query: English is influenced by Latin.

pos: English language English -LSB- ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ -RSB- is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and is now the global lingua franca . Named after the Angles , one of the Germanic tribes that migrated to England , it ultimately derives its name from the Anglia ( Angeln ) peninsula in the Baltic Sea . It is closely related to the Frisian languages , but its vocabulary has been significantly influenced by other Germanic languages , as well as by Latin and Romance languages , particularly French .   English is either the official language or one of the official languages in almost 60 sovereign states . It is the most commonly spoken language in the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada , Australia , Ireland , and New Zealand , and is widely spoken in some areas of the Caribbean , Africa , and South Asia . It is the third most common native language in the world , after Mandarin and Spanish . It is the most widely learned second language and an official language of the United Nations , of the European Union , and of many other world and regional international organisations . It is the most widely spoken Germanic language , accounting for at least 70 % of speakers of this Indo-European branch .   English has developed over the course of more than 1,400 years . The earliest forms of English , a set of Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the fifth century , are called Old English . Middle English began in the late 11th century with the Norman conquest of England , and was a period in which the language was influenced by French . Early Modern English began in the late 15th century with the introduction of the printing press to London and the King James Bible , and the start of the Great Vowel Shift . Through the worldwide influence of the British Empire , modern English spread around the world from the 17th to mid-20th centuries . Through all types of printed and electronic media , as well as the emergence of the United States as a global superpower , English has become the leading language of international discourse and the lingua franca in many regions and in professional contexts such as science , navigation , and law .   Modern English grammar is the result of a gradual change from a typical Indo-European dependent marking pattern with a rich inflectional morphology and relatively free word order , to a mostly analytic pattern with little inflection , a fairly fixed SVO word order and a complex syntax . Modern English relies more on auxiliary verbs and word order for the expression of complex tenses , aspect and mood , as well as passive constructions , interrogatives and some negation . Despite noticeable variation among the accents and dialects of English used in different countries and regions -- in terms of phonetics and phonology , and sometimes also vocabulary , grammar and spelling -- English-speakers from around the world are able to communicate with one another with relative ease .

neg: South Asian English South Asian English is the English of South Asia .   English was introduced to South Asia in the early 17th century and reinforced by the long rule of the British Empire .   Today it is spoken as a second language by about 33 million people , 3 % of the total population .   Although it is fairly homogeneous across the region , sharing `` linguistic features and tendencies at virtually all linguistic levels '' , there are also differences based on various factors .   South Asian English is sometimes called `` Indian English '' , as British India included most of the region , but today , the varieties of English are usually divided according to the modern states :  Bangladeshi English  Indian English  Nepali English  Pakistani English  Sri Lankan English

neg: Chicano English Chicano English , or Mexican American English , is a dialect of American English spoken primarily by Mexican Americans ( sometimes known as Chicanos ) , particularly in the Southwestern United States , ranging from Texas to California but also apparent in Chicago . Chicano English is sometimes mistakenly conflated with Spanglish , which is a grammatically simplified mixing of Spanish and English ; however , Chicano English is a fully formed and native dialect of English , not a `` learner English '' or interlanguage . It is even the native dialect of some speakers who know little to no Spanish .

neg: English-language radio English-language radio refers to radio stations that broadcast primarily in the English language and are located in countries where English is not an official language or majority language . Often referred to as `` English-speaking radio '' or `` Expat radio '' the broadcasts enables expats , vacationers and travelers to listen to radio in their native language while traveling abroad . The idea is that stations broadcast in English to popular holiday destinations such as Pattaya or the French Riviera or places with high expat communities . English language broadcasting also takes the form of military-backed radio such as the American Forces Network . However English-language radio based in foreign countries has to now compete with the introduction of internet radio and satellite technology that has increased listener 's access to English-language radio based in `` home '' counties .

neg: Gerundive Gerundive ( -LSB- dʒəˈrʌndɪv -RSB- ) is a term in Latin grammar for a verb form that functions as an adjective . Traditionally , the term has been applied to verbal adjectives and nouns in other languages .   In Classical Latin , the gerundive is distinct in form and function from the gerund and the present active participle . In Late Latin , the differences were largely lost , resulting in a form derived from the gerund or gerundive but functioning more like a participle . The adjectival gerundive form survives in the formation of progressive aspect forms in Italian , Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese . In French the adjectival gerundive and particle forms merged completely , and the term gérondif is used for adverbial use of - ant forms .   There is no true equivalent to the gerundive in English ; the closest translation is a passive to-infinitive non-finite clause such as books to be read . That reflects the most common use of the Latin gerundive , to combine a transitive verb ( such as read ) and its object ( such as books ) , usually with a sense of obligation .  Another translation is the recent development of the must - prefix as in a must-read book .

neg: Old English literature Old English literature or Anglo-Saxon literature , encompasses literature written in Old English , in Anglo-Saxon England from the 7th century to the decades after the Norman Conquest of 1066 . `` Cædmon 's Hymn '' , composed in the 7th century , according to Bede , is often considered the oldest extant poem in English , whereas the later poem , The Grave is one of the final poems written in Old English , and presents a transitional text between Old and Middle English . The Peterborough Chronicle can also be considered a late-period text , continuing into the 12th century .   The poem Beowulf , which often begins the traditional canon of English literature , is the most famous work of Old English literature . The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle has also proven significant for historical study , preserving a chronology of early English history .   In descending order of quantity , Old English literature consists of : sermons and saints ' lives ; biblical translations ; translated Latin works of the early Church Fathers ; Anglo-Saxon chronicles and narrative history works ; laws , wills and other legal works ; practical works on grammar , medicine , geography ; and poetry . In all there are over 400 surviving manuscripts from the period , of which about 189 are considered `` major '' .   Besides Old English literature , Anglo-Saxons wrote a number of Anglo-Latin works .

neg: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish Portuguese and Spanish , although closely related sister languages , differ in many details of their phonology , grammar , and lexicon . Both are part of a broader group known as West Iberian Romance , which also includes several other languages or dialects with fewer speakers , all of which are mutually intelligible to some degree .   The most obvious differences are in pronunciation . Mutual intelligibility is generally greater for the written languages than for their spoken forms . Compare , for example , the following sentences :  Al buen entendedor pocas palabras bastan ( Spanish : -LSB- -LSB- al ˈβwen entendeˈðor ˈpokas paˈlaβɾaz ˈβastan -RSB- -RSB- )  Ao bom entendedor poucas palavras bastam ( European Portuguese : -LSB- -LSB- ɐw ˈβõ ẽtẽdɨˈðoɾ ˈpo ( w ) kɐʃ pɐˈlavɾɐʒ ˈβaʃtɐ̃w -RSB- -RSB- , Brazilian Portuguese : -LSB- -LSB- aw ˈbõw ĩtẽdeˈdoʁ ˈpo ( w ) kas paˈlavɾaz ˈbastɐ̃w -RSB- -RSB- )  -- roughly equivalent to the English proverb `` A word to the wise is sufficient , '' or , a more literal translation , `` To a good listener , a few words are enough . ''   There are also some significant differences between Brazilian Portuguese and European Portuguese as there are between British and American English or Peninsular and Latin American Spanish . This article notes these differences below only where :  both Brazilian and European Portuguese differ not only from each other , but from Spanish as well ;  both Peninsular ( i.e. European ) and Latin American Spanish differ not only from each other , but also from Portuguese ; or  either Brazilian or European Portuguese differs from Spanish with syntax not possible in Spanish ( while the other dialect does not ) .  notice

neg: Anglo-Americans Anglo-Americans or Anglos are people who are inhabitants of Anglo-America and are referred to as English Americans and/or an English Canadians . It typically refers to an English-speaking American in distinction to Spanish speakers in the Southwestern states and in Mexico ; German speakers ( Amish ) in North Dakota , Ohio , and Pennsylvania ; and French speakers in Canada , New England and Louisiana . This usage originated in the discussion of the history of English-speaking people of the United States and the Spanish-speaking people residing in the western United States during the Mexican -- American War .

neg: Anglo-Saxon law Anglo-Saxon law ( Old English ǣ , later lagu `` law '' ; dōm `` decree , judgement '' ) is a body of written rules and customs that were in place during the Anglo-Saxon period in England , before the Norman conquest . This body of law , along with early Scandinavian law and Germanic law , descended from a family of ancient Germanic custom and legal thought . However , Anglo-Saxon law codes are distinct from other early Germanic legal statements - known as the leges barbarorum - in part because they were written in Anglo-Saxon , instead of in Latin . The laws of the Anglo-Saxons were the second in medieval Western Europe after those of the Irish to be expressed in a language other than Latin .

neg: Language Language is the ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication , particularly the human ability to do so , and a language is any specific example of such a system . The scientific study of language is called linguistics . Questions concerning the philosophy of language , such as whether words can represent experience , have been debated since Gorgias and Plato in Ancient Greece . Thinkers such as Rousseau have argued that language originated from emotions while others like Kant have held that it originated from rational and logical thought . 20th-century philosophers such as Wittgenstein argued that philosophy is really the study of language . Major figures in linguistics include Ferdinand de Saussure and Noam Chomsky .   Estimates of the number of languages in the world vary between 5,000 and 7,000 . However , any precise estimate depends on a partly arbitrary distinction between languages and dialects . Natural languages are spoken or signed , but any language can be encoded into secondary media using auditory , visual , or tactile stimuli -- for example , in whistling , signed , or braille . This is because human language is modality-independent . Depending on philosophical perspectives regarding the definition of language and meaning , when used as a general concept , `` language '' may refer to the cognitive ability to learn and use systems of complex communication , or to describe the set of rules that makes up these systems , or the set of utterances that can be produced from those rules . All languages rely on the process of semiosis to relate signs to particular meanings . Oral , manual and tactile languages contain a phonological system that governs how symbols are used to form sequences known as words or morphemes , and a syntactic system that governs how words and morphemes are combined to form phrases and utterances .   Human language has the properties of productivity and displacement , and relies entirely on social convention and learning . Its complex structure affords a much wider range of expressions than any known system of animal communication . Language is thought to have originated when early hominins started gradually changing their primate communication systems , acquiring the ability to form a theory of other minds and a shared intentionality . This development is sometimes thought to have coincided with an increase in brain volume , and many linguists see the structures of language as having evolved to serve specific communicative and social functions . Language is processed in many different locations in the human brain , but especially in Broca 's and Wernicke 's areas . Humans acquire language through social interaction in early childhood , and children generally speak fluently when they are approximately three years old . The use of language is deeply entrenched in human culture . Therefore , in addition to its strictly communicative uses , language also has many social and cultural uses , such as signifying group identity , social stratification , as well as social grooming and entertainment .   Languages evolve and diversify over time , and the history of their evolution can be reconstructed by comparing modern languages to determine which traits their ancestral languages must have had in order for the later developmental stages to occur . A group of languages that descend from a common ancestor is known as a language family . The Indo-European family is the most widely spoken and includes languages as diverse as English , Russian and Hindi ; the Sino-Tibetan family , which includes Mandarin , Bodo and the other Chinese languages , and Tibetan ; the Afro-Asiatic family , which includes Arabic , Somali , and Hebrew ; the Bantu languages , which include Swahili , and Zulu , and hundreds of other languages spoken throughout Africa ; and the Malayo-Polynesian languages , which include Indonesian , Malay , Tagalog , and hundreds of other languages spoken throughout the Pacific . The languages of the Dravidian family that are spoken mostly in Southern India include Tamil and Telugu . Academic consensus holds that between 50 % and 90 % of languages spoken at the beginning of the 21st century will probably have become extinct by the year 2100 .

neg: Law French Law French is an archaic language originally based on Old Norman and Anglo-Norman , but increasingly influenced by Parisian French and , later , English . It was used in the law courts of England , beginning with the Norman Conquest by William the Conqueror . Its use continued for several centuries in the courts of England and Ireland . Although Law French as a narrative legal language is obsolete , many individual Law French terms continue to be used by lawyers and judges in common law jurisdictions ( see the section `` Survivals in modern legal terminology '' , below ) .

neg: History of the Latin alphabet The Latin alphabet is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world . It is the standard script of the English language and is often referred to simply as `` the alphabet '' in English . It is a true alphabet which originated in the 7th century BC in Italy and has changed continually over the last 2500 years . It has roots in the Semitic alphabet and its offshoot alphabets , the Phoenician , Greek , and Etruscan . The phonetic values of some letters changed , some letters were lost and gained , and several writing styles ( `` hands '' ) developed . Two such styles , the minuscule and majuscule hands , were combined into one script with alternate forms for the lower and upper case letters . Due to classicism , modern uppercase letters differ only slightly from their classical counterparts . There are few regional variants .

neg: Chivalric romance As a literary genre of high culture , romance or chivalric romance is a type of prose and verse narrative that was popular in the aristocratic circles of High Medieval and Early Modern Europe . They were fantastic stories about marvel-filled adventures , often of a knight-errant portrayed as having heroic qualities , who goes on a quest , yet it is `` the emphasis on love and courtly manners distinguishes it from the chanson de geste and other kinds of epic , in which masculine military heroism predominates . '' Popular literature also drew on themes of romance , but with ironic , satiric or burlesque intent . Romances reworked legends , fairy tales , and history to suit the readers ' and hearers ' tastes , but by c. 1600 they were out of fashion , and Miguel de Cervantes famously burlesqued them in his novel Don Quixote . Still , the modern image of `` medieval '' is more influenced by the romance than by any other medieval genre , and the word medieval evokes knights , distressed damsels , dragons , and other romantic tropes .   Originally , romance literature was written in Old French , Anglo-Norman , Occitan , and Provençal , and later in Portuguese , in Castilian , in English , in Italian ( particularly with the Sicilian poetry ) and German . During the early 13th century , romances were increasingly written as prose . In later romances , particularly those of French origin , there is a marked tendency to emphasize themes of courtly love , such as faithfulness in adversity .

neg: English writing style An English writing style is a way of using the English language .   The style of a piece of writing is the way in which features of the language are used to convey meaning , typically but not always within the constraints of more widely accepted conventions of usage , grammar , and speling .   An individual 's writing style may be a very personal thing . Organizations that employ writers or commission written work from individuals may require that writers conform to a standardized style defined by the organization . This allows a consistent readability of composite works produced by many authors , and promotes usability of , for example , references to other cited works .   In many kinds of professional writing aiming for effective transfer of information , adherence to a standardised style of writing helps readers make sense of what the writer is presenting . Many standardised styles are documented in style guides . Some styles are more widely used , others restricted to a particular journal . Adherence to no particular style is also a style in its own right ; some may think it undesirable , others not .

neg: Spanish language Spanish ( castellano ) -- is a Romance language that originated in the Castile region of Spain , with hundreds of millions of native speakers around the world . It is usually considered the world 's second-most spoken native language after Mandarin Chinese . It is one of the few languages to use inverted question and exclamation marks ( ¿ and ¡ , respectively ) .   Spanish is a part of the Ibero-Romance group of languages , which evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in Iberia after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century . The oldest Latin texts which show traces of Spanish come from mid-northern Iberia in the 9th century , and the first systematic written use of the language happened in Toledo , then capital of the Kingdom of Castile , in the 13th century . Beginning in the early 16th century , Spanish was taken to the colonies of the Spanish Empire , most notably to the Americas , as well as territories in Africa , Oceania and the Philippines .   Around 75 % of modern Spanish is derived from Latin . Greek has also contributed substantially to Spanish vocabulary , especially through Latin , on which it had a great impact .   Spanish vocabulary has been in contact from an early date with Arabic , having developed during the Al-Andalus era in the Iberian Peninsula . With around 8 % of its vocabulary being Arabic in origin , this language is the second most important influence after Latin . It has also been influenced by Basque as well as by neighboring Ibero-Romance languages . It also adopted words from non-Iberian languages such as Gothic language from the Visigoths in which many Spanish names and surnames have a Visigothic origin . It has absorbed vocabulary from other languages , particularly the Romance languages French , Italian , Occitan , and Sardinian , as well as from Nahuatl , Quechua , and other indigenous languages of the Americas .   Spanish is one of the six official languages of the United Nations . It is also used as an official language by the European Union , the Organization of American States , the Union of South American Nations , the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States and by many other international organizations .

neg: Renaissance Latin Renaissance Latin is a name given to the distinctive form of Latin style developed during the European Renaissance of the fourteenth to fifteenth centuries , particularly by the Renaissance humanism movement .

neg: Latin Europe Latin Europe may refer to :   Romance-speaking Europe , the areas of Europe where Romance languages are spoken  Legacy of the Roman Empire , the cultural and religious legacy of the Roman Empire and its distribution  Western Christianity , the areas of Europe where Latin was used as the liturgical language of the church during the Middle Ages

neg: Latin poetry The history of Latin poetry can be understood as the adaptation of Greek models . The verse comedies of Plautus are considered the earliest surviving examples of Latin literature and are estimated to have been composed around 205-184 BC .   The start of Latin literature is conventionally dated to the first performance of a play in verse by a Greek slave , Livius Andronicus , at Rome in 240 BC . Livius translated Greek New Comedy for Roman audiences , using meters that were basically those of Greek drama , modified to the needs of Latin . His successors Plautus and Terence further refined the borrowings from the Greek stage and the prosody of their verse is substantially the same as for classical Latin verse .   The traditional meter of Greek epic , the dactylic hexameter , was introduced into Latin literature by Ennius ( 239-169 BC ) , virtually a contemporary of Livius , who substituted it for the jerky Saturnian meter in which Livius had been composing epic verses . Ennius moulded a poetic diction and style suited to the imported hexameter , providing a model for ` classical ' poets such as Virgil and Ovid .   The late republic saw the emergence of Neoteric Poets , notably Catullusrich young men from the Italian provinces , conscious of metropolitan sophistication , and looking to the scholarly Alexandrian poet Callimachus for inspiration . Catullus shared the Alexandrian 's preference for short poems and wrote within a variety of meters borrowed from Greece , including Aeolian forms such as hendecasyllabic verse , the Sapphic stanza and Greater Asclepiad , as well as iambic verses such as the choliamb and the iambic tetrameter catalectic ( a dialogue meter borrowed from Old Comedy ) .   Horace , whose career crossed the divide between republic and empire , followed Catullus ' lead in employing Greek lyrical forms , identifying with Alcaeus of Mytilene , composing Alcaic stanzas , and also with Archilochus , composing poetic invectives in the Iambus tradition ( in which he adopted the metrical form of the Epode or ` Iambic Distich ' ) . Horace was a contemporary of Virgil and , like the epic poet , he wrote verses in dactylic hexameter , but in a conversational and epistolary style . Virgil 's hexameters are generally regarded as `` the supreme metrical system of Latin literature . ''

neg: Trinidadian English Trinidadian English ( TE ) or Trinidad and Tobago Standard English is a dialect of English used in Trinidad and Tobago . TE co-exists with both non-standard varieties of English as well as other dialects , namely Trinidadian Creole in Trinidad and Tobagonian Creole in Tobago . Both islands as one consider the dialect as Trinbagonian Creole .   Trinidadian English was originally based on a standard of British English . Located in the Americas , TE now uses many Americanisms , including apartment and trunk ( of a car ) . It is understandable by speakers of international standard English , although it uses a number of terms that are unique to it ( perhaps coming from Trinidadian Creole ) , such as `` to lime '' , meaning `` to hang out '' . Speech in Trinidad ( and , to some degree , in Tobago ) may vary by location and circumstance and is often remarked for its `` sing-song '' ( i.e. a rising and falling inflection ) intonation .

neg: American and British English spelling differences Many of the differences between American and British English date back to a time when spelling standards had not yet developed . For instance , some spellings seen as `` American '' today were once commonly used in Britain and some spellings seen as `` British '' were once commonly used in the United States . A `` British standard '' began to emerge following the 1755 publication of Samuel Johnson 's A Dictionary of the English Language , and an `` American standard '' started following the work of Noah Webster and in particular his An American Dictionary of the English Language , first published in 1828 .   Webster 's efforts at spelling reform were somewhat effective in his native country , resulting in certain well-known patterns of spelling differences between the American and British varieties of English . But English-language spelling reform has rarely been adopted otherwise , and thus modern English orthography varies somewhat between countries and is far from phonemic in any country .

neg: Translating "law" to other European languages The translation of `` law '' to other European languages faces several difficulties . In most European languages , as well as some others influenced by European languages , there are two different words that can be translated to English as `` law '' . For the general comparison in this article the Latin terms `` ius '' and `` lex '' will be used . Etymologically , ius has some relation to right , just or straight .


query: Lee Child is a thriller novelist.

pos: Lee Child James D. `` Jim '' Grant ( born 29 October 1954 ) , better known by his pen name Lee Child , is a British author who writes thriller novels . He is especially known for his Jack Reacher novel series . The books follow the adventures of a former American military policeman , Jack Reacher , who wanders the United States . His first novel , Killing Floor , won both the Anthony Award , and the Barry Award for Best First Novel .

neg: Len Deighton Leonard Cyril Deighton ( -LSB- ˈdiːtən -RSB- born 18 February 1929 ) , known as Len Deighton , is a British author . Deighton is considered one of the top three spy novelists of his time ( along with Ian Fleming and John le Carré ) . In addition he is a highly acclaimed military historian , cookery writer , and graphic artist . The IPCRESS File ( 1962 ) , his first novel , was an instant bestseller and broke the mould of thriller writing . The Sunday Times dubbed him `` the poet of the spy story '' . Deighton 's first protagonist -- a nameless spy christened Harry Palmer in the films -- was made famous worldwide in the iconic 1960s films starring Michael Caine .

neg: Libertarian science fiction Libertarian science fiction is a subgenre of science fiction that focuses on the politics and social order implied by libertarian philosophies with an emphasis on individualism and private ownership of the means of production -- and in some cases , no state whatsoever .   As a category , libertarian fiction is unusual because the vast majority of its authors are self-identified as science fiction authors . This contrasts with the authors of much other social criticism who are largely academic or mainstream novelists who tend to dismiss any genre classification . The identification between libertarianism and science fiction is so strong that the U.S. Libertarian Party often has representatives at science fiction conventions and one of the highest profile authors currently in the subgenre of libertarian science fiction , L. Neil Smith , was the Arizona Libertarian Party 's 2000 candidate for the President of the United States .   As a genre , it can be seen as growing out of the 1930s and 1940s when the science-fiction pulp magazines were reaching their peak at the same time as fascism and communism . While this environment gave rise to dystopian novels such as George Orwell 's Nineteen Eighty-Four , in the pulps , this influence more often give rise to speculations about societies ( or sub-groups ) arising in direct opposition to `` totalitarianism . ''   Ayn Rand 's novel Atlas Shrugged is a strong ( perhaps the strongest ) influence with an anti-socialist attitude and an individualist ethic that echoes throughout the genre .  Of more direct relevance to the science fiction end of this genre is Robert A. Heinlein 's The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress , which is highly regarded even by non-libertarian science fiction readers . An award for libertarian science fiction , the Prometheus Award , is given out every year . Some winners of the award identify as libertarians ( e.g. , L. Neil Smith , Victor Koman , Brad Linaweaver ) , while others do not ( Terry Pratchett , Charles Stross ) .   Some other prominent libertarian science fiction authors include S. Andrew Swann and Michael Z. Williamson .

neg: We Were There The We Were There books are a series of historical novels written for children . The series consists of 36 titles , first released between 1955 and 1963 by Grosset & Dunlap . Each book in the series is a fictional retelling of an historical event , featuring one or more children as primary characters . The books were written by a number of different authors , each writing from one to seven of the books ; the authors included Benjamin Appel , Jim Kjelgaard , Earl Schenck Miers , William O. Steele , and others . Each book 's byline also lists a separate `` historical consultant , '' who was a specialist in the historic topic covered by that particular book . The historical consultants were typically college professors or , in the case of war-related stories , retired military officers ; among the more noteworthy consultants for the series were the historians Bruce Catton , Walter Prescott Webb and A. B. Guthrie , Jr. . The books are illustrated with black-and-white line art , with color drawings on the dust jacket .   The dust jackets of the original printings of the books describe the series as follows :   We Were There books are easy to read and provide exciting , entertaining stories , based upon true historic events . Each story is checked for factual accuracy by an outstanding authority on this particular phase of our history . Though written simply enough for young readers , they make interesting reading for boys and girls well into their teens .  The original hardbound editions of the books were followed by several other printings , including editions for book clubs and libraries . The books were later reissued with hardbound picture covers ( using the original dust jacket artwork ) , and softcover editions of some books became available in the 1970s . Three of the books are available from Lamppost Publishers and American Home School Publishers . Most of the original books are available in varying used conditions from various sellers through Amazon , although selection will naturally vary at any given time .

neg: Wednesday's Child (novel) Wednesday 's Child is the sixth novel by Canadian detective fiction writer Peter Robinson in the multi award-winning Inspector Banks series of novels . The novel was first printed in 1992 , but has been reprinted a number of times since . It was the first of Robinson 's novels to be shortlisted for the Edgar Award .

neg: A Wizard of Earthsea A Wizard of Earthsea is a young adult fantasy novel written by the American author Ursula K. Le Guin , first published by the small press Parnassus in 1968 . The novel received highly positive reviews , initially as a work for children , and later among a general audience as well .   Set in the fictional archipelago of Earthsea , the story centers around a young mage named Ged , born in a village on the island Gont . Displaying great power while still a boy , he joins the school of wizardry , where his prickly nature drives him into conflict with one of his fellows . During a magical duel , Ged 's spell goes awry and releases a shadow creature that attacks him . The novel follows his journey as he seeks to be free of the creature .   The book has often been described as a Bildungsroman or coming of age story , as it explores Ged 's process of learning to cope with power and come to terms with death . The novel also carries Taoist themes about a fundamental balance in the universe of Earthsea , which wizards are supposed to maintain , closely tied to the idea that language and names have power to affect the material world and alter this balance . Although the structure of the story is similar to that of a traditional epic , critics also described it as subverting this genre in many ways , such as by making the protagonist dark-skinned , in comparison to more typical white-skinned heroes .   A Wizard of Earthsea is widely regarded as a classic of fantasy and young-adult literature and was one of the final recipients of the Lewis Carroll Shelf Award . The book was widely influential within the genre of fantasy ; Margaret Atwood , for instance , called A Wizard of Earthsea one of the `` wellsprings '' of fantasy literature . Le Guin would later write five subsequent books that , together with A Wizard of Earthsea , are referred to as the Earthsea Cycle : The Tombs of Atuan ( 1971 ) , The Farthest Shore ( 1972 ) , Tehanu ( 1990 ) , The Other Wind ( 2001 ) , and Tales from Earthsea ( 2001 ) . George Slusser has described the series as a `` work of high style and imagination '' .

neg: The Child Garden The Child Garden is a 1989 science fiction novel by Geoff Ryman . It won both the Arthur C. Clarke Award and the John W. Campbell Memorial Award in 1990 .   The novel is structured as two books with a brief introduction . The first book was originally published in two parts as `` Love Sickness '' in the Summer and Autumn 1987 editions of the British science fiction magazine Interzone . It won the 1988 BFSA Award and placed 8th in the Locus Poll Award for Best Novella .

neg: Lee Montgomery Elliott `` Lee '' Harcourt Montgomery ( born November 3 , 1961 ) is a former Canadian-American child actor best known for his role as a lonely little boy who befriends a pack of killer rats in the film Ben ( 1972 ) and for his role as Sarah Jessica Parker 's hunky dance partner , Jeff Malone , in Girls Just Want to Have Fun ( 1985 ) .

neg: Child's Play (novel) Child 's Play is a novel by the British-Asian author Kia Abdullah , and is due for release by Revenge Ink publishers on 4 December 2009 .

neg: Southern Ontario Gothic Southern Ontario Gothic is a subgenre of the Gothic novel genre and a feature of Canadian literature that comes from Southern Ontario . This region includes Toronto , Southern Ontario 's major industrial cities ( Windsor , London , Hamilton , St. Thomas , Oshawa , St. Catharines ) , and the surrounding countryside . While the genre may also feature other areas of Ontario , Canada , and the world as narrative locales , this region provides the core settings .   The term was first used in Graeme Gibson 's Eleven Canadian Novelists ( 1972 ) to recognize an existing tendency to apply aspects of the Gothic novel to writing based in and around Southern Ontario . In an interview with Timothy Findley , Gibson commented that Findley 's novel The Last of the Crazy People shared similarities with the American Southern Gothic genre , to which Findley replied , '' ... sure , it 's Southern Gothic : Southern Ontario Gothic . ''   Notable writers of this subgenre include Alice Munro , Margaret Atwood , Robertson Davies , Jane Urquhart , Marian Engel , James Reaney and Barbara Gowdy .   Like the Southern Gothic of American writers such as William Faulkner , Flannery O'Connor and Eudora Welty , Southern Ontario Gothic analyzes and critiques social conditions such as race , gender , religion and politics , but in a Southern Ontario context . Southern Ontario Gothic is generally characterized by a stern realism set against the dour small-town Protestant morality stereotypical of the region , and often has underlying themes of moral hypocrisy . Actions and people that act against humanity , logic , and morality all are portrayed unfavourably , and one or more characters may be suffering from some form of mental illness . In a review of Alice Munro 's Dear Life for Quill & Quire , literary critic James Grainger writes that `` Violence , illness , and reputations ruined by a single indiscretion are accepted in Munro 's secretive , repressed communities as a kind of levelling mechanism , rough justice for those who dare to strive for something finer . ''   The Gothic novel has traditionally examined the role of evil in the human soul , and has incorporated dark or horrific imagery to create the desired setting . Some ( but not all ) writers of Southern Ontario Gothic use supernatural or magic realist elements ; a few deviate from realism entirely , in the manner of the fantastical gothic novel . Virtually all dwell to a certain extent upon the grotesque .   Notable works of the genre include Davies ' Deptford Trilogy , Findley 's Headhunter , Atwood 's Alias Grace and The Blind Assassin , and Munro 's Selected Stories .   The genre has been criticised as having `` little or nothing to distinguish it from everyday , garden-variety type realism . ''

neg: Landlocked (novel) Landlocked ( 1965 ) is the fourth novel in British Nobel Prize in Literature-winner Doris Lessing five volume , semi-autobiographical , series , Children of Violence . The first volume is Martha Quest ( 1952 ) , and the others are , A Proper Marriage ( 1954 ) , A Ripple from the Storm ( 1958 ) , and The Four-Gated City ( 1969 ) . The Children of Violence series , follows the life of protagonist Martha Quest `` from girlhood to middle age '' .   This is the last of the series that is set in southern Africa : `` The time is the last few months of a war that had not only ruined Europe but had flooded a message of equality even into this backwater . Some of the white people have already sensed the imminence of change : they could never again unthinkingly hold down this corner of Africa for themselves and their heirs '' .

neg: Carol Ann Lee Carol Ann Lee ( born 1969 ) is an English author and biographer who has written extensively on Anne Frank , the Holocaust and on the crimes of Moors Murderers Myra Hindley and Ian Brady .   Her tenth book , Evil Relations ( 2012 ) , was nominated for the CWA Gold Dagger Award for Non-Fiction . Written in conjunction with David Smith , chief prosecution witness in the Moors Murders case it details , for the first time , Smith 's story in full .   In 2012 Lee published A Fine Day for a Hanging , a reexamination of Ruth Ellis 's life story and the facts surrounding her trial for the murder of David Blakely and subsequent execution .   She is currently published by Mainstream Publishing , an associate of Random House .   Carol Ann was born in Wakefield , West Riding of Yorkshire . She studied History of Art and Design at university in Manchester and then followed her early interest , interviewing Holocaust survivors and working at the Manchester Jewish Museum . Her first book was published three years later .

neg: Worth Dying For (novel) Worth Dying For is the fifteenth book in the Jack Reacher series written by Lee Child . It was published on 30 September 2010 in the United Kingdom and was published on 19 October 2010 in the USA . It is written in the third person .

neg: Children of Violence The Children of Violence is a series of five semi-autobiographical novels by British Nobel Prize in Literature-winner Doris Lessing :  Martha Quest ( 1952 ) , A Proper Marriage ( 1954 ) , A Ripple from the Storm ( 1958 ) , Landlocked ( 1965 ) , and The Four-Gated City ( 1969 ) .   The series follows the life of the protagonist Martha Quest from adolescence until her death , which takes place in the future , in the year 1997 . The first four novels are set during the 1930s and 1940s , in the former British colony of Southern Rhodesia , now Zimbabwe , in southern Africa , where Lessing lived from 1925 until 1949 . The fifth work , The Four-Gated City , is a science fiction dystopia set in London , from the 1950s into a future where World War Three takes place .

neg: Lees (fermentation) Lees refers to deposits of dead yeast or residual yeast and other particles that precipitate , or are carried by the action of `` fining '' , to the bottom of a vat of wine after fermentation and aging . The yeast deposits in beer brewing are known as trub . However , yeast deposits from secondary fermentation of both wine and beer are referred to as lees . This material is the source for most commercial tartaric acid , which is used in cooking and in organic chemistry .   Normally the wine is transferred to another container ( racking ) , leaving this sediment behind . Some wines ( notably Chardonnay , Champagne and Muscadet ) are sometimes aged for a time on the lees ( a process known as sur lie ) , leading to a distinctive yeasty aroma and taste . The lees may be stirred ( bâtonage in French ) in order to promote uptake of the lees ' flavour .   The lees are an important component in the making of Ripasso where the leftover lees from Amarone are used to impart more flavour and colour to partially aged Valpolicella .

neg: The Child in Time The Child in Time ( 1987 ) is a novel by Ian McEwan . It won the Whitbread Novel Award for that year . The story concerns Stephen , an author of children 's books , and his wife , two years after the kidnapping of their three-year-old daughter Kate . Author Christopher Hitchens viewed the novel as McEwan 's masterpiece .

neg: Lee Smith (fiction author) Lee Smith ( born November 1 , 1944 ) is an American fiction author who typically incorporates much of her background from the Southeastern United States in her works . She has received writing awards , such as the O. Henry Award , the American Academy of Arts and Letters Award for Fiction , the North Carolina Award for Literature , and , in April 2013 , was the first recipient of Mercer University 's Sidney Lanier Prize for Southern Literature . Her novel The Last Girls was listed on the New York Times bestseller 's list and won the Southern Book Critics Circle Award . Mrs Darcy and the Blue-Eyed Stranger , a collection of new and selected stories , was published in 2010 .

neg: Children of the Thunder Children of the Thunder is a 1988 science fiction novel by John Brunner .   The novel explores several themes : environment degradation of the modern world ( which Brunner believed was shortening his own life ) , paternal irresponsibility ( in the form of accepting cash for donating sperm to a sperm bank ) , and conservative ( fascist ) tendencies in British politics . The latter may reflect that the book was written during the Thatcher years .   Like other Brunner books , the novel lacks cohesiveness in various ways , and is best read as a series of interconnected vignettes , each of which explores the above themes in a different context , with a culminating scene at the end of the book which is frightening in various ways , including a partial role reversal of the protagonist and villain .   In those terms , the book can be seen as an attack of the author on excessive sexual freedom of men gained in the so-called sexual revolution . While sexual fulfillment itself is not demonized , the book catalogs extensive collateral damage in the form of single mothers and offspring not properly cared for . But this is not a kind-hearted appeal for better support systems for these people : they just might counterattack their oppressors which is to say the parents who abandoned ( or neglected ) them .

neg: Out of the Darkness (Hinton novel) Out of the Darkness is a novel by British author Nigel Hinton . It was first published in 1998 and tells the story of a boy named Liam and a girl named Leila who were joined by fate and journey together .

neg: Make Me (novel) Make Me is the twentieth book in the Jack Reacher series written by Lee Child . It was initially published on 8 September 2015 by Delacorte Press.It is written in the third person .

neg: After (novel) After is a young adult novel written by Francine Prose . It was first published in 2003 , and the nearby school shooting is reminiscent of the Columbine High School massacre in 1999 .   After a school shooting 50 miles away , the new grief and crisis counselor ( Dr. Willner ) attempts to control the students ' lives , using the recent tragedy as an excuse for increasingly restricting their lives . The school gradually is controlled by the grip of the administration , and students who do not comply with the new rules disappear , never to be seen again .   Its plot is reminiscent of Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell .   Similarities include the normalization of propaganda and surveillance with the telescreens in 1984 and the TVs on school buses spouting so called educational content that turns out to be blatantly false . These novels also touch on brainwashing , with the nightly emails sent to parents that convince them to send their children away to reform camps from which they never return .   In contrast , After takes place during the reforms , showing how they were allowed to happen , while 1984 only shows the aftermath and its inevitability . The ending of After also shows the main character ( Tom Bishop ) escaping his town with his friends and family , a much lighter closing than 1984 .   Described in the New York Times Book Review as a `` rich parable '' , this novel questions the line that must be drawn when freedom is more important than safety .


query: Apple's founder was Steve Jobs.

pos: Steve Jobs Steven Paul Jobs ( -LSB- ˈdʒɒbz -RSB- February 24 , 1955 -- October 5 , 2011 ) was an American entrepreneur , businessman , inventor , and industrial designer . He was the co-founder , chairman , and chief executive officer ( CEO ) of Apple Inc. ; CEO and majority shareholder of Pixar ; a member of The Walt Disney Company 's board of directors following its acquisition of Pixar ; and founder , chairman , and CEO of NeXT . Jobs and Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak are widely recognized as pioneers of the microcomputer revolution of the 1970s and 1980s .   Jobs was born in San Francisco to Syrian parents who had to put him up for adoption at birth ; he was raised in the San Francisco Bay Area during the 1960s . Jobs briefly attended Reed College in 1972 before dropping out . He then decided to travel through India in 1974 seeking enlightenment and studying Zen Buddhism . Jobs 's declassified FBI report stated that an acquaintance knew that Jobs had used the illegal drugs marijuana and LSD while he was in college . Jobs once told a reporter that taking LSD was `` one of the two or three most important things '' he did in his life .   Jobs and Wozniak co-founded Apple in 1976 to sell Wozniak 's Apple I personal computer . The visionaries gained fame and wealth a year later for the Apple II , one of the first highly successful mass-produced personal computers . In 1979 , after a tour of PARC , Jobs saw the commercial potential of the Xerox Alto , which was mouse-driven and had a graphical user interface ( GUI ) . This led to development of the unsuccessful Apple Lisa in 1983 , followed by the breakthrough Macintosh in 1984 . In addition to being the first mass-produced computer with a GUI , the Macintosh introduced the sudden rise of the desktop publishing industry in 1985 with the addition of the Apple LaserWriter , the first laser printer to feature vector graphics . Following a long power struggle , Jobs was forced out of Apple in 1985 .   After leaving Apple , Jobs took a few of its members with him to found NeXT , a computer platform development company specializing in state-of-the-art computers for higher-education and business markets . In addition , Jobs helped to initiate the development of the visual effects industry when he funded the spinout of the computer graphics division of George Lucas 's Lucasfilm in 1986 . The new company , Pixar , would eventually produce the first fully computer-animated film , Toy Story -- an event made possible in part because of Jobs 's financial support .   In 1997 , Apple merged with NeXT . Within a few months of the merger , Jobs became CEO of his former company , reviving Apple at the verge of bankruptcy . Beginning in 1997 with the `` Think different '' advertising campaign , Jobs worked closely with designer Jonathan Ive to develop a line of products that would have larger cultural ramifications : the iMac , iTunes and iTunes Store , Apple Store , iPod , iPhone , App Store , and the iPad . Mac OS was also revamped into OS X ( renamed `` macOS '' in 2016 ) , based on NeXT 's NeXTSTEP platform .   Jobs was diagnosed with a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor in 2003 and died on October 5 , 2011 , of respiratory arrest related to the tumor .

pos: Apple Inc. Apple Inc. is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Cupertino , California that designs , develops , and sells consumer electronics , computer software , and online services . The company 's hardware products include the iPhone smartphone , the iPad tablet computer , the Mac personal computer , the iPod portable media player , the Apple Watch smartwatch , and the Apple TV digital media player . Apple 's consumer software includes the macOS and iOS operating systems , the iTunes media player , the Safari web browser , and the iLife and iWork creativity and productivity suites . Its online services include the iTunes Store , the iOS App Store and Mac App Store , Apple Music , and iCloud .   Apple was founded by Steve Jobs , Steve Wozniak , and Ronald Wayne in April 1976 to develop and sell personal computers . It was incorporated as Apple Computer , Inc. in January 1977 , and sales of its computers saw significant momentum and revenue growth for the company . Within a few years , they had hired a staff of computer designers and had a production line . Apple went public in 1980 to instant financial success . Over the next few years , Apple shipped new computers featuring innovative graphical user interfaces , and Apple 's marketing commercials for its products received widespread critical acclaim . However , the high price tag of its products and limited software titles caused problems , as did power struggles between executives at the company . Jobs resigned from Apple and created his own company . As the market for personal computers increased , Apple 's computers saw diminishing sales due to lower-priced products from competitors , in particular those offered with the Microsoft Windows operating system . More executive job shuffles happened at Apple until then-CEO Gil Amelio in 1997 decided to buy Jobs ' company to bring him back . Jobs regained position as CEO , and began a process to rebuild Apple 's status , which included opening Apple 's own retail stores in 2001 , making numerous acquisitions of software companies to create a portfolio of software titles , and changed some of the hardware technology used in its computers . It again saw success and returned to profitability . In January 2007 , Jobs announced that Apple Computer , Inc. would be renamed Apple Inc. to reflect its shifted focus toward consumer electronics , and announced the iPhone , which saw critical acclaim and significant financial success . In August 2011 , Jobs resigned as CEO due to health complications , and Tim Cook became the new CEO . Two months later , Jobs died , marking the end of an era for the company .   Apple is the world 's largest information technology company by revenue , and the world 's second-largest mobile phone manufacturer after Samsung . In February 2015 , Apple became the first U.S. company to be valued at over US$ 700billion . The company employs 116,000 full-time employees and maintains 496 retail stores in 21 countries . It operates the iTunes Store , which is the world 's largest music retailer . , more than one billion Apple products are actively in use worldwide .   Apple 's worldwide annual revenue totaled $ 215billion for the 2016 fiscal year . The company enjoys a high level of brand loyalty and has been repeatedly ranked as the world 's most valuable brand . However , it receives significant criticism regarding the labor practices of its contractors and its environmental and business practices , including the origins of source materials .

neg: Tony Fadell Anthony Michael `` Tony '' Fadell ( born March 22 , 1969 ) is a Lebanese-American inventor , designer , entrepreneur , and angel investor . He served as the Senior Vice President of the iPod Division at Apple Inc. , from March 2006 to November 2008 and is known as `` one of the fathers of the iPod '' for his work on the first generations of Apple 's music player . In May 2010 , he founded Nest Labs , which announced its first product , the Nest Learning Thermostat , in October 2011 . Nest was acquired by Google in January 2014 for $ 3.2 B . Since early 2015 he led the Google Glass division , until his resignation in June 2016 .   Fadell is an alumnus of Grosse Pointe South High School in Grosse Pointe Farms , Michigan . He graduated from the University of Michigan with a BS in Computer Engineering in 1991 .

neg: Glenn Henry (IT entrepreneur) Glenn Henry ( né Gaylord Glenn Henry ; born July 26 , 1942 Berkeley , California ) , is an American computer industry executive , cofounder of Centaur Technology , and inventor of computer technology at the advent and frontier era of the development of personal computers . He holds multiple patents .

neg: Copland (operating system) Copland was a project at Apple Computer to create an updated version of the classic Macintosh operating system . It was to have introduced protected memory , preemptive multitasking and a number of new underlying operating system features , yet still be compatible with existing Mac software . As originally planned , a follow-up release known as Gershwin would add multithreading and other advanced features .   Development began in 1994 and was underway in earnest by 1995 when the system started to be referred to as System 8 , and later , Mac OS 8 . It was the major topic of Apple 's WWDC in 1996 , where it was presented as the sole focus of the company 's development efforts . However , as the project gathered momentum a furious round of empire building began . New features began to be added more rapidly than they could be completed , including most of the items originally slated for Gershwin , along with a wide variety of otherwise unrelated projects from within the company . The completion date for the beta continued to slip into the future and several announced dates passed with no sign of a release . The press became highly critical of the project , and the company as a whole .   In 1996 , Apple 's newest CEO , Gil Amelio , poached Ellen Hancock from National Semiconductor and put her in charge of engineering in an effort to try to get development back on track . She decided it was best to cancel the project outright and try to find a suitable third-party system to replace it . Development officially ended in August 1996 , and after a short search , they announced that Apple was buying NeXT in order to use their NeXTSTEP operating system as the basis of a new Mac OS . Hancock also suggested that Apple should work on improving the existing System 7 while the new system matured . This was released as Mac OS 8 in 1997 and was followed by Mac OS 9 in 1999 . The new operating system based on NeXTSTEP shipped in 2001 as Mac OS X.   In 2008 , PC World named Copland on a list of the biggest project failures in IT history .

neg: Susan Barnes (computing) Susan Kelly Barnes is an alumna of Apple Inc. . She was Controller of the Macintosh Division at Apple Computer . When Steve Jobs left Apple Computer in 1985 , she joined Jobs and other Apple managers to cofound NeXT Computer , Inc. . She served as Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of NeXT Computer from 1985 to 1991 .   As NeXT 's Chief Financial Officer , Ms. Barnes helped raise significant funding that helped NeXT weather its slow start . The most notable transaction was a $ 100 million investment by Canon Inc. in 1989 for a 16.7 percent stake in NeXT . That gave NeXT an implied valuation of $ 600 million , astonishingly high for a company that was not yet shipping any products .   After leaving NeXT Computer , Susan Barnes was Chief Financial Officer of Intuitive Surgical from 1997 to 2005 .

neg: Bill Kincaid William S. `` Bill '' Kincaid ( born March 10 , 1956 ) is an American computer engineer and entrepreneur notable for creating the MP3 player SoundJam MP with Jeff Robbin that was eventually bought by Apple and renamed iTunes .

neg: Haddock Corporation Haddock Corporation is an American consumer electronics and information technology consulting business based in Wichita , Kansas which operates two Haddock Computer Center retail locations . Founded as a software company , Haddock has been an Apple-authorized dealer and computer repair shop since 1984 , the year the Macintosh computer was released . Company founder and CEO Richard Haddock served on Apple 's reseller advisory board for over ten years . He is a member and one of the founders of the Apple Specialist Marketing Corporation .

neg: Power Macintosh G3 (Blue & White) The Power Mac G3 series ( commonly known as the `` Blue and White G3 '' , or sometimes either as the `` B&W G3 '' , `` Yosemite G3 '' or `` Smurf Tower '' to distinguish it from the original Power Macintosh G3 ) is a short-lived series of personal computers designed , manufactured and sold by Apple Computer Inc. as part of their Power Macintosh line . It was introduced in January 1999 , succeeding the original `` beige '' Power Macintosh G3 , with which it shared the name and processor architecture but little else ; it was discontinued in favor of the Power Mac G4 line in August 1999 .   The Blue & White G3 used a modified version of the memory/PCI controller , the Motorola MPC106 ( codenamed `` Grackle '' ) ; it used the MPC106 v4 . The I/O `` Heathrow '' had been replaced by `` Paddington '' ( adding 100 Mbit Ethernet and power save features ) , the audio chip `` Screamer '' ( on the beige G3 's `` Personality Card '' ) had been replaced by `` Burgundy '' , and other controllers for Firewire ( Texas Instruments PCI-Lynx ) , for USB etc. were added .   Though still based on the PowerPC G3 architecture , the G3 B&W was a totally new design . The first new Power Mac model after the release of the iMac , it used a novel enclosure with the logic board on the folding `` door '' , which swung down onto the desk for easy access ( a design that was also used on all Power Mac G4 models except for the Cube ) , and borrowed the iMac 's blue-and-white color scheme . It also introduced the New World ROM to the Power Macintosh line .

neg: Power Macintosh 9500 The Power Macintosh 9500 ( the 132 MHz model is also known as Power Macintosh 9515 in Europe and Japan ) is a high-end Macintosh personal computer which was designed , manufactured and sold by Apple Computer from May 1 , 1995 until February 17 , 1997 . It was powered by a PowerPC 604 processor , a second-generation PowerPC chip which was faster than the earlier PowerPC 601 chip . The 180MP and 200 used the enhanced PowerPC 604e processor . The CPU was connected via a daughterboard , and so could be swapped easily . Available were single-processor cards ranging from 120 to 200 MHz , and a dual processor card with two 180 MHz CPUs . It was the first Macintosh to use the PCI standard , with six PCI slots available , with one always needed for the graphics card . The basic design of the logic board , called `` Tsunami '' , was used by various Macintosh clone makers as a reference design and a modified version was used in the non-Macintosh Apple Network Server series . The 9500 was superseded by the Power Macintosh 9600 in February 1997 .   Utilizing a third party G4 CPU upgrade and the XPostFacto installation utility it is possible to run up to Mac OS X v10 .5 `` Leopard '' on a 9500 , making it the oldest model capable of running Mac OS X.

neg: LisaProject LisaProject was the first graphical project management software . Developed for the Apple Lisa computer , LisaProject was conceived and implemented by Debra Willrett of SoloSoft and developed for Apple 's Lisa computer .   This was the first GUI-based software application for project management . LisaProject was the first to simplify the project management process by allowing the user to interactively draw their project on the computer in the form of a PERT chart . Constraints could be entered for each task , and the relationships between tasks would show which ones had to be completed before a task could begin . Given the task constraints and relationships , a `` critical path '' , schedule and budget could be calculated dynamically using heuristic methods . Once this was complete , the schedule data could be viewed as a Gantt chart .   In 1981 , Willrett realized that project management was a universal problem and that a GUI-based application would be a useful tool . She proposed what became LisaProject to Trip Hawkins at Apple . At the time , Apple was developing the Apple Lisa computer which had limited software .   Although the Apple Lisa ultimately failed in the marketplace , its largest Lisa customer was NASA , which had used LisaProject for project management . In response to the demand for LisaProject from NASA and other customers , a new version called MacProject was made available with the first Macintosh release in 1984 .

neg: Ripcord Networks Ripcord Networks was a voice and video cryptographic security company . Their headquarters was in San Mateo , California in the United States .   Ripcord Networks was founded in 2003 . Board members included Steve Wozniak , Apple Computer 's co-founder ; John McAfee , McAfee Antivirus founder , Ellen Hancock , the former CEO of Exodus Communications , former CTO of Apple Computer , and former EVP of IBM . Ripcord 's founder and CEO was Alex Fielding .

neg: Apple Lisa Apple Lisa is a desktop computer developed by Apple , released on January 19 , 1983 . It was one of the first personal computers to offer a graphical user interface ( GUI ) in a machine aimed at individual business users . Development of the Lisa began in 1978 , and it underwent many changes during the development period before shipping at the very high price of US$ 9,995 with a 5 MB hard drive . The high price , relatively low performance and unreliable `` Twiggy '' floppy disks led to poor sales , with only 100,000 units sold .   In 1982 , after Steve Jobs was forced out of the Lisa project , he joined the Macintosh project , at that time developing a much more limited machine with a task-switching interface . Jobs redirected the Macintosh team to build a cheaper and better Lisa , releasing it in January 1984 and quickly outstripping Lisa sales . Newer versions of the Lisa were introduced that addressed its faults and lowered its price considerably , but it failed to achieve favorable sales compared to the much less expensive Mac . The final revision of the Lisa , the Lisa 2/10 , was modified and sold as the Macintosh XL .   Generally considered a failure , the Lisa nevertheless introduced a number of advanced features that would not re-appear on the Macintosh for a number of years . Among these was an operating system which featured protected memory and preemptive multitasking , and a more document-oriented workflow . The hardware itself was also much more advanced than the Macintosh , with a hard drive and support for up to 2 megabytes ( MB ) of RAM , expansion slots and a larger higher-resolution display . The main exception being that while the Macintosh also used the 68000 processor , the Macintosh initially used a version clocked at 7.89 Mhz , compared to the 5Mhz version used in the Lisa . The complexity of the Lisa operating system and its associated programs overtaxed the slower processor enough that users perceived it to be sluggish , particularly when scrolling in documents .

neg: IPod Touch The iPod Touch ( stylized and marketed as iPod touch ) is an iOS-based all-purpose handheld PC designed and marketed by Apple Inc. with a user interface that is touchscreen-based . It can be used as a music and video player , digital camera , handheld game device , and personal digital assistant ( PDA ) . It connects to the Internet only through Wi-Fi base stations , does not use cellular network data , and is therefore not a smartphone , though it has a similar design to the iPhone and is often referred to as the `` iPhone without a phone '' . Furthermore , it does not fit in Apple 's iPhone accessories such as their leather cases . As of May 2013 , 100 million iPod Touch units had been sold . It is also the most popular iPod model .   iPod touch models are sold by storage space and color , with all models of the same generation typically offering otherwise identical features , processors , and performance , in addition to available operating system upgrades ; an exception was the fifth generation , as the low-end ( 16 GB ) model was initially sold without a rear-facing camera . The current iPod touch is the sixth-generation model , released on July 15 , 2015 .

neg: Pages (word processor) Pages is a word processor developed by Apple Inc. . It is part of the iWork productivity suite and runs on the macOS and iOS operating systems . The first version of Pages was announced on January 11 , 2005 , and was released one month later . The most recent Macintosh version , Pages 6.1.1 , was last updated on April 25 , 2017 . Pages is marketed by Apple as an easy-to-use application that allows users to quickly create documents on their devices . A number of Apple-designed templates comprising different themes ( such as letters , résumés , posters , and outlines ) , are included with Pages . Many advanced features that were available in version 4.3 , including mail merge , bookmarks , text box linking , advanced find/replace , alternating left-right margins ( along with alternating left-right headers and footers ) , 2-up `` page spread '' viewing , non-contiguous text selection , and robust Applescript support were not included in version 5 . Also , many of the templates available in version 4.3 have been removed in version 5 , but some templates can be found on other locations . For instance , there 's a free screenplay template for Apple Pages which has been compiled according to Final Draft 's Cole & Haag standard . See external link below .

neg: Power Macintosh 5000 series The Power Macintosh 5000 series is a series of all-in-one ( meaning the cases feature an integrated monitor ) personal computers that are a part of Apple Computer 's Macintosh LC , Power Macintosh and Macintosh Performa series of Macintosh computers .   The Power Macintosh 5200 LC was introduced in April 1995 with a PowerPC 603 CPU at 75 MHz as a PowerPC-based replacement of the Macintosh LC 500 series . Later models switched to the PowerPC 603e CPU and used model numbers above 5260 , but kept the same motherboard design . Unlike previous education models , which prepended the model number with `` LC '' , the 5200 series uses the Power Macintosh designation of Apple 's main workstation line of the time and appends the LC to the end of the model name . All models in the 5xxx series featured an integrated 15-inch ( 12.8 '' viewable ) monitor .   The 5200 series is closely related to the 6200 series , which features the same logic boards in desktop cases without integrated monitors . This means that it also shares the 6200 's massive and confusing number of model designations .

neg: Acorn Computers Acorn Computers Ltd. was a British computer company established in Cambridge , England , in 1978 . The company produced a number of computers which were especially popular in the UK , including the Acorn Electron and the Acorn Archimedes . Acorn 's BBC Micro computer dominated the UK educational computer market during the 1980s . It is more known for its computer than for its other products .   Though the company was broken up into several independent operations in 1998 , its legacy includes the development of reduced instruction set computing ( RISC ) personal computers . One of its operating systems , , continues to be developed by RISC OS Open . Some of Acorn 's former subsidiaries lived on : ARM Holdings technology is dominant in the mobile phone and personal digital assistant ( PDA ) microprocessor market .   Acorn is sometimes referred to as the `` British Apple '' and has been compared to Fairchild Semiconductor for being a catalyst for start-ups . In 2010 , the company was listed by David Meyer in ZDNet as number nine in a feature of top ten fallen `` Dead IT giants '' . Many British IT professionals gained their early experiences on Acorns , which were often more technically advanced than commercially successful US hardware .

neg: Apple Adjustable Keyboard The Apple Adjustable Keyboard is an ergonomic and adjustable keyboard introduced by Apple Computer in 1993 for the Macintosh personal computers at a retail price of US$ 219 . The keyboard attached to the computer via the Apple Desktop Bus ( ADB ) . The last Apple computer released compatible with this keyboard without using a USB to ADB adapter was the Power Macintosh G3 ( Blue & White ) , as it was the last one with the Apple Desktop Bus .   It aimed to solve repetitive stress injuries resulting in carpal tunnel syndrome , after several computer keyboard manufacturers were sued for poor design . The Apple Adjustable Keyboard came with contoured plastic wrist rests , and a separate keypad with function keys and arrow keys . This was the third and last time Apple offered a separate numeric keypad . Unlike its predecessors , it was not sold separately . The keyboard also included volume buttons and a record button on the right side of the keyboard .   It was hinged at the top , allowing the user to adjust the angle between the right and left sides of the keyboard . The split came between the key pairs : 5/6 , T/Y , G/H , and B/N . The space bar floated midway between the two parts . Although the keyboard addressed several ergonomic problems , it was reviewed poorly due to using a large amount of desk space , mainly because of the optional palm rests .   The keyboard uses Alps SKFS switches , which provide tactile feedback with a slightly `` clicky '' feel .

neg: MacX MacX is a display server implementation supporting the X11 display server protocol that ran on System 7 , Mac OS 8 , and Mac OS 9 . It also ran under A/UX . Prior to X11R4 and the introduction of the PowerPC-based Power Macintosh , this server was developed internally by Apple Inc. for the Motorola 68000 based Macintoshes . MacX was initially developed within the Networking and Communications organization as one component of the Apple DEC Alliance suite of products , but later was moved to Apple 's A/UX group since X11 was ( and is ) an important part of UNIX user interfaces . Versions supporting X11R4 and X11R5 were developed for Apple by a small team of engineers at AGE Logic , Inc. , a San Diego , California company . AGE also OEMed the MacX software under the trade name XoftWare for Macintosh . Apple provided early versions of the Power Macintosh to AGE Logic , and the result was a binary that supported both the Power Macintosh as well as earlier , 68000-based systems .   AGE Logic was later acquired by a Silicon Valley company named NetManage in the mid-1990s . NetManage was headquartered directly across the street from Apple in Cupertino , California . XoftWare for Macintosh was merged into NetManage 's product offering for the Macintosh , which included a wide variety of standalone Internet desktop applications ( e.g. , telnet , archie search engine , gopher protocol , FTP ) , along with various software titles , mainly terminal emulators that were acquired by AGE Logic when it purchased Pacer Software earlier in the decade .   By 1998 , Apple had discontinued MacX as it transitioned from the classic Mac OS to the Unix-like Mac OS X , which had ample support for X11 ( earlier versions of Mac OS X did not directly support X11 , but as of Mac OS X v10 .3 , X11.app has been made available directly from Apple ) . NetManage disbanded its Macintosh group earlier , around 1996 , and as a result , discontinued support of XoftWare for Macintosh .

neg: Bill Fernandez Bill Fernandez is a user interface architect and inventor who was Apple Computer 's first employee when they incorporated in 1977 and is Apple employee # 4 . He worked on both the Apple I and Apple II personal computers , and in the 1980s was a member of the Apple Macintosh development team . He contributed to several user interface aspects of the classic Mac OS , QuickTime and HyperCard and owns a user interface patent granted in 1994 . He is also credited with introducing fellow Homestead High School student Steve Jobs to his friend ( and Homestead alum ) Steve Wozniak to each other .   Fernandez is portrayed by the actor Victor Rasuk in the 2013 film Jobs .

neg: New York (typeface) New York is a transitional serif typeface designed in 1983 for the Macintosh computer by Susan Kare , and re-worked in 1988 by Charles Bigelow and Kris Holmes . The typeface was the standard bitmap serif font for the early Macintosh operating systems . Originally titled `` Ardmore '' , it was renamed to New York before its initial release as part of the `` World Class Cities '' naming scheme by Apple Computer cofounder Steve Jobs .   Designed as a bitmap face , New York was later released in TrueType format , though the design differed from the bitmap version .

neg: Steve Forbes Malcolm Stevenson `` Steve '' Forbes , Jr. ( -LSB- fɔrbz -RSB- born July 18 , 1947 ) is an American publishing executive , who was twice a candidate for the nomination of the Republican Party for President . Forbes is the Editor-in-Chief of Forbes , a business magazine . Forbes was a Republican candidate in the 1996 and 2000 Presidential primaries . Forbes is the son of longtime Forbes publisher Malcolm Forbes , and the grandson of that publication 's founder , B.C. Forbes .


query: Dr. Dre's label has a name.

pos: Aftermath Entertainment Aftermath Entertainment is an American record label founded by hip hop producer and rapper Dr. Dre . It operates as a subsidiary of , and is distributed through , Universal Music Group 's Interscope Records . Current acts include Dr. Dre himself , Eminem , Kendrick Lamar , Anderson Paak , Jon Connor and Justus with former acts including 50 Cent , Busta Rhymes , The Game , Raekwon , Eve , Rakim and many others . The label 's acts over the years have earned RIAA certifications of platinum or higher on 18 of its 22 released albums .

pos: Dr. Dre Andre Romelle Young ( born February 18 , 1965 ) , better known by his stage name Dr. Dre , is an American rapper , record producer , and entrepreneur . He is the founder and current CEO of Aftermath Entertainment and Beats Electronics . Dre was previously the co-owner of , and an artist on , Death Row Records . He has produced albums for and overseen the careers of many rappers , including 2Pac , The D.O.C. , Snoop Dogg , Eminem , Xzibit , Knoc-turn ` al , 50 Cent , The Game and Kendrick Lamar . He is credited as a key figure in the popularization of West Coast G-funk , a style of rap music characterized as synthesizer-based with slow , heavy beats . In 2014 , Dr. Dre was ranked as the second richest figure in the American hip hop scene by Forbes with a net worth of $ 550 million ; he is at the top of the 2015 Forbes list , with an estimated pre-tax take of $ 620 million in 2014 .   Dre began his career as a member of the World Class Wreckin ' Cru and later found fame with the influential gangsta rap group N.W.A with Eazy-E , Ice Cube , MC Ren , and DJ Yella , which popularized the use of explicit lyrics in rap to detail the violence of street life . His 1992 solo debut The Chronic , released under Death Row Records , led him to become one of the best-selling American performing artists of 1993 and to win a Grammy Award for the single `` Let Me Ride '' . That same year he produced Death Row labelmate Snoop Dogg 's quadruple platinum debut Doggystyle , and even molded artists into top-notch producers such as his step-brother Warren G , which led to his Multi-Platinum debut Regulate ... G Funk Era in 1994 , and Snoop Dogg 's cousin Daz Dillinger which led to the double platinum debut album Dogg Food by Tha Dogg Pound in 1995 .   In 1996 , he left Death Row Records to establish his own label , Aftermath Entertainment . He produced a compilation album titled Dr. Dre Presents the Aftermath in 1996 , and released a solo album titled 2001 in 1999 . During the 2000s , he focused on production for other artists , while occasionally contributing vocals to songs . Dr. Dre signed Eminem in 1998 and 50 Cent in 2002 to his record label respectively , while contributing production on their albums . He has won six Grammy Awards , including Producer of the Year . Dr. Dre has also had acting roles in movies such as Set It Off , The Wash and Training Day . Rolling Stone ranked Dre at 56 on their list of `` 100 Greatest Artists of All-Time '' .

neg: Business as Usual (EPMD album) Business as Usual is the third album from Hip Hop duo EPMD , released December 18 , 1990 and their first on leading rap label Def Jam as a result of being signed over ( along with Nice & Smooth ) from their former label , Fresh Records . This album was also the first release by Def Jam as an imprint under its new Rush Associated Labels subsidiary , which allowed founder Russell Simmons more control and more ownership over its material , as the masters for proper Def Jam releases at that time were primarily owned by Sony Music 's Columbia Records . Business as Usual was not as acclaimed as their first two albums , but was not considered to be a failure either . One notable aspect here was the debut of future Hip Hop star Redman , who appears on the tracks `` Hardcore '' and `` Brothers on My Jock '' . Three singles were released from the album , `` Gold Digger '' , `` Rampage ( Slow Down , Baby ) '' featuring LL Cool J and `` Give the People '' . In 1998 , the album was selected as one of The Source 's 100 Best Rap Albums .   The album was certified Gold by the RIAA on May 7 , 1991 .

neg: The Marshall Mathers LP The Marshall Mathers LP is the third studio album by American rapper Eminem . It was released on May 23 , 2000 , by Aftermath Entertainment , Interscope Records , and Eminem 's newly founded label , Shady Records in the United States , and on September 11 , 2000 , by Polydor Records in the United Kingdom . The album was produced mostly by Dr. Dre and Eminem , along with The 45 King , the Bass Brothers , and Mel-Man . Released a year after Eminem 's breakout album The Slim Shady LP , the record features more introspective lyricism including the rapper 's response to his sudden rise to fame and controversy surrounding his lyrics .   The album sold more than 1.78 million copies in the US in its first week alone , becoming the fastest-selling studio album by any solo artist in American music history . In 2001 , the album won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Album and was nominated for Album of the Year . Eminem lost the latter to jazz-rock duo Steely Dan and their album Two Against Nature . The album was certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America in March 2011 for shipping 10 million copies in the United States . By December 2016 , the album had sold over 11 million copies in the United States and more than 32 million copies worldwide . A sequel to the album , The Marshall Mathers LP 2 , was released on November 5 , 2013 .

neg: Relapse (Eminem album) Relapse is the sixth studio album by American rapper Eminem . The album was released on May 19 , 2009 , under Aftermath Entertainment , Shady Records , and Interscope Records . It was his first album of original material since Encore ( 2004 ) , following a four-year hiatus from recording due to his writer 's block and an addiction to prescription sleeping medication . Recording sessions for the album took place during 2005 to 2009 at several recording studios , and Dr. Dre , Mark Batson , and Eminem handled production . Conceptually , Relapse concerns the ending of his drug rehabilitation , rapping after a non-fictional relapse , and the return of his Slim Shady alter-ego .   One of the most anticipated album releases of 2009 , Relapse debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart , selling 608,000 copies in its first week . It produced three singles that attained chart success and has been certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America . The album received mixed reviews from most music critics , who were divided in their responses towards Eminem 's lyrics . It has sold more than 2.3 million copies in the United States and more than 17 million copies worldwide .

neg: First Round Knock Out First Round Knock Out is a compilation by rapper/producer , Dr. Dre . The album was released in 1996 for Triple X Records and was mostly produced by Dr. Dre , as well as Cold 187um and Chris `` The Glove '' Taylor , who produced one song each . Artists featured on the album include Dr. Dre , Snoop Dogg , The D.O.C. , Kokane , Michel ` le , Rose Royce , Jimmy Z and the World Class Wreckin ' Cru . First Round Knock Out managed to make it to # 52 on the Billboard 200 and # 18 on the Top R&B / Hip-Hop Albums .

neg: Top Dawg Entertainment Top Dawg Entertainment ( TDE ) is an American independent record label founded in 2004 , by chief executive officer ( CEO ) Anthony `` Top Dawg '' Tiffith . Dave `` Miyatola '' Free and Terrence `` Punch '' Henderson are the co-presidents of TDE . There are currently eight artists signed to the label , Isaiah Rashad , SZA , Lance Skiiiwalker and SiR , as well as the flagship artists , Black Hippy members , Kendrick Lamar , Jay Rock , ScHoolboy Q and Ab-Soul . The label also houses a production division that includes Digi + Phonics , THC , and King Blue .

neg: Dre discography This is the discography of the producer/rapper Dre .

neg: Indie hip-hop Indie hip hop ( short for independent hip hop ) is hip hop that primarily exists in the independent underground music scene .   The term underground hip hop may be used to describe both indie hip hop ( which is defined by its artists being unsigned or signed to independent record labels , rather than major record labels ) as well as alternative hip hop ( which is defined by music that diverges from mainstream hip hop music such as Gangsta rap . )   As the term `` indie hip hop '' is indicative of the musicians making the music rather than the music itself , it is not strictly a genre but rather covers a range of styles with clearly discernable hip hop characteristics .   Like indie rock artists , many indie hip hop artists place a premium on maintaining complete control of their music and careers , releasing albums on independent record labels ( sometimes their own ) and relying on touring , word-of-mouth , and air play on independent or college radio stations for promotion . Some of its more popular artists , however , may end up moving to major labels , though often on favorable terms won by their prior independent success .   Independent hip hop labels include Babygrande Records , Definitive Jux , Nature Sounds Records and Strange Famous Records . Notable indie hip hop artists include 7L & Esoteric , Bronze Nazareth , Chief Kamachi , Lord Jamar , Mr. Lif , Jedi Mind Tricks , OuterSpace , The Perceptionists , WMR Music Group and The Society of Invisibles .

neg: Authorized generics Authorized generics are prescription drugs produced by brand pharmaceutical companies and marketed under a private label , at generic prices . Authorized generics compete with generic products in that they are identical to their brand counterpart in both active and inactive ingredients ; whereas according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration 's Office of Generic Drugs , generic drugs are required to contain only the identical active ingredients as the brand . Authorized generics compete with generics on price , quality and availability in the generic marketplace , and are marketed to consumers during and after what is commonly known as `` the 180-day exclusivity period '' .   In 2011 the FTC issued a final report on authorized generics ( following its 2009 interim report ) that showed that when innovator companies launched authorized generics during the 180 day exclusivity period granted to the first generic company to file an ANDA , prices were significantly lower that when there was no authorized generic and no competition , thus benefiting consumers .

neg: Black Mafia Life Black Mafia Life is the second studio album by American hip hop group Above the Law.This Album Is What Would Be Considered The Blue Print Sound Similar To Dr Dre 's The Chronic.The Sound What would be later Named as G-Funk by 2pac . Recorded in 1991 into 1992 but was held back due Legal Issues With Epic And Dr. Dre 's Departure from Ruthless Records . It was released on February 2 , 1993 via Ruthless Records . The album peaked at number 6 on the Top R&B / Hip-Hop Albums and number 37 on the US Billboard 200 . Rolling Stone gave the album 4.5 stars of 5 .   As on the group 's previous works , Livin ' Like Hustlers and Vocally Pimpin ' , this album 's audio production was mostly handled by A.T.L. themselves , but this one excluded any contributions from Lay Law . It featured guest appearances from Kokane , Eazy-E , 2pac , MC Ren , and Digital Underground . Its lead single `` V.S.O.P. '' peaked at number 9 on the Hot Rap Singles and number 97 on the Hot R&B / Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks .   Above the Law member Go Mack left the group after release of this album .

neg: Hip-O Records Hip-O Records is a record label that specializes in reissues and compilations . It is part of Universal Music Group . Established in 1996 , the label has distributed releases from ` out of style ' genres such as disco and early hip-hop music as well as publishing film soundtracks . The label 's name is a pun on the name ` hippo ' .

neg: Dr. Dre Presents the Aftermath Dr. Dre Presents ... The Aftermath is a compilation album produced and released by American rapper and producer , Dr. Dre . The album was released on November 26 , 1996 , a week after the release of the lead single , `` East Coast , West Coast , Killas '' featuring Group Therapy . The album is Dre 's first release after leaving Death Row Records , and was the first release on his then newly established Aftermath Entertainment . In spite of Dr. Dre 's name being on the album , and it being certified platinum , it received mixed reviews and was not amongst the year 's more commercially successful releases . The album was later followed by the second single , the Dr. Dre solo track `` Been There , Done That '' .

neg: Warp 10: Influences, Classics, Remixes Warp 10 is a series of compilation albums issued by Warp Records in 1999 to celebrate the label 's tenth anniversary . The collection spans three double CD/quadruple vinyl sets , which can be purchased individually . Each volume in the set highlights different phases of electronic music , including influential tracks not originally released by Warp ( licensed specifically for this collection ) , but which helped to shape the artists and musicians who eventually appeared on the label , as well as tracks that influenced the overall sound of the label itself .   Warp 10 +1 : Influences ( WARP LP/CD 67 ) contains twenty-two early acid house and techno tracks . Many of these songs are today considered to be the classics of these genres ( when they were in their infancy ) . A number of the tracks had never been available on compact disc before this collection , and seven of the twenty-two were mastered directly from 12 inch vinyl ( from such record labels as Cutting , Trax , Fourth Floor , KMS , Metroplex , 10 , Cause N ' Effect , Transmat , Plezure , and Bassic ) . Spanning the years 1986 through 1990 , the songs represented here were still very much an underground sensation in the United States , however a handful of these songs charted well on the UK singles chart and helped to usher in the acid house craze that swept across Europe in the late 1980s .  Warp 10 +2 : Classics 89 -- 92 ( WARP LP/CD 68 ) features eighteen full-length `` classic '' versions and remixes taken directly from the vaults of Warp Records . Tracks appearing here were produced between the years of 1989 and 1992 . As with Warp 10 +1 , many of these tracks appeared previously only on 12 inch vinyl or now out-of-print compilations and EPs .  Warp 10 +3 : Remixes ( WARP LP/CD 69 ) contains twenty-six remixes ( of which twenty-five are exclusive to this collection ) of tracks taken from Warp Records ' back catalog . Although all of the original recordings were released by Warp , the remixers are not necessarily Warp Records artists . The original songs span from the years 1990 through 1998 .   The album art is the Roger Stevens Building , a lecture hall for the University of Leeds built in the 1970s , and noted for its bizarre brutalist architecture . The quadruple vinyl editions of Influences and Classics 89 -- 92 come in gatefold sleeves , while that of Remixes is packaged as four separate LPs in sleeves inside a hard box .   In a 2013 article for Fact Magazine , Simon Reynolds noted that Warp 10 +2 : Classics 89 -- 92 remains one of the only compilations that covers the `` bleep techno '' of the early 1990s : '' -LSB- D -RSB- espite its time-defying excellence , bleep is poorly served in terms of compilations : basically , there 's Warp 's Classics double CD , plus out-of-print comps from the original era . ''

neg: Gold Rush: Maybe One Day Gold Rush : Maybe One Day is the third studio album by the American Christian hip hop musician Dre Murray . It was released on July 9 , 2013 , by Collision Records . It charted on the Billboard 200 at No. 189 .

neg: Grand Hustle Records Grand Hustle Records ( formerly Grand Hustle Entertainment ) , also known as Hustle Gang Music , is an Atlanta , Georgia-based record label , founded in 2001 , by American hip hop recording artist T.I. and his business partner Jason Geter . Up until December 2012 , the label was distributed by Atlantic Records . It currently operates as an independent record label . The label is home to artists such as B.o.B , Young Dro , Trae tha Truth and Travis Scott , among others . The label also houses a roster of record producers , including DJ Toomp , Lil ' C , Mars , Nard & B , TrackSlayerz and more .   The label has released 26 studio albums in total , with 13 of them being certified gold or higher , by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . Additionally , the label has released five albums that reached number one on the US Billboard 200 chart , namely King ( 2006 ) , T.I. vs. T.I.P. ( 2007 ) , Paper Trail ( 2008 ) , The Adventures of Bobby Ray ( 2010 ) and Birds in the Trap Sing McKnight ( 2016 ) . Furthermore , Grand Hustle has released multiple top 40 hit singles , including `` Bring 'Em Out '' , `` What You Know '' , `` Shoulder Lean '' , `` Whatever You Like '' , `` Live Your Life '' , `` Dead and Gone '' , `` Nothin ' on You '' , `` Airplanes '' , `` Magic '' , `` Strange Clouds '' , `` So Good '' , `` Both of Us '' , `` Antidote '' and more .

neg: Chronicles: Death Row Classics Chronicles : Death Row Classics is a Dr. Dre greatest hits album released by Death Row Records on June 27 , 2006 .   This is the follow-up of the album Chronicle : Best of the Works ( 2002 ) . While Chronicle : Best of the Work was originally released by Death Row UK , and thus not officially a Death Row album , this is an official Death Row release . Some of the songs from Dr. Dre 's 1992 album The Chronic that were not included on Chronicle : Best of the Work are on this album . A few songs that were already on Chronicle : Best of the Work are also on it .

neg: Priority Records Priority Records is an American distribution company and record label known for many highly successful artists including Eazy-E , Ice Cube , MC Ren , Dr. Dre , Ice-T , Jay-Z , Mack 10 , Master P , Mia X , Mystikal , N.W.A , Snoop Dogg , Silkk the Shocker & Westside Connection amongst others . It also distributed many highly successful hip hop record labels including Death Row Records , Hoo-Bangin ' Records , No Limit Records , Posthuman Records , Rap-A-Lot Records , Rawkus Records , Roc-A-Fella Records , Ruthless Records & Wu-Tang Records amongst others .

neg: Muzical Madness Muzical Madness is the second album by Jimmy Z . The album was released on October 1 , 1991 for Ruthless Records and was produced by Dr. Dre , Eazy-E and Jimmy Z . This album is one of the few , if not the only album released by Ruthless Records that is not entirely hip hop based . The album was neither a commercial nor critical success , however the song , `` Funky Flute '' , which featured Dr. Dre , gained some minor success .

neg: Radio (LL Cool J album) Radio is the debut studio album by American rapper LL Cool J , released November 18 , 1985 on Def Jam Recordings in the United States . It serves as the label 's first full-length album release . Recording sessions for the album took place during 1984 to 1985 at Chung King House of Metal in New York City . The album was primarily produced by Rick Rubin , who provided a sparse and minimal production style . Radio also features a sound that is punctuated by DJ scratching , mostly brief samples , and emphasis of the downbeat . LL Cool J 's b-boy lyricism conveys themes of inner city culture , teenage promiscuity , and braggadocio raps .   The album experienced a significant amount of commercial success and sales for a hip hop record at the time , earning U.S. Billboard chart success and selling over 500,000 copies within its first five months of release . On April 19 , 1989 , Radio was certified platinum in sales by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , following sales in excess of one million copies in the United States . Initial criticism of the album was generally positive , as LL Cool J 's lyricism and Rick Rubin 's production were praised by several music critics . It has since been recognized by critics as LL Cool J 's greatest work .   Reflecting the new school and ghettoblaster subculture in the U.S. during the mid-1980s , Radio belongs to a pivotal moment in the history and culture of hip hop . Its success contributed to the displacement of the old school with the new school form and to the genre 's mainstream success during the period . Its success also served as a career breakthrough for LL Cool J and Rick Rubin . Radio has been recognized by music writers as one of the first cohesive and commercially successful hip hop albums .

neg: Dub music Dub is a genre of music that grew out of reggae in the 1960s , and is commonly considered a subgenre , though it has developed to extend beyond the scope of reggae . Music in this genre consists predominantly of instrumental remixes of existing recordings and is achieved by significantly manipulating and reshaping the recordings , usually by removing the vocals from an existing music piece , and emphasizing the drum and bass parts ( this stripped-down track is sometimes referred to as a riddim ) . Other techniques include dynamically adding extensive echo , reverb , panoramic delay , and occasional dubbing of vocal or instrumental snippets from the original version or other works . It was an early form of popular electronic music .   Dub was pioneered by Osbourne `` King Tubby '' Ruddock , Lee `` Scratch '' Perry , Errol Thompson and others in the late 1960s . Augustus Pablo is credited with bringing the melodica to dub , and is also among the pioneers and creators of the genre . Similar experiments with recordings at the mixing desk outside of the dancehall environment were also done by producers Clive Chin and Herman Chin Loy . These producers , especially Ruddock and Perry , looked upon the mixing console as an instrument , manipulating tracks to come up with something new and different .  Dub has influenced many genres of music , including rock ( most significantly the subgenre of post-punk and other kinds of punk ) , pop , hip hop , disco , and later house , techno , ambient , electronic dance music , and trip hop . Dub has become a basis for the genres of jungle and drum and bass Traditional dub has survived , and some of the originators , such as Lee `` Scratch '' Perry and Mad Professor , continue to produce new material .

neg: I Need a Doctor `` I Need a Doctor '' is a single by American rappers Dr. Dre and Eminem and recording artist Skylar Grey . The song is produced by British record producer Alex da Kid , mixed by Dr. Dre , and was released for digital download through the American iTunes Store on February 1 , 2011 .   Musically , `` I Need a Doctor '' is predominantly a rap song , backed by a `` spacey '' , drum-heavy production , with extra piano keys featured in the introduction and the chorus . Lyrically , the song is largely about Dr. Dre and Eminem 's close friendship , and how they have often needed and inspired each other in the past .   Even though the song was leaked onto the Internet several months in advance of its release , it became a significant commercial success on its official release , particularly in the United States , where it peaked at number 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming Dr. Dre 's second highest peaking song on the chart ever , and also peaking in the upper regions of many national charts . As of October 2011 , it has sold over 2,206,000 digital copies in the United States alone .