query: Narendra Modi's administration has been considered complicit in the 2002 Gujarat riots.

pos: Narendra Modi Narendra Damodardas Modi ( -LSB- ˈnəɾeːnd̪rə d̪aːmoːd̪əɾˈd̪aːs ˈmoːd̪iː -RSB- , born 17 September 1950 ) is an Indian politician who is the 14th and current Prime Minister of India , in office since May 2014 . He was the Chief Minister of Gujarat from 2001 to 2014 , and is the Member of Parliament for Varanasi . Modi , a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) , is a Hindu nationalist and member of the right-wing Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh ( RSS ) .   Born to a Gujarati family in Vadnagar , Modi helped his father sell tea as a child , and later ran his own stall . He was introduced to the RSS at the age of eight , beginning a long association with the organisation . He left home after graduating from school , partly because of an arranged marriage which he rejected . Modi traveled around India for two years , and visited a number of religious centres . He returned to Gujarat and moved to Ahmedabad in 1969 or 1970 . In 1971 he became a full-time worker for the RSS . During the state of emergency imposed across the country in 1975 , Modi was forced to go into hiding . The RSS assigned him to the BJP in 1985 , and he held several positions within the party hierarchy until 2001 , rising to the rank of general secretary .   Modi was appointed Chief Minister of Gujarat in 2001 , due to Keshubhai Patel 's failing health and poor public image following the earthquake in Bhuj . Modi was elected to the legislative assembly soon after . His administration has been considered complicit in the 2002 Gujarat riots , or otherwise criticised for its handling of it , although a court found no evidence to prosecute Modi . His policies as chief minister , credited with encouraging economic growth , have received praise . His administration has been criticised for failing to significantly improve health , poverty , and education indices in the state .   Modi led the BJP in the 2014 general election , which gave the party a majority in the Lok Sabha , the first time a single party had achieved this since 1984 . Modi himself was elected to parliament from Varanasi . Since taking office , Modi 's administration has tried to raise foreign direct investment in the Indian economy , increased spending on infrastructure , and reduced spending on healthcare and social welfare programmes . Modi has attempted to improve efficiency in the bureaucracy , and centralised power through the abolition of the planning commission . He has begun a high-profile sanitation campaign , and weakened or abolished environmental and labour laws . Credited with engineering a political realignment towards right-wing politics , Modi remains a figure of controversy domestically and internationally over his Hindu nationalist beliefs and his role during the 2002 Gujarat riots , cited as evidence of an exclusionary social agenda .

neg: R. B. Sreekumar R.B. Sreekumar is a former Gujarat State Director-General of Police . He is known for his alleged false implication of Nambi Narayanan ( who was a scientist in Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre ) and his stand on the 2002 Gujarat violence followed by Godhra train burning against the Government of Gujarat .

neg: Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002 The Prevention of Terrorism Act , 2002 ( POTA ) was an Act passed by the Parliament of India in 2002 , with the objective of strengthening anti-terrorism operations . The Act was enacted due to several terrorist attacks that were being carried out in India and especially in response to the attack on the Parliament . The Act replaced the Prevention of Terrorism Ordinance ( POTO ) of 2001 and the Terrorist and Disruptive Activities ( Prevention ) Act ( TADA ) ( 1985 -- 95 ) , and was supported by the governing National Democratic Alliance . The Act was repealed in 2004 by the United Progressive Alliance coalition .   The bill was defeated in the Rajya Sabha ( the upper house ) by a 113-98 vote , but was passed in a joint session ( 425 Ayes and 296 Nos ) , as the Lok Sabha ( lower house ) has more seats . It was only the third time that a bill was passed by a joint session of both houses of Parliament .   The Act defined what constituted a `` terrorist act '' and who a `` terrorist '' was , and granted special powers to the investigating authorities described under the Act . In order to ensure that discretionary powers granted to the investigating agencies were not misused and human rights violations were not committed , specific safeguards were built into the Act .

neg: Pollution of the Ganges Pollution of the Ganges ( or Ganga ) , the largest river in India , poses significant threats to human health and the larger environment . Severely polluted with human waste and industrial contaminants , the river provides water to about 40 % of India 's population across 11 states , serving an estimated population of 500 million people or more , more than any other river in the world .   Today , Ganges is considered to be the fifth most polluted river in the world . Raghubir Singh has noted that no one in India spoke of the Ganges as polluted until the late 1970s . However , pollution has been an old and continuous process in the river as by the time people were finally speaking of the Ganges as polluted , stretches of over six hundred kilometers were essentially ecologically dead zones .   A number of initiatives have been undertaken to clean the river but failed to deliver desired results . After getting elected , India 's Prime minister Narendra Modi affirmed to work in cleaning the river and controlling pollution . Subsequently , the Namami Ganga project was announced by the government in the July 2014 budget . An estimated Rs 2,958 Crores have been spent till July 2016 in various efforts in cleaning up of the river .

neg: Karnataka Legislative Assembly The Karnataka Legislative Assembly is the lower house of the bicameral legislature of Karnataka state in southern India . Karnataka is one of the seven states in India , where the state legislature is bicameral , comprising two houses . The two houses are the Vidhana Sabha ( lower house ) and the Vidhana Parishat ( upper house ) .   The members of the Vidhana Sabha are directly elected by people through adult franchise . The members of the Vidhana Parishat are elected indirectly by members of local bodies , teachers and graduates .   There are 75 members of the Vidhana Parishat . Members of the Vidhana Parishat or Legislative Council normally have a term of six years , and are generally known as MLCs .   There are 224 members of the Vidhana Sabha or the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka state . One member is a representative of the Anglo-Indian community nominated by the Governor of Karnataka . The state of Karnataka is divided into 225 constituencies used to elect the Legislative assembly .   Each constituency elects one member of the assembly . Members are popularly known as MLAs . The assembly is elected using the simple plurality or `` first past the post '' electoral system . The elections are conducted by the Election Commission of India .   The normal term of the members lasts for five years . In case of death , resignation or disqualification of a member , a by-election is conducted for constituency represented by the member . The party which wins the most seats becomes the ruling party .   In the 2013 elections , the Indian National Congress ( INC ) won a majority of seats , with 122 out of 224 MLAs . On 10 May 2013 , K. Siddaramaiah was chosen as Chief Minister and CLP leader by the MLAs . He was sworn in on 13 May 2013 .

neg: Fodder Scam The Fodder Scam ( Hindi : चारा घोटाला , chārā ghoṭālā ) was a corruption scandal that involved the embezzlement of about from the government treasury of the eastern Indian state of Bihar . Among those implicated in the theft and arrested were then Chief Minister of Bihar , Lalu Prasad Yadav , as well as former Chief Minister , Jagannath Mishra . The scandal led to the end of Lalu 's reign as Chief Minister . There is also allegation on Shivanand Tiwari of receiving 1 crore and 60 lakh Rupees respectively from S.N. Sinha .   The theft spanned for many years , and allegedly involved numerous Bihar state 's administrative and elected officials across multiple administrations of the Indian National Congress and the Janata Dal parties . The corruption scheme involved the fabrication of `` vast herds of fictitious livestock '' for which fodder , medicines and animal husbandry equipment was supposedly procured . Although the scandal broke in 1996 , the theft had been in progress , and increased in size , for over two decades . Besides the magnitude and duration of the theft , the scam was and continues to be covered in Indian media due to the extensive nexus between tenured bureaucrats , elected politicians and businesspeople that it revealed , and as an example of the mafia raj that has penetrated several state-run economic sectors in the country .   As of May 2013 , the trial has completed in 44 cases out of a total of 53 cases . More than 500 accused have been convicted and awarded punishments by various courts .

neg: Erroneous reporting on the 2008 Mumbai attacks During and immediately after the 2008 Mumbai attacks the news media worldwide broadcast incorrect factual information on a scale often seen in a fog of war . Erroneous reporting on the 2008 Mumbai attacks included false information concerning the number of attackers , their nationality , their organizational affiliations , origins , and the methods of transport they had used . Theories and speculations were openly aired by various commentators that were later proved to be wrong . Many such speculations , such as the involvement in the attacks of the `` Deccan Mujahideen '' , were widely reported by media worldwide . Various news outlets carried opinion pieces and unattributed theories about the origins of the attackers which were unfounded .

neg: Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election, 2002 Elections for the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir were held in September - October 2002 in four phases . Mufti Mohammad Sayeed became Chief Minister of Jammu Kashmir after the elections . In 2005 under a coalition agreement INC 's Ghulam Nabi Azad became Chief Minister . He was the first Indian National Congress party Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir . In reaction terrorist group Jaish-e-Mohammad had conducted a suicide car bomb attack in Srinagar killing six people just hours before Azad 's swearing-in . Panthers Party formed part of the ruling coalition with Harsh Dev Singh becoming the party 's first cabinet minister .   Electronic Voting Machines were used for first time in Jammu Kashmir assembly elections in 2002 . The international community also appreciated the credibility of the elections and the results that followed it . The elections was seen as a victory of the ballot over the bullet . United States lauded 2002 elections of the state . There were 1.7 million voters in the state for 2002 elections .

neg: Shiv Sena Shiv Sena ( IAST : Śiva Sēnā ) ( translation ; Army of Shivaji ) , also known by the name Sena , is an Indian far-right regional political party . Its ideology is based on pro-Marathi ideology and Hindu nationalism ( Hindutva ) , founded on 19 June 1966 by political cartoonist Bal Thackeray .  The party originally emerged from a movement in Mumbai demanding preferential treatment for Maharashtrians over migrants to the city .  It is currently headed by Thackeray 's son , Uddhav Thackeray . Members of Shiv Sena are referred to as Shivsainiks .   Although the party 's primary base is still in Maharashtra , it has tried to expand to a pan-Indian base . In the 1970s , it gradually moved from advocating a pro-Marathi ideology to one supporting a broader Hindu nationalist agenda , as it aligned itself with the Bharatiya Janata Party . The party started taking part in Mumbai ( BMC ) Municipal elections since its inception . In 1989 , it entered an alliance with BJP for Lok Sabha as well as Maharashtra assembly elections , the latter of which was temporarily broken in October 2014 Assembly elections but it was undone soon and Shiv Sena became part of the BJP government in Maharashtra in December 2014 . It has been a coalition partner in the National Democratic Alliance since 1998 , including the Vajpayee Government during 1998 -- 2004 and the present Narendra Modi Government .   It has been referred to as an `` extremist '' , `` chauvinist '' ,  as well as a `` fascist party '' . Shiv Sena founder , Bal Thackeray , has taken comparisons with fascism as compliments as well as openly stated that he didnt believe in democracy . Shiv Sena and its supporters have been known to resort to violence with impunity . Shiv Sena has been blamed for the 1970 communal violence in Bhiwandi , the 1984 Bhiwandi riot and violence in the 1992-1993 Bombay riots.Other acts of violence attributed to Shivsainiks are the death of two persons , including a six month old baby , when Shivsainiks set fire to the Sunitidevi Singhania Hospital in Thane following the death of a Shiv Sena leader Anand Dighe . 80 % of Shiv Sena MPs in the 15th Lok Sabha face criminal charges .   Dean Nelson of The Telegraph , while reporting on the removal of Rohinton Mistry 's novel , Such a Long Journey , from the Mumbai University 's literature syllabus following threats from Shiv Sena also noted that the party has a powerful hold over the Bollywood film industry .

neg: Abdul Nazer Mahdani Abdul Nasser Mahdani also known as Abdul Nasser Maudani or simply Madani or Maudany ( Sasthamkotta , Kerala ) is a Muslim political activist from Kerala , India . Madani is suspected to have organized terrorist activities and maintains links with terrorist organizations including Lashkar-e-Toiba . Following the Babri Masjid demolition in 1992 , he launched the Peoples Democratic Party ( PDP ) , with the stated objective of creating a `` Muslim-Dalit-backward caste '' alliance under the slogan of `` Power to Avarnas and Liberation to The Oppressed '' .   In 1992 , Mahdani became the target of an assassination attempt by a Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh activist , in which he lost his right leg and is fitted with a prosthetic limb . Mahdani is considered to have become the rallying point in Kerala politics .   Mahdani was alleged of having involvement in 1998 Coimbatore bombings but acquitted of all charges after spending nine and half years in Coimbatore Central Prison . Later he is alleged of having involvement in 2008 Bangalore serial blast . He is under judicial custody in relation with the 2008 Bangalore serial blasts . But his involvement is unproven He is not found guilty in any of the cases so far and still behind bars as an undertrial even after 15 years of imprisonment .

neg: India Against Corruption India Against Corruption ( IAC ) is an anti-corruption movement in India which was particularly prominent during the anti-corruption protests of 2011 and 2012 , concerned with the introduction of the Jan Lokpal bill . It primarily sought to mobilise the masses in support of their demands . Divisions amongst key members of the IAC 's core committee eventually led to a split within the movement - Arvind Kejriwal left to form the Aam Aadmi Party , while Anna Hazare left to form Jantantra Morcha .

neg: Illegal sand mining in Madhya Pradesh Illegal sand mining in Madhya Pradesh is a serious law & order and environmental issue . It is a flourishing unlawful practice because of the nexus between mining mafia and politicians . The illegal miners pay a hefty amount to politicians during elections . Many people , including police officers and activists , have lost their lives while trying to check it . In February 2017 , it became a major political issue when the company of nephew of Chief Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan was caught in illegal mining . The state government landed in an embarrassing situation because at the same time Chief Minister was touring Naramda to assess the condition of the riverbed .

neg: Kashmir conflict The Kashmir conflict is a territorial conflict primarily between India and Pakistan , having started just after the partition of India in 1947 . China has at times played a minor role . India and Pakistan have fought three wars over Kashmir , including the Indo-Pakistani Wars of 1947 and 1965 , as well as the Kargil War of 1999 . The two countries have also been involved in several skirmishes over control of the Siachen Glacier .   India claims the entire state of Jammu and Kashmir , and , , administers approximately 43 % of the region . It controls Jammu , the Kashmir Valley , Ladakh , and the Siachen Glacier . India 's claims are contested by Pakistan , which administers approximately 37 % of Jammu and Kashmir , namely Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan . China currently administers Demchok district , the Shaksgam Valley , and the Aksai Chin region . China 's claim over these territories has been disputed by India since China took Aksai Chin during the Sino-Indian War of 1962 .   The present conflict is in Kashmir Valley . The root of conflict between the Kashmiri insurgents and the Indian government is tied to a dispute over local autonomy and based on the demand for self-determination . Democratic development was limited in Kashmir until the late 1970s , and by 1988 , many of the democratic reforms introduced by the Indian Government had been reversed . Non-violent channels for expressing discontent were thereafter limited and caused a dramatic increase in support for insurgents advocating violent secession from India . In 1987 , a disputed state election created a catalyst for the insurgency when it resulted in some of the state 's legislative assembly members forming armed insurgent groups . In July 1988 a series of demonstrations , strikes and attacks on the Indian Government began the Kashmir Insurgency .   Although thousands of people have died as a result of the turmoil in Jammu and Kashmir , the conflict has become less deadly in recent years . Protest movements created to voice Kashmir 's disputes and grievances with the Indian government , specifically the Indian Military , have been active in Jammu and Kashmir since 1989 . Elections held in 2008 were generally regarded as fair by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and had a high voter turnout in spite of calls by separatist militants for a boycott . The election resulted in the creation of the pro-India Jammu and Kashmir National Conference , which then formed a government in the state . According to Voice of America , many analysts have interpreted the high voter turnout in this election as a sign that the people of Kashmir endorsed Indian rule in the state . But in 2010 unrest erupted after alleged fake encounter of local youth with security force . Thousands of youths pelted security forces with rocks , burned government offices and attacked railway stations and official vehicles in steadily intensifying violence . The Indian government blamed separatists and Lashkar-e-Taiba , a Pakistan-based militant group for stoking the 2010 protests .   Elections held in 2014 saw highest voters turnout in 26 years of history in Jammu and Kashmir . However , analysts explain that the high voter turnout in Kashmir is not an endorsement of Indian rule by the Kashmiri population , rather most people vote for daily issues such as food and electricity . An opinion poll conducted by the Chatham House international affairs think tank found that in the Kashmir valley -- the mainly Muslim area in Indian Kashmir at the centre of the insurgency -- support for independence varies between 74 % to 95 % in its various districts . Support for remaining with India was , however , extremely high in predominantly Hindu Jammu and Buddhist Ladakh .   Indian forces have committed many human rights abuses and acts of terror against Kashmiri civilian population including extrajudicial killing , rape , torture and enforced disappearances . Crimes by militants have also happened but are not comparable in scale with the crimes of Indian forces .  According to Amnesty International , as of June 2015 , no member of the Indian military deployed in Jammu and Kashmir has been tried for human rights violations in a civilian court , although there have been military court martials held . Amnesty International welcomed this move but cautioned that justice should be consistently delivered and prosecutions of security forces personnel be held in civilian courts . Amnesty International has also accused the Indian government of refusing to prosecute perpetrators of abuses in the region .   Kashmir 's accession to India was provisional , and conditional on a plebiscite , and for this reason had a different constitutional status to other Indian states . In October 2015 Jammu and Kashmir High Court said that article 370 is `` permanent '' and Jammu and Kashmir did not merge with India the way other princely states merged but retained special status and limited sovereignty under Indian constitution .   In 2016 ( 8 July 2016 -- present ) unrest erupted after killing of a Hizbul Mujahideen militant Burhan Wani by Indian security forces .

neg: Social movement in India From the early 1970s new forms of social mobilisation began in India . They gained a variety of names such as social movement , people 's movement , popular movements etc. . These movements emerged and highlighted some of the major issues such as gender and environment .   One of the leading analyst and participant in social movements in India , Sanjay Sangvi , identified the major agendas of them as `` Movements of landless , unorganised labour in rural and urban areas , adivasis , dalits , displaced people , peasants , urban poor , small entrepreneurs and unemployed youth took up the issues of livelihood , opportunities , dignity and development . ''   Most well known movements in the country are Chipko movement , Save Silent Valley , Narmada Bachao Andolan , Koel Karo , Chhattisgarh Mukti Morcha , Jhola Aandolan chutmarika ( fighting polythene ) , Appiko movement , Save Kudremukh , Lok Satta Movement , Swadhyay Movement , Swatantra Sharad Joshi , Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha   These movements largely distanced themselves from political parties , or tried to cut across the ideologies of the political parties . Yet many of them rooted themselves or drew from ideologies of the Mahatma Gandhi , various shades environmentalisms or gender politics , or socialism .   The most recent of social movements is ` Campaign against corruption ' , April 2011 , led by a group of social activists - Anna Hazare , Arvind Kejriwal , Kiran Bedi , a Gandhian sits on , Sri Ram Burgula the heart of New Delhi , capital of India , for fast unto death , demanding enactment of the long pending Jan Lokpal Bill . This movement got support of general masses and media . This created a buzz when political leaders were denied sharing of dias with the social activists . This movement is a landmark in the constitutional history of independent India , which has forced government to include 5 non-official members in the Sri Ram Burgula Bill Drafting committee . Usually , only ministers are members of any legislation drafting committees . While enactment of the law and action by Sri Ram Burgula and Sri Ram Burgula ( ombudsmen ) will take some more time to be on actual ground , this movement has certainly made corruption a major social issue in India .   Some of the popular leaders of such movements are Sunderlal Bahuguna , Medha Patkar , Baba Amte , Vandana Shiva , Vijaypal Baghel , etc. .

neg: 2009 Gujarat hepatitis outbreak The 2009 Gujarat hepatitis B outbreak was a cluster of hepatitis B cases that appeared in Modasa , northern Gujarat , India in 2009 . Over 125 people were infected and up to 49 people died . Several doctors were investigated and arrested after the outbreaks .

neg: Government of India The Government of India ( GoI ) is the federal government created by the Constitution of India as the legislative , executive and judicial authority of the union of 29 states and seven union territories of a constitutionally sovereign , socialist , secular , democratic republic , constitutionally called the Republic of India . It is located in New Delhi , the capital of India .

neg: Disqualification of convicted representatives in India On 10 July 2013 , the Supreme Court of India , in its judgement of the Lily Thomas v. Union of India case ( along with Lok Prahari v. Union of India ) , ruled that any Member of Parliament ( MP ) , Member of the Legislative Assembly ( MLA ) or Member of a Legislative Council ( MLC ) who is convicted of a crime and awarded a minimum of two year imprisonment , loses membership of the House with immediate effect . This is in contrast to the earlier position , wherein convicted members held on to their seats until they exhausted all judicial remedy in lower , state and supreme court of India . Further , Section 8 ( 4 ) of the Representation of the People Act , which allowed elected representatives three months to appeal their conviction , was declared unconstitutional by the bench of Justice A. K. Patnaik and Justice S. J. Mukhopadhaya .   In an attempt to overturn this decision , the Representation of the People ( Second Amendment and Validation ) Bill , 2013 , was introduced into the Rajya Sabha on 30 August by Law Minister Kapil Sibal ; by the proposed amendment , representatives would not be disqualified immediately after conviction . The Indian government also filed a review petition , which the Supreme Court dismissed . On 24 September , a few days before the fodder scam verdict , the government tried to bring the bill into effect as an ordinance . However , Rahul Gandhi , Vice-President of the Indian National Congress , made his opinion of the ordinance clear in a press meeting : `` It 's complete nonsense . It should be torn up and thrown away . '' Members of opposition parties claimed that Gandhi 's comments indicated total confusion within the government , and called for the resignation of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh . Within 5 days , both the ordinance and the bill were withdrawn on 2 October .   On 1 October 2013 , Rasheed Masood became the first MP to lose his membership of parliament under the new guidelines , when he was sentenced to four years imprisonment for cheating , forgery and corruption .

neg: Deputy Chief Minister of Delhi The Deputy Chief Minister of Delhi is the deputy chief executive of the National Capital Territory of Delhi in north India . According to the Constitution of India , the lieutenant governor is Delhi 's de jure head , but de facto executive authority rests with its chief minister . Following elections to the Delhi Legislative Assembly , the lieutenant governor usually invites the party with a majority of seats to form the government . The President of India , on the advice of the lieutenant governor , appoints the chief minister , whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly .

neg: Prime Minister of India The Prime Minister of India ( Hindi : भारत के प्रधानमन्त्री , Bhārat kē Pradhānamantrī ) is the head of government and leader of the executive branch of the Government of India . The Prime Minister is also the chief adviser to the President of India and head of the Council of Ministers . They can be a member of any of the two houses of Parliament ( the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha ) , but has to be the leader of the political party , having a majority in the Lok Sabha .   The Prime Minister is the senior member of cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system . The Prime Minister selects and can dismiss other members of the cabinet ; allocates posts to members within the Government ; is the presiding member and chairman of the cabinet .   The federal or union cabinet headed by the Prime Minister is appointed by the President of India to assist the latter in the administration of the affairs of the executive . Union cabinet is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha as per Article 75 ( 3 ) . The Prime Minister shall always enjoy the confidence of Lok Sabha and shall resign if they are unable to prove majority when instructed by the President .

neg: Great Depression in India The Great Depression of 1929 had a very severe impact on India , which was then under the rule of the British Raj . The Government of British India adopted a protective trade policy which , though beneficial to the United Kingdom , caused great damage to the Indian economy . During the period 1929 -- 1937 , exports and imports fell drastically crippling seaborne international trade . The railways and the agricultural sector were the most affected .   The international financial crisis combined with detrimental policies adopted by the Government of India resulted in soaring prices of commodities . High prices along with the stringent taxes prevalent in British India had a dreadful impact on most Indians . The discontent of farmers manifested itself in rebellions and riots . The Salt Satyagraha of 1930 was one of the measures undertaken as a response to heavy taxation during the Great Depression .   The Great Depression and the economic policies of the Government of British India worsened already deteriorating Indo-British relations . When the first general elections were held according to the Government of India Act 1935 , anti-British feelings resulted in the pro-independence Indian National Congress winning in most provinces with a very high percentage of the vote share .

neg: SNC-Lavalin Kerala hydroelectric scandal The SNC-Lavalin Kerala hydroelectric scandal is financial scandal related to a hydroelectric infrastructure contract between the Indian government and Canadian company SNC-Lavalin in 1995 which resulted in an alleged net loss to the Indian exchequer of 3745.0 million rupees ( Approx US $ 62 million as of August 2014 ) .   The contract outlined the renovation and modernization of the hydroelectric power stations at Pallivasal , Sengulam , and Panniar that were originally installed between 1940 and 1964 in the Idukki district of Kerala , India .   Several politicians were involved and eventually charged in the case , including former ministers of Indian National Congress G. Karthikeyan and Pinarayi Vijayan , the first ever corruption-related prosecution of a Politburo member by the Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) . However , on 5 November 2013 , Pinarayi Vijayan and 6 other accused were cleared of charges by a Central Bureau of Investigation ( CBI ) Special Court because `` the CBI could not prove any of its charges . ''


query: James Bond is based on a character from a book series.

pos: Trigger Mortis Trigger Mortis is a 2015 James Bond novel written by Anthony Horowitz , and the latest Bond novel to be commissioned by the estate of Bond 's creator Ian Fleming , which was published on 8 September 2015 .

pos: James Bond The James Bond series focuses on a fictional British Secret Service agent created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming , who featured him in twelve novels and two short-story collections . Since Fleming 's death in 1964 , eight other authors have written authorised Bond novels or novelizations : Kingsley Amis , Christopher Wood , John Gardner , Raymond Benson , Sebastian Faulks , Jeffery Deaver , William Boyd and Anthony Horowitz . The latest novel is Trigger Mortis by Anthony Horowitz , published in September 2015 . Additionally Charlie Higson wrote a series on a young James Bond , and Kate Westbrook wrote three novels based on the diaries of a recurring series character , Moneypenny .   The character has also been adapted for television , radio , comic strip , video games and film . The films are the longest continually running film series of all time and have grossed over $ 7.040 billion in total , making it the fourth-highest-grossing film series to date , which started in 1962 with Dr. No , starring Sean Connery as Bond . As of , there have been twenty-four films in the Eon Productions series . The most recent Bond film , Spectre ( 2015 ) , stars Daniel Craig in his fourth portrayal of Bond ; he is the sixth actor to play Bond in the Eon series . There have also been two independent productions of Bond films : Casino Royale ( a 1967 spoof ) and Never Say Never Again ( a 1983 remake of an earlier Eon-produced film , Thunderball ) . In 2015 , the franchise was estimated to be worth $ 19.9 billion , making James Bond one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time .   The Bond films are renowned for a number of features , including the musical accompaniment , with the theme songs having received Academy Award nominations on several occasions , and two wins . Other important elements which run through most of the films include Bond 's cars , his guns , and the gadgets with which he is supplied by Q Branch . The films are also noted for Bond 's relationships with various women , who are sometimes referred to as `` Bond girls '' .

pos: Ian Fleming Ian Lancaster Fleming ( 28 May 1908 -- 12 August 1964 ) was an English author , journalist and naval intelligence officer who is best known for his James Bond series of spy novels . Fleming came from a wealthy family connected to the merchant bank Robert Fleming & Co. , and his father was the Member of Parliament for Henley from 1910 until his death on the Western Front in 1917 . Educated at Eton , Sandhurst and , briefly , the universities of Munich and Geneva , Fleming moved through several jobs before he started writing .   While working for Britain 's Naval Intelligence Division during the Second World War , Fleming was involved in planning Operation Goldeneye and in the planning and oversight of two intelligence units , 30 Assault Unit and T-Force . His wartime service and his career as a journalist provided much of the background , detail and depth of the James Bond novels .   Fleming wrote his first Bond novel , Casino Royale , in 1952 . It was a success , with three print runs being commissioned to cope with the demand . Eleven Bond novels and two collections of short-stories followed between 1953 and 1966 . The novels revolved around James Bond , an officer in the Secret Intelligence Service , commonly known as MI6 . Bond was also known by his code number , 007 , and was a commander in the Royal Naval Reserve . The Bond stories rank among the best-selling series of fictional books of all time , having sold over 100 million copies worldwide . Fleming also wrote the children 's story Chitty-Chitty-Bang-Bang and two works of non-fiction . In 2008 , The Times ranked Fleming 14th on its list of `` The 50 greatest British writers since 1945 '' .   Fleming was married to Ann Charteris , who was divorced from the second Viscount Rothermere owing to her affair with the author . Fleming and Charteris had a son , Caspar . Fleming was a heavy smoker and drinker for most of his life and succumbed to heart disease in 1964 at the age of 56 . Two of his James Bond books were published posthumously ; other writers have since produced Bond novels . Fleming 's creation has appeared in film twenty-six times , portrayed by seven actors .

neg: Shoot to Kill (Cole novel) Shoot to Kill is a novel written by Steve Cole , the first continuation entry in the Young Bond series . Cole took over from Charlie Higson who left the series in 2009 after his final instalment A Hard Man to Kill . Shoot to Kill features Ian Fleming 's spy , James Bond in his teenage years , finding himself troubled in the outskirts of Los Angeles , having recently been expelled from Eton . It was followed Heads You Die in May 2016 .

neg: Johnny English Johnny English is a 2003 British spy comedy film parodying the James Bond secret agent genre infused with comedy similar to Atkinson 's Mr. Bean character . The film stars Rowan Atkinson , Natalie Imbruglia , Ben Miller and John Malkovich . The screenplay was written by Bond writers Neal Purvis and Robert Wade , with William Davies , and the film was directed by Peter Howitt .   The film grossed a total of $ 160 million worldwide . The film was followed by a sequel , 2011 's Johnny English Reborn . The film was released in the United Kingdom on April 11 , 2003 , and topped the country 's box office for the next three weekends , before being overtaken by X2 . A second sequel is in pre-production and will release in October 2018 .

neg: We Were There The We Were There books are a series of historical novels written for children . The series consists of 36 titles , first released between 1955 and 1963 by Grosset & Dunlap . Each book in the series is a fictional retelling of an historical event , featuring one or more children as primary characters . The books were written by a number of different authors , each writing from one to seven of the books ; the authors included Benjamin Appel , Jim Kjelgaard , Earl Schenck Miers , William O. Steele , and others . Each book 's byline also lists a separate `` historical consultant , '' who was a specialist in the historic topic covered by that particular book . The historical consultants were typically college professors or , in the case of war-related stories , retired military officers ; among the more noteworthy consultants for the series were the historians Bruce Catton , Walter Prescott Webb and A. B. Guthrie , Jr. . The books are illustrated with black-and-white line art , with color drawings on the dust jacket .   The dust jackets of the original printings of the books describe the series as follows :   We Were There books are easy to read and provide exciting , entertaining stories , based upon true historic events . Each story is checked for factual accuracy by an outstanding authority on this particular phase of our history . Though written simply enough for young readers , they make interesting reading for boys and girls well into their teens .  The original hardbound editions of the books were followed by several other printings , including editions for book clubs and libraries . The books were later reissued with hardbound picture covers ( using the original dust jacket artwork ) , and softcover editions of some books became available in the 1970s . Three of the books are available from Lamppost Publishers and American Home School Publishers . Most of the original books are available in varying used conditions from various sellers through Amazon , although selection will naturally vary at any given time .

neg: The Link (UK organization) The Link was established in July 1937 as an ` independent non-party organisation to promote Anglo-German friendship ' . It generally operated as a cultural organisation , although its journal , the Anglo-German Review , reflected the pro-Nazi views of Admiral Sir Barry Domvile , and particularly in London it attracted a number of anti-semites and pro-Nazis . At its height the membership numbered around 4,300 .   The Link was opposed to war between Britain and Germany , and because of this attracted the support of some British pacifists . When The Link and the Anglo-German Review were included among a number of peace organisations across the political spectrum in the Peace Service Handbook ( a publication put out by the Peace Pledge Union ) the Daily Telegraph and The News Chronicle published articles accusing the PPU of supporting Nazism . In response , PPU member Stuart Morris wrote to the papers stating there was no connection between the PPU and The Link , and that the former organisation did not support the German demand for colonies or peace at the expense of smaller nations . The PPU also sent a letter to its group leaders dissociating The Link from the PPU , and ceased publishing the Peace Service Handbook .   The organisation was investigated by Maxwell Knight , head of counter-subversion in MI5 and future role model for James Bond 's boss M . The organisation closed shortly after the start of World War II in 1939 .   Admiral Sir Barry Domvile was interned in 1940 as someone who might `` endanger the safety of the realm '' .   According to Anthony Masters , the Link was allegedly resurrected in 1940 by Ian Fleming , then working in the Department of Naval Intelligence , in order to successfully lure Rudolf Hess ( deputy party leader and third in leadership of Germany , after Adolf Hitler and Hermann Göring ) to Britain in May 1941 .

neg: The Night Letter The Night Letter is a 1978 book by Paul Spike , with a double-layered structure : an anti-Nazi spy thriller on the background of the early part of the Second World War , and an exposure of cynical and machiavellian maneuverings in the American corridors of power .   The book belongs to the subgenre of secret history -- i.e. with a plot in which real historical figures play a substantial part , doing things which are the author 's invention but which supposedly ( for reasons given in the plot ) remained secret and did not come to the knowledge of the public .   In the book , a British doctor meets in 1936 with President Franklin D. Roosevelt , who is unaware that the doctor is a Nazi sympathizer . The visitor manages to secretly photograph the President in a compromising position with his secretary , Missy LeHand ( whom historians widely assume to have been indeed Roosevelt 's mistress ) .   By 1940 , senior Nazi leader Reinhard Heydrich possesses the picture and intends to use the photo for blackmail and prevent Roosevelt from running for a third term -- in the hope that whoever gets elected instead would be more likely to keep the US out of the Second World War .   The President must recover the photo before the Democratic Party Convention which is about to nominate him . What makes the situation more difficult is that Roosevelt also needs to bypass the FBI -- for apprehension that should the photo fall into the hands of J. Edgar Hoover , the FBI Director might use it for his own brand of blackmail . Instead , Roosevelt employs former FBI Agent Jackson , who had left the Bureau under a cloud and incurred Hoover 's personal enmity , and who is completely loyal to the President .   The bulk of the book follows Jackson 's chase after the photo , starting from Paris at the very eve of its fall to the Wehrmacht and concluding with a cataclysmic confrontation at a secret Michigan base of the `` Silver Shirts '' -- a murderous , power-mad American Fascist militia ( which truly existed , though not necessarily doing all that the book describes it as doing ) . The chase ends with a mixed result -- the Nazi agents have been killed or captured , but the negative did fall into the hands of the FBI who caught the scent of what was going on .   The book ends on a cynical note : Hoover meets the President at the White House , claims to have destroyed the negatives ( which is manifestly untrue ) and proceeds to imperiously demand the sacking of Jackson -- obviously he is under the impression that he now holds Roosevelt 's fate in his hand . Upon being shown this , the President presents a photo of his own , showing Hoover in a compromising position with a handsome young FBI agent . Roosevelt and Hoover would henceforth be tied to each other , `` like convicts in chain gang '' , each able to destroy the other but only at the cost of his own destruction .   Category :1978 books  Category : Corruption  Category : Secret histories  Category : Thriller novels

neg: The Great Abraham Lincoln Pocket Watch Conspiracy The Great Abraham Lincoln Pocket Watch Conspiracy is a historical fiction novel written by Jacopo della Quercia . The plot follows President William Howard Taft , scientist and son of a former president Robert Todd Lincoln , Secret Service Chief John Wilkie , Captain ( later Major ) Archibald Butt and others as they slowly unravel a worldwide conspiracy over a decade in the making .   The book , which was della Quercia 's debut novel , was published in 2014 by St. Martin 's Griffin , an imprint of publishing company St. Martin 's Press . The author described the book 's genre not as singular distinct genre , but as an `` equal parts cocktail '' of adventure , historical fiction , science fiction , thriller and comedy . In 2015 , della Quercia released a spiritual sequel , License to Quill , of a similar nature that concerns the lives of Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare in Reformation-era Europe .   The book has many references to actual events ; some , such as the sinking of the RMS Titanic , are important plot points , while others , such as the destruction of the zeppelin Erbslöh , are passively mentioned as news or memories . The author also includes excerpts from real newspaper articles , which were used to provide exposition in the storyline . Similarly , all of the main characters in the book were real , relevant figures in the 20th century . The characters profiles were fictionalized to fit in with the book 's plot and atmosphere , but their names , positions , occupations and personalities are kept largely intact .

neg: Bulldog Drummond (novel) Bull-dog Drummond ( later Bulldog Drummond ) was the first Bulldog Drummond novel . It was published in 1920 and written by H. C. McNeile under the pen name Sapper .   The novel begins with ex-British Army Captain Hugh `` Bulldog '' Drummond , DSO , MC , a wealthy former World War I officer of the Loamshire Regiment , dashing and strong , but not handsome , placing an advertisement in The Times stating his desire for an adventure . He receives a reply from a young woman , concerned about some business acquaintances of her father . It turns out that her father is being blackmailed by archvillain Carl Peterson who is attempting to organise a coup d'état to enable a pro-communist takeover of Britain . Ironically , this is being done for financial gain as Peterson is being paid by wealthy foreigners who will profit from this .   Drummond is captured several times , and manages to escape several times , before eventually defeating Peterson and his henchmen , with the aid of ex-army friends .

neg: The Presidential Agent series The Presidential Agent series was written by military author , W. E. B. Griffin . The series consists so far of eight novels , By Order of the President , The Hostage , The Hunters , The Shooters , Black Ops , The Outlaws , Covert Warriors , and Hazardous Duty . Like the rest of his novels , Griffin uses military time , along with the address of the place , and the chapter titles are never started on a separate page . The series is the author 's latest .   The main character , Carlos Guillermo Castillo , first appears as an Army major and is later promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel . Carlos is also known as Karl Wilhelm von und zu Gossinger . The reason for the double name stems from his parentage . His father , U.S. Army Warrant Officer Junior Grade Jorge Alejandro Castillo , had a one-night stand with his mother . His mother , Erika von und zu Gossinger , never saw Jorge again as he died shortly thereafter , flying `` his fifty-second rescue mission , picking up downed chopper crews , when he was hit and his Huey blew up . '' Jorge Castillo was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor . This allows Carlos to be admitted to West Point , which begins his Army career .   Erika raised Karl Wilhelm with the help of her father and brother , in das Haus im Wald ( the House in the Woods ) until they both died in an automobile accident on the Autobahn , leaving her to raise the boy alone . When Karl Wilhelm is the age of 12 his mother contracts fatal pancreatic cancer . She enlists the help of the then Major Naylor , who is stationed in Germany and was friends with her father , to find the boy 's father . Naylor does some research into the father and finds out that not only is he dead but he was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor . He flies to San Antonio and shows Karl 's paternal grandmother , Doña Alicia Castillo a photograph of Karl . Upon seeing the photo she says that the boy has `` Jorge 's eyes '' and immediately goes to Germany . Doña Alicia says that she and her husband , Don Juan Fernando Castillo , will take care of Karl when Erika herself dies of cancer . Karl is 12 and an orphan , but he goes from one rich , but loving , home to another and will gain a cousin , Fernando Lopez , who will become like a brother to him .   Castillo , known to his friends as Charley , admits to being confused about who he is at times . There is good reason for this . Not only do his family members leave him a proud legacy of elite Texican/Germanic heritage , they also give him a grounding in English , Spanish , German , Russian , Hungarian and a couple of others . He is an Army aviator , holds credentials for the Secret Service and an Executive Assistant to the Secretary of Homeland Security . Because of his interesting background , Castillo comes to the attention of the President , who decides to use him as a single-source information funnel for intelligence matters , `` to serve as sort of a check on the investigations of the various agencies involved ... What I 'd like to know is what did they know and when did they know it ? ''   The series has become one of Griffin 's most popular .   Griffin 's son , William E. Butterworth , is listed on Griffin 's website as co-authoring `` The Outlaws '' , `` Covert Warriors '' , and `` Hazardous Duty '' .

neg: Len Deighton Leonard Cyril Deighton ( -LSB- ˈdiːtən -RSB- born 18 February 1929 ) , known as Len Deighton , is a British author . Deighton is considered one of the top three spy novelists of his time ( along with Ian Fleming and John le Carré ) . In addition he is a highly acclaimed military historian , cookery writer , and graphic artist . The IPCRESS File ( 1962 ) , his first novel , was an instant bestseller and broke the mould of thriller writing . The Sunday Times dubbed him `` the poet of the spy story '' . Deighton 's first protagonist -- a nameless spy christened Harry Palmer in the films -- was made famous worldwide in the iconic 1960s films starring Michael Caine .

neg: Jennings (novel series) The Jennings series is a collection of novels written by Anthony Buckeridge ( 1912 -- 2004 ) , as children 's literature , and concern the humorous escapades of J.C.T. Jennings , a schoolboy at Linbury Court preparatory school in England . There are 23 novels in the series , excluding reprints and other material . The first of the series , Jennings Goes to School , appeared in 1950 , and new titles were published regularly until the mid-1970s ( the last was Jennings at Large , published in 1977 , the only novel to feature Jennings during the school holidays ) , with two more volumes following in the 1990s ( Jennings Again in 1991 , and That 's Jennings in 1994 ) .   The earliest ten novels in the series were reprinted in the UK in paperback , by Armada Books , in the late 1960s ; and many of the novels were translated from the original English into foreign languages . Quite often , the character 's name was not even retained : when published in France , Jennings ' name was changed to `` Bennett '' ; in Norway he was known as `` Stompa '' ; and in Brazil , when published during the 1970s , the character 's name became `` Johnny '' .

neg: The Man with the Golden Gun The Man with the Golden Gun may refer to :   The Man with the Golden Gun ( novel ) , a 1965 Ian Fleming novel  The Man with the Golden Gun ( film ) , a 1974 film , starring Roger Moore as James Bond  The Man with the Golden Gun ( soundtrack ) , the soundtrack of the 1974 film  `` The Man with the Golden Gun '' ( song ) , the title song of the 1974 film , sung by Lulu  `` Man With the Golden Gun '' , an Alice Cooper song that did not make the film 's soundtrack and was instead released on 1973 's Muscle of Love album  Francisco Scaramanga , the titular villain of both the novel and the film

neg: Harry Potter (character) Harry James Potter is the title character and protagonist of J. K. Rowling 's Harry Potter series . The majority of the books ' plot covers seven years in the life of the orphan Potter , who , on his eleventh birthday , learns he is a wizard . Thus , he attends Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry to practise magic under the guidance of the kindly headmaster Albus Dumbledore and other school professors . Harry also discovers that he is already famous throughout the novel 's magical community , and that his fate is tied with that of Lord Voldemort , the internationally feared Dark Wizard and murderer of his parents , Lily and James .

neg: Sherlock Holmes (1984 TV series) Sherlock Holmes is the name given to the TV series of Sherlock Holmes adaptations produced by British television company Granada Television between 1984 and 1994 , with the first two series bearing the title The Adventures Of Sherlock Holmes on screen and being followed by subsequent sub-series bearing the titles of other short story collections by Arthur Conan Doyle . The series was broadcast on the ITV network in the UK and starred Jeremy Brett as the famous detective . His portrayal remains very popular and is accepted by some as the definitive on-screen version of Sherlock Holmes .   In addition , Holmes 's faithful friend and companion Dr. Watson is portrayed as the kind of thoroughly competent sidekick that Holmes would want . Initially , Watson was portrayed by David Burke ( who had earlier played the villain in an adaptation of `` The Adventure of the Beryl Coronet '' for the 1965 BBC series starring Douglas Wilmer and Nigel Stock ) . Burke appeared in the first year of the Adventures series before leaving to join the Royal Shakespeare Company . He was replaced by Edward Hardwicke , who played Watson for the remainder of the run .   Of the 60 Holmes stories written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle , 42 were adapted in the series spanning 36 one-hour episodes and five feature-length specials . ( The elements of two stories were combined in one episode , accounting for the different numbers . )

neg: Doctor Who Doctor Who is a British science-fiction television programme produced by the BBC since 1963 . The programme depicts the adventures of a Time Lord called `` The Doctor '' , an extraterrestrial being from the planet Gallifrey . He explores the universe in a time-travelling space ship called the TARDIS . Its exterior appears as a blue British police box , which was a common sight in Britain in 1963 when the series first aired . Accompanied by a number of companions , the Doctor combats a variety of foes , while working to save civilisations and help people in need .   The show is a significant part of British popular culture , and elsewhere it has gained a cult following . It has influenced generations of British television professionals , many of whom grew up watching the series . The programme originally ran from 1963 to 1989 . There was an unsuccessful attempt to revive regular production in 1996 with a backdoor pilot , in the form of a television film titled Doctor Who . The programme was relaunched in 2005 , and since then has been produced in-house by BBC Wales in Cardiff . Doctor Who has also spawned numerous spin-offs , including comic books , films , novels , audio dramas , and the television series Torchwood ( 2006 -- 2011 ) , The Sarah Jane Adventures ( 2007 -- 2011 ) , K-9 ( 2009 -- 2010 ) , and Class '' ( 2016-present ) , and has been the subject of many parodies and references in popular culture .   Twelve actors have headlined the series as the Doctor . The transition from one actor to another is written into the plot of the show with the concept of regeneration into a new incarnation -- an idea introduced in 1966 to allow the show to continue after the departure of original lead William Hartnell who was becoming very ill at the time . The concept is that this is a Time Lord trait through which the character of the Doctor takes on a new body and personality to recover from a severe injury or anything that would otherwise kill a normal person . Each actor 's portrayal differs , but all represent stages in the life of the same character and form a single narrative . The time-travelling feature of the plot means that different incarnations of the Doctor occasionally meet . The current lead , Peter Capaldi , took on the role after Matt Smith 's exit in the 2013 Christmas special `` The Time of the Doctor '' . In 2017 , Capaldi confirmed he would be leaving at the end of the tenth series , with his final appearance being the 2017 Christmas Special .

neg: The World Is Not Enough (novel) The World Is Not Enough , published in 1999 , is the fifth novel by Raymond Benson featuring Ian Fleming 's secret agent , James Bond based on the 1999 film of the same name . It was only the second James Bond novel copyrighted by Ian Fleming Publications ( formerly Glidrose Publications ) . It was published in the United Kingdom by Hodder & Stoughton and in the United States by Putnam .

neg: Green Street, Mayfair Green Street is a street in Mayfair , London , England .   It runs west to east from Park Lane to North Audley Street .   The James Bond author Ian Fleming was born at no 27 on 28 May 1908 .   Thomas Sopwith lived at no 46 from 1934 to 1940 , which has a blue plaque in his memory .   When the Beatles first arrived in London in 1963 , they stayed at the Hotel President in Bloomsbury before taking a lease on an apartment at no. 57 , and this was the only London address where all four ever lived together .   The fashion designer Alexander McQueen hanged himself in a wardrobe at his flat in 7 Green Street in 2012 .

neg: Bridget Jones Bridget Jones is a franchise based on a fictional character of the same name . British writer Helen Fielding started her Bridget Jones 's Diary column in The Independent in 1995 , while chronicling the life of Jones as a thirtysomething single woman in London as she tries to make sense of life and love with the help of a surrogate `` urban family '' of friends in the 1990s . The column lampooned the obsession of women with women 's magazines such as Cosmopolitan and wider social trends in Britain at the time . Fielding published the novelisation of the column in 1996 , followed by a sequel in 1999 called Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason .   Both novels were adapted for the big screen in 2001 and 2004 , starring Renée Zellweger as Bridget Jones , and Hugh Grant and Colin Firth as the men in her life : Daniel Cleaver and Mark Darcy , respectively . After Fielding had ceased to work for The Daily Telegraph in late 1998 , the feature began again in The Independent on 4 August 2005 and finished in June 2006 . Helen Fielding released a third novel in 2013 , Bridget Jones : Mad About the Boy , which is set 14 years after the events of the second novel .   The fictional character `` Bridget Jones '' was named on the 2016 Woman 's Hour Power List as one of seven women judged to have had the biggest impact on women 's lives over the past 70 years , alongside Margaret Thatcher , Barbara Castle , Helen Brook , Germaine Greer , Jayaben Desai and Beyoncé .

neg: 007 Legends 007 Legends is a first-person shooter video game featuring the character of British secret agent James Bond . It was developed by Eurocom and released by Activision in October 2012 for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 , November 2012 for Microsoft Windows and December 2012 for Wii U . The game is available as physical optical disc media , as well as a digital release download via PlayStation Network and Xbox Live Marketplace on date of release . It was removed off all other digital stores without warning .   The PAL Wii U version of the game was released in some parts of Europe on 6 December 2012 , and in the United Kingdom on 21 December 2012 . The release was cancelled in Australia .   The game was released to coincide with the fiftieth anniversary of the James Bond film series . To achieve this the single player campaign includes one mission from each of the six actors ' eras , being Goldfinger ( Sean Connery ) , On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( George Lazenby ) , Moonraker ( Roger Moore ) , Licence to Kill ( Timothy Dalton ) and Die Another Day ( Pierce Brosnan ) , with Skyfall ( Daniel Craig ) released as downloadable content for the Xbox 360 , PS3 and PC and included on disc for the Wii U version . Additionally , some of the original talent from the films add their likenesses and voices to their associated characters . 007 Legends is the fourth James Bond game title to be released by Activision , as well as the last game Eurocom developed before the company ceased operations .

neg: Inspector Rebus The Inspector Rebus books are a series of detective novels by the Scottish author Ian Rankin . The novels , centred on Detective Inspector John Rebus , are mostly based in and around Edinburgh .

neg: Character (arts) A character ( sometimes known as a fictional character ) is a person or other being in a narrative work of art ( such as a novel , play , television series , or film ) . The character may be entirely fictional or based on a real-life person , in which case the distinction of a `` fictional '' versus `` real '' character may be made . Derived from the ancient Greek word χαρακτήρ , the English word dates from the Restoration , although it became widely used after its appearance in Tom Jones in 1749 . From this , the sense of `` a part played by an actor '' developed . Character , particularly when enacted by an actor in the theatre or cinema , involves `` the illusion of being a human person . '' In literature , characters guide readers through their stories , helping them to understand plots and ponder themes . Since the end of the 18th century , the phrase `` in character '' has been used to describe an effective impersonation by an actor . Since the 19th century , the art of creating characters , as practiced by actors or writers , has been called characterisation .   A character who stands as a representative of a particular class or group of people is known as a type . Types include both stock characters and those that are more fully individualised . The characters in Henrik Ibsen 's Hedda Gabler ( 1891 ) and August Strindberg 's Miss Julie ( 1888 ) , for example , are representative of specific positions in the social relations of class and gender , such that the conflicts between the characters reveal ideological conflicts .   The study of a character requires an analysis of its relations with all of the other characters in the work . The individual status of a character is defined through the network of oppositions ( proairetic , pragmatic , linguistic , proxemic ) that it forms with the other characters . The relation between characters and the action of the story shifts historically , often miming shifts in society and its ideas about human individuality , self-determination , and the social order .


query: Chess used to be recognized as a sport by a committee.

pos: Chess Chess is a two-player strategy board game played on a chessboard , a checkered gameboard with 64 squares arranged in an 8 × 8 grid . The game is played by millions of people worldwide .   Each player begins with 16 pieces : one king , one queen , two rooks , two knights , two bishops , and eight pawns . Each of the six piece types moves differently , with the most powerful being the queen and the least powerful the pawn . The objective is to checkmate the opponent 's king by placing it under an inescapable threat of capture . To this end , a player 's pieces are used to attack and capture the opponent 's pieces , while supporting each other . In addition to checkmate , the game can be won by of the opponent , which typically occurs when too much material is lost , or checkmate appears unavoidable . A game can also in several ways end in a draw .   Chess is believed to have originated in India sometime before the 7th century , being derived from the Indian game chaturanga , which is also the likely ancestor of the Eastern strategy games xiangqi , janggi , and shogi . ( A minority view holds that chess originated in China . ) The pieces assumed their current powers in Spain in the late 15th century ; the rules were finally standardized in the 19th century . The first generally recognized World Chess Champion , Wilhelm Steinitz , claimed his title in 1886 . Since 1948 , the World Championship has been regulated by FIDE , the game 's international governing body . FIDE also organizes the Women 's World Championship , the World Junior Championship , the World Senior Championship , the Blitz and Rapid World Championships , and the Chess Olympiad , a popular competition among international teams . There is also a Correspondence Chess World Championship and a World Computer Chess Championship . Online chess has opened amateur and professional competition to a wide and varied group of players .   FIDE awards titles to skilled players , the highest of which is grandmaster . Many national chess organizations also have a title system ; however , these are not recognized by FIDE .   Until recently , chess was a recognized sport of the International Olympic Committee ; some national sporting bodies such as the Spanish Consejo Superior de Deportes also recognize chess as a sport . Chess was included in the 2006 and 2010 Asian Games .   Since the second half of the 20th century , computers have been programmed to play chess with increasing success , to the point where the strongest home computers play at a higher level than the best human players . Since the 1990s , computer analysis has contributed significantly to chess theory , particularly in the endgame . The IBM computer Deep Blue was the first machine to overcome a reigning World Chess Champion in a match when it defeated Garry Kasparov in 1997 . The rise of strong computer programs ( called `` engines '' ) runnable on hand-held devices has led to increasing concerns about cheating during tournaments .   There are also many chess variants which utilize different rules , pieces , or boards . One of these , Chess960 ( originally `` Fischerandom '' ) , has gained widespread popularity as well as limited FIDE recognition .

neg: Stalemate Stalemate is a situation in the game of chess where the player whose turn it is to move is not in check but has no legal move . The rules of chess provide that when stalemate occurs , the game ends as a draw ( i.e. having no winner ) . During the endgame , stalemate is a resource that can enable the player with the inferior position to draw the game rather than lose . In more complex positions , stalemate is much rarer , usually taking the form of a swindle that succeeds only if the superior side is inattentive . Stalemate is also a common theme in endgame studies and other chess problems .   The outcome of a stalemate was standardized as a draw in the 19th century . Before this standardization , its treatment varied widely , including being deemed a win for the stalemating player , a half-win for that player , or a loss for that player ; not being permitted ; and resulting in the stalemated player missing a turn . Some regional chess variants have not allowed a player to play a stalemating move . In losing chess , another chess variant , is typically treated as a win for the stalemated player .   In popular usage , the word stalemate refers to a conflict that has reached an impasse , and in which resolution or further action seems highly difficult or unlikely .

neg: Emirati Chess Championship The Emirati Chess Championship is organized by the United Arab Emirates Chess Federation . It is one of the major national chess competitions of the United Arab Emirates held at standard time controls , the other being the UAE President 's Cup , which has been held annually since 1994 .

neg: Grand Chess Grand Chess is a large-board chess variant invented by Dutch games designer Christian Freeling in 1984 . It is played on a 10 × 10 board , with each side having two additional pawns and two new pieces : the marshal and the cardinal .  The marshal ( M ) combines powers of a rook and a knight .  The cardinal ( C ) combines powers of a bishop and a knight .  A superficial similarity exists between Grand Chess and an early version of the historic chess variant Capablanca Chess because the same pieces and game board are used . But differences in start position , rules governing pawn moves and promotion , and castling make them significantly different games .   A series of Grand Chess Cyber World Championship matches was sponsored by the Dutch game site Mindsports . Past title holders included R. Wayne Schmittberger ( 1998 , 1999 ) and John Vehre ( 2001 ) . Grand Chess tournaments were held annually beginning in 1998 by the ( now defunct ) correspondence game club NOST .

neg: Polish Chess Federation The Polish Chess Federation ( PZSzach ) was created on 11 April 1926 in Warsaw .   Józef Żabiński was the first chairman . The initial statute outlined the fundamental objectives of the association including amongst others the popularisation of the game of chess and general organization of the chess movement in Poland , representation outside the country , coordination of the activities of clubs and regional associations as well as organization of individual and team tournaments and championships ( in different age categories ) .   The Polish Chess Federation was invited to join the International Chess Federation ( FIDE ) in 1927 . After 2nd World War , The Polish Chess Federation was re-established on 30 April 1946 and with the exception of the period between 1950 and 1957 has been continually active till today . The General Delegate Assembly is the highest decision making body , however , the daily activities are managed by a Board consisting of 10 to 15 members elected for four-tear terms .

neg: Malaysian Chess Federation The Malaysian Chess Federation ( MCF ) is the principal authority over all chess events in Malaysia and organizes the Malaysian Chess Championship . The MCF promotes and coordinates all major chess events in the 13 Malaysian states and is an active sports body in Malaysia . The Federation is affiliated to the world governing body , FIDE , and is part of the ASEAN Chess Confederation .

neg: Chess (Northwestern University) Chess was a pioneering chess program from the 1970s , written by Larry Atkin and David Slate at Northwestern University . Chess ran on Control Data Corporation 's line of supercomputers . Work on the program began in 1968 . It dominated the first computer chess tournaments , such as the World Computer Chess Championship and ACM 's North American Computer Chess Championship . Chess was the first published use of the bitboard data structure applied to the game of chess .   In 1976 , Chess 4.5 won the Class B section of the Paul Masson American Chess Championship , the first time a computer was successful in a human tournament . The performance rating was 1950 .   In February 1977 Chess 4.6 , the only computer entry , surprised observers by winning the 84th Minnesota Open against competitors just under Master level . It achieved a USCF rating close to or at Expert , higher than previous programs ' Class C or D , by winning five games and losing none . Stenberg ( rated 1969 ) became the second Class A player to lose to a computer in a tournament game , the first being Jola .   Because of its Minnesota victory , grandmaster Walter Browne invited Chess 4.6 on a CDC Cyber 176 to his simultaneous chess exhibition ; to Browne and others ' surprise , Chess 4.6 defeated the United States chess champion . Also in 1977 , Chess 4.6 won the second World Computer Chess Championship in Toronto , ahead of 15 other programs including KAISSA ; Chess 4 had finished in second place to KAISSA at the first tournament in 1974 . The favorite to win the tournament , like all but one other entry Chess 4.6 ran on a computer located away from the tournament ; despite losing 90 minutes to hardware failure at the start of its first match the program rapidly defeated its opponent in 27 moves , earlier than any other first-round match . Chess 4.6 was capable of defeating 99.5 % of United States Chess Federation-rated players under tournament conditions , and was stronger in blitz chess .   In 1978 and 1979 Atkin and Peter W. Frey published in BYTE a series on computer chess programming , including the Pascal source for Chess 0.5 , a chess engine suitable for microcomputers . That year the improved Chess 4.7 -- which had by now achieved a 2030 rating after 31 tournament games -- played against David Levy who , in 1968 had wagered that he would not be beaten by a computer within ten years . Whereas Chess 4.7 had beaten Levy under blitz conditions , the bet involved forty moves over a two-hour period , the computer 's choices being relayed by telephone from Minnesota to the board . Levy won the bet , defeating the Chess 4.7 in a six-game match by a score of 4.5-1 .5 , The computer scored a draw in game two after getting a completely winning position but being outplayed by Levy in the endgame , and a win in game four -- the first computer victory against a human master -- when Levy essayed the very sharp , dubious Latvian Gambit . Levy wrote , `` I had proved that my 1968 assessment had been correct , but on the other hand my opponent in this match was very , very much stronger than I had thought possible when I started the bet . '' He observed that , `` Now nothing would surprise me ( very much ) . '' International Master Edward Lasker stated in 1978 , `` My contention that computers can not play like a master , I retract . They play absolutely alarmingly . I know , because I have lost games to 4.7 . ''   Atkin , Slate , and Frey later wrote microcomputer chess , checkers , and Reversi programs for Odesta . Advertisements cited their Northwestern affiliation and authorship of Chess 4.7 , `` World Computer Chess Champion , 1977-1980 '' .

neg: The Chess Variant Pages The Chess Variant Pages is a popular non-commercial Internet website devoted to chess variants . It was created by Hans Bodlaender in 1995 . The site is `` run by hobbyists for hobbyists '' and is `` the most wide-ranging and authoritative web site on chess variants '' .   The site contains a large compilation of games with published rules . The aims of the site are to educate readers about chess variants , encourage gameplay , and provide a place for free discussion . The site has featured game competitions as well as variant design competitions , and provides facilities for publishing documents . Numerous files are available for playing variants using the Zillions of Games proprietary software engine . The site also features The Game Courier software developed by Fergus Duniho which can be used to play almost any variant . There is also an extensive encyclopedia of fairy chess pieces .   Other contributing editorial volunteers include ( alphabetically by last name ) : Peter Aronson , Jean-Louis Cazaux , Antoine Fourrière , Ed Friedlander , Ben Good , David Howe , Joe Joyce , Glenn Overby II , Tony Quintanilla , and Peter Spicer . Early editors included John William Brown , Tom Cook , Pavel Tikhomirov , and Vu Q. Vo .

neg: Chess piece relative value In chess , the chess piece relative value system conventionally assigns a point value to each piece when assessing its relative strength in potential exchanges . These values help determine how valuable a piece is strategically . They play no formal role in the game but are useful to players and are also used in computer chess to help the computer evaluate positions .   Calculations of the value of pieces provide only a rough idea of the state of play . The exact piece values will depend on the game situation , and can differ considerably from those given here . In some positions , a well-placed piece might be much more valuable than indicated by heuristics , while a badly placed piece may be completely trapped and , thus , almost worthless .   Valuations almost always assign the value 1 point to pawns ( typically as the average value of a pawn in the starting position ) . Computer programs often represent the values of pieces and positions in terms of ` centipawns ' ( cp ) , where 100 cp = 1 pawn , which allows strategic features of the position , worth less than a single pawn , to be evaluated without requiring fractions .   Edward Lasker said `` It is difficult to compare the relative value of different pieces , as so much depends on the peculiarities of the position ... '' . Nevertheless , he said that bishops and knights ( minor pieces ) were equal , rooks are worth a minor piece plus one or two pawns , and a queen is worth three minor pieces or two rooks .

neg: Pan American Intercollegiate Team Chess Championship The Pan-American Intercollegiate Team Chess Championship is the foremost intercollegiate team chess championship in the Americas . Hosted in part by the United States Chess Federation , the Pan-Am Intercollegiate is open to any team comprising four players and up to two alternates from the same post-secondary school ( university , college , community college ) in North America , Central America , South America , or the Caribbean . The Pan-Am began as such in 1946 ( there had been earlier versions open to U.S. schools only ) , and is held annually , usually December 27 -- 30 . It has usually been held in the United States , but was hosted in Canada four times ( 1969 , 1971 , 1984 , 1999 ) . The current format is a six-round fixed-roster team Swiss-system tournament scored by team ( not individual ) points . Sometimes the Pan-Am Intercollegiate is held as part of a larger event called the Pan-American Chess Championships comprising the Pan-Am Intercollegiate , Pan-Am Scholastic Team Championship , and Pan-Am Open ( for any individual ) .

neg: Notational analysis In professional sports , notational analysis is the study of movement patterns , strategy and tactics in team sports . Successful patterns of play can be identified and used in subsequent matches . Notational analysis has a history in dance and music notation . Notational analysis is a way that critical events in a performance can be quantified in a consistent and reliable manner .   In notational analysis , no change in performance of any kind will take place without feedback . The role of feedback is central in the performance improvement process , and by inference , so is the need for accuracy and precision of such feedback . The provision of this accurate and precise feedback can only be facilitated if performance and practice is subjected to a vigorous process of analysis .   Augmented feedback has traditionally been provided by subjective observations , made during performance by the coaches , in the belief that they can accurately report on the critical elements of performance without any observation aids . Several studies not only contradict this belief , but also suggest that the recall abilities of experienced coaches are little better than those of novices , and that even with observational training , coaches ' recall abilities improved only slightly . Furthermore , research in applied psychology has suggested that these recall abilities are also influenced by factors that include the observer 's motives and beliefs . The coach is not a passive perceiver of information , and as such his or her perception of events is selective and constructive , not simply a copying process . This importance of feedback to performance improvement , and the limitations of coaches ' recall abilities alluded to above , implies a requirement for objective data upon which to base augmented feedback , and the main methods of `` objectifying '' this data involve the use of video / notational analysis ( Hughes and Franks , 1997 p. 11 ) .   Coaches have been aware , consciously or unconsciously , of these needs for accuracy of feedback and have been using simple data gathering systems for decades . More recently , sports scientists have been using notational analysis systems to answer fundamental questions about game play and performance in sport . An early work , over some decades , on analysis of soccer was picked up by the then Director of Coaching at the Football Association , and this had a profound effect on the patterns of play in British football -- the adoption of the ` long ball ' game . Generally , the first publications in Britain of the research process by notational analysis of sport were in the mid-1970s , so as a discipline it is one of the more recent to be embraced by sports science . The publication of a number of notation systems in racket sports provided a fund of ideas used by other analysts . Because of the growth and development of sports science as an academic discipline , a number of scientists began using and extending the simple hand notation techniques that had served for decades . This also coincided with the introduction of personal computers , which transformed all aspects of data gathering in sports science . Currently hand and computerised notation systems are both used to equal extents by working analysts , although the use of computer databases to collate hand notated data post-event makes the analyses much more powerful .   The applications of notation have been defined as : -   1 . tactical evaluation ,   2 . technical evaluation ,   3 . analysis of movement ,   4 . development of a database and modelling , and   5 . for educational use with both coaches and players .   Most pieces of research using notation , or indeed any practical applications working directly with coaches and athletes , will span more than one of these purposes .

neg: British Horseracing Board From 10 June 1993 until 30 July 2007 , the British Horseracing Board ( BHB ) was the governing authority for horseracing in Great Britain . It was created in 1993 , and took on responsibilities previously held by the Jockey Club . This was intended to help modernise the sport , as the Jockey Club is a private members ' club with a traditionally aristocratic membership , and was seen by some as being unaccountable and a relic of the tradition of amateurism in British sports administration . The Jockey Club however retained responsibility for matters concerned with the regulation of the sport , such as integrity , discipline and equine health . The British Horseracing Board focused on organising and promoting the sport and enhancing its commercial position . This was an extract from its statement of aims published in 2006 :   The BHB was merged with the Horseracing Regulatory Authority ( HRA ) , the regulatory division of the Jockey Club , in 2007 , creating a new organisation called the British Horseracing Authority which from 31 July 2007 governs and regulates the sport . As a result , the Jockey Club has formally ended its link with the regulation of the sport .   The British Horseracing Board ceased to exist on 31 July 2007 .

neg: 23rd Chess Olympiad The 23rd Chess Olympiad , organized by FIDE and comprising an open and a women 's tournament , as well as several other events designed to promote the game of chess , took place between October 25 and November 12 , 1978 , in Buenos Aires , Argentina .   After the boycott two years earlier , the Eastern Bloc countries were back , including the Soviet team who , as usual , were huge favourites -- but in the end they had to settle for the silver medal . Hungary , led by Lajos Portisch , caused quite an upset by taking the gold medals by a full point . The United States took the bronze .

neg: Latvian Olympic Committee The Latvian Olympic Committee ( or LOK ) is a non-profit organization that is the National Olympic Committee for Latvia . It was created in 1922 and recognised by the International Olympic Committee in 1923 . Its headquarters are in Riga .

neg: Women's World Chess Championship The Women 's World Chess Championship ( WWCC ) is played to determine the women 's world champion in chess . Like the World Chess Championship , it is administered by FIDE .   Unlike with most sports recognized by the International Olympic Committee , where competition is either `` mixed '' ( containing everyone ) or split into men and women , in chess women are both allowed to compete in the `` open '' division ( including the World Chess Championship ) yet also have a separate Women 's Championship ( only open to females ) . Notably however , the top-rated female player for over 20 years ( with the highest FIDE rating in history of any woman ) , Judit Polgár , has never competed for the women 's title .

neg: Ostend 1907 chess tournament The tournament was divided into two sections : the Championship Tournament and the Masters ' Tournament . The first section was for players who had previously won an international tournament . The Championship Tournament took place in the Casino of Ostend from 16 May to 14 June 1907 . Dawid Janowski , Siegbert Tarrasch , Carl Schlechter , and Frank Marshall had accepted the invitation for the tournament . Emanuel Lasker and Géza Maróczy declined and were replaced by Amos Burn and Mikhail Chigorin . The time restriction was 30 moves in two hours and 15 moves in one hour . Tarrasch won the golden medal and 2603 1/2 francs . Schlechter became second and gained 2277 1/2 francs .   In the Ostend tournament of 1907 the term `` grandmaster '' ( actually Großmeister in German ) was used , so these players were described as grandmasters for the purposes of the tournament . After winning the tournament , Tarrasch was crowned the `` World Champion Tournament Player '' by the tournament organizers .  Lasker finally agreed to a title match in 1908 , and beat Tarrasch convincingly ( +8 -- 3 = 5 ) .   The Masters ' Tournament was a twenty nine-player round-robin . It was played from 16 May to 25 June . Ossip Bernstein and Akiba Rubinstein ended equal as winners at Ostend B.

neg: International Chess Magazine International Chess Magazine ( ICM ) was a chess magazine established in 1885 by World Chess Champion Wilhelm Steinitz . The magazine was published until 1891 . The magazine was based in United States .

neg: Lithuanian Chess Championship The first unofficial Lithuanian Chess Championship was held in Kaunas ( Temporary capital of Lithuania ) in 1921 . The Champion 's title was granted after victorious or drawn match between previous champion and challenger , mostly a winner of Championship of Kaunas ( later - the Championship of Lithuania ) in the period from 1922 to World War II . The first official Lithuanian championship was held in 1929 . The next year , Lithuania joined FIDE , the World Chess Federation .   When Lithuania was part of the Soviet Union ( June 1940 -- June 1941 and July 1944 -- March 1990 ) , players from other Soviet Republics were sometimes invited to play in the championship . In 1951 , Ratmir Kholmov won the championship ahead of the guests Andor Lilienthal , Tigran Petrosian , and Vladimir Simagin .

neg: Chess in Azerbaijan Chess is one of the most popular sports in Azerbaijan , where it is governed by the Azerbaijan Chess Federation ( ACF ) . On May 5 , 2009 Azerbaijani president Ilham Aliyev , who is also the chairman of the National Olympic Committee , signed an executive order initiating a state-supported chess development program , covering the years 2009 -- 2014 .

neg: World championship A world championship is generally an international sports competition open to elite competitors from across the world , representing their nations , and winning such an event will be considered the highest or near highest achievement in the sport or contest .   The title is usually awarded through a combination of specific contests or , less commonly , ranking systems ( e.g. the ICC Test Championship ) , or a combination of the two ( e.g. World Triathlon Championships in Triathlon ) . This determines a ` world champion ' , who or which is commonly considered the best nation , team , individual ( or other entity ) in the world in a particular field , although the vagaries of sport ensure that the competitor recognised at the best in an event is not always the ` world champion ' ( see Underdog ) .   Certain sports do not have a world championship . Instead , they may organise a world cup competition , or they may organize both , for example cycling ( UCI World Championships and UCI World Cups ) ) . Often , the use of the term cup or championship in this sense is just a choice of words . Some sports have multiple champions because of multiple organizations , such as boxing , mixed martial arts and wrestling .   Certain sports do not have a world championship or a world cup as such , but may have one or several world champions . Professional boxing , for example , has several world champions at different weights , but each one of them is decided by a `` title fight '' , not a tournament .   A certain number of sports hold world championships or world cups which are overshadowed , in terms of prestige , by the same events in the Olympic Games , the most prestigious multi-sports event .   Still other sports may or may not have a true world championship but may designate the winners of a domestic competition to be `` world champions . '' This is especially true of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada ; world cups and championships exist in all of the major sports , but the domestic U.S. and Canadian leagues are generally recognized as the world professional championships or the equivalent of a world club championship . ( In American football , although an IFAF World Championship exists , the United States is so far above and beyond the other nations it faces that the winner of the U.S.-based Super Bowl , a competition limited to the 32 teams in the National Football League , is commonly recognized as the world champion . )   Finally , certain professional sports do not have a world championship or world cup , but rather hold a series of events recognised as the elite level in their field ( e.g. tennis has a series of four Grand Slam events recognised as the pinnacle of the game , in addition to key team events , world tour finals and the Olympic Games , but no world championship or world cup ) .

neg: Silesian Chess Congress The first Silesian Chess Congress was held in 1922 . When the German Chess Federation ( Deutscher Schachbund ) started in 1877 , there were not many regional chess federations . On 19 September 1877 the Breslau Chess Association ( Breslauer Schachverein ) was founded by amongst others Theodor von Scheve . In 1895 Görlitz and 1899 Liegnitz were meetings of mainly Silesian clubs . At the end of 1908 the Breslau clubs Anderssen and Morphy decided to found the East German Chess Federation ( Ostdeutscher Schachverband ) .   After the World War I Germany had to cede a part of the Ostprovinzen , mainly Posen ( Poznań ) . In 1922 the new Silesian Chess Federation ( Schlesischer Schachverband ) was founded and held a great number of congresses till 1939 . Members of this federation ( Oberschlesischer Schachverband , Groß-Breslauer Schachverband ) and of the German Chess Federation in Czechoslovakia ( Deutscher Schachverband in der Tschechoslowakei ) played in each other 's championships .   When the Nazis came to power in 1933 , Heinz Josef Foerder , being a Jew , lost his job , and moved to Riga , Latvia . In 1934 he emigrated to British Mandate of Palestine where he had changed his name to Yosef Porath . In April 1935 , he tied for 3rd-5th in Tel Aviv ( the 2nd Maccabiah Games , Abram Blass won ) .