query: Lily Collins was named One to Watch.

pos: Lily Collins Lily Jane Collins ( born 18 March 1989 ) is a British-American actress and model . The daughter of English musician Phil Collins and an American mother , Jill Tavelman , she was born in Surrey and moved to Los Angeles as a child . Her first screen role was at the age of two in the BBC series Growing Pains . She went on to study broadcast journalism at the University of Southern California and as a teenager , wrote for Seventeen magazine , Teen Vogue , and The Los Angeles Times . She was named International Model of the Year by Spain 's Glamour magazine after being selected by Chanel to wear one of their gowns at the Hotel de Crillon in 2007 . In 2008 , she was named Newest Red Carpet Correspondent and One to Watch in 2008 .   Collins appeared as a guest star on the teen drama television series 90210 in 2009 , followed by her feature film debut in the semi-biographical sports film The Blind Side . She had leading roles in the sci-fi action-horror film Priest ( 2011 ) and the psychological action-thriller film Abduction , and was nominated for the Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actress -- Sci-Fi/Fantasy for her role as Snow White in the fantasy film Mirror Mirror . She received wider recognition after taking on the role of Clary Fray in the fantasy film adaptation of Cassandra Clare 's The New York Times best-selling novel , The Mortal Instruments : City of Bones , for which she was nominated for the Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actress -- Action and an MTV Movie Award .   Collins is also known for her roles in independent films , such as the romantic comedy-drama Stuck in Love ( 2012 ) , the romantic comedy The English Teacher ( 2013 ) , and the romantic comedy-drama Love , Rosie ( 2014 ) . She won the New Hollywood Film Award and received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Performance by an Actress in a Musical or Comedy her role as Marla Mabrey in Rules Do n't Apply ( 2016 ) . In 2017 , her debut novel , Unfiltered : No Shame , No Regrets , Just Me , was released to critical praise . In May 2017 , Lily Collins and Marti Noxon were honoured at Project Heal for their movie To the Bone .

neg: Lily Tyler Lily Tyler ( previously Moore ) is a fictional character in the USA Network science fiction television series The 4400 .

neg: Daphne Zuniga Daphne Eurydice Zuniga ( -LSB- 'd æfni_zuːˈniːgə -RSB- born October 28 , 1962 ) is an American film and television actress , and environmentalist . After studying at the American Conservatory Theater in her youth , she made her film debut in 1982 in the slasher film The Dorm That Dripped Blood at the age of 19 , followed by a lead role in the horror film The Initiation ( 1984 ) two years later .   She went on to star in several comedies , including Rob Reiner 's The Sure Thing ( 1985 ) , opposite John Cusack , as well as the cult comedies Spaceballs , and Modern Girls ( 1986 ) . She also starred opposite Lucille Ball in the television drama film Stone Pillow ( 1986 ) , and in the sci-fi horror sequel The Fly II ( 1989 ) . Zuniga would later gain major exposure as a television actress for her role as Jo Reynolds on the Fox prime time soap opera Melrose Place from 1992 -- 1996 . Other television credits include as Victoria Davis on One Tree Hill ( 2008 -- 2012 ) , and as Lynn Kerr on the drama series Beautiful People .   Also an environmental activist , Zuniga was a founding member of the Earth Communications Office ( ECO ) , and has worked with the Natural Resources Defense Council , the Waterkeeper Alliance , and Environment California .

neg: Ella Little-Collins Ella Little-Collins ( 1914 - 1996 ) was an American civil rights activist and the half-sister of Malcolm X . She was born in Butler , Georgia , to Earl Little and Daisy Mason-Little ; her paternal grandparents were John ( Big Pa ) Lee Little and Ella Gray-Little , and her siblings , including half-siblings , were Mary , Earl Lee Jr. , Wilfred , Philbert , Hilda , Reginald , Malcolm , Wesley , and Evonne . She worked as congressman Adam Clayton Powell 's secretary , the manager of her mother 's grocery store , and an investor in house property , which she let out as rooming houses . She joined the Nation of Islam in the mid-1950s and helped establish its mosque in Boston and a day-care center attached to it , although she left the Nation in 1959 to become a Sunni Muslim . She supported black and ethnic studies programs in universities across the United States and founded the Sarah A. Little School of Preparatory Arts in Boston .   In his autobiography , Malcolm X wrote about the impact his first meeting with his half-sister had on him . She came to visit when he was in seventh grade , and he described her as `` the first really proud black woman I had ever seen '' and wrote `` I had never been so impressed with anybody . '' At the end of the school year , he moved to Roxbury to live with her , and she was his guardian until he turned 21 . Her home , the Malcolm X -- Ella Little-Collins House , is the last known surviving childhood home of Malcolm X. Its exterior was designated a Boston Landmark by the Boston Landmarks Commission in 1998 .   When Malcolm X left the Nation of Islam in 1964 , Little-Collins paid for him to make the Hajj . She also paid his funeral and business expenses after his assassination , and took over his Organization of Afro-American Unity , including his project of giving 35 scholarships from Al-Azhar University in Cairo , Egypt , and from the University of Ghana to students wishing to study overseas .   In 1988 , both of Little-Collins ' legs were amputated due to gangrene . She died in 1996 .   The Ella Collins Institute at the Islamic Society of Boston Cultural Center is named after her ; its goal is `` to establish a vibrant community by joining a classical understanding of Islam with modern scholarship and a healthy understanding of the current cultural context . ''

neg: Reds (film) Reds is a 1981 American epic drama film co-written , produced and directed by Warren Beatty . The picture centers on the life and career of John Reed , the journalist and writer who chronicled the Russian Revolution in his book Ten Days That Shook the World . Beatty stars in the lead role alongside Diane Keaton as Louise Bryant and Jack Nicholson as Eugene O'Neill .   The supporting cast includes Edward Herrmann , Jerzy Kosinski , Paul Sorvino , Maureen Stapleton , Gene Hackman , Ramon Bieri , Nicolas Coster and M. Emmet Walsh . The film also features , as `` witnesses , '' interviews with the 98-year-old radical educator and peace activist Scott Nearing , author Dorothy Frooks , reporter and author George Seldes , civil liberties advocate Roger Baldwin , and the American writer Henry Miller , among others .   Beatty was awarded the Academy Award for Best Director and the film was nominated for Best Picture , but lost to Chariots of Fire . Beatty , Keaton , Nicholson and Stapleton were nominated for Best Actor , Best Actress , Best Supporting Actor and Best Supporting Actress , respectively . Stapleton was the only one of the four to win . Beatty was also nominated , along with co-writer Trevor Griffiths , for Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay , but lost to Chariots of Fire . Beatty became the third person to be nominated for Academy Awards in the categories Best Actor , Director and Original Screenplay for a film nominated for Best Picture .   In June 2008 , the American Film Institute revealed its `` Ten Top Ten '' -- the best ten films in ten `` classic '' American film genres -- after polling over 1,500 people from the creative community . Reds was acknowledged as the ninth best film in the epic genre .

neg: Samantha Morton Samantha Jane Morton ( born 13 May 1977 ) is an English actress , screenwriter and director . She has received critical acclaim and numerous accolades throughout her career , including one BAFTA Award , one BIFA Award , one Golden Globe Award and has been nominated twice for an Academy Award and once for an Emmy Award . She has been described as one of the greatest actresses of her generation .   Brought up in Nottingham , Morton joined the Central Junior Television Workshop , and soon began her career in British television in 1991 . She guest-starred in Soldier Soldier and Cracker and appeared from 1995 to 1996 in the ITV series Band of Gold . She made the transition to film with lead roles in the dramas Emma ( 1996 ) , Jane Eyre ( 1997 ) and the well-received Under the Skin ( 1997 ) . The latter made director Woody Allen cast Morton in Sweet and Lowdown ( 1999 ) , which earned her nominations for the Academy Award and the Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress .   In the 2000s , Morton continued to draw critical praise for her performances in numerous arthouse and independent films . Her role in Morvern Callar ( 2002 ) garnered her the BIFA Award for Best Actress , and she received her second Academy Award nomination , this time in the Best Actress category , for In America ( 2003 ) . She also found mainstream success with the science fiction thriller Minority Report ( 2002 ) . For her role in 2006 's television biopic Longford , she received BAFTA and Emmy Award nominations and won the Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress -- Television Film . Morton starred in the dramas Control ( 2007 ) , Synecdoche , New York ( 2008 ) and The Messenger ( 2009 ) , and she made her directorial debut with the British television film The Unloved ( 2009 ) , winning the BAFTA Television Award for Best Single Drama .   Her most recent acting credits include the science fiction action film John Carter ( 2012 ) , the thriller Cosmopolis ( 2012 ) , the drama Decoding Annie Parker ( 2013 ) , the period film Miss Julie ( 2014 ) , the European limited series The Last Panthers ( 2015 ) and the film adaptation Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 ) .

neg: Aftershocks (Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.) `` Aftershocks '' is the eleventh episode of the second season of the American television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , based on the Marvel Comics organization S.H.I.E.L.D. ( Strategic Homeland Intervention , Enforcement and Logistics Division ) , revolving around the character of Phil Coulson and his team of S.H.I.E.L.D. agents as they race to strike back against Hydra after an apparent defeat to the latter , while several characters discover they have gained new abilities following the end of the previous episode . It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) , sharing continuity with the films of the franchise . The episode was written by Maurissa Tancharoen and Jed Whedon , and directed by Billy Gierhart .   Clark Gregg reprises his role as Coulson from the film series , and is joined by series regulars Ming-Na Wen , Brett Dalton , Chloe Bennet , Iain De Caestecker , Elizabeth Henstridge , Nick Blood , and Adrianne Palicki . Palicki was promoted to series regular with this episode , after having a recurring guest role in the first half of the season . The episode also saw the return of Marvel 's `` The Art of ... '' marketing initiative .   `` Aftershocks '' originally aired on ABC on March 3 , 2015 , and according to Nielsen Media Research , was watched by 4.48 million viewers .

neg: Louis Elliman Louis Elliman ( 1906 -- 1965 ) , was an Irish impresario and theatre manager .   Elliman was born in Dublin , a son of Maurice Elliman , who had fled from Tsarist persecution in Russia . He was educated at Synge Street CBS .   His father became involved in cinema by establishing the Theatre De Luxe in Camden St. in 1912 . After university Louis started work at a pharmacy but after a few years gave that up to become a film agent in London . In the meantime Maurice acquired Dublin 's Gaiety Theatre , which was passed on to Louis .   In the early 1930s , Louis Elliman sold a 50 % share in the Gaiety to entrepreneur Patrick Wall , a Clare man . The pair also owned the Metropole and the Savoy cinemas . Along with Patrick Wall , Elliman acquired the Theatre Royal , Dublin in 1936 . With the outbreak of the Second World War , Wall and Elliman were forced to keep the two theatres going with native talent only . This led to the emergence of a raft of Irish acts who were to provide the mainstay of the Royal 's output for the remainder of its existence . These included such Irish household names as Jimmy O'Dea , Harry O'Donovan , Maureen Potter , Danny Cummins , Mike Nolan , Alice Dalgarno , Noel Purcell , Micheál MacLiammoir , Cecil Sheridan , Jack Cruise , Paddy Crosbie and Patricia Cahill . In July 1951 Judy Garland appeared for a series of sold out performances at the Royal and was received with tremendous ovations . The legendary singer sang from her dressing room window to hundreds of people who were unable to get tickets and critics dubbed her `` America 's Colleen '' Popular Irish American entertainer Carmel Quinn also made her singing debut in the Theatre Royal during the early 1950s .   After a spell acquiring cinemas around the country , which were taken over by the Rank Organization , Louis went into film production . In 1957 he opened Ardmore Studios . With managing director Emmet Dalton he travelled to the US to promote the studios and to acquire foreign investment . The studios accordingly landed its first major foreign booking with 1959 's Shake Hands with the Devil , starring Oscar winner James Cagney and Dana Wynter . A year later progress was consolidated when Robert Mitchum appeared in Tay Garnett 's `` A Terrible Beauty '' . In 1961 , Ardmore Studios hosted the controversial `` The Mark '' , directed by Guy Green , which was nominated for the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival and earned its star , Stuart Whitman , an Oscar nomination . Other films produced at this time include Don Chaffey 's The Webster Boys and `` Johnny Nobody '' with Cyril Cusack . Hammer Films also utilised the studios as a base for their production , The Viking Queen . The studios went into receivership in 1963 but re-opened later .   Under pressure from rising overheads and the increasing popularity of the cinema and the introduction of television , the Theatre Royal closed its doors on 30 June 1962 .   By this time Louis was dogged by bad health and died in 1965 .

neg: The Secret Life of the American Teenager (season 2) The second season of The Secret Life of the American Teenager , an American television series created by Brenda Hampton , debuted on the ABC Family television network on Monday , June 22 , 2009 at 8:00 PM . Season two regular cast members include Shailene Woodley , India Eisley , Daren Kagasoff , Francia Raisa , Kenny Baumann , Molly Ringwald , Mark Derwin , Megan Park , and Greg Finley II . Following the first season , Jorge Pallo and Luke Zimmerman were demoted to recurring guest stars . Jorge returned for a select number of episodes to wrap up his character 's storyline and eventually departed the series after its January return .   Following the success of its first season , ABC Family announced on January 31 , 2009 , plans to renew Secret Life , following the cancellation of its hit sci-fi TV show , Kyle XY . The official press release was released on February 9 with ABC Family ordering 24 episodes for season two . Season 2 began with 12 episodes broadcast starting June 22 , 2009 . Though marketed as the season finale , the mid season finale aired on September 7 , 2009 , with the second half of the season returning on January 4 , 2010 . The second 12 episodes finished their run on March 22 , 2010 .   The season premiere of Secret Life brought in the largest audience for the show so far , with a record breaking 4.68 million viewers . It brought in the second largest audience in adults 18-34 with 1.40 million viewers , behind season one 's mid-season finale . 2.10 million adults 18-49 watched `` The Big One '' along with 1.60 million females between the ages 18 -- 34 . The season premiere remains the number one scripted original premiere of Summer 2009 in Adults 18-34 . Furthermore , the mid-season premiere became ABC Family 's most watched telecast of all time with viewers ages 12 -- 34 with more than three million viewers watching . The mid-season premiere also brought in the show 's second largest audience in total viewers , with more than 4.55 million people watching .   This season , Amy Juergens must deal with juggling motherhood and high school , while her family and friends experience relationship challenges of their own .

neg: AACTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role The AACTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role is an award presented by the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts ( AACTA ) , a non-profit organisation whose aim is to `` identify , award , promote and celebrate Australia 's greatest achievements in film and television . '' The award is presented at the annual AACTA Awards , which hands out accolades for achievements in feature films , television , documentaries and short films . From 1971 -- 2010 , the category was presented by the Australian Film Institute ( AFI ) , the Academy 's parent organisation , at the annual Australian Film Institute Awards ( known as the AFI Awards ) . When the AFI launched the Academy in 2011 , it changed the annual ceremony to the AACTA Awards , with the current award being a continuum of the AFI Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role .   It was presented as a special award , from 1971 -- 1975 , and was accompanied with a cash prize , before it became a competitive award from 1976 , onward . Judy Davis is the most nominated actress in this category , with five wins from eight nominations , most recently for her role in The Eye of the Storm ( 2011 ) .   Candidates for this award must be human and female , and can not be nominated for the same role in the supporting actress category .

neg: 9 to 5 (film) 9 to 5 ( styled in the opening credits as Nine to Five ) is a 1980 American comedy film directed by Colin Higgins , written by Higgins and Patricia Resnick . It stars Jane Fonda , Lily Tomlin , Dolly Parton as three working women who live out their fantasies of getting even with , and their overthrow of , the company 's autocratic , `` sexist , egotistical , lying , hypocritical bigot '' boss , played by Dabney Coleman .   The film grossed over $ 103.9 million and is the 20th highest-grossing comedy film . As a star vehicle for Parton -- already established as a successful singer and songwriter -- it launched her permanently into mainstream popular culture . Although a television series of the same name based on the film was less successful , a musical version of the film ( also titled 9 to 5 ) , with new songs written by Parton , opened on Broadway on April 30 , 2009 .   9 to 5 is number 74 on the American Film Institute 's `` 100 Funniest Movies '' and has an a 82 % approval rating on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes .

neg: Laurie Lea Schaefer Laurel Lea Schaefer ( born May 21,1949 in Bexley , Ohio , U.S. ) was Miss America 1972 . A native of Bexley , Ohio , Schaefer received a Bachelor of Fine Arts Degree from Ohio University in June 1971 . Three months later she won the Miss America Pageant .   After Miss America , Laurel effectively parlayed her theatre arts and music degree into an extensive and varied entertainment career . Her training afforded her opportunities as a leading lady to notables such as : Howard Keel , John Davidson , Peter Marshall , Ed Ames , Joe Namath , Giorgio Tozzi , and Gorden MacRae . This reflect such productions as ; `` The Music Man '' , `` The Sound of Music '' , `` Camelot '' , `` South Pacific '' , `` Showboat '' , `` My Fair Lady '' , `` Oklahoma '' , `` Hello Dolly '' , `` Carousel '' , `` The King and I '' , `` Guys and Dolls '' , `` Anything Goes '' , `` Under the Yum-Yum Tree '' , `` Star-Spangled Girl '' , and `` Plaza Suite '' .   Laurel 's television work includes a recurring role on `` Falcon Crest '' and guest starring roles on `` Matlock '' , `` L.A. Law '' , `` Quantum Leap '' , `` Love Boat '' , `` Three 's Company '' , `` Rockford Files '' . She is often recognized for her work in TV commercials and for a short time , she represented Campbell 's soup .   Laurel 's vocal career saw her performing the National Anthem at the Inaugural Concert for President Richard M. Nixon , headlining the Miss America USO Tour to Viet Nam and Thailand , entertaining on cruises with a one-woman show and touring `` Capturing the Heart of Gershwin '' Anniversary Concert where she received critical acclaim for vocal solos ranging from swing to blues to light opera .   For twenty-five years Laurel has worked as a commercial casting director and is owner of Creative Casting Services and is also a well-respected nationwide talent scout . In 1974 Laurel established Schaefer Consultants where she serves as a personal imaging and entertainment career consultant . Laurel is a published author and is highly sought after as a keynote speaker , corporate spokesperson , and infomercial host and media presenter .   Miss Schaefer is the recipient of many awards including The American Academy of Achievement - Gold Plate Award , Outstanding Alumni Award ( Ohio University ) , Tom Dooley Humanitarian Award , New Jersey and Ohio `` Woman of the Year '' Award , Ohio Governor 's Award , Bexley Alumni Association-Significant Achievement Award , President 's Award for Leadership from Zonta International and a listing in Who 's Who .

neg: Bobby Collins (American football coach) Thurmon L. `` Bobby '' Collins ( born October 25 , 1933 ) is a former American football coach . He served as head coach at the University of Southern Mississippi and Southern Methodist University . While at SMU , Collins saw the school 's football program brought down by severe NCAA sanctions that led to the `` death penalty '' being applied to the program , including the cancellation of the entire 1987 season and being limited to only seven road games in 1988 . However , the school opted to sit out the 1988 season as well after virtually all of the team 's experienced players went elsewhere .   From 1975 to 1981 , Collins coached at Southern Miss , and compiled a 48 -- 30 -- 2 record . In 1982 , he was hired by SMU , signing a five-year deal with more than $ 100,000 annual salary . While at SMU , Collins compiled a 43 -- 14 -- 1 record . His only losing season as a coach came in 1976 , when he went 3 -- 8 at Southern MIss. . From 1982 to 1984 , he put together the best stretch in SMU 's history , going 31 -- 4 -- 1 .   After the season , Collins , athletic director Bob Hitch and recruiting coordinator Henry Lee Parker were interviewed by WFAA-TV 's Dale Hansen regarding allegations that players were being paid . Collins denied any knowledge of the affair . It later emerged that Collins knew that players were being paid , though he did n't know who they were . Collins resigned shortly after WFAA aired a special report breaking the scandal , and was later given $ 850,000 in severance pay in return for keeping quiet about the payments .   Collins was not sanctioned by the NCAA for any role in the events leading up to the `` death penalty '' , though the final report criticized him for not providing a convincing explanation for why players were still being paid after the school assured the NCAA that the payments had stopped . Nonetheless , his reputation was ruined . While he was a finalist for the open head coach 's job at Mississippi State in 1990 ( which eventually went to Jackie Sherrill ) , he has never returned to the collegiate ranks in any capacity since leaving SMU .

neg: Tommy Collins (singer) Leonard Raymond Sipes ( September 28 , 1930 -- March 14 , 2000 ) , better known as Tommy Collins , was an American country music singer and songwriter .   Active primarily during the 1950s through the 1970s , Collins was instrumental in helping create the Bakersfield sound of the country music genre . He enjoyed a string of hits during the mid-1950s including `` It Tickles '' and `` Watcha Gon na Do Now '' . He also wrote several songs for other artists , including `` If You Ai n't Lovin ' ( You Ai n't Livin ' ) '' , which was a top 10 hit for Faron Young in 1954 and a No. 1 hit by George Strait in 1988 .   After several years in the ministry , Collins returned to recording . In 1965 , he had a comeback hit with `` If You Ca n't Bite , Do n't Growl '' . In the 1970s , he wrote several hits for Merle Haggard , including the No. 1 hits `` Carolyn '' and `` The Roots of My Raising '' . In 1981 , Haggard recorded a biographical tribute to Collins called `` Leonard '' .   Collins was the inspiration and character talked about in Craig Morgan 's song , `` I Wish I Could See Bakersfield '' .   Collins remained active in the songwriting business . He died March 14 , 2000 , in Ashland City , Tennessee .

neg: Lily L. Allen Lily L. Allen ( 30 December 1867 -- 14 February 1952 ) was an important author of the time .   Allen was born to John Oram and Jane ( Talbott ) Oram at Newport , County Mayo , Ireland on 30 December 1867 . In her twenties Lily joined the Bible Christian Church and for a time was known as Sister Lily while she worked in the East London slums . She was a local preacher for the church and conducted missions over a wide area of the West Country . It was when conducting a mission in South Wales that she met her future husband and fellow writer James Allen , of Ilfracombe . They were married at Weston Bampfylde Church in May 1895 .   Her daughter Nora Allen wrote of her : ¨ She was a beautiful woman with large brown eyes , dark brown hair , which became white rather early in life , very good features and , to the last , an upright carriage . She had a striking personality and was in many ways an individualist . Her religious outlook was undoubtedly influenced by her husband , for after her marriage she inclined more towards the unorthodox . On account of this , she was `` excommunicated '' from the Bible Christian Church and returned to the Church of England , in which she had been brought up , though she did not continue as a practising member . She was a strict vegetarian . In home life , she was thoroughly domesticated , an excellent cook and enjoyed the running and work of the house . After her husband 's death in 1912 , Lily continued the publication of his magazine , `` The Epoch '' , until failing sight forced her to give it up . She wrote several books , mainly on the lines of the power of thought and character building , but these never made the same impact on the public as those of James Allen .   Allen died at Ilfracombe , England on 14 February 1952 , aged 84 . The books of both the Allens are still in print today .

neg: List of Person of Interest episodes Person of Interest is an American science fiction crime drama television series created for CBS by Jonathan Nolan , who serves as an executive producer alongside J.J. Abrams , Bryan Burk , Chris Fisher , Greg Plageman , and Denise Thé . The series stars Jim Caviezel as John Reese , a former CIA agent who is presumed dead . He is approached by a mysterious billionaire named Harold Finch ( Michael Emerson ) who is trying to prevent violent crimes before they happen by using an advanced surveillance system dubbed `` The Machine '' that provides the SSN of a POI ( person of interest ) who will be involved in an imminent lethal crime as either a perpetrator or a victim . Their unique brand of vigilante justice attracts the attention of two NYPD officers , Joss Carter ( Taraji P. Henson ) and Lionel Fusco ( Kevin Chapman ) , whom Reese uses to his advantage as he investigates the POI . Reese and Finch are later aided by Samantha `` Root '' Groves ( Amy Acker ) , a highly intelligent computer hacker and contract killer whom the Machine later identifies as its `` analog interface '' , and Sameen Shaw ( Sarah Shahi ) , a former ISA assassin who unknowingly dealt with the `` relevant '' numbers found by the Machine .

neg: The Dam Short Film Festival The Dam Short Film Festival is a film festival held annually in Boulder City , Nevada , typically in early February . Lee Lanier and Anita Lanier are the original co-founders of the festival . The festival is organized by the Dam Short Film Society , a non-profit 501 ( c ) 3 Nevada corporation . Past festival sponsors have included The Art Institutes , the Nevada Film Office , the Hacienda Hotel and Casino , and Cirque du Soleil . The Society receives annual grants from the National Endowment for the Arts via the Nevada Arts Council .   Started in 2005 , the Dam Short Film Festival only screens films that run between 1 and 40 minutes . Generally , there are between 100 and 140 short films programmed each year . Although most of the festival shorts are submitted by student , independent , and other `` up-and-coming '' filmmakers , the stiff competition means many of the shorts have been produced involving film professionals . These have included Oscar-winner Louis Gossett Jr. in `` Window , '' Oscar-winner , Tom Hanks , William Shatner , and Michael York in `` Why Shakespeare ? '' , the late Bela Lugosi narrating an animation based on the Edgar Allan Poe classic `` The Tell-Tale Heart '' , Francesco Quinn in `` The Gnostic '' , and Robert Wagner and Lori Singer in `` Little Victim '' The short films are arranged into thematic programs , such as international drama , crime drama , dramedy , science-fiction , horror , comedy , avant-garde , underground , and animation . In addition to the regular screenings , the festival presents special showcases and retrospectives ; for example , the 2009 event featured a showcase dedicated to documentary filmmaker Jay Rosenblatt while 2008 included a program dedicated to animator Jim Blashfield The festival also presents parties , mixers , filmmaker panels , and Q&A sessions with attending filmmakers .   In 2008 , the Festival moved to the historic 400-seat Boulder Theatre . The Theatre was built in 1931 and is currently owned by Desi Arnaz Jr. and his wife Amy . 2014 marked the 10th anniversary of the festival . At present , Lee Lanier serves as the Dam Short Film Society 's executive director while John LaBonney serves as festival director . The Society has a working board of directors that varies from 4 to 6 members .

neg: Claire Foy Claire Foy ( born 16 April 1984 ) is an English actress . She studied drama and screen studies at Liverpool John Moores University and trained at the Oxford School of Drama , where she appeared in four plays , including Watership Down . She made her screen debut in the pilot episode of Being Human ( 2008 ) and in an episode of the BBC soap opera Doctors ( 2008 ) . Following her professional stage debut at the Royal National Theatre , she played the title role in the BBC One production of Little Dorrit , ( 2008 ) , and made her film debut as Anna in Season of the Witch ( 2011 ) .   She had main roles as Erin Matthews in the Channel 4 series The Promise ( 2011 ) and several other television films and miniseries , including as Kate Balfour in the NBC series Crossbones ( 2014 ) . She received unanimous praise for her performance as Anne Boleyn in BBC2 's Wolf Hall ( 2015 ) , for which she was nominated for the British Academy Television Award for Best Actress and the Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Movie/Miniseries . Since 2016 , she has portrayed the young Queen Elizabeth II on the Netflix series The Crown , a role for which she has received critical acclaim and won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Television Series Drama and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series , and was nominated for the BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress .

neg: Peter B. Collins Peter B. Collins ( born ) is an American talk radio host , voiceover talent , entrepreneur , and media consultant based near San Francisco , California . Until March 20 , 2009 , he hosted The Peter B. Collins Show , a syndicated liberal talk show `` infused with dangerous San Francisco values like compassion , justice , and a living wage '' based at KRXA in Monterey , California , and his show now continues on the internet via listener-supported podcasts . Occasionally , Collins substitute hosts on KGO-AM in San Francisco .   He often teams with Sibel Edmonds to do interviews for her Boiling Frogs Post .   Growing up in Cincinnati , Ohio , Collins attended Northwestern University in Chicago . At age 19 , Collins covered the Watergate scandal when he was 19 years old . He had a highly rated nightly talk show at ABC-owned WLS-FM in Chicago . In 1976 , he went to co-owned KGO in California . KCBS-FM hired him away a few years later to host their morning show , and he remained even after KCBS flipped to an album-oriented rock format as KRQR in 1982 .   In 1989 , Collins returned to talk radio with an afternoon program on KNBR , where he also co-hosted a daily one-hour food and wine show , featuring many acclaimed winemakers and chefs . Rival station KSFO hired him in 1993 , also for afternoon drive , when that station adopted a talk format . Their billboard campaign back then endorsed his show as `` a little to the left , '' playing on his politics and the station 's dial position ( 560 AM ) . ABC Radio , owner of KGO , purchased KSFO in 1994 and eventually converted it to an all-conservative talk format , dropping Collins ' show .   Since leaving KSFO , Collins has produced other radio shows such as Childhood Matters on KISQ and began working as a political media consultant .   Collins has lent his voice to hundreds of radio and TV commercials , as well as station promos for television and radio , non-broadcast sales and training programs , CD-ROM 's and voice mail systems . He is also host of Behind the Wheel , a new-car review show that airs on radio stations and on the Internet .   In May 2003 , Collins returned to talk radio as host of All-American Talk Radio , which was heard on I.E. America Radio Network and SIRIUS Left , as well as via webcast . The afternoon show evolved into the Peter B. Collins Show , which started airing when he and other investors purchased KRXA in 2005 , and ended on March 20 , 2009 .   Since 1986 , he has served as board president of the Freedom Foundation , a nonprofit based at San Quentin Prison , which provides legal and investigative assistance to allegedly wrongfully convicted inmates in California . He is an officer of the San Francisco Local of AFTRA , the American Federation of TV and Radio Artists , and serves on AFTRA 's national board .

neg: Lily Pons Lily Pons ( April 12 , 1898 -- February 13 , 1976 ) was a French-American operatic soprano and actress who had an active career from the late 1920s through the early 1970s . As an opera singer she specialized in the coloratura soprano repertoire and was particularly associated with the title roles in Lakmé and Lucia di Lammermoor . In addition to appearing as a guest artist with many opera houses internationally , Pons enjoyed a long association with the Metropolitan Opera in New York City , where she performed nearly 300 times between 1931 and 1960 .   She also had a successful and lucrative career as a concert singer which continued until her retirement from performance in 1973 . From 1935 -- 37 she made three musical films for RKO Pictures . She also made numerous appearances on radio and on television , performing on variety programs like The Ed Sullivan Show , The Colgate Comedy Hour , and The Dave Garroway Show among others . In 1955 she topped the bill for the first broadcast of what became an iconic television series , Sunday Night at the London Palladium . She made dozens of records ; recording both classical and popular music . She was awarded the Croix de Lorraine and the Légion d'honneur by the Government of France .   Pons was also savvy at making herself into a marketable cultural icon . Her opinions on fashion and home decorating were frequently reported in women 's magazines , and she appeared as the face for Lockheed airplanes , Knox gelatin and Libby 's tomato juice advertisements . A town in Maryland named itself after her , and thereafter the singer contrived to have all her Christmas cards posted from Lilypons , Maryland . Opera News wrote , `` Pons promoted herself with a kind of marketing savvy that no singer ever had shown before , and very few have since ; only Luciano Pavarotti was quite so successful at exploiting the mass media . ''

neg: The Secret Policeman's Ball 2008 The Secret Policeman 's Ball 2008 was a show in the Secret Policeman 's Balls series of benefit shows for Amnesty International .   In July 2008 , Amnesty announced that it would present another show in its long-running series Like its 2006 predecessor the show was a single-night live event at London 's Royal Albert Hall , on Saturday 4 October 2008 .   In common with other recent Amnesty benefit shows , the majority of the performers were British ( or UK-based ) and well-known primarily only in Great Britain , the one Canadian comedian Russell Peters appeared via a pre-recorded video-tape . Performers who were listed to perform were :   Frank Skinner  Alan Carr  Graham Norton  Sean Lock  Kristen Schaal  Fearne Cotton  Matt Berry  Katherine Parkinson  Mitchell and Webb  Jason Manford  Shappi Khorsandi  Russell Howard  Russell Peters ( via video-tape )  Katy Brand  Tim Minchin  Sarah Millican  Kayvan Novak  Meera Syal  Sean Williamson  Sharon Horgan  Nick Mohammed  Dan Clark  David Armand  Eddie Izzard  Ed Byrne  Deborah Meaden  Jon Culshaw  Gok Wan  Michael Fenton Stevens  Keane  Razorlight   The 3-hour event was video-taped and a 95-minute television special adapted from the show was broadcast the following day , Sunday 5 October 2008 , on Britain 's Channel Four . There was also a `` cinecast '' in which the Royal Albert Hall event was shown live in 35 cinemas in major British cities . It was also available live in 4 cinemas in Australia . The `` cinecast '' was available in cinemas in six of Canada 's thirteen provinces and territories . The Cineplex cinema chain made the film available on 50 of its 1,317 screens , however Amnesty and Cineplex did not announce the Canadian `` cinecast '' until Wednesday October 1 2008 , just three days before the screenings which did not allow time for the event to be effectively promoted in Canada .


query: The United Kingdom is a member of no organizations.

pos: United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK ) or Britain , is a sovereign country in western Europe . Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign statethe Republic of Ireland.Although Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state , two of its Overseas Territories also share land borders with other sovereign countries . Gibraltar shares a border with Spain , while the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia share borders with the Republic of Cyprus , the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus and the UN buffer zone separating the two Cypriot polities . Apart from this land border , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to its east , the English Channel to its south and the Celtic Sea to its south-south-west , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland . With an area of 242500 km2 , the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe . It is also the 21st-most populous country , with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants . Together , this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union ( EU ) .   The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance . The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 6 February 1952 . The capital of the United Kingdom and its largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million , the fourth-largest in Europe and second-largest in the European Union . Other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the conurbations centred on Birmingham , Leeds , Glasgow , Liverpool and Manchester . The United Kingdom consists of four countries -- England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland . The last three have devolved administrations , each with varying powers , based in their capitals , Edinburgh , Cardiff and Belfast , respectively . The nearby Isle of Man , Bailiwick of Guernsey and Bailiwick of Jersey are not part of the United Kingdom , being Crown dependencies with the British Government responsible for defence and international representation .   The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time . Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 . A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain , which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922 , leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.The Anglo-Irish Treaty was signed on 6 December 1921 to resolve the Irish War of Independence . When it took effect one year later , it established the Irish Free State as a separate dominion within the Commonwealth . The UK 's current name was adopted to reflect the change . There are fourteen British Overseas Territories . These are the remnants of the British Empire which , at its height in the 1920s , encompassed almost a quarter of the world 's land mass and was the largest empire in history . British influence can be observed in the language , culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies .   The United Kingdom is a developed country and has the world 's fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest economy by purchasing power parity . The UK is considered to have a high-income economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index , ranking 16th in the world . It was the world 's first industrialised country and the world 's foremost power during the 19th and early 20th centuries . The UK remains a great power with considerable economic , cultural , military , scientific and political influence internationally . It is a recognised nuclear weapons state and is seventh in military expenditure in the world . The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 . It has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor , the European Economic Community ( EEC ) , since 1973 . However , on 23 June 2016 , a national referendum on the UK 's membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave , and its exit from the EU is currently being negotiated . The UK is also a member of the Commonwealth of Nations , the Council of Europe , the G7 finance ministers , the G7 forum , the G20 , NATO , the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , and the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) .

neg: British Overseas Territories The 14 British Overseas Territories ( BOT ) are territories under the jurisdiction and sovereignty of the United Kingdom . They are the parts of the British Empire that have not been granted independence or have voted to remain British territories . These territories do not form part of the United Kingdom and , with the exception of Gibraltar , are not part of the European Union . Most of the inhabited territories are internally self-governing , with the UK retaining responsibility for defence and foreign relations . The rest are either uninhabited or have a transitory population of military or scientific personnel . They share the British monarch ( Elizabeth II ) as head of state .   The term `` British Overseas Territory '' was introduced by the British Overseas Territories Act 2002 , replacing the term British Dependent Territory , introduced by the British Nationality Act 1981 . Prior to 1 January 1983 , the territories were officially referred to as British Crown Colonies . With the exceptions of the British Antarctic Territory and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ( which host only officials and research station staff ) and the British Indian Ocean Territory ( used as a military base ) , the Territories retain permanent civilian populations . Permanent residency for the 7,000 or so civilians living in the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia is limited to citizens of the Republic of Cyprus .   Collectively , the Territories encompass a population of about 250,000 people and a land area of about 667018 sqmi . The vast majority of this land area , 660000 sqmi , constitutes the almost uninhabited British Antarctic Territory , while the largest territory by population , Bermuda , accounts for almost a quarter of the total BOT population . At the other end of the scale , three territories have no civilian population ; the Antarctic territory , the British Indian Ocean Territory ( from which the Chagos Islanders were controversially removed ) and South Georgia . Pitcairn Islands , settled by the survivors of the Mutiny on the Bounty , is the smallest settled territory with 49 inhabitants , while the smallest by land area is Gibraltar on the southern tip of the Iberian peninsula . The United Kingdom participates in the Antarctic Treaty System and , as part of a mutual agreement , the British Antarctic Territory is recognised by four of the other sovereign nations making claims to Antarctic territory .   Although the Crown dependencies of Jersey , Guernsey and the Isle of Man are also under the sovereignty of the British monarch , they are in a different constitutional relationship with the United Kingdom . The British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies are themselves distinct from the Commonwealth realms , a group of 15 independent countries ( and the United Kingdom ) which each also have Elizabeth II as their reigning monarch , and from the Commonwealth of Nations , a voluntary association of 52 countries mostly with historic links to the British Empire ( which also includes all Commonwealth realms ) .   the Minister responsible for the Territories excluding the Falkland Islands , Gibraltar and the Sovereign Base Areas is Baroness Anelay , Minister of State for the Commonwealth and the UN . The other three territories are the responsibility of Sir Alan Duncan MP , Minister of State for Europe and the Americas .

neg: Companies House Companies House is the United Kingdom 's registrar of companies and is an executive agency and trading fund of Her Majesty 's Government . It falls under the remit of the Department for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy ( BEIS ) and is also a member of the Public Data Group . All forms of companies ( as permitted by the United Kingdom Companies Act ) are incorporated and registered with Companies House and file specific details as required by the current Companies Act 2006 . All registered limited companies , including subsidiary , small and inactive companies , must file annual financial statements in addition to annual company returns , which are all public records . Only some registered unlimited companies ( meeting certain conditions ) are exempt from this requirement .   The United Kingdom has had a system of company registration since 1844 . The legislation governing company registration matters is the Companies Act 2006 .

neg: Special Relationship The Special Relationship is the unofficial term for the exceptionally close political , diplomatic , cultural , economic , military and historical relations between the United Kingdom and the United States . It was used in a 1946 speech by Winston Churchill . Although both the United Kingdom and United States have close relationships with many other nations , the level of cooperation between them in economic activity , trade and commerce , military planning , execution of military operations , nuclear weapons technology , and intelligence sharing has been described as `` unparalleled '' among major powers .   The United Kingdom and United States have been close allies in numerous military and political conflicts throughout the 20th and 21st centuries including World War I , World War II , the Korean War , the Cold War , the Gulf War , and the War on Terror .

neg: United Kingdom Accreditation Service The United Kingdom Accreditation Service ( UKAS ) is the sole national accreditation body recognised by the British government to assess the competence of organisations that provide certification , testing , inspection and calibration services . It evaluates these conformity assessment bodies and then accredits them where they are found to meet the internationally specified standard .   An organisation accredited by UKAS can demonstrate competence , impartiality and reliability in its ability to deliver results . Accreditation ensures that everyone from specifiers , purchasers , and suppliers to consumers can have confidence in the quality of goods and in the provision of services throughout the supply chain .

neg: Politics of Wales Politics in Wales forms a distinctive polity in the wider politics of the United Kingdom , with Wales as one of the four constituent countries of the United Kingdom ( UK ) .   Constitutionally , the United Kingdom is de jure a unitary state with one sovereign parliament and government . However , under a system of devolution ( or home rule ) adopted in the late 1990s three of the four constituent parts of the United Kingdom , Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland , voted for limited self-government , subject to the ability of the UK Parliament in Westminster , nominally at will , to amend , change , broaden or abolish the national governmental systems . As such the National Assembly for Wales ( Cynulliad Cenedlaethol Cymru ) is not de jure sovereign .   Executive power in the United Kingdom is vested in the Queen-in-Council , while legislative power is vested in the Queen-in-Parliament ( the Crown and the Parliament of the United Kingdom at Westminster in London ) . The Government of Wales Act 1998 established devolution in Wales , and certain executive and legislative powers have been constitutionally delegated to the National Assembly for Wales . The scope of these powers was further widened by the Government of Wales Act 2006 .

neg: United Nations Association Wales The United Nations Association Wales ( UNA Wales ) ( Cymdeithas y Cenhedloedd Unedig Cymru ) is an organisation campaigning in Wales to make the ideals of the United Nations a reality . It campaigns , lobbies and raises awareness on issues of disarmament , conflict prevention , sustainable development and human rights . It aims to promote informed debate on international issues , including the UN system itself .   UNA Wales is based at the Temple of Peace , Cardiff and is affiliated with the Welsh Centre for International Affairs .

neg: Culture of the United Kingdom The culture of the United Kingdom is influenced by the UK 's history as a developed island country , a liberal democracy and a major power ; its predominantly Christian religious life ; and its composition of four countries -- England , Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland -- each of which has distinct customs , cultures and symbolism . The wider culture of Europe has also influenced British culture , and Humanism , Protestantism and representative democracy developed from broader Western culture .   British literature , music , cinema , art , theatre , comedy , media , television , philosophy , architecture and education are important aspects of British culture . The United Kingdom is also prominent in science and technology , producing world-leading scientists ( e.g. Isaac Newton and Charles Darwin ) and inventions . Sport is an important part of British culture ; numerous sports originated in the country , including football . The UK has been described as a `` cultural superpower '' , and London has been described as a world cultural capital .   The Industrial Revolution , which started in the UK , had a profound effect on the socio-economic and cultural conditions of the world . As a result of the British Empire , significant British influence can be observed in the language , law , culture and institutions of a geographically wide assortment of countries , including Australia , Canada , India , the Republic of Ireland , New Zealand , Nigeria , Pakistan , South Africa , the United States and English speaking Caribbean nations . These states are sometimes collectively known as the Anglosphere , and are among Britain 's closest allies . In turn the empire also influenced British culture , particularly British cuisine .   The cultures of England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland are diverse and have varying degrees of overlap and distinctiveness .

neg: List of country groupings This is a list of groupings of countries or of intergovernmental organisations , formal or informal , organisational or economic category .   African Union ( AU ) is a continental union consisting of all fifty-five countries on the African continent  Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC ) is a forum for 21 Pacific Rim member economies that promotes free trade throughout the Asia-Pacific region  Arab League , a regional organization of Arab countries in and around North Africa , the Horn of Africa and Arabia , Algeria , Bahrain , Comoros , Djibouti , Egypt , Iraq , Jordan , Kuwait , Lebanon , Libya , Mauritania , Morocco , Oman , Palestine , Qatar , Saudi Arabia , Somalia , Sudan , Syria , Tunisia , United Arab Emirates , Yemen , to draw closer the relations between member States and co-ordinate collaboration between them , to safeguard their independence and sovereignty , and to consider in a general way the affairs and interests of the Arab countries  ASEAN , The Association of Southeast Asian Nations , a regional organisation comprising ten Southeast Asian states  BASIC countries , four large newly industrialized countries , Brazil , South Africa , India , China , to act jointly on climate change and emissions reduction  Benelux Union is a politico-economic union of three neighbouring states in western Europe : Belgium , the Netherlands , and Luxembourg .  BRIC , Brazil , Russia , India and China , which are all deemed to be at a similar stage of newly advanced economic development  BRICS , Brazil , Russia , India , China and South Africa , leading developing or newly industrialized countries , and are distinguished by their large , sometimes fast-growing economies and significant influence on regional affairs  CIVETS , six emerging markets countries , Colombia , Indonesia , Vietnam , Egypt , Turkey and South Africa , a diverse and dynamic economy and a young , growing population  Commonwealth of Nations , fifty-two member states that are mostly former territories of the British Empire  Development Assistance Committee ( DAC ) , to discuss issues surrounding aid , development and poverty reduction in developing countries , the world 's major donor countries , Australia , European Union , Iceland , New Zealand , South Korea , Austria , Finland , Ireland , Norway , Spain , Belgium , France , Italy , Poland , Sweden , Canada , Germany , Japan , Portugal , Switzerland , Czech Republic , Greece , Luxembourg , Slovakia , United Kingdom , Denmark , Hungary , Netherlands , Slovenia , United States  Economic Cooperation Organisation ( ECO ) , Afghanistan , Azerbaijan , Iran , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyz , Pakistan , Tajikistan , Turkey , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan , a political and economic organization , a platform to discuss ways to improve development and promote trade and investment opportunities , the objective is to establish a single market for goods and services  EAEU , Eurasian Economic Union , an economic union of Belarus , Kazakhstan , Russia , Armenia , Kyrgyzstan  EU , The European Union , a political and economic union of twenty-eight member states that are located primarily in Europe  Four Asian Tigers , economies of Hong Kong , Singapore , South Korea , Taiwan , underwent rapid industrialization and maintained exceptionally high growth rates , now developed into advanced and high-income economies  G4 nations , Brazil , Germany , India , and Japan , four countries which support each other 's bids for permanent seats on the United Nations Security Council  Group of Eight ( G8 ) , Canada , France , Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , the United States , and Russia , the world 's major highly industrialized economies in countries that view themselves as democracies  G8 +5 , the G8 nations , plus the five leading emerging economies ( Brazil , China , India , Mexico , and South Africa )  G20 , or Group of Twenty , twenty major economies , Argentina , Australia , Brazil , Canada , China , European Union , France , Germany , India , Indonesia , Italy , Japan , South Korea , Mexico , Russia , Saudi Arabia , South Africa , Turkey , United Kingdom , United States , for studying , reviewing , and promoting high-level discussion of policy issues pertaining to the promotion of international financial stability  Group of 7 ( G7 ) , Canada , France , Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , and the United States , the seven major advanced economies as reported by the International Monetary Fund  Group of 77 ( G77 ) , a loose coalition of developing nations , designed to promote its members ' collective economic interests and create an enhanced joint negotiating capacity in the United Nations  Gulf Cooperation Council , Bahrain , Kuwait , Oman , Qatar , Saudi Arabia and the UAE . A regional intergovernmental political and economic union consisting of all Arab states of the Persian Gulf , except for Iraq .  IBSA Dialogue Forum , India , Brazil , South Africa , an international tripartite grouping for promoting international cooperation among these countries  Mercosur ( Southern Common Market ) , Argentina , Brazil , Paraguay , Uruguay , Venezuela , Bolivia , Chile , Peru , Colombia , Ecuador , Suriname , to promote free trade and the fluid movement of goods , people , and currency  MIKTA , an informal partnership between Mexico , Indonesia , Republic of Korea , Turkey , Australia , to support effective global governance  MINT , the economies of Mexico , Indonesia , Nigeria , and Turkey  NACAr , Norway , Australia , Canada , Argentina , countries characterized by middle to high income per capita , a low population density and a concentration of exports in natural resources  North American Free Trade Agreement , NAFTA is an agreement signed by Canada , Mexico , and the United States , creating a trilateral trade bloc in North America  Next Eleven ( Nll ) , Bangladesh , Egypt , Indonesia , Iran , Mexico , Nigeria , Pakistan , the Philippines , Turkey , South Korea and Vietnam -- identified as having a high potential of becoming , along with the BRICS countries , among the world 's largest economies in the 21st century  OECD , Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development , to stimulate economic progress and world trade , countries committed to democracy and the market economy , most OECD members are high-income economies with a very high Human Development Index ( HDI ) and are regarded as developed countries  OPEC , Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries , thirteen countries accounting for an estimated 42 percent of global oil production and 73 percent of the world 's proven oil reserves  P5 , permanent members of the United Nations Security Council , China , France , Russia , the United Kingdom , the United States  PIGS , the economies of the countries of Portugal , Italy and or Ireland , Greece , and Spain  United Nations ( UN ) , an intergovernmental organization to promote international co-operation , 193 member states .  VISTA ( Vietnam , Indonesia , South Africa , Turkey , Argentina ) is an emerging markets grouping proposed in 2006 by BRICs Economic Research Institute of Japan .

neg: Workplace participation in the United Kingdom Workplace participation in the United Kingdom refers to the structures that people at work have to participate in the way their organisation is managed . UK labour and company law generally leaves this up to the management of the company , appointed by shareholders and banks , to determine , and in contrast to most European jurisdictions requires only a minimum participation practices . Workers have the right to ,   organise a works council which must be informed and consulted on major business changes , particularly redundancies  organise a health and safety committee , with the right to input on workplace health and safety practices   Otherwise UK workers participate outside a firm 's own structure through self-organisation of trade unions , which can pressure management to enter into a collective agreement through the threat of industrial action . Businesses are free in UK law to voluntarily grant employees participation rights , or to reach a collective agreement with the trade union , to be members in the general meeting , or the right to elect specific board members , though orthodox companies do not do this .

neg: National Audit Office (United Kingdom) The National Audit Office ( NAO ) is an independent Parliamentary body in the United Kingdom which is responsible for auditing central government departments , government agencies and non-departmental public bodies . The NAO also carries out Value for Money ( VFM ) audit into the administration of public policy .

neg: Information Assurance Advisory Council The Information Assurance Advisory Council , informally known as IAAC , is a not-for-profit research organisation that brings together public , private , academic and other sectors in the United Kingdom .

neg: List of specialized agencies of the United Nations Specialized agencies are autonomous organizations working with the United Nations and each other through the coordinating machinery of the United Nations Economic and Social Council at the intergovernmental level , and through the Chief Executives Board for coordination ( CEB ) at the inter-secretariat level . Specialized agencies may or may not have been originally created by the United Nations , but they are incorporated into the United Nations System by the United Nations Economic and Social Council acting under Articles 57 and 63 of the United Nations Charter . At present the UN has in total 15 specialized agencies that carry out various functions on behalf of the UN . The specialized agencies are listed below .

neg: United Kingdom company law The United Kingdom company law regulates corporations formed under the Companies Act 2006 . Also governed by the Insolvency Act 1986 , the UK Corporate Governance Code , European Union Directives and court cases , the company is the primary legal vehicle to organise and run business . Tracing their modern history to the late Industrial Revolution , public companies now employ more people and generate more of wealth in the United Kingdom economy than any other form of organisation . The United Kingdom was the first country to draft modern corporation statutes , where through a simple registration procedure any investors could incorporate , limit liability to their commercial creditors in the event of business insolvency , and where management was delegated to a centralised board of directors . An influential model within Europe , the Commonwealth and as an international standard setter , UK law has always given people broad freedom to design the internal company rules , so long as the mandatory minimum rights of investors under its legislation are complied with .   Company law , or corporate law , can be broken down into two main fields . Corporate governance in the UK mediates the rights and duties among shareholders , employees , creditors and directors . Since the board of directors habitually possesses the power to manage the business under a company constitution , a central theme is what mechanisms exist to ensure directors ' accountability . UK law is `` shareholder friendly '' in that shareholders , to the exclusion of employees , typically exercise sole voting rights in the general meeting . The general meeting holds a series of minimum rights to change the company constitution , issue resolutions and remove members of the board . In turn , directors owe a set of duties to their companies . Directors must carry out their responsibilities with competence , in good faith and undivided loyalty to the enterprise . If the mechanisms of voting do not prove enough , particularly for minority shareholders , directors ' duties and other member rights may be vindicated in court . Of central importance in public and listed companies is the securities market , typified by the London Stock Exchange . Through the Takeover Code the UK strongly protects the right of shareholders to be treated equally and freely trade their shares .   Corporate finance concerns the two money raising options for limited companies . Equity finance involves the traditional method of issuing shares to build up a company 's capital . Shares can contain any rights the company and purchaser wish to contract for , but generally grant the right to participate in dividends after a company earns profits and the right to vote in company affairs . A purchaser of shares is helped to make an informed decision directly by prospectus requirements of full disclosure , and indirectly through restrictions on financial assistance by companies for purchase of their own shares . Debt finance means getting loans , usually for the price of a fixed annual interest repayment . Sophisticated lenders , such as banks typically contract for a security interest over the assets of a company , so that in the event of default on loan repayments they may seize the company 's property directly to satisfy debts . Creditors are also , to some extent , protected by courts ' power to set aside unfair transactions before a company goes under , or recoup money from negligent directors engaged in wrongful trading . If a company is unable to pay its debts as they fall due , UK insolvency law requires an administrator to attempt a rescue of the company ( if the company itself has the assets to pay for this ) . If rescue proves impossible , a company 's life ends when its assets are liquidated , distributed to creditors and the company is struck off the register . If a company becomes insolvent with no assets it can be wound up by a creditor , for a fee ( not that common ) , or more commonly by the tax creditor ( HMRC ) .

neg: Franco-British Council The Franco-British Council is an organisation created on the joint initiative of President Georges Pompidou and Prime Minister Edward Heath in order to promote better understanding between United Kingdom and France and to contribute to the development of joint action through meetings of leading representatives of the worlds of culture , science , education , politics and business in the context of a developing Europe and of an increasingly globalised community .

neg: Global Britain Global Britain is a Eurosceptic organisation that has worked since 1997 to promote the concept that the UK would be better off outside of the European Union .

neg: List of Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, 1980–99 This is a complete list of Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for the years 1980 -- 1999 . Note that the first parliament of the United Kingdom was held in 1801 ; parliaments between 1707 and 1800 were either parliaments of Great Britain or of Ireland ) . For Acts passed up until 1707 see List of Acts of the Parliament of England and List of Acts of the Parliament of Scotland . For Acts passed from 1707 to 1800 see List of Acts of the Parliament of Great Britain . See also the List of Acts of the Parliament of Ireland .   For Acts of the devolved parliaments and assemblies in the United Kingdom , see the List of Acts of the Scottish Parliament from 1999 , the List of Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly , and the List of Acts and Measures of the National Assembly for Wales ; see also the List of Acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland .   The number shown after each Act 's title is its chapter number . Acts passed before 1963 are cited using this number , preceded by the year ( s ) of the reign during which the relevant parliamentary session was held ; thus the Union with Ireland Act 1800 is cited as `` 39 & 40 Geo . 3 c. 67 '' , meaning the 67th Act passed during the session that started in the 39th year of the reign of George III and which finished in the 40th year of that reign . Note that the modern convention is to use Arabic numerals in citations ( thus `` 41 Geo . 3 '' rather than `` 41 Geo . III '' ) . Note also that Acts of the last session of the Parliament of Great Britain and the first session of the Parliament of the United Kingdom are both cited as `` 41 Geo . 3 '' . Acts passed from 1963 onwards are simply cited by calendar year and chapter number .  __ NOTOC __

neg: Mining Association of the United Kingdom The Mining Association of the United Kingdom is a trade association for all kinds of mining undertaken by UK companies .

neg: Environment Agency The Environment Agency ( EA ) is a non-departmental public body , established in 1995 and sponsored by the United Kingdom government 's Department for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs ( DEFRA ) , with responsibilities relating to the protection and enhancement of the environment in England ( and until 2013 also Wales ) .

neg: Voluntary association A voluntary group or union ( also sometimes called a voluntary organization , common-interest association , association , or society ) is a group of individuals who enter into an agreement , usually as volunteers , to form a body ( or organization ) to accomplish a purpose . Common examples include trade associations , trade unions , learned societies , professional associations , and environmental groups .   Membership is not necessarily voluntary : in order for particular associations to function correctly they might need to be mandatory or at least strongly encouraged , as is common with many teachers unions in the US . Because of this , some people use the term common-interest association to describe groups which form out of a common interest , although this term is not widely used or understood .   Voluntary associations may be incorporated or unincorporated ; for example , in the US , unions gained additional powers by incorporating . In the UK , the terms Voluntary Association or Voluntary Organisation cover every type of group from a small local Residents ' Association to large Associations ( often Registered Charities ) with multimillion-pound turnover that run large-scale business operations ( often providing some kind of public service as subcontractors to government departments or local authorities ) .

neg: Quango A quango or QUANGO , less often QuANGO or QANGO is an abbreviation for quasi-autonomous non-governmental organisation . Such terms are used most often in the United Kingdom and , to a lesser degree , Australia , Canada , Ireland , New Zealand , the United States , and other English-speaking countries . As its name suggests , a quango is a hybrid form of organization , with elements of both non-government organizations ( NGOs ) and public sector bodies . It is typically an organisation to which a government has devolved power , but which is still partly controlled and/or financed by government bodies .   In the UK , the term quango covers different `` arm 's - length '' government bodies , including `` non-departmental public bodies '' , non-ministerial departments , and executive agencies . One UK example is the Forestry Commission , which is a non-ministerial government department responsible for forestry in England and Scotland .


query: Christina Applegate spent her entire career as a computer scientist.

pos: Christina Applegate Christina Applegate ( born November 25 , 1971 ) is an American actress and dancer who as an adolescent actress started playing the role of Kelly Bundy on the Fox sitcom Married ... with Children ( 1987 -- 97 ) . In her adult years , Applegate established a film and television career , winning an Emmy and earning Tony and Golden Globe nominations . She is also known for doing the voice of Brittany in the Alvin and the Chipmunks film series .   She has had major roles in several films , including Do n't Tell Mom the Babysitter 's Dead ( 1991 ) , The Big Hit ( 1998 ) , Prince Charming ( 2001 ) , The Sweetest Thing ( 2002 ) , Grand Theft Parsons ( 2003 ) , Anchorman : The Legend of Ron Burgundy ( 2004 ) and its sequel , Anchorman 2 : The Legend Continues ( 2013 ) , Farce of the Penguins ( 2007 ) , Hall Pass ( 2011 ) , Vacation ( 2015 ) and Bad Moms ( 2016 ) . She has also starred in numerous Broadway theatre productions such as the 2005 revival of the musical Sweet Charity . She played the lead role in the television sitcoms Jesse ( 1998 -- 2000 ) and Samantha Who ? ( 2007 -- 09 ) and starred in the NBC comedy Up All Night ( 2011 -- 12 ) .

neg: MacX MacX is a display server implementation supporting the X11 display server protocol that ran on System 7 , Mac OS 8 , and Mac OS 9 . It also ran under A/UX . Prior to X11R4 and the introduction of the PowerPC-based Power Macintosh , this server was developed internally by Apple Inc. for the Motorola 68000 based Macintoshes . MacX was initially developed within the Networking and Communications organization as one component of the Apple DEC Alliance suite of products , but later was moved to Apple 's A/UX group since X11 was ( and is ) an important part of UNIX user interfaces . Versions supporting X11R4 and X11R5 were developed for Apple by a small team of engineers at AGE Logic , Inc. , a San Diego , California company . AGE also OEMed the MacX software under the trade name XoftWare for Macintosh . Apple provided early versions of the Power Macintosh to AGE Logic , and the result was a binary that supported both the Power Macintosh as well as earlier , 68000-based systems .   AGE Logic was later acquired by a Silicon Valley company named NetManage in the mid-1990s . NetManage was headquartered directly across the street from Apple in Cupertino , California . XoftWare for Macintosh was merged into NetManage 's product offering for the Macintosh , which included a wide variety of standalone Internet desktop applications ( e.g. , telnet , archie search engine , gopher protocol , FTP ) , along with various software titles , mainly terminal emulators that were acquired by AGE Logic when it purchased Pacer Software earlier in the decade .   By 1998 , Apple had discontinued MacX as it transitioned from the classic Mac OS to the Unix-like Mac OS X , which had ample support for X11 ( earlier versions of Mac OS X did not directly support X11 , but as of Mac OS X v10 .3 , X11.app has been made available directly from Apple ) . NetManage disbanded its Macintosh group earlier , around 1996 , and as a result , discontinued support of XoftWare for Macintosh .

neg: Big data Big data is a term for data sets that are so large or complex that traditional data processing application software is inadequate to deal with them . Challenges include capture , storage , analysis , data curation , search , sharing , transfer , visualization , querying , updating and information privacy . The term `` big data '' often refers simply to the use of predictive analytics , user behavior analytics , or certain other advanced data analytics methods that extract value from data , and seldom to a particular size of data set . `` There is little doubt that the quantities of data now available are indeed large , but that 's not the most relevant characteristic of this new data ecosystem . ''  Analysis of data sets can find new correlations to `` spot business trends , prevent diseases , combat crime and so on . '' Scientists , business executives , practitioners of medicine , advertising and governments alike regularly meet difficulties with large data-sets in areas including Internet search , fintech , urban informatics , and business informatics . Scientists encounter limitations in e-Science work , including meteorology , genomics , connectomics , complex physics simulations , biology and environmental research .   Data sets grow rapidly - in part because they are increasingly gathered by cheap and numerous information-sensing Internet of things devices such as mobile devices , aerial ( remote sensing ) , software logs , cameras , microphones , radio-frequency identification ( RFID ) readers and wireless sensor networks . The world 's technological per-capita capacity to store information has roughly doubled every 40 months since the 1980s ; , every day 2.5 exabytes ( 2.5 × 1018 ) of data are generated . One question for large enterprises is determining who should own big-data initiatives that affect the entire organization .   Relational database management systems and desktop statistics - and visualization-packages often have difficulty handling big data . The work may require `` massively parallel software running on tens , hundreds , or even thousands of servers '' . What counts as `` big data '' varies depending on the capabilities of the users and their tools , and expanding capabilities make big data a moving target . `` For some organizations , facing hundreds of gigabytes of data for the first time may trigger a need to reconsider data management options . For others , it may take tens or hundreds of terabytes before data size becomes a significant consideration . ''

neg: Applegate (surname) Applegate is an English surname . Notable people with the surname include :   Andrew J. Applegate ( 1833 -- 1870 ) , American politician  Celia Applegate , American historian  Christina Applegate ( born 1971 ) , American actress  Colleen Applegate , American actress known as Shauna Grant  Dan Applegate , American engineer  Debby Applegate ( born 1968 ) , American historian and biographer  Dick Applegate , British army general  Douglas Applegate ( born 1928 ) , American politician  Eddie Applegate ( born 1935 ) , American actor  Fred Applegate ( 1879 -- 1968 ) , American baseball player  Fred Applegate ( actor ) ( born 1953 ) , American actor , singer and dancer  Jeremy Applegate ( 1965 -- 2000 ) , American actor  Jesse Applegate ( 1811-1888 ) , American pioneer  Jessica-Jane Applegate ( born 1996 ) , British swimmer  Jodi Applegate ( born 1964 ) , American news anchor  Joseph R. Applegate ( 1925 -- 2003 ) , American linguist  K. A. Applegate ( born 1956 ) , American author  Lindsay Applegate ( 1808 -- 1892 ) , American pioneer  Oliver Cromwell Applegate ( 1845-1938 ) , American politician  Red Applegate ( 1921 -- 1965 ) , American boxer  Rex Applegate ( 1914-1998 ) , American military close combat instructor in World War II  Royce D. Applegate ( 1939-2003 ) , American actor and screenwriter  Shannon Applegate , American historian   Category : English-language surnames

neg: Predictive analytics Predictive analytics encompasses a variety of statistical techniques from predictive modeling , machine learning , and data mining that analyze current and historical facts to make predictions about future or otherwise unknown events .   In business , predictive models exploit patterns found in historical and transactional data to identify risks and opportunities . Models capture relationships among many factors to allow assessment of risk or potential associated with a particular set of conditions , guiding decision making for candidate transactions .   The defining functional effect of these technical approaches is that predictive analytics provides a predictive score ( probability ) for each individual ( customer , employee , healthcare patient , product SKU , vehicle , component , machine , or other organizational unit ) in order to determine , inform , or influence organizational processes that pertain across large numbers of individuals , such as in marketing , credit risk assessment , fraud detection , manufacturing , healthcare , and government operations including law enforcement .   Predictive analytics is used in actuarial science , marketing , financial services , insurance , telecommunications , retail , travel , mobility , healthcare , child protection , pharmaceuticals , capacity planning and other fields .   One of the best-known applications is credit scoring , which is used throughout financial services . Scoring models process a customer 's credit history , loan application , customer data , etc. , in order to rank-order individuals by their likelihood of making future credit payments on time .

neg: Apple Campus The Apple Campus is the corporate headquarters of Apple Inc. , located at 1 Infinite Loop in Cupertino , California , United States . Its design resembles that of a university , with the buildings arranged around green spaces , similar to a suburban business park .

neg: Georgia Institute of Technology School of Computational Science & Engineering The School of Computational Science & Engineering is an academic unit located within the College of Computing at the Georgia Institute of Technology ( Georgia Tech ) . It conducts both research and teaching activities related to computational science and engineering at the undergraduate and graduate levels . These activities focus on `` making fundamental advances in the creation and application of new computational methods and techniques in order to enable breakthroughs in scientific discovery and engineering practice . ''

neg: Maria L. Gini Maria Gini is an Italian and American Computer Scientist in artificial intelligence  and robotics . She has considerable service to the computer science artificial intelligence community and for broadening participation in computing . She was Chair of the ACM Special Interest Group in Artificial Intelligence SIGAI ( renamed from SIGART ) from 2003-2010 . She is currently a member of the CRA-W board .

neg: Intelligence analysis management Intelligence Analysis Management is the process of managing and organizing the analytical processing of raw intelligence information . The terms `` analysis '' , `` production '' , and `` processing '' denote the organization and evaluation of raw information used in a phase informally called `` connecting the dots '' , thus creating an `` intelligence mosaic '' . The information may result in multiple analytic products , each with different security classifications , time scales , and levels of detail . Intelligence analysis goes back to the beginning of history . Sherman Kent is often considered the father of modern intelligence analysis . His writings include a 1947 book , Strategic Intelligence for American World Policy .   During his career in the Office of Strategic Services and the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) , Kent defined many of the parameters of modern analysis and its use . Kent disagreed with the philosophy that analysts never recommend policy , but only advise policymakers . He considered it a partnership in which the analyst did not push a personal point of view .   Recent scholarship drawing upon theories of the sociology of knowledge has criticized Kent 's work for being over-positivist and for failing to recognize the role the identity and culture of the analytic unit play in formulating , accepting , and rejecting the hypotheses used to collect and analyze intelligence .

neg: Wolfram Research Wolfram Research is a private company that creates computational technology . Wolfram 's flagship product is the technical computing program Mathematica , first released on June 23 , 1988 . Wolfram Research founder Stephen Wolfram is the CEO .   The company launched Wolfram Alpha , an answer engine on 16 May 2009 . It brings a new approach to knowledge generation and acquisition that involves large amounts of curated computable data in addition to semantic indexing of text .   Wolfram Research acquired MathCore Engineering AB on March 30 , 2011 .   On July 21 , 2011 Wolfram Research launched the Computable Document Format ( CDF ) . CDF is an electronic document format designed to allow easy authoring of dynamically generated interactive content .   In June 2014 , Wolfram Research officially introduced the Wolfram Language as a new general multi-paradigm programming language . It is the primary programming language used in Mathematica .   Other products include Wolfram SystemModeler , Wolfram Workbench , gridMathematica , Wolfram Finance Platform , webMathematica , the Wolfram Development Platform , and the Wolfram Programming Lab .   Wolfram Research served as the mathematical consultant for the CBS television series Numb3rs , a show about the mathematical aspects of crime-solving .

neg: IBM Research IBM Research is IBM 's research and development division . It is the largest industrial research organization in the world , with twelve labs on six continents .   The roots of today 's IBM Research began with the 1945 opening of the Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory at Columbia University . This was the first IBM laboratory devoted to pure science and later expanded into additional IBM Research locations in Westchester County , New York starting in the 1950s , including the Thomas J. Watson Research Center in 1961 .   IBM employees have garnered six Nobel Prizes , six Turing Awards , 20 inductees into the U.S. National Inventors Hall of Fame , 19 National Medals of Technology , five National Medals of Science and three Kavli Prizes .   As of 2016 , the company held the record for most patents generated by a business for 24 consecutive years .

neg: Jennifer Tour Chayes Jennifer Tour Chayes ( born September 20 , 1956 ) is Managing Director and Distinguished Scientist at Microsoft Research New England in Cambridge , Massachusetts , which she founded in 2008 , and Microsoft Research New York City , which she founded in 2012 . Chayes is best known for her work on phase transitions in discrete mathematics and computer science , structural and dynamical properties of self-engineered networks , and algorithmic game theory . She is considered one of the world 's experts in the modeling and analysis of dynamically growing graphs . Chayes has been with Microsoft Research since 1997 , when she co-founded the Theory Group . She received her Ph.D. in mathematical physics at Princeton University . She is Affiliate Professor of Mathematics and Physics at the University of Washington , and was for many years Professor of Mathematics at UCLA . She is an author on almost 120 scientific papers and the inventor on more than 25 patents .

neg: Computational cybernetics Computational cybernetics is the integration of cybernetics and computational intelligence techniques . Though the term Cybernetics entered the technical lexicon in the 1940s and 1950s , it was first used informally as a popular noun in the 1960s , when it became associated with computers , robotics , Artificial Intelligence and Science fiction .   While Cybernetics is primarily concerned with the study of control systems , computational cybernetics focuses on their automatic ( complex , autonomic , flexible , adaptive ) operation . Furthermore , computational cybernetics covers not only mechanical , but biological ( living ) , social and economical systems . To achieve this goal , it uses research from the fields of communication theory , signal processing , information technology , control theory , the theory of adaptive systems , the theory of complex systems ( game theory , and operational research ) .

neg: Finkbeiner test The Finkbeiner test is a checklist proposed by journalist Christie Aschwanden to help journalists avoid gender bias in media articles about women in science . To pass the test , an article about a female scientist must not mention :  That she is a woman  Her husband 's job  Her child care arrangements  How she nurtures her underlings  How she was taken aback by the competitiveness in her field  How she 's such a role model for other women  How she 's the `` first woman to ... ''   Aschwanden formulated the test in an article in Double X Science , an online science magazine for women , on 5 March 2013 . She did so in response to what she considered was a type of media coverage of women scientists that :  `` treats its subject 's sex as her most defining detail . She 's not just a great scientist , she 's a woman ! And if she 's also a wife and a mother , those roles get emphasized too . ''  Aschwanden created the test in the spirit of the Bechdel test , which is used to indicate gender bias in fiction . She named the test after fellow journalist Ann Finkbeiner , who had written a story for the science blog The Last Word on Nothing about her decision not to write about the subject of her latest article , an astronomer , `` as a woman '' . Susan Gelman , Professor of Psychology at the University of Michigan , has applauded the move to report on female scientists without emphasising their gender , but questions whether the Finkbeiner test should seek to eliminate all references to personal life , suggesting that the move should be towards asking male scientists about personal issues too . This view is shared by other writers .   The test was mentioned in the media criticism of the New York Timess obituary of rocket scientist Yvonne Brill . That obituary , published on 30 March 2013 , by Douglas Martin , began with the words : `` She made a mean beef stroganoff , followed her husband from job to job and took eight years off from work to raise three children '' . A few hours after publication the New York Times revised the obituary to address some of the criticisms ; the revised version begins `` She was a brilliant rocket scientist who followed her husband from job to job ... '' . Another New York Times article , on Jennifer Doudna , published on 11 May 2015 , drew similar criticism with reference to the Finkbeiner test . A Globe and Mail article on astrophysicist Victoria Kaspi , published on 16 February 2016 , drew the same criticism .   The ` Reversed Finkbeiner ' approach is an exercise in which students are asked to write an article about a male scientist that would fail the Finkbeiner test if it were about a woman .

neg: Bonnie E. John Bonnie E. John ( born September 10 , 1955 ) is an American cognitive psychologist who studies human -- computer interaction , predictive human performance modeling , and the relationship between usability and software architecture . She was a founding member of the Human-Computer Interaction Institute at Carnegie Mellon University , a research Staff Member at IBM 's Thomas J. Watson Research Center , and the Director of Computation and Innovation at The Cooper Union . She is currently a UX designer at Bloomberg L.P.

neg: SIGMETRICS SIGMETRICS is the Association for Computing Machinery 's Special Interest Group on Measurement and Evaluation , which specializes in the field of performance analysis , measurement , and modeling of computer systems . It is also the name of an annual ` flagship ' conference , organized by SIGMETRICS since 1973 , which is considered to be the leading conference in performance analysis and modeling in the world . Known to have an extremely low acceptance rate ( ~ 15 % ) , many of the landmark works in the area have been published through it .   Beyond the flagship conference , SIGMETRICS also promotes research into performance analysis , measurement , and modeling through a number of other activities . It sponsors two other prestigious conferences : the Internet Measurement Conference ( IMC ) and the Performance conference ( which is held jointly with the SIGMETRICS conference every third year ) . Additionally , SIGMETRICS produces a magazine , Performance Evaluation Review , with both peer-reviewed and editorial content .   SIGMETRICS always has three awards that it gives out annually :  The SIGMETRICS Achievement Award , which recognizes a senior researcher who has made long-lasting influential contributions to computer/communication performance evaluation .  The SIGMETRICS Rising Star Award , which recognizes a junior researcher who demonstrates outstanding potential for research in computer/communication performance evaluation .  The SIGMETRICS Test of Time Award , which recognizes an influential SIGMETRICS paper from 10 -- 12 years previously .

neg: Andreas Weigend Andreas Weigend is the former Chief Scientist of Amazon.com and the author of the book Data for the People ( Basic Books , 2017 ) .   He teaches the course `` Social Data Revolution '' on applications of predictive analytics and the impact of big data on individuals , business and society at the University of California at Berkeley and at Fudan in Shanghai . He has advised several startup companies and consulted for various others .   Weigend studied physics and philosophy at the Universität Bonn and received a PhD in Physics from Stanford University in 1991 .

neg: Turing Award __ NOTOC __   The ACM A.M. Turing Award is an annual prize given by the Association for Computing Machinery ( ACM ) to `` an individual selected for contributions of a technical nature made to the computing community '' . It is stipulated that the contributions `` should be of lasting and major technical importance to the computer field '' . The Turing Award is generally recognized as the highest distinction in computer science and the `` Nobel Prize of computing '' .   The award is named after Alan Turing , a British mathematician and reader in mathematics at the University of Manchester . Turing is often credited as being the key founder of theoretical computer science and artificial intelligence . From 2007 to 2013 , the award was accompanied by a prize of US $ 250,000 , with financial support provided by Intel and Google . Since 2014 , the award has been accompanied by a prize of US $ 1 million , with financial support provided by Google .   The first recipient , in 1966 , was Alan Perlis , of Carnegie Mellon University . The first female recipient was Frances E. Allen of IBM in 2006 .

neg: TI Advanced Scientific Computer The Advanced Scientific Computer ( ASC ) is a supercomputer designed and manufactured by Texas Instruments ( TI ) between 1966 and 1973 . The ASC 's central processing unit ( CPU ) supported vector processing , a performance-enhancing technique which was key to its high-performance . The ASC , along with the Control Data Corporation STAR-100 supercomputer ( which was introduced in the same year ) , were the first computers to feature vector processing . However , this technique 's potential was not fully realized by either the ASC or STAR-100 due to an insufficient understanding of the technique ; it was the Cray Research Cray-1 supercomputer , announced in 1975 that would fully realize and popularize vector processing . The more successful implementation of vector processing in the Cray-1 would demarcate the ASC ( and STAR-100 ) as first-generation vector processors , with the Cray-1 belonging in the second .

neg: Mary Christina Wood Mary Christina Wood ( born 1962 ) is an Oregon Philip H. Knight Professor of Law and author , best known for her writings advocating for the use of the Public trust doctrine to compel government action on climate change . Wood originated the approach , called atmospheric trust litigation , `` to hold governments worldwide accountable for reducing carbon pollution within their jurisdictions , and her research is being used in cases and petitions brought on behalf of children and youth throughout the United States and in other countries . ''   In 2014 , after a number of atmospheric trust litigation and petitions were brought by young people worldwide , Forbes contributor James Conca wrote , '' ( i ) f the Supreme Court holds the government responsible for at least trying to protect our atmosphere , things could certainly change here in America . ''

neg: Wendy Hall Dame Wendy Hall , DBE , FRS , FREng ( born 25 October 1952 ) is the Regius Professor of Computer Science at the University of Southampton , England .