query: J. K. Rowling was infertile.

pos: J. K. Rowling Joanne Rowling , ( -LSB- ˈrəʊlɪŋ -RSB- born 31 July 1965 ) , pen names J. K. Rowling and Robert Galbraith , is a British novelist , screenwriter and film producer best known as the author of the Harry Potter fantasy series . The books have gained worldwide attention , won multiple awards , and sold more than 400 million copies . They have become the best-selling book series in history and been the basis for a series of films over which Rowling had overall approval on the scripts and maintained creative control by serving as a producer on the final instalment .   Born in Yate , Gloucestershire , England , Rowling was working as a researcher and bilingual secretary for Amnesty International when she conceived the idea for the Harry Potter series while on a delayed train from Manchester to London in 1990 . The seven-year period that followed saw the death of her mother , birth of her first child , divorce from her first husband and relative poverty until she finished the first novel in the series , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , in 1997 . There were six sequels , the last , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , in 2007 . Since then , Rowling has written four books for adult readers : The Casual Vacancy ( 2012 ) and -- under the pseudonym Robert Galbraith -- the crime fiction novels The Cuckoo 's Calling ( 2013 ) , The Silkworm ( 2014 ) and Career of Evil ( 2015 ) .   Rowling has lived a `` rags to riches '' life story , in which she progressed from living on state benefits to multi-millionaire status within five years . She is the United Kingdom 's best-selling living author , with sales in excess of # 238M . The 2016 Sunday Times Rich List estimated Rowling 's fortune at # 600 million , ranking her as the joint 197th richest person in the UK . Time magazine named her as a runner-up for its 2007 Person of the Year , noting the social , moral , and political inspiration she has given her fans . In October 2010 , Rowling was named the `` Most Influential Woman in Britain '' by leading magazine editors . She has supported charities including Comic Relief , One Parent Families , Multiple Sclerosis Society of Great Britain and Lumos ( formerly the Children 's High Level Group ) .

neg: The History of Middle-earth The History of Middle-earth is a 12-volume series of books published between 1983 and 1996 that collect and analyse material relating to the fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien , compiled and edited by his son , Christopher Tolkien . The series shows the development over time of Tolkien 's conception of Middle-earth as a fictional place with its own peoples , languages , and history , from his earliest notions of a `` mythology for England '' through to the development of the stories that make up The Silmarillion and The Lord of the Rings . It is not a `` history of Middle-earth '' in the sense of being a chronicle of events in Middle-earth written from an in-universe perspective . In 2000 -- 01 , the twelve volumes were republished in three limited edition omnibus volumes . Non-deluxe editions of the three volumes were published in 2002 .

neg: Gingerbread (charity) Gingerbread is a registered charity ( England and Wales ) which provides advice , support and campaigns for single parent families . Following a merger with One Parent Families in 2007 it was briefly known as `` One Parent Families | Gingerbread '' before relaunching as Gingerbread in January 2009 .   J. K. Rowling , formerly a single parent herself , is the charity 's President .

neg: Aredhel Aredhel Ar-Feiniel ( Y.T. 1362 -- Y.S. 400 ; died aged 1738 ) ( born and known in Quenya as Írissë ) is a fictional character created by J. R. R. Tolkien .   She is called Ar-Feiniel , the White Lady of the Noldor . She is the daughter of Fingolfin , sister of Fingon , Turgon , and mother of Maeglin . She was born and raised in Tirion .   Aredhel is tall and strong , beautiful , extremely willful , adventurous and fickle , easily bored and restless , fond of hunting and riding in the forests :  `` I am your sister and not your servant , and beyond your bounds I will go as seems good to me . ''   Her skin is pale and her hair dark ; she always wears silver and white . She would often ride and hunt in the company of the sons of Fëanor , her kin , but was not fond of them .   After arriving in Middle-earth , Aredhel dwells in Nevrast with Turgon , and goes with him to Gondolin . But after two hundred years she tires of the city and longing for the forests and wide lands overcomes her . Aredhel asks leave to depart . Turgon is unwilling , fearing the exposure of the Hidden Kingdom , but eventually relents .   Riding with companions , they are denied safe passage through Doriath because they seek the sons of Fëanor . And so they travel the East Road along the North March of Doriath .   There Aredhel Ar-Feiniel is separated from her escort in the dangerous region of Nan Dungortheb . She reaches Himlad safely , and waits there to meet Celegorm who is abroad . Ever restless , she wanders off and becomes lost in the forest of Nan Elmoth .   Eöl Mornedhel , the Dark Elf is the lord of those woods . By his enchantments , they meet , and he leads her to his dark home near Gladuial . This was similar to Melian 's enchantment of Thingol , but not as innocent on Eöl 's part .   There they wed and she stays for many years . Aredhel gives birth to a son , Maeglin . Telling him of her former life and home , and weary of Nan Elmoth , Aredhel Ar-Feiniel desires to see them again . Without Eöl 's leave , or knowledge , she departs Nan Elmoth with Maeglin while Eöl is away .   They reached the hidden entrance to Gondolin pursued by Eöl , and are received with rejoicing . Eöl is captured and brought before Turgon . Turgon will not allow Eöl to leave Gondolin , offering him only the choice to stay , or to die . Eöl refuses this judgement , choosing death for himself and his son . He attempts to kill his son with a javelin . Aredhel steps in front of the dart to shield Maeglin . She saves her son , and begs Turgon to forgive her husband , but it is poisoned and she dies that night after Eöl is led away by Turgon 's guards .   Eöl is executed by being cast down from the city walls . Maeglin becomes a mighty prince in Gondolin , later only to betray the city and become even more hated than his father .

neg: Female infanticide Female infanticide is the deliberate killing of newborn female children . In countries with a history of female infanticide , the modern practice of sex-selective abortion is often discussed as a closely related issue . Female infanticide is a major cause of concern in several nations such as China and India . It has been argued that the `` low status '' in which women are viewed in patriarchal societies creates a bias against females .   In 1978 , anthropologist Laila Williamson , in a summary of data she had collated on how widespread infanticide was among both tribal and developed , or `` civilized '' nations , found that infanticide had occurred on every continent and was carried out by groups ranging from hunter gatherers to highly developed societies and that rather than this practice being an exception , it has been commonplace . The practice has been well documented among the indigenous peoples of Australia , Northern Alaska and South Asia , and Barbara Miller argues the practice to be `` almost universal '' , even in the West . Miller contends that in regions where women are not employed in agriculture and regions in which dowries are the norm then female infanticide is commonplace , and in 1871 in The Descent of Man , and Selection in Relation to Sex , Charles Darwin wrote that the practice was commonplace among the aboriginal tribes of Australia .   In 1990 , Amartya Sen writing in the New York Review of Books estimated that there were 100 million fewer women in Asia than would be expected , and that this amount of `` missing '' women `` tell -LSB- s -RSB- us , quietly , a terrible story of inequality and neglect leading to the excess mortality of women . '' Initially Sen 's suggestion of gender bias was contested and it was suggested that hepatitis B was the cause of the alteration in the natural sex ratio . However it is now widely accepted that the numerical worldwide deficit in women , is due to gender specific abortions , infanticide and neglect .   In seventh-century Arabia , before Islamic culture became established , female infanticide was widely practiced . This is attributed by scholars to the fact that women were deemed `` property '' within those societies . Others have speculated that to prevent their daughters from a life of misery , the mothers would kill the child . With the arrival of Islamic rule the practice was made illegal .

neg: Children of the Thunder Children of the Thunder is a 1988 science fiction novel by John Brunner .   The novel explores several themes : environment degradation of the modern world ( which Brunner believed was shortening his own life ) , paternal irresponsibility ( in the form of accepting cash for donating sperm to a sperm bank ) , and conservative ( fascist ) tendencies in British politics . The latter may reflect that the book was written during the Thatcher years .   Like other Brunner books , the novel lacks cohesiveness in various ways , and is best read as a series of interconnected vignettes , each of which explores the above themes in a different context , with a culminating scene at the end of the book which is frightening in various ways , including a partial role reversal of the protagonist and villain .   In those terms , the book can be seen as an attack of the author on excessive sexual freedom of men gained in the so-called sexual revolution . While sexual fulfillment itself is not demonized , the book catalogs extensive collateral damage in the form of single mothers and offspring not properly cared for . But this is not a kind-hearted appeal for better support systems for these people : they just might counterattack their oppressors which is to say the parents who abandoned ( or neglected ) them .

neg: Lewis Carroll: A Biography Lewis Carroll : A Biography is a 1995 biography of author Lewis Carroll by Morton N. Cohen , first published by Knopf , later by Macmillan . It is generally considered to be the definitive scholarly work on Carroll 's ( real name Charles Lutwidge Dodgson ) life . Cohen 's approach is mainly chronological , with some chapters grouped by theme , such as those on Carroll 's religion , his love of little girls , and his guilty feelings . Cohen , a Carroll scholar for 30 years , opts to use Dodgson 's first name , Charles , throughout the work , because it `` seems most appropriate in a book dealing with the intimacy of his life '' .   The book generally assumes that Carroll 's love of little girls was not just emotional but sexual -- that he was a paedophile , albeit a suppressed one . In the book Cohen writes :  `` We can not know to what extent sexual urges lay behind Charles 's preference for drawing and photographing children in the nude . He contended that the preference was entirely aesthetic . But given his emotional attachment to children as well as his aesthetic appreciation of their forms , his assertion that his interest was strictly artistic is naïve . He probably felt more than he dared acknowledge , even to himself . ''  While attributing the source of Carroll 's chaotic emotional life to his sexual urges , Cohen opined that they were also responsible for his creative works .   Karoline Leach in In the Shadow of the Dreamchild ( 1999 ) writes that Cohen and previous biographers misunderstood the norms and customs of the Victorian era , and that Carroll 's adulation of children was not sexual but a reflection of the romanticisation of the child prevalent in that era . Contrariwise , a website set up by opponents ( including Leach ) of the tradition Carroll image , reports that while Cohen acknowledges the paedophilic nature of Carroll 's image , he `` Inexplicably he lists the numbers of intimate woman-friends that Dodgson had through his life , yet still concludes that his existence revolved exclusively around friendships with small girls ! ''   Jo Elwyn Jones and J. Francis Gladstone in The Alice Companion : A Guide to Lewis Carroll 's Alice Books ( 1998 ) criticises the book for what they say is a poor treatment of Carroll 's involvement in controversies at the University of Oxford . Megan Harlan in Entertainment Weekly writes that `` This beautifully written bio never shies away from the house-of-mirrors complexity of its subject . '' An issue of Victorian Studies reported that there were issues with inconsistent references . Miles Edward Friend compares Cohen 's handling of the material to Carroll 's boat trips with the children , saying , `` With Cohen at the tiller , we are deftly guided through the flow of Carroll 's life . '' Ronald Warwick in Times Higher Education criticises Cohen 's interpretation of Carroll 's relationship with his archdeacon father ; his `` insecure grasp of 19th-century ecclesiastical history '' ; his prose , which Warwich called cliched ; and his choice to use Dodgson 's first name , which Warwick said was not used even by Dodgson 's most intimate male friends .

neg: Inheritance Cycle The Inheritance Cycle is a young adult tetralogy of epic fantasy novels written by American author Christopher Paolini . Set in the fictional world of Alagaësia ( -LSB- æləˈɡeɪziə -RSB- ) , the novels focus on the adventures of a teenage boy named Eragon and his dragon , Saphira , as they struggle to overthrow the evil king Galbatorix . The series was originally intended to be a trilogy ( named the `` Inheritance Trilogy '' ) until Paolini announced on October 30 , 2007 , while working on the third novel , that he believed the story was too complex to conclude in just three books .   The book series as a whole received mostly mixed to negative reviews by critics , but has gained both popularity and commercial success . The first book in the series , Eragon , was originally self-published by Paolini in 2001 , and subsequently re-published by Alfred A. Knopf Books for Young Readers on June 25 , 2003 . The second book in the series , Eldest , was published by Knopf on August 23 , 2005 . Both were New York Times bestsellers . The third book in the series , Brisingr , was published by Knopf on September 20 , 2008 . The fourth and final book in the series , Inheritance , was published by Knopf on November 8 , 2011 . The series has sold 33.5 million copies worldwide .   In 2006 , a feature film was released based on the first book in the cycle , Eragon , starring Ed Speleers , Jeremy Irons , John Malkovich and Djimon Hounsou . The film received generally negative reviews and closed as the 13th highest grossing fantasy-live action film within the United States .

neg: Stephen James Joyce Stephen James Joyce ( born 15 February 1932 ) is the grandson of James Joyce and the controversial executor of Joyce 's estate . He was born in France , the son of James Joyce 's son , Giorgio , and Helen Joyce , née Kastor . Stephen attended Harvard University , graduating in 1958 . At Harvard , he once roomed with Paul Matisse , grandson of French impressionist painter Henri Matisse , and with Sadruddin Aga Khan . Thereafter , he worked for the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development on African development . He retired from the OECD in 1991 to focus on managing his grandfather 's estate . He and his wife , Solange Raythchine Joyce , live in the Île de Ré in France . They have no children ; Stephen is James Joyce 's sole living descendant .   Stephen Joyce and Seán Sweeney are the joint trustees of the Estate of James Joyce . He has taken an active role in all legal matters relating to Joyce 's works . He has brought numerous lawsuits or threats of legal action against scholars , biographers , and artists attempting to quote from Joyce 's literary work or personal correspondence .   In 2004 , Joyce threatened legal action against the Irish government when the Rejoyce Dublin 2004 festival proposed public reading of excerpts of Ulysses on Bloomsday . In 1988 Stephen Joyce destroyed a collection of letters written by Lucia Joyce , his aunt . In 1989 he forced Brenda Maddox to delete a postscript concerning Lucia from her biography Nora : The Real Life of Molly Bloom . After 1995 Stephen announced no permissions would be granted to quote from his grandfather 's work . Libraries holding letters by Joyce were unable to show them without permission . Versions of his work online were disallowed . Stephen claimed to be protecting his grandfather 's and his family 's reputation , but would sometimes grant permission to use material in exchange for fees that were often `` extortionate '' .   On 13 January 2011 , on the 70th anniversary of Joyce 's death , all of his works entered the public domain in much of the world . In the US however , some of Joyce 's work remains protected by copyright . Prior to this , in 2007 , Joyce 's hold on the estate had already been delimited by a fair use suit brought by Carol Loeb Schloss and the Stanford Law School Center for Internet and Society 's Fair Use Project .   When the Central Bank of Ireland issued a ten euro James Joyce commemorative coin on 10 April 2013 , Stephen Joyce described the coin and the circumstances of its issue as `` one of the greatest insults to the Joyce family that has ever been perpetrated in Ireland '' . He complained of a lack of consultation over the coin ; he objected to an error in a Joycean quotation inscribed on the coin ; he was upset by the design of the portrait of the writer on the coin , calling it `` the most unlikely likeness of Joyce ever produced '' ; and he described as highly insensitive and offensive the decision to issue the coin on the anniversary of the death of his grandmother , Nora Joyce , who died in 1951 .

neg: Harry Wingfield John Henry `` Harry '' Wingfield ( 4 December 1910 -- 5 March 2002 ) was an English illustrator , best known for his drawings that illustrated the Ladybird Books Key Words Reading Scheme ( also known as Peter and Jane ) in the 1960s through to the 1980s ,  which sold over 80 million copies worldwide .   Wingfield was born in Denby , near Derby , the son of a blastfurnace man . He grew up in Manchester and Derbyshire . Hoping to become an engineer , he failed to obtain an apprenticeship to Rolls Royce because of his stammer , he started his first job , in an advertising agency in Derby , aged 16 , and then worked in Walsall and Birmingham . He took evening classes in drawing , where he met his wife , Ethel and he served in the RAF in the Second World War as a driver in the RAF regiment . Based in the Azores he painted camouflage but also gained a reputation for painting portraits of colleagues and family members . He worked as a graphic designer when he returned to England before working as a freelance illustrator for Ladybird in the 1950s .   His watercolours , along with those of Martin Aitchison , provided strong images to accompany the simple text devised by William Murray . Wingfield 's wife Ethel , as an expert in early learning , was a significant collaborator . His best-known work accompanied books in the Key Words Reading Scheme brought out by Ladybird as competition to the American Janet and John books . They conformed to stereotypes , with neat , obedient children ; Peter helping Daddy with the car or in the garden , and Jane helping Mummy in the kitchen . They featured images initially based on photography of families on new council estates of the period , a market they targeted with phenomenal success .   Within a few years , new lifestyles meant that Wingfield 's images were looking out of date , so he modernised the illustrations in the 1970s . The children became scruffier , and the domestic settings changed , though the books never truly reflected the social changes of the period .   Wingfield remained a freelance for most of his life and in 1989 , Ladybird returned a catalogue of around 600 original pictures to him , some of which were sold at exhibition , but many of which he retained . He lived modestly , and after retirement continued to live in the house in Little Aston , near Walsall , where he had spent his working life as an artist .   Exhibitions of Wingfield 's pictures were held in Walsall in 2002 and 2003 and across the UK , organised by Ladybird enthusiasts including the writer Cressida Connolly . His works , along with the books , have increased in value in recent years as Ladybird books and their accompanying illustrations have become more fashionable and therefore more collectable .   In late 2014 Ladybird books received major UK media coverage with the release of an iconic ` covers ' collection to celebrate their 100th anniversary . Many of Harry Wingfield 's illustrations were reproduced in the UK media as part of that announcement .

neg: World League for Sexual Reform The World League for Sexual Reform was a League for coordinating knowledge about the enhancement of sexual function . In 1921 Magnus Hirschfeld organised the First Congress for Sexual Reform , which led to the formation of the League . Ralf Dose has written an overview of the League . Congresses were held in Copenhagen ( 1928 ) , London ( 1929 ) , Vienna ( 1930 ) , and Brno ( 1932 ) . Congress speakers included : Magnus Hirschfeld , Norman Haire , Vera Brittain , Dora Russell , Charles Vickery Drysdale ( from the Malthusian League ) , Stella Browne , Ernst Gräfenberg , Marie Stopes , M. D. Eder ( a pioneer psychiatrist ) , Laurence Housman , George Ives , Eden Paul , Felix Abraham ( who with Dr Levy-Lenz performed the world 's first sex-change operation in 1931 at Hirschfeld 's Institut für Sexualwissenschaft in Berlin ) , Bernard Shaw , Bertrand Russell , Ethel Mannin , Harry Benjamin , Peter Schmidt , William J. Robinson ( an American contraception crusader ) and Jack Flügel , a Freudian psychologist who assisted Norman Haire and Dora Russell organize the Congress and also led the Men 's Dress Reform Party  Although not a speaker , Albert Einstein was in contact with the Congress .   In 1928 Francis Turville-Petre , British archaeologist and friend of Christopher Isherwood , stayed at Hirschfeld 's Institute of Sexual Research in Weimar Berlin . Whilst based in Berlin , Turville-Petre was an active member of the Scientific Humanitarian Committee , which campaigned for gay legal reform and tolerance , and attended the 2nd Congress in Copenhagen in 1928 .   In 1929 Magnus Hirschfeld presided over the third international congress held at Wigmore Hall , London . Harley Street sexologist , Norman Haire as secretary and Dora Russell as treasurer , jointly organized the event . Magnus Hirschfeld 's speech praised British scientists as `` distinguished pioneers in eugenics '' . A number of British feminists attended the 1929 conference , including Naomi Mitchison ( whose paper was `` Some Comment on the Use of Contraceptives by Intelligent Persons '' ) , Dora Russell ( `` Marriage and Freedom '' ) , Janet Chance , a pioneer of abortion-law reform ( `` A Marriage Education Centre in London '' ) , Vera Brittain , a writer and pacifist ( `` The Failure of Monogamy '' ) and Stella Browne ( `` The Right to Abortion '' ) .   The WLSR dissolved after its meeting in 1932 ; a planned meeting in Moscow never took place .  Many of the WLSR 's books and records were destroyed by the Nazis during a raid in Berlin on the Institut für Sexualwissenschaft in May 1933 .

neg: Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film) Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is a 2007 British-American fantasy film directed by David Yates and distributed by Warner Bros. . Pictures . It is based on the novel of the same name by J. K. Rowling . The film , which is the fifth instalment in the Harry Potter film series , was written by Michael Goldenberg ( making this the only film in the series not to be scripted by Steve Kloves ) and produced by David Heyman and David Barron . The story follows Harry Potter 's fifth year at Hogwarts as the Ministry of Magic is in denial of Lord Voldemort 's return .   The film stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter , alongside Rupert Grint and Emma Watson as Harry 's best friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger . It is the sequel to Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire and is followed by Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince .   Live-action filming took place in England and Scotland for exterior locations and Leavesden Film Studios in Watford for interior locations from February to November 2006 , with a one-month break in June . Post-production on the film continued for several months afterwards to add in visual effects . The film 's budget was reportedly between # 75 and 100 million ( $ 150 -- 200 million ) . Warner Bros. released the film in the United Kingdom on 12 July 2007 and in North America on 11 July , both in conventional and IMAX theatres ; it is the first Potter film to be released in IMAX 3D .   As of April 2017 , Order of the Phoenix is the 39th-highest-grossing film of all time , and a critical and commercial success . The film opened to a worldwide 5-day opening of $ 333 million , fourteenth all-time , and grossed nearly $ 940 million total , second to Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End for the greatest total of 2007 . The film was nominated for two BAFTA Film Awards in 2008 .

neg: Rudyard Kipling's Verse: Definitive Edition The Definitive Edition of the verse of Rudyard Kipling ( 1865 -- 1936 ) was published in 1940 in London by Hodder and Stoughton , Ltd and in Edinburgh by R. R. Clark . It is a one-volume collection and was printed on India paper .   The bibliographical information given on the verso of the title page ( the ` Edition notice ' ) of the 1958 reprint of the 1940 edition gives the following information ( years link to corresponding '' -LSB- year -RSB- in poetry '' article ) :  The first edition of Kipling 's Collected Verse ( 1885 -- 1912 ) was published in 1912 , with a reprint in the same year .  The second collected edition , the Inclusive Edition ( 1885 -- 1918 ) was first published in 3 volumes in December 1919 . A second impression came out in April 1920 .  This edition ( inclusive of his verse from 1885 to 1918 ) was issued as a single volume in October 1921 , and went through 18 further impressions by August 1926 .  The third collected edition ( Inclusive Edition , 1885 - 1926 ) appeared as a single volume in September 1927 . 11 more impressions came out by October 1931 .  The fourth Inclusive Edition of Rudyard Kipling 's Verse ( 1885 -- 1932 ) , in one volume , appeared in October 1933 , and was followed by six impressions up to November 1939 .  The Definitive Edition of Rudyard Kipling 's Verse appeared posthumously in 1940 . It was reprinted -- the edition notice of the 1958 reprint states -- in 1941 , 1949 and 1958 .   Many other versions of Kipling 's verse have been made . These include  Kipling , Rudyard ( 1913 ) Songs from Books , London , Macmillan .  Kipling , Rudyard ( 1925 ) A choice of songs from the verse of Rudyard Kipling , London , Methuem .  Kipling , Rudyard ( 1941 ) A Choice of Kipling 's Verse made by T.S.Eliot , with an essay on RUDYARD KIPLING , London , Faber and Faber .  Kipling , Rudyard ( 1986 ) Early verse by Rudyard Kipling , 1879-1889 : unpublished , uncollected , and rarely collected poems , Oxford , Clarendon Press .  Kipling , Rudyard ( 1992 ) Rudyard Kipling : selected poetry , London , Penguin .  Kipling , Rudyard ( 1994 ) The collected poems of Rudyard Kipling , introduction and notes by R. T. Jones , Ware , Wordsworth Editions .

neg: Hunger in the United Kingdom Chronic hunger has affected a sizable proportion of the UK 's population throughout most of its history . The problem was largely solved with the improved economic conditions that followed World War II . Yet since the lasting global inflation in the price of food that began in late 2006 , and especially since the financial crisis of 2008 , severe hunger has once again began to affect thousands of Britons . By December 2013 , according to a group of doctors and academics writing in The British Medical Journal , hunger in the UK had reached the level of a `` public health emergency '' .   In the run up to the 2015 general election , the issue of hunger in the UK became somewhat politicised , with right wing commentators expressing scepticism about figures presented by church groups and left leaning activitists . An All-Party MP group focusing on hunger in the UK has called for activists to be cautious in how they discuss the problem of domestic hunger , as exaggerated claims and political point scoring risk reducing public support for tackling the issue . In a 2016 report , the All-Party group stated it is not possible to accurately quantify the number of people suffering from hunger in the UK , and called for better collection of data .   The UK has seen several changes in prevailing attitudes to the problem of hunger and its relief . In the early 19th century , a view arose that it was counter productive to assist those suffering from hunger ; rather people should be left to fend for themselves , which would help them become more self-sufficient and would also assist the free market to deliver prosperity . By the early 20th century this way of thinking had been largely displaced by the humanitarian view that Britons have a moral duty to help the hungry when they are able .

neg: William Hamling (publisher) William Lawrence Hamling ( born 1921 ) was a Chicago-based publisher active from the 1950s into the 1970s .   Hamling began as an author . His Shadow of the Sphinx is a horror novel about an ancient Egyptian sorceress . First published during the 1940s in Fantastic Adventures , it was described by Lin Carter as `` the best story of its kind I read in many a moon . The character of Zaleikka was done to perfection . This is the type of yarn we have all too few of nowadays . ''   After work as an editor at Ziff-Davis , Hamling started his company , Greenleaf Publishing ( which was at different times known as Greenleaf Classics , Reed Enterprises , Corinth Publications , Regency Publications , Blake Pharmaceuticals , Phenix Publishing and Freedom Publishing ) in the early 1950s with Imagination . His wife , science fiction author Frances Deegan Yerxa Hamling , worked closely with him in the early years of his publishing company .   According to L. Sprague de Camp 's 1953 Science-Fiction Handbook , Hamling was at that time a `` slim , dark man who looks too young to be not only an independent publisher but also the father of five . ''   In the late 1950s , he began Rogue , and in 1959 , he launched Nightstand Books , an imprint for paperback original sex novels by authors working under house names . ( Later imprints included Leisure Books , Ember Library , Midnight Readers , and others ) . From 1961 on his primary editor was Earl Kemp . Pseudonymous writers for Kemp/Hamling included Lawrence Block , Marion Zimmer Bradley , Harlan Ellison , Evan Hunter , Robert Silverberg , and Donald E. Westlake .   Hamling helped finance the defense of bookstore clerk Robert Redrup . His appeal of his conviction on obscenity charges for selling two Greenleaf Books ( Lust Pool and Shame Agent ) in 1965 went to the Supreme Court of the United States , where it was overturned in Redrup v. New York in 1967 .   During the Nixon Administration , Hamling published an illustrated edition of the Presidential Report of the Commission on Obscenity and Pornography . The book was `` replete with the sort of photographs the commission examined . '' Hamling and editor Kemp were hit with a one-year prison sentence for distributing the book ( it has been suggested that this prosecution was in part retaliation for Hamling and Kemp 's part in Redrup v. New York ) , but served only the federal minimum of three months and one day . The story of their arrest and prison time was covered in Gay Talese 's Thy Neighbor 's Wife .   Hamling published gay-themed books while at Greenleaf , one of the earliest publishers to do so . Novelist Victor J. Banis , one of Hamling 's authors , says that once Greenleaf proved how much of a market there was for erotic gay fiction , other publishers soon joined in .

neg: Harry Potter in Calcutta Harry Potter in Calcutta is a work by Uttam Ghosh in which Harry Potter meets figures from Bengali literature . J. K. Rowling and her lawyers sued for the novel to be removed from the market , citing intellectual property concerns , and subsequently they were removed from sales .

neg: Sally Ledger Sally Ledger ( 14 December 1961 - 21 January 2009 ) was a Professor of Victorian literature who made major contributions to the fields of nineteenth-century women 's writing , literary feminism , and the study of Charles Dickens .   Ledger took her undergraduate studies at Queen Mary University of London , where she won the George Smith Prize for the best English First in the University of London in 1985 . She completed her graduate studies at the University of Oxford , where she worked on the novels of Mark Rutherford under the supervision of Terry Eagleton at Wadham College . While at Oxford she was involved with the student pressure group Oxford English Limited , and wrote for its journal News from Nowhere : Journal of the Oxford English Faculty Opposition ; she also contributed to the journal Literature Teaching Politics , where her first published article appeared in 1987 . After her doctorate , Ledger had lectureships at Royal Holloway University of London , the University of Exeter and the University of the West of England before moving to Birkbeck University of London in 1995 as a Lecturer in English . She was promoted to Reader in 2001 and Professor in 2006 . Ledger moved to Royal Holloway University of London in 2008 to take up the Hildred Carlile Chair of English .   Professor Ledger 's major publications are The New Woman : Fiction and Feminism at the Fin de Siècle ( Manchester University Press , 1997 ) and Dickens and the Popular Radical Imagination ( Cambridge University Press , 2007 ) . She also wrote a study of Henrik Ibsen for Northcote House 's ` Writers and Their Work ' series ( 1999 ) , and co-edited a series of volumes : Political Gender : Texts and Contexts ( Routledge , 1994 ) , Cultural Politics at the Fin de Siècle ( Cambridge University Press , 1995 ) , The Fin de Siècle : A Reader in Cultural History ( Oxford University Press , 2000 ) and the posthumously published Charles Dickens in Context ( Cambridge University Press , 2013 ) . She also edited George Egerton 's Keynotes and Discords ( Bloomsbury Academic , 2000 ) . From 2005-2009 she was an integral part of the Dickens Project conference at the University of California , Santa Cruz and was planning a book on the origins of Victorian sentimentality at the time of her death . The British Association of Victorian Studies inaugurated the Sally Ledger Memorial Bursary fund for postgraduate students in her honour .

neg: Tolkien's legendarium Tolkien 's legendarium is the term for the  entirety of J. R. R. Tolkien 's mythopoetic writing that forms the background to his The Lord of the Rings .  Tolkien worked and re-worked the components of his legendarium throughout his adult life , or during a period of more than 50 years ; the earliest drafts , published in The Book of Lost Tales ( 1983 ) dating to 1916 .   Colloquially , `` Middle-earth '' is popularly used as a shorthand for a `` canonical '' or mature form of Tolkien 's narrative , Middle-earth being Tolkien 's term for the inhabited part of the world in which most of his published stories were set .   The mythological and cosmological background of Tolkien 's published works was sketched in the posthumously-published The Silmarillion ( 1977 ) , and in Tolkien studies as a field as it has developed since the 1980s .

neg: List of women who died in childbirth This is a list of notable women , either famous themselves or closely associated with someone well known , who suffered maternal death as defined by the World Health Organization ( WHO ) :   `` the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy , irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy , from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental causes . ''   Note that this wording includes abortion , miscarriage , stillbirth , and ectopic pregnancy . Generally , there is a distinction between a direct maternal death that is the result of a complication of the pregnancy , delivery , or management of the two , and an indirect maternal death that is a pregnancy-related death in a woman with a pre-existing or newly developed health problem unrelated to pregnancy . Fatalities during but unrelated to a pregnancy are termed accidental , incidental , or non-obstetrical maternal deaths .   However , the WHO definition is only one of many ; other definitions may include accidental and incidental causes . Cases with `` incidental causes '' include deaths secondary to violence against women that may be related to the pregnancy and be affected by the socioeconomic and cultural environment . Also , it has been reported that about 10 % of maternal deaths may occur late , that is after 42 days after a termination or delivery ; thus , some definitions extend the period of observation to one year after the end of gestation .

neg: Character (arts) A character ( sometimes known as a fictional character ) is a person or other being in a narrative work of art ( such as a novel , play , television series , or film ) . The character may be entirely fictional or based on a real-life person , in which case the distinction of a `` fictional '' versus `` real '' character may be made . Derived from the ancient Greek word χαρακτήρ , the English word dates from the Restoration , although it became widely used after its appearance in Tom Jones in 1749 . From this , the sense of `` a part played by an actor '' developed . Character , particularly when enacted by an actor in the theatre or cinema , involves `` the illusion of being a human person . '' In literature , characters guide readers through their stories , helping them to understand plots and ponder themes . Since the end of the 18th century , the phrase `` in character '' has been used to describe an effective impersonation by an actor . Since the 19th century , the art of creating characters , as practiced by actors or writers , has been called characterisation .   A character who stands as a representative of a particular class or group of people is known as a type . Types include both stock characters and those that are more fully individualised . The characters in Henrik Ibsen 's Hedda Gabler ( 1891 ) and August Strindberg 's Miss Julie ( 1888 ) , for example , are representative of specific positions in the social relations of class and gender , such that the conflicts between the characters reveal ideological conflicts .   The study of a character requires an analysis of its relations with all of the other characters in the work . The individual status of a character is defined through the network of oppositions ( proairetic , pragmatic , linguistic , proxemic ) that it forms with the other characters . The relation between characters and the action of the story shifts historically , often miming shifts in society and its ideas about human individuality , self-determination , and the social order .

neg: The History of The Lord of the Rings The History of The Lord of the Rings is a 4-volume work by Christopher Tolkien that documents the process of J. R. R. Tolkien 's writing of The Lord of the Rings . The History is also numbered as volumes 6 to 9 of The History of Middle-earth ( `` HoME '' , as below ) . Some information concerning the appendices and a soon-abandoned sequel to the novel can also be found in volume 12 , The Peoples of Middle-earth .


query: Notaries of every state in Brazil are required to perform same-sex marriages.

pos: Same-sex marriage in Brazil Same-sex marriage has been legal in Brazil since 16 May 2013 , following the National Justice Council decision , which orders notaries of every state to perform same-sex marriages . The ruling is on appeal to the Supreme Court .   Same-sex unions had already been legally recognized since 2004 . Following a ruling of the Supreme Court of Brazil , so-called stable unions ( união estável ) had been available for same-sex couples since May 2011 . These unions were granted most of the rights of marriages , including adoption , welfare benefits , pension , inheritance tax , income tax , social security , health benefits , immigration , joint property ownership , hospital and prison visitation , IVF and surrogacy .  This decision paved the way for future legislation on same-sex matrimonial rights . Before the nationwide legislation , Alagoas , Bahia , Ceará , Espírito Santo , the Federal District , Mato Grosso do Sul , Paraíba , Paraná , Piauí , Rondônia , Santa Catarina , Santa Rita do Sapucaí ( MG ) , São Paulo , and Sergipe had already allowed same-sex marriages and several unions were converted into full marriages by state judges . In Rio de Janeiro , same-sex couples could also marry but only if local judges agreed with their request .   Nevertheless , on 14 May 2013 , the Justice 's National Council of Brazil legalized same-sex marriage in the entire country in a 14-1 vote by issuing a ruling that orders all civil registers of the country to perform same-sex marriages and convert any existing civil union into a marriage , if the couple wish so . Joaquim Barbosa , president of the Council of Justice and the Supreme Federal Court , said that notaries can not continue to refuse to `` perform a civil wedding or the conversion of a stable civil union into a marriage between people of the same sex . '' The ruling was published on 15 May and took effect on 16 May 2013 .

neg: Religious qualifications for public office in the United States Religious qualifications for public office in the United States have always been prohibited at the national level of the federal system of government under the Constitution . Article VI of the Constitution of the United States declares that `` no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States '' . The First Amendment of the Constitution also prevents the Congress of the United States from making any law `` respecting an establishment of religion '' ( the Establishment Clause ) .   Neither the First Amendment nor Article VI , however , were originally applied to the individual states , and individual restrictions were utilized by individual states to prevent Jews , Catholics , and atheists from occupying public offices . State-level requirements for public office were not entirely abolished until 1961 , when the Supreme Court of the United States struck down religious qualifications for all public officeholders in its decision in Torcaso v. Watkins , a case concerning an atheist 's right to serve as a notary public under a Maryland law requiring public officials to declare they believed in God . However , eight states still have language in their constitutions that requires such qualifications .

neg: Guanabara (state) The State of Guanabara ( Estado da Guanabara , -LSB- ɡwanaˈbaɾa -RSB- ) was a Brazilian city-state that existed from 1960 to 1975 . It comprised only the city of Rio de Janeiro after the Federal District was moved from that city to Brasília in 1960 . The state was named after Guanabara Bay , along its eastern coast .   In 1834 , the city of Rio de Janeiro was elevated to Imperial capital of the Empire of Brazil , but it was not part of any Brazilian province , having special status as the so-called `` Neutral municipality '' ( Município Neutro ) . The surrounding Province of Rio de Janeiro ( which did not include the city ) had its capital city in Niterói . When Brazil became a republic in 1889 , the city of Rio de Janeiro remained the national capital and became the Federal District ( Distrito Federal ) , while the surrounding homonymous province became a state , still with Niterói as its capital .   When the national capital was moved to Brasília in 1960 , a new Federal District was carved out of the state of Goiás to contain it , and the old Federal District became Guanabara State .   Throughout its 15-year existence , Guanabara was a unique state in many ways . Comprising only one city ( albeit a large one ) , Guanabara was the smallest Brazilian state by land . It also had the peculiarity of being the only Brazilian state that was not divided into municipalities . Although for some practical purposes , it was sometimes counted as having one single municipality , and Rio de Janeiro was officially named its capital , there was no mayor , municipal legislature or any other municipal government institution there , as the city of Rio de Janeiro was directly administered by the state government . On the other hand , that also meant that the Guanabara state government had some functions that were normally assigned to municipalities elsewhere , such as regulating urban zoning , inspecting the safety of buildings , or issuing licenses for commercial venues , for example .   All the characteristics disappeared in 1975 , when the states of Guanabara and Rio de Janeiro merged into a new , larger State of Rio de Janeiro . The city of Rio de Janeiro became a municipality of the new combined state and its new capital city .

neg: Same-sex marriage legislation in the United States In response to court action in a number of states , the United States federal government and a number of state legislatures passed or attempted to pass legislation either prohibiting or allowing same-sex marriage or other types of same-sex unions .   On June 26 , 2015 , the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in the case of Obergefell v. Hodges that a fundamental right to marry is guaranteed to same-sex couples by the Fourteenth Amendment , and that states must allow same-sex marriage .

neg: United States v. Windsor United States v. Windsor , ( Docket No . ) , is a landmark civil rights case in which the United States Supreme Court held that restricting U.S. federal interpretation of `` marriage '' and `` spouse '' to apply only to opposite-sex unions , by Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act ( DOMA ) , is unconstitutional under the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment ; Justice Kennedy wrote : `` The federal statute is invalid , for no legitimate purpose overcomes the purpose and effect to disparage and to injure those whom the State , by its marriage laws , sought to protect in personhood and dignity . ''   Edith Windsor ( born 1929 ) and Thea Spyer ( October 8 , 1931 -- February 5 , 2009 ) , a same-sex couple residing in New York , were lawfully married in Toronto , Canada , in 2007 . Later in 2008 , New York recognized their marriage following a court decision . Spyer died at the age of 77 in 2009 , leaving her entire estate to Windsor . Windsor sought to claim the federal estate tax exemption for surviving spouses . She was barred from doing so by Section 3 of DOMA ( codified at ) , which provided that the term `` spouse '' only applied to marriages between a man and woman . The Internal Revenue Service found that the exemption did not apply to same-sex marriages , denied Windsor 's claim , and compelled her to pay $ 363,053 in estate taxes .   On November 9 , 2010 , Windsor sued the federal government in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York , seeking a refund because DOMA singled out legally married same-sex couples for `` differential treatment compared to other similarly situated couples without justification . '' On February 23 , 2011 , U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder announced that the Department of Justice would not defend the constitutionality of Section 3 in Windsor . On April 18 , 2011 , Paul Clement , representing the Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group ( BLAG ) , intervened to defend the law . On June 6 , 2012 , Judge Barbara S. Jones ruled that Section 3 of DOMA was unconstitutional under the due process guarantees of the Fifth Amendment and ordered the federal government to issue the tax refund , including interest . The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit , in a 2 -- 1 decision , affirmed the district court 's judgment on October 18 , 2012 .   BLAG petitioned the U.S. Supreme Court to review the decision , and the Court issued a writ of certiorari in December 2012 . On March 27 , 2013 , the court heard oral arguments . On June 26 , 2013 , the U.S. Supreme Court issued a 5 -- 4 decision declaring Section 3 of DOMA to be unconstitutional `` as a deprivation of the liberty of the person protected by the Fifth Amendment . ''   On the same day , the court also issued a separate 5 -- 4 decision in Hollingsworth v. Perry -- a case related to California 's constitutional amendment initiative barring same-sex marriage . The decision effectively allowed same-sex marriages in that state to resume after the court ruled that the proponents of the initiative lacked Article III standing to appeal in federal court based on its established interpretation of the case or controversy clause .

neg: Same-sex marriage law in the United States by state This article summarizes the same-sex marriage laws of states and similar jurisdictions in the United States . Via the case Obergefell v. Hodges on June 26 , 2015 , the Supreme Court of the United States legalized same-sex marriage in a decision that applies nationwide , with the possible exception of American Samoa and some tribal jurisdictions . Same-sex marriages are currently licensed and recognized in all U.S. states , territories , and the District of Columbia , excepting the aforementioned American Samoa and some Native American tribal jurisdictions .

neg: Defense of Marriage Act The Defense of Marriage Act ( DOMA ) ( , and ) was a United States federal law that , prior to being ruled unconstitutional , defined marriage for federal purposes as the union of one man and one woman , and allowed states to refuse to recognize same-sex marriages granted under the laws of other states . Until Section 3 of the Act was struck down in 2013 ( United States v. Windsor ) , DOMA , in conjunction with other statutes , had barred same-sex married couples from being recognized as `` spouses '' for purposes of federal laws , effectively barring them from receiving federal marriage benefits . DOMA 's passage did not prevent individual states from recognizing same-sex marriage , but it imposed constraints on the benefits received by all legally married same-sex couples .   Initially introduced in May 1996 , DOMA passed both houses of Congress by large , veto-proof majorities and was signed into law by President Bill Clinton in September 1996 . By defining `` spouse '' and its related terms to signify a heterosexual couple in a recognized marriage , Section 3 codified non-recognition of same-sex marriages for all federal purposes , including insurance benefits for government employees , social security survivors ' benefits , immigration , bankruptcy , and the filing of joint tax returns , as well as excluding same-sex spouses from the scope of laws protecting families of federal officers ( 18 U. S. C. § 115 ) , laws evaluating financial aid eligibility , and federal ethics laws applicable to opposite-sex spouses .   In United States v. Windsor ( 2013 ) , the U.S. Supreme Court declared Section 3 of DOMA unconstitutional under the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment .

neg: LGBT rights in Northern Ireland Lesbian , gay , bisexual , transgender ( LGBT ) rights in Northern Ireland are the least advanced in the United Kingdom . It was the last country in the United Kingdom to legalise same-sex sexual activity , the last to end a lifetime ban on blood donations by men who have sex with men and remains the only region of the United Kingdom or Ireland to prohibit same-sex marriage . Progress has mostly come during direct rule by the Government of the United Kingdom or through court action rather than local legislative reform , due to the veto power wielded by the anti-LGBT Democratic Unionist Party under Northern Ireland 's power-sharing system . ILGA rates Northern Ireland as the worst place in the United Kingdom for LGBT people , with 74 % equality of rights compared to 86 % LGBT equality in the United Kingdom overall and 92 % equality in Scotland . LGBT rights campaigner Peter Tatchell describes Northern Ireland as `` the most homophobic place in western Europe '' .   Same-sex sexual activity has been legal since 1982 and the age of consent has been equal for all forms of sexual activity since 2001 . Civil partnerships have been available for same-sex couples since 2005 . Same-sex marriage has been voted on five times by the Northern Ireland Assembly , and although it was passed by a slim majority on the fifth attempt , it was vetoed by the Democratic Unionist Party using the petition of concern . Same-sex marriages performed outside Northern Ireland are recognised as civil partnerships within its borders . Same-sex couples have also been granted full adoption rights since 2013 .

neg: Marriage certificate A marriage certificate ( sometimes : marriage lines ) is an official statement that two people are married . In most jurisdictions , a marriage certificate is issued by a government official only after the civil registration of the marriage .   In some jurisdictions , especially in the United States , a marriage certificate is the official record that two people have undertaken a marriage ceremony . This includes jurisdictions where marriage licenses do not exist . In some other jurisdictions , a marriage license serves a dual purpose of granting permission for a marriage to take place and then endorsing the same document to record the fact that the marriage has been performed .   A marriage certificate may be required for a number of reasons . It may be required as evidence of change of a party 's name , on issues of legitimacy of a child , during divorce proceedings , or as part of a genealogical history , besides other purposes .

neg: Same-sex marriage in Maine Same-sex marriage has been legally recognized in Maine since December 29 , 2012 . The bill for legalization was approved by voters , 53-47 percent , on November 6 , 2012 , as Maine , Maryland and Washington became the first U.S. states to legalize same-sex marriage by popular vote . Election results were certified by the Maine Secretary of State 's office and the Governor of Maine on November 29 .   The 2012 referendum was a reversal of action on a similar bill three years earlier . On May 6 , 2009 , a bill to allow same-sex marriage in Maine was signed into law , by Governor John Baldacci following legislative approval . Opponents of the bill successfully petitioned for a referendum before the law went into effect ; voters rejected the law on November 3 , 2009 in a `` people 's veto . '' Until the referendum result rejected the law , it appeared that Maine would be the first U.S. state to legalize same-sex marriage through the legislative process with a governor 's signature , rather than following a judicial ruling . Vermont was the first state to legalize same-sex marriage by statute , but its legislature did so by overriding its governor 's veto .   Both U.S Senators from Maine , Republican Susan Collins and Independent Angus King , support same-sex marriage .

neg: Same-sex marriage in Minnesota Same-sex marriage is fully legal and recognized in Minnesota . It has been recognized if performed in other jurisdictions since July 1 , 2013 , and the state began issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples on August 1 , 2013 . After 52.6 % of state voters rejected a constitutional amendment to ban same-sex marriage in November 2012 , the Minnesota Legislature passed a same-sex marriage bill in May 2013 , which Governor Mark Dayton signed on May 14 , 2013 . Minnesota was the second state in the Midwest , after Iowa , to legalize marriage between same-sex couples and the first in the region to do so by enacting legislation rather than by court order . Minnesota was the first state to reject a constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage , though Arizona rejected one in 2006 that banned all legal recognition and later approved one banning only marriage .   Minnesota is also where one of the first same-sex marriage cases in the world took place . In Baker v. Nelson the Minnesota Supreme Court unanimously held in 1972 that it did not violate the constitution to limit marriage to opposite-sex couples , and the U.S. Supreme Court refused to hear the case on appeal .

neg: Paulistas Paulistas are the inhabitants of the state of São Paulo , Brazil , and of its antecessor the Capitaincy of São Vicente , whose capital early shifted from the village of São Vicente to the one of São Paulo dos Campos de Piratininga .   The early population of São Paulo consisted mainly of indigenous Amerindian with few Portuguese settlers . The Portuguese settlements were small .   As the Bandeirantes gained power and the vice-kingdom of Brazil developed , the Portuguese element predominated in the population , the Indians being either absorbed or killed . But the province of São Paulo , enlarged by the Bandeiras to include Mato Grosso , Goiás , Paraná and Santa Catarina , remained undeveloped , having neither the gold of Minas Gerais nor the sugar cane of Pernambuco . As a consequence , it did not receive the same influx of black slaves during the 16th and 17th centuries as the more prosperous provinces of Brazil . Nevertheless , the number of black slaves increased substantially in São Paulo during the Brazilian Empire , as the slave traffic reached its peak during the first half of the 19th century . After the abolition of the international slave trade in 1850 , many more slaves were transferred from declining regions of Brazil ( such as the Northeast ) to work in coffee plantations .   The economic development of São Paulo only really took off with the founding of coffee plantations in the nineteenth century . Those coffee plantations were manned , from the beginning , by slaves , and remained so during most of the 19th century . Not even the abolition of the transatlantic trade changed this , with the coffee barons resorting to the import of slaves from the Northeastern and Southern regions . Both the coffee planters and the Brazilian government , however , were aware that the abolition of slavery could be postponed but not avoided at all ; as a result , a few experiments in immigration were tried during this period , and some ideas were discussed , including the immigration of Chinese workers . Only in the 1880s , however , did immigration start in earnest .   From then on , immigration was the solution adopted to what was seen as a labour shortage , and Italian and Spanish immigrants made the bulk of the workers brought to coffee plantations ; the reasons why ex-slaves were not employed , or were only marginally employed , are unclear and subject to debate . Much is made of a supposed `` whitening '' ideology , or even `` program '' , but the cold fact is that , when faced with the impossibility of obtaining European manpower , the coffee barons had no qualms about resorting to Japanese immigrants . A curious fact from this period was the immigration of US Southerners moving from a country where slavery had been abolished to one where it still existed . Of course , those were not manual workers and did n't come to work in coffee plantations .   The wealth produced by coffee culture eventually sparked urbanisation and industrialisation ; the growing urban environment attracted even more immigrants , especially Armenians and other Europeans , Syrians and Lebanese . Later , as the foreign immigration declined , a strong chain of internal migration from the Brazilian Northeast developed .

neg: Same-sex marriage in Montana The state of Montana has recognized same-sex marriage since a federal court ruled the state 's ban on same-sex marriage unconstitutional on November 19 , 2014 . It had previously denied marriage rights to same-sex couples by statute since 1997 and in its constitution since 2004 . The state appealed the ruling to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals , but before that court could hear the case , the U.S. Supreme Court struck down Ohio 's ban on same-sex marriage , mooting any remaining appeals .

neg: LGBT rights in Croatia Lesbian , gay , bisexual , and transgender ( LGBT ) rights in Croatia have expanded in recent years but LGBT persons may still face some legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents . Both male and female same-sex sexual activity has been legal in Croatia since 1977 .   The status of same-sex relationships were first formally recognized in 2003 under a law dealing with unregistered cohabitations . As a result of a 2013 referendum , Croatia 's Constitution defines marriage solely as a union between a man and a woman , effectively reinforcing the prohibition on same-sex marriage . Nevertheless , since the introduction of the Life Partnership Act in 2014 , same-sex couples in Croatia have effectively enjoyed rights equal to heterosexual married couples in everything except adoption rights . However , separate legislation does provide same-sex couples with an mechanism similar to step-child adoption called `` partner-guardianship '' . Croatia bans all discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation , gender identity and gender expression .   Centre-left , centre , and green political parties have generally been the main proponents of LGBT rights , while right-wing , centre-right political parties and movements close to the Roman Catholic Church have been in opposition to the extension of rights .   In 2015 , the International Lesbian , Gay , Bisexual , Trans and Intersex Association ( ILGA ) ranked Croatia 5th in terms of LGBT rights out of 49 observed European countries , which represented an improvement compared to the previous year 's position of 12th place . Croatia is among 11 member countries that make up a LGBT Core Group at U.N. on Ending Violence and Discrimination .

neg: Same-sex marriage in Nunavut Nunavut Territory began granting marriage licences to same-sex couples upon the passage of the federal Civil Marriage Act on July 20 , 2005 .   On 30 October 2003 , Premier Paul Okalik made the following statement :   `` If developments in the Parliament of Canada and the Supreme Court of Canada result in the definition of marriage being broadened , we will respect the law and comply with that . In the meantime , anyone in Nunavut who has been legally married anywhere will be recognized by the Government of Nunavut as married . ''   He further suggested that the territory would perform same-sex divorces should the issue arise .   Premier Okalik succeeded in passing a territorial human rights code banning discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation . As well , Nancy Karetak-Lindell , Liberal MP for the riding of Nunavut , was re-elected in the 2006 election after having supported same-sex marriage .   During the March , 2004 general election in Nunavut , one of Premier Okalik 's main opponents ran on the basis that he would repeal the territory 's human rights legislation on sexual orientation , and would not recognize same-sex marriages .   In October 2011 , the Marriage Act was amended by replacing the words `` husband and wife '' with `` spouses '' . The Adoption Act was also amended by changing the definition of spouse to include same-sex couples , thus allowing them to adopt children jointly .

neg: Brazilians in Portugal Brazilians represent approximately 25 % of the foreign population in Portugal . Their legal status varies according to several and complex elements such as date of arrival and effective legalization processes available to them ( 1992 , 1996 , 2001 , 2003 ) , whether they are married to a national or they have Portuguese ( or other European ) ancestors , what their level of education and work experience is , etc. . Therefore , a large number of them are legal residents , others have authorization to stay ( autorizações de permanência ) , others , fewer , were able to legalized through the 2003 exceptional process and have working permits , and many others are still undocumented .

neg: Recognition of Customary Marriages Act, 1998 The Recognition of Customary Marriages Act , 1998 ( Act No. 120 of 1998 ) is a South African statute in terms of which marriages performed under African customary law , including polygynous marriages , are recognized as legal marriages . It also reformed the law relating to the legal status of women in customary marriages , the financial consequences of a customary marriage and the dissolution of customary marriages , replacing the customary law with statutory provisions . The act was signed by President Nelson Mandela on 20 November 1998 but only came into force on 15 November 2000 .

neg: South Carolina Amendment 1 South Carolina Amendment 1 of 2006 amended the South Carolina Constitution to make it unconstitutional for the U.S. state to recognize or perform same-sex marriages or civil unions . The referendum was approved by 78 % of voters . Unlike the other sixteen such state amendments , South Carolina 's explicitly disavows any effort to prevent private contracts between same-sex partners from being recognized -- Virginia being the only state to do so .   The text of South Carolina Amendment 1 states :  A marriage between one man and one woman is the only lawful domestic union that shall be valid or recognized in this State . This State and its political subdivisions shall not create a legal status , right , or claim respecting any other domestic union , however denominated . This State and its political subdivisions shall not recognize or give effect to a legal status , right , or claim created by another jurisdiction respecting any other domestic union , however denominated . Nothing in this section shall impair any right or benefit extended by the State or its political subdivisions other than a right or benefit arising from a domestic union that is not valid or recognized in this State . This section shall not prohibit or limit parties , other than the State or its political subdivisions , from entering into contracts or other legal instruments .

neg: Christian views on marriage Most Christian authorities and bodies view marriage ( also called Holy Matrimony ) as a state instituted and ordained by God for the lifelong relationship between one man as husband and one woman as wife . They consider it the most intimate of human relationships , a gift from God , and a sacred institution . Protestants consider it to be sacred , holy , and even central to the community of faith , while Catholics and Eastern Orthodox Christians consider it a Sacrament . Biblically , it is to be `` held in honour among all ... . ''   Jesus maintained the importance and sacredness of lifelong marriage in his own teachings . He quoted from both Genesis 1 and 2 , stating in that God had created humanity as male and female , and that in marriage the two will become one flesh ' . So they are no longer two , but one flesh . Therefore , what God has joined together , let no one separate '' .   In most states with a traditionally majority Christian population , civil laws recognize marriage as having social and political statuses . Christian theology affirms the secular status of marriage , but additionally views it from a moral and religious perspective that transcends all social interests .   While marriage is honored and affirmed among Christians and throughout the Bible , there is no suggestion that it is necessary for everyone . Single people who either have chosen to remain unmarried or who have lost their spouse for some reason are neither incomplete in Christ nor personal failures .   In the Catechism of the Catholic Church is explained that `` the intimate community of life and love which constitutes the married state has been established by the Creator and endowed by him with its own proper laws . God himself is the author of marriage . '' The vocation to marriage is written in the very nature of man and woman as they came from the hand of the Creator . '' By reason of their state in life and of their order , -LSB- Christian spouses -RSB- have their own special gifts in the People of God . `` This grace proper to the sacrament of Matrimony is intended to perfect the couple 's love and to strengthen their indissoluble unity . By this grace they `` help one another to attain holiness in their married life and in welcoming and educating their children . '' Christ is the source of this grace . `` Just as of old God encountered his people with a covenant of love and fidelity , so our Savior , the spouse of the Church , now encounters Christian spouses through the sacrament of Matrimony . `` Christ dwells with them , gives them the strength to take up their crosses and so follow him , to rise again after they have fallen , to forgive one another , to bear one another 's burdens '' `` and to love one another with supernatural , tender , and fruitful love ''   The New Testament teaches that sex is reserved for marriage . It calls sex with the wife of another , or sex with someone else other than the husband , the sin of adultery . ( See also fornication . )

neg: Same-sex marriage in Campeche Same-sex marriage became legal in the Mexican state of Campeche on 20 May 2016 . In April 2016 , Campeche 's Governor , Alejandro Moreno Cárdenas , submitted a same-sex marriage bill to Congress , which was approved on 10 May 2016 .

neg: LGBT rights in Pará Lesbian , gay , bisexual , and transgender ( LGBT ) people in Pará , Brazil enjoy many of the same legal protections available to non-LGBT people . Homosexuality is legal in the state .


query: Judith Barsi appeared in films.

pos: Judith Barsi Judith Eva Barsi ( June 6 , 1978 -- July 25 , 1988 ) was an American child actress in the mid - to late 1980s . She began her career in television , making appearances in commercials and television shows , and later appeared in the films Jaws : The Revenge , The Land Before Time , and All Dogs Go to Heaven , supplying the voice for animated characters in the latter two . She and her mother , Maria , were both killed in July 1988 as a result of a double murder -- suicide perpetrated by her father , József .

neg: Bariwali Bariwali ( বাড়িওয়ালি , translation : The Landlady , English-language title : The Lady of the House ) is a Bengali film released in 2000 directed by Rituparno Ghosh . The film features Kirron Kher , Roopa Ganguly and Chiranjeet Chakraborty .

neg: Barbary Pirate (film) Barbary Pirate is a 1949 American swashbuckler film starring Donald Woods and Trudy Marshall , directed by Lew Landers .

neg: Enchanted April (1992 film) Enchanted April is a 1992 film directed by Mike Newell . The screenplay by Peter Barnes was adapted from Elizabeth von Arnim 's 1922 novel The Enchanted April . The film stars Miranda Richardson , Josie Lawrence , Polly Walker and Joan Plowright , with Alfred Molina , Michael Kitchen and Jim Broadbent in supporting roles .

neg: Marilyn Joi Marilyn Joi ( born May 22 , 1945 ) is an American actress who appeared in a number of exploitation films during the 1970s . She starred in several films by Al Adamson including The Naughty Stewardesses ( 1974 ) , Blazing Stewardesses ( 1975 ) and Black Samurai ( 1977 ) , and played the henchwoman Velvet in Ilsa , Harem Keeper of the Oil Sheiks ( 1976 ) , and Cleopatra Schwartz in The Kentucky Fried Movie ( 1977 ) . Among her other film credits were roles in Hit Man ( 1972 ) , Mean Mother ( 1974 ) , The Candy Tangerine Man ( 1975 ) , Mansion of the Doomed ( 1976 ) , The Happy Hooker Goes to Washington ( 1977 ) , Nurse Sherri ( 1978 ) and Galaxina ( 1980 ) .   She was often credited as Tracy King , Tracy Ann King and T.A. King .

neg: Rajat Bedi Rajat Bedi is an Indian film actor and television producer who primarily appears in Bollywood films . Known for his role as `` Raj Saxena '' in the film Koi ... Mil Gaya ( 2003 ) , Bedi had worked over 40 films , including Rakht ( 2004 ) , Khamoshh ... Khauff Ki Raat ( 2005 ) and Rocky - The Rebel ( 2006 ) .

neg: Torch Song (1993 film) Torch Song ( also known as Judith Krantz 's Torch Song ) is a 1993 made-for-television drama film directed by Michael Miller , starring Raquel Welch , Jack Scalia and Alicia Silverstone . The film originally premiered on ABC on May 23 , 1993 .

neg: Silver Linings Playbook Silver Linings Playbook is a 2012 American romantic comedy-drama film written and directed by David O. Russell . It was adapted from the novel The Silver Linings Playbook , by Matthew Quick . The film stars Bradley Cooper and Jennifer Lawrence , with Robert De Niro , Jacki Weaver , Chris Tucker , Anupam Kher , and Julia Stiles in supporting roles .   Cooper plays Patrick `` Pat '' Solitano , Jr. , a man with bipolar disorder who is released from a psychiatric hospital and moves back in with his parents , played by Robert De Niro and Jacki Weaver . Determined to win back his estranged wife , Pat meets recently widowed Tiffany Maxwell , portrayed by Jennifer Lawrence , who offers to help him get his wife back if he enters a dance competition with her . The two become closer as they train and Pat , his father , and Tiffany examine their relationships with each other as they cope with their problems .   Silver Linings Playbook premiered at the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival on September 8 , 2012 , and was released in the United States on November 16 , 2012 . The film opened to major critical success and earned numerous accolades . It received eight Academy Award nominations , including Best Picture , Best Director , Best Adapted Screenplay . It became the first film since 1981 's Reds to be Oscar-nominated for the four acting categories and the first since 2004 's Million Dollar Baby to be nominated for the Big Five Oscars , with Lawrence winning the Academy Award for Best Actress . It also achieved four Golden Globe Award nominations , with Lawrence winning Best Actress ; three BAFTA nominations , with Russell winning for Best Adapted Screenplay ; four Screen Actors Guild nominations ; and five Independent Spirit Award nominations , winning in four categories , including Best Film . The film was a success at the box office , grossing over $ 236 million worldwide , more than eleven times its budget .

neg: Honey (1981 film) Honey ( Miele di donna ) is a 1981 Italian drama film directed by Gianfranco Angelucci . It stars Clio Goldsmith , Catherine Spaak , and Fernando Rey .

neg: Dark Bar Dark Bar is a 1989 Italian drama film directed by Stelio Fiorenza as Stanley Florency and starring Marina Suma .

neg: Baroud Baroud is a 1932 British-French adventure film directed by Rex Ingram and Alice Terry and starring Felipe Montes , Rosita Garcia , Pierre Batcheff . It was released in separate French and English-language versions , the latter sometimes known by the title Love in Morocco . It was the final film of Ingram , a leading Hollywood director of the silent era . The title is the Berber word for war .

neg: AACTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role The AACTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role is an award presented by the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts ( AACTA ) , a non-profit organisation whose aim is to `` identify , award , promote and celebrate Australia 's greatest achievements in film and television . '' The award is presented at the annual AACTA Awards , which hands out accolades for achievements in feature films , television , documentaries and short films . From 1971 -- 2010 , the category was presented by the Australian Film Institute ( AFI ) , the Academy 's parent organisation , at the annual Australian Film Institute Awards ( known as the AFI Awards ) . When the AFI launched the Academy in 2011 , it changed the annual ceremony to the AACTA Awards , with the current award being a continuum of the AFI Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role .   It was presented as a special award , from 1971 -- 1975 , and was accompanied with a cash prize , before it became a competitive award from 1976 , onward . Judy Davis is the most nominated actress in this category , with five wins from eight nominations , most recently for her role in The Eye of the Storm ( 2011 ) .   Candidates for this award must be human and female , and can not be nominated for the same role in the supporting actress category .

neg: Ida Makes a Movie Ida Makes a Movie ( 1979 ) is the short film that inspired the Degrassi franchise . It was directed by Kit Hood and Linda Schuyler and was written by Amy Jo Cooper . The story was adapted from the children 's picture book Ida Makes a Movie , written by Kay Chorao .

neg: Flushing Meadows (film) Flushing Meadows ( 1965 ) is an American short film by Larry Jordan , with director Joseph Cornell . The film is 8 minutes long , in color , 16mm , and silent .   The film is an ode to the memory of Joyce Hunter , a Queens waitress Cornell met in 1962 . Cornell apparently had an infatuation with Hunter even though she was found to have stolen items and attempted to fence them . Cornell never pressed charges against Hunter and she was murdered in December 1964 .   The film was produced after Hunter 's death and is largely a series of scenes from Flushing Cemetery where Hunter was buried .   The film was first shown publicly at the Gramercy Theatre in New York City on December 22 , 2003 . The short aired twice at the 2004 Toronto International Film Festival , in commemoration of the centennial of Cornell 's birth .

neg: Sendi Bar Sendi Bar ( sometimes Sandy Bar ; סנדי בר born April 5 , 1976 ) is an Israeli actress and model .   Bar appeared in commercials for `` Black and Wild '' beer , `` Milki '' and `` Isracart '' . She modeled for fashion companies `` Castro '' and `` Pilpel '' . Bar started her acting career in 1996 in the TV drama `` Deadly Fortune '' ( Kesef Katlani ) , directed by Eran Riklis . It was broadcast on prime time in Channel and was followed by roles in `` Zbeng ! '' and `` Zinzana '' . She resided for several years in Los Angeles with her husband , actor Aki Avni , and their son . They returned to Israel in 2008 , and separated .

neg: 28 Days (film) 28 Days is a 2000 American comedy-drama film directed by Betty Thomas . Sandra Bullock plays Gwen Cummings , a newspaper columnist obliged to enter rehabilitation for alcoholism . The film costars Viggo Mortensen , Dominic West , Elizabeth Perkins , Steve Buscemi , and Diane Ladd .

neg: Kati Lázár Kati Lázár ( born 14 December 1948 ) is a Hungarian actress . She appeared in more than eighty films since 1972 .

neg: Grażyna Błęcka-Kolska Grażyna Błęcka-Kolska ( born 16 February 1962 ) is a Polish actress . She has appeared in 22 films and television shows since 1988 . She starred in Johnnie Waterman , which was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1994 Cannes Film Festival .   She is an ex-wife of film director Jan Jakub Kolski .

neg: Kini and Adams Kini and Adams is a 1997 Burkinabé drama film directed by Idrissa Ouedraogo . It was filmed in Zimbabwe in English .

neg: Bolero (1984 film) Bolero is a 1984 American romantic drama film starring Bo Derek , and written and directed by her husband John Derek . The film centers on the protagonist 's sexual awakening and her journey around the world to pursue an ideal first lover who will take her virginity .   Despite minor commercial success , the film was critically panned , earning nominations for nine Golden Raspberry Awards at the 5th Golden Raspberry Awards and `` winning '' six , including the Worst Picture .

neg: Abby (film) Abby is a 1974 American blaxploitation horror film about a woman who is possessed by an African sex spirit . The film stars Carol Speed as the title character , William H. Marshall and Terry Carter . It was directed by William Girdler , who co-wrote the film 's story with screenwriter Gordon Cornell Layne .   The film was a financial success , grossing $ 4 million in a month , but was pulled from theaters after the film 's distributor , American International Pictures , was accused of copyright violation by Warner Bros. , which saw the film as being derivative of The Exorcist and filed a lawsuit against AIP . Girdler himself told the Louisville Courier Journal : `` Sure , we made Abby to come in on the shirttail of The Exorcist . '' The film is also inspired by 1968 's Rosemary 's Baby .   In 2004 , a 16mm low quality copy of Abby was released on DVD . Despite mixed reviews initially , the film has a cult following and is considered by many a classic blaxploitation film .