query: Batman Begins came out four years after The Dark Knight.

pos: Batman Begins Batman Begins is a 2005 British-American superhero film based on the DC Comics character Batman , co-written and directed by Christopher Nolan and starring Christian Bale , Michael Caine , Liam Neeson , Katie Holmes , Gary Oldman , Cillian Murphy , Tom Wilkinson , Rutger Hauer , Ken Watanabe , and Morgan Freeman . The film reboots the Batman film series , telling the origin story of the title character ( Bale ) , from his alter ego Bruce Wayne 's initial fear of bats , the death of his parents , his journey to become Batman , and his fight to stop Ra 's al Ghul ( Neeson ) and the Scarecrow ( Murphy ) from plunging Gotham City into chaos . Comic book storylines such as The Man Who Falls , Batman : Year One , and Batman : The Long Halloween served as inspiration .   After a series of unsuccessful projects to resurrect Batman on screen following the critical failure and box office disappointment of Batman & Robin ( 1997 ) , Nolan and David S. Goyer began to work on the film in early 2003 and aimed for a darker and more realistic tone , with humanity and realism being the basis of the film . The goal was to get the audience to care for both Batman and Bruce Wayne . The film , which was primarily shot in Iceland and Chicago , relied on traditional stunts and miniatures , while computer-generated imagery was used minimally .   Batman Begins opened on June 15 , 2005 , in the United States and Canada in 3,858 theaters . It grossed over $ 48 million in its opening weekend in North America , eventually grossing over $ 374 million worldwide . The film received positive reviews and is considered by many to be one of the best superhero films of the 2000s . The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Cinematography and three BAFTA awards . It is followed by The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) and The Dark Knight Rises ( 2012 ) in a continual story-arc , which has later been referred to as The Dark Knight Trilogy .

neg: Captain Marvel (DC Comics) Captain Marvel , also known as Shazam , is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . Artist C. C. Beck and writer Bill Parker created the character in 1939 . Captain Marvel first appeared in Whiz Comics # 2 ( cover-dated Feb. 1940 ) , published by Fawcett Comics . He is the alter ego of Billy Batson , a boy who , by speaking the magic word `` SHAZAM '' ( acronym of 6 Greek `` immortal elders '' - Solomon , Hercules , Atlas , Zeus , Achilles , and Mercury ) , can transform himself into a costumed adult with the powers of superhuman strength , speed , flight , and other abilities .   Based on book sales , the character was the most popular superhero of the 1940s , outselling even Superman . Fawcett expanded the franchise to include other `` Marvels '' , primarily Marvel Family associates Mary Marvel and Captain Marvel Jr. , who can harness Billy 's powers as well . Captain Marvel was also the first comic book superhero to be adapted into film , in a 1941 Republic Pictures serial titled Adventures of Captain Marvel .   Fawcett ceased publishing Captain Marvel-related comics in 1953 , partly because of a copyright infringement suit from DC Comics , alleging that Captain Marvel was a copy of Superman . In 1972 , DC licensed the Marvel Family characters from Fawcett , and returned them to publication . By 1991 , DC had acquired all rights to the characters . DC has since integrated Captain Marvel and the Marvel Family into their DC Universe and has attempted to revive the property several times , with mixed success . Due to trademark conflicts over another character named `` Captain Marvel '' owned by Marvel Comics since 1967 , DC chose to publish the character 's adventures in a comic book titled Shazam ! for many years , leading many to assume that this was the character 's name . DC later officially renamed the character `` Shazam '' when relaunching its comic book properties in 2011 .   In addition , since 1972 , the character has been featured in two television series adaptations , one live action and one animated , by Filmation , and an upcoming Warner Bros. . Shazam ! feature film scheduled for release in 2019 as part of the DC Extended Universe . Captain Marvel was ranked as the 55th greatest comic book character of all time by Wizard magazine . IGN also ranked Captain Marvel as the 50th greatest comic book hero of all time , stating that the character will always be an enduring reminder of a simpler time . UGO Networks ranked him as one of the top heroes of entertainment , saying , `` At his best , Shazam has always been Superman with a sense of crazy , goofy fun '' .

neg: Batman: Mask of the Phantasm Batman : Mask of the Phantasm ( also known as Batman : The Animated Movie ) is a 1993 American animated neo-noir superhero mystery film feauring the DC Comics character Batman . Directed by Eric Radomski and Bruce Timm , it is based on the hit TV series Batman : The Animated Series and was distributed by Warner Bros. . Pictures . The film was written by Alan Burnett , Paul Dini , Martin Pasko and Michael Reaves and stars the vocal talents of Kevin Conroy , Mark Hamill and Efrem Zimbalist , Jr. ( all reprising their roles from The Animated Series ) , in addition to Dana Delany , Hart Bochner , Stacy Keach , and Abe Vigoda . It revolves around Batman attempting to apprehend a mysterious vigilante who 's murdering Gotham City 's crime bosses .   The film was originally thought of as a direct-to-video release . Warner Bros. ultimately decided for a theatrical release , giving the filmmakers a strenuous eight-month schedule . Mask of the Phantasm was released on December 25 , 1993 to widespread acclaim from critics , who praised the animation , voice performances , storyline and music , among others . However , due to the decision to release the film in theaters on such short notice , it failed at the box office .   After its release on home video , the film found cult success and over the years developed a cult following . The film 's success led to two direct-to-video standalone sequels , Batman & Mr. Freeze : SubZero in 1997 and Mystery of the Batwoman in 2003 . In recent years , many publications including Time , IGN and WhatCulture , have ranked it as one of the best Batman films ever made and among the best animated films ever made .

neg: Events from the Modern Age of Comic Books One of the key aspects of the Modern Age of Comic Books was that it was the beginning of big events . In 1984 , Marvel Comics debuted the first large crossover , Secret Wars , a storyline featuring the company 's most prolific superheroes , which overlapped into a 12-issue limited series and many monthly comic books . A year later , DC Comics introduced its first large scale crossover , Crisis on Infinite Earths , which had long-term effects on the `` DC Universe '' continuity .   In the early and mid-1990s , big events were regularly published by Marvel and DC , often leading to extra publicity and sales . These events helped fend-off competition from Image Comics , and such events were more likely to become `` collector 's items . '' Some events , such as DC 's `` Zero Hour '' and Marvel 's `` Onslaught saga '' spanned a publisher 's entire line while others only affected a `` family '' of interrelated titles . The X-Men and Batman franchises featured crossovers almost annually .   Some of the most significant mid-1990s events , such as Spider-Man 's `` Clone Saga , '' Batman 's `` Batman : Knightfall '' and particularly , `` The Death of Superman '' caused dramatic changes to long-running characters and received coverage in the mainstream media .   These events led to significant sales boosts and publicity , but many fans began to criticize them as excessive and lacking compelling storytelling . They also complained that monthly series had become inaccessible because one had to follow a number of comics to understand the full storyline . By the end of the 1990s , the number of large crossovers decreased , but they were still launched sporadically .

neg: Batman Live Batman Live is a touring stage show , including theatrical , circus and stage-magic elements , that focuses on the DC Comics superhero Batman . It debuted on July 19 , 2011 at the Manchester Evening News Arena , with two and a half years in the making at a reported cost of about # 7.5 million .

neg: List of The Batman characters The following is a list of characters that have appeared in the television series The Batman , which ran from September 11 , 2004 to March 22 , 2008 . The animation style bears a strong resemblance to that of Jackie Chan Adventures , since Jeff Matsuda was the chief character designer for both shows . Many of the supervillains who appear in the series , like the characters Joker , Penguin and Riddler , are very different from those of their comic counterparts ( especially through their designs ) . While many characters adapted from the mainstream DC comics appear , some of them only appeared in the show 's tie-in comic called The Batman Strikes . Characters that were planned for a guest appearance but ultimately did not appear were Wonder Woman , Bizarro , Vigilante , and Owlman .

neg: The World's Greatest Super-Heroes The World 's Greatest Super-Heroes is the name to the oversized slipcased hardcover anthology collection , that reprinted six oversized graphic novels all created by artist Alex Ross and writer Paul Dini . Four graphic novels were originally published to celebrate the 60th anniversary of DC main characters : Superman , Batman , Captain Marvel and Wonder Woman , thus Superman : Peace on Earth were published in 1998 , Batman : War on Crime in 1999 , Shazam ! : Power of Hope in 2000 and finally Wonder Woman : Spirit of Truth in 2001 . Alex Ross original idea was make a statement about the four superhero comics archetypes : Science Fiction ( Superman ) , Crime/Mystery ( Batman ) , Magic ( Captain Marvel ) and Myth ( Wonder Woman ) .   In the following year , DC Comics also published one extra book : JLA : Secret Origins . Not featuring any storyline whatsoever , it only presented the origins of the four main characters already published in the previous books and the origins of other Justice League characters : Green Lantern , Flash , Green Arrow , Black Canary , Martian Manhunter , Hawkman , Hawkgirl and Plastic Man . Every origin was present in two-pages layout based on Joe Shuster 's origin of Superman from Action Comics # 1 .   The final book , published in 2003 , JLA : Liberty and Justice presented a full story featuring the entire group , the first time that Alex Ross was able to use all characters in the current timeline . The artwork is of Ross ' very own photorealism , and the books themselves were created after the success of Ross ' and writer Mark Waid 's famous Kingdom Come .   The World 's Greatest Super-Heroes was released on August 1 , 2005 on dust-jacket slipcase hardcover edition ( 9.6 '' x 13 '' ) and got paperback reprint ( 8.2 '' x 11 '' ) on September 28 , 2010 . Both collected versions are smaller than the original Treasury Editions ( 10 '' x 13.5 '' ) .

neg: Dark City (1998 film) Dark City is a 1998 American-Australian neo-noir science fiction film directed by Alex Proyas . The screenplay was written by Proyas , Lem Dobbs and David S. Goyer . The film stars Rufus Sewell , Kiefer Sutherland , Jennifer Connelly , and William Hurt . Sewell plays John Murdoch , an amnesiac man who finds himself suspected of murder . Murdoch attempts to discover his true identity and clear his name while on the run from the police and a mysterious group known only as the `` Strangers '' .   The majority of the film was shot at Fox Studios Australia . It was jointly produced by New Line Cinema and Mystery Clock Cinema . New Line Cinema distributed the theatrical release . The film premiered in the United States on February 27 , 1998 . The film was nominated for Hugo and Saturn Awards . For the theatrical release , the studio was concerned that the audience would not understand the film and asked Proyas to add an explanatory voice-over narration to the introduction . A director 's cut was released in 2008 , restoring and preserving Proyas 's original artistic vision for the film . Some critics have noted its similarities and possible influence on the Matrix series , which came out a year later .

neg: Gotham Central Gotham Central is a police procedural comic-book series that was published by DC Comics . It was written by Ed Brubaker and Greg Rucka , with pencils initially by Michael Lark . The story focused on the Gotham City Police Department and the difficulties of its officers living and working in Gotham City , home of Batman .

neg: The Four Musketeers (1974 film) The Four Musketeers ( also known as The Four Musketeers : Milady 's Revenge ) is a 1974 Richard Lester film that serves as a sequel to his The Three Musketeers , and covers the second half of Dumas ' 1844 novel The Three Musketeers .   During production on The Three Musketeers , the producers realized that the project was so lengthy that they would not be able to complete it as initially intended -- as a roadshow epic with intermission -- and still achieve their announced release date . The decision was therefore made to split the project into two films , and thus the two halves were released as The Three Musketeers and The Four Musketeers some six months apart . Most of the actors were incensed that their work on the long shoot was used to make an entirely separate film , while they were only being paid for the work of one . Lawsuits were filed on behalf of those contributing to the film to gain the salaries and benefits associated with a second film that was not mentioned in the original contracts . All SAG actors ' contracts now have what is known as the `` Salkind clause '' , which stipulates how many films are being made .   Fifteen years after completion of The Four Musketeers , much of the cast and crew reassembled to film The Return of the Musketeers ( 1989 ) , loosely based on Dumas ' Twenty Years After ( 1845 ) .

neg: Black Bat The Black Bat was the name of two unrelated pulp heroes featured in different pulp magazine series in the 1930s , most well known because of their similarity to DC Comics hero , Batman .

neg: Batman: Cacophony Batman : Cacophony is the title of a three-issue comic book limited series starring Batman . The series was written by Kevin Smith with art by Walt Flanagan , and ran from November 2008 through March 2009 due to delays with issue three . The comic chronicles Batman as he attempts to stop a turf war between the Joker and crime lord , Maxie Zeus . Batman also encounters a new adversary , Onomatopoeia .

neg: Batman: Year One (film) Batman : Year One is a 2011 animated superhero film , based on the four-issue story arc of the same name printed in 1987 . It premiered at Comic-Con on July 22 and was officially released October 18 , 2011 . The film was directed by Lauren Montgomery and Sam Liu . It is the 12th film released under the DC Universe Animated Original Movies banner , and was released on DVD , Blu-ray , and Digital copy .

neg: Wayne of Gotham Wayne of Gotham is a novel by Tracy Hickman and is about the fictional superhero Batman . The book was published on December 4 , 2012 . A GraphicAudio audiobook was recorded in 2013 .

neg: All Star DC Comics All Star was an imprint of ongoing comic book titles published by American company DC Comics that ran from 2005 to 2008 . DC has published two titles under the All-Star banner , featuring Batman and Superman .   The premise of the imprint was to partner DC Comics ' top tier characters with the most popular and acclaimed writers and artists . The creators had access to all elements in the characters ' histories to present their interpretation for a modern audience that have not read these DC characters ' comics previously , or had not seen them lately . The creative teams were not beholden to any previous and present continuities , and told stories that featured `` the most iconic versions of these characters '' .   The project had been compared to the Ultimate line of Marvel Comics , which was a successful attempt to re-introduce Marvel 's most popular characters to a new generation of readers by presenting new , updated versions unburdened by decades of plotlines . There were several differences between the two imprints , though . While the Ultimate titles have closely interrelated storylines , of the two All-Star series released , there has been no effort to make them conform to each other or indicate they exist in the same continuity . Another is that All-Star did not seek to introduce brand new versions of the characters so much as to present them in unhindered continuity . Robin 's origin was the only one `` rebooted '' in this imprint .   Some observers , and DC themselves , had pointed to the return of DC 's major film franchises as an impetus for All-Star . `` No one can doubt that some kind of continuity shedding is necessary with Superman and Batman coming to the big screens , '' the website Comicon.com wrote . `` Moviegoers entertained by these films would find the current comics storylines impenetrable '' .   With the end of Grant Morrison and Frank Quitely 's All-Star Superman and the rebranding of Frank Miller and Jim Lee 's All Star Batman and Robin as Dark Knight : Boy Wonder as well as the introduction of the DC : Earth One line of OGNs , the imprint is effectively defunct .

neg: Superman/Fantastic Four Superman/Fantastic Four , subtitled `` The Infinite Destruction , '' is an intercompany comic book jointly published by DC Comics and Marvel Comics in July 1999 . The tale unites DC 's first superhero Superman and Marvel 's first superhero team , the Fantastic Four -- pitting them against the Cyborg Superman ( who gained notoriety in 1993 during DC 's `` Reign of the Supermen '' story arc ) and the longtime FF foe Galactus .   It was written by Dan Jurgens , with art by Jurgens and Art Thibert . The cover features painted art by Alex Ross , based on a layout by Jurgens .

neg: The Dark Knight (video game) The Dark Knight is a cancelled action video game loosely based on the film of the same name . The game was unofficially announced in the summer of 2007 to be developed by Pandemic Studios as an open world Batman game .   The game was confirmed , albeit unofficially , on July 18 , 2008 by actor Gary Oldman during an interview with G4 's Kristin Adams . In his interview on GameTrailers , Oldman said he knew an awful lot of effort had gone into getting Batman 's gliding abilities to feel suitably smooth and fluid for The Dark Knight game . Oldman , who reprised his role as Lt. Jim Gordon , did not name a developer in the interview but anonymous sources reported that The Dark Knight was a secret project of Pandemic Studios and EA .   Despite prior speculation , no further announcements were made regarding production of the game , even upon the DVD and Blu-ray Disc release of the films on December 9 , 2008 in the United States . According to a Newsweek article , the lack of a game at the same time of the movie 's release may have cost an estimated $ 101 million in missed revenue . EA and Pandemic Studios had announced that the game would come out on the PlayStation 3 . Pandemic Brisbane , who were responsible for developing this game , has since been shut down and the project cancelled . In 2009 , Warner Bros. would instead publish Batman : Arkham Asylum with Rocksteady Studios as the developer , which would start the Batman : Arkham series .

neg: Batwing (DC Comics) Batwing is a fictional comic book superhero appearing in publications by DC Comics . Within DC Comics internal continuity , Batwing is one of several superheroes patterned after the famous superhero Batman . Batwing , in particular , was conceived by Batman as his crime-fighting counterpart overseas , ` the Batman of Africa ' .   The first Batwing is David Zavimbe , a Congolese police officer , created by writer Grant Morrison within the pages of Batman Incorporated prior to receiving his own eponymous series . Following later events within Batman Incorporated and Batwing , Zavimbe is replaced in the role by Luke Fox , an American mixed martial artist who had been Batman 's first choice in the role , who is also the son of Batman 's close associate Lucius Fox .   Batwing faces a roster of adversaries ranging from international super villains to the Democratic Republic of Congo 's corrupt police force . Batwing expands the DC Universe by taking place in Africa , making David Zavimbe both the first ( in continuity ) black Batman and one of the few characters headlining a series outside the United States . Fox is also black , and becomes the first in-continuity African American Batman .

neg: The Dark Knight (film) The Dark Knight is a 2008 superhero film directed , co-produced , and co-written by Christopher Nolan . Featuring the DC Comics character Batman , the film is the second part of Nolan 's The Dark Knight Trilogy and a sequel to 2005 's Batman Begins , starring an ensemble cast including Christian Bale , Michael Caine , Heath Ledger , Gary Oldman , Aaron Eckhart , Maggie Gyllenhaal and Morgan Freeman . In the film , Bruce Wayne/Batman ( Bale ) , James Gordon ( Oldman ) and Harvey Dent ( Eckhart ) form an alliance to dismantle organized crime in Gotham City , but are menaced by a criminal mastermind known as the Joker ( Ledger ) who seeks to undermine Batman 's influence and create chaos .   Nolan 's inspiration for the film was the Joker 's comic book debut in 1940 , the 1988 graphic novel The Killing Joke , and the 1996 series The Long Halloween , which retold Two-Face 's origin . The nickname `` the Dark Knight '' was first applied to Batman in Batman # 1 ( 1940 ) , in a story written by Bill Finger . The Dark Knight was filmed primarily in Chicago , as well as in several other locations in the United States , the United Kingdom , and Hong Kong . Nolan used IMAX 70 mm film cameras to film some sequences , including the Joker 's first appearance in the film . The film is dedicated to the memory of Ledger , who died on January 22 , 2008 , some months after the completed filming and six months before the film 's release , from a toxic combination of prescription drugs , leading to intense attention from the press and movie-going public . Warner Bros. initially created a viral marketing campaign for The Dark Knight , developing promotional websites and trailers highlighting screenshots of Ledger as the Joker .   A co-production of the United States and the United Kingdom , The Dark Knight was released on July 16 , 2008 in Australia , on July 18 , 2008 , in North America , and on July 25 , 2008 , in the United Kingdom . Considered by film critics to be one of the best films of the 2000s and one of the best superhero films ever , the film received highly positive reviews and set numerous records during its theatrical run . The Dark Knight appeared on more critics ' top ten lists ( 287 ) than any other film of 2008 with the exception of WALL-E , and more critics ( 77 ) named The Dark Knight the best film of 2008 than any other film released that year . With over $ 1 billion in revenue worldwide , it is the 29th-highest-grossing film of all time , unadjusted for inflation . The film received eight Academy Award nominations ; it won the award for Best Sound Editing and Ledger was posthumously awarded Best Supporting Actor . The Dark Knight Rises , the final film in the trilogy , was released on July 20 , 2012 .

neg: Batman: Anarky Batman : Anarky is a 1999 trade paperback published by DC Comics . The book collects prominent appearances of Anarky , a comic book character created by Alan Grant and Norm Breyfogle . Although all of the collected stories were written by Alan Grant , various artists contributed to individual stories . Dual introductions were written by the creatorsboth of whom introduce the character and give insight into their role in Anarky 's creation and development .   Featured as an antagonist in various Batman comics during the '90s , stories based on the character were highly thematic , political , and philosophical in tone . The majority of the collected stories ( `` Anarky in Gotham City '' , `` Anarky : Tomorrow Belongs to Us '' , `` Anarky '' ) are influenced by the philosophy of anarchism , while the final story ( `` Metamorphosis '' ) is influenced by Frank R. Wallace . Although anti-statism is the overarching theme of the collection , other concepts are explored . Anarky 's characterization was expanded throughout the stories to present him first as a libertarian socialist and anarchist , and in the final story as a vehicle for explorations into atheism , rationalism , and bicameralism . Literary references are also utilized throughout the collected stories to stress the philosophical foundations of the character . The collection also tracks the character 's evolution from a petty , street-crime fighting vigilante , to a competent freedom fighter in opposition to powerful forces of evil .   Critics have positively received some of the stories within the collection , analyzing Anarky as a unique force for political commentary and discussion within DC Comics ' storytelling . However , the expansive growth of the character 's unique abilities and characterization has also fueled criticism as having overpowered the character beyond suspension of disbelief .

neg: Batman Returns (video game) Batman Returns is a video game for various platforms based on the movie of the same name . The Sega console versions ( i.e. Sega Mega Drive/Genesis , Sega Mega-CD , Sega Master System and Sega Game Gear ) were published by Sega themselves while the NES and Super NES versions were developed and published by Konami . The DOS version was published by Konami and developed by Spirit of Discovery . The Amiga version was developed by Denton Designs , and also published by Konami . There is also an Atari Lynx version , published by Atari themselves .


query: Ancient Algeria has known many empires and dynasties, such as the Umayyads.

pos: Algeria Algeria ( الجزائر ; ⴷⵣⴰⵢⴻⵔ , Dzayer ; Algérie ) , officially the People 's Democratic Republic of Algeria , is a sovereign state in North Africa on the Mediterranean coast . Its capital and most populous city is Algiers , located in the country 's far north . With an area of 2381741 km2 , Algeria is the tenth-largest country in the world , and the largest in Africa . Algeria is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia , to the east by Libya , to the west by Morocco , to the southwest by the Western Saharan territory , Mauritania , and Mali , to the southeast by Niger , and to the north by the Mediterranean Sea . The country is a semi-presidential republic consisting of 48 provinces and 1,541 communes ( counties ) . Abdelaziz Bouteflika has been President since 1999 .   Ancient Algeria has known many empires and dynasties , including ancient Numidians , Phoenicians , Carthaginians , Romans , Vandals , Byzantines , Umayyads , Abbasids , Idrisid , Aghlabid , Rustamid , Fatimids , Zirid , Hammadids , Almoravids , Almohads , Spaniards , Ottomans and the French colonial empire . Berbers are the indigenous inhabitants of Algeria .   Algeria is a regional and middle power . The North African country supplies large amounts of natural gas to Europe , and energy exports are the backbone of the economy . According to OPEC Algeria has the 16th largest oil reserves in the world and the second largest in Africa , while it has the 9th largest reserves of natural gas . Sonatrach , the national oil company , is the largest company in Africa . Algeria has one of the largest militaries in Africa and the largest defence budget on the continent ; most of Algeria 's weapons are imported from Russia , with whom they are a close ally . Algeria is a member of the African Union , the Arab League , OPEC , the United Nations and is the founding member of the Maghreb Union .

neg: Armed Islamic Group of Algeria The Armed Islamic Group ( GIA , from Groupe Islamique Armé الجماعة الإسلامية المسلّحة , ) was one of the two main Islamist insurgents groups that fought the Algerian government and army in the Algerian Civil War . It was created from smaller armed groups following the 1992 military coup and arrest and internment of thousands of officials in the Islamist Islamic Salvation Front ( FIS ) party after that party won the first round of parliamentary elections in December 1991 . It was led by a succession of amirs ( commanders ) who were killed or arrested one after another .   Unlike the other main armed groups , the MIA and later the AIS , in its pursuit of an Islamic state the GIA sought not to pressure the government into concessions but to destabilise and overthrow it , to `` purge the land of the ungodly '' . Its slogan inscribed on all communiques was : `` no agreement , no truce , no dialogue '' .  The group desired to create `` an atmosphere of general insecurity '' and employed kidnapping , assassination , and bombings , including car bombs and targeted not only security forces but civilians .   Between 1992 and 1998 , the GIA conducted a violent campaign of civilian massacres , sometimes wiping out entire villages in its area of operation , ( notably the Bentalha and Rais ) . It attacked and killed other Islamists that left the GIA or attempted to negotiate with the government . It also targeted foreign civilians living in Algeria , killing more than 100 expatriate men and women in the country . The group established a presence outside Algeria , in France , Belgium , Britain , Italy and the United States , and launched terror attacks in France in late 1994 .   The `` undisputed principal Islamist force '' in Algeria in 1994 , by 1996 , militants were deserting `` in droves '' , alienated by its execution of civilians and Islamists leaders . In 1999 , a government amnesty law motivated large numbers of jihadis to `` repent '' . The remnants of the GIA proper were hunted down over the next two years , leaving a splinter group the Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat ( GSPC ) , which announced its support for Al-Qaeda in October 2003 .   The GIA was and is considered a terrorist organisation by the governments of Algeria and France . To what extent the group was infiltrated and manipulated by Algerian security services is disputed . The GIA remains a Proscribed Organisation in the United Kingdom under the Terrorism Act 2000 .

neg: Phoenicians and wine The culture of the ancient Phoenicians was one of the first to have had a significant effect on the history of wine . Phoenicia was a civilization centered in the northern reaches of Canaan along the eastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea . Between 1550 BC and 300 BC , the Phoenicians developed a maritime trading culture that expanded their influence from the Levant to North Africa , the Greek Isles , Sicily , and the Iberian Peninsula . Through contact and trade , they spread not only their alphabet but also their knowledge of viticulture and winemaking , including the propagation of several ancestral varieties of the Vitis vinifera species of wine grapes .   They either introduced or encouraged the dissemination of wine knowledge to several regions that today continue to produce wine suitable for international consumption . These include modern-day Lebanon , Syria , Algeria , Tunisia , Egypt , Greece , Italy , Spain , France , and Portugal .   The Phoenicians and their Punic descendants of Carthage had a direct influence on the growing winemaking cultures of the ancient Greeks and Romans that would later spread viticulture across Europe . The agricultural treatises of the Carthaginian writer Mago were among the most important early texts in the history of wine to record ancient knowledge of winemaking and viticulture . While no original copies of Mago 's or other Phoenician wine writers ' works have survived , there is evidence from quotations of Greek and Roman writers such as Columella that the Phoenicians were skilled winemakers and viticulturists .   They were capable of planning vineyards according to favorable climate and topography , such as which side of a slope was most ideal for grape growing , and producing a wide variety of different wine styles ranging from straw wines made from dried grapes to an early example of the modern Greek wine retsina , made with pine resin as an ingredient . The Phoenicians also spread the use of amphoras ( often known as the `` Canaanite jar '' ) for the transport and storage of wine .

neg: Aïn El Hadid Aïn El Hadid is a town and commune in Tiaret Province in northwestern Algeria .

neg: List of Muslim empires and dynasties Scholars debate what exactly constitutes an empire . Generally , they may define an empire as a state that extends dominion over areas and populations distinct culturally and ethnically from the culture/ethnicity at the center of power .   This article lists some of the states , empires , or dynasties that were ruled by a Muslim elite , or which were in some way central to or a part of a Muslim empire . Many Muslim empires had strong influences on the visual arts , architecture , music and food .

neg: President of Algeria The President of Algeria is the head of state and chief executive of Algeria , as well as the commander-in-chief of the Algerian People 's National Armed Forces .

neg: Rise of the Ottoman Empire The foundation and rise of the Ottoman Empire is a period of history that started with the emergence of the Ottoman principality in , and ended with the conquest of Constantinople on May 29 , 1453 . This period witnessed the foundation of a political entity ruled by the Ottoman Dynasty in the northwestern Anatolian region of Bithynia , and its transformation from a small principality on the Byzantine frontier into an empire spanning the Balkans and Anatolia . For this reason , this period in the empire 's history has been described as the Proto-Imperial Era . Throughout most of this period , the Ottomans were merely one of many competing states in the region , and relied upon the support of local warlords and vassals to maintain control over their realm . By the middle of the fifteenth century the Ottoman sultans were able to accumulate enough personal power and authority to establish a centralized imperial state , a process which was brought to fruition by Sultan Mehmed II ( r. 1451-1481 ) .   The cause of Ottoman success can not be attributed to any single factor , and they varied throughout the period as the Ottomans continually adapted to changing circumstances .   The earlier part of this period , the fourteenth century , is particularly difficult for historians to study due to the scarcity of sources . Not a single written document survives from the reign of Osman I , and very little survives from the rest of the century . The Ottomans , furthermore , did not begin to record their own history until the fifteenth century , more than a hundred years after many of the events they describe . It is thus a great challenge for historians to differentiate between fact and myth in analyzing the stories contained in these later chronicles , so much so that one historian has even declared it impossible , describing the earliest period of Ottoman history as a `` black hole . ''

neg: Prehistoric Egypt The prehistory of Egypt spans the period from earliest human settlement to the beginning of the Early Dynastic Period of Egypt around c. 3100 BC , starting with the first Pharaoh , Narmer for some egyptologists , Hor-Aha for others , ( also known as Menes ) . This Predynastic era is traditionally equivalent to the final part of the Neolithic period beginning c. 6000 BC and corresponds to the Naqada III period .   The dates of the Predynastic period were first defined before widespread archaeological excavation of Egypt took place , and recent finds indicating very gradual Predynastic development have led to controversy over when exactly the Predynastic period ended . Thus , the term `` Protodynastic period '' , sometimes called the `` Zero Dynasty '' , has been used by scholars to name the part of the period which might be characterized as Predynastic by some and Early Dynastic by others .   The Predynastic period is generally divided into cultural periods , each named after the place where a certain type of Egyptian settlement was first discovered . However , the same gradual development that characterizes the Protodynastic period is present throughout the entire Predynastic period , and individual `` cultures '' must not be interpreted as separate entities but as largely subjective divisions used to facilitate study of the entire period .   The vast majority of Predynastic archaeological finds have been in Upper Egypt , because the silt of the Nile River was more heavily deposited at the Delta region , completely burying most Delta sites long before modern times .

neg: Duke of Aquitaine The Duke of Aquitaine ( Duc d'Aquitània , Duc d'Aquitaine , -LSB- dyk dakitɛn -RSB- ) was the ruler of the ancient region of Aquitaine ( not to be confused with modern-day Aquitaine ) under the supremacy of Frankish , English , and later French kings .   As successor states of the Visigothic Kingdom ( 418 -- 721 ) , Aquitania ( Aquitaine ) and Languedoc ( Toulouse ) inherited both Visigothic laws and Roman Law , which together allowed women more rights than their contemporaries would enjoy until the 20th century . Particularly under the Liber Judiciorum as codified 642/643 and expanded by the Code of Recceswinth in 653 , women could inherit land and title and manage it independently from their husbands or male relations , dispose of their property in legal wills if they had no heirs , represent themselves and bear witness in court from the age of 14 , and arrange for their own marriages after the age of 20 . As a consequence , male-preference primogeniture was the practiced succession law for the nobility .

neg: Antiquity Antiquity may refer to any period before the Middle Ages ( 476 -- 1453 ) , but still within Western civilization-based human history or prehistory :  Ancient history , any historical period before the Middle Ages  Classical antiquity , the classical civilizations of the Mediterranean  Late Antiquity , the period between classical antiquity and the Middle Ages  Ancient Egypt , a civilization of ancient Northeastern Africa , concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now the modern country of Egypt  Ancient China  Ancient Somalia , ancient pyramidal structures , mausoleums , ruined cities and stone walls found in Somalia ( such as the Wargaade Wall ) are evidence of an old sophisticated civilization that once thrived in the Somali peninsula  Ancient Greece , a civilization belonging to a period of Greek history that lasted from the Archaic period of the 8th to 6th centuries BC to the end of antiquity ( c. 600 AD )  Ancient India  Ancient Iran  Ancient Israel and Judah  Ancient Japan  Ancient Near East , the home of early civilizations within roughly the modern Middle East  North Africa during Antiquity , the history of Egypt , Ancient Libya , Numidia and Mauretania  Poland in Antiquity , an era that dates from about 400 BC to 450 -- 500 AD  Romania in Antiquity , between the foundation of Greek colonies in present-day Dobruja and the withdrawal of the Romans from `` Dacia Trajana '' province  Ancient Rome  Ancient languages  Ancient music , music that developed in literate cultures , replacing prehistoric music  Antiquities , objects or artifacts surviving from ancient cultures

neg: Abd-ar-Rahman III Abd-ar-Rahman III ( ′ Abd ar-Rahmān ibn Muhammad ibn ′ Abd Allāh ibn Muhammad ibn ′ abd ar-Rahman ibn al-Hakam ar-Rabdi ibn Hisham ibn ′ abd ar-Rahman ad-Dakhil ; عبد الرحمن الثالث 11 January 889/9115 October 961 ) was the Emir and Caliph of Córdoba ( 912 -- 961 ) of the Umayyad dynasty in al-Andalus . Called al-Nasir li-Din Allah ( `` the Defender of God 's Faith '' ) , he ascended the throne in his early 20s , and reigned for half a century as the most powerful prince of Iberia . Although people of all creeds enjoyed tolerance and freedom of religion under his rule , he repelled the Fatimids , partly by supporting their Maghrawa enemies in North Africa , and partly by claiming the title Caliph ( ruler of the Islamic world ) for himself .

neg: Ghana Empire The Ghana Empire ( c. 400 until c. 1200 ) , properly known as Awkar ( Ghana or Ga ` na being the title of its ruler ) was located in what is now southeastern Mauritania and western Mali . Complex societies based on trans-Saharan trade with salt and gold had existed in the region since ancient times But the introduction of the camel to western Sahara in the 3rd century A.D. gave way to great changes in the area that became the Ghana Empire . By the time of the Muslim conquest of North Africa in the 7th century the camel had changed the ancient more irregular trade routes into a trade network running from Morocco to the Niger river . The Ghana Empire grew rich from this increased trans-Saharan trade in gold and salt allowing for larger urban centres to develop . It furthermore encouraged territorial expansion to gain control over the different trade-routes .   When Ghana 's ruling dynasty began is uncertain ; it is mentioned for the first time in written records by Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī in 830 . In the 11th century the Cordoban scholar Abu Ubayd al-Bakri collected stories from a number of travelers to the region , and gave a detailed description of the kingdom . He claimed that the Ghana could `` put 200,000 men into the field , more than 40,000 of them archers '' and noted they had cavalry forces as well .   As the empire declined it was finally made a vassal to the rising Mali Empire at some point in the 13th century . When the Gold Coast in 1957 became the first country in sub-Saharan Africa to regain its independence from colonial rule it was renamed in honor of the long gone empire from which the ancestors to the Akan people of modern-day Ghana are thought to have migrated .

neg: Tamanrasset Tamanrasset -LSB- tæmᵻnræsᵻt -RSB- ( Arabic : تمنراست , also known as Tamenɣest , Tamanghasset or Tamenghest , Tuareg : ⵜⵎⵏⵘⵙⵜ ) is an oasis city and capital of Tamanrasset Province in southern Algeria , in the Ahaggar Mountains . It is the chief city of the Algerian Tuareg . It is located an altitude of 1320 m . As of the 2008 census , it has a population of 92,635 , up from 72,741 in 1998 , with an annual growth rate of 2.5 % .   Tamanrasset was originally established as a military outpost to guard the trans-Saharan trade routes . Surrounded by the barren Sahara Desert , very high temperatures of over 47 ° C have been recorded here . Tamanrasset is located at an oasis where , despite the difficult climate , citrus fruits , apricots , dates , almonds , cereals , corn , and figs are grown . The Tuareg people are the town 's main inhabitants . Tamanrasset is a tourist attraction during the cooler months . Visitors are also drawn to the Museum of the Hoggar , which offers many exhibits depicting Tuareg life and culture .   The city is served by Tamanrasset Airport and the Trans-Sahara Highway .

neg: Algerian National Party The Algerian National Party or ANP is an Algerian political party born after the end of the state of siege on March 19 , 2011 and the enactment of the organic law on political party . The first political party to emerge after enactment , the party was born of the work of the constituent congress of Oran . The status and rules of procedure of the PNA National Council were adopted by nearly 900 delegates from 21 wilayas ( provinces ) of the country . During this congress , Youcef Hamidi was elected party chairman . The Algerian National Party was authorized on March 18 , 2012 . It 's a centrist party and draws its roots in nationalism .   Program  In education , the party advocates the creation of a National High Council of Education to correct imperfections which in his line , undermined Algeria 's schools become an experimentation testing ground . This council would consist of executives and scientific skills that would have the task of promoting the sector of education and teaching , and promote the obtaining of an educational product quality .  Towards the youth , he defended a replacement of the National Support Agency for youth employment ( ANSEJ ) through the creation of investment banks who do not practice usury and according to the specificities of each region .  In management , the party advocates a modernization of the administration through the establishment of e-governance . In economic matters , the party wants to support domestic investment and revision of the tax system and massive investment by exploiting the wealth of each region of the country . If health must be radically recast , the party advocates multiple social measures : the introduction of premiums for pregnancy , childbirth and breastfeeding , lowering the retirement age of 60 to 57 years .  The party proposes a constitutional reform the Constitutional Council would be replaced by a Constitutional Court which could include thirteen members instead of twelve and where the outgoing president there would be officially member . The party also proposes limiting the parliamentary mandate in two , the formalization of the Tamazight language , the constitutionalisation of the National Liberation Front ( FLN ) and the martyr as heritage and symbols of the nation , consecration and preservation of rights citizens , support of vulnerable segments of society , including assistance to minors without guardians , the homeless ( SDF ) and those without resources . The party wants the establishment of a semi-presidential system .  Finally , the party proposes a law criminalizing French colonialism : '' '' We do not accept apology from the French authorities nor repentance . We ask the Member of Parliament and senators to pass a law criminalizing French colonialism in Algeria . No one can close our eyes and we must call things by their name : a war crime is a war crime , a murder is a murder and genocide is genocide . ''   Political action  The Algerian National Party submitted lists in 35 wilayas in the parliamentary elections of 10 May 2015 and the representation of women has exceeded the 60 % . According to its president , the `` national political field deserves positive investments in skills , namely through the involvement of women to actively participate in building the country , in the spirit of the Constitution Algerian which enshrines gender equality . ''   Category :2012 establishments in Algeria  Category : Algerian nationalism  Category : Political parties established in 2012  Category : Political parties in Algeria

neg: Arab–Byzantine wars The Arab -- Byzantine wars were a series of wars between the mostly Arab Muslims and the East Roman or Byzantine Empire between the 7th and 11th centuries AD , started during the initial Muslim conquests under the expansionist Rashidun and Umayyad caliphs in the 7th century and continued by their successors until the mid-11th century .   The emergence of Muslim Arabs from Arabia in the 630s resulted in the rapid loss of Byzantium 's southern provinces ( Syria and Egypt ) to the Muslim Caliphate . Over the next fifty years , under the aggressive Umayyad caliphs , the Muslims would launch repeated raids into still-Byzantine Asia Minor , twice threaten the Byzantine capital , Constantinople with conquest , and outright conquer the Byzantine Exarchate of Africa . The situation did not stabilize until after the failure of the Second Arab Siege of Constantinople in 718 , when the Taurus Mountains on the eastern rim of Asia Minor became established as the mutual , heavily fortified and largely depopulated frontier . Under the Abbasid Empire , relations became more normal , with embassies exchanged and even periods of truce , but conflict remained the norm , with almost annual raids and counter-raids , sponsored either by the Abbasid government or by local rulers , well into the 10th century .   During the first centuries , the Byzantines were usually on the defensive , and avoided open field battles , preferring to retreat to their fortified strongholds . Only after 740 did they begin to launch counterstrikes of their own , but still the Abbasid Empire was able to retaliate with often massive and destructive invasions of Asia Minor . With the decline and fragmentation of the Abbasid state after 861 and the concurrent strengthening of the Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty , the tide gradually turned . Over a period of fifty years from ca. 920 to 976 , the Byzantines finally broke through the Muslim defences and restored their control over northern Syria and Greater Armenia . The last century of the Arab -- Byzantine wars was dominated by frontier conflicts with the Fatimids in Syria , but the border remained stable until the appearance of a new people , the Seljuk Turks , after 1060 .   The Muslims also took to the sea , and from the 650s on , the entire Mediterranean Sea became a battleground , with raids and counter-raids being launched against islands and the coastal settlements . Muslim raids reached a peak in the 9th and early 10th centuries , after conquests of Crete , Malta and Sicily , with their fleets reaching the coasts of France and Dalmatia and even the suburbs of Constantinople .

neg: Civitas Popthensis Civitas Popthensis was an ancient Roman-Berber city located in the present-day Henchir Kssiba area in the municipality of Ouled Moumen in Souk Ahras Province , Algeria . The word `` civitas '' is derived from the Latin civis ( `` city '' ) , meaning that the city was a politically autonomous city-state .

neg: Batna (département) Batna is a former French département in Algeria . The département of Batna existed between 1957 and 1962 .   Considered as an integral piece of French territory , Algeria was departmentalised on 9 December 1848 , and thereby was administratively structured in the same way as metropolitan France . Three civil zones ( départements ) replaced the three beyliks into which the Ottoman former rulers had divided the territory . The easternmost of the three original Algerian departments was called Constantine . For over a century the town of Batna , was a sub-prefecture in the département of Constantine : this changed in 1957 .   On 20 May 1957 the Batna sub-prefecture was split off and became a separate département . This administrative reorganisation was undertaken in response to the rapid population increase experienced across the territory , especially during the preceding decade . The new département of Batna was located directly to the south of the newly created département of Sétif and the newly diminished département of Constantine .   The département of Batna covered an area of 38,494 km ² : a population of 529,532 was recorded . The department comprised five sub-prefectures : these were Arris , Barika , Biskra , Corneille and Khenchela .   The 1957 departmental reorganisation was marked by a change in the `` suffix '' number appearing on automobile license plates and in other places that used the same code . Until 1957 , as part of the département of Constantine , Batna was identified by the department number `` 93 '' : after 1957 the département of Batna became department number `` 9B '' . ( In 1968 , under a law enacted in 1964 , the number `` 93 '' would be reallocated to a new département comprising the northern suburbs of Paris . )   The département of Batna remained in existence until after the independence of Algeria and subsequently became Batna Province .

neg: Roman–Persian Wars The Roman -- Persian Wars were a series of conflicts between states of the Greco-Roman world and two successive Iranian empires : the Parthian and the Sassanid . Battles between the Parthian Empire and the Roman Republic began in 54 BC ; wars began under the late Republic , and continued through the Roman and Sassanid Persian empires . Several buffer states , vassal kingdoms , and allied nations also played major role . The wars were ended by the Arab Muslim invasions , which led to the demise of the Sassanid Empire and huge territorial losses for the Byzantine East Roman empire , shortly after the end of the last war between them .   Although warfare between the Romans and the Parthians/Sassanids lasted for seven centuries , the frontier remained largely stable . A game of tug of war ensued : towns , fortifications , and provinces were continually sacked , captured , destroyed , and traded . Neither side had the logistical strength or manpower to maintain such lengthy campaigns far from their borders , and thus neither could advance too far without risking stretching its frontiers too thin . Both sides did make conquests beyond the border , but in time the balance was almost always restored . The line of stalemate shifted in the 2nd century AD : it had run along the northern Euphrates ; the new line ran east , or later northeast , across Mesopotamia to the northern Tigris . There were several substantial shifts further north , in Armenia and the Caucasus .   The expense of resources during the Roman -- Persian Wars ultimately proved catastrophic for both empires . The prolonged and escalating warfare of the 6th and 7th centuries left them exhausted and vulnerable in the face of the sudden emergence and expansion of the Caliphate , whose forces invaded both empires only a few years after the end of the last Roman -- Persian war . Benefiting from their weakened condition , the Arab Muslim armies swiftly conquered the entire Sassanid Empire , and deprived the Eastern Roman Empire of its territories in the Levant , the Caucasus , Egypt , and the rest of North Africa . Over the following centuries , more of the Eastern Roman Empire came under Muslim rule .   As it stands , the Roman -- Persian War was the longest conflict in human history , lasting discontinuously over 680 years .

neg: Bagai Bagai was a Roman -- Berber city in the province of Africa Proconsularis . It must have been of some reasonable size , as it was also the seat of an ancient Catholic bishopric . The ancient city has been identified with ruins at Ksar-Bagaï outside of Baghai , in the Aurès Mountains of the El Hamma District in Khenchela Province , Algeria .

neg: North Africa North Africa is the term given to a group of Mediterranean countries situated in the northern-most region of the African continent . The term `` North Africa '' has no single accepted definition . It is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of Morocco in the west , to the Suez Canal and the Red Sea in the east . Others have limited it to the countries of Morocco , Algeria , and Tunisia , a region known by the French during colonial times as `` Afrique du Nord '' and by the Arabs as the Maghreb ( `` West '' ) .   The most commonly accepted definition includes Morocco , Algeria , and Tunisia , as well as Libya and Egypt , It should be noted however that the term `` North Africa '' , when commonly used in North Africa and the Middle East , often refers only to the countries of the Maghreb and Libya . Egypt , due to its greater Middle Eastern associations , is typically viewed separately . The countries of North Africa share a common ethnic , cultural and linguistic identity that is unique to this region .   North west Africa has been inhabited by Berbers since the beginning of recorded history , while the eastern part of North Africa has been home to the Egyptians . Following the Muslim conquest in the seventh century C.E. , the region underwent a process of Arabization and Islamization that has defined its cultural landscape ever since .   The distinction between North Africa and much of Sub-Saharan Africa is historically and ecologically significant because of the effective barrier created by the Sahara Desert for much of modern history . From 3500 BC , following the abrupt desertification of the Sahara due to gradual changes in the Earth 's orbit , this barrier has culturally separated the North from the rest of the continent . As the seafaring civilizations of the Phoenicians , Greeks , Romans , Muslims and others facilitated communication and migration across the Mediterranean Sea , the cultures of North Africa became much more closely tied to Southwestern Asia and Europe than Sub-Saharan Africa . The Islamic influence in the area is also significant , and North Africa is a major part of the Muslim world .   Some researchers have postulated that North Africa rather than East Africa served as the exit point for the modern humans who first trekked out of the continent in the Out of Africa migration .

neg: Berber Spring The Berber Spring ( in Berber : Tafsut Imaziɣen or simply Tafsut for `` Spring '' ) was a period of political protest and civil activism in 1980 claiming recognition of the Berber identity and language in Algeria with events mainly taking place in Kabylie and Algiers . The background was marked by two decades of harsh Arabization measures instituted by the Arab nationalist FLN dictatorship government , which refused to recognize Algeria 's Berber identity and banned the Berber language altogether .   The Berber Spring is traditionally dated as beginning on March 10 , 1980 , with the banning of a conference due to be held by the Kabyle intellectual Mouloud Mammeri at Hasnaoua University in Tizi-Ouzou . A critical point was the coordinated arrest of hundreds of Berber activists , students and doctors on April 20 , sparking a general strike .   While the Berber Spring was in the end violently suppressed by the Algerian authorities , it created a lasting legacy for Kabylie and the Berbers across North Africa . Many of today 's prominent Kabyle politicians and activists made their name during the Berber Spring events , and organizations such as the Rally for Culture and Democracy ( RCD ) and the Berber Cultural Movement ( Mouvement Culturel Berbère -- MCB ) were later created by activists of the Spring . The Spring was also an important event for Algeria 's nascent human rights community , including outside Berber circles .   Since the dismantling of the one-party FLN system in 1989 -- followed by abortive democratization and civil war -- a few of the demands of the Berber Spring have been met by the state , and the Berber language is now a national language of Algeria . However , this is still distinct from Arabic , which remains the official language , and many other points of contention remain .