query: Friendship has been studied in academic fields.

pos: Friendship Friendship is a relationship of mutual affection between people . Friendship is a stronger form of interpersonal bond than an association . Friendship has been studied in academic fields such as communication , sociology , social psychology , anthropology , and philosophy . Various academic theories of friendship have been proposed , including social exchange theory , equity theory , relational dialectics , and attachment styles . A World Happiness Database study found that people with close friendships are happier .   Although there are many forms of friendship , some of which may vary from place to place , certain characteristics are present in many types of bond . Such characteristics include affection ; sympathy ; empathy ; honesty ; altruism ; mutual understanding and compassion ; enjoyment of each other 's company ; trust ; and the ability to be oneself , express one 's feelings , and make mistakes without fear of judgment from the friend .   While there is no practical limit on what types of people can form a friendship , friends tend to share common backgrounds , occupations , or interests and have similar demographics .

neg: Interdisciplinarity Interdisciplinarity involves the combining of two or more academic disciplines into one activity ( e.g. , a research project ) . It is about creating something new by thinking across boundaries . It is related to an interdiscipline or an interdisciplinary field , which is an organizational unit that crosses traditional boundaries between academic disciplines or schools of thought , as new needs and professions emerge .   The term interdisciplinary is applied within education and training pedagogies to describe studies that use methods and insights of several established disciplines or traditional fields of study . Interdisciplinarity involves researchers , students , and teachers in the goals of connecting and integrating several academic schools of thought , professions , or technologies -- along with their specific perspectives -- in the pursuit of a common task . The epidemiology of AIDS or global warming requires understanding of diverse disciplines to solve complex problems . Interdisciplinary may be applied where the subject is felt to have been neglected or even misrepresented in the traditional disciplinary structure of research institutions , for example , women 's studies or ethnic area studies . Interdisciplinarity can likewise be applied to complex subjects that can only be understood by combining the perspectives of two or more fields .   The adjective interdisciplinary is most often used in educational circles when researchers from two or more disciplines pool their approaches and modify them so that they are better suited to the problem at hand , including the case of the team-taught course where students are required to understand a given subject in terms of multiple traditional disciplines . For example , the subject of land use may appear differently when examined by different disciplines , for instance , biology , chemistry , economics , geography , and politics .

neg: Social graph The social graph in the Internet context is a graph that depicts personal relations of internet users . In short , it is a model or representation of a social network , where the word graph has been taken from graph theory . The social graph has been referred to as `` the global mapping of everybody and how they 're related '' .   The term was popularized at the Facebook F8 conference on May 24 , 2007 , when it was used to explain how the newly introduced Facebook Platform would take advantage of the relationships between individuals to offer a richer online experience . The definition has been expanded to refer to a social graph of all Internet users .   Since explaining the concept of the social graph , Mark Zuckerberg , one of the founders of Facebook , has often touted Facebook 's goal of offering the website 's social graph to other websites so that a user 's relationships can be put to use on websites outside of Facebook 's control . This can be accomplished through the Facebook Open Graph API .   One of the earliest known forms of the social graph was created in 2002 by Harvard student Philippe Bouzaglou in a paper published on the Harvard Department of Economics website . The paper replicated the Kevin Bacon Game using Harvard students and for the first time , gave an overview of an entire social graph , allowing the analysis of the characteristics of the network using graph theory . This paper was written for a seminar that was attended by Dustin Moskovitz who later became a Facebook co-founder .

neg: Bromance A bromance is a close , emotionally intense , non-sexual bond between two men . It is an exceptionally tight affectional , homosocial male bonding relationship exceeding that of usual friendship , and is distinguished by a particularly high level of emotional intimacy . The emergence of the concept since the beginning of the 21st century has been seen as reflecting a change in societal perception and interest in the theme , with an increasing openness of society in the twenty-first century to reconsider gender , sexuality , and exclusivity constraints .

neg: Sociometer Sociometer theory is a theory of self-esteem from an evolutionary psychological perspective that proposes that state self-esteem is a gauge ( or sociometer ) of interpersonal relationships . This theoretical perspective was first introduced by Mark Leary and colleagues in 1995 and later expanded on by Kirkpatrick and Ellis .  In Leary 's research , the idea of self-esteem as a sociometer is discussed in depth . This theory was created as a response to psychological phenomenon i.e. social emotions , inter - and intra - personal behaviors , self-serving biases , and reactions to rejection . Based on this theory , self-esteem is a measure of effectiveness in social relations and interactions that monitors acceptance and/or rejection from others . With this , an emphasis is placed on relational value , which is the degree to which a person regards his or her relationship with another , and how it affects day-to-day life . Confirmed by various studies and research , if a person is deemed having relational value , they are more likely to have higher self-esteem . According to Leary , there are five main groups associated with relational value that are classified as those affording the greatest impact on an individual . They are : 1 ) macro-level , i.e. , communities , 2 ) instrumental coalitions , i.e. , teams , committees , 3 ) mating relationships , 4 ) kin relationships , and 5 ) friendships . A study was conducted to see just how much people depend on peers and outside factors and relational values to regulate their life . The objective of the study was to pick groups for an activity based on the evaluations given by the students . In the study , two groups were assigned . Both groups consisted of college students that submitted and were subjected to a peer evaluation . The difference being that the control group of students chose if they 1 ) wanted to interact with the person or 2 ) dissociated from the person . Previously asked , some students stated that they were indifferent or did not care what others ' opinions of them were . However , when results were analyzed there was a great deal of fluctuation in overall self-esteem . Those who were placed in the second group ( of dissociation ) , receiving a low relational value , displayed a lowered self-esteem . As a result , this compromised the way they assessed a/the situation . In the first group , where perceived relational value was high , self-esteem was also high . This provides some evidence for an evolutionary basis in the fundamental human need for inclusion in a group , and the burden of being on the outskirts of social acceptance .

neg: Correspondence principle (sociology) The correspondence principle or correspondence thesis is a sociological theory that posits a close relationship between social standing and the educational system . Writers in this vein ( notably Gary Watson and Diep Tran ) are in particular interested in the relationship between a person 's social standing and the type of education that is received at school .   In its most basic form the principle states that the social relations of the school can be directly related to those in the work-place , meaning that educational institutions prepare students for their future work roles . Apart from the formal curriculum that is offered by the school , the advocates of the correspondence principle argue that the structure of the school and also the personal experience given to each student ( the hidden curriculum ) is important to their future socialization . They also emphasize that there is a strong relationship between the child 's education and the interaction they have with their parents at home . There is a significant intergenerational replication of consciousness and socialized inequality via the linkages among the authority relations experienced by fathers at work , transferred to childrearing styles , and replicated in school interaction with teachers .

neg: Privacy regulation theory Privacy regulation theory was developed by social psychologist Irwin Altman in 1975 . This theory aims to explain why people sometimes prefer staying alone but at other times like get involved in social interactions . Traditionally , privacy is regarded as a state of social withdrawal ( i.e. , avoiding people ) .  Altman , however , regards it as a dialectic and dynamic boundary regulation process  where privacy is not static but `` a selective control of access to the self or to one 's  group '' ( p. 18 ) . According to Altman , `` dialectic '' refers to the openness and closeness  of self to others ( i.e. , seeking and avoiding social interaction ) ; while `` dynamics ''  indicates that the desired privacy level ( i.e. , the ideal level of contact at a particular  time ) , which varies due to individual and cultural differences , continuously moves along  the continuum of openness and closeness in response to different circumstances over time .  In other words , the desired privacy level changes with time according to environment . Therefore , we might want to avoid people at a particular time but desire contact at another time .   Altman also believes the goal of privacy regulation is to achieve the optimum level  of privacy ( i.e. , the ideal level of social interaction ) . In this optimizing process , we all strive to match the achieved privacy ( i.e. the actual level of contact at a specific time )  with the desired one . At the optimum level of privacy , we can experience the desired solitude when we want to be alone or enjoy the desired social contact when we want to be with people . However , if our actual level of privacy is greater than the desired one , we will feel lonely  or isolated ; on the other hand , if our actual level of privacy is smaller than the desired  one , we will feel annoyed or crowded .  According to Altman , if we effectively control the openness and closedness of self  to others ( i.e. , make ourselves more or less available to others ) in response to our  desire and the environment , we can function better in society than those who can not .  In order to regulate our privacy ( i.e. , social interaction ) successfully , we need to  use a variety of behavioral mechanisms such as verbal , paraverbal and non-verbal behavior ,  environmental mechanisms of territoriality and personal space , etc. .  By combining these behavioral mechanisms ( i.e. , techniques ) , we can effectively express  our desired privacy level to others in order to achieve the optimum level of privacy .

neg: Study circle A study circle is a small group of people who meet multiple times to discuss an issue . Study circles may be formed to discuss anything from politics to religion to hobbies . They are differentiated from clubs by their focus on exploring an issue or topic rather than on activities or socializing . When they emerged in the early twentieth century they were based on a democratic approach to self-education and were often linked to social movements concerned with temperance or working class emancipation .

neg: Affection Exchange Theory Affection Exchange Theory ( AET ) was introduced in 2001 by Kory Floyd . The theory was first presented in two of Floyd 's research projects . The first was in a paper presented to the Western States Communication Association in Coeur d'Alene , ID in February 2001 . The paper was titled `` Elements of an affection exchange theory : Socioevolutionary paradigm for understanding affectionate communication '' . The second was in an article titled `` Human Affection Exchange I : Reproductive probability as a predictor of men 's affection with their sons , '' published in The Journal of Men 's Studies in Fall 2001 . When this theory was constructed , Floyd was working as a professor at Arizona State University in Tempe , Arizona in the Hugh Downs School of Human Communication . Many studies had been done up to this point ( including some of Floyd 's own research pieces ) regarding affection and its involvement in interpersonal relationships , particularly between romantic partners and between parents and their children . In 2001 , Floyd introduced AET , which was the first theory to address some of the short and long-term effects of the exchange of affection .

neg: Leisure studies Leisure studies is a branch of the social sciences that focuses on understanding and analyzing leisure . Recreation and tourism are common topics of leisure research .   The National Recreation and Park Association is the national organization in the United States for leisure studies , and offers accreditation to many universities to offer courses of study ( degree programs ) in leisure studies .   The Journal of Leisure Research and Journal of Park and Recreation Administration are some scholarly US academic journals of leisure studies .   Leisure studies is a strong major for individuals who value working with a wide variety of people including children , the elderly , and the disabled . Those pursuing this major will often be in situations where they have to motivate others , so it is important that they are creative , hard-working , in good health , and possess leadership skills .

neg: Social Science History Association The Social Science History Association , formed in 1976 , brings together scholars from numerous disciplines interested in social history .   Statement of Purpose : To bring together members of various disciplines ( including economics , sociology , demography , anthropology , and history ) who work with historical materials .   Social Science History is a quarterly , peer-reviewed academic journal . It is the official journal of the Social Science History Association . Its articles bring an analytic , theoretical , and often quantitative approach to historical evidence . The journal 's founders intended to `` improve the quality of historical explanation '' with `` theories and methods from the social science disciplines '' and to make generalizations across historical cases . The first issue came out in the fall of 1976 . The journal 's articles that are most-accessed and cited through JSTOR are about social and political movements and associated narratives .   The `` Social Science History Association '' was formed in 1976 as an interdisciplinary group with a journal Social Science History and an annual convention . The goal was to incorporate in historical studies perspectives from all the social sciences , especially political science , sociology and economics . The pioneers shared a commitment to quantification . However , by the 1980s the first blush of quantification had worn off , as critics complained that quantification undervalued the role of contingency , and warned against a naive positivism . Meanwhile quantification became well-established inside economics , in the field of cliometrics , as well as in political science . In history , quantification remained central to demographic studies , but slipped behind in political and social history .

neg: Family and Kinship in East London Family and Kinship in East London was a 1957 sociological study of an urban working class tight-knit community , and the effects of the post-war governments ' social housing policy leading to their rehousing . Many East Londoners by rigid slum clearance moved out into the new estates of the Home Counties ( some of which is now outer Greater London ) . The study was carried out in the Metropolitan Borough of Bethnal Green , in the East End of London and a new housing estate in Essex . The research was carried out by Michael Young and Peter Willmott , who had been an integral part of building the welfare state in Britain during the tenure of Clement Attlee and the Labour government between 1945-51 .   The study itself has been acknowledged by many sociologists and in its authors ' critiques as being one of the most influential sociological studies of the twentieth century . It is argued by some that it has inspired British sociology to take new paths away from the more traditional broad Functionalist versus Marxist dichotomy . It used social observation as its means to do so , going away from statistical information that had been previously preferred . In this sense , it counters the Structuralist ( Positivist ) model that posits statistics can always be found to prove cause and effect within society .   The idea was to interact and understand a post-war community , to determine its aspirations , worries , doubts and insecurities . This key understanding moves the study into a more Interactionist line , about each individual 's role within society . Indeed , it could also be linked to Max Weber 's idea of empathy and `` going deep '' to comprehend the complexity of communities .   In 1992 , Michael Young and the Institute of Community Studies he founded commenced on a new survey of the area to examine the changes to the area and in particular to examine the conflict between the white working class and Bangladeshi immigrants which had become a major feature of the area . This was eventually published in 2005 after his death as The New East End : Kinship , Race and Conflict by Michael Young , Kate Gavron , Geoff Dench .   On Wednesday 25 April 2007 , The Guardian society section reported on the 50th Anniversary of the study . Madeleine Bunting expressed how `` the voices they found described a world rich in social relationships , networks of dependence and mutual support that were central to the people 's resilience in facing the adversity of insecure and low paid employment . ''  Bunting also mentions how the pair were amongst the first to discover `` social capital '' and its role in shaping community life .   It was the first British sociological study that really investigated deeply people 's attitudes , beliefs and feelings . Using detailed prose and limited statistical analysis , it charted how decisions from the top affected ordinary people in their day-to-day and prospective lives .   ISBN 978-0-14-020595-4

neg: Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences The Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences is a specialized fifteen-volume Encyclopedia first published in 1930 and last published in 1967 . It was envisaged in the 1920s by scholars working in disciplines which increasingly were coming to be known as `` Human - '' or `` Social Sciences . '' The goal was to create a comprehensive synthesis of the study of human affairs as undertaken by practitioners of all fields involved in such study . The parameters of what would come to be known as `` Social Science '' were in many ways initially established and defined by this publication .   The Encyclopaedia 's founding organizations included the American Anthropological Association , the American Association of Social Workers , the American Economic Association , the American Historical Association , the American Political Science Association , the American Psychological Association , the American Sociological Society , the American Statistical Association , the Association of American Law Schools , and the National Education Association . It was edited by American economists Edwin Robert Anderson Seligman and Alvin Saunders Johnson . Seligman and Johnson solicited contributions from many of the most known and respected scholars in their fields , and established many links with European scholars in the process . The Rockefeller Foundation , Carnegie Foundation , and Russell Sage Foundation provided initial financial support , and Macmillan was selected as publisher .   The international network of social scientists developed in the process of creating the Encyclopaedia would prove especially important during the Nazi occupation of Europe , during which many contributing scholars fled persecution for their ideas . Under Johnson 's invitation , several of these scholars would come to New York City and form the `` University in Exile , '' a specialized graduate school now known as the New School for Social Research .   The Encyclopaedia was last printed in 1967 , then in its 16th edition . It was succeeded by the International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences , edited by David L. Sills , and also published by MacMillan .

neg: Mass communication Mass communication is the study of how people exchange information through mass media to large segments of the population at the same time . In other words , mass communication refers to the imparting and exchanging of information on a large scale to a wide range of people . It is usually understood to relate newspaper , magazine , and book publishing , as well as radio , television and film , even via internet as these mediums are used for disseminating information , news and advertising . Mass communication differs from the studies of other forms of communication , such as interpersonal communication or organizational communication , in that it focuses on a single source transmitting information to a large number of receivers . The study of mass communication is chiefly concerned with how the content of mass communication persuades or otherwise affects the behavior , attitude , opinion , or emotion of the person or people receiving the information .

neg: Otherness of childhood The otherness of childhood is a phrase being used to argue that there are substantial differences between the lived worlds of children and adults . These differences are suggested to emerge from complex outcomes of divergent states of physical , neurological , emotional , affective and experiential being between children 's and adults ' lives . This is of interest to children 's geographies , as children 's experiences and practices of , say , a city , and its spaces might be very different from those of adults , and very difficult to recreate through adult sensibilities ( this has obvious implications for research ) .   The approach suggests that adult ( researchers ) need to be cautious in their claims about understanding the world from a child 's perspective . It is not claimed that there are no connections between these two worlds , but rather that they can be at once very connected and close and very far apart . This is a common theme in some literature which considers childhood . Ideas of the otherness of childhood have connections with some children 's affinity with disordered spaces ( those not managed and tidied by adult society ) like waste ground in cities . They also have implications for trying to remember what it was like to be a child as a form of research and knowing childhood . This is , at best , a highly complex and multifaceted process which , again , can not be assumed to give easy access to children 's worlds . This question has raised some critical response within children 's geographies ( see Philo , 2003 ) .

neg: Interpersonal relationship An interpersonal relationship is a strong , deep , or close association or acquaintance between two or more people that may range in duration from brief to enduring . This association may be based on inference , love , solidarity , regular business interactions , or some other type of social commitment . Interpersonal relationships are formed in the context of social , cultural and other influences . The context can and may and perhaps will vary from family or kinship relations , friendship , marriage , relations with associates , work , clubs , neighborhoods , and places of worship . They may be regulated by law , custom , or mutual agreement , and are the basis of social groups and society as a whole .

neg: Comparative sociology Comparative sociology involves comparison of the social processes between nation-states , or across different types of society ( for example capitalist and socialist ) . There are two main approaches to comparative sociology : some seek similarity across different countries and cultures whereas others seek variance . For example , structural Marxists have attempted to use comparative methods to discover the general processes that underlie apparently different social orderings in different societies . The danger of this approach is that the different social contexts are overlooked in the search for supposed universal structures .   One sociologist who employed comparative methods to understand variance was Max Weber , whose studies attempted to show how differences between cultures explained the different social orderings that had emerged ( see for example The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism and Sociology of Religion ) .   There is some debate within sociology regarding whether the label of ` comparative ' is suitable . Emile Durkheim argued in The Rules of Sociological Method ( 1895 ) that all sociological research was in fact comparative since social phenomenon are always held to be typical , representative or unique , all of which imply some sort of comparison . In this sense , all sociological analysis is comparative and it has been suggested that what is normally referred to as comparative research , may be more appropriately called cross-national research .

neg: Social multiplier effect The social multiplier effect is a term used in economics , economic geography , sociology , public health and other academic disciplines to describe certain social externalities . It is based on the principle that high levels of one attribute amongst one 's peers can have spillover effects on an individual . `` This social multiplier can also be thought of as a ratio ∆ P / ∆ I where ∆ I is the average response of an individual action to an exogenous parameter ( that affects only that person ) and ∆ P is the ( per capita ) response of the peer group to a change in the same parameter that affects the entire peer group . '' In other words , it is the ratio of an individual action to an exogenous parameter to the aggregate effect of the same parameter on the individual 's peers .   For example , we know that health outcomes strongly correlate with education level . Given the social multiplier effect , we know that in the aggregate , if a poorly educated individual moves into a highly educated area they will experience some of the positive health effects associated with being more educated . It is important however to distinguish between 1 ) a local-average model or social norms , whereby certain attributes are adopted based on them being the socially normal behavior , and 2 ) a local-aggregate model or social multiplier effect whereby `` peer effects are captured by the sum of friends ' efforts in some activity . '' In the former an individual pays a price for deviating from a norm . In the latter , as an individual gains more peers who have a certain attribute , they will experience greater utility for adopting this attribute as well . The following are some examples of research on the social multiplier effect .

neg: Lecture A lecture ( from the French ` lecture ' , meaning ` reading ' -LSB- process -RSB- ) is an oral presentation intended to present information or teach people about a particular subject , for example by a university or college teacher . Lectures are used to convey critical information , history , background , theories , and equations . A politician 's speech , a minister 's sermon , or even a businessman 's sales presentation may be similar in form to a lecture . Usually the lecturer will stand at the front of the room and recite information relevant to the lecture 's content .   Though lectures are much criticised as a teaching method , universities have not yet found practical alternative teaching methods for the large majority of their courses . Critics point out that lecturing is mainly a one-way method of communication that does not involve significant audience participation but relies upon passive learning . Therefore , lecturing is often contrasted to active learning . Lectures delivered by talented speakers can be highly stimulating ; at the very least , lectures have survived in academia as a quick , cheap , and efficient way of introducing large numbers of students to a particular field of study .   Lectures have a significant role outside the classroom , as well . Academic and scientific awards routinely include a lecture as part of the honor , and academic conferences often center on `` keynote addresses '' , i.e. , lectures . The public lecture has a long history in the sciences and in social movements . Union halls , for instance , historically have hosted numerous free and public lectures on a wide variety of matters . Similarly , churches , community centers , libraries , museums , and other organizations have hosted lectures in furtherance of their missions or their constituents ' interests . Lectures represent a continuation of oral tradition in contrast to textual communication in books and other media . Lectures may be considered a type of grey literature .

neg: Trust (emotion) In a social context , trust has several connotations . Definitions of trust typically refer to a situation characterized by the following aspects : One party ( trustor ) is willing to rely on the actions of another party ( trustee ) ; the situation is directed to the future . In addition , the trustor ( voluntarily or forcedly ) abandons control over the actions performed by the trustee . As a consequence , the trustor is uncertain about the outcome of the other 's actions ; they can only develop and evaluate expectations . The uncertainty involves the risk of failure or harm to the trustor if the trustee will not behave as desired . Vladimir Ilych Lenin expressed this idea with the sentence `` Trust is good , control is better '' .   Trust can be attributed to relationships between people . It can be demonstrated that humans have a natural disposition to trust and to judge trustworthiness that can be traced to the neurobiological structure and activity of a human brain . Some studies indicate that trust can be altered e.g. by the application of oxytocin .   Conceptually , trust is also attributable to relationships within and between social groups ( history , families , friends , communities , organisations , companies , nations , etc. ) . It is a popular approach to frame the dynamics of inter-group and intra-group interactions in terms of trust .  The trust formations of people towards different actors in society has been shaped into a generic model of trust with three levels of application , i.e. Macro , Micro , and Meso .   When it comes to the relationship between people and technology , the attribution of trust is a matter of dispute . The intentional stance demonstrates that trust can be validly attributed to human relationships with complex technologies . However , rational reflection leads to the rejection of an ability to trust technological artefacts .   One of the key current challenges in the social sciences is to re-think how the rapid progress of technology has impacted constructs such as trust . This is specifically true for information technology that dramatically alters causation in social systems .   In the social sciences , the subtleties of trust are a subject of ongoing research . In sociology and psychology the degree to which one party trusts another is a measure of belief in the honesty , fairness , or benevolence of another party . The term `` confidence '' is more appropriate for a belief in the competence of the other party . Based on the most recent research , a failure in trust may be forgiven more easily if it is interpreted as a failure of competence rather than a lack of benevolence or honesty . In economics , trust is often conceptualized as reliability in transactions . In all cases trust is a heuristic decision rule , allowing the human to deal with complexities that would require unrealistic effort in rational reasoning .

neg: Computational sociology Computational sociology is a branch of sociology that uses computationally intensive methods to analyze and model social phenomena . Using computer simulations , artificial intelligence , complex statistical methods , and analytic approaches like social network analysis , computational sociology develops and tests theories of complex social processes through bottom-up modeling of social interactions .   It involves the understanding of social agents , the interaction among these agents , and the effect of these interactions on the social aggregate . Although the subject matter and methodologies in social science differ from those in natural science or computer science , several of the approaches used in contemporary social simulation originated from fields such as physics and artificial intelligence . Some of the approaches that originated in this field have been imported into the natural sciences , such as measures of network centrality from the fields of social network analysis and network science .   In relevant literature , computational sociology is often related to the study of social complexity . Social complexity concepts such as complex systems , non-linear interconnection among macro and micro process , and emergence , have entered the vocabulary of computational sociology . A practical and well-known example is the construction of a computational model in the form of an `` artificial society '' , by which researchers can analyze the structure of a social system .


query: Judd Apatow is a person who writes.

pos: Judd Apatow Judd Apatow ( -LSB- ˈæpətaʊ -RSB- born December 6 , 1967 ) is an American film producer , writer , director , actor , and comedian . He is the founder of Apatow Productions , through which he produced and developed the television series Freaks and Geeks , Undeclared , Girls , Love , Crashing and directed the films The 40-Year-Old Virgin ( 2005 ) , Knocked Up ( 2007 ) , Funny People ( 2009 ) , This Is 40 ( 2012 ) , and Trainwreck ( 2015 ) .   Apatow 's work has won numerous awards including a Primetime Emmy Award ( for The Ben Stiller Show ) , a Hollywood Comedy Award , and an AFI Award for Bridesmaids ( 2011 ) . His films have also been nominated for Grammy Awards , PGA Awards , Golden Globe Awards , and Academy Awards .   Also known for producing hit films such as The Cable Guy ( 1996 ) , Anchorman : The Legend of Ron Burgundy ( 2004 ) , Talladega Nights : The Ballad of Ricky Bobby ( 2006 ) , Superbad ( 2007 ) , Forgetting Sarah Marshall ( 2008 ) , Step Brothers ( 2008 ) , Pineapple Express ( 2008 ) , Get Him to the Greek ( 2010 ) , Bridesmaids ( 2011 ) , The Five-Year Engagement ( 2012 ) , and Anchorman 2 : The Legend Continues ( 2013 ) .

pos: Funny People Funny People is a 2009 American comedy-drama film written , produced and directed by Judd Apatow . It stars Adam Sandler , Seth Rogen , Leslie Mann , Eric Bana , Jason Schwartzman , Jonah Hill and Aubrey Plaza , and follows a famous comedian who is diagnosed with a terminal disease and tries to fix the relationships in his life .   The film was released on July 31 , 2009 and was a box office bomb , grossing $ 71 million against its $ 75 million budget .

neg: Sleeper (1973 film) Sleeper is a 1973 American futuristic science fiction comedy film , directed by Woody Allen and written by Allen and Marshall Brickman . The plot involves the adventures of the owner of a health food store who is cryogenically frozen in 1973 and defrosted 200 years later in an ineptly led police state . The film contains many elements which parody notable works of science fiction and was made as a tribute to comedians Groucho Marx and Bob Hope .

neg: Adam Felber Adam Felber is an American political satirist , author , radio personality , actor , humorist , novelist , television writer , and comic book writer .

neg: Poetry Slam, Inc. Poetry Slam , Inc. ( PSI ) is a non-profit organization charged with overseeing the international coalition of poetry slams . Established in 1997 , PSI is responsible for making poetry slam more visible and accessible to the world via its flagship events : National Poetry Slam ( NPS ) , Individual World Poetry Slam ( iWPS ) , and the Women of the World Poetry Slam ( WOWps ) .  Their mission is `` to promote the performance and creation of poetry while cultivating literary activities and spoken word events in order to build audience participation , stimulate creativity , awaken minds , foster education , inspire mentoring , encourage artistic statement and engage communities worldwide in the revelry of language '' .   Though poetry slams are maintained in a growing number of cities by local volunteer organizers , the vast majority of slam series follow the rules established by PSI , PSI 's founders and its members . Because of slam 's exponential growth as an art form , PSI has emerged not only as an administrative body to maintain the rules which govern slams , but as an organization that seeks to grow slam 's audience and protect slam 's interests . The Executive Council , headed by a seven-member board of poets and slam organizers , plus a paid executive director , and voted on by representatives of local slams ( SlamMasters ) every two years , maintains a watch on poetry slam series worldwide , ensuring that slam remains an art form open to all competitors . Through the certification process and its annual organizational meetings , PSI has created the backbone for a community of poets who are in frequent communication with one another , in order to pool ideas and share creative resources to insure the future growth and recognition of slam .  Poets from the community frequently embark on poetry tours in other cities , relying on each other to set up the organizational framework necessary for such tours to be successful .   Recently PSI sought to improve the general public knowledge of slams through various projects such as the creation of an official website and of a summer workshop at SUNY-Oneota , the staging of slams on a major cable television network , and the organization each year of regional officially-sanctioned team competitions in numerous host cities converging the more talented participants on the annual National Poetry Slam .

neg: Libertarian science fiction Libertarian science fiction is a subgenre of science fiction that focuses on the politics and social order implied by libertarian philosophies with an emphasis on individualism and private ownership of the means of production -- and in some cases , no state whatsoever .   As a category , libertarian fiction is unusual because the vast majority of its authors are self-identified as science fiction authors . This contrasts with the authors of much other social criticism who are largely academic or mainstream novelists who tend to dismiss any genre classification . The identification between libertarianism and science fiction is so strong that the U.S. Libertarian Party often has representatives at science fiction conventions and one of the highest profile authors currently in the subgenre of libertarian science fiction , L. Neil Smith , was the Arizona Libertarian Party 's 2000 candidate for the President of the United States .   As a genre , it can be seen as growing out of the 1930s and 1940s when the science-fiction pulp magazines were reaching their peak at the same time as fascism and communism . While this environment gave rise to dystopian novels such as George Orwell 's Nineteen Eighty-Four , in the pulps , this influence more often give rise to speculations about societies ( or sub-groups ) arising in direct opposition to `` totalitarianism . ''   Ayn Rand 's novel Atlas Shrugged is a strong ( perhaps the strongest ) influence with an anti-socialist attitude and an individualist ethic that echoes throughout the genre .  Of more direct relevance to the science fiction end of this genre is Robert A. Heinlein 's The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress , which is highly regarded even by non-libertarian science fiction readers . An award for libertarian science fiction , the Prometheus Award , is given out every year . Some winners of the award identify as libertarians ( e.g. , L. Neil Smith , Victor Koman , Brad Linaweaver ) , while others do not ( Terry Pratchett , Charles Stross ) .   Some other prominent libertarian science fiction authors include S. Andrew Swann and Michael Z. Williamson .

neg: Allen Wolf Allen Wolf ( born October 29 , 1970 ) is an American film director , screenwriter , film producer , novelist , and board game creator .

neg: Christopher Cook (writer) Christopher LaVaughn Cook ( born August 3 , 1952 ) is an American writer whose writing styles and genres include journalism , non-fiction , scriptwriting and fiction , including short stories , novellas and novels .

neg: Deborah Landau Deborah Landau is an American poet , essayist , and critic .   Landau 's `` taut , elegant , highly controlled constructions '' have been described as `` confessional and direct , like Sylvia Plath and Allen Ginsberg . '' Her meditations upon yearning and selfhood are said to remind us `` of the nuanced beauty of language . '' Jennifer Michael Hecht has praised her poems as `` Terrificly smart , witty , and slightly terrifying . '' Nick DePascal asserts that Landau 's work `` accurately matches form to content '' and `` leads the reader down a particular path through style as much as the meaning of the actual words on the page ... '' Publishers Weekly has described her work as `` haunting , '' `` stunning , '' `` dark , urgent , sexy , deeply sad , and , above all , powerful . ''   Landau 's poems , essays , and reviews have appeared in The Paris Review , Tin House , The New Yorker , The Kenyon Review , TriQuarterly , The Best American Erotic Poems , The Wall Street Journal , Poetry Daily , The New York Times , and The Harvard Review , among other publications . Landau grew up in Ann Arbor , Michigan , graduated with distinction from Stanford University , where she was elected to Phi Beta Kappa , received a master 's degree in English from Columbia University and a Ph.D. from Brown University , where she was a Jacob K. Javits Fellow in English and American Literature . In 2016 she was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship .   Landau 's most recent book , The Uses of the Body , was published in 2015 by Copper Canyon Press and was a Lannan Literary Selection .   Deborah Landau is currently director of the Creative Writing Program at New York University .

neg: Television criticism Television criticism is the act of writing or speaking about television programming with a view to evaluating its worth , meaning and other aspects .   Such criticism can be found in daily newspapers , on culture discussion shows ( on TV and radio ) , and in specialist books and periodicals , all of which are in direct competition for audience from television .

neg: WALTIC WALTIC ( Writers ' and Literary Translators ' International Congress ) - `` The Value of Words '' , is a bi-annual international literary congress founded and owned by The Swedish Writers ' Union . Having its premier launch in Stockholm between 29 June and 2 July 2008 , WALTIC 's aim and thematic scope is divided in accordance to three key elements : Increase literacy , Safeguard freedom of expression , and Strengthen authors ' rights .   WALTIC 2008 keynote speakers were Mia Couto and Nawal El-Saadawi . Among the invited speakers present were Türker Armaner , Antonia Arslan , Yusuf Azemoun , Karin Barber , Ann Louise Bardach , Abdelkader Benali , Charles Bernstein , Calixthe Beyala , Giannina Braschi , David Brookshaw , Mircea Cărtărescu , Mauro Covacich , Tsitsi Dangarembga , Assia Djebar , Gamal el-Ghitany , Horace Engdahl , James English , Filip Florian , Jean-Claude Guédon , Josef Haslinger , Rafael Hernández , Ho Anh Thai , Uzodinma Iweala , Clara Janés , Eileen Julien , Jonas Hassen Khemiri , Jamaica Kincaid , Antije Krog , Leevi Lehto , Eileen Julien , Henning Mankell , Ana Menendez , Gcina Mhlope , Rosa Montero , Bharati Mukherjee , Herta Müller , Simone Murray , Sonia Nimr , Saliha Paker , Elena Poniatowska , Philip Pullman , Laura Restrepo , Rodrigo Rey Rosa , Hans Rosling , Alfian Bin Sa'at , Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak , Dava Sobel , Muniz Sodré , Saša Stanišic , Krister Stoor , Farzaneh Taheri , Shaun Tan , Yoko Tawada , Dubravka Ugrešic , Leonardo Valencia , Binyavanga Wainaina ( not present due to illness ) , Frank Westerman , Wu Ming , and more . WALTIC 2008 honorary guest was poet Tomas Tranströmer . `` I am glad to participate in the WALTIC congress because it is devoted to democracy , and the act of reading is a very good example of pure democracy in action , '' said writer Philip Pullman when asked about his participation in the 2008 congress .   Chairman of The Swedish Writers ' Union and President of WALTIC 2008 : Mats Söderlund . Program Committee : Gabriella Håkansson and Henrik C. Enbohm .

neg: Girls (TV series) Girls is an American television series that premiered on HBO on April 15 , 2012 . Created by and starring Lena Dunham and executive produced by Judd Apatow , Girls is a comedy-drama following the lives of four young women living in New York City . The show 's premise and major aspects of the main character were drawn from Dunham 's own life .   The series has received a positive response from critics and consistent accolades , including the 2013 Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy .   Girls sixth and final season concluded on April 16 , 2017 , with a total of 62 episodes .

neg: Alan Weisman Alan H. Weisman ( born March 24 , 1947 ) is an American author , professor , and journalist .

neg: New American Writing New American Writing is a once-a-year American literary magazine emphasizing contemporary American poetry , including a range of innovative contemporary writing . The magazine is published in association with San Francisco State University . New American Writing is published by OINK ! Press , a nonprofit organization . The magazine appears in early June each year . First published in 1986 .

neg: American literature (disambiguation) American literature is the literature written or produced in the area of the United States and its preceding colonies .   American literature can also refer to :  American Literature ( journal ) ( established 1929 ) is a literary journal .  Inter-American literature involves the comparative study of authors and texts from all the Americas .  American literature ( academic discipline ) is an academic discipline devoted to the study of American literature .

neg: Scot J. Paltrow Scot J. Paltrow is an American journalist . A financial journalist , Paltrow currently works for Reuters .   Paltrow is from New York . He received his bachelor 's degree from the Cornell University College of Arts and Sciences and a master 's degree from the London School of Economics .   Paltrow 's journalism career began in 1977 when he joined the Memphis Commercial Appeal as a reporter . The following year , he joined the Los Angeles Herald-Examiner , where his investigative series on corruption in Industry , California , `` The City of Insiders , '' resulted in federal and state criminal probes and several convictions .   In 1981 , Paltrow moved to the Washington Star , where he covered federal courts . After the Star shut down the same year , Paltrow moved to the Wall Street Journal , where he was a reporter in the Los Angeles bureau . In 1985 , Paltrow became a European correspondent for the Journal based in Brussels . In April 1988 , Paltrow returned to the United States as New York financial bureau chief for the Los Angeles Times . During this period he did numerous investigative stories on Wall Street investment banks , markets and the insurance industry . '' While at the Times , Paltrow won a 1993 George Polk Award for Financial Reporting . Paltrow returned to the Wall Street Journal in May 1997 and served as senior special writer based in New York and writes for the paper 's Washington bureau .   In 2007 , following Rupert Murdoch 's purchase of Dow Jones & Company ( which owns the Wall Street Journal ) , Paltrow left the paper and joined Condé Nast 's Portfolio.com as a contributing editor , starting September 1 , 2007 , following another longtime Journal journalist who moved to Portfolio.com , Peter Waldman .   In September 2010 , Paltrow moved to Reuters , where he and fellow financial journalist Mark Hosenball were brought on as `` key hires '' in an effort to expand Reuters ' `` coverage of business , Wall Street and Washington . '' Paltrow joined Reuters to cover `` financial crimes , specifically covering criminal and civil investigations related to the financial crisis , as well as the effort to more closely regulate and police the financial world . '' In 2012 , Paltrow won a Society of American Business Editors and Writers Best in Business Awards in the Explanatory/News Agency category for his investigation into banks ' use of robo-signing .   Paltrow has written a report , The Case for a Stronger Federal Role in Insurance Regulation : Weak State Regulation Highlights the Need for Federal Oversight of Health Premiums , for the Center for American Progress Action Fund .   Paltrow has received a Gerald Loeb Award . Paltrow won 1992 and 1993 John Hancock Awards for Excellence in Business & Financial Journalism , the 1994 Los Angeles Times Editorial Award , the Unity Award in Media , and a 2001 Deadline Club Award from New York City Chapter of the Society of Professional Journalists .

neg: Do The Write Thing The Do the Write Thing Challenge ( or DtWT ) is a writing program for junior high students organized by the U.S. National Campaign to Stop Violence . Intended to reduce youth violence , the Do the Write Thing Essay Challenge Program began in 1994 as a local program in Washington , D.C. and expanded in 1996 to other cities . According to Dr. Hassan Al-Ebraheem , founder and chairman of the Kuwait-America Foundation , the program has reached over 1.6 million children ( as of July 2013 ) across the country since its foundation .   Aimed at middle school students , one of the program 's primary objectives is to motivate students to make a personal commitment , in writing , to help prevent and reduce youth violence in their home , school , and communities . The students are then asked to address these three questions in an essay for submission :   How has youth violence and drugs affected my life ?  What are the causes of youth violence ?  What can I do about youth violence ?   After this , a panel , of usually volunteers or school staff , reads the essays and chooses `` school finalists '' . These `` school finalists '' continue on to a broader selection that is citywide . Each year , two finalists from each city -- one boy and one girl -- along with their teacher and parent , are honored at a national recognition ceremony in Washington , DC . While in Washington , DC , the DTWT National Ambassadors visit the United States Library of Congress , The United States Supreme Court , the United States Capitol and the Kuwait Embassy . Their essays are published in one volume , which is then presented to the Library of Congress .   The Challenge is the idea of Daniel Q. Callister , a Washington lawyer who says its purpose is four-fold : to provide children who have experienced or seen violence with a cathartic experience ; to give them motivation to change their behavior ; to be an education experience for teachers and the community ; and to get adults to help solve the problem .   Sponsors of `` Do the Write Thing '' include :  Kuwait America Foundation  Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Science  Annenberg Foundation  Criminal Justice Division of the Governor 's Office in Texas  Marriott International  Pennsylvania Department of Community and Economic Development  Southwest Airlines  Athletes for Hope  America 's Promise Alliance  Communities in Schools  Greater Washington Urban League , Inc. .  Harlem Globetrotters  National Counsel of Juvenile and Family Court Judges  United States National Guard

neg: David Williamson David Keith Williamson , AO , born 24 February , 1942 is one of Australia 's best-known dramatists and playwrights . He has also written screenplays and teleplays .

neg: David Ignatow David Ignatow ( February 7 , 1914 -- November 17 , 1997 ) was an American poet .

neg: Judd (engine) Judd is a name brand of engines produced by Engine Developments Ltd. , a company founded in 1971 by John Judd and Jack Brabham in Rugby , Warwickshire , England . Engine Developments was intended to build engines for Brabham 's racing efforts , and became one of the first firms authorised by Cosworth to maintain and rebuild its DFV engines , but has since expanded into various areas of motorsport .   Judd has provided engines for many major series , including Formula One and other smaller formula series , sports car racing , and touring car racing . They have been associated with manufacturers such as Yamaha , MG , and Honda , although they have mainly been a privateer engine supplier to customers .

neg: AP World History Advanced Placement World History ( also known as AP World History , WHAP , AP World or APWH ) is a college-level course and examination offered to high school students through the College Board 's Advanced Placement Program designed to help students develop a greater understanding of the evolution of global processes and contacts as well as interactions between different types of human society . The course advances this understanding through a combination of selective factual knowledge and appropriate analytical skills . Students study all prehistory and history , especially from 8000 BCE to present-day . The AP World History exam was first administered in 2002 .

neg: Change of Heart (The Judds song) `` Change of Heart '' is a song written by Naomi Judd , and performed by American country music duo The Judds . Originally released in 1984 on their eponymous debut album , it was released in October 1988 as the second new single from their Greatest Hits . `` Change of Heart '' was The Judds ' twelfth number one country single . The single went to number one on the Billboard Hot Country Singles for one week and spent a total of fifteen weeks on the country chart .


query: Massachusetts is far away from Rhode Island.

pos: Massachusetts Massachusetts -LSB- mæsəˈtʃuːsᵻts -RSB- or -LSB- ˌmæsəˈtʃuːzᵻts -RSB- ; officially the Commonwealth of Massachusetts , is the most populous state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east , the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south , New Hampshire and Vermont to the north , and New York to the west . The state is named for the Massachusett tribe , which once inhabited the area . The capital of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England is Boston . Over 80 % of Massachusetts ' population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan area , a region influential upon American history , academia , and industry . Originally dependent on agriculture , fishing and trade , Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution . During the 20th century , Massachusetts ' economy shifted from manufacturing to services . Modern Massachusetts is a global leader in biotechnology , engineering , higher education , finance , and maritime trade .   Plymouth was the site of the first colony in New England , founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims , passengers of the Mayflower . In 1692 , the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of America 's most infamous cases of mass hysteria , the Salem witch trials . In 1777 , General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory , which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances , including interchangeable parts . In 1786 , Shays ' Rebellion , a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans , influenced the United States Constitutional Convention . In the 18th century , the Protestant First Great Awakening , which swept the Atlantic World , originated from the pulpit of Northampton preacher Jonathan Edwards . In the late 18th century , Boston became known as the `` Cradle of Liberty '' for the agitation there that led to the American Revolution .   The entire Commonwealth of Massachusetts has played a powerful commercial and cultural role in the history of the United States . Before the American Civil War , Massachusetts was a center for the abolitionist , temperance , and transcendentalist movements . In the late 19th century , the sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke , respectively . In 2004 , Massachusetts became the first U.S. state to legally recognize same-sex marriage as a result of the decision in Goodridge v. Department of Public Health by the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court . Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the state , including the Adams and Kennedy families . Harvard University in Cambridge is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States , with the largest financial endowment of any university , and Harvard Law School has educated a contemporaneous majority of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States . Kendall Square in Cambridge has been called `` the most innovative square mile on the planet '' , in reference to the high concentration of entrepreneurial start-ups and quality of innovation which have emerged in the vicinity of the square since 2010 . Both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology , also in Cambridge , have been ranked among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world . Massachusetts ' public school students place among the top nations in the world in academic performance .

neg: Geology of New England New England is a region in the North Eastern United States consisting of the states Rhode Island , Connecticut , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , Vermont , and Maine . Most of New England consists geologically of volcanic island arcs that accreted onto the eastern edge of the Laurentian Craton in prehistoric times . Much of the bedrock found in New England is heavily metamorphosed due to the numerous mountain building events that occurred in the region . The most recent rock layers are glacial conglomerates .

neg: Interstate 89 Interstate 89 ( abbreviated I-89 ) is an interstate highway in the northeastern region of the United States traveling from Bow , New Hampshire to the Canadian border at Highgate Springs , Vermont , and Saint-Armand , Quebec . As with all odd-numbered primary interstates , I-89 is signed as a north -- south highway . However , it follows a primarily northwest-to-southeast path . The route forms a substantial part of the main connection between the cities of Montreal and Boston . In Quebec the route continues as Quebec Route 133 . The eventual completion of Autoroute 35 from Montreal will lead to a non-stop limited access highway route between the two cities ; following I-93 south from I-89 's terminus . The largest cities directly served by I-89 are Concord , New Hampshire and Burlington , Vermont . I-89 is one of three main Interstate highways whose entire route is located entirely within New England , along with Interstate 91 and Interstate 93 ( both of which have their northernmost pavement in Vermont ) .   Interstate 89 connects smaller cities and rural areas within New Hampshire and Vermont , and maintains two lanes of traffic in each direction throughout the route . Unlike its neighboring Interstates ( 91 and 93 ) , it does not intersect any even-numbered Interstates along its route . It does , however , parallel ( and interchange multiple times with ) portions of three U.S. routes : U.S. Route 4 from Enfield to White River Junction ; U.S. Route 2 from Montpelier to Colchester , and U.S. Route 7 from Burlington to the Canadian border .   In the Champlain Valley county of Chittenden , the Champlain Parkway begins from Exit 13 in South Burlington and is a proposed link to downtown Burlington , Vermont . Interstate 189 ( `` the Parkway '' ) in the county is the only auxiliary route that has a direct exit from I-89 .

neg: Wellfleet, Massachusetts Wellfleet is a town in Barnstable County , Massachusetts , United States , and is located halfway between the `` tip '' and `` elbow '' of Cape Cod . The town had a population of 2,750 at the 2010 census , which swells nearly sixfold during the summer . A total of 70 % of the town 's land area is in protection , and nearly half of it is part of the Cape Cod National Seashore . Wellfleet is famous for its eponymous oysters , which are celebrated in the annual October Wellfleet OysterFest .

neg: Merrimack Valley The Merrimack Valley is a bi-state region along the Merrimack River in the U.S. states of New Hampshire and Massachusetts , United States . The Merrimack is one of the larger waterways in the New England region and has helped define the livelihood and culture of those living along it since native times .   Major cities in the Merrimack Valley include Concord , Manchester and Nashua in New Hampshire , as well as Lowell , Lawrence and Haverhill in Massachusetts . The Merrimack Valley was a major center of the textile industry in America during the 19th century .

neg: Restoration colony A restoration colony was one of a number of land grants in North America given by King Charles II of England in the later half of the 17th century , ostensibly as a reward to his supporters in the Stuart Restoration . The grants marked the resumption of English colonization of the Americas after a 30-year hiatus . The two major restoration colonies were the Province of Pennsylvania and the Province of Carolina . The founding of the Carolinas is described thusly :   In 1663 , three years after he was restored to his father 's throne , England 's Charles II granted a vast territory named Carolina to a group of supporters during his years of exile . Its boundaries extended from Virginia southward to central Florida and eastward to the Atlantic Ocean . Within this potential empire , eight London-based proprietors , including several involved in Barbados sugar plantations , gained governmental powers and semifeudal rights to the land . The system of governance planned for Carolina had both feudal and modern features . To lure settlers , the proprietors promised religious freedom and offered land free for the asking . But onto this generous land offer they grafted a scheme for a semimedieval government in which they , their deputies , and a few noblemen would monopolize political power . Reacting to a generation of revolutionary turbulence in England , they designed Carolina as a model of social and political stability in which a hereditary aristocracy would check boisterous small landholders .   The Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations and Connecticut Colony were given their formal charters and Rhode Island even honored the King with King 's Province ( what has since been renamed Washington County , Rhode Island ) .

neg: Atlantic Northeast The Atlantic Northeast is a region of North America , which includes the US states of Connecticut , Massachusetts , Rhode Island , New Hampshire , Vermont , and Maine , as well as the Canadian Maritimes .   The Atlantic Northeast region is noted for its cultural unity , stark climate , landscape of dense forests , and a shared economic history in the exploitation of logging and the regional fishery . Further uniting this area is the `` Gray Zone '' which is an area of land and sea which is claimed by both Canada and the United States . It is located off the coasts of New Brunswick and Maine . The only land within this area are two islands , Machias Seal Island and North Rock . The `` Gray Zone '' is one of four areas between the two countries whose sovereignty is still in dispute , but is the only one of the disputed areas containing land . In 1979 , both countries filed a joint application to the International Court of Justice to avoid having the dispute settled when oceanic boundaries in the area were set for mineral and fishing rights . Canadians have had a continuous presence in the area since 1832 when a lighthouse was built .   Since the Atlantic Northeast is such a large region , it is home to many different types of wildlife , sports teams , and geographical locations . The Atlantic Northeast is home to the Boston Celtics , Boston Bruins , New England Patriots , Halifax Hurricanes , Boston Red Sox and many more . It also includes many notable species including the Bald Eagle , Atlantic Salmon , and the Swamp Pink . Lastly , the Atlantic Northeast includes many geographical places of interest including the Northeast Canyons and Seamounts Marine National Monument and Salem , Massachusetts , home of the Salem Witch Trials .   Though cross-border connections are widely acknowledged , the area has rarely been given a single name . `` Atlantic Northeast '' is a term that has been used most prominently in discussions of regional folk culture , another name that is used is Atlantica . ''   These names are often tied to various proposals for greater economic or political integration of the region

neg: Holy Island, Massachusetts Holy Island is a marshy island located off the northeast coast of Massachusetts , north of Cape Ann . The island is situated immediately west of Plum Island and is part of the Town of Ipswich in Essex County . The Rowley River runs by the island , which is the northernmost of four marshy islands .

neg: Makonikey Makonikey is a rural neighborhood on Martha 's Vineyard , Massachusetts , that lies on the border of Tisbury ( also known as Vineyard Haven ) and West Tisbury . The Tisbury section is called Lower Makonikey , and the West Tisbury section is called Upper Makonikey . The neighborhood lies between Lambert 's Cove Road and the Vineyard Sound , near Makonikey Point . It is a 5 - to 10-minute drive from the center of Vineyard Haven .   The neighborhood is named after Makonikey point . It is referred to in 18th-century records variously as `` Conaconaket '' and `` Nowconaca '' and `` Necorneca '' , corruptions of the Wampanoag term for `` old land '' or `` ancient place . ''   In the late 19th and early 20th centuries , Makonikey was known for its grand hotel , long since torn down .   Today the area is semi-rural , with houses generally located on lots of greater than 3 acre . The general feeling is that of `` Up Island '' even though the location is right on the edge of `` Down Island '' . The winding dirt roads through the woods can be quite confusing , and are not properly marked either on maps or GPS - many of the roads listed are in fact `` paper '' roads , and still forested . As a result , most residents have affixed signs to direct visitors and delivery people to their houses ( car GPS and online mapping services have not historically accurately mapped the area , but Google Maps has recently been updated with an accurate map of the area ) . These signs are usually in the form of some local animal or object , and are still the easiest way of finding most of the houses .   Like the majority of Martha 's Vineyard housing stock , most of the houses in Makonikey are used as summer residences . Lower Makonikey has more year-round residents , and is considered one of the more desirable neighborhoods in Vineyard Haven , as the houses and lots tend to be larger than usual for that town , combined with waterviews and beach access ( this is generally true of the neighborhoods in Vineyard Haven between Lamberts Cove Road and the Vineyard Sound , Northern Pines , Pilot Hill , and Lower Makonikey )   Lower Makonikey and Upper Makonikey are the subject of 2 separate associations , the Lower Makonikey Corporation and the Upper Makonikey Trust . The associations ' main duties are road and beach maintenance . Beach access is private , like many other beaches in Massachusetts .

neg: Interstate 95 in Massachusetts Interstate 95 ( I-95 ) is a major highway on the East Coast of the United States , paralleling the Atlantic Ocean from Florida to Maine . The Massachusetts portion of the highway enters from the state of Rhode Island in Attleboro and travels in a northeasterly direction to the junction with Route 128 in Canton . As the original plans for I-95 ( which would have taken it through central neighborhoods of Boston and the northern suburbs of Saugus and Lynn ) were canceled , the highway follows the Route 128 loop around the Greater Boston area to Peabody . From there , I-95 splits from Route 128 and turns north towards the Merrimack River . I-95 enters New Hampshire from Salisbury .

neg: Midstate Trail (Massachusetts) The Midstate Trail is a scenic footpath which runs 92 mi through Worcester County , Massachusetts , from the Rhode Island border to the New Hampshire border , approximately 45 mi west of Boston . The trail is considered highly accessible , scenic , and remarkably rural despite its proximity to urban Boston . The trail includes the summits of Mount Wachusett and Mount Watatic , as well as many interesting geologic , historic , and natural features .

neg: Massachusetts Public Records Law __ NOTOC __  Massachusetts Public Records Law is a law in Massachusetts detailing what kinds of documents are actually public records . It is a state law that is similar to the federal Freedom of Information Act , which was passed by Lyndon B. Johnson in 1966 . According to the Boston Globe newspaper in 2016 , `` Massachusetts is currently the one state in the country where the Legislature , judiciary , and governor 's office all claim to be completely exempt from the -LSB- public records -RSB- law . ''

neg: Massachusetts General Court The Massachusetts General Court ( formally styled the General Court of Massachusetts ) is the state legislature of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts . The name `` General Court '' is a hold-over from the earliest days of the Massachusetts Bay Colony , when the colonial assembly , in addition to making laws , sat as a judicial court of appeals . Before the adoption of the state constitution in 1780 , it was called the Great and General Court , but the official title was shortened by John Adams , author of the state constitution . It is a bicameral body . The upper house is the Massachusetts Senate which is composed of 40 members . The lower body , the Massachusetts House of Representatives , has 160 members . ( Until 1978 , it had 240 members ) It meets in the Massachusetts State House on Beacon Hill in Boston .   The current President of the Senate is Stan Rosenberg , and the Speaker of the House is Robert DeLeo . Democrats hold super-majorities in both chambers .   State Senators and Representatives both serve two-year terms .

neg: Ponkapoag Ponkapoag -LSB- ˈpɒŋkəpɔːɡ -RSB- , also Punkapaug , Punkapoag , or Punkapog , is the name of a Native American `` praying town '' settled in the western Blue Hills area of eastern Massachusetts during the colonization of the Atlantic seaboard of the United States by settlers from Britain in the 17th century . It is the name given to the winter residence ( and subsequently to the tribe ) of the group of Massachusett who lived at the mouth of the Neponset River in summer . Ponkapoag is now contained almost entirely by the town of Canton , Massachusetts .   Ponkapoag Plantation was established in 1657 as a 6000 acre town parcel formed from Dorchester , Massachusetts Bay Colony . It was the second Christianized native settlement , or `` Praying Town '' in Massachusetts , after Natick was established in 1651 . In 1654 members of the Nemasket Tribe located in the village of Cohannet in current day Bristol County were among the first Native Americans relocated as part of King Philip 's War to Ponkapoag .   The name is derived from a nearby pond 1 mi south of Great Blue Hill ; Ponkapoag means `` shallow pond '' or `` a spring that bubbles from red soil '' .   The Massachusett ( punkapoags ) still live within their territory today .

neg: Northborough, Massachusetts Northborough is a town in Worcester County , Massachusetts , United States . The official spelling of the town 's name is `` Northborough '' , but the phonetic alternative spelling `` Northboro '' is also used . The population was 14,155 at the 2010 census .

neg: U.S. Route 6 in Rhode Island Route 195 ( Rhode Island ) redirects here . For the route currently numbered 195 , see Interstate 195 ( Rhode Island ) .   U.S. Route 6 is a major east -- west road in the U.S. state of Rhode Island . Nationally , the route continues west to Bishop , California and east to Provincetown , Massachusetts . In western Rhode Island , it forms part of one of several routes between Hartford , Connecticut and Providence , Rhode Island , and was planned to be replaced by Interstate 84 . The part of I-84 that was built , from Interstate 295 to Olneyville , is now part of US 6 . At Olneyville , US 6 joins Route 10 and heads east towards downtown Providence , where it turns south on Interstate 95 and east on Interstate 195 . US 6 splits from I-195 in East Providence , crossing into Massachusetts on Warren Avenue . The whole route of US 6 is a state highway maintained by the Rhode Island Department of Transportation .

neg: Brattleboro, Vermont Brattleboro ( -LSB- ˈbrætəlˌbəroʊ -RSB- ) , originally Brattleborough , is a town in Windham County , Vermont , United States . The most populous municipality abutting Vermont 's eastern border ( the Connecticut River ) , Brattleboro is located about 10 miles north of the Massachusetts state line , at the confluence of Vermont 's West River and the Connecticut . In 2014 , Brattleboro 's population was estimated by the U.S. Census Bureau to be 11,765 .   Marlboro College Center for Graduate and Professional Studies and SIT Graduate Institute are located in the town . There are satellite campuses of three colleges as well : Community College of Vermont , Union Institute and University , and Vermont Technical College . The town is home to the New England Center for Circus Arts and the Vermont Jazz Center .   The Brattleboro Retreat , a not-for-profit mental health and addictions psychiatric hospital , is also located in the town .

neg: Mount Kearsarge (Merrimack County, New Hampshire) Mount Kearsarge is a mountain located in Wilmot , New Hampshire , and Warner , New Hampshire . Two state parks are located on the mountain : Winslow State Park and Rollins State Park . On a very clear day , skyscrapers in the city of Boston , Massachusetts 80 mi away are visible from the fire tower on the summit . The summit has remained bare since a 1796 forest fire .   The name of the mountain evolved from a 1652 rendering of the native Pennacook tribal name for the mountain , Carasarga , which it is surmised means `` notch-pointed-mountain of pines . ''

neg: Down East `` Down East '' , also `` Downeast '' , is a term referring to parts of eastern coastal New England and Canada , particularly the U.S. state of Maine and Canada 's Maritime Provinces , an area that closely corresponds to the historical French territory of Acadia . The phrase apparently derives from sailing terminology : sailors from western ports sailed downwind toward the east to reach the area .   A person from this area may be called a down-easter . Within Maine , the phrase `` Down East '' may refer specifically to the state 's easternmost regions , also called Down East Maine .

neg: Thacher Island Thacher Island is a small island off Cape Ann on the Massachusetts coast in the United States . It is a part of the Town of Rockport . It was a place where some naval confrontations , both minor and major , took place , which helped secure a victory for the colonists .


query: Giancarlo Stanton was in the 2017 MLB draft.

pos: Giancarlo Stanton Giancarlo Cruz Michael Stanton ( born November 8 , 1989 ) is an American professional baseball left fielder and right fielder for the Miami Marlins of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . Prior to 2012 , he was known as Mike Stanton .   Stanton graduated from Notre Dame High School , before he was selected by the Marlins in the 2007 MLB draft . Stanton made his MLB debut with the Marlins in June 2010 . He is a three-time MLB All-Star and was the Hank Aaron Award winner for the National League in 2014 after leading the league in home runs . In November 2014 , the Marlins signed Stanton to the richest contract in sports history , worth $ 325 million over 13 years .

neg: Alfonso Soriano Alfonso Guilleard Soriano ( born January 7 , 1976 ) is a Dominican former professional baseball left fielder and second baseman . He played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the New York Yankees , Chicago Cubs , Texas Rangers , and Washington Nationals , and in Nippon Professional Baseball for the Hiroshima Toyo Carp .   Soriano began his professional career with Hiroshima in 1996 , but signed with the Yankees as a free agent in 1998 and was assigned to play in minor league baseball . The next year , he was the Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) in the All-Star Futures Game , and made his MLB debut for the Yankees , with whom he would win two American League championships . The Yankees traded Soriano to the Rangers after the 2003 season , and the Rangers traded Soriano to the Nationals after the 2005 season . He signed a contract as a free agent with the Cubs before the 2007 season . The Cubs traded Soriano to the Yankees in 2013 , and the Yankees released him in 2014 .   Soriano was a seven-time MLB All-Star , and won the All-Star Game MVP Award in 2004 . He won the Silver Slugger Award four times . He played primarily as a second baseman for the Yankees and Rangers before being converted to an outfielder with the Nationals .   Soriano is one of only 54 major league players to hit 400 or more career home runs , and was seventh among active players in home runs at the time of his retirement .

neg: Chris Heston Christopher Lee Heston ( born April 10 , 1988 ) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Los Angeles Dodgers of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . He has played in MLB for the San Francisco Giants and Seattle Mariners . On June 9 , 2015 , he threw the 17th no-hitter in Giants franchise history . He played college baseball at East Carolina .

neg: Jay Bruce Jay Allen Bruce ( born April 3 , 1987 ) is an American professional baseball right fielder for the New York Mets of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . He previously played in MLB for the Cincinnati Reds . Bruce has been named an All-Star three times during his career .

neg: Roberto Clemente Award The Roberto Clemente Award is given annually to the Major League Baseball ( MLB ) player who `` best exemplifies the game of baseball , sportsmanship , community involvement and the individual 's contribution to his team '' , as voted on by baseball fans and members of the media . It is named for Hall of Fame outfielder Roberto Clemente . Originally known as the Commissioner 's Award , it has been presented by the MLB since 1971 . In 1973 , the award was renamed after Clemente following his death in a plane crash while delivering supplies to victims of the Nicaragua earthquake .   Each year , a panel of baseball dignitaries selects 1 player from 30 nominees , one from each club . Teams choose their nominee during the regular season , and the winner is announced at the World Series . The player who receives the most votes online via MLB 's official website , MLB.com , gets one vote in addition to the votes cast by the panel . Since 2007 , the Roberto Clemente Award has been presented by Chevy . Chevy donates money and a Chevy vehicle to the national winner 's charity of choice and additional money is donated by Chevy to the Roberto Clemente Sports City , a non-profit organization in Carolina , Puerto Rico , designed to provide recreational sports activities for children . Additionally , Chevy donates money to the charity of choice of each of  the 30 Club recipients .   The first winner of the award was Willie Mays , and the most recent winner is Curtis Granderson . None of the winners has received the award more than once , so far . The first pitcher to win the award was Phil Niekro in 1980 , and the first catcher to win the award was Gary Carter in 1989 . To date , Clemente 's former teammate Willie Stargell and McCutchen are the only members of the Pittsburgh Pirates to win the award . Stargell won his award in 1974 , and McCutchen won in 2015 . The Pirates themselves have been wearing Clemente-era throwback uniforms in recent years on Roberto Clemente Day , which is the day they play the game that they present their nominee to MLB . In 2014 , for the first time , the award was awarded to two players instead of one . The award was awarded to Paul Konerko and Jimmy Rollins .

neg: Stanton College Preparatory School Stanton College Preparatory School is an academically renowned public high school in Jacksonville , Florida . The school 's history dates to the 1860s when it was begun as an elementary school serving the African-American population under the then-segregated education system . It now serves secondary students ( grades 9-12 ) within the Duval County Public Schools of Duval County , Florida . The school offers special curricula which include Honors courses , Advanced Placement , and International Baccalaureate courses . In 2005 , the Advanced Placement Report to the Nation officially recognized Stanton College Preparatory School as the best large size high school for Advanced Placement European History and Advanced Placement English Literature and Composition in the world .   From 2000 to 2003 , Stanton College Prep was ranked first in Newsweek magazine 's list of the top 1,000 public schools in the United States , and is the only school in the nation to have been in the top 5 every year from 2000-2011 . US News and World Report ranked Stanton at ninth place on its 2008 list of America 's Best High Schools . It has frequently ranked first in the US in the number of International Baccalaureate diplomas awarded . Stanton perennially leads the Jacksonville metropolitan area in the number of National Merit Scholarship recipients , and consistently ranks in the top three in the state . The school has been named a Blue Ribbon School of Excellence . As of August 2014 , Stanton is rated number 12 of the top high schools in the nation by US News and number 10 by Newsweek .   Stanton was called `` one of the premier IB and AP public schools in the country '' by Jay Mathews in his 2005 book Supertest : How the International Baccalaureate Can Strengthen Our Schools . To many students , Stanton is known for its challenging academics and rigorous standards . Most Stanton students attend some form of college after graduation , whether four-year or two-year institutions , local , national , or international . In 2014 , the Washington Post ranked the school as the 4th most challenging high school in the Southern United States .

neg: 2016 World Series The 2016 World Series was the 112th edition of Major League Baseball 's championship series , a best-of-seven playoff between the National League ( NL ) champion Chicago Cubs and the American League ( AL ) champion Cleveland Indians , the first meeting of those franchises in postseason history . The Indians had home-field advantage because the AL had won the 2016 All-Star Game .   The Cubs defeated the Indians 4 games to 3 to win their first World Series since 1908 . Game 7 , an 8 -- 7 victory in extra innings , which marked the fifth time that a Game 7 had gone past nine innings , was the first to have a rain delay which occurred as the tenth inning was about to start . The Cubs became the sixth team to come back from a 3-1 deficit to win a best-of-seven World Series , following the 1925 Pittsburgh Pirates , the 1958 New York Yankees , the 1968 Detroit Tigers , the 1979 Pittsburgh Pirates , and the 1985 Kansas City Royals .   The Cubs , playing in their eleventh World Series and their first since 1945 , won their third championship and first since 1908 , ending one of the longest world championship droughts in North American professional sports history . It was the Indians ' sixth appearance in the World Series and their first since 1997 , with their last Series win having come in 1948 . The two teams entered their matchup as the two franchises with the longest World Series title droughts , a combined 176 years without a championship . Cleveland manager Terry Francona , who had previously won World Series titles with the Boston Red Sox in 2004 and 2007 , fell short in his bid to become the third manager , and the first non-Yankees manager , to win his first three trips to the Fall Classic , after Casey Stengel , and Joe Torre .

neg: Randy Flores Randy Alan Flores ( born July 31 , 1975 ) is an American director of scouting for the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) , a sports commentator , entrepreneur , coach , and former professional baseball relief pitcher .   While playing college baseball for the Trojans of the University of Southern California , Flores was the 1995 Co-Pac-10 Pitcher of the Year . The New York Yankees selected him in the ninth round of the 1997 amateur draft , and played eight seasons in MLB primarily as left-handed specialist . After making his MLB debut for the Texas Rangers in 2002 , Flores also pitched for the Cardinals , with whom he won a World Series championship in 2006 , the Colorado Rockies and Minnesota Twins .   After his playing career , Flores became an on-air analyst for ESPN and the Pac-12 Network . He also coached for USC and started his own company , OnDeckDigital , whose product allows players and scouts to evaluate game play . In September 2015 , he became the director of scouting for the Cardinals .

neg: Phillip Ervin Phillip S. Ervin ( born July 15 , 1992 ) is an American professional baseball outfielder for the Cincinnati Reds of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . He played college baseball for Samford University before the Reds selected him in the first round of the 2013 MLB draft . He made his MLB debut in April 2017 .

neg: Luis Sardiñas Luis Alexander Sardiñas Avilez ( born May 16 , 1993 ) is a Venezuelan professional baseball infielder in the Baltimore Orioles organization . He made his MLB debut with the Texas Rangers during the 2014 season , and played for the Milwaukee Brewers in 2015 , the Seattle Mariners in 2016 , and the San Diego Padres in 2016 and 2017 .

neg: Ben Ford (baseball) Benjamin Cooper Ford ( born August 15 , 1975 ) is a former Major League Baseball right-handed pitcher for the Arizona Diamondbacks , New York Yankees , and Milwaukee Brewers .   Drafted by the New York Yankees in the 20th round of the 1994 Major League Baseball Draft , Ford would make his Major League Baseball debut with the Arizona Diamondbacks on August 20 , . Ford appeared in his last major league game on September 26 , . Ford gave up home run 661 to Barry Bonds on April 13 , 2004 .   Ford was a member of the inaugural Arizona Diamondbacks team that began play in Major League Baseball in 1998 .

neg: Kevin Gowdy Kevin R. Gowdy ( born 16 November 1997 ) is an American high school baseball pitcher . He attended Santa Barbara High School in Santa Barbara , California and was considered a top prospect for the 2016 MLB draft . Gowdy was selected by the Philadelphia Phillies in the second round , with the 42nd overall pick .

neg: List of New York Mets first-round draft picks The New York Mets are a Major League Baseball franchise based in New York City . They play in the National League East division . Since the institution of Major League Baseball 's Rule 4 Draft , the Mets have selected 61 players in its first round . Officially known as the `` First-Year Player Draft '' , the Rule 4 Draft is Major League Baseball 's primary mechanism for assigning amateur baseball players from high schools , colleges , and other amateur baseball clubs to its teams . The draft order is determined based on the previous season 's standings , and the team that had the worst record receives the first pick . In addition , teams that lost free agents in the previous off-season may be awarded compensatory or supplementary picks . The First-Year Player Draft is unrelated to the 1961 expansion draft in which the Mets initially filled their roster .   Of the 62 players picked in the first round by the Mets , 25 have been pitchers , the most of any position ; 18 of these were right-handed , while 7 were left-handed . 17 of the players picked in the initial round were outfielders , while eight shortstops , six catchers , and three third basemen were selected . The team also selected two players at first base and one at second base . 14 of the players came from high schools or universities in the state of California , while Florida and Texas follow , with nine and five players , respectively .   Four Mets ' first-round picks have won championships with the franchise . No first-round picks were on the 1969 championship team . Outfielders Lee Mazzilli ( 1973 ) and Darryl Strawberry ( 1980 ) , shortstop Wally Backman ( 1977 ) , and pitcher Dwight Gooden ( 1982 ) played in the 1986 World Series for the Mets ' second championship team . Three first-round draft picks have gone on to win the Rookie of the Year Award with the Mets : Jon Matlack in 1972 , Strawberry in 1983 , and Gooden in 1984 . Gooden went on to win the Cy Young Award in 1985 , his second season , after placing second in the voting his rookie year . Gooden is also the only first-round draft pick of the Mets to make the All-Star team in his rookie season .   The Mets have made 11 selections in the supplemental round of the draft . They have also made the first overall selection five times ( 1966 , 1968 , 1980 , 1984 , and 1994 ) , tied for the most such picks with the San Diego Padres . The first of these picks , Steve Chilcott ( 1966 ) , is one of only two first overall picks ( along with Brien Taylor ) to never play in the major leagues . The Mets have had 18 compensatory picks since the institution of the First-Year Player Draft in 1965 . These additional picks are provided when a team loses a particularly valuable free agent in the prior off-season , or , more recently , if a team fails to sign a draft pick from the previous year . One player , George Ambrow ( 1970 ) , did not sign with the Mets after he was drafted but they received no compensation pick .

neg: 1987 NFL Draft The 1987 NFL draft was the procedure by which National Football League teams selected amateur college football players . It is officially known as the NFL Annual Player Selection Meeting . The draft was held April 28 -- 29 , 1987 , at the Marriot Marquis in New York City , New York . The league also held a supplemental draft after the regular draft and before the regular season .

neg: Raffy Lopez Rafael Manuel Lopez ( born October 2 , 1987 ) is an American professional baseball catcher in the Toronto Blue Jays organization . He has played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Chicago Cubs and Cincinnati Reds .

neg: 1987 Major League Baseball draft The Major League Baseball Draft is the process by which Major League Baseball ( MLB ) teams select athletes to play for their organization . High school seniors , college juniors and seniors , and anyone who had never played under a professional contract were considered eligible for the draft . The 1987 MLB Draft took place as a conference call to the Commissioner of Baseball 's office in New York from June 2 -- 4 . As opposed to the National Football League Draft which appeared on ESPN , no network aired the MLB Draft .   The American League ( AL ) and the National League ( NL ) alternated picks throughout the first round ; because an NL team drafted first in the 1986 MLB Draft , an AL team had the first selection in 1987 . Having finished 67 -- 95 in 1986 , the Seattle Mariners had the worst record in the AL and thus obtained the first overall selection . The second selection went to the Pittsburgh Pirates , who had the worst record in the NL .   With the first overall pick , the Mariners drafted Ken Griffey , Jr. from Moeller High School . Griffey , Jr. became a 13-time All-Star and helped Seattle make its first postseason appearance in franchise history . Mark Merchant , the second overall pick , however , never played in a major league game . Two years after he was drafted , the Pirates traded Merchant to Seattle . Chicago White Sox ' first overall selection Jack McDowell won the 1993 Cy Young Award as Chicago made a League Championship Series appearance that year . The total number of athletes drafted , 1,263 , broke a record for the most players ever chosen in a draft . In total , 27 All-Stars were selected in 1987 , although not all signed a professional contract . , only two players from the draft has been elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame -- Craig Biggio and Griffey , Jr. .

neg: Steve Cox (baseball) Charles Steven Cox ( born October 31 , 1974 in Delano , California ) is a former first baseman in Major League Baseball for the Tampa Bay Devil Rays .   Cox was chosen in the 5th round of the 1992 Major League Baseball Draft by the Oakland Athletics . He played in their organization for six seasons without appearing in the major leagues . He was selected by the Devil Rays with the 46th pick in the 1997 MLB Expansion Draft .   Cox was first called up to the major leagues on Friday , September 17 , .

neg: Garrett Stubbs Garrett Patrick Stubbs ( born May 26 , 1993 ) is an American professional baseball catcher in the Houston Astros ' organization .   He attended the University of Southern California ( USC ) , and played college baseball for the USC Trojans , winning the 2015 Johnny Bench Award as the nation 's best collegiate catcher . The Astros selected Stubbs in the eighth round of the 2015 MLB Draft . In 2016 , he was a California League Mid-Season All Star , and an milb.com Houston Organization All Star .

neg: Justin Cicatello Justin Cicatello ( born March 6 , 1984 ) is a professional baseball pitcher , who is currently with Parma Baseball in the Italian Baseball League .   He played amateur baseball at Kenmore West Senior High School , Florida State College at Jacksonville and the University of Pittsburgh .   He was not selected by any Major League clubs so he signed with the Kalamazoo Kings of the Frontier League in 2007 . In 2010 , he joined the Italian Baseball League 's Parma club after a brief period in Serie A2 .   He was on the roster for the Italy national baseball team at the 2013 World Baseball Classic .

neg: All-Star Futures Game The All-Star Futures Game is an annual baseball exhibition game hosted by Major League Baseball . Started in 1999 , a team of minor league baseball prospects from the United States and a team of prospects from other countries in the World compete against each other . It is played as part of the festivities of the Major League Baseball All-Star Game .

neg: Jeremy Giambi Jeremy Dean Giambi ( -LSB- dʒiˈɑːmbi -RSB- born September 30 , 1974 ) is an American retired professional baseball outfielder and first baseman . He played in Major League Baseball for the Kansas City Royals , Oakland Athletics , Philadelphia Phillies , and Boston Red Sox from 1998 through 2003 . He also played in the minors for the Los Angeles Dodgers and Chicago White Sox . He is the younger brother of former baseball player Jason Giambi .