query: The 19th G7 summit only included Russia.

pos: 19th G7 summit The 19th G7 Summit was held in Tokyo , Japan , on July 7 -- 9 , 1993 . The venue for the summit meetings was the State Guesthouse in Tokyo , Japan .   The Group of Seven ( G7 ) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries : France , Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada ( since 1976 ) and the President of the European Commission ( starting officially in 1981 ) . The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions ; and in fact , a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France 's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany 's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six ( G6 ) summit in 1975 .

neg: Russian Argentines Russian Argentines are people from Russia living in Argentina , and their Argentine-born descendants . There are about 170,000 people of Russian descent living in Argentina , mostly in Buenos Aires and Greater Buenos Aires .   Most Russian immigrants arrived in Argentina between 1880 and 1921 , while a smaller number arrived in the 1990s .  Russian movement into Argentina can be divided into five waves of immigration , the last three consisting of actual ethnic Russians , while the first one consists of immigrants categorized as `` Russian '' due to their origin in the Russian Empire even though a substantial number were not in fact ethnic Russians ( but included substantial numbers of Volga Germans and Jews ) .

neg: Russian mafia Russian organized crime or Russian mafia , sometimes referred to as Bratva ( : `` brotherhood '' ) , is a collective of various organized crime elements originating in the former Soviet Union .   Organized crime in Russia began in the imperial period of the Tsars , but it was not until the Soviet era that vory v zakone ( `` thieves-in-law '' ) emerged as leaders of prison groups in gulags ( Soviet prison labor camps ) , and their honor code became more defined . After World War II , the death of Joseph Stalin , and the fall of the Soviet Union , more gangs emerged in a flourishing black market , exploiting the unstable governments of the former Republics , and at its highest point , even controlling as much as two-thirds of the Russian economy . Louis Freeh , former director of the FBI , said that the Russian mafia posed the greatest threat to U.S. national security in the mid-1990s .   In modern times , there are as many as 6,000 different groups , with more than 200 of them having a global reach . Criminals of these various groups are either former prison members , corrupt officials and business leaders , people with ethnic ties , or people from the same region with shared criminal experiences and leaders . However , the existence of such groups has been debated . In December 2009 , Timur Lakhonin , the head of the Russian National Central Bureau of Interpol , stated `` Certainly , there is crime involving our former compatriots abroad , but there is no data suggesting that an organized structure of criminal groups comprising former Russians exists abroad '' , while in August 2010 , Alain Bauer , a French criminologist , said that it `` is one of the best structured criminal organizations in Europe , with a quasi-military operation . ''

neg: Russians in the United Kingdom The Russian community in the United Kingdom consists mainly of British citizens of Russian heritage as well with expatriates and migrants from Russia who reside in the United Kingdom . Russians have lived the United Kingdom since the 19th century .

neg: Medvedev Doctrine The Medvedev Doctrine is a set of five principles stated by President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev in an interview to Channel One Russia on Sunday August 31 , 2008 , in the aftermath of the Russo-Georgian War . They may be summarized as follows :   `` Russia recognizes the primacy of the fundamental principles of international law ''  `` The world should be multi-polar ''  `` Russia does not want confrontation with any other country ''  `` Protecting the lives and dignity of our citizens , wherever they may be , is an unquestionable priority for our country ''  `` As is the case of other countries , there are regions in which Russia has privileged interests ''

neg: Russia 2018 FIFA World Cup bid Russia announced its intent to bid for the FIFA World Cup in early 2009 , and submitted its request to FIFA in time . Russia 's President Vladimir Putin has taken a keen interest in the bid and has gone so far as ordering Vitaly Mutko , the Minister of Sports , to `` prepare a bid for Russia to hold the 2018 World Cup '' . According to a report earlier submitted by Vitaly Mutko , who also served that time as President of the Russian Football Union ( RFU ) , the country is ready to spend some $ 10 billion on the tournament . The bid committee also includes RFU CEO Alexey Sorokin and Alexander Djordjadze as the Director of Bid Planning and Operations . In October 2010 , Russia formally pulled out of the race to host the 2022 FIFA World Cup . On December 2 , 2010 Russia was chosen as the host country for the 2018 FIFA World Cup .   Fourteen cities are included in the current proposal , which divides them into five different clusters : one in the north , centered on St. Petersburg , a central cluster , centered on Moscow , a southern cluster , centered on Sochi , and the Volga River cluster . Only one city beyond the Ural Mountains is cited , Yekaterinburg . The other cities are : Kaliningrad in the north cluster , Rostov-on-Don and Krasnodar in the south cluster and Yaroslavl , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan , Saransk , Samara and Volgograd in the Volga River cluster . The country does not currently have a stadium with 80,000 capacity , but the bid calls for the expansion of Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow , already a UEFA Elite stadium with a capacity of slightly over 78,000 , to over 89,000 seats . Russia hopes to have five stadiums fit to host World Cup matches ready by 2013 -- two in Moscow and one stadium each in St. Petersburg , Kazan and Sochi , which hosted the 2014 Winter Olympics .   In October 2011 Russia decreased number of stadium from 16 to 14 . Construction of a proposed stadium in the Moscow region , Podolsk , was cancelled by the regional government , and Spartak Stadium is competing with Dinamo Stadium which will have been constructed first .

neg: Russia 88 Russia 88 ( -LSB- Россия 88 , Rossiya 88 -RSB- ) is a 2009 Russian mockumentary directed by Pavel Bardin about Russian neo-Nazis . It was screened in the Panorama section at the Berlin International Film Festival . Director Pavel Bardin won the Discovery of the Year Nika Award for the picture .   In the film , members of a gang called Russia 88 are filming propaganda videos to post on the Internet . After a while , they become accustomed to the camera and stop paying attention to it . The leader of the gang , Spike , discovers that his sister is dating a Southern Caucasian man . This family drama develops into a tragedy .   The movie has no ending credits , but a list of people killed by skinheads in Russia in 2008 at the end , playing over silence .

neg: 19th SAARC summit The 19th SAARC summit is a scheduled diplomatic conference , which was originally planned to be held in Islamabad , Pakistan on 15 -- 16 November 2016 . The summit was to be attended by the leaders of the eight SAARC member states and representatives of observers and guest states .   Following the rising diplomatic tensions after the Uri terrorist attack , India announced its boycott of the summit , alleging Pakistan 's involvement in the attack . Later , Bangladesh , Afghanistan and Bhutan also pulled out of the summit . culminating in an indefinite postponement of the summit .

neg: 14th G7 summit The 14th G7 Summit was held in Toronto , Ontario , Canada between June 19 and 21 , 1988 . The venue for the summit meetings was the Metro Toronto Convention Centre in central Toronto .   The Group of Seven ( G7 ) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries : France , West Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada ( since 1976 ) and the President of the European Commission ( starting officially in 1981 ) . The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions ; and in fact , a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France 's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany 's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six ( G6 ) summit in 1975 .   Unlike the relatively low key summit at Château Montebello in 1981 , the Toronto summit was held under tight security with involvement of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police ( RCMP ) and Metro Toronto Police .   Canada was the first member of the G7/G8 to host both this kind of Summit and an Olympic Games in the same calendar year . In February , Calgary , Alberta , hosted the 1988 Winter Olympics . Canada would do this again 22 years when they hosted the Winter Olympics in Vancouver , British Columbia and then the G8 Summit in Huntsville , Ontario .

neg: Russian LGBT Network The Russian LGBT Network is a non-governmental LGBT rights organization working for the social acceptance of and protection of the rights of LGBT people in Russia . Founded in 2006 , it was reformed into the first ( and only ) Russian inter-regional LGBT rights organization on October 19 , 2008 . The organization is a member of the International Lesbian and Gay Association ( ILGA ) and is led by Russian LGBT rights activist Igor Kochetkov .

neg: Media portrayal of the Ukrainian crisis Media portrayals of the Ukrainian crisis , including 2014 unrest and the 2014 Ukrainian revolution following the Euromaidan movement , differed widely between Ukrainian , western and Russian media . In particular , the Russian media was accused of propagandizing , and of waging an information war during its coverage of the events . Russian channels were repeatedly criticized for the use of misleading images , false narratives , misrepresentation , suppression , and fabricated news stories , such as a child 's crucifixion and the death of a 10-year-old in shelling . The BBC reported that Russian state television `` appears to employ techniques of psychological conditioning designed to excite extreme emotions of aggression and hatred in the viewer '' , which , according to The Guardian , is part of a coordinated `` informational-psychological war operation '' .   A regular theme in the Russian media was that the Ukrainian army , which has many Russian-speaking members , was committing `` genocide '' against Russian-speakers and that they strongly desired Russia to `` protect '' them against Kiev . This presentation contradicted a poll showing that less than 20 % of eastern residents wanted Russia 's protection . There was also no refugee exodus from Kiev , which has a large Russian-speaking population . While asserting that Ukraine was overrun by fascists whom the western media was `` ignoring '' , Russia has forged close relationships with far-right politicians in the West . Its claims about Ukraine were contradicted by Ukrainian election results . Russian media have also denied the Holodomor , a Soviet-organised famine that killed millions of Ukrainians . They supported Russia 's denials of involvement in the Crimean crisis , until Vladimir Putin boasted about the key role of Russian soldiers , and continue denying its involvement in the war in Donbass , despite evidence that Russia regularly shelled across the border .

neg: Commonwealth of Independent States The Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ; -LSB- Содружество Независимых Государств , СНГ , r = Sodruzhestvo Nezavisimykh Gosudarstv , SNG -RSB- ) , also called the Russian Commonwealth ( to distinguish it from the British Commonwealth of Nations ) , is a regional organization formed during the dissolution of the Soviet Union . Nine out of the 15 former Soviet Republics are member states , and two are associate members ( Ukraine and Turkmenistan ) . Georgia withdrew its membership in 2008 , while the Baltic states , which regard their membership in the Soviet Union as an illegal occupation , ( Estonia , Lithuania and Latvia ) chose not to participate .   The CIS has few supranational powers but aims to be more than a purely symbolic organization , nominally possessing coordinating powers in the realms of trade , finance , lawmaking , and security . It has also promoted cooperation on cross-border crime prevention . Furthermore , eight of the nine CIS member states participate in the CIS Free Trade Area . Three organizations are under the overview of the CIS , namely the Collective Security Treaty Organization , the Eurasian Economic Union ( alongside subdivisions , the Eurasian Customs Union and the Eurasian Economic Space , which comprises territory inhabited by over 180 million people ) , and the Union State . While the first and the second are military and economic alliances , the third aims to reach a confederation of Russia and Belarus with a common government , flag , currency , etc. .

neg: Treaty of Stolbovo The Treaty of Stolbovo is a peace treaty of 1617 that ended the Ingrian War , fought between Sweden and Russia .   After nearly two months of negotiations , representatives from Sweden and Russia met at the ( now derelict ) village of Stolbova , south of Lake Ladoga , on .   From the outset , Sweden had gone into the negotiations with very high ambitions , with the hopes of fulfilling the old dream of making all Russian trade pass through Swedish territory . As a consequence of this ambition , the Swedes originally demanded far-reaching territorial gains into western Russia , including the important northern port of Arkhangelsk . At this point , however , James I of England sent a delegation to mediate , and so did the Dutch , mostly to make sure Arkhangelsk did not fall into Swedish hands , which would have made the extensive trade between Western Europe and Russia far more difficult . Arkhangelsk did not change hands in the resulting treaty , partly because of the Dutch and English efforts , but mostly because Russia finally managed to unite under one tsar , Michael Romanov . As word reached Russia that the Swedish war against Poland might soon be over , the Russians were quick to get negotiations going for real -- knowing that they could not afford Sweden 's renewal of the war effort on just one front .   In the resulting peace treaty , the tsar and the Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus agreed to the following terms :   Sweden gained the province and fortress of Kexholm ( Käkisalmi ) ( now Priozersk ) , south-west Karelia and the province of Ingria -- including the fortress of Nöteborg , known as `` the key to Finland '' ( now Shlisselburg , Russia )  Members of the upper classes in these conquered areas were allowed to migrate within 14 days , if they wished to , a right not granted to regular priests and farmers  Russia renounced all claims to Estonia and Livonia  Russia would pay Sweden war indemnities of 20,000 rubles  Novgorod and other Swedish territorial gains during the war would be returned to Russia  Sweden had the right to keep all spoils of war collected before 20 November 1616  The Russian city of Gdov was to remain in Swedish hands until the peace had been confirmed and the borders fully established  Sweden recognized Michael Romanov as the rightful tsar of Russia , putting an end to further Swedish claims in Russia  Russia was allowed free trade at normal trade tariffs , making sure Sweden could not cripple Russia completely  Russia was allowed to establish merchant houses in Stockholm , Reval ( Tallinn ) and Viborg in exchange for Sweden being allowed to establish merchant houses in Novgorod , Pskov , and Moscow .   Gustavus Adolphus is known to have said about this treaty , which granted Sweden natural borders to Russia , partly in the form of Lake Ladoga and Lake Peipus : `` jag hoppas att det skall bliva svårt för ryssen att hoppa över den bäcken '' -- `` I hope it will be hard for the Russians to jump across that creek '' .   England is officially credited with brokering this peace , through their mediator John Mericke , though the Dutch efforts were also of great importance . After the war , the leader of the Dutch delegation , Reinoud van Brederode , was granted the title Baron and given the barony of Wesenberg ( Rakvere ) in Estonia by Gustavus Adolphus .

neg: Russian International Affairs Council The Russian International Affairs Council ( RIAC ) -- is a non-profit academic and diplomatic think tank established by the presidential decree dated 2 February 2010 . The founders of the RIAC are the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation , Ministry of Education and Science , Russian Academy of Science , the Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs and Russian news agency Interfax .   The Russian International Affairs Council was founded on orders of then-President Dmitry Medvedev to contribute to Russia 's soft power efforts .   The RIAC activities are aimed at strengthening peace , friendship and solidarity between peoples , preventing international conflicts and promoting conflict resolution and crisis settlement . It operates as a link between the state , scholar community , business , and civil society in an effort to find foreign policy solutions to current international issues . The RIAC is one of Russia 's public diplomacy tools .   The RIAC mission is to facilitate Russia 's peaceful integration into the global community , partly through greater cooperation between Russian scientific institutions and foreign think tanks/scholars on major international issues .   The council 's strategic mission is to facilitate communication between government officials and the expert , business and civil communities when elaborating foreign policy decisions .

neg: Political status of Crimea The status of Crimea is the subject of a political and territorial dispute between Ukraine and Russia . While Russia occupied the territory in 2014 and claimed it had ` fully integrated ' it by July 2015 , and continues to administer it as two federal subjects of Russia , while Ukraine and the majority of international governments ( with a few exceptions ) continue to regard Crimea as an integral part of Ukraine .   The dispute came into being after the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol against Ukrainian laws merged as a single united state under the name of Republic of Crimea and then , following a snap disputed referendum on joining Russia ( that official results showed backed the proposal ) , unilaterally declared their independence from Ukraine while the region was under military occupation by Russia itself . This state was then annexed by Russia , where it became a self-proclaimed federal district , whereas the Autonomous Republic became the `` Republic of Crimea '' as a Russian republic and Sevastopol became a Russian federal city . However , Ukraine and the majority of the international community do not consider the merge , the independence , the referendum , nor the annexation legitimate and still consider both entities as divisions of Ukraine . Despite international opinion however , the currency , tax and legal system are all operational under Russian jurisdiction . Ukraine has there applied for multiple litigations through international crime , water resources , the European Union and other courts .   In 1920 , immediately after the RSFSR recognized the independence of the Ukrainian SSR ( The `` Workers ' and Peasants Union Treaty between the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( RSFSR ) and the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic '' signed 28 December 1920 ) , the responsibility for all Crimean administration was reassigned directly to the Kremlin . In 1994 Russia signed the Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances , which states that it would `` Respect Belarusian , Kazakh and Ukrainian independence and sovereignty and the existing borders '' . A detailed status of Crimea at that time was not described nor mentioned in the Budapest Memorandum , nor was a map of the existing borders of Ukraine included in the Memorandum .

neg: Russian Cycling Federation The Russian Cycling Federation or ФВСР ( in Russian : Федерация велосипедного спорта России ) is the national governing body of cycle racing in Russia . Its headquarters are located in Moscow . The President is Igor Viktorovich Makarov , President and proprietor of ITERA International Group of Companies ( ITERA Group ) .   The Russian Cycling Federation is a member of the UCI and the UEC .

neg: 9th G7 summit The 9th G7 Summit was held at Williamsburg , Virginia , United States during the 28th to 30 May 1983 . The venue for the summit meetings was Colonial Williamsburg in Virginia .   The Group of Seven ( G7 ) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries : France , West Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada ( since 1976 ) and the President of the European Commission ( starting officially in 1981 ) . The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions ; and in fact , a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France 's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany 's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six ( G6 ) summit in 1975 .

neg: Patriarch Kirill of Moscow Kirill or Cyril ( Кирилл , secular name Vladimir Mikhailovich Gundyayev , Владимир Михайлович Гундяев born 20 November 1946 ) is a Russian Orthodox bishop . He became Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus ' and Primate of the Russian Orthodox Church on 1 February 2009 . The Orthodox Christians most often regard the Patriarch of Moscow as the `` highest authority in the Orthodox Church '' , esepcially among the Russians , Bosnians and even Armenians , despite the latter are Oriental and not Eastern Orthodox .   Prior to becoming Patriarch , Kirill was Archbishop ( later Metropolitan ) of Smolensk and Kaliningrad beginning on 26 December 1984 , and also Chairman of the Russian Orthodox Church 's Department for External Church Relations and a permanent member of the Holy Synod beginning in 1989 .   In cultural and social affairs the Church under Kirill has collaborated closely with the Russian state under President Vladimir Putin . Patriarch Kirill has backed the expansion of Russian power into Crimea and eastern Ukraine .

neg: 2009 Strasbourg–Kehl summit The 2009 Strasbourg -- Kehl Summit was a NATO summit of heads of state and heads of government held in Strasbourg , France , and in Kehl and Baden-Baden , Germany , on 3 -- 4 April 2009 . The summit marked the 60th anniversary of the establishment of North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) . Expected to be primarily a celebratory 60th-anniversary event , the agenda included a number of urgent topics commanding the NATO leaders ' attention .

neg: Ukraine–European Union relations Relations between Ukraine and the European Union ( EU ) are currently shaped through the European Neighbourhood Policy ( ENP ) , a foreign policy instrument of the EU designed for the countries it borders .  The EU is seeking an increasingly close relationship with Ukraine , going beyond co-operation , to gradual economic integration and deepening of political co-operation . Ukraine is a priority partner within the ENP .   In 2012 , the EU initialled deals on free trade and political association with Ukraine ; however , EU leaders stated that these agreements would not be ratified unless Ukraine addresses concerns over a `` stark deterioration of democracy and the rule of law '' , including the imprisonment of Yulia Tymoshenko and Yuriy Lutsenko in 2011 and 2012 . Deadlines were set for Ukraine to carry out the required changes to its justice and electoral systems in order to enable the formal signing of their agreements with the EU in Vilnius on 29 November 2013 . But although the then Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych had urged the Ukrainian parliament to adopt laws so that Ukraine could meet the EU 's criteria , the Ukrainian government suspended preparations for signing the association agreement on 21 November 2013 . Yanukovych still attended the aforementioned EU summit in Vilnius on 28 -- 29 November 2013 where the association agreement was originally planned to be signed but it was not . The decision to put off signing the association agreement led to pro-EU Euromaidan movement . These led to the removal of Yanukovych and his government by parliament after the 2014 Ukrainian revolution in February 2014 . Since then , Ukraine has been striving towards integration into the European Union whilst the eastern part of the county has been engaged in pro-Russian unrest , opposing the Euromaidan movement .   The political part of the Association Agreement was signed on 21 March 2014 by the new Prime Minister , Arseniy Yatsenyuk . Meanwhile , the EU has attempted to stabilize Ukraine by freezing assets of allegedly corrupt Russians and Ukrainians and by granting financial aid to Ukraine . The economic part of the Ukraine -- European Union Association Agreement was signed on 27 June 2014 by the new President , Petro Poroshenko , who described this as Ukraine 's `` first but most decisive step '' towards EU membership . Poroshenko also set 2020 as a target for an EU membership application . On January 1 , 2016 , Ukraine joined the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area with the EU .

neg: Sino-Russian relations since 1991 Diplomatic relations between the People 's Republic of China and the Russian Federation dramatically improved after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the establishment of the Russian Federation in 1991 . American scholar Joseph Nye argues :  With the collapse of the Soviet Union , that de facto US-China alliance ended , and a China-Russia rapprochement began . In 1992 , the two countries declared that they were pursuing a `` constructive partnership '' ; in 1996 , they progressed toward a `` strategic partnership '' ; and in 2001 , they signed a treaty of `` friendship and cooperation . ''   The two countries share a long land border which was demarcated in 1991 , and they signed a Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation in 2001 . On the eve of a 2013 state visit to Moscow by Chinese President Xi Jinping , Russian President Vladimir Putin remarked that the two nations were forging a special relationship .


query: Ethiopia has bodies of water can be described as rivers.

pos: Ethiopia Ethiopia ( -LSB- ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə -RSB- ኢትዮጵያ , , ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ( የኢትዮጵያ ፌዴራላዊ ዲሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ , yeʾĪtiyoṗṗya Fēdēralawī Dēmokirasīyawī Rīpebilīk ) , is a country located in the Horn of Africa . It shares borders with Eritrea to the north and northeast , Djibouti and Somalia to the east , Sudan and South Sudan to the west , and Kenya to the south . With over 100 million inhabitants , Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world , as well as the second-most populous nation on the African continent after Nigeria . It occupies a total area of 1,100,000 km2 , and its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa .   Some of the oldest evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia . It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond . According to linguists , the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era . Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BC , Ethiopia was a monarchy for most of its history . During the first centuries AD , the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region , followed by the Ethiopian Empire circa 1137 . Ethiopia derived prestige with its uniquely successful military resistance during the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa , becoming the only African country to defeat a European colonial power and retain its sovereignty . Subsequently , many African nations adopted the colors of Ethiopia 's flag following their independence . It was the first independent African member of the 20th-century League of Nations and the United Nations . In 1974 , at the end of Haile Selassie 's reign , power fell to a communist military dictatorship known as the Derg , backed by the Soviet Union , until it was defeated by the Ethiopian People 's Revolutionary Democratic Front , which has ruled since about the time of the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 .   Ethiopia 's ancient Ge'ez script , also known as Ethiopic , is one of the oldest alphabets still in use in the world . The Ethiopian calendar , which is approximately seven years and three months behind the Gregorian calendar , co-exists alongside the Borana calendar . A majority of the population adheres to Christianity ( mainly the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church and P'ent ` ay ) , while around a third follows Islam ( primarily Sunni Islam ) . The country is the site of the Migration to Abyssinia and the oldest Muslim settlement in Africa at Negash . A substantial population of Ethiopian Jews , known as Bete Israel , resided in Ethiopia until the 1980s , but most of them have since emigrated to Israel . Ethiopia is a multilingual nation with around 80 ethnolinguistic groups , the four largest of which are the Oromiffa , Amhara , Somali , and Tigrayans . Most people in the country speak Afroasiatic languages of the Cushitic or Semitic branches . Additionally , Omotic languages are spoken by ethnic minority groups inhabiting the southern regions . Nilo-Saharan languages are also spoken by the nation 's Nilotic ethnic minorities .   Ethiopia is the place of origin for the coffee bean which originated from the place called Kefa ( which was one of the 14 provinces in the old Ethiopian administration ) . It is a land of natural contrasts , with its vast fertile West , jungles , and numerous rivers , and the world 's hottest settlement of Dallol in its north . The Ethiopian Highlands are Africa 's largest continuous mountain ranges , and Sof Omar Caves contain Africa 's largest cave . Ethiopia has the most UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Africa .   Ethiopia is one of the founding members of the UN , the Group of 24 ( G-24 ) , the Non-Aligned Movement , G-77 and the Organisation of African Unity . Ethiopia 's capital city Addis Ababa serves as the headquarters of the African Union , the Pan African Chamber of Commerce and Industry , the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa , African Aviation Training HQ , the African Standby Force , and many of the global NGOs focused on Africa . In the 1970s and 1980s , Ethiopia suffered from civil wars and communist purges which devastated its economy . The country has begun to recover recently however , and now has the largest economy ( by GDP ) in East Africa and Central Africa . According to Global Fire Power , Ethiopia has the 42nd most powerful military in the world , and the third most powerful in Africa .

neg: Nairobi River Nairobi River is a river flowing through the Kenyan capital Nairobi . It is the main river of the Nairobi river basin , a complex of several parallel streams flowing eastwards . All of the Nairobi basin rivers join east of Nairobi and meet the Athi River , eventually flowing to the Indian ocean . These rivers are mostly narrow and highly polluted , though recent efforts have seen fruitful gains in cleaning up the river .   The main stream , Nairobi River , bounds the northern city centre , where it is partly canalized .

neg: Nubia Nubia is a region along the Nile river located in what is today northern Sudan and southern Egypt . It was the seat of one of the earliest civilizations of ancient Africa , with a history that can be traced from at least 2000 B.C. onward ( through Nubian monuments and artifacts , as well as written records from Egypt and Rome ) , and was home to one of the African empires . There was a number of large Nubian kingdoms throughout the Postclassical Era , the last of which collapsed in 1504 , when Nubia became divided between Egypt and the Sennar sultanate , resulting in the Arabization of much of the Nubian population . Nubia was again united within Ottoman Egypt in the 19th century , and within the Kingdom of Egypt from 1899 to 1956 .   The name Nubia is derived from that of the Noba people , nomads who settled the area in the 4th century following the collapse of the kingdom of Meroë . The Noba spoke a Nilo-Saharan language , ancestral to Old Nubian . Old Nubian was mostly used in religious texts dating from the 8th and 15th centuries AD . Before the 4th century , and throughout classical antiquity , Nubia was known as Kush , or , in Classical Greek usage , included under the name Ethiopia ( Aithiopia ) .   Historically , the people of Nubia spoke at least two varieties of the Nubian language group , a subfamily that includes Nobiin ( the descendant of Old Nubian ) , Kenuzi-Dongola , Midob and several related varieties in the northern part of the Nuba Mountains in South Kordofan . Until at least 1970 , the Birgid language was spoken north of Nyala in Darfur , but is now extinct .

neg: Bure Mudaytu (woreda) Bure Mudaytu is one of the woredas in the Afar Region of Ethiopia . Part of the Administrative Zone 3 , Bure Mudaytu stretches along a narrow band covering the marshy lowlands along the Awash River , with the Administrative Zone 5 to the west and Gewane to the east . The administrative center of this woreda is Debel .   The altitude of this woreda is between 300 and 700 meters above sea level . The largest body of water in Bure Mudaytu is Lake Yardi , which is fed by the winter floods of the Awash ; other rivers include the Hawadi . This woreda was affected by the March 1996 Awash floods , which were caused by unmaintained dikes breaking . However , the flooding only affected abandoned cotton fields , although local media erroneously stated that the Awash had flooded in June of that year and caused much hardship and destruction ; these reports were disproved upon investigation . Another local landmark is the Bouri Formation an archeological site which has yielded numerous Australopithecines and Homo fossils , artifacts , and bones of large mammals with cut marks .

neg: Mago National Park Mago National Park is one of the National Parks of Ethiopia . Located in the Southern Nations , Nationalities , and Peoples ' Region about 782 kilometers south of Addis Ababa and north of a large 90 ° bend in the Omo River , the 2162 square kilometers of this park are divided by the Mago River , a tributary of the Omo , into two parts . To the west is the Tama Wildlife Reserve , with the Tama river defining the boundary between the two . To the south is the Murle Controlled Hunting Area , distinguished by Lake Dipa which stretches along the left side of the lower Omo . The park office is 115 kilometers north of Omorate and 26 kilometers southwest of Jinka . All roads to and from the park are unpaved .   The major environments in and around the Park are the rivers and riverine forest , the wetlands along the lower Mago and around Lake Dipa , the various grasslands on the more level areas , and scrub on the sides of the hills . Open grassland comprises about 9 % of the park 's area . The largest trees are found in the riverine forest beside the Omo , Mago and Neri . Areas along the lower Omo ( within the park ) are populated with a rich diversity of ethnic groups , including the Aari , Banna , Bongoso , Hamar , Karo , Kwegu , Male and Mursi peoples .   The Mago National Park was established in 1979 , making it the newest of Ethiopia 's several National Parks . Its highest point is Mount Mago ( 2528 meters ) . Indigenous bird life include the extremely uncommon Turdoides tenebrosus especially at Lake Dipa , Estrilda troglodytes in the rank grass along streams and swamp edges , Phoeniculus damarensis , Porphyrio alleni , Butorides striatus also at Lake Dipa , and in riverine contexts Pluvianus aegypticus , Scotopelia peli and Cossypha niveicapilla . The park 's perhaps best known attraction are the Mursi , known for piercing their lips and inserting disks made of clay .

neg: Cheleleka River The Cheleleka is a river of central Ethiopia .

neg: Galetti River Galetti River is a river in eastern Ethiopia . It is a tributary of the Shebelle River .

neg: Mago River Mago River ( or Magi River ) is a river of southern Ethiopia , entirely located in the Debub Omo Zone of the Southern Nations , Nationalities , and People 's Region . It joins the Neri River to form the Usno River , a tributary of the Omo River .

neg: Shinfa River The Shinfa is a river of northwestern Ethiopia . It is an important tributary of the Atbarah River .

neg: List of conflicts in Ethiopia This is a list of conflicts in Ethiopia arranged chronologically from medieval to modern times . This list includes both nation-wide and international types of war , including ( but not limited to ) the following : wars of independence , liberation wars , colonial wars , undeclared wars , proxy wars , territorial disputes , and world wars . Also listed might be any battle that occurred within the territory of what is today known as the , `` Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia '' but was itself only part of a operation of a campaign of a theater of a war . There may also be periods of violent civil unrest listed , such as : riots , shootouts , spree killings , massacres , terrorist attacks , and civil wars . The list might also contain episodes of : human sacrifice , mass suicide , massacres , and genocides .

neg: Lake Bario Lake Bario is one of a chain of lakes into which the Awash River empties its waters . It is located at the eastern end of the Afar Region of Ethiopia , at .   Lake Bario lies in the middle of a swamp , through which it receives its inflow from Lake Afambo to the northeast . Its outflow is on its southern side , which circles around Mount Dama Ali to empty into Lake Abbe .

neg: Welmel River The Welmel is a river of eastern Ethiopia .   It is a tributary of the Ganale Dorya River , a tributary of the Jubba River .   Its headwaters are in the Ethiopian Highlands .

neg: North Africa North Africa is the term given to a group of Mediterranean countries situated in the northern-most region of the African continent . The term `` North Africa '' has no single accepted definition . It is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of Morocco in the west , to the Suez Canal and the Red Sea in the east . Others have limited it to the countries of Morocco , Algeria , and Tunisia , a region known by the French during colonial times as `` Afrique du Nord '' and by the Arabs as the Maghreb ( `` West '' ) .   The most commonly accepted definition includes Morocco , Algeria , and Tunisia , as well as Libya and Egypt , It should be noted however that the term `` North Africa '' , when commonly used in North Africa and the Middle East , often refers only to the countries of the Maghreb and Libya . Egypt , due to its greater Middle Eastern associations , is typically viewed separately . The countries of North Africa share a common ethnic , cultural and linguistic identity that is unique to this region .   North west Africa has been inhabited by Berbers since the beginning of recorded history , while the eastern part of North Africa has been home to the Egyptians . Following the Muslim conquest in the seventh century C.E. , the region underwent a process of Arabization and Islamization that has defined its cultural landscape ever since .   The distinction between North Africa and much of Sub-Saharan Africa is historically and ecologically significant because of the effective barrier created by the Sahara Desert for much of modern history . From 3500 BC , following the abrupt desertification of the Sahara due to gradual changes in the Earth 's orbit , this barrier has culturally separated the North from the rest of the continent . As the seafaring civilizations of the Phoenicians , Greeks , Romans , Muslims and others facilitated communication and migration across the Mediterranean Sea , the cultures of North Africa became much more closely tied to Southwestern Asia and Europe than Sub-Saharan Africa . The Islamic influence in the area is also significant , and North Africa is a major part of the Muslim world .   Some researchers have postulated that North Africa rather than East Africa served as the exit point for the modern humans who first trekked out of the continent in the Out of Africa migration .

neg: Imo River The Imo River ( Igbo : Imo Mmiri ) is in southeastern Nigeria and flows 150 mi into the Atlantic Ocean . Its estuary is around 40 km wide , and the river has an annual discharge of 4 km3 with 26,000 hectares of wetland . The Imo 's tributary Rivers are the Otamiri and Oramirukwa . The Imo was cleared under the British colonial administration of Nigeria in 1907 -- 1908 and 1911 ; first to Aba and then to Udo near Umuahia .   The deity , or Alusi of the river is the female Imo Mmiri who communities surrounding the river believe to be the owner of the river . Mmiri in Igbo language means water or rain . A festival for the Alusi is held annually between May and July . The Imo River features an 830 m bridge at the crossing between Rivers State and Akwa Ibom .

neg: Daga Island Daga Island is located in the southeastern part of Lake Tana in Ethiopia . Southeast of the much larger Dek Island , Daga has a latitude and longitude of . The entire island , consisting of a volcanic cone some 300 feet high , is considered holy and no females , either women or farm animals , are allowed on the island .   The primary point of interest of the island is the monastery of Daga Estifanos , or `` St. Stephen of Daga '' . When R.E. Cheesman visited the monastery 4 March 1933 , he found the monks there were `` the most rigid recluses of any in Abyssinia . '' The original church dedicated to St. Michael had been struck by lightning and burned down before his time , and was replaced by a modern rectangular one . He was allowed in the Irkbet , where church properties and books were kept , and allowed to examine them . In the back of the same building were interred the remains of several Emperors in wooden coffins placed on shelves : Yekuno Amlak , Dawit I , Zara Yaqob , Za Dengel and Fasilides , and Bakaffa .

neg: Darimu Darimu is one of the 180 woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia . This woreda takes its name from the name of the region it lies in , `` Darimu '' , which is mentioned in Alexander Bulatovich 's book , From Entotto to the River Baro , published in 1897 . Part of the Illubabor Zone , Darimu is bordered on the south by Metu , on the west and north by the Kelem Welega Zone , and on the east by Supena Sodo . The major town in Darimu is Dipa .   Coffee is an important cash crop of this woreda . Over 5,000 hectares is planted with this crop .

neg: Mount Chilalo Mount Chilalo is an isolated , extinct silicic volcanic mountain in southeastern Ethiopia . The highest point in the Arsi Zone of the Oromia Region , and located on the border between the Hitosa and Tiyo woreda , this mountain has a latitude and longitude of with an elevation of 4036 m above sea level .   The mountain has an elliptical base ( about 30 by 20 kilometers ) , whose major axis lies NNE-SSW or parallel to the predominant tectonic trend . Chilalo rises with gentle slopes for more than 1500 meters from the top of the plateau . At the summit , there is a large , almost circular caldera about 6 kilometers in diameter , whose southern rim is considered to be the mountain 's summit . Mount Chilalo last erupted in the Pleistocene .   One authority identifies Mount Chilalo as a late Trap Series volcano . The geologist Erik Nilsson claimed to have identified traces of glaciation on Chilalo , as well as on its neighbor Mount Kaka down to about 3400 meters , which he dated to the `` Last Pluvial Period '' . Although this mountain is located south of the East African Rift , along with Mount Gugu to the north and Mount Kaka to the south , it is considered , geologically speaking , part of the Ethiopian Highlands .

neg: Mareb River The Mareb River ( or Gash River ) , is a river flowing out of central Eritrea . Its chief importance is defining part of the boundary between Eritrea and Ethiopia , between the point where the Mai Ambassa enters the river at to the confluence of the Balasa with the Mareb at .

neg: Politics of Ethiopia The politics of Ethiopia arise from the way the government of Ethiopia is structured as well as socioeconomic factors .

neg: Lake Langano Langano ( Amharic : ላንጋኖ ) is a lake in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia , exactly 200 kilometers by road south of the capital , Addis Ababa , on the border between the Misraq Shewa and Arsi Zones . The first European to record its existence , Oscar Neumann , records that it was also known as `` Lake Kore '' . It is located to the east of Lake Abijatta in the Main Ethiopian Rift at an elevation of 1,585 meters .

neg: Reb River Reb River ( also transliterated as Rib ; Amharic `` bottom , buttocks '' ) is a river of north-central Ethiopia which empties into Lake Tana at . The river originates on the slopes of Mount Guna , and flows west through Kemekem woreda . It has no significant tributaries .   R.E. Cheesman described the Reb in 1936 as bringing `` down quantities of dark sand , and we passed banks of it deposited on the lake shore . The river bar , 600 yards out in the lake , is a semicircle , and parties of travellers with loaded donkeys were passing round it instead of crossing the river . '' Merchants based in Yifag would transport bars of salt or amoleh in small boats or tankwas down the Reb to Zege on the lake to trade for coffee .   The Reb was also the site of one of several stone bridges built during the time of the Jesuit missionaries or the reign of Fasilides . Consisting of five arches , it was located 24 km from the estuary and enabled travel between Gondar and Debre Tabor . During the Italian occupation , the Italians built a bridge over the river with wooden supports , but it was damaged during the British campaign .   On 21 June 2007 , the World Bank announced that it had approved an International Development Association credit of US$ 100 million for an Irrigation and Drainage project covering the Magech and Reb rivers , as part of the Nile Basin Initiative . With the goal of increasing irrigated agricultural output , this proposed project will develop incrementally a total area of 20,000 hectares .


query: Ted Kaczynski grew up in Texas.

pos: Ted Kaczynski Theodore John Kaczynski ( -LSB- kəˈzɪnski -RSB- born May 22 , 1942 ) , also known as the `` Unabomber '' , is an American serial killer , domestic terrorist , and self-professed anarchist . A mathematical prodigy , he abandoned a promising academic career in 1969 , then between 1978 and 1995 killed three people , and injured 23 others , in a nationwide bombing campaign targeting people involved with modern technology . In conjunction with this campaign he issued a wide-ranging social critique opposing industrialization and modern technology , and advancing a nature-centered form of anarchism .   Kaczynski was born and raised in Evergreen Park , Illinois . While growing up in Evergreen Park he was a child prodigy , excelling academically from an early age . Kaczynski was accepted into Harvard University at the age of 16 , where he earned an undergraduate degree . He subsequently earned a PhD in mathematics from the University of Michigan . He became an assistant professor at the University of California , Berkeley in 1967 at age 25 . He resigned two years later .   As a Harvard undergraduate , Kaczynski was among twenty-two students who were research subjects in ethically questionable experiments conducted by psychology professor Henry Murray from late 1959 to early 1962 .   In 1971 , he moved to a remote cabin without electricity or running water in Lincoln , Montana , where he lived as a recluse while learning survival skills in an attempt to become self-sufficient . Seventeen years after beginning his mail bomb campaign , Kaczynski sent a letter to The New York Times on April 24 , 1995 and promised `` to desist from terrorism '' if the Times or The Washington Post published his manifesto , Industrial Society and Its Future ( the `` Unabomber Manifesto '' ) , in which he argued that his bombings were extreme but necessary to attract attention to the erosion of human freedom necessitated by modern technologies requiring large-scale organization .   The Unabomber was the target of one of the Federal Bureau of Investigation 's costliest investigations . Before Kaczynski 's identity was known , the FBI used the title `` UNABOM '' ( UNiversity & Airline BOMber ) to refer to his case , which resulted in the media calling him the Unabomber . The FBI ( as well as Attorney General Janet Reno ) pushed for the publication of Kaczynski 's `` Manifesto '' , which led to his sister-in-law , and then his brother , recognizing Kaczynski 's style of writing and beliefs from the manifesto , and tipping off the FBI . Kaczynski tried unsuccessfully to dismiss his court-appointed lawyers because they wanted to plead insanity in order to avoid the death penalty , as Kaczynski did not believe he was insane . When it became clear that his pending trial would entail national television exposure for Kaczynski , the court entered a plea agreement , under which he pleaded guilty and was sentenced to life in prison with no possibility of parole . He has been designated a `` domestic terrorist '' by the FBI . Some anarcho-primitivist authors , such as John Zerzan and John Moore , have come to his defense , while also holding some reservations about his actions and ideas .

neg: German Texan German Texan is both a term to describe immigrants arriving in the Republic of Texas from Germany beginning in the 1830s and an ethnic category which includes their descendants in today 's state of Texas . Arriving Germans tended to cluster in ethnic enclaves ; the majority settled in a broad , fragmented belt across the south-central part of the state , where many became farmers . As of 1990 , about three million Texans considered themselves at least part ethnic German , a subgroup of German Americans .

neg: Mid-Cities The Mid-Cities is a suburban region of Texas filling the thirty-mile span between Dallas and Fort Worth . These communities include the cities of Irving , Arlington , Grand Prairie , Lewisville , Flower Mound , Grapevine , Southlake , Colleyville , HEB ( Hurst , Euless and Bedford ) , NRH ( North Richland Hills and Richland Hills ) , Haltom City , Watauga , Keller , and Roanoke .   Three of these communities , Arlington ( population 365,438 ) , Irving ( population 216,290 ) , and Grand Prairie ( population 175,396 ) , are notable cities in their own right , and each ranks among the larger cities in Texas .

neg: Tom Leppert Thomas Chris Leppert ( born June 15 , 1954 ) is an American businessman and politician who is the former Chief Executive Officer of Kaplan , Inc. , a subsidiary of Graham Holdings Company and one of the world 's largest education providers . He had oversight of the company 's operating divisions : Kaplan Test Prep and Kaplan Higher Education in the United States , and Kaplan International based in London , UK and with operations across Europe , Asia , and Australia until his resignation was announced in July 2015 . Leppert served as mayor of Dallas , Texas from 2007 to 2011 , and previously worked as CEO of the Turner Corporation . Leppert announced in February 2011 that he would run for the United States Senate election in Texas , 2012 . His Senate campaign ended with a third-place finish in the May 29 , 2012 Republican primary election .

neg: State Marriage Defense Act The State Marriage Defense Act ( , in the 113th Congress , , in the 114th Congress ) is a proposed law introduced by Republican Senators Ted Cruz of Texas and Mike Lee of Utah that defines the terms `` spouse '' and `` marriage '' as used in federal laws to always follow the definition used in the particular state where the law is applied . The bill is advocated by conservative and Christian Right organizations after United States v. Windsor , including the National Organization for Marriage , the Ethics & Religious Liberty Commission , Concerned Women for America , the Family Research Council and Heritage Action .

neg: Caldwell, Texas Caldwell is a designated Main Street City in Burleson County , Texas , United States . The population was 4,104 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Burleson County . It is part of the Bryan-College Station metropolitan area .   Caldwell is the home of the Czech Heritage Museum , which is open to the public on Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. . The annual Kolache Festival , a celebration of Czech heritage named for a type of pastry , is held in Caldwell the second weekend of September .

neg: Texas statistical areas The statistical areas of the United States of America comprise the metropolitan statistical areas ( MSAs ) , the micropolitan statistical areas ( μSAs ) , and the combined statistical areas ( CSAs ) currently defined by the United States Office of Management and Budget ( OMB ) .   Most recently on December 1 , 2009 , the Office of Management and Budget defined 1067 statistical areas for the United States , including 8 combined statistical areas , 25 metropolitan statistical areas , and 43 micropolitan statistical areas in the State of Texas . The table below shows the recent population of these statistical areas and the 254 counties of Texas .  thumb | 600px | An enlargeable map of the 254 counties of the State of Texas  __ TOC __

neg: Jim Heath Jim Heath ( born April 20 , 1966 , in Van Wert , Ohio ) is a best selling author and award winning television news correspondent . Prior to writing Front Row Seat at the Circus : One Journalist 's Journey through two Presidential Elections Heath was the Political Correspondent and Analyst for WBNS-TV in Columbus , Ohio . He was also the moderator of the weekly political program Capitol Square , aired each Sunday on WBNS .   Front Row Seat at the Circus is a behind-the-scenes look at Heath 's coverage of both the 2008 and 2012 presidential campaigns . Steve Scully , Political Editor of C-SPAN Networks and Past President of the White House Correspondents ' Association said about the book , `` Electing a president has turned into a political circus and nobody captures it better than Jim Heath . From his vantage points in South Carolina and Ohio , which are ground zero in presidential campaigns , Jim provides amazing insights and remarkable stories . This is a ` must-read ' for anyone interested in the sport ( or circus ) of politics . '' The book also received positive reviews from Rick Klein , Political Director of ABC News ; Jeff Zeleny , CNN 's National Political Correspondent ; Dr. Larry Sabato , Director , University of Virginia Center for Politics ; Former Ohio Governor Ted Strickland ; U.S. Senator Rob Portman ; Kevin Madden , Senior Adviser and Spokesman , Mitt Romney for President 2012 ; and David Wilhelm , former Chairman of the Democratic National Committee and Campaign Manager for Bill Clinton for President in 1992 .   During the 2012 presidential campaign , Heath made national news following an interview with Republican presidential hopeful Mitt Romney . During the interview , which took place in Columbus , Ohio , Heath asked Romney whether he supported the Blunt Amendment . The controversial legislation was being voted on by the U.S. Senate the following day . Romney answered `` no , I do not support the bill '' but later in the day reversed his position , claiming he misunderstood Heath 's question . The reaction to Romney 's initial answer made headlines across the county and was the topic of national cable television political shows . The exchange led GQ Magazine to list Heath on their Top 5 political `` Power List . ''   Prior to Ohio 's 2012 presidential primary , The Washington Post named Heath to their `` Best Super Tuesday Twitter List . ''   During the 2008 presidential primary cycle , Heath was the only television anchor in South Carolina who landed interviews with all the presidential candidates . He was invited on board the campaign bus of Senator Fred Thompson during his first campaign trip to South Carolina . He interviewed Senator Barack Obama from J.V. Martin Middle School , one of the oldest and poorest schools in the south . He spent an inning at the ballpark interviewing former New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani . He interviewed John Edwards and his wife Elizabeth Edwards as they walked into the South Carolina Democratic Convention . He interviewed former Governor Mitt Romney during his first campaign trip to Myrtle Beach . Heath was the only local journalist invited to interview Senator Hillary Clinton from Florence , South Carolina , as she began her presidential bid .   Heath has known and covered Senator John McCain for over thirty years . In 2002 , Heath and McCain won an award from the Arizona Associated Press for a live interview . When McCain returned to Greenville , South Carolina in January , 2006 , for the first time since his defeat in the 2000 South Carolina primary , Heath was granted the first interview . Heath also landed a rare interview with Cindy McCain .

neg: Texas Hill Country AVA The Texas Hill Country AVA is an American Viticultural Area located in the Texas Hill Country north of San Antonio and west of Austin , Texas . The appellation is the second largest American Viticultural Area behind the Upper Mississippi River Valley AVA and covers an area of over 9000000 acre . Established in 1991 , it is the southernmost AVA . Despite the cultural influence of the local Texas German population , most of the grape varietals grown in the Texas Hill Country originate from France , Italy , or Spain rather than the cooler climate of Germany .

neg: Childress, Texas Childress ( -LSB- ˈtʃɪldrᵻs -RSB- ) ( established 1887 ; incorporated 1890 ) is a city in Childress County , Texas , United States . The population was 6,905 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Childress County .   The city and county were named in honor of George Campbell Childress , a native of Nashville , Tennessee , who was the principal author of the Texas Declaration of Independence . The county and city were incorporated more than four decades after Childress 's death .   In December 2015 , the Seattle Post-Intelligencer voted Childress ninth among the ten `` most conservative '' cities in the United States in regard to political contributions . Other West Texas communities in the most conservative lineup are Hereford ( No. 1 ) , Monahans ( No. 5 ) , and Dalhart in Dallam County in the far northwestern Texas Panhandle ( No. 8 ) . Princeton in Collin County north of Dallas ranked No. 2 . In contrast , El Cerrito , California , was named the `` most liberal '' city in the nation in terms of political donations .

neg: Architecture of Texas The architecture of the U.S. state of Texas comes from a wide variety of sources . Many of the state 's buildings reflect Texas ' Spanish and Mexican roots ; in addition , there is considerable influence from the American South as well as the Southwest . Rapid economic growth since the mid twentieth century has led to a wide variety of contemporary architectural buildings .

neg: Effects of Hurricane Ike in Texas The effects of Hurricane Ike in Texas were crippling and long-lasting . Ike 's effects included deaths , widespread damage , and impacts to the price and availability of oil and gas . Hurricane Ike also had a long-term impact on the U.S. economy . Making landfall over Galveston , at 2:10 a.m. CDT on September 13 , 2008 , `` giant '' Hurricane Ike caused extensive damage in Texas , with sustained winds of 110 mph ( 175 km/h ) , a 22 ft ( 6.8 m ) storm surge , and widespread coastal flooding .   More than 140,000 residents in the Texas Gulf Coast danger zones in Ike 's path had failed to evacuate , partly due to fears of multi-hour traffic jams as during Hurricane Rita , but over 940 were rescued from rising waters ,  and nearly 2,000 rescued afterward .  As of December 27 , 2008 , 37 people are known to have lost their lives in Texas due to Ike while hundreds are still missing .   The storm had come ashore hours before daybreak with 110-mph ( 175 km/h ) winds and towering waves , pushing boats ashore , smashing many houses , flooding thousands of homes , knocking out windows in Houston 's skyscrapers , uprooting trees , and cutting electric power to millions of customers ( estimates range from 2.8 million to 4.5 million customers ) for weeks or months .   Some people survived by punching holes in attics , climbing to rooftops or trees , using nearby boats , or floating on debris until reaching solid ground .   Afterward , an estimated 100,000 homes had been flooded in Texas , and numerous boats washed ashore . Galveston was declared uninhabitable , and Houston imposed a week-long nighttime curfew due to limited electric power .

neg: Downtown San Antonio Downtown San Antonio is the central business district of San Antonio , Texas , United States . It also serves as the urban core of Greater San Antonio , a metropolitan area with over two million people .   In addition to being encircled by Loops 1604 and 410 , Downtown San Antonio is encircled by three Interstate freeways : I-35 , I-37 , and I-10 . Together , the three highways create a rectangular route around the city 's urban core : I-35 to the north and west , I-37 to the east , and I-10 to the south . The rectangular loop has a nine-mile circumference and is known as the `` Downtown Loop '' or `` Central Loop '' , which encompasses both it and Southtown .

neg: TexAgs TexAgs is an independent Texas A&M University fan website . It features articles , chat , forums , and recruiting information about Texas A&M Aggie sports . The website receives an average of 1,000,000 pageviews per day , and , TexAgs was the sixth most-visited college sports website and the most visited NCAA Division I-A website . During the 2012 college football season , the website received an average of 500,000 monthly unique visitors .   TexAgs was created by Peter Kuo in May 1997 and sold to its current operators in December 1999 . When it debuted , TexAgs only had 2,000-3 ,000 members , and forums only discussed Aggie football . In February 2007 , The Association of Former Students announced a marketing partnership with TexAgs.com . As of 2007 , there were more than 60,000 members . The website never used any form of advertising for promotion , as it grew popular via word of mouth . As of 2013 , there were over 9,500 paying subscribers , and the website presently includes over 50 different forums .   Notable forum posts include one that disclosed that former University of Oklahoma quarterback Rhett Bomar received payment for non-worked hours from a local auto dealership seven months before the University kicked the player off of the team and reported the infraction to the NCAA . Former University President and former U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates has posted as `` Ranger65 '' . In April 2010 , TexAgs gained national attention when a forum member posting as `` dermdoc '' posted of terminating an employee because of increased costs due to Obamacare . The employee happened to have voted for President Barack Obama . Texas A&M graduate and US Astronaut Mike Fossum posted late on July 29 , 2011 from the International Space Station using an account TexAgs staff set up for him earlier that day .   TexAgs has fourteen full-time employees , including the owner , Brandon Jones , and eight part-time employees . Message boards are moderated by twenty volunteers .   In 2009 , the website became an affiliate of ESPN.com as part of the 20 college TEAM Sports Network , but that relationship has since ended .   On August 22 , 2011 , TexAgs radio was launched as a daily Aggie sports talk show on KZNE 1150 The Zone . The show airs for three hours on weekdays and includes a one-hour TV show simulcast . Hosts include Gabe Bock , Billy Luicci , and Olin Buchanan .

neg: Wichita Falls Independent School District Wichita Falls Independent School District ( WFISD ) is a public school district based in Wichita Falls , Texas , United States and is accredited by the Texas Education Agency .   Wichita Falls ISD serves most of Wichita Falls ( including portions of Sheppard Air Force Base ) . Varying parts of north Wichita Falls are included in the City View Independent School District and the Burkburnett Independent School District .   The Wichita Falls ISD was one of the few Texas school districts to offer a choice program that gives parents the choice of what secondary school they would like their child to attend . Wichita Falls ISD ended the choice program for all schools beginning with the 2015-2016 year .   Secondary schools in the WFISD offer Advanced Placement and International Baccalaureate courses to students wishing to pursue a more challenging academic curriculum . The WFISD currently operates two schools with the International Baccalaureate program , covering two segments of the program :  G.H. Kirby Math / Science Junior High and Hirschi High School partner in offering the Middle Years Programme  Hirschi High School , an IB World School , offers the IB Diploma Programme to juniors and seniors   The school district has continuously been recognized for its overall academic success from the Texas Education Agency and the Magnet Schools of America Association . In 1999 and 2001 respectively , Washington / Jackson Math/Science Center and G.H. Kirby Junior High were awarded the Ronald P. Simpson award , giving them the title of `` Best Magnet School in America '' for a year . The district also boasts that many of its schools have received the Texas Blue Ribbon award or have attained `` Exemplary '' status from the TEA .   In 2005 , Hirschi High School IB World Topics teacher Sherry Lindemann was named Texas Teacher of the Year where she represented the WFISD and thousands of Texas teachers at a formal ceremony held by President George W. Bush and First Lady Laura Bush in the White House Rose Garden .   In 2009 , the school district was rated `` academically acceptable '' by the Texas Education Agency .

neg: Joe Barton Joe Linus Barton ( born September 15 , 1949 ) is a Republican politician , representing ( map ) in the U.S. House of Representatives since 1985 , and a member of the Tea Party Caucus . The district includes Arlington , part of Fort Worth , and several small towns and rural areas south of the Dallas -- Fort Worth Metroplex . Following the 2014 primary defeat of Ralph Hall , Barton became the dean of the Texas congressional delegation . Barton came to national prominence when he instructed a citizen at a town hall meeting to `` shut up '' .   In terms of his positions , Barton is skeptical that manmade carbon emissions have contributed to global warming , is a proponent of the use of fossil fuels , voted in favor of the May 4th 2017 GOP plan to replace Obamacare , supports Trump 's ban on immigration from Muslim-majority nations , and supports the death penalty for persons caught spying .

neg: KACT (AM) KACT ( 1360 AM ) is a radio station broadcasting a Country music format . Licensed to Andrews , Texas , United States , the station is currently owned by Zia Broadcasting Company and features programming from ABC Radio .   KACT-AM now airs talk radio , local and regional sports .   KACT is one of the stations founded in the late 1940s by State Senator Marshall Formby .

neg: Off the Kuff Off the Kuff is a political blog based in Houston mainly covering state and local affairs . Founded in 2001 by Charles Kuffner , it is the oldest continuously run political blog in the State in Texas , and has gained tremendous support throughout the State for its detailed political reporting and commentating . Posts are predominantly written from a liberal point of view , but are often admired from both sides of the aisle .   Selected works from Off the Kuff have been syndicated in the Houston Chronicle , and the blog has been featured prominently in both the Houston Press and Texas Monthly .   The blog is a key member of the Texas Progressive Alliance , an organization of liberal blogs in the State that include Burnt Orange Report and Texpatriate .

neg: Baylor Law School Baylor Law School is the oldest law school in Texas . Baylor Law School is affiliated with Baylor University and located in Waco , Texas . The school has been accredited by the American Bar Association since 1931 , and has been a member of the Association of American Law Schools since 1938 . The program offers training in all facets of law , including theoretical analysis , practical application , legal writing , advocacy , professional responsibility , and negotiation and counseling skills .   Established in 1849 , Baylor Law School was the first law school in Texas and one of the first west of the Mississippi River . Today , the school has more than 7,000 living alumni . Among alumni of the school are two Texas governors , members or former members of the U.S. Congress and U.S. Senate , two former directors of the FBI , ambassadors , federal judges , justices of the Texas Supreme Court and members of the Texas Legislature . In its law specialties rankings , U.S. News & World Report ranked Baylor Law 's trial advocacy program as the third best in the nation . Baylor Law School is ranked No. 51 in the magazine 's 2012 edition of `` America 's Best Graduate Schools . '' Above the Law ranked Baylor Law School at No. 32 in 2016 .   In 2016 , Baylor secured the top overall job placement rate for the state of Texas , tied with one other school . Other statistics show :   • 92.6 percent of the class members were employed as of March 15 , 2016 , which represents a 7.6 percent increase compared to 2014 .   • 85 percent of graduates are employed in full-time , long-term positions that require a bar license or prefer a J.D. degree , an 18 percent jump .   • As noted by The Texas Lawbook , Baylor also fared the best in job placements for lawyer-only positions ( bar passage required ) , placing nearly 82 percent of its 2015 graduates in such positions .   • Baylor Law School graduates garnered higher salaries this year , averaging $ 82,146 in 2015 .

neg: Farm-to-market road In the United States , a farm-to-market road or ranch-to-market road ( sometimes farm road or ranch road for short ) is a state road or county road that connects rural or agricultural areas to market towns . These are better quality roads , usually a highway , that farmers and ranchers use to transport products to market towns or distribution centers .   Specifically , in the state of Texas , the terms Farm to Market Road and Ranch to Market Road indicate roadways that are part of the state 's system of secondary and connecting routes , built and maintained by the Texas Department of Transportation ( TxDOT ) . Texas established this system in 1949 to improve access to rural areas . The system consists primarily of paved , two-lane roads , though some segments are freeways , including a segment of FM 1764 ( the Emmett F. Lowry Expressway between Interstate 45 and Texas City , Texas ) .   These roads are signed with route markers that contain the words FARM ROAD or RANCH ROAD , but the formal name is Farm to Market Road and Ranch to Market Road ( hence the abbreviation `` FM '' and `` RM '' on signs ) . The only road that explicitly uses the name Ranch Road is Ranch Road 1 , which runs near the former ranch home of former President Lyndon B. Johnson .   As with other state-maintained highways in Texas , all Farm or Ranch to Market roads are paved . Speed limits along these roads vary , but may be as high as 75 mph in rural areas , such as in Andrews and Pecos Counties ( for example , along FM 1788 , FM 1776 , and FM 1053 ) .

neg: Veterans' Land Board scandal The Veterans ' Land Board Scandal was a political scandal in Texas in that became public in 1954 .   The Texas Legislature enacted the Veterans ' Land Act in November 1946 . The measure called for issuing $ 25 million in bonds , the proceeds of which would be used by the state government to purchase land and resell it to veterans of World War II at 3 % interest on 40 year loans . In early 1951 another $ 75 million was appropriated by the state for this purpose . The only stipulations on the purchase was that the loan could not be for more than $ 7,500 and the tracts of land could not be less than 20 acres ( 80,000 m ² ) . A 5 % downpayment was required , and the land could not be resold for three years . The law allowed for `` block sales , '' whereby veterans could join together to buy the land . This was allowed because it would be difficult to buy 20 acres ( 80,000 m ² ) with only $ 7,500 .   The scandal was unveiled in November 1954 when reporter Roland Towery , then managing editor of the Cuero Record , published the results of his investigation of a tip that prominent Cuero-area businessmen were entertaining local Hispanic and African-American laborers , an unheard of thing in South Texas at this time . The businessmen were paying the laborers , who were veterans and mostly illiterate , to sign applications for the land grants and the businessmen would pocket the money . Many of the veterans who purchased land in block sales were not even aware that they had purchased land . In fact , many were led to believe that they were getting free land as part of a veteran entitlement program or else were receiving some type of veterans ' compensation from the state . When Towery asked Texas Veterans Land Board chairman ( and Texas General Land Office commissioner ) Bascom Giles about these irregularities , Giles denied involvement , attributing the irregularities to local land speculators . Struck by the fact that Giles had defended himself before even being accused of anything , Towrey ran with the story , accelerating an investigation begun the previous year by the state attorney general , John Ben Shepperd .   Fraud was soon discovered in nine south Texas counties , and numerous members of the General Land Office were charged with fraud and conspiracy to defraud veterans . Giles was imprisoned for his role in the scandal , and many others paid heavy fines for their crimes . Governor Allan Shivers and John Ben Sheppard , as ex officio members of the Veterans Land Board , were tainted by the scandal . Ralph Yarborough and his allies in the liberal wing of the Texas Democratic Party pointed to the scandal as an example of the kind of corruption that the conservative Shivercrats were willing to overlook .