query: Iraq has different ethnic groups.

pos: Iraq Iraq ( -LSB- ɪˈræk -RSB- , -LSB- ɪˈrɑːk -RSB- , or -LSB- aɪˈræk -RSB- العراق ; عێراق ) , officially known as the Republic of Iraq is a country in Western Asia , bordered by Turkey to the north , Iran to the east , Kuwait to the southeast , Saudi Arabia to the south , Jordan to the southwest , and Syria to the west . The capital , and largest city , is Baghdad . The main ethnic groups are Arabs and Kurds ; others include Assyrians , Turkmen , Shabakis , Yazidis , Armenians , Mandeans , Circassians , and Kawliya . Around 95 % of the country 's 36 million citizens are Muslims , with Christianity , Yarsan , Yezidism , and Mandeanism also present . The official languages of Iraq are Arabic and Kurdish .   Iraq has a coastline measuring 58 km on the northern Persian Gulf and encompasses the Mesopotamian Alluvial Plain , the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range , and the eastern part of the Syrian Desert . Two major rivers , the Tigris and Euphrates , run south through Iraq and into the Shatt al-Arab near the Persian Gulf . These rivers provide Iraq with significant amounts of fertile land .   The region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers , historically known as Mesopotamia , is often referred to as the cradle of civilisation . It was here that mankind first began to read , write , create laws , and live in cities under an organised government -- notably Uruk , from which `` Iraq '' is derived . The area has been home to successive civilisations since the 6th millennium BC . Iraq was the centre of the Akkadian , Sumerian , Assyrian , and Babylonian empires . It was also part of the Median , Achaemenid , Hellenistic , Parthian , Sassanid , Roman , Rashidun , Umayyad , Abbasid , Ayyubid , Mongol , Safavid , Afsharid , and Ottoman empires .   Iraq 's modern borders were mostly demarcated in 1920 by the League of Nations when the Ottoman Empire was divided by the Treaty of Sèvres . Iraq was placed under the authority of the United Kingdom as the British Mandate of Mesopotamia . A monarchy was established in 1921 and the Kingdom of Iraq gained independence from Britain in 1932 . In 1958 , the monarchy was overthrown and the Iraqi Republic created . Iraq was controlled by the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party from 1968 until 2003 . After an invasion by the United States and its allies in 2003 , Saddam Hussein 's Ba'ath Party was removed from power and multi-party parliamentary elections were held in 2005 . The American presence in Iraq ended in 2011 , but the Iraqi insurgency continued and intensified as fighters from the Syrian Civil War spilled into the country .

neg: Anbar Awakening In September 2006 , 30 tribes in the Anbar Province formed the Anbar Awakening , an alliance to fight Al Qaeda ( AQI ) militants .   After initially accepting al Qaeda in Iraq due to a shared anti-occupation and anti-Shiite agenda , Sunni Arabs chafed under AQI 's violently fanatic religious program .   AQI terrorized those who opposed it , eventually prompting Sunnis to partner with U.S. forces to rid their communities of AQI . The collaboration successfully tested in al-Anbar province -- once Iraq 's most violent -- was adopted in other AQI-plagued regions , contributing to a dramatic neutralization of the insurgency .   Not a uniform organization , the Awakening was composed of numerous local elements roused to action by a wide array of cultural , political , and economic considerations , while their Coalition counterparts similarly adopted a variety of methods to support them .   From August to December 2006 , the Anbar Province of Iraq was occupied by Al Qaeda ( AQI ) . Much of the stronghold of AQI was in Ramadi , the capital of the Anbar province . The sheikhs and officials were Sunni by sect , so they initially cooperated with AQI to counterbalance the Shiite government and the Shiite insurgents . But later , the terrorism which AQI promoted was not in line with the Sheik 's interests . They then joined forces with the US troops in the area , the Iraqi Police and the Provisional Army . They strengthened the city council and dubbed their movement the `` awakening '' . The US and the Iraqi people later gained control of Fallujah and Ramadi . This movement was one of the shining symbols of counterinsurgency policy - rhetoric of the New Way forward was met here . The six points which Bush outlined were met ; the people were united to save their city and the US forces gained support of both the officials and citizens .   The Awakening coincided with the United States led coalition 's surge of troops that instituted a counter insurgency strategy and largely ended the ongoing insurgency .

neg: Iraqis in India India has people from all around the world . They migrated for various reasons . Some migrated because their lands were invaded and some migrated for trade purposes .   There was a huge influx of the Persian people into India during the 7th Century CE .   In India there are two major Iraqi communities who have very well mixed in the fabric of Indian culture .   The first one are the Persian-origin Shamsi tribe ( migrated in 7th Century CE ) and the second one is the Arab-origin Tamimi tribe ( migrated in 8th Century CE ) .

neg: Gypsies in Iraq The Kawliya or Qawliya ( كاولية or كاولي ) , also known as Zott and Ghorbati ( known in English as Gypsies ) , is a community in Iraq of Indian origin , estimated to number over 60,000 people . Today they speak mostly Arabic , while their ethnolect is a mixture of Arabic , Persian , Kurdish and Turkish , only spoken by the older generations . They are noted as imitating Bedouins . The largest tribes are the Bu-Baroud , Bu-Swailem , Bu-Helio , Bu-Dakhil , Bu-Akkar , Bu-Murad , Bu-Thanio , Bu-Shati , Al-Farahedah , Al-Mtairat , Bu-Khuzam , Bu-Abd , Bu-Nasif , Bu-Delli and Al-Nawar . Their main occupation is entertainment , and also small trades .   The Kawliya migrated from India approximately 1,000 years ago . Under the secular rule of Saddam Hussein , they lived peacefully among other ethnic groups . They became outcasts after the rise of ultra-conservative Islamists in 2004 , despite the fact that the majority of Kawliya are Muslims . ( `` Kawliya '' is also an Arabic term for prostitute . )   Kawliya is also the name of a former village in the Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate near Al Diwaniyah , located about 100 miles southeast of Baghdad , where they live . The village was reportedly destroyed by a militia controlled by a militant Shiite Muslim cleric Moqtada al-Sadr , who viewed the gypsies as `` morally repugnant . About 1,000 villagers were driven out .

neg: Iraqi Australians Iraqi Australians are Australian citizens who identify themselves to be Iraqi descent .  Since the 1991 Gulf War , thousands of Iraqis have found refuge in Australia . The total of population is estimated to be as high as 80,000 . Australia 's Iraqi-born population includes Arabs , Kurds , Assyrians , Armenians , Mandeans , Turkmens and Jews .   The first year in which the Australian Census of Population and Housing recorded the Iraq-born separately was 1976 , when the population was 2,273 . By 1986 , the population had risen to 4,516 . By the end of the Gulf War in 1991 , it numbered 5,186 , mainly in New South Wales and Victoria .   Many recent arrivals have entered Australia under the Humanitarian programme . The Gulf War and the quelling of uprisings of the Shi'a and the Kurds in Iraq resulted in a large increase in the number of Iraqis coming to Australia after 1991 . There were 24,760 Iraq-born people in Australia at the 2001 Census , making up 0.6 per cent of the overseas-born population .

neg: Babil Governorate Babil Governorate or Babylon Province ( محافظة بابل Muḥāfaẓa Bābil ) is a governorate in central Iraq . It has an area of 5119 km2 , with an estimated population of 1,651,565 people in 2002 . The provincial capital is the city of Hillah , which lies opposite the ancient city of Babylon , on the Euphrates river .

neg: Achaemenid Assyria Athura ( ð ð ° ð cents ð 1/4 ð Aθurā ) , also called Assyria Babylonia , was a geographical area within the Persian Achaemenid Empire held by the last nobility of Aššur ( Akkadian ) , known as Athura ( Neo-Aramaic ) or Atouria ( Greek ) , during the period of 539 BC to 330 BC as a military protectorate state of Persia under the rule of Cyrus the Great . Although sometimes regarded as a satrapy , Achaemenid royal inscriptions list it as a dahyu , a concept generally interpreted as meaning either a group of people or both a country and its people , without any administrati   It mostly incorporated the original Assyrian kingdom , corresponding with modern northern Iraq in the upper Tigris , the middle and upper Euphrates , modern-day north eastern Syria ( Eber-Nari ) and part of south-east Anatolia ( modern Turkey ) . The Neo-Assyrian Empire collapsed after a period of violent civil wars , followed by an invasion by a coalition of some of its former subject peoples , the Iranian peoples ( Medes , Persians and Scythians ) , Babylonians and Cimmerians in the late 7th century BC , culminating in the Battle of Nineveh , and Assyria had fallen completely by 605 BC . Between 605 and 559 BC , Assyria was divided between the Median Empire to the east and the Neo-Babylonian Empire to the west . Both parts were subsumed into the Achaemenid Empire in 539 BC , and it has been argued that they constituted the satrapies of Media and Athura , respectively . In Herodotus ' account the Ninth Tributary District comprised `` Babylonia and the rest of Assyria '' , and excluded Eber-Nari .   Despite a few rebellions , Assyria functioned as an important part of the Achaemenid Empire . The Assyrian people were given the right to govern themselves throughout Achaemenid rule , and the Assyrian ( Aramaic ) language was used diplomatically by the Persians . Known for their combat skills , Assyrian soldiers ( along with the Lydians ) constituted the main heavy infantry of the Achaemenid empire 's military . Due to the major destruction of Assyria during the fall of its empire , some early scholars described the area as an `` uninhabited wasteland . '' Other Assyriologists , however , such as John Curtis and Simo Parpola , have strongly disputed this claim , citing how Assyria would eventually become one of the wealthiest regions among the Achaemenid Empire . This wealth was due to the land 's great prosperity for agriculture that the Persians used effectively for almost 200 years . In contrast to the policy of the Assyrian Empire , the Achaemenid Persians did not intervene in the internal affairs of their ruling satrapies as long as they continued the flow of tribute and taxes back to Persia .

neg: Amiriyah Fallujah Al-Amiriyah ( العامرية al-ʻāmiriyyah ) or Amiriyah Fallujah , also Ameriyah , Amiriyyah , Ameriya , Amiriyat , Ameriyat and the like , is a city in the Fallujah District of Al Anbar province , about 30 km south of the city of Fallujah , in Iraq . Ameriyah residents belong mostly to the Albu Issa subtribe , part of the Dulaim tribe .   The city was named Amiriyah Fallujah after the occupation of Iraq because of huge number of displaced persons from the city of Fallujah , with a total population of 17 thousand people .   During the lead up to the Gulf War in 1990 , several Western hostages were held as a human shield at a suspected ammunition factory in the area from September 1990 until their release 6 December 1990 . These included a crew member from British Airways Flight 149 . Nationals of Britain , Japan and France were held on the site . Only the British were detained until December , the French and Japanese being released in October and November 1990 respectively .  The nature of their internment makes it difficult to pinpoint the exact location , but they were told by their Iraqi minders that they were at `` a factory in Amiriyah ''   During the American war on Iraq the city witnessed violent clashes such as those seen in the cities of Fallujah and Ramadi as well as explosions and car bombs with chlorine , but in the end in 2007 the Anbar police took over on the city .   In 2016 , during the Siege of Fallujah , there was intense fighting in the area between the Iraqi army and ISIL militants . Also several suicide attacks by ISIL were reported .

neg: British Assyrians British Assyrians , also known as Assyrian Brits , English Assyrians and Assyrians in the United Kingdom , are members of the Semitic , Eastern Aramaic speaking Assyrian ethnic group ( also known as Chaldo-Assyrians and some by the denominational term Chaldean Catholics ) born or residing in the United Kingdom , numbering approximately 8,000 persons . They are the indigenous Non-Arab , Pre-Arab and Pre-Islamic descendants of the ancient Mesopotamians , and the Assyrians , in particular ( see Assyrian continuity and Assyria ) .   Most have migrated from their ancient homelands in northern Iraq , north east Syria , south east Turkey and north west Iran .   Concentrations of Assyrians are found in Greenford and in Hanwell , both towns within the London Borough of Ealing . Assyrians mostly migrated from northern Iraq , southeast Turkey , northwest Iran and northeast Syria , an area encompassing the Assyrian homeland . Migration was largely triggered by long standing ethnic and religious persecution in their homelands .

neg: Judeo-Iraqi Arabic Judeo-Iraqi Arabic ( also known as Iraqi Judeo-Arabic and Yahudic ) is a variety of Arabic spoken by Iraqi Jews currently or formerly living in Iraq . It is estimated that there are 100,000 to 120,000 speakers in Israel ( as of 1994 ) , 52,000 in India ( no date ) , and that just 100 to 150 older speakers remain in Iraq ( as of 1992 ) . The best known variety is Baghdad Jewish Arabic , although there were different dialects in Mosul and elsewhere .   The vast majority of Iraqi Jews have relocated to Israel and have switched to using Hebrew in as their home language .   The 2014 film Farewell Baghdad is performed mostly in Baghdad Jewish Arabic , the first time a movie has been filmed in Judeo-Iraqi Arabic .

neg: Iraqis The Iraqis leads here . For The Iraqis political party , refer to The Iraqis ( party )   The Iraqi people ( Arabic : العراقيون ʿIrāqīyūn , Kurdish : گه لی عیراق Îraqîyan , ܥܡܐ ܥܝܪܩܝܐ ʿIrāqāyā , Iraklılar ) are the citizens of the modern country of Iraq .   Arabs have had a large presence in Mesopotamia since the Sasanian Empire ( 224-637 ) . Arabic was spoken by the majority in the Kingdom of Araba in the first and second centuries , and by Arabs in al-Hirah from the third century . Arabs were common in Mesopotamia at the time of the Seleucid Empire ( 3rd century BC ) . The first Arab kingdom outside of Arabia was established in Iraq 's Al-Hirah in the third century . Arabic was a minority language in northern Iraq in the eighth century BC , from the eighth century following the Muslim conquest of Persia it became the dominant language of Iraqi Muslims because Arabic was the language of the Quran and of the Abbasid Caliphate .   Kurds who are Iraqi citizens live in the Zagros Mountains of northeast Iraq to the east of the upper Tigris . Arabic and Kurdish are Iraq 's national languages .

neg: Farhud Farhud refers to the pogrom or `` violent dispossession '' carried out against the Jewish population of Baghdad , Iraq , on June 1 -- 2 , 1941 , immediately following the British victory in the Anglo-Iraqi War . The riots occurred in a power vacuum following the collapse of the pro-Nazi government of Rashid Ali , while the city was in a state of instability . The violence came immediately after the rapid defeat by the British of Rashid Ali , whose earlier coup had generated a short period of national euphoria , and was charged by allegations that Iraqi Jews had aided the British . Over 180 Jews were killed and 1,000 injured , and up to 300-400 non-Jewish rioters were killed in the attempt to quell the violence . Looting of Jewish property took place and 900 Jewish homes were destroyed .   The Farhud took place during the Jewish holiday of Shavuot . Because of rioters lamenting the losses of the outgoing regime of Rashid Ali al-Gaylani , who was an ally of Hitler 's , it has been referred to as a pogrom which was part of the Holocaust , although such comparison has been disputed . It has also been called `` the beginning of the end of the Jewish community of Iraq '' , propagating the migration of Iraqi Jews out of the country , although a direct connection to the 1951-2 Jewish exodus from Iraq is disputed . as many Jews who left Iraq immediately following the Farhud returned to the country and permanent emigration did not accelerate significantly until 1950-51 . According to Hayyim Cohen , the Farhud `` was the only -LSB- such event -RSB- known to the Jews of Iraq , at least during their last hundred years of life there '' .

neg: Iraqi Governing Council The Iraqi Governing Council ( IGC ) was the provisional government of Iraq from July 13 , 2003 to June 1 , 2004 . It was established by and served under the United States-led Coalition Provisional Authority ( CPA ) . The IGC consisted of various Iraqi political and tribal leaders who were appointed by the CPA to provide advice and leadership of the country until the June 2004 transfer of sovereignty to the Iraqi Interim Government ( which was replaced in May 2005 by the Iraqi Transitional Government , which was then replaced the following year by the first permanent government ) .   The Council 's ethnic and religious breakdown included 13 Shias , five Sunnis , five Kurds ( also Sunnis ) , one Turkmen and an Assyrian . Three of its members were women .   In September 2003 , the Iraqi Governing Council gained regional recognition from the Arab League , which agreed to seat its representative in Iraq 's chair at its meetings . On June 1 , 2004 , the Council dissolved after choosing member Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawer as the president of the new Iraq interim government . Full sovereignty was transferred to the interim government ( and the CPA dissolved ) on June 28 .

neg: Capital punishment in Iraq Capital punishment is a legal penalty in Iraq .   It was commonly used by the government of Saddam Hussein ; and has been since his removal from office . After the invasion of Iraq in 2003 , the U.S. administrator , L. Paul Bremer , suspended capital punishment on June 10 , declaring that `` the former regime used certain provisions of the penal code as a means of oppression , in violation of internationally acknowledged human rights . ''   On August 8 , 2004 , capital punishment was reinstated in Iraq . Iraqi law states that no person over the age of 70 can be executed , despite people like Tariq Aziz , sentenced to death at the age of 74 . There is an automatic right to appeal on all such sentences . Iraqi Law requires execution within 30 days of all legal avenues being exhausted . The last legal step , before the execution proceeds , is for the condemned to be handed a red card . This is completed by an official of the court with details of the judgment and a notice that execution is imminent .   In September 2005 , three murderers were the first people to be executed since the restoration . Then on March 9 , 2006 , an official of Iraq 's Supreme Judicial Council confirmed that Iraqi authorities had executed the first insurgents by hanging .   27 people , including one woman , were executed by the Iraqi government on September 6 , 2006 , for high crimes against civilians .   At least 285 people were sentenced to death in 2008 ; at least 34 were executed . In 2007 , at least 199 people were sentenced to death and 33 executed , in 2006 , at least 65 people were executed . The actual figures could be much higher as there are no available official statistics . ''   There were at least 120 executions in 2009 , overwhelmingly for alleged terrorist offences . More than 900 people , including 17 women , were thought to be at risk of imminent execution in Iraq at the end of 2009 - they had reportedly exhausted all forms of appeal and their death sentences were said to have been ratified by the Presidential Council .   On January 19 , 2012 , 34 people were executed in a single day . Early in October 2013 , 42 people convicted of terrorism charges were hanged over the course of two days . By that date a total of 132 people had been executed in 2013 .   In July 2016 , the Prime minister Haider Al-Abadi ordered the execution of all terrorists condemned in the country following the Baghdad suicide truck bombing which killed over 250 people at a mall in Karrada , Baghdad .

neg: Kirkuk Kirkuk ( كركوك , Kerkük ܟܪܟ ܣܠܘܟ , ܟܪܟܘܟ ) is an Iraqi city in northern Iraq , 236 km north of Baghdad and 83 km south of Erbil . It is the capital of Kirkuk Governorate .   Kirkuk lies in a wide zone with an enormously diverse population and has been multilingual for centuries . There were dramatic demographic changes during Kirkuk 's urbanization in the twentieth century , which saw the development of distinct ethnic groups . Kurds , Turkmen , Arabs and Assyrians lay conflicting claims to this zone , and all have their historical accounts and memories to buttress their claims .   The city sits on the ruins of the original Kirkuk Citadel , site of the ancient mid 3rd millennium BC , Assyrian city of Arrapha , and which sits near the Khasa River . The city is mentioned during the Sumero-Akkadian period of Assyria in cuneiform script from about 2400 BC . The region became a part of the Akkadian empire ( 2335-2154 BC ) which united all of the Akkadian and Sumerian speaking Mesopotamians under one rule . After its collapse , the language isolate speaking Gutians , a pre-Iranic race from Ancient Iran , overran the region for a few decades , making Arrapha their capital , before being ejected from Mesopotamia by the Sumerians during the Neo-Sumerian Empire ( 2112-2004 BC ) . The city later came to be dominated by the language isolate speaking Hurrians from eastern Anatolia before being incorporated into the Old Assyrian Empire ( 2025-1750 BC ) , after which Arrapha and indeed the whole of northern Mesopotamia , together with parts of north east Syria and south east Turkey , became a part of Assyria proper . During the late 15th century BC Assyria and Arrapha was under the domination of the short lived Mittani-Hurrian empire , but after the Assyrians overthrew and destroyed the Hurri-Mitanni in the early 14th century BC the city was once more under Assyrian rule . Arrapha remained an important Assyrian city until the fall of the Assyrian empire between 615-599 BC . After this it remained a part of the geo-political province of Assyria ( Achaemenid Assyria , Athura , Seleucid Syria , Assyria ( Roman province ) and Assuristan ) under various foreign empires , and between the 2nd century BC and 3rd century AD became the capital of the Neo-Assyrian state of Beth Garmai before this was conquered into the Sassanid empire and became a part of Assuristan . The Arab Islamic conquest of the 7th century AD saw the dissolution of Assyria as a geo-political entity .   Kurds and Turkmens have claimed the city as a cultural capital . It was named the `` capital of Iraqi culture '' by the Iraqi ministry of culture in 2010 . The city currently consists mainly of people who self-identify as Kurds , Arabs , Iraqi Turkmens and Assyrians , with changes in population after the fall of Saddam Hussein , the US invasion , and the war against the Islamic State .

neg: Demographics of Iraq This article is about the demographic features of the population of Iraq , including population density , ethnicity , education level , health of the populace , economic status , religious affiliations and other aspects of the population .   The population is estimated to be 36,585,692 as of July 2014 , with most of the population being Arab ( 80-85 % ) , followed by Kurds ( 10-15 % ) and others ( 5 % ) .

neg: Iraqi Armed Forces The Iraqi Armed Forces are the military forces of the Iraqi government . They consist of the Iraqi Army , the Iraqi Air Force , and the Iraqi Navy .   They were initially formed in the early 1920s . Six military Coup d'états were mounted by the Army between 1936 and 1941 . The armed forces first saw combat in the Anglo-Iraqi War of 1941 . They fought against Israel in the 1948 Arab -- Israeli War , in the 1967 Six Day War , and in the 1973 Yom Kippur War . Two wars with the Kurds were fought in 1961 -- 70 and 1974 -- 75 . A much larger conflict was the Iran -- Iraq War , initiated by the Iraqis in 1980 , which continued until 1988 . Thereafter Iraq began the Invasion of Kuwait , which led to the Persian Gulf War of 1991 , which led in turn to confrontations over the Iraqi no-fly zones during the 1990s , and finally the Iraq War of 2003 . The Iraqi armed forces have had mixed success at the strategic level but consistently poor tactical performance during most of their history . Iraq had one of the largest and strongest militaries in the world in 1990 , before the Persian Gulf War of 1991 .   The armed forces are administered by the Ministry of Defence ( MOD ) . Since the 2003 invasion of Iraq , which toppled the Saddam Hussein regime , the Iraqi Armed Forces have been rebuilt with substantial assistance from the United States Armed Forces . Since the implementation of the U.S.-Iraq Status of Forces Agreement on January 1 , 2009 , the Iraqi Armed Forces and the forces of the Interior Ministry are responsible for providing security and upholding law and order throughout Iraq .   The Iraqi Army , in particular , is one of the most trusted national institutions of Iraq . Iraqi Armed Forces deficiencies have been identified in enabling functions , such as , e.g. , logistics and military intelligence . In high-end conventional operations , Iraqi capabilities are currently limited by lack of artillery and air power . There are also concerns regarding corruption and sectarian agendas within the force .

neg: Ajam of Bahrain Ajam of Bahrain are an ethnic group in Bahrain composed of Shia Bahraini citizens of non-Arab Iranian national background ( mainly Persian and Lur Persians ) . There is also a substantial community of Sunni citizens of Persian descent , although they do not self-identify as Ajam .   The Ajam are mostly bilingual in Persian and Arabic , though speak Persian as their first tongue .

neg: Monoethnicity Monoethnicity is the existence of a single ethnic group in a given region or country . It is the opposite of polyethnicity . The use of the concept of monoethnicity has been criticized for being discriminatory and preventing diversity from being recognized .   It is a common belief in Japan that the entire country is monoethnic , but there are many ethnic minorities in Japan ( e.g. Koreans , Ainus , and Ryukyuans ) . They represent around 1 % of the whole population   South Koreans regard themselves as a monoethnic society , although there are small ethnic minorities that exist in South Korea , where they account for around 1 % of the South Korean population . These include around 650,000 Chinese immigrants   Most Sub-Saharan African countries have mono-racial societies ( > 0.1 % ) , but it 's common to find several ethnic groups within the same country . The number of emigrants from these African countries has grown substantially since 1990 , but they receive virtually almost zero immigration .   The Yugoslav Wars are noted as having made territories `` de facto and de jure monoethnic nation-states '' .

neg: Sawad Sawad was the name used in early Islamic times ( 7th -- 12th centuries ) for southern Iraq . It means `` black land '' and refers to the stark contrast between the alluvial plain of Mesopotamia and the Arabian desert . Under the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates , it was an official political term for a province encompassing most of modern Iraq ( except for the western desert and al-Jazira in the north ) .   As a generic term , it was used to denote the irrigated and cultivated areas in any district .

neg: Afro-Iraqi Afro-Iraqis are an ethnic group that is descended from people of Zanj heritage in Iraq . Most are found in the southern port city of Basra , with many speaking Arabic and adhering to Islam . There are more than 500,000 Afro-Iraqis .


query: Crystal Palace F.C. beat the Everton F.C. in 1991.

pos: Crystal Palace F.C. Crystal Palace Football Club is a professional football club based in South Norwood , London , that plays in the Premier League , the top tier of English football .   The club was founded in 1905 at the famous Crystal Palace Exhibition building by the owners of the FA Cup Final stadium which was situated inside its historic grounds . Palace played their home games at the Cup Final venue until 1915 when the First World War forced them to move out and play at Herne Hill Velodrome and The Nest . In 1924 , the club moved to their current home at Selhurst Park .   Palace have been FA Cup finalists twice , in 1990 and 2016 , losing to Manchester United on both occasions . Palace were one of the original founding members of the Premier League . The club enjoyed their best ever top flight season in 1990 -- 91 , when they challenged for the English league title , eventually finishing in third place in the top tier , their highest ever league position . Palace were denied a place in Europe at the end of that season due to the partial UEFA ban on English clubs following the Heysel Stadium disaster . The club have been second tier champions twice and hold the record for the most play-off wins for promotion to the top flight , winning the final four times . Palace were also winners of the Full Members Cup in 1991 when they beat Everton in the Wembley final .   In 1973 , the club changed its original nickname from `` The Glaziers '' to `` The Eagles '' and introduced the red and blue vertical stripes now associated with the club . The club had previously played in claret and blue colours . Palace have rivalries with Brighton & Hove Albion , with whom they contest the M23 derby , and fellow South London clubs Millwall and Charlton Athletic .

neg: 1981 FA Cup Final The 1981 FA Cup Final was the 100th final of the FA Cup , and was contested by Tottenham Hotspur and Manchester City .   The original match took place on Saturday 9 May 1981 at Wembley , and finished 1 -- 1 after extra-time . Tommy Hutchison opened the scoring for City in the 30th minute , but scored an own-goal in the 79th minute to bring Spurs level .   The replay took place five days later , on Thursday 14 May 1981 , and was the first replay since 1970 and the first to be staged at Wembley . Ricky Villa opened the scoring for Spurs in the eighth minute , before Steve MacKenzie equalised for City three minutes later . A Kevin Reeves penalty five minutes into the second half put the Manchester side ahead , before Garth Crooks brought Spurs level again in the 70th minute . Then , in the 76th minute , Tony Galvin passed to Villa 30 yards from City 's goal , and the Argentinian proceeded to skip past four defenders before slotting the ball past City goalkeeper Joe Corrigan . This goal was voted Wembley Goal of the Century in 2001 , and it won Tottenham the match , 3 -- 2 , and the FA Cup for the sixth time .

neg: 1989 Football League Second Division play-off Final The 1989 Football League Second Division play-off Final was a football match contested by Blackburn Rovers and Crystal Palace over two legs ; the first at Ewood Park in Blackburn and the second at Selhurst Park in London . The matches were played to decide the third and final team to be promoted from the Football League Second Division to the Football League First Division for the 1989 -- 90 season .   Blackburn Rovers won the first leg 3 -- 1 . After 90 minutes of the return leg Crystal Palace were winning 2 -- 0 , this forced the game to go to extra time where a further goal from Palace meant they won 4 -- 3 on aggregate and were promoted to the top division of the English football league system after an eight-year absence . Blackburn remained in the Second Division for a tenth consecutive season .

neg: 2010–11 Everton F.C. season The 2010 -- 11 season of Everton F.C. was Everton 's 19th season in the Premier League and 57th consecutive season in the top division of English football . It was also Everton 's 112th season of league football and 114th season in all competitions . The club began their pre-season friendly schedule on 10 July 2010 with a 3-match tour of Australia . Also , for the first time in club history , Everton played against and defeated their namesake , Chilean club Everton de Viña del Mar , 2 -- 0 in a friendly at Goodison Park . The club entered the Football League Cup in the Second Round against Huddersfield Town and were knocked out in the subsequent round in an upset defeat away to Brentford . Everton entered the FA Cup in the Third Round Proper and were eliminated in the Fifth Round by Reading . The club 's Premier League campaign began on 14 August against Blackburn Rovers at Ewood Park and concluded on 22 May against Chelsea at Goodison Park . For the first time since 2006 -- 07 , Everton did not participate in any European competitions .

neg: Liverpool 9–0 Crystal Palace (1989) On 12 September 1989 , Liverpool faced Crystal Palace in a First Division fixture at Anfield , during the 1989 -- 90 season . Crystal Palace were newly promoted to the Division , while Liverpool had been narrowly pipped to the League title by Arsenal in the previous season . Liverpool won the match 9 -- 0 , recording their biggest ever top-flight win , and inflicting Palace 's heaviest ever defeat . Eight different players scored for Liverpool , the only time this has happened for the same club in English football history .

neg: 1906–07 FA Cup The 1906 -- 07 FA Cup was the 36th season of the world 's oldest association football competition , the Football Association Challenge Cup ( more usually known as the FA Cup ) . The Wednesday won the competition for the second time , beating Everton 2 -- 1 in the final at Crystal Palace .   Matches were scheduled to be played at the stadium of the team named first on the date specified for each round , which was always a Saturday . If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played , a replay would take place at the stadium of the second-named team later the same week . If the replayed match was drawn further replays would be held at neutral venues until a winner was determined . If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played in a replay , a 30-minute period of extra time would be played .

neg: 1896 FA Cup Final The 1896 FA Cup Final was won by The Wednesday at the Crystal Palace , in a victory over Wolverhampton Wanderers .

neg: 1966–67 FA Cup The 1966 -- 67 FA Cup was the 86th season of the world 's oldest football cup competition , the Football Association Challenge Cup , commonly known as the FA Cup . Tottenham Hotspur won the competition for the fifth time , beating Chelsea 2 -- 1 in the first all-London final . The game was played at Wembley .   Matches were scheduled to be played at the stadium of the team named first on the date specified for each round , which was always a Saturday . Some matches , however , might be rescheduled for other days if there were clashes with games for other competitions or the weather was inclement . If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played , a replay would take place at the stadium of the second-named team later the same week . If the replayed match was drawn further replays would be held until a winner was determined . If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played in a replay , a 30-minute period of extra time would be played .

neg: 1995–96 Newcastle United F.C. season During the 1995 -- 96 football season , English club Newcastle United participated in the Premier League , finishing in second place .   An explosive start to the season saw Newcastle storm to the top of the Premier League table . At Christmas 1995 they held a lead of 10 points , which stretched to 12 points in mid-January 1996 . However , a run of five defeats from eight matches enabled Manchester United to catch up and overtake them in March , and Newcastle ultimately finished four points behind Alex Ferguson 's team .

neg: 1976–77 Football League Cup The 1976 -- 77 Football League Cup was the seventeenth season of the Football League Cup , a knockout competition for England 's top 92 football clubs . The competition started on 14 August 1976 and ended with the final going to a second replay on 13 April 1977 .   The final was contested by First Division teams Aston Villa and Everton at Wembley Stadium in London , followed by replays at Hillsborough and finally being decided at Old Trafford .

neg: 1991–92 Irish League Cup The 1991 -- 92 Irish League Cup ( known as the Wilkinson Sword League Cup for sponsorship reasons ) was the sixth edition of Northern Ireland 's secondary football knock-out cup competition . It concluded on 14 April 1992 with the final .   Glentoran were the defending champions . The previous season they had become the first club to win the trophy more than once , after the first four competitions were won by four clubs . They defeated Ards 2 -- 0 in the previous final . This season however , they went out in the first round to Harland & Wolff Welders . The eventual winners were Linfield who won their second League Cup , defeating Larne 3 -- 0 in the final .

neg: 1989–90 Football League Trophy The 1989 -- 90 Football League Trophy , known as the 1989 -- 90 Leyland DAF Cup , was the seventh staging of the Football League Trophy , a knock-out competition for English football clubs in the Third Division and the Fourth Division . The winners were Tranmere Rovers and the runners-up were Bristol Rovers .   The competition began on 7 November 1989 and ended with the final on 20 May 1990 at Wembley Stadium .   In the first round , there were two sections split into eight groups : North and South . In the following rounds each section gradually eliminates teams in knock-out fashion until each has a winning finalist . At this point , the two winning finalists face each other in the combined final for the honour of the trophy .

neg: 1991 NBA Playoffs The 1991 NBA Playoffs was the postseason tournament of the National Basketball Association 's 1990 -- 91 season . The tournament concluded with the Eastern Conference champion Chicago Bulls defeating the Western Conference champion Los Angeles Lakers 4 games to 1 in the NBA Finals . Michael Jordan was named NBA Finals MVP .   After the Pistons had ended their season the last three years , the Bulls got revenge in the Eastern Conference Finals by sweeping the two-time defending NBA champions . It was the first time the Bulls won a playoff series over the Pistons since 1974 , when both teams were still part of the Western Conference . Game 4 ended with some of the Pistons walking off the court before time expired , refusing to shake the Bulls ' hands . In the 1989 NBA Finals , the Pistons themselves had swept the two-time defending champion Lakers . Detroit did not reach the conference finals again until 2003 .   The seventh seeded Golden State Warriors stunned the San Antonio Spurs in the first round of the playoffs , defeating them 3 games to 1 . It would be Golden State 's last playoff series win until 2007 .   The 76ers and the Bucks met in the first round of the playoffs where the 76ers swept the series . It would be both teams last playoff appearance until 1999 .   Game 4 of the Blazers -- Jazz series was the last game ever played at the Salt Palace .   This was the first year that NBC aired the NBA Playoffs .

neg: 2005–06 Crystal Palace F.C. season During the 2005 -- 06 English football season , Crystal Palace F.C. competed in the Football League Championship , following relegation from the FA Premier League the previous season .

neg: 1991 DFB-Pokal Final The 1991 DFB-Pokal Final decided the winner of the 1990 -- 91 DFB-Pokal , the 48th season of Germany 's premier knockout football cup competition . It was played on 22 June 1991 at the Olympiastadion in Berlin . Werder Bremen won the match 4 -- 3 on penalties against 1 . FC Köln , following a 1 -- 1 draw after extra time , to claim their second cup title .

neg: Everton F.C. Everton F.C. -LSB- ˈɛvərtən -RSB- is a football club in Liverpool , England , that currently competes in the Premier League , the top flight of English football . The club have competed in the top division for a record 114 seasons and won the League Championship nine times , and the FA Cup five times .   Formed in 1878 , Everton were founding members of The Football League in 1888 and won their first League Championship two seasons later . Following four League Championship and two FA Cup wins , Everton experienced a lull in the immediate post World War Two period , until a revival in the 1960s , which saw the club win two League Championships and an FA Cup . The mid-1980s represented their most recent period of sustained success , with two League Championships , an FA Cup , and the 1985 European Cup Winners ' Cup . The club 's most recent major trophy was the 1995 FA Cup .   The club 's supporters are known as Evertonians . Everton have a rivalry with neighbours Liverpool , and the two sides contest the Merseyside derby . The club have been based at Goodison Park in Walton , Liverpool , since 1892 , after moving from Anfield following a row over its rent . The club 's home colours are royal blue shirts with white shorts and socks .

neg: 2006–07 Crystal Palace F.C. season During the 2006 -- 07 English football season , Crystal Palace competed in the Football League Championship .

neg: 1895–96 FA Cup The 1895 -- 1896 FA Cup was the 25th season of the world 's oldest association football competition , the Football Association Challenge Cup ( more usually known as the FA Cup ) . The cup was won by The Wednesday , who defeated Wolverhampton Wanderers 2 -- 1 in the final of the competition , played at Crystal Palace in London . This was Wednesday 's first victory in the FA Cup .   Matches were scheduled to be played at the stadium of the team named first on the date specified for each round , which was always a Saturday . If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played , a replay would take place at the stadium of the second-named team later the same week . If the replayed match was drawn further replays would be held at neutral venues until a winner was determined . If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played in a replay , a 30-minute period of extra time would be played .

neg: 2011–12 Football League Cup The 2011 -- 12 Football League Cup , known as the Carling Cup due to the competition 's sponsorship by lager brand Carling , was the 52nd season of the Football League Cup , a knock-out competition for England 's top 92 football clubs . Birmingham City were the defending champions , having beaten Arsenal 2 -- 1 in last season 's Final , but were knocked out 2 -- 0 by Manchester City in the Third Round .   Liverpool , the winner of the competition , qualified for the third qualifying round of the 2012 -- 13 UEFA Europa League . The final was held on 26 February 2012 , and was contested at Wembley Stadium between finalists Liverpool and Cardiff City . Cardiff were the first team outside the Premier League to appear in a League Cup final since 2001 . It was Liverpool 's first appearance at the new Wembley . Liverpool won the final 3 -- 2 on penalties , claiming a record eighth League Cup , after the score was 2 -- 2 after extra time .

neg: 1994–95 Blackburn Rovers F.C. season The 1994 -- 95 season was Blackburn Rovers F.C. 's third season in the Premier League , and their third consecutive season in the top division of English football .   The season was marked by the club winning the Premier League title , ending their 81-year run without an English league title . They ended up winning the title by a one-point margin over Manchester United . Rovers led the way for most of the season , but a 2 -- 1 defeat at Kenny Dalglish 's old club Liverpool on the final day of the season briefly appeared to threaten their title hopes . Manchester United however could only draw ( 1 -- 1 ) at West Ham so the league title was back at Blackburn for the first time since 1914 . Jack Walker 's dream had come true : within five years of buying the club , he had taken them from strugglers in the old Second Division to champions of England .   Early exits from the League Cup , FA Cup and UEFA Cup to Liverpool , Newcastle and Trelleborg respectively were frustrating for Rovers in 1994 -- 95 , but turned out for the best as they could concentrate on the league challenge .   Kenny Dalglish won the Premier League Manager of the Year award for leading Blackburn to success , Alan Shearer won both the Golden Boot for contributing 34 of Blackburn 's 80 league goals and also the PFA Players ' Player of the Year award as nominated by his fellow professionals . Graeme Le Saux , Colin Hendry , Tim Sherwood and Shearer all made it into the PFA Team of the Year .

neg: 1986–87 Manchester United F.C. season The 1986 -- 87 season was Manchester United 's 85th season in the Football League , and their 12th consecutive season in the top division of English football .   The pressure on manager Ron Atkinson after last season 's failed title challenge remained strong after United lost their opening three games of the season , and despite some decent results in the following few weeks , United bowed out of the League Cup in a fourth round replay defeat at Southampton , prompting the dismissal of Atkinson on 6 November 1986 after more than five years in charge .   Alex Ferguson was confirmed as Atkinson 's successor within hours , recruited from Scottish side Aberdeen , where he had enjoyed considerable success in the previous seven years . United recovered well in the league after his appointment and finished 11th , managing to scratch up some impressive results including winning both of their league clashes with Liverpool ( results which helped deprive Kenny Dalglish 's side of the league title ) , a 4 -- 1 home win over Newcastle United on New Year 's Day 1987 , a 2 -- 0 home win over a resurgent Arsenal and a 2 -- 0 win at Old Trafford in the Manchester derby which helped push City towards relegation . Their win at Liverpool also made them the only team to win at Liverpool in the league all season .   However , United were prevented from finishing even higher in the league by a few disappointing results after Ferguson 's arrival , beginning with a 2 -- 0 defeat in their first game under Ferguson at Oxford United , losing both of their clashes with newly promoted Wimbledon , being beaten at Old Trafford by Norwich City just after Christmas and suffering a 4 -- 0 defeat at Tottenham near the end of the season , although by the time of the Tottenham game it was mathematically impossible for United to either win the title or suffer relegation ( there was no prospect of European qualification due to the ongoing ban on English clubs in Europe following the Heysel disaster two years earlier ) . United also failed to win any another away games in the league apart from the visit to Liverpool on Boxing Day .   United 's improvement under Ferguson during the season was achieved without making any major signings , although it was widely expected that he would spend heavily on new players during the 1987 close season . He went on to pay Celtic # 850,000 for high-scoring striker Brian McClair . He strengthened the defence by paying Arsenal # 250,000 for experienced full-back Viv Anderson . Unsuccessful bids were also made for several other players : Ferguson expressed an interest in bringing striker Mark Hateley back to England from Milan , but the player opted to remain overseas and signed for AS Monaco instead . He also made a bid to bring Peter Beardsley back to the club from Newcastle United , but the England international forward instead joined Liverpool for a British record fee . Ferguson was offered the chance to sign Watford winger John Barnes , but declined to make an approach for the player due to his faith in Jesper Olsen in the same position .


query: It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia is a recorded work.

pos: It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia is an American television black comedy sitcom that premiered on FX on August 4 , 2005 . It moved to FXX beginning with the ninth season , and has remained there since . It was created by Rob McElhenney , who developed it with Glenn Howerton . It is executive produced and primarily written by McElhenney , Howerton , and Charlie Day , all of whom star alongside Kaitlin Olson and Danny DeVito . The series follows the exploits of `` The Gang '' , a group of self-centered friends who run the Irish bar Paddy 's Pub in South Philadelphia .   The series was renewed for a twelfth season that premiered on January 4 , 2017 . On April 1 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a thirteenth and fourteenth season , which will tie it with The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet as the longest running live-action sitcom in American TV history .

neg: VH1 Storytellers: Johnny Cash & Willie Nelson VH1 Storytellers is the 83rd overall album and is a live album by Johnny Cash and Willie Nelson , released in 1998 ( see 1998 in music ) on American Recordings . The album was produced by Rick Rubin and was the third record released as part of Cash 's ten-year period of collaboration with Rubin . It is not , however , counted as part of the American Recordings series , which is reserved for Cash 's studio work with Rubin .   Cash and Nelson take turns on songs associated with each respective artist , usually with the other performing harmony or occasionally verses . The opening track is a duet with Cash and Nelson , and some tracks feature guitar solos by Nelson . Between tracks , Cash and Nelson joke with each other and discuss the songs and their origins .   This was the final album of new performances released by Cash prior to the onset of health problems that forced him to curtail live concerts also led to changes in the timbre of his voice that were noticeable from American III : Solitary Man ( his next album release of new recordings issued in 2000 ) onwards . It was also Cash 's final purpose-recorded live album to be released during his lifetime , though an archival recording , Johnny Cash at Madison Square Garden , recorded in 1969 , would be issued a year before his death .

neg: On the Sunny Side of the Strip On the Sunny Side of the Strip is a 1960 live album by the George Shearing quintet , one of five live albums recorded by the quintet .

neg: List of tallest buildings in Philadelphia Philadelphia , the largest city in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania , is home to 389 completed high-rises , 32 of which stand taller than 400 ft. The tallest building in the city is currently the 58-story Comcast Center , which rises 975 ft in Center City . Comcast Center is also the tallest building in Pennsylvania and the 20th-tallest building in the United States . The second-tallest building is One Liberty Place , which rises 61 floors and 945 ft. One Liberty Place stood as the tallest building in Pennsylvania for over 20 years until the completion of Comcast Center in 2008 . Overall , seven of the ten tallest buildings in Pennsylvania are in Philadelphia , with the remainder being in Pittsburgh . Philadelphia is one of only five American cities with two or more completed buildings over 900 ft tall .   Philadelphia 's history of tall buildings is generally thought to have begun with the 1754 addition of the steeple to Christ Church , which was one of America 's first high-rise structures . Through most of the 20th century , a `` gentlemen 's agreement '' prevented buildings from rising higher than the 548-ft ( 167-m ) Philadelphia City Hall . Despite this , Philadelphia amassed a large collection of high-rise buildings . The completion of One Liberty Place in 1987 broke the agreement , and Philadelphia has since seen the construction of eight skyscrapers that eclipse City Hall in height .   Philadelphia has twice held the tallest habitable building in North America , first with Christ Church , then with City Hall . The latter reigned as the world 's tallest building from 1894 to 1908 , and is currently the world 's second-tallest masonry building , only 1.6 ft shorter than Mole Antonelliana in Turin . Like other large American cities , Philadelphia went through a massive building boom in the 1970s and 1980s , resulting in the completion of over 20 high-rise buildings .   , there are several major high-rise construction projects underway in Philadelphia . The largest of these projects is the Comcast Innovation and Technology Center , which began construction in 2014 and will rise 1121 ft upon completion . The Comcast Innovation and Technology Center will surpass Comcast Center by over 100 ft to become the tallest skyscraper in Pennsylvania and the tallest building in the country outside of New York and Chicago .   __ TOC __

neg: Wilson Pickett In Philadelphia Wilson Pickett in Philadelphia is the eleventh studio album by singer Wilson Pickett released in 1970 . After cutting many of his earlier albums in the Deep South ( Memphis and Muscle Shoals ) , Pickett headed to Philadelphia to work with Gamble and Huff . The result was Wilson Pickett in Philadelphia .

neg: Martini In The Morning Martini In The Morning is an internet radio station based in Los Angeles . Martini in the Morning , often shortened to `` MITM '' to resemble traditional radio station call letters , was created when Los Angeles radio station Fabulous 690 XETRA ( originally Fabulous 570 KLAC ) was sold in February 2006 , to become a Spanish language station .   Brad ` Martini ' Chambers who created the new , more contemporary `` Adult Standards '' format for his then employers , Clear Channel Radio is the Program Director and principal host along with ` Mother ' Miriam Garfield . The station broadcasts 24 hours a day and is based in Studio City , Ca . Their broadcast format is similar to what is commonly referred to as `` Adult Standards '' , featuring Jazz Standards , primarily songs from what is often referred to as `` The Great American Songbook '' . The station is active in promoting the genre that the `` Great American Songbook '' represents and ensuring this musical genre does not disappear from the air . There were once hundreds of American radio stations programming similar music . There are now fewer than 200 , and many of those are a mix of `` Great American Songbook '' tunes with a larger percentage of more current `` Adult Contemporary '' music .   Martini in the Morning features music written by the likes of Hoagy Carmichael , Cole Porter , Irving Berlin , Rodgers and Hart , Rodgers and Hammerstein , Johnny Mercer , Henry Mancini , Jimmy McHugh , Dorothy Fields , Fats Waller , Jerome Kern , Sammy Cahn , Jimmy Van Heusen , and many others , performed by the historical greats like Ella Fitzgerald , Frank Sinatra , Dean Martin , Sammy Davis Jr. , Billie Holiday , Bobby Darin , Dinah Washington as well as the more modern `` crooners '' like Steve Tyrell , Tony Bennett , Diana Krall , Michael Bublé , Michael Feinstein , and established pop/rock and R&B artists crossing over into the genre , such as Sting , Paul McCartney , Rod Stewart , Queen Latifah , Lady Gaga and others .   The station is available on-line through various means , using iTunes ( Golden Oldies ) , mobile apps including TuneIn Radio , StreamS HiFi , Reciva , vTuner , Radio Loyalty and others available through the App Store or Marketplace , or you can connect directly via internet address : http://martiniinthemorning.com or watch live in studio on-line during the stations 's `` Morning Show '' 6:00 AM -- 10:00 AM Pacific time at http://www.martiniinthemorning.com/martinivision.html or via Ustream.tv - http://ustream.tv/mitm .

neg: Philadelphia Phillies all-time roster (H) The Philadelphia Phillies are a Major League Baseball team based in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . They are a member of the Eastern Division of Major League Baseball 's National League . The team has played officially under two names since beginning play in 1883 : the current moniker , as well as the `` Quakers '' , which was used in conjunction with `` Phillies '' during the team 's early history . The team was also known unofficially as the `` Blue Jays '' during the World War II era . Since the franchise 's inception , players have made an appearance in a competitive game for the team , whether as an offensive player ( batting and baserunning ) or a defensive player ( fielding , pitching , or both ) .   Of those Phillies , 133 have had surnames beginning with the letter H . One of those players has been inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame ; center fielder Billy Hamilton played for the Phillies for six seasons ( 1890 -- 1895 ) , amassing three career franchise records and three single-season records . Hamilton 's .361 batting average , .463 on-base percentage , and 508 stolen bases lead all Phillies in those categories , and his single-season records include most runs scored ( 192 in the 1894 season ; also a major league record ) , most stolen bases ( 111 in the 1891 season ) , and highest on-base percentage ( .523 in 1894 ) . The Hall of Fame lists the Phillies as Hamilton 's primary team , and he is a member of the Philadelphia Baseball Wall of Fame , as is Whiz Kid shortstop and second baseman Granny Hamner .   Among the 73 batters in this list , Lou Hardie has the highest batting average , at .375 ; he notched three hits in eight at-bats during the 1884 season . Other players with an average above .300 include Hamilton , George Harper ( .323 in three seasons ) , Chicken Hawks ( .322 in one season ) , Butch Henline ( .304 in six seasons ) , Chuck Hiller ( .302 in one season ) , Walter Holke ( .301 in three seasons ) , Paul Hoover ( .308 in two seasons ) , and Don Hurst ( .303 in seven seasons ) . Ryan Howard leads all members of this list with 253 home runs and 748 runs batted in in his seven seasons with the Phillies .   Of this list 's 62 pitchers , Bert Humphries has the best win -- loss record , in terms of winning percentage ; his three wins and one loss notched him a .750 win ratio in his one season with the team . Cole Hamels ' 74 victories and 1,091 strikeouts are the most by a player on this list , while Ken Heintzelman and Bill Hubbell lead with 55 defeats each . Tom Hilgendorf has the lowest earned run average ( ERA ) among pitchers , with a 2.14 mark ; the only player to best Hilgendorf in that category on this list is Holke , a first baseman , who made one pitching appearance in 1979 , throwing inning and allowing no runs ( a 0.00 ERA ) . Roy Halladay is one of the ten Phillies pitchers who have thrown a no-hitter , and the only man to accomplish the feat twice ; in Halladay 's first season with Philadelphia , he pitched a perfect game on May 29 , 2010 , and later became the second player to pitch a no-hitter in the postseason on October 6 , 2010 .   Two Phillies have made 30 % or more of their Phillies appearances as both pitchers and position player . Bill Harman batted .071 in 14 plate appearances as a catcher while amassing a 4.85 ERA and striking out three as a pitcher . Hardie Henderson allowed 19 runs in his only game as a pitcher while notching a .250 average as a left fielder .

neg: Barry Manilow Live Barry Manilow Live is the fifth album by the singer-songwriter Barry Manilow . The album was released in 1977 , and it scored quadruple platinum .   Manilow also was among 1977 Special Tony Award winners Lily Tomlin , Diana Ross , National Theatre For the Deaf and Equity Library Theatre honored with the award that year . He received it for Barry Manilow on Broadway , his 12-day stay at the Uris Theatre from December 21 , 1976 to January 2 , 1977 , where this live album was recorded .   The album is known for giving the first commercial release to Manilow 's VSM ( `` Very Strange Medley '' ) . Before the performance Manilow refers to this as a medley of songs that he included in his act against the values of his `` artsy fartsy friends '' . It is a medley of commercial jingles Manilow was involved with , either as a writer or performer , before he became a chart star . The products/companies these promoted include Kentucky Fried Chicken , State Farm , Stridex , Band-Aid , Bowlene , Dr. Pepper , Pepsi and McDonald 's .   When first released on compact disc , dialogue and all movements to `` Beautiful Music '' were omitted for it all to fit on one disc , however the 2006 compact disc re-release restores all dialogue and songs , in addition to reordering the track listing to accommodate for the added bonus tracks .

neg: Tim Story (composer) Tim Story ( born 1957 in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ) is an American composer , recording artist and producer of electronic and acoustic music . Story has performed on more than 20 solo and collaborative albums and in soundtracks for film and television .

neg: Philadelphia English Philadelphia English is a variety or dialect of American English native to Philadelphia and extending into Philadelphia 's suburbs in the Delaware Valley and South Jersey . The Philadelphia accent is one of the best-studied , as Philadelphia 's University of Pennsylvania is the home institution of pioneering sociolinguist William Labov . Philadelphia English shares some distinct features with New York City English and Midland American English , although it is still its own very distinct dialect . However , the closest relative of the Philadelphia accent of the mid-twentieth century is the Baltimore accent , both of which constitute what Labov describes as a single `` Mid-Atlantic '' regional dialect .   According to linguist Barbara Johnstone , migration patterns and geography affected the dialect 's development , which was especially influenced by immigrants from Northern England , Scotland , and Northern Ireland . The accent is commonly found within the Irish American and Italian American working class neighborhoods .

neg: Chicago a cappella Chicago a cappella is a creative enterprise devoted to furthering the art of singing together without instruments .   An ensemble of professional singers founded in 1993 by Jonathan Miller , Chicago a cappella presents an annual Chicago-area subscription series , creates studio recordings as well as live and broadcast-media musical content , and gives performances on tour and in special engagements . Long recognized for vocal virtuosity and innovative programming , the ensemble enjoys a reputation as a leader in the choral field .   With more than 325 concerts to its credit , Chicago a cappella has produced more than 200 performances on its Chicago-based series . On tour , the group has appeared in 11 American states and in Mexico . The ensemble has been heard frequently on WFMT radio and through broadcasts distributed by American Public Media , including the highly regarded Performance Today . The ensemble has produced eight CD recordings of music ranging from Renaissance masses to contemporary works .   From its inception , Chicago a cappella has been a champion of living composers . Since 1993 the group has presented more than 100 works in their world , national , or local premiere . Chicago a cappella has commissioned new music from composers such as Joseph Jennings , Chen Yi , Stacy Garrop , Rollo Dilworth , Tania León , and Ezequiel Viñao .

neg: John McDaniel (musician) John William McDaniel ( born February 26 , 1961 , St. Louis , Missouri , United States ) is an American theatre producer , composer , conductor , and pianist . He is known as the lead composer and producer of the 1996 television talk show The Rosie O'Donnell Show , for which he received six Daytime Emmy Award nominations , winning two .   McDaniel is also known for his collaborations with Patti LuPone , most notably her 1995 concert Patti LuPone : Live ! , which debuted on Broadway after a Los Angeles engagement . He won a Grammy Award for producing the cast album of Annie Get Your Gun ( 1999 ) , as well as a Tony Award for producing the Broadway production of the latter .

neg: Soma (studio) Soma Electronic Music Studios is a recording studio owned and operated by John McEntire in Chicago , Illinois .   Artists who have recorded there include :  Bundy K. Brown , Brokeback , Broken Social Scene , Chicago Underground , Bobby Conn , David Grubbs , Isotope 217 , Rob Mazurek , Nobukazu Takemura , Jim O'Rourke , Pivot , Radian , Phil Ranelin , Red Krayola , The Research ( band ) , Royal Trux , Neil Michael Hagerty , The Sea and Cake , Stereolab , Teenage Fanclub , Tortoise , Wilco , Will Oldham , Papa M , Vaudevileins , and The Car Is on Fire .

neg: Clef Club of Jazz and Performing Arts The Philadelphia Clef Club of Jazz and Performing Arts , INC. ( PCC ) is an American trade union . It was founded in 1966 by members of Musicians ' Protective Union Local # 274 , American Federation of Musicians ( A F of M ) . Local # 274 was chartered in 1935 as a separate Black local because Black musicians were denied membership in the racially segregated Local # 77 . Local # 274 enjoyed its autonomy for more than 36 years . It was the longest surviving independent Black Musicians ' Union in the United States , of the more than fifty chartered in major cities .   Local # 274 and PCC 's social unit are integral parts of the history of JAZZ in Philadelphia . They evolved out of the struggle of Black musicians for political , economic , and cultural recognition during Philadelphia 's overt segregation period . Local # 274 's membership rolls included JAZZ greats like John Coltrane , Dizzy Gillespie , Shirley Scott , Lee Morgan , `` Philly '' Joe Jones , Grover Washington Jr. , the Heath Brothers , and Nina Simone to name a few .

neg: Philadelphia Folk Festival The Philadelphia Folk Festival is a world-famous folk music festival held annually at Old Pool Farm in Upper Salford , Pennsylvania , in the vicinity of Philadelphia .   The four-day festival , which is produced and run almost entirely by volunteers and sponsored by the non-profit Philadelphia Folksong Society , has been bringing world-class folk music to the area for more than 50 years , making it the oldest continually-run outdoor music festival in North America .   The Philadelphia Folksong Society , the premiere folk organization in the greater Philadelphia region , is known nationally and internationally for producing the famous festival and bringing together generations of folk music enthusiasts .   The event hosts contemporary and traditional artists in genres under the umbrella of Folk , including World/Fusion , Celtic , Singer/Songwriter , Folk Rock , Country , Klezmer , and Dance .   Gene Shay and internationally acclaimed folklorist Kenneth S. Goldstein founded the festival , along with George Britton , Bob Seigel , David Baskin , Esther Halpern , and others . Shay has acted as Master of Ceremonies since its inception and Goldstein served as Program Director for the first 15 years .   Originally held on Wilson Farm in Paoli , Pennsylvania , each year the event hosts over 35,000 visitors and nearly 7,000 campers at the Old Pool Farm . The event presents over 75 hours of music with local , regional , and national talent on 8 stages . A special Camp Stage show takes place on Thursday night , hosted by WXPN radio for the nationally syndicated World Cafe with David Dye .   The campgrounds at the Philadelphia Folk Festival are sectioned off into neighboring camp communities consisting of the quieter camping section , tent camping section , and the RV/vehicle camping section . The Dulcimer Grove , located in the corner of the camping site right next to the secondary stage hosts the kid 's area which presents crafts , juggling , magic , and music .   The Philadelphia Folksong Society presents the Philadelphia Folk Festival and has a full-time , year-round staff .

neg: Deer Head Inn The Deer Head Inn is a jazz club and inn located in Delaware Water Gap , Pennsylvania . Established in the nineteenth century , the Deer Head Inn became the after hours , artistic home for legendary jazz musicians who worked in the Pocono Mountain Resorts in the mid twentieth century . Artists have included : Zoot Sims , Stan Getz , Phil Woods , Urbie Green , Dave Liebman , Keith Jarrett , Bill Charlap , Bill Goodwin ( jazz Drummer ) , and Bob Dorough . In 1992 pianist Keith Jarrett recorded the live album , At the Deer Head Inn .

neg: Cowboy Records Cowboy Records was a record label in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . It was founded by Buddy DeSylva and Johnny Mercer in 1942 . It was later owned by Jimmy DeKnight and Jack Howard . Artists who recorded for the label included Bill Haley , who made his first commercial single release with the label as Bill Haley and the Four Aces of Western Swing .

neg: West Oak Lane, Philadelphia West Oak Lane is a neighborhood in the Upper Northern section of Philadelphia . The neighborhood was developed primarily between the early 1920s and late 1930s , with the areas near to Cedarbrook constructed after World War II . At the northeast corner of Limekiln Pike and Washington Lane was the site of the Cedar Park Inn , an historic tavern built in the early 19th century , which was torn down sometime after 1931 as the neighborhood was being fully developed .   Although it was predominately Caucasian from its inception until the mid-1960s , West Oak Lane is now one of Philadelphia 's middle-class African American communities .   The neighborhood is known throughout the city for its jazz festival . The West Oak Lane Jazz Festival has been held in mid-June since 2003 . Artists such as Chaka Khan , Teena Marie , Jeffrey Osbourne and Chrisette Michele have performed at the West Oak Lane Jazz Festival . However , since March 2012 , the West Oak Lane Jazz Festival has been cancelled . `` The festival was never supposed to be something that was going to last forever , '' the Ogontz Avenue Revitilization Corporation ( OARC ) director of marketing and public relations Naja Killebrew stated . `` We accomplished everything we wanted to do with it . ''   The neighborhood has distinct architecture that separates it from surrounding neighborhoods . Along with larger and sometimes detached houses , West Oak Lane also has many tree-lined streets and small yards . In 2005 , the 19126 and 19138 ZIP codes , which contain West Oak Lane , had a median home sale price of $ 113,200 . This was a 34-percent increase over the median price in 2004 . The median home sale price as of April 2015 was $ 122,941 , which was a 1.2 % percent increase from the previous year .

neg: Greater Kensington (string band) Greater Kensington is a string band in Philadelphia 's annual Mummers Parade .   The Greater Kensington String Band was organized in 1946 and first marched in the New Year 's Day Mummers Parade in 1948 . The band , known as `` GKSB '' , has taken first prize on three occasions and has finished in the top ten forty one times including seventeen years in the top five .   GKSB started in 1946 on Front Street below Lehigh Avenue and moved to a location atop the Cumberland Sho-bar at Kensington Avenue and `` A '' Street beneath the Market -- Frankford Line . In 1960 the band relocated and established its headquarters at 2844 `` D '' Street . The band is a charter member of the Philadelphia Mummers String Band Association and , as such , can never change its name . So when the band moved in 1966 to Tacony , it still carried the name of Greater Kensington String Band .   The band owns its headquarters on Edmund Street in Northeast Philadelphia . The band has joined with the Mayfair Optimist Club and the Mayfair-Holmesburg Merchants Association to sponsor and help organize the Annual Thanksgiving Day Parade on Frankford Avenue since 1974 . In 1975 the band acquired a catering club license making the hall available for rentals .   While New Year 's Day is the band 's big event of the year , the group has performed nationally , with past performances in Tennessee , Minnesota , Wisconsin , Illinois , the New England states , New Jersey , Maryland , Delaware and throughout Pennsylvania . They have also performed at the Quebec Winter Carnival , the Carnival de Libertad in Cuba , Oktoberfest in Kitchener-Waterloo , Ontario , the P. T. Barnum Festival in Connecticut and the Nebraska State Fair . They performed at the 1984 inauguration of Mayor Wilson Goode at the Academy of Music and as part of Goode 's bid for Philadelphia to host Super Bowl XXI . The band has also marched in the Miss America Parade , performed on the Merv Griffin Show , Philadelphia 's Puerto Rican Day parade , with the USO and in a command performance at Constitution Hall in Washington , D.C. with Charlie Daniels and the Rockettes in 1991 . In 2004 , the band performed in front of a live crowd of 280,000 people in the Chinese New Year Parade in Hong Kong . They have also performed in the Grand Opera House , appeared on the same bill with the Philadelphia Orchestra , and played across the Brooklyn Bridge when it was re-dedicated .   In 1983 , the band was selected to represent the East Coast and was one of only four bands to perform at the National Sports Festival held at the United States Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs . The group was named the championship band and was personally congratulated by Bob Hope who was the Olympic Committee Co-Chairman .   Also in 1983 , the band was a plaintiff in a federal lawsuit aimed at preventing planned changes to the Mummer 's Parade .   In September 2007 , the Tacony warehouse that they were renting was destroyed by arson . The band lost thousands of dollars worth of tools , set pieces and an inventory of thousands of ostrich feathers . The total loss was estimated at $ 20,000 , with $ 6,000 of that being feathers alone . As of December 2007 , they are unsure if their insurance will cover the loss .   While bands typically spend most of the year preparing for the parade on New Years Day , the band was able to rebuild most of their planned sets and props in time for the 2008 parade . The band publicly cited help from supporters and their competitors in the parade , with help coming from every other string band in the city and critically needed feathers from South Philadelphia , Avalon , Woodland and Trilby .   In 1963 , Sure Records released the band 's album `` String Band Sound of All-Time Favorites '' .

neg: James Anthony Carmichael James Anthony Carmichael ( born September 14 , 1941 ) is an American Grammy-winning musician , arranger , and record producer . He worked in Los Angeles as an arranger for The Olympics , Bill Cosby and others in the 1960s , before finding greater success at Motown as arranger and producer with the Commodores and Lionel Richie from the early 1970s to the late 1990s .

neg: Sunday Sunny Mill Valley Groove Day Sunday Sunny Mill Valley Groove Day is an album by Frank Black & the Catholics , recorded in 2000 . Because Black was not completely happy with the recording sessions , he decided against a commercial release . However , he did hand out several copies of the album at shows , which fans uploaded to the internet .   The song `` Sunday Sunny Mill Valley Groove Day '' also appears on Frank Black 's 2005 album Honeycomb .


query: Tom Franco is American.

pos: Tom Franco Thomas Andrew `` Tom '' Franco ( born April 14 , 1980 ) is an American actor , artist and the founder of the Firehouse Art Collective in Berkeley , California . Tom Franco is the brother of actors James Franco and Dave Franco .

neg: Luis Miguel Franco Luis Miguel Franco Zamora ( born 15 May 1993 in Zamora , Michoacán ) , known as Luis Franco , is a Mexican professional association football ( soccer ) player who plays in the midfielder position for Club León Premier .

neg: Brett Tomko Brett Daniel Tomko ( born April 7 , 1973 ) is an American former professional baseball pitcher . He played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Cincinnati Reds , San Diego Padres , Seattle Mariners , St. Louis Cardinals , San Francisco Giants , Los Angeles Dodgers , New York Yankees , Oakland Athletics , Texas Rangers , and Kansas City Royals .

neg: Franco Pancheri Franco Pancheri ( born January 25 , 1958 in Travagliato ) is an Italian professional football coach and a former player .

neg: Tom Skladany Thomas Edward Skladany ( born June 29 , 1955 ) was an American football punter who is widely considered to be , along with Ray Guy , one of the two greatest punters in college football history . Skladany later played in the NFL from 1978-1983 . Skladany , the only 3-time first team All American punter in college history , made Big 10 history in 1972 when he became the first specialty player given a football scholarship in Big 10 football history . Skladany was considered by Street & Smith 's and Parade to be the consenus number one high school kicker/punter in America in 1972 . Skladany turned down scholarship offers from Michigan , Penn State and hometown Pittsburgh to sign with Woody Hayes and Ohio State . Skladany was a three-time All-American at The Ohio State University -- ( 1974 , 1975 , 1976 ) .   Skladany , the Cleveland Browns # 2 pick in 1977 , made professional sports history when he held out the entire season in a contract dispute , becoming the first-ever NFL draft pick to hold out a full season . His rights were traded to the Detroit Lions after the 1977 season . Skladany was named first team All-Pro after the 1978 and 1981 seasons with Detroit , leading the NFL in punting average both years . He was selected to the Pro Bowl after the 1981 season . A back injury ended Skladany 's career prematurely in 1983 while punting for the Philadelphia Eagles .   Skladany comes from a football family of note . Tom 's uncle Leo Skladany blocked an attempted field goal as time expired in the 1949 NFL championship game to propel the Philadelphia Eagles to the 1949 NFL title over the Los Angeles Rams . Another uncle , Joe `` Mugs '' Skladany is a member of the College Football Hall of Fame and played for the Pittsburgh Steelers in 1941 before enlisting in World War II . Tom 's father Ed Skladany turned down the Chicago Bears to sign with the Cincinnati Reds in 1945 . Tom 's brother Joe Skladany was an All-American linebacker at LaFayette University in 1981 , and played for Arizona Wranglers of the USFL in 1982 . After retiring from the NFL in 1983 , Tom opened an American Speedy Printing Center in suburban Columbus , Ohio , and raised 4 daughters , all of whom played Division I collegiate soccer . His daughter , Karly , married 'N Sync singer Chris Kirkpatrick in 2013 , and his youngest daughter , Camryn , has excelled both athletically and professionally . Camryn is currently a leading executive in the professional staffing and recruitment industry . Tom Skladany is a past President of the NFL Alumni Association of Ohio ( 1989-2013 ) .

neg: Franco Migliacci Francesco `` Franco '' Migliacci ( born in Mantua , 1 May 1930 ) is a lyricist , producer , and actor .

neg: Tom Parker (actor) Thomas Scott `` Tom '' Parker ( born July 23 , 1977 ) is an American actor .

neg: Tom Lewis (American politician) Thomas F. `` Tom '' Lewis ( October 26 , 1924 -- August 1 , 2003 ) was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from Florida .   Lewis was born in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . After graduating from high school , he joined the U.S. Air Force , serving briefly in World War II . He was stationed in Florida during his service , and after his discharge in 1954 , decided to live there permanently . Lewis earned a business degree from the University of Florida . He took a job at Pratt & Whitney Aircraft and became an important executive . In 1964 , Lewis was elected to the first of two , four-year terms as mayor of North Palm Beach , Florida . He left the airline industry in 1972 to become involved in the booming real estate business . That same year , he was elected to the Florida House of Representatives , serving until a successful run for the Florida Senate in 1980 .   In 1982 , Lewis successfully ran for a seat in Congress . He served until his retirement in 1995 , representing the 12th District from 1983 to 1993 and the 16th District from 1993 to 1995 . He sat on the Committee on Agriculture for twelve years . Lewis died in 2003 of natural causes .

neg: Tom Moulton Thomas Jerome Moulton ( born November 29 , 1940 ) is an American record producer and originator of the breakdown section , the remix and the 12-inch single vinyl format .

neg: Tom Matano Tom `` Tsutomu '' Matano was an advertising agent , automotive designer , and automotive journalist . Matano was born in Nagasaki , Japan , and continued to live in Japan until after his studies in university . He began an Analysis Engineering Major at Seikei University in Tokyo , Japan , in April 1965 and graduated in March 1969 . Following his graduation , Matano moved to the United States in September 1970 via his uncle 's container ship , landing himself in Seattle , then to Los Angeles , and finally New York City .   Once in America , he continued his education with a semester of language school , ditching plans to transfer to Environmental Design , and graduated in 1974 for a job in Detroit with General Motors . Consequently , due to Matano 's work visa and the rising oil crisis , GM moved him to Australia to work for the Peter Brock racing team . Other times , Matano assumed positions for BMW in Munich , Germany .   In 1983 , Matano joined Mazda as Chief Designer for Mazda North American Operations , then moved up to become the Vice President of Design and eventually the Executive Vice President of Western Operations for Mazda R&D North America , Inc. , as well as the Executive Designer and Director of Mazda North American Operations . In his career with Mazda , his notable designs stand out in many vehicles , such as the Mazda RX-7 , Mazda MX-5 , the Miata `` M-Coupe '' concept car , and numerous other projects with his large group of design teams he created .   In recent times , Matano works as a journalist for the Western Automotive Journalists

neg: Tom Koch Thomas Freeman `` Tom '' Koch ( May 13 , 1925 -- March 22 , 2015 ) was an American humorist and writer . He wrote for Mad Magazine for 37 years .

neg: Tom Hall (baseball) Thomas Edward Hall ( born November 23 , 1947 ) is an American former professional baseball player , a left-handed pitcher who played in the Major Leagues from 1968 to 1977 . Listed at 6 ft tall and 150 lb , he was nicknamed `` The Blade '' for his slender physique .   Hall played for the Minnesota Twins , Cincinnati Reds , New York Mets , and Kansas City Royals during his Major League career . He was with the Reds during their early years as the `` Big Red Machine '' , during which time they won 2 National League Western Division championships and one National League pennant .   Hall made his final Major League appearance on May 21 , 1977 , with the Royals . He had a career record of 52-33 with 32 saves .

neg: Franco Levi Franco Levi ( September 20 , 1914 in Turin -- January 10 , 2009 ) was an Italian engineer .   Professor Franco Levi , Honorary President of CEB and FIP .  He received his degree in Engineering from the Ecole Centrale in Paris and from the Polytechnic University of Turin in the years 1936 and 1937 . Already assistant to Professor Gustavo Colonnetti in Turin , in 1938 he had to go into exile to France and later on to Switzerland due to the anti-Semitic laws .   Back in Italy in 1945 , he could resume at the Polytechnic University of Turin his outstanding research work , which was covering the most recent topics of structural mechanics and engineering , and published well known papers and books on the theory of states of coaction , on plastic theory , on the time-dependent behaviour of concrete structures , with particular regard to creep effects . He designed the Torino Palavela .   However , his attention was attracted since the beginning by the need of a quick transfer of scientific achievements to the practical design and construction of structures , and his efforts in such a direction are certainly among the most important services rendered to the community of structural engineers in which he was successful and for which he will be remembered .   The great opportunity for that action was the development of the new technique of pre-stressed concrete , in which he was scientifically involved since 1938 , during his first research period . After the war , since 1945 to 1961 , as Director of the CNR Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche ( Italian National Research Council ) in Turin , Franco Levi had an essential role in the international discussion on the theoretical and practical aspects of this innovative technique and on the establishment of design rules to be internationally agreed .   The innovation of prestressed concrete , together with the new approaches of plastic design and of probabilistic safety criteria induced the most advanced specialists of structural design and analysis to install in 1953 a new committee ( Comité Européen du Béton -- CEB ) having the objective of a coordination and synthesis of research and of the creation and international harmonization of the principles and rules for the conception , calculation , construction , and maintenance of concrete structures according to the new approaches .  Franco Levi was appointed President of CEB from 1957 and maintained this position until 1968 , leading this organization , with his dynamic action , to the publication of the first and the second set of CEB Recommendations .   Between 1966 and 1970 he was also President of the '' Fédération Internationale de la Précontrainte -- FIP '' , which had the role of promoting the innovative technique in the practical field .  In 1979 the European Community considered the work of CEB ripe to become the basis for the first Eurocode ; Franco Levi was appointed Chairman of the Drafting Committee for Eurocode 2 ( Concrete Structures ) . Eurocode 2 was printed by CEC in the famous Luxemburg edition 1988 , together with EC1 , EC3 , EC6 , EC8 . Franco Levi had an essential role in the coordination of the drafting of such 5 Eurocodes based on the same criteria of the `` Limit States '' and on what was called the `` Semiprobabilistic approach '' . This format still remains the format of the subsequent set of Eurocodes issued by CEN TC 250 ( Structural Eurocodes ) .   The original ideas , the developments in the field of the new safety approaches , the perseverance , the constant attention to the new achievements of science ( collected in the updated CEB Model Codes ) , and 40 years of enthusiastic work on them made of Franco Levi the real father of the Eurocodes .  In the same time he was Professor of Structural Analysis at the University of Venice and at the Polytechnic University of Turin and Director of the Department of Structural Engineering and Soil Mechanics until 1989 , when he became Emeritus .   In 1986 he became Full Member of the Academy of Sciences of Turin .  He received honours from the Universities of Liège , Waterloo , Venice , the American Concrete Institute , AICAP , and the Trasenster , Freyssinet , Mörsch , Caquot , Torroja Medals , as well as the Golden Medal of the Italian Government .   For his high moral and scientific stature Franco Levi will be remembered as one of the greatest minds in structural engineering at the international level .

neg: Mário Franco Mário Franco ( born 20 October 1965 in Lisbon , Portugal ) is a dancer , doublebass player and a composer .

neg: Anthony Gallo Anthony Gallo ( born April 10 , 1965 in Los Angeles ) is an American lead and rhythm guitarist who started at age 16 in the early 1980s punk scene . Gallo later progressed into heavy metal and rock as well as T.V. and Film . With a career spanning over 30 years Gallo played and recorded with New Regime , Los Cycos , Nick Menza ( Megadeth ) , Mike Muir , Suicidal Tendencies/Los Cycos , SIN 34 , Jon Nelson , Louiche Mayorga , Louis `` Loud Lou '' Hinzo ( Würm ) , D.H. Peligro ( Dead Kennedys ) , Tiny Bubz ( T.S.O.L. ) , Phil Campbell ( Motörhead ) , heavy metal act Cold Shot , guitarist Carlos Cavazo ( Ratt , Quiet Riot ) , James Bradley Jr. ( Crazy Town ) , Scott Weiland ( STP / Velvet Revolver ) , guitarist Christian Nesmith and Bullet Boys vocalist Marq Torien , and has appeared on Sons of Anarchy in Seasons 5 and 6 as a hang around , and Season 7 , the final Ride episode 9 , as an S.O.A. Indian Hills , Nevada charter member .

neg: Thomas Rogers Thomas Rogers or Tom Rogers may refer to :   Thomas Rogers ( priest ) ( died 1616 ) , English Anglican clergyman , known as a controversialist and translator  Thomas Rogers ( locomotive builder ) ( 1792 -- 1856 ) , American mechanical engineer  Thomas Rogers ( Mayflower passenger ) ( c. 1572 -- c. 1620 ) , passenger on the Mayflower  Thomas Rogers ( writer ) ( 1927 -- 2007 ) , American novelist  Thomas D. Rogers ( born 1945 ) , American designer known for his work on the Sacagawea dollar coin  Thomas Jones Rogers ( 1781 -- 1832 ) , United States congressman from Pennsylvania  Tom Rogers ( 1892 -- 1936 ) , American baseball player  Tom Rogers ( American football ) ( 1910 -- ? ) , American football player and coach , head football coach at Wake Forest University from 1951 to 1955  Tom Rogers ( executive ) , President and CEO of TiVo  Thomas Rogers ( deacon ) , Anglican clergyman and campaigner for convict rights in Australia  Thomas Rogers ( 1600s ) , settler and founder of the town of Old Orchard Beach , Maine .

neg: Born on the Fourth of July (film) Born on the Fourth of July is a 1989 American biographical war drama film based on the best-selling autobiography of the same name by Vietnam War veteran Ron Kovic .   Tom Cruise plays Ron Kovic , in a performance that earned him his first Academy Award nomination . Oliver Stone ( himself a Vietnam veteran ) co-wrote the screenplay with Kovic , and also produced and directed the film . Stone wanted to film the movie in Vietnam , but because relations between the United States and Vietnam had not yet been normalized , it was instead filmed in the Philippines . The film is considered part of Stone 's `` trilogy '' of films about the Vietnam War -- following Platoon ( 1986 ) and preceding Heaven & Earth ( 1993 ) .   Born on the Fourth of July was nominated for eight Academy Awards and won two , for Best Director and Best Film Editing ; it also won four Golden Globe Awards and a Directors Guild of America Award . The film was a critical and commercial success , grossing $ 161,001,698 worldwide .

neg: List of accolades received by 127 Hours 127 Hours is a 2010 British independent biographical adventure film directed by Danny Boyle . It stars James Franco in the principal role as real-life mountain climber Aron Ralston , whose hand was trapped under a boulder in a Utah ravine for more than five days in April 2003 . Adapted from Ralston 's autobiography Between a Rock and a Hard Place , 127 Hourss screenplay was written by Boyle and Simon Beaufoy . Distributors Fox Searchlight and Pathé gave the feature limited releases in the United States and United Kingdom on 5 November 2010 and 7 January 2011 , respectively . It grossed # 35.8 million at the box office by the end of its worldwide theatrical run . Rotten Tomatoes , a review aggregator surveyed 215 reviews and judged 93 % to be positive .  Additionally , 127 Hours appeared on more than two dozen movie reviewers ' Top Ten lists for the best movies of 2010 .   The film has received honors for its direction , music , cinematography and writing , as well as for the lead performance by Franco . At the 68th Golden Globe Awards ceremony , 127 Hours earned three nominations : for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama , Best Original Score and Best Screenplay . The picture was nominated in nine Satellite Award categories , including direction , score , sound , original song and visual effects . It also received nine nominations from the Broadcast Film Critics Association . The 64th British Academy Film Awards nominated it for eight of their awards , including Best Director , Best Editing , Best Music and Best Sound . Additionally , 127 Hours was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Film , but lost to The King 's Speech . It performed similarly at the 83rd Academy Awards , where it was nominated in six categories : Best Actor , Best Adapted Screenplay , Best Film Editing , Best Original Score , Best Original Song ( for `` If I Rise '' ) and Best Picture , but lost respectively in all categories to The King 's Speech , The Social Network , and Toy Story 3 .   Franco was named Best Actor by the New York Film Critics Online and 2010 Independent Spirit Awards . He also received recognition from the Screen Actors Guild , at their 17th annual ceremony . Franco 's arm amputation scene towards the end of 127 Hours was nominated at the viewer-voted 2011 MTV Movie Awards . Boyle 's and Beaufoy 's efforts on the movie 's script earned them nominations from the Writers Guild of America and Evening Standard British Film Awards . Along with producer Christian Colson , Boyle garnered another nomination , this time from the Producers Guild of America . The Detroit Film Critics Society honored Boyle as Best Director . Suttirat Larlarb 's input on the movie 's production design earned her one nomination from the Art Directors Guild . The film 's cinematography garnered nominations at the 2010 Houston Film Critics Awards and the 2010 San Diego Film Critics Society Awards . The American Film Institute listed 127 Hours as one of the ten best movies of 2010 .

neg: Tom Fazio Thomas Fazio , ASGCA ( born February 10 , 1945 ) is a golf course architect .   Fazio graduated in 1962 from Lansdale Catholic High School and was inducted into its `` Hall of Fame '' in 2007 . He began his career in golf course design with his family 's firm in suburban Philadelphia , which he left in the 1960s ; he established his own firm in Jupiter , Florida in 1972 . He is the nephew of George Fazio , who often credited Tom with jump-starting his own career in golf course architecture .   Fazio has designed more than 120 courses and has more courses ranked among the top 100 in the U.S. than anyone else in the business . His individual honors include Best Modern Day Golf Course Architect , which he received from Golf Digest Magazine three times . In 1995 , Fazio became only the second course architect to receive the highest recognition awarded by the Golf Course Superintendents Association of America - The Old Tom Morris Award .

neg: Saturday Night (2010 film) Saturday Night is a 2010 documentary directed by James Franco . The film examines the production process of the NBC late-night live television sketch comedy series Saturday Night Live . Shot over a period of six days from December 1 -- 6 , 2008 , the film was originally a school assignment for Franco at New York University .   The film premiered at the 2010 South by Southwest Film Festival on March 14 , 2010 , but was shelved for several years due to legal matters regarding its distributor and NBC . It was released on September 26 , 2014 on Hulu .

neg: Franco Scoglio Francesco `` Franco '' Scoglio ( -LSB- ˈfraŋko ˈskɔʎʎo -RSB- ; 2 May 1941 -- 3 October 2005 ) was an Italian football manager who coached at both national and international level .