query: The Democratic Party's rival party the Green Party.

pos: Democratic Party (United States) The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States , along with the Republican Party . Tracing its heritage back to Thomas Jefferson and James Madison 's Democratic-Republican Party , the modern-day Democratic Party was founded around 1828 by Andrew Jackson , making it the world 's oldest active party .   The Democrats ' dominant worldview was once social conservativism and economic liberalism , while , especially in the rural South , populism was its leading characteristic . In 1912 , Theodore Roosevelt ran as a third-party candidate in the Progressive ( `` Bull Moose '' ) Party , leading to a switch of political platforms between the Democratic and Republican Party and Woodrow Wilson being elected as the first fiscally progressive Democrat . Since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s , the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform , supporting social justice .   Today , the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists , with a smaller minority of conservative Democrats . The party 's philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality , along with the welfare state . It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy . These interventions , such as the introduction of social programs , support for labor unions , affordable college tuitions , moves toward universal health care and equal opportunity , consumer protection , and environmental protection form the core of the party 's economic policy . The party has united with smaller liberal regional parties throughout the country , such as the Farmer -- Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota .   Well into the 20th century , the party had conservative pro-business and southern conservative-populist anti-business wings . The New Deal Coalition of 1932 -- 1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction -- many of whom were Catholics based in the cities . After Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal of the 1930s , the pro-business wing withered outside the South . After the racial turmoil of the 1960s , most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level . The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s . White Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s . Racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S. such as ( but not limited to ) Jewish Americans , Hispanic Americans , Arabic Americans , and African Americans , tend to support the Democratic Party in proportions higher than their overall representation in American society . Overall , the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party ( GOP ) .   15 Democrats have served as president under 16 administrations : the first was seventh president Andrew Jackson , who served from 1829 to 1837 ; Grover Cleveland served two nonconsecutive terms from 1885 to 1889 and 1893 to 1897 , and is thus counted twice ( as the 22nd and 24th president ) . The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama , who held the office from 2009 to 2017 .   In the 115th Congress , following the 2016 elections , Democrats are the opposition party , holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate . The party also holds a minority of governorships ( 16/50 ) , and state legislatures ( full control of 12/50 , split control of six others ) , though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City , Los Angeles , Chicago , Houston , and Washington , D.C.

pos: Republican Party (United States) The Republican Party , commonly referred to as the GOP ( abbreviation for Grand Old Party ) , is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States , the other being its historic rival , the Democratic Party . The party is named after republicanism , the dominant value during the American Revolution . Founded by anti-slavery activists , modernists , ex-Whigs , and ex-Free Soilers in 1854 , the Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932 .   There have been 19 Republican presidents , the most from any one party . The first was 16th president Abraham Lincoln , who served from 1861 to 1865 , when he was assassinated , and the most recent being 45th and current president Donald Trump , who took office on January 20 , 2017 .   The Republican Party 's current ideology is American conservatism , which contrasts with the Democrats ' more progressive platform ( also called modern liberalism ) . Further , its platform involves support for free market capitalism , free enterprise , fiscal conservatism , a strong national defense , deregulation , and restrictions on labor unions . In addition to advocating for conservative economic policies , the Republican Party is socially conservative , and seeks to uphold traditional values based largely on Judeo-Christian ethics . The GOP was strongly committed to protectionism and tariffs from its founding until the 1930s , when it was based in the industrial Northeast and Midwest . Since 1952 there has been a reversal against protectionism and the party 's core support since the 1990s comes chiefly from the South , the Great Plains , the Mountain States and rural districts in the North . as well as from conservative Catholics , Mormons , and Evangelicals nationwide .   As of 2017 , the Republican Party is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928 . In addition to holding the Presidency ( via Trump and Vice President Mike Pence ) , the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress , having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate . The party also holds a majority of governorships ( 33/50 ) and state legislatures ( full control of 32/50 , split control of six others ) .

neg: New Democrats New Democrats , also called Centrist Democrats , Clinton Democrats or Moderate Democrats , are a relatively `` centrist '' ideological faction within the Democratic Party that emerged after the victory of Republican George H. W. Bush in the 1988 presidential election . Describing themselves as `` centrist '' , they are an economically conservative and `` Third Way '' faction which dominated the party for around 20 years , starting in the late 1980s after the US populace turned much further to the political right . They are represented by organizations such as the New Democrat Network and the New Democrat Coalition .

neg: Green 2000 Green 2000 was a movement to streamline the constitutional arrangements of the Green Party of England and Wales in the early 1990s , with the stated aim of getting a Green government by the year 2000 .

neg: Green and Liberal Alliance The Green and Liberal Alliance was a green liberal political party in Luxembourg . It was led by Jup Weber , who was instrumental in founding the Greens and had been one of Luxembourg 's six Members of the European Parliament .   It contested the 1999 election to the Chamber of Deputies . It recorded 1.1 % of the vote nationwide , coming sixth in all four constituencies and not winning a seat . It has since disbanded .   Category : Defunct political parties in Luxembourg  Category : Green political parties in Luxembourg  Category : Green liberalism

neg: Syncretic politics Syncretic politics or spectral-syncretic refers to politics outside the conventional left -- right political spectrum . The term syncretic politics has been derived from the idea of syncretism ( syncretic religion ) . The main idea of syncretic politics is that taking political positions of neutrality by combining elements associated with the left and right can achieve a goal of reconciliation . Since this umbrella term is defined by the negation of the two standard poles of a given one-dimensional political spectrum , it refers to quite heterogeneous approaches .   The Falange of Spain presented itself as syncretic . Falangism has attacked both the left and the right as its `` enemies '' , declaring itself to be neither left nor right , but a third position .   In Hungary there has been a strong presence of syncretic political parties since the revolutions of 1989 . They won the election in 1990 forming a coalition government : Hungarian Democratic Forum , Independent Smallholders , Agrarian Workers and Civic Party and KDNP . KDNP later became a close ally of FIDESZ , losing this attribute in the process . After the first 4-year term syncretic parties went into a decline , many of them disappearing and only two new ones emerging since then : Hungarian Justice and Life Party and Politics Can Be Different , the latter still being present in the Hungarian parliament . Notable politicians are prime minister József Antall , minister of agriculture and rural development József Torgyán and green leader András Schiffer .   At the peak of the Cold War , the former Argentinian President Juan Perón ( 1946 -- 55 ; 1973 -- 74 ) defined the international position of his doctrine ( Peronism ) as a third position between capitalism and communism , a stance which became a precedent of the Non-Aligned Movement .   In the United States , `` third way '' adherents embrace fiscal conservatism to a greater extent than traditional social liberals , and advocate some replacement of welfare with workfare , and sometimes have a stronger preference for market solutions to traditional problems ( as in pollution markets ) , while rejecting pure laissez-faire economics and other libertarian positions . This style of governing was firmly adopted and partly redefined during the administration of President Bill Clinton . Political scientist Stephen Skowronek introduced the term `` third way '' into the interpretation of American presidential politics . Such presidents undermine the opposition by borrowing policies from it in an effort to seize the middle and with it to achieve political dominance . This technique is known as triangulation , and was used by Bill Clinton and other New Democrats who sought to move beyond the party 's New Deal liberalism reputation in response to the political realignment of the 1980s . Through this strategy , Clinton adopted themes associated with the Republican Party , such as fiscal conservatism , welfare reform , deregulation , and law and order policies . Famously , he declared in the 1996 State of the Union Address , `` the era of big government is over . ''   In the United Kingdom , the emergence of New Labour under Tony Blair and Gordon Brown was a pitch for the Third Way , mixing economic neo-liberal policies , such as banking privatisation , with socially progressive policies .

neg: Green Car Congress Green Car Congress ( GCC ) is a newsfeed website dedicated to provide the latest information and news about energy options , technologies , products , issues and policies related to sustainable mobility and access to its content is provided free of charge . GCC reports daily any relevant development around the world regarding alternative vehicles and powertrains , clean and alternative fuels , alternative sources of clean energy , technologies to curb greenhouse gas emissions which accelerate global warming resulting in climate change , and related policies and sustainability issues in general . Green Car Congress editorial goal is `` to support our transition from primary dependence on fossil fuels to self-reliance on clean , healthy , sustainable , harmonious alternative energies . '' GCC target audience comprises members of every segment of the energy and transportation markets , including industry , government , academia and the public , and readers are allowed to comment on the materials posted blog style .   Green Car Congress is linked or recommended as an external resource for news and issues regarding sustainable mobility by newspapers , academic centers , and several environmental group sites such as The New York Times , the Illinois Sustainable Technology Center at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology , the Oregon Department of Transportation , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , the Electric Drive Transportation Association , TreeHugger , Bioenergy Wiki , Greenedia , and ScienceBlips .

neg: Maryland Green Party The Maryland Green Party is the state party organization for Maryland of the Green Party of the United States .   The Maryland Green Party qualified as a recognized political party on August 17 , 2000 , since that time the party has grown to 9,343 members as of January 2017 .

neg: Deep Green Resistance Deep Green Resistance ( DGR ) is a radical environmental movement that views mainstream environmental activism as being largely ineffective . `` Deep Green Resistance / DGR '' is also used by group members to refer to their particular political strategies . The group believes that industrial civilization , as they define it , is endangering all life on the planet , and that a broad range of tactics are needed to achieve environmental and social justice . They argue for a radical shift in societal structures and functions .

neg: Red–red–green coalition In politics , a red -- red -- green coalition or red -- green -- red coalition is an alliance of two `` red '' social democratic , democratic socialist or communist parties with one `` green '' environmentalist party .

neg: Party switching Party-switching is any change in political party affiliation of a partisan public figure , usually one currently holding elected office .   In many countries , party-switching takes the form of politicians refusing to support their political parties in coalition governments . This happens particularly commonly in countries without firmly-established political parties , such as Vanuatu and French Polynesia where in 2004 , a few members of various parties left the governing coalition , forcing it to collapse . Party switches often occur with the formation of new parties -- witness the situation in the United Kingdom , where some Liberals moved to the Labour Party in the early twentieth century . In formerly communist countries in Europe , de-Sovietisation saw many Communist-Party representatives switch to other parties ranging on the political spectrum from socialist to conservative .   In some cases , the defectors from an opposition party may choose to support a ruling coalition . In Poland , for example , the exit of the populist Samoobrona party from the government prompted a number of its members to leave and form a new parliamentary group .   Party switching also occurs quite commonly in Italy , Ukraine , India , and the Philippines .

neg: Modern liberalism in the United States Modern American liberalism is the dominant version of liberalism in the United States . It is characterized by social liberalism , and combines ideas of civil liberty and equality with support for social justice and a mixed economy . The term `` modern liberalism '' in this article refers only to the United States . In a global context , this philosophy is usually referred to as social liberalism .   The American modern liberal philosophy strongly endorses public spending on programs such as education , health care , and welfare . Important social issues today include addressing inequality , voting rights for minorities , affirmative action , reproductive and other women 's rights , support for LGBT rights , and immigration reform .   Modern liberalism took shape during the twentieth century , with roots in Theodore Roosevelt 's New Nationalism , Woodrow Wilson 's New Freedom , Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal , Harry S. Truman 's Fair Deal , John F. Kennedy 's New Frontier , and Lyndon B. Johnson 's Great Society . American liberals oppose conservatives on most issues , but not all . Modern liberalism is historically related to social liberalism and progressivism , though the current relationship between liberal and progressive viewpoints is debated .   John F. Kennedy defined a liberal as follows :   Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1941 defined a liberal party as one ,   Keynesian economic theory has played an important role in the economic philosophy of modern American liberals . Modern American liberals generally believe that national prosperity requires government management of the macroeconomy , in order to keep unemployment low , inflation in check , and growth high . They also value institutions that defend against economic inequality . In The Conscience of a Liberal Paul Krugman writes : `` I believe in a relatively equal society , supported by institutions that limit extremes of wealth and poverty . I believe in democracy , civil liberties , and the rule of law . That makes me a liberal , and I 'm proud of it . '' Liberals often point to the widespread prosperity enjoyed under a mixed economy in the years since World War II . They believe liberty exists when access to necessities like health care and economic opportunity are available to all , and they champion the protection of the environment .   Modern American liberalism is typically associated with the Democratic Party , as modern American conservatism is typically associated with the Republican Party .

neg: Swedish Social Democratic Party The Swedish Social Democratic Party , ( Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetareparti , SAP ; literally , `` Social Democratic Workers ' Party of Sweden '' ) , contesting elections as the Arbetarepartiet -- Socialdemokraterna ( ` The Workers ' Party -- The Social Democrats ' ) , usually referred to just as the ` Social Democrats ' ( Socialdemokraterna ) ; is the oldest and largest political party in Sweden . The current party leader since 2012 is Stefan Löfven ; he has also been Prime Minister of Sweden since 2014 .

neg: German People's Union The German People 's Union ( Deutsche Volksunion , DVU , also Liste D ) was a right-wing political party in Germany . It was founded by publisher Gerhard Frey as an informal association in 1971 and established as a party in 1987 . Financially , it was largely dependent on Frey . In 2011 , it merged with the National Democratic Party of Germany ( NPD ) .   The party never reached the five-percent minimum in federal elections that is generally necessary to enter the Bundestag . The DVU won seats in several state parliaments .   In 2004 , the DVU entered a non-competition agreement with the far-right NPD for the state elections in Brandenburg and Saxony . Both parties passed the five-percent threshold in their respective states . The DVU reached 6.1 percent in the Brandenburg state elections , and the NPD won 9.2 percent in the Saxony state elections . After this relatively successful election , the parties formed an electoral alliance for the 2005 federal elections . The joint NPD-DVU slate , which ran under the NPD 's ballot line , won 1.6 percent of the total votes nationally .   In 2009 , party founder Frey did not run for reelection as chairman and was replaced by Matthias Faust . In 2010 , a referendum of party members approved a merger of the DVU and the NPD . Several state sections of the DVU objected to the merger and achieved a preliminary injunction from the Landgericht Munich based on irregularities during the referendum . On May 26 , 2012 , these objections were withdrawn and the DVU was declared defunct . Several branches and individuals objected to the perceived links between the NPD and Nazism , and instead joined with the smaller party the Republicans , who were considered more moderate . This was especially true in North Rhine Westphalia and Bavaria , where the Republicans were traditionally strongest . Some other individuals formed a new party called Die Rechte ( meaning `` the Right '' ) .

neg: United Goans Democratic Party United Goans Democratic Party ( UGDP ) is one of two formerly dominant political parties in the Indian state of Goa . UGDP has its base amongst the Christian part of the population . It was founded in 1983 by Churchill Alemao .   In Goa , the UGDP is however not related to the old United Goans Party . The name United Goans Democratic Party is a mere spin-off of the name of the United Goans Party , and their election symbol of `` two leaves '' is a spin-off of the symbol of `` two leaves '' which was designated in the plebiscite to determine whether Goa should be independent , as against the rose symbol for voting Goa as a part of Maharashtra . The present United Goans Democratic Party had absolutely no role to play in the plebiscite to decide whether Goa should be a separate entity or not , but they continue to use the Two Leaves symbol and a name similar to that of the party which played a major role in ensuring that Goa remains distinct , the erstwhile United Goans Party . UDGP is much weaker than its claimed predecessor , the United Goans Party which was the main opposition party during the 1960s .   At the June 2007 state elections , the party took one out of 40 seats . It was allied with the Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) , while in opposition in Goa and in the national government .   In the Assembly elections of 2012 , the United Goans Democratic Party could not win a single seat , while its lone MLA from the previous election , Mr. Mathany Saldanha , contested and won on a BJP ticket .   The United Goans Democratic Party and its founder Churchill Alemao ( now in the NCP ) along with his hand picked three other family members were defeated in the hustings , causing the worst Congress defeat since the time when Congress first ruled Goa , almost thirty years ago . The present BJP government has rejected all attempts of the UGDP of showing that they are close to the present dispensation . The lone UGDP legislator from the last assembly Mr. Mathany Saldanha however , was rewarded for finally quitting the UGDP by having been allotted a prime ministry . After his untimely death , his widow is holding the responsibility .   The UGDP in the meanwhile , has lost its recognition as a party and has also lost its right to ownership of the `` two leaves '' symbol .   Its original leader though , went beyond using a name similar to the UGP ( United Goans Party ) and a symbol similar to Goa 's Opinion Poll ( plebiscite to determine whether Goa should be a separate identity ) . In the last elections he rode on the back of the Save Goa movement , a movement by various groups to save Goa from the badly prepared Regional Plan , and formed a party on ts own . His newly formed party won two seats , Navelim for himself and Curtorim for his protege Reginaldo Lourenco , under the name `` SAVE GOA FRONT '' , a clear rip off of the Save Goa Movement which was ruling the press releases at that time .   At the end of the day , the UGDP is a party which takes up every issue that crops up before it . Its two supreme leaders Anacleto Viegas and Radharao Gracias always take up opposite stands , with one supporting the issue and the other opposing it .   Whichever side of the issue appears to be getting successful , gets the full UGDP backing , with the opposing leader relegating himself to a spectator .   The said two party supremos , Anacleto Viegas and Radharao Gracias are also senior advocates at Margao and South Goa . Both have been presidents of the Margao and South Goa Advocates Councils . Such appointments have led them to lead their own political campaigns under the banner of the Advocates ' Union .

neg: Democratic Progressive Party (Singapore) The Democratic Progressive Party ( abbrev : DPP ; Chinese : 民主进步党 ; Malay : Parti Demokratik Progresif ) is a political party in Singapore .

neg: Transpartisan Transpartisanship represents an emerging school of political thought which accepts the validity of truths across a range of political perspectives and seeks to synthesize them into an inclusive , pragmatic container beyond typical political dualities . It is distinct from bipartisanship , which aims to negotiate between `` right '' and `` left , '' resulting in a dualistic perspective , and nonpartisanship , which tends to avoid political affiliation altogether .   Transpartisanship is a movement to support and advance a common ground - or `` new center '' - that already exists in U.S. politics , emerging periodically into public view in the form of `` unusual coalitions '' of progressives and conservatives around issues ranging from war and the military budget to corporate power and the surveillance state .   The movement builds on methods of facilitated dialogue , deliberation and conflict resolution .   Current examples of transpartisan initiatives include Transpartisan Center , TheSolution.org , Reuniting America , Transpartisan Alliance , and Liberty Coalition .   Transpartisanship is an emerging field that advocates pragmatic and effective solutions to social and political problems , transcending and including preexisting political ideologies . Transpartisanship encompasses the idea that all systems are inextricably interconnected , and that successful outcomes can best be reached through inclusive , genuine , and respectful cooperation . Transpartisan democracy , in part , seeks to reintegrate the public 's voice in identifying , debating , and shaping governmental policies , while continuing to protect the sovereignty of the individual .  The term `` Transpartisanship '' has emerged to provide a meaningful alternative to `` Bipartisanship , '' and `` Nonpartisanship . '' Bipartisanship limits the dialogue process to two political viewpoints or entities , striving for compromise solutions . Nonpartisanship , on the other hand , tends to deny the existence of differing viewpoints in exchange for cooperation . Both the bipartisan and nonpartisan approaches can discount the multiplicity of viewpoints that exist , which often results in incomplete and therefore unsuccessful outcomes . In contrast to these , transpartisanship recognizes the existence and validity of many points of view , and advocates a constructive dialogue aimed at arriving at creative , integrated , and therefore , breakthrough solutions that meet the needs of all present .   Transpartisan gatherings have resulted not only in surprisingly civil conversations noted by mainstream media but also in shifts from traditional ideological stances by some participants .   A close relative of transpartisanship is Integral politics . A transpartisan approach to policy would necessarily include individual and collective , as well as subjective and objective , perspective . Furthermore , similar to Integral theory , transpartisanship places politics in a developmental context , viewing democracy and prosperity not as static attainments , but rather emergent properties along a continuum of developmental stages .

neg: Politics Can Be Different Politics Can Be Different ( alternative translation : ` Another Politics Is Possible ' ) ( Lehet Más a Politika , LMP ) is a green-liberal political party in Hungary . Founded in 2009 , it was one of four parties to win seats in the National Assembly in the 2010 parliamentary election . The party is a member of the European Green Party .

neg: Défi Vert de Québec The Défi Vert de Québec ( DVQ ) , literally '' Québec 's Green Challenge '' , is a municipal political party in Quebec City , Quebec , Canada .   The values and principles of the Défi Vert de Québec are based on the Global Greens Charter , available in seven different languages at . The Défi Vert de Québec is the first Canadian municipal party to adhere to this charter , which was created in Canberra in 2001 .   Founder and leader : Mr. Richard Domm

neg: Labor Party (United States, 1996) The Labor Party was an American social democratic political party advocating workers ' interests . Membership at one point reached about 5,000 .   The party was formed in 1996 by the United Mine Workers , International Longshore and Warehouse Union , American Federation of Government Employees , California Nurses Association , and hundreds of other local labor unions . From the beginning a dispute over the Party 's running of candidates arose with many of the official unions totally opposed to running candidates that might cause the defeat of their normal Democratic allies . Smaller locals and left union activists on the other had pushed for a clean break with the Democratic Party . This issue was debated internally for years until 1999 when the Party 's leadership agreed to some endorsements of Labor Party members running . In 2001 the Labor Party endorsed labor sponsored independent candidates in San Francisco and Ohio local elections . After the 2000 elections even symbolic support dripped away . The future of the party remains uncertain , particularly after the 2002 death of Tony Mazzocchi , the founding national organizer . All of the founding unions continued to actively support Democratic Party candidates .   In December 2005 , the South Carolina Labor Party announced that it would seek ballot status in South Carolina and run a candidate in the 2006 legislative elections . Labor Party News quoted Leonard Riley , President of the Charleston International Longshoremen 's Association Local 1422 as saying , `` Given the results of the past few elections , I think the workers of South Carolina would jump at the opportunity to consider a Labor Party which would guarantee an uncompromising voice for working people on their issues . '' Although South Carolina law permitted electoral fusion , the Labor Party pledged not to endorse candidates of any other party .   Party officials acknowledged that the choice of South Carolina may have seemed unusual due to the fact that the state had the second lowest concentration of union workers in the United States . However , party officials said that the relatively high unemployment rate , the decline in the textile industry , and the indifference of the state Democratic and Republican parties to the interests of working people , African-Americans and women created a political space for the Labor Party . The party submitted 16,500 signatures on July 11 , 2006 . If 10,000 of the signatures were valid , the party would be qualified for the 2007 and 2008 elections . This effort was apparently unrelated to the concurrent attempt of the Working Families Party to gain ballot access in South Carolina , a state that allows electoral fusion . In July 2007 Ballot Access News reported that the SCLP was attempting to recruit candidates .   The party suspended active operations in 2007 but a group said to affiliated with the party nominated one candidate for the South Carolina State House for 2010 . The candidate , Brett Bursey , received 442 votes , or 3.06 % .   In December 2012 Mark Dudzic wrote an article in which he said confirmed that the party had suspended operations in 2007 . While some have taken this to mean that he said that the time was currently not right for the Labor Party to exist , others have seen this as a start of a discussion about the future of the Labor Party .

neg: Alternative Greens The Alternative Greens ( Verdi Alternativi , VAVdA ) was a green political party in Aosta Valley , which used to be the regional section of the Federation of the Greens .   Its main leaders were Elio Riccarand , founder and coordinator until 2008 , and Paolo Fedi , coordinator from 2008 to 2010 .   Riccarand , who had been elected with the `` New Left '' list in the 1988 regional election , switched his affiliation to `` Alternative Green '' in 1990 . In the 1993 regional election the party won 7.2 % of the vote and three regional councillors , including Riccarand , who served as regional minister of the Environment for five years .   In the 1998 regional election the party teamed up with For Aosta Valley , which obtained 6.8 % of the vote , and had two regional councillors elected .   The Alternative Greens were the major force within the Rainbow Aosta Valley ( AvdA ) left-wing coalition , which included also the Communist Refoundation Party , the Party of Italian Communists , Democratic Left ( since 2007 ) and several minor local groups . In the 2003 regional election the coalition won 7.9 % of the vote and three regional councillors . In the 2008 regional election it obtained 5.6 % of the vote and no regional councillors .   In 2010 the Alternative Greens , which had been part of Autonomy Liberty Democracy in general elections since 2006 , distanced from the far left and were merged into a new party named Autonomy Liberty Participation Ecology ( ALPE ) , along with other two progressive parties , Valdostan Renewal and Lively Aosta Valley .

neg: Party system A party system is a concept in comparative political science concerning the system of government by political parties in a democratic country . The idea is that political parties have basic similarities : they control the government , have a stable base of mass popular support , and create internal mechanisms for controlling funding , information and nominations .   The concept was originated by European scholars studying the United States , especially James Bryce and Moisey Ostrogorsky , and has been expanded to cover other democracies .  Giovanni Sartori devised the most widely used classification method for party systems . He suggested that party systems should be classified by the number of relevant parties and the degree of fragmentation . Party systems can be distinguished by the effective number of parties .


query: Marie Curie was French.

pos: Marie Curie Marie Skłodowska Curie ( -LSB- ˈkjʊri , _ kjʊˈriː -RSB- -LSB- kyʁi -RSB- ; -LSB- kʲiˈri -RSB- ; 7 November 18674 July 1934 ) , born Maria Salomea Skłodowska ( -LSB- ˈmarja salɔˈmɛa skwɔˈdɔfska -RSB- ) , was a Polish and naturalized-French physicist and chemist who conducted pioneering research on radioactivity . She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize , the first person and only woman to win twice , the only person to win a Nobel Prize in two different sciences , and was part of the Curie family legacy of five Nobel Prizes . She was also the first woman to become a professor at the University of Paris , and in 1995 became the first woman to be entombed on her own merits in the Panthéon in Paris .   She was born in Warsaw , in what was then the Kingdom of Poland , part of the Russian Empire . She studied at Warsaw 's clandestine Floating University and began her practical scientific training in Warsaw . In 1891 , aged 24 , she followed her older sister Bronisława to study in Paris , where she earned her higher degrees and conducted her subsequent scientific work . She shared the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics with her husband Pierre Curie and with physicist Henri Becquerel . She won the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry .   Her achievements included the development of the theory of radioactivity ( a term that she coined ) , techniques for isolating radioactive isotopes , and the discovery of two elements , polonium and radium . Under her direction , the world 's first studies were conducted into the treatment of neoplasms , using radioactive isotopes . She founded the Curie Institutes in Paris and in Warsaw , which remain major centres of medical research today . During World War I , she developed mobile radiography units to provide X-ray services to field hospitals .   While a French citizen , Marie Skłodowska Curie ( she used both surnames ) never lost her sense of Polish identity . She taught her daughters the Polish language and took them on visits to Poland . She named the first chemical element that she discoveredpolonium , which she isolated in 1898after her native country .   Curie died in 1934 , aged 66 , at a sanatorium in Sancellemoz ( Haute-Savoie ) , France , due to aplastic anemia brought on by exposure to radiation while carrying test tubes of radium in her pockets during research , and in the course of her work at field hospitals during World War I.

neg: Simone de Beauvoir Prize The Simone de Beauvoir Prize ( Prix Simone de Beauvoir pour la liberté des femmes ) is an international human rights prize for women 's freedom , awarded since 2008 to individuals or groups fighting for gender equality and opposing breaches of human rights . It is named after the French author and philosopher Simone de Beauvoir , known for her 1949 women 's rights treatise The Second Sex .   The prize was founded by Julia Kristeva on January 9 , 2008 , the 100th anniversary of de Beauvoir 's birth . It amounts to $ 20,000 and is funded by Éditions Gallimard and Culturesfrance .  Julia Kristeva , philosopher , is the head of the Simone de Beauvoir prize committee .   According to the organizers :  The prize is awarded every year to a remarkable personality whose courage and thoughts are examples for everybody , in the spirit of Simone de Beauvoir who wrote : `` The ultimate end , for which human beings should aim , is liberty , the only capable -LSB- thing -RSB- , to establish every end on . ''

neg: French legislative election, 2002 The French legislative elections took place on 9 June and 16 June 2002 to elect the 12th National Assembly of the Fifth Republic , in a context of political crisis .   The Socialist Prime Minister Lionel Jospin announced his political retirement after his elimination at the first round of the 2002 French presidential election . President Jacques Chirac was easily reelected , all the Republican parties having called to block far-right leader Jean-Marie Le Pen . Chirac 's conservative supporters created the Union for the Presidential Majority ( Union pour la majorité présidentielle or UMP ) to prepare for the legislative elections .   The first round of the presidential election was a shock for the two main coalitions . The candidates of the parliamentary right obtained 32 % of votes , and the candidates of the `` Plural Left '' only 27 % . In the first polls , for the legislative elections , they were equal .   The UMP campaigned against `` cohabitation '' , which is blamed for causing confusion profitable to the far-right and far-left . Jean-Pierre Raffarin , a relatively low-profile politician who said he would listen to `` France at the bottom '' , was chosen as the party 's candidate for Prime Minister .   Without a real leader , and staggered by the results of 21 April , the left was in difficulty . The Socialist chairman François Hollande tried to revive the `` Plural Left '' under the name of `` United Left '' ; but the effort was undermined by the fact that it did n't have a real programme . Furthermore , the left-wing parties could not motivate their voters against an unrecognized and apparently uncontroversial politician like Jean-Pierre Raffarin . In addition part of the left-wing electorate did not want a new `` cohabitation '' . Finally , the polls indicated a growing advantage for the Presidential Majority .   The right won the elections and the UMP obtained a large parliamentary majority of 394 seats . For the third time under the Fifth Republic , a party acquired an absolute majority ( the `` blue surge '' ) . Five months later , it became the Union for a Popular Movement .   On the left , the Socialist Party achieved a better result than at the winning 1997 elections , but its allies were crushed . The far-left returned towards its usual level . In far-right , the National Front lost the half of its 5 May voters .

neg: Marie Corelli Marie Corelli ( -LSB- kɔːˈrɛli -RSB- 1 May 185521 April 1924 ) was an English novelist and a mystic , as she was associated at some point with the Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis ; a Rosicrucian and mystical organization . She enjoyed a period of great literary success from the publication of her first novel in 1886 until World War I. Corelli 's novels sold more copies than the combined sales of popular contemporaries , including Arthur Conan Doyle , H. G. Wells , and Rudyard Kipling , although critics often derided her work as `` the favourite of the common multitude . ''

neg: Radio Courtoisie Radio Courtoisie is a French radio station and cultural associative union created in 1987 by Jean Ferré .   Radio Courtoisie defines itself as the `` free radio of the real country -LSB- referring to the pays réel concept of Charles Maurras -RSB- and the francophone world '' , declaring itself to be `` open to all people of the political right , from François Bayrou to Jean-Marie Le Pen '' .

neg: Joséphine de Beauharnais Joséphine de Beauharnais ( -LSB- ʒo.ze.fin də ‿ bo.aʁ.nɛ -RSB- ; née Tascher de la Pagerie ; 23 June 1763 -- 29 May 1814 ) was the first wife of Napoleon I , and thus the first Empress of the French ( commonly called Empress Joséphine or just Joséphine ) .   Her marriage to Napoleon I was her second ; her first husband Alexandre de Beauharnais was guillotined during the Reign of Terror , and she herself was imprisoned in the Carmes prison until five days after Alexandre 's execution . Her two children by Alexandre became significant to royal lineage . Through her daughter , Hortense , she was the maternal grandmother of Napoléon III . Through her son , Eugène , she was the great-grandmother of later Swedish and Danish kings and queens . The reigning houses of Belgium , Norway and Luxembourg also descend from her . She did not bear Napoleon any children ; as a result , he divorced her in 1810 to marry Marie Louise of Austria .   Joséphine was the recipient of numerous love letters written by Napoleon , many of which still exist . Her Château de Malmaison was noted for its magnificent rose garden , which she supervised closely , owing to her passionate interest in roses , collected from all over the world .

neg: Paris Commune (French Revolution) The Paris Commune during the French Revolution was the government of Paris from 1792 until 1795 . Established in the Hôtel de Ville just after the storming of the Bastille , it consisted of 144 delegates elected by the 48 divisions of the city . The Paris Commune became insurrectionary in the summer of 1792 , essentially refusing to take orders from the central French government . It took charge of routine civic functions but is best known for mobilizing extreme views and actions among the people and for its campaign to dechristianize the churches and the people . It lost much power in 1794 and was replaced in 1795 .   The first mayor was Jean Sylvain Bailly ; he was succeeded on November 1791 by Pétion de Villeneuve after Bailly 's unpopular use of the National Guard to disperse a riotous assembly in the Champ de Mars ( 17 July 1791 ) .   In 1792 , the Commune was dominated by those Jacobins who were not in the Legislative Assembly due to the Self-Denying Ordinance .   On the night of 9 August 1792 a new revolutionary Commune , led by Georges Danton , Camille Desmoulins and Jacques Hébert took possession of the Hôtel de Ville ; the next day insurgents assailed the Tuileries , where the royal family resided . During the ensuing constitutional crisis , the collapsing Legislative Assembly of France was heavily dependent on the Commune for the effective power that allowed it to continue to function as a legislature . The all-powerful Commune demanded custody of the royal family , imprisoning them in the Temple fortress . A list of `` opponents of the Revolution '' was drawn up , the gates to the city were sealed , and on 28 August the citizens were subjected to domiciliary visits , ostensibly in a search for muskets .   It was not until 1792 that the government had a formal cabinet in place , with the appointment of the Ministers of the French National Convention and the decision of the Commissioners of the Committee of Public Safety in 1794 to take charge of administrative departments .   The government of the republic was succeeded by the French Directory in November 1795 .

neg: Hélène Cixous Hélène Cixous ( -LSB- elɛn siksu -RSB- ; born 5 June 1937 ) is a professor , French feminist writer , poet , playwright , philosopher , literary critic and rhetorician . Cixous is best known for her article '' The Laugh of the Medusa '' , which established her as one of the mothers of poststructuralist feminist theory . She founded the first centre of feminist studies at a European university at the Centre universitaire de Vincennes of the University of Paris ( today 's University of Paris VIII ) .   She holds honorary degrees from Queen 's University and the University of Alberta in Canada ; University College Dublin in Ireland ; the University of York and University College London in the UK ; and Georgetown University , Northwestern University , and the University of Wisconsin-Madison in the USA . In 2008 she was appointed as A.D. White Professor-at-Large at Cornell University until June 2014 .

neg: Aglaé de Polignac Aglaé Louise Françoise Gabrielle de Polignac ( 7 May 1768 -- 30 March 1803 ) was the daughter of Gabrielle de Polastron , the favourite and confidante of Marie Antoinette , and her husband , the 1st duc de Polignac .   Her paternal grandparents were Marquis Louis Héracle Melchior de Polignac ( 1717 -- 1792 ) and his wife , Diane Marie Adelaide Zephirine Mazzarini-Mancini ( 1726 -- 1755 ) . Her maternal grandparents were Jean François Gabriel , comte de Polastron , and his wife , Jeanne Charlotte Hérault .   Aglaé Louise was born at the Château de Versailles in Paris , France , the eldest child and only daughter of the Duke and Duchess of Polignac . She had three brothers : Armand Jules Marie Héracle , duc de Polignac ( 11 January 1771 -- 1 March 1847 ) ; Jules Auguste Armand Marie , prince de Polignac ( 14 May 1780 -- 30 March 1847 ) ; and Camille Henri Melchior , comte de Polignac ( 27 December 1781 -- 2 February 1855 ) .   At the Château de Versailles , on 11 July 1780 , at the age of twelve , Aglaé married the duc de Gramont et Guiche . She then became the Duchess of Guiche and was nicknamed `` Guichette '' by her family . Her son Antoine-Geneviève-Héraclius-Agénor de Gramont became the 9th Duke of Gramont . Her daughter Corisande Armandine Léonie Sophie de Gramont married Charles Bennet , 5th Earl of Tankerville , and another daughter , Aglaé Angélique Gabrielle de Gramont , was married in turn to Russian general Alexander Lvovich Davydov and French diplomat Horace Sébastiani .   In 1794 , according to The Memoirs of Madame Vigée Lebrun , Marie-Élisabeth-Louise Vigée-Le Brun painted a half-length portrait of the Duchess de Guiche wearing a blue turban , in Directoire style . She wrote : '' ... I encountered the Duchesse de Guiche , whose lovely face had not changed in the least . ''   On 30 March 1803 , Aglaé de Polignac died in an accidental house fire at her home in Edinburgh , Scotland .   Category :1768 births  Category :1803 deaths  Category :18 th-century French people  Category : Accidental deaths in Scotland  Category : Deaths from fire  Category : People from Versailles  Category : Polignac family

neg: List of Prime Ministers of Canada by languages spoken The politics of language has been a key issue in Canada since the founding of the country in 1867 . The choice of a party leader is greatly influenced by language proficiency , as is electability with the public . All Canadian prime ministers have spoken either French or English , some both , but only a few were fluently bilingual , and few have spoken any other language . All prime ministers have had one of English or French as their mother tongue with the possible exceptions of Sir John A. Macdonald and Alexander Mackenzie , who may have spoken Scottish Gaelic or Lowland Scots as their first language .   The two official languages of the Parliament of Canada have been English and French since 1867 under the British North America Act ; however , few members of parliament have historically been able to debate in their second language , and simultaneous translation was not introduced until the 1960s , making for two largely separate groups of legislators debating the same issues in two different languages . Furthermore the language of administration was almost solely English before the 1969 Official Languages Act . Speaking English has always been necessary to become prime minister as the majority of any parliamentary caucus large enough to form government has always been made up of unilingual Anglophones , not to mention the voting public . Not being able to speak French has not always been considered a sufficient handicap to prevent one from becoming prime minister , however . All Anglophone Canadian prime ministers have had ministers in their cabinet that represented the provincial interests of Quebec and spoke the French language , known as Quebec lieutenants . This tradition began before Confederation in the old United Province in Canada , which was usually jointly governed by two `` co-premiers '' , one from Canada West ( Ontario ) and one from Canada East ( Quebec ) . It was extended into Confederation via Macdonald 's partnership with George-Étienne Cartier and has continued down to the present day .   Since rise of Quebec nationalism ( following the Quiet Revolution -LSB- circa 1960-1966 -RSB- ) , and especially the introduction of official bilingualism in the Official Languages Act in 1969 and its entrenchment in the Constitution of 1982 , Canadian prime ministers ( and party leaders as potential prime ministers ) have been expected to be functionally bilingual by convention . An important factor in this trend has been the creation of the televised leaders ' debates , which are held in separately in French and English . The parties feel the need to have a leader who can at least participate in both debates , even if they can not win them both . The need to speak both languages is also seen as symbol of Canada 's identity as a linguistic duality , but also as a practical political matter , as the prime minister is seen as a leader of the federalist camp opposed to Quebec separatism and must be able to fight for the `` hearts and minds '' of Quebecers in their native language .

neg: Arboretum Curie The Arboretum Curie , also known as the Arboretum du Col des Trois Soeurs , is a small arboretum located at 1470 metres altitude in the Col des Trois Soeurs near La Panouse , Lozère , Languedoc-Roussillon , France . It was created circa 1975 to study conifers suitable for reforestation , and according to Arbez et al. , now contains 77 taxa ( primarily conifers ) .

neg: Bronisława Dłuska Bronisława Dłuska ( -LSB- ˌbrɔ̃ɲiˈswava ˈdwuska -RSB- née Skłodowska , 186515 April 1939 ) was a Polish physician , wife of political activist Kazimierz Dłuski , and older sister of physicist Marie Curie . She was a co-founder and the first director of Warsaw 's Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute of Oncology .

neg: Prix d'Astronautique The Prix d'Astronautique ( Astronautics Prize ) was an international award of the Société astronomique de France , the French astronomical society , given in recognition of the study of interplanetary travel and astronautics . Specifically , the award was given `` to recognize the best original scientific work , theoretical or experimental , that is able to advance one of the questions related to the realisation of space travel , or to increase human understanding of one of the branches related to the science of astronautics . ''   Established by aviation and astronautical pioneer Robert Esnault-Pelterie and André-Louis Hirsch , a sponsor for early astronautics in France , it was the first prize for astronautics in the world .   The idea for establishing the prize originated during a dinner Hirsch and Esnault-Pelterie organised in Paris on 26 December 1927 . Their guests discussed the emerging science of space travel , which they called `` astronautics '' at the suggestion of science fiction writer J.H. Rosny the elder . Hirsch and Esnault-Pelterie provided funds -- 5,000 francs annually for 1928 , 1929 , and 1930 -- to the Société astronomique de France , for an annual award in astronautics in their names : the Prix REP-Hirsch .   A Comité d'Astronautique was established within the Société astronomique de France to manage the prize . In addition to Hirsch , Esnault-Pelterie and Rosny the elder , the committee was composed of :  President : General Gustave-Auguste Ferrié  Vice-Presidents : Jean Perrin and Eugène Fichot  Members : Henri-Alexandre Deslandres , G. Urbain , Charles Fabry , Jules Baillaud , Em . Belot , Jos. Bethenod , Dr André Bing , général Charbonnier , H. Chrétien , Ernest Esclangon , Léon Gaumont , A. Lambert , Charles Maurain , Rodolphe Soreau .   The prize was awarded for 10 years , from 1929 to 1939 . In 1936 , the name of the award changed from the Prix REP-Hirsch to the Prix d'Astronautique .

neg: Marie-Antoinette Tonnelat Marie-Antoinette Tonnelat ( March 5 , 1912 -- December 3 , 1980 ) was a French theoretical physicist . She received her doctorate in 1939 under the supervision of Louis de Broglie . She is best known for her work related to Albert Einstein 's Theory of Relativity . Her research focused on synthesizing the concepts gravity , electromagnetism , and nuclear forces within the basic framework provided by Einstein 's theory of relativity . Along with the help of Einstein and Schrödinger , she played a role in developing Unified Field Theory .

neg: Auguste-Charles Marie Auguste-Charles Marie ( 26 July 1864 -- 29 March 1935 ) was a French microbiologist born in Bayeux , department Calvados .   He served as interne des hôpitaux in Paris , earning his medical doctorate in 1895 with a thesis on cancer titled Recherches sur la question du cancer . From 1894 to 1899 he focused on physico-pathological studies of microbial poisoning at the Pasteur Institute in Paris . In 1899 -- 1900 he served under Maurice Nicolle ( 1862 -- 1932 ) as chief of anti-rabies services at the institute of microbiology in Constantinople . Afterwards he was associated with research done at the Pasteur Institute in Paris . Following the death of Emile Roux ( 1853 -- 1933 ) , he was appointed manager of anti-rabies services .   Marie is known for his research involving the action of tetanus toxin on the nervous system , as well as studies of tuberculosis and rabies . In the 1910s he demonstrated that natural and synthetic suprarenin had the ability to neutralize diphtheria and tetanus toxins . His investigations of rabies led to the development of new vaccination processes . With Jean Cantacuzène ( 1863-1934 ) , he published two articles on gastrointestinal cholera .   In 1903 he was co-founder of the Bulletin de l'Institut Pasteur . In 1934 , with Paul Remlinger ( 1871 -- 1964 ) , he was recipient of the `` Prix Dagnan-Bouveret '' by the Académie des sciences for work involving rage expérimentale ( experimental rabies ) . He died on 29 March 1935 in his laboratory at the Pasteur Institute .

neg: Leconte Prize The Leconte Prize ( French : Prix Leconte ) is a prize created in 1886 by the French Academy of Sciences to recognize important discoveries in mathematics , physics , chemistry , natural history or medicine . In recent years the prize has been awarded in the specific categories of mathematics , physics , and biology . Scientists and mathematicians of all nationalities are eligible for the award . The value of the award in the late 19th and early 20th century was 50,000 ( at the time equivalent to ₤ 2,000 , or US$ 10,000 ) , about five times as much as the annual salary of the average professor in France . In 2001 , the award was 20,000 , in 2008 , $ 3,000 , and since 2010 , $ 2,500 .

neg: France France ( -LSB- fʁɑ̃s -RSB- ) , officially the French Republic ( -LSB- ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz -RSB- ) , is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . The European , or metropolitan , area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . France spans 643801 km2 and had a total population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017 . It is a unitary semi-presidential republic with the capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban centres include Marseille , Lyon , Lille , Nice , Toulouse and Bordeaux .   During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome , which held Gaul until 486 , when the Germanic Franks conquered the region and formed the Kingdom of France . France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , with its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337 to 1453 ) strengthening state-building and political centralisation . During the Renaissance , French culture flourished and a global colonial empire was established , which by the 20th century would be the second largest in the world . The 16th century was dominated by religious civil wars between Catholics and Protestants ( Huguenots ) . France became Europe 's dominant cultural , political , and military power under Louis XIV . In the late 18th century , the French Revolution overthrew the absolute monarchy , established one of modern history 's earliest republics , and saw the drafting of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen , which expresses the nation 's ideals to this day .   In the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire , whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe . Following the collapse of the Empire , France endured a tumultuous succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870 . France was a major participant in the First World War , from which it emerged victorious , and was one of the Allied Powers in the Second World War , but came under occupation by the Axis Powers in 1940 . Following liberation in 1944 , a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War . The Fifth Republic , led by Charles de Gaulle , was formed in 1958 and remains to this day . Algeria and nearly all the other colonies became independent in the 1960s and typically retained close economic and military connections with France .   France has long been a global centre of art , science , and philosophy . It hosts Europe 's fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually , the most of any country in the world . France is a developed country with the world 's sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity . In terms of aggregate household wealth , it ranks fourth in the world . France performs well in international rankings of education , health care , life expectancy , and human development . France remains a great power in the world , being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state . It is a leading member state of the European Union and the Eurozone . It is also a member of the Group of 7 , North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) , Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) , and La Francophonie .

neg: Palais de la Découverte The Palais de la Découverte ( `` Discovery Palace '' ) is a science museum located in the Grand Palais , in the 8th arrondissement on Avenue Franklin D. Roosevelt , Paris , France . It is open daily except Monday ; an admission fee is charged .   The museum was created in 1937 by Jean Baptiste Perrin ( awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics , 1926 ) during an international exhibition on `` Arts and techniques in modern life '' . In 1938 the French government decided to convert the facility into a new museum , which now occupies 25,000 square metres within the west wing of the Grand Palais ( Palais d'Antin ) built for the Exposition Universelle ( 1900 ) to designs by architect Albert-Félix-Théophile Thomas .   In January 2010 the museum was merged with the Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie under one institution is named universcience with two locations .   Today the museum contains permanent exhibits for mathematics , physics , astronomy , chemistry , geology , and biology , featuring interactive experiments with commentaries by lecturers . It includes a Zeiss planetarium with 15-metre dome .

neg: Germain Sée Germain Sée ( February 6 , 1818 -- May 12 , 1896 ) was a French clinician who was a native of Ribeauvillé , Haut-Rhin .   He studied medicine in Paris , obtaining his doctorate in 1846 with a dissertation on ergotism ( `` Recherches sur les propriétés du seigle ergoté et de ses principes constituants '' ) . In 1852 he became a physician of hospitals in Paris , and subsequently worked at La Rochefoucauld ( from 1857 ) , Beaujon ( from 1861 ) , Pitié ( from 1862 ) and Charité ( from 1868 ) hospitals . In 1866 he succeeded Armand Trousseau as chair of therapeutics at the Faculty of Medicine in Paris , and in 1876 attained the chair of clinical medicine at the Hôtel-Dieu de Paris .   Sée specialized in the study of lung and cardiovascular diseases . He also made contributions in his research of chorea and its association with rheumatic disorders . He conducted extensive studies of various drugs , being an advocate of antipyrine as a general analgesic , and sodium salicylate for treatment of acute rheumatism .   Among his writings were the multi-volume `` Médecine clinique '' , a work that he co-authored with Frédéric Labadie-Lagrave , and `` Leçons de pathologie expérimentale '' , a book on experimental pathology that was edited by Maurice Raynaud . His `` Des maladies spécifiques , non tuberculeuses , du poumon '' was later translated into English and published with the title `` Diseases of the lungs ( of a specific not tuberculous nature ) '' ( 1885 ) .   In 1869 he became a member of the Académie de Médecine .

neg: French Communist Group The French Communist Group was a small organization of French residents in Russia , founded in Moscow in October 1918 . One of the founders , Jacques Sadoul , had been a French infantry soldier in Russia during World War I but had joined the Red Army and became an organized communist .   Prominent members of the French Communist Group included Jacques Sadoul , Pierre Pascal , Suzanne Girault and Henri Guilbeaux .   The group was affiliated to the Federation of Foreign Groups of the Russian Communist Party ( Bolsheviks ) . Although the organization was small , it was able to play an important role in educational work that enabled mutinies amongst French interventionist troops in Russia in 1919 .   The French Communist Group published the weekly newspaper La Troisième Internationale between October 1918 and March 1919 . The newspaper had as its stated goal to promote `` the enlightenment of the workers of France , Belgium and Switzerland about the Russian Revolution ; agitation among French soldiers at the front in Russia , the organization of French , Belgian and Swiss workers living in Russia . ''   The group was represented by Jacques Sadoul at the founding congress of the Communist International in March 1919 . Sadoul participated as a consultative delegate .   The group was torn apart by internal differences and squabbles between Guilbeaux and Sadoul . Victor Serge , who used to assist the meetings of the group in 1920 and 1921 , described it as a `` little nest of vipers '' .   One of the members of the group , the school teacher Jeanne Labourbe , was executed by French troops in Odessa in 1919 . Labourbe would be iconized as a communist martyr .   Suzanne Girault , who would later become a leading figure in the French Communist Party , became the secretary of the French Communist Group in Kiev in 1919 .

neg: French colonial empire The French colonial empire constituted the overseas colonies , protectorates and mandate territories that came under French rule from the 16th century onward . A distinction is generally made between the `` first colonial empire '' , that existed until 1814 , by which time most of it had been lost , and the `` second colonial empire '' , which began with the conquest of Algiers in 1830 . The second empire came to an end after the loss of bitter wars in Vietnam ( 1955 ) and Algeria ( 1962 ) , and peaceful decolonization elsewhere after 1960 .   Competing with Spain , Portugal , the United Provinces , and later Britain , France began to establish colonies in North America , the Caribbean , and India in the 17th century . A series of wars with Great Britain and other European major powers during the 18th century and early 19th century resulted in France losing nearly all of its conquests . France rebuilt a new empire mostly after 1850 , concentrating chiefly in Africa , as well as Indochina and the South Pacific . Republicans , at first hostile to empire , only became supportive when Germany started to build her own colonial empire . As it developed the new empire took on roles of trade with France , especially supplying raw materials and purchasing manufactured items , as well as lending prestige to the motherland and spreading French civilization and language , and the Catholic religion . It also provided manpower in the World Wars .   It became a moral mission to lift the world up to French standards by bringing Christianity and French culture . In 1884 the leading proponent of colonialism , Jules Ferry declared ; `` The higher races have a right over the lower races , they have a duty to civilize the inferior races . '' Full citizenship rights -- assimilation -- were offered , although in reality `` assimilation was always receding -LSB- and -RSB- the colonial populations treated like subjects not citizens . '' France sent small numbers of settlers to its empire , contrary to Great Britain , and previously Spain and Portugal , with the only notable exception of Algeria , where the French settlers nonetheless always remained a small minority .   At its apex , it was one of the largest empires in history . Including metropolitan France , the total amount of land under French sovereignty reached 11500000 km2 in 1920 , with a population of 110 million people in 1939 . In World War II , Charles de Gaulle and the Free French used the overseas colonies as bases from which they fought to liberate France . Historian Tony Chafer argues : `` In an effort to restore its world-power status after the humiliation of defeat and occupation , France was eager to maintain its overseas empire at the end of the Second World War . '' However , after 1945 anti-colonial movements began to challenge European authority . The French constitution of October 27 , 1946 ( Fourth Republic ) , established the French Union which endured until 1958 . Newer remnants of the colonial empire were integrated into France as overseas departments and territories within the French Republic . These now total altogether 119,394 km ² ( 46,098 sq. miles ) , which amounts to only 1 % of the pre-1939 French colonial empire 's area , with 2.7 million people living in them in 2013 . By the 1970s , says Robert Aldrich , the last `` vestiges of empire held little interest for the French . '' He argues , `` Except for the traumatic decolonization of Algeria , however , what is remarkable is how few long-lasting effects on France the giving up of empire entailed . ''


query: Oliver Reed was in a movie.

pos: Oliver Reed Robert Oliver Reed ( 13 February 1938 -- 2 May 1999 ) was an English actor known for his upper-class , macho image , hellraiser lifestyle , and `` tough guy '' roles . Notable films include The Trap ( 1966 ) , Oliver ! ( 1968 ) , Women in Love ( 1969 ) , Hannibal Brooks ( 1969 ) , The Devils ( 1971 ) , The Three Musketeers ( 1973 ) , Tommy ( 1975 ) , Lion of the Desert ( 1981 ) , Castaway ( 1986 ) , The Adventures of Baron Munchausen ( 1988 ) and Funny Bones ( 1995 ) . For Gladiator ( 2000 ) , his final film , Reed was posthumously nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role .   At the peak of his career , in 1971 , British exhibitors voted Reed 5th most popular star at the box office .

pos: Funny Bones Funny Bones is a 1995 British-American comedy-drama film from Hollywood Pictures . It was written , directed and produced by Peter Chelsom , co produced by Simon Fields , and co written by Peter Flannery . The music score was by John Altman , and the cinematography by Eduardo Serra . Set in Las Vegas and Blackpool , England , the film stars Oliver Platt , Jerry Lewis , Lee Evans , Leslie Caron , Richard Griffiths , Sadie Corre , Oliver Reed , George Carl , Freddie Davies and Ian McNeice .   When the film was released in the United Kingdom , it only managed to reach # 8 in the Top 10 .

pos: Hannibal Brooks Hannibal Brooks is a 1969 British war comedy film directed by Michael Winner and written by Ian La Frenais and Dick Clement based on a story by Winner and Tom Wright . The film follows a prisoner of war attempt 's to escape from Nazi Germany to Switzerland during World War II , accompanied by an Asian elephant . It stars Oliver Reed , Michael J. Pollard and Wolfgang Preiss . The beginning is based on the experiences of the writer Tom Wright who , while a prisoner of war , worked at Munich Zoo to care for their elephant `` Lucy '' . It has also been attributed to the true story of Olga the elephant rescued from Vienna Zoo in 1944 . The title is a reference to the Carthaginian military commander Hannibal who led an army of war elephants over the Alps .

pos: The Devils (film) The Devils is a 1971 British historical drama horror film directed by Ken Russell and starring Oliver Reed and Vanessa Redgrave . Russell 's screenplay is based partly on the 1952 book The Devils of Loudun by Aldous Huxley , and partly on the 1960 play The Devils by John Whiting , also based on Huxley 's book .   The film is a dramatised historical account of the rise and fall of Urbain Grandier , a 17th-century Roman Catholic priest executed for witchcraft following the supposed possessions in Loudun , France . Reed plays Grandier in the film and Vanessa Redgrave plays a hunchbacked sexually repressed nun who finds herself inadvertently responsible for the accusations .   The film faced harsh reaction from national film rating systems due to its disturbingly violent , sexual , and religious content , and originally received an X rating in both the United Kingdom and the United States . It was banned in several countries , and eventually heavily edited for release in others . The film has never received a release in its original , uncut form in various countries , and is largely unavailable in the home video market .

pos: The Trap (1966 film) The Trap is an adventure/romance film released in 1966 , written by David D. Osborn and directed by Sidney Hayers . Shot in the wilderness of the Canadian province of British Columbia , Oliver Reed and Rita Tushingham star in this unusual love story about a rough trapper and a mute orphan girl . The soundtrack was composed by Ron Goodwin and the main theme ( Main Titles to The Trap ) is familiar as the title music used by the BBC for London Marathon coverage .   The film had its World Premiere on 15 September 1966 at the Leicester Square Theatre in the West End of London .

pos: Tommy (1975 film) Tommy is a 1975 British musical fantasy drama film based upon The Who 's 1969 rock opera album Tommy about a seemingly disabled boy who becomes a religious pinball champion . Directed by Ken Russell , the film featured a star-studded ensemble cast , including the band members themselves ( most notably , lead singer Roger Daltrey , who plays the title role ) , Ann-Margret , Oliver Reed , Eric Clapton , Tina Turner , Elton John , Arthur Brown , and Jack Nicholson .   Ann-Margret received a Golden Globe Award for her performance , and was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress . Pete Townshend was also nominated for an Oscar for his work in scoring and adapting the music for the film . The film was shown at the 1975 Cannes Film Festival , but was not entered into the main competition . In 1975 , the film won the award for Rock Movie of the Year in the First Annual Rock Music Awards .

pos: The Adventures of Baron Munchausen The Adventures of Baron Munchausen is a 1988 adventure fantasy film co-written and directed by Terry Gilliam , starring John Neville , Sarah Polley , Eric Idle , Jonathan Pryce , Oliver Reed , and Uma Thurman .   The film is based on the tall tales about the 18th-century German nobleman Baron Munchausen and his wartime exploits against the Ottoman Empire .   Although the film was a box office bomb , it received positive reviews from critics and was nominated for four Academy Awards : Best Art Direction , Best Costume Design , Best Visual Effects and Best Makeup and Hairstyling .

pos: Women in Love (film) Women in Love is a 1969 British romantic drama film directed by Ken Russell and starring Alan Bates , Oliver Reed , Glenda Jackson , and Jennie Linden . The film was adapted by Larry Kramer from D. H. Lawrence 's novel of the same name .   The plot follows the relationships between two sisters and two men in a mining town in post First World War England . The two couples take markedly different directions . The film explores the nature of commitment and love .   The film was nominated for four Academy Awards : Best Cinematography , Best Director and Best Writing , Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium . Jackson won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her role , as well as a slew of critics ' honours .

pos: Lion of the Desert Lion of the Desert is a 1981 Libyan historical action film starring Anthony Quinn as Libyan tribal leader Omar Mukhtar , a Bedouin leader fighting the Regio Esercito ( Italian Royal Army ) in the years leading up to World War II , and Oliver Reed as Italian General Rodolfo Graziani , who attempted to defeat Mukhtar . It was directed by Moustapha Akkad and funded by the government under Colonel Muammar Gaddafi . Released in May 1981 , the film was liked by critics and audiences but performed poorly financially , bringing in just $ 1 million net worldwide . . The film was banned in Italy in 1982 and was only shown on pay TV in 2009 .

neg: The Rack (film) The Rack is a 1956 American war drama film , based on a play written by Rod Serling for television . It was directed by Arnold Laven and starred Paul Newman , Wendell Corey , Lee Marvin and Walter Pidgeon . After two years in a North Korean prison camp , an American officer returns home , only to be charged with collaboration by his own side . He is forced to defend his actions in court .

neg: The Rise of the Johnsons The Rise of the Johnsons is a 1914 American silent comedy film featuring Oliver Hardy .

neg: John Reed (actor) John Lamb Reed , OBE ( 13 February 1916 -- 13 February 2010 ) was an English actor , dancer and singer , known for his nimble performances in the principal comic roles of the Savoy Operas , particularly with the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company . Reed has been called `` the last great exponent '' of the Gilbert and Sullivan comedy roles .   The son of a butcher from County Durham , Reed began performing at the end of World War II , joining the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company in 1951 . After eight years as understudy to Peter Pratt , he became the principal comedian of the company in 1959 , remaining for two decades , playing all the famous Gilbert and Sullivan patter roles , including Sir Joseph in H.M.S. Pinafore , the Major-General in The Pirates of Penzance , Bunthorne in Patience , the Lord Chancellor in Iolanthe , Ko-Ko in The Mikado , Jack Point in The Yeomen of the Guard and the Duke of Plaza Toro in The Gondoliers , among others . He was known for his `` fleet-footed clowning '' , dry and roguish wit , comic timing , `` crystal clear diction '' in the patter songs , and his amusing character voice , recording all of his principal roles with the company .   In 1979 , Reed left the company but continued performing in and directing Gilbert and Sullivan productions in Britain and America , as well as appearing in other light opera . He retired to Halifax , West Yorkshire , directing amateur Gilbert and Sullivan companies and attending the International Gilbert and Sullivan Festival in Buxton for many years .

neg: Oliver! (song) `` Oliver ! '' is the title song from the 1960s original West End and Broadway musical Oliver ! and the 1968 film of the same name .

neg: Roughly Speaking (film) Roughly Speaking is a 1945 drama/comedy film directed by Michael Curtiz and starring Rosalind Russell and Jack Carson . The plot involves a strong-minded mother keeping her family afloat through World War I and the Great Depression . The film was based on the autobiography of the same name , published in 1943 , by Louise Randall Pierson .

neg: Born on the Fourth of July (film) Born on the Fourth of July is a 1989 American biographical war drama film based on the best-selling autobiography of the same name by Vietnam War veteran Ron Kovic .   Tom Cruise plays Ron Kovic , in a performance that earned him his first Academy Award nomination . Oliver Stone ( himself a Vietnam veteran ) co-wrote the screenplay with Kovic , and also produced and directed the film . Stone wanted to film the movie in Vietnam , but because relations between the United States and Vietnam had not yet been normalized , it was instead filmed in the Philippines . The film is considered part of Stone 's `` trilogy '' of films about the Vietnam War -- following Platoon ( 1986 ) and preceding Heaven & Earth ( 1993 ) .   Born on the Fourth of July was nominated for eight Academy Awards and won two , for Best Director and Best Film Editing ; it also won four Golden Globe Awards and a Directors Guild of America Award . The film was a critical and commercial success , grossing $ 161,001,698 worldwide .

neg: Mr. Arkadin Mr. Arkadin ( first released in Spain , 1955 ) , known in Britain as Confidential Report , is a French-Spanish-Swiss coproduction film , written and directed by Orson Welles and shot in several Spanish locations , including Costa Brava , Segovia , Valladolid and Madrid . Filming took place throughout Europe in 1954 , and scenes shot outside Spain include locations in London , Munich , Paris , the French Riviera , and the Château de Chillon in Switzerland .

neg: The Nuisance (1921 film) The Nuisance is a 1921 silent comedy film featuring Oliver Hardy .

neg: The Verdict The Verdict is a 1982 American courtroom drama film starring Paul Newman , Charlotte Rampling , Jack Warden , James Mason , Milo O'Shea and Lindsay Crouse . The film , which was directed by Sidney Lumet , was adapted by David Mamet from the novel by Barry Reed . It is about a down-on-his-luck alcoholic lawyer who takes a medical malpractice case to improve his own situation , but discovers along the way that he is doing the right thing .   The Verdict garnered critical acclaim and box office success . The film was nominated for five Academy Awards , including Best Actor in a Leading Role ( Paul Newman ) , Best Actor in a Supporting Role ( James Mason ) , Best Director ( Sidney Lumet ) , Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay ( David Mamet ) .

neg: Stop, Look and Listen (film) Stop , Look and Listen is a 1926 American comedy film featuring Oliver Hardy . It is considered a lost film .

neg: Sunset Carson Rides Again Sunset Carson Rides Again is a 1948 American film directed by Oliver Drake .

neg: I'm Reed Fish I 'm Reed Fish is an American romantic comedy film based on a story by Reed Fish , and released theatrically on June 1 , 2007 . The film was directed by Zackary Adler and stars Alexis Bledel , Jay Baruchel , and Schuyler Fisk . Jay Baruchel won the Best Actor award at the U.S. Comedy Arts Festival in 2007 for his role of Reed Fish . The film was released to DVD on September 4 , 2007

neg: The Key (1958 film) The Key is a 1958 British war film set in 1941 during the Battle of the Atlantic . It was based on the 1951 novel Stella by Jan de Hartog ( later republished as The Distant Shore and The Key ) and was directed by Sir Carol Reed . William Holden , Sophia Loren and Trevor Howard starred in the production .   The key to a flat in wartime Britain may augur bad luck for a succession of tug captains of the Royal Navy whose task is to rescue crippled ships in `` U-boat Alley . '' As each takes possession from his unfortunate predecessor , the flat 's other occupant , a Swiss expatriate named Stella , apparently goes with it . The latest captain struggles with his conflicting fears and affection for its apparent jinx .

neg: Oliver Twist (1912 film) Oliver Twist is a 1912 British silent drama film directed by Thomas Bentley and starring Ivy Millais , Alma Taylor and Harry Royston . It is an adaptation of the 1838 novel Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens . It was the directorial debut of Bentley who went on to become a leading British director . It was the first in a series of Dickens adaptations by Bentley .

neg: Animal Farm (1999 film) Animal Farm is a made-for-TV film released in 1999 by Hallmark Films and broadcast on the American cable channel TNT . It is an adaptation of the 1945 George Orwell novel of the same name . The film tells the story of farm animals successfully revolting against their human owner , only to slide into a more brutal tyranny among themselves . The film received mixed reviews when it was broadcast , with much criticism directed at its ending .

neg: Kansas Pacific (film) Kansas Pacific is a 1953 U.S. Cinecolor Western film released by Allied Artists Pictures and directed by Ray Nazarro . It stars Sterling Hayden and Eve Miller . The film offers a fictionalized account of the struggle to build the Kansas Pacific Railway in the 1860s just prior to the American Civil War . In the film the building of the railroad in Kansas is opposed by sympathizers of the Confederacy .   General Winfield Scott sends a Corps of Engineers captain ( Hayden ) incognito to complete the railroad in order to supply western outposts when the anticipated war starts . Opposing the railway is Confederate William Quantrill ( Reed Hadley ) , whose mission is to stop or delay the railway from being completed .   The rights to the film are currently in the public domain .

neg: The Other Girl The Other Girl is a 1917 American comedy film directed by and starring Oliver Hardy .

neg: Her Boy Friend Her Boy Friend is a 1924 silent comedy film featuring Oliver Hardy .

neg: Deep Waters (1948 film) Deep Waters is a 1948 drama film directed by Henry King . The film is based on the 1946 novel Spoonhandle written by Ruth Moore and was nominated for a 1949 Academy Award for Best Special Effects ( specifically , for the storm at sea sequence ) , but lost to Portrait of Jennie .   The film was released in the UK in 1949 , a year after its American theatrical release .

neg: Mark Lester Mark Lester ( born Mark A. Letzer ; 11 July 1958 ) is an English former child actor known for playing the title role in the 1968 musical film version of Oliver ! and starring in a number of other British and European films of the 1960s and 1970s and in a number of television series .