query: The Vietnam War changed nothing politically.

pos: Paris Peace Accords The Paris Peace Accords , officially titled the Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam , was a peace treaty signed on January 27 , 1973 to establish peace in Vietnam and end the Vietnam War . The treaty included the governments of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam ( North Vietnam ) , the Republic of Vietnam ( South Vietnam ) , and the United States , as well as the Provisional Revolutionary Government ( PRG ) that represented indigenous South Vietnamese revolutionaries . It ended direct U.S. military combat , and temporarily stopped the fighting between North and South Vietnam . However , the agreement was not ratified by the United States Senate .   The negotiations that led to the accord began in 1968 , after various lengthy delays . As a result of the accord , the International Control Commission ( ICC ) was replaced by the International Commission of Control and Supervision ( ICCS ) to fulfill the agreement . The main negotiators of the agreement were United States National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger and Vietnamese politburo member Lê Đức Thọ ; the two men were awarded the 1973 Nobel Peace Prize for their efforts , although Lê Đức Thọ refused to accept it .

pos: Vietnam War The Vietnam War ( Chiến tranh Việt Nam ) , also known as the Second Indochina War , and known in Vietnam as Resistance War Against America ( Kháng chiến chống Mỹ ) or simply the American War , was a war that occurred in Vietnam , Laos , and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975 . It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and the government of South Vietnam . The North Vietnamese army was supported by the Soviet Union , China and other communist allies and the South Vietnamese army was supported by the United States , South Korea , Australia , Thailand and other anti-communist allies . The war is therefore considered a Cold War-era proxy war .   The Viet Cong ( also known as the National Liberation Front , or NLF ) , a South Vietnamese communist common front aided by the North , fought a guerrilla war against anti-communist forces in the region , while the People 's Army of Vietnam , also known as the North Vietnamese Army ( NVA ) , engaged in more conventional warfare , at times committing large units to battle . As the war continued , the military actions of the Viet Cong decreased as the role and engagement of the NVA grew . U.S. and South Vietnamese forces relied on air superiority and overwhelming firepower to conduct search and destroy operations , involving ground forces , artillery , and airstrikes . In the course of the war , the U.S. conducted a large-scale strategic bombing campaign against North Vietnam .   The North Vietnamese government and the Viet Cong were fighting to reunify Vietnam . They viewed the conflict as a colonial war and a continuation of the First Indochina War against forces from France and later on the United States . The U.S. government viewed its involvement in the war as a way to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam . This was part of the domino theory of a wider containment policy , with the stated aim of stopping the spread of communism worldwide .   Beginning in 1950 , American military advisors arrived in what was then French Indochina.The Military Assistance Advisory Group , Indochina ( with an authorized strength of 128 men ) was set up in September 1950 with a mission to oversee the use and distribution of US military equipment by the French and their allies . U.S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s , with troop levels tripling in 1961 and again in 1962 . U.S. involvement escalated further following the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident , in which a U.S. destroyer clashed with North Vietnamese fast attack craft , which was followed by the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution , which gave the U.S. president authorization to increase U.S. military presence . Regular U.S. combat units were deployed beginning in 1965 . Operations crossed international borders : bordering areas of Laos and Cambodia were heavily bombed by U.S. forces as American involvement in the war peaked in 1968 , the same year that the communist side launched the Tet Offensive . The Tet Offensive failed in its goal of overthrowing the South Vietnamese government , but became the turning point in the war , as it persuaded a large segment of the U.S. population that its government 's claims of progress toward winning the war were illusory despite many years of massive U.S. military aid to South Vietnam .   Gradual withdrawal of U.S. ground forces began as part of `` Vietnamization '' , which aimed to end American involvement in the war while transferring the task of fighting the communists to the South Vietnamese themselves . Despite the Paris Peace Accord , which was signed by all parties in January 1973 , the fighting continued . In the U.S. and the Western world , a large anti-Vietnam War movement developed as part of a larger counterculture . The war changed the dynamics between the Eastern and Western Blocs , and altered North -- South relations .   Direct U.S. military involvement ended on 15 August 1973 . The capture of Saigon by the North Vietnamese Army in April 1975 marked the end of the war , and North and South Vietnam were reunified the following year . The war exacted a huge human cost in terms of fatalities ( see Vietnam War casualties ) . Estimates of the number of Vietnamese soldiers and civilians killed vary from 966,000 to 3.8 million . Some 240,000 -- 300,000 Cambodians , 20,000 -- 62,000 Laotians , and 58,220 U.S. service members also died in the conflict , and a further 1,626 remain missing in action .

neg: Non-Aligned Movement The Non-Aligned Movement ( NAM ) is a group of states that are not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc . , the movement has 120 members .   The purpose of the organization has been enumerated as to ensure `` the national independence , sovereignty , territorial integrity and security of non-aligned countries '' in their `` struggle against imperialism , colonialism , neo-colonialism , racism , and all forms of foreign aggression , occupation , domination , interference or hegemony as well as against great power and bloc politics , '' by Fidel Castro in the Havana Declaration of 1979 . The countries of the Non-Aligned Movement represent nearly two-thirds of the United Nations ' members and contain 55 % of the world population . Membership is particularly concentrated in countries considered to be developing or part of the Third World .   Although many of the Non-Aligned Movement 's members were actually quite closely aligned with one or another of the superpowers , the movement still maintained cohesion throughout the Cold War , even despite several conflicts between members which also threatened the movement . In the years since the Cold War 's end , it has focused on developing multilateral ties and connections as well as unity among the developing nations of the world , especially those within the Global South .

neg: The Gamble (book) The Gamble : General David Petraeus and the American Military Adventure in Iraq , 2006-2008 is a 2009 book by journalist Thomas E. Ricks about the Iraq War . It covers the 2006-2008 period where his last book Fiasco left off . A primary focus is the Iraq War troop surge of 2007 , along with the ascension to command of Gen. David Petraeus and the change in approach of Gen. Ray Odierno towards the use of counter-insurgency strategies . Ricks believes that the troop surge was successful in reducing violence in Iraq and `` reviv -LSB- ing -RSB- American prospects in the war , '' but that it was a failure based on its initial goal of bringing about a political reconciliation in Iraq .   Ricks states in the first chapter of the book ( page 8 ) :   In revisiting the U.S. approach to the Iraq war , Petraeus found tactical success -- that is , improved security -- but not the clear political breakthrough that would have meant unambiguous strategic success . At the end of the surge , the fundamental political problems facing Iraq were the same ones as when it began . At the end of 2008 , two years into the revamped war , there was no prospect of the fighting ending anytime soon . But it was almost certain that whenever it did end , it would n't be with the victory that the Bush administration continued to describe , of an Iraq that was both a stable democracy and an ally of the United States . Nor was that really the goal anymore , though no one had said so publicly . Under Petraeus , the American goal of transforming Iraq had quietly been scaled down . But even his less ambitious target of sustainable security would remain elusive , with no certainty of reaching it anytime soon .   Ricks also predicted that the US will have combat troops in Iraq until at least 2015 , . The last combat troops left with the war 's end in December 2011 , only to return three years later during the American-led intervention in Iraq ( 2014 -- present ) .   Ricks appeared to promote the book on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart on 10 February , 2009 .

neg: Ronald Humphrey Ronald Humphrey was a United States Information Agency ( USIA ) official who was convicted of spying for North Vietnam . He and co-conspirator David Truong ( born Truong Dinh Hung ) , the son of a South Vietnamese politician Truong Nhu Tang , were arrested in 1977 and charged with conspiracy , espionage , theft of classified information and failing to register as foreign agents . They were convicted of spying for the North Vietnamese and both given a 15-year prison sentence .   Truong was a South Vietnamese expatriate living in the United States and who as active in the anti-Vietnam War movement . His father had run against Nguyen Van Thieu on a peace platform and was a member of the anti-Thieu Provisional Revolutionary Government of South Vietnam . Supplied with information by Humphrey , Truong passed on diplomatic cables and classified information to North Vietnam and the successor Socialist Republic of Vietnam government . The intermediary was the wife of a naval attache , Yung Krall , codenamed `` Agent Keyseat '' , who was a double agent for the U.S. intelligence services . Some of the documents were used by the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong negotiators at the Paris Peace Conference . It is the only case of military espionage to come out of the Vietnam War .

neg: Rice production in Vietnam Rice production in Vietnam in the Mekong and Red River deltas is important to the food supply in the country and national economy . Vietnam is one of world 's richest agricultural regions and is the second-largest ( after Thailand ) exporter worldwide and the world 's seventh-largest consumer of rice . The Mekong Delta is the heart of the rice producing region of the country where water , boats , houses and markets coexist to produce a generous harvest of rice . Vietnam 's land area of 33 million ha has three ecosystems that dictate rice culture . These are the southern delta ( with its Mekong Delta dominating rice coverage ) , the northern delta ( the tropical monsoon area with cold winters ) and the highlands of the north ( with upland rice varieties ) . The most prominent irrigated rice system is the Mekong Delta . Rice is a staple of the national diet and is seen as a `` gift from God '' .   The Mekong River and its tributaries are crucial to rice production in Vietnam . A total of 12 provinces constitute the Mekong Delta , popularly known as the `` Rice Bowl '' of Vietnam , which contain some 17 million people and 80 % of them are engaged in rice cultivation . The delta produced bountiful harvest of about 20 million tons in 2008 , about a half of the country 's total production . The rice bowl has assured food security to its population whose 75 % of daily calories are met by rice , which is also the staple diet of nearly 50 % of world 's population of 7.4-billion people .   Within the delta system dominated by rice , now the farming system also includes activities related to aquaculture , rearing of animals , cash crops and fruit trees . Under aquaculture fresh and saline water shrimp are raised within the paddy rice fields . As a further environmental zoning of the delta , mangrove forests are also developed .

neg: Reunification Day Reunification Day ( Ngày Thống nhất ) , Victory Day ( Ngày Chiến thắng ) or Liberation Day ( Ngày Giải phóng or Ngày Giải phóng miền Nam ) or the official name of Day of liberating the South for national reunification ( Giải phóng miền Nam , thống nhất đất nước ) is a public holiday in Vietnam that marks the event when Viet Cong and North Vietnamese troops captured Saigon ( now Ho Chi Minh City ) on April 30 , 1975 . This signalled the end of the Vietnam War , known in Vietnamese as Chiến tranh Việt Nam ( Vietnam War ) or Kháng chiến chống Mỹ cứu nước ( `` Resistance War Against American invasion '' ) . It was the start of the transition period toward reunification , which occurred in the national election for national reunification on July 2 , 1976 , when the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam and Democratic Republic of Vietnam merged to form the modern-day Vietnam or the Socialist Republic of Vietnam .   The anniversary is marked by several festivals around the date .   Sections of the Vietnamese exile community remember it as the `` Fall of Saigon '' , `` Black April '' ( Tháng Tư Đen ) , National Day of Shame ( Ngày Quốc Nhục ) or National Day of Resentment ( Ngày Quốc Hận ) . This is a commemorative day for exiled Vietnamese who served , were affected , and displaced in those overseas communities , and as such is a day of reflection .

neg: John Kerry military service controversy During John Kerry 's candidacy in the 2004 U.S. presidential campaign , a political issue that gained widespread public attention was Kerry 's Vietnam War record . In television advertisements and a book called Unfit for Command , co-authored by John O'Neill and Jerome Corsi , the Swift Boat Veterans for Truth ( SBVT ) , a 527 group later known as the Swift Vets and POWs for Truth , questioned details of his military service record and circumstances relating to the award of his combat medals . Their campaign against Kerry 's presidential bid received widespread publicity , but was later discredited and gave rise to the neologism `` swiftboating '' , to describe an unfair or untrue political attack . Defenders of John Kerry 's service record , including nearly all of his former crewmates , have stated that SBVT 's allegations are false .

neg: 1950s The 1950s ( pronounced nineteen-fifties ; commonly abbreviated as the 50s or Fifties ) was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1 , 1950 , and ended on December 31 , 1959 .   By its end , the world had largely recovered from World War II and the Cold War developed from its modest beginning in the late-1940s to a hot competition between the United States and the Soviet Union by the early-1960s .   Clashes between communism and capitalism dominated the decade , especially in the Northern Hemisphere . The conflicts included the Korean War in the beginnings of the decade and the beginning of the Space Race with the launch of Sputnik 1 . Along with increased testing of nuclear weapons ( such as RDS-37 and Upshot -- Knothole ) , this created a politically conservative climate . In the United States , the Second Red Scare caused Congressional hearings by both houses in Congress and anti-communism was the prevailing sentiment in the United States throughout the decade . The beginning of decolonization in Africa and Asia took place in this decade and accelerated in the following decade .

neg: China–Vietnam relations The bilateral relations between the People 's Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam ( 中越关系 , Quan hệ Trung Quốc -- Việt Nam ) have been turbulent , despite their common socialist background . Centuries of conquest by modern China 's imperial predecessor have given Vietnam an entrenched suspicion of Chinese attempts to dominate it . Though the PRC assisted North Vietnam during the Vietnam War , relations between the two nations soured following Vietnam 's reunification in 1975 . China and Vietnam fought a prolonged border war from 1979 to 1990 , but have since worked to improve their diplomatic and economic ties . However , the two countries remain in dispute over territorial issues in the South China Sea . A 2014 survey conducted by the Pew Research Center showed 84 % of Vietnamese were concerned that territorial disputes between China and neighbouring countries could lead to a military conflict .   Once , Vietnam had a territorial control even to the territory of modern-day Guangxi and Guangdong , due to historical wars with China , the border between China and Vietnam has been defined like today .

neg: Tĩnh Hải quân Tĩnh Hải quân or the Jinghai regiments ( Chinese : 靜海軍 , pinyin : Jìnghǎi-jūn ) was the name of Viet Nam from 866 to 968 . It was the reconstituted Chinese military protectorate of Annam in northern Vietnam during the Third Chinese domination of Vietnam . The area of the commandery is sometimes referred to as `` Circuit '' ( 道 dao ) in Jinghai the term Jinghai-jun was used .   This was the fifth section of the third domination commencing with Giao Châu ( or Jiaozhou , 602 -- 679 ) , then An Nam ( or Annam , 679 -- 757 ) , Trấn Nam ( 757 -- 766 ) , An Nam again ( 766 -- 866 ) and then Tĩnh Hải quân ( or Jinghai-jun , 866 -- 967 ) .   During the period until 939 , Vietnam was governed by jiedushi , including finally the three generations of the Khuc family who briefly asserted autonomy from China . With the proclamation of independence by Ngo Quyen , this name was retain throughout the Ngo Dynasty and the Anarchy of the 12 Warlords . In 968 , Dinh Bo Linh vanquished the warlords and renamed the country as Đại Cồ Việt .

neg: New wars New wars is a term advanced by British academic Mary Kaldor to characterize warfare in the post-Cold War era . This form of warfare is characterized by :  violence between varying combinations of state and non-state networks  fighting in the name of identity politics as opposed to ideology  attempts to achieve political , rather than physical , control of the population through fear and terror  conflict financed not necessarily through the state , but through other predatory means that seek the continuation of violence  Other terms used for the concept include `` wars among the people '' , `` wars of the third kind '' , `` hybrid wars '' , `` privatized wars '' , and `` post-modern wars '' . The new wars thesis has been adopted and adapted by other authors , as well as critiqued from various perspectives .

neg: History of the Loss of Vietnam History of the Loss of Vietnam ( , Việt Nam vong quốc sử ) was a Chinese-language book written by Phan Bội Châu , the leading Vietnamese anti-colonial revolutionary of the early 20th century , in 1905 while he was in Japan .   It was published by Liang Chi Chao , a leading Chinese nationalist revolutionary scholar then in Japan , who assisted Chau during his time attempting to drum up support for Vietnamese independence in China . The book was intended for distribution mainly in China and abroad , but also for smuggling into Vietnam to rally people to the cause of Vietnamese independence . The book helped popularize the word `` Vietnam . '' At the time , the country was generally called `` Annam . ''   The book negatively assessed the response of the Nguyen dynasty in the 19th century to the colonial challenges facing Vietnam and the failure to modernise , with the Nguyễn instead turning to ultra-orthodox conservative Confucianism . The book presents strident and emotive memorials to the key figures of the Cần Vương ( Protect the King ) movement of the late 1880s and early 1890s , led by mandarins such as Tôn Thất Thuyết and Phan Dinh Phung , who led guerrillas against the French . The Cần Vương attempted to overthrow the French rule and establish the boy emperor Hàm Nghi as ruler of an independent Vietnam . History analyzed French social and economic policies in Vietnam , which it regards as oppression . In the book , Chau argues for the establishment of a nationwide pro-independence front with seven factions or interested groups with a specific motivation to fight the French colonial authorities .   The book was written in a style that differed from the prevailing writing technique and structure of the scholar gentry of the time . Chau eschewed this traditional style to write in a direct , ordinary prose style , especially in his analytical and argumentative sections .   The book was distributed in China at least five times , and the first two printings were incorporated into Liang 's periodical magazine Hsin-min ts ` ung-pao . The book was accompanied by a foreword by Liang , which was used to draw similarities between the situation facing Vietnam and China with respect to foreign domination . The book created a reaction in China , sparking follow-up essays by Chinese writers who were taken aback by the Chau 's description of the life that faced Vietnamese people under French rule . It generated gloomy pieces by Chinese writers who predicted that their nation would suffer a similar fate if they failed to modernise . One such Chinese response later became a teaching text at the Tonkin Free School in Hanoi , a school run by Chau 's contemporaries to promote the independence movement . However , Chau did not receive much of a reaction in terms of aid towards his independence efforts , since the book mainly had the effect of worrying Chinese about their own future . History had a much better reception among readers in Vietnam . Chau left Japan for the first time in August 1905 , carrying fifty copies of the book that were distributed throughout Vietnam , of which further copies were made inside the country .

neg: Un-American Un-American is a pejorative term of U.S. political discourse which is applied to ideas , people or institutions in the United States seen as deviating from what are widely perceived to be fundamental American cultural and political values .   The most famous use is in the title of the House Un-American Activities Committee which was started to investigate alleged disloyalty and subversive activities on the part of private citizens , public employees , and those organizations suspected of having Communist ties . By 1959 , former President Harry S. Truman had denounced the Committee as the `` most un-American thing in the country today '' . The Committee lost considerable prestige as the 1960s progressed , and it was abolished by the House of Representatives in 1975 .   The use and meaning of the term is by no means uniform in the US . Due in part to these historical associations with political abuses and jingoism , the attitudes of Americans toward the pejorative use of `` Un-American '' are often critical or suspicious . Moreover , Americans may vary widely in what they believe to be un-American .

neg: Vietnam Veterans of America Vietnam Veterans of America , Inc. ( VVA ) is a national non-profit corporation founded in 1978 in the United States that is committed to serving the needs of all veterans . It is funded without any contribution from any branch of government . VVA is the only such organization chartered by the United States Congress and dedicated to Vietnam veterans and their families . The group holds a congressional charter under Title 36 of the United States Code . Its founding principle is `` Never again will one generation of veterans abandon another . ''

neg: Swift Vets and POWs for Truth Swift Vets and POWs for Truth , formerly known as the Swift Boat Veterans for Truth ( SBVT ) , was a political group ( 527 group ) of United States Swift boat veterans and former prisoners of war of the Vietnam War , formed during the 2004 presidential election campaign for the purpose of opposing John Kerry 's candidacy for the presidency . The campaign inspired the widely used political pejorative `` swiftboating '' , to describe an unfair or untrue political attack . The group disbanded and ceased operations on May 31 , 2008 .   SBVT asserted that Kerry was `` unfit to serve '' as President based upon his alleged `` willful distortion of the conduct '' of American servicemen during that war , and his alleged `` withholding and/or distortion of material facts '' as to his own conduct during that war . SBVT stated that `` Kerry 's phony war crimes charges , his exaggerated claims about his own service in Vietnam , and his deliberate misrepresentation of the nature and effectiveness of Swift boat operations compel us to step forward . '' The group challenged the legitimacy of each of the combat medals awarded to Kerry by the U.S. Navy and the disposition of his discharge . ( See John Kerry military service controversy . ) Further , SBVT said that Kerry 's later criticism of the war was a `` betrayal of trust '' with other soldiers , and that by his activism he had caused direct `` harm '' to soldiers still at war .   These claims caused tremendous controversy during the election , particularly because most of the organization 's members had not been in a place to assess Kerry , while most of the Vietnam veterans who had served with him supported Kerry 's version of events .   Registered under Section 527 of the Internal Revenue Code , SBVT publicized its criticisms of Kerry during the election campaign in a book , in television advertisements that the group ran in swing states and in the media coverage some members received . The group was the subject of several complaints to the Federal Election Commission ( FEC ) . After the election , the group was credited by media and praised by conservatives as contributing to Kerry 's defeat . The group 's tactics are considered an example of a successful political smear campaign for its widely publicized and later discredited claims .

neg: Battle of Dak To The Battle of Đắk Tô was a series of major engagements of the Vietnam War that took place between November 3 to 23 , 1967 , in Kon Tum Province , in the Central Highlands of the Republic of Vietnam ( South Vietnam ) . The action at Đắk Tô was one of a series of People 's Army of Vietnam ( PAVN ) offensive initiatives that began during the second half of the year . North Vietnamese attacks at Lộc Ninh ( in Bình Long Province ) , Song Be ( in Phước Long Province ) , and at Con Thien and Khe Sanh , ( in Quảng Trị Province ) , were other actions which , combined with Đắk Tô , became known as `` the border battles . '' The objective of the PAVN forces was to distract American and South Vietnamese forces away from cities towards the borders in preparation for the Tet Offensive .   During the summer of 1967 , heavy contact with PAVN forces in the area prompted the launching of Operation Greeley , a combined search and destroy effort by elements of the U.S. Army 's 4th Infantry Division and 173rd Airborne Brigade , along with the Army of the Republic of Vietnam 's 42nd Infantry Regiment and Airborne units . The fighting was intense and lasted into the fall , when the North Vietnamese seemingly withdrew .   By late October , however , U.S. intelligence indicated that local communist units had been reinforced and combined into the 1st PAVN Division , which was tasked with the capture of Đắk Tô and the destruction of a brigade-size U.S. unit . Information provided by a PAVN defector provided the allies a good indication of the locations of North Vietnamese forces . This intelligence prompted the launching of Operation MacArthur , and brought the units back to the area along with more reinforcements from the ARVN Airborne Division . The battles that erupted on the hill masses south and southeast of Đắk Tô became some of the hardest-fought and bloodiest battles of the Vietnam War .

neg: Ho Chi Minh trail The Hồ Chí Minh trail ( also known in Vietnam as the `` Trường Sơn trail '' ) was a logistical system that ran from the Democratic Republic of Vietnam ( North Vietnam ) to the Republic of Vietnam ( South Vietnam ) through the kingdoms of Laos and Cambodia . The system provided support , in the form of manpower and materiel , to the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam ( called the Vietcong or `` VC '' by its opponents ) and the People 's Army of Vietnam ( PAVN ) , or North Vietnamese Army , during the Vietnam War .   It was named by the Americans after North Vietnamese president Hồ Chí Minh . Although the trail was mostly in Laos , the communists called it the Trường Sơn Strategic Supply Route ( Đường Trường Sơn ) , after the Vietnamese name for the Annamite Range mountains in central Vietnam . According to the United States National Security Agency 's official history of the war , the Trail system was `` one of the great achievements of military engineering of the 20th century . ''

neg: Deterring Democracy Deterring Democracy is a book published in 1991 by Noam Chomsky , which explores the differences between the humanitarian rhetoric and imperialistic reality of United States foreign policy and how it affects various countries around the world .   In the book , Chomsky explores the idea that the US is the only remaining world superpower that works to maintain its dominance , even ruthlessly employing violence such as outright invasions and overthrowing governments pursuing independent economic policies . He also discusses the large difference between public opinion on the Cold War , establishment American educated opinion and reality .   The book also contains criticism aimed at the Soviet Union and other communist states , but its major point centres on the fact that although the United States claimed to support freedom in the Cold War , it still supported authoritarian regimes . The conclusion that Chomsky comes to is that , despite U.S claims of supporting freedom , their actual aim was maintaining dominance over resources and geopolitical power .

neg: General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam The General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam ( Tổng Bí thư Ban Chấp hành Trung ương Đảng Cộng sản Việt Nam ) , known as First Secretary ( Bí thư Thứ nhất ) from 1951 to 1976 , is the highest office within the Communist Party of Vietnam . The General Secretaryship was the second-highest office within the party when Hô Chí Minh was Chairman , a post which existed from 1951 to 1969 . The general secretary is also the Secretary of the Central Military Commission , the leading Party organ on military affairs . For a period in its history , the position of general secretary has been synonymous with leader of Vietnam . The current general secretary is Nguyễn Phú Trọng , and he is ranked first in the Political Bureau .   Trần Phú , one of the founding members of the Indochinese Communist Party , was the party 's first general secretary . A year after being elected , he was sentenced to prison by the French authorities because of anti-French activities . He died in prison the same year . Trần 's de facto successor was Lê Hồng Phong who led the party through the office of General Secretary of the Overseas Executive Committee ( OEC ) . The OEC general secretary led the party because the Central Committee had been all but annihilated . Hà Huy Tập , the third general secretary , was removed from his post in March 1938 , and was arrested by the authorities in May . Nguyễn Văn Cừ , the fourth general secretary , was arrested by the authorities in June 1940 , and executed by shooting on 25 May 1941 . He was succeeded by Trường Chinh in May 1941 . An article in Nhân Dân on 25 March 1951 described Trường 's role as the `` builder and commander '' of the revolution , while Hô Chí Minh was referred to as `` the soul of the Vietnamese revolution and the VIetnamese resistance '' . Trường was demoted as First Secretary in 1956 because of his role in the `` bloody Land Reform campaign '' . Hô took over the office of First Secretary , but quickly appointed Lê Duẩn acting First Secretary . Lê was elected general secretary in 1960 , and was the second only to Hô until the latter 's death on 2 September 1969 .   From 2 September 1969 until his death on 10 July 1986 , Lê was the undisputed leader of Vietnam . He died two months before the next National Party Congress , and was succeeded by Trường , the former general secretary who had served as the second-most powerful politician in Vietnam since Hô 's death . Trường was demoted from his post at the 6th National Party Congress , and was succeeded by Nguyễn Văn Linh . The Western press called Linh `` Vietnam 's Gorbachev '' because of his reformist policies . Linh resigned because of bad health in 1991 , and Đỗ Mười was appointed to the general secretaryship by the 7th National Congress . Mười ruled until 1997 , when he was ousted from power by the reformist-wing of the party . Lê Khả Phiêu was Mười 's successor , and he was elected as a compromise candidate . Phiêu was ousted in 2001 , before the 10th National Party Congress , when the Central Committee overturned a decision of the Politburo ; a majority in the Central Committee voted to remove Phiêu as general secretary . Nông Đức Mạnh succeeded Phiêu , and Manh came to be considered a moderniser . Manh was also the first general secretary with a university degree . Manh retired in 2011 , and Nguyễn Phú Trọng succeeded him , and he now is considered the most powerful political figure in Vietnam .   The General Secretary presides over the work of the Central Committee , the Political Bureau , the Secretariat , and chairs meetings with key leaders ( Working Regulation of the Central Committee , 2011 ) .

neg: Dirty War (Mexico) The Dirty War ( Guerra Sucia ) refers to the Mexican theater of the Cold War , an internal conflict between the Mexican PRI-ruled government , backed by the US , and left-wing student and guerrilla groups in the 1960s and 1970s under the presidencies of Luis Echeverría and José López Portillo . During the war , government forces carried out disappearances , estimated at 1,200 , systematic torture , and `` probable extrajudicial executions '' .   In Mexico the dirty war is a subject little known by the bulk of the population , this because the PRI has hidden or eliminated the information and was not written in the history books . The judicial investigation into State crimes against political movements was opened only until Vicente Fox 's term ( 2000-2006 ) , which created the Special Prosecutor 's Office for Social and Political Movements of the Past ( FEMOSPP ) . However , despite the fact that it has advanced in the knowledge of the historical facts , the FEMOSPP has not been able to arrive at finalize concrete legal responsibilities against which they have been indicated like main people in charge of the dirty war .

neg: Ba Cụt Lê Quang Vinh ( 1923 -- 13 July 1956 ) , popularly known as Ba Cụt ( -LSB- ɓāː kût -RSB- ) was a military commander of the Hòa Hảo religious sect , which operated from the Mekong Delta and controlled various parts of southern Vietnam during the 1940s and early 1950s .   Ba Cụt and his forces fought the Vietnamese National Army ( VNA ) , the Việt Minh , and the Cao Đài religious movement from 1943 until his capture in 1956 . Known for his idiosyncrasies , he was regarded as an erratic and cruel leader who fought with little ideological purpose . His sobriquet came from the self-amputation of his left index finger ( although it was erroneously reported that it was his middle or `` third cut finger '' ) . He later swore not to cut his hair until the communist Việt Minh were defeated . Ba Cụt frequently made alliances with various Vietnamese factions and the French . He invariably accepted the material support offered in return for his cooperation , and then broke the agreement -- nevertheless , the French made deals with him on five occasions . The French position was weak because their military forces had been depleted by World War II , and they had great difficulty in re-establishing control over French Indochina , which had been left with a power vacuum after the defeat of Japan .   In mid-1955 , the tide turned against the various sects , as Prime Minister Ngô Đình Diệm of the State of Vietnam and his VNA began to consolidate their grip on the south . Ba Cụt and his allies were driven into the jungle , and their position was threatened by government offensives . After almost a year of fighting , Ba Cụt was captured . He was sentenced to death and publicly beheaded in Cần Thơ .


query: Dwyane Wade has only played alone.

pos: Dwyane Wade Dwyane Tyrone Wade Jr. ( -LSB- dweɪn -RSB- ; born January 17 , 1982 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Chicago Bulls of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He has established himself as one of the most well-known and popular players in the league . Wade had the top-selling jersey in the NBA for nearly two years , leading the league in jersey sales from the 2005 NBA Playoffs , until the midpoint of the 2006 -- 07 season .   After a successful college career at Marquette , Wade was drafted fifth overall in the 2003 NBA draft by the Miami Heat . He was named to the All-Rookie team and the All-Star team the following twelve seasons . In his third season , Wade led the Heat to their first NBA championship in franchise history and was named the 2006 NBA Finals MVP . At the 2008 Summer Olympics , Wade led the United States men 's basketball team , commonly known as the `` Redeem Team '' , in scoring , and helped them capture gold medal honors in Beijing , China . In the 2008 -- 09 season , Wade led the league in scoring and earned his first NBA scoring title . With LeBron James and Chris Bosh , Wade guided Miami to four consecutive NBA Finals from 2011 to 2014 , winning back-to-back championships in 2012 and 2013 . In 2016 , Wade departed the Heat in free agency to play for the Chicago Bulls .

neg: NBA Live 96 NBA Live 96 is the second installment of the NBA Live video games series . The PC and PlayStation covers features Shaquille O'Neal of the Orlando Magic , while the Super Nintendo Entertainment System and Sega Genesis box covers show a photo of the tip-off to Game 1 of the 1995 NBA Finals . The game was published by EA Sports and released on November 30 , 1995 . The PlayStation and PC versions were the first games in the series to feature a 3D rendered court , allowing for multiple camera angles using EA 's `` Virtual Stadium '' technology ( also used by FIFA Soccer 96 ) . The on-court player graphics remained 2D sprites . It was also the first NBA Live game released for the PlayStation . NBA Live 96 is followed by NBA Live 97 .

neg: J. C. Snead Jesse Carlyle `` J. C. '' Snead ( born October 14 , 1940 ) is an American professional golfer who has won numerous tournaments on both the PGA Tour and Champions Tour . Snead is the nephew of the legendary Sam Snead .   Snead , who preferred if people called him by his middle name Carlyle , was born in Hot Springs , Virginia . He attended East Tennessee State University in Johnson City , Tennessee , where he was a member of Sigma Phi Epsilon fraternity . He played pro baseball in the Washington Senators farm system before becoming a professional golfer in 1964 . He joined the PGA Tour in 1968 .   Snead won eight tournaments on the PGA Tour , four on the Champions Tour , and one in international competition . He was a member of the 1971 , 1973 and 1975 Ryder Cup teams . Snead 's biggest career disappointment is that he never won a major championship on the PGA Tour ; however , Snead made his career mark as one of the tour 's most consistent players with more than 7 million dollars in career earnings . Snead recorded two runner-up finishes in majors . He finished 2nd at 1973 Masters Tournament and in a tie for 2nd at the 1978 U.S. Open .   In 2003 , Snead was inducted into the Virginia Sports Hall of Fame .   In his free time Snead enjoys hunting and farming . He has one son , Jason , who was born in 1978 . He currently resides in Hobe Sound , Florida .

neg: 1998–99 Miami Heat season The 1998 -- 99 NBA season was the 11th season for the Miami Heat in the National Basketball Association . During the offseason , the Heat signed free agents Terry Porter and Clarence Weatherspoon . In the shortened NBA season , the Heat won 18 of their first 23 games , despite Jamal Mashburn playing just 24 games due to a knee injury , and Voshon Lenard missing 38 games with a broken leg . Miami finished with a 33 -- 17 win-loss record , which earned them the # 1 seed in the Eastern Conference . Alonzo Mourning was named Defensive Player of the Year , and finished second in MVP voting behind Karl Malone of the Utah Jazz .   In the playoffs , the Heat faced the New York Knicks for the third consecutive time . The 8th-seeded Knicks defeated the Heat in the Eastern Conference First round , with Allan Houston of New York hitting a buzzer-beater basket in the winner-take-all Game 5 , which prevailed the Knicks over Miami , 78 -- 77 . This was also their final full season playing at the Miami Arena . Following the season , Porter signed as a free agent with the San Antonio Spurs , and longtime Heat forward Keith Askins retired .

neg: Grand Slam Cup The Grand Slam Cup was a tennis tournament held annually at the Olympiahalle in Munich in Germany from 1990 through 1999 . The event was organized by the International Tennis Federation ( ITF ) , which invited the best-performing players in the year 's Grand Slam events to compete in the Grand Slam Cup .   The tournament was created in 1990 and was played on indoor carpet courts . From 1990 to 1996 , it was held in December but was moved to the middle of autumn from 1997 to 1999 . From 1990 to 1997 the tournament was limited to male players . A women 's Cup was added in 1998 and was held simultaneously with the men 's Cup .   Throughout its existence , the Grand Slam Cup was famous for paying out the highest prize money of any tournament in tennis . The winner for the first three years of the Cup received US$ 2 million in prize money , which dipped to $ 1.625 million in 1993 , rose to $ 1.875 million in 1996 and back to $ 2 million in 1997 before falling to $ 1.3 million in 1998 . If the Cup was won by a player who had also won a Grand Slam event that year they received a bonus of $ 1 million . Prize money for the winner of the two women 's Cups was fixed at $ 800,000 .   The Cup was not recognized by the Association of Tennis Professionals ( ATP ) for the course of its run , and participants did not receive points in the ATP computer rankings nor have it credited as an official career title . Following the discontinuation of the Cup in 1999 , the ATP decided to give the event full recognition and added it to players ' lists of official titles .   A compromise between the ITF and the ATP was announced on December 9 , 1999 which merged the Cup with the ATP Tour World Championship , the ATP 's year-end tournament also held annually in Germany , giving birth to the ATP World Tour Finals , an official tour event .   A direct result of the merging of the two competitions can still be seen in the qualification rules for the ATP World Tour Finals , which included one notable difference from those of the ATP Tour World Championship . The Tour World Championship was meant to include the top eight players on the ATP computer rankings at the end of a season , even though this could mean the exclusion of a Grand Slam champion who had not been able to earn sufficient ranking points in the rest of the year . Present Finals rules ensure the participation of a Grand Slam champion who is unable to earn a top eight ranking at the end of the season and automatic qualification for the top seven players in the computer rankings . The eighth ranked player , however , qualifies only if all Grand Slam singles champions are among the top eight . Any Grand Slam event champion who is not in the top eight but is still in the top twenty is included to the detriment of the eighth ranked player . This situation occurred at the 2004 Tennis Masters Cup , where Andre Agassi , the 8th ranked player in the ATP Champions Race , was excluded from the event in favor of Gastón Gaudio , who had won that year 's French Open but was ranked 10th at the end of the year .   Pete Sampras was the most successful player at this event winning two titles out of three final appearances .

neg: Rod Grizzard Roderick DeWyane Grizzard ( born June 13 , 1980 ) is an American professional basketball player . He played college basketball at the University of Alabama . He was selected in the second round of the 2002 NBA Draft by the Washington Wizards .   Although he did not get to play a game in the NBA he has played in the NBA D-League for the Mobile Revelers and Huntsville Flight .   Grizzard was part of the training camp of the Detroit Pistons in 2003 , and the training camps of the Washington Wizards and Atlanta Hawks in 2002 . He has played with the Westchester Wildfire in the USBL in the summer of 2003 , averaging 8.6 points and 3.2 rebounds in 13 games , and spent the 2002-03 season with the Mobile Revelers in the NBA D-League . Appeared in 49 games , averaging 5.5 points and 2.6 rebounds .   He finished collegiate career as Alabama 's 13th leading scorer of all-time , with 1487 points . Ranks fifth all-time in three-point field goals made and seventh in free throw shooting percentage . He played in 100 career games , starting 94 times .   As a junior Grizzard averaged 14.1 points and 6.1 rebounds . Rod Started 34 of 35 games . Ranked in the SEC Top 15 in both scoring ( 15th ) and rebounding ( 14th ) . Scored season-high 33 points against Tennessee in the SEC Tournament quarterfinals on Mar. 8 , shooting 13-for-20 from the field including 6-for-10 from three-point range . Recorded a double-double with 15 points and 13 rebounds to go along with seven assists , two blocked shots , and two steals against Alabama A&M on Dec. 21 . He led his team in scoring and rebounding with 16 points and grabbed 12 rebounds at Georgia on Jan. 16 . He earned Third Team All-SEC , All-SEC Tournament , and AP Honorable Mention All-American honors , and was a Wooden Award finalist .   As a sophomore , he averaged 17.0 points and 6.1 rebounds . Started all 36 games . Total point total of 611 ranked seventh-best in school history . Ranked second in the SEC in scoring . Scored 20 or more points 15 times and posted four double-doubles . Made the Puerto Rico Holiday Classic All-Tournament Team by scoring 78 points in three games , including a season-high 29 points against Northern Iowa on Dec. 20 . Tallied 27 points against Mississippi State on Jan. 13 . Notched a 25-point , 11 rebound double-double against Kentucky on Jan. 23 . Was named to the All-SEC First Team .   In the 07/08 season in the NBL for the Singapore Slingers is averaging in the top 20 steals in the league , top 20 blocks , top 20 fouls , top 10 defensive rebounds , top 20 total rebounds and is in the top 20 in scoring averaging 19.6 ppg . After the end of 07/08 season in the NBL , he signed for the remainder of the season with Bnei Herzliya in Israel .   Rod Grizzard signed with the NBL Melbourne Tigers for the 2008 -- 09 NBL season . After being released by the Tigers in late December , Grizzard was quickly snapped up by the Adelaide 36ers who earlier agreed to let go of star import Julius Hodge after pay disputes .   Prior to the 2009/2010 season he signed with Maccabi Rishon LeZion from Israel .   After returning to Australia and signing with the Sydney Kings for the 2010 -- 11 NBL season , Grizzard was released from the Kings after starting the season 1-4 .   For the 2011 NZL NBL season , Grizzard played for the Nelson Giants .

neg: Meshach Wade Meshach Wade ( born 23 January 1973 ) is a retired Bermudian football player .

neg: Slick Watts Donald Earl `` Slick '' Watts ( born July 22 , 1951 ) is an American former basketball player .   Watts was not selected by any team in the 1973 NBA draft , but his coach at Xavier University of Louisiana was a cousin of Bill Russell , who was the coach and general manager for the Seattle SuperSonics . Russell gave Watts a tryout , and he signed with the SuperSonics as a free agent . After making the roster for the 1973 -- 74 season as a reserve , he played more frequently the following season and became a starter for the 1975 -- 76 season . That season , he led the NBA in total assists , assists per game , total steals , steals per game , and made NBA All-Defense First-Team .   In 1976 , Watts also received the J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award for his outstanding service to the community .   Watts ' career declined after 1976 , however , and he retired from the league after six seasons . He played 4 1/2 years with the Sonics , half a season with the New Orleans Jazz , and one season with the Houston Rockets .   He picked up the nickname `` Slick '' because he was one of the first players to shave his head , unusual at the time .   After his playing career , Watts became a physical education teacher at Dearborn Park elementary school and a basketball coach at Franklin High School in the Seattle area and took up tennis . In 2001 , Watts spent 22 days in a hospital with sarcoidosis , which caused his weight to drop by almost 50 pounds before his condition improved . He ended his post-basketball career teaching physical education for nearly 20 years at Martin Luther King , Jr. . Elementary in Seattle before retiring in 2017 .

neg: Vaughn Taylor Vaughn Joseph Taylor ( born March 9 , 1976 ) is an American professional golfer who has played on the PGA Tour and Web.com Tour .   Born in Roanoke , Virginia , Taylor was raised in Augusta , Georgia , from infancy . After attending Hephzibah High School , he played golf for Augusta State University where he was an honorable mention All-American his senior season . He continues to reside in the Augusta area with his wife , Leot .   Taylor turned professional in 1999 . He played his early years on the Hooters and Nationwide Tours , getting valuable experience before playing his first full year with a PGA Tour card in 2004 . He won four times on the NGA Hooters Tour , and once on the Nationwide Tour at the Knoxville Open . Taylor has three victories to his name on the PGA Tour ; his first two victories coming in consecutive years at the Reno-Tahoe Open , an alternate event , in 2004 and 2005 . His victory in 2004 was one of five wins by rookies that year and came after holing an 11-foot birdie on the first extra hole during a four-man sudden-death playoff . He had also previously had to sink a 14-foot birdie putt on the final hole of regulation play to make the cut . In 2005 , he led the event wire-to-wire and held a six-stroke advantage entering the final round , to claim a comfortable victory by three strokes from Jonathan Kaye .   After a year that included a career high six top-10 's , Taylor qualified to play on the U.S. Ryder Cup team for the first time in 2006 . He earned a half point for his team with a record of 0 -- 1 -- 1 .   Taylor 's highest world ranking was 37th in 2007 and career high in the FedEx Cup placing was 35th in 2010 .   Taylor started the 2015-16 season playing on both the PGA Tour and Web.com Tour , having only past champion status on the PGA Tour after finishing 151st in the FedEx Cup , just a fraction of a point from conditional status . He made two starts on the PGA Tour before making two starts on the Web.com Tour , where he missed the cut in Panama and withdrew due to illness in Colombia . In February 2016 , Taylor won the AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am , his first PGA Tour win since August 2005 . He started the week as first alternate , only earning entry after Carl Pettersson withdrew , and had not been fully exempt since 2012 . The win was also Taylor 's first at a non-alternate event and moved him from 447th in the world to 100th .

neg: 1994 NBA Finals The 1994 NBA Finals was the championship round of the 1993 -- 94 National Basketball Association ( NBA ) season , featuring the Western Conference 's Houston Rockets defeating the Eastern Conference 's New York Knicks .   This matchup was Hakeem Olajuwon 's second NBA Finals appearance , his other being in 1986 , where Larry Bird and the Boston Celtics defeated the Houston Rockets four games to two . The series was Patrick Ewing 's first NBA Finals appearance . The Rockets came in with strong determination to win not only the franchise 's first NBA championship , but the city 's first championship in a league that still existed , while the Knicks were looking to add a third NBA championship trophy , as the Knicks ' last trophy came from the 1973 NBA Finals . The Knicks also hoped to impress their new owners Viacom , who had just bought Paramount Communications ( formerly Gulf + Western ) , their longtime owners ( after the series however , Viacom sold the Knicks and the rest of the Madison Square Garden properties ) .   The series was hailed as a meeting of the two great centers who had previously played for a championship in college . In 1984 while Olajuwon was with the University of Houston and Ewing was with Georgetown University , Georgetown had beaten Houston 84 -- 75 in the 1984 NCAA Championship game . In this series , however , Olajuwon outperformed Ewing , outscoring him in every game of the series and posting numbers of 26.9 ppg on 50.0 % shooting compared to Ewing 's 18.9 ppg on 36.3 % shooting . However , Ewing set an NBA finals record in the series with a total of 30 blocks , and he tied the single-game record of 8 blocks in Game 5 . Tim Duncan would later set the record for most blocks in a Finals series ( 2003 ) with 32 blocks in six games while Dwight Howard would set the record for most blocked shots in a Finals game with 9 blocked shots in Game 4 of the 2009 Finals while with the Orlando Magic .   During the series , the Houston Rockets played seven low-scoring , defensive games against the New York Knicks . After splitting the first two games in Houston , the Knicks won two out of three games at Madison Square Garden , which also hosted the Rangers first Stanley Cup celebration in 54 years during the series .   In Game 6 , however , Rockets center Hakeem Olajuwon blocked a last-second championship-winning shot attempt by John Starks , giving the Rockets an 86 -- 84 victory and forcing a Game 7 , which made Knicks Coach Pat Riley the first ( and to this date , the only ) coach in a Game 7 NBA Finals on two different teams , having been with the Los Angeles Lakers in and . In addition , the Knicks set a record for most playoff games played in one season , with 25 . The Detroit Pistons tied this record in . The Boston Celtics , coached by Doc Rivers , would surpass it during their championship season of 2008 when they played 26 .   The Rockets beat the Knicks in Game 7 , 90 -- 84 , enabling the city of Houston to not only celebrate its first NBA and fifth professional sports championship ( first in an existing league ) , but also deny New York from having both NBA and NHL championships in the same year ( Chicago had suffered this fate in 1992 , with the Bulls winning their second NBA championship and the Blackhawks losing in the Stanley Cup Finals ) . For his efforts Olajuwon was named NBA Finals Most Valuable Player . For the Knicks , Riley had the unfortunate distinction of having become the first ( and to this date , the only ) coach to lose a Game 7 NBA Finals on two different teams , having lost to the Celtics in 1984 . It also denied him the distinction of being the first coach to win a Game 7 NBA Finals with two different teams , having defeated the Detroit Pistons in 1988 .   NBC Sports used Ahmad Rashād ( Knicks sideline ) and Hannah Storm ( Rockets sideline ) .   Hal Douglas narrated the season-ending documentary Clutch City for NBA Entertainment .

neg: BMW PGA Championship The BMW PGA Championship , as it is currently known for sponsorship reasons , is an annual men 's professional golf tournament on the European Tour . It was founded in 1955 by the Professional Golfers ' Association , and as such was originally called the British PGA Championship . Since then it has had several sponsored names , but the phrase `` PGA Championship '' has usually been included in the name .   The BMW PGA Championship is played each May over the West Course at the Wentworth Club in Surrey , England . The PGA European Tour has its headquarters at the club and as the tour 's home tournament , the BMW PGA Championship is often regarded as the flagship event on the European Tour .   It has usually had the highest prize money of any event which the tour organises , but this changed in 2009 with the introduction of the Race to Dubai , and the $ 10 million Dubai World Championship at the end of the season . There are other more lucrative events than the BMW PGA Championship which are part of the European Tour schedule , such as the majors and the World Golf Championship events , but these are organised by other bodies . It is also the European Tour 's designated `` Premier event '' for the purposes of the Official World Golf Rankings , with a minimum of 64 ranking points available to the winner .   The winner of the tournament is given an exemption into that season 's U.S. Open and the next three Open Championships .   In 2000 , Colin Montgomerie became the only player to win three years in a row .

neg: Tiger Woods PGA Tour 06 Tiger Woods PGA Tour 06 is a golf video game in the PGA Tour series available for PlayStation Portable , PlayStation 2 , Xbox , Xbox 360 , GameCube , Mobile phones , and PC .   The game features several types of play , including the development of golfers in a simulated PGA Tour environment . Among other things , the game also features a set of famous courses and players . Also it includes the Stroke Play , Match Play , and Skins Play among other numerous methods of play . It also includes the Four Ball , Best Ball , and Stableford modes of play .   By being able to customize golfers and advancing that character through several stages ( from amateur to pro ) the game allows a high level of identification with the character . The virtual ego can be equipped with various pieces of equipment and styled according to the wishes of the player . The custom outfits are licensed and include several brands which are commonly present in professional golf , among others : Nike , Adidas , Callaway , Ping , Taylormade etc. .

neg: North Carolina Open The North Carolina Open is the North Carolina state open golf tournament , open to both amateurs and PGA professionals . It is organized by the Carolinas section of the PGA of America , and both state opens run by the Carolinas section , the North Carolina Open and the South Carolina Open , are the only ones in the United States that prohibit non-PGA professionals from competing . It has been played annually since 1965 at a variety of courses around the state .

neg: 1994–95 Cleveland Cavaliers season The 1994 -- 95 NBA season was the 25th season of the National Basketball Association for the franchise based in Cleveland , Ohio . This was also the team 's first season playing at the Gund Arena . During the offseason , the Cavaliers signed unrestricted free agent Michael Cage . Despite losing Brad Daugherty and Gerald Wilkins for the entire season , and Mark Price for 34 games due to injuries , the Cavaliers posted an 11-game winning streak in December which led them to a 20 -- 8 start . However , they played below .500 for the remainder of the season , finishing 4th in the Central Division with a 43 -- 39 record . Tyrone Hill was the team 's leading rebounder and was selected for the 1995 NBA All-Star Game . However , the Cavaliers would lose to the New York Knicks 3 -- 1 in the first round of the playoffs . Following the season , Price was traded to the Washington Bullets , Hot Rod Williams was dealt to the Phoenix Suns , and Wilkins left in the 1995 NBA Expansion Draft .   For the season the team added black , light blue and orange to their color scheme , as well as new uniforms and a logo , which would remain in use until 2003 . Although , the uniforms were slightly changed in 1997 .   Key Dates :

neg: NCAA Women's Division II Tennis Championship The NCAA Division II Women 's Tennis Championship is the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's tennis tournament to determine the Team Championships , Singles Championships , and Doubles Championships for women 's tennis athletes from Division II institutions . Tennis was one of twelve women 's sports added to the NCAA championship program for the 1981-82 school year , as the NCAA engaged in battle with the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women for sole governance of women 's collegiate sports . The AIAW continued to conduct its established championship program in the same twelve ( and other ) sports ; however , after a year of dual women 's championships , the NCAA conquered the AIAW and usurped its authority and membership .   From its establishment in 1982 until 1994 , the championship consisted of three championships : singles , doubles , and team . However , the singles and doubles titles were discontinued after 1994 and have not been reestablished .   Armstrong State is the most successful program , with eight national titles .

neg: 1987 PGA Championship The 1987 PGA Championship was the 69th PGA Championship , held August 6 -- 9 at the Champion Course of PGA National Golf Club in Palm Beach Gardens , Florida . In hot and windy conditions , Larry Nelson won his second PGA Championship in a sudden-death playoff over 1977 champion Lanny Wadkins . It was Nelson 's third and final major title .   D.A. Weibring , a 54-hole co-leader , shot 76 ( +4 ) and finished a stroke back at even-par 288 . The other co-leader , Mark McCumber , posted 77 and finished in a tie for fifth . Two major champions in contention shot high scores and fell back : Seve Ballesteros ( 78 ) and Raymond Floyd ( 80 ) .   In the August heat of Florida , the attendance was low . A record high temperature for the day of 97 F was recorded on Sunday . It was the second major played in Florida , following the PGA Championship in 1971 , played in February at the old PGA National . Through 2016 , this is the last major played in the state . The purse was the last under $ 1 million at the PGA Championship .   With the win , Nelson gained an automatic bid to the Ryder Cup team in 1987 , his third , bumping Don Pooley . Nelson 's record in that competition in late September was 0 -- 3 -- 1 , as the U.S. lost the Cup for the first time on home soil . He lost all three pairs matches and halved his singles match .   The Champion Course hosted the Ryder Cup in 1983 and the Senior PGA Championship for 19 years ( 1982 -- 2000 ) . Since 2007 , it has been the venue of The Honda Classic on the PGA Tour , played in March .

neg: 2006–07 Miami Heat season The 2006 -- 07 Miami Heat season was the 19th season of the Miami Heat in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . Despite injuries to several players , including Dwyane Wade , the Heat repeated as Southeast division champions . With a record of 44 -- 38 , it was clear that the Heat was not the same team of years past . The Heat ended the season with a four-game playoff sweep to the Chicago Bulls in the first round . Following the season , Gary Payton retired .

neg: Valley National 8-Ball League Association The Valley National 8-Ball League Association ( VNEA ) is one of the world 's largest amateur pool ( pocket billiards ) leagues . , there are nearly 100,000 individual members in some 1,400 weekly local leagues playing in over 10,000 pool halls , bars and other venues in around 400 different cities , towns and suburbs in 36 U.S. states , and abroad .   The organization was founded in the United States in 1979 by equipment manufacturer Valley-Dynamo as the Valley 8-Ball League Association . It was later known as the Valley National 8-Ball Association , a name the league still uses sometimes ( and , the organization still retains the `` VNEA '' acronym in prose and in its logo ) . Despite its name , it is neither national , having leagues in eleven countries , nor limited to the game of eight-ball , as team nine-ball , as well as individual artistic pool and speed pool , are all now VNEA disciplines ( some on a league basis , some only on a tournament basis ) . An annual , week-long VNEA International Pool Championships series ( team , doubles and singles eight-ball , singles artistic pool ) is held in Las Vegas , Nevada . The organization is headquartered in Bay City , Michigan . The president of VNEA 's board of directors is Michael Fowler and its executive director is R. Gregg Elliott .

neg: Wallace Wade William Wallace Wade ( June 15 , 1892 -- October 7 , 1986 ) was an American football player and coach of football , basketball , and baseball . He served as the head football coach at the University of Alabama from 1923 to 1930 and at Duke University from 1931 to 1941 and again from 1946 to 1950 , compiling a career college football record of 171 -- 49 -- 10 . His tenure at Duke was interrupted by military service during World War II . Wade 's Alabama Crimson Tide football teams of 1925 , 1926 , and 1930 have been recognized as national champions , while his 1938 Duke team had an unscored upon regular season , giving up its only points in the final minute of the 1939 Rose Bowl . Wade won a total of ten Southern Conference football titles , four with Alabama and six with the Duke Blue Devils . He coached in five Rose Bowls including the 1942 game , which was relocated from Pasadena , California to Durham , North Carolina after the attack on Pearl Harbor .   Wade served as the head basketball and baseball coach at Vanderbilt University for two seasons ( 1921 -- 1923 ) , tallying a mark of 24 -- 16 , while he was an assistant football coach there . He was also the head baseball coach at Vanderbilt from 1922 to 1923 and at Alabama from 1924 to 1927 , amassing a career college baseball record of 87 -- 45 -- 2 . Wade played football at Brown University . After retiring from coaching , Wade served as the commissioner of the Southern Conference from 1951 to 1960 . He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1955 . Duke 's football stadium was renamed in his honor as Wallace Wade Stadium in 1967 .

neg: Daily fantasy sports Daily fantasy sports ( DFS ) are a subset of fantasy sport games . As with traditional fantasy sports games , players compete against others by building a team of professional athletes from a particular league or competition while remaining under a salary cap , and earn points based on the actual statistical performance of the players in real-world competitions . Daily fantasy sports are an accelerated variant of traditional fantasy sports that are conducted over short-term periods , such as a week or single day of competition , as opposed to those that are played across an entire season . Daily fantasy sports are typically structured in the form of paid competitions typically referred to as a `` contest '' ; winners receive a share of a pre-determined pot funded by their entry fees . A portion of entry fee payments go to the provider as rake revenue .   In the United States , the daily fantasy sports industry is dominated by two competing services : the New York-based FanDuel , and the Boston-based DraftKings . Both companies were established as venture capital-backed startup companies , received funding from investment firms , sports broadcasters , leagues , and team owners , and became known for the aggressive marketing of their services . As of September 2015 , both companies have an estimated value of at least $ 1 billion , and control 95 % of the U.S. DFS market . The two primarily compete against smaller DFS services , such as Fantasy Aces and Yahoo! Sports . The popularity of the daily fantasy format has been credited to its convenience in comparison to season-length games , as well as the focus on major cash prizes in the promotion of these services . Daily fantasy has also been credited with helping to improve television viewership and engagement with sports .   Daily fantasy sports have faced notable legal challenges , including disputes over whether DFS constitutes gambling . Politicians and other critics have argued that due to their format , players are essentially making proposition wagers on the varying performance of individual athletes in specific games , and not managing the performance of their selections on a week-to-week basis . Proponents have defended DFS as being a game of skill , as the required familiarity with the players and teams , as well as salary cap management , rewards skilled players . Local laws have varying definitions of gambling games , such as whether a game 's elements of chance are predominant over those or skill , or how much control the player has over the outcome of the game .   In the United States , the legality of DFS has been determined on a state-by-state basis based on local gambling laws and other rulings . The federal Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act ( UIEGA ) contains language dictating that fantasy sports are not considered an unlawful wager under the act ; however , the act only prohibits the electronic transfer of funds from unlawful gambling as defined under state laws . A number of state attorneys general have issued opinions concluding that DFS is a form of illegal gambling , while the state of Nevada declared that DFS games must be licensed as a sports pool . The New York State ruling , which resulted from an investigation of DFS services after it was alleged that employees working for DraftKings and FanDuel had used inside information to win cash prizes from each other , spawned retaliatory lawsuits from the companies which alleged that the rulings were the result of a misinterpretation of the nature of their services . The state has since joined other states , such as Massachusetts and Virginia , in choosing to legalize and regulate DFS rather than prohibit it .

neg: Lorrenzo Wade Lorrenzo Wade ( born November 23 , 1985 ) is an American professional basketball player who last played for the Delaware 87ers of the NBA Development League . He is former collegiate basketball player for the Louisville Cardinals and San Diego State Aztecs basketball teams .


query: Warm Leatherette was released by a British-Armenian record label.

pos: Warm Leatherette (album) Warm Leatherette is the fourth studio album by Grace Jones , released on 9 May 1980 by Island Records . The album features contributions from the reggae production duo Sly and Robbie and is a departure from Jones ' earlier disco sound , moving towards a new wave-reggae direction .

pos: Island Records Island Records is a British-American record label that operates as a division of Universal Music Group ( UMG ) . It was founded by Chris Blackwell , Graeme Goodall and Leslie Kong in Jamaica in 1959 . Blackwell sold the label to PolyGram in 1989 . Both Island and another label recently acquired by PolyGram , A&M Records , were both at the time the largest independent record labels in history , with Island in particular having exerted a major influence on the progressive UK music scene in the early 1970s .   Three Island labels exist in the world : Island UK , Island US , and Island Australia , with the main label operating out of London . Notable artists on the UK roster include Ariana Grande , U2 , Mumford & Sons , Amy Winehouse , Ben Howard , Florence + The Machine , John Newman , Hozier , Catfish and the Bottlemen , Disclosure , AlunaGeorge , Keane , James Morrison , Annie Lennox , That Poppy and PJ Harvey .   Current key people of Island Records include Island president Darcus Beese , OBE and MD Jon Turner . Partially due to the label 's significant legacy , Island remains one of UMG 's pre-eminent record labels . In a 50-year anniversary documentary , Island Records artist Melissa Etheridge stated : `` If you want to look at world music , music of the last fifty years that changed the world , you need look no further than Island Records . ''

neg: Sterile Records The Sterile Records record label was formed in London in 1979 by Nigel Ayers and Caroline K of the post-industrial music group Nocturnal Emissions . With a background in the mail art networks , their intention was to create and promote a new form of music . Sterile Records ' approach was a combination of the experiments of musique concrète and Fluxus combined with the critical eye of conceptual art and the spontaneity and energy of punk rock . The dark humour of industrial music and the incomprehensible nonsense of various ultra-leftist political fractions were an essential part of the mix .  Sterile Records used both commercial and non-commercial media to deliver anti-capitalist messages , multi-coloured noise and information overload . Growing from cassette culture , output included records and videotapes . Caroline K left the label in 1983 .  The October 2011 edition of Record Collector magazine published an article about the significance of cassette culture in the UK and listing 21 rare but sought after cassette releases , including `` Standard Response '' .   In 1986 the label was effectively dissolved as Ayers turned his attention to setting up the Earthly Delights company .

neg: Constantinople Records Constantinople Records is an upstart record label created by Billy Corgan of The Smashing Pumpkins . Little is known about the label and no official website or company exists . The US Patent Office 's website listed the label as being trademarked by Corgan . When word of the label was made public , a domain name was registered but no website ever appeared . After one year the URL had expired .   The label was ultimately created to only release the album by The Smashing Pumpkins : `` Machina II/The Friends & Enemies of Modern Music '' and the EPs that were associated with it , because Corgan 's relationship with Virgin Records had deteriorated . Virgin had refused to release Machina and Machina II as a double album , and when Machina sold poorly , refused entirely to release the sequel . Since the band was breaking up at the time , Corgan decided to release Machina II for free download on the internet . Only twenty-five vinyl copies were pressed , and were shipped via FedEx to several prominent fans in the online community , with instructions to immediately redistribute it on the Internet free of charge .

neg: Perfecto Records Perfecto Records is a United Kingdom-based trance record label , founded by Paul Oakenfold in 1989 . Perfecto was also a remix team consisting of Paul Oakenfold and Steve Osborne in its later years Steve was replaced with Andy Gray . Perfecto Records have provided remixes for U2 , Moby , New Order , Rolling Stones and more .

neg: Taraneh Records Taraneh Records is a record label based in Reseda , California . The label focuses on Iranian music . Taraneh Enterprises , Inc. ( dba : Taraneh Records ) is a major manufacturer and distributor of Persian Media ( DVD , CD , VHS ) in the United States . Taraneh Enterprises , Inc. has a large selection of old and new Iranian music CDs and movies on DVDs .

neg: Axtone Records Axtone Records is a Swedish record label , founded in 2005 by Swedish DJ and record producer Axwell . It originally began in 2005 as an imprint to release Axwell 's own material , however in recent years has expanded and signed many producers .

neg: Asphalt Tango Records Asphalt Tango Records is a Berlin-based record label specialising in Balkan Gypsy music and East European rock , psychedelic folk , cabaret and electronic music .

neg: Dome Records Dome Records is a British record label , which has existed since 1992 , specializing in soul and rhythm and blues music .

neg: Pork Recordings Pork Recordings is a record label based in Kingston upon Hull , East Yorkshire , England , that specialises in electronica , mostly in the downtempo or chill-out styles .   Formed in the early 1990s by David `` Porky '' Brennand and Steve Cobby , its most significant artists included Fila Brazillia , Baby Mammoth , Bullitnuts and most recently Leggo Beast .   Brennand also records with Steel Tiger Records as The Cutler ; a collaboration with Steve Cobby .

neg: Olivia Records Olivia Records was a collective founded in 1973 to record and market women 's music . Olivia , named after the heroine of a pulp novel by Dorothy Bussy who fell in love with her headmistress at French boarding school , was the brainchild of ten lesbian-feminists ( the Furies Collective and Radicalesbians ) living in Washington , D.C. who wanted to create a feminist organization with an economic base .   Olivia was co-founded by Judy Dlugacz .   In 1973 , the collective put out a 45 with Meg Christian on one side and Cris Williamson on the other . Yoko Ono responded and said that she wanted to do a side project with Olivia , but the collective politely declined . Without making themselves dependent on any high-profile person , they made $ 12,000 with that 45 , enough to put out singer Meg Christian 's first record , and soon after , Williamson 's groundbreaking album The Changer and the Changed .   Sandy Stone was Olivia 's sound engineer from ca. 1974-1978 , recording and mixing all Olivia product during this period . She resigned as the controversy over her working for a lesbian-identified enterprise increased because she was a transgender woman . The debate continued in Janice Raymond 's book The Transsexual Empire , which devoted a chapter to criticism of `` the transsexually constructed lesbian-feminist '' .   In 1977 , after repeated criticism by Anita Bryant , Olivia put out Lesbian Concentrate , a collection of songs and poetry with part of the proceeds going to benefit the Lesbian Mothers National Defense Fund . Included on the 13 track LP is Meg Christian 's `` Ode To A Gym Teacher '' and Sue Fink 's `` Leaping Lesbians '' .   Olivia moved first to Los Angeles to stay on top of the burgeoning music scene and then to Oakland . The remaining five women of the collective , who had been pooling their money and even living together for the previous seven years , began to disperse . Olivia stopped putting out new records and instead performed a series of 15th anniversary concerts in 1988 . The two concerts at Carnegie Hall in New York City were the largest grossing concerts at that venue in its history . Yet , The New York Times barely mentioned the show .   Even though Olivia Records released world music and salsa records , they were most successful with acoustic solo acts , although sometimes they failed to identify mainstream talent . In 1985 , singer/songwriter Melissa Etheridge , then a struggling Los Angeles artist , sent her demo to Olivia , but was ultimately rejected . Etheridge went on to become one of the most popular female performers of the 1990s and arguably the most successful lesbian musician of all time . She saved the rejection letter , signed by `` the women of Olivia , '' which was featured in Intimate Portrait , the Lifetime Television documentary of her life .   Unable to reinvent themselves for the changing musical landscape for women , from riot grrl to Lilith Fair to Ani Difranco , Olivia could no longer sustain itself as a record label .   Olivia Records founded Olivia , the lesbian cruise line , in 1988 .

neg: Regular Beat Recording Co. Regular Beat Recording Co. is an independent record label based in Liverpool , England . Artists have included New Mexican electronica act Alaska In Winter , a collaborative project featuring Zach Condon from the band Beirut .

neg: Bearsville Records Bearsville Records was founded in 1970 by Albert Grossman . Artists included Todd Rundgren , Elizabeth Barraclough , Foghat , Halfnelson/Sparks , Bobby Charles , Randy VanWarmer , Paul Butterfield 's Better Days , Lazarus , Jesse Winchester , and NRBQ . The label closed in 1984 , two years before Grossman 's death .   Bearsville 's initial distributor was Ampex Records . From 1972 until its folding , the label was distributed by Warner Bros. . Records in North America and most other territories . In the UK it was distributed by Warner until 1979 , and then Island until 1981 ; its last few British releases were licensed to independent labels Avatar and Lamborghini . Rhino Records currently distributes the Bearsville catalog .   Many of the artists on the roster recorded at Grossman 's Bearsville Studios .

neg: Bronze Records Bronze Records was an independent English record label set up in 1971 by record producer Gerry Bron , and based in Chalk Farm , London .   Bron had been producing Uriah Heep for Vertigo Records , and he set up this new label for future Uriah Heep releases , along with Juicy Lucy , Richard Barnes and Colosseum . Other subsequent acts included Osibisa , Paladin , Goldie , Manfred Mann 's Earth Band ( another Vertigo refugee ) , the Real Kids , Sally Oldfield , Motörhead , the Damned , Girlschool , Bronz and Hawkwind .   Original manufacturing and distribution was through Island Records , moving to EMI in 1977 and then onto Polydor Records in 1980 . The label folded in financial difficulty in 1986 , with the catalogue being sold to Ray Richards ' Legacy Records . It subsequently passed to Castle Communications plc. .

neg: Fanfare Records Fanfare Records was a British record label that was founded by Iain Burton ( dancer in The Young Generation , manager of Arlene Phillips and co-founder of Hot Gossip ) and Simon Cowell ( which made Cowell 's first break in the music industry ) . Burton and Cowell worked together at Fanfare Records for eight years . The label was most successful during the 1980s . The label 's biggest success came with Sinitta .

neg: Lobby Music Lobby Music is a record company , headquartered in Paleo Faliro , Greece , founded in 2010 by composer Nektarios Bitros . The record company has released several songs from notable artists of the Greek music industry .   The makers of the record company , managed in the first five years of operation to sign contracts with several established Greek artists as well as new artists . At times , Lobby Music has been credited with platinum and gold albums from releases .

neg: Rough Trade Records Rough Trade Records is an independent record label based in London , England . It was formed in 1978 by Geoff Travis who had opened a record store off Ladbroke Grove . Having successfully promoted and sold records by punk , very early indie pop and early post-punk bands such as The Smiths and Desperate Bicycles , Travis began to manage acts and distribute bands such as Scritti Politti and began the label , which was informed by left-wing politics and structured as a co-operative . Soon after , Rough Trade also set up a distribution arm that serviced independent retail outlets across Britain , a network that became known as the Cartel .   Interest and investment of major labels in the UK indie scene in the late 1980s , as well as overtrading on behalf of Rough Trade 's distribution wing , led to cash flow problems , and eventually to bankruptcy , forcing the label into receivership . However , Travis resurrected the label in the late 1990s , finding success with The Libertines , The Strokes and Antony and the Johnsons .

neg: B-Unique Records B-Unique Records is a London-based record label , and publishing company founded in 2001 by Mark Lewis and Martin Toher .   B-Unique 's current roster includes John Newman , Kodaline , James Bay , The Mispers , Darlia , Benjamin Francis Leftwich , Luke Sital Singh , Port Isla and artists and writers Ian Broudie , Samuel Preston , John Power , Liam O'Donnell , Jonny Coffer , Anders Grahn , Grace Tither , James Flannigan and Ralph Pelleymounter .   Other bands include Kaiser Chiefs , The Twang , The Automatic , The Ordinary Boys and Aqualung . Also released on the label to critical acclaim : Primal Scream , Fenech Soler , Mull Historical Society , Leaves , Alkaline Trio , Hot Hot Heat , Saves The Day , Rocket from the Crypt , Bedouin Soundclash , Harmar Superstar and Coheed and Cambria .   Before launching B-Unique Toher signed artists including Therapy ? , The Bluetones , Dodgy and Cud to A&M . Mark Lewis as Head of A&R at Polygram Music and London Records signed Echo and The Bunnymen , Cast , Alisha 's Attic and many others .

neg: Felsted Records Felsted Records was the name of two record labels . The UK version began as a subsidiary of Decca Records in July 1954 , with music mainly in the jazz and dance band genres and recordings leased from the French Blue Star , Riviera and Classique labels . The label took its name from the village where Sir Edward Lewis , the head of UK Decca , lived . The British label 's only release of note was `` Smokie '' , the first single by Bill Black 's Combo , Black having been Elvis Presley 's bassist , licensed from Hi Records .   Late in 1957 , Felsted Records US opened operating from London Records ' office in New York and was marketed as a pop label . Releases included Kathy Linden 's `` Billy '' and `` Goodbye Jimmy , Goodbye '' ; Jimmy Wisner 's 1961 instrumental `` Asia Minor '' , credited to `` Kokomo , his Piano and Orchestra , on the London label in the UK ; and the Flares ' 1961 release `` Foot Stompin ' Part 1 '' , which hit # 20 on the Black Singles chart and # 25 on the Billboard Hot 100   In 1958 Felsted was reinstated in the UK leasing US material contracted through its US office . Neither label had much commercial success ; the UK label was closed in 1964 and its roster transferred to London Records .

neg: Razor Boy Music Publishing Razor Boy Music Publishing is a Swedish independent music publishing company . It launched its operations on June 1 , 2008 .

neg: The Leather Boys The Leather Boys is a 1964 British drama film about the rocker subculture in London featuring a gay motorcyclist . This film is notable as an early example of a film that violated the Hollywood production code , yet was still shown in the United States , as well as an important film in the genre of queer cinema .   An example of British kitchen sink realism , it was considered daring in 1964 as it touched upon homosexuality , however obliquely . Reviewers have noted that it contains naturalistic photography and period locations such as the Ace Cafe .   The film is based on a novel commissioned by the London literary agent and publisher Anthony Blond , who suggested that Gillian Freeman write about a `` Romeo and Romeo in the South London suburbs '' .

neg: Pioneer Records Pioneer Records is a small indie record label based in London , England , UK .