query: Tiger Woods has not competed in a golf tournament.

pos: Grand Slam (golf) The Grand Slam in professional golf is winning all of golf 's major championships in the same calendar year .

pos: Tiger Woods Eldrick Tont `` Tiger '' Woods ( born December 30 , 1975 ) is an American professional golfer who is among the most successful golfers of all time . He has been one of the highest-paid athletes in the world for several years .   Following an outstanding junior , college , and amateur career , Woods turned professional at the age of 20 , at the end of the summer in 1996 . By April 1997 he had already won his first major , the 1997 Masters . Woods won this tournament in a record-breaking performance , winning by 12 strokes while pocketing $ 486,000 . He first reached the number one position in the world rankings in June 1997 , after less than a year as a professional . Throughout the 2000s , Woods was the dominant force in golf ; from August 1999 to September 2004 ( 264 weeks ) and from June 2005 to October 2010 ( 281 weeks ) , Woods was the top-ranked men 's golfer in the world .   From December 2009 to early April 2010 , Woods took leave from professional golf to focus on his personal life after he admitted infidelity . Despite attempts at reconciliation , he and his wife Elin Nordegren eventually divorced . His many alleged extramarital indiscretions were revealed by several women , through many worldwide media sources . This was followed by a loss of golf form , and his ranking gradually fell to a low of No. 58 in November 2011 . He ended a career-high winless streak of 107 weeks when he triumphed in the Chevron World Challenge in December 2011 . After winning the Arnold Palmer Invitational on March 25 , 2013 , he ascended to the No. 1 ranking once again , holding the top spot until May 2014 . Woods had back surgery in April 2014 and September 2015 and has struggled since to regain his dominant form . By March 29 , 2015 , Woods had fallen to # 104 , outside of the top 100 for the first time since 1996 . In May 2016 , Woods dropped out of the world top 500 for the first time in his professional career .   Woods has broken numerous golf records . He has been World Number One for the most consecutive weeks and for the greatest total number of weeks of any golfer . He has been awarded PGA Player of the Year a record eleven times , the Byron Nelson Award for lowest adjusted scoring average a record eight times , and has the record of leading the money list in ten different seasons .  He has won 14 professional major golf championships , the second-highest of any player ( Jack Nicklaus leads with 18 ) , and 79 PGA Tour events , second all time behind Sam Snead , who had 82 wins . He has more career major wins and career PGA Tour wins than any other active golfer . He is the youngest player to achieve the career Grand Slam , and the youngest and fastest to win 50 tournaments on tour . Additionally , Woods is only the second golfer ( after Nicklaus ) to have achieved a career Grand Slam three times . Woods has won 18 World Golf Championships , and won at least one of those events in each of the first 11 years after they began in 1999 . Woods and Rory McIlroy are the only golfers to win both The Silver Medal and The Gold Medal at The Open Championship .

pos: Hero World Challenge The Hero World Challenge is a golf tournament hosted by Tiger Woods , which takes place each December . It features a small number ( currently 18 ) of top-ranked golf pros . The tournament is a benefit for the Tiger Woods Foundation .

pos: Arnold Palmer Invitational The Arnold Palmer Invitational is a professional golf tournament in Florida on the PGA Tour . It is played each March at the Bay Hill Club and Lodge , a private golf resort owned since 1974 by Arnold Palmer in Bay Hill , a suburb southwest of Orlando .   The event was founded in 1979 as a successor to the Florida Citrus Open Invitational , which debuted in 1966 and was played at Rio Pinar Country Club , east of Orlando , through 1978 . It has had a number of different names since then , most of them including `` Bay Hill , '' but has played under the Palmer name since 2007 . On March 21 , 2012 , the Arnold Palmer Invitational and MasterCard Worldwide announced an extension to MasterCard 's `` Presented by '' sponsorship until the 2016 tournament .   As a restricted field event , only the first 70 players on the previous year 's money list are guaranteed invitations .   Tiger Woods won four years in a row at Bay Hill , from 2000 to 2003 , one of only four occasions that an event was won four consecutive times on the PGA Tour . In 2004 , he was one shot off the lead after opening with a 67 , but followed up with consecutive 74s on Friday and Saturday , and tied for 46th place . Woods also won the 2008 and 2009 tournaments , both times with birdie putts on the final hole . He then won the tournament in 2012 by five shots , his first official PGA Tour win in 924 days and his seventh win at the event . Woods repeated in 2013 for his eighth victory at the tournament . He withdrew two days before the 2014 event , citing a bad back , and underwent surgery shortly after .

neg: Golf instruction Golf instruction is the art of equipping and training golfers to play better golf through improved awareness of swing cause and effects as a result of the actions by their body , the club , and their effect on the golf ball . Most great golfers have a few common elements that make them great including : proper intentionality , swing repeatability to produce an action that fits the golfers intentionality , and a strong level of automaticity for long lasting enjoyment of the game golf . Golf instruction is unique as golf consists of five primary skills : shots from a tee ( most notable : driving that uses a driver ) , full shots from the ground ( mostly known as `` iron shots '' , pitching ( or 3/4 shots designed for distance control , chipping ( short shots around the green the require less than a full swing ) , putting ( 1 club preferably `` the putter '' ) and course strategy or gamesmanship .   Proficiency in teaching golf instruction requires not only technical and physical ability , but also knowledge of the rules and etiquette of the game . Golf instruction offered on many platforms in the United States including : the PGA of America , GolfTEC , and independent golfers who `` may '' or `` may not '' have credentials that are recognized by credible teachers certified sources such as the PGA of America . Although there are many great golf instructors in the United States , who are PGA Class A Professionals , not all great instructors carry this status nor find it a major determiner of golf instruction proficiency .   Golf Instruction can be wide ranging , but many great modern day instructors are able to diagnose and prescribe swing frustrations accurately and present a clear fix that encourages the golfer in the discovery of lasting repeatability from the specific ailment that `` plagued '' them from a sound repeatable swing to play a golf course successfully ( varying terms of success as a golfer ) Many modern instructors include the following in their diagnosis  1 . visual feedback through video and bio motion analysis  2 . personalized golf club fitting for individual body and swing types  3 . on-course play under real conditions  4 . mental performance development  5 . golf specific body conditioning for optimal golf bio-mechanics   Beginning players can start lesson in several ways , but most do so in either a group or individual setting , covering the five primary skills of golf as noted above golf swing . Golf is an asymmetrical exercise that can break body balances , requiring also adequate exercises to keep the balance in muscles . Experienced recreational players often return for instruction , either to fix a specific problem they are encountering or to improve their game . Reconstruction of a golf swing to reach a high level of play often involves series of lessons over an extended period of time . Junior golfers often begin receiving instruction by age 10 or younger , and often retain private teachers even when coached on a high school golf team .   Some top instructors who work with professional golfers have become quite well known in their own right over the years , including Harvey Penick , Jack Grout , Dick Harmon , David Leadbetter , Butch Harmon , Hank Haney , Chip Thomson , Sean Foley , and Mike Bennett and Andy Plummer . Some of the teachers maintain teaching facilities or schools where they or their disciples use their methods or systems . A few instructors focus solely on a particular aspect of the sport , such as Dave Pelz with the short game . Some famous golfers have been tightly bound with their instructor , such as Jack Nicklaus with Jack Grout , while in other cases golfers have made high-profile switches from one instructor to another , such as Tiger Woods moving from Butch Harmon to various other instructors .   Recreational golfers are constantly seeking tips on how to improve , and the major golf publications such as Golf Magazine and Golf Digest devote substantial portions of their pages to instructional material of various kinds , often written by top-level instructors . Even television broadcasts of professional golf tournaments often contain short instructional segments , delivered by commentators who are also instructors such as Peter Kostis .   Golf instruction may be augmented by training aids such as specially weighting or jointed clubs , putting cups for practice on the den room carpet , mini practice tees with feedback for use in garages , et cetera . Some training aids are sold via television infomercials and the more peculiar varieties were satirized in the 1996 film Tin Cup .   Golf instruction is no guarantee of success or improved play in the game . Bad mechanics can be deeply ingrained in a subject 's swing , and psychological factors can also hinder progress . The 2009 Golf Channel program The Haney Project : Charles Barkley showcased some of these issues , as Hank Haney attempted to fix former NBA great Charles Barkley 's infamously bad swing .

neg: 1995 Masters Tournament The 1995 Masters Tournament was the 59th Masters Tournament , held April 6 -- 9 at Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta , Georgia . Ben Crenshaw won his second Masters championship , one stroke ahead of runner-up Davis Love III . It was an emotional victory for Crenshaw as it came just days after the death of his mentor , Harvey Penick . Crenshaw and Tom Kite attended the funeral in Texas on Wednesday and did not return to Augusta until that night , on the eve of the first round .   The 1995 Masters marked the first major championship for Tiger Woods , who qualified as the 1994 U.S. Amateur champion . A 19-year-old college freshman at Stanford , he tied for 41st place and was the leading amateur , the only one to make the cut . Woods ' average driving distance was the longest in the tournament .

neg: BMW PGA Championship The BMW PGA Championship , as it is currently known for sponsorship reasons , is an annual men 's professional golf tournament on the European Tour . It was founded in 1955 by the Professional Golfers ' Association , and as such was originally called the British PGA Championship . Since then it has had several sponsored names , but the phrase `` PGA Championship '' has usually been included in the name .   The BMW PGA Championship is played each May over the West Course at the Wentworth Club in Surrey , England . The PGA European Tour has its headquarters at the club and as the tour 's home tournament , the BMW PGA Championship is often regarded as the flagship event on the European Tour .   It has usually had the highest prize money of any event which the tour organises , but this changed in 2009 with the introduction of the Race to Dubai , and the $ 10 million Dubai World Championship at the end of the season . There are other more lucrative events than the BMW PGA Championship which are part of the European Tour schedule , such as the majors and the World Golf Championship events , but these are organised by other bodies . It is also the European Tour 's designated `` Premier event '' for the purposes of the Official World Golf Rankings , with a minimum of 64 ranking points available to the winner .   The winner of the tournament is given an exemption into that season 's U.S. Open and the next three Open Championships .   In 2000 , Colin Montgomerie became the only player to win three years in a row .

neg: Vaughn Taylor Vaughn Joseph Taylor ( born March 9 , 1976 ) is an American professional golfer who has played on the PGA Tour and Web.com Tour .   Born in Roanoke , Virginia , Taylor was raised in Augusta , Georgia , from infancy . After attending Hephzibah High School , he played golf for Augusta State University where he was an honorable mention All-American his senior season . He continues to reside in the Augusta area with his wife , Leot .   Taylor turned professional in 1999 . He played his early years on the Hooters and Nationwide Tours , getting valuable experience before playing his first full year with a PGA Tour card in 2004 . He won four times on the NGA Hooters Tour , and once on the Nationwide Tour at the Knoxville Open . Taylor has three victories to his name on the PGA Tour ; his first two victories coming in consecutive years at the Reno-Tahoe Open , an alternate event , in 2004 and 2005 . His victory in 2004 was one of five wins by rookies that year and came after holing an 11-foot birdie on the first extra hole during a four-man sudden-death playoff . He had also previously had to sink a 14-foot birdie putt on the final hole of regulation play to make the cut . In 2005 , he led the event wire-to-wire and held a six-stroke advantage entering the final round , to claim a comfortable victory by three strokes from Jonathan Kaye .   After a year that included a career high six top-10 's , Taylor qualified to play on the U.S. Ryder Cup team for the first time in 2006 . He earned a half point for his team with a record of 0 -- 1 -- 1 .   Taylor 's highest world ranking was 37th in 2007 and career high in the FedEx Cup placing was 35th in 2010 .   Taylor started the 2015-16 season playing on both the PGA Tour and Web.com Tour , having only past champion status on the PGA Tour after finishing 151st in the FedEx Cup , just a fraction of a point from conditional status . He made two starts on the PGA Tour before making two starts on the Web.com Tour , where he missed the cut in Panama and withdrew due to illness in Colombia . In February 2016 , Taylor won the AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am , his first PGA Tour win since August 2005 . He started the week as first alternate , only earning entry after Carl Pettersson withdrew , and had not been fully exempt since 2012 . The win was also Taylor 's first at a non-alternate event and moved him from 447th in the world to 100th .

neg: Tiger Woods PGA Tour 11 Tiger Woods PGA Tour 11 is a golfing simulation video game in the PGA Tour series developed by EA Tiburon and published by Electronic Arts . It was released in 2010 for the PlayStation 3 , Wii , Xbox 360 and iOS . The game is the first in the series to support the PlayStation Move controller for the Sony PlayStation 3 . As with Tiger Woods PGA Tour 10 , the Wii version utilizes Wii MotionPlus . This edition of Tiger Woods PGA Tour is the first to feature someone on the cover other than Tiger himself . The privilege was given to the Northern Irish golfer Rory McIlroy , who was the first person to win a PGA Tour event before their 21st birthday since Tiger Woods . McIlroy would later become the namesake of the PGA tour games .

neg: Denis Watson Denis Leslie Watson ( born 18 October 1955 ) is a professional golfer from Zimbabwe .   Born in Salisbury , Rhodesia ( now Harare , Zimbabwe ) Watson was educated at Oriel Boys High School , Chisipite . He was Rhodesian Sportsman of the Year in 1975 , but went on to represent South Africa in the World Series of Golf in 1980 and 1982 -- sporting connections between Rhodesia and Apartheid South Africa were blurred at the time , for example the Rhodesian cricket team was once part of the South African domestic set-up .   Watson turned professional in 1976 and played on the European Tour from 1978 to 1980 . After moving to the United States , where he joined the PGA Tour , he had his career year in 1984 when he won the Buick Open , NEC World Series of Golf , and Panasonic Las Vegas Invitational to tie for the most wins on the PGA Tour that season .   Watson finished second in the 1985 U.S. Open , missing out on forcing a playoff by one shot , having incurred a two-stroke penalty earlier in the tournament . The penalty was assessed on the eighth hole in the first round , after he had waited longer than the allowed ten seconds for a putt that had hung on the lip of the hole to drop in . The ball did fall into the hole , but the birdie was disallowed and the penalty strokes added . The USGA and R&A , the sports governing bodies , have since amended the penalty for this rules infraction to just a single stroke . Andy North was eventually the only player to beat him , by one shot despite himself bogeying the last hole .   Watson 's career came to a sudden halt when he was injured while playing in the 1985 Goodyear Classic in South Africa . While hitting his ball out of the rough with a 9-iron , he struck a tree stump that had been hidden from view causing damage to his wrist , elbow and neck . He went on to win the tournament , but his problems had just begun . He required surgery on his wrist and neck , and was initially told that he would never play again . He did , but was unable to consistently reach the high standard that he had previously attained and after several more operations he retired towards the end of the 1990s .   After turning fifty , Watson joined the Champions Tour , and began to rediscover competitive form . He won the 2007 Senior PGA Championship at Kiawah Island , a senior major , by two strokes over Argentina 's Eduardo Romero , his first win in 23 years . In one of the most remarkable comebacks ever seen in professional golf , Watson has become one of the Champions Tour 's most competitive stars . He was voted the 2007 Champions Tour Rookie of the Year .

neg: Most European Tour wins in a year The following represents the golfers who have won five or more tournaments in a season on the European Tour .   Note : Tiger Woods won five European Tour sanctioned events as a non-member in 2006 : two majors , two World Golf Championships , and the Dubai Desert Classic .

neg: 1984 Masters Tournament The 1984 Masters Tournament was the 48th Masters Tournament , held April 12 -- 15 at Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta , Georgia . Ben Crenshaw won the first of his two major titles , both Masters , two strokes ahead of runner-up Tom Watson , the winner in 1977 and 1981 .   The leader after 36 holes was Masters rookie Mark Lye at 135 ( − 9 ) , three strokes ahead of Tom Kite . Play was halted near the end of the third round due to thunderstorms and the final groups completed it on Sunday morning . After 54 holes , Kite led at 207 ( − 9 ) and Lye was a stroke back . Crenshaw was two strokes back at 209 and shot a final round 68 ( − 4 ) to slip on his first green jacket . He won again eleven years later in 1995 .   Defending champion Seve Ballesteros was assessed a two-stroke penalty in the second round for grounding his club within the confines of a water hazard at the 13th hole and missed the cut by a stroke . He also missed the cut as defending champion in 1981 .   Normally scheduled to conclude on the second Sunday of April , this Masters was held a week later , as was 1979 .

neg: Official World Golf Ranking The Official World Golf Ranking is a system for rating the performance level of male professional golfers ( although there is no rule prohibiting women from being ranked ) . It was introduced in 1986 and is endorsed by the four major championships and six major professional tours , five of which are charter members of the International Federation of PGA Tours :  PGA Tour  European Tour  Asian Tour ( not a charter member of the Federation )  PGA Tour of Australasia  Japan Golf Tour  Sunshine Tour   Points are also awarded for high finishes on other tours :  Web.com Tour , the official developmental tour for the PGA Tour  Challenge Tour , the official developmental tour for the European Tour  PGA Tour Canada , which became a full member of the Federation in 2009 under its former name of the Canadian Professional Golf Tour  OneAsia Tour , not a member of the Federation , but a joint venture between two charter members and two other tours that became full members in 2009  Korean Tour , from 2011  PGA Tour Latinoamérica , from 2012  Asian Development Tour , the official developmental tour for the Asian Tour , from 2013  PGA Tour China , from 2014  Alps Tour , from July 2015  Nordic Golf League , from July 2015  PGA EuroPro Tour , from July 2015  ProGolf Tour , from July 2015  MENA Golf Tour , from April 2016

neg: Insperity Invitational The Insperity Invitational is a golf tournament on PGA Tour Champions . The tournament was founded in 2004 as the Administaff Small Business Classic . It is played annually in The Woodlands , Texas at the Woodlands Country Club . From 2004 to 2007 it was played in Spring , Texas at the Augusta Pines Golf Club . The tournament was played in October from 2004 to 2011 , but move to an early May date in 2012 . Insperity , previously known as Administaff , is the main sponsor of the tournament .   The purse for the 2015 tournament was US$ 2,050,000 with $ 307,500 going to the winner .

neg: North Carolina Open The North Carolina Open is the North Carolina state open golf tournament , open to both amateurs and PGA professionals . It is organized by the Carolinas section of the PGA of America , and both state opens run by the Carolinas section , the North Carolina Open and the South Carolina Open , are the only ones in the United States that prohibit non-PGA professionals from competing . It has been played annually since 1965 at a variety of courses around the state .

neg: World Championship (LPGA Tour) The World Championship was a golf tournament on the LPGA Tour from 1948 to 1957 . It was played at the Tam O'Shanter Country Club in Niles , Illinois . It was played concurrently with the men 's World Championship of Golf on the PGA Tour as well as World Amateur events . The pre-1950 events are considered official LPGA wins .

neg: 1940 U.S. Open (golf) The 1940 U.S. Open was the 44th U.S. Open , June 6 -- 9 at Canterbury Golf Club in Beachwood , Ohio , a suburb east of Cleveland . Lawson Little defeated Gene Sarazen in an 18-hole playoff to win his only professional major .   Little started the final round a stroke behind leader Frank Walsh and carded a 73 to finish at 287 . Sarazen made two birdies on the back nine and did not make a bogey to also post 287 and force a playoff on Sunday .   After five holes in the playoff , Little had a four-stroke advantage and was ahead by three at the turn . Sarazen made birdie at 11 and 14 to close the gap to one stroke with four holes to play , but could draw no closer . Little birdied the next two holes and they halved the final two holes . Little won by three , 70 to 73 , and became the fifth player to win both the U.S. Open and the U.S. Amateur .   Six players were disqualified after the final round for starting their round too early to avoid a coming storm . One of those players , Ed Oliver , actually tied Little and Sarazen , but his disqualification prevented his participation in the playoff . Walter Hagen , in his final U.S. Open , was also disqualified for showing up late for his third round . Under current rules , Hagen would be penalised two strokes if he arrived within a grace period . Also under current rules , officials , with access to weather radar , reserve the right to accelerate the start of the final round and change its procedure ( groups of three starting at the first and tenth tees , or a shotgun start ) .   The top eight finishers in the tournament were all past or future major champions , and are members of the World Golf Hall of Fame .   This was the first of three majors at Canterbury . The U.S. Open returned six years later in 1946 , won by Lloyd Mangrum in two playoff rounds . It was the first U.S. Open in five years , due to World War II . The PGA Championship was played at the course in 1973 , won by Jack Nicklaus .

neg: 2005 Masters Tournament The 2005 Masters Tournament was the 69th Masters Tournament , played from April 7 -- 10 at Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta , Georgia .   Tiger Woods , 29 , won his fourth green jacket on the first hole of a playoff with Chris DiMarco . Rain was a factor the whole week , and delayed much of the play . The purse was $ 7.0 million with a winner 's share of $ 1.26 million . It was the ninth of Woods ' fourteen major championships .   This Masters was the last as competitors for three former champions : Tommy Aaron ( 1973 ) , Billy Casper ( 1970 ) , and six-time winner Jack Nicklaus .   Ryan Moore was low amateur at 287 ( − 1 ) , the best score by an amateur since 1978 , and earned an exemption to the 2006 tournament .   Jerry Pate , a non-playing invitee , won the 46th Par-3 contest on Wednesday with a five-under 22 .

neg: 1983 Masters Tournament The 1983 Masters Tournament was the 47th Masters Tournament , held April 7 -- 11 at Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta , Georgia . Seve Ballesteros won his second Masters and third major title , four strokes ahead of runners-up Ben Crenshaw and Tom Kite . Play on Friday was postponed due to heavy rain , and the final round was completed on Monday for the first time since 1973 .   Defending champion Craig Stadler was tied for the 54-hole lead with 1976 champion Raymond Floyd , with Ballesteros one stroke back , and two-time champion Tom Watson an additional stroke behind . Ballesteros got off to a fast start in the final round on Monday with a birdie-eagle start . With another birdie at the difficult par-3 fourth , he added four pars and another birdie at the ninth for a five-under 31 on the front nine . Ballesteros cruised to a 69 ( − 3 ) and a comfortable win as neither Stadler , Floyd , nor Watson broke par .   During the postponement of Friday 's round , the possibility was raised that the tournament would not complete the entire 72 holes , as the southeastern U.S. was experiencing heavy rains and flooding and forecasts were not favorable .   Saturday 's second round went off from split tees ( 1st and 10th ) and six players did not complete their rounds until early Sunday morning . With this extension , the tournament committee did not attempt to complete the final two rounds on Sunday , opting for the third round only on Sunday and the fourth on Monday .   Four-time champion Arnold Palmer , 53 , opened with a 68 on Thursday and made the cut at the Masters for the final time . In his 29th Masters , he stated that the conditions on Saturday were the worst he had ever seen at Augusta . Five-time winner Jack Nicklaus , 43 , withdrew before his second round start time due to back spasms experienced while warming up Saturday morning . It was only his second withdrawal as a pro , the first was three years earlier at the 1980 World Series of Golf . Nicklaus had missed only one cut in the previous 23 Masters and made ten consecutive after this year , including his record sixth green jacket in 1986 .   It was the final major championship for Sam Snead , 70 , a three-time Masters champion . He withdrew after a first round 79 as he assessed he could not make the cut .

neg: Latin America Amateur Championship The Latin America Amateur Championship is an annual amateur golf tournament . It is played at various locations throughout Latin America . It was first played in 2015 and was organized in conjunction with the Augusta National Golf Club , organizer of the Masters Tournament ; The R&A , organizers of The Open Championship ; and the United States Golf Association ( USGA ) . The winner receives an invitation to the Masters , The Amateur Championship , the U.S. Amateur and any other USGA event for which they are otherwise qualified apart from the U.S. Open . The winner and runner-up gain entry to International Final Qualifying for The Open and final stage qualifying for the U.S. Open .   The field is restricted to players from the Latin American region ( IOC-recognized countries and territories who are current members of the International Golf Federation ) who have a handicap of 5.4 or less . The 29 countries are : Argentina , The Bahamas , Barbados , Bermuda , Bolivia , Brazil , Cayman Islands , Chile , Colombia , Costa Rica , Dominican Republic , Ecuador , El Salvador , Guatemala , Haiti , Honduras , Jamaica , Mexico , Nicaragua , Panama , Paraguay , Peru , Puerto Rico , Saint Lucia , Trinidad and Tobago , Turks and Caicos Islands , Uruguay , U.S. Virgin Islands , and Venezuela . Each country is allocated two spots in the field based on the World Amateur Golf Rankings ( WAGR ) . The remainder of the field ( up to 120 players ) is filled from the WAGR with a limit of six entries per country ( 10 for the host country ) .

neg: 1969 Ryder Cup The 18th Ryder Cup Matches were held 18 -- 20 September 1969 at the Royal Birkdale Golf Club in Southport , England . The competition ended in a draw at 16 points each , when America 's Jack Nicklaus conceded a missable three-foot ( 0.9 m ) putt to Britain 's Tony Jacklin at the 18th hole , in one of the most famous gestures of sportsmanship in all of sport . It was the first draw in Ryder Cup history , and the United States team retained the Cup .   The matches were marred by considerable acrimony and unsportsmanlike behavior by players on both sides . Britain 's captain Eric Brown had instructed his players not to search for the opposition 's ball if it ended up in the rough . American Ken Still , in the first-day foursomes , had deliberately and regularly stood too close to Briton Maurice Bembridge as he was putting . During one of the fourballs on the second day , both captains had to come out and calm down the warring players . This led to Nicklaus conceding Jacklin 's final putt with the knowledge that the overall competition would end in a draw . On the previous hole , Jacklin sank a long eagle putt while Nicklaus missed his from 15 ft and the match was squared .   Jacklin had won the Open Championship two months earlier at nearby Royal Lytham & St Annes to become the first British champion in eighteen years . After holing his final putt for par , Nicklaus picked up Jacklin 's ball marker and told him , `` I do n't think you would have missed it , but I was n't going to give you the chance , either . ''   Playing in his first Ryder Cup at age 29 , Nicklaus ' gesture became known as `` the concession '' and marked the beginning of a lasting friendship between the two that has spanned nearly a half century . It was the inspiration for The Concession Golf Club in Florida near Sarasota , which was co-designed by Nicklaus and Jacklin . The two were opposing captains in the competition in 1983 and 1987 .   The U.S. team had only two players with previous Ryder Cup experience , Billy Casper and Gene Littler . On the previous four teams , Arnold Palmer did not participate in 1969 , but returned in 1971 and 1973 .

neg: 1957 Masters Tournament The 1957 Masters Tournament was the 21st Masters Tournament , held April 4 -- 7 at Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta , Georgia . This was the first Masters played with a 36-hole cut . A field of 101 players started in the tournament , and 40 of them made the cut at 150 ( +6 ) .   Doug Ford won his only Masters , three strokes ahead of runner-up Sam Snead , a three-time champion . Snead was the third round leader , but could only shoot even-par in a round that included six birdies and six bogeys . Ford was three strokes back after 54 holes , but was bogey-free on Sunday . On the final hole , Ford holed out from the bunker for birdie for his 66 ( -- 6 ) . This was Ford 's second and final major title ; he also won the 1955 PGA Championship .   This year was the Masters debut of Gary Player , 21 , and he finished tied for 24th . He won three Masters , in 1961 , 1974 , and 1978 . Five-time British Open winner Peter Thomson finished fifth , his best career finish in the Masters .   Two-time champion Ben Hogan had finished in the top ten in the last fourteen Masters that he had entered , but had 32 putts on Friday and missed the event 's first-ever cut by a stroke . It was the only cut he missed at Augusta ; in nine more Masters he had three top ten finishes , including his final appearance at age 54 in 1967 .

neg: 2007 U.S. Open (golf) The 2007 United States Open Championship was the 107th U.S. Open , held June 14 -- 17 at Oakmont Country Club in Oakmont , Pennsylvania , a suburb northeast of Pittsburgh .   Ángel Cabrera won his first major championship , one stroke ahead of runners-up Jim Furyk and Tiger Woods , who were unable to birdie the 72nd hole to force a Monday playoff . Cabrera 's victory marked the first U.S. Open won by an Argentine or a South American . It was the first of his two major titles ; he won the Masters in a playoff in 2009 .   This was the eighth U.S. Open and eleventh professional major held at Oakmont .

neg: Tiger Woods PGA Tour 06 Tiger Woods PGA Tour 06 is a golf video game in the PGA Tour series available for PlayStation Portable , PlayStation 2 , Xbox , Xbox 360 , GameCube , Mobile phones , and PC .   The game features several types of play , including the development of golfers in a simulated PGA Tour environment . Among other things , the game also features a set of famous courses and players . Also it includes the Stroke Play , Match Play , and Skins Play among other numerous methods of play . It also includes the Four Ball , Best Ball , and Stableford modes of play .   By being able to customize golfers and advancing that character through several stages ( from amateur to pro ) the game allows a high level of identification with the character . The virtual ego can be equipped with various pieces of equipment and styled according to the wishes of the player . The custom outfits are licensed and include several brands which are commonly present in professional golf , among others : Nike , Adidas , Callaway , Ping , Taylormade etc. .


query: Portugal does not share a border with Spain.

pos: Portugal Portugal ( Portuguese : -LSB- puɾtuˈɣaɫ -RSB- ) , officially the Portuguese Republic ( -LSB- República Portuguesa , links = no -RSB- ) ( Portuguese : -LSB- ʁɨ ` publikɐ puɾtu ' ɣezɐ -RSB- ) In recognized minority languages of Portugal :  República Pertuesa is a sovereign state located on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe . It is the westernmost country of mainland Europe . To the west and south it is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean and to the east and north by Spain . The Portugal -- Spain border is 1214 km long and considered the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union . The republic also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira , both autonomous regions with their own regional governments .   The territory of modern Portugal has been continuously settled , invaded and fought over since prehistoric times . The Pre-Celts , Celts , Carthaginians and Romans were followed by the invasions of the Visigothic and the Suebi Germanic peoples . Portugal as a country was born in the aftermath of the Christian Reconquista against the Moors who had invaded the Iberian Peninsula in 711 AD and occupied most of it ever since . Precipitated by the seminal event for its foundation , the Battle of São Mamede , where Portuguese forces led by Afonso Henriques defeated forces led by his mother Theresa of Portugal and her lover Fernão Peres de Trava , which established the nation 's sovereignty against rival neighbor kingdoms . Following São Mamede , the future king styled himself Prince of Portugal . He would be proclaimed King of Portugal in the Battle of Ourique in 1139 and was recognised as such by neighbouring kingdoms in 1143 .   In the 15th and 16th centuries , Portugal established the first global empire , becoming one of the world 's major economic , political and military powers . During this time , Portuguese explorers pioneered maritime exploration in the Age of Discovery , notably under royal patronage of Prince Henry the Navigator and King João II , with such notable discoveries as Bartolomeu Dias 's reach of the Cape of Good Hope ( 1488 ) , the Vasco da Gama 's sea route to India ( 1497 -- 98 ) and the discovery of Brazil ( 1500 ) . Portugal monopolized the spice trade during this time , and the Portuguese Empire expanded with military campaigns led in Asia . But the destruction of Lisbon in a 1755 earthquake , the country 's occupation during the Napoleonic Wars , the independence of Brazil ( 1822 ) , and the Liberal Wars ( 1828 -- 34 ) , all left Portugal crippled from war and diminished in its world power .   After the 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy , the democratic but unstable Portuguese First Republic was established , later being superseded by the Estado Novo right-wing authoritarian regime . Democracy was restored after the Portuguese Colonial War and the Carnation Revolution in 1974 . Shortly after , independence was granted to almost all its overseas territories . The handover of Macau to China in 1999 marked the end of the longest-lived colonial empire . Portugal has left a profound cultural and architectural influence across the globe and a legacy of over 250 million Portuguese speakers today .   Portugal is a developed country with a high-income advanced economy and a high living standard . It is the 5th most peaceful country in the world , maintaining a unitary semi-presidential republican form of government . It has the 18th highest Social Progress in the world , putting it ahead of other Western European countries like France , Spain and Italy . A founding member of NATO and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries , it is also a member of numerous other international organizations , including the United Nations , the European Union , the eurozone , and the OECD .   Portugal is a pioneer when it comes to drug decriminalization , as the nation decriminalized the possession of all drugs for personal use in 2001 .   LGBT rights in Portugal have improved substantially in the past two decades and are now among the best in the world . Moreover , after years of investment and cooperation , Portugal marked a climax on renewable energy worldwide in 2016 , when it was powered for 107 consecutive hours exclusively by wind , sun , and water , which advocates say further shows fossil fuels are indeed replaceable .

pos: Spain Spain ( España -LSB- esˈpaɲa -RSB- ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( -LSB- Reino de España , links = no -RSB- ) , is a sovereign state located on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe , with two large archipelagoes , the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea and the Canary Islands off the North African Atlantic coast , two cities Ceuta and Melilla in the North African mainland and several small islands in the Alboran Sea near the Moroccan coast . Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . It is the only European country to have a border with an African country ( Morocco ) and its African territory accounts for nearly 5 % of its population , mostly in the Canary Islands but also in Ceuta and Melilla .   With an area of 505990 km2 , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Bilbao and Málaga .   Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Span or Spania . In the Middle Ages , the area was conquered by Germanic tribes and later by the Moors . Spain emerged as a unified country in the 15th century , following the marriage of the Catholic Monarchs and the completion of the eight centuries-long reconquest , or Reconquista from the Moors in 1492 . In the early modern period , Spain became one of history 's first global colonial empires , leaving a vast cultural and linguistic legacy that includes over 500 million Spanish speakers , making Spanish the world 's second most spoken first language , after Mandarin Chinese .   Spain is a democracy organised in the form of a parliamentary government under a constitutional monarchy . It is a middle power and a major developed country with the world 's fourteenth largest economy by nominal GDP and sixteenth largest by purchasing power parity . It is a member of the United Nations ( UN ) , the European Union ( EU ) , the Eurozone , the Council of Europe ( CoE ) , the Organization of Ibero-American States ( OEI ) , the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) , the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) and many other international organisations .

neg: Portuguese Army The Portuguese Army ( Exército Português ) is the land component of the Armed Forces of Portugal and is also its largest branch . It is charged with the defence of Portugal , in co-operation with other branches of the Armed Forces . It is one of the oldest armies in the world , with its origins going back to the 12th century .   The Portuguese Army is commanded by the Chief of Staff of the Army ( CEME ) , a subordinate of the Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces for the operational matters and a direct subordinate of the Ministry of National Defense for all other matters . The CEME is the only officer in the Army with the rank of General ( Four-star rank ) .   Presently , the Portuguese Army is an entirely professional force made of career personnel ( officers and NCOs ) and of volunteer personnel ( officers , NCOs and enlisted ranks ) . Until the early 1990s , conscripts constituted the bulk of the Army personnel , with a cadre of career officers and NCOs responsible for their training . Conscription was however gradually reduced since the middle 1990s , until being finally formally abolished in 2004 .   As 2014 , the Portuguese Army employed 5,667 career personnel and 10,444 volunteers , this representing a total of 16,111 military personnel . Of the total military personnel , 2,669 were officers , 3,917 were NCOs and 9,595 were other ranks . Further , the Army also included 1,897 civilian employees .

neg: Alentejo Province Alentejo Province is one of the six historical provinces of Portugal . The province take its name from the Portuguese além Tejo , meaning `` Beyond the ( River ) Tagus '' .   It was later divided in Alto Alentejo Province and Baixo Alentejo Province .   Category : Alentejo  Category : Former provinces of Portugal

neg: Politics of Portugal Politics in Portugal takes place in a framework of a semi-presidential representative democratic republic , whereby the Prime Minister of Portugal is the head of government . Portugal has a multi-party system . The President of Portugal is the executive head of state and has several significant political powers , which he exercises often . Executive power is exercised by the President and the Council of Ministers . Legislative power is vested in both the government and the Assembly of the Republic . The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature .   Since 1975 , the party system has been dominated by the social democratic Socialist Party and the liberal-conservative Social Democratic Party .

neg: County of Portugal The County of Portugal ( Condado de Portugal , Condado Portucalense , Condado de Portucale , in documents of the period the name used was Portugalia ) refers to two successive medieval counties in the region around Braga and Porto , today corresponding to littoral northern Portugal , within which the identity of the Portuguese people formed . The first county existed from the mid-ninth to the mid-eleventh centuries as a vassalage of the Kingdom of Asturias and later the Kingdoms of Galicia and León , before being abolished as a result of rebellion . A larger entity under the same name was then reestablished in the late 11th century and lasted until the mid-12th century , when its count elevated it into an independent Portuguese kingdom .

neg: Constitutional Court (Portugal) The Constitutional Court ( Tribunal Constitucional , -LSB- tɾibuˈnaɫ kõʃtitusiuˈnaɫ -RSB- ) is a special court , defined by the Portuguese Constitution as part of the judicial branch of the Portuguese political organization . Unlike the rest of the country 's courts , the Constitutional Court has important characteristics , such as a special composition , and unique competences . The main task of the court is to review the constitutionality of the newly approved laws , but it also has important powers related to the President of the Republic , the political parties and referenda .   The Portuguese Constitution defines the Constitutional Court as a completely independent organ , that operates independently from the other branches of government , such as the Executive or the Legislative . The judges of the Constitutional Court are independent and can not be impeached . The decisions of the court are above the decisions of any other authority .   The court works in Lisbon , in the Ratton Palace located in Bairro Alto .

neg: Continental Europe Continental Europe , also referred to as mainland Europe , or , by Europeans , simply the Continent , is the continuous continent of Europe , excluding surrounding islands .   The most common definition of continental Europe excludes continental islands , encompassing the Greek Islands , Cyprus , Malta , Sicily , Sardinia , Corsica , the Balearic Islands , Ireland , Great Britain , the Isle of Man , the Channel Islands , Novaya Zemlya and the Danish archipelago , as well as nearby oceanic islands , including the Canary Islands , Madeira , the Azores , Iceland , the Faroe Islands , and Svalbard .   The Scandinavian peninsula is sometimes also excluded , as even though it is technically part of `` mainland Europe '' , the de facto connections to the rest of the continent are across the Baltic Sea or North Sea ( rather than via the lengthy land route that involves travelling to the north of the peninsula where it meets Finland , and then south through north-east Europe ) .   The notion of Europe as a geopolitical or cultural term is centred on core Europe ( Kerneuropa ) , the continental territory of the historical Carolingian Empire and the core of Latin Christendom , corresponding to modern France , Italy , Germany ( or German-speaking Europe ) and the Benelux states ( historical Austrasia ) . This historical core of `` Carolingian Europe '' was consciously invoked in the 1950s as the historical ethno-cultural basis for the prospective European integration ( see also Multi-speed Europe ) .

neg: Assembly of the Republic (Portugal) The Assembly of the Republic ( Portuguese : Assembleia da República , -LSB- ɐsẽˈblɐjɐ dɐ ʁɛˈpublikɐ -RSB- ) is the Portuguese parliament .   According to the Portuguese Constitution , the unicameral Assembly `` is the representative assembly of all Portuguese citizens . '' The constitution names the assembly as one of the country 's organs of supreme authority .   It is located in a historical building in Lisbon , referred to as Palácio de São Bento ( Palace of Saint Benedict ) , the site of an old Benedictine monastery . The Palácio de São Bento has been the seat of the Portuguese parliaments since 1834 ( Cortes until 1910 , Congress from 1911 to 1926 and National Assembly from 1933 to 1974 ) .

neg: Viana do Castelo District The Viana do Castelo District ( -LSB- viˈɐnɐ ðu kɐʃˈtɛlu -RSB- , Distrito de Viana do Castelo ) is a district located in the northwest of Portugal , bordered by Spain from the north and Braga District from the south . It has an area of 2,255 km ² and a population of 252,011 ( 2006 ) , for a density of 111.8 inhabitants/km ² . The district capital is the city of Viana do Castelo .

neg: On External Transition It is the book gathering Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo 's welcoming speech in the Spanish Royal Academy of Moral and Political Sciences from the session that took place the 16th of November of 2005 .   Calvo-Sotelo makes a distinction between internal and external transition , about which he had already spoken previously in Living memory of the Spanish transition and Papers of an unemployed person , and now he focuses on the latter one .   After the praising from Antonio Garrigues Díaz-Cañabate , his predecessor as chairman , Calvo-Sotelo looks into the past to put that external transition into perspective , and he makes an `` anthology of neutralities '' of Spain and its milestones being the Franco-Prussian war from 1870 , the Great War from 1914 ( `` we were obsessively neutral with a resignation neutrality '' ) and World War II .   That long history of Spanish neutrality has its turning point in 1953 , due to the Agreements with United States , and it is a first step towards `` anchoring Spain to the Western world '' .   Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo 's essay gets livelier when it approaches transition `` because the writer has also been an actor and a witness of the facts he recounts '' . Who started the transition while being in the government `` were , on politics , little more than fishermen from Galilee . And the same happened with PSOE , the opposition . '' For that reason , `` the Transition , the whole Transition , but specially the external Transition , unavoidably had a lot of improvisation . '' In such a way that `` it was necessary to start the external Transition sailing through an unknown ocean , without any reference nautical charts and with only one clear path : integrating Spain in the international forums in which it was not admitted when these were constituted due to the non-democratic nature of the previous Regime . ''   `` The entry in the Common Market '' and `` The Atlantic controversy '' are the most densely biographical chapters of this dissertation , since Calvo-Soltelo was the man to whom `` corresponded the unique duty of forming the negotiating team of our membership '' and Calvo-Sotelo was , as the President of the Government , who pushed for and achieved the admission of Spain into the NATO .   After remembering the long and hard process of the negotiations , he concludes saying `` that Spain was not received with generosity by its community neighbours . '' And he quotes two key characters from this story : Alberto Ullastres , `` who had masterfully negotiated '' the Preferential Agreement from 1970 ; and Raimundo Bassols , `` true architect of our entry into the Common Market . ''   He also documents through his papers `` the uncertain topic of the secular Spanish-French friendship . ''   He narrates first-hand the fact that he considers `` the kernel of the External transition , the hinge on which the new Spanish external policy would turn '' , which would be , the entry into NATO . He analyses the position of UCD , of Adolfo Suárez and of Marcelino Oreja , and examines the historic evolution of PSOE 's international doctrine -- from Rodolfo Llopis ' time to Felipe González 's - and the volatility of the Spanish public opinion . He also speaks about the attitude of U.S.A. ( `` the renewal of the Agreements of 1953 without the NATO were the short-sighted American intentions when I came to the Presidency '' ) and of the U.S.S.R ( Letter from Leonidas Breznev , that he diplomatically returned to him ) .   The book is closed with a chapter entitled by him `` The transition revisited '' , where he states how nowadays it is considered a problem and how unpleasant it feels to `` unravel Penelope 's shroud that never got to be finished , '' while he is an advocate of `` revisiting the Transition without destroying it '' .   He finishes with a few lines on the new Europe that must be illuminated , a hard duty because `` France does not accept that they have to lock down with two keys De Gaulle 's tomb . ''   During his answering speech , Salustiano del Campo says : `` The pithy speech we just heard insists on subjects Calvo-Sotelo has previously dealt with in one or several of his previous works , but he does it giving new ideas and , especially , suggesting new considerations . ''   Marcelino Oreja finds this essay `` a masterpiece on the external transition and it displays the efforts made to put Spain in the place it belongs to . ''   Historians Pablo Pérez and Jorge Lafuente think about this book by Calvo-Sotelo that `` he synthesized his ideas on the history of the Spanish external relationships using his usual sententious , elegant and frequently ironic style . His central idea must be summarized saying that Spain abdicated the performance of a role in the international panorama since the times of King Carlos III and it did not get that role back until the Transition , and specially until its entry into the NATO in 1982 and into the European Community in 1986 -LSB- ... -RSB- Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo , one of the men who used more energy on this , is a clear example of to what extent the Transition was an Enterprise that united continuity and change , and not only on the terms of the 20th Century , or of dictatorship and democracy , but in wider terms ; in the terms of the strategic position of our country in the international board . The intellectual depth of Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo 's political plan , his direct knowledge on the European reality , his familiarity with our history , probably were the causes that made him had a sight covering a wider range and made him move to a higher plane of political tactics focused on taking and keeping power on a short term . ''   This is the last book by Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo . Nevertheless , according to his own confessions , `` I have at home drawers full of unpublished pages : from the first ones written on a typewriter ( a tampon Yost ) , from sixty years ago , until the last ones typed on the computer . My wife ( who will outlive me , as is the norm ) may get some money publishing , in many years , those that are more impertinent and politically incorrect and , among others , a long string of satirical sonnets , perfectly measured and more wrongly intended , which my friend ( poet Muñoz Rojas ) correctly calls skills . ''

neg: Afonso I of Portugal Afonso IOr also Affonso ( Archaic Portuguese-Galician ) or Alphonso ( Portuguese-Galician ) or Alphonsus ( Latin version ) , sometimes rendered in English as Alphonzo or Alphonse , depending on the Spanish or French influence . ( 1106 / 25 July 1109 / 11116 December 1185 ) , nicknamed `` the Conqueror '' ( O Conquistador ) , `` the Founder '' ( O Fundador ) or `` the Great '' ( O Grande ) by the Portuguese , and El-Bortukali -LSB- in Arabic البرتقالي -RSB- ( `` the Portuguese '' ) and Ibn-Arrink -LSB- in Arabic ابن الرَّنك or ابن الرَنْق -RSB- ( `` son of Henry '' , `` Henriques '' ) by the Moors whom he fought , was the first King of Portugal . He achieved the independence of the southern part of the Kingdom of Galicia , the County of Portugal , from Galicia 's overlord , the King of León , in 1139 , establishing a new kingdom and doubling its area with the Reconquista , an objective that he pursued until his death , in 1185 , after forty-six years of wars against the Moors .

neg: Plazas de soberanía The plazas de soberanía ( -LSB- ˈplaθaz ðe soβeɾaˈni.a -RSB- , literally `` places of sovereignty '' ) are the Spanish sovereign territories in North Africa . These are separate pieces of land scattered along the Mediterranean coast bordering Morocco . The name refers to the fact that these territories have been a part of Spain since the formation of the modern Spanish State ( 1492 -- 1556 ) , and are distinguished from African territories obtained by Spain during the 19th and 20th century .   Historically , a distinction was made between the so-called `` major sovereign territories '' , comprising the cities of Ceuta and Melilla , and the `` minor sovereign territories '' , referring to a number of smaller enclaves and islands along the coast . In the present , the term refers mainly to the latter .

neg: Treaty of Zaragoza The Treaty of Zaragoza , or Treaty of Saragossa , also referred to as the Capitulation of Zaragoza , was a peace treaty between the Spanish Crown and Portugal , signed on 22 April 1529 by King John III and the Emperor Charles V , in the Aragonese city of Zaragoza . The treaty defined the areas of Castilian ( Spanish ) and Portuguese influence in Asia , in order to resolve the `` Moluccas issue '' , which had arisen because both kingdoms claimed the Moluccas islands for themselves , asserting that it was within their area of influence established by the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 . The conflict began in 1520 , when expeditions of both kingdoms reached the Pacific Ocean , because no agreed meridian of longitude had been established in the orient .

neg: Council of Ministers (Portugal) The Council of Ministers ( Conselho de Ministros , -LSB- kõˈseʎu dɨ miˈniʃtɾuʃ -RSB- or -LSB- kõˈsɐʎu dɨ mɨˈniʃtɾuʃ -RSB- ) is a collegial executive body within the Government of Portugal . It is presided over by the Prime Minister , but the President of Portugal can preside over it at the Prime Minister 's request . All senior ministers are members of the council of ministers , and when the prime minister finds it fit , state secretaries can also attend its meetings .

neg: Portuñol Portuñol ( Spanish spelling ) or Portunhol ( Portuguese spelling ) is the name often given to any unsystematic mixture of Portuguese with Spanish . The word is a portmanteau of the words Portugués / Português ( `` Portuguese '' ) and Español / Espanhol ( `` Spanish '' ) .   Portuñol , or Portunhol , is a lingua franca , or simplified mixture of the two languages , that allows speakers of either Spanish or Portuguese who are not proficient in the other language to communicate with one another . When speakers of one of the languages attempt to speak the other language , there is often interference from the native language , which causes the phenomenon of code-switching to occur . It is possible to conduct a moderately fluent conversation in this way because Portuguese and Spanish are closely related Romance languages . They have almost identical syntactic structures , as well as overlapping lexicons due to cognates , which means that a single macro-grammar is produced when the two mix . The phrase en el hueco de la noite longa e langue illustrates a code-switch between the Spanish article la and the Portuguese noun noite . This example reveals the grammatical possibilities of code-switching between the two languages .   Language contact between Spanish and Portuguese is the result of sustained contact between the two languages in border communities and multilingual trade environments . Such regions include the border regions between Portugal and Spain in the Iberian Peninsula , as well as the ones between Brazil , whose official language is Portuguese , and most of its neighboring countries , such as Uruguay and Paraguay , whose official languages are Spanish . Because Portuñol is a spontaneous register resulting from the occasional mixing of Spanish and Portuguese , it is highly diverse ; there is no one dialect or standard of Portuñol . There does , however , tend to be a stronger presence of Spanish in Portuñol .   In recent years , Portuñol has begun to appear in realms other than everyday speech . It has become a literary medium , especially in Uruguay and Brazil . María Jesus Fernández García describes it as a linguistic recreation of the actual language . However , she goes on to say that the literature only occasionally provides a true representation of Portuñol , and that authors often choose to select only some of the features that are characteristic of Portuñol . One important literary work written in Portuñol is Mar paraguayo by Brazilian author Wilson Bueno . The following passage shows the mixing of Spanish and Portuguese in his novel .   The appearance of Portuñol has prompted two opposing opinions or attitudes towards its existence . On the one hand , it is viewed as the product of laziness among speakers unwilling to learn a different language . On the other hand , it is seen as the logical product of globalization . As far as the future of Portuñol is concerned , according to Francisco A. Marcos-Marín , it is too difficult to evaluate possible repercussions that Portuñol could have on future linguistic maps because it is not easy to separate linguistic tendencies that are merely in style and those that are permanent .

neg: Castilians Castilians ( Spanish : castellanos ) are certain inhabitants in regions of central Spain including at least the eastern part of Castile and León , the northern and eastern parts of Castile-La Mancha , and the Madrid community , who are the source of the Spanish language ( Castilian ) among other aspects of cultural identity . However , not all people in the regions of the medieval Kingdom of Castile think of themselves as Castilian . For this reason , the exact limits of what Castile is today are disputed . As an ethnicity , they are most commonly associated with the sparsely populated inner plateau of the Iberian peninsula , which is split in two by the Sistema Central mountain range and Northern or `` Old Castile '' from southern or `` New Castile '' , the latter being somewhat closer in terms of culture and dialect to southern regions of Spain such as Andalusia , Extremadura and Murcia .   Through the Reconquista and other conquests in the Middle Ages , the Kingdom of Castile ( later Crown of Castile ) spread over a large part of the Iberian Peninsula , especially towards the southern Spanish regions . After this , since the 15th century , through the Spanish colonization of the Americas , the Castilians also spread over the New World , bringing with them not only their language , but also elements of their culture and traditions .

neg: Lisboa VR Lisboa , until 2009 named Estremadura , is a Portuguese wine region covering the same areas as the Estremadura region , and taking its name from the country 's capital . The region is classified as a Vinho Regional ( VR ) , a designation similar to a French vin de pays region . While the Beiras and Alentejo VRs are largest geographically , the Lisboa region is Portugal 's largest producer of wine by volume . The region stretches from Lisbon along the Atlantic coast to the Bairrada DOC .   In early 2009 , the region was renamed from Estremadura to Lisboa to avoid confusion with the Spanish wine region Extremadura and to capitalize on the internationally well-known name of the country 's capital .

neg: Alcora Exercise Alcora Exercise ( Exercício Alcora , Alcora Oefening ) or simply Alcora was a secret military alliance between South Africa , Portugal and Rhodesia , formally in force between 1970 and 1974 . The code name `` Alcora '' being an acronym for `` Aliança Contra as Rebeliões em Africa '' ( Portuguese expression meaning : `` Alliance against the rebellions in Africa '' ) .   The official goal of Alcora Exercise was to investigate the processes and means by which a coordinated tripartite effort between the three countries could face the mutual threat to their territories in Southern Africa . The immediate goal was to face the African revolutionary movements that fought guerrillas wars against the Portuguese authorities in Angola and Mozambique , to limit the spread of the action of these movements in South West Africa and Rhodesia and to prepare the defense of the Portuguese , South African and Rhodesian territories against an expected conventional military aggression from the hostile governments of the African neighbor countries .   Alcora was the formalization of informal agreements on military cooperation between the local Portuguese , South African and Rhodesian military commands that had been put in place since the mid-1960s . Alcora was kept secret and referred as an exercise ( not an alliance or treaty ) , mainly due to the pressure of the Portuguese Government , that feared the external and internal political issues then would be raised if it appeared associated with the Apartheid regime of South Africa and the minority rule in Rhodesia , in a contradiction to the official Portuguese doctrine of the existence of racial equality in Angola and Mozambique .   Under Alcora , South Africa , Portugal and Rhodesia cooperated in the Angolan War of Independence , the Mozambican War of Independence , the South African Border War and the Rhodesian Bush War .   The Alcora alliance collapsed due to the Portuguese Carnation Revolution of the 25 April 1974 and the subsequent independence of Angola and Mozambique that followed .

neg: Norte Region, Portugal Norte ( Região Norte , -LSB- ʁɨʒiˈɐ̃w ˈnɔɾtɨ -RSB- ; `` North Region '' ) is a region in the northern part of Portugal . It is a land of dense vegetation and profound historic and cultural wealth . Its capital is the city of Porto . The region has 3,689,173 inhabitants according to the 2011 census , and its area is 21,278 km ² ( density of 173 inhabitants per square kilometre ) . It is one of five regions of Mainland Portugal ( NUTS II subdivisions ) . Northern Portugal is a culturally varied region , thus historical rivalries between different neighbouring cities and towns are common , unlike other Portuguese regions where every city and town is culturally very similar .

neg: GR 14 (Portugal) The GR 14 is a Percurso pedestre de grande rota ( long distance footpath with standard waymarking ) in Portugal , which connects with a corresponding path into Spain . In Portugal , it is known as the Rota dos Vinhos da Europa ( European Wine Route ) , and Portuguese tourist mapsMap of the São João da Pesqueira section , published by the municipal tourist office mark it as continuing through wine-growing areas of Spain and France to terminate at Strasbourg . As of 2015 it is not included in the list of `` E-paths '' ( international routes ) published by the European Ramblers ' Association ; however , a long-distance route of the same number ( GR 14 ( Spain ) , known as the Senda del Duero does continue the route into Spain from the border at Salto de Saucelle   In Portugal , the route is designated from the Atlantic coast at Vila Nova de Gaia in Oporto eastward to the Spanish border . Generally the path follows the course of the River Douro , though remaining slightly to the south of the river and at substantially greater altitudes , rising to almost 900m as against the approximately 150m of the upper Douro valley . The extent to which the path is waymarked along the whole of its length is not clear . As of 2013 , only the section in the municipality of Armamar is included in the list of GR footpaths in Portugal in the National Register of Walking Routes published by the body responsible for these , the Federação de Campismo e Montanhismo de Portugal , but there is evidence that it is also waymarked at least in the municipalities of Tabuaço , São João da Pesqueira ( 45 km ) and Vila Nova de Foz Côa at the eastern end of the route . In those areas , the route follows well used tracks or quiet country roads , between small towns and villages where accommodation and food are readily available . River crossings on footpath sections are either by bridges ( e.g. across the River Távora ) , or stepping stones ( e.g. across the River Torto ) . In accordance with the name of the route , it frequently passes through vineyards . It descends to the Douro at Ferradosa in the São João da Pesqueira section .

neg: Minho (river) Minho ( -LSB- ˈmiɲu -RSB- ) or Miño ( -LSB- ˈmiɲo -RSB- , -LSB- ˈmiɲo -RSB- ) is the longest river in Galicia , Spain , with a length of 340 km .   The name comes from Latin minius , meaning cinnibar , lead , or vermilion , essentially , `` the red river '' . The Minno waters vineyards and farmland , is used to produce hydroelectric power , and also delineates a section of the Spanish -- Portuguese border . In ancient English maps , it appears as Minno .   The source of the Minho lies about 50 km north of Lugo in Galicia , in a place called Pedregal of Irimia . The river passes just south of the walls of this old Roman city and flows south through canyons until the valley widens north of Ourense . The river has been harnessed in reservoirs from Portomarín to Frieira . Along its length , it has the following reservoirs : Belesar with 654 hm3 , Peares with 182 hm3 , Velle with 17 hm3 , Castrelo with 60 hm3 and Frieira with 44 hm3 .   About 20 km north of Ourense at Os Peares , the Minho receives the waters of its main tributary , the Sil . Passing Ourense , there is one major dam at Frieira near the town of Ribadavia , which is famous for its Ribeiro wine ( called after the name of the region ) . Later on , the river flows in a southwest direction until reaching the Portuguese border near Melgaço .   After 260 km through Galicia , the Minho sets the border to Portugal for about other 80 km , mainly towards the west . The valley is a lush , green agricultural area where the land is used to produce corn , potatoes , cabbage , even kiwi fruit , or just grass , depending on the time of year , and everywhere edging the fields , rivers and gardens , wherever there is space , the vines which produce the light , slightly sparkling `` Vinho Verde '' and the Ribeiro wine , both peculiar to this area . The very best of these wines , Alvarinho in Portuguese or Albariño in Spanish and Galician , is produced in the area around Monção , Arbo and Melgaço .   Passing the medieval towns of Melgaço and Monção , the Minho divides the Spanish Tui and Portuguese Valença do Minho , towns that guarded an important bridge for road and rail . Both towns preserve fortifications and are national monuments . The Minho reaches the Atlantic between the Galician A Guarda and the Portuguese Caminha .


query: Steven Knight was born in 1959.

pos: Steven Knight Steven Knight ( born 1959 ) is a British screenwriter and film director . He read English at University College London ( UCL ) . Knight has written the screenplays for the films Closed Circuit , Dirty Pretty Things and Eastern Promises , and also directed as well as written the films Locke and Hummingbird ( a.k.a. Redemption ) . Knight is also one of three creators of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? , a game show that has been remade and aired in around 160 countries worldwide , and has written for BBC 's Commercial Breakdown , The Detectives , Peaky Blinders and Taboo .

neg: Martin Knight (cricketer) Martin Knight ( born 5 October 1984 ) was an English cricketer . He was a right-handed batsman and left-arm medium-pace bowler who played for Cheshire . He was born in Ashton-under-Lyne , Greater Manchester .   Knight made a single appearance for Lancashire Second XI during the 2002 season , as a substitute for Michael Smethurst .   Knight appeared in the Minor Counties Championship between 2002 and 2004 , and made a single List A appearance for Cheshire , in the C&G Trophy in August 2002 . From the tailend , he did not bat or bowl in the match .

neg: Steven Miller (bishop) The Right Reverend Steven Andrew Miller ( born in Detroit , Michigan , September 30 , 1957 ) is the eleventh and current Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Milwaukee .   After studies at Michigan State University and the General Theological Seminary , he served parishes in Missouri and Virginia . He was elected bishop on May 31 , 2003 and consecrated on October 18 , 2003 .

neg: Barry Knight (referee) Barry Knight ( born 7 May 1960 ) is an English retired professional football referee , who officiated primarily in the Premier League . He retired in 2008 due to injury .

neg: Carlos Knight Carlos Knight ( born September 22 , 1993 ) is an American actor and comedian . He co-starred as Owen Reynolds in Supah Ninjas and as Diesel ( his character from Fred 2 : Night of the Living Fred and also Fred 3 : Camp Fred ) in Fred : The Show .

neg: The Collection (Beverley Knight album) The Collection : Beverley Knight is the second compilation album by English singer-songwriter Beverley Knight released via Parlophone on 20 July 2009 after Knight 's departure from the record label .   The album comprises a mixture of previously released singles , some of which were not available on her Voice - The Best of Beverley Knight album , including her only other top 40 single `` Rewind ( Find a Way ) '' . The Collection also contains three previously released B-sides , `` Weekend Thing '' , `` What If ? '' and `` Special Kinda Cool '' , unavailable on any other Beverley Knight album . All songs were recorded throughout her eleven-year contract with Parlophone .   The versions of `` After You '' and `` Shape of You '' are the original album versions and not those released as singles .

neg: The Dark Knight (video game) The Dark Knight is a cancelled action video game loosely based on the film of the same name . The game was unofficially announced in the summer of 2007 to be developed by Pandemic Studios as an open world Batman game .   The game was confirmed , albeit unofficially , on July 18 , 2008 by actor Gary Oldman during an interview with G4 's Kristin Adams . In his interview on GameTrailers , Oldman said he knew an awful lot of effort had gone into getting Batman 's gliding abilities to feel suitably smooth and fluid for The Dark Knight game . Oldman , who reprised his role as Lt. Jim Gordon , did not name a developer in the interview but anonymous sources reported that The Dark Knight was a secret project of Pandemic Studios and EA .   Despite prior speculation , no further announcements were made regarding production of the game , even upon the DVD and Blu-ray Disc release of the films on December 9 , 2008 in the United States . According to a Newsweek article , the lack of a game at the same time of the movie 's release may have cost an estimated $ 101 million in missed revenue . EA and Pandemic Studios had announced that the game would come out on the PlayStation 3 . Pandemic Brisbane , who were responsible for developing this game , has since been shut down and the project cancelled . In 2009 , Warner Bros. would instead publish Batman : Arkham Asylum with Rocksteady Studios as the developer , which would start the Batman : Arkham series .

neg: Marcos Knight Marcos Shyderrick Knight ( born September 24 , 1989 ) is an American professional basketball player for Basket Zaragoza 2002 of the Liga ACB .

neg: J. Z. Knight Judy Zebra `` JZ '' Knight ( born Judith Darlene Hampton , March 16 , 1946 ) is an American New Age teacher and author known for her purported channelling of a spiritual entity named Ramtha .   Knight has appeared on US TV shows , such as Larry King , MSNBC and The Merv Griffin Show , as well as in media such as Psychology Today . Her teachings have attracted figures from the entertainment and political world such as Linda Evans and Shirley MacLaine .   Knight claims to bridge ancient wisdom and the power of consciousness together with the latest discoveries in science . Some of the ideas are similar to those of Shirley MacLaine , which have in turn been criticized for being `` kindergarden metaphysics '' by mathematician and skeptic Martin Gardner . Ramtha 's teachings have been criticized by scientists and skeptics .   Knight lives in a 12,800 sqft French chateau-style home and , next door , teaches courses and runs Ramtha 's School of Enlightenment .   Knight has been married three times and is the mother of two children from her first marriage ( Brandy and Christopher ) , which ended in divorce .

neg: Marcus Knight Marcus Knight ( born June 19 , 1978 ) is a former National Football League wide receiver/kick returner for the Oakland Raiders and a former Arena Football League wide receiver/defensive back for the Philadelphia Soul and Columbus Destroyers .   Marcus Knight retired from playing in 2008 and was hired by Valparaiso University as the wide receivers coach .   Knight 's nephew , Zelous Wheeler , is a professional baseball player .

neg: W. F. Jackson Knight William Francis Jackson Knight ( 1895 -- 1964 ) was an English classical scholar .   Knight `` loved Virgil , and he communicates his love even to those who can not agree with his method ; he must have done more than many greater scholars have done towards making Virgil 's poetry ( and with it the Latin language ) live and move for all kinds of readers . He seems , in his Virgilianism , always to have been stretching out his hands in longing for some further shore ; he makes us conscious that such a shore exists , even though we may not travel in his company '' ( G.R. Austin ) .

neg: Glenn Knight Glenn Jeyasingam Knight ( born in 1945 ) is a Singaporean lawyer . He was the first Director of the Commercial Affairs Department ( CAD ) when it was founded in 1984 . He lost his post in 1991 after being convicted of corruption in a much-publicised trial . In 1998 , he was again tried and convicted for misappropriating money while in office .

neg: Knight (chess) The knight is a piece in the game of chess , representing a knight ( armored cavalry ) . It is normally represented by a horse 's head and neck . Colloquially it is sometimes referred to as a `` horse '' , which is also the translation of the piece 's name in several languages . Each player starts with two knights , which begin on the row closest to the player , between the rooks and bishops .

neg: King's Knight disambiguation : may also refer to Ivanhoe the King 's Knight , a 1997 TV series   is a scrolling shooter video game developed by Square for the Nintendo Entertainment System and MSX . The game was released in Japan on September 18 , 1986 , and in North America in 1989 . It was later re-released for the Wii 's Virtual Console in Japan on November 27 , 2007 and in North America on March 24 , 2008 .   The game became Square 's first North American release under their Redmond subsidiary Squaresoft , and their first release as an independent company . The 1986 release 's title screen credits Workss for programming . King 's Knight saw a second release in 1987 on the NEC PC-8801 and the Sharp X1 . These versions of the game were retitled King 's Knight Special and released exclusively in Japan . Nobuo Uematsu provided the musical score for King 's Knight . It was Uematsu 's third work of video game music composition .

neg: Richard Vranch Richard Leslie Vranch ( born 29 June 1959 , Frome , England ) is an English actor , comedian , and musician .

neg: In Search of Wonder In Search of Wonder : Essays on Modern Science Fiction is a collection of critical essays by Damon Knight . Most of the material in the original version of the book was originally published between 1952 and 1955 in various science fiction magazines including Infinity Science Fiction , Original SF Stories , and Future SF . The essays were highly influential , and contributed to Knight 's stature as the foremost critic of science fiction of his generation . The book also constitutes an informal record of the `` Boom Years '' of science fiction from 1950-1955 .   In the opening chapter , Knight states his `` credos '' , two of which are :   That science fiction is a field of literature worth taking seriously , and that ordinary critical standards can be meaningfully applied to it : e.g. , originality , sincerity , style , construction , logic , coherence , sanity , garden-variety grammar .   That a bad book hurts science fiction more than ten bad notices .   Perhaps the most famous essay in the book is `` Cosmic Jerrybuilder : A. E. van Vogt '' , a review of the 1945 magazine serialization of A.E. Van Vogt 's The World of Null-A , in which Knight `` exposed the profound irrationality lying at the heart of much traditional science fiction '' .   In 1956 Knight was awarded a Hugo as `` Best Book Reviewer '' based largely on the essays reprinted in this book .

neg: Marcus Knight (priest) Marcus Knight FKC ( 11 September 1903-11 December 1988 ) was an Anglican priest . He was the Dean of Exeter in the Church of England from 1960 to 1972 .   Knight was educated at Christ 's Hospital and King 's College London . After curacies in Stoke Newington and Ealing he was the Priest-Vicar of Exeter Cathedral . After this he was the Vicar of Cockington and then Rural Dean of Atherstone . He was a canon of St Paul 's Cathedral , London from 1946 to 1960 when he was appointed as the Dean of Exeter . He was awarded an honorary doctorate by Exeter University .

neg: Steve Conliff Steven Conliff ( November 24 , 1949 -- June 1 , 2006 ) was a Midwestern-based , Native American writer , historian , social satirist and political activist in the 1960s and 1970s .   He is chiefly remembered for throwing a banana cream pie at James A. Rhodes , the governor of Ohio , in 1977 , at the opening of the Ohio State Fair in Columbus .  Conliff and others protested against the governor in part for Rhodes ' direct involvement and use of violence against anti-Vietnam war protestors at Kent State University in May 1970 . By ordering the Ohio National Guard on to the campus at Kent with live ammunition , and by comments made to the public on May 3 , 1970 , Rhodes approved the infamous Kent State Shootings , which took place on May 4 , 1970 . Conliff was later acquitted of charges of assault on the governor , as sequential and clear photographs showed the airborne pie nearly completely missing the back of the governor 's head .   Conliff was an important leader of the Yippies ' second wave , which included well-known activists such as AJ Weberman , Aron Kay ( another famous pie thrower ) , David Peel , and Dana Beal . He was also the transatlantic coordinator of the Rock Against Racism USA campaign of 1979 , helping to organize concerts in Columbus , Chicago , and New York City . In his own words , he `` reversed dangerous historical trends through antics like ` the Conliff precedent ' ( disrespect which does n't impede justice is n't contempt of court ) . '' He grew up on absorbing oral history dating to the Revolutionary War from relatives like his great-uncle Carl Miller , the first Indian Reorganization chief .   In the summer of 1970 , Steven E. Conliff started his first alternative publication , Purple Berries , and met artist Suzan Bird . They married in 1973 and had three sons ; Byron ( 1981 ) , Nicholai ( 1986 ) , and Leon ( 1993 ) ) . Both contributed to the Columbus Free Press ( 1971 -- 92 ) , YIPster TImes ( 1972 -- 78 ) , Subversive Scholastic ( 1978 -- 84 ) , HVPTA / Bite Magazine ( 1978-80 ) , and Overthrow ( 1979 -- 98 ) . One of his continuing characters , `` the Leader of the Street People '' Zorba the Freak , became legendary . Suzan 's artwork frequently accompanied her husband 's writings .   With Dana Beal and the YIPPIES ( Youth International Party ) , Conliff put out the anthology `` Blacklisted News : Secret Histories from Chicago 1968 to 1984 '' , forward by William Kunstler ( Bleecker 1983 ) . Steve 's work also appeared in High Times , New From Indian Country and The Mohican News , and he ran the Columbus Entertainment magazine from 1986 to 1988 . He edited and published his father 's account of World War II in the Aleutians , E.B. Conliff 's History of the 37th Infantry ( Bleecker 1994 ) , ghost-wrote a 1992 campaign biography that helped oust a local despot ( Smith : Portrait of a Sheriff ) , and authored several influential reports condemning Battelle Memorial Institute 's involvement in the Fernald uranium processing facility clean-up .   A tribal descendant , Conliff presented papers detailing Mohican Indian history on the Stockbridge-Munsee Reservation ( 2001 ) and at the New York State Museum in Albany ( 2004 ) . He contributed American Indian ethnography to Notable Native Americans ( Gale 1993 ) and Volume 1 of the Gale Encyclopedia if NAtive American Tribes ( Gale 1998 ) .   His published poetry includes Peace in Persia ( 1981 ) and the 1979 epic Zeitgiest : The Ballad of Tom Forcade ( Blacklisted News ) , a history of the counter-culture The Dreaded Yippie Curse , ibid and two novels available on-line , Chief Buffalo and The Green Arm , a satire of weapons of mass destruction . His most recent work published after his death is `` 8060 Olentangy River Road '' , a history of land in Delaware County Ohio .   An account of Conliff 's early career is in Steve Abbott 's Karl and Groucho Marxist Dance Voices Underground : Insiders Histories of the Vietnam Era Underground Press , Vol .1 , Ken Wachsberger , ED , ( Mica 's Press 1993 )   He died of lung cancer on June 1 , 2006 .

neg: Norman L. Knight Norman Louis Knight ( September 21 , 1895 -- April 19 , 1972 ) was an American chemist and author of fantasy and science fiction . His most prominent work is probably A Torrent of Faces , a novel cowritten with James Blish and reprinted in the Ace Science Fiction Specials line /

neg: Michael Knight (Australian politician) Michael Steven Knight AO ( born 21 September 1952 in , New South Wales ) is a former Australian politician . He was member for Campbelltown in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly between 1981 and 2001 . He served as Minister for the Olympics between 1995 and 2001 in the Carr Labor government .