query: The Avengers feature in and are in the title of Avengers: Age of Ultron.

pos: Avengers: Age of Ultron Avengers : Age of Ultron is a 2015 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team the Avengers , produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . It is the sequel to 2012 's The Avengers and the eleventh film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . The film was written and directed by Joss Whedon and features an ensemble cast that includes Robert Downey Jr. , Chris Hemsworth , Mark Ruffalo , Chris Evans , Scarlett Johansson , Jeremy Renner , Don Cheadle , Aaron Taylor-Johnson , Elizabeth Olsen , Paul Bettany , Cobie Smulders , Anthony Mackie , Hayley Atwell , Idris Elba , Stellan Skarsgård , James Spader , and Samuel L. Jackson . In Avengers : Age of Ultron , the Avengers fight Ultron , an artificial intelligence obsessed with causing human extinction .   The sequel was announced in May 2012 , after the successful release of The Avengers . Whedon , the director of the first film , was brought back on board in August and a release date was set . By April 2013 , Whedon had completed a draft of the script , and casting began in June with the re-signing of Downey . Second unit filming began in February 2014 in South Africa with principal photography taking place between March and August 2014 . The film was primarily shot at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , England , with additional footage filmed in Italy , South Korea , Bangladesh , New York City , and various locations around England . While in post production , the film was converted to 3D and over 3,000 visual effects shots were added .   Avengers : Age of Ultron premiered in Los Angeles on April 13 , 2015 , and was released on May 1 , 2015 , in North America , in 3D and IMAX 3D . The film received positive reviews from critics and grossed over $ 1.4 billion worldwide , making it the seventh-highest-grossing film in history and the fourth-highest-grossing film of 2015 . A sequel , Avengers : Infinity War , is scheduled to be released on May 4 , 2018 , and another untitled sequel is scheduled for May 3 , 2019 .

neg: Fantastic Five Fantastic Five is a fictional superhero team appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . The team exists in the MC2 Universe , an alternate future to the Marvel Universe . A continuation of the Fantastic Four , the team was originally composed of the Human Torch , his wife Ms. Fantastic/Lyja ( a Skrull ) , the Thing , Big Brain ( Reed Richards ' remote-controlled robotic body ) , and Psi-Lord ( Franklin Richards , Reed 's son ) .

neg: Captain Marvel (Mar-Vell) Captain Marvel ( Mar-Vell ) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . The character was created by writer-editor Stan Lee and designed by artist Gene Colan and first appeared in Marvel Super-Heroes # 12 ( December 1967 ) .   The character debuted during the Silver Age of comic books and has made many appearances since then , including a self-titled series and the second volume of the Marvel Spotlight series . Captain Marvel was ranked 24th in IGN 's list of `` The Top 50 Avengers '' and has appeared in television series and video games .

neg: Scarlet Witch Scarlet Witch ( Wanda Maximoff ) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . The character first appeared in X-Men # 4 ( March 1964 ) and was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby . The character has since starred in two self-titled limited series with husband the Vision , and has historically been depicted as a regular team member in superhero title The Avengers .   Scarlet Witch has the superhuman ability to alter reality in unspecific ways . In most depictions , she is a mutant , a human born with natural superhuman powers . Originally revealed to be the daughter of the Golden Age superhero Whizzer , it was later established she and her twin brother Quicksilver were the children of X-Men villain Magneto , and the half-siblings of his daughter Polaris . This parentage was their status quo until 2014 , when a further retcon revealed that she and Quicksilver were in fact non-mutants who had been kidnapped and experimented on by the High Evolutionary , and then misled to believe that Magneto was their father .   The character was ranked 97th in Wizard 's `` 200 Greatest Comic Book Characters of All Time '' list , 12th in IGN 's list of `` The Top 50 Avengers '' , and 14th in Comics Buyer 's Guide 's `` 100 Sexiest Women in Comics '' list . The character has appeared in other Marvel-endorsed products such as animated films ; arcade and video games ; television series and merchandise such as action figures and trading cards . Elizabeth Olsen portrays Scarlet Witch in the Marvel Cinematic Universe .

neg: Legion of Super-Heroes The Legion of Super-Heroes is a fictional superhero team appearing in books published by DC Comics . Created by writer Otto Binder and artist Al Plastino , the Legion is a group of superpowered beings living in the 30th and 31st centuries of the , and first appears in Adventure Comics # 247 ( April 1958 ) .   Initially , the team was closely associated with the original Superboy character ( Superman when he was a teenager ) , and was portrayed as a group of time travelers . Later , the Legion 's origin and back story were fleshed out , and the group was given its own monthly comic . Eventually , Superboy was removed from the team altogether and appeared only as an occasional guest star .   The team has undergone two major reboots during its run . The original version was replaced with a new rebooted version following the events of the `` Zero Hour '' storyline in 1994 and another rebooted team was introduced in 2004 . A fourth version of the team , nearly identical to the original version , was introduced in 2007 .

neg: Avengers (video game) Avengers , sometimes known as Avenger , and known in Japan as , is a overhead-view vertically scrolling beat 'em up arcade game developed and published by Capcom . The game was directed by Takashi Nishiyama , who later co-planned the original Street Fighter and a few of SNK 's early fighting games .

neg: Maximum Security (comics) `` Maximum Security '' was a comic book story line and company-wide crossover that ran through a three-issue , self-titled limited series and individual issues of the other titles published by Marvel Comics with a cover date of either December 2000 or January 2001 . In it , a multitude of alien civilizations that have previously interacted with Earth join forces to prevent humans from interfering further with galactic affairs . To accomplish this , they designate Earth as a penal colony .   The miniseries and its crossover in the pages of Avengers were written by Kurt Busiek .   Marvel collected half of the story arc in trade paperback on November 24 , 2010 .

neg: Captain Marvel (Marvel Comics) Captain Marvel is the name of several fictional superheroes appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . Most of these versions exist in Marvel 's main shared universe , known as the Marvel Universe .

neg: Film series A film series ( also referred to as a film franchise ) is a collection of related films in succession that share the same fictional universe , or are marketed as a series .   Sometimes the work is conceived from the beginning as a multiple-film work , for example the Three Colours series , but in most cases the success of the original film inspires further films to be made . Individual sequels are relatively common , but are not always successful enough to spawn further installments .   The Marvel Cinematic Universe is the highest grossing film series in unadjusted US Dollar figures surpassing the Harry Potter , Star Wars , James Bond , and Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings series . However , `` Star Wars '' has the highest when adjusted for inflation .

neg: Galactus Galactus is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . Formerly a mortal man , Galactus is a cosmic entity who originally consumed planets to sustain his life force , and serves a functional role in the upkeep of the primary Marvel continuity . Galactus was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby and first appeared in the comic book Fantastic Four # 48 , published in March 1966 .   Lee and Kirby had desired to introduce a character that broke away from the archetype of the standard villain , culminating in the creation of Galactus . In the character 's first appearance Galactus was depicted as a god-like figure who feeds by draining living planets of their energy , and operates without regard to the morality and judgements of mortal beings . Galactus ' initial origin was that of a space explorer named Galan who gained cosmic abilities by passing near a star , but writer Mark Gruenwald further developed the origin of the character , revealing that Galan lived during the previous universe . As Galan 's universe came to an end , Galan merged with the `` Sentience of the Universe '' to become Galactus , an entity that wielded such cosmic power as to require devouring entire planets to sustain his existence . Additional material written by John Byrne , Jim Starlin , and Louise Simonson explored Galactus ' role and purpose in the Marvel Universe , and examined the actions of the character through themes of genocide , manifest destiny , ethics , and natural/necessary existence . Frequently accompanied by a herald ( such as the Silver Surfer ) , the character has appeared as both antagonist and protagonist in central and supporting roles . Since debuting in the Silver Age of Comic Books , Galactus has played a role in over five decades of Marvel continuity .   The character has been featured in other Marvel media , such as arcade games , video games , animated television series , and the 2007 film Fantastic Four : Rise of the Silver Surfer .   In 2009 , Galactus ranked 5th on IGN 's list of `` Top 100 Comic Book Villains '' , citing the character 's `` larger than life presence '' as making him one of the more important villains ever created . IGN also noted `` Galactus is one of the few villains on our list to really defy the definition of an evil-doer '' as the character is compelled to destroy worlds because of his hunger .

neg: Gods (Marvel Comics) Gods are fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . Several characters in many stories have been referred to as gods . Generally , however , only those belonging to two specific types are considered to be the `` true '' gods . Other worlds besides Earth also have their own gods , with different origins .

neg: The New Avengers (comics) The New Avengers is a fictional team of superheroes appearing in comic books published by Marvel Comics . The title has been used for four American comic book series . The first two were written by Brian Michael Bendis and depicted a version of Marvel 's premiere superhero team , the Avengers . The third was written by Jonathan Hickman and depicted a group of characters called the Illuminati ( formerly introduced in New Avengers Vol . 1 # 7 -LSB- July 2005 -RSB- ) . The fourth is written by Al Ewing and depicts the former scientific terrorist group A.I.M. , reformed as `` Avengers Idea Mechanics '' , whose field team has appropriated the name `` New Avengers '' for itself .

neg: Red Guardian The Red Guardian ( Russian : Красный хранитель , Krasnij Khranitel ) is the name of several fictional superheroes appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . The Red Guardian is an identity that was created as the Soviet equivalent of Captain America ; since the fall of the Soviet Union , the name is no longer officially used , though at least two people have claimed the name .

neg: Hawkeye (Kate Bishop) Hawkeye ( Katherine `` Kate '' Bishop ) is a fictional superheroine appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . She is a member of the Young Avengers , a team of superheroes in the Marvel Comics ' shared universe , the Marvel Universe . She is the third character and first female to take the Hawkeye name after Clint Barton of the Avengers and Wyatt McDonald of the Squadron Supreme . Her costume appearance is patterned on the first Hawkeye and Mockingbird .

neg: Ultimate Nick Fury General Nicholas Joseph `` Nick '' Fury is a fictional character appearing in comic books published by Marvel Comics ' Ultimate Marvel section as a different version of Nick Fury . He has a substantial presence in all the Ultimate Marvel comics , appearing first in Ultimate Marvel Team-Up and Ultimate X-Men and later reappearing regularly in Ultimate Spider-Man and finally securing a regular , recurring role as the general of S.H.I.E.L.D. and the leader of the Ultimates , a re-imagining of the Avengers . His character was redesigned to look like Samuel L. Jackson , the actor who later went on to portray Nick Fury in several Marvel movies and television shows set in the established Marvel Cinematic Universe .

neg: Thor: The Mighty Avenger (toy line) Thor : The Mighty Avenger is a toy line manufactured by Hasbro based on the Marvel Comics film , Thor . It is composed mainly of 3.75 '' scale action figures .   The line falls under Marvel 's `` Avengers Assemble '' marketing banner , which will also include the Iron Man : The Armored Avenger and Captain America : The First Avenger toy lines . This will be used as a lead up to 2012 's The Avengers motion picture .   Unlike previous 3.75 '' action figure lines based on movies , Hasbro is not doing a comic series with this line . All of the figures will be based on the movie . This official street date for the line is March 1 , though some stores have started selling the toys in early February .

neg: Liberators (comics) The Liberators are a group of fictional supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . These characters appear in comics set in the Ultimate Marvel universe . Created by Mark Millar and Bryan Hitch , they appear in the miniseries The Ultimates 2 . They are effectively the Ultimate universe 's equivalents of the Masters of Evil .   The Liberators are a superhuman task force who appear at the climax of the plot arc . They spearhead an invasion of the United States and are from a coalition of nations opposed to the United States ' foreign policy . This international collective is made up of China , Syria , North Korea , Iran , and rogue elements of the French and Russian governments . The Liberators and their overseers are an opposing counterpart to the Ultimates and S.H.I.E.L.D. , respectively .   `` We told you to stop making super people , America . We told you not to interfere with cultures you can never understand . This is what happens when your ambitions outstrip your capabilities . The empire takes a fall . Congratulations , ladies and gentlemen ... The Great Satan has just been liberated . ''  - The Colonel

neg: List of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. characters Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. is an American television series created for ABC by Joss Whedon , Jed Whedon , and Maurissa Tancharoen , based on the Marvel Comics organization S.H.I.E.L.D. ( Strategic Homeland Intervention , Enforcement and Logistics Division ) , a fictional peacekeeping and spy agency in a world of superheroes . It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) , sharing continuity with the feature and short films of the franchise .   The series stars Clark Gregg , reprising his role of Phil Coulson from the films , as well as Ming-Na Wen , Brett Dalton , Chloe Bennet , Iain De Caestecker , and Elizabeth Henstridge . Nick Blood and Adrianne Palicki joined the cast for the second and third seasons , while Henry Simmons and Luke Mitchell had recurring roles in the second season before being promoted to the main cast for the third . John Hannah , who recurred in the third season , joined the main cast in the fourth . Additionally , several other characters from Marvel Cinematic Universe films and Marvel One-Shots also appear throughout the series , along with other characters based on various Marvel Comics properties . Several characters from the series also appear in the supplemental digital series Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Slingshot .   This list includes the series ' main cast , all guest stars deemed to have had recurring roles throughout the series , and any other guest who is otherwise notable .

neg: Infinite Comics Infinite Comics is an imprint of comic books published by Marvel Comics , featuring original , made-for-digital stories about the company 's superhero characters , including Spider-Man , Wolverine , the Guardians of the Galaxy , the Silver Surfer , the X-Men and the Avengers . The imprint was launched in 2012 with the publication of Avengers vs. X-Men # 1 : Infinite featuring Nova .  Infinite Comics are designed for horizontal , on-screen reading . Rather than telling a story over a series of static pages that are divided into panels , Infinite Comics present screens of content that `` take advantage of the digital format with techniques that would not be possible in a print comic , like dynamic panel transitions and captions or dialogue boxes that appear sequentially on an image at the prompting of the reader . '' The user retains control over the pace of the reading experience , advancing the story with each swipe -- sometimes staggering elements into the existing screen ( for example , a new word balloon ) and at other times revealing an entirely new screen .   This narrative technique was inspired by the work of a French comic book artist , Yves Bigerel ( alias `` Balak '' ) , who was recruited by Marvel as artistic consultant , storyboarder and artist .

neg: Collector (comics) The Collector ( Taneleer Tivan ) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . Debuting in the Silver Age of Comic Books , the character has been featured in nearly five decades of Marvel continuity .   The Collector appears in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , portrayed by Benicio del Toro , in a cameo in the mid-credits scene of 2013 's Thor : The Dark World , and in 2014 's Guardians of the Galaxy .

neg: Anthony Stark Anthony Stark is the name of :   Anthony Stark ( director ) ( 1961 -- 2011 ) , American film director and screenwriter  Anthony `` Tony '' Stark , the fictional superhero Iron Man


query: Liana Liberato had a lead role in a 2010 American drama thriller movie.

pos: Liana Liberato Liana Daine Liberato ( born August 20 , 1995 ) is an American television and film actress . She played the younger version of the female lead in the 2014 film The Best of Me and starred in the 2010 films , Trust and The Last Sin Eater .

pos: Trust (2010 film) Trust is a 2010 American drama thriller film directed by David Schwimmer and based on a screenplay by Andy Bellin and Robert Festinger , and an uncredited story by Schwimmer . It stars Viola Davis , Clive Owen , Catherine Keener , Jason Clarke , and Liana Liberato .   The film is about a teenage girl who becomes a victim of sexual abuse when she befriends a man on the Internet .

neg: Erased (2012 film) Erased ( released as The Expatriate outside of the US ) is a 2012 Canadian-Belgian thriller film directed by Philipp Stölzl , starring Aaron Eckhart and Olga Kurylenko . The story centers on Ben Logan ( Aaron Eckhart ) an ex-CIA agent and Amy ( Liana Liberato ) , his estranged daughter who are forced on the run when his employers erase all records of his existence , and mark them both for termination as part of a wide-reaching international conspiracy . It was released in the US on 17 May 2013 , following its acquisition by RaDiUS-TWC , the multiplatform distribution label of The Weinstein Company . It was retitled Erased for the US market .

neg: LBJ (film) LBJ is a 2017 American political drama film directed by Rob Reiner and written by Joey Hartstone . The film stars Woody Harrelson , Richard Jenkins , Bill Pullman , Kim Allen , Michael Stahl-David , Jennifer Jason Leigh , Jeffrey Donovan , Doug McKeon , and Michael Mosley . Filming began on September 21 , 2015 in New Orleans . It was screened at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival . On October 12 , 2016 at the 27th edition of the New Orleans Film Festival , Rob Reiner accepted the inaugural Career Achievement Award from LBJ lead actor Woody Harrelson . LBJ made a second film festival showing in less than a month . On May 2 , 2017 , it was announced that Dean Devlin 's Electric Entertainment had acquired all of the film 's North American rights and that the film would be released in 2017 . It was then announced on May 4 that the film would be released in the United States on November 17 , 2017 .

neg: Winter's Bone Winter 's Bone is a 2010 American independent drama film , an adaptation of Daniel Woodrell 's 2006 novel of the same name . Written and directed by Debra Granik , the film stars Jennifer Lawrence as a teenaged girl in the rural Ozarks of the central United States who , to protect her family from eviction , must locate her missing father . The film explores the interrelated themes of close and distant family ties , the power and speed of gossip , self-sufficiency , and poverty as they are changed by the pervasive underworld of illegal methamphetamine labs .   Winter 's Bone won several awards , including the Grand Jury Prize : Dramatic Film at the 2010 Sundance Film Festival . It also received four 2011 Academy Award nominations : Best Picture , Best Adapted Screenplay , Best Actress and Best Supporting Actor .

neg: Conviction (2010 film) Conviction is a 2010 legal drama film directed by Tony Goldwyn , written by Pamela Gray , and starring Hilary Swank and Sam Rockwell . The film premiered on September 11 , 2010 , at the Toronto International Film Festival and was released in the US on October 15 , 2010 .

neg: Housewives from Another World Housewives from Another World is a 2010 American made for cable erotic film directed by Fred Olen Ray ( under the pseudonym name Nicholas Juan Medina ) .

neg: Chelsea (film) Chelsea is a 2010 Ghanaian direct-to-video thriller film directed by Moses Inwang , and starring Majid Michel , Nadia Buari & John Dumelo .

neg: ...And Once Again And Once Again is a 2010 Indian family drama film directed by Amol Palekar . The film premiered in India on 20 August 2010 .

neg: Angel of Evil Angel of Evil ( Vallanzasca -- Gli angeli del male , also known as Vallanzasca - Angels of Evil ) is a 2010 Italian crime film directed by Michele Placido . It is based on the biography Il fiore del male . Bandito a Milano of bank robber Renato Vallanzasca , by Italian journalist Carlo Bonini .

neg: Tales of an Ancient Empire Tales of an Ancient Empire is a 2010 American fantasy-sword and sorcery film directed by Albert Pyun and starring Kevin Sorbo , Michael Paré , Whitney Able , Melissa Ordway , Ralf Moeller , Lee Horsley and Victoria Maurette . It is a sequel to Pyun 's directorial debut , The Sword and the Sorcerer .

neg: Kill Katie Malone Kill Katie Malone is a 2010 American horror film directed by Carlos Ramos Jr. and starring Masiela Lusha from The George Lopez Show and Dean Cain . The screenplay was written by Mark Onspaugh .

neg: Easy Money (2010 film) Easy Money ( Snabba cash ) is a Swedish thriller film directed by Daniel Espinosa that was released on 15 January 2010 . It is based on the 2006 novel of the same name by Jens Lapidus . Joel Kinnaman stars in the lead role of Johan `` JW '' Westlund , a rather poor man living a double life in the upper class areas of Stockholm . After meeting a wealthy girl , he is enticed into the world of organized crime and begins to sell cocaine to afford his expensive lifestyle . Easy Money was well received by critics and was a hit at the box office .   Two sequels to the film have been filmed - the first ( Snabba Cash II ) was released in 2012 , while the third premiered in Swedish cinemas October 2013 . Warner Bros. holds the rights to an American remake of Easy Money , which is set to star Zac Efron .

neg: Koukan Kourcia Koukan Kourcia is a 2010 documentary film .

neg: The Black Pimpernel The Black Pimpernel ( Svarta nejlikan El Clavel negro ) is a Swedish drama film directed by Ulf Hultberg and starring Michael Nyqvist and Lisa Werlinder . The film also features Kate Del Castillo , Luis Gnecco and Claire Ross-Brown in a minor part .   The film is about Harald Edelstam , Sweden 's ambassador to Chile , who after the military coup of Augusto Pinochet in 1973 , managed to save the lives of more than 1,300 people by taking them to his embassy and transporting them to Sweden .   His name comes from the fictional hero The Scarlet Pimpernel who saved many lives during the French Revolution .   The film was shot in Chile in the spring of 2006 and opened September 14 , 2007 .

neg: Melissa P. (film) Melissa P. is a 2005 erotic drama film directed by Luca Guadagnino . It is based on Melissa Panarello 's semi-autobiographical diary novel , 100 colpi di spazzola prima di andare a dormire ( One Hundred Strokes of the Brush Before Bed ) which focuses on the narrator 's teenage sex life . María Valverde stars as the protagonist , alongside Geraldine Chaplin in the Italian-Spanish production . The film was released on 18 November 2005 in Italy , where it topped the box office .

neg: Magic Man (film) Magic Man is a 2010 thriller film directed by Stuart Cooper and starring Billy Zane and Alexander Nevsky .

neg: The Year of the Tiger The Year of the Tiger ( El año del tigre ) is a 2011 Chilean drama film directed by Sebastián Lelio about a prison inmate trying to find his family after the 2010 Chile earthquake .

neg: I Do (2010 film) I Do is a 2010 Filipino romantic comedy film produced and released by Star Cinema . The film was released in the Philippines on September 29 , 2010 .

neg: Ceremony (film) Ceremony is a 2010 American film directed by Max Winkler , in his feature film directorial debut . The film stars Michael Angarano , Uma Thurman , Lee Pace , Rebecca Mader and Reece Thompson . It premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival in September 2010 . The film was released on VOD on March 4 , 2011 and opened in theaters April 8 , 2011 .

neg: Transfer (2010 film) Transfer is a 2010 German drama film directed by Damir Lukacevic .


query: Socrates died in 399 BC.

pos: Socrates Socrates ( -LSB- ˈsɒkrətiːz -RSB- Σωκράτης -LSB- - grcsɔːkrátɛːs -RSB- , Sōkrátēs ; 470/469 -- 399 BC ) was a classical Greek ( Athenian ) philosopher credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy . He is an enigmatic figure known chiefly through the accounts of classical writers , especially the writings of his students Plato and Xenophon and the plays of his contemporary Aristophanes . Plato 's dialogues are among the most comprehensive accounts of Socrates to survive from antiquity , though it is unclear the degree to which Socrates himself is `` hidden behind his ` best disciple ' , Plato '' .   Through his portrayal in Plato 's dialogues , Socrates has become renowned for his contribution to the field of ethics , and it is this Platonic Socrates who lends his name to the concepts of Socratic irony and the Socratic method , or elenchus . The latter remains a commonly used tool in a wide range of discussions , and is a type of pedagogy in which a series of questions is asked not only to draw individual answers , but also to encourage fundamental insight into the issue at hand . Plato 's Socrates also made important and lasting contributions to the field of epistemology , and his ideologies and approach have proven a strong foundation for much Western philosophy that has followed .

neg: Assos Assos ( -LSB- ˈæsɒs -RSB- Ἄσσος ) , also known as Behramkale or for short Behram , is a small historically rich town in the Ayvacık district of the Çanakkale Province , Turkey .   After leaving the Platonic Academy in Athens , Aristotle ( joined by Xenocrates ) went to Assos , where he was welcomed by King Hermias , and opened an Academy in this city . Aristotle also married Pythias , the adopted daughter of Hermias . In the Academy of Assos , Aristotle became a chief to a group of philosophers , and together with them , he made innovative observations on zoology and biology . When the Persians attacked Assos , King Hermias was caught and put to death . Aristotle fled to Macedonia , which was ruled by his friend King Philip II of Macedon . There , he tutored Philip 's son , Alexander the Great . There is a modern statue of Aristotle at the town entrance .   The Acts of the Apostles refers to visits by Luke the Evangelist and Paul the Apostle to Assos  .   Today , Assos is an Aegean-coast seaside retreat amid ancient ruins .

neg: Lysicles (5th century BC) Lysicles ( Λυσικλῆς Lysikles ; died 428 BC ) was an Athenian general and leader of the democratic faction in the city . He lived during the fifth century BC and possibly was a friend of Pericles .   According to Aeschines Socraticus , Lysicles lived with Aspasia after Pericles 's death and had a son with her . Aeschines Socraticus is said to have credited Aspasia with all of Lysicles 's political success . During the Peloponnesian War Lysicles was one of the `` hawks '' ; he was convinced that the war against Sparta , which could not conceal its envy of Athens ' pre-eminence , was inevitable if not to be welcomed . Aristophanes taunts him and calls him a `` dealer in sheep '' .   Lysicles was killed in action in 428 BC . The Athenians now sent out twelve ships to levy subsidies from their allies , with Lysicles and four others in command . After cruising to different places and laying them under contribution , Lysicles went up the country across the plain of Meander , in Caria . Being attacked by the Carians , he was slain with many of his soldiers .

neg: Sotades Sotades ( Σωτάδης 3rd century BC ) was an Ancient Greek poet .   Sotades was born in Maroneia , either the one in Thrace , or in Crete . He lived in Alexandria during the reign of Ptolemy II Philadelphus ( 285-246 BC ) . The city was at that time a remarkable center of learning , with a great deal of artistic and literary activity , including epic poetry and the Great Library . Only a few genuine fragments of his work have been preserved ; those in Stobaeus are generally considered spurious . Ennius translated some poems of this kind , included in his book of satires under the name of Sola . He had a son named Apollonius .   Sotades was the chief representative of the writers of obscene and even pederastic satirical poems , called Kinaidoi , composed in the Ionic dialect and in the metre named after him . The sotadic metre or sotadic verse , which has been classified by ancient and modern scholars as a form of ionic metre , is one that reads backwards and forwards the same , as `` llewd did I live , and evil I did dwell . '' These verses have also been called palindromic . Sotades was also the author of some of the first recorded palindromes , and many credit him with the invention of that particular genre of composition .   One of his poems attacked Ptolemy 's marriage to his own sister Arsinoe , from which came the infamous line : `` You 're sticking your prick in an unholy hole . '' For this , Sotades was imprisoned , but he escaped to the island of Caunus , where he was afterwards captured by Patroclus , Ptolemy 's admiral , shut up in a leaden chest , and thrown into the sea . ( Kaunos was a mythological character who fell in love with his sister ; Kaunos is the city named after him , in ancient Caria , Anatolia . )   British Orientalist and explorer Sir Richard Francis Burton ( 1821-1890 ) hypothesised the existence of a `` Sotadic zone '' . He asserted that there exists a geographic zone in which pederasty , i.e. romantic-sexual intimacy between a boy and a man , is prevalent and celebrated among the indigenous inhabitants , and named it after Sotades .

neg: Sage (philosophy) A sage ( σοφός , sophos ) , in classical philosophy , is someone who has attained the wisdom which a philosopher seeks . The first to make this distinction is Plato , through the character of Socrates , within the Symposium . While analyzing the concept of love , Socrates concludes Love is that which lacks the object it seeks . Therefore , the philosopher ( φιλόσοφος , meaning lover of wisdom ) does not have the wisdom sought , while the sage , on the other hand , does not love or seek wisdom , for it is already possessed . Socrates then examines the two categories of persons who do not partake in philosophy :   Gods and sages , because they are wise ;  Senseless people , because they think they are wise .   The position of the philosopher is between these two groups . The philosopher is not wise , but possesses the self-awareness of lacking wisdom , and thus pursues it .   Alternatively , the sage is one who lives `` according to an ideal which transcends the everyday . '' Plato is also the first to develop this notion of the sage in various works . Within The Republic , Plato indicates that when a friend of a sage dies , the sage `` will not think that for a good man ... death is a terrible thing . '' In the Theaetetus , Plato defines the sage as one who becomes `` righteous and holy and wise . '' , and is thus God-like in his nature .   The term has also been used interchangeably with a ` good person ' ( ἀγαθός , agathos ) , and a ` virtuous person ' ( σπουδαίος , spoudaios ) .

neg: Neleus of Scepsis Neleus of Scepsis ( -LSB- ˈniːliəs , _ ˈniːljuːs -RSB- Νηλεύς ) , was the son of Coriscus of Scepsis . He was a disciple of Aristotle and Theophrastus , the latter of whom bequeathed to him his library , and appointed him one of his executors . Neleus supposedly took the writings of Aristotle and Theophrastus from Athens to Scepsis , where his heirs let them languish in a cellar until the 1st century BC , when Apellicon of Teos discovered and purchased the manuscripts , bringing them back to Athens .

neg: Bessus For the Christian saint , see Saint Bessus .   Bessus , also known as Artaxerxes V ( died summer 329 BC ) , was a prominent Persian Satrap of Bactria in Persia , and later self-proclaimed King of Kings of Persia . According to classical sources , he killed his predecessor and relative , Darius III , after the Persian army had been defeated by Alexander the Great . He was executed by Alexander in 329 BC .

neg: Theophrastus Theophrastus ( -LSB- ˌθiːəˈfræstəs -RSB- Θεόφραστος Theόphrastos ; c. 371 -- c. 287 BC ) , a Greek native of Eresos in Lesbos , was the successor to Aristotle in the Peripatetic school . He came to Athens at a young age and initially studied in Plato 's school . After Plato 's death , he attached himself to Aristotle who took to Theophrastus his writings . When Aristotle fled Athens , Theophrastus took over as at the Lyceum . Theophrastus presided over the Peripatetic school for thirty-six years , during which time the school flourished greatly . He is often considered the `` father of botany '' for his works on plants . After his death , the Athenians honoured him with a public funeral . His successor as head of the school was Strato of Lampsacus .   The interests of Theophrastus were wide ranging , extending from biology and physics to ethics and metaphysics . His two surviving botanical works , Enquiry into Plants ( Historia Plantarum ) and On the Causes of Plants , were an important influence on Renaissance science . There are also surviving works On Moral Characters , On Sensation , On Stones , and fragments on Physics and Metaphysics . In philosophy , he studied grammar and language and continued Aristotle 's work on logic . He also regarded space as the mere arrangement and position of bodies , time as an accident of motion , and motion as a necessary consequence of all activity . In ethics , he regarded happiness as depending on external influences as well as on virtue .

neg: Leo the Mathematician Leo the Mathematician or the Philosopher ( Λέων ὁ Μαθηματικός or ὁ Φιλόσοφος , Léōn ho Mathēmatikós or ho Philósophos ; c. 790 -- after 869 ) was a Byzantine philosopher and logician associated with the Macedonian Renaissance and the end of Iconoclasm . His only preserved writings are some notes contained in manuscripts of Plato 's dialogues . He has been called a `` true Renaissance man '' and `` the cleverest man in Byzantium in the 9th century '' . He was archbishop of Thessalonica and later became the head of the Magnaura School of philosophy in Constantinople , where he taught Aristotelian logic .

neg: Callistratus of Aphidnae Callistratus of Aphidnae ( Καλλίστρατος Kallistratos ; died 350s BC ) was an Athenian orator and general in the 4th century BCE .   For many years , as prostates , he supported Spartan interests at Athens , recognizing that Thebes posed a greater threat to Athens . In 371 BC he was one of the crafters of the peace treaty between Athens and Sparta which recognized the hegemony of Athens on the sea and that of Sparta on land . On account of the refusal of the Thebans to surrender Oropus , which on his advice they had been allowed to occupy temporarily , Callistratus , despite his magnificent defence ( which , according to a later legend , so impressed Demosthenes that he resolved to study oratory ) , was condemned to death in 361 BC . He fled to Methone in Macedonia , where he was accommodated by King Perdiccas III who drew on his financial expertise .   Later , he founded the city of Krenides or Daton with a group of colonists from Thasos . After the takeover of the area by Philip II of Macedon , he took refuge in Byzantium . Upon his return to Athens in the 350s he was executed . Following an uncertain suggestion made by Arnold Schaefer in the nineteenth century , a date of death of 355 has often been repeated . However , Isocrates in his On the Peace ( 24 ) , written near the end of the Social War in 355 , seems to know nothing of his return to Athens , and there is no reason why it could not have taken place after the end of the war . On the other hand , Lycurgus ' Against Leocrates ( 93 ) speaks of Callistratus ' death as an event remembered by the older generation but known only by report to the younger generation , so that it can not be dated after 350 .   He was an author of several reforms , notably with the Athenian fiscal administration , and forced the allies of Athens to pay contributions ( syntaxeis ) for taking part in the war effort .   See Xenophon , Hellenica , iii . 3 , vi . 2 ; and Lycurgus , In Leocr . 93 .

neg: Crates Crates is a Greek given name , pronounced as two syllables . It may refer to :  Crates ( comic poet ) ( probably fl . late 450s or very early 440s BC ) , Old Comedy poet and actor from Athens  Crates ( engineer ) , 4th century BC engineer who accompanied Alexander the Great  Crates of Thebes ( c. 365-c . 285 BC ) , Hellenistic Cynic philosopher  Crates of Athens ( died 268-264 BC ) , Polemon 's successor as head of the Platonic Academy  Crates of Mallus , 2nd century BC Greek grammarian and Stoic philosopher  Crates of Tralles , a rhetorician

neg: 393 BC __ NOTOC __  Year 393 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar . At the time , it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Poplicola and Cornelius ( or , less frequently , year 361 Ab urbe condita ) . The denomination 393 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period , when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years .

neg: Socrates in Love is a 2001 Japanese 206-page melodrama novel , written by Kyoichi Katayama and published by Shogakukan , which revolves around narrator Sakutaro Matsumoto 's recollections of a school classmate whom he once loved .   It 's also known as Crying Out Love , In the Center of the World ( 世界の中心で 、 愛をさけぶ , Sekai no Chūshin de , Ai o Sakebu ) , which author Katayama used after his editors advised that his original novel title Socrates in Love would n't work .

neg: Socrates of Constantinople Socrates of Constantinople ( Σωκράτης ὁ Σχολαστικός , b. c. 380 ; d. after 439 ) , also known as Socrates Scholasticus , was a 5th-century Christian church historian , a contemporary of Sozomen and Theodoret .   He is the author of a Historia Ecclesiastica ( `` Church History '' , Ἐκκλησιαστική Ἱστορία ) which covers the history of late ancient Christianity during the years 305 -- 439 .

neg: Honorius (emperor) Honorius ( Flavius Honorius Augustus 9 September 384 -- 15 August 423 ) was Western Roman Emperor from 393 to 423 . He was the younger son of emperor Theodosius I and his first wife Aelia Flaccilla , and brother of Arcadius , who was the Eastern Emperor from 395 until his death in 408 .   Even by the standards of the rapidly declining Western Empire , Honorius 's reign was precarious and chaotic . His reign was supported by his principal general , Stilicho , who was successively Honorius 's guardian ( during his childhood ) and his father-in-law ( after the emperor became an adult ) . Stilicho 's generalship helped preserve some level of stability , but with his execution in 408 , the Western Roman Empire moved closer to collapse . Honorius is widely considered as one of the worst of the emperors ; it was during his reign that Rome was sacked for the first time in 800 years .

neg: Harpalus Harpalus ( Greek : Ἅρπαλος ) son of Machatas was an aristocrat of Macedon and boyhood friend of Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC . Being lame in a leg , and therefore exempt from military service , Harpalus did not follow Alexander in his advance within the Persian Empire but received nonetheless a post in Asia Minor . Alexander reportedly contacted him with a demand of reading material for his spare time . Harpalus sent his King theatrical plays by  Aeschylus , Sophocles and Euripides , the history of Philistus and odes by Philoxenus and Telestes .   Harpalus was also a charming rogue who absconded three times with large amounts of money . The first time he was forgiven and reinstated , only to abuse his trust again . In 324 BC Harpalus found refuge in Athens . He was imprisoned by the Athenians after a proposal of Demosthenes and Phocion , despite Hypereides ' opposition , who wanted an immediate uprising against Alexander . The Ecclesia , based on a proposal from Demosthenes , decided on the guarding of Harpalus ' money , which was entrusted to a committee led by Demosthenes himself . When the committee counted the money they found 350 talents , although Harpalus had declared that he had 700 talents . Nevertheless , Demosthenes and the other members of the committee decided not to disclose the deficit .   When Harpalus escaped and fled to Crete , the orator faced a new wave of public uproar . The Areopagus conducted an inquiry and its findings led to Demosthenes being charged with mishandling 20 talents . At Demosthenes ' trial in the Heliaia , Hypereides , who was the main prosecutor , noted that Demosthenes had admitted taking the money , but said that he had used it on the people 's behalf and had borrowed it free of interest . The prosecutor rejected this argument and accused Demosthenes of being bribed by Alexander . Demosthenes was fined 50 talents and imprisoned , but after a few days he escaped thanks to the carelessness or connivance of some citizens and travelled around Calauria , Aegina and Troezen . It remains still unclear whether the accusations against him were just or not . In any case , the Athenians soon repealed the sentence and sent a ship to Aegina to carry Demosthenes back to the port of Piraeus .   According to Pausanias , `` shortly after Harpalus ran away from Athens and crossed with a squadron to Crete , he was put to death by the servants who were attending him ( in 323 BC ) , though some assert that he was assassinated by Pausanias , a Macedonian '' . The geographer also narrates the following story : `` The steward of his money fled to Rhodes , and was arrested by a Macedonian , Philoxenus , who also had demanded Harpalus from the Athenians . Having this slave in his power , he proceeded to examine him , until he learned everything about such as had allowed themselves to accept a bribe from Harpalus . On obtaining this information he sent a dispatch to Athens , in which he gave a list of such as had taken a bribe from Harpalus , both their names and the sums each had received . Demosthenes , however , he never mentioned at all , although Alexander held him in bitter hatred , and he himself had a private quarrel with him . ''   Harpalus is featured in the historical novel Fire From Heaven by Mary Renault . In it , he is entrusted by his teacher Aristotle with the task of observing and recording the lives of wild animals . Renault speculates that this would explain some of the fantastic accounts in Aristotle 's zoological writings as Harpalian hoaxes .

neg: Ichneutae The Ichneutae ( Ἰχνευταί , Ichneutai , `` trackers '' ) , also known as the Searchers , Trackers or Tracking Satyrs , is a fragmentary satyr play by the fifth-century BC Athenian dramatist Sophocles . Three nondescript quotations in ancient authors were all that was known of the play until 1912 , when the extensive remains of a second-century CE papyrus roll of the Ichneutae were published among the Oxyrhynchus Papyri . With more than four hundred lines surviving in their entirety or in part , the Ichneutae is now the best preserved ancient satyr play after Euripides ' Cyclops , the only fully extant example of the genre .   The plot of the play was derived from the inset myth of the Homeric Hymn to Hermes . A newborn Hermes has stolen Apollo 's cattle , and the older god sends a chorus of satyrs to retrieve the animals , promising them the dual rewards of freedom and gold should they be successful . The satyrs set out to find the cattle , tracking their footprints . Approaching the cave in which baby Hermes is hiding , they hear him playing the lyre , which he has just invented . Scared by the strange sound , the satyrs debate their next move . The nymph of the mountain in which Hermes is hiding , Cyllene , explains to them the nature of the musical instrument . Outside the cave the satyrs see some sewn cow-hides and are convinced that they have found the thief . Apollo returns as the papyrus breaks off .

neg: Phaedrus (Athenian) Phaedrus ( -LSB- ˈfiːdrəs , _ ˈfɛdrəs -RSB- ) , son of Pythocles , of the Myrrhinus deme ( Greek : Φαῖδρος Πυθοκλέους Μυρρινούσιος , Phaĩdros Puthocléous Murrinoúsios ; c. 444 -- 393 BCE ) , was an ancient Athenian aristocrat associated with the inner-circle of the philosopher Socrates . He was indicted in the profanation of the Eleusinian mysteries in 415 during the Peloponnesian War , causing him to flee Athens .   He is best remembered for his depiction in the dialogues of Plato . His philosophically erotic role in his eponymous dialogue and the Symposium inspired later authors , from the ancient comedic playwright Alexis to contemporary philosophers like Robert M. Pirsig and Martha Nussbaum .

neg: Lycurgus of Athens Lycurgus ( -LSB- laɪˈkɜrgəs -RSB- Greek : Λυκοῦργος Lykourgos ; c. 390 -- 324 BC ) was a logographer in Ancient Greece . He was one of the ten Attic orators included in the `` Alexandrian Canon '' compiled by Aristophanes of Byzantium and Aristarchus of Samothrace in the third century BC .   Lycurgus was born at Athens about 390 BC , and was the son of Lycophron , who belonged to the noble family of the Eteobutadae . He should not be confused with the quasi-mythological Spartan lawgiver of the same name .

neg: Phocion Phocion ( -LSB- ˈfoʊʃiən , _ - ˌɒn -RSB- Φωκίων #Ancient Greek Phokion ; c. 402 -- c. 318 BC ; nicknamed The Good ) was an Athenian statesman and strategos , and the subject of one of Plutarch 's Parallel Lives .   Phocion was a successful politician of Athens . He believed that extreme frugality was the condition for virtue and lived in accord with this ; consequently , he was popularly known as `` The Good . '' Further , people thought that Phocion was the most honest member of the Athenian Assembly . However , within this chamber , Phocion 's tendency to strong opposition relegated him to a solitary stand against the entire political class . Nonetheless , by both his individual prestige and his military expertise , which was acquired by the side of Chabrias , Phocion was elected strategos numerous times , with a record 45 terms in office . Thus , during most of his 84 years of life , Phocion occupied the most important Athenian offices .   In the late 320s , when Macedon gained complete control of Athens ( under Antipater ) , though somewhat compromised Phocion defended both the urban center and its citizens . He even refused to comply with some dishonorable requests of the enemy . However , his stance put Phocion in opposition to both most free Athenians and Polyperchon , the next ruler of Macedonia , who arranged his execution in Athens .

neg: Sophist (dialogue) The Sophist ( Σοφιστής Sophista ) is a Platonic dialogue from the philosopher 's late period , most likely written in 360 BC . Its main theme is to identify what a sophist is and how a sophist differs from a philosopher and statesman . Because each seems distinguished by a particular form of knowledge , the dialogue continues some of the lines of inquiry pursued in the epistemological dialogue , Theaetetus , which is said to have taken place the day before . Because the Sophist treats these matters , it is often taken to shed light on Plato 's Theory of Forms and is compared with the Parmenides , which criticized what is often taken to be the theory of forms .   The dialogue is unusual in being one of three that do not feature Socrates , although as in its sequel , the Statesman , he is present to play a minor role ( the other dialogue is the Laws ) . Instead , the Eleatic Stranger takes the lead in the discussion . The fact that Socrates is present but silent makes it difficult to attribute the views put forward by the Eleatic Stranger to Plato , beyond the difficulty inherent in taking any character to be an author 's `` mouthpiece . ''


query: Istanbul's population has increased since the 1950s.

pos: Istanbul Istanbul ( -LSB- ˌɪstænˈbʊl -RSB- , -LSB- - ˈbuːl -RSB- or -LSB- - stɑːn - -RSB- İstanbul -LSB- isˈtɑnbuɫ -RSB- ) , historically known as Constantinople and Byzantium , is the most populous city in Turkey and the country 's economic , cultural , and historic center . Istanbul is a transcontinental city in Eurasia , straddling the Bosphorus strait ( which separates Europe and Asia ) between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea . Its commercial and historical center lies on the European side and about a third of its population lives on the Asian side .  The city is the administrative center of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality ( conterminous with Istanbul Province ) , both hosting a population of around 14.7 million residents . Istanbul is one of the world 's most populous cities and ranks as the world 's 7th-largest city proper and the largest European city .   Founded under the name of Byzantion on the Sarayburnu promontory around 660 BCE , the city developed to become one of the most significant in history . After its reestablishment as Constantinople in 330 CE , it served as an imperial capital for almost 16 centuries , during the Roman and Byzantine ( 330 -- 1204 and 1261 -- 1453 ) , the Latin ( 1204 -- 1261 ) , and the Ottoman ( 1453 -- 1922 ) empires . It was instrumental in the advancement of Christianity during Roman and Byzantine times , before the Ottomans conquered the city in 1453 and transformed it into an Islamic stronghold and the seat of the Ottoman Caliphate .   Istanbul 's strategic position on the historic Silk Road , rail networks to Europe and the Middle East , and the only sea route between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean have produced a cosmopolitan populace , although less so since the establishment of the Turkish Republic in 1923 . Overlooked for the new capital Ankara during the interwar period , the city has since regained much of its prominence . The population of the city has increased tenfold since the 1950s , as migrants from across Anatolia have moved in and city limits have expanded to accommodate them . Arts , music , film , and cultural festivals were established at the end of the 20th century and continue to be hosted by the city today . Infrastructure improvements have produced a complex transportation network .   Approximately foreign visitors arrived in Istanbul in 2015 , five years after it was named a European Capital of Culture , making the city the world 's fifth most popular tourist destination . The city 's biggest attraction is its historic center , partially listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site , and its cultural and entertainment hub can be found across the city 's natural harbor , the Golden Horn , in the Beyoğlu district . Considered a global city , Istanbul has one of the fastest-growing metropolitan economies in the world . It hosts the headquarters of many Turkish companies and media outlets and accounts for more than a quarter of the country 's gross domestic product . Hoping to capitalize on its revitalization and rapid expansion , Istanbul has bid for the Summer Olympics five times in twenty years .

neg: 1950s American automobile culture 1950s American automobile culture has had an enduring influence on the culture of the United States , as reflected in popular music , major trends from the 1950s and mainstream acceptance of the `` hot rod '' culture . The American manufacturing economy switched from producing war-related items to consumer goods at the end of World War II , and by the end of the 1950s , one in six working Americans were employed either directly or indirectly in the automotive industry . The United States became the world 's largest manufacturer of automobiles , and Henry Ford 's goal of 30 years earlier -- that any man with a good job should be able to afford an automobile -- was achieved . A new generation of service businesses focusing on customers with their automobiles sprang up during the decade , including drive-through or drive-in restaurants and more drive-in theaters ( cinemas ) .   The decade began with 25 million registered automobiles on the road , most of which predated World War II and were in poor condition ; no automobiles or parts were produced during the war owing to rationing and restrictions . By 1950 , most factories had made the transition to a consumer-based economy , and more than 8 million cars were produced that year alone . By 1958 , there were more than 67 million cars registered in the United States , more than twice the number at the start of the decade .   As part of the U.S. national defenses , to support military transport , the National Highway System was expanded with Interstate highways , beginning in 1955 , across many parts of the United States . The wider , multi-lane highways allowed traffic to move at faster speeds , with few or no stoplights on the way . The wide-open spaces along the highways became a basis for numerous billboards showing advertisements .   The dawning of the Space Age and Space Race were reflected in contemporary American automotive styling . Large tailfins , flowing designs reminiscent of rockets , and radio antennas that imitated Sputnik 1 were common , owing to the efforts of design pioneers such as Harley Earl .

neg: Baby boomers Baby boomers are the demographic cohort following the Silent Generation . There are no precise dates when the cohort birth years start and end . Typically , they range from the early-to-mid 1940s and end from 1960 to 1964 . Increased birth rates were observed during the post -- World War II baby boom making the baby boomers a relatively large demographic cohort .   The term `` baby boomer '' is also used in a cultural context , so it is difficult to achieve broad consensus of a precise date definition . Different people , organizations , and scholars have varying opinions on who is a baby boomer , both technically and culturally . Ascribing universal attributes to such a generation is difficult , and some believe it is inherently impossible , but many have attempted to determine their cultural similarities and historical impact , and the term has thus gained widespread popular usage .   Baby boomers are associated with a rejection or redefinition of traditional values . Many commentators , however , have disputed the extent of that rejection , noting the widespread continuity of values with older and younger generations . In Europe and North America , boomers are widely associated with privilege , as many grew up in a time of widespread government subsidies in post-war housing and education , and increasing affluence .   As a group , baby boomers were the wealthiest , most active , and most physically fit generation up to the era in which they arrived , and were amongst the first to grow up genuinely expecting the world to improve with time . They were also the generation that received peak levels of income ; they could therefore reap the benefits of abundant levels of food , apparel , retirement programs , and sometimes even `` midlife crisis '' products . The increased consumerism for this generation has been regularly criticized as excessive .   One feature of the boomers was that they have tended to think of themselves as a special generation , very different from those that had come before . In the 1960s , as the relatively large numbers of young people became teenagers and young adults , they , and those around them , created a very specific rhetoric around their cohort , and the changes they were bringing about . This rhetoric had an important impact in the self perceptions of the boomers , as well as their tendency to define the world in terms of generations , which was a relatively new phenomenon . The baby boom has been described variously as a `` shockwave '' and as `` the pig in the python . ''   The term `` Generation Jones '' is sometimes used to describe those born between 1954 and 1965 . The term is typically used to refer to the later years of the Baby boomer cohort ( 1954-1960 ) and the early years of Generation X ( 1961-1965 ) .

neg: Faculty of Political Science, Ankara University The Faculty of Political Science of the University of Ankara ( Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi , more simply known as `` SBF '' ) is the oldest faculty of social science in Turkey , being the successor of the `` Mekteb-i Mülkiye '' ( also known as the `` Mülkiye '' ) which was established in Istanbul on February 12 , 1859 , under the reign of Sultan Abdulaziz , then moved to Ankara in 1936 under a new name , and was incorporated to Ankara University on April 3 , 1950 , under its current name . The Faculty of Political Science provides higher education in the fields of Political Science , Public Finance , Economics , Public Administration , Labor Economics , Business Administration and International Relations .  It is considered to be one of the most influential institutes in the political life of Turkey .

neg: Marmaray Marmaray ( -LSB- ˈmaɾmaˌɾaj -RSB- ) is a partially operational rail transportation project in the Turkish city of Istanbul . It comprises a rail tunnel under the Bosphorus strait , and the modernization of existing suburban railway lines along the Sea of Marmara from Halkalı on the European side to Gebze on the Asian side . The procurement of new rolling stock for suburban passenger traffic is also part of the project . Construction started in 2004 , with an initial target opening date of April 2009 . After multiple delays caused by the discovery of historical and archaeological finds , the first phase of the project opened on October 29 , 2013 . It is the first standard gauge rail connection between Europe and Asia . The second phase of the project was scheduled to open in 2015 , but the work has been stopped and it is unknown when it will be finished .   Marmaray is the fourth underground system in Istanbul after Tünel Funicular , Metro and Kabataş -- Taksim Funicular and highly integrated with Metro lines .   The name Marmaray comes from combining the name of the Sea of Marmara , which lies just south of the project site , with ray , the Turkish word for rail . The Turkish press has compared it to the Silk Road .

neg: East Turkestan Liberation Organization The East Turkestan Liberation Organization ( ETLO ; -LSB- Doğu Türkistan Kurtuluş Örgütü , East Turkistan Islamic Movement -RSB- -LSB- شارقىي تۇركەستان ئازاتلىق تەشكىلاتى , Шәрқий Түркестан Азатлиқ Тешкилати , Sharqiy Turkestan Azatliq Teshkilati ; SHAT -RSB- ) was a secessionist Uyghur organization that advocated for an independent Uyghur state named East Turkestan in the Western Chinese province known as Xinjiang . The organization was established in Turkey in 1990 or 1996 to fight against the Chinese government in Xinjiang , a territory in which no ethnicity forms a majority , but is inhabited in order of most populous to least by Uyghur , Han Chinese , Kazakh and other Turkic communities . Xinjiang or East Turkestan has a population of 18 million , eight million of which are Turkic-speaking Muslim Uighurs . As a result of Chinese economic development policies , the demography of the region has altered - ethnic Han Chinese population of the region has risen to 40 % or 7.5 million people of the total population , as opposed to 6 % in 1949 . Kazakhs , the third largest group , constitute 1.2 million . ETLO is a designated terrorist organization by the governments of China and Kazakhstan .

neg: 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt On 15 July 2016 , an alleged coup d'état was attempted in Turkey against state institutions , including , but not limited to the government and President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan . The attempt was carried out by a faction within the Turkish Armed Forces that organized themselves as the Peace at Home Council . They attempted to seize control of several key places in Ankara , Istanbul , and elsewhere , but failed to do so after forces loyal to the state defeated them . The Council cited an erosion of secularism , elimination of democratic rule , disregard for human rights , and Turkey 's loss of credibility in the international arena as reasons for the coup . The government accused the coup leaders of being linked to the Gülen movement , which is designated as a terrorist organization by the Republic of Turkey and led by Fethullah Gülen , a Turkish businessman and cleric who lives in Pennsylvania . Erdoğan accuses Gülen of being behind the coup -- a claim that Gülen denies -- and accused the United States of harboring him . Gülen has suggested the coup was in fact a `` self-coup '' carried out by Erdogan to consolidate his grip on power , a belief shared among some analysts and many Turks . Events surrounding the coup attempt and the purges in its aftermath reflect a complex power struggle between Islamist elites in Turkey .   During the coup , over 300 people were killed and more than 2,100 were injured . Many government buildings , including the Turkish Parliament and the Presidential Palace , were bombed from the air . Mass arrests followed , with at least 40,000 detained , including at least 10,000 soldiers and , for reasons that remain unclear , 2,745 judges . 15,000 education staff were also suspended and the licenses of 21,000 teachers working at private institutions were revoked as well after the government alleged they were loyal to Gülen . More than 100,000 people have been arrested or fired from their jobs , on accusations of connections to Gülen .   Reactions to the event were largely against the coup attempt , both domestically and internationally . The main opposition parties in Turkey condemned the attempt , while several international leaders -- such as those from the United States , NATO , the European Union , and other neighboring countries -- called for `` respect of the democratic institutions in Turkey and its elected officials . '' International organizations expressed themselves against the coup as well . The United Nations Security Council , however , did not denounce the coup after disagreements over the phrasing of a statement .   President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan accused the head of United States Central Command , chief General Joseph Votel of `` siding with coup plotters '' , after Votel accused the Turkish government of arresting the Pentagon 's contacts in Turkey .   In March 2017 , Germany 's intelligence chief said Germany was unconvinced by Erdoğan 's claim that Fethullah Gulen was behind the failed coup . Also in March , the British Parliament 's Foreign Affairs Committee said some Gulenists were involved in coup d'état attempt but found no hard evidence that Fethullah Gülen masterminded the failed coup and found no evidence to justify the UK designating the Gülen movement as a `` terrorist organization '' .

neg: Immigration to Turkey Since the 19th century , an exodus by the large portion of Turkish ( Turkic ) and Muslim peoples ( who are termed `` Muhacir '' under a general definition ) from the Balkans ( Balkan Turks , Albanians , Bosniaks , Pomaks ) , Caucasus ( Abkhazians , Ajarians , ` Circassians ' , Chechens ) , Crimea ( Crimean Tatar diaspora ) , Crete ( Cretan Turks ) , took refuge in present-day Turkey and moulded the country 's fundamental features .   Trends of immigration towards Turkey continue to this day , although the motives are more varied and are usually in line with the patterns of global immigration movements -- Turkey , for example , receives many economic migrants from nearby countries such as Armenia , the Republic of Moldova , Georgia , Iran , and Azerbaijan , but also from Central Asia .

neg: List of people from Istanbul This is a list of notable people hailing from the city of Istanbul .   Hrant Dink editor of an Armenian newspaper  Halide Edip Adıvar , novelist , politician  Müjde Ar , actress  Oğuz Aral , cartoonist  Bülent Arel , music producer  Duygu Asena , women 's rights activist  Cenk Aydin , businessman  Hulusi Behçet , dermatologist  Semiha Berksoy , opera singer  Orhan Boran , radio and TV host  Aydın Boysan  Yaşar Büyükanıt , Chief of the Turkish General Staff  Eylül Cansın , transgender sex worker  Cornelius Castoriadis , Greek-French political philosopher  Hakan Celik , journalist , TV anchorman , radio producer  Hande Berktan , journalist , TV presenter  Nuri Bilge Ceylan , filmmaker  Manuel Chrysoloras , Greek academic , diplomat  Tansu Çiller , former prime minister  Bülent Ecevit , former prime minister  Neşe Erberk , Miss Europe 1984  Recep Tayyip Erdoğan , President of Turkey  Sertab Erener , singer  Ahmet Ertegün , co-founder and executive of Atlantic Records and the New York Cosmos  Nesuhi Ertegün , co-founder and executive of Atlantic Records and the New York Cosmos  Yonca Evcimik , pop singer  Leyla Gencer , opera singer  Fatma Girik , actress  Gregory V , Greek Patriarch of Constantinople  Ara Güler , photographer  Tunç Hamarat , correspondence chess world champion 2004  Tunch Ilkin , former American football player , TV anchor  Ertuğrul Işınbark , stage magician  Nihat Kahveci , football player  Elia Kazan , director , producer , screenwriter , novelist  Hülya Koçyiğit , actress  Fahri Korutürk , former president of Turkey  Lefter Küçükandonyadis , football player  Mike Lazaridis , founder of Research in Motion  Nasuh Mahruki , first Turkish person to summit Mt. Everest  Barış Manço , musician  Andrew Mango , British author  Arif Mardin , music producer  Kleanthis Maropoulos , Greek footballer  Alexander Mavrocordatos , Greek dragoman to Sultan Mehmed IV  Kostas Negrepontis , Greek footballer  Aziz Nesin , novelist  Marika Nezer , Greek singer  Irfan Orga , Turkish Air Force fighter pilot , diplomat , writer  Orhan Pamuk , novelist  Pekinel sisters , twin pianists  Ajda Pekkan , singer  Athinodoros Prousalis , Greek actor  Nicola Rossi-Lemeni , opera singer  Alexandros Soutsos , Greek poet and partisan  Haldun Taner , playwright  Hidayet Türkoğlu , basketball player  Orhan Veli , poet  Stavros Xenidis , Greek actor  Hamza Yerlikaya , wrestler and Olympic gold medalist  Cem Yilmaz , stand-up comedian , actor  Alexander Ypsilantis ( senior ) , Greek diplomat  Alexander Ypsilantis ( junior ) , Greek military commander  Constantine Ypsilantis , Greek revolutionary

neg: Bahçelievler Bahçelievler ( meaning `` houses with gardens '' in Turkish ) is a large middle class residential suburb of Istanbul , Turkey , on the European side of the city . It is accessible from the E-5 Highway that runs from the Istanbul airport to the Asian side of the city , covers 5 % of Istanbul 's land area and is home to over 570,000 people . Bahçelievler is the northern neighbour of Bakırköy , with a similar area .

neg: Seferihisar Seferihisar is a coastal district and the center town of the same district in İzmir Province , in Turkey . Seferihisar district area borders on other İzmir districts of Urla to the west and Menderes ( Cumaovası ) to the east , and touches İzmir 's western-most metropolitan district of Güzelbahçe in the north . Seferihisar town center is situated slightly inland at an altitude of 28 m and the urban area extends towards the sea as composed of eight quarters , with some distance among some , and one of which , the neighborhood called Sığacık stands somewhat separately from the rest at a distance of 5 km , and has its own port and made a name as a tourism resort by its own right . The wide area of the district center partly accounts for the high number of the population and an urbanization rate of only 51 % , and the general impression observed is rather rural in some of its sections . Both the center town and the district as a whole preserves an overall outlook of a pleasant resort area bearing typical Aegean characteristics and it is estimated the population reaches the level of 150,000 people during the touristic season . Nevertheless , the district 's economy is still largely based on agriculture , with the production of tangerines and satsumas standing out , and only increasingly on tourism , with the presence of several housing projects or vacation villages , pensioners opting to settle in the region due to its quiet charm and under the impetus of a university campus that is in phase of being built . At a distance of 45 km from İzmir center , ( Konak ) , the connections with the metropolis are made easily , especially once reached the six-lane highway in Urla . Seferihisar is where the ancient city of Teos is located and its highly interesting await further research and discoveries . The district 's literacy level is 99 % .

neg: 1959 in Turkey Events in the year 1959 in Turkey .

neg: Civil–military relations during the Recep Tayyip Erdoğan government During the Recep Tayyip Erdoğan government , civil -- military relationship moved towards normalization in which the influence of the military was reduced . During its nine-year reign , the ruling Justice and Development Party , or AK Party , has often faced off against the military , gaining political power by challenging a pillar of the country 's laicistic establishment .   The ruling party , which came to power following the November 3 , 2002 general elections , is not the first government to have tangled with the military in Turkey , where the powerful Turkish Armed Forces , or TSK , has periodically carried out coups d'état since the 1960s . But the shift in the balance of power in civil-military ties has been one of the most important changes the AK Party has made to Turkey 's political landscape .   Under the party 's tenure , the military , while it remains suspicious of the motives of the AK Party , has become much less enthusiastic about making public statements on political issues and more cooperative in efforts to further align Turkey 's standards to those of the European Union even when such moves would curb the TSK 's own powers .

neg: Şarkışla Şarkışla is a town in the Central Anatolian Sivas Province of Turkey . The mayor is Ahmet Turgay Oğuz ( AKP ) .   2011 population of Şarkışla is 39.413 .   Aşık Veysel , one of the most famous Turkish folk poets and folk music singers of the 20th century were born in Şarkışla , as well as another earlier poet ( 19th century ) named Aşık Sefil Kanberi . The well known Turkish originated female Dutch politician Nebahat Albayrak was born ( 1968 ) in Maksutlu village of this town as well .   Şarkışla has all the characteristics of Central Anatolian climate in all seasons . The weather is mostly sunny and dry , and the clouds are high . In the summer time , it is a better place to live in and in the winter it is very cold here .   There are plenty of dams constructed in and around the town , which are used for agricultural and recreational needs . A recently constructed Baku -- Tbilisi -- Ceyhan pipeline is crossing by Şarkışla .   The history of this town is very old . Şarkışla is known to be populated since the ancient time of Romans . A historical high castle still exists in the middle of the town .   During the last decades , many residents emigrated from this region to settle abroad . Anatolian cultural motives can be seen here . A rich Turkish cuisine and variety of regional foods and meals are found here .

neg: History of the Byzantine Empire This history of the Byzantine Empire covers the history of the Eastern Roman Empire from late antiquity until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 AD . Several events from the 4th to 6th centuries mark the transitional period during which the Roman Empire 's east and west divided . In 285 , the emperor Diocletian ( r. 284 -- 305 ) partitioned the Roman Empire 's administration into eastern and western halves . Between 324 and 330 , Constantine I ( r. 306 -- 337 ) transferred the main capital from Rome to Byzantium , later known as Constantinople ( `` City of Constantine '' ) and Nova Roma ( `` New Rome '' ) . Under Theodosius I ( r. 379 -- 395 ) , Christianity became the Empire 's official state religion and others such as Roman polytheism were proscribed . And finally , under the reign of Heraclius ( r. 610 -- 641 ) , the Empire 's military and administration were restructured and adopted Greek for official use instead of Latin . Thus , although it continued the Roman state and maintained Roman state traditions , modern historians distinguish Byzantium from ancient Rome insofar as it was oriented towards Greek rather than Latin culture , and characterised by Orthodox Christianity rather than Roman polytheism .   The borders of the Empire evolved significantly over its existence , as it went through several cycles of decline and recovery . During the reign of Justinian I ( r. 527 -- 565 ) , the Empire reached its greatest extent after reconquering much of the historically Roman western Mediterranean coast , including north Africa , Italy , and Rome itself , which it held for two more centuries . During the reign of Maurice ( r. 582 -- 602 ) , the Empire 's eastern frontier was expanded and the north stabilised . However , his assassination caused a two-decade-long war with Sassanid Persia which exhausted the Empire 's resources and contributed to major territorial losses during the Muslim conquests of the 7th century . In a matter of years the Empire lost its richest provinces , Egypt and Syria , to the Arabs .   During the Macedonian dynasty ( 10th -- 11th centuries ) , the Empire again expanded and experienced a two-century long renaissance , which came to an end with the loss of much of Asia Minor to the Seljuk Turks after the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 . This battle opened the way for the Turks to settle in Anatolia as a homeland .   The final centuries of the Empire exhibited a general trend of decline . It struggled to recover during the 12th century , but was delivered a mortal blow during the Fourth Crusade , when Constantinople was sacked and the Empire dissolved and divided into competing Byzantine Greek and Latin realms . Despite the eventual recovery of Constantinople and re-establishment of the Empire in 1261 , Byzantium remained only one of several small rival states in the area for the final two centuries of its existence . Its remaining territories were progressively annexed by the Ottomans over the 15th century . The Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 finally ended the Roman Empire .

neg: Sultanbeyli Sultanbeyli ( -LSB- sulˈtanbejli -RSB- ) is a working class suburb of Istanbul , Turkey on the Asian side , inland from Kartal and Pendik . It has a population of 298,143 as of 2011 , more than triple the 1990 figure of 82,298 . The mayor is Hüseyin Keskin of the AKP . Its neighbours are Sancaktepe from west , Pendik from east and Kartal from northwest .

neg: Yenikapı Yenikapı ( -LSB- jenikapɯ -RSB- ) is a port and a quarter in Istanbul , Turkey , in the metropolitan district of Fatih on the European side of the Bosphorus and along the southern shore of the city 's historically central peninsula .   Yenikapı is notable for the ongoing excavations on its Byzantine port discovered in 2004 . This has become one of the largest investigations in Europe , because of the size and the number of the shipwrecks found since the initial discovery , and the large number of associated artefacts . The commercial harbor , called the Harbour of Theodosius , in use between the 5th and the 10th centuries , was an alternative to Constantinople 's traditional berths situated along the inlet of the Golden Horn .

neg: Greek legislative election, 1956 Parliamentary elections were held in Greece on 19 February 1956 . The result was a victory for Constantine Karamanlis and his National Radical Union party by securing the electoral vote despite trailing in the popular vote . It was the first general election in Greece in which women had the right to vote , although women had first voted in a by-election in Thessaloniki Prefecture in 1953 in which the first female MP was elected .   Although the Liberal Democratic Union , a coalition of centrist parties , received a slim plurality of votes , the conservative governing party , the National Radical Union , won the most seats due to a complex and controversial electoral system enacted by Karamanlis . A `` first past the post '' system was applied in the rural constituencies where the ERE was expected to gain a plurality , while proportional representation was reserved for the urban constituencies , where the Liberal Democratic Union was expected to lead . As a result , the Liberal Democratic Union came up 19 seats short of a majority .   The Liberal Democratic Union included the Liberal Party , led by Sophoklis Venizelos and Georgios Papandreou , as well as the left-wing EDA , led by Ioannis Passalidis . A few years later , Georgios Papandreou and Sophoklis Venizelos renounced their alliance with EDA , breaking up the Liberal Democratic Union .

neg: Genetic studies on Turkish people In population genetics , research has been made to study the genetic origins of the modern Turkish people in Turkey . These studies sought to determine whether the modern Turks have a stronger genetical affinity with the Turkic peoples of Central Asia from where the Seljuk Turks began migrating to Anatolia following the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 , which led to the establishment of the Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate in the late 11th century ; or if they instead largely descended from the indigenous peoples of Anatolia who were culturally assimilated during the Seljuk and Ottoman periods , with assimilation policies such as the devshirme system and the jizya tax .   Autosomal studies with recent methodology estimate the Central Asian contribution in Turkish people at 13-15 % noting that results may indicate previous population movements ( e.g. migration , admixture ) or genetic drift , given the fact that Europe and South Asia have some genetic relatedness .   The largest autosomal study on Turkish genetics predicted that the weight of Central Asian migration legacy of the Turkish people is estimated at 21.7 % . The authors conclude on the basis of previous studies that `` South Asian contribution to Turkey 's population was significantly higher than East/Central Asian contributions , suggesting that the genetic variation of medieval Central Asian populations may be more closely related to South Asian populations , or that there was continued low level migration from South Asia into Anatolia . '' They note that these weights are not direct estimates of the migration rates as the original donor populations are not known , and the exact kinship between current East Asians and the medieval Oghuz Turks is uncertain . For instance , genetic pools of Central Asian Turkic peoples is particularly diverse and modern Oghuz Turkmens living in Central Asia are with slightly higher West Eurasian genetic component than East Eurasian .   Several studies have concluded that the genetic haplogroups indigenous to Western Asia have the largest share in the gene pool of the present-day Turkish population . An admixture analysis determined that the Anatolian Turks share most of their genetic ancestry with non-Turkic populations in the region and the 12th century is set as an admixture date . However , isolates with dominant Central Asian genetic makeup were found in an Afshar village near Ankara .

neg: Ulus Baker Ulus Sedat Baker ( July 14 , 1960 in Ankara , Turkey -- July 12 , 2007 in İstanbul , Turkey ) was a Turkish Cypriot sociologist . Baker was born to a cosmopolitan family ; his mother was the famous Cypriot poet Pembe Marmara , and his father was the prominent psychiatrist of the island , Sedat Baker . Baker studied in Russia ( then the Soviet Union ) , Turkey , France , and Cyprus . He completed his studies at the Department of Sociology in METU in Ankara and began his academic life in the same institution shortly thereafter . He was a very productive intellectual and a prolific scholar ; he had already become an influential public intellectual in Turkish cultural life beyond the academia by mid-nineties . Although he had always taught within academic institutions , his relation with academia had certain tensions and breaks ; he only completed his Ph.D. in 2002 with a thesis titled `` From Opinions to Images : Towards a Sociology of Affects '' , he was uninterested in having a stable academic position , and after 2000 till his death , he had various teaching gigs in different universities in Ankara and Istanbul besides his main affiliation at Middle East Technical University . Shortly before his death , he also started teaching in Istanbul , where he died .   Baker was an influential figure in contemporary political theory in Turkey , both as a prolific author , and as a professor of sociology , media , and film theory . From late 80 's till his death , he frequently wrote for major Turkish scholarly journals such as Birikim , Toplum ve Bilim , Virgül , and Defter . He was a polyglot , his fields of interest ranged from literary criticism to the cinema of Dziga Vertov . He significantly contributed to the rise of interest in the philosophy of Gilles Deleuze and Baruch Spinoza through a variety of translations and lecture series . His political commitments inspired him to take part in the founding of Autonomist political/artistic collective Körotonomedya in 1994 with other Ankara-based scholars , students and artists of that time , including Aras Özgün , Özgür Gökmen and Hakan Topal . Körotonomedya collective has been among the forerunners of experimental new media and video art in Turkey , and Baker 's work within the collective became a major theoretical resource in these fields .   , Baker was teaching Modern Visual Arts and Visual Thinking at GİSAM ( Audio Visual Systems Research and Production Centre ) of METU and at Istanbul Bilgi University . He died on July 12 , 2007 in Istanbul after being hospitalized for chronic liver deficiency .   Besides a multitude of articles in various publications , Baker 's published works include ; What is Opinion ? ( Pyromedia , 2001 ) , Aşındırma Denemeleri ( Birikim Yayınları , Istanbul , 2002 ) , Siyasal Alanın Oluşumu Üzerine Bir Deneme ( Paragraf Yayınları , Ankara , 2005 ) .

neg: Kurdish rebellions in Turkey Kurdish rebellions in Turkey refer to Kurdish nationalist uprisings in Turkey , beginning with the Turkish War of Independence and the consequent transition from the Ottoman Empire into the modern Turkish state and lasting until present with the ongoing Kurdish-Turkish conflict .   According to Ottoman military records , Kurdish rebellions have been taking place in Anatolia for over two centuries , While tribal Kurdish revolts had shuttered the Ottoman Empire through the last decades of its existence , the conflict in its modern phase is considered to have begun in 1922 , with the emergence of Kurdish nationalism in parallel with the formation of the modern State of Turkey . In 1925 , an uprising for an independent Kurdistan , led by Shaikh Said Piran , was put down quickly , and Said and 36 of his followers were executed soon thereafter . Several other large scale Kurdish revolts occurred in Ararat and Dersim in 1930 and 1937 . The British consul at Trebizond , the diplomatic post closest to Dersim , spoke of brutal and indiscriminate violence and made an explicit comparison with the Armenian massacres of 1915 . `` Thousands of Kurds , '' he wrote , `` including women and children , were slain ; others , mostly children , were thrown into the Euphrates ; while thousands of others in less hostile areas , who had first been deprived of their cattle and other belongings , were deported to vilayets ( provinces ) in Central Anatolia . It is now stated that the Kurdish question no longer exists in Turkey . ''   Kurds accuse successive Turkish governments of suppressing their identity through such means as the banning of Kurdish language in print and media . Atatürk believed the unity and stability of a country lay in a unitary political identity , relegating cultural and ethnic distinctions to the private sphere . However , many Kurds did not relinquish their identities and language . Large-scale armed conflict between the Turkish armed forces and the Kurdistan Workers ' Party ( PKK ) occurred throughout the 1980s and 1990s , leaving over 35,000 dead . Recent moves by the Turkish government have provided Kurds with limited rights and freedoms , particularly in regards to the Kurdish language , education , and media . Kurdish politicians and activists still face pressure .