query: Jim Henson was an Armenian.

pos: Jim Henson James Maury `` Jim '' Henson ( September 24 , 1936 -- May 16 , 1990 ) was an American puppeteer , artist , cartoonist , inventor , screenwriter , film director and producer who achieved international fame as the creator of the Muppets . Born in Greenville , Mississippi , and raised in Leland , Mississippi , and Hyattsville , Maryland , Henson began developing puppets while attending high school . While he was a freshman at the University of Maryland , College Park , he created Sam and Friends , a five-minute sketch-comedy puppet show that appeared on television . After graduating from the University of Maryland with a degree in home economics , he produced coffee advertisements and developed some experimental films . Feeling the need for more creative output , Henson founded Muppets Inc. in 1958 ( which would later become the Jim Henson Company ) .   Henson became famous in the 1960s when he joined the children 's educational television program Sesame Street , and there helped develop characters for the series . He also appeared on the sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live . In 1976 , after scrapping plans for a Broadway show , he produced The Muppet Show . He won fame for his creations , particularly Kermit the Frog , Rowlf the Dog , and Ernie , and was involved with Sesame Street for over 20 years . Rowlf the Dog was a cast member on the Jimmy Dean Show in the early 60 's . He also had frequent roles in Muppets films such as The Muppet Movie , The Great Muppet Caper , and The Muppets Take Manhattan , and created advanced puppets for projects like Fraggle Rock , The Dark Crystal , and Labyrinth . During the later years of his life , he also founded the Jim Henson Foundation and Jim Henson 's Creature Shop . His involvement in two television programs -- The Storyteller and The Jim Henson Hour -- led to Emmy Award wins .   Henson died of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome on May 16 , 1990 , at age 53 , twenty hours after experiencing a medical emergency -- an unexpected event that was widely lamented in the film and television industries . In the weeks after his death , he was celebrated in a wave of tributes . He was posthumously inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1991 , and as a Disney Legend in 2011 .

neg: Armenian Apostolic Church The Armenian Apostolic Church ( Հայ Առաքելական Եկեղեցի , Hay Aṙak ` elakan Yekeghetsi ) is the national church of the Armenian people . Part of Oriental Orthodoxy , it is one of the most ancient Christian communities . Armenia was the first country to adopt Christianity as its official religion , in the early 4th century . The church claims to have originated in the missions of Apostles Bartholomew and Thaddeus in the 1st century .   It is sometimes referred to as the Armenian Orthodox Church or Gregorian Church . The latter is not preferred by the church itself , as it views the Apostles Bartholomew and Thaddeus as its founders , and St. Gregory the Illuminator as merely the first official governor of the church . It is also simply known as the Armenian Church .

neg: The Voice of Armenia The Voice of Armenia ( Armenian : Հայաստանի Ձայնը pronounced Hayastani Dzayne ) is an Armenian television singing competition created by John de Mol . The first season was broadcast on Armenia TV . The show premiered in late 2012 continuing to 2013 . The rules of the show are based on The Voice of Holland and The Voice ( U.S. ) and include blind auditions ( in Armenian Կույր լսումներ ) , ` wild card ' round , battle phase ( in Armenian Մենամարտ ) , and live rounds ( in Armenian Գալա համերգներ ) .   The Voice of Armenia is open not only to artists from Armenia , but also to Armenians from the Armenian diaspora including Russia .

neg: Arthur Meschian Arthur ( Artashes ) Meschian ( Արթուր Մեսչյան , born March 3 , 1949 , Yerevan , Armenia ) is an Armenian architect , musician , composer , poet , singer and painter . He is also known as one of the founders of Armenian rock .  He was the founder and the lead singer of Apostles ( 1968 -- 1979 ) , the first rock band performing songs in their native language in the history of the Soviet Union . He is the author of different architectural projects , including Guest House and the new building of Matenadaran in Armenia .   Since childhood , Meschian has been interested in music and arts ; singing songs in languages ranging from Hungarian to English . At the age of seven , he started taking violin and piano lessons at the school of music named after A. Spendiaryan . It was during those years when he made his first steps in writing songs and joined the boy 's chorus at the National Academic Theater for Opera and Ballet . In 1973 , he briefly joined the chorus of the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin . Even though his stay was short ( less than a year ) in the chorus , it had a profound influence on his subsequent musical creations .  While still at school , Meschian wrote some of his early masterpieces including `` Where were you , God ? , '' `` The Will , '' and `` The Old Man . '' In 1965 , he first performed his well acclaimed and widely controversial `` Where were you , God ? '' in the auditorium of number 122 secondary school where he was a student at the time . In 1966 , he got accepted to the department of architecture at the National Polytechnic University of Armenia .   In 1967 , Meschian , along with his friends Levon Melikian and Gregory Nalbandian , founded a rock band which they initially did not give a name . The band was simply referred to as `` The Band of the Department of Architecture . '' After giving a series of concerts throughout 1967 and on , the band gained an immense deal of acclaim among the youth . By blending Armenian spiritual music with the thriving rock of the time , the band left a remarkable impression on its listeners and became a true revelation . As a result , the activists at the Communist Committee raised concerns about the band 's prolific endeavors . The committee led an anti-Meschian campaign accusing him of anti-Soviet propaganda and calling the band members `` Newly Ordained Apostles . '' It was , in much part , due to the name calling , that the band was later named `` The apostles . ''  The remarkable success of the Apostles was not hindered by anti-Meschian Communist efforts . In early 1970 's , Meschian composed the first Armenian rock opera , `` The Insane Asylum '' which vastly contributed to the band 's publicity . Thereafter , the band started giving concerts in numerous universities and cities such as Gyumri , Moscow , Yerevan and Tallinn . In 1971 , Meschian gave an outstanding performance in the USSR festival for young musicians in Poland , where the band was only allowed to participate under the guidance of the Communist Committee Activists . Despite the fact that the Apostles found themselves performing in various republics throughout the Soviet Union , they always remained loyal to performing in their native Armenian .   In 1972 , Meschian successfully graduated from university , but due to the anti-Meschian attitudes infested in the Armenian Soviet Republic , it took him two years to find a job as an architect . In 1974 , Meschian was employed by the Armenian Governmental Project where he participated in the development of Zvartnots Airport in Yerevan . In 1973 , he briefly joined the chorus of the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin , where he made the acquaintance of his Holiness Vazgen I , the Catholicos of the Armenian Apostolic Church who commissioned him to write a requiem dedicated to the martyrs of the Armenian Genocide . With Moushegh Ishkhan 's permission , Meschian used some of his verses in writing the requiem . In 1975 , Meschian performed his requiem at the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin , and with the support of the Catholicos , he later recorded the masterpiece .   In the beginning of the next decade , the Apostles , unexpectedly , disappeared from the musical arena . At the time of its existence , the band featured various musicians such as Ashot Adamyan , Gevorg Mangasaryan , Viguen Stepanyan , Gevorg Jangulyan , Movses Muradyan , Ashot Eghikyan , Stanislav Buniatyan , Rostom Ohanyan and Ashot Eghikyan . In 1984 , Meschian started his own musical path with his students , Vahan Artsruni and Gourgen Melikyan . In 1980 's , he also got leading roles in two motion pictures . He became a part of the film , The Glowing Fire of the Night , playing the role of Michael Nalbandian . That was an opportunity for him to have his songs included in the movie . The film gave him basis to do a professional recording in the Melodia Studio of Moscow . The film highlighted three of Meschian 's works , `` Ancient Land , '' `` Epitaph '' and `` Resurrection . '' The second film he did was `` And , Everything will Recur , '' which came out in 1989 , when Meschian had already moved to the United States . In early 1980 's Meschian was the leader of the Armenian Industrial Project Studio of Architecture . At the time , he had supervised the reconstruction of Lazarian Seminary in Moscow ( Later the Embassy of the Armenian Republic . ) He also laid out the construction of the building of Admission for the Armenian government in Yerevan , the extension building to Matenadaran , the library of Manuscripts whose construction got delayed due to the 1988 earthquake and only resumed in 2007 , when Meschain was back in Yerevan .   In 1989 , Meschian , along with his family , moved to Boston , where he finally managed to properly record his songs . In 1990 , he started performing in places such as the Armenian Church of Boston , the center of Armenian Relief Fund and The Wilshire Ebell Theatre . In 1990 , he recorded his first album called Catharisis . In addition , he formed a new band called Apostles 90 with Wayne Johnson on the guitar , John Leftwich on the bass and Art Rodrigues on the drums . In 1993 , Meschian released yet another album called The Monologue of the Insane Violinist , and gave a series of concerts with Apostles 90 in Pasadena , CA . In 1995 , Meschian released two other albums ; Wander , which included a couple of songs from the Requiem and Communion which he deems the pinnacle of his musical career . In 1996 He first performed the Communion at the First Church of Nazarene in Pasadena . Later in the same year , his Communion was performed four days in a row at the National Academic Theater for Opera and Ballet in Yerevan .   In 2001 , Meschian released his hit collection featuring four CDs encompassing `` The monologue of a Crazy Violinist , '' `` Catharsis '' , `` Catharsis 2 '' and `` Communion . '' In 2003 , he gave a concert at the Kodak Theater ( now Dolby Theatre ) where he presented his new songs , and performed the Sayat Nova piece . In 2005 , after living in the United States for 17 years , Meschian and his wife returned to Armenia . There , he gave a series of concerts which were highly esteemed and appreciated by both the general public and his long term fans who had been loyal to his art since the Soviet times .   In 2007 , the construction of the new section of the Mesrop Mashtots Institute of Ancient Manuscripts begins under the guidance of the chief architect Arthur Meschian . Meschian worked very hard to finish the project before schedule in 2011 . Notwithstanding his busy schedule , Meschian managed to give yet another concert tour in 2009 . He performed in Yerevan , Moscow , and Pasadena LA. . In 2015 , architect Meschian finishes yet another project . This time , he designs and conceives the first newly-built museum of Komitas in Yerevan , Armenia   In 2011 , Arthur Meschian is awarded with the Mesrop Mashtots Medal . In 2012 , Meschian is awarded with the golden medal of the office of public construction in Yerevan , Armenia . In 2013 , he is awarded with the national accolade of the Armenian Republic for his Matenataran project . As of now , despite his huge musical success , Meschian is not in a hurry to present his new musical creations .

neg: Arman Padaryan General Manager of Hover Chamber Choir , and since 2011 Producer , Country Armenia Director of YerazArt , Inc. , Deputy Director of the Armenian Philharmonic Orchestra and since 2011 General Producer , General Manager of the Komitas Quartet in 2002 -- 2011 . One of few Armenian specialists in Arts Management . Currently living in Yerevan , Armenia . Graduate of Yerevan State Linguistic University , 1992 . Internee of Dublin Institute of Technology , Ireland , 1996 , Visiting Arts of the British Council , London , UK , 1999 , the Amsterdam-Maastricht Summer University , 2004 . As a journalist in 1992 -- 1999 published a fanzine `` Mark 's Gazette '' -- chronicles dedicated to youth culture of Armenia , mostly around Armenian rock music events , and literary works . First edition of its kind in Armenia . As a producer known due to work with Hover Chamber Choir ( 2 CDs , 2 DVDs ) , Komitas Quartet ( 3 CDs ) , Oaksenham ( 2CDs ) , ARTSRUNI ( 2CDs ) , YerazArt ( 4 CDs ) . As a festival producer co-organized Yerevan Baroque Music Festival and National Cello Festival from 2005 to 2009 . As an NGO activist and project writer received grants from Eurasia Foundation , Open Society Foundation , Kurt Weill Foundation , Flora Family Foundation ,  Orange Foundation in 1998 -- 2010 . As a lecturer worked at the Yerevan State Linguistic University in 1993 -- 1999 . Family originated in Artvin , nowadays Turkey . Born in Tbilisi , Georgia . Came to Armenia in 1987 . Married , three children .

neg: Hagop Sandaldjian Hagop Sandaldjian ( 1931 -- 1990 ) was an Egyptian-born Armenian American musician and microminiature sculptor , best known for his tiny art pieces displayed at the Museum of Jurassic Technology in Los Angeles , California . Sandaldjian 's creations included a carving of Mount Ararat on a grain of rice ; a crucifix in which a minute golden figure of Jesus hangs upon a cross made from a bisected strand of Sandaldjian 's own hair ; and recreations of Disney figures ( Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs or Mickey Mouse , for example ) or historical figures ( such as Napoleon or Pope John Paul II ) presented in the eye or on the tip of a needle .   Sandaldjian was born in Alexandria , Egypt , and went to the Soviet Union to study music in Yerevan , Armenia and in Moscow . After graduating from the Ippolitov-Ivanov Music College in 1955 , he became a violinist , and taught music at a conservatory in Yerevan . In the early 1970s he learned about the art of microminiature from one of his students , Eduard Ghazaryan . Sandaldjian emigrated to the United States in 1980 , but was required to leave behind his first collection of 18 miniature works . Over the next decade , he produced another 33 miniatures .   Working extremely slowly under a microscope , Sandaldjian employed self-made tools such as sharpened needles tipped with ruby or diamond dust , compiling his sculptures out of minuscule materials such as dust , lint , and hair . Even among the few practitioners of microminiature art , Sandaldjian was unusual in that he painted his work , using a single sharpened strand of hair as a brush . Sandaldjian would time his motions to come between his heartbeats , thus maximizing his control of his fingers . Those who saw Sandaldjian at work said that they could not tell when his hands moved .   As recounted in Lawrence Weschler 's book Mr. Wilson 's Cabinet of Wonder , Museum of Jurassic Technology founder David Hildebrand Wilson learned about Sandaldjian from a museum visitor , and began visiting him at his home in Montebello , California . Wilson , who described the artist as `` a very calm man '' , eventually decided to give Sandaldjian a show at the museum , but when he called Sandaldjian to tell him , Wilson learned that the artist had died only 10 days earlier . Weschler also relates that his initial doubts about the veracity of the museum 's Sandaldjian exhibit were allayed when he located Sandaldjian 's son in Montebello , who confirmed details about how his father worked , and also told Wechsler about the tradition of microminiature art in Armenia .

neg: Human Factor (Armenian TV series) The Human Factor ( -LSB- : hy : Մարդկային գործոն , `` Մարդկային գործոն '' -RSB- ) is an Armenian weekday television news broadcast and talk show , first aired in 2013 on June 10 on Armenia TV . It aims to address difficult social issues .

neg: Occupation of Turkish Armenia The occupation of Turkish Armenia by the Russian Empire during World War I began in 1915 formally ended by the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk . It was sometimes referred to as the `` Republic of Van '' by Armenians , because the occupation imitated in Van . Aram Manukian of Armenian Revolutionary Federation was the de facto head until July 1915 . It was briefly referred to as `` Free Vaspurakan '' . After a setback beginning in August 1915 , it was re-established in June 1916 . From December 1917 , it was under Transcaucasian Commissariat , with Hakob Zavriev as the Commissar , and during the early stages of the establishment of First Republic of Armenia , it was included with other Armenian National Councils in a briefly unified Armenia .   This provisional government relied on Armenian volunteer units , forming an administrative structure after the Siege of Van around April 1915 . Dominant representation was from the Armenian Revolutionary Federation . Aram Manukian , or `` Aram of Van , '' was the administration 's most famous governor .

neg: Let's do it! Armenia The cooperation between Young Biologist Association NGO and Let 's Do It ! World international ecological movement has become the basis for establishment of the `` Let 's do it ! Armenia '' movement in Armenia . In 2012 , from 24 March until 25 September , the movement aimed to carry out the Pan-Armenian volunteer initiative `` Armenia Without Garbage '' which involved a number of activities ( Pan-Armenian cleanup campaign , seminars etc. ) . The basis of the worldwide movement `` Let 's Do It ! World '' is the big cleanup ( Let 's do it ! 2008 ) organized in Estonia in 2008 , during which more than 50 000 volunteers were able to clean up Estonia from 10 000 tons of waste .

neg: Hethum I, King of Armenia Hethum I ( 1213-1270 .10.21 ) ( also transliterated Hethoum , Hetoum , Het ` um , or Hayton from Armenian : Հեթում Ա ) ruled the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia ( also known as `` Little Armenia '' ) from 1226 to 1270 . He was the son of Constantine , Lord of Baberon ( d. 1263 ) and Princess Alix Pahlavouni of Lampron ( a third-cousin of Leo I ) and was the founder of the dynasty which bears his name : the Hetoumids . Due to diplomatic relations with the Mongol Empire , Hethum himself traveled to the Mongol court in Karakorum , Mongolia , which was recorded in the famous account The Journey of Haithon , King of Little Armenia , To Mongolia and Back by Hetoum 's companion , the Armenian historian Kirakos Gandzaketsi .

neg: Bałwan Bałwan pl , balvan / балван sr ( literally wood block ) or balvan ky -- today , literally indistinguishable from everyday word for snowman , is an ancient word common to all Slavic languages , describing a statuesque or monolithic depiction or a pillar or a plinth depicting or erected in honor of a deity . This object was worshipped , or constituted a tangible representation of a cult image . The Western Slavs transcribed and pronounced the word as bałwan ( in American English pronounced : BOW as in the phrase bow-wow and von as in Stratford-Upon-Avon , with the accent on the penultimate ( in this case , the first ) syllable , as is the typical stress ) , which is its contemporary and old Polish lexical manifestation , whereas the Southern Slavs and the Eastern Slavs used the just slightly differently-voweled bołwan ( English pronunciation : BOH-van ) .   The word itself has Sanskrit origins , where it figures as bala ( the force ) appended witth the suffix - van signifying possession of an attribute , thus etymologically bałwan means strong , powerful , mighty . In the Kyrgyz language of Central Asia , geographically remote from the territories Slavs are today identified with in Europe , balvan is a `` strongman '' or a hero , whereas in Persian , pahlevān denotes a militant or a veteran , as well as the plinth or boundary marker erected in his or her honor , or even a cairn , and , by extension , a fool . That latter meaning , at first secondary , became primary after Christianity was imposed on the Slavs , making bałwan acquire a distinctly pejorative primary meaning .   Some suggest that the Slavs share throughout their idioms such as they have evolved apart this single entity -- a common term for all cult objects in the form of a statue or cairn -- might suggest that idolatry spread early among the Slavic peoples , perhaps when they came in contact with Turkic peoples or Iranian . A word with similar etymology is the Slavic word for God ( when capitalized ) or deity , bóg , a cognate of Sanskrit `` bhaga '' / Iranian or Persian bag . In India the concept of a deity or god is often relayed with the word bhagvan , variously transcribed as bhagwan .   A derived term from bałwan is the Slavic word for idolatry : bałwochwalstwo '' .

neg: Wrestling in Armenia Wrestling ( ըմբշամարտ əmbšamart ) has deep historical roots in Armenia . Wrestling existed in the Armenian Highlands since ancient times . Armenians have their own variant of the game called Kokh . It was recorded that King Tiridates III of Armenia won the Ancient Olympic Games in wrestling in 281 AD . During the Soviet era , wrestling became one of the most practiced sports in Armenia and remained popular after Armenia 's independence in 1991 . Armenian athletes have been successful at international competitions in the last two decades . Many have become World and European champions , both in Greco-Roman and Freestyle wrestling . Over half of the fifteen Armenian Olympic medalists and the two gold medal winners were wrestlers .

neg: Greek National Awakening The concept and term `` National Awakening '' ( in Greek Εθνική αφύπνιση ) is used by many historians , intellectuals and lay authors to refer to the revival of the Greek national self-conscious , or modern Greek nationalism , which paved the way to the Greek Revolution of 1821 . Whereas most authors do not define the exact time-frame of this period , it is generally agreed that this awakening ( or revival ) occurred in the 18th century . According to the Greek historian Nikos Svoronos ( 1911-1989 ) , the period of the Greek National Awakening is 1715-1821 . The periodization of exhibits in the National Historical Museum of Athens sets the beginning of the Awakening era at 1670 . Other authors put the onset of this period in the mid 18th century . For example , a series of historical presentations by academic historians in the Greek State Television ( ERT ) , defined as `` National Awakening '' period the years 1750-1821 .   The Greek -- as well as other Balkan nations ' -- awakening was generated by internal and external forces . Opposition to the Ottomans was the main internal impetus . The main external factor was the assistance from Russia , on the ground of the common religion and long historical bonds . Since the fall of Constantinople to the Turks , the Greek national aspirations for liberation were expressed in the form of popular oracle and prophecies , some of them alleging to the intervention of fair-haired people ( xanthon genos ) to help Greeks . In 1656 a prominent Greek clergyman interpreted the `` fair-haired people '' as the Russians . With the emergence of Russia as a big power in Eastern Europe , the Greek-Russian ties assumed a military and political dimension . Beginning with the 1711 Pruth Campaign , Peter the Great called for the cooperation of all Orthodox people under the Russian leadership , to fight for `` the belief and the fatherland '' . After this campaign , the sultan appointed Greek Phanariots as governors of the Ottoman vassal territories of Wallachia and Moldavia . The Phanariots introduced an enlighted reform in their principalities , and produced a line of educated Greek and Balkan scholars who contributed to the national awakening of their respective countries .  The Greek communities in Russia , as well as in the Western and Central Europe , were also a key factor to the Greek awakening .  After the Treaty of Kutchuk-Kainardji ( 1774 ) Russia assumed the role of protector of the Orthodox people subjects of the Ottoman Empire . After Peter the Great , Catherine II envisaged a `` Greek Project '' which involved a revival of a Greek state with Constantinople as capital , to be ruled by her grandson Constantine . The Russian expansionist policy greatly facilitated the modern Greek awakening , catalyzing key components such as military resistance , political activism , commercial growth , educational and cultural progress .  Russia 's wars against the Ottoman Empire in 18th early 19th century ( 1711 , 1737 -- 39 , 1768 -- 74 , 1787 -- 92 , 1806 -- 12 ) , as well as the short-lived Russian occupation of the Ionian islands after the Napoleonic wars , nourished the Greek tradition of armed resistance to the Ottomans and helped Greeks to receive fighting experience . The most important Russian influenced revolutionary activities of the Greeks in 18th c. were the failed Orlov expedition in 1769-1770 and the Lambros Katsonis ' flotilla raids against the Turks in 1778-1792 . Other independence movements of the 18th century , were those of the Souli and Souliotes .   Counter to the `` national awakening '' historiographic view is the one that emphasizes the importance of the French Revolution and Napoleon in the Greek and other Balkan national movements . Among the eminent works of this school in the 20th century are those of the Romanian historian N. Iorga ( 1934 ) and the Greeks A. Daskalakis ( 1937 ) , N. Moschopoulos ( 1939 ) and other subsequent .

neg: Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day ( Մեծ Եղեռնի զոհերի հիշատակի օր Mets Yegherrni zoheri hishataki or ; Геноцид армян День памяти , Genotsid armyan Den ' pamyati ; Ermeni Soykırımı Anma Günü ) or Armenian Genocide Memorial Day is a national holiday in Armenia and the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic and is observed by the Armenian diaspora on April 24 . It is held annually to commemorate the victims of the Armenian Genocide of 1915 . In Yerevan , the capital of Armenia , hundreds of thousands of people walk to the Tsitsernakaberd Genocide Memorial to lay flowers at the eternal flame .

neg: Khatchig Mouradian Khatchig Mouradian is the Program Coordinator of the Armenian Genocide Program at the Center for the Study of Genocide , Conflict Resolution , and Human Rights at Rutgers University , where he also teaches in the History and Sociology departments . He has also taught at Clark University , Columbia University and Worcester State University .   Mouradian was the editor of the Armenian Weekly from 2007-2014 . He is the recipient the Gulbenkian Armenian Studies research fellowship to study the Armenian community in China in the 20th century ( 2014 ) . Mouradian is also the recipient of the first Hrant Dink Freedom and Justice Medal ( 2014 ) of the Organization of Istanbul Armenians . Mouradian is a PhD Candidate at the Strassler Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies at Clark University , currently completing his dissertation , titled `` Genocide and Humanitarian Resistance in Ottoman Syria , 1915-1917 . '' He is a PhD Candidate in Genocide Studies at Clark University .   Mouradian has lectured and participated in conferences in Armenia , Turkey , Cyprus , Lebanon , Syria , Austria , Switzerland , Norway , China , the United Arab Emirates and the United States . He has presented papers on genocide and the media at several academic conferences including the 5th and 6th Workshops on Armenian-Turkish Scholarship , held at NYU in 2006 and at the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva in 2008 , an international conference titled `` The Armenian Genocide and International Law '' at Haigazian University in Beirut in September 2009 , the 2010 `` The State of the Art of Armenian Genocide Research '' conference at Clark University , the 2010 Armenian Genocide conference in Ankara , Turkey , and the 2014 conference in Washington of the Society for Armenian Studies .   In 2009 , Mouradian was named the Seventh Arsham and Charlotte Ohanessian Lecturer at the University of Minnesota . On April 24 , 2010 , Mouradian delivered a lecture on the Armenian Genocide in Istanbul , Turkey .   Mouradian was one of the junior editors of the Lebanese-Armenian daily newspaper Aztag from 2000 to 2007 , when he moved to Boston and became the editor of the Armenian Weekly . Mouradian holds a B.S. in biology and has studied towards a graduate degree in clinical psychology . He also holds a graduate certificate in Conflict Resolution and Management from the University of Massachusetts Boston   As a journalist , Mouradian has interviewed leading scholars , authors and journalists like Noam Chomsky , Arundhati Roy , Paulo Coelho , Chris Bohjalian and Nicholas Kristof .   His paternal grandparents hail from Konya , and Kilis , while his maternal grandparents hail from Adana , and Amanos .

neg: Movses Khorenatsi Movses Khorenatsi ( ca. 410 -- 490s AD ; Մովսես խորենացի , -LSB- mɔfˈsɛs χɔɾɛnɑˈtsʰi -RSB- , also written as Movsēs Xorenac ` i and Moses of Khoren , Moses of Choren , and Moses Chorenensis in Latin sources ) was a prominent Armenian historian from the period of Late Antiquity and the author of the History of Armenia .   Khorenatsi is credited with the earliest known historiographical work on the history of Armenia written in Armenian , but was also a poet , or hymn writer , and a grammarian . The History of Armenia was written at the behest of Prince Sahak of the Bagratuni dynasty and has had an enormous impact on Armenian historiography . It was used and quoted extensively by later medieval Armenian authors . Although other Armenians such as Agathangelos had previously written histories on Armenia , Movses ' work holds particular significance because it contains unique material on the old oral traditions in Armenia before its conversion to Christianity and , more importantly , traces Armenian history from Movses ' day back to its origins .   Khorenatsi is considered to be the `` father of Armenian history '' ( patmahayr ) , and is sometimes referred to as the `` Armenian Herodotus . '' Khorenatsi 's work became the first attempt of a universal history of Armenia .   Movses identified himself as a young disciple of Mesrop Mashtots , inventor of the Armenian alphabet , and is recognized by the Armenian Apostolic Church as one of the Holy Translators .

neg: A Rugrats Passover `` A Rugrats Passover '' is the 26th and final episode of the third season of the American animated television series Rugrats , and its 65th episode overall . It was broadcast originally on April 13 , 1995 , on the cable network Nickelodeon . The plot follows series regulars Grandpa Boris and the babies as they become trapped in the attic on Passover ; to pass the time , Boris tells the Jewish story of the Exodus . During the episode the babies themselves reenact the story , with young Tommy portraying Moses , while his cousin Angelica represents the Pharaoh of Egypt .   `` A Rugrats Passover '' was directed by Jim Duffy , Steve Socki , and Jeff McGrath from the script by Peter Gaffney , Paul Germain , Rachel Lipman , and Jonathon Greenberg . The episode was conceived in 1992 when Germain responded to a Nickelodeon request for a Rugrats Hanukkah special by creating a Passover episode instead . The episode scored a 3.1 Nielsen Rating , making it `` the highest-rated show in Nickelodeon 's history '' , and received overwhelmingly positive reviews , including from Jewish community publications . It was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award , an Annie Award , and a CableACE Award . The episode also , however , attracted controversy , when the Anti-Defamation League compared the artistic design of the older characters to anti-Semitic drawings from a 1930s Nazi newspaper .   The episode made Rugrats one of the first animated series to focus on a Jewish holiday ; its success precipitated the creation of another special , `` A Rugrats Chanukah '' , which also attracted critical acclaim . A novelization of the episode was in 2007 exhibited at the Sherwin Miller Museum of Jewish Art in Tulsa , Oklahoma .

neg: Armenian National Cinematheque The Armenian National Cinematheque is a film archive located in Armenia .

neg: Edward Manukyan Edward Manukyan ( Էդվարդ Մանուկյան , born July 27 , 1981 ) is an Armenian-born composer residing in Southern California , United States . His main works are orchestral and chamber compositions , which lean heavily upon elements of Armenian national folklore .

neg: Immigration to Turkey Since the 19th century , an exodus by the large portion of Turkish ( Turkic ) and Muslim peoples ( who are termed `` Muhacir '' under a general definition ) from the Balkans ( Balkan Turks , Albanians , Bosniaks , Pomaks ) , Caucasus ( Abkhazians , Ajarians , ` Circassians ' , Chechens ) , Crimea ( Crimean Tatar diaspora ) , Crete ( Cretan Turks ) , took refuge in present-day Turkey and moulded the country 's fundamental features .   Trends of immigration towards Turkey continue to this day , although the motives are more varied and are usually in line with the patterns of global immigration movements -- Turkey , for example , receives many economic migrants from nearby countries such as Armenia , the Republic of Moldova , Georgia , Iran , and Azerbaijan , but also from Central Asia .

neg: Mkrtich Mkrtich ( Armenian : Մկրտիչ ) is an Armenian male given name , meaning Baptist in Armenian . The name , refers originally to John the Baptist , known as Surb Hovhannes Mkrtich ( Saint-John the Baptist ) in Armenian . The widespread family name Mkrtchyan is formed from this given name .   The name is usually romanized directly into English as Mkrtich , but other romanizations are found :  Mkrtich Khrimian ( 1820 -- 1907 ) , Catholicos of All Armenians  Mkrtich Achemian ( 1838 -- 1917 ) , Constantinople-born Armenian poet .  Mekertich Portukalian ( 1848 -- 1921 ) Armenian teacher   The name is romanized in Turkish as Mıgırdiç :  Mıgırdiç Margosyan ( 1938 ) Turkish-language Armenian author .  Mıgırdiç Civanyan ( 1848 -- 1906 ) Ottoman painter of Armenian descent .


query: George Orwell is opposed to totalitarian states.

pos: George Orwell Eric Arthur Blair ( 25 June 1903 -- 21 January 1950 ) , better known by his pen name George Orwell , was an English novelist , essayist , journalist , and critic . His work is marked by lucid prose , awareness of social injustice , opposition to totalitarianism , and outspoken support of democratic socialism .   Orwell wrote literary criticism , poetry , fiction , and polemical journalism . He is best known for the allegorical novella Animal Farm ( 1945 ) and the dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four ( 1949 ) . His non-fiction works , including The Road to Wigan Pier ( 1937 ) , documenting his experience of working class life in the north of England , and Homage to Catalonia ( 1938 ) , an account of his experiences in the Spanish Civil War , are widely acclaimed , as are his essays on politics , literature , language , and culture . In 2008 , The Times ranked him second on a list of `` The 50 greatest British writers since 1945 '' .   Orwell 's work continues to influence popular and political culture , and the term Orwellian -- descriptive of totalitarian or authoritarian social practices -- has entered the language together with many of his neologisms , including cold war , Big Brother , Thought Police , Room 101 , memory hole , newspeak , doublethink , and thoughtcrime .

neg: Body politic The body politic is a metaphor that regards a nation as a corporate entity , likened to a human body . Here the word `` politic '' is a postpositive adjective : this is `` a body of a politic nature '' , rather than `` a politic of a bodily nature '' . A body politic comprises all the people in a particular country , considered as a single group . The analogy typically includes reference to the top of the government as head of state , though the analogy may also be extended to other anatomical parts , as in political readings of Aesop 's fable of `` The Belly and the Members '' .   A later European reference to the concept appears in The Book of the Body Politic ( 1407 ) by poet and court writer Christine de Pizan , in which she admits having borrowed the concept from a letter of Plutarch 's to the Roman Emperor Trajan but does not mention John of Salisbury 's work , Policraticus . The metaphor appears in the French language as the corps-état .  The metaphor was elaborated in the Renaissance , and subsequently , as medical knowledge based on Galen was challenged by thinkers such as William Harvey . Analogies were drawn between supposed causes of disease and disorder and their equivalents in the political field , viewed as plagues or infections that might be remedied with purges and nostrums .

neg: State socialism State socialism is a classification for any socialist political and economic perspective advocating state ownership of the means of production either as a temporary measure in the transition from capitalism to socialism , or as characteristic of socialism itself . It is often used interchangeably with state capitalism in reference to the economic systems of Marxist -- Leninist states such as the Soviet Union to highlight the role of state planning in these economies , with the critics of said system referring to it more commonly as `` state capitalism '' . Libertarian and democratic socialists claim that these states had only a limited number of socialist characteristics . However , Marxists-Leninists maintain that workers in the Soviet Union and other Marxist-Leninist states had genuine control over the means of production through institutions such as trade unions .   State socialism is held in contrast with libertarian socialism , which rejects the view that socialism can be constructed by using existing state institutions or by governmental policies . By contrast , proponents of state socialism claim that the state , through practical considerations of governing , must play at least a temporary part in building socialism . It is possible to conceive of a democratic state that owns the means of production but is internally organized in a participatory , cooperative fashion , thereby achieving both social ownership of productive property and workplace democracy in day-to-day operations .

neg: Culture of the United Kingdom The culture of the United Kingdom is influenced by the UK 's history as a developed island country , a liberal democracy and a major power ; its predominantly Christian religious life ; and its composition of four countries -- England , Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland -- each of which has distinct customs , cultures and symbolism . The wider culture of Europe has also influenced British culture , and Humanism , Protestantism and representative democracy developed from broader Western culture .   British literature , music , cinema , art , theatre , comedy , media , television , philosophy , architecture and education are important aspects of British culture . The United Kingdom is also prominent in science and technology , producing world-leading scientists ( e.g. Isaac Newton and Charles Darwin ) and inventions . Sport is an important part of British culture ; numerous sports originated in the country , including football . The UK has been described as a `` cultural superpower '' , and London has been described as a world cultural capital .   The Industrial Revolution , which started in the UK , had a profound effect on the socio-economic and cultural conditions of the world . As a result of the British Empire , significant British influence can be observed in the language , law , culture and institutions of a geographically wide assortment of countries , including Australia , Canada , India , the Republic of Ireland , New Zealand , Nigeria , Pakistan , South Africa , the United States and English speaking Caribbean nations . These states are sometimes collectively known as the Anglosphere , and are among Britain 's closest allies . In turn the empire also influenced British culture , particularly British cuisine .   The cultures of England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland are diverse and have varying degrees of overlap and distinctiveness .

neg: The State (book) __ NOTOC __   The State ( Der Staat ) is a book by German sociologist Franz Oppenheimer first published in Germany in 1908 . Oppenheimer wrote the book in Frankfurt am Main during 1907 , as a fragment of the four-volume System of Sociology , an intended interpretative framework for the understanding of social evolution on which he laboured from the 1890s until the end of his life . The work summarizes Oppenheimer 's general theory on the origin , development and future transformation of the state . The State , which Oppenheimer 's missionary zeal pervades , was widely read and passionately discussed in the early 20th century . It was well received by -- and influential on -- as diverse an audience as Israeli halutzim , American and Slavic communitarians , West German Chancellor Ludwig Erhard , and anarcho-capitalists like Murray Rothbard .   A classical liberal and socialist sympathiser , Oppenheimer regarded capitalism as `` a system of exploitation and capital revenues as the gain of that exploitation '' , but placed the blame not on the genuinely free market , but on the intervention of the state . Oppenheimer 's view of the state is profoundly opposed to the then dominant characterisation propounded by G. W. F. Hegel of the state as an admirable achievement of modern civilisation . Proponents of this view tend to accept the social contract view that the State came about as every larger groups of people agreed to subordinate their private interests for the common good .   In contrast , Opphenheimer 's view was an advancement of the `` conquest theory '' of the state that developed during the late 19th century by Ludwig Gumplowicz . According to conquest theory , the state came into being through war and conquest , a consequence of which was the establishment of social classes ; the dominant conquerors and the subordinate conquered . This , in turn , led to the emergence of a political system to consolidate the power of the conquerors , to perpetuate and regulate class divisions . Oppenheimer 's views led the American essayist , Albert Jay Nock , writing in the first half of the 20th century , to remark that in his own book , Our Enemy , the State :

neg: Burmese Days Burmese Days is a novel by British writer George Orwell . It was first published in the UK in 1934 . It is a tale from the waning days of British colonialism , when Burma was ruled from Delhi as a part of British India -- `` a portrait of the dark side of the British Raj . '' At its centre is John Flory , `` the lone and lacking individual trapped within a bigger system that is undermining the better side of human nature . '' Orwell 's first novel , it describes `` corruption and imperial bigotry '' in a society where , `` after all , natives were natives -- interesting , no doubt , but finally ... an inferior people '' .   Because of concerns that the novel might be potentially libellous , that Katha was described too realistically , and that some of the characters might be based on real people , it was first published `` further afield '' , in the United States . A British edition , with altered names , appeared a year later . When it was published in the 1930s , Orwell 's harsh portrayal of colonial society was felt by `` some old Burma hands '' to have `` rather let the side down '' . In a letter from 1946 , Orwell said `` I dare say it 's unfair in some ways and inaccurate in some details , but much of it is simply reporting what I have seen '' .

neg: Coming Up for Air Coming Up for Air is a novel by George Orwell , first published in June 1939 , shortly before the outbreak of World War II . It combines premonitions of the impending war with images of an idyllic Thames-side Edwardian era childhood . The novel is pessimistic , with its view that speculative builders , commercialism and capitalism are killing the best of rural England , `` everything cemented over '' , and there are great new external threats .

neg: History of democracy A democracy is a political system , or a system of decision-making within an institution or organization , in which all members have an equal share of power . Modern democracies are characterized by two capabilities that differentiate them fundamentally from earlier forms of government : the capacity to intervene in their own societies and the recognition of their sovereignty by an international legalistic framework of similarly sovereign states . -LSB- 2 -RSB- Democratic government is commonly juxtaposed with oligarchic and monarchic systems , which are rule by a minority and a sole monarch respectively .   Democracy in its earliest forms is generally associated with the efforts of the ancient Greeks and Romans , who were themselves considered the founders of Western civilization by the 18th century intellectuals who attempted to leverage these early democratic experiments into a new template for post-monarchical political organization . The extent to which these 18th century democratic revivalists succeeded in turning the democratic ideals of the ancient Greeks and Romans into the dominant political institution of the next 300 years is hardly debatable , even if the moral justifications they often employed might be . Nevertheless , the critical historical juncture catalyzed by the resurrection of democratic ideals and institutions fundamentally transformed the ensuing centuries and has dominated the international landscape since the dismantling of the final vestige of empire following the end of the Second World War .   Modern representative democracies attempt to bridge the gulf between the Hobbesian ` state of nature ' and the grip of authoritarianism through ` social contracts ' that enshrine the rights of the citizens , curtail the power of the state , and grant agency through the right to vote .

neg: Unionism in England In England , Unionism is a political ideology which favours the continuation of some form of political union between England and the other countries of the United Kingdom ( Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland ) . It is part of the wider British unionist movement and is closely linked to the notion of Britishness . Unionism in England is characterised by both opposition to England 's independence as a separate state and the belief that Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland should continue to be constituent countries of the Union .

neg: Politics (magazine 1944–1949) politics was a journal founded and edited by Dwight Macdonald from 1944 to 1949 .   Macdonald had previously been editor at Partisan Review from 1937 to 1943 , but after falling out with its publishers , quit to start politics as a rival publication , first on a monthly basis and then as a quarterly .   politics published essays on politics and culture and included among its contributors James Agee , John Berryman , Bruno Bettelheim , Paul Goodman , C. Wright Mills , Mary McCarthy , Marianne Moore , Irving Howe , Daniel Bell , Hannah Arendt .   The journal reflected Macdonald 's interest in European culture . He used politics to introduce US readers to the thinking of the French philosopher Simone Weil , publishing several articles by her , including `` A Poem of Force '' , her reflections on the Iliad . He also printed work by Albert Camus . Another European , the Italian political and literary critic Nicola Chiaromonte , was also given space in the journal .   politics was also Macdonald 's vehicle for his repeated and energetic attacks against Henry Wallace and his Progressive Party campaign for President .   In a letter to Philip Rahv at the end of December 1943 , George Orwell mentioned that Macdonald had written asking him to contribute to his forthcoming journal . Orwell had replied telling him he might `` do something ` cultural ' '' but not ` political ' as he was already writing his `` London Letters '' to Partisan Review .   In his `` As I Please '' article for the 16 June 1944 issue of Tribune , George Orwell recommended politics . He stated that he disagreed with its policy but admired `` its combination of highbrow political analysis with intelligent literary criticism . '' He went on to add that there were no monthly or quarterly magazines in England `` to come up to '' the American ones , of which there were several .   Macdonald , in an editorial comment for the November 1944 issue of politics referred to a letter from Orwell which cast interesting light on the ` russification ' of English political thought over the last two years . Orwell had read the May issue 's review of Harold Laski 's Faith , Reason and Civilisation and mentioned that the Manchester Evening News , the evening edition of the Manchester Guardian , had refused to print his own review because of its anti-Stalin implications . Despite considering the book `` pernicious tripe '' , Orwell had praised the author for being `` aware that the USSR is the real dynamo of the Socialist movement in this country and everywhere else . '' , but criticized him for shutting his eyes to `` purges , liquidations '' , etc. . Macdonald pointed out that the fact that such a review should be considered `` too hot '' shows how much the feats of the Red Army had misled the English public opinion about Russia . He added that the `` English liberal press had been far more honest about the Moscow Trials than our own liberal journals '' and that Trotsky had been able to write in the Guardian .

neg: Libertarian science fiction Libertarian science fiction is a subgenre of science fiction that focuses on the politics and social order implied by libertarian philosophies with an emphasis on individualism and private ownership of the means of production -- and in some cases , no state whatsoever .   As a category , libertarian fiction is unusual because the vast majority of its authors are self-identified as science fiction authors . This contrasts with the authors of much other social criticism who are largely academic or mainstream novelists who tend to dismiss any genre classification . The identification between libertarianism and science fiction is so strong that the U.S. Libertarian Party often has representatives at science fiction conventions and one of the highest profile authors currently in the subgenre of libertarian science fiction , L. Neil Smith , was the Arizona Libertarian Party 's 2000 candidate for the President of the United States .   As a genre , it can be seen as growing out of the 1930s and 1940s when the science-fiction pulp magazines were reaching their peak at the same time as fascism and communism . While this environment gave rise to dystopian novels such as George Orwell 's Nineteen Eighty-Four , in the pulps , this influence more often give rise to speculations about societies ( or sub-groups ) arising in direct opposition to `` totalitarianism . ''   Ayn Rand 's novel Atlas Shrugged is a strong ( perhaps the strongest ) influence with an anti-socialist attitude and an individualist ethic that echoes throughout the genre .  Of more direct relevance to the science fiction end of this genre is Robert A. Heinlein 's The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress , which is highly regarded even by non-libertarian science fiction readers . An award for libertarian science fiction , the Prometheus Award , is given out every year . Some winners of the award identify as libertarians ( e.g. , L. Neil Smith , Victor Koman , Brad Linaweaver ) , while others do not ( Terry Pratchett , Charles Stross ) .   Some other prominent libertarian science fiction authors include S. Andrew Swann and Michael Z. Williamson .

neg: Monarchy A monarchy is a form of government in which a group , usually a family called the dynasty , embodies the country 's national identity and one of its members , called the monarch , exercises a role of sovereignty . The actual power of the monarch may vary from purely symbolic ( crowned republic ) , to partial and restricted ( constitutional monarchy ) , to completely autocratic ( absolute monarchy ) . Traditionally and in most cases , the monarch 's post is inherited and lasts until death or abdication , but there are also elective monarchies where the monarch is elected . Each of these has variations : in some elected monarchies only those of certain pedigrees are , whereas many hereditary monarchies impose requirements regarding the religion , age , gender , mental capacity , etc. . Occasionally this might create a situation of rival claimants whose legitimacy is subject to effective election . Finally , there have been cases where the term of a monarch 's reign is either fixed in years or continues until certain goals are achieved : an invasion being repulsed , for instance . Thus there are widely divergent structures and traditions defining monarchy .   Monarchy was the most common form of government until the 19th century , but it is no longer prevalent . Where it exists , it is now usually a constitutional monarchy , in which the monarch retains a unique legal and ceremonial role , but exercises limited or no official political power : under the written or unwritten constitution , others have governing authority . Currently , 47 sovereign nations in the world have monarchs acting as heads of state , 19 of which are Commonwealth realms that recognise Queen Elizabeth II as their head of state . All European monarchies are constitutional ones , with the exception of the Vatican City which is an elective monarchy , but sovereigns in the smaller states exercise greater political influence than in the larger . The monarchs of Cambodia , Japan , and Malaysia `` reign , but do not rule '' although there is considerable variation in the degree of authority they wield . Although they reign under constitutions , the monarchs of Brunei , Morocco , Oman , Qatar , Saudi Arabia and Swaziland appear to continue to exercise more political influence than any other single source of authority in their nations , either by constitutional mandate or by tradition .

neg: Third Way In politics , the Third Way is a position akin to centrism that tries to reconcile right-wing and left-wing politics by advocating a varying synthesis of right-wing economic and left-wing social policies . The Third Way was created as a serious re-evaluation of political policies within various centre-left progressive movements in response to international doubt regarding the economic viability of the state ; economic interventionist policies that had previously been popularized by Keynesianism and contrasted with the corresponding rise of popularity for economic liberalism and the New Right . The Third Way is promoted by some social democratic and social liberal movements .   Major Third Way social democratic proponent Tony Blair claimed that the socialism he advocated was different from traditional conceptions of socialism . Blair said `` My kind of socialism is a set of values notions of social justice ... Socialism as a rigid form of economic determinism has ended , and rightly '' . Blair referred to it as `` social-ism '' that involves politics that recognized individuals as socially interdependent , and advocated social justice , social cohesion , equal worth of each citizen , and equal opportunity . Third Way social democratic theorist Anthony Giddens has said that the Third Way rejects the traditional conception of socialism , and instead accepts the conception of socialism as conceived of by Anthony Crosland as an ethical doctrine that views social democratic governments as having achieved a viable ethical socialism by removing the unjust elements of capitalism by providing social welfare and other policies , and that contemporary socialism has outgrown the Marxian claim for the need of the abolition of capitalism . Blair in 2009 publicly declared support for a `` new capitalism '' .   It supports the pursuit of greater egalitarianism in society through action to increase the distribution of skills , capacities , and productive endowments , while rejecting income redistribution as the means to achieve this . It emphasizes commitment to balanced budgets , providing equal opportunity combined with an emphasis on personal responsibility , decentralization of government power to the lowest level possible , encouragement of public-private partnerships , improving labour supply , investment in human development , protection of social capital , and protection of the environment .   The Third Way has been criticized by some conservatives and libertarians who advocate laissez-faire capitalism . It has also been heavily criticized by many social democrats , democratic socialists , anarchists and communists in particular as a betrayal of left-wing values . Specific definitions of Third Way policies may differ between Europe and America .

neg: People's Convention The People 's Convention was a `` people 's government '' that was proposed by communists in the United Kingdom in 1940 -- 1941 . Its advocates attempted to persuade Labour Party and trade union members that the current government was solely for the rich and was dominated by those who through appeasement had `` caused '' the Second World War , who opposed the Soviet Union , and who were profiteering from the war . Its literature did not , however , explicitly state that it was communist-backed .   The Convention was the initiative of the Hammersmith Trades Council and Labour Party and Denis Nowell Pritt , Member of Parliament for North Hammersmith , who had both been expelled from the Labour Party in 1940 . It was backed by Palme Dutt , Robin Page Arnot , Harry Pollitt , and Willie Gallacher , all well-known communists . Many of the founder members were members of the People 's Vigilance Committee , which had been formed by communists expelled from the Labour Party . A few supporters , such as Richard Squance , still held membership of the Labour Party , but were expelled for participating .   The Convention was vigorously opposed by the Labour Party and the Trades Union Congress and never really got off the ground ; eventually it was disowned by the Communist Party of Great Britain itself in January 1942 .   There were also proposals for regional People 's Conventions , including a Midlands Convention and a Scottish Convention .

neg: Criticism of democracy Criticism of democracy may consist of claims of it being economically inefficient , politically idealistic , dysfunctional , morally corrupt or simply suboptimal sociopolitically .   Important figures associated with anti-democratic thought include Martin Heidegger , Hubert Lagardelle , Charles Maurras , Friedrich Nietzsche , Adolf Hitler , Plato , Aristotle , Carl Schmitt , Hans-Hermann Hoppe , Oswald Spengler , Nicolás Gómez Dávila and Elazar Menachem Shach . A variety of ideologies and political systems have opposed democracy , including absolute monarchy , aristocracy , Nazism , fascism , theocracy , neo-feudalism , and anarcho-capitalism .

neg: Anti-nuclear groups in the United States More than eighty anti-nuclear groups are operating , or have operated , in the United States . These include : Abalone Alliance , Clamshell Alliance , Greenpeace USA , Institute for Energy and Environmental Research , Musicians United for Safe Energy , Nevada Desert Experience , Nuclear Control Institute , Nuclear Information and Resource Service , Public Citizen Energy Program , Shad Alliance , and the Sierra Club . These are direct action , environmental , health , and public interest organizations who oppose nuclear weapons and/or nuclear power . In 1992 , the chairman of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission said that `` his agency had been pushed in the right direction on safety issues because of the pleas and protests of nuclear watchdog groups '' .   Some of the most influential groups in the anti-nuclear movement have had members who included Nobel Laureates ( e.g. , Linus Pauling and Hermann Joseph Muller ) . These scientists have belonged primarily to two groups : the Federation of American Scientists , and the Committee for Nuclear Responsibility .

neg: Parallel Polis The political-social concept Parallel Polis was created by Czech political thinker and dissident Vaclav Benda in connection with movement Charter 77 . In addition to other philosophers , Benda sought a theoretical grasp of the social events in the circles of dissents . The so-called alternative culture or underground was described in the text Parallel Polis in 1978 for the first time . As a political scientist , Benda noticed the emergence of a new social structure which was born in artistic and intellectual circles as a tool to escape the totalitarian communist regime . He detected the following basic pillars of this new `` field '' :   1 . Constant monitoring and verification of the extent of civic rights and freedoms which the State has a tendency to restrict . Parallel Polis consists of people who actively advocate for , and protect their rights .   2 . Parallel `` alternative '' culture / underground culture is independent and are various spheres of art which are operated and developed without permission and support from the public authorities .   3 . Parallel education and science , which represent the realization of the right of free education and the development of scientific research ( residential seminars , various educational societies , academies etc. . )   4 . Parallel informational system as an expression of the right of free dissemination of information ( samizdat publishing , unofficial magazines , collections etc. . )   5 . Parallel economy : `` political power considers this the area as a critical resource for arbitrary control of citizens and strictly regulates it at the same time '' . Economy of dissence was based on reciprocity and trust in the individual person . It was a natural germ of a reputational principle and the search for the exchange resources that are not dependent on control of centralized monetary tools .   6 . Creation of the parallel political structures and promoting their development . The alternative political structures have to be incubated in the environment of the Parallel Polis and develop into such a functional form that they will be able to replace the ruling authoritarian regime .   7 . Parallel foreign policy has to be an instrument of the parallel society for the stabilization and the grounding of the movement in the international context and the search for potential financial and mental resources .   These patterns of the parallel structure are not a closed set , on the contrary , they should occur more on all fronts of the resistance against the authoritarian State . The aim of the Parallel Polis , according to Vaclav Havel , Ivan Martin Jirous , Milan Šimečky and other dissents , who discussed the concept , -LSB- 2 -RSB- should be a so-called independent society . A society that is not oppressed by laws and the decisions of the representatives of the public authorities . A society that is based on its own values . Values which are not forced upon by the central authorities .  You could even say , that `` Parallel Polis '' today does not represent a `` dissident world '' but the world of persuasions and private interests of the society as a whole . On one hand , `` Parallel Polis '' gives to the totalitarian authorities what it wants , but at the same time does everything it wants and has nothing in common with the authorities .   After the revolution in 1989 , nobody paid too much attention to this concept , because it was ahead of its time , but nowadays the concept is relevant , because of the increased activities in the field of civil rights & the way the authoritarian state has been suppressed .   The seminal idea received great attention in the dissident community in Czechoslovakia and in western political circles . It was , however , never put into practice . With the arrival of the Velvet Revolution in 1990 , the idea seemed irrelevant .   It has since been revived by a group of scholars who originally met at the University of Washington but who now work at other academic institutions . Their thinking posits that Benda 's idea is now being practiced on the Internet which more easily facilitates parallel institutions . Since 2014 , a physical space inspired by the idea and named after it exists in Prague 's Holešovice district .

neg: Aesopian language Aesopian language is communications that convey an innocent meaning to outsiders but hold a concealed meaning to informed members of a conspiracy or underground movement . For instance , if Person X is known for exposing secrets in an organization , the organization leaders announce that `` any members who have dirty talking habits will be dealt with '' to warn Person X . It refers to the ancient Greek fabulist Aesop .   The term `` Aesopian language '' was first used by the nineteenth-century Russian writer Mikhail Saltykov-Schedrin to describe the writing technique he began using late in his career , which he compared to Aesop 's Fables . His purpose was to satirize the social ills of the time but evade the harsh censorship of late Tsarist Russia of which he was a particular target .   The Soviet-era writer Lev Loseff noted that the use of Aesopian language remained a favorite technique of writers ( including himself ) under Soviet censorship . Maliheh Tyrell defines the term in the Soviet context and observes that the use of Aesopian language extended to other national literatures under Soviet rule :  `` In short , this form of literature , like Aesop 's animal fables , veils itself in allegorical suggestions , hints , and euphemisms so as to elude political censorship . ` Aesopian language ' or literature is a technical term used by Sovietologists to define allegorical language used by Russian or nationality -LSB- that is : non-Russian -RSB- nonconformist publicists to conceal antiregime sentiments . Under Soviet rule , this ` Aesopian ' literature intended to confuse the Soviet authorities , yet illuminate the truth for native readers . ''  According to one critic , `` Censorship ... had a positive , formative impact upon the Aesopian writers ' style by obliging them to sharpen their thoughts . ''   The German-American philosopher Herbert Marcuse uses the term in his book One-Dimensional Man somewhat interchangeably with Orwellian language . In that context , `` Aesopian Language '' refers to the idea that certain usages of language work to ` suppress certain concepts or keep them out of the general discourse within society ' . An example of such a technique is the use of abbreviations to possibly prevent undesirable questions from arising : `` AFL-CIO entombs the radical political differences which once separated the two organizations . ''   Within the context of politics , a term with a very similar meaning is called dog-whistle politics , which describes the use of coded language to address voters ' interests . Certain sections of the electorate will react strongly to controversial content if spoken of overtly but may not be so attuned that they notice statements that appear neutral to outsiders .

neg: Conservatism Conservatism is a political and social philosophy that promotes retaining traditional social institutions in the context of culture and civilization . By some definitions , conservatives have variously sought to preserve institutions including religion , monarchy , parliamentary government , property rights and the social hierarchy , emphasizing stability and continuity , while the more extreme elements called reactionaries oppose modernism and seek a return to `` the way things were '' . The first established use of the term in a political context originated with François-René de Chateaubriand in 1818 , during the period of Bourbon restoration that sought to roll back the policies of the French Revolution . The term , historically associated with right-wing politics , has since been used to describe a wide range of views .   There is no single set of policies that are universally regarded as conservative , because the meaning of conservatism depends on what is considered traditional in a given place and time . Thus conservatives from different parts of the world -- each upholding their respective traditions -- may disagree on a wide range of issues . Edmund Burke , an 18th-century politician who opposed the French Revolution but supported the American Revolution , is credited as one of the main theorists of conservatism in Great Britain in the 1790s . According to Quintin Hogg , the chairman of the British Conservative Party in 1959 , `` Conservatism is not so much a philosophy as an attitude , a constant force , performing a timeless function in the development of a free society , and corresponding to a deep and permanent requirement of human nature itself '' . In contrast to the tradition-based definition of conservatism , political theorists such as Corey Robin define conservatism primarily in terms of a general defense of social and economic inequality . From this perspective conservatism is less an attempt to uphold traditional institutions and more `` a meditation on -- and theoretical rendition of -- the felt experience of having power , seeing it threatened , and trying to win it back . ''

neg: Right-wing politics Right-wing politics hold that certain social orders and hierarchies are inevitable , natural , normal , or desirable , typically supporting this position on the basis of natural law , economics or tradition . Hierarchy and inequality may be viewed as natural results of traditional social differences or the competition in market economies . The term right-wing can generally refer to `` the conservative or reactionary section of a political party or system . ''   The political terms Right and Left were first used during the French Revolution ( 1789 -- 99 ) , and referred to seating arrangements in the French parliament ; those who sat to the right of the chair of the parliamentary president were broadly supportive of the institutions of the monarchist Ancien Régime . The original Right in France was formed as a reaction against the Left , and comprised those politicians supporting hierarchy , tradition , and clericalism . The use of the expression la droite ( the right ) became prominent in France after the restoration of the monarchy in 1815 , when it was applied to the Ultra-royalists . The people of English-speaking countries did not apply the terms `` right '' and `` left '' to their own politics until the 20th century .   Although the right-wing originated with traditional conservatives , monarchists and reactionaries , the term extreme right-wing has also been applied to movements including fascists , Nazis , and racial supremacists . From the 1830s to the 1880s , there was a shift in the Western world of social class structure and the economy , moving away from nobility and aristocracy towards capitalism . This general economic shift toward capitalism affected centre right movements such as the British Conservative Party , which responded by becoming supportive of capitalism . In the United States , the Right includes both economic and social conservatives . In Europe , economic conservatives are usually considered liberal , and the Right includes nationalists , nativist opposition to immigration , religious conservatives , and historically a significant presence of right-wing movements with anti-capitalist sentiments including conservatives and fascists who opposed what they saw as the selfishness and excessive materialism inherent in contemporary capitalism .

neg: Dictator A dictator is a political leader who wields absolute power . A state ruled by a dictator is called a dictatorship . The word originated as the title of a magistrate in the Roman Republic appointed by the Senate to rule the republic in times of emergency ( see Roman dictator and justitium ) .   Like the term `` tyrant '' ( which was originally a respectable Ancient Greek title ) , and to a lesser degree `` autocrat '' , `` dictator '' came to be used almost exclusively as a non-titular term for oppressive , even abusive rule , yet had rare modern titular use .   In modern usage , the term `` dictator '' is generally used to describe a leader who holds and/or abuses an extraordinary amount of personal power , especially the power to make laws without effective restraint by a legislative assembly . Dictatorships are often characterised by some of the following traits : suspension of elections and of civil liberties ; proclamation of a state of emergency ; rule by decree ; repression of political opponents without abiding by rule of law procedures ; these include one-party state , and cult of personality .   The term `` dictator '' is comparable to but not synonymous with the ancient concept of a tyrant ; initially `` tyrant '' , like `` dictator '' , did not carry negative connotations . A wide variety of leaders coming to power in a number of different kinds of regimes , such as military juntas , one-party states and civilian governments under personal rule , have been described as dictators . They may hold left or right-wing views , or may be apolitical .