query: G.I. Jane was produced solely by Flower Films.

pos: G.I. Jane G.I. Jane is a 1997 American action film directed by Ridley Scott , produced by Largo Entertainment , Scott Free Productions and Caravan Pictures , distributed by Hollywood Pictures and starring Demi Moore , Viggo Mortensen and Anne Bancroft . The film tells the fictional story of the first woman to undergo training in U.S. Navy Special Warfare Group .

neg: Green Card (film) Green Card is a 1990 romantic comedy film written , produced , directed by Peter Weir and starring Gérard Depardieu and Andie MacDowell . The screenplay focuses on an American woman who enters into a marriage of convenience with a Frenchman so he can obtain a green card and remain in the United States . Depardieu won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor . The film won the Golden Globe for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy , and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay .

neg: Flowers (TV channel) Flowers is a 24-hour Malayalam general entertainment television channel from Insight Media City , an International media campus headquartered at Kochi , Kerala . The channel has been on air since 12 April 2015 . Flowers television holds the broadcast rights to the North American Film Awards . As per the statistical analysis of BARC data for the first eight weeks of 2017 , Flowers ( TV Channel ) is ranked in the top 5 lists .   On 12 April 2017 , Flowers TV set its first Guinness world record . Flowers TV , Rays3D , Mulakuppadam Films and Mohanlal set Guinness world record for the largest attendance at a 3D film screening . 12,526 spectators watched the screening of the Malayalam movie Pulimurugan at Adlux International Convention Centre in Angamaly , Kerala .

neg: Independent Dream Machine Independent Dream Machine is an Allentown , Pennsylvania-based production company founded by film producer Zeke Zelker in 1997 . Past feature film include Affairs ( 1997 ) , A.K.A. : It 's a Wiley World ! ( 2003 ) , Fading ( 2003 ) , Loggerheads ( 2005 ) and InSearchOf ( 2009 ) .

neg: I (film) I ( also known as Shankar 's I ) is a 2015 Indian Tamil-language romantic thriller film written and directed by Shankar and co-written by Subha . Produced and distributed by V. Ravichandran under his production company , Aascar Films , the film features Vikram and Amy Jackson in lead roles while Suresh Gopi , Upen Patel , Santhanam and Ramkumar Ganesan portray pivotal roles . The soundtrack and film score were composed by A. R. Rahman . Production design was handled by T. Muthuraj . P. C. Sreeram was the film 's cinematographer and editing was done by Anthony .   The visual effects were designed by V. Srinivas Mohan through Rising Sun Pictures . Weta Workshop had worked on the digital and prosthetic make-up and background arts for the film . Principal photography commenced on 15 July 2012 . The filming lasted for two years and eight months , during which shooting was done extensively in China . Further schedules were filmed in locations in Chennai , Bangkok , Jodhpur , Kodaikanal , Pollachi , Bangalore and Mysore . The film was dubbed and released in Telugu and Hindi along with the Tamil version .   The film , released on Pongal 2015 , tells the story of a body builder turned supermodel , played by Vikram , who after being deformed , exacts revenge upon those who were responsible for his predicament . Critics praised Vikram 's performance , the technical aspects of the film - especially the costume design and makeup , and A.R. Rahman 's soundtrack and score but criticised the ` wafer-thin ' writing and screenplay and the film 's excessive length ( 188 minutes ) . However , the film was a commercial success , grossing worldwide , becoming the fourth-highest grossing Tamil film and Vikram 's highest-grossing film at the time . Vikram won the Filmfare Award for Best Actor -- Tamil for the movie .

neg: CineTel Films CineTel Films Inc. is an independent film production company and distributor based in West Hollywood , California .

neg: Ganjam Kewda Flower Kewra is an extract from the male flowers of a screw-pine tree . Ganjam Kewda Flower is registered ( on Application No. 229 ) under the Geographical Indications ( GI ) of Goods ( Registration and Protection ) Act by Government of India . Kewda scent is produced in Chhatrapur , Brahmapur , Gopalpur and Jagannathpur in district of Ganjam , Odisha . Although kewda plants almost distributed almost throughout India , 90 % of production of kewda flower is estimated in this district of Odisha .   The flower is dear to the Indian heart is Kewda ( Pandanus odoratissimus ) . It grows on a small tree or shrub which is both cultivated and grows wild in coastal areas . It can also be found in some inland districts but the flowers seem to create their most exquisite floral bouquet in certain coastal localities , the most famous being the Ganjam district of Odisha . The tree/shrub can reach a height of 18 feet . The densely branched plant is supported by aerial roots forming a thick impenetrable jungle . The long leaves possess prickly spines along the edges and mid-ribs making the plant tough to handle for those not use to their peculiar nature . The male flower `` spikes '' ( a better technical word is inflorescence ) are 10-20 inches long . Along the central stalk of spike one can fine many true flowers each encased in a fragrant cream-coloured spathe ; a spathe being a leaf-like structure enclosing a flower . A fully mature Kewda tree produces about 30-40 flower spikes each year weighing 5-6 each ounces each .

neg: The New Adventures of Tarzan The New Adventures of Tarzan is a 1935 American film serial in 12 chapters starring Herman Brix . The serial is a more authentic version of the character than most other adaptations , with Tarzan as a cultured and well educated gentleman as in the original Edgar Rice Burroughs novels . It was filmed during the same period as the Johnny Weissmuller/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Tarzan films . Film exhibitors had the choice of selecting the serial or the episodes edited into two separate films , The New Adventures of Tarzan and Tarzan and the Green Goddess .   The serial was filmed in Guatemala , and Tarzan was played by Herman Brix ( known post-war as Bruce Bennett ) . The final screenplay was credited to Charles F. Royal , and from Episode 6 onward , also Basil Dickey . It was produced by Ashton Dearholt , Bennett Cohen and George W. Stout under the corporate name of `` Burroughs-Tarzan Enterprises , Inc. '' ( which also distributed ) and was directed by Edward Kull and Wilbur F. McGaugh .

neg: Lady Jaye Lady Jaye is a fictional character in the G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero toyline , comic books and cartoon series . She was originally created as a character for the G.I. Joe cartoon series produced by Marvel Productions and Sunbow Productions in 1984 , was later produced as an action figure , and was finally introduced into the comic book in 1985 . Lady Jaye is the G.I. Joe Team 's covert operations specialist . She is portrayed by Adrianne Palicki in the 2013 film G.I. Joe : Retaliation .

neg: Gaiety Girls Gaiety Girls were the chorus girls in Edwardian musical comedies , beginning in the 1890s at the Gaiety Theatre , London , in the shows produced by George Edwardes . The popularity of this genre of musical theatre depended , in part , on the beautiful dancing corps of `` Gaiety Girls '' appearing onstage in bathing attire and in the latest fashions . The 1890s Gaiety Girls were respectable , elegant young ladies , unlike the corseted actresses from London 's earlier musical burlesques . Later , even the stars of these musical comedies were referred to as Gaiety Girls .

neg: Palladio Film Palladio Film is an International production company based in Cologne and London . It specializes in feature films and documentaries . Palladio Film was founded in 1990 by Niko von Glasow .  Palladio Film took its name from Italian architect Andrea Palladio who , according to Niko von Glasow , was responsible for the `` renaissance of the renaissance . '' Palladio Film concentrates on artistic and historical feature films focused on individual as well as unusual documentaries such as NoBody 's Perfect , which tells the story of twelve victims of Thalidomide .

neg: My Fair Lady (film) My Fair Lady is a 1964 American musical film adapted from the Lerner and Loewe eponymous stage musical based on the 1913 stage play Pygmalion by George Bernard Shaw . With a screenplay by Alan Jay Lerner and directed by George Cukor , the film depicts a poor Cockney flower seller named Eliza Doolittle who overhears an arrogant phonetics professor , Henry Higgins , as he casually wagers that he could teach her to speak `` proper '' English , thereby making her presentable in the high society of Edwardian London .   The film stars Audrey Hepburn and Rex Harrison as Eliza Doolittle and Henry Higgins respectively , with Stanley Holloway , Gladys Cooper and Wilfrid Hyde-White in supporting roles . A critical and commercial success , it won eight Academy Awards , including Best Picture , Best Actor , and Best Director . In 1998 , the American Film Institute named it the 91st greatest American film of all time .

neg: Exclusive Story Exclusive Story is a 1936 American drama film directed by George B. Seitz and written by Michael Fessier . The film stars Franchot Tone , Madge Evans , Stuart Erwin , Joseph Calleia , Robert Barrat and J. Farrell MacDonald . The film was released on January 17 , 1936 , by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer .

neg: Janeane from Des Moines Janeane from Des Moines is a 2012 American political drama film directed by Grace Lee , written by Lee and Jane Edith Wilson , and starring Wilson as a conservative housewife who attends the 2012 Republican Party primary in Iowa . It mixes elements of mockumentary and real-life interviews with Republican politicians conducted in-character without their knowledge .

neg: Cactus Flower (play) Cactus Flower is a farce by Abe Burrows . It played for years on Broadway before being adapted by I.A.L. Diamond into a 1969 feature film directed by Gene Saks .   Based on the play Fleur de cactus by Pierre Barillet and Jean-Pierre Gredy , the comedy focuses on the relationship between young , wild Toni and her older , married lover Julian , a dentist . Convinced the two have no future together , Toni attempts suicide , and a guilt-ridden Julian rashly proposes he leave his wife so the couple can be together . However , Julian has never revealed to Toni that his `` marriage '' is actually an elaborate lie concocted to keep Toni at arm 's length . Toni refuses to break up his household without first meeting and talking with Julian 's soon-to-be-ex , so Julian enlists the aid of his shy spinster assistant Stephanie to pose as his non-existent wife . Complications arise when Toni decides the two must find her a new beau so everyone concerned can live happily ever after .   After two previews , the Broadway production , directed by Burrows , opened on December 8 , 1965 at the Royale Theatre , where it ran for two years and nine months before transferring to the Longacre , for a total run of 1234 performances , ending on November 23 , 1968 . The original cast included Lauren Bacall , Barry Nelson , Brenda Vaccaro , and Burt Brinckerhoff . Lloyd Bridges , Kevin McCarthy , and Betsy Palmer were replacements later in the run .   Both Vaccaro and Brinckerhoff were nominated for Tony Awards for their featured performances .   Later adapted for film as : Cactus Flower with Walter Matthau , Ingrid Bergman and Goldie Hawn ( for which Hawn won an Academy Award ) and again in 2011 , as Just Go With It starring Adam Sandler , Jennifer Aniston and Brooklyn Decker .

neg: Art film An art film is typically a serious , independent film aimed at a niche market rather than a mass market audience . An art film is `` intended to be a serious artistic work , often experimental and not designed for mass appeal '' ; they are `` made primarily for aesthetic reasons rather than commercial profit '' , and they contain `` unconventional or highly symbolic content '' .   Film critics and film studies scholars typically define an art film as possessing `` formal qualities that mark them as different from mainstream Hollywood films '' , which can include , among other elements , a sense of social realism ; an emphasis on the authorial expressiveness of the director ; and a focus on the thoughts , dreams , or motivations of characters , as opposed to the unfolding of a clear , goal-driven story . Film scholar David Bordwell describes art cinema as `` a film genre , with its own distinct conventions '' .   Art film producers usually present their films at specialty theatres ( repertory cinemas , or , in the U.S. , `` arthouse cinemas '' ) and film festivals . The term art film is much more widely used in the United States , the UK and Australia than in Europe , where the term is more associated with `` auteur '' films and `` national cinema '' ( e.g. , German national cinema ) . Because they are aimed at small niche market audiences , they can rarely get the financial backing that will permit large production budgets , expensive special effects , costly celebrity actors , or huge advertising campaigns , as are used in widely released mainstream blockbuster films . Art film directors make up for these constraints by creating a different type of film , which typically uses lesser-known film actors ( or even amateur actors ) and modest sets to make films that focus much more on developing ideas or exploring new narrative techniques or film-making conventions .   A certain degree of experience and knowledge are required to fully understand or appreciate such films . One mid-1990s art film was called `` largely a cerebral experience '' that one enjoys `` because of what you know about film '' . This contrasts sharply with mainstream `` blockbuster '' films , which are geared more towards escapism and pure entertainment . For promotion , art films rely on the publicity generated from film critics ' reviews , discussion of their film by arts columnists , commentators and bloggers , and `` word-of-mouth '' promotion by audience members . Since art films have small initial investment costs , they only need to appeal to a small portion of the mainstream viewing audiences to become financially viable .

neg: The Moviegoer (album) The Moviegoer is the seventh studio album by the American solo artist Scott Walker . It was released in October 1972 but failed to chart . No singles were released from the album , though `` This Way Mary '' was later released as a b-side to Walker 's 1973 single `` The Me I Never Knew '' . The album consists solely of renditions of film theme songs originally performed by other artists .   The album was the first of six studio albums ( the last two as The Walker Brothers ) in which Walker did not contribute original material . Having lost creative control of his music after the commercial failures of his previous two studio albums Scott 4 and 'Til the Band Comes In , Walker was tasked with recording `` inoffensive , middle-of-the-road material that could be easily processed , marketed and sold '' . By way of compromise Walker had some say in the song selection and drew together a selection of themes from some of his favourite films .   The album was recorded quickly in the autumn of 1972 with Walker 's usual studio team consisting of producer Johnny Franz and engineer Peter J. Olliff . In a change from previous work , Robert Cornford was brought-in to produce the orchestral arrangements . Despite a push for commercial viability the album received negative reviews when released as an LP in October 1972 . The album was re-issued in 1975 by Contour record label with new sleeve art . The album has since been deleted and has not been reissued .

neg: List of Jane the Virgin episodes Jane the Virgin is an American comedy-drama television series that premiered on The CW on October 13 , 2014 . The series follows Jane Villanueva , a hard-working , religious young Latina woman whose family tradition and a vow to save her virginity until marriage is shattered when a doctor mistakenly artificially inseminates her during a checkup . To make matters worse , the biological donor is a married man , a former playboy and cancer survivor who is not only the new owner of the hotel where Jane works , but was also her former teenage crush . On October 21 , 2014 , the show was given a full season order . On January 11 , 2015 , the show was renewed for a second season , On March 11 , 2016 , the show was renewed for a third season . On January 8 , 2017 , the show was renewed for a fourth season .

neg: Téa Leoni Elizabeth Téa Pantaleoni ( -LSB- ˈteɪ.ə _ pɑːntəleɪˈoʊniː -RSB- born February 25 , 1966 ) , better known by her stage name Téa Leoni , is an American actress and producer .   In her early career , Leoni starred in the television sitcoms Flying Blind ( 1992 -- 93 ) and The Naked Truth ( 1995 -- 98 ) . Her breakthrough role was in the 1995 action comedy film , Bad Boys . In later years , Leoni had the female lead roles in films including Deep Impact ( 1998 ) , The Family Man ( 2000 ) , Jurassic Park III ( 2001 ) , and Fun with Dick and Jane ( 2005 ) . In 2014 , Leoni returned to television with the leading role in the CBS political drama series , Madam Secretary .

neg: Clear Hearts Grey Flowers Clear Hearts Grey Flowers is the second full-length and final album by Jack Off Jill . Produced by Chris Vrenna of Nine Inch Nails/Tweaker , it was released in July 2000 on the now-defunct label Risk Records . After Clear Hearts , Grey Flowers the band formally split up and moved on to establish other projects .

neg: Cinema of India The cinema of India consists of films produced across India . Cinema as a medium has gained immense popularity in the country and as many as 1,600 films in various languages of India are produced annually . Indian films have also come to be followed throughout South Asia , the Greater Middle East , Southeast Asia and other countries . Dadasaheb Phalke is known as the `` father of Indian cinema '' . The Dadasaheb Phalke Award , for lifetime contribution to cinema , was instituted in his honour , by the Government of India in 1969 , and is the most prestigious and coveted award in Indian cinema .   In the 20th century , Indian cinema , along with the Hollywood and Chinese film industries , became a global enterprise . As of 2013 , in terms of annual film output , India ranks first , followed by Nollywood , Hollywood and China . In 2012 , India produced 1,602 feature films . The Indian film industry reached overall revenues of $ 1.86 billion ( 93 billion ) in 2011 . This is projected to rise to $ 3 billion ( 200 billion ) in 2016 . In 2015 , India had a total box office gross of , the fourth largest in the world outside North America . Enhanced technology paved the way for upgrading from established cinematic norms of delivering product , altering the manner in which content reached the target audience . Biopics like Dangal and CGI-laden epics like Baahubali emerged as transnational blockbusters grossing over $ 200 million each in early 21st century . Indian cinema found markets in over 90 countries where films from India are screened . The Indian government extended film delegations to foreign countries such as the United States of America and Japan while the country 's Film Producers Guild sent similar missions through Europe .   The provision of 100 % foreign direct investment has made the Indian film market attractive for foreign enterprises such as 20th Century Fox , Sony Pictures , Walt Disney Pictures and Warner Bros. . Indian enterprises such as AVM Productions , Prasad 's Group , Sun Pictures , PVP Cinemas , Zee , UTV , Suresh Productions , Eros Films , Ayngaran International , Pyramid Saimira , Aascar Films and Adlabs also participated in producing and distributing films . Tax incentives to multiplexes have aided the multiplex boom in India . By 2003 as many as 30 film production companies had been listed in the National Stock Exchange of India , making the commercial presence of the medium felt .   The South Indian film industry defines the four film cultures of South India as a single entity . They are the Telugu , the Tamil , the Malayalam and the Kannada industries . Although developed independently over a long period , gross exchange of film performers and technicians as well as globalisation helped to shape this new identity .   The Indian diaspora consists of millions of Indians overseas for which films are made available both through media such as DVDs and by screening of films in their country of residence wherever commercially feasible . These earnings , accounting for some 12 % of the revenue generated by a mainstream film , contribute substantially to the overall revenue of Indian cinema , the net worth of which was found to be 1.3 billion in 2000 . Music in Indian cinema is another substantial revenue generator with the music rights alone accounting for 4 -- 5 % of the net revenues generated by a film in India .


query: Sierra Leone was once under rule of another country.

pos: Sierra Leone Sierra Leone ( -LSB- sɪˈɛərə_lɪˈəʊni , _ - lɪˈəʊn -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of Sierra Leone , is a country in West Africa . It is bordered by Guinea to the north-east , Liberia to the south-east , and the Atlantic Ocean to the south-west . Sierra Leone has a tropical climate , with a diverse environment ranging from savannah to rainforests . Sierra Leone has a total area of 71740 km2 and a population of 7,075,641 ( based on 2015 national census ) .   Sierra Leone is officially made up of four administrative regions : the Northern Province , Eastern Province , Southern Province and the Western Area , which are subdivided into fourteen districts . Each district has its own elected local government .   Freetown ( population 1,050,301 ) , located in the Western Area , is the capital , largest city and its economic and political centre . Bo ( population 306,000 ) , is the second largest city , and is located in the Southern Province , about 160 miles from Freetown . Kenema ( population 200,354 ) , located in the Eastern Province , is the third largest city and is about 190 miles from Freetown . Koidu Town ( population 128,074 ) , located in the diamond rich Kono District in the Eastern Province , is the fourth largest city , and is about 275 miles from Freetown . Makeni ( population 126,058 ) , located in the Northern Province , is the fifth largest of Sierra Leone 's five major cities , and is about 85 miles from Freetown .   Sierra Leone is a constitutional republic with a directly elected president and a unicameral legislature . Sierra Leone became an independent Nation on 27 April 1961 from Britain , led by Sir Milton Margai , who was elected by landslide as the first prime minister of the new nation under parliamentary government .   The current constitution of Sierra Leone was adopted in 1991 during the presidency of Joseph Saidu Momoh , though it has been amended several times . Since independence to present , Sierra Leone politics has been dominated by two major political parties ; the Sierra Leone People 's party ( SLPP ) and the All People 's Congress ( APC ) . The current president of SIerra Leone is Ernest Bai Koroma , a member of the APC party , who was elected in 2007 after defeating the ruling SLPP candidate , and he won reelection for his final term as president in 2012 .   From 1991 to 2002 , the Sierra Leone civil war was fought and devastated the country . This proxy war left more than 50,000 people dead , much of the country 's infrastructure destroyed , and over two million people displaced as refugees in neighbouring countries . In January 2002 , then Sierra Leone 's president Ahmad Tejan Kabbah , fulfilled his campaign promise by ending the civil war , with help by the British Government , ECOWAS and the United Nations .   More recently , the 2014 Ebola outbreak overburdened the weak healthcare infrastructure , leading to more deaths from medical neglect than Ebola itself . It created a humanitarian crisis situation and a negative spiral of weaker economic growth . The country has an extremely low life expectancy at 57.8 years .   About sixteen ethnic groups inhabit Sierra Leone , each with its own language and customs . The two largest and most influential are the Temne and the Mende people . The Temne are predominantly found in the north of the country , while the Mende are predominant in the south-east . Sierra Leone has a significant minority of the Krio people , who are descendants of freed African American and West Indian slaves .   Although English is the official language spoken at schools and government administration , the Krio language is the most widely spoken language across Sierra Leone and is spoken by 97 % of the country 's population . The Krio language unites all the different ethnic groups in the country , especially in their trade and social interaction with each other .   Sierra Leone is a predominantly secular Muslim majority country , with the overall muslim population at 77 % of the population , though with an influential Christian minority at about 22 % . Sierra Leone is regarded as one of the most religiously tolerant nations in the world . Muslims and Christians collaborate and interact with each other very peacefully . Religious violence is very rare in the country . The major Christian and Muslim holidays are officially national holidays including Christmas and Eid Al Fitr . In politics , the overwhelming majority of Sierra Leoneans vote for a candidate without regard to whether the candidate is a Muslim or a Christian .   Sierra Leone has relied on mining , especially diamonds , for its economic base . It is also among the largest producers of titanium and bauxite , a major producer of gold , and has one of the world 's largest deposits of rutile . Sierra Leone is home to the third-largest natural harbour in the world . Despite exploitation of this natural wealth , 70 % of its people live in poverty .   Sierra Leone is a member of many international organisations , including the United Nations , the African Union , the Economic Community of West African States ( ECOWAS ) , the Mano River Union , the Commonwealth of Nations , the African Development Bank , and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation .

neg: Mane people The Manes ( so called by the Portuguese ) or Mani or Manneh were invaders who attacked the western coast of Africa from the east , beginning during the first half of the sixteenth century . Walter Rodney has suggested that `` the Mane invaders of Sierra Leone comprised two principal elements -- a ruling élite originating in the southern section of the Mande world of the Western Sudan , and numerical forces drawn from the area around Cape Mount '' ; the first half of the sixteenth century would have taken Mande clans to the Liberian coast `` from the region around Beyla and perhaps even from the hinterland of modern Ghana , '' followed by more incursions during the third quarter of the century , bringing both exploitation of the local peoples and improved military techniques and iron and cloth manufacture . `` They also profoundly influenced religious and social patterns , particularly with respect to the secret societies of the area . '' Yves Person identified the early Mane leaders with the Kamara or Camara clan , `` with traditions relating to the sea , '' from `` the Konyan highlands around Beyla . '' George E. Brooks says they were originally led by `` a woman of reputedly elite status from the Mali Empire named Macarico , '' who `` left the Konyan highlands around the mid-1500s and traversed present-day Liberia in a south-southwest direction ... Along the way the Mani allied with Sumbas , people speaking Kruan languages . ''

neg: Republic of Cabinda The Republic of Cabinda ( Ibinda : Kilansi kia cabinda ; República de Cabinda ) is an unrecognized state in southern Africa . The Front for the Liberation of the State of Cabinda-Exercito de Cabinda ( FLEC ) claims sovereignty from Angola and proclaimed the Republic of Cabinda as an independent country in 1975 . The government of this ( internationally not recognized ) entity operates in exile , with offices located in Paris , France and Pointe Noire , Congo-Brazzaville .   The 1885 Treaty of Simulambuco designated Cabinda a Portuguese protectorate known as the Portuguese Congo , which was administratively separate from Portuguese West Africa ( Angola ) . In the 20th century , Portugal decided to integrate Cabinda into Angola , giving it the status of a district of that `` overseas province '' . During the Portuguese Colonial War , FLEC fought for the independence of Cabinda from the Portuguese . Independence was proclaimed on 1 August 1975 , and FLEC formed a provisional government led by Henriques Tiago . Luiz Branque Franque was elected president .   In January 1975 , Angola 's three national liberation movements ( People 's Movement for the Liberation of Angola ( MPLA ) , National Liberation Front of Angola ( FNLA ) and National Union for the Total Independence of Angola ( UNITA ) ) met with the colonial power in Alvor , Portugal , to establish the modalities of the transition to independence . FLEC was not invited . The Alvor Agreement was signed , establishing Angolan independence and confirming Cabinda as part of Angola . After Angolan independence was declared in November 1975 , Cabinda was occupied by the forces of the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola ( MPLA ) , which had been present in Cabinda since the mid-1960s , sustaining an anti-colonial guerrilla war that was rather more efficient than the one run by FLEC .   For much of the 1970s and 1980s , FLEC fought a low-intensity guerrilla war , attacking the troops of what was by then the People 's Republic of Angola , led by the MPLA . FLEC 's tactics included attacking economic targets and kidnapping foreign employees working in the province 's oil and construction businesses . In July 2006 , after ceasefire negotiations , António Bento Bembe -- as president of the Cabindan Forum for Dialogue and Peace , vice-president and executive secretary of FLEC -- announced that the Cabindan separatist forces were ready to declare a ceasefire . A peace treaty was signed . FLEC-FAC from Paris contends Bembe had no authority or mandate to negotiate with the Angolans and that the only acceptable solution is total independence .

neg: Ghana Empire The Ghana Empire ( c. 400 until c. 1200 ) , properly known as Awkar ( Ghana or Ga ` na being the title of its ruler ) was located in what is now southeastern Mauritania and western Mali . Complex societies based on trans-Saharan trade with salt and gold had existed in the region since ancient times But the introduction of the camel to western Sahara in the 3rd century A.D. gave way to great changes in the area that became the Ghana Empire . By the time of the Muslim conquest of North Africa in the 7th century the camel had changed the ancient more irregular trade routes into a trade network running from Morocco to the Niger river . The Ghana Empire grew rich from this increased trans-Saharan trade in gold and salt allowing for larger urban centres to develop . It furthermore encouraged territorial expansion to gain control over the different trade-routes .   When Ghana 's ruling dynasty began is uncertain ; it is mentioned for the first time in written records by Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī in 830 . In the 11th century the Cordoban scholar Abu Ubayd al-Bakri collected stories from a number of travelers to the region , and gave a detailed description of the kingdom . He claimed that the Ghana could `` put 200,000 men into the field , more than 40,000 of them archers '' and noted they had cavalry forces as well .   As the empire declined it was finally made a vassal to the rising Mali Empire at some point in the 13th century . When the Gold Coast in 1957 became the first country in sub-Saharan Africa to regain its independence from colonial rule it was renamed in honor of the long gone empire from which the ancestors to the Akan people of modern-day Ghana are thought to have migrated .

neg: Mozambique Mozambique ( -LSB- moʊzæmˈbiːk -RSB- or -LSB- mɔːzæmˈbiːk -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of Mozambique ( Moçambique or República de Moçambique , -LSB- rɛˈpublikɐ dɨ musɐ̃ˈbikɨ -RSB- ) is a country in Southeast Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east , Tanzania to the north , Malawi and Zambia to the northwest , Zimbabwe to the west , and Swaziland and South Africa to the southwest . It is separated from Madagascar by the Mozambique Channel to the east . The capital and largest city is Maputo ( known as `` Lourenço Marques '' before independence ) .   Between the 1st and 5th centuries AD , Bantu-speaking peoples migrated from farther north and west . Swahili ( and later Arab ) commercial ports existed along the coasts until the arrival of Europeans . The area was explored by Vasco da Gama in 1498 and colonised by Portugal from 1505 . The country was an important place where Somali merchants enslaved the local population , starting what is now known as the Somali slave trade . After over four centuries of Portuguese rule , Mozambique gained independence in 1975 , becoming the People 's Republic of Mozambique shortly thereafter . After only two years of independence , the country descended into an intense and protracted civil war lasting from 1977 to 1992 . In 1994 , Mozambique held its first multiparty elections and has remained a relatively stable presidential republic . However , since 2013 , following more than 20 years of peace , a renewed insurgency by RENAMO has been occurring .   Mozambique is one of the poorest and most underdeveloped countries in the world . Mozambique is endowed with rich and extensive natural resources . The country 's economy is based largely on agriculture , but industry is growing , mainly food and beverages , chemical manufacturing , and aluminium and petroleum production . The country 's tourism sector is also growing . South Africa is Mozambique 's main trading partner and source of foreign direct investment . Belgium , Brazil , Portugal , and Spain are also among the country 's most important economic partners . Since 2001 , Mozambique 's annual average GDP growth has been among the world 's highest . However , the country ranks among the lowest in GDP per capita , human development , measures of inequality , and average life expectancy .   The only official language of Mozambique is Portuguese , which is spoken mostly as a second language by about half of the population . Common native languages include Makhuwa , Sena , and Swahili . The country 's population of around 24 million is composed overwhelmingly of Bantu people . The largest religion in Mozambique is Christianity , with significant minorities following Islam and African traditional religions . Mozambique is a member of the African Union , the Commonwealth of Nations , the Community of Portuguese Language Countries , the Latin Union , the Non-Aligned Movement , and the Southern African Development Community , and is an observer at La Francophonie .

neg: North Africa North Africa is the term given to a group of Mediterranean countries situated in the northern-most region of the African continent . The term `` North Africa '' has no single accepted definition . It is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of Morocco in the west , to the Suez Canal and the Red Sea in the east . Others have limited it to the countries of Morocco , Algeria , and Tunisia , a region known by the French during colonial times as `` Afrique du Nord '' and by the Arabs as the Maghreb ( `` West '' ) .   The most commonly accepted definition includes Morocco , Algeria , and Tunisia , as well as Libya and Egypt , It should be noted however that the term `` North Africa '' , when commonly used in North Africa and the Middle East , often refers only to the countries of the Maghreb and Libya . Egypt , due to its greater Middle Eastern associations , is typically viewed separately . The countries of North Africa share a common ethnic , cultural and linguistic identity that is unique to this region .   North west Africa has been inhabited by Berbers since the beginning of recorded history , while the eastern part of North Africa has been home to the Egyptians . Following the Muslim conquest in the seventh century C.E. , the region underwent a process of Arabization and Islamization that has defined its cultural landscape ever since .   The distinction between North Africa and much of Sub-Saharan Africa is historically and ecologically significant because of the effective barrier created by the Sahara Desert for much of modern history . From 3500 BC , following the abrupt desertification of the Sahara due to gradual changes in the Earth 's orbit , this barrier has culturally separated the North from the rest of the continent . As the seafaring civilizations of the Phoenicians , Greeks , Romans , Muslims and others facilitated communication and migration across the Mediterranean Sea , the cultures of North Africa became much more closely tied to Southwestern Asia and Europe than Sub-Saharan Africa . The Islamic influence in the area is also significant , and North Africa is a major part of the Muslim world .   Some researchers have postulated that North Africa rather than East Africa served as the exit point for the modern humans who first trekked out of the continent in the Out of Africa migration .

neg: Siaka Stevens Siaka Stevens ( 24 August 1905 -- 29 May 1988 ) was the leader of Sierra Leone from 1967 to 1985 , serving as Prime Minister from 1967 to 1971 and as President from 1971 to 1985 . Stevens ' leadership was often characterized by patrimonial rule and self worship , consolidating power by means of corruption and exploitation .   Stevens and his All People 's Congress ( APC ) party won the closely contested 1967 Sierra Leone general elections over the incumbent Prime Minister Sir Albert Margai of the Sierra Leone People 's Party ( SLPP ) . In April 1971 , Stevens made Sierra Leone a republic and became president a day after the constitution had been ratified by the Parliament of Sierra Leone He was the second President of the Republic after Okoro Cole , a judge , who was sworn in for a day after which he resigned , paving the way for Stevens .   Stevens served as Chairman of the Organisation of African Unity ( OAU ) from 1 July 1980 to 24 June 1981 , and engineered the creation of the Mano River Union , a three-country economic federation of Sierra Leone , Liberia and Guinea .   Stevens retired from office at the end of his term on 28 November 1985 . After pressuring all other potential successors to step aside , he chose Major-General Joseph Saidu Momoh , the commander of the Sierra Leone Armed Forces , as his successor .

neg: Union of African States The Union of African States ( Union des Etats africains ) , sometimes called the Ghana-Guinea-Mali Union , was a short-lived and loose regional organization formed 1958 linking the West African nations of Ghana and Guinea as the Union of Independent African States . Mali joined in 1960 . It disbanded in 1963 .   The union planned to develop a common currency and unified foreign policy amongst members ; however , none of these proposals were implemented by the countries . The union was the first organization in Africa to bring together former colonies of the British and the French . Although the union was open to all independent states in Africa , no other states joined . The union had a limited impact on politics as there was never any administration or permanent meetings to support the goals of unity . Its legacy was largely limited to longstanding political relationships between Kwame Nkrumah ( President and Prime Minister of Ghana 1957 -- 1966 ) , Ahmed Sékou Touré ( President of Guinea 1958 -- 1984 ) , and Modibo Keïta ( President of Mali 1960 -- 1968 ) . The union again came into the news when Nkrumah was named as the co-president of Guinea after he was deposed as President of Ghana by a military coup in 1966 .

neg: Neighborhoods of Accra The city of Accra is officially divided into four geographical regions - North , West , East , Central - and eleven sub-metropolitan areas : Osu Klottey , Ablekuma North , Ablekuma South , Ayawaso Central , Ayawaso East , Ayawaso North , Ayawaso West , La , Okaikoi North , Okaikoi South , Abossey Okai , and Ashiedu Keteke . The word `` neighborhood '' can take on various official and unofficial meanings . There are , however , 50 official neighborhoods ( i.e. planned and unplanned anchor neighborhoods ) within the city limits of Accra .   `` Neighborhoods '' exist on both large and small scales . Osu , Jamestown and Usshertown , established during the colonial era have well-defined boundaries by virtue of their siting around the respective forts of Christiansborg , James Fort , and Ussher Fort . The unplanned nature of the city has resulted in the development of slums and much smaller communities within officially recognized neighborhoods with a well-defined center but poorly identified extremities .

neg: Stateless nation Stateless nation is a political term for ethnic/national minority that does not possess its own state and is not the majority population in any nation state . The term implies that the group `` should have '' such a state . Members of stateless ethnic groups may be citizens/nationals of the country in which they live , or they may be denied citizenship by that country . Stateless nations are usually not represented as a nation in international sports such as FIFA , Olympics or in international communities such as the United Nations . Nations without state are classified as fourth world nations . Some of the stateless nations have a great heritage and a long tradition of statehood in the past and some were always a stateless nation , which was dominated by another nation for a large part of its history .   Stateless nations either are dispersed across a number of states ( for example , the Yoruba people are found in the African states of Nigeria , Benin and Togo ) or form the native population of a province within a larger state ( such as the Uyghur people in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region within the People 's Republic of China ) . Some stateless nations historically had a state , which was absorbed by another ; for example , Tibet 's declaration of independence in 1913 was not recognized , and it was invaded in 1951 by the People 's Republic of China which claims that Tibet is an integral part of China , while the Tibetan government-in-exile maintains that Tibet is an independent state under unlawful occupation . Some ethnic groups were once a stateless nation that later became a nation state ( for example , the nations of the Balkans such as the Croats , Serbs , Bosniaks , Slovenes , Montenegrins , Kosovars and Macedonians were once part of a multinational state of Yugoslavia . Since the breakup of Yugoslavia many nation states were formed ) .   Stateless nations can have large population . For example , The Tamils are a stateless nation in South Asia with a population of more than 70 million . They form one of the largest ethnic groups in South India . Governments may respond differently on stateless nations in their states . For example , the suppression of the Tamil people in Sri Lanka led to one of the longest and most violent separatist conflict between 1983 and 2009 . However , a similar ethnic conflict was absent among Tamils in India during this period , because they were peacefully integrated into the federal structure of India . Multiple stateless nations can reside in the same region . For example , Catalans , Basques , Aragonese , Galicians , Asturians , Valencians , Andalusians in Iberian Peninsula or the Brahui , Santhals and Balochs in South Asia .   The Romani people are another stateless people . They may be a special case being distributed among numerous countries with no clear homeland ; as a traditionally `` nomadic '' people , the Romani/Roma are a classical `` stateless nation '' without aspiration to sovereign territory . As not all states are nation states , there are a number of ethnic groups who live in a multinational state without being considered `` stateless nations '' .

neg: Benin Empire The Benin Empire was a pre-colonial empire located in what is now southern Nigeria . Its capital was Edo , now known as Benin City , Edo . It should not be confused with the modern-day country called Benin , formerly called Dahomey . The Benin Empire was `` one of the oldest and most highly developed states in the coastal hinterland of West Africa , dating perhaps to the eleventh century CE '' , until it was annexed by the British Empire in 1897 .   The original people and founders of the Benin Empire , the Edo people , were initially ruled by the Ogiso ( Kings of the Sky ) dynasty who called their land Igodomigodo . The rulers or kings were commonly known as Ogiso . Igodo , the first Ogiso , wielded much influence and gained popularity as a good ruler . He died after a long reign and was succeeded by Ere , his eldest son . In the 12th century , a great palace intrigue and battle for power erupted between the warrior crown prince Ekaladerhan son of the last Ogiso and his young paternal uncle . In anger over an oracle , Prince Ekaladerhan left the royal court with his warriors . When his old father the Ogiso died , the Ogiso dynasty was ended as the people and royal kingmakers preferred their king 's son as natural next in line to rule .   The exiled Prince Ekaladerhan later became Izoduwa or Oduduwa the first Oni in uhe ( ile ife ) . Oranmiyan , grand son of Oduduwa took up his abode in the palace built for him at Usama by the elders ( now a coronation shrine ) . Soon after his arrival he married a beautiful lady , Erinmwinde , daughter of Osa-nego , was the ninth Enogie ( Duke ) of Ego , by whom he had a son . After some years residence here he called a meeting of the people and renounced his office , remarking that the country was a land of vexation , Ile-Ibinu ( by which name the country was afterward known ) and that only a child born , trained and educated in the arts and mysteries of the land could reign over the people . He caused his son born to him by Erinmwinde to be made King in his place , and returned to Yoruba land Ile-Ife . After some years in Ife , he left for Oyo , where he also left a son behind on leaving the place , and his son Ajaka ultimately became the first Alafin of Oyo of the present line , while Oranmiyan himself was reigning as Oni of Ife . Therefore , Oranmiyan of Ife , the father of Eweka I , the Oba of Benin , was also the father of Ajaka , the first Alafin of Oyo . Oni of Ife and Alafe of Oyo .   By the 15th century , Edo as a system of protected settlements expanded into a thriving city-state . In the 15th century , the twelfth Oba in line , Oba Ewuare the Great ( 1440 -- 1473 ) would expand the city-state to an empire .   It was not until the 15th century during the reign of Oba Ewuare the Great that the kingdom 's administrative centre , the city Ubinu , began to be known as Benin City by the Portuguese , and would later be adopted by the locals as well . Before then , due to the pronounced ethnic diversity at the kingdom 's headquarters during the 15th century from the successes of Oba Ewuare , the earlier name ( ` Ubinu ' ) by a tribe of the Edos was colloquially spoken as `` Bini '' by the mix of Itsekhiri , Esan , Ika , Ijaw Edo , Urhobo living together in the royal administrative centre of the kingdom . The Portuguese would write this down as Benin City . Though , farther Edo clans , such as the Itsekiris and the Urhobos still referred to the city as Ubini up till the late 19th century , as evidence implies .   Aside from Benin City , the system of rule of the Oba in his kingdom , even through the golden age of the kingdom , was still loosely based after the Ogiso dynasty , which was military and royal protection in exchange of use of resources and implementation of taxes paid to the royal administrative centre . Language and culture was not enforced but remained heterogeneous and localized according to each group within the kingdom , though a local `` Enogie '' ( duke ) was often appointed by the Oba for specified ethnic areas .

neg: Central African Empire The Central African Empire ( French : Empire centrafricain ) was a short-lived , self-declared `` constitutional monarchy '' , but in reality an absolute monarchy under a one-party military dictatorship , that replaced the Central African Republic and was , in turn , replaced by the restoration of the Republic . The empire was formed by and under the command of Jean-Bédel Bokassa , president of the Republic , who declared himself Emperor Bokassa I on 4 December 1976 .   Bokassa spent the equivalent of over 20 million United States dollars , a third of the country 's government annual income , on his coronation ceremony . The monarchy was abolished and the name `` Central African Republic '' was restored on 21 September 1979 , when Bokassa was ousted with French support . His Palace was destroyed .

neg: History of Namibia The history of Namibia has passed through several distinct stages from being colonised in the late nineteenth century to Namibia 's independence on 21 March 1990 .   From 1884 , Namibia was a German colony : German South West Africa . After the First World War , the League of Nations mandated South Africa to administer the territory . Following World War II , the League of Nations was dissolved in April 1946 and its successor , the United Nations , instituted a Trusteeship system to bring all of the former German colonies in Africa under UN control . South Africa objected arguing that a majority of the territory 's people were content with South African rule .   Legal argument ensued over the course of the next twenty years until , in October 1966 , the UN General Assembly decided to end the mandate , declaring that South Africa had no further right to administer the territory , and that henceforth South West Africa was to come under the direct responsibility of the UN ( Resolution 2145 XXI of 27 October 1966 ) .

neg: Supreme Court of Sierra Leone The Supreme Court of Sierra Leone is the highest court in Sierra Leone . It has final jurisdiction in all civil , criminal , and constitutional cases within Sierra Leone , and its decisions can not be appealed . The Supreme Court has the exclusive constitutional power to overturn ruling of lower courts within the jurisdiction of Sierra Leone .  The Supreme Court , along with the Court of Appeals , High Court of Justice , and magistrate courts form the Judicial branch of the Government of Sierra Leone .   The Supreme Court of Sierra Leone consists of Supreme Court justices , headed by the Chief Justice . The Judges are nominated by the president of Sierra Leone and must be confirmed by the Parliament of Sierra Leone by at least 60 % majority vote in order to take office . .   The Supreme Court building , known as Law Court , is located on Siaka Stevens Street in the Central business district in Downtown Freetown .

neg: Nigerian Armed Forces The Nigerian Armed Forces are the Armed Forces of the Federal Republic of Nigeria . Its origins lie in the elements of the Royal West African Frontier Force that became Nigerian when independence was granted in 1960 . In 1956 the Nigeria Regiment of the Royal West African Frontier Force ( RWAFF ) was renamed the Nigerian Military Forces , RWAFF , and in April 1958 the colonial government of Nigeria took over from the British War Office control of the Nigerian Military Forces .   Since its creation the Nigerian military has fought in a civil war -- the conflict with Biafra in 1967 -- 70 -- and sent peacekeeping forces abroad both with the United Nations and as the backbone of the Economic Community of West African States ( ECOWAS ) Cease-fire Monitoring Group ( ECOMOG ) in Liberia and Sierra Leone . It has also seized power twice at home ( 1966 & 1983 ) .   In the aftermath of the civil war , the much expanded size of the military , around 250,000 in 1977 , consumed a large part of Nigeria 's resources under military rule for little productive return . The great expansion of the military during the civil war further entrenched the existing military hold on Nigerian society carried over from the first military regime . In doing so , it played an appreciable part in reinforcing the military 's nearly first-among-equals status within Nigerian society , and the linked decline in military effectiveness . Olusegun Obasanjo , who by 1999 had become President , bemoaned the fact in his inaugural address that year : ` ... Professionalism has been lost ... my heart bleeds to see the degradation in the proficiency of the military . '   Training establishments in Nigeria include the prestigious officer entry Nigerian Defence Academy at Kaduna , the Armed Forces Command and Staff College , Jaji , and the National War College at Abuja . The U.S. commercial military contractor Military Professional Resources Inc. has been involved from around 1999 -- 2000 in advising on civil-military relations for the armed forces .

neg: Malawi (Commonwealth realm) Malawi was a predecessor to the modern-day Republic of Malawi . It existed between 1964 and 1966 . When British rule ended in 1964 , by the Malawi Independence Act 1964 , the Nyasaland Protectorate , formerly a constituent of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland , became an independent Commonwealth realm . The British monarch was head of state . Malawi shared the sovereign , Queen Elizabeth II , with the other Commonwealth realms . The monarch 's constitutional roles were mostly delegated to the Governor-General of Malawi , Sir Glyn Smallwood Jones ( 6 July 1964 -- 6 July 1966 ) .   The royal succession was governed by the same rules as the succession to the British throne . Elizabeth II did not reside in or visit Malawi in the 1960s but she did visit in 1979 ( 22 -- 25 July ) as Head of the Commonwealth .   Hastings Banda held office as prime minister ( and head of government ) of Malawi during this period . Following the abolition of the monarchy , the Republic of Malawi came into existence on 6 July 1966 and Banda became the first President of Malawi .

neg: Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville) The Republic of the Congo ( République du Congo ) was a sovereign state in Central Africa that was created with the independence of the Belgian Congo in 1960 . From 1960-1966 , the country was often known as Congo-Léopoldville ( after its capital ) in order to distinguish it from its north-western neighbour , also called the Republic of the Congo or Congo-Brazzaville . With the renaming of Léopoldville as Kinshasa on 1 June 1966 , it was known as Congo-Kinshasa until 1971 .   On 1 August 1964 , the state 's official name was changed to Democratic Republic of the Congo . In 1971 , the state 's name changed to Zaire .   The period between 1960 and 1965 is referred to as the First Congolese Republic , and the current Democratic Republic of the Congo is the Third Republic .   Unrest and rebellion continued to plague the government until 1965 , when Lieutenant General Joseph Désiré Mobutu , now commander-in-chief of the national army , seized control of the country . Mobutu changed the country 's name to Zaire in 1971 and remained its president until 1997 .

neg: Mandingo people of Sierra Leone The Mandinka people of Sierra Leone ( commonly referred to as the Mandingo , Mandinka or Malinke ) is a major ethnic group in Sierra Leone and a branch of the Mandinka people of West Africa , with whom they share the same culture , religion , tradition and language . The Sierra Leonean Mandingo are the direct descendants of Mandinka warriors from Guinea who conquered large territories in areas of the North and East of Sierra Leonean in the 1870s under the leadership of Samori Ture . They were followed by thousands of ` Mandingo settlers from Guinea in the late 19th and early-to-mid-20th century .   The Mandingo constitute about 7 % of Sierra Leone 's population . The Mandingo are 99 % Muslim , and Islam has become the basis of their religious and cultural practices .   The Mandingo people of Sierra Leone are predominantly traders and rural subsistence farmers . Sierra Leone 's third president Ahmad Tejan Kabbah , first Vice President Sorie Ibrahim Koroma and Alhaji Chief Mucktarru-Kallay , the first chairman and Leader of the APC are three of many of Sierra Leone 's prominent Mandingo politicians .   The Mandingo people of Sierra Leone speak the maninka language as their native language . The Mandingo are found in virtually all parts of Sierra Leone ; they make up the majority of the population of several towns in the North and East of Sierra Leone . Their population is largely concentrated in Koinadugu District in the North , particularly in the towns of Kabala and Falaba , where they form the majority of the population . The Mandingo make up the majority of the population in Yengema , Kono District in Eastern Sierra Leone . They also make up the majority of the population in the town of Karina , Bombali District in the north of Sierra Leone .

neg: Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence The Unilateral Declaration of Independence ( UDI ) was a statement adopted by the Cabinet of Rhodesia on 11 November 1965 , announcing that Rhodesia , a British territory in southern Africa that had governed itself since 1923 , now regarded itself as an independent sovereign state . The culmination of a protracted dispute between the British and Rhodesian governments regarding the terms under which the latter could become fully independent , it was the first unilateral break from the United Kingdom by one of its colonies since the United States Declaration of Independence nearly two centuries before . Britain , the Commonwealth and the United Nations all deemed Rhodesia 's UDI illegal , and economic sanctions , the first in the UN 's history , were imposed on the breakaway colony . Amid near-complete international isolation , Rhodesia continued as an unrecognised state with the assistance of South Africa and Portugal .   The Rhodesian government , which mostly comprised members of the country 's white minority of about 5 % , was indignant when , amid decolonisation and the Wind of Change , less developed African colonies to the north without comparable experience of self-rule quickly advanced to independence during the early 1960s while Rhodesia was refused sovereignty under the newly ascendant principle of `` no independence before majority rule '' ( `` NIBMAR '' ) . Most white Rhodesians felt that they were due independence following four decades ' self-government , and that Britain was betraying them by withholding it . This combined with the colonial government 's acute reluctance to hand over power to black nationalists -- the manifestation of racial tensions , Cold War anti-communism and the fear that a dystopian Congo-style situation might result -- to create the impression that if Britain did not grant independence , Rhodesia might be justified in taking it unilaterally .   Stalemate developed between the British and Rhodesian Prime Ministers , Harold Wilson and Ian Smith respectively , between 1964 and 1965 . Dispute largely surrounded the British condition that the terms for independence had to be acceptable `` to the people of the country as a whole '' ; Smith contended that this was met , while Britain and black nationalist leaders in Rhodesia held that it was not . After Wilson proposed in late October 1965 that Britain might safeguard future black representation in the Rhodesian parliament by withdrawing some of the colonial government 's devolved powers , then presented terms for an investigatory Royal Commission that the Rhodesians found unacceptable , Smith and his Cabinet declared independence . Calling this treasonous , the British colonial Governor Sir Humphrey Gibbs formally dismissed Smith and his government , but they ignored him and appointed an `` Officer Administering the Government '' to take his place .   While no country recognised UDI , the Rhodesian High Court deemed the post-UDI government legal and de jure in 1968 . The Smith administration initially professed continued loyalty to Queen Elizabeth II , but abandoned this in 1970 when it declared a republic in an unsuccessful attempt to win foreign recognition . The Rhodesian Bush War , a guerrilla conflict between the government and two rival communist-backed black nationalist groups , began in earnest two years later , and after several attempts to end the war Smith agreed the Internal Settlement with non-militant nationalists in 1978 . Under these terms the country was reconstituted under black rule as Zimbabwe Rhodesia in June 1979 , but this new order was rejected by the guerrillas and the international community . The Bush War continued until Zimbabwe Rhodesia revoked UDI as part of the Lancaster House Agreement in December 1979 . Following a brief period of direct British rule , the country was granted internationally recognised independence under the name Zimbabwe in 1980 .

neg: Zimbabwe Zimbabwe ( -LSB- zɪmˈbɑːbweɪ -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of Zimbabwe , is a landlocked country located in southern Africa , between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers . It is bordered by South Africa to the south , Botswana to the west and southwest , Zambia to the northwest , and Mozambique to the east and northeast . Although it does not border Namibia , less than 200 metres of the Zambezi River separates it from that country . The capital and largest city is Harare . A country of roughly 13 million people , Zimbabwe has 16 official languages , with English , Shona , and Ndebele the most commonly used .   Since the 11th century , present-day Zimbabwe has been the site of several organised states and kingdoms as well as a major route for migration and trade . The British South Africa Company of Cecil Rhodes first demarcated the present territory during the 1890s ; it became the self-governing British colony of Southern Rhodesia in 1923 . In 1965 , the conservative white minority government unilaterally declared independence as Rhodesia . The state endured international isolation and a 15-year guerrilla war with black nationalist forces ; this culminated in a peace agreement that established universal enfranchisement and de jure sovereignty in April 1980 . Zimbabwe then rejoined the Commonwealth of Nations -- which it withdrew from in 2003 . It is a member of the United Nations , the Southern African Development Community ( SADC ) , the African Union ( AU ) , and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa ( COMESA ) .   Robert Mugabe became Prime Minister of Zimbabwe in 1980 , when his ZANU-PF party won the elections following the end of white minority rule ; he has been the president of Zimbabwe since 1987 . Under Mugabe 's authoritarian regime , the state security apparatus has dominated the country and been responsible for widespread human rights violations . Mugabe has maintained the revolutionary socialist rhetoric from the Cold War era , blaming Zimbabwe 's economic woes on conspiring Western capitalist countries , while still executing conservative policies . Burnished by his anti-imperialist credentials , contemporary African political leaders have been reluctant to criticise Mugabe , though Archbishop Desmond Tutu has called him `` a cartoon figure of an archetypal African dictator '' .

neg: Transkei The Transkei ( -LSB- trɑːnsˈkeɪ , _ - ˈkaɪ , _ trænz - -RSB- , meaning the area beyond -LSB- the river -RSB- Kei ) , officially the Republic of Transkei ( iRiphabliki yeTranskei ) , was a Bantustan -- an area set aside for members of a specific ethnicity -- and nominal parliamentary democracy in the southeastern region of South Africa . Its capital was Umtata , which was renamed Mthatha in 2004 .   Transkei represented a significant precedent and historic turning point in South Africa 's policy of apartheid and `` separate development '' ; it was the first of four territories to be declared independent of South Africa . Throughout its existence , it remained an internationally unrecognised , diplomatically isolated , politically unstable de facto one-party state , which at one point broke relations with South Africa , the only country that acknowledged it as a legal entity . In 1994 , it was reintegrated into its larger neighbour and became part of the Eastern Cape province .


query: The Place Beyond the Pines was written by three people.

pos: The Place Beyond the Pines The Place Beyond the Pines is a 2012 American crime drama film directed by Derek Cianfrance and written by Cianfrance , Ben Coccio , and Darius Marder . It stars Ryan Gosling , Bradley Cooper , Eva Mendes , Emory Cohen and Dane DeHaan , with Ben Mendelsohn , Rose Byrne , Mahershala Ali , Bruce Greenwood , Harris Yulin , and Ray Liotta in supporting roles . The film reunites Cianfrance and Gosling , who worked together on 2010 's Blue Valentine . The film was scored by Mike Patton and also featured previously written music by Estonian composer Arvo Pärt . The title is the English meaning of the city of Schenectady , New York , which is derived loosely from a Mohawk word for `` place beyond the pine plains . ''

neg: Robert Nichols (author) Robert Brayton Nichols ( 1919-October 14 , 2010 ) was an American poet , novelist , playwright , and landscape architect .   Nichols was born in Worcester , Massachusetts . He served as an officer in the United States Navy in World War II and graduated from Harvard University .   His poetry includes the volumes Slow Newsreel of Man Riding Train ( 1962 ) , number 15 in the City Lights Pocket Poets Series , and Red Shift ( 1977 ) . His wrote the novels From the Steam Room ( 1993 ) , and a four-part series of novels set in the utopia Nghsi-Altai , and the short story collection In the Air ( 1991 ) . He was a co-founder of the Judson Poets Theatre and participated in the Theater for the New City and the Bread and Puppet Theater .   His first wife was the Village Voice editor Mary Perot Nichols ; they divorced in 1969 . He married author Grace Paley in 1972 ; she died in 2007 .   His work in landscape architecture includes a redesign of Washington Square Park .

neg: John Ehle John Marsden Ehle , Jr. ( born December 13 , 1925 ) is an American writer known best for his fiction set in the Appalachian Mountains of the American South .

neg: Rule of three (writing) The rule of three is a writing principle that suggests that events or characters introduced in threes are more humorous , satisfying , or effective in execution of the story and engaging the reader.The reader or audience of this form of text is also thereby more likely to remember the information conveyed . This is because having three entities combines both brevity and rhythm with having the smallest amount of information to create a pattern . It makes the author or speaker appear knowledgeable while being both simple and catchy .   Slogans , film titles and a variety of other things have been structured in threes , a tradition that grew out of oral storytelling . Examples include the Three Little Pigs , Three Billy Goats Gruff , and the Three Musketeers . Similarly , adjectives are often grouped in threes to emphasize an idea .   The Latin phrase `` omne trium perfectum '' ( everything that comes in threes is perfect , or , every set of three is complete ) conveys the same idea as the rule of three .

neg: The Wood Beyond the World The Wood Beyond the World is a fantasy novel by William Morris , perhaps the first modern fantasy writer to unite an imaginary world with the element of the supernatural , and thus the precursor of much of present-day fantasy literature . It was first published in hardcover by Morris 's Kelmscott Press , in 1894 . The book 's importance in the history of fantasy literature was recognized by its republication by Ballantine Books as the third volume of the Ballantine Adult Fantasy series in July , 1969 . The Ballantine edition includes an introduction by Lin Carter .

neg: L. Sprague de Camp Lyon Sprague de Camp ( -LSB- ˌspreɪɡdəˈkæmp -RSB- 27 November 1907 -- 6 November 2000 ) , better known as L. Sprague de Camp , was an American writer of science fiction , fantasy , non-fiction and biography . In a career spanning 60 years , he wrote over 100 books , including novels and works of non-fiction , such as biographies of other fantasy authors . He was a major figure in science fiction in the 1930s and 1940s .

neg: Dwarf Stars Award The Dwarf Stars Award is an annual award presented by the Science Fiction Poetry Association to the author of the best horror , fantasy , or science fiction poem of ten lines or fewer published in the previous year . The award was established in 2006 as a counterpoint to the Rhysling Award , which is given by the same organization to horror , fantasy , or science fiction poems of any length . Poems are submitted to the association by the poets , from which approximately 30 are chosen by an editor to be published in an anthology each fall . Members of the association then vote on the published poems , and first through third-place winners are announced . The 2006 anthology was edited by Deborah P. Kolodji , and subsequent anthologies have been edited by an array of editors , including Kolodji , Stephen M. Wilson , Joshua Gage , Geoffrey A. Landis , Linda D. Addison , Sandra J. Lindow , John Amen , Jeannine Hall Gailey , and Lesley Wheeler .   During the 11 nomination years , 35 poems by 25 poets have been selected as third place or better , including one three-way tie for second place in 2016 , of which 11 poets have won outright . Jane Yolen has been noted four times , a first and a third place and two second-place results ; Deborah P. Kolodji and Julie Bloss Kelsey have each received a first and a second place ; Greg Beatty a first and a third place ; Sonya Taaffe has received two second-place results ; and Ann K. Schwader has received two third-place results .

neg: Three Californias Trilogy The Three Californias Trilogy ( also known as the Wild Shore Triptych and the Orange County Trilogy ) consists of three books by Kim Stanley Robinson , that depict three different possible futures of Orange County , California . The three books that make up the trilogy are The Wild Shore , The Gold Coast and Pacific Edge . Each of these books describes the life of young people in the three very different near-futures . All three novels begin with an excavation which tells the reader about the world they are entering .

neg: Doug Jung Doug Jung is an American screenwriter and film producer . He is known for writing the screenplay for the 2016 film Star Trek Beyond .

neg: Beyond This Place (2010 film) Beyond This Place ( 2010 ) is a documentary film directed by Kaleo La Belle , screened at a number of film festivals . In it , La Belle reunites with his biological father Cloud Rock La Belle , a charismatic figure who was largely absent from his life . The film deals , in a personal and intimate way , with issues of parenting , issues of freedom versus responsibility , and with the aging of the 60 's generation .   The film won an award for Best Documentary over 60 minutes at the 2010 Krakow Film Festival and the `` Prix création '' award at the 2010 Visions du Réel film festival .   The score of the film was written by Sufjan Stevens and Raymond Raposa . The film was screened with a live musical performance by the two musicians in the fall of 2011 , including at the Castro Theater in San Francisco .

neg: Wilson Rawls Woodrow Wilson Rawls , ( September 28 , 1969 - December 16 , 1984 ) was an American writer best known for his books Where the Red Fern Grows and Summer of the Monkeys .

neg: Chilean literature Chilean literature refers to all written or literary work produced in Chile or by Chilean writers . The literature of Chile is usually written in Spanish .  Chile has a rich literary tradition and has been home to two Nobel prize winners , the poets Gabriela Mistral and Pablo Neruda . It has also seen three winners of the Miguel de Cervantes Prize , considered one of the most important Spanish language literature prizes : the novelist , journalist and diplomat Jorge Edwards ( 1998 ) , and the poets Gonzalo Rojas ( 2003 ) and Nicanor Parra ( 2011 ) .

neg: Carpenter's Gothic Carpenter 's Gothic is the title of the third novel by William Gaddis , published in 1985 by Viking . The title connotes a `` Gothic '' tale of haunted isolation , in a milieu stripped of all pretensions .   Gaddis 's second-shortest novel , Carpenter 's Gothic relates the words and occasional actions , in one house , of an ex-soldier , confederate apologist , and pathological liar ; his neglected and ineffectual wife ; and a visitor with a mysterious past who resembles in many ways Gaddis himself . The book is notable mainly for its strict fugue-like nature , as each character pursues his own themes in conversation and in action , often without reference to anything said or done by the others .

neg: Avery Corman Avery Corman ( born November 28 , 1935 ) is an American novelist .

neg: Third Hawkins Born Maurice Hawkins , Third Hawkins is a recognized music producer in and out of the DMV area including his hometown of Baltimore , Maryland . He has been producing music for over 10 years and was formally in the r & b group JONDOE . His group was signed to a demo deal with Universal Music Group during the late 90 's but an album never formed . After performing on the Apollo Theater the group decided to disband and Third Hawkins began his production career . Buying music equipment piece by piece he started working with local artist including a young group which he helped formed . After working with several local artist Third began writing for different singers and became one of Baltimore and Dc 's most unknown talent . He started Ghostwriting for artist because he did not want the notoriety that comes with fame .   QUOTE : `` My goal is to become the best multi-genre African American male author of the future . ''   Third Hawkins hits the scene with the pure gifted talent of story telling in a way that captivates each reader as if they were a part of the story twisting Urban Literature writing in a way that has never been done . .    QUOTE : `` I have done so many things in my life that has made me become the man I am today . Some good and some bad but none of them do I regret . ''   Third Hawkins began his journey in the music business in an R&B group called JONDOE of which they were signed to a major record label but never produced a full album . It was then when he focused his talent for writing songs and developing them into musical love stories that he began his curiosity for the literary arts .   Although writing is what he loved to do music was always his passion . Producing tracks for local and other music artist . Performing at the legendary Apollo theater and other venues are what inspired him to become a better artist . Between work and relationships the music in his life dwindled and the love he once had left after years of R&B changed in the musical domain .  He began to write short stories just for fun and one day while on the subway train . Using nothing but his data phone began texting his first book ,  `` My Only Syn '' . After writing the book and seeing how new found friends that were writers were screwed over by several publishing companies Third started his own publishing company ,  3rdHawkins Publishing and began to write the self acclaimed drama `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' based on the life of a strong man trying to survive living with depression .   `` I look at urban novels as the future of literary art because of the fact that it 's as real as you can get in telling a story . Hip Hop was once looked at as a genre in music that would never last and now the stories that they tell have influenced all genres of music from rock to country . Every one has some sort of story to tell and some stories may help even if it 's just one person who will read my book and can relate : I am satisfied and feel I have done my job as an author . ''

neg: Brandon Mull Brandon Mull is an American author best known for the New York Times bestselling fantasy series , Fablehaven . Mull has also written The Candy Shop War , the Beyonders trilogy , and the Five Kingdoms series , as well as numerous other popular young adult novels . Mull travels the country speaking to students , with the message that `` imagination can take you places . ''   He has stated that his greatest inspirations for his stories are J. R. R. Tolkien , C. S. Lewis , and J. K. Rowling .

neg: The Caretaker Trilogy The Caretaker Trilogy is a series of science fiction thrillers with an ecological theme , written for young adults by the award-winning American novelist and screenwriter , David Klass . The first book in the series , Firestorm ( 2006 ) , was the first book ever endorsed by Greenpeace and was praised by critics for its combination of entertainment value and environmental message , garnering an American Library Association ( ALA ) Best Book citation , a starred review from Publishers Weekly , and a favorable review by the New York Times Book Review . The story focuses on Jack Danielson , a teenager sent back from the future to save the world 's oceans . Whirlwind , the second book in the Caretaker Trilogy , tells the story of Jack 's efforts to save the Amazon rain forest ; published in March 2008 by Farrar , Straus and Giroux . The third book in the trilogy is Timelock , published in 2009 .   Firestorm has been optioned by Warner Bros. and the production company Thunder Road . A screenplay for the movie version is in active development .

neg: Poets' Walk Park Poets ' Walk is located in Red Hook , New York , United States on the scenic River Road ( just north of the Kingston-Rhinecliff bridge ) . It is a `` romantic landscape '' , intended to celebrate the connection between landscape and poetry . The classic wooden vistas , sunlit fields and thick forest were the main focus of landscape architect Hans Jacob Ehlers ' vision for the property in 1849 .   The park 's mown and gravel paths are variously lined with wooden hand-crafted benches , and provide access to the 120 acre of fields and forest , as well as spectacular river views . The park 's walls of foliage and stone evoke outdoor `` rooms '' that reflect the 1849 landscape aims of Ehlers .   The distance from the Information Arbor at the beginning of the path to the Overlook Pavilion is about half a mile , and at a leisurely pace takes the average walker about 15 minutes . The return trip is slightly uphill and a bit longer . From the Pavilion to the Summerhouse ( via the Poets ' Walk Path ) is an additional 20 minutes ( one way ) , and from the Pavilion to the Flagpole is also 20 minutes ( one way ) .   The park has been visited by Fitz-Greene Halleck ( 1790 -- 1867 ) and many literary contemporaries , including Washington Irving ( 1783 -- 1859 ) and William Cullen Bryant ( 1794 -- 1878 ) and Jack Kerouac ( 1922-1969 ) .   Today , the visual integrity of the Park and its setting is protected by The Scenic Hudson Land Trust 's conservation easements on the surrounding 800 acre . The park is open from 9am until dusk ( 6pm in winter , 8pm during summer ) , and all visitors are expected to clean up after their pets and themselves : all trash brought in must be brought out , seeing as there are no trash receptacles along the walkway .

neg: Three Rivers Regional Library System The Three Rivers Regional Library System ( TRRL ) is a public library system that serves the counties of Brantley , Camden , Charlton , Long , McIntosh , and Wayne , Georgia . The administrative office of the system is located in Jesup , Georgia .   TRRL is a member of PINES , a program of the Georgia Public Library Service that covers 53 library systems in 143 counties of Georgia . Any resident in a PINES supported library system has access to the system 's collection of 10.6 million books . The library is also serviced by GALILEO , a program of the University System of Georgia which stands for `` GeorgiA LIbrary LEarning Online '' . This program offers residents in supported libraries access to over 100 databases indexing thousands of periodicals and scholarly journals . It also boasts over 10,000 journal titles in full text .   The library system is named after the three rivers that course through the region of Southeast Georgia . These rivers are the St. Marys River , the Altamaha River , and the Satilla River .

neg: Carole Maso Carole Maso is a contemporary American novelist and essayist , known for her experimental , poetic and fragmentary narratives often called postmodern . She received a B.A. in English from Vassar College in 1977 . She is the recipient of a Lannan Literary Fellowship for Fiction , an NEA fellowship , and several other grants . Her first published novel was Ghost Dance , which appeared in 1986 . Her best known novel is probably Defiance , published in 1998 . She is a professor of literary arts at Brown University , where she has taught since 1995 , and has previously held positions as a writer-in-residence at Illinois State University in 1991 -- 92 and George Washington University in 1992 -- 93 , as well as teaching writing at Columbia University in 1993 . A forthcoming novel , The Bay of Angels , incorporates various narrative types -- essay , memoir , prose poems , and even graphics -- and represents nearly 15 years of work . Parts of The Bay of Angels have appeared in journals and anthologies .   Maso was born in Paterson , New Jersey in 1955 , the child of her jazz musician father and her emergency room nurse mother .   Maso admits she was not an avid reader in childhood . Indeed , she did not write creatively until her senior year at Vassar , when she submitted about 50 pages of prose poems as her senior honors thesis . It is at this point that she knew she wanted to be a writer .   Maso eschewed the traditional path to teaching , having never studied formally beyond her Vassar B.A. , despite having been offered a graduate fellowship at Boston University . Rather , she devoted 9 years to learning the craft by doing , writing while alternately working as a waitress , artist 's model , and fencing instructor . She also did some house - and cat-sitting , which afforded her time to write . Maso has referred to this period as her `` apprenticeship years . ''

neg: Wendell Berry Wendell Erdman Berry ( born August 5 , 1934 ) is an American novelist , poet , environmental activist , cultural critic , and farmer . A prolific author , he has written many novels , short stories , poems , and essays . He is an elected member of the Fellowship of Southern Writers , a recipient of The National Humanities Medal , and the Jefferson Lecturer for 2012 . He is also a 2013 Fellow of The American Academy of Arts and Sciences . Berry was named the recipient of the 2013 Richard C. Holbrooke Distinguished Achievement Award . On January 28 , 2015 , he became the first living writer to be inducted into the Kentucky Writers Hall of Fame .