query: Barack Obama lives in Washington D.C.

pos: Barack Obama Barack Hussein Obama II ( -LSB- bəˈrɑːk_huːˈseɪn_oʊˈbɑːmə -RSB- ; born August 4 , 1961 ) is an American politician who served as the 44th President of the United States from 2009 to 2017 . He is the first African American to have served as president . He previously served in the U.S. Senate representing Illinois from 2005 to 2008 , and in the Illinois State Senate from 1997 to 2004 .   Obama was born in Honolulu , Hawaii , two years after the territory was admitted to the Union as the 50th state . Raised largely in Hawaii , Obama also spent one year of his childhood in Washington State and four years in Indonesia . After graduating from Columbia University in 1983 , he worked as a community organizer in Chicago . In 1988 Obama enrolled in Harvard Law School , where he was the first black president of the Harvard Law Review . After graduation , he became a civil rights attorney and professor , teaching constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004 . Obama represented the 13th District for three terms in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004 , when he ran for the U.S. Senate . Obama received national attention in 2004 , with his unexpected March primary win , his well-received July Democratic National Convention keynote address , and his landslide November election to the Senate . In 2008 , Obama was nominated for president , a year after his campaign began , and after a close primary campaign against Hillary Clinton . He was elected over Republican John McCain , and was inaugurated on January 20 , 2009 . Nine months later , Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate .   During his first two years in office , Obama signed many landmark bills . Main reforms were the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( often referred to as `` Obamacare '' ) , the Dodd -- Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act , and the Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell Repeal Act of 2010 . The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 and Tax Relief , Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization , and Job Creation Act of 2010 served as economic stimulus amidst the Great Recession , but the GOP regained control of the House of Representatives in 2011 . After a lengthy debate over the national debt limit , Obama signed the Budget Control and the American Taxpayer Relief Acts . In foreign policy , Obama increased U.S. troop levels in Afghanistan , reduced nuclear weapons with the U.S.-Russian New START treaty , and ended military involvement in the Iraq War . He ordered military involvement in Libya in opposition to Muammar Gaddafi , and the military operation that resulted in the death of Osama bin Laden .   After winning re-election by defeating Republican nominee Mitt Romney , Obama was sworn in for a second term in 2013 . During his second term , Obama promoted greater inclusiveness for LGBT Americans , with his administration filing briefs that urged the Supreme Court to strike down same-sex marriage bans as unconstitutional ( United States v. Windsor and Obergefell v. Hodges ) . Obama also advocated gun control in response to the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting , and issued wide-ranging executive actions concerning climate change and immigration . In foreign policy , Obama ordered military intervention in Iraq in response to gains made by ISIL after the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq , continued the process of ending U.S. combat operations in Afghanistan , promoted discussions that led to the 2015 Paris Agreement on global climate change , initiated the sanctions against Russia following the invasion in Ukraine , brokered a nuclear deal with Iran , and normalized U.S. relations with Cuba .   Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60 % approval rating . He currently resides in Washington , D.C. His presidential library will be built in Chicago .

neg: The Case Against Barack Obama The Case Against Barack Obama : The Unlikely Rise and Unexamined Agenda of the Media 's Favorite Candidate , by author David Freddoso , is a bestselling book published in late 2008 , providing a critical examination of the life and opinions of the then United States presidential candidate and Senator Barack Obama .   Freddoso was a political reporter for the website of the conservative magazine National Review when the book came out . He is now with the Washington Examiner . The book was published by Regnery Publishing .   Freddoso said in an August 2008 interview that the book is an attempt to address what he sees as two wrong ways of considering Obama as a presidential candidate . The author wanted to counter those , including those in the news media , who look on Obama uncritically , and to do so in a way different from those who `` are smearing him on the Internet for supposedly being a secret Muslim or supposedly not saluting the flag '' . The book harshly criticizes Obama over policy matters , according to Ben Smith , a writer at The Politico . For the most part , the book is drawn from published sources , although Freddoso does some original reporting .   The first press run of the book was nearly 300,000 copies , and it appeared on the August 24 , 2008 New York Times Bestseller List for hardcover nonfiction at No. 5 . Publicity for the book is handled by the conservative public relations firm Creative Response Concepts .   The book was released within weeks of two other books critical of Obama written by conservative writers : Jerome Corsi 's The Obama Nation : Leftist Politics and the Cult of Personality , and Dick Morris ' Fleeced : How Barack Obama , Media Mockery of Terrorist Threats , Liberals Who Want to Kill Talk Radio , the Do-Nothing Congress , Companies That Help Iran , and Washington Lobbyists for Foreign Governments Are Scamming Us ... and What to Do About It .

neg: Statewide legislative elections in the United States, 2010 The 2010 statewide legislative elections were held on November 2 , 2010 , halfway through President Barack Obama 's first term in office . Elections were held for 88 legislative chambers , with all states but Louisiana , Mississippi , New Jersey and Virginia holding elections in at least one house . Kansas , New Mexico and South Carolina held elections for their lower , but not upper houses .   Republicans scored record gains , gaining at least 680 total seats and taking control of 19 legislative chambers , while the Democrats lost at least 21 chambers .   The winners of this election cycle will serve in their respective legislatures for either a 2 or 4 year term , depending on state election rules .

neg: Southeast, Washington, D.C. Southeast ( SE or S.E. ) is the southeastern quadrant of Washington , D.C. , the capital of the United States , and is located south of East Capitol Street and east of South Capitol Street . It includes the Capitol Hill and Anacostia neighborhoods , the Navy Yard , the Joint Base Anacostia-Bolling ( JBAB ) , the U.S. Marine Barracks , the Anacostia River waterfront , Eastern Market , the remains of several Civil War-era forts , historic St. Elizabeths Hospital , RFK Stadium , Nationals Park , and the Congressional Cemetery . It is also contains a landmark known as `` The Big Chair , '' located on Martin Luther King Avenue . The quadrant is bisected by the Anacostia River , with the portion that is west of the river sometimes referred to as `` Near Southeast '' .

neg: Freedom Plaza Freedom Plaza , originally known as Western Plaza , is an open plaza in Northwest Washington , D.C. , United States , located at the corner of 14th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue NW , adjacent to Pershing Park . The John A. Wilson Building , the seat of the District of Columbia government , faces the plaza , as does the historic National Theatre , which has been visited by every U.S. President since it opened in 1835 . Three large hotels are to the north and west . The National Park Service administers the Plaza as part of its Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site and coordinates the Plaza 's activities .

neg: Economic policy of the Barack Obama administration The economic policy of the Barack Obama administration was characterized by moderate tax increases on higher income Americans designed to fund healthcare reform , reduce the federal budget deficit , and improve income inequality . His first term ( 2009 -- 2013 ) included measures designed to address the Great Recession and Subprime mortgage crisis , which began in 2007 . These included a major stimulus package , banking regulation , and comprehensive healthcare reform . As the economy improved and robust job creation continued during his second term ( 2013 -- 2017 ) , the Bush tax cuts were allowed to expire for the highest income taxpayers and a spending sequester ( cap ) was implemented , to further reduce the deficit back to typical historical levels . Towards the end of his tenure , the U.S. economy was nearing full employment such that the Federal Reserve began raising interest rates , real household income was nearing its pre-crisis peak , gas prices were very low , and GDP grew 3.5 % . He also implemented several environmental executive orders to address climate change and encourage clean energy industries , as the U.S. enjoyed an unprecedented increase in energy production . Both the stock market and corporate profits reached record high levels during his tenure , while inflation and interest rates remained near record low levels .   Conceptually , Obama advocated using government regulation to stem crony capitalism and tax revenue to stabilize and promote economic growth . Two of his important economic advisers were Jason Furman of Harvard University and Jeffrey Liebman of Harvard University . In 2006 , Obama wrote , `` We should be asking ourselves what mix of policies will lead to a dynamic free market and widespread economic security , entrepreneurial innovation and upward mobility -LSB- ... -RSB- we should be guided by what works . '' Speaking before the National Press Club in April 2005 , he defended the New Deal social welfare policies of Franklin D. Roosevelt , associating Republican proposals to establish private accounts for Social Security with Social Darwinism .

neg: Stanley Armour Dunham Stanley Armour Dunham ( March 23 , 1918February 8 , 1992 ) was the maternal grandfather of the 44th U.S. President Barack Obama . He and his wife Madelyn Payne Dunham raised Obama from the age of 10 in Honolulu , Hawaii .

neg: Harry S Truman Building The Harry S Truman Building is the headquarters of the United States Department of State . It is located in the national capital , Washington , D.C.   The Truman Building is located in the Foggy Bottom neighborhood at 2201 C Street , NW , bounded by C Street to the south , E Street , D Street , and Virginia Avenue to the north , 21st Street to the east , and 23rd Street to the west . It is located to the west of Edward J. Kelly Park and north of the National Academy of Sciences building and the National Mall .   The Truman Building houses the office of the United States Secretary of State .

neg: Death of Hadiya Pendleton The death of Hadiya Pendleton occurred on January 29 , 2013 . Pendleton , a 15-year-old girl from Chicago , Illinois , was shot in the back and killed while standing with friends inside Harsh Park in Kenwood , Chicago after taking her final exams . A student at King College Prep High School , she was killed only one week after performing at events for President Barack Obama 's second inauguration . First Lady Michelle Obama attended the funeral for Pendleton in Chicago .   President Obama mentioned Pendleton 's death in his 2013 State of the Union Address in Congress , where Pendleton 's parents , Cleopatra Cowley-Pendleton and Nathaniel A. Pendleton Sr. , attended as guests . The crime scene is `` just a mile away from -LSB- President Obama 's -RSB- Chicago house . ''   Pendleton 's mother , Cleopatra Cowley-Pendleton , went onstage but did not speak at the 2016 Democratic National Convention .

neg: Fireman's Insurance Company Building Fireman 's Insurance Company Building is an historic building in Washington , D.C.

neg: 2012 State of the Union Address The 2012 State of the Union Address was a speech given by President Barack Obama , from 9 p.m. to 10:17 p.m. EST on Tuesday , January 24 , 2012 , in the chamber of the United States House of Representatives . In his speech , he focused on education reform , repairing America 's infrastructure with money not used on the Iraq War , and creating new energy sources in America .

neg: Ann Dunham Stanley Ann Dunham ( November 29 , 1942 -- November 7 , 1995 ) was an American anthropologist who specialized in the economic anthropology and rural development of Indonesia . She was the mother of Barack Obama , the 44th President of the United States .   Dunham was known as Stanley Ann Dunham through high school , then as Ann Dunham , Ann Obama , Ann Soetoro , Ann Sutoro ( after her second divorce ) , and finally as Ann Dunham . Born in Wichita , Kansas , Dunham spent her childhood in California , Oklahoma , Texas and Kansas , her teenage years in Mercer Island , Washington , and most of her adult life in Hawaii and Indonesia .   Dunham studied at the East -- West Center and at the University of Hawaii at Manoa in Honolulu , where she attained a bachelor of arts degree in anthropology ( 1967 ) , and later received master of arts ( 1974 ) and PhD ( 1992 ) degrees , also in anthropology . She also attended University of Washington at Seattle in 1961 -- 1962 . Interested in craftsmanship , weaving and the role of women in cottage industries , Dunham 's research focused on women 's work on the island of Java and blacksmithing in Indonesia . To address the problem of poverty in rural villages , she created microcredit programs while working as a consultant for the United States Agency for International Development . Dunham was also employed by the Ford Foundation in Jakarta and she consulted with the Asian Development Bank in Gujranwala , Pakistan . Towards the latter part of her life , she worked with Bank Rakyat Indonesia , where she helped apply her research to the largest microfinance program in the world .   After her son was elected President , interest renewed in Dunham 's work : The University of Hawaii held a symposium about her research ; an exhibition of Dunham 's Indonesian batik textile collection toured the United States ; and in December 2009 , Duke University Press published Surviving against the Odds : Village Industry in Indonesia , a book based on Dunham 's original 1992 dissertation . Janny Scott , an author and former New York Times reporter , published a biography about Ann Dunham 's life titled A Singular Woman in 2011 . Posthumous interest has also led to the creation of The Ann Dunham Soetoro Endowment in the Anthropology Department at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa , as well as the Ann Dunham Soetoro Graduate Fellowships , intended to fund students associated with the East -- West Center ( EWC ) in Honolulu , Hawaii .   In an interview , Barack Obama referred to his mother as `` the dominant figure in my formative years ... The values she taught me continue to be my touchstone when it comes to how I go about the world of politics . ''

neg: United States presidential election in North Carolina, 2008 The 2008 United States presidential election in North Carolina was part of the national event on November 4 , 2008 throughout all 50 states and D.C. . In North Carolina , voters chose 15 representatives , or electors , to the Electoral College , who voted for President and Vice President .   North Carolina was won by Democratic nominee Barack Obama with a 0.32 % margin of victory . Prior to the election , most news organizations considered the state as a toss-up , or swing state , but few truly believed Obama would win it .   Only 1 of the 18 news/political organizations listed here correctly predicted the result , an Obama victory . Throughout the general election , the state was heavily targeted by both campaigns . It was one of six Southern states and districts ( along with Florida , Virginia , Maryland , Delaware , and the District of Columbia ) that voted for Obama in 2008 . A high turnout by African-American voters , bolstered by overwhelming support from younger voters were the major factors that helped deliver North Carolina 's 15 electoral votes to Obama , making him the first Democratic presidential nominee to carry the state in 32 years . Prior to 2008 , the last Democratic candidate to win North Carolina was Jimmy Carter in 1976 . Bill Clinton came within 20,000 votes of winning the state in 1992 . As of 2016 , this is the last time that the Democratic nominee carried North Carolina .

neg: Hispanics and Latinos in Washington, D.C. The Latino community represents more than 10 % of Washington , D.C. 's population . Spanish is the second most spoken language in the city after English , and most government city programs publish and advertise in English and Spanish among other languages . In 1976 an Office of Latino Affairs was created by Mayor of the District of Columbia Walter Washington   There is a growing and flourishing Hispanic community in the states of Virginia and Maryland in the Washington , DC metropolitan area , with a total of 814,000 Hispanics ( 9.7 % of the population ) . The Hispanic community is the second most populous ethnic community in the United States with more than 50 million residents . Every Hispanic country has had embassies in Washington D.C. since the early 1800s . One of the first embassies in DC was the Argentinian embassy , created in 1824 .

neg: Lincoln Bedroom The Lincoln Bedroom is a bedroom which is part of a guest suite located in the southeast corner of the second floor of the White House in Washington , D.C. . The Lincoln Sitting Room makes up the other part of the suite . The room is named for President Abraham Lincoln , who used the room as an office .   The first room in the White House to carry the name `` Lincoln Bedroom '' was in the northwest corner of the White House . It existed from 1929 until the 1961 , when First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy transformed it into the President 's Dining Room .

neg: Richard Nixon Foundation The Richard Nixon Foundation is a not-for-profit organization based at the Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum in Yorba Linda , California . It was founded in the late 1980s by Richard Nixon , 37th President of the United States , and served as the governing body of the Nixon Library for nearly twenty years . Today it operates the Nixon Library in conjunction with the National Archives and Records Administration , which is an entity of the federal government of the United States , in addition to undertaking charitable and education-based activities .   The Nixon Foundation founded , controlled and operated the Nixon Library from the library 's dedication on July 19 , 1990 until July 11 , 2007 , at which the Foundation invited the National Archives to take control . The two entities signed a joint operating agreement which allowed the library to become officially known as the Richard Nixon Presidential Library , welcoming it into the national system of presidential libraries . This move allowed President Nixon 's White House documents to be moved to his library in Yorba Linda .   The Nixon Foundation is governed by a Board of Directors , led by former Nixon White House Director of Presidential Advance Ronald H. Walker . The board includes President Nixon 's daughters Tricia Nixon Cox and Julie Nixon Eisenhower , his brother Edward Nixon , former Ambassador George Argyros former California Governor Pete Wilson , and longest-serving Vietnam War POW Everett Alvarez , Jr. . The Foundation 's President and CEO is William Baribault .   The Foundation has hosted United States presidents , first ladies and several vice presidents . Also hosted have been public affairs commentators such as Bill O'Reilly , academics such as Doris Kearns Goodwin , and Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer .   The library includes `` Meet the Presidents , '' in which presidential impersonators speak to several hundred school-aged children . To commemorate the 10th anniversary of the September 11 , 2001 attacks , the Nixon Foundation brought 16 tons of warped steel from the World Trade Center and a damaged , first-responder FDNY firetruck to the Nixon Library for viewing .   Before the National Archives took over its management , the Nixon Library had been accused by several media outlets of glossing over Nixon 's 1974 resignation with `` whitewashed '' exhibits . In 2007 , the National Archives removed the 17 year old Watergate exhibit and , after three years , the new exhibit was scheduled to open in July 2010 . The Nixon Foundation objected to the proposed exhibit , because the Nixon Foundation was not consulted in the way that other presidential foundations had been consulted with similar situations . The Foundation filed a 158 page memorandum to the Assistant Archivist for Presidential Libraries expressing their dissatisfaction and NARA stated a committee would review the objection but gave no timeline for when that process would be concluded . The exhibit opened on March 31 , 2011 .

neg: National Museum of African American History and Culture The National Museum of African American History and Culture ( NMAAHC ) is a Smithsonian Institution museum established in December 2003 . The museum 's building , designed by David Adjaye , is on the National Mall in Washington , D.C. . It has close to 37,000 objects in its collection related to such subjects as community , family , the visual and performing arts , religion , civil rights , slavery , and segregation .   Early efforts to establish a federally owned museum featuring African-American history and culture can be traced to 1915 , although the modern push for such an organization did not begin until the 1970s . After years of little success , a much more serious legislative push began in 1988 that led to authorization of the museum in 2003 . A site was selected in 2006 . The museum opened September 24 , 2016 , in a ceremony led by U.S. President Barack Obama .

neg: List of mayors of Washington, D.C. The list of mayors of Washington , D.C. is a reflection of the changing structure of its local government . Washington , D.C. was formed with the passage of the amended residency Act of 1791 and the government at the time defined in the 1790 Residency Act . From 1791 to 1802 the District was managed by a three-member board of Commissioners . With the passage of the 1802 Organic Act , the District was divided into two counties , Alexandria County west of the Potomac and Washington County to the east . The counties were governed by levy courts made of providentially appointed Justices of the Peace , but the District 's three cities , Georgetown , Washington City and Alexandria each had their own municipal government . Prior to 1812 , the levy courts had a number of members defined by the President , but after that Washington County had 7 members . In 1846 , Alexandria County returned to Virginia . In 1848 , the Washington County levy court was expanded to 11 members and in 1863 it was reduced by two to nine members . With the District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871 , the three municipalities within the District of Columbia were abolished in favor of a single District government , whose chief executive was a territorial Governor . This office was abolished in 1874 , and replaced with a temporary three-member Board of Commissioners appointed by the President . The board was made permanent in 1878 and this system continued until 1967 , when it was replaced by a single mayor-commissioner and city council appointed by the President . Finally , in 1974 , the District of Columbia Home Rule Act allowed for District residents to elect their own mayor .   Currently , the Mayor of the District of Columbia is popularly elected to a four-year term with no term limits . Even though Washington , D.C. is not a state , the city government also has certain state-level responsibilities , making some of the mayor 's duties analogous to those of United States governors . The current mayor of Washington , D.C. is Muriel Bowser , a Democrat , who has served in the role since January 2 , 2015 .   The lists on this page include all of the chief executives of the District of Columbia in their various forms .

neg: United States presidential election in Ohio, 2008 The 2008 United States presidential election in Ohio took place on November 4 , 2008 , which was part of the 2008 United States presidential election . Voters chose 20 representatives , or electors to the Electoral College , who voted for President and Vice President .   Ohio was won by Democratic nominee Barack Obama with a 4.6 % margin of victory . Prior to the election , most news organizations considered this state as a major swing state and bellwether . Both major party candidates visited the Buckeye State numerous times and campaigned throughout the state extensively trying to sway moderates and independent voters to their side . The polls in Ohio were fairly even throughout the campaign but Obama had a slight lead as Election Day drew closer . In the end , Obama flipped Ohio into the Democratic column .

neg: Crime in Washington, D.C. Crime in Washington , D.C. , is directly related to the city 's changing demographics , geography , and unique criminal justice system . The District 's population reached a peak of 982,178 in 1950 . However , shortly thereafter , the city began losing residents and by 1980 Washington had lost one-quarter of its population . The population loss to the suburbs also created a new demographic pattern , which divided affluent neighborhoods west of Rock Creek Park from more crime-ridden and blighted areas to the east .   Despite being the headquarters of multiple federal law enforcement agencies , such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) and United States Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) , the nationwide crack epidemic of the 1980s and 1990s greatly affected the city and led to large increases in crime . The number of homicides in Washington peaked in 1991 at 897 ( a rate of nearly 60.8 homicides per 100,000 residents ) , and the city eventually became known as the `` murder capital '' of the United States .   The crime rate started to fall in the mid-1990s as the crack cocaine epidemic gave way to economic revitalization projects . Gentrification efforts have also started to transform the demographics of distressed neighborhoods , recently leading to the first rise in the District 's population in 60 years .   By the mid-2000s , crime rates in Washington dropped to their lowest levels in over 20 years . As in many major cities , crime remains a significant factor in D.C. , especially in the city 's northwestern neighborhoods , which tend to be more affluent , draw more tourists , and have more vibrant nightlife . Violent crime also remains a problem in Ward 8 , which has the city 's highest concentration of poverty .


query: Amelia Earhart was a person who wrote.

pos: Amelia Earhart Amelia Mary Earhart ( -LSB- ˈɛərhɑrt -RSB- July 24 , 1897 -- disappeared July 2 , 1937 ) was an American aviation pioneer and author . Earhart was the first female aviator to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean . She received the U.S. Distinguished Flying Cross for this accomplishment . She set many other records , wrote best-selling books about her flying experiences and was instrumental in the formation of The Ninety-Nines , an organization for female pilots . In 1935 , Earhart became a visiting faculty member at Purdue University as an advisor to aeronautical engineering and a career counselor to women students . She was also a member of the National Woman 's Party and an early supporter of the Equal Rights Amendment .   During an attempt to make a circumnavigational flight of the globe in 1937 in a Purdue-funded Lockheed Model 10 Electra , Earhart disappeared over the central Pacific Ocean near Howland Island . Fascination with her life , career and disappearance continues to this day .

neg: Peggy Anderson Peggy Anderson ( July 14 , 1938 -- January 17 , 2016 ) was an American author and journalist , best known for her 1979 work Nurse , which profiled the work of a nurse and sold millions of copies .

neg: Gift from the Sea Gift from the Sea is a book by Anne Morrow Lindbergh first published in 1955 .   While on vacation on Florida 's Captiva Island in the early 1950s , Lindbergh wrote the essay-style work by taking shells on the beach for inspiration and reflecting on the lives of Americans , particularly American women , in the mid-20th century . She shares her meditations on youth and age , love and marriage , peace , solitude , and contentment during her visit .

neg: Lindbergh Boom The Lindbergh Boom ( 1927 -- 1929 ) is a period of rapid interest in aviation following the awarding of the Orteig Prize to Charles Lindbergh for his 1927 non-stop solo transatlantic flight in the Spirit of St. Louis . The Lindbergh Boom occurred during the interwar period between World War I and World War II , where aviation development was fueled by commercial interests rather than wartime necessity . During this period , dozens of companies were formed to create airlines , and aircraft for a new age in aviation . Many of the fledgling companies funded by stock went under as quick as they started as the stock that capitalized them plummeted in value following the Wall Street Crash of 1929 . The Great Depression dried up the market for new aircraft , causing many aircraft companies to go into bankruptcy or get consolidated by larger entities . Air racing , record attempts , and barnstorming remained popular , as aviators tried to recapture the prizes and publicity of Lindbergh 's Transatlantic flight .

neg: Raymond Carhart Raymond T Carhart was an audiologist . As a founder and pioneer of the science , he is frequently referred to as the `` Father of Audiology . ''  Carhart was born on March 28 , 1912 , in Mexico City . He studied at Dakota Wesleyan University ( BA in Speech and Psychology , 1932 ) , and at Northwestern University ( MA , 1934 , and PhD , 1936 , in Speech Pathology , Experimental Phonetics and Psychology ) .  He remained at Northwestern until 1944 , first as Instructor in Speech Re-education and later as Assistant ( 1940 ) and Associate ( 1943 ) Professor . He joined the US Army Medical Administrative Corps in 1944 , working in Butler , Pennsylvania until 1946 . He returned to Northwestern in 1947 , where he remained until his death in 1975 .   `` Carhart notch effect '' is a decrease in the bone-conduction hearing at the 2000 Hz region of patients with otosclerosis first reported by and therefore named after Raymond Carhart .

neg: Harriet Bates Harriet Leonora Bates ( 1856 -- 1886 ) was an American poet and novelist . She wrote under the name of Eleanor Putnam .

neg: Elvy Kalep Alviine-Johanna Kalep ( 26 June 1899 -- 15 August 1989 ) , known as Elvy Kalep , was an Estonian aviator and the country 's first female pilot , as well as an artist , toy designer and a one-time children 's author .   Kalep grew up in Estonia and Russia , and subsequently moved to China to escape the Russian Civil War . She worked briefly as an interpreter for military officials in China before settling in Paris to study art with Alexandre Jacovleff . In 1931 , she qualified as a pilot in Germany , becoming the first Estonian female pilot . Befriending American aviator Amelia Earhart , she joined the Ninety-Nines and took up the cause of encouraging other women to take up aviation . She wrote and illustrated a children 's book about flying , Air Babies , which was first published in 1936 .   After settling in the United States , Kalep founded a toy manufacturing business in New York . Although she was forced to close the business in 1946 due to her poor health , she made a living through the 1950s by selling patents to toy designs to larger businesses . In later decades , she created artworks out of leather , which she exhibited across the United States . She died in Florida in 1989 .

neg: Andre Norton bibliography These works were written or edited by the American fiction writer Andre Norton ( Andre Alice Norton , born Alice Mary Norton , 1912 -- 2005 ) . Before 1960 she used the pen name Andrew North several times and , jointly with Grace Allen Hogarth , Allen Weston once .   Norton is known best for science-fiction and fantasy , or speculative fiction , a field where her work was first published in the 1950s . She also wrote crime fiction , romantic fiction , and historical fiction , mainly before 1960 . The term non-genre distinguishes that other work here , which expresses the perspective of the Internet Speculative Fiction Database ( ISFDB ) .

neg: Shelby Hearon Shelby Hearon ( born January 18 , 1931 ) is an American novelist and short story writer .

neg: Bookwriter The bookwriter is the member of a musical 's writing team who creates the book -- the musical 's plot , character development , and dramatic structure . Essentially , the bookwriter is the playwright of the musical . He or she works very closely in collaboration with the lyricist and composer to create an integrated piece of drama .   There is a common misconception that the bookwriter merely writes the dialogue ; though the book does include the musical 's spoken text , it is much more than that , defining and organizing the dramatic action of the entire piece , including action that is musicalized by the songwriter ( s ) . Even `` sung-through , '' `` operatic , '' or `` through-composed '' musicals , where there is little , if any , spoken text , require as much contribution from a bookwriter as do musicals with extensive dialogue scenes .   The bookwriter is often also the musical 's lyricist , composer , or director .   Category : Occupations in music

neg: Amelia Fletcher Amelia Fletcher , OBE ( born 1 January 1966 ) is a British singer , songwriter , guitarist and economist .

neg: Harriet Ann Jacobs Harriet Ann Jacobs ( February 11 , 1813 -- March 7 , 1897 ) was an African-American writer who escaped from slavery and was later freed . She became an abolitionist speaker and reformer . Jacobs wrote an autobiographical novel , Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl , first serialized in a newspaper and published as a book in 1861 under the pseudonym Linda Brent . It was a reworking of the genres of slave narrative and sentimental novel , and was one of the first books to address the struggle for freedom by female slaves , explore their struggles with sexual harassment abuse , and their effort to protect their roles as women and mothers .   After being overshadowed by the Civil War , the novel was rediscovered in the late 20th century , when there was new interest in minority and women writers . One scholar researched the novel , identifying Harriet Jacobs as the author and documenting many events and people in her life that corresponded to this fictionalized , autobiographical account .

neg: Earhart Earhart is a surname . Notable people with the surname include :   Amelia Earhart ( 1897 -- disappeared 1937 ) , American aviation pioneer and author  Daniel S. Earhart ( 1907 -- 1976 ) , U.S. Representative from Ohio  Fred A. Earhart , acting mayor of New Orleans for one day on July 15 , 1936  Harry Boyd Earhart ( 1870 -- 1954 ) , successful oil company executive  Ralph Earhart , former halfback in the National Football League  Will Earhart ( 1871 -- 1960 ) , pioneering American music educator

neg: Blair Niles Mary Blair Rice , better known by the pen name Blair Niles ( 1880 -- 1959 ) was an American novelist and travel writer . She was a founding member of the Society of Woman Geographers . The name Blair Niles was adopted from her late second husband 's name , Robert Niles , Jr. .

neg: Harriet A. Washington Harriet A. Washington is an American writer . She is the author of the book Medical Apartheid , which won the 2007 National Book Critics Circle Award for Nonfiction .   Washington was born in Fort Dix , New Jersey . She is a graduate of the University of Rochester and of Columbia University .

neg: Ear Candy (Helen Reddy album) Ear Candy is the title of the tenth album release by Australian-American pop singer Helen Reddy : released May 1977 by Capitol Records , the album included a modern take on the doo-wop genre ( `` Long Distance Love '' ) , a Cajun number that gave the Melbourne native her first and only appearance on Billboard magazine 's Country chart ( `` Laissez les Bontemps Rouler '' ) , and a dark self-parody on which Reddy proclaims : `` I do n't take no shit from nobody '' ( `` Baby , I 'm a Star '' - not to be confused with the Prince song of the same name ) . Unprecedented for a Helen Reddy album , half of the songs recorded for Ear Candy were co-written by Reddy herself , including the second single : `` The Happy Girls '' , Reddy 's first self-penned A-side single since `` I am Woman '' : however it was the first single : a remake of the 1964 Cilla Black hit `` You 're My World '' , which would afford Reddy a final Top 40 hit .  __ TOC __

neg: American poetry american ' poetry '' ' , the poetry of the United States , arose first as efforts by colonists to add their voices to English poetry in the 17th century , well before the constitutional unification of the thirteen colonies ( although before this unification , a strong oral tradition often likened to poetry existed among Native American societies ) . Unsurprisingly , most of the early colonists ' work relied on contemporary British models of poetic form , diction , and theme . However , in the 19th century , a distinctive American idiom began to emerge . By the later part of that century , when Walt Whitman was winning an enthusiastic audience abroad , poets from the United States had begun to take their place at the forefront of the English-language avant-garde '' .   The history of American poetry is not easy to know . Much of the American poetry published between 1910 and 1945 remains lost in the pages of small circulation political periodicals , particularly the ones on the far left , destroyed by librarians during the 1950s McCarthy era . The received narrative of Modernism proposes that Ezra Pound and T. S. Eliot were perhaps the most influential modernist English-language poets in the period during World War I . But this narrative leaves out African American and women poets who were published and read widely in the first half of the twentieth century . By the 1960s , the young poets of the British Poetry Revival looked to their American contemporaries and predecessors as models for the kind of poetry they wanted to write . Toward the end of the millennium , consideration of American poetry had diversified , as scholars placed an increased emphasis on poetry by women , African Americans , Hispanics , Chicanos and other cultural groupings .

neg: Geert R. A. Kliphuis Geert Richt Alexander Kliphuis is an author , songwriter and guitarist , born in the Netherlands in 1955 , and currently living in Brussels , Belgium .   His father was the art therapist Maks Kliphuis ( 1923-2015 ) , as a teacher one of the driving forces behind Middeloo , the social-pedagogic training centre for therapists in Amersfoort , the Netherlands , and later head of the department of creative process therapy -LSB- 1 -RSB- at the Jelgersma Kliniek of Leiden University . Kliphuis 's mother , who died in 1964 , was Nel van der Velde , a drama teacher , radio presenter and author of children 's books , and poetry and fiction for adults . ( Het Kleinere Werk and Het Grotere Werk were published posthumously in 2008/2009 by the Erven Nel Kliphuis-Van der Velde . )   Working as a street-musician in Brussels , the former West-Berlin , Barcelona , Hamburg , London and Paris during the 1970s and 1980s , Kliphuis wrote an extensive series of short travel stories for NRC Handelsblad , the national newspaper published in Rotterdam . He applied the same format for his songs : concise observations with a tragicomical undercurrent . The Belgian band Vaya Con Dios recorded his At the Parallel -LSB- 2 -RSB- , to great critical acclaim , and On A Hot August Night -LSB- 3 -RSB- . Using the pseudonym Jay Conrad , Kliphuis recorded a twenty-odd songs on two albums , A Penniless Gentleman ( 1994 , BMG ) and Steeltown Girls ( 1997 , Arcade ) .   In all , Kliphuis has written close to 70 songs , all registered at SABAM . These days he writes novels , such as The Mirror City -LSB- 4 -RSB- , and publishes Zeitgeist Letters -LSB- 5 -RSB- , a non-profit online magazine about medieval Arabic science and philosophy .

neg: Roberta Helmer Roberta Helmer ( born July 19 in Dayton , Ohio , U.S.A. ) , under her pseudonym Christina Skye , is the best-selling American author of more than thirty-two novels in a variety of genres : romantic suspense , paranormal romance , as well as contemporary and historical romances . Many of her books have appeared on the USAToday and New York Times bestseller lists and the Publishers Weekly bestseller list . Her books have been translated into ten languages . Under her own name Helmer has written five non-fiction books about the classical Chinese puppet theater and traditional Chinese folk arts .

neg: Strange fits of passion have I known `` Strange fits of passion have I known '' is a seven-stanza poem ballad by the English Romantic poet William Wordsworth . Composed during a sojourn in Germany in 1798 , the poem was first published in the second edition of Lyrical Ballads ( 1800 ) . The poem describes the poet 's trip to his beloved Lucy 's cottage , and his thoughts on the way . Each of its seven stanzas is four lines long and has a rhyming scheme of a-b-a-b . The poem is written in iambic tetrameter and iambic trimeter .   In the poem , the speaker narrates a nighttime ride to the cottage of his beloved Lucy , who always looks as `` fresh as a rose in June '' . The speaker begins by saying that he has experienced `` strange fits of passion '' and will recount them only to another lover ( `` in the Lover 's ear alone , / What once to me befell . '' ) . In the five following stanzas , he recounts how he wended his way on horseback `` beneath an evening-moon '' . He crossed a lea , passed through an orchard , and began to climb a hill , atop which was Lucy 's cottage . As he `` came near , and nearer still '' to `` Lucy 's cot '' , the sinking moon appeared to follow suit . As he closely approaches the cottage , the moon vanishes from sight behind the roof . A morbid thought rises unbidden to the speaker 's mind : `` O mercy ! '' he thinks . `` If Lucy should be dead ! ''   `` Strange fits of passion have I known '' is simple in form but complex in content . The dramatic first stanza ( the speaker `` will dare to tell '' of his `` strange fits of passion , '' but `` in the Lover 's ear alone '' ) quickly captivates the reader . Wordsworth then creates tension by juxtaposing the sinking moon and the approaching rider , the familiar landscape with the speaker 's strange , dreamy feelings .   It is uncertain whether the Lucy of the poem was based on a historical person or was a creation of Wordsworth 's fertile imagination . If she is real , her surname and identity are unknown , though they have been the subject of much `` diligent speculation '' in literary circles . `` The one certainty is that she is not the girl of Wordsworth 's Lucy Gray . ''   An earlier version of this poem ended with an extra verse :   I told her this : her laughter light  Is ringing in my ears :  And when I think upon that night  My eyes are dim with tears .

neg: Earhart Hall Earhart Hall is one of the sixteen residential halls within Purdue University , located on 1275 First Street facing First Street Tower and behind Shreve Hall . It is officially named after the famous aviator Amelia Earhart . It is one of the many co-ed residence halls at Purdue . The official club of Earhart Hall is known as The Itasca Club , which was named after the ship that last heard from Amelia Earhart .


query: Blue Velvet stars an actress.

pos: Blue Velvet (film) Blue Velvet is a 1986 American neo-noir mystery film , written and directed by David Lynch . Blending psychological horror with film noir , the film stars Kyle MacLachlan , Isabella Rossellini , Dennis Hopper and Laura Dern . The title is taken from Bobby Vinton 's 1963 song of the same name .   The screenplay of Blue Velvet had been passed around multiple times in the late 1970s and early 1980s , with many major studios declining it because of its strong sexual and violent content . After the commercial and critical failure of Lynch 's Dune ( 1984 ) , the director made attempts at developing a more `` personal story '' , somewhat characteristic of the surrealist style displayed in his debut Eraserhead ( 1977 ) . The independent studio De Laurentiis Entertainment Group , owned at the time by Italian film producer Dino De Laurentiis , agreed to finance and produce the film .   Blue Velvet initially received a divided critical response , with many stating that its objectionable content served little artistic purpose . It nevertheless earned Lynch his second Academy Award nomination for Best Director and came to achieve cult status . As an example of a director casting against the norm , it was credited for re-launching Hopper 's career and for providing Rossellini with a dramatic outlet beyond her previous work as a fashion model and a cosmetics spokeswoman .   In the years since , the film has generated significant academic attention with regard to its thematic symbolism , and is now widely regarded as one of Lynch 's major works and one of the greatest films of the 1980s . Publications including Sight & Sound , Time , Entertainment Weekly and BBC Magazine have ranked it among the greatest American films of all time . In 2008 , Blue Velvet was chosen by the American Film Institute as one of the greatest American mystery films ever made .

pos: Laura Dern Laura Elizabeth Dern ( born February 10 , 1967 ) is an American actress . For her performance in the 1991 film Rambling Rose , she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress , while for her performance in the 2014 film Wild , she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress . Her other film roles include Mask ( 1985 ) , Smooth Talk ( 1985 ) , Blue Velvet ( 1986 ) , Wild at Heart ( 1990 ) , Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) , Citizen Ruth ( 1996 ) , October Sky ( 1999 ) , I Am Sam ( 2001 ) , Inland Empire ( 2006 ) , The Master ( 2012 ) , The Fault in Our Stars ( 2014 ) , and Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) .   Dern won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Miniseries or Television Film for the 1992 film Afterburn , and guest starred in the 1997 `` Puppy Episode '' of the sitcom Ellen . She went on to win the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television for her portrayal of Florida Secretary of State Katherine Harris in the 2008 TV film Recount , and the 2012 Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Musical or Comedy Series for her role as Amy Jellicoe in HBO 's Enlightened ( 2011 -- 13 ) . She is known for her collaborations with filmmaker David Lynch , having appeared in three of his films and the revival of Twin Peaks .

neg: Alektra Blue Alektra Blue ( born June 9 , 1983 ) is an American pornographic actress and model . She was the Penthouse Pet of the Month for April 2008 .

neg: Cynthia Sikes Cynthia Lee Sikes ( born January 2 , 1954 ) is an American actress known primarily for her television roles .

neg: Suzanne Friedline Suzanne Friedline ( Born January 14 , 1970 ) is an American actress and voice artist . She has appeared in numerous movies and TV series , as well as in theater dramas .

neg: Claudia Wells Claudia Grace Wells ( born July 5 , 1966 ) is an American actress .

neg: Dana Syslová Dana Syslová ( born November 11 , 1945 ) is a Czech actress . She starred in the film Operace Silver A under director Jiří Strach in 2007 .

neg: Dana Eskelson Dana Erika Eskelson ( born February 6 , 1965 in Dallas , Texas ) is an American television , film , and theatre actress .

neg: Liz Sheridan Elizabeth Ann Sheridan ( born April 10 , 1929 ) is an American actress .

neg: Poppy Montgomery Poppy Montgomery ( born Poppy Petal Emma Elizabeth Deveraux Donaghue ; 19 June 1972 ) is an Australian-American actress . She played FBI agent Samantha Spade on the CBS mystery drama Without a Trace from 2002 to 2009 , and played Detective Carrie Wells on the CBS/A & E police drama Unforgettable from 2011 to 2016 .

neg: Ashley Blue Ashley Blue ( born Oriana Small July 8 , 1981 ) is an American radio personality , writer , and former pornographic actress . She currently hosts her own Vivid Radio show and writes for Hustler magazine .

neg: Blue Velvet (song) `` Blue Velvet '' is a popular song written and composed in 1950 by Bernie Wayne and Lee Morris . A top 20 hit for Tony Bennett in its original 1951 version , the song has since been re-recorded many times , with a 1963 version by Bobby Vinton reaching No. 1 .

neg: Cynda Williams Cynda Williams ( born May 17 , 1966 ) is an American television and film actress , singer , songwriter , playwright , author , artistic mentor and activist .

neg: Jaydy Michel Jaydy Michel Brixon ( -LSB- ˈʝeiði miˈtʃel -RSB- ; born December 20 , 1975 ) is a Mexican actress and fashion model .

neg: Kim Criswell Kim Criswell ( born July 19 , 1957 ) is an American musical entertainer and actress .

neg: Red Velvet (film) Red Velvet is a 2008 American independent horror film directed by Bruce Dickson and written by Anthony Burns and Joe Moe . The film stars Henry Thomas and Kelli Garner and is the final film of Forrest J Ackerman .

neg: Barbara Leigh-Hunt Barbara Leigh-Hunt ( born 14 December 1935 in Bath , Somerset ) is a British actress who has appeared on stage , film , television and radio .

neg: Siân Phillips Dame Jane Elizabeth Ailwên Phillips , DBE ( born 14 May 1933 ) , known professionally as Siân Phillips ( -LSB- ˈʃɑːn -RSB- ) , is a Welsh actress , author and singer .

neg: Scarlett Johansson Scarlett Johansson ( -LSB- dʒoʊˈhænsən -RSB- born November 22 , 1984 ) is an American actress , model , and singer . She made her film debut in the fantasy comedy North ( 1994 ) . Johansson subsequently starred in Manny & Lo ( 1996 ) , and garnered further acclaim and prominence with roles in The Horse Whisperer ( 1998 ) and Ghost World ( 2001 ) . She shifted to adult roles with her performances in Girl with a Pearl Earring ( 2003 ) and Lost in Translation ( 2003 ) , for which she won a BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role .   Her subsequent films included A Love Song for Bobby Long ( 2004 ) , Match Point ( 2005 ) , The Island ( 2005 ) , The Black Dahlia ( 2006 ) , The Prestige ( 2006 ) , The Other Boleyn Girl ( 2008 ) , Vicky Cristina Barcelona ( 2008 ) , He 's Just Not That Into You ( 2009 ) , Don Jon ( 2013 ) , Her ( 2013 ) , Under the Skin ( 2013 ) , Lucy ( 2014 ) , The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) , and Ghost in the Shell ( 2017 ) . Since 2008 , Johansson has also portrayed the Marvel Comics character Black Widow in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . She won the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Play for her performance in the 2010 Broadway revival of A View from the Bridge . As a singer , Johansson has released two albums , Anywhere I Lay My Head ( 2008 ) and Break Up ( 2009 ) .   Johansson is considered one of Hollywood 's modern sex symbols , and has frequently appeared in published lists of the sexiest women in the world . , she is the highest-grossing actress of all time in North America , with her films making over $ 3.6 billion . In 2016 , she was the highest-grossing actress , with a $ 1.2 billion total for the year .

neg: Beverly Adams Beverly Adams Sassoon ( born November 7 , 1945 ) is a Canadian-born actress and author .

neg: Enuka Okuma Enuka Vanessa Okuma ( -LSB- ɛˈnuːkə_oʊ-ˈkuːmə -RSB- born September 20 , 1976 ) is a Canadian actress , best known for her role as detective Traci Nash in the Global/ABC police drama series , Rookie Blue ( 2010 -- 2015 ) . Okuma is also known for her work on the Canadian television series Madison ( 1994 -- 1998 ) and Sue Thomas : F.B.Eye ( 2002 -- 2005 ) .

neg: Monte Blue Monte Blue ( born Gerard Montgomery Bluefeather , January 11 , 1887 -- February 18 , 1963 ) was a movie actor who began his career as a romantic leading man in the silent film era , and later progressed to character roles .


query: Cricket players traditionally wear all-blue.

pos: Cricket Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of eleven players on a cricket field , at the centre of which is a rectangular 22-yard-long pitch with a wicket ( a set of three wooden stumps ) at each end . One team bats , attempting to score as many runs as possible , whilst their opponents field . Each phase of play is called an innings . After either ten batsmen have been dismissed or a fixed number of overs have been completed , the innings ends and the two teams then swap roles . The winning team is the one that scores the most runs , including any extras gained , during their innings .   At the start of each game , two batsmen and eleven fielders enter the field of play . The play begins when a member of the fielding team , known as the bowler , delivers the ball from one end of the pitch to the other , towards the wicket at that end , in front of which stands one of the batsmen , known as the striker . The striker `` takes guard '' on a crease drawn on the pitch four feet in front of the wicket . His role is to prevent the ball from hitting the stumps by use of his bat , and simultaneously to strike it well enough to score runs . The other batsman , known as the non-striker , waits at the opposite end of the pitch near the bowler . A dismissed batsman must leave the field , and a teammate replaces him . The bowler 's objectives are to prevent the scoring of runs and to dismiss the batsman . An over is a set of six deliveries bowled by the same bowler . The next over is bowled from the other end of the pitch by a different bowler .   The most common forms of dismissal are bowled , when the bowler hits the stumps directly with the ball ; leg before wicket , when the batsman prevents the ball from hitting the stumps with his body instead of his bat ; and caught , when the batsman hits the ball into the air and it is intercepted by a fielder before touching the ground . Runs are scored by two main methods : either by hitting the ball hard enough for it to cross the boundary , or by the two batsmen swapping ends by each simultaneously running the length of the pitch in opposite directions whilst the fielders are retrieving the ball . If a fielder retrieves the ball quickly enough to put down the wicket with a batsman not having reached the crease at that end of the pitch , that batsman is dismissed ( a run-out occurs ) . Adjudication is performed on the field by two umpires .   The laws of cricket are maintained by the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) and the Marylebone Cricket Club ( MCC ) . There are various formats ranging from Twenty20 , played over a few hours with each team having a single innings of 20 overs ( i.e. 120 deliveries ) , to Test cricket , played over five days with unlimited overs and the teams playing two innings apiece . Traditionally cricketers play in all-white kit , but in limited overs cricket they wear club or team colours . In addition to the basic kit , some players wear protective gear to prevent injury caused by the ball , which is a hard , solid object made of compressed leather enclosing a cork core .   Although cricket 's origins are uncertain , it is first recorded in south-east England in the 16th century . It spread globally with the expansion of the British Empire , leading to the first international matches in the mid-19th century . ICC , the game 's governing body , has over 100 members , ten of which are full members who play Test cricket . The sport is followed primarily in Australasia , Britain , the Indian subcontinent , southern Africa and the West Indies . Women 's cricket , which is organised and played separately , has also achieved international standard .

neg: List of Sussex County Cricket Club grounds Sussex County Cricket Club is one of the 18 member clubs of the English County Championship , representing the historic county of Sussex . Although Sussex representative sides had been playing cricket since the mid-eighteenth century and had also played first-class cricket matches since 1815 , the County Cricket Club was established on 1 March 1839 . They have played first-class matches since 1839 , List A matches since 1963 , and Twenty20 matches since 2003 .   Unlike most professional sports , in which a team usually has a single fixed home ground , county cricket clubs have traditionally used different grounds in various towns and cities within the county for home matches , although the use of minor `` out grounds '' away from the club 's main headquarters has diminished since the 1980s . In total , Sussex have played first-class , List A and Twenty20 cricket at 17 different grounds across the county .   The club 's first fixture was played at the Royal New Ground , Brighton . The ground was Sussex 's main ground until 1848 , when the Royal Brunswick Ground in Brunswick , Hove became the main ground . In 1872 , the land of the Royal Brunswick Ground was required for the expansion of the town , so the club relocated to the County Ground , which continues to be the main ground for Sussex Cricket Club . The County Ground was the venue where Sussex claimed the 2003 and 2007 County Championships . It is also the only ground in Sussex to have hosted international cricket ; in the 1999 World Cup , a One Day International between India and South Africa was played at the ground .   In 1849 , the club used a venue outside Brighton for the first time , when they played a first-class match at Petworth Park New Ground ; the match against Surrey is notable for being one of Sussex 's lowest aggregate scoring matches of all time , with only 287 runs scored . It was also the only time that Petworth Park hosted a Sussex match . Sussex have frequently used out grounds to host some of their matches , typically as part of cricket festivals . In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries , their main out grounds were the Central Recreation Ground in Hastings , The Saffrons in Eastbourne , the Cricket Field Road Ground in Horsham , and the Arundel Castle Cricket Ground ( from 1972 ) . After the Central Recreation Ground was demolished in 1996 , Sussex also played two List A matches at Horntye Park , Hastings ' other cricket ground . Eastbourne cancelled its proposed fixture in 2001 , and has not hosted a match since , whilst Horsham was not awarded any matches for the 2016 season , due to financial difficulties . The County Ground and Arundel Castle are the only two grounds to have hosted Sussex Twenty20 matches , and were also the only two grounds which host Sussex matches in the 2016 season .

neg: Commonwealth XI cricket team The Commonwealth XI cricket team played over 100 first-class cricket matches from 1949 to 1968 . The team started out as a side made up of mostly English , Australian and West Indian cricketers , that toured the subcontinent but later on played first-class fixtures in England . They also toured South Africa and Rhodesia .

neg: Follow-on In cricket , a follow-on is where the team that bats second is forced to take its second batting innings immediately after its first , because the team was not able to get close enough to the score achieved by the first team batting in the first innings . If the second team to bat scores substantially fewer runs than the first team , the first team have the option of enforcing the follow-on , that is , instructing the second team to bat again immediately . In this case the sequence of batting innings will be first team , second team , second team and then , if required , the first team again . This is in contrast to the normal progression of batting innings which is first team , second team , first team , second team . The first team may choose not to enforce the follow-on , and bat themselves instead .   The rules governing the circumstances in which the follow-on may be enforced are found in Law 13 of the Laws of Cricket .

neg: Overview of English cricket (1816–1863) This article presents an overview of English cricket from 1816 to 1863 . For more detailed coverage of the period , see the series of season reviews in : Category : English cricket seasons from 1816 to 1863 .   Although the article mentions some events in other countries , these are connected with the introduction of cricket from England and into those countries . For additional information about the development of the game in the main cricket-playing countries outside England during the period , see :  History of Australian cricket to 1876  History of Canadian cricket  History of cricket in India to 1918  History of cricket in New Zealand to 1890  History of cricket in South Africa to 1918  History of cricket in Sri Lanka  History of United States cricket  History of cricket in the West Indies to 1918   The Napoleonic Wars had deprived cricket of investment and manpower , particularly after 1810 as the conflict in the Peninsular War reached its height and the invasion of France followed . A recovery began in 1815 , the year of the Battle of Waterloo , and a more widespread return to normality can be observed from 1816 , although it was not until 1825 that inter-county matches were resurrected when Kent played Sussex .

neg: 1788 English cricket season In the 1788 English cricket season , the recently formed Marylebone Cricket Club ( MCC ) became the game 's lawgiver . On Friday , 30 May , a revised set of the Laws of cricket was issued by the `` Cricket Club at Marylebone '' , formerly the White Conduit Club . This action confirmed MCC as the body in sole charge of the Laws . Four weeks later , the two clubs played each other at Lord 's Old Ground in the earliest match featuring MCC to leave a surviving scorecard .

neg: MCCA Knockout Trophy The Minor Counties Cricket Association Knockout Cup was started in 1983 as a knockout one-day competition for the Minor Counties in English cricket . At first it was known as the English Industrial Estates Cup , before being called the Minor Counties Knock Out Competition from 1986 to 1987 , the Holt Cup from 1988 to 1992 , the MCC Trophy from 1993 to 1998 , the ECB 38-County Cup from 1999 to 2002 , the MCCA Knockout Trophy from 2003 to 2005 . It has been called the MCCA Trophy since 2006 .   From 1998 to 2002 , the competition was contested by 38 teams . The traditional Minor counties , plus Huntingdonshire and the `` cricket boards '' of the 18 first-class counties , as well as a Channel Islands team . The 2002 competition , which was won by the Warwickshire Cricket Board , remains the only time a non-Minor county has won the competition . This format was discontinued after 2002 and the competition is again a purely Minor counties affair .   The most successful Counties are Devon and Norfolk , who have won the competition 5 times . The current champion is Herefordshire who defeated Staffordshire in the 2016 final by 56 runs at Wormsley Park , Ibstone .

neg: List of Manchester Cricket Club players This is a complete list in alphabetical order of cricketers who played for Manchester in important matches prior to the foundation of Lancashire County Cricket Club in 1864 . Some of the teams fielded by Manchester were styled Lancashire and its players in those matches are included here . Manchester is classified as an important team by substantial sources from 1844 to 1864 .   The details are the player 's usual name followed by the years in which he was active as a Manchester/Lancashire player and then his name is given as it appears on match scorecards ( i.e. , usually his surname preceded by all initials ) . Note that many players represented other important teams besides Manchester and that several played for the county club from 1865 , at which time Manchester ceased to be an important team .

neg: List of Bermudian first-class cricketers This is a list of Bermudian first-class cricketers . First-class cricket matches are those between international teams or the highest standard of domestic teams in which teams have two innings each . Generally , matches are eleven players a side but there have been exceptions . Today , all matches must be scheduled to have at least three days ' duration ; historically , matches were played to a finish with no pre-defined timespan . This list is not limited to those who have played first-class cricket for Bermuda and may include Bermudian players who played their first-class cricket elsewhere . The list is in alphabetical order .

neg: Association of Cricket Statisticians and Historians The Association of Cricket Statisticians and Historians ( ACS ) was founded in England in 1973 for the purpose of researching and collating information about the history and statistics of cricket . Originally called the Association of Cricket Statisticians , the words `` and Historians '' were added in 1993 but it has continued to use the initialism ACS .   The ACS headquarters were formerly in Nottingham , opposite Trent Bridge Cricket Ground , but since 2006 it has been run from three locations in Cardiff , Haywards Heath and Tickhill ( previously Scredington 2006 -- 2015 and Pevensey 2015-2016 ) . The Cardiff postal address is listed on the website .   Although constituted in England , the ACS has a worldwide membership and is open to anyone with a relevant interest . The membership in 2015 numbered 1,047 .

neg: Australian cricket team in Australia in 1958–59 The 1958-59 Australians defeated the touring England team 4-0 in the 1958-59 Ashes series . They were seen by the English press as having little chance of winning the series against the powerful England touring team . They had only one recognised great player , Neil Harvey and had lost the fast bowling combination of Ray Lindwall and Keith Miller and the other veterans of Don Bradman 's Invincible 1948 team . There were , however , signs of recovery to those who would see them and E.W. Swanton believed that on their home ground Australia would be a shade better than England . The best indication of the forthcoming series was the M.C.C. and Australian tours of South Africa in 1956-57 and 1957-58 . South Africa had a strong team in the 1950s , stunning the cricketing world by drawing 2-2 in Australia in 1953-54 , losing 3-2 in the closely fought 1955 series in England and fighting back from a 2-0 deficit to draw 2-2 with Peter May 's England in 1956-57 . In 1957-58 Ian Craig led a team labelled as the weakest to leave Australia to a 3-0 victory over the Springboks with Richie Benaud , Alan Davidson , Wally Grout , Ken Mackay , Colin McDonald , Jim Burke and Lindsay Kline all in fine form . Norm O'Neill was not taken on tour , but struck innings of 175 in three hours and 233 in four hours in successive games against Victoria and was regarded as the `` New Bradman '' .

neg: Chris Broad Brian Christopher `` Chris '' Broad ( born 1957 ) is a former English cricketer and broadcaster who currently serves as a cricket official . As an opening batsman , he played 26 Test matches for England and scored six centuries , together with 34 One Day International matches with a respectable over 40 average . He is known largely for his feats during the 1986/87 Ashes series where he hit three centuries in consecutive Tests , and for his fiery demeanour at the crease .   Broad 's children are both involved in cricket . His son Stuart is a fast bowler who , like his father , represents both England and Nottinghamshire , while his daughter Gemma is a performance analyst with England 's One-Day squad . Cricket correspondent Colin Bateman noted , `` Chris Broad pressed the self-destruct button on a career that promised so much . His lack of self-control at the crease brought a sad end to his reign as England opener at the age of 30 , when he should have been enjoying his prime years . ''

neg: Crickets as pets Keeping crickets as pets emerged in China in early antiquity . Initially , crickets were kept for their `` songs '' ( stridulation ) . In the early 12th century the Chinese people began holding cricket fights.Yutaka Suga , p. 79 , discusses another theory dating cricket fights to the 8th century . However , the earliest reliable evidence is dated 12th century . Throughout the Imperial era the Chinese also kept pet cicadas and grasshoppers , but crickets were the favorites in the Forbidden City and with the commoners alike . The art of selecting and breeding the finest fighting crickets was perfected during the Qing dynasty and remained a monopoly of the imperial court until the beginning of the 19th century .   The Imperial patronage promoted the art of making elaborate cricket containers and individual cricket homes . Traditional Chinese cricket homes come in three distinct shapes : wooden cages , ceramic jars , and gourds . Cages are used primarily for trapping and transportation . Gourds and ceramic jars are used as permanent cricket homes in winter and summer , respectively . They are treated with special mortar to enhance the apparent loudness and tone of a cricket 's song . The imperial gardeners grew custom-shaped molded gourds tailored to each species of cricket . Their trade secrets were lost during the Chinese Civil War and the Cultural Revolution , but crickets remain a favorite pet of the Chinese to the present day . The Japanese pet cricket culture , which emerged at least a thousand years ago , has practically vanished during the 20th century .   Chinese cricket culture and cricket-related business is highly seasonal . Trapping crickets in the fields peaks in August and extends into September . The crickets soon end up at the markets of Shanghai and other major cities . Cricket fighting season extends until the end of autumn , overlapping with the Mid-Autumn Festival and the National Day . Chinese breeders are striving to make cricket fighting a year-round pastime , but the seasonal tradition prevails .   Modern Western sources recommend keeping pet crickets in transparent jars or small terrariums providing at least two inches of soil for burrowing and containing egg-crate shells or similar objects for shelter . A cricket 's life span is short : Development from an egg to imago takes from one to two months . The imago then lives for around one month . Cricket hobbyists have to frequently replace aging insects with younger ones which are either specifically bred for cricket fighting or caught in the wild . This makes crickets less appealing as pets in Western countries . The speed of growth , coupled with the ease of breeding and raising larvae , makes industrial-grown crickets a preferred and inexpensive food source for pet birds , reptiles , and spiders .

neg: Golden Age of cricket The Golden Age of Cricket is a term that has often been applied in cricket literature to the period in English , Australian , and American cricket from the formation of the official County Championship in the 1890 season to the outbreak of World War I , which occurred just before the scheduled end of the 1914 season .

neg: Outfield The outfield is a sporting term used in cricket and baseball to refer to the area of the field of play further from the batsman or batter than the infield , and in association football to players outside the goal .

neg: List of Oxford and Cambridge Universities cricket team players This is a complete list in alphabetical order of cricketers who have played for the combined Oxford and Cambridge Universities cricket team ( OCU ) in top-class matches since 1839 . The team has always had important or first-class status and is classified as an important team by the Association of Cricket Statisticians and Historians and other sources from 1839 to 1894 ; classified as an official first-class team from 1895 by Marylebone Cricket Club ( MCC ) and the County Championship clubs . It has never played a limited overs match so is not classified List A.   The team was generally composed of current students but there were four matches between 1874 and 1893 in which it was a Past and Present combination with the title adjusted accordingly . The 41 players who took part in those matches are included in this list .   The details are the player 's usual name followed by the years in which he was active as an OCU player and then his name is given as it appears on match scorecards ( i.e. , usually his surname preceded by all initials ) . Note that many players represented other first-class teams besides OCU . The last time the combined team played was in 1992 .

neg: West Indies A cricket team The West Indies A cricket team is a cricket team representing a sporting confederation of the Caribbean countries : Anguilla , Antigua and Barbuda , Barbados , Dominica , Grenada , Guyana , Jamaica , Montserrat , Saint Kitts and Nevis , Saint Lucia , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , Trinidad and Tobago . The history of the West Indies cricket team began in the 1890s , when the first representative sides were selected to play visiting English sides . From the mid-1970s to the early 1990s the West Indies team was one of the strongest in the world in both Test and One Day International cricket . A number of cricketers considered among the best in the world have hailed from the West Indies ; Gary Sobers , Lance Gibbs , Gordon Greenidge , George Headley , Clive Lloyd , Malcolm Marshall , Andy Roberts and Everton Weekes .   Most cricketing nations use their own national flags for cricketing purposes . However , as the West Indies represent a number of independent and dependent states , there is no natural choice of flag . The WICB has therefore developed an insignia showing a palm tree and cricket stumps on a small sunny island.This insignia , on a maroon background , makes up the West Indian flag . The background sometimes has a white stripe above a green stripe , which is separated by a maroon stripe , passing horizontally through the middle of the background .   When playing one-day cricket , the Windies wear a maroon shirt , with grey around the sides . The shirt also sports the logo of the West Indian Cricket Board and the name of their sponsors , at present , Digicel . The one-day cap is maroon with the WICB logo on the left of the front , with two yellow stripes separated by a green stripe running vertically on the right of the front . When playing first-class cricket , in addition to their cricket whites , West Indian fielders sometimes wear a sunhat , which is maroon and has a wide brim . The WICB logo is on the middle of the front of the hat . Helmets are coloured similarly .

neg: History of the England cricket team from 1945

neg: List of England cricket captains This is a list of all English national cricket captains , comprising all of the men , boys and women who have captained an English national cricket team at official international level . England played in the first Test match in 1877 and have played more Test matches , and had more captains , than any other team . In the 19th century , the captains for overseas tours were chosen by the promoters , with James Lillywhite , Alfred Shaw and Arthur Shrewsbury being the main professional promoters . However , some amateur tours went abroad under Lord Harris and Lord Hawke . Home captains were selected by the home ground authority , who often went for their local favourites .  For around sixty years , from 1902/3 , the Marylebone Cricket Club took over the organisation of all overseas tours , with the games played being technically by the `` MCC '' rather than `` England '' . They brought with them the tradition of having amateur , rather than professional , captains , and after Shrewsbury there was n't another professional captain until Len Hutton around sixty years later . The amateur/professional distinction was abolished in 1962 , and a new breed of captain in Brian Close and then Ray Illingworth was born .   From the mid-1980s until the late 1990s , English cricket was in decline , with the England team suffering many heavy defeats . The desperation was most clear in the `` summer of four captains '' in 1988 , during the West Indies tour of England , when the captaincy started with Mike Gatting , who was sacked after the first Test as a result of a dalliance with a barmaid . He was initially replaced by John Emburey , who lasted just two Tests before being sacked after two consecutive defeats . Chris Cowdrey was appointed amidst accusations of nepotism on the part of chief of selectors Peter May , but sustained an injury in his only Test as captain . Finally , Graham Gooch became England 's fourth captain of the summer . Unsurprisingly , England lost the five-Test series 4 -- 0 . The following year , England faced Australia in the 1989 Ashes series . Gooch did n't remain in his post , with David Gower being brought back as captain . Gower had been an Ashes winning captain back in 1985 , although some people favoured bringing back Mike Gatting who had also won the Ashes as England captain in 1986-1987 . In the event , Gower 's captaincy return was wholly unsuccessful , the 1989 Ashes being lost 4-0 . Graham Gooch was reappointed captain for the subsequent tour to the West Indies and remained in the post until 1993 after the fourth Test against Australia , having failed to win a Test match that year .   England 's mixed fortunes continued under Gooch 's successor Mike Atherton . Earmarked early as a future captain , England enjoyed victories over South Africa , India and New Zealand under his premiership although they continued to fare badly against the West Indies and Australia , and the lack of consistent progress led to his resignation at the end of the 1997/98 tour of the West Indies , which England lost 3-1 . Replacement Alec Stewart was sacked after less than a year in the job after another defeat in Australia and a disastrous 1999 Cricket World Cup campaign . The beginning of Nasser Hussain 's captaincy saw England jeered by their own supporters after losing to New Zealand at home in 1999 , but England soon started to enjoy a revival , which continued under Michael Vaughan . England were the only team undefeated in 2004 , and were , as at June 2005 , ranked as the second-best Test nation in the world . Later that summer they regained The Ashes from Australia , having not held them since 1989 .   Following Vaughan 's retirement , England were briefly captained by Kevin Pietersen before Andrew Strauss took on the role permanently following Pietersen 's resignation . Strauss became the first captain to lead England to victory in a Test series in Australia since 1987 , as well as taking them to the number one ranking in the summer of 2011 . Strauss announced his resignation and retirement following the relinquishing of the top ranking to South Africa in 2012 , with One Day International captain and Strauss ' deputy Alastair Cook was named as the replacement .

neg: History of Test cricket from 1884 to 1889 The history of Test cricket between 1884 and 1889 was one of English dominance over the Australians . England won every Test series that was played . The period also saw the first use of the word `` Test '' to describe a form of cricket when the Press used it in 1885 . It has remained in common usage ever since .   In 1883 England had won the first Ashes series by beating Australia 2 -- 1 away , though they had lost a fourth extra Test played at the end of their Australian tour . However , this last Test proved to be a blip as English dominance remained for the rest of the 1880s . Of the 19 England-Australia Tests played in the period from 1884 to 1889 , England won 14 , Australia 3 , with 2 draws .   1889 saw the first English team to tour South Africa . England won both representative matches easily . These matches , and those on the other early English tours of South Africa , were only recognised as Tests retrospectively , the first official tour not taking place till 1905-6 .

neg: Plunket Shield New Zealand has had a domestic first-class cricket championship since the 1906 -- 07 season . Since the 2009-10 season it has been known by its original name of the Plunket Shield .