query: Legally Blonde was scripted by Joss Whedon.

pos: Legally Blonde Legally Blonde is a 2001 American comedy film adapted from the novel of the same title by Amanda Brown . It was directed by Robert Luketic , scripted by Karen McCullah Lutz and Kirsten Smith , and stars Reese Witherspoon , Luke Wilson , Selma Blair , Matthew Davis , Victor Garber , and Jennifer Coolidge . The film tells the story of Elle Woods , a sorority girl who attempts to win back her ex-boyfriend by getting a law degree .   The film was released on July 13 , 2001 , and received positive reviews from critics . The critics ' consensus states that `` though the material is predictable and formulaic , Reese Witherspoon 's funny , nuanced performance makes this movie better than it would have been otherwise '' . It was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture : Musical or Comedy and ranked 29th on Bravo 's 2007 list of `` 100 Funniest Movies '' . Witherspoon received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy , and the 2002 MTV Movie Award for Best Female Performance .   The box-office success led to a 2003 sequel , Red , White & Blonde , and a 2009 direct-to-DVD spin-off , Legally Blondes . Additionally , Legally Blonde : The Musical premiered on January 23 , 2007 , in San Francisco and opened in New York City at the Palace Theatre on Broadway on April 29 , 2007 , starring Laura Bell Bundy .

neg: Jared Hedges Jared Hedges is a writer/producer for television and video games . He was born in 1980 in Dallas , Texas , and majored in screenwriting at the University of Southern California . Most of his work has consisted of English adaptation ( aka ADR ) scripts for anime series . He has written for FUNimation since 1999 , working as Head Writer on shows including Fullmetal Alchemist , Samurai 7 , Speed Grapher , Tsukuyomi - Moon Phase - , Yu Yu Hakusho , and Tsubasa Chronicle . He has worked smaller stints on Dragon Ball Z , Dragon Ball , Negima , Case Closed , and Darker Than Black .   Jared 's writing team has included Joel Bergen , Kelli Howard , Alex Muniz , Colleen Clinkenbeard , Bonny Clinkenbeard , Ben Arntz , Michael Ampikapon , Michael B. Steinberg , Laura Moran , and Joelle Sellner .   Other adaptation work includes the feature-length anime Fullmetal Alchemist the Movie : Conqueror of Shamballa , and Dragon Ball : The Path to Power .   In 2006 , Jared , Joel Bergen and Alex Muniz began writing the English scripts of the anime comedy Shin Chan , which had a six episode trial run on Adult Swim in the summer of 2006 . The first season ( episodes 1-20 ) began airing on Adult Swim April 9 , 2007 . After a long hiatus , the last six episodes of season one ( episodes 21-26 ) began airing December 10 , 2007 . Season 2 ( episodes 27-52 ) began airing on April 12 , 2008 , with writers Michael B. Steinberg , Ben Arntz , Laura Moran , and Joelle Sellner added to the writing team .   Jared appeared at Comic Con 2007 in San Diego and New York Comic Con 2008 , promoting Shin Chan .   Jared was the script writer for the game Stuntman : Ignition , by developers THQ/Paradigm Entertainment , which released August 28 , 2007 . He also wrote English localization scripts for the games Fullmetal Alchemist 2 : Curse of the Crimson Elixir , Fullmetal Alchemist : Duel Sympathy , and No More Heroes 2 : Desperate Struggle .   Jared has also produced special-feature vignettes for DVD extras , promotional materials , and television shows on the Funimation Channel . This includes The Real Rockstar Dad : Interviews with Gene Simmons , Case Closed 101 , the 30 minute documentary Goku vs. Vegeta , and the Otakon 2006 episode of Anime Road Rage .   More recently , he was enlisted as the Head Writer of the English dub for Sgt. Frog .

neg: Mary Pat Gleason Mary Pat Gleason ( born February 23 , 1950 ) is an American film and television actress and an Emmy Award winning writer . From 1983 -- 85 , she appeared on The Guiding Light as Jane Hogan .   Since the early 1980s she has appeared on such television series as Full House , Dear John , Murphy Brown , Empty Nest , L.A. Law , Saved by the Bell , Murder , She Wrote , Friends , Step by Step , Suddenly Susan , Will & Grace , Sex and the City , Desperate Housewives , Family Matters , NCIS : Los Angeles , The Middleman , Up All Night , 1600 Penn , Motive , Baby Daddy , Grey 's Anatomy , Partners , Mama 's Family , Two Broke Girls and Mom .   She has appeared in such feature films as I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry , Basic Instinct , Traffic , Bruce Almighty , 13 Going on 30 , The Crucible , Bottle Shock , A Cinderella Story , The Island , Killing Kennedy and Nina .

neg: Girls (TV series) Girls is an American television series that premiered on HBO on April 15 , 2012 . Created by and starring Lena Dunham and executive produced by Judd Apatow , Girls is a comedy-drama following the lives of four young women living in New York City . The show 's premise and major aspects of the main character were drawn from Dunham 's own life .   The series has received a positive response from critics and consistent accolades , including the 2013 Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy .   Girls sixth and final season concluded on April 16 , 2017 , with a total of 62 episodes .

neg: Procedural drama A procedural drama is a genre of television programming which focuses on how crimes are solved or some other aspect of a law enforcement agency , legislative body , or court of law . Some dramas include a lab or conference room with high-tech or state-of-the-art equipment where the main characters meet to work out the problem . Shows usually have an episodic format that does not require the viewer to have seen previous episodes . Episodes typically have a self-contained , also referred to as stand-alone , plot that is introduced and resolved within the same episode .   The procedural format is popular around the world . In 2011 , the director of a TV consultancy said , `` The continuing trend is for procedurals because they use a predictable structure . '' Due to their stand-alone episodic nature , they are more accessible to new viewers than serials . Self-contained episodes also make it easier for viewers to return to a show if they have missed some episodes . In general , procedural dramas can usually be re-run with little concern for episode order .   Procedurals are often criticized for being formulaic . Procedurals are also generally less character-driven than serialized shows . However , some procedurals have more character emphasis than is typical of the format . Some may occasionally feature a storyline stretching over several episodes .   A popular variant is the police procedural .

neg: Blonde Cobra Blonde Cobra is a 1963 short film directed by experimental filmmaker Ken Jacobs . Footage for the unique and at the time controversial film was shot by Bob Flieshner . Marc Siegel in the book 1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die states that the 33 minute film is `` generally considered to be one of the masterpieces of the New York underground film scene , and that it is a `` fascinating audio-visual testament to the tragicomic performance of the inimitable Jack Smith '' , who was a photographer and filmmaker and `` queer muse '' in New York avant-garde art in the 1960s and 1970s .   The film captures Smith wearing dresses and makeup , playing with dolls , and smoking marijuana . Paul Arthur writes that the film contains `` dizzying quasi-autobiographical rants '' which spin on sadism , and that like Jacobs ' Little Stabs At Happiness , it contains `` languid improvisations studded with the bare bones of narrative incident or , more accurately , its collapse '' . The film contains Smith droning and singing and wildly cooing and cackling in parts of the film . The `` lonely little boy '' episode about a little boy living in a large house with 10 rooms has been cited as being `` potentially repugnant to many viewers '' because of its exploration of sadism against children and childhood sexuality . In this episode the narrator confesses to have `` blown up the penis '' of a 7-year-old boy with a match . The film contains numerous other elements which were shocking at the time of release such as references to necrophilia , the use of the word `` cunt '' , the confession of a nun ( impersonated in a posh high-pitched voice by Smith ) to lesbianism , the holding of a giant would-be dildo , and a portrayal of tranvestites . The film features quotes such as `` Why shave when I ca n't think of a reason for living '' and `` life is a sad business '' , quoting Greta Garbo . `` Let 's Call the Whole Thing Off '' is then played , described as a `` burlesque rendering '' of Robert Siodmak 's 1944 film Cobra Woman . The last scene captures Smith stabbing a man in the chest . Hilary Radner and Moya Luckett consider the film to be a camp portrayal of Rose Hobart .

neg: Who Are You (Buffy the Vampire Slayer) `` Who Are You '' is the 16th episode of season 4 of the television show Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Written and directed by series creator Joss Whedon , it originally aired February 29 , 2000 on the WB Television Network .

neg: The Simpsons (season 25) The Simpsons '' ' twenty-fifth season began airing on Fox on September 29 , 2013 and ended on May 18 , 2014 .   In this season , Homer sells his Mapple stock to buy a bowling ball ; Marge blames herself and Kiss for Bart 's rebellious streak ( `` Four Regrettings and a Funeral '' ) ; Lisa becomes a cheerleader for Springfield 's football team ; and Homer delivers a baby ( `` Labor Pains '' ) . Guest stars for this season include Judd Apatow , Will Arnett , Anderson Cooper , Harlan Ellison , Zach Galifianakis , Stan Lee , Eva Longoria , Rachel Maddow , Elisabeth Moss , Joe Namath , Daniel Radcliffe , Aaron Sorkin , and Kristen Wiig . This is Al Jean 's 13th consecutive season as showrunner and 15th overall . Matt Groening , James L. Brooks , Matt Selman , and John Frink serve as executive producers . Executive producer Al Jean stated that Edna Krabappel will be retired from the show following the death of Marcia Wallace on October 25 , 2013 .   February 2014 held back Simpsons episodes , due to the transmission of the Super Bowl XLVIII in East Rutherford , New Jersey , United States ; the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi , Russia ; the 2014 Daytona 500 in Daytona Beach , Florida , US ; and the 86th Academy Awards in Hollywood , Los Angeles , California .   This season The Simpsons '' won three Primetime Emmy Awards out of four nominations , including an Primetime Emmy Award for Character Voice-Over Performance to Harry Shearer , who was the last member of the main cast to earn the award .

neg: L.A. Law L.A. Law is an American television legal drama series that ran for eight seasons on NBC , from September 15 , 1986 , to May 19 , 1994 .   Created by Steven Bochco and Terry Louise Fisher , it contained many of Bochco 's trademark features including an ensemble cast , large number of parallel storylines , social drama , and off-the-wall humor . It reflected the social and cultural ideologies of the 1980s and early 1990s , and many of the cases featured on the show dealt with hot-topic issues such as capital punishment , abortion , racism , gay rights , homophobia , sexual harassment , AIDS , and domestic violence . The series often also reflected social tensions between the wealthy senior lawyer protagonists and their less well-paid junior staff .   In addition to its main cast , L.A. Law was also well known for featuring then relatively unknown actors and actresses in guest starring roles , who later went on to greater success in film and television including : Don Cheadle , Jeffrey Tambor , Kathy Bates , David Schwimmer , Jay O. Sanders , James Avery , Gates McFadden , Bryan Cranston , C.C.H. Pounder , Kevin Spacey , Richard Schiff , Carrie-Anne Moss , William H. Macy , Stephen Root , Christian Slater , and Lucy Liu . Several episodes of the show also included celebrities such as Vanna White , Buddy Hackett and Mamie Van Doren appearing as themselves in cameo roles .   The show was popular with audiences and critics , and won 15 Emmy Awards throughout its run , four of which were for Outstanding Drama Series .

neg: Joss Whedon Joss Whedon ( -LSB- ˈwiːdən -RSB- ) ( born Joseph Hill Whedon on June 23 , 1964 ) is an American screenwriter , film and television director , film and television producer , comic book author , and composer . He is the founder of Mutant Enemy Productions and co-founder of Bellwether Pictures , and is best known as the creator of the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer ( 1997 -- 2003 ) , Angel ( 1999 -- 2004 ) , Firefly ( 2002 ) , Dollhouse ( 2009 -- 10 ) and Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( from 2013 ) .   Whedon co-wrote the Pixar film Toy Story ( 1995 ) , wrote and directed the Firefly film continuation Serenity ( 2005 ) , co-wrote and directed the Internet mini-series Dr. Horrible 's Sing-Along Blog ( 2008 ) , co-wrote and produced the horror comedy The Cabin in the Woods ( 2012 ) , and wrote and directed the Marvel Cinematic Universe superhero films The Avengers ( 2012 ) and its sequel Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) .

neg: Ian Brennan (writer) Ian Brennan ( born April 23 , 1978 ) is a television writer , actor , producer and director . He is best known for his work on the American television shows Glee and Scream Queens .

neg: Josh Weinstein Josh Weinstein ( born May 5 , 1966 ) is an American television writer and producer , known for his work on the animated comedy series The Simpsons . Weinstein and Bill Oakley became best friends and writing partners at St. Albans High School ; Weinstein then attended Stanford University and was editor-in-chief of the Stanford Chaparral . He worked on several short-term media projects , including writing for the variety show Sunday Best , but was then unemployed for a long period .   Weinstein and Oakley eventually penned a spec script for Seinfeld , after which they wrote `` Marge Gets a Job '' , an episode of The Simpsons . Subsequently , the two were hired to write for the show on a permanent basis in 1992 . After they wrote episodes such as `` $ pringfield ( Or , How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling ) '' , `` Bart vs. Australia '' and `` Who Shot Mr. Burns ? '' , the two were appointed executive producers and showrunners for the seventh and eighth seasons of the show . They attempted to include several emotional episodes focusing on the Simpson family , as well as several high-concept episodes such as `` Homer 's Enemy '' , `` Two Bad Neighbors '' and `` The Principal and the Pauper '' , winning three Primetime Emmy Awards for their work .   After they left The Simpsons , Oakley and Weinstein created Mission Hill . The show was plagued by promotional issues and was swiftly canceled . They worked as consulting producers on Futurama , then created The Mullets in 2003 . The two wrote several unsuccessful TV pilots , and were due to serve as showrunners on Sit Down , Shut Up in 2009 . Oakley left the project over a contract dispute , but Weinstein remained until it was canceled . He co-produced and wrote for Futurama again during its Comedy Central revival , winning an Emmy in 2011 . Since 2013 , Weinstein has served as showrunner for the CBBC series Strange Hill High . He has also served as a writer for Season Two of Gravity Falls , co-writing nine of the season 's episodes . Weinstein is married to journalist Lisa Simmons .

neg: Jim Michaels Jim Michaels ( born September 12 , 1965 in Chicago , Illinois ) is an American television producer . He is the son of Anna Mae and Robert Michaels and was raised in the suburbs of Des Plaines and Arlington Heights . Michaels graduated from John Hersey High School in Arlington Heights , Illinois and attended the University of Evansville and graduated with a degree in Business . Michaels ran the in house computer graphics department at a studio at MCA/Universal . Michaels then moved into television production , eventually producing the NBC series Midnight Caller for NBC and Reasonable Doubts . Michaels other series included ; Charlie Grace for ABC ; The Guardian and dr. Vegas for CBS ; Odyssey 5 ; for Showtime ; and Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman . Michaels is a member of the Producer 's Guild of America , Directors Guild of America , Screen Actors Guild , The Academy of Television Arts & Sciences , American Film Institute and has guest lectered at the Academy of Art , UCLA and NYU . Michaels worked with Ali LeRoi and Chris Rock producing the television series Everybody Hates Chris for four seasons and has now joined the production team at Supernatural for the 2009 -- 2017 seasons .

neg: Buffy the Animated Series Buffy the Animated Series is an animated television series concept based on Buffy the Vampire Slayer created by Joss Whedon . Initially greenlit by 20th Century Fox in 2002 , it went ultimately unproduced and unaired when no network was willing to buy the series . The series would have taken place in the middle of Buffy season 1 , as writer Jeph Loeb described the continuity as `` Episode 7.5 '' .   Whedon and Loeb would later revisit the style of the series in the Season Eight comic story `` After These Messages ... We 'll Be Right Back ! '' .

neg: Westworld (TV series) Westworld is an American science fiction western thriller television series created by Jonathan Nolan and Lisa Joy for HBO . It is based on the 1973 film of the same name , which was written and directed by American novelist Michael Crichton , and to a lesser extent on the 1976 sequel Futureworld . It is the second TV series based on the two films , the first being the short-lived 1980 series Beyond Westworld . Nolan and Joy serve as executive producers along with J. J. Abrams , Jerry Weintraub , and Bryan Burk , with Nolan directing the pilot . The first season premiered on October 2 , 2016 , concluded on December 4 , 2016 , and consists of ten episodes . In November 2016 , HBO renewed the show for a 10-episode second season , planned for a 2018 debut .   The story takes place in the fictional Westworld , a technologically advanced Wild West -- themed amusement park populated by android hosts . Westworld caters to high-paying guests , who may indulge in whatever they wish within the park , without fear of retaliation from the hosts .   The series ' debut on HBO garnered the network 's highest viewership ratings for a premiere since the first episode of True Detective in 2014 and Westworld ranks as the most-watched first season of an HBO original series ever . Westworld has received positive reviews by critics , with particular praise for the visuals , story , and acting .

neg: The Simpsons The Simpsons is an American animated sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company . The series is a satirical depiction of working-class life epitomized by the Simpson family , which consists of Homer , Marge , Bart , Lisa , and Maggie . The show is set in the fictional town of Springfield and parodies American culture , society , television , and the human condition .   The family was conceived by Groening shortly before a solicitation for a series of animated shorts with producer James L. Brooks . Groening created a dysfunctional family and named the characters after members of his own family , substituting Bart for his own name . The shorts became a part of The Tracey Ullman Show on April 19 , 1987 . After a three-season run , the sketch was developed into a half-hour prime time show and became an early hit for Fox , becoming the network 's first series to land in the Top 30 ratings in a season ( 1989 -- 90 ) .   Since its debut on December 17 , 1989 , episodes of The Simpsons have been broadcast . Its 28th season began on September 25 , 2016 . It is the longest-running American sitcom and the longest-running American animated program , and , in 2009 , it surpassed Gunsmoke as the longest-running American scripted primetime television series . The Simpsons Movie , a feature-length film , was released in theaters worldwide on July 27 , 2007 , and grossed over $ 527 million . On November 4 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a twenty-ninth and thirtieth season of 22 episodes each , extending the show to 2019 .   The Simpsons received widespread critical acclaim throughout its first nine seasons , which are generally considered its `` Golden Age '' . Time named it the 20th century 's best television series , and Erik Adams of The A.V. Club named it `` television 's crowning achievement regardless of format '' . On January 14 , 2000 , the Simpson family was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . It has won dozens of awards since it debuted as a series , including 31 Primetime Emmy Awards , 30 Annie Awards , and a Peabody Award . Homer 's exclamatory catchphrase `` D'oh ! '' has been adopted into the English language , while The Simpsons has influenced many adult-oriented animated sitcoms . Despite this , the show has also been criticized for what many perceive as a decline in quality over the years .

neg: The West Hollywood Blondes The West Hollywood Blondes was a professional wrestling tag team consisting of Lenny Lane and Lodi . During their later careers in World Championship Wrestling , they were billed as `` brothers '' . The team formed in 1999 as a parody of the original Hollywood Blonds . Their gimmick saw them entering the ring wearing glitter and licking Blow Pops . In the ring , they also devised a unique stalling vertical suplex , flying crossbody combination . After being removed from television by Turner Broadcasting System Standards and Practices , the team briefly reformed as Standards and Practices , a satirical reference to the S&P of Turner , before disbanding in 2001 .

neg: As the World Turns As the World Turns ( often referred to as ATWT ) is an American television soap opera that aired on CBS for 54 years from April 2 , 1956 , to September 17 , 2010 . Irna Phillips created As the World Turns as a sister show to her other soap opera Guiding Light . Running for 54 years , As the World Turns holds the second-longest continuous run of any daytime network soap opera on American television , surpassed only by Guiding Light . As the World Turns was produced for the first 43 years in Manhattan and in Brooklyn from 2000 until 2010 .   Set in the fictional town of Oakdale , Illinois , the show debuted on April 2 , 1956 , at 1:30 pm EST. . Prior to that date , all serials had been 15 minutes in length . As the World Turns and The Edge of Night , which premiered on the same day at 4:30 pm EST , were the first two to be 30 minutes in length from their premiere . At first , viewers did not respond to the new half-hour serial , but ratings picked up in its second year , eventually reaching the top spot in the daytime Nielsen ratings by fall 1958 . In 1959 , the show started a streak of weekly ratings wins that was not interrupted for over 12 years . The show switched to color on August 21 , 1967 , and expanded from a half-hour in length to one hour starting on December 1 , 1975 , when The Edge of Night moved to ABC . In the year-to-date ratings , As the World Turns was the most-watched daytime drama from 1958 until 1978 , with ten million viewers tuning in each day . At its height , core actors such as Helen Wagner , Don MacLaughlin , Don Hastings , and Eileen Fulton became nationally known . Three of these actors -- Wagner , Hastings , and Fulton -- are also the three longest serving actors in the history of American soap operas .   The show passed its 10,000 th episode on May 12 , 1995 , and celebrated its 50th anniversary on April 2 , 2006 . On September 18 , 2009 , As the World Turns became the last remaining Procter and Gamble-produced soap opera for CBS after Guiding Light aired its final episode on the network .   On December 8 , 2009 , CBS announced that it cancelled As the World Turns after almost 54 years due to low ratings . The show taped its final Procter and Gamble scenes for CBS on June 23 , 2010 , and with a dramatic storyline finale , its final episode on the network aired on September 17 , 2010 . On October 18 , 2010 , CBS replaced As the World Turns with a newly debuted talk show The Talk .

neg: Express Written Consent Express Written Consent is an American talk show produced by MLB.com and hosted by Jeremy Brisiel ( JB ) that takes place in Major League Baseball ballparks . Guests have been actors , musicians , athletes , writers and other celebrities . With a baseball game as the backdrop , conversations often reveal the guests ' connection to baseball - their favorite baseball memory , favorite teams or favorite players . Guests also discuss their craft and current projects as they do on traditional talk shows . Occasionally , guests have done play by play as themselves or in the voice of their most famous characters . The show relies on a unique environment and friendly games to reveal new facets of each guest .

neg: Teen drama A teen drama is a genre or type of drama series with a major focus on teenage and young adult characters . It came into prominence in the early 1990s , especially with the popularity of the Fox series Beverly Hills , 90210 . After 90210 became a success , television writers and producers realized the potential for this new genre to reach out to a previously ignored demographic . In the past , most series that maintained a focus on teenagers had been sitcoms , while adolescents in drama series were usually part of a larger ensemble that included adults and children .   More often than not , teen dramas have soap opera elements , incorporating one or more ongoing story arcs spanning several episodes . The young characters must deal with the dramatic ups and downs of their friendships and romances while facing an array of issues thought to be typical of adolescence . There have also been many successful teen-based series with major science fiction , fantasy and action/adventure themes .

neg: The Real Blonde The Real Blonde is a 1998 film directed and written by Tom DiCillo . It stars Matthew Modine , Catherine Keener , and Maxwell Caulfield . The film is a satire on New York 's fashion and entertainment industries .


query: This Sporting Life was Richard Harris's second role.

pos: This Sporting Life This Sporting Life is a 1963 British feature film based on the 1960 novel of the same name by David Storey , which won the 1960 Macmillan Fiction Award . It recounts the story of a rugby league footballer , Frank Machin , in Wakefield , a mining area of Yorkshire , whose romantic life is not as successful as his sporting life . Storey , a former professional rugby league footballer , also wrote the screenplay .   The film stars Richard Harris , Rachel Roberts , William Hartnell and Alan Badel . It was directed by Lindsay Anderson . The film was Richard Harris 's first starring role , and won him a Best Actor Award at the 1963 Cannes Film Festival . He was also nominated for an Oscar for Best Actor in a Leading Role . Rachel Roberts won her second BAFTA award for This Sporting Life and an Oscar nomination for best actress . Harris was nominated for the BAFTA that year as well . The film opened at the Odeon Leicester Square in London 's West End on 7 February 1963 .

neg: The Temptations of Jean-Claude Killy `` The Temptations of Jean-Claude Killy '' is an article published in the premiere issue of Scanlan 's Monthly in March 1970 , written by Hunter S. Thompson .   The subject of the article is Jean-Claude Killy , the alpine skiing champion who , in the 1968 Winter Olympics , became the second alpine skier ever to win three gold medals in a single olympic games . By the time of the article Killy , then 26 , was retired from skiing and had embarked on the next phase of his career -- endorsements .   Thompson 's article follows Killy around the United States during his marketing tour for the Chevrolet automotive company . As he attends automotive shows , holds press conferences , and makes appearances for television ( all in conjunction with fellow Chevrolet spokesman , O.J. Simpson ) Thompson chronicles the newly flush world of celebrity sports endorsements . Though endorsement by a sports figure was not an entirely new concept , the world-wide magnitude of Killy 's stardom made his Chevrolet contract something of a fascination for Thompson .   The article 's focus on the relative depths of the new pitch-man status obtained by Killy so shortly after the incredible heights he had achieved develops through acerbic descriptions of the settings Killy finds himself in , the automotive executives that profit by him , and the fans and onlookers who make him such a valuable spokesman . Through it all , Killy 's focus on his own enormous profit is a source of worry to Thompson . The trend he sees developing is one of larger-than-life stars -- athletes of the highest physical standards who have achieved feats unimaginable by normal people -- demeaning themselves and their accomplishments by agreeing to shill for a few extra dollars . An enormous sports fan himself , Thompson is distraught by this turn of events and wonders that Killy was never quite sure `` why I was embarrassed for him in those scenes . ''   Thompson compares Killy to F. Scott Fitzgerald 's Gatsby : although , unlike that character , Killy 's dollars are earned honestly , the author concludes while watching Killy 's selling of himself that `` nothing in his narrow , high-powered experience can allow him to understand how I can watch his act and say that it looks , to me , like a very hard dollar -- maybe the hardest . ''   The article was later included in Thompson 's collection The Great Shark Hunt ( 1979 ) .

neg: George Harris (actor) George William Harris ( born 20 October 1949 ) is a British actor of film , stage , television , radio and musical theatre . His notable roles include Kingsley Shacklebolt in the Harry Potter film series , Captain Simon Katanga in Raiders of the Lost Ark and Clive King in popular medical drama Casualty , where he was one of the original cast members . He also played real-life Somali warlord Osman Ali Atto in the 2001 film Black Hawk Down .

neg: James Harris, 2nd Earl of Malmesbury James Edward Harris , 2nd Earl of Malmesbury ( 19 August 1778 -- 10 September 1841 ) was a British peer , styled Viscount FitzHarris from 1800 to 1820 .   Though the son of a great British statesman , James Harris , 1st Earl of Malmesbury , the young James Harris did but dabble in politics . His real interests lay in being a sportsman . The second Earl was known for his meticulous records of what game he killed as well as his records of local and national British weather . He built up an extensive collection of stuffed game , which , upon his family 's sale of Greywell Hill House in 1950 , was donated to various museums .   He was Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Helston 1802 -- 1804 , Horsham 1804 -- 1807 , Heytesbury 1807 -- 1812 and Wilton 1816 -- 1820 .

neg: Dream On! Dream On ! is a film which premiered in 1981 at the Festival International du Nouveau Cinema , Montreal . It was shot in 16mm film from 1975 to 1980 , and was blown up to 35mm in 1984 . The film 's action follows a group of young actors as they struggle to survive in L.A. and hang on to their artistic principles . Ed Harris and Paul `` Pee-wee Herman '' Reubens have since become well known actors .

neg: To Walk with Lions To Walk with Lions is a 1999 film starring Richard Harris as George Adamson and John Michie as Tony Fitzjohn . It follows the later years of wild game preserver/naturalist Adamson .   After his marriage to Joy Adamson , both of Born Free book and film fame , Adamson spent the latter part of his life protecting the lions and other wildlife in the Kora National Reserve , Kenya . He encounters poachers and government corruption blocking his quest for wildlife preservation .

neg: This Life (2015 TV series) This Life is a Canadian television drama series . It premiered on October 5 , 2015 on CBC . The series is based on the French Canadian series Nouvelle adresse , created by Richard Blaimert . On March 31 , 2016 the CBC confirmed the series had been renewed for a second season , to premiere in Fall 2016 . The show was cancelled on January 24 , 2017 .

neg: David Harris (British politician) David Anthony Harris ( born 1 November 1937 ) is a Conservative Party politician in the United Kingdom .

neg: Your Ticket Is No Longer Valid Your Ticket is No Longer Valid is a 1981 Canadian film starring Richard Harris . Harris later regarded the movie as one of the biggest artistic disappointments of his career .

neg: Tommy Harris (rugby) Not to be confused with the English rugby union and rugby league footballer of the 1910s , and 1920s , for Cornwall ( RU ) , Redruth R.F.C. , England ( RL ) , and Rochdale Hornets , Thomas `` Tommy '' Harris   Percival Thomas `` Tommy '' Harris ( 1927 -- 2006 ) , was a British professional rugby league footballer of the 1950s , and 1960s . A Great Britain and Wales international representative hooker , he played for English club Hull , where he remained for his entire playing career , ultimately becoming an inductee in the club 's Hall of Fame . Nicknamed `` Bomber '' , with Great Britain he won the 1960 Rugby League World Cup and also set the record for most test matches for Great Britain of any hooker . With Hull , Harris won the 1960 Lance Todd Trophy . He later coached York .

neg: Jack Harris (footballer, born 1891) Joshua `` Jack '' Harris ( 5 November 1891 -- 1966 ) was a Scottish professional football player and manager . He made over 390 Football League appearances in the years before and after the First World War .

neg: Stan Harris Stanley `` Stan '' Wakefield Harris CBE ( 13 December 1894 -- 3 October 1973 ) was an early twentieth century all-round sportsman regarded as one of the greatest all-rounders to have played for the British and Irish Lions . As a rugby union international , he represented the England in 1920 , and the British Lions in 1924 . He also turned down a place in the Great Britain Olympic squad in 1920 , became a South African boxing champion and represented England in polo , all in between serving in both the First and Second World Wars .

neg: Albert Harris (football manager) Albert Harris was an English amateur footballer who served as both director and manager of Bradford City .   Harris was a keen sportsman , who was a free-scoring amateur centre-forward once scoring 89 goals in one season , a speedway rider at Thrum Hall , Halifax and president of Bradford Conservative Games League .   In February 1949 he was elected honorary treasurer of the newly formed Bradford City A.F.C. Shareholders and Supporters Association and was later co-opted on to the Bradford City board . As a former footballer he helped assistant manager George Jowett during the 1949-50 season while manager David Steele was ill with heart trouble in Bradford Royal Infirmary .   When Steele 's contract was bought out in February 1952 three months before it was due to end , Harris was appointed interim manager while the board of directors chose a new manager . He handled team affairs for just three months taking them to 15th in Division Three ( North ) . He handed over to Ivor Powell and reverted to his director 's duties .   Harris resigned from the board in October 1956 but was coaxed out of retirement less than two years later to become vice-chairman . In October 1962 he succeeded Herbert Munro , who resigned through ill-health , as chairman of the club . He remained in the role for just over three years but continued as a board member . He was also elected a life member of Bradford City .

neg: Susan Harris Susan Harris ( born October 28 , 1940 ) is an American television comedy writer and producer .   Harris created numerous TV series : Fay , Soap , Loves Me , Loves Me Not , Benson , It Takes Two , The Golden Girls , Empty Nest , Nurses , Good & Evil , The Golden Palace and The Secret Lives of Men .  She also wrote or co-wrote all of the episodes of Soap . Her most successful show was The Golden Girls . Harris married television producer Paul Junger Witt on September 18 , 1983 ; he co-produced all the shows she created . She was married from 1965 to 1969 to actor Berkeley Harris , and is the mother of Sam Harris . The first script Harris sold was Then Came Bronson . She then wrote for Love , American Style , All in the Family , The Partridge Family and the TV adaptation of Neil Simon 's Barefoot in the Park . Her abortion episode for the Bea Arthur-starring series Maude in the 1970s won Harris the Humanitas Prize . She would later work with Arthur again in the 1980s when Arthur took one of the lead roles in The Golden Girls .   Harris had the symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome , which affected her ability to participate in the production of The Golden Girls . In an episode of that show titled `` Sick and Tired '' ( 1989 ) , Harris wrote some of her struggles into the storyline where Arthur 's character Dorothy was diagnosed with chronic fatigue syndrome . It later turned out Harris had an adrenal issue , but she wrote the episode as `` my revenge script for all the people out there who had a disease like that . ''   Harris formed the production company Witt/Thomas/Harris Productions with Paul Junger Witt and Tony Thomas . She was honored with the Writers ' Guild 's Paddy Chayefsky Award in 2005 and inducted into the Television Academy Hall of Fame in 2011 .

neg: Strike Commando 2 Strike Commando 2 ( a.k.a. Trappola diabolica ) is a 1988 action film , starring Brent Huff , Richard Harris and Mary Stavin . It follows Bruno Mattei 's ( who also directed this film ) Strike Commando ( 1987 ) , where Reb Brown plays the lead character ( Huff replaced him in this one ) .

neg: Oscar Wilde (play) The play Oscar Wilde , written by Leslie and Sewell Stokes , is based on the life of the Irish playwright Oscar Wilde in which Wilde 's friend , the controversial author and journalist Frank Harris , appears as a character . The play , which contains much of Wilde 's actual writings , starts with Wilde 's literary success and his friendship with Lord Alfred Douglas , turns into a courtroom melodrama , and ends with Wilde as a broken alcoholic after two years in prison .   Owing to the play 's subject matter it was never granted a licence by the Lord Chamberlain and could , therefore , only be staged in England at a theatre club where membership was required . The play 's first production at London 's Gate Theatre Studio in 1936 , starred Robert Morley as Wilde and was produced by Norman Marshall . Opening on 29 September , the play ran for six weeks and proved to be one of the theatre 's most successful productions .   Later in New York in 1938 , again with Morley in the title role , the play became a major award-winning success on Broadway at the Fulton Theatre where it opened on 10 October and ran for 247 performances . This success launched Robert Morley 's career as a stage actor on both sides of the Atlantic .   Coinciding with the Broadway production there was also a four-week revival in London at the Arts Theatre starring Francis L. Sullivan and produced by Ronald Adam , which opened on 25 October 1938 . The play was revived again at the Bolton 's Theatre Club , starring Frank Pettingell and directed by Leslie Stokes , in 1948 .   The film Oscar Wilde , based on the Stokes brothers ' play , was released in 1960 .

neg: Robert Harris (golfer) Robert Harris ( 10 October 1882 -- 17 March 1959 ) was a Scottish amateur golfer . He won the 1925 the Amateur Championship and was the low amateur in the Open Championship the same year . He was the British Walker Cup captain on three occasions .   Harris was the son of William Harris , one of the founders of a stationery company , Burns & Harris , in Dundee , Scotland . Harris moved to London and was a member of the Stock Exchange .   As well as winning the Amateur Championship in 1925 , he was also twice runner-up , losing 6 & 5 to Harold Hilton in 1913 and 7 & 6 to Roger Wethered in 1923 . His 1925 win over Kenneth Fradgley by 13 & 12 was a record win in the Amateur Championship at the time . Harris was 6 up after 7 holes and 9 up after 18 . He then won 4 of the first 6 of the second round to complete his victory .   He wrote a book `` Sixty Years of Golf '' published in 1953 .

neg: Harris Church of England Academy Harris Church of England Academy ( formerly Harris School ) is a coeducational Church of England secondary school With academy status , located in Rugby , Warwickshire , England . The school uses the colours black , gold and red . There were 748 students on roll in the 2014-2015 academic year , with 51 teachers and 22 teaching support posts ( full-time equivalent ) .   In 2013 the school , then named Harris School , was placed in special measures after an Ofsted report deemed it `` Inadequate '' . It converted to Academy status on 1 January 2014 and changed to its current name .

neg: Sporting Blood (1940 film) Sporting Blood is a 1940 American drama film , directed by S. Sylvan Simon for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer . It stars Robert Young , Maureen O'Sullivan , and Lewis Stone .

neg: Calvin Harris discography Scottish record producer , DJ , singer and songwriter Calvin Harris has released four studio albums , one mix album , three extended plays , 28 singles ( including three as a featured artist ) , 12 promotional singles and 31 music videos . As of November 2014 , Harris had sold 8,176,180 singles and tracks in the United Kingdom .   Harris 's debut studio album , I Created Disco , was released in June 2007 . The album peaked at number eight on the UK Albums Chart and was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) . Its first two singles , `` Acceptable in the 80s '' and `` The Girls '' , peaked at numbers 10 and three , respectively , on the UK Singles Chart , while the third single , `` Merrymaking at My Place '' , reached number 43 .   In August 2009 , Harris released his second studio album , Ready for the Weekend , which debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart and earned a gold certification from the BPI within two months of release . Its lead single , `` I 'm Not Alone '' , became Harris 's first number one on the UK Singles Chart . `` Ready for the Weekend '' was released as the album 's second single , peaking at number three in the United Kingdom . Two more singles were released from the album , `` Flashback '' and `` You Used to Hold Me '' , which reached numbers 18 and 27 on the UK chart , respectively .   His third studio album , 18 Months , was released in October 2012 . The album sees Harris stepping away from vocals , instead focusing on the music production . It earned Harris his second consecutive number-one album in his home country . 18 Months also became his first album to chart on the Billboard 200 in the United States , peaking at number 19 , while reaching number two in Ireland , number five in Australia and number eight in Canada . The album 's lead single , `` Bounce '' featuring Kelis , peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart and gave Harris his first top-10 entry in Australia , peaking at number seven . The second single , `` Feel So Close '' , also peaked at number two in the UK . The song brought Harris to international prominence , reaching number five in New Zealand and number seven in Australia , as well as becoming his first chart entry as a lead performer on the US Billboard Hot 100 , where it charted at number 12 .   In 2011 , Harris wrote , produced and was featured on Rihanna 's single `` We Found Love '' , which topped the charts in 25 countries , including the United Kingdom , the United States , Ireland and Canada . The third and fourth singles from 18 Months , `` Let 's Go '' ( featuring Ne-Yo ) and `` We 'll Be Coming Back '' ( featuring Example ) , both reached number two on the UK chart , with the former also peaking at number 17 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The album 's fifth single , `` Sweet Nothing '' featuring Florence Welch , became Harris 's fourth number-one single in the UK and first top-10 single in the US . `` Drinking from the Bottle '' ( featuring Tinie Tempah ) and `` I Need Your Love '' ( featuring Ellie Goulding ) served as the album 's sixth and seventh singles . Having both charted inside the UK top 10 by April 2013 , Harris made chart history by becoming the first artist to attain eight top-10 singles from one studio album , overtaking the record previously set by Michael Jackson . The eighth and final single , `` Thinking About You '' featuring Ayah Marar , peaked at number eight on the UK Singles Chart .   Harris 's fourth studio album , Motion , was released in October 2014 . It peaked at number two on the UK Albums Chart and number five on the US Billboard 200 , his highest-peaking album on the latter chart . The album includes the UK number-one singles `` Under Control '' , `` Summer '' and `` Blame '' , as well as the top-10 single `` Outside '' .

neg: Reg Harris Reginald Hargreaves Harris OBE ( 1 March 1920 -- 22 June 1992 ) was a British track racing cyclist in the 1940s and 1950s . He won the world amateur sprint title in 1947 , two Olympic silver medals in 1948 , and the professional title in 1949 , 1950 , 1951 and 1954 . His ferocious will to win made him a household name in the 1950s , but he also surprised many with a comeback more than 20 years later , winning a British title in 1974 at the age of 54 .


query: Octopuses have the ability to do stuff.

pos: Octopus The octopus ( -LSB- ˈɒktpəs -RSB- or ~ -LSB- əpʊs -RSB- ) is a soft-bodied , eight-armed mollusc of the order Octopoda . The order is grouped within the class Cephalopoda with squids , cuttlefish and nautiloids . Like other cephalopods , the octopus is bilaterally symmetric with two eyes and a beak , with its mouth at the centre point of the arms . The soft body , with its lack of internal or external skeleton , can rapidly alter its shape , appearance and colour , enabling the octopus to squeeze through small gaps . The mantle cavity is used both for respiration and for locomotion , by expelling a jet of water . Octopuses have a complex nervous system and excellent sight , and are among the most intelligent and behaviourally diverse of all invertebrates .   Octopuses inhabit various regions of the ocean , including coral reefs , pelagic waters , and the seabed ; some occur in the intertidal zone and others at abyssal depths . Most species grow fast , mature early and are short-lived . During breeding , the male uses a specially adapted arm to deliver a bundle of sperm directly into the female 's mantle cavity , after which he goes into a decline . The female deposits fertilised eggs in a den and cares for them until they hatch , after which she also dies .   Octopuses have numerous strategies for to defend themselves against predators , including the expulsion of ink , the use of camouflage and deimatic displays , their ability to jet quickly through the water , and their ability to hide . They trail their eight arms behind them as they swim . All octopuses are venomous , but only one group , the blue-ringed octopuses , is known to be deadly to humans . Around 300 species are recognised .   Octopuses appear in mythology as sea monsters like the Kraken of Norway and the Akkorokamui of the Ainu , and probably the Gorgon of ancient Greece . A battle with an octopus appears in Victor Hugo 's book Toilers of the Sea , inspiring other works such as Ian Fleming 's Octopussy . Octopuses appear in Japanese erotic art , shunga . They are eaten by humans in many parts of the world , especially the Mediterranean and the Asian seas .

neg: Grenadiers (fish) Grenadiers or rattails are generally large , brown to black gadiform marine fish of the family Macrouridae . Found at great depths from the Arctic to Antarctic , members of this family are amongst the most abundant of the deep-sea fish .   The macrourids form a large and diverse family with 28 extant genera recognized ( well over half of the total species are contained in just three genera , Coelorinchus , Coryphaenoides , and Nezumia ) . They range in length from about 10 cm in Hymenogadus gracilis to 1.5 m in Albatrossia pectoralis . An important commercial fishery exists for the larger species , such as the giant grenadier and Coryphaenoides rupestris . The family as a whole may represent up to 15 % of the deep-sea fish population .   Typified by large heads with large mouths and eyes , grenadiers have slender bodies that taper greatly to very thin caudal peduncles or tails ( excluding one species with no tail fin ) : this rat-like tail explains the common name ` rattail ' and the family name Macrouridae , from the Greek makros meaning `` great '' and oura meaning `` tail '' . The first dorsal fin is small , high , and pointed ( and may be spinous ) ; the second dorsal fin runs along the rest of the back and merges with the tail and extensive anal fin . The scales are small .   As with many deep-living fish , the lateral line system in grenadiers is well-developed ; it is further aided by numerous chemoreceptors located on the head and lips and chemosensory barbels underneath the chin . Benthic species have gas bladders with unique muscles attached to them . The animals are thought to use these muscles to `` strum '' their gas bladders and produce sound , possibly playing a role in courtship and mate location . Light-producing organs , photophores , are present in some species ; they are located in the middle of the abdomen , just before the anus and underneath the skin .   Living at depths from 200 to , grenadiers are the most common benthic fish of the deep ( however , two genera are known to prefer the midwater ) . They may be solitary or may form large schools , as with the roundnose grenadiers . The benthic species are attracted to structural oases , such as hydrothermal vents , cold seeps , and shipwrecks . They are thought to be generalists , feeding on smaller fish , pelagic crustaceans such as shrimp , amphipods , cumaceans , and less often cephalopods and lanternfish . As well as being important apex predators in the benthic habitat , some species are also notable as scavengers .   As few rattail larvae have been recovered , little is known of their life histories . They are known to produce a large number ( over 100,000 ) of tiny ( 1 - in diameter ) eggs made buoyant by lipid droplets . The eggs are presumed to float up to the thermocline ( the interface between warmer surface waters and cold , deeper waters ) where they develop . The juveniles remain in shallower waters , gradually migrating to greater depths with age .   Spawning may or may not be tied to the seasons , depending on the species . At least one species , Coryphaenoides armatus , is thought to be semelparous ; that is , the adults die after spawning . Nonsemelparous species may live to 56 years or more . The macrourids , in general , are thought to have low resilience ; commercially exploited species may be overfished and this could soon lead to a collapse of their fisheries .

neg: Octopus wolfi Octopus wolfi is the smallest known octopus . It is found in fairly shallow waters in the western Pacific . It is characterised by a pattern of `` papillate fringes '' around the  edge of the suckers near the arm tip .   Its length is less than 2.5 cm and it weighs less than 1 g . It is found in the western Pacific Ocean at depths between 10 and .

neg: Gastropoda The Gastropoda or gastropods , more commonly known as snails and slugs , are a large taxonomic class within the phylum Mollusca . The class Gastropoda includes snails and slugs of all kinds and all sizes from microscopic to large . There are many thousands of species of sea snails and sea slugs , as well as freshwater snails , freshwater limpets , land snails and land slugs .   The class Gastropoda contains a vast total of named species , second only to the insects in overall number . The fossil history of this class goes back to the Late Cambrian . There are 611 families of gastropods known , of which 202 are extinct and appear only in the fossil record .   Gastropoda ( previously known as univalves and sometimes spelled `` Gasteropoda '' ) are a major part of the phylum Mollusca , and are the most highly diversified class in the phylum , with 65,000 to 80,000 living snail and slug species . The anatomy , behavior , feeding , and reproductive adaptations of gastropods vary significantly from one clade or group to another . Therefore , it is difficult to state many generalities for all gastropods .   The class Gastropoda has an extraordinary diversification of habitats . Representatives live in gardens , woodland , deserts , and on mountains ; in small ditches , great rivers and lakes ; in estuaries , mudflats , the rocky intertidal , the sandy subtidal , in the abyssal depths of the oceans including the hydrothermal vents , and numerous other ecological niches , including parasitic ones .   Although the name `` snail '' can be , and often is , applied to all the members of this class , commonly this word means only those species with an external shell big enough that the soft parts can withdraw completely into it . Those gastropods without a shell , and those with only a very reduced or internal shell , are usually known as slugs ; those with a shell into which they can not withdraw are termed limpets .   The marine shelled species of gastropod include edible species such as abalone , conches , periwinkles , whelks , and numerous other sea snails that produce seashells that are coiled in the adult stage -- though in some , the coiling may not be very visible , for example in cowries . In a number of families of species , such as all the various limpets , the shell is coiled only in the larval stage , and is a simple conical structure after that .

neg: Mantle (mollusc) The mantle ( also known by the Latin word pallium meaning mantle , robe or cloak , adjective pallial ) is a significant part of the anatomy of molluscs : it is the dorsal body wall which covers the visceral mass and usually protrudes in the form of flaps well beyond the visceral mass itself .   In many species of molluscs the epidermis of the mantle secretes calcium carbonate and conchiolin , and creates a shell . In sea slugs there is a progressive loss of the shell and the mantle becomes the dorsal surface of the animal .   The words mantle and pallium both originally meant cloak or cape , see mantle ( vesture ) . This anatomical structure in molluscs often resembles a cloak because in many groups the edges of the mantle , usually referred to as the mantle margin , extend far beyond the main part of the body , forming flaps , double-layered structures which have been adapted for many different uses , including for example , the siphon .

neg: Abdopus Abdopus is a genus of octopuses in the family Octopodidae .

neg: Enteroctopus magnificus Enteroctopus magnificus , also known as the southern giant octopus , is a large octopus in the genus Enteroctopus . It is native to the waters off Namibia and South Africa .

neg: Animat Animat ( third-person indicative present of the Latin verb animō ) , meaning to `` animate , give or bring life '' .   Animats are artificial animals , a contraction of animal-materials . The term includes physical robots and virtual simulations . Animat research , a subset of Artificial Life studies , has become rather popular since Rodney Brooks ' seminal paper `` Intelligence without representation '' . The word was coined by S.W. Wilson in 1985 ,  in `` Knowledge growth in an artificial animal '' , published in the first Proceedings  of an International Conference on Genetic Algorithms and Their Applications .   An example using the Animat model as proposed by Wilson is discussed at some length in chapter 9 of Stan Franklin 's book , Artificial Minds . In this implementation , the animat is capable of independent learning about its environment through application and evolution of pattern-matching rules called `` taxons '' .   In 2001 Thomas DeMarse performed studies on ` Neurally controlled animat ' . Every two years , the Society of Adaptive Behaviour meets and produces a proceedings on this topic . They also have a journal , Adaptive Behavior .   Alan H Goldstein has proposed that , because nanobiotechnology is in the process of creating real animal-materials , speculative use of this term should be discouraged and its application become purely phenomenological . Based on the Animat Test ( contained in the reference `` I , Nanobot . '' ) any nonbiological material or entity that exhibits the minimum set of behaviors that define a life form is , de facto , an Animat . Goldstein 's basic premise is that in the age of nanobiotechnology it is necessary to follow the chemistry and molecular engineering rather than watching for the emergence of some pre-conceived minimum level of ` intelligence ' such as an artificial neural network capable of adaptive phenomena . Goldstein has cautioned that there is a serious disconnect between the fields of nanobiotechnology and A-life based on profound differences in scientific training , experimental systems , and the different sets of terminology ( jargon ) these two fields have produced . Nanobiotechnologists ( really molecular engineers who work with both biological and nonbiological molecules ) are generally not concerned with complex systems per se ; even when they are building molecular interconnects between such systems , e.g. neuroelectronic splices . A-Life researchers mainly take a systems-level approach . The enormous transformative power of novel molecular engineering has the potential to create Animats , true nonbiological life forms , whose relatively simple behavior would not fit into most standard A-Life paradigms . As a result , Goldstein argues , the first Animats may come into being completely unrecognized by either scientific community .

neg: Starfish Starfish or sea stars are star-shaped echinoderms belonging to the class Asteroidea . Common usage frequently finds these names being also applied to ophiuroids , which are correctly referred to as brittle stars or `` basket stars '' . About 1,500 species of starfish occur on the seabed in all the world 's oceans , from the tropics to frigid polar waters . They are found from the intertidal zone down to abyssal depths , 6000 m below the surface .   Starfish are marine invertebrates . They typically have a central disc and five arms , though some species have a larger number of arms . The aboral or upper surface may be smooth , granular or spiny , and is covered with overlapping plates . Many species are brightly coloured in various shades of red or orange , while others are blue , grey or brown . Starfish have tube feet operated by a hydraulic system and a mouth at the centre of the oral or lower surface . They are opportunistic feeders and are mostly predators on benthic invertebrates . Several species have specialized feeding behaviours including eversion of their stomachs and suspension feeding . They have complex life cycles and can reproduce both sexually and asexually . Most can regenerate damaged parts or lost arms and they can shed arms as a means of defence . The Asteroidea occupy several significant ecological roles . Starfish , such as the ochre sea star ( Pisaster ochraceus ) and the reef sea star ( Stichaster australis ) , have become widely known as examples of the keystone species concept in ecology . The tropical crown-of-thorns starfish ( Acanthaster planci ) is a voracious predator of coral throughout the Indo-Pacific region , and the northern Pacific sea star is considered to be one of the world 's 100 worst invasive species .   The fossil record for starfish is ancient , dating back to the Ordovician around 450 million years ago , but it is rather poor , as starfish tend to disintegrate after death . Only the ossicles and spines of the animal are likely to be preserved , making remains hard to locate . With their appealing symmetrical shape , starfish have played a part in literature , legend , design and popular culture . They are sometimes collected as curios , used in design or as logos , and in some cultures , despite possible toxicity , they are eaten .

neg: Olfactory toxicity in fish The olfactory system is the system related to the sense of smell ( olfaction ) . Many fish activities are dependent on olfaction , such as : mating , discriminating kin , avoiding predators , locating food , contaminant avoidance , imprinting and homing . These activities are referred to as `` olfactory-mediated . '' Impairment of the olfactory system threatens survival and has been used as an ecologically relevant sub-lethal toxicological endpoint for fish within studies . Olfactory information is received by sensory neurons , like the olfactory nerve , that are in a covered cavity separated from the aquatic environment by mucus . Since they are in almost direct contact with the surrounding environment , these neurons are vulnerable to environmental changes . Fish can detect natural chemical cues in aquatic environments at concentrations as low as parts per billion ( ppb ) or parts per trillion ( ppt ) .   Studies have shown that exposures to metals , pesticides , or surfactants can disrupt fish olfaction , which can impact their survival and reproductive success . Many studies have indicated copper as a source of olfactory toxicity in fishes , among other common substances . Olfactory toxicity can occur by multiple , complex Modes of Toxic Action .

neg: List of cnidarians of Ireland There are 302 species of cnidarians ( phylum Cnidaria ) recorded in Ireland .   The cnidarians ' distinguishing feature is cnidocytes , specialized cells that they use mainly for capturing prey . Their bodies consist of mesoglea , a non-living jelly-like substance , sandwiched between two layers of epithelium that are mostly one cell thick . They have two basic body forms : swimming medusae and sessile polyps , both of which are radially symmetrical with mouths surrounded by tentacles that bear cnidocytes . Both forms have a single orifice and body cavity that are used for digestion and respiration . Many cnidarian species produce colonies that are single organisms composed of medusa-like or polyp-like zooids , or both ( hence they are trimorphic ) .   Cnidarians found in Ireland and Irish waters include sea pens , sea anemones , hydroids , sea jellies ( `` jellyfish '' ) and corals .

neg: Hypoathroid The term hypoathroid ( Ancient Greek hypo - , `` under '' + - athroid , `` gathered together '' ) is used to describe the arrangement of ganglia in the nervous system of molluscs . In the hypoathroid state , the pleural ganglia of the `` chest '' and the pedal ganglia of the `` feet '' lie close to each other more or less underneath the gut , and they communicate with the cerebral ganglia via long connectives . It is a condition that is characteristic of the Archaeogastropoda clade , and represents one end of a three-part spectrum of such arrangements , the other two being the dystenoid system in which the pleural and cerebral ganglia are closer together but still distinctly separate , and the epiathroid condition in which the pleural , pedal , and cerebral ganglia all lie close together ( characteristic , for example , of the Mesogastropoda and Neogastropoda . The centralization of the nervous system generally is considered evidence of an evolutionary advancement among molluscs , while the more diffuse condition is viewed as a sign of evolutionary proximity to the hypothetical `` archimollusc '' ancestor of all molluscs .

neg: Teretoctopus Teretoctopus is a genus of octopuses in the family Octopodidae .

neg: Halteres In dipterous insects , halteres ( -LSB- hælˈtɪəriːz -RSB- singular halter or haltere ) are minute dumbbell-shaped organs that have been modified from hindwings to provide a means of encoding body rotations during flight . Halteres are rapidly oscillated simultaneously with the wings , allowing them to experience forces resulting from body rotations . If the body of the insect rotates about one of its three axes ( yaw , pitch or roll ) , the rotation exerts a force on the vibrating halteres -- this is known as the Coriolis effect ( see below ) . The insect detects this force with sensory organs called campaniform sensilla and chordotonal organs located at the base of the halteres and uses this information to interpret and correct its position in space . Halteres act as a balance and guidance system by providing rapid feedback to the wing-steering muscles , as well as those responsible for stabilizing the head . This is what allows flies to perform their fast acrobatic maneuvers .   __ TOC __

neg: Octopus bimaculatus Octopus bimaculatus , the California two-spot octopus or Verrill 's two-spot octopus , is an octopus common in the subtidal and intertidal zone of Southern California . It is often confused with the related species Octopus bimaculoides , and the common name `` California two-spot octopus '' is often applied to both species .

neg: Octocorallia Octocorallia ( also known Alcyonaria ) is a subclass of Anthozoa comprising around 3,000 species of water-based organisms formed of colonial polyps with 8-fold symmetry . It includes the blue coral , soft corals , sea pens , and gorgonians ( sea fans and sea whips ) within three orders : Alcyonacea , Helioporacea , and Pennatulacea . These organisms have an internal skeleton secreted by mesoglea and polyps with eight tentacles and eight mesentaries . As with all Cnidarians these organisms have a complex life cycle including a motile phase when they are considered plankton and later characteristic sessile phase .

neg: Oarfish Oarfish are large , greatly elongated , pelagic lampriform fish belonging to the small family Regalecidae . Found in all temperate to tropical oceans yet rarely seen , the oarfish family contains four species in two genera . One of these , the giant oarfish ( Regalecus glesne ) , is the longest bony fish alive , growing up to 11 m in length . That is not enough to qualify as the longest fish , however , as some of the cartilaginous fish such as the basking shark and whale shark are even longer .   The common name oarfish is thought to be in reference either to their highly compressed and elongated bodies , or to the now discredited belief that the fish `` row '' themselves through the water with their pelvic fins . The family name Regalecidae is derived from the Latin regalis , meaning `` royal '' . The occasional beachings of oarfish after storms , and their habit of lingering at the surface when sick or dying , make oarfish a probable source of many sea serpent tales .   Although the larger species are considered game fish and are fished commercially to a minor extent , oarfish are rarely caught alive ; their flesh is not well regarded for eating due to its gelatinous consistency .

neg: Mucophagy Mucophagy ( literally `` mucus feeding '' ) is feeding on mucus of fishes or invertebrates . It may also refer to consumption of mucus or dried mucus in primates .   There are mucophagous parasites , such as some sea lice that attach themselves to gill segments of fish .   Mucophages may serve as cleaners of other animals .   Another usage of this term is in reference to the feeding organ rich in mucous cells which pumps the water through , feeding particles get entrapped in mucus , and the latter proceeds into the esophagus .

neg: Clasper In biology , a clasper is a male anatomical structure found in some groups of animals , used in mating .   Male cartilaginous fish have claspers formed from the posterior portion of their pelvic fin which serve as intromittent organs used to channel semen into the female 's cloaca during mating . The act of mating in some fish including sharks usually includes one of the claspers raised to allow water into the siphon through a specific orifice . The clasper is then inserted into the cloaca , where it opens like an umbrella to anchor its position . The siphon then begins to contract expelling water and sperm . Male chimaeras have cephalic claspers ( tenacula ) on their heads , which are thought to aid in holding the female during mating .   In entomology , it is a structure in male insects that is used to hold the female during copulation ( see Lepidoptera genitalia for more ) .

neg: Mollusc shell The mollusc ( or molluskOften spelled mollusk shell in the USA ; the spelling `` mollusc '' are preferred by ) shell is typically a calcareous exoskeleton which encloses , supports and protects the soft parts of an animal in the phylum Mollusca , which includes snails , clams , tusk shells , and several other classes . Not all shelled molluscs live in the sea ; many live on the land and in freshwater .   The ancestral mollusc is thought to have had a shell , but this has subsequently been lost or reduced on some families , such as the squid , octopus , and some smaller groups such as the caudofoveata and solenogastres , and the highly derived Xenoturbella . Today , over 100,000 living species bear a shell ; there is some dispute as to whether these shell-bearing molluscs form a monophyletic group ( conchifera ) or whether shell-less molluscs are interleaved into their family tree .   Malacology , the scientific study of molluscs as living organisms , has a branch devoted to the study of shells , and this is called conchology -- although these terms used to be , and to a minor extent still are , used interchangeably , even by scientists ( this is more common in Europe ) .   Within some species of molluscs , there is often a wide degree of variation in the exact shape , pattern , ornamentation , and color of the shell .

neg: Creature of statute A creature of statute ( also known as creature of the state ) is a legal entity , such as a corporation , created by statute . Creatures of statute may include municipalities and other artificial legal entities or relationships . Thus , when a statute in some fashion requires the formation of a corporate body -- often for governmental purposes -- such bodies when formed are known as `` creatures of statute . '' The same concept is also expressed with the phrase `` creature of the state . ''   The term `` creature of statute '' is most common to the United States . In the United Kingdom , these bodies are simply called statutory corporations ( or statutory bodies ) and generally have some governmental function . The United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority is an example . In a wider sense , most companies in the UK are created under statute since the Companies Act 1985 specifies how a company may be created by a member of the public , but these companies are not called ` statutory corporations ' . Often , in American legal and business documents that speak of governing bodies ( e.g. , a board that governs small businesses in China ) these bodies are described as `` creatures of statute '' to inform readers of their origins and format although the national governments that created them may not term them as creatures of statute . Australia also uses the term `` creature of statute '' to describe some governmental bodies .   The importance of a corporate body , regardless of its exact function , when such a body is a creature of statute is that its active functions can only be within the scope detailed by the statute which created that corporation . Thereby , the creature of statute is the tangible manifestation of the functions or work described by a given statute . The jurisdiction of a body that is a creature of statute is also therefore limited to the functional scope written into the laws that created that body . Unlike most ( private ) corporate bodies , creatures of statute can not expand their business interests into other diverse areas .