query: Islam's followers are not known as Muslims.

pos: Islam Islam ( -LSB- ˈɪslɑːm -RSB- There are ten pronunciations of Islam in English , differing in whether the first or second syllable has the stress , whether the s is -LSB- slinkz -RSB- or -LSB- slinks -RSB- , and whether the a is pronounced -LSB- slinkɑː -RSB- , -LSB- slinkæ -RSB- or ( when the stress is on the first syllable ) -LSB- slinkə -RSB- ( Merriam Webster ) . The most common are -LSB- ˈɪzləm , _ ˈɪsləm , _ ɪzˈlɑːm , _ ɪsˈlɑːm -RSB- ( Oxford English Dictionary , Random House ) and -LSB- ˈɪzlɑːm , _ ˈɪslɑːm -RSB- ( American Heritage Dictionary ) . الإسلام , -LSB- alʔisˈlaːm -RSB- ) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion which professes that there is only one and incomparable God ( Allah ) and that Muhammad is the last messenger of God . It is the world 's second-largest religion and the fastest-growing major religion in the world , with over 1.8 billion followers or 24.1 % of the global population , known as Muslims . Islam teaches that God who is merciful , all-powerful , and unique has guided mankind through prophets , revealed scriptures and natural signs . The primary scriptures of Islam are the Quran , viewed by Muslims as the verbatim word of God , and the teachings and normative example ( called the sunnah , composed of accounts called hadith ) of Muhammad ( 570 -- 8 June 632 CE ) .   Muslims believe that Islam is the complete and universal version of a primordial faith that was revealed many times before through prophets including Adam , Abraham , Moses , and Jesus . As for the Quran , Muslims consider it to be the unaltered and final revelation of God . Like other Abrahamic religions , Islam also teaches a final judgment with the righteous rewarded paradise and unrighteous are punished in hell . Religious concepts and practices include the five pillars of Islam , which are obligatory acts of worship , and following Islamic law , which touches on virtually every aspect of life and society , from banking and welfare to women and the environment . The cities of Mecca , Medina and Jerusalem are home to the three holiest sites in Islam .   Islam originated in the early 7th century in Mecca , and by the 8th century the Islamic empire extended from Iberia in the west to the Indus River in the east . The Islamic Golden Age refers to the period traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century when much of the historically Islamic world was experiencing a scientific , economic and cultural flourishing . The expansion of the Muslim world involved various caliphates and empires , traders and conversion to Islam by missionary activities .   Most Muslims are of one of two denominations : Sunni ( 75 -- 90 % ) or Shia ( 10 -- 20 % ) . About 13 % of Muslims live in Indonesia , the largest Muslim-majority country , 31 % in South Asia , the largest population of Muslims in the world , 23 % in the Middle East-North Africa , where it is the dominant religion , and 15 % in Sub-Saharan Africa . Sizable Muslim communities are also found in the Americas , Caucasus , China , Europe , Mainland Southeast Asia , Philippines and Russia . Converts and immigrant communities are found in almost every part of the world .

neg: Post-monotheism In the philosophy of religion and theology , post-monotheism ( from Greek -LSB- : wikt : μόνος , μόνος -RSB- `` one '' and -LSB- : wikt : θεός , θεός -RSB- `` god , '' with the Latin prefix `` post - '' as in `` after '' or `` beyond '' ) is a term covering a range of different meanings that nonetheless share concern for the status of faith and religious experience in the modern or post-modern era . There is no one originator for the term . Rather , it has independently appeared in the writings of several intellectuals on the Internet and in print . Its most notable use has been in the poetry of Palestinian author Nidaa Khoury , and as a label for a `` new sensibility '' or theological approach proposed by the Islamic historian Christopher Schwartz .

neg: Etiquette in the Middle East Many matters of etiquette in the Middle East are connected to Islam as it is written in the Qur ` an and how it has been traditionally understood and practiced throughout the centuries . Prescribed Islamic etiquette is referred to as Adab , and described as `` refinement , good manners , morals , ethics , decorum , decency , humaneness and righteousness '' .   As such , many points discussed in this article are applicable in other regions of the Islamic world . This holds especially true in Muslim majority countries outside Middle East .   The Middle East is home to many people who follow faiths besides Islam . Most notable among them are the churches of Eastern Orthodox Christianity , Copts and other adherents of Oriental Orthodoxy , Maronites , Melkites other Catholics of the Eastern Rites as well as the Roman Rite , Zoroastrians , Bahá ' ís , and various Jewish denominations .   In many cases , however , Muslims and non-Muslims in the Middle East will share characteristics , whether it is the prohibition against pork ordained by both Islamic and Jewish dietary restrictions , a preference for the beverage widely known elsewhere as `` Turkish coffee '' , or knowledge of how to conduct business in a crowded souk without being cheated . It is a place where people with different beliefs often share the same traditions .

neg: Political Islam The term Political Islam is a recently developed term . It is used to label the wide-scale activities of individuals or organizations heading towards the transformation of the state and entire society according to '' Islamic '' rules . It is based on Islam which is a complex of political persuasion and fundamental Islamic books -- Koran , Sira ( the biography of Mohammed ) , and Hadith ( Mohammed 's traditions ) . The term is often used in connection with the movements which represent the current political powers in the name of Islam , emerging at the end of 20th century . It is also used as a term describing political activities stemming from basic Islamic books aiming predominantly at Non-Muslims .   Political Islam is often confused with Islamism . However , Political Islam is not only a synonym for violent , radical or extreme Islamism . On the contrary , an overwhelming majority of Islamic political activity is carried out by peaceful means and often within a constitutional framework ( e.g. Arbitration Act from 1996 , where Sharia courts became a part of official British Law ) . International activities of extremists including terrorist acts are an exception not the rule if we talk about political activities executed in the name of Islam . Although this term is often used for organized groups , movements or parties , it can also concern a great number of the individuals who share basic goals and background of Political Islam without any direct connection to a party or group .

neg: Mahdi In Islamic eschatology , the Mahdi ( مهدي , ISO 233 : `` guided one '' ) is the prophesied redeemer of Islam who will rule for five , seven , nine , or nineteen years ( according to differing interpretations ) before the Day of Judgement ( , literally , the Day of Resurrection ) and will rid the world of evil .   There is no explicit reference to the Mahdi in the Qur ` an , but references to him are found in hadith ( the reports and traditions of Muhammad 's teachings collected after his death ) . According to Islamic tradition , the Mahdi 's tenure will coincide with the Second Coming of Jesus Christ ( Isa ) , who is to assist the Mahdi against the Masih ad-Dajjal ( literally , the `` false Messiah '' or Antichrist ) . Differences exist in the concept of the Mahdi between Shia Muslims and adherents of the Sunni tradition . For Sunnis , the Mahdi is the Muslims ' future leader who is yet to come . For most Shia Muslims , the Mahdi was born but disappeared and will remain hidden from humanity until he reappears to bring justice to the world , a doctrine known as the Occultation . For Twelver Shia , this `` hidden Imam '' is Muhammad al-Mahdi , the Twelfth Imam .   Throughout history , various individuals have claimed to be the Mahdi . These have included Muhammad Jaunpuri , founder of the Mahdavia sect ; the Báb ( Siyyid Ali Muhammad ) , founder of Bábism ; Muhammad Ahmad , who established the Mahdist state in Sudan in the late 19th century ; and Mirza Ghulam Ahmad , founder of the Ahmadiyya sect .

neg: Khoja The Khojas are a group of diverse people who converted to Islam in South Asia . The word Khoja derives from Khwāja ( New Persian Khājé ) , a Persian honorific title of pious individuals from Central Asia , South Asia and the Middle East . .   In India , most Khojas live in the states of Gujarat , Maharashtra , Rajasthan and the city of Hyderabad . Many Khojas have also migrated and settled over the centuries in East Africa , Europe and North America . The Khoja were by then adherents of Nizārī Ismā ' īlīsm . In the late 19th and early 20th centuries , particularly in the aftermath of the Aga Khan Case a significant minority separated and adopted Twelver Shi'ism or Sunni Islam , while the majority remained Nizārī Ismā ' īlī .

neg: Hyderabadi Muslims Hyderabadi Muslims are an ethnoreligious community of Urdu-speaking Muslims , part of a larger group of Dakhini Muslims , from the area that used to be the princely state of Hyderabad , India , including cities like Hyderabad , Aurangabad , Gulbarga and Bidar . While the term `` Hyderabadi '' now only refers to residents in and around the city of Hyderabad , the term Hyderabadi Muslims can refer to those native Muslim residents of the erstwhile princely state.The native language of the Hyderabadi Muslims is Hyderabadi Urdu , which is a form of the Dakhini language . With their origins in the Muslim Bahmani Sultanate and then the Deccan sultanates , Hyderabadi Muslim culture became defined in the latter half of the reign of the Asif Jahi Dynasty in Hyderabad . The culture exists today mainly in the old city of Hyderabad , Aurangabad , and among the Hyderabadi Muslim diaspora around the world , in particular , Pakistan , Saudi Arabia , the Arab states of the Persian Gulf , USA , Canada and the United Kingdom .

neg: Islamic art Islamic art encompasses the visual arts produced from the 7th century onward by people who lived within the territory that was inhabited by or ruled by culturally Islamic populations . It is thus a very difficult art to define because it covers many lands and various peoples over some 1,400 years ; it is not art specifically of a religion , or of a time , or of a place , or of a single medium like painting . The huge field of Islamic architecture is the subject of a separate article , leaving fields as varied as calligraphy , painting , glass , pottery , and textile arts such as carpets and embroidery .   Islamic art is not at all restricted to religious art , but includes all the art of the rich and varied cultures of Islamic societies as well . It frequently includes secular elements and elements that are frowned upon , if not forbidden , by some Islamic theologians . Apart from the ever-present calligraphic inscriptions , specifically religious art is actually less prominent in Islamic art than in Western medieval art , with the exception of Islamic architecture where mosques and their complexes of surrounding buildings are the most common remains . Figurative painting may cover religious scenes , but normally in essentially secular contexts such as the walls of palaces or illuminated books of poetry . The calligraphy and decoration of manuscript Qur ` ans is an important aspect , but other religious art such as glass mosque lamps and other mosque fittings such as tiles ( e.g. Girih tiles ) , woodwork and carpets usually have the same style and motifs as contemporary secular art , although with religious inscriptions even more prominent .   `` Islamic art developed from many sources : Roman , Early Christian art , and Byzantine styles were taken over in early Islamic art and architecture ; the influence of the Sassanian art of pre-Islamic Persia was of paramount significance ; Central Asian styles were brought in with various nomadic incursions ; and Chinese influences had a formative effect on Islamic painting , pottery , and textiles . '' Though the whole concept of `` Islamic art '' has been criticised by some modern art historians , calling it a `` figment of imagination '' or a `` mirage '' ,  the similarities between art produced at widely different times and places in the Islamic world , especially in the Islamic Golden Age , have been sufficient to keep the term in wide use by scholars .   There are repeating elements in Islamic art , such as the use of geometrical floral or vegetal designs in a repetition known as the arabesque . The arabesque in Islamic art is often used to symbolize the transcendent , indivisible and infinite nature of God . Mistakes in repetitions may be intentionally introduced as a show of humility by artists who believe only God can produce perfection , although this theory is disputed .   Typically , though not entirely , Islamic art has focused on the depiction of patterns , whether purely geometric or floral , and Arabic calligraphy , rather than on figures , because it is feared by many Muslims that the depiction of the human form is idolatry and thereby a sin against God , forbidden in the Qur ` an . Human portrayals can be found in all eras of Islamic art , above all in the more private form of miniatures , where their absence is rare . Human representation for the purpose of worship is considered idolatry and is duly forbidden in some interpretations of Islamic law , known as Sharia law . There are also many depictions of Muhammad , Islam 's chief prophet , in historical Islamic art . Small decorative figures of animals and humans , especially if they are hunting the animals , are found on secular pieces in many media from many periods , but portraits were slow to develop .

neg: Irreligion in Saudi Arabia Irreligion in Saudi Arabia is difficult to measure as it is illegal to leave the Islamic faith in the country . Most atheists in Saudi Arabia communicate with each other via the internet .   According to a Gallup poll , 19 % of Saudi Arabians are not religious and 5 % are atheists .   In March 2014 , the Saudi interior ministry issued a royal decree branding all atheists as terrorists , which defines terrorism as `` calling for atheist thought in any form , or calling into question the fundamentals of the Islamic religion on which this country is based . ''   Apostasy is punishable by the death penalty .

neg: Naskh (tafsir) Naskh is an Arabic word usually translated as `` abrogation '' ; It is a term used in Islamic legal exegesis for seemingly contradictory material within , or between , the two primary sources of Islamic law : the Quran and the Sunna . Several Qur ` anic verses state that some revelations have been abrogated and superseded by later revelations , which are understood by many Muslim scholars as pertaining to the verses of the Quran itself .   Neither the Quran nor the sayings of Muhammad state which verses stand abrogated . However , narrations from Muhammad 's companions inform about the abrogated verses or rulings of the religion ; and the principle of abrogation of an older verse by a new verse in the Quran , or within the Hadiths , was an established principle in Sharia at least by the 9th century . The possibility of abrogation between these two primary sources of Islam has been a more contentious issue . The allowability of abrogation between sources has been one of the major differences between the Shafi'i and Hanafi fiqhs , with the Shafi'i school of jurisprudence forbidding abrogation by the Sunna of the Qur ' ān , while the Hanafi school allowing abrogation by the Sunna of the Qur ' ān .   Seventy-one of the Quran 's one hundred and fourteen surah contain abrogated verses according to one estimate . Muslim exegetes and jurists have disagreed and disputed the number of verses of the Quran and sunnah in the Hadiths recognized as abrogated .

neg: Yakub (Nation of Islam) Yakub ( sometimes spelled Yacub or Yaqub ) is a central figure of the Nation of Islam ( NOI ) . According to the story , Yakub was a black scientist who lived `` 6,600 years ago '' and began the creation of the white race to be a `` race of devils . '' He is said to have done this through a form of selective breeding referred to as `` grafting '' , while living on the island of Patmos .   The Nation of Islam theology claims that Yakub is the biblical Jacob . Mainstream Sunni and Shia Muslims reject this belief , or anything similar to it . The story has caused disputes within the NOI during its history . Under its current leader Louis Farrakhan , the NOI continues to assert that the story of Yakub is true , stating that modern science is consistent with it .

neg: Migration to Abyssinia The Migration to Abyssinia ( الهجرة إلى الحبشة , al-hijra ʾilā al-habaša ) , also known as the First Hegira ( هِجْرَة hijrah ) , was an episode in the early history of Islam , where Prophet Muhammad 's first followers ( the Sahabah ) fled from the persecution of the ruling Quraysh tribe of Mecca . They sought refuge in the Christian Kingdom of Aksum , present-day Ethiopia and Eritrea ( formerly referred to as Abyssinia , a name derived from the Arabic Al-Habash ) , in or . The Aksumite monarch who received them is known in Islamic sources as the Negus ( نجاشي najāšī ) Ashama ibn Abjar . Modern historians have alternatively identified him with King Armah and Ella Tsaham . Some of the exiles returned to Mecca and made the hijra to Medina with Muhammad , while others remained in Abyssinia until they came to Medina in 628 .

neg: Islamic studies by author (non-Muslim or academic) Included are prominent authors who have made studies concerning Islam , the religion and its civilization , and the culture of Muslim peoples . Not included are those studies of Islam produced by Muslim authors meant primarily for a Muslim audience .   Herein most of the authors from the early centuries of Islam belonged to non-Muslim societies , cultures , or religions . The primary intent of many early works was to inform non-Muslims about a distant and/or unfamiliar Islam ; some were clearly polemical in motivation and can not be termed objective . As time went on , academic standards were developed generally , and were increasingly applied to studies of Islam . Many of the authors here are of Christian provenance , yet there are also Jewish , Zoroastrian , Hindu , Sikh , Buddhist , Taoist , Confucian , Communist , and secular points of view . The most recent entries are often sourced in universities , and include works by Muslim professors whose publications address a worldwide audience .

neg: Kafir Kafir ( كافر ; plural كفّار ; feminine كافرة ) is an Arabic term ( from the root K-F-R `` to cover '' ) meaning `` unbeliever '' , or `` disbeliever '' . The term alludes to a person who rejects or disbelieves in God and the teachings of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad , and denies the dominion and authority of God ; or otherwise does not heed the beliefs and prescriptions held by the religion of Islam . It is used as a derogatory term . Unbelief is called kufr . Kafir is sometimes used interchangeably with mushrik ( مشرك , those who commit polytheism ) , another type of religious wrongdoer mentioned frequently in the Quran and Islamic works . The practice of declaring another self-professed Muslim a kafir is known as takfir .

neg: Mirza Tahir Ahmad Mirza Tahir Ahmad ( -LSB- ) ( 18 December 1928 -- 19 April 2003 ) was Khalifatul Masih IV ( خليفة المسيح الرابع , khalīfatul masīh al-rābi ) and the head of the worldwide Ahmadiyya Muslim Community . He was elected as the fourth successor of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad on 10 June 1982 , the day after the death of his predecessor , Mirza Nasir Ahmad .   Following the Ordinance XX that was promulgated by the government of Pakistan in 1984 , which prohibited Ahmadi Muslims from any public expression of the Islamic faith , Tahir Ahmad left Pakistan and migrated to London , England , provisionally moving the headquarters of the community to the Fazl Mosque in London . He is noted particularly for his question and answer sessions which he held regularly with people from around the world and for his Quranic discourses . Under his leadership , there was an acceleration in the number of Quran translations produced by the community ; and during his caliphate , the community experienced structural and financial growth on an international level , including the launch of the first Muslim satellite television network , Muslim Television Ahmadiyya in 1994 through which he could communicate televised messages to the community globally and have his sermons and other public engagements transmitted throughout the world through this medium .   Tahir Ahmad also authored many books including , Some Distinctive Features of Islam ; Christianity : a Journey From Facts to Fiction ; Murder in the name of Allah , and his magnum opus Revelation , Rationality , Knowledge & Truth . He initiated various funds for humanitarian causes such as the Maryam Shaadi Fund , used to assist deserving parents in marrying off their daughters , the Sayyidna Bilal Fund , for  the welfare and upkeep of the families of martyrs who have been killed in the cause of the community and the Yatama Fund to provide financial assistance to orphans especially in Africa , India and Bangladesh . In 1994 , he also initiated the international charity organization Humanity First .

neg: Palestinians The Palestinian people ( الشعب الفلسطيني , ash-sha ` b al-Filasṭīnī ) , also referred to as Palestinians ( الفلسطينيون , al-Filasṭīniyyūn , ) or Palestinian Arabs ( العربي الفلسطيني , al - ` arabi il-filastini ) , are an ethnonational group comprising the modern descendants of the peoples who have lived in Palestine over the centuries , including Jews and Samaritans , and who today are largely culturally and linguistically Arab . Despite various wars and exoduses ( such as that in 1948 ) , roughly one half of the world 's Palestinian population continues to reside in historic Palestine , the area encompassing the West Bank , the Gaza Strip and Israel . In this combined area , , Palestinians constituted 49 % of all inhabitants , encompassing the entire population of the Gaza Strip ( 1.865 million ) , the majority of the population of the West Bank ( approximately 2,785,000 versus close to 500,000 Jewish Israeli citizens which includes about 200,000 in East Jerusalem ) , and 20.8 % of the population of Israel proper as Arab citizens of Israel . Many are Palestinian refugees or internally displaced Palestinians , including more than a million in the Gaza Strip , three-quarters of a million in the West Bank , and about a quarter of a million in Israel proper . Of the Palestinian population who live abroad , known as the Palestinian diaspora , more than half are stateless lacking citizenship in any country . Between 2.1 and 3.24 million of the diaspora population live in neighboring Jordan , over 1 million live between Syria and Lebanon , a quarter of a million in Saudi Arabia , with Chile 's half a million representing the largest concentration outside the Arab world .   Palestinian Christians and Muslims constituted 90 % of the population of Palestine on the eve of the third wave of Jewish immigration under the post-WW1 British Mandatory Authority , opposition to which spurred the consolidation of a unified national identity , fragmented as it was by regional , class , religious and family differences . The history of a distinct Palestinian national identity is a disputed issue amongst scholars . Legal historian Assaf Likhovski states that the prevailing view is that Palestinian identity originated in the early decades of the 20th century , when an embryonic desire among Palestinians for self-government in the face of generalized fears that Zionism would lead to a Jewish state and the dispossession of the Arab majority crystallised among most editors , Christian and Muslim , of local newspapers . `` Palestinian '' was used to refer to the nationalist concept of a Palestinian people by Palestinian Arabs in a limited way until World War I . After the creation of the State of Israel , the exodus of 1948 , and more so after the exodus of 1967 , the term came to signify not only a place of origin , but also the sense of a shared past and future in the form of a Palestinian state . Modern Palestinian identity now encompasses the heritage of all ages from biblical times up to the Ottoman period .   Founded in 1964 , the Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) is an umbrella organization for groups that represent the Palestinian people before the international community . The Palestinian National Authority , officially established as a result of the Oslo Accords , is an interim administrative body nominally responsible for governance in Palestinian population centers in the West Bank and Gaza Strip . Since 1978 , the United Nations has observed an annual International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People . According to Perry Anderson , it is estimated that half of the population in the Palestinian territories are refugees and that they have collectively suffered approximately $ 300 billion in property losses due to Israeli confiscations , at 2008-9 prices .

neg: Religious traditionalism in Iran Traditionalism is one of the three basic types of Islam in Iran : traditionalism ( traditional humanism ) , modernism , and a variety of forms of revivalism usually brought together as fundamentalism .   Until two hundred years ago , in spite of the many schools and interpretations , many Muslims in Iran lived within the tradition . It was a living tradition , emphasizing the harmony of law , art , and all forms of knowledge . Also a significant Iranian scholar followed the tradition of Persian sufism and pluralism . Currently in Iran there exist three main types of Islam : traditionalists ( represented by Hossein Nasr and Yousef Sanei ) , modernists ( represented by Abdolkarim Soroush ) and different groups under the conservative umbrella ( represented by Ruhollah Khomeini , Ali Khamenei , Mohammad-Taghi Bahjat , Naser Makarem Shirazi , Mohammad Taghi Mesbah Yazdi and Hossein Noori Hamedani ) . Iranian Islam differs from the mainstream Sunni Islam and may be better understood by studying the Shia history in Arabia and Iran .   Some groups of conservatives and Traditionals humanists have tendencies toward mystical spiritualism and some of them are less political ( or apolitcal ) .   In traditional schools , traditional astronomy and geometry are discussed as well as philosophy , Sufism and ethics .

neg: Ibadi The Ibāḍī movement , Ibadism or Ibāḍiyya , also known as the Ibadis ( الاباضية , al-Ibāḍiyyah ) , is a school of Islam dominant in Oman . It is also found in Algeria , Tunisia , Libya and East Africa . The movement is said to have been founded 20 years after the death of the Muslim prophet Muhammad , predating both the Sunni and Shia denominations . Some historians believe that the denomination is a reformed sect of the Khawarij movement ; Ibāḍīs , however , deny anything more than a passing relation to the Khawarij and point out that they merely developed out of the same precursor group called Muhakkima .

neg: Hanbali The Hanbali school is one of the four orthodox Sunni Islamic schools of jurisprudence ( fiqh ) . It is named after the Iraqi scholar Ahmad ibn Hanbal ( d. 855 ) , and was institutionalized by his students . The Hanbali madhhab is the smallest of four major Sunni schools , the others being the Hanafi , Maliki and Shafi`i .   Hanbali school derives Sharia predominantly from the Quran , the Hadiths ( sayings and customs of Muhammad ) , and the views of Sahabah ( Muhammad 's companions ) . In cases where there is no clear answer in sacred texts of Islam , the Hanbali school does not accept jurist discretion or customs of a community as a sound basis to derive Islamic law , a method that Hanafi and Maliki Sunni fiqhs accept . Hanbali school is the strict traditionalist school of jurisprudence in Sunni Islam . It is found primarily in Saudi Arabia and Qatar , where it is the official fiqh . Hanbali followers are the demographic majority in four emirates of UAE ( Sharjah , Umm al-Quwain , Ras al-Khaimah and Ajman ) . Large minorities of Hanbali followers are also found in Bahrain , Oman and Yemen and within Iraqi and Jordanian bedouins .   The Hanbali school experienced a reformation in the Wahhabi-Salafist movement . Historically the school was small ; during the 18th to early-20th century Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab and Al Saud greatly aided its propagation around the world by way of their interpretation of the school 's teachings . As a result of this , the school 's name has become a controversial one in certain quarters of the Islamic world due to the influence he is believed by some to have had upon these teachings , which cites Ibn Hanbal as a principal influence along with the thirteenth-century Hanbali reformer Ibn Taymiyyah . However , it has been argued by certain scholars that Ibn Hanbal 's own beliefs actually played `` no real part in the establishment of the central doctrines of Wahhabism , '' as there is evidence , according to the same authors , that `` the older Hanbalite authorities had doctrinal concerns very different from those of the Wahhabis , '' rich as medieval Hanbali literature is in references to saints , grave visitation , miracles , and relics . Historically , the Hanbali school was treated as simply another valid interpretation of Islamic law , and many prominent medieval Sufis , such as Abdul Qadir Jilani , were Hanbali jurists and mystics at the same time .

neg: Islam in Asia Islam began in Asia in the 7th century during the lifetime of Muhammad . A number of adherents of Islam have lived in Asia & specially West Asia and South Asia since the beginning of Islamic history . Islam is said to have arrived in Manipur ( Northeast India ) in 615 AD via Chittagong which is part of present-day Bangladesh 's coast in the age of silk route ( both onland and by sea ) trades when Sa ` d ibn Abi Waqqas ( b.594-d .674 AD ) and others namely Uwais al-Qarni ( 594-657 ) , Khunais ibn Hudhaifa , Saeed ibn Zaid , Wahb Abu Kabcha , Jahsh and Jafar ibn Abu Talib preached there .  The Barmakid family was an early supporter of the Abbasid Revolution against the Umayyads and of As-Saffah . This gave Khalid ibn Barmak considerable influence , and his son Yaḥyā ibn Khālid ( d. 806 ) was the vizier of the caliph al-Mahdi ( ruled 775 -- 785 ) and tutor of Hārūn ar-Rashīd ( ruled 786-809 ) . Yaḥyā 's sons al-Faḍl and Ja ` far ( 767-803 ) both occupied high offices under Harun .   Many Barmakids were patrons of the sciences , which greatly helped the propagation of Indian science and scholarship from the neighbouring Academy of Gundishapur into the Arabic world . They patronized scholars such as Gebir and Jabril ibn Bukhtishu . They are also credited with the establishment of the first paper mill in Baghdad . The power of the Barmakids in those times is reflected in The Book of One Thousand and One Nights ; the vizier Ja ` far appears in several stories , as well as a tale that gave rise to the expression `` Barmecide feast '' .   Many of the early governors of the Caliphate were Barmakids . Khalid ibn Barmak built Mansura , Sindh and later Baghdad . His son was the governor of what is now Azerbaijan .

neg: Moses in Islam Mûsâ al ibn Amram ( -LSB- ٰمُوسَى , Mūsa -RSB- ) known as Moses in the Hebrew Bible , considered a prophet , messenger , and leader in Islam , is the most frequently mentioned individual in the Quran . In Islamic tradition , instead of introducing a new religion , Musa is regarded by Muslims as teaching and practicing the religion of his predecessors and confirming the scriptures and prophets before him . The Quran states that Moses was sent by God to the Pharaoh of Egypt and the Israelites for guidance and warning . Moses is mentioned more in the Quran than any other individual , and his life is narrated and recounted more than that of any other prophet . According to Islam , all Muslims must have faith in every prophet ( nabi ) and messenger ( rasul ) which includes Moses and his brother Aaron ( Harun ) . The Quran states :   Moses is considered to be a prophetic predecessor to Muhammad . Generally attributed the tale of Moses as a spiritual parallel to the life of Muhammad , considering many aspects of their lives to be shared . Islamic literature also describes a parallel between their believers and the incidents which occurred in their lifetimes . The exodus of the Israelites from Egypt is considered similar to the migration ( hijra ) made by the followers of Muhammad .   Moses ( Musa ) is also very important in Islam for having been given the revelation of the Torah , which is considered to be one of the true revealed scriptures in Muslim theology , and Muslims generally hold that much of the Torah is confirmed and repeated in the Qur ` an . Moreover , according to Islamic tradition , Moses was one of the many prophets Muhammad met in the event of the Mi ` raj , when he ascended through the seven heavens . In Muslim belief , Moses is regarded as having urged Muhammad during his Mi ` raj to reduce the number of prayers until they were only five remaining , which are regarded as being the five obligatory prayers . Moses is further revered in Islamic literature , which expands upon the incidents of his life and the miracles attributed to him in the Qur ` an and hadith , such as his direct conversation with God .


query: Tender Mercies is directed by Bruce Beresford in 1983.

pos: Tender Mercies Tender Mercies is a 1983 American drama film directed by Bruce Beresford . The screenplay by Horton Foote focuses on Mac Sledge , a recovering alcoholic country music singer who seeks to turn his life around through his relationship with a young widow and her son in rural Texas . Robert Duvall plays the role of Mac ; the supporting cast includes Tess Harper , Betty Buckley , Wilford Brimley , Ellen Barkin and Allan Hubbard .   Financed by EMI Films , Tender Mercies was shot largely in Waxahachie , Texas . The script was rejected by several American directors before the Australian Beresford accepted it . Duvall , who sang his own songs in the film , drove more than 600 mi throughout the state , tape recording local accents and playing in country music bands to prepare for the role . He and Beresford repeatedly clashed during production , at one point prompting the director to walk off the set and reportedly consider quitting the film .   The film encompasses several different themes , including the importance of love and family , the possibility of spiritual resurrection amid death , and the concept of redemption through Mac Sledge 's conversion to Christianity . Following poor test screening results , distributor Universal Pictures made little effort to publicize Tender Mercies , which Duvall attributed to the studio 's lack of understanding of country music .   The film was released on March 4 , 1983 , in a limited number of theaters . Although unsuccessful at the box office , it was critically acclaimed and earned five Academy Award nominations , including one for Best Picture . Tender Mercies won Oscars for Best Original Screenplay for Foote and Best Actor for Duvall .

neg: Undercover (1983 film) Undercover is a 1983 Australian film .   It was based on an original idea by Miranda Downes , who wanted to make a film based on Australian underwear manufacturer Fred Burley . David Stevens was attracted to the movie because it gave him the chance to make a movie that was fun and glamorous , which said something about Australia .   The investors insisted on an American actor in the cast . Dennis Quaid was originally meant to play the American lead but his involvement was objected to by Actors Equity . Equity did not like Stevens ' second choice for the role but approved his third , Michael Pare .

neg: Segni particolari: bellissimo Segni particolari : bellissimo ( Distinguishing features : beautiful ) is a 1983 Italian comedy film directed by Castellano & Pipolo . The film was a commercial success , grossing over 3,4 billion lire at the Italian box office .

neg: Money Movers Money Movers is a 1978 Australian crime action drama film directed by Bruce Beresford . The film was based on the book Money Movers by Devon Minchin , founder of Metropolitan Security Services . The story deals loosely with two real-life events , the 1970 Sydney Armoured Car Robbery where A$ 500,000 was stolen from a Mayne Nickless armoured van , and a 1970 incident where A$ 280,000 was stolen from Metropolitan Security Services ' offices by bandits impersonating policemen .   Money Movers is `` one of the few films of the 1970s that deal with crime and police corruption as an entrenched state of being , and one of the earliest to embrace extremely violent action . ''

neg: Un povero ricco Un povero ricco , also known as Rich and Poor , is a 1983 Italian comedy film directed by Pasquale Festa Campanile .

neg: Duet for Four Duet for Four is a 1982 film directed by Tim Burstall .

neg: Mani di fata Mani di fata ( Fairy hands ) is a 1983 Italian comedy film directed by Steno .

neg: The Hotel New Hampshire (film) The Hotel New Hampshire is a 1984 British-Canadian-American comedy-drama film written and directed by Tony Richardson based on John Irving 's 1981 novel of the same name . The film stars Jodie Foster , Beau Bridges , Rob Lowe , and Nastassja Kinski , and also features Wilford Brimley , Amanda Plummer , Matthew Modine , and a young Seth Green in a supporting role . The film is a co-production from the United Kingdom , Canada , and the United States .   In an introductory foreword that he wrote for a later edition of the novel , author Irving stated that he was thrilled when Richardson informed him that he wanted to adapt the book to the screen . Irving wrote that he was very happy with the adaptation , complaining only that he felt Richardson tried to make the film too faithful to the book , noting the manner in which Richardson would often speed up the action in an attempt to include more material onscreen .

neg: Loyalties (1987 film) Loyalties ( also known as Double allégeance ) is a 1987 British/Canadian drama film written and directed by Anne Wheeler . It was shot in Lac la Biche , Alberta .

neg: An Englishman Abroad An Englishman Abroad is a 1983 BBC television drama film , based on the true story of a chance meeting of actress Coral Browne , with Guy Burgess ( Alan Bates ) , a member of the Cambridge spy ring who spied for the Soviet Union while an officer at MI6 . The production was written by Alan Bennett and directed by John Schlesinger ; Browne stars as herself .   The film is set is Moscow in 1958 , after Burgess had defected to the Soviet Union in 1951 with Donald Maclean when it became apparent that Maclean was about to be investigated by British intelligence . Burgess barges into Browne 's dressing room in the interval of a touring Shakespeare Memorial Theatre ( which became one of the bases of the Royal Shakespeare Company ) production of Hamlet , in which she portrayed Gertrude , and charms her . Later on she is invited to his Moscow flat , finding it with some difficulty , to measure him for a suit that he would like ordered from his London tailor .   Several plot changes were made from the true story told by Browne to Bennett . Burgess in fact threw up in the dressing room of Michael Redgrave , who asked for Browne 's help . Redgrave documented the incident in his biography . The play also contained scenes in Moscow 's British Embassy and in London shops where Browne encountered resistance to helping Burgess , none of which happened in reality .   Rather than film in the Soviet Union , Schlesinger used several locations in Scotland . The Caird Hall and Whitehall Theatre in Dundee stood in for the Moscow theatre , and the grand marble staircase of Glasgow City Chambers played the part of the British Embassy . Additional filming was done at Glasgow 's St. Andrew 's Suspension Bridge ( `` luckily , in a snowstorm '' Bennett later wrote ) and the Moss Heights flats in Cardonald , which represented Burgess ' Moscow apartment .   Both Browne and Bates were winners of the BAFTA awards for acting for their roles in this production .   Bennett gives the date of Browne 's meeting with Burgess as 1958 in the introduction to his Single Spies , which contains the text of An Englishman Abroad in the stage play version and the text of A Question of Attribution about Anthony Blunt .   The play was also adapted for radio on the BBC World Service in 1994 starring Michael Gambon as Burgess and Penelope Wilton as Coral Browne . It was subsequently re-broadcast on BBC Radio 7 and BBC Radio 4 Extra , most recently in 2013 as part of BBC Radio 4 Extra 's Cambridge Spies season .   On the BFI TV 100 , a list compiled in 2000 by the British Film Institute ( BFI ) , chosen by a poll of industry professionals , to determine what were the greatest British television programmes of any genre ever to have been screened , An Englishman Abroad was listed at no. 30 on the list .

neg: Operation Diplomat (film) Operation Diplomat is a 1953 British drama film directed by John Guillermin and produced by Ernest G. Roy .

neg: Bekaraar Bekaraar is an Indian film directed by Rajendra Prasad V.B. and released in 1983 . The movie stars Sanjay Dutt , Padmini Kolhapure , Mohnish Bahl , Supriya Pathak .

neg: Bleak Moments Bleak Moments is a 1971 British film , the first film of Mike Leigh . It began as a 75-minute stage play in March 1970 at the Open Space Theatre . Leigh and Les Blair had formed their own company , Autumn Productions , and Leigh wanted to make a film of Bleak Moments . He was able to realise that desire when Albert Finney and Michael Medwin 's Memorial Films , which had recently made If ... . and was about to produce Gumshoe , `` delivered the main financial backing , as well as unused spare bits of film rolls . ''

neg: Max Dugan Returns Max Dugan Returns is a 1983 American comedy-drama film starring Jason Robards as Max Dugan , Marsha Mason as his daughter Nora , Donald Sutherland , Kiefer Sutherland , and Matthew Broderick , the latter two actors each in their first film appearances . This would be the last Neil Simon film to be directed by Herbert Ross , as well as the last of his films starring Mason ( Simon 's wife at the time ) .

neg: Stroker Ace Stroker Ace is a 1983 American action comedy film , directed by Hal Needham and filmed in North Carolina and Georgia . Burt Reynolds stars as the eponymous Stroker Ace , a NASCAR driver .   The co-stars were Jim Nabors , Loni Anderson , Ned Beatty , Parker Stevenson , and Bubba Smith , with appearances by many NASCAR drivers , such as : Dale Earnhardt , Richard Petty , Neil Bonnett , Harry Gant , Terry Labonte , Kyle Petty , Benny Parsons , Tim Richmond , Ricky Rudd , Cale Yarborough , and announcers Ken Squier , David Hobbs , and Chris Economaki . The movie was filmed on location at Charlotte Motor Speedway , Talladega Superspeedway and the Atlanta Motor Speedway in Hampton , Georgia . The theme song was performed by Charlie Daniels .   Burt Reynolds turned down the role of astronaut Garrett Breedlove in Terms of Endearment to do this film . The role went to Jack Nicholson , who went on to win an Academy Award . Reynolds said he made this decision because `` I felt I owed Hal more than I owed Jim '' but that it was a turning point in his career from which he never recovered . `` That 's where I lost them , '' he says of his fans .   The movie was adapted from the 1974 novel Stand On It , an autobiography of fictional driver `` Stroker Ace . '' The novel 's joint authors , William Neely and Robert K. Ottum , based the book on actual events from the racing world but with their protagonist as the subject .

neg: Heat and Dust (film) Heat and Dust is a 1983 romantic drama film with a screenplay by Ruth Prawer Jhabvala based upon her novel , Heat and Dust . It was directed by James Ivory and produced by Ismail Merchant . It stars Greta Scacchi , Shashi Kapoor and Julie Christie .   The plot of Heat and Dust follows two intertwined stories . The first is set in the 1920s and deals with an illicit affair between Olivia , the beautiful young wife of a British colonial official , and an Indian Nawab . The second , set in 1982 , deals with Anne , Olivia 's great-niece , who travels to India hoping to find out about her great-aunt 's life , and while there also has an affair with an Indian man .   Heat and Dust forms part of a cycle of film and television productions which emerged during the first half of the 1980s , reflecting Britain 's growing interest in the British Raj . In addition to Heat and Dust , this cycle included Gandhi ( 1982 ) , The Jewel in the Crown ( 1984 ) , The Far Pavilions ( 1984 ) and A Passage to India ( 1984 ) .

neg: Tender Is the Night (Johnny Mathis album) Tender Is the Night is an album by American pop singer Johnny Mathis that was released by Mercury Records on January 23 , 1964 and included selections from stage and screen as well as two new songs from `` Fly Me to the Moon '' composer Bart Howard .   This first of four studio albums that Mathis released that year debuted on Billboard magazine 's Top LP 's chart in the issue dated February 15 , 1964 , and remained there for 28 weeks , peaking at number 13 .   The album was released on compact disc for the first time as one of two albums in a two-CD set by Sony Music Entertainment on August 28 , 2012 , the other album being Mathis 's follow-up from the summer of 1964 , The Wonderful World of Make Believe . Tender Is The Night was also included in Sony 's Mathis box set The Complete Global Albums Collection , which was released on November 17 , 2014 .

neg: The Man Who Loved Women (1983 film) The Man Who Loved Women is a 1983 American comedy film directed by Blake Edwards and starring Burt Reynolds , Julie Andrews and Kim Basinger . It is a remake of the 1977 French film L'Homme qui aimait les femmes .   It chronicles the affairs of an artist , as told from the perspective of his analyst and eventual lover . She chronicles his obsessive love of women , which leads to his eventual death .

neg: Soursweet Soursweet is a 1988 British film directed by Mike Newell . The screenplay was written by Ian McEwan from the novel Sour Sweet by Timothy Mo. .

neg: Going Down (1983 film) Going Down is a 1983 Australian film about young people living in a share house . One writer said of it that `` no film I 've seen has better captured the chaotic heartbeat of the young sensation-seeker 's Sydney . ''

neg: Comfort and Joy (1984 film) Comfort and Joy is a 1984 Scottish comedy film written and directed by Bill Forsyth and starring Bill Paterson as a radio disc jockey whose life undergoes a bizarre upheaval after his girlfriend leaves him . After he witnesses an attack on an ice cream van by angry competitors , he is led into the struggle between two Italian families over the ice cream market of Glasgow . The film received a BAFTA Award Nomination for Best Original Screenplay in 1985 .


query: Huntington's disease is not being researched.

pos: Huntington's disease Huntington 's disease ( HD ) , also known as Huntington 's chorea , is an inherited disorder that results in death of brain cells . The earliest symptoms are often subtle problems with mood or mental abilities . A general lack of coordination and an unsteady gait often follow . As the disease advances , uncoordinated , jerky body movements become more apparent . Physical abilities gradually worsen until coordinated movement becomes difficult and the person is unable to talk . Mental abilities generally decline into dementia . The specific symptoms vary somewhat between people . Symptoms usually begin between 30 and 50 years of age , but can start at any age . The disease may develop earlier in life in each successive generation . About 8 % of cases start before the age of 20 years and typically present with symptoms more similar to Parkinson 's disease . People with HD often underestimate the degree of their problems .   HD is typically inherited from a person 's parents , with 10 % of cases due to a new mutation . The disease is caused by an autosomal dominant mutation in either of an individual 's two copies of a gene called Huntingtin . This means a child of an affected person typically has a 50 % chance of inheriting the disease . The Huntingtin gene provides the genetic information for a protein that is also called `` huntingtin '' . Expansion of CAG ( cytosine-adenine-guanine ) triplet repeats in the gene coding for the Huntingtin protein results in an abnormal protein , which gradually damages cells in the brain , through mechanisms that are not fully understood . Diagnosis is by genetic testing , which can be carried out at any time , regardless of whether or not symptoms are present . This fact raises several ethical debates : the age at which an individual is considered mature enough to choose testing ; whether parents have the right to have their children tested ; and managing confidentiality and disclosure of test results .   There is no cure for HD . Full-time care is required in the later stages of the disease . Treatments can relieve some symptoms and in some improve quality of life . The best evidence for treatment of the movement problems is with tetrabenazine . HD affects about 4 to 15 in 100,000 people of European descent . It is rare among Japanese , while the occurrence rate in Africa is unknown . The disease affects men and women equally . Complications such as pneumonia , heart disease , and physical injury from falls reduce life expectancy . Suicide is the cause of death in about 9 % of cases . Death typically occurs fifteen to twenty years from when the disease was first detected .   The first likely description of the disease was in 1841 by Charles Oscar Waters . The condition was described in further detail in 1872 by George Huntington , after whom it is named . The genetic basis was discovered in 1993 by an international collaborative effort led by the Hereditary Disease Foundation . Research and support organizations began forming in the late 1960s to increase public awareness , to provide support for individuals and their families , and to promote research . Current research directions include determining the exact mechanism of the disease , improving animal models to aid with research , testing of medications to treat symptoms or slow the progression of the disease , and studying procedures such as stem cell therapy with the goal of repairing damage caused by the disease .

neg: Stroke in China Recent epidemiologic studies confirm that stroke is the most frequent cause of death in the People 's Republic of China , with an incidence more than fivefold that of myocardial infarction . Intracerebral hemorrhage causes about one third of all strokes , nearly three times the frequency in North American stroke registries . A marked regional variation in stroke incidence exists , with a threefold higher stroke incidence in northern than in southern Chinese cities , suggesting important environmental or dietary influences . Stroke treatment often involves a combination of modern and traditional herbal medicine ; the latter may modify platelet aggregation and blood viscosity . Stroke , particularly intracerebral hemorrhage , is the most frequent and important vascular disorder in China .   China reports more patients with stroke than anywhere else in the world . While there is still a great deal of unknown information , stroke research has been making great progress in recent years , such as in the areas of clinical research , population and genetic epidemiology , brain ischemia/reperfusion exploring , leukoencephalopathy ( CADASIL ) , neural stem cell and stroke , neuroprotective treatment for stroke , clinical therapy test in stroke , rehabilitation and prevention .   Cities and towns in China have integrated systems for registering and investigating strokes . Chinese researchers have followed closely the international level of stroke treatment with a forward position in neural stem cell . Traditional Chinese drugs have featured effects on neuroprotective treatment for stroke which has also been investigated . Chinese scientists have suggested a new way of dividing neuroprotectors in stroke . The clinical therapy test with urokinase and defibrase for cerebral infarction in China is effective and relatively safe , yet the original papers published by Chinese researchers and clinical effects for patient treatment still need to be improved and updated .

neg: Cure A cure is the end of a medical condition ; the substance or procedure that ends the medical condition , such as a medication , a surgical operation , a change in lifestyle , or even a philosophical mindset that helps end a person 's sufferings ; or the state of being healed , or cured .   A remission is a temporary end to the medical signs and symptoms of an incurable disease . A disease is said to be incurable if there is always a chance of the patient relapsing , no matter how long the patient has been in remission . An incurable disease may or may not be a terminal illness ; conversely , a curable illness can still result in the patient 's death .   The proportion of people with a disease that are cured by a given treatment , called the cure fraction or cure rate , is determined by comparing disease-free survival of treated people against a matched control group that never had the disease .   Another way of determining the cure fraction and/or `` cure time '' is by measuring when the hazard rate in a diseased group of individuals returns to the hazard rate measured in the general population .   Inherent in the idea of a cure is the permanent end to the specific instance of the disease . When a person has the common cold , and then recovers from it , the person is said to be cured , even though the person might someday catch another cold . Conversely , a person that has successfully managed a disease , such as diabetes mellitus , so that it produces no undesirable symptoms for the moment , but without actually permanently ending it , is not cured .   Related concepts , whose meaning can differ , include response , remission and recovery .

neg: Chronic fatigue syndrome treatment Treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome ( CFS ) is variable and uncertain , and the condition is primarily managed rather than cured . Only two treatments , cognitive behavioral therapy and graded exercise therapy , have demonstrated reproducible evidence for their efficacy people with CFS who are walking . There are no Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) approved medications for ME/CFS treatment , although medications are used without approval for the illness ( off-label ) . Drugs have been used in experimental studies of the illness that have n't been approved for market for any condition in the United States ( for example , isoprinosine and rintatolimod ) . Other proposed treatments include medical treatments and alternative medicine . Even when treated , the prognosis of CFS is often poor . In one study , poor early management was reported to be a main risk factor for severe CFS ( delayed diagnosis , poor response to analgesics , physiotherapy , or alternative medicine ) , with associated variables including a poor relationship with the GP before and after diagnosis , and the involvement of a psychiatrist in initial treatment .   CFS management techniques include behavioral interventions such as cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT , a form of psychological therapy ) , and graded exercise therapy ( GET ) . Based on evidence from multiple randomized clinical trials ( RCTs ) , a systematic review published in the Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine ( October 2006 ) stated that CBT and GET interventions showed promising results , appearing to reduce symptoms and improve function . The review stated that the evidence of effectiveness was inconclusive for most other interventions , with some reporting significant adverse effects . The wide variety of outcome measures used in CFS research was found to be a `` fundamental problem '' for assessing the effectiveness of interventions in general , and no intervention has proven to be effective in restoring the ability to work .   Recovery is `` rare '' even after a comprehensive rehabilitation programme .

neg: Surrogate endpoint In clinical trials , a surrogate endpoint ( or marker ) is a measure of effect of a specific treatment that may correlate with a real clinical endpoint but does not necessarily have a guaranteed relationship . The National Institutes of Health ( USA ) defines surrogate endpoint as `` a biomarker intended to substitute for a clinical endpoint '' .   Surrogate markers are used when the primary endpoint is undesired ( e.g. , death ) , or when the number of events is very small , thus making it impractical to conduct a clinical trial to gather a statistically significant number of endpoints . The FDA and other regulatory agencies will often accept evidence from clinical trials that show a direct clinical benefit to surrogate markers .   Surrogate endpoints can be obtained from different modalities , such as , behavioural or cognitive scores , or biomarkers from Electroencephalography ( qEEG ) , MRI , PET , or biochemical biomarkers .   A correlate does not make a surrogate . It is a common misconception that if an outcome is a correlate ( that is , correlated with the true clinical outcome ) it can be used as a valid surrogate end point ( that is , a replacement for the true clinical outcome ) . However , proper justification for such replacement requires that the effect of the intervention on the surrogate end point predicts the effect on the clinical outcome -- a much stronger condition than correlation .   The term `` surrogate '' should not be used in describing end points . Instead , descriptions of results and interpretations should be formulated in terms that designate the specific nature and category of variable assessed .   A surrogate endpoint of a clinical trial is a laboratory measurement or a physical sign used as a substitute for a clinically meaningful endpoint that measures directly how a patient feels , functions or survives . Changes induced by a therapy on a surrogate endpoint are expected to reflect changes in a clinically meaningful endpoint .   A commonly used example is cholesterol . While elevated cholesterol levels increase the likelihood for heart disease , the relationship is not linear - many people with normal cholesterol develop heart disease , and many with high cholesterol do not . `` Death from heart disease '' is the endpoint of interest , but `` cholesterol '' is the surrogate marker . A clinical trial may show that a particular drug ( for example , simvastatin ( Zocor ) ) is effective in reducing cholesterol , without showing directly that simvastatin prevents death . Proof of Zocor 's efficacy in reducing cardiovascular disease was only presented five years after its original introduction , and then only for secondary prevention . In another case , AstraZeneca has been accused of marketing rosuvastatin ( Crestor ) without providing hard endpoint data , relying instead on surrogate endpoints . The company counters that it had been tested on larger groups of patients than any other drug in the class , and that its effects should be comparable to the other statins .

neg: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry is a peer-reviewed medical journal which covers clinical psychiatry , especially depression , bipolar disorder , schizophrenia , anxiety , addiction , premenstrual dysphoric disorder , and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder , as well as several other mental disorders . It is the official journal of the American Society for Clinical Psychopharmacology and was established in 1940 as Diseases of the Nervous System , before obtaining its current name in 1979 .   Most subscribers receive the journal free of charge if they are designated as psychiatric clinicians in provider databases such as the American Medical Association 's masterfile .   The journal publishes a number of sponsored supplements , which require registration to access on-line , but are otherwise free of charge , unlike the main journal . Although these supplements may be perceived as more biased by commercial interests , and are subjected to a different peer review process than articles in the journal proper , they nevertheless have a comparable number of citations .

neg: Animal testing on non-human primates Experiments involving non-human primates ( NHPs ) include toxicity testing for medical and non-medical substances ; studies of infectious disease , such as HIV and hepatitis ; neurological studies ; behavior and cognition ; reproduction ; genetics ; and xenotransplantation . Around 65,000 NHPs are used every year in the United States , and around 7,000 across the European Union . Most are purpose-bred , while some are caught in the wild .   Their use is controversial . According to the Nuffield Council on Bioethics , NHPs are used because their brains share structural and functional features with human brains , but '' -LSB- w -RSB- hile this similarity has scientific advantages , it poses some difficult ethical problems , because of an increased likelihood that primates experience pain and suffering in ways that are similar to humans . '' Some of the most publicized attacks on animal research facilities by animal rights groups have occurred because of primate research . Some primate researchers have abandoned their studies because of threats or attacks .   In December 2006 , an inquiry chaired by Sir David Weatherall , emeritus professor of medicine at Oxford University , concluded that there is a `` strong scientific and moral case '' for using primates in some research . The British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection argues that the Weatherall report failed to address `` the welfare needs and moral case for subjecting these sensitive , intelligent creatures to a lifetime of suffering in UK labs . ''

neg: Global Health Innovative Technology Fund (GHIT) The Global Health Innovative Technology Fund ( GHIT Fund ) , headquartered in Japan , is an international public-private partnership between the Government of Japan ( Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Ministry of Health , Labour and Welfare ) , 16 pharmaceutical and diagnostics companies ( Astellas , Chugai , Eisai , Daiichi Sankyo , Fujifilm , GlaxoSmithKline , Johnson & Johnson , Kyowa Hakko Kirin , Merck Group , Mistubishi Tanabe , Nipro , Otsuka , Shionogi , Sumitomo Dainippon , Sysmex and Takeda ) , the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation , the Wellcome Trust and United Nations Development Programme . It funds scientific research and development for anti-infectives and diagnostics for diseases that primarily affect the developing world . Bill Gates has noted that `` GHIT draws on the immense innovation capacity of Japan 's pharmaceutical companies , universities and research institutions to accelerate the creation of new vaccines , drugs and diagnostic tools for global health . '' Margaret Chan , Director-General of the World Health Organization , said : `` The GHIT Fund has stepped in to provide that incentive in a pioneering model of partnership that brings Japanese innovation , investment and leadership to the global fight against infectious disease . ''   The GHIT Fund is the first public-private partnership fund to involve a national government , a UN agency , a consortium of pharmaceutical and diagnostics companies , and international philanthropic foundations .   The public-private partnership model , the inclusion of a whole pharmaceutical sector and the structure of individual research projects across sectors and national boundaries are all aimed at reducing the R&D risk to any one entity and to ensure that findings are open to all . Another key opportunity the GHIT Fund has created has been to help open the doors of Japan 's public and private drug compound libraries to product development partnerships , which makes possible the screening of tens of thousands of drug candidates for potential new treatments .   The participating companies view their investments into neglected diseases through the Fund as a long-term investment into the future , rather than charity . They see the Fund as a necessary catalyst for having allowed them to pursue this line of research .

neg: Distal hereditary motor neuropathy type V Distal hereditary motor neuropathy type V ( dHMN V ) is a particular type of neuropathic disorder . In general , distal hereditary motor neuropathies affect the axons of distal motor neurons and are characterized by progressive weakness and atrophy of muscles of the extremities . It is common for them to be called `` spinal forms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease ( CMT ) '' , because the diseases are closely related in symptoms and genetic cause . The diagnostic difference in these diseases is the presence of sensory loss in the extremities . There are seven classifications of dHMNs , each defined by patterns of inheritance , age of onset , severity , and muscle groups involved . Type V ( sometimes notated as Type 5 ) is a disorder characterized by autosomal dominance , weakness of the upper limbs that is progressive and symmetrical , and atrophy of the small muscles of the hands .

neg: Neurodevelopmental disorder Neurodevelopmental disorders are impairments of the growth and development of the brain or central nervous system . A narrower use of the term refers to a disorder of brain function that affects emotion , learning ability , self-control and memory and that unfolds as the individual grows . The term is sometimes erroneously used as an exclusive synonym for autism spectrum disorders .   Disorders considered neurodevelopmental in origin , or that have neurodevelopmental consequences when they occur in infancy and childhood , include :  Intellectual disability ( ID ) or intellectual and developmental disability ( IDD )  Autism spectrum disorders , such as Asperger 's syndrome  Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder  Motor disorders including developmental coordination disorder and stereotypic movement disorder  Tic disorders including Tourette 's syndrome  Traumatic brain injury ( including congenital injuries such as those that cause cerebral palsy )  Communication , speech and language disorders  Genetic disorders , such as fragile-X syndrome  Down syndrome  Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder  Mendelsohnn 's syndrome  Schizophrenia  Schizotypal disorder  HIV  Malaria  Neurodevelopmental disorders are associated with widely varying degrees of difficulty which may have significant mental , emotional , physical , and economic consequences for individuals , and in turn their families and society in general .

neg: Hypochondriasis Hypochondriasis , also known as hypochondria , health anxiety or illness anxiety disorder , refers to worry about having a serious illness . This debilitating condition is the result of an inaccurate perception of the condition of body or mind despite the absence of an actual medical condition . An individual suffering from hypochondriasis is known as a hypochondriac . Hypochondriacs become unduly alarmed about any physical or psychological symptoms they detect , no matter how minor the symptom may be , and are convinced that they have , or are about to be diagnosed with , a serious illness .   Often , hypochondria persists even after a physician has evaluated a person and reassured them that their concerns about symptoms do not have an underlying medical basis or , if there is a medical illness , their concerns are far in excess of what is appropriate for the level of disease . Many hypochondriacs focus on a particular symptom as the catalyst of their worrying , such as gastro-intestinal problems , palpitations , or muscle fatigue . To qualify for the diagnosis of hypochondria the symptoms must have been experienced for at least 6 months .   The DSM-IV-TR defines this disorder , `` Hypochondriasis '' , as a somatoform disorder and one study has shown it to affect about 3 % of the visitors to primary care settings . The newly published DSM-5 replaces the diagnosis of hypochondriasis with the diagnoses of `` somatic symptom disorder '' and `` illness anxiety disorder '' .   Hypochondria is often characterized by fears that minor bodily or mental symptoms may indicate a serious illness , constant self-examination and self-diagnosis , and a preoccupation with one 's body . Many individuals with hypochondriasis express doubt and disbelief in the doctors ' diagnosis , and report that doctors ' reassurance about an absence of a serious medical condition is unconvincing , or short-lasting . Additionally , many hypochondriacs experience elevated blood pressure , stress , and anxiety in the presence of doctors or while occupying a medical facility , a condition known as `` white coat syndrome '' . Many hypochondriacs require constant reassurance , either from doctors , family , or friends , and the disorder can become a disabling torment for the individual with hypochondriasis , as well as his or her family and friends . Some hypochondriacal individuals completely avoid any reminder of illness , whereas others frequently visit medical facilities , sometimes obsessively . Some sufferers may never speak about it .

neg: Psycho-oncology Psycho-oncology is a field of interdisciplinary study and practice at the intersection of lifestyle , psychology and oncology . It is concerned with aspects of cancer that go beyond medical treatment and include lifestyle , psychological and social aspects of cancer . Sometimes it is also referred to as psychosocial oncology or behavioral oncology because it deals with psychosocial and behavioral topics . The field is concerned both with the effects of cancer on a person 's psychological health as well as the social and behavioral factors that may affect the disease process of cancer and/or the remission of it .   This is where the effects of :  Chemobrain or post-chemotherapy cognitive impairment `` PCCI '' would be addressed .  Radiation induced cognitive decline issues .  Placebo effect and the nocebo effect will be studied .  Self care issues are studied .  Transition to survivorship phase of cancer journey ( See : Cancer survivor )   Psycho-oncology , as a subspeciality , addresses the two major psychological dimensions of cancer : the psychological responses of patients to cancer at all stages of the disease and that of their families and caretakers ( called oncopsychology ) ; and the psychological , behavioral and social factors that may influence the disease process ( called psychosocial-oncology ) .   Psycho-oncology is an area of multi-disciplinary interest and has boundaries with the major specialities in oncology : the clinical disciplines ( surgery , medicine , pediatrics , radiotherapy ) , epidemiology , immunology , endocrinology , biology , pathology , bioethics , palliative care , rehabilitation medicine , clinical trials research and decision making , as well as psychiatry and psychology .

neg: Psychiatric epidemiology Psychiatric epidemiology is a field which studies the causes ( etiology ) of mental disorders in society , as well as conceptualization and prevalence of mental illness . It is a subfield of the more general epidemiology . It has roots in sociological studies of the early 20th century . However , while sociological exposures are still widely studied in psychiatric epidemiology , the field has since expanded to the study of a wide area of environmental risk factors , such as major life events , as well as genetic exposures . Increasingly neuroscientific techniques like MRI are used to explore the mechanisms behind how exposures to risk factors may impact psychological problems and explore the neuroanatomical substrate underlying psychiatric disorders .

neg: Deutetrabenazine Deutetrabenazine ( trade name Austedo ) is a pharmaceutical drug for the treatment of chorea associated with Huntington 's disease .   Chemically , deutetrabenazine is an analog of tetrabenazine in which six hydrogen atoms have been replaced by deuterium atoms . The incorporation of deuterium slows the rate of drug metabolism , allowing less frequent dosing . In May , 2017 , published data showed deutetrabenazine effective in tardive dyskinesia . <ref> Deutetrabenazine effective in T.D. Retrieved May 28 , 2017 .

neg: Electromagnetic hypersensitivity Electromagnetic hypersensitivity ( EHS ) is a claimed sensitivity to electromagnetic fields , resulting in negative symptoms . EHS has no scientific basis and is not a recognised medical diagnosis . Claims are characterized by a `` variety of non-specific symptoms , which afflicted individuals attribute to exposure to electromagnetic fields '' .   Those who are self-described with EHS report adverse reactions to electromagnetic fields at intensities well below the maximum levels permitted by international radiation safety standards . The majority of provocation trials to date have found that such claimants are unable to distinguish between exposure and non-exposure to electromagnetic fields . A systematic review in 2005 showed no convincing scientific evidence for symptoms being caused by electromagnetic fields . Since then several double-blind experiments have shown that people who report electromagnetic hypersensitivity are unable to detect the presence of electromagnetic fields and are as likely to report ill health following a sham exposure as they are following exposure to genuine electromagnetic fields , suggesting the cause in these cases to be the nocebo effect .   A 2005 review by the UK Health Protection Agency and a 2006 systematic review each evaluated the evidence for various medical , psychological , behavioral , and alternative treatments for EHS and each found that the evidence-base was limited and not generalizable , but that the best evidence favored cognitive behavioural therapy . As of 2005 , WHO recommended that people presenting with claims of EHS be evaluated to determine if they have a medical condition that may be causing the symptoms the person is attributing to EHS , that they have a psychological evaluation , and that the person 's environment be evaluated for issues like air or noise pollution that may be causing problems .   Some people who feel they are sensitive to electromagnetic fields may seek to reduce their exposure or use alternative medicine . Government agencies have enforced false advertising claims against companies selling devices to shield against EM radiation .

neg: Epidemiology of schizophrenia Schizophrenia affects around 0.3 -- 0.7 % of people at some point in their life , or 21 million people worldwide as of 2011 ( about one of every 285 ) . By using precise methods in its diagnosis and a large , representative population , schizophrenia seems to occur with relative consistency over time during the last half-century .   While it is claimed that schizophrenia occurs at similar rates worldwide , its prevalence and incidence varies across the world , within countries , and at the local and neighborhood level . It causes approximately 1 % of worldwide disability-adjusted life years ( DALYs ) . The rate of schizophrenia varies up to threefold depending on how it is defined .

neg: Huntington's disease in popular culture Huntington 's disease has been shown in numerous formats , more so as awareness of the condition has increased . Here is a list of references to it in popular culture ;

neg: List of questionable diseases This is a list of diseases and diagnoses that are considered questionable or rejected by many in the medical profession . Some are diagnosed using unvalidated or disputed diagnostic techniques such as applied kinesiology . Most purported symptoms are vague , generic , nonspecific , and generally categorised as `` symptoms of life '' .   Adrenal fatigue  Autistic enterocolitis  Chronic Lyme disease  Electromagnetic hypersensitivity  Fan death  Heavy legs  Leaky gut syndrome  Morgellons  Multiple chemical sensitivity  Non-coeliac gluten sensitivity  Oral galvanism  Wind turbine syndrome  Wilson 's temperature syndrome , also called Wilson 's thyroid syndrome . Not to be confused with Wilson 's disease .

neg: Parkinson's disease Parkinson 's disease ( PD ) is a long-term degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that mainly affects the motor system . The symptoms generally come on slowly over time . Early in the disease , the most obvious are shaking , rigidity , slowness of movement , and difficulty with walking . Thinking and behavioral problems may also occur . Dementia becomes common in the advanced stages of the disease . Depression and anxiety are also common occurring in more than a third of people with PD . Other symptoms include sensory , sleep , and emotional problems . The main motor symptoms are collectively called `` parkinsonism '' , or a `` parkinsonian syndrome '' .   The cause of Parkinson 's disease is generally unknown , but believed to involve both genetic and environmental factors . Those with a family member affected are more likely to get the disease themselves . There is also an increased risk in people exposed to certain pesticides and among those who have had prior head injuries while there is a reduced risk in tobacco smokers and those who drink coffee or tea . The motor symptoms of the disease result from the death of cells in the substantia nigra , a region of the midbrain . This results in not enough dopamine in these areas . The reason for this cell death is poorly understood , but involves the build-up of proteins into Lewy bodies in the neurons . Diagnosis of typical cases is mainly based on symptoms , with tests such as neuroimaging being used to rule out other diseases .   There is no cure for Parkinson 's disease . Initial treatment is typically with the antiparkinson medication L-DOPA ( levodopa ) , with dopamine agonists being used once levodopa becomes less effective . As the disease progresses and neurons continue to be lost , these medications become less effective while at the same time they produce a complication marked by involuntary writhing movements . Diet and some forms of rehabilitation have shown some effectiveness at improving symptoms . Surgery to place microelectrodes for deep brain stimulation has been used to reduce motor symptoms in severe cases where drugs are ineffective . Evidence for treatments for the non-movement-related symptoms of PD , such as sleep disturbances and emotional problems , is less strong .   In 2015 , PD affected 6.2 million people and resulted in about 117,400 deaths globally . Parkinson 's disease typically occurs in people over the age of 60 , of which about one percent are affected . Males are more often affected than females . When it is seen in people before the age of 50 , it is called young-onset PD . The average life expectancy following diagnosis is between 7 and 14 years . The disease is named after the English doctor James Parkinson , who published the first detailed description in An Essay on the Shaking Palsy , in 1817 . Public awareness campaigns include World Parkinson 's Day ( on the birthday of James Parkinson , 11 April ) and the use of a red tulip as the symbol of the disease . People with parkinsonism who have increased the public 's awareness of the condition include actor Michael J. Fox , Olympic cyclist Davis Phinney , and late professional boxer Muhammad Ali .

neg: History of Tourette syndrome Tourette syndrome is an inherited neurological disorder with onset in childhood , characterized by the presence of multiple physical ( motor ) tics and at least one vocal ( phonic ) tic .   The eponym was bestowed by Jean-Martin Charcot ( 1825 -- 93 ) on behalf of his resident , Georges Albert Édouard Brutus Gilles de la Tourette ( 1859 -- 1904 ) , a French physician and neurologist , who published an account of nine patients with Tourette 's in 1885 . The possibility that movement disorders , including Tourette syndrome , might have an organic origin was raised when an encephalitis epidemic from 1918 -- 1926 led to a subsequent epidemic of tic disorders . Research in 1972 advanced the argument that Tourette 's is a neurological , rather than psychological , disorder ; since the 1990s , a more neutral view of Tourette 's has emerged , in which biological vulnerability and adverse environmental events are seen to interact .   Findings since 1999 have advanced TS science in the areas of genetics , neuroimaging , neurophysiology , and neuropathology . Questions remain regarding how best to classify Tourette syndrome , and how closely Tourette 's is related to other movement disorders or psychiatric disorders . Good epidemiologic data is still lacking , and available treatments are not risk free and not always well tolerated .

neg: Microinfarct A microinfarct is a microscopic stroke less than 1 millimeter in size . Microinfarcts can be found in 25-50 % of all elderly deceased persons . Microinfarcts may be the second most important cause of dementia , after Alzheimer 's disease .   Microinfarcts are microscopic lesions , of cellular death or tissue necrosis , which are a result of pathologies involving small vessels . Such pathologies are arteriosclerosis or cerebral amyloid angiopathy . Microinfarcts take longer to affect neuronal death progress , at up to 28 days , rather than hours .   Microinfarcts can range in size from 0.2 to 2.9 mm . This ailment usually goes undetected in clinical-radiological , like structural MRI , studies and is known as a `` silent pathology '' . Depending on the size , large acute microinfarcts may be detected via a special imaging known as diffusion weighted imaging .   Microinfarcts tend to occur at a high frequency , without specific regionalized locations . They are common in aging brains . This high frequency is thought to directly disrupt cognitive networks that are imperative to brain operation . Even though microinfarcts are usually undetectable , there is a general assessment of the cognitive status measured on a scale called the Clinical Dementia Rating ( CDR ) . This scale measures different parts of the brain such as diffuse white matter , periventricular myelination and cortical microinfarcts . Assessments of cortical microinfarcts have had the highest rates with being associated with cognitive degeneration . This lower cognition specifically affects perceptual speed and memory ( semantic and episodic ) . People with high frequency of this ailment tend to have greater chances of developing dementia .   Although not many studies have been conducted and little is known between microinfarcts and other vascular or epidemiological risk factors , these brain lesions are thought to be masked by other pathologies . However , the common macroscopic infarct is not exhibited in 45 % of people tested for microinfarcts .


query: Grace Kelly was not in films.

pos: The Country Girl (1954 film) The Country Girl is a 1954 American drama film directed by George Seaton and starring Bing Crosby , Grace Kelly , and William Holden . Adapted by George Seaton from Clifford Odets ' 1950 play of the same name , the film is about an alcoholic has-been actor struggling with the one last chance he 's been given to resurrect his career . Seaton won the Academy Award for Best Writing , Adapted Screenplay . It was entered in the 1955 Cannes Film Festival .   Kelly won the Oscar for Best Actress for the role , which previously had earned Uta Hagen her first Tony Award in the play 's original Broadway production . The role , a non-glamorous departure for Kelly , was as the alcoholic actor 's long-suffering wife .   The win was a huge surprise , as most critics and people in the press felt that Judy Garland would win for A Star Is Born . NBC even sent a camera crew to Garland 's hospital room , where she was recuperating from the birth of her son , in order to conduct a live interview with her if she won . The win by Kelly instead famously prompted Groucho Marx to send Garland a telegram stating it was `` the biggest robbery since Brinks . ''   Given the period of its production , the film is notable for its realistic , frank dialogue and honest treatments of the surreptitious side of alcoholism and post-divorce misogyny .

pos: Grace Kelly Grace Patricia Kelly ( November 12 , 1929September 14 , 1982 ) was an American actress who became Princess of Monaco after marrying Prince Rainier III , in April 1956 .   After embarking on an acting career in 1950 , at age 20 , Kelly appeared in New York City theatrical productions and more than 40 episodes of live drama productions broadcast during the early 1950s Golden Age of Television . In October 1953 , she gained stardom from her performance in the film Mogambo , which won her a Golden Globe Award and an Academy Award nomination in 1954 . Subsequently , she had leading roles in five films , including The Country Girl ( 1954 ) , for which her deglamorized performance earned her an Academy Award for Best Actress . Other films include High Noon ( 1952 ) with Gary Cooper , Dial M for Murder ( 1954 ) with Ray Milland , Rear Window ( 1954 ) with James Stewart , To Catch a Thief ( 1955 ) with Cary Grant , and High Society ( 1956 ) with Frank Sinatra and Bing Crosby .   Kelly retired from acting at the age of 26 to marry Rainier and began her duties as Princess of Monaco . They had three children : Caroline , Albert II , and Stéphanie . Kelly retained her American roots , maintaining dual U.S. and Monégasque citizenship . She died on September 14 , 1982 , a day after suffering a stroke while driving her car , which caused a crash .

neg: Sparkle (2012 film) Sparkle is a 2012 American musical film directed by Salim Akil and produced by Stage 6 Films , It was released on August 17 , 2012 , by TriStar Pictures . Inspired by The Supremes , Sparkle is a remake of the 1976 film of the same name , which centered on three singing teenage sisters from Harlem who form a girl group in the late 1960s . The remake takes place in Detroit , Michigan in the 1960s during the Motown era .   The film stars Jordin Sparks , Derek Luke , Whitney Houston , Mike Epps , Cee Lo Green , Carmen Ejogo , Tika Sumpter , Tamela Mann and Omari Hardwick . Sparkle features songs from the original film written by soul musician Curtis Mayfield as well as new compositions by R&B artist R. Kelly . This film is the debut of R&B / pop singer and American Idol winner Jordin Sparks as an actress . Sparkle also marks Whitney Houston 's fifth and final feature film role before her death on February 11 , 2012 , three months after filming ended . The film is dedicated to her memory .

neg: Graceless Go I Graceless Go I is a 1974 TV movie starring Stanley Baker .

neg: A Look at Monaco (album) A Look at Monaco is a 1963 soundtrack album by Percy Faith and performed by the Orchestre National de l'Opera de Monte Carlo for the CBS television special and documentary A Look at Monaco . The film featured a tour of the principal sites of Monaco conducted by the former American actress Grace Kelly , who had become the Princess Consort of Monaco following her 1956 marriage to Rainier III , Prince of Monaco .   Grace 's narration from the film is featured on the album .

neg: Her Grace Commands Her Grace Commands ( German : Ihre Hoheit befiehlt ) is a 1931 German romantic comedy film directed by Hanns Schwarz and starring Käthe von Nagy , Willy Fritsch and Reinhold Schünzel . It is also translated into the alternative title Her Highness Commands . A hairdresser and a greengrocer fall in love , concealing from each other the truth that they are really a Princess and an army officer in disguise . It premiered in Mannheim on 3 March 1931 . A French-language version Princesse , à vos ordres ! was made simultaneously , also directed by Schwarz but with a different cast . The film was later remade in Hollywood by the Fox Film Corporation as Adorable ( 1933 ) .

neg: Grace Park Grace Park may refer to :   People  Grace Park ( actress ) ( born 1974 ) , American-born Canadian actress of Korean descent  Grace Park ( golfer ) ( born 1979 ) , South Korean professional golfer  Fictional characters  Grace Park , a fictional NBC page portrayed by Charlene Yi in the 30 Rock episode , `` The C Word ''  Other  Grace Park , Caloocan , a district of Caloocan , Philippines

neg: Kelly Greyson Kelly Greyson is an American actress and producer . She is best known as the lead role in the movie Alone yet Not Alone . She was also an associate producer on the movie Max Rose starring Jerry Lewis .

neg: Grace Period (NCIS) `` Grace Period '' is the 19th episode in the fourth season , and the 89th overall episode , of the American crime drama television series NCIS . It first aired on CBS in the United States on April 3 , 2007 . The episode is written by John Kelly and directed by James Whitmore , Jr. , and was seen by 13.79 million viewers .   An NCIS team , led by Special agent Paula Cassidy , receives a tip about terrorist activity but it turns out to be a trap , resulting in the death of two agents . Cassidy , grief-stricken , begins blaming herself for what happened . Gibbs and his team are sent to investigate the deaths with Cassidy joining them during the investigation . While Ducky is sure that the man who Cassidy received the tip from was dead at least one day before the explosion even happened , Cassidy and Abby insist otherwise .   The episode marks the final appearance of NCIS Special agent Paula Cassidy , who is killed when she sacrifices herself to stop a suicide bomber .

neg: Amazing Grace and Chuck Amazing Grace and Chuck is a 1987 film starring William Petersen , Jamie Lee Curtis and Gregory Peck . The film was directed by Mike Newell . It was released on VHS in the UK as Silent Voice .

neg: Grace Kelly (disambiguation) Grace Kelly ( 1929 -- 1982 ) was an American actress who became Princess of Monaco .   Grace Kelly may also refer to :   Grace Kelly ( musician ) ( born 1992 ) , American jazz musician  Grace V. Kelly ( 1877 -- 1950 ) , American artist  `` Grace Kelly '' ( song ) , a 2007 song by Mika

neg: My Sister Eileen (1955 film) My Sister Eileen is a 1955 American CinemaScope musical comedy film directed by Richard Quine . It stars Janet Leigh , Betty Garrett and Jack Lemmon .   The screenplay by Quine and Blake Edwards is based on the 1940 play by Joseph A. Fields and Jerome Chodorov , which was inspired by a series of autobiographical short stories by Ruth McKenney originally published in The New Yorker . The play originally was filmed in 1942 . ( This musical film is totally different from the 1953 Broadway musical Wonderful Town , though both are based on the original Ruth McKenney source material . )

neg: Charlie Grace (TV series) Charlie Grace is an American crime drama that aired from September 14 , 1995 to October 19 , 1995 .

neg: Edward Kelly (dancer) Edward ( Eddie ) Lawrence Kelly is an actor and dance and music consultant born August 26 , 1943 at the Episcopal Hospital in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , best known as a dancer on American Bandstand .   An only child , Kelly spent his younger years in Kensington , Philadelphia . His mother was a housewife and his father a police officer and detective with the Philadelphia Police Department . He attended The Ascension of Our Lord Grammar School and Northeast Catholic High School .   An avid fan of American Bandstand , Kelly made his first appearance on the show in 1959 . Kelly was featured in national teen magazines of the time ( Teen , 16 , Dig , Teen Screen , Movie Teen Illustrated etc. ) but was one of the few regulars to be acknowledged outside of the fan based periodicals , like Photoplay magazine , which was primarily devoted to Hollywood movie stars .   Kelly appeared in the 1997 Teleductions documentary , Bandstand Days , and represented Bandstand in the American Bandstand Anniversary Special 33 1/3 held in Santa Monica , California . In 1985 , he was one of only six regular Bandstand dancers to appear on The Oprah Winfrey Show . He has been a guest on The Today Show , and , along with his Bandstand partner , Kathleen `` Bunny '' Gibson , made a cameo appearance on American Dreams the TV series . He appeared in the Broadway Revue - Radio Hits of 1958 and is depicted on the mural in the original American Bandstand studio in Philadelphia .

neg: P.S. (film) P.S. is a 2004 drama film directed by Dylan Kidd . The screenplay by Kidd and Helen Schulman is based on Schulman 's 2001 novel p.s. . The film stars Laura Linney and Topher Grace .

neg: Annie Laurie (1927 film) Annie Laurie is a 1927 silent film directed by John S. Robertson , released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , and starring Lillian Gish and Norman Kerry .   This was the third film of Lillian Gish at MGM , and its poor boxoffice returns marked a decline in the star 's career . On a down note Gish stated that her mother became ill during the production of this film and that '' ... she only showed up for work '' as opposed to putting her all into the film . John Wayne makes an early film appearance as a crowd extra .

neg: Saving Grace (1998 film) Saving Grace is a 1998 film produced in New Zealand based on a play by Duncan Sarkies . It was directed by Costa Botes and stars Kirsty Hamilton and Jim Moriarty .

neg: Conquest (1998 film) Conquest is a 1998 British-Canadian romantic comedy film set in the dying prairie town of Conquest , Saskatchewan , most of whose remaining residents are in their 70s and depressed . Thirty-two-year-old Pincer Bedier ( Lothaire Bluteau ) , the French-Canadian manager of the only bank branch in the town , dreams of reviving the town and its only cash crop , the edible pea pods of the Caragana bush . Daisy MacDonald ( Tara Fitzgerald ) , a young , beautiful and mysterious English or Australian woman , happens into town in her bright red Alfa Romeo sports car and when it stalls , finds herself stranded indefinitely until the needed parts can be shipped in . Her presence invigourates the town and its inhabitants and romance develops between her and the young banker , while the older inhabitants catch his vision of the future .   Conquest was shown at the 1998 Montreal World Film Festival . In 1999 Monique Mercure won the Genie Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role , that of Grace Gallagher . Conquest has been shown on the Showtime network in the United States .

neg: Frank Kelly Francis O'Kelly ( 28 December 1938 -- 28 February 2016 ) , better known by his stage name of Frank Kelly , was an Irish actor , singer and writer , whose career covered television , radio , theatre , music , screenwriting and film . He played Father Jack Hackett in the Channel Four sitcom Father Ted , and was also the son of the cartoonist Charles E. Kelly .

neg: She's All That She 's All That is a 1999 American teen romantic comedy film directed by Robert Iscove and starring Freddie Prinze , Jr. , Rachael Leigh Cook , Paul Walker and Matthew Lillard . It is a modern adaptation of George Bernard Shaw 's play Pygmalion and George Cukor 's 1964 film My Fair Lady . It was one of the most popular teen films of the 1990s and reached No. 1 at the box office in its first week of release . In April 2015 , it was announced that the film will be remade by The Weinstein Company .

neg: Ordinary World (film) Ordinary World is an American comedy-drama film written and directed by Lee Kirk . The film stars Billie Joe Armstrong in his first leading role , as well as Judy Greer , Selma Blair , Dallas Roberts , Chris Messina , Fred Armisen , Brian Baumgartner , and Kevin Corrigan . Filming began late 2014 in New York City . The film was originally screened at the Tribeca as Geezer , before its title was changed to Ordinary World , named after a song heard in the film . It is also the closing track on Green Day 's 2016 album Revolution Radio .

neg: Grace (Stargate SG-1) `` Grace '' is an episode from Season 7 of the science fiction television series Stargate SG-1 . Amanda Tapping won a Leo Award in the category `` Dramatic Series : Best Lead Performance - Female '' for this episode .