wildstorm Productions , a division of DC Comics , as Speed Racer : The Original Manga . In 2008 , under its Americanized title , Speed Racer , Mach GoGoGo was republished in its entirety in the United States by Digital Manga Publishing and was released as a box set to commemorate the franchise 's 40th anniversary , as well as serving as a tie-in with the 2008 film . The television series itself is an early example of an anime becoming a successful franchise in the United States , spawning multiple spinoffs in both print and broadcast media .

neg: Transformers: Victory is an anime series produced by Toei Animation . It is a Japanese-produced spin-off of the well-known original Transformers cartoon , and the final complete animated series from the original `` Generation 1 '' era .

neg: NBCUniversal Entertainment Japan ( formerly known as Geneon Universal Entertainment and previously Pioneer LDC -- Pioneer LaserDisc Company , a former subsidiary of Pioneer Corporation ) is a Japanese music , anime and home entertainment production and distribution enterprise headquartered in Akasaka , Minato , Tokyo , Japan . From its days as Geneon Universal Entertainment , Geneon has been involved in the production and distribution of several anime in Japan . Geneon 's North American branch ( founded as Pioneer Entertainment ) specialized in translating and distributing anime and related merchandise , such as soundtracks across the region . Geneon is a portmanteau of the English words , generate and eon . On February 1 , 2009 , Geneon merged with Universal Pictures Japan into Geneon Universal Entertainment . On December 9 , 2013 , the company changed its name to the current NBCUniversal Entertainment Japan . Outside Japan , the majority of NBCUniversal Entertainment Japan 's anime titles are distributed in the Oceanic region by Universal Sony Pictures Home Entertainment Australia .

neg: Straight Title Robot Anime is a CG anime that first aired on February 6 , 2013 in Japan . The anime is created with the MikuMikuDance animation software , and is the first MMD-based program to air on TV .

neg: Megadeus is the name given to the giant robots and monsters of The Big O anime series . Forty years prior to the events of the series , the world was turned into a vast desert wasteland and the survivors were left without memories . The megadeuses are portrayed as remnants of the previous civilization , a lost technology few citizens of Paradigm know how to control . The word is a blend of the Greek mega - , meaning `` Great '' , and the Latin deus , meaning `` god '' . The pilot of a `` Big '' megadeus is a , taken from Latin .   The robots were designed by series creator Keiichi Sato , who also designed the Mazinger mechas featured on the Mazinkaiser OVA and the mutant creatures of The SoulTaker TV series .   The designs are strange and `` more macho than practical . '' Unlike the giants of other robot anime , the megadeuses do not exhibit ninja-like speed nor grace or possess voice-activated special attacks ; but for what they lack in agility , they more than make-up in firepower and protection . The robots come armed with weaponry like missiles , piston powered punches , machine guns , and laser cannons .   The nature of the megadeuses is tied to the event forty years prior . In the final episode of the first season , Roger Smith has a flashback in the form of a nightmare : an army of `` Big '' megadeuses burn down the city as a group of bald children look on . In the second season premiere , he experiences a lucid dream of a town without domes , where its citizens have not forgotten who they are and megadeuses are nowhere to be found . In the final episode , he gets another burst of memories : the city stands in ruins and multiple `` Big '' megadeuses fight amongst themselves while a winged giant oversees the onslaught .   In the tradition of Japanese monster movies , The Big O features monsters modeled after conventional or mythological creatures . The series follows the `` villain of the week '' formula , meaning the protagonist is hired to do a job and by episode 's end he must battle a monster using a giant robot of his own . Given the series ' style , for some critics the robot battles seem out of place , while others praise the `` over-the-top-ness '' of their execution .   The term `` megadeus '' is officially used to refer to all giant robots and monsters seen in the series , though the term is often used to refer solely to the four `` Big '' robots . The `` Bigs '' are unique among the other megadeuses in that they are implied to be at least semi-sentient and have the ability to judge a person 's worthiness to be a pilot through the phrase `` Cast in the Name of God , '' then a declaration of either `` Ye Not Guilty '' or `` Ye Guilty . ''

neg: Superior Defender Gundam Force , is a 2004 Japanese anime television series produced by Sunrise . The series was released to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the Gundam media franchise , and was the first Gundam series to be entirely animated in cel-shaded 3D computer graphics ( 3DCG ) , and the first full-3DCG series to be broadcast on Japanese television . The show was directed by Yūichi Abe .

neg: List of Kimba the White Lion episodes These are the episodes of the anime television series Kimba the White Lion ( Jungle Emperor ) . The series originally ran from October 6 , 1965 , to September 28 , 1966 , in Japan and from September 11 , 1966 , to September 3 , 1967 , in the U.S.   There were two English dubs produced for this anime series . The first ( and more widely viewed ) English dub was produced by Titan Productions for NBC Enterprises to license and run in syndication in the United States , with a handful of talented voice actors . Despite that they dubbed all 52 episodes of the series , 49 of them have been aired in a mixed up order , in the United States , due to the NBC catalog order of how they aired them in sequence . On September 30 , 1978 , the license for NBC to hold the rights to the English dub has dropped due to the bankruptcy of Mushi Productions being bankrupt earlier in 1973 . Afterwards , the Titan Productions English dub was no longer available to view at that time .   In 1993 , Fumio Suzuki made plans to bring the series to television once more to the English-speaking market . After the legal battles of who was going to gain ownership , a Canadian company from Toronto known as Zaza Sound Productions Ltd. won the rights to produce a second English dub of the anime series with a handful of Canadian voice actors , as well as airing this dub in several English-speaking regions ( Australia , United Kingdom , etc. ) , with CEG Distribution distributing the series . Landmark Entertainment Group Inc. , Susuki Associates and CEG Cinema Partners have also contributed to this dub . Fans have often labeled this as the `` Canadian dub '' . It was said to be a remake of the 1966 U.S. English dub , with a more faithful translation of the original Japanese scripts , but had to create a whole new soundtrack composed by Paul J. Zaza , since they were unable to use the original soundtrack composed by Isao Tomita which was also used in the 1966 U.S. English dub . This version was also more edited including heavy cuts and changes .   In 1995 , A low-budget American company known as UAV Corporation released a limited number of episodes of the 1993 Canadian English re-dub on VHS in North America , under the title Kimba the Lion Prince .


query: Heinrich Himmler served his country.

pos: Heinrich Himmler Heinrich Luitpold Himmler ( -LSB- ˈhaɪnʁɪç ˈluˑɪtˌpɔlt ˈhɪmlɐ -RSB- ; 7 October 1900 -- 23 May 1945 ) was Reichsführer of the Schutzstaffel ( Protection Squadron ; SS ) , and a leading member of the Nazi Party ( NSDAP ) of Germany . Nazi leader Adolf Hitler briefly appointed him a military commander and later Commander of the Replacement ( Home ) Army and General Plenipotentiary for the administration of the entire Third Reich ( Generalbevollmächtigter für die Verwaltung ) . Himmler was one of the most powerful men in Nazi Germany and one of the people most directly responsible for the Holocaust .   As a member of a reserve battalion during World War I , Himmler did not see active service . He studied agronomy in college , and joined the Nazi Party in 1923 and the SS in 1925 . In 1929 , he was appointed Reichsführer-SS by Hitler . Over the next 16 years , he developed the SS from a mere 290-man battalion into a million-strong paramilitary group , and , following Hitler 's orders , set up and controlled the Nazi concentration camps . He was known to have good organisational skills and for selecting highly competent subordinates , such as Reinhard Heydrich in 1931 . From 1943 onwards , he was both Chief of German Police and Minister of the Interior , overseeing all internal and external police and security forces , including the Gestapo ( Secret State Police ) . Himmler had a lifelong interest in occultism , interpreting Germanic neopagan and Völkisch beliefs to promote the racial policy of Nazi Germany , and incorporating esoteric symbolism and rituals into the SS .   On Hitler 's behalf , Himmler formed the Einsatzgruppen and built extermination camps . As facilitator and overseer of the concentration camps , Himmler directed the killing of some six million Jews , between 200,000 and 500,000 Romani people , and other victims ; the total number of civilians killed by the regime is estimated at eleven to fourteen million people . Most of them were Polish and Soviet citizens .   Late in World War II , Hitler charged Himmler with the command of the Army Group Upper Rhine and the Army Group Vistula ; he failed to achieve his assigned objectives and Hitler replaced him in these posts . Realising that the war was lost , he attempted to open peace talks with the western Allies without Hitler 's knowledge shortly before the war ended . Hearing of this , Hitler dismissed him from all his posts in April 1945 and ordered his arrest . Himmler attempted to go into hiding , but was detained and then arrested by British forces once his identity became known . While in British custody , he committed suicide on 23 May 1945 .

neg: Otto Hellmuth Otto Hellmuth ( July 22 , 1896 -- April 20 , 1968 ) was a member of the Nazi Party .   Born at Markt Einersheim , he was Gauleiter of the German region of Lower Franconia ( Unterfranken ) from 1928 to 1945 . His home and office were in Würzburg , the capital of the Gau Mainfranken . By 1935 , Hellmuth had his Gau renamed as Mainfranken . After World War II , the region 's original name was reinstated . He entered service as a Kriegsfreiwilliger , assigned successively to 9 . Bayerisches Infanterie-Regiment , 4 . Reserve-Infanterie-Regiment , and 8 . Landwehr-Infanterie-Regiment . He was wounded in action four times during World War I . He returned to Germany in October , 1918 after being severely gassed .   In 1928 , Hellmuth became Gauleiter of Lower Franconia . Three weeks before the first nationwide anti-Jewish boycott began in 1933 , Hellmuth already forced the closing of Jewish-owned stores and offices in Würzburg . As a private residence , he acquired the house of a Jewish pharmacist . When the Gaufrauenschaftsleiterin of Mainfranken paid Passau a formal visit , with a delegation of activists , Margarethe Schneider-Reichel presented them with a painting of Hellmuth .   Over most of his term , Hellmuth was not an impressive personality . Joseph Goebbels saw him as `` a most retiring unassuming Gauleiter in whom one had not too much confidence . '' However , Hellmuth defended his Gau vigorously in the spring of 1945 , as Goebbels noted in his diary on April 2 .   In 1947 , Hellmuth was accused of complicity in the murders of Allied aircraft pilots . He was tried at Dachau and sentenced to death . This sentence was later commuted to life imprisonment . He was released in 1955 .   Hellmuth killed himself on April 20 , 1968 in Reutlingen .

neg: Free Society of Teutonia The Free Society of Teutonia was one of the earliest National Socialist organizations to appear in America . It was a German American organization that was associated with a strong support for Nazism .   The Society was formed in 1924 by four German immigrants , including Nazi Party members Fritz and Peter Gissibl and their brother Andrew . The organization was originally led by German immigrant and non-citizen Fritz Gissibl , who made his headquarters in Chicago and from there it set about recruiting ethnic Germans who supported German nationalist aims .  The Teutonia Society initially functioned as a club , but soon raised a group of militants based on the SA and , with membership increasing , became vocal critics of Jews , communism and the Treaty of Versailles . Alongside this however it retained a social function , with Teutonia Society meetings frequently ending up in heavy beer drinking sessions .   The group changed its name to the Nationalistic Society of Teutonia in 1926 , at which point Peter Gissibil was advising members to also seek Nazi Party membership . The group gained a strong , if fairly small following , and was able to establish units in Milwaukee , St. Louis , Missouri , Detroit , New York City , Cincinnati and Newark , New Jersey The group 's treasurer was Fritz Gissibil , who was also the main Nazi Party representative in the United States and who regularly collected money for the Nazis through the Society . A `` thank you '' letter from Adolf Hitler to the Society would cause a stir during the Second World War when the Gissibil brothers were brought to trial following an FBI investigation .   The group accepted Hitler as its titular leader and members adopted the Nazi salute , the Society changed its name again in October 1932 to become the Friends of the Hitler Movement .   Under orders of German immigrant and German Nazi Party member Heinz Spanknöbel , the Society was dissolved in March 1933 . In May 1933 , Nazi Deputy Führer Rudolf Hess gave Heinz Spanknöbel authority to form an American Nazi organization . Shortly thereafter , with help from the German consul in New York City , Spanknöbel created the Friends of New Germany by merging two older organizations in the United States , Gau-USA and the Free Society of Teutonia , which were both small groups with only a few hundred members each . The Friends of New Germany in turn formed the basis of the German American Bund in 1936 , the latter name being chosen to emphasise the group 's American credentials after press criticism that the Society was unpatriotic .   One of the leaders of the Teutonia Society was Walter Kappe . Kappe ( b. 1904 ) arrived in the United States in 1925 and worked in a farm implement factory in Kankakee , Illinois . Later he moved to Chicago and began to write for German language newspapers . Kappe was fluent in English and later became the press secretary for the German American Bund . He founded their paper Deutscher Weckruf und Beobachter and its predecessor Deutsche Zeitung . In 1936 , when the German American Bund was established , Kappe organized the AV Publishing Company and five other Bund corporations . Fritz Kuhn ousted Kappe from his position in the Bund seeing him as a dangerous rival . In 1937 , Kappe returned to Germany , where he was attached to Abwehr II ( the sabotage branch of German intelligence ) where he obtained a Naval commission with the rank of lieutenant . He was designated by Adolf Hitler to launch a sabotage operation against America shortly after the attack on Pearl Harbor . Known as Operation Pastorius , Kappe recruited men for the mission by reviewing records from the Ausland Institute ( German Foreign Institute ) of those who were paid to return to Germany from America . He established a sabotage school on the outskirts of Berlin to train the new recruits . Once the sabotage network was established and transferred to America , Kappe planned to slip into the US with a new identity and direct operations . On June 13 , 1942 , Richard Quirin , George John Dasch , Heinrich Harm Heinck and Ernst Peter Burger landed on a beach near Amagansett , Long Island , New York on a U-boat . A similar group landed on Ponte Vedra Beach , near Jacksonville , Florida on June 17 , 1942 .

neg: Panzer I The Panzer I was a light tank produced in Germany in the 1930s . The name is short for the German Panzerkampfwagen I ( `` armored fighting vehicle mark I '' ) , abbreviated PzKpfw I . The tank 's official German ordnance inventory designation was SdKfz 101 ( `` special purpose vehicle 101 '' ) .   Design of the Panzer I began in 1932 and mass production began in 1934 . Intended only as a training tank to introduce the concept of armored warfare to the German Army , the Panzer I saw combat in Spain during the Spanish Civil War , in Poland , France , the Soviet Union and North Africa during the Second World War , and in China during the Second Sino-Japanese War . Experiences with the Panzer I during the Spanish Civil War helped shape the German Panzerwaffes ' invasion of Poland in 1939 and France in 1940 . By 1941 , the Panzer I chassis design was used as the basis of tank destroyers and assault guns . There were attempts to upgrade the Panzer I throughout its service history , including by foreign nations , to extend the design 's lifespan . It continued to serve in the Spanish Armed Forces until 1954 .   The Panzer I 's performance in combat was limited by its thin armour and light armament of two machine guns . As a design intended for training , the Panzer I was not as capable as other light tanks of the era , such as the Soviet T-26 . Although weak in combat , it formed a large part of Germany 's tank forces and was used in all major campaigns between September 1939 and December 1941 . The small , vulnerable light tank would be surpassed in importance by other German tanks , such as the Panzer IV , Panther , and Tiger ; nevertheless , the Panzer I 's contribution to the early victories of Nazi Germany during World War II was significant . Later in that war the turrets of the then obsolete PzKpfw Is and PzKpfw IIs were repurposed as gun turrets on specially built defensive bunkers , particularly on the Atlantic Wall .

neg: German resistance to Nazism German resistance to Nazism ( German : Widerstand ) was the opposition by individuals and groups in Germany to the National Socialist regime between 1933 and 1945 . Some of these engaged in active plans to remove Adolf Hitler from power and overthrow his regime .   The term German resistance should not be understood as meaning that there was a united resistance movement in Germany at any time during the Nazi period , analogous to the more coordinated Polish Underground State , Greek Resistance , Yugoslav Partisans , French Resistance , Dutch Resistance , Norwegian resistance movement and Italian Resistance . The German resistance consisted of small and usually isolated groups . They were unable to mobilize political opposition . Save for individual attacks on Nazis ( including Hitler ) or sabotage acts , the only real strategy was to persuade leaders of the Wehrmacht to stage a coup against the regime : the 1944 assassination attempt against Hitler was intended to trigger such a coup .   Approximately 77,000 German citizens were killed for one or another form of resistance by Special Courts , courts-martial , People 's Court and the civil justice system . Many of these Germans had served in government , the military , or in civil positions , which enabled them to engage in subversion and conspiracy ; in addition the Canadian historian Peter Hoffman counts unspecified `` tens of thousands '' in concentration camps who were either suspected or actually engaged in opposition . By contrast , the German historian Hans Mommsen wrote that resistance in Germany was `` resistance without the people '' and that the number of those Germans engaged in resistance to the Nazi regime was very small . The resistance in Germany included German citizens of non-German ethnicity , such as members of the Polish minority who formed resistance groups like Olimp .

neg: Frankfurt Documents thumb | right | 200px | Members of the Frankfurt conference  Frankfurt Documents were a series of documents which were an important step on the way to the founding of the Federal Republic of Germany .   On July 1 , 1948 the representatives of the Western allied occupation forces handed over a number of documents to the prime ministers and two ruling mayors from the western zones of occupation , in which the recommendations were made , including establishing a West German state . The main problem of these recommendations was that they did not provide all-German solution , but only a West German state . The Frankfurt documents formed a working basis for the work on the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany . They were created at the London 6-Power Conference in early 1948 .   The handover took place in the IG Farben Building in Frankfurt am Main , and the documents took the name of this town . The military governors Lucius D. Clay ( United States ) , Marie-Pierre Koenig ( France ) and Sir Brian Robertson ( UK ) issued an order establishing a western German state . Present were Peter Altmeier ( Rhineland-Palatinate ) , Karl Arnold ( North Rhine-Westphalia ) , Lawrence Bock ( Württemberg-Hohenzollern ) , Max Brauer ( Hamburg ) , Hans Ehard ( Bavaria ) , Wilhelm Kaisen ( Bremen ) , Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf ( Lower Saxony ) , Hermann Lüdemann ( Schleswig-Holstein ) , Reinhold Maier ( Württemberg-Baden ) , Christian Stock ( Hessen ) and Leo Wohleb ( Baden ) .   A West German state was to be established under the following conditions :   There should be a constitutional convention ( German : Verfassunggebende Versammlung , literally , `` Constituent Assembly '' ) before September 1 , 1948 , to draft a constitution shaping a federal form of government , while maintaining the rights of people and the participating states .  This constitution should first be approved by the military governments , then a referendum in the countries to ratify the Constitution .  The respective simple majority in two thirds of eleven West German states should be sufficient for ratification . Constitutional amendments must be approved by the military governors .  The German foreign policy should continue to be controlled by the military governors in a minimum , as Ruhr questions , repairs , industrial and rights of the Allied forces .  The boundaries of each state should be reviewed and it should , if necessary , taking into account of traditional forms of new countries are created , none compared to the other should be too large or too small .   The Frankfurt Documents prompted the Prime Minister to hold Rittersturz Conference in Koblenz , on the resolutions that were passed .   Category : Political history of Germany  Category : Political conferences

neg: Gottlob Berger Gottlob Christian Berger ( 16 July 1896 -- 5 January 1975 ) was a senior German Nazi official who held the rank of SS-Obergruppenführer und General der Waffen-SS ( lieutenant general ) , and was the chief of the SS Main Office responsible for Schutzstaffel ( SS ) recruiting during World War II . Serving in the German Army during World War I , he was wounded four times and awarded the Iron Cross First Class . Immediately after the war , he was a leader of the Einwohnerwehr militia in his native North Württemberg . He joined the Nazi Party in 1922 , but lost interest in right-wing politics during the 1920s , training and working as a physical education teacher .   In the late 1920s , he rejoined the Nazi Party and became a member of the paramilitary Sturmabteilung ( SA ) in 1931 . He clashed with other leaders of the SA , and joined the Allgemeine-SS in 1936 . Initially responsible for physical education in an SS region , he was soon transferred to the staff of Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler as head of the sports office . In 1938 , he was appointed as head of the recruiting office of the SS Main Office ( SS-HA ) , taking over as chief of the SS-HA the following year . To a significant extent , Berger was the `` father '' of the Waffen-SS , as he not only implemented recruiting structures and policies that assisted the Waffen-SS to circumvent Wehrmacht controls over conscription , but also extended Waffen-SS recruiting first to `` Germanic '' volunteers from Scandinavia and western Europe , then Volksdeutsche ( ethnic Germans ) outside the Reich , and finally to peoples who in no way reflected Himmler 's ideas of `` racial purity '' . He consistently advocated greater ideological training for the Waffen-SS , but did not view SS ideology as a replacement for religion . He also sponsored and protected his friend Oskar Dirlewanger , whom he placed in command of a unit of convicted criminals ; the SS-Sonderkommando Dirlewanger subsequently committed many war crimes . Berger often clashed with senior officers of the Wehrmacht and even with senior Waffen-SS officers over his recruiting methods , but he took advantage of opportunities as they presented themselves in order to grow the Waffen-SS to a total of 38 divisions by war 's end .   Berger undertook several other roles in the latter stages of the war , while continuing as chief of the SS-HA . He had a key role in the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories from mid-1942 , allowing the SS to direct much of the economic activity in the east . In this role he proposed a plan to kidnap and enslave 50,000 Eastern European children between the ages of 10 and 14 , under the codename Heuaktion , a plan that was subsequently carried out . In response to the Slovak National Uprising in August 1944 , Berger was appointed as Military Commander in Slovakia , and was in charge during the initial failure to suppress the revolt . The following month he was appointed as one of the two chiefs of staff of the Volkssturm militia , and as chief of the prisoner of war camps . In the final months of the war he commanded German forces in the Bavarian Alps , which included remnants of several of the Waffen-SS units he had helped recruit . He surrendered to U.S. troops near Berchtesgaden , and was promptly arrested . He was tried and convicted in the Ministries Trial of the U.S. Nuremberg Military Tribunals for war crimes , and was sentenced to 25 years imprisonment . His sentence was soon reduced to 10 years , and he was released after serving six and a half years . After release he advocated for the rehabilitation of the Waffen-SS and worked in several manufacturing businesses . He died in his hometown in 1975 .   Described as blustery , cynical , and `` one of Himmler 's most competent and trusted war-time lieutenants '' , Berger was also an ardent anti-Semite and a skilled and unscrupulous bureaucratic manipulator . Due to his organisational and recruiting skills , Berger was kept as the chief of the SS-HA throughout the war .

neg: Deutschlandlied The `` Deutschlandlied '' ( English : `` Song of Germany '' , -LSB- ˈdɔʏtʃlantˌliːt -RSB- ; also known as `` Das Lied der Deutschen '' or `` The Song of the Germans '' ) , or part of it , has been the national anthem of Germany since 1922 , except in East Germany , whose anthem was `` Auferstanden aus Ruinen '' ( `` Risen from Ruins '' ) from 1949 to 1990 .   Since World War II and the fall of Nazi Germany , only the third stanza has been used as the national anthem . The stanza 's beginning , '' '' ( `` Unity and Justice and Freedom '' ) is considered the unofficial national motto of Germany , and is inscribed on modern German Army belt buckles and the rims of some German coins .   The music was written by Austrian composer Joseph Haydn in 1797 as an anthem for the birthday of Francis II , Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and later of Austria , using a tune from a Croat peasant song and on a text beginning with `` Gott erhalte Franz , den Kaiser '' ( God save emperor Franz ) . In 1841 , the German linguist and poet August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben wrote the lyrics of '' '' as a new text for that music , counterposing the national unification of Germany to the eulogy of a monarch , lyrics that were considered revolutionary at the time .   The song is also well known by the beginning and refrain of the first stanza , `` Deutschland , Deutschland über alles '' ( `` Germany , Germany above all else '' ) , but this has never been its title . The line `` Germany , Germany above all else '' meant that the most important goal of 19th-century German liberal revolutionaries should be a unified Germany which would overcome loyalties to the local kingdoms , principalities , duchies , and palatines ( Kleinstaaterei ) of then-fragmented Germany . Along with the flag of Germany , it was one of the symbols of the March Revolution of 1848 .   In order to endorse its republican and liberal tradition , the song was chosen as the national anthem of Germany in 1922 , during the Weimar Republic . West Germany adopted the '' '' as its official national anthem in 1952 for similar reasons , with only the third stanza sung on official occasions . Upon German reunification in 1990 , only the third stanza was confirmed as the national anthem .

neg: Ideology of the SS The ideology espoused by the Schutzstaffel ( `` Protection Squadron '' ; SS ) , a paramilitary force and instrument of terror of the Nazi Party in Nazi Germany , emphasized a racist vision of `` racial purity '' , antisemitism , and loyalty to Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany .   SS men were indoctrinated with the belief they were members of a `` master race '' . The ideology of the SS was , even more so than in Nazism in general , built on the belief in a superior `` Aryan race '' . This led to the SS playing the main role in political violence and crimes against humanity , including the Holocaust and `` mercy killing '' of those with congenital illnesses . After the defeat of Nazi Germany in World War II , the SS and Nazi Party were found to be criminal organizations at the Nuremberg Trials .

neg: Kraljevo massacre The Kraljevo massacre was the mass murder of approximately 2,000 residents of the central Serbian city of Kraljevo by the Wehrmacht between 15 and 20 October 1941 , during World War II . The massacre came in reprisal for a joint Partisan -- Chetnik attack on a German garrison in which 10 German soldiers were killed and 14 wounded . The number of hostages to be shot was calculated based on a ratio of 100 hostages executed for every German soldier killed and 50 hostages executed for every German soldier wounded , a formula devised by Adolf Hitler with the intent of suppressing anti-Nazi resistance in Eastern Europe .   The Wehrmacht initially responded by rounding up and executing 300 Serbian civilians , described in contemporary documents as `` communists , nationalists , democrats and Jews . '' Over the following several days , all men between the ages of 14 and 60 were arrested and herded into a makeshift detention centre at the local rolling-stock factory . Once there , their papers were checked and their names entered into a ledger . When the camp was full , the Wehrmacht ordered groups of 100 prisoners to march to pre-dug mass graves , where they were executed with heavy machine guns . The bodies were then examined for any signs of life ; victims that had survived the initial volley were dealt a single bullet to the head . Once the first group had been liquidated , the soldiers returned to the factory and collected the next 100 victims . This process continued until all the men that were rounded up had been killed . The reprisals lasted several days . Following the shooting of hostages from the rolling-stock factory , the Wehrmacht deployed through the surrounding villages , burning homes and killing indiscriminately . According to the 717th Infantry Division 's own records , 1,736 men and 19 `` communist '' women from the city and its outskirts were executed , despite attempts by local collaborationists to mitigate the punishment . Twenty members of the 717th Infantry Division were later conferred Iron Crosses for their role in the killings .   The massacre at Kraljevo , as well as a similar and nearly concurrent massacre in nearby Kragujevac , convinced German commanders that mass killings of Serbian hostages were not only ineffectual but also counterproductive , as they drove locals into the hands of insurgents and sometimes resulted in the deaths of factory workers contributing to the German war effort . Following the war , several senior German military officials were tried and convicted for their involvement in the reprisal shootings at the Nuremberg Trials and the Subsequent Nuremberg trials .

neg: Schrecklichkeit Schrecklichkeit ( German `` terror '' or `` frightfulness '' ) is a word used by English speakers to describe an assumed military policy of the German Army towards civilians in World War I.  It was the basis of German actions during their march through Belgium in 1914 . Similar policies were followed later in France , the Russian-held area of Poland , and in Russia .   Under the traditional `` laws of war '' in Europe , military activity was to be confined to the regular , uniformed armies of each side . Civilians were to take no part in fighting , neither attacking or being attacked . Thus , when the uniformed army troops in a nation or region were all defeated , resistance was supposed to end . In practice , informal resistance by `` partisans '' , `` guerrillas '' , or `` francs-tireurs '' often continued after the `` regular '' troops had given up or withdrawn . These fighters , never officially enrolled in an army , and not wearing uniforms to identify them as combatants , attacked occupying troops by ambushes , surprises , and sniping . Conducting such operations out of uniform was considered perfidy , and those involved could be executed .   Occupying armies sometimes responded to such attacks by reprisals against the local population : execution of local inhabitants , whether known to be guerrillas or not , or destruction ( usually by burning ) of homes and other structures .   German army doctrine in force at the time called for such reprisals to be performed immediately and severely in any case of civilian resistance . It was argued that such schrecklichkeit would end resistance quickly with relatively little bloodshed , whereas restraint would encourage resistance , leading to greater destruction and death .   When Germany invaded Belgium in 1914 , the German high command expected to sweep through the country with negligible opposition . The German army was many times larger and stronger than the Belgian army , and the Germans therefore thought that any resistance by Belgium would be futile . German leaders had even suggested to the Belgian government that in the event of war , the Belgians should just line up along the roads and watch the Germans march through . Belgium 's refusal to accept these German presumptions and its resistance to the German advance came as a surprise , and disrupted the German timetable for advancing into France .   This frustration was communicated to the German troops in Belgium . Anything which delayed the German advance was to be crushed mercilessly . The Belgians were viewed as irrational and even treacherous for their opposition .   This led to exaggerated suspicions among German commanders of Belgian civilian resistance . It is possible that some Belgian civilians engaged in resistance , though none is documented . It is certain that on several occasions , German commanders declared ( probably in unconscious error ) that such acts had occurred when they had not .   The Germans responded to these perceived acts of resistance with harsh measures . In several villages and towns , hundreds of civilians were executed . Many buildings were put to the torch . Priests thought guilty of encouraging the resistance were killed . Violence by German soldiers against Belgians , such as rape , was ignored or not seriously punished . The Belgian city of Leuven was largely destroyed . One German officer later wrote about the town , `` We shall wipe it out ... Not one stone will stand upon another . We will teach them to respect Germany . For generations people will come here and see what we have done '' .   These actions , taken in a period of near-panic as the German forces desperately tried to carry out their flanking march before Allied forces could respond , proved to be a propaganda disaster for Germany . The reports of them caused a wave of indignation which aided the Allied cause .

neg: German–Soviet Axis talks In October and November 1940 , German -- Soviet Axis talks occurred concerning the Soviet Union 's potential entry as a fourth Axis Power in World War II . The negotiations , which occurred during the era of the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact and the German-Soviet Commercial Agreement , included a two-day Berlin conference between Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov , Adolf Hitler and German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop , followed by both countries trading written proposed agreements . After two days of negotiations from 12 to 14 November 1940 , Germany presented the Soviets with a draft written Axis pact agreement defining the world spheres of influence of the four proposed Axis powers ( Japan , Germany , Soviet Union , Italy ) . Hitler , Ribbentrop and Molotov tried to set German and Soviet spheres of influence ; Hitler encouraged Molotov to look south to Iran and eventually India while preserving German access to Finland 's resources , and to remove Soviet influence in the Balkans . Molotov remained firm , seeking to remove German troops from Finland and gain a warm water port in the Balkans . Soviet foreign policy calculations were predicated by the idea that the war would be a long - term struggle and therefore German claims that Britain would be defeated swiftly were treated with scepticism . In addition Stalin sought to remain influential in Bulgaria and Yugoslavia . These factors resulted in Molotov taking a firm line . According to a Columbia University academical source , on 25 November 1940 , the Soviets presented a Stalin-drafted written counterproposal where they would accept the four power pact , but it included Soviet rights to Bulgaria and a world sphere of influence centered on the area around modern Iraq and Iran . Germany did not respond , leaving the negotiations unresolved . Regarding the counterproposal , Hitler remarked to his top military chiefs that Stalin `` demands more and more '' , `` he 's a cold-blooded blackmailer '' and that `` a German victory has become unbearable for Russia '' so that `` she must be brought to her knees as soon as possible . '' Germany ended the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact in June 1941 by invading the Soviet Union .

neg: Aryan certificate In Nazi Germany , the Aryan certificate ( ` Ariernachweis ' ) was a document which certified that a person was a member of the Aryan race . Beginning in April 1933 it was required from all employees and officials in the public sector , including education , according to the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service . It was also a primary requirement to become a Reich citizen , mainly for those who were not present in Germany at the time of the National Socialist regime 's uprising .   There were two main types .  Kleiner Ariernachweis '' ( `` Lesser Aryan certificate '' ) was one of :  Seven birth or baptism certificates ( or a combination of both ) ( the person , his parents and grandparents ) and three marriage certificates ( parents and grandparents ) or certified proofs thereof .  Ahnenpass ( literally ancestor 's passport )  Certified genealogy table ( `` Ahnentafel '' )  `` Großer Ariernachweis '' ( `` Greater Aryan certificate '' ) was required for compliance with the requirements of `` Reichserbhofgesetz '' ( land heritage law ) and membership in the Nazi party . This certificate had to trace the family pedigree down to 1800 ( and to 1750 for SS officers ) . According to the especially strict regulation of this law which included the goal of `` Preserving the Purity of German Blood '' only those were eligible who could prove ( reaching back to January 1 , 1800 ) that `` none of their paternal nor their maternal ancestors had Jewish or colored blood '' .

neg: Lebensraum The German concept of Lebensraum ( -LSB- ˈleːbənsˌʁaʊm -RSB- , `` living space '' ) refers to policies and practices of settler colonialism which proliferated in Germany from the 1890s to the 1940s . First popularized around 1901 , Lebensraum became a geopolitical goal of Imperial Germany in World War I ( 1914 -- 1918 ) originally , as the core element of the Septemberprogramm of territorial expansion . The most extreme form of this ideology was supported by the Nazi Party ( NSDAP ) and Nazi Germany until the end of World War II .   Following Adolf Hitler 's rise to power Lebensraum became an ideological principle of Nazism , and provided justification for the German territorial expansion into East-Central Europe . The Nazi Generalplan Ost policy ( the Master Plan for the East ) was based on its tenets . It stipulated that most of the indigenous populations of Eastern Europe would have to be removed permanently ( either through mass deportation to Siberia , death , or enslavement ) including Polish , Ukrainian , Russian , and other Slavic nations considered racially inferior and non-Aryan . The Nazi government aimed at repopulating these lands with Germanic colonists in the name of Lebensraum during World War II and thereafter . The entire populations were to be decimated by starvation , allowing for their own agricultural surplus to feed Germany .   Hitler 's strategic program for world domination was based on the belief in the power of Lebensraum , pursued by a racially superior society . People deemed to be part of inferior races , within the territory of Lebensraum expansion , were subjected to expulsion or destruction . The eugenics of Lebensraum assumed the right of the German Aryan master race ( Herrenvolk ) to remove indigenous people they considered to be of inferior racial stock ( Untermenschen ) in the name of their own living space . Nazi Germany also supported other ` Aryan ' nations ' pursuing their own Lebensraum , including Fascist Italy 's Spazio vitale .

neg: National Socialist Party (Romania) The National Socialist Party ( formally Nationalist-Socialist Party of Romania ; Romanian : Partidul Național-Socialist din România , PNSR ) or Steel Testudo ( Pavăza de Oțel ) was a mimetic Nazi political party , active in Romania during the early 1930s . It was led by Colonel Ștefan Tătărescu , the brother of Gheorghe Tătărescu ( twice Prime Minister of Romania during that interval ) , and existed around the newspaper Crez Nou . One of several far-right factions competing unsuccessfully against the Iron Guard for support , the group made little headway , and existed at times as a satellite of the National-Christian Defense League .   The PNSR proposed a program of corporatism and statism , promising a basic income , full employment , and limits on capitalist profits . It was anticommunist generally , and in particular anti-Soviet , circulating the theory of Jewish Bolshevism while describing its own program as the alternative , `` positive '' , socialism . The party also claimed for itself the banner of Christianity , which it associated with calls for social reorganization and the expulsion or segregation of Romanian Jews . Its Germanophilia and antisemitism were supplemented by shows of support for the policies of King Carol II .   The PNSR ' ideological stance , exotic in its Romanian context , found favor in Nazi Germany , notably from Alfred Rosenberg . Overall , the PNSR failed in its bid to establish a pan-fascist alliance in Romania , and , despite being nativist , functioned as a magnet for Transylvanian Saxons , Bessarabia Germans , and Russian émigrés . Tătărescu was received officially by his German patrons , who also provided the PNSR with funds , but eventually dropped by them for his unpopularity and alleged corruption . In late 1933 , under the antifascist Prime Minister Ion G. Duca , the party was repressed .   Tătărescu exercised some influence over his brother 's government in 1934 , helping to steer the country away from its traditional alliances , but failed in his attempt to obtain arms deals for Germany . Disavowed by both its Nazi backers and Gheorghe Tătărescu , the party moderated its stances , then disappeared from the political scene in July 1934 . Its Saxon chapter , under Fritz Fabritius , reemerged as the German People 's Party the following year .

neg: Conversion of Jews to Catholicism during the Holocaust The conversion of Jews to Catholicism during the Holocaust is one of the most controversial aspects of the record of Pope Pius XII during The Holocaust .   According to John Morley , who wrote about Vatican diplomacy during the Holocaust , `` one of the principal concerns of the Vatican , especially in the early days of the war , was those Jews who had converted to Catholicism , the so-called Catholic or Christian non-Aryans '' . Morley further argues that Pius XII was `` primarily , almost exclusively , concerned about baptized Jews '' . Moreover , Pius XII 's purported fear of reprisals against `` non-Aryan Catholics '' is often cited as a motive for his not speaking out against the Holocaust .   In many Axis and Axis-occupied countries , racial legislation restricted , banned , or did not recognize the conversion of Jews to Christianity . Across Europe -- in Croatia , France , Germany , Hungary , Italy , Romania , and Slovakia -- Pius XII 's nuncios saved their staunchest protests for the effects of the various anti-Jewish laws on baptized Jews . According to Roth and Ritner , `` this is a key point because , in debates about Pius XII , his defenders regularly point to denunciations of racism and defense of Jewish converts as evidence of opposition to antisemitism of all sorts '' . The Holocaust is one of the most acute examples of the `` recurrent and acutely painful issue in the Catholic-Jewish dialogue '' , namely `` Christian efforts to convert Jews '' .

neg: Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt The presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt began on March 4 , 1933 , when he was inaugurated as the 32nd President of the United States , and ended upon his death on April 12 , 1945 , a span of ( 4422 days ) . Roosevelt assumed the presidency in the midst of the Great Depression . Starting with his landslide victory over Republican President Herbert Hoover in the 1932 election . He won a record four presidential terms , and became a central figure in world affairs during World War II . His program for relief , recovery and reform , known as the New Deal , involved a great expansion of the role of the federal government in the economy . Under his steady leadership , the Democratic Party built a `` New Deal Coalition '' of labor unions , big city machines , white ethnics , African Americans , and rural white Southerners , that would significantly realign American politics for the next several decades in the Fifth Party System and also define modern American liberalism .   During his first hundred days in office , Roosevelt spearheaded unprecedented major legislation and issued a profusion of executive orders that instituted the New Deal -- a variety of programs designed to produce relief ( government jobs for the unemployed ) , recovery ( economic growth ) , and reform ( through regulation of Wall Street , banks and transportation ) . He created numerous programs to support the unemployed and farmers , and to encourage labor union growth while more closely regulating business and high finance . The repeal of Prohibition in 1933 added to his popularity , helping him win re-election by a landslide in 1936 . The economy improved rapidly from 1933 to 1937 , but then relapsed into a deep recession in 1937 -- 38 . The bipartisan Conservative Coalition that formed in 1937 prevented his attempted packing of the Supreme Court , and blocked most of his legislative proposals , aside from the Fair Labor Standards Act . When the war began and unemployment largely became a non-issue , conservatives in Congress repealed the two major relief programs , the WPA and CCC , but kept most of the regulations on business . Along with several smaller programs , major surviving programs from the New Deal include the Securities and Exchange Commission , the Wagner Act , the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation , and Social Security .   A potential worldwide war loomed after 1937 , with the Japanese invasion of China and the aggression of Nazi Germany , which invaded Poland in September 1939 . Roosevelt remained officially neutral but gave strong diplomatic and financial support to China , the United Kingdom , Free France , and the Soviet Union via initiatives such as the Lend-Lease programs . Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7 , 1941 , Roosevelt sought and obtained a declaration of war upon Japan . A few days later , he sought and obtained a declaration of war upon the other major Axis powers , Germany and Italy . Assisted by his top aide Harry Hopkins , and with very strong national support , he worked closely with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill , Soviet leader Joseph Stalin , and Chinese Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek in leading the Allies during World War II . He supervised the mobilization of the U.S. economy to support the war effort , and the war saw the end of the massive unemployment that characterized the Great Depression . Roosevelt sought to desegregate the federal workforce with the Fair Employment Practice Committee , but he also controversially ordered the internment of 100,000 Japanese American civilians . As an active military leader , Roosevelt implemented a war strategy on two fronts that ended in the defeat of the Axis Powers and the development of the world 's first nuclear bomb . Though he died months before the end of the war , his work on the post-war order shaped the new United Nations and the Bretton Woods international financial system . Roosevelt 's health seriously declined during the war years , and he died three months into his fourth term . He was succeeded by Vice President Harry S. Truman . It was on Roosevelt 's watch that the Democratic Party was returned to dominance , prosperity returned , and two great military enemies were destroyed .   Scholars , historians and the public typically rank Roosevelt alongside Abraham Lincoln and George Washington as one of the three greatest U.S. Presidents .

neg: Heimwehr The Heimwehr ( -LSB- ˈhaɪmˌveːɐ̯ -RSB- , Home Guard ) or sometimes Heimatschutz ( -LSB- ˈhaɪmatˌʃʊts -RSB- , Homeland Protection )  were a nationalist , initially paramilitary group operating within Austria during the 1920s and 1930s ; they were similar in methods , organisation , and ideology to Germany 's Freikorps . Although opposed to parliamentary democracy , the Heimwehr maintained a political wing known as the Heimatblock , which cooperated with Engelbert Dollfuss ' conservative government . In 1936 , the Heimwehr was absorbed into the Fatherland Front by decree of Chancellor Kurt von Schuschnigg and replaced by a militia supposedly less inclined towards uproar against the regime , the Frontmiliz .

neg: Liberation of Strasbourg The Liberation of Strasbourg constituted the dramatically symbolic high point for the rehabilitation of the honor of French armed forces as the Allies advanced across France toward Germany in 1944 . Alsace , of which Strasbourg is the capital , had been the focus of French-German enmity since the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71 , and General Charles de Gaulle insisted that only French forces should retake it . After the victory of Kufra , General Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque and his troops swore an oath to fight until `` our flag flies over the Cathedral of Strasbourg '' . The oath was fulfilled on 23 November 1944 , when the 2nd French Armoured Division under Leclerc 's command liberated Strasbourg .   On November 22 , 1944 , the hard-fighting French 2nd Armored Division , along with the French First Army , had been assigned the capture of Strasbourg by Allied Supreme Command . That same day , the 2nd Armored moved up to the vital pass at Saverne , which had been taken by the Americans , about 40 km northwest of Strasbourg . This Saverne `` gap '' is the historic gateway through the barrier of the Vosges Mountains , opening a line of advance on Strasbourg .   On November 23 , 1944 , units of the French 2nd Armored Division entered the city and raised the Free French tricolore over Strasbourg cathedral at 2:30 pm .   The German collective memory of the battle is rather more bleak . In Ardennes : 1944 , Antony Beevor states that the Battle for Strasbourg was one of the more `` inglorious episodes '' in German military history with a collapse of the Wehrmacht defense that was both premature and ignominious . It was hastened by a panic of senior Nazi leadership as many officials fled prior to the Allied push . This led to a general demoralization of Heer , Waffen-SS , and Luftwaffe ground forces as well as a breakdown in discipline . He states : ″ `` The SS had looted Strasbourg before withdrawing . According to one general defending the town , soldiers ordered to ` fight to the last round ' tended to throw away most of their ammunition before the battle , so they could claim that they ran out and then surrender . Generalmajor Vaterrodt , the ( Heer ) commander , was scornful about the behaviour of senior officers and Nazi Party officials . ` I 'm surprised that Himmler did not have anyone hanged in Strasbourg , ' he told fellow officers after he had been captured . ` Everyone ran away , Kreisleiter , Ortsgruppenleiter , the municipal authorities , the mayor and the deputy mayor , they all took to their heels , government officials - all fled ... ' '' . The Alsatian-born Chief Magistrate also fled towards Germany on foot with a backpack - as he had signed many death warrants and collaborated within the German occupation system and was a marked man .   Result   The rapid Liberation of Strasbourg by General LeClerc 's 2nd Armored Division produced a torrent of joy in the newly liberated French nation and was a hugely symbolic victory for the French people and the Western Allies in general . LeClerc was well respected and liked by his American contemporaries , unlike some other French commanders . The Liberation and Tricolore raised over the Cathedral was considered to be the last major objective in the Liberation of France . Unfortunately the Allies were unable to quickly seize on the German collapse . While fuel shortages and the increasing difficulty of supporting armies with lengthening supply lines played a role , General Dwight D. Eisenhower 's lack-of-interest in his southern flank largely doomed any further exploitation around Strasbourg . The commander of the American 6th Army Group , General Jacob L. Devers , believed he could cross the Rhine quickly at Rastatt thereby seizing a bridgehead . But Devers ' ambitious nature and aggressive personality somewhat alienated other commanders such as Eisenhower , and he failed to convince The Supreme Commander of his plan .   A potential bridgehead at Rastatt , had it been quickly seized , would more than likely have secured the southern flank and would have severally disrupted the coming German offensive in the Ardennes . But Eisenhower never seriously considered the opportunity as he seemed fixated on a more direct route to Berlin . As a result , Strasbourg would become threatened during the German Wacht am Rhein offensive known as The Battle of the Bulge in the West . In early January 1945 , the German counteroffensive into France known as Operation Nordwind was quickly contained , but not before both Eisenhower and Devers considered a general withdrawal from Alsace , which would have left Strasbourg undefended . The French Provisional Government considered this an anathema as it was , in General de Gaulle 's words , ( potentially ) `` a national disaster '' . In addition to this , hundreds-of-thousands of Alsatians would be subjected to German reprisals . The talk of a strategic withdrawal was also a blow to morale of the American VI Corps that had fought hard and suffered many casualties securing the area . In response General Charles de Gaulle threatened to pull his forces out of the overall SHAEF Command creating a serious row with Eisenhower . With the support of British Prime Minister Winston Churchill , de Gaulle won over Ike after a contentious argument . Strasbourg was not to be abandoned as the order to withdraw to the east of the Vosges Mountains was rescinded - boosting VI Corps ' morale . The German advance was halted in desperate fighting about 40 kilometers west of Strasbourg and Operation Norwind became another disaster for the German Heer and Waffen-SS with precious divisions reduced .

neg: Cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher Cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher was the process that enabled the British to read high-level German army messages during World War II . The British Government Code and Cypher School ( GC&CS ) at Bletchley Park decrypted many communications between the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht ( OKW , German High Command ) in Berlin and their army commands throughout occupied Europe , some of which were signed `` Adolf Hitler , Führer '' . These were intercepted non-Morse radio transmissions that had been enciphered by the Lorenz SZ teleprinter rotor stream cipher attachments . Decrypts of this traffic became an important source of `` Ultra '' intelligence , which contributed significantly to Allied victory .   For its high-level secret messages , the German armed services enciphered each character using various online Geheimschreiber ( secret writer ) stream cipher machines at both ends of a telegraph link using the 5-bit International Telegraphy Alphabet No. 2 ( ITA2 ) . These machines were the Lorenz SZ ( SZ for Schlüssel-Zusatz , meaning `` cipher attachment '' ) for the army , the Siemens and Halske T52 for the air force and the Siemens T43 , which was little used and never broken by the Allies .   Bletchley Park decrypts of messages enciphered with the Enigma machines revealed that the Germans called one of their wireless teleprinter transmission systems `` Sägefisch '' ( sawfish ) , which led British cryptographers to refer to encrypted German radiotelegraphic traffic as `` Fish '' . `` Tunny '' ( tunafish ) was the name given to the first non-Morse link , and it was subsequently used for the Lorenz SZ machines and the traffic enciphered by them .   As with the entirely separate cryptanalysis of the Enigma , it was German operational shortcomings that allowed the initial diagnosis of the system , and a way into decryption . Unlike Enigma , no physical machine reached allied hands until the very end of the war in Europe , long after wholesale decryption had been established . Initially , operator errors produced a number of pairs of transmissions sent with the same keys , giving a `` depth '' , which often allowed manual decryption to be achieved . One long depth also allowed the complete logical structure of the machine to be worked out , a quite remarkable cryptanalytical feat on which the subsequent wholesale decrypting of Tunny messages relied .   When depths became less frequent , decryption was achieved by a combination of manual and automated methods . The first machine to automate part of the decrypting process was called `` Heath Robinson '' and it was followed by several other `` Robinsons '' . These were , however , slow and unreliable , and were supplemented by the much faster and more flexible `` Colossus '' , the world 's first electronic , programmable digital computer , ten of which were in use by the end of the war , by which time some 90 % of Tunny messages were being decrypted at Bletchley Park .   Albert W. Small , an American cryptanalyst from the US Signal Corps who was seconded to Bletchley Park and worked on Tunny , said in his December 1944 report back to Arlington Hall that :

neg: Operation Clausewitz Operation Clausewitz was the codeword initiation of the defence of Berlin plan by Nazi Germany during the final stage of the European conflict of World War II , the Battle of Berlin . Clausewitz was established in the 9 March 1945 document , Basic Order for the Preparations for the Defense of the Reich Capital ( Grundsätzlicher Befehl für die Vorbereitungen zur Verteidigung der Reichshauptstadt ) , a 33 page document containing 24 separate points . The second point of the document , in full ( translated ) is : `` The Reich capital will be defended to the last man and to the last bullet . '' It has been referred to as the Nazis ' last stand against the Soviets .   The document divided the city of Berlin into 9 operational defense zones ( A through H , as slices of the outer city of Berlin and Z , its center , corresponding to the government district ) . It further divided the region into four concentric rings : an outer exclusion zone , extending well past Berlin 's city limits ; an outer defense zone extending roughly to the city limits ; an inner defense zone extending out to the Berlin Ringbahn ; and the Citadel ( Zitadelle ) , again , zone Z . In addition to the establishment of defense zones , this document also described the overall mechanism by which Berlin would be converted to a front line city . This included :  The evacuation of all Wehrmacht and SS offices in Berlin  Evacuation of the central command post of the capital from General Command on Hohenzollerndamm to L-Tower of the Zoo bunker no more than six hours after the issuance of Clausewitz  The imposition of martial law for the civilian populace , and offenses under which the death penalty was authorized  Hitler ordered the execution of Fall Clausewitz on 20 April 1945 . This set into motion preparedness according to the Basic Order plan , and would have been followed later by the codeword Kolberg meaning full preparedness should be completed and the battle has started .