query: Conquest of the Planet of the Apes is genre fiction.

pos: Conquest of the Planet of the Apes Conquest of the Planet of the Apes is a 1972 science fiction film directed by J. Lee Thompson and written by Paul Dehn . It is the fourth of five films in the original Planet of the Apes series produced by Arthur P. Jacobs . The film stars Roddy McDowall , Don Murray and Ricardo Montalbán . It explores how the apes rebelled from humanity 's ill treatment following Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) . It was followed by Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) .   The series reboot Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) has a similar premise to Conquest , but is not officially a remake .

pos: Science fiction film Science fiction film ( or sci-fi ) is a genre that uses speculative , fictional science-based depictions of phenomena that are not fully accepted by mainstream science , such as extraterrestrial lifeforms , alien worlds , extrasensory perception and time travel , along with futuristic elements such as spacecraft , robots , cyborgs , interstellar travel or other technologies . Science fiction films have often been used to focus on political or social issues , and to explore philosophical issues like the human condition . In many cases , tropes derived from written science fiction may be used by filmmakers ignorant of or at best indifferent to the standards of scientific plausibility and plot logic to which written science fiction is traditionally held .   The genre has existed since the early years of silent cinema , when Georges Melies ' A Trip to the Moon ( 1902 ) employed trick photography effects . The next major example in the genre was the film Metropolis ( 1927 ) - being the first feature length science fiction movie . From the 1930s to the 1950s , the genre consisted mainly of low-budget B movies . After Stanley Kubrick 's landmark 2001 : A Space Odyssey ( 1968 ) , the science fiction film genre was taken more seriously . In the late 1970s , big-budget science fiction films filled with special effects became popular with audiences after the success of Star Wars and paved the way for the blockbuster hits of subsequent decades .

neg: Alien language in science fiction A formal description of an alien language in science fiction may have been pioneered by Percy Greg 's Martian language ( he called it `` Martial '' ) in his 1880 novel Across the Zodiac , although already the 17th century book The Man in the Moone describes the language of the Lunars , consisting `` not so much of words and letters as tunes and strange sounds '' , which is in turn predated by other invented languages in fictional societies , e.g. , in Thomas More 's Utopia .   As the science fiction genre developed , so did the use of the literary trope of alien languages .   Some science-fiction works operate on the premise that alien languages can be easily learned if one has a competent understanding of the nature of languages in general . For example , the protagonist of C. S. Lewis 's novel Out of the Silent Planet is able to use his training in historical linguistics to decipher the language spoken on Mars .   Others work on the premise that languages with similarities can be partially understood by different species .   Stanislaw Lem 's novel His Master 's Voice describes an effort by scientists to decode , translate and understand an extraterrestrial transmission . The novel critically approaches humanity 's intelligence and intentions in deciphering and truly comprehending a message from outer space .  The 2014 novel Lamikorda by D. R. Merrill not only deals with differences in verbal communication , but gestures and other `` body language '' , pointing out the inextricability of language with cultural and social norms .   In some cases , authors avoid linguistic questions by introducing devices into their stories that seamlessly translate between languages , to the point that the concept of different languages can largely be excluded from a franchise . Notable examples include :  Douglas Adams 's babel fish  The TARDIS from Doctor Who  The translator microbes in Farscape  The universal translator from Star Trek   In other cases , the question of language is dealt with through the introduction of a universal language via which most , if not all , of the franchise 's species are able to communicate . In the Star Wars universe , for example , this language is known as Basic and is spoken by the majority of the characters , with a few notable exceptions . Other alien species take advantage of their unique physiology for communication purposes , an example being the Ithorians , who use their twin mouths , located on either side of their neck , to speak in stereo .   In some franchises this universal language is an intermediary language ; one that different species can easily translate to and from their own languages , thus allowing simple communication between races . Examples of this approach include Interlac from the Legion of Super-Heroes , Babylon 5 , and the Uplift Universe , where numerous sapient species use at least twelve `` Galactic '' languages ( each version is used in communication between species that can articulate it , and that find it useful in expressing their concepts ) .   Not all of these universal/intermediate languages take the form of spoken/written languages as is recognized in the human world . In the film and book Close Encounters of the Third Kind scientists use Solresol , a language based on musical tones , while in the film and book Contact , aliens send the instructions to build a machine to reach them using mathematics , which the main character calls `` the only universal language '' . Similarly , in Stargate SG-1 , the protagonists encounter a galactic meeting place where different races communicate with one another using a language based on atomic structures which is `` written '' in three dimensions rather than two .   A number of long-running franchises have taken the concept of an alien language beyond that of a scripting device and have developed languages of their own .  Examples include the Klingon language of the Star Trek universe ( a fully developed constructed language created by Marc Okrand )  The Zentradi language from the Macross Japanese science-fiction anime series  The DC Comics , Kryptonese ( for which there exists an alphabet and language glossary )  For his 2009 science fiction film Avatar , creator and director James Cameron constructed the fictional Na ` vi language ( with the aid of college professor Paul Frommer ) for his fictional alien Na ` vi race in the film   The existence of alien languages and the ease or difficulty of translation is used as a plot device or script element in a number of franchises , sometimes seriously , and sometimes for comedic value .  In Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country , the crew is forced to speak ( broken ) Klingon without the universal translator .  In the film Mars Attacks ! , the language spoken by the Martians appears to consist only of the words `` ack ! '' and `` rack ! '' spoken at different pitches and volume . The film 's universal translator consistently translates these as being offers of friendship despite the fact that the aliens ' actions are anything but friendly .  In one episode of Babylon 5 , Commander Susan Ivanova gives orders to a Minbari crew in their language , and exclaims `` Ah Hell ! '' in frustration , inadvertently giving the command `` continuous fire '' in Minbari . This is identical phonetically to `` ahel '' the Minbari translation of `` continuous fire '' .  In Dragon Ball Z , Bulma speaks in her usual language ( Japanese ) and thereby involuntarily activates some functions of an alien starship , as her words are identified by the ship 's computer as Namekkian orders .  C. J. Cherryh 's Chanur series of books relies heavily on linguistic and psychological problems of communication between various alien races . Some examples include usage of obscure languages and cultural references to conceal information from others , imperfections of computer translation , use of pidgin and linguistic barriers , psychological concepts which do not have matches in other races ' languages , and a race so alien that it can not be understood at all without a translation by another race which itself can barely be understood due to manifold meanings in each message . In the Foreigner universe , Cherryh explores the interface between humans and Atevi , whose language relies on numerical values , causing the main character , Bren Cameron , to constantly calculate as he speaks the Atevi language , Ragi .  Conversely , in The Simpsons , the fact that English is mutually understood by the show 's human and alien characters is noted as being `` an astonishing coincidence '' .  Some stories , however , have alien beings speak near-unpronounceable tongues . Clark Ashton Smith , in one tale , has the sorcerer Eibon struggle to articulate the name of an alien , Hziulquoigmnzhah .   Other works present detailed , concrete examples of the difficulty of learning alien languages due to linguistic relativity .  In Mary Doria Russell 's philosophical/sci-fi novel The Sparrow , a linguist who travels to an alien planet as part of a Jesuit mission discovers a language with unique and ( at first ) incomprehensible tenses and conjugations .  In Carl Sagan 's novel Contact ( and the subsequent film adaptation ) , a broadcast from an extraterrestrial source is discovered to contain multiple layers of encrypted messages .  Ted Chiang 's short story `` Story of Your Life '' describes attempts to communicate with a technologically advanced alien species that has no apparent understanding of basic mathematics and physics .   Other science fiction stories imagine communication through telepathy .  There is for example the Vulcan mind meld in Star Trek .  In the novel Ender 's Game , the `` Buggers '' are an alien species in which their queen can telepathically communicate with every member of her species , but no humans except Ender . The inability of the two species to effectively communicate serves as a critical element of the novel 's plot .  Sheila Finch published a collection of short stories about first contact and alien communication , The Guild of Xenolinguists , ( Golden Gryphon Press ) , in 2007 .  In 2008 , the game Dead Space introduced a form of alien language known as Unitology , for the religion that mainly uses it . Unitology is only shown to be written with no example or indication of a verbal dialect .  In Futurama , a language exists called Alienese , which originates from an unspecified extraterrestrial source . At least one character has achieved an academic degree in xenolinguistics , which gives her the apparently rare skill of knowing how to translate between English and Alienese .  In science-fiction movie Arrival scientists trying to understand aliens ' language and symbols  Various works from the Cthulhu mythos of H.P. Lovecraft present short sentences , excerpts and text fragments in the language of the Old Gods , referred to as `` R'lyehian '' or `` Cthuvian '' by the fan base . Lovecraft provided translations for some of the texts and denoted Cthuvian as a thick , guttural language , but he never published any details on pronunciation and grammar , so it is not possible to communicate in Cthuvian . Based on the limited text resources , only few grammatical rules and vocabulary could be worked out by fans , which are mostly guesswork . There is no evidence that Lovecraft even had a concept for the structure of the language when writing it .

neg: Genre Genre ( -LSB- ˈʒɒ̃rə -RSB- , -LSB- ˈʒɒnrə -RSB- or -LSB- ˈdʒɒnrə -RSB- from French genre -LSB- ʒɑ̃ʁ -RSB- , `` kind '' or `` sort '' , from Latin genus ( stem gener - ) , Greek γένος , génos ) is any form or type of communication in any mode ( written , spoken , digital , artistic , etc. ) with socially-agreed upon conventions developed over time . Genre is most popularly known as a category of literature , music , or other forms of art or entertainment , whether written or spoken , audio or visual , based on some set of stylistic criteria , yet genres can be aesthetic , rhetorical , communicative , or functional . Genres form by conventions that change over time as new genres are invented and the use of old ones is discontinued . Often , works fit into multiple genres by way of borrowing and recombining these conventions . Stand alone texts , works , or pieces of communication may have individual styles , but genres are amalgams of these texts based on agreed upon or socially inferred conventions . Some genres may be rigid with strictly adhered to guidelines while others may be very flexible .   Genre began as an absolute classification system for ancient Greek literature . Poetry , prose , and performance each had a specific and calculated style that related to the theme of the story . Speech patterns for comedy would not be appropriate for tragedy , and even actors were restricted to their genre under the assumption that a type of person could tell one type of story best .  In later periods genres proliferated and developed in response to changes in audiences and creators . Genre became a dynamic tool to help the public make sense out of unpredictable art . Because art is often a response to a social state , in that people write/paint/sing / dance about what they know about , the use of genre as a tool must be able to adapt to changing meanings .   Genre suffers from the same ills of any classification system . Genre is to be reassessed and scrutinized and to weigh works on their unique merit . It has been suggested that genres resonate with people because of the familiarity , the shorthand communication , as well as the tendency of genres to shift with public mores and to reflect the zeitgeist . While the genre of storytelling has been relegated as lesser form of art because of the heavily borrowed nature of the conventions , admiration has grown . Proponents argue that the genius of an effective genre piece is in the variation , recombination , and evolution of the codes .

neg: Conquerors' The Conquerors trilogy is a series of science fiction novels by Timothy Zahn , published between 1994 and 1996 .   Set in a space opera future , the trilogy is concerned with a failed first contact that leads to an interstellar war between humanity and an alien race , the Zhirrzh ( nicknamed by humans The Conquerors ) . Meanwhile , other alien races try to take advantage of the conflict between the two powers .

neg: B movie A B movie is a low-budget commercial movie , but one that is not an arthouse film . In its original usage , during the Golden Age of Hollywood , the term more precisely identified films intended for distribution as the less-publicized bottom half of a double feature . Although the U.S. production of movies intended as second features largely ceased by the end of the 1950s , the term B movie continues to be used in the broader sense it maintains today . In its post -- Golden Age usage , there is ambiguity on both sides of the definition : on the one hand , the primary interest of many inexpensive exploitation films is prurient ; on the other , many B movies display a high degree of craft and aesthetic ingenuity .   In either usage , most B movies represent a particular genre -- the Western was a Golden Age B movie staple , while low-budget science-fiction and horror films became more popular in the 1950s . Early B movies were often part of series in which the star repeatedly played the same character . Almost always shorter than the top-billed films they were paired with , many had running times of 70 minutes or less . The term connoted a general perception that B movies were inferior to the more handsomely budgeted headliners ; individual B films were often ignored by critics .   Latter-day B movies still sometimes inspire multiple sequels , but series are less common . As the average running time of top-of-the-line films increased , so did that of B pictures . In its current usage , the term has somewhat contradictory connotations : it may signal an opinion that a certain movie is ( a ) a genre film with minimal artistic ambitions or ( b ) a lively , energetic film uninhibited by the constraints imposed on more expensive projects and unburdened by the conventions of putatively `` serious '' independent film . The term is also now used loosely to refer to some higher-budgeted , mainstream films with exploitation-style content , usually in genres traditionally associated with the B movie .   From their beginnings to the present day , B movies have provided opportunities both for those coming up in the profession and others whose careers are waning . Celebrated filmmakers such as Anthony Mann and Jonathan Demme learned their craft in B movies . They are where actors such as John Wayne and Jack Nicholson first became established , and they have provided work for former A movie actors , such as Vincent Price and Karen Black . Some actors , such as Bela Lugosi , Eddie Constantine and Pam Grier , worked in B movies for most of their careers . The term B actor is sometimes used to refer to a performer who finds work primarily or exclusively in B pictures .

neg: The Lost Empire The Lost Empire may refer to :   Tarzan and the Lost Empire , a 1929 novel by Edgar Rice Burroughs  Lost Empires ( novel ) , a 1965 novel by J. B. Priestley  Lost Empires , a 1986 television miniseries adapted from the Priestley novel  The Lost Empire ( 1983 film ) , a fantasy adventure directed by Jim Wynorski  The Lost Empire , alternate title for the 2001 NBC/SciFi Channel television mini-series The Monkey King  Atlantis : The Lost Empire , a 2001 Disney animated feature  Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( soundtrack ) , the soundtrack album of the Disney film  Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( video game ) , a game based on the Disney film  Lost Empire , a 2007 turn-based strategy computer game by Pollux Gamelabs  Lost Empire ( novel ) , a 2010 adventure novel by Clive Cussler

neg: The Worlds of Science The Worlds of Science is a series of science book paperbacks by various authors published by Pyramid Books in the 1960s . The series included both reprints of works originally published independently and new works written especially for the series . Prominent contributors included Isaac Asimov and L. Sprague de Camp , among others .   Books in the series include :  The Human Brain , by John Pfeifer  Maya , by Charles Gallenkamp  Nine Planets , by Alan E. Nourse  Living Earth , by Peter Farb  Chemistry Creates a New World , by Bernard Jaffe  The Road to Man , by Herbert Wendt  Giants of Science , by Philip Cane  Snakes of the World , by Raymond Ditmars  The ABC of Physics , by Jerome S. Meyer  Computers , by Stanley Englehardt  Man and Dolphin , by John C. Lilly  Kingdom of the Octopus , by Frank W. Lane  Dinosaurs , by Nicholas Hutton III  The Story of Weather , by Capt. David C. Holmes , USN  Fact and Fancy , by Isaac Asimov  Electronics , by Stanley L. Englehardt  Conquest of the Moon , by William Hines  Elephant , by L. Sprague de Camp   Category : Science books

neg: The Wizard of Venus `` The Wizard of Venus '' is a novella by Edgar Rice Burroughs , as well as the title of a collection in which it was later published together with an unrelated story . `` The Wizard of Venus '' is the final story in Burroughs 's Venus series ( sometimes called the `` Carson Napier of Venus series '' ) . Written in 1941 , the piece remained unpublished until 1964 , fourteen years after the author 's death . Burroughs intended it to be the opening piece in a sequence of stories to be brought together later in book form , as he had done in the instance of the previous Venus volume , Escape on Venus . He began the first follow-up tale , only to abandon the project in the wake of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor ; the text of the aborted sequel is now lost .   `` The Wizard of Venus '' was first published in the 1964 Burroughs collection Tales of Three Planets together with the unrelated tales `` The Resurrection of Jimber-Jaw '' , `` Beyond the Farthest Star '' and `` Tangor Returns '' . Afterwards it appeared in the collection The Wizard of Venus ( Ace Books , August 1970 ) . This also included the unrelated pirate adventure `` Pirate Blood '' - with a quite unsavory `` hero '' - Johnny LaFitte of Glenora , California - a 20th-century descendant of Jean Lafitte who gets to the distant Vulture 's Island , where his pirate heredity asserts itself in a modern piratical career full of cold-blooded murders and rapes .   A subsequent British edition ( New English Library , 1975 ) omitted the unrelated story .

neg: The Human Zoo (book) The Human Zoo is a book written by the British zoologist Desmond Morris , published in 1969 . It is a follow-up to his earlier book The Naked Ape ; both books examine how the biological nature of the human species has shaped the character of the cultures of the contemporary world .   The Human Zoo examines the nature of civilized society , especially in the cities . Morris compares the human inhabitants of a city to the animal inhabitants of a zoo , which have their survival needs provided for , but at the cost of living in an unnatural environment . Humans in their cities , and animals in their zoos , both have food and shelter provided for them , and have considerable free time on their hands . But they have to live in an unnatural environment , and are both likely to have problems in developing healthy social relationships , both are liable to suffer from isolation and boredom , and both live in a limited amount of physical space . The book explains how the inhabitants of cities and zoos have invented ways to deal with these problems , and the consequences that follow when they fail at dealing with them .   From this point of view , Morris examines why civilized society is the way it is . He offers explanations of the best and the worst features of civilized society . He examines the magnificent achievements of civilized society , the sublime explorations that make up science and the humanities , as well as the horrible behaviors of this same society such as war , slavery , and rape . This book , and Morris 's earlier book The Naked Ape , are two of the early works in the field of sociobiology , which have both contributed much to contemporary understandings of society .

neg: Film series A film series ( also referred to as a film franchise ) is a collection of related films in succession that share the same fictional universe , or are marketed as a series .   Sometimes the work is conceived from the beginning as a multiple-film work , for example the Three Colours series , but in most cases the success of the original film inspires further films to be made . Individual sequels are relatively common , but are not always successful enough to spawn further installments .   The Marvel Cinematic Universe is the highest grossing film series in unadjusted US Dollar figures surpassing the Harry Potter , Star Wars , James Bond , and Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings series . However , `` Star Wars '' has the highest when adjusted for inflation .

neg: Prophets of Science Fiction Prophets of Science Fiction is an American documentary television series produced and hosted by Ridley Scott for the Science Channel . The program premiered on .   The series covers the life and work of leading science fiction authors of the last couple of centuries . It depicts how they predicted and , accordingly , influenced the development of scientific advancements by inspiring many readers to assist in transforming those futuristic visions into everyday reality . The stories are told through film clips , reenactments , illustrations and interviews .   The first episode received mixed reviews . Commentators appreciated the approach of combining coverage of contemporary scientific research and biographical exposition , but criticized the series as `` light on the substance and heavy on the exaggeration '' . The series ' attempts to link Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein to developments such as organ transplants , supercomputers and DNA research were described by one critic as far-fetched but by another as successful .

neg: List of Planet of the Apes characters The Planet of the Apes franchise features many characters that appear in one or more works .

neg: Biopunk Biopunk ( a portmanteau of `` biotechnology '' or `` biology '' and `` punk '' ) is a subgenre of science fiction that focuses on biotechnology . It is derived from cyberpunk , but focuses on the implications of biotechnology rather than information technology . Biopunk is concerned with synthetic biology . It is derived of cyberpunk involving bio-hackers , biotech mega-corporations , and oppressive government agencies that manipulate human DNA . Most often keeping with the dark atmosphere of cyberpunk , biopunk generally examines the dark side of genetic engineering and represents the low side of biotechnology .

neg: Alien abduction The terms alien abduction or abduction phenomenon describe `` subjectively real memories of being taken secretly against one 's will by apparently nonhuman entities and subjected to complex physical and psychological procedures '' . Such abductions have sometimes been classified as close encounters of the fourth kind . People claiming to have been abducted are usually called `` abductees '' or `` experiencers '' .   Due to a lack of objective physical evidence , most scientists and mental health professionals dismiss the phenomenon as `` deception , suggestibility ( fantasy-proneness , hypnotizability , false memory syndrome ) , personality , sleep paralysis , psychopathology , psychodynamics -LSB- and -RSB- environmental factors '' . Skeptic Robert Sheaffer sees similarity between the aliens depicted in science fiction films , in particular , Invaders From Mars , and some of those reported to have actually abducted people .   Typical claims involve being subjected to forced medical examinations that emphasize abductee reproductive systems . Abductees sometimes claim to have been warned against environmental abuse and the dangers of nuclear weapons . While many of these claimed encounters are described as terrifying , some have been viewed as pleasurable or transformative .   The first alleged alien abduction claim to be widely publicized was the Betty and Barney Hill abduction in 1961 . Reports of the abduction phenomenon have been made around the world , but are most common in English speaking countries , especially the United States . The contents of the abduction narrative often seem to vary with the home culture of the alleged abductee .   Alien abductions have been the subject of conspiracy theories and science fiction storylines ( notably The X-Files ) that have speculated on stealth technology required if the phenomenon were real , the motivations for secrecy , and that alien implants could be a possible form of physical evidence .

neg: Conquest of the Empire Conquest of the Empire is a military strategy board game set in the Roman Empire after the death of Marcus Aurelius , with 2 to 6 players pitting their armies against each other in an attempt to become the ruler of Rome . The game was originally created in 1982 by Larry Harris and published by The Citadel under the title VI Caesars . Harris revised the game for Milton Bradley in 1984 to be reissued under the title Conquest of the Empire as part of the Gamemaster series . The game was re-released in the summer of 2005 by Eagle Games , redesigned by Glenn Drover . The gameplay in Conquest of the Empire shares similarities to Axis & Allies , another Larry Harris project within the same series .

neg: Speculative fiction Speculative fiction is an umbrella genre encompassing narrative fiction with supernatural or futuristic elements . This includes the genres science fiction , fantasy , horror and supernatural fiction , as well as their combinations . The broader usage of the term is attributed to Robert Heinlein , who referenced it in 1947 in an editorial essay , although there are prior mentions of speculative fiction or its variant `` speculative literature '' .

neg: Logic of Empire `` Logic of Empire '' is a science fiction novella by American writer Robert A. Heinlein . Part of his Future History series , it originally appeared in Astounding Science Fiction ( March 1941 ) , and was collected in The Green Hills of Earth ( and subsequently The Past Through Tomorrow ) .   Ostensibly a tale about a man in the wrong place at the wrong time , and his struggle to free himself from the oppressive circumstances in which he is plunged , this story also serves to explain how slavery develops in a new colony . Even in the future , the technology available to a new colony is always initially low . If a machine to do a necessary job is too expensive to import ( say a wheat harvester , a water pump , or even a washing machine ) , a human must do it instead . If too many jobs must be done by hand and there is a shortage of labor compared with independent resources that free labor could take up ( `` land '' , although this condition is not clear in the story ) , a market for slavery develops . Decades later , while there is still an abundance of land , this market remains because the colony itself has quotas to meet and debts to repay - they can not spare the resources to develop local industries to make the machines themselves and free labor does not have to bid its price down enough to out compete slave labor .   Throughout the story , Heinlein takes the view of the objective narrator when describing Venusian society . `` Logic of Empire '' places different rationales on the people who participate in slavery . There are no real villains ; everybody 's just doing their job , trying to maximize income in a capitalist system . Even the plantation owner who owns the hero is portrayed as a struggling -- and failing -- small businessman , whose main motivation is to secure a livelihood for his daughter .

neg: E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial is a 1982 American science fiction fantasy film co-produced and directed by Steven Spielberg , and written by Melissa Mathison . It features special effects by Carlo Rambaldi and Dennis Muren , and stars Henry Thomas , Dee Wallace , Robert MacNaughton , Drew Barrymore , Peter Coyote and Pat Welsh . It tells the story of Elliott ( Thomas ) , a lonely boy who befriends an extraterrestrial , dubbed `` E.T. '' , who is stranded on Earth . He and his siblings help it return home while attempting to keep it hidden from their mother and the government .   The concept was based on an imaginary friend Spielberg created after his parents ' divorce in 1960 . In 1980 , Spielberg met Mathison and developed a new story from the stalled sci-fi horror film project Night Skies . It was shot from September to December 1981 in California on a budget of US$ 10.5 million . Unlike most films , it was shot in rough chronological order , to facilitate convincing emotional performances from the young cast .   Released on June 11 , 1982 by Universal Pictures , E.T was an immediate blockbuster , surpassing Star Wars to become the highest-grossing film of all time -- a record it held for eleven years until Jurassic Park , another Spielberg-directed film , surpassed it in 1993 . It is the highest-grossing film of the 1980s . Widely regarded as one of the greatest films of all time , critics acclaimed it as a timeless story of friendship , and it ranks as the greatest science fiction film ever made in a Rotten Tomatoes survey . In 1994 , it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . It was re-released in 1985 , and then again in 2002 to celebrate its 20th anniversary , with altered shots and additional scenes .

neg: Theme (narrative) In contemporary literary studies , a theme is the central topic a text treats . Themes can be divided into two categories : a work 's thematic concept is what readers `` think the work is about '' and its thematic statement being `` what the work says about the subject '' .   The most common contemporary understanding of theme is an idea or point that is central to a story , which can often be summed in a single word ( e.g. love , death , betrayal ) . Typical examples of themes of this type are conflict between the individual and society ; coming of age ; humans in conflict with technology ; nostalgia ; and the dangers of unchecked ambition . A theme may be exemplified by the actions , utterances , or thoughts of a character in a novel . An example of this would be the thematic idea of loneliness in John Steinbeck 's Of Mice and Men , wherein many of the characters seem to be lonely . It may differ from the thesis -- the text 's or author 's implied worldview .   A story may have several themes . Themes often explore historically common or cross-culturally recognizable ideas , such as ethical questions , and are usually implied rather than stated explicitly . An example of this would be whether one should live a seemingly better life , at the price of giving up parts of one 's humanity , which is a theme in Aldous Huxley 's Brave New World . Along with plot , character , setting , and style , theme is considered one of the components of fiction .

neg: Planet of the Damned Planet of the Damned is a 1962 novel by American science fiction writer Harry Harrison . It was serialised in 1961 under the title Sense of Obligation and published under that name in 1967 . It was nominated for the Hugo Award .

neg: Journey to Venus Journey to Venus the Primeval World ; Its Wonderful Creations and Gigantic Monsters is an 1895 science fiction novel written by Gustavus W. Pope . The book was a sequel to Pope 's novel of the previous year , Journey to Mars . The Venus volume features the same hero and heroine , Lt. Frederick Hamilton , USN , and his love interest the Martian princess Suhlamia . They travel to Venus on a Martian `` ethervolt '' spacecraft .   The publisher promoted the book as `` full of exciting adventures , hairbreadth escapes , and perilous vicissitudes , among primeval monsters and semi-human creatures , the episodes following each other in such breathless succession that the interest of the reader never flags . ''   Modern critics have noted the book largely for its depiction of giant dinosaur-like Venusian beasts . Pope 's pair of novels on Mars and Venus ( volumes in a projected Romances of the Planets series that the author never continued ) were precursors of popular planetary adventure novels of the twentieth century by Edgar Rice Burroughs , Otis Adelbert Kline , and other writers .   The original edition of Journey to Venus from Arena Publishing Co. featured sixteen illustrations by `` Miss Fairfax and Mrs. McAuley . '' The ensuing `` paper-covered '' edition reduced the illustrations to three . After the 1896 bankruptcy of Arena Publishing , Journey to Venus was reprinted in 1897 by the New York firm F. T. Neely , with the reduced number of three illustrations .


query: Grace Kelly did not work with Alfred Hitchcock.

pos: Rear Window Rear Window is a 1954 American Technicolor mystery thriller film directed by Alfred Hitchcock and written by John Michael Hayes based on Cornell Woolrich 's 1942 short story `` It Had to Be Murder '' . Originally released by Paramount Pictures , the film stars James Stewart , Grace Kelly , Wendell Corey , Thelma Ritter and Raymond Burr . It was screened at the 1954 Venice Film Festival .   The film is considered by many filmgoers , critics and scholars to be one of Hitchcock 's best and one of the greatest movies ever made . The film received four Academy Award nominations and was ranked No. 42 on AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies list and No. 48 on the 10th-anniversary edition . In 1997 , Rear Window was added to the United States National Film Registry in the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' .

pos: Grace Kelly Grace Patricia Kelly ( November 12 , 1929September 14 , 1982 ) was an American actress who became Princess of Monaco after marrying Prince Rainier III , in April 1956 .   After embarking on an acting career in 1950 , at age 20 , Kelly appeared in New York City theatrical productions and more than 40 episodes of live drama productions broadcast during the early 1950s Golden Age of Television . In October 1953 , she gained stardom from her performance in the film Mogambo , which won her a Golden Globe Award and an Academy Award nomination in 1954 . Subsequently , she had leading roles in five films , including The Country Girl ( 1954 ) , for which her deglamorized performance earned her an Academy Award for Best Actress . Other films include High Noon ( 1952 ) with Gary Cooper , Dial M for Murder ( 1954 ) with Ray Milland , Rear Window ( 1954 ) with James Stewart , To Catch a Thief ( 1955 ) with Cary Grant , and High Society ( 1956 ) with Frank Sinatra and Bing Crosby .   Kelly retired from acting at the age of 26 to marry Rainier and began her duties as Princess of Monaco . They had three children : Caroline , Albert II , and Stéphanie . Kelly retained her American roots , maintaining dual U.S. and Monégasque citizenship . She died on September 14 , 1982 , a day after suffering a stroke while driving her car , which caused a crash .

neg: Nora Kelly (writer) Nora Kelly ( born August 29 , 1945 ) is an American-born Canadian writer who mainly writes mystery fiction .   She was born in Paterson , New Jersey and grew up in New Jersey . Kelly lived in New York City , London , Cambridge and Nairobi before settling in Vancouver . She received a bachelor 's degree from the University of British Columbia and a PhD in history from Simon Fraser University . Kelly also studied at the University of Cambridge .   She received the Arthur Ellis Award in 1999 for her novel Old Wounds , featuring academic sleuth Gillian Adams who also appears in other mystery novels by Kelly . She also published Quest for a Profession : The History of the Vancouver General Hospital School of Nursing in 1973 .   Kelly , who lives in the Vancouver neighbourhood of Strathcona , was the founding president of City Opera Vancouver . She has also been an associate producer for the opera company and has written a libretto .

neg: Alfred Hitchcock and the Making of Psycho Alfred Hitchcock and the Making of Psycho is a non-fiction book by Stephen Rebello . It details the creation of director Alfred Hitchcock 's 1960 thriller Psycho   The book was first published in April 15 , 1990 by Dembner Books , and distributed by W. W. Norton and Company . Stephen Rebello researched the film thoroughly through Hitchcock 's personal records and archives and he interviewed virtually every surviving cast and crew member . Prior to the book 's publication , Rebello 's initial research appeared as a 22-page article in the April 1986 issue of Cinefantastique magazine entitled `` Psycho : The Making of Alfred Hitchcock 's Masterpiece '' . That research was expanded for the book version .

neg: Peter Grace (sound engineer) Peter Grace is an Australian production sound mixer . He is best known for his work on critically acclaimed war-drama film Hacksaw Ridge ( 2016 ) for which he received the Academy Award for Best Sound Mixing at the 89th Academy Awards , sharing with Robert Mackenzie , Kevin O'Connell and Andy Wright .

neg: The World of Alfred Hitchcock The World of Alfred Hitchcock is a 1976 Danish T.V. documentary directed by Annett Wolf , about the English film director Alfred Hitchcock . Shot after the completion of Family Plot , it was part of a series of films she made in Hollywood during the one year leave of absence she took from DR ( broadcaster )

neg: Not as a Stranger Not as a Stranger is a 1955 Drama film produced and directed by Stanley Kramer based on the 1954 novel of the same name by Morton Thompson . The romantic melodrama novel was widely popular , topping that year 's list of bestselling novels in the United States .   The film was Kramer 's directorial debut and featured Olivia de Havilland and Robert Mitchum in the lead roles , backed by a stellar supporting cast including Frank Sinatra , Gloria Grahame , Broderick Crawford , Charles Bickford , Lon Chaney , Jr. , Harry Morgan , and Lee Marvin . The film was released by United Artists .   Sinatra had catapulted back into the limelight as the result of a supporting role for a film from a similarly popular novel , From Here to Eternity , two years earlier . Initially a minor box office success , Not as a Stranger is seldom seen today , never receiving widespread distribution on home video . It was first released on DVD in 1992 .

neg: Charlie Grace (TV series) Charlie Grace is an American crime drama that aired from September 14 , 1995 to October 19 , 1995 .

neg: The Wrong Man The Wrong Man is a 1956 American docudrama film directed by Alfred Hitchcock and starring Henry Fonda and Vera Miles . The film was drawn from the true story of an innocent man charged with a crime , as described in the book The True Story of Christopher Emmanuel Balestrero by Maxwell Anderson and in the magazine article `` A Case of Identity '' ( Life magazine , June 29 , 1953 ) by Herbert Brean .   It is one of the few Hitchcock films based on a true story and whose plot closely follows the real-life events .   The Wrong Man had a notable effect on two significant directors : it prompted Jean-Luc Godard 's longest piece of written criticism in his years as a critic , and it has been cited as an influence on Martin Scorsese 's Taxi Driver .

neg: Saving Grace (1998 film) Saving Grace is a 1998 film produced in New Zealand based on a play by Duncan Sarkies . It was directed by Costa Botes and stars Kirsty Hamilton and Jim Moriarty .

neg: Alex Kelly Alex Kelly may refer to :   Alex Kelly ( rapist ) ( born 1967 ) , American convicted rapist from Connecticut  Alex Kelly ( The O.C. ) , fictional character played by Olivia Wilde in the U.S. television series The O.C.  Alex Kelly ( rugby union ) ( c. 1871 -- c. 1913 ) , Australian rugby union player  Alex Kelly ( filmmaker ) , filmmaker

neg: The Country Girl (1954 film) The Country Girl is a 1954 American drama film directed by George Seaton and starring Bing Crosby , Grace Kelly , and William Holden . Adapted by George Seaton from Clifford Odets ' 1950 play of the same name , the film is about an alcoholic has-been actor struggling with the one last chance he 's been given to resurrect his career . Seaton won the Academy Award for Best Writing , Adapted Screenplay . It was entered in the 1955 Cannes Film Festival .   Kelly won the Oscar for Best Actress for the role , which previously had earned Uta Hagen her first Tony Award in the play 's original Broadway production . The role , a non-glamorous departure for Kelly , was as the alcoholic actor 's long-suffering wife .   The win was a huge surprise , as most critics and people in the press felt that Judy Garland would win for A Star Is Born . NBC even sent a camera crew to Garland 's hospital room , where she was recuperating from the birth of her son , in order to conduct a live interview with her if she won . The win by Kelly instead famously prompted Groucho Marx to send Garland a telegram stating it was `` the biggest robbery since Brinks . ''   Given the period of its production , the film is notable for its realistic , frank dialogue and honest treatments of the surreptitious side of alcoholism and post-divorce misogyny .

neg: The Unsuspected The Unsuspected is a 1947 American black-and-white film noir directed by Michael Curtiz , and starring Claude Rains , Audrey Totter , Ted North , Constance Bennett , and Joan Caulfield . The film was based on the novel written by Charlotte Armstrong . The screenplay was co-written by Bess Meredyth , who was married to director Curtiz .

neg: The Lady Vanishes (1979 film) The Lady Vanishes is a 1979 English comedy mystery film directed by Anthony Page . Its screenplay by George Axelrod was based on the novel The Wheel Spins by Ethel Lina White ( 1876 -- 1944 ) . It stars Elliott Gould as Robert , Cybill Shepherd as Amanda ( Iris ) , Angela Lansbury as Miss Froy , Herbert Lom , Arthur Lowe and Ian Carmichael as Charters and Caldicott .   The film is a remake of Alfred Hitchcock 's 1938 film of the same name . The film follows two Americans travelling by train across 1938 Germany . Together , they investigate the mysterious disappearance of an English nanny also travelling on the train . The setting of the remake is essentially similar to Hitchcock 's film , but is openly set in pre-Second World War Germany rather than in the original fictional country . The Austrian fountain of Oberdrauburg by Hellmuth Marx is part of the setting . In addition , both leads have their nationality changed from English to American .   The film was the last film made by Hammer Films for 29 years , until the 2008 film Beyond the Rave .

neg: Alma Reville Alma Lucy Reville , Lady Hitchcock ( 14 August 1899 -- 6 July 1982 ) , was an English-American screenwriter and editor , best known for her work with Alfred Hitchcock , whom she married in December 1926 .

neg: A Look at Monaco (album) A Look at Monaco is a 1963 soundtrack album by Percy Faith and performed by the Orchestre National de l'Opera de Monte Carlo for the CBS television special and documentary A Look at Monaco . The film featured a tour of the principal sites of Monaco conducted by the former American actress Grace Kelly , who had become the Princess Consort of Monaco following her 1956 marriage to Rainier III , Prince of Monaco .   Grace 's narration from the film is featured on the album .

neg: Alfred Hitchcock filmography Alfred Hitchcock ( 1899 -- 1980 ) was an English director and filmmaker . Popularly known as the `` Master of Suspense '' for his use of innovative film techniques in thrillers , Hitchcock started his career in the British film industry as a title designer and art director for a number of silent films during the early 1920s . His directorial debut was the 1925 release The Pleasure Garden . Hitchcock followed this with The Lodger : A Story of the London Fog , his first commercial and critical success . It featured many of the thematic elements his films would be known for such as an innocent man on the run . It also featured the first of his famous cameo appearances . Two years later he directed Blackmail ( 1929 ) which was his first sound film . In 1935 Hitchcock directed The 39 Steps . Three years later he directed The Lady Vanishes starring Margaret Lockwood , and Michael Redgrave .   In 1940 Hitchcock transitioned to Hollywood productions , the first of which was the psychological thriller Rebecca starring Laurence Olivier and Joan Fontaine . He received his first nomination for the Academy Award for Best Director , and the film won Best Picture . Hitchcock worked with Fontaine again the following year on the film Suspicion which also starred Cary Grant . In 1943 Hitchcock directed another psychological thriller Shadow of a Doubt which starred Teresa Wright and Joseph Cotten . Three years later he reunited with Grant on Notorious which also starred Ingrid Bergman . The film included a three minute intermittent kissing scene between the leads shot specifically to skirt the Motion Picture Production Code which at the time limited such scenes to three seconds . In 1948 Hitchcock directed Rope which starred James Stewart . The film was his first in Technicolor and is remembered for its use of long takes to make the film appear to be a single continuous shot . Three years later he directed Strangers on a Train ( 1951 ) .   Hitchcock collaborated with Grace Kelly on three films : Dial M for Murder ( 1954 ) , Rear Window ( 1954 ) and To Catch a Thief ( 1955 ) . For Rear Window , Hitchcock received a nomination for Best Director at the Academy Awards . 1955 marked his debut on television as the host of the anthology television series Alfred Hitchcock Presents which he also produced . In 1958 Hitchcock directed the psychological thriller Vertigo starring Stewart and Kim Novak . The film topped the 2012 poll of the British film magazine Sight & Sound of the 50 Greatest Films of All Time and also topped the American Film Institute 's Top Ten in the mystery genre . He followed this with the spy thriller North by Northwest ( 1959 ) which starred Grant and Eva Marie Saint . In 1960 he directed Psycho , the biggest commercial success of his career and for which he received his fifth nomination for Best Director at the Academy Awards . Three years later he directed horror film The Birds starring Tippi Hedren . The following year he reunited with Hedren on the film Marnie which also starred Sean Connery .   In recognition of his career , Hitchcock garnered the British Academy of Film and Television Arts ( BAFTA ) Fellowship Award , the American Film Institute 's Life Achievement Award , the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award , the Directors Guild of America 's Lifetime Achievement Award and the Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award . He received two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame to acknowledge his film and television achievements . In 1980 Hitchcock received a knighthood .

neg: Beauty and the Rogue Beauty and the Rogue is a 1918 American silent comedy crime drama film directed by Henry King . It was the first film to feature Mary Miles Minter in a dual role . It is not known whether the film currently survives , which suggests that it is a lost film .

neg: Our Day Our Day is a silent documentary short directed by Wallace Kelly in 1938 , about a day in the life of the Kelly family in Lebanon , Kentucky . It starred his mother , wife , brother , pet dog , and Wallace himself . The film countered the contemporary stereotypes of impoverished Southerners eking out a living during the Depression , by documenting a modern home inhabited by adults with sophisticated interests .   Our Day was selected for the National Film Registry by the Librarian of Congress in 2007 as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' .

neg: Kelly Greyson Kelly Greyson is an American actress and producer . She is best known as the lead role in the movie Alone yet Not Alone . She was also an associate producer on the movie Max Rose starring Jerry Lewis .

neg: Prestige (film) Prestige is a 1932 American Pre-Code drama film directed by Tay Garnett and written by Tay Garnett , Rollo Lloyd and Francis Edward Faragoh . The film stars Ann Harding , Adolphe Menjou , Melvyn Douglas and Guy Bates Post . The film was released on January 22 , 1932 , by RKO Pictures .

neg: Grace Henderson Grace Henderson ( January 1861 -- October 30 , 1944 ) was a stage actress and prolific performer in silent motion pictures . She made her professional debut at McKiver 's Theatre in Chicago in 1877 .


query: Bill Clinton served a term in office.

pos: Bill Clinton William Jefferson Clinton ( born August 19 , 1946 ) is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001 . Prior to the Presidency he was the 40th Governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981 and the state 's 42nd Governor from 1983 to 1992 . Before that , he served as Arkansas Attorney General from 1977 to 1979 . A member of the Democratic Party , Clinton was ideologically a New Democrat , and many of his policies reflected a centrist `` Third Way '' political philosophy .   Clinton was born and raised in Arkansas and is an alumnus of Georgetown University , where he was a member of Kappa Kappa Psi and the Phi Beta Kappa Society ; he earned a Rhodes Scholarship to attend the University of Oxford . Clinton is married to Hillary Rodham Clinton , who served as United States Secretary of State from 2009 to 2013 and U.S. Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009 , and was the Democratic nominee for President in 2016 . Bill Clinton and Hillary Rodham both earned degrees from Yale Law School , where they met and began dating . As Governor of Arkansas , Clinton overhauled the state 's education system and served as chairman of the National Governors Association .   Clinton was elected President of the United States in 1992 , defeating incumbent Republican opponent George H. W. Bush . At age 46 , he became the third-youngest president ( behind Theodore Roosevelt and John F. Kennedy ) and the first from the Baby Boomer generation . Clinton presided over the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in American history and signed into law the North American Free Trade Agreement . After failing to pass national health care reform , the Democratic House was ousted when the Republican Party won control of the Congress in 1994 , for the first time in 40 years . Two years later , in 1996 , Clinton became the first Democrat since Franklin D. Roosevelt to be elected to a second term . Clinton passed welfare reform and the State Children 's Health Insurance Program , as well as financial deregulation measures , including the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act and the Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000 .   In 1998 , Clinton was impeached by the House of Representatives for perjury before a grand jury and obstruction of justice during a lawsuit against him , both related to a scandal involving White House ( and later Department of Defense ) employee Monica Lewinsky . Clinton was acquitted by the U.S. Senate in 1999 and served his complete term of office .   The Congressional Budget Office reported a budget surplus between the years 1998 and 2000 , the last three years of Clinton 's presidency . In foreign policy , Clinton ordered U.S. military intervention in the Bosnian and Kosovo wars , signed the Iraq Liberation Act in opposition to Saddam Hussein , and participated in the 2000 Camp David Summit to advance the Israeli -- Palestinian peace process .   Clinton left office with the highest end-of-office approval rating of any U.S. President since World War II . Since then , Clinton has been involved in public speaking and humanitarian work . He created the William J. Clinton Foundation to address international causes , such as the prevention of AIDS and global warming . In 2004 , Clinton published his autobiography , My Life . He has remained active in politics by campaigning for Democratic candidates , including his wife 's campaigns for the Democratic presidential nomination in 2008 and 2016 , and Barack Obama 's presidential campaigns in 2008 and 2012 .   In 2009 , Clinton was named the United Nations Special Envoy to Haiti , and after the 2010 Haiti earthquake , Clinton teamed with George W. Bush to form the Clinton Bush Haiti Fund . Since leaving office , Clinton has been rated highly in public opinion polls of U.S. Presidents .

pos: My Life (Bill Clinton autobiography) My Life is a 2004 autobiography written by former President of the United States Bill Clinton , who left office on January 20 , 2001 . It was released on June 22 , 2004 . The book was published by the Knopf Publishing Group and became a bestseller ; the book sold in excess of 2,250,000 copies . Clinton had received what was at the time the world 's highest book advance fee , $ 15 million ( equivalent to $ million in ) .

pos: Clinton Foundation The Clinton Foundation ( founded in 1997 as the William J. Clinton Foundation ) , and from 2013 to 2015 , briefly renamed the Bill , Hillary & Chelsea Clinton Foundation ) is a non-profit organization under section 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) of the U.S. tax code . It was established by former President of the United States Bill Clinton with the stated mission to `` strengthen the capacity of people in the United States and throughout the world to meet the challenges of global interdependence . '' Its offices are located in New York City and Little Rock , Arkansas .   Through 2016 the foundation had raised an estimated $ 2 billion from U.S. corporations , foreign governments and corporations , political donors , and various other groups and individuals . The acceptance of funds from wealthy donors has been a source of controversy . The foundation `` has won accolades from philanthropy experts and has drawn bipartisan support '' .   Charitable grants are not a major focus of the Clinton Foundation , which instead uses most of its money to carry out its own humanitarian programs .   This foundation is a public organization to which anyone may donate and is distinct from the Clinton Family Foundation , a private organization for personal Clinton family philanthropy .   According to the Foundation 's website , neither Bill Clinton nor his daughter , Chelsea Clinton ( both are members of the governing board ) , draws any salary or receives any income from the Foundation . When Hillary Clinton was a board member she , too , received no income from the Foundation .

neg: Sentencing Act of 1987 The Sentencing Act of 1987 ( Pub.L . 100-182 ) enacted some changes to the federal sentencing regime in the United States . The legislation amended to permit expressly departures based on circumstances of an exceptional `` kind '' or `` degree . '' The insertion of this new language was described by the manager of the House bill , Representative John Conyers , as `` clarifying '' in nature because it simply made explicit in the law that which was previously described in the Senate Committee Report as implicit and intended . There is evidence that under the new regime , sentences may not have increased as much as expected : although the average prison term for trial sentences increases post‐reforms , there is no systematic increase in the average length of the pleas .   Additionally , the law abolished parole for federal prisoners and created the United States Sentencing Commission . The commission makes the guidelines used by federal judges when sentencing people convicted of a federal crime .   The bill was introduced by Senator Joseph Biden on October 27 , 1987 . It was signed into law on December 7 , 1987 , by President Ronald Reagan .

neg: The Clinton Centre The Clinton Centre is situated on the site of the Remembrance Day bombing on 8 November 1987 in Enniskillen , County Fermanagh , Northern Ireland when the Provisional Irish Republican Army killed 12 and injured 63 with a time bomb . Former President of the United States of America Bill Clinton gave his name to the facility in dedication to peace and prosperity in Ireland and around the world and has visited the site three times along with his wife , Hillary Clinton .   The Centre houses a fully equipped conference floor , a restaurant , internet cafe and Art Gallery .   Hostelling International Northern Ireland withdrew from operating The Bridges Youth Hostel within the Clinton Centre in December 2012 .

neg: United States presidential election in Louisiana, 2000 The 2000 United States presidential election in Louisiana took place on November 7 , 2000 throughout all 50 states and D.C. , which was part of the 2000 United States presidential election . Voters chose 9 representatives , or electors to the Electoral College , who voted for President and Vice President .   Louisiana was won by Governor George W. Bush , a dramatic swing from the statewide results in 1996 when Democrat President Bill Clinton carried the state with 52 % of the vote and with a double digit margin of victory . Bush was the first Republican to carry the state since 1988 . Bush won most of the counties and congressional districts in the state . Bush dominated among the rural areas of the state . The only congressional district Gore won was the second district , which represents the very urban area of New Orleans .

neg: List of Presidents of the United States who were Freemasons Of the 44 people who have been President of the United States , roughly one-third ( 14 , or by some counts 15 * ) were Freemasons . Along with the presidents listed below , Lyndon Johnson had been initiated into the 1st Degree of Freemasonry ( an `` Entered Apprentice '' ) but did not advance any further and did not become a full member of his lodge , Ronald Reagan was made an honorary Freemason , and Bill Clinton as a youth was a member of the Order of DeMolay .   * - Because of LBJ 's initiation into the fraternal organization , many lists of Freemason Presidents include him , with a total of 15 .   ( It can also be noted that some historians state that David Rice Atchison , member of Platte Lodge No. 56 , Mo , served as `` Ex-officio president '' for one day : March 4 , 1849 . )

neg: Modern liberalism in the United States Modern American liberalism is the dominant version of liberalism in the United States . It is characterized by social liberalism , and combines ideas of civil liberty and equality with support for social justice and a mixed economy . The term `` modern liberalism '' in this article refers only to the United States . In a global context , this philosophy is usually referred to as social liberalism .   The American modern liberal philosophy strongly endorses public spending on programs such as education , health care , and welfare . Important social issues today include addressing inequality , voting rights for minorities , affirmative action , reproductive and other women 's rights , support for LGBT rights , and immigration reform .   Modern liberalism took shape during the twentieth century , with roots in Theodore Roosevelt 's New Nationalism , Woodrow Wilson 's New Freedom , Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal , Harry S. Truman 's Fair Deal , John F. Kennedy 's New Frontier , and Lyndon B. Johnson 's Great Society . American liberals oppose conservatives on most issues , but not all . Modern liberalism is historically related to social liberalism and progressivism , though the current relationship between liberal and progressive viewpoints is debated .   John F. Kennedy defined a liberal as follows :   Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1941 defined a liberal party as one ,   Keynesian economic theory has played an important role in the economic philosophy of modern American liberals . Modern American liberals generally believe that national prosperity requires government management of the macroeconomy , in order to keep unemployment low , inflation in check , and growth high . They also value institutions that defend against economic inequality . In The Conscience of a Liberal Paul Krugman writes : `` I believe in a relatively equal society , supported by institutions that limit extremes of wealth and poverty . I believe in democracy , civil liberties , and the rule of law . That makes me a liberal , and I 'm proud of it . '' Liberals often point to the widespread prosperity enjoyed under a mixed economy in the years since World War II . They believe liberty exists when access to necessities like health care and economic opportunity are available to all , and they champion the protection of the environment .   Modern American liberalism is typically associated with the Democratic Party , as modern American conservatism is typically associated with the Republican Party .

neg: United States presidential election, 1992 The United States presidential election of 1992 was the 52nd quadrennial presidential election . It was held on Tuesday , November 3 , 1992 . There were three major candidates : Incumbent Republican President George H. W. Bush , Democratic Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton , and independent Texas businessman Ross Perot .   Bush had alienated much of his conservative base by breaking his 1988 campaign pledge against raising taxes . The economy was in recession and Bush 's perceived greatest strength , foreign policy , was regarded as much less important following the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the relatively peaceful climate in the Middle East after the defeat of Iraq in the Gulf War .   Clinton won a plurality in the popular vote , and a wide Electoral College margin . The election was a significant realigning election after three consecutive Republican landslides . Northeastern , Upper Midwest , and West Coast states which had previously been competitive began voting reliably Democratic . As of 2016 , this is the most recent election in which an incumbent president was unseated , the previous one having been the 1980 election in which Ronald Reagan unseated then-incumbent Jimmy Carter .   Perot 's campaign took 18.9 % of the vote , finishing second in Maine and Utah . This was noted for being the highest vote share of a third-party candidate since 1912 , though he did not obtain any electoral votes .   As of 2017 , this is the last time Georgia and Montana voted for the Democratic candidate , and the last time the state of Florida was on the losing end of the presidential election .

neg: United States presidential election in New York, 1980 The 1980 United States presidential election in New York took place on November 4 , 1980 . All 50 states and The District of Columbia , were part of the 1980 United States presidential election . New York voters chose forty one electors to the Electoral College , which voted for President and Vice President .   New York was won by former California Governor Ronald Reagan , in a narrow victory against President of the United States Jimmy Carter , who failed to gain reelection against Reagan . Also in the running was Independent candidate Congressman John B. Anderson of Illinois , who ran in New York as the Liberal Party candidate .   Reagan won the state with a plurality of 46.66 % of the vote to Carter 's 43.99 % , a margin of 2.67 % . Anderson finished in third with 7.54 % .   New York 's election results reflect the Republican Party 's re-consolidation of base under what is popularly called the `` Reagan Revolution , '' which sounded various overwhelming conservative electoral victories across the United States throughout the 1980s - and most evidently against the relatively unpopular President Carter during the 1980 presidential election .   New York weighed in for this election as more Democratic than the national average by about 7 % .   This election is notable in that , while the highly populated regions of New York City , Buffalo , and Albany turned out for Carter , the election in the state was tipped by the majority of less-populated upstate counties , combined with heavily populated suburban counties around NYC , most of which were won by Reagan . Carter actually picked up plurality wins in 2 counties which he had lost in 1976 : Monroe County , home to the city of Rochester , and Niagara County .   A major contributing factor to Reagan 's victory over Carter was the relatively strong third party showing by independent candidate John B. Anderson , a former liberal Republican congressman who garnered 8 % of the vote in the State - twice the 4 % margin by which Carter had won New York in 1976 . Running on the ballot line of New York 's Liberal Party , Anderson attracted the votes of many liberals and moderates who normally leaned Democratic but were dissatisfied with the policies of the Carter Administration , thus splitting the left-leaning vote in New York State .   In the heavily populated , and very liberal , 5 boroughs of New York City , Carter still won overall , and Reagan made only modest gains in vote share over Gerald Ford 's 1976 showing of 33 % , taking 37 % in the city in 1980 . However , although still winning 4 out of 5 boroughs , Carter bled a massive amount of support in the city to Anderson , dropping from 66 % in 1976 to only 55 % in 1980 . Since Democratic victories in New York State in that era depended on running up massive margins in New York City to overcome the rest of the state 's Republican lean , the reduced margin in the city from vote-splitting would prove fatal to Carter 's chances of winning the state in 1980 . While Reagan only bled about 1 % of Republican base support in the state ( winning a plurality in a 3-way-race with 46.66 % while Gerald Ford had lost the state in a two-man race with 47.52 % in 1976 ) , Carter bled nearly 8 % of his 1976 support , falling from a 51.95 % majority win in 1976 to a losing 43.99 % in 1980 , most of those lost Democratic base votes going to Anderson instead .   This remains the last election in which a Republican presidential nominee has won Tompkins County in upstate New York , home to the college town of Ithaca , where Cornell University and Ithaca College are located . Reagan narrowly won the county with a plurality of 42 % to Carter 's 40 % , while Anderson took nearly 14 % , making it Anderson 's strongest county in the state . In 1984 , Tompkins County would vote against Reagan and in the following years it would become the most Democratic county in upstate New York , giving Barack Obama over 70 % of the vote in 2008 .

neg: List of members of the United States House of Representatives who served a single term One-term congressmen are members of the United States House of Representatives that spent only one two-year term ( or less ) in office usually either due to death , resignation , or defeat . In some rare cases freshmen members have decided to run for another office or not run for reelection . A good many members that serve in the House for only one term are viewed as accidental congressmen due to having been elected in a fluke election or by riding in on the coattails of a popular presidential candidate . Among the most famous one-term congressmen were Abraham Lincoln , who served as a Whig in the 30th Congress of 1847-1849 and was later the 16th President of the United States ; John Marshall , who was elected as a Federalist to the 6th Congress and was later the 4th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court ; William Pennington , who served as a Republican in the 36th Congress and was the first sitting Speaker of the House to be defeated in a bid for re-election ; Joseph Pulitzer , the famed newspaper man that resigned from office during his first term ; George Sutherland , who served as a Republican in the 57th Congress and was later an associate U.S. Supreme Court justice ; and William M. `` Boss '' Tweed , who served as a Democrat to the 33rd Congress and later went on to become infamous for his leadership of Tammany Hall , the dominant political machine in New York City throughout the nineteenth century ; and Isidor Straus , the co-owner of Macy 's department store who died in the sinking of the Titanic .

neg: Hillary Clinton email controversy In March 2015 , it became publicly known that Hillary Clinton , during her tenure as United States Secretary of State , had used her family 's private email server for official communications , rather than official State Department email accounts maintained on federal servers . Those official communications included thousands of emails that would retroactively be marked classified by the State Department .   The controversy unfolded against the backdrop of Clinton 's 2016 presidential election campaign and hearings held by the United States House Select Committee on Benghazi . Some experts , officials , and members of Congress have contended that her use of private messaging system software and a private server violated State Department protocols and procedures , as well as federal laws and regulations governing recordkeeping . In response , Clinton has said that her use of personal email was in compliance with federal laws and State Department regulations , and that former secretaries of state had also maintained personal email accounts , though not their own private email servers .   After allegations were raised that some of the emails in question contained classified information , the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) initiated an investigation regarding the origin and handling of classified emails on Clinton 's server . The FBI Report found that some of the emails originated in five other intelligence agencies . The FBI found that all classified emails on Clinton 's server were stored and sent from `` unclassified systems '' , violating the same policies as those on Clinton 's personal server .   FBI Director James Comey identified 110 emails as containing information that was classified at the time it was sent , including 65 emails deemed `` Secret '' and 22 deemed `` Top Secret '' . None of these had classification markings . However , as noted in Clinton 's non-disclosure agreement , unmarked classified information should be treated the same as marked classified information . An additional three email chains contained `` portion markings '' , simply a '' ( C ) '' indicating `` Confidential '' in front of one or more paragraphs . These were not included in Comey 's list of 110 because the State Department failed to confirm they were classified at the time they were sent . Clinton told the FBI she did not know the meaning of '' ( C ) '' . Nearly 2,100 emails on the server were retroactively marked as classified by the State Department .   In May 2016 , the State Department 's Office of the Inspector General released an 83-page report about the State Department 's email practices , including Clinton 's . On July 5 , 2016 , Comey announced that the FBI 's investigation had concluded that Clinton was `` extremely careless '' in handling her email system but recommended that no charges be filed against her . On July 6 , 2016 , Attorney General Loretta Lynch announced that no charges would be filed .   On July 7 , the State Department reopened its probe into the email controversy . On October 28 , 2016 , Comey notified Congress that the FBI had started looking into newly discovered emails that may be pertinent to the case . Law enforcement officials stated the emails were found on a laptop belonging to Clinton aide Huma Abedin 's husband , Anthony Weiner , during an investigation of his sexting scandals . On November 6 , Comey notified Congress that the FBI had not changed its conclusion , reached in July , regarding Clinton 's emails .

neg: 1996 State of the Union Address The 1996 State of the Union address was given by President Bill Clinton to a joint session of the 104th United States Congress on January 23 , 1996 . The speech was the last State of the Union address of President Clinton 's first term . This speech occurred shortly after the federal government shutdown of 1995 and 1996 which had resulted from disagreements on the 1996 United States federal budget .   President Clinton discussed the economy and declared that `` the era of big government is over , '' and continued , `` but we can not go back to the time when our citizens were left to fend for themselves . We must go forward as one America , one nation working together , to meet the challenges we face together . Self-reliance and teamwork are not opposing virtues -- we must have both . '' The president discussed welfare reform , the V-chip , education , community policing , crime and the environment . The president also discussed foreign relations and the federal budget .   The Republican Party response was delivered by Senator Bob Dole of Kansas . He stated that '' -LSB- President Clinton -RSB- is the chief obstacle to a balanced budget and the balanced budget amendment ... . While the President 's words speak of change , his deeds are a contradiction . President Clinton claims to embrace the future while clinging to the policies of the past . ''   Donna Shalala , the Secretary of Health and Human Services , served as the designated survivor .

neg: Fifty-state strategy A fifty-state strategy is a political strategy which aims for progress in all states of the United States of America , rather than conceding certain states as `` unwinnable . '' In a presidential campaign , it is usually implemented as an appeal to a broad base of the American public in an attempt to win , even if marginally , every state , since even a marginal victory is effectively total victory for electoral purposes . It can also refer to an overall long-term strategy for a political movement such as a political party .   This strategy is very ambitious and , when used for a specific election , is typically abandoned as the election day draws nearer . In the vast majority of cases , winning a state 's popular vote for president or senator -- even by a small margin -- means the state 's entire representation in the election goes to the victor without being divided . A fifty-state strategy requires a campaign to spend valuable resources in a rival 's strongest states , when those resources could instead be concentrated in swing states that will become a total win or a total loss based on only a small difference in popular votes .   A president has won every state three times : in 1788 and 1792 , George Washington won all the electoral votes running effectively unopposed , and in 1820 , James Monroe , running unopposed , carried all twenty-three states in the union at that time ( although one electoral vote was cast for John Quincy Adams and two electors died prior to casting votes ) . In 1936 , Franklin D. Roosevelt carried forty-six of forty-eight states , losing only Maine and Vermont . A complete fifty-state victory has not been accomplished since the fiftieth state was admitted into the union , although Republicans have twice managed to win the presidency in forty-nine of the fifty : in 1972 with Richard Nixon losing only Massachusetts , and in 1984 with Ronald Reagan losing only his rival 's home state of Minnesota . Both also lost the District of Columbia , which has had presidential electors since the Twenty-Third Amendment in 1961 .

neg: First inauguration of Bill Clinton The first inauguration of Bill Clinton as the 42nd President of the United States was held on January 20 , 1993 on the West Front of the United States Capitol Building in Washington , D.C. . The inauguration marked the commencement of the first four-year term of Bill Clinton as President and Al Gore as Vice President . At of age time of his first inauguration , Clinton was the third-youngest person to become president , and the first from the Baby Boomer generation .

neg: Presidency of William McKinley The presidency of William McKinley began on March 4 , 1897 at noon Eastern Standard Time , when William McKinley was inaugurated as President of the United States , and ended on September 14 , 1901 , upon his assassination and death , days into his second term . McKinley , a Republican , was succeeded by Vice President Theodore Roosevelt .   The 25th United States president , he took office following the 1896 presidential election , in which he defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan , after a front-porch campaign in which he advocated `` sound money '' , promised that high tariffs would restore prosperity , and denounced Bryan 's radicalism and class warfare . He defeated Bryan again in the 1900 presidential election , in a campaign focused on imperialism , protectionism , and free silver . McKinley 's presidency marked the beginning of an era in American political history from the mid -- 1890s to 1932 that was generally dominated by the Republican Party .   McKinley led the nation to victory in the Spanish -- American War , took ownership of Hawaii , the Philippines and Puerto Rico , restored prosperity , promoted pluralism among all groups , raised protective tariffs to promote American industry , and maintained the nation on the gold standard in a rejection of inflationary proposals . Rapid economic growth marked his presidency . He promoted the 1897 Dingley Tariff to protect manufacturers and factory workers from foreign competition , and in 1900 , he secured the passage of the Gold Standard Act . McKinley hoped to persuade Spain to grant independence to rebellious Cuba without conflict , but when negotiation failed , he led the nation in the Spanish -- American War of 1898 ; the U.S. victory was quick and decisive . As part of the peace settlement , Spain turned over to the United States its main overseas colonies of Puerto Rico , Guam , and the Philippines ; Cuba was promised independence , but for a time remained under the control of the U.S. Army . The United States annexed the independent Republic of Hawaii in 1898 and it became a U.S. territory . As an innovator of American interventionism and pro-business sentiment , McKinley 's presidency is generally ranked above average . Historian Lewis L. Gould argues that McKinley was effective in domestic and foreign affairs and was `` the first modern president '' :

neg: Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt The presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt began on March 4 , 1933 , when he was inaugurated as the 32nd President of the United States , and ended upon his death on April 12 , 1945 , a span of ( 4422 days ) . Roosevelt assumed the presidency in the midst of the Great Depression . Starting with his landslide victory over Republican President Herbert Hoover in the 1932 election . He won a record four presidential terms , and became a central figure in world affairs during World War II . His program for relief , recovery and reform , known as the New Deal , involved a great expansion of the role of the federal government in the economy . Under his steady leadership , the Democratic Party built a `` New Deal Coalition '' of labor unions , big city machines , white ethnics , African Americans , and rural white Southerners , that would significantly realign American politics for the next several decades in the Fifth Party System and also define modern American liberalism .   During his first hundred days in office , Roosevelt spearheaded unprecedented major legislation and issued a profusion of executive orders that instituted the New Deal -- a variety of programs designed to produce relief ( government jobs for the unemployed ) , recovery ( economic growth ) , and reform ( through regulation of Wall Street , banks and transportation ) . He created numerous programs to support the unemployed and farmers , and to encourage labor union growth while more closely regulating business and high finance . The repeal of Prohibition in 1933 added to his popularity , helping him win re-election by a landslide in 1936 . The economy improved rapidly from 1933 to 1937 , but then relapsed into a deep recession in 1937 -- 38 . The bipartisan Conservative Coalition that formed in 1937 prevented his attempted packing of the Supreme Court , and blocked most of his legislative proposals , aside from the Fair Labor Standards Act . When the war began and unemployment largely became a non-issue , conservatives in Congress repealed the two major relief programs , the WPA and CCC , but kept most of the regulations on business . Along with several smaller programs , major surviving programs from the New Deal include the Securities and Exchange Commission , the Wagner Act , the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation , and Social Security .   A potential worldwide war loomed after 1937 , with the Japanese invasion of China and the aggression of Nazi Germany , which invaded Poland in September 1939 . Roosevelt remained officially neutral but gave strong diplomatic and financial support to China , the United Kingdom , Free France , and the Soviet Union via initiatives such as the Lend-Lease programs . Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7 , 1941 , Roosevelt sought and obtained a declaration of war upon Japan . A few days later , he sought and obtained a declaration of war upon the other major Axis powers , Germany and Italy . Assisted by his top aide Harry Hopkins , and with very strong national support , he worked closely with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill , Soviet leader Joseph Stalin , and Chinese Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek in leading the Allies during World War II . He supervised the mobilization of the U.S. economy to support the war effort , and the war saw the end of the massive unemployment that characterized the Great Depression . Roosevelt sought to desegregate the federal workforce with the Fair Employment Practice Committee , but he also controversially ordered the internment of 100,000 Japanese American civilians . As an active military leader , Roosevelt implemented a war strategy on two fronts that ended in the defeat of the Axis Powers and the development of the world 's first nuclear bomb . Though he died months before the end of the war , his work on the post-war order shaped the new United Nations and the Bretton Woods international financial system . Roosevelt 's health seriously declined during the war years , and he died three months into his fourth term . He was succeeded by Vice President Harry S. Truman . It was on Roosevelt 's watch that the Democratic Party was returned to dominance , prosperity returned , and two great military enemies were destroyed .   Scholars , historians and the public typically rank Roosevelt alongside Abraham Lincoln and George Washington as one of the three greatest U.S. Presidents .

neg: President William Jefferson Clinton Birthplace Home National Historic Site The President William Jefferson Clinton Birthplace Home National Historic Site is located at 117 South Hervey Street ( U.S. Route 278 ) in Hope , Arkansas . Built in 1917 by Dr. H. S. Garrett , in this house the 42nd President of the United States Bill Clinton spent the first four years of his life , having been born at Julia Chester Hospital in Hope on August 19 , 1946 . The house was owned by his grandparents , Edith Grisham and James Eldridge Cassidy , and they cared for him when his mother , Virginia , was away working as an anesthetist in New Orleans .   On May 19 , 1994 , the site was added to the National Register of Historic Places ( as `` Bill Clinton Birthplace '' ) . Tours were offered by the Clinton Birthplace Foundation . In accordance with the Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009 ( § 7002 ) , the Secretary of the Interior accepted the property on December 14 , 2010 , establishing it as a national historic site and a unit of the National Park System . This change in status was originally proposed by Senator Mark Pryor of Arkansas . Bill Clinton and Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar formally dedicated the site on April 16 , 2011 .

neg: Unitary executive theory The unitary executive theory is a theory of American constitutional law holding that the President possesses the power to control the entire executive branch . The doctrine is rooted in Article Two of the United States Constitution , which vests `` the executive power '' of the United States in the President .   Although that general principle is widely accepted , there is disagreement about the strength and scope of the doctrine . It can be said that some favor a `` strongly unitary '' executive , while others favor a `` weakly unitary '' executive . The former group argue , for example , that Congress 's power to interfere with intra-executive decision-making ( such as firing executive branch officials ) is limited , and that the President can control policy-making by all executive agencies within the limits set for those agencies by Congress . Still others agree that the Constitution requires a unitary executive , but believe this to be a bad thing , and propose its abolition by constitutional amendment .   In several states , in contrast to the federal government , executive officers such as lieutenant governor , attorney general , comptroller , secretary of state and others are elected independently of the state 's governor , with Texas being one example . This type of executive structure is known as a plural executive . Another type of plural executive , used in Japan , Israel , and Sweden , though not in any U.S. state , in which a collegial body comprises the executive branch - however , that collegial body does not comprise multiple members elected in elections , but is rather more akin to the US Cabinet in formation and structure .

neg: United States presidential election in Nebraska, 1992 The 1992 United States presidential election in Nebraska took place on November 3 , 1992 , as part of the 1992 United States presidential election . Voters chose five representatives , or electors to the Electoral College , who voted for President and Vice President .   Nebraska was won by incumbent President George H.W. Bush ( R-Texas ) with 46.58 % of the popular vote over Governor Bill Clinton ( D-Arkansas ) with 29.40 % . Businessman Ross Perot ( I-Texas ) finished in third with 23.63 % of the popular vote . Clinton ultimately won the national vote , defeating both incumbent President Bush and Perot .

neg: United States Senate The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which , along with the United States House of Representatives , the lower chamber , composes the legislature of the United States of America .   The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The Senate is composed of senators who represent each of the several states , with each state being equally represented by two senators , regardless of their population , serving staggered terms of six years ; with fifty states presently in the Union , there are 100 U.S. Senators . From 1789 until 1913 , Senators were appointed by legislatures of the states they represented ; following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913 , they are now popularly elected . The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol , in Washington , D.C.   As the upper house , the Senate has several powers of advice and consent which are unique to it ; these include the ratification of treaties , the confirmation of Cabinet secretaries , Supreme Court justices , federal judges , other federal executive officials , flag officers , regulatory officials , ambassadors , and other federal uniformed officers . In addition to these , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for Vice President , the duty befalls upon the Senate to elect one of the top two recipients of electors for that office . It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House . The Senate is widely considered both a more deliberative and more prestigious body than the House of Representatives due to its longer terms , smaller size , and statewide constituencies , which historically led to a more collegial and less partisan atmosphere .   The presiding officer of the Senate is the Vice President of the United States , who is President of the Senate ; in their absence , the President Pro Tempore , who is customarily the senior member of the controlling party , presides over the Senate . In the early 20th century , the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began , although they are not constitutional officers .

neg: Hillary: The Movie Hillary : The Movie is a 2008 political documentary about United States Senator and presidential candidate Hillary Clinton . It was produced by the conservative non-profit organization Citizens United . The film was scheduled to be offered as video-on-demand on cable TV right before the Democratic primaries in January 2008 , but as `` electioneering communication '' to do so was illegal under the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act which was enforced by the Federal Election Commission . The producers went to U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia to get a declaration that they could show their movie and promotional ads for it despite BCRA . This case was titled Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission and its final decision at the U.S. Supreme Court resulted in a major change in campaign finance law .   The documentary interviewed various conservative figures such as Dick Morris and Ann Coulter and reviewed various scandals in which Hillary Clinton purportedly participated , such as the White House travel office controversy , White House FBI files controversy , Whitewater controversy , and cattle futures controversy . The factual finding of the three-judge district court was that there was `` no reasonable interpretation -LSB- of the movie -RSB- other than as an appeal to vote against Senator Clinton '' , thus making it `` electioneering communication '' . The Supreme Court did not change that decision , but applied the strict scrutiny test for the First Amendment of the Constitution and said corporations could not be banned from making electioneering communications .

neg: United States presidential election in Hawaii, 1996 The 1996 United States presidential election in Hawaii took place on November 5 , 1996 as part of the 1996 United States presidential election . Voters chose 4 representatives , or electors to the Electoral College , who voted for President and Vice President .   Hawaii was won by President Bill Clinton ( D ) over Senator Bob Dole ( R-KS ) , with Clinton winning 56.93 % to 31.64 % by a margin of 25.29 % . Billionaire businessman Ross Perot ( Reform Party of the United States of America-TX ) finished in third with 7.6 % of the popular vote .