query: Intimacy (film) is only a French film.

pos: Intimacy (film) Intimacy is a 2001 British film directed by Patrice Chéreau , starring Mark Rylance and Kerry Fox .   Intimacy is an international co-production among production companies in France , the U.K. , Germany , and Spain featuring a soundtrack of pop songs from the 1970s and 1980s . It was written by Chéreau with Anne-Louise Trividic , based on stories by Hanif Kureishi ( who also wrote a novel of the same title ) . This mainstream-defined film contains an unsimulated fellatio scene by Fox on Rylance . A French-dubbed version features voice actors Jean-Hugues Anglade and Nathalie Richard .   The film has been associated with the New French Extremity .

neg: Le ménage moderne de Madame Butterfly Le Ménage moderne du Madame Butterfly is a bisexual , hardcore pornographic film from France . It is notable for being the earliest known adult film to incorporate bisexual and homosexual intercourse .

neg: Jacques Doillon Jacques Doillon ( -LSB- dwajɔ̃ -RSB- ; born 15 March 1944 ) is a French film director . He has a habit of giving lead roles to inexperienced young actresses in his films on family life and women . Some actresses to break through are Fanny Bastien , Sandrine Bonnaire , Judith Godrèche , Marianne Denicourt and Charlotte Gainsbourg and Juliette Binoche .   Doillon was born in Paris . He had a relationship with actress Jane Birkin in the 1980s , following her break-up with Serge Gainsbourg . Their daughter , Lou Doillon , was born in 1982 .   His 1989 film The 15 Year Old Girl was entered into the 16th Moscow International Film Festival .   His 1990 film La vengeance d'une femme was entered into the 40th Berlin International Film Festival . The following year , his film Le Petit Criminel won an Honourable Mention at the 41st Berlin International Film Festival . In 1993 , his film Le Jeune Werther won the Blue Angel Award at the 43rd Berlin International Film Festival . In 1998 , his film Trop ( peu ) d'amour was entered into the 48th Berlin International Film Festival .

neg: Amour (1970 film) Amour ( also known as Ways of Women ) is a 1970 Danish drama film directed by Gabriel Axel .

neg: Many Kisses Later Many Kisses Later ( Ex ) is a 2009 Italian-French romantic comedy film directed and co-written by Fausto Brizzi and interpreted by an ensemble cast .   The film , produced by Italian International Film , in co-production with the French company and Mes Films in collaboration with RAI Cinema . It was released February 6 , 2009 in Italian cinema and has been recognized as `` national cultural interest '' by the Directorate General for Cinema of the Ministry of Heritage and Culture .

neg: La Discrète La Discrète ( The Discreet ) is a 1990 French film directed by Christian Vincent .

neg: Augustine (film) Augustine is 2012 French historical drama film about a love affair between French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot and his patient .   The film debuted in France at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival in the Special Screenings section and later played at the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival in the Discovery section . It was released in France in November 2012 and in the U.S. in May 2013 , given a limited release by Music Box Films .

neg: 5x2 5x2 ( also Cinq fois deux ; Five Times Two ) is a 2004 French film directed by François Ozon , which uncovers the back story to the gradual disintegration of a middle class marriage by depicting five key moments in the relationship , but in reverse order .

neg: Les Amants du Pont-Neuf Les Amants du Pont-Neuf ( -LSB- lez ‿ amɑ̃ dy pɔ̃ nœf -RSB- ) is a 1991 French film directed by Leos Carax , starring Juliette Binoche and Denis Lavant . The title refers to the Pont Neuf bridge in Paris . The North American title of the film is The Lovers on the Bridge , and , in a mistranslation of the original title , the Australian title is Lovers on the Ninth Bridge ( instead of `` Lovers on the New Bridge '' ) .

neg: In Bed with Victoria In Bed with Victoria ( original title : Victoria ) is a 2016 French comedy-drama film directed by Justine Triet . It was screened in the International Critics ' Week section at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival . Efira received a Magritte Award for Best Actress at the 7th Magritte Awards for her role in the film .

neg: The Closet (2001 film) The Closet ( Le placard ) is a 2001 French comedy film written and directed by Francis Veber . It is about a man who pretends to be homosexual to keep his job , with absurd and unexpected consequences .

neg: Collision (2013 film) Collision ( a.k.a. Intersections ) is an English-language French romantic thriller film written and directed by American filmmaker David Marconi , produced by Luc Besson and starring Frank Grillo , Jaimie Alexander , Roschdy Zem , Marie-Josée Croze and Charlie Bewley . The film was released in France on January 30 , 2013 .

neg: La Séparation La Séparation is a 1994 French romantic drama film directed by Christian Vincent and based on the novel La Séparation by Dan Franck .

neg: Faces of Love Film Festival Faces of Love International Film Festival ( Russian : Международный кинофестиваль `` Лики Любви '' ) is a festival first based in Moscow 2005 , then moved to Sochi , Russia . It is a sister festival of the biggest film festival in Russia Kinotavr . Faces of Love is a special interest film festival highlighting films about love .   The president of Faces of Love , as well as of Kinotavr , is Russia 's famous actor and producer Mark Rudinshtejn . Legendary French actress Catherine Deneuve is an honorary president of the festival .   First Faces of Love festival was held in Moscow in 1995 . It was an annual film festival welcoming filmmakers from all over the world . The festival is in hiatus at the moment due to financial difficulties .   Every year , around 50 films from all over the world are being shown at the festival both in competition , screening and retrospective programs .   Festival is recognized by FIAPF .

neg: Documenteur Documenteur also known as Documenteur : An Emotion Picture is a French-American feature film by French director Agnès Varda . The film debuted at the 1981 Toronto International Film Festival .   The film stars Sabine Mamou as a single mother and Varda 's son Mathieu Demy as her son .   Though the film stands on its own it was made as a companion piece to the documentary Murs Murs in which Varda filmed mural art around L.A. and interviewed the artists who had made the pieces . Many of the murals filmed in Murs Murs appears in Documenteur and the film even opens with the same image as Murs Murs ended on .

neg: 1969 Cannes Film Festival The 22nd Cannes Film Festival was held from 8 to 23 May 1969 . At this festival a new non-competitive section called `` Directors ' Fortnight '' is added , in response to the cancellation of the 1968 festival .   The Grand Prix du Festival International du Film went to the If ... . by Lindsay Anderson . The festival opened with Sweet Charity , directed by Bob Fosse .

neg: The Circle (2014 film) The Circle ( Der Kreis ) is a Swiss docudrama film , released in 2014 . Written and directed by Stefan Haupt , the film concerns the social network of gay men that developed in Zurich in the 1940s and 1950s , centered on The Circle , a gay publication , and the social events it sponsored . As the police investigate three murders of gay men by rent boys , they scapegoate The Circle and its subscribers for making Zurich an international center of gay tourism .   The film focuses on the story of Ernst Ostertag and Röbi Rapp , a schoolteacher and a drag entertainer , who met through their participation in the publication inner circle and began a lifelong romantic relationship . Interviews with them and other survivors and experts on the era are interspersed with documentary film and photographs as well as a scripted dramatic enactment of the story . The lack of legal proscription against homosexuals and Zurich 's growing notoriety provide the context for the growth of a publication that overtly catered to a gay readership while avoiding explicit materials , both in prose and illustrations , in order to meet the standards of Swiss censorship .   The couple are portrayed by Matthias Hungerbühler and Sven Schelker , with documentary interviews with the real Ostertag and Rapp . The film 's cast also includes Marianne Sägebrecht , Anatole Taubman , Antoine Monot , Jr. , Stefan Witschi and Markus Merz .   The film won the Teddy Award for Best Documentary at the 2014 Berlin Film Festival , as well as the Panorama Audience Award . North American distribution rights were subsequently acquired by Wolfe Video . It was selected as the Swiss entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 87th Academy Awards , but was not nominated . Director Stefan Haupt said `` it 's an honour to represent Switzerland '' .

neg: Histoire(s) du cinéma Histoire ( s ) du cinéma ( -LSB- is.twaʁ dy si.ne.ma -RSB- ) is an 8-part video project begun by Jean-Luc Godard in the late 1980s and completed in 1998 . The longest , at 266 minutes , and one of the most complex of Godard 's films , Histoire ( s ) du cinéma is an examination of the history of the concept of cinema and how it relates to the 20th century ; in this sense , it can also be considered a critique of the 20th century and how it perceives itself . The project is considered by many the most important work of the late period of Godard 's career .   Histoire ( s ) du cinéma is always referred to by its French title , because of the word play it implies : histoire means both `` history '' and `` story , '' and the s in parentheses gives the possibility of a plural . Therefore , the phrase Histoire ( s ) du cinéma simultaneously means The History of Cinema , Histories of Cinema , The Story of Cinema and Stories of Cinema . Similar double or triple meanings , as well as puns , are a recurring motif throughout Histoire ( s ) and much of Godard 's work .   The film was screened out of competition at the 1988 Cannes Film Festival . Nine years later , it was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1997 Festival .   The soundtrack was released as a 5-CD boxed set on the ECM record label .

neg: Film à clef A film à clef or film à clé ( -LSB- film ‿ a kle -RSB- , French for `` film with a key '' ) , is a film describing real life , behind a façade of fiction . `` Key '' in this context means a table one can use to swap out the names .  It is the film equivalent of the literary roman à clef .

neg: Amour Amour ( French for love ) may refer to :   Amour ( 1970 film ) , a Danish film  Amour ( 2012 film ) , a French-language film directed by Michael Haneke  Amour ( musical ) , a 1997 stage musical by Michel Legrand  Amour ( Stockhausen ) , a 1974 -- 76 cycle of clarinet pieces by Karlheinz Stockhausen  Amour ( Vidhan Sabha constituency ) , an assembly constituency in Purnia district , Bihar , India  Amour Patrick Tignyemb ( born 1985 ) , Cameroonian footballer  `` Amour '' , a song by Rammstein from Reise , Reise

neg: L'amour des femmes L'amour des femmes is a 1982 French drama film directed by Michel Soutter . It was entered into the 32nd Berlin International Film Festival .


query: Bus Stop (1956 film) isn't a play or movie in which singing and dancing play an essential part.

pos: Bus Stop (1956 film) Bus Stop is a 1956 American romantic comedy film directed by Joshua Logan for 20th Century Fox , starring Marilyn Monroe , Don Murray , Arthur O'Connell , Betty Field , Eileen Heckart , Robert Bray and Hope Lange .   Unlike most of Monroe 's movies , Bus Stop is neither a full-fledged comedy nor a musical , but rather a dramatic piece ; it was the first film she appeared in after studying at the Actors Studio in New York . Monroe does however sing one song : `` That Old Black Magic '' by Harold Arlen and Johnny Mercer .   Bus Stop was based on two plays by William Inge , People in the Wind and Bus Stop . The inspiration for the play Bus Stop came from people Inge met in Tonganoxie , Kansas .   In the 1961 -- 62 season , ABC adapted the play and film into a television series of the same name , Bus Stop starring Marilyn Maxwell as the owner of the bus station and diner . In the segment `` Chérie '' which most closely follows the film , Tuesday Weld performed the role of Marilyn Monroe , and Gary Lockwood appeared as the Don Murray character .   The film was shot in Idaho and Arizona .

neg: Limelight (1952 film) Limelight is a 1952 comedy-drama film written , produced , and directed by Charlie Chaplin . Unlike his earlier films , the score was composed by Chaplin and arranged by Ray Rasch , marking this as the first film that he did not musically arrange .   The film stars Chaplin as a washed-up comedian who saves a suicidal dancer from killing herself , played by Claire Bloom , and both try to get through life ; additional roles are provided by Nigel Bruce , Sydney Chaplin as Sydney Earl Chaplin , Wheeler Dryden , and Norman Lloyd with an appearance from Buster Keaton . In dance scenes , Bloom is doubled by Melissa Hayden .   Upon the film 's release , critics ' reception was divided ; it was heavily boycotted in the United States , and commercially failed . However , the film was re-released the United States in 1972 which included its first screening in Los Angeles . This allowed the decades-old film to be in contention for the 45th Academy Awards where Chaplin won his only competitive Academy Award . Today , the film is sometimes regarded as one of Chaplin 's best and most personal works , and has since attained a cult following .

neg: Rehearsal A rehearsal is an activity in the performing arts that occurs as preparation for a performance in music , theatre , dance and related arts , such as opera , musical theatre and film production . It is undertaken as a form of practising , to ensure that all details of the subsequent performance are adequately prepared and coordinated . The term `` rehearsal '' typically refers to ensemble activities undertaken by a group of people . For example , when a musician is preparing a piano concerto alone in their music studio , this is called `` practicing '' , but when they begin to practice the concerto with an orchestra , this activity is called a `` rehearsal '' . The music rehearsal takes place in a music rehearsal space .   A rehearsal may involve as few as two people , as with a small play for two actors , an art song performance by a singer and a pianist or a folk music duo of a singer and a guitar player . On the other end of the spectrum , a rehearsal can be held for a very large orchestra with over 100 performers and a choir . A rehearsal can involve only performers of one type , as in an a cappella choir show , in which a group of singers perform without instrumental accompaniment or a play involving only theatre actors ; it can involve performers of different instruments , as with an orchestra , rock band or jazz `` big band '' ; vocal and instrumental performers , as with opera and choral works accompanied by orchestra ; or a mix of actors , vocalists , instrumentalists and dancers , as with musical theatre .   Rehearsals of small groups of performers , such as small rock bands , jazz quartets or organ trios may be held without a leader ; in these cases , the performers themselves jointly determine how to run the rehearsal , which songs to practice , and so on . Some small groups may have their rehearsals led by a bandleader . Almost all mid - to large group performances have a person who leads the rehearsals ; this person may be a bandleader in a rock , country or jazz setting ; a conductor in classical music ( including in opera ) ; a director in theatre or musical theatre ; or a film director for movie rehearsals .   While the term is most commonly used in the performing arts to refer to preparation for a public presentation or show , the term is also used to refer to the preparation for other anticipated activities , such as wedding guests and couples practicing a wedding ceremony , paramedics practicing responding to a simulated emergency , or army troops practicing for an attack using a mock-up of the building they will be assaulting .

neg: Folk dance Folk dances are dances that are developed by people that reflect the life of the people of a certain country or region . Not all ethnic dances are folk dances ; for example , ritual dances or dances of ritual origin are not considered to be folk dances . Ritual dances are usually called `` Religious dances '' because of their purpose .   The terms `` ethnic '' and `` traditional '' are used when it is required to emphasize the cultural roots of the dance . In this sense , nearly all folk dances are ethnic ones . If some dances , such as polka , cross ethnic boundaries and even cross the boundary between `` folk '' and `` ballroom dance '' , ethnic differences are often considerable enough to mention , e.g. , Czech polka vs. German polka

neg: Bookwriter The bookwriter is the member of a musical 's writing team who creates the book -- the musical 's plot , character development , and dramatic structure . Essentially , the bookwriter is the playwright of the musical . He or she works very closely in collaboration with the lyricist and composer to create an integrated piece of drama .   There is a common misconception that the bookwriter merely writes the dialogue ; though the book does include the musical 's spoken text , it is much more than that , defining and organizing the dramatic action of the entire piece , including action that is musicalized by the songwriter ( s ) . Even `` sung-through , '' `` operatic , '' or `` through-composed '' musicals , where there is little , if any , spoken text , require as much contribution from a bookwriter as do musicals with extensive dialogue scenes .   The bookwriter is often also the musical 's lyricist , composer , or director .   Category : Occupations in music

neg: Art film An art film is typically a serious , independent film aimed at a niche market rather than a mass market audience . An art film is `` intended to be a serious artistic work , often experimental and not designed for mass appeal '' ; they are `` made primarily for aesthetic reasons rather than commercial profit '' , and they contain `` unconventional or highly symbolic content '' .   Film critics and film studies scholars typically define an art film as possessing `` formal qualities that mark them as different from mainstream Hollywood films '' , which can include , among other elements , a sense of social realism ; an emphasis on the authorial expressiveness of the director ; and a focus on the thoughts , dreams , or motivations of characters , as opposed to the unfolding of a clear , goal-driven story . Film scholar David Bordwell describes art cinema as `` a film genre , with its own distinct conventions '' .   Art film producers usually present their films at specialty theatres ( repertory cinemas , or , in the U.S. , `` arthouse cinemas '' ) and film festivals . The term art film is much more widely used in the United States , the UK and Australia than in Europe , where the term is more associated with `` auteur '' films and `` national cinema '' ( e.g. , German national cinema ) . Because they are aimed at small niche market audiences , they can rarely get the financial backing that will permit large production budgets , expensive special effects , costly celebrity actors , or huge advertising campaigns , as are used in widely released mainstream blockbuster films . Art film directors make up for these constraints by creating a different type of film , which typically uses lesser-known film actors ( or even amateur actors ) and modest sets to make films that focus much more on developing ideas or exploring new narrative techniques or film-making conventions .   A certain degree of experience and knowledge are required to fully understand or appreciate such films . One mid-1990s art film was called `` largely a cerebral experience '' that one enjoys `` because of what you know about film '' . This contrasts sharply with mainstream `` blockbuster '' films , which are geared more towards escapism and pure entertainment . For promotion , art films rely on the publicity generated from film critics ' reviews , discussion of their film by arts columnists , commentators and bloggers , and `` word-of-mouth '' promotion by audience members . Since art films have small initial investment costs , they only need to appeal to a small portion of the mainstream viewing audiences to become financially viable .

neg: List of teen films Teen film is a film genre targeted at teenagers and young adults in which the plot is based upon the special interests of teenagers and young adults , such as coming of age , first love , rebellion , conflict with parents , teen angst , and alienation . Some of these films are targeted at adults as well as teenagers . Teen films have been a trope of the cinema industry for decades since the 1950s . At this time , the film industry saw a greater market for teens with more disposable income and therefore more money to spend on leisure activities , largely going to films . Because of the boom in teen viewers , drive-in movie theaters were also very popular . However , even the silent era had teen films . Recently , online streaming services such as Netflix have created a resurgence in the `` tween '' and teenage-oriented film .

neg: Anything Goes Anything Goes is a musical with music and lyrics by Cole Porter . The original book was a collaborative effort by Guy Bolton and P.G. Wodehouse , heavily revised by the team of Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse . The story concerns madcap antics aboard an ocean liner bound from New York to London . Billy Crocker is a stowaway in love with heiress Hope Harcourt , who is engaged to Lord Evelyn Oakleigh . Nightclub singer Reno Sweeney and Public Enemy # 13 Moonface Martin aid Billy in his quest to win Hope . The musical introduced such songs as `` Anything Goes '' , `` You 're the Top '' , and `` I Get a Kick Out of You . ''   Since its 1934 debut at the Alvin Theatre ( now known as the Neil Simon Theatre ) on Broadway , the musical has been revived several times in the United States and Britain and has been filmed twice . The musical has long been a popular choice for school and community productions .

neg: Inside Straight (film) Inside Straight is a 1951 dramatic film . Though set in the Western United States in the late 19th century , it does not have the typical characteristics of a `` Western '' movie . It is about business people , involved in activities both honest and shady .

neg: Dancing in the Street (disambiguation) `` Dancing in the Street '' is a 1964 song by Martha and the Vandellas , later recorded by other artists   Dancing in the Street may also refer to :   Dancing in the Street ( album ) , a 1967 album by the Ramsey Lewis Trio  Dancing in the Street : the Songs of Motown II , a 2006 album by Human Nature  Dancing in the Streets : A History of Collective Joy , a 2006 book by Barbara Ehrenreich  Dancing in the Street ( miniseries ) , a 1996 TV documentary miniseries

neg: Theatre criticism Theatre criticism is a genre of art criticism , and the act of writing or speaking about the performing arts such as a play or opera .   Some major newspapers cover the arts in some form and theatre criticism may be included as a part of this arts coverage . In the 21st century theatre criticism has grown in online venues , such as e-magazines and blogs , while criticism in newspapers has shrunk . Recent research shows that despite the different medium , online critics may be as trusted as theatre critics who write for newspapers .   Specialist media exists to cover most artistic disciplines , in this field one such publication is The Stage ( see our theatre magazines category for more ) .   As with other forms of criticism it may use its own technical language to convey what the reviewer has seen .

neg: Film director A film director is a person who directs the making of a film . Generally , a film director controls a film 's artistic and dramatic aspects and visualizes the screenplay ( or script ) while guiding the technical crew and actors in the fulfillment of that vision . The director has a key role in choosing the cast members , production design , and the creative aspects of filmmaking . Under European Union law , the director is viewed as the author of the film .   The film director gives direction to the cast and crew and creates an overall vision through which a film eventually becomes realized , or noticed . Directors need to be able to mediate differences in creative visions and stay within the boundaries of the film 's budget . There are many pathways to becoming a film director . Some film directors started as screenwriters , cinematographers , film editors or actors . Other film directors have attended a film school . Directors use different approaches . Some outline a general plotline and let the actors improvise dialogue , while others control every aspect , and demand that the actors and crew follow instructions precisely . Some directors also write their own screenplays or collaborate on screenplays with long-standing writing partners . Some directors edit or appear in their films , or compose the music score for their films .

neg: Dancing in the Dark (novel) Dancing in the Dark is a 2005 novel by Kittitian-British writer Caryl Phillips that won the PEN Open Book Award ( formerly known as the Beyond Margins Award ) in 2006 . The novel reimagines the life of Bert Williams ( 1874 -- 1922 ) , the first black entertainer in the U.S. to achieve the highest levels of fame and fortune , while darkening his skin with burnt cork and `` playing the dim-witted ` coon ' on Broadway and elsewhere '' , a story that allows the author to deal with issues of race and identity that he also addressed in his novel A Distant Shore , as reviewer Tabish Khair notes : `` Dancing in the Dark explores the particular tensions of assuming a false identity which , in a racist society , would be considered the ` true ' identity of the player . This catches the performer in the double bind of using the actor 's art to confirm prejudices , which then blind their audiences to that art . '' The story also deals with `` the perils of self-invention , that have long plagued American culture '' .

neg: Musical gesture In music , gesture is any movement , either physical ( bodily ) or mental ( imaginary ) . As such `` gesture '' includes both categories of movements required to produce sound and categories of perceptual moves associated with those gestures . The concept of musical gestures has received much attention in various musicological disciplines ( e.g. music analysis , music therapy , music psychology , NIME ) in recent years .   For example , the `` musical '' movement from a close-position tonic C major chord to a close-position dominant G major chord requires on the piano the physical movement from each white key of the first chord to the right ( in space , upwards in pitch ) four white keys or steps . Thus gesture includes both characteristic physical movements by performers and characteristic melodies , phrases , chord progressions , and arpeggiations produced by ( or producing ) those movements .

neg: Entertainment Entertainment is a form of activity that holds the attention and interest of an audience , or gives pleasure and delight . It can be an idea or a task , but is more likely to be one of the activities or events that have developed over thousands of years specifically for the purpose of keeping an audience 's attention . Although people 's attention is held by different things , because individuals have different preferences in entertainment , most forms are recognisable and familiar . Storytelling , music , drama , dance , and different kinds of performance exist in all cultures , were supported in royal courts , developed into sophisticated forms and over time became available to all citizens . The process has been accelerated in modern times by an entertainment industry that records and sells entertainment products . Entertainment evolves and can be adapted to suit any scale , ranging from an individual who chooses a private entertainment from a now enormous array of pre-recorded products ; to a banquet adapted for two ; to any size or type of party , with appropriate music and dance ; to performances intended for thousands ; and even for a global audience .   The experience of being entertained has come to be strongly associated with amusement , so that one common understanding of the idea is fun and laughter , although many entertainments have a serious purpose . This may be the case in the various forms of ceremony , celebration , religious festival , or satire for example . Hence , there is the possibility that what appears as entertainment may also be a means of achieving insight or intellectual growth .   An important aspect of entertainment is the audience , which turns a private recreation or leisure activity into entertainment . The audience may have a passive role , as in the case of persons watching a play , opera , television show , or film ; or the audience role may be active , as in the case of games , where the participant/audience roles may be routinely reversed . Entertainment can be public or private , involving formal , scripted performance , as in the case of theatre or concerts ; or unscripted and spontaneous , as in the case of children 's games . Most forms of entertainment have persisted over many centuries , evolving due to changes in culture , technology , and fashion . Films and video games , for example , although they use newer media , continue to tell stories , present drama , and play music . Festivals devoted to music , film , or dance allow audiences to be entertained over a number of consecutive days .   Some activities that were once considered entertaining , particularly public punishments , have been removed from the public arena . Others , such as fencing or archery , once necessary skills for some , have become serious sports and even professions for the participants , at the same time developing into entertainment with wider appeal for bigger audiences . In the same way , other necessary skills , such as cooking , have developed into performances among professionals , staged as global competitions and then broadcast for entertainment . What entertainment is for one group or individual may be regarded as work by another .   The familiar forms of entertainment have the capacity to cross over different media and have demonstrated a seemingly unlimited potential for creative remix . This has ensured the continuity and longevity of many themes , images , and structures .

neg: Song and Dance Song and Dance is a musical comprising two acts , one told entirely in `` Song '' and one entirely in `` Dance '' , tied together by a unifying love story .   The `` Song '' act is Tell Me on a Sunday , with lyrics by Don Black and music by Andrew Lloyd Webber , about a young British woman 's romantic misadventures in New York City and Hollywood . The `` Dance '' act is a ballet choreographed to Variations , composed by Lloyd Webber for his cellist brother Julian , which is based on the A Minor Caprice No. 24 by Paganini .

neg: The Country Girl (1954 film) The Country Girl is a 1954 American drama film directed by George Seaton and starring Bing Crosby , Grace Kelly , and William Holden . Adapted by George Seaton from Clifford Odets ' 1950 play of the same name , the film is about an alcoholic has-been actor struggling with the one last chance he 's been given to resurrect his career . Seaton won the Academy Award for Best Writing , Adapted Screenplay . It was entered in the 1955 Cannes Film Festival .   Kelly won the Oscar for Best Actress for the role , which previously had earned Uta Hagen her first Tony Award in the play 's original Broadway production . The role , a non-glamorous departure for Kelly , was as the alcoholic actor 's long-suffering wife .   The win was a huge surprise , as most critics and people in the press felt that Judy Garland would win for A Star Is Born . NBC even sent a camera crew to Garland 's hospital room , where she was recuperating from the birth of her son , in order to conduct a live interview with her if she won . The win by Kelly instead famously prompted Groucho Marx to send Garland a telegram stating it was `` the biggest robbery since Brinks . ''   Given the period of its production , the film is notable for its realistic , frank dialogue and honest treatments of the surreptitious side of alcoholism and post-divorce misogyny .

neg: Part-talkie A part-talkie is a partly , and most often primarily , silent film which includes one or more synchronous sound sequences with audible dialog or singing . During the silent portions lines of dialog are presented as `` titles '' -- printed text briefly filling the screen -- and the soundtrack is used only to supply musical accompaniment and sound effects .   In the case of feature films made in the United States , nearly all such hybrid films date to the 1927-1929 period of transition from `` silents '' to full-fledged `` talkies '' with audible dialog throughout . It took about a year and a half for a transition period for American movie houses to move from almost all silent to almost all equipped for sound . In the interim period , studios reacted by improvising four solutions : fast remakes of recent productions , `` goat gland '' pictures with one or two sound sequences spliced into already finished productions , dual sound and silent versions produced simultaneously , and part-talkies .   The famous so-called `` first talking picture '' , The Jazz Singer ( 1927 ) , starring Al Jolson , is in fact a part-talkie . It features only about fifteen minutes of singing and talking , interspersed throughout the film , while the rest is a typical silent film with `` titles '' and only a recorded orchestral accompaniment .

neg: Parade A parade ( also called march or marchpast ) is a procession of people , usually organized along a street , often in costume , and often accompanied by marching bands , floats or sometimes large balloons . Parades are held for a wide range of reasons , but are usually celebrations of some kind . In Britain the term parade is usually reserved for either military parades or other occasions where participants march in formation ; for celebratory occasions the word procession is more usual . In the Canadian Forces the term also has several less formal connotations .   Protest demonstrations can also take the form of a parade , but such cases are usually referred to as a march instead .

neg: Kansas City (Oklahoma!) `` Kansas City '' is a song from the musical Oklahoma ! . The plot set-up for it is the return of cowboy Will Parker ( played in the film by Gene Nelson ) from an excursion to the city of the same name . He describes his experiences in song . The song describes the wonders of there and its entertainments ( from the viewpoint of a country bumpkin ) , all reprising with the concept that the conditions ( in 1906 ) represent the ultimate in progress , with little more expected .   For the 1955 motion picture , a few lyrics about a burlesque stripteaser had to undergo minor changes to pass film censorship . In the original Broadway musical , Will sings :   I could swear that she was padded from her shoulder to her heel .  But later in the second act , when she began to peel ,  She proved that everything she had was absolutely real !   For the film , these were changed to :   I could swear that she was padded from her shoulder to her heel .  But then she started dancing and her dancing made me feel  That every single thing she had was absolutely real !

neg: Not as a Stranger Not as a Stranger is a 1955 Drama film produced and directed by Stanley Kramer based on the 1954 novel of the same name by Morton Thompson . The romantic melodrama novel was widely popular , topping that year 's list of bestselling novels in the United States .   The film was Kramer 's directorial debut and featured Olivia de Havilland and Robert Mitchum in the lead roles , backed by a stellar supporting cast including Frank Sinatra , Gloria Grahame , Broderick Crawford , Charles Bickford , Lon Chaney , Jr. , Harry Morgan , and Lee Marvin . The film was released by United Artists .   Sinatra had catapulted back into the limelight as the result of a supporting role for a film from a similarly popular novel , From Here to Eternity , two years earlier . Initially a minor box office success , Not as a Stranger is seldom seen today , never receiving widespread distribution on home video . It was first released on DVD in 1992 .


query: Tony Blair was voted in subsequent to John Smith's death from a heart attack.

pos: John Smith (Labour Party leader) John Smith ( 13 September 1938 -- 12 May 1994 ) was a British Labour Party politician who served as Leader of the Labour Party from July 1992 until his death from a heart attack in May 1994 .   Smith first entered Parliament in 1970 and , after junior ministerial roles as Minister of State for Energy ( 1975 -- 1976 ) and Minister of State for the Privy Council Office ( 1976 -- 1977 ) , he entered the Cabinet at the end of James Callaghan 's tenure as Prime Minister , serving as Secretary of State for Trade and President of the Board of Trade ( 1978 -- 1979 ) . During Labour 's time in Opposition to Margaret Thatcher 's Conservative government , he rose through the Shadow Cabinet , serving as Shadow Secretary of State for Trade ( 1979 -- 1982 ) , Shadow Secretary of State for Energy ( 1982 -- 1983 ) , Shadow Secretary of State for Employment ( 1983 -- 1984 ) , Shadow Secretary of State for Trade and Industry ( 1984 -- 1987 ) and Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer ( 1987 -- 1992 ) .   After Labour leader Neil Kinnock resigned following the Party 's surprise loss in the 1992 general election to new Conservative leader John Major , Smith was elected his successor in July 1992 . He continued Kinnock 's moves to reform Labour , abolishing the trade union block vote at Labour party conferences and replacing it with `` one member , one vote '' at the 1993 party conference . However , his overall cautious approach to reform , which was dubbed `` one more heave '' , sought to avoid controversy and win the next election by capitalising on the unpopularity of the Conservative government . This frustrated many modernisers like Tony Blair and Gordon Brown and after Smith 's sudden death in May 1994 , he was succeeded as Leader by Blair , who undertook the subsequent re-branding of Labour as New Labour , winning the 1997 general election in a landslide .

pos: Tony Blair Anthony Charles Lynton Blair ( born 6 May 1953 ) is a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1997 to 2007 and Leader of the Labour Party from 1994 to 2007 . He remains the most recent Labour Party leader to have won a general election .   From 1983 to 2007 , Blair was the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Sedgefield . He was elected Labour Party leader in July 1994 , following the sudden death of his predecessor , John Smith , who together with his predecessor , Neil Kinnock , had started to move the party closer to the political centre , in the hope of winning power . Under Blair 's leadership , the party used the phrase `` New Labour '' , to distance it from previous Labour policies and the traditional conception of socialism . Blair declared support for a new conception that he referred to as `` social-ism '' , involving politics that recognised individuals as socially interdependent , and advocated social justice , cohesion , the equal worth of each citizen , and equal opportunity , also referred to as the Third Way . Critics of Blair denounced him for having the Labour Party abandon genuine socialism and accepting capitalism . Supporters , including the party 's public opinion pollster Philip Gould , stated that after four consecutive general election defeats , from 1979 to 1992 , the Labour Party had to demonstrate that it had made a decisive break from its left-wing past , in order to win an election again .   In May 1997 , the Labour Party won a landslide general election victory , the largest in its history , allowing Blair , at 43 years old , to become the youngest Prime Minister since 1812 . In September 1997 , Blair attained early personal popularity , receiving a 93 % public approval rating , after his public response to the death of Princess Diana . The Labour Party went on to win two more elections under his leadership : in 2001 , in which it won another landslide victory , and in 2005 , with a reduced majority . In the first years of the New Labour government , Blair 's government introduced the National Minimum Wage Act , Human Rights Act , and Freedom of Information Act . Blair 's government also devolved power , establishing the Scottish Parliament , the National Assembly for Wales , and the Northern Ireland Assembly . In Northern Ireland , Blair was involved in the 1998 Good Friday Agreement .   Blair strongly supported the foreign policy of the Bush administration , and ensured that the British Armed Forces participated in the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan and , more controversially , the 2003 invasion of Iraq . Blair has faced strong criticism for his role in the invasion of Iraq , including calls for having him tried for war crimes and waging a war of aggression . In 2016 , the Iraq Inquiry strongly criticised his actions and described the invasion of Iraq as unjustified and unnecessary . Blair also intervened militarily in Kosovo and Sierra Leone .   Blair was succeeded as the leader of the Labour Party and as Prime Minister by Gordon Brown in June 2007 . On the day that Blair resigned as Prime Minister , he was appointed the official Special Envoy of the Quartet on the Middle East , an office which he held until May 2015 . He now runs a consultancy business and has set up various foundations in his own name , including the Tony Blair Faith Foundation .

neg: Black Budget (New Zealand) In New Zealand , the term Black Budget refers to the government budget of 26 June 1958 in which Finance Minister Arnold Nordmeyer increased taxes on beer , tobacco , cars and petrol .   The second Labour government took office in 1957 , the 32nd Parliament . Within a year , the government was confronted with a balance of payments crisis caused by the collapse of the price of butter in Britain ( at the time New Zealand 's largest export market ) . Nordmeyer 's colleagues were reluctant to cut government spending or break expensive election promises , so Nordmeyer was left with little option but to raise taxes .   The budget increased social security benefits but was very unpopular , not least with Labour 's traditional working-class supporters . The term ` black budget ' is believed to have been coined by union leader Fintan Patrick Walsh , but was taken up by the National Party opposition , and became the commonly used term for the budget .   The budget was prepared by the cabinet finance committee of Walter Nash , Arnold Nordmeyer , Phil Holloway and Tom Skinner ; and Warren Freer was told by Holloway that it was Nash rather than Nordmeyer who fought for the `` draconian measures '' finally adopted . While export prices had `` had a real bashing '' with butter at half its normal level and wool and meat also down , Holloway and Skinner felt that prices of both wool and meat were likely to rise and drastic measures were not fully justified . In caucus the measures were criticised by Michael Moohan , Frank Kitts and Bill Fox and , despite his cabinet position , Moohan continued to agitate against the beer price rise in private . Philip Connolly said of Nash , who had said that there was no alternative , that he was `` telling a bloody big lie '' as Nash was rubbing the gold cross on his watch chain when he said it . Freer saw some saving grace in the tightening of import controls and emphasis on local manufacture .   The government 's popularity never recovered from the budget , which is generally believed to have cost it the 1960 election . Nordmeyer was forever tainted by the ` black budget ' , which gave him a reputation as a puritanical ` wowser ' who was opposed to simple working class pleasures such as beer and cigarettes . Despite this , he became the leader of the Labour Party in 1963 , but was replaced by Norman Kirk less than three years later .   In 2010 , DB Breweries ran an advertising campaign attributing the creation of one of its brands , DB Export Gold to the increased taxes on beer introduced by the ` black budget ' . However , the brewery was forced to pull the campaign from television and internet in February 2011 ( though Newspaper ads were unaffected ) after the New Zealand Advertising Standards Authority partially upheld a complaint laid by Progressive Party leader Jim Anderton that the campaign was `` unethical , inaccurate and distorted history '' as little beer was then imported to New Zealand and the budget raised the excise only to the same as local beers .

neg: A Journey A Journey is a memoir by Tony Blair of his tenure as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom . Published in the UK on 1 September 2010 , it covers events from when he became leader of the Labour Party in 1994 and transformed it into `` New Labour '' , holding power for a party record three successive terms , to his resignation and replacement as Prime Minister by his Chancellor of the Exchequer , Gordon Brown . Blair donated his # 4.6 million advance , and all subsequent royalties , to the British Armed Forces charity The Royal British Legion . It became the fastest-selling autobiography of all time at the bookstore chain Waterstones . Promotional events were marked by antiwar protests .   Two of the book 's major topics are the strains in Blair 's relationship with Brown after Blair allegedly reneged on the pair 's 1994 agreement to step down as Prime Minister much earlier , and his controversial decision to participate in the 2003 invasion of Iraq . Blair discusses Labour 's future after the 2010 general election , his relations with the Royal Family , and how he came to respect President George W. Bush . Reviews were mixed ; some criticised Blair 's writing style , but others called it candid .   Gordon Brown was reportedly unhappy over Blair 's comments about him , while David Runciman of The London Review of Books suggested there were episodes from Blair 's troubled relationship with his Chancellor that were absent from A Journey . Labour politician Alistair Darling said the book demonstrates how the country can be changed for the better when a government has a clear purpose , while the New Zealand Listener suggested Blair and his contemporaries had helped to write New Labour 's epitaph . Some families of servicemen and women who were killed in Iraq reacted angrily , with one antiwar commentator dismissing Blair 's regrets over the loss of life . Shortly after the release of A Journey , the screenwriter of the 2006 film The Queen , which depicts Blair 's first months in office , accused Blair of plagiarising a conversation with Elizabeth II from him .

neg: Robert McCartney (Northern Irish politician) Robert Law McCartney , QC ( born 24 April 1936 ) is a Northern Irish barrister and a former leader of the UK Unionist Party .   He was initially a member of the Ulster Unionist Party but was expelled in June 1987 when he refused to withdraw from the general election of that year . He stood against the incumbent Popular Unionist Party MP Sir James Kilfedder in North Down as a `` Real Unionist '' but failed to win the seat .   In the 1995 by-election in North Down after the death of Kilfedder he was elected as a `` UK Unionist '' defeating the Ulster Unionist Party candidate . He subsequently established the United Kingdom Unionist Party to contest elections to the Northern Ireland Forum and the related talks which started  in 1996 . The other party representatives to the Forum were Dr Conor Cruise O'Brien and Cedric Wilson , a former low-level DUP member in the 1980s . McCartney retained his Westminster seat in the 1997 election .   He opposed the subsequent Belfast Agreement in the May 1998 referendum and his party won five seats in the Assembly elections later that year ( McCartney himself in North Down , Cedric Wilson in Strangford , Patrick Roche in Lagan Valley , Norman Boyd in South Antrim and Roger Hutchinson in East Antrim ) .   However , Wilson , Roche , Boyd and Hutchinson parted company with McCartney in December 1998 because of their leader 's so-called ` exit strategy ' from the Northern Ireland Assembly in the event of Sinn Féin being allowed seats in the new Northern Ireland Government . McCartney denounced them , saying all four ` were famous in their own living rooms ' and that their supporters ` could fit into a telephone box . ' In 2008 both Wilson and Boyd attended meetings of Jim Allister 's Traditional Unionist Voice .   In 1999 , Robert McCartney ran for the party in elections to the European Parliament , winning 2.9 % of the first preference vote . He lost his Westminster seat in the 2001 election to the UUP candidate Lady Hermon .   He was committed to a policy of integration for Northern Ireland , whereby legislative devolution for Northern Ireland would no longer be Westminster 's abiding policy , there would be no Stormont legislative assembly and the province would be a fully participating part of the United Kingdom ; at the same time the three main British political parties would fully organise in Northern Ireland . He was the president of the Campaign for Equal Citizenship in 1986 , and led it in its four years of prominence after the 1985 Anglo-Irish Agreement .  McCartney resigned as head of the Campaign for Equal Citizenship in 1988 over a dispute with its executive .   These integrationist policies , once popular in some sections of Unionism , receded with the introduction of devolution to Scotland and Wales , and the creation of a functioning Northern Ireland Assembly . However it is the case that other parts of the United Kingdom with devolved assemblies are fully covered by the three main British political parties , but not in Northern Ireland .   McCartney also strongly opposed the St Andrews Agreement and in 2007 stood on an anti-agreement ticket in six different constituencies . He lost his own seat in North Down , polling 1,806 first preference votes ( 5.9 % of the total , and less than half the quota required to be elected ) . He also obtained 360 votes ( 1.2 % ) in Belfast North , 388 votes ( 0.8 % ) in Fermanagh and South Tyrone , 853 votes ( 2.0 % ) in Lagan Valley , 893 votes ( 2.3 % ) in South Antrim and 220 votes ( 0.5 % ) in West Tyrone   He claims to have retired from politics following the loss of his seat in the 2007 Assembly Election to Brian Wilson of the Green Party . However , he still occasionally makes media appearances and writes newspaper articles and in October 2009 , Robert McCartney was guest speaker at the Traditional Unionist Voice party conference in Belfast , where he spoke on the situation surrounding the primary school transfer test , brought about by a Sinn Féin Education Minister .

neg: Tom Smith (British politician) Tom Smith ( 24 April 1886 -- 27 February 1953 ) was a Labour Party politician in England .   At the 1922 general election , he was elected as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for the previously Liberal-held seat of Pontefract in West Yorkshire . He was re-elected at the 1923 election , but at the 1924 general election he lost his seat by 701 votes to the Conservative candidate Christopher Brooke . He was re-elected at the 1929 general election , but was defeated again at the 1931 general election .   He returned to the House of Commons at an uncontested by-election in August 1933 , in the neighbouring Normanton constituency , following the death of the Labour MP Frederick Hall . He held the seat until he resigned his seat in 1947 to take up the post of Labour Director of the North-Eastern Divisional Coal Board . At the resulting 1947 Normanton by-election , the seat was held for Labour by George Sylvester .

neg: Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence The Unilateral Declaration of Independence ( UDI ) was a statement adopted by the Cabinet of Rhodesia on 11 November 1965 , announcing that Rhodesia , a British territory in southern Africa that had governed itself since 1923 , now regarded itself as an independent sovereign state . The culmination of a protracted dispute between the British and Rhodesian governments regarding the terms under which the latter could become fully independent , it was the first unilateral break from the United Kingdom by one of its colonies since the United States Declaration of Independence nearly two centuries before . Britain , the Commonwealth and the United Nations all deemed Rhodesia 's UDI illegal , and economic sanctions , the first in the UN 's history , were imposed on the breakaway colony . Amid near-complete international isolation , Rhodesia continued as an unrecognised state with the assistance of South Africa and Portugal .   The Rhodesian government , which mostly comprised members of the country 's white minority of about 5 % , was indignant when , amid decolonisation and the Wind of Change , less developed African colonies to the north without comparable experience of self-rule quickly advanced to independence during the early 1960s while Rhodesia was refused sovereignty under the newly ascendant principle of `` no independence before majority rule '' ( `` NIBMAR '' ) . Most white Rhodesians felt that they were due independence following four decades ' self-government , and that Britain was betraying them by withholding it . This combined with the colonial government 's acute reluctance to hand over power to black nationalists -- the manifestation of racial tensions , Cold War anti-communism and the fear that a dystopian Congo-style situation might result -- to create the impression that if Britain did not grant independence , Rhodesia might be justified in taking it unilaterally .   Stalemate developed between the British and Rhodesian Prime Ministers , Harold Wilson and Ian Smith respectively , between 1964 and 1965 . Dispute largely surrounded the British condition that the terms for independence had to be acceptable `` to the people of the country as a whole '' ; Smith contended that this was met , while Britain and black nationalist leaders in Rhodesia held that it was not . After Wilson proposed in late October 1965 that Britain might safeguard future black representation in the Rhodesian parliament by withdrawing some of the colonial government 's devolved powers , then presented terms for an investigatory Royal Commission that the Rhodesians found unacceptable , Smith and his Cabinet declared independence . Calling this treasonous , the British colonial Governor Sir Humphrey Gibbs formally dismissed Smith and his government , but they ignored him and appointed an `` Officer Administering the Government '' to take his place .   While no country recognised UDI , the Rhodesian High Court deemed the post-UDI government legal and de jure in 1968 . The Smith administration initially professed continued loyalty to Queen Elizabeth II , but abandoned this in 1970 when it declared a republic in an unsuccessful attempt to win foreign recognition . The Rhodesian Bush War , a guerrilla conflict between the government and two rival communist-backed black nationalist groups , began in earnest two years later , and after several attempts to end the war Smith agreed the Internal Settlement with non-militant nationalists in 1978 . Under these terms the country was reconstituted under black rule as Zimbabwe Rhodesia in June 1979 , but this new order was rejected by the guerrillas and the international community . The Bush War continued until Zimbabwe Rhodesia revoked UDI as part of the Lancaster House Agreement in December 1979 . Following a brief period of direct British rule , the country was granted internationally recognised independence under the name Zimbabwe in 1980 .

neg: Tony Abbott Anthony John `` Tony '' Abbott ( born 4 November 1957 ) is an Australian politician who was the 28th Prime Minister of Australia , from 18 September 2013 to 15 September 2015 . Abbott was leader of the Liberal Party of Australia from 2009 to 2015 , and has been a member of parliament for Warringah since 1994 .   Abbott was born in London , to an Australian mother and a British father , and emigrated to Sydney , Australia , with his parents in 1960 . Prior to entering Parliament , Abbott took the degrees of Bachelor of Economics and Bachelor of Laws at the University of Sydney , then attended The Queen 's College , Oxford , as a Rhodes Scholar , graduating as a Bachelor of Arts in Philosophy , Politics and Economics . He later proceeded by seniority to Master of Arts .   After graduating from Oxford , Abbott trained as a Roman Catholic seminarian , and later worked as a journalist , a manager , and a political adviser . In 1992 , he was appointed Director of Australians for Constitutional Monarchy , a position he held until his election to Parliament in 1994 . Abbott was first appointed to Cabinet following the 1998 election , as part of the Second Howard Ministry , becoming Minister for Employment , Workplace Relations and Small Business .   In 2003 , Abbott became Minister for Health and Ageing , retaining this position until the defeat of the Howard Government at the 2007 election . Initially serving in the Shadow Cabinets of Brendan Nelson and then Malcolm Turnbull , Abbott resigned from the front bench in November 2009 , in protest against Turnbull 's support for the Rudd Government 's proposed Emissions Trading Scheme ( ETS ) . Forcing a leadership ballot on the subject , Abbott defeated Turnbull by 42 votes to 41 , to become the Party 's leader and Leader of the Opposition .   Abbott led the Coalition at the 2010 election , which resulted in a hung parliament . Following negotiations , Labor formed a Government , with the support of one Greens MP and three Independent MPs . Abbott was re-elected as Liberal Leader unopposed . Abbott went on to lead the Coalition to victory in the 2013 election and was sworn in as the 28th Prime Minister of Australia on 18 September 2013 . On 14 September 2015 , Abbott was defeated in a vote for the Liberal leadership ( 54 votes to 44 ) by Malcolm Turnbull , who replaced Abbott as Prime Minister the following day .

neg: Shadow Cabinet of Michael Foot Michael Foot was Leader of the Opposition from 4 November 1980 , following his victory in the 1980 leadership election , to 2 October 1983 , when he was replaced by Neil Kinnock at the 1983 leadership election . The 1980 election was triggered by James Callaghan 's loss at the 1979 general election , and Foot 's own disastrous defeat in the 1983 general election .   Until 2011 , the Labour MPs elected the bulk of the membership of the Shadow Cabinet . The leader was expected to assign portfolios to those elected , but was able to assign portfolios to MPs not elected to the Shadow Cabinet and to refuse to assign portfolios to elected members . For example , William Rodgers was not given a portfolio despite winning in the 1980 Shadow Cabinet elections . When he left the party months later to help create the Social Democratic Party , Tony Benn automatically joined the Shadow Cabinet . Foot also chose not to give the more radical Benn a portfolio . When Benn lost in the 1981 Shadow Cabinet elections , all the new members received portfolios ( Shadow Minister for Europe became a Shadow Cabinet post for the rest of Foot 's tenure as leader ) .

neg: Reform of the House of Lords Certain governments in the United Kingdom have , for more than a century , attempted to find a way to reform the House of Lords , the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . This process was started by the Parliament Act 1911 introduced by the then Liberal Government which stated :   ... whereas it is intended to substitute for the House of Lords as it at present exists a Second Chamber constituted on a popular instead of hereditary basis , but such substitution can not be immediately brought into operation   When the Labour Party came to power in the 1997 general election , it had in its manifesto the promise to reform the House of Lords :  The House of Lords must be reformed . As an initial , self-contained reform , not dependent on further reform in the future , the right of hereditary Peers to sit and vote in the House of Lords will be ended by statute . . '' .  The Blair government subsequently passed the House of Lords Act 1999 . On 7 November 2001 the government undertook a public consultation . This helped to create a public debate on the issue of Lords reform , with 1,101 consultation responses and numerous debates in Parliament and the media . However , no consensus on the future of the upper chamber emerged .   All three of the main parties promised to take action on Lords reform in the 2010 general election , and following it the Coalition Agreement included a promise to `` establish a committee to bring forward proposals for a wholly or mainly elected upper chamber on the basis of proportional representation '' . Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg introduced the House of Lords Reform Bill 2012 on 27 June 2012 which built on proposals published on 17 May 2011 . However , this Bill was abandoned by the Government on 6 August 2012 following opposition from within the Conservative Party . A successful attempt to pursue minor reform of the House was made on 14 May 2014 when the House of Lords Reform Act 2014 gained Royal Assent .

neg: New Labour New Labour refers to a period in the history of the British Labour Party from the mid-1990s until 2010 , under the leadership of Tony Blair and Gordon Brown . The name dates from a conference slogan first used by the party in 1994 ; which was later seen in a draft manifesto published in 1996 , called New Labour , New Life for Britain . It was presented as the brand of a newly reformed party that had altered Clause IV and endorsed market economics . The branding was extensively used while the party was in government , between 1997 and 2010 .   The `` New Labour '' brand was developed to regain trust from the electorate and to portray a departure from their traditional democratic socialist policies , which was criticised for its breaking of election promises and its links between trade unions and the state . The `` New Labour '' brand was used to communicate the party 's modernisation to the public . It was coordinated by Alastair Campbell , who centralised the party 's communications and used his experience in journalism to achieve positive media relations . In 2002 , following criticism from Philip Gould , Blair announced the need to reinvent the brand based on a unified domestic policy and greater assertion in foreign affairs . Following the leadership of Neil Kinnock and John Smith , the party under the New Labour brand attempted to widen its electoral appeal , and by the 1997 general election it had made significant gains in the upper and middle-classes . Labour maintained this wider support at the 2001 general election , and won a third consecutive victory in 2005 , for the first time ever in the history of the Labour Party .   In 2007 , Blair resigned from the party leadership after thirteen years , and was succeeded by his Chancellor of the Exchequer , Gordon Brown . Labour lost the 2010 general election , which resulted in the first hung parliament in thirty-six years and led to the creation of a Conservative -- Liberal Democrat coalition government ; Brown resigned as Prime Minister , and as Labour Party leader shortly thereafter . He was succeeded as party leader by Ed Miliband , who abandoned the New Labour branding and moved the Labour Party 's political stance slightly further to the left .   New Labour was influenced by the political thinking of Anthony Crosland , the leadership of Tony Blair and Gordon Brown , and Peter Mandelson and Alastair Campbell 's media campaigning . The political philosophy of New Labour was influenced by the party 's development of Anthony Giddens ' `` Third Way '' , which attempted to provide a synthesis between capitalism and socialism . The party emphasised the importance of social justice , rather than equality , emphasising the need for equality of opportunity , and believed in the use of free markets to deliver economic efficiency and social justice . In 2002 , Giddens named spin as New Labour 's biggest failure , but commended the party 's success in certain policy areas and at marginalising the Conservative Party .

neg: John Purvis John Robert Purvis , CBE ( born 6 July 1938 , St Andrews , Fife ) is a former Conservative MEP for Mid Scotland and Fife ( 1979-1984 ) and , from 1999 to 2009 , was one of Scotland 's seven MEPs .   Purvis is married with three children and ten grandchildren . He has farming and property interests in North East Fife and has extensive knowledge of the international financial services industry , having worked in the sector for several decades and having later contributed his expertise on relevant committees in the European Parliament .   Purvis served as a second lieutenant in the Scots Guards ( 1956-1958 ) and graduated MA ( Hons ) from the University of St Andrews ( 1962 ) . He worked for First National City Bank in London , New York and Milan ( 1962-1969 ) and was Treasurer of merchant bank Noble Grossart Ltd in Edinburgh ( 1969-1973 ) . He was Managing Director and Chairman of Gilmerton Management Services Ltd St Andrews ( 1973-1986 ) and Chairman of the Economic Affairs Committee of the Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party ( 1986-1997 ) . He received the CBE in 1990 . During his second term as an MEP , Purvis was Vice Chairman of the European Parliament 's Economic and Monetary Affairs Committee ( 2002-2009 ) and a member of the Committee on Industry , Research and Energy ( 1999-2009 ) . He also served on EU delegations to the Gulf States and to Middle Eastern countries and served on the EU Committee of Inquiry into the Equitable Life Assurance Society crisis . During his 15 years as an MEP , Purvis produced a number of major reports which helped to shape EU policy -- notably on biotechnology ( supporting GM foods ) , telecommunications and financial regulation .   In 2001 , Purvis spoke out against the legality of actions by Customs and Excise officers who were confiscating alcohol and tobacco bought for personal use from travellers returning from the European Union saying such actions were illegal .  In 2002 , Purvis stated that he supported the building of a new airport in central Scotland as an alternative to upgrading the airports at Edinburgh or Glasgow .   Since standing down in 2009 , Purvis has continued to serve in Europe as Chairman of Financial Future which provides a means of dialogue between the financial services industries of Europe and the EU 's legislators . He is also Chairman of Belgrave Capital Management in London , a Director of Kingdom FM Radio Ltd. , Fife , and Advisor to the Board of Elmwood College in Cupar ( 2012 ) .   In 2008 , it was alleged that Purvis may have breached rules regarding parliamentary expenses and the payment of staff through a company . Purvis said at the time that he sought clarification from the relevant authorities and such clarification was not forthcoming .

neg: President of Trinidad and Tobago The President of Trinidad and Tobago is the head of state of Trinidad and Tobago and the commander-in-chief of the Trinidad and Tobago Defence Force . The office was established when the country became a republic in 1976 , before which the head of state was Queen Elizabeth II . The last Governor-General , Sir Ellis Clarke , was sworn in as the first President on August 1 , 1976 , under a transitional arrangement . He was formally chosen as President by an electoral college consisting of members of both houses of Parliament on September 24 , 1976 , which is now celebrated as Republic Day .   Under the 1976 Constitution , the President is the nominal source of executive power . Like the British Sovereign ( and heads of state in other Westminster Systems ) , he or she `` reigns but does not rule '' . In practice , executive authority is exercised by the Prime Minister and his or her Cabinet , on behalf of the President . The President appoints as Prime Minister the leader of the largest party in the House of Representatives , and also appoints members of the Senate on the recommendation of the Prime Minister and the Leader of the Opposition . The President must be at least 35 years old ( although no President has been younger than 59 ) , a citizen of Trinidad and Tobago , and at the time of nomination must have been resident in the country for an unbroken period of ten years .   The current President of Trinidad and Tobago is Anthony Carmona . The official residence of the President is President 's House , previously known as Government House when it was used by the Governors-General and Governors of the islands .

neg: William Beattie (politician) William Beattie ( born 21 September 1942 ) is a former minister of religion and Unionist politician in Northern Ireland .   Beattie grew up in Ballymena . In 1965 , he became a student minister at the Dunmurry Free Presbyterian Church , and in 1967 he became a full minister in the Church , led by Ian Paisley . He also joined Paisley 's Protestant Unionist Party ( PUP ) , and became the deputy leader .   In 1970 , Beattie was elected to the Northern Ireland House of Commons in a by-election in South Antrim . On the same day , Paisley was elected for Bannside , and the two became the PUP 's first Members of Parliament .   Beattie stood for Belfast North in the 1970 general election , but came a distant third , behind the Ulster Unionist and Labour candidates .   In 1971 , the PUP formed the Democratic Unionist Party ( DUP ) , and Beattie retained his post as deputy leader . The Parliament was prorogued in 1972 , but Beattie was elected to the Northern Ireland Assembly of 1973 , and became deputy chief whip of the United Unionist Assembly Party . He was again elected , to the Northern Ireland Constitutional Convention in 1975 , to Lisburn District Council in 1977 , and to the Northern Ireland Assembly of 1982 .   Beattie stood in Lagan Valley in the 1983 general election , but again failed to win a seat in the British House of Commons . He resigned from the DUP in the mid-1990s , and retired as a minister on 31 December 2005 .

neg: Britain's Economy: Cameron and Clegg Face the Audience Britain 's Economy : Cameron and Clegg Face the Audience is a special live political debate programme which was aired on BBC television on the evening of Wednesday 23 June 2010 . The programme featured British Prime Minister David Cameron and his Deputy Nick Clegg facing questions from a specially selected audience following the previous day 's emergency budget statement in which Chancellor George Osborne had announced # 6 billion worth of cuts in Government spending . It was chaired by Nick Robinson and saw Cameron and Clegg facing questions on the Budget 's potential impact . The occasion marked the first joint interview with Cameron and Clegg since forming a coalition government following the 2010 general election the previous month . The programme was aired on the BBC News channel at 7:00 pm , then again on BBC Two at 11.25 pm . It was also shown on BBC Parliament the following Sunday .

neg: John Evans (Ogmore MP) John Evans ( 10 September 1875 -- 18 April 1961 ) was a Labour Party politician in the United Kingdom . He was elected as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Ogmore at a by-election in 1946 , but stood down at the 1950 general election .   John Evans , a fluent Welsh speaker , was elected MP for Ogmore in 1946 , following a by-election , caused by the resignation of Ted Williams who had been appointed as high commissioner to Australia . It was said by many that at 70 years of age he was too old for the job but it is well to remember that Winston Churchill became prime minister for the second time at 76 and remained an MP into his eighties .   John Evans was born at Cwmparc in the Rhondda Valley in September 1875 and attended the local Park Board School . He started work at twelve years of age in the local colliery where he remained for the next 20 years before winning a place at Ruskin College . On his return he became union secretary at Coegnant colliery , Maesteg . By now he was living at Nantyffyllon . He was elected to Maesteg UDC ( 1916 -- 37 ) and Glamorgan CC in ( 1913 -- 46 ) . In 1929 he stood unsuccessfully for parliament in Montgomery and in 1931 he failed to get the nomination for Ogmore losing out to Ted Williams .  Surprisingly , as the sitting MP , he failed to gain the nomination , from the Ogmore Labour Party , for the 1950 General Election , despite being steeped in mining tradition and Welsh Culture . Newcomer Walter Padley gained the nomination and went on to be the MP for the next 30 years . Shortly after his non-selection , John Evans moved to Tongwynlais near Cardiff and from there won a seat on Glamorgan CC in 1952 , at the grand age of 75 . He died in 1961 , aged 85 .

neg: Geoffrey Johnson-Smith Sir Geoffrey Johnson-Smith , Kt , DL , PC ( 16 April 1924 in Glasgow -- 11 August 2010 ) was a Scottish Conservative politician in the United Kingdom . He was a Member of Parliament ( MP ) from 1959 to 2001 , with only a brief interruption in the 1960s . He was also a television presenter .   The son of an electrical engineer , he joined the Royal Artillery straight from Charterhouse School in 1942 and after the war was demobilised as a captain .   At Lincoln College , Oxford , he read PPE . Contemporaries remembered him as Oxford 's best-dressed socialist , though he always insisted he never joined the Labour Party . In his final year he and Robin Day took part in a debating tour of United States run by the English-Speaking Union . From Oxford he joined the British Information Services , serving in San Francisco , where he met his wife , Jeanne , an American doctor whom he married in 1951 .   He was later a presenter of the BBC magazine programme Tonight in the late 1950s .   Shortly before the 1959 general election , Cliff Michelmore , Tonight 's presenter , had a hernia operation and Johnson-Smith was promoted to co-host the show for six weeks . His profile was thus at its highest when the election was called , and on 8 October 1959 he ousted the Labour member for Holborn and St Pancras South , Lena Jeger , by 656 votes .   He successfully promoted a bill authorising councils to operate a meals-on-wheels service for the elderly and was soon on the fast track , within six months becoming PPS to ministers at the Board of Trade ; in 1962 he moved to the Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance .   His parliamentary career was interrupted in October 1964 when Lena Jeger had her revenge by 2,756 votes as Labour came to power . He briefly returned to television , freelancing for the BBC and Rediffusion 's religious programmes .   However , he returned to the House of Commons the following year at a by-election in the safe Conservative seat of East Grinstead . When that constituency was abolished for the 1983 election , he was returned for the new Wealden constituency , and held that seat until he retired at the 2001 general election .   Sir Alec Douglas-Home quickly appointed him an Opposition whip , and when Edward Heath became leader that summer he made Johnson-Smith a party vice-chairman .   When Heath came to power in 1970 he kept Johnson-Smith at Central Office . Soon afterwards Iain Macleod died suddenly , the party Chairman Anthony Barber taking his place and Johnson-Smith becoming acting chairman . He was never in the running for the top job , despite his popularity among Conservative ladies , and in April 1971 he instead became Under-Secretary for Defence for the Army .   Johnson-Smith , who was later to launch a successful campaign on behalf of haemophiliacs who had been given infected blood , fought a long battle to curb the Church of Scientology . The Church had its headquarters near East Grinstead and in 1970 he endured a six-week libel case before a jury vindicated his stance .   After the Bloody Sunday killings of January 1972 , he mounted an uncompromising defence of the Parachute Regiment : `` It is bad enough for our troops to have to run all the perils and be shot at by gunmen without having their pain increased by smears in this House . ''   In November 1972 Heath moved him sideways to the Civil Service Department , with the remit of sharpening presentation of government policy . His time there was dominated by the Kenneth Littlejohn affair , which was still rumbling on when Heath called a snap election in February 1974 . Johnson-Smith fought a skilful media campaign , but could not prevent Heath losing .   When Margaret Thatcher took the leadership , she asked him to oversee media activities at Central Office alongside a fellow television professional , Gordon Reece . After her 1979 election victory he joined the 1922 executive and chaired the party 's backbench media committee .   From 1980 to 1996 he chaired the select committee on Member 's Interests , having to field embarrassing questions about the business activities of Mrs Thatcher 's son Mark .   Johnson-Smith specialised increasingly in defence . From 1985 he chaired the military committee of the North Atlantic Assembly , and from 1987 to 1997 he led the British delegation . For six years he chaired the Conservative backbench defence committee .   He was knighted in 1982 and sworn of the Privy Council in 1996 .

neg: West Lothian question The West Lothian question , also known as the English question , refers to whether MPs from Northern Ireland , Scotland and Wales , sitting in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom , should be able to vote on matters that affect only England , while MPs from England are unable to vote on matters that have been devolved to the Northern Ireland Assembly , the Scottish Parliament and the Welsh Assembly . The term `` West Lothian question '' was coined by Enoch Powell MP in 1977 after Tam Dalyell , the Labour MP for the Scottish constituency of West Lothian , raised the matter repeatedly in House of Commons debates on devolution .   In 2011 the Government of the United Kingdom set up a commission to examine the question . The Commission on the consequences of devolution for the House of Commons , chaired by former Clerk of the House of Commons Sir William McKay , published a report in 2013 which proposed various procedural changes , including that legislation which affects only England should require the support of a majority of MPs representing English constituencies ( `` English votes for English laws '' ) . Following the election of a Conservative government in the 2015 general election , new parliamentary procedures and a Legislative Grand Committee were enacted .

neg: 2012 British cabinet reshuffle British prime minister David Cameron conducted the first major reshuffle of his coalition government on 4 September 2012 . The reshuffle , nearly two and a half years after the government was sworn in , was highly anticipated , and eschewed the trend of annual reshuffles which had become common under the governments of the 1990s and 2000s . As a result , many ministers had been in place not just since the government was elected in 2010 , but had covered the portfolio in Cameron 's shadow cabinet or even earlier ; Andrew Lansley had covered the health brief since 2004 , when Michael Howard led the Conservatives in opposition .   Despite this , Cameron 's room to manoeuvre was limited by his coalition agreement with Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg 's Liberal Democrats , which guaranteed the minority party seats in government , and Clegg the right to select his ministers . Further , Cameron 's personal aversion to reshuffles and belief that ministers were most effective when given time at a department led to him viewing many cabinet members , including the holders of the Great Offices of State , as immovable .   The reshuffle , which was criticised by the opposition for resulting in a cabinet with only four female members out of twenty-two , ultimately shifted Cameron 's government significantly to the right on business , justice , and the environment , and rid the government of perceived weaknesses , while maintaining stability at the top . In an official statement , Number 10 stated that the impetus for the reshuffle was the fact that after more than two years , the government was `` at the delivery phase '' and that ministers had `` been appointed with that in mind '' .

neg: Heath ministry Edward Heath , of the Conservative Party , formed the Heath ministry and became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom on 19 June 1970 , following the 18 June general election . Heath 's ministry ended after the February 1974 general election , which produced a hung parliament , leading to the formation of a minority government by Harold Wilson of the Labour Party .   Heath had been elected leader of the Conservative Party in 1965 to succeed Alec Douglas Home , within a few months of the party 's election defeat after 13 years in government . His first general election as leader the following year ended in defeat as Wilson 's Labour government increased its majority . The Conservatives enjoyed a surge in support over the next two years as the British economy went through a period of fluctuation being growth and contraction , with unemployment rising significantly , but when Harold Wilson called a general election for June 1970 , the opinion polls all pointed towards a third successive Labour victory . It was a major surprise when the Conservatives won with a majority of 30 seats .   The government of Edward Heath initially enjoyed a strong economy and relatively low unemployment , and by 1973 Britain had entered the European Economic Community . But then came the 1973 oil crisis , and just before Christmas , Heath declared a `` three day week '' in which the use of offices , factories and most public buildings was reduced to three days a week . He also faced a battle with the unions over pay freezes and restraints , which sparked a rise in strikes . The economy also entered a recession .   Heath 's response in February 1974 was to call a general election , urging the voters to decide whether it was the government or the unions which ran Britain . The election on 28 February 1974 resulted in a hung parliament , in which the Tories had the most votes but Labour had the most seats . After talks with the Liberals about forming a coalition government failed , Labour formed a minority government on 4 March . A second general election was widely anticipated later in 1974 , and was called by Harold Wilson for 10 October , in which the Labour Party gained a three-seat majority . This meant that Wilson had now won four of the five general elections he had contested , while Heath had now lost three of his four general elections , and it seemed inevitable that his leadership would soon end .

neg: John Fitzmaurice John Fitzmaurice ( 18 November 1947 in Copenhagen - August 2003 in Brussels ) , was an administrator , academic and writer . He was an author of numerous books and articles on politics , concentrating on party politics and elections . He was an official of the European Commission and a lecturer at the Université Libre de Bruxelles .   Fizmaurice was educated at Shaftesbury Grammar School and the University of Bristol . He obtained a Certificate of Education at Oxford People College .   His political career began when he contested Yeovil in 1987 . He went on to contest North Dorset in 1992 and 1997 . Fitzmaurice became secretary of the Brussels Labour Party and the Vice-chair of Brussels Co-operative Party . He went on to work as an administrator for the European Commission , Brussels , in the Department for Liaison with the European Parliament . While in that post he travelled extensively , mainly to carry out research for his next publications .   After he died unexpectedly , a commemoration service was held on 12 November 2003 in the Brussels Van Maerlant Chapel . Among others , Neil Kinnock , Vice-President of the European Commission from 1995 until 2004 , and Julian Priestley from the European Parliament , spoke during this service .   In memory of John Fitzmaurice , an annual lecture around the themes of democracy , socialism and Europe , is held in Brussels . At the 2007 lecture , Geoff Hoon dedicated his speech to Fitzmaurice . He said :  ... it is also a particular honour to give the Brussels Labour Annual Lecture in memory of our colleague and friend , John Fitzmaurice . I knew John during my time in the European Parliament . He then went on to work for the Commission Secretariat General focusing on the relationship between the Commission and the Parliament until his sad death in 2003 . John was passionate about European politics and in particular the European Parliament throughout his life and career . I hope that it is something that I have in common with him .

neg: Eastbourne by-election, 1990 The Eastbourne by-election , 1990 was a by-election held on 18 October 1990 for the British House of Commons constituency of Eastbourne in East Sussex .   The by-election was caused by the death of the town 's Conservative Party Member of Parliament ( MP ) Ian Gow , who was killed on 30 July 1990 by a bomb placed under his car by the Provisional IRA .   The result was a victory for the Liberal Democrat candidate David Bellotti , who defeated the former Conservative MP Richard Hickmet by a majority of 4,550 votes and with more than half the votes cast . The loss came as a shock to many Conservatives who had expected ( not least given the circumstances under which the by-election was held , as well as the fact that it had been retained by a majority of more than 16,000 votes in 1987 ) that they would easily retain the seat . Conservative MP Ann Widdecombe sent a message to voters saying that the IRA would be `` toasting their success '' .   It was a welcome success for the Liberal Democrats , formed in March 1988 , after some disastrous early local and European election showings , as well as dismal showings in opinion polls . It came at a time when Conservative support was slumping and Labour was enjoying a comfortable lead in the opinion polls , largely due to the unpopular introduction of poll tax by the Conservative government .   However , at the next general election just 18 months later , Bellotti was defeated by over 5,000 votes . The outcome of was symbolic of how the fortunes of the main three political parties had altered in that short time . The Liberal Democrats , who at the time of the Eastbourne success were looking set for a big rise in votes and seats , were left with a reduced number of seats , while the Conservatives were re-elected under new leader John Major ( who had succeeded Margaret Thatcher in November 1990 ) , leaving Labour in opposition for a fourth successive term of parliament - meaning that Neil Kinnock never made it into government as the opinion polls throughout 1990 had all suggested would happen .   This remains , as of 2016 , the last by-election resulting from the assassination of a sitting MP that was contested by all of the major parties . Following the next such killing , which occurred in 2016 when Labour MP Jo Cox was attacked and murdered in her constituency , Labour 's major political rivals quickly announced they would not contest the ensuing by-election .