query: Lonesome Dove is the first installment in the Lonesome Dove series.

pos: Lonesome Dove (miniseries) Lonesome Dove is an American epic Western adventure television miniseries directed by Simon Wincer . It is a four-part adaptation of the 1985 novel of the same name by Larry McMurtry and is the first installment in the Lonesome Dove series . The series stars Robert Duvall and Tommy Lee Jones . The series was originally broadcast by CBS from February 5 to 8 , 1989 , drawing a huge viewing audience , earning numerous awards , and reviving both the television western and the miniseries .   An estimated 26 million homes tuned in to watch Lonesome Dove , unusually high numbers for a Western at that time . The western genre was considered dead by most people , as was the miniseries . By the show 's end , it had earned huge ratings and virtually revamped the entire 1989 -- 1990 television season . A favorite with audiences , as well as critics , Lonesome Dove garnered many honors and awards . At the 1989 Emmy Awards , the miniseries had 18 nominations and seven wins , including one for director Simon Wincer . Lonesome Dove also won two Golden Globes , for Best Miniseries and Best Actor in a Miniseries ( Robert Duvall ) .

neg: Columba (genus) The large bird genus Columba comprises a group of medium to large stout-bodied pigeons , often referred to as the typical pigeons . The terms `` dove '' and `` pigeon '' are used indiscriminately for smaller and larger Columbidae , respectively . Columba species -- at least those of Columba sensu stricto -- are generally termed `` pigeons '' , and in many cases wood-pigeons . The species commonly referred to just as `` the pigeon '' is the feral pigeon ( C. livia domestica ) . It is derived from the rock pigeon ( C. livia ) , which also has given rise to the majority of domesticated pigeon breeds , such as the racing pigeon . Meanwhile , `` wood pigeon '' by itself usually means the common wood pigeon ( C. palumbus ) .   This genus as understood today is native to the Old World , but some -- notably the domestic and feral rock pigeon -- have been introduced outside their natural range , for example in the Americas .

neg: Lassie (season 1) The first season of the television series Lassie premiered in the United States on CBS on September 12 , 1954 and ran for 26 episodes until its conclusion on March 6 , 1955 . Produced by Robert Maxwell , the episodes follows the adventures of a female rough collie named Lassie and her young owner Jeffrey Miller . In 1958 , the first through third seasons began syndication under the title `` Jeff 's Collie . ''   Though the first season of Lassie has never been released completely to home video , some episodes from the first season have been released to DVD . On November 25 , 2003 , Classic Media released a three episode set , `` Lassie : Best of Jeff 's Collie , '' which included the series first episode , `` Inheritance '' . A second set , `` Lassie : 50th Anniversary Collection '' , was released on September 14 , 2004 and contained 24 episodes from across the entire series . The set includes three episodes from the first season : `` Inheritance '' ( episode 1 ) , `` The Lion '' ( episode 8 ) , and `` Lassie 's Pups '' ( episode 10 ) .   `` Secret of the Silent Hills ( Theme from the Lassie TV Series ) '' , composed by William Lava , is used as the opening and ending theme for the entire season .  __ TOC __

neg: List of wildlife works of art by Frank Weston Benson Frank Weston Benson made paintings , drawings and etchings of Wildlife . He also made portraits , waterscapes , landscapes , interiors and other works of art .   Benson , an avid birdwatcher and hunter from a young age , spent nearly every non-winter weekend hunting or fishing . He initially became interested in painting to capture the wildlife he enjoyed , particularly birds . Benson 's interest in painting initially grew out of his desire to be an ornithological illustrator . As a teenager , he spent the spring , summer and fall outdoors nearly every weekend bird watching , hunting or fishing . In 1892 Benson bought a hunting shack on Cape Cod with his brothers-in-law , Edward Peirson and Maurice Richardson . Swan Flight , exhibited at the St. Botolph Club in 1893 , was Benson 's first known exhibition of wildfowl . Entering the turn of the century wildfowl was not a marketable subject , but once he began creating and exhibiting his works the wildfowl paintings always sold .   Benson , a sportsman at heart , had a solid body of work of wildlife scenes and birds , generally waterfowl . His works included oil paintings , watercolors , etchings and drypoint .   Benson made Swan Flight , a group of wild swans in formation against a gray sky from the Cape Cod hunting cabin off of Nauset that he bought with his brothers-in-law . It was the first work he exhibited of wildfowl , a subject matter that Benson explored over the years of his artistic career . The painting was sold soon after it was completed , a dynamic that continued throughout his career . To a New York dealer , Benson once expressed : `` I made a -LSB- painting of a wildfowl -RSB- the other day at home and I looked forward to exhibiting it and , almost before it was dry , a visitor saw it and carried it off ! It 's my good fortune to be doing what people like , but it keeps me on the jump . '' 4   Early Morning '' is the culmination of Benson 's appreciation of birds and Japanese composition , which was popular both in Boston and Paris . The silhouetted images of the birds flying over water is similar to the Japanese screen by Maruyama Ōkyo `` Geese Flying over a Beach '' . One of Benson 's early interests was depiction of the bird life near Salem ; His first oil paintings are still lifes of birds . Benson may have seen that screen at Boston importer Bunkyo Matsuki 's shop or the Matsuki home in Salem before it was purchased by Charles Freer in 1898 . Having seen the work at a New York exhibition in 1900 , a New York Times critic noted that it was `` especially good ... with the ducks in flight and the gray expanse of marsh and sky rose-flushed in the east with the dawn . ''

neg: Junior Woodchucks The Junior Woodchucks of the World are the Scouting organization to which the Disney characters Huey , Dewey , and Louie belong . The Junior Woodchucks were created by Carl Barks in 1951 , in the story `` Operation St. Bernhard '' ( Walt Disney 's Comics and Stories # 125 ) . Later stories introduced a similar organization for girls , the Littlest Chickadees , to which Daisy Duck 's nieces , April , May and June belong . The hallmark of the Junior Woodchucks is their spirited dedication to environmental protection and animal welfare , as well as the preservation of knowledge and the furtherance of science . They are also known for their exalted titles and ranks ( Huey , Dewey , and Louie being promoted to become Ten-Star Generals in the 1951 story of the same name ) and the awarding of buckets of badges , along with severe ideals as to decorum . In this way Barks poked gentle but pointed satire at aspects of the Boy Scouts of America .   Junior Woodchucks always carry with them a copy of the Junior Woodchucks ' Guidebook , a fictional guidebook filled with detailed and pertinent information about whatever country or situation the Woodchucks find themselves . Its depth of coverage is remarkable , considering that it is a small paperback book .   Don Rosa wrote and drew a story regarding the origin of the Junior Woodchucks ' Guidebook , `` Guardians of the Lost Library '' , which Comics Buyer 's Guide mentioned as possibly the greatest comic book story of all time . Rosa 's later story W.H.A.D.A.L.O.T.T.A.J.A.R.G.O.N. tells of how Huey , Dewey , and Louie came to join the Junior Woodchucks .   In 1971 Carl Barks drew a model sheet of the nephews , with some of the drawings showing them in their Junior Woodchuck uniforms , for the Disney studio 's publications department .   Most of the early Junior Woodchucks stories appeared in Walt Disney 's Comics and Stories . They also appeared in Donald Duck and in Uncle Scrooge . In 1966 , they got their own title , Huey , Dewey , and Louie and the Junior Woodchucks , published by Gold Key Comics for 62 issues , and then continued by Whitman Comics for another 20 issues until 1983 . The stories which Carl Barks wrote for this comic book , among the last comic book stories he scripted , were drawn by Kay Wright , John Carey and Tony Strobl . More recently Daan Jippes has been commissioned by Egmont to redraw these stories emulating Barks ' style and drawing inspiration from the sketches of Barks ' storyboard-like scripts .   Disney Comics published a Junior Woodchucks four issue mini series in 1991 .

neg: Skylark (series) Skylark is a science fiction/space opera series by American writer E. E. Smith . In the first book , The Skylark of Space ( first published in Amazing Stories in 1928 ) , a scientist discovers a space-drive , builds a starship , and flies off with three companions to encounter alien civilizations and fight a larger-than-life villain .   The Skylark of Space was the first of a series which continued through three subsequent books -- Skylark Three and Skylark of Valeron written during the 1930s , and Skylark DuQuesne , written in 1963 . R. D. Mullen declared that `` The great success of the stories was surely due first of all to the skill with which Smith mixed elements of the spy thriller and the western story ( our hero is the fastest gun in space , our villain the second fastest ) with those of the traditional cosmic voyage . ''

neg: List of local children's television series (United States) The following is a list of local children 's television shows in the United States . These were locally produced commercial television programming intended for the child audience with unique hosts and themes . This type of programming began in the late 1940s and continued into the late 1970s ; some shows continued into the 1990s . Author Tim Hollis documented about 1,400 local children 's shows in a 2002 book , Hi There , Boys and Girls !   The television programs typically aired in the weekday mornings before school or afternoons after school as well as on weekends ( to a lesser degree ) . There were different formats . Almost all shows had a colorful host who assumed a persona such as a cowboy/cowgirl , captain/skipper/commodore / admiral , jungle explorer , astronaut , king , princess , clown , sheriff/deputy/trooper , cop , firefighter , hobo/tramp , railroad engineer , magician , `` cousin '' , `` grandfather '' or `` uncle '' , whose role was not only to be the `` DJ '' for syndicated material ( typically cartoons , although westerns were more popular earlier on ) but also to entertain , often with a live television studio audience of kids , during breaks .   Early program fare included cartoon favorites such as Koko the Clown , Daffy Duck , Crusader Rabbit , Dick Tracy , Popeye , Bugs Bunny , Rocky and Bullwinkle , Casper the Friendly Ghost , Mighty Mouse , Porky Pig , Deputy Dawg , Tin Tin , Mel-O-Toons , Woody Woodpecker , The Funny Company , Mr. Magoo , Space Angel and Clutch Cargo as well as movie shorts such as Laurel and Hardy , Our Gang/The Little Rascals and The Three Stooges and animated versions of Laurel and Hardy , Abbott and Costello and The Three Stooges and live action shorts such as Diver Dan . Some included educational segments like the portraits of wildlife in Nature 's Window .

neg: Strange fits of passion have I known `` Strange fits of passion have I known '' is a seven-stanza poem ballad by the English Romantic poet William Wordsworth . Composed during a sojourn in Germany in 1798 , the poem was first published in the second edition of Lyrical Ballads ( 1800 ) . The poem describes the poet 's trip to his beloved Lucy 's cottage , and his thoughts on the way . Each of its seven stanzas is four lines long and has a rhyming scheme of a-b-a-b . The poem is written in iambic tetrameter and iambic trimeter .   In the poem , the speaker narrates a nighttime ride to the cottage of his beloved Lucy , who always looks as `` fresh as a rose in June '' . The speaker begins by saying that he has experienced `` strange fits of passion '' and will recount them only to another lover ( `` in the Lover 's ear alone , / What once to me befell . '' ) . In the five following stanzas , he recounts how he wended his way on horseback `` beneath an evening-moon '' . He crossed a lea , passed through an orchard , and began to climb a hill , atop which was Lucy 's cottage . As he `` came near , and nearer still '' to `` Lucy 's cot '' , the sinking moon appeared to follow suit . As he closely approaches the cottage , the moon vanishes from sight behind the roof . A morbid thought rises unbidden to the speaker 's mind : `` O mercy ! '' he thinks . `` If Lucy should be dead ! ''   `` Strange fits of passion have I known '' is simple in form but complex in content . The dramatic first stanza ( the speaker `` will dare to tell '' of his `` strange fits of passion , '' but `` in the Lover 's ear alone '' ) quickly captivates the reader . Wordsworth then creates tension by juxtaposing the sinking moon and the approaching rider , the familiar landscape with the speaker 's strange , dreamy feelings .   It is uncertain whether the Lucy of the poem was based on a historical person or was a creation of Wordsworth 's fertile imagination . If she is real , her surname and identity are unknown , though they have been the subject of much `` diligent speculation '' in literary circles . `` The one certainty is that she is not the girl of Wordsworth 's Lucy Gray . ''   An earlier version of this poem ended with an extra verse :   I told her this : her laughter light  Is ringing in my ears :  And when I think upon that night  My eyes are dim with tears .

neg: Film series A film series ( also referred to as a film franchise ) is a collection of related films in succession that share the same fictional universe , or are marketed as a series .   Sometimes the work is conceived from the beginning as a multiple-film work , for example the Three Colours series , but in most cases the success of the original film inspires further films to be made . Individual sequels are relatively common , but are not always successful enough to spawn further installments .   The Marvel Cinematic Universe is the highest grossing film series in unadjusted US Dollar figures surpassing the Harry Potter , Star Wars , James Bond , and Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings series . However , `` Star Wars '' has the highest when adjusted for inflation .

neg: Dead Man's Walk (miniseries) Dead Man 's Walk is an American epic Western adventure television miniseries starring David Arquette as Augustus McCrae and Jonny Lee Miller as Woodrow F. Call . It was directed by Yves Simoneau . It is a two-part adaptation of the 1995 novel of the same name by Larry McMurtry and is chronologically the third book of the Lonesome Dove series , but regarded as the first events in the Lonesome Dove franchise . In this prequel to Lonesome Dove , it is 1840s Texas , and two young men join the Texas Rangers unit that 's on a mission to annex Santa Fe . The series was originally broadcast by ABC over two nights in May 1996 , and was later nominated for several awards .

neg: Walker, Texas Ranger Walker , Texas Ranger is an American action television series created by Leslie Greif and Paul Haggis . It was inspired by the film Lone Wolf McQuade , with both this series and that film starring Chuck Norris as a member of the Texas Ranger Division . The show aired on CBS in the spring of 1993 , with the first season consisting of three pilot episodes . Eight full seasons followed with new episodes airing from September 25 , 1993 , to May 19 , 2001 , and reruns continuing on CBS until July 28 , 2001 . It has been broadcast in over 100 countries and has since spawned a 2005 made-for-television movie entitled Trial By Fire . The movie ended on a cliffhanger , which was never resolved . DVD sets of all seasons have been released ( with the three pilots packaged with the first regular season ) . At various times since 1997 , reruns of the show have aired , in syndication , on the USA Network and Action in Canada . Reruns can currently be seen on CBS Action , WGN America , INSP and Grit .   The series was noted for its moralistic style . The characters refrained from the use of drugs , and they participated in community service . Martial arts were displayed prominently as the primary tool of law enforcement and occasionally as a tool for Walker and company to reach out to the community .

neg: Sarah Bird Sarah Bird is an American novelist , screenwriter , and journalist . She was born in 1949 in Ann Arbor , Michigan . Her father was an officer in the US Air Force , and her family ( a `` Catholic family of eight '' ) , including her mother , Colista Bird , travelled with him around the US and the world during her childhood . Sarah 's mother recognized signs of her daughter 's creative storytelling talent as young as kindergarten .   She attended the University of New Mexico , earning a BA there in 1973 . Moving to the University of Texas at Austin , she went on to receive an MA in journalism there in 1976 . She is married to George Jones , and has one son , Gabriel Bird-Jones , born in 1989 . The family lives in Austin , Texas .   During the mid-eighties , Bird was a founding contributing-editor to Austin 's Third Coast Magazine , for which she wrote numerous feature and humor articles .   Bird 's first published novel was Do Evil Cheerfully , a mystery ( as Sarah McCabe Bird ) .   In 1986 , her comic novel Alamo House was published based on her experience as a graduate student at the University of Texas .   Bird wrote the screenplay for the movie Do n't Tell Her It 's Me ( 1990 , starring Shelley Long and Steve Guttenberg ) , adapting the Boyfriend School novel .   The Boyfriend School and The Mommy Club , published by Ballantine in 1989 and 1991 , respectively , were both humorous novels drawing on Bird 's life experiences . In addition to novels , Bird has written screenplays for television and magazine articles for national women 's magazines . She writes a column for Texas Monthly . Virgin of the Rodeo was published in 1999 .   Bird was named Austin 's best author in 2001 by the Austin Chronicle , the year she also published The Yokota Officers Club , a novel that draws on her experiences as military brat . She has also written screenplays for the National Geographic Channel and Hallmark , as well as the CBS movie Yesterday 's Children .   Another novel , The Flamenco Academy , came out in 2006 . A new novel , How Perfect Is That , was published by Knopf in June 2008 .

neg: Diamond Dove (novel) Diamond Dove ( 2006 ) is a crime novel by Australian author Adrian Hyland . It is the first in the author 's series of novels featuring the recurring character Emily Tempest . It won the Best First Novel category of the 2007 Ned Kelly Awards .

neg: Columbina (genus) Columbina is a genus that contains seven species of small ground-doves that live in the New World . Species in Columbina have ranges from the southern United States through Central America and much of South America . Columbina doves are normally found in pairs or small flocks . They generally occur in open country . They have maroon irides and pinkish legs . In flight , some species show a distinctive flash of rufous in the wings , while others show black-and-white wing-patterns .

neg: AOS Checklist of North American Birds The AOS Checklist of North American Birds is a checklist of the bird species found in North and Middle America which is now maintained by the American Ornithological Society ( AOS ) . The checklist was originally published by the AOS 's predecessor , the American Ornithologists ' Union ( AOU ) . The Union merged with the Cooper Ornithological Society in 2016 to form the American Ornithological Society . The checklist was first published in 1886 ; the seventh edition of the checklist was published in 1998 and is now updated every year by an open-access article published in the Ibis . Seven editions and 54 supplements ( minor updates ) have been published in the last 127 years . According to Joel Asaph Allen , the Codes of Nomenclature set out in the first edition of the Checklist `` later became the basis of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature , framed on essentially the same lines and departing from it in no essential respect , except in point of brevity , through omission of adequate illustrations of the rules , and thereby rendering necessary the issuance of official ` Opinions ' to clear up obscure points . ''   The current version of the checklist is available online from the website of the American Ornithological Society . The list is updated regularly by the AOS 's North American Classification Committee ( NACC ) , which considers proposals related to classification and nomenclature .

neg: Ode to a Nightingale `` Ode to a Nightingale '' is a poem by John Keats written either in the garden of the Spaniards Inn , Hampstead , London or , according to Keats ' friend Charles Armitage Brown , under a plum tree in the garden of Keats ' house at Wentworth Place , also in Hampstead . According to Brown , a nightingale had built its nest near the house Keats and Brown shared in the spring of 1819 . Inspired by the bird 's song , Keats composed the poem in one day . It soon became one of his 1819 odes and was first published in Annals of the Fine Arts the following July . The poem is one of the most frequently anthologized in the English language .   `` Ode to a Nightingale '' is a personal poem that describes Keats 's journey into the state of negative capability . The tone of the poem rejects the optimistic pursuit of pleasure found within Keats 's earlier poems and , rather , explores the themes of nature , transience and mortality , the latter being particularly personal to Keats .   The nightingale described within the poem experiences a type of death but does not actually die . Instead , the songbird is capable of living through its song , which is a fate that humans can not expect . The poem ends with an acceptance that pleasure can not last and that death is an inevitable part of life . In the poem , Keats imagines the loss of the physical world and sees himself dead -- as a `` sod '' over which the nightingale sings . The contrast between the immortal nightingale and mortal man sitting in his garden , is made all the more acute by an effort of the imagination . The presence of weather is noticeable in the poem , as spring came early in 1819 , bringing nightingales all over the heath .

neg: Passenger pigeon The passenger pigeon or wild pigeon ( Ectopistes migratorius ) is an extinct species of pigeon that was endemic to North America . Its common name is derived from the French word passager , meaning `` passing by '' , due to the migratory habits of the species . The scientific name also refers to its migratory characteristics . The morphologically similar mourning dove ( Zenaida macroura ) was long thought to be its closest relative , and the two were at times confused , but genetic analysis has shown that the genus Patagioenas is more closely related to it than the Zenaida doves .   The passenger pigeon was sexually dimorphic in size and coloration . The male was 39 to in length , mainly gray on the upperparts , lighter on the underparts , with iridescent bronze feathers on the neck , and black spots on the wings . The female was 38 to 40 cm , and was duller and browner than the male overall . The juvenile was similar to the female , but without iridescence . It mainly inhabited the deciduous forests of eastern North America and was also recorded elsewhere , but bred primarily around the Great Lakes . The pigeon migrated in enormous flocks , constantly searching for food , shelter , and breeding grounds , and was once the most abundant bird in North America , numbering around 3 to 5 billion at the height of its population . It was not always as abundant , and the population size fluctuated rapidly over time . A very fast flyer , it could reach 100 km/h ( 62 mph ) . The bird fed mainly on mast , and also fruits and invertebrates . It practiced communal roosting and communal breeding , and its extreme gregariousness may be linked with searching for food and predator satiation .   Passenger pigeons were hunted by Native Americans , but hunting intensified after the arrival of Europeans , particularly in the 19th century . Pigeon meat was commercialized as cheap food , resulting in hunting on a massive scale for many decades . There were several other factors contributing to the decline and subsequent extinction of the species , including shrinking of the large breeding populations necessary for preservation of the species and widespread deforestation , which destroyed its habitat . A slow decline between about 1800 and 1870 was followed by a rapid decline between 1870 and 1890 . The last confirmed wild bird is thought to have been shot in 1901 . The last captive birds were divided in three groups around the turn of the 20th century , some of which were photographed alive . Martha , thought to be the last passenger pigeon , died on September 1 , 1914 , at the Cincinnati Zoo . The eradication of this species is a notable example of anthropogenic extinction .

neg: The First Nighter Program The First Nighter Program was a long-running radio anthology comedy-drama series broadcast from November 27 , 1930 , to September 27 , 1953 . The host was Mr. First Nighter ( Charles P. Hughes , Macdonald Carey , Bret Morrison , Marvin Miller , Don Briggs and Rye Billsbury -LSB- later known as Michael Rye -RSB- ) .   An article in a 1939 newspaper observed , `` First Nighter was the first show to present complete and separate original plays each week . ''   The show 's opening recreated the aural atmosphere of a Broadway opening . Before each week 's drama began , Mr. First Nighter was first heard walking on Broadway , emerging from the noise of people and street traffic into the crowded lobby of `` the Little Theater Off Times Square '' and then taking his seat in the third row center , where he gave the whispered introduction :  The house lights have dimmed , and the curtain is about to go up on tonight 's production .   Romantic comedies were the specialty of the series , and the principal roles were played by the teams of Don Ameche and June Meredith ( 1930 -- 36 ) , Ameche and Betty Lou Gerson ( 1935 -- 36 ) , Les Tremayne and Barbara Luddy ( 1936 -- 43 ) and  Olan Soule and Luddy ( 1943 and after ) .  Joseph T. Ainley produced and directed the series . The announcers were Larry Keating and Vincent Pelletier . Music was provided by `` The Famous First Nighter Orchestra '' , under the direction of Eric Sagerquist ( 1930 -- 44 ) , Caesar Petrillo ( 1945 -- 46 ) and Frank Worth ( 1947 -- 53 ) .   The most popular episode may have been the annual Christmas episode , `` Little Town of Bethlehem , '' which was first performed in 1937 and every year afterwards at the request of the listening audience .   Performing before a studio audience , the actors wore formal attire , with Luddy in a gown and Tremayne clad in evening clothes and top hat . Commercial breaks were signalled with the usher 's cry `` Smoking downstairs and in the outer lobby only , please ! '' , with the action resuming with a buzzer and the usher 's curtain call .   The series ran on four radio networks in the following timeline :  NBC Blue Network : 11/27/30 to 09/29/33  NBC Red Network : 10/06/33 to 02/12/37  CBS : 02/19/37 to 12/21/37  NBC Red Network : 01/07/38 to 08/26/38  CBS : 09/02/38 to 05/29/42  Mutual : 10/04/42 to 10/25/44  CBS : 10/20/45 to 04/13/46 and 10/04/47 to 10/20/49  NBC ( reruns ) : 04/27/52 to 09/27/53   The show was hosted by The Campana Company and solely featured commercials for their products . Due largely in part to this exposure , their Italian Balm became the best-selling hand lotion in the United States in the 1930s .

neg: Hank the Cowdog Hank the Cowdog is a long running , ongoing series of children 's books written by John R. Erickson and illustrated by Gerald L. Holmes . The books follow Hank , a dog that views himself as the `` Head of Ranch Security '' . In each book Hank and other characters must deal with several events , issues and mysteries that occur at their Texas Panhandle home , the M-Cross Ranch , which is located in Ochiltree County . The series began in 1982 , with a couple of short stories about Hank and his friends ; since then , 66 printed books and seven audio-only books have been published . Hank the Cowdog was previously published via Maverick Books , with Puffin Books holding the current American publishing rights in English . Each book features songs that Erickson performs on the audiobook editions . The series has received awards and critical acclaim , and the books have sold more than 8 million copies worldwide . It has been published in several languages including Spanish . In the 1980s , the first book was adapted into an animated segment for CBS Storybreak .   The books will be adapted into an animated TV series . There is also a ` Hank movie ' in production .   Teaching programs are available for the series via Maverick Books and a story entitled The Case of the Dancing Cowboy was serialized in 2002 , in several American newspapers .

neg: Dollhouse (season 1) The first season of the television series Dollhouse , premiered on February 13 , 2009 , on Fox and concluded its 12-episode season on May 8 , 2009 . The season aired on Fridays at 9:00 pm ET . Together with Fringe , Dollhouse was a part of Fox 's `` Remote-Free TV '' initiative to keep people from switching channels during commercial breaks . Therefore , every episode of this season was 47 -- 50 minutes long compared to a usual 40 -- 43 minute length for regular network television .

neg: Fly Like an Eagle (album) Fly Like an Eagle is the ninth studio album by American rock group Steve Miller Band . The album was released in May 1976 ( see 1976 in music ) by Capitol Records in North America and Mercury Records in Europe . A Quadraphonic mix of the album was available on the Quadraphonic 8-Track cartridge format ( in which Track 1 - `` Space Intro '' is edited into `` Fly Like an Eagle '' as one track , and Track 6 - `` Take the Money and Run '' intro repeats twice ) .   On the U.K. original vinyl release `` Space Intro '' does not appear on track listing . A 40-second track called `` Space Odyssey '' segues into `` Wild Mountain Honey '' .   The album was a success , spawning three singles : the title track , `` Take the Money and Run '' and `` Rock 'n Me '' , and eventually receiving quadruple platinum certification from the RIAA .   In 2003 , the album was ranked number 450 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time . On an updated list in 2012 , the magazine listed the album at number 445 .   In 2006 the album was re-released to celebrate its 30th Anniversary . The CD is digitally remastered and includes three bonus tracks and a bonus DVD features a concert performance at Mountain View , California 's Shoreline Amphitheater in 2005 with over two hours of music in 5.1 Surround Sound ( Note this surround mix is not based on the QUAD mix as track 1 and 6 are not different from the standard releases ) . Guest musicians include George Thorogood and Joe Satriani . The DVD also features a lengthy interview with Steve Miller , archive footage , never-before-seen photographs , and early demo recordings .


query: The Crazies (2010 film) was reviewed by people.

pos: The Crazies (2010 film) The Crazies is a 2010 American science fiction horror film directed by Breck Eisner , with a screenplay by Scott Kosar and Ray Wright . The film is a remake of the 1973 film of the same name by George A. Romero , who is an executive producer of the remake .   The Crazies stars Timothy Olyphant and Radha Mitchell . The film takes place in the fictional town of Ogden Marsh , Pierce County , Iowa , `` friendliest place on Earth , '' whose town water supply is accidentally infected with the `` Trixie '' virus . After an incubation period of 48 hours , this virus gradually transforms the mental state of the infected into that of cold , calculating , depraved , bloodthirsty killers , who then prey on family and neighbors alike . The film was released on February 26 , 2010 to positive reviews from critics , and was a modest box office success .

neg: Critical Review (journal) Critical Review : A Journal of Politics and Society is a quarterly academic journal covering political science that is published by Routledge for the Critical Review Foundation . It publishes papers on political theory , public opinion , political psychology , and political economy . It was established in 1986 by editor-in-chief , Jeffrey Friedman , who works with authors in `` an aggressive , often substantive editing process '' but also gives authors the option of double-blind peer review .   According to the Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2014 impact factor of 0.320 , ranking it 130th out of 161 journals in the category `` Political Science '' .

neg: 2011 Adelaide Film Festival The 5th Adelaide Film Festival took place in Adelaide , Australia , from 24 February to 6 March 2011 . Katrina Sedgwick was again Festival Director . Julietta Sichel was the head of the jury for the main competition . Judy Davis received the 2011 Don Dunstan Award for her contribution to the Australian film industry on the opening night of the Festival . The glass statuette was presented by Australian filmmaker Fred Schepisi .   A special screening of the 2010 Restoration Version of Fritz Lang 's classic sci-fi epic Metropolis was shown with a new score , written by The New Pollutants . This original score was conceived , composed and recorded over a 12-month period , and had its world premiere at the 2005 Adelaide Film Festival .   The festival opened with Mrs Carey 's Concert , directed by Bob Connolly and Sophie Raymond , and closed with Mad Bastards , directed by Brendan Fletcher . The film poster for the festival featured a man projecting a film from within himself , illustrating the theme `` See Within . ''   The Canadian film Incendies won the International Award for Best Feature Film .

neg: Freaky Trigger Freaky Trigger is an Internet publication and e-zine that focuses on popular culture with topics varying from music to cinema . It was founded by the music critic Tom Ewing in 1999 and features Pete Baran and Mark Sinker as editors . From 2000 to 2005 , it also used to host a music-specific blog , titled NYLPM . Ewing also started the popular music forum I Love Music ( ILM ) in August 2000 as a sister website to Freaky Trigger . `` ILXor.com FAQ '' , Retrieved 2016-02-09 A notable feature on the website is Popular , a longtime ongoing series where Ewing reviews each UK Singles Chart number one single ever in chronological order .   Freaky Trigger was featured in OC Weeklys list of `` 10 Crucial Music Websites '' and one of its reviews , Eminem 's `` Stan '' by Tom Ewing , was referenced on the list of `` The Best Music Writing of 2015 '' by the Complex . The Guardian have also referred to Freaky Trigger articles , one time on the Freaky Trigger piece `` The Strange Death of the UK Charts '' , and one time on an Ewing piece on Cliff Richard . Stylus Magazine have also referred to Freaky Trigger in an article . The NYLPM blog was notably eulogized by Pitchfork in early 2006 , following the suspension of its publication .

neg: Mr. Cranky Mr. Cranky , a satirical film critic , was created in 1995 by Jason Katzman and Hans Bjordahl . The Cranky personae premises that all movies are terrible ; at issue , solely , is the severity of pain , insult , discomfort or idiocy projected , injected , ingested , subjected or otherwise presented . There are no good films in the Cranky pantheon ; only films which inflict greater or lesser suffering .   Subtextually , the Mr. Cranky website is a comment on an uncritical film-reviewing culture . In contrast to boilerplate , overly effusive reviews -- often including declarations that incorporate a film 's theme or title in a pun or play-on-words -- the Cranky review is received on the originality of its portrayal of physical suffering and mental anguish effected by the viewing experience .   The movies are rated on a six-step scale , with the least bad ( i.e. best ) film receiving one `` bomb . '' Films that cause greater suffering receive additional `` bombs . '' ( Up to four . ) Movies deemed particularly offensive receive a Dynamite or `` Boomstick '' rating . The worst films ( i.e. those Cranky has marked as irredeemable -- `` Proof that Jesus died in vain '' in classic Cranky vernacular ) receive the Animated Atomic Explosion or `` Kaboom ! '' rating .   In October 2001 , a `` guest reviewer '' named Mr. Smiley appeared . A post-modern reflection of the Cranky character 's anti-reviews , Mr. Smiley is a mirror opposite of the Mr. Cranky personae : all reviews are hyperbolically positive . Mr. Smiley is a stereotypical smiley face smelling a pink Freesia flower , appearing every year near Halloween . Consistent with the theme , the Smiley character has a rising five-step scale going from one smiley face to the `` Prozacerrific ! '' Happy Pill . Consistent with other 20th-century artists including the post World War I Dadaists ( Absurdists ) and post-modern anti-art of the 1960s -- best embodied by Warhol 's `` pop art '' works and Lichenstein 's self-portraits -- Mr. Smilely was an effective ironic tool used to comment on the deficiencies of uncritical analysis and review .

neg: Magic Man (film) Magic Man is a 2010 thriller film directed by Stuart Cooper and starring Billy Zane and Alexander Nevsky .

neg: Houston Film Critics Society Awards 2010 The 4th Houston Film Critics Society Awards were presented on December 18 , 2010 . These awards for `` extraordinary accomplishment in film '' are presented annually by the Houston Film Critics Society ( HFCS ) based in Houston , Texas . The organization , founded in 2007 , includes 22 film critics for print , radio , television , and internet publications in the greater Houston area . The awards are co-sponsored by the Houston Film Commission , Southwest Alternate Media Project , Women in Film and Television/Houston , WorldFest , and the Houston Cinema Arts Society .   The nominations for the 2010 awards were announced on December 12 , 2010 . Eligible films do not need to have played or opened in a Houston film theater prior to the nomination deadline , merely made available to the HFCS membership at a screening or on DVD . Along with the 13 `` best of '' category awards , this year also saw the introduction of a new category for `` Worst Movies of the Year '' . The Social Network , True Grit , and 127 Hours each received six nominations , all including the Best Picture , Actor , Direction , and Original Score categories .   The Social Network was the HFCS 's most awarded film of 2010 taking top honors in the Best Picture , Best Director ( David Fincher ) , Best Actor ( Jesse Eisenberg ) , and Best Screenplay ( Aaron Sorkin ) categories . Inception was the only other film to garner multiple awards , winning both the Best Original Score ( Hans Zimmer ) and Best Cinematography ( Wally Pfister ) prizes . The other acting awards went to Natalie Portman as Best Actress for Black Swan , Hailee Steinfeld as Best Supporting Actress for True Grit , and Christian Bale as Best Supporting Actor for The Fighter . The remaining film honors went to Toy Story 3 as Best Animated Film , Restrepo as Best Documentary , and The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo as Best Foreign Language Film . `` We Are Sex Bob-Omb '' by Beck from Scott Pilgrim vs. the World was named the Best Original Song . The HFCS 's first-ever award for `` Worst Picture '' was given to Jonah Hex starring Josh Brolin .   In addition to the category awards , the HFCS presented their annual Lifetime Achievement Award to Sissy Spacek and its Humanitarian Award to George Clooney . Clooney was selected for `` selflessly using his celebrity for greater good '' . The HFCS award for Outstanding Achievement in Cinema awards were presented to Charles Dove , director of the Rice University Media Center , and Hector Luna , the founder and editor of C-47 Houston .

neg: 28 Weeks Later 28 Weeks Later is a 2007 British science fiction horror film , structured as a sequel to the critically and commercially successful 2002 film 28 Days Later . 28 Weeks Later was co-written and directed by Juan Carlos Fresnadillo , with Danny Boyle and Alex Garland , director and writer of 28 Days Later respectively , now acting as executive producers . It was released in the United Kingdom and United States on 11 May 2007 . The plot depicts the efforts of NATO military forces to salvage a safe zone in London following the events in 28 Days Later , the consequence of two young siblings breaking protocol to find their infected mother , and the resulting reintroduction of the highly contagious virus to the safe zone .

neg: Art film An art film is typically a serious , independent film aimed at a niche market rather than a mass market audience . An art film is `` intended to be a serious artistic work , often experimental and not designed for mass appeal '' ; they are `` made primarily for aesthetic reasons rather than commercial profit '' , and they contain `` unconventional or highly symbolic content '' .   Film critics and film studies scholars typically define an art film as possessing `` formal qualities that mark them as different from mainstream Hollywood films '' , which can include , among other elements , a sense of social realism ; an emphasis on the authorial expressiveness of the director ; and a focus on the thoughts , dreams , or motivations of characters , as opposed to the unfolding of a clear , goal-driven story . Film scholar David Bordwell describes art cinema as `` a film genre , with its own distinct conventions '' .   Art film producers usually present their films at specialty theatres ( repertory cinemas , or , in the U.S. , `` arthouse cinemas '' ) and film festivals . The term art film is much more widely used in the United States , the UK and Australia than in Europe , where the term is more associated with `` auteur '' films and `` national cinema '' ( e.g. , German national cinema ) . Because they are aimed at small niche market audiences , they can rarely get the financial backing that will permit large production budgets , expensive special effects , costly celebrity actors , or huge advertising campaigns , as are used in widely released mainstream blockbuster films . Art film directors make up for these constraints by creating a different type of film , which typically uses lesser-known film actors ( or even amateur actors ) and modest sets to make films that focus much more on developing ideas or exploring new narrative techniques or film-making conventions .   A certain degree of experience and knowledge are required to fully understand or appreciate such films . One mid-1990s art film was called `` largely a cerebral experience '' that one enjoys `` because of what you know about film '' . This contrasts sharply with mainstream `` blockbuster '' films , which are geared more towards escapism and pure entertainment . For promotion , art films rely on the publicity generated from film critics ' reviews , discussion of their film by arts columnists , commentators and bloggers , and `` word-of-mouth '' promotion by audience members . Since art films have small initial investment costs , they only need to appeal to a small portion of the mainstream viewing audiences to become financially viable .

neg: Hugo (film) Hugo is a 2011 historical adventure drama film directed and co-produced by Martin Scorsese and adapted for the screen by John Logan . Based on Brian Selznick 's book The Invention of Hugo Cabret , it is about a boy who lives alone in the Gare Montparnasse railway station in Paris in the 1930s . A co-production between Graham King 's GK Films and Johnny Depp 's Infinitum Nihil , the film stars Ben Kingsley , Sacha Baron Cohen , Asa Butterfield , Chloë Grace Moretz , Ray Winstone , Emily Mortimer , Jude Law , Helen McCrory , and Christopher Lee .   Hugo is Scorsese 's first film shot in 3D , of which the filmmaker remarked : `` I found 3D to be really interesting , because the actors were more upfront emotionally . Their slightest move , their slightest intention is picked up much more precisely . '' The film was released in the United States on November 23 , 2011 .   When it was released , Hugo received critical acclaim and received 11 Academy Award nominations ( including Best Picture ) , more than any other film that year , and won five awards : Best Cinematography , Best Art Direction , Best Sound Mixing , Best Sound Editing and Best Visual Effects . It was also nominated for eight BAFTAs , winning two , and was nominated for three Golden Globe awards , earning Scorsese his third Golden Globe Award for Best Director . The film grossed $ 185 million against a budget of $ 150 -- $ 170 million .

neg: 2010 Sundance Film Festival The 26th annual Sundance Film Festival was held from January 21 , 2010 until January 31 , 2010 in Park City , Utah .

neg: Stuff White People Like Stuff White People Like ( sometimes known by the initialism SWPL ) is a blog that takes a satirical aim at the interests of North American `` left-leaning , city-dwelling , white people '' . The blog was created in January 2008 by a white Canadian , Christian Lander , a Los Angeles copywriter who grew up in Toronto and graduated from McGill University in Montreal . Lander co-authored the site with his Filipino Canadian friend Myles Valentin , after Valentin teased Lander for watching the HBO television series The Wire . Lander 's blog became popular very quickly , registering over 300,000 daily hits and over 40 million total hits by the end of September 2008 .   Although the blog `` has spurred an outpouring from those who view it as offensive and racist '' , it is not about the interests of all white people , but rather a stereotype of affluent , environmentally and socially conscious , anti-corporate white North Americans , who typically hold a degree in the liberal arts . Lander claims to be lampooning contemporary versions of bohemian/hipster culture , and jokingly refers to other classes and subcultures of white people as `` the wrong kind of white people '' . Despite the site 's satirical edge , Lander regards the people he describes with affection and numbers himself among them , describing himself as `` a self-aware , left-wing person who 's not afraid to recognize the selfishness and contradictions that come on the left . '' The initialism `` SWPL '' has been adopted in some circles as a ( usually pejorative ) shorthand term for the type of people depicted on the blog .   A book ( Stuff White People Like : A Definitive Guide to the Unique Taste of Millions ) was released on July 1 , 2008 . Lander is listed as the sole author of the book , although some of its content comes from the blog posts written by Valentin . The book remained on The New York Times bestseller list for months . Lander was reportedly given a $ 300,000 advance by Random House , the book 's publisher . He released a sequel ( Whiter Shades of Pale : The Stuff White People Like , Coast to Coast from Seattle 's Sweaters to Maine 's Microbrews ) on November 23 , 2010 .

neg: List of Nostalgia Critic episodes Nostalgia Critic is a web review series hosted by actor/comedian Doug Walker . The series began in July 2007 on YouTube , but after the website removed several episodes due to alleged copyright violations , the series was moved in April 2008 to Walker 's own humor website , That Guy with the Glasses , where it was hosted until late 2014 , when it was moved to ChannelAwesome.com . Most episodes center on comedic bashings of movies and serials that Walker finds to be poorly written , badly acted , and typically panned by critics -- particularly Siskel and Ebert , whom Doug openly acknowledges as his favorite critics . Not all of his reviews are negative , as he sometimes finds positive aspects and even praises some films and TV shows ( sometimes their hamminess/bad production ) . The series also features several `` Top 11 Countdown '' segments , which Doug does as opposed to the traditional `` Top 10 '' because he , in his own words , `` Like ( s ) to go one step beyond '' , as well as a series of `` Old vs. New '' segments , where The Critic compares iconic films like Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory , True Grit , Batman , The Karate Kid , King Kong , Spider-Man , Cinderella and The Evil Dead with their respective modern-day reboots/remakes and levies to discover which is the better film .

neg: List of Everything Wrong With... episodes This is a ` list of Everything Wrong With ... episodes ' , which have been published twice a week on the YouTube channel CinemaSins . The series , created in December 2012 , consists of humorous critique and commentary on film , mostly based on opinions or errors within a given film . It has been viewed more than 60 million times .   The series started when the creators learned that The Amazing Spider-Man '' would be released in home media and decided to make a humorous analysis for it , continuing the series as a result of the positive reception the videos received .

neg: The Nasty Bits The Nasty Bits : Collected Varietal Cuts , Usable Trim , Scraps , and Bones , is a largely nonfiction New York Times bestselling book by Anthony Bourdain , published in 2006 . The book is a collection of 37 exotic , provocative , and humorous anecdotes and essays , many of them centered around food , followed by a 30-page fiction piece ( `` A Chef 's Christmas '' ) . The book concludes with an appendix of commentaries on the various pieces , including when and why they were written .   The essays range from descriptions of restaurant-kitchen life ; to various rants about places , people , and things Bourdain objects to ; to lively accounts of far-flung world travels and remote ethnic life and food ; to accolades of the unsung Latinos who cook most fine-dining restaurant food in America ; to glowing reports of cutting-edge chefs like Ferran Adrià ; to details of Bourdain 's obsessions and pursuits when he is not working ; to opinions and anecdotes on various other subjects .   Bourdain organized the various essays and anecdotes into sections named for each of the five traditional flavors :  Salty  Sweet  Sour  Bitter  Umami   The book is , according to Bourdain , basically a collection of the best of his magazine and newspaper writings during the previous few years . As he says in the preface :   I 've done a lot of writing for magazines and newspapers in the last few years , and it 's the better morsels ( I hope ) from that work that follow . ... I 've been writing this stuff for much the same reason behind my frenetic traveling : Because I can . Because there 's so little time . Because there 's been so much to see and remember . ...   It 's an irritating reality that many places and events defy description . Angkor Wat and Machu Picchu , for instance , seem to demand silence , like a love affair you can never talk about . For a while after , you fumble for words , trying vainly to assemble a private narrative , an explanation , a comfortable way to frame where you 've been and what 's happened . In the end , you 're just happy you were there -- with your eyes open -- and lived to see it .

neg: Gotham Independent Film Awards 2010 The 20th Annual Gotham Independent Film Awards were held on November 29 , 2010 . The nominees were announced on October 18 , 2010 . The ceremony was hosted by Patricia Clarkson and Stanley Tucci .

neg: Golden Raspberry Awards The Golden Raspberry Awards ( often shortened to Razzies and Razzie Awards ) is an award in recognition of the worst in film . Co-founded by UCLA film graduates and film-industry veterans , John J. B. Wilson and Mo Murphy , the annual Razzie Awards ceremony in Los Angeles precedes the corresponding Academy Awards ceremony by one day . The term raspberry in the name is used in its irreverent sense , as in `` blowing a raspberry '' . The awards themselves are in the form of a `` golf ball-sized raspberry '' which sits atop a Super 8 mm film reel , the whole of which is spray painted gold .   The first Golden Raspberry Awards ceremony was held on March 31 , 1981 , at John J. B. Wilson 's living-room alcove in Los Angeles , to honor the worst in film of the 1980 film season . The 37th ceremony was held on February 25 , 2017 .

neg: Hollywood & Wine Hollywood & Wine is a 2010 American comedy film .

neg: A Dangerous Method A Dangerous Method is a 2011 German-Canadian-American-British historical film directed by David Cronenberg and starring Keira Knightley , Viggo Mortensen , Michael Fassbender , and Vincent Cassel . The screenplay was adapted by writer Christopher Hampton from his 2002 stage play The Talking Cure , which was based on the 1993 non-fiction book by John Kerr , A Most Dangerous Method : The story of Jung , Freud , and Sabina Spielrein .   The film marks the third consecutive collaboration between Cronenberg and Viggo Mortensen ( after A History of Violence and Eastern Promises ) . This is also the third Cronenberg film made with British film producer Jeremy Thomas , after completing together the William Burroughs adaptation Naked Lunch and the J. G. Ballard adaptation Crash . A Dangerous Method was a German/Canadian co-production . The film premiered at the 68th Venice Film Festival and was also featured at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival .   Set on the eve of World War I , A Dangerous Method describes the turbulent relationships between Carl Jung , founder of analytical psychology ; Sigmund Freud , founder of the discipline of psychoanalysis ; and Sabina Spielrein , initially a patient of Jung and later a physician and one of the first female psychoanalysts .   Among the film 's many honors , Mortensen was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture for his portrayal of Freud .

neg: Jason Zinoman Jason Zinoman ( born 1975 or 1976 ) is an American critic and author . He has written for The New York Times , Time Out New York , Vanity Fair , and Slate . In 2011 , he published Shock Value , a non-fiction book about horror films .


query: Joan of Arc was declared a national symbol in the United States.

pos: Joan of Arc Joan of Arc ( Jeanne d'Arc , -LSB- ʒan daʁk -RSB- ; 6 January c. 1412 -- 30 May 1431 ) , nicknamed `` The Maid of Orléans '' ( La Pucelle d'Orléans ) , is considered a heroine of France for her role during the Lancastrian phase of the Hundred Years ' War and was canonized as a Roman Catholic saint . Joan of Arc was born to Jacques d'Arc and Isabelle Romée , a peasant family , at Domrémy in north-east France . Joan said she received visions of the Archangel Michael , Saint Margaret , and Saint Catherine of Alexandria instructing her to support Charles VII and recover France from English domination late in the Hundred Years ' War . The uncrowned King Charles VII sent Joan to the siege of Orléans as part of a relief mission . She gained prominence after the siege was lifted only nine days later . Several additional swift victories led to Charles VII 's coronation at Reims . This long-awaited event boosted French morale and paved the way for the final French victory .   On 23 May 1430 , she was captured at Compiègne by the Burgundian faction , which was allied with the English . She was later handed over to the English and put on trial by the pro-English Bishop of Beauvais Pierre Cauchon on a variety of charges . After Cauchon declared her guilty she was burned at the stake on 30 May 1431 , dying at about nineteen years of age .   In 1456 , an inquisitorial court authorized by Pope Callixtus III examined the trial , debunked the charges against her , pronounced her innocent , and declared her a martyr . In the 16th century she became a symbol of the Catholic League , and in 1803 she was declared a national symbol of France by the decision of Napoleon Bonaparte . She was beatified in 1909 and canonized in 1920 . Joan of Arc is one of the nine secondary patron saints of France , along with Saint Denis , Saint Martin of Tours , Saint Louis , Saint Michael , Saint Rémi , Saint Petronilla , Saint Radegund and Saint Thérèse of Lisieux .   Joan of Arc has remained a popular figure in literature , painting , sculpture , and other cultural works since the time of her death , and many famous writers , filmmakers and composers have created works about her . Cultural depictions of her have continued in films , theater , television , video games , music , and performances to this day .

neg: Freedom suit Freedom suits were lawsuits in the Thirteen Colonies and the United States filed by enslaved people against slaveholders to assert claims to freedom , often based on descent from a free maternal ancestor , or time held as a resident in a free state or territory .   The right to petition for freedom descended from English common law and allowed people to challenge their enslavement or indenture . Petitioners challenged slavery both directly and indirectly , even if slaveholders generally viewed such petitions as a means to uphold rather than undermine slavery . Beginning with the colonies in North America , legislatures enacted slave laws that created a legal basis for `` just subjection ; '' these were adopted or updated by the state and territorial legislatures that superseded them after the United States gained independence . These codes also enabled enslaved persons to sue for freedom based on wrongful enslavement .   While some cases were tried during the colonial period , the majority of petitions for freedom were heard during the antebellum period in the border or the Southern United States . After the American Revolution , most northern states abolished slavery and were considered `` free . '' The United States Congress prohibited slavery in some newly established territories , and some new states were admitted to the union as free states . The rise in travel and migration of masters with slaves between free and slave states resulted in conditions that gave rise to slaves suing for freedom . Many free states had residency limits for masters who brought slaves into their territory ; after that time , the slave would be considered free . Some slaves sued for wrongful enslavement after being held in a free state .   Other grounds for suit were that the person was freeborn and illegally held in slavery , or that the person was illegally held because of being descended from a freeborn woman in the maternal line . The principle of partus sequitur ventrem , first incorporated into English colonial slavery law by a 1662 statute in Virginia , established that children 's status was that of the mother . It was adopted into law by other English colonies , and the states of the United States .   In Saint Louis , Missouri records of nearly 300 petition cases have been found that were filed between 1807 and 1860 , and in Washington , D.C. nearly 500 petition cases were filed in the same period . A large portion of cases , as much as one-third , either never went to trial or were settled out of court . In the early nineteenth century in St. Louis and in Washington , D.C. , nearly half of the attorneys at the bar may have acted as counsel for slave petitions . In Missouri , the courts assigned an attorney to the petitioner if it accepted a freedom suit for hearing ; some of the top attorneys in St. Louis defended slaves . After the 1830s , the number of petition cases gradually declined . But from 1800 to 1830 , most of the bar in these cities tried a petition case .   Before the end of the eighteenth century , some southern states began to make petitioning for freedom more difficult . Maryland , for example , in 1796 required that county courts serve as the court of original jurisdiction , rather than the General Court of the Western Shore , an appellate court . The county courts clearly would be more favorable to the interests and views of the local planters against whom these suits were often filed . The legislature also banned those with antislavery sympathies from serving on juries in freedom suits . Virginia passed a similar law on jury composition in 1798 .   But , for a few decades , courts in slave states such as Louisiana , Mississippi , and Missouri often respected the precedent of `` once free , always free '' established by free states . Until the late 1850s , they ruled that slaves who had been held in free states maintained their freedom even if brought back into slave states . Until the Civil War brought an end to slavery , thousands of freedom suits were tried in state courts across the country , with some slaves petitioning as high as the Supreme Court .

neg: Expeditions and the protection of Yellowstone (1869–1890) This list summarizes the major expeditions to the Yellowstone region that led to the creation of the park and contributed to the protection of the park and its resources between 1869 and 1890 .   When President Ulysses S. Grant created Yellowstone National Park with the signing of the Act of Dedication , March 1 , 1872 , it was the result of three major expeditions into the region , expeditions that brought the wonders of Yellowstone into public view . Prior to 1869 , the Yellowstone region -- its rivers , waterfalls , lakes , mountains , valleys and geothermal features were essentially part of an unknown and unexplored territory . Even after the creation of the park , the region remained largely unexplored and its resources unprotected for over a decade until the U.S. Army assumed management of the park in 1886 . Even after the U.S. Army took control , legal protection of the park 's resources was limited . From 1869 until 1890 , a number of notable expeditions contributed not only to the creation of the park , but to a broader public , social and scientific understanding of the park , its resources and wonders . This understanding ultimately led Congress and the Federal Government to adopt much stronger laws to protect the park and its resources culminating in the Lacey Act of 1894 .

neg: Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War This timeline of events leading up to the American Civil War describes and links to narrative articles and references about many of the events and issues which historians recognize as origins and causes of the Civil War . The pre-Civil War events can be roughly divided into a period encompassing the long term build-up over many decades and a period encompassing the five-month build to war immediately after the election of Abraham Lincoln as President in the Election of 1860 which culminated in the Fall of Fort Sumter ( April 1861 ) .   Since the early colonial period in Virginia , slavery had been a part of the socioeconomic system of British North America and was recognized in the Thirteen Colonies at the time of the United States ' Declaration of Independence ( 1776 ) . Since then , events and statements by politicians and others brought forth differences , tensions and divisions between the people of the slave states of the Southern United States and the people of the free states of the Northern United States ( including Western states ) over the topics of slavery . The large underlying issue from which other issues developed was whether slavery should be retained and even expanded to other areas or whether it should be contained and eventually abolished . Over many decades , these issues and divisions became increasingly irreconcilable and contentious .   Events in the 1850s culminated with the election of the anti-slavery-expansion Republican Abraham Lincoln as President on November 6 , 1860 . This provoked the first round of state secessions as leaders of the Deep South cotton states were unwilling to remain in a second class political status with their way of life threatened by the President himself . Initially , the seven Deep South states seceded , with economies based on cotton ( then in heavy European demand with rising prices ) . They were Alabama , Florida , Georgia , Louisiana , Mississippi , South Carolina and Texas . After the Confederates attacked and captured Fort Sumter , President Lincoln called for volunteers to march south and suppress the rebellion . This pushed the four other Upper South States ( Virginia , North Carolina , Tennessee , and Arkansas ) also to secede . These states completed the formation of the Confederate States of America . Their addition to the Confederacy insured a war would be prolonged and bloody because they contributed territory and soldiers .

neg: List of Medal of Honor recipients The Medal of Honor was created during the American Civil War and is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces . The recipient must have distinguished themselves at the risk of their own life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an enemy of the United States . Due to the nature of this medal , it is commonly presented posthumously .   The President of the United States , in the name of the United States Congress , has awarded more than 3500 Medals of Honor including 19 second awards to the nation 's soldiers , sailors , airmen , Marines , and coast guardsmen since the decoration 's creation in 1861 .   The citations highlighting acts of gallantry that received the Medal of Honor have been and continue to be regularly released by book publishers . After the Second World War both the Army and Navy produced hardbound Medal of Honor compilations . Between 1964 and 1979 , the United States Senate Subcommittee on Veterans ' Affairs of the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare and later the Committee on Veterans ' Affairs produced a number of consolidated compilations of all Medal of Honor citations to date . Additions and changes to the list of recipients of the medal since the 1979 have been regularly published by the Congressional research Service .   The first Army Medal of Honor was awarded to Private Jacob Parrott during the American Civil War for his role in the Great Locomotive Chase . The first African American recipient for this award was William Harvey Carney who , despite being shot in the face , shoulders , arms , and legs , refused to let the American flag touch the ground . The only female Medal of Honor recipient is Mary Edwards Walker , a Civil War surgeon . Her medal was rescinded in 1917 along with many other non-combat awards , but it was restored by President Jimmy Carter in 1977 .   While current law , , beginning in 1918 , explicitly state that recipients must be serving in the U.S. Armed Forces at the time of performing a valorous act that warrants the award , exceptions have been made . For example , Charles Lindbergh , while a reserve member of the U.S. Army Air Corps , received his Medal of Honor as a civilian pilot . In addition , the Medal of Honor was presented to the British Unknown Warrior by General Pershing on October 17 , 1921 ; later the U.S. Unknown Soldier was reciprocally awarded the Victoria Cross , Britain 's highest award for gallantry , on November 11 , 1921 . Although being a U.S. citizen is not a prerequisite for eligibility to receive the medal , apart from a few exceptions , Medals of Honor can only be awarded to members of the U.S. armed forces . Sixty-one Canadians who were serving in the United States armed forces have received the Medal of Honor ; most received it for actions in the American Civil War . Since 1900 , only four have been awarded to Canadians . In the Vietnam War , Peter C. Lemon was the only Canadian recipient of the Medal of Honor .

neg: American poetry american ' poetry '' ' , the poetry of the United States , arose first as efforts by colonists to add their voices to English poetry in the 17th century , well before the constitutional unification of the thirteen colonies ( although before this unification , a strong oral tradition often likened to poetry existed among Native American societies ) . Unsurprisingly , most of the early colonists ' work relied on contemporary British models of poetic form , diction , and theme . However , in the 19th century , a distinctive American idiom began to emerge . By the later part of that century , when Walt Whitman was winning an enthusiastic audience abroad , poets from the United States had begun to take their place at the forefront of the English-language avant-garde '' .   The history of American poetry is not easy to know . Much of the American poetry published between 1910 and 1945 remains lost in the pages of small circulation political periodicals , particularly the ones on the far left , destroyed by librarians during the 1950s McCarthy era . The received narrative of Modernism proposes that Ezra Pound and T. S. Eliot were perhaps the most influential modernist English-language poets in the period during World War I . But this narrative leaves out African American and women poets who were published and read widely in the first half of the twentieth century . By the 1960s , the young poets of the British Poetry Revival looked to their American contemporaries and predecessors as models for the kind of poetry they wanted to write . Toward the end of the millennium , consideration of American poetry had diversified , as scholars placed an increased emphasis on poetry by women , African Americans , Hispanics , Chicanos and other cultural groupings .

neg: The Triumph of St. Joan The Triumph of St. Joan was originally an opera in three acts by Norman Dello Joio to an English language libretto on the subject of the martyrdom of Joan of Arc by Dello Joio and Joseph Machilis . It was premiered at Sarah Lawrence College on May 9 , 1950 . Although the opera was received positively , the composer was unhappy with the work and declined to have it performed again . However , he did adapt part of the opera into a symphony of the same title in 1951 . The symphony was later renamed Seraphic Ode .   Dello Joio returned to the subject of Joan of Arc in 1955 when he was commissioned by the NBC Television Opera Theatre to produce an original 75-minute opera for television . The resulting work in two acts was retitled The Trial at Rouen , and , in using new music and a new libretto by Dello Joio , was in effect a completely different musical drama from its predecessor . It premiered on April 8 , 1956 on NBC . Dello Joio adapted the work a third time , extending the music at the beginning and end of the 1956 version ( including some music from the 1950 opera ) to create a one-act opera for the stage . This third version , once again called The Triumph of St. Joan , was premiered by the New York City Opera on April 16 , 1959 .

neg: Joan Kelly Joan Kelly ( March 29 , 1928 -- August 15 , 1982 ) was a prominent American historian who wrote on the Italian Renaissance , specifically on Leon Battista Alberti . Among her best known works is the article `` Did Women Have a Renaissance ? '' which was published in 1977 . The article challenged the contemporary historiography of the Renaissance , arguing that women 's power and agency declined during the early modern period .

neg: We Charge Genocide We Charge Genocide : The Crime of Government Against the Negro People is a paper accusing the United States government of genocide based on the UN Genocide Convention . This paper was written by the Civil Rights Congress ( CRC ) and presented to the United Nations at meetings in Paris in December 1951 .   The document pointed out that the United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide defined genocide as any acts committed with `` intent to destroy '' a group , `` in whole or in part . '' To build its case for black genocide , the document cited many instances of lynching in the United States , as well as legal discrimination , disenfranchisement of blacks in the South , a series of incidents of police brutality dating to the present , and systematic inequalities in health and quality of life . The central argument : the US government is both complicit with and responsible for a genocidal situation based on the UN 's own definition of genocide .   The document received international media attention and became caught up in Cold War politics , as the CRC was supported by the American Communist Party . Its many examples of shocking conditions for African Americans shaped beliefs about the United States in countries across the world . The American government and white press accused the CRC of exaggerating racial inequality in order to advance the cause of Communism . The US State Department forced CRC secretary William L. Patterson to surrender his passport after he presented the petition to a UN meeting in Paris .

neg: Saint Joan of the Stockyards Saint Joan of the Stockyards ( -LSB- Die Heilige Johanna der Schlachthöfe , links = no -RSB- ) is a play written by the German modernist playwright Bertolt Brecht between 1929 and 1931 , after the success of his musical The Threepenny Opera and during the period of his radical experimental work with the Lehrstücke . It is based on the musical that he co-authored with Elisabeth Hauptmann , Happy End ( 1929 ) . In this version of the story of Joan of Arc , Brecht transforms her into `` Joan Dark '' , a member of the `` Black Straw Hats '' ( a Salvation Army-like group ) in 20th-century Chicago . The play charts Joan 's battle with Pierpont Mauler , the unctuous owner of a meat-packing plant . Like her predecessor , Joan is a doomed woman , a martyr and ( initially , at least ) an innocent in a world of strike-breakers , fat cats , and penniless workers . Like many of Brecht 's plays it is laced with humor and songs as part of its epic dramaturgical structure and deals with the theme of emancipation from material suffering and exploitation .   The play was broadcast on Berlin Radio on the 11 April 1932 , with Carola Neher as Joan and Fritz Kortner as Mauler . The cast also included Helene Weigel , Ernst Busch , Peter Lorre , Paul Bildt and Friedrich Gnass . The play did not receive its first theatrical production until the 30 April 1959 , at the Deutsches Schauspielhaus in Hamburg , after Brecht 's death . Brecht had asked Gustaf Gründgens to direct , with scenic design by Caspar Neher and music by Siegfried Franz . Brecht 's daughter Hanne Hiob played Joan .   Brecht wrote two other versions of the Joan of Arc story : The Visions of Simone Machard ( 1942 ) and The Trial of Joan of Arc of Proven , 1431 ( 1952 ) .

neg: National symbols of the Confederate States This article is a list of national symbols of the Confederate States enacted through legislation . Upon its independence ( adoption of the Constitution for the Provisional Government of the Confederate States ) on February 8 , 1861 , and subsequent foundation of the `` permanent '' government on February 22 , 1862 , the Confederate States Congress adopted national symbols distinct from those of the United States .

neg: National Historic Landmark A National Historic Landmark ( NHL ) is a building , district , object , site , or structure that is officially recognized by the United States government for its outstanding historical significance . Of over 85,000 places listed on the country 's National Register of Historic Places , only some 2,500 are recognized as National Historic Landmarks .   A National Historic Landmark District may include contributing properties that are buildings , structures , sites or objects , and it may include non-contributing properties . Contributing properties may or may not also be separately listed .

neg: American way The American way of life or simply the American way is the unique lifestyle of the people of the United States of America . It refers to a nationalist ethos that adheres to the principle of life , liberty and the pursuit of happiness . At the center of the American way is the American Dream that upward mobility is achievable by any American through hard work . This concept is intertwined with the concept of American exceptionalism , the belief in the unique culture of the nation .   Author William Herberg offers the following definition :   One commentator notes , `` The first half of Herberg 's statement still holds true nearly half a century after he first formulated it '' , even though `` Herberg 's latter claims have been severely if not completely undermined ... materialism no longer needs to be justified in high-sounding terms '' .   In the National Archives and Records Administration 's 1999 Annual Report , National Archivist John W. Carlin writes , `` We are different because our government and our way of life are not based on the divine right of kings , the hereditary privileges of elites , or the enforcement of deference to dictators . They are based on pieces of paper , the Charters of Freedom - the Declaration that asserted our independence , the Constitution that created our government , and the Bill of Rights that established our liberties . ''

neg: America's Critical Period The term America 's Critical Period , popularized by John Fiske in 1888 with his book The Critical Period of American History , refers to the period of United States history in the 1780s , right after the American Revolution , where the future of the newly formed nation was in the balance . More specifically , the `` Critical Period '' refers to the period of time following the end of the American Revolutionary War in 1783 to the inauguration of George Washington as President in 1789 . The phrase was first used to describe this era ( unbeknownst to Fiske ) by William Henry Trescot in his 1857 book The Diplomatic History of the Administrations of Washington and Adams .   During the 1780s , the loose confederation of states was beset with a wide array of foreign and domestic problems . Some historians believe it was a bleak , terrible time for Americans , while others such as Merrill Jensen believe the term `` Critical Period '' is exaggerated , and that , while the decade a time of dispute and change , they were also a time of economic growth and political maturation .

neg: Susan B. Anthony Susan Brownell Anthony ( February 15 , 1820 -- March 13 , 1906 ) was an American social reformer and women 's rights activist who played a pivotal role in the women 's suffrage movement . Born into a Quaker family committed to social equality , she collected anti-slavery petitions at the age of 17 . In 1856 , she became the New York state agent for the American Anti-Slavery Society .   In 1851 , she met Elizabeth Cady Stanton , who became her lifelong friend and co-worker in social reform activities , primarily in the field of women 's rights . In 1852 , they founded the New York Women 's State Temperance Society after Anthony was prevented from speaking at a temperance conference because she was female . In 1863 , they founded the Women 's Loyal National League , which conducted the largest petition drive in United States history up to that time , collecting nearly 400,000 signatures in support of the abolition of slavery . In 1866 , they initiated the American Equal Rights Association , which campaigned for equal rights for both women and African Americans . In 1868 , they began publishing a women 's rights newspaper called The Revolution . In 1869 , they founded the National Woman Suffrage Association as part of a split in the women 's movement . In 1890 , the split was formally healed when their organization merged with the rival American Woman Suffrage Association to form the National American Woman Suffrage Association , with Anthony as its key force . In 1876 , Anthony and Stanton began working with Matilda Joslyn Gage on what eventually grew into the six-volume History of Woman Suffrage . The interests of Anthony and Stanton diverged somewhat in later years , but the two remained close friends .   In 1872 , Anthony was arrested for voting in her hometown of Rochester , New York , and convicted in a widely publicized trial . Although she refused to pay the fine , the authorities declined to take further action . In 1878 , Anthony and Stanton arranged for Congress to be presented with an amendment giving women the right to vote . Popularly known as the Anthony Amendment and introduced by Sen. Aaron A. Sargent ( R-CA ) , it became the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1920 .   Anthony traveled extensively in support of women 's suffrage , giving as many as 75 to 100 speeches per year and working on many state campaigns . She worked internationally for women 's rights , playing a key role in creating the International Council of Women , which is still active . She also helped to bring about the World 's Congress of Representative Women at the World 's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893 .   When she first began campaigning for women 's rights , Anthony was harshly ridiculed and accused of trying to destroy the institution of marriage . Public perception of her changed radically during her lifetime , however . Her 80th birthday was celebrated in the White House at the invitation of President William McKinley . She became the first actual woman to be depicted on U.S. coinage when her portrait appeared on the 1979 dollar coin .

neg: UniteWomen.org UniteWomen.org is a national non-partisan 501 ( c ) 3 tax exempt non-profit organization with a mission of ending inequality for women that stems from prejudice and discrimination and to defend and advance the human and civil rights of women and girls . The organization was formed in Michigan in February 2012 . It developed in response to the War on Women , a series of legislative actions in the United States which negatively affect women .   The group has organized several marches , including a march in Jackson , Mississippi , to oppose `` 32 bills introduced this session restricting women 's access to health care '' and a nationwide march on April 28 , 2012 that took place in major cities across the United States . The group has been endorsed by American Association of University Women , National Latina Institute for Reproductive Health , the The Coalition of Labor Union Women and The Coffee Party USA . The march in April 2012 was promoted by Barbara Hannah Grufferman   Karen Teegarden , President of UniteWomen.org , appeared on The Authentic Woman , along with National Organization for Women President , Terry O'Neill . The two women 's rights leaders were interviewed by radio host , Shannon Fisher , about The State of Women 's Rights in America .   The organization was a partner in the Suffrage Centennial Celebration in 2013 , which was a week of events in Washington leading up to a reenactment of the Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913 Other partners in the Suffrage Centennial Celebration were the National Women 's History Museum , Sewall-Belmont House & Museum , the Smithsonian 's National Museum of American History , the Newseum , American Association of University Women , Daughters of the American Revolution , Delta Sigma Theta , the National Archives , the Turning Point Suffragist Memorial , the National Press Club , and The George Washington University Lisner Auditorium .   UniteWomen.org 's `` Unite Against Rape '' campaign raised public awareness of the issues of rape , human trafficking and violence against women . An array of legislators , journalists and celebrities participated in the campaign , including U.S. Senators Mark Warner and Tim Kaine ; comedians Roseanne Barr , Margaret Cho , Annabelle Gurwitch and Lois Bromfield ; social justice advocate Sandra Fluke ; Philadelphia Eagles defensive tackle , Ronnie Cameron , musician Courtney Love ; social and political commentators Meghan McCain , Alexandria Goddard ( the Steubenville blogger ) , Leslie Salzillo , Kimberley A. Johnson and Tanya Tatum ; XoJane writers and editors Jane Pratt , Mandy Stadtmiller , Alison Freer , Marci Robin and Julia Allison ; actors Yuri Lowenthal , Pia Glenn and Sharon Gardner ; celebrity artist Tormented Sugar ; writers Herman Williams , III , Pat Bertram , Michele Rolle and Toni Morrison ; executive director of the Military Rape Crisis Center , Panayiota Bertzikis ; and celebrity relationship experts Dr. Gilda Carle and Dr. Sheri Meyers . The campaign was co-founded by UniteWomen.org executive committee members Renee Davis , Karen Teegarden , Shannon Fisher and Sarah Warfield Chamberlin . The team also partnered with Rape , Abuse & Incest National Network for a national RAINN Day campaign to raise awareness of sexual assault on college campuses .

neg: Major General John A. Logan Major General John A. Logan , also known as the General John A. Logan Monument and Logan Circle Monument , is an equestrian statue in Washington , D.C. that honors politician and Civil War general John A. Logan . The monument is sited in the center of Logan Circle , a traffic circle and public park in the Logan Circle neighborhood . The statue was sculpted by artist Franklin Simmons , whose other prominent works include the Peace Monument and statues in the National Statuary Hall Collection . The architect of the statue base was Richard Morris Hunt , designer of prominent buildings including the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City and The Breakers in Newport , Rhode Island . Prominent attendees at the dedication ceremony in 1901 included President William McKinley , members of his cabinet , Senator Chauncey Depew , Senator Shelby Moore Cullom , and General Grenville M. Dodge .   The sculpture is one of eighteen Civil War monuments in Washington , D.C. , which were collectively listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 . The bronze sculpture rests on a bronze and granite base adorned with two reliefs depicting historically inaccurate moments in Logan 's life . The monument and surrounding park are owned and maintained by the National Park Service , a federal agency of the Interior Department .

neg: Jefferson Memorial The Jefferson Memorial is a presidential memorial in Washington , D.C. , dedicated to Thomas Jefferson ( 1743 -- 1826 ) , one of the most important of the American Founding Fathers as the main drafter and writer of the Declaration of Independence , member of the Continental Congress , governor of the newly independent Commonwealth of Virginia , American minister to King Louis XVI and the Kingdom of France , first U.S. Secretary of State under the first President George Washington , the second Vice President of the United States under second President John Adams , and also the third President ( 1801 -- 1809 ) , as well as being the founder of the University of Virginia at Charlottesville , Virginia .   The neoclassical Memorial building on the Tidal Basin off the Washington Channel of the Potomac River was designed by the architect John Russell Pope and built by the Philadelphia contractor John McShain . Construction of the building began in 1939 and was completed in 1943 . The bronze statue of Jefferson was added in 1947 .   The Jefferson Memorial is managed by the National Park Service of the United States Department of the Interior under its National Mall and Memorial Parks division . In 2007 , it was ranked fourth on the `` List of America 's Favorite Architecture '' by the American Institute of Architects .

neg: Saint John Paul II National Shrine The Saint John Paul II National Shrine is a national shrine in Washington , D.C. , sponsored by the Knights of Columbus . It is a place of prayer for Catholics and welcomes people of all faiths . It houses a permanent exhibit called `` A Gift of Love : the Life of Saint John Paul II '' and hosts temporary exhibits relating to the history of the Catholic Church in North America . It has a Chapel with daily services .   The 130000 sqft building is built on 12 acres ( 4.9 ha ) adjacent to The Catholic University of America and the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in the Brookland neighborhood of Northeast Washington .

neg: Annapolis Convention (1786) The Annapolis Convention , formally titled as a Meeting of Commissioners to Remedy Defects of the Federal Government was a national political convention held September 11 -- 14 , 1786 at Mann 's Tavern in Annapolis , Maryland , in which twelve delegates from five states -- New Jersey , New York , Pennsylvania , Delaware , and Virginia -- gathered to discuss and develop a consensus about reversing the protectionist trade barriers that each state had erected . At the time , under the Articles of Confederation , each state was largely independent from the others and the national government had no authority to regulate trade between and among the states . Additionally , New Hampshire , Massachusetts , Rhode Island , and North Carolina had appointed commissioners who failed to arrive in Annapolis in time to attend the meeting , while Connecticut , Maryland , South Carolina , and Georgia had taken no action at all .   The final report of the convention , adopted unanimously , was sent to the Congress and to the states . It sought support for a broader constitutional convention to be held the following May in Philadelphia . It expressed the hope that more states would be represented and that their delegates or deputies would be authorized to examine areas broader than simply commercial trade .   Because of the few representatives in attendance , their authority was limited . It is unclear how much weight the convention 's call carried , but the urgency of the need for constitutional reform was highlighted by a number of rebellions that took place all over the country . While most of them were easily suppressed , Shays ' Rebellion lasted from August 1786 until February 1787 . The rebellion called attention to both popular discontent and government weakness .   The direct result of the Annapolis Convention report and the ensuing events was the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 , during which the United States Constitution was drafted .

neg: Religious qualifications for public office in the United States Religious qualifications for public office in the United States have always been prohibited at the national level of the federal system of government under the Constitution . Article VI of the Constitution of the United States declares that `` no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States '' . The First Amendment of the Constitution also prevents the Congress of the United States from making any law `` respecting an establishment of religion '' ( the Establishment Clause ) .   Neither the First Amendment nor Article VI , however , were originally applied to the individual states , and individual restrictions were utilized by individual states to prevent Jews , Catholics , and atheists from occupying public offices . State-level requirements for public office were not entirely abolished until 1961 , when the Supreme Court of the United States struck down religious qualifications for all public officeholders in its decision in Torcaso v. Watkins , a case concerning an atheist 's right to serve as a notary public under a Maryland law requiring public officials to declare they believed in God . However , eight states still have language in their constitutions that requires such qualifications .