query: The Nazi regime took over Prussia in the 20th century.

pos: Prussia Prussia was a historical state originating out of the Duchy of Prussia and the Margraviate of Brandenburg , and centred on the region of Prussia . For centuries , the House of nocat = y ruled Prussia , successfully expanding its size by way of an unusually well-organised and effective army . Prussia , with its capital in Königsberg and from 1701 in Berlin , shaped the history of Germany . In 1871 , German states united to create the German Empire under Prussian leadership . In November 1918 , the monarchies were abolished and the nobility lost its political power during the German Revolution of 1918 -- 19 . The Kingdom of Prussia was thus abolished in favour of a republic -- the Free State of Prussia , a state of Germany from 1918 until 1933 . From 1933 , Prussia lost its independence as a result of the Prussian coup , when the Nazi regime was successfully establishing its Gleichschaltung laws in pursuit of a unitary state . With the end of the Nazi regime , the division of Germany into allied-occupation zones and the separation of its territories east of the -LSB- Oder -- Neisse , nocat = y -RSB- line , which were incorporated into Poland and the Soviet Union , the State of Prussia ceased to exist de facto in 1945 . Prussia existed de jure until its formal liquidation by the Allied Control Council Enactment No. 46 of 25 February 1947 .   The name Prussia derives from the Old Prussians . In the 13th century , the Teutonic Knights -- an organized Catholic medieval military order of German crusaders -- conquered the lands inhabited by them . In 1308 , the Teutonic Knights conquered the region of Pomerelia with Gdańsk ( Danzig ) . Their monastic state was mostly Germanised through immigration from central and western Germany and in the south , it was Polonised by settlers from Masovia . The Second Peace of Thorn ( 1466 ) split Prussia into the western Royal Prussia , a province of Poland , and the eastern part , from 1525 called the Duchy of Prussia , a fief of the Crown of Poland up to 1657 . The union of Brandenburg and the Duchy of Prussia in 1618 led to the proclamation of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1701 .   Prussia entered the ranks of the great powers shortly after becoming a kingdom , and exercised most influence in the 18th and 19th centuries . During the 18th century it had a major say in many international affairs under the reign of Frederick the Great . During the 19th century , Chancellor Otto von Bismarck united the German principalities into a `` Lesser Germany '' which excluded the Austrian Empire .   At the Congress of Vienna ( 1814 -- 15 ) , which redrew the map of Europe following Napoleon 's defeat , Prussia acquired a large section of north western Germany , including the coal-rich Ruhr . The country then grew rapidly in influence economically and politically , and became the core of the North German Confederation in 1867 , and then of the German Empire in 1871 . The Kingdom of Prussia was now so large and so dominant in the new Germany that -LSB- Junker ( Prussia ) , Junker -RSB- s and other Prussian élites identified more and more as Germans and less as Prussians .   The Kingdom ended in 1918 . In the Weimar Republic , the state of Prussia lost nearly all of its legal and political importance following the 1932 coup led by Franz von Papen . East Prussia lost all of its German population after 1945 , as Poland and the Soviet Union absorbed its territory and expelled most of its inhabitants .   The term Prussian has often been used , especially outside of Germany , to emphasise the professionalism , aggressiveness , militarism and conservatism of the Junker class of landed aristocrats in the East who dominated first Prussia and then the German Empire .

neg: Free Society of Teutonia The Free Society of Teutonia was one of the earliest National Socialist organizations to appear in America . It was a German American organization that was associated with a strong support for Nazism .   The Society was formed in 1924 by four German immigrants , including Nazi Party members Fritz and Peter Gissibl and their brother Andrew . The organization was originally led by German immigrant and non-citizen Fritz Gissibl , who made his headquarters in Chicago and from there it set about recruiting ethnic Germans who supported German nationalist aims .  The Teutonia Society initially functioned as a club , but soon raised a group of militants based on the SA and , with membership increasing , became vocal critics of Jews , communism and the Treaty of Versailles . Alongside this however it retained a social function , with Teutonia Society meetings frequently ending up in heavy beer drinking sessions .   The group changed its name to the Nationalistic Society of Teutonia in 1926 , at which point Peter Gissibil was advising members to also seek Nazi Party membership . The group gained a strong , if fairly small following , and was able to establish units in Milwaukee , St. Louis , Missouri , Detroit , New York City , Cincinnati and Newark , New Jersey The group 's treasurer was Fritz Gissibil , who was also the main Nazi Party representative in the United States and who regularly collected money for the Nazis through the Society . A `` thank you '' letter from Adolf Hitler to the Society would cause a stir during the Second World War when the Gissibil brothers were brought to trial following an FBI investigation .   The group accepted Hitler as its titular leader and members adopted the Nazi salute , the Society changed its name again in October 1932 to become the Friends of the Hitler Movement .   Under orders of German immigrant and German Nazi Party member Heinz Spanknöbel , the Society was dissolved in March 1933 . In May 1933 , Nazi Deputy Führer Rudolf Hess gave Heinz Spanknöbel authority to form an American Nazi organization . Shortly thereafter , with help from the German consul in New York City , Spanknöbel created the Friends of New Germany by merging two older organizations in the United States , Gau-USA and the Free Society of Teutonia , which were both small groups with only a few hundred members each . The Friends of New Germany in turn formed the basis of the German American Bund in 1936 , the latter name being chosen to emphasise the group 's American credentials after press criticism that the Society was unpatriotic .   One of the leaders of the Teutonia Society was Walter Kappe . Kappe ( b. 1904 ) arrived in the United States in 1925 and worked in a farm implement factory in Kankakee , Illinois . Later he moved to Chicago and began to write for German language newspapers . Kappe was fluent in English and later became the press secretary for the German American Bund . He founded their paper Deutscher Weckruf und Beobachter and its predecessor Deutsche Zeitung . In 1936 , when the German American Bund was established , Kappe organized the AV Publishing Company and five other Bund corporations . Fritz Kuhn ousted Kappe from his position in the Bund seeing him as a dangerous rival . In 1937 , Kappe returned to Germany , where he was attached to Abwehr II ( the sabotage branch of German intelligence ) where he obtained a Naval commission with the rank of lieutenant . He was designated by Adolf Hitler to launch a sabotage operation against America shortly after the attack on Pearl Harbor . Known as Operation Pastorius , Kappe recruited men for the mission by reviewing records from the Ausland Institute ( German Foreign Institute ) of those who were paid to return to Germany from America . He established a sabotage school on the outskirts of Berlin to train the new recruits . Once the sabotage network was established and transferred to America , Kappe planned to slip into the US with a new identity and direct operations . On June 13 , 1942 , Richard Quirin , George John Dasch , Heinrich Harm Heinck and Ernst Peter Burger landed on a beach near Amagansett , Long Island , New York on a U-boat . A similar group landed on Ponte Vedra Beach , near Jacksonville , Florida on June 17 , 1942 .

neg: The State (book) __ NOTOC __   The State ( Der Staat ) is a book by German sociologist Franz Oppenheimer first published in Germany in 1908 . Oppenheimer wrote the book in Frankfurt am Main during 1907 , as a fragment of the four-volume System of Sociology , an intended interpretative framework for the understanding of social evolution on which he laboured from the 1890s until the end of his life . The work summarizes Oppenheimer 's general theory on the origin , development and future transformation of the state . The State , which Oppenheimer 's missionary zeal pervades , was widely read and passionately discussed in the early 20th century . It was well received by -- and influential on -- as diverse an audience as Israeli halutzim , American and Slavic communitarians , West German Chancellor Ludwig Erhard , and anarcho-capitalists like Murray Rothbard .   A classical liberal and socialist sympathiser , Oppenheimer regarded capitalism as `` a system of exploitation and capital revenues as the gain of that exploitation '' , but placed the blame not on the genuinely free market , but on the intervention of the state . Oppenheimer 's view of the state is profoundly opposed to the then dominant characterisation propounded by G. W. F. Hegel of the state as an admirable achievement of modern civilisation . Proponents of this view tend to accept the social contract view that the State came about as every larger groups of people agreed to subordinate their private interests for the common good .   In contrast , Opphenheimer 's view was an advancement of the `` conquest theory '' of the state that developed during the late 19th century by Ludwig Gumplowicz . According to conquest theory , the state came into being through war and conquest , a consequence of which was the establishment of social classes ; the dominant conquerors and the subordinate conquered . This , in turn , led to the emergence of a political system to consolidate the power of the conquerors , to perpetuate and regulate class divisions . Oppenheimer 's views led the American essayist , Albert Jay Nock , writing in the first half of the 20th century , to remark that in his own book , Our Enemy , the State :

neg: Kingdom of Poland (1916–18) The Kingdom of Poland ( Królestwo Polskie ) , also known informally as the Regency Kingdom of Poland ( Królestwo Regencyjne ) , was a proposed puppet state of Germany during World War I . In reality , the German Empire planners wanted to annex around 30,000 square kilometers of the territory of former Congress Poland and carry out ethnic cleansing up to 3 million Poles and Jews to make room for German colonists in the so-called Polish Border Strip plan .  The decision to promise restoration of Poland was taken by Germany in order to attempt to legitimize its military occupation amongst the Polish inhabitants , following upon German propaganda sent to the Poles in 1915 that German soldiers were arriving as liberators to free Poland from subjugation by Russia .  A draft of a constitution was proposed 1917 .  German government used punitive threats to induce Polish landowners living in the German-occupied Baltic territories to move to the state and sell their Baltic property to Germans in exchange for moving to Poland , and efforts were made to remove Poles from Polish territories partitioned by Prussia .   Following the armistice with Germany that ended World War I , the area became part of the Second Polish Republic .

neg: Kingdom of Italy The Kingdom of Italy ( Regno d'Italia ) was a state founded from 1861 , when King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was proclaimed King of Italy , to 1946 , when a constitutional referendum led civil discontent to abandon the monarchy and form the Italian Republic . The state was founded as a result of the unification of Italy under the influence of the Kingdom of Sardinia , which can be considered its legal predecessor state .   Italy declared war on Austria in alliance with Prussia in 1866 and received the region of Veneto following their victory . Italian troops entered Rome in 1870 , ending more than one thousand years of Papal temporal power . Italy entered into a Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary in 1882 , following strong disagreements with France about the respective colonial expansions . However , even if relations with Berlin became very friendly , the alliance with Vienna remained purely formal , as the Italians were keen to acquire Trentino and Trieste , corners of the Austria-Hungary populated by Italians . So , in 1915 , Italy accepted the British invitation to join the Allies in World War I because the western allies promised territorial compensation ( at the expense of Austria-Hungary ) for participation that were more generous than Vienna 's offer in exchange for Italian neutrality . Victory in the war gave Italy a permanent seat in the Council of the League of Nations .   `` Fascist Italy '' is the era of National Fascist Party government from 1922 to 1943 with Benito Mussolini as head of government . The fascists imposed authoritarian rule and crushed the political and intellectual opposition , while promoting economic modernization , traditional social values , and a rapprochement with the Roman Catholic Church . According to Payne ( 1996 ) , '' -LSB- the -RSB- Fascist government passed through several relatively distinct phases '' . The first phase ( 1923 -- 1925 ) was nominally a continuation of the parliamentary system , albeit with a `` legally-organized executive dictatorship '' . Then came the second phase , `` the construction of the Fascist dictatorship proper , from 1925 to 1929 '' . The third phase , with less activism , was 1929 to 1934 . The fourth phase , 1935 -- 1940 , was characterized by an aggressive foreign policy ; war against Ethiopia , which was launched from Eritrea and Italian Somaliland ; confrontations with the League of Nations sanctions ; growing economic autarchy ; and semi-National Socialization . The war itself ( 1940 -- 1943 ) was the fifth phase with its disasters and defeats , while the rump Salò government under German control was the final stage ( 1943 -- 1945 ) .   Italy was allied with National Socialist Germany in World War II until 1943 . It switched sides to the Allies after ousting Mussolini and shutting down the Fascist party in areas ( south of Rome ) controlled by the Allied invaders . The remnant fascist state in northern Italy that continued fighting against the Allies was a puppet state of Germany , the `` Italian Social Republic '' , still led by Mussolini and his Fascist loyalists . Shortly after the war , civil discontent led to the constitutional referendum of 1946 on whether Italy would remain a monarchy or become a republic . Italians decided to abandon the monarchy and form the Italian Republic , the present-day Italian state .

neg: German–Soviet Axis talks In October and November 1940 , German -- Soviet Axis talks occurred concerning the Soviet Union 's potential entry as a fourth Axis Power in World War II . The negotiations , which occurred during the era of the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact and the German-Soviet Commercial Agreement , included a two-day Berlin conference between Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov , Adolf Hitler and German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop , followed by both countries trading written proposed agreements . After two days of negotiations from 12 to 14 November 1940 , Germany presented the Soviets with a draft written Axis pact agreement defining the world spheres of influence of the four proposed Axis powers ( Japan , Germany , Soviet Union , Italy ) . Hitler , Ribbentrop and Molotov tried to set German and Soviet spheres of influence ; Hitler encouraged Molotov to look south to Iran and eventually India while preserving German access to Finland 's resources , and to remove Soviet influence in the Balkans . Molotov remained firm , seeking to remove German troops from Finland and gain a warm water port in the Balkans . Soviet foreign policy calculations were predicated by the idea that the war would be a long - term struggle and therefore German claims that Britain would be defeated swiftly were treated with scepticism . In addition Stalin sought to remain influential in Bulgaria and Yugoslavia . These factors resulted in Molotov taking a firm line . According to a Columbia University academical source , on 25 November 1940 , the Soviets presented a Stalin-drafted written counterproposal where they would accept the four power pact , but it included Soviet rights to Bulgaria and a world sphere of influence centered on the area around modern Iraq and Iran . Germany did not respond , leaving the negotiations unresolved . Regarding the counterproposal , Hitler remarked to his top military chiefs that Stalin `` demands more and more '' , `` he 's a cold-blooded blackmailer '' and that `` a German victory has become unbearable for Russia '' so that `` she must be brought to her knees as soon as possible . '' Germany ended the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact in June 1941 by invading the Soviet Union .

neg: Districts of Prussia Prussian districts ( Kreise , literally `` circles '' ) were administrative units in the former Kingdom of Prussia , part of the German Empire from 1871 to 1918 , and its successor state , the Free State of Prussia , similar to a county or a shire . They were established in the course of the Stein-Hardenberg Reforms from 1815 to 1818 at an intermediate level , between the higher provinces and the government districts ( Regierungsbezirke ) , and the lower municipal governments ( Gemeinden ) . Then part of a modern and highly effective public administration structure , they served as a model for the present-day districts of Germany   In the aftermath of World War I , the Prussian districts of Eupen and Malmedy ( Belgium ) were annexed by Belgium in 1925 , thereby causing the presence of a German-speaking minority .

neg: 1910s The 1910s ( pronounced `` nineteen-tens '' , also abbreviated as the `` teens '' ) was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1 , 1910 , and ended on December 31 , 1919 . The 1910s represented the culmination of European militarism which had its beginnings during the second half of the 19th century . The conservative lifestyles during the first half of the decade , as well as the legacy of military alliances , was forever changed by the assassination , on June 28 , 1914 , of Archduke Franz Ferdinand , the heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne . The murder triggered a chain of events in which , within 33 days , World War I broke out in Europe on August 1 , 1914 . The conflict dragged on until a truce was declared on November 11 , 1918 , leading to the controversial , one-sided Treaty of Versailles , which was signed on June 28 , 1919 .   The war 's end triggered the abdication of various monarchies and the collapse of five of the last modern empires of Russia , Germany , China , Ottoman Turkey and Austria-Hungary , with the latter splintered into Austria , Hungary , southern Poland ( who acquired most of their land in a war with Soviet Russia ) , Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia , as well as the unification of Romania with Transylvania and Moldavia . However , each of these states ( with the possible exception of Yugoslavia ) had large German and Hungarian minorities , there creating some unexpected problems that would be brought to light in the next two decades . ( See Dissolution of Austro-Hungarian Empire : Successor States for better description of composition of names of successor countries/states following the splinter . )   The decade was also a period of revolution in a number of countries . The Mexican Revolution spearheaded the trend in November 1910 , which led to the ousting of dictator Porfirio Diaz , developing into a violent civil war that dragged on until mid-1920 , not long after a new Mexican Constitution was signed and ratified . Russia also had a similar fate , since World War I led to a collapse in morale as well as to economic chaos . This atmosphere encouraged the establishment of Bolshevism , which was later renamed as communism . Like the Mexican Revolution , the Russian Revolution of 1917 , known as the October Revolution , immediately turned to Russian Civil War that dragged until approximately late 1922 .   Much of the music in these years was ballroom-themed . Many of the fashionable restaurants were equipped with dance floors . Prohibition in the United States began January 16 , 1919 , with the ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution .

neg: Netherlands in World War II The direct involvement of the Netherlands in World War II began with its invasion by Nazi Germany on 10 May 1940 . The Netherlands had proclaimed neutrality when war broke out in September 1939 , just as it had in World War I , but Adolf Hitler ordered it to be invaded anyway . On 15 May 1940 , one day after the bombing of Rotterdam , the Dutch forces surrendered . The Dutch government and the royal family escaped and went into exile in London .   Following the defeat , the Netherlands was placed under German occupation , which endured in some areas until the German surrender in May 1945 . Active resistance was carried out by a small minority , which grew in the course of the occupation . The occupiers deported the majority of the country 's Jews to Nazi concentration camps , with the cooperation of much of the Dutch police and civil service .   Due to the high variation in the survival rate of Jewish inhabitants amongst local regions in the Netherlands , scholars have questioned the validity of a single explanation at the national level . Nonetheless , and also due to the well organized population registers comparing to other countries , about 70 % of the country 's Jewish population were killed during the conflict ; a much higher percentage than comparable countries , like Belgium and France . However , the city of Amsterdam organized the only industrial action in protest to the persecution of their Jewish fellow citizens ever in all of the Nazi occupied areas .   Most of the south of the country was liberated in the second half of 1944 . The rest , especially the west and north of the country still under occupation , suffered from a famine at the end of 1944 , known as the `` Hunger Winter '' . On 5 May 1945 , the whole country was finally liberated by the total surrender of all German forces .

neg: Lebensraum The German concept of Lebensraum ( -LSB- ˈleːbənsˌʁaʊm -RSB- , `` living space '' ) refers to policies and practices of settler colonialism which proliferated in Germany from the 1890s to the 1940s . First popularized around 1901 , Lebensraum became a geopolitical goal of Imperial Germany in World War I ( 1914 -- 1918 ) originally , as the core element of the Septemberprogramm of territorial expansion . The most extreme form of this ideology was supported by the Nazi Party ( NSDAP ) and Nazi Germany until the end of World War II .   Following Adolf Hitler 's rise to power Lebensraum became an ideological principle of Nazism , and provided justification for the German territorial expansion into East-Central Europe . The Nazi Generalplan Ost policy ( the Master Plan for the East ) was based on its tenets . It stipulated that most of the indigenous populations of Eastern Europe would have to be removed permanently ( either through mass deportation to Siberia , death , or enslavement ) including Polish , Ukrainian , Russian , and other Slavic nations considered racially inferior and non-Aryan . The Nazi government aimed at repopulating these lands with Germanic colonists in the name of Lebensraum during World War II and thereafter . The entire populations were to be decimated by starvation , allowing for their own agricultural surplus to feed Germany .   Hitler 's strategic program for world domination was based on the belief in the power of Lebensraum , pursued by a racially superior society . People deemed to be part of inferior races , within the territory of Lebensraum expansion , were subjected to expulsion or destruction . The eugenics of Lebensraum assumed the right of the German Aryan master race ( Herrenvolk ) to remove indigenous people they considered to be of inferior racial stock ( Untermenschen ) in the name of their own living space . Nazi Germany also supported other ` Aryan ' nations ' pursuing their own Lebensraum , including Fascist Italy 's Spazio vitale .

neg: German resistance to Nazism German resistance to Nazism ( German : Widerstand ) was the opposition by individuals and groups in Germany to the National Socialist regime between 1933 and 1945 . Some of these engaged in active plans to remove Adolf Hitler from power and overthrow his regime .   The term German resistance should not be understood as meaning that there was a united resistance movement in Germany at any time during the Nazi period , analogous to the more coordinated Polish Underground State , Greek Resistance , Yugoslav Partisans , French Resistance , Dutch Resistance , Norwegian resistance movement and Italian Resistance . The German resistance consisted of small and usually isolated groups . They were unable to mobilize political opposition . Save for individual attacks on Nazis ( including Hitler ) or sabotage acts , the only real strategy was to persuade leaders of the Wehrmacht to stage a coup against the regime : the 1944 assassination attempt against Hitler was intended to trigger such a coup .   Approximately 77,000 German citizens were killed for one or another form of resistance by Special Courts , courts-martial , People 's Court and the civil justice system . Many of these Germans had served in government , the military , or in civil positions , which enabled them to engage in subversion and conspiracy ; in addition the Canadian historian Peter Hoffman counts unspecified `` tens of thousands '' in concentration camps who were either suspected or actually engaged in opposition . By contrast , the German historian Hans Mommsen wrote that resistance in Germany was `` resistance without the people '' and that the number of those Germans engaged in resistance to the Nazi regime was very small . The resistance in Germany included German citizens of non-German ethnicity , such as members of the Polish minority who formed resistance groups like Olimp .

neg: Frankfurt Documents thumb | right | 200px | Members of the Frankfurt conference  Frankfurt Documents were a series of documents which were an important step on the way to the founding of the Federal Republic of Germany .   On July 1 , 1948 the representatives of the Western allied occupation forces handed over a number of documents to the prime ministers and two ruling mayors from the western zones of occupation , in which the recommendations were made , including establishing a West German state . The main problem of these recommendations was that they did not provide all-German solution , but only a West German state . The Frankfurt documents formed a working basis for the work on the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany . They were created at the London 6-Power Conference in early 1948 .   The handover took place in the IG Farben Building in Frankfurt am Main , and the documents took the name of this town . The military governors Lucius D. Clay ( United States ) , Marie-Pierre Koenig ( France ) and Sir Brian Robertson ( UK ) issued an order establishing a western German state . Present were Peter Altmeier ( Rhineland-Palatinate ) , Karl Arnold ( North Rhine-Westphalia ) , Lawrence Bock ( Württemberg-Hohenzollern ) , Max Brauer ( Hamburg ) , Hans Ehard ( Bavaria ) , Wilhelm Kaisen ( Bremen ) , Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf ( Lower Saxony ) , Hermann Lüdemann ( Schleswig-Holstein ) , Reinhold Maier ( Württemberg-Baden ) , Christian Stock ( Hessen ) and Leo Wohleb ( Baden ) .   A West German state was to be established under the following conditions :   There should be a constitutional convention ( German : Verfassunggebende Versammlung , literally , `` Constituent Assembly '' ) before September 1 , 1948 , to draft a constitution shaping a federal form of government , while maintaining the rights of people and the participating states .  This constitution should first be approved by the military governments , then a referendum in the countries to ratify the Constitution .  The respective simple majority in two thirds of eleven West German states should be sufficient for ratification . Constitutional amendments must be approved by the military governors .  The German foreign policy should continue to be controlled by the military governors in a minimum , as Ruhr questions , repairs , industrial and rights of the Allied forces .  The boundaries of each state should be reviewed and it should , if necessary , taking into account of traditional forms of new countries are created , none compared to the other should be too large or too small .   The Frankfurt Documents prompted the Prime Minister to hold Rittersturz Conference in Koblenz , on the resolutions that were passed .   Category : Political history of Germany  Category : Political conferences

neg: Germanisation of the Province of Posen The Germanisation of the Province of Posen was a policy of the Kulturkampf measures enacted by German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck , whose goal was to Germanize Polish-speaking areas in the Prussian Province of Posen by eradicating and discrimination of Polish language and culture , as well as to reduce the influence of the `` ultramontanist '' Roman Catholic clergy in those regions .

neg: National Socialist Party (Romania) The National Socialist Party ( formally Nationalist-Socialist Party of Romania ; Romanian : Partidul Național-Socialist din România , PNSR ) or Steel Testudo ( Pavăza de Oțel ) was a mimetic Nazi political party , active in Romania during the early 1930s . It was led by Colonel Ștefan Tătărescu , the brother of Gheorghe Tătărescu ( twice Prime Minister of Romania during that interval ) , and existed around the newspaper Crez Nou . One of several far-right factions competing unsuccessfully against the Iron Guard for support , the group made little headway , and existed at times as a satellite of the National-Christian Defense League .   The PNSR proposed a program of corporatism and statism , promising a basic income , full employment , and limits on capitalist profits . It was anticommunist generally , and in particular anti-Soviet , circulating the theory of Jewish Bolshevism while describing its own program as the alternative , `` positive '' , socialism . The party also claimed for itself the banner of Christianity , which it associated with calls for social reorganization and the expulsion or segregation of Romanian Jews . Its Germanophilia and antisemitism were supplemented by shows of support for the policies of King Carol II .   The PNSR ' ideological stance , exotic in its Romanian context , found favor in Nazi Germany , notably from Alfred Rosenberg . Overall , the PNSR failed in its bid to establish a pan-fascist alliance in Romania , and , despite being nativist , functioned as a magnet for Transylvanian Saxons , Bessarabia Germans , and Russian émigrés . Tătărescu was received officially by his German patrons , who also provided the PNSR with funds , but eventually dropped by them for his unpopularity and alleged corruption . In late 1933 , under the antifascist Prime Minister Ion G. Duca , the party was repressed .   Tătărescu exercised some influence over his brother 's government in 1934 , helping to steer the country away from its traditional alliances , but failed in his attempt to obtain arms deals for Germany . Disavowed by both its Nazi backers and Gheorghe Tătărescu , the party moderated its stances , then disappeared from the political scene in July 1934 . Its Saxon chapter , under Fritz Fabritius , reemerged as the German People 's Party the following year .

neg: Gau Pomerania The Gau Pomerania ( German : Gau Pommern ) was an administrative division of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945 in the Prussian province of Pomerania . Before that , from 1931 to 1933 , it was the regional subdivision of the Nazi Party in that area . Most of the Gau became part of Poland after the Second World War while the remainder became part of what would become East Germany .

neg: King in Prussia King in Prussia was a title used by the Electors of Brandenburg from 1701 to 1772 . Subsequently , they used the title King of Prussia .   The House of Hohenzollern ruled Brandenburg as Prince-Electors , and were subjects of the Holy Roman Emperor . Since 1618 , the Electors of Brandenburg had also ruled the Duchy of Prussia , which lay outside of the empire , in a personal union . The dual state was known as Brandenburg-Prussia . The Duchy of Prussia was originally a fief that the dukes held of the King of Poland , of whom they were vassals , until the Treaties of Labiau ( 1656 ) and Bromberg ( 1657 ) , with which Frederick William , the Great Elector , had achieved full sovereignty from the Polish Crown . In 1701 Elector Frederick III wanted to show his greatness by adopting the title king .   In return for Hohenzollern assistance in the War of the Spanish Succession and support for the Habsburg candidate in the subsequent election , Emperor Leopold I allowed Frederick to crown himself `` King in Prussia '' .   Legally , Frederick was only an elector in his domains within the borders of the empire ; he was only king in his former duchy . Even though Brandenburg was still legally part of the empire and ruled in personal union with Prussia , it soon came to be treated as a de facto part of Prussia .   On 17 January 1701 , Frederick dedicated the royal coat of arms , the Prussian black eagle with the motto `` suum cuique '' imprinted . On 18 January , he crowned himself and his wife Sophie Charlotte in a baroque ceremony in Königsberg Castle .   Even so , Frederick 's move was controversial , and only became widely accepted after the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 . The title `` King of Prussia '' implied lordship over the entire Prussian region , not simply the former Duchy of Prussia , now Kingdom of Prussia , and the assumption of such a title by the Hohenzollern margraves would have threatened neighboring Poland ; because the province of Royal Prussia was part of the Kingdom of Poland , the Kings of Poland titled themselves Kings of Prussia until 1742 .   Throughout the 18th century the power of the Kings in Prussia continued to increase . They were victorious over the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy in the three Silesian Wars , greatly increasing their power through the acquisition of Silesia . King Frederick II adopted the title King of Prussia in 1772 , the same year he annexed most of Royal Prussia in the First Partition of Poland . The kings of Prussia continued to be Electors of Brandenburg until the empire 's dissolution in 1806 . Brandenburg was then made a province of the Kingdom of Prussia , Berlin officially gaining the status of capital of the Kingdom .

neg: Ideology of the SS The ideology espoused by the Schutzstaffel ( `` Protection Squadron '' ; SS ) , a paramilitary force and instrument of terror of the Nazi Party in Nazi Germany , emphasized a racist vision of `` racial purity '' , antisemitism , and loyalty to Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany .   SS men were indoctrinated with the belief they were members of a `` master race '' . The ideology of the SS was , even more so than in Nazism in general , built on the belief in a superior `` Aryan race '' . This led to the SS playing the main role in political violence and crimes against humanity , including the Holocaust and `` mercy killing '' of those with congenital illnesses . After the defeat of Nazi Germany in World War II , the SS and Nazi Party were found to be criminal organizations at the Nuremberg Trials .

neg: Prussian uprisings The Prussian uprisings were two major and three smaller uprisings by the Prussians , one of the Baltic tribes , against the Teutonic Knights that took place in the 13th century during the Prussian Crusade . The crusading military order , supported by the Popes and Christian Europe , sought to conquer and convert the pagan Prussians . In the first ten years of the crusade five of the seven major Prussian clans fell under the control of the less numerous Teutonic Knights . However , the Prussians rose against their conquerors on five occasions .   The first uprising was supported by Duke Swietopelk II , Duke of Pomerania . The Prussians were successful at first , reducing the Knights to only five of their strongest castles . Conversely , the duke suffered a series of military defeats and was eventually forced to make peace with the Teutonic Knights . With Duke Swietopelk 's support for the Prussians broken , a prelate of Pope Innocent IV then negotiated a peace treaty between the Prussians and the Knights . However , this treaty was never honored or enforced , especially after the Battle of Krücken at the end of 1249 .   The second uprising , known in historiography as `` The Great Prussian Uprising '' , was prompted by the 1260 Battle of Durbe , the largest defeat suffered by the Teutonic Knights in the 13th century . This uprising was the longest , largest , and most threatening to the Teutonic Order , who again were reduced to five of their strongest castles . Reinforcements for the Knights were slow to arrive , despite repeated encouragements from Pope Urban IV , and the position of the Order looked set to worsen . Luckily for the Order , the Prussians lacked unity and a common strategy and reinforcements finally reached Prussia in around 1265 . One by one , Prussian clans surrendered and the uprising was ended in 1274 .   The later three lesser uprisings depended on foreign help and were suppressed within one or two years . The last uprising in 1295 effectively ended the Prussian Crusade and Prussia became a Christian German-speaking territory , which assimilated native Prussians and a number of settlers from different German states .

neg: Antisemitism Antisemitism ( also spelled anti-Semitism or anti-semitism ) is hostility , prejudice , or discrimination directed against Jews as a group . A person who holds such positions is called an antisemite . Antisemitism is generally considered to be a form of racism .   The root word Semite gives the false impression that antisemitism is directed against all Semitic people , e.g. , including Arabs . The compound word antisemite was popularized in Germany in 1879 as a scientific-sounding term for Judenhass `` Jew-hatred '' , and that has been its common use since then .   Antisemitism may be manifested in many ways , ranging from expressions of hatred of or discrimination against individual Jews to organized pogroms by mobs , state police , or even military attacks on entire Jewish communities . Although the term did not come into common usage until the 19th century , it is now also applied to historic anti-Jewish incidents . Notable instances of persecution include the Rhineland massacres preceding the First Crusade in 1096 , the Edict of Expulsion from England in 1290 , the massacres of Spanish Jews in 1391 , the persecutions of the Spanish Inquisition , the expulsion from Spain in 1492 , the Cossack massacres in Ukraine from 1648 to 1657 , various anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire between 1821 and 1906 , the 1894 -- 1906 Dreyfus affair in France , the Holocaust in German-occupied Europe , official Soviet anti-Jewish policies , and Arab and Muslim involvement in the Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries .

neg: German federal election, 1928 Federal elections were held in Germany on 20 May 1928 . The Social Democratic Party of Germany ( SPD ) remained the largest party in the Reichstag after winning 153 of the 491 seats . Voter turnout was 75.6 % .   The only two parties to gain significantly were the SPD , who polled almost a third of votes , and the Communist Party of Germany ( KPD ) , completing a thorough victory of the left wing . However , although the SPD now had 153 seats , it still failed to gain a clear majority , resulting in another coalition government led by Hermann Müller . Following his appointment , Müller , who had already been Germany 's Chancellor for 4 months in 1920 , created a grand coalition of members of the SPD , the German Democratic Party , the Centre Party and the German People 's Party . The coalition was plagued by internal divisions right from the beginning , with each party more concerned with their self-interest than the interest of the government and eventually Müller asked President Paul von Hindenburg for emergency powers . When Hindenburg refused , Müller resigned , marking the end of the ` last genuinely democratic government of the Weimar Republic ' on 27 March 1930 .   The recently-reformed Nazi Party contested the elections after the ban on the party was lifted in 1925 . However , the party received less than 3 % of the vote and won just 12 seats in the Reichstag . Adolf Hitler , who had been incarcerated in Landsberg prison for his involvement in the Beer Hall Putsch until Christmas 1924 , had concentrated on re-establishing himself as the leader of the Nazi Party following his release rather than on the party 's electability .

neg: Pomerania during the High Middle Ages Pomerania during the High Middle Ages covers the History of Pomerania in the 12th and 13th centuries .   The early 12th century Obodrite , Polish , Saxon , and Danish conquests resulted in vassalage and Christianization of the formerly pagan and independent Pomeranian tribes . Local dynasties ruled the Principality of Rügen ( House of Wizlaw ) , the Duchy of Pomerania ( House of Pomerania , `` Griffins '' ) , the Lands of Schlawe and Stolp ( Ratiboride branch of the Griffins ) , and the duchies in Pomerelia ( Samborides ) .   The dukes of Pomerania expanded their realm into Circipania and Uckermark to the southwest , and competed with the Kingdom of Poland and the Margraviate of Brandenburg for territory and formal overlordship over their duchies . Pomerania-Demmin lost most of its territory and was integrated into Pomerania-Stettin in the mid-13th century . When the Ratiborides died out in 1223 , competition arose for the Lands of Schlawe and Stolp , which changed hands numerous times .   Starting in the High Middle Ages , a large influx of German settlers and the introduction of German law , custom , and Low German language began the process of Germanisation ( Ostsiedlung ) . Many of the people groups that had dominated the area during the Early Middle Ages , such as the Slavic Rani , Lutician and Pomeranian tribes , were assimilated into the new German Pomeranian culture . The Germanisation was not complete , as the Kashubians , descendants of Slavic Pomeranians , dominated many rural areas in Pomerelia . The arrival of German colonists and Germanization mostly affected both the central and local administration .   The conversion of Pomerania to Christianity was achieved primarily by the missionary efforts of Absalon and Otto von Bamberg , by the foundation of numerous monasteries , and through the Christian clergy and settlers . A Pomeranian diocese was set up in Wolin , the see was later moved to Cammin ( Kammin , Kamień Pomorski ) .


query: Maggie Gyllenhaal is only in films directed by Rob Lowe.

pos: Donnie Darko Donnie Darko is a 2001 science fiction film written and directed by Richard Kelly . It stars Jake Gyllenhaal , Jena Malone , Drew Barrymore , Mary McDonnell , Katharine Ross , Patrick Swayze , Noah Wyle , and Maggie Gyllenhaal . The film follows the adventures of the troubled title character as he seeks the meaning behind his Doomsday-related visions .   Filmed over the course of 28 days ( coincidentally mirroring the time transpired in the movie ) , the film was almost released straight-to-video . Donnie Darko was screened at the Sundance Film Festival on January 19 , 2001 , before receiving a limited theatrical release on October 26 , 2001 by Flower Films . Due to the film 's advertising featuring a crashing plane and the September 11 attacks that transpired a month before , the film was scarcely advertised . In the end , Donnie Darko grossed just under $ 7.3 million worldwide on a budget of $ 4.5 million .   Despite its lackluster box office performance , Donnie Darko received critical acclaim . Critics lauded the film 's story , acting , and tone . The film was listed # 2 in Empires `` 50 Greatest Independent Films of All Time '' list , as well as # 53 in Empire 's 500 Greatest Movies of All Time . It was released on VHS and DVD in March 2002 . The film became a surprising success on the home video market , reportedly grossing over $ 10 million in home video sales . It has been released on Blu-ray three times : on February 10 , 2009 , July 19 , 2010 , and December 12 , 2016 . The film has also developed a cult following .   The film 's soundtrack is also famous for its cover of Tears for Fears 's `` Mad World '' by Gary Jules and Michael Andrews . The cover reached number one on the UK Singles Chart and stayed there for three consecutive weeks . The song also achieved lukewarm success in the United States , reaching number 30 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart .   A director 's cut was released in 2004 , on a two-disc special edition DVD . A stage adaptation appeared in 2007 , and a sequel , S. Darko , in 2009 .

pos: Maggie Gyllenhaal Margalit Ruth `` Maggie '' Gyllenhaal ( -LSB- ˈdʒɪlənhɑːl -RSB- born November 16 , 1977 in New York City ) is an American actress . Part of the Gyllenhaal family , she is the daughter of filmmakers Stephen Gyllenhaal and Naomi Achs and the older sister of actor Jake Gyllenhaal .   She began her film career as a teenager with roles in her father 's films and appeared alongside her brother in the psychological horror film Donnie Darko ( 2001 ) . She garnered critical praise for starring as Lee Holloway in Secretary ( 2002 ) , for which she was nominated for a Golden Globe Award . For her performance in Sherrybaby ( 2006 ) , she was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture -- Drama . She also received recognition for starring as Rachel Dawes in The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) . For her performance in the musical-drama Crazy Heart ( 2009 ) , she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress . She subsequently starred in Nanny McPhee and the Big Bang ( 2010 ) , Wo n't Back Down ( 2012 ) and Frank ( 2014 ) , for which she was nominated for a BIFA Award .   In 2014 , she made her Broadway debut in a revival of The Real Thing , and also starred in the television BBC miniseries The Honourable Woman . For her performance in the latter she won a Golden Globe Award and was nominated for an Emmy Award .

neg: Robert Mullan Robert Mullan ( also Bob Mullan ) is a British film director , writer and producer . He is also an author . He wrote and directed Letters to Sofija , Gitel and We Will Sing .  He has produced over 40 documentaries , for the BBC , Granada , Anglia Television , Channel4 and for broadcasters outside the UK .   His latest film is Mad to Be Normal , a biography of R. D. Laing with David Tennant in the lead role .

neg: Stitches (2012 film) Stitches is a 2012 psychological horror comedy fantasy film directed by Conor McMahon and starring Ross Noble , Tommy Knight and Gemma-Leah Devereux . The plot concerns a birthday clown returning from the dead to exact revenge upon a boy and a group of children who contributed to his death . The film was produced by Fantastic Films and Tailored Films in 2012 and marks the film debut of Tommy Knight and stand-up comedian Ross Noble .   The film is an international co-production between Ireland , Sweden , and the United Kingdom . McMahon began working on the film after receiving a $ 600,000 grant from the Irish Film Board , also utilizing funding from MEDIA Europe . Filming for the movie took place in Ireland . Stitches premiered in Dublin , Ireland in September 2012 .

neg: Mongrel (film) Mongrel is a 1982 American horror film written and directed by Robert A. Burns . This is the only feature film Burns directed .

neg: Drive-In (film) Drive-In is a 1976 American comedy film directed by Rod Amateau and written by Bob Peete . The film stars Lisa Lemole , Gary Lee Cavagnaro , Glenn Morshower , Billy Milliken , Lee Newsom and Regan Kee . The film was released on May 26 , 1976 , by Columbia Pictures .

neg: Whiffs Whiffs is a 1975 comedy film directed by Ted Post , produced by Brut Productions and released theatrically in the U.S. by 20th Century Fox . It stars Elliott Gould as a gullible military private who volunteers to be the subject of numerous military biological and chemical weaponry experiments , and later robs banks as a result .

neg: Mindhunters Mindhunters is a 2004 American-British crime thriller film directed by Renny Harlin and starring Kathryn Morris , LL Cool J , Jonny Lee Miller , Patricia Velásquez , Clifton Collins , Jr. , Christian Slater and Val Kilmer . It was written by Wayne Kramer and Kevin Brodbin ( with an uncredited rewrite by Ehren Kruger ) . Unusually , the last country to receive this film was the United States in 2005 , because of the film 's distribution rights being changed from 20th Century Fox to Dimension Films .

neg: Pimp (film) Pimp is a British thriller film in the mockumentary vein of Man Bites Dog , it was released in cinemas on 21 May 2010 . It is written , produced and directed by Robert Cavanah who also plays the lead role . It also starred Billy Boyd , Martin Compston , Scarlett Alice Johnson , Barbara Nedeljáková , Robert Fucilla and Danny Dyer .

neg: You Instead You Instead ( alternate U.S. title Tonight You 're Mine ) is a 2011 British `` Rock 'n' roll romantic comedy '' written by Thomas Leveritt and directed by David Mackenzie . The film stars Luke Treadaway , Natalia Tena , Gavin Mitchell and Alastair Mackenzie . Set at T in the Park music festival and shot by Sigma Films , two feuding rock stars are handcuffed together at a festival where they are due to perform .

neg: Mostly Ghostly: One Night in Doom House Mostly Ghostly : One Night in Doom House is a 2016 horror comedy fantasy film directed by Ron Oliver and the sequel to Mostly Ghostly : Have You Met My Ghoulfriend ? ( 2014 ) . The film is based on the third book of the same name by R. L. Stine and the third installment of the Mostly Ghostly film series . The film was released on DVD on September 6 , 2016 .

neg: G:MT – Greenwich Mean Time G : MT -- Greenwich Mean Time is a 1999 British drama film .   Starring Steve John Shepherd and Chiwetel Ejiofor , the film features music by Acid Jazz and Jungle artists including Talvin Singh , Hinda Hicks and Imogen Heap . It was also one of the last projects of the late jazz trumpeter Lester Bowie .

neg: Karen Gillan Karen Sheila Gillan ( born 28 November 1987 ) is a Scottish actress and director . She is known for the role of Amy Pond , companion to the Eleventh Doctor , in the BBC science fiction series Doctor Who ( 2010 -- 13 ) . In film , she has starred as Jane Lockhart in Not Another Happy Ending ( 2013 ) , Kaylie Russell in the horror film Oculus ( 2013 ) , and Nebula in the Marvel film Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) and its sequel Guardians of the Galaxy Vol . 2 ( 2017 ) . She took part in the upcoming films Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle , The Circle ( 2017 ) , Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) and its untitled sequel ( 2019 ) . In 2017 , she directed her first feature film The Party 's Just Beginning .

neg: List of awards and nominations received by Jake Gyllenhaal Jake Gyllenhaal is an American actor who has appeared in multiple film roles . Throughout his career , Gyllenhaal has been nominated for various awards including Academy Awards , British Academy Film Awards , and Golden Globe Awards .

neg: Rob Green (film director) Rob Green is a film director , producer , editor and screenwriter .

neg: Peeples (film) Peeples is a 2013 American comedy film written and directed by Tina Gordon Chism and produced by Tyler Perry . It stars Craig Robinson and Kerry Washington and was released by Lionsgate on May 10 , 2013 .

neg: Perfect Sense Perfect Sense , formerly known as The Last Word , is a 2011 science fiction drama film directed by David Mackenzie and written by Kim Fupz Aakeson , starring Eva Green and Ewan McGregor . Scenes were shot in various locations around Glasgow , Mexico City and Kenya . The film premiered at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival .

neg: Soursweet Soursweet is a 1988 British film directed by Mike Newell . The screenplay was written by Ian McEwan from the novel Sour Sweet by Timothy Mo. .

neg: Nobody's Perfect (1990 film) Nobody 's Perfect is a 1990 American comedy film directed by Robert Kaylor and starring Chad Lowe and Gail O'Grady .

neg: Straight Talk Straight Talk is an 1992 American romantic comedy film directed by Barnet Kellman and starring Dolly Parton and James Woods . Parton did not receive solo star-billing in any other theatrically released films until the 2012 film Joyful Noise , alongside Queen Latifah . Her previous starring films had been 9 to 5 ( 1980 ) , The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas ( 1982 ) , Rhinestone ( 1984 ) , and Steel Magnolias ( 1989 ) .

neg: Aloha (film) Aloha is a 2015 American romantic comedy-drama film written , produced and directed by Cameron Crowe . The film , starring Bradley Cooper , Emma Stone , Rachel McAdams , Bill Murray , John Krasinski , Danny McBride , and Alec Baldwin , was released on May 29 , 2015 . The film received negative reviews from critics , and has grossed only $ 26 million against a budget of $ 37 million , making the film a box office bomb .

neg: Look Back in Anger (1980 film) Look Back in Anger is a 1980 British film starring Malcolm McDowell , Lisa Banes and Fran Brill , and directed by Lindsay Anderson and David Hugh Jones . The film is based on John Osborne 's play Look Back in Anger .


query: Jennifer Garner was involved with Scott Foley.

pos: Jennifer Garner Jennifer Anne Garner ( born April 17 , 1972 ) is an American actress . Her breakthrough film debut was in the comedy Dude , Where 's My Car ( 2000 ) . Following a supporting role in Pearl Harbor , Garner gained recognition for her performance as CIA officer Sydney Bristow in the ABC spy-action thriller Alias , which aired from 2001 to 2006 . For her work on the series , she won a Golden Globe Award and a SAG Award and received four Emmy Award nominations .   While working on Alias , Garner gained a cameo role in Catch Me if You Can ( 2002 ) , followed by a praised leading performance in the romantic comedy film 13 Going on 30 ( 2004 ) . Garner has appeared in supporting as well as lead film roles including the superhero films Daredevil ( 2003 ) and Elektra ( 2005 ) , the comedy-drama Juno ( 2007 ) , and the fantasy romantic comedy The Invention of Lying ( 2009 ) . In the 2010s , she appeared in the romantic-comedy film Valentine 's Day , the fantasy comedy-drama film The Odd Life of Timothy Green ( 2012 ) , the biographical drama Dallas Buyers Club ( 2013 ) , and the comedy Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day ( 2014 ) .   Garner works frequently as an activist for early childhood education and is a board member of Save the Children . She is also an advocate for anti-paparazzi campaigns among children of celebrities . Garner had a five-year relationship with Scott Foley from 1998 to 2003 , during which they married . Garner married Ben Affleck in 2005 , with whom she has three children ; they separated in 2015 and filed for divorce in April 2017 .

neg: Swindle (2002 film) Swindle is a 2002 crime thriller film written and directed by K.C. Bascombe and starring Tom Sizemore , Sherilyn Fenn and Dave Foley .

neg: Silver Linings Playbook Silver Linings Playbook is a 2012 American romantic comedy-drama film written and directed by David O. Russell . It was adapted from the novel The Silver Linings Playbook , by Matthew Quick . The film stars Bradley Cooper and Jennifer Lawrence , with Robert De Niro , Jacki Weaver , Chris Tucker , Anupam Kher , and Julia Stiles in supporting roles .   Cooper plays Patrick `` Pat '' Solitano , Jr. , a man with bipolar disorder who is released from a psychiatric hospital and moves back in with his parents , played by Robert De Niro and Jacki Weaver . Determined to win back his estranged wife , Pat meets recently widowed Tiffany Maxwell , portrayed by Jennifer Lawrence , who offers to help him get his wife back if he enters a dance competition with her . The two become closer as they train and Pat , his father , and Tiffany examine their relationships with each other as they cope with their problems .   Silver Linings Playbook premiered at the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival on September 8 , 2012 , and was released in the United States on November 16 , 2012 . The film opened to major critical success and earned numerous accolades . It received eight Academy Award nominations , including Best Picture , Best Director , Best Adapted Screenplay . It became the first film since 1981 's Reds to be Oscar-nominated for the four acting categories and the first since 2004 's Million Dollar Baby to be nominated for the Big Five Oscars , with Lawrence winning the Academy Award for Best Actress . It also achieved four Golden Globe Award nominations , with Lawrence winning Best Actress ; three BAFTA nominations , with Russell winning for Best Adapted Screenplay ; four Screen Actors Guild nominations ; and five Independent Spirit Award nominations , winning in four categories , including Best Film . The film was a success at the box office , grossing over $ 236 million worldwide , more than eleven times its budget .

neg: Desperate Housewives Desperate Housewives is an American television comedy-drama and mystery series created by Marc Cherry , and produced by ABC Studios and Cherry Productions . It originally aired for eight seasons on ABC , from October 3 , 2004 to May 13 , 2012 . Executive producer Cherry served as showrunner . Other executive producers since the fourth season included Bob Daily , George W. Perkins , John Pardee , Joey Murphy , David Grossman , and Larry Shaw .   Set on Wisteria Lane , a street in the fictional town of Fairview in the fictional Eagle State , Desperate Housewives follows the lives of a group of women as seen through the eyes of their late friend and neighbor who committed suicide in the pilot episode . The storyline covers 13 years of the women 's lives over eight seasons , set between the years 2004 -- 2008 , and later 2013 -- 2017 ( the story arc includes a five-year passage of time , as well as flashbacks ranging from the 1980s to the 2020s ) . They work through domestic struggles and family life , while facing the secrets , crimes and mysteries hidden behind the doors of their -- on the surface -- beautiful and seemingly perfect suburban neighborhood .   The series features an ensemble cast , headed by Teri Hatcher as Susan Mayer , Felicity Huffman as Lynette Scavo , Marcia Cross as Bree Van de Kamp , and Eva Longoria as Gabrielle Solis . Brenda Strong narrates the series as the late Mary Alice Young , appearing sporadically in flashbacks or dream sequences .   Desperate Housewives was well received by viewers and critics alike . It won multiple Primetime Emmy , Golden Globe and Screen Actors Guild Awards . From the 2004 -- 05 through the 2008 -- 09 television seasons , its first five seasons were rated amongst the top ten most-watched series . In 2007 , it was reported to be the most popular show in its demographic worldwide , with an audience of approximately 120 million and was also reported as the third most watched television series in a study of ratings in twenty countries . In 2012 , it remained the most-watched comedy series internationally based on data from Eurodata TV Worldwide , which measured ratings across five continents ; it has held this position since 2006 . Moreover , it was the third highest revenue earning series for 2010 , with $ 2.74 million per half an hour . The show was ranked at number fifty-six on Entertainment Weekly `` New TV Classics '' list .   In 2011 , it was confirmed that Desperate Housewives would conclude after its eighth season ; the series finale aired on May 13 , 2012 . By the end of the series , it had surpassed Charmed as the longest running hour-long television series featuring all female leads by two episodes .

neg: James Foley (journalist) James Wright `` Jim '' Foley ( October 18 , 1973 -- c. August 19 , 2014 ) was an American journalist and video reporter . While working as a freelance war correspondent during the Syrian Civil War , he was abducted on November 22 , 2012 , in northwestern Syria . He was beheaded in August 2014 purportedly as a response to American airstrikes in Iraq , thus becoming the first American citizen killed by the Islamic State of Iraq ( ISIS ) .   Before he became a journalist , Foley was an instructor for Teach For America . In 2009 , he became an embedded journalist with USAID-funded development projects in Iraq , and in 2011 he wrote for the military newspaper Stars and Stripes in Afghanistan , and GlobalPost in Libya . There , he was captured by Gaddafi loyalist forces and held for 44 days . The next year , James Foley was captured in Syria while he was working for Agence France-Presse and GlobalPost .

neg: Wakefield (film) Wakefield is a 2016 American drama film directed and written by Robin Swicord , based on the short story of same name by E. L. Doctorow . The film stars Bryan Cranston and Jennifer Garner . Principal photography began on November 30 , 2015 , in Pasadena , California .   The film had its world premiere at the Telluride Film Festival on September 2 , 2016 . It was released in a limited release on May 19 , 2017 , before being released through video on demand on May 26 , 2017 , by IFC Films .

neg: Joel Schumacher Joel T. Schumacher ( born August 29 , 1939 ) is an American film director , screenwriter , and producer .   Schumacher rose to fame after directing hit films of his decade St. Elmo 's Fire ( 1985 ) , The Lost Boys ( 1987 ) and Flatliners ( 1990 ) . He later went on to direct John Grisham adaptations The Client ( 1994 ) and A Time to Kill ( 1996 ) . His films Falling Down ( 1993 ) and 8mm ( 1999 ) were competed for Palme d'Or and Golden Bear respectively .   In 1993 , he signed on to direct the next installments of Batman film series . Schumacher-directed Batman films Batman Forever ( 1995 ) and particularly Batman & Robin ( 1997 ) received negative reactions from both public and critics . After Batman films , Schumacher pulled back from blockbusters and returned to making minimalist films such as Tigerland ( 2000 ) and Phone Booth ( 2002 ) , both earning positive reviews . He also directed The Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 ) , The Number 23 ( 2007 ) and several episodes of House of Cards .   Known for casting young actors , Schumacher helped actors like Colin Farrell , Kiefer Sutherland , and Matthew McConaughey to launch careers .

neg: A Gun for Jennifer A Gun for Jennifer is a 1997 rape and revenge film directed by Todd Morris and starring Deborah Twiss . It follows a feminist vigilante group who castrate suspected rapists and batterers while a female police officer attempts to stop them . It is shot in a retro grindhouse style and premiered at the Fantasia Festival in July 1997 , where it was sold-out an hour before screening and received a standing ovation . The film has not left the festival circuit ; Fangoria reported that it had been picked up for distribution by Mondo Macabro , but the release never came to fruition .   The movie was covered in the documentary In the Belly of the Beast , which detailed Morris and Twiss 's discovery that their financier ( whom Twiss had met while working as an exotic dancer ) had been embezzling money .

neg: Scott McGehee Scott McGehee ( born April 20 , 1962 ) , is an American film director and screenwriter . He is a Columbia University graduate and did graduate work in the Rhetoric department at UC Berkeley . He was born in California , and currently resides in New York City .   He is half of a long-standing writing-directing partnership with filmmaker David Siegel . Neither attended film school . McGehee is openly gay .   He was a member of the US Dramatic Jury at the 2009 Sundance Film Festival .

neg: Lila & Eve Lila & Eve is a 2015 American crime drama film directed by Charles Stone III and written by Patrick Gilfillan . The film stars Viola Davis and Jennifer Lopez . It premiered on January 30 , 2015 , at the Sundance Film Festival . The film was released in North America on July 17 , 2015 , in a limited release and through video on demand by Samuel Goldwyn Films . This marks the second time Davis and Lopez acted in a film together , the first being the Steven Soderbergh film Out of Sight in 1998 .

neg: Pay It Forward (film) Pay It Forward is a 2000 American drama-romance film based on the novel of the same name by Catherine Ryan Hyde . The film is set in Las Vegas in the present day , and it chronicles 12-year-old Trevor McKinney 's launch of a goodwill movement known as ` pay it forward ' . Directed by Mimi Leder and written by Leslie Dixon , the film stars Haley Joel Osment as Trevor , Helen Hunt as his alcoholic single mother Arlene McKinney , and Kevin Spacey as his physically and emotionally scarred social studies teacher Eugene Simonet .   Pay It Forward was released on October 20 , 2000 to mixed reviews , with most critics praising the acting , writing , music and cinematography but criticizing the story and accusing it of excessive emotional manipulation , particularly in its ending . The film was a moderate box office success , earning just over $ 55.7 million on a $ 40 million budget .

neg: Winter's Bone Winter 's Bone is a 2010 American independent drama film , an adaptation of Daniel Woodrell 's 2006 novel of the same name . Written and directed by Debra Granik , the film stars Jennifer Lawrence as a teenaged girl in the rural Ozarks of the central United States who , to protect her family from eviction , must locate her missing father . The film explores the interrelated themes of close and distant family ties , the power and speed of gossip , self-sufficiency , and poverty as they are changed by the pervasive underworld of illegal methamphetamine labs .   Winter 's Bone won several awards , including the Grand Jury Prize : Dramatic Film at the 2010 Sundance Film Festival . It also received four 2011 Academy Award nominations : Best Picture , Best Adapted Screenplay , Best Actress and Best Supporting Actor .

neg: Dallas Buyers Club Dallas Buyers Club is a 2013 American biographical drama film , co-written by Craig Borten and Melisa Wallack , and directed by Jean-Marc Vallée . The film tells the story of Ron Woodroof , an AIDS patient diagnosed in the mid 1980s when HIV/AIDS treatments were under-researched , while the disease was not understood and highly stigmatized . As part of the experimental AIDS treatment movement , he smuggled unapproved pharmaceutical drugs into Texas for treating his symptoms , and distributed them to fellow people with AIDS by establishing the `` Dallas Buyers Club '' while facing opposition from the Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) . Two fictional supporting characters , Dr. Eve Saks ( Jennifer Garner ) , and Rayon ( Jared Leto ) , were composite roles created from the writer 's interviews with transgender AIDS patients , activists , and doctors .   Screenwriter Borten interviewed Woodroof in 1992 and wrote the script , which he polished with writer Wallack in 2000 , and then sold to producer Robbie Brenner . Several other actors , directors , and producers who were attached at various times to the development of the film left the project . Universal Pictures also tried to make the film , but did not . A couple of screenwriters wrote drafts that were rejected . In 2009 , producer Brenner involved Matthew McConaughey , because of his Texas origins , the same as Woodroof 's . Brenner selected the first draft , written by Borten and Wallack , for the film , and then Vallée was set to direct the film . Principal photography began on November 11 , 2012 , in New Orleans , Louisiana , continuing for 25 days of filming , which also included shooting in Baton Rouge . Brenner and Rachel Winter co-produced the film . The official soundtrack album was featured by various artists , and was released digitally on October 29 , 2013 , by the Relativity Music Group .   Dallas Buyers Club premiered at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival and was released theatrically in the United States on November 1 , 2013 , by Focus Features , strategically entering wide release on November 22 for award season . The film grossed over $ 27 million domestically and $ 27.9 million internationally , the box office revenue returned over $ 55 million against a budget of $ 5 million in 182-days of a theatrical run . It grossed over $ 4.5 million from DVD , and over $ 3 million from Blu-ray sales . The film received universal critical acclaim , resulting in numerous accolades . Most praised the performances of McConaughey and Leto , who received the Academy Award for Best Actor and for Best Supporting Actor , respectively , at the 86th Academy Awards , making this the first film since Mystic River ( 2003 ) , and only the fifth movie ever , to win both awards . The film also won the award for Best Makeup and Hairstyling , and garnered nominations for Best Picture , Best Original Screenplay , and Best Editing .

neg: Jennifer Welles Jennifer Welles ( born March 15 , 1937 ) is an American former pornographic actress in films of the 1970s , although she began her acting career in the late 1960s in the softcore sexploitation genre  films produced in New York . Some of these include : Sex by Advertisement ( 1967 ) , Career Bed , Submission , and This Sporting House , by pornographic film director Henri Pachard ( all from 1969 ) .

neg: List of accolades received by Dallas Buyers Club Dallas Buyers Club is a 2013 American biographical drama film directed by Jean-Marc Vallée based on a screenplay written by Craig Borten and Melisa Wallack . Matthew McConaughey stars as Ron Woodroof , an AIDS patient who smuggles unapproved AIDS drug treatments into Texas and establishes the titular club where he distributes them amongst other AIDS sufferers whilst opposed by the Food and Drug Administration . Jared Leto and Jennifer Garner feature in supporting roles .   Dallas Buyers Club premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 7 , 2013 . Focus Features initially gave the film a limited release at nine theaters on November 1 before expanding it on November 22 to over 600 theaters in the United States and Canada . The film grossed a worldwide total of over $ 55 million on a production budget of $ 5 million . Rotten Tomatoes , a review aggregator , surveyed 234 reviews and judged 94 % to be positive .   Dallas Buyers Club garnered awards and nominations in a variety of categories with particular praise for the performances of actors , McConaughey and Leto . At the 86th Academy Awards , the film received six nominations , including Best Picture , Best Original Screenplay , Best Actor for McConaughey , and Best Supporting Actor for Leto . McConaughey and Leto went on to win their respective categories -- only the fifth film in Oscars history to win both awards . Hairstylist Adruitha Lee , and makeup artist Robin Mathews won for Best Makeup and Hairstyling . Mathews ' makeup budget for the film was only $ 250 . At the 71st Golden Globe Awards , McConaughey won for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama , and Leto won for Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture .   At the Screen Actors Guild Awards the film had three nominations ; winning Best Actor for McConaughey and Best Supporting Actor for Leto . Borten and Wallack 's screenplay was also nominated for Best Original Screenplay at the Writers Guild of America Awards . The National Board of Review named Dallas Buyers Club one of the top ten independent films of 2013 .

neg: Day on Fire Day on Fire is an American film which was produced by Lodestar Entertainment and filmed in New York City and Israel in 2006 . It is written and directed by Jay Anania , stars Academy Award winner Olympia Dukakis , Carmen Chaplin , Alyssa Sutherland and Martin Donovan and is produced by William Fisch and Larry Rattner . The film was scored by John Medeski with vocals by Judy Kuhn .   Day on Fire was screened at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival on May 22 , 2006 .   Day on Fire tells the story of a singer , a model , an Arab woman journalist , and a physician as they criss-cross New York City over a 12-hour period . Their intersecting lives unfold against the backdrop of a ghastly suicide bombing in Israel , and the strange New York City wanderings of a malevolent Handsome Man , whose predatory intents lend an air of inevitable , horrific violence . Beautifully and hauntingly musical , this thriller also has a political and personal intrigue that mounts inexorably as the sun begins to set on this fateful day . By the time night has fallen in the city , the crossing of these individual fates is sealed . Each of these four women has found their destiny amidst the brutality that the film reveals .

neg: Jennifer Young Jennifer Young ( born August 21 , 1969 ) is an American film producer and photographer .

neg: I Know What You Did Last Summer I Know What You Did Last Summer is a 1997 American slasher film written by Kevin Williamson and directed by Jim Gillespie . The film is loosely based on the 1973 novel of the same name by Lois Duncan . The film also draws inspiration from the urban legend known as The Hook .   The film stars Jennifer Love Hewitt , Sarah Michelle Gellar , Ryan Phillippe and Freddie Prinze , Jr. , with Anne Heche , Bridgette Wilson , and Johnny Galecki appearing in supporting roles . I Know What You Did Last Summer centers on four friends who are being stalked by a killer , one year after covering up a car accident in which they were involved . The film was directed by Jim Gillespie , from a screenplay written by Kevin Williamson , writer of Scream .   I Know What You Did Last Summer received mixed reviews from critics , but was commercially successful , grossing over $ 125 million at the box office . It was also nominated for and won multiple awards . As a result , the film has been parodied and referenced in popular culture .   The film was followed by two sequels , I Still Know What You Did Last Summer ( 1998 ) and the straight-to-DVD release I 'll Always Know What You Did Last Summer ( 2006 ) . Though the former film sees a continuation of the plotline established in its predecessor , the latter film establishes a new plotline and does not star any cast members from the previous two installments .

neg: Mark Foley scandal The Mark Foley scandal , which broke in late September 2006 , centers on soliciting e-mails and sexually suggestive instant messages sent by Mark Foley , a Republican Congressman from Florida , to teenaged boys who had formerly served as congressional pages . Investigation was closed by the Florida Department of Law Enforcement ( FDLE ) on September 19 , 2008 citing insufficient evidence to pursue criminal charges as both `` Congress and Mr. Foley denied us access to critical data '' , said FDLE Commissioner Gerald Bailey . The scandal grew to encompass the response of Republican congressional leaders to previous complaints about Foley 's contacts with the pages and inconsistencies in the leaders ' public statements . There were also allegations that a second Republican Congressman , Jim Kolbe , had improper conduct with at least two youths , a 16-year-old page and a recently graduated page .   The scandal led to Foley 's resignation from Congress on September 29 , 2006 . In some quarters , the scandal is believed to have contributed to the Republican Party 's loss of control over Congress in the November 7 , 2006 election , as well as the end of House Speaker Dennis Hastert 's leadership of the House Republicans . Kirk Fordham , chief of staff to Rep. Tom Reynolds and former chief of staff for Foley , also resigned as a result of the scandal .   Newsweek 's June 7 , 2010 , issue 's BACK STORY listed Foley , among others , as a prominent conservative politician who had a record of anti-gay legislation and was later caught in a gay sex scandal .   The questionable conversations , which took place between 1995 and 2005 , were investigated by the FBI for possible criminal violations . In September 2008 , Florida officials investigating Foley decided not to charge him , citing a lack of evidence and the expiration of the statute of limitations . The House Ethics Committee investigated the response of the House Republican leadership and their staff to earlier warnings about Foley 's conduct . In early October 2006 , two news organizations anonymously quoted former pages who said that they had sexual liaisons with Foley after turning 18 and 21 . Foley was chairman of the House Caucus on Missing and Exploited Children , which introduced legislation targeting sexual predators and created stricter guidelines for tracking them .

neg: Mary Pat Gleason Mary Pat Gleason ( born February 23 , 1950 ) is an American film and television actress and an Emmy Award winning writer . From 1983 -- 85 , she appeared on The Guiding Light as Jane Hogan .   Since the early 1980s she has appeared on such television series as Full House , Dear John , Murphy Brown , Empty Nest , L.A. Law , Saved by the Bell , Murder , She Wrote , Friends , Step by Step , Suddenly Susan , Will & Grace , Sex and the City , Desperate Housewives , Family Matters , NCIS : Los Angeles , The Middleman , Up All Night , 1600 Penn , Motive , Baby Daddy , Grey 's Anatomy , Partners , Mama 's Family , Two Broke Girls and Mom .   She has appeared in such feature films as I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry , Basic Instinct , Traffic , Bruce Almighty , 13 Going on 30 , The Crucible , Bottle Shock , A Cinderella Story , The Island , Killing Kennedy and Nina .