query: Charles, Prince of Wales has not sought to raise world awareness of the dangers facing the natural environment, such as climate change.

pos: Charles, Prince of Wales Charles , Prince of Wales ( Charles Philip Arthur George ; born 14 November 1948 ) is the eldest child and heir apparent of Queen Elizabeth II . Known alternatively in South West England as Duke of Cornwall and in Scotland as Duke of Rothesay , he is the longest-serving heir apparent in British history , having held the position since 1952 . He is also the oldest person to be next in line to the throne since Sophia of Hanover ( the heir presumptive to Queen Anne ) , who died in 1714 at the age of 83 .   Charles was born at Buckingham Palace as the first grandchild of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth . He was educated at Cheam and Gordonstoun Schools , which his father , Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh , had attended as a child , as well as the Timbertop campus of Geelong Grammar School in Victoria , Australia . After earning a bachelor of arts degree from Trinity College , Cambridge , Charles served in the Royal Navy from 1971 to 1976 .   In 1981 , he married Lady Diana Spencer and they had two sons : Prince William ( born 1982 ) later to become Duke of Cambridge , and Prince Harry ( born 1984 ) . In 1996 , the couple divorced , following well-publicised extramarital affairs . Diana died in a car crash in Paris the following year . In 2005 , Charles married Camilla Parker Bowles .   Charles 's interests encompass a range of humanitarian and social issues : he founded The Prince 's Trust in 1976 , sponsors The Prince 's Charities , and is patron of numerous other charitable and arts organisations . Charles has long championed organic farming for which he established the Duchy Home Farm , run by the Duchy of Cornwall , which produces ingredients for the Duchy Originals brand which he founded in 1990 . Charles has sought to raise world awareness of the dangers facing the natural environment , such as climate change . As an environmentalist , he has received numerous awards and recognition from environmental groups around the world . His support for alternative medicine , including homeopathy , has been criticised by some in the medical community . He has been outspoken on the role of architecture in society and the conservation of historic buildings . Subsequently , Charles created Poundbury , an experimental new town based on his theories , in Dorset in 1993 . He has authored a number of books , including A Vision of Britain : A Personal View of Architecture in 1989 and the children 's book The Old Man of Lochnagar in 1980 .

neg: Conservatism Conservatism is a political and social philosophy that promotes retaining traditional social institutions in the context of culture and civilization . By some definitions , conservatives have variously sought to preserve institutions including religion , monarchy , parliamentary government , property rights and the social hierarchy , emphasizing stability and continuity , while the more extreme elements called reactionaries oppose modernism and seek a return to `` the way things were '' . The first established use of the term in a political context originated with François-René de Chateaubriand in 1818 , during the period of Bourbon restoration that sought to roll back the policies of the French Revolution . The term , historically associated with right-wing politics , has since been used to describe a wide range of views .   There is no single set of policies that are universally regarded as conservative , because the meaning of conservatism depends on what is considered traditional in a given place and time . Thus conservatives from different parts of the world -- each upholding their respective traditions -- may disagree on a wide range of issues . Edmund Burke , an 18th-century politician who opposed the French Revolution but supported the American Revolution , is credited as one of the main theorists of conservatism in Great Britain in the 1790s . According to Quintin Hogg , the chairman of the British Conservative Party in 1959 , `` Conservatism is not so much a philosophy as an attitude , a constant force , performing a timeless function in the development of a free society , and corresponding to a deep and permanent requirement of human nature itself '' . In contrast to the tradition-based definition of conservatism , political theorists such as Corey Robin define conservatism primarily in terms of a general defense of social and economic inequality . From this perspective conservatism is less an attempt to uphold traditional institutions and more `` a meditation on -- and theoretical rendition of -- the felt experience of having power , seeing it threatened , and trying to win it back . ''

neg: 1952 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Economic Conference The 1952 Commonwealth Prime Ministers ' Economic Conference was an emergency Meeting of the Heads of Government of the Commonwealth of Nations . It was called by the British government of Sir Winston Churchill and held in the United Kingdom in December 1952 as a follow-up to a Commonwealth Finance Minister 's conference held in January 1952 . The conference was held in the context of British economic and military decline and the United States ' surging role in the world .   The principal topic of the conference was the convertibility and liquidity of Pound sterling into American dollars and British concerns that non-sterling Commonwealth countries were building up sterling balances for the purpose of conversion into American dollars , the future of the Pound sterling area , and the alleviation of Commonwealth trade restrictions and imperial preference , particularly in the light of the surging American economy and the desire of Commonwealth countries such as Australia for American investment in order for economic development to occur against British concerns that American economic dominance threatened Britain 's economic position . This discussion was necessary as the Commonwealth , with the exception of Canada , had a common pool of gold and dollar reserves . Little was accomplished in the economic discussion with the final communique being described as an `` agreement in platitudes '' .   British concerns at being excluded from the ANZUS military treaty between Australia , New Zealand and the United States were also a topic and were addressed by a communique issued by the prime ministers supporting Britain 's demand for a voice in ANZUS .   In addition , Commonwealth prime ministers , after months of discussion on whether the newly ascended Queen Elizabeth II should have a uniform Royal Styles and Titles throughout the Commonwealth or whether realms should adopt their own styles and titles , it was agreed that each member of the Commonwealth `` should use for its own purposes a form of the Royal Style and Titles which suits its own particular circumstances but retains a substantial element which is common to all '' and agreed to pass appropriate legislation in their respective parliaments . The prime ministers also agreed to proclaim the new Queen , Elizabeth II , Head of the Commonwealth in succession of her late father , George VI .

neg: Crown Estate The Crown Estate is a collection of lands and holdings in the United Kingdom belonging to the British monarch as a corporation sole , making it the `` Sovereign 's public estate '' , which is neither government property nor part of the monarch 's private estate . As a result of this arrangement , the sovereign is not involved with the management or administration of the estate , exercising only very limited control of its affairs . Instead , the estate 's extensive portfolio is overseen by a semi-independent , incorporated public body headed by the Crown Estate Commissioners , who exercise `` the powers of ownership '' of the estate , although they are not `` owners in their own right '' . The revenues from these hereditary possessions have been placed by the monarch at the disposition of Her Majesty 's Government and thus proceed directly to Her Majesty 's Treasury for the benefit of the British nation . The Crown Estate is formally accountable to the Parliament of the United Kingdom , where it is legally mandated to make an annual report to the sovereign , a copy of which is forwarded to the House of Commons .   The Crown Estate is one of the largest property managers in the United Kingdom , overseeing property worth # 12 billion , with urban properties valued at # 9.1 billion representing the majority of the estate by value . These include a large number of properties in central London , but the estate also controls 792000 ha of agricultural land and forest , more than half of the UK 's foreshore , and retains various other traditional holdings and rights , including Ascot Racecourse and Windsor Great Park . Naturally occurring gold and silver in the UK , collectively known as `` Mines Royal '' , are managed by The Crown Estate and leased to mining operators .   Historically , Crown Estate properties were administered by the reigning monarch to help fund the business of governing the country . However , in 1760 , George III surrendered control over the Estate 's revenues to the treasury , thus relieving him of the responsibility of personally paying for the costs of the civil service , defence costs , the national debt , and his own personal debts . In return , he received an annual grant known as the Civil list . By tradition , each subsequent monarch agreed to this arrangement upon his or her accession . However , from 1 April 2012 , under the terms of the Sovereign Grant Act 2011 ( SSG ) , the Civil List was abolished and the monarch was thenceforth provided with a stable source of revenue indexed to a percentage of the Crown Estate 's annual net revenue ( currently set at 15 % ) . This was intended to provide a long-term solution and remove the politically sensitive issue of Parliament having to debate the Civil List allowance every ten years . Subsequently , the Sovereign Grant Act allows for all future monarchs to simply extend these provisions for their reigns by Order in Council . The act does not imply any legal change on the nature of the estate 's ownership , but is simply a benchmark by which the sovereign grant is set as a grant by Parliament .

neg: Geology of South Wales South Wales is an area with many features of outstanding interest to geologists , who have for long used the area for University field trips .   This varied and accessible region has provided a written record of geological interest that dates to the 12th century , when Giraldus Cambrensis noted pyritous shales near Newport . Some of the first published representations of fossils were of fossil plants from coal measures near Neath ( Gibson late 17th century ) . The British geologists Adam Sedgwick and Roderick Murchison did fundamentally important work in South Wales on Old Red Sandstone and the underlying rocks . The first volume of memoirs ( 1846 ) published by the Geological Survey contained a conspectus of the geology of South Wales that set a template for all future work .   Significant discoveries continue to be made . For instance , in Carmarthenshire , in the late 70s , John Cope detected a small area of Precambrian and Cambrian rocks . Other parts of South Wales , however , have not seen a Geological Survey officer since the mid-19th century . The geology of south Wales was central to the massive contribution Wales made to the Industrial Revolution .   Several successive periods are represented , including all of the Palaeozoic periods . Pembrokeshire has outcrops of both Precambrian and Cambrian ( 542-488 million years ago ) rocks . A notable feature of the Ordovician system ( 488-444 million years old ) is a major subsidence area , or basin , which later filled with substantial thicknesses of mostly sandy and muddy sediment . The line of the shallower continental shelf area , to the south-east , ran approximately from the Long Mynd ( in Shropshire ) to Haverfordwest in Pembrokeshire . Some volcanic action also occurred . This thick sedimentary deposition continued into the Silurian period ( 444-416 million years old ) . Silurian volcanicity led to production of lavas at localised sites such as Skomer Island .   Silurian rocks are widely distributed in south Wales and are well displayed on the Cardiganshire coast . The Silurian and earlier rocks were folded , faulted , and distorted several times , notably during the late Ordovician , and late Silurian , by which time the area had begun to rise above sea level as mountain ranges were uplifted to the north-west . This was caused by the collision of a proto-North America ( `` Laurentia '' ) and the present southern Britain ( `` Eastern Avalonia '' ) . The intervening sea , the Iapetus Ocean , closed as a result of plate tectonic movements , similar to those that now close the Mediterranean Sea between Europe and Africa .   The succeeding Devonian period ( 416-359 million years ago ) saw mostly alluvial deposits ( `` Old Red Sandstone '' ) , which were interrupted by major uplift . Following this , the land subsided again in the Carboniferous period ( 359-299 million years ago ) . In the early Carboniferous period , limestones were deposited on a continental shelf , which deepened towards the south where there was a major sea area . During earth movements caused by the approach of a continent from the south , sea shallowing led to thick alluvial and coastal plain sediments ( see below ) containing economic developments of coal . Carboniferous Limestone outcrops occur in south Pembrokeshire , the Gower Peninsula , the Vale of Glamorgan and around the edge of the coalfield .   At the end of the Carboniferous , during Permian ( 299-251 my ago ) time , Wales is thought to have been a landmass . Only in late Triassic ( 251-200 my ago ) times did deposition return , with coarse-grained screes forming around a series of low but rugged hills . Continuing deposition led to the formation of the early Jurassic deposits of mudstones and muddy limestones ( the `` Lias '' ) . Deposits later than this are almost completely absent , although the Chalk sea probably covered most of Wales between 100 and 66 million years ago . Any such later deposits have been eroded away .   One of the geological rarities of south Wales is the coastline of St Brides Major at Ogmore-by-Sea and Southerndown . Its cliffs are composed partly of earliest Jurassic Sutton stone , a rare freestone that is a marginal or coastal deposit derived in part from erosion of carboniferous limestone . Sutton stone has always been highly regarded : as well as being used in construction throughout the Vale of Glamorgan , it was also shipped over the Bristol Channel to North Devon and North Cornwall , which are both deficient in limestone .   A major geological feature of the Upper Carboniferous rocks in south Wales is the south Wales coalfield . The rocks comprising this important area were laid down during the later Carboniferous . This sedimentary succession includes a sequence with a thickness of more than 1800 m in the west . The coal measures were laid down on a low-lying waterlogged plain with peat mires immediately south of an ancient and persistent geological feature known as the Wales-London-Brabant High . Burial converted the peat deposits to thinner coal seams . Later earth movements distorted the coal-bearing strata , and the difficulty of mining led to premature closure of many mines on economic grounds , especially in Pembrokeshire where seams were squeezed completely out of shape .

neg: World Charter for Nature World Charter for Nature was adopted by United Nations member nation-states on October 28 , 1982 . It proclaims five `` principles of conservation by which all human conduct affecting nature is to be guided and judged . ''   Nature shall be respected and its essential processes shall not be impaired .  The genetic viability on the earth shall not be compromised ; the population levels of all life forms , wild and domesticated , must be at least sufficient for their survival , and to this end necessary habitats shall be safeguarded .  All areas of the earth , both land and sea , shall be subject to these principles of conservation ; special protection shall be given to unique areas , to representative samples of all the different types of ecosystems and to the habitats of rare or endangered species .  Ecosystems and organisms , as well as the land , marine and atmospheric resources that are utilized by man , shall be managed to achieve and maintain optimum sustainable productivity , but not in such a way as to endanger the integrity of those other ecosystems or species with which they coexist .  Nature shall be secured against degradation caused by warfare or other hostile activities .   The vote was 111 for , one against ( United States ) , 18 abstentions .

neg: Flow Country The Flow Country is a large , rolling expanse of peatland and wetland area of Caithness and Sutherland in Scotland . It is the largest expanse of blanket bog in Europe , and covers about 4,000 square kilometres ( 1500 mile2 ) .   The area is home to a rich variety of wildlife , and is used as a breeding ground for many different species of birds , including greenshank , dunlin , merlin and golden plover .   The Flow Country was badly damaged between 1979 and 1987 through the planting of non-native conifer forests and the cutting of thousands of miles of drains . The trees dried out the peat , changing the habitat and destroying its value for birds and other wildlife . The trees were mostly planted on land bought by Fountain Forestry who recognised that this would be attractive to wealthy investors who could claim planting grants and tax relief against all their other income , at a time of high personal taxation . The ploughing of the bogs and tree planting helped to reduce local unemployment which was among the highest in the United Kingdom : however in 1987 the Nature Conservancy Council ( NCC ) launched a report in London that was highly critical of the foresters . The Conservative Party which was in government at the time decided to disband the NCC and create a separate Scottish agency now called Scottish Natural Heritage . However , in 1988 Nigel Lawson , The Chancellor of the Exchequer , recognised that a tax break was doing enormous harm to the last real wilderness in the United Kingdom and scrapped the forestry tax reliefs . This immediately halted further planting and encouraged the Forestry Commission to adopt a much broader approach that respects existing landscapes . In an effort to restore the damage , the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds ( RSPB ) have bought a large area in the centre of the Flow Country and have created the Forsinard nature reserve . More than 20 km2 has been bought back from Fountain Forestry and the young trees felled and allowed to rot in the plough furrow in the hope and expectation that , in 30 to 100 years , the land will revert to peat bog .   The Flow Country is on the 2006 UK `` tentative list '' as a possible UNESCO World Heritage Site . The application was re-listed in 2010 and Stuart Housden , the director of RSPB Scotland and a member of the Rural Development Council , said , `` This largely unspoilt landscape has thousands of hectares of ancient blanket peat land , making this perhaps the most important area of its type in the Northern Hemisphere . A global badge would certainly help us to get this special place in better heart . This area was sorely threatened in the 1980s and early 1990s by inappropriate afforestation , but just in time a conservation campaign mounted by the RSPB stopped the worst excesses . Action is now underway to restore the area . ''

neg: Hunger in the United Kingdom Chronic hunger has affected a sizable proportion of the UK 's population throughout most of its history . The problem was largely solved with the improved economic conditions that followed World War II . Yet since the lasting global inflation in the price of food that began in late 2006 , and especially since the financial crisis of 2008 , severe hunger has once again began to affect thousands of Britons . By December 2013 , according to a group of doctors and academics writing in The British Medical Journal , hunger in the UK had reached the level of a `` public health emergency '' .   In the run up to the 2015 general election , the issue of hunger in the UK became somewhat politicised , with right wing commentators expressing scepticism about figures presented by church groups and left leaning activitists . An All-Party MP group focusing on hunger in the UK has called for activists to be cautious in how they discuss the problem of domestic hunger , as exaggerated claims and political point scoring risk reducing public support for tackling the issue . In a 2016 report , the All-Party group stated it is not possible to accurately quantify the number of people suffering from hunger in the UK , and called for better collection of data .   The UK has seen several changes in prevailing attitudes to the problem of hunger and its relief . In the early 19th century , a view arose that it was counter productive to assist those suffering from hunger ; rather people should be left to fend for themselves , which would help them become more self-sufficient and would also assist the free market to deliver prosperity . By the early 20th century this way of thinking had been largely displaced by the humanitarian view that Britons have a moral duty to help the hungry when they are able .

neg: The Real Global Warming Disaster The Real Global Warming Disaster ( Is the Obsession with ` Climate Change ' Turning Out to Be the Most Costly Scientific Blunder in History ? ) is a 2009 book by English journalist and author Christopher Booker in which he asserts that global warming can not be attributed to humans , and then alleges how the scientific opinion on climate change was formulated .   From a standpoint of environmental scepticism , Booker seeks to combine an analysis of the science of global warming with the consequences of political decisions to reduce emissions and claims that , as governments prepare to make radical changes in energy policies , the scientific evidence for global warming is becoming increasingly challenged . He asserts that global warming is not supported by a significant number of climate scientists , and criticises how the UN 's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) presents evidence and data , in particular citing its reliance on potentially inaccurate global climate models to make temperature projections . Booker concludes , `` it begins to look very possible that the nightmare vision of our planet being doomed '' may be imaginary , and that , if so , `` it will turn out to be one of the most expensive , destructive , and foolish mistakes the human race has ever made '' .   The book 's claims were strongly criticised by science writer Philip Ball , but the book was praised by several columnists . The book opens with an erroneous quotation , which Booker subsequently acknowledged and promised to correct in future editions .   The book was Amazon UK 's fourth bestselling environment book of the decade 2000 -- 10 .

neg: Hunt Monitors In The United Kingdom ( The U.K. ) , Hunt Monitors endeavour to observe behaviours of organized hunts and undertake information gathering activities , known as hunt monitoring .   Hunt monitoring activities are undertaken mainly by private individuals who wish to see The Hunting Act 2004 , passed by The U.K. Parliament , upheld by The U.K. Courts . Hunt monitoring is also carried out by a number of animal welfare organizations in The U.K. . The prime aim of hunt monitors is to facilitate successful prosecution of those who do not hunt within the laws of The U.K. , through gathering evidence of illegal hunting .   The Hunting Act 2004 became law , in England and Wales , in February 2005 . It bans hunting with dogs of particular wild mammals , namely : foxes , deer , hare and mink . The ban was achieved through efforts of many campaigners , over almost a century . In recent years , evidence gathering by hunt monitors became central to the long campaign to ban hunting with hounds , as hunt monitors began to use portable video cameras to record hunting activity . Recorded evidence of hunting with dogs , collected by hunt monitors , was shown in the media and to Members of Parliament , and contributed to evidence used to support passage of The Hunting Bill through Parliament .   Before the hunting with dogs ban came into force , it was reported that an estimated 50,000 hunt supporters had signed a `` Hunting Declaration '' , pledging that they would break any such anti-hunting law , should it be put onto The Statute Book . Local newspapers were invited to hunting rallies , in order to publicize signings of `` Hunting Declarations '' .   In contrast to tackling illegal hare coursing fairly consistently , the police and The Crown Prosecution Services have seemed reluctant to act against organized hunts . Nevertheless , several years after The Hunting Act became law , many members of organized hunts have been taken to court . Members of hunts and a complete hunt , as a corporate body , have been convicted on numerous counts of hunting illegally .   The work of hunt monitors has been recognized by Ann Widdecombe , a former Conservative Minister and MP .   On 22 March 2007 , Ann Widdecombe , MP led an Adjournment Debate in The U.K. Parliament , where , in The House of Commons , she raised an issue of enforcement of The Hunting Act 2004 . She explained to The House the roles of hunt monitors and the problems which they encounter . She paid tribute to hunt monitors , saying '' ... some of them are extremely brave . ''   Later in 2007 , on 31st October , Ann Widdecombe , MP held a reception in Parliament , where she showed film to those present , including representatives of 11 police forces , The Crown Prosecution Service ( CPS ) , The Association of Chief Police Officers ( ACPO ) and Members of Parliament , which demonstrated that the hunting law was being broken , up and down the country . She pointed out that the only people monitoring these activities were groups of hunt monitors .   In January 2011 , The Huntsman and a Terrierman of The Fernie Hunt were found guilty of digging a fox out of a sett and , in May 2012 , three members of The Crawley and Horsham Hunt were found guilty of illegal hunting .   In August 2012 , two members of The Meynell and South Staffordshire Hunt were found guilty of illegal hunting . The Hunt Master and a Terrierman were each convicted at Derby Magistrates ' Court .   In December 2012 , The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals ( RSPCA ) took out a private prosecution , using evidence collected by several , independent hunt monitors , against Heythrop Hunt Limited . This was a landmark case , as it was the first time that an organized hunt was prosecuted as a corporate body . The Heythrop Hunt , its Huntsman and its Senior Master all pleaded guilty to four charges of illegally hunting a fox .   A major reason why some hunts have been prosecuted and convicted successfully is because of the availability of compelling evidence , gathered by hunt monitors , whose footage of certain , organized hunts ' illegal activities has provided important evidence , necessary to bring illegal hunters to justice .   Hunt monitors have been subjected to threats , assault , damage to their cars , cameras and radios , as well as verbal abuse , obstruction and intimidation .   On 13 February 2013 , Chris Williamson , MP led a debate in The House of Commons , entitled Policing of Violence at Hunts , to highlight , as he put it '' ... the antisocial and criminal behaviour ... '' directed towards hunt monitors by some hunt supporters .   In 2014 , The RSPCA commissioned an independent review of its prosecution activity . In the review , Stephen Wooler , CB refers several times to hunt monitors , e.g. , `` The volume of footage available -LSB- taken by hunt monitors -RSB- leaves the objective viewer in no doubt on the balance of probabilities that it is ` business as usual ' for many hunts because enforcement is so difficult . ''   While some hunt monitors are employed by organizations and charities , such as The League Against Cruel Sports and International Fund for Animal Welfare , most are private individuals , who are unpaid and self-funded . Some hunt monitors accept donations to support their activities , made through social media sites , such as GoFundMe and Facebook .

neg: George IV of the United Kingdom George IV ( George Augustus Frederick ; 12 August 1762 -- 26 June 1830 ) was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of Hanover following the death of his father , George III , on 29 January 1820 , until his own death ten years later . From 1811 until his accession , he served as Prince Regent during his father 's final mental illness .   George IV led an extravagant lifestyle that contributed to the fashions of the Regency era . He was a patron of new forms of leisure , style and taste . He commissioned John Nash to build the Royal Pavilion in Brighton and remodel Buckingham Palace , and Sir Jeffry Wyattville to rebuild Windsor Castle .   His charm and culture earned him the title `` the first gentleman of England '' , but his poor relationship with both his father and his wife , Caroline of Brunswick , and his dissolute way of life , earned him the contempt of the people and dimmed the prestige of the monarchy . He even forbade Caroline to attend his coronation and asked the government to introduce the unpopular Pains and Penalties Bill in a desperate , unsuccessful attempt to divorce her .   For most of George 's regency and reign , Lord Liverpool controlled the government as Prime Minister , with little help from George . His ministers found his behaviour selfish , unreliable and irresponsible . At all times he was much under the influence of favourites . Taxpayers were angry at his wasteful spending at a time when Britons were fighting in the Napoleonic Wars . He did not provide national leadership in time of crisis , nor act as a role model for his people . Liverpool 's government presided over Britain 's ultimate victory , negotiated the peace settlement , and attempted to deal with the social and economic malaise that followed . After Liverpool 's retirement , George was forced to accept Catholic emancipation despite opposing it . His only child , Princess Charlotte , died before him in 1817 and so he was succeeded by his younger brother , William .

neg: Ecological self Ecological self is central to the school of Experiential Deep Ecology , which , based on the work of Norwegian philosopher Arne Næss , argues that through the process of self-actualisation , one transcends the nations of the individuated `` egoic '' self and arrives at a position of an ecological self . So long as one is working within the narrower concept of self , Næss argues , environmentally responsible behaviour is a form of altruism , a `` doing good for the other '' , which historically has been a precarious ethical basis , usually involved in exhorting others to `` be good '' . Næss argues that in his Ecosophy , the enlargement of the ego-self to the eco-self results in environmentally responsible behaviour as a form of self-interest .   Warwick Fox argued that Næss 's philosophy was based upon a variety of `` transpersonal ecology '' in which self-interest was firmly embedded within the interest of the ecommunity ecosphere of which the self was eternally embedded   As deep ecologist John Seed has stated , `` Deep ecology critiques the idea that we are the crown of creation , the measure of all being : that the world is a pyramid with humanity rightly on top , merely a resource , and that nature has instrumental value only '' . The concept of the Ecological Self goes beyond anthropocentrism , which , by contrast locates human concerns as the exclusive source of all value . It draws upon the Land Ethic of Aldo Leopold . Leopold argued that within conventional ethics , the land itself was considered only as property , occupying a role analogous to slavery in earlier societies that permitted the ownership of people . By comparison a land ethic enlarges the boundary of moral concern to include `` soils , waters , plants , and animals , or collectively : the land '' . The basis of such a non-anthropocentric ethic , according to Leopold was that `` A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity , stability , and beauty of the biotic community . It is wrong when it tends otherwise . ''   Like Thomas Berry and Brian Swimme , ecological philosopher Freya Mathews argues that in considering the ecological self , we need to look beyond the present to the `` deep time '' of ages past , in the evolution of life and the creation of the cosmos , in order to consider the real roots of human consciousness . Experiential deep ecologist Joanna Macy speaks of the Ecological Self in her book `` World as Lover , World as Self '' , and uses the concept in her work on `` Deep Time '' .

neg: P8 Group The P8 Group brings together senior leaders from some of the world 's largest public pension funds to develop actions relating to global issues and particularly climate change . It is an initiative of the Cambridge Programme for Sustainability Leadership ( CPSL ) and HRH Prince of Wales 's Business and Environment Programme ( BEP ) supported by the Environmental Capital Group ( ECG ) and the Nand & Jeet Khemka Foundation .   The P8 Group involves ten leading global pension funds and sovereign wealth funds , including representatives from Europe , Asia , Australasia and North America . They represent over $ 3 trillion of investment capital and as pension funds have an inherently long term focus .   In November 2007 the first P8 Summit was held . This brought together leaders from eight of the world 's largest public pension funds with key experts including Vice President Al Gore and HRH Prince of Wales . The P8 Summit was a critical start in getting pension funds to lead in the move toward a low carbon economy . Participants agreed to continue working together to address climate change , both within their organizations and as a group to influence policy and markets .   The group , at this point 10 pension funds , met again in July 2008 to further develop their strategy . At this meeting HRH Prince of Wales welcomed their continued `` determination to put substantial money into investments that address climate change . ''   This organisation has now disbanded , and was replaced in 2010 by the P80 Group Foundation .

neg: The Prince's Trust The Prince 's Trust is a charity in the United Kingdom founded in 1976 by Charles , Prince of Wales , and Frederick John Pervin to help young people . They run a range of training programmes , provide mentoring support and offer financial grants to build the confidence and motivation of disadvantaged young people . Each year they work with about 60,000 young people , with around 80 % moving on to employment , education , training or volunteering .   In 1999 , the numerous Trust charities were brought together as The Prince 's Trust and was acknowledged by The Queen at a ceremony in Buckingham Palace where she granted it a Royal Charter . The following year it devolved in Wales , Scotland , Northern Ireland and other English regions but overall control remained in London . The Prince 's Trust fundraising and campaign events are often hosted and feature entertainers from around the world . In April 2011 the youth charity Fairbridge became part of the Trust .   The Prince 's Trust is one of the most successful funding organisations in the UK and the UK 's leading youth charity , having helped over 825,000 young people turn their lives around , created 125,000 entrepreneurs and given business support to 395,000 people in the UK . From 2006 to 2016 , its work for the youth has been worth an estimated # 1.4 billion .

neg: Eco-sufficiency Eco-sufficiency requires a reduction of the level of production/consumption in those parts of the world with the highest standards of living beyond reducing the use of natural resources as well as waste and emissions per unit of production/consumption ( = decoupling/delinking ) . Given a very loose relation in rich countries between material wealth , GDP and human well-being , this might be possible even without reducing the latter , while , for example , increasing leisure and non-material activities for well-being .   There are potentials to reduce substantially the use of natural resources without compromising human wealth . However , many studies show that economic growth `` eats up '' these gains at least partially : if the economy grows by 2 % per annum we need an increasing resource productivity by 4 % in order to achieve a 2 % reduction of the absolute resource use . While eco-efficiency aims to improve the effectiveness of material , energy , and land use , eco-sufficiency aims at reducing negative environmental consequences through a reduction of the demand for consumer goods .   Eco-sufficiency is closely related to issues of quality of life and work-life balance . It can to some extent be achieved on the individual level , e.g. through energy savings , reduction of transport and change in diets ( less meat ) . However , it also requires a change in social frameworks , provided on the national or European level , including measures such as environmental taxes , environmental planning and new concepts of labour .   Eco-sufficiency is largely associated with the idea of altruism -- the sober lifestyle adopted by its advocates is a manifestation of their concern for the well-being of future generations -- and thus to date is endorsed by only a small minority of members of industrialised societies . A wide spread of eco-sufficiency will only occur , if people find the new lifestyles sufficiently attractive . It needs to be shown that less material wealth can bring increased well-being or happiness to individuals and societies . For example , it has been shown that downsizing or relocating consumers can be motivated by purely selfish reasons such as improving one 's health , avoiding stress , the nostalgia for a `` good old time '' and so on .   An important aspect here is related to the so-called work-and-spend cycle . If leisure and forms of work other than employment ( incl . self-employment ) , such as caring , do it yourself and community work gain relevance , income - and therefore consumption - would be reduced .

neg: Monarchy A monarchy is a form of government in which a group , usually a family called the dynasty , embodies the country 's national identity and one of its members , called the monarch , exercises a role of sovereignty . The actual power of the monarch may vary from purely symbolic ( crowned republic ) , to partial and restricted ( constitutional monarchy ) , to completely autocratic ( absolute monarchy ) . Traditionally and in most cases , the monarch 's post is inherited and lasts until death or abdication , but there are also elective monarchies where the monarch is elected . Each of these has variations : in some elected monarchies only those of certain pedigrees are , whereas many hereditary monarchies impose requirements regarding the religion , age , gender , mental capacity , etc. . Occasionally this might create a situation of rival claimants whose legitimacy is subject to effective election . Finally , there have been cases where the term of a monarch 's reign is either fixed in years or continues until certain goals are achieved : an invasion being repulsed , for instance . Thus there are widely divergent structures and traditions defining monarchy .   Monarchy was the most common form of government until the 19th century , but it is no longer prevalent . Where it exists , it is now usually a constitutional monarchy , in which the monarch retains a unique legal and ceremonial role , but exercises limited or no official political power : under the written or unwritten constitution , others have governing authority . Currently , 47 sovereign nations in the world have monarchs acting as heads of state , 19 of which are Commonwealth realms that recognise Queen Elizabeth II as their head of state . All European monarchies are constitutional ones , with the exception of the Vatican City which is an elective monarchy , but sovereigns in the smaller states exercise greater political influence than in the larger . The monarchs of Cambodia , Japan , and Malaysia `` reign , but do not rule '' although there is considerable variation in the degree of authority they wield . Although they reign under constitutions , the monarchs of Brunei , Morocco , Oman , Qatar , Saudi Arabia and Swaziland appear to continue to exercise more political influence than any other single source of authority in their nations , either by constitutional mandate or by tradition .

neg: Habitat International Coalition Habitat International Coalition ( HIC ) is an independent , nonprofit alliance with hundreds of organizations and individuals , which has been working in housing and human settlements for more than 30 years . The Coalition comprises social movements , community-based organizations , support groups and academics . The strength of the Coalition is based on its worldwide membership ( it has members in 117 nations in five continents ) and on the fact that it brings together a range of civil society groups . Dedicated to advocacy and support for the poor , solidarity networking , popular mobilization , debate and analysis , HIC works to unite civil society in a shared commitment to ensuring sustainable habitat and a livable planet for all . Its work focuses on defending and implementing the human rights linked to housing and habitat ; i.e. , land , housing , clean water , sanitation , a healthy environment , access to public goods and services ( e.g. , health , education , transport and recreation ; access to livelihood and social protection , pluralism and the preservation of social , natural , historic and cultural patrimony .   Since the ’80 HIC has been developing special capacities seeking gender equality , in a balanced articulation between reflection and action on different issues : the rights ' approach , the right to the city , the social production of habitat , women and habitat and the sustainable habitat .   HIC specific work on the right to the city seeks to deepen the analysis and the actions on the proposal of building more just cities worldwide . HIC has been committed since decades in the creation of a theoretical and practical framework for the right to the city . The Coalition articulates and accompanies social movements and organizations in their struggle to achieve the realization of all human rights to ensure the collective well-being of inhabitants ; the democratic management and the social function of the city . HIC is also aware of the global challenges facing worldwide on climate change and food sovereignty and the obvious impacts on the cities : the Coalition works on broaden exchanges between urban and rural movements .   HIC 'S work on social production of habitat seeks to derive practical lessons from the compilation , exchange and analysis of `` people 's processes '' in initiating , designing , building and maintaining local environments . These experiences , which build upon local social resources and demonstrate local social reliance and ingenuity , generate and promote methods and strategies that then can be shared and replicated across regions . Each region has given rise to diverse and specific examples of struggles and efforts that emphasize distinct circumstances and priorities to construct people-centred livelihoods . In order to strengthen people 's process for access and provision of land and shelter , lessons learned to date show a need to :  understand what sustains the people 's process on land , housing and habitat/settlements development , in urban and rural areas ,  understand what are the forces , both external and internal , that strengthen or weaken peoples ' processes , including political and economic forces that have a bearing on people 's processes , and in particular the dynamics of the informal and formal land markets ;  envision alternative ways to develop cities and other human settlements , evolving a bottom-up perspective on human settlement development without destroying livelihoods , assets and material achievements of the poor , while , quite to the contrary , supporting and nurturing livelihoods , assets and settlements of the poor , and their integration into the city ;  articulate and support the people 's processes through policies and actions for both government and nongovernmental organizations ;  develop more flexible design-based , knowledge-based and service-based housing policies and outputs with the objective of realizing the human right to adequate housing and equitable land use .

neg: Carbon tax A carbon tax is a tax levied on the carbon content of fuels . It is a form of carbon pricing . Carbon is present in every hydrocarbon fuel ( coal , petroleum , and natural gas ) and converted to carbon dioxide and other products when combusted . In contrast , non-combustion energy sources -- wind , sunlight , geothermal , hydropower , and nuclear -- do not convert hydrocarbons to . is a heat-trapping `` greenhouse '' gas which represents a negative externality on the climate system ( see scientific opinion on global warming ) . Since GHG emissions caused by the combustion of fossil fuels are closely related to the carbon content of the respective fuels , a tax on these emissions can be levied by taxing the carbon content of fossil fuels at any point in the product cycle of the fuel .   Carbon tax offers social and economic benefits . It is a tax that increases revenue without significantly altering the economy while simultaneously promoting objectives of climate change policy . The objective of a carbon tax is to reduce the harmful and unfavorable levels of carbon dioxide emissions , thereby decelerating climate change and its negative effects on the environment and human health .   Carbon taxes offer a potentially cost-effective means of reducing greenhouse gas emissions . From an economic perspective , carbon taxes are a type of Pigovian tax . They help to address the problem of emitters of greenhouse gases not facing the full social cost of their actions . Carbon taxes can be a regressive tax , in that they may directly or indirectly affect low-income groups disproportionately . The regressive impact of carbon taxes could be addressed by using tax revenues to favour low-income groups .   A number of countries have implemented carbon taxes or energy taxes that are related to carbon content . Most environmentally related taxes with implications for greenhouse gas emissions in OECD countries are levied on energy products and motor vehicles , rather than on emissions directly .   Opposition to increased environmental regulation such as carbon taxes often centers on concerns that firms might relocate and/or people might lose their jobs . It has been argued , however , that carbon taxes are more efficient than direct regulation and may even lead to higher employment ( see footnotes ) . Many large users of carbon resources in electricity generation , such as the United States , Russia , and China , are resisting carbon taxation .

neg: Charles III of England There has not been an English , Scottish nor British king with the title Charles III , but it is sometimes used to refer to :  Charles Edward Stuart ( 1720 -- 1788 ) , Jacobite pretender to the throne  Charles , Prince of Wales ( born 1948 ) , heir apparent to the throne of the United Kingdom

neg: Global warming controversy The global warming controversy concerns the public debate over whether global warming is occurring , how much has occurred in modern times , what has caused it , what its effects will be , whether any action should be taken to curb it , and if so what that action should be . In the scientific literature , there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases . No scientific body of national or international standing disagrees with this view , though a few organizations with members in extractive industries hold non-committal positions . Disputes over the key scientific facts of global warming are more prevalent in the media than in the scientific literature , where such issues are treated as resolved , and such disputes are more prevalent in the United States than globally .   Political and popular debate concerning the existence and cause of climate change includes the reasons for the increase seen in the instrumental temperature record , whether the warming trend exceeds normal climatic variations , and whether human activities have contributed significantly to it . Scientists have resolved these questions decisively in favour of the view that the current warming trend exists and is ongoing , that human activity is the cause , and that it is without precedent in at least 2000 years . Public disputes that also reflect scientific debate include estimates of how responsive the climate system might be to any given level of greenhouse gases ( climate sensitivity ) , how global climate change will play out at local and regional scales , and what the consequences of global warming will be .   Global warming remains an issue of widespread political debate , often split along party political lines , especially in the United States . Many of the issues that are settled within the scientific community , such as human responsibility for global warming , remain the subject of politically or economically motivated attempts to downplay , dismiss or deny them -- an ideological phenomenon categorised by academics and scientists as climate change denial . The sources of funding for those involved with climate science -- both supporting and opposing mainstream scientific positions -- have been questioned by both sides . There are debates about the best policy responses to the science , their cost-effectiveness and their urgency . Climate scientists , especially in the United States , have reported official and oil-industry pressure to censor or suppress their work and hide scientific data , with directives not to discuss the subject in public communications . Legal cases regarding global warming , its effects , and measures to reduce it have reached American courts . The fossil fuels lobby has been identified as overtly or covertly supporting efforts to undermine or discredit the scientific consensus on global warming .

neg: British Overseas Territories The 14 British Overseas Territories ( BOT ) are territories under the jurisdiction and sovereignty of the United Kingdom . They are the parts of the British Empire that have not been granted independence or have voted to remain British territories . These territories do not form part of the United Kingdom and , with the exception of Gibraltar , are not part of the European Union . Most of the inhabited territories are internally self-governing , with the UK retaining responsibility for defence and foreign relations . The rest are either uninhabited or have a transitory population of military or scientific personnel . They share the British monarch ( Elizabeth II ) as head of state .   The term `` British Overseas Territory '' was introduced by the British Overseas Territories Act 2002 , replacing the term British Dependent Territory , introduced by the British Nationality Act 1981 . Prior to 1 January 1983 , the territories were officially referred to as British Crown Colonies . With the exceptions of the British Antarctic Territory and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ( which host only officials and research station staff ) and the British Indian Ocean Territory ( used as a military base ) , the Territories retain permanent civilian populations . Permanent residency for the 7,000 or so civilians living in the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia is limited to citizens of the Republic of Cyprus .   Collectively , the Territories encompass a population of about 250,000 people and a land area of about 667018 sqmi . The vast majority of this land area , 660000 sqmi , constitutes the almost uninhabited British Antarctic Territory , while the largest territory by population , Bermuda , accounts for almost a quarter of the total BOT population . At the other end of the scale , three territories have no civilian population ; the Antarctic territory , the British Indian Ocean Territory ( from which the Chagos Islanders were controversially removed ) and South Georgia . Pitcairn Islands , settled by the survivors of the Mutiny on the Bounty , is the smallest settled territory with 49 inhabitants , while the smallest by land area is Gibraltar on the southern tip of the Iberian peninsula . The United Kingdom participates in the Antarctic Treaty System and , as part of a mutual agreement , the British Antarctic Territory is recognised by four of the other sovereign nations making claims to Antarctic territory .   Although the Crown dependencies of Jersey , Guernsey and the Isle of Man are also under the sovereignty of the British monarch , they are in a different constitutional relationship with the United Kingdom . The British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies are themselves distinct from the Commonwealth realms , a group of 15 independent countries ( and the United Kingdom ) which each also have Elizabeth II as their reigning monarch , and from the Commonwealth of Nations , a voluntary association of 52 countries mostly with historic links to the British Empire ( which also includes all Commonwealth realms ) .   the Minister responsible for the Territories excluding the Falkland Islands , Gibraltar and the Sovereign Base Areas is Baroness Anelay , Minister of State for the Commonwealth and the UN . The other three territories are the responsibility of Sir Alan Duncan MP , Minister of State for Europe and the Americas .


query: Beyoncé Knowles was listed by muffin as sixth place for Person of the Year.

pos: Beyoncé Beyoncé Giselle Knowles-Carter ( -LSB- biːˈjɒnseɪ -RSB- born September 4 , 1981 ) is an American singer , songwriter and actress . Born and raised in Houston , Texas , she performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child and rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of R&B girl-group Destiny 's Child . Managed by her father , Mathew Knowles , the group became one of the world 's best-selling girl groups of all time . Their hiatus saw Beyoncé 's theatrical film debut in Austin Powers in Goldmember ( 2002 ) and the release of her debut album , Dangerously in Love ( 2003 ) , which established her as a solo artist worldwide , earned five Grammy Awards and featured the Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles `` Crazy in Love '' and `` Baby Boy '' .   Following the disbandment of Destiny 's Child in 2006 , she released her second solo album , B'Day ( 2006 ) , which contained the top-ten hits `` Déjà Vu '' , `` Irreplaceable '' , and `` Beautiful Liar '' . Beyoncé also continued her acting career , with starring roles in The Pink Panther ( 2006 ) , Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) , and Obsessed ( 2009 ) . Her marriage to rapper Jay Z and portrayal of Etta James in Cadillac Records ( 2008 ) influenced her third album , I Am ... Sasha Fierce ( 2008 ) , which saw the introduction of her alter-ego Sasha Fierce and earned a record-setting six Grammy Awards in 2010 , including Song of the Year for `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' . Beyoncé took a hiatus from music in 2010 and took over management of her career ; her fourth album 4 ( 2011 ) was subsequently mellower in tone , exploring 1970s funk , 1980s pop , and 1990s soul . Her critically acclaimed fifth album , Beyoncé ( 2013 ) , was distinguished from previous releases by its experimental production and exploration of darker themes . With the release of the widely acclaimed Lemonade ( 2016 ) , Beyoncé became the first artist to have their first six studio albums debut at number one on the Billboard 200 chart .   Throughout her career , she has sold over 100 million records as a solo artist , and a further 60 million with Destiny 's Child , making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time . She has won 22 Grammy Awards and is the most nominated woman in the award 's history . She is the most awarded artist at the MTV Video Music Awards , with 24 wins . The Recording Industry Association of America recognized her as the Top Certified Artist in America during the 2000s ( decade ) . In 2009 , Billboard named her the Top Radio Songs Artist of the Decade , the Top Female Artist of the 2000s ( decade ) and awarded her their Millennium Award in 2011 . In 2014 , she became the highest-paid black musician in history and was listed among Time 's 100 most influential people in the world for a second year in a row . Forbes listed her as the most powerful female in entertainment of 2015 , and in 2016 she occupied the sixth place for Person of the Year .

neg: Grammy Award for Best New Artist The Grammy Award for Best New Artist has been awarded since 1959 . Years reflect the year in which the Grammy Awards were handed out , for records released in the previous year . The award was not presented in 1967 . The official guidelines are as follows : `` For a new artist who releases , during the Eligibility Year , the first recording which establishes the public identity of that artist . '' Note that this is not necessarily the first album released by an artist .   It is sometimes asserted , with varying degrees of sincerity , that winning the award is a curse , as several award winners ( particularly from the late 1970s and early 1980s ) were never able to duplicate the success they experienced in their debut year . This viewpoint was expressed by former Starland Vocal Band member Taffy Danoff in a 2002 interview for VH1 's 100 Greatest One Hit Wonders : `` We got two of the five Grammys -- one was Best New Artist . So that was basically the kiss of death and I feel sorry for everyone who 's gotten it since . ''   The category is also notable for being the only one of its kind in which a Grammy Award was vacated . This occurred in 1990 after it was revealed winners Milli Vanilli did not contribute their own vocals on their debut album . The award was revoked , but was not handed out to another artist .   Of the 54 awards presented in the category since its inception , the honor has been presented to 25 solo female artists , 18 duos or groups , and 11 solo male artists . Between 1997 and 2003 , all the winners were solo female artists . Also , from 1993 to 2005 , no winner was a solo male artist . In 2006 , John Legend broke this trend , which started with Marc Cohn in 1992 . Only four artists have won both Best New Artist and Album of the Year in the same year : Bob Newhart in 1961 , Christopher Cross in 1981 , Lauryn Hill in 1999 and Norah Jones in 2003 .   Of all the winners , only three have been country artists . In 1997 , LeAnn Rimes became the first country artist to win the award . She was followed by Carrie Underwood in 2007 and Zac Brown Band in 2010 . Additionally , 2017 marked the first time that two country artists were nominated in this category in the same year .   1984 marked the first time that all of the nominees were from outside of the United States ( Winner Culture Club , Eurythmics , and Musical Youth were from England , Big Country was from Scotland , and Men Without Hats were from Canada ) .

neg: 2003 Radio Disney Music Awards The 2003 Radio Disney Music Awards was held at the Radio Disney studios . Hilary Duff was the biggest winner that year . Like the shows before , it was not a ceremony , but a special feature on Radio Disney

neg: Mel B Melanie Janine Brown ( born 29 May 1975 ) , better known as Mel B or Melanie B , is an English singer , songwriter , presenter , television personality , dancer , actress , author , and model . Brown rose to fame as a member of the girl group the Spice Girls , in which she became known as Scary Spice . Brown is also known for supporting girl power and earlier global tours , which grossed an estimated $ 500 -- 800 million between 1996 and 2000 .   Brown began her solo career when she released `` I Want You Back '' with Missy Elliott on Virgin Records . The single charted at number one on the UK Singles Chart , followed by the release of her debut album , Hot ( 2000 ) . The album also saw the release of two top 10 singles `` Tell Me '' and `` Feels So Good '' . L.A. State of Mind was Brown 's second studio album , released in 2005 on the independent label Amber Café , which saw the release of one single , `` Today '' in June that year . In mid-2012 , Brown announced a return to her solo recording career with the release of her third studio album by signing with EMI Music Australia . The scope of the deal with EMI office includes concessions for global partnering with EMI . The first single from the album , `` For Once in My Life '' was released in September 2013 , becoming Brown 's first record to be released after eight years .   Since 2000 , Brown has concentrated on a variety of non-singing projects . She became the presenter of shows such as This Is My Moment , Top of the Pops , Party in the Park and The All Star Animal Awards . In September 2007 , she became a contestant on the fifth season of the American dance competition , Dancing with the Stars ; in which she placed runner-up overall partnered with Maksim Chmerkovskiy . Brown returned to television work becoming a judge for the Australian version of The X Factor from 2011 to 2012 , replacing Kyle Sandilands and having previously been a celebrity mentor on the show in 2010 . In June 2012 , she was a guest judge during the Manchester auditions for the ninth series of The X Factor UK , as one of the temporary replacements for Kelly Rowland ; before the role eventually went to Nicole Scherzinger . She later joined The X Factor UK for its eleventh series in 2014 .   During this time she became the female co-host for Dancing with the Stars Australia , in which she hosted the twelfth season alongside Daniel MacPherson . However , Brown resigned from the show and did not return for the thirteenth season in 2013 . In February that year , she officially signed on to become one of the four judges for the variety talent show America 's Got Talent , replacing Sharon Osbourne from the eighth season onwards . On 1 February 2014 , she was revealed to be a coach on The Voice Kids in Australia , which aired in mid-2014 .

neg: Lists of celebrities A celebrity is a person who is widely recognized in a given society and commands a degree of public and media attention . The word is derived from the Latin celebritas , from the adjective celeber ( `` famous , '' `` celebrated '' ) . Being a celebrity is often one of the highest degrees of notability , although the word notable is mistakened to be synonymous with the title celebrity , fame , prominence etc. . As in Wikipedia , articles written about notable people does n't necessarily synonymize them as a celebrity .   The following are lists of celebrities :  List of actors  List of African-American female models  List of African-American television personalities  List of American female models  List of American television personalities  List of Australian television personalities  List of British television personalities  List of celebrities on The Simpsons  List of celebrity guest stars on Sesame Street  List of comedians  List of dance personalities  List of dancers  List of fashion designers  List of female models  List of film and television directors  List of Forbes Celebrity 100  List of models  List of musicians  List of singers  List of singer-songwriters  List of sportspeople  List of stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame  List of stars on the London Avenue of Stars  List of tattoo artists  List of television presenters  List of male boxers  List of female boxers  List of writers  List of social thinkers  List of wrestlers  List of YouTubers

neg: BET Awards 2014 The 2014 BET Awards were held at the Nokia Theatre L.A. Live in Los Angeles , California on June 29 , 2014 . Chris Rock was unveiled as the host for the upcoming BET Awards on May 14 during the network 's 106 & Park music video countdown show . Beyoncé lead the nominations with 6 , followed by Jay-Z with 5 . Drake , Pharrell Williams and August Alsina were tied for 4 . Beyoncé was the big winner of the night winning 3 BET Awards , while Nicki Minaj , Drake , August Alsina and Pharrell Williams with 2 .

neg: I Care (Beyoncé song) `` I Care '' is a song recorded by the American singer Beyoncé for her fourth studio album , 4 ( 2011 ) . It was written by Jeff Bhasker , Chad Hugo and Beyoncé and produced by Bhasker and co-produced by Beyoncé . The song was recorded at the MSR Studios and was mixed by Jordan Young aka DJ Swivel at KMA Studio in New York City . `` I Care '' is an R&B power ballad , which also contains elements of soul music and rock music . Built on a hand-clapped rhythm and pulsating beats , the song 's instrumentation consists of screeching guitars , low-profile synthesizers , pounding drums , heavy percussion instrument and a piano . In `` I Care '' , Beyoncé admits her vulnerability to her indifferent love interest with both honesty and power . She sings with heartfelt emotion over cooing background vocals and scats alongside a multi-octave guitar solo towards the end of the song . `` I Care '' was sent to contemporary hit radio in Italy on March 23 , 2012 as the seventh overall single from 4 .   `` I Care '' was acclaimed by contemporary music critics who highlighted the heartfelt emotion , sadness and resentment with which Beyoncé sings . Critics also complimented the way she made effective use out the power in her lower register in the first and second verses until her voice slowly builds until the commanding chorus is reached . They generally praised the guitar solo and the vocal power of Beyoncé which was displayed by `` I Care '' among other songs on 4 . Following the release of 4 in early July 2011 , `` I Care '' charted number 35 on the South Korea Gaon International Singles Chart , based on downloads alone . The song was part of Beyoncé 's set list for her revues 4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé ( 2011 ) and Revel Presents : Beyoncé Live ( 2012 ) as well as The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour ( 2013 ) . It was also used as an interlude in her The Formation World Tour ( 2016 ) .

neg: The DVF Awards The DVF Awards , supported by The Diller-von Furstenberg Family Foundation , are given annually to provide recipients with the exposure and resources necessary to extend their efforts on behalf of women all over the world . The DVF Awards were conceived by Diane von Furstenberg in 2010 with the goal of honoring women who have displayed leadership , strength , and courage in their commitment to their causes . Every year , each Honoree receives a $ 50,000 grant from the Foundation to further their work . The inaugural DVF Awards were presented on March 13 , 2010 at a ceremony hosted by Diane von Fürstenberg and Tina Brown at the United Nations on the closing night of The Women in the World Summit .  Each year , two DVF Awards are given to women within The Vital Voices Global Partnership . In addition , the Inspiration Award is given to a woman who has demonstrated strength and courage in the face of adversity , and is using her experience and influence to effect positive change . The People 's Voice Award is also given annually to a woman chosen from a field of nominees selected by The DVF Awards Board of Advisors and voted on by the public at DVFAwards.com . The Lifetime Leadership Award honors an individual who has dedicated her life and body of work to instilling in other women the courage to fight , the power to survive and the leadership to inspire . Past recipients include Gloria Steinem , Ingrid Betancourt , Hillary Clinton , Oprah Winfrey and Robin Roberts .   Presenters at The DVF Awards have included Meryl Streep , Iman , Olivia Wilde , Jessica Alba , Deborah Winger , Gabby Douglas , and Chelsea Clinton .   2017 Honorees   The International Award : Yoani Sánchez , 14ymedio   The International Award : Baljeet Sandhu , Migrant & Refugee Children 's Legal Unit ( MiCLU )   The People 's Voice Award : Louise Dubé , iCivics   The Inspiration Award : Karlie Kloss , Kode With Klossy   The Lifetime Leadership Award : Dr. Jane Goodall , The Jane Goodall Institute ( JGI )   2016 Honorees   The International Award : Maria Pacheco , Wakami   The International Award : Agnes Igoye , Huts for Peace   The People 's Voice Award : Emily Greener , I AM THAT GIRL   The Inspiration Award : Sarah Jones , Girls Educational and Mentoring Services ' , The Legal Aid Society and Sanctuary for Families   The Lifetime Leadership Award : Dr. Martine Rothblatt , Los Angeles LGBT Center and The Astraea Lesbian Foundation for Justice   2015 Honorees   The International Award : Adimaimalaga Tafuna'I , Women In Business   The International Award : Samar Minallah Khan , Ethnomedia   The People 's Voice Award : Becky Straw and Jody Landers , The Adventure Project   The Inspiration Award : Gabrielle Giffords , Americans for Responsible Solutions   The Lifetime Leadership Award : Melanne Verveer , The Georgetown Institute for Women , Peace and Security at Georgetown University   2014 Honorees   The DVF Award : Kah Walla , STRATEGIES !   The DVF Award : Liron Peleg-Hadomi & Noha Khatieb   The People 's Voice Award : Veronika Scott , The Empowerment Plan   The Inspiration Award : Alicia Keys , Keep a Child Alive   The Lifetime Leadership Award : Gloria Steinem , Equality Now and Donor Direct Action   2013 Honorees   The DVF Award : Sunitha Krishnan , Prajwala  The DVF Award : Andeisha Farid , Afghan Child Education and Caring Organization ( AFCECO ) .  The People 's Voice Award : Tammy Tibbetts , She 's the First  The Inspiration Award : Natalia Vodianova , Naked Heart Foundation  The Lifetime Leadership Award : Robin Roberts , Be the Match   2012 Honorees  The DVF Award : Panmela Castro , Rede Nami  The DVF Award : Chouchou Namegabe , South Kivu 's Association of Women Journalists  The People 's Voice Award : Layli Miller-Muro , Tahirih Justice Center  The Inspiration Award : Jaycee Dugard , The JAYC Foundation  The Lifetime Leadership Award : Oprah Winfrey , The Oprah Winfrey Leadership Academy Foundation   2011 Honorees  The DVF Award : Sohini Chakraborty , Kolkata Sanved  The DVF Award : Kakenya Ntaiya , Kakenya Center for Excellence  The People 's Voice Award : Taryn Davis , The American Widow Project  The Inspiration Award : Elizabeth Smart , Elizabeth Smart Foundation  The Lifetime Leadership Award : Secretary of State Hillary Clinton   2010 Honorees  The DVF Award : Danielle Saint-Lot , Femmes en Démocratie  The DVF Award : Sadiqa Basiri Saleem , The Oruj Learning Center  The People 's Voice Award : Katherine Chon , The Polaris Project  The Lifetime Leadership Award : Ingrid Betancourt , The Ingrid Betancourt Foundation

neg: Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song The Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song was a new category at the 2015 ceremony of the annual Grammy Awards . It combines two previously separate categories in the Gospel/Contemporary Christian Music field , Best Contemporary Christian Music Song and Best Gospel/Contemporary Christian Music Performance . The new category recognizes both songwriters and performers ( solo/duos/groups / collaborations/etc . ) and is open for singles or tracks only . Songwriters are only awarded a Grammy Award if it is a newly written song . Grammy 's for cover versions of previously recorded songs are awarded to the performer ( s ) only .   Along with the also newly formed Best Gospel Performance/Song category , these mark the only Grammy categories which honor both performers and songwriters in one category .   These changes were made in June 2014 by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences `` in the interest of clarifying the criteria , representing the current culture and creative DNA of the gospel and Contemporary Christian Music communities , and better reflecting the diversity and authenticity of today 's gospel music industry . ''   According to the Grammy committee , the move recognizes `` the critical contribution of both songwriters and performers by combining songwriters and artists into the Best Gospel Performance/Song and Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song categories . ''   Gospel performances , which were previously recognized in the Best Gospel/Contemporary Christian Music Performance category , will now fall under the newly created Best Gospel Performance/Song category .

neg: 2006 MTV Video Music Awards The 2006 MTV Video Music Awards aired live on August 31 , 2006 , honoring the best music videos from June 11 , 2005 , to June 26 , 2006 . The show was hosted by Jack Black at Radio City Music Hall in New York City .   The 2006 Video Music Awards marked the first time viewers were able to vote for all performers ' categories ( Best Video ; Best Male , Female , and Group Videos ; and genre categories ) . Like previous years , the artistic categories ( Best Direction , Best Cinematography , etc. ) are still chosen by music industry professionals . The 2006 Awards also discontinued the major category Breakthrough Video .   The show was criticized by fans and viewers as being uninteresting or lacking substance . The award ceremony 's ratings were down 28 % from the 8 million viewers it averaged in 2005 and down 45 % from the 10.3 million viewers it averaged in 2004 .   Shakira and Red Hot Chili Peppers received the most nominations , with seven each . Avenged Sevenfold won Best New Artist and `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' , by Panic ! at the Disco , became the first video to win Video of the Year without winning a single other award since `` This Note 's for You '' by Neil Young in 1989 .

neg: American Music Award for Favorite Country Female Artist The American Music Award for Favorite Country Female Artist ( now titled Favorite Female Artist - Country ) has been awarded since 1974 .   Years reflect the year in which the American Music Awards were presented , for works released in the previous year ( until 2003 onward when awards were handed out on November of the same year ) .   The all-time winner in this category is Reba McEntire with ten ( ' 88 ' , ' 89 , ' 90 , ' 91 , ' 92 , ' 93 , ' 94 , ' 95 , ' 98 , ' 04 ) wins stretching across three decades . McEntire was also the first woman to win the award 8 years in a row .   Second place belongs to Barbara Mandrell ( ' 81 , ' 82 , ' 83 , ' 84 , ' 85 , ' 87 ) and Taylor Swift ( ' 08 , ' 09 , ' 10 , ' 11 , ' 12 , ' 13 ) , who both won the award six times .   Tied in third place are Faith Hill ( ' 01 , ' 02 , ' 03 , and ' 06 ) , Shania Twain ( ' 96 , ' 97 , ' 99 , and ' 00 ) , and Carrie Underwood ( ' 07 , ' 14 , ' 15 , and ' 16 ) , who have each won 4 times , respectively .   Crystal Gayle ( ' 79 , ' 80 , and ' 86 ) has won three times .

neg: I Am... World Tour I Am ... World Tour ( sometimes referred to as the I Am ... Tour ) was the fourth concert tour by American recording artist Beyoncé . It was launched in support of her third studio album , I Am ... Sasha Fierce ( 2008 ) . The tour was announced in October 2008 and the first dates were revealed in December 2008 . It kicked off in late-March 2009 with five rehearsal shows in North America , officially commencing in late April 2009 . The tour visited the Americas , Europe , Asia , Africa , and Australia with 108 shows in total . Preparations for the shows began eight months prior to the beginning of the tour with twelve-hour rehearsals for two months . Knowles described the shows as her best and most theatrical from all of her tours . Pre-concert food drives were held during several stops of the I Am ... World Tour as part of a campaign by General Mills ' Hamburger Helper entitled , `` Show Your Helping Hand '' where fans were asked to bring food during the concerts .   The set list for the concerts included songs from Knowles ' three studio albums as well as several covers of other artists and a Destiny 's Child medley . The central theme of the tour was to showcase the difference between Knowles ' dual personality ; her emotional side and her onstage persona , Sasha Fierce which was also demonstrated in the dual album I Am ... Sasha Fierce . The show featured two stages -- the main one and a smaller B-stage where Knowles was transferred during the middle of the show . She was backed by an all-female band , female background dancers and a big LED screen . Thierry Mugler collaborated with Knowles on the costumes and had a creative advisor role further working on the choreography , lighting and production . Chris March made the costumes usable for stage and helped in their making . For the ballads , Knowles wore longer dresses while for the performances of the up-tempo songs , more make-up and more revealing outfits were worn . The fashion and Knowles ' look and figure received praise from critics .   I Am ... World Tour received critical acclaim from music critics who praised Knowles ' performance abilities calling her the best female performer and chose the performances of `` Ave Maria '' , `` Listen '' and `` At Last '' as highlights during the shows . A concert in Malaysia was cancelled by Knowles after several Muslim groups tried to ban it although she agreed to tone down her look according to the country 's standards . The tour was commercially successful grossing $ 86.0 million from 93 shows in total . Separate performances of several songs were broadcast on different channels and two concerts were released as live albums ; the live performance at the I Am ... Yours revue was released in a CD/DVD format in 2009 and footage of the tour was released on an eponymous titled live album in 2010 .

neg: Beautiful Liar `` Beautiful Liar '' is a song recorded by American singer Beyoncé and Colombian singer Shakira . It was written by Beyoncé , Amanda Ghost , Ian Dench , and Stargate members Mikkel S. Eriksen and Tor Erik Hermansen , and produced by Stargate and Beyoncé for the re-release of Beyoncé 's second solo album , B'Day ( 2006 ) . The mixing of the song was done by Gustavo Celis . `` Beautiful Liar '' was released on March 14 , 2007 , by Columbia Records as the first single from the deluxe edition of the album . A Spanish and English mixed version of the song was produced and titled `` Bello Embustero '' .   `` Beautiful Liar '' is a mid-tempo song ; musically , it is a melding of Shakira 's Latin and Middle Eastern styles with Beyoncé 's contemporary hip hop and R&B styles . Its theme is female empowerment ; two female protagonists sing about being charmed by the same man , but instead of fighting over him , both ladies agree that he is not worth their time . The song was well received by music critics , who praised generally Beyoncé 's and Shakira 's collaboration . `` Beautiful Liar '' was nominated for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals at the 50th Grammy Awards and the Spanish version was nominated for Record of the Year at the Latin Grammy Awards of 2007 . It won an Ivor Novello Awards for Best-Selling British Song in 2008 .   `` Beautiful Liar '' was commercially successful . It peaked at number three on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and experienced the largest upward movement on that chart until 2008 . The song peaked at number one in many European countries , including France , Germany , Hungary , Ireland , Italy , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Switzerland , and the United Kingdom . Its accompanying music video was directed by Jake Nava , incorporates belly dancing moves . `` Beautiful Liar '' won the Most Earthshattering Collaboration award at the 2007 MTV Video Music Award . The song was included on Beyoncé 's set list during her 2007 The Beyoncé Experience world tour .

neg: MTV Video Music Award for Best Video with a Social Message The MTV Video Music Award for Best Video with a Social Message is an award handed out at the yearly MTV Video Music Awards , first introduced at the 2011 ceremony . The first winner of the category was Lady Gaga . As of 2015 , Kelly Clarkson , Rise Against , and Beyoncé have received the most nominations in this category , being nominated twice .

neg: List of The X Factor finalists (UK series 6) The sixth UK series of The X Factor was broadcast on ITV . It began airing on 22 August 2009 and finished with a grand finale on 13 December 2009 . Each category was mentored by one of the show 's four judges : Simon Cowell , Dannii Minogue , Louis Walsh and Cheryl Cole . Cowell mentored the Over 25s , Minogue was looking after the Girls , Walsh had the Groups and Cole mentored the Boys . In the final , Joe McElderry was declared the winner , Olly Murs was the runner-up and Stacey Solomon finished in third place .

neg: Queen Latifah Dana Elaine Owens ( born March 18 , 1970 ) , known professionally by her stage name Queen Latifah , is an American rapper , songwriter , singer , actress , model , television producer , record producer , and talk show host . Born in Newark , New Jersey , she signed with Tommy Boy Records in 1989 and released her debut album All Hail the Queen the same year , featuring the hit single `` Ladies First '' . Her second album , Nature of a Sista ( 1991 ) , was her final album with Tommy Boy Records .   Latifah starred as Khadijah James on the FOX sitcom Living Single , from 1993 to 1998 . Her third album Black Reign ( 1993 ) , spawned the single `` U.N.I.T.Y. '' , which won a Grammy Award and was successful on the Billboard Hot 100 . She then starred in the lead role of Set It Off ( 1996 ) and released her fourth album , Order in the Court , in 1998 , with Motown Records . Latifah gained mainstream success and acclaim with her performance in the film Chicago ( 2002 ) , receiving an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress .   Latifah released her fifth album The Dana Owens Album in 2004 , and has since appeared in a number of films , such as Bringing Down the House ( 2003 ) , Taxi ( 2004 ) , Barbershop 2 : Back in Business ( 2005 ) , Beauty Shop ( 2005 ) , Last Holiday ( 2006 ) , Hairspray ( 2007 ) and Joyful Noise ( 2012 ) . In 2007 and 2009 , she released two more studio albums -- Trav ` lin ' Light and Persona . She created the daytime talk show The Queen Latifah Show , which ran from late 2013 to early 2015 on CBS . Latifah received critical acclaim for her portrayal of blues singer Bessie Smith in the HBO film Bessie ( 2015 ) , which she co-produced , winning the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Television Movie .   She has long been considered one of hip-hop 's pioneer feminists . Queen Latifah received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2006 . Latifah 's work in music , film and television has earned her a Grammy Award , an Emmy Award , a Golden Globe award , three Screen Actors Guild Awards , two NAACP Image Awards , an Academy Award nomination and sales of over two million records .

neg: Best International Athlete ESPY Award The Best International Athlete ESPY Award is an award given to the sportsperson , irrespective of gender or sport contested , adjudged to have been the best or most outstanding of those born outside , or not possessing citizenship , of the United States who contest a major international individual sport primarily in the United States or a North American professional team sport in a given calendar year . The award was discontinued after 2009 , but was reinstated in 2012 .   Balloting for the award was conducted over the Internet by fans from amongst choices selected by the ESPN Select Nominating Committee . The ESPY Awards ceremony has been conducted in June or July since the 2002 ceremony ; all awards conferred in that period reflect performance and achievement over the twelve months previous to presentation , which may span one or two seasons depending upon the recipient 's particular sport .

neg: MTV Europe Music Award for Best Song The MTV Europe Music Award for Best Song is the main award of the EMA 's . It was first awarded in 1994 , when `` 7 Seconds '' won it , and has been given out since . Lady Gaga , Pink and Beyoncé have been the big winners with two awards . In 2007 and 2008 the category was named Most Addictive Track , but in 2009 called again Best Song .

neg: Grammy Award for Video of the Year The Grammy Award for Video of the Year was an honor presented to recording artists at the 24th Grammy Awards in 1982 and the 25th Grammy Awards in 1983 for music videos . The Grammy Awards , an annual ceremony that was established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards , are presented by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States to `` honor artistic achievement , technical proficiency and overall excellence in the recording industry , without regard to album sales or chart position '' .   First presented in 1982 to Michael Nesmith for Elephant Parts , the award was reserved for quality `` video cassettes or discs in any format created specifically for the home video market '' . In 1983 , Olivia Newton-John was presented the award for Olivia Physical . Beginning with the 1984 Grammy Awards , the Video of the Year award category was replaced with the categories Best Video , Short Form and Best Video Album ( now known as Best Music Video and Best Music Film , respectively ) .

neg: Entertainer of the Year Entertainer of the Year is the twenty-first studio album by American country music singer-songwriter , Loretta Lynn . It was released on February 26 , 1973 , by MCA Records .   Entertainer of the Year was titled after Lynn received the `` Entertainer of the Year '' award from the Country Music Association the previous year , becoming the first woman to win that award . The one and only single from the album was released in late 1972 , `` Rated X '' . The song was a self-penned song by Lynn and peaked at # 1 on the Billboard country chart in 1973 , her first # 1 hit since 1971 , and became also one of her more controversial songs , describing the double-standard frequently endured by divorced women at the time . The album was Lynn 's first studio album of 1973 , and Lynn would end up releasing an additional two for the year .   The album was very successful on the Billboard album charts , peaking at # 1 on the Top Country Albums chart , and did not chart on the Billboard 200 . The album became Lynn 's fourth album to top the Top Country Albums chart . The album was Lynn 's first released on the MCA Records label , after the Decca label was retired by the company .

neg: Party (Beyoncé song) `` Party '' is a song recorded by American singer Beyoncé for her fourth studio album , 4 ( 2011 ) . It features guest vocals from American rapper André 3000 and uncredited vocals from Kanye West , and was released by Columbia Records as the fourth single from 4 on August 30 , 2011 . The song was written by Kanye West , Jeff Bhasker and Beyoncé , with the production being handled by Beyoncé and West and was co-produced by Bhasker . A midtempo R&B song , `` Party '' exhibits elements of the 1980s funk and soul music , and samples the 1985 song `` La Di Da Di '' , written by Dexter Mills , Douglas Davis and Ricky Walters . It recalls the work of New Edition and Prince , among others . Built on a 808-retro beat , multi-tracked harmonies , and a smooth groove , the song 's instrumentation includes slow-bouncing synthesizers , keyboard tones , and drums . Lyrically , `` Party '' gives ode to political themes such as feminism and sexual empowerment . In his rap verses , André 3000 references milk and gets philosophical about his own career . `` Party '' was nominated for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration at the 54th Grammy Awards .   The song reached number 50 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart . It debuted on the US Hot R&B / Hip-Hop Songs chart in July 2011 , and peaked at number 2 on the chart for three consecutive weeks . Following the release of 4 , `` Party '' charted at number 19 on the South Korea Gaon International Singles Chart . `` Party '' was part of Beyoncé 's set list for her 4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé and the Revel Presents : Beyoncé Live residency shows .