query: Jeffrey Dahmer was a sex offender.

pos: Jeffrey Dahmer Jeffrey Lionel Dahmer ( May 21 , 1960 -- November 28 , 1994 ) , also known as the Milwaukee Cannibal , was an American serial killer and sex offender , who committed the rape , murder , and dismemberment of seventeen men and boys between 1978 and 1991 . Many of his later murders involved necrophilia , cannibalism , and the permanent preservation of body parts -- typically all or part of the skeletal structure .   Although diagnosed with borderline personality disorder , schizotypal personality disorder , and a psychotic disorder , Dahmer was found to be legally sane at his trial . Convicted of fifteen of the sixteen murders he had committed in Wisconsin , Dahmer was sentenced to fifteen terms of life imprisonment on February 15 , 1992 . He was later sentenced to a sixteenth term of life imprisonment for an additional homicide committed in Ohio in 1978 .   On November 28 , 1994 , Dahmer was beaten to death by Christopher Scarver , a fellow inmate at the Columbia Correctional Institution .

neg: Women Against Pornography Women Against Pornography ( WAP ) was a radical feminist activist group based out of New York City that had an influential force in the anti-pornography movement of the late 1970s and the 1980s .   WAP was the most well known feminist anti-pornography group out of many that were active throughout the United States and the anglophone world , primarily from the late 1970s through the early 1990s . After previous failed attempts to start a broad feminist anti-pornography group in New York City , WAP was finally established in 1978 . WAP quickly drew widespread support for its anti-pornography campaign , and in late 1979 held a March on Times Square that included over 5000 supporters . Through their march as well as other means of activism , WAP was able to bring in unexpected financial support from the Mayor 's office , theater owners , and other parties with an interest in the gentrification of Times Square .   WAP became known because of their anti-pornography informational tours of sex shops and pornographic theaters held in Times Square . In the 1980s , WAP began to focus more on lobbying and legislative efforts against pornography , particularly in support of civil-rights-oriented antipornography legislation . They were also active in testifying before the Meese Commission and some of their advocacy of a civil-rights based anti-pornography model found its way into the final recommendations of the commission . In the late 1980s , the leadership of WAP changed their focus again , this time more on the issue of international sex trafficking , which led to the founding of the Coalition Against Trafficking in Women . In the 1990s WAP became less active and eventually faded out of existence in the mid '90s .   The positions of Women Against Pornography were controversial . Civil liberties advocates opposed WAP and similar groups , holding that the legislative approaches WAP advocated amounted to censorship . Sex-positive feminists held that feminist campaigns against pornography were misdirected and ultimately threatened sexual freedoms and free speech rights in a way that would be detrimental toward women and sexual minorities . In addition to this , WAP faced conflict with sex-positive feminists , particularly in the events surrounding the 1982 Barnard Conference . These events were battles in what became known as the Feminist Sex Wars of the late 1970s and 1980s .

neg: William P. Robinson III William P. Robinson III is a Rhode Island Supreme Court justice .   William Robinson graduated from the University of Louvain , University of Rhode Island , University of Connecticut , and Boston College Law School . He served on the East Greenwich School Committee from 1988 to 1996 and the Board of Governors for Higher Education from 2000 to 2003 . Governor Donald Carcieri appointed him to the Supreme Court in 2004 .   While in private practice , Robinson represented the St. George 's School in 1989 against allegations of condoning a culture of rape . In the case , Anne Scott described having been serially raped at age 15 by a 67-year-old school trainer , Al Gibbs . While not known publicly at that time , four other students had complained to the school about being raped by that same trainer . The school attacked the allegations , by -- for example -- insisting that the former student be forced to publicly reveal her identity . Robinson directed this legal defense . As he wrote as part of the 1989 legal case , `` Maybe people will come forward and say the plaintiff is a , with all due respect to those in the court , has a tendency to lie , and that would be relevant , also . '' As part of his defense of the school , Robinson also argued that if the two did have sex , that it was consensual . While making that case , Robinson was chastised by U.S. Magistrate Jacob Hagopian , who denied the school 's motion to dismiss , saying that the teenager could not consent to such `` detestable '' acts . `` It violates the criminal laws of the United States , '' he said , `` or of any state of this Union , or of any civilized country , where the element of it being volitional or non-volitional , or voluntary or non-voluntary , has anything to do with this type of detestable allegation made by a person who is not of age of consent , can you explain that to me ? '' When Robinson tried to explain , Hagopian cut him off , stating , `` It 's impossible . It violates the criminal laws of the United States . ''   While that 1989 case has long been dropped , an investigation by St. George 's own attorneys in 2015 concluded that the allegations of rape were true . Further , a total of at least 26 students were assaulted by at least 6 members of the St. George 's faculty and staff   In 2016 , in reaction to criticism , Robinson defended himself : `` In the 1980s , while engaged in the private practice of law , I represented St. George 's School in certain litigation in the federal court which has recently become the subject of interest in the media . I represented the client as an attorney must , zealously , ethically and to the best of my ability . I do not believe that further comment is necessary or appropriate . ''

neg: Florrie R. Burke Florrie R. Burke , M.Ed. , MA , LMFT , is a human rights advocate , specializing in combating human trafficking . Secretary of State John Kerry presented Ms. Burke with the inaugural Presidential Award for Extraordinary Efforts to Combat Trafficking in Persons in May 2013 . The Award was granted in recognition of `` her sustained dedication and unparalleled leadership in combating modern slavery through the development and delivery of comprehensive services , the empowerment of survivors to move from slavery to independence , and the transformation of policy to eradicate all forms of human trafficking . ''   Florrie Burke is a consultant on Human Trafficking and Modern Day Slavery to both governmental and non-governmental agencies . With a decade and a half of specialized experience , she is a leading expert on the victim-centered approach in human trafficking cases and collaborative efforts of criminal justice actors and victim care providers . She is a founding member and currently Chair Emeritus of the Freedom Network , serves as advisor to the Freedom Network Training Institute and is on the Steering Committee of the New York Anti-Trafficking Network.She has done extensive training , speaking and consultation on Human Trafficking issues , trauma and torture in the United States , and internationally . She serves as an expert witness on cases of human trafficking . She is a member of the Global Training Initiative on Human Trafficking at the UNODC in Vienna and is on the faculty of the Warnath Group , developing materials and training for first responders , criminal justice actors and others . Ms. Burke has been working with trafficked persons since 1997 when she designed and implemented specialized social services to sixty deaf Mexicans who were held in slavery in a peddling ring in New York City . She helped start the Anti-Trafficking Program at Safe Horizon in 2001 and also designed and implemented a model for Community Trauma Response following the attacks on September 11th . In 2007 Ms. Burke received the National Crime Victims Recognition Service Award from the Department of Justice , Office for Victims of Crime . She has been honored by the Civil Rights Division of the Department of Justice , by the Wage and Hour Division of the United States Department of Labor , and was awarded the Annual Paul and Sheila Wellstone Award by the Freedom Network USA .

neg: Rape myths Rape myths are erroneous , stereotypical , prejudicial beliefs about reasons of sexual assaults , rapists , and rape victims .   Rape myths originate from various cultural stereotypes , such as traditional gender roles , acceptance of interpersonal violence , and misunderstanding the nature of sexual assault . A 2013 online survey of freshmen suggests that women 's consumption of mainstream sports programming increases the chance that they buy into rape myths , while for both men and women the intentions to intervene into a sexual assault decrease .   The prevalence of rape myths is a major reason for rape victim blaming and stigmatization .   Rape myths suggest that the stereotypical victim of sexual violence is a bruised and battered young woman . However the central issue in cases of sexual assault is whether both parties consented to the sexual activity or both had the capacity to do so . Thus , physical force resulting in visible physical injury is not always seen . Due to this stereotype sexually assaulted people who have no physical trauma may be less inclined to report to the authorities or to seek health care .

neg: Giving Victims a Voice Giving Victims a Voice is a report published in January 2013 , relating to allegations of sexual abuse made against English DJ and BBC Television presenter Jimmy Savile ( 1926 -- 2011 ) as part of the Operation Yewtree criminal investigation . It was initiated as a result of publicity surrounding the Jimmy Savile sexual abuse scandal . The Metropolitan Police Service ( MPS ) and the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children ( NSPCC ) jointly produced this report . It marked the end of investigations made under the operation regarding Savile alone .   The scandal resulted in hundreds of alleged victims of Savile and other abusers approaching the police and the NSPCC . Their claims were investigated and formed the basis of the report , which found that Savile 's alleged offences were committed across England and Scotland , in hospitals , prison facilities , schools and BBC premises . Offences were reported between 1955 and 2009 , totalling 214 alleged offences across 28 police forces . The most frequent alleged offending coincided with Savile 's peak celebrity status . Numbers of alleged victims totalled 450 , of whom 328 were minors at the time . They were aged between 8 and 47 years , majority being 1316 .   The Director of Public Prosecutions ( DPP ) described the report as marking a `` watershed moment '' and apologised for `` shortcomings '' in the handling of prior abuse claims . The report 's publication resulted in some highlighting what could be systemic failure because of the number of complainants and institutions identified , but others criticised it for treating allegations as facts . The DPP 's Principal Legal Advisor concluded that Savile could have been prosecuted for offences against at least three victims during his lifetime . After the report , investigations were further initiated in other hospitals . Ex-Metropolitan Police Commissioner Peter Spindler ( who had previously led Operation Yewtree ) estimated that there may be many more victims who had not come forward .

neg: DNA Analysis Backlog Elimination Act of 2000 The DNA Analysis Backlog Elimination Act of 2000 ( H.R. 4640 , 42 U.S.C. 14135 et seq. ) is a United States Act of Congress that primarily allows US states to carry out DNA analyses for use in the FBI 's Combined DNA Index System and to collect and analyse DNA samples .   Under the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 , 42 U.S.C. § 14132 , `` Congress authorized the FBI to create a national index of deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA ) samples taken from convicted offenders , crime scenes and victims of crime , and unidentified human remains . '' In response to this congressional mandate , the FBI established the Combined DNA Index System ( `` CODIS '' ) . The CODIS database provides a means for state and local forensic laboratories to share DNA profiles in an attempt to `` link evidence from crime scenes for which there are no suspects to DNA samples of convicted offenders on file in the system . ''   However , the 1994 Act was interpreted by the FBI to permit only the creation of the CODIS , not the taking of DNA samples of persons convicted of federal offenses for input into the system . Thus , `` the FBI requested that Congress enact statutory authority to allow the taking of DNA samples from persons committing Federal crimes of violence , robbery , and burglary , or similar crimes in the District of Columbia or while in the military , and authorizing them to be included in CODIS . ''   Accordingly , Congress passed the DNA Analysis Backlog Elimination Act of 2000 ( `` DNA Act '' ) , 42 U.S.C. § 14135 et seq. , which authorizes the `` Attorney General to make grants to eligible States ... to carry out , for the inclusion in the Combined DNA Index System of the Federal Bureau of Investigation , DNA analyses of samples taken from individuals convicted of a qualifying State offenses . '' 42 U.S.C. § 14135 ( a ) ( 1 ) . Moreover , the DNA Act provides that `` the Director of the Bureau of Prisons shall collect a DNA sample from each individual in the custody of the Bureau of Prisons who is , or has been , convicted of a qualifying Federal offense '' and that `` the probation office responsible for the supervision under Federal law of an individual on probation , parole , or supervised release shall collect a DNA sample from each such individual who is or has been , convicted of a qualifying Federal offense . '' 42 U.S.C. § 15135a ( a ) ( 1 ) - ( 2 ) .   In addition , Congress has mandated the collection of DNA samples from `` each individual in the custody of the Bureau of Prisons who is , or has been convicted of a qualifying District of Columbia offense '' or any `` individual under the supervision of the Agency who is on supervised release , parole , or probation who is , or has been convicted of a qualifying District of Columbia offense . '' 42 U.S.C. § 14135b ( a ) ( 1 ) - ( 2 ) . Congress left to the District of Columbia the responsibility of determining which offenses under the District of Columbia Code should be deemed qualifying offenses . 42 U.S.C. § 14135b ( d ) . The District of Columbia has determined that forty-nine separate offense qualify for collection under the DNA Act . See , D.C. Code § 22-4151 ( 1 ) - ( 46 ) . These qualifying offense include , for example , arson , aggravated assault , burglary , kidnaping , robbery , attempted robbery , and carjacking . Id .   Once a DNA sample is entered into the CODIS database , the information can be released only  ( 1 ) `` to criminal justice agencies for law enforcement identification purposes ; ''  ( 2 ) `` in judicial proceedings ; ''  ( 3 ) `` for criminal defense purposes , to a defendant , who shall have access to samples and analyses performed in connection with the case in which such defendant is charged ; '' or  ( 4 ) `` if personally identifiable information is removed , for a population statistics database , for identification research and protocol development purposes , or for quality control purposes . '' 42 U.S.C. § 14132 ( b ) ( 3 ) . In addition , the DNA Act imposes criminal penalties for individuals who improperly disclose sample results or improperly obtains or uses DNA samples . 42 U.S.C. § 14135e ( c ) .   Category :2000 in law  Category :106 th United States Congress  Category : United States federal criminal legislation  Category : Law articles needing an infobox

neg: National Missing and Unidentified Persons System National Missing and Unidentified Persons System , abbreviated as NamUs , is a clearing house for missing persons and unidentified decedent records in the United States , a part of the Department of Justice . NamUs also provides free DNA testing and other forensic services , such as anthropology and odontology assistance .   In 2005 , the National Institute of Justice assembled for a national strategy meeting regarding missing persons in the United States ; they called the meeting `` Identifying the Missing Summit . '' Forensic scientists , policymakers , victim advocates and law enforcement officials discussed the challenges and strategies for solving missing person cases and identifying unidentified decedent cases . From there the Deputy Attorney General created a task force , The National Missing Persons Task Force , and encouraged the U.S Department of Justice to find prominent tools that will help solve these cases . NamUs was created , subsequently .   The NamUs database was created in three phases ; in Phase III , released in 2009 , the system became fully searchable and open to the public .   Through NamUs , users will have access to three databases : Unidentified Persons database , Missing Persons database and an UnClaimed Persons database .   In the database users can search by state , date last seen , circumstances , physical/medical characteristics , clothing and accessories , sex , ethnicity , race and more , in order to locate or search for a potential match or personal profile . Each missing person and unidentified person have their own four digit code number . If a potential match is found , users can notify and submit the potential match to case managers , local law enforcement agencies or NamUs regional administrators . If a potential match has been ruled out it will appear on the unidentified person 's profile , under the section `` exclusions . ''   The issue of unidentified remains in the United States has been coined `` the Nation 's Silent Mass Disaster . '' There are approximately 40,000 unidentified human remains that have been buried or cremated before being identified . Furthering the problem of identification , in 2004 , less than half of the nation 's medical examiner 's offices had policies for retaining DNA , x-rays , or fingerprints of unidentified persons . Another issue that has left remains unidentified has been the reporting of missing persons . Those who go missing over the 18 are not required to be reported - reporting them is voluntary . Consequently , there has been a low rate of reported adult cases through NCIC ( the National Crime Information Center ) . Ultimately NamUs is working together with the public and national level databases to incorporate the records of missing persons and meet the challenges of non-reporting .   Currently , there have been 16,080 missing person cases on file through NamUs . , 60.46 % , or 9,723 of them remain open and unsolved . Of the closed cases , 665 , or 10.46 % , have been closed through the aid of the NamUs database .   Furthermore , there have been 10,714 unidentified persons cases on filed through NamUs . , 88.66 % , or 9,500 , remain open and unidentified . Of the closed cases , 285 , or 23.495 , have been closed through the aid of the NamUs database .

neg: Sexual field A sexual field is an arena of social life whereby individuals seek intimate partners and vie for sexual status . Sexual fields emerge `` when a subset of actors with potential romantic or sexual interest orient themselves toward one another according to a logic of desirability imminent to their collective relations and -LSB- wherein -RSB- this logic produces , to greater and lesser degrees , a system of stratification '' ( Green 2014:27 ) . The term builds on Pierre Bourdieu 's ( 1980 ) concept of field and has been defined as a `` set of interlocking institutions '' ( Martin and George 2006 ) and an `` institutionalized matrix of relations '' ( Green 2005 , 2008 , 2011 ) that confers status upon sexual actors based on individual variation in sexual capital . Relative to those with a sexual capital deficit , actors in possession of sexual capital reap the rewards of the sexual field -- including the ability to select desired sexual partners and the acquisition of social significance .   Sexual fields are themselves distinguished by distinct `` currencies of erotic capital '' ( Green 2005 , 2008 ) , the latter which are quite variable , acquiring dominance in relation to the collective preferences of players . For example , Green ( 2005 , 2008 ) argues that the characteristics which confer sexual capital in one field may not in another . Thus , in a gay leather bar , a bearded , stocky white man in his late-thirties dressed in Levi 's jeans and a leather jacket will possess an optimal form of sexual capital , whereas the same man in a swanky Martini bar catering to a twenty-something , high-fashion , urban gay customer base will face a sexual capital deficit . This variation in power and status occurs because a gay leather bar and a gay Martini bar are physical sites organized by the logic of two distinct sexual fields with contrasting currencies of sexual capital ( Green 2005 , 2008 ) -- i.e. , distinct `` hegemonic systems of judgment '' ( Martin and George 2006 ) .   For sociological theory , the study of the sexual field in the sexual fields framework offers a framework for analyzing how collective attributions of desire and desirability are shaped by the sexual field itself . That is , rather than see desire and desirability as a simple function of individual wants and judgments , the sexual fields framework suggests that such wants and judgments are the consequence of sexual social life . In this approach , the sexual field acts back on what we find desirable such that desires and desirability are regarded as field effects ( Green 2014 ) .   To the extent that sexual stratification is related to but not isomorphic with the structure of alternative fields , so the study of sexual fields can not be subsumed to the study of an economic or political field , for example . Nevertheless , to the extent that race , class , gender , ethnicity , age and ability , among others , are organizing features of sexual status within a given sexual field , so the relationship of sexual fields to broader historical systems of stratification requires consideration ( Green 2005 , 2008 , 2011 . 2014 ) .

neg: Supporting Healthy Marriage Project The Supporting Healthy Marriage Project , SHM , is part of the Healthy Marriage Initiative funded by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , Administration for Children and Families , that was launched in 2003 as `` the first large-scale , multisite , multiyear , rigorous test of marriage education programs for low-income married couples . '' The project is motivated by research that `` indicates that married adults and children raised by both parents in stable , low-conflict households do better on a host of outcomes . '' The evaluation is led by MDRC , in collaboration with Abt Associates and other partners . USASpending.gov reports payments of more than $ 30 million from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services to MDRC for work on the Supporting Healthy Marriage Project from 2009 to 2012 .   Major study questions of the Supporting Healthy Marriage Project include :  What are the experiences , issues and challenges in designing , implementing and operating healthy marriage education and related services for lower-income couples with children ?  What are the net impacts of the programs on : marital stability and relationship quality ; attitudes and expectations regarding their marriage ; parenting attitudes and behaviors ; measures of adult well-being and child well-being and development ( e.g. , cognitive , social , emotional , health ) , and economic outcomes for families ?   Limited federal funding for a Healthy Marriage Initiative began in 2001 to `` help couples who choose to get married gain greater access to marriage education services that will enable them to acquire the skills and knowledge necessary to form and sustain a healthy marriage . '' In 2005 , Wade Horn , Assistant Secretary for the Administration for Children and Families , highlighted plans for a significant expansion of funding in testimony before the Subcommittee on 21st Century Competitiveness , House Committee on Education and the Workforce :   `` Although I have focused on the areas of primary interest to your committee , I would be remiss if I did not briefly highlight other key areas of our proposal that play a critical role in the well-being of children , teenagers , and families . Indeed , we establish improving the well-being of children as the overarching purpose of TANF ... . In support of that overarching purpose , our proposal seeks to improve child well-being through programs aimed at encouraging responsible fatherhood and healthy marriages . By discontinuing the Out of Wedlock Birth Reduction Bonus and redirecting part of the High Performance Bonus Funding , we provide $ 200 million for programs aimed at promoting family formation and healthy marriages . We also provide $ 40 million in funding for the support of responsible fatherhood and healthy marriage programs to reverse the rise in father absence and its subsequent impact on children . ''

neg: Elm Guest House claims and controversy In Britain , controversy arose from claims reported in 2012 , which some state to have been later discredited , of sexual abuse and grooming of children at parties held in the late 1970s and 1980s at the former Elm Guest House in Rocks Lane , near Barnes Common in south-west London . Several prominent British men were alleged , in a list produced by convicted fraudster Chris Fay and never verified or corroborated by any other source , to have attended the Guest House including former government ministers , senior MPs , top police officers , judges , pop music stars , and people with links to the Royal Households . Since 2012 , the allegations of an establishment paedophile ring have been part of a complex multi-agency investigation . During 2014 and 2015 , allegations against several leading politicians of the period , mostly now deceased , were made public in the British press .   An investigation , Operation Fairbank , led by the Metropolitan Police Service , started in late 2012 . This was a `` scoping exercise '' aimed at a `` preliminary assessment of the evidence rather than a formal inquiry '' , and the existence of the `` assessment '' operation was confirmed only on 12 December 2012 after operating in secret for several weeks . As a result of allegations arising from Operation Fairbank , a full criminal investigation , Operation Fernbridge , was launched in February 2013 . In November 2014 , another operation -- Operation Midland -- was set up to examine claims of a possible homicide , later extended to cover allegations of three murders and activities at the Dolphin Square development in Pimlico and elsewhere ; on 21 March 2016 , the Metropolitan Police confirmed that Operation Midland had been closed without any charges being brought . An inquiry found that those investigated by police were victims of `` false allegations '' and the Metropolitan Police Commissioner subsequently apologised to them . In 2015 , the Independent Police Complaints Commission began investigating claims that the Metropolitan Police had suppressed evidence of child sexual abuse and prevented the investigation of some allegations between 1970 and 2005 , because of the alleged involvement of police officers and MPs .

neg: Death row Death row is a special section of a prison in the United States that houses inmates who are awaiting execution after being sentenced to death for the conviction of a capital crime . The US is the only Western country that still applies the death penalty for capital crimes . Thirty-one of its 50 states and the federal government authorize this penalty . But by 2016 , sixteen of these states and the federal government had a formal or `` de facto '' moratorium , due in large part to questions about the death penalty itself or the use of lethal injection as a method of execution .   `` Death row '' is a term also used figuratively to describe the state of awaiting execution ( `` being on death row '' ) , even in places where no special facility or separate unit for condemned inmates exists . After a person is found guilty of a capital offense , the judge will give the jury the option of imposing a death sentence or life imprisonment without the possibility of parole ( LWOP ) . It is up to a jury to decide whether to give the death sentence ; this usually has to be a unanimous decision . If sentenced to death , a convict will remain on death row during appeal and habeas corpus procedures , which can take years . Since 1973 and later , with an increasing number of persons being freed since 1993 , some 157 persons as of January 2017 have been exonerated on appeal and released from death row . Wrongful convictions have been proven based on DNA evidence , informants retracting testimony or being proven false , prosecutorial misconduct , racial bias in jury selection , and other constitutional issues .

neg: The Process Church of The Final Judgment The Process , or in full , The Process Church of the Final Judgment , commonly known by non-members as the Process Church , was a religious group that flourished in the 1960s and 1970s , founded by the English couple Mary Ann and Robert de Grimston ( originally Mary Ann MacLean and Robert Moor ) . Originally headquartered in London , it had developed as a splinter group from Scientology , so that they were declared `` suppressive persons '' by L. Ron Hubbard in December 1965 . In 1966 , members of the group underwent a social implosion and moved to Xtul on Mexico 's Yucatan peninsula , where they developed `` processean '' theology ( which differs from , and is unrelated to process theology ) . They later established a base of operations in the United States in New Orleans .   They were often viewed as Satanic on the grounds that they worshiped both Christ and Satan . Their belief was that Satan would become reconciled to Christ , and they would come together at the end of the world to judge humanity , Christ to judge and Satan to execute judgment . Vincent Bugliosi , the prosecutor of the Charles Manson family trial , comments in his book Helter Skelter that Manson may have borrowed philosophically from the Process Church , and that representatives of the Church visited him in jail after his arrest . According to one of those representatives , the purpose of the visit was to question Manson about whether he had ever had any contact with Church members or ever received any literature about the Church . The group published an article about Manson and the jail visit in the The Process magazine 's special `` Death '' edition .   In April 1974 , Robert de Grimston was removed by the Council of Masters as Teacher . They renounced The Unity , his exposition of the above-noted doctrines , and most of his other teachings . De Grimston attempted to restart the Process Church several times , but he could never replace his original following . Following de Grimston 's removal , the group underwent a significant change in orientation and renamed itself the Foundation -- Church of the Millennium . Many of the same believers left to follow Gilles Deleuze 's Anti-Oedipal movement . In 1978 , the Foundation was renamed the Foundation Faith of the Millennium and in 1993 the Foundation Faith of God . The organization eventually became Best Friends Animal Sanctuary in Kanab , UT , later renamed Best Friends Animal Society .   A detailed account of the history of and life within the Process Church as told by a participant-observer is contained in William S. Bainbridge 's book Satan 's Power . ( He employed a pseudonym for the name of the group , referring to it as `` The Power '' , and disguised the names of people to preserve their identities , a procedure used for sociological studies of living groups to ensure privacy . )

neg: Stigmatic-eligibilic paraphilia Stigmatic-eligibilic paraphilias are desires whose objects `` become eligible '' to be desired because of , rather than despite , a stigma which they bear . The manifold manifestations of these paraphilias cover the broadest range of physical , intimate and social circumstance .   In the context of a stigmatic-eligibilic paraphilia , what is considered repulsive , unsuitable , prohibited , abnormal or taboo by most people turns into something attractive , suitable , permitted , normal and licensed . Thus , in paedophilia , necrophilia and zoophilia , children , corpses and animals are desired despite being incapable of forming sexual ( or , indeed , any ) relationships . In the attraction to disability , disabled people are desired despite deviating from the physical standard . In gerontophilia and ephebophilia , significantly older or younger people are desired despite being generally considered unsuitable due to great difference in age . In hybristophilia , notorious criminals are desired despite being generally considered objectionable . In urolagnia , coprophilia and emetophilia , urinating , defecating and vomiting in intimate circumstances are seen as arousing despite the general views that they are repulsive . In this sense , stigmatic-eligibilic paraphilias can seem ` non-conformist ' and ` taboo-busting . '   Stigmatic-eligibilic paraphilias are generally thought to result from intense and memorable childhood experiences ( `` sexuoerotic tragedies , '' though they may not be distressing ) which `` deform '' the future adult 's idea of what is and what is not attractive ( their `` lovemap '' ) . Attempting to accommodate the extraordinary experience into an acceptable mental frame of reference , the future adult may `` triumph '' over it by use of a logic whereby the terms of reference commonly associated with it are reversed .   Category : Paraphilias

neg: Heller v. New York Heller v. New York , was a United States Supreme Court decision which upheld that states could make laws limiting the distribution of obscene material , provided that these laws were consistent with the Miller test for obscene material established by the Supreme Court in Miller v. California , 413 U.S. 15 ( 1973 ) . Heller was initially convicted for showing a sexually explicit film in the movie theater which he owned , under New York Penal Law § 235.0 which stated that and individual `` is guilty of obscenity when , knowing its content and character , he 1 . Promotes , or possesses with intent to promote , any obscene material ; or 2 . Produces , presents or directs an obscene performance or participates in a portion thereof which is obscene or which contributes to its obscenity . ''   Heller appealed this ruling to the supreme court , claiming that his first amendment rights had been violated due to the broad nature of New York 's obscenity laws . The defendant also claimed that his 14th amendment rights had been violated due to the fact the film was seized prior to him receiving a hearing of any kind . The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Heller in a 5-4 decision , with the majority decision delivered by Justice Burger . The Court found the procedure by which the film was seized to be constitutional , but ruled in favor of Heller in order to afford New York a chance to bring their obscenity laws in line with the guidelines established by the Supreme Court in Miller v. California . The Dissenting opinions were written by Justice Douglas as well as Justice Brennan , the latter of which was joined by Justice Stewart and Justice Marshall . These dissenting opinions argued that the obscenity laws that Heller was convicted under were themselves unconstitutional and thus the seizure of the film was unconstitutional . This case was one of several cases that the Burger court ruled on concerning obscenity laws in the early 1970s .

neg: Career Girls Murders The `` Career Girls Murders '' was the name given by the media to the killings of Emily Hoffert and Janice Wylie in their apartment on the Upper East Side of Manhattan on August 28 , 1963 . George Whitmore , Jr. , was accused of this and other crimes but later cleared .   The actions of the police department led Whitmore to be improperly accused of this and other crimes , including the murder of Minnie Edmonds and the attempted rape and assault of Elba Borrero . Whitmore was wrongfully incarcerated for 1,216 days -- from his arrest on April 24 , 1964 , until his release on bond on July 13 , 1966 , and from the revocation of his bond on February 28 , 1972 -- until his exoneration on April 10 , 1973 , when , after what author T.J. English called , in his book The Savage City , `` a numbing cycle of trials , convictions , convictions overturned , retrials , and appeals '' , Whitmore was cleared of all charges and set free . Whitmore 's treatment by the authorities has been cited as an example that led the US Supreme Court to issue the guidelines known as the Miranda rights . The Supreme Court cited Mr. Whitmore 's case as `` the most conspicuous example '' of police coercion in the country when it issued its 1966 ruling establishing a set of protections for suspects , including the right to remain silent , in Miranda v. Arizona .

neg: Bad date list A bad date list ( also known as a bad date book or Ugly Mugs ) circulates details of persons that may pose a threat to sex workers . Bad date lists can serve as a warning system , so that sex workers can avoid persons who fit descriptions on the list .   Bad date lists contain reports of ` bad dates ' or incidents of violent or dangerous clients or other persons , which describe the incident , and frequently provide a description of the person , their vehicle ( if applicable ) and their phone number ( if applicable ) .   Bad date lists can be handed out to outdoor sex workers . Reports can be collected by outreach workers who are distributing the list . Bad Date List websites are also frequently used , mainly by indoor sex workers . Sometimes information comes from the police or the media .   The first Canadian bad date book was published in Vancouver , Canada by the `` Alliance for Safety of Prostitutes '' ( ASP ) in 1983 . The Prostitution Collective in Victoria , Australia developed the first Ugly Mugs Scheme in May 1986 , using the term ` ugly mugs ' to describe punters who become unreasonable and violent .   Many organizations produce a `` bad date list '' including :  Sex Professionals of Canada  COYOTE ( in New York , NY )  WISH ( in Vancouver , BC )  Crossroads ( Alberta , Canada )  Downtown Eastside Youth Activities Centre ( in Vancouver , BC )  The Bad Date Coalition of Toronto  Project SAFE ( Philadelphia , PA )  Street Workers ' Advocacy Project ( Saskatchewan , Canada )  Bad Date Sheet Intervention Project ( Tacoma , WA )

neg: Prostitution in China Shortly after taking power in 1949 , the Communist Party of China embarked upon a series of campaigns that purportedly eradicated prostitution from mainland China by the early 1960s . Since the loosening of government controls over society in the early 1980s , prostitution in mainland China not only has become more visible , but can now be found throughout both urban and rural areas . In spite of government efforts , prostitution has now developed to the extent that it comprises an industry , one that involves a great number of people and produces a considerable economic output . Prostitution has also become associated with a number of problems , including organized crime , government corruption and sexually transmitted diseases . For example , a Communist Party official who was a top provincial campaigner against corruption was removed from his post after he was caught in a hotel room with a prostitute .   Prostitution-related activities in mainland China are characterised by diverse types , venues and prices . Prostitutes themselves come from a broad range of social backgrounds . They are almost all female , though in recent years male prostitutes have also emerged . A large number of Russian women work as prostitutes in China . Venues typically include hotels , karaoke venues and beauty salons .   Officially , prostitution is illegal in mainland China . The government of China has vacillated , however , in its legal treatment of prostitutes themselves , treating them sometimes as criminals and sometimes as behaving with misconduct . Since the reemergence of prostitution in the 1980s , government authorities have responded by first using the legal system , that is , the daily operations of institutions like courts and police . Second , they have relied on police-led campaigns , clearly delineated periods of intense public activity , as a form of social discipline . Despite lobbying by international NGOs and overseas commentators , there is not much support for legalisation of the sex sector by the public , social organizations or the government of the PRC .   While the sale of sexual intercourse remains illegal throughout mainland China , as of 2013 erotic massage , or more commonly known as massage with `` happy endings , '' is legal in the city of Foshan in Guangdong province . In June of that year , the Foshan Court determined that the sale of erotic massage is not the same as prostitution .

neg: Unsimulated sex Unsimulated sex is the presentation in a film of sex scenes where the actors engage in an actual sex act , and are not just miming or simulating the actions . At one time in the United States such scenes were restricted by law and self-imposed industry standards such as the Motion Picture Production Code . Films showing explicit sexual activity were confined to privately distributed underground films , such as stag films or `` porn loops '' . Beginning in the late 1960s , most notably with Blue Movie by Andy Warhol , mainstream cinemas began pushing boundaries in terms of what was presented on screen . Although the vast majority of sexual situations depicted in mainstream cinema are simulated ( in early pornography , the main actors engaged in simulated sex , with inserts placed in the film ) , on rare occasions actors engage in real sex . The difference between these films and pornography is that , while such scenes might be considered erotic , the intent of these films is not solely pornographic .   Notable examples include two of the eight Bedside-films and the six Zodiac-films from the 1970s , all of which were produced in Denmark and had many pornographic sex scenes , but were nevertheless considered mainstream films ( they all had mainstream casts and crews , and premiered in mainstream cinemas ) . The last of these films , Agent 69 Jensen i Skyttens tegn , was made in 1978 . From the end of the 1970s until the late 1990s it was rare to see hardcore scenes in mainstream cinema , but this changed with the success of Lars von Trier 's The Idiots ( 1998 ) , which heralded a wave of art-house films with explicit content , such as Romance ( 1999 ) , Baise-moi ( 2000 ) , Intimacy ( 2001 ) , Vincent Gallo 's The Brown Bunny ( 2003 ) , and Michael Winterbottom 's 9 Songs ( 2004 ) . Some simulated sex scenes are sufficiently realistic that critics mistakenly believe that they are real , such as the cunnilingus scene in the 2006 film Red Road .

neg: Clitoris The clitoris ( -LSB- klᵻˈtɔːrᵻs -RSB- ) is a female sex organ present in mammals , ostriches and a limited number of other animals . In humans , the visible button-like portion is near the front junction of the labia minora ( inner lips ) , above the opening of the urethra . Unlike the penis , the male homologue ( equivalent ) to the clitoris , it usually does not contain the distal portion ( or opening ) of the urethra and is therefore not used for urination . While few animals urinate through the clitoris , the spotted hyena , which has an especially well-developed clitoris , urinates , mates and gives birth via the organ . Some other mammals , such as lemurs and spider monkeys , also have a well-developed clitoris .   The clitoris is the human female 's most sensitive erogenous zone and generally the primary anatomical source of human female sexual pleasure . In humans and other mammals , it develops from an outgrowth in the embryo called the genital tubercle . Initially undifferentiated , the tubercle develops into either a penis or a clitoris , depending on the presence or absence of the protein tdf , which is codified by a single gene on the Y chromosome . The clitoris is a complex structure , and its size and sensitivity can vary . The glans ( head ) of the human clitoris is roughly the size and shape of a pea , and is estimated to have more than 8,000 sensory nerve endings .   Extensive sociological , sexological and medical debate have focused on the clitoris , primarily concerning anatomical accuracy , orgasmic factors and their physiological explanation for the G-spot , and whether the clitoris is vestigial , an adaptation , or serves a reproductive function . Social perceptions of the clitoris range from the significance of its role in female sexual pleasure , assumptions about its true size and depth , and varying beliefs regarding genital modification such as clitoris enlargement , clitoris piercing and clitoridectomy ; genital modification may be for aesthetic , medical or cultural reasons .   Knowledge of the clitoris is significantly impacted by cultural perceptions of the organ . Studies suggest that knowledge of its existence and anatomy is scant in comparison with that of other sexual organs , and that more education about it could help alleviate social stigmas associated with the female body and female sexual pleasure ; for example , that the clitoris and vulva in general are visually unappealing , that female masturbation is taboo , or that men should be expected to master and control women 's orgasms .

neg: Sex worker A sex worker is a person who is employed in the sex industry .   The term is used in reference to all those in all areas of the sex industry including those who provide direct sexual services as well as the staff of such industries . Some sex workers are paid to engage in sex acts or sexually explicit behavior which involve varying degrees of physical contact with clients ( prostitutes and some but not all professional dominants ) ; pornography models and actors engage in sexually explicit behavior which are filmed or photographed . Phone sex operators have sexually-oriented conversations with clients , and do auditive sexual roleplay .   Other sex workers are paid to engage in live sexual performance , such as web cam sex and performers in live sex shows . Some sex workers perform erotic dances and other acts for an audience ( striptease , Go-Go dancing , lap dancing , Neo-burlesque , and peep shows ) . Sexual surrogates often engage in sexual activity as part of therapy with their clients . Thus , although the term sex worker is sometimes viewed as a synonym or euphemism for `` prostitute '' , it is more general . Some people use the term to avoid invoking the stigma associated with the word `` prostitute '' .


query: Travis Barker's first band was a different band than Feeble.

pos: Travis Barker Travis Landon Barker ( born November 14 , 1975 ) is an American musician and producer , and the drummer for the rock band Blink-182 . Barker has also performed as a frequent collaborator with hip-hop artists , and with the alternative rock band +44 , the rap rock group the Transplants , the alternative rock band Box Car Racer , and most recently with Antemasque . He was a frequent collaborator with the late DJ AM , and together they formed TRV$ DJAM .   After the split of his first band , Feeble , Barker began playing for the Aquabats in 1996 as the Baron Von Tito . He recorded one album with them , The Fury of The Aquabats ! , in 1997 . His career rose when he joined Blink-182 in 1998 . Barker has since established himself as a versatile drummer , producing and making guest appearances in music projects of numerous music genres including hip hop , alternative rock , pop and country . He has gained significant acceptance within the hip-hop community in particular and often collaborates with artists to compose rock-tinged remixes to their songs . Barker collaborated with artists ( including Game , Yelawolf , Tom Morello , Corey Taylor , Slaughterhouse , Raekwon , Busta Rhymes , RZA , Slash , and other musicians ) for his solo debut album , Give the Drummer Some , which was released on March 15 , 2011 .   In 2011 , he worked with Steve Aoki and Kid Cudi in Aoki 's hit single Cudi the Kid , as part of his album Wonderland , with Barker as lead drummer .   Aside from drumming , he founded clothing company Famous Stars and Straps in 1999 and LaSalle Records in 2004 . Companies such as DC Shoes and Zildjian cymbals have co-designed products in his name . Rolling Stone referred to him as `` punk 's first superstar drummer . ''

neg: Rollercoaster Tour The Rollercoaster Tour was a 1992 co-headlining concert tour by the English Britpop band Blur , the American indie rock band Dinosaur Jr. , the Irish alternative rock band My Bloody Valentine and the Scottish noise pop band the Jesus and Mary Chain . A one-leg 11-date tour of the United Kingdom , the tour was in support of all four bands ' current releases : Blur 's debut album Leisure ( 1991 ) , Dinosaur Jr. s fourth album Green Mind ( 1991 ) , My Bloody Valentine 's second album Loveless ( 1991 ) and The Jesus and Mary Chain 's fourth album Honey 's Dead ( 1992 ) .   The tour was curated by the Jesus and Mary Chain 's vocalist Jim Reid , who `` wanted to break the routine '' of performing in small , frequently played venues -- such as Nottinghams Rock City -- and `` cater to all strands of independent rock music '' . Reid was inspired by , and considered the Rollercoaster Tour a British equivalent to , the North American festival Lollapalooza , which the Jesus and Mary Chain performed at in 1991 and which he considered `` fairly disastrous '' . Each band performed a 45-minute set with no encore and the line-up changed each night of the tour , although the Jesus and Mary Chain performed as the final act on all 11 dates .   My Bloody Valentine ceased live performances in the UK after the tour and did not play again until their 2008 reunion tour . The band 's set , which ended with a noise section of their song `` You Made Me Realise '' referred to as the `` holocaust section '' , reportedly caused attendees ' pint glasses to fall out of their hands due to excessive sound pressure levels . Reflecting on the tour , Jim Reid referred to it as `` a lot -LSB- like a -RSB- competition -- who could be the loudest ? Whose was the best film show ? And then there was , who could be most off their tits and still play a show ? '' The Rollercoaster EP , containing material from Blur , My Bloody Valentine , Dinosaur Jr. and the Jesus and Mary Chain , was issued in Melody Maker in March 1992 to promote the tour .

neg: Wishful Thinking (Australian band) Wishful Thinking ( or Wishful ) were an Australian three-piece pop-punk band which formed in Tasmania in 1998 and disbanded in 2006 . The line-up included Alistair Elkins on bass guitar , Carl Jackson on lead vocals and Leigh Thompson on drums . In 2002 Carlos Echeverria was replaced by Elkins on bass guitar . Carl 's brother Lachlan Jackson was the bassist in the original lineup ( along with a handful of drummers ) before they moved to Melbourne . They were one of Australia 's `` buzz '' punk/pop acts and were signed to Boomtown Records . Wishful Thinking 's musical style was pop punk and followed in the style of such bands like Blink 182 and New Found Glory .   Wishful Thinking shared stages and toured with such bands , including Millencolin , MXPX , Kisschasy , Area-7 , Gyroscope , All Star United , Relient K , The O.C. Supertones , and Antiskeptic .   Wishful Thinking also had rotation on the radio stations Triple M and Triple J , with their single ' I Do n't Need You ' which was released in 2003 and their single ` The Day You Went Away ' in 2004 .   Tim Cashmere of Undercover News reviewed their debut album , Standing Still ( 2003 ) ; he described them as a `` Christian-punk act '' and felt the album was `` none-too-shabby , albeit none-too-original either ... The god-fearing punk beats of Wishful Thinking makes an interesting point of difference . '' Ben Seifu of vibewire.net noticed that `` the production is quite professional without being too smooth or processed . The drums in particular are captured reasonably well . But beyond that Standing Still is pretty standard pop punk stuff . '' Jasper Lee of Oz Music Project opined that it `` oozes of punk pop goodness that echoes heroes of said genre such as MXPX . The band 's strength lies in their combination of consistent punk power chords with a lyrical depth underpinning their spiritual beliefs . ''   Steph Brincat of Oz Music Project reviewed the group 's second album , Kicking Goals , Banging Gongs & High Five All Round , rating it at four out of five due to the `` classic pop-punk sound that we have all come to know and love , without making it sound horrible and generic , and I assure you that I am not being sarcastic or ironic . The music is tight and although it does n't stray from the usual pop-punk recipe of repetitive yet catchy bass , guitar and drum explosion , there is variation in their tunes such as interesting little guitar licks and bass solos . ''   The band reformed for a once-off show in August 2013 at the Adelaide Uni Bar with S.T.R.

neg: Clutch discography The discography of Clutch , an American rock band , consists of eleven studio albums , five live albums , three compilation albums , five extended plays , ten singles , and two video albums .   Clutch was formed in 1991 by vocalist Neil Fallon , guitarist Tim Sult , bassist Dan Maines and drummer Jean-Paul Gaster . The group debuted with Pitchfork , an EP released in October that same year . The band built a local following through constant gigging and released their second EP Passive Restraints through Earache ) . Clutch was signed by the East West Records label and released their full-length debut Transnational Speedway League . A self-titled album appeared two years later , which afforded the band some mainstream exposure .   Clutch then signed with major label Columbia for 1998 's The Elephant Riders , but released 1999 's Jam Room on their own River Road Records label .   In 2001 the band signed with Atlantic for the release of Pure Rock Fury , which included guest appearances from members of Spirit Caravan and Sixty Watt Shaman .   Their sixth album , Blast Tyrant , appeared three years later and was the first through DRT Entertainment , followed by Robot Hive/Exodus in 2005 , which featured the first lineup change since the early 1990s ; the addition of organist Mick Schauer . 2007 saw the release of From Beale Street to Oblivion , and in the next year their first video , entitled Full Fathom Five : Video Field Recordings , which was accompanied by a CD version Full Fathom Five : Audio Field Recordings .   In 2009 , Clutch released Strange Cousins from the West on their own label , Weathermaker Music . The band was once again a four-piece , without Schauer in the line-up .   In 2013 , they released their tenth studio album Earth Rocker again through Weathermaker , their highest charting record in the US at the time . It peaked at # 15 on the Billboard 200 chart .   In 2015 , they released Psychic Warfare on Weathermaker , peaking at # 11 on the Billboard 200 . That same year , they also released a compilation album , La Curandera , exclusively on pink vinyl , as part of the Ten Bands , One Cause campaign for breast cancer awareness .

neg: Mötley Crüe Mötley Crüe was an American heavy metal band formed in Los Angeles , California on January 17 , 1981 . The group was founded by bass guitarist Nikki Sixx and drummer Tommy Lee , lead singer Vince Neil and lead guitarist Mick Mars . Mötley Crüe has sold more than 100 million records worldwide making them one of the world 's best-selling bands of all time .   The members of the band have often been noted for their hedonistic lifestyles and the persona they maintained . Following its hard rock and heavy metal origins , with the third album Theatre of Pain ( 1985 ) the band joined the first wave of glam metal . Their final studio album , Saints of Los Angeles , was released on June 24 , 2008 . Their final show took place on New Year 's Eve , December 31 , 2015 , and was filmed for a theatrical and Blu-ray release in 2016 .

neg: Amusement Parks on Fire Amusement Parks on Fire are a British rock band from Nottingham .   The band was established by Michael Feerick in 2004 , who wrote and performed all the instruments for the self-titled debut album .

neg: Nothing Gold Can Stay (album) Nothing Gold Can Stay is the debut studio album by American rock band New Found Glory , released on October 19 , 1999 through independent record label Eulogy Recordings . At the time , the band was then named `` A New Found Glory '' , but later dropped the indefinite article `` A '' due to some fans struggling to find their records in stores . The original pressings of the album contained samplings from several films including The Outsiders ( 1983 ) , Weird Science ( 1985 ) , and That Thing You Do ! ( 1996 ) , as well as Robert Frost 's poem `` Nothing Gold Can Stay '' , after which the album is named .   On the strength of the release , Richard Reines , co-founder of Drive-Thru Records , signed the band after paying Eulogy a $ 5,000 license fee in order to re-release the album . Propelled by debut single `` Hit or Miss '' , Nothing Gold Can Stay garnered a cult following and sold in excess of 300,000 copies . The record was responsible for breaking the band in the United States and has been noted for its influence on contemporary pop punk music .

neg: Flatland Cavalry Flatland Cavalry is a country and Americana band from Lubbock , Texas . The band consists of vocalist Cleto Cordero , drummer Jason Albers , bassist Jonathan Saenz , guitarist Reid Dillon , and fiddler Laura Jane . Flatland Cavalry was formed in 2012 by Cordero and Albers , who were college roommates in Midland and performed together before moving to Lubbock , where the rest of the members came together by 2014 . In May 2015 , the band 's debut EP , titled Come May , was released after a crowd-funding campaign was used to finance its production . On April 1 , 2016 , their first full-length album , Humble Folks , was released to positive reviews and comparisons to the music of the Turnpike Troubadours . Humble Folks peaked at number 17 on the Billboard Americana/Folk albums chart and number 38 on the Top Country Albums chart .

neg: Pop punk Pop punk ( also known as punk-pop ) is a music genre that fuses elements of punk rock and pop music . It typically combines fast tempos , loud and distorted electric guitars , and power chord changes with pop-influenced melodies , vocal styles , and lyrical themes .   Pop-influenced punk rock emerged in the mid-1970s with a music style that was stylistically similar to power pop . By the mid-1980s , several bands merged hardcore punk with pop music to create a new , faster pop punk sound such as Dag Nasty , the Nip Drivers , T.S.O.L. , Social Distortion , and the Descendents . Pop punk in the United States began to grow in popularity locally in California in the mid-to-late 1980s . Pop punk particularly thrived in California , where independent record labels adopted a do it yourself ( DIY ) approach to releasing music . By the mid-1990s , a few pop punk bands had started to sell millions of records and receive extensive radio and television airplay , such as Green Day . By 1994 , pop punk was quickly growing in mainstream popularity . The late 1990s , exemplified by the 1999 release of Blink-182 's Enema of the State , represented the genre 's mainstream peak , although some pop punk bands scored successful album chartings in the 2000s . In the mid-2000s , emo pop , a fusion genre combining emo and pop punk , became popular . By the end of the 2000s , the pop punk sound of the 1990s had largely waned in mainstream popularity .

neg: Owl Pharaoh Owl Pharaoh is the debut mixtape by American rapper Travis Scott . It was released on May 21 , 2013 , for free by Grand Hustle Records and Epic Records . The mixtape features guest appearances from T.I. , Wale , 2 Chainz , Toro y Moi , A$ AP Ferg , Theophilus London , Paul Wall , James Fauntleroy and Meek Mill .

neg: Rough Trade Records Rough Trade Records is an independent record label based in London , England . It was formed in 1978 by Geoff Travis who had opened a record store off Ladbroke Grove . Having successfully promoted and sold records by punk , very early indie pop and early post-punk bands such as The Smiths and Desperate Bicycles , Travis began to manage acts and distribute bands such as Scritti Politti and began the label , which was informed by left-wing politics and structured as a co-operative . Soon after , Rough Trade also set up a distribution arm that serviced independent retail outlets across Britain , a network that became known as the Cartel .   Interest and investment of major labels in the UK indie scene in the late 1980s , as well as overtrading on behalf of Rough Trade 's distribution wing , led to cash flow problems , and eventually to bankruptcy , forcing the label into receivership . However , Travis resurrected the label in the late 1990s , finding success with The Libertines , The Strokes and Antony and the Johnsons .

neg: Transplants (band) The Transplants are an American punk rock/rap rock supergroup . They formed in 1999 when Tim Armstrong ( of the bands Rancid and Operation Ivy ) played his friend and roadie Rob Aston some beats he had made using Pro Tools and asked Aston if he would consider contributing lyrics . Initially , Armstrong played all the instruments himself but as the project grew , he invited musician friends such as Matt Freeman ( Rancid ) , Lars Frederiksen ( Rancid ) , and Vic Ruggiero ( The Slackers ) to add to the sound . Before long , Armstrong and Aston decided to officially form a band , but to make things complete , they wanted a drummer , so Travis Barker from Blink-182 was asked to join in 2002 .   After the release of their first album , The Transplants briefly disbanded in 2003 , due to all members being involved in their own projects , including Rancid and Blink-182 . Then in 2004 , they reunited to record their second album ( Haunted Cities ) before going on hiatus again until 2010 when the band has started to record new material . This new material was released as In a Warzone in 2013 .

neg: Mark Hoppus Mark Allan Hoppus ( born March 15 , 1972 ) is an American musician , singer , songwriter , record producer , and television personality best known as the bassist and co-lead vocalist for the pop punk band Blink-182 .   Born in Ridgecrest , California , Hoppus spent his childhood moving back and forth between his mother and father 's houses , as they divorced when he was in third grade . He became interested in skateboarding and punk rock in junior high , and received a bass guitar from his father at the age of fifteen . After moving to San Diego in 1992 , Hoppus ' sister introduced him to Tom DeLonge , and together with drummer Scott Raynor , they formed the band Blink-182 . Following Raynor and DeLonge 's departures from the band in 1998 and 2015 , respectively , Hoppus is now the only remaining founding member of Blink-182 .   Blink-182 produced several rock recordings and toured exhaustively before signing to major label MCA to co-distribute their sophomore effort , 1997 's Dude Ranch , which featured the Hoppus-penned hit `` Dammit '' . After replacing Raynor with Travis Barker , the trio recorded Enema of the State ( 1999 ) , which launched the band into multiplatinum success , becoming the biggest pop punk act of the era . Two more records followed -- the heavier Take Off Your Pants and Jacket ( 2001 ) and the more experimental Blink-182 ( 2003 ) -- before the band split in 2005 following internal tension . Hoppus continued playing with Barker in +44 in the late 2000s . Blink-182 subsequently reunited in 2009 and continue to record and tour worldwide .   Aside from his musical career , Hoppus has had multiple successes behind the recording console , producing records for groups such as Idiot Pilot , New Found Glory , The Matches , Motion City Soundtrack and PAWS . He has previously co-owned two companies , Atticus and Macbeth Footwear , and has begun a clothing line named Hi My Name is Mark . Hoppus hosted a weekly podcast in 2005 through 2006 which returned in 2015 , and he hosted his own television talk show , Hoppus on Music , from 2010 to 2012 on Fuse .

neg: Ten Benson Ten Benson are a rock band from London , United Kingdom formed in 1997 . Their early releases saw them described as `` psychedelic hillbillies '' , but they later moved on to a ( cod - ) heavy metal sound .

neg: Necrophagia Necrophagia is an American death metal band . Necrophagia is credited as one of the very first groups within the death metal genre , along with Possessed , Death and Obituary .

neg: Nicholas Barker Nicholas Howard Barker is a British extreme metal drummer best known as the original drummer for British metal band Cradle of Filth .

neg: Mississippi (band) Mississippi were an Australian soft rock band ( 1972 -- 1975 ) , which included Graham Goble on guitar and lead vocals , Beeb Birtles on lead vocals and guitar , Derek Pellicci on drums and Kerryn Tolhurst on lead vocals and lead guitar . The band had started as Allison Gros in Adelaide in 1970 and moved to Melbourne in 1971 where they recorded as Allison Gros , Drummond and , early in 1972 , became Mississippi . As Drummond they issued a cover version of `` Daddy Cool '' ( July 1971 ) , which peaked at No. 1 on the Go-Set National Top 40 for eight weeks . As Mississippi they reached No. 10 with `` Kings of the World '' ( October 1972 ) . In early 1975 , with Birtles , Goble and Pellici aboard and the addition of Glenn Shorrock , the group were renamed , Little River Band .

neg: Crowbar (American band) Crowbar is an American sludge metal band formed in New Orleans , Louisiana in 1988 . Through infusing a slow , low-keyed , brooding doom metal sound with hardcore punk aggression , they pioneered sludge metal alongside other bands of the New Orleans heavy metal scene such as Eyehategod , Soilent Green , Acid Bath , and Down .

neg: The Chesterfields The Chesterfields were an English indie pop band from Yeovil in Somerset . Hardcore fans tended to refer to them as `` The Chesterf!elds '' , with an exclamation mark replacing the `` i '' , following the example of the band 's logo .   The band was formed in summer 1984 by Dave Goldsworthy ( vocals , guitar ) , Simon Barber ( bass , vocals ) , and Dominic Manns ( drums ) , joined in 1985 by Brendan Holden ( guitar ) . Early recordings included contributions to the Golden Pathway tapes , that captured the West Country music scene of the time , such as `` Stephanie Adores '' and `` The Boy Who Sold His Suitcase '' , the latter with a female lead singer , Sarah .   The first vinyl release was as one half of a flexi disc ; `` Nose out of Joint '' shared a single side with The Shop Assistants ' `` Home Again '' , and was given away free with copies of London 's Legend fanzine and future Subway Organisation boss , Martin Whitehead 's own Bristol fanzine .   They signed to The Subway Organization , releasing three well-received singles , before Holden was replaced by Rodney Allen . The debut LP Kettle was released in July 1987 , with a compilation of the early singles , Westward Ho ! issued later the same year . Allen left to join The Blue Aeroplanes , to be replaced temporarily by Andy Strickland of The Loft/The Caretaker Race , before a more permanent replacement was found in the form of Simon Barber 's brother Mark .   The band then moved to their own Household label , issuing two more singles and a third album , Crocodile Tears . Manns left and was replaced by future PJ Harvey drummer Rob Ellis but when Goldsworthy departed in late 1988 the band effectively split . The Barber brothers continued as The Chesterfields for a final single , `` Fool Is The Man '' in 1989 .   The band split for good in the summer of 1989 , Simon Barber forming Basinger , and Mark Barber joined Grape . Goldsworthy fronted several more bands , including Furnt , Diceman and Mujer 21 ( Band ) . The Chesterfields reformed briefly in the 1990s to tour Japan after their material was re-issued there . Dave Goldsworthy ( Davy Chesterfield ) was killed by a hit & run driver in Oxford , UK , on 9 November 2004 .   The band 's continuing fanbase saw much of their back-catalogue re-issued by Vinyl Japan in the 1990s .   In June 2014 to celebrate the legendary NME C86 tape , Design ( fronted by Barber ) along with Andy Strickland of The Loft/The Caretaker Race played a set of songs by The Chesterfields at the 92 Club in London . Following the success of The Chesterfields set at the NME C86 gig , Design continued to play classic Chesterfields songs such as ` Johnny Dee ' , ` Lunchtime for the Wild Youth ' and ` Last Train to Yeovil ' throughout 2014 & 2015 .   In 2016 , The Chesterfields with their new line up of Simon Barber , Andy Strickland , Helen Stickland and Rob Parry played Exeter 's Cavern Club and The 100 Club in London , with further gigs announced including a return to Yeovil with The Haywains . The Chesterfields have been announced as playing the NYC Popfest in New York , from 19 -- 22 May 2016 to coincide with a new EP release , the title of which is still to be confirmed at this time .

neg: Where You Stand (song) `` Where You Stand '' is a song by alternative rock band Travis , written by Dougie Payne , Holly Partridge and Fran Healy . It was released on 30 April 2013 as the lead single from the band 's seventh studio album , Where You Stand .

neg: Drain (band) Drain were an American noise rock band formed in Austin , Texas by King Coffey in 1992 . The group also included David McCreath on guitar and bassist Owen McMahon of Cherubs . Along with the psychedelic leanings of Coffey 's other band the Butthole Surfers , Drain also ventures into electronic and techno music territory . Also , samplers and drum machines play a stronger role in the music .


query: During the American Civil War, Walt Whitman volunteered.

pos: Walt Whitman Walter `` Walt '' Whitman ( -LSB- ˈhwɪtmən -RSB- May 31 , 1819 -- March 26 , 1892 ) was an American poet , essayist , and journalist . A humanist , he was a part of the transition between transcendentalism and realism , incorporating both views in his works . Whitman is among the most influential poets in the American canon , often called the father of free verse . His work was very controversial in its time , particularly his poetry collection Leaves of Grass , which was described as obscene for its overt sexuality .   Born in Huntington on Long Island , Whitman worked as a journalist , a teacher , a government clerk , and -- in addition to publishing his poetry -- was a volunteer nurse during the American Civil War . Early in his career , he also produced a temperance novel , Franklin Evans ( 1842 ) . Whitman 's major work , Leaves of Grass , was first published in 1855 with his own money . The work was an attempt at reaching out to the common person with an American epic . He continued expanding and revising it until his death in 1892 . After a stroke towards the end of his life , he moved to Camden , New Jersey , where his health further declined . When he died at age 72 , his funeral became a public spectacle .

neg: Orphan Brigade The Orphan Brigade was the nickname of the First Kentucky Brigade , a group of military units recruited from the Commonwealth of Kentucky to fight for the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War . The brigade was the largest Confederate unit to be recruited from Kentucky during the war . Its original commander was Major General John C. Breckinridge , former Vice President of the United States and candidate for President , who was enormously popular with Kentuckians .

neg: Allen Allensworth Allen Allensworth ( 7 April 1842 -- 14 September 1914 ) , born into slavery in Kentucky , escaped during the American Civil War and became a Union soldier ; later he became a Baptist minister and educator , and was appointed as a chaplain in the United States Army . He was the first African American to reach the rank of lieutenant colonel . He planted numerous churches , and in 1908 founded Allensworth , California , the only town in the state to be founded , financed and governed by African Americans .   During the American Civil War , he escaped by joining the 44th Illinois Volunteers and later served two years in the navy . After being ordained as a minister , he worked as a teacher , studied theology and led several churches . In 1880 and 1884 , he served as the only black delegate from Kentucky in the Republican National Conventions . In 1886 , he gained an appointment as a military chaplain to a unit of Buffalo Soldiers in the West and served in the US Army for 20 years , retiring in 1906 .   In addition to his work in developing churches , he was notable for founding the township of Allensworth , California in 1908 ; it was intended as an all-black community . Although environmental conditions inhibited its success as a farming community and the residents abandoned it after a few generations , much of the former town has been preserved as the Colonel Allensworth State Historic Park . It marks the founders ' dream and the thriving community that developed for some time .

neg: Samuel Allen Rice Samuel Allen Rice ( January 27 , 1828 -- July 6 , 1864 ) was born in Cattaraugus , New York . He attended Franklin College ( New Athens , Ohio ) in Ohio and then graduated from Union College at Schenectady , New York in 1849 . Then in 1851 , he moved to Oskaloosa , Iowa in Mahaska County , where he practiced law , was county attorney , and then served as the second Attorney General of Iowa in 1856 -- 1861 on behalf of the Republican Party .   In the American Civil War , he was a colonel in the 33rd Iowa Volunteer Infantry which was mustered into U.S. Army service on October 4 , 1862 within Mahaska County . He fought to open the Yazoo River for navigation , and then he commanded the 2nd Brigade , 13th Division , XIII Corps at Helena , Arkansas . In August 1863 , he was appointed Brigadier General , U.S. Volunteers . On April 30 , 1864 at Jenkins ' Ferry , Arkansas , he was mortally wounded and then was returned to his home state of Iowa . He died at Oskaloosa , Iowa , July 6 , 1864 and was interred at Forest Cemetery in Oskaloosa .   He was the older brother of Union general Elliott Warren Rice .

neg: Henry Washington Benham Henry Washington Benham ( April 17 , 1813 -- July 1 , 1884 ) was an American soldier and civil engineer who served as a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War .   Benham was born at Cheshire , Connecticut . He graduated at the top of his class from the United States Military Academy in 1837 . He was connected with various government works as a member of the Engineer Corps , and served in the Mexican War in 1847-48 . From 1849 to 1852 , he was superintending engineer of the sea wall for the protection of Great Brewster Island , Boston Harbor , and from 1852 to 1853 of the Washington ( D.C. ) Navy Yard .   In 1861 he was appointed engineer of the Department of the Ohio ; in the same year he was promoted to be a brigadier general of volunteers and commanded a brigade at New Creek . He disobeyed orders and was subject to a court martial after the battle of James Island on June 16 , 1862 , at which he was in immediate command under Gen David Hunter . From 1863 to 1865 , with the rank of lieutenant colonel , he was in command of the engineer brigade of the Army of the Potomac .   Benham was mustered out of the volunteer service on January 15 , 1866 . On January 13 , 1866 , President Andrew Johnson nominated Benham for the award of the brevet grade of major general of volunteers to rank from March 13 , 1865 and the U.S. Senate confirmed the award on March 12 , 1866 . On December 11 , 1866 , President Johnson nominated Benham for the award of the brevet grade of major general , U. S. Army , to rank from March 13 , 1865 and the U.S. Senate confirmed the award on March 2 , 1867 . Promoted to colonel in 1867 , he was in charge of the Boston Harbor sea wall from 1866 to 1873 , and of the defenses of New York Harbor from 1877 to 1882 . He was an expert in the construction of pontoon bridges .

neg: Stand Watie Stand Watie ( -LSB- ᏕᎦᏔᎦ , translit = Degataga , lit = Stand firm -RSB- ) ( December 12 , 1806 -- September 9 , 1871 ) -- also known as Standhope Uwatie , Tawkertawker , and Isaac S. Watie -- was a leader of the Cherokee Nation , and not only a brigadier general of the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War , but the only Native American general of the Confederate Army . He commanded the Confederate Indian cavalry of the Army of the Trans-Mississippi , made up mostly of Cherokee , Muskogee and Seminole , and was the final Confederate general in the field to cease hostilities at war 's end .   Prior to removal of the Cherokee to Indian Territory in the late 1830s , Watie and his older brother Elias Boudinot were among leaders who signed the Treaty of New Echota in 1835 . The majority of the tribe opposed their action . In 1839 the brothers were attacked in an assassination attempt , as were other relatives active in the Treaty Party . All but Stand Watie were killed . Watie in 1842 killed one of his uncle 's attackers , and in 1845 his brother Thomas Watie was killed in retaliation , in the continuing cycle of violence . Watie was acquitted at trial in the 1850s on the grounds of self-defense .   During the American Civil War and soon after , Watie served as Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation ( 1862 -- 1866 ) . By then , the majority of the tribe supported the Confederacy . A minority supported the Union and refused to ratify his election . The former chief John Ross , a Union supporter , was captured in 1862 by Union forces . Watie led the Southern Cherokee delegation to Washington after the war to sue for peace , hoping to have tribal divisions recognized . The US government negotiated only with the leaders who had sided with the Union , and named John Ross as principal chief in 1866 under a new treaty . Watie stayed out of politics for his last years , and tried to rebuild his plantation .

neg: William Rosecrans William Starke Rosecrans ( September 6 , 1819March 11 , 1898 ) was an American inventor , coal-oil company executive , diplomat , politician , and U.S. Army officer . He gained fame for his role as a Union general during the American Civil War . He was the victor at prominent Western Theater battles , but his military career was effectively ended following his disastrous defeat at the Battle of Chickamauga in 1863 .   Rosecrans graduated in 1842 from the West Point Military Academy where he served in engineering assignments as well as a professor before leaving the Army to pursue a career in civil engineering . At the start of the Civil War , leading troops from Ohio , he achieved early combat success in western Virginia . In 1862 in the Western Theater , he won the battles of Iuka and Corinth while under the command of Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant . His brusque , outspoken manner and willingness to quarrel openly with superiors caused a professional rivalry with Grant ( as well as with Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton ) that would adversely affect Rosecrans ' career .   Given command of the Army of the Cumberland , he fought against Confederate Gen. Braxton Bragg at Stones River , and later outmaneuvered him in the brilliant Tullahoma Campaign , driving the Confederates from Middle Tennessee . His strategic movements then caused Bragg to abandon the critical city of Chattanooga , but Rosecrans ' pursuit of Bragg ended during the bloody Battle of Chickamauga , where his unfortunately worded order mistakenly opened a gap in the Union line and Rosecrans and a third of his army were swept from the field . Besieged in Chattanooga , Rosecrans was relieved of command by Grant .   Following his humiliating defeat , Rosecrans was reassigned to command the Department of Missouri , where he opposed Price 's Raid . He was briefly considered as a vice presidential running mate for Abraham Lincoln in 1864 . After the war , he served in diplomatic and appointed political positions and in 1880 was elected to Congress , representing California .

neg: 35th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment The 35th Regiment Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War .

neg: List of United States Volunteer Civil War units While the vast majority of number of volunteer units during the American Civil War were enlisted by the states , a small number were enlisted directly by the Federal government . These units included regiments like Hiram Berdan 's U.S. Sharpshooters and `` Galvanized Yankees '' recruited from Confederate prisoners of war recruited to fight Indians on the frontier rather than remain in prison camps .

neg: William Bensinger William Bensinger ( January 14 , 1840 to December 19 , 1918 ) was an American soldier who fought in the American Civil War . Bensinger was the second person to receive the country 's highest award for bravery during combat , the Medal of Honor , for his action during the Great Locomotive Chase in Georgia ( U.S. state ) in April 1862 . He was honored with the award on 25 March 1863 .

neg: Joseph Taylor (Medal of Honor) Joseph Taylor ( September 22 , 1837 - February 16 , 1912 ) was an English soldier who fought for the Union Army in the United States during the American Civil War . He received the Medal of Honor for valor .

neg: William P. Hogarty William Patrick Hogarty ( February 16 , 1840 - October 23 , 1914 ) was an American soldier who fought in the American Civil War . Hogarty received his country 's highest award for bravery during combat , the Medal of Honor . Hogarty 's medal was won for his actions during two battles , in the Battle of Antietam , Maryland on September 17 , 1862 , and the Battle of Fredericksburg , Virginia on December 13 , 1862 . He was honored with the award on June 22 , 1891 .   Hogarty born in New York City , and joined the 23rd New York Infantry from Elmira , New York in May 1861 . He was discharged in January 1863 , but was commissioned as a second lieutenant with the Veteran Reserve Corps two years later . Despite his disability , he continued serving in the Army until retiring in December 1870 .

neg: 9th New Hampshire Volunteer Infantry The 9th New Hampshire Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War .

neg: Charles Huntington Whitman Charles Huntington Whitman ( November 24 , 1873 -- December 27 , 1937 ) was the Chair of the Department of English at Rutgers University for 26 years ( 1911-1937 ) and a noted scholar of Edmund Spenser and early English verse .   Whitman was born in Abbot , Maine to Nathan Whitman and Helen Augusta Thoms but attended Bangor High School in Bangor , Maine ( Class of 1892 ) before obtaining his B.A. from Colby College in 1897 . In 1900 , he received a PhD from Yale University for a dissertation on The Birds in Old English Literature . In the same year , he completed a translation of Cynewulf 's The Christ , a companion to Yale professor Albert Stanburrough Cook 's critical edition of the poem . Whitman went on to take an Assistant Professorship at Lehigh University . He was invited to Rutgers University in 1906 , and accepted the Chair of the Rutgers University English Department in 1911 , a position he maintained until his death . His tenure saw many reforms , most importantly the creation of a graduate program , the doubling in size of the faculty , and a transition from declamation to composition and analysis . At the time of this death he was considered `` one of the most popular professors at the university '' .   Whitman was married to Rachel Jones Foster in 1902 , and they had three children : Hilda Trull ( b. 1908 ) , Alan Foster ( b. 1909 ) , Dunbar ( b. 1912 ) , and Esther Huntington ( b. 1917 ) . He died from a heart attack on December 27 , 1937 in Highland Park , New Jersey .

neg: Kentucky in the American Civil War Kentucky was a border state of key importance in the American Civil War . President Abraham Lincoln recognized the importance of the Commonwealth when , in a September 1861 letter to Orville Browning , he wrote :  I think to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose the whole game . Kentucky gone , we can not hold Missouri , nor Maryland . These all against us , and the job on our hands is too large for us . We would as well consent to separation at once , including the surrender of this capitol .   Kentucky , being a border state , was among the chief places where the `` Brother against brother '' scenario was prevalent . Kentucky officially declared its neutrality at the beginning of the war , but after a failed attempt by Confederate General Leonidas Polk to take the state of Kentucky for the Confederacy , the legislature petitioned the Union Army for assistance . After early 1862 Kentucky came largely under Union control .   Kentucky was the site of several fierce battles , including Mill Springs and Perryville . It was host to such military leaders as Ulysses S. Grant on the Union side , who first encountered serious Confederate gunfire coming from Columbus , Kentucky , and Confederate cavalry leader Nathan Bedford Forrest . Forrest proved to be a scourge to the Union Army in western Kentucky , even making an attack on Paducah . Kentuckian John Hunt Morgan further challenged Union control , as he conducted numerous cavalry raids through the state .   Kentucky was the birthplace of Abraham Lincoln , his wife Mary Todd , and his southern counterpart , Confederate President Jefferson Davis .   In the historiography of the Civil War , Kentucky is treated primarily as a border state , with special attention to the social divisions during the secession crisis , invasions and raids , internal violence , sporadic guerrilla warfare , federal-state relations , the ending of slavery , and the return of Confederate veterans .

neg: Henry Marchmore Shaw Henry Marchmore Shaw ( November 20 , 1817 -- February 1 , 1864 ) was a Congressional Representative from North Carolina , as well as an officer in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War . He was killed in action , one of a handful of former U.S. Congressmen to perish during the conflict .   Henry M. Shaw was born in Newport , Rhode Island , November 20 , 1817 . His parents were John Allen and Elizabeth Muchmore Shaw of Newport . His father was a silversmith with interests in the West Indies trade out of Newport . The family moved to North Carolina after his father lost ships and a good portion of his livelihood to the British in the War of 1812 . It 's said that his brother , Silas Gardner Shaw , took the lighthouse Keeper position at Beavertail Lighthouse ( 1858-1862 , 1863-1869 ) to avoid fighting against his brother in the war . Their mother died in 1829 , Silas at 6 years old was sent back to Newport to live with relatives ; Henry stayed in North Carolina with his father . Henry completed preparatory studies and graduated from the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania at Philadelphia in 1838 . He began his medical practice in Indiantown , North Carolina .   He was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-third Congress ( March 4 , 1853 -- March 3 , 1855 ) . Shaw was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection to the Thirty-fourth Congress . He was elected to the Thirty-fifth Congress ( March 4 , 1857 -- March 3 , 1859 ) and was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection to the Thirty-sixth Congress .   Henry Debated `` The Kansas Question '' in April 1858 ; his brother Silas would take the government job at Beavertail Lighthouse in December of that same year . He was a vocal secessionist who called for North Carolina 's secession from the Union even prior to Lincoln 's election in 1860 . He signed the North Carolina Ordinance of Secession on May 21 of 1861 with a quill pen he made especially for that purpose . The pen is on display at the North Carolina Museum of History located in Raleigh . The North Carolinians had convened the day before , marking the 86th anniversary of the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence .   With the outbreak of the Civil War , Shaw enlisted in the Confederate army and was appointed as a colonel . He was in command of the Confederate forces at the Battle of Roanoke Island . In January 1862 , General Ambrose E. Burnside leading New England Federal forces ( including many Rhode Islanders ) with about sixty ships and over 13,000 men began to enter Hatteras inlet , and assembled in Pamlico Sound . On February 6 , 1862 Burnside 's forces entered Roanoke Harbor . On the morning of February 8 Burnside 's forces landed on the south end of Roanoke Island and advanced towards the north . From the Fort Raleigh National Historic Site website `` Coming around the turn in the road , the Union forces saw their first view of the island 's main defense -- the three-gun battery . This battery , sitting astride the road , was thirty-five yards wide with a water-filled ditch eight feet wide and three feet deep guarding the front . Supporting the three guns were about 1,000 poorly armed soldiers from various regiments . ''   Colonel Shaw and his men put up a valiant struggle , but were eventually overwhelmed by the Federal forces which had five times the number of men . Colonel Shaw surrendered to avoid a massacre of his men . Although Roanoke was considered a small battle in the larger picture of the Civil War , it was a pivotal turning point in Northern Support for the war ; prior to that the North had not had much success and public support of the war was waning .   Shaw was paroled and the North Carolina Eighth reorganized in the fall of 1862 . Colonel Shaw took command once again leading forces in Charleston , Wilmington , and the trenches of Petersburg , Virginia .   On February 1 , 1864 , in the early morning hours , at Batchelder 's Creek , while assembling on the road for the expedition to New Bern , he was shot from his horse . The bullet entered his cheek and traversed his head killing him instantly . His body was recovered and interred in the cemetery at Shawboro , North Carolina ; the town of Shawboro was named in his honor .

neg: Thornsbury Bailey Brown Thornsbury Bailey Brown ( May 15 , 1829 -- May 22 , 1861 ) of Taylor County , Virginia ( now West Virginia ) is generally considered the first Union soldier killed by a Confederate soldier during the American Civil War . Brown , a member of a Virginia militia or volunteer company which supported the Union with the grade of private , was killed by a member of a Virginia militia or volunteer company which supported the Confederacy at Fetterman , Virginia ( now West Virginia ) on May 22 , 1861 . The members of both companies were from the same general vicinity of Taylor County .

neg: 1st Maine Heavy Artillery Regiment The 1st Maine Heavy Artillery Regiment was a regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War . It suffered more casualties in an ill-fated charge during the Siege of Petersburg than any Union regiment lost in a single day of combat throughout the war . It was also the Union regiment with the highest number of officers killed ( 23 ) .   The regiment was mustered in Bangor , Maine , in 1862 as the 18th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment and consisted mostly of men and officers from the Penobscot River Valley ( the area around Bangor and points east ) . It was commanded by Col. Daniel Chaplin , a Bangor merchant . Charles Hamlin , son of Vice President Hannibal Hamlin , was originally an officer in this regiment , but was promoted to a position on the staff of Maj. Gen. Hiram G. Berry before it saw significant action .   The regiment 's name was changed in 1863 to the 1st Maine Heavy Artillery Regiment , and it served in the defenses of Washington , D.C. before being reassigned to the Army of the Potomac during the Overland Campaign in the spring of 1864 . At the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House , the regiment took its first heavy casualties -- 6 officers and 76 men killed , and another 6 officers and 388 men wounded . At Petersburg , however , an ill-advised charge across an open field toward Confederate breastworks on June 18 , 1864 , ordered by Chaplin , resulted in the greatest single loss of life in a Union regiment to occur in the war , with 7 officers and 108 men killed , and another 25 officers and 464 men wounded . These casualties constituted 67 % of the strength of the 900-man force . Chaplin survived the action but was later killed by a sharpshooter .   All in all , the 1st Maine sustained one of the highest casualty rates in the war , with 423 killed , and another 260 died of disease . A monument to the 1st Maine stands on the former battlefield at Petersburg .

neg: Charles Day (Medal of Honor) Charles Day ( May 28 , 1844 to July 29 , 1901 ) was an American soldier who fought in the American Civil War . Day received the country 's highest award for bravery during combat , the Medal of Honor , for his action during the Battle of Hatcher 's Run in Virginia on 6 February 1865 . He was honored with the award on 20 July 1897 .

neg: On being asked for a War Poem thumb | right | Photograph of William Butler Yeats taken by Charles Beresford in 1911  `` On being asked for a War Poem '' is a poem by William Butler Yeats written on February 6 , 1915 in response to a request by Henry James that Yeats compose a political poem about World War I. Yeats changed the poem 's title from `` To a friend who has asked me to sign his manifesto to the neutral nations '' to `` A Reason for Keeping Silent '' before sending it in a letter to James , which Yeats wrote at Coole Park on August 20 , 1915 . The poem was prefaced with a note stating : `` It is the only thing I have written of the war or will write , so I hope it may not seem unfitting . '' The poem was first published in Edith Wharton 's The Book of the Homeless in 1916 as `` A Reason for Keeping Silent '' . When it was later reprinted in The Wild Swans at Coole , the title was changed to `` On being asked for a War Poem '' .

neg: Confederate States Army The Confederate States Army ( CSA ) was the military ground force of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War . On February 28 , 1861 , the Provisional Confederate Congress established a provisional volunteer army and gave control over military operations and authority for mustering state forces and volunteers to the Confederate president , Jefferson Davis , a graduate of the U.S. Military Academy and colonel of a volunteer regiment during the Mexican War . In March 1861 , the Provisional Confederate Congress established a more permanent Confederate States Army .   An accurate count of the total number of individuals who served in the Confederate army is not possible due to incomplete and destroyed Confederate records ; all but extremely improbable estimates of the number of Confederate soldiers range between 600,000 and 1,500,000 men . The better estimates of the number of individual Confederate soldiers are between 750,000 and 1,000,000 men . This does not include an unknown number of slaves who were pressed into performing various tasks for the army , such as construction of fortifications and defenses or driving wagons . Since these figures include estimates of the total number of individual soldiers who served at any time during the war , they do not represent the size of the army at any given date . These numbers do not include men who served in Confederate naval forces .   Although most of the soldiers who fought in the American Civil War were volunteers , both sides by 1862 resorted to conscription , primarily as a means to force men to register and to volunteer . In the absence of exact records , estimates of the percentage of Confederate soldiers who were draftees are about double the 6 percent of Union soldiers who were conscripts .   Confederate casualty figures also are incomplete and unreliable . The best estimates of the number of deaths of Confederate soldiers are about 94,000 killed or mortally wounded in battle , 164,000 deaths from disease and between 26,000 and 31,000 deaths in Union prison camps . One estimate of Confederate wounded , which is considered incomplete , is 194,026 . These numbers do not include men who died from other causes such as accidents , which would add several thousand to the death toll .   The main Confederate armies , the Army of Northern Virginia under General Robert E. Lee and the remnants of the Army of Tennessee and various other units under General Joseph E. Johnston , surrendered to the U.S. on April 9 , 1865 ( officially April 12 ) , and April 18 , 1865 ( officially April 26 ) . Other Confederate forces surrendered between April 16 , 1865 and June 28 , 1865 . By the end of the war , more than 100,000 Confederate soldiers had deserted . The Confederacy 's government effectively dissolved when it fled Richmond in April and exerted no control of the remaining armies .