query: Subhas Chandra Bose was born.

pos: Subhas Chandra Bose Subhas Chandra Bose ( 23 January 1897 -- 18 August 1945 ) was an Indian nationalist whose defiant patriotism made him a hero in India , but whose attempt during World War II to rid India of British rule with the help of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan left a troubled legacy . The honorific Netaji ( Hindustani : `` Respected Leader '' ) , first applied in early 1942 to Bose in Germany by the Indian soldiers of the Indische Legion and by the German and Indian officials in the Special Bureau for India in Berlin , was later used throughout India .   Bose had been a leader of the younger , radical , wing of the Indian National Congress in the late 1920s and 1930s , rising to become Congress President in 1938 and 1939 . However , he was ousted from Congress leadership positions in 1939 following differences with Mahatma Gandhi and the Congress high command . He was subsequently placed under house arrest by the British before escaping from India in 1940 .   Bose arrived in Germany in April 1941 , where the leadership offered unexpected , if sometimes ambivalent , sympathy for the cause of India 's independence , contrasting starkly with its attitudes towards other colonised peoples and ethnic communities . In November 1941 , with German funds , a Free India Centre was set up in Berlin , and soon a Free India Radio , on which Bose broadcast nightly . A 3,000-strong Free India Legion , comprising Indians captured by Erwin Rommel 's Afrika Korps , was also formed to aid in a possible future German land invasion of India . By spring 1942 , in light of Japanese victories in southeast Asia and changing German priorities , a German invasion of India became untenable , and Bose became keen to move to southeast Asia . Adolf Hitler , during his only meeting with Bose in late May 1942 , suggested the same , and offered to arrange for a submarine . During this time Bose also became a father ; his wife , or companion , Emilie Schenkl , whom he had met in 1934 , gave birth to a baby girl in November 1942 . Identifying strongly with the Axis powers , and no longer apologetically , Bose boarded a German submarine in February 1943 . In Madagascar , he was transferred to a Japanese submarine from which he disembarked in Japanese-held Sumatra in May 1943 .   With Japanese support , Bose revamped the Indian National Army ( INA ) , then composed of Indian soldiers of the British Indian army who had been captured in the Battle of Singapore . To these , after Bose 's arrival , were added enlisting Indian civilians in Malaya and Singapore . The Japanese had come to support a number of puppet and provisional governments in the captured regions , such as those in Burma , the Philippines and Manchukuo . Before long the Provisional Government of Free India , presided by Bose , was formed in the Japanese-occupied Andaman and Nicobar Islands . Bose had great drive and charisma -- creating popular Indian slogans , such as `` Jai Hind , '' -- and the INA under Bose was a model of diversity by region , ethnicity , religion , and even gender . However , Bose was regarded by the Japanese as being militarily unskilled , and his military effort was short-lived . In late 1944 and early 1945 the British Indian Army first halted and then devastatingly reversed the Japanese attack on India . Almost half the Japanese forces and fully half the participating INA contingent were killed . The INA was driven down the Malay Peninsula , and surrendered with the recapture of Singapore . Bose had earlier chosen not to surrender with his forces or with the Japanese , but rather to escape to Manchuria with a view to seeking a future in the Soviet Union which he believed to be turning anti-British . He died from third degree burns received when his plane crashed in Taiwan . Some Indians , however , did not believe that the crash had occurred , with many among them , especially in Bengal , believing that Bose would return to gain India 's independence .   Indian National Congress , the main instrument of Indian nationalism , praised Bose 's patriotism but distanced itself from his tactics and ideology , especially his collaboration with Fascism . The British Raj , though never seriously threatened by the INA , charged 300 INA officers with treason in the INA trials , but eventually backtracked in the face both of popular sentiment and of its own end .

neg: International recognition of Bangladesh The Bangladesh Liberation War ( মুক্তিযুদ্ধ Muktijuddho ) was a revolutionary independence war in South Asia during 1971 which established the republic of Bangladesh . The war pitted East Pakistan against West Pakistan , and lasted over a duration of nine months . It witnessed large-scale atrocities , the exodus of 10 million refugees and the displacement of 30 million people .   The war broke out on 26 March 1971 , when the Pakistani Army launched a military operation called Operation Searchlight against Bengali civilians , students , intelligentsia and armed personnel , who were demanding that the Pakistani military junta accept the results of the 1970 first democratic elections of Pakistan , which were won by an eastern party , or to allow separation between East and West Pakistan . Bengali politicians and army officers announced the declaration of Bangladesh 's independence in response to Operation Searchlight . Bengali military , paramilitary and civilians formed the Mukti Bahini ( মুক্তি বাহিনী `` Liberation Army '' ) , which engaged in guerrilla warfare against Pakistani forces . The Pakistan Army , in collusion with religious extremist militias ( the Razakars , Al-Badr and Al-Shams ) , engaged in the systematic genocide and atrocities of Bengali civilians , particularly nationalists , intellectuals , youth and religious minorities . Bangladesh government-in-exile was set up in the city of Calcutta ( now Kolkata ) in the Indian State of West Bengal .   India entered the war on 3 December 1971 , after Pakistan launched pre-emptive air strikes on northern India . Overwhelmed by two war fronts , Pakistani defences soon collapsed . On 16 December , the Allied Forces of Bangladesh and India defeated Pakistan in the east . The subsequent surrender resulted in the largest number of prisoners-of-war since World War II .

neg: Narayan Sen Narayan Sen ( 1912 -- 1956 ) was a Bengali revolutionary in the Indian independence movement . He was born in British India , present-day Bangladesh . His father 's name was Sureshchandra Sen.

neg: National Book Trust National Book Trust ( NBT ) is an Indian publishing house , founded in 1957 as an autonomous body under the Ministry of Education of the Government of India . NBT now functions under aegis of Ministry of Human Resource Development , Govt . of India   India 's first Prime Minister Pt . Jawaharlal Nehru envisioned that NBT would be a bureaucracy-free structure that would publish low-cost books . They publish a monthly Newsletter about recent publications .   The activities of the Trust include publishing , promotion of books and reading , promotion of Indian books abroad , assistance to authors and  publishers , and promotion of children 's literature . NBT publishes reading material in several Indian languages for all age-groups , including books for children and neo-literates .   NBT 's children 's books are known for their illustrations , by illustrators such as Pulak Biswas , Jagdish Joshi , Mrinal Mitra , Subir Roy , Atanu Roy , Manjula Padmanabhan , Mickey Patel and Suddhasattwa Basu . Painters Jatin Das and Krishen Khanna have also illustrated books for the Trust .

neg: All India Forward Bloc The All India Forward Bloc ( AIFB ) is a left-wing nationalist political party in India . It emerged as a faction within the Indian National Congress in 1939 , led by Subhas Chandra Bose . The party re-established as an independent political party after the independence of India . It has its main stronghold in West Bengal . The party 's current Secretary-General is Debabrata Biswas . Veteran Indian politicians Sarat Chandra Bose ( brother of Subhas Chandra Bose ) and Chitta Basu had been the stalwarts of the party in independent India .

neg: Teen Murti Bhavan The Teen Murti Bhavan ( Teen Murti House ) is the former residence of the first Prime Minister of India , Jawaharlal Nehru in Delhi , India , who stayed here for 16 years until his death on May 27 , 1964 . It was designed by Robert Tor Russell , the British architect of Connaught Place and of the Eastern and Western Courts on Janpath during the British Raj . Teen Murti Bhavan was built in 1930 as part of the new imperial capital of India , New Delhi as the residence of the Commander-in-Chief of the British Indian Army .   Today , Teen Murti houses various institutions including the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library ( NMML ) , which runs under the Indian Ministry of Culture , and has Dr. Karan Singh as the chairman of its Executive Council . The complex also houses the offices of the ` Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund ' , established in 1964 under the Chairmanship of Dr S. Radhakrishnan , then President of India . Teen Murti Bhavan also contains a number of mementos from various nations including England , Nepal , Somalia , China , etc. . Each memento represents a notable resource of each nation . The foundation also awards the ` Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fellowship ' , established in 1968 .   Also contained within the complex are the ` Centre for Contemporary Studies ' and the Nehru Planetarium which opened in 1984 .

neg: Great Depression in India The Great Depression of 1929 had a very severe impact on India , which was then under the rule of the British Raj . The Government of British India adopted a protective trade policy which , though beneficial to the United Kingdom , caused great damage to the Indian economy . During the period 1929 -- 1937 , exports and imports fell drastically crippling seaborne international trade . The railways and the agricultural sector were the most affected .   The international financial crisis combined with detrimental policies adopted by the Government of India resulted in soaring prices of commodities . High prices along with the stringent taxes prevalent in British India had a dreadful impact on most Indians . The discontent of farmers manifested itself in rebellions and riots . The Salt Satyagraha of 1930 was one of the measures undertaken as a response to heavy taxation during the Great Depression .   The Great Depression and the economic policies of the Government of British India worsened already deteriorating Indo-British relations . When the first general elections were held according to the Government of India Act 1935 , anti-British feelings resulted in the pro-independence Indian National Congress winning in most provinces with a very high percentage of the vote share .

neg: Subimal Mishra Subimal Misra ( born 1943 ) is a Bengali novelist , short story writer and essayist . He is known as a maverick and audacious experimentalist in contemporary Bengali literature . He was nominated for Nobel prize for couple of times . From Gabriel Garcia Marquez to Salman Rushdie , many of contemporary writers are Misra 's fans and inspired by Misra 's writings . Misra is recognized as the most important writer in Bengali after Rabindranath Tagore in the field of little magazine . Nelson Mandela once told , he wanted to learn Bengali to read Misra .   Subimal Misra started his literary career at the end of 1967 . From then on , he is writing only in Bengali Little Magazines and has never penned a single word for any commercial magazine . Strong critique of the complacent and decadent bourgeoisie , his writings are starkly political . His use of calligraphy , space and visually expressive letterings gives a new dimension to his writings .   Heavily influenced by Jean-Luc Godard , Subimal Misra uses various cinematic techniques , like montage , jump-cut etc. , in his literary works . And Godard mentioned him as ` Godard of literature ' .   Subimal Misra currently lives in Shampa Mirza Nagar , Kolkata . Though he is suffering from serious heart disease , he still writes regularly and keeps himself up-to-date with recent developments in the world literature .

neg: Ashish Bose Ashish Bose ( 12 July 1930 -- 7 April 2014 ) was a prominent Indian demographer and economic analyst . He was Honorary ( Emeritus ) Professor at the Institute of Economic Growth in Delhi , where he headed the Population Research Centre for several years . He is credited with coining the term BIMARU for Bihar , MP , Rajasthan and UP collectively .   Through his long academic career , he lectured extensively on demography across the world , and taught at New Delhi 's Jawaharlal Nehru University , the National Academy of Administration , Mussoorie and the National Defence College , New Delhi .   A member of several government commissions on population and development issues , Prof Bose was a keen participant in international conferences on these issues in India and abroad . He was advisor on demographic and census issues to various Indian prime ministers starting with Rajiv Gandhi . The author and editor of 25 books , he was a regular contributor to the Economic and Political Weekly , Health for the Millions and Power Politics .

neg: History of Bangladeshis in the United Kingdom Bangladeshis are one of the largest immigrant communities in the United Kingdom . Significant numbers of ethnic Bengali and ethnic Sylheti peoples arrived as early as the 17th century , mostly as lascar seamen working on ships . Following the founding of Bangladesh in 1971 , a large immigration to Britain took place during the 1970s , leading to the establishment of a British Bangladeshi community . Bangladeshis were encouraged to move to Britain during that decade because of changes in immigration laws , natural disasters such as the Bhola cyclone , the Bangladesh Liberation War against Pakistan , and the desire to escape poverty , and the perception of a better living led Sylheti men bringing their families.Murshid , Ghulam . 2008 . The call of the sea : History of Bangali in Britain -LSB- in Bengali : Kalapanir hatchani : Bilete  Bangaleer itihash -RSB- ( Dhaka , Abosar ) . During the 1970s and 1980s , they experienced institutionalised racism and racial attacks by organised ultra-right fascist groups such as National Front and British Nationalist Party .

neg: Ghadar Party The Ghadar Party was an organisation founded by Punjabi-Sikhs , principally Sikhs in the United States and Canada with the aim of securing India 's independence from British rule . Key members included , Sohan Singh Bhakna , Kartar Singh Sarabha , Abdul Hafiz Mohamed Barakatullah and Rashbehari Bose .   Projection of Lal Hardyal as ` brain ' behind , the Ghadar movement has been disputed by reputed historian Ajmer Singh as ` an implicit attempt to reject and subsume the Sikh identity of the Ghadar leaders into pan-Indian identity ' . He quotes Baba Bhakna as saying in his autobiography that ` Lala Hardyal was most intelligent person but had no consistency and perseverance of a fighter ... ... ... . . and he was hired only to edit the Ghadar newspaper where he worked only for six months ... ... . . and then left for Germany thereafter not to come back to US again ' . During stay in Germany , Lala Hardyal lost his earlier anti-British fervor , rather , began singing paeans of the British and later wrote a book in their praise which was freely distributed in India by the British administration .  After the outbreak of World War I , Ghadar party members returned to Punjab to agitate for rebellion alongside the Babbar Akali Movement . In 1915 they conducted revolutionary activities in central Punjab and organised uprisings . Their presence challenged the hold of the British Empire ; police surveillance in Punjabi villages increased in an attempt to crush the rebellion . The party is known for setting the foundation for future Indian revolutionary movements and served as a stepping stone for independence . Though predominantly Sikh , the party included members and leaders of many religions , demonstrating an accepting and  democratic attitude towards all people as they united in their patriotism . After the conclusion of the war , the party in America split into Communist and Anti-Communist factions . The party was formally dissolved in 1948 .

neg: Poona Pact The Poona Pact refers to an agreement between Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi signed on 24 September 1932 at Yerwada Central Jail in Pune , India . It was signed by Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya and Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar and some other leaders to break the fast unto death undertaken by Gandhi in Yerwada prison to annul the Macdonald Award giving separate electorates to Dalits for electing members of state legislative assemblies in British India .   History of the Poona Pact  The British invited leaders of different parties in the Round Table Conferences in 1930-32 to draft a new law involving self-rule for the Indians . Mahatma Gandhi did not attend the first and the last but attended the second of the Conferences . The concept of separate electorates for the untouch was raised by Ambedkar . Similar provisions were already available for other minorities , including Muslims , Christians , Anglo-Indians and Sikhs . The British government agreed with Ambedkar 's contention and British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald 's Communal Award to the depressed classes was to be incorporated into the constitution in the governance of British India . Gandhi strongly opposed the Communal Award on the grounds that it would disintegrate Hindu society . Ambedkar vehemently criticised the way of handling the problems of the Harijans by Gandhiji . Gandhi took up a fast unto death in his prison cell in Poona , protesting that separate electorates were a device which would separate the untouchables from the Hindu society forever . He began an indefinite hunger strike at Yerwada Central Jail from 20 September 1932 to protest against this Award . A compromise was reached on 24 September 1932 .   The text uses the term `` Depressed Classes '' to denote Untouchables who were later called Scheduled Castes under India Act 1935 , and the later Indian Constitution of 1950 .

neg: Ashutosh Mukherjee Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee , CSI originally spelt as Sir Asutosh Mookerjee ( 29 June 1864 -- 25 May 1924 ) was a prolific Bengali educator and the second Indian Vice-Chancellor of the University of Calcutta for four consecutive two-year terms ( 1906 -- 1914 ) and a fifth two-year term ( 1921 -- 23 ) . Perhaps the most emphatic figure of Indian education , he was a man of great personality , high self-respect , courage and towering administrative ability . He became the first student to be awarded a dual degree ( MA in Mathematics and Physics ) from Calcutta University and received the prestigious Premchand-Roychand scholarship .   Mukherjee was responsible for the foundation of the Bengal Technical Institute in 1906 and the College of Science of the Calcutta University in 1914 and also played a vital role in the founding of the University College of Law . The Calcutta Mathematical Society was also founded by Mukherjee in 1908 and he served as the president of the Society from 1908 to 1923 . He was also the president of the inaugural session of the Indian Science Congress in 1914 . The Ashutosh College was also founded under his stewardship in 1916 , when he was Vice-chancellor of University of Calcutta .   Ashutosh Mukherjee was knighted in 1911 for his contributions to education in India . He was often called `` Banglar Bagh '' meaning the `` Tiger of Bengal '' for his high self-esteem , courage , academic integrity and a general intransigent attitude towards the British Government . Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee died in 1924 at Patna , Bihar . His son Syama Prasad Mookerjee founded the Bharatiya Jana Sangh .

neg: Cinema of India The cinema of India consists of films produced across India . Cinema as a medium has gained immense popularity in the country and as many as 1,600 films in various languages of India are produced annually . Indian films have also come to be followed throughout South Asia , the Greater Middle East , Southeast Asia and other countries . Dadasaheb Phalke is known as the `` father of Indian cinema '' . The Dadasaheb Phalke Award , for lifetime contribution to cinema , was instituted in his honour , by the Government of India in 1969 , and is the most prestigious and coveted award in Indian cinema .   In the 20th century , Indian cinema , along with the Hollywood and Chinese film industries , became a global enterprise . As of 2013 , in terms of annual film output , India ranks first , followed by Nollywood , Hollywood and China . In 2012 , India produced 1,602 feature films . The Indian film industry reached overall revenues of $ 1.86 billion ( 93 billion ) in 2011 . This is projected to rise to $ 3 billion ( 200 billion ) in 2016 . In 2015 , India had a total box office gross of , the fourth largest in the world outside North America . Enhanced technology paved the way for upgrading from established cinematic norms of delivering product , altering the manner in which content reached the target audience . Biopics like Dangal and CGI-laden epics like Baahubali emerged as transnational blockbusters grossing over $ 200 million each in early 21st century . Indian cinema found markets in over 90 countries where films from India are screened . The Indian government extended film delegations to foreign countries such as the United States of America and Japan while the country 's Film Producers Guild sent similar missions through Europe .   The provision of 100 % foreign direct investment has made the Indian film market attractive for foreign enterprises such as 20th Century Fox , Sony Pictures , Walt Disney Pictures and Warner Bros. . Indian enterprises such as AVM Productions , Prasad 's Group , Sun Pictures , PVP Cinemas , Zee , UTV , Suresh Productions , Eros Films , Ayngaran International , Pyramid Saimira , Aascar Films and Adlabs also participated in producing and distributing films . Tax incentives to multiplexes have aided the multiplex boom in India . By 2003 as many as 30 film production companies had been listed in the National Stock Exchange of India , making the commercial presence of the medium felt .   The South Indian film industry defines the four film cultures of South India as a single entity . They are the Telugu , the Tamil , the Malayalam and the Kannada industries . Although developed independently over a long period , gross exchange of film performers and technicians as well as globalisation helped to shape this new identity .   The Indian diaspora consists of millions of Indians overseas for which films are made available both through media such as DVDs and by screening of films in their country of residence wherever commercially feasible . These earnings , accounting for some 12 % of the revenue generated by a mainstream film , contribute substantially to the overall revenue of Indian cinema , the net worth of which was found to be 1.3 billion in 2000 . Music in Indian cinema is another substantial revenue generator with the music rights alone accounting for 4 -- 5 % of the net revenues generated by a film in India .

neg: M. Kirti Singh Moirangthem Kirti Singh is an Indian writer , scholar and educationist from Manipur . Born on 1 February 1943 at Kongba Uchekon near Imphal to M. Borajao Singh , Singh completed his education from Johnstone Higher Secondary School , Imphal and D. M. College , which were under Guwahati University during those days , securing a BA ( Honours ) and MA in philosophy . Later , he obtained a bachelor 's degree in Law ( LLB ) from LMS Law College , Imphal in 1965 , followed by a doctoral degree ( PhD ) in 1972 , making him the first Meitei to be awarded a PhD . He is also the first Meitei to receive a DLitt . He served various colleges in Manipur as a member of faculty and has also been involved in social activism .   Singh has published several books on Meitei culture and history , especially on Meiteilogy . Religious Developments in Manipur in the 18th and 19th Centuries , Religion and Culture of Manipur , Folk culture of Manipur , Recent Researches in Oriental and Indological Studies : Including Meiteilogy The philosophy and Religion , and The philosophy of Organism are some of his notable works . His selected writings were compiled and brought out as a felicitation volume by Akansha Publishing House in 2014 . The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of the Padma Shri in 1992 . Singh , a fellow of the Manipur State Kala Akademi and the Asiatic Society , Kolkata , is also a recipient of awards such as Jyotish Ratna ( 1978 ) , Gavashana Archarya ( 1989 ) , Bharat Excellence Award ( 1998 ) , The Rising Personalities Award ( 1999 ) , Glory of India Award ( 2000 ) Secular India Harmony Award ( 2002 ) and Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose National Award ( 2002 ) .

neg: Kalindi Charan Panigrahi Kalindi Charan Panigrahi ( 2 July 1901 -- 15 May 1991 ) was a noted Odia poet , novelist , story writer , dramatist , and essayist . He was one of the members of the Odia literary group Sabuja Goshthi ( the Green Group ) .  Influenced by the romantic thoughts of Rabindranath Tagore , during the thirties when the progressive Marxist movements was in full flow in Odia Literature , Kalindi Charana Panigrahi , the older brother of Bhagabati Charana Panigrahi , the founder of Marxist trend in Odisha , formed a group in 1920 called `` Sabuja Samiti '' , along with two of his writer friends Annada Shankar Ray and Baikuntha Patnaik . Perhaps it was the very short existed period in Odia Literature , and later submerged with either Gandhian thoughts or Marxian thoughts . Later Kalindi Charana Panigrahi wrote his famous novel Matira Manisha , being influenced by Gandhism . He was for a period , the editor of English Journals , Bhanja Pradipa and Mayurbhanja Chronicle .   His eldest daughter Nandini Satpathy was born in 1931 , who later went on to become the Chief Minister of Odisha .   His younger brother Bhagabati Charana Panigrahi was the founder of Communist Party in Odisha . Bhagabati 's great contribution for the Independence of India is underplayed in the history , because he was illegally imprisoned , and slow-poisoned by the British . His great grandson Suparno Satpathy is a noted writer , awarded social activist , and a young political leader .

neg: Basanti Dulal Nagchaudhuri Basanti Dulal Nagchaudhuri ( 6 September 1917 -- 25 June 2006 ) was an Indian physicist and academic , and a scientific advisor to the Government of India . He is known as one of the pioneers of nuclear physics in India and for building the nation 's first cyclotron at the University of Calcutta .   In the early 1970s , as the Scientific Advisor to the Ministry of Defence and chair of the Cabinet Committee on Science and Technology , Nagchaudhuri played an influential role in Smiling Buddha , India 's first nuclear test . He also initiated the first feasibility studies on India 's ballistic missile program . Later , he also served as a member of the Planning Commission and as Vice Chancellor of the Jawaharlal Nehru University .

neg: Indian National Association The Indian National Association also known as Indian Association was the first avowed nationalist organization founded in British India by Surendranath Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose in 1876 . The objectives of this Association were `` promoting by every legitimate means the political , intellectual and material advancement of the people '' . The Association attracted educated Indians and civic leaders from all parts of the country , and became an important forum for India 's aspirations for independence . It later merged with the Indian National Congress .

neg: Swadeshi movement The Swadeshi movement , part of the Indian independence movement and the developing Indian nationalism , was an economic strategy aimed at removing the British Empire from power and improving economic conditions in India by following the principles of swadeshi ( self-sufficiency ; ) , which had some success . Strategies of the Swadeshi movement involved boycotting British products and the revival of domestic products and production processes . It was mainly introduced by Gandhi .   L. M. Bhole identifies five phases of the Swadeshi movement .  1850 to 1904 : developed by leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji , Gokhale , Ranade , Tilak , G.V. Joshi .  1905 to 1917 : Began with and because of the partition of Bengal in 1905 by Lord Curzon .  1918 to 1947 : Swadeshi thought shaped by Mahatma Gandhi , accompanied by the rise of Indian industrialists .  1948 to 1991 : Widespread curbs on international and inter-state trade . India became a bastion of obsolete technology during the licence-permit raj .  1991 onwards : liberalization and globalization . Foreign capital , foreign technology , and many foreign goods are not excluded and doctrine of export-led growth resulted in modern industrialism .   The second Swadeshi movement started with the partition of Bengal by the Viceroy of India , Lord Curzon in 1905 and continued up to 1911 .  It was the most successful of the pre-Gandhian movement . Its chief architects were Aurobindo Ghosh , Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak , Bipin Chandra Pal and Lala Lajpat Rai , V. O. Chidambaram Pillai , Babu Genu . Swadeshi , as a strategy , was a key focus of Mahatma Gandhi , who described it as the soul of Swaraj ( self rule ) . It was strongest in Bengal and was also called vandemataram movement . Gandhi , at the time of the actual movement , remained loyal to the British Crown .

neg: Abhinash Bhattacharya Abhinash Chandra Bhattacharyya was an important leader in Revolutionary movement for Indian independence or a radical Indian nationalist noted for his role in the Indo-German Conspiracy of World War I. Born in `` Chunta '' in the district of Tripura India , Bhattacharya in his youth became involved with the works of the Anushilan Samiti .   In 1910 , Abhinash Bhattacharya proceeded to Germany to qualify as a chemist at Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg . He obtained his PhD in Chemistry from there .   During his stay in the country , Bhattacharya again became involved in the Indian nationalist movement there , reviving old acquaintances from his Anushilan days . He was at this time close to Virendranath Chattopadhyaya and Harish Chandra and , through his acquaintance with the Prussian Minister of Interior , Bhattacharya became one of the Key founding member of the Berlin Committee , which during the war came to be involved in a number of failed plans for nationalist revolution within India and mutiny in the Indian Army .   He returned to India in 1914 and founded a chemical factory known as `` Techno Chemical Laboratory and Works Limited '' in Calcutta . He is known as `` Pioneer in Industrial Chemistry '' . During his lifetime he was connected with many social works and contributed many articles on freedom movement in the leading newspapers of Calcutta . Bhattacharyya also authored two books on freedom movements abroad .   Bhattacharya died in Rishra in Hoogly district in West Bengal in 1962 .

neg: CSDIC(I) The Combined Services Detailed Interrogation Centre ( India ) , or CSDIC ( I ) for short , was the Indian branch of the CSDIC , established during World War II . Established along with the parent section at the start of hostilities in Europe , the branch developed as an important tool for interrogation of enemy troops and informant from November 1942 , when the first information emerged of the nascent Indian National Army . The organisation formed a part of the Jiffs campaign , and was initially tasked with identifying Indian troops at risk of defecting to the INA . By the end of the war its task had evolved into interrogating INA soldiers captured in Burma and Malaya , interrogating them regardless of rank and identifying soldiers as white grey or black on the basis of their commitment to Subhas Chandra Bose and Azad Hind . The classifications was to be important in rehabilitating INA soldiers into the British-Indian Army . Col. Hugh Toye , who worked with the unit , later went on to pen the first subtantive history on the INA in his book 1959 book The Springing Tiger .


query: Trevor Baxter is incapable of receiving an education.

pos: Trevor Baxter Trevor Baxter ( born 18 November 1932 ) is a British actor and playwright . He was educated at Dulwich College and the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art .   His credits include : Adam Adamant Lives ! , Z-Cars , Maelstrom , Thriller , Spy Trap , The New Avengers , Jack the Ripper , The Barchester Chronicles and Doctors . He is known for his appearance in the Doctor Who serial The Talons of Weng-Chiang ( 1977 ) as Professor George Litefoot . He reprised his role of Professor Litefoot in an episode of audio series , Doctor Who : The Companion Chronicles : The Mahogany Murderers . The following year he was Professor Litefoot again for a continuing series of Jago & Litefoot .   Trevor Baxter has appeared on stage with the RSC and in the West End , toured Shakespeare in South America with Sir Ralph Richardson , and also appeared in the USA in David Mamet 's A Life in the Theatre at Shakespeare Santa Cruz in 1986 . He has appeared in many films including Nutcracker ( 1983 ) , Parting Shots ( 1999 ) , Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow ( 2004 ) and Van Wilder : The Rise of Taj ( 2006 ) .   He has also written a number of plays including Lies , The Undertaking , and Office Games . His play Ripping Them Off was given its first performance at the Warehouse Theatre Croydon on 5 October 1990 , directed by Ted Craig and designed by Michael Pavelka . The cast consisted of : Ian Targett ( Graham ) , Angus Mackay ( Revd . Parkinson ) , Caroline Blakiston ( Grace ) , Annette Badland ( Hilda ) , Frank Ellis ( Julian ) , Ewart James Walters ( Max ) , Anthony Woodruff ( Pauken ) , Ian Burford ( Inspector Sands ) , Richard Clifford ( Jeff ) and C.P. Grogan ( Susanna ) .   In 2003 he adapted Oscar Wilde 's novella The Picture of Dorian Gray for the stage , followed in March 2005 by a touring version of Wilde 's short story , Lord Arthur Savile 's Crime , revived in January 2010 at the Theatre Royal Windsor , starring Lee Mead in the title role .   In 2013 Baxter continued to record Doctor Who audiobooks for Big Finish Productions as Professor Litefoot , having now completed twelve series .

neg: Feeble-minded The term feeble-minded was used from the late nineteenth century in Great Britain , Europe and the United States for disorders later referred to as illnesses or deficiencies of the mind .   At the time , mental deficiency encompassed all degrees of educational and social deficiency . Within the concept of mental deficiency , researchers established a hierarchy , ranging from idiocy , at the most severe end of the scale ; to imbecility , at the median point ; and to feeble-mindedness at the highest end of functioning . The latter was conceived of as a form of high-grade mental deficiency .   The development of the ranking system of mental deficiency has been attributed to Sir Charles Trevelyan in 1876 , and was associated with the rise of eugenics . The term and hierarchy had been used in that sense at least ten years previously . `` Wild card '' terms outside the established hierarchy such as idiot savant , may have been used as connotations for varying degrees of autism .

neg: Baxter, Victoria Baxter is a township and rural locality in Melbourne , Victoria , Australia , beyond the urban area . Its local government area is the Shire of Mornington Peninsula . It is served by Baxter railway station on the Stony Point greater-metropolitan line .   Originally named Baxter 's Flat , Baxter was founded by pastoralist Benjamin Baxter , who lived in a property named Carrup Carrup - the Aboriginal name . The property still exists today on what is now the Frankston-Flinders road , as does the original cottage he and his wife Martha lived in . Benjamin Baxter died in 1892 and his gravestone , found in the Frankston Cemetery , reads `` Benjamin Baxter , late of h. m. 50th regiment . Died at Currup Currup 15 May 1892 , aged 87 . Also Martha , beloved wife of above 31 January 1906 age 94 years '' .   It was at Baxter 's Flat that the railway to Mornington and Stony Point ( built in the late 1880s ) separated . The station was called Mornington Junction before being changed to Baxter , however its role as a junction ended in the 1980s with the closure of the Mornington line .  The early township grew around the railway station and a Post Office named Mornington Junction opened on December 1 , 1892 ( Baxter from 1918 )   Other historic cottages in the area include a primitive 1850s homestead called Eurutta ( formerly Sage 's Cottage ) , and a 1920s American-style residence called Mulberry Hill .   Baxter Primary School was established in 1890 .

neg: Marischal College Marischal College is a large granite building on Broad Street in the centre of Aberdeen in north-east Scotland , and since 2011 has acted as the headquarters of Aberdeen City Council . However , the building was constructed for and is on long-term lease from the University of Aberdeen , which still uses parts of the building to house a museum and for ceremonial events . Today , it provides corporate office space and public access to council services , adjacent to the Town House , the city 's historic seat of local government . Many Aberdonians consider Marischal College to be an icon of the `` Granite City '' and to symbolise the zenith of Aberdeen 's granite-working industry .   The construction of the modern college building began in 1835 , following the demolition of previous buildings on the site , and was completed in its present form in the early 1900s . It is the second largest granite building in the world . Formerly the seat of the Marischal College and University of Aberdeen founded in 1593 , the building was retained by the unified University of Aberdeen which was created in 1860 by the merger of Marischal College and King 's College . The buildings of Marischal College continued to be used for academic purposes until the mid-20th century and less and less until the early 2000s . During this period they were frequently rebuilt and expanded upon .   In the mid-to-late 20th century , teaching and academic activities at the university began to move to King 's College or Foresterhill ( for students of medicine ) and by the early 21st century a new purpose for Marischal College was required . After a number of unsuccessful proposals , the majority of the building was leased to Aberdeen City Council to be restored and refurbished as office accommodation . The extensive renovation was completed on schedule and significantly under budget and the building opened to the public in June 2011 . The university has retained the Mitchell Hall and a number of other significant parts of the building for its own use , in addition to the Marischal Museum .

neg: Technological unemployment Technological unemployment is the loss of jobs caused by technological change . Such change typically includes the introduction of labour-saving `` mechanical-muscle '' machines or more efficient `` mechanical-mind '' processes ( automation ) . Just as horses employed as prime movers were gradually made obsolete by the automobile , humans ' jobs have also been affected throughout modern history . Historical examples include artisan weavers reduced to poverty after the introduction of mechanised looms . During World War II , Alan Turing 's Bombe machine compressed and decoded thousands of man-years worth of encrypted data in a matter of hours . A contemporary example of technological unemployment is the displacement of retail cashiers by self-service tills .   That technological change can cause short-term job losses is widely accepted . The view that it can lead to lasting increases in unemployment has long been controversial . Participants in the technological unemployment debates can be broadly divided into optimists and pessimists . Optimists agree that innovation may be disruptive to jobs in the short term , yet hold that various compensation effects ensure there is never a long-term negative impact on jobs . Whereas pessimists contend that at least in some circumstances , new technologies can lead to a lasting decline in the total number of workers in employment . The phrase `` technological unemployment '' was popularised by John Maynard Keynes in the 1930s . Yet the issue of machines displacing human labour has been discussed since at least Aristotle 's time .   Prior to the 18th century both the elite and common people would generally take the pessimistic view on technological unemployment , at least in cases where the issue arose . Due to generally low unemployment in much of pre-modern history , the topic was rarely a prominent concern . In the 18th century fears over the impact of machinery on jobs intensified with the growth of mass unemployment , especially in Great Britain which was then at the forefront of the Industrial Revolution . Yet some economic thinkers began to argue against these fears , claiming that overall innovation would not have negative effects on jobs . These arguments were formalised in the early 19th century by the classical economists . During the second half of the 19th century , it became increasingly apparent that technological progress was benefiting all sections of society , including the working class . Concerns over the negative impact of innovation diminished . The term `` Luddite fallacy '' was coined to describe the thinking that innovation would have lasting harmful effects on employment .   The view that technology is unlikely to lead to long term unemployment has been repeatedly challenged by a minority of economists . In the early 1800s these included Ricardo himself . There were dozens of economists warning about technological unemployment during brief intensifications of the debate that spiked in the 1930s and 1960s . Especially in Europe , there were further warnings in the closing two decades of the twentieth century , as commentators noted an enduring rise in unemployment suffered by many industrialised nations since the 1970s . Yet a clear majority of both professional economists and the interested general public held the optimistic view through most of the 20th century .   In the second decade of the 21st century , a number of studies have been released suggesting that technological unemployment may be increasing worldwide . Further increases are forecast for the years to come . While many economists and commentators still argue such fears are unfounded , as was widely accepted for most of the previous two centuries , concern over technological unemployment is growing once again . A report in Wired in 2017 quotes knowledgeable people such as economist Gene Sperling and management professor Andrew McAfee on the idea that handling existing and impending job loss to automation is a `` significant issue '' . Regarding a recent claim by a political appointee that automation is not `` going to have any kind of big effect on the economy for the next 50 or 100 years , '' says McAfee , `` I do n't talk to anyone in the field who believes that . '' Innovations like Watson have the potential to render humans obsolete with the professional , white-collar , low-skilled , creative fields , and other `` mental jobs '' .

neg: Trevor Ngwane Trevor Ngwane is a South African socialist and anti-apartheid activist . He previously worked as a sociology lecturer at Wits University where he helped found the Wits Workers ' School , to teach literacy to the campus cleaners and gardeners . He was the National Education Officer for the Transport & General Workers Union of the Congress of South African Trade Unions . In 1995 he was elected Ward Councillor for Pimville Zone 5 and 7 , Soweto , on an African National Congress ticket . In 1999 he was expelled by the ANC for opposing the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality 's privatization of municipal services . In 2001 , he helped found the Soweto Electricity Crisis Committee and then the Anti-Privatisation Forum in 2002 , which both campaign against the privatisation of public services . He is a member of the Socialist Group .

neg: Access to Higher Education The Access to Higher Education ( HE ) Diploma is a U.K. qualification which prepares students -- usually mature students -- for study as an undergraduate at university . The diploma is designed for people who would like to study in higher education but who left school without qualifications such as A-Levels . Once completed , the access diploma is held in the same standing as A-Levels , allowing holders to study for BA degrees , BSc degrees , HNCs , HNDs , LLBs and other undergraduate degrees .   Each year , around 20,000 Access to HE students apply to universities across the UK .   There are over 1,000 different courses leading to the Access to HE Diploma and courses are available in most further education colleges in England and Wales .   Access courses are generally tailored as pathways ; that is , they prepare students with the necessary skills and imbue the appropriate knowledge required for a specific undergraduate career . For example , there are ` access to law ' , ` access to medicine ' and ` access to nursing ' pathways that prepare students to study law , medicine and nursing at undergraduate level , respectively .   The first access courses were established in the 1970s . Many of these courses were set up to encourage entry to teacher training by people with a wider range of backgrounds than the traditional types of students who were attracted to teaching . Over the years , the success of these early courses led to the development of courses in other areas .   In the 1987 white paper Higher Education : Meeting the Challenge , the government identified Access to HE as ` the third recognised route to higher education ' , and sought to extend Access to HE provision through a national framework for the recognition of Access to HE courses .   A national framework has been in existence since 1989 . The Quality Assurance Agency ( QAA ) , the Access to HE regulatory body , has been responsible for this framework in England , Wales and Northern Ireland since it was established in 1997 .

neg: Sentencing in England and Wales Sentencing in England and Wales refers to a bench of magistrates or district judge in a Magistrate 's Court or a judge in a Crown Court passing sentence on a person found guilty of a criminal offence . In deciding the sentence , the court will take into account a number of factors : the type of offence and how serious it is , the timing of any plea of guilty , the defendant 's character and antecedents , including his/her criminal record and the defendant 's personal circumstances such as their financial circumstances in the case of a fine being imposed .   In England and Wales , the types of sentence that may be imposed for a particular offence are specified by statute . There are four main types of sentence : discharges , fines , community sentences and custodial ( or prison ) sentences . If a court convicts a defendant but decides not to impose any punishment , he/she is discharged conditionally or absolutely . Discharges may be ordered for any offence where the penalty is not fixed by law , although in practice they are used in the least serious offences . Fines are the most common sentence , with the maximum fine in the magistrates ' court being # 5,000 for each offence .   For offences considered to be `` serious enough '' , a range of community sentences is available to the court . Community sentences place ` requirements ' on the offender - things they must do , or not do , in the community . Requirements can include : doing unpaid work , getting treatment for an addiction ( for example drugs ) , or preventing a defendant from going to a specific place or area . For those offences considered so serious that a non custodial sentence can not be justified , a prison sentence may be imposed , either immediate or suspended . The maximum prison sentence in the magistrates ' court is six months ( which may be imposed consecutively up to 12 months for two triable either-way offences ) . There is also a range of ancillary sentences available to the courts , such as compensation orders , costs , restraining orders and disqualification orders , depending on the type of offence .   For the most serious offences such as murder , the sentence is fixed as life . Some offences carry minimum sentences , for example , certain firearms offences , `` three strikes and you 're out '' burglaries , using someone to mind a weapon , or those committed by dangerous offenders . There are different sentencing provisions for offenders aged ten to seventeen years old , and some modified provisions for those in the 18-20 age range .

neg: Baxter College Baxter College is a mixed secondary school with academy status located in Kidderminster , Worcestershire , England . Prior to September 2002 the school was known as Harry Cheshire High School . The school provides education for pupils aged 11 to 18 years , and offers a wide range of courses at GCSE and A-Level .

neg: Thomas Rotherham College Thomas Rotherham College is a college for 16 - to 19-year-olds , founded in 1967 . It is located in Rotherham , South Yorkshire , England . It is situated on the top of a hill , off Moorgate Road ( A618 ) , next to Boston Castle . The principal is Richard Williams .

neg: Teaching in Victoria Teaching in Victoria , Australia is regulated by the Victorian Institute of Teaching , through the Department of Education and Training ( DET ) , which is part of the State Government . The DEECD is biggest operator of schools in the state , and along with the independent and Catholic school systems have an interest in teaching as the operator of schools and employer of teachers .   Education and teaching in Victoria follows the three-tier model consisting of primary education ( primary schools ) , followed by secondary education ( secondary schools or secondary colleges ) and tertiary education ( Universities and TAFE Colleges ) .   Regardless of whether a school is government or independent , they are required to adhere to the same curriculum frameworks . Education in all government schools must be secular and not promote any particular religious practice , denomination or sect .   Post-compulsory education is regulated within the Australian Qualifications Framework , a unified system of national qualifications in schools , vocational education and training ( TAFE ) and the higher education sector ( university ) .

neg: List of schools in Nelson, New Zealand Nelson is a city and unitary authority in the South Island of New Zealand . It contains several city schools .   In New Zealand schools , students begin formal education in Year 1 at the age of five . Year 13 is the final year of secondary education .   State schools are those fully funded by the government and at which no fees for tuition of domestic students ( i.e. New Zealand citizens and permanent residents , and Australian citizens ) can be charged , although a donation is commonly requested . A state integrated school is a former private school with a special character based on a religious or philosophical belief that has been integrated into the state system . State integrated schools charge `` attendance dues '' to cover the building and maintenance of school buildings , which are not owned by the government , but otherwise they like state schools can not charge fees for tuition of domestic students but may request a donation . Private schools charge fees to its students for tuition , as do state and state integrated schools for tuition of international students .   The socioeconomic decile indicates the socioeconomic status of the school 's catchment area . A decile of 1 indicates the school draws from a poor area ; a decile of 10 indicates the school draws from a well-off area . The decile ratings used here come from the Ministry of Education Te Kete Ipurangi website and from the decile change spreadsheet listed in the references . The deciles of all schools were last revised using information from the 2006 Census , and may occasionally change for some schools between Censuses as schools open , close and merge . The roll of each school changes frequently as students start school for the first time , move between schools , and graduate . The rolls given here are those provided by the Ministry of Education are based on figures from The Ministry of Education institution number links to the Te Kete Ipurangi page for each school .

neg: Thomas Bancroft (priest) Thomas Bancroft ( 1756 -- 1811 ) , was a vicar of Bolton-le-Moors in Lancashire , England .   Bancroft was the son of Thomas Bancroft , a thread-maker , was born in Deansgate , Manchester . At the age of six he was admitted into the Manchester Grammar School , where , in course of time , he became a teacher . He held a school exhibition from 1778 to 1781 , and graduated B.A. at Brasenose College , Oxford , 10 October 1781 . In 1780 he obtained the Craven scholarship ; in the same year he assisted in correcting the edition of Homer published by the Clarendon Press , and further helped Dr. Falconer in correcting an edition of Strabo . Being disappointed of a fellowship at Oxford , he returned to Manchester grammar school as assistant master , and remained there until he was appointed head-master of King Henry VIII 's school at Chester . ` Towards the end of last century , ' writes Dr. Ormerod , ` the school attained a considerable degree of classical celebrity under the direction of the late Rev. Thomas Bancroft , afterwards vicar of Bolton-le-Moors in Lancashire . Plays were occasionally performed by the boys , and a collection of Greek , Latin , and English exercises , partly written by the scholars and partly by Mr. Bancroft , was published at Chester ( 1788 ) under the title of `` Prolusiones Poeticæ ''' . While at this school he married Miss Bennett , of Willaston Hall , against the wishes of her father , a wine merchant in Chester . Her father prevented an attempted elopement by running his sword through Bancroft 's leg , a feat for which he had to pay Bancroft 1,000 l. compensation . A marriage soon afterwards took place in defiance of the father , who was never reconciled to his daughter . He bequeathed , however , 1,000 l. each to her two daughters . In 1793 Bancroft was presented by Bishop Cleaver to the living of Bolton-le-Moors , then worth about 250l . a year . In 1798 Bancroft was made chaplain to the Bolton volunteers by royal warrant , and four years previously he had been appointed domestic chaplain to Viscount Castle-Stewart . He was made one of the four ` king 's preachers ' allowed to the county of Lancaster by Dr. Majendie , bishop of Chester , in 1807 . He continued vicar of Bolton until his death on 5 February 1811 . There is a tablet to his memory in the parish church .   He published various sermons , the ` Prolusiones ' already mentioned , and wrote three dissertations ( Oxford , 1835 ) . Two tracts , ` The Credibility of Christianity vindicated , ' Manchester , 1831 , and ` The Englishman armed against the Infidel Spirit of the Times , ' Stockport , 1833 , were privately printed for his son-in-law , J. Bradshaw Isherwood . There remain several of his manuscripts in possession of the family of Major Fell , of Bolton , who married one of Bancroft 's granddaughters .

neg: Education in Morocco The education system in Morocco comprises pre-school , primary , secondary and tertiary levels . School education is supervised by the Ministry of National Education , with considerable devolution to the regional level . Higher education falls under the Ministry of Higher Education and Executive Training .   School attendance is compulsory up to the age of 13 . About 56 % of young people are enrolled in secondary education , and 11 % are in higher education . The government has launched several policy reviews to improve quality and access to education , and in particular to tackle a continuing problem of illiteracy . Support has been obtained from a number of international donor bodies such as USAID , UNICEF and the World Bank .

neg: Education Education is the process of facilitating learning , or the acquisition of knowledge , skills , values , beliefs , and habits . Educational methods include storytelling , discussion , teaching , training , and directed research . Education frequently takes place under the guidance of educators , but learners may also educate themselves . Education can take place in formal or informal settings and any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks , feels , or acts may be considered educational . The methodology of teaching is called pedagogy .   Education is commonly divided formally into such stages as preschool or kindergarten , primary school , secondary school and then college , university , or apprenticeship .   A right to education has been recognized by some governments , including at the global level : Article 13 of the United Nations ' 1966 International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights recognizes a universal right to education . In most regions , education is compulsory up to a certain age .

neg: Fred Talbot Frederick `` Fred '' Talbot ( born 17 December 1949 ) is a British former teacher and television presenter . Talbot spent much of his career in the north west of England . In February 2015 , and again in May 2017 , he was found guilty of a string of indecent sexual assaults against teenage boys at a school in Manchester where he had taught biology . He was sentenced to five years in prison following his initial convictions . He is currently awaiting sentence for the 2017 convictions .

neg: Giving Victims a Voice Giving Victims a Voice is a report published in January 2013 , relating to allegations of sexual abuse made against English DJ and BBC Television presenter Jimmy Savile ( 1926 -- 2011 ) as part of the Operation Yewtree criminal investigation . It was initiated as a result of publicity surrounding the Jimmy Savile sexual abuse scandal . The Metropolitan Police Service ( MPS ) and the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children ( NSPCC ) jointly produced this report . It marked the end of investigations made under the operation regarding Savile alone .   The scandal resulted in hundreds of alleged victims of Savile and other abusers approaching the police and the NSPCC . Their claims were investigated and formed the basis of the report , which found that Savile 's alleged offences were committed across England and Scotland , in hospitals , prison facilities , schools and BBC premises . Offences were reported between 1955 and 2009 , totalling 214 alleged offences across 28 police forces . The most frequent alleged offending coincided with Savile 's peak celebrity status . Numbers of alleged victims totalled 450 , of whom 328 were minors at the time . They were aged between 8 and 47 years , majority being 1316 .   The Director of Public Prosecutions ( DPP ) described the report as marking a `` watershed moment '' and apologised for `` shortcomings '' in the handling of prior abuse claims . The report 's publication resulted in some highlighting what could be systemic failure because of the number of complainants and institutions identified , but others criticised it for treating allegations as facts . The DPP 's Principal Legal Advisor concluded that Savile could have been prosecuted for offences against at least three victims during his lifetime . After the report , investigations were further initiated in other hospitals . Ex-Metropolitan Police Commissioner Peter Spindler ( who had previously led Operation Yewtree ) estimated that there may be many more victims who had not come forward .

neg: Education in Tasmania The education system in Tasmania comprises two tertiary education institutions ; the government run K-12 schooling system , and numerous independent private schools and colleges , most of which are controlled or sponsored by religious organisations . Public education in Tasmania is managed primarily by the State Government 's Department of Education . The Department is responsible for all aspects of education in Tasmania including schooling , Adult Education , the State Library and TasTAFE , a vocational tertiary institution with many campuses around the state .   See Education in Australia for an overview of the national system .

neg: The Underground History of American Education The Underground History of American Education : A Schoolteacher 's Intimate Investigation Into the Problem of Modern Schooling ( ISBN 0-945700-05-9 , pbk . ISBN 0-945700-04-0 ) is a critique of the United States education system by John Taylor Gatto .   A former teacher , Gatto left the classroom the same year he was named New York State Teacher of the Year . He announced his decision in a letter titled `` I Quit , I Think '' .   Using anecdotes gathered from thirty years of teaching , alongside documentation , Gatto presents his view of modern compulsion schooling as opposed to genuine education , describing a `` conflict between systems which offer physical safety and certainty at the cost of suppressing free will , and those which offer liberty at the price of constant risk '' .   Gatto argues that educational strategies promoted by government and industry leaders for over a century included the creation of a system that keeps real power in the hands of very few people .   From the book 's Introduction :  '' ... Underground History is n't a history proper , but a collection of materials toward a history , embedded in a personal essay analyzing why mass compulsion schooling is unreformable . The history I have unearthed is important to our understanding ; it 's a good start , I believe , but much remains undone . ''   '' ... what I 'm trying to describe -LSB- is -RSB- that what has happened to our schools was inherent in the original design for a planned economy and a planned society laid down so proudly at the end of the nineteenth century . ''   Russ Kick offers this in summary :  `` In other words , the captains of industry and government explicitly wanted an educational system that would maintain social order by teaching us just enough to get by but not enough so that we could think for ourselves , question the sociopolitical order , or communicate articulately . ''   The book was read from 2006-2007 for the Unwelcome Guests radio show .   The second edition of the book is expected to be released in November , 2015 , with a foreword by Ron Paul .

neg: The Impossible Planet `` The Impossible Planet '' is the eighth episode of the second series of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who , first broadcast on 3 June 2006 . It is the first part of a two-part story , followed by `` The Satan Pit '' . The TARDIS lands in a base on a planet orbiting a black hole , an allegedly impossible situation that stumps even the Doctor . The base crew are drilling towards a mysterious subterranean power source , to claim the power that keeps the planet in orbit for the good of the Human Empire . However , an ancient evil is down there too , and it is awakened .

neg: The Judd School The Judd School ( usually known simply as Judd ) is a grammar school in Tonbridge , Kent , southeast England . It was established in 1888 at Stafford House on East Street in Tonbridge , where it remained for eight years before moving to its present location on Brook Street , in the south of the town . Founded by the Skinners Company , it was named after 16th century merchant Sir Andrew Judde , whose endowment helped fund the school . The Skinners ' Company maintains close links with the school and makes up the majority of the governing body .   There are 1019 students in the school aged 11 to 18 ; the lower school is all boys , but of 350 students aged 16 -- 18 in the sixth form , up to 60 are girls . The first headmaster was William Bryant , who oversaw the transition to the present site before his retirement in 1908 . The current headmaster as of 2017 is Robert Masters , who has occupied the post since September 2004 and is the seventh headmaster of the school . Masters will step down at the end of the 2016-17 school year .   Judd pupils generally take ten General Certificate of Secondary Education ( GCSE ) tests in Year Eleven ( aged 15 -- 16 ) , and they have a choice of four or five A-levels in the sixth form . An Office for Standards in Education , Children 's Services and Skills ( Ofsted ) inspection in 2007 graded The Judd School as `` outstanding '' , and league tables published by the Daily Telegraph based on 2013 A-level results rank Judd as the second best ( or best , if independent schools are excluded ) school in Kent . In 2013 , The Sunday Times newspaper ranked The Judd School as the 12th best state secondary school ( for pupils aged 11 -- 16 , with an optional two further years of education in sixth form ) in the country . The majority of students go on to higher education following the completion of their A-levels at the end of Year Thirteen ( aged 17 -- 18 ) , and in 2011 , one in five Year 13 students gained an Oxbridge offer .   In September 2004 , the school was designated a music and mathematics specialist school , which means it receives additional funding for those subjects . In 2007 , the school was invited to become a High Performing Specialist School , and in April 2008 was successful in attaining science specialism status . As mathematics is automatically included under a science specialism , the school selected English to be included under the first specialism . The Judd School is now a music with English and science with mathematics specialist school .


query: Cabaret's cast included Jennifer Jason Leigh.

pos: Jennifer Jason Leigh Jennifer Jason Leigh ( born Jennifer Leigh Morrow on February 5 , 1962 ) is an American actress . Leigh began her career as a teenager in the 1970s , guest-starring on several television shows . Her film breakthrough came in 1982 for her performance as Stacy Hamilton in Fast Times at Ridgemont High . Leigh continued performing past her teen years , receiving critical praise for her roles in the 1990 films Miami Blues and Last Exit to Brooklyn . In 1991 , she appeared in Ron Howard 's Backdraft , and in 1992 she acted in the drama-thriller Single White Female .   In 1993 , Leigh appeared in the ensemble film Short Cuts , directed by Robert Altman and , in 1994 , she starred in the Coen brothers ' The Hudsucker Proxy . Leigh was nominated for a Golden Globe for her portrayal of Dorothy Parker in Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle ( 1994 ) . She starred in a 1995 film written by her mother , screenwriter Barbara Turner , titled Georgia . In 2001 , she co-directed a film with Alan Cumming titled The Anniversary Party .   In 2002 , Leigh appeared in the crime-drama Road to Perdition . In 2007 , she starred in Margot at the Wedding , which was directed by her then-husband , Noah Baumbach . She had a recurring role on the Showtime television series Weeds as Jill Price-Gray . In 2015 , she received critical acclaim for her voice-work as Lisa in Charlie Kaufman 's Anomalisa , and for her role as Daisy Domergue in Quentin Tarantino 's The Hateful Eight , for which she was nominated for the Golden Globe , Critic 's Choice , BAFTA and the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress .   For her stage work , Leigh was nominated for a Drama Desk award for her Off-Broadway performance as Beverly Moss in Mike Leigh 's Abigail 's Party . Leigh 's Broadway debut occurred in 1998 when she became the replacement for the role of Sally Bowles in Cabaret .

neg: Theatre World Theatre World is the only ( first published in 1945 ) , comprehensive , annual pictorial and statistical record of American theatre in print publication , including Broadway , Off-Broadway , Off-Off-Broadway , and regional theatre , as well as a complete national theatrical awards section and obituaries . Including over 750 photographs , it is the definitive pictorial and statistical reference to each American theatrical season , and is referenced daily by industry professionals , students , historians , and theatre fans worldwide .   Until 1998 , the Theatre World editorial staff administered the Theatre World Awards for Outstanding Broadway and off-Broadway debuts . First under the supervision of Theatre World founder Daniel Blum and then under John Willis , who took over the production of the Awards following Blum 's death in 1964 , the Theatre World Awards were first given to those recipients considered `` Promising Personalities . '' In 1998 , the Theatre World Awards were incorporated as a 501 ( c ) 3 nonprofit organization and are currently overseen by a board of directors independent of `` Theatre World . ''   Theatre World is the recipient of a 2001 Tony Honor for Excellence in Theatre , presented by the American Theatre Wing , and on behalf of the publication , longtime editor-in-chief John Willis ( 1916-2010 ) accepted honors including the first Special Lucille Lortel Award , a Special Drama Desk Award , and the Broadway Theatre Institute ( now The Theatre Museum ) Lifetime Achievement Award .   Theatre World is published annually by Theatre World Media and distributed by Applause Theatre and Cinema Books . The permanent editorial staff currently consists of Ben Hodges , editor in chief , and coeditor Scott Denny . Current editorial staff includes Adam Feldman of Time Out New York ( Broadway ) , Linda Buchwald TDF Stages ( Off-Broadway ) , Shay Gines New York Innovative Theatre Awards ( Off-Off-Broadway ) , and Diep Tran American Theatre Magazine ( Regional theatre ) .

neg: Jason Alexander Jay Scott Greenspan ( born September 23 , 1959 ) , known by his stage name Jason Alexander , is an American actor , voice actor , comedian and director .   Alexander is best known for his prominent role as George Costanza in the television series Seinfeld . Other well-known roles include Phillip Stuckey in the film Pretty Woman ( 1990 ) and the title character in the animated series Duckman ( 1994 -- 1997 ) .   Alexander has had an active career on stage , appearing in several Broadway musicals including Jerome Robbins ' Broadway in 1989 , for which he won the Tony Award as Best Leading Actor in a Musical . He appeared in the Los Angeles production of The Producers . He was the Artistic Director of `` Reprise ! Broadway 's Best in Los Angeles '' , where he has directed several musicals .

neg: Janet Leigh Janet Leigh ( born Jeanette Helen Morrison ; July 6 , 1927 -- October 3 , 2004 ) was an American actress , singer , dancer and author . She is best remembered for her performance in Psycho , for which she was awarded the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress and received an Academy Award nomination . She was the first wife of actor Tony Curtis and the mother of Kelly Curtis and Jamie Lee Curtis .   Discovered by actress Norma Shearer , Leigh made her acting debut on radio in 1946 and secured a contract with MGM the following year . Early in her career , she appeared in popular films spanning a wide variety of genres , including Act of Violence ( 1948 ) , Little Women ( 1949 ) , Angels in the Outfield ( 1951 ) , Scaramouche ( 1952 ) , The Naked Spur ( 1953 ) and Living It Up ( 1954 ) . She played mostly dramatic roles during the latter half of the 1950s , in such films as Safari ( 1956 ) and Touch of Evil ( 1958 ) , but achieved her most lasting recognition as the doomed Marion Crane in Alfred Hitchcock 's Psycho ( 1960 ) .   Her highly publicized marriage to Curtis ended in divorce in 1962 , and after starring in The Manchurian Candidate that same year , Leigh scaled back her career . Intermittently , she continued to appear in notable films , including Bye Bye Birdie ( 1963 ) , Harper ( 1966 ) and Night of the Lepus ( 1972 ) as well as two films with her daughter , Jamie Lee : The Fog ( 1980 ) and Halloween H20 : 20 Years Later ( 1998 ) . She also wrote four books between 1984 and 2002 , including two novels .   Leigh died in 2004 at age 77 , following a year-long battle with vasculitis , an inflammation of the blood vessels . Among her survivors was her husband of 42 years , Robert Brandt .

neg: Hayden Tee Hayden Tee is a New Zealand actor , singer , and makeup artist . He has played varied roles in Musical Theatre , Concert and Cabaret . He is based in the United States but has also performed in New Zealand , the UK , South Korea , Taiwan and Australia .

neg: Anne Kerry Ford Anne Kerry Ford is an American cabaret singer and actress .

neg: Bubbling Over (film) Bubbling Over is a 1934 American musical comedy short film directed by Leigh Jason .

neg: Mr. Broadway Mr. Broadway is an American 13-episode CBS adventure and drama television series starring Craig Stevens as New York City public relations specialist Mike Bell . The program aired at 9 p.m. Eastern time Saturdays from September 26 to December 26 , 1964 . Also featured were Bell 's assistant , Toki , portrayed by Lani Miyazaki , and his police contact , Hank McClure , played by Horace McMahon . Mr. Broadway , a Talent Associates Production , was created by Garson Kanin and produced by David Susskind and Daniel Melnick . Dave Brubeck supplied the music and theme . It was shot on location in New York City .   Although ` Mr. Broadway ' was only aired 13 episodes , it featured some notable guest stars , including Jason Robards , Lauren Bacall , Tuesday Weld , Jill St. John , Art Carney and Liza Minnelli in her first dramatic TV role . Notable episodes include guest appearances by Liza Minnelli as Minnie in `` Nightingale for Sale '' ; Sandy Dennis in `` Do n't Mention My Name in Sheboygan '' , and Lauren Bacall as Barbara Lake , with Martin Balsam as Nate Bannerman , in `` Something to Sing About '' . Other episodes are `` Keep an Eye on Emily '' ( the series ' pilot ) with Tuesday Weld as Emily and Oleg Cassini as himself , `` Take a Walk Through a Cemetery '' with Lauren Bacall , again , but also with Jason Robards , Jr. , and Jill St. John , `` Try to Find a Spy '' with Barbara Feldon and Simon Oakland , `` Between the Rats and the Finks '' with Larry Hagman , Dyan Cannon , Bruce Gordon , and Patrick McVey , `` The He-She Chemistry '' with Tammy Grimes , `` Maggie , Queen of the Jungle '' , with Nina Foch in the title role , `` Smelling Like a Rose '' with Art Carney , Hal Roach , and Tina Louise , `` Bad Little Rich Girl '' with Diana Van der Vlis as Mary Beth Warren and Larry Pennell as John Chambers , `` Sticks and Stones May Break My Bones '' with Philip Abbott as Geoffrey Karr and Lola Albright as Duff Daniels . Albright had been Stevens 's co-star on Peter Gunn , and `` Pay Now , Die Later '' , the series finale , with David Wayne as John Zeck and John Ireland as Jimmy King . In the latter episode the wealthy Zeck hires Mike Bell to write his obituary ahead of his death .   Mr. Broadway aired following the new sitcom Gilligan 's Island and preceding the durable Western , Gunsmoke . Its competition was the Saturday Night Movie on NBC , and the second half of The Lawrence Welk Show and the first half of The Hollywood Palace on ABC .

neg: Piano bar A piano bar ( also known as a piano lounge ) consists of a piano or electronic keyboard played by a professional musician , located in a cocktail lounge , bar , hotel lobby , office building lobby , restaurant , or on a cruise ship . Usually the pianist receives a small salary plus tips in a jar or basket on or near the piano , especially from patrons requesting a song traditionally written on a beverage napkin . Some piano bars feature a baby grand or grand piano surrounded by stools for patrons ( or , somewhat humorously , an upright piano covered by a counter that makes it appear to be a grand piano ) . Others have a bar surrounding the piano or keyboard .   Jimmy Durante started as a piano bar player , as did Billy Joel . Joel 's classic hit `` Piano Man '' is based on his experiences as a piano bar player . Italian tenor Andrea Bocelli also played in piano bars to pay for singing lessons .   Theatre historian John Kenrick describes the piano bar as follows :  A piano bar is a hybrid creature : part performance space , part living room , part cruise-a-thon , and part saloon . The bar is there to sell drinks , the pianist is there to perform , and the crowd is there to sing , listen , drink and socialize . All of this means that it 's impossible to predict what a given evening 's chemistry will be , even if most of the people on hand are regular customers ... . While every factor counts , the most important issue is the person at the piano . The pianist determines the type of music , the style of performance , and the general tone of the evening ... . The experienced piano bar player knows how to take genial control of most any situation and generally keep the party going .   The American minimalist composer Terry Riley , who worked as a cocktail pianist when younger , later offered this `` religious '' view of the profession :  Having worked for years as a lounge lizard , I was smitten with the insight that the cocktail pianist is signaled out to conduct his ritual of group urban chanting on the themes of love and existence -- a kind of medicine man at the ever-present altaric piano , surrounded by his boozy tribe sipping sacraments in the circle of our common misery .   The Manhattan Association of Cabarets & Clubs presents annually several awards , MAC Awards , for piano bar performers : Piano Bar Instrumentalist , Restaurant/Hotel Lounge Instrumentalist , Piano Bar/Restaurant Singing Entertainer -- male and female .

neg: Eastern Cabaret Eastern Cabaret was a live variety programme series broadcast in 193839 on BBC Television . It was one of several spin-offs from the BBC series Cabaret . Three episodes were broadcast ; they were produced by Harry Pringle , and the first two were presented by Cyril Fletcher . The BBC television service was suspended on 1 September 1939 with the outbreak of World War II , and no further episodes were made .   According to Radio Times ( 20 May 1938 ) , `` Harry Pringle , Reginald Smith 's officemate , is having a busy time preparing for his Eastern Cabaret , to be given next week on Monday , May 30 , and Saturday , June 4 . One of his difficulties was getting snakes without temperament and susceptible to the charms of native charmers . He went to five different agencies and gave auditions to thirty-two snakes , and even then failed to find a satisfactory performer '' . A later entry in Radio Times suggests that this may not have been entirely serious , saying that the background had been `` codded '' ( i.e. parodied ) by compere Cyril Fletcher .   No episodes have survived.The show was broadcast live . Methods for recording live television did not exist until late 1947 , and were used very rarely by the BBC until around 195355 .

neg: Under Cover (film) Under Cover ( also known as Fires Within ) is a 1987 film directed by John Stockwell . It stars David Neidorf and Jennifer Jason Leigh .

neg: Breathless (1983 film) Breathless is a 1983 American drama film directed by Jim McBride and written by McBride and L. M. Kit Carson , starring Richard Gere and Valérie Kaprisky . It is a remake of the 1960 French film directed by Jean-Luc Godard and written by Jean-Luc Godard and François Truffaut , À bout de souffle ( known as Breathless in English ) and was released in France under the title A Bout de Souffle Made in USA . The original film is about an American girl and a French criminal in Paris . The remake is about a French girl and an American criminal in Los Angeles .

neg: Cabaret Dancer Cabaret Dancer is a 1986 Indian Malayalam film , directed by N Sankaran Nair and produced by S Kumar . The film stars Anuradha , MG Soman , Santhosh and Sathaar in lead roles . The film had musical score by Shyam .

neg: Mabel Mercer Mabel Mercer ( 3 February 1900 -- 20 April 1984 ) was an English-born cabaret singer who performed in the United States , Britain , and Europe with the greats in jazz and cabaret .  She was a featured performer at Chez Bricktop in Paris , owned by the hostess Bricktop , and performed in such clubs as Le Ruban Bleu , Tony 's , the RSVP , the Carlyle , the St. Regis Hotel , and eventually her own room , the Byline Club . Among those who frequently attended Mercer 's shows was Frank Sinatra , who made no secret of his emulating her phrasing and story-telling techniques .

neg: Connie Champagne Connie Champagne , née Kelly Kay Brock , born November 23 , 1959 is an American singer , song-writer and actor . She won the SF Weekly Wammie Award for Outstanding Cabaret/Lounge Performer . She is known for performing the character of actress , Judy Garland including Christmas With the Crawfords in 2001 and Imagine Judy Garland : An Evening With Connie Champagne in 2003 . She won a 2007 San Francisco Bay Area Theater Critics Circle Award ( BACTC ) for her role in Goodbye Yellow Brick Road . Specializing in numerous styles of music and theater including cabaret , swing , jazz , rock and roll , and musical theater , Champagne performed in numerous venues throughout the US and Europe .

neg: Jennifer DeLia Jennifer Renée DeLia ( born September 30 , 1979 ) is an American screenwriter , director , actress , artist , and humanitarian . She is currently based in lower Manhattan where she operates her production company Poverty Row Entertainment .

neg: Blairstown Theater Festival The Blairstown Theater Festival operated from December 2006 through November 2007 at historic Roy 's Hall ( also known as Roy 's Theatre ) , a former silent movie theater built in 1913 at 30 Main Street in Blairstown , New Jersey .   On July 13 , 2007 , the company attracted considerable media attention when they presented three screenings of the classic horror film , Friday the 13th , which was shot in and around Blairstown in the fall of 1979 . Roy 's Hall appears in the film shortly after the opening credits .   The company 's January 2007 production of Letters from the Inside was selected by The Star-Ledger as one of the top five new plays of the 2006 -- 2007 New Jersey theater season and actress Kelli Ambrose , who played Mandy in Letters from the Inside , was selected as one of the top five Best Leading Actresses in a Play .   Among the other concerts and productions presented by the Blairstown Theater Festival were Nancy Anderson singing early Broadway songs backed by the Baroque Orchestra of North Jersey ( Baroque to Broadway ) , the Still River Band in Concert , Malachy McCourt and Jarlath Conroy in A Couple of Blaguards , Betsy Palmer and Will Hutchins in A.R. Gurney 's Love Letters , the New Jersey premiere of I Am Anne Frank , and concerts by cabaret performers KT Sullivan ( Vienna to Weimar ) , John O'Neil ( ` So Kaye ) , the Western Wind Vocal Ensemble ( Holiday Light ) , Cris Groenendaal ( Music of the Night ) , Jana Robbins ( One Hell of a Ride ! The Songs of Cy Coleman ) and jazz pianist Bill Mays and his Inventions Trio .   The company also presented several film festivals with such classic titles as Gone with the Wind , Casablanca , Seven Samurai , Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein , A Night at the Opera , The Court Jester , -LSB- -LSB- Beauty and the Beast ( 1946 film ) | La Belle et la Bête -RSB- -RSB- , Black Orpheus , Mon Oncle , The Wages of Fear and La Strada .   The Blairstown Theater Festival was not able to continue past its first season for several reasons . Most significantly , Blairstown Township suddenly increased the real estate taxes on the building by more than 680 % ( from $ 1,031.55 to $ 7,032.30 ) and the landlord decided to sell the theatre .   A CD featuring highlights from the Blairstown Theater Festival 's season was released in February 2008 .

neg: The Lark (play) The Lark is a 1952 play about Joan of Arc by the French playwright Jean Anouilh . It was presented on Broadway in English in 1955 , starring Julie Harris as Joan and Boris Karloff as Pierre Cauchon . It was produced by Kermit Bloomgarden . Lillian Hellman made the English adaptation and Leonard Bernstein composed the incidental music . The two stars of the play reprised their roles in a 1957 television production of the play , as part of the anthology series Hallmark Hall of Fame . A different television adaptation aired in 1958 in Australia . There is another English translation by Christopher Fry . ''

neg: Michele Lee Michele Lee ( born June 24 , 1942 ) is an American actress , singer , dancer , producer , and director . She is known for her role as Karen Cooper Fairgate MacKenzie on the 1980s prime-time soap opera Knots Landing ( 1979 -- 93 ) , for which she was nominated for a 1982 Emmy Award and won the Soap Opera Digest Award for Best Actress in 1988 , 1991 and 1992 . She was the only performer to appear in all 344 episodes of the show .   Lee began her career on Broadway in Vintage 60 ( 1960 ) and How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying ( 1961 ) . She made her movie debut in the film version of the latter in 1967 . Her other film appearances include the Disney film The Love Bug ( 1968 ) , The Comic ( 1969 ) and Along Came Polly ( 2004 ) . She was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical in 1974 for Seesaw , and for the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play in 2001 for The Tale of the Allergist 's Wife . She also played the title role in the 1998 TV film Scandalous Me : The Jacqueline Susann Story , and Madame Morrible in the Broadway musical Wicked in 2015 .

neg: Theatre of Australia Theatre of Australia refers to the history of the performing arts in Australia , or produced by Australians . There are theatrical and dramatic aspects to a number of Indigenous Australian ceremonies such as the corroboree . During its colonial period , Australian theatrical arts were generally linked to the broader traditions of English literature and to British and Irish theatre . Australian literature and theatrical artists ( including Aboriginal as well as Anglo-Celtic and multicultural migrant Australians ) have over the last two centuries introduced the culture of Australia and the character of a new continent to the world stage .   Individuals who have contributed to theatre in Australia and internationally include Sir Robert Helpmann , Dame Joan Sutherland , Barry Humphries , David Williamson , Cate Blanchett , Geoffrey Rush , Judy Davis , Jim Sharman , Tim Minchin and Baz Luhrmann . Notable theatrical institutions include the Sydney Opera House , and the National Institute of Dramatic Art in Sydney .

neg: American burlesque American burlesque is a genre of variety show . Derived from elements of Victorian burlesque , music hall and minstrel shows , burlesque shows in America became popular in the 1860s and evolved to feature ribald comedy ( lewd jokes ) and female striptease . By the early 20th century , burlesque in America was presented as a populist blend of satire , performance art , music hall , and adult entertainment , featuring striptease and broad comedy acts .   The entertainment was presented often in cabarets and clubs , as well as music halls and theatres . Performers , usually female , often created elaborate tableaux with lush , colorful costumes , mood-appropriate music , and dramatic lighting ; novelty acts , such as fire breathing or contortionists , might be added to enhance the impact of their performance . The genre traditionally encompassed a variety of acts : in addition to the striptease artistes , there was some combination of chanson singers , comedians , mime artists , and dancing girls , all delivered in a satiric style with a saucy edge . The striptease element of burlesque became subject to extensive local legislation , leading to a theatrical form that titillated without falling afoul of censors .   Burlesque gradually lost popularity beginning in the 1940s . A number of producers sought to capitalize on nostalgia for the entertainment by attempting to recreate the spirit of burlesque in Hollywood films from the 1930s to the 1960s . There has been a resurgence of interest in this format since the 1990s , and it inspired a 2010 musical film , Burlesque , starring Christina Aguilera and Cher .