query: Usain Bolt was in the 2008 Olympics.

pos: Usain Bolt Usain St Leo Bolt , OJ , CD ( -LSB- ˈjuːseɪn -RSB- born 21 August 1986 ) is a Jamaican sprinter . He is the first person to hold both the 100 metres and 200 metres world records since fully automatic time became mandatory . He also holds the world record as a part of the 4 × 100 metres relay . He is the reigning world and Olympic champion in these three events . Due to his unprecedented dominance and achievements in sprint competition , he is widely considered to be the greatest sprinter of all time .   An eight-time Olympic gold medalist , Bolt won the 100 m , 200 m and 4 × 100 m relay at three consecutive Olympic Games , although he subsequently lost one of the gold medals ( as well as the world record set therein ) nine years after the fact due to teammate Nesta Carter 's disqualification for doping offences . He gained worldwide popularity for his double sprint victory at the 2008 Beijing Olympics in world record times . Bolt is the only sprinter to win Olympic 100 m and 200 m titles at three consecutive olympics ( 2008 , 2012 and 2016 ) , a feat referred to as the `` triple double . ''   An eleven-time World Champion , he won consecutive World Championship 100 m , 200 m and 4 × 100 metres relay gold medals from 2009 to 2015 , with the exception of a 100 m false start in 2011 . He is the most successful athlete of the World Championships and was the first athlete to win three titles in both the 100 m and 200 m at the competition .   Bolt improved upon his first 100 m world record of 9.69 with 9.58 seconds in 2009 -- the biggest improvement since the start of electronic timing . He has twice broken the 200 metres world record , setting 19.30 in 2008 and 19.19 in 2009 . He has helped Jamaica to three 4 × 100 metres relay world records , with the current record being 36.84 seconds set in 2012 . Bolt 's most successful event is the 200 m , with three Olympic and four World titles . The 2008 Olympics was his international debut over 100 m ; he had earlier won numerous 200 m medals ( including 2007 World Championship silver ) and holds the world under-20 and world under-18 records for the event .   His achievements as a sprinter have earned him the media nickname `` Lightning Bolt '' , and his awards include the IAAF World Athlete of the Year , Track & Field Athlete of the Year , and Laureus World Sportsman of the Year ( four times ) . Bolt has stated that he intends to retire from athletics after the 2017 World Championships .

neg: Switzerland at the 2012 Summer Olympics Switzerland competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , from 27 July to 12 August 2012 . Swiss athletes competed at every Summer Olympic Games in the modern era , except when they boycotted the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne as a protest to the Soviet invasion of Hungary . The Swiss Olympic Association sent a total of 103 athletes to the Games , 72 men and 31 women , to compete in 18 sports .   Switzerland left London with a total of four Olympic medals ( two gold and two silver ) , their lowest in Summer Olympic history since 1992 . This was in stark contrast with the zero medal tally of the neighbouring Austria , a nation of roughly comparable size . Most of these medals were awarded to the athletes in cycling , tennis , equestrian , and triathlon .   Among the nation 's medalists were mountain biker Nino Schurter , who collected a total of two Olympic medals after winning the silver in men 's cross-country race . Equestrian rider Steve Guerdat won Switzerland 's first ever gold medal in the individual show jumping after 84 years . Meanwhile , Nicola Spirig became the second Swiss athlete to claim an Olympic title in women 's triathlon since its official debut as a full-medal sport in 2000 . World number-one male tennis player Roger Federer won the coveted silver medal in the men 's singles , after he was defeated by Great Britain 's Andy Murray . Several Swiss athletes missed out of the medal standings . Defending Olympic champion Fabian Cancellara finished seventh in the men 's individual time trial , following his collarbone injury from the road race .

neg: Saint Kitts and Nevis at the 2008 Summer Olympics The Saint Kitts and Nevis National Olympic Committee sent four athletes to the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , China . All four participated in the track and field competitions across four different events . Three women ( Tiandra Ponteen , Virgil Hodge , and Meritzer Williams ) and one man ( Kim Collins ) comprised the Kittitian delegation . Williams and Ponteen did not advance past Qualifications in their events ; Hodge reached quarterfinals in both the 100m and 200m sprints ; and Collins , who participated in two events , reached the Semifinal round in the 100m sprint , and ranked sixth in the finals in the 200m sprint . Saint Kitts and Nevis did not win any medals during the Beijing Olympics . The flag bearer for the team at the opening ceremony was first-time Olympian Virgil Hodge .

neg: United States at the 1984 Summer Olympics The United States was the host nation of the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles , California . It was the nineteenth time that Team USA participated , having boycotted the 1980 Summer Olympics . 522 competitors , 339 men and 183 women , took part in 217 events in 25 sports .   These Olympic Games were unique for the United States in that the host state was California , the home state of the country 's president , Ronald Reagan , who himself opened the Games , becoming the first American president to open a Summer Olympics , and also any Olympic games in the United States . Reagan was governor of the state from 1967 to 1975 . It was not until the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City that an American president opened a Winter Olympics in the United States .   Team USA won 83 Gold medals at the 1984 Summer Olympics , which is as of 2016 , the record for most first-place finishes in a Summer Olympics by a host nation .

neg: Joanna Kocielnik Joanna Henryka Kocielnik ( born 11 March 1983 in Warsaw ) is a track and field sprint athlete who competes internationally for Poland .   Kocielnik represented Poland at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing . She competed at the 4 x 100 metres relay together with Daria Korczyńska , Dorota Jędrusińska and Marta Jeschke . In their first round heat ( without Kocielnik ) they placed fifth behind Belgium , Great Britain , Brazil and Nigeria . Their time of 43.47 seconds was the second best non-directly qualifying time and the seventh time overall out of sixteen participating nations . With this result they qualified for the final in which they replaced Jeschke with Kocielnik . In the final they were eventually disqualified .

neg: GamesBids GamesBids.com is an Olympic bid news and information web site created in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , by Robert Livingstone .   The goal of the site , which was originally named Torontosummergames.com , was to follow the bid by the city of Toronto to organize the Games of the XXIXth Olympiad in 2008 . After Beijing was eventually elected to host the Olympic Games , the site continued to operate , generally addressing and analysing the overall Olympic bid business .   The site has also been the source of a few scoops , for instance when one of the forum members discovered the trademark filing of the Beijing 2008 logo , providing the information before it was due to be released to the public .   Many international websites , newspapers , and news stations have mentioned Gamesbids in connection to the Olympic Movement , for instance the International Herald Tribune and The New York Times that wrote `` GamesBids.com , an influential , independent Web site based in Canada that looks at the business of the bidding process . ''   GamesBids.com is also well-respected by key industry insiders . Baku 2020 Olympic bid chief Konul Nurullayeva said `` GamesBids '' is one of the most influential websites that disseminate information about the preparation for the Olympics , the election process and the candidate-cities . ''

neg: Rowing at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's single sculls Women 's single sculls competition at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing was held between August 9 and 16 , at the Shunyi Olympic Rowing-Canoeing Park .   This rowing event is a single scull event , meaning that each boat is propelled by a single rower . The `` scull '' portion means that the rower uses two oars , one on each side of the boat ; this contrasts with sweep rowing in which each rower has one oar and rows on only one side ( not feasible for singles events ! ) . The competition consists of multiple rounds . Finals were held to determine the placing of each boat ; these finals were given letters with those nearer to the beginning of the alphabet meaning a better ranking . Semifinals were named based on which finals they fed , with each semifinal having two possible finals .   During the first round six heats were held . The top three boats in each heat advance to the quarterfinals , together with the 6 fastest of the remaining scullers , while all others are relegated to the E/F semifinals .   The quarterfinals were the second round for rowers still competing for medals . Placing in the quarterfinal heats determined which semifinal the boat would race in . The top three boats in each quarterfinal moved on to the A/B semifinals , with the bottom three boats going to the C/D semifinals .   Six semifinals were held , two each of A/B semifinals , C/D semifinals , and E/F semifinals . For each semifinal race , the top three boats moved on to the better of the two finals , while the bottom three boats went to the lesser of the two finals possible . For example , a second-place finish in an A/B semifinal would result in advancement to the A final .   The fourth and final round was the Finals . Each final determined a set of rankings . The A final determined the medals , along with the rest of the places through 6th . The B final gave rankings from 7th to 12th , the C from 13th to 18th , and so on . Thus , to win a medal rowers had to finish in the top four of their heat , top three of their quarterfinal , and top three of their A/B semifinal to reach the A final .

neg: Athletics at the 1908 Summer Olympics At the 1908 Summer Olympics held in London , England , 26 athletics events were contested , all for men only . A total of 79 medals ( 27 gold , 27 silver , 25 bronze ) were awarded .   Each nation was allowed to enter up to 12 competitors in most of the events . In the team races ( the medley relay and the 3 mile team race ) , each nation entered one team . The medley relay was run by four athletes , with four alternates allowed . In the 3 mile team race , five athletes from each nation ran with only three counting .   The competition was restricted to amateurs , and was held under the rules of the Amateur Athletic Association . These rules included a prohibition on any interference with other runners ( a rule that played an important part in the 400 metres ) .

neg: 1984 United States Olympic Trials (track and field) The 1984 United States Olympic Trials for track and field were held at Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum in Los Angeles , California , the same venue as would host the 1984 Olympics a month and a half later . Organised by The Athletics Congress ( TAC ) , the nine-day competition lasted from June 16 until June 24 . The national championships in track and field for the United States was a separate event that year , held a week earlier in San Jose , California . The Women 's Marathon Olympic Trials were held on May 12 in Olympia , Washington . The Men 's Marathon Trials were in Buffalo , New York on May 26 .   The results of the event determined qualification for the United States at the 1984 Summer Olympics .   This meet had two of the closest finishes . In the Women 's 100 meters hurdles , the second , third and fourth-place finishers had the same time to the 100th of a second , with winner Kim Turner just one 100th ahead . Stephanie Hightower was the odd person out , not selected to the Olympic team . 28 years later at the 2012 Trials , Hightower as President of USATF had to administer over another similar tie in the Women 's 100 meters between Allyson Felix and Jeneba Tarmoh that could not be separated by photo finish pictures . The other close finish was in the Men 's 800 meters , where Earl Jones and Johnny Gray both received the same time of 1:43.74 to share the American Record from the same race . And .17 behind them John Marshall and James Robinson also received the same time for the last qualifying place after Robinson kicked past the field and looked to have edged past Marshall , Robinson relaxed at the line while Marshall made one last lean to get the edge and take the final spot on the Olympic team .

neg: Mike Day (cyclist) Micheal Day ( born October 9 , 1984 in Tarzana , California United States ) is a professional American `` Current School '' Bicycle Motocross ( BMX ) racer whose prime competitive years are from 2002 -- Present . His nickname is a play on a common phrase . Mike Day 's official Union Cycliste Internationale ( UCI ) number , which was originally assigned to him by the American Bicycle Association ( ABA ) ( not affiliated to the UCI ) , he requested for it from and is assigned it by the UCI for life regardless of how he does in a race season , is # 365 . With the exception of quadrennial leap years , that is the number of days in a calendar year . As a result , a play on his surname `` 365 Day '' occurs from the common phrase '' ... 365 days a year '' ( alternatively '' . .365 days per year '' ) :  On June 14 , 2008 Mike Day won a place on the USA BMX Olympic Team by winning the Team Trial at the Olympic Training Center in Chula Vista , California . This team will represent the USA in the first ever BMX racing competition in the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , China with Teammates Kyle Bennett , Donny Robinson , and Jill Kintner . As of August 20 , he has made the Semi Finals in the 2008 Summer Olympics , winning both the Seeding Run time trials and was the overall winning of the three runnings of his Quarter Finals , sweeping all three . On August 22 , Mike Day won the Silver medal in the Men 's BMX Final at the 2008 Summer Olympic Games . Since the Men 's Final was raced after the Women 's Final in the sport 's debut games , he is the second American ever to win a medal . However , he is also the highest placing . His teammates Jill Kintner and Donny Robinson both won Bronze medals . Kyle Bennett did not qualify for the Finals . Maris Strombergs of Latvia was the winner of the Gold medal .

neg: Jamaica at the Olympics Jamaica first participated at the Olympic Games in 1948 , and has sent athletes to compete in every Summer Olympic Games since then . In 1960 , Jamaican athletes competed as part of the West Indies Federation team .  Jamaica has also participated in the Winter Olympic Games since 1988 , with the Jamaica national bobsleigh team achieving some fame .   Jamaican athletes have won a total of 68 medals , with all but one medal won in athletics , and all but three of those in the individual and relay sprint events .   The National Olympic Committee for Jamaica is the Jamaica Olympic Association , and was founded in 1936 .

neg: Rikki Fifton Rikki Fifton ( born in London on 17 June 1985 ) is a British sprinter who mainly specialises in the 200 metres , but occasionally competes in 100 metres , 400 metres , and relay events .   Before becoming involved in athletics , Fifton was an avid kick boxer . He currently runs for the Newham and Essex Beagles and is studying for a PE and Sociology degree at Loughborough University .   He made his first international junior appearance at the 2003 European Athletics Junior Championships , finishing fourth in the 200 m final . The following year he attended the 2004 World Junior Championships in Athletics and again reached the final , this time finishing in sixth place . His most accomplished performance to date on the senior athletics circuit is getting to the semi-finals of the European Championships in Athletics in 2006 and winning the 200 m at the national indoor championships in 2007 . He won the 200 m bronze medal at the 2007 European Athletics U23 Championships , finishing behind Visa Hongisto and Vojtech Sulc .   In May 2009 , Fifton took part in the 150 meters street race at the Great City Games in Manchester . He reached the final of the event and finished fourth with a time of 15.13 seconds , behind Ivory Williams , Marlon Devonish and Usain Bolt .   He won the 200 m at the European Athletics permit meet in Geneva in June with a new personal best of 20.46 seconds . This made him top of the European rankings in the event and improved his chances for a place in the 2009 European Team Championships . He was selected to run the 4 × 100 m relay and the 200 m at the competition . However , he suffered a hamstring injury in the relay race and Great Britain finished tenth . Teammate Dwain Chambers won as the stand-in 200 m runner .

neg: Gymnastics at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's vault Men 's vault competition at the 2008 Summer Olympics was held on August 18 at the Beijing National Indoor Stadium .   The eight competitors ( with a maximum of two per nation ) with the highest scores in qualifying proceeded to the men 's vault finals . There , each gymnast performed two vaults ; the scores from the final round ( ignoring qualification ) determined final ranking .

neg: Zimbabwe at the 2008 Summer Paralympics Zimbabwe competed in the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing , China . The country 's delegation consisted of two track and field athletes , Elliot Mujaji and Molene Muza . Mujaji is a two-time Paralympic gold medalist , having won the 100 metre T46 event in 2000 and 2004 , while Muza competed in the Paralympic Games for the first time . In the days leading up to the games , the pair trained at the National University of Science and Technology in Bulawayo under coach Remigio Mumbire , however a lack of money threatened to cut the training camp short . The group planned to leave for Beijing on 28 August and arrive two days later .   Mujaji competed in the men 's 100 and 200 metre races , and Muza in the women 's javelin and shot put .

neg: Chronological summary of the 2008 Summer Olympics This page contains a chronological summary of major events from the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , China .

neg: Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's high jump The men 's high jump at the 2008 Olympic Games took place on 17 -- 19 August at the Beijing Olympic Stadium .   The qualifying standards were 2.30 m ( 7.55 ft ) ( A standard ) and 2.27 m ( 7.45 ft ) ( B standard ) .   Notably , reigning world champion Donald Thomas , who cleared 2.32 metres in Osaka 2007 , finished only in twenty-first place , but failed to advance into the final round .

neg: International Track & Field International Track & Field is a 3D update of Konami 's Track & Field series , in which up to four players compete in eleven different Olympic events . The game was released for the PlayStation and the arcades in 1996 . The arcade version was released only in Japan as Hyper Athlete . In 2008 the game was released on PlayStation Network . All six events from the first game , 1983 's Track & Field , are included , but only three events ( swimming , pole vault and triple jump ) are taken from the sequel , Hyper Sports . International Track & Field uses the three-button control system of its predecessors ( two run buttons and one action button per player ) and the eleven disciplines can be attempted in any order . The available events are :  100m Sprint  Long Jump  Shot Put  100m Free style  110m Hurdle  High Jump  Hammer  Triple Jump  Javelin  Pole Vault  Discus

neg: USA Wrestling USA Wrestling ( formerly known as the United States Wrestling Federation and as the United States Wrestling Association ) is the organization that currently governs freestyle wrestling and Greco-Roman wrestling in the United States . USA Wrestling is also the official representative to the United States Olympic Committee ( USOC ) and to United World Wrestling ( UWW ) and is considered the national governing body of the sport at the amateur level . Their mission statement is , `` USA Wrestling , guided by the Olympic Spirit , provides quality opportunities for its members to achieve their full human and athletic potential . ''

neg: Gymnastics at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's parallel bars Men 's parallel bars competition at the 2008 Summer Olympics was held on August 19 at the Beijing National Indoor Stadium .   The eight competitors ( with a maximum of two per nation ) with the highest scores in qualifying proceeded to the men 's parallel bars finals . There , each gymnast performed again ; the scores from the final round ( ignoring qualification ) determined the final ranking .

neg: Netherlands at the 2008 Summer Olympics The Netherlands competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , People 's Republic of China . This was announced in an official statement on the NOC * NSF website . In the statement they named the Olympic Games and the Paralympic Games as a highlight in sports to which a lot of sportspeople , coaches and the Dutch sports fans would look forward . The Netherlands aimed for a top 10 nations ranking in the Olympics as well as a top 25 ranking in the Paralympics ; they ended up ranking 12th at the Games .   Further in the statement they announced that they were aware of the political discussions about human rights and other issues in the People 's Republic of China and that they encouraged these discussions , but that they would only participate in sports related discussions . They say individual sportspeople , coaches and managers might have their own opinions about the issues but these would always be conveyed as personal opinions deriving from their own social views . They believe sports activities do have the opportunity to positively influence the situation in the People 's Republic of China when it comes to implementing the sports rules correctly as well as in situations improving the levels of respect , solidarity and fair play in sports .   There were 243 athletes representing the Netherlands . 15 in athletics , 24 in baseball , 2 in canoeing , 27 in cycling , 8 in equestrian , 2 in fencing , 32 in field hockey , 18 in football , 2 in gymnastics , 10 in judo , 30 in rowing , 12 in sailing , 15 in softball , 21 in swimming , 3 in table tennis , 1 in taekwondo , 2 in triathlon , 6 in volleyball and 13 in water polo . 61 different athletes won a medal , which is 25.10 % of all athletes . With a gold and a silver medal Anky van Grunsven was the only multiple medalist . The athletes that qualified for the 2008 Summer Olympics are listed below .

neg: 2008 Summer Paralympics The 2008 Summer Paralympic Games ( Chinese : 第十三屆残疾人奥林匹克运动会 ) , the thirteenth Paralympics , took place in Beijing , China from September 6 to 17 , 2008 . As with the 2008 Summer Olympics , equestrian events were held in Hong Kong and sailing events in Qingdao .   3,951 athletes from 146 countries took part . This was the largest ever number of nations at the Paralympics ( ten more than in Athens ) , and five countries competed for the first time . China fielded more athletes than any other country . The slogan for the 2008 Paralympics was the same as the 2008 Summer Olympics , `` One World , One Dream '' ( Pinyin Tóng yīge shìjìe tóng yīge mèngxiǎng , lit . `` One World , One Dream '' ) . China dominated the medal count finishing with 89 gold medals and 211 total medals , more than double the next-ranked NPC in both cases .   339 Paralympic records and 279 world records were broken .   International Paralympic Committee ( IPC ) President Philip Craven declared the Games `` the greatest Paralympic Games ever . ''


query: Bali is the capital of the Republic of Indonesia

pos: Bali Bali ( Balinese : ) is an island and province of Indonesia . The province includes the island of Bali and a few smaller neighbouring islands , notably Nusa Penida , Nusa Lembongan , and Nusa Ceningan . It is located at the westernmost end of the Lesser Sunda Islands , between Java to the west and Lombok to the east . Its capital , Denpasar , is located in the southern part of the island .   With a population of 3,890,757 in the 2010 census , and 4,225,000 as of January 2014 , the island is home to most of Indonesia 's Hindu minority . According to the 2010 Census , 83.5 % of Bali 's population adhered to Balinese Hinduism , followed by 13.4 % Muslim , Christianity at 2.5 % , and Buddhism 0.5 % .   Bali is a popular tourist destination , which has seen a significant rise in tourists since the 1980s . Tourism-related business makes up 80 % of its economy . It is renowned for its highly developed arts , including traditional and modern dance , sculpture , painting , leather , metalworking , and music . The Indonesian International Film Festival is held every year in Bali . In March 2017 , TripAdvisor named the island the world 's top destination in its Traveler 's choice award .   Bali is part of the Coral Triangle , the area with the highest biodiversity of marine species . In this area alone over 500 reef building coral species can be found . For comparison , this is about 7 times as many as in the entire Caribbean . Most recently , Bali was the host of the 2011 ASEAN Summit , 2013 APEC and Miss World 2013 . Bali is the home of the Subak Irrigation System , a UNESCO World Heritage Site .

neg: Water privatisation in Jakarta Water privatisation in Jakarta began when the British water company Thames Water entered into an agreement with the son of then-President Suharto in 1993 to obtain a water concession . Under the influence of the French water company Suez , however , the government decided to split the city 's service area between the two companies . The government awarded Thames Water and Suez each a concession for one half of the city without competitive bidding . The contracts foresaw water charge increases that would allow the companies to earn a comfortable 22 percent rate of return . However , only two months after the contracts were signed , the Indonesian rupiah massively lost in value due to the East Asian financial crisis , and President Suharto was toppled . The concessions survived , but the government imposed a tariff freeze and the contracts had to be renegotiated to reduce their targets . In 2006 Suez sold half and Thames Water all its shares to Indonesian investors .   The main targets of the concession were to increase service coverage from an initial 46 percent and to reduce water losses from 61 percent . The original target of the concessions was to reach 75 percent service coverage in 2008 and 100 percent at the end of the concession . They also aimed to reduce water losses to 25 percent by 2008 and 20 percent by the end of the concession . These targets were substantially loosened during the renegotiations : The new 2008 targets were 68 percent for service coverage and 42 percent for water losses . In 2008 service coverage reached only 64 percent and water losses were reduced to only 50 percent . During the same period , water tariffs increased threefold . This increase was partly due to increases in the cost of electricity and bulk water purchases which are passed through by the private companies to the customers .   On 24 March 2015 the Central Jakarta District Court ruled the privatisation of Jakarta 's water was illegal and ordered the return of the water system to public control . The court noted that the private operators were `` negligent in fulfilling the human right to water for Jakarta 's residents . '' The government of Indonesia and the private operators lodged an appeal against the court decision . The government , which wants to attract private infrastructure investment , has not made any preparations to buy back the concessions , which remain in place pending a final court decision .

neg: History of Bogor The History of Bogor includes various rulers leading up to the development of the densely populated Indonesian city of Bogor . The City of Bogor ( Indonesian : Kota Bogor ) was once the capital of Sunda Kingdom ( Indonesian : Kerajaan Sunda ) and was known as Pakuan Pajajaranknown . When the Dutch took over , the town was included in an administrative division known as Buitenzorg during the Dutch East Indies era . After independence , the city became part of the Bogor Regency . It has its history reflected in its architecture which includes buildings from the colonial , modern , post-modern , and contemporary periods . Bogor is located south of Jakarta on the island of Java , Indonesia . It is known for its Bogor Palace , Bogor Botanical Garden .   The kujang is a traditional weapon of the Sundanese people and is paid tribute by the Kujang Monument .   Buitenzorg was connected to Jakarta by rail in 1872 . The town was the capital of an assistant-residency . As of 1894 , principal buildings included the Bogor Cathedral , a mosque , a regent 's mission , barracks , a prison ( built 1848 ) , a bathouse , a Bogor Botanical Garden ( laid out in 1817 by Van de Capellen ) and the country palace of the governor-general . Bogor is home to Bogor Agricultural University .

neg: Kuta South South Kuta ( Indonesian : Kecamatan Kuta Selatan ) is a district within Badung Regency of Bali .   It covers 101.13 km2 and home to 116,143 people as of 2010 Census , like other places in the regency , it has seen tremendous population growth , and basically covers Jimbaran and everything to the south ( Bukit Peninsula ) . To the north is Kuta District , and the south is Indian Ocean . It contains six villages , namely Pecatu with Uluwatu in it , Ungasan , Kutuh , Benoa , Tanjung Benoa and upmarket Nusa Dua , and Jimbaran .

neg: Colonial architecture of Indonesia Dutch colonial architecture in Indonesia were built across the archipelago that once was known as Dutch East Indies . Most of the better and permanent colonial era structures were located in Java and Sumatra , which economically were considered more important during the Dutch imperial period . As a result , there are more surviving colonial buildings in the two island . Plenty of old VOC era forts and warehouses are scattered throughout the archipelago , particularly around Maluku Islands and Sulawesi

neg: Kubutambahan, Buleleng Kubutambahan is a district ( kecamatan ) in the regency of Buleleng Timur ( east ) in northern Bali Provinsi ( Province ) , Indonesia . It contains a number of notable temples such as Pura Meduwe Karang which have been painted in recent years . Buleleng Buparti or Regent Media Releases have also mentioned the development of multimillion USD international airport construction for 2013 and an expectation that 50 million visitors to Bali .

neg: Lombok Lombok is an island in West Nusa Tenggara province , Indonesia . It forms part of the chain of the Lesser Sunda Islands , with the Lombok Strait separating it from Bali to the west and the Alas Strait between it and Sumbawa to the east . It is roughly circular , with a `` tail '' ( Sekotong Peninsula ) to the southwest , about 70 km across and a total area of about 4,514 km ² . The provincial capital and largest city on the island is Mataram . It is somewhat similar in size and density with neighboring Bali and shares some cultural heritage , but is administratively part of Nusa Tenggara Barat along with sparsely populated Sumbawa . It is surrounded by a number of smaller islands locally called Gili .   The island was home to some 3.17 million Indonesians as recorded in the decennial 2010 census ; the latest estimate ( for January 2014 ) gives the population as 3,311,044 .

neg: Embassy of Indonesia, Bangkok Embassy of Indonesia , Bangkok ( Kedutaan Besar Republik Indonesia di Bangkok สถานเอกอัครราชทูตประเทศอินโดนีเซียประจำประเทศไทย ) , a diplomatic mission of the Republic of Indonesia to the Kingdom of Thailand and concurrently accredited to the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific ( UNESCAP ) , is located at 600-602 Petchburi Road , Ratchadapisek , Ratchathewi District of Bangkok . The first Indonesian overseas mission in Bangkok was opened as the Indonesian Office ( INDOFF ) in 1947 , which was promoted to Legation in 1949 , and later Embassy in 1956 .

neg: Bantul Regency Bantul ( -LSB- ˈbantʊl -RSB- ) is a regency located in the Yogyakarta Special Region , Indonesia . The regency 's population was 911,503 at the 2010 Census , but has risen to 947,568 according to the latest ( January 2014 ) official estimate . Like many regencies on the island of Java , it is densely populated with roughly 1,865 people per square kilometre , although this is largely because the north of the regency partly surrounds the city of Yogyakarta and contains many suburban communities .   The regency is bordered by the city of Yogyakarta to the north , the regencies of Kulon Progo and Sleman to the west , the Gunung Kidul Regency to the east and the Indian Ocean to the south . The town of Bantul is the administrative centre .   The village Kemusuk in the Sedayu district in the regency is the birthplace of former Indonesian President , Suharto .

neg: Bali, Baghpat district Bali is a village in Uttar Pradesh , India . It is located in the Baghpat block of the Baghpat district .

neg: Tourist village (Indonesia) In Indonesia , a tourist village ( desa wisata ) is a village officially designated as one that welcomes tourism . In the Special Region of Yogyakarta ( which includes the Sleman Regency ) , the concept was embraced around 2000 with dozens of villages being dubbed as tourist villages .   According to a 2009 report in The Jakarta Post there were 48 tourist villages listed in Yogyakarta , though only ten were actually operating as such , including : Kebonagung , Manding , Krebet , Kasongan ( Bantul ) , Trumpon , Turgo , Ketingan , Brayut , Gamplong ( Sleman ) and Bobung ( Gunungkidul ) . The designation as a `` tourist village '' may not mean that the village is actually developed for tourism , but that it is believed the potential for tourism exists .   Nearby Mount Merapi helped encourage a number of villages to be named tourist villages .

neg: Karanganyar Regency Karanganyar Regency is a regency in the Indonesian province of Central Java . Its capital is Karanganyar .

neg: Semarajaya Museum The Semarajaya Museum is a museum located in Klungkung on Bali , Indonesia .

neg: Soekarno–Hatta International Airport Soekarno -- Hatta International Airport ( Bandar Udara Internasional Soekarno -- Hatta ) , abbreviated SHIA or Soetta , is the primary airport serving the Greater Jakarta area on the island of Java in Indonesia . Named after the first president and vice-president of Indonesia , Soekarno and Mohammad Hatta , the airport is located at Benda , Tangerang , approximately 20 km northwest of central Jakarta . Due to its proximity to the neighbourhood of Cengkareng in West Jakarta , the airport is also known as Cengkareng Airport , with the assigned three-letter IATA designator : `` CGK '' . The airport is the busiest and the largest airport in Indonesia , as well as being the busiest in the southern hemisphere . According to air travel intelligence company OAG , the airport ranked as the 7th most connected airport in the world & ranked 1st as ` megahub ' airport in Asia-Pacific region as per connectivity index , ahead of Japan 's Tokyo Haneda Airport and Australia 's Sydney Airport .   The airport commenced domestic operations in 1985 replacing the old over capacity Kemayoran Airport . The airport was expanded by 1991 to replace Halim Perdanakusuma International Airport for international flights , with Halim only having been commissioned as a temporary solution until Soekarno -- Hatta was completed . Kemayoran Airport has since been demolished and is now a residential area . Halim still serves charter , VIP , and private flights , and re-opened as Jakarta 's second commercial airport for domestic flights to relieve Soekarno -- Hatta which is running over capacity , due to the rapid growth of airline travel in Indonesia .   The airport often struggles to accommodate all flights at its current limit of 72 aircraft movements per hour . Although over capacity , after a survey from April 23 to May 3 the Airport Council International ( ACI ) stated on May 4 2012 that Soekarno -- Hatta International Airport is being operated safely . The two existing runways suffer from pavement and strength issues , which limits the airport 's capacity to serve large aircraft.To reduce congestion & to achieve a target to handle 100 flights/hour , works for a 3rd runway is currently going on , which is expected to open in 2018 . Upgrading of existing two runways are almost completed for safe operation & accommodation of wide-bodied aircraft at the airport .

neg: Plaza Indonesia Plaza Indonesia is located in central Jakarta and is often referred to as `` PI '' . Plaza Indonesia opened its doors in mid 1990 .   It is located on the corner of Jakarta 's The Selamat Datang ( Welcome ) Statue .

neg: Politics of Indonesia The Politics of Indonesia take place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic , whereby the President of Indonesia is both head of state and head of government , and of a multi-party system . Executive power is exercised by the government . Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two People 's Representative Councils . The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature .   The 1945 constitution provided for a limited separation of executive , legislative and judicial power . The governmental system has been described as `` presidential with parliamentary characteristics . '' Following the Indonesian riots of May 1998 and the resignation of President Suharto , several political reforms were set in motion via amendments to the Constitution of Indonesia , which resulted in changes to all branches of government .

neg: Aceh Aceh ( -LSB- ˈɑːtʃeɪ -RSB- ) ; ( Acehnese : Acèh ( -LSB- - aceʔaˈtɕɛh -RSB- ) ; Jawi : ; Dutch : Atjeh or Acheh ; Indonesian : Provinsi Aceh ) is a special region of Indonesia . The territory is located at the northern end of Sumatra . Its capital is Banda Aceh . It is close to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India and separated from them by the Andaman Sea . It has the highest proportion of Muslims in Indonesia , who mostly live according to Sharia customs and laws .   There are 10 indigenous ethnic groups in this region , the largest being the Acehnese people , accounting for approximately 80 % to 90 % of the region 's population . Aceh is thought to have been the place where the spread of Islam in Indonesia began , and was a key factor of the spread of Islam in Southeast Asia . Islam reached Aceh ( Kingdoms of Fansur and Lamuri ) around 1250 AD . In the early seventeenth century the Sultanate of Aceh was the most wealthy , powerful and cultivated state in the Malacca Straits region . Aceh has a history of political independence and resistance to control by outsiders , including the former Dutch colonists and the Indonesian government .   Aceh has substantial natural resources of oil and natural gas with some estimates that Aceh gas reserves are one of the largest in the world . Relative to most of Indonesia , it is a religiously conservative area . Aceh was the closest point of land to the epicenter of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami , which devastated much of the western coast of the province . Approximately 170,000 Indonesians were killed or went missing in the disaster . The disaster helped precipitate the peace agreement between the government of Indonesia and the Free Aceh Movement ( GAM ) .   Aceh was first known as Aceh Darussalam ( 1511 -- 1959 ) and then later as the Daerah Istimewa Aceh ( 1959 -- 2001 ) , Nanggroë Aceh Darussalam ( 2001 -- 2009 ) and Aceh ( 2009 -- present ) . Past spellings of Aceh include Acheh , Atjeh , and Achin .

neg: Metro Manila Metropolitan Manila ( Kalakhang Maynila , Kamaynilaan ) , commonly known as Metro Manila or simply Manila , is the official and administrative definition of the urban area surrounding the Philippine capital city , Manila . It is the capital region of the Philippines , the seat of government , and the 2nd most populous and most densely populated region of the country . Also officially known as the National Capital Region ( NCR ) , it is composed of the City of Manila , Quezon City , the country 's most populous city , and the cities of Caloocan , Las Piñas , Makati , Malabon , Mandaluyong , Marikina , Muntinlupa , Navotas , Parañaque , Pasay , Pasig , San Juan , Taguig , and Valenzuela , including the only remaining municipality of Pateros .   The National Capital Region , with an area of 619.5 km2 , has a population of , making it the second most populous region in the Philippines , as well as the 9th most populous metropolitan area in Asia . The total urbanized area , referring to its continuous urban expansion into the provinces of Bulacan , Cavite , Laguna , Rizal and Batangas , was listed as having a population of by Demographia , making it the 4th most populous urban area in the world . These 5 provinces , plus Metro Manila and Pampanga , sum to 30.7 million residents as of the newly counted census of 2015 .   The region is the center of culture , economy , education and government of the Philippines . NCR is one of the 12 defined metropolitan areas in the Philippines according to the National Economic and Development Authority . Designated as a global power city , NCR exerts a significant impact on commerce , finance , media , art , fashion , research , technology , education , and entertainment , both locally and internationally . It is the home to all the consulates and embassies in the Philippines , thereby making it an important center for international diplomacy in the country .   Its economic power makes the region the country 's premier center for finance and commerce . NCR accounts for 37.2 % of the gross domestic product of the Philippines .   The region was established in 1975 through Presidential Decree No. 824 in response to the needs to sustain the growing population and for the creation for the center of political power and the seat of the Government of the Philippines .   The Province of Manila , the predecessor entity of the region , is one of the first eight provinces that revolted against the Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines at the end of the 19th century . Manila 's role in the Revolution is honoured in the Flag of the Philippines , where the sun 's eight rays symbolise the eight revolutionary provinces .

neg: Mojokerto Regency Mojokerto Regency is a regency in East Java province . It is part of the Surabaya metropolitan area ( known as Gerbangkertosusila ) which comprises Gresik Regency , Bangkalan Regency , Mojokerto Regency , Mojokerto City , Surabaya City , Sidoarjo Regency , and Lamongan Regency . It covers an area of 717.83 sq. km ( excluding the independent city of Mojokerto ) . The population of the Regency was 908,004 in 2000 , but had risen to 1,025,443 at the 2010 Census ; the latest official estimate ( as at 2014 ) is 1,054,248 . Many of them earn their living as small farmers and craftsmen ( consisting shoemakers , furniture makers , and souvenir makers ) .   The administrative capital is the city of Mojokerto , which has since 1999 been independent of the regency which surrounds it .

neg: South Lampung Regency South Lampung ( Lampung Selatan ) is a regency of Lampung , Sumatra , Indonesia , a strip of land surrounding the provincial capital of Bandar Lampung on its northern and eastern sides , and bounded to the west by the new Pesawaran Regency and to the south by the Sunda Strait ; as such it is a major transit corridor to/from Java island . It has an area of 2,109.74 km2 , and a population at the 2010 Census of 909,989 ; the latest official estimate ( as at January 2014 ) is 956,126 . The capital lies at Kalianda .   The regency has seen a population influx as migrants escape the crushing population densities and everyday struggles of living in the massive urban paralysis of Greater Jakarta , its along with Bandar Lampung 's character is increasingly reflecting the cosmopolitan makeup of Jakartans rather than the surrounds of a typical provincial capital and hinterland . This has resulted in flaring of ethnic tensions , including rioting .

neg: Bengkulu (city) Bengkulu City ( Kota Bengkulu English historic name : Bencoolen , Dutch historic : Benkulen or Benkoelen ) is a city on the west coast of Sumatra in Indonesia . It had a population of 308,756 at the 2010 Census , the latest estimate ( for January 2014 ) is 328,827 . The city is the capital and largest city of Bengkulu Province .


query: Nikola Tesla didn't receive an education in physics.

pos: Nikola Tesla Nikola Tesla ( Никола Тесла 10 July 1856 -- 7 January 1943 ) was a Serbian-American inventor , electrical engineer , mechanical engineer , physicist , and futurist who is best known for his contributions to the design of the modern alternating current ( AC ) electricity supply system .   Born and raised in the Austrian Empire , Tesla received an advanced education in engineering and physics in the 1870s and gained practical experience in the early 1880s working in telephony and at Continental Edison in the new electric power industry . He emigrated to the United States in 1884 , where he would become a naturalized citizen . He worked for a short time at the Edison Machine Works in New York City before he struck out on his own . With the help of partners to finance and market his ideas , Tesla set up laboratories and companies in New York to develop a range of electrical and mechanical devices . His alternating current ( AC ) induction motor and related polyphase AC patents , licensed by Westinghouse Electric in 1888 , earned him a considerable amount of money and became the cornerstone of the polyphase system which that company would eventually market .   Attempting to develop inventions he could patent and market , Tesla conducted a range of experiments with mechanical oscillators/generators , electrical discharge tubes , and early X-ray imaging . He also built a wireless-controlled boat , one of the first ever exhibited . Tesla became well known as an inventor and would demonstrate his achievements to celebrities and wealthy patrons at his lab , and was noted for his showmanship at public lectures .   Throughout the 1890s , Tesla would pursue his ideas for wireless lighting and worldwide wireless electric power distribution in his high-voltage , high-frequency power experiments in New York and Colorado Springs . In 1893 , he made pronouncements on the possibility of wireless communication with his devices . Tesla tried to put these ideas to practical use in his unfinished Wardenclyffe Tower project , an intercontinental wireless communication and power transmitter , but ran out of funding before he could complete it .   After Wardenclyffe , Tesla went on to try and develop a series of inventions in the 1910s and 1920s with varying degrees of success . Having spent most of his money , he lived in a series of New York hotels , leaving behind unpaid bills . The nature of his earlier work and the pronouncements he made to the press later in life earned him the reputation of an archetypal `` mad scientist '' in American popular culture . Tesla died in New York City in January 1943 . His work fell into relative obscurity following his death , but in 1960 , the General Conference on Weights and Measures named the SI unit of magnetic flux density the tesla in his honor . There has been a resurgence in popular interest in Tesla since the 1990s .

neg: Institute for Advanced Study The Institute for Advanced Study ( IAS ) in Princeton , New Jersey , in the United States , is an independent , postdoctoral research center for theoretical research and intellectual inquiry founded in 1930 by American educator Abraham Flexner , together with philanthropists Louis Bamberger and Caroline Bamberger Fuld .   The IAS is perhaps best known as the academic home of Albert Einstein , Hermann Weyl , John von Neumann and Kurt Gödel , after their immigration to the United States . Although it is close to and collaborates with Princeton University , Rutgers University , and other nearby institutions , it is independent and does not charge tuition or fees .   Flexner 's guiding principle in founding the Institute was the pursuit of knowledge for its own sake . There are no degree programs or experimental facilities at the Institute . Research is never contracted or directed ; it is left to each individual researcher to pursue their own goals . Established during the rise of European fascism , the IAS played a key role in the transfer of intellectual capital from Europe to America and soon acquired a reputation at the pinnacle of academic and scientific life -- a reputation it has retained .   It is supported entirely by endowments , grants , and gifts , and is one of the eight American mathematics institutes funded by the National Science Foundation . It is the model for the other eight members of the consortium Some Institutes for Advanced Study .   The institute consists of four schools -- Historical Studies , Mathematics , Natural Sciences , and Social Sciences ; there is also a program in theoretical biology .

neg: Milan Kurepa Milan V. Kurepa ( 1933 -- 2000 ) was a renowned Serbian atomic physicist .   Kurepa was born on 1 May 1933 in town of Bačka Palanka , Vojvodina , Serbia . In 1956 , he began his working at the Vinca Nuclear Institute in Belgrade . Kurepa graduated from the University of Belgrade Faculty of Mathematics under Aleksandar Milojević , and later electrical engineering in the United Kingdom , under J. D. Craggs . His thesis topic was slow electron scattering off atoms and molecules .   Kurepa then joined the University of Belgrade physics department as an assistant professor . He became a professor in 1981 and continued in that position until his retirement in 1998 . Kurepa often worked at Universities abroad , including Germany and the UK . Kurepa 's pedagogical work at the undergraduate and graduate levels was highly valued . He was a coauthor of 12 university and 4 high-school textbooks .   In 1964 , Kurepa joined the newly founded Institute of Physics at the University of Belgrade as a research scientist . There , he started the Atomic Physics Laboratory . Due primarily to Kurepa 's leadership , the Atomic Physics Laboratory gained an international reputation in the field of electron collisions with atoms or molecules . At present , about a dozen of Kurepa 's students are scientists and professors at leading universities in Australia , Belgium , the UK , France , Germany , Slovenia , Sweden , and the United States .   He was an outstanding organizer , coordinating numerous domestic and international conferences . He served as president of many Yugoslavian academic institutions .   In 1994 , Kurepa was elected the corresponding member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts . During the isolation of Yugoslavian scientists from the rest of the world due to United Nations sanctions , Kurepa organized a very successful meeting of SANU in 1997 to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the discovery of the electron .   Kurepa fought for democracy in Yugoslavia . A vigorous adversary of Slobodan Milosevic 's regime , Kurepa founded in 1997 the Association of University Professors and Scientists , with the principal aim of fighting for the recovery of basic university freedoms in Serbia . He was AUPR 's first president . The association has been especially active since 1998 , when the University Act was introduced to abolish the autonomy of Serbian universities . AUPR has organized protest meetings at Serbian universities , published statements regarding university autonomy and freedom of opinion , appealed to international academic associations for intervention with the Serbian government , and engaged in similar activities .   During the 2000 electoral campaign , Kurepa traveled around Serbia with the students ' movement Otpor ! . Otpor awarded him a certificate , acknowledging him as `` the most resistive professor . ''

neg: The Quantum Vacuum: An Introduction to Quantum Electrodynamics The Quantum Vacuum : An Introduction to Quantum Electrodynamics is a physics textbook authored by Peter W. Milonni in 1993 . The book provides a careful and thorough treatment of zero-point energy , spontaneous emission , the Casimir , van der Waals forces , Lamb shift and anomalous magnetic moment of the electron at a level of detail not found in other introductory texts to quantum electrodynamics .   The first chapter , Zero‐Point Energy in Early Quantum Theory , was originally published in 1991 in the American Journal of Physics .   In 2008 Milonni received the Max Born Award `` For exceptional contributions to the fields of theoretical optics , laser physics and quantum mechanics , and for dissemination of scientific knowledge through authorship of a series of outstanding books '' .

neg: Scientific theory A scientific theory is an explanation of some aspect of the natural world that can , in accordance with the scientific method , be repeatedly tested , using a predefined protocol of observations and experiments . Established scientific theories have withstood rigorous scrutiny and are a comprehensive form of scientific knowledge .   It is important to note that the definition of a `` scientific theory '' ( often ambiguously contracted to `` theory '' for the sake of brevity , including in this page ) as used in the disciplines of science is significantly different from the common vernacular usage of the word `` theory '' . Per NAS 2008 : `` The formal scientific definition of theory is quite different from the everyday meaning of the word . It refers to a comprehensive explanation of some aspect of nature that is supported by a vast body of evidence . '' In everyday non-scientific speech , `` theory '' can imply that something is an unsubstantiated and speculative guess , conjecture , idea , or , hypothesis ; such a usage is the opposite of the word `` theory '' in science . These different usages are comparable to the differing , and often opposing , usages of the term `` prediction '' in science versus `` prediction '' in vernacular speech , denoting a mere hope .   The strength of a scientific theory is related to the diversity of phenomena it can explain . As additional scientific evidence is gathered , a scientific theory may be rejected or modified if it does not fit the new empirical findings ; in such circumstances , a more accurate theory is then desired . In certain cases , the less-accurate unmodified scientific theory can still be treated as a theory if it is useful ( due to its sheer simplicity ) as an approximation under specific conditions ( e.g. , Newton 's laws of motion as an approximation to special relativity at velocities that are small relative to the speed of light ) .   Scientific theories are testable and make falsifiable predictions . They describe the causal elements responsible for a particular natural phenomenon , and are used to explain and predict aspects of the physical universe or specific areas of inquiry ( e.g. , electricity , chemistry , astronomy ) . Scientists use theories as a foundation to gain further scientific knowledge , as well as to accomplish goals such as inventing technology or curing disease .   As with other forms of scientific knowledge , scientific theories are both deductive and inductive in nature and aim for predictive power and explanatory capability .   Paleontologist , evolutionary biologist , and science historian Stephen Jay Gould said , `` ... facts and theories are different things , not rungs in a hierarchy of increasing certainty . Facts are the world ′ s data . Theories are structures of ideas that explain and interpret facts . ''

neg: Treatise on Natural Philosophy Treatise on Natural Philosophy was an 1867 text book by William Thomson ( later Lord Kelvin ) and Peter Guthrie Tait , published by Oxford University Press .   The Treatise was often referred to as T and T '' ' , as explained by Alexander Macfarlane :  Maxwell had facetiously referred to Thomson as T and Tait as T ' . Hence the Treatise on Natural Philosophy came to be commonly referred to as T and T '' ' in conversation with mathematicians .

neg: Heisenberg's microscope Heisenberg 's microscope exists only as a thought experiment , one that was proposed by Werner Heisenberg , criticized by his mentor Niels Bohr , and subsequently served as the nucleus of some commonly held ideas , and misunderstandings , about Quantum Mechanics . In particular , it provided an argument for the uncertainty principle on the basis of the principles of classical optics . Recent theoretical and experimental developments have argued that Heisenberg 's intuitive explanation of his mathematical result are misleading . While the act of measurement does lead to uncertainty , the loss of precision is less than that predicted by Heisenberg 's argument when measured at the level of an individual state . The formal mathematical result remains valid , however , and the original intuitive argument has also been vindicated mathematically when the notion of disturbance is expanded to be independent of any specific state .

neg: Vsevolod Frederiks Vsevolod Konstantinovich Frederiks ( or Fréedericksz ; Всеволод Константинович Фредерикс -LSB- ˈvʲsʲɛvəɫəd fʲrʲɪdʲɪˈrʲiks -RSB- ; April 29 , 1885 , Warsaw -- January 6 , 1944 , Gorkiy ) was a Russian/Soviet physicist . His primary contribution to physics was in the field of liquid crystals . The Frederiks transition was named after him .   After high school Frederiks attended Geneva University and for one semester attended the lectures of Paul Langevin in Paris . After defending his thesis and obtaining his PhD , Fredericks decided to continue his studies at Göttingen University . He was there for more than eight years , and with the outbreak of World War I he became a civil prisoner . During that period he became personal assistant to David Hilbert .   In the summer of 1918 Frederiks returned to Russia , and worked at the Institute of Physics and Biophysics in Moscow . In 1919 he became a lecturer at the University of Petrograd .   He was arrested by the NKVD in 1937 , and although released before the war he died before reaching home .

neg: Old quantum theory The old quantum theory is a collection of results from the years 1900 -- 1925 which predate modern quantum mechanics . The theory was never complete or self-consistent , but was a set of heuristic prescriptions which are now understood to be the first quantum corrections to classical mechanics . The Bohr model was the focus of study , and Arnold Sommerfeld made a crucial contribution by quantizing the z-component of the angular momentum , which in the old quantum era was called space quantization ( Richtungsquantelung ) . This allowed the orbits of the electron to be ellipses instead of circles , and introduced the concept of quantum degeneracy . The theory would have correctly explained the Zeeman effect , except for the issue of electron spin .   The main tool was Bohr -- Sommerfeld quantization , a procedure for selecting out certain discrete set of states of a classical integrable motion as allowed states . These are like the allowed orbits of the Bohr model of the atom ; the system can only be in one of these states and not in any states in between .

neg: A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism is a two-volume treatise on electromagnetism written by James Clerk Maxwell in 1873 . Maxwell was revising the Treatise for a second edition when he died in 1879 . The revision was completed by William Davidson Niven for publication in 1881 . A third edition was prepared by J. J. Thomson for publication in 1892 .   According to one historian ,  The Treatise was notoriously hard to read ; it teemed with ideas but lacked the clear focus and orderly presentation that might have enabled it to win converts more readily . Rather than simply expounding his own system , Maxwell had set out to write a comprehensive treatise on electrical science , and so he had allowed his own new distinctive ideas , notably that of the displacement current , to be almost buried under long accounts of miscellaneous phenomena discussed from several points of view . Except for a fuller treatment of the Faraday effect ( in which he again invoked the molecular vortices ) , Maxwell added little to his earlier work on the electromagnetic theory of light ; he said nothing , for example , about how electromagnetic waves might be generated , nor did he attempt to derive laws governing reflection and refraction .   Maxwell introduced the use of vector fields , and his labels have been perpetuated :  A ( vector potential ) , B ( magnetic induction ) , C ( electric current ) , D ( displacement ) , E ( electric field -- Maxwell 's electromotive intensity ) , F ( mechanical force ) , H ( magnetic field -- Maxwell 's magnetic force ) .   Maxwell 's work is considered an exemplar of rhetoric of science :  Lagrange 's equations appear in the Treatise as the culmination of a long series of rhetorical moves , including ( among others ) Green 's theorem , Gauss 's potential theory and Faraday 's lines of force -- all of which have prepared the reader for the Lagrangian vision of a natural world that is whole and connected : a veritable sea change from Newton 's vision .

neg: Helmholtz Institute Jena The Helmholtz Institute Jena was founded as an outstation of the GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung on June 25 , 2009 and is located on the campus of the Friedrich Schiller University ( FSU ) in the city of Jena , Germany . Its purpose is to unite the research activities of the FSU in the fields of high intensity laser physics and x-ray spectroscopy with the expertise of the Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron ( DESY ) , GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf in the fields of accelerator physics , laser physics and x-ray technology .  The research profile of the Helmholtz Institute Jena is focused on the physics occurring at the border between conventional particle-acceleration technology and the fast-evolving field of laser-induced particle acceleration . ( e.g. wakefield accelerator ) . It is concerned with advancing these new laser-induced accelerator concepts , as well as with the production and investigation of intense photon and particle beams , including their interaction with matter . Therefore the main activities of the institute are emphasized on the development of high intensity lasers , new concepts for laser-driven particle acceleration , x-ray spectroscopy and strong-field quantum electrodynamics , as well as on the physics of hot dense plasmas . Apart from that the Helmholtz Institute Jena aims to contribute to the further development of the research facilities at the Helmholtz center GSI , especially the future project FAIR ( Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research ) , and DESY with the free-electron laser ( FEL ) photon sources FLASH and XFEL ( European XFEL ) .  In cooperation with the FSU Jena a completely diode-pumped laser system of the high energy petawatt class ( HEPW ) with the POLARIS laser is realized in the building of the Helmholtz Institute Jena . First measurements are done since 2008 . Due to the missing last amplifier stage the pulse strength of 1 PW could n't be reached yet .  The graduate school `` Research School for Advanced Photon Science '' ( RS-APS ) was established at the Helmholtz Institute Jena in July 2012 . The RS-APS supports up to 25 PhD students and provides a structured graduation program in cooperation with facilities of the FSU Jena and the Helmholtz Graduate School for Hadron and Ion Research ( HGS-HIRe ) .

neg: Victor Della-Vos Victor Karlovich Della-Vos ( 1829-1890 ) was a Russian educationalist and proponent of manual training .   Della-Vos graduated from Moscow University in 1853 with a degree in physical and mathematical sciences and soon embarked on his teaching career . In 1858 he went to Paris to study machine tool manufacture . After also visiting London where he studied agricultural machinery he returned to Russia in 1864 to take up the post of professor of mechanics at the Petrovsky Academy . By 1868 he was appointed director of the Moscow Imperial Technical Academy . He became widely known for his combination of both theoretical and practical approaches to education .   Following his participation in the Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition in 1876 , his approach was taken up by John Runkle of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Calvin Woodward of Washington University . This combination of tool and job analysis provided a basis of what would eventually become Taylorism .

neg: List of Swedish inventors Swedish inventors are Swedish people who invented novel ideas , machines or tools .   In the 18th century Sweden 's scientific revolution took off . Previously , technical progress had mainly come from professionals who had immigrated from mainland Europe . In 1739 , the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences was founded , with people such as Carl Linnaeus and Anders Celsius as early members .   Sweden has a total of 33523 patents as of 2007 according to the United States Patent and Trademark Office , and only ten other countries have more patents than Sweden . Although a lot of patents can not count as inventions . Therefore , the number of patents per country is a relatively bad scale for measuring inventions that has been of progress to mankind .   The traditional engineering industry is still a major source of Swedish inventions , but pharmaceuticals , electronics and other high-tech industries are gaining ground . A large portion of the Swedish economy is to this day based on the export of technical inventions , and many large multinational corporations from Sweden have their origins in the ingenuity of Swedish inventors .

neg: Essays on Philosophical Subjects Essays on Philosophical Subjects , by the Scottish economist Adam Smith , is a history of astronomy down to Smith 's own era , plus some thoughts on ancient physics and metaphysics .   This work was published posthumously , in 1795 , using material which Adam Smith had intended to publish eventually but had not prepared at the time of his death in 1790 . This was done by his literary executors , two old friends from the Scottish academic world ; physicist/chemist Joseph Black and pioneering geologist James Hutton . A brief account of their work appears in a section entitled ` Advertisement by the Editors ' .   The book consists of three distinct works :  The History of Astronomy  The History of the Ancient Physics  The History of the Ancient Logics and Metaphysics   The History of Astronomy is the largest of these and is thought to have been written in the 1750s , before Smith 's major works . The overall understanding is excellent , though the Glasgow Edition of 1976 includes some detailed criticism of his use of sources . But it also defends him for calling Newton a philosopher rather than a scientist ; the word ` scientist ' did not exist before 1839 .   It is also interesting for containing Smith 's first mention of the invisible hand :   For it may be observed , that in all Polytheistic religions , among savages , as well as in the early ages of antiquity , it is the irregular events of nature only that are ascribed to the agency and power of the gods . Fire burns , and water refreshes ; heavy bodies descend , and lighter substances fly upwards , by the necessity of their own nature ; nor was the invisible hand of Jupiter every apprehended to be employed in those matters . ( III .2 , page 49 of the Glasgow Edition . )

neg: Theoretical astronomy Theoretical astronomy is the use of the analytical models of physics and chemistry to describe astronomical objects and astronomical phenomena .   Ptolemy 's Almagest , although a brilliant treatise on theoretical astronomy combined with a practical handbook for computation , nevertheless includes many compromises to reconcile discordant observations . Theoretical astronomy is usually assumed to have begun with Johannes Kepler ( 1571 -- 1630 ) , and Kepler 's laws . It is co-equal with observation . The general history of astronomy deals with the history of the descriptive and theoretical astronomy of the Solar System , from the late sixteenth century to the end of the nineteenth century . The major categories of works on the history of modern astronomy include general histories , national and institutional histories , instrumentation , descriptive astronomy , theoretical astronomy , positional astronomy , and astrophysics . Astronomy was early to adopt computational techniques to model stellar and galactic formation and celestial mechanics . From the point of view of theoretical astronomy , not only must the mathematical expression be reasonably accurate but it should preferably exist in a form which is amenable to further mathematical analysis when used in specific problems . Most of theoretical astronomy uses Newtonian theory of gravitation , considering that the effects of general relativity are weak for most celestial objects . The obvious fact is that theoretical astronomy can not ( and does not try ) to predict the position , size and temperature of every star in the heavens . Theoretical astronomy by and large has concentrated upon analyzing the apparently complex but periodic motions of celestial objects .

neg: Mechanics Mechanics ( Greek μηχανική ) is an area of science concerned with the behaviour of physical bodies when subjected to forces or displacements , and the subsequent effects of the bodies on their environment .  The scientific discipline has its origins in Ancient Greece with the writings of Aristotle and Archimedes ( see History of classical mechanics and Timeline of classical mechanics ) . During the early modern period , scientists such as Khayaam , Galileo , Kepler , and Newton , laid the foundation for what is now known as classical mechanics .  It is a branch of classical physics that deals with particles that are either at rest or are moving with velocities significantly less than the speed of light .  It can also be defined as a branch of science which deals with the motion of and forces on objects .

neg: Leo Szilard Leo Szilard ( -LSB- ˈsɪlɑːrd -RSB- Szilárd Leó -LSB- ˈsila : rd ˈlɛo : -RSB- ; Leo Spitz until age 2 ; February 11 , 1898 -- May 30 , 1964 ) was a Hungarian-born physicist and inventor . He conceived the nuclear chain reaction in 1933 , patented the idea of a nuclear reactor with Enrico Fermi , and in late 1939 wrote the letter for Albert Einstein 's signature that resulted in the Manhattan Project that built the atomic bomb .   Szilard initially attended Palatine Joseph Technical University in Budapest , but his engineering studies were interrupted by service in the Austro-Hungarian Army during World War I . He left Hungary for Germany in 1919 , enrolling at Technische Hochschule ( Institute of Technology ) in Berlin-Charlottenburg , but became bored with engineering and transferred to Friedrich Wilhelm University , where he studied physics . He wrote his doctoral thesis on Maxwell 's demon , a long-standing puzzle in the philosophy of thermal and statistical physics . Szilard was the first to recognize the connection between thermodynamics and Information theory .   In addition to the nuclear reactor , Szilard submitted patent applications for a linear accelerator in 1928 , and a cyclotron in 1929 . He also conceived the idea of an electron microscope . Between 1926 and 1930 , he worked with Einstein on the development of the Einstein refrigerator . After Adolf Hitler became chancellor of Germany in 1933 , Szilard urged his family and friends to flee Europe while they still could . He moved to England , where he helped found the Academic Assistance Council , an organization dedicated to helping refugee scholars find new jobs . While in England he discovered a means of isotope separation known as the Szilard -- Chalmers effect .   Foreseeing another war in Europe , Szilard moved to the United States in 1938 , where he worked with Enrico Fermi and Walter Zinn on means of creating a nuclear chain reaction . He was present when this was achieved on December 2 , 1942 . He worked for the Manhattan Project 's Metallurgical Laboratory on aspects of nuclear reactor design . He drafted the Szilard petition advocating a demonstration of the atomic bomb , but the Interim Committee chose to use them against cities without warning .   After the war , Szilard switched to biology . He invented the chemostat , discovered feedback inhibition , and was involved in the first cloning of a human cell . He publicly sounded the alarm against the possible development of salted thermonuclear bombs , a new kind of nuclear weapon that might annihilate mankind . Diagnosed with bladder cancer in 1960 , he underwent treatment using a cobalt-60 treatment that he had designed . He helped found the Salk Institute for Biological Studies , where he became a resident fellow . Szilard founded Council for a Livable World in 1962 to deliver `` the sweet voice of reason '' about nuclear weapons to Congress , the White House , and the American public . He died in his sleep of a heart attack in 1964 .

neg: Seven Brief Lessons on Physics Seven Brief Lessons on Physics ( -LSB- : it : Sette brevi lezioni di fisica , Sette brevi lezioni di fisica -RSB- ) is a short book by the Italian physicist Carlo Rovelli . Originally published in Italian in 2014 , the book has been translated into 41 languages . It is an Italian bestseller , with more than 300,000 copies sold in Rovelli 's home country .

neg: IEEE Nikola Tesla Award The IEEE Nikola Tesla Award is a Technical Field Award given annually to an individual or team that has made an outstanding contribution to the generation or utilization of electric power . It is awarded by the Board of Directors of the IEEE . The award is named in honor of Nikola Tesla . This award may be presented to an individual or a team .   The award was established in 1975 , and its first recipient was Leon T. Rosenberg , who was given the award in 1976 `` for his half-century of development and design of large steam turbine driven generators and his important contributions to literature . '' The actual award is a plaque and honorarium .

neg: Lebedev Physical Institute The Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences ( LPI RAS ) ( in Физи́ческий институ́т имени П.Н.Ле́бедева Российской академии наук , situated in Moscow , is one of the leading Russian research institutes specializing in physics . It is also one of the oldest research institutions in Russia : its history dates back to a collection of physics equipment established by Peter the Great in the Kunstkamera of Saint Petersburg in 1714 . The institute was established in its present shape in 1934 by academician Sergey Vavilov . It moved to Moscow and was named after a prominent Russian physicist Pyotr Lebedev the same year . It is also known as Lebedev Institute of Physics or just Lebedev Institute . In Russian it is often referred to by the acronym FIAN standing for `` Physical Institute of the Academy of Sciences '' .   The wide range of the research activities includes : laser technology , dark matter structure , nanostructures , superconductivity , cosmic rays , and gamma-astronomy . The institute developed a technique of crystallizing cubic zirconia ( which was called Fianit in Russia , named after FIAN ) .

neg: Faraday Lectureship Prize The Faraday Lectureship Prize , previously known simply as the Faraday Lectureship is awarded once every three years ( approximately ) by the Royal Society of Chemistry for `` exceptional contributions to physical or theoretical chemistry '' . Named after Michael Faraday , the first Faraday Lecture was given in 1869 , two years after Faraday 's death , by Jean-Baptiste Dumas . As of 2009 , the prize was worth # 5000 , with the recipient also receiving a medal and a certificate . As the name suggests , the recipient also gives a public lecture describing his or her work .