query: One of the leads in Transformers: Age of Extinction is an American rapper.

pos: Mark Wahlberg Mark Robert Michael Wahlberg ( born June 5 , 1971 ) is an American actor , producer , businessman , former model , and rapper . Wahlberg was known as Marky Mark in his early career as frontman for the group Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch , releasing the albums Music for the People and You Got ta Believe . Wahlberg later transitioned to acting , appearing in films such as the drama Boogie Nights and the satirical war comedy-drama Three Kings during the 1990s . In the 2000s , he starred in the biographical disaster drama The Perfect Storm , the science fiction film Planet of the Apes , the heist film The Italian Job , and the Martin Scorsese-directed neo-noir crime drama The Departed , for which he received an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor . In the 2010s , he starred in the action comedy The Other Guys alongside Will Ferrell , the biographical sports drama The Fighter ( for which he earned an Academy Award nomination as a producer for Best Picture ) , the comedy Ted , the war film Lone Survivor , the crime comedy Pain & Gain , the science fiction action film Transformers : Age of Extinction , the disaster film Deepwater Horizon , and the thriller Patriots Day .   Wahlberg has also served as executive producer of four HBO series : the comedy-drama Entourage ( 2004 -- 11 ) , the period crime drama Boardwalk Empire ( 2009 -- 14 ) , the comedy-dramas How to Make It in America ( 2010 -- 11 ) and Ballers ( 2015 -- present ) . He is co-owner of the Wahlburgers chain and co-stars in the reality TV series about it . Wahlberg received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on July 29 , 2010 . He is known for his `` tough guy '' action persona , frequently portraying police officers , military personnel , or criminals in his films . He is also known for his collaborations with directors David O. Russell , Michael Bay , and Peter Berg .

pos: Transformers: Age of Extinction Transformers : Age of Extinction is a 2014 American science fiction action film based on the Transformers franchise . It is the fourth installment of the live-action Transformers film series and a stand-alone sequel to 2011 's Transformers : Dark of the Moon , taking place five years after its events . Like its predecessors , it was directed by Michael Bay and written by Ehren Kruger , with Steven Spielberg and Bay as executive producers . It stars Mark Wahlberg , with Peter Cullen reprising his role as the voice of Optimus Prime , as the lead roles . It is the first film in the series to not feature the original human characters from the first three films , but features a new cast of human characters and many new Transformers including : the Dinobots , Lockdown , Stinger , Junkheap , Hound , Crosshairs and Drift . Returning Transformers include : Optimus Prime , Bumblebee , Ratchet , Leadfoot , Brains and Megatron ( now known as Galvatron ) . The film was released on June 27 , 2014 , in IMAX and 3D .   Transformers : Age of Extinction was panned by critics , many of whom considered it poorly directed , badly acted , and terribly written . According to Rotten Tomatoes , it is the worst reviewed film in the series , holding an 18 % approval rating . It also received seven nominations at the 35th Golden Raspberry Awards , including Worst Picture and Worst Prequel , Remake , Rip-off or Sequel , with Bay and Kelsey Grammer winning the awards for Worst Director and Worst Supporting Actor respectively . The film grossed over $ 1.104 billion worldwide , making it the highest-grossing film of 2014 , the second highest-grossing film in the Transformers series , the 19th film to gross over $ 1 billion , and the 16th highest-grossing film of all time . It was the only film to gross over $ 1 billion in 2014 .   A sequel , Transformers : The Last Knight , is set to be released on June 21 , 2017 , with Cullen , Tucci , and Wahlberg returning , and Bay directing .

neg: Jallal Jallaluddin Mohammad Malik ( born 1993 ) , better known by his stage name Jallal , is an American rapper from Los Angeles , California .

neg: Skatterman Stacy Landis , better known by his stage name Skatterman ( pronounced Scātterman ) , is an American rapper from Kansas City , Missouri .

neg: Stezo Steve Williams ( born March 10 , 1969 ) , known by his stage name Stezo , is an American rapper and producer from New Haven , Connecticut . He is the cousin of fellow New Haven rapper Dooley-O .

neg: Toki Wright Toki Wright ( born 1980 ) is an American rapper , organizer , and educator from Minneapolis , Minnesota .

neg: Redman (rapper) Reginald `` Reggie '' Noble ( born April 17 , 1970 ) , better known by his stage name Redman , is an American rapper , DJ , record producer , and actor . He rose to fame in the early 1990s as an artist on the Def Jam label . He is also well known for his collaborations with his close friend Method Man , as one-half of the rap duo Method Man & Redman , including their starring roles in films and sitcoms . He was also a member of the Def Squad in the late 1990s .

neg: Paul Methric Paul Robert Methric is an American rapper and producer from Detroit , Michigan , well known as Monoxide Child of the rap group Twiztid .

neg: James Bachman James Hamilton Bachman ( born 24 February 1972 ) is an English comedian , actor and writer . He has written for and acted in many British television and radio programmes , including That Mitchell and Webb Look , Saxondale , Bleak Expectations and Sorry , I 've Got No Head . In 2014 he co-starred in the film Transformers : Age of Extinction .   He is the grandson of the best-selling author M. M. Kaye , and holds both British and American citizenship .

neg: Treach Anthony Criss ( born December 2 , 1970 ) , better known by his stage name Treach , is an American rapper and actor . He is best known as the lead rapper of the hip hop group Naughty by Nature .

neg: Pigeon John John Kenneth Dust ( born John Kenneth Dunkin : November 30 , 1972 ) , better known by the stage name Pigeon John , is an American rapper based in Los Angeles , California . He is a former member of L.A. Symphony .

neg: Amil (rapper) Amil Kahala Whitehead ( born September 19 , 1973 ) , more commonly known by her stage name Amil , is an American rapper , singer , and songwriter from New York City . She was prominent in the late 1990s as a Jay-Z protégé , most notably on the single `` Can I Get A. . . '' from the Rush Hour soundtrack .

neg: Lorenzo di Bonaventura Lorenzo di Bonaventura ( -LSB- loˈrɛntso di bɔ nɑ vɛnˈtu rɑ -RSB- ; born November 29 , 1957 ) is an American film producer and founder of his company Di Bonaventura Pictures . He is best known for producing the Transformers film series .

neg: Verbal Kent Dan Weiss ( born July 22 , 1978 ) , better known by his stage name Verbal Kent , is an alternative hip hop artist from Chicago .

neg: Mr. Porter Denaun Porter ( born December 7 , 1978 ) , also known by the stage names Mr. Porter and Kon Artis , is an American rapper and record producer . He was best known as a member of Detroit rap group D12 , until his departure in 2012 , to focus on his solo career as a producer and rapper . In 2014 he rejoined D12 and was featured on the Shady XV album .

neg: DJ Roc August Wisbon ( born September 11 , 1989 ) , known by DJ Roc , is an American DJ and record producer . He is perhaps best known for his music being featured in numerous TV shows and films , including Arrow , The Eric André Show , Jersey Shore , Rich Kids of Beverly Hills and The Smurfs 2 .   His songs have also gained popularity on YouTube , with his channel garnering over 20,000 subscribers and 3 million views .

neg: Lil Zane Zane R. Copeland Jr. ( born July 11 , 1982 ) , better known as Lil Zane , is an American rapper and actor born in Yonkers , New York and raised in Atlanta , Georgia . He is best known for his debut album Young World : The Future , released in 2000 , which featured the single `` Callin ' Me '' featuring 112 .

neg: Howza Howza , born Tshepo Howard Mosese , ( 19 July 1983 ) is a South African rapper , songwriter and actor .

neg: Busta Rhymes Trevor George Smith Jr. ( born May 20 , 1972 ) , better known by his stage name Busta Rhymes , is an American rapper , actor , record producer and record executive . Chuck D of Public Enemy gave him the moniker Busta Rhymes , after NFL wide receiver George `` Buster '' Rhymes . He is widely known for his outlandish style and fashion sense depicted in several highly innovative music videos as well as his intricate rhyming technique , rapping at a high rate of speed with heavy use of internal rhyme and half rhyme , and to date has received 11 Grammy Award nominations for his musical work .   About.com included him on its list of the 50 Greatest MCs of Our Time ( 1987 -- 2007 ) , while Steve Huey of AllMusic called him one of the best and most prolific rappers of the 1990s . In 2012 , The Source placed him on their list of the Top 50 Lyricists of All Time . MTV has called him `` one of hip-hop 's greatest visual artists . ''   Busta Rhymes was an original member of Leaders of the New School . He later went on and founded the record label Conglomerate ( initially Flipmode Entertainment ) and production crew The Conglomerate ( formerly Flipmode Squad ) . In November 2011 , Busta Rhymes signed a deal with Cash Money Records . On July 23 , 2014 , Busta Rhymes announced that he left Cash Money Records due to creative differences and was no longer on Republic . In 2016 Rhymes signed with Epic for his upcoming album due to be released in early 2017 .   He has so far released nine studio albums , with the first being the 1996 platinum-selling album The Coming . His list of hit singles include `` Woo Hah !! Got You All in Check '' , `` Put Your Hands Where My Eyes Could See '' , `` Dangerous '' , `` Turn It Up ( Remix ) / Fire It Up '' , `` Gim me Some More '' , `` What 's It Gon na Be ?! '' , `` Pass the Courvoisier , Part II '' , `` I Know What You Want '' and `` Touch It '' , among several others .

neg: Hopsin Marcus Jamal Hopson ( born July 18 , 1985 ) , better known by his stage name Hopsin , is an American rapper , record producer , director and actor from Los Angeles , California . In 2007 , he was signed to Ruthless Records , and had founded his own record label , Funk Volume , in 2009 . He would then go on to found another record label , Undercover Prodigy , in 2016 . Hopsin has released four studio albums , Gazing at the Moonlight through Ruthless Records , Raw , Knock Madness and Pound Syndrome along with the collaborative project Haywire ( with SwizZz ) through Funk Volume . He is well known for his use of white colored eye contacts in music videos , performances , and interviews .

neg: Dae Dae Marquavis Goolsby ( born July 29 , 1992 ) , better known by his stage name Dae Dae , is an American rapper from Atlanta , Georgia . He is known for his debut single `` Wat U Mean ( Aye , Aye , Aye ) . ''

neg: D. O. (rapper) D.O ( a.k.a. Defy the Odds ; real name Duane Gibson ) is a Canadian rapper , motivational speaker and author . He is known for setting the Guinness World Record for the longest freestyle rap in 2003 .


query: Emilio Estevez acts.

pos: Emilio Estevez Emilio Estevez ( -LSB- ɛˈmiljoʊ_ɛstˈɛbɛs -RSB- born May 12 , 1962 ) is an American actor , director , and writer . He started his career as an actor and is well known for being a member of the acting Brat Pack of the 1980s , starring in The Breakfast Club , St. Elmo 's Fire , and also acting in the 1983 hit movie The Outsiders . He is also known for Repo Man , The Mighty Ducks and its sequels , Stakeout , Maximum Overdrive , Bobby ( which he also wrote and directed ) , and his performances in Western films such as Young Guns and its sequel .

neg: Persecution in Madrid Persecution in Madrid ( Spanish : Persecución en Madrid ) is a 1952 Spanish crime film directed by Enrique Gómez .

neg: La guerra de los pasteles La guerra de los pasteles is a 1944 Mexican musical comedy film directed by Emilio Gómez Muriel . It stars Mapy Cortés , Domingo Soler , and Pedro Armendáriz .

neg: Olé (Azúcar Moreno album) Olé is the ninth studio album by Spanish duo Azúcar Moreno , released on Sony International in 1998 .   After the commercial success of the 1996 album Esclava De Tu Piel which had produced five hit singles followed by `` Muévete Salvaje '' from the 1997 hits compilation Mucho Azúcar - Grandes Éxitos , Azúcar Moreno teamed up with producer Ricardo `` Eddy '' Martinez in Miami again for the recording of 1998 album Olé . The album included further original material from Spanish singer Miguel Gallardo and Luis Cabañas , the team that had composed most of the singles on the preceding Esclava De Tu Piel , collaborations between Gallardo and David Ferrero and Pedro del Moral , songs by producer Richardo `` Eddy '' Martinez and it also saw one of the Salazar sisters , Encarna , making her debut as composer on the track `` Dime Que Me Quieres '' . Production-wise Olé followed the winning combination of up-to-date club beats fused with flamenco and rock and contrasting R&B influenced ballads and rumbas , arrangement-wise the album differed slightly to its predecessor as it featured live strings on several titles . The album also closes with the acoustic `` No Pretenderás '' , with instrumentation of just flamenco guitars and palmas - and a guest appearance by the duo 's brothers Los Chunguitos .   The lead single was the title track `` Olé '' , just like `` Sólo Se Vive Una Vez '' musically influenced by contemporary dance genres like reggaeton and dancehall but , as the title suggests , lyrically a tribute to the duo 's native Spain . `` Olé '' was also released as two separate remix singles , the second entitled Olé - The Summer '99 Remixes featuring the track remixed and with additional production by renowned Latin remixer , DJ , music producer and arranger Pablo Flores , best known for being Gloria Estefan 's personal remixer but also for having co-produced major hits for among others Madonna , Chayanne , Shakira and Ricky Martin . Flores ' Club Mix of `` Olé '' was substantially rearranged from the original , not just by speeding up the tempo for the dancefloor but by adding new orchestration of brass , flamenco guitars and castanets to emphasize the song 's lyrics and the track proved to be another big hit single for Azúcar Moreno in both Spain and Latin America .   The second single released and second big hit was '' ¡ Mecachis ! '' ( `` Mechachis en la mar '' a mildly profane expression , roughly translated as `` Damnit ! '' ) , a midtempo dance track again written by Miguel Gallardo and Luis Cabañas and also issued with a series of dance remixes on the ¡ Mechachis ! - The Alabim-Bom-Ba-Remixes release , mixed by co-producers Pedro del Moral and David Ferrero .   Further hit singles from the album include `` Cumbaya '' , the double A-side `` Ese Beso '' / `` No Pretenderás '' and `` Agua Que No Has De Beber '' .   While Olé did n't manage to match the extraordinary sales figures of the preceding Esclava De Tu Piel - half a million in Spain alone - it did sell some two-hundred thousand copies and was later awarded double platinum in Spain .

neg: The Mighty Ducks The Mighty Ducks is a 1992 American sports comedy-drama film directed by Stephen Herek , starring Emilio Estevez . It was produced by The Kerner Entertainment Company and Avnet -- Kerner Productions and distributed by Walt Disney Pictures . It is the first film in the Mighty Ducks trilogy .   In the UK , South Africa and Australia , the film was retitled Champions . Subsequently , UK home releases are now titled The Mighty Ducks Are the Champions , reflecting both titles , as well as to possibly avoid confusion with the sequel ( retitled as just The Mighty Ducks ) . The year after the film 's release , an NHL hockey club , named the `` Mighty Ducks '' in reference to the film , was founded in Anaheim , California .

neg: The Act in Question The Act in Question ( El Acto en cuestión ) is a 1994 Argentine film directed and written by Alejandro Agresti . The film starred Carlos Roffé and Sergio Poves Campos . The film was also released in the Netherlands and Portugal . It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1993 Cannes Film Festival .   This movie was partly recorded in a castle in Oostakker near Ghent in Belgium ( 1992 ) . The family `` De Bruyn '' who owned the castle , played as observers in the movie .

neg: Carlos Romero (actor) Carlos Romero ( February 15 , 1927 -- June 21 , 2007 ) , was an American actor , noted for his many appearances on television . Among them were six appearances on Rawhide , three appearances on Perry Mason , two of them as the murder victim , and four appearances on The F.B.I. in the 1960s , and nine appearances as Carlo Agretti on Falcon Crest in 1982-1983 .   He was also cast in several films , including The Young Land , They Came to Cordura , Island of the Blue Dolphins , The Professionals , The Appaloosa , and the cult classic , Soylent Green .   In 1963 , he was cast as Police Lieutenant Juan Garcia in the episode `` Five Tickets to Hell '' , the series finale , of the CBS anthology series , GE True , hosted by Jack Webb . In the story line , John Quigley ( Bing Russell ) , a Chicago mobster travels to Chihuahua , Mexico , where he robs the mint of $ 500,000 and kills seven men in the commission of the crime . Garcia must then track down Quigley and his three accomplices . Barbara Luna also appears in this episode .

neg: Freejack Freejack is a 1992 science fiction action film directed by Geoff Murphy , starring Emilio Estevez , Mick Jagger , Rene Russo , and Anthony Hopkins . Upon its release in the United States , the film received mostly negative reviews . The screenplay was cowritten by Ronald Shusett .

neg: El indio El indio ( The Indian ) is a 1939 Mexican drama film directed by Armando Vargas de la Maza . It was released in Mexico on February 10 , 1939 and later released in United States on May 12 , of the same year . Consuelo Frank and Pedro Armendáriz received equal billing , while Dolores Camarillo ( billed as Dolores C. de Frausto ) who was the film 's comic relief , was billed last . Later she would receive a somewhat higher billing in Cantinflas ' Ahí está el detalle .   The film also explores an early form of Mexican `` indio '' comic performances given by Carlos López `` Chaflán '' and Dolores Camarillo . These comic roles would later give inspiration to María Elena Velasco 's La India María film series .

neg: José Carlos Ruiz José Carlos Ruiz ( born November 17 , 1936 ) is a Mexican film and television actor , born in the City of Jerez Zacatecas , Mexico . He starred in telenovelas such as María Isabel , Soñadoras , Mariana de la noche , Sortilegio , Soy Tu Dueña , Un Refugio para el Amor , Amor Bravío and Corazon Indomable .

neg: Panamanian Act The Premios 40 Principales for Best Panamanian Act was an honor presented annually at Los Premios 40 Principales between 2008 and 2011 , reemerging in 2014 as part of Los Premios 40 Principales América .

neg: Juanito Navarro Juan Navarro Rubinos ( July 8 , 1924 -- January 10 , 2011 ) , better known as Juanito Navarro , was a Spanish film , theater and television actor .

neg: Jaime Enrique Aymara Jaime Enrique Aymara Reinoso ( Quito , June 24 , 1968 ) is a singer and actor Ecuador of tecnocumbia , tecnopaseíto Bachata , national music , hall , pump Bolero , guayno jukebox pop music merengue , pop-flamenco , cumbia pop ballad , gravy , vallenato reggaeton and waltz . The lyrics of their songs are based on true stories of people in their country is known as `` The idol of Ecuador '' and `` The idol of Quinceañeras '' , besides being much in demand in Latin concerts performed abroad as it is known for Ecuadorian emigrants .

neg: Mike Amigorena Mike Amigorena ( -LSB- ˈmaik amiɣoˈɾena -RSB- ; born May 30 , 1972 ) is an actor and Argentine television personality .

neg: Arcadia (TV series) Arcadia ( Spanish for arcade ) is a weekly television show about video gaming and related subject matter . It is produced by 18-50 Televisión Guatemala . The show is hosted by Tomás Gálvez .

neg: José Eduardo Derbez José Eduardo González Martínez Del Río ( born April 14 , 1992 , Mexico City , Mexico ) , better known as José Eduardo Derbez , is a Mexican actor .

neg: Golden Age of Mexican cinema The Golden Age of Mexican cinema ( in Spanish Época de Oro del Cine Mexicano ) is a period in the history of the Cinema of Mexico between 1936 and 1959 when the Mexican film industry reached high levels of production , quality and economic success of its films , besides having gained recognition internationally . The Mexican film industry became the center of commercial films in Latin America .   The Golden Age began symbolically with the film Vámonos con Pancho Villa ( 1935 ) , directed by Fernando de Fuentes . In 1939 , during World War II , the film industry in the US and Europe decline , because the materials previously destined for film production now were for the new arms industry . Many countries began to focus on making films about war , leaving the opportunity to Mexico , to produce commercial films for the Mexican and Latin American markets . This cultural environment favored the emergence of a new generation of directors and actors considered to date , icons in Mexico and in Hispanic countries and Spanish-speaking audiences .

neg: Amado Cortez Amado Cortez ( born Arsenio Ruiz Padilla , 1928 -- 2003 ) was a Filipino actor and diplomat . His father was Jose Padilla Sr. , a governor in Plaridel , Bulacan and his mother was Maria Clara Ruiz . His brothers were Jose Padilla Jr. , Carlos Padilla Sr. , Roy Padilla and his sisters were Consuelo Padilla-Osorio , Paz Padilla , Pilar Padilla and Cristina Aragon who portrayed Valentina in the very first Darna movie in 1951 .   His first contract was under Lvn Pictures . He made five movies with Lvn , namely Ang Tapis mo Inday with Celia Flor , Anak ng Pulubi and Nasaan ka Giliw both with Tessie Quintana , Harana sa Karagatan with Mila del Sol and Tia Loleng with Armando Goyena .   After two years of making movies with LVN Studios , he signed another contract with the Santiagos and became the mainstay movie player on that studio .   He then made several pictures with Premiere Production . He married Gloria Sevilla , another Premiere Production siren .   Cortez won a Filipino Academy of Movie Arts and Sciences Award for Best Supporting Actor in 1970 . His last film was `` Campus Scandal '' ( 1998 ) .   In 1998 , Philippine President Joseph Estrada , a former actor and colleague of Cortez , named Cortez as General Consul of the Philippines in San Francisco . He retired in 2001 and died in 2003 . Cortez was awarded a posthumous lifetime achievement award in 2003 by the Filipino Academy of Movie Arts and Sciences .

neg: A King and His Movie A King and His Movie ( La película del rey ) is a 1986 Argentine comedy drama film , directed by Carlos Sorín , and written by Sorín and Jorge Goldenberg . The movie features Ulises Dumont and Julio Chávez , among others .

neg: Mexican pop music Mexican pop is a music genre produced in Mexico , particularly intended for teenagers and young adults .   Mexico is the country that exports the most entertainment in Spanish language . Mexican pop was limited to Latin America until the mid-1990s , when an interest towards this type of music increased after Luis Miguel 's , Lynda Thomas ' , Selena 's , Thalía 's ,  Gloria Trevi 's and Paulina Rubio 's debuts before the mainstream USA audience .   During the 1960s and 1970s most of the pop music produced in Mexico consisted on Spanish-language versions of English-language rock-and-roll hits . Singers and musical groups like Angélica María , Johnny Laboriel , Alberto Vázquez , Enrique Guzmán or Los Teen Tops performed cover versions of songs by Elvis Presley , Paul Anka , Nancy Sinatra and others .

neg: Gitano (1970 film) Gitano is a 1970 Argentine film directed by Emilio Vieyra .


query: The Gheg of southern Austria form the oldest continuous ethnic Albanian diaspora.

pos: Albanians Albanians ( Shqiptarët ) are an ethnic group , native to Albania , Kosovo and neighboring countries . The term is also used to refer to the citizens of the Republic of Albania . Ethnic Albanians speak the Albanian language and more than half of ethnic Albanians live in Albania and Kosovo . A large Albanian population lives in the Republic of Macedonia and Italy , with smaller Albanian populations located in Serbia and Montenegro . The majority of Albanians are nominally Muslims ( mainly Sunni , with a smaller Shia , Sufi and Bektashi component ) , and a minority are nominally Christians ( Catholic and Orthodox ) .   Albanians produced many prominent figures such as Skanderbeg , leader of the medieval Albanian resistance to the Ottoman conquest and others during the Albanian National Awakening seeking self-determination . During the 17th and 18th century Albanians in large numbers converted to Islam , often to escape higher taxes levied on Christian subjects . As Muslims , some Albanians attained important political and military positions within the Ottoman Empire and culturally contributed to the wider Muslim world . Albania gained its independence in 1912 and between 1945 -- 1992 , Albanians lived under a repressive communist regime . Albanians within Yugoslavia underwent periods of discrimination and eventual self-determination that concluded with the breakup of that state in the early 1990s culminating with Albanians living in new countries and Kosovo . Outside the southwestern Balkans of where Albanians have traditionally been located , Albanian populations through the course of history have formed new communities contributing to the cultural , economic , social and political life of their host populations and countries while also at times assimilating too .   Between the 11th and 18th centuries , sizable numbers of Albanians migrated from the area of contemporary Albania to escape either various socio-political difficulties or the Ottoman conquest . One population which became the Arvanites settled down in southern Greece who starting from the 16th century though mainly during the 19th century onwards assimilated and today self identify as Greeks . Another population , who became the Arbëreshë settled in southern Italy and form the oldest continuous Albanian diaspora producing influential and many prominent figures . Smaller populations dating to migrations during the 18th century are located on Croatia 's Dalmatian coast and scattered communities across southern Ukraine .   The Albanian diaspora also exists in a number of other countries . One of these is located in Turkey . It was formed during the Ottoman era through economic migration and early years of the Turkish republic through migration for economic reasons and later sociopolitical circumstances of discrimination and violence experienced by Albanians in Balkan countries . Due to the Ottoman legacy , smaller populations of Albanians also exist in Egypt and the Levant , in particular Syria . In Western countries , a large and influential Albanian population exists in the United States formed from continuous emigration dating back to the 19th century . Other Albanians populations due to emigration between the 19th and 21th centuries are located in Australia , Argentina , New Zealand , Canada , Germany , Belgium , United Kingdom , France , Sweden , Switzerland , Slovenia , Croatia , Italy , Finland , Denmark , Norway , Austria , Netherlands , Bulgaria , Greece and Romania .

neg: Albanians in Italy The Albani were an aristocratic Roman family , members of which attained the highest dignities in the Roman Catholic Church , one , Clement XI , having been Pope . They were ethnic Albanians who originally moved to Urbino from the region of Malësi e Madhe in Albania . and had been soldiers of Scanderbeg against the Ottoman Empire . Though eventually assimilated in their Italian environment , Clement XI 's Albanian antecedents were evident in his having commissioned , during his reign as a Pope , the famous Illyricum Sacrum . Today it is one of the main sources of the field of Albanology , with over 5000 pages divided in several volumes written by Daniele Farlati and Dom . Coletti .   There is an Albanian community in southern Italy , known as Arbëreshë , who had settled in the country starting with the 15th and the 16th century and later , displaced by the changes brought about by the expansion of the Ottoman Empire . Some managed to escape and were offered refuge from the repression by the Kingdom of Naples and Kingdom of Sicily ( both under Aragonese rule ) , where the Arbëreshë were given their own villages and protected .  The Arbëreshë were estimated as numbering at a quarter million in the 1976 .

neg: Engadin The Engadin or Engadine ( -LSB- , Engadin , Engadina , Engadine lit. : Valley of the Inn people ) is a long high Alpine valley region in the eastern Swiss Alps located in the canton of Graubünden in most southeastern Switzerland with about 25,000 inhabitants . It follows the route of the Inn ( En ) from its headwaters at Maloja Pass in the southwest running roughly northeast until the Inn flows into Austria , one hundred kilometers downstream . The En/Inn subsequently flows at Passau into the Donau , as the only Swiss river . The Engadine is protected by high mountain ranges on all sides and is famous for its sunny climate , beautiful landscapes and outdoor activities .

neg: Vienna Vienna ( -LSB- viˈɛnə -RSB- Wien , -LSB- viːn -RSB- ) is the capital and largest city of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria . Vienna is Austria 's primary city , with a population of about 1.8 million ( 2.6 million within the metropolitan area , nearly one third of Austria 's population ) , and its cultural , economic , and political centre . It is the 7th-largest city by population within city limits in the European Union . Until the beginning of the 20th century , it was the largest German-speaking city in the world , and before the splitting of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in World War I , the city had 2 million inhabitants . Today , it has the second largest number of German speakers after Berlin . Vienna is host to many major international organizations , including the United Nations and OPEC . The city is located in the eastern part of Austria and is close to the borders of the Czech Republic , Slovakia , and Hungary . These regions work together in a European Centrope border region . Along with nearby Bratislava , Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3 million inhabitants . In 2001 , the city centre was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site .   Apart from being regarded as the City of Music because of its musical legacy , Vienna is also said to be `` The City of Dreams '' because it was home to the world 's first psycho-analyst -- Sigmund Freud . The city 's roots lie in early Celtic and Roman settlements that transformed into a Medieval and Baroque city , and then the capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire . It is well known for having played an essential role as a leading European music centre , from the great age of Viennese Classicism through the early part of the 20th century . The historic centre of Vienna is rich in architectural ensembles , including Baroque castles and gardens , and the late-19th-century Ringstraße lined with grand buildings , monuments and parks .   Vienna is known for its high quality of life . In a 2005 study of 127 world cities , the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked the city first ( in a tie with Vancouver , Canada and San Francisco , USA ) for the world 's most liveable cities . Between 2011 and 2015 , Vienna was ranked second , behind Melbourne , Australia .  For eight consecutive years ( 2009 -- 2016 ) , the human-resource-consulting firm Mercer ranked Vienna first in its annual `` Quality of Living '' survey of hundreds of cities around the world , a title the city still held in 2016 . Monocle 's 2015 `` Quality of Life Survey '' ranked Vienna second on a list of the top 25 cities in the world `` to make a base within . ''   The UN-Habitat has classified Vienna as being the most prosperous city in the world in 2012/2013 .  The city was ranked 1st globally for its culture of innovation in 2007 and 2008 , and sixth globally ( out of 256 cities ) in the 2014 Innovation Cities Index , which analyzed 162 indicators in covering three areas : culture , infrastructure , and markets . Vienna regularly hosts urban planning conferences and is often used as a case study by urban planners .   Between 2005 and 2010 , Vienna was the world 's number-one destination for international congresses and conventions . It attracts over 6.8 million tourists a year .

neg: History of the Hungarian language Hungarian is a Uralic language of the Ugric group . It has been spoken in the region of modern-day Hungary since the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin in the late 9th century .   The predecessor language of Hungarian separated from the Ob-Ugric languages , probably still during the Bronze Age . There is no attestation for a period of close to two millennia . Old Hungarian is attested fragmentarily in epigraphy in the Old Hungarian script beginning in the 10th century , and isolated Hungarian words are attested in manuscript tradition from the turn of the 11th century . The oldest surviving coherent text in Old Hungarian is the Funeral Sermon and Prayer , dated to 1192 .   The Old Hungarian period is by convention taken to cover Medieval Hungary , from the invasion of Pannonia in AD 896 , to the collapse of the Kingdom of Hungary following the Battle of Mohács of 1526 . A Middle Hungarian phase is by convention taken to last from 1526 to 1772 , i.e. from the first books printed in Hungarian to the Age of Enlightenment , which prompted language reforms that resulted in the modern literary Hungarian language .   Historic proceedings  The happenings of the 1530s and 1540s brought a new situation to the country : the time of Humanism -- which only a few decades earlier , under Matthias of Hungary flourished -- was over ; the population , both in villages and towns , was terrorized by Ottoman raids ; the majority of the country was lost ; and the remainder began to feel the problems of the new Habsburg rule . This predicament caused backwardness in the cultural life as well .   However , Hungary , with the previously listed great territorial and human losses , soon entered into a new cultural era , the Protestant Reformation . This religious movement heartened many authors to find new ways . Cultural life was primarily based in Trasylvania , but Royal Hungary also saw the rebirth of the Hungarian culture .   The first printed Hungarian book was printed in Cracow , Poland , in 1533 . It is a partial Bible-translation , containing the letters of Saint Paul . The translation was done by Benedek Komjáti . The New Testament 's first printed edition was published by János Sylvester ( 1541 ) . He also composed the first scientific analysis of the Hungarian language , in 1539 -- his work 's title is `` Grammatica Hungarolatina '' . Like Komjáti , Sylvester printed his works in Cracow .   The previous publications , however , were not Protestant in their sense ; the first directly reformed Hungarian book was Imre Ozorai 's `` Argument '' , published in Cracow first in 1535 and second in 1546 .   Among other works , Aesop 's Fables -- a collection of moral short stories -- were first translated into Hungarian by Gábor Pesti -LSB- 1 -RSB- ( 1536 ) . These are the first denoted Hungarian short stories . The first attempt to standardize Hungarian was done by Mátyás Bíró Dévai . He proposed a logical and feasible orthography to the language . His book , called `` Orthographia '' , is known from its second edition , printed in 1549 .   Bálint Balassa

neg: Geography of Kosovo Kosovo is a small landlocked country in Southeastern Europe , in the center of Balkan Peninsula .  With an area of 10,908 km2 , it is one of the smallest countries in Europe .   Considering it 's small area , Kosovo has a variety of topographical features . It is surrounded by mountains : the Sharr Mountains are located in the south and southeast , bordering Macedonia , while the Kopaonik Mountains rise in the north . The southwest borders with Montenegro and Albania are also mountainous , and home to the country 's highest peak , Gjeravica , 2656 m high . The central region is mainly hilly , but two large plains spread over Kosovo 's west and east , respectively , Metohija plain and Kosovo plain .   In the terms of hydrography , Kosovo has limited water resources . The main rivers in the country are the White Drin , running towards the Adriatic Sea , the South Morava in the Goljak area , and Ibar in the north . Sitnica , a tributary of Ibar , is the longest river lying completely within Kosovo . There are several small natural lakes but the country 's most important lakes are artificial . The biggest lakes are Gazivoda , Radonjić , Batlava and Badovac . Kosovo also does have a large number of karst springs , thermal and mineral water springs .

neg: Enchele The Enchelei or Enkelej ( Enkelejtë Latin : Encheleae ; Greek : Ἐγχέλιοι / Ἐγχελεῖς , translit. , Enchelioi/Encheleis ; name of the country : Ἐγχέλη , Enchele ) , were an Illyrian tribe that lived around the region of Lake Ohrid and Lynkestis , in modern-day Albania , the Republic of Macedonia and Greece . Their name in ancient Greek meant `` eel-people '' . They were often at war for domination of the region with the ancient Macedonians who settled in the east . Their neighbors in the north-west were the Illyrian Taulanti , to the north , the Dardani and to the south the Dassaretae , an ancient Greek tribe .

neg: Slovaks in Austria Slovaks in Austria have a history dating back to the early centuries of the Common Era . Currently , there are 35,326 Slovaks in Austria as of 2016 . Large communities of Slovaks can be found in Vienna and Lower Austria , with a smaller community in Styria .

neg: Upper German Upper German ( -LSB- ) is a family of High German languages spoken primarily in the southern German-speaking area ( Sprachraum ) .

neg: Körmendy Körmendy in the Hungarian language , due to its form and implied meaning , is understood to be a family name . Literally it means : a person or family of or originating or associated with the place called Körmend , now one of the smaller townships in Western Hungary , near the Austrian border .   It is evident in some public records that the same family name may have been spelled `` Körmendi '' as compared to `` Körmendy '' . It is generally understood in the Hungarian tradition that the use of the form `` Körmendy '' is an entitlement of some sort due to the formerly official title of nobility , received as granted in a traditional European meaning and process . The `` Körmendi '' name , form or usage , may mean in some cases , simply a spelling variation due to whatever reasons , but in some other cases `` Körmendi '' may be just an adopted name , not entitled to the `` Körmendy '' form of spelling .   There seem to exist many people in the world with these family names , however to this writer at this point it may be highly speculative to guess how many of these may be related at any distance , or whether there are one or more greater families covered by all these names . On the other hand , as an example , this writer has information of a document and public record granting the nobility title to a `` Körmendy Márton '' and his descendants ( and the same to a companion by a different name ) by `` King Ferdinánd I '' of Hungary , in the year 1549 . This above cited record also refers to an official transcript of another record of the same subject , originating in `` Szentmarja '' of Bács Vármegye , formerly part of the Hungarian Kingdom , ( now called Szabadka in Hungarian , and is now part of modern Serbia ) . This later transcript was sent to the Hungarian National Museum and is deposited under `` Aldányi Antal , LXI 1549 január 5 . ''   The above cited granting of nobility to said `` Körmendy Márton '' and his descendants is due to , according to the contents of the cited document ( s ) , a certain incident of his heroic behavior during the Hungarian defensive wars against the Turkish invaders . The said heroic act occurred in a battle at the Hungarian town Győr , rescuing some Christians from the Turks . Along with the title of nobility this `` Körmendy Márton '' and his descendants were granted the right to use a certain coat of arms , described in detail within the above said letter of grant of nobility ( nemeslevél in Hungarian ) .   These records at least provide a glimpse into the background and history connected with the name ( s ) Körmendy .

neg: Great Moravia Great Moravia ( regnum Marahensium , Μεγάλη Μοραβία -- megale Moravia , Velká Morava , Veľká Morava , Wielka Morawia ) , the Great Moravian Empire , ( historiographical terms -- original formal name is unknown ) or simply Moravia , was the first major state that was predominantly Slavonic to emerge in the area of Central Europe . Its core territories were located on the Morava river which gave its name to the kingdom . `` Morava '' in both Czech and Slovak refers to both the river and the land of Moravia - the medieval Margraviate of Moravia , which is now the eastern part of the Czech Republic . The river Morava flows south through the whole of Moravia , later forming the present-day border between the Czech Republic and Slovakia before finally becoming the border between Slovakia and Austria ( where it is called the March in German ) . The kingdom saw the rise of the first ever Slavic literary culture in the Old Church Slavonic language . After the fall of Great Moravia , its core territory was gradually divided between the newly ascending Czech Kingdom ( Bohemia ) and Hungarian Kingdom : the frontier was originally settled on the Morava river ( the Czech Kingdom to its west , and Hungary - present-day Slovakia - to its east ) . However , from the 12th century , the Czech kings managed to gain more and more of the region on the eastern bank - eventually gaining the whole stretch of the eastern territory from Uherské Hradiště down to Strážnice , and this region retained its non-Czech identity in its designation `` Slovácko '' as an alternative dialectal for `` Slovakia '' . After this , the Czech-Hungarian border shifted east to the White Carpathians . The core region of Great Moravia along the Morava river , thus divided between the present-day Moravia and Slovakia , has retained a unique culture in the rich folklore tradition both on the western bank of the Morava ( including the southern Záluží region ) and the eastern bank - the Slovácko ( in Moravia ) and Záhorie ( in Slovakia ) . Záhorie also boasts the only surviving building from Great Moravian times - the chapel at Kopčany just across the Morava from the archaeological site of Mikulčice . The core of Great Moravia was established , according to legend , in the early 830s , when Prince Mojmír I ( -LSB- moimi : r -RSB- ) crossed the Morava and conquered the principality of Nitra ( present-day western Slovakia ) . The former principality of Nitra was used as the údelné kniežatsvo , or the territory given to , and ruled by , the successor to the throne , traditionally the nephew ( sister 's son ) of the ruling kъnendzь or Prince .   The extent and location of Great Moravia are a subject of debate . Rival theories place the center of it either south of the river Danube ( the river Morava in Serbia ) or on the Great Hungarian Plain . The exact date when the Moravian state was founded is also disputed , but it probably occurred in the early 830s under Prince Mojmír I , ( r. 820s/830s -- 846 ) , who is the first known ruler of the united Moravia . Mojmír and his successor , Rastislav ( `` Rostislav '' in Czech ) , who ruled from 846 to 870 , initially acknowledged the suzerainty of the Carolingian monarchs , but the Moravian fight for independence caused a series of armed conflicts with East Francia beginning in the 840s .   Moravia reached its largest territorial extent under Svätopluk I , ( Svatopluk in Czech ) , who ruled from 870 to 894 , and who was occasionally styled as king in contemporaneous sources . Although the borders of his empire can not be exactly determined , he controlled the core territories of Moravia as well as other neighbouring regions , including Bohemia , most of Slovakia and parts of Slovenia , Hungary , Poland and Ukraine , for some periods of his reign . Separatism and internal conflicts emerging after Svätopluk 's death contributed to the fall of Great Moravia , which was overrun by the Hungarians . The exact date of Moravia 's collapse is unknown , but it occurred between 902 and 907 .   Moravia experienced significant cultural development under Prince Rastislav , with the arrival in 863 of the mission of Saints Cyril and Methodius . Rastislav had asked the Byzantine emperor to send a `` teacher '' ( učitelja ) to introduce literacy and a legal system ( pravьda ) to Great Moravia . The brothers Cyril and Methodius introduced a system of writing ( the Glagolitic alphabet ) and Slavonic liturgy , the latter eventually formally approved by Pope Adrian II . The Glagolitic script was probably invented by Cyril himself and the language he used for his translations of holy scripts and his original literary creation was based on the Slavic dialect he and his brother Methodius knew from their native Thessaloniki . The language , termed Old Church Slavonic , was the direct ancestral language for Bulgarian , and therefore also referred to as Old Bulgarian . Old Church Slavonic , therefore , differed somewhat from the local Slavic dialect of Great Moravia which was the ancestral idiom to the later dialects spoken in Moravia and western Slovakia .   Later , the disciples of Cyril and Methodius were expelled from Great Moravia by King Svätopluk I. Arriving in the First Bulgarian Empire , the disciples continued the Cyrilo-Methodian mission and the Glagolitic script was superseded by Cyrillic . The Cyrillic script and translations of the liturgy were disseminated to other Slavic countries , particularly in the Balkans and Kievan Rus ' , charting a new path in these Slavic nations ´ cultural development .

neg: Hungarian Australians Hungarian Australians ( Ausztráliai magyarok ) are Australian citizens of Hungarian descent . The constant influx of Hungarian immigrants was marked by several waves . Most of the Hungarian immigrants to Australia came after World War II and after the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 . Hungarian Australians mostly live in state capital cities . Responses to the 2006 ABS-conducted national census questionnaires could reflect the true numbers of Hungarian Australians only if one takes into account not only those born in Hungary . In addition to that , those of ethnic Hungarian origin born outside Hungary who officially and specifically identified themselves of Hungarian ancestry would total 67,616 Hungarian Australian persons , residents of Australia as per ABS tabulation under `` Hungarian Ancestry '' ( Refer to Hungarian history as guide for clarification ) .  The breakdown according to State and Territory was : NSW 23,577 ; VIC 21,727 ; QLD 9795 ; SA 5,427 ; WA 4,230 ; TAS 877 ; ACT 1,652 ; NT 331 . Of the 67,616 total 20,166 or 29.82 % were born in Hungary , 31,103 or 46 % were aged 65 and over , 40,570 or 60 % had tertiary or trade qualifications . In the same 2006 Census , among Hungarian-born persons , the religious affiliation was as follows : 72.9 % declared Christianity , 11.8 % declared no religion or atheism , 7.4 % declared Judaism , 0.6 % declared other religions and 6.6 % did not answer the question .   Reduced in number and altered to new format , the questions in the last ABS ' National Census of 2011 only allowed for and yielded the following data : 19,089 were born in Hungary ; 20,875 speak in Hungarian at home including 3,861 ethnic Hungarians who speak Hungarian at home but were born in countries adjoining Hungary . An all encompassing , multigenerational total of 69,159 people claimed Hungarian ethnicity/ancestry and cultural heritage .

neg: SIGAL (insurance company) SIGAL UNIQA Group AUSTRIA is a group of 7 insurance companies and 1 private pension fund that operate successfully in Albania , Kosovo and Macedonia . Part of SIGAL Group are the following companies : SIGAL UNIQA Group AUSTRIA ( Non-Life , Albania ) , SIGAL Life UNIQA Group AUSTRIA ( Life , Albania ) , SIGAL UNIQA Group AUSTRIA Kosova ( Non-Life , Kosova ) , SIGAL Life UNIQA Group AUSTRIA Kosova ( Life , Kosova ) , UNIQA Skopje ( Non-Life , Macedonia ) , UNIQA Life Skopje ( Life , Macedonia ) , SIGAL UNIQA Group AUSTRIA Reinsurance and the Management Company of Private Pension Fund SIGAL Life UNIQA Group AUSTRIA .   SIGAL UNIQA was founded in 1999 and leads the Albanian insurance market for both non-life and life insurances and well as for private pensions as it holds overall more than 30 % of the market .   SIGAL UNIQA is the first insurance company in Albania that attracted foreign investments . In October 2003 The Albanian-American Fund of Enterprise became the first shareholder of SIGAL by acquiring 13.3 % of shares . Thanks to this agreement A.A.E.F provided financial and management support not only to SIGAL but also to the entire insurance market in Albania and in the region where it operates .   Since March 2007 SIGAL is part of UNIQA Group AUSTRIA , the company that operates in 21 European countries , one of the biggest financial groups in Europe , awarded with `` A '' by `` Standard & Poor 's '' , with 24.6 Billion Euro under management and more than 7.5 Million clients . UNIQA Group AUSTRIA is the biggest stakeholder of SIGAL UNIQA Group AUSTRIA as it holds 68.64 % of shares . Based on this , more than 80 % of SIGAL UNIQA 's capital is foreign investment .   At the international level , SIGAL UNIQA Group AUSTRIA has been continually awarded by Finance Central Europe as `` The Best Insurance Company in Albania '' , SEE News listed SIGAL UNIQA among Top insurance companies in the region and Business Initiative Directions awarded SIGAL UNIQA with the ` International Star for Quality '  SIGAL UNIQA Group AUSTRIA offers more than 40 products in the life insurance , non-life insurance , reinsurance , and private pensions being so the only insurance company that offers all classes of insurance .

neg: Romansh people The Romansh people ( also spelled Romansch , Rumantsch , or Romanche ; Romansh : , rumàntsch , or ) are a people and ethnic group of Switzerland , native speakers of the Romansh language . They are usually multilingual , also speaking German ( both the standard variety and the local Swiss German ) and sometimes Italian , which are the other official languages of Graubünden , the canton where they are concentrated .   They make up about 1 % of Switzerland 's population and 15 % of Graubünden 's .   The Romansh people began advocating for an end to German dominion over them starting with World War I . In 1937 the Swiss government recognized the Romansh language for the first time as one of Switzerland 's four national languages , though only for use within the canton , not at the federal level .   The Romansh people appeared to be mostly satisfied with this status until the 1980s when debate arose over Switzerland 's relationship with the greater European continent and the concept of the European Union began to form . The Romansh people advocated heavily for Switzerland 's membership in the Union , but the referendum to join it was narrowly defeated in 1992 by the German majority and Switzerland remained a nation apart with the Romansh people a nation apart within it though with ever-increasing sovereignty and recognition at the federal level to the point that Romansh is now considered one of the official federal languages of the Swiss Confederation .   The Romansh national leadership in Switzerland expressly stated its interest in Switzerland joining the European Union in terms of a pro-European stance and not an anti-Swiss-Confederation one , openly recognizing that the Confederation , though dominated by the German Swiss and with large Swiss French and Swiss Italian contingents , had sheltered the tiny Romansh minority population for nearly 200 years , never engaging in programs to erase their identity or language nor forcing them to relocate to accommodate any other ethnic group as had been the norm with a variety of other ethnic minorities throughout Europe . Though there have been some stumbling blocks , the history of the relationship between the Romansh people and the other ethnic peoples of Switzerland appears to have been and continues to be an unusually polite and respectful one .

neg: Muzaka family This article is about Muzaka family , for Gjergji Muzaka see that article .   The Muzaka were an Albanian noble family that ruled over the region of Myzeqe ( central Albania ) in the Late Middle Ages . The Muzaka are also referred to by some authors as a tribe or a clan . The earliest historical document that mention Muzaka family is written in 1090 by the Byzantine historian Anna Komnene . At the end of the 13th and beginning of the 14th century members of the Muzaka family controlled a region between the rivers of Devoll and Vjosë . Some of them were loyal to the Byzantine Empire while some of them allied with Charles of Anjou who gave them ( and some other members of Albanian nobility ) impressive Byzantine-like titles ( such as sebastokrator ) in order to subdue them more easily . During a short period , Serbian Emperor Stefan Dušan ( r. 1331-1355 ) occupied Albania including domains of Muzaka family but after Dušan 's death they regained their former possessions . After the Battle of Savra in 1385 the territory of Albania came under the Ottoman Empire ; they served the Ottomans until 1444 when Theodor Corona Musachi joined Skanderbeg 's rebellion . When the Ottomans suppressed Skanderbeg 's rebellion and captured the territory of Venetian Albania in the 15th century many members of the Muzaka family retreated to Italy . Those who stayed in Ottoman Albania lost their feudal rights , some converted to Islam and achieved high ranks in the Ottoman military and administrative hierarchy .   Notable members of the family include Gjon Muzaka , Theodor Corona Musachi , Jakub Bey Musachi who was 15th century sanjakbey of the Ottoman Sanjak of Albania and Ahmet Pasha Kurt who was 18th century sanjakbey of the Sanjak of Avlona . The last notable member of Muzaka family who found refugee in Italy died in Naples in 1600 .

neg: Serbs of White Carniola Apart from the immigrant community that makes up the vast majority of Serbs in Slovenia , there are a few villages in the southern region of White Carniola inhabited by descendants of Serbs that fled from the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century , beginning in 1528 and permanent by 1593 . These immigrants founded settlements in which descendants of Serbs live to these days : Bojanci , Marindol , Paunoviči , Adlešiči , Žuniči , Miliči and others . The majority of the community ( Srbi v Beli krajini ) have kept the Serbian Orthodox faith and their distinctive culture , although they have been almost completely assimilated to their Slovene-speaking environment . Some of them became Uniate ( Eastern Catholic ) in the 17th and 18th century .

neg: Transylvanian Saxons The Transylvanian Saxons ( Siebenbürger Sachsen Erdélyi szászok Sași ) are a people of German ethnicity who settled in Transylvania ( Siebenbürgen ) from the 12th century onwards .   The colonization of Transylvania by Germans was begun by King Géza II of Hungary ( 1141 -- 1162 ) . For decades , the main task of the German settlers was to defend the southeastern border of the Kingdom of Hungary . The colonization continued until the end of the 13th century . Although the colonists came mostly from the western Holy Roman Empire and generally spoke Franconian dialects , they were collectively known as Saxons because of Germans working for the Hungarian chancellery .   After 1918 , when , following the Treaty of Trianon , Transylvania was separated from Hungary and became part of Romania , Transylvanian Saxons , together with other German-speaking groups in newly enlarged Romania ( Banat Swabians , Satu Mare Swabians , Bessarabia Germans , Bukovina Germans ) , became part of the German minority in Romania . The Transylvanian Saxon population has decreased since World War II . Transylvanian Saxons started leaving Transylvania during and after World War II , settling first in Austria , then especially in Germany . The process of emigration continued during Communist rule in Romania , and even into the collapse of the Ceaușescu regime in 1989 when approximately half a million fled to Germany . The great majority of Transylvanian Saxons now live in Germany . A sizable Transylvanian Saxon population also resides today in the United States , notably in Idaho , Ohio and Colorado and in Southern Ontario , Canada . Relatively few still live in Romania , where at the last official census around 37,000 Germans were registered , the number including also Banat Swabians and Sathmar Swabians .

neg: Great Migrations of the Serbs The Great Migrations of the Serbs ( Velike seobe Srba / Велике сеобе Срба ) , also known as the Great Exodus , refers mainly to two large migrations of Serbs from the Ottoman Empire to the Habsburg Monarchy .   The First Serbian Migration occurred during the Great Turkish War under Patriarch Arsenije III Čarnojević , and came as a result of the Habsburg retreat from Ottoman territories in the Balkans , which were temporarily held by the Habsburgs between 1689 and 1692 . The Second Serbian Migration took place in 1737 -- 1739 under the Patriarch of Peć , Arsenije IV Jovanović , also parallel with the Habsburg withdrawal from territories that they held in the Balkans , which between 1718 and 1739 were known as the Kingdom of Serbia and Banat of Temeswar . The earlier mass of the migrants are considered ethnically Serb , while those of the First Migration nationally Serbs as the migration brought with it the definitive indicator of Serbianness , the religion and the patriarch .

neg: Albania under the Ottoman Empire Ottoman Albania comprised Albania during the period it was part of the Ottoman Empire , from 1385 to 1912 . Ottoman rule in Albania began after the Battle of Savra in 1385 when most of the local chieftains became Ottoman vassals . The Ottomans erected their garrisons throughout southern Albania by 1415 and established formal jurisdiction over most of Albania by 1431 . Independence for some Albanian regions was gained during 1443-1479 , with the uprising under the lead of George Kastrioti Skanderbeg . The last towns captured by the Ottomans were Shkodër in 1479 and Durrës in 1501 . The territory which today belongs to the Republic of Albania remained part of the Ottoman Empire until declaring independence in 1912 during the Balkan Wars .

neg: Germans of Serbia The Germans of Serbia ( Nemci u Srbiji / Немци у Србији , Serbiendeutsche ) are an ethnic minority of Serbia which numbers 4,064 people according to last population census from 2011 . The Germans of Serbia usually refer to themselves as Swabian ( Schwaben , Švabe ) , and they are grouped into the Danube Swabians or Banat Swabians in the Vojvodina region , where the majority of the population resides . Germans settled parts of Serbia in the late 17th century during Habsburg administration . The German population of Vojvodina was more numerous in the past ( about 350,000 before World War II ) . More than 250,000 left during the withdrawal of Nazi forces . As a consequence of the World War II events in Yugoslavia , the Yugoslav Communist government took a reprisals on ethnic citizens of German origin in Yugoslavia ( including Vojvodina ) : they had their citizenship revoked and their belongings and houses were nationalized and taken from them . Between 1944 and 1946 , a prison camp system was established for Yugoslav citizens of German origin , usually in settlements where they lived . After prison camps were abolished , ethnic Germans of Yugoslavia regained their rights and citizenship and most of them emigrated to Germany or Austria in the following years because of economic reasons .

neg: Gjirokastër Gjirokastër ( -LSB- ɟiɾokastəɾ -RSB- ) is a city in southern Albania , situated in a valley between the Gjerë mountains and the Drino , at 300 metres above sea level . Its old town is a UNESCO World Heritage Site described as `` a rare example of a well-preserved Ottoman town , built by farmers of large estate '' . The city is overlooked by Gjirokastër Fortress , where the Gjirokastër National Folklore Festival is held every five years . It is the birthplace of former Albanian communist leader Enver Hoxha and notable writer Ismail Kadare .   The city appears in the historical record dating back in 1336 by its Greek name , Αργυρόκαστρο - Argyrokastro , as part of the Byzantine Empire . It became part of the Orthodox Christian doecese of Dryinoupolis and Argyrokastro after the destruction of nearby Adrianoupolis . Gjirokastër later became the center of the principality ruled by John Zenevisi ( 1373 -- 1417 ) before falling under Ottoman rule for the next five centuries . Throughout the Ottoman era Gjirokastër was officially known in Ottoman Turkish as Ergiri and also Ergiri Kasrı . During the Ottoman period conversions to Islam and an influx of Muslim converts from the surrounding countryside made Gjirokastër go from being an overwhelmingly Christian city in the 16th century into one with a large Muslim population by the early 19th century . Gjirokastër also became a major religious centre for Bektashi Sufism . Taken by the Hellenic Army during the Balkan Wars of 1912 -- 3 on account of its large Greek population , it was eventually incorporated into the newly independent state of Albania in 1913 . This proved highly unpopular with the local Greek population , who rebelled ; after several months of guerrilla warfare , the short-lived Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus was established in 1914 with Gjirokastër as its capital . It was definitively awarded to Albania in 1921 . In more recent years , the city witnessed anti-government protests that lead to the Albanian civil war of 1997 .   Along Muslim and Orthodox Albanians , the city is also home to a substantial Greek minority . The city together with Sarandë , is considered one of the centers of the Greek community in Albania , and there is a consulate of Greece .


query: Mauritius has high political freedom.

pos: Mauritius Mauritius ( -LSB- məˈrɪʃəs -RSB- or -LSB- məˈrɪʃiːəs -RSB- Maurice ) , officially the Republic of Mauritius ( République de Maurice ) , is an island nation in the Indian Ocean about 2000 km off the southeast coast of the African continent . The country includes the islands of Mauritius and Rodrigues -LSB- 560 km east of Mauritius -RSB- , and the outer islands ( Agaléga , St. Brandon and two disputed territories ) . The islands of Mauritius and Rodrigues form part of the Mascarene Islands , along with nearby Réunion , a French overseas department . The area of the country is 2,040 km2 . The capital and largest city is Port Louis . Formerly a Dutch colony ( 1638 -- 1710 ) and a French colony ( 1715 -- 1810 ) , Mauritius became a British colonial possession in 1810 and remained so until 1968 , the year in which it attained independence . The government uses English as its main language .   The sovereignty over the Chagos Archipelago is disputed between Mauritius and the United Kingdom ( UK ) . The UK excised the archipelago from Mauritian territory in 1965 , three years prior to Mauritian independence . The UK gradually depopulated the archipelago 's indigenous population and leased its biggest island , Diego Garcia , to the United States . Access to the archipelago is prohibited to casual tourists , the media , and its former inhabitants . Mauritius also claims sovereignty over Tromelin Island from France .   The people of Mauritius are multiethnic , multi-religious , multicultural and multilingual . The island 's government is closely modelled on the Westminster parliamentary system , and Mauritius is highly ranked for democracy and for economic and political freedom . Along with the other Mascarene Islands , Mauritius is known for its varied flora and fauna , with many species endemic to the island . The island is widely known as the only known home of the dodo , which , along with several other avian species , was made extinct by human activities relatively shortly after the island 's settlement . Mauritius is the only country in Africa where Hinduism is the largest religion .

neg: Mozambique Mozambique ( -LSB- moʊzæmˈbiːk -RSB- or -LSB- mɔːzæmˈbiːk -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of Mozambique ( Moçambique or República de Moçambique , -LSB- rɛˈpublikɐ dɨ musɐ̃ˈbikɨ -RSB- ) is a country in Southeast Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east , Tanzania to the north , Malawi and Zambia to the northwest , Zimbabwe to the west , and Swaziland and South Africa to the southwest . It is separated from Madagascar by the Mozambique Channel to the east . The capital and largest city is Maputo ( known as `` Lourenço Marques '' before independence ) .   Between the 1st and 5th centuries AD , Bantu-speaking peoples migrated from farther north and west . Swahili ( and later Arab ) commercial ports existed along the coasts until the arrival of Europeans . The area was explored by Vasco da Gama in 1498 and colonised by Portugal from 1505 . The country was an important place where Somali merchants enslaved the local population , starting what is now known as the Somali slave trade . After over four centuries of Portuguese rule , Mozambique gained independence in 1975 , becoming the People 's Republic of Mozambique shortly thereafter . After only two years of independence , the country descended into an intense and protracted civil war lasting from 1977 to 1992 . In 1994 , Mozambique held its first multiparty elections and has remained a relatively stable presidential republic . However , since 2013 , following more than 20 years of peace , a renewed insurgency by RENAMO has been occurring .   Mozambique is one of the poorest and most underdeveloped countries in the world . Mozambique is endowed with rich and extensive natural resources . The country 's economy is based largely on agriculture , but industry is growing , mainly food and beverages , chemical manufacturing , and aluminium and petroleum production . The country 's tourism sector is also growing . South Africa is Mozambique 's main trading partner and source of foreign direct investment . Belgium , Brazil , Portugal , and Spain are also among the country 's most important economic partners . Since 2001 , Mozambique 's annual average GDP growth has been among the world 's highest . However , the country ranks among the lowest in GDP per capita , human development , measures of inequality , and average life expectancy .   The only official language of Mozambique is Portuguese , which is spoken mostly as a second language by about half of the population . Common native languages include Makhuwa , Sena , and Swahili . The country 's population of around 24 million is composed overwhelmingly of Bantu people . The largest religion in Mozambique is Christianity , with significant minorities following Islam and African traditional religions . Mozambique is a member of the African Union , the Commonwealth of Nations , the Community of Portuguese Language Countries , the Latin Union , the Non-Aligned Movement , and the Southern African Development Community , and is an observer at La Francophonie .

neg: Politics of Indonesia The Politics of Indonesia take place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic , whereby the President of Indonesia is both head of state and head of government , and of a multi-party system . Executive power is exercised by the government . Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two People 's Representative Councils . The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature .   The 1945 constitution provided for a limited separation of executive , legislative and judicial power . The governmental system has been described as `` presidential with parliamentary characteristics . '' Following the Indonesian riots of May 1998 and the resignation of President Suharto , several political reforms were set in motion via amendments to the Constitution of Indonesia , which resulted in changes to all branches of government .

neg: Human rights in Liechtenstein Liechtenstein , a multiparty constitutional monarchy with a unicameral parliament and a government chosen by the reigning prince at its direction , is a prosperous and free country that is generally considered to have an excellent human-rights record .

neg: Government of Haiti The government of Haiti is a semi-presidential republic , a multiparty system wherein the President of Haiti is head of state elected directly by popular elections . The Prime Minister acts as head of government and is appointed by the President , chosen from the majority party in the National Assembly . Executive power is exercised by the President and Prime Minister who together constitute the government . Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of the National Assembly of Haiti . The government is organized unitarily , thus the central government delegates powers to the departments without a constitutional need for consent . The current structure of Haiti 's political system was set forth in the Constitution of March 29 , 1987 .

neg: Tromelin Island Tromelin Island ( -LSB- ˌtroʊmlɪn_ˈaɪlənd -RSB- Île Tromelin , -LSB- il tʁɔmlɛ̃ -RSB- ) is a low , flat , island in the Indian Ocean about 500 kilometers north of Réunion , and about 450 km east of Madagascar . Tromelin is administered as a French overseas territory ; however , Mauritius claims sovereignty over the island , on grounds of its absence in the listing of the 8th article of the French version of the 1814 Paris Treaty . France and Mauritius have been negotiating for years in regard to a possible co-management of the island in the future .   Tromelin has facilities for scientific expeditions and a weather station . It is a nesting site for boobies and green sea turtles .

neg: Liberal democracy Liberal democracy is a liberal political ideology and a form of government in which representative democracy operates under the principles of classical liberalism . It is also called western democracy . It is characterised by fair , free , and competitive elections between multiple distinct political parties , a separation of powers into different branches of government , the rule of law in everyday life as part of an open society , and the equal protection of human rights , civil rights , civil liberties , and political freedoms for all people . To define the system in practice , liberal democracies often draw upon a constitution , either formally written or uncodified , to delineate the powers of government and enshrine the social contract . After a period of sustained expansion throughout the 20th century , liberal democracy became the predominant political system in the world .   A liberal democracy may take various constitutional forms : it may be a constitutional monarchy ( Australia , Belgium , Canada , Japan , Norway , Spain and the United Kingdom ) or a republic ( France , India , Ireland , the United States ) . It may have a parliamentary system ( Australia , India , Ireland , the United Kingdom ) , a presidential system ( Indonesia , the United States ) , or a semi-presidential system ( France ) .   Liberal democracies usually have universal suffrage , granting all adult citizens the right to vote regardless of race , gender or property ownership . Historically , however , some countries regarded as liberal democracies have had a more limited franchise , and some do not have secret ballots . There may also be qualifications such as voters being required to register before being allowed to vote . The decisions made through elections are made not by all of the citizens , but rather by those who choose to participate by voting .   The liberal democratic constitution defines the democratic character of the state . The purpose of a constitution is often seen as a limit on the authority of the government . Liberal democracy emphasises the separation of powers , an independent judiciary , and a system of checks and balances between branches of government . Liberal democracies are likely to emphasise the importance of the state being a Rechtsstaat , i.e. , a state that follows the principle of rule of law . Governmental authority is legitimately exercised only in accordance with written , publicly disclosed laws adopted and enforced in accordance with established procedure . Many democracies use federalism -- also known as vertical separation of powers -- in order to prevent abuse and increase public input by dividing governing powers between municipal , provincial and national governments ( e.g. , Germany where the federal government assumes the main legislative responsibilities and the federated Länder assume many executive tasks ) .

neg: Elections in Mauritius Elections in Mauritius gives information on elections and election results in Mauritius . Since 1967 , Mauritius has experienced 11 free and fair democratic general elections to choose a government .   The government is formed by the party or group which controls a majority on the unicameral legislature . The National Assembly has 70 members , 62 elected for a five-year term in 21 multi-member constituencies and 8 additional `` best loser '' members appointed by the Supreme Court .   The president and vice-present is then elected by the National Assembly for a five-year term by the parliament . On a regional level , the country has village & district council , and municipal elections every 6 years .   Mauritius has a multi-party system which is mainly dominated by three parties namely Militant Socialist Movement ( MSM ) , the Labour Party and Mauritian Militant Movement ( MMM ) .   Out of the 11 national elections , the MSM has won 5 ( 1983 , 1987 , 1991 , 2000 and 2014 ) , the Labour Party won 4 ( 1967 , 1995 , 2005 and 2010 ) and the MMM won 2 ( 1976 and 1982 ) .

neg: Free Egyptians Party The Free Egyptians Party ( -LSB- حزب المصريين الأحرار , Ḥizb El Maṣrīyīn El Aḥrār -RSB- -LSB- - arzħezb el mɑsˤɾejˈjiːn el ʔɑħˈɾˤɑːɾˤ -RSB- ) is an Egyptian liberal party , founded after the 2011 Egyptian revolution . It supports the principles of a liberal , democratic , and secular political order in Egypt . Free Egyptians Party is the largest party in the House of Representatives .

neg: Politics of France The politics of France take place with the framework of a semi-presidential system determined by the French Constitution of the French Fifth Republic . The nation declares itself to be an `` indivisible , secular , democratic , and social Republic '' . The constitution provides for a separation of powers and proclaims France 's `` attachment to the Rights of Man and the principles of national sovereignty as defined by the Declaration of 1789 . ''   The political system of France consists of an executive branch , a legislative branch , and a judicial branch . Executive power is exercised by the President of the Republic and the Government . The Government consists of the Prime Minister and ministers . The Prime Minister is appointed by the President , and is responsible to Parliament . The government , including the Prime Minister , can be revoked by the National Assembly , the lower house of Parliament , through a `` censure motion '' ; this ensures that the Prime Minister is always supported by a majority of the lower house ( which , on most topics , has prominence over the upper house ) .   Parliament comprises the National Assembly and the Senate . It passes statutes and votes on the budget ; it controls the action of the executive through formal questioning on the floor of the houses of Parliament and by establishing commissions of inquiry . The constitutionality of the statutes is checked by the Constitutional Council , members of which are appointed by the President of the Republic , the President of the National Assembly , and the President of the Senate . Former presidents of the Republic also are members of the Council .   The independent judiciary is based upon civil law system which evolved from the Napoleonic codes . It is divided into the judicial branch ( dealing with civil law and criminal law ) and the administrative branch ( dealing with appeals against executive decisions ) , each with their own independent supreme court of appeal : the Court of Cassation for the judicial courts and the Conseil d'Etat for the administrative courts . The French government includes various bodies that check abuses of power and independent agencies .   France is a unitary state . However , its administrative subdivisions -- regions , departments and communes -- have various legal functions , and the national government is prohibited from intruding into their normal operations .   France was a founding member of the European Coal and Steel Community , later the European Union . As such , France has transferred part of its sovereignty to European institutions , as provided by its constitution . The French government therefore has to abide by European treaties , directives and regulations .

neg: Truth and Justice Commission The Truth and Justice Commission of Mauritius was an independent truth commission established in 2009 , which explored the impact of slavery and indentured servitude in Mauritius . The Commission was tasked to investigate the dispossession of land , and `` determine appropriate measures to be extended to descendants of slaves and indentured laborers . '' It was `` unique in that it -LSB- dealt -RSB- with socio-economic class abuses '' and explored the possibility of reparations . The inclusion of reparations , whether for individuals or communities , was a controversial decision within the country which aimed to correct inequality . The Commission attempted to cover more than 370 years , the longest period of time that a truth commission has ever covered .   The Commission consisted of five members who were appointed by the then President Sir Anerood Jugnauth . The President selected Alex Boraine , the former deputy chair of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission , and four Mauritians to oversea the research and publication of a document consisting of 7 Volumes , and detailing over 3 centuries of Mauritian history .   The Truth and Justice Commission documented the `` economics of colonialism , slavery , and indentured servitude , the experiences of indentured Africans , Indians , and French engagés , and living and working conditions on sugar estates . '' In order to aid Mauritians in reconciling the past the commission recommended : `` 1 ) memorializing slavery ; 2 ) a better understanding and more inclusive account of Mauritian history and culture ; 3 ) a better and increased protections of Mauritian heritage ; 4 ) a less racist and elitist society ; 5 ) a more democratic public life , and ; 6 ) empowerment of Mauritians of African and Malagasy origin , as well as other recommendations to increase economic and social justice , particularly related to land issues and equitable and judicious use of the environment . '' Many of these recommendations have yet to be acted upon .

neg: Madan Dulloo Madan Murlidhar Dulloo , born 20 September 1949 , is a barrister , politician and diplomat from Mauritius .   A law graduate from the University of London , member of the Middle Temple , Madan Dulloo was first elected during the 1976 general elections under the banner of the Mauritian Militant Movement .   Madan Dulloo is one of the longest serving Member of Parliament ( 29 years ) . Madan Dulloo has been present in constituency No. 6 ( Grand Baie/Poudre D'Or ) since 1976 ( 34 years ) ; Elected Member of Parliament for constituency No. 6 ( Grand Baie/Poudre D'Or ) at the following General Elections : 1976 , 1982 , 1983 , 1987 , 1991 , 2000 , 2005 .   Madan Dulloo is amongst those very few politicians in Mauritius who most of the times have always been elected ( 7 times ) .   Madan Dulloo is amongst those very few who stood the most times for General Elections ( including by-elections ) in Mauritius .   In 2005 , Madan Dulloo was at his tenth ( 10th ) elections . He has always been a candidate for the General Elections in constituency No. 6 Grand-Baie/Poudre D'or since 1976 . It 's a glorious track record .   Madan Dulloo has held the following ministerial portfolios throughout his political career :  Minister of Foreign Affairs and Emigration  Minister of Agriculture , Fisheries , and Natural Resources  Attorney General and Minister of Justice  Minister of Foreign Affairs , International Trade and Cooperation   Between 1986 and 1994 , Madan Dulloo was Minister of Foreign Affairs and Emigration , Minister of Agriculture , Fisheries & Natural Resources and Attorney General & Minister of Justice .   Between 2005 and 2008 , Madan Dulloo was Minister of Foreign Affairs , International Trade and Cooperation .

neg: Mauritian general election, 1991 General elections was held in Mauritius on 15 September 1991 . Three main parties gained seats in this election : the Militant Socialist Movement , Mauritian Militant Movement and the Labour Party . The MSM formed an alliance with the MMM and the Labour party formed an alliance with the Mauritian Social Democrat Party ( PMSD ) . On 17 September 1991 , results showed that MSM-MMM won 57 seats out of 60 elected seats . This gave 95 % of seats to MSM-MMM leader Anerood Jugnauth and 5 % to Labour Party-PMSD leader Navin Ramgoolam .

neg: Human rights in Cambodia The human rights situation in Cambodia is facing growing criticisms both within the country and an increasingly alarmed international community . After a series of flagrant violation against basic human rights a feeling of incertitude regarding the direction the country is emerging , sometimes comparing the situation to a newborn Burma .   In its report on Cambodia , Human Rights Watch stated that `` Authorities continue to ban or disperse most public demonstrations . Politicians and journalists critical of the government face violence and intimidation and are barred from equal access to the broadcast media . In addition , the judiciary remains weak and subject to political influence . Trafficking of women and children for sexual exploitation through networks protected or backed by police or government officials is rampant . The government continues to turn a blind eye to fraudulent confiscation of farmers ' land , illegal logging , and widespread plundering of natural resources . ''   The current state of the country could be described as a semblance of pluralistic democracy . In July 2004 , the royalist opposition party FUNCINPEC formed a coalition government with the Cambodian People Party ( CPP ) after a political deadlock of more than a year . More recently , Sam Rainsy Party ( SRP ) members have been targeted for criminal prosecutions , after seeing the parliamentarian immunity of several SRP members lifted by a criticized closed-door hand vote with members of the parliament .

neg: Mauritius route The Mauritius route is a channel used by foreign investors to invest in India . Mauritius is the main provider of foreign direct investment ( FDI ) to India and also the preferred jurisdiction for Indian outward investments into Africa . In fact 39.6 % of FDI to India came from Mauritius between 2001 and 2011 .

neg: Comoros The Comoros ( -LSB- ˈkɒməroʊz -RSB- جزر القمر , ) , officially the Union of the Comoros ( Comorian : Udzima wa Komori , Union des Comores , الاتحاد القمري ) , is a sovereign archipelago island nation in the Indian Ocean located at the northern end of the Mozambique Channel off the eastern coast of Africa between northeastern Mozambique and northwestern Madagascar . Other countries near the Comoros are Tanzania to the northwest and the Seychelles to the northeast . Its capital is Moroni , on Grande Comore . The Union of the Comoros has three official languages -- Comorian , Arabic and French . The religion of the majority of the population is Islam .   At 1660 km2 , excluding the contested island of Mayotte , the Comoros is the third-smallest African nation by area . The population , excluding Mayotte , is estimated at 798,000 . As a nation formed at a crossroads of different civilisations , the archipelago is noted for its diverse culture and history . The archipelago was first inhabited by Bantu speakers who came from East Africa , supplemented by Arab and Austronesian immigration .   The country consists of three major islands and numerous smaller islands , all in the volcanic Comoros archipelago . The major islands are commonly known by their French names : northwestern-most Grande Comore ( Ngazidja ) ; Mohéli ( Mwali ) ; and Anjouan ( Nzwani ) . In addition , the country has a claim on a fourth major island , southeastern-most Mayotte ( Maore ) , though Mayotte voted against independence from France in 1974 , has never been administered by an independent Comoros government , and continues to be administered by France ( currently as an overseas department ) . France has vetoed United Nations Security Council resolutions that would affirm Comorian sovereignty over the island . In addition , Mayotte became an overseas department and a region of France in 2011 following a referendum passed overwhelmingly .   It became part of the French colonial empire in the 19th century before becoming independent in 1975 . Since declaring independence , the country has experienced more than 20 coups d'état or attempted coups , with various heads of state assassinated . Along with this constant political instability , the population of the Comoros lives with the worst income inequality of any nation , with a Gini coefficient over 60 % , while also ranking in the worst quartile on the Human Development Index . about half the population lived below the international poverty line of US$ 1.25 a day . The Comoros is a member state of the African Union , Francophonie , Organisation of Islamic Cooperation , Arab League ( of which it is the southernmost state , being the only member state of the Arab League with a tropical climate and also entirely within the Southern Hemisphere ) and the Indian Ocean Commission .

neg: Demographics of Mauritius This article is about the demographic features of the population of Mauritius , including population density , ethnicity , education level , health of the populace , economic status , religious affiliations and other aspects of the population .   Mauritian society includes people from many different ethnic groups . A majority of the republic 's residents are the descendants of people from the Indian subcontinent . Mauritius also contains substantial populations from continental Africa , China , France , Great Britain , Madagascar and South Africa among other places .

neg: Mauritian literature The island of Mauritius is home to many languages , and Mauritian literature exists in French , English , Creole and Indian languages . Major themes in Mauritian literature include exoticism , multiracialism and miscegenation , racial and social conflicts , indianocéanisme , and -- more recently -- post-modernism and post-structuralism currents , such as coolitude .   After independence in 1968 writers like Dev Virahsawmy reactivated creole language , then considered as a `` patois , '' and wrote literature , especially drama . The new generation of writers has expressed persistent concern with structure and more global themes .   While Kreol Morisyen is the most spoken language on in Mauritius , most of the literature is written in French , although many authors write in English , Bhojpuri , and Morisyen . Mauritius 's renowned playwright Dev Virahsawmy writes exclusively in Morisyen .   Important authors include Malcolm de Chazal , Ananda Devi , Raymond Chasle , and Edouard Maunick . Lindsey Collen has been able to carve out a meeting of imaginaries in the unique social setup of this multi-faceted country . Other younger writers like Shenaz Patel , Natacha Appanah , Sabah Carrim , Alain Gordon-Gentil and Carl de Souza explore the issues of ethnicity , superstition and politics in the novel . Poet and critic Khal Torabully has put forward the concept of `` coolitude , '' a poetics that results from the blend of Indian and Mauritian cultural diversity . Other poets include Hassam Wachill , Edouard Maunick , Sedley Assone , Yusuf Kadel and Umar Timol .   J. M. G. Le Clézio , who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2008 , is of Mauritian heritage and holds dual French-Mauritian citizenship .   The island plays host to the Le Prince Maurice Prize , a literary award celebrating and recognizing ` writers of the heart ' . The award is designed to highlight the literary love story in all its forms rather than for pure Romantic Fiction . In keeping with the island 's literary culture the prize alternates on a yearly basis between English-speaking and French-speaking writers .

neg: Illegal logging in Madagascar Illegal logging has been a problem in Madagascar for decades and is perpetuated by extreme poverty and government corruption . Often taking the form of selective logging , the trade has been driven by high international demand for expensive , fine-grained lumber such as rosewood and ebony . Historically , logging and exporting in Madagascar have been regulated by the Malagasy government , although the logging of rare hardwoods was explicitly banned from protected areas in 2000 . Since then , government orders and memos have intermittently alternated between permitting and banning exports of precious woods . The most commonly cited reason for permitting exports is to salvage valuable wood from cyclone damage , although this reasoning has come under heavy scrutiny . This oscillating availability of Malagasy rosewood and other precious woods has created a market of rising and falling prices , allowing traders or `` timber barons '' to stockpile illegally sourced logs during periodic bans and then flood the market when the trade windows open and prices are high .   The unsustainable exploitation of these tropical hardwoods , particularly rosewood from the SAVA Region , has escalated significantly since the start of the 2009 Malagasy political crisis . Thousands of poorly paid Malagasy loggers have flooded into the national parks -- especially in the northeast -- building roads , setting up logging camps , and cutting down even the most difficult to reach rosewood trees . Illegal activities are openly flaunted , armed militia have descended upon local villages , and a rosewood mafia easily bribe government officials , buying export permits with ease . These illegal operations are funded in part by advance payments for future shipments ( financed by Chinese expatriates and Chinese importers ) and by loans from large , international banks . Demand is fueled mostly by a growing Chinese middle class and their desire for exotic imperial-style furniture . European and American demand for high-end musical instruments and furniture have also played a role . However , public scrutiny has put significant pressure on shipping companies involved in the trade , and the United States is starting to enforce the Lacey Act by investigating companies with suspected involvement in the illegal trade of Malagasy precious woods .   Logging in Madagascar 's tropical rainforests has had many secondary effects , beyond the risk of depletion of rare , endemic trees . Habitat has been disturbed , illegal mining has begun , local people have turned in desperation to the forests for resources , and poaching of endangered wildlife has escalated . Lemurs , the most well-known faunal group from the island , have been captured for the exotic pet trade as well as killed for food . Even the most critically endangered species have been targeted , primarily to feed a growing demand for delicacy food in up-scale restaurants . The local villagers have also suffered as tourism has declined sharply or ceased almost entirely . Some have resorted to working as loggers for minimal pay , while others have spoken out against it , often receiving death threats from the rosewood mafia in return .

neg: French legislative election, 2002 The French legislative elections took place on 9 June and 16 June 2002 to elect the 12th National Assembly of the Fifth Republic , in a context of political crisis .   The Socialist Prime Minister Lionel Jospin announced his political retirement after his elimination at the first round of the 2002 French presidential election . President Jacques Chirac was easily reelected , all the Republican parties having called to block far-right leader Jean-Marie Le Pen . Chirac 's conservative supporters created the Union for the Presidential Majority ( Union pour la majorité présidentielle or UMP ) to prepare for the legislative elections .   The first round of the presidential election was a shock for the two main coalitions . The candidates of the parliamentary right obtained 32 % of votes , and the candidates of the `` Plural Left '' only 27 % . In the first polls , for the legislative elections , they were equal .   The UMP campaigned against `` cohabitation '' , which is blamed for causing confusion profitable to the far-right and far-left . Jean-Pierre Raffarin , a relatively low-profile politician who said he would listen to `` France at the bottom '' , was chosen as the party 's candidate for Prime Minister .   Without a real leader , and staggered by the results of 21 April , the left was in difficulty . The Socialist chairman François Hollande tried to revive the `` Plural Left '' under the name of `` United Left '' ; but the effort was undermined by the fact that it did n't have a real programme . Furthermore , the left-wing parties could not motivate their voters against an unrecognized and apparently uncontroversial politician like Jean-Pierre Raffarin . In addition part of the left-wing electorate did not want a new `` cohabitation '' . Finally , the polls indicated a growing advantage for the Presidential Majority .   The right won the elections and the UMP obtained a large parliamentary majority of 394 seats . For the third time under the Fifth Republic , a party acquired an absolute majority ( the `` blue surge '' ) . Five months later , it became the Union for a Popular Movement .   On the left , the Socialist Party achieved a better result than at the winning 1997 elections , but its allies were crushed . The far-left returned towards its usual level . In far-right , the National Front lost the half of its 5 May voters .

neg: Crown dependencies The Crown dependencies are the Isle of Man in the Irish Sea , and the Bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey in the English Channel . They are independently administered jurisdictions , and do not form part of either the United Kingdom or the British Overseas Territories . They are self-governing possessions of the Crown ( defined uniquely in each jurisdiction ) . Internationally , the dependencies are considered `` territories for which the United Kingdom is responsible '' , rather than sovereign states . As a result , they are not member states of the Commonwealth of Nations . However , they do have relationships with the Commonwealth , the European Union , and other international organisations , and are members of the British -- Irish Council . They have their own teams in the Commonwealth Games . They are not part of the European Union ( EU ) , although they are within the EU 's customs area .   As the Crown dependencies are not sovereign states , the power to pass legislation affecting the islands ultimately rests with the government of the United Kingdom . However they each have their own legislative assemblies , with the power to legislate on many local matters with the assent of the Crown ( Privy Council , or in the case of the Isle of Man in certain circumstances the Lieutenant-Governor ) . In each case , the head of government is referred to as the Chief Minister .