query: George W. Romney was the father of a former governor.

pos: George W. Romney George Wilcken Romney ( July 8 , 1907 -- July 26 , 1995 ) was an American businessman and Republican Party politician . He was chairman and president of American Motors Corporation from 1954 to 1962 , the 43rd Governor of Michigan from 1963 to 1969 , and the United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development from 1969 to 1973 . He was the father of former Governor of Massachusetts and 2012 Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney and the husband of former Michigan U.S. Senate candidate Lenore Romney .   Romney was born to American parents living in the Mormon colonies in Mexico ; events during the Mexican Revolution forced his family to flee back to the United States when he was a child . The family lived in several states and ended up in Salt Lake City , Utah , where they struggled during the Great Depression . Romney worked in a number of jobs , served as a Mormon missionary in the United Kingdom , and attended several colleges in the U.S. but did not graduate from any of them . In 1939 he moved to Detroit and joined the American Automobile Manufacturers Association , where he served as the chief spokesman for the automobile industry during World War II and headed a cooperative arrangement in which companies could share production improvements . He joined Nash-Kelvinator in 1948 , and became the chief executive of its successor , American Motors Corporation , in 1954 . There he turned around the struggling firm by focusing all efforts on the compact Rambler car . Romney mocked the products of the `` Big Three '' automakers as `` gas-guzzling dinosaurs '' and became one of the first high-profile , media-savvy business executives . Devoutly religious , he presided over the Detroit Stake of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints .   Having entered politics by participating in a state constitutional convention to rewrite the Michigan Constitution during 1961 -- 1962 , Romney was elected Governor of Michigan in 1962 . Re-elected by increasingly large margins in 1964 and 1966 , he worked to overhaul the state 's financial and revenue structure , greatly expanding the size of state government and introducing Michigan 's first state income tax . Romney was a strong supporter of the American Civil Rights Movement . He briefly represented moderate Republicans against conservative Republican Barry Goldwater during the 1964 U.S. presidential election . He requested the intervention of federal troops during the 1967 Detroit riot .   Initially a front runner for the Republican nomination for President of the United States in the 1968 election , he proved an ineffective campaigner and fell behind Richard Nixon in polls . After a mid-1967 remark that his earlier support for the Vietnam War had been due to a `` brainwashing '' by U.S. military and diplomatic officials in Vietnam , his campaign faltered even more and he withdrew from the contest in early 1968 . After Nixon 's election as president , he appointed Romney as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development . Romney 's ambitious plans for housing production increases for the poor , and for open housing to desegregate suburbs , were modestly successful but often thwarted by Nixon . Romney left the administration at the start of Nixon 's second term in 1973 . Returning to private life , he advocated volunteerism and public service , and headed the National Center for Voluntary Action and its successor organizations from 1973 through 1991 . He also served as a regional representative of the Twelve within his church .

neg: Robert White (attorney general) Robert White ( February 7 , 1833 -- December 12 , 1915 ) was an American military officer , lawyer , and politician in the U.S. state of West Virginia . White served as Attorney General of West Virginia ( 1877 -- 1881 ) and served two terms in the West Virginia House of Delegates , representing Ohio County in 1885 and 1891 .   Born in 1833 in Romney , Virginia ( present-day West Virginia ) , White was the son of Hampshire County Court Clerk John Baker White and his second wife , Frances Ann Streit White . He was educated at the Romney Classical Institute , worked in his father 's clerking office for six years , and studied jurisprudence under John White Brockenbrough at his Lexington Law School . White was admitted to the bar in 1854 and practiced law in Romney .   Prior to the outbreak of the American Civil War , White was commissioned a Captain of the Frontier Riflemen , which later became Company I of the 13th Virginia Volunteer Infantry Regiment , commanded by Colonel A. P. Hill in 1861 . In 1864 , he was commissioned as a Colonel in command of the 23rd Virginia Volunteer Cavalry Regiment and served in that capacity until the unit disbanded in April 1865 . Following the war , White returned to Romney and practiced law with John Jeremiah Jacob . He devoted his efforts to bringing economic development to the South Branch Potomac River Valley , which had been desolated during the war . White was one of nine members to revive the Romney Literary Society following the war , and in 1870 , the organization successfully secured the West Virginia Schools for the Deaf and Blind for Romney . He served three terms on the school 's Board of Regents . White also established the South Branch Railway Company and was its president until 1877 .   White was elected as West Virginia 's attorney general in 1876 and served from 1877 until 1881 . He was charged with several important lawsuits , among the most prominent being the state 's pursuance of tax liabilities from railroad companies . White argued the case before the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia , which ruled in White 's favor and ultimately enriched the West Virginia state treasury . He successfully secured the extradition of Elihu Gregg from Pennsylvania after Gregg was accused of burning the Preston County courthouse and fled . In Kitzmiller v. Williams , White argued in favor of the rights of former Confederate soldiers before the Supreme Court of the United States and secured a favorable verdict . Following his tenure as attorney general , White served two terms in the West Virginia House of Delegates . In 1885 , he represented the state at the Washington Monument 's dedication . White subsequently served two terms as the city solicitor of Wheeling , and was later counsel for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company .   In his later life , White was involved in Confederate memorial activities . He was a member of the Confederate Memorial Association board of trustees , the chief officer of the West Virginia Division of the United Confederate Veterans , and served as commander with the rank of major-general in the national organization . White was chairman of the construction committee for the Confederate Memorial Institute 's Battle Abbey in Richmond . He was a Freemason and served as Grand Master of the state of West Virginia in 1875 . White attended the 100th anniversary of the burial of George Washington in 1899 and was chosen by the Grand Lodge of Virginia as the Grand Marshal of the Masonic ceremonies while attending the observance at Mount Vernon . He also became a noted lecturer and orator in his later years . Following a prolonged illness , White died in Wheeling in 1915 .

neg: Gary Herbert Gary Richard Herbert ( born May 7 , 1947 ) is an American politician who is the 17th and current Governor of Utah . A member of the Republican Party , Herbert has served as Governor since August 2009 . From July 2015 to July 2016 , Herbert served as chair of the National Governors Association .   Born in American Fork , Utah , Herbert served for two years as an LDS missionary in the eastern United States following his graduation from high school , then attended Brigham Young University and joined the Utah Army National Guard . After serving in the National Guard , Herbert began a career in real estate and opened his own firm . Herbert won a seat on the Utah County Commission in 1990 , where he served 14 years . Herbert also served as presidents of the Utah Association of Counties and Utah Association of Realtors .   After initially running for the Republican nomination for Governor in 2004 , Herbert teamed up with ambassador and businessman Jon Huntsman as his running mate in the general election . Herbert was sworn in as Lieutenant Governor of Utah in 2005 , serving one term until he assumed the governorship on August 11 , 2009 , following the resignation of Governor Huntsman , who was appointed to serve as the United States Ambassador to China by President Barack Obama . Herbert was elected to serve out the remainder of the term in a special election in 2010 , defeating Democratic nominee Salt Lake County Mayor Peter Corroon with 64 % of the vote . He won election to a full four-year term in 2012 , defeating Democratic Businessman Peter Cooke with 68 % of the vote and was re-elected to a second full four-year term in 2016 . In a recent statement , Herbert declined to say if he will run again for election in 2020 .

neg: Mickey D. Barnett Mickey D. Barnett , an attorney and senator from New Mexico was a Governor of the United States Postal Service , appointed by President George W. Bush on August 17 , 2006 , for a term that expired on December 8 , 2013 . Barnett served one term as Republican National Committeeman from New Mexico before being defeated for re-election .   Barnett served the public in the New Mexico State Senate from 1980 to 1984 . Previously he served the federal government as a legislative assistant to Senator Pete Domenici ( 1972 -- 1976 ) .   Barnett is a graduate of Eastern New Mexico University , receiving a Bachelor of Arts degree in business administration . He received his J.D. degree from George Washington University National Law Center in 1977 .

neg: Ray C. Osborne Raymond Claiborne Osborne ( September 7 , 1933 -- March 3 , 2011 ) , was a Florida Republican Party politician who served as the first Lieutenant Governor of Florida under the state constitution of 1968 and the state 's first lieutenant governor since 1889 . Appointed by Republican Governor Claude R. Kirk , Jr. , Osborne was sworn in on January 7 , 1969 for a term that lasted two years .   In 1970 , while Kirk sought re-election as governor , Osborne planned to run for the United States Senate in the Republican primary election against U.S. Representative William C. Cramer of St. Petersburg , whose nomination Kirk personally opposed . However , Osborne withdrew from the race when Judge G. Harrold Carswell of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit , who had been repudiated by the U.S. Senate for a seat on the Supreme Court , entered the race for senator . Carswell hoped to confront the senators who blocked his appointment . Ultimately , Cramer was nominated for the Senate but lost the general election to the Democrat Lawton Chiles of Lakeland . Years later , Kirk said that he `` should have stuck with Osborne '' and not encouraged Carswell to run . Kirk also said that he had not `` created '' Carswell 's candidacy , as many in the media had then depicted .   Born in Winston-Salem , North Carolina , Osborne graduated from North Carolina State University in 1955 . He then served in the United States Army from 1955 to 1957 . Osborne graduated from the University of North Carolina School of Law in 1961 . Osborne moved with his wife to St. Petersburg , Florida . From 1964 to 1968 , Osborne served in the Florida House of Representatives , He then served on the Florida Public Service Commission in 1968 . Osborne practiced law for many years in Boca Raton , Florida , until his death in March 2011 .

neg: United States presidential election in New Mexico, 2012 The 2012 United States presidential election in New Mexico took place on November 6 , 2012 as part of the 2012 General Election in which all 50 states plus The District of Columbia participated . This was the 25th U.S. Presidential Election in which New Mexico participated . New Mexico voters chose five electors to represent them in the Electoral College via a popular vote pitting incumbent Democratic President Barack Obama and his running mate , Vice President Joe Biden , against Republican challenger and former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney and his running mate , Congressman Paul Ryan .   Prior to the election , 17 news organizations considered this a state Obama would win , or otherwise considered as a safe blue state.President Obama and Vice President Biden carried New Mexico with 52.99 % of the vote to Mitt Romney 's 42.84 % , a victory margin of 10.15 percentage points . Libertarian Gary Johnson , a former Republican who served two terms as Governor of New Mexico from 1995 to 2003 , garnered 3.55 % of the vote , his strongest statewide performance in the nation , and the strongest 3rd party showing in the state since 2000 ( although that was easily surpassed by Johnson in 2016 , when he received nearly 10 % of the vote in New Mexico ) .

neg: Robert W. Scott Robert Walter `` Bob '' Scott ( June 13 , 1929 -- January 23 , 2009 ) was the 67th Governor of the state of North Carolina from 1969 to 1973 . He was born in Haw River , North Carolina .   The son of North Carolina Governor W. Kerr Scott , and grandson and nephew of state legislators , Scott was a dairy farmer before being elected to the post of lieutenant governor in 1964 and that of governor in 1968 . In May 1969 , during his term as governor , racial violence at North Carolina Agricultural & Technical State University , a predominantly black campus in Greensboro , resulted in one student death , and the injury of a National Guardsman , five Greensboro police officers and two students .   Constitutionally barred from seeking another term , he later served as co-chairman of the Appalachian Regional Commission and as President of the North Carolina Community College System , from 1983 until 1995 . Scott unsuccessfully ran for governor in 1980 , losing in the Democratic primary to Jim Hunt .   His daughter , Meg Scott Phipps served as North Carolina Commissioner of Agriculture from 2001 to 2003 .   Scott was honored in 2008 by the North Carolina Society for preserving state archives and historic artifacts and his efforts to increase awareness of the state 's history .   Scott died in 2009 at the age of 79 and is buried in Hawfields Presbyterian Church Cemetery in Mebane , North Carolina .   His father 's farm and birthplace , the Kerr Scott Farm , was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987 .

neg: Paul Hardy Paul Jude Hardy ( born October 18 , 1942 ) is an American attorney from Baton Rouge , in the U.S. state of Louisiana , who was the first Republican to have been elected lieutenant governor of the U.S. state of Louisiana since Reconstruction . He served in the second-ranking post under Governor Buddy Roemer from 1988 to 1992 .

neg: Francis X. Bellotti Francis Xavier Bellotti ( born May 3 , 1923 ) is an American lawyer and politician . In his first campaign he was the Democratic nominee for District Attorney of Norfolk County in 1958 , but was defeated in the general election . In 1962 Bellotti was elected as Lieutenant Governor for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts from 1963 to 1965 . In 1964 he had challenged the sitting governor of his own party , Endicott Peabody , and defeated him in the Democratic Primary ; but lost in the general election to John Volpe who thus regained the seat he had lost in 1962 . From 1975 to 1987 he served three terms as Massachusetts Attorney General . In that capacity he instilled professionalism among his staff , was a leader for civil rights and served as President of the National Association of Attorneys General . He also sought the nomination of the Democratic party for governor in 1970 and in 1990 , but was defeated in the Democratic primary election in both elections losing to Kevin White the first time and John Silber the second .   In his official capacity for the state he was the named party in the commercial speech case : First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti , 435 U.S. 765 ( 1978 ) , which established that corporations have some free speech rights under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution .   Bellotti was born in Boston . He graduated from Tufts University in 1947 and received his law degree from Boston College in 1952 . Since leaving office , Bellotti has practiced law in Boston , Massachusetts with the firm of Mintz , Levin , Cohn , Ferris , Glovsky and Popeo . He is the father of twelve children , including Norfolk County Sheriff Michael G. Bellotti .

neg: Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection, 2012 This article lists possible candidates for the Republican nomination for Vice President of the United States in the 2012 election . On May 29 , 2012 , former Governor Mitt Romney of Massachusetts won a majority of pledged delegates for the Republican nomination for President of the United States , and became the presumptive nominee .   On August 11 , 2012 , Romney officially announced his selection of Paul Ryan as his running-mate to supporters via an iPhone app , though the selection of Ryan had already leaked to the press hours before the official announcement . Ryan was the first individual from Wisconsin to appear on a major party 's national ticket , although third party presidential candidate Robert La Follette won 16 % of the popular vote in the 1924 presidential election . The Romney-Ryan ticket ultimately lost in the general election to the Obama-Biden ticket , but the defeat did not harm Ryan 's career ; in 2015 , Ryan was elected as Speaker of the United States House of Representatives .

neg: Arthur W. Coolidge Arthur William Coolidge ( October 13 , 1881 -- January 23 , 1952 ) was a Massachusetts politician who served multiple positions within the state government .   Born in Cumberland County , Maine , Coolidge worked as a lawyer before becoming a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives ( 1937 -- 1940 ) and of the Massachusetts State Senate ( 1941 -- 1946 ) . From 1947 to 1949 he was the 56th Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts . He was the Republican nominee for Governor in 1950 .   He was a Republican and a Unitarian , a Freemason , serving as Grand Master of Masons ( 1943 -- 1944 ) and a member of the American Bar Association and Theta Delta Chi . In 1951 he was elected as a member of the Massachusetts Society of the Sons of the American Revolution .   He had one daughter , Dorothy Coolidge Cox and two sons : Robert Tilton Coolidge ( 1915 -- 1955 ) and Arthur William Coolidge II . A fourth cousin to President Calvin Coolidge . One of his grandchildren is film director Martha Coolidge .   Coolidge is buried in Forest Glen Cemetery , Reading , Massachusetts . The Arthur W. Coolidge Middle School , formerly Junior High School , was named in his honor .

neg: Edgar Whitcomb Edgar Doud Whitcomb ( November 6 , 1917 -- February 4 , 2016 ) was an American politician , who was the 43rd Governor of Indiana . His term as governor began a major rift in the Indiana Republican Party as urban Republicans became more numerous than rural Republicans , leading to a shift in the priorities of the party leadership .   Whitcomb found himself opposed by speaker of the house Otis R. Bowen on a number of measures and for control of the party leadership . Despite his opposition , Whitcomb was able to increase tax revenue by 8 % without raising tax rates through improved collection and auditing techniques , created a panel of business leaders to recommend governmental reforms aimed at increasing efficiency that allowed the state to reduce its workforce by 10 % and fought for a number of budgetary saving measures primarily through reducing state employee wages and spending in non essential areas .   After leaving office , Whitcomb divorced from his wife of thirty-six years and took up sail boating . He sailed around the Mediterranean Sea , across the Atlantic Ocean in 1990 , and geographically sailed around the world in 1995 , although he was not able to return to his exact starting point , because his ship ran aground on a reef in the Gulf of Suez . After two days of trying to free the ship , he made the decision to abandon it . Returning to Indiana , he moved to a secluded log cabin on the banks of the Ohio River within the Hoosier National Forest near Rome , Indiana .

neg: National Center for Voluntary Action The National Center for Voluntary Action was an independent , private , non-profit organization that existed in the 1970s , and then extended on in merged forms , that sought to encourage volunteerism on the part of American citizens and organizations , assist in program development for voluntary efforts , and sought to make voluntary action an important force in American society .   The organization had its origins in 1969 , the first year of the Nixon administration , when the Cabinet Committee on Voluntary Action was put into place . Led by United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development George W. Romney , a study performed by this committee found a need for a national , non-governmental organization .   Hence came the National Center for Voluntary Action , created in 1970 by executive order of the president . At its first meeting on February 20 , 1970 , Romney stressed the value of voluntary action as the `` fourth way '' of solving problems ( along with the federal government , state and local government , and private industry ) . In April 1970 , Henry Ford II became the organization 's first chair and Bud Wilkinson its first president .   The organization launched a nationwide effort to develop Voluntary Action Centers ( previously known as Volunteer Bureaus ) as local volunteer centers to help people meet their needs through actions of volunteers . A heart-shaped logo was devised for the Voluntary Action Centers and used nationwide . It operated an information bank known as Clearinghouse . By October 1971 , Voluntary Action Centers had been established in 32 communities , with 30 more underway and 250 other communities having expressed interest .   Wilkinson left in August 1970 . Lenore Romney , George 's wife , became a director of the organization , and a member of its executive committee by 1971 , and vice president by 1973 . Ford departed in 1972 , and W. Clement Stone , who was the treasurer , became acting chair .   In 1973 , as he left the Nixon administration , George Romney became chair and CEO of the National Center for Voluntary Action .   In 1976 , the organization sponsored a national Congress on Volunteerism and Citizenship in conjunction with the United States Bicentennial of that year .   In 1979 , the National Center for Voluntary Action merged with another organization , the Colorado-based National Information Center on Volunteerism ( which had been in existence since 1970 , and as the National Information Center on Volunteers in Courts , since 1967 ) , and together became a new organization , VOLUNTEER : The National Center for Citizen Involvement . Romney remained as head of the new organization . The organization simplified its name to VOLUNTEER : The National Center in 1984 and to the National Volunteer Center in 1990 . Romney remained as chair of these organizations throughout this time .   In 1991 , the organization merged into the Points of Light Foundation , which had been created in 1990 under the aegis of President George H.W. Bush . The merged organization also became known during the 2000s as the Points of Light Foundation and Volunteer Center National Network . That organization then in 2007 merged with the Atlanta-based Hands On Network to become the Points of Light Institute .

neg: Allan R. McKinnon Allan Robert McKinnon is a former Massachusetts politician who served as a member of the Massachusetts State Senate from 1971 to 1985 , Deputy Secretary of Transportation from 1985 to 1988 , and Chairman of the Massachusetts Turnpike Authority from 1988 to 1996 . He retired in 1996 .   He was raised by his Mother , Sue ( Farrar ) McKinnon , in Weymouth , the youngest of 9 children . His father , Joseph McKinnon , died when he was 8 years old in 1938 . He resided in Weymouth throughout his career with his wife , Anne ( McLaughlin ) McKinnon ( 1933 -- 2001 ) . He has four children ; Kerin ( 1959 - ) , Kevin ( 1964 -- 2010 ) , Sean ( 1967 - ) and Megan ( 1972 - ) .   After graduating from Tufts in 1955 , McKinnon taught history and government in Weymouth and Holbrook , Massachusetts . He served as Weymouth 's Public Works Commissioner from 1958 to 1963 and was a member of the town 's Board of Assessors from 1963 to 1975 .   McKinnon was the State Senator from the Norfolk and Plymouth District from 1971 to 1985 . While serving in the senate he continued teaching American History in the evenings at Quincy Junior College . He was known as a political opponent of Senate President William M. Bulger , an opponent of the death penalty , and a supporter of forced busing in Boston . McKinnon decided not to run for reelection in 1984 and was appointed Deputy Secretary of Transportation .   In 1987 he was appointed by Governor Michael Dukakis to serve as Chairman of the Massachusetts Turnpike Authority . As Turnpike Chairman , he oversaw repairs to the Callahan and Sumner tunnels , increased the amount of Jersey barriers on state highways , and established highway litter patrols and wildflower programs . During his tenure , Massachusetts had the fewest fatalities on major turnpikes in the United States .

neg: Walter J. Kohler Jr. Walter Jodok Kohler Jr. ( April 4 , 1904 -- March 21 , 1976 ) was a member of the Kohler family of Wisconsin and was the 33rd Governor of Wisconsin , serving three terms from 1951 to 1957 . He was a leading figure in state and national Republican Party activities . His role in the clash between Senator Joseph R. McCarthy and presidential candidate Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952 has interested historians for decades . Kohler was for many years a sales executive at the Kohler Company and served as president at The Vollrath Company . He was also a distinguished Naval officer in World War II . He had two children - a son , Terry Jodok Kohler , and daughter , Charlotte Nicolette Kohler .   Kohler 's father , Walter J. Kohler Sr. , was Governor of Wisconsin from 1929 to 1931 . His son Terry Kohler ran for governor in 1982 against Anthony Earl , but lost .

neg: George Hoadley (Ohio politician) George Hoadley ( December 15 , 1781 -- February 20 , 1857 ) was the mayor of Cleveland in 1846 .   Hoadley was born in Connecticut to Timothy and Rebecca ( Taintor ) Hoadley . Hoadley graduated from Yale University in 1801 , where he studied law . He served a term as mayor of New Haven , Connecticut before he moved to Cleveland in 1830 and established his own law practice . Hoadley served as Justice of the Peace from 1832 to 1846 and was elected mayor for a two-year term in 1846 . The first high school for boys in Cleveland was opened in 1846 after Hoadley and his predecessor , Samuel Starkweather , worked to establish the first high school in Cleveland .   Hoadley was married 8 November 1819 in New Haven , New Haven Co , Connecticut to Mary Ann Woolsey and had four children : Mary Ann , Elisabeth Dwight , George , who became governor of Ohio in 1883 , and Laura . Hoadley died in Cleveland and is buried in the Erie Street Cemetery . His wife , and daughter Laura , are buried in Highland Park Cemetery , Highland Hills , Cuyahoga Co , Ohio . His wife died 2 May 1871 in Cleveland and Laura died 21 June 1853 at the age of 18 .

neg: Pierre Howard Pierre DuVinage Howard , Jr. ( born February 3 , 1943 ) is an American attorney and politician . He served as ninth Lieutenant Governor of the US state of Georgia .

neg: Mitt (film) Mitt is a 2014 American documentary film that chronicles the 2008 and 2012 presidential campaigns of former Massachusetts governor Mitt Romney . Mitt premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 17 , 2014 . The film was released on Netflix on January 24 , 2014 .

neg: George Seay George Seay is a Dallas , Texas-based businessman , co-founder and Chairman of Annandale Capital , and conservative political leader . Seay previously served as Texas finance chairman for Texas Governor Rick Perry 's 2012 Presidential campaign , and is a current senior adviser to Marco Rubio 's 2016 Presidential campaign . Seay is a 7th generation Texan and the grandson of Bill Clements , who served as the first Republican governor of Texas since Reconstruction . He serves on numerous boards and philanthropic groups , including The University of Texas McCombs School of Business Advisory Board , The Clements Center for National Security , 7th Generation Foundation , New Covenant Foundation , Hope Through Healing Hands and the Southwestern Medical Foundation .

neg: Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection, 1968 This article lists those who were potential candidates for the Republican nomination for Vice President of the United States in the 1968 election . After winning the Republican presidential nomination at the 1968 Republican National Convention , former Vice President Richard Nixon convened a series of meetings with close advisers and party leaders such as Strom Thurmond in order to choose his running mate . Nixon ultimately asked the convention to nominate Maryland Governor Spiro Agnew as his running mate . By a large margin , Agnew won the vice presidential nomination on the first ballot over Michigan Governor George W. Romney , who was supported by a faction of liberal Republicans . Nixon chose Agnew because he wanted a centrist who was broadly acceptable to the party , had experience with domestic issues , and appealed to Southern voters ( to counter the third party candidacy of former Alabama Governor George Wallace ) . The Nixon-Agnew ticket defeated the Humphrey-Muskie ticket , and also won re-election in 1972 , defeating the McGovern-Shriver ticket . However , Agnew was forced to resign as Vice President in 1973 due to a controversy regarding his personal taxes .

neg: Winthrop Rockefeller Winthrop Rockefeller ( May 1 , 1912 -- February 22 , 1973 ) was an American politician and philanthropist , who served as the first Republican Governor of Arkansas since Reconstruction . He was a third-generation member of the Rockefeller family .


query: Bertrand Russell's work has had a considerable influence on the core of artificial intelligence.

pos: Bertrand Russell Bertrand Arthur William Russell , 3rd Earl Russell , ( -LSB- ˈrʌsəl -RSB- 18 May 1872 -- 2 February 1970 ) was a British philosopher , logician , mathematician , historian , writer , social critic , political activist and Nobel laureate . At various points in his life he considered himself a liberal , a socialist , and a pacifist , but he also admitted that he had `` never been any of these things , in any profound sense '' . He was born in Monmouthshire into one of the most prominent aristocratic families in the United Kingdom .   In the early 20th century , Russell led the British `` revolt against idealism '' . He is considered one of the founders of analytic philosophy along with his predecessor Gottlob Frege , colleague G. E. Moore , and protégé Ludwig Wittgenstein . He is widely held to be one of the 20th century 's premier logicians . With A. N. Whitehead he wrote Principia Mathematica , an attempt to create a logical basis for mathematics . His philosophical essay `` On Denoting '' has been considered a `` paradigm of philosophy '' . His work has had a considerable influence on mathematics , logic , set theory , linguistics , artificial intelligence , cognitive science , computer science ( see type theory and type system ) , and philosophy , especially the philosophy of language , epistemology , and metaphysics .   Russell mostly was a prominent anti-war activist ; he championed anti-imperialism . Occasionally , he advocated preventive nuclear war , before the opportunity provided by the atomic monopoly had passed , and `` welcomed with enthusiasm '' world government . He went to prison for his pacifism during World War I. Later , he campaigned against Adolf Hitler , then criticised Stalinist totalitarianism , attacked the involvement of the United States in the Vietnam War , and was an outspoken proponent of nuclear disarmament . In 1950 Russell was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature `` in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought '' .

neg: Logical behaviorism Logical behaviorism ( also known as philosophical behaviorism or analytical behaviorism ) is a theory of mind that mental concepts can be explained in terms of behavioral concepts .   Logical behaviorism was first stated by the Vienna circle : C. G. Hempel , Otto Neurath and Rudolf Carnap . A more moderate form of analytical behaviorism was put forward by the Oxford philosopher Gilbert Ryle in his book The Concept of Mind ( 1949 ) .

neg: Physical symbol system A physical symbol system ( also called a formal system ) takes physical patterns ( symbols ) , combining them into structures ( expressions ) and manipulating them ( using processes ) to produce new expressions .   The physical symbol system hypothesis ( PSSH ) is a position in the philosophy of artificial intelligence formulated by Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon . They wrote :   This claim implies both that human thinking is a kind of symbol manipulation ( because a symbol system is necessary for intelligence ) and that machines can be intelligent ( because a symbol system is sufficient for intelligence ) .   The idea has philosophical roots in Hobbes ( who claimed reasoning was `` nothing more than reckoning '' ) , Leibniz ( who attempted to create a logical calculus of all human ideas ) , Hume ( who thought perception could be reduced to `` atomic impressions '' ) and even Kant ( who analyzed all experience as controlled by formal rules ) . The latest version is called the computational theory of mind , associated with philosophers Hilary Putnam and Jerry Fodor .   The hypothesis has been criticized strongly by various parties , but is a core part of AI research . A common critical view is that the hypothesis seems appropriate for higher-level intelligence such as playing chess , but less appropriate for commonplace intelligence such as vision . A distinction is usually made between the kind of high level symbols that directly correspond with objects in the world , such as <dog> and <tail> and the more complex `` symbols '' that are present in a machine like a neural network .

neg: Turing Award __ NOTOC __   The ACM A.M. Turing Award is an annual prize given by the Association for Computing Machinery ( ACM ) to `` an individual selected for contributions of a technical nature made to the computing community '' . It is stipulated that the contributions `` should be of lasting and major technical importance to the computer field '' . The Turing Award is generally recognized as the highest distinction in computer science and the `` Nobel Prize of computing '' .   The award is named after Alan Turing , a British mathematician and reader in mathematics at the University of Manchester . Turing is often credited as being the key founder of theoretical computer science and artificial intelligence . From 2007 to 2013 , the award was accompanied by a prize of US $ 250,000 , with financial support provided by Intel and Google . Since 2014 , the award has been accompanied by a prize of US $ 1 million , with financial support provided by Google .   The first recipient , in 1966 , was Alan Perlis , of Carnegie Mellon University . The first female recipient was Frances E. Allen of IBM in 2006 .

neg: Synthetic intelligence Synthetic intelligence ( SI ) is an alternative term for artificial intelligence which emphasizes that the intelligence of machines need not be an imitation or in any way artificial ; it can be a genuine form of intelligence . John Haugeland proposes an analogy with simulated diamonds and synthetic diamonds -- only the synthetic diamond is truly a diamond . Synthetic means that which is produced by synthesis ; combining parts to form a whole , colloquially , a man-made version of that which has arisen naturally . As defined , a `` synthetic intelligence '' would therefore be man-made , but not a simulation .

neg: Darwin machine A Darwin machine ( a 1987 coinage by William H. Calvin , by analogy to a Turing machine ) is a machine that , like a Turing machine , involves an iteration process that yields a high-quality result , but , whereas a Turing machine uses logic , the Darwin machine uses rounds of variation , selection , and inheritance .   In its original connotation , a Darwin machine is any process that bootstraps quality by utilizing all of the six essential features of a Darwinian process : A pattern is copied with variations , where populations of one variant pattern compete with another population , their relative success biased by a multifaceted environment ( natural selection ) so that winners predominate in producing the further variants of the next generation ( Darwin 's inheritance principle ) .   More loosely , a Darwin machine is a process that utilizes some subset of the Darwinian essentials , typically natural selection to create a non-reproducing pattern , as in neural Darwinism . Many aspects of neural development utilize overgrowth followed by pruning to a pattern , but the resulting pattern does not itself create further copies .   Darwin machine has been used multiple times to name computer programs after Charles Darwin .

neg: Pragmatic theory of truth A pragmatic theory of truth is a theory of truth within the philosophies of pragmatism and pragmaticism . Pragmatic theories of truth were first posited by Charles Sanders Peirce , William James , and John Dewey . The common features of these theories are a reliance on the pragmatic maxim as a means of clarifying the meanings of difficult concepts such as truth ; and an emphasis on the fact that belief , certainty , knowledge , or truth is the result of an inquiry .

neg: Early Islamic philosophy Early Islamic philosophy or classical Islamic philosophy is a period of intense philosophical development beginning in the 2nd century AH of the Islamic calendar ( early 9th century CE ) and lasting until the 6th century AH ( late 12th century CE ) . The period is known as the Islamic Golden Age , and the achievements of this period had a crucial influence in the development of modern philosophy and science ; for Renaissance Europe , the influence represented `` one of the largest technology transfers in world history . '' . This period starts with al-Kindi in the 9th century and ends with Averroes ( Ibn Rushd ) at the end of 12th century . The death of Averroes effectively marks the end of a particular discipline of Islamic philosophy usually called the Peripatetic Arabic School , and philosophical activity declined significantly in Western Islamic countries , namely in Islamic Spain and North Africa , though it persisted for much longer in the Eastern countries , in particular Persia and India where several schools of philosophy continued to flourish : Avicennism , Illuminationist philosophy , Mystical philosophy , and Transcendent theosophy .   Some of the significant achievements of early Muslim philosophers included the development of a strict science of citation , the isnad or `` backing '' ; the development of a method of open inquiry to disprove claims , the ijtihad , which could be generally applied to many types of questions ( although which to apply it to is an ethical question ) ; the willingness to both accept and challenge authority within the same process ; recognition that science and philosophy are both subordinate to morality , and that moral choices are prior to any investigation or concern with either ; the separation of theology ( kalam ) and law ( shariah ) during the early Abbasid period , a precursor to secularism ; the distinction between religion and philosophy , marking the beginning of secular thought ; the beginning of a peer review process ; early ideas on evolution ; the beginnings of the scientific method , an important contribution to the philosophy of science ; the introduction of temporal modal logic and inductive logic ; the beginning of social philosophy , including the formulation of theories on social cohesion and social conflict ; the beginning of the philosophy of history ; the development of the philosophical novel and the concepts of empiricism and tabula rasa ; and distinguishing between essence and existence .   Saadia Gaon , David ben Merwan al-Mukkamas , Maimonides , and Thomas Aquinas , were influenced by the Mutazilite work , particularly Avicennism and Averroism , and the Renaissance and the use of empirical methods were inspired at least in part by Arabic translations of Greek , Jewish , Persian and Egyptian works translated into Latin during the Renaissance of the 12th century , and taken during the Reconquista in 1492 .   Early Islamic philosophy can be divided into clear sets of influences , branches , schools , and fields , as described below .

neg: Advice taker The advice taker was a hypothetical computer program , proposed by John McCarthy in his 1958 paper `` Programs with Common Sense '' . It was probably the first proposal to use logic to represent information in a computer and not just as the subject matter of another program . It may also have been the first paper to propose common sense reasoning ability as the key to artificial intelligence . In his paper , McCarthy advocated :   '' ... programs to manipulate in a suitable formal language ( most likely a part of the predicate calculus ) common instrumental statements . The basic program will draw immediate conclusions from a list of premises . These conclusions will be either declarative or imperative sentences . When an imperative sentence is deduced the program takes a corresponding action . ''   McCarthy justified his proposal as follows :   `` The main advantages we expect the advice taker to have is that its behaviour will be improvable merely by making statements to it , telling it about its symbolic environment and what is wanted from it . To make these statements will require little if any knowledge of the program or the previous knowledge of the advice taker . One will be able to assume that the advice taker will have available to it a fairly wide class of immediate logical consequences of anything it is told and its previous knowledge . This property is expected to have much in common with what makes us describe certain humans as having common sense . We shall therefore say that a program has common sense if it automatically deduces for itself a sufficiently wide class of immediate consequences of anything it is told and what it already knows . ''

neg: Marvin Minsky Marvin Lee Minsky ( August 9 , 1927 -- January 24 , 2016 ) was an American cognitive scientist concerned largely with research of artificial intelligence ( AI ) , co-founder of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology 's AI laboratory , and author of several texts concerning AI and philosophy .

neg: Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy is a book by Bertrand Russell , published in 1919 , written in part to exposit in a less technical way the main ideas of his and Whitehead 's Principia Mathematica ( 1910 -- 1913 ) , including the theory of descriptions .   Mathematics and logic , historically speaking , have been entirely distinct studies . Mathematics has been connected with science , logic with Greek . But both have developed in modern times : logic has become more mathematical and mathematics has become more logical . The consequence is that it has now become wholly impossible to draw a line between the two ; in fact , the two are one . They differ as boy and man : logic is the youth of mathematics and mathematics is the manhood of logic . This view is resented by logicians who , having spent their time in the study of classical texts , are incapable of following a piece of symbolic reasoning , and by mathematicians who have learnt a technique without troubling to inquire into its meaning or justification . Both types are now fortunately growing rarer . So much of modern mathematical work is obviously on the border-line of logic , so much of modern logic is symbolic and formal , that the very close relationship of logic and mathematics has become obvious to every instructed student . The proof of their identity is , of course , a matter of detail : starting with premises which would be universally admitted to belong to logic , and arriving by deduction at results which as obviously belong to mathematics , we find that there is no point at which a sharp line can be drawn , with logic to the left and mathematics to the right . If there are still those who do not admit the identity of logic and mathematics , we may challenge them to indicate at what point , in the successive definitions and deductions of Principia Mathematica , they consider that logic ends and mathematics begins . It will then be obvious that any answer must be quite arbitrary . ( Russell 1919 , 194 -- 195 ) .

neg: Phenomenology (philosophy) Phenomenology ( from Greek phainómenon `` that which appears '' and lógos `` study '' ) is the philosophical study of the structures of experience and consciousness . As a philosophical movement it was founded in the early years of the 20th century by Edmund Husserl and was later expanded upon by a circle of his followers at the universities of Göttingen and Munich in Germany . It then spread to France , the United States , and elsewhere , often in contexts far removed from Husserl 's early work .  Phenomenology should not be considered as a unitary movement ; rather , different authors share a common family resemblance but also with many significant differences . Accordingly : A unique and final definition of phenomenology is dangerous and perhaps even paradoxical as it lacks a thematic focus . In fact , it is not a doctrine , nor a philosophical school , but rather a style of thought , a method , an open and ever-renewed experience having different results , and this may disorient anyone wishing to define the meaning of phenomenology.Phenomenology , in Husserl 's conception , is primarily concerned with the systematic reflection on and study of the structures of consciousness and the phenomena that appear in acts of consciousness . Phenomenology can be clearly differentiated from the Cartesian method of analysis which sees the world as objects , sets of objects , and objects acting and reacting upon one another .   Husserl 's conception of phenomenology has been criticized and developed not only by himself but also by students , such as Edith Stein and Roman Ingarden , by hermeneutic philosophers , such as Martin Heidegger , by existentialists , such as Nicolai Hartmann , Gabriel Marcel , Maurice Merleau-Ponty , Jean-Paul Sartre , and by other philosophers , such as Max Scheler , Paul Ricoeur , Jean-Luc Marion , Michel Henry , Emmanuel Levinas , Jacques Derrida , and sociologists Alfred Schütz and Eric Voegelin .

neg: Haldane principle In British research policy , the Haldane principle is the idea that decisions about what to spend research funds on should be made by researchers rather than politicians . It is named after Richard Burdon Haldane , who in 1904 and from 1909 to 1918 chaired committees and commissions which recommended this policy .   The 1904 committee recommended the creation of the University Grants Committee which has evolved via the Universities Funding Council into the current higher education funding councils : Research Councils UK , Higher Education Funding Council for England , Scottish Funding Council and Higher Education Funding Council for Wales .   In 1918 Haldane 's committee produced the `` Haldane Report '' . The report suggested that research required by government departments could be separated into that required by specific departments and that which was more general . It recommended that departments should oversee the specific research but the general research should be under the control of autonomous Research Councils , which would be free from political and administrative pressures that might discourage research in certain areas . The principle of the autonomy of the research councils is now referred to as the Haldane Principle . The first research council to be created as a result of the Haldane Report was the Medical Research Council .   The principle has remained enshrined in British Government policy , but has been criticised and altered over the years . In 1939 J.D. Bernal argued that social good was more important than researchers ' freedom in deciding the direction of research . Solly Zuckerman criticised it in 1971 for its artificial separation of basic and applied science , and the consequent elevation of the status of the former .   A major revision to the application of the Haldane Principle in British research funding came in the early 1970s with the Rothschild Report of 1971 , and its implementation which transferred about 25 % of the then Research Council funds , and the decisions on the research to be funded with them , back to government departments , a move later undone by Margaret Thatcher 's government .   There is currently a debate about the extent to which the principle is still applied in practice .   This principle is unrelated to Haldane 's rule , the zoological principle named after J. B. S. Haldane .

neg: Mind–body problem The mind -- body problem is the question of how the human mind and body can causally interact . This question arises when mind and body are considered as distinct , based on the premise that the mind and the body are fundamentally different in nature .   The problem was addressed by René Descartes in the 17th century , resulting in Cartesian dualism , and by pre-Aristotelian philosophers , in Avicennian philosophy , and in earlier Asian traditions . A variety of approaches have been proposed . Most are either dualist or monist . Dualism maintains a rigid distinction between the realms of mind and matter . Monism maintains that there is only one unifying reality , substance or essence in terms of which everything can be explained .   Each of these categories contain numerous variants . The two main forms of dualism are substance dualism , which holds that the mind is formed of a distinct type of substance not governed by the laws of physics , and property dualism , which holds that mental properties involving conscious experience are fundamental properties , alongside the fundamental properties identified by a completed physics . The three main forms of monism are physicalism , which holds that the mind consists of matter organized in a particular way ; idealism , which holds that only thought truly exists and matter is merely an illusion ; and neutral monism , which holds that both mind and matter are aspects of a distinct essence that is itself identical to neither of them .   Several philosophical perspectives have been developed which reject the mind -- body dichotomy . The historical materialism of Karl Marx and subsequent writers , itself a form of physicalism , held that consciousness was engendered by the material contingencies of one 's environment . An explicit rejection of the dichotomy is found in French structuralism , and is a position that generally characterized post-war French philosophy .   The absence of an empirically identifiable meeting point between the non-physical mind and its physical extension has proven problematic to dualism and many modern philosophers of mind maintain that the mind is not something separate from the body . These approaches have been particularly influential in the sciences , particularly in the fields of sociobiology , computer science , evolutionary psychology , and the neurosciences .   An ancient model of the mind known as the Five-Aggregate Model explains the mind as continuously changing sense impressions and mental phenomena . Considering this model , it is possible to understand that it is the constantly changing sense impressions and mental phenomena ( i.e. , the mind ) that experiences/analyzes all external phenomena in the world as well as all internal phenomena including the body anatomy , the nervous system as well as the organ brain . This conceptualization leads to two levels of analyses : ( i ) analyses conducted from a third-person perspective on how the brain works , and ( ii ) analyzing the moment-to-moment manifestation of an individual 's mind-stream ( analyses conducted from a first-person perspective ) . Considering the latter , the manifestation of the mind-stream is described as happening in every person all the time , even in a scientist who analyses various phenomena in the world , including analyzing and hypothesizing about the organ brain .

neg: Intelligence analysis management Intelligence Analysis Management is the process of managing and organizing the analytical processing of raw intelligence information . The terms `` analysis '' , `` production '' , and `` processing '' denote the organization and evaluation of raw information used in a phase informally called `` connecting the dots '' , thus creating an `` intelligence mosaic '' . The information may result in multiple analytic products , each with different security classifications , time scales , and levels of detail . Intelligence analysis goes back to the beginning of history . Sherman Kent is often considered the father of modern intelligence analysis . His writings include a 1947 book , Strategic Intelligence for American World Policy .   During his career in the Office of Strategic Services and the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) , Kent defined many of the parameters of modern analysis and its use . Kent disagreed with the philosophy that analysts never recommend policy , but only advise policymakers . He considered it a partnership in which the analyst did not push a personal point of view .   Recent scholarship drawing upon theories of the sociology of knowledge has criticized Kent 's work for being over-positivist and for failing to recognize the role the identity and culture of the analytic unit play in formulating , accepting , and rejecting the hypotheses used to collect and analyze intelligence .

neg: Hobbes–Wallis controversy The Hobbes -- Wallis controversy was a polemic debate that continued from the mid-1650s well into the 1670s , between the philosopher Thomas Hobbes and the mathematician John Wallis . It was sparked by De corpore , a philosophical work by Hobbes in the general area of physics . The book contained not only a theory of mathematics subordinating it to geometry and geometry to kinematics , but a claimed proof of the squaring of the circle by Hobbes . While Hobbes retracted this particular proof , he returned to the topic with other attempted proofs . A pamphleteering exchange continued for decades . It drew in the newly formed Royal Society , and its experimental philosophy , to which Hobbes was ( on principle ) opposed .   The sustained nature of the exchanges can be attributed to several strands of the intellectual situation of the time . In mathematics there were open issues , namely the priority ( pedagogic , or theoretical ) to be assigned to geometry and algebra ; and the status of algebra itself , which ( from an English standpoint ) had been pulled together by the text of William Oughtred , as more than a collection of symbolic abbreviations . Socially , the formation of the group of Royal Society members , and the status of the publication Philosophical Transactions , was brought to a point as the quarrel proceeded , with Hobbes playing the outsider versus the self-selecting guild .   Hobbes was an easy target , on the ground chosen by Wallis . The failure of his attempts to solve the impossible problems he set himself were inevitable , but he neither backed down completely , nor applied adequate self-criticism . And on the level of character , Wallis was as intransigent as Hobbes was dogmatic , and this inflicted damage on both of their reputations . Quentin Skinner writes : `` There is no doubt that at the personal level Wallis behaved badly ( as was widely conceded at the time ) . ''   Part of the significance of the controversy is that Hobbes felt that , in the later stages , the Royal Society was in some way complicit in the attacks from Wallis , despite the fact that he had many friends as Fellows in it . This attitude presented one of the obstacles to Hobbes himself becoming a member , though not the only one .

neg: Race and intelligence The connection between race and intelligence has been a subject of debate in both popular science and academic research since the inception of IQ testing in the early 20th century . The debate concerns the interpretation of research findings that test takers identifying as White tend on average to score higher than test takers of African ancestry on IQ tests , and subsequent findings that test takers of East Asian background tend to score higher than whites .   The first test showing differences in IQ test results between different population groups in the US was the tests of United States Army recruits in World War I . In the 1920s groups of eugenics lobbyists argued that this demonstrated that African-Americans and certain immigrant groups were of inferior intellect to Anglo-Saxon whites due to innate biological differences , using this as an argument for policies of racial segregation . Soon , other studies appeared , contesting these conclusions and arguing instead that the Army tests had not adequately controlled for the environmental factors such as socio-economic and educational inequality between African-Americans and Whites . The debate reemerged again in 1969 , when Arthur Jensen championed the view that for genetic reasons Africans were less intelligent than whites and that compensatory education for African-American children was therefore doomed to be ineffective . In 1994 , the book The Bell Curve argued that social inequality in the United States could largely be explained as a result of IQ differences between races and individuals rather than being their cause , and rekindled the public and scholarly debate with renewed force . During the debates following the book 's publication the American Anthropological Association and the American Psychological Association ( APA ) published official statements regarding the issue , both highly skeptical of some of the book 's claims , although the APA report called for more empirical research on the issue .   In subsequent decades much research has been published about the relationships between hereditary influences on IQ , group differences in intelligence , race , environmental influences on IQ . Particularly contentious in the ongoing debate has been the definition of both the concept `` race '' and the concept `` intelligence '' , and especially whether they can in fact be objectively defined and operationalized .

neg: Bertrand Russell's philosophical views The aspects of Bertrand Russell views on philosophy cover the changing viewpoints of philosopher and mathematician Bertrand Russell ( 1872 -- 1970 ) , from his early writings in 1896 until his death in February 1970 .

neg: Index of philosophy of science articles This is a list of articles in philosophy of science .   A-series and B-series  A New Model of the Universe  Abductive reasoning  Abner Shimony  Abstinence  Adolf Grünbaum  Alan Turing  Albert Einstein  Alexandre Koyré  Alfred Jules Ayer  Alfred North Whitehead  Alfred Wilm  Alison Wylie  Altruism  André-Marie Ampère  Andreas Speiser  Androcentrism  Anthropic principle  Anti-Supernaturalism  Antiscience  Anton Kržan  Approximation  Archimedes  Aristotelian physics  Arthur Fine  Arthur Pap  Artificial consciousness  Artificial intelligence  Asa Gray  Atomism  Augustine Eriugena  Avicenna  Barry Loewer  Bas van Fraassen  Bayesian probability  Behaviorism  Berlin Circle  Bernard d'Espagnat  Bertrand Russell  Biological determinism  Biological imperative  Blockhead ( computer system )  Bohr -- Einstein debates  Bonifaty Kedrov  Boris Hessen  C. D. Broad  Cargo cult science  Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker  Carl Gustav Hempel  Carl Linnaeus  Carlos Castrodeza  Carnap -- Ramsey sentence  Causality  Centre for History and Philosophy of Science , University of Leeds  Christopher Potter ( author )  Classical mechanics  Classification of the sciences ( Peirce )  Claus Emmeche  Closed circle  Cognitive science  Commensurability ( philosophy of science )  Computational humor  Computer ethics  Confirmation holism  Conjecture  Conjectures and Refutations  Connectionism  Consciousness  Conservation biology  Constantin Noica  Construct ( philosophy of science )  Constructive empiricism  Constructive realism  Contextual empiricism  Conventionalism  Copernican Revolution ( metaphor )  Crabtree 's bludgeon  Critical realism  Daniel Chandler  Data system  David Hilbert  David Hull  David N. Stamos  David Papineau  David Stenhouse  Dawkins vs. Gould  Decision theory  Deductive-nomological model  Demarcation problem  Democratic Rationalization  Determinism  Deterministic system ( philosophy )  Dominique Lecourt  Don Ihde  Ecology  Edward Grant  Edward Jones-Imhotep  Edward S. Reed  Elisabeth Lloyd  Elliott Sober  Emergence  Émile Meyerson  Empirical method  Empirical relationship  Empirical research  Empiricism  Entity realism  Epicurus  Epistemological anarchism  Epistemological rupture  Epistemology  Eric Higgs ( philosopher )  Ernest Nagel  Ernst Mach  Ernst W. Mayr  Ervin László  Erwin Schrödinger  Ethics of artificial intelligence  Ethics of technology  Ethics of terraforming  Eugenics  Evelyn Fox Keller  Evolution  Evolutionary epistemology  Evolutionary logic  Evolutionary psychology  Experiment  Experimenter 's bias  Explanation  Explanatory gap  Explanatory power  Eyewitness testimony  Fact , Fiction , and Forecast  Faith , Science and Understanding  Falsifiability  Faraday Institute for Science and Religion  Fatalism  Federico Cesi  Francis Bacon  Frank P. Ramsey  Frederick Suppe  Friedrich Kambartel  Friedrich von Hayek  Friedrich Waismann  Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling  Fringe science  Fritjof Capra  Functional contextualism  Galileo Galilei  Game theory  Gaston Bachelard  Genidentity  Geoffrey Hellman  Geohumoral theory  Gerald Holton  Gerard Verschuuren  Gerd Buchdahl  God of the gaps  Great chain of being  Greedy reductionism  Gunther Stent  Gustav Bergmann  Hans Hahn  Hans Reichenbach  Harvey Brown ( philosopher )  Helen Longino  Henri Poincaré  Henry Margenau  Henry Moyes  Herbert Feigl  Herbert Spencer  Heroic theory of invention and scientific development  Hilary Putnam  History and philosophy of science  History of evolutionary thought  History of the Church -- Turing thesis  Horror vacui ( physics )  Hossein Nasr  Hugh Everett III  Hugo Dingler  Ian Hacking  Ignoramus et ignorabimus  Ilkka Niiniluoto  Immunology  Implications of nanotechnology  Imre Lakatos  Indeterminacy ( philosophy )  Individual  Inductive reasoning  Inductivism  Infinite regress  Information ethics  Ingenuity  Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies  Instrumentalism  Intentionality  Internalism and externalism  International Network of Engineers and Scientists for Global Responsibility  Internet ethics  Introspection  Ionian Enlightenment  Irreversibility  Is logic empirical ?  Isaac Newton  Jakob Friedrich Fries  James G. Lennox  James Robert Brown  Jean Cavaillès  Jerome Ravetz  Jerzy Giedymin  Jesús Mosterín  Joachim Jungius  John Beatty ( philosopher )  John Bulwer  John Earman  John L. Pollock  John Lennox  John Searle  John von Neumann  John Weckert  John Worrall ( philosopher )  Jordi Pigem  Joseph Henry Woodger  Jules Vuillemin  Jürgen Mittelstraß  Karl Jaspers  Karl Popper  Kinetic theory  Kurt Riezler  Kyle Stanford  Larry Laudan  Leonardo Moledo  Lindley Darden  List of philosophers of science  Logical positivism  Louis Rougier  Luddite  Ludwik Fleck  Mariano Artigas  Mario Bunge  Marx W. Wartofsky  Mary Hesse  Mary Tiles  Matteo Campani-Alimenis  Mauricio Suarez  Max Bense  Max Black  Maxwell 's demon  Measurement in quantum mechanics  Mechanism ( philosophy )  Mediocrity principle  Meera Nanda  Methodological individualism  Michael Oakeshott  Michael Ruse  Michael Scriven  Michel Bitbol  Miura Baien  Models of scientific inquiry  Modern Physics and Ancient Faith  Molecular biology  Molyneux 's Problem  Moravec 's paradox  Moritz Schlick  Multiple discovery  Myth of Progress  Naïve empiricism  Nancy Cartwright ( philosopher )  Natural law  Natural philosophy  Natural selection  Nature ( philosophy )  Neo-Luddism  Neuroethics  Neuroscience  Neven Sesardic  Newton 's flaming laser sword  Newtonianism  Niels Bohr  Noam Chomsky  Norman Swartz  Norwood Russell Hanson  Not even wrong  Novum Organum  Objectivity ( science )  Observation  Occam 's razor  Olavo de Carvalho  Omnology  Operational definition  Operationalization  Otto Neurath  Oxford Calculators  Paradigm  Paradigm shift  Parsimony  Particle physics  Paul Feyerabend  Paul Häberlin  Perception  Percy Williams Bridgman  Peripatetic axiom  Pessimistic induction  Peter Achinstein  Peter J. Lewis  Phenomenalism  Philip Kitcher  Philip Mirowski  Philipp Frank  Phillip H. Wiebe  Philosophical interpretation of classical physics  Philosophy of artificial intelligence  Philosophy of biology  Philosophy of chemistry  Philosophy of computer science  Philosophy of economics  Philosophy of engineering  Philosophy of information  Philosophy of mathematics  Philosophy of physics  Philosophy of psychology  Philosophy of science  Philosophy of Science Association  Philosophy of social science  Philosophy of space and time  Philosophy of statistics  Philosophy of technology  Philosophy of thermal and statistical physics  Physical law  Physicalism  Physics envy  Pierre Duhem  Pierre Gassendi  Popper 's experiment  Popper and After  Positivism  Post-positivist  Pragmatism  Prediction  Principle of uniformity  Probability  Problem of induction  Pseudoscience  Psychological nominalism  Psychologism  Ptolemy  Quantity  Quantum field theory  Quantum indeterminacy  Quantum logic  Quantum mechanics  R. B. Braithwaite  Raimo Tuomela  Ramsey -- Lewis method  Rational reconstruction  Reasonable doubt  Received view of theories  Reductionism  Regulation of science  Relationship between religion and science  Religious interpretations of the Big Bang theory  René Descartes  Retrocausality  Richard Boyd  Richard Swinburne  Robert Grosseteste  Robert Kilwardby  Roberto Refinetti  Robin O. Andreasen  Roboethics  Roger Bacon  Roger Penrose  Rose Rand  Rudolf Carnap  Sandra Mitchell  Science  Science and Christian Belief  Scientific Communism  Scientific essentialism  Scientific law  Scientific misconduct  Scientific modelling  Scientific progress  Scientific realism  Scientific revolution  Scientific theory  Scientism  Scientistic materialism  Scientists for Global Responsibility  Semantic view of theories  Sense data  Sherrilyn Roush  Social constructionism  Space  Spacetime  Species  Stephen Mulhall  Stephen Toulmin  Steve Fuller ( sociologist )  Structuralism ( philosophy of science )  Supervenience  Susan Oyama  Taketani Mitsuo  Technocriticism  Technological determinism  Technological Somnambulism  Technorealism  Temporal finitism  The Incoherence of the Philosophers  The Logic of Scientific Discovery  The Relativity of Wrong  The Selfish Genius  The Structure of Scientific Revolutions  The Two Cultures  The Value of Science  Theoretical definition  Theory  Theory choice  Thomas Samuel Kuhn  Thucydides  Time  Uncertainty principle  Unified Science  Uniformitarianism  Unity of science  Universe  Varadaraja V. Raman  Verificationism  Verisimilitude  Victor Kraft  Victoria Institute  Vienna Circle  Voodoo science  Werner Heisenberg  Wesley C. Salmon  What Is This Thing Called Science ?  Whitny Braun  Wilhelm Windelband  Wilhelm Wundt  Willard Van Orman Quine  Willem B. Drees  William Irwin Thompson  William Newton-Smith  William W. Tait  William Whewell  Wolfgang Smith  Wolfgang Stegmüller  Wronger than wrong  Xu Liangying  Yoichiro Murakami  Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance    Science

neg: Deduction theorem In mathematical logic , the deduction theorem is a metatheorem of propositional and first-order logic . It is a formalization of the common proof technique in which an implication A → B is proved by assuming A and then deriving B from this assumption conjoined with known results . The deduction theorem explains why proofs of conditional sentences in mathematics are logically correct . Though it has seemed `` obvious '' to mathematicians literally for centuries that proving B from A conjoined with a set of theorems is tantamount to proving the implication A → B based on those theorems alone , it was left to Herbrand and Tarski to show ( independently ) this was logically correct in the general case .   The deduction theorem states that if a formula B is deducible from a set of assumptions , where A is a closed formula , then the implication A → B is deducible from . In symbols ,  implies . In the special case where is the empty set , the deduction theorem shows that implies .   The deduction theorem holds for all first-order theories with the usual deductive systems for first-order logic . However , there are first-order systems in which new inference rules are added for which the deduction theorem fails . Most notably , the deduction theorem fails to hold in Birkhoff-von Neumann quantum logic , because the linear subspaces of a Hilbert space form a non-distributive lattice .   The deduction rule is an important property of Hilbert-style systems because the use of this metatheorem leads to much shorter proofs than would be possible without it . Although the deduction theorem could be taken as a primitive rule of inference in such systems , this approach is not generally followed ; instead , the deduction theorem is obtained as an admissible rule using the other logical axioms and modus ponens . In other formal proof systems , the deduction theorem is sometimes taken as a primitive rule of inference . For example , in natural deduction , the deduction theorem is recast as an introduction rule for '' → '' .

neg: Superintelligence A superintelligence is a hypothetical agent that possesses intelligence far surpassing that of the brightest and most gifted human minds . `` Superintelligence '' may also refer to a property of problem-solving systems ( e.g. , superintelligent language translators or engineering assistants ) whether or not these high-level intellectual competencies are embodied in agents that act in the world . A superintelligence may or may not be created by an intelligence explosion and associated with a technological singularity .   University of Oxford philosopher Nick Bostrom defines superintelligence as `` an intellect that is much smarter than the best human brains in practically every field , including scientific creativity , general wisdom and social skills . '' The program Fritz falls short of superintelligence even though it is much better than humans at chess because Fritz can not outperform humans in other tasks . Following Hutter and Legg , Bostrom treats superintelligence as general dominance at goal-oriented behavior , leaving open whether an artificial or human superintelligence would possess capacities such as intentionality ( cf. the Chinese room argument ) or first-person consciousness ( cf. the hard problem of consciousness ) .   Technological researchers disagree about how likely present-day human intelligence is to be surpassed . Some argue that advances in artificial intelligence ( AI ) will probably result in general reasoning systems that lack human cognitive limitations . Others believe that humans will evolve or directly modify their biology so as to achieve radically greater intelligence . A number of futures studies scenarios combine elements from both of these possibilities , suggesting that humans are likely to interface with computers , or upload their minds to computers , in a way that enables substantial intelligence amplification .   Some researchers believe that superintelligence will likely follow shortly after the development of artificial general intelligence . The first sentient machines are likely to immediately hold an enormous advantage in at least some forms of mental capability , including the capacity of perfect recall , a vastly superior knowledge base , and the ability to multitask in ways not possible to biological entities . This may give them the opportunity to -- either as a single being or as a new species -- become much more powerful than humans , and to displace them .   A number of scientists and forecasters argue for prioritizing early research into the possible benefits and risks of human and machine cognitive enhancement , because of the potential social impact of such technologies .


query: Shantel VanSanten has yet to act.

pos: Shantel VanSanten Shantel VanSanten ( born July 25 , 1985 ) is an American model and actress . As a model , she has been featured in the magazines Teen Vogue and Seventeen . On television , she played the role of Quinn James in the CW teen drama series One Tree Hill , recurred as Detective Patty Spivot in the CW show The Flash , and stars as Julie Swagger the wife of lead character Bob Lee Swagger on the USA Network series Shooter . On film , she has appeared in The Final Destination , You and I , and Something Wicked .

neg: The Neon Demon The Neon Demon is a 2016 psychological horror film directed by Nicolas Winding Refn , co-written by Mary Laws , Polly Stenham , and Refn , and starring Elle Fanning . The plot follows an aspiring model in Los Angeles whose beauty and youth generate intense fascination and jealousy within the industry . Supporting roles are played by Karl Glusman , Jena Malone , Bella Heathcote , Abbey Lee , Desmond Harrington , Christina Hendricks , and Keanu Reeves .   An international co-production between France , Denmark , and the United States , the film competed for the Palme d'Or at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival , the third consecutive film directed by Refn to do so , following Drive ( 2011 ) and Only God Forgives ( 2013 ) . In the United States , the film was released theatrically on 24 June 2016 by Amazon Studios and Broad Green Pictures . It opened to polarized reviews and was a box office failure , grossing a little over $ 3 million from a $ 7 million budget .

neg: Hayden Tee Hayden Tee is a New Zealand actor , singer , and makeup artist . He has played varied roles in Musical Theatre , Concert and Cabaret . He is based in the United States but has also performed in New Zealand , the UK , South Korea , Taiwan and Australia .

neg: List of accolades received by Fences (film) Fences is a 2016 American drama film directed by Denzel Washington and written by August Wilson . Starring Washington , Viola Davis , Jovan Adepo and Stephen McKinley Henderson , the film focuses on a man and his life , family , and job . The film began a limited release on December 16 , 2016 , before opening wide on December 25 . The film was released to universal acclaim , with Rotten Tomatoes listing an approval rating of 93 % , based on 207 reviews , with an average rating of 7.7 / 10 , and Metacritic listing a score of 79 out of 100 , based on 48 reviews .   Fences won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and the British Academy Film Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for Davis . The film won Best Supporting Actress for Davis and was nominated for Best Picture , Best Director , Best Actor for Washington , Best Acting Ensemble and Best Adapted Screenplay at Critics ' Choice Awards . The film won Best Supporting Actress -- Motion Picture for Davis and was nominated for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama for Washington at Golden Globe Awards . The film received four nominations at Satellite Awards , including Best Film , Best Director , Best Actor for Washington and Best Supporting Actress for Davis .

neg: Krisha Krisha is a 2015 American drama film written and directed by Trey Edward Shults in his feature-length directorial debut , starring his real-life aunt Krisha Fairchild , and produced by J.P. Castel and Jonathan R. Chan , and is the feature-length adaption of the 2014 short film Krisha also directed by Shults .   It received the Grand Jury Award and Audience Award in the narrative feature competition at the 2015 South by Southwest Film Festival . It has been selected to compete in the International Critics ' Week section at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival . The film was released in a limited release on March 18 , 2016 , by A24 .

neg: Hate Crime (2005 film) Hate Crime is a 2005 drama film written and directed by Tommy Stovall and starring Seth Peterson , Bruce Davison , Chad Donella , Cindy Pickett , and Brian J. Smith . Making this film was Stovall 's first experience on stage and working with actors ; he had only self-produced videos previously .

neg: Om Shanti (film) Om Shanti is a 2010 Telugu film directed by Prakash Dantuluri released on 13 January 2010 .

neg: Titanic II (film) Titanic II ( also entitled Titanic 2 ) is a 2010 low-budget disaster film written , directed by , and starring Shane Van Dyke and distributed by The Asylum . Despite this title , the film is not a sequel to the 1997 film by James Cameron , although movie website Dread Central has suggested the film may be a mockbuster of it . It was released direct-to-TV in Australia on August 7 , 2010 . It premiered on Syfy on Sky in the UK and Ireland on August 9 . It was released on August 25 in the United States . The film is set on a fictional replica Titanic that sets off exactly 100 years after the original ship 's maiden voyage to perform the reverse route , but global warming and the forces of nature cause history to repeat itself on the same night , only on a more disastrous and deadly scale .

neg: Løvekvinnen Løvekvinnen ( The Lion Woman ) is a novel by the Norwegian writer Erik Fosnes Hansen . It was published in 2006 , and a film adaptation is scheduled for release in 2016 . The film is a multinational project and has a budget of approximately NOK 52 million . Parts of the film were shot in Lillehammer , and the rest is being recorded at various locations . The film 's premiere is scheduled for August 26 , 2016 in Norwegian cinemas .

neg: Ashleigh Sterling Ashleigh Sterling ( born April 27 , 1983 ) is an actress .

neg: Sleight Sleight is a 2016 American drama film about a street magician in Los Angeles . The film is directed by J.D. Dillard , written by Dillard and Alex Theurer and stars Jacob Latimore , Seychelle Gabriel , Dulé Hill , Storm Reid , Sasheer Zamata and Michael Villar . The film was released on April 28 , 2017 , by WWE Studios and BH Tilt . The film received positive reviews from critics and has grossed $ 3 million worldwide , against its $ 250,000 budget .

neg: Shanti (TV series) Shanti - Ek Aurat Ki Kahani is an Indian television series that aired on DD National in 1994 , and was later shown on Indian television channel STAR Plus . The series stars Mandira Bedi as Shanti in the main lead . The show is one of the first Indian television drama series , has received a considerable cult status and is considered a classic .

neg: Priceless (2016 film) Priceless ( known also as Priceless : She 's Worth Fighting For ) is a 2016 American romantic drama film about human trafficking , inspired by true events . It is directed by Ben Smallbone and produced by Steve Barnett with a screenplay by Chris Dowling and Tyler Poelle . Starring singer Joel Smallbone , Bianca Santos , Amber Midthunder , Jim Parrack , and David Koechner , it tells the story of a man who has his life changed when meets two girls , which falls in love with one and starts to protect them from evil forces in the country with bad purposes .   The film is being distributed by Roadside Attractions and it was released on October 14 , 2016 to generally positive reviews from critics and audience .

neg: Yeti: Curse of the Snow Demon Yeti : Curse of the Snow Demon is a 2008 horror film that was broadcast on the Syfy Channel on November 8 , 2008 . Starring Carly Pope , Peter DeLuise , Ona Grauer , and Crystal Lowe , the film centers around a group of people who , after crashing their plane into the Himalayan Mountains , encounter the Yeti in a fight for survival . It is the 14th film in the Maneater Series .

neg: Shania: Still the One Shania : Still the One was a residency show by Canadian singer-songwriter Shania Twain , performed at The Colosseum at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas , Nevada . The show began on December 1 , 2012 , and ended on December 13 , 2014 , with Twain performing a total of 105 shows .   Shania : Still the One was created by Twain , produced by AEG Live and directed by Raj Kapoor . The purpose of the show is to `` take fans on a spectacular journey through the various stages of Shania 's life and career in an unforgettable evening filled with music , multi-sensory and visual experiences , fashion and the unexpected '' .

neg: Hunter Street (TV series) Hunter Street is a comedy adventure television series created by Reint Schölvinck and Melle Runderkamp that premiered on Nickelodeon on March 11 , 2017 . The series stars Stony Blyden , Mae Mae Renfrow , Kyra Smith , Thomas Jansen , and Daan Creyghton .

neg: Spare Change (film) Spare Change is an American comedy independent film directed by Jonathan Talbert and Arturo Guzman . The film made its premiere at the Hollywood Reel Independent Film Festival on February 14 , 2015 where Elyse Levesque took home the award for Best Supporting Actress . The film was released worldwide on VOD and Digital Download on August 4 , 2015 .

neg: Timothée Chalamet Timothée Chalamet ( -LSB- ˈtɪməθi_ˈʃæləmeɪ -RSB- born December 26 , 1995 ) is an American actor . He is known for playing Finn Walden in the drama series Homeland . In 2014 , he appeared in the films Men , Women & Children and Interstellar . He also had roles on the television series Law & Order and Royal Pains , and in the television film Loving Leah . In 2017 , he stars in the romance drama Call Me by Your Name .

neg: Sharni Vinson Sharni Vinson ( born 22 July 1983 ) is an Australian model , dancer and actress best known for her roles in Home and Away , Bait 3D , Step Up 3D and You 're Next .

neg: .357 (film) .357 is a short film directed by Scott Rawsthorne in the United Kingdom . It won the 2005 New York International Independent Film & Video Festival award for Best Short Film - Drama . The film was written by Peter Devonald and Kevin Scrantz . Produced by Jon Shaikh and Bernie Costello . Executive produced by Roy Campbell . Casting by Joyce Nettles . DOP by Bruce Jackson . Cast includes Matthew Marsh , David Gyasi , Alexandra Moen , Ramon Vaughan-Williams and Barbara Keogh . The film has also been selected for MTV , Filmstock and Los Angeles International Short Film Festival .

neg: Beauty (2011 film) Beauty ( Skoonheid ) is a 2011 South African film directed by Oliver Hermanus . It premiered in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival . The film was selected as the South African entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 84th Academy Awards , but it did not make the final shortlist .