query: The Khmer Empire was weak.

pos: Khmer Empire The Khmer Empire , officially the Angkor Empire , the predecessor state to modern Cambodia ( `` Kampuchea '' or `` Srok Khmer '' to the Khmer people ) , was a powerful Hindu-Buddhist empire in Southeast Asia . The empire , which grew out of the former kingdoms of Funan and Chenla , at times ruled over and/or vassalised most of mainland Southeast Asia .   Its greatest legacy is Angkor , in present-day Cambodia , which was the site of the capital city during the empire 's zenith . The majestic monuments of Angkor -- such as Angkor Wat and Bayon -- bear testimony to the Khmer Empire 's immense power and wealth , impressive art and culture , architectural technique and aesthetics achievements , as well as the variety of belief systems that it patronised over time . Satellite imaging has revealed that Angkor , during its peak in the 11th to 13th centuries , was the largest pre-industrial urban centre in the world .   The beginning of the era of the Khmer Empire is conventionally dated to 802 CE . In this year , King Jayavarman II had himself declared chakravartin ( `` king of the world '' , or `` king of kings '' ) on Phnom Kulen . The empire ended with the fall of Angkor in the 15th century .

neg: Human rights in Cambodia The human rights situation in Cambodia is facing growing criticisms both within the country and an increasingly alarmed international community . After a series of flagrant violation against basic human rights a feeling of incertitude regarding the direction the country is emerging , sometimes comparing the situation to a newborn Burma .   In its report on Cambodia , Human Rights Watch stated that `` Authorities continue to ban or disperse most public demonstrations . Politicians and journalists critical of the government face violence and intimidation and are barred from equal access to the broadcast media . In addition , the judiciary remains weak and subject to political influence . Trafficking of women and children for sexual exploitation through networks protected or backed by police or government officials is rampant . The government continues to turn a blind eye to fraudulent confiscation of farmers ' land , illegal logging , and widespread plundering of natural resources . ''   The current state of the country could be described as a semblance of pluralistic democracy . In July 2004 , the royalist opposition party FUNCINPEC formed a coalition government with the Cambodian People Party ( CPP ) after a political deadlock of more than a year . More recently , Sam Rainsy Party ( SRP ) members have been targeted for criminal prosecutions , after seeing the parliamentarian immunity of several SRP members lifted by a criticized closed-door hand vote with members of the parliament .

neg: Chinese Cambodian Chinese Cambodians are Cambodian people of Chinese or partial Chinese descent . The Khmer term Khmer kat Chen is used for people of mixed Cambodian & Chinese descent while Khmer Chen can mean Cambodian born citizens of Chinese ancestry ( Khmer is the majority ethnic group of Cambodia and Chen means `` Chinese '' in the Khmer language ) . During the late 1960s and early 1970s , they were the largest ethnic minority in Cambodia ; there were an estimated 425,000 . However , by 1984 , there were only 61,400 Cambodians of Chinese ancestry left . This has been attributed to a combination of warfare , economic stagnation , Khmer Rouge , and emigration . There are , however , tens of thousands of mixed Chinese and Khmer ancestry .   Despite their relatively small population , Chinese Cambodians are over represented in some of the most visible aspects of Cambodian society , often leading to feelings ranging from resentment to outright discrimination by `` pure '' Khmers . Chinese Cambodians play leading roles in the Cambodian business sector as well as within Cambodia 's political scene . Chinese Cambodians also have a considerable presence in the Cambodian economy and are estimated to own a vast share of it . Many Chinese Cambodians are particularly influential in the Cambodian banking sector where money-lending and shopkeeping enterprises are prevalent . Of particular note is China 's economic role in the country which encouraged Sino-Khmer businessmen to reestablish their past businesses which were once suppressed by the Khmer Rouge .

neg: Little Cambodia The term Little Cambodia ( or Cambodia Town ) refers to an ethnic enclave of people from the country of Cambodia .   Cambodian presence in the West traces back to the French colonisation of Cambodia from the 1860s to mid-1950s , in which a number of Cambodians migrated to France as students or workers . This group formed the basis of the Cambodian population in France .   While some were able to flee to France shortly after the Khmer Rouge took over in 1975 , most Cambodians left their country after the regime in the 1980s , with most arriving in the United States ( specifically to Long Beach , California ; Lowell , Massachusetts and the New York City borough of the Bronx ) , as well as France ( specifically to Paris and the surrounding Île-de-France region ) .

neg: Tribhuvanāditya Tribhuvanāditya was the ruler of the Khmer Empire from 1166 to 1177 . He came to power after he assassinated Yasovarman II . He ruled over many rebellions by Yasovarman 's loyal supporters but managed to hold the throne until forces from the neighboring Champa empire under Jaya Indravarman III invaded and conquered his capital Angkor . He was then killed Jaya Indravarman III .

neg: History of the Thai Forest Tradition The Kammatthana meditation tradition originally grew out of the Dhammayut reform movement , founded by Mongkut in the 1820s as an attempt to raise the bar for what was perceived as the `` lax '' Buddhist practice of the regional Buddhist traditions at the time . Mongkut 's reforms were originally focused on scriptural study of the earliest extant Buddhist texts , revival of the dhutanga ascetic practices , and close adherence to the Buddhist Monastic Code ( Pali : vinaya ) . However , the Dhammayut began to have an increasing emphasis on meditation as the 19th century progressed . During this time , a newly ordained Ajahn Mun Bhuridatto went to stay with Ajahn Sao Kantasilo , who was then the abbot of a small meditation-oriented monastery on the outskirts of Ubon Ratchathani , a province in the predominantly Lao-speaking cultural region of Northeast Thailand known as Isan .   Ajahn Mun learned from Ajahn Sao in the late 19th century , where he studied amidst the growing meditation culture in Isan 's Dhammayut monasteries as a result of Mongkut 's reforms a half-century earlier . Wandering the rural frontier of Northeast Thailand with Ajahn Sao in rigorous ascetic practices ( Pali : dhutanga ; Thai : tudong ) . Ajahn Mun traveled abroad to neighboring regions for a time , hoping to reach levels of meditative adeptness known as the noble attainments ( Pali : ariya-phala ) , which culminate in the experience of Nirvana -- the final goal of a Theravada Buddhist practitioner .   After more than two decades of intense meditation and ascetic practice , Ajahn Mun would return to Ubon Ratchathani in 1915 , claiming to have found the noble attainments . Word spread in the region , and monks came to study from Ajahn Mun , wishing to put his claims to the test ; though the assertions that he had found the noble attainments were not universally received at the time -- families were often divided over whether or not Ajahn Mun had attained sainthood .   During this period , Mongkut 's successor Chulalongkorn ( Rama V of Siam ) had consolidated power in Bangkok , and implemented a wave of educational reforms which emphasized the role of the Thai clergy as educators . Dhammayut monks -- which included Ajahn Mun and Ajahn Sao and their students -- were drafted to teach a new monastic curriculum that had been infused with Western principles in an effort to prevent the encroachment of Christian missionaries , and to prevent Thailand from being colonized by a Western empire . Thailand would successfully prevent colonization ; however , Ajahn Mun and Sao 's students would continue to evade authorities ' attempts to assign them to monasteries and prevent them from practicing in the forest .   Beginning in the 1950s though , the tradition would gain respect among the urbanities in Bangkok , and receive widespread acceptance among the Thai Sangha . Many of the Ajahns were nationally venerated by Thai Buddhists , who regarded them as arahants . Because of their reputations , the Ajahns have become the subject of a cultural fixation on sacralized objects believed among lay followers to offer supernatural protection . This cultural fixation was referred to by social anthropologist Stanley Jeyaraja Tambiah as a cult of amulets , which he described during a field study in the 1970s as `` a traditional preoccupation now reaching the pitch of fetishistic obsession '' . During this time , the tradition found a significant following in the West ; particularly among the students of Ajahn Chah Subhatto , a forest teacher who studied with a group of monks in the Mahanikai -- the other of Thailand 's two monastic orders alongside the Dhammayut -- many of whom remained loyal to their Mahanikai pedigree in spite of their interest in Ajahn Mun 's teachings . However , in the final decades of the 20th century the tradition experienced a crisis when the majority of Thailand 's rainforests were clear cut . Because of this , the Forest Tradition in early 21st century Thailand has been characterized by a struggle to preserve the remaining forested lands in Thailand for Buddhist practice .

neg: Koh Kong Province Koh Kong ( ខ ត តក ក ង -LSB- kɑh koŋ -RSB- , `` Kong Island '' ) is a province ( khaet ) of Cambodia . The name means `` Kŏng Island Province '' . Its capital is Khemarak Phoumin . The province was called Patchanta Khirikhet ( ปัจจันตคิรีเขตร -LSB- pàt.tɕan.tàʔ kʰi.riː.kʰèːt -RSB- ) from 1795 to 1904 .

neg: Achaemenid Assyria Athura ( ð ð ° ð cents ð 1/4 ð Aθurā ) , also called Assyria Babylonia , was a geographical area within the Persian Achaemenid Empire held by the last nobility of Aššur ( Akkadian ) , known as Athura ( Neo-Aramaic ) or Atouria ( Greek ) , during the period of 539 BC to 330 BC as a military protectorate state of Persia under the rule of Cyrus the Great . Although sometimes regarded as a satrapy , Achaemenid royal inscriptions list it as a dahyu , a concept generally interpreted as meaning either a group of people or both a country and its people , without any administrati   It mostly incorporated the original Assyrian kingdom , corresponding with modern northern Iraq in the upper Tigris , the middle and upper Euphrates , modern-day north eastern Syria ( Eber-Nari ) and part of south-east Anatolia ( modern Turkey ) . The Neo-Assyrian Empire collapsed after a period of violent civil wars , followed by an invasion by a coalition of some of its former subject peoples , the Iranian peoples ( Medes , Persians and Scythians ) , Babylonians and Cimmerians in the late 7th century BC , culminating in the Battle of Nineveh , and Assyria had fallen completely by 605 BC . Between 605 and 559 BC , Assyria was divided between the Median Empire to the east and the Neo-Babylonian Empire to the west . Both parts were subsumed into the Achaemenid Empire in 539 BC , and it has been argued that they constituted the satrapies of Media and Athura , respectively . In Herodotus ' account the Ninth Tributary District comprised `` Babylonia and the rest of Assyria '' , and excluded Eber-Nari .   Despite a few rebellions , Assyria functioned as an important part of the Achaemenid Empire . The Assyrian people were given the right to govern themselves throughout Achaemenid rule , and the Assyrian ( Aramaic ) language was used diplomatically by the Persians . Known for their combat skills , Assyrian soldiers ( along with the Lydians ) constituted the main heavy infantry of the Achaemenid empire 's military . Due to the major destruction of Assyria during the fall of its empire , some early scholars described the area as an `` uninhabited wasteland . '' Other Assyriologists , however , such as John Curtis and Simo Parpola , have strongly disputed this claim , citing how Assyria would eventually become one of the wealthiest regions among the Achaemenid Empire . This wealth was due to the land 's great prosperity for agriculture that the Persians used effectively for almost 200 years . In contrast to the policy of the Assyrian Empire , the Achaemenid Persians did not intervene in the internal affairs of their ruling satrapies as long as they continued the flow of tribute and taxes back to Persia .

neg: Kampong Chhnang Province Kampong Chhnang ( ខ ត តក ពង ឆ ន ង , -LSB- kɑmpɔːŋ cʰnaːŋ -RSB- , `` Port of Pottery '' ) is one of the central provinces ( khaet ) of Cambodia . Neighboring provinces are ( from north clockwise ) Kampong Thom , Kampong Cham , Kandal , Kampong Speu and Pursat . The capital city of Kampong Chhnang Province is Kampong Chhnang .

neg: Khmer People's National Liberation Front The Khmer People 's National Liberation Front ( KPNLF ) was a political front organized in 1979 in opposition to the Vietnamese-installed People 's Republic of Kampuchea ( PRK ) regime in Cambodia . The 200,000 Vietnamese troops supporting the PRK , as well as Khmer Rouge defectors , had ousted the brutal Democratic Kampuchea regime of Pol Pot , and were initially welcomed by the majority of Cambodians as liberators . Some Khmer , though , recalled the two countries ' historical rivalry and feared that the Vietnamese would attempt to subjugate the country , and began to oppose their military presence . Members of the KPNLF supported this view .

neg: Dhammazedi Dhammazedi ( ဓမ မစ တ , -LSB- dəma̰zèdì -RSB- ; c. 1409 -- 1492 ) was the 16th king of the Hanthawaddy Kingdom in Burma from 1471 to 1492 . Considered one of the most enlightened rulers in Burmese history , by some accounts call him `` the greatest '' of all Hanthawaddy kings . The former Buddhist monk , educated in the rival kingdom of Ava in his youth , was a trusted adviser and son-in-law of Queen Shin Sawbu . At age 48 , he left the monkhood after he was selected by Shin Sawbu as the heir apparent , and was married to one of the queen 's daughters . He immediately became the de facto ruler of the kingdom as Shin Sawbu handed over all administrative duties to him .   During Dhammazedi 's long reign , the Mon-speaking kingdom reached the peak of its golden age . Under his wise rule , the kingdom , unlike the rival Ava Kingdom , was peaceful , and profited greatly from foreign commerce . His reign was a time of peace and he himself was a mild ruler , famous for his wisdom . A collection of his rulings , Dhammazedi Pyatton , survives . The kingdom also became a famous center of Theravada Buddhism , with strong ties to Ceylon , and resumed the practice of sending missions to Buddhagaya . His religious reforms later spread throughout the country . He maintained friendly relations with Yunnan .   According to DGE Hall , `` He was a Buddhist ruler of the best type , deeply solicitous for the purification of religion . Under him civilization flourished , and the condition of the Mon country stands out in sharp contrast with the disorder and savagery which characterized the Ava kingdom . ''   He died in 1492 . He was honored as a saint and a pagoda was erected over his bones . He was succeeded by his eldest son Binnya Ran II .

neg: Kayan people (Myanmar) The Kayan are a sub-group of Red Karen ( Karenni people ) , Tibeto-Burman ethnic minority of Myanmar ( Burma ) . The Kayan consists of the following groups : Kayan Lahwi ( also called Padaung , -LSB- bədàʊɴ -RSB- ) , Kayan Ka Khaung ( Gekho ) , Kayan Lahta , Kayan Ka Ngan . Kayan Gebar , Kayan Kakhi and , sometimes , Bwe people ( Kayaw ) .   Padaung ( Yan Pa Doung ) is a Shan term for the Kayan Lahwi ( the group in which women wear the brass neck coils ) . The Kayan residents in Mae Hong Son Province in Northern Thailand refer to themselves as Kayan and object to being called Padaung . In The Hardy Padaungs ( 1967 ) Khin Maung Nyunt , one of the first authors to use the term `` Kayan '' , says that the Padaung prefer to be called Kayan .  On the other hand , Pascal Khoo Thwe calls his people Padaung in his 2002 memoir , From the Land of Green Ghosts : A Burmese Odyssey .   In the late 1980s and early 1990s due to conflict with the military regime in Myanmar , many Kayan tribes fled to the Thai border area . Among the refugee camps set up there was a Long Neck section , which became a tourist site , self-sufficient on tourist revenue and not needing financial assistance .   According to U Aung Roe ( 1993:21 ss ) Kayan number about 40,000 in Shan State ( around the Pekon Township area ) and 20,000 in Kayah State ( around Demawso and Loikaw ) . A 2004 estimate puts the population at approximately 130,000 . About 600 Kayan reside in the three villages open to tourists in Mae Hong Sorn , or in the Ban Mai Nai Soy refugee camp .

neg: Khmer Rouge The Khmer Rouge ( -LSB- kəˈmɛər_ˈruːʒ -RSB- , -LSB- kmɛʁ ʁuʒ -RSB- , `` Red Khmers '' ; ខ ម រក រហម Khmer Kror-Horm ) was the name given to the followers of the Communist Party of Kampuchea in Cambodia . It was formed in 1968 as an offshoot of the Vietnam People 's Army from North Vietnam , and allied with North Vietnam , the Viet Cong , and the Pathet Lao during the Vietnam War against the anti-communist forces from 1968 to 1975 . The Khmer Rouge emerged victorious in the Cambodian Civil War , overthrew the military dictatorship of the Khmer Republic and installed their own government Democratic Kampuchea in 1975 , led by Pol Pot , Nuon Chea , Ieng Sary , Son Sen , and Khieu Samphan . This was followed by the Cambodian genocide from year 1975 until year 1979 , when the Khmer Rouge was finally removed from power by Vietnam in the Cambodian -- Vietnamese War . The military power of the Khmer Rouge organization was not broken however , and a long era of guerrilla warfare involving large swaths of the Cambodian countryside began . Many different military factions were involved in the guerrilla war era and it ended around 1994 .   The Khmer Rouge organization is remembered especially for orchestrating the Cambodian genocide , which resulted from the enforcement of its social engineering policies . Its attempts at agricultural reform led to widespread famine , while its insistence on absolute self-sufficiency , even in the supply of medicine , led to the death of thousands from treatable diseases such as malaria . Arbitrary executions and torture carried out by its cadres against perceived subversive elements , or during purges of its own ranks between 1975 and 1978 , are considered to have constituted genocide .   The governments-in-exile ( including the Khmer Rouge ) held onto Cambodia 's UN seat ( with considerable international support ) until 1993 , when the monarchy was restored and the country underwent a name change to the Kingdom of Cambodia . A year later , thousands of Khmer Rouge guerrillas surrendered themselves in a government amnesty . In 1996 , a new political party , the Democratic National Union Movement , was formed by Ieng Sary , who was granted amnesty for his role as the deputy leader of the Khmer Rouge . The organization ( Khmer Rouge ) was largely dissolved by the mid-1990s , and finally surrendered completely in 1999 . In 2014 , two Khmer Rouge leaders , Nuon Chea and Khieu Samphan , were jailed for life by a UN-backed court , which found them guilty of crimes against humanity and responsible for the deaths of up to 2 million Cambodians ( Khmer ) , nearly a quarter of the country 's then population , during the `` Killing Fields '' era between 1975 -- 1979 .

neg: Sword of Victory The Sword of Victory or Phra Saeng Khan Chaiyasi ( Thai : พระแสงขรรค์ชัยศรี ) is one of the Royal Regalia of the King of Thailand . The Sword represents the military might and power of the King . The hilt has a length of 10 '' ( 25.4 centimeters ) with the blade measuring 25 '' ( 64.5 centimeters ) . When placed in the scabbard the sword has a total length of 40 '' ( 101 centimeters ) and weighs 4.2 lbs ( 1.9 kg ) . The swords neck between the blade and the hilt is decorated with a gold inlaid miniature of Vishnu riding the Garuda .   The sword 's history has been shrouded in myth and legend . In 1784 , Chao Phraya Apai Pubet of Cambodia received the blade from fishermen who found in it Tonle Sap , when it was caught in his fishing net . He decided to give it to King Phutthayotfa Chulalok ( or Rama I ) of Thailand , his suzerain at the time . According to legend , it was said that the moment the blade arrived in Bangkok , seven different lighting strikes hit the city simultaneously , including over the city gate , where the blade entered , and over the main gate of the Grand Palace .   The sword 's name means `` The Wisdom of the King '' , as it was supposed to remind the King that he must rule over his people with wisdom . King Rama I had the hilt and scabbard made of gold , inlaid with diamonds and precious stones . During the coronation ceremony the King is handed the sword by a Brahmin , straps it onto his belt himself . The Sword features heavily in the Oath of Allegiance Ceremony where the King ceremoniously dip the sword into a bowl of sacred water , he will then drink the water as an example , followed by senior civil servants and military officers as a sign of allegiance to the institution of the Monarchy .

neg: Krom Ngoy Krom Ngoy ( born Ouk Ou អ ក អ ; 1865 -- 1936 ) was a famous Khmer poet and player of `` Kse Diev '' , a Khmer traditional one string instrument . His fame spread to Thailand , and he was invited to sing for the then Thai King . He was well liked by the king and officials and was entitled `` Phai-ros Loe Koern '' in Thai or `` Phee-rom Pheasa Ou '' in Khmer which would means one who is excellent in the use of language .   He generally included issues relevant to ways of life of the people then in his songs or poetic teachings . They include : working in the farm to earn a living , choosing a spouse , poverty and its causes , ignorance of the people , consequences of laziness and inactiveness , dominance of foreigners on Khmer people , the loss of sovereignty , and the decline of the Khmer culture and literature .   He was called for an audience with and sing for the King Sisowath of Cambodia and was given a title as `` Neak Preah Phee-rom Pheasa Ou '' unofficially translated as the elevated one who is excellent or perfect in the use of language . Ou was his name , but later on was given another name by the King to Ngoy in order not to duplicate with another royal official whose name was also Ou .  His educational poems were delivered in voice form and not recorded . He was later on invited by the then director of the Buddhist Institute in Phnom Penh , Ms Suzanne Karpeles , to sing his poems in a slow phase so that his wisdom could be written down for later generations . His poetic teachings have been published by the Buddhist Institute .   His wife 's name was In and he had got six sons namely Doung , Cheng , Cha , Chen , Chong , and Chev . His 5th son , inherited his talent and was called Aja Chong . Aja refers to a teacher , a wise elder , the one who is knowledgeable in his subject , particularly literature or religion .   Ouk Ou died at the age of 71 , because of constipation , on Friday , the 6th day of the waxing moon , 2479 Buddhist year or 1936 AD .   Reference : Krom Ngoy 's Codes of Conduct , The Buddhist Institute , 1972   Category :1865 births  Category :1936 deaths  Category : Cambodian poets  Category : People from Kandal Province

neg: Laos–Thailand relations Laos and Thailand have had bilateral relations for the most part of history . The two countries share a common border , share linguistic and cultural similarities , and have long intertwined histories since the time of their predecessor kingdoms Lan Xang and Ayutthaya in the 15th century . The Lao kingdom of Lan Xang included all of northeastern Thailand as recently as the early 18th century . Thailand 's northeastern region , Isan , has particularly strong Lao roots . Linguistically , the inhabitants of Isan , a third of the Thai population , speak the Isan language , a Lao dialect . Both countries have an interest in making the Mekong River a `` river of true peace and friendship '' , as their respective prime ministers called for in 1976 .   Diplomatic relations between the modern states were established in 1950 , but cross-border cooperation only began at the end of the Cold War .

neg: Ancient Egyptian literature Ancient Egyptian literature was written in the Egyptian language from ancient Egypt 's pharaonic period until the end of Roman domination . It represents the oldest corpus of Egyptian literature . Along with Sumerian literature , it is considered the world 's earliest literature .   Writing in ancient Egypt -- both hieroglyphic and hieratic -- first appeared in the late 4th millennium BC during the late phase of predynastic Egypt . By the Old Kingdom ( 26th century BC to 22nd century BC ) , literary works included funerary texts , epistles and letters , hymns and poems , and commemorative autobiographical texts recounting the careers of prominent administrative officials . It was not until the early Middle Kingdom ( 21st century BC to 17th century BC ) that a narrative Egyptian literature was created . This was a `` media revolution '' which , according to Richard B. Parkinson , was the result of the rise of an intellectual class of scribes , new cultural sensibilities about individuality , unprecedented levels of literacy , and mainstream access to written materials . However , it is possible that the overall literacy rate was less than one percent of the entire population . The creation of literature was thus an elite exercise , monopolized by a scribal class attached to government offices and the royal court of the ruling pharaoh . However , there is no full consensus among modern scholars concerning the dependence of ancient Egyptian literature on the sociopolitical order of the royal courts .   Middle Egyptian , the spoken language of the Middle Kingdom , became a classical language during the New Kingdom ( 16th century BC to 11th century BC ) , when the vernacular language known as Late Egyptian first appeared in writing . Scribes of the New Kingdom canonized and copied many literary texts written in Middle Egyptian , which remained the language used for oral readings of sacred hieroglyphic texts . Some genres of Middle Kingdom literature , such as `` teachings '' and fictional tales , remained popular in the New Kingdom , although the genre of prophetic texts was not revived until the Ptolemaic period ( 4th century BC to 1st century BC ) . Popular tales included the Story of Sinuhe and The Eloquent Peasant , while important teaching texts include the Instructions of Amenemhat and The Loyalist Teaching . By the New Kingdom period , the writing of commemorative graffiti on sacred temple and tomb walls flourished as a unique genre of literature , yet it employed formulaic phrases similar to other genres . The acknowledgment of rightful authorship remained important only in a few genres , while texts of the `` teaching '' genre were pseudonymous and falsely attributed to prominent historical figures .   Ancient Egyptian literature has been preserved on a wide variety of media . This includes papyrus scrolls and packets , limestone or ceramic ostraca , wooden writing boards , monumental stone edifices and coffins . Texts preserved and unearthed by modern archaeologists represent a small fraction of ancient Egyptian literary material . The area of the floodplain of the Nile is under-represented because the moist environment is unsuitable for the preservation of papyri and ink inscriptions . On the other hand , hidden caches of literature , buried for thousands of years , have been discovered in settlements on the dry desert margins of Egyptian civilization .

neg: History of the Loss of Vietnam History of the Loss of Vietnam ( , Việt Nam vong quốc sử ) was a Chinese-language book written by Phan Bội Châu , the leading Vietnamese anti-colonial revolutionary of the early 20th century , in 1905 while he was in Japan .   It was published by Liang Chi Chao , a leading Chinese nationalist revolutionary scholar then in Japan , who assisted Chau during his time attempting to drum up support for Vietnamese independence in China . The book was intended for distribution mainly in China and abroad , but also for smuggling into Vietnam to rally people to the cause of Vietnamese independence . The book helped popularize the word `` Vietnam . '' At the time , the country was generally called `` Annam . ''   The book negatively assessed the response of the Nguyen dynasty in the 19th century to the colonial challenges facing Vietnam and the failure to modernise , with the Nguyễn instead turning to ultra-orthodox conservative Confucianism . The book presents strident and emotive memorials to the key figures of the Cần Vương ( Protect the King ) movement of the late 1880s and early 1890s , led by mandarins such as Tôn Thất Thuyết and Phan Dinh Phung , who led guerrillas against the French . The Cần Vương attempted to overthrow the French rule and establish the boy emperor Hàm Nghi as ruler of an independent Vietnam . History analyzed French social and economic policies in Vietnam , which it regards as oppression . In the book , Chau argues for the establishment of a nationwide pro-independence front with seven factions or interested groups with a specific motivation to fight the French colonial authorities .   The book was written in a style that differed from the prevailing writing technique and structure of the scholar gentry of the time . Chau eschewed this traditional style to write in a direct , ordinary prose style , especially in his analytical and argumentative sections .   The book was distributed in China at least five times , and the first two printings were incorporated into Liang 's periodical magazine Hsin-min ts ` ung-pao . The book was accompanied by a foreword by Liang , which was used to draw similarities between the situation facing Vietnam and China with respect to foreign domination . The book created a reaction in China , sparking follow-up essays by Chinese writers who were taken aback by the Chau 's description of the life that faced Vietnamese people under French rule . It generated gloomy pieces by Chinese writers who predicted that their nation would suffer a similar fate if they failed to modernise . One such Chinese response later became a teaching text at the Tonkin Free School in Hanoi , a school run by Chau 's contemporaries to promote the independence movement . However , Chau did not receive much of a reaction in terms of aid towards his independence efforts , since the book mainly had the effect of worrying Chinese about their own future . History had a much better reception among readers in Vietnam . Chau left Japan for the first time in August 1905 , carrying fifty copies of the book that were distributed throughout Vietnam , of which further copies were made inside the country .

neg: Middle Tamil language The evolution of Old Tamil into Middle Tamil , which is generally taken to have been completed by the 8th century , was characterised by a number of phonological and grammatical changes . In phonological terms , the most important shifts were the virtual disappearance of the aytam , an old phoneme , the coalescence of the alveolar and dental nasals , and the transformation of the alveolar plosive into a rhotic . In grammar , the most important change was the emergence of the present tense . The present tense evolved out of the verb , meaning `` to be possible '' or `` to befall '' . In Old Tamil , this verb was used as an aspect marker to indicate that an action was micro-durative , non-sustained or non-lasting , usually in combination with a time marker such as . In Middle Tamil , this usage evolved into a present tense marker -- -- which combined the old aspect and time markers .   From the period of the Pallava dynasty onwards , a number of Sanskrit loan-words entered Tamil , particularly in relation to political , religious and philosophical concepts . Sanskrit also influenced Tamil grammar , in the increased use of cases and in declined nouns becoming adjuncts of verbs , and phonology . The forms of writing in Tamil have developed through years . The Tamil script also changed in the period of Middle Tamil . Tamil Brahmi and Vaṭṭeḻuttu , into which it evolved , were the main scripts used in Old Tamil inscriptions . From the 8th century onwards , however , the Pallavas began using a new script , derived from the Pallava Grantha script which was used to write Sanskrit , which eventually replaced Vaṭṭeḻuttu .   Middle Tamil is attested in a large number of inscriptions , and in a significant body of secular and religious literature . These include the religious poems and songs of the Bhakthi poets , such as the Tēvāram verses on Shaivism and Nālāyira Tivya Pirapantam on Vaishnavism , and adaptations of religious legends such as the 12th century Tamil Ramayana composed by Kamban and the story of 63 shaivite devotees known as Periyapurāṇam . Iraiyaṉār Akapporuḷ , an early treatise on love poetics , and Naṉṉūl , a 12th-century grammar that became the standard grammar of literary Tamil , are also from the Middle Tamil period .  There is a famous saying  translating to `` He whose heart is not melted by Thiruvasagam can not be melted by any vasagam ( saying ) '' . The Thiruvasagam is composed by Manikkavasagar

neg: History of the Byzantine Empire This history of the Byzantine Empire covers the history of the Eastern Roman Empire from late antiquity until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 AD . Several events from the 4th to 6th centuries mark the transitional period during which the Roman Empire 's east and west divided . In 285 , the emperor Diocletian ( r. 284 -- 305 ) partitioned the Roman Empire 's administration into eastern and western halves . Between 324 and 330 , Constantine I ( r. 306 -- 337 ) transferred the main capital from Rome to Byzantium , later known as Constantinople ( `` City of Constantine '' ) and Nova Roma ( `` New Rome '' ) . Under Theodosius I ( r. 379 -- 395 ) , Christianity became the Empire 's official state religion and others such as Roman polytheism were proscribed . And finally , under the reign of Heraclius ( r. 610 -- 641 ) , the Empire 's military and administration were restructured and adopted Greek for official use instead of Latin . Thus , although it continued the Roman state and maintained Roman state traditions , modern historians distinguish Byzantium from ancient Rome insofar as it was oriented towards Greek rather than Latin culture , and characterised by Orthodox Christianity rather than Roman polytheism .   The borders of the Empire evolved significantly over its existence , as it went through several cycles of decline and recovery . During the reign of Justinian I ( r. 527 -- 565 ) , the Empire reached its greatest extent after reconquering much of the historically Roman western Mediterranean coast , including north Africa , Italy , and Rome itself , which it held for two more centuries . During the reign of Maurice ( r. 582 -- 602 ) , the Empire 's eastern frontier was expanded and the north stabilised . However , his assassination caused a two-decade-long war with Sassanid Persia which exhausted the Empire 's resources and contributed to major territorial losses during the Muslim conquests of the 7th century . In a matter of years the Empire lost its richest provinces , Egypt and Syria , to the Arabs .   During the Macedonian dynasty ( 10th -- 11th centuries ) , the Empire again expanded and experienced a two-century long renaissance , which came to an end with the loss of much of Asia Minor to the Seljuk Turks after the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 . This battle opened the way for the Turks to settle in Anatolia as a homeland .   The final centuries of the Empire exhibited a general trend of decline . It struggled to recover during the 12th century , but was delivered a mortal blow during the Fourth Crusade , when Constantinople was sacked and the Empire dissolved and divided into competing Byzantine Greek and Latin realms . Despite the eventual recovery of Constantinople and re-establishment of the Empire in 1261 , Byzantium remained only one of several small rival states in the area for the final two centuries of its existence . Its remaining territories were progressively annexed by the Ottomans over the 15th century . The Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 finally ended the Roman Empire .

neg: Cambodia at the 2012 Summer Paralympics Cambodia competed at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London , United Kingdom , from August 29 to September 9 .   The country is fielding its smallest delegation to date : a single athlete , female sprinter Thin Seng Hon. As no Cambodian athlete qualified for the Games , the country received a wildcard invitation to send one competitor in track and field events .   Thin `` was born without a fully formed right leg '' , and uses a `` $ 2 500 J-shaped running blade '' prosthetic . Her coach , pointing out that her prosthetic is `` not custom-built for sprinting and is less comfortable and shock absorbent than those owned by her first world rivals '' , has argued she is likely to be disadvantaged by a `` technology gap '' , as well as by poverty ; Thin `` trains on a dirt track and balances running with a full-time job at a souvenir shop '' . `` Paralympics : Cambodia bemoans ` high-tech Paralympics ' '' , AFP , 27 August 2012


query: Gwen Stefani received a World Music Award.

pos: Gwen Stefani Gwen Renée Stefani ( -LSB- gwɛn_ˈstəˈfɑːni -RSB- born October 3 , 1969 ) is an American singer , songwriter , fashion designer , actress , and television personality . She is the co-founder and lead vocalist of the band No Doubt that experienced major success after their breakthrough studio album Tragic Kingdom ( 1995 ) along with various successful singles , including `` Just a Girl '' , `` Do n't Speak '' , `` Hey Baby '' , and `` It 's My Life '' . During the band 's hiatus , Stefani embarked on a solo pop career in 2004 by releasing her debut studio album Love . Angel . Music . Baby . Inspired by pop music from the 1980s , the album was met with both critical and commercial success . It spawned three commercially successful singles : `` What You Waiting For ? '' , `` Rich Girl '' , and `` Hollaback Girl '' , the latter reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 while also becoming the first US download to sell one million copies . In 2006 Stefani released her second studio album The Sweet Escape . The album produced two successful singles : `` Wind It Up '' and the album 's title track `` The Sweet Escape '' . Her third solo album This Is What the Truth Feels Like was released in March 2016 and became her first solo number-one album on the Billboard 200 .   Stefani has won three Grammy Awards . As a solo artist she has received various accolades , including an American Music Award , Brit Award , World Music Award and two Billboard Music Awards . In 2003 , she debuted her clothing line L.A.M.B. and expanded her collection with the 2005 Harajuku Lovers line , drawing inspiration from Japanese culture and fashion . Stefani performs and makes public appearances with four back-up dancers known as the Harajuku Girls . She was married to British musician Gavin Rossdale from 2002 to 2015 and they have three sons . Billboard magazine ranked Stefani the 54th most successful artist and 37th most successful Hot 100 artist of the 2000 -- 09 decade . VH1 ranked her 13th on their `` 100 Greatest Women in Music '' list in 2012 . Including her work with No Doubt , Stefani has sold more than 30 million albums worldwide .

neg: London International Awards The London International Awards , or LIA ( formerly known as London International Advertising Awards , LIAA ) , are a worldwide awards annually honoring `` pioneers , and embodiments of excellence '' in advertising , digital media , production , design , music & sound and branded entertainment . It was the first truly international advertising award of its kind to acknowledge all media and methods from all over the world to be judged by a diverse global jury .

neg: American Music Award for Favorite Soul/R&B Female Artist The American Music Award for Favorite Soul/R & B Female Artist has been awarded since 1974 .   Years reflect the year during which the American Music Awards were presented , for works released in the previous year ( until 2003 onward , when awards were handed out on November of the same year ) .   The all-time winner in this category is Rihanna with 6 wins .

neg: MTV Europe Music Award for Best Song The MTV Europe Music Award for Best Song is the main award of the EMA 's . It was first awarded in 1994 , when `` 7 Seconds '' won it , and has been given out since . Lady Gaga , Pink and Beyoncé have been the big winners with two awards . In 2007 and 2008 the category was named Most Addictive Track , but in 2009 called again Best Song .

neg: Latin Grammy Award for Best Singer-Songwriter Album The Latin Grammy Award for Best Singer-Songwriter Album is an honor presented annually at the Latin Grammy Awards , a ceremony that recognizes excellence and creates a wider awareness of cultural diversity and contributions of Latin recording artists in the United States and internationally . According to the category description guide for the 13th Latin Grammy Awards , the award is reserved for solo artists or duos and they `` must compose and interpret 75 percent of the album on their own to be eligible in this category '' . Additionally , live albums are eligible if they contain at least 51 percent of new unreleased material released within the eligibility period .   The accolade for Best Singer-Songwriter Album was first presented to American performer and musician Soraya at the 5th Latin Grammy Awards in 2004 for her eponymous fourth studio album ( 2003 ) . Caetano Veloso and Gian Marco Zignago have received the most wins in this category , with four . Guatemalan singer Ricardo Arjona has the highest number of nominations without a single win , with four unsuccessful nominations . For the first time in the category 's history , in 2011 , a tie was declared with the award given to Zignago for Días Nuevos and to Cuban artist Amaury Gutiérrez for Sesiones Intimas .

neg: Brit Award for British Breakthrough Act The Brit Award for British Breakthrough Act is an award given by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) , an organisation which represents record companies and artists in the United Kingdom . The accolade is presented at the Brit Awards , an annual celebration of British and international music . The winners and nominees are determined by the BRIT Awards voting academy with over 1,000 members , which comprise record labels , publishers , managers , agents , media , and previous winners and nominees .   The award was first presented in 1977 as two awards as `` British Male Newcomer '' and `` British Female Newcomer '' which were won by Graham Parker and Julie Covington . When the Brit Awards was held for the second time in 1982 , the awards `` British Male Newcomer '' and `` British Female Newcomer '' became joint as one award for both male and female acts as well introducing groups acts to award . The first award for the joint `` British Newcomer '' was won by The Human League . In 2003 the award was renamed to `` British Breakthrough Act '' .

neg: Raja Kumari Svetha Rao ( born January 11 , 1986 ) , professionally known as Raja Kumari ( ` The daughter of the king ' in Tamil ) , is an Indian American songwriter , rapper and recording artist from Claremont , California . Kumari is best known for her collaboration with notable artists including Gwen Stefani , Iggy Azalea , Fifth Harmony , Knife Party , and Fall Out Boy . She is also notable for receiving as a songwriter , the BMI Pop Awards in 2016 , being nominated to a Grammy award in February 2015 , and featuring on BBC Asian Network programme Bobby Friction on July 5 , 2016 .

neg: Your World Awards The Premios Tu Mundo ( Spanish for `` Your World Awards '' ) is an annual award presented by American television network Telemundo . The awards celebrates the achievements of Hispanics and Latinos in the media including TV shows , movies , music , fashion , and sports . The awards were established in 2012 .

neg: South African Music Award for Newcomer of the Year The South African Music Awards ( often simply the SAMAs ) are the Recording Industry of South Africa 's music industry awards , established in 1995 . The ceremony is held in late-April or May every year , with the judging process starting in November of the previous year . The nominations are typically announced at the end of March . The winners receive a gold-plated statuette called a SAMA .   The show is consistently held at the Super Bowl in Sun City , with exception of two years , and broadcast live on national broadcaster , SABC . The ceremony features live performances by a selection of nominees . The SAMAs are considered the South African equivalent of the American Grammy Awards . MTN has been the title sponsor of the event since 2003 .

neg: Lo Nuestro Award for Tropical New Artist of the Year The Lo Nuestro Award for Tropical/Salsa New Artist of the Year is an honor presented annually by American network Univision . It was first awarded in 1989 and has been given annually since to recognize the most talented performers of Latin music . The nominees and winners were originally selected by a voting poll conducted among program directors of Spanish-language radio stations in the United States and also based on chart performance on Billboard Latin music charts , with the results being tabulated and certified by the accounting firm Deloitte . At the present time , the winners are selected by the audience through an online survey . The trophy awarded is shaped in the form of a treble clef .   The award was first presented to Nicaraguan singer Luis Enrique . Puerto-Rican American performer Olga Tañón was a nominee in 1993 and eventually became the most awarded performer in Lo Nuestro Awards history , with 22 accolades . American singer Marc Anthony won the following year and also received the Grammy Award for Best Tropical Latin Performance for the album Contra la Corriente in 1998 . Puerto-Rican American artist Elvis Crespo earned the award in 1999 , the same year that his songs `` Suavemente '' and `` Tu Sonrisa '' peaked at number-one at the Billboard Latin Songs chart . At the 12th Lo Nuestro Awards , Son by Four was named Tropical New Artist of the Year aided by the massive success of their single `` A Puro Dolor '' , which later ranked 1st at the Hot Latin Songs 25th Anniversary chart . Colombian singer-songwriter Fonseca won in 2007 and also earned the Latin Grammy Award for Best Tropical Song . In 2013 , the Pop , Regional Mexican and Tropical/Salsa New Artist of the Year categories were merged on a Lo Nuestro Award for Best New Artist category in the General Field ; however , the following year , the Lo Nuestro Award for Tropical New Artist of the Year was reincorporated .

neg: Gloria Muliro Gloria Owendi , commonly referred to as Gloria Muliro ( Born 1 April 1980 ) , is a Kenyan Gospel musician and songwriter . She debuted in 2005 when she released her first studio album titled Omwami Aletsa ( The Lord is Coming ) . As of 2013 , Muliro has four albums to her name , her most successful being Kibali ( mandate ) which has the popular song `` Sitolia '' ( I Wo n't Cry ) featuring Willy Paul . The album earned her six Groove Awards nominations . She went on to receive the female artist of the year award at the eighth Groove awards , an event that was attended by President of Kenya Uhuru Kenyatta .

neg: Los Premios 40 Principales for Best Latin Artist The Premios 40 Principales for Best Latin Artist is an honor presented annually at Los Premios 40 Principales , a ceremony that recognizes excellence in music , organised by Spain 's top music radio Los 40 Principales . The award was first seen in 2007 , separated from the Best International Artist category .   Shakira is the most awarded artist in this category , being a four-time winner . Juanes follows her with two awards . In 2013 , Ricky Martin became the first non-Colombian artist to notch the award .

neg: Italian Music Awards The Italian Music Awards were an accolade established in 2001 by the Federation of the Italian Music Industry to recognize the achievements in the Italian music business both by domestic and international artists .   The awards were given by an academy composed of 400 people , including music publishers , journalists , deejays , music producers , managers , retailers and consumers .   The first Italian Music Awards ceremony was held on 5 February 2001 , to honor musical accomplishments for the period between 1 December 1999 and 30 November 2000 , while the fourth and last awards ceremony was held on 15 December 2003 .  The fifth edition of the awards was initially scheduled to be held in the end of 2004 , but after being postponed in February 2004 and then in the Spring of 2004 , it was canceled due to the lack of a broadcast agreement with the Italian TV networks .   The gap left by the Italian Music Awards was later filled by the Wind Music Awards , established in 2007 .

neg: Australian pop music awards Australian pop music awards are a series of inter-related national awards that gave recognition to popular musical artists and have included the Go-Set pop poll ( 1966 -- 1972 ) ; TV Week King of Pop Awards ( 1967 -- 1978 ) ; TV Week and Countdown Music Awards ( 1979 -- 1980 ) ; and Countdown Music and Video Awards ( 1981 -- 1986 ) . Early awards were based on popular voting from readers of teenage pop music newspaper Go-Set and television program guide TV Week . They were followed by responses from viewers of Countdown , a TV pop music series ( 1974 -- 1987 ) on national broadcaster Australian Broadcasting Corporation ( ABC ) . Some of the later award ceremonies incorporated listed nominees and peer-voted awards . From 1987 the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) instituted its own peer-voted ARIA Music Awards .

neg: 2014 iHeartRadio Music Awards The 2014 iHeartRadio Music Awards , was the inaugural music award show presented by iHeartMedia 's platform iHeartRadio and NBC . The awards were held on May 1 , 2014 , at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles . The awards show was announced on February 26 , 2014 . The nominations were compiled by the results of Mediabase charts , listener feedback and digital straming data from the iHeartRadio platform and announced on March 26 , 2014 . The awards recognized the biggest artists and songs of the year . The show was directed by Hamish Hamilton . The voting took place on iHeartRadio 's official webpage except for the `` Instagram Award '' , where voting took place on social network Instagram .   Rihanna led the nominations with eight and also became the biggest winner of the night with four wins including Artist of the Year and Song of the Year .   NBC 's telecast of the iHeartRadio Music Awards drew 5.4 million viewers overall and a rating of 1.7 in the key 18-to-49-year-old demographic .

neg: JoAnn Falletta International Guitar Concerto Competition The JoAnn Falletta International Guitar Concerto Competition is a competition for classical guitarists from all over the world . The competition was launched in 2004 by PBS member stations WNED-FM , WNED-TV and the Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra ( BPO ) . It was named in honor of the BPO 's music director , JoAnn Falletta . It was the world 's first concerto competition for classical guitarists with accompaniment by a full symphony orchestra . The art directors are Joanne Castellani and Michael Andriaccio ( Castellani-Andriaccio Duo ) and Donald K. Boswell ( President and CEO , Western New York Public Broadcasting ) .   To date there have been only three absolute winners of the competition who won all three possible awards ( 1st Prize , Musicians Favorite Award and Audience Favorite Award ) : 2004 : Marcin Dylla ( Poland ) , 2014 : Marko Topchii ( Ukraine ) and 2016 : Anton Baranov ( Russia ) .

neg: MTV Video Music Award for Best Video with a Social Message The MTV Video Music Award for Best Video with a Social Message is an award handed out at the yearly MTV Video Music Awards , first introduced at the 2011 ceremony . The first winner of the category was Lady Gaga . As of 2015 , Kelly Clarkson , Rise Against , and Beyoncé have received the most nominations in this category , being nominated twice .

neg: 2011 MuchMusic Video Awards The 2011 MuchMusic Video Awards was held in Toronto , Ontario , Canada at MuchMusic 's headquarters on June 19 , 2011 . The awards were aired on MuchMusic , CP24 , E! , MuchHD and Fuse . Along with the MuchMusic VJ 's , it was confirmed on the MuchMusic website that Selena Gomez will host the show . Lady Gaga and Justin Bieber tied for the most awards won with 2 each .

neg: Grammy Award for Best New Artist The Grammy Award for Best New Artist has been awarded since 1959 . Years reflect the year in which the Grammy Awards were handed out , for records released in the previous year . The award was not presented in 1967 . The official guidelines are as follows : `` For a new artist who releases , during the Eligibility Year , the first recording which establishes the public identity of that artist . '' Note that this is not necessarily the first album released by an artist .   It is sometimes asserted , with varying degrees of sincerity , that winning the award is a curse , as several award winners ( particularly from the late 1970s and early 1980s ) were never able to duplicate the success they experienced in their debut year . This viewpoint was expressed by former Starland Vocal Band member Taffy Danoff in a 2002 interview for VH1 's 100 Greatest One Hit Wonders : `` We got two of the five Grammys -- one was Best New Artist . So that was basically the kiss of death and I feel sorry for everyone who 's gotten it since . ''   The category is also notable for being the only one of its kind in which a Grammy Award was vacated . This occurred in 1990 after it was revealed winners Milli Vanilli did not contribute their own vocals on their debut album . The award was revoked , but was not handed out to another artist .   Of the 54 awards presented in the category since its inception , the honor has been presented to 25 solo female artists , 18 duos or groups , and 11 solo male artists . Between 1997 and 2003 , all the winners were solo female artists . Also , from 1993 to 2005 , no winner was a solo male artist . In 2006 , John Legend broke this trend , which started with Marc Cohn in 1992 . Only four artists have won both Best New Artist and Album of the Year in the same year : Bob Newhart in 1961 , Christopher Cross in 1981 , Lauryn Hill in 1999 and Norah Jones in 2003 .   Of all the winners , only three have been country artists . In 1997 , LeAnn Rimes became the first country artist to win the award . She was followed by Carrie Underwood in 2007 and Zac Brown Band in 2010 . Additionally , 2017 marked the first time that two country artists were nominated in this category in the same year .   1984 marked the first time that all of the nominees were from outside of the United States ( Winner Culture Club , Eurythmics , and Musical Youth were from England , Big Country was from Scotland , and Men Without Hats were from Canada ) .

neg: The Sweet Escape (song) `` The Sweet Escape '' is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani from her second studio album of the same name ( 2006 ) . It was written by Stefani , Akon , and Giorgio Tuinfort . Akon , who is also a featured artist , developed the song 's beat before collaborating with Stefani . He designed it based on her previous work with No Doubt , and Stefani later commented that it put her `` on the yellow brick road to the No Doubt record I might do '' . `` The Sweet Escape '' is an apology for a fight between two lovers and describes a dream of a pleasant life for them . As the album 's title track , its title was chosen to help market Stefani 's music and fashion lines .   The song received generally positive reviews from contemporary music critics , though there was a negative response to Akon 's presence as a featured artist . `` The Sweet Escape '' was released as the album 's second single on December 19 , 2006 and was commercially successful in mainstream and adult contemporary markets . It reached the top 10 of most singles charts and topped the New Zealand Singles Chart . The song was nominated for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals at the 50th Grammy Awards . In the song 's accompanying music video , Stefani attempts to escape from a golden prison .

neg: Grammy Award for Producer of the Year, Classical The Grammy Award for Producer of the Year , Classical is an honor presented to record producers for quality classical music productions at the Grammy Awards , a ceremony that was established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards . Honors in several categories are presented at the ceremony annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States to `` honor artistic achievement , technical proficiency and overall excellence in the recording industry , without regard to album sales or chart position '' .   Originally known as the Grammy Award for Classical Producer of the Year , the award was first presented to James Mallinson at the 22nd Grammy Awards ( 1980 ) . The name remained unchanged until 1998 , when the category became known as Producer of the Year , Classical . According to the category description guide for the 52nd Grammy Awards , the award is presented to album producers `` whose recordings , released for the first time during the eligibility year , represent consistently outstanding creativity in the production of classical recordings '' . Producers must have produced at least 51 % playing time on three separately released recordings ( only one of which can be an opera released in DVD format ) . Producers may submit content as a team only if they worked together exclusively during the period of eligibility .  Anthony Tommasini , music critic for The New York Times , asserted that `` In the struggling field of classical recording , it 's the producers who take the real risks and make things happen . '' The honor is presented alongside the award for Producer of the Year , Non-Classical .   As of 2015 , Steven Epstein and Robert Woods share the record of the most wins , with seven each . Judith Sherman has won the award four times , while David Frost and James Mallinson have been presented the award three times each . Two-time recipients include Joanna Nickrenz ( once alongside Marc Aubort ) . Woods ' wife , Elaine Martone , received the honor in 2007 . David Frost is the son of Thomas Frost , who received an award in the same category in 1987 .


query: Buddy Holly's birth name was Johnny Bravo.

pos: Buddy Holly Buddy Holly ( born Charles Hardin Holley ; September 7 , 1936 -- February 3 , 1959 ) was an American musician and singer-songwriter who was a central figure of mid-1950s rock and roll . Holley was born in Lubbock , Texas , to a musical family during the Great Depression ; he learned to play guitar and to sing alongside his siblings . His style was influenced by gospel music , country music , and rhythm and blues acts , and he performed in Lubbock with his friends from high school . He made his first appearance on local television in 1952 , and the following year he formed the group `` Buddy and Bob '' with his friend Bob Montgomery . In 1955 , after opening for Elvis Presley , Holly decided to pursue a career in music . He opened for Presley three times that year ; his band 's style shifted from country and western to entirely rock and roll . In October that year , when he opened for Bill Haley & His Comets , Holly was spotted by Nashville scout Eddie Crandall , who helped him get a contract with Decca Records .   Holly 's recording sessions at Decca were produced by Owen Bradley . Unhappy with Bradley 's control in the studio and with the sound he achieved there , Holly went to producer Norman Petty in Clovis , New Mexico , and recorded a demo of `` That 'll Be the Day '' , among other songs . Petty became the band 's manager and sent the demo to Brunswick Records , which released it as a single credited to `` The Crickets '' , which became the name of Holly 's band . In September 1957 , as the band toured , `` That 'll Be the Day '' topped the US `` Best Sellers in Stores '' chart and the UK Singles Chart . Its success was followed in October by another major hit , `` Peggy Sue '' .   The album Chirping Crickets , released in November 1957 , reached number five on the UK Albums Chart . Holly made his second appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show in January 1958 and soon after , toured Australia and then the UK . In early 1959 , Holly assembled a new band , consisting of future country music star Waylon Jennings ( bass ) , famed session musician Tommy Allsup ( guitar ) , and Carl Bunch ( drums ) , and embarked on a tour of the midwestern U.S. . After a show in Clear Lake , Iowa , Holly chartered an airplane to travel to his next show , in Moorhead , Minnesota . Soon after takeoff , the plane crashed , killing Holly , Ritchie Valens , The Big Bopper , and pilot Roger Peterson in a tragedy later referred to by Don McLean as `` The Day the Music Died '' .   During his short career , Holly wrote , recorded , and produced his own material . He is often regarded as the artist who defined the traditional rock-and-roll lineup of two guitars , bass , and drums . Holly was a major influence on later popular music artists , including The Beatles , The Rolling Stones , Eric Clapton , and Elton John . He was among the first artists inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , in 1986 . Rolling Stone magazine ranked him number 13 in its list of `` 100 Greatest Artists '' .

neg: Elvis Presley's guitars Elvis Presley 's guitars were a major component of the iconic rock and roll image created by Elvis Presley that revolutionized popular culture in the 1950s and 1960s . It is impossible to gauge the impact of that image on millions of young people around the world who were inspired to learn to play guitar after watching Presley in performance , on television , or in films . Although not known for his abilities as a guitarist , Presley had a profound musical influence on some of the most important rock and roll artists to emerge since the 1950s , including Buddy Holly , John Lennon , Paul McCartney , George Harrison , Bob Dylan , and Bruce Springsteen . The extent of Presley 's impact on their lives and music is captured in John Lennon 's famous quote : `` Before Elvis , there was nothing . ''   According to his first lead guitarist , Scotty Moore , Presley was not `` an accomplished musician '' , yet he possessed `` an uncanny and amazing sense of timing and rhythm . '' In the early years of his career , Presley 's rhythm guitar accompaniment played a major role in the sound of his early performances and recordings . Moore noted that as Presley began to learn to move on stage and to work the audience with his physical performance , his guitar became more of a `` prop '' .   Presley was not known to treat his instruments in a gentle manner . His very aggressive strumming style would frequently break strings during his performances . The lack of a microphone on his guitar throughout those years contributed to the development of his `` aggressive style in attempt to be heard '' . As his career progressed , he became even more aggressive toward his instruments , frequently tossing his guitar to Charlie Hodge , who sometimes failed to catch it . The impact of the large belt buckles and jewelry he wore left their marks on most of his instruments .

neg: Virgil Johnson (singer) Virgil Lewis Johnson ( December 29 , 1935 February 24 , 2013 ) was an African American deejay , formerly at radio station KDAV in Lubbock . He was the lead singer of The Velvets , a 1950s and 1960s vocal quintet from Odessa , also in West Texas . They are best remembered for their 1961 hit `` Tonight ( Could Be the Night ) '' , which peaked at No. 26 on the Billboard pop charts . The song refers to a young woman waiting to fall in love or perhaps for her intended to propose marriage and present her with a ring of commitment . The Velvets can be heard chanting `` doo-wop '' as a refrain in a song . Doo wop is considered to have originated in 1955 with The Turbans ' `` When You Dance '' . However , the Velvets were a special type of doo-wop group because their sound was highly polished , and the backing usually included stringed instruments .   KDAV calls itself the Buddy Holly Station , and Johnson during his tenure there was known as `` V.J. the D.J. '' Prior to his retirement from KDAV , Johnson broadcast on weekdays from 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. KDAV is heard through the Internet . The station plays primarily rock and roll songs from the 1950s , the 1960s , and -- recently -- the first half of the 1970s .

neg: Buddy Holly Center The Buddy Holly Center is a performance and visual arts center in Lubbock , Texas , dedicated to Buddy Holly as well as the music of Lubbock and West Texas more broadly . The building in which it is located opened as the city 's Fort Worth and Denver South Plains Railway depot in 1928 . In 1996 , the City of Lubbock obtained a sizable collection of Holly-related artifacts from his estate , and the next year it purchased the former depot . In 1999 , the new Buddy Holly Center opened as the home of the newly acquired Buddy Holly collection as well as a replacement for the city 's Fine Arts Center , which had been established in 1984 .   The Center features a permanent gallery for the Buddy Holly collection , which showcases artifacts and documents from Holly 's childhood as well as his professional career , as well as the Texas Musician Hall of Fame , the Lubbock Fine Arts Gallery , and three additional visual arts galleries that host traveling exhibits . In 2002 , an oversized sculpture of Holly 's distinctive horn-rimmed glasses was installed outside the Center 's main entrance , and in 2013 Crickets drummer Jerry Allison 's restored house was relocated to the site and opened to the public .

neg: Johnny Williams (bassist) Johnny Williams , Jr. ( March 13 , 1908 , Memphis , Tennessee - October 23 , 1998 , New York City ) was an American jazz tubist and double-bassist .   Williams learned to play violin as a child , and switched to tuba as a teenager ; he played both this instrument and the stand-up bass while playing in regional territory bands in the southern states . He relocated to New York City in 1936 , where he worked with Red Allen , Buster Bailey , Sidney Bechet , Benny Carter , J.C. Higginbotham , Billie Holiday , Harry James , James P. Johnson , the Mills Blue Rhythm Band , Frankie Newton , and Teddy Wilson . He also played in the bands of Coleman Hawkins and Louis Armstrong in the early 1940s before joining Teddy Wilson 's band once again . He and Edmond Hall recorded together in 1944 , and worked together until 1947 ; following this , Williams played with Tab Smith and then with Johnny Hodges in the mid-1950s .   From the 1960s onward , Williams was less active , though he worked occasionally with musicians such as Buddy Tate ( 1968 ) , Red Richards ( intermittently , 1970s ) , and Bob Greene ( 1978-82 ) . He played with the Harlem Blues and Jazz Band from 1978-1998 , when he had a stroke ; he died later that year .

neg: The Buddy Deane Show The Buddy Deane Show was a teen dance television show , similar to Philadelphia 's American Bandstand , that was created by Zvi Shoubin and aired on WJZ-TV in Baltimore , Maryland from 1957 until 1964 . The show was taken off the air because home station WJZ-TV was unable to integrate black and white dancers . Its host was Winston `` Buddy '' Deane ( 1924-2003 ) , who died in Pine Bluff , Arkansas after suffering a stroke , July 16 , 2003 . He was 78 .   Winston `` Buddy '' Deane was a broadcaster for more than 50 years , beginning his career in Little Rock , Arkansas , then moving to the Memphis , Tennessee market before moving on to Baltimore where he worked at WITH radio . He was one of the first disc jockeys in the area to regularly feature rock-and-roll . His dance party television show debuted in 1957 and was , for a time , the most popular local show in the United States . It aired for two and a half hours a day , six days a week . Hundreds of thousands of teens learned the latest dances of their day by watching Committee Members on The Buddy Deane Show .   Teenagers who appeared on the show every day were known as the `` Committee . '' Committee members included Mike Miller , Charlie Bledsoe , Ron Osher , Mary Lou Raines , Pat ( ricia ) Tacey , and Cathy Schmink . Viewers often emulated the Committee members ' dance moves , copied their personal style , and followed their life stories and interactions .   Buddy Deane organized and disc-jockeyed dances in public venues across the WJZ-TV broadcast area , across much of Maryland and Southern Delaware . At such events , tens of thousands of teenagers were exposed to live recording artists and TV personalities .   Many top acts of the day , both black and white , appeared on the show . Acts that appeared on The Buddy Deane Show first were reportedly barred from appearing on Dick Clark 's American Bandstand . If they were on Bandstand first , however , they could still be on The Buddy Deane Show . Although WJZ-TV , owned by Westinghouse Broadcasting ( now CBS ) , was an ABC affiliate , the station `` blacked out '' the network broadcast of American Bandstand in Baltimore and broadcast the Deane program instead , reportedly because Bandstand showed black teenagers dancing on the show ( although black and white teenagers were not allowed to dance together until the show was moved to California in 1964 ) . The Deane program set aside every other Friday when the show featured only black teenagers ( the rest of the time , the show 's participants were all white ) .   Owing to Buddy 's mid-South roots and work history , he brought onto his show many performers from the ranks of Country and Western music ( e.g. , Skeeter Davis , singing `` The End of the World '' and Brenda Lee singing `` Sweet Nothin 's '' ) , who then achieved cross-over hits among rock 'n' roll fans . Buddy Deane also played songs that other disc-jockeys , often including Dick Clark , refused to present to mostly white teen TV audiences , because the acts sounded `` too Black '' ( e.g. , `` Do You Love Me , '' by the Contours , or `` Hide and Seek , '' by Bunker Hill ) . With an ear for music , seasoned by many more prior years as a disk jockey than Dick Clark , Buddy also brought to his audience a wider array of white musical acts than were seen on `` American Bandstand . '' For example , Carole King appeared on the show , nearly a decade before she burst to popularity with her landmark 1970 album , `` Tapestry , '' playing her 45RPM single `` It Might as Well Rain Until September . '' ( For another example , Dean featured English artist , Helen Shapiro , singing her Baltimore hit , `` Tell Me What He Said , '' at about the time that the Beatles were on tour around England , playing on the same show bill with her . )

neg: Johnny Mathis discography Johnny Mathis has recorded 71 studio albums , 11 of which achieved sales of 500,000 units and were awarded Gold certification by the Recording Industry Association of America . Five of his greatest hits albums also accomplished this , and of these 16 Gold albums , six eventually went Platinum by reaching sales of one million copies . In 1999 , sales figures totaled five million for his first holiday LP , Merry Christmas , and three million for Johnny 's Greatest Hits , a 1958 collection that has been described as the `` original greatest-hits package '' and once held the record for most weeks on Billboard magazine 's album chart with a total of 490 ( three of which were spent at number one ) . His second longest album chart run was the 295 weeks belonging to his Platinum 1959 album Heavenly , which gave him five weeks in the top spot . In a ranking of the top album artists of the last half of the 1950s in terms of Billboard chart performance , he comes in at number two , for the 1960s , number 10 , and for the period from 1955 to 2009 he is at number six .   The recurring appearance of Mathis holiday releases on the various album charts in Billboard began with 1958 's Merry Christmas , which peaked at number three during the four weeks it spent that holiday season on the magazine 's biggest album chart ( now known as the Billboard 200 ) and returned to place at various positions within the top 40 slots there for the next four years . When the magazine first had a separate chart for Christmas albums from 1963 to 1973 , Merry Christmas ranked somewhere in the top 10 on it for another seven years , and on the Top Pop Catalog chart that was created for older titles , it had eight return appearances during the 1990s . His Sounds of Christmas LP spent two weeks at number two on the Christmas Albums chart upon its 1963 release and re-charted for the next five years , and 1969 's Give Me Your Love for Christmas reached number one there during its first of several annual chart showings before achieving Platinum certification . Other notable holiday projects include Home for Christmas , a 1990 home video special that went platinum , and Sending You a Little Christmas , a 2013 release that earned him a Grammy nomination in the category of Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album .   Mathis also recorded 43 songs that reached Billboard magazine 's Hot 100 chart in the United States and another nine that `` bubbled under '' the Hot 100 . Six of these 52 recordings made the top 10 , including 1957 's `` Chances Are '' and the 1978 Deniece Williams duet , `` Too Much , Too Little , Too Late '' , which each spent a week at number one , and 32 of them are also on the list of 50 entries that Mathis had on the magazine 's Easy Listening chart , which was started in 1961 . 19 of those 50 songs made the top 10 on that list , and two of them ( `` I 'm Coming Home '' and `` Too Much , Too Little , Too Late '' ) went on to number one . The Williams duet also spent four weeks at number one on the magazine 's R&B chart and was certified Gold after selling one million copies .   In the UK Mathis spent three weeks at number one on the singles chart in 1976 with `` When a Child Is Born '' and had two compilations reached the top spot on the albums chart : 1977 's The Mathis Collection and 1980 's Tears and Laughter . `` Too Much , Too Little , Too Late '' and `` When a Child Is Born '' both achieved Silver certification for singles by the British Phonographic Industry for sales of 250,000 units in the UK , and the latter eventually reached the 500,000 mark to earn Gold certification . 16 of his LPs met the 60,000 album sales mark in the UK to be certified Silver , with eight of those going on to sell 100,000 copies for Gold certification and one of those eight ( The Johnny Mathis Collection , 1976 ) making it to the 300,000 total necessary for the Platinum award .

neg: Danny Flores Danny Flores ( born Daniel Flores ; July 11 , 1929 -- September 19 , 2006 ) , also known by his stage name Chuck Rio , was an American rock and roll saxophonist . He is best remembered for his self-penned song Tequila , which Flores recorded with the Champs , and reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 .   Flores was born in Santa Paula , California and grew up in Long Beach . He was interested in the guitar from an early age , first performing at church and family gatherings . At 14 , however , Flores switched to the saxophone , forming his first band , the 3-D Ranch Boys . Emulating the rasping sounds of tenor saxophonist Vido Musso , Flores played a variety of music genres -- jazz , country , pop , and blues -- to cater to his hard-going blue-collar clientele . Much to Flores 's amusement , he has remarked , during this early stage of his career , he was commonly called the `` Mexican Hillbilly '' . In the early 1950s , Flores recorded vocals for small Pasadena-based record labels , before signing to Modern Records , and releasing his earliest rock and roll material .   In 1957 , Flores met aspiring songwriter and guitarist Dave Burgess . After briefly performing as Danny and Dave , the duo recruited former members of Flores 's group , drummer Gene Alden and guitarist Buddy Bruce , along with bassist Cliff Hills and Vocalist Huelyn Duvall , who were session musicians , to form the Champs . On December 23 , 1957 , the group recorded three songs for Challenge Records , including Flores 's instrumental Tequila . The song is highlighted by Flores 's `` dirty sax '' arrangements and hollering of `` Tequila '' . However , because of this one spoken phrase by Flores , he was credited as Chuck Rio to avoid conflicts with his other record label , where he was signed as a vocalist . `` Tequila '' was released as the B-side to the Champs ' debut single , but after listeners requested the song over its A-side `` Train to Nowhere '' , `` Tequila '' propelled to number one on the Billboard Hot 100 in January 1958 .   Conflicts between Flores and Burgess over leadership and the band 's musical direction led to Flores 's departure . He signed away his rights to Tequila , and ultimately did not receive any royalties from the tune , despite its success . In the intervening years , he formed another group called the Original Champs and recorded for Saturn Records in 1963 . Flores continued to perform across California for the rest of his life . It was not until the early 2000s that he finally received royalties -- albeit only for sales in Europe -- for Tequila .   Flores died on September 19 , 2006 as a consequence of complications of pneumonia .

neg: George Mitchell (music historian) George Mitchell is an American music historian , writer , record producer , musician and photographer .   Born in Coral Gables , Florida , January 9 , 1944 and raised in Atlanta , Georgia , from the 1960s until the 1980s he recorded blues musicians such as Jessie Mae Hemphill , Fred McDowell and Johnny Woods , George Henry Bussey and Jim Bunkley , Charlie Burse and Will Shade , Gus Cannon , Mississippi Joe Callicott , John Lee Ziegler , Jimmy Lee Williams , Furry Lewis , Houston Stackhouse , R. L. Burnside and Sleepy John Estes , later to be issued on Arhoolie Records ( late 1960s ) , Revival Records ( 1971 ) and Rounder Records ( from c. 1975 ) as 33 rpm albums , on Arhoolie Records ( 2000 ) and Fat Possum Records ( 2003 ff . ) as CDs . George Mitchell also plays the blues himself on an oil-can bass .  George Mitchell biography  2008 interview by Jeff Harris of WXPN radio

neg: Honky Tonk Christmas Honky Tonk Christmas is the first Christmas album by country music artist Alan Jackson , and was released on October 12 , 1993 . The title track , `` A Holly Jolly Christmas '' and `` I Only Want You for Christmas '' charted on the Hot Country Songs charts .   `` Please , Daddy ( Do n't Get Drunk This Christmas ) '' was originally recorded by John Denver for his 1973 album Farewell Andromeda . Jackson 's version of `` A Holly Jolly Christmas '' first appeared on the soundtrack to the 1992 film Home Alone 2 : Lost in New York , while `` Santa 's Gon na Come in a Pickup Truck '' was also included on the 1994 Alvin and the Chipmunks album A Very Merry Chipmunk .

neg: Buddy & Julie Miller Buddy & Julie Miller is a 2001 album by Buddy and Julie Miller . Prior to this recording the husband and wife singer-songwriters had each made appearances on the other 's solo recordings , but this disc marked their first official release as a duo . The music has been described as more rock based than their earlier , traditional-folk recordings . The majority of the songs were penned by Julie and rounded out by the duo 's co-write , `` Dirty Water '' and a few covers of songs by folk/rock icons Richard Thompson , Utah Phillips and Bob Dylan .   The album was well received by critics and fans of Americana/folk music . It was named `` Album of the Year '' at the first annual awards of the Americana Music Association . The album was the 17th most played recording of 2001 by FolkDJ-L DJs and the 4th most played disc in September 2001 . The album also reached the number two spot on the Freeform American Roots Chart .

neg: Duke Henderson Sylvester C. Henderson ( April 5 , 1925 -- April 9 , 1973 ) , known as Duke Henderson , was an American blues shouter and jazz singer in the West Coast blues and jump blues styles in the mid-1940s . In the late 1940s he renounced his past and began broadcasting as a minister and gospel music disc jockey . He eventually became a preacher .

neg: Johnny Desmond Johnny Desmond ( November 14 , 1919 -- September 6 , 1985 ) , born Giovanni Alfredo De Simone , was an American popular music singer .

neg: Frank Sinatra Jr. Francis Wayne `` Frank '' Sinatra ( January 10 , 1944 -- March 16 , 2016 ) , professionally known as Frank Sinatra Jr. , was an American singer , songwriter , and conductor .   He was the son of singer and actor Frank Sinatra and his first wife , Nancy Barbato Sinatra ; the younger brother of singer and actress Nancy Sinatra ; and older brother of television producer Tina Sinatra .

neg: Tommy Hancock Thomas O. Hancock ( Tommy X. Hancock ) ( born March 25 , 1929 ) is widely regarded as the godfather of West Texas music .   Born and raised in Lubbock , Texas , Hancock 's grandmother had him classically trained in violin . At age 16 , Tommy joined the military and traveled overseas as a paratrooper and military policeman , serving in the Pacific towards the end of World War Two . Upon his discharge at the end of the war , he returned to Lubbock , where he led a popular swing band called the Roadside Playboys . The Playboys had various members over time , including performers such as guitarist Sonny Curtis and fiddler Benjamin `` Tex '' Logan .   In the late 1940s , Hancock hired Charlene Condray as a singer ; they went on to marry . Together with five of their children , they toured the Rocky Mountains as `` The Supernatural Family Band '' . Today , three of their children still tour as the `` Texana Dames '' .   In the early 1970s , Hancock was introduced to fellow performer Jimmie Gilmore . They bonded over a desire to seek out new spiritual experiences . Hancock noted that `` my whole thing with taking acid was I want to know God . If there 's a god , I want to know him . And Jimmie was the first intelligent person I 'd ever run into who was searching for God . '' Hancock played fiddle for Dale 's band , The Flatlanders .   During the 1970s , Hancock and his family became followers of Guru Maharaj Ji .   In 1980 , the Hancock family settled in Austin , Texas .   In March 2000 , Tommy was inducted into the Austin Chronicle Music Awards Hall of Fame . In 2002 , The Supernatural Family Band was inducted into the Country Music Association of Texas Hall of Fame .

neg: Country Music Association The Country Music Association ( CMA ) was founded in 1958 in Nashville , Tennessee . It originally consisted of only 233 members and was the first trade organization formed to promote a music genre . The objectives of the organization are to guide and enhance the development of Country Music throughout the world ; to demonstrate it as a viable medium to advertisers , consumers , and media ; and to provide a unity of purpose for the Country Music industry . However the CMA may be best known to most country music fans for its annual Country Music Association Awards broadcast live on network television each fall ( usually October or November ) .   Initially , CMA 's Board of Directors included nine directors and five officers . Wesley Rose , president of Acuff-Rose Publishing , Inc. , served as CMA 's first chairman of the board . Broadcasting entrepreneur and executive Connie B. Gay was the founding president .   Originally there were nine individual membership categories . The current 15 categories represent all facets of the music industry . Organizational memberships are also available . CMA membership is composed of those persons or organizations that are involved in Country Music , directly and substantially .   The first CMA Awards ceremony was held in 1967 in Nashville . Sonny James and Bobbie Gentry hosted the event , which was not televised . The winner of the first `` Entertainer of the Year '' award was singer Eddy Arnold . `` Male Vocalist of the Year '' went to Jack Greene and `` Female Vocalist of the Year '' to Loretta Lynn .   In 1968 , Roy Rogers and Dale Evans hosted the awards , which were presented at the Ryman Auditorium in Nashville . ( The ceremony was filmed and televised on NBC a few weeks later . ) The first live telecast of the show was in 1969 .   Annual awards are given in the following twelve categories : Entertainer of the Year , Male Vocalist , Female Vocalist , New Artist of the Year ( formerly the Horizon Award ) , Vocal Group , Vocal Duo , Single , Album , Song , Music Event , Music Video , and Musician .   The CMA also gives a `` CMA Broadcast Award '' to country-formatted radio stations each year . Broadcast Awards are segmented based on market size , major market ( Arbitron Ranking 1 -- 25 ) , large market ( Arbitron Ranking 26 -- 50 ) , medium market ( Arbitron Ranking 51 -- 100 ) , and small market ( All other Markets ) . A single station can not win the award in consecutive years .   In honor of the association 's 50th anniversary , MCA Nashville released a song called `` Forever Country '' .

neg: María Elena Holly María Elena Holly ( born December 20 , 1932 ) is the widow of rock and roll pioneer Buddy Holly . She owns the rights to his name , image , trademarks , and other intellectual property . In 2010 , Santiago-Holly ( Santiago is Maria 's maiden name ) co-founded , with Peter Bradley , `` The Buddy Holly Educational Foundation '' also known as TBHEF .

neg: Buddy Sheffield Morris Taylor `` Buddy '' Sheffield is an American comedy writer , producer and composer . He is probably best known as Emmy-nominated head writer on Fox TV 's breakthrough sketch comedy series , In Living Color , having written such favorites as `` Homey Claus '' , `` Homeboy Shopping Network '' , `` This Old Box '' and `` Men on Books '' . Sheffield , who is white and was raised in the rural south , won an NAACP Image Award for his work on the show . Prior to that he had spent 10 years writing for dozens of performers ranging from Dolly Parton to the Smothers Brothers .   Sheffield co-created the teen hit Roundhouse on Nickelodeon in the 1990s , often cited as revolutionary for its frenetically paced staging and sophisticated satire involving real teen issues . Roundhouse was shot in real-time before a live audience and was described by one critic as `` like seeing all the high points of a smash Broadway show in half an hour . '' Sheffield created the show with his former wife , Rita Hester , with whom he had founded a children 's theatre company when they were students at The University of Southern Mississippi . That venture , Sheffield Ensemble Theatre , lasted 13 years and had become the number one touring children 's theatre in the country prior to going bankrupt as a major contractor to the failed New Orleans World 's Fair . Sheffield paid off his cast and crew and moved to Los Angeles . His years in live theatre are apparent in `` Roundhouse '' and all his work . In 2016 Nick began rerunning episodes of Roundhouse to the delight of fans .   In 1982 , his musical Cleavage , for which he had written book , music and lyrics , opened on Broadway . Though it had been playing successfully in New Orleans , it closed after one performance . One day after it closed it received a favorable review from the NY Times .   Sheffield is again targeting Broadway with a musical send-up of Rodgers and Hammerstein 's Oklahoma ! called IDAHO ! for which he also wrote book , music and lyrics ( with additional music and arrangements by long-time friend and collaborator Keith Thompson ) . IDAHO ! premiered at the NY Musical Festival winning several awards including the `` Best of Fest '' Audience Prize for best-received show . In July 2016 IDAHO ! will be presented on the main stage at the magnificent Smith Center in Las Vegas .   In 2007 , Sheffield sued Disney for breach of implied contract over a musical sitcom called `` Rock and Roland '' that he pitched to the Disney Channel in late 2001 . Sheffield 's detailed pitch was about a junior high kid with a widowed parent who is a regular kid by day and secretly a pop superstar by night . The lawsuit claims that Disney executives showed great interest , requested more material , passed on the project and then misappropriated it . The lawsuit also claimed Disney did little more than switch the genders of all the main characters , an option Sheffield gave them during the pitch . Disney went on to produce the show under the name Hannah Montana and it became a worldwide mega-hit generating millions for the company . An August 26 , 2008 court date was set in Los Angeles Superior Court , but prior to that date the case was quietly settled .

neg: Soulstream (Holly Johnson album) Soulstream is the third studio album by the British musician Holly Johnson of Frankie Goes to Hollywood . It was released 1999 and recorded in Johnson 's own studio at his home , and released via his own label : Pleasuredome . The album contains a re-working of his hit song with Frankie Goes to Hollywood , `` The Power of Love '' , which hit the UK charts at No. 56 , as well as a re-working of his 1994 single `` Legendary Children ( All of Them Queer ) '' .   Johnson recently marked the track `` Soulstream '' as his favourite from the album . The title of the album came from a quote from Stevie , a film about the poet , played by Glenda Jackson .

neg: Three Stars (song) `` Three Stars '' is a song written by Tommy Dee in 1959 , as a tribute to Buddy Holly , Ritchie Valens , and J.P. Richardson ( The Big Bopper ) , who died in a plane crash earlier that year . The song was recorded by Tommy Dee with Carol Kay and first released on April 5 , 1959 , by Crest Records . It sold over one million copies and was awarded a gold disc . However the song was off Billboard and the airways by March 30 , 1959 .   The lyrics suggested the three `` stars '' represent the three musicians that died in the crash .

neg: Cultural impact of Elvis Presley Since the beginning of his career , Elvis Presley has had an extensive cultural impact . According to Rolling Stone , `` it was Elvis who made rock 'n' roll the international language of pop . '' Rolling Stone encyclopedia of Rock and Roll describes Presley as `` an American music giant of the 20th century who single-handedly changed the course of music and culture in the mid-1950s . '' His recordings , dance moves , attitude and clothing came to be seen as embodiments of rock and roll . His music was heavily influenced by African-American blues , Christian gospel , and Southern country . In a list of the greatest English language singers , as compiled by Q Magazine , Presley was ranked first , and second in the list of greatest singers of 20th century by BBC Radio .   Presley sang both hard driving rockabilly , rock and roll dance songs and ballads , laying a commercial foundation upon which other rock musicians would build their careers . African-American performers like Big Joe Turner , Wynonie Harris and Fats Domino came to national prominence after Presley 's acceptance among mass audiences of White American adults . Singers like Jerry Lee Lewis , the Everly Brothers , Chuck Berry , Bo Diddley , Little Richard , Buddy Holly , Johnny Cash , Roy Orbison and others immediately followed in his wake . John Lennon later observed , `` Before Elvis , there was nothing . ''   During the post-WWII economic boom of the 1950s , many parents were able to give their teenage children much higher weekly allowances , signaling a shift in the buying power and purchasing habits of American teens . During the 1940s bobby soxers had idolized Frank Sinatra , but the buyers of his records were mostly between the ages of eighteen and twenty-two . Presley triggered a lot of demand for his records by near-teens and early teens aged ten and up . Along with Presley 's `` ducktail '' haircut , the demand for black slacks and loose , open-necked shirts resulted in new lines of clothing for teenage boys whereas a girl might get a pink portable 45 rpm record player for her bedroom . Meanwhile , American teenagers began buying newly available portable transistor radios and listened to rock 'n' roll on them ( helping to propel that fledgling industry from an estimated 100,000 units sold in 1955 to 5,000,000 units by the end of 1958 ) . Teens were asserting more independence and Presley became a national symbol of their parents ' consternation .   Presley 's impact on the American youth consumer market was noted on the front page of The Wall Street Journal on December 31 , 1956 when business journalist Louis M. Kohlmeier wrote , `` Elvis Presley today is a business , '' and reported on the singer 's record and merchandise sales . Half a century later , historian Ian Brailsford ( University of Auckland , New Zealand ) commented , `` The phenomenal success of Elvis Presley in 1956 convinced many doubters of the financial opportunities existing in the youth market . ''