query: India has China to the south of it's landmass.

pos: India India , officially the Republic of India ( Bhārat Gaṇarājya '' ) , is a country in South Asia . It is the seventh-largest country by area , the second-most populous country ( with over 1.2 billion people ) , and the most populous democracy in the world . It is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south , the Arabian Sea on the southwest , and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast . It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west ; China , Nepal , and Bhutan to the northeast ; and Myanmar ( Burma ) and Bangladesh to the east . In the Indian Ocean , India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives . India 's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia .   The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE . In the following millennium , the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed . Social stratification , based on caste , emerged in the first millennium BCE , and Buddhism and Jainism arose . Early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires ; the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia . In the medieval era , Judaism , Zoroastrianism , Christianity , and Islam arrived , and Sikhism emerged , all adding to the region 's diverse culture . Much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate ; the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire . The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal Empire . In the mid-18th century , the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule , and in the mid-19th under British crown rule . A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century , which later , under Mahatma Gandhi , was noted for nonviolent resistance and led to India 's independence in 1947 .   In 2015 , the Indian economy was the world 's seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity . Following market-based economic reforms in 1991 , India became one of the fastest-growing major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country . However , it continues to face the challenges of poverty , corruption , malnutrition , and inadequate public healthcare . A nuclear weapons state and regional power , it has the third largest standing army in the world and ranks fifth in military expenditure among nations . India is a federal republic governed under a parliamentary system and consists of 29 states and 7 union territories . It is a pluralistic , multilingual and multi-ethnic society and is also home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats .

neg: Sub-Himalayan Range The Sub-Himalayan Range are the southernmost mountains in the Himalayan range . Their average height varies between 600 and 1200 meters , and are not so high in altitude as compared to other mountain ranges in the Himalaya range .   Himalayan foot hills form the sub-Himalayan zone and from Punjab to Assam these hills are consist of a narrow belt of folded neogene molasse type sediments ( siwaliks ) . Southward , the folded siwaliks sequence is covered by Indo Gangetic Alluvium . An acute fault is `` Himalayan front fault '' cut the aluvium in foot hill region , this fault is a series of en-echlon faults which are parallel to the strike of the hills between Punjab and Assam . Northward , this sequence is terminated by MBT , which is a set of north dipping faults and forms the boundary between Southern Himalayas and Lesser Himalayas .   Category : Mountain ranges of India

neg: Economy of Punjab, India According to the 2008 Global Hunger Index , Punjab has the lowest level of hunger in India . Less than one-fourth of children below the age of five are underweight , although Punjab `` came off worse than countries like Gabon and Vietnam when measured on the index '' .   Punjab has relatively good infrastructure . This includes road , rail , air and river transport links that are extensive throughout the region . Punjab has also one of the lowest poverty rate in India at 6.16 % ( 1999-2000 figures ) , and has won the best state performance award , based on statistical data compiled by the Indian Government . In 2012 , the state was one of the highest receiver of overall remittances to India which stood at $ 66.13 billion ( 4547429450000.00 Indian Rupees ) , below Kerala , Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh .

neg: Malay Peninsula The Malay Peninsula ( Semenanjung Tanah Melayu , سمننجوڠ تانه ملايو คาบสมุทรมลายู , , -LSB- kʰâːp.sā.mùt mā.lāː.jūː -RSB- ) is a peninsula in Southeast Asia . The land mass runs approximately north-south and , at its terminus , is the southernmost point of the Asian mainland . The area contains the southernmost tip of Myanmar , Peninsular Malaysia , and Southern Thailand .   The Titiwangsa Mountains are part of the Tenasserim Hills system , and form the backbone of the Peninsula . They form the southernmost section of the central cordillera which runs from Tibet through the Kra Isthmus ( the Peninsula 's narrowest point ) into the Malay Peninsula . The Strait of Malacca separates the Malay Peninsula from the Indonesian island of Sumatra while the south coast is separated from the island of Singapore by the Straits of Johor .

neg: Demographics of Sri Lanka This article is about the demographic features of the population of Sri Lanka , including population density , ethnicity , education level , health of the populace , economic status , religious affiliations and other aspects of the population .   Sri Lanka is an island in the Indian Ocean also called Ceylon and many other names . It is about the size of Ireland . It is about 28 kilometres ( 18 mi . ) off the south-eastern coast of India with a population of about 20 million . Density is highest in the south west where Colombo , the country 's main port and industrial center , is located . The net population growth is about 0.7 % . Sri Lanka is ethnically , linguistically , and religiously diverse .

neg: Australian Plate The Australian Plate is a major tectonic plate in the eastern and , largely , in the southern hemispheres . Originally a part of the ancient continent of Gondwana , Australia remained connected to India and Antarctica until approximately when India broke away and began moving north . Australia and Antarctica began rifting and completely separated roughly The Australian plate later fused with the adjacent Indian Plate beneath the Indian Ocean to form a single Indo-Australian Plate . However , recent studies suggest that the two plates have once again split apart and have been separate plates for at least 3 million years and likely longer . The Australian plate includes the continent of Australia , including Tasmania , as well portions of New Guinea , New Zealand , and the Indian Ocean basin .

neg: India–European Union relations The Republic of India maintains an ongoing dialogue with the supranational Institutions of the European Union which is separate from the bilateral relations with sovereign member States of the European Union .   In Asia the positive public perception of Europe is highest in India .   India , the world 's most populous democracy , has strategic partnerships with France , the United Kingdom and Germany .   The foremost areas of programmed India-EU-28 cooperation are in the domains of education , cultural exchanges , joint-research in science & technologies , and law enforcement .

neg: Stateless nation Stateless nation is a political term for ethnic/national minority that does not possess its own state and is not the majority population in any nation state . The term implies that the group `` should have '' such a state . Members of stateless ethnic groups may be citizens/nationals of the country in which they live , or they may be denied citizenship by that country . Stateless nations are usually not represented as a nation in international sports such as FIFA , Olympics or in international communities such as the United Nations . Nations without state are classified as fourth world nations . Some of the stateless nations have a great heritage and a long tradition of statehood in the past and some were always a stateless nation , which was dominated by another nation for a large part of its history .   Stateless nations either are dispersed across a number of states ( for example , the Yoruba people are found in the African states of Nigeria , Benin and Togo ) or form the native population of a province within a larger state ( such as the Uyghur people in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region within the People 's Republic of China ) . Some stateless nations historically had a state , which was absorbed by another ; for example , Tibet 's declaration of independence in 1913 was not recognized , and it was invaded in 1951 by the People 's Republic of China which claims that Tibet is an integral part of China , while the Tibetan government-in-exile maintains that Tibet is an independent state under unlawful occupation . Some ethnic groups were once a stateless nation that later became a nation state ( for example , the nations of the Balkans such as the Croats , Serbs , Bosniaks , Slovenes , Montenegrins , Kosovars and Macedonians were once part of a multinational state of Yugoslavia . Since the breakup of Yugoslavia many nation states were formed ) .   Stateless nations can have large population . For example , The Tamils are a stateless nation in South Asia with a population of more than 70 million . They form one of the largest ethnic groups in South India . Governments may respond differently on stateless nations in their states . For example , the suppression of the Tamil people in Sri Lanka led to one of the longest and most violent separatist conflict between 1983 and 2009 . However , a similar ethnic conflict was absent among Tamils in India during this period , because they were peacefully integrated into the federal structure of India . Multiple stateless nations can reside in the same region . For example , Catalans , Basques , Aragonese , Galicians , Asturians , Valencians , Andalusians in Iberian Peninsula or the Brahui , Santhals and Balochs in South Asia .   The Romani people are another stateless people . They may be a special case being distributed among numerous countries with no clear homeland ; as a traditionally `` nomadic '' people , the Romani/Roma are a classical `` stateless nation '' without aspiration to sovereign territory . As not all states are nation states , there are a number of ethnic groups who live in a multinational state without being considered `` stateless nations '' .

neg: Aksai Chin Aksai Chin is the disputed border area between China and India . It is administered by China as part of Hotan County , which lies in the southwestern part of Hotan Prefecture of Xinjiang Autonomous Region , but is also claimed by India as a part of the Ladakh region of the state of Jammu and Kashmir . In 1962 , China and India fought a brief war over Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh , but in 1993 and 1996 , the two countries signed agreements to respect the Line of Actual Control .

neg: India (disambiguation) India , officially the Republic of India ( Bhārat Gaṇarājya ) is a country in South Asia .   India may also refer to :

neg: South Asia South Asia or Southern Asia is a term used to represent the southern region of the Asian continent , which comprises the sub-Himalayan SAARC countries and , for some authorities , adjoining countries to the west and east . Topographically , it is dominated by the Indian Plate , which rises above sea level as Nepal and northern parts of India situated south of the Himalayas and the Hindu Kush . South Asia is bounded on the south by the Indian Ocean and on land ( clockwise , from west ) by West Asia , Central Asia , East Asia , and Southeast Asia .   The current territories of Afghanistan , Bangladesh , Bhutan , Maldives , Nepal , India , Pakistan , and Sri Lanka form the countries of South Asia . The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) is an economic cooperation organisation in the region which was established in 1985 and includes all eight nations comprising South Asia .   South Asia covers about 5.1 million km2 ( 1.9 million mi2 ) , which is 11.51 % of the Asian continent or 3.4 % of the world 's land surface area . The population of South Asia is about 1.749 billion or about one fourth of the world 's population , making it both the most populous and the most densely populated geographical region in the world . Overall , it accounts for about 39.49 % of Asia 's population ( or over 24 % of the world 's population ) and is home to a vast array of peoples .   In 2010 , South Asia had the world 's largest population of Hindus , Jains and Sikhs . There are 507 million Muslims as well as over 35 million Christians and 25 million Buddhists in South Asia .

neg: Western Satraps The Western Satraps , Western Kshatrapas , or Kshaharatas ( 35 -- 405 ) were Indo-Scythian ( Saka ) rulers of the western and central part of India ( Saurashtra and Malwa : modern Gujarat , Maharashtra , Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh states ) . They are so named in contrast to the `` Northern Satraps '' who ruled around East Punjab and the area of Mathura .   The Western Satraps were contemporaneous with the Kushans who ruled the northern part of the Indian subcontinent and were possibly their overlords , and the Satavahana ( Andhra ) who ruled in Central India . They are called `` Western '' in contrast to the `` Northern '' Indo-Scythian satraps who ruled in the area of Mathura , such as Rajuvula , and his successors under the Kushans , the `` Great Satrap '' Kharapallana and the `` Satrap '' Vanaspara . Although they called themselves `` Satraps '' on their coins , leading to their modern designation of `` Western Satraps '' , Ptolemy in his 2nd century `` Geographia '' still called them `` Indo-Scythians '' . The power of the Saka rulers started to decline in the 2nd century CE after the Saka rulers were defeated by the south Indian Emperor Gautamiputra Satakarni of the Satavahana dynasty . Later the Saka kingdom was completely destroyed by Chandragupta II of the Gupta Empire in the 4th century CE .   Altogether , there were 27 independent Western Satrap rulers during a period of about 350 years . The word Kshatrapa stands for satrap , itself descended from Old Persian and which means viceroy or governor of a province .

neg: BRIC In economics , BRIC is a grouping acronym that refers to the countries of Brazil , Russia , India and China , which are all deemed to be at a similar stage of newly advanced economic development . It is typically rendered as `` the BRICs '' or `` the BRIC countries '' or `` the BRIC economies '' or alternatively as the `` Big Four '' . A related acronym , BRICS , adds South Africa .  There are arguments that Indonesia should be included into grouping , effectively turning it into BRIIC or BRIICS .   Previously BRIC was coined by Jim O'Neill in 2001 as an acronym of 4 countries which are all deemed to be at a similar stage of newly advanced economic development , but in 2009 the leaders of BRIC countries made the first summit and in 2010 BRIC became a formal institution . South Africa began efforts to join the BRIC grouping and on December 24 , 2010 South Africa was invited to join BRICS . The aim of BRIC is establishment of an equitable , democratic and multi polar world order , but later BRIC became a political organization , moreover after South Africa joined BRICS . Jim O'Neill , told the summit that South Africa , at a population of under 50 million people , was just too small as an economy to join the BRIC ranks .   But future of BRIC as an economy group is questionable . In 2012 , a book with title ` Breakout Nations ' mentioned that it is hard to sustain rapid growth for more than a decade . And in 2015 , only India can lure global investors , China struggles with its slow down , while Brazil and Russia are in heavy recessions .

neg: Asian South Africans The majority of Asian South Africans are of Indian origin , most of whom are descended from indentured workers transported to work in the 19th century on the sugar plantations of the eastern coastal area , then known as Natal . They are largely English speaking , although many also retain the languages of their ancestors . There is also a significant group of Chinese South Africans ( approximately 300,000 individuals ) , of whom the great majority are recent immigrants of the last two decades .   In total the 1.2 million Asians in South Africa represent about two percent of the nation 's population . Most are of Indian or South Asian origin , although there is also a rapidly increasing number of people of Chinese , who were sometimes classified as Coloured ( mixed race ) , `` Other '' , or at least partially as `` White '' under Apartheid ) . Traditionally , the group does not include the `` Cape Malays '' , who were descended ( at least in part ) from South East Asians , who were classified as `` Coloured '' under apartheid .   The term Indian is far more commonly used than Asian in South Africa , although examples of both usages can be found .

neg: Argentina–Chile relations Argentina -- Chile relations refers to interstate relations between the Republic of Chile and the Argentine Republic . Argentina and Chile share the world 's third-longest international border , which is 5300 km long and runs from north to the south along the Andes mountains . Although gaining their independence during the South American wars of liberation , during much of the 19th and the 20th century relations between the countries were chilled as a result of disputes over the border in Patagonia . In recent years relations have improved dramatically . Despite increased trade between the two countries , Argentina and Chile have followed quite different economic policies . Chile has signed free trade agreements with countries such as China , the USA , Canada , South Korea and the EU and is an active member of the APEC , while Argentina belongs to the Mercosur regional free trade area . Both countries are members of the Union of South American Nations .

neg: Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa is , geographically , the area of the continent of Africa that lies south of the Sahara . According to the UN , it consists of all African countries that are fully or partially located south of the Sahara . It contrasts with North Africa , whose territories are part of the League of Arab states within the Arab world . Somalia , Djibouti , Comoros and Mauritania are geographically in Sub-Saharan Africa , but are likewise Arab states and part of the Arab world .   The Sahel is the transitional zone between the Sahara and the tropical savanna ( the Sudan region ) and forest-savanna mosaic to the south .   Since probably 3500 BCE , the Saharan and Sub-Saharan regions of Africa have been separated by the extremely harsh climate of the sparsely populated Sahara , forming an effective barrier interrupted by only the Nile in Sudan , though the Nile was blocked by the river 's cataracts . The Sahara pump theory explains how flora and fauna ( including Homo sapiens ) left Africa to penetrate the Middle East and beyond . African pluvial periods are associated with a `` wet Sahara '' phase during which larger lakes and more rivers existed .   The use of the term has been criticized because it refers to the South only by cartography conventions and projects a connotation of inferiority ; a vestige of colonialism , which some say , divided Africa into European terms of homogeneity .

neg: South Region, Brazil The South Region of Brazil ( Região Sul do Brasil ) is one of the five regions of Brazil . It includes the states of Paraná , Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul and covers 576,409.6 km2 , being the smallest portion of the country , occupying only about 6.76 % of the territory of Brazil . Its whole area is smaller than that of the state of Minas Gerais , in Southeast Brazil , for example .  It is a great tourist , economic and cultural pole .  It borders Uruguay , Argentina , and Paraguay as well as the Centre-West Region , the Southeast Region and the Atlantic Ocean .

neg: Foreign relations of Zimbabwe The foreign relations of Zimbabwe emphasize a close relationship with the People 's Republic of China and South Africa , nations with close economic ties to Zimbabwe .

neg: Geography of Antarctica The geography of Antarctica is dominated by its south polar location and , thus , by ice . The Antarctic continent , located in the Earth 's southern hemisphere , is centered asymmetrically around the South Pole and largely south of the Antarctic Circle . It is washed by the Southern ( or Antarctic ) Ocean or , depending on definition , the southern Pacific , Atlantic , and Indian Oceans . It has an area of more than 14 million km ² .   Some 98 % of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet , the world 's largest ice sheet and also its largest reservoir of fresh water . Averaging at least 1.6 km thick , the ice is so massive that it has depressed the continental bedrock in some areas more than 2.5 km below sea level ; subglacial lakes of liquid water also occur ( e.g. , Lake Vostok ) . Ice shelves and rises populate the ice sheet on the periphery .

neg: Geology of the Himalaya The geology of the Himalaya is a record of the most dramatic and visible creations of modern plate tectonic forces . The Himalayas , which stretch over 2400 km between the Namche Barwa syntaxis in Tibet and the Nanga Parbat syntaxis in India , are the result of an ongoing orogeny -- the result of a collision between two continental tectonic plates . This immense mountain range was formed by tectonic forces and sculpted by weathering and erosion . The Himalaya-Tibet region supplies fresh water for more than one-fifth of the world population , and accounts for a quarter of the global sedimentary budget . Topographically , the belt has many superlatives : the highest rate of uplift ( nearly 10 mm/year at Nanga Parbat ) , the highest relief ( 8848 m at Mt. Everest Chomolangma ) , among the highest erosion rates at 2 -- 12 mm/yr , the source of some of the greatest rivers and the highest concentration of glaciers outside of the polar regions . This last feature earned the Himalaya its name , originating from the Sanskrit for `` the abode of the snow '' .

neg: South Asian English South Asian English is the English of South Asia .   English was introduced to South Asia in the early 17th century and reinforced by the long rule of the British Empire .   Today it is spoken as a second language by about 33 million people , 3 % of the total population .   Although it is fairly homogeneous across the region , sharing `` linguistic features and tendencies at virtually all linguistic levels '' , there are also differences based on various factors .   South Asian English is sometimes called `` Indian English '' , as British India included most of the region , but today , the varieties of English are usually divided according to the modern states :  Bangladeshi English  Indian English  Nepali English  Pakistani English  Sri Lankan English


query: Nazi Germany was under the rule of Hitler.

pos: Nazi Party The National Socialist German Workers ' Party ( , abbreviated NSDAP ) , commonly referred to in English as the Nazi Party ( -LSB- ˈnɑːtsi -RSB- ) , was a political party in Germany that was active between 1920 and 1945 and practised the ideology of Nazism . Its precursor , the German Workers ' Party ( Deutsche Arbeiterpartei ; DAP ) , existed from 1919 to 1920 .   The party emerged from the German nationalist , racist , and populist Freikorps paramilitary culture , which fought against the communist uprisings in post-World War I Germany . The party was created as a means to draw workers away from communism and into völkisch nationalism . Initially , Nazi political strategy focused on anti-big business , anti-bourgeois , and anti-capitalist rhetoric , although such aspects were later downplayed in order to gain the support of industrial entities , and in the 1930s the party 's focus shifted to anti-Semitic and anti-Marxist themes .   Pseudo-scientific racism theories were central to Nazism . The Nazis propagated the idea of a `` people 's community '' ( Volksgemeinschaft ) . Their aim was to unite `` racially desirable '' Germans as national comrades , while excluding those deemed either to be political dissidents , physically or intellectually inferior , or of a foreign race ( Fremdvölkische ) . The Nazis sought to improve the stock of the Germanic people through racial purity and eugenics , broad social welfare programs , and a collective subordination of individual rights , which could be sacrificed for the good of the state and the `` Aryan master race '' . To maintain the supposed purity and strength of the Aryan race , the Nazis sought to exterminate Jews , Romani , Poles along with vast majority of other Slavs , and the physically and mentally handicapped . They imposed exclusionary segregation on homosexuals , Africans , Jehovah 's Witnesses , and political opponents . The persecution reached its climax when the party-controlled German state organized the systematic murder of approximately six million Jews and five million people from the other targeted groups , in what has become known as the Holocaust .   The party 's leader since 1921 , Adolf Hitler , was appointed Chancellor of Germany by President Paul von Hindenburg on 30 January 1933 . Hitler rapidly established a totalitarian regime known as the Third Reich . Following the defeat of the Third Reich at the conclusion of World War II in Europe , the party was `` declared to be illegal '' by the Allied powers , who carried out denazification in the years after the war .

pos: Nazi Germany Nazi Germany is the common English name for the period in German history from 1933 to 1945 , when Germany was governed by a dictatorship under the control of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party ( NSDAP ) . Under Hitler 's rule , Germany was transformed into a fascist state in which the Nazi Party took totalitarian control over nearly all aspects of life . The official name of the state was Deutsches Reich from 1933 to 1943 and Großdeutsches Reich ( `` Greater German Reich '' ) from 1943 to 1945 . The period is also known under the names the Third Reich ( Drittes Reich ) and the National Socialist Period ( Zeit des Nationalsozialismus , abbreviated as NS-Zeit ) . The Nazi regime came to an end after the Allied Powers defeated Germany in May 1945 , ending World War II in Europe .   Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany by the President of the Weimar Republic Paul von Hindenburg on 30 January 1933 . The Nazi Party then began to eliminate all political opposition and consolidate its power . Hindenburg died on 2 August 1934 , and Hitler became dictator of Germany by merging the powers and offices of the Chancellery and Presidency . A national referendum held 19 August 1934 confirmed Hitler as sole Führer ( leader ) of Germany . All power was centralised in Hitler 's person , and his word became above all laws . The government was not a coordinated , co-operating body , but a collection of factions struggling for power and Hitler 's favour . In the midst of the Great Depression , the Nazis restored economic stability and ended mass unemployment using heavy military spending and a mixed economy . Extensive public works were undertaken , including the construction of Autobahnen ( motorways ) . The return to economic stability boosted the regime 's popularity .   Racism , especially antisemitism , was a central feature of the regime . The Germanic peoples ( the Nordic race ) were considered by the Nazis to be the purest branch of the Aryan race , and were therefore viewed as the master race . Millions of Jews and other peoples deemed undesirable by the state were murdered in the Holocaust . Opposition to Hitler 's rule was ruthlessly suppressed . Members of the liberal , socialist , and communist opposition were killed , imprisoned , or exiled . Christian churches were also oppressed , with many leaders imprisoned . Education focused on racial biology , population policy , and fitness for military service . Career and educational opportunities for women were curtailed . Recreation and tourism were organised via the Strength Through Joy program , and the 1936 Summer Olympics showcased the Third Reich on the international stage . Propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels made effective use of film , mass rallies , and Hitler 's hypnotic oratory to control public opinion . The government controlled artistic expression , promoting specific art forms and banning or discouraging others .   Beginning in the late 1930s , Nazi Germany made increasingly aggressive territorial demands , threatening war if they were not met . It seized Austria and Czechoslovakia in 1938 and 1939 . Hitler made a non-aggression pact with Joseph Stalin and invaded Poland in September 1939 , launching World War II in Europe . In alliance with Italy and smaller Axis powers , Germany conquered most of Europe by 1940 and threatened Great Britain . Reichskommissariats took control of conquered areas , and a German administration was established in what was left of Poland . Jews and others deemed undesirable were imprisoned , murdered in Nazi concentration camps and extermination camps , or shot .   Following the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 , the tide gradually turned against the Nazis , who suffered major military defeats in 1943 . Large-scale aerial bombing of Germany escalated in 1944 , and the Axis powers were pushed back in Eastern and Southern Europe . Following the Allied invasion of France , Germany was conquered by the Soviet Union from the east and the other Allied powers from the west and capitulated within a year . Hitler 's refusal to admit defeat led to massive destruction of German infrastructure and additional war-related deaths in the closing months of the war . The victorious Allies initiated a policy of denazification and put many of the surviving Nazi leadership on trial for war crimes at the Nuremberg trials .

neg: Frankfurt Documents thumb | right | 200px | Members of the Frankfurt conference  Frankfurt Documents were a series of documents which were an important step on the way to the founding of the Federal Republic of Germany .   On July 1 , 1948 the representatives of the Western allied occupation forces handed over a number of documents to the prime ministers and two ruling mayors from the western zones of occupation , in which the recommendations were made , including establishing a West German state . The main problem of these recommendations was that they did not provide all-German solution , but only a West German state . The Frankfurt documents formed a working basis for the work on the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany . They were created at the London 6-Power Conference in early 1948 .   The handover took place in the IG Farben Building in Frankfurt am Main , and the documents took the name of this town . The military governors Lucius D. Clay ( United States ) , Marie-Pierre Koenig ( France ) and Sir Brian Robertson ( UK ) issued an order establishing a western German state . Present were Peter Altmeier ( Rhineland-Palatinate ) , Karl Arnold ( North Rhine-Westphalia ) , Lawrence Bock ( Württemberg-Hohenzollern ) , Max Brauer ( Hamburg ) , Hans Ehard ( Bavaria ) , Wilhelm Kaisen ( Bremen ) , Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf ( Lower Saxony ) , Hermann Lüdemann ( Schleswig-Holstein ) , Reinhold Maier ( Württemberg-Baden ) , Christian Stock ( Hessen ) and Leo Wohleb ( Baden ) .   A West German state was to be established under the following conditions :   There should be a constitutional convention ( German : Verfassunggebende Versammlung , literally , `` Constituent Assembly '' ) before September 1 , 1948 , to draft a constitution shaping a federal form of government , while maintaining the rights of people and the participating states .  This constitution should first be approved by the military governments , then a referendum in the countries to ratify the Constitution .  The respective simple majority in two thirds of eleven West German states should be sufficient for ratification . Constitutional amendments must be approved by the military governors .  The German foreign policy should continue to be controlled by the military governors in a minimum , as Ruhr questions , repairs , industrial and rights of the Allied forces .  The boundaries of each state should be reviewed and it should , if necessary , taking into account of traditional forms of new countries are created , none compared to the other should be too large or too small .   The Frankfurt Documents prompted the Prime Minister to hold Rittersturz Conference in Koblenz , on the resolutions that were passed .   Category : Political history of Germany  Category : Political conferences

neg: Zweites Buch The Zweites Buch ( -LSB- ˈtsvaɪ̯təs buːχ -RSB- , `` Second Book '' ) , unofficially published in English as Hitler 's Secret Book and then officially Hitler 's Second Book , is an unedited transcript of Adolf Hitler 's thoughts on foreign policy written in 1928 ; it was written after Mein Kampf and was not published in his lifetime . The Zweites Buch was not published in 1928 because Mein Kampf did not sell well at that time and Hitler 's publisher , Franz-Eher-Verlag , told Hitler that a second book would hinder sales even more .

neg: Dictator A dictator is a political leader who wields absolute power . A state ruled by a dictator is called a dictatorship . The word originated as the title of a magistrate in the Roman Republic appointed by the Senate to rule the republic in times of emergency ( see Roman dictator and justitium ) .   Like the term `` tyrant '' ( which was originally a respectable Ancient Greek title ) , and to a lesser degree `` autocrat '' , `` dictator '' came to be used almost exclusively as a non-titular term for oppressive , even abusive rule , yet had rare modern titular use .   In modern usage , the term `` dictator '' is generally used to describe a leader who holds and/or abuses an extraordinary amount of personal power , especially the power to make laws without effective restraint by a legislative assembly . Dictatorships are often characterised by some of the following traits : suspension of elections and of civil liberties ; proclamation of a state of emergency ; rule by decree ; repression of political opponents without abiding by rule of law procedures ; these include one-party state , and cult of personality .   The term `` dictator '' is comparable to but not synonymous with the ancient concept of a tyrant ; initially `` tyrant '' , like `` dictator '' , did not carry negative connotations . A wide variety of leaders coming to power in a number of different kinds of regimes , such as military juntas , one-party states and civilian governments under personal rule , have been described as dictators . They may hold left or right-wing views , or may be apolitical .

neg: 6th SS-Standarte The 6th SS-Standarte was a regimental command of the Allgemeine-SS situated in the city of Berlin . As the command was located in the capital of Germany , the 6th Standarte was considered one of the more important SS units in Nazi Germany . The members of the Standarte themselves , however , were non-paid mustering troops of the `` General-SS '' as was the practice for most Allgemeine-SS regiments .   The Standarte was first formed in October 1931 and was part of the so-called `` Northern SS '' under the control of Kurt Daluege . At the time , there was a divisional disunity in the SS , with SS units in southern Germany controlled by Heinrich Himmler and the northern units answering to Daluege . It was not until 1934 , after most of the SS headquarters offices had relocated to Berlin , that this division was eventually done away with .   During Reichstag elections of 1931 , the 6th SS Standarte played a significant role in campaigning for the Nazi Party and repeated the effort again when Adolf Hitler ran for the office of President of Germany in 1932 . One early member of the Standarte , who would later become the Reichsführer-SS was Karl Hanke .   After Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in 1933 , the 6th SS-Standarte adopted the honor title of `` Charlottenburg '' and often participated in several major Nazi Party rallies held in the German capitol . A year later , during the Night of the Long Knives , the Standarte played a major role in rounding up the Sturmabteilung leadership in Berlin , although most SA executions were carried out by SD troops and Gestapo agents .   One of the most notorious actions that the 6th SS-Standarte engaged in was `` Kristallnacht '' where Berlin SS men sought out and destroyed numerous Jewish synagogues and businesses . Shortly afterwards , the Standarte was granted a second honor title as `` 6 SS-Standarte Eduard Felsen '' .   When World War II began in 1939 , the Berlin SS regiment slowly began losing its members to regular military service , since mustering Allgemeine-SS personnel were not exempt from conscription . The Standarte was still participating in ceremonial functions as late as 1944 , however , and in the last year of the war many of the remaining members became involved with the Volksturm and participated in the Battle of Berlin .

neg: Netherlands in World War II The direct involvement of the Netherlands in World War II began with its invasion by Nazi Germany on 10 May 1940 . The Netherlands had proclaimed neutrality when war broke out in September 1939 , just as it had in World War I , but Adolf Hitler ordered it to be invaded anyway . On 15 May 1940 , one day after the bombing of Rotterdam , the Dutch forces surrendered . The Dutch government and the royal family escaped and went into exile in London .   Following the defeat , the Netherlands was placed under German occupation , which endured in some areas until the German surrender in May 1945 . Active resistance was carried out by a small minority , which grew in the course of the occupation . The occupiers deported the majority of the country 's Jews to Nazi concentration camps , with the cooperation of much of the Dutch police and civil service .   Due to the high variation in the survival rate of Jewish inhabitants amongst local regions in the Netherlands , scholars have questioned the validity of a single explanation at the national level . Nonetheless , and also due to the well organized population registers comparing to other countries , about 70 % of the country 's Jewish population were killed during the conflict ; a much higher percentage than comparable countries , like Belgium and France . However , the city of Amsterdam organized the only industrial action in protest to the persecution of their Jewish fellow citizens ever in all of the Nazi occupied areas .   Most of the south of the country was liberated in the second half of 1944 . The rest , especially the west and north of the country still under occupation , suffered from a famine at the end of 1944 , known as the `` Hunger Winter '' . On 5 May 1945 , the whole country was finally liberated by the total surrender of all German forces .

neg: History of Austria The history of Austria covers the history of Austria and its predecessor states , from the early Stone Age to the present state . The name Ostarrîchi ( Austria ) has been in use since 996 AD when it was a margravate of the Duchy of Bavaria and from 1156 an independent duchy ( later archduchy ) of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation ( Heiliges Römisches Reich 962 -- 1806 ) .   Austria was dominated by the House of Habsburg ( Haus Österreich ) from 1273 to 1806 , when the Holy Roman Empire came to an end . Austria then became the Austrian Empire , a part of the German Confederation until the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 , which Austria lost and was subsequently excluded from German affairs . In 1867 Austria formed with Hungary as a dual monarchy the Austro-Hungarian Empire ( 1867 -- 1918 ) . When this empire collapsed after the end of World War I in 1918 , Austria was reduced to the main German speaking areas of the empire ( its current frontiers ) , and adopted the name The Republic of German-Austria , with hope of joining the new German Weimar Republic . However the union and name were forbidden by the Allies at the Treaty of Versailles . This led to the creation of the First Austrian Republic ( 1918-1933 ) .   Following the First Republic , Austrofascism tried to keep Austria independent from the German Reich . Engelbert Dollfuss accepted that Austrians were Germans but wanted Austria to remain independent from a Protestant Germany . In 1938 Austrian-born Adolf Hitler annexed Austria to the German Reich with the Anschluss , which was supported by a large majority of the Austrian people . After the Second World War Austria again became an independent republic as the Second Republic in 1955 and joined the European Union in 1995 .

neg: Vorbunker The Vorbunker ( upper bunker or forward bunker ) was an underground concrete structure originally intended to be a temporary air-raid shelter for Adolf Hitler and his guards and servants . It was located behind the large reception hall that was added onto the old Reich Chancellery , in Berlin , Germany , in 1936 . The bunker was officially called the `` Reich Chancellery Air-Raid Shelter '' until 1943 , when the complex was expanded with the addition of the Führerbunker , located one level below . On 16 January 1945 , Hitler moved into the Führerbunker . He was joined by his senior staff , including Martin Bormann . Later , Eva Braun and Joseph Goebbels moved into the Führerbunker while Magda Goebbels and their six children took residence in the upper Vorbunker . The Goebbels family lived in the Vorbunker until their deaths on 1 May 1945 .

neg: Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy The Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy , also known in Italy as 25 Luglio ( Venticinque Luglio , -LSB- ˌventiˈtʃiŋkwe ˈluʎʎo -RSB- ; Italian for `` 25 July '' ) denotes the events in spring and summer 1943 in Italy , which culminated with the meeting of the Grand Council of Fascism on 24 -- 25 July 1943 , the passing of a vote of no confidence against Benito Mussolini , and the change of the Italian government . These events were the result of parallel plots led respectively by Count Dino Grandi and King Victor Emmanuel III : their final outcome was the fall from power of the Italian Fascist government after 21 years and the arrest of Mussolini .

neg: Ideology of the SS The ideology espoused by the Schutzstaffel ( `` Protection Squadron '' ; SS ) , a paramilitary force and instrument of terror of the Nazi Party in Nazi Germany , emphasized a racist vision of `` racial purity '' , antisemitism , and loyalty to Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany .   SS men were indoctrinated with the belief they were members of a `` master race '' . The ideology of the SS was , even more so than in Nazism in general , built on the belief in a superior `` Aryan race '' . This led to the SS playing the main role in political violence and crimes against humanity , including the Holocaust and `` mercy killing '' of those with congenital illnesses . After the defeat of Nazi Germany in World War II , the SS and Nazi Party were found to be criminal organizations at the Nuremberg Trials .

neg: Dienstleiter (NSDAP) Dienstleiter , ( Service Leader ) was a high-ranking Nazi Party political rank of Nazi Germany which existed between 1933 and 1945 . The rank was first created after the Nazi assumption of power and served as the second highest rank of the Reichsleitung Nazi Party organizational level , subordinate to the Reichsleiter .

neg: Minister of Intra-German Relations The Federal Minister of Intra-German Relations ( Bundesminister für innerdeutsche Beziehungen ) was a federal cabinet minister of the Federal Republic of Germany ( West Germany ) . The office was created under the title of Federal Minister of All-German Affairs ( Bundesminister für gesamtdeutsche Fragen ) in 1949 , being also in charge of the German lands east of the Oder -- Neisse line which had been put under Polish or Soviet administration . In 1951 , the first Minister of All-German Affairs Jakob Kaiser openly raised claim to even greater territories including Austria , parts of Switzerland , the Saar area and Alsace-Lorraine .   The ministry was renamed in 1969 because `` All German '' might have evoked irredentist associations . The change of the name was supported by left and right wing politicians .   The ministry was abolished in 1991 when a new government was established after the federal election of December 1990 , some months after German reunification , having supported the transition .   Since West Germany maintained an exclusive mandate for all of Germany , and the legal pretense that the authorities of the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) or Soviet occupation zone ( SBZ ) should not be recognized , it could not handle relations with East Germany through the Federal Foreign Office , since this would acknowledge that the GDR was a separate country . Hence , a separate ministry for relations within Germany had to be created . Since this ministry had very limited competence and virtually no political power , it soon became a post used by chancellors to block rivals without publicly offending them . One of the main tasks of the ministry was the publication of information material about the situation in the East , to keep the idea of German unity alive and to inform the public about actions of the East German government .   When German reunification became a possibility after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the opening of the inner German border on 9 November 1989 , the ministry was completely disempowered by Chancellor Helmut Kohl ; all intra-German affairs were now handled by the Ministry of the Interior under Wolfgang Schäuble . Formally , the ministry continued to exist until 1991 in order to facilitate transition .

neg: National Socialist Party (Romania) The National Socialist Party ( formally Nationalist-Socialist Party of Romania ; Romanian : Partidul Național-Socialist din România , PNSR ) or Steel Testudo ( Pavăza de Oțel ) was a mimetic Nazi political party , active in Romania during the early 1930s . It was led by Colonel Ștefan Tătărescu , the brother of Gheorghe Tătărescu ( twice Prime Minister of Romania during that interval ) , and existed around the newspaper Crez Nou . One of several far-right factions competing unsuccessfully against the Iron Guard for support , the group made little headway , and existed at times as a satellite of the National-Christian Defense League .   The PNSR proposed a program of corporatism and statism , promising a basic income , full employment , and limits on capitalist profits . It was anticommunist generally , and in particular anti-Soviet , circulating the theory of Jewish Bolshevism while describing its own program as the alternative , `` positive '' , socialism . The party also claimed for itself the banner of Christianity , which it associated with calls for social reorganization and the expulsion or segregation of Romanian Jews . Its Germanophilia and antisemitism were supplemented by shows of support for the policies of King Carol II .   The PNSR ' ideological stance , exotic in its Romanian context , found favor in Nazi Germany , notably from Alfred Rosenberg . Overall , the PNSR failed in its bid to establish a pan-fascist alliance in Romania , and , despite being nativist , functioned as a magnet for Transylvanian Saxons , Bessarabia Germans , and Russian émigrés . Tătărescu was received officially by his German patrons , who also provided the PNSR with funds , but eventually dropped by them for his unpopularity and alleged corruption . In late 1933 , under the antifascist Prime Minister Ion G. Duca , the party was repressed .   Tătărescu exercised some influence over his brother 's government in 1934 , helping to steer the country away from its traditional alliances , but failed in his attempt to obtain arms deals for Germany . Disavowed by both its Nazi backers and Gheorghe Tătărescu , the party moderated its stances , then disappeared from the political scene in July 1934 . Its Saxon chapter , under Fritz Fabritius , reemerged as the German People 's Party the following year .

neg: Rome Protocols The Rome Protocols were a series of three international agreements signed in Rome on 17 March 1934 between the governments of Austria , Hungary and Italy . They were signed by Italian Prime Minister Benito Mussolini , Austrian Prime Minister Engelbert Dollfuss and Hungarian Prime Minister Gyula Gömbös . All the three protocols went into effect on 12 July 1934 and were registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on 12 December 1934 .   The protocols , even though only dealing with economic development , were part of the process of cooperation between the three signatory governments against the revisionist policies of Hitler , who had just come to power in Germany , as well as against the territorial integrity of Yugoslavia , which they wished to dismember among themselves . Cooperation under these protocols was short-lived , as Mussolini joined hands with Hitler against Austria , and the Hungarian government under Miklós Horthy also joined the Third Reich in 1938 .

neg: Final Solution The Final Solution ( Endlösung ) or the Final Solution to the Jewish Question ( die Endlösung der Judenfrage , -LSB- diː ˈɛntˌløːzʊŋ deːɐ̯ ˈjuːdn̩ˌfʁaːɡə -RSB- ) was a Nazi plan for the extermination of the Jews during World War II . The `` Final Solution of the Jewish Question '' was the Nazi code name for the plan to murder all Jews within reach , and was not limited to the European continent . This policy of deliberate and systematic genocide started across German-occupied Europe was formulated in procedural and geo-political terms by Nazi leadership in January 1942 at the Wannsee Conference near Berlin , and culminated in the Holocaust which saw the killing of 90 percent of Jewish Poles , and two-thirds of the Jewish population of Europe .   The nature and timing of the decisions that led to the Final Solution is an intensely studied and debated aspect of the Holocaust . The program evolved during the first 25 months of war leading to the attempt at `` murdering every last Jew in the German grasp . '' Most historians agree , wrote Christopher Browning , that the Final Solution can not be attributed to a single decision made at one particular point in time . `` It is generally accepted the decision-making process was prolonged and incremental . '' In 1940 , following the Fall of France , the Madagascar Plan was devised by Adolf Eichmann in order to relocate Europe 's Jewish population to the French colony ; but the plan was abandoned for logistical reasons mainly due to a naval blockade . There were also preliminary plans to deport Jews to Palestine and Siberia . In 1941 , wrote Raul Hilberg , in the first phase of the mass murder of Jews , the mobile killing units began to pursue their victims across occupied eastern territories ; in the second phase , stretching across all of German-occupied Europe , the Jewish victims were sent on death trains to centralized extermination camps built for the purpose of systematic implementation of the Final Solution .

neg: German federal election, 1928 Federal elections were held in Germany on 20 May 1928 . The Social Democratic Party of Germany ( SPD ) remained the largest party in the Reichstag after winning 153 of the 491 seats . Voter turnout was 75.6 % .   The only two parties to gain significantly were the SPD , who polled almost a third of votes , and the Communist Party of Germany ( KPD ) , completing a thorough victory of the left wing . However , although the SPD now had 153 seats , it still failed to gain a clear majority , resulting in another coalition government led by Hermann Müller . Following his appointment , Müller , who had already been Germany 's Chancellor for 4 months in 1920 , created a grand coalition of members of the SPD , the German Democratic Party , the Centre Party and the German People 's Party . The coalition was plagued by internal divisions right from the beginning , with each party more concerned with their self-interest than the interest of the government and eventually Müller asked President Paul von Hindenburg for emergency powers . When Hindenburg refused , Müller resigned , marking the end of the ` last genuinely democratic government of the Weimar Republic ' on 27 March 1930 .   The recently-reformed Nazi Party contested the elections after the ban on the party was lifted in 1925 . However , the party received less than 3 % of the vote and won just 12 seats in the Reichstag . Adolf Hitler , who had been incarcerated in Landsberg prison for his involvement in the Beer Hall Putsch until Christmas 1924 , had concentrated on re-establishing himself as the leader of the Nazi Party following his release rather than on the party 's electability .

neg: Kingdom of Italy The Kingdom of Italy ( Regno d'Italia ) was a state founded from 1861 , when King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was proclaimed King of Italy , to 1946 , when a constitutional referendum led civil discontent to abandon the monarchy and form the Italian Republic . The state was founded as a result of the unification of Italy under the influence of the Kingdom of Sardinia , which can be considered its legal predecessor state .   Italy declared war on Austria in alliance with Prussia in 1866 and received the region of Veneto following their victory . Italian troops entered Rome in 1870 , ending more than one thousand years of Papal temporal power . Italy entered into a Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary in 1882 , following strong disagreements with France about the respective colonial expansions . However , even if relations with Berlin became very friendly , the alliance with Vienna remained purely formal , as the Italians were keen to acquire Trentino and Trieste , corners of the Austria-Hungary populated by Italians . So , in 1915 , Italy accepted the British invitation to join the Allies in World War I because the western allies promised territorial compensation ( at the expense of Austria-Hungary ) for participation that were more generous than Vienna 's offer in exchange for Italian neutrality . Victory in the war gave Italy a permanent seat in the Council of the League of Nations .   `` Fascist Italy '' is the era of National Fascist Party government from 1922 to 1943 with Benito Mussolini as head of government . The fascists imposed authoritarian rule and crushed the political and intellectual opposition , while promoting economic modernization , traditional social values , and a rapprochement with the Roman Catholic Church . According to Payne ( 1996 ) , '' -LSB- the -RSB- Fascist government passed through several relatively distinct phases '' . The first phase ( 1923 -- 1925 ) was nominally a continuation of the parliamentary system , albeit with a `` legally-organized executive dictatorship '' . Then came the second phase , `` the construction of the Fascist dictatorship proper , from 1925 to 1929 '' . The third phase , with less activism , was 1929 to 1934 . The fourth phase , 1935 -- 1940 , was characterized by an aggressive foreign policy ; war against Ethiopia , which was launched from Eritrea and Italian Somaliland ; confrontations with the League of Nations sanctions ; growing economic autarchy ; and semi-National Socialization . The war itself ( 1940 -- 1943 ) was the fifth phase with its disasters and defeats , while the rump Salò government under German control was the final stage ( 1943 -- 1945 ) .   Italy was allied with National Socialist Germany in World War II until 1943 . It switched sides to the Allies after ousting Mussolini and shutting down the Fascist party in areas ( south of Rome ) controlled by the Allied invaders . The remnant fascist state in northern Italy that continued fighting against the Allies was a puppet state of Germany , the `` Italian Social Republic '' , still led by Mussolini and his Fascist loyalists . Shortly after the war , civil discontent led to the constitutional referendum of 1946 on whether Italy would remain a monarchy or become a republic . Italians decided to abandon the monarchy and form the Italian Republic , the present-day Italian state .

neg: Deutschlandlied The `` Deutschlandlied '' ( English : `` Song of Germany '' , -LSB- ˈdɔʏtʃlantˌliːt -RSB- ; also known as `` Das Lied der Deutschen '' or `` The Song of the Germans '' ) , or part of it , has been the national anthem of Germany since 1922 , except in East Germany , whose anthem was `` Auferstanden aus Ruinen '' ( `` Risen from Ruins '' ) from 1949 to 1990 .   Since World War II and the fall of Nazi Germany , only the third stanza has been used as the national anthem . The stanza 's beginning , '' '' ( `` Unity and Justice and Freedom '' ) is considered the unofficial national motto of Germany , and is inscribed on modern German Army belt buckles and the rims of some German coins .   The music was written by Austrian composer Joseph Haydn in 1797 as an anthem for the birthday of Francis II , Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and later of Austria , using a tune from a Croat peasant song and on a text beginning with `` Gott erhalte Franz , den Kaiser '' ( God save emperor Franz ) . In 1841 , the German linguist and poet August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben wrote the lyrics of '' '' as a new text for that music , counterposing the national unification of Germany to the eulogy of a monarch , lyrics that were considered revolutionary at the time .   The song is also well known by the beginning and refrain of the first stanza , `` Deutschland , Deutschland über alles '' ( `` Germany , Germany above all else '' ) , but this has never been its title . The line `` Germany , Germany above all else '' meant that the most important goal of 19th-century German liberal revolutionaries should be a unified Germany which would overcome loyalties to the local kingdoms , principalities , duchies , and palatines ( Kleinstaaterei ) of then-fragmented Germany . Along with the flag of Germany , it was one of the symbols of the March Revolution of 1848 .   In order to endorse its republican and liberal tradition , the song was chosen as the national anthem of Germany in 1922 , during the Weimar Republic . West Germany adopted the '' '' as its official national anthem in 1952 for similar reasons , with only the third stanza sung on official occasions . Upon German reunification in 1990 , only the third stanza was confirmed as the national anthem .

neg: German–Soviet Axis talks In October and November 1940 , German -- Soviet Axis talks occurred concerning the Soviet Union 's potential entry as a fourth Axis Power in World War II . The negotiations , which occurred during the era of the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact and the German-Soviet Commercial Agreement , included a two-day Berlin conference between Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov , Adolf Hitler and German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop , followed by both countries trading written proposed agreements . After two days of negotiations from 12 to 14 November 1940 , Germany presented the Soviets with a draft written Axis pact agreement defining the world spheres of influence of the four proposed Axis powers ( Japan , Germany , Soviet Union , Italy ) . Hitler , Ribbentrop and Molotov tried to set German and Soviet spheres of influence ; Hitler encouraged Molotov to look south to Iran and eventually India while preserving German access to Finland 's resources , and to remove Soviet influence in the Balkans . Molotov remained firm , seeking to remove German troops from Finland and gain a warm water port in the Balkans . Soviet foreign policy calculations were predicated by the idea that the war would be a long - term struggle and therefore German claims that Britain would be defeated swiftly were treated with scepticism . In addition Stalin sought to remain influential in Bulgaria and Yugoslavia . These factors resulted in Molotov taking a firm line . According to a Columbia University academical source , on 25 November 1940 , the Soviets presented a Stalin-drafted written counterproposal where they would accept the four power pact , but it included Soviet rights to Bulgaria and a world sphere of influence centered on the area around modern Iraq and Iran . Germany did not respond , leaving the negotiations unresolved . Regarding the counterproposal , Hitler remarked to his top military chiefs that Stalin `` demands more and more '' , `` he 's a cold-blooded blackmailer '' and that `` a German victory has become unbearable for Russia '' so that `` she must be brought to her knees as soon as possible . '' Germany ended the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact in June 1941 by invading the Soviet Union .

neg: Schrecklichkeit Schrecklichkeit ( German `` terror '' or `` frightfulness '' ) is a word used by English speakers to describe an assumed military policy of the German Army towards civilians in World War I.  It was the basis of German actions during their march through Belgium in 1914 . Similar policies were followed later in France , the Russian-held area of Poland , and in Russia .   Under the traditional `` laws of war '' in Europe , military activity was to be confined to the regular , uniformed armies of each side . Civilians were to take no part in fighting , neither attacking or being attacked . Thus , when the uniformed army troops in a nation or region were all defeated , resistance was supposed to end . In practice , informal resistance by `` partisans '' , `` guerrillas '' , or `` francs-tireurs '' often continued after the `` regular '' troops had given up or withdrawn . These fighters , never officially enrolled in an army , and not wearing uniforms to identify them as combatants , attacked occupying troops by ambushes , surprises , and sniping . Conducting such operations out of uniform was considered perfidy , and those involved could be executed .   Occupying armies sometimes responded to such attacks by reprisals against the local population : execution of local inhabitants , whether known to be guerrillas or not , or destruction ( usually by burning ) of homes and other structures .   German army doctrine in force at the time called for such reprisals to be performed immediately and severely in any case of civilian resistance . It was argued that such schrecklichkeit would end resistance quickly with relatively little bloodshed , whereas restraint would encourage resistance , leading to greater destruction and death .   When Germany invaded Belgium in 1914 , the German high command expected to sweep through the country with negligible opposition . The German army was many times larger and stronger than the Belgian army , and the Germans therefore thought that any resistance by Belgium would be futile . German leaders had even suggested to the Belgian government that in the event of war , the Belgians should just line up along the roads and watch the Germans march through . Belgium 's refusal to accept these German presumptions and its resistance to the German advance came as a surprise , and disrupted the German timetable for advancing into France .   This frustration was communicated to the German troops in Belgium . Anything which delayed the German advance was to be crushed mercilessly . The Belgians were viewed as irrational and even treacherous for their opposition .   This led to exaggerated suspicions among German commanders of Belgian civilian resistance . It is possible that some Belgian civilians engaged in resistance , though none is documented . It is certain that on several occasions , German commanders declared ( probably in unconscious error ) that such acts had occurred when they had not .   The Germans responded to these perceived acts of resistance with harsh measures . In several villages and towns , hundreds of civilians were executed . Many buildings were put to the torch . Priests thought guilty of encouraging the resistance were killed . Violence by German soldiers against Belgians , such as rape , was ignored or not seriously punished . The Belgian city of Leuven was largely destroyed . One German officer later wrote about the town , `` We shall wipe it out ... Not one stone will stand upon another . We will teach them to respect Germany . For generations people will come here and see what we have done '' .   These actions , taken in a period of near-panic as the German forces desperately tried to carry out their flanking march before Allied forces could respond , proved to be a propaganda disaster for Germany . The reports of them caused a wave of indignation which aided the Allied cause .

neg: German resistance to Nazism German resistance to Nazism ( German : Widerstand ) was the opposition by individuals and groups in Germany to the National Socialist regime between 1933 and 1945 . Some of these engaged in active plans to remove Adolf Hitler from power and overthrow his regime .   The term German resistance should not be understood as meaning that there was a united resistance movement in Germany at any time during the Nazi period , analogous to the more coordinated Polish Underground State , Greek Resistance , Yugoslav Partisans , French Resistance , Dutch Resistance , Norwegian resistance movement and Italian Resistance . The German resistance consisted of small and usually isolated groups . They were unable to mobilize political opposition . Save for individual attacks on Nazis ( including Hitler ) or sabotage acts , the only real strategy was to persuade leaders of the Wehrmacht to stage a coup against the regime : the 1944 assassination attempt against Hitler was intended to trigger such a coup .   Approximately 77,000 German citizens were killed for one or another form of resistance by Special Courts , courts-martial , People 's Court and the civil justice system . Many of these Germans had served in government , the military , or in civil positions , which enabled them to engage in subversion and conspiracy ; in addition the Canadian historian Peter Hoffman counts unspecified `` tens of thousands '' in concentration camps who were either suspected or actually engaged in opposition . By contrast , the German historian Hans Mommsen wrote that resistance in Germany was `` resistance without the people '' and that the number of those Germans engaged in resistance to the Nazi regime was very small . The resistance in Germany included German citizens of non-German ethnicity , such as members of the Polish minority who formed resistance groups like Olimp .


query: Marilyn Manson was only ever formed by Chad Kroeger.

pos: Marilyn Manson (band) Marilyn Manson is an American rock band formed by singer Marilyn Manson and guitarist Daisy Berkowitz in Fort Lauderdale , Florida , in 1989 . Originally named Marilyn Manson & the Spooky Kids , they gained a local cult following in South Florida in the early 1990s with their theatrical live performances . In 1993 , they were the first act signed to Trent Reznor 's Nothing Records label . Until 1996 , the name of each member was created by combining the first name of an iconic female sex symbol and the last name of an iconic serial killer , for example Marilyn Monroe and Charles Manson . Their lineup has changed between many of their album releases ; the current members of Marilyn Manson are the eponymous lead singer ( the only remaining original member ) , bassist Twiggy Ramirez , guitarists Paul Wiley and Tyler Bates , keyboardist/percussionist Daniel Fox , and drummer Gil Sharone .   In the past , band members dressed in outlandish makeup and costumes , and engaged in intentionally shocking behavior both onstage and off . Their lyrics often received criticism for their anti-religious sentiment and references to sex , violence and drugs , while their live performances were frequently called offensive and obscene . On several occasions , protests and petitions led to the group being blocked from performing , with at least three US states passing legislation banning the group from performing at state-owned venues . They released a number of platinum-selling albums , including Antichrist Superstar ( 1996 ) and Mechanical Animals ( 1998 ) . These albums , along with their highly-stylized music videos and worldwide touring , brought public recognition to Marilyn Manson . In 1999 , news media falsely blamed the band for influencing the perpetrators of the Columbine massacre .   As this controversy began to wane throughout the 2000s , so did the band 's mainstream popularity . Despite this , Jon Wiederhorn of MTV , in June 2003 , referred to Marilyn Manson as `` the only true artist today '' . Marilyn Manson is widely regarded as being one of the most iconic and controversial figures in heavy metal music , with the band and its lead singer influencing numerous other groups and musicians , both in metal-associated acts and also in wider popular culture . VH1 ranked Marilyn Manson as the seventy-eighth best rock band on their 100 Great Artists of Hard Rock . They were inducted into the Kerrang ! Hall of Fame in 2000 , and have been nominated for four Grammy Awards . In the US , the band has seen eight of its releases debut in the top ten , including two number-one albums . Marilyn Manson have sold in excess of 60 million records worldwide .

neg: Geoff Tate Geoff Tate ( born Jeffrey Wayne Tate , January 14 , 1959 ; he later changed his first name to Geoffery or Geoffrey ) is a German-born American singer and musician . He rose to fame with the progressive metal band Queensrÿche , who had commercial success with their 1988 album Operation : Mindcrime and 1990 album Empire . Tate is ranked fourteenth on Hit Paraders list of the 100 Greatest Metal Vocalists of All Time . He was voted No. 2 on That Metal Show 's top 5 hard rock vocalists of the 1980s . In 2012 , he won the Vegas Rocks ! Magazine Music Award for `` Voice in Progressive Heavy Metal '' . In 2015 , he placed ninth on OC Weekly 's list of the 10 Best High-Pitched Metal Singers . After his farewell tour as Queensrÿche , he renamed his band Operation : Mindcrime , after the Queensrÿche album of the same name .

neg: Special Affect Special Affect ( originally called Special Affects ) was a new wave band from the Chicago , IL area in the late 1970s , notable for releasing the earliest known recordings of future Ministry frontman Al Jourgensen , future My Life with the Thrill Kill Kult vocalist Groovie Mann ( known at the time as Frank Nardiello ) , and future Concrete Blonde drummer Harry Rushakoff .   The band released a 7 '' EP called Mood Music in 1979 . This release features original guitarist Tom Hoffman , who left the band in 1979 and was replaced by Al Jourgensen . `` Vertigo Feeling '' , from this EP , would eventually be widely released on the Rykodisc CD Industrial Family Platter ! , a compilation of songs by Ministry and My Life with the Thrill Kill Kult . Special Affect 's only album , Too Much Soft Living , was advertised as the original soundtrack to a film of the same name ; however , no such film is known to have ever been released . Two songs on Ministry 's Early Trax compilation , `` I 'm Falling '' and `` Overkill '' , date back to the time of Special Affect , and feature Martin Sorenson on bass , and a recording guest appearance by Baron , William `` Bill Wood '' von Wollmuth on Moog Synthesizer .    Category : American new wave musical groups  Category : Musical groups from Chicago  Category : Musical groups established in 1978  Category : Musical groups disestablished in 1980

neg: List of awards and nominations received by Van Halen This is a list of awards and nominations for awards received by the rock band Van Halen .   Van Halen is a hard rock band formed in Pasadena , California in 1972 and consisted of Eddie Van Halen on guitar , keyboards , and vocals , Alex Van Halen on drums and percussion , Michael Anthony on bass and vocals , and David Lee Roth on lead vocals . They enjoyed success from the release of their self-titled debut album in 1978 . As of 2007 Van Halen has sold more than 80 million albums worldwide -RSB- and have had the most number one hits on the Billboard Mainstream Rock chart . During the 1980s they also had more Billboard Hot 100 hits than any other hard rock or heavy metal band . According to the Recording Industry Association of America , Van Halen is the 19th best selling band/artist of all time with sales of over 56 million albums in the United States and is one of five rock bands that have had two albums sell more than 10 million copies in the United States .

neg: Volcano Entertainment Volcano Entertainment ( sometimes referred to as Volcano Records ) is an American all-round music record label founded in 1996 best known for reissuing albums by Shy Records and releasing albums by Tool , 311 , Size 14 , Survivor and `` Weird Al '' Yankovic ( the latter two were former Scotti Bros. . Records artists and the only artists retained from the label ) . It is currently a part of Epic Records , a division of Sony Music Entertainment .

neg: Mötley Crüe Mötley Crüe was an American heavy metal band formed in Los Angeles , California on January 17 , 1981 . The group was founded by bass guitarist Nikki Sixx and drummer Tommy Lee , lead singer Vince Neil and lead guitarist Mick Mars . Mötley Crüe has sold more than 100 million records worldwide making them one of the world 's best-selling bands of all time .   The members of the band have often been noted for their hedonistic lifestyles and the persona they maintained . Following its hard rock and heavy metal origins , with the third album Theatre of Pain ( 1985 ) the band joined the first wave of glam metal . Their final studio album , Saints of Los Angeles , was released on June 24 , 2008 . Their final show took place on New Year 's Eve , December 31 , 2015 , and was filmed for a theatrical and Blu-ray release in 2016 .

neg: Forever Since Breakfast Forever Since Breakfast is the debut Guided by Voices record , released on vinyl in 1986 . In contrast to the lo-fi sound they would cultivate in the coming years , this EP was recorded in a professional studio , and features a nearly slick sound that anticipates their late 90 's major-label efforts . Robert Pollard , the band 's driving force , has since derided the EP 's sound as sterile . Like much of their early output , the songs featured bear a prominent college rock influence , particularly from R.E.M. . The title reportedly comes from Charles Manson 's response to an interviewer when asked to state his age .   The record was first released on CD as part of 2003 's Hardcore UFOs box set , and was reissued on vinyl in 2005 .

neg: Clutch discography The discography of Clutch , an American rock band , consists of eleven studio albums , five live albums , three compilation albums , five extended plays , ten singles , and two video albums .   Clutch was formed in 1991 by vocalist Neil Fallon , guitarist Tim Sult , bassist Dan Maines and drummer Jean-Paul Gaster . The group debuted with Pitchfork , an EP released in October that same year . The band built a local following through constant gigging and released their second EP Passive Restraints through Earache ) . Clutch was signed by the East West Records label and released their full-length debut Transnational Speedway League . A self-titled album appeared two years later , which afforded the band some mainstream exposure .   Clutch then signed with major label Columbia for 1998 's The Elephant Riders , but released 1999 's Jam Room on their own River Road Records label .   In 2001 the band signed with Atlantic for the release of Pure Rock Fury , which included guest appearances from members of Spirit Caravan and Sixty Watt Shaman .   Their sixth album , Blast Tyrant , appeared three years later and was the first through DRT Entertainment , followed by Robot Hive/Exodus in 2005 , which featured the first lineup change since the early 1990s ; the addition of organist Mick Schauer . 2007 saw the release of From Beale Street to Oblivion , and in the next year their first video , entitled Full Fathom Five : Video Field Recordings , which was accompanied by a CD version Full Fathom Five : Audio Field Recordings .   In 2009 , Clutch released Strange Cousins from the West on their own label , Weathermaker Music . The band was once again a four-piece , without Schauer in the line-up .   In 2013 , they released their tenth studio album Earth Rocker again through Weathermaker , their highest charting record in the US at the time . It peaked at # 15 on the Billboard 200 chart .   In 2015 , they released Psychic Warfare on Weathermaker , peaking at # 11 on the Billboard 200 . That same year , they also released a compilation album , La Curandera , exclusively on pink vinyl , as part of the Ten Bands , One Cause campaign for breast cancer awareness .

neg: List of Danzig band members The list of Danzig band members consists of the original lineup of Glenn Danzig ( vocals ) , John Christ ( guitar ) , Eerie Von ( bass ) and Chuck Biscuits ( drums ) , spanned seven years and four albums . The lineup first changed in 1994 , when Biscuits was fired from the band due to royalty disagreements . After he was rejected upon asking to return , and , according to a special issue of Kerrang ! magazine , former Nirvana drummer Dave Grohl turned down an approach from them , he was replaced by Joey Castillo , who made his first public appearance as a member of Danzig at an in-store signing the day of the fourth album 's release . After promoting the fourth album , John Christ and Eerie Von both left the band in July 1995 , leaving Glenn Danzig as the only remaining original member of the band . Many lineup changes happened since ; guitarists included Dave Kushner , Jeff Chambers , Todd Youth , Joe Fraulob and Kenny Hickey , bassists included Josh Lazie , Rob `` Blasko '' Nicholson , Howie Pyro and Jerry Montano and drummers included Bevan Davies and Karl Rosqvist . The current Danzig line-up consists of Glenn Danzig on vocals , Tommy Victor on guitar , Steve Zing on bass and Joey Castillo on drums .

neg: Lock Up (American band) Lock Up was a rock band that featured Tom Morello on guitar before Rage Against the Machine was formed .   The band was founded by the original guitar player Mike Livingston ( formerly of The Mau-Mau 's ) and Kevin Wood on bass . They had previously played together in the band Ella and the Blacks , which also included Brian Grillo and Brendan Mullen ( founder of The Masque , the first L.A. punk rock club ) . Grillo became Lock Up 's lead singer . Grillo had worked several years before with Martin Atkins in Atkin 's Brian Brain project , and then was known in Los Angeles for fronting Brian Grillo 's Wild Coyote Review .   The original drummer was Michael Lee , ( later drummer with Sylvia Juncosa and with The Homebillies ) , who quit and was replaced briefly by D. H. Peligro , formerly of the Dead Kennedys and later in Red Hot Chili Peppers . After Peligro left , he was replaced by Vince Ostertag .   In early 1987 , Lock Up signed a production deal with Third Story Music , which was the company associated with Herb Cohen , by Evan Cohen , who later ran Manifesto Records . Cohen brought the band to the attention of Anna Statman , who was an A & R person at Slash Records . In 1988 , Statman moved to a new job at Geffen Records , and Lock Up was her first signing at Geffen , in mid-1988 .   Livingston had left Lock Up in late 1987 . In early 1988 , Livingston was replaced by Morello . Chris Beebe on bass completed the lineup that released Lock Up 's sole album on Geffen Records , Something Bitchin ' This Way Comes , which came out in 1989 . The title of the album was based on Ray Bradbury 's 1962 novel Something Wicked This Way Comes . Vince Ostertag was subsequently replaced by Jon Knox who played drums until the group disbanded .   Following the Lock Up break up , Jon encouraged bassist Tim Commerford and Zack de la Rocha to jam with Tom Morello and drummer Brad Wilk who unsuccessfully auditioned for Lock Up . This line-up went on to form Rage Against the Machine .   Most of Morello 's guitar with Lock Up is unlike his work with Rage Against the Machine and Audioslave . His solos , in contrast to Livingston 's rootsy blues oriented style mainly consist of arpeggios , tapping and overall fast fretwork . Evidence of his experimenting with the toggle switch can be heard in a few tracks ( `` Ca n't Stop the Bleeding '' , `` Nothing New '' , `` Punch Drunk '' ) .   The songs `` Punch Drunk '' and `` Half Man Half Beast '' were featured in the 1991 comedy film Ski School .   In 1997 , Manifesto Records licensed the Lock Up album from Geffen , and released it on compact disc . After the release , Manifesto , Morello , and Morello 's label , Sony , got into a legal dispute over whether Manifesto could place a sticker on the compact disc that read `` Featuring Tom Morello from Rage Against the Machine . ''

neg: Lunchbox (song) `` Lunchbox '' is the second single from Marilyn Manson 's debut album , Portrait of an American Family .

neg: Klinik Klinik , ( sometimes called The Klinik ) , is an industrial music band from Belgium , originally formed around 1982 by electro-synthpop practitioner Marc Verhaeghen , who is the only constant member .

neg: State of Conviction State of Conviction formed in 1996 and is a hardcore band with a funk background . The band was spawned from the Unified Culture song `` Convictions '' .   It released a split 7 '' vinyl with the band Schnauzer in November 1996 . SOC 's side was titled `` Thoughts Light Fires '' ( a tribute to Charles Manson ) .   The band then released its full-length CD , A Call To Arms , in 1997 . The album has samples from the moviesNatural Born Killers and Taxi Driver , as well as samples from Charles Manson . Two tracks from the album , `` Convictions '' and `` Abandoned '' , were originally Unified Culture songs . Dwid , from Integrity , does guest vocals on the tracks `` Convictions '' , `` Brink of Extinction '' , and `` Faith Diminished '' .   State of Conviction has a history of only playing out once or twice a year , and a great majority of those shows were at the Phantasy or Agora Ballroom in Cleveland , Ohio . It also has a history of playing shows with the band Schnauzer . SOC played its most recent show on November 23 , 2012 at Peabody 's Concert Club . At that show , Tom Shaffner and Eric Matthews sat out while Josh Endres of Silver Skull took Tom 's spot on guitar and Justin Endres , also of Silver Skull , took Eric 's spot on the drums for the song `` In God We Rust . '' However , this was n't the first time that Justin has been seen sitting in on the drums for SOC , he also made a guest appearance on drums with the band in April 2012 .

neg: Everclear (band) Everclear is an American rock band formed in Portland , Oregon in 1991 . The band was formed by Art Alexakis , the band 's lead songwriter , vocalist , and guitarist ; and for most of the band 's height of popularity , consisted of Craig Montoya on bass guitar and Greg Eklund on drums . After the limited release of their independently released debut album , World of Noise , the band found success with their first three albums on Capitol Records : Sparkle and Fade , So Much for the Afterglow , and Songs from an American Movie Vol . One : Learning How to Smile , which were all certified platinum in sales . However , the following two albums Songs from an American Movie Vol . Two : Good Time for a Bad Attitude and Slow Motion Daydream , were not as well received , and as sales suffered , Montoya and Eklund left the band shortly after in 2003 .   After a brief stint of solo performances , Alexakis decided to push forward with the Everclear name , finding new musicians to perform with and releasing two more albums , Welcome to the Drama Club and Invisible Stars . Starting in 2012 , Alexakis has also started up a 1990s nostalgia tour , called the Summerland Tour , that occurs every summer with Everclear and other 1990s alternative rock bands . In April 2015 , the band released a ninth studio album entitled Black is the New Black .

neg: Marilyn Manson discography American industrial metal band Marilyn Manson has released nine studio albums , one live album , one compilation album , two EPs , twenty-four singles , nine promo singles , five DVDs , and thirty-four music videos .   After forming in 1989 and signing a contract with Nothing Records and Interscope in 1993 , the band released their first studio album , Portrait of an American Family ( 1994 ) . Although initially not a commercial success , the album would eventually be certified gold by the RIAA for shipments in excess of 500,000 copies . Spurred by their hit single -- a version of the Eurythmics 's `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' -- the band 's first EP , Smells Like Children ( 1995 ) , became a commercial success , selling over a million copies in the US alone . In 1996 , the band released their second studio album , Antichrist Superstar , which reached No. 3 on the Billboard 200 and has sold over 1.9 million copies in the US . The album went on to sell over 7 million copies worldwide , and was supported by the release of 1997 's Remix & Repent EP . Their third studio album , Mechanical Animals ( 1998 ) , was a commercial and critical success , reaching No. 1 on the Billboard 200 , as well topping the charts in as Australia and Canada . Mechanical Animals was later followed by their first live album , The Last Tour on Earth ( 1999 ) , which included the promotional single `` Astonishing Panorama of the Endtimes '' .   In 2000 , the band released Holy Wood ( In the Shadow of the Valley of Death ) , which managed to sell more than 9 million copies worldwide . Their fifth studio album , The Golden Age of Grotesque ( 2003 ) , was a modest commercial success in their native US , debuting at No. 1 with sales of 118,000 copies . As of November 2008 , the album has sold 526,000 copies in the US . In contrast , the album was , by far , Manson 's most successful internationally , peaking within the top five in most of the major European markets . Their sixth album , Eat Me , Drink Me , was released in 2007 and debuted at No. 8 on the Billboard 200 . The High End of Low ( 2009 ) , reached No. 4 on both the US and Canadian album charts , but was their last album released by Interscope . After signing a deal with Cooking Vinyl , the band released Born Villain in 2012 . Their ninth studio album , The Pale Emperor , was released on January 20 , 2015 , debuting at No. 8 in the US with their highest first week sales since Eat Me , Drink Me in 2007 .

neg: Humid Teenage Mediocrity 1992–1996 Humid Teenage Mediocrity 1992 -- 1996 was a release of material by Jack Off Jill . It was released on the label Sympathy for the Record Industry in the US , and Livewire/Cargo Records in Europe .   The album consists of early singles released on singer Jessicka 's Rectum Records label and demo versions of songs which later appeared on Sexless Demons and Scars , the band 's full-length debut album . Marilyn Manson is credited with production of 17 tracks , and contributes sleeve notes .

neg: Make Up Your Mind (Theory of a Deadman song) `` Make Up Your Mind '' is a song by Canadian rock group Theory of a Deadman . It was released in February 2003 as the second single from the band 's eponymous debut album . The song 's lyrics were written by the band 's lead singer Tyler Connolly and Nickelback 's frontman Chad Kroeger . The song was the first by the band to receive attention in the UK . The song was never actually released in the UK Singles Chart or the UK Rock Chart but received big attention on the Kerrang ! ( TV channel ) .

neg: Doppelherz Doppelherz ( or Doppleherz ) is a short , surrealist film by Marilyn Manson that runs for 26 minutes and was included on a Bonus DVD that came with some releases of Marilyn Manson 's fifth studio album , The Golden Age of Grotesque , released in 2003 .

neg: Queens of the Stone Age (album) Queens of the Stone Age is the debut album by American rock band Queens of the Stone Age , released in September 1998 by Loosegroove Records . It was primarily written and recorded by founding member Josh Homme and his former Kyuss bandmate Alfredo Hernández , with Hernández playing drums and Homme singing and playing the rest of the instrumentation as well as producing the album alongside Joe Barresi . By the time of the album 's release , bassist Nick Oliveri , also a former member of Kyuss , would join the band . Queens of the Stone Age received generally positive reviews from critics , who placed it in the stoner rock genre and drew comparisons to krautrock bands such as Can and Neu ! as well as to Kyuss and other metal bands .   In 2011 Homme reissued Queens of the Stone Age through his Rekords Rekords label , having it remastered and adding three additional tracks : two from the album 's recording sessions and one from two years earlier . The reissue also received a positive critical response , and was accompanied by a supporting concert tour .

neg: KMFDM KMFDM ( originally Kein Mehrheit Für Die Mitleid , `` loosely '' translated by the band as `` no pity for the majority '' ) is an industrial band led by German multi-instrumentalist Sascha Konietzko , who founded the group in 1984 as a performance art project .   The group 's earliest incarnation included German drummer En Esch and British vocalist Raymond Watts , the latter of whom left and rejoined the group several times over its history . The trio recorded the band 's earliest albums in Germany before Konietzko and Esch moved to the United States , where they found much greater success with seminal industrial record label Wax Trax ! . German guitarist Günter Schulz joined in 1990 ; both he and Esch continued with the band until KMFDM broke up in 1999 . Konietzko resurrected KMFDM in 2002 ( Esch and Schulz declined to rejoin ) on Metropolis Records , and by 2005 he had assembled a consistent line-up that included American singer Lucia Cifarelli , British guitarists Jules Hodgson and Steve White , and British drummer Andy Selway . Konietzko and Cifarelli moved back to Germany in 2007 , while the rest of the band stayed in the U.S. . In addition to these core members , dozens of other musicians have worked with the group across its nineteen studio albums and two dozen singles , with sales totaling in excess of two million records worldwide .   Critics consider KMFDM to be one of the first bands to bring industrial music to mainstream audiences , though Konietzko refers to the band 's music as `` The Ultra-Heavy Beat '' . The band incorporates heavy metal guitar riffs , electronic music , samples , and both male and female vocals in its music , which encompasses a variety of styles including industrial rock and electronic body music . The band is fiercely political , with many of its lyrics taking stands against violence , war , and oppression . KMFDM normally tours at least once after every major release , and band members are known for their accessibility to and interaction with fans , both online and at concerts . Members , singly or working together and with other musicians , have recorded under many other names , primarily Watts ' Pig , Konietzko 's Excessive Force , and Esch and Schulz 's Slick Idiot .

neg: Transplants (band) The Transplants are an American punk rock/rap rock supergroup . They formed in 1999 when Tim Armstrong ( of the bands Rancid and Operation Ivy ) played his friend and roadie Rob Aston some beats he had made using Pro Tools and asked Aston if he would consider contributing lyrics . Initially , Armstrong played all the instruments himself but as the project grew , he invited musician friends such as Matt Freeman ( Rancid ) , Lars Frederiksen ( Rancid ) , and Vic Ruggiero ( The Slackers ) to add to the sound . Before long , Armstrong and Aston decided to officially form a band , but to make things complete , they wanted a drummer , so Travis Barker from Blink-182 was asked to join in 2002 .   After the release of their first album , The Transplants briefly disbanded in 2003 , due to all members being involved in their own projects , including Rancid and Blink-182 . Then in 2004 , they reunited to record their second album ( Haunted Cities ) before going on hiatus again until 2010 when the band has started to record new material . This new material was released as In a Warzone in 2013 .