query: Brian Helgeland won an award.

pos: Brian Helgeland Brian Thomas Helgeland ( born January 17 , 1961 ) is an American screenwriter , film producer and director . He is most known for writing the screenplays for L.A. Confidential ( for which he received the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay ) , Mystic River , and A Nightmare on Elm Street 4 : The Dream Master . Helgeland also wrote and directed 42 ( 2013 ) , a biopic of Jackie Robinson , and Legend ( 2015 ) , about the rise and fall of the Kray twins .

neg: Dwarf Stars Award The Dwarf Stars Award is an annual award presented by the Science Fiction Poetry Association to the author of the best horror , fantasy , or science fiction poem of ten lines or fewer published in the previous year . The award was established in 2006 as a counterpoint to the Rhysling Award , which is given by the same organization to horror , fantasy , or science fiction poems of any length . Poems are submitted to the association by the poets , from which approximately 30 are chosen by an editor to be published in an anthology each fall . Members of the association then vote on the published poems , and first through third-place winners are announced . The 2006 anthology was edited by Deborah P. Kolodji , and subsequent anthologies have been edited by an array of editors , including Kolodji , Stephen M. Wilson , Joshua Gage , Geoffrey A. Landis , Linda D. Addison , Sandra J. Lindow , John Amen , Jeannine Hall Gailey , and Lesley Wheeler .   During the 11 nomination years , 35 poems by 25 poets have been selected as third place or better , including one three-way tie for second place in 2016 , of which 11 poets have won outright . Jane Yolen has been noted four times , a first and a third place and two second-place results ; Deborah P. Kolodji and Julie Bloss Kelsey have each received a first and a second place ; Greg Beatty a first and a third place ; Sonya Taaffe has received two second-place results ; and Ann K. Schwader has received two third-place results .

neg: Nordlysprisen Nordlysprisen ( established in 1989 ) is an annual award presented by the newspaper Nordlys during the opening concert at Nordlysfestivalen in Tromsø , Norway . Nordlysprisen is awarded a performing musician or composer , that through his work in Northern Norway has excelled at a high artistic level , and by this contributed to highlight the region 's musical life in a positive way . In 2013 the prize-winner was awarded 50 000 Norwegian kroner .

neg: Bodil Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role The Bodil Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role ( Bodilprisen for bedste mandlige hovedrolle ) is one of the merit categories presented annually by the Danish Film Critics Association at the Bodil Awards . Created in 1948 , it is one of the oldest film awards in Europe , and it honours the best performance by an actor in a leading role in a Danish produced film . The jury can decide not to hand out the award . This has happened five times , in 1952 , 1970 , 1976 , 1985 , and in 1986 .

neg: Barry Award (for comedy) The Barry Award is an annual prize presented to the most outstanding comedy act at the Melbourne International Comedy Festival . It has been awarded since 1998 , when it was introduced as the Stella Award , and was renamed in 2000 in honour of Barry Humphries , one of the festival 's founding patrons . The Barry is generally regarded as the most prestigious award of the festival , and the winner receives a trophy and cash  prize .

neg: Jerry Rice Award The Jerry Rice Award is awarded annually in the United States to the most outstanding freshman player in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) of college football as chosen by a nationwide panel of media and college sports information directors .   The trophy is named in honor of Jerry Rice the National Football League ( NFL ) hall of fame wide receiver , who starred at Mississippi Valley State University .

neg: John Brophy Award The John Brophy Award goes to the ECHL coach adjudged to have contributed the most to his team 's success as voted by the coaches of each of the ECHL teams . The John Brophy Award has been awarded to teams since 1989 . The award is named after John Brophy , who coached in the league for 13 seasons and won 575 regular and postseason games , an ECHL record . The award , founded in 1989 and originally named Coach Of The Year , was renamed in his honor in 2003 .   Bob Ferguson is the only multiple winner of the award , having won it in 1999 and 2000 .

neg: Grammy Award for Best Country Duo/Group Performance The Grammy Award for Best Country Duo/Group Performance is an award presented at the Grammy Awards , a ceremony that was established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards . It was first awarded in 2012 , after a major overhaul of Grammy Award categories .  The award combines the previous categories for Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal , Best Country Collaboration with Vocals and Best Country Instrumental Performance ( if the instrumental recording is performed by a duo or group ) . The restructuring of these categories was a result of the Recording Academy 's wish to decrease the list of categories and awards .   According to the 54th Grammy Awards description guide it is designed for duo/group or collaborative ( vocal or instrumental ) country recordings and is limited to singles or tracks only .

neg: Brian Manning Delaney Brian Manning Delaney ( born 1965 in California ) is a philosopher , author , and translator , based primarily in Stockholm , Sweden . His ventures include English Proper , a translation company ; The Infinite Faculty , an online university , web design firm , and rock band ; and Die Grosse Liebe , an exhibition and film based on the principle that love is `` a powerful force '' ( he and his collaborator , Åsa Elzén , embarked on a world tour in 2003-04 to visit former lovers on several continents ) .   Delaney is also one of the founding members of the Swedish Hegel Society ( Svenska Hegelsällskapet ) , and is on the editorial board of Site Magazine . His articles for Site have focused on German philosophy as well as on European attitudes towards the U.S.   His and Sven-Olov ( `` Walle '' ) Wallenstein 's Swedish translation of Hegel 's Phänomenologie des Geistes ( in Swedish : Andens Fenomenologi ) was published in September , 2008 . His translation of Den andra födan ( English : As a Weasel Sucks Eggs ) , by Daniel Birnbaum and Anders Olsson , was published by Sternberg Press in October , 2008 .   In April 2009 , the Swedish Academy awarded him a special honor for his work on the translation of the Phenomenology of Spirit .   His earliest research was in artificial intelligence , working first with Paul Cohen at the University of Massachusetts , then as an undergraduate with Eugene Charniak at Brown University .

neg: Bob McFarland For the National Security Advisor under U.S. President Ronald W. Reagan , see Robert McFarlane .   Millard Robert `` Bob '' McFarland ( born June 12 , 1941 ) , is an attorney and lobbyist in Arlington and Austin , Texas , who served from 1983 to 1991 as a Republican member of the Texas State Senate from District 10 , then parts of Dallas , Denton , and Tarrant counties . From 1977 to 1983 , McFarland served in the Texas House of Representatives from the former districts 32-B and 32-D in Tarrant County .   In 1959 , McFarland graduated from Arlington High School . He received a Bachelor of Business Administration degree from the University of Texas at Arlington . He then procured his Juris Doctor from Southern Methodist University School of Law , since known as the Dedman School of Law . McFarland was admitted to the bar in 1966 . McFarland was cited for achievement in the publication Texas Business . In 1981 , he received the G. J. Sutton Memorial Leadership Award and was named `` Legislator of the Year '' by the Texas Municipal League . In civic affairs , McFarland is a former director of the Tarrant County Humane Society and the Arlington Civic Chorus . He is Roman Catholic .   In 1979 , 1981 , 1983 and 1985 , McFarland was ranked among the `` Ten Best Legislators '' from both chambers by Texas Monthly magazine . In 1989 , McFarland was one of five senators to serve as the President Pro Tempore , having succeeded his regional colleague , Hugh Q. Parmer in that position .   In 1986 , McFarland objected when the Texas Select Committee on Higher Education , a group appointed by Governor Mark Wells White to consider streamlining of the state 's colleges and universities , proposed that the University of Texas at Arlington be re-defined as a `` comprehensive university , '' with an emphasis on teaching , instead of research . Many UTA faculty and students believed that the change would have eliminated doctoral programs at the institution . McFarland , a UTA `` Distinguished Alumnus '' , declared the select committee recommendation `` an over-my-dead-body situation . '' Soon political support was manifested throughout Arlington and Tarrant County . The mission of UTA was clarified to include `` achieving excellence in all academic areas -- teaching , research , and public service . '' McFarland said the controversy brought hundreds of letters and telephone calls and showed him that `` there are people out there willing to get involved and support UTA . '' Then State Representative Kent Grusendorf , also of Arlington , joined McFarland in rallying to the defense of their common alma mater .   As a two-term departing state representative , McFarland succeeded Senator William C. Meier , a Democrat from Euless in Tarrant County who switched to Republican affiliation and ran unsuccessfully in 1982 against U.S. Representative Jim Mattox for Attorney General of Texas . Mark White vacated the attorney 's general office after one term to challenge , successfully , Republican Governor Bill Clements . In 1991 , McFarland was succeeded in the Senate by Chris Harris , also of Arlington , who subsequently was shifted into neighboring District 9 .   Bob McFarland Park , part of which is heavily wooded , is operated at 410 East Embercrest Drive by the Arlington Parks and Recreation Department and named in his honor .

neg: 66th Bodil Awards The 66th Bodil Awards were held on 16 March 2013 in the Bremen Theater in Copenhagen , Denmark , honouring the best national and foreign films of 2012 . A Hijacking won the award for Best Danish Film . Generally the awards were distributed among many films this year .   Bent Fabricius-Bjerre received a Bodil Honorary Award for his work in film music , scoring more than 100 films throughout his career .

neg: Buffalo Niagara Film Festival The Buffalo Niagara Film Festival is a film festival in the United States held in Buffalo , New York which showcases over 35 films annually .  The inaugural festival was held March 26-21 , 2007 . The festival is held in the Riviera Theatre in North Tonawanda , New York .   Established in 2007 , the festival features independent films from the USA and worldwide with a special category for Western New York filmmakers . The program includes feature films , student films , short films , music videos and animated films . The event is produced by Captures Entetertainment .   The 2015 event took place from April 10 until April 18 .   In addition to film screenings , industry leaders and others will present seminars and panel discussions on topics of interest to filmmakers , screenwriters , and entertainment industry professionals . Opening and Closing Night Galas , Filmmaker Receptions , and a Festival Expo featuring products and services from BNFF Sponsors and others are held during the festival . A Film Market is held during Festival Week , to provide filmmakers , distributors , and buyers the opportunity to network , and conduct business .   The festival presents the following awards :   JURY AWARDS   Best Feature Film , Best Animation Film , Best Student Film , Best Screenplay , Best Short Film , Best Documentary Film , Most Promising Director , The Falls Award -- For Best West NY Film .   AUDIENCE AWARDS   Best Feature Film , Best Animation Film , Best Documentary Film , Best Music Video , Best Short Film , Best Student Film , Best West NY Film   GENRE AWARDS   Best Drama , Best Thriller , Best Docudrama , Best Action/Adventure , Best Comedy , Best Original Concept   In 2011 , Jeffrey W. Pike 's Love and Defiance received the award for Best Screenplay in Short film .

neg: Bodil Special Award The Bodil Special Award ( Sær-Bodil , Special Bodil ) is one of the awards at the annual Bodil Awards presented by the Danish Film Critics Association . While the Bodil Awards as such were established in 1948 , the Special Award was first presented in 2008 , and has been given annually to a person or an organization who has done something special for Danish cinema .

neg: Houston Film Critics Society Awards 2010 The 4th Houston Film Critics Society Awards were presented on December 18 , 2010 . These awards for `` extraordinary accomplishment in film '' are presented annually by the Houston Film Critics Society ( HFCS ) based in Houston , Texas . The organization , founded in 2007 , includes 22 film critics for print , radio , television , and internet publications in the greater Houston area . The awards are co-sponsored by the Houston Film Commission , Southwest Alternate Media Project , Women in Film and Television/Houston , WorldFest , and the Houston Cinema Arts Society .   The nominations for the 2010 awards were announced on December 12 , 2010 . Eligible films do not need to have played or opened in a Houston film theater prior to the nomination deadline , merely made available to the HFCS membership at a screening or on DVD . Along with the 13 `` best of '' category awards , this year also saw the introduction of a new category for `` Worst Movies of the Year '' . The Social Network , True Grit , and 127 Hours each received six nominations , all including the Best Picture , Actor , Direction , and Original Score categories .   The Social Network was the HFCS 's most awarded film of 2010 taking top honors in the Best Picture , Best Director ( David Fincher ) , Best Actor ( Jesse Eisenberg ) , and Best Screenplay ( Aaron Sorkin ) categories . Inception was the only other film to garner multiple awards , winning both the Best Original Score ( Hans Zimmer ) and Best Cinematography ( Wally Pfister ) prizes . The other acting awards went to Natalie Portman as Best Actress for Black Swan , Hailee Steinfeld as Best Supporting Actress for True Grit , and Christian Bale as Best Supporting Actor for The Fighter . The remaining film honors went to Toy Story 3 as Best Animated Film , Restrepo as Best Documentary , and The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo as Best Foreign Language Film . `` We Are Sex Bob-Omb '' by Beck from Scott Pilgrim vs. the World was named the Best Original Song . The HFCS 's first-ever award for `` Worst Picture '' was given to Jonah Hex starring Josh Brolin .   In addition to the category awards , the HFCS presented their annual Lifetime Achievement Award to Sissy Spacek and its Humanitarian Award to George Clooney . Clooney was selected for `` selflessly using his celebrity for greater good '' . The HFCS award for Outstanding Achievement in Cinema awards were presented to Charles Dove , director of the Rice University Media Center , and Hector Luna , the founder and editor of C-47 Houston .

neg: International Editor of the Year Award International Editor of the Year Award is a prize awarded yearly to journalists and press editors outside the United states by World Press Review ( Worldpress.org ) magazine .   The award has been presented by World Press Review Since 1975 to an editor or editors outside the United States whose work , according to the magazine `` best exemplifies the principles of journalism . ''   According to Worldpress.org editorial , the award is granted to journalists `` in recognition of enterprise , courage and leadership in advancing the freedom and responsibility of the press , enhancing human rights and fostering excellence in journalism . ''

neg: Brian Hill (director) Brian Hill is an award winning British director of television programs and films . He is managing director of Century Films , a London-based independent film and television company .   Hill won the British Academy of Film and Television Arts award for New Director Fiction for the film Falling Apart in 2002 . He was nominated for the Best New Writer award for the film Bella & the Boys in 2005 .

neg: Carbuncle Awards The Carbuncle Awards are architecture prizes , given by the Scottish magazine Urban Realm , formerly Prospect , presented to buildings and areas in Scotland intermittently since 2000 .   They were established following a discussion about why policy initiatives to improve the quality of the built environment seemed to be having so little impact beyond the centres of Scotland 's key cities .   The name of the awards is derived from a comment by Prince Charles , an outspoken critic of modern architecture , who in 1984 described Ahrends Burton Koralek 's proposed extension of London 's National Gallery as a `` monstrous carbuncle on the face of a much-loved and elegant friend '' .   There are three award categories :  Plook on the Plinth Award `` for the most dismal town in Scotland '' . A ` plook ' is a Scottish noun for pimple .  The Pock Mark Award `` for the worst planning decision '' .  The Zit Building Award `` for the worst building completed since the last awards '' .   Public nominations are made via the magazine 's website , with a small group of critics selecting the final winners .   Cumbernauld in Lanarkshire has won the Plook on the Plinth Award twice and is the town most frequently nominated for the award .   The Carbuncle Awards inspired the Carbuncle Cup , another architecture prize launched in 2006 and given annually by Building Design magazine to `` the ugliest building in the United Kingdom completed in the last 12 months . '' The latter has gone on to achieve somewhat greater prominence in the media .

neg: New Zealand Music Award for Breakthrough Artist of the Year Breakthrough Artist of the Year is a New Zealand Music Award that honours New Zealand music artists for outstanding recordings . Artists who have previously been nominated for a New Zealand Music Award ( excluding Critics ' Choice Prize and technical awards ) or has had a previous album reach the top 20 of the Official New Zealand Music Chart are ineligible . The award was first awarded in 1973 as Best New Artist .

neg: Billy T Award The Billy T Award is a New Zealand comedy award recognizing up-and-coming New Zealand comedians with outstanding potential . It has been presented annually since its inception in 1997 when Cal Wilson and Ewen Gilmour shared the award . The Billy T was shared between two comedians until 2001 when it became a solo award .   The awards are an initiative of the New Zealand Comedy Trust to ` foster and encourage outstanding New Zealand talent . '

neg: Bodil Award for Best Non-American Film The Bodil Award for Best Non-American Film is one of the categories for the Bodil Awards presented annually by the Danish Union of Film Critics ( Danish : Filmedarbejderforeningen ) . It was created in 1948 and is one of the oldest film prizes in Europe . This category was called `` Best European Film '' until 2001 , when it became the `` Best Non-American Film '' .

neg: Grammy Award for Video of the Year The Grammy Award for Video of the Year was an honor presented to recording artists at the 24th Grammy Awards in 1982 and the 25th Grammy Awards in 1983 for music videos . The Grammy Awards , an annual ceremony that was established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards , are presented by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States to `` honor artistic achievement , technical proficiency and overall excellence in the recording industry , without regard to album sales or chart position '' .   First presented in 1982 to Michael Nesmith for Elephant Parts , the award was reserved for quality `` video cassettes or discs in any format created specifically for the home video market '' . In 1983 , Olivia Newton-John was presented the award for Olivia Physical . Beginning with the 1984 Grammy Awards , the Video of the Year award category was replaced with the categories Best Video , Short Form and Best Video Album ( now known as Best Music Video and Best Music Film , respectively ) .


query: De Profundis was written during an imprisonment.

pos: De Profundis (letter) De Profundis ( Latin : `` from the depths '' ) is a letter written by Oscar Wilde during his imprisonment in Reading Gaol , to `` Bosie '' ( Lord Alfred Douglas ) .   In its first half Wilde recounts their previous relationship and extravagant lifestyle which eventually led to Wilde 's conviction and imprisonment for gross indecency . He indicts both Lord Alfred 's vanity and his own weakness in acceding to those wishes . In the second half , Wilde charts his spiritual development in prison and identification with Jesus Christ , whom he characterises as a romantic , individualist artist . The letter began `` Dear Bosie '' and ended `` Your Affectionate Friend '' .   Wilde wrote the letter between January and March 1897 , close to the end of his imprisonment . Contact had lapsed between Douglas and Wilde and the latter had suffered from his close supervision , physical labour and emotional isolation . Nelson , the new prison governor , thought that writing might be more cathartic than prison labour . He was not allowed to send the long letter which he was allowed to write `` for medicinal purposes '' ; each page was taken away when completed , and only at the end could he read it over and make revisions . Nelson gave the long letter to him on his release on 18 May 1897 .   Wilde entrusted the manuscript to the journalist Robert Ross ( another former lover , loyal friend and rival to `` Bosie '' ) . Ross published the letter in 1905 , five years after Wilde 's death , giving it the title `` De Profundis '' from Psalm 130 . It was an incomplete version , excised of its autobiographical elements and references to the Queensberry family ; various editions gave more text until in 1962 the complete and correct version appeared in a volume of Wilde 's letters .

neg: Bloody Assizes The Bloody Assizes were a series of trials started at Winchester on 25 August 1685 in the aftermath of the Battle of Sedgemoor , which ended the Monmouth Rebellion in England .   There were five judges -- Sir William Montague ( Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer ) , Sir Robert Wright , Sir Francis Wythens , ( Justice of the King 's Bench ) , Sir Creswell Levinz ( Justice of the Common Pleas ) and Sir Henry Pollexfen , led by Lord Chief Justice George Jeffreys .   Over 1,000 rebels were in prison awaiting the trials , which started in Winchester on 26 August . The first notable trial was that of an elderly gentlewoman named Dame Alice Lyle . The jury reluctantly found her guilty , and , the law recognising no distinction between principals and accessories in treason , she was sentenced to be burned . This was commuted to beheading , with the sentence being carried out in Winchester market-place on 2 September 1685 .   From Winchester the court proceeded through the West Country to Salisbury , Dorchester and on to Taunton , before finishing up at Wells on 23 September . More than 1,400 prisoners were dealt with and although most were sentenced to death , fewer than 300 were hanged or hanged , drawn and quartered . The Taunton Assize took place in the Great Hall of Taunton Castle ( now the home of the Museum of Somerset ) . Of more than 500 prisoners brought before the court on the 18/19 September , 144 were hanged and their remains displayed around the county to ensure people understood the fate of those who rebelled against the king .   Some 800 -- 850 men were transported to the West Indies where they were worth more alive than dead as a source of cheap labour . ( The novel Captain Blood , and the later movies based on it , graphically portray this punishment . ) Others were imprisoned to await further trial , although many did not live long enough , succumbing to ` Gaol Fever ' ( typhus ) , which was rife in the unsanitary conditions common to most English gaols at that time . A woman named Elizabeth Gaunt had the gruesome distinction of being the last woman burnt alive in England for political crimes .   Jeffreys returned to London after the Assizes to report to King James , who rewarded him by making him Lord Chancellor ( at the age of only 40 ) , ` For the many eminent and faithful services to the Crown ' . Jeffreys became known as `` the hanging judge '' .   After the Glorious Revolution , Jeffreys was incarcerated in the Tower of London , where he died in 1689 . His death was probably due to his chronic medical history of kidney and bladder stones leading to an acute infection , kidney failure and possibly toxaemia .   Writing as recently as 1929 , Sir John C. Fox said : Even to the present day , the mothers of West Somerset control their unruly offspring by threatening to send for ` Judge Jeffreys ' .

neg: Sentencing in England and Wales Sentencing in England and Wales refers to a bench of magistrates or district judge in a Magistrate 's Court or a judge in a Crown Court passing sentence on a person found guilty of a criminal offence . In deciding the sentence , the court will take into account a number of factors : the type of offence and how serious it is , the timing of any plea of guilty , the defendant 's character and antecedents , including his/her criminal record and the defendant 's personal circumstances such as their financial circumstances in the case of a fine being imposed .   In England and Wales , the types of sentence that may be imposed for a particular offence are specified by statute . There are four main types of sentence : discharges , fines , community sentences and custodial ( or prison ) sentences . If a court convicts a defendant but decides not to impose any punishment , he/she is discharged conditionally or absolutely . Discharges may be ordered for any offence where the penalty is not fixed by law , although in practice they are used in the least serious offences . Fines are the most common sentence , with the maximum fine in the magistrates ' court being # 5,000 for each offence .   For offences considered to be `` serious enough '' , a range of community sentences is available to the court . Community sentences place ` requirements ' on the offender - things they must do , or not do , in the community . Requirements can include : doing unpaid work , getting treatment for an addiction ( for example drugs ) , or preventing a defendant from going to a specific place or area . For those offences considered so serious that a non custodial sentence can not be justified , a prison sentence may be imposed , either immediate or suspended . The maximum prison sentence in the magistrates ' court is six months ( which may be imposed consecutively up to 12 months for two triable either-way offences ) . There is also a range of ancillary sentences available to the courts , such as compensation orders , costs , restraining orders and disqualification orders , depending on the type of offence .   For the most serious offences such as murder , the sentence is fixed as life . Some offences carry minimum sentences , for example , certain firearms offences , `` three strikes and you 're out '' burglaries , using someone to mind a weapon , or those committed by dangerous offenders . There are different sentencing provisions for offenders aged ten to seventeen years old , and some modified provisions for those in the 18-20 age range .

neg: History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance This article gives a historical overview of Christian positions on Persecution of Christians , persecutions by Christians , religious persecution and toleration . Christian theologians like Augustine of Hippo and Thomas Aquinas legitimized religious persecution to various extents , and during the Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages , Christians considered heresy and dissent to be punishable offences . However , Early modern Europe witnessed the turning point in the history of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance . Christian writers like John Milton and John Locke argued for limited religious toleration , and later secular authors like Thomas Jefferson developed the concept of religious freedom . Christians nowadays generally accept that heresy and dissent are not punishable by a civil authority . Many Christians `` look back on the centuries of persecution with a mixture of revulsion and incomprehension . ''

neg: Impensiore Caritate Impensiore Caritate ( October 28 , 1951 ) , is an Apostolic Letter of Pope Pius XII to the persecuted bishops , priests , and faithful of Czechoslovakia .   `` With deepest love and affection '' Pope Pius writes to those , who face trials and suffering because of heir faithfulness to the Church . He is fully aware of their suffering . The Pope continues that Catholic religion is in a position , to unify the country , further its peace and justice , deepen mutual respect and love , guarantee human rights and contribute to its cultural development . But , robbed of its legal rights and freedoms , she can not fulfil her public and private missions to individuals , families and the general welfare of society .  We know only too well , that some of your bishops are imprisoned , in concentration camps , arrested in their own homes , or completely surveillanced , and thus unable to carry out their proper missions . In the same miserable condition are hundreds and hundreds of priests , male and female religious , and a large number of lay people , who are seen as enemies of the State .   All they do is to lead a Christian life , an honourable thing to do . Nobody can claim , that Catholics are less perfect or loyal citizen , since there is no imposition from faith , which would limit love and obedience to country . The Pope is mostly concerned with the cunning ways of seducing the young . The damage could be enormous over time . He is also concerned that the Pope is described as an enemy of the people , accused of starting another war , although , he , the Pope works endlessly for peace and reconciliation . Attempts are made in Czechoslovakia , to create a peace-loving renegade Church , separate from Rome .   Faced will all these difficulties , Pope Pius urges his readers to be courageous . These are not he first trials for the faithful in heir long history . But their forefathers remained faithful to the Church even in the most trying of times .   They may take your freedom , mistreat you , despise you publicly , throw you in jail , they may even kill you , but hey can never take the Catholic faith from your hearts or besmirch your conscience . They may turn you into martyrs but they can never turn you into traitors of your Christian faith   Pope Pius reviews the great Czechoslovakian saints as shining examples of faith and loyalty , the Saints , Saint Adalbert , Saints Cyril and Saint Methodius , and Saint Wenceslas . He asks for prayers for their intercessions and to the Virgin Mary . May all these prayers give back the full freedom of religion , a freedom which the Church uses to further understanding and progress . May all those now in concentration camps , be allowed to return to their homes and families . May freedom and inner peace and justice return to the whole nation . He , the Pope suffers with them every day . But these trials and pains are accepted by God our Father , who transforms them into a large stream of abundant blessings . The letter closes with the Apostolic blessings to all especially those who suffer persecution for justice .

neg: Lex Junia Norbana In Roman Law , Lex Iunia Norbana of 19 AD classified all freedmen into two classes according to their mode of enfranchisement : enfranchised citizens , ( freedmen who enjoyed Roman citizenship ) and enfranchised Latini ( freedmen who had only Latin rights ) . Braund , D. , Augustus to Nero ( Routledge Revivals ) : A Sourcebook on Roman History , 31 BC-AD 68 ( 2015 ) , -LSB- 710 -RSB- Freedmen would be granted only Latin rights if the manumission of the slave failed to meet any of the conditions set out by the lex Aelia Sextia of 4 AD for it to confer Roman citizenship . This provided that for the freedman to acquire Roman citizenship a slave had to be manumitted at the age of 30 or older , the owner had to have quiritary ownership and the ceremony had to be public . For slaves under the age of thirty , the manumission had to be approved by a special council . The manumission of slaved who had been enslaved because of crimes would raise them only to the position of dedititii ( war captives ) . ^ Thus , the Lex Iunia Norbana made the slaves who were not eligible for Roman citizens as per the lex Aelia Sextia enfranchised Latins . The law retained the dedititii . A clause of the law `` took away from these Latini Juniani , as they were called , the capacity of making a testament , taking under a testament , and being appointed tutores by a testament . ''   The Institutes , which were part of the Corpus Juris Civilis ( Body of Civil Law ) commissioned by Justinian I in the sixth century , recorded that in previous times there were three form of freedmen : those who became Roman citizens , those who acquired inferior freedom as Latins as per the Lex Junia Norbana and those who obtained still less freedom as dedititii as per the Lex Aelia Sentia . This last status had decayed and the Latini had become rare by then . The Institutes also noted that two edicts corrected this situation . One abolished the dedititii and the other `` rendered all freedmen Roman citizens without making any distinction with reference to age , the mode of manumission , or the authority of the manumitting party , as was formerly the practice . ''

neg: Proculus (jurist) Proculus was the name of an ancient Roman jurist who founded a distinctive tradition for the interpretation of Roman law . His followers were known as the `` Proculiani '' , or Proculeans , after him .   The full name and identity of Proculus is not known . He apparently wrote at least eight books of legal Epistles . Passages from his writings are repeatedly cited in legal digests , where his opinion is given in matters of dispute . Proculus appears to have developed the interpretations of the earlier jurist Marcus Antistius Labeo , on whose work he is said to have written a commentary .   Though Proculus did not always agree with Labeo , the two were usually paired in contrast with an alternative tradition identified with Ateius Capito and Masurius Sabinus , who founded the rival Sabinian school of interpretation , which was typically more conservative and rigid . The most famous topic of disagreement concerned the possession of materials used to make something . Sabinus held that if an artist created a valuable painting or sculpture on wood of little value owned by another person , the original owner of the wood still held legal possession , while Proculus argued that the form is more important than the material substance and therefore the artist owned it as he had made something new . This debate was later commented on by David Hume and Adam Smith .   Proculus appears to have lived during the late Julio-Claudian period , and is said to have practiced law under Nero . He may be identical to the Licinius Proculus , who was Praetorian Prefect in the reign of Otho .

neg: Great Gospel of John The Great Gospel of John ( in the original German published as Das große Evangelium Johannis or Großes Evangelium Johannes ) is a neo-revelationist text by Jakob Lorber , extending to about 5,500 pages in print , published in ten volumes . It is the major work of Lorber 's `` New Revelation '' based on interior locution . It was written in Austria , in the town Graz , from August 1851 until July 1864 .   Leopold Engel in 1891 wrote an addendum in an `` 11th volume '' , purportedly also based on interior locution . Supporters of the authenticity of Lorber 's revelation are divided as to the authenticity of Engel 's .   The Great Gospel is a detailed first-person narrative of Jesus ' last three years of ministry on Earth . It is a day by day account of his miracles , healings , and conversations . It is built on the same structure of the original Gospel of John . Love and works of love are emphasised .   Whereas some of the chapters in the biblical book of John are not covered at all , other sections are added and in much detail . Pharisees are for example revealed to be extremely dangerous , continually plotting against Jesus even though he often forgave them ; at one point , a Pharisaical plot to steal from the Romans is revealed , and at their trial Jesus , whose reputation for keen wisdom is known to the Romans by this time , is consulted . The Roman centurion is willing to execute the Pharisees because of their attempt to bribe him , yet Jesus says to let them go , after dividing their plunder : one third to Rome , one-third to the centurion 's local needs , and one-third to the poor people of the nearby communities , some of whose children had been kidnapped by the Pharisees , to be sold as slaves .

neg: Hobbes–Wallis controversy The Hobbes -- Wallis controversy was a polemic debate that continued from the mid-1650s well into the 1670s , between the philosopher Thomas Hobbes and the mathematician John Wallis . It was sparked by De corpore , a philosophical work by Hobbes in the general area of physics . The book contained not only a theory of mathematics subordinating it to geometry and geometry to kinematics , but a claimed proof of the squaring of the circle by Hobbes . While Hobbes retracted this particular proof , he returned to the topic with other attempted proofs . A pamphleteering exchange continued for decades . It drew in the newly formed Royal Society , and its experimental philosophy , to which Hobbes was ( on principle ) opposed .   The sustained nature of the exchanges can be attributed to several strands of the intellectual situation of the time . In mathematics there were open issues , namely the priority ( pedagogic , or theoretical ) to be assigned to geometry and algebra ; and the status of algebra itself , which ( from an English standpoint ) had been pulled together by the text of William Oughtred , as more than a collection of symbolic abbreviations . Socially , the formation of the group of Royal Society members , and the status of the publication Philosophical Transactions , was brought to a point as the quarrel proceeded , with Hobbes playing the outsider versus the self-selecting guild .   Hobbes was an easy target , on the ground chosen by Wallis . The failure of his attempts to solve the impossible problems he set himself were inevitable , but he neither backed down completely , nor applied adequate self-criticism . And on the level of character , Wallis was as intransigent as Hobbes was dogmatic , and this inflicted damage on both of their reputations . Quentin Skinner writes : `` There is no doubt that at the personal level Wallis behaved badly ( as was widely conceded at the time ) . ''   Part of the significance of the controversy is that Hobbes felt that , in the later stages , the Royal Society was in some way complicit in the attacks from Wallis , despite the fact that he had many friends as Fellows in it . This attitude presented one of the obstacles to Hobbes himself becoming a member , though not the only one .

neg: Death row Death row is a special section of a prison in the United States that houses inmates who are awaiting execution after being sentenced to death for the conviction of a capital crime . The US is the only Western country that still applies the death penalty for capital crimes . Thirty-one of its 50 states and the federal government authorize this penalty . But by 2016 , sixteen of these states and the federal government had a formal or `` de facto '' moratorium , due in large part to questions about the death penalty itself or the use of lethal injection as a method of execution .   `` Death row '' is a term also used figuratively to describe the state of awaiting execution ( `` being on death row '' ) , even in places where no special facility or separate unit for condemned inmates exists . After a person is found guilty of a capital offense , the judge will give the jury the option of imposing a death sentence or life imprisonment without the possibility of parole ( LWOP ) . It is up to a jury to decide whether to give the death sentence ; this usually has to be a unanimous decision . If sentenced to death , a convict will remain on death row during appeal and habeas corpus procedures , which can take years . Since 1973 and later , with an increasing number of persons being freed since 1993 , some 157 persons as of January 2017 have been exonerated on appeal and released from death row . Wrongful convictions have been proven based on DNA evidence , informants retracting testimony or being proven false , prosecutorial misconduct , racial bias in jury selection , and other constitutional issues .

neg: Homicide in Spain Homicide , according to the Spanish Criminal Code 1995 is a crime which contravenes the legal right to `` independent human life '' . It is found in article 138 which states : `` He who kills another will be punished , as a defendant of homicide , with a prison sentence of ten to fifteen years '' .   The main legal concept in article 138 is bad faith . It may be present in any form , whether direct or indirect . The active subject ( he who kills ) as well as the passive subject ( he who is killed ) are universal , meaning that either can be any person , regardless of the circumstances .   Homicide committed by grave recklessness is covered in article 142 , which includes both reckless homicide by weapons or motor vehicles and homicide caused by professional recklessness . It states :   `` 1 . He who by grave recklessness causes the death of another will be punished , as a defendant of reckless homicide , with a prison sentence of one to four years .   2 . When the reckless homicide is committed using a motor vehicle , a motorcycle or a firearm , the defendant will also be deprived of his right to drive motor vehicles or motorcycles or the right to possess and carry arms for one to six years .   3 . When the homicide is committed by professional recklessness , the defendant will also be prohibited from exercising his profession or office for a period of three to six years . ''   Homicide by minor recklessness is covered in article 621.2 of the Criminal Code :  `` 2 . Those who by minor recklessness cause the death of another person will be punished with a fine of one to two months '' .   It is necessary to indicate that in Spanish law , involuntary homicide is not regulated ; in the majority of cases the law that will be applied will be somewhere between homicide and the criminal concept which is involved .   Other specific concepts , such as parricide and uxoricide also do not exist , since in Spanish criminal law the punishment is founded in the violation of the legal right and not the fact of killing one particular person or another . For these cases , the circumstances of kinship , found in article 23 , could be used as aggravating .

neg: Jean de Coras Jean de Coras , also called Corasius ( 1515 -- 1572 ) was a French jurist .   Born in Réalmont as the son of a notary , he studied law in Toulouse , Cahors , Orléans and perhaps also in other cities , under teachers such as Franciscus Curtis junior and Marianus Socinus junior . After his 1535 promotion in Padua by Filippo Decio , he taught law at the University of Toulouse starting in 1536 , in Valence ( 1545 ) and in Ferrara ( 1550 ) , where he became one of the most popular professors of the time .   In 1552 , De Coras became a member of the Toulouse parlement and participated in the famous trial of Martin Guerre , of which he wrote the best-known record , Arrest Memorable du parlement de Tolose ( 1560 ) . In 1562 , having converted to Protestantism , he failed in an attempt to open Toulouse to the Calvinists , but was rehabilitated on account of his connections to the royal court . Even so , De Coras later assisted in organising the Protestant unrests that culminated in the first French War of Religion . He was convicted and sentenced to death for having served the Prince of Condé in 1568 , and was murdered in prison following the St. Bartholomew 's Day massacre in 1572 .   Together with scholars such as Baron , Dumoulin , Connan and Douaren , De Coras was part of the generation of jurists that established humanist jurisprudence in France . His principal contributions to legal scholarship were his attempts to uncover dogmatic contexts beyond the mere exegesis of Roman law , and his contributions to constitutional law that influenced Jean Bodin .   His works include various commentaries on the Pandects , a number of dogmatic papers on various topics , the discourse De iuris arte libellus ( 1560 ) and a compilation of legal cases , Centuria memorabilium Curiae Tholosane ( 1599 ) .   The poet Jacques de Coras was his grandson .

neg: Reclusión perpetua Reclusión perpetua ( Spanish , from reclusio perpetua , meaning `` permanent imprisonment '' ) is a particular kind of sentence of   In the Philippines , it is one of two sentences ( the other being life imprisonment ) designed to replace the death penalty and is in legal parlance near-synonymous with life imprisonment . However , there are several important distinctions between the two terms :   Reclusión perpetua is prescribed on crimes punishable by the Revised Penal Code , while life imprisonment is imposed on offenses punishable by Special Laws .  Reclusión perpetua carries the accessory penalty in which , as defined by Philippine Law , guilty parties suffer lifetime barring from holding political office . Life imprisonment does not carry this penalty .  Unlike life imprisonment , the length of a sentence for reclusión perpetua is indivisible penalty fixed at 40 years and can not be altered during sentencing .  Reclusión perpetua does not allow pardon or parole until after the first 30 years of the sentence have been served ; after 40 years without pardon or parole , the sentence ends . Life imprisonment does not have any definite extent or duration of imprisonment , and prisoners serving life imprisonment can have parole at any time .

neg: Forced confession A forced confession is a confession obtained by a suspect or a prisoner under means of torture ( including enhanced interrogation techniques ) or other forms of duress . Depending on the level of coercion used , a forced confession is not valid in revealing the truth . The person being interrogated may agree to the story presented to him or even make up falsehoods himself in order to satisfy the interrogator and discontinue his suffering .   For centuries the Latin phrase `` Confessio est regina probationum '' ( In English : Confession is the Queen of evidence ) justified the use of forced confession in the European legal system . When especially during the Middle Ages acquiring a confession was the most important thing during preparations before a trial , than the method used to get the confession seemed irrelevant , de facto sanctioning the use of torture to extract forced confession .   By the late 18th century , most scholars and lawyers thought of the forced confession not only as a relic of past times and morally wrong but also ineffective as the victim of torture may confess to anything just to ease his suffering .   Developments in the 20th century , notably the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , greatly reduced the legal acceptance of forced confessions . However , for most of legal history they have been accepted in most of the world , and are still accepted in some jurisdictions .

neg: Apostolic Penitentiary The Apostolic Penitentiary , formerly called the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Penitentiary , is one of the three tribunals of the Roman Curia . The Apostolic Penitentiary is chiefly a tribunal of mercy , responsible for issues relating to the forgiveness of sins in the Catholic Church .   The Apostolic Penitentiary has jurisdiction only over matters in the internal forum . Its work falls mainly into these categories :  the absolution of excommunications latæ sententiæ reserved to the Holy See ,  the dispensation of sacramental impediments reserved to the Holy See , and  the issuance and governance of indulgences .   The head of the Apostolic Penitentiary , the Major Penitentiary , is one of the few Vatican officials who retain their positions sede vacante . If the Major Penitentiary is a Cardinal Elector he is one of only three persons in the conclave allowed to communicate with those outside the conclave , so that he can continue to fulfill his duties ( the other two being the Cardinal Vicar of Rome and the Vicar General for the Vatican City State ) . The Major Penitentiary is a Titular Archbishop and is normally a Cardinal . Since 21 September 2013 , the Major Penitentiary is Cardinal Mauro Piacenza . The second-highest-ranking official in the Apostolic Penitentiary , the Regent , is ( since 26 June 2012 ) H.E.Msgr . Krzysztof Józef Nykiel .   When Pope Francis , with the Papal Bull Misericordiae Vultus ( Latin : `` The Face of Mercy '' ) decreed that from the Solemnity of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary ( a Holy Day of Obligation ) on Tuesday , December 8 , 2015 , until the Solemnity of the Feast of Christ the King of the Universe on the last Sunday before Advent , in November 2016 , the Church would observe a Special Jubilee Year of Mercy , he said he would let certain qualified priests ( likely somewhat experienced ones , presumably with knowledge of canon law and confession ) serve as `` Missionaries of Mercy '' to each Diocese , with the faculties to absolve even sins that are reserved to the Holy See through the Apostolic Penitentiary . Normally , a priest or even a bishop would not be able to do this unless the person was in danger of imminent death . The Pope has the power , as the earthly absolute sovereign of the Catholic Church , to make this special change for the year .

neg: Habeas corpus Habeas corpus ( -LSB- ˈheɪbiəs_ˈkɔrpəs -RSB- Medieval Latin meaning literally `` that you have the body '' ) is a recourse in law through which a person can report an unlawful detention or imprisonment to a court and request that the court order the custodian of the person , usually a prison official , to bring the prisoner to court to determine if the detention is lawful .   The writ of habeas corpus is known as `` the great and efficacious writ in all manner of illegal confinement '' , per Blackstone being a remedy available to the meanest against the mightiest . It is a summons with the force of a court order ; it is addressed to the custodian ( a prison official for example ) and demands that a prisoner be taken before the court , and that the custodian present proof of authority , allowing the court to determine whether the custodian has lawful authority to detain the prisoner . If the custodian is acting beyond his or her authority , then the prisoner must be released . Any prisoner , or another person acting on his or her behalf , may petition the court , or a judge , for a writ of habeas corpus . One reason for the writ to be sought by a person other than the prisoner is that the detainee might be held incommunicado . Most civil law jurisdictions provide a similar remedy for those unlawfully detained , but this is not always called habeas corpus . For example , in some Spanish-speaking nations , the equivalent remedy for unlawful imprisonment is the amparo de libertad ( ` protection of freedom ' ) .   Habeas corpus has certain limitations . Though a writ of right , it is not a writ of course.The applicant must make out a prima facie case . However , once he does that , he is entitled to the writ as of right , which is then granted to him ex debito justitae ( `` from a debt of justice '' , that is , as a matter of right ) It is technically only a procedural remedy ; it is a guarantee against any detention that is forbidden by law , but it does not necessarily protect other rights , such as the entitlement to a fair trial . So if an imposition such as internment without trial is permitted by the law , then habeas corpus may not be a useful remedy . In some countries , the writ has been temporarily or permanently suspended under the pretext of war or state of emergency .   The right to petition for a writ of habeas corpus has nonetheless long been celebrated as the most efficient safeguard of the liberty of the subject . The jurist Albert Venn Dicey wrote that the British Habeas Corpus Acts `` declare no principle and define no rights , but they are for practical purposes worth a hundred constitutional articles guaranteeing individual liberty '' .   The writ of habeas corpus is one of what are called the `` extraordinary '' , `` common law '' , or `` prerogative writs '' , which were historically issued by the English courts in the name of the monarch to control inferior courts and public authorities within the kingdom . The most common of the other such prerogative writs are quo warranto , prohibito , mandamus , procedendo , and certiorari . The due process for such petitions is not simply civil or criminal , because they incorporate the presumption of non-authority . The official who is the respondent must prove his authority to do or not do something . Failing this , the court must decide for the petitioner , who may be any person , not just an interested party . This differs from a motion in a civil process in which the movant must have standing , and bears the burden of proof .

neg: Ludolph Küster Ludolf Küster ( Ludolph Küster ) ( 1670 -- 1716 ) was a Westphalian scholar , philologist , textual critic , palaeographer , and editor of Greek ancient texts .   Küster was born in Blomberg , Westphalia . He was friends with , and a correspondent of , Richard Bentley , master of Trinity College , Cambridge , who assisted him in the production of a hasty edition of the works of Aristophanes . Thomas de Quincey was later to say that Bentley 's contributions -- including epistles on The Clouds and Plutus -- were `` mangled '' by Küster and incompetent printers . Some of these letters still survive . Bentley also assisted Küster , among other editors , with an edition of Suidae Lexicon Graece et Latine ( 1705 ) .   In Utrecht , from 1697 to 1699 , Küster published the journal Bibliotheca Librorum novorum under the pseudonym `` Neocorus '' ( a Greek word that translates as roughly equivalent to the German word `` Küster '' , that is , `` sexton '' or `` sacristan '' ) . Several times , Küster came into professional conflict with Dutch classical scholar Jakob Gronovius .   In 1710 , he made a reprint , or rather revision , of John Mill 's Novum Testamentum Graecum ( 1707 ) , with prolegomena and with collations of 12 more manuscripts . It was published in Amsterdam and Rotterdam . Kuster 's reprint also appeared , in Leipzig in 1723 and again in Amsterdam in 1746 . He used 12 more manuscripts than Mill 's original edition . Nine of these 12 codices were collated for Küster by the abbé de Louvois : codex 285 , M , 9 , 11 , 119 , 13 , 14 , 15 , and Codex Ephraemi . Currently they are housed in the Bibliothèque nationale de France in Paris . Codex 78 was collated by Boerner , codex 42 , and Codex Boernerianus by Küster himself . In this edition , Küster published his own notes separate from Mill 's by prefixing and affixing the marks , and his collations both of his own codices and of early editions will be found more complete than his predecessor 's . Mill 's dedication was omitted .   Küster was the first to recognize the 9th century date of Codex Boernerianus .   In 1713 , Küster traveled to Paris and spoke against the Protestant religion . There he was admitted to the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles Lettres , and received a pension from the crown of 2000 pounds .   He is mentioned by name in Alexander Pope 's satirical Dunciad , in the company of other notable classicists of his day .

neg: Comte de Gabalis Comte de Gabalis is a 17th-century French text by Abbé Nicolas-Pierre-Henri de Montfaucon de Villars ( 1635-1673 ) . The titular `` Comte de Gabalis '' ( `` Count of Cabala '' ) is an occultist who explains the mysteries of the world to the author . It first appeared in Paris in 1670 , anonymously , though the identity of the author came to be known . The original title as published by Claude Barbin was Le comte de Gabalis , ou entretiens sur les sciences secrètes , `` The Count of Cabala , Or Dialogs on the Secret Sciences '' .   The book was widely read in France and abroad , and is a source for many of the `` marvelous beings '' that populate later European literature . French readers include Charles Baudelaire and Anatole France -- it was the main source for his At the Sign of the Reine Pédauque ( 1892 ) . In English literature , it influenced Alexander Pope , who borrowed from it to create the sylphs in The Rape of the Lock ( 1714 ) , and in German , it is a likely source for Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué 's Undine . In recent times it has been considered by some to have been intended as a satire of occult philosophy , though in its time it was taken seriously by many readers . Many later authors have also taken it to be a serious source , including Edward Bulwer-Lytton and prominent occult writers such as Eliphas Levi , Helena Blavatsky , and M.P Hall .

neg: Pension Belhomme The Pension Belhomme was a prison and private clinic during the French Revolution .   Around 1765 , the joiner Jacques Belhomme took on the construction of a building for the son of a neighbour , an aristocrat who had been mad since birth . Seeing that running an asylum was more lucrative than joinery , he opened an asylum for lunatics , old people and whoever else rich families wanted to entrust to him . A famous precursor of psychiatry , Philippe Pinel , carried out his first treatments of the insane here .   Once the French Revolution had begun , Jacques Belhomme thought that his fortune was assured . Remote from the violent centre of Paris , he had noticeable advantages . In September 1793 the députés encouraged the sans-culottes to imprison all suspect individuals : nobles , their wives and children , foreigners , priests , lawyers , the actors of the Comédie Française , rich people in general , in short , all those who had not made clear their allegiance to the Republic . With the prisons of Paris already overflowing , the state requisitioned Belhomme 's asylum and then all other private clinics . Belhomme entreated the 12 police chiefs in charge of Paris to send him rich prisoners who would pay high fees to live in his asylum as comfortably as possible . From then on marquises , bankers , journalists , famous actors , old nobles and army officers , along with other disgraced persons who bribed the doctors and police chiefs to be transferred on the pretext of illness , lived cheek by jowl with the mad .   Belhomme rented the neighbouring building , the hôtel de Chabanais , to which he linked his own building by a charming garden after the young marquis de Chabanais , a descendant of Colbert , had emigrated with his mother and had his possessions confiscated by the state . Belhomme ended up buying the house to invest the money he had made . It was in this setting that there occurred the romance between Jacques-Marie Rouzet , a deputy to the National Convention , and Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon , widow of duc d'Orléans and mother of the future King Louis-Philippe . They married in secret after leaving prison .   The scandal of the Pension Belhomme finally erupted in January 1794 . Belhomme was arrested for supplying wine to the inmates and was imprisoned in another pension , at Coignard , where the Marquis de Sade was also held . He was found guilty twice and , like the majority of the former inmates of his `` clinic '' , escaped the guillotine only because the Terror ended on 9 Thermidor . Some of the former inmates did not escape , however , proving too well-known to pass unnoticed . They included Béatrice de Choiseul-Stainville , duchesse de Gramont , sister of Louis XV 's famous minister ; the duchess of Le Châtelet , daughter-in-law of a famous mistress of Voltaire , the fermier général Magon de La Balue , guillotined with his children , grandchildren , great-grandchildren , brothers and cousins ; and the lawyer Simon-Nicholas Henri Linguet , despite his denunciation of the monarchy , for which he had spent a year in the Bastille under the ancien regime .   The hôtel de Chabanais was razed in 1953 , as was the maison Belhomme in 1973 .

neg: Michael Lunin `` My nickname changed during my imprisonment and exile , and with each change it became longer . Now , in official documents , I am referred to as : `` A state criminal in exile . '' ... My sole weapon is my thought ... ''`` As an aged man he used to say that , though he had only one tooth left in his mouth , even that one was directed against Nicholas . '' ` Mikhail Sergeyevich Lunin ' ( Russian : Михаил Сергеевич Лунин ; December 29 , 1787 - December 3 , 1845 ) , also spelt Mikhaïl Lounine '' , was a Russian political philosopher , revolutionary , Mason , Decembrist , a Lieutenant of the Grodno Life Guards regiment and a participant of the Franco-Russian Patriotic War of 1812 . After a successful career in the military during the Napoleonic invasion , he became involved with multiple liberal Russian secret societies in the early 19th century , including the Union of Salvation and the Union of Welfare , as well as the Northern Society and the Southern Society . After the Decembrist Revolt took place in 1825 , he was arrested due to his affiliations with the men responsible , and was subsequently exiled to a labor camp in Siberia . Lunin spent time in Finnish jails , three different prisons in Siberia , and lived on a farm under the watchful eye of the government during his life as an exile . Known for keeping good spirits and maintaining a firm defiance of autocratic rule , Lunin was eventually imprisoned again for writing in `` opposition '' to the Russian government , and lived out the rest of his life in a cell .

neg: Prozess gegen die Juden von Trient The Prozess gegen die Juden von Trient , or Trial against the Jews of Trent , was an unpublished manuscript describing the trial and execution of 18 Jews from Trent , Italy , for the murder of Simon of Trent in 1475 . Commissioned in the 1470s , it came into the possession of a convent in Vienna in the 17th century and remained there until 1937 , when it was purchased at auction by Lessing J. Rosenwald in order to avoid the document falling into the hands of the Nazis and being used to justify anti-semitism . After being sealed for 50 years , it was auctioned and now resides in Yeshiva University . The book consists of 614 folios and contains specific documents relating to the 1475 trial ; it has been used as a source of scholarship in understanding the trial , despite difficulties in identifying the author and the variety of translation problems with the multiple languages used during the interrogation and trial itself , which are reflected in the Prozess .


query: Planet of the Apes' director was Franklin J. Schaffner.

pos: Planet of the Apes (1968 film) Planet of the Apes is a 1968 American science fiction film directed by Franklin J. Schaffner . It stars Charlton Heston , Roddy McDowall , Kim Hunter , Maurice Evans , James Whitmore , James Daly and Linda Harrison . The screenplay by Michael Wilson and Rod Serling was loosely based on the 1963 French novel La Planète des Singes by Pierre Boulle . Jerry Goldsmith composed the groundbreaking avant-garde score . It was the first in a series of five films made between 1968 and 1973 , all produced by Arthur P. Jacobs and released by 20th Century Fox .   The film tells the story of an astronaut crew who crash-land on a strange planet in the distant future . Although the planet appears desolate at first , the surviving crew members stumble upon a society in which apes have evolved into creatures with human-like intelligence and speech . The apes have assumed the role of the dominant species and humans are mute creatures wearing animal skins .   The script was originally written by Rod Serling , but underwent many rewrites before filming eventually began . Directors J. Lee Thompson and Blake Edwards were approached , but the film 's producer Arthur P. Jacobs , upon the recommendation of Charlton Heston , chose Franklin J. Schaffner to direct the film . Schaffner 's changes included an ape society less advanced -- and therefore less expensive to depict -- than that of the original novel . Filming took place between May 21 and August 10 , 1967 , in California , Utah and Arizona , with desert sequences shot in and around Lake Powell , Glen Canyon National Recreation Area . The film 's final `` closed '' cost was $ 5.8 million .   The film was released on February 8 , 1968 , in the United States and was a commercial success , earning a lifetime domestic gross of $ 32.6 million . The film was groundbreaking for its prosthetic makeup techniques by artist John Chambers and was well received by critics and audiences , launching a film franchise , including four sequels , as well as a short-lived television show , animated series , comic books , and various merchandising . In particular , Roddy McDowall had a long-running relationship with the Apes series , appearing in four of the original five films ( absent , apart from a brief voiceover , from the second film of the series , Beneath the Planet of the Apes , in which he was replaced by David Watson in the role of Cornelius ) , and also in the television series .   The original series was followed by Tim Burton 's remake Planet of the Apes in 2001 and the reboot Rise of the Planet of the Apes in 2011 . Also in 2001 , Planet of the Apes was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' .

neg: Joel Schumacher Joel T. Schumacher ( born August 29 , 1939 ) is an American film director , screenwriter , and producer .   Schumacher rose to fame after directing hit films of his decade St. Elmo 's Fire ( 1985 ) , The Lost Boys ( 1987 ) and Flatliners ( 1990 ) . He later went on to direct John Grisham adaptations The Client ( 1994 ) and A Time to Kill ( 1996 ) . His films Falling Down ( 1993 ) and 8mm ( 1999 ) were competed for Palme d'Or and Golden Bear respectively .   In 1993 , he signed on to direct the next installments of Batman film series . Schumacher-directed Batman films Batman Forever ( 1995 ) and particularly Batman & Robin ( 1997 ) received negative reactions from both public and critics . After Batman films , Schumacher pulled back from blockbusters and returned to making minimalist films such as Tigerland ( 2000 ) and Phone Booth ( 2002 ) , both earning positive reviews . He also directed The Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 ) , The Number 23 ( 2007 ) and several episodes of House of Cards .   Known for casting young actors , Schumacher helped actors like Colin Farrell , Kiefer Sutherland , and Matthew McConaughey to launch careers .

neg: Ralph Helfer Ralph Helfer ( born April 9 , 1931 in Chicago , Illinois ) is a notable American animal behaviorist , creator of Marine World/Africa USA , and writer of books about animals .   He was born in Chicago and had one sister , Sally . In 1942 , his mother left her husband Sam and moved with her children to Hollywood , where they settled in the Green Apartments , one block off Hollywood Boulevard .   In 1955 he purchased a 1500 acre Vasquez Rocks property to train animals , which he called Nature 's Haven . He married Toni Ringo in 1963 . They had a daughter , Tana Helfer . In 1963 the property was cut in half by the Antelope Valley Freeway . They relocated to Soledad Canyon . They bought 600 acre of land to build their new ranch and decided to name it Africa U.S.A. Africa U.S.A. was a training compound and a provider of animals for Hollywood ( Clarence , the cross-eyed lion , and Judy the chimp in Daktari , and Ben ( originally named Bruno ) the bear in Gentle Ben ) . The compound was also used as location for shows such as Daktari and the original Star Trek episode `` Shore Leave . ''   During these years , Helfer created what he called `` affection training '' , which purported to replace the whip , gun , and chair of the old-school handlers with love , understanding , and respect . Critics state that affection training indeed consisted in surgically modifying ( declawing and defanging ) the animals and administering sedatives . Ralph Helfer denies this and stated that `` this was done to animals that had deformities and were injurious to their health . ''   In January 1969 , Africa U.S.A. was devastated by a powerful storm over Soledad Canyon which dropped large amounts of rainfall in the region . This resulted in severe flooding and mudslides in the canyons . 9 of the 1,500 animals of the ranch were killed by the torrential flooding .   Ralph Helfer bought out Marine World in 1972 when it went bankrupt and added a wildlife park and `` jungle theater '' , renaming the park as Marine World/Africa U.S.A. . This park was the predecessor of Six Flags Discovery Kingdom . He also was a partner and chairman in a small Buena Park , California , theme park called Enchanted Village which was built on the site of the defunct Japanese Village and Deer Park amusement attraction . When this park went bankrupt in fall 1977 he created another company and training park called `` Gentle Jungle '' . The Gentle Jungle Affection Training School was based in Colton , California and later in Lion Country Safari , in Orange County ; finally Gentle Jungle was investigated by USDA where an eventual lawsuit against Helfer for Animal Welfare Act violations . During this period he was the owner of the `` human '' chimp Oliver . Ralph Helfer was cleared of all accusations except one , which was sent to the supreme court , which was meant to deal with the death of a tiger , who died due to a veterinarian over dosing the tiger , it never got to the supreme court as that would be the same as blaming a child 's death on a parent who took their child to a doctor who miss-administrated drugs to the child . Ralph Helfer left the business due to the imminent financial pressure of the wrongful suit .   In 1981 , he was the writer and producer of the adventure film Savage Harvest .   In the 1990s , he began a successful career as a writer . Most of his books are non fiction life stories of famous animals . He now lives in Los Angeles and Kenya , where he leads safari tours with his company Eden International Safaris and Treks .   Toni Ringo Helfer ( d. March 20 , 2012 ) published the book The Gentle Jungle ( Brigham Young University Press - 1980 - ISBN 0-8425-1790-1 ) . She made the cover of TV Guide in 1968 . Ralph and Toni are now divorced . Ralph Helfer 's current wife is now Suzzi Mutua , who works with him as safari hostess at Eden International .   Tana Helfer played the role of Kristie in Savage Harvest and was the subject of the book When you fight the tiger by Joan Hewett ( Little , Brown and Company - 1984 - ISBN 0-316-35956-4 ) .

neg: Going Ape Going Ape is a British Television docu-soap program that is aired on the Animal Planet .   The television series first aired on Tuesday 21 November 2006 at the weekly time of 21:00 running a total of thirteen episodes . The series is now in re-runs and has an irregular running format .   It follows the story of 50 Chimpanzees , 26 Gorillas , seven Baboons and four Mandrills who have been orphaned by the bush meat trade in Cameroon showing the vital work of the Mefou National Park and the Limbe Wildlife Centre along with Ape Action Africa ( formerly the Cameroon Wildlife Aid Fund ) and `` In Defence of Animals - Africa '' , two charities that are dedicated to saving the primates in the region . Its narrator was Charlotte Uhlenbrook

neg: James Goldstone James Goldstone ( born June 8 , 1931 in Los Angeles , California ; died November 5 , 1999 in Shaftsbury , Vermont ) was an American film and television director whose career spanned over thirty years .   Goldstone was noted for the momentum and `` fifteen-minute cliffhangers '' that he brought to TV pilots such as Star Trek ( `` Where No Man Has Gone Before '' , 1966 ) , Ironside , and The Bold Ones : The Senator . His later career helped pioneer the concept of `` thirty-second attention span '' pacing over detailed content in his dramatizations of Rita Hayworth , Calamity Jane , and the Kent State shootings for which he won the Emmy .   During his Hollywood career , he directed Paul Newman , Robert De Niro , Robert Shaw , James Garner , Richard Dreyfuss and Sidney Poitier and collaborated with composer and musician , Lalo Schifrin . He `` discovered '' Tiny Tim . In addition to his work in film and television , Goldstone was a longtime leader in the Director 's and Writers Guilds . In his later life , he taught both at Bennington College and in the masters program at Columbia University . During the 1990s he directed a number of theatrical productions in New England . He was also central in the establishment of National Public Radio presence in Vermont and was the moving force behind the creation of the Vermont Arts Council which named its award for new talent the James Goldstone Award .   Goldstone was the son of Hollywood agent and early television producer , Jules Goldstone .

neg: Werner Schroeter Werner Schroeter ( 7 April 1945 -- 12 April 2010 ) was a German film director , screenwriter , and opera director known for his stylistic excess . Schroeter was cited by Rainer Werner Fassbinder as an influence both on his own work and on German cinema at large .

neg: Film director A film director is a person who directs the making of a film . Generally , a film director controls a film 's artistic and dramatic aspects and visualizes the screenplay ( or script ) while guiding the technical crew and actors in the fulfillment of that vision . The director has a key role in choosing the cast members , production design , and the creative aspects of filmmaking . Under European Union law , the director is viewed as the author of the film .   The film director gives direction to the cast and crew and creates an overall vision through which a film eventually becomes realized , or noticed . Directors need to be able to mediate differences in creative visions and stay within the boundaries of the film 's budget . There are many pathways to becoming a film director . Some film directors started as screenwriters , cinematographers , film editors or actors . Other film directors have attended a film school . Directors use different approaches . Some outline a general plotline and let the actors improvise dialogue , while others control every aspect , and demand that the actors and crew follow instructions precisely . Some directors also write their own screenplays or collaborate on screenplays with long-standing writing partners . Some directors edit or appear in their films , or compose the music score for their films .

neg: E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial is a 1982 American science fiction fantasy film co-produced and directed by Steven Spielberg , and written by Melissa Mathison . It features special effects by Carlo Rambaldi and Dennis Muren , and stars Henry Thomas , Dee Wallace , Robert MacNaughton , Drew Barrymore , Peter Coyote and Pat Welsh . It tells the story of Elliott ( Thomas ) , a lonely boy who befriends an extraterrestrial , dubbed `` E.T. '' , who is stranded on Earth . He and his siblings help it return home while attempting to keep it hidden from their mother and the government .   The concept was based on an imaginary friend Spielberg created after his parents ' divorce in 1960 . In 1980 , Spielberg met Mathison and developed a new story from the stalled sci-fi horror film project Night Skies . It was shot from September to December 1981 in California on a budget of US$ 10.5 million . Unlike most films , it was shot in rough chronological order , to facilitate convincing emotional performances from the young cast .   Released on June 11 , 1982 by Universal Pictures , E.T was an immediate blockbuster , surpassing Star Wars to become the highest-grossing film of all time -- a record it held for eleven years until Jurassic Park , another Spielberg-directed film , surpassed it in 1993 . It is the highest-grossing film of the 1980s . Widely regarded as one of the greatest films of all time , critics acclaimed it as a timeless story of friendship , and it ranks as the greatest science fiction film ever made in a Rotten Tomatoes survey . In 1994 , it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . It was re-released in 1985 , and then again in 2002 to celebrate its 20th anniversary , with altered shots and additional scenes .

neg: Orion Pictures Orion Pictures Corporation is an American motion picture producer and distributor that produced and released films from 1978 until 1999 , and was also involved in television production and syndication throughout the 1980s until the early 1990s . It was formed in 1978 as a joint venture between Warner Bros. and three former top-level executives of United Artists . Although it was never a large motion picture producer , Orion achieved a comparatively high reputation for Hollywood quality . Woody Allen , James Cameron , Jonathan Demme , Oliver Stone , and several other prominent directors worked with Orion during its most successful years from 1978 to 1992 . Of the films distributed by Orion , four won Academy Awards for Best Picture : Amadeus ( 1984 ) , Platoon ( 1986 ) , Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) , and The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) . Two other Orion films , Hannah and Her Sisters ( 1986 ) and Mississippi Burning ( 1988 ) , were nominated for that same category . In 2013 , Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer revived the Orion name for television ; a year later Orion Pictures was quietly relaunched by the studio .

neg: Coleman Francis Coleman C. Francis ( January 24 , 1919 -- January 15 , 1973 ) was an American actor , writer , producer , and director . He was best known for his film trilogy consisting of The Beast of Yucca Flats ( 1961 ) , The Skydivers ( 1963 ) , Red Zone Cuba ( 1966 ) , all three of which were filmed in the general Santa Clarita , California area and used preoccupation with light aircraft and parachuting , coffee or cigarettes serving as a prop or a center of conversation , and a vigilante-style gunning down of suspects without a trial to conclude the film as frequent motifs .   All three films have gained notoriety as a result of their appearances on Mystery Science Theater 3000 , and have been often criticized for their abysmal production values , repetitive plot devices , murky picture quality , and stilted acting . Some critics have characterized Francis ' films among the all-time worst , even suggesting that he may surpass Ed Wood in terms of ineptitude .

neg: Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country is a 1991 American science fiction film released by Paramount Pictures . It is the sixth feature film based on Star Trek , and a sequel to the 1966 -- 1969 Star Trek television series . Taking place after the events of Star Trek V : The Final Frontier , it is the last film featuring the entire cast of the original series . After the destruction of the Klingon moon Praxis leads the Klingon Empire to pursue peace with their long-time adversary the Federation , the crew of the USS Enterprise must race against unseen conspirators with a militaristic agenda .   The sixth film in the series was initially planned as a prequel to the original series , with younger actors portraying the crew of the Enterprise while attending Starfleet Academy , but the idea was discarded because of negative reaction from the original cast and the fans . Faced with producing a new film in time for Star Trek 's 25th anniversary , Nicholas Meyer , the director of Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan , and Denny Martin Flinn wrote a script based on a suggestion from Leonard Nimoy about what would happen if `` the Wall came down in space '' , touching on the contemporary events of the Cold War .   Principal photography took place between April and September 1991 . The production budget was smaller than anticipated because of the critical and commercial disappointment of The Final Frontier . Because of a lack of sound stage space on the Paramount lot , many scenes were filmed around Hollywood . Meyer and cinematographer Hiro Narita aimed for a darker and more dramatic mood , subtly altering sets originally used for the television series Star Trek : The Next Generation . Producer Steven-Charles Jaffe led a second unit that filmed on an Alaskan glacier that stood in for a Klingon gulag . Cliff Eidelman produced the film 's score , which is intentionally darker than previous Star Trek offerings .   The film was released in North America on December 6 , 1991 . The Undiscovered Country garnered positive reviews , with publications praising the lighthearted acting and facetious references . The film performed strongly at the box office . It posted the largest opening weekend gross of the series before going on to earn $ 96,888,996 worldwide . The film earned two Academy Award nominations , for Best Makeup and Best Sound Effects , and is the only Star Trek movie to win the Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film . A special collectors ' edition DVD version of the film was released in 2004 , to which Meyer had made minor alterations . Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry died shortly before the movie 's premiere , just days after viewing the film . The film marked the final appearance together of the original series ' cast .

neg: 38th Saturn Awards The 38th Saturn Awards , honoring the best in science fiction , fantasy and horror film and television in 2011 , were held on July 26 , 2012 in Burbank , California . The awards are presented by the Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy and Horror Films .   The six Best Film Award categories were respectively won by Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( Science Fiction ) , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( Fantasy ) , The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( Horror or Thriller ) , Mission : Impossible -- Ghost Protocol ( Action or Adventure ) , The Skin I Live In ( International ) and Puss in Boots ( Animated ) . Rise of the Planet of the Apes and Super 8 led the winners with three each .   In the television categories , Breaking Bad won three of its six nominations , including Best Syndicated/Cable Television Series . Fringe , The Walking Dead and Teen Wolf won the other Best Series Awards .   Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 became the first Harry Potter film to win Best Fantasy Film , for which the seven previous Harry Potter films were nominated , and only the second film of the series to win a Saturn Award , following The Philosopher 's Stone which won Best Costume in 2001 . Mission : Impossible -- Ghost Protocol also became the first Mission : Impossible film to win Best Action or Adventure Film , following the nominations of the first and third installments .

neg: The Wizard of Venus `` The Wizard of Venus '' is a novella by Edgar Rice Burroughs , as well as the title of a collection in which it was later published together with an unrelated story . `` The Wizard of Venus '' is the final story in Burroughs 's Venus series ( sometimes called the `` Carson Napier of Venus series '' ) . Written in 1941 , the piece remained unpublished until 1964 , fourteen years after the author 's death . Burroughs intended it to be the opening piece in a sequence of stories to be brought together later in book form , as he had done in the instance of the previous Venus volume , Escape on Venus . He began the first follow-up tale , only to abandon the project in the wake of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor ; the text of the aborted sequel is now lost .   `` The Wizard of Venus '' was first published in the 1964 Burroughs collection Tales of Three Planets together with the unrelated tales `` The Resurrection of Jimber-Jaw '' , `` Beyond the Farthest Star '' and `` Tangor Returns '' . Afterwards it appeared in the collection The Wizard of Venus ( Ace Books , August 1970 ) . This also included the unrelated pirate adventure `` Pirate Blood '' - with a quite unsavory `` hero '' - Johnny LaFitte of Glenora , California - a 20th-century descendant of Jean Lafitte who gets to the distant Vulture 's Island , where his pirate heredity asserts itself in a modern piratical career full of cold-blooded murders and rapes .   A subsequent British edition ( New English Library , 1975 ) omitted the unrelated story .

neg: John Huston John Marcellus Huston ( -LSB- ˈhjuːstən -RSB- August 5 , 1906 -- August 28 , 1987 ) was an American film director , screenwriter and actor . He wrote the screenplays for most of the 37 feature films he directed , many of which are today considered classics : The Maltese Falcon ( 1941 ) , The Treasure of the Sierra Madre ( 1948 ) , The Asphalt Jungle ( 1950 ) , The African Queen ( 1951 ) , The Misfits ( 1961 ) , Fat City ( 1972 ) and The Man Who Would Be King ( 1975 ) . During his 46-year career , Huston received 15 Oscar nominations , won twice , and directed both his father , Walter Huston , and daughter , Anjelica Huston , to Oscar wins in different films .   Huston was known to direct with the vision of an artist , having studied and worked as a fine art painter in Paris in his early years . He continued to explore the visual aspects of his films throughout his career : sketching each scene on paper beforehand , then carefully framing his characters during the shooting . While most directors rely on post-production editing to shape their final work , Huston instead created his films while they were being shot , making them both more economical and cerebral , with little editing needed .   Most of Huston 's films were adaptations of important novels , often depicting a `` heroic quest , '' as in Moby Dick , or The Red Badge of Courage . In many films , different groups of people , while struggling toward a common goal , would become doomed , forming `` destructive alliances , '' giving the films a dramatic and visual tension . Many of his films involved themes such as religion , meaning , truth , freedom , psychology , colonialism and war .   Before becoming a Hollywood filmmaker , he had been an amateur boxer , reporter , short-story writer , portrait artist in Paris , a cavalry rider in Mexico , and a documentary filmmaker during World War II . Huston has been referred to as `` a titan '' , `` a rebel '' , and a `` renaissance man '' in the Hollywood film industry . Author Ian Freer describes him as `` cinema 's Ernest Hemingway '' -- a filmmaker who was `` never afraid to tackle tough issues head on . '' Worked for Ethos Group .

neg: Joe Stillman Joseph `` Joe '' Stillman ( born August 1 , 1959 ) is an American television and movie writer , producer and director .   Before becoming a screenwriter he worked for several TV shows like Beavis and Butt-head , King of the Hill , Doug and The Adventures of Pete & Pete .   Stillman 's first screen credits were on Joseph : King of Dreams and his second on Shrek , both for DreamWorks . His most recent credits are on Planet 51 for TriStar and Gulliver 's Travels for 20th Century Fox .

neg: Tarzan Escapes Tarzan Escapes is a 1936 Tarzan film based on the character created by Edgar Rice Burroughs . It was the third in the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Tarzan series to feature Johnny Weissmuller as the `` King of the Apes '' .

neg: The Colossus of New York The Colossus of New York is a 1958 black-and-white science fiction film from Paramount Pictures , produced by William Alland , directed by Eugène Lourié , that stars Ross Martin , Otto Kruger , John Baragrey , Mala Powers , and Charles Herbert . The screenplay was written by Thelma Schnee , the maiden name of Thelma Moss , who would go on to become a famous parapsychologist . The story for the film is credited to Willis Goldbeck . John P. Fulton handled the special photographic effects . Colossus was released by Paramount to most theaters on a double bill with '' The Space Children .   Following an accident , Jeremy Spensser 's brain is transplanted by his scientist father into the huge body of an unattractive , frightening cyborg , in order to save his brilliant son 's mind so that it can continue to serve mankind . Soon , his son 's brain becomes transformed by the experimental procedure , losing key attributes that make him human and define his personality .

neg: Moving Picture Institute The Moving Picture Institute ( MPI ) is an American non-profit organization and film production company founded in 2005 by human rights advocate Thor Halvorssen . Its current executive director is Rob Pfaltzgraff .   MPI produces and collaborates on both fictional films , and non-fictional , often documentary-style films . The subjects of MPI 's films typically center on concepts like human rights and individual freedoms , and governmental waste and corruption . It uses its films as a medium through which these kinds of social and economic troubles are brought to public attention to shape public perceptions , and ultimately , to change society 's values . As Halvorssen explains , `` Put it this way : What Sideways did for Pinot noir , I want to do for freedom . '' Public exposure to freedom-oriented ideas , they contend , will contribute to the improvement of these important issues which they feel tend to be ignored by other traditional media outlets .

neg: The War Lord See Warlord ( comics ) for the comic book .   The War Lord is a 1965 American film about Medieval warfare in 11th century Normandy , starring Charlton Heston and directed by Franklin J. Schaffner . It is an adaptation of the play , The Lovers , by Leslie Stevens . The film also features Richard Boone , Rosemary Forsyth , Guy Stockwell , Maurice Evans , Niall MacGinnis , Henry Wilcoxon and James Farentino , with Jon Alderson , Allen Jaffe , Sammy Ross , and Woodrow Parfrey . Schaffner would later reteam with Heston and Evans in 1968 for Planet of the Apes .   Until this film , most Hollywood representations of feudal life were glamorized . The War Lord attempts to portray the 11th Century in a more accurate fashion as dirty , violent and ruled by brute force . The social stratification imposed by feudalism governed every human relationship , with power devolving from the duke , to the knight , to the men at arms , the church and the peasantry at the very bottom .

neg: The Mysterious Origins of Man The Mysterious Origins of Man is a television special that originally aired on NBC on February 25 , 1996 . Hosted by Charlton Heston , the program argued that mankind has lived on the Earth for tens of millions of years , and that mainstream scientists have suppressed the fossil evidence for this . Some material included was based on the controversial Forbidden Archeology , a book written by Hindu creationists Michael Cremo and Richard L. Thompson about anomalous archeological finds reported mainly in early scientific journals . It also included interviews with the following people : creationist Carl Baugh on the Paluxy tracks ; Richard Milton , author of Shattering the Myths of Darwinism , on Lucy ; Neil Steede on Incan ruins ; and Graham Hancock , author of Fingerprints of the Gods , on Atlantis . It was produced by B. C. Video Inc. .   The program was widely criticized by the scientific community . Donald Johanson said it was `` absolutely shameful , and it sort of sets us back 100 years '' . Jim Foley of TalkOrigins called it a `` pseudo-scientific mishmash of discredited claims and crackpot ideas '' . However , the criticism did not prevent NBC from re-broadcasting the special on June 8 , 1996 . In response , John Carman wrote in the San Francisco Chronicle , `` You 'd think the NBC brass would be a touch embarrassed by the program , and eager to let the little furor fritter away into oblivion . But then you really would be a simpleton . NBC , a subsidiary of the science giant General Electric , does not exist to sharpen minds . Science , schmience . If there was money to be made from it , NBC would tell you the Earth is flat because of repeated indentations from space aliens on pogo sticks . '' Dave Thomas wrote in Skeptical Briefs that `` quality science was nowhere to be found '' in the program , as it had people of questionable credentials interviewed and failed to interview the leading researchers in their respective fields . Thomas further explained the show failed to challenge the extraordinary claims .   Creationist Ken Ham criticized the production in the February 1996 Answers in Genesis newsletter in a review titled `` Hollywood 's ` Moses ' Undermines Genesis . '' Ham attacked fellow creationist Baugh 's claims , saying , `` According to leading creationist researchers , this evidence is open to much debate and needs much more intensive research . One wonders how much of the information in the program can really be trusted ! ''

neg: Werner Herzog Werner Herzog ( -LSB- ˈvɛɐ̯nɐ ˈhɛɐ̯tsoːk -RSB- ; born 5 September 1942 ) is a German screenwriter , film director , author , actor , and opera director .   Herzog is considered one of the greatest figures of the New German Cinema , along with Rainer Werner Fassbinder , Margarethe von Trotta , Volker Schlöndorff , Werner Schröter , and Wim Wenders . Herzog 's films often feature heroes with impossible dreams , people with unique talents in obscure fields , or individuals who are in conflict with nature .   French filmmaker François Truffaut once called Herzog `` the most important film director alive . '' American film critic Roger Ebert said that Herzog `` has never created a single film that is compromised , shameful , made for pragmatic reasons , or uninteresting . Even his failures are spectacular . ''  He was named one of the 100 most influential people on the planet by Time magazine in 2009 .