query: A Wrinkle in Time is a multi-genre film.

pos: A Wrinkle in Time A Wrinkle in Time is a science fantasy novel written by American writer Madeleine L'Engle , first published in 1963 , and in 1979 with illustrations by Leo and Diane Dillon . The book won a Newbery Medal , Sequoyah Book Award , and Lewis Carroll Shelf Award , and was runner-up for the Hans Christian Andersen Award . It is the first book in L'Engle 's Time Quintet , which follows the Murry and O'Keefe families . The book was made into a film , A Wrinkle in Time , in 2003 , and another film , also called A Wrinkle in Time , is in production with a scheduled release of April 2018 . It has also been made into an opera , a graphic novel , and several plays .

neg: Classical Hollywood cinema Classical Hollywood cinema , classical Hollywood narrative , and classical continuity are terms used in film criticism which designate both a narrative and visual style of film-making which developed in and characterized US American cinema between 1917 and the early 1960s and eventually became the most powerful and pervasive style of film-making worldwide .

neg: Early Abstractions Early Abstractions is a collection of seven short animated films created by Harry Everett Smith between 1939 and 1956 . Each film is between two and six minutes long , and is named according to the chronological order in which it was made . The collection includes Numbers 1 -- 5 , 7 , and 10 , while the missing Numbers 8 and 9 are presumed to have been lost .   The idea of the numbering was to suggest a coherent link between each individual film , and that they were to be treated not just on their own but as part of a larger body of work . Of the missing chapters , Number 6 was made up of three-dimensional optically printed abstractions ; Number 8 was a black and white collage of clippings taken from nineteenth century ladies wear catalogues and elocution books , and Number 9 was a color collage of biology books and nineteenth century temperance movement | posters . The remaining films show a gradual evolution in Smith 's technical complexity , with blunt abstraction rudimentary motion more prominent in the early shorts , in contrast to an allegoric dance of Tarot cards , and Buddhist and Cabalistic symbols .   Initially recorded with no sound , a medley of music by The Beatles was added retrospectively . Because the songs do not exactly sync up with each individual film , some critics have opined that this does not enhance the film , and recommend watching it in silence .   In 2006 , Early Abstractions was selected to the National Film Registry by the Librarian of Congress for its `` cultural , historical , or aesthetic significance '' . The Academy Film Archive preserved films 1 , 2 , and 3 of Abstractions .

neg: A Wrinkle in Time (disambiguation) A Wrinkle in Time is a 1963 science fantasy novel by Madeleine L'Engle .   A Wrinkle in Time may also refer to :   A Wrinkle in Time ( 2003 film ) , a 2003 ABC television film based on the novel of the same name  A Wrinkle in Time ( 2018 film ) , an upcoming American theatrical film based on the novel of the same name

neg: E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial is a 1982 American science fiction fantasy film co-produced and directed by Steven Spielberg , and written by Melissa Mathison . It features special effects by Carlo Rambaldi and Dennis Muren , and stars Henry Thomas , Dee Wallace , Robert MacNaughton , Drew Barrymore , Peter Coyote and Pat Welsh . It tells the story of Elliott ( Thomas ) , a lonely boy who befriends an extraterrestrial , dubbed `` E.T. '' , who is stranded on Earth . He and his siblings help it return home while attempting to keep it hidden from their mother and the government .   The concept was based on an imaginary friend Spielberg created after his parents ' divorce in 1960 . In 1980 , Spielberg met Mathison and developed a new story from the stalled sci-fi horror film project Night Skies . It was shot from September to December 1981 in California on a budget of US$ 10.5 million . Unlike most films , it was shot in rough chronological order , to facilitate convincing emotional performances from the young cast .   Released on June 11 , 1982 by Universal Pictures , E.T was an immediate blockbuster , surpassing Star Wars to become the highest-grossing film of all time -- a record it held for eleven years until Jurassic Park , another Spielberg-directed film , surpassed it in 1993 . It is the highest-grossing film of the 1980s . Widely regarded as one of the greatest films of all time , critics acclaimed it as a timeless story of friendship , and it ranks as the greatest science fiction film ever made in a Rotten Tomatoes survey . In 1994 , it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . It was re-released in 1985 , and then again in 2002 to celebrate its 20th anniversary , with altered shots and additional scenes .

neg: Film à clef A film à clef or film à clé ( -LSB- film ‿ a kle -RSB- , French for `` film with a key '' ) , is a film describing real life , behind a façade of fiction . `` Key '' in this context means a table one can use to swap out the names .  It is the film equivalent of the literary roman à clef .

neg: BAFTA Award for Best Film The BAFTA Award for Best Film is given annually by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts and presented at the British Academy Film Awards . It has been given since the 1st BAFTA Awards , representing the best films of 1947 , but until 1969 it was called the BAFTA Award for Best Film From Any Source . It is possible for films from any country to be nominated , although British films are also recognised in the category BAFTA Award for Best British Film and ( since 1983 ) foreign-language films in BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language . As such , there have been multiple occasions of a film being nominated in two of these categories .   There has been one tie for the Best Film award when , in 1962 , Ballad of a Soldier tied with The Hustler for Best Film from any Source . Until 1981 , the award was given to the director , except in 1976 and 1977 , when it was given to the producers . From 1981 to 1985 , it was given solely to the producers , and then in 1986 , it was shared between the Director and Producer . In 1998 , it was once again given to only the producers .   In the following lists , the titles and names in bold with a dark grey background are the winners and recipients respectively ; those not in bold are the nominees . The years given are those in which the films under consideration were released , not the year of the ceremony , which always takes place the following year .

neg: Space opera Space opera is a subgenre of science fiction that emphasizes space warfare , melodramatic adventure , interplanetary battles , as well as chivalric romance , and often risk-taking . Set mainly or entirely in outer space , it usually involves conflict between opponents possessing advanced abilities , futuristic weapons , and other sophisticated technology . The term has no relation to music but is instead a play on the terms `` soap opera '' and `` horse opera '' , the latter of which was coined during the 1930s to indicate clichéd and formulaic Western movies . Space operas emerged in the 1930s and they continue to be produced in literature , film , comics , and video games .   Notable space opera novels include the Foundation series ( 1942 -- 1999 ) by Isaac Asimov , the Lensman series ( 1948-1954 ) by E. E. Smith and the Ender 's Game series ( 1985 -- present ) by Orson Scott Card . An early notable space opera film was Flash Gordon ( 1936 -- present ) created by Alex Raymond . In the late 1970s , the Star Wars franchise ( 1977 -- present ) created by George Lucas brought a great deal of attention to the subgenre .

neg: Substitution splice The substitution splice is a cinematic special effect in which film makers achieve an appearance , disappearance , or transformation using a cut . It is sometimes also called the stop trick or the stop motion substitution , although the effect is achieved through film editing rather than by literally stopping the camera .   The pioneering French filmmaker Georges Méliès claimed to have accidentally developed substitution splicing while filming street traffic at the Place de l'Opéra in Paris . According to his story , his camera jammed and stopped ; by the time he had solved the difficulty , the traffic had moved on . When the film was screened , a man appeared to change into a woman , and an omnibus seemed to turn into a hearse . No evidence has emerged to support this story , which was probably entirely invented by Méliès . According to the film scholar Jacques Deslandes , it is more likely that Méliès discovered the substitution splice by carefully examining a print of the Edison Manufacturing Company 's 1895 film The Execution of Mary Queen of Scots , in which a primitive version of the trick appears . In any case , the substitution splice was both the first special effect Méliès perfected , and the most important in his body of work .   For some time , film theorists mistakenly believed that the camera was actually stopped for the effect , and then restarted ( hence the occasionally used term `` stop trick '' ) . However , later film historians such as Richard Abel and Elizabeth Ezra established that the effect was the result of Méliès 's careful frame matching during the editing process , creating a seamless match cut out of two separately staged shots . Indeed , Méliès often used substitution splicing not as an obvious special effect , but as an inconspicuous editing technique , matching and combining short takes into one apparently seamless longer shot . Substitution splicing could become even more seamless when the film was colored by hand , as many of Méliès 's films were ; the addition of painted color acts as a sleight of hand technique allowing the cuts to pass by unnoticed .   The substitution splice was the most popular cinematic special effect in early film fantasies , especially those that evolved from the stage tradition of the féerie . Segundo de Chomón is among the other filmmakers who used substitution splicing to create elaborate fantasy effects . D.W. Griffith 's 1909 film The Curtain Pole , starring Mack Sennett , used substitution splices for comedic effect . The transformations made possible by the substitution splice were so central to early fantasy films that , in France , such films were often described simply as scènes à transformation .   This technique is different from the stop motion technique , in which the entire shot is created frame by frame .

neg: Timecode (film) Timecode is a 2000 American experimental film written and directed by Mike Figgis and featuring a large ensemble cast , including Salma Hayek , Stellan Skarsgård , Jeanne Tripplehorn , Suzy Nakamura , Kyle MacLachlan , Saffron Burrows , Holly Hunter , Julian Sands , Xander Berkeley , Leslie Mann and Mía Maestro .   The film is constructed from four continuous 93-minute takes that were filmed simultaneously by four cameramen ; the screen is divided into quarters , and the four shots are shown simultaneously . The film depicts several groups of people in Los Angeles as they interact and conflict while preparing for the shooting of a movie in a production office . The dialogue was largely improvised , and the sound mix of the film is designed so that the most significant of the four sequences on screen dominates the soundtrack at any given moment .   An allusion to this film can be heard during another of Mike Figgis 's films , Hotel . In the first moment the screen is split into four quadrants . The sound of milk being steamed in one quadrant combines with the sound of an actor tapping beats onto a paperback novel in another quadrant to create a very subtle imitation of the sounds and music heard during the first few minutes in Timecode .

neg: List of film awards This is a list of groups , organizations and festivals that recognize achievements in cinema , usually by awarding various prizes . The awards sometimes also have popular unofficial names ( such as the ` Oscar ' for Hollywood 's Academy Awards ) , which are mentioned if applicable . Many awards are simply identified by the name of the group presenting the award .   Awards have been divided into four major categories : Critics ' Awards , voted on ( usually annually ) by a group of critics ; Festival Awards , awards presented to the best film shown in a particular film festival ; Industry Awards , which are selected by professionals working in some branch of the movie industry ; and Audience Awards , which are voted by the general public .

neg: B movie A B movie is a low-budget commercial movie , but one that is not an arthouse film . In its original usage , during the Golden Age of Hollywood , the term more precisely identified films intended for distribution as the less-publicized bottom half of a double feature . Although the U.S. production of movies intended as second features largely ceased by the end of the 1950s , the term B movie continues to be used in the broader sense it maintains today . In its post -- Golden Age usage , there is ambiguity on both sides of the definition : on the one hand , the primary interest of many inexpensive exploitation films is prurient ; on the other , many B movies display a high degree of craft and aesthetic ingenuity .   In either usage , most B movies represent a particular genre -- the Western was a Golden Age B movie staple , while low-budget science-fiction and horror films became more popular in the 1950s . Early B movies were often part of series in which the star repeatedly played the same character . Almost always shorter than the top-billed films they were paired with , many had running times of 70 minutes or less . The term connoted a general perception that B movies were inferior to the more handsomely budgeted headliners ; individual B films were often ignored by critics .   Latter-day B movies still sometimes inspire multiple sequels , but series are less common . As the average running time of top-of-the-line films increased , so did that of B pictures . In its current usage , the term has somewhat contradictory connotations : it may signal an opinion that a certain movie is ( a ) a genre film with minimal artistic ambitions or ( b ) a lively , energetic film uninhibited by the constraints imposed on more expensive projects and unburdened by the conventions of putatively `` serious '' independent film . The term is also now used loosely to refer to some higher-budgeted , mainstream films with exploitation-style content , usually in genres traditionally associated with the B movie .   From their beginnings to the present day , B movies have provided opportunities both for those coming up in the profession and others whose careers are waning . Celebrated filmmakers such as Anthony Mann and Jonathan Demme learned their craft in B movies . They are where actors such as John Wayne and Jack Nicholson first became established , and they have provided work for former A movie actors , such as Vincent Price and Karen Black . Some actors , such as Bela Lugosi , Eddie Constantine and Pam Grier , worked in B movies for most of their careers . The term B actor is sometimes used to refer to a performer who finds work primarily or exclusively in B pictures .

neg: Scene (filmmaking) In filmmaking and video production , a scene is generally thought of as the action in a single location and continuous time . Due to the ability to edit recorded visual works , it is much shorter than a stage play scene .  Because of their frequent appearance in films , some types of scenes have acquired names , such as love scene , sex scene , nude scene , dream scene , action scene , car chase scene , crash scene , etc. . There is usually an opening scene and a closing scene .   A scene is a part of a film , as well as an act , a sequence ( longer or shorter than a scene ) , and a setting ( usually shorter than a scene ) . While the terms refer to a set sequence and continuity of observation , resulting from the handling of the camera or by the editor , the term scene refers to the continuity of the observed action - an association of time , place or characters . The term may refer to the division of the film from the screenplay , from the finished film , or it may only occur in the mind of the spectator who is trying to close on a logic of action . For example , parts of an action film at the same location , that play at different times can also consist of several scenes . Likewise , there can be parallel action scenes at different locations usually in separate scenes , except that they would be connected by media such as telephone , video , etc. .   In contrast , the traditional movie script was divided into acts , but those categories are less frequently used in the digital technology . The scene is important for the unity of the action of the film , while a stage drama is typically divided into acts . The division of a movie into scenes is usually done in the script . Some action scenes need to be planned very carefully .

neg: List of British films of 2013 The British film industry produced over five hundred feature films in 2013 . This article fully lists all non-pornographic films , including short films , that had a release date in that year and which were at least partly made by the United Kingdom . It does not include films first released in previous years that had release dates in 2013 .   Also included is an overview of the major events in British film , including film festivals and awards ceremonies , as well as lists of those films that were particularly well received , both critically and financially . The year was particularly notable for a number of low budget and independent horror films , such as In Fear , Devil 's Pass , Dementamania and Stalled .

neg: Academy Award for Best Animated Feature The Academy Awards are given each year by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS or the Academy ) for the best films and achievements of the previous year . The Academy Award for Best Animated Feature is given each year for animated films . An animated feature is defined by the Academy as a film with a running time of more than 40 minutes in which characters ' performances are created using a frame-by-frame technique , a significant number of the major characters are animated , and animation figures in no less than 75 percent of the running time . The Academy Award for Best Animated Feature was first given for films made in 2001 .   Through the 89th Academy Awards , presented in 2017 , Academy Award nominations in this category were made by the Academy 's animation section ; effective with the 2018 awards , all Academy members will be eligible to vote on nominations . The entire AMPAS membership has been eligible to choose the winner since the award 's inception . If there are sixteen or more films submitted for the category , the winner is voted from a shortlist of five films , which has happened six times , otherwise there will only be three films on the shortlist . Additionally , eight eligible animated features must have been theatrically released in Los Angeles County within the calendar year for this category to be activated .   Animated films can be nominated for other categories , but have rarely been so ; Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) was the first animated film ever nominated for Best Picture . Up ( 2009 ) and Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) also received Best Picture nominations after the Academy expanded the number of nominees .   Waltz with Bashir ( 2008 ) is the only animated film ever nominated for Best Foreign Language Film ( though it did not receive a nomination for Best Animated Feature ) . The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) and Kubo and the Two Strings ( 2016 ) are the only two animated films to ever be nominated for Best Visual Effects .

neg: Cyberpunk derivatives A number of cyberpunk derivatives have become recognized as distinct subgenres in speculative fiction . These derivatives , though they do not share cyberpunk 's computers-focused setting , may display other qualities drawn from or analogous to cyberpunk : a world built on one particular technology that is extrapolated to a highly sophisticated level ( this may even be a fantastical or anachronistic technology , akin to retro-futurism ) , a gritty transreal urban style , or a particular approach to social themes .   The most successful of these subgenres , Steampunk , has been defined as a `` kind of technological fantasy '' , and others in this category sometimes also incorporate aspects of science fantasy and historical fantasy . Scholars have written of these subgenres ' stylistic place in postmodern literature , and also their ambiguous interaction with the historical perspective of postcolonialism .   American author Bruce Bethke coined the term `` cyberpunk '' in his 1980 short story of the same name , proposing it as a label for a new generation of punk teenagers inspired by the perceptions inherent to the Information Age . The term was quickly appropriated as a label to be applied to the works of William Gibson , Bruce Sterling , John Shirley , Rudy Rucker , Michael Swanwick , Pat Cadigan , Lewis Shiner , Richard Kadrey , and others . Science fiction author Lawrence Person , in defining postcyberpunk , summarized the characteristics of cyberpunk thus :  Classic cyberpunk characters were marginalized , alienated loners who lived on the edge of society in generally dystopic futures where daily life was impacted by rapid technological change , an ubiquitous datasphere of computerized information , and invasive modification of the human body .   The relevance of cyberpunk as a genre to punk subculture is debatable and further hampered by the lack of a defined cyberpunk subculture ; where the small cyber movement shares themes with cyberpunk fiction and draws inspiration from punk and goth alike , cyberculture is much more popular though much less defined , encompassing virtual communities and cyberspace in general and typically embracing optimistic anticipations about the future . Cyberpunk is nonetheless regarded as a successful genre , as it ensnared many new readers and provided the sort of movement that postmodern literary critics found alluring . Furthermore , author David Brin argues , cyberpunk made science fiction more attractive and profitable for mainstream media and the visual arts in general .

neg: Genre Genre ( -LSB- ˈʒɒ̃rə -RSB- , -LSB- ˈʒɒnrə -RSB- or -LSB- ˈdʒɒnrə -RSB- from French genre -LSB- ʒɑ̃ʁ -RSB- , `` kind '' or `` sort '' , from Latin genus ( stem gener - ) , Greek γένος , génos ) is any form or type of communication in any mode ( written , spoken , digital , artistic , etc. ) with socially-agreed upon conventions developed over time . Genre is most popularly known as a category of literature , music , or other forms of art or entertainment , whether written or spoken , audio or visual , based on some set of stylistic criteria , yet genres can be aesthetic , rhetorical , communicative , or functional . Genres form by conventions that change over time as new genres are invented and the use of old ones is discontinued . Often , works fit into multiple genres by way of borrowing and recombining these conventions . Stand alone texts , works , or pieces of communication may have individual styles , but genres are amalgams of these texts based on agreed upon or socially inferred conventions . Some genres may be rigid with strictly adhered to guidelines while others may be very flexible .   Genre began as an absolute classification system for ancient Greek literature . Poetry , prose , and performance each had a specific and calculated style that related to the theme of the story . Speech patterns for comedy would not be appropriate for tragedy , and even actors were restricted to their genre under the assumption that a type of person could tell one type of story best .  In later periods genres proliferated and developed in response to changes in audiences and creators . Genre became a dynamic tool to help the public make sense out of unpredictable art . Because art is often a response to a social state , in that people write/paint/sing / dance about what they know about , the use of genre as a tool must be able to adapt to changing meanings .   Genre suffers from the same ills of any classification system . Genre is to be reassessed and scrutinized and to weigh works on their unique merit . It has been suggested that genres resonate with people because of the familiarity , the shorthand communication , as well as the tendency of genres to shift with public mores and to reflect the zeitgeist . While the genre of storytelling has been relegated as lesser form of art because of the heavily borrowed nature of the conventions , admiration has grown . Proponents argue that the genius of an effective genre piece is in the variation , recombination , and evolution of the codes .

neg: Wiener Film Wiener Film ( German ; plural : Wiener Filme ; literally , `` Viennese film '' ) is an Austrian film genre , consisting of a combination of comedy , romance and melodrama in an historical setting , mostly , and typically , the Vienna of the late 19th and early 20th centuries . The Wiener Film genre was in production between the 1920s and the 1950s , with the 1930s as its high period .

neg: Transnational cinema Transnational cinema is a developing concept within film studies that encompasses a range of theories relating to the effects of globalization upon the cultural and economic aspects of film . It incorporates the debates and influences of postnationalism , postcolonialism , consumerism and Third cinema , amongst many other topics .   Transnational cinema debates consider the development and subsequent effect of films , cinemas and directors which span national boundaries .

neg: Film series A film series ( also referred to as a film franchise ) is a collection of related films in succession that share the same fictional universe , or are marketed as a series .   Sometimes the work is conceived from the beginning as a multiple-film work , for example the Three Colours series , but in most cases the success of the original film inspires further films to be made . Individual sequels are relatively common , but are not always successful enough to spawn further installments .   The Marvel Cinematic Universe is the highest grossing film series in unadjusted US Dollar figures surpassing the Harry Potter , Star Wars , James Bond , and Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings series . However , `` Star Wars '' has the highest when adjusted for inflation .

neg: Histoire(s) du cinéma Histoire ( s ) du cinéma ( -LSB- is.twaʁ dy si.ne.ma -RSB- ) is an 8-part video project begun by Jean-Luc Godard in the late 1980s and completed in 1998 . The longest , at 266 minutes , and one of the most complex of Godard 's films , Histoire ( s ) du cinéma is an examination of the history of the concept of cinema and how it relates to the 20th century ; in this sense , it can also be considered a critique of the 20th century and how it perceives itself . The project is considered by many the most important work of the late period of Godard 's career .   Histoire ( s ) du cinéma is always referred to by its French title , because of the word play it implies : histoire means both `` history '' and `` story , '' and the s in parentheses gives the possibility of a plural . Therefore , the phrase Histoire ( s ) du cinéma simultaneously means The History of Cinema , Histories of Cinema , The Story of Cinema and Stories of Cinema . Similar double or triple meanings , as well as puns , are a recurring motif throughout Histoire ( s ) and much of Godard 's work .   The film was screened out of competition at the 1988 Cannes Film Festival . Nine years later , it was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1997 Festival .   The soundtrack was released as a 5-CD boxed set on the ECM record label .


query: Marie Antoinette was killed on November 1st, 1755.

pos: Marie Antoinette Marie Antoinette ( -LSB- ˈmæriˌæntwəˈnɛt -RSB- , -LSB- ˌɑ̃ːntwə - -RSB- , -LSB- ˌɑ̃ːtwə - -RSB- , -LSB- məˈriː - -RSB- -LSB- maʁi ɑ̃twanɛt -RSB- ; born Maria Antonia Josepha Johanna ( 2 November 1755 -- 16 October 1793 ) was the last Queen of France and Navarre before the French Revolution . She was born an Archduchess of Austria , and was the fifteenth and second youngest child of Empress Maria Theresa and Francis I , Holy Roman Emperor .   In April 1770 , upon her marriage to Louis-Auguste , heir apparent to the French throne , she became Dauphine of France . On 10 May 1774 , when her husband ascended the throne as Louis XVI , she became Queen of France and Navarre , a title she held until September 1791 , when , as the French Revolution proceeded , she became Queen of the French , a title she held until 21 September 1792 .   After eight years of marriage , Marie Antoinette gave birth to a daughter , Marie-Thérèse Charlotte , the first of her four children . Despite her initial popularity , a growing number of the population eventually came to dislike her , accusing her of being profligate , promiscuous , and of harbouring sympathies for France 's enemies , particularly her native Austria . The Diamond Necklace affair damaged her reputation further . During the Revolution , she became known as Madame Déficit because the country 's financial crisis was blamed on her lavish spending and her opposition to the social and financial reforms of Turgot and Necker .   During the Revolution , after the government had placed the royal family under house arrest in the Tuileries Palace in October 1789 , several events linked to Marie Antoinette , in particular the June 1791 attempted flight to Varennes and her role in the War of the First Coalition , had disastrous effects on French popular opinion . On 10 August 1792 , the attack on the Tuileries forced the royal family to take refuge at the Assembly , and on 13 August the family was imprisoned in the Temple . On 21 September 1792 , the monarchy was abolished . After a two-day trial begun on 14 October 1793 , Marie Antoinette was convicted by the Revolutionary Tribunal of high treason and executed by guillotine on the Place de la Révolution on 16 October 1793 .

neg: Catherine Cadière Catherine Cadière , or Marie-Catherine Cadière , ( 12 November 1709 in Toulon , year of death unknown ) , was an alleged French witch . The trial of Catherine Cadiére in 1731 is one of the most famous of its kind in French history , and have been referred to many times in literature , notably in the pornographic novel Thérèse philosophe .

neg: Place de la Bastille The Place de la Bastille is a square in Paris where the Bastille prison stood until the `` Storming of the Bastille '' and its subsequent physical destruction between 14 July 1789 and 14 July 1790 during the French Revolution . No vestige of the prison remains .   The square straddles 3 arrondissements of Paris , namely the 4th , 11th and 12th . The square and its surrounding areas are normally called simply Bastille .   The July Column ( Colonne de Juillet ) which commemorates the events of the July Revolution ( 1830 ) stands at the center of the square . Other notable features include the Bastille Opera , the Bastille subway station and a section of the Canal Saint Martin . Prior to 1984 , the former Bastille railway station stood where the opera house now stands .   The square is home to concerts and similar events . The north-eastern area of Bastille is busy at night with its many cafés , bars , night clubs , and concert halls .   As a consequence of its historical significance , the square is often the site or point of departure of political demonstrations , including the massive anti-CPE demonstration of 28 March 2006 .

neg: Treaty of Vienna (1731) The Treaty of Vienna was first signed on 16 March 1731 by the imperial ministers Prince Eugene of Savoy , Count Sinzendorf and Count Gundaker Thomas Starhemberg and the British envoy to Vienna , Sir Thomas Robinson . This treaty marked the collapse of the Anglo-French Alliance ( 1727 -- 1731 ) , the beginning of the Anglo-Austrian Alliance and the birth of the legend of the natural enmity between the Kingdom of France and the Kingdom of Great Britain . The treaty pitted France and Spain on one side against Great Britain and Austria on the other .   The Spanish , specifically , signed the treaty on 22 July 1731 . The treaty also recognised Charles of Spain as the Duke of Parma .

neg: Palais de la Cité The Palais de la Cité , located on the Île de la Cité in the Seine River in the center of Paris , was the residence of the Kings of France from the sixth century until the 14th century . From the 14th century until the French Revolution , it was the headquarters of the French treasury , judicial system and the Parlement of Paris , an assembly of nobles . During the Revolution it served as a courthouse and prison , where Marie Antoinette and other prisoners were held and tried by the Revolutionary Tribunal . The palace was built and rebuilt over the course of six centuries ; the site is now largely occupied by the buildings of the 19th century Palais de Justice , but a few important vestiges remain ; the medieval lower hall of the Conciergerie , four towers along the Seine , and , mostly important , Sainte-Chapelle , the former chapel of the Palace , masterpiece of Gothic architecture . Both parts of the Conciergerie and Saint-Chapelle are classified as national historical monuments and can be visited , though most of the Palais de Justice is closed to the public .

neg: Marc Filloux Marc Filloux ( 2 November 1944 -- ca. 14 April 1974 ) a French journalist based in Vientiane , Laos for Agence France-Presse who disappeared and was killed along with his translator and girlfriend in Cambodia when he attempted to be the first to obtain an interview with the Khmer Rouge 's leaders during the Cambodian Civil War .  Filloux was the 22nd journalist killed in Cambodia and one of 8 French journalists and one of 37 journalists overall .

neg: Girondins The Girondins ( or Girondists ) were members of a loosely knit political faction during the French Revolution . From 1791 to 1793 , the Girondins were active within the Legislative Assembly and the National Convention . They were part of the Jacobin movement - ( though not every Girondin was a member of the Jacobin Club ) - until they were accused of monarchism and purged .   The Girondins campaigned for the end of the monarchy , but then resisted the spiraling momentum of the Revolution . They came into conflict with The Mountain ( Montagnards ) , a radical left-wing faction within the Jacobin Club . This conflict eventually led to the fall of the Girondins and their mass execution , the beginning of the Reign of Terror . The Girondins were a group of loosely affiliated individuals rather than an organized political party , and the name was at first informally applied because the most prominent exponents of their point of view were deputies to the Legislative Assembly from the département of Gironde in southwest France .   Girondin leader Jacques-Pierre Brissot proposed an ambitious military plan to spread the Revolution internationally , thus the Girondins were the war party in 1792 -- 93 . Other prominent Girondins included Jean Marie Roland and his wife Madame Roland . They had an ally in the English-born , sometime American activist Thomas Paine . Brissot and Madame Roland were executed and Jean Roland ( who had gone into hiding ) committed suicide when he learned what had transpired . Paine was arrested and imprisoned but narrowly escaped execution . The famous painting Death of Marat depicts the killing of the fiery radical journalist ( and denouncer of the Girondins ) Jean-Paul Marat by the Girondin sympathizer Charlotte Corday , who was executed .

neg: Antoinette de Bourbon Antoinette de Bourbon ( 25 December 1493 -- 22 January 1583 ) was a French noblewoman of the House of Bourbon . She was the wife of Claude de Lorraine , Duke of Guise . Through her eldest daughter , Mary of Guise , Queen consort of King James V of Scotland , she was the maternal grandmother of Mary , Queen of Scots .

neg: George Brydges Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney George Brydges Rodney , 1st Baron Rodney , KB ( bap . 13 February 1718 -- 24 May 1792 ) was a British naval officer . He is best known for his commands in the American War of Independence , particularly his victory over the French at the Battle of the Saintes in 1782 . It is often claimed that he was the commander to have pioneered the tactic of `` breaking the line '' .   Rodney came from a distinguished but poor background , and went to sea at the age of fourteen . His first major action was the Second Battle of Cape Finisterre in 1747 . He made a large amount of prize money during the 1740s , allowing him to purchase a large country estate and a seat in the House of Commons of Great Britain . During the Seven Years ' War , Rodney was involved in a number of amphibious operations such as the raids on Rochefort and Le Havre and the Siege of Louisbourg . He became well known for his role in the capture of Martinique in 1762 . Following the Peace of Paris , Rodney 's financial situation stagnated . He spent large sums of money pursuing his political ambitions . By 1774 he had run up large debts and was forced to flee Britain to avoid his creditors . He was in a French jail when war was declared in 1778 . Thanks to a benefactor , Rodney was able to secure his release and return to Britain where he was appointed to a new command .   Rodney successfully relieved Gibraltar during the Great Siege and defeated a Spanish fleet during the 1780 Battle of Cape St. Vincent , known as the `` Moonlight Battle '' because it took place at night . He then was posted to the Jamaica Station , where he became involved in the controversial 1781 capture of Sint Eustatius . Later that year he briefly returned home suffering from ill health . During his absence the British lost the crucial Battle of the Chesapeake leading to the surrender at Yorktown .   To some Rodney was a controversial figure , accused of an obsession with prize money and nepotism . This was brought to a head in the wake of his taking of Saint Eustatius for which he was heavily criticised in Britain . Orders for his recall had been sent when Rodney won a decisive victory at the Battle of the Saintes in April 1782 , ending the French threat to Jamaica . On his return to Britain , Rodney was made a peer and was awarded an annual pension of # 2,000 . He lived in retirement until his death in 1792 .

neg: Miguel of Braganza Dom Michael of Braganza was a Portuguese infante , illegitimate son of King Pedro II of Portugal and of the French lady Anne Armande Pastre de Verger ( sometimes called du Vergé ) . He was born in Lisbon on 15 October 1699 and died drowned in the Tagus River on 13 January 1724 .

neg: Maria Josepha of Austria Maria Josepha of Austria ( Maria Josepha Benedikta Antonia Theresia Xaveria Philippine , Maria Józefa 8 December 1699 -- 17 November 1757 ) was born an Archduchess of Austria , and from 1711 to 1717 was heir presumptive to the Habsburg Empire . By her marriage to Augustus III of Poland she was the Electress of Saxony and Queen consort of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth .

neg: Madame de La Fayette Marie-Madeleine Pioche de La Vergne , comtesse de La Fayette ( baptized 18 March 1634 -- 25 May 1693 ) , better known as Madame de La Fayette , was a French writer , the author of La Princesse de Clèves , France 's first historical novel and one of the earliest novels in literature .

neg: Maria Anna of Savoy, Duchess of Chablais Maria Anna of Savoy ( Maria Anna Carlota Gabriela ; 17 December 1757 -- 11 October 1824 ) was a Princess of Savoy by birth and Duchess of Chablais by her marriage to her uncle .   Born at the Royal Palace of Turin , she was the sixth child of Prince Victor Amadeus , Duke of Savoy and , since 1773 , King of Sardinia , by his wife , Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain , as daughter of Philip V.   Maria Anna was the fourth but third surviving daughter of her parents . Her two older sisters were the future `` grand daughters in law '' of Louis XV of France , Princess Maria Giuseppina , who married the future Louis XVIII of France in 1771 and Princess Maria Teresa , who married the future Charles X of France in 1773 . Their younger surviving sister , Maria Carolina , married Anthony of Saxony .   Three of her brothers were the last three Kings of Sardinia from the senior line of the House of Savoy : the future Charles Emmanuel IV , Victor Emmanuel I and Charles Felix . After the death of the last one in 1831 without issue , the throne passed to Charles Albert , Prince of Carignano and next legitimate male heir .

neg: Emmanuel Marie Michel Philippe Fréteau de Saint-Just Emmanuel Marie Michel Philippe Fréteau de Saint-Just ( 28 March 1745 -- 14 June 1794 ) was a French nobleman and an elected representative of the Second Estate during the French Revolution . He was a politically liberal deputy to the Estates-General of 1789 and worked for the cause of constitutional monarchy . In 1789 , Fréteau de Saint-Just served two terms as President of the National Constituent Assembly .   As the Revolution became more radical , Fréteau de Saint-Just became politically marginalized , and by 1792 he had retired from national politics completely . Nonetheless , his aristocratic background drew increasing ire from militant revolutionaries until he was finally arrested and executed at the guillotine in 1794 during the Reign of Terror .

neg: Princess Maria Carolina of Savoy Maria Carolina of Savoy ( Maria Carolina Antonietta Adelaide ; 17 January 1764 -- 28 December 1782 ) was a Princess of Savoy from her birth . She was the youngest daughter of the future Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia and married in 1781 to the Electoral Prince of Saxony . She died of Smallpox aged eighteen .

neg: Marie Anne de Bourbon (1689–1720) Marie Anne de Bourbon ( 18 April 1689 -- 21 March 1720 ) was a princess of the blood at the French court of Versailles . She was the first wife of Louis Henri de Bourbon and as such was the Duchess of Bourbon and Princess of Condé by marriage . She died childless during the Regency of Philippe d'Orléans . She was known as the younger duchess as opposed to her mother-in-law , the older duchess . Despite her husband being the Prince of Condé , he continued to use the title of Duke of Bourbon , the title by which his wife was known .

neg: Louise-Élisabeth de Croÿ de Tourzel Louise-Élisabeth de Croÿ de Tourzel ( Louise Élisabeth Félicité Françoise Armande Anne Marie Jeanne Joséphine de Croÿ de Tourzel ) 11 June 1749 -- 15 May 1832 ) , the Marquise de Tourzel ( later Duchess ) was a French noblewoman and courtier to the royal court of King Louis XVI . She was the last governess to the royal children of Louis and his wife , Queen Marie Antoinette . Decades after the French Revolution , de Tourzel published widely read memoirs , which presented a unique perspective on the royal family .

neg: Princess Thérèse of France Thérèse de France , ( Marie Thérèse Félicité ; 16 May 1736 -- 28 September 1744 ) was a French Princesse du Sang .

neg: Maria Elisabetta Carlotta of Savoy Maria Elisabetta Carlotta of Savoy ( 16 July 1752 -- 17 April 1753 ) was a Princess of Savoy by birth , and daughter of the king of Sardinia Victor Amadeus III of Savoy and his wife , Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain ( daughter of Philip V of Spain ) .

neg: Louis II, Duke of Bourbon Louis de Bourbon , called the Good ( 4 February 1337 -- 10 August 1410 ) , son of Peter de Bourbon and Isabella de Valois ( the sister of French King Philip VI ) , was the third Duke of Bourbon .   Duke Louis is reported to have been somewhat mentally unstable , specifically having a trait of nervous breakdowns which is presumably hereditary ; this trait was also evidenced in his sister Joanna of Bourbon ( the wife of French King Charles V ) , his nephew Charles VI of France ( called `` The Mad '' ) , his father Duke Peter , and his grandfather Louis I , Duke of Bourbon .   The teenage Louis inherited the duchy from his father Duke Peter I after his death in the Battle of Poitiers in 1356 .   On August 19 , 1371 , he married Anne of Auvergne ( 1358 -- 1417 ) , Countess of Forez and a daughter of Beraud II , Dauphin of Auvergne , and his wife the Countess of Forez , and they had four children :   Catherine of Bourbon ( b. 1378 ) , d. young  John of Bourbon ( 1381 -- 1434 ) , Duke of Bourbon  Louis of Bourbon ( 1388 -- 1404 ) , Sieur de Beaujeu  Isabelle of Bourbon ( 1384 -- aft . 1451 )   In 1390 , Duke Louis launched the Barbary Crusade against the Hafsids of Tunis , in conjunction with the Genoese . Its objective was to suppress piracy based in the city of Mahdia , but the siege was unsuccessful . Duke Louis died at Montlucon in 1410 , at the age of 72 or 73 .

neg: Empress Elisabeth of Austria Duchess Elisabeth in Bavaria ( 24 December 1837 -- 10 September 1898 ) was the wife of Emperor Franz Joseph I , and thus Empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary , and many others ( see Grand title of the Empress of Austria ) .   Born into the royal Bavarian house of Wittelsbach , Elisabeth ( also called `` Sisi '' ) enjoyed an informal upbringing before marrying Emperor Franz Joseph I at the age of sixteen . The marriage thrust her into the much more formal Habsburg court life , for which she was ill-prepared and which she found uncongenial . Early in the marriage she was at odds with her mother-in-law , Archduchess Sophie , who took over the rearing of Elisabeth 's daughters , one of whom , Sophie , died in infancy . The birth of a male heir , Rudolf , improved her standing at court considerably , but her health suffered under the strain , and she would often visit Hungary for its more relaxed environment . She came to develop a deep kinship with Hungary , and helped to bring about the dual monarchy of Austria -- Hungary in 1867 .   The death of her only son Rudolf , and his mistress Mary Vetsera , in a murder -- suicide tragedy at his hunting lodge at Mayerling in 1889 was a blow from which Elisabeth never recovered . She withdrew from court duties and travelled widely , unaccompanied by her family . She was obsessively concerned with maintaining her youthful figure and beauty , which was already legendary during her life . While travelling in Geneva in 1898 , she was stabbed to death by an Italian anarchist named Luigi Lucheni . Elisabeth was the longest serving Empress of Austria , at 44 years .


query: Machine Gun Kelly was born with the name Colson Baker.

pos: Machine Gun Kelly (rapper) Colson Baker ( born April 22 , 1990 ) , better known by his stage names MGK and Machine Gun Kelly , is an American rapper and actor , from Cleveland , Ohio . MGK embarked on a musical career as a teenager , releasing a mixtape in 2006 . He would then go on to release four further mixtapes .   MGK then secured a recording contract with Bad Boy and Interscope Records in 2011 . His major label debut album , Lace Up , was released in October 2012 to positive response from critics . The record contained the singles `` Wild Boy '' , `` Invincible '' , `` Stereo '' , and `` Hold On ( Shut Up ) '' , and debuted at number four on the US Billboard 200 chart ; it was later confirmed to have sold more than 178,000 copies . In early 2015 , he released the singles `` Till I Die '' and `` A Little More '' for his second studio album , General Admission , which released in October 2015 , and also debuted at number four in the US . The album incorporated darker tones , rap rock , R&B , and storytelling .   MGK has also appeared in various films , starring in Beyond the Lights , as Kid Culprit . He would then star in Roadies as Wesley ( a.k.a. Wes ) , before being cast in lead roles in Viral , Punk 's Dead : SLC Punk 2 and Nerve .

neg: Henry Kelly (VC) Major Henry Kelly VC , MC & Bar ( 10 July 1887 -- 18 July 1960 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces .   Kelly was born on 10 July 1887 in Collyhurst , Manchester . He was a temporary second lieutenant in the 10th Battalion , The Duke of Wellington 's ( West Riding ) Regiment during the First World War at the time of his award of the Victoria Cross in 1916 . He was awarded a Military Cross and later a Bar to that medal in Italy in 1918 . Other Military awards include the Belgian Croix de guerre , the French Médaille militaire and the Spanish Grand Laurelled Cross of San Fernando .

neg: Joe Budden Joseph Anthony Budden II , better known as Joe Budden ( born August 31 , 1980 ) , is an American rapper who , in addition to being a solo artist , is a member of the American hip hop supergroup Slaughterhouse , alongside fellow rappers Royce da 5 ' 9 '' , Joell Ortiz , and Crooked I.   His most commercially successful single is the 2003 hit song `` Pump It Up '' , from his self-titled album , which contains production from Just Blaze . He was formerly signed to major record label Def Jam , but left for his personal reasons and for them pushing back his album releases . After his splitting from Def Jam , he began recording and releasing mixtapes and albums on independent labels . In 2013 , he released No Love Lost ; his follow-up album , `` Some Love Lost '' was released November 4 , 2014 . He released `` All Love Lost '' on October 16 , 2015 . Most recently , he released `` Rage & The Machine '' on October 21 , 2016 . Budden also co-starred on the VH1 reality show Love & Hip Hop : New York .

neg: James Riley (gunman) James Riley ( 1853 - ? ) was a young man from Kansas who , on August 19 , 1871 was the deciding factor in a little-known but deadly gunfight , which became known as the Gunfight at Hide Park , that took place in Newton , Kansas . The gunfight , despite being lesser known than either the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral or the Four Dead in Five Seconds Gunfight , resulted in more dead .

neg: David Patrick Kelly David Patrick Kelly ( born January 23 , 1951 ) is an American actor and musician who has appeared in numerous films and television series . He is widely known for roles such as Luther in the cult 1979 film The Warriors , and another character named Luther in the 1982 Eddie Murphy film 48 Hrs. , Sully in the 1985 Arnold Schwarzenegger film Commando , Jerry Horne in Twin Peaks , and T-Bird in the 1994 film The Crow .

neg: Christopher Evans (outlaw) Christopher `` Chris '' Evans ( February 19 , 1847 -- February 9 , 1917 ) , a native of Bells Corners near Ottawa , Canada , was an American farmer and teamster turned outlaw .   Evans was accused of robbing the Southern Pacific Railroad in California between 1889 and 1892 . After killing a member of a posse outside his home on the outskirts of Visalia , he fled to the Sierra Nevada mountains with his younger partner , John Sontag . While Evans and Sontag hid out , writers Ambrose Bierce and Joaquin Miller championed their cause in the San Francisco Examiner . The outlaws evaded capture for ten months . They had a shootout with a posse at the Young cabin which resulted in the death of Wilson , the posse leader , and McGinnis , a former friend of Chris Evans . Later , John Sontag was mortally wounded in what is called the Battle of Stone Corral .   Evans was himself severely wounded at Stone Corral , having lost an eye and his left arm . He was taken into custody and convicted of murder and sentenced to life in Folsom State Prison in Folsom , California . John Sontag 's younger brother , George Contant , testified against Evans and hence acquired the lifelong hatred of Evans ' family .   After Evans served for seventeen years at Folsom , he was paroled in 1911 by Governor Hiram Johnson , a liberal Republican , who had been elected on an anti-Southern Pacific campaign theme . Banished from California , he died in Portland , Oregon , in 1917 , denying to the end that he had ever robbed a train and continuing to assert that he had killed only in self-defense . He also wrote a socialist book which calls for expanded government to check what he viewed as the abuses of the business community . Evans is interred in Portland at Mount Calvary Cemetery .   An accomplice to the Evans-Sontag Gang was Ed Morrell , who served fourteen years total in Folsom and San Quentin . Championed by author Jack London , Morrell was pardoned in 1908 and thereafter became a well-known advocate for prison reform .   Morris Ankrum and John Smith portrayed Evans and Sontag , respectively , in an episode of the 1955 syndicated television series Stories of the Century , starring and hosted by Jim Davis . Jimmie Dodd of The Mickey Mouse Club appears as a deputy in this episode .

neg: Charlie, Last Name Wilson Charlie , Last Name Wilson is the third studio album by American singer Charlie Wilson ; it was released on August 23 , 2005 , by Jive Records . The album includes production from several R&B hitmakers including R. Kelly , will.i.am , Justin Timberlake , KayGee & Terence `` Tramp-Baby '' Abney , The Underdogs and The Platinum Brothers .   It debuted and peaked at # 10 on the Billboard 200 with sales of 71,400 copies in its first week . The album was also certified Gold by the RIAA on February 5 , 2009 ( almost 4 years after its release ) surpassing sales of 500,000 copies .

neg: John Swift (trade unionist) John Swift ( 1896 -- 1990 ) was an Irish trade union leader .   Born in Dundalk , Swift was educated at a Christian Brothers School . His father ran a co-operative bakery but this closed and the family endured poverty . In 1914 , Swift began an apprenticeship at a bakery in Dublin , and spent much of his spare time attending meetings where Jim Larkin was speaking . He briefly joined the Irish Volunteers , but took time out following an accident , and decided not to rejoin due to Larkin 's opposition to the organisation .   Swift became active in the Irish National Federal Union of Bakers , attempting to recruit his fellow workers . As a result , he was sacked from his job and , due to the lack of available work in Ireland , he was forced to move to England and work in a munitions factory . There , he led a strike , and as a result was court-marshalled and confined at Wandsworth Prison . He was offered the opportunity to leave if he joined the British Army but , when he refused , was given solitary confinement . He passed the time whistling arias by Verdi ; a warder mistook these for Irish rebel songs and placed him on punishment rations of bread and water for a week .   Swift agreed to join the Army as a non-combatant cook , but once he was informed that he would still be required to take part in weapons drills , he refused to take part , and was moved to the military prison in Aldershot . Finally , he accepted a role as a cook with the King 's Own Royal Lancasters in March 1918 . Before the end of the month , he had been wounded , and was hospitalised , only returning shortly before the Armistice .   Swift was demobbed in 1919 and returned to Dublin , but was unable to find regular work , and so emigrated to Paris . He was back in Dublin in 1925 , where he again became involved in union activism . He launched a union orchestra and choir , then a bakery school . The school was a great success , and was taken over by the Dublin Vocational Committee , although Swift remained its chair until his retirement .   In 1936 , Swift was appointed as national organiser of the union , by then known as the `` Irish Bakers , Confectioners and Allied Workers Amalgamated Union '' , and in 1942 , he was elected as its General Secretary . As general secretary , Swift oversaw the purchase and fitting out of a new headquarters for the union , on Harcourt Street .   Swift was active on the Dublin Trades Council , succeeding Larkin as president in 1945 , and becoming editor of Workers ' Action , its newspaper . He served as president of the Irish Trades Union Congress in 1946 , using his presidency to promote workers ' education ; this led to the founding of The People 's College . He was also prominent in the International Union of Food and Allied Workers ' Association , working with Herman Leuenberger to maintain unofficial contacts with trade unionists across Europe during World War II , and to assist refugees , and he served as president of the international from 1964 .   Swift was a member of the Labour Party from 1927 , always associated with its left-wing . He wrote the party 's `` Workers ' Democracy '' policy in the 1960s . In 1973 , he surprised many by supporting Ireland joining the European Economic Community .   Swift retired from his trade union posts in 1967 and wrote a history of the Irish Bakers . In retirement , he served as president of the Irish Labour History Society , and also as president of the Soviet-Ireland Society .

neg: Valentine Baker (pilot) Captain Valentine Henry Baker MC AFC ( 24 August 1888 -- 12 September 1942 ) , nicknamed `` Bake '' ) served in all three of the British Armed Forces during the First World War . After the war he became a civilian flight instructor , and co-founder of the Martin-Baker Aircraft Company . He was the father of novelist Denys Val Baker .

neg: G.I. (military) G.I. is a noun used to describe the soldiers of the United States Army and airmen of the United States Army Air Forces -- and for U.S. Marines and sailors -- and also for general items of their equipment . The term G.I. has been used as an initialism of `` Government Issue '' or `` General Issue '' , but it originally referred to `` galvanized iron '' , as used by the logistics services of the United States Armed Forces . The letters `` G.I. '' were used to denote equipment made from galvanized iron , such as metal trash cans , in U.S. Army inventories and supply records .   During World War I , American soldiers sardonically referred to incoming German artillery shells as `` G.I. cans '' . Also during that war , `` G.I. '' started being interpreted as `` Government Issue '' or `` General Issue '' for the general items of equipment of soldiers and airmen . The term `` G.I. '' came into widespread use in the United States with the start of the Selective Service System ( `` the draft '' ) in 1940 , extending into 1941 . Next , the use of `` G.I. '' expanded from 1942 through 1945 . The American Five-star General Dwight D. Eisenhower said in 1945 that `` the truly heroic figure of this war -LSB- is -RSB- G.I. Joe and his counterpart in the air , the navy , and the Merchant Marine of every one of the United Nations . ''   `` G.I. '' was also used as an adjective for anything having to do with the Army or Army Air Force .

neg: Charles Francis Colcord Charles Francis Colcord ( August 18 , 1859 -- December 10 , 1934 ) was a successful cattle rancher , U.S. Marshal , Chief of Police , businessman , and pioneer of the Old West . The community of Colcord , Oklahoma is named for him .   Colcord 's life spanned the American Civil War , the taming of the west , the cattle drives , the Land Runs , the Wright brothers ' flight , World War I , Wiley Post , Will Rogers and Charles Lindbergh , the Roaring Twenties , the Great Depression , and the transition of Oklahoma City from a frontier prairie to a booming metropolis with skyscrapers , oil fields and airplanes . On December 30 , 1934 , a resolution adopted by the Oklahoma City Chamber of Commerce stated ,  `` Affluence came to him but left unspoiled his native gentleness and simplicity . Always he was modest , humble , democratic , generous , just and kind . He remembered the less fortunate friends of his early days . ''

neg: Colt Single Action Army The Colt Single Action Army which is also known as the Single Action Army , SAA , Model P , Peacemaker , M1873 , and Colt .45 is a single-action revolver with a revolving cylinder holding six metallic cartridges . It was designed for the U.S. government service revolver trials of 1872 by Colt 's Patent Firearms Manufacturing Company -- today 's Colt 's Manufacturing Company -- and was adopted as the standard military service revolver until 1892 .   The Colt SAA has been offered in over 30 different calibers and various barrel lengths . Its overall appearance has remained consistent since 1873 . Colt has discontinued its production twice , but brought it back due to popular demand . The revolver was popular with ranchers , lawmen , and outlaws alike , but as of the early 21st century , models are mostly bought by collectors and re-enactors . Its design has influenced the production of numerous other models from other companies .   The Colt SAA `` Peacemaker '' revolver is a famous piece of Americana known as `` The Gun That Won the West '' . The original length of the barrel , issued to the U.S. Cavalry , was 7-1/2 inches ( with an overall length of 13 inches ) .

neg: Speed Kelly Robert Brown `` Speed '' Kelly ( August 19 , 1884 -- May 6 , 1949 ) was a third baseman in Major League Baseball . He played for the Washington Senators in 1909 .

neg: John F. Baker Jr. John Franklin Baker , Jr. ( October 30 , 1945 -- January 20 , 2012 ) was a United States Army Master Sergeant who served in the Vietnam War and a recipient of the Medal of Honor .

neg: Johnny Baker John W. `` Johnny '' `` Bake '' Baker ( August 14 , 1907 -- February 6 , 1979 ) was an American football player and coach . He played college football at the University of Southern California , where he was a two-time All-American at guard . Baker served as the head football coach at Iowa State Teachers College -- now the University of Northern Iowa ( 1933 -- 1934 ) , George Washington University ( 1942 ) , the University of Denver ( 1948 -- 1952 ) and Sacramento State College -- now California State University , Sacramento ( 1957 -- 1960 ) , compiling a career college football coaching record of 44 -- 67 -- 4 . He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a player in 1983 .

neg: Jimmy Kelly (saloon keeper) Giovanni de Silvio or Jimmy Kelly ( fl . 1900-1914 ) was an American saloon keeper , political organizer and underworld figure in New York City during the start of the 20th century . He was the owner the Fourteenth Street saloon The Folly as well as the popular Mandarin Cafe in Chinatown , located in the notorious `` Bloody Angle '' along Doyers Street , and was a hangout for politicians , gang leaders and other noted criminals of the era . His cafe was also the scene of several violent incidents , especially during the Tong War , which included , in 1910 , the fourth attempted suicide of Chinatown character John `` Dippy '' Rice and the 1912 murder of Hen Ken Yum , the latter a high-level member of the On Leong Tong and a lieutenant of Mock Duck .   He himself controlled a small gang of thugs-for-hire and was an ally of the Eastman Gang , particularly Jack Zelig , but later became involved in an underworld rivalry with Chick Tricker and Jack Sirocco . For several years , he feuded with Tricker and Sirocco over control of Chinatown 's graft and was the main competitor of their establishment The Flea Bag . He became a major political organizer for Tammany Hall , successful in taking power in Chinatown following the arrest of Monk Eastman in 1904 , and was eventually awarded control of the district by Tammany politicians . Both Tricker and Sirocco resisted Kelly 's attempts to take over but were forced out after a police raid led to the close of The Flea Bag .

neg: Top Gun Top Gun is a 1986 American romantic military action drama film directed by Tony Scott , and produced by Don Simpson and Jerry Bruckheimer , in association with Paramount Pictures . The screenplay was written by Jim Cash and Jack Epps , Jr. , and was inspired by an article titled `` Top Guns '' published in California magazine three years earlier . The film stars Tom Cruise , Kelly McGillis , Val Kilmer , Anthony Edwards , and Tom Skerritt . Cruise plays Lieutenant Pete `` Maverick '' Mitchell , a young Naval aviator aboard the aircraft carrier . He and his Radar Intercept Officer ( RIO ) Nick `` Goose '' Bradshaw ( Edwards ) are given the chance to train at the Navy 's Fighter Weapons School at Miramar in San Diego .   Top Gun was released on May 16 , 1986 . Upon its release , the film received generally mixed reviews from film critics but many particularly praised the action sequences , the effects , the aerial stunts , and the acting performances with Cruise and McGillis receiving the most praise . Four weeks after release , the number of theaters showing it increased by 45 % . Despite its initial mixed critical reaction , the film was a huge commercial hit grossing $ 356 million against a production budget of only $ 15 million . With its success , the film became a cult film over the years and earned an IMAX 3D re-release in 2013 . Additionally , the film won an Academy Award for Best Original Song for `` Take My Breath Away '' performed by Berlin .   In 2015 , the United States Library of Congress selected the film for preservation in the National Film Registry , finding it `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' .

neg: Red Kelly (baseball) Albert Michael `` Red '' Kelly ( November 15 , 1884 -- February 4 , 1961 ) , was a Major League Baseball rightfielder who played in with the Chicago White Sox . He also played in the Minor Leagues with the Des Moines Boosters of the Western League in 1910 and .

neg: Colt M1900 The Colt Model 1900 was a short-recoil operated `` self-loading '' , or semi-automatic .38 caliber handgun introduced by Colt 's Manufacturing Company at the turn of the 20th century . It also marked the introduction of .38 ACP , the round for which it is chambered ( not to be confused with the shorter-cased .380 ACP ) , and was the first handgun to utilize short-recoil operation .   It was developed from John M. Browning 's earlier prototypes in the late 1890s . The United States military tested the design against other semiautomatic pistols by European makers , and adopted some versions forward trial use . The M1900 and variants were also offered commercially . Variants included the Model 1902 Sporting , Model 1902 Military , Model 1903 Pocket ( only in .38 ACP models ; the .32 ACP model was a different design ) , and the Model 1905 , which introduced the .45 ACP cartridge . The designs of 1909 and later did away with the front barrel link , replaced with a simple bushing , and would become the related , and famed , M1911 pistol .

neg: James E. Baker James E. Baker ( born March 25 , 1960 ) is the former Chief Judge to the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces . He was appointed to the Court on September 19 , 2000 and became its Chief Judge upon the expiration of Andrew S. Effron 's term in September , 2011 . On June 22 , 2016 , President Barack Obama appointed Judge Baker to the Public Interest Declassification Board .   Judge Baker was born in New Haven , Connecticut and grew up in Cambridge , Massachusetts . He graduated from Yale College in 1982 and Yale Law School in 1990 . Following college he served in the Marine Corps as an Infantry officer . He resigned from the Reserves as an Infantry officer upon joining the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces . Judge Baker has also served as a legislative aide and Acting Chief of Staff to Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan .   In the Office of the Legal Advisor , U.S. Department of State , he provided legal advice on law enforcement , intelligence , and counter-terrorism issues and served as counsel to delegations to various environmental negotiations . Judge Baker 's civil service also includes posts as Deputy Legal Advisor to the National Security Council ( 1994-1997 ) and as Counsel to the President 's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board and Intelligence Oversight Board ( 1993 ) . From 1997 to 2000 , he was Special Assistant to the President and Legal Advisor to the National Security Council ( NSC ) . At the NSC , Judge Baker advised the President , the National Security Advisor and the National Security Council staff on national security law .   Judge Baker is the recipient of the 1999 Colonel Nelson Drew Award . That award , the NSC 's highest honor , recognizes `` distinguished contributions to the formation of peaceful , cooperative relationships between states , and U.S. security policy for global peace . '' He is also a recipient of the `` Director 's Award '' , given by the Director of Central Intelligence as recognition for `` superior contributions in the fields of intelligence and national security '' . In 2009 , the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College awarded Judge Baker the honorary degree of Master of Military Art and Science .   In addition to numerous articles , Judge Baker is the author of In the Common Defense : National Security Law for Perilous Times and , with Michael Reisman , Regulating Covert Action . He is a member of the American Bar Association 's Standing Committee on Law and National Security , as well as the Editorial Board of the Journal of National Security Law & Policy . He regularly teaches at Georgetown University Law Center and the University of Iowa College of Law , and has also taught at Yale Law School and the University of Pittsburgh School of Law .

neg: Machine Gun Kelly discography The discography of American recording artist Machine Gun Kelly consists of three studio albums , one extended play , ten mixtapes , and eleven singles ( including two as a featured artist ) .