query: Wyatt Earp's first wife was not Urilla Sutherland Earp.

pos: Wyatt Earp Wyatt Berry Stapp Earp ( March 19 , 1848 -- January 13 , 1929 ) was an American Old West gambler , a deputy sheriff in Pima County , and deputy town marshal in Tombstone , Arizona Territory , who took part in the gunfight at the O.K. Corral , during which lawmen killed three outlaw cowboys . He is often regarded as the central figure in the shootout in Tombstone , although his brother Virgil was Tombstone city marshal and Deputy U.S. Marshal that day , and had far more experience as a sheriff , constable , marshal , and soldier in combat .   Earp lived a restless life . He was at different times a constable , city policeman , county sheriff , Deputy U.S. Marshal , teamster , buffalo hunter , bouncer , saloon-keeper , gambler , brothel keeper , miner , and boxing referee . Earp spent his early life in Iowa . In 1870 , Earp married his first wife , Urilla Sutherland Earp , who contracted typhoid fever and died shortly before their first child was to be born . During the next two years Earp was arrested for stealing a horse , escaped from jail , sued twice , and was arrested and fined three times during the course of 1872 for `` keeping and being found in a house of ill-fame '' . His third arrest was subject of a lengthy account in the `` Daily Transcript '' which referred to him as an `` old offender '' and nicknamed him the `` Peoria Bummer '' .   By 1874 he had arrived in the cattle boomtown of Wichita , Kansas where his brother had opened a brothel . On April 21 , 1875 he was appointed to the Wichita police force , and developed a solid reputation as a lawman . In April 1876 he was dismissed from his position as a lawman following an altercation with a political opponent of his boss which led to him being fined $ 30 . In 1876 , he followed his brother James to Dodge City , Kansas , where he became an assistant city marshal . In winter 1878 , he went to Texas to track down an outlaw and met John `` Doc '' Holliday , whom Earp later credited with saving his life .   Earp moved constantly throughout his life from one boomtown to another . He left Dodge City in 1879 and moved to Tombstone with his brothers James and Virgil , where a silver boom was underway . There , the Earps clashed with a loose federation of outlaws known as the Cowboys . Wyatt , Virgil , and their younger brother Morgan held various law enforcement positions that put them in conflict with Tom and Frank McLaury , and Ike and Billy Clanton , who threatened on several occasions to kill the Earps . The conflict escalated over the next year , culminating on October 26 , 1881 in the gunfight at the O.K. Corral , in which the Earps and Holliday killed three of the Cowboys . In the next five months , Virgil was ambushed and maimed , and Morgan was assassinated . Pursuing a vendetta , Wyatt , his brother Warren , Holliday , and others formed a federal posse that killed three of the Cowboys whom they thought responsible . Wyatt was never wounded in any of the gunfights in which he took part , unlike his brothers Virgil and James , or his friend , Doc Holliday , which only added to his mystique after his death .   Earp was a lifelong gambler and was always looking for a quick way to make money . After leaving Tombstone , Earp went to San Francisco where he reunited with Josephine Earp . She became his common-law wife . They joined a gold rush to Eagle City , Idaho , where they owned mining interests and a saloon . They left there to race horses and open a saloon during a real estate boom in San Diego , California . Back in San Francisco , Wyatt raced horses again , but his reputation suffered irreparably when he refereed the Fitzsimmons-Sharkey boxing match and called a foul that led many to believe that he fixed the fight . They moved briefly to Yuma , Arizona before joining the Nome Gold Rush in 1899 . In partnership with Charlie Hoxie they opened a two-story saloon called the Dexter and made an estimated $ 80,000 ( about $ 2 million in 2017 dollars ) . Returning to the lower 48 , they opened another saloon in Tonopah , Nevada , the site of a new gold find . In about 1911 , Earp began working several mining claims in Vidal , California , retiring in the hot summers with Josephine to Los Angeles .   Wyatt Earp died on January 13 , 1929 . He was known as a Western lawman , gunfighter , and boxing referee . He had a notorious reputation for both his handling of the Fitzsimmons-Sharkey fight and his role in the O.K. Corral gunfight . This only began to change after his death when an extremely flattering biography was published in 1931 . It became a bestseller and created his reputation as a fearless lawman . Since then , Earp has been the subject of and model for numerous films , TV shows , biographies , and works of fiction that have increased his notoriety . He did , however , live to see himself being portrayed in the film Wild Bill Hickok , released in 1923 . Long after his death , he has many devoted detractors and admirers . Earp 's modern-day reputation is that of the Old West 's `` toughest and deadliest gunman of his day . ''

neg: Rose McConnell Long Rose McConnell Long ( April 8 , 1892May 27 , 1970 ) was a United States Senator and the wife of Huey Long . She was the third woman to ever serve as a U.S. Senator , and the first from the Louisiana .

neg: Pearl Reaves Pearl Reaves ( June 7 , 1929 -- March 6 , 2000 ) , also known by her married name , Pearl Farano , was an American R&B singer and guitar player , best known for her 1955 single , `` I 'm Not Ashamed ( Ugly Woman ) '' . She was unusual for her time in that she sang lead and played guitar , backed by male performers .

neg: Lynching of Laura and L. D. Nelson Laura and L. D. Nelson ( born c. 1878 and 1897 ) were an African-American mother and son who were lynched on May 25 , 1911 , near Okemah , Okfuskee County , Oklahoma .   L. D. had shot and killed Okemah 's deputy sheriff , George Loney , on May 2 , while Loney and a posse were searching the Nelsons ' farm for a stolen cow . L. D. and Laura were both charged with murder , in Laura 's case because she had been the first to grab the gun . Her husband , Austin , pleaded guilty to larceny and was sent to the relative safety of the state prison in McAlester . Laura and L. D. were held in the Okemah county jail , possibly along with Laura 's baby , to await trial .   During the night of May 24 -- 25 , Laura and L. D. were kidnapped from their cells by between a dozen and 40 white men , allegedly including Charley Guthrie , father of the folk singer Woody Guthrie . The Associated Press reported that Laura was raped . She and L. D. were then hanged from a railroad bridge over the North Canadian River . According to one source , Laura 's baby was with her but survived the attack .   Sightseers gathered on the bridge in the morning . George Henry Farnum , the owner of Okemah 's only photography studio , took photographs , which were distributed as postcards , a common practice at the time . The district judge convened a grand jury , but the killers were never identified . Four of Farnum 's photographs are known to have survived -- two spectator scenes and one close-up view each of Laura and L. D. Three of the images were re-published in 2000 and exhibited at the Roth Horowitz Gallery in New York by James Allen , an antique collector . The images of Laura Nelson are the only known surviving photographs of a female lynching victim .

neg: Auvergne Doherty Auvergne Mary Doherty , M.A. , B.A. ( 3 October 1896 -- 3 January 1964 ) was an Australian businesswoman , working in her family 's cattle business . She was one of the first nine women first called to the bar but she did not practice law .

neg: Abigail Adams Abigail Adams ( née Smith ; November 22 -LSB- O.S. November 11 -RSB- 1744 -- October 28 , 1818 ) was the closest advisor and wife of John Adams , as well as the mother of John Quincy Adams . She is sometimes considered to have been a Founder of the United States , and is now designated as the first Second Lady and second First Lady of the United States , although these titles were not in use at the time .   Adams 's life is one of the most documented of the first ladies : she is remembered for the many letters she wrote to her husband while he stayed in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , during the Continental Congresses . John frequently sought the advice of Abigail on many matters , and their letters are filled with intellectual discussions on government and politics . In one of her more famous letters she implores her husband and his colleagues , all of whom were male , to , '' ... remember the ladies ... If particular care and attention is not paid to the Ladies we are determined to foment a Rebellion , and will not hold ourselves bound by any Laws in which we have no voice , or Representation . '' Her letters also serve as eyewitness accounts of the American Revolutionary War home front .

neg: Say Her Name #SayHerName is a social movement that seeks to raise awareness for black female victims of police brutality and anti-Black violence in the United States . #SayHerName aims to change the public perception that victims of police brutality and anti-Black violence are predominantly male by highlighting the gender-specific ways in which black women , particularly black queer women and black transgender women , are disproportionately affected by fatal acts of racial injustice . In an effort to create a large social media presence alongside existing racial justice campaigns , such as #BlackLivesMatter and #BlackGirlsMatter , the African American Policy Forum ( AAPF ) coined the hashtag #SayHerName in February 2015 .   In May 2015 , the AAPF released a report entitled `` Say Her Name : Resisting Police Brutality against Black Women , '' which outlined the goals and objectives of the #SayHerName movement . Following Sandra Bland 's fatal encounter with police in July 2015 , the AAPF , in conjunction with the Center for Intersectionality and Social Policy Studies at Columbia Law School and Soros Justice Fellow , Andrea Ritchie , issued an updated version of the original report . The updated version includes a description of the circumstances surrounding Bland 's death , as well as several accounts detailing recent incidents of police-instigated violence against black women , including Tanisha Anderson and Rekia Boyd . In addition to these accounts , the report provides an analytical framework for understanding black women 's susceptibility to police brutality and state-sanctioned violence , as well as offers some suggestions on how to effectively mobilize various communities and empower them to advocate for racial justice .   Drawing from the AAPF report , the #SayHerName movement strives to address the invisibilization of black women within mainstream media and , more specifically , the #BlackLivesMatter movement . Of the movement 's many agendas , one includes commemorating the women who have lost their lives due to police brutality and anti-Black violence . To advance this agenda , the AAPF , along with twenty local sponsors and the Center for Intersectionality and Social Policy Studies at Columbia Law School , organized a vigil on May 20 , 2015 , in New York City , where dozens gathered to demand that the public no longer ignore black women 's struggles against gendered , racialized violence .

neg: Gladys Black Gladys Bowery Black ( 1909 -- 1998 ) was an American ornithologist , conservationist , and writer known as `` Iowa 's Bird Lady '' . She was inducted into the Iowa Women 's Hall of Fame in 1985 .

neg: Juanita Jackson Mitchell Juanita Elizabeth Jackson Mitchell ( January 2 , 1913 -- July 7 , 1992 ) was born in Hot Springs , Arkansas and was the first African-American woman to practice law in Maryland . She was married to Clarence M. Mitchell , Jr. , mother of two Maryland State Senators , and grandmother of one .

neg: Marshall Eugene DeWolfe Marshall Eugene DeWolfe ( September 22 , 1880 -- January 1 , 1915 ) was the only child of future First Lady Florence Harding ( then , Florence Kling ) and her first husband , Henry Athenton `` Pete '' DeWolfe ( 4 March 1859 - 8 March 1894 ) . Born in Galion , Crawford County , Ohio , young DeWolfe was primarily raised by his mother ; his father was a chronic alcoholic who was absent from the home for days at a time .   Those doing research on the Hardings , including John Dean and Robert Ferrell among others , have never been able to find documentary proof of a regular marriage between Kling and DeWolfe , leading some people to conclude it was a common law marriage -- a form of irregular marriage contracted by habit and repute , which was not abolished in Ohio until 1991 . The marriage between Kling and DeWolfe is otherwise attested by the papers from their divorce proceeding , which are on file in Marion County Ohio . It is also possible that they had a regular marriage and the officiant who solemnized it simply failed to return the marriage certificate to the county , or the county clerk 's office subsequently lost it .   A record of the issuance of a marriage license was printed in The Marion Star on January 31 , 1880 ; and the January 27 , 1880 edition of the same paper refers to a marriage having occurred at Columbus on January 22 , 1880 . The documentary proof of a regular marriage is the marriage certificate , which is completed by the solemnizing officiant and returned to the county clerk for recordation . The marriage certificate usually comprises the lower part of the same document as the marriage license , so if the certificate gets lost on its way to the county clerk the license will be lost along with it .   Following the divorce of his parents , young Marshall was raised by his grandparents , Amos Hall Kling and Louisa `` Louise '' Mabel ( Bouton ) Kling , while his mother lived independently and earned an income as a piano teacher in Marion , Ohio . As part of the agreement with her father , Florence would not have a role in her own son 's upbringing . Throughout his life , Marshall used either his Kling or DeWolfe surname .   Florence Kling DeWolfe married newspaper publisher Warren G. Harding in 1891 . However , Marshall remained under his grandfather 's control and roof . While a room was set aside for him in the Harding home , Marshall never felt at home under his mother 's roof , and never comfortable under his grandfather 's strict control .   DeWolfe studied journalism at the University of Michigan from 1899 to 1903 . While attending Michigan , he played football as a quarterback on the Michigan Wolverines all-freshman football team in 1899 .   DeWolfe aspired to be a newspaperman like his stepfather Warren G. Harding . By all accounts , his relationship with Harding was closer than the relationship that he had with his mother . After his graduation from Marion High School , DeWolfe was given a job at the Marion Daily Star . DeWolfe eventually purchased a struggling newspaper in Colorado , moving there with his young family . The venture was unsuccessful , as was a later farming attempt , due in part to his problem with alcoholism .   Marshall Kling DeWolfe died of the effects of alcoholism and tuberculosis in Colorado on January 1 , 1915 , at the age of 34 . His death , the return of his body to Marion and his funeral were events that were not known in the community . He is buried in an unmarked grave in the DeWolfe family plot in Marion Cemetery .   Marshall Eugene DeWolfe married Esther Naomi Neely . Their son , George Warren DeWolfe ( 1914-1968 ) , and daughter , Eugenia DeWolfe ( 1911-1978 ) , were the principal heirs to the estate left by their grandmother , Florence Harding , following her death on November 21 , 1924 .   When Warren G. Harding ran for President in 1920 , his wife skilfully bluffed reporters into believing that she had been a widow , not a divorcee , when they married . When she duly became First Lady , her ex-husband and son were forbidden topics at the White House and in the press .

neg: Earhart Earhart is a surname . Notable people with the surname include :   Amelia Earhart ( 1897 -- disappeared 1937 ) , American aviation pioneer and author  Daniel S. Earhart ( 1907 -- 1976 ) , U.S. Representative from Ohio  Fred A. Earhart , acting mayor of New Orleans for one day on July 15 , 1936  Harry Boyd Earhart ( 1870 -- 1954 ) , successful oil company executive  Ralph Earhart , former halfback in the National Football League  Will Earhart ( 1871 -- 1960 ) , pioneering American music educator

neg: Diana Rauner Diana Mendley Rauner is the wife of Illinois Governor Bruce Rauner . She has been serving as First Lady of Illinois since January 12 , 2015 . Prior to being known as the First Lady , she was the `` face and voice for the Ounce of Prevention Fund '' which is a non-profit in Chicago .

neg: Wild Bill Hickok (film) Wild Bill Hickok is a 1923 American Western silent film directed by Clifford Smith , and written by William S. Hart and J.G. Hawks . It stars William S. Hart , Ethel Grey Terry , Kathleen O'Connor , James Farley , Jack Gardner , Carl Gerard and William Dyer . The film was released on November 18 , 1923 , by Paramount Pictures . It was the first film to depict Wyatt Earp , although in a very brief role , and the only film made before he died in 1929 that included his character , until Law and Order was released in 1932 . A print of the film exists in the Museum of Modern Art film archive .

neg: Josefa Segovia Josefa Loazia , also more commonly known as `` Juanita '' , was a Mexican-American woman who was executed by hanging in Downieville , California on July 5 , 1851 . She was found guilty of murdering a man , Frederick Cannon , who attempted to assault her . She is known to be the first and only woman to be hanged in California . Many discrepancies exist regarding the circumstances of her death . Josefa 's death has many connections and relevancy to the larger history of Latina/os in the United States because it shows how her racial status affected perception of her and how devalued the life of a Mexican American woman was . Josefa 's death highlights the discrimination and violence against Latinos in the latter half of the nineteenth century . Upon the end of the Mexican-American War , the discovery of gold in California , and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , life for Mexicans in what had become the United States was changed completely . They lost their property , political power , and their culture was deemed worthless They became segregated and did not have opportunities for advancement . This discrimination affected and applied to both rich and poor Mexicans . In Anglo journals and other media , Mexican women were depicted as flashy and morally deviant `` sirens '' . This is apparent in how Josefa 's story was presented in Anglo media . She was known as `` Juanita '' when stories came out about her death in complete disregard of who she was so much as to give her a stereotypical name for a Mexican woman rather than using her real name .

neg: Ann Bassett Ann Bassett ( May 12 , 1878 -- May 8 , 1956 ) , also known as Queen Ann Bassett , was a prominent female rancher of the Old West , and with her sister Josie Bassett , was an associate of outlaws , particularly Butch Cassidy 's Wild Bunch .

neg: Talihina, Oklahoma Talihina ( pronounced `` tah-luh-HEE-nuh '' ) is a town in Le Flore County , Oklahoma , United States , its name originating from two Choctaw words , tully and hena , meaning iron road . Iron road is reference to the railroad that the town was built around . It is part of the Fort Smith , Arkansas -- Oklahoma Metropolitan Statistical Area . The population was 1,114 at the 2010 census , a loss of 8.0 percent from 1,211 at the 2000 census .

neg: Helen Herron Taft Helen Louise Herron `` Nellie '' Taft ( June 2 , 1861 -- May 22 , 1943 ) was the wife of William Howard Taft and First Lady of the United States from 1909 to 1913 .

neg: Frank Stilwell Frank C. Stilwell ( ca. 1856 -- March 20 , 1882 ) was an outlaw Cowboy who killed at least two men in Cochise County during 1877 -- 82 . Both killings were considered to have been self-defense . For four months he was a deputy sheriff in Tombstone , Arizona Territory for Cochise County Sheriff Johnny Behan . Stilwell owned interests in several mines and various businesses , including a saloon , a wholesale liquor business , a stage line , and at his death livery stables in Charleston and Bisbee . He was also a partner in a Bisbee-area saloon with ex-Texas Ranger Pete Spence .   He was closely involved in the events leading up to and following the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral on October 26 , 1881 , and was suspected in the murder of Morgan Earp on March 18 , 1882 . Two days after Morgan 's death , Frank Stilwell was killed by Deputy U.S. Marshal Wyatt Earp in a Tucson train yard . Arrest warrants were issued for Earp and four others in his gang suspected of murdering Stilwell . Murder indictments were issued at Pima County for Wyatt Earp , Doc Holliday , Warren Earp , Sherman McMaster and John Johnson . Earp agreed to turn himself in but instead fled the Arizona Territory for Colorado . Wyatt Earp admitted late in his life to killing Stilwell at close range with a shotgun .

neg: Eleanor Cripps Kennedy Eleanor Eliza Cripps Kennedy ( 1825 -- 1913 ) was a Canadian businesswoman , musician , artist , and author .   Born in London , England , on 2 November 1825 , Kennedy emigrated to the Red River Settlement ( now Manitoba ) with her husband William Kennedy in 1861 to establish a mission school for the Church of England . Though they tried to return to England in 1862 , they were trapped by a Sioux uprising in Minnesota that prevented them from leaving the province by their intended route . After returning to Red River , the couple imported the second piano to appear in the settlement , on which Kennedy performed . They built the first frame house in Manitoba in 1866 , which they called `` Maple Grove '' . Kennedy organized a clothing club during the `` severe grasshopper plagues of the later 1860s '' . Known locally as `` The Duchess '' , she was heavily involved in efforts to open a hospital in the settlement .   The Kennedys were next caught up in the Red River Rebellion in 1869 -- Eleanor was said to have personally delivered a letter to Louis Riel asking him to stop the fighting . `` Distressing '' gossip arose that she had petitioned for the life of Riel and demanded the death of Thomas Scott . She appealed to Robert Machray to address the source of the rumours , her parish priest , from whom she refused to take communion ; she threatened to leave the church if this was not done , and Machray had the priest apologize .   After the entrance of the province of Manitoba into Canadian Confederation , Kennedy established a millinery business to import clothing and foodstuffs , which provided the family with financial support while William was stricken with rheumatism . While it was initially successful , `` William began stocking inferior products , accepting land deeds and scrip in payment '' , resulting in its eventual failure . William died in January 1890 . Kennedy moved to Virden , Manitoba , where she painted nature works , played organ at the local church , and wrote poetry . She died on 4 October 1913 and was buried in St. Andrews , Manitoba .

neg: Helen Dortch Longstreet Helen Dortch Longstreet ( April 20 , 1863 -- May 3 , 1962 ) , known as the `` Fighting Lady , '' was the second wife of Confederate General James Longstreet . She earned her nickname from being a champion of causes such as preservation of the environment and civil rights . She is also remembered for her work as a Confederate memorialist and postmistress .

neg: Forrest (surname) Forrest is a common English surname deriving from Forest . Variant spellings include Forest , Foriest , De Forest , De Forrest , DeForest and DeForrest . It appears to originate in Scotland around the Edinburgh region . The Forrest clan fought with Bonnie Prince Charlie travelling down to England with the Scottish invasions of the 17th and 18th centuries .   Notable real persons with the name include :  Alexander Forrest , Australian explorer  Andrew Forrest , Australian mining entrepreneur  Anne Marie Forrest , Irish writer  Anthony Alexander Forrest , Australian rules footballer and soldier  April Forrest , singer in girlgroup Jada UniversalMotown  Arthur J. Forrest , Medal of Honor recipient  Barbara Forrest , philosopher and critic of intelligent design  Catriona Forrest , Scottish field hockey player  Craig Forrest , Canadian soccer/football player  Dan Forrest , American composer  David Forrest ( disambiguation ) , several people of that name  Edwin Forrest , American actor  Emmett Forrest ( 1927 -- 2013 ) , American collector and museum founder  Eric Forrest , bass guitarist  Frederic Forrest , American actor  French Forrest , American Confederate naval officer  George Forrest , several people  Hal Forrest , American comics artist  Helen Forrest , American big band singer  Ina Forrest , Canadian wheelchair curler  James Forrest ( disambiguation ) , several people  Jason Forrest , electronic music producer  Jodi Forrest , American actress  Joe Forrest , American Football/Baseball Coach Trade Show Exhibit Expert  John Forrest ( disambiguation ) , several people  Joseph King Cummins Forrest , an original founder of The Chicago Tribune  Katherine V. Forrest , American writer  Kevin Forrest , American soccer player  Linn A. Forrest , American architect  Margaret Forrest , wife of John Forrest the explorer  Maureen Milgram Forrest ( 1938 -- 2013 ) , British businesswoman  Nathan Bedford Forrest , Confederate general  Nathan Bedford Forrest III , American general  Paula Forrest , Australian actress  Peter Forrest , Australian cricketer  Ray Forrest , American radio announcer  Ruth Forrest , Tasmanian politician  Sally Forrest , American actress  Sam Forrest , singer and guitarist  Steve Forrest ( actor ) ( 1925 -- 2013 ) , American actor  Steve Forrest ( musician ) , rock music drummer  Ted Forrest , American poker player  Thomas Forrest , American politician  Thomas Forrest , Esq ( 1572-1641 ) , Virginia Company Financier , husband of the first woman to come to America in 1608  Uriah Forrest ( 1746-1805 ) , Revolutionary War hero , U.S. Congressman and delegate for Maryland , and direct descendent of Thomas Forrest , Esq ( 1572-1641 )  Thorne Forrest , P. Eng. , Traffic Engineer  Vernon Forrest ( 1971-2009 ) , American boxer  William Forrest ( 1902 -- 1989 ) , an American film actor  William Forrest ( disambiguation ) , several people   Notable fictional characters include :   Duke Forrest , a character from the M * A * S * H novels  Admiral Maxwell Forrest , a recurring character on Star Trek : Enterprise


query: Bermuda is a place.

pos: Bermuda Bermuda ( -LSB- pronbərˈmjuːdə -RSB- ) is a British Overseas Territory in the North Atlantic Ocean . It is approximately 1070 km east-southeast of Cape Hatteras , North Carolina ; 1236 km south of Cape Sable Island , Nova Scotia ; and 1578 km north of San Juan , Puerto Rico . The capital city is Hamilton . Bermuda is an associate member of Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) .   The first person known to have reached Bermuda was the Spanish sea captain Juan de Bermúdez in 1503 , after whom the islands are named . He claimed the islands for the Spanish Empire . Bermúdez never landed on the islands , but made two visits to the archipelago , of which he created a recognisable map . Shipwrecked Portuguese mariners are now thought to have been responsible for the 1543 inscription on Portuguese Rock ( previously called Spanish Rock ) . Subsequent Spanish or other European parties are believed to have released pigs there , which had become feral and abundant on the island by the time European settlement began . In 1609 , the English Virginia Company , which had established Jamestown in Virginia two years earlier , permanently settled Bermuda in the aftermath of a hurricane , when the crew and passengers of the Sea Venture steered the ship onto the surrounding reef to prevent its sinking , then landed ashore .   The island was administered as an extension of Virginia by the Company until 1614 . Its spin-off , the Somers Isles Company , took over in 1615 and managed the colony until 1684 . At that time , the company 's charter was revoked , and the English Crown took over administration . The islands became a British colony following the 1707 unification of the parliaments of Scotland and England , which created the Kingdom of Great Britain . After 1949 , when Newfoundland became part of Canada , Bermuda became the oldest remaining British overseas territory . After the return of Hong Kong to China in 1997 , Bermuda became the most populous British territory . Its first capital , St. George 's , was established in 1612 .   Bermuda 's economy is based on offshore insurance and reinsurance , and tourism , the two largest economic sectors . Bermuda had one of the world 's highest GDP per capita for most of the 20th century and several years beyond . Recently , its economic status has been affected by the global recession . It has a subtropical climate . Bermuda is the northernmost point of the Bermuda Triangle , a region of sea in which , according to legend , a number of aircraft and surface vessels have disappeared under supposedly unexplained or mysterious circumstances . The island is in the hurricane belt and prone to severe weather . However , it is somewhat protected from the full force of a hurricane by the coral reef that surrounds the island .

neg: Archipelagic state An archipelagic state is any internationally recognized state or country that comprises a series of islands that form an archipelago . The term is defined by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in order to define what borders such states should be allowed to claim .   In various conferences , Fiji , Indonesia , Papua New Guinea , the Bahamas , and the Philippines are the five sovereign states that obtained approval in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea signed in Montego Bay , Jamaica on December 10 , 1982 and qualified as archipelagic states .   Archipelagic states are states that are composed of groups of islands forming a state as a single unit , with the islands and the waters within the baselines as internal waters . Under this concept ( `` archipelagic doctrine '' ) , an archipelago shall be regarded as a single unit , so that the waters around , between , and connecting the islands of the archipelago , irrespective of their breadth and dimensions , form part of the internal waters of the state , and are subject to its exclusive sovereignty .   The approval of the United Nations for the five sovereign states as archipelagic states respect existing agreements with other countries and shall recognize traditional fishing rights and other legitimate activities of the immediately adjacent neighboring countries in certain areas falling within archipelagic waters . The terms and conditions for the exercise of such rights and activities , including the nature , the extent and the areas to which they apply , shall , at the request of any of the countries concerned , be regulated by bilateral agreements between them . Such rights shall not be transferred to or shared with third countries or their nationals .

neg: Flag of Bermuda The flag of Bermuda was adopted on 4 October , 1910 . It is a British Red Ensign with the Union Flag in the upper left corner , and the coat of arms of Bermuda in the lower right .   The flag is unusual for a British overseas territory in that it is used on land in a red ensign form ; most other British overseas territories use a version of the blue ensign for general use ashore . Bermuda 's use of a red ensign on land is in keeping with Canada ( pre-1965 ) and the Union of South Africa ( pre 1928 ) , both of which used red ensigns ashore as local flags in the early part of the 20th century . Bermuda 's flag is an appropriate civil ensign for vessels registered on the Bermuda portion of the British Register , by virtue of the Bermuda Merchant Shipping Act of 2002 . The Governor of Bermuda uses a Union Flag defaced with the coat of arms , a design traditional for Governors of the British overseas territories . For the state ensign , a blue ensign is used .

neg: Demographics of Bermuda This article is about the demographic features of the population of Bermuda , including population density , ethnicity , education level , health of the populace , economic status , religious affiliations and other aspects of the population .

neg: Mangrove Lake, Bermuda Mangrove Lake is - after Harrington Sound - Bermuda 's second largest lake . Like many of Bermuda 's lakes , it is brackish , as it lies close to the Atlantic Ocean and can be inundated by it in storms .   The lake lies on the boundary between Smith 's and Hamilton Parishes to the east of Harrington Sound . It is home to the largest population of the endemic Bermuda killifish and is a prominent birdwatching site , with migratory birds stopping here on their journeys across the Atlantic . It also serves as a major water hazard on one of Bermuda 's top golf courses .   A smaller lake , Trott 's Pond , lies 800 metres ( half a mile ) to the northeast .   Category : Lakes of Bermuda  Category : Hamilton Parish  Category : Smith 's Parish

neg: Iota Island, Bermuda Iota Island is an island of Bermuda located in Warwick Parish .   Category : Islands of Bermuda  Category : Warwick Parish

neg: List of birds of Bermuda This is a list of the bird species recorded in Bermuda . The avifauna of Bermuda include a total of 375 species , a remarkable number considering that the island is a mere 53.3 square kilometres . Ten of these have been introduced by humans ; the mallard also occurs naturally as a non-breeding migrant . 207 are rare or accidental . Two species listed are extirpated in Bermuda ; Audubon 's shearwater formerly bred but is now only a vagrant while there are a few old records of Eskimo curlew occurring on migration but none since 1930 . Seven species are globally threatened .   This list 's taxonomic treatment ( designation and sequence of orders , families and species ) and nomenclature ( common and scientific names ) follow the conventions of the American Ornithologists ' Union checklist ( 7th edition and supplements ) . The species counts found in each family account reflect this taxonomy . Introduced and accidental species are included in the total counts for Bermuda . Species marked accidental are those listed as `` rare '' or `` very rare '' in Dobson ( 2002 ) .   The following tags have been used to highlight several categories , but not all species fall into one of these categories . Those that do not are commonly occurring native species .   ( A ) Accidental - a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in Bermuda  ( I ) Introduced - a species introduced to Bermuda as a consequence , direct or indirect , of human actions  ( Ex ) Extirpated - a species that no longer occurs in Bermuda although populations exist elsewhere  ( E ) Extinct - a species that is extinct globally

neg: Bermuda Conference The Bermuda Conference was an international conference between the United Kingdom and the United States held from April 19 , 1943 , through April 30 , 1943 , at Hamilton , Bermuda . The topic of discussion was the question of Jewish refugees who had been liberated by Allied forces and those who still remained in Nazi-occupied Europe . The only agreement made was that the war must be won against the Nazis . US immigration quotas were not raised nor was the British prohibition on Jewish refugees seeking refuge in the British Mandate of Palestine lifted .   The United States delegation was led by Dr. Harold W. Dodds . The British delegation was led by Richard Law , a junior minister at the Foreign Office .

neg: List of political parties in Bermuda This article lists political parties in Bermuda .   Bermuda has a two-party system , which means that there are two dominant political parties : the Progressive Labour Party ( PLP ) and the One Bermuda Alliance ( OBA ) . From 1968 -- Bermuda 's first party-based election -- to 1998 , the United Bermuda Party ( UBP ) controlled Parliament . In 1998 , it was supplanted by the slightly older PLP . Most UBP members merged with a breakaway party called the Bermuda Democratic Alliance in 2011 to form the OBA . The PLP and OBA hold the vast majority of seats in the House of Assembly and are currently the only two parties with offices and organisations .   Another party , the Bermuda Democratic Party , contested the 1968 election but failed to win any seats and collapsed soon after , eventually to be replaced by the now-defunct National Liberal Party . In addition , several candidates have run as independents , to varying success , or have formed temporary , one-man parties such as the Gombey Liberation Party ( or , in its later days , the National Liberal Party ) .

neg: Caribbean Sea The Caribbean Sea ( Mar Caribe Mer des Caraïbes Caraïbische Zee ) is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean in the tropics of the Western Hemisphere . It is bounded by Mexico and Central America to the west and south west , to the north by the Greater Antilles starting with Cuba , to the east by the Lesser Antilles , and to the south by the north coast of South America .   The entire area of the Caribbean Sea , the numerous islands of the West Indies , and adjacent coasts , are collectively known as the Caribbean . The Caribbean Sea is one of the largest seas and has an area of about 2,754,000 km2 ( 1,063,000 sq mi ) . The sea 's deepest point is the Cayman Trough , between the Cayman Islands and Jamaica , at 7,686 m ( 25,220 ft ) below sea level . The Caribbean coastline has many gulfs and bays : the Gulf of Gonâve , Gulf of Venezuela , Gulf of Darién , Golfo de los Mosquitos , Gulf of Paria and Gulf of Honduras .   The Caribbean Sea has the world 's second biggest barrier reef , the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef . It runs 1000 km along the coasts of Mexico , Belize , Guatemala , and Honduras .

neg: Elections in Bermuda Elections in Bermuda have been taking place since 1620 . Bermuda elects on territorial level a legislature . Parliament has two chambers . The House of Assembly has 36 members , elected for a five-year term in single seat constituencies . The Senate has 11 appointed members .  Bermuda has a two-party system , which means that there are two dominant political parties , with extreme difficulty for anybody to achieve electoral success under the banner of any other party .

neg: Outline of Antigua and Barbuda The following outline is provided as an overview of and introduction to Antigua and Barbuda :   Antigua and Barbuda -- twin-island nation lying between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean . It consists of two major inhabited islands , Antigua and Barbuda , and a number of smaller islands ( including Great Bird , Green , Guinea , Long , Maiden and York Islands and further south , the island of Redonda ) . Its governance , language , and culture have all been strongly influenced by the British Empire , of which the country was formerly a part .

neg: Bethell's Island, Bermuda Bethell 's Island is an island of Bermuda .

neg: L.F. Wade International Airport L.F. Wade International Airport , formerly named Bermuda International Airport , is the sole airport serving the British overseas territory of Bermuda in the North Atlantic Ocean . It is located in the parish of St. George 's and is 6 NM northeast of Bermuda 's capital city of Hamilton . In 2006 , L.F. Wade International Airport handled about 900,000 passengers , up 7 % from 2005 . It has one passenger terminal , one cargo terminal , eight aircraft stands and can support all aircraft sizes up to and including the Airbus A380 . Currently , seven airlines operate seasonal or year-round scheduled services to Bermuda Airport from Canada , the United Kingdom , and the United States .

neg: Outline of Trinidad and Tobago The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Trinidad and Tobago :   Trinidad and Tobago -- sovereign island nation located in the Lesser Antilles Archipelago in the southeastern Caribbean Sea . Trinidad and Tobago lies northeast of Venezuela and south of the island nation of Grenada . It also shares maritime boundaries with Barbados to the northeast and Guyana to the southeast . The country covers an area of 5,128 square kilometers ( 1,979 sq mi ) and consists of two main islands , Trinidad and Tobago , and numerous smaller landforms . Trinidad is the larger and more populous of the main islands ; Tobago is much smaller , comprising about 6 % of the total area and 4 % of the population . The nation lies outside the hurricane belt .   Officially Trinidadians or Tobagonians , the people from Trinidad and Tobago are often informally referred to as Trinbagonians or Trinis ( for Trinidadians ) . Unlike most of the English-speaking Caribbean , Trinidad and Tobago is a primarily industrialised country whose economy is based on petroleum and petrochemicals . Trinidad and Tobago is famous for its pre-Lenten Carnival and as the birthplace of steelpan , calypso , chutney , chutney-soca , pichakaree , chut-kai-pang , cariso , kaiso , parang , soca , and limbo .

neg: Whale Island, Sandys, Bermuda Whale Island , Sandys is an island of Bermuda .   Category : Islands of Bermuda  Category : Sandys Parish

neg: 1970 Canada hurricane The 1970 Canada hurricane was an unnamed tropical cyclone that brought impact to Bermuda and Newfoundland . The fourth hurricane and ninth tropical storm of the annual hurricane season , this system developed northeast of the Bahamas as a subtropical depression on October 12 . While tracking northeastward , the system intensified , becoming a subtropical storm on the following day . The subtropical storm transitioned into a tropical cyclone on October 16 , and strengthened into a hurricane about twelve hours later . The hurricane later bypassed Bermuda , before further intensifying into a Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir -- Simpson hurricane wind scale . Thereafter , the hurricane accelerated rapidly northeastward , and made landfall on the Avalon Peninsula of Newfoundland as a Category 1 hurricane . It transitioned into an extratropical cyclone early on October 17 .   The system produced tropical storm force winds on Bermuda , which caused the suspension of schools , transportation , and interrupted businesses , although minimal structural damage occurred . Light rainfall was also reported on the island . Hurricane force winds were observed throughout Newfoundland , which caused damage to structures , though mostly limited to broken windows . Rough seas damaged fishing dories and a fishing ramp on the Atlantic coast of the island . The cost of damage on the Burin Peninsula was estimated to be in the thousands of dollars , although the specific figure in unknown . Heavy rainfall was also reported in the region , with precipitation in Quebec reaching nearly 5 in . On the French Territory of Saint Pierre and Miquelon , several buildings and houses lost their roof due to strong winds .

neg: Bermuda killifish The Bermuda killifish ( Fundulus bermudae ) is a small fish which is endemic to the islands of Bermuda in the western Atlantic Ocean . It belongs to the genus Fundulus in the Fundulidae family of killifish and topminnows .   It can grow up to 12.9 centimetres in length and 21.4 grams in weight . The male is dark green with a yellow underside and a dark spot on the dorsal fin when spawning . The female is brown or olive in colour , paler below .   It was formerly common in fresh and brackish ponds and marshes throughout Bermuda . It has a declined as a result of destruction and modification of its habitat by humans and was listed as a protected species in the Bermuda Protected Species Act of 2003 . It is currently known from just seven ponds : Mangrove Lake , Trott 's Pond , West and East Walsingham Ponds , Warwick Pond , Evan 's Pond and an introduced population in Blue Hole Pond . The populations in Lover 's Lake and Bartram 's Pond are now thought to be a separate species , Lover 's Lake killifish ( F. relictus ) . Some other populations of Bermuda killifish may also be separate species .   Its omnivorous diet includes green algae , molluscs , crustaceans and insects . Its predators include herons , grey snappers and American eels , as well as the introduced eastern mosquitofish and red-eared terrapins .

neg: New Providence New Providence is the most populous island in the Bahamas , containing more than 70 % of the total population . It is the location of the national capital city of Nassau . The island was originally under Spanish control following Christopher Columbus 's discovery of the New World , but the Spanish government showed little interest in developing the island ( and the Bahamas as a whole ) . Nassau , the island 's largest city , was formerly known as Charles-town , but it was burned to the ground by the Spanish in 1684 . It was laid out and renamed Nassau in 1695 by Nicholas Trott , the most successful Lord Proprietor , in honor of the Prince of Orange-Nassau who became William III of England . The three branches of Bahamian Government : the executive , the legislative , and the judiciary , are all headquartered on New Providence . New Providence functions as the main commercial hub of the Bahamas . It is also home to more than 400 banks and trust companies , and its hotels and port account for more than two thirds of the four million-plus tourists who visit the Bahamas annually . Other settlements on New Providence include Grants Town , Bain Town , Fox Hill , Adelaide , Yamacraw , South Beach , Coral Harbour , Lyford Cay , Paradise Island , Sea Breeze , Centreville , The Grove ( South ) and The Grove ( West Bay ) , Cable Beach , Delaporte , Gambier , and Love Beach .

neg: Higgs' Island, Bermuda Higgs ' Island is an island of Bermuda .   Category : Islands of Bermuda  Category : St. George 's Parish , Bermuda

neg: Royal Bermuda Yacht Club The Royal Bermuda Yacht Club ( RBYC ) is a private yacht club that was established as the Bermuda Yacht Club on November 1 , 1844 . In 1845 , Prince Albert consented to become Patron of the Club and in 1846 the Club was permitted to add the adjective `` Royal '' to its name . The RBYC flies the blue ensign with the RBYC badge .   In 1933 the Club moved to its current site at Albuoy 's Point , Hamilton . Currently the Club has about 850 resident and non-resident members .   The club is also the third oldest ` Royal ' club outside British shores .   The Club has co-hosted the biannual Bermuda Race from 1906 to 1926 with various American yacht clubs , and since 1926 with the Cruising Club of America . It also currently hosts the Charleston Bermuda Race .


query: There is a tennis player called Steffi Graf.

pos: Steffi Graf Stefanie Maria `` Steffi '' Graf ( -LSB- ˈʃtɛfiː ˈgʁa : f -RSB- ; born 14 June 1969 ) is a German former tennis player , who was ranked world No. 1 during her career . Graf won 22 Grand Slam singles titles . Her 22 singles titles put her second on the list of Major wins by a tennis player ( male or female ) since the introduction of the Open Era in 1968 and is third all-time behind Margaret Court ( 24 ) and Serena Williams ( 23 ) . In 1988 , she became the first and only tennis player ( male or female ) to achieve the Golden Slam by winning all four Grand Slam singles titles and the Olympic gold medal in the same calendar year . Furthermore , she is the only tennis player to have won each Grand Slam event at least four times .   Graf was ranked world No. 1 by the Women 's Tennis Association ( WTA ) for a record 377 total weeks -- the longest period for which any player , male or female , has held the number-one ranking since the WTA and the Association of Tennis Professionals began issuing rankings . She won 107 singles titles , which ranks her third on the WTA 's all-time list after Martina Navratilova ( 167 titles ) and Chris Evert ( 157 titles ) . She and Margaret Court are the only players , male or female , to win three grand slams in a calendar year five times ( 1988 , 1989 , 1993 , 1995 and 1996 ) .   Notable features of Graf 's game were her versatility across all playing surfaces , footwork and her powerful forehand drive . Graf won six French Open singles titles ( second to Evert ) , seven Wimbledon singles titles , four Australian Open titles , and five U.S. Open singles titles . She is the only singles player ( male or female ) to have achieved a Grand Slam since hard court was introduced as a surface at the US Open in 1978 . Consequently , Graf 's Grand Slam was achieved on grass , clay , and hard court while the previous five Grand Slams were decided on only grass and clay . Graf reached thirteen consecutive Grand Slam singles finals , from the 1987 French Open through to the 1990 French Open , winning nine of them . She won 5 consecutive Majors ( 1988 Australian Open to 1989 Australian Open ) , and seven Majors out of eight , in two calendar years ( 1988 Australian Open to 1989 US Open , except 1989 French Open ) . She reached a total of 31 Grand Slam singles finals .   Graf is regarded by some to be the greatest female tennis player of all time . Navratilova included Graf on her list of great players . In 1999 Billie Jean King said `` Steffi is definitely the greatest women 's tennis player of all time '' . In December 1999 , Graf was named the greatest female tennis player of the 20th century by a panel of experts assembled by the Associated Press . Tennis writer Steve Flink , in his book The Greatest Tennis Matches of the Twentieth Century , named her as the best female player of the 20th century . In March 2012 , Tennis Channel picked Graf as the greatest female tennis player ever in their list of 100 greatest tennis players of all time .   Graf retired in 1999 while she was ranked World No. 3 . She married former World No. 1 men 's tennis player Andre Agassi in October 2001 . The couple has two children -- Jaden Gil and Jaz Elle . Graf was inducted into the Tennis Hall of Fame in 2004 .

neg: 1995 WTA Tour Championships The 1996 WTA Tour Championships , also known by its sponsored name Corel WTA Tour Championships , was a women 's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at Madison Square Garden in New York City , New York in the United States . It was the 24th edition of the season-ending singles championships and the 21st edition of the year-end doubles championships . The event was part of the 1995 WTA Tour and was held from November 13 and November 19 , 1995 . First-seeded Steffi Graf won the singles title , her fourth , and the accompanying $ 500,000 first-prize money .

neg: Stephanie DeFina Stephanie DeFina Johnson ( born March 8 , 1946 ) is an American former amateur tennis player who was active in the 1960s and early 1970s .   DeFina was included in the year-end top ten rankings issued by the United States Lawn Tennis Association from 1966 through 1968 , reaching a career high ranking of seventh in 1967 .   Her best singles result at a Grand Slam tournament was reaching the fourth round of the 1967 Wimbledon Championships in which she lost to Ann Jones .   In 1966 , she reached the final of the U.S. Women 's Clay Court Championships before falling to Nancy Richey . In 1969 , she was a doubles runner-up at the New England Women 's Invitational Indoor Tennis Championships ( teaming with Kathy Pigeon ) and was the singles runner-up at the U.S. Indoor Championships .   At the tournament in Cincinnati , DeFina won two singles titles : in 1963 ( defeating Jane `` Peaches '' Bartkowicz in the final ) and 1965 ( defeating Roberta Alison in the final ) . She also paired with Alison to win the Cincinnati doubles title in 1965 .   In 1968 DeFina was a member of the U.S. team that competed for the Wightman Cup , the annual women 's team tennis competition between the United States and Great Britain . She played the doubles match partnering Kathy Harter but lost to the sister team of Christine Truman Janes and Nell Truman .   DeFina was a member of the 1974 World Team Tennis champion Denver Racquets .

neg: List of Grand Slam mixed doubles champions While many mixed doubles tennis players have won at least one title in each of the four Majors , a career slam , only one mixed doubles team has won the coveted `` Grand Slam '' , all four titles in a single calendar year , Margaret Court and Ken Fletcher in 1963 . Margaret Court and Owen Davidson also won an individual `` Grand Slam '' with different partners .   List of Mixed Doubles Grand Slam tournament champions in tennis :

neg: Antonella Serra Zanetti Antonella Serra Zanetti ( born 25 July 1980 ; -LSB- antoˈnɛlla ˈsɛrra dzaˈnetti -RSB- ) is a retired professional female tennis player from Italy .   On 30 January 2006 Serra Zanetti achieved her career-high singles ranking : World No. 60 . On 8 May 2006 her career-high doubles ranking : World No. 47 . Serra Zanetti won 2 WTA doubles titles .

neg: Unmatched Unmatched is a documentary about tennis players Martina Navratilova and Chris Evert , their decades-long on-court rivalry and lifelong friendship , created for ESPN 's 30 for 30 documentary series . Evert and Navratilova met in 80 matches , 60 finals and 14 grand slam finals with Navratilova sporting a 43-37 advantage .   The film was shot over three days in Amagansett , New York in October 2009 . Unmatched was awarded the 2011 Gracie Award for `` Outstanding Producer - News/Non-fiction '' .   Navratilova was sometimes described as the lesbian tennis player from a communist country : `` As one of the first openly gay sports figures , she has spent much of her career overcoming prejudices and stereotypes , giving up millions of dollars in endorsements and sponsorships as a result of her insistence on living a life of integrity and honesty . '' Evert was described as the all-American girl next door . Today Navratilova is often cited as the greatest tennis player of all-time ; she has won 167 singles titles , 177 doubles championships titles and 59 Grand Slam titles , she has been inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame , was the WTA 's `` Tour Player of the Year '' seven times , was declared one of the `` Top Forty Athletes of All-time '' by Sports Illustrated and was named `` Female Athlete of the Year '' by the Associated Press . Navratilova has served as AARP 's Health and Fitness Ambassador and is also involved with the LGBT movement , The Rainbow Card ® and Rainbow Endowment . Evert on the other hand reached more Grand Slam singles finals than any player , she has been president of the Women 's Tennis Association and in 2005 she was named fourth on the list of the 40 Greatest Players of the Tennis Era by TENNIS Magazine . Evert won 157 singles championships , 29 doubles titles and she won 18 Grand Slam singles championships and three doubles titles .   Hannah Storm said of the rivalry : `` Just think about the dynamic of competing against your best friend . They would practice together , eat lunch together , then go out and play in the final and then make travel plans to go to the next tournament . ''   In describing their rivalry and its effect on their tennis careers , Navratilova said : `` I do n't think either of us would have lasted as long without the other . '' Evert said : `` It gave us inspiration and a lot of incentive to work harder and try to continue to improve . ''

neg: WTA New Jersey The WTA New Jersey is a defunct WTA Tour affiliated tennis tournament played from 1978 to 1989 . It was held in Mahwah , New Jersey in the United States and played on outdoor hard courts .   Steffi Graf was the most successful player at the tournament , winning the singles competition three times and the doubles competition in 1989 partnering American Pam Shriver .

neg: Association of Tennis Professionals The Association of Tennis Professionals ( ATP ) was formed in September 1972 by Donald Dell , Bob Briner , Jack Kramer , and Cliff Drysdale to protect the interests of male professional tennis players . Drysdale became the first President . Since 1990 , the association has organized the worldwide tennis tour for men and linked the title of the tour with the organization 's name . In 1990 the organization was called the ATP Tour , which was renamed in 2001 as just ATP and the tour being called ATP Tour . In 2009 the name was changed again and is now known as the ATP World Tour . It is an evolution of the tour competitions previously known as Grand Prix tennis tournaments and World Championship Tennis ( WCT ) .   The ATP 's global headquarters are in London , United Kingdom . ATP Americas is based in Ponte Vedra Beach , United States ; ATP Europe is headquartered in Monaco ; and ATP International , which covers Africa , Asia and Australasia , is based in Sydney , Australia .   The counterpart organization in the women 's professional game is the Women 's Tennis Association ( WTA ) .

neg: Fed Cup Fed Cup is the premier international team competition in women 's tennis , launched in 1963 to celebrate the 50th Anniversary of the International Tennis Federation ( ITF ) . The competition was known as the Federation Cup until 1995 . The Fed Cup is the world 's largest annual women 's international team sports competition , in terms of the number of nations that compete .   The men 's equivalent of the Fed Cup is the Davis Cup . Australia , Czech Republic and the United States are the only countries that have held both the Fed Cup and Davis Cup at the same time .

neg: 1989 Family Circle Cup – Singles Martina Navratilova was the defending champion but lost in the semifinals to Natasha Zvereva .   Steffi Graf won in the final 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 1 against Zvereva .

neg: Groundstroke A groundstroke or ground stroke in tennis is a forehand or backhand shot that is executed after the ball bounces once on the court . It is usually hit from the back of the tennis court , around the baseline .   A tennis player whose strategy is to trade groundstrokes with the opponent is termed a baseliner , as opposed to volleyers who prefers to hit volleys near the net .   There are many factors that may define a good groundstroke . For example , one groundstroke may use topspin and another backspin . Both can be effective for different reasons having to do with depth , opponent 's strength or weaknesses , etc. . Some characteristics of groundstrokes are : depth ( how close the ball lands to the opponent 's baseline ) , speed ( how fast it travels in the air ) , pace ( the ball 's behavior after it bounces on the opponent 's side ) , trajectory , and placement . If a `` good groundstroke '' is to be played , it would generally have a combination of the above characteristics to produce a shot that is difficult for the opponent to return . Generally , a groundstroke that lands deep and in the corner of the opponent 's court will make it more difficult for the opponent to return the ball . However , this is somewhat arbitrary and depends on the opponent and stage of the point being played . For example , a short angled shot , a moon ball ( very high trajectory ) , an off pace shot , etc. , may prove effective against opponent A but not opponent B.

neg: Sabine Lisicki Sabine Katharina Lisicki ( -LSB- zaˈbɪnə lɪˈzɪki -RSB- ; born 22 September 1989 ) is a German professional tennis player . She turned professional in 2006 and her breakthrough came in 2009 when she reached the quarterfinals of the Wimbledon Championships and won her first WTA title , the Family Circle Cup , against Caroline Wozniacki . In March 2010 , she suffered an ankle injury at the Indian Wells Masters that kept her out of competition for five months and saw her fall out of the top 200 .   Lisicki rebounded in 2011 and won the Aegon Classic before entering the Wimbledon Championships as a wildcard and going on to reach the semifinals , where she lost to Maria Sharapova . In doing so she became only the second woman in Wimbledon history to make it to the semifinals while entering the tournament as a wildcard . She followed that two months later by winning her third WTA tournament , the Texas Open . In 2012 , she achieved her highest career world ranking , 12th , and again reached the quarterfinals of Wimbledon . Again , in 2012 she suffered from another ankle injury that prevented her from having better results on tour . Lisicki reached the final of the 2013 Wimbledon Championships , losing to Marion Bartoli . The following year , she reached another quarterfinal at the 2014 Wimbledon Championships and won her first title in three years when she won the 2014 Hong Kong Tennis Open .   In doubles , Lisicki won the Porsche Tennis Grand Prix in 2011 with Samantha Stosur and in 2013 with Mona Barthel and the 2014 Sony Open with coach Martina Hingis . She also reached the doubles final at Wimbledon in 2011 with Stosur and came fourth in the mixed doubles event at the 2012 London Olympics with Christopher Kas .   Lisicki currently holds the world record for the fastest serve by a female tennis player . She clocked a 131.0 mph serve during her first-round encounter against Ana Ivanovic at the 2014 Bank of the West Classic . She also held the record for the most aces in a singles match , hitting 27 aces during her second-round encounter against Belinda Bencic at the 2015 Aegon Classic , until it was surpassed by Kristýna Plíšková at the 2016 Australian Open .

neg: Pam Teeguarden Pam Teeguarden ( born April 17 , 1951 ) is a former American professional tennis player in the 1970s and 1980s , ranked in the top 20 from 1970 -- 1975 , according to John Dolan 's Women 's Tennis Ultimate Guide , prior to computer rankings . She won two Grand Slam Doubles Titles and was a quarter finalist in singles at the U.S. Open and The French Open . Her father Jerry , a well known coach , helped Margaret Court win the coveted Grand Slam ( all four Grand Slam titles in one year ) in 1970 and Virginia Wade to her 1977 Wimbledon triumph . Teeguarden was voted the `` Most Watchable Player '' based on play and appearance by a group of Madison Avenue advertising executives or `` Mad Men '' while playing at the US Open . Teeguarden played in 19 consecutive US Opens , holding the record until Chris Evert played in 20 . She wore the first all black outfit in the history of tennis in 1975 at The Bridgestone Doubles Championships in Tokyo , starting a trend that is still popular today . Teeguarden was the first woman tennis player signed by Nike . She played on the victorious Los Angeles Strings Team Tennis team in 1981 and won the Team Tennis Mixed Doubles Division with Tom Gullikson in 1977 ; they were also runners-up in the league that year .   Teeguarden won two grand slam titles :   US Open Mixed in 1974 ( with Geoff Masters )  French Open in 1977 ( with Regina Maršíková )   Among Teeguarden 's doubles titles are the Canadian Open Doubles , the Swedish Open Doubles , the Austrian Open Doubles , the Argentinian Open Doubles , the Women 's Games Doubles in Salt Lake City , and the Virginia Slims of Tucson Doubles .

neg: Grunting in tennis Grunting in tennis is the very loud noise , sometimes described as `` shrieking '' or `` screaming '' , made by some players while hitting their shots . It is prominent in both men 's and women 's tennis . Many players and spectators find it to be distracting or obnoxious above a certain sound level .   Monica Seles and Jimmy Connors are generally considered as the `` grunt creator '' in the women 's and men 's games respectively . Examples of contemporary tennis players who notably grunt are Serena Williams , Venus Williams , Maria Sharapova , Victoria Azarenka , Rafael Nadal , Novak Djokovic , David Ferrer and Gustavo Kuerten .

neg: Anastasia Myskina Anastasiya Andreyevna Myskina ( -LSB- Анастасия Мыскина , p = ɐnəstɐˈsʲijə ˈmɨskʲɪnə -RSB- born 8 July 1981 ) is a Russian former professional tennis player . She won the 2004 French Open singles title , becoming the first Russian female tennis player to win a Grand Slam singles title . Subsequent to this victory , she rose to no. 3 in the WTA rankings , becoming the first Russian female tennis player to reach the top 3 in the history of the rankings . In September 2004 , she reached a career-high ranking of world No. 2 . Although she has not officially retired , Myskina has been inactive on the WTA Tour since May 2007 .

neg: Rafael Nadal Rafael `` Rafa '' Nadal Parera ( -LSB- rəfəˈɛɫ nəˈðaɫ pəˈɾeɾə -RSB- , -LSB- rafaˈel naˈðal paˈɾeɾa -RSB- ; born 3 June 1986 ) is a Spanish professional tennis player . He is widely regarded as the greatest clay-court player in history , and owing to his dominance and success on the surface , he has been called `` The King of Clay '' . His evolution into an all-court threat has established him as one of the greatest players in tennis history , with some considering Nadal to be the greatest male player of all time .   Nadal has won 14 Grand Slam singles titles , the 2008 Olympic gold medal in singles , an all-time record of 30 ATP World Tour Masters 1000 titles , tied with Novak Djokovic , and a record 18 ATP World Tour 500 tournaments . He was also a member of the winning Spain Davis Cup team in 2004 , 2008 , 2009 , and 2011 . In 2010 , he became the seventh male player in history and youngest of four in the Open Era to achieve the Career Grand Slam at age 24 . He is the second male player , after Andre Agassi , to complete the singles Career Golden Slam . In 2011 , Nadal was named the Laureus World Sportsman of the Year . The left-hander is the sixth player in the Open Era to reach more than 100 finals on the ATP World Tour .   Nadal and Mats Wilander are the only two male players who have won at least two Grand Slam titles on three different surfaces -- hard court , grass , and clay . By winning the 2014 French Open , Nadal became the third player to win a single Grand Slam tournament nine times ( Martina Navratilova 9 , Margaret Court 11 ) and the first male to win at least one Grand Slam tournament for ten consecutive years , breaking the record of eight consecutive years previously shared by Björn Borg , Pete Sampras , and Roger Federer . By winning the Monte-Carlo Masters in 2012 , Nadal became the only male player in the open era to win a tournament eight consecutive times . Nadal is the only male player in tennis history to win one Grand Slam and at least one Masters 1000 title for ten consecutive years from 2005 -- 2014 . He beat Guillermo Vilas 's Open Era record of 49 clay-court titles by winning the Monte-Carlo Masters in 2017 . Nadal became the first man to win the same tournament 10 times by wining the Monte-Carlo Masters in 2017 . He repeated this historic achievement by winning the Barcelona Open Banco Sabadell for a 10th time just a few weeks later .

neg: 1997 French Open – Women's Singles Steffi Graf was the defending champion , but she was knocked out in the quarterfinals by Amanda Coetzer .   Iva Majoli won the title , defeating World No. 1 Martina Hingis in the final , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 .   This tournament was notable for being the first Grand Slam in which Venus Williams competed in the main draw .

neg: Camila Giorgi Camila Giorgi ( -LSB- kaˈmiːla ˈdʒordʒi -RSB- ; born 30 December 1991 ) is an Italian professional tennis player . She is right-handed and plays with a two-handed backhand . Born in Macerata , Italy to Argentinian father and Italian mother , Giorgi started playing tennis at the age of five at a local club . After playing at a junior level , she made her senior international tournament debut in 2006 at the International Tennis Federation circuit . After winning her first title at the ITF tour in 2009 , Giorgi made her WTA tour main draw debut at the 2011 Wimbledon Championships .   Giorgi went on reach the fourth round of 2012 Wimbledon Championships in just her second appearance at the tournament . Post her successful run at the championships , she made her Top-100 debut in WTA rankings . The following year Giorgi followed it up with a third round run at the Wimbledon Championships , and made her second Grand Slam fourth round at the 2013 US Open . Giorgi reached her WTA Tour event singles final at the 2013 BNP Paribas Katowice Open and won her first title at the 2015 Topshelf Open . She reached her best singles ranking of world number 30 in July 2015 .   Giorgi is known for her aggressive style of game and her powerful flat groundstrokes and is considered to be one of the hardest hitters of the ball on the tour . Her biggest professional wins have come at the 2013 US Open , 2014 BNP Paribas Open , and 2014 Aegon International , defeating former world no. 1 players Caroline Wozniacki , Maria Sharapova , and Victoria Azarenka , respectively . In addition to that , Giorgi has won more matches against Top-10 players than she has lost .

neg: Althea Gibson Althea Gibson ( August 25 , 1927 -- September 28 , 2003 ) was an American tennis player and professional golfer , and the first black athlete to cross the color line of international tennis . In 1956 , she became the first person of color to win a Grand Slam title ( the French Open ) . The following year she won both Wimbledon and the U.S. Nationals ( precursor of the U.S. Open ) , then won both again in 1958 , and was voted Female Athlete of the Year by the Associated Press in both years . In all , she won 11 Grand Slam tournaments , including six doubles titles , and was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame and the International Women 's Sports Hall of Fame . `` She is one of the greatest players who ever lived , '' said Robert Ryland , a tennis contemporary and former coach of Venus and Serena Williams . `` Martina could n't touch her . I think she 'd beat the Williams sisters . '' In the early 1960s she also became the first black player to compete on the women 's professional golf tour .   At a time when racism and prejudice were widespread in sports and in society , Gibson was often compared to Jackie Robinson . `` Her road to success was a challenging one , '' said Billie Jean King , `` but I never saw her back down . '' `` To anyone , she was an inspiration , because of what she was able to do at a time when it was enormously difficult to play tennis at all if you were black , '' said former New York City Mayor David Dinkins . `` I am honored to have followed in such great footsteps , '' wrote Venus Williams . `` Her accomplishments set the stage for my success , and through players like myself and Serena and many others to come , her legacy will live on . ''

neg: 1988 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Doubles The Women 's Doubles tournament at the 1988 Wimbledon Championships was held from 20 June to 4 July 1988 on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis in the district of Wimbledon in London , England . Steffi Graf and Gabriela Sabatini won the title , defeating Larisa Savchenko and Natasha Zvereva in the final .

neg: Margaret Court career statistics This is a list of the main career statistics of Australian former tennis player Margaret Court . She won 64 Grand Slam events ( 24 singles , 19 doubles , 21 mixed doubles ) , which is a record for a male or female player . Her 24 Grand Slam singles titles and 21 in mixed doubles are also all-time records for both sexes . She achieved a career Grand Slam in singles , doubles , and mixed doubles . She is one of two women to have achieved the calendar year Grand Slam in singles in the Open Era ( alongside Steffi Graf ) , and is the only woman to have achieved the mixed doubles Grand Slam , which she did twice .   Court won more than half of the Grand Slam singles tournaments she played ( 24 of 47 ) . She won 192 singles titles before and after the Open Era , an all-time record . Her career singles win-loss record was 1,177-106 , for a winning percentage of 91.74 percent on all surfaces ( hard , clay , grass , carpet ) , is also an all-time record . She won at least 100 singles matches in 1965 ( 113-8 ) , 1968 ( 107-12 ) , 1969 ( 104-6 ) , 1970 ( 110-6 ) , and 1973 ( 108-6 ) . She won more than 80 percent of her singles matches against top 10 players ( 297-73 ) and was the year-end top ranked player seven times .