query: Jean-Claude Van Damme was born on October 30, 1960.

pos: Jean-Claude Van Damme Jean-Claude Camille François Van Varenberg ( born 18 October 1960 ) , professionally known as Jean-Claude Van Damme and abbreviated as JCVD , is a Belgian actor , martial artist , screenwriter , film producer , and director best known for his martial arts action films . The most successful of these films include Bloodsport ( 1988 ) , Kickboxer ( 1989 ) , Lionheart ( 1990 ) , Double Impact ( 1991 ) , Universal Soldier ( 1992 ) , Hard Target ( 1993 ) , Street Fighter ( 1994 ) , Timecop ( 1994 ) , Sudden Death ( 1995 ) , JCVD ( 2008 ) and The Expendables 2 ( 2012 ) .

neg: The Gigolo (1960 film) The Gigolo ( Le gigolo ) is a 1960 French romantic drama film written and directed by Jacques Deray . It is loosely based on the novel Le Gigolo written by Jacques Robert .

neg: Ivorian presidential election, 2010 A presidential election was held in two rounds in Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) . The first round was held on 31 October 2010 and a second round , in which President Laurent Gbagbo faced opposition leader Alassane Ouattara , was held on 28 November 2010 . Originally scheduled to be held in 2005 , the vote was delayed several times due to the Ivorian Civil War and difficulties involved in the organization and preparation of the election . A peace agreement between the government and the former rebel New Forces was signed on 4 March 2007 , and in late April 2009 , it was announced that the election would be held by 6 December 2009 , and that the date would be announced shortly . On 15 May 2009 , the date was announced to be 29 November 2009 .  On 11 November , the election was postponed again due to delays in the electoral roll . It was announced on 3 December 2009 to be held in late February or early March 2010 .   The election , in which ethnicity and the country 's north-south divide played a crucial role , ultimately pitted President Gbagbo , who had a strong support base in the south , against the long-time opposition leader and former Prime Minister Ouattara , who had overwhelming support in much of the north . The events leading up to the second round and following it were characterized by serious tension and some incidents of violence , and the preliminary report of the Carter Center `` cautions against a rush to judgment regarding the overall credibility of the election '' , but most observers considered that the overall result was not compromised , and that the election was essentially free and fair . On 2 December 2010 , the Independent Electoral Commission ( IEC ) released provisional results showing that Ouattara had won the election in the second round with 54 % of the vote . However the President of the Constitutional Council immediately declared that the results were invalid and the next day , in accordance with article 94 of the Constitution , the Constitutional Council declared Gbagbo the winner . Both Gbagbo and Ouattara claimed victory and took the presidential oath of office . The ensuing events led to the 2010 -- 2011 Ivorian crisis .   The international community , including the United Nations , the African Union , the Economic Community of West African States ( ECOWAS ) , the European Union , the United States , and former colonial power France have affirmed their support for Ouattara , who is `` almost universally acknowledged to have defeated -LSB- Gbagbo -RSB- at the ballot box , '' and have called for Gbagbo to step down , despite the fact that the body charged by the Constitution with determining electoral disputes had declared Gbagbo to be the winner . On 18 December , Gbagbo ordered all UN peacekeepers to leave the country . However , the UN has refused , and the Security Council has extended the mandate of the UN Mission in Ivory Coast until 30 June 2011 . International powers have been in talks to enlarge the UN force in the Ivory Coast . The World Bank has halted loans to the country and travel restrictions have been placed on Gbagbo and his political allies . The rising political tensions resulted in a sharp jump in cocoa prices , up to an increase of 10 percent . The Ivory Coast is the world 's largest producer of the crop .   After fighting the Second Ivorian Civil War , Gbagbo was forcefully removed from office and Ouattara took office as the undisputed president on April 11 , 2012 . Afterward , Gbagbo was indicted and arrested by the International Criminal Court .

neg: Alexandre Debanne Alexandre Debanne ( born April 8 , 1960 ) is a French television presenter .

neg: Bâtiment des Forces motrices The Bâtiment des Forces motrices ( BFM ) , French for `` Power plant building '' , is the power house of a former hydro power plant and waterworks in Geneva called Usine des Forces Motrices , later Usine des Forces Motrices de la Coulouvrenière .   The structure is positioned near the point where the River Rhône flows out of Lake Geneva towards Lyon . It was created between 1883 and 1892 ( and subjected to subsequent improvements ) to exploit the flow of the river to provide water pressure to feed the city 's water supply and a hydraulic power network . Furthermore , the weir of the structure was designed to regulate the level of the lake . The structure lost its original function as a power source in 1963 , but it nevertheless continued to house pumping equipment to service Geneva 's drinking water supply till 1988 . The weir of the power plant was used some more years till it was taken over by the Barrage du Seujet ( Seujet barrage ) in 1995 , which is located approximately fifty meters downstream from the BFM . Towards the end of the twentieth century the BFM was converted into an entertainment venue , reopening in 1997 as an opera house / concert hall designed by the architect Bernard Picenni in association with the acoustician Peutz and the scenographer dUCKS scéno .   At the time when the project was defined as a `` power plant '' there was no automatic correlation between a `` power plant '' and a public electricity supply . The idea in 1882 was to feed power in the form of pressurized water to local manufacturing businesses , who could use it to operate their own powered machinery , which might indeed include generators . Another objective involved using the pumped water to feed the reservoirs of the public drinking water supply . However , in 1887 electricity generation started in a building nearby the BFM , where generators were driven by pressurized water supplied from the BFM . The hydraulic power network needed a pressure valve to avoid the damage from excessive pressure within the network which was located beside the BFM and which was the precursor to Geneva 's Jet d'Eau ( fountain ) .

neg: Dumè Dominique Mattei ( born in 1981 in Marseille , France ) better known by the stage name Dumè is a French singer , composer and actor .

neg: Documenteur Documenteur also known as Documenteur : An Emotion Picture is a French-American feature film by French director Agnès Varda . The film debuted at the 1981 Toronto International Film Festival .   The film stars Sabine Mamou as a single mother and Varda 's son Mathieu Demy as her son .   Though the film stands on its own it was made as a companion piece to the documentary Murs Murs in which Varda filmed mural art around L.A. and interviewed the artists who had made the pieces . Many of the murals filmed in Murs Murs appears in Documenteur and the film even opens with the same image as Murs Murs ended on .

neg: De Grootste Belg De Grootste Belg ( The Greatest Belgian ) was a 2005 vote conducted by Belgian public TV broadcaster Canvas , public radio broadcaster Radio 1 , and newspaper De Standaard , to determine who is the Greatest Belgian of all time . It could be considered as a Flemish list , considering that French-speaking community broadcast RTBF also held a vote , Le plus grand Belge .  Nominees needed to have lived between 50 BC and now , between the borders of present-day Belgium . This is because Belgium only gained its independence in 1830 , while numerous historical individuals from , for example , the Spanish Netherlands , are considered to be `` Belgians '' .   An initial list of 111 names ( 100 decided by a panel , 11 added by the public after a preliminary poll ) was set online . People could vote for their favourites to reduce the longlist to a shortlist of ten . After the first television show , the final list of ten nominees was announced . Two of them , Ambiorix and Hendrik Conscience , came out of the 11 names chosen by the public instead of the 100 chosen by the panel . The ten finalists were each presented on Canvas with a documentary , their nomination defended by famous Flemish people .   On 1 December 2005 , Pater Damiaan was announced as the winner of the `` De Grootste Belg '' poll , beating Paul Janssen and Eddy Merckx .

neg: Felicity Montagu Felicity J. Montagu ( born 12 September 1960 ) is an English actress .

neg: Claude Chalhoub Claude Chalhoub ( -LSB- ) born in Qaa , Lebanon in 1974 , from a Christian musical family of 11 children , attended the Lebanese Conservatoire before entering the Royal College of Music in London as winner of the prestigious Queen Elizabeth Scholarship award .   He is fluent in Classical Western music and Arabic improvisation , and was concertmaster for Daniel Barenboim 's ` West-Eastern Divan Orchestra ' ( 1999 - 2002 ) . Furthermore , he was invited by Yo-Yo Ma to Tanglewood/USA to support him in his Silk Road Project .   His debut release on Teldec Classics International called Claude Chalhoub is the result of an exclusive recording contract with Canadian producer Michael Brook . The compositions consist of western classical elements being blended into a more Indian/Arabic flavor , with the addition of ethnic percussion and electronic effects . Claude Chalhoub plays on a Stradivarius from the Stradivari Society also featuring vocals from Farrukh Fateh Ali Khan .  His second album Diwan exclusively in the sphere of classical music was produced by Herzog Records in collaboration with the Gewandhausorchester of Leipzig , Germany . The album offers original compositions for violin solo and orchestra with baroque & oriental sound images .  In 2015 , he produced the DVD Marionettes Dance , directed by Boris Penth in collaboration with the University of Music & Performing Arts of Vienna , Austria .   As a violinist Claude Chalhoub has performed the classical repertoire for violin as well as his own music world-wide and with the most renowned orchestra 's and magnificent musicians , including the Symphony Orchestra 's of London , Halle and Holland , Michael Brook , Farrukh Fateh Ali Khan , Tobias Koch , Calefax Reed Quintet , The Edmond Chamber Players to name a few .  His repertoire includes Beethoven , Mozart , Khachaturian , Brahms , Bruch Violin Concerto , Korngold Violin Concerto , his own arrangement of Mendelson Violin Concerto in E . An example of his international versatility was a collaboration with the Holland Symfonia and the Dutch National Ballet who played & danced to his music at the Concertgebouw in Amsterdam .   As a composer , he is well known to the film as well . His compositions are used in ` America Undercover , Persona non grata -- Oliver Stone ( 2003 ) ' , ` Yes -- Sally Potter ( 2004 ) ' or ` Into the Wild -- Sean Penn ( 2007 ) ` , he was commissioned by ` Koran by heart -- Greg Barker ( 2011 ) ` and playing the solos in ` India : Kingdom of the Tiger -- Bruce Neibaur ( 2002 ) , ` Caramel -- Nadine Labaki ( 2007 ) ` and ` Where do we go now -- Nadine Labaki ( 2011 ) ' .   In 2012 , he composed and arranged the latest of Majida El Roumi 's albums ` Ghazal ' .   After many years in Beirut working among others as Dean of the chamber music department at the Lebanese National Higher Conservatory of Music he now lives in Vienna , Austria .   A film biography on Chalhoub 's life and career called ` Singing on the Violin ' by German director Boris Penth ( 2007 ) has been broadcast internationally , among others on TV channels WDR , 3Sat , Bayerischer Rundfunk , ABC1 , Arte , Euro arts , www.medici.tv , etc. .

neg: Jean Monnet Jean Omer Marie Gabriel Monnet ( -LSB- ʒɑ̃ mɔnɛ -RSB- ; 9 November 1888 -- 16 March 1979 ) was a French political economist and diplomat . An influential supporter of European unity , he is considered as one of the founding fathers of the European Union . Jean Monnet has been called `` The Father of Europe '' by those who see his innovative and pioneering efforts in the 1950s as the key to establishing the European Coal and Steel Community , the predecessor of today 's European Union . Never elected to public office , Monnet worked behind the scenes of American and European governments as a well-connected pragmatic internationalist . He was named patron of the 1980 -- 1981 academic year at the College of Europe , in honour of his accomplishments .

neg: Jean Bizet Jean Bizet ( born 30 August 1947 in Le Teilleul ) is a member of the Senate of France , representing the Manche department . He is a member of the Union for a Popular Movement . Since March 2010 , he is the chairman of the European Affairs Committee .

neg: The Dam Short Film Festival The Dam Short Film Festival is a film festival held annually in Boulder City , Nevada , typically in early February . Lee Lanier and Anita Lanier are the original co-founders of the festival . The festival is organized by the Dam Short Film Society , a non-profit 501 ( c ) 3 Nevada corporation . Past festival sponsors have included The Art Institutes , the Nevada Film Office , the Hacienda Hotel and Casino , and Cirque du Soleil . The Society receives annual grants from the National Endowment for the Arts via the Nevada Arts Council .   Started in 2005 , the Dam Short Film Festival only screens films that run between 1 and 40 minutes . Generally , there are between 100 and 140 short films programmed each year . Although most of the festival shorts are submitted by student , independent , and other `` up-and-coming '' filmmakers , the stiff competition means many of the shorts have been produced involving film professionals . These have included Oscar-winner Louis Gossett Jr. in `` Window , '' Oscar-winner , Tom Hanks , William Shatner , and Michael York in `` Why Shakespeare ? '' , the late Bela Lugosi narrating an animation based on the Edgar Allan Poe classic `` The Tell-Tale Heart '' , Francesco Quinn in `` The Gnostic '' , and Robert Wagner and Lori Singer in `` Little Victim '' The short films are arranged into thematic programs , such as international drama , crime drama , dramedy , science-fiction , horror , comedy , avant-garde , underground , and animation . In addition to the regular screenings , the festival presents special showcases and retrospectives ; for example , the 2009 event featured a showcase dedicated to documentary filmmaker Jay Rosenblatt while 2008 included a program dedicated to animator Jim Blashfield The festival also presents parties , mixers , filmmaker panels , and Q&A sessions with attending filmmakers .   In 2008 , the Festival moved to the historic 400-seat Boulder Theatre . The Theatre was built in 1931 and is currently owned by Desi Arnaz Jr. and his wife Amy . 2014 marked the 10th anniversary of the festival . At present , Lee Lanier serves as the Dam Short Film Society 's executive director while John LaBonney serves as festival director . The Society has a working board of directors that varies from 4 to 6 members .

neg: Paul Van Dam Paul R. Van Dam ( born October 15 , 1937 ) is an American politician and attorney in the state of Utah . He served as Attorney General of Utah from 1989 to 1993 , as a Democrat . He attended the University of Utah and is a former Salt Lake County district attorney .

neg: Willy Voet Willy Voet ( born July 4 , 1945 ) is a Belgian sports physiotherapist . He is most widely known for his involvement in the Festina affair in the 1998 Tour de France ( often dubbed the `` Tour of Shame '' ) .   Voet was born into a working-class family , with a father who worked as a train driver and who had been a semi-professional footballer and a mother who was an upholsterer . Voet started racing bicycles at the age of 15 and enjoyed some success as a junior , winning around 20 races in total , and scoring a win against Herman Van Springel . Voet 's first encounter with drugs was at the age of 18 when a friend and club team-mate persuaded him to take amphetamines for a race . He continued racing as an amateur until the age of 23 , and returned to cycling as a soigneur six years later . After initially freelancing , he obtained his first contract as a soigneur with the Flandria team . Through his work as a soigneur Voet came to learn about the range of drugs used by riders and the techniques used to evade drug testing . Voet worked for a number of other teams , including Marc Zeep Centrale , Daf-Trucks and RMO , before joining Festina in 1993 .   On 8 July 1998 , Voet was stopped by French Customs agents as he tried to cross the French-Belgian border close to Neuville-en-Ferrain , near Lille in northern France . In his Festina team car , the agents found large quantities of syringes and controlled substances including narcotics , erythropoietin ( EPO ) , growth hormones , testosterone and amphetamines . He was arrested and the Festina cycling team was suspended from the race . Further investigation led to the suspension , arrest and prosecution of numerous Festina and TVM team riders and staff .  In 2000 , Voet went on trial . He was convicted , given a 10-month suspended sentence and ( the equivalent of ) a US$ 4,200 fine .   Voet 's book Prikken en slikken ( translated as `` Breaking The Chain '' ) was released in 1999 . In it , he claims to have revealed all that he knew regarding doping practices in the cycling world . The book also includes photographs of the written doping records he used to keep track of the different performance-enhancing drugs and dosages he had given to each of the team 's cyclists . Those records were used in court as evidence during the trials of the Festina affair .  Voet says he worked with the Festina team doctor , Eric Rijkaert , whose opinion was that drug-taking could not be eliminated from cycling and that it would be better therefore to see that doping happened with medical supervision . Rykaert died soon after the Festina trial and Voet left the sport to become a bus driver . He has been declared persona non grata by the Tour de France management and been asked to stay away from the race even as a private individual . He does maintain contact with cycling , however , and sometimes appears at seminars aimed at a greater understanding and greater restriction of drug-taking in cycling .   In 2002 Union Cycliste Internationale ( then led by Hein Verbruggen ) sued Voet over specific claims in his book . In 2004 the UCI won the case , and in 2006 won the appeal . Voet had made various claims about UCI and Verbruggen 's behavior related to the Laurent Brochard Lidocaine case at the 1997 UCI Road World Championships .

neg: Histoire(s) du cinéma Histoire ( s ) du cinéma ( -LSB- is.twaʁ dy si.ne.ma -RSB- ) is an 8-part video project begun by Jean-Luc Godard in the late 1980s and completed in 1998 . The longest , at 266 minutes , and one of the most complex of Godard 's films , Histoire ( s ) du cinéma is an examination of the history of the concept of cinema and how it relates to the 20th century ; in this sense , it can also be considered a critique of the 20th century and how it perceives itself . The project is considered by many the most important work of the late period of Godard 's career .   Histoire ( s ) du cinéma is always referred to by its French title , because of the word play it implies : histoire means both `` history '' and `` story , '' and the s in parentheses gives the possibility of a plural . Therefore , the phrase Histoire ( s ) du cinéma simultaneously means The History of Cinema , Histories of Cinema , The Story of Cinema and Stories of Cinema . Similar double or triple meanings , as well as puns , are a recurring motif throughout Histoire ( s ) and much of Godard 's work .   The film was screened out of competition at the 1988 Cannes Film Festival . Nine years later , it was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1997 Festival .   The soundtrack was released as a 5-CD boxed set on the ECM record label .

neg: Mytheme In structuralism-influenced studies of mythology , a mytheme is a fundamental generic unit of narrative structure ( typically involving a relationship between a character , an event , and a theme ) from which myths are thought to be constructed - a minimal unit that is always found shared with other , related mythemes and reassembled in various ways ( `` bundled '' ) or linked in more complicated relationships . For example , the myths of Adonis and Osiris share several elements , leading some scholars to conclude that they share a source , i.e. images passed down in cultures or from one to another , being ascribed new interpretations of the action depicted , as well as new names in various readings of icons . Claude Lévi-Strauss ( 1908-2009 ) , who gave the term wide circulation , wrote , `` If one wants to establish a parallel between structural linguistics and the structural analysis of myths , the correspondence is established , not between mytheme and word but between mytheme and phoneme . ''   The structuralist analyzer of folk tales , Vladimir Propp , treated the individual tale as the unit of analysis . The unitary mytheme , by contrast , is the equivalent in myth of the phonemes , morphemes , and sememes into which structural linguistics divides language , the smallest possible units of sound , structure , and meaning ( respectively ) within a language system .   In the 1950s Claude Lévi-Strauss first adapted this technique of language analysis to analytic myth criticism . In his work on the myth systems of primitive tribes , working from the analogy of language structure , he adopted the French term mythème , with the assertion that the system of meaning within mythic utterances parallels closely that of a language system . Roman Jakobson varies this idea , treating mythemes as concepts or phonemes which have no significance in themselves but whose significance might be shown by sociological analysis .   Philosophers such as Daniel Dennett have also used the term `` mytheme '' .   Lev Manovich uses the terms seme and mytheme in his book , The Language of New Media , to describe aspects of culture that computer images enter into dialog with .

neg: The Truth (1960 film) The Truth ( La Vérité ) is a 1960 French film directed by Henri-Georges Clouzot and starring Brigitte Bardot . The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film .

neg: Mark Demesmaeker Mark Demesmaeker ( -LSB- mɑrk dəˈmɛsmakər -RSB- ; born 12 September 1958 in Halle , Flemish Brabant ) is a Belgian politician affiliated to the New Flemish Alliance ( N-VA ) .   He was elected as a member of the Flemish Parliament in 2004 and reelected in 2009 . In 2013 , Demesmaeker left the Flemish Parliament to replace Frieda Brepoels ( who became mayor of Bilzen ) as member of the European Parliament . He was directly elected in 2014 to keep this position .   In 2006 , he was elected to the City Council of Halle and became alderman . In 2012 , he was reelected with the most preference votes , but a coalition was formed without his party .   Previously he had been a teacher as well as a television presenter for VRT and vtm .   Member of the European Parliament   Following the resignation of Frieda Brepoels , who was elected to the post of mayor in Bilzen , Mark Demesmaeker joined the European Parliament as N-VA MEP in February 2013 . He was replaced in the Flemish Parliament by Piet De Bruyn . From February 2013 until May 2014 , he sat with the Group of the Greens and the European Free Alliance ( a group made up of ecologists and moderate regionalist and independentist parties with a centrist or liberal outlook ) .   In the European elections of 2014 , Demesmaeker was re-elected with a resounding majority with 125 000 preferential votes . The N-VA received the greatest share of votes across the Flanders region and was able to send 4 MEPs to the European Parliament , the single largest amount of MEPs ever sent by one party in Flanders to the European Parliament . In June the party moved to the European Conservatives and Reformists group , where Demesmaeker is head of the N-VA delegation .   In the European Parliament Demesmaeker is a full member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs and a substitute member of the Committee on the Environment , Public Health and Food Safety , where he focuses on biodiversity ( rapporteur ) and circular economy ( ECR shadow rapporteur ) . He also sits on the subcommittee on Human Rights , where he is the coordinator for the ECR group .   Human Rights and Self-Determination   Mark Demesmaeker is an ardent defender of universal human rights and of the basic principles of democratic government and self-determination . In the European Parliament he strives to give a voice not only to Flanders , but also to democratic regionalists and nationalists from Scotland , Catalonia , the Basque Country and elsewhere across Europe .   In general terms , he lends his support to the drive to obtain greater self-determination and to gain recognition the historic languages , identity and cultural specificity of minority groups and small nations . He has a long-standing interest in Ireland and Irish affairs and since his arrival in the Parliament , Demesmaeker has been particularly involved with the Basque Friendship Group , an informal group of MEPs that has been working towards a peaceful resolution of conflict in the Basque Country for several years now .   Ukraine-Russia Relations   The other major concern pursued by Demesmaeker since arriving in the European Parliament has been his support for a peaceful resolution to the Ukrainian-Russian conflict . In addition to his responsibilities on the Foreign Affairs Committee , Demesmaker is the vice-president of the informal group ` Friends of European Ukraine ' .   Present in Kiev during the Maidan Square demonstrations , he responded immediately to the protests resulting from President Yanukovitch 's cancellation of the signing of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU . He has since followed events in Ukraine closely , travelling several times to witness events on the ground .   Since the outbreak of the outright hostilities between Ukraine and Russian backed separatists , he has visited the front-line twice , visits that have been widely reported across the  international media . Predictably , his reports alongside his unwavering support for the Ukrainian people have not been viewed favourably by the Kremlin . On 28 May 2015 , Mark  Demesmaeker was placed on President Putin 's black list of `` undesirables '' on Russian territory , rendering travel to Russia impossible under the present regime . Sometime later , by the Decree of 21 of August 2015 , Demesmaeker was decorated with the `` Order of Merit ' by the President of Ukraine , Petro Poroshenko , for the personal contribution he has made , and continues to make , to supporting Ukraine on its path to reform . This contribution includes his unwavering denunciation of Russian aggression as well as the central role he has played in strengthening dialogue between Ukraine and the EU .

neg: Until Death Until Death is a 2007 American action film directed by Simon Fellows , and starring Jean-Claude Van Damme and Gary Beadle . The film was released on direct-to-DVD in the United States on April 24 , 2007 . Jean-Claude Van Damme plays Anthony Stowe , a dirty police detective hooked on heroin whom everybody hates . After being shot in a gunfight he falls into a coma . Months later he recovers and decides to use his second chance at life .

neg: Jim van Os Jim van Os ( born 1960 ) is a Dutch professor of psychiatry and epidemiology .


query: Selena Gomez's album is called Revival.

pos: Selena Gomez Selena Marie Gomez ( -LSB- səˈliːnə_məˈɹiː_ˈɡoʊmɛz -RSB- ; -LSB- seˈlena ˈɣomes -RSB- ; born July 22 , 1992 ) is an American actress and singer . Having appeared in the children 's television series Barney & Friends while growing up , she rose to fame playing the role of Alex Russo on the Disney Channel series Wizards of Waverly Place ( 2007 -- 2012 ) .   In 2008 , she signed a recording contract with Hollywood Records and formed her band Selena Gomez & the Scene . The band released three studio albums and produced four top 30 singles by 2011 . Gomez also formed her own production company in 2008 , July Moon Productions ; she serves as an executive producer on the Netflix original series 13 Reasons Why , which released in March 2017 .   Between 2009 and 2011 , Gomez starred in films such as Princess Protection Program , Ramona and Beezus , and Monte Carlo , and took on a more mature role in Spring Breakers ( 2013 ) . Gomez also took her singing career in a different direction , with the release of her first solo album Stars Dance ( 2013 ) ; the album debuted atop the Billboard 200 in the United States and included the top ten single `` Come & Get It . '' Gomez released a compilation album in 2014 as her fifth and final release through Hollywood Records , which was preceded by her second top ten single `` The Heart Wants What It Wants '' , and signed a new recording contract with Interscope Records .   In 2015 , she released her second solo album , Revival , which debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 , while the first three singles , `` Good for You , '' `` Same Old Love , '' and `` Hands to Myself , '' all topped the Mainstream Top 40 chart in the United States . Gomez has also starred in the films The Fundamentals of Caring ( 2016 ) , In Dubious Battle ( 2016 ) , and in the Hotel Transylvania films .   Since the start of her singing career , she has gone on to sell over 7 million albums and 22 million singles worldwide , according to Billboard . Gomez has earned a number of awards and nominations for her work as an actress and singer , and has won a Billboard Women in Music award , an MTV Video Music Award , an American Music Award , and fifteen Teen Choice Awards . As of November 2016 , Gomez is the most-followed Instagram user in the world .

neg: El Reencuentro El Reencuentro was the name that six ex-members of musical group Menudo used for their comeback concert remembering Menudo 's golden era . Ricky Melendez , Rene Farrait , Miguel Cancel , Johnny Lozada , Ray Reyes and Charlie Masso re-joined to celebrate the 15th anniversary of their success in Latin America , North America , Spain and several other countries in the world . They started in 1998 as an experimental project and they had an unexpected success that continued until 2000 through North and Latin America .   On August 25 , 2015 , El Reencuentro announced that they would no longer be performing as a group .   The group could not use the name Menudo because Edgardo Diaz threatened to take legal action if they did .   During 2015 , four of the members of El Reencuentro went back on tour , this time under the name Menudomania Forever . These included Masso , Farrait , Reyes and Cancel . They were joined from 13 other Menudo from different eras , including Robert Avellanet , Jonathan Montenegro and Rawy Torres .

neg: Selena Gomez & the Scene: Live in Concert The Selena Gomez & the Scene : Live in Concert was the debut concert tour by American pop band Selena Gomez & the Scene . Beginning in the fall of 2009 , the trek supported the band 's first studio album , Kiss & Tell . The tour primarily reached the United States and England .

neg: Sasha, Benny y Erik Sasha , Benny y Erik are a pop band from Mexico . The group was formed by 3 former members of the Mexican pop group Timbiriche , consisting of Sasha Sokol , Benny Ibarra and Erik Rubin who are close friends in real life . With much anticipation by their fans , Sasha , Benny and Erik released the live album Primera Fila : Sasha Benny Erik . The project has enjoyed much success with a national tour that started in late 2012 and has continued through much of 2014 . The album has been certified triple platinum + gold in Mexico for sales exceeding 210,000 copies . Originally , the band performed 2 concerts at the National Auditorium in Mexico City in April 2013 , but due to demand , they did two more concerts at the venue in September of that same year . In 2013 , they released En Vivo desde el Auditorio Nacional , which went gold a few days after its release . At the end of 2013 , the album Primera Fila : Sasha Benny Erik was officially recognized by AMPROFON as the second best-selling album in Mexico that year ( after the album `` Confidencias '' by Alejandro Fernandez ) . In late 2014 , Sasha , Benny y Erik will release their first studio album `` Vuelta al Sol '' and release `` Esta Noche '' as their first single . Next singles were `` Todo tiene su lugar '' , `` Japi '' and `` Punto de partida '' . In 2015 , they performed at National Auditorium twice ( two concerts in May and other two in November ) . In early 2016 , they will release a new live album with new songs and hits , performed with several guests . First single `` Lo Siento '' featuring Pepe Aguilar , was released on February 19 in iTunes . In May , `` Entre Amigos '' was released and the band announced the end of the project in December . The album was certified as Gold some weeks later and they startred a farewell tour , which final performance will be on December 31 .

neg: Ricky Vela Ricardo `` Ricky '' Vela is an American award-winning songwriter and keyboardist for the band Selena y Los Dinos .

neg: Silencio=Muerte: Red Hot + Latin Silencio = Muerte : Red Hot + Latin , The tenth entry in the Red Hot Benefit Series of compilation albums , takes a post-modern look at the contemporary rock en Español scene . This compilation features music from Spanish , Pan-American , as well non-Latin/Anglo-American acts that have either transformed the sounds and images of Latin music or have been influenced by the same .   As with other entries in the series , this project tailors its AIDS-awareness message to a specific target . Here , the focus is on the rapidly expanding epidemic of AIDS in Latin America .   Upon its release in 1997 , Silencio = Muerte peaked at # 14 and # 48 on Billboard '' 's Latin pop and Top Latin Albums , respectively .   The album was re-issued by Nacional Records in 2006 as Red Hot + Latin Redux '' , including new bonus tracks .

neg: El Indomable El Indomable is an album by Cristian Castro . It was his first ranchera and mariachi crossover attempt . It is produced by Pedro Ramírez and Vicente Fernández . The first single from the album is José Alfredo Jiménez 's `` Tu Retirada '' . As of July 11 , 2007 , the album has sold 12,868 copies in the US . El Indomable was nominated at The Latin Grammy Awards of 2007 for Regional Mexican Album of the Year .

neg: Regeneration (Superchick album) Regeneration is Christian rock band Superchick 's first remix album . It was released on October 21 , 2003 . `` Me Against the World '' , featured on the soundtrack for Legally Blonde 2 , is the only non-remix song on the record . `` One Girl Revolution ( Battle Mix ) '' also appeared on Beauty From Pain 1.1 .

neg: Revival (Bellowhead album) Revival is the fifth studio album by Bellowhead . It was announced at their 10th anniversary concerts in Manchester and London .   The album consists mainly of traditional folk songs and sea shanties . Unusually for the band , the album includes a cover : `` I Want to See the Bright Lights Tonight '' ( Richard and Linda Thompson ) .

neg: Eiza González discography Eiza González 's career as a recording artist began in 2007 with the release of the soundtrack for Lola , érase una vez . The soundtrack earned platinum certification in Mexico for sales of more than 100,000 units . Following the success of her telenovela , Eiza recorded and released her debut album , Contracorriente in Mexico in November 2009 . The album peaked on the Mexican charts at number 13 ; it was released in the US in January 2010 where it peaked at number 25 . In addition to working on telenovela soundtracks , Eiza has also participated in various productions for films and television shows . Eiza González 's discography consists of two studio albums as a solo artist , two telenovela soundtracks , one EP , three singles , and six music videos .

neg: De Película (Gloria Trevi album) De Película is the ninth studio album by Mexican singer Gloria Trevi . It was released on 24 September 2013 through Universal Music Group . The album produced five singles , two of which were used in Trevi 's 2012 telenovela Libre Para Amarte .

neg: List of best-selling albums in Spain This is a list of the best-selling albums in Spain that have been certified by the Productores de Música de España ( PROMUSICAE ) . PROMUSICAE is in charge of certifying records in Spain . Until October 2005 , the certification levels for albums in Spain were 50,000 for Gold and 100,000 for Platinum . The current levels , however , are 20,000 for Gold and 40,000 for Platinum .   Of the 20 best selling albums in Spain , Spanish artists dominate the list with fourteen entries . Two Italian artists and one artist each from the United Kingdom , United States , Cuba and Mexico complete the list . Three acts - Alejandro Sanz , Mecano , and David Bisbal - appear more than once in the list .   Alejandro Sanz tops the list with `` Más '' , selling around 2.2 million copies in the country and being certified 22 times . The best-selling non-Spanish language album in Spain is Spice by Spice Girls , which sold 1 million copies .

neg: Shower (song) `` Shower '' is a song by American singer Becky G from her upcoming English studio album . It was released on April 23 , 2014 by Kemosabe Records and RCA Records as the lead single from the record . The song was written by Gomez , Dr. Luke , Cirkut , and Rock City and it was produced by Dr. Luke and Cirkut . It is Gomez 's first top 20 hit in the United States . The official remix features American rapper Tyga .

neg: The Heart Wants What It Wants `` The Heart Wants What It Wants '' is a song by American singer Selena Gomez from her 2014 compilation album For You . It was released on November 6 , 2014 , through Hollywood Records . The song was written by Gomez , Antonina Armato and Tim James . Additional songwriting was provided by David Jost . Armato and James , who collectively form the production duo Rock Mafia , also produced the song . A mid-tempo pop and R&B track with a minimal electropop beat , its accompanying music video was premiered on November 6 , 2014 , alongside the premiere of the song itself . It is Gomez 's last release under the label .   Music critics mostly commended the song 's lyrical content , production , vocals , and Gomez 's new direction . The song reached number six on the Billboard Hot 100 . It also reached number six in Canada , and peaked in the top 40 in sixteen countries , including Australia , Belgium , New Zealand , and the United Kingdom .

neg: Luna (Ana Gabriel album) Luna ( English Moon ) is the 9th studio album by Mexican pop singer Ana Gabriel . It was released on November 9 , 1993 . This material was produced by herself .

neg: Mexican pop music Mexican pop is a music genre produced in Mexico , particularly intended for teenagers and young adults .   Mexico is the country that exports the most entertainment in Spanish language . Mexican pop was limited to Latin America until the mid-1990s , when an interest towards this type of music increased after Luis Miguel 's , Lynda Thomas ' , Selena 's , Thalía 's ,  Gloria Trevi 's and Paulina Rubio 's debuts before the mainstream USA audience .   During the 1960s and 1970s most of the pop music produced in Mexico consisted on Spanish-language versions of English-language rock-and-roll hits . Singers and musical groups like Angélica María , Johnny Laboriel , Alberto Vázquez , Enrique Guzmán or Los Teen Tops performed cover versions of songs by Elvis Presley , Paul Anka , Nancy Sinatra and others .

neg: California (Wilson Phillips album) California '' is the third studio album and the first cover album by American female group Wilson Phillips . The group reunited in 2003 to record it . It is their first studio album in twelve years . The album peaked at # 35 on the charts , and it sold 31,000 copies during the first week of its release .

neg: Reunited (Gloria Jones album) Reunited is the fifth studio album released by Gloria Jones in 1982 .   Here is the description written on the back of the album :   `` Back in 1964 , Gloria Jones still in her mid-teens , was discovered by hit songwriter Ed Cobb . Signing with Cobb 's Greengrass Productions , Gloria recorded her first hit record , `` Heartbeat Pts 1 & 2 , '' which Cobb wrote and produced . `` Heartbeat '' became a classic rhythm and blues tune which later was recorded by Dusty Springfield , Spencer Davis and many other artists who attempted to capture that phenomenal Gloria Jones sound .   By then , Gloria had gone on to record other memorable songs for Uptown records , a subsidiary of Capitol | EMI . Included among these tunes was another Cobb written song , `` Tainted Love '' ( included on this album ) . In fact the group , SOFT CELL , whose version of `` Tainted Love '' reached # 1 worldwide , originally heard Gloria sing this classic years before in Northern England . So strong was Gloria 's following there that she was proclaimed the `` Northern Queen of Soul . ''   Marc Bolan of T-Rex was so impressed by Gloria 's talents that they joined forces . As early as 1974 , their innovative fusion of new wave and soul generated a sound which is still a current musical trend . Gloria and all of T-Rex 's fans lost Marc when he was killed in an auto accident in 1977 . In his honor , Gloria wishes to dedicate the cut , `` Sixty Minutes of Making Love '' to Marc and all his fans worldwide . ''   This album has yet to be given an official CD release .

neg: Spirit (Depeche Mode album) Spirit is the fourteenth studio album by the English electronic music band Depeche Mode , released on 17 March 2017 through Columbia Records . It was preceded by the single `` Where 's the Revolution '' . Spirit is the band 's second album released under Columbia . Depeche Mode recorded it with new producer James Ford .

neg: Reissue For the reissuing of print material see Reprint  In the music industry , a reissue ( also re-release , repackage , or re-edition ) is the release of an album which has been released at least once before , sometimes with alterations or additions .

neg: Dance Again... the Hits Dance Again ... the Hits is the first greatest hits album of American entertainer Jennifer Lopez . It was released on July 20 , 2012 , by Epic Records , to coincide with the launch of her first world tour , the Dance Again World Tour . Lopez previously conceived plans for a greatest hits album in 2009 , but instead opted to use the material recorded for her seventh studio album , Love ? , which was released by Island Records in May 2011 after her departure from Epic Records in 2010 . As Lopez owed the label one last album to fulfill her contract , she began work on a new greatest hits album in November 2011 . She later became unsure whether she wanted to go along with plans to release a greatest hits album or a new studio album , eventually deciding on the former .   Dance Again ... the Hits comprises eleven previously released tracks , and two new recordings : `` Dance Again '' and `` Goin ' In '' . A deluxe edition of the album was also released , featuring three additional previously released tracks , and a DVD featuring a selection of eleven music videos . The album received generally positive reviews from music critics , who praised it as a reflection of Lopez 's success . Some critics expressed their disappointment in the absence of several successful singles , but deemed this as impressive , noting that this may have been due to the large volume of hit singles she has released over the years . Dance Again ... The Hits was a moderate commercial success , peaking within the top ten in fourteen national charts , and the top twenty in ten national charts .


query: Adam West was born in September 1928.

pos: Adam West William West Anderson ( born September 19 , 1928 ) , better known as Adam West , is an American actor whose career spans six decades .   His acting career began in films in 1959 . He played opposite Chuck Connors in Geronimo ( 1962 ) and The Three Stooges in The Outlaws Is Coming ( 1965 ) . He has also appeared in the science-fiction film Robinson Crusoe on Mars ( 1964 ) , opposite Paul Mantee , and achieved continuing success for the title role in the 1960s ABC series Batman and its theatrical feature film . He has done voice work on The Fairly OddParents , The Simpsons and Family Guy ( he voices fictional versions of himself in all of those animated series ) and also Batman : Return of the Caped Crusaders .

neg: Armstrong and Miller (radio show) Armstrong and Miller was a short-lived radio programme that aired in March 1998 . There were four 15-minute episodes and it was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 . It starred Alexander Armstrong , Ben Miller , Samuel West , and Tony Gardner .

neg: Adam Elliot Adam Elliot ( born 2 January 1972 in Berwick , Victoria , Australia ) is an independent Australian stop-motion animation writer , director and producer based in Melbourne , Australia . His five films have collectively participated in over seven hundred film festivals and have received over one hundred awards , including an Academy Award for Harvie Krumpet and five Annecy Cristals . Elliot calls himself an auteur filmmaker and each of his films have a bittersweet nature to them . He does not engage with commercial work and works exclusively on his own film projects . Based loosely on his family and friends , Elliot calls each of his works a Clayography -- clay animated biography . Each film takes up to five years to complete . He is noted for his use of traditional ` in-camera ' techniques , which means every prop set and character is a ` real ' miniature handcrafted object . Elliot does not use digital additions or computer generated imagery to enhance his visual aesthetic . His company , Adam Elliot Clayographies , produce the films and Elliot 's work practices adhere to the French auteur methodology . Each film has been voiced by notable actors including , Philip Seymour Hoffman , Toni Collette , Geoffrey Rush , Eric Bana , William McInnes , Barry Humphries and John Flaus . Elliot is also a voting member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and in 1999 was awarded The Young Achiever of the Year for Victoria .

neg: Moray Watson Moray Watson ( 25 June 1928 -- 2 May 2017 ) was an English actor from Sunningdale , Berkshire .

neg: Roland West Roland West ( February 20 , 1885 -- March 31 , 1952 ) was a Hollywood director known for his innovative proto-film noir movies of the 1920s and early 1930s .

neg: Howard West Howard West ( 1931 -- December 3 , 2015 ) was an American TV producer , best known for his work with long-term partner George Shapiro , in producing and managing Jerry Seinfeld .   Together with his childhood friend from Brooklyn , George Shapiro , he was a partner in Shapiro/West and Associates .

neg: Marcus Adam Marcus Adam ( born 28 February 1968 ) is a retired English sportsperson , who represented Great Britain as both a sprinter and a bobsledder .   Competing in athletics , he won the gold medal in the 200 metres at the 1990 Commonwealth Games , and also won gold and silver medals respectively in the 4 x 100 metres relay at the 1990 Commonwealth Games and 1990 European Championships . He is also a member of the team which holds the British record in the 4 x 200 metres relay .   After retiring from athletics , he shifted to the sport of bobsleigh . He competed in the two-man bobsleigh event at the 2002 Winter Olympics ( finishing in tenth place ) , having previously competed as a sprinter at the 1992 Summer Olympics ( finishing in eighth place in the 200 metres and fourth place in the 4 x 100 metres relay ) .

neg: Anthony West (author) Anthony West ( 4 August 1914 -- 27 December 1987 ) was a British author and literary critic .

neg: Geoffrey West Geoffrey Brian West ( born c. 1940 ) is a British theoretical physicist , former president and distinguished professor of the Santa Fe Institute . He is one of the leading scientists working on a scientific model of cities . Among other things his work states that with the doubling of a city 's size , services per capita will generally increase by 15 % .

neg: Anita West Anita West is a British actress and former television presenter .

neg: Western Australian Centenary Air Race __ NOTOC __   The Western Australian Centenary Air Race ( also known as the East-West Air Race ) was a 2450 mi air race held in 1929 from Sydney to Perth to commemorate the Western Australia Centenary .   The # 1000 handicap winner was Horrie Miller and the # 300 fastest overall time prize was won by Briton Major Hereward de Havilland ( 22 hours 50 minutes 23 seconds ) , who flew the course solo , the only competitor to do so , in a modified de Havilland Gipsy Moth .   Determining results in the handicap event was found to be a difficult task , with type of machine , weather conditions , wind direction and strength of wind for each half day 's hop , supplemented by times of starting being taken into consideration .   700 people had turned out at Kalgoorlie to see the competitors off on the final leg of the race . Victorian C.D. Pratt and his co-pilot J.R. Guthrie were both seriously injured when their Gipsy Moth Corio crashed near Baandee , 230 km East of Perth . Weather conditions after leaving Tammin were said to be atrocious , with at least one forced landing and one crash .   The 17 teams left from Mascot in Sydney on 29 September 1929 and 14 managed to finish at Maylands Aerodrome on Sunday 7 October .

neg: George Dreyfus George Dreyfus AM ( born 22 July 1928 , Elberfeld ( today part of Wuppertal ) , Germany ) is an Australian contemporary classical , film and television composer .

neg: Adam Marcus (director) Adam Marcus ( born 1968 ) is an American film director , writer and actor .   Marcus was born in Westport , Connecticut and attended Staples High School . He started his career at the age of fifteen , when he co-created the Westport Theatreworks Theatrical Company where he directed and produced over fifty shows in seven years . He then attended New York University where he won the coveted Best Picture Award at the Student Academy Awards in 1990 for his film , '' ... so you like this girl '' . In 1991 , Marcus was called out to Los Angeles by filmmaker Sean S. Cunningham ( the director of the original Friday the 13th ) to work on producing and directing features . That same year , he co-produced Johnny Zombie ( retitled My Boyfriend 's Back ) for Cunningham and Disney Studios .   In 1993 , Marcus wrote the story for and directed the ninth film in the Friday the 13th series , Jason Goes to Hell : The Final Friday for New Line . He was 23 at the time and the youngest director ever hired by the studio . The three million dollar feature went on to gross over eighteen million domestically and became one of New Line Video 's largest releases ever .   Marcus and his writing partner Debra Sullivan then turned their attention to screenwriting for Paramount ( the adaptation of James Patterson 's Virgin , later titled Cradle and All ) and Fox ( the original Black Autumn ) . In 1995 , Marcus created the theater company Damn Skippy Theatreworks in L.A. . In the Summer and Fall of 1998 Marcus directed the independently financed feature film comedy , Let It Snow ( aka Snow Days ) . The picture marked the return of Bernadette Peters in a feature film after an eight-year absence from film work . The film screened at the Independent Feature Film Market ( IFFM ) in New York City where it was singled out as the most successful film at the market by Variety , Time Out IndieWire . Let It Snow had its world premiere at the American Film Institute 's Los Angeles International Film Festival ( AFI 's LAIFF ) in competition in the New Visions Category ; the film won awards at the festival for Best New Writer and Best Editing . The film then went on to be an official selection of Sundance 2000 in the American Spectrum section where it was given two extra screenings and sold out all seven of its showings . Then came the New York/Avignon film festival and the Deauville festival in France , where the film received critical acclaim . Let It Snow received positive reviews from Variety , The Hollywood Reporter , Ai n't It Cool News , The New York Times , and The Gore Score as well as a number of other publications worldwide .   Marcus then turned to television , where he sold several series to Bright/Kauffman/Crane Productions , Imagine Television , NBC , Fox and The WB . In 2008 , Marcus directed the feature film Conspiracy for Sony Pictures , which he co-wrote with Debra Sullivan . The film was shot in Santa Fe , New Mexico with Val Kilmer , Jennifer Esposito and Gary Cole .   Marcus completed the pilot presentation Fitz and Slade and is currently co-writing , directing and serving as executive producer on the web series Connected .   In 2013 Marcus co-wrote the reboot of The Texas Chainsaw Massacre series , Texas Chainsaw 3D with partner Sullivan and Stephen Susco , which was the first number-one box office film in North America of the year . He co-wrote with Sullivan the feature film Cabin Fever : Outbreak and is directing and co-writing The Plantation , an adaptation of Val Lewton 's RKO classic I Walked with a Zombie .   Adam 's script for Momentum ( aka Gravity ) , co-written by Sullivan , began production in South Africa starting January 2014 . The film was the directorial debut of Stephen Campanelli and stars Morgan Freeman , James Purefoy and Olga Kurylenko . The film premiered at the Fantasia International Film Festival in 2015 .   Marcus is the brother of Young Artist Award-nominated actor Kipp Marcus . Marcus attended NYU 's Tisch School of the Arts .

neg: Adam Wiltzie Adam Bryanbaum Wiltzie ( born September 17 , 1969 , New York City ) is a composer and sound engineer . Although he may be best known for founding the seminal ambient classical projects Stars of the Lid , The Dead Texan , Aix Em Klemm , Sleepingdog and A Winged Victory for the Sullen , he also has recorded , played , and worked as a live sound engineer for artists such as The Flaming Lips , Mercury Rev , Labradford , Bedhead , The Bad Livers , Windsor for the Derby , Iron & Wine , Jóhann Jóhannsson , Hauschka and Sparklehorse . He has also composed and licensed music for Hollywood films such as Transformers : Dark of the Moon , Like Crazy , Submission , The Island President , and the trailer for Godzilla 2014 . ` Also for television shows such as House M.D , Nip/Tuck and Eastbound & Down . Most Recently collaborated with Jóhann Jóhannsson on the Golden Globe winning Theory of Everything ( 2014 film ) '' Soundtrack .

neg: Michael Craig (actor) Michael Francis Gregson ( born 27 January 1928 ) , known professionally as Michael Craig , is a British actor and scriptwriter , known for his work in theatre , film and television both in the United Kingdom and Australia .

neg: Barry West Barry West ( born 24 October 1958 ) is an English former professional snooker player .

neg: Enoch West Enoch James `` Knocker '' West ( 31 March 1886 -- September 1965 ) was an English footballer .   Born in Hucknall Torkard , Nottinghamshire , West started his career for Sheffield United . He was not a success at Bramall Lane , and in 1905 a fee of # 5 was enough to convince the Blades to sell him to Nottingham Forest . In 1910 , he transferred to Manchester United . He helped the club win the 1911 league medal . He scored 80 goals in his Manchester United career , his most successful season being the 1911-12 season when he scored a total of 23 goals ; 17 in the league and six in the FA Cup , although United failed to win either of these competitions .   In 1915 , he was banned for life by the Football Association , along with three other United players and four Liverpool players after being found guilty of match fixing . West protested his innocence , but his ban was not lifted until 1945 . His suspension , which lasted 30 years , was the longest in Football League history . As he was 59 by the time his ban was lifted , he was never involved in football again .   West died in 1965 , at the age of 79 .   Free The Manchester United One , written by Graham Sharpe , was a book written about Enoch West 's attempts to clear his name in connection with the match-fixing scandal , many years after his death .

neg: Adamah (film) Adama is a motion picture produced in Mandatory Palestine shortly before the establishment of Israel . It was directed by Hkielmar Lers and filmed during 1947-1948 . The plot of the film focuses on the life of a Jewish boy , who was a Holocaust survivor , trying to rehabilitate himself from the traumas he experienced by working on the land and establishing social relationships while living in the youth village Ben Shemen . The initiator of the film was Dr. Siegfried Lehman the founder of Ben Shemen . He was motivated by a desire to show the world the educational system used in the village and he also had hopes of using the film as a tool for fundraising . The actors in the film were actual pupils in the village and the educational staff also participated in the production .

neg: Let's Give Adam and Eve Another Chance `` Let 's Give Adam and Eve Another Chance '' is a song written by Red West and Richard Mainegra and was recorded by Gary Puckett & The Union Gap for their 1970 album , Gary Puckett & The Union Gap 's Greatest Hits . The song reached # 41 on The Billboard Hot 100 in 1970 and # 16 on the Adult Contemporary chart .   This was the last charting single for the band . Band mates Kerry Chater and Gary Withem left the band shortly after the song 's release due to management of the band demanding the band mates receive weekly salaries instead of percentage of the band 's revenues .

neg: Adam Werritty Adam Werritty ( born 18 July 1978 ) is a Scottish businessman . Werritty is a close friend of the former UK Secretary of State for Defence , now Secretary of State for International Trade , Liam Fox . He lived for a period in 2002 and 2003 at Fox 's London flat and was best man at his wedding in 2005 . The two were also business associates who once held joint investments in the healthcare consultancy firm UK Health . Werritty was reportedly an adviser of Fox 's and is known to have accompanied him on at least 18 foreign business trips between 2009 and 2011 . In 2007 , when Fox was shadow Defence Secretary , they both attended a meeting with the Gulf Research Centre . Werritty was also appointed by Fox as the chief executive of the now disbanded conservative Atlanticist think-tank , `` The Atlantic Bridge '' .   Werritty made visits to Fox at the Ministry of Defence ( MoD ) in Whitehall on 22 occasions in 16 months ; Werrity was not security-cleared with the MoD . Additionally , over a 17-month period , ending October 2011 , Werritty was present at 40 of Fox 's 70 recorded engagements . The uncertain nature of Werritty 's relationship with Fox led to an investigation by senior civil servants , initially the MoD 's Permanent Secretary , Ursula Brennan and latterly the Cabinet Secretary Sir Gus O'Donnell . Fox claimed that Werrity had never worked for him either in an official or unofficial capacity despite allegations that he was using a source of advice outside the Civil Service , paid for by private funds . Disclosure of increasing amounts of detail of their contact , funding and explanations of their relationship led to Fox 's resignation on 14 October 2011 in advance of O'Donnell 's report of his investigation .

neg: Theatre of Australia Theatre of Australia refers to the history of the performing arts in Australia , or produced by Australians . There are theatrical and dramatic aspects to a number of Indigenous Australian ceremonies such as the corroboree . During its colonial period , Australian theatrical arts were generally linked to the broader traditions of English literature and to British and Irish theatre . Australian literature and theatrical artists ( including Aboriginal as well as Anglo-Celtic and multicultural migrant Australians ) have over the last two centuries introduced the culture of Australia and the character of a new continent to the world stage .   Individuals who have contributed to theatre in Australia and internationally include Sir Robert Helpmann , Dame Joan Sutherland , Barry Humphries , David Williamson , Cate Blanchett , Geoffrey Rush , Judy Davis , Jim Sharman , Tim Minchin and Baz Luhrmann . Notable theatrical institutions include the Sydney Opera House , and the National Institute of Dramatic Art in Sydney .


query: The United States holds a portion of the world's wealth.

pos: United States The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. ) or America , is a constitutional federal republic composed of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions .  Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico . The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America , bordered by Canada to the east and across the Bering Strait from Russia to the west . The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean . The U.S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea . Nine time zones are covered . The geography , climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse .   At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) and with over 324 million people , the United States is the world 's third - or fourth-largest country by total area , third-largest by land area , and the third-most populous . It is one of the world 's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations , and is home to the world 's largest immigrant population . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the largest city is New York City ; nine other major metropolitan areas -- each with at least 4.5 million inhabitants and the largest having more than 13 million people -- are Los Angeles , Chicago , Dallas , Houston , Philadelphia , Miami , Atlanta , Boston , and San Francisco .   Paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies following the Seven Years ' War led to the American Revolution , which began in 1775 . On July 4 , 1776 , during the course of the American Revolutionary War , the colonies unanimously adopted the Declaration of Independence . The war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain , representing the first successful war of independence against a European power . The current constitution was adopted in 1788 , after the Articles of Confederation , adopted in 1781 , were felt to have provided inadequate federal powers . The first ten amendments , collectively named the Bill of Rights , were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties .   The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century , displacing Native American tribes , acquiring new territories , and gradually admitting new states until it spanned the continent by 1848 . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the end of legal slavery in the country . By the end of that century , the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean , and its economy , driven in large part by the Industrial Revolution , began to soar . The Spanish -- American War and confirmed the country 's status as a global military power . The United States emerged from as a global superpower , the first country to develop nuclear weapons , the only country to use them in warfare , and a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council . The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the world 's sole superpower . The U.S. is a founding member of the United Nations , World Bank , International Monetary Fund , Organization of American States ( OAS ) , and other international organizations .   The United States is a highly developed country , with the world 's largest economy by nominal GDP and second-largest economy by PPP . Though its population is only 4.3 % of the world total , Americans hold nearly 40 % of the total wealth in the world . The United States ranks among the highest in several measures of socioeconomic performance , including average wage , human development , per capita GDP , and productivity per person . While the U.S. economy is considered post-industrial , characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy , the manufacturing sector remains the second-largest in the world . Accounting for approximately a quarter of global GDP and a third of global military spending , the United States is the world 's foremost economic and military power . The United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally , and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations .

neg: Affluence in the United States Affluence refers to an individual 's or household 's economical and financial advantage in comparison to a given reference group .

neg: Banking in the United States Banking in the United States is regulated by both the federal and state governments . The five largest banks in the United States at December 31 , 2011 were JPMorgan Chase , Bank of America , Citigroup , Wells Fargo , and Goldman Sachs . In December 2011 , the five largest banks ' assets were equal to 56 percent of the U.S. economy , compared with 43 percent five years earlier .   The U.S. finance industry comprised only 10 % of total non-farm business profits in 1947 , but it grew to 50 % by 2010 . Over the same period , finance industry income as a proportion of GDP rose from 2.5 % to 7.5 % , and the finance industry 's proportion of all corporate income rose from 10 % to 20 % . The mean earnings per employee hour in finance relative to all other sectors has closely mirrored the share of total U.S. income earned by the top 1 % income earners since 1930 . The mean salary in New York City 's finance industry rose from $ 80,000 in 1981 to $ 360,000 in 2011 , while average New York City salaries rose from $ 40,000 to $ 70,000 . In 1988 , there were about 12,500 U.S. banks with less than $ 300 million in deposits , and about 900 with more deposits , but by 2012 , there were only 4,200 banks with less than $ 300 million in deposits in the U.S. , and over 1,800 with more . American banking is closely linked to the UK ; in 2014 , the biggest US banks held almost 70 percent of their on and off-balance sheet foreign assets there .

neg: United States restitution to the Soviet Union The United States restitution to the Soviet Union of the cultural treasures looted by Nazi Germany during World War II was part of the massive efforts of the Allies in returning cultural property to the countries of origin . While the Soviet Union embarked on the `` compensatory restitution '' by removing cultural artifacts from the museums and Nazi caches , US authorities in Germany returned more than half a million displaced cultural treasures and more than a quarter of a million books to the USSR , located in the US occupation zone . However the information about this was suppressed in the Soviet Union . It is still little known in modern Russia even at parliamentary level : in discussions of the laws about displaced cultural treasures a number of politicians stated that nothing was returned from Germany , and furthermore , state that the Nazi loot eventually went to America .

neg: Morgan family The Morgan family was an American financial and banking dynasty , which became prominent in the U.S. and throughout the world in the late 19th century and early 20th century . Members of the family amassed an immense fortune over the generations , primarily through the noted work of John Pierpont ( J. P. ) Morgan ( 1837 -- 1913 ) .   Morgan members were notable for dominating the banking industry during their time . J.P. Morgan was the de facto leader of this dynasty , having been the most prominent businessman in America at the turn of the century . He revolutionized numerous industries , including electricity , railroad , and steel . Through his business methods , he was highly successful in asserting his power as one of the most influential businessmen in America . Historians describe the Morgan family along with its web of partners to be part of the large American banking empire known as the House of Morgan . It is difficult to place an exact beginning and end date on the dynasty . However , many scholars attribute the death of J.P. Morgan to the end of the banking dynasty . American journalist and historian Ron Chernow wrote about the prominence of this dynasty under J.S. Morgan and J.P. Morgan . In The House of Morgan : An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance , he chronicles the lives of the Morgans , whose lives are `` encrusted with legend ... ripe with mystery , -LSB- and -RSB- exposed to such bitter polemics '' .

neg: Economy of Brazil Brazil has the world 's ninth largest economy by nominal GDP , and the eighth largest by purchasing power parity . The Brazilian economy is characterized by an inward-oriented economy .   Brazil 's economy is the largest of Latin America and the second largest in the Americas . From 2000 to 2012 , Brazil was one of the fastest-growing major economies in the world , with an average annual GDP growth rate of over 5 % , with its economy in 2012 surpassing that of the United Kingdom , temporarily making Brazil the world 's sixth largest economy . However , Brazil 's economy growth decelerated in 2013  and the country entered a recession in 2014 .   According to the World Economic Forum , Brazil was the top country in upward evolution of competitiveness in 2009 , gaining eight positions among other countries , overcoming Russia for the first time , and partially closing the competitiveness gap with India and China among the BRIC economies . Important steps taken since the 1990s toward fiscal sustainability , as well as measures taken to liberalize and open the economy , have significantly boosted the country 's competitiveness fundamentals , providing a better environment for private-sector development .   In 2012 Forbes ranked Brazil as having the 5th largest number of billionaires in the world , a number much larger than what is found in other Latin American countries , and even ahead of United Kingdom and Japan . Brazil is a member of diverse economic organizations , such as Mercosur , Unasul , G8 +5 , G20 , WTO , and the Cairns Group .

neg: Money creation Money creation ( also known as credit creation ) is the process by which the money supply of a country or a monetary region ( such as the Eurozone ) is increased . A central bank may introduce new money into the economy ( termed `` expansionary monetary policy '' , or by detractors `` printing money '' ) by purchasing financial assets or lending money to financial institutions . However , in most countries today , most of the money supply is in the form of bank deposits , which is created by private banks in a fractional reserve banking system . Bank lending increases the amount of broad money beyond the amount of base money originally created by the central bank . Reserve requirements , capital adequacy ratios , and other policies of the central bank influence this process .   Central banks monitor the amount of money in the economy by measuring monetary aggregates such as M2 . The effect of monetary policy on the money supply is indicated by comparing these measurements on various dates . For example , in the United States , money supply measured as M2 grew from $ 6.407 trillion in January 2005 , to $ 8.319 trillion in January 2009 .

neg: American depositary receipt An American depositary receipt ( ADR , and sometimes spelled depository ) is a negotiable security that represents securities of a non-U.S. company that trades in the U.S. financial markets .   Shares of many non-U.S. companies trade on U.S. stock exchanges through ADRs , which are denominated and pay dividends in U.S. dollars and may be traded like regular shares of stock . ADRs are also traded during U.S. trading hours , through U.S. broker-dealers . They simplify investing in foreign securities by having the depositary bank `` manage all custody , currency and local taxes issues '' .   The first ADR was introduced by J.P. Morgan in 1927 for the British retailer Selfridges on the New York Curb Exchange , the American Stock Exchange 's precursor .   They are the domestic equivalent of a global depository receipt ( GDR ) . Securities of a foreign company that are represented by an ADR are called American depositary shares ( ADSs ) .

neg: United States Congress The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States consisting of two chambers : the Senate and the House of Representatives . The Congress meets in the Capitol in Washington , D.C. Both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election , though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a gubernatorial appointment . Members are usually affiliated to the Republican Party or to the Democratic Party , and only rarely to a third party or as independents . Congress has 535 voting members : 435 Representatives and 100 Senators . The House of Representatives has six non-voting members in addition to its 435 voting members . These members can , however , sit on congressional committees and introduce legislation . These members represent Washington , D.C. , Puerto Rico , American Samoa , Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands and the U.S. Virgin Islands .   The members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms representing the people of a single constituency , known as a `` district '' . Congressional districts are apportioned to states by population using the United States Census results , provided that each state has at least one congressional representative . Each state , regardless of population or size , has two senators . Currently , there are 100 senators representing the 50 states . Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a six-year term , with terms staggered , so every two years approximately one-third of the Senate is up for election .

neg: State Street Corporation State Street Corporation , known as State Street , is an American worldwide financial services holding company . State Street was founded in 1792 and is the second oldest financial institution in the United States of America and the third largest asset manager in the world with 2.45 trillion USD asset under management . They are responsible for the custody and administration of 11 % of the world 's total assets . The company 's headquarters are at One Lincoln Street in Boston and it has offices in 29 countries around the world .   State Street is organized into three main divisions . The Global Services business is a custodian bank with $ 28 trillion ( USD ) of assets under custody and administration . The Global Advisors business provides investment management services and has $ 2.45 trillion ( USD ) of assets under management . The Global Markets business offers investment research and trading services to institutional investors .

neg: American upper class The American upper class is a social group consisting of the people who have the highest social rank and who are usually rich . People of this social class are socioeconomically distinguishable from other classes by its greater influence , power , and wealth . The American upper class is composed of members born into this class , called members of Old money ; as well as those who have acquired their wealth and influence within their own generation , called the Nouveau riche . In a CNBC Millionaire Survey it can be observed that a majority of millionaires polled , representing the wealthiest 10 percent of Americans , described themselves as middle class ( 44 % ) or upper middle class ( 40 % ) .   `` The study of attitudes is reasonably easy -LSB- ... -RSB- it 's concluded that for roughly 70 % of the population -- the lower 70 % on the wealth/income scale -- they have no influence on policy whatsoever . They 're effectively disenfranchised . As you move up the wealth/income ladder , you get a little bit more influence on policy . When you get to the top , which is maybe a tenth of one percent , people essentially get what they want , i.e. they determine the policy . So the proper term for that is not democracy ; it 's plutocracy . '' -- Noam Chomsky .   Many Politicians , heirs to fortunes , top business executives , CEOs , successful venture capitalists , those born into high society , and some celebrities may be considered members of this class . Some prominent and high-rung professionals may also be included if they attain great influence and wealth . The main distinguishing feature of this class , which is estimated to constitute roughly 1 % of the population , is the source of income . While the vast majority of people and households derive their income from wages or salaries , those in the upper class derive their income from investments and capital gains . Estimates for the size of this group commonly vary from 1 % to 2 % , while some surveys have indicated that as many as 6 % of Americans identify as `` upper class . '' Sociologist Leonard Beeghley sees wealth as the only significant distinguishing feature of this class and , therefore , refers to this group simply as `` the rich . ''   Sociologists such as W. Lloyd Warner , William Thompson and Joseph Hickey recognize prestige differences between members of the upper class . Established families , prominent professionals and politicians may be deemed to have more prestige than some entertainment celebrities who in turn may have more prestige than the members of local elites . Yet , contemporary sociologists argue that all members of the upper class share such great wealth , influence and assets as their main source of income as to be recognized as members of the same social class . As great financial fortune is the main distinguishing feature of this class , sociologist Leonard Beeghley at the University of Florida identifies all `` rich '' households , those with incomes in the top 1 % or so , as upper class .   In 1998 , Bob Herbert of The New York Times referred to modern American plutocrats as `` The Donor Class '' ( list of top donors ) and defined the class , for the first time , as `` a tiny group -- just one-quarter of 1 percent of the population -- and it is not representative of the rest of the nation . But its money buys plenty of access . ''

neg: List of belt regions of the United States The belt regions of the United States are portions of the country that share certain characteristics . The `` belt '' terminology was first applied to growing regions for various crops , which often follow lines of latitude because those are more likely to have similar climates . The allusion was to a long clothing belt , as seen on a map .   The usage has expanded to other climatic , economic , and cultural concentrations . These regions are not formally defined ; they frequently overlap and have vague borders . The terminology is also used outside the U.S. ( e.g. , India 's Hindi Belt ) .

neg: Municipal bond A municipal bond is a bond issued by a local government or territory , or one of their agencies . It is generally used to finance public projects such as roads , schools , airports and seaports , and infrastructure-related repairs . The term municipal bond is commonly used in the United States , which has the largest market of such trade-able securities in the world . As of 2011 , the municipal bond market was valued at $ 3.7 trillion . Potential issuers of municipal bonds include states , cities , counties , redevelopment agencies , special-purpose districts , school districts , public utility districts , publicly owned airports and seaports , and other governmental entities ( or group of governments ) at or below the state level having more than a de minimis amount of one of the three sovereign powers : the power of taxation , the power of eminent domain or the police power .   Municipal bonds may be general obligations of the issuer or secured by specified revenues . In the United States , interest income received by holders of municipal bonds is often excludable from gross income for federal income tax purposes under Section 103 of the Internal Revenue Code , and may be exempt from state income tax as well , depending on the applicable state income tax laws . The state and local exemption was the subject of recent litigation in Department of Revenue of Kentucky v. Davis , 553 U.S. 328 ( 2008 ) .   Unlike new issue stocks that are brought to market with price restrictions until the deal is sold , most municipal bonds are free to trade at any time once they are purchased by the investor . Professional traders regularly trade and re-trade the same bonds several times a week . A feature of this market is a larger proportion of smaller retail investors compared to other sectors of the U.S. securities markets . Some municipal bonds , often with higher risk credits , are issued subject to transfer restrictions .   Outside of the United States , many other countries in the world also issue similar bonds , sometimes called local authority bonds or other names . The key defining feature of such bonds is that they are issued by a public-use entity at a lower level of government than the sovereign . Such bonds follow similar market patterns as U.S. bonds . That said , the U.S. municipal bond market is unique for its size , liquidity , legal and tax structure and bankruptcy protection afforded by the U.S. Constitution .

neg: Superstate A superstate is defined as `` a large and powerful State formed when several smaller countries unite '' , `` A large and powerful state formed from a federation or union of nations '' .  This is distinct from the concept of superpower , although these are frequently seen together . It is also distinct from the concept of empire , where one nation dominates other nations through military , political , and economic power , although an empire may also be a superstate .   In the early 20th century , `` superstate '' had a similar definition as today 's supranational organisations . In a 1927 article by Edward A. Harriman on the League of Nations , a superstate was defined as merely `` an organisation , of which a state is a member , which is superior to the member themselves '' , in that '' -LSB- a -RSB- complete superstate has legislative , executive and judicial organs to make , to execute and to interpret its laws '' . According to this definition , Harriman saw the League of Nations as a `` rudimentary superstate '' , and the United States as `` an example of a complete and perfect superstate '' .   In World Order of Bahá ` u 'll áh , first published in 1938 , Shoghi Effendi , the Guardian of the Bahá ' í Faith , described the anticipated world government of that religion as the `` world 's future super-state '' with the Bahá ' í Faith as the `` State Religion of an independent and Sovereign Power . ''   In the 1970s , academic literature used the term `` superstate '' to indicate a particularly rich and powerful state , in a similar fashion to the term superpower .   In contemporary political debate , especially the one centred on the European Union , the term `` superstate '' is used to indicate a ( usually deemed unwelcome ) development in which the Union takes over the character of a State ( including the monopoly on violence ) thus abolishing the sovereignty and independence of its member states .  For instance , Glyn Morgan opposes the perspective of a `` European superstate '' to the ones of `` a Europe of nation-states '' and of `` a post-sovereign European polity '' . In her definition , a `` European superstate is nothing more than a sovereign state - a tried and tested type of polity that predominates in the modern world - operating on a European wide scale '' , i.e. , `` a unitary European state ''   The term was famously used by Margaret Thatcher in her 1988 Bruges speech , when she decried the perspective of `` a European super-state exercising a new dominance from Brussels '' , and has since entered the eurosceptic lexicon .  Tony Blair argued in 2000 that he welcomed an EU as a `` superpower , not a superstate ''

neg: List of U.S. states by sovereign wealth funds Like many countries , several U.S. states have created sovereign wealth funds to finance certain services ( typically public education ) or to provide general revenue to the state government itself . This article comprises the known such funds and their monetary amounts .

neg: Chinese Americans Chinese Americans , which includes American-born Chinese , are Americans who have full or partial Chinese ancestry . Chinese Americans constitute one group of overseas Chinese and also a subgroup of East Asian Americans , which is further a subgroup of Asian Americans . Many Chinese Americans are immigrants along with their descendants from mainland China , Hong Kong , Macau , Taiwan , as well as from other regions that include large populations of the Chinese diaspora , especially Southeast Asia and some Western countries like Canada , United Kingdom , Australia , New Zealand , and Brazil .   The Chinese American community is the largest overseas Chinese community outside of Asia . It is also the third largest in the Chinese diaspora , behind the Chinese communities in Thailand and Malaysia . The Chinese American community comprises the largest ethnic group of Asian Americans , comprising 25.9 % of the Asian American population as of 2010 . Americans of Chinese descent , including those with partial Chinese ancestry constitute 1.2 % of the total U.S. population as of 2010 . According to the 2010 census , the Chinese American population numbered approximately 3.8 million . In 2010 , half of Chinese-born people living in the United States resided in the states of California and New York .

neg: Crown Estate The Crown Estate is a collection of lands and holdings in the United Kingdom belonging to the British monarch as a corporation sole , making it the `` Sovereign 's public estate '' , which is neither government property nor part of the monarch 's private estate . As a result of this arrangement , the sovereign is not involved with the management or administration of the estate , exercising only very limited control of its affairs . Instead , the estate 's extensive portfolio is overseen by a semi-independent , incorporated public body headed by the Crown Estate Commissioners , who exercise `` the powers of ownership '' of the estate , although they are not `` owners in their own right '' . The revenues from these hereditary possessions have been placed by the monarch at the disposition of Her Majesty 's Government and thus proceed directly to Her Majesty 's Treasury for the benefit of the British nation . The Crown Estate is formally accountable to the Parliament of the United Kingdom , where it is legally mandated to make an annual report to the sovereign , a copy of which is forwarded to the House of Commons .   The Crown Estate is one of the largest property managers in the United Kingdom , overseeing property worth # 12 billion , with urban properties valued at # 9.1 billion representing the majority of the estate by value . These include a large number of properties in central London , but the estate also controls 792000 ha of agricultural land and forest , more than half of the UK 's foreshore , and retains various other traditional holdings and rights , including Ascot Racecourse and Windsor Great Park . Naturally occurring gold and silver in the UK , collectively known as `` Mines Royal '' , are managed by The Crown Estate and leased to mining operators .   Historically , Crown Estate properties were administered by the reigning monarch to help fund the business of governing the country . However , in 1760 , George III surrendered control over the Estate 's revenues to the treasury , thus relieving him of the responsibility of personally paying for the costs of the civil service , defence costs , the national debt , and his own personal debts . In return , he received an annual grant known as the Civil list . By tradition , each subsequent monarch agreed to this arrangement upon his or her accession . However , from 1 April 2012 , under the terms of the Sovereign Grant Act 2011 ( SSG ) , the Civil List was abolished and the monarch was thenceforth provided with a stable source of revenue indexed to a percentage of the Crown Estate 's annual net revenue ( currently set at 15 % ) . This was intended to provide a long-term solution and remove the politically sensitive issue of Parliament having to debate the Civil List allowance every ten years . Subsequently , the Sovereign Grant Act allows for all future monarchs to simply extend these provisions for their reigns by Order in Council . The act does not imply any legal change on the nature of the estate 's ownership , but is simply a benchmark by which the sovereign grant is set as a grant by Parliament .

neg: New international division of labour In economics , the new international division of labor ( NIDL ) is an outcome of globalization . The term was coined by theorists seeking to explain the spatial shift of manufacturing industries from advanced capitalist countries to developing countries -- an ongoing geographic reorganization of production , which finds its origins in ideas about a global division of labor . It is a spatial division of labor which occurs when the process of production is no longer confined to national economies . Under the `` old '' international division of labor , until around 1970 , underdeveloped areas were incorporated into the world economy principally as suppliers of minerals and agricultural commodities . However , as developing economies are merged into the world economy , more production takes place in these economies .   This has led to a trend of transference , or what is also known as the `` global industrial shift '' , in which production processes are relocated from developed countries ( such as the US , European countries , and Japan ) to developing countries in Asia ( such as China , Vietnam , and India ) and Latin America . This is because companies search for the cheapest locations to manufacture and assemble components , so low-cost labor-intensive parts of the manufacturing process are shifted to the developing world where costs are substantially lower . Companies do so by taking advantage of transportation and communications technology , as well as fragmentation and locational flexibility of production . From 1953 to the late 1990s , the industrialized economies ' share of world manufacturing output declined from 95 % to 77 % , and the developing economies ' share more than quadrupled from 5 % to 23 % .   The resultant division of labor across continents closely follows the North -- South socio-economic and political divide , wherein the North -- with one quarter of the world population -- controls four fifths of the world income , while the South -- with three quarters of the world population -- has access to one fifth of the world income .

neg: List of wealthiest charitable foundations This is a list of wealthiest charitable foundations worldwide . It consists of the 36 largest charitable foundations , private foundations engaged in philanthropy , and other charitable organizations .   Only nonprofit foundations are included in this list . Organisations that are part of a larger company are excluded , such as holding companies .   The entries are ordered by the size of the organisation 's financial endowment ( that is , the value of assets net of liabilities , or invested donations ) . The endowment value is an estimate measured in United States dollars , based on the exchange rates on December 31 , 2016 . Due to fluctuations in holdings , currency exchange and asset values , this list only represents the valuation of each foundation on a single day .

neg: Tribute A tribute ( from Latin tributum , contribution ) is wealth , often in kind , that a party gives to another as a sign of respect or , as was often the case in historical contexts , of submission or allegiance . Various ancient states exacted tribute from the rulers of land which the state conquered or otherwise threatened to conquer . In case of alliances , lesser parties may pay tribute to more powerful parties as a sign of allegiance and often in order to finance projects that benefited both parties . To be called `` tribute '' a recognition by the payer of political submission to the payee is normally required ; the large sums , essentially protection money , paid by the later Roman and Byzantine Empires to barbarian peoples to prevent them attacking imperial territory , would not usually be termed `` tribute '' as the Empire accepted no inferior political position . Payments by a superior political entity to an inferior one , made for various purposes , are described by terms including `` subsidy '' .   The ancient Persian Achaemenid Empire is an example of an ancient ` tribute empire ; one that made relatively few demands on its non-Persian subjects other than the regular payment of tribute , which might be gold , luxury goods , animals , soldiers or slaves . However failure to keep up the payments had dire consequences . The reliefs at Persepolis show processions of figures bearing varied types of tribute .   The medieval Mongol rulers of Russia likewise only expected tribute from the Russian states , which continued to govern themselves . Athens received tribute from the other cities of the Delian League . The empires of Assyria , Babylon , Carthage and Rome exacted tribute from their provinces and subject kingdoms . Ancient China received tribute from various states such as Japan , Korea , Vietnam , Cambodia , Borneo , Indonesia , Sri Lanka , Nepal , Myanmar and Central Asia . The Aztec Empire is another example . The Roman republic exacted tribute in the form of payments equivalent to proportional property taxes , for the purpose of waging war .   Tribute empires contrast with those like the Roman Empire , which more closely controlled and garrisoned subject territories . A tributary state is one that preserves its political position and such independence as it has only by paying tribute .

neg: List of largest Chinese companies This article lists the largest companies in China in terms of their revenue , net profit and total assets , according to the American business magazines Fortune and Forbes . In 2014 , Fortune '' 's Global 500 list of the world 's largest corporations included 95 Chinese companies , with combined revenues of US$ 5.8 trillion . That same year , Forbes '' reported that five of the world 's ten largest public companies were Chinese , including the world 's largest bank by total assets , the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China . Many of China 's largest companies are state-owned enterprises , due to the significant presence of the governing Chinese Communist Party in the national economy .