query: A Song of Ice and Fire was written by J.K Rowling only.

pos: A Song of Ice and Fire A Song of Ice and Fire is a series of epic fantasy novels by the American novelist and screenwriter George R. R. Martin . He began the first volume of the series , A Game of Thrones , in 1991 and had it published in 1996 . Martin , who initially envisioned the series as a trilogy , has published five out of a planned seven volumes . The fifth and most recent volume of the series published in 2011 , A Dance with Dragons , took Martin five years to write . He is still writing the sixth novel , The Winds of Winter .   A Song of Ice and Fire takes place on the fictional continents Westeros and Essos . The point of view of each chapter in the story is a limited perspective of a range of characters growing from nine , in the first novel , to thirty-one by the fifth . Three main stories interweave a dynastic war among several families for control of Westeros , the rising threat of the supernatural Others in the northernmost reaches of Westeros , and the ambition of Daenerys Targaryen , the deposed king 's exiled daughter , to assume the Iron Throne .   Martin 's inspirations included the Wars of the Roses and the French historical novels The Accursed Kings by Maurice Druon . A Song of Ice and Fire received praise for its diverse portrayal of women and religion , as well as its realism . An assortment of disparate and subjective points of view confronts the reader , and the success or survival of point of view characters is never assured . Within the often morally ambiguous world of A Song of Ice and Fire , questions concerning loyalty , pride , human sexuality , piety , and the morality of violence frequently arise .   As of April 2015 , the books have sold more than 60 million copies worldwide and , as of January 2017 , have been translated into 47 languages . The fourth and fifth volumes reached the top of The New York Times Best Seller lists upon their releases . Among the many derived works are several prequel novellas , a TV series , a comic book adaptation , and several card , board , and video games .

neg: Tir na n-Og Award The Tir na n-Og Awards ( abbreviated TnaO ) are a set of annual children 's literary awards in Wales from 1976 . They are presented by the Welsh Books Council to the best books published during the preceding calendar year in each of three awards categories , one English-language and two Welsh-language . Their purpose is '' -LSB- to raise -RSB- the standard of children 's and young people 's books and to encourage the buying and reading of good books . '' There is no restriction to fiction or prose . Each prize is # 1,000 .   The awards are named for Tír na nÓg , the `` Land of the Young '' , an otherworldly realm in Irish mythology .   The English-language award honours one book with an `` authentic Welsh background '' whose original language is English . It is sponsored by the British Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals , Cymru Wales division ( CILIP/Wales ) , and presented at that association 's annual conference in May .   The Welsh-language Primary Sector and Secondary Sector awards honour one book written for primary school children and one for secondary school children .  They are presented at the annual Urdd National Eisteddfod , recently at the beginning of June or end of May .  Since 2011 , the Welsh-language awards are co-sponsored by the Cardigan-based publisher Cymdeithas Lyfrau Ceredigion .   Shortlists comprising three or four books in each awards category have been published by WBC at least from 2011 .

neg: The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen is a story written by the English author J. R. R. Tolkien . It can be found in Appendix A of Tolkien 's most famous book , The Lord of the Rings . It takes place in the Third Age of the author 's fictional universe , Middle-earth . The tale tells the story of the love of the mortal Man Aragorn and the immortal Elf-maiden Arwen .   In Tolkien 's fictional universe , the tale was written by Faramir and Éowyn 's grandson Barahir after Aragorn 's death . An abbreviated version of the tale was included in the copy of the Thain 's Book made by Findegil in .   The tale tells of Aragorn 's first meeting with Arwen at Rivendell and of their later meeting in Lothlórien , where Arwen chose a mortal life and pledged her love to Aragorn . It also tells of Aragorn 's death in and of Arwen 's death a year later . The short version of `` The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen '' can be found in Appendix A of The Lord of the Rings .

neg: The Secret of Platform 13 The Secret of Platform 13 is a children 's novel by Eva Ibbotson , and illustrated by Sue Porter , first published in 1994 .   The book has gained extra significance as many readers find it similar to the Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling , as the first book of that series , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone was published in 1997 , three years after this book was published . ( They both mention a platform on Kings Cross Station , in London , that leads to a different world . ) As journalist Amanda Craig has written , `` Ibbotson would seem to have at least as good a case for claiming plagiarism as the American author currently suing J. K. Rowling , but unlike her , Ibbotson says she would ` like to shake her by the hand . I think we all borrow from each other as writers . ' ''

neg: Alastair Swinnerton Alastair Swinnerton is a UK author and writer/producer known mostly for his involvement with Lego Bionicle , which he co-created with Bob Thompson and Martin Andersen of Lego and Christian Faber of Danish advertising agency Advance .   However , he has been writing and creating animation since the late 1980s , and was the co-creator and co-writer of The Baskervilles , Alphanim 's 2000 26 half-hour cartoon series set in Hell , or a theme park based on Hell depending on which country it was viewed in . He has many other credits , including the 1998 series of The Wombles , and the second season of the Emmy-nominated Disney Channel/Dorling Kindersley series Amazing Animals . He has been associated with various companies , including Skryptonite , which he co-founded with producers Ken Anderson and Tony Barnes , and Corsham Entertainment , in which he was briefly partnered by Gary Kurtz , producer of Star Wars , and Richard Bazeley , a former Disney animator . In 2002 he went solo again , and was the writer , and co-director & co-producer with Neil Graham of London 's Zoo Films , of The Tale of Jack Frost , a half-hour CGI Christmas special based on the David Melling book that first aired on CBBC at Christmas 2004 and which was nominated for a BAFTA in 2005 .   Since then he has written on numerous series , including Sabrina the Teenage Witch for Los Angeles-based Mike Young Productions , Jungle Book Series 2 for India 's DQ Entertainment , Dennis and Gnasher for Red Kite Animation and Wobblyland , created by Cat Little , and produced by Brown Bag Films and HiT Entertainment . He is still writing for other people , as well as developing his own series .   On 31 August 2015 his first Young Adult fantasy novel will be released , ` The Multiverse of Max Tovey ' , about a troubled teenager who discovers to his delight and alarm that his troubles are nothing to do with him , and everything to do with being a Time Traveller .

neg: The History of Middle-earth The History of Middle-earth is a 12-volume series of books published between 1983 and 1996 that collect and analyse material relating to the fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien , compiled and edited by his son , Christopher Tolkien . The series shows the development over time of Tolkien 's conception of Middle-earth as a fictional place with its own peoples , languages , and history , from his earliest notions of a `` mythology for England '' through to the development of the stories that make up The Silmarillion and The Lord of the Rings . It is not a `` history of Middle-earth '' in the sense of being a chronicle of events in Middle-earth written from an in-universe perspective . In 2000 -- 01 , the twelve volumes were republished in three limited edition omnibus volumes . Non-deluxe editions of the three volumes were published in 2002 .

neg: A Song of Stone A Song of Stone is a novel by Scottish writer Iain Banks , published in 1997 .

neg: The Railway Series The Railway Series is a set of story books about a railway system located on the fictional Island of Sodor . There are 42 books in the series , the first being published in 1945 . Twenty-six were written by the Rev. Wilbert Awdry , up to 1972 . A further 16 were written by his son , Christopher Awdry ; 14 between 1983 and 1996 , and two more in 2007 and 2011 .   Nearly all of The Railway Series stories were based upon real-life events . As a lifelong railway enthusiast , Awdry was keen that his stories should be as realistic as possible . The engine characters were almost all based upon real classes of locomotive , and some of the railways themselves were directly based upon real lines in the British Isles .   Characters and stories from the books formed the basis of the children 's television series Thomas and Friends .   Audio adaptations of The Railway Series have been recorded at various times under the title The Railway Stories .

neg: Penguin Celebrations Penguin Celebrations was a book series released by Penguin Books in 2008 , Penguin re-released 36 modern popular works using Penguin 's distinctive late 1940s style , rebranded ` Penguin Celebrations ' . Following the 1940s style ; Green is for ` mystery ' , Orange for ` fantastic fiction ' , Pink for ` distant lands ' , Dark Blue for ` real lives ' and Purple for ` viewpoints ' .   The ` Penguin Celebrations ' books are as follows :  Fiction  William Boyd - Any Human Heart  Jonathan Coe - What a Carve Up !  Jonathan Safran Foer - Everything Is Illuminated  Zoë Heller - Notes on a Scandal  Nick Hornby - How to Be Good  Marian Keyes - The Other Side of the Story  Matthew Kneale - English Passengers  Hari Kunzru - The Impressionist  Marina Lewycka - A Short History of Tractors in Ukrainian  Meg Rosoff - How I Live Now  Ali Smith - The Accidental  Zadie Smith - White Teeth  Sue Townsend - Adrian Mole and the Weapons of Mass Destruction  Pat Barker - Regeneration   Non-fiction  Noam Chomsky - Hegemony or Survival  Niall Ferguson - Empire  Robin Lane Fox - The Classical World  Malcolm Gladwell - Blink  Brian Greene - The Fabric of the Cosmos  Steven Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner - Freakonomics  James Lovelock - The Revenge of Gaia  Eric Schlosser - Fast Food Nation   Crime  Donna Tartt - The Secret History  P. D. James - A Certain Justice  John Mortimer - Rumpole and the Penge Bungalow Murders  Alex Garland - The Beach  Barbara Vine - The Chimney-sweeper 's Boy   Travel and adventure  Ryszard Kapuściński - The Shadow of the Sun  Redmond O'Hanlon - Congo Journey  Paul Theroux - Dark Star Safari   Biography  Charles Nicholl - Leonardo da Vinci : Flights of the Mind  Claire Tomalin - Jane Austen : A Life  Jeremy Paxman - The English   Essays  Alain de Botton - The Consolations of Philosophy  Jeremy Clarkson - The World According to Clarkson  Alistair Cooke - Letter from America

neg: The History of The Lord of the Rings The History of The Lord of the Rings is a 4-volume work by Christopher Tolkien that documents the process of J. R. R. Tolkien 's writing of The Lord of the Rings . The History is also numbered as volumes 6 to 9 of The History of Middle-earth ( `` HoME '' , as below ) . Some information concerning the appendices and a soon-abandoned sequel to the novel can also be found in volume 12 , The Peoples of Middle-earth .

neg: Layamon Layamon or Laghamon ( -LSB- ˈleɪəmən -RSB- -LSB- - enmˈlaɣamon -RSB- ) - spelled Laȝamon or Laȝamonn in his time , occasionally written Lawman - was a poet of the late 12th/early 13th century and author of the Brut , a notable work that was the first to present the legends of Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table in English poetry .   J. R. R. Tolkien valued him as a transmitter of early English legends in a fashion comparable to the role played with respect to Icelandic legend by Snorri Sturluson .

neg: Bookwriter The bookwriter is the member of a musical 's writing team who creates the book -- the musical 's plot , character development , and dramatic structure . Essentially , the bookwriter is the playwright of the musical . He or she works very closely in collaboration with the lyricist and composer to create an integrated piece of drama .   There is a common misconception that the bookwriter merely writes the dialogue ; though the book does include the musical 's spoken text , it is much more than that , defining and organizing the dramatic action of the entire piece , including action that is musicalized by the songwriter ( s ) . Even `` sung-through , '' `` operatic , '' or `` through-composed '' musicals , where there is little , if any , spoken text , require as much contribution from a bookwriter as do musicals with extensive dialogue scenes .   The bookwriter is often also the musical 's lyricist , composer , or director .   Category : Occupations in music

neg: Erica James Erica James ( née Sullivan ; born 1960 ) is a British writer of several romance novels . In 2006 , her novel Gardens of Delight won the Romantic Novel of the Year Award from the Romantic Novelists ' Association .

neg: Kenneth Morris (author) Kenneth Vennor Morris ( 31 July 1879 -- 21 April 1937 ) , sometimes using the Welsh form of his name Cenydd Morus , was a Welsh author and theosophist . Born in South Wales , he moved to London with his family as a child , and was educated at Christ 's Hospital . In 1896 he lived in Dublin for a while , where he became friends with George William Russell . From 1908 to 1930 Morris lived in California as a member of staff of the Theosophical Society headquarters at Point Loma . The last seven years of his life were spent back in his native Wales , during which time he founded seven Welsh theosophical lodges . Morris  was a friend of Talbot Mundy , and the two writers often commentated on each other 's work in The Theosophical Path  magazine .   In the verdict of Ursula K. Le Guin , Morris appears as one of the three master prose stylists of fantasy in the 20th century , together with E. R. Eddison and J. R. R. Tolkien .

neg: Richard Dinnick Richard Dinnick ( born 22 January 1968 ) is a British screenwriter , novelist , and audio playwright . He is the winner of the 2012 BBC Writersroom opportunity to create a new show and to write for TV on the BBC and is now writing on the CBeebies TV shows Tree Fu Tom and Go Jetters - amongst others - as well as Mind Candy 's new Moshi Monsters TV show . He was one of six finalists in a recent BBC Academy opportunity to workshop a script for Waterloo Road .   Dinnick is now Head Writer on the new Disney TV show Eena Meena Deeka and in-development action adventure show Captain Extraordinary . He was also a BAFTA Judge for Children 's Drama and produced a session for the 2014 Children 's Media Conference .   He is developing several ideas for TV including a fantasy drama , Never After and a primetime crime drama , Murder of Crows , which is the first of its kind . Richard is currently in pre-production on new web series -- Light & Shadows -- with Capital City Entertainment as writer/producer . Dinnick is also developing a workplace drama , No Kidding , and an urban fantasy show , The Last Horseman .   Dinnick has written prose , scripts and comics for many media properties including MGM 's Stargate and the BBC 's Doctor Who , as well as adapting the Sherlock Holmes stories of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle -- including The Hound of the Baskervilles -- for CD release .   His first novel Alien Adventures was published by BBC Children 's Books in 2010 and he has since gone on to write books and short stories for Penguin UK , Titan Publishing , Black Library , Running Press and Snow Books . He has also written comic strips for IDW and BBC Magazines and his first original graphic novel is in the works .   He is also often a guest at writing events ( including the London Screenwriters ' Festival ) and Doctor Who conventions ( such as Gallifrey One ) .   His pre-school series Elf Stackers is in the commissioning process with the BBC .   Dinnick is a member of the Writers Guild of Great Britain and the Royal Television Society and a Patron of the Children 's Media Foundation .   His UK TV agent is Emily Smith at The Agency and his manager in the USA is Joe Riley .

neg: The Notion Club Papers The Notion Club Papers is the title of an abandoned novel by J. R. R. Tolkien , written during 1945 and published posthumously in Sauron Defeated , the 9th volume of The History of Middle-earth . It is a space/time/dream travel story , written at the same time as The Lord of the Rings was being developed . The story itself revolves around the meetings of an Oxford arts discussion group called the Notion Club , a fictionalization of ( and a play on words on the name of ) Tolkien 's own such club , The Inklings .   During these meetings , Alwin Arundel Lowdham discusses his lucid dreams about Númenor ; through these dreams , he `` discovers '' much about the Númenor story and the languages of Middle-earth ( notably Quenya , Sindarin , and Adûnaic -- the last being the sole source of most of the material on Adûnaic ) . While not finished , at the end of the given story it becomes clear Lowdham himself is a reincarnation of sorts of Elendil . ( Alwin is a modernization of the name Ælfwine , Old English for Elf-friend , or Elendil in Quenya . ) Other members of the Club also mention their vivid dreams of other times and places .   Tolkien not only created fictional meetings for these papers but also created a fictional history for the manuscript of the papers . According to the papers , the meetings occurred in the 1980s ; they even mention events that occurred in the 1970s and 1980s . About one-quarter of the papers were found among sacks of waste paper in 2012 at Oxford by a Mr. Green . Mr. Green published a first edition containing excerpts from these papers , indicating that they were written during the 1980s by one of the participants . Two scholars read the first edition , asked to examine the manuscripts , and then submitted a full report . The `` Notes to the Second Edition '' mentions the contradictory evidence in dating the manuscripts , and an alternative date is presented : they may have been written in the 1940s .   These papers , which make a number of comments on Lewis ' Space Trilogy , are similar to C. S. Lewis ' commentary to Tolkien 's poem The Lay of Leithian , in which Lewis created a fictional history of scholarship of the poem and even referred to other manuscript tradition to recommend changes to the poem .   The Notion Club Papers may be seen as an attempt to re-write The Lost Road , published and discussed in The Lost Road and Other Writings , as being another attempt to tie the Númenórean legend in with a more modern tale . There is , however , no direct connection between the modern settings of the two stories within the fictional frame .   Jane Stanford links The Notion Club Papers to The Johnson Club Papers in her biography of John O'Connor Power , That Irishman . The two books have a similar title page . The Johnson Club was a ` Public House School ' and met in taverns like the Inklings . The purpose was ` Fellowship and free Exchange of Mind . ' The two clubs presented papers ` which were read before the members and discussed ' . Samuel Johnson , like Tolkien , had a strong connection with Pembroke College , Oxford . Stanley Unwin , Tolkien 's publisher , was a nephew of Fisher Unwin , the founding member of The Johnson Club .   According to Christopher Tolkien , had his father continued The Notion Club Papers , he would have linked the real world of Alwin Lowdham with his eponymous ancestor Ælfwine of England ( who compiled the Lost Tales ) and with Atlantis . One of the members of the Notion Club , one Michael George Ramer , combines lucid dreams with time-travel and experiences the tsunami that sank Númenor . He ca n't tell if its history , or fantasy , or something in between .   The Notion Club Papers mentions a great storm occurring during 1987 in England , on 12 June . This can be seen as an odd coincidence , since the actual Great Storm of 1987 occurred in October of that year .

neg: Christopher Tolkien Christopher John Reuel Tolkien ( born 21 November 1924 ) is the third son of the author J. R. R. Tolkien ( 1892 -- 1973 ) , and is best known as the editor of much of his father 's posthumously published work . He drew the original maps for his father 's The Lord of the Rings , which he signed C. J. R. T.

neg: Fantasy Masterworks Fantasy Masterworks is a series of British paperbacks intended to comprise `` some of the greatest , most original , and most influential fantasy ever written '' , and claimed by its publisher Millennium ( an imprint of Victor Gollancz ) to be `` the books which , along with Tolkien , Peake and others , shaped modern fantasy . ''   It has a companion series in the SF Masterworks line . A separate Future Classics line has also started featuring eight science fiction novels from the last few decades .   The books were numbered only through No. 50 ; in the 2013 reboot of the series the books are unnumbered , have a uniform look , and feature introductions by well-known writers and critics .

neg: Indian English literature Indian English Literature ( IEL ) refers to the body of work by writers in India who write in the English language and whose native or co-native language could be one of the numerous languages of India . Its early history began with the works of R. K. Narayan , Mulk Raj Anand and Raja Rao who contributed to Indian fiction in the 1930s . It is also associated with the works of members of the Indian diaspora , such as V. S. Naipaul , Kiran Desai , Jhumpa Lahiri , Kovid Gupta , Agha Shahid Ali , Rohinton Mistry and Salman Rushdie , who are of Indian descent .   It is frequently referred to as Indo-Anglian literature . ( Indo-Anglian is a specific term in the sole context of writing that should not be confused with Anglo-Indian ) . As a category , this production comes in the broader realm of postcolonial literature -- the production from previously colonised countries such as India .

neg: Book of Shadows A Book of Shadows is a book containing religious texts and instructions for magical rituals found within the Neopagan religion of Wicca.Throughout the centuries many practicing witches would account their knowledge in their Book Of Shadows , however once witches were threatened by the prospect of being executed many , wisely , stopped and destroyed their BoS in order to stay safe and alive . However there are still several books that have managed to survived through history . One famous Book of Shadows was created by the pioneering Wiccan Gerald Gardner sometime in the late 1940s or early 1950s , and which he utilised first in his Bricket Wood coven and then in other covens which he founded in following decades . The Book of Shadows is also used by other Wiccan traditions , such as Alexandrianism and Mohsianism , and with the rise of books teaching people how to begin following Wicca in the 1970s onward , the idea of the Book of Shadows was then further propagated amongst solitary practitioners unconnected to earlier traditions .   Initially , when Wicca was still dominated by covens , `` only one copy -LSB- of the Book -RSB- existed for an entire coven , kept by the high priestess or high priest . That rule has proved unfeasible , and it is -LSB- now -RSB- commonplace for all Witches to have their own copies . '' In the various traditions that make up British Traditional Wicca , copies of the original Book composed by Gerald Gardner with the aid of his High Priestess Doreen Valiente , along with alterations and additions that have been made since then , is followed by adherents . They have tried to keep the contents of this Book a secret , although it has been published on a number of occasions by figures such as Charles Cardell , Lady Sheba , and Janet and Stewart Farrar . In other Wiccan traditions and amongst a number of solitary practitioners , alternate versions of the Book have been written that are independent of Gardner 's original .   Numerous associations and traditions have since grown up around the Book of Shadows . Traditionally , `` a Witch 's book of shadows is destroyed upon death . '' The concept of the Book of Shadows has subsequently appeared in popular culture , for instance being utilised in the American television series Charmed and providing the title of films , musical albums and comics . However , in all these cases it was taken out of its original Wiccan context .

neg: Harry Potter (character) Harry James Potter is the title character and protagonist of J. K. Rowling 's Harry Potter series . The majority of the books ' plot covers seven years in the life of the orphan Potter , who , on his eleventh birthday , learns he is a wizard . Thus , he attends Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry to practise magic under the guidance of the kindly headmaster Albus Dumbledore and other school professors . Harry also discovers that he is already famous throughout the novel 's magical community , and that his fate is tied with that of Lord Voldemort , the internationally feared Dark Wizard and murderer of his parents , Lily and James .


query: Avatar was released in 2009.

pos: Avatar (2009 film) Avatar ( marketed as James Cameron 's Avatar ) is a 2009 American epic science fiction film directed , written , produced , and co-edited by James Cameron , and starring Sam Worthington , Zoe Saldana , Stephen Lang , Michelle Rodriguez , and Sigourney Weaver . The film is set in the mid-22nd century , when humans are colonizing Pandora , a lush habitable moon of a gas giant in the Alpha Centauri star system , in order to mine the mineral unobtanium , a room-temperature superconductor . The expansion of the mining colony threatens the continued existence of a local tribe of Na ` vi -- a humanoid species indigenous to Pandora . The film 's title refers to a genetically engineered Na ` vi body with the mind of a remotely located human that is used to interact with the natives of Pandora .   Development of Avatar began in 1994 , when Cameron wrote an 80-page treatment for the film . Filming was supposed to take place after the completion of Cameron 's 1997 film Titanic , for a planned release in 1999 , but according to Cameron , the necessary technology was not yet available to achieve his vision of the film . Work on the language of the film 's extraterrestrial beings began in 2005 , and Cameron began developing the screenplay and fictional universe in early 2006 . Avatar was officially budgeted at $ 237 million . Other estimates put the cost between $ 280 million and $ 310 million for production and at $ 150 million for promotion . The film made extensive use of new motion capture filming techniques , and was released for traditional viewing , 3D viewing ( using the RealD 3D , Dolby 3D , XpanD 3D , and IMAX 3D formats ) , and for `` 4D '' experiences in select South Korean theaters . The stereoscopic filmmaking was touted as a breakthrough in cinematic technology .   Avatar premiered in London on , 2009 , and was internationally released on and in the United States and Canada on , to positive critical reviews , with critics highly praising its groundbreaking visual effects . During its theatrical run , the film broke several box office records and became the highest-grossing film of all time , as well as in the United States and Canada , surpassing Titanic , which had held those records for twelve years ( and was also directed by Cameron ) . It also became the first film to gross more than and the best-selling film of 2010 in the United States . Avatar was nominated for nine Academy Awards , including Best Picture and Best Director , and won three , for Best Art Direction , Best Cinematography and Best Visual Effects . Following the film 's success , Cameron signed with 20th Century Fox to produce three sequels , making Avatar the first of a planned tetralogy . On April 14 , 2016 , Cameron confirmed that there were now plans for four sequels . Avatar 2 was scheduled for release in December 2018 before being delayed , with the sequels following in December 2020 , 2022 , and 2023 , respectively . The sequels are scheduled for release in 2020 , 2021 , 2024 and 2025 .

neg: The Ugly Truth The Ugly Truth is a 2009 American romantic comedy film starring Katherine Heigl and Gerard Butler . The film was released in North America on July 24 , 2009 by Columbia Pictures .

neg: Avatar Records Avatar Records is an independent record label and management company founded by Larry Robinson with offices in Los Angeles and London , England . The company was founded in 1987 in the garage of his family home in South Los Angeles . Projects released on Avatar include The Oz Soundtrack , Planet Asia , Fear of a Black Hat Soundtrack , Bishop Don Magic Juan , the NVA Straight from the Crates compilation , the soundtrack to the television show Girlfriends , and others . Avatar has digitally distributed over three hundred record labels with songs by artists including Anya Marina , Metallica , Bruce Springsteen , Wu-Tang Clan , Mary J. Blige , Amy Winehouse , Erykah Badu , and others .

neg: Iris the Movie Iris the Movie is a 2010 South Korean spy action film .   As part of the first Korean production that shot a television drama and feature-length film simultaneously ( Kim Kyu-tae was in charge of the TV segments , and Yang Yun-ho in charge of the film segments ) , the TV series IRIS was a hit when it aired on KBS2 in 2009 , with ratings of 30 % . IRIS : The Movie is a feature-length edit of the 20 episodes , along with additional footage shot specifically for the theatrical version and a different ending .   IRIS : The Movie premiered at the 34th Hong Kong International Film Festival on March 21 , 2010 .   It did not receive a theatrical run in South Korea , but was instead released on November 22 , 2010 through IPTV , cable TV , satellite PPV , and Cine21 online portals .   Due to Lee Byung-hun 's Japanese fanbase , distributor Kadokawa Pictures released the film theatrically in Japan on January 8 , 2011 , under the alternate title IRIS - The Last .

neg: Pandoran biosphere The fictional Pandoran biosphere , from James Cameron 's Avatar , teems with a biodiversity of bioluminescent species ranging from hexapodal animals to other types of exotic fauna and flora . The Pandoran ecology forms a vast neural network spanning the entire lunar surface into which the Naʼvi and other creatures can connect . The strength of this collective consciousness is illustrated when the human invaders are defeated in battle by the Pandoran ecology , after the Naʼvi were nearly defeated . Cameron utilized a team of expert advisors in order to make the various examples of fauna and flora as scientifically feasible as possible .

neg: Alien Love Triangle Alien Love Triangle is a 2008 comedy-science fiction short film directed by Danny Boyle . It was filmed in 1999 .   The film was originally intended to be one of a trilogy of 30-minute short films shown together . However , the two other films , Mimic and Impostor , turned into full-length features and the project was cancelled .   The film had its world premiere as part of the closing ceremony of the smallest theatre in the UK , La Charrette , on 23 February 2008 , an event organised by Mark Kermode of The Culture Show . Kenneth Branagh attended the screening . The film 's only other recorded screening was shortly after the premiere , at the Kenneth Branagh season at the National Media Museum , again with Branagh in attendance .

neg: Animerama is a series of thematically-related adult anime feature films originally conceived and initiated by Osamu Tezuka and made at his Mushi Production animation studio from the late 1960s to early 1970s , perhaps intended as animated counterparts to the then-emergent pink films ( a direct connection being Shigemi Satoyoshi as the scenarist for Cleopatra ) .   As well as the erotic themes , they are also defined by mixing more typical traditional animation with sequences of UPA and Yōji Kuri -- influenced experimental use of modern design , limited animation , and still paintings akin to Tezuka 's experimental short films and like those largely were all directed , sometimes sharing the billing with Tezuka , by Eiichi Yamamoto . The first , A Thousand & One Nights , was the first erotic animated feature film and , at 130 minutes , remains one of the longest ever animated films . The first two are also notable for having scores by famed composer and electronic rearranger Isao Tomita . The third , Belladonna , made without Tezuka 's direct involvement , is more serious than its predecessors and more avant-garde still , telling its story largely through pans over still , panoramic paintings with narration .   The three films in the trilogy are :   ( 1969 )  ( 1970 )  ( 1973 )  All three were released onto DVD-Video by the video division of Columbia Music Entertainment , both separately and as a box set , in 2004 in Japan and re-released in 2006 .   A 1991 original video animation based on part of Ihara Saikaku 's The Life of an Amorous Man ( released on VHS in the United Kingdom and Ireland as The Sensualist ) made at Grouper Production is sometimes considered an unofficial successor to the trilogy , owing to the involvement of Yamamoto as screenwriter and its similarly both erotic and experimental imagery .

neg: Unsimulated sex Unsimulated sex is the presentation in a film of sex scenes where the actors engage in an actual sex act , and are not just miming or simulating the actions . At one time in the United States such scenes were restricted by law and self-imposed industry standards such as the Motion Picture Production Code . Films showing explicit sexual activity were confined to privately distributed underground films , such as stag films or `` porn loops '' . Beginning in the late 1960s , most notably with Blue Movie by Andy Warhol , mainstream cinemas began pushing boundaries in terms of what was presented on screen . Although the vast majority of sexual situations depicted in mainstream cinema are simulated ( in early pornography , the main actors engaged in simulated sex , with inserts placed in the film ) , on rare occasions actors engage in real sex . The difference between these films and pornography is that , while such scenes might be considered erotic , the intent of these films is not solely pornographic .   Notable examples include two of the eight Bedside-films and the six Zodiac-films from the 1970s , all of which were produced in Denmark and had many pornographic sex scenes , but were nevertheless considered mainstream films ( they all had mainstream casts and crews , and premiered in mainstream cinemas ) . The last of these films , Agent 69 Jensen i Skyttens tegn , was made in 1978 . From the end of the 1970s until the late 1990s it was rare to see hardcore scenes in mainstream cinema , but this changed with the success of Lars von Trier 's The Idiots ( 1998 ) , which heralded a wave of art-house films with explicit content , such as Romance ( 1999 ) , Baise-moi ( 2000 ) , Intimacy ( 2001 ) , Vincent Gallo 's The Brown Bunny ( 2003 ) , and Michael Winterbottom 's 9 Songs ( 2004 ) . Some simulated sex scenes are sufficiently realistic that critics mistakenly believe that they are real , such as the cunnilingus scene in the 2006 film Red Road .

neg: Racebending __ NOTOC __  Racebending is a neologism used to describe a process where a character 's perceived race or ethnicity is changed in a narrative by an adapter as it is created in a new media form . The term was coined by one of the founders of the website Racebending.com , which was created to protest the casting of white actors in the 2010 film The Last Airbender , where the originating TV series Avatar : The Last Airbender featured characters of East Asian appearance . The term `` racebending '' was derived from Avatar characters ' ability to manipulate or `` bend '' the classical elements of water , earth , fire , and air . Assistant Professor Kristen J. Warner wrote that the term has `` many definitions and contexts '' , such as being the industrial practice of color-blind casting or writing fan fiction , the latter being `` when writers change the race and cultural specificity of central characters or pull a secondary character of color from the margins , transforming her into the central protagonist . ''   In 2010 , Racebending.com and the Media Action Network for Asian Americans ( MANAA ) urged boycotts of The Last Airbender as well as Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time due to their practices of racebending . Prince of Persia was criticized for casting white actors for the principal cast instead of actors of Iranian or Middle Eastern descent .   Fan activism over The Last Airbender led to the term becoming prevalent and becoming the name of the activist movement . Activists used the term interchangeably with `` whitewashing '' to describe white actors being cast as non-white characters in adaptations of media . Pastes Abbey White said in 2016 that the term was subsequently adopted to apply to actors of color being cast in traditionally white roles . White said , `` In the last several years , racebending has become a practice used more and more to help networks diversify their ensembles and capture a bigger audience . Not only has it resulted in more racial visibility on the small screen , but in a far more unexpected way , racebending can generate deeper and more significant depictions of characters . ''

neg: Independencia (film) Independencia is a 2009 Filipino drama film directed by Raya Martin . Set in the Philippines during the start of the American Occupation in the early 1900s , the film revolves around three generations of a family who flees the impending conflict in the city and tries to survive in the jungle . The grainy , black and white quality , primitive editing techniques and painted backdrops evoke the mode of filmmaking pervasive during that era . It was the first Filipino film to be screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the Cannes Film Festival when it was shown at the 2009 festival .

neg: Avatar Airbender Avatar Airbender is an Intamin roller coaster themed after the TV series Avatar : The Last Airbender located at Nickelodeon Universe in the Mall of America in Bloomington , Minnesota . Avatar is a halfpipe roller coaster that goes up to 70 ft to the top and back tower while spinning the riders . It reaches the top of both spikes about twelve times during each ride . Located at the center of Nickelodeon Universe , it provides a focal point for the entire park .

neg: Pandora (comics) Pandora is a fictional character created by William A. Christensen , Editor-in-Chief of Avatar Press comics .

neg: Pokémon: Arceus and the Jewel of Life Pokémon : Arceus and the Jewel of Life , originally released in Japan as , is a 2009 Japanese anime film directed by Kunihiko Yuyama . It is the twelfth Pokémon film and the third in the Diamond & Pearl trilogy . This film so far has earned US$ 50.2 million in Japan , making it the highest grossing animated film of the year in that country , beating Evangelion : 2.0 You Can ( Not ) Advance and Detective Conan : The Raven Chaser . The English language dub was aired on November 6 , 2009 , in Australia , November 20 , 2009 , in the United States in theaters and on Cartoon Network , on May 28 , 2010 , in the United Kingdom on Disney XD UK and The Spanish language dub was aired on Spain April 4 , 2010 , on Disney XD and Latin America on November 21 , 2010 , on Cartoon Network . This marks the first time that a Pokémon feature film has made its U.S. debut in the same year as its original Japanese release before the Japanese DVD release on December 18 , 2009 . The theme song of the film is `` Kokoro no Antenna '' by Shoko Nakagawa . Cartoon Network ( Pakistan ) aired the movie in August 2011 .   The movie 's fictitious setting is based on various locations in Greece , which the director and producers visited during August 2008 . Among the locations they visited and have been used as inspiration for the movie were the Acropolis , Mycenae , Delphi , Metéora .   The DVD was released on Monday 28 November 2011 in the UK by Universal , as the third Pokémon DVD to come out in the UK since The Rise of Darkrai .

neg: Redline (2009 film) is a 2009 science fiction auto racing anime film produced by Madhouse and released in Japan on October 9 , 2010 . The directorial debut feature of Takeshi Koike , it features the voices of Takuya Kimura , Yū Aoi and Tadanobu Asano , and an original story by Katsuhito Ishii , who also co-writes and sound directs . The film is set in the distant future , where a man known as JP takes on great risks for the chance of winning the titular underground race .   After a total of seven years in production , Redline was intended to premiere at the 2009 Annecy International Animated Film Festival and follow Summer Wars , Mai Mai Miracle , and Yona Yona Penguin as the fourth and final feature film Madhouse planned to release between summer 2009 and spring 2010 . However , further delays resulted in the delay of its world premiere , pushed back a few months to August 14 , 2009 , at the Locarno International Film Festival and its Japanese release to fall 2010 .

neg: Mahatma (film) Mahatma ( Telugu : మహాత్మా ) is a 2009 Telugu film written and directed by noted director Krishna Vamsi . This film stars Srikanth in the lead role . The film was to release on 2 October which is Gandhi Jayanti holiday but due to censoring issues , the film 's release was postponed a week for 9 October 2009 . The film was dubbed in Tamil as Puthiya Thalapathy . It is dubbed in Hindi as Ek Aur Mahanayak .

neg: IMVU IMVU , Inc. , ( -LSB- ˈɪmvjuː -RSB- ) is an online metaverse and website . IMVU was founded in 2004 and was originally backed by venture investors Menlo Ventures , Allegis Capital , Bridgescale Partners and Best Buy Capital . IMVU members use 3D avatars to meet new people , chat , create , and play games . IMVU has over 3 million active users and currently has the largest virtual goods catalog of more than 30 million items . The business is located in Mountain View , California , and has 120 full-time employees . It is also known as one of the leading practitioners of the lean startup approach .   The company name is neither an acronym nor an initialism . IMVU co-founder Eric Ries described the accidental process by which the company acquired its meaningless name , and stated `` It 's not an acronym ; it does n't stand for anything '' .   IMVU contains its own economy with a currency system based on IMVU `` credits '' and `` promo credits '' . A third form of currency also exists for creators , known as `` developer tokens '' , which are earned when a user purchases an item with `` promo-credits '' . Credits can be purchased online using actual currency directly from IMVU . Credits may also be purchased on IMVU gift cards available from retail outlets such as department stores . Credits can be transferred back from IMVU to actual currency for developers accounts only . The credits are used by members to purchase virtual items like fashion pieces ( hair , clothes , skins , and accessories ) , pets , and 3D scenes such as homes , clubs and open landscapes . Furniture can also be purchased the same way and placed into unlocked rooms , but there are also rooms that have some furniture included in them as well as locked rooms that include furniture that can not be removed .   Promotional credits , abbreviated to `` promo-credits '' , are a second form of currency distributed to members by IMVU and can be obtained by participating in various `` Partner '' promotions as well as a few activities the IMVU provides . With relation to a standard free or full member , promo-credits are similar to standard credits . A given number of credits equates , promo-credits can not be used to purchase items as gifts for other members and may not be traded back to an IMVU re-seller for actual currency . Promo-credits used to purchase a virtual product are exchanged into `` developer tokens '' , also known as `` dev tokens '' . The purchase transfers the promo-credits into developer tokens but nets a single developer token per purchase when promo-credits are used regardless of the price of the product purchased .

neg: Cinema of India The cinema of India consists of films produced across India . Cinema as a medium has gained immense popularity in the country and as many as 1,600 films in various languages of India are produced annually . Indian films have also come to be followed throughout South Asia , the Greater Middle East , Southeast Asia and other countries . Dadasaheb Phalke is known as the `` father of Indian cinema '' . The Dadasaheb Phalke Award , for lifetime contribution to cinema , was instituted in his honour , by the Government of India in 1969 , and is the most prestigious and coveted award in Indian cinema .   In the 20th century , Indian cinema , along with the Hollywood and Chinese film industries , became a global enterprise . As of 2013 , in terms of annual film output , India ranks first , followed by Nollywood , Hollywood and China . In 2012 , India produced 1,602 feature films . The Indian film industry reached overall revenues of $ 1.86 billion ( 93 billion ) in 2011 . This is projected to rise to $ 3 billion ( 200 billion ) in 2016 . In 2015 , India had a total box office gross of , the fourth largest in the world outside North America . Enhanced technology paved the way for upgrading from established cinematic norms of delivering product , altering the manner in which content reached the target audience . Biopics like Dangal and CGI-laden epics like Baahubali emerged as transnational blockbusters grossing over $ 200 million each in early 21st century . Indian cinema found markets in over 90 countries where films from India are screened . The Indian government extended film delegations to foreign countries such as the United States of America and Japan while the country 's Film Producers Guild sent similar missions through Europe .   The provision of 100 % foreign direct investment has made the Indian film market attractive for foreign enterprises such as 20th Century Fox , Sony Pictures , Walt Disney Pictures and Warner Bros. . Indian enterprises such as AVM Productions , Prasad 's Group , Sun Pictures , PVP Cinemas , Zee , UTV , Suresh Productions , Eros Films , Ayngaran International , Pyramid Saimira , Aascar Films and Adlabs also participated in producing and distributing films . Tax incentives to multiplexes have aided the multiplex boom in India . By 2003 as many as 30 film production companies had been listed in the National Stock Exchange of India , making the commercial presence of the medium felt .   The South Indian film industry defines the four film cultures of South India as a single entity . They are the Telugu , the Tamil , the Malayalam and the Kannada industries . Although developed independently over a long period , gross exchange of film performers and technicians as well as globalisation helped to shape this new identity .   The Indian diaspora consists of millions of Indians overseas for which films are made available both through media such as DVDs and by screening of films in their country of residence wherever commercially feasible . These earnings , accounting for some 12 % of the revenue generated by a mainstream film , contribute substantially to the overall revenue of Indian cinema , the net worth of which was found to be 1.3 billion in 2000 . Music in Indian cinema is another substantial revenue generator with the music rights alone accounting for 4 -- 5 % of the net revenues generated by a film in India .

neg: G-Force (film) G-Force is a 2009 American family comedy adventure film produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Jerry Bruckheimer Films . Written by Cormac Wibberley and Marianne Wibberley and directed by Hoyt Yeatman , the film is the directorial debut of Hoyt Yeatman , whose earlier work includes contributions in the area of visual effects . It was released in the United States on July 24 , 2009 . G-Force is based on a story also by Hoyt Yeatman . The film was shown in competing 3-D technologies like Dolby 3D . This is also Jerry Bruckheimer 's first 3-D film . The movie stars Zach Galifianakis , Bill Nighy , and Will Arnett and it features the voices of Sam Rockwell , Tracy Morgan , Penélope Cruz , Nicolas Cage , Steve Buscemi , and Jon Favreau . The film received generally negative reviews , with critics praising its action , but criticizing its plot and character development and it earned $ 292.8 million on a $ 150 million budget .

neg: Avatar: The Last Airbender (comics) The Avatar : The Last Airbender comics are a continuation of the original Nickelodeon animated television series , Avatar : The Last Airbender , created by Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko . There is also a continuation of The Legend of Korra in comic form .

neg: Houston Film Critics Society Awards 2010 The 4th Houston Film Critics Society Awards were presented on December 18 , 2010 . These awards for `` extraordinary accomplishment in film '' are presented annually by the Houston Film Critics Society ( HFCS ) based in Houston , Texas . The organization , founded in 2007 , includes 22 film critics for print , radio , television , and internet publications in the greater Houston area . The awards are co-sponsored by the Houston Film Commission , Southwest Alternate Media Project , Women in Film and Television/Houston , WorldFest , and the Houston Cinema Arts Society .   The nominations for the 2010 awards were announced on December 12 , 2010 . Eligible films do not need to have played or opened in a Houston film theater prior to the nomination deadline , merely made available to the HFCS membership at a screening or on DVD . Along with the 13 `` best of '' category awards , this year also saw the introduction of a new category for `` Worst Movies of the Year '' . The Social Network , True Grit , and 127 Hours each received six nominations , all including the Best Picture , Actor , Direction , and Original Score categories .   The Social Network was the HFCS 's most awarded film of 2010 taking top honors in the Best Picture , Best Director ( David Fincher ) , Best Actor ( Jesse Eisenberg ) , and Best Screenplay ( Aaron Sorkin ) categories . Inception was the only other film to garner multiple awards , winning both the Best Original Score ( Hans Zimmer ) and Best Cinematography ( Wally Pfister ) prizes . The other acting awards went to Natalie Portman as Best Actress for Black Swan , Hailee Steinfeld as Best Supporting Actress for True Grit , and Christian Bale as Best Supporting Actor for The Fighter . The remaining film honors went to Toy Story 3 as Best Animated Film , Restrepo as Best Documentary , and The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo as Best Foreign Language Film . `` We Are Sex Bob-Omb '' by Beck from Scott Pilgrim vs. the World was named the Best Original Song . The HFCS 's first-ever award for `` Worst Picture '' was given to Jonah Hex starring Josh Brolin .   In addition to the category awards , the HFCS presented their annual Lifetime Achievement Award to Sissy Spacek and its Humanitarian Award to George Clooney . Clooney was selected for `` selflessly using his celebrity for greater good '' . The HFCS award for Outstanding Achievement in Cinema awards were presented to Charles Dove , director of the Rice University Media Center , and Hector Luna , the founder and editor of C-47 Houston .

neg: Black Clouds & Silver Linings Black Clouds & Silver Linings is the tenth studio album by American progressive metal/rock band Dream Theater , released on June 23 , 2009 through Roadrunner Records . It is the band 's last album to feature drummer and founding member Mike Portnoy before his departure on September 8 , 2010 . The album was recorded between October 2008 and March 2009 at Avatar Studios in New York City . It was produced by John Petrucci and Portnoy , and was engineered and mixed by Paul Northfield .


query: Barbara Bush was First Lady of Uganda from 1989 to 1993.

pos: Barbara Bush Barbara Bush ( née Pierce ; born June 8 , 1925 ) is the wife of George H. W. Bush , the 41st President of the United States , and served as First Lady of the United States from 1989 to 1993 . She is the mother of George W. Bush , the 43rd President , and Jeb Bush , the 43rd Governor of Florida . She served as the Second Lady of the United States from 1981 to 1989 .   Barbara Pierce was born in Flushing , New York . She attended Milton Public School from 1931 to 1937 , and Rye Country Day School from 1937-1940 . She graduated from Ashley Hall School in Charleston , South Carolina . She met George Herbert Walker Bush at age 16 , and the two married in Rye , New York in 1945 , while he was on leave during his deployment as a Naval officer in World War II . While George was attending Yale University at age 22 , Barbara and George were living in New Haven , Connecticut and had their first son , George Walker Bush , on July 6 , 1946 . ( Thus , her first son , the eventual 43rd President of the United States , was the first Connecticut native to assume that office . George W. would eventually return to his hometown of New Haven in 1964 to attend Yale like his father did . ) They had six children together . The Bush family soon moved to Midland , Texas , where their second son , Jeb was born in , on February 11 , 1953 ; as George Bush entered political life , she raised their children .   While First Lady of the United States , Barbara Bush worked to advance the cause of universal literacy , and founded the Barbara Bush Foundation for Family Literacy .

neg: Kasumba Square Mall Kasumba Square Mall is located west of Kampala in Busega , Lubaga , Uganda , on the intersection of the Busega Roundabout and the Northern Bypass Highway , which was opened on October 1 , 2009 . Kasumba Eriabu founded the mall along with his family , who live in the diaspora and transformed a once swampy area into the first shopping mall in the area . Eriabu Kasumba was married to Margaret Lillan Kasumba and had nine children together . He was one of the first prominent businessmen to own a shop on Kampala Road and named it Kabale Busega Stores Ltd. . When he was president in the 1960s , the former president Yusuf Lule encouraged and supported Africans to join businesses to compete with the Asians . He died on October 5 , 2009 , a few days after witnessing the long awaited opening of Northern Bypass Highway , and was buried close to his mall .

neg: Rwandan Civil War The Rwandan Civil War was a conflict in the African republic of Rwanda , between the Rwandan Armed Forces ( FAR ) and the rebel Rwandan Patriotic Front ( RPF ) . The war was fought in two phases . The first phase began on 1 October 1990 , with an RPF invasion of the north east of the country from Uganda . This phase ended on 4 August 1993 , with the signing of the Arusha Accords . The second phase took place following the assassination of President Juvénal Habyarimana on 6 April 1994 , and the outbreak of the Rwandan genocide . The RPF resumed fighting on 7 April , and the civil war ended with an RPF victory on 18 July 1994 .   The war had its origins in the long-running dispute between the Hutu and Tutsi groups within the Rwandan population . The ancient Kingdom of Rwanda , ruled by Tutsi kings , began implementing increasingly anti-Hutu policies in the 19th century , a trend continued by European colonial authorities from 1895 . Both Germany and Belgium ruled through the kings and favoured the Tutsi . The Hutu population revolted in 1959 , with the support of Belgium , which had effected a sudden reversal of allegiance . Hutu activists burned Tutsi homes , killed those who fought back , and ultimately established an independent , Hutu-dominated state in 1962 . The revolution forced more than 100,000 Tutsi to seek refuge in neighbouring countries . These refugees lived in exile for several decades , agitating for a return to Rwanda , but were not capable of mounting a serious attack . Some refugees , including future RPF leaders Fred Rwigyema and Paul Kagame , fought in the Ugandan Bush War with Yoweri Museveni , becoming senior army officers in 1986 under Museveni 's presidency . Relations between the refugees and the Ugandans soured in the late 1980s with Rwigyema and Kagame demoted , but Hutu president Habyarimana refused to allow the return of refugees . This created a strong desire among refugees to return by force , so Rwigyema and Kagame used their military expertise to turn the RPF into an battle-ready army .   The October 1990 invasion started well for the RPF , but suffered a reversal when Fred Rwigyema was killed in action on the second day . The FAR , assisted by troops sent from France , gained the upper hand and the RPF were largely defeated by the end of October . Paul Kagame took command of the demoralised RPF troops , withdrawing to the Virunga mountains for several months before restarting the war . The RPF began a classic hit-and-run style guerrilla war , which continued until mid-1992 with neither side able to gain the upper hand . The war led to a resurgence of violence against Tutsi in Rwanda , as well as the token introduction of multi-party politics . A series of escalating protests in mid-1992 forced Habyarimana to begin peace negotiations . This was a complex process involving his government , the RPF , the official opposition , and a group of Hutu hardliners . These hardliners opposed the peace process and disrupted the negotiations . They then initiated a massive wave of killings in early 1993 , prompting Paul Kagame to launch a fresh offensive and bring the RPF to the verge of taking the capital , Kigali . Kagame decided not to storm the capital , however , and the two sides returned to the negotiating table with the RPF enjoying a strengthened hand .   An uneasy peace followed the signing of the Arusha Accords in August 1993 . RPF troops were deployed in Kigali and a peacekeeping force , the United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda ( UNAMIR ) , was sent to the country . However , the hardliners were steadily gaining influence , and began planning the `` final solution '' to exterminate all Tutsi . The assassination of Habyarimana , whose plane was shot down as he returned from a regional summit in Tanzania , was the catalyst which began the genocide . Over the course of approximately 100 days , between 500,000 and 1,000,000 were killed , on the orders of the interim government led by Théoneste Bagosora . The RPF resumed the civil war once more , capturing territory slowly and methodically , encircling cities and cutting off supply routes . UNAMIR tried repeatedly to stop the fighting , but Kagame refused to negotiate unless the killings stopped . By mid-June , the RPF had surrounded Kigali and began fighting for the city itself , which they captured on 4 July . They then advanced northwest , forcing the interim government into Zaire and ending the genocide and the war .   The victorious RPF assumed control of the country , with Paul Kagame as de facto leader . Kagame served as vice president from 1994 and as president from 2000 , winning presidential elections in 2003 and 2010 . The RPF began a programme of rebuilding the infrastructure and economy of the country , bringing genocide perpetrators to trial , and promoting reconciliation between Hutu and Tutsi . In 1996 , the RPF-led Rwandan government launched an offensive against refugee camps in Zaire , home to exiled leaders of the FAR and millions of Hutu refugees . This action started the First Congo War , which removed long-time dictator President Mobutu Sese Seko from power . As of 2017 , Kagame and the RPF remain the dominant political force in Rwanda .

neg: George W. Bush George Walker Bush ( born July 6 , 1946 ) is an American politician who served as the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009 . He was also the 46th Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000 . After graduating from Yale University in 1968 and Harvard Business School in 1975 , he worked in the oil industry . Bush married Laura Welch in 1977 and ran unsuccessfully for the House of Representatives shortly thereafter . He later co-owned the Texas Rangers baseball team before defeating Ann Richards in the 1994 Texas gubernatorial election . Bush was elected president in 2000 after a close and controversial win over Democratic rival Al Gore , becoming the fourth president to be elected while receiving fewer popular votes than his opponent .   From a prominent political family , he is the eldest son of Barbara and George H. W. Bush , the 41st President of the United States , making him only the second president to assume the nation 's highest office after his father , following the lead of John Quincy Adams . His brother , Jeb Bush , a former Governor of Florida , was a candidate for the Republican presidential nomination in the 2016 presidential election . His paternal grandfather , Prescott Bush , was a United States Senator from Connecticut .   The September 11 terrorist attacks occurred eight months into Bush 's first term as president . Bush responded with what became known as the Bush Doctrine : launching a `` War on Terror '' , an international military campaign that included the war in Afghanistan in 2001 and the Iraq War in 2003 . He also promoted policies on the economy , health care , education , Social Security reform , and amending the Constitution to prohibit same-sex marriage . He signed into law broad tax cuts , the Patriot Act , the No Child Left Behind Act , the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act , Medicare prescription drug benefits for seniors , and funding for the AIDS relief program known as PEPFAR . His tenure included national debates on immigration , Social Security , electronic surveillance , and torture .   In the 2004 Presidential race , Bush defeated Democratic Senator John Kerry in another relatively close election . After his re-election , Bush received increasingly heated criticism from across the political spectrum for his handling of the Iraq War , Hurricane Katrina , and other challenges . Amid this criticism , the Democratic Party regained control of Congress in the 2006 elections . In December 2007 , the United States entered its longest post-World War II recession , often referred to as the `` Great Recession '' , prompting the Bush administration to obtain congressional passage of multiple economic programs intended to preserve the country 's financial system . Nationally , Bush was both one of the most popular and unpopular presidents in history , having received the highest recorded presidential approval ratings in the wake of the September 11 attacks , as well as one of the lowest approval ratings during the 2008 financial crisis .   Bush left office in 2009 , returning to Texas where he purchased a home in Crawford . He wrote a memoir , Decision Points . His presidential library was opened in 2013 . His presidency has been ranked among the worst in historians ' polls published in the late 2000s and 2010s .

neg: Postage stamps and postal history of Uganda This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Uganda .   Uganda is a landlocked country in East Africa . It is bordered on the east by Kenya , on the north by South Sudan , on the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo , on the southwest by Rwanda , and on the south by Tanzania . The southern part of the country includes a substantial portion of Lake Victoria , which is also bordered by Kenya and Tanzania .

neg: Barbara Roberts Barbara Kay Roberts ( born December 21 , 1936 ) is an American politician from the state of Oregon . A native of the state , she served as the 34th Governor of Oregon from 1991 to 1995 . She was the first woman to serve as Oregon governor , and the only woman elected to that office until 2016 . A Democrat , Roberts was also the first woman to serve as majority leader in the Oregon House of Representatives . She also won two terms as Oregon Secretary of State , and served in local and county government in Portland . Roberts was married to Oregon state Sen. Frank L. Roberts from 1974 until his death in 1993 . From February 2011 until January 2013 , she served on the council of Metro , the regional government in the Portland metropolitan area .

neg: Sugar production in Uganda Uganda is the largest producer of granular brown sugar in the East African Community , accounting for about 500,000 metric tonnes annually as of May 2017 .   Following a drought that adversely affected the water levels of Lake Victoria , which ended around 2011 or 2012 , two misconceptions arose in Kenya 's political and industrial circles : ( a ) Uganda was incapable of growing enough raw cane for domestic consumption ; and ( b ) any claim by Uganda that it had a sugar surplus was based on the fact that Brazilian sugar barons were dumping sugar on the Ugandan ( and Kenyan ) markets . A more reasoned approach , by both governments , allowed the development of a verifiable , inter-government , database showing production , consumption and export data for Uganda , since 2013 .

neg: Zambia Zambia ( -LSB- ˈzæmbiə -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of Zambia , is a landlocked country in Southern Africa , neighbouring the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north , Tanzania to the north-east , Malawi to the east , Mozambique , Zimbabwe , Botswana and Namibia to the south , and Angola to the west . The capital city is Lusaka , in the south-central part of Zambia . The population is concentrated mainly around Lusaka in the south and the Copperbelt Province to the northwest , the core economic hubs of the country .   Originally inhabited by Khoisan peoples , the region was affected by the Bantu expansion of the thirteenth century . After visits by European explorers in the eighteenth century , Zambia became the British protectorate of Northern Rhodesia towards the end of the nineteenth century . For most of the colonial period , Zambia was governed by an administration appointed from London with the advice of the British South Africa Company .   On 24 October 1964 , Zambia became independent of the United Kingdom and prime minister Kenneth Kaunda became the inaugural president . Kaunda 's socialist United National Independence Party ( UNIP ) maintained power from 1964 until 1991 . Kaunda played a key role in regional diplomacy , cooperating closely with the United States in search of solutions to conflicts in Rhodesia ( Zimbabwe ) , Angola , and Namibia . From 1972 to 1991 Zambia was a one-party state with the UNIP as the sole legal political party under the motto `` One Zambia , One Nation '' . Kaunda was succeeded by Frederick Chiluba of the social-democratic Movement for Multi-Party Democracy in 1991 , beginning a period of social-economic growth and government decentralisation . Levy Mwanawasa , Chiluba 's chosen successor , presided over Zambia from January 2002 until his death in August 2008 , and is credited with campaigns to reduce corruption and increase the standard of living . After Mwanawasa 's death , Rupiah Banda presided as Acting President before being elected President in 2008 . Holding office for only three years , Banda stepped down after his defeat in the 2011 elections by Patriotic Front party leader Michael Sata . Sata died on 28 October 2014 , the second Zambian president to die in office . Guy Scott served briefly as interim president until new elections were held on 20 January 2015 , in which Edgar Lungu was elected as the sixth President .   In 2010 , the World Bank named Zambia one of the world 's fastest economically reformed countries . The Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa ( COMESA ) is headquartered in Lusaka .

neg: James Wapakhabulo James Francis Wambogo Wapakhabulo ( 23 March 1945 -- 27 March 2004 ) was a Ugandan politician who served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Uganda from 2001 to 2004 .

neg: Barbara Marianowska Barbara Marianowska ( May 29 , 1947 -- February 9 , 2012 ) was a Polish politician .   Barbara Marianowska was born in 1947 in Diddington Resettlement Camp , England . Her parents were soldiers in the Polish Armed Forces in the east . After her arrival in Poland , she lived in Tarnow , Karwodrza and Tuchow . She then moved to Kraków where she completed her secondary education .   She holds a master 's degree in economics , which she completed at the Academy of Economics in Kraków . Marianowska is married with two sons .   In 1980 , she became a member of NSZZ Solidarity . During the Cold War , she worked for the underground weekly publication `` Lesser Poland '' in Kraków . Between 1992 and 1994 she was NSZZ 's Treasury leader . She has also worked at the highest level in the Treasury at the Chambers of Commerce in Kraków . Marianowska possesses the best of qualifications and is a proficient manager . She is an experienced financial advisor in Cracow as well as an active member of three committees : the National Chamber of Commerce , the Association of Polish Accountants , and the Institute of Public Safety   She was elected to the Sejm on September 25 , 2005 , getting 12,498 votes in 15 Tarnów district , candidating from the Law and Justice list .   She was also a member of Sejm 2001-2005 . She died in Tarnów , aged 64 .

neg: Malawian general election, 1994 General elections were held in Malawi on 17 May 1994 . Following the restoration of democracy the previous year , they were the first multi-party elections in the country since prior to independence in 1964 . The elections for President and the National Assembly were both won by the United Democratic Front ( UDF ) , ending the 30-year rule of the Malawi Congress Party ( MCP ) . Former President-for-life Hastings Banda , in power since independence , was defeated in the one-round presidential election by the UDF 's Bakili Muluzi .

neg: Uganda–Tanzania War The Uganda -- Tanzania war ( usually referred to in Uganda as the Liberation War ) was fought between Uganda and Tanzania in 1978 -- 1979 , and led to the overthrow of Idi Amin 's regime . Idi Amin 's forces included thousands of troops sent by Libya , and some Palestinian support .

neg: Barbara Franklin Barbara Hackman Franklin ( born March 19 , 1940 ) is an American government official , corporate director , and business executive . She served as the 29th U.S. Secretary of Commerce from 1992-1993 to President George H.W. Bush , during which she led a Presidential mission to China .   Prior to her Cabinet position , Franklin served in the presidential administrations of Richard Nixon , Gerald Ford , Jimmy Carter , and Ronald Reagan . She was one of the original Commissioners and first Vice Chair of the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission . In 2006 , she received the Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service .   Franklin has served on the board of directors of 18 companies , including Dow Chemical , Aetna Inc. , Westinghouse , and Nordstrom . Directorship Magazine and the American Management Association named her one of the most influential people in corporate governance , and in 2014 she was inducted into the Directorship 100 Hall of Fame . She is currently the President and CEO of Barbara Franklin Enterprises , a private international consulting firm .   Franklin was one of the first women graduates of the Harvard Business School . She is married to Wallace Barnes , retired chairman and CEO of Barnes Group , Inc. .

neg: Kibuli Kibuli is a hill in the center of Kampala , the capital and largest city in Uganda . The name also applies to the commercial and residential neighborhoods on that hill .

neg: Malawi (Commonwealth realm) Malawi was a predecessor to the modern-day Republic of Malawi . It existed between 1964 and 1966 . When British rule ended in 1964 , by the Malawi Independence Act 1964 , the Nyasaland Protectorate , formerly a constituent of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland , became an independent Commonwealth realm . The British monarch was head of state . Malawi shared the sovereign , Queen Elizabeth II , with the other Commonwealth realms . The monarch 's constitutional roles were mostly delegated to the Governor-General of Malawi , Sir Glyn Smallwood Jones ( 6 July 1964 -- 6 July 1966 ) .   The royal succession was governed by the same rules as the succession to the British throne . Elizabeth II did not reside in or visit Malawi in the 1960s but she did visit in 1979 ( 22 -- 25 July ) as Head of the Commonwealth .   Hastings Banda held office as prime minister ( and head of government ) of Malawi during this period . Following the abolition of the monarchy , the Republic of Malawi came into existence on 6 July 1966 and Banda became the first President of Malawi .

neg: Vice President of Uganda The Vice President of Uganda is the second-highest executive official in the Ugandan government .

neg: Sumbawanga Sumbawanga is a city located in western Tanzania . It is the capital of Rukwa Region . The regional population is approximately 150,000 based on a 2002 census . Sumbawanga lies in the territory of the Wafipa Fipa tribe and so many people speak Kifipa , as well as Kiswahili , the most widely used language of Tanzania . The name of the town literally translates as `` throw away your witchcraft '' , thought to be a warning from local spiritual `` healers '' to any bringing in superstitions and practices relating to spiritual healers from other areas ; there are still some healers who practice both in town and in the surrounding smaller villages on the plateau . The town has the largest hospital in the region , Rukwa General Hospital , which is government funded , as well as the smaller Dr. Atiman Hospital administrated and run by the Catholic Diocese of Sumbawanga .   The town acts as a supply and commercial center for the Rukwa Region and some governmental agencies are to be found there , notably the transport department for the region . Sumbawanga has both Libori and Moravian conference centres . A modest-size market is in the town centre where local produce may be found . This includes maize , rice , fruit , poultry and fish ( from Lake Tanganyika and Lake Rukwa ) . Many imported plastic goods and electronics are available as well as bicycles and spares . Although there are several fuel outlets , supply can be quite erratic because of the difficulties of transport from the coast .   The local economy is largely dependent on agriculture and small locally owned businesses . There is very limited industry or production in the town . Significant improvement could be expected if the road to Mbeya was sealed to enable reliable all-weather access year round . This road , and its continuation north to Mpanda and Tabora or Kigoma , can become impassable at the height of the wet season ( Feb-Mar ) . The Tanzanian government does have contracts in place for upgrading large sections of these roads . The town can be reached by flights operated by Auric Air or by bus from Mbeya which lies to the south with train links to the town of Kapiri Mposhi in Zambia , to Dar es Salaam . Rail is also available through Tabora from Mpanda in the north . Mpanda also has an airport with a 2km sealed runway .   Sumbawanga has many schools and colleges , including Chem Chem Secondary School , Sumbawanga Secondary School , St. Aggrey Chanji High School , Mazwi Secondary School , St. Aggrey Teaching College , Musoma Utalii College , and Chem Chem Teaching College .

neg: Benjamin Mwila Benjamin Yoram Mwila ( September 17 , 1943 -- August 17 , 2013 ) , often known as BY , was a Zambian politician and businessman . Mwila was a prominent leader and co-founder of the Zambia Republican Party . He served as an MP for Luanshya in the National Assembly . Mwila held several cabinet portfolios within the cabinet of President Frederick Chiluba during the 1990s , including Minister of Defense from 1991 to 1997 .

neg: Festo Kivengere Bishop Festo Kivengere ( 1919 -- 1988 ) was a Ugandan Anglican-Christian leader referred to by many as `` the Billy Graham of Africa '' . ( See endnote 4 . ) He played a huge role in a Christian revival in southwestern Uganda , but had to flee in 1973 to neighboring Kenya in fear for his life after speaking out against Idi Amin 's tyrannical behavior .   Kivengere had been made bishop of Kigezi and was among several bishops summoned to Amin 's quarters . Angry mobs called for their deaths . Eventually , all were permitted to leave but one , the archbishop , Janani Luwum . The others waited for Luwum to join them but he never came out . The next day the government announced that Luwum had died in an automobile accident . Four days later , despite government threats , 45,000 Ugandans gathered in the Anglican cathedral in Kampala for a memorial service honoring their fallen leader . Kivengere did not attend the service . Urged to flee by friends who said , `` One dead bishop is enough , '' he and his wife that night drove as far as their vehicle could take them and with the help of local church people in the hills they walked until the next morning brought them to safety across the border in Rwanda .   He later authored the book I Love Idi Amin to emphasize the qualities of forgiveness for those who wronged you and love of those who persecute you . Kivengere stated , `` On the cross , Jesus said , ` Father , forgive them , because they know not what they do . ' As evil as Idi Amin is , how can I do less toward him ? '' A second article about Kivengere is found in the same online dictionary .   Bishop Festo was one of the main speakers at an event called `` Eurofest ' 75 '' held at the 1958 World Fair site in Brussels , Belgium . He spoke alongside Argentinian evangelist Luis Palau and Dr Billy Graham .   He returned to Uganda after Amin 's downfall to continue an active ministry until his death by leukemia in 1988 .   Kivengere was known as a great storyteller and often thrilled his own and other 's children with his storytelling skills . A favorite story of his : `` One day a little girl sat watching her mother working in the kitchen . She asked her mummy , ` What does God do all day long ? ' For a while the mother was stumped , but then she said , ` Darling , I 'll tell you what God does all day long . He spends his whole day mending broken things . ' ''

neg: Pumla Kisosonkole Pumla Ellen Ngozwana Kisosonkole ( 1911 -- 1997 ) was a Ugandan politician and activist in women 's organizations .

neg: Joseph Sebarenzi Joseph Sebarenzi , PhD . is the former President of the Parliament of Rwanda ( 1997 -- 2000 ) . He was born in Rwanda in 1963 during the civil war between the Hutu and Tutsi ethnic groups . Before his election to the Rwandan Parliament , Sebarenzi worked as an executive for national and international nonprofit organizations in the Democratic Republic of Congo , Burundi and Rwanda .   During the Rwandan Genocide in 1994 , Joseph lost his parents and many family members . The tragedies his country endured contribute to his being an advocate for peace and reconciliation .   In 2000 , he resigned Parliament and fled Rwanda because he feared assassination . He had emerged as an independent politician who denounced abuses and enhancing the independence and role of the Parliament , particularly with regard to oversight of government action . This commitment to good government won him approval among ordinary people , Hutu as well as Tutsi .   He fled to the United States where he has taught the Conflict Transformation Across Cultures ( CONTACT ) program at the SIT Graduate Institute since 2003 .   Sebarenzi earned his doctorate in International Human Rights Law from the National University of Ireland in Europe , a master 's degree in International and Intercultural Management from SIT Graduate Institute in the United States , and a bachelor 's degree in Sociology from the University of Lubumbashi in the Democratic Republic of Congo . He holds an Honorary Doctorate in Law from Marlboro College in the United States .   Sebarenzi 's memoir God Sleeps in Rwanda : A Journey of Transformation was published in New York in 2009 by Simon & Schuster . The memoir combines recollections of his survival of civil wars and genocide in Rwanda , his professional career including his years in politics , and insights about conflict prevention and reconciliation .   In 1989 , he married Liberata Kayitasire with whom he has two sons ( Respect and Pacifique ) and three daughters ( Esther , Nicole , and Sandrine ) .   Through his public speaking and involvement in peacebuilding activities , Sebarenzi uses his experience in resisting revenge and embracing forgiveness to inspire others . He speaks about reconciliation , forgiveness , and conflict resolution at colleges , universities , high schools , and events in the United States and Canada . He is fluent in French , English , Kinyarwandan , and Swahili .