query: Werner Herzog is a film director.

pos: Werner Herzog Werner Herzog ( -LSB- ˈvɛɐ̯nɐ ˈhɛɐ̯tsoːk -RSB- ; born 5 September 1942 ) is a German screenwriter , film director , author , actor , and opera director .   Herzog is considered one of the greatest figures of the New German Cinema , along with Rainer Werner Fassbinder , Margarethe von Trotta , Volker Schlöndorff , Werner Schröter , and Wim Wenders . Herzog 's films often feature heroes with impossible dreams , people with unique talents in obscure fields , or individuals who are in conflict with nature .   French filmmaker François Truffaut once called Herzog `` the most important film director alive . '' American film critic Roger Ebert said that Herzog `` has never created a single film that is compromised , shameful , made for pragmatic reasons , or uninteresting . Even his failures are spectacular . ''  He was named one of the 100 most influential people on the planet by Time magazine in 2009 .

neg: Intermediate film system The intermediate film system was a television process in which motion picture film was processed almost immediately after it was exposed in a camera , then scanned by a television scanner , and transmitted over the air . This system was used principally in Britain and Germany where television cameras were not sensitive enough to use reflected light , but could transmit a suitable image when a bright light was shown through motion picture film directly into the camera lens . John Logie Baird began developing the process in 1932 , borrowing the idea of Georg Oskar Schubert from his licensees in Germany , where it was demonstrated by Fernseh AG in 1932 and used for broadcasting in 1934 . The BBC used Baird 's version of the process during the first three months of its then - `` high-definition '' television service from November 1936 through January 1937 , and German television used it during broadcasts of the 1936 Summer Olympics . In both cases , intermediate film cameras alternated with newly introduced direct television cameras .   The exposed film , either 35mm or 17.5 mm ( 35mm split in half , to save expense ) , travelled in a continuous band from the camera , usually atop a remote broadcast vehicle , into a machine that developed and fixed the image . The film was then run through a flying spot scanner ( so called because it moved a focused beam of light back and forth across the image ) , and electronically converted from a negative to a positive image . Depending on the equipment , the time from camera to scanner could be a minute or less . An optical soundtrack was recorded onto the film , between the perforations and the edge of the film , at the same time the image was taken to keep the sound and image in synchronization .   The intermediate film system , with its expensive film usage and relatively immobile cameras , did have the advantage that it left a filmed record of the programme which could be rerun at a different time , with a better image quality than the later kinescope films , which were shot from a video monitor .   Television tubes developed by Farnsworth and Zworykin in the United States , and by EMI in England , with much higher sensitivity to light , made the intermediate film system obsolete by 1937 . Film continued to be used for time-shifting and as a long-term storage until electronic video recorders were invented .

neg: Karl Herzog __ NOTOC __   Karl Herzog ( 6 July 1906 -- 25 January 1998 ) was a German officer in the Wehrmacht during World War II . He was a recipient of the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross .   Herzog surrendered to the Red Army in the course of the Soviet April 1945 Zemland Offensive . Convicted as a war criminal in the Soviet Union , he was held until 1955 . Herzog joined the Bundeswehr in 1957 and retired in 1966 as a Generalmajor .

neg: Wilhelm Herzog Wilhelm Herzog ( 12 January 1884 in Berlin - 4 April 1960 ) was a German historian of literature and culture , dramatist , encyclopedist , and pacifist .

neg: Werner Schroeter Werner Schroeter ( 7 April 1945 -- 12 April 2010 ) was a German film director , screenwriter , and opera director known for his stylistic excess . Schroeter was cited by Rainer Werner Fassbinder as an influence both on his own work and on German cinema at large .

neg: Swiss Film Award The Swiss Film Award ( formerly Swiss Film Prize ) ( Prix du cinéma suisse , Schweizer Filmpreis , Premio del cinema svizzero , Premi dal film svizzer ) is the national film award of Switzerland , first given out in 1998 .   1998 to 2008 : the Prize was given in during the Solothurn Film Festival .  2009 : the nomination night happened in Solothurn during January . Each film nominated received a cash-prize . During the beginning of March , a `` glamour '' ceremony , the first one of its kind , was organised in Lucerne . The prize awarded is a Cristal-like statue , called `` The Quartz '' . 2009 was the last year where the Jury was composed of people from the Swiss state and the Federal Office of Culture .  2010 : Nomination in Solothurn again , during the Solothurn Film Festival during January . Ceremony in Lucerne in March . The prizes have been awarded for the first time by the Swiss Film Academy , created in 2008 . It was the first time that no state intervention occurred .

neg: Substitution splice The substitution splice is a cinematic special effect in which film makers achieve an appearance , disappearance , or transformation using a cut . It is sometimes also called the stop trick or the stop motion substitution , although the effect is achieved through film editing rather than by literally stopping the camera .   The pioneering French filmmaker Georges Méliès claimed to have accidentally developed substitution splicing while filming street traffic at the Place de l'Opéra in Paris . According to his story , his camera jammed and stopped ; by the time he had solved the difficulty , the traffic had moved on . When the film was screened , a man appeared to change into a woman , and an omnibus seemed to turn into a hearse . No evidence has emerged to support this story , which was probably entirely invented by Méliès . According to the film scholar Jacques Deslandes , it is more likely that Méliès discovered the substitution splice by carefully examining a print of the Edison Manufacturing Company 's 1895 film The Execution of Mary Queen of Scots , in which a primitive version of the trick appears . In any case , the substitution splice was both the first special effect Méliès perfected , and the most important in his body of work .   For some time , film theorists mistakenly believed that the camera was actually stopped for the effect , and then restarted ( hence the occasionally used term `` stop trick '' ) . However , later film historians such as Richard Abel and Elizabeth Ezra established that the effect was the result of Méliès 's careful frame matching during the editing process , creating a seamless match cut out of two separately staged shots . Indeed , Méliès often used substitution splicing not as an obvious special effect , but as an inconspicuous editing technique , matching and combining short takes into one apparently seamless longer shot . Substitution splicing could become even more seamless when the film was colored by hand , as many of Méliès 's films were ; the addition of painted color acts as a sleight of hand technique allowing the cuts to pass by unnoticed .   The substitution splice was the most popular cinematic special effect in early film fantasies , especially those that evolved from the stage tradition of the féerie . Segundo de Chomón is among the other filmmakers who used substitution splicing to create elaborate fantasy effects . D.W. Griffith 's 1909 film The Curtain Pole , starring Mack Sennett , used substitution splices for comedic effect . The transformations made possible by the substitution splice were so central to early fantasy films that , in France , such films were often described simply as scènes à transformation .   This technique is different from the stop motion technique , in which the entire shot is created frame by frame .

neg: Color motion picture film Color motion picture film refers both to unexposed color photographic film in a format suitable for use in a motion picture camera , and to finished motion picture film , ready for use in a projector , which bears images in color .   The first color cinematography was by additive color systems such as the one patented by Edward Raymond Turner in 1899 and tested in 1902 . A simplified additive system was successfully commercialized in 1909 as Kinemacolor . These early systems used black-and-white film to photograph and project two or more component images through different color filters .   Around 1920 , the first practical subtractive color processes were introduced . These also used black-and-white film to photograph multiple color-filtered source images , but the final product was a multicolored print that did not require special projection equipment . Before 1932 , when three-strip Technicolor was introduced , commercialized subtractive processes used only two color components and could reproduce only a limited range of color .   In 1935 , Kodachrome was introduced , followed by Agfacolor in 1936 . They were intended primarily for amateur home movies and `` slides '' . These were the first films of the `` integral tripack '' type , coated with three layers of differently color-sensitive emulsion , which is usually what is meant by the words `` color film '' as commonly used . The few color films still being made in the 2010s are of this type . The first color negative films and corresponding print films were modified versions of these films . They were introduced around 1940 but only came into wide use for commercial motion picture production in the early 1950s . In the US , Eastman Kodak 's Eastmancolor was the usual choice , but it was often re-branded with another trade name , such as `` WarnerColor '' , by the studio or the film processor .   Later color films were standardized into two distinct processes : Eastman Color Negative 2 chemistry ( camera negative stocks , duplicating interpositive and internegative stocks ) and Eastman Color Positive 2 chemistry ( positive prints for direct projection ) , usually abbreviated as ECN-2 and ECP-2 . Fuji 's products are compatible with ECN-2 and ECP-2 .   Film was the dominant form of cinematography until the 2010s , when it was largely replaced by digital cinematography .

neg: Lo and Behold, Reveries of the Connected World Lo and Behold , Reveries of the Connected World is a 2016 American documentary film directed by Werner Herzog . In it , Herzog ponders the existential impact of the Internet , robotics , AI , the Internet of Things , and more on human life . The film premiered at the 2016 Sundance Film Festival , and was sponsored by the company NetScout . The film contains interviews with Bob Kahn , Elon Musk , Sebastian Thrun , Ted Nelson , and other leaders of the technology world .

neg: Film director A film director is a person who directs the making of a film . Generally , a film director controls a film 's artistic and dramatic aspects and visualizes the screenplay ( or script ) while guiding the technical crew and actors in the fulfillment of that vision . The director has a key role in choosing the cast members , production design , and the creative aspects of filmmaking . Under European Union law , the director is viewed as the author of the film .   The film director gives direction to the cast and crew and creates an overall vision through which a film eventually becomes realized , or noticed . Directors need to be able to mediate differences in creative visions and stay within the boundaries of the film 's budget . There are many pathways to becoming a film director . Some film directors started as screenwriters , cinematographers , film editors or actors . Other film directors have attended a film school . Directors use different approaches . Some outline a general plotline and let the actors improvise dialogue , while others control every aspect , and demand that the actors and crew follow instructions precisely . Some directors also write their own screenplays or collaborate on screenplays with long-standing writing partners . Some directors edit or appear in their films , or compose the music score for their films .

neg: Digital intermediate Digital intermediate ( typically abbreviated to DI ) is a motion picture finishing process which classically involves digitizing a motion picture and manipulating the color and other image characteristics . It often replaces or augments the photochemical timing process and is usually the final creative adjustment to a movie before distribution in theaters . It is distinguished from the telecine process in which film is scanned and color is manipulated early in the process to facilitate editing . However the lines between telecine and DI are continually blurred and are often executed on the same hardware by colorists of the same background . These two steps are typically part of the overall color management process in a motion picture at different points in time . A digital intermediate is also customarily done at higher resolution and with greater color fidelity than telecine transfers .   Although originally used to describe a process that started with film scanning and ended with film recording , digital intermediate is also used to describe color correction and color grading and even final mastering when a digital camera is used as the image source and/or when the final movie is not output to film . This is due to recent advances in digital cinematography and digital projection technologies that strive to match film origination and film projection .   In traditional photochemical film finishing , an intermediate is produced by exposing film to the original camera negative . The intermediate is then used to mass-produce the films that get distributed to theaters . Color grading is done by varying the amount of red , green , and blue light used to expose the intermediate . This seeks to be able to replace or augment the photochemical approach to creating this intermediate .   The digital intermediate process uses digital tools to color grade , which allows for much finer control of individual colors and areas of the image , and allows for the adjustment of image structure ( grain , sharpness , etc. ) . The intermediate for film reproduction can then be produced by means of a film recorder . The physical intermediate film that is a result of the recording process is sometimes also called a digital intermediate , and is usually recorded to internegative ( IN ) stock , which is inherently finer-grain than camera negative ( OCN ) .   One of the key technical achievements that made the transition to DI possible was the use of the 3D look-up tables ( aka `` 3D LUTs '' ) , which could be used to mimic how the digital image would look once it was printed onto release print stock . This removed a large amount of skilled guesswork from the film-making process , and allowed greater freedom in the colour grading process while reducing risk .   The digital master is often used as a source for a DCI-compliant distribution of the motion picture for digital projection . For archival purposes , the digital master created during the Digital Intermediate process can still be recorded to very stable high dynamic range yellow-cyan-magenta ( YCM ) separations on black-and-white film with an expected 100-year or longer life . This archival format , long used in the industry prior to the invention of DI , still provides an archival medium that is independent of changes in digital data recording technologies and file formats that might otherwise render digitally archived material unreadable in the long term .

neg: Histoire(s) du cinéma Histoire ( s ) du cinéma ( -LSB- is.twaʁ dy si.ne.ma -RSB- ) is an 8-part video project begun by Jean-Luc Godard in the late 1980s and completed in 1998 . The longest , at 266 minutes , and one of the most complex of Godard 's films , Histoire ( s ) du cinéma is an examination of the history of the concept of cinema and how it relates to the 20th century ; in this sense , it can also be considered a critique of the 20th century and how it perceives itself . The project is considered by many the most important work of the late period of Godard 's career .   Histoire ( s ) du cinéma is always referred to by its French title , because of the word play it implies : histoire means both `` history '' and `` story , '' and the s in parentheses gives the possibility of a plural . Therefore , the phrase Histoire ( s ) du cinéma simultaneously means The History of Cinema , Histories of Cinema , The Story of Cinema and Stories of Cinema . Similar double or triple meanings , as well as puns , are a recurring motif throughout Histoire ( s ) and much of Godard 's work .   The film was screened out of competition at the 1988 Cannes Film Festival . Nine years later , it was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1997 Festival .   The soundtrack was released as a 5-CD boxed set on the ECM record label .

neg: Ingo Petzke Ingo Petzke ( born 18 September 1947 in Belm near Osnabrück in Germany ) is an internationally acknowledged German film scholar , filmmaker and author .   Ingo Petzke grew up in Osnabrück . He attended the Münster and Bochum universities and received his master 's degree in 1973 ( Journalism , Scandinavian Studies , Modern History ) .   Petzke started his professional career in 1976 in Bad Oeynhausen as one of Germany 's youngest directors of an adult education school but fell more and more to the lure of Film . For several years he worked in the Festivalkommission of Internationale Kurzfilmtage Oberhausen and together with his students ( Heiko Daxl and others ) started the Osnabrück Experimentalfilm Workshop in 1980 which since 1988 is known as European Media Art Festival .   In 1974 he was adjunct lecturer for film at Ruhr Universität Bochum and between 1978 -- 1983 at Universität Osnabrück . Since then he lectured in 29 countries , among them New Zealand , Hong Kong , Chile , Argentina , the US of A and Canada . In 1986 the Philippine government awarded him for „ International Contribution to Philippine Independent Cinema ``   His ( experimental ) shorts screened at numerous domestic and foreign festivals . 1976 -- 2000 his company CINE PRO acted as sole German distributor specialised in Avant-garde/Experimental Film . During the 80s Petzke was a member of the Film Commission of Goethe-Institut - German Culture Institute , for which he curated several packages of Experimental films and Shorts .   Since 1983 Petzke has been Professor for Film at the Design Faculty of the University of Applied Sciences Würzburg-Schweinfurt . He lived and worked several turns in Australia : 1992 as Visiting Professor at Queensland University of Technology in Brisbane and 2001 - 2006 as Associate Professor at Bond University on the Gold Coast . In 2004 he earned his `` PhD by Published Works '' about Experimental Film . Additionally , he was awarded a Dr. phil . degree in 2006 at Universität Osnabrück with a film historical dissertation about Hollywood-based Australian feature film director Phillip Noyce . In 2008 he was appointed Adjunct Professor at the James Cook University 's School of Creative Arts and in 2009 appointed Honorary Fellow of the Cairns Institute ( For Research in the Tropics ) , both in Far-North Queensland , Australia .   His main areas of interest are the history of the international Avant-garde ( since 2008 , he is also Director of the ( German ) Research Center for Experimental Film ) and more recently Australian film . Also , he has frequently done research into curriculum development , particularly for the German Federal government .   Petzke is a member of the German Film Critics Association ( VdFk ) and of Screen Producers Association of Australia ( SPAA ) .

neg: Herzogenburg Herzogenburg is a town in the district of Sankt Pölten-Land in the Austrian state of Lower Austria .

neg: FilmArtFestival Mecklenburg-Pomerania The FilmArtFestival Mecklenburg-Pomerania in Schwerin ( filmkunstfest Mecklenburg-Vorpommern ) , founded in 1991 -- just after the fall of the wall -- is today one of East Germany 's largest film festivals with more than 17,000 visitors . It has a competition for feature film , documentary film and short film to be produced or co-produced in Germany , Austria or Switzerland . The main prize is the Flying Ox ( Fliegender Ochse ) , a hint to the armorial bearings of the State of Mecklenburg , the Taurus . The main prize is endowed with 10.000 $ by the Ministry of Education , Science and Culture Mecklenburg-Pomerania . The Findling Award is by the umbrella organization of the art house cinemas , cultural cinemas and film clubs , the Verband für Filmkommunikation .   The festival takes place usually in the first week of May .

neg: Guido Seeber Guido Seeber ( 22 June 1879 in Chemnitz -- 2 July 1940 in Berlin ) was a German cinematographer and pioneer of early cinema .   Seeber 's father , Clemens , was a photographer and therefore Seeber had experience with photography from an early age . In the summer of 1896 , he saw the first films of the Lumière Brothers and became fascinated by this new technology . He bought a film camera and devoted himself to the development of cinematography and of sound films .   In 1908 he became technical manager of the film company Deutsche Bioscop and in 1909 directed his first film . His pioneering work as a cinematographer from this time on laid the foundations which other cameramen of German silent film such as Karl Freund , Fritz Arno Wagner and Carl Hoffman were able to build .   In addition to his technical talents with the camera ( he developed several special effects techniques ) , his use of perspective and skillful contrasts between light and dark are noteworthy . His main collaborators were the directors Urban Gad , Lupu Pick , Georg Wilhelm Pabst und Paul Wegener and among his most important accomplishments are the shots of the Doppelgänger in Wegener 's Der Student von Prag ( The Student of Prague ) of 1913 and the moving camera shots in the films of Lupu Pick , particularly Sylvester ( 1923 ) , which can be seen as anticipating the so-called `` unchained camera '' of Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau 's The Last Laugh ( 1924 ) .   Seeber created several animated works , including an advertisement entitle Kipho or Du musst zur Kipho ( You Must Go to Kino-Photo ) for a film and photography exhibition in Berlin in 1925 .   Seeber continued to work into the sound era , but his work from this period is less significant . He had suffered a stroke in 1932 and after this he largely retired from active camera operation . However , he continued to be involved in the film industry , taking over the management of UFA 's animation department in 1935 and publishing several books for amateur filmmakers .

neg: Directors Guild of Great Britain The Directors Guild of Great Britain ( DGGB ) is a professional organization which represents directors across all media , including film , television , theatre , radio , opera , commercials , music videos , corporate film/video and training , documentaries , multimedia and `` new technology '' . It has evolved to become an independent trade union and a non-profit limited company , asset-linked to the Directors Guild Trust , the charity arm of the Guild .

neg: Ludwig Wüst Ludwig Wüst ( born 29 April 1965 in Bavaria , Germany ) is an Austrian film director , scriptwriter and producer .   Ludwig Wüst grew up in Bavaria . He moved to Vienna , where he studied acting and singing at the University of Music and Performing Arts . He has worked as theater director in Frankfurt , Berlin , the Opera Leipzig and in Vienna at the Wiener Festwochen .   In 1998 Ludwig Wüst participated as an actor in the premiere of one of Hermann Nitsch 's Orgien Mysterien Theater performances .   His first feature film KOMA ( 2009 ) raised a lot of attention from media and critics alike . Due to its realism , the style of his films has been compared to Michael Haneke , Ulrich Seidl or the Dardenne-brothers . His film TAPE END ( 2011 ) was shot in a single frame lasting 60 minutes without a single cut . During the actual shooting , director Ludwig Wüst was not present at the set leaving the actors alone guided only by certain instructions .   The internet as a medium for film plays an important role in Ludwig Wüst 's work . The theatrical release of his debut feature KOMA in Austria happened simultaneously with a worldwide release as a video on demand on the internet .   For the short film PASOLINICODE02112011 Wüst went a step further in using the internet as a platform for films . On 2 November 2011 , the anniversary of Pier Paolo Pasolini 's death in Ostia , the film had its world premiere exclusively on the internet . Later it was shown at film festivals and as a video installation at the Kunsthalle Wien .   `` My Father 's House '' was first presented to the public at the 21er Haus , the Austrian museum for the art of the 21st century . Its world premiere took place at the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival 2013 . The film is both a work of its own as well as the pilot for the `` Heimatfilm '' - project , an anthology film about how people across different generations cope with the question of belonging and home .   `` Farewell '' was presented in 2014 , after a series of festival attendances , among them in Karlovy Vary , along with `` My Father 's House '' at the Austrian Film Museum .

neg: Filmverlag der Autoren Filmverlag der Autoren is a German film distributor that was founded in 1971 to help finance and distribute independent films by German Autorenfilm directors , that is directors who are renowned for predominantly adapting their own screenplays . Many directors of the New German Cinema movement were associated with it such as Werner Herzog , Rainer Werner Fassbinder , Wim Wenders , and Alexander Kluge ; whose films were produced and distributed by the Filmverlag and many of whom were members of the Filmverlag 's board .

neg: Hubert von Herkomer Sir Hubert von Herkomer ( born as Hubert Herkomer ; 26 May 1849 -- 31 March 1914 ) was a German born British painter , and also a pioneering film-director and composer . Though a very successful portraitist , especially of men , he is mainly remembered for his earlier works that took a realistic approach to the conditions of life of the poor . Hard Times , showing the family of a travelling day-labourer at the side of a road , is probably one of his best known works .

neg: Art film An art film is typically a serious , independent film aimed at a niche market rather than a mass market audience . An art film is `` intended to be a serious artistic work , often experimental and not designed for mass appeal '' ; they are `` made primarily for aesthetic reasons rather than commercial profit '' , and they contain `` unconventional or highly symbolic content '' .   Film critics and film studies scholars typically define an art film as possessing `` formal qualities that mark them as different from mainstream Hollywood films '' , which can include , among other elements , a sense of social realism ; an emphasis on the authorial expressiveness of the director ; and a focus on the thoughts , dreams , or motivations of characters , as opposed to the unfolding of a clear , goal-driven story . Film scholar David Bordwell describes art cinema as `` a film genre , with its own distinct conventions '' .   Art film producers usually present their films at specialty theatres ( repertory cinemas , or , in the U.S. , `` arthouse cinemas '' ) and film festivals . The term art film is much more widely used in the United States , the UK and Australia than in Europe , where the term is more associated with `` auteur '' films and `` national cinema '' ( e.g. , German national cinema ) . Because they are aimed at small niche market audiences , they can rarely get the financial backing that will permit large production budgets , expensive special effects , costly celebrity actors , or huge advertising campaigns , as are used in widely released mainstream blockbuster films . Art film directors make up for these constraints by creating a different type of film , which typically uses lesser-known film actors ( or even amateur actors ) and modest sets to make films that focus much more on developing ideas or exploring new narrative techniques or film-making conventions .   A certain degree of experience and knowledge are required to fully understand or appreciate such films . One mid-1990s art film was called `` largely a cerebral experience '' that one enjoys `` because of what you know about film '' . This contrasts sharply with mainstream `` blockbuster '' films , which are geared more towards escapism and pure entertainment . For promotion , art films rely on the publicity generated from film critics ' reviews , discussion of their film by arts columnists , commentators and bloggers , and `` word-of-mouth '' promotion by audience members . Since art films have small initial investment costs , they only need to appeal to a small portion of the mainstream viewing audiences to become financially viable .


query: Paleogene is a geologic system that spans 43 million years.

pos: Paleogene The Paleogene ( -LSB- pronˈpæliːədʒiːn -RSB- or -LSB- ˈpeɪliːədʒiːn -RSB- also spelled Palaeogene or Palæogene ; informally Lower Tertiary ) is a geologic period and system that spans 43 million years from the end of the Cretaceous Period million years ago ( Mya ) to the beginning of the Neogene Period Mya . It is the beginning of the Cenozoic Era of the present Phanerozoic Eon . The Paleogene is most notable for being the time during which mammals diversified from relatively small , simple forms into a large group of diverse animals in the wake of the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event that ended the preceding Cretaceous Period .   This period consists of the Paleocene , Eocene and Oligocene epochs . The end of the Paleocene ( 55.5 / 54.8 Mya ) was marked by the Paleocene -- Eocene Thermal Maximum , one of the most significant periods of global change during the Cenozoic , which upset oceanic and atmospheric circulation and led to the extinction of numerous deep-sea benthic foraminifera and on land , a major turnover in mammals . The terms ` Paleogene System ' ( formal ) and ` lower Tertiary System ' ( informal ) are applied to the rocks deposited during the ` Paleogene Period ' . The somewhat confusing terminology seems to be due to attempts to deal with the comparatively fine subdivisions of time possible in the relatively recent geologic past , for which more details are preserved . By dividing the Tertiary Period into two periods instead of directly into five epochs , the periods are more closely comparable to the duration of ` periods ' of the preceding Mesozoic and Paleozoic Eras .

neg: Cernay Formation The Cernay Formation is a geologic formation in France . It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period .

neg: Asselian In the geologic timescale , the Asselian is the earliest geochronologic age or lowermost chronostratigraphic stage of the Permian . It is a subdivision of the Cisuralian epoch or series . The Asselian lasted between and million years ago ( Ma ) . It was preceded by the Gzhelian ( the latest or uppermost subdivision in the Carboniferous ) and followed by the Sakmarian .

neg: Early Paleo-Eskimo The Early Paleoeskimo is one of three distinct periods of human occupation recognized by archaeologists in the eastern North American Arctic , the others being the Late Paleoeskimo and the Thule . Dates for these occupations vary according to specific geographic region and cultural historical perspective , but it is generally agreed that the first , the Early Paleoeskimo , spans roughly 4500 Before Present ( BP ) to 28-2300 BP .

neg: Seguin Formation The Seguin Formation is a geologic formation in Texas . It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period .

neg: Geological formation A formation or geological formation is the fundamental unit of lithostratigraphy . A formation consists of a certain number of rock strata that have a comparable lithology , facies or other similar properties . Formations are not defined on the thickness of the rock strata they consist of and the thickness of different formations can therefore vary widely .   The concept of formally defined layers or strata is central to the geologic discipline of stratigraphy . Formations can be divided into members and are themselves frequently parcelled together in groups .

neg: Sadler effect The Sadler effect describes variation in apparent sediment accumulation rates and bed thicknesses back through time inherent to the geological sedimentary record . Peter Sadler analysed what structure you would expect in a stratigraphic section under the hypothesis that bigger geological events - episodes of deposition , erosion , and the gaps between those events - are rarer . He showed that under these conditions it is inevitable that , on average , thinner stratigraphic sections , which cover shorter amounts of time , record faster accumulation rates than thicker sections , which record longer amounts of time .   The effect equivalently states that more ancient packages of sediment in the stratigraphic record will record slower sedimentation rates stretched over longer periods of time . For instance , it explains the fact that in general , the more ancient geological periods of the Phanerozoic are longer than the more recent ones ; i.e. , the periods of the Palaeozoic are much longer than those in the Cenozoic . Conversely , it also explains that the maximum sediment accumulation rates seen in the Cambrian at the start of the Phanerozoic are almost two orders of magnitude lower than those observed in the Quaternary , at its end .   The Sadler effect provides a powerful framework for understanding how information extracted from any given stratigraphic section differs from what should be expected under constant conditions - that is , it provides a null hypothesis for analysing stratigraphy . It also provides techniques to estimate the completeness of a given stratigraphic section on a given timescale . Sections are less complete at shorter timescales , which means that at sufficiently short timescales and for some purposes , some sedimentary successions may contain essentially no useful information .   For example , the Sadler effect has since been used to investigate whether apparent increases in global sedimentation rates across the last 5 Ma are real ; how we might read the record of sediments deposited on continental margins ; to interpret fluvial processes such as river avulsion ; and to understand what information , and which processes at what timescales , can be preserved in sediments .

neg: South American land mammal age The South American land mammal ages ( SALMA ) establish a geologic timescale for prehistoric South American fauna beginning 64.5 Ma during the Paleogene and continuing through to the Middle Pleistocene ( 0.33 Ma ) . These periods are referred to as ages , stages , or intervals and were established using geographic place names where fossil materials where obtained .   The basic unit of measure is the first/last boundary statement . This shows that the first appearance event of one taxon is known to predate the last appearance event of another . If two taxa are found in the same fossil quarry or at the same stratigraphic horizon , then their age-range zones overlap .

neg: Geology of South Wales South Wales is an area with many features of outstanding interest to geologists , who have for long used the area for University field trips .   This varied and accessible region has provided a written record of geological interest that dates to the 12th century , when Giraldus Cambrensis noted pyritous shales near Newport . Some of the first published representations of fossils were of fossil plants from coal measures near Neath ( Gibson late 17th century ) . The British geologists Adam Sedgwick and Roderick Murchison did fundamentally important work in South Wales on Old Red Sandstone and the underlying rocks . The first volume of memoirs ( 1846 ) published by the Geological Survey contained a conspectus of the geology of South Wales that set a template for all future work .   Significant discoveries continue to be made . For instance , in Carmarthenshire , in the late 70s , John Cope detected a small area of Precambrian and Cambrian rocks . Other parts of South Wales , however , have not seen a Geological Survey officer since the mid-19th century . The geology of south Wales was central to the massive contribution Wales made to the Industrial Revolution .   Several successive periods are represented , including all of the Palaeozoic periods . Pembrokeshire has outcrops of both Precambrian and Cambrian ( 542-488 million years ago ) rocks . A notable feature of the Ordovician system ( 488-444 million years old ) is a major subsidence area , or basin , which later filled with substantial thicknesses of mostly sandy and muddy sediment . The line of the shallower continental shelf area , to the south-east , ran approximately from the Long Mynd ( in Shropshire ) to Haverfordwest in Pembrokeshire . Some volcanic action also occurred . This thick sedimentary deposition continued into the Silurian period ( 444-416 million years old ) . Silurian volcanicity led to production of lavas at localised sites such as Skomer Island .   Silurian rocks are widely distributed in south Wales and are well displayed on the Cardiganshire coast . The Silurian and earlier rocks were folded , faulted , and distorted several times , notably during the late Ordovician , and late Silurian , by which time the area had begun to rise above sea level as mountain ranges were uplifted to the north-west . This was caused by the collision of a proto-North America ( `` Laurentia '' ) and the present southern Britain ( `` Eastern Avalonia '' ) . The intervening sea , the Iapetus Ocean , closed as a result of plate tectonic movements , similar to those that now close the Mediterranean Sea between Europe and Africa .   The succeeding Devonian period ( 416-359 million years ago ) saw mostly alluvial deposits ( `` Old Red Sandstone '' ) , which were interrupted by major uplift . Following this , the land subsided again in the Carboniferous period ( 359-299 million years ago ) . In the early Carboniferous period , limestones were deposited on a continental shelf , which deepened towards the south where there was a major sea area . During earth movements caused by the approach of a continent from the south , sea shallowing led to thick alluvial and coastal plain sediments ( see below ) containing economic developments of coal . Carboniferous Limestone outcrops occur in south Pembrokeshire , the Gower Peninsula , the Vale of Glamorgan and around the edge of the coalfield .   At the end of the Carboniferous , during Permian ( 299-251 my ago ) time , Wales is thought to have been a landmass . Only in late Triassic ( 251-200 my ago ) times did deposition return , with coarse-grained screes forming around a series of low but rugged hills . Continuing deposition led to the formation of the early Jurassic deposits of mudstones and muddy limestones ( the `` Lias '' ) . Deposits later than this are almost completely absent , although the Chalk sea probably covered most of Wales between 100 and 66 million years ago . Any such later deposits have been eroded away .   One of the geological rarities of south Wales is the coastline of St Brides Major at Ogmore-by-Sea and Southerndown . Its cliffs are composed partly of earliest Jurassic Sutton stone , a rare freestone that is a marginal or coastal deposit derived in part from erosion of carboniferous limestone . Sutton stone has always been highly regarded : as well as being used in construction throughout the Vale of Glamorgan , it was also shipped over the Bristol Channel to North Devon and North Cornwall , which are both deficient in limestone .   A major geological feature of the Upper Carboniferous rocks in south Wales is the south Wales coalfield . The rocks comprising this important area were laid down during the later Carboniferous . This sedimentary succession includes a sequence with a thickness of more than 1800 m in the west . The coal measures were laid down on a low-lying waterlogged plain with peat mires immediately south of an ancient and persistent geological feature known as the Wales-London-Brabant High . Burial converted the peat deposits to thinner coal seams . Later earth movements distorted the coal-bearing strata , and the difficulty of mining led to premature closure of many mines on economic grounds , especially in Pembrokeshire where seams were squeezed completely out of shape .

neg: Tertiary Tertiary is the former term for the geologic period from 65 million to 2.58 million years ago , a time span that lies between the superseded Secondary period and the Quaternary . The Tertiary is no longer recognized as a formal unit by the International Commission on Stratigraphy , but the word is still widely used . The traditional span of the Tertiary has been divided between the Paleogene and Neogene Periods and extends to the first stage of the Pleistocene Epoch , the Gelasian stage .   The period began with the demise of the non-avian dinosaurs in the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event , at the start of the Cenozoic Era , and extended to the beginning of the Quaternary glaciation at the end of the Pliocene Epoch .

neg: Gzhelian The Gzhelian is an age in the ICS geologic timescale or a stage in the stratigraphic column . It is the youngest stage of the Pennsylvanian , the youngest subsystem of the Carboniferous . The Gzhelian lasted from to Ma . It follows the Kasimovian age/stage and is followed by the Asselian age/stage , the oldest subdivision of the Permian system .   The Gzhelian is more or less coeval with the Stephanian stage of the regional stratigraphy of Europe .

neg: Illinoian (stage) The Illinoian Stage is the name used by Quaternary geologists in North America to designate the period c. 191,000 to c. 130,000 years ago , during the middle Pleistocene , when sediments comprising the Illinoian Glacial Lobe were deposited . It precedes the Sangamonian stage and follows the Pre-Illinoian Stage in North America . The Illinoian Stage is defined as the period of geologic time during which the glacial tills and outwash , which comprise the bulk of the Glasford Formation , accumulated to create the Illinoian Glacial Lobe .

neg: Paleopathology Paleopathology , also spelled palaeopathology , is the study of ancient diseases . Studying pathologies , these abnormalities in biologic individuals and systems , may be intrinsic to the system itself ( examples : autoimmune disorders or traumatic arthritis ) or caused by an extrinsic factor ( examples : viruses or lead poisoning from pipes ) . Any living organism can have a pathology . Studies have historically focused on humans , but there is no evidence that humans are more prone to pathologies than any other animal .   Paleopathology is an interdisciplinary science . The majority of the work has historically been done by anthropologists studying diseases in ancient cultures . Medically trained professionals have also made substantial contributions , especially in modern comparative studies . Paleontologists have sporadically contributed to the field , focusing on non-avian dinosaurs and Cenozoic mammals .

neg: Hordaland Formation The Hordaland Formation is a geologic formation in Norway . It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period .

neg: Clayton Formation The Clayton Formation is a geologic formation in Illinois . It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period .

neg: Coal forest Coal forests were the vast swathes of wetlands that covered much of the Earth 's tropical land areas during the late Carboniferous ( Pennsylvanian ) and Permian times . As vegetable matter from these forests decayed , enormous deposits of peat accumulated , which later changed into coal .   Much of the carbon in the peat deposits produced by coal forests came from photosynthetic splitting of existing carbon dioxide , which released the accompanying split-off oxygen into the atmosphere . This process may have greatly increased the oxygen level , possibly as high as about 35 % , making the air more easily breathable by animals with inefficient respiratory systems , as indicated by the size of Meganeura compared to modern dragonflies .   Coal forests covered tropical Euramerica ( Europe , eastern North America , northwesternmost Africa ) and Cathaysia ( mainly China ) . Climate change devastated these tropical rainforests during the Carboniferous period . The Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse was caused by a cooler drier climate that initially fragmented , then collapsed the rainforest ecosystem . During most of the rest of Carboniferous times , the coal forests were mainly restricted to refugia in North America ( such as the Appalachian and Illinois coal basins ) and central Europe .   At the very end of the Carboniferous period , the coal forests underwent a resurgence , expanding mainly in eastern Asia , notably China ; they never recovered fully in Euramerica . The Chinese coal forests continued to flourish well into Permian times . This resurgence of the coal forests in very late Carboniferous times seems to have coincided with a lowering of global temperatures and a return of extensive polar ice in southern Gondwana , perhaps due to lessening of the greenhouse effect as the massive coal deposition process abstracted carbon dioxide from the atmosphere .

neg: Arikareean The Arikareean North American Stage on the geologic timescale is the North American faunal stage according to the North American Land Mammal Ages chronology ( NALMA ) , typically set from 30,600,000 to 20,800,000 years BP , a period of . It is usually considered to overlap the Oligocene and Miocene epochs . The Arikareean is preceded by the Whitneyan and followed by the Hemingfordian NALMA stages .   The Arikareean can be further divided into the substages of :  late Late Arikareean : Lower boundary source , base of Geringian ( approximate )  early Late Arikareean : base of Geringian ( approximate ) . Upper boundary source : base of Hemingfordian ( approximate ) .  late Early Arikareean : Lower boundary source of base of Geringian ( approximate ) . Upper boundary source of base of Hemingfordian ( approximate ) .  early Early Arikareean ( shares lower boundary ) : Upper boundary source of base of Hemingfordian ( approximate ) .

neg: Paleogenetics Paleogenetics is the study of the past through the examination of preserved genetic material from the remains of ancient organisms . Emile Zuckerkandl and the physical chemist Linus Carl Pauling introduced the term `` paleogenetics '' in 1963 , in reference to the examination of possible applications in the reconstruction of past polypeptide sequences . The first sequence of an ancient DNA , isolated from a museum specimen of the extinct quagga , was published in 1984 by a team led by Allan Wilson .   Paleogeneticists do not recreate actual organisms , but piece together ancient DNA sequences using various analytical methods . In many ways , an organism 's genetics are `` the only direct witnesses of extinct species and of evolutionary events '' .

neg: Chronology of the universe The chronology of the universe describes the history and future of the universe according to Big Bang cosmology .  The metric expansion of space is estimated to have begun 13.8 billion years ago .  For the purposes of this summary , it is convenient to divide the chronology of the universe into four parts :   The very early universe , from the Planck epoch until the cosmic inflation , or the first picosecond of cosmic time ; this period is the domain of active theoretical research , currently beyond the grasp of most experiments in particle physics .  The early universe , from the Quark epoch to the Photon epoch , or the first 380,000 years of cosmic time , when the familiar forces and elementary particles have emerged but the universe remains in the state of a plasma , followed by the `` Dark Ages '' , from 380,000 years to about 150 million years during which the universe was transparent but no large-scale structures had yet formed .  The period of large-scale structure formation , including stellar evolution , galaxy formation and evolution and the formation of galaxy clusters and superclusters , from about 150 million years to present , and prospectively until about 100 billion years of cosmic time ; The thin disk of our galaxy began to form at about 5 billion years . The solar system formed at about 4.6 billion years ago , with the earliest traces of life on Earth emerging by about 3.5 billion years ago .  The far future , after cessation of stellar formation , with various scenarios for the ultimate fate of the universe .

neg: Group (stratigraphy) A group in stratigraphy is a lithostratigraphic unit , a part of the geologic record or rock column that consists of defined rock strata . Groups are generally divided into individual formations . Groups may sometimes be divided into `` subgroups '' and are themselves sometimes grouped into `` supergroups '' .   Some well known groups of northwestern Europe have in the past also been used as units for chronostratigraphy and geochronology . These are the Rotliegend , Zechstein ( both of Permian age ) , Buntsandstein , Muschelkalk , Keuper ( Triassic in age ) , Lias , Dogger and Malm ( Jurassic in age ) groups . Because of the confusion this causes , the official geologic timescale of the ICS does not contain any of these names any longer .

neg: Ordovician–Silurian extinction events The Ordovician -- Silurian extinction events , when combined , are the second-largest of the five major extinction events in Earth 's history in terms of percentage of genera that became extinct . This event greatly affected marine communities , which caused the disappearance of one third of all brachiopod and bryozoan families , as well as numerous groups of conodonts , trilobites , and graptolites . The Ordovician-Silurian extinction occurred during the Hirnantian stage of the Ordovician Period and the subsequent Rhuddanian stage of the Silurian Period . The last event is dated in the interval of 455 -- 430 Ma ago , i.e. , lasting from the Middle Ordovician to Early Silurian , thus including the extinction period . This event was the first of the big five Phanerozoic events and was the first to significantly affect animal-based communities .   Almost all major taxonomic groups were affected during this extinction event . Extinction was global during this period , eliminating 49-60 % of marine genera and nearly 85 % of marine species .   Brachiopods , bivalves , echinoderms , bryozoans and corals were particularly affected . Prior to the late Ordovician cooling , temperatures were relatively warm and it is the suddenness of the climate changes and the elimination of habitats due to sea-level fall that are believed to have precipitated the extinctions . The falling sea level disrupted or eliminated habitats along the continental shelves . Evidence for the glaciation was found through deposits in the Sahara Desert . A combination of lowering of sea level and glacially driven cooling were likely driving agents for the Ordovician mass extinction .


query: The Uruguay national football team refused to go to the Olympics.

pos: Uruguay national football team The Uruguay national football team represents Uruguay in international association football and is controlled by the Uruguayan Football Association , the governing body for football in Uruguay . The current head coach is Óscar Tabárez . The Uruguayan team is commonly referred to as La Celeste ( The Sky Blue ) .  The Uruguayan team recently won the 2011 Copa América . They have won the Copa América 15 times , being the team that has won the tournament on most occasions . The team has won the FIFA World Cup twice , including the first World Cup in 1930 as hosts , defeating Argentina 4 -- 2 in the final . They won their second title in 1950 , upsetting host Brazil 2 -- 1 in the final match , which received an attendance higher than any football match ever .   They have won the Gold Medals in football at the Summer Olympics twice , in 1924 and 1928 recognized by FIFA as World Cup , before the creation of the World Cup . Uruguay also won the 1980 Mundialito , a tournament among former World Cup champions . In total , Uruguay have won 20 official titles , a world record for the most international titles held by any country .   Another unique achievement of Uruguay is that it ´ s the only nation in world football to organize multiple major international tournaments in own country and win them all . La Celeste won 7 Copa América tournaments , 1 World Cup and Mundialito , all staged in Uruguay .   Their success is amplified by the fact that the nation has a very small population of around 3.4 million inhabitants ( 2011 est. ) . Uruguay is by far the smallest country in the world to have won a World Cup in terms of population , 1.75 million inhabitants in 1930 . The second-smallest country , by population , to have won the World Cup is Argentina with a population of nearly 28 million people in 1978 . Uruguay is also the smallest country ever to win any World Cup medals ; only five nations with a currently smaller population than Uruguay 's have ever participated in any World Cup : Northern Ireland ( three times ) , Slovenia ( twice ) , Wales , Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago .

neg: Chile at the 2012 Summer Olympics Chile competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , from 27 July to 12 August 2012 . This nation has competed at every Olympic games , except the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles , and the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow because of the United States boycott .   The Chile Olympic Committee ( Comité Olímpico de Chile , COCH ) sent a total of 35 athletes to the Games , 21 men and 14 women , to compete in 17 sports . There was only a single competitor in track cycling , judo , modern pentathlon , rowing , shooting , swimming and taekwondo . Among the sports played by the athletes , Chile made its Olympics debut in artistic gymnastics and Greco-Roman wrestling . The Chilean team featured six athletes who competed at their fourth Olympics : archer Denisse van Lamoen , épée fencer Paris Inostroza , table tennis player Berta Rodríguez and three of its oldest members from the equestrian jumping team . Van Lamoen was also appointed by the committee to carry the nation 's flag at the opening ceremony .   With poor athletic performance and the absence of tennis players in the team , Chile failed to win a single medal for the first time in Olympic history since 1996 . Gymnast Tomás González missed out on an Olympic medal in London , after finishing fourth in men 's floor and vault exercises .

neg: Álvaro Gestido Álvaro Antonio Gestido Pose ( 17 May 1907 -- 18 January 1957 ) was a footballer from Uruguay . He was born in Montevideo . From 1926 to 1942 , he played for C.A. Peñarol . He also played 25 matches for the Uruguay national football team , winning the 1930 FIFA World Cup and the 1928 Summer Olympics . His brother Óscar Diego Gestido was President of Uruguay in 1967 .   Category :1907 births  Category :1930 FIFA World Cup players  Category :1957 deaths  Category : Sportspeople from Montevideo  Category : Uruguayan footballers  Category : Peñarol players  Category : Uruguay international footballers  Category : Olympic footballers of Uruguay  Category : Footballers at the 1928 Summer Olympics  Category : Olympic gold medalists for Uruguay  Category : FIFA World Cup-winning players  Category : Olympic medalists in football   Category : Medalists at the 1928 Summer Olympics  Category : Association football midfielders

neg: Pista de Atletismo Darwin Piñeirúa Pista de Atletismo Darwin Piñeirúa '' ' is an athletic stadium in Montevideo , Uruguay . It is situated in the Parque Batlle near Estadio Centenario .

neg: Peru at the 2016 Summer Olympics Peru competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , from 5 to 21 August 2016 . Since the nation 's official debut in 1936 , Peruvian athletes have appeared in every edition of the Summer Olympic Games throughout the modern era . Peru failed to register any athletes at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki .   Peruvian Olympic Committee ( Comité Olímpico Peruano ) sent the nation 's largest delegation to the Games without any association to the women 's volleyball team for the first time in history . A total of 29 athletes , 17 men and 12 women , were selected to the Peruvian squad across eleven sports . Among the sporting events represented by the nation 's athletes , Peru marked its Olympic debut in artistic gymnastics and women 's freestyle wrestling , as well as its return to equestrian for more than three decades .   Trap shooter and 1984 silver medalist Francisco Boza etched his name into the historic records as the first ever Peruvian to compete in eight Olympic Games . The oldest and the most experienced participant ( aged 52 ) , Boza reprised his role to lead the Peruvian team for the second time as the nation 's flag bearer at the opening ceremony , the first doing so in Athens 2004 . Apart from Boza , seven other athletes were returning Olympians , with only two headed to their third Games , including marathoner Inés Melchor and Laser Radial sailor Paloma Schmidt . 21 Peruvian athletes made their Olympic debut in Rio de Janeiro ; the most notable were middle-distance runner and dual American citizen David Torrence and gymnast Ariana Orrego , the youngest of the roster ( aged 18 ) .   Peru , however , failed to win a single medal in Rio de Janeiro , continuing a drought that began at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona , where shooter Juan Giha took the bronze in the mixed skeet . Peru 's most successful outcome at these Games occurred in taekwondo , where Julissa Diez bounced back from her early elimination to finish seventh in the women 's 49 kg , losing the repechage bout to Thailand 's Panipak Wongpattanakit .

neg: El Salvador national under-23 football team The El Salvador U-23 men 's national football team is the national under-23 football team of El Salvador and is controlled by the Federación Salvadoreña de Fútbol . Its primary role is qualification into the Olympic Football Tournament , the next of which is to be held during the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil .

neg: Paraguay national football team The Paraguay national football team is controlled by the Paraguayan Football Association ( Asociación Paraguaya de Fútbol ) and represents Paraguay in men 's international football competitions . Paraguay is a member of CONMEBOL . The Albirroja has qualified for eight FIFA World Cup competitions ( 1930 , 1950 , 1958 , 1986 , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 and 2010 ) and has reached the second round of the competition on four occasions . A regular participant at the Copa América , Paraguay have been crowned champions of the competition on two occasions ( in 1953 and 1979 ) . Paraguay 's highest FIFA World Rankings is 8th ( March 2001 ) and lowest is 103 ( May 1995 ) , and was awarded second place with Best Move of the Year in 1996 .   The national team 's most successful period was under the coaching of Argentine Gerardo Martino , who was awarded with the South American Coach of the Year in 2007 and took Paraguay to the quarter-final stages of a FIFA World Cup competition for the first time in history ( in 2010 ) and also to the final of the 2011 Copa América , where Paraguay finished as runners-up . In the entire national team 's history at the FIFA World Cup , both Carlos Gamarra and José Luis Chilavert hold the distinction of being selected as part of the All-Star Team , being for the 1998 edition . Paulo da Silva holds the most amount of appearances for the national team with 133 and Roque Santa Cruz is the all-time leading goal scorer with 32 goals . Denis Caniza , who was present with the national team from 1996 to 2010 , is the only player to have represented Paraguay in four consecutive FIFA World Cup competitions ( 1998 , 2002 , 2006 , 2010 ) .

neg: Schubert Gambetta Schúbert Gambetta Saint Léon ( 14 April 1920 -- 9 August 1991 ) was a Uruguayan footballer . He played as a half-back and was right-footed . Gambetta was a figure in the Maracanazo when he helped keep Zizinho and Ademir out of the game , which helped him to the 1950 FIFA World Cup All-Star Team .   From 1940 to 1956 , he played for Club Nacional de Football , winning the Uruguayan championship ten times and captaining the team . He also earned 36 caps and scored three goals for the Uruguay national football team from 1941 to 1952 . He was part of Uruguay 's championship team at the 1950 FIFA World Cup .

neg: Slovakia at the FIFA World Cup This is a record of Slovakia 's results at the FIFA World Cup . The FIFA World Cup , sometimes called the Football World Cup or the Soccer World Cup , but usually referred to simply as the World Cup , is an international association football competition contested by the men 's national teams of the members of Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) , the sport 's global governing body . The championship has been awarded every four years since the first tournament in 1930 , except in 1942 and 1946 , due to World War II .   The tournament consists of two parts , the qualification phase and the final phase ( officially called the World Cup Finals ) . The qualification phase , which currently take place over the three years preceding the Finals , is used to determine which teams qualify for the Finals . The current format of the Finals involves 32 teams competing for the title , at venues within the host nation ( or nations ) over a period of about a month . The World Cup Finals is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world , with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the 2006 tournament final .   Slovakia have appeared in the finals of the FIFA World Cup on one occasion in 2010 where they reached the second round .

neg: Brazil at the Olympics Brazil first participated at the Olympic Games in 1920 , after missing the previous five Summer editions . The country has sent athletes to compete in every Summer Olympic Games since then , except for the 1928 Games . As of 2016 , Brazilian athletes have won a total of 129 medals in 15 different Summer sports . Brazil has also participated in the Winter Olympic Games since 1992 , though to this date no Brazilian athlete has won an Olympic medal in winter sports . The country 's best result at the Winter Olympics was a ninth place finish achieved by snowboarder Isabel Clark Ribeiro at the 2010 Winter Olympic Games . Since Brazil is mostly a tropical nation , the country 's most important results so far have been achieved at the Summer editions .   Volleyball ( indoor and beach volley ) , sailing and judo are Brazil 's top medal-producing sports in the Summer editions . Brazil has hosted the Summer Olympic Games once , in 2016 . This edition marked the country 's most successful participation at the Summer Olympics to date , earning seven gold medals and nineteen medals overall . Brazil 's previous best result had been five gold medals earned at the 2004 edition , in Athens , and seventeen medals overall , earned at the 2012 edition , in London . One athlete from Brazil has been awarded the Pierre de Coubertin medal : Vanderlei de Lima , a long-distance runner who was attacked by a spectator during the men 's marathon at the 2004 edition in Athens , Greece , when he was leading the race . Lima lost two places , winning the bronze medal . In spite of the situation , he still celebrated the third-place , showing good sportsmanship .   The National Olympic Committee for Brazil is the Brazilian Olympic Committee . The entity was created in 1914 and recognized in 1935 . Rio de Janeiro in Brazil was the host city to the 2016 Summer Olympics . This marked the first time that any country in South America has hosted the games . This also marks the first time that a lusophone country hosted any edition of the Olympic Games . Rio was only the second city in Latin America to host the Summer Olympics , after Mexico City in 1968 , and Brazil was only the second country of the southern hemisphere to host the Olympics , after Australia in 1956 and 2000 . Brazil has never hosted a winter edition of the Olympic Games .

neg: Football at the 1952 Summer Olympics The Football tournament at the 1952 Summer Olympics was won by Hungary .   The games signalled the arrival ( to Western Europeans at least ) of the Hungarian national football team -- the `` Magical Magyars '' . Ferenc Puskás later said of the 1952 competition : `` It was during the Olympics that our football first started to flow with real power . '' It was during the Games that Stanley Rous of English Football Association invited the Hungarians to play a friendly at Wembley the following year .

neg: Panama national football team The Panama national football team ( Selección de fútbol de Panama ) represents Panama in international football . The team is controlled by the governing body for football in Panama , Panamanian Football Federation , which is a member of CONCACAF and the regional UNCAF . Panama finished as runners-up in the 2005 Gold Cup and 2013 Gold Cup . Panama has never qualified for the World Cup , but it has reached the final ( `` Hexagonal '' ) round of the CONCACAF qualifications for the 2006 , 2014 , and 2018 tournaments . Panama is currently competing in this stage .   Panama came very close to advancing out of the fourth round of the qualifications for the 2014 World Cup . In their last match , which was against the USA , they led 2 -- 1 after 90 minutes and were posed to advance to a play-off against New Zealand , but they conceded two goals in stoppage time and were eliminated , with Mexico taking the playoff slot instead .

neg: Time in Uruguay Uruguay is located at a longitude that would naturally put it in the UTC − 4 time zone , but it actually uses the UTC − 3 time zone . Uruguay used to observe daylight saving time ( UTC − 2 ) from October till March . On 30 June 2015 , the Uruguayan government decided to abolish DST , establishing the UTC − 3 timezone all year round , starting on December 2015 . The term `` UYT '' is used in and out of the country to convey specific Uruguay time .

neg: Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament The men 's football tournament at the 2012 Summer Olympics was held in London and five other cities in Great Britain from 26 July to 11 August . Associations affiliated with FIFA were invited to enter their men 's U-23 teams in regional qualifying competitions , from which 15 teams , plus the hosts Great Britain , reached the final tournament . Men 's teams were allowed to augment their squads with three players over the age of 23 . It was the first major FIFA-organised men 's tournament to be held within the United Kingdom since the 1966 FIFA World Cup and was the first men 's Olympic football tournament to feature a team representing Great Britain since the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome .   The gold medal was won by Mexico who defeated Brazil 2 -- 1 in the final .

neg: Óscar Tabárez Óscar Washington Tabárez Silva ( -LSB- ˈoskar taˈβaɾes -RSB- ; born 3 March 1947 ) , known as El Maestro ( The Teacher ) , is a Uruguayan football manager and former football player , who played as a defender . He is currently the manager of the Uruguay national team .   After an unassuming career as a player and after working as a primary school teacher , Tabárez embarked on an extensive coaching career which has lasted more than 30 years and included coaching teams in Colombia , Argentina , Italy and Spain . He managed the Uruguay national football team from 1988 to 1990 , returning to the job for a second time in 2006 . He led the team to fourth place in the 2010 FIFA World Cup , and to victory in the 2011 Copa América . With Tabárez , Uruguay qualified for three World Cups , reaching the round of 16 two times , and the semi-finals once .   On 25 March 2016 , Tabárez surpassed Francisco Maturana for the head coach with most World Cup qualifying games in South America with 47 , with the singularity that he has only managed Uruguay . Tabárez also is the fifth-ranked manager with most games at the Copa América with 26 , participating in five tournaments ( 1989 , 2007 , 2011 , 2015 and 2016 ) .

neg: Smoking in Uruguay Smoking in Uruguay in enclosed public spaces became illegal on 1 March 2006 . On that date , bars , restaurants or offices where people are caught smoking began facing fines of more than $ 1,100 or a three-day closure . Uruguay was the first country in Latin America to ban smoking in enclosed public spaces .   Anti-smoking groups estimate that as many as a third of Uruguay 's 3.4 million people smoke . Uruguayan President Tabaré Vázquez , an oncologist , has cited reports suggesting about seven people die each day in Uruguay from smoking-related causes including lung cancer , emphysema and other illnesses .   To help promote the plan , president Vazquez launched a campaign called `` A Million Thanks , '' which is a reference to the number of Uruguayan smokers . So far , the campaign seems to have won these people over , as an opinion poll conducted by the Ministry of Public Health states that close to 70 % of the country 's smokers support the legislation .   The president was the impetus behind the government-decreed measure , which is among the world 's toughest and is similar to bans already in place in Ireland , Sweden , and Norway .

neg: 1984 CONMEBOL Pre-Olympic Tournament The 1984 CONMEBOL Pre-Olympic Tournament began on 8 February and ended on 21 February 1984 and was the 7th CONMEBOL Pre-Olympic Tournament . Argentina , Bolivia , Peru , and Uruguay did not participate . Brazil and Chile qualified for the 1984 Summer Olympics .

neg: 2011 Copa América Final The 2011 Copa América Final was the final match of the 2011 Copa América , an international football tournament that was played in Argentina from 1 to 24 July 2011 . The match was played on 24 July at Estadio Monumental Antonio Vespucio Liberti in Buenos Aires , between Uruguay and Paraguay .   Uruguay won the match 3 -- 0 to earn their 15th Copa América ; Paraguay , as the tournament runner-up , earned the Copa Bolivia .  With the win , Uruguay earned the right to represent CONMEBOL in the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup in Brazil .

neg: England 2018 FIFA World Cup bid England 2018 was the Football Association 's unsuccessful bid for the right to host the 2018 FIFA World Cup . FIFA invited bidding countries to bid for either the 2018 or the 2022 finals , or both . The FA initially decided to bid for both , but with the withdrawal of all non-European bids for the 2018 event , this bid , and that of all other European bidding nations , were effectively disqualified from eligibility for the 2022 edition .   England 's bid was managed by England 2018/2022 Bidding Nation Ltd. . This company was established by The FA for the purpose of bringing the World Cup tournament to England for the first time since 1966 . England attempted to host the 2006 FIFA World Cup but lost out to Germany . England hosted the 1966 FIFA World Cup and had the campaign been successful , England would have become the sixth nation to host the World Cup for a second time . It won the right to host Euro ' 96 . Andy Anson , England 2018 Chief Executive , called for humility with England 's bid claiming they `` must not fall victim to arrogance '' and that lessons had been learned from the unsuccessful attempt to host the 2006 competition . Anson stated that `` the tone of this campaign has to be different .

neg: Mauricio González Sfeir Mauricio González Sfeir ( born 1956 ) is a petroleum company executive and president of the Bolivian professional football team La Paz F.C. . Mr. Gonzalez served as president of YPFB ( Yacimientos Petroliferos Fiscales Bolivianos ) and Secretary of Energy of Bolivia in the mid-1990s , contributing to the success of the Bolivia-Brazil natural gas pipeline . He is a co-author of the Baker Institute 's `` Americas Project . ''   Mauricio Gonzalez studied economics at DePaul University and Yale University and finance & management at Harvard Business School . Furthermore , he pursued post-graduate studies at Oxford University , while on a Marshall Scholarship . During college , he was a summer intern at the Wall Street investment bank Goldman Sachs . After completing his university education and prior to returning to Bolivia , Mr. Gonzalez worked as an international management consultant in the London office of The Boston Consulting Group .   Mr. Gonzalez has had a lifelong involvement with sport . He represented Bolivia in Junior Davis Cup tennis competition at the South American level ( once defeating Ricardo Ycaza in doubles ) , taught tennis at the Welby Van Horn Tennis Camp , and played on the tennis teams of DePaul University ( under legendary coach George Lott ) and Oxford University . He is a past president of The Strongest football club , a past president of the La Paz Football Association and a past vice-president of the Bolivian Football Federation ( Federación Boliviana de Fútbol ) .   Mr. Gonzalez is a charismatic promoter of Bolivian football ( soccer ) , including junior and women 's divisions . He has also been a forceful spokesman and advocate for the proposition that the Bolivian national team and Bolivian club teams should be allowed to play official international matches -- including World Cup qualifying games -- in the high altitude cities of La Paz , Oruro , and Potosi . He is a leading member of an ad hoc committee of prominent Bolivians formed to design a strategy to campaign against the FIFA altitude ban .   Media Coverage   Numerous articles regarding Mr. Gonzalez 's advocacy in defense of Bolivian high-altitude football/soccer

neg: Uruguay A national rugby union team The Uruguay A national rugby union team are the second national rugby union team behind the Uruguay national side .


query: Caitlyn Jenner's name and gender change became official in September 2015.

pos: Caitlyn Jenner Caitlyn Marie Jenner ( born October 28 , 1949 ) , formerly known as Bruce Jenner , is an American television personality and retired Olympic gold medal-winning decathlete . Jenner was a college football player for the Graceland Yellowjackets before incurring a knee injury that required surgery . Coach L. D. Weldon , who had coached Olympic decathlete Jack Parker , convinced Jenner to try the decathlon . After intense training , Jenner won the 1976 Olympics decathlon event at the Montreal Olympic Games , gaining fame as `` an all-American hero '' . Jenner set a third successive world record while winning the Olympics . The winner of the Olympic decathlon is traditionally given the unofficial title of `` world 's greatest athlete '' . With that stature , Jenner subsequently established a career in television , film , writing , auto racing , business and as a Playgirl cover model .   Jenner has six children from marriages to wives Chrystie Crownover , Linda Thompson , and Kris Jenner . Since 2007 , Jenner has appeared on the reality television series Keeping Up with the Kardashians with Kris , their daughters Kendall and Kylie Jenner , and step-children Kourtney , Kim , Khloé , and Rob Kardashian . Previously identifying publicly as male , Jenner revealed her identity as a trans woman in April 2015 , publicly announcing her name change from Bruce to Caitlyn in a July 2015 Vanity Fair cover story . Her name and gender change became official on September 25 , 2015 . She has been called the most famous openly transgender woman in the world . From 2015 to 2016 , Jenner starred in the reality television series I Am Cait , which focused on her gender transition .

neg: Hormones: The Series Hormones ( Full title : Hormones Wai Wawun , from วัยว้าวุ่น ) , promoted as Hormones : The Series , is a Thai teen drama television series produced by GTH and first broadcast in 2013 . The show follows the lives and relationships of a group of secondary school students as they go through school and home life and face various issues . Breaking the mould of Thai television , which typically features Thai soap operas and sitcoms , Hormones was conceived with a style more commonly found in the U.S. and production values more usually associated with filmmaking . It also distinguished itself by featuring controversial issues such as teenage sex and pregnancy , homosexuality and school violence .   The series ' first season was directed by Songyos Sugmakanan , and was broadcast on satellite channel GMM One and online from May to August 2013 . The series was positively received and , despite not being shown on free-to-air terrestrial television and being criticized for its content , proved extremely popular , prompting the creation of a second season . Directed by Kriangkrai Vachiratamporn , the second season began broadcasting in July 2014 . In September 2015 , Hormones 3 : The Final Season began broadcasting . The episodes of the final season were also released in the GTH 's official channel with official English subtitles .

neg: 2014 Teen Choice Awards The 2014 Teen Choice Awards ceremony was held on August 10 , 2014 at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles . The event was originally scheduled to take place at the UCLA Pauley Pavilion , which was flooded by a broken water pipe on July 29 , 2014 near the campus . It was broadcast on Fox at 8:00 -- 10:00 pm ET live/PT tape-delayed . The awards celebrate the year 's achievements in music , film , television , sports , fashion , comedy , and the Internet , and were voted on by viewers aged 13 through 19 .  Selena Gomez was awarded the Ultimate Choice Award during the show .   One Direction were the biggest winners of the night , winning all ten awards they were nominated for ( including an award given out to Harry Styles and one dedicated to their fans ) . The Fault in Our Stars won all seven of its nominations as well , including four awards for Ansel Elgort .

neg: Ice & Coco Ice & Coco is an American syndicated entertainment talk show hosted by Ice-T and Coco Austin . The series premiered on August 3 , 2015 , and received a three-week test run .

neg: Maggie Gallagher Margaret Gallagher ( born September 14 , 1960 ) , better known by her working name Maggie Gallagher , is an American writer and socially conservative commentator . She wrote a syndicated column for Universal Press Syndicate from 1995 to 2013 and has written books . She serves as president of the Institute for Marriage and Public Policy , a nonprofit organization which lobbies on issues of marriage law . She is an executive committee member , former president and former chairman of the board of the National Organization for Marriage , which opposes same-sex marriage and other legal recognition of same-sex partnerships .

neg: Let's Move! Flash Workout Let 's Move ! Flash Workout initiative by Beyoncé Knowles is a part of a larger Let 's Move ! campaign to end childhood obesity in the United States . The campaign was started by First Lady Michelle Obama . The Let 's Move ! Initiative has the goal of `` solving the challenge of childhood obesity within a generation so that children born today will reach adulthood at a healthy weight '' .

neg: Westwood One News Westwood One News is a radio news network operated by Westwood One through its parent company Cumulus Media . It launched on January 1 , 2015 . It provides radio stations with hourly newscasts delivered by Westwood One anchors as well as voiced reports that can be individually used by member stations .

neg: Say Her Name #SayHerName is a social movement that seeks to raise awareness for black female victims of police brutality and anti-Black violence in the United States . #SayHerName aims to change the public perception that victims of police brutality and anti-Black violence are predominantly male by highlighting the gender-specific ways in which black women , particularly black queer women and black transgender women , are disproportionately affected by fatal acts of racial injustice . In an effort to create a large social media presence alongside existing racial justice campaigns , such as #BlackLivesMatter and #BlackGirlsMatter , the African American Policy Forum ( AAPF ) coined the hashtag #SayHerName in February 2015 .   In May 2015 , the AAPF released a report entitled `` Say Her Name : Resisting Police Brutality against Black Women , '' which outlined the goals and objectives of the #SayHerName movement . Following Sandra Bland 's fatal encounter with police in July 2015 , the AAPF , in conjunction with the Center for Intersectionality and Social Policy Studies at Columbia Law School and Soros Justice Fellow , Andrea Ritchie , issued an updated version of the original report . The updated version includes a description of the circumstances surrounding Bland 's death , as well as several accounts detailing recent incidents of police-instigated violence against black women , including Tanisha Anderson and Rekia Boyd . In addition to these accounts , the report provides an analytical framework for understanding black women 's susceptibility to police brutality and state-sanctioned violence , as well as offers some suggestions on how to effectively mobilize various communities and empower them to advocate for racial justice .   Drawing from the AAPF report , the #SayHerName movement strives to address the invisibilization of black women within mainstream media and , more specifically , the #BlackLivesMatter movement . Of the movement 's many agendas , one includes commemorating the women who have lost their lives due to police brutality and anti-Black violence . To advance this agenda , the AAPF , along with twenty local sponsors and the Center for Intersectionality and Social Policy Studies at Columbia Law School , organized a vigil on May 20 , 2015 , in New York City , where dozens gathered to demand that the public no longer ignore black women 's struggles against gendered , racialized violence .

neg: 2015 New Year Honours The New Year Honours 2015 were appointments by some of the 16 Commonwealth realms to various orders and honours to recognise and reward good works by citizens of those countries . The New Year Honours are awarded as part of the New Year celebrations at the start of January .   The recipients of honours are displayed as they were styled before their new honour . They are arranged by the country ( in order of precedence ) whose ministers advised the Queen on the appointments , then by honour with grades , i.e. Knight/Dame Grand Cross , Knight/Dame Commander etc. , and then by divisions , i.e. Civil , Diplomatic and Military as appropriate .

neg: 2015 Dally M Awards The 2015 Dally M Awards were presented on Monday 28 September 2015 at Sydney 's Star Casino and was broadcast on Fox Sports . They are the official annual awards of the National Rugby League and are named after Dally Messenger .

neg: Hillary Clinton email controversy In March 2015 , it became publicly known that Hillary Clinton , during her tenure as United States Secretary of State , had used her family 's private email server for official communications , rather than official State Department email accounts maintained on federal servers . Those official communications included thousands of emails that would retroactively be marked classified by the State Department .   The controversy unfolded against the backdrop of Clinton 's 2016 presidential election campaign and hearings held by the United States House Select Committee on Benghazi . Some experts , officials , and members of Congress have contended that her use of private messaging system software and a private server violated State Department protocols and procedures , as well as federal laws and regulations governing recordkeeping . In response , Clinton has said that her use of personal email was in compliance with federal laws and State Department regulations , and that former secretaries of state had also maintained personal email accounts , though not their own private email servers .   After allegations were raised that some of the emails in question contained classified information , the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) initiated an investigation regarding the origin and handling of classified emails on Clinton 's server . The FBI Report found that some of the emails originated in five other intelligence agencies . The FBI found that all classified emails on Clinton 's server were stored and sent from `` unclassified systems '' , violating the same policies as those on Clinton 's personal server .   FBI Director James Comey identified 110 emails as containing information that was classified at the time it was sent , including 65 emails deemed `` Secret '' and 22 deemed `` Top Secret '' . None of these had classification markings . However , as noted in Clinton 's non-disclosure agreement , unmarked classified information should be treated the same as marked classified information . An additional three email chains contained `` portion markings '' , simply a '' ( C ) '' indicating `` Confidential '' in front of one or more paragraphs . These were not included in Comey 's list of 110 because the State Department failed to confirm they were classified at the time they were sent . Clinton told the FBI she did not know the meaning of '' ( C ) '' . Nearly 2,100 emails on the server were retroactively marked as classified by the State Department .   In May 2016 , the State Department 's Office of the Inspector General released an 83-page report about the State Department 's email practices , including Clinton 's . On July 5 , 2016 , Comey announced that the FBI 's investigation had concluded that Clinton was `` extremely careless '' in handling her email system but recommended that no charges be filed against her . On July 6 , 2016 , Attorney General Loretta Lynch announced that no charges would be filed .   On July 7 , the State Department reopened its probe into the email controversy . On October 28 , 2016 , Comey notified Congress that the FBI had started looking into newly discovered emails that may be pertinent to the case . Law enforcement officials stated the emails were found on a laptop belonging to Clinton aide Huma Abedin 's husband , Anthony Weiner , during an investigation of his sexting scandals . On November 6 , Comey notified Congress that the FBI had not changed its conclusion , reached in July , regarding Clinton 's emails .

neg: Celebrity Name Game Celebrity Name Game is an American syndicated game show which premiered on September 22 , 2014 . Based on the board game Identity Crisis ( created by Laura Robinson ) , the series was developed by Courteney Cox and David Arquette 's Coquette Productions , and was originally pitched as a primetime series for CBS with Craig Ferguson as host . The series was later picked up by FremantleMedia and Debmar-Mercury as a syndicated series for 2014 with Ferguson , who left The Late Late Show on December 19 , 2014 , remaining as host . The series marks Coquette 's first foray into game shows . The show was subsequently renewed for a second season , which premiered on September 21 , 2015 .   On December 2 , 2016 , it was announced that the series would end after three seasons .

neg: Gender mainstreaming Gender mainstreaming is the public policy concept of assessing the different implications for women and men of any planned policy action , including legislation and programmes , in all areas and levels . Mainstreaming essentially offers a pluralistic approach that values the diversity among both men and women .   The concept of gender mainstreaming was first proposed at the 1985 Third World Conference on Women in Nairobi , Kenya . The idea has been pushed in the United Nations development community . The idea was formally featured in 1995 at the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing , China , and was cited in the document that resulted from the conference , the Beijing Platform for Action .

neg: Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015 Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015 ( MACRA ) , commonly called the Permanent Doc Fix , is a law that establishes a new way to pay doctors who treat Medicare patients , revising the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 . Its reform is the largest in scale on the American health care system since the Affordable Care Act ( `` ObamaCare '' ) in 2010 . It changes the way Medicare doctors are reimbursed , fills in a funding gap and extends a popular children 's insurance program , CHIP .   MACRA related regulations also address incentives for use of health IT by physicians and other care providers .   Under MACRA , the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services ( DHHS ) is tasked with implementation of a Merit Based Incentive ( MIP ) an incentive program which consolidates the three existing incentive programs into one for eligible physicians . The legislation also allows for Advanced Alternative Payment Models ( APM ) in 2026 the conversion factor for both programs will be set at 0.75 % followed by each subsequent year .   The Government Accountability Office in partnership with the DHHS are set to assist in the implementation of nationwide electronic health records ( EHR ) , while simultaneously comparing and selecting of such programs for providers ; the EHR goal is set for December 31 , 2018 under MACRA .   The U.S. is set to transition from a fee for service system , which allowed physicians and providers to bill Medicare and Medicaid for services they provided to their patients , to a pay for performance based system using MIP , APM , and Accountable Care Organizations ( ACO ) .

neg: 2014 Much Music Video Awards The 2014 Much Music Video Awards ( MMVAs ) was held on June 15 , 2014 outside the Much headquarters in downtown Toronto . Kendall Jenner and Kylie Jenner served as co-hosts for the show .   The ceremony , which marked the 25th edition of the MMVAs , was simulcast live on Much and CTV .

neg: Periods for Politicians Periods for Politicians ( originally Periods for Pence ) is a campaign launched by the women of Indiana in response to a controversial abortion bill passed by Republican Mike Pence , the fiftieth governor of Indiana , in March 2016 . The campaign encourages women to send emails , tweets and phone calls to the governor 's office reporting the progression of their menstrual cycles . The group 's Facebook page was created March 28 of 2016 .

neg: Natural Causes (Skylar Grey album) Natural Causes is the third studio album by American recording artist Skylar Grey . It is her second album since her stage name change from Holly Brook to Skylar Grey . It was released on September 23 , 2016 , by KidinaKorner and Interscope Records .

neg: Freshman 15 `` Freshman 15 '' is an expression commonly used in the United States and Canada that refers to an amount ( somewhat arbitrarily set at 15 pounds , and originally just 10 ) of weight gained during a student 's first year at college . In Australia and New Zealand it is sometimes referred to as First Year Fatties , Fresher Spread , or Fresher Five , the latter referring to a five-kilogram gain .   The purported causes of this weight gain are increased alcohol intake and the consumption of fat and carbohydrate-rich cafeteria-style food and fast food in university dormitories . Many other causes include malnutrition , stress , and decreased levels of exercise . All of these factors can affect each person in a different way . Studies confirm many of these causes . Colleges and universities have recently been cracking down on this common problem and are trying to educate people on how to prevent it . This problem has grown so much that students are focusing on how to stop the freshman 15 before it happens .   Despite how commonly the Freshman 15 is asserted , an Ohio State University study showed that the average college student gains only two to three pounds in their first year . Additionally , it showed that college students did not gain any more weight than non-college students of the same age , and that the only factor that increased weight gain was heavy drinking .

neg: LGBT rights in the Republic of Ireland Attitudes in Ireland towards lesbian , gay , bisexual , and transgender ( LGBT ) people are regarded as among the most liberal in the world . Ireland is notable for its transformation from a country holding overwhelmingly conservative attitudes toward LGBT issues to one holding overwhelmingly liberal ones in the space of a generation . In May 2015 , Ireland became the first country to legalise same-sex marriage on a national level by popular vote . The New York Times hailed the victory as putting Ireland at the `` vanguard of social change '' . Since July 2015 , transgender people in Ireland can self-declare their gender for the purpose of updating passports , driving licences , obtaining new birth certificates , and getting married . Both male and female same-sex sexual activity is legal in the state . Government recognition of LGBT rights in Ireland has expanded greatly over the past two decades . Homosexuality was decriminalised in 1993 , and most forms of discrimination based on sexual orientation are now outlawed . Ireland also forbids incitement to hatred based on sexual orientation .   In 2015 a survey of 1000 individuals in Ireland found that 78 % of people are in support of same-sex marriage and 71 % of people think that same-sex couples should be allowed to adopt . A 2013 survey showed that 73 % of Irish people agreed that `` same sex marriage should be allowed in the Constitution '' . Earlier , a 2008 survey showed that 84 % of Irish people support civil marriage or civil partnerships for same-sex couples , with 58 % supporting full marriage rights in registry offices . The number who believe same-sex couples should only be allowed to have civil partnerships fell from 33 % to 26 % . A March 2011 The Sunday Times poll showed support for full civil marriage rights at 73 % .   In July 2010 , the Oireachtas passed the Civil Partnership and Certain Rights and Obligations of Cohabitants Act 2010 , recognising civil partnerships between same-sex couples . The Bill passed all stages in the lower house ( Dáil ) , without the need for a vote , and by a margin of 48 votes to 4 in the upper house Seanad ( Senate ) . The bill was supported by all parties , although individual politicians have criticised the legislation . Since the Civil Partnership legislation has been fully enacted and implemented from the start of 2011 , gay and lesbian couples have been able to register their relationship before a registrar . The bill was signed by President Mary McAleese on 19 July 2010 . The Minister for Justice signed the commencement order for the act on 23 December 2010 . The law then came into force on 1 January 2011 . Due to the three-month waiting period for all civil ceremonies in Ireland , it had been expected that the first Civil Partnership ceremonies would take place in April . However , the legislation does provide a mechanism for exemptions to be sought through the courts , and the first partnership , which was between two men , was registered on 7 February 2011 . The first publicly celebrated Irish civil partnership under the Act took place in Dublin on 5 April 2011 . On 6 April 2015 , the Children and Family Relationships Bill 2015 was signed into law , amending ( among other acts ) the Adoption Act 2010 , to enable same-sex couples to jointly adopt children and step-children .

neg: Clark Janell Davis Clark Janell Davis ( born August 9 , 1997 ) is an American beauty pageant titleholder from Lexington , Kentucky , who was crowned Miss Kentucky 2015 . She competed for the Miss America 2016 title in September 2015 .

neg: Dash Dolls Dash Dolls is an American reality television series that premiered on the E! cable network , on September 20 , 2015 . The show is a spin-off of Keeping Up with the Kardashians . The series features a group of young female employees , referred to as Dash Dolls , working in the Dash boutique in Hollywood which is owned by the Kardashian sisters .