query: Cougar Town premiered in 2009.

pos: Cougar Town Cougar Town was an American television sitcom that ran for 102 episodes over six seasons , from September 23 , 2009 until March 31 , 2015 . The first three seasons aired on ABC , with the series moving to TBS for the final three seasons . Set in the fictional town of Gulfhaven , Florida , nicknamed `` Cougar Town '' since its high school teams are the Cougars , the series focuses on a recently divorced woman in her 40s facing the often humorous challenges , pitfalls , and rewards of life 's next chapter , along with her teenage son , her ex-husband , and her wine-loving friends who together make up her dysfunctional , but supportive and caring , extended family . The pilot episode was broadcast after Modern Family . ABC officially gave the series a full season pickup on October 8 , 2009 .   The show was created by Bill Lawrence and Kevin Biegel and was produced by Doozer and Coquette Productions in association with ABC Studios . Filming took place at Culver Studios in Culver City , California . The pilot episode achieved 11.28 million viewers . Season 2 premiered on September 22 , 2010 , with 8.35 million viewers . Season 3 , consisting of 15 episodes , was originally slated to premiere in November 2011 but , because of ABC 's promotion of the ill-fated Man Up ! , it premiered on February 14 , 2012 . Following the Season 3 finale , it was announced that TBS had purchased the rights to the series for an additional 15-episode season , to air in 2013 , with options for additional seasons . On March 25 , 2013 , TBS renewed the series for a fifth season of 13 episodes , which premiered on January 7 , 2014 . On May 10 , 2014 , TBS renewed Cougar Town for a sixth and final season . Season six premiered on January 6 , 2015 , and the series concluded on March 31 , 2015 .

neg: Clair Huxtable Clair Olivia Huxtable ( née Hanks ) is a fictional character who appears in the American sitcom The Cosby Show . Portrayed by actress Phylicia Rashad , Clair , the wife of Dr. Cliff Huxtable and mother of their five children , is the matriarch of the show 's central Huxtable family . Working as a lawyer , Clair values the importance of maintaining a successful career while running a formidable household . The character debuted alongside most of her family in The Cosby Show 's pilot , `` Theo 's Economic Lesson '' , which premiered on September 20 , 1984 .   Created by comedian Bill Cosby , Clair is based on Cosby 's own wife , Camille . Cosby originally intended for the character to be a plumber , but the producers and Camille ultimately convinced him to rewrite her into a lawyer to reflect a family that closer resembled their own . At one point , Clair had also been envisioned as a Dominican housewife who speaks Spanish when frustrated , inspired by Ricky Ricardo from the sitcom I Love Lucy , but this idea was also abandoned . Rashad , originally credited as Phylicia Allers-Allen , won the role by exhibiting a subtlety in her audition that other candidates lacked . After marrying husband Ahmad Rashad and adopting his surname , Rashad became pregnant with their child during the show 's third season , thus requiring her to conceal her pregnancy during tapings .   Typically playing straight woman to Cosby 's humorous Cliff , Rashad 's character began to adopt more comedic material during the show 's second season , although she maintains her disciplinarian status within her own household . Since The Cosby Show 's inception , Cosby had always intended for Clair to reflect the ways in which women 's roles have evolved in both the home and workplace . Clair is depicted as a hardworking career woman with strong feminist principles , most evident in the character 's early confrontations with chauvinistic son-in-law Elvin . One particularly memorable interaction , dubbed Clair 's `` feminist rant '' by the media , has become so popular that the scene continues to be heavily circulated on the Internet and social media , 30 years after its initial appearance .   Both Clair 's role and Rashad 's performance have garnered significant acclaim ; Clair was the series ' only main character who avoided criticisms that regularly plagued other aspects of The Cosby Show . Rashad was nominated for two Emmy Awards for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series . Despite the actress ' continued success , Clair remains the role for which Rashad is best known , credited with establishing her as a television icon . A feminist icon , Clair is revered as one of television 's most beloved mothers ; as one of television 's first working mothers , the character 's profound influence on African-American women and female lawyers in television has been dubbed the `` Clair Huxtable effect '' . However , in light of several recent sexual assault allegations made against Cosby , some critics have begun to question the comedian 's intentions behind creating Clair .

neg: Paul Blart: Mall Cop Paul Blart : Mall Cop is a 2009 American action comedy film directed by Steve Carr and co-written by Kevin James , who stars as the title character , Paul Blart . Filming began in February 2008 with most of the shooting taking place at the Burlington Mall in Burlington , Massachusetts . The film opened in the United States on January 16 , 2009 , distributed by Columbia Pictures . Against a budget of $ 26 million , it grossed $ 31.8 million in its opening weekend and finished with a gross of more than $ 146 million in North America and a worldwide total exceeded $ 183 million . Paul Blart : Mall Cop was released on DVD , Blu-ray , and UMD on May 19 , 2009 . A sequel , Paul Blart : Mall Cop 2 , was released on April 17 , 2015 .

neg: Oscar Martinez (The Office) Oscar San Juan Martinez is a fictional character from the US mockumentary-style television series The Office played by Cuban actor Oscar Nunez . Martinez was one of the few openly gay characters in broadcast television at the time that the series aired . Although Nunez , who is straight , did not know his character might be gay when he first signed on , he has no issues with the character 's sexuality as long as the material is funny . For the 2006 -- 2007 season , Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation ( GLAAD ) reported he was the only LGBT ( lesbian , gay , bisexual , transgender ) person of color character on a regular series . For the 2007 -- 2008 season he was the `` only remaining gay character on a half-hour comedy program '' and the only LGBT lead or supporting character who is a person of color . For the 2009 -- 2010 season , Martinez was one of four people of color LGBT regular series characters ; in 2010 -- 2011 there were six and in 2011 -- 2012 there were five.Along with doctor Callie Torres on Grey 's Anatomy , and gay nurse Angel Garcia on Mercy , Martinez are Latino/a , and forensic facial reconstruction artist Angela Montenegro on Bones , is an Asian-Pacific Islander . ( Where we are on TV : GLAAD 's 14th Annual Diversity Study Previews the 2009-2010 Primetime Television Season , Taj Paxton , Jonathan Rosales , Callan Koenig , Brian MacKough , Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation . ) For the 2009-2010 season there are zero black LGBT series regular characters and one non-human , American Dad 's Roger the alien on Fox . For the 2009-2010 season , LGBT media watchdog group Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation ( GLAAD ) reported 3 percent of all regular characters were LGBT . ( Gay Characters on Network TV : 2009-10 , Hanh Nguyen and Rick Porter , Los Angeles Times , ) An increase from 2.6 percent in the 2008-2009 season and 1.1 percent in the 2007-2008 season . ( Gay Characters on Network TV : 2009-10 , Hanh Nguyen and Rick Porter , Los Angeles Times , ) For the 2010-2011 season there were six LGBT people of color characters . ( Where we are on TV : GLAAD 's Annual Diversity Study Previews the 2010-2011 Primetime Television Season , Taj Paxton , Matthew Kane , Lauren Mattia , Rob Avruch , Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation . ) For the 2011-2012 season there were five LGBT people of color characters . ( Where we are on TV : GLAAD 's Annual Diversity Study Previews the 2011-2012 Primetime Television Season , September 2011 , Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation . )   Martinez is an accountant at the Scranton , Pennsylvania , office of the paper distribution company Dunder Mifflin and gets his first name from Núñez ; series producer Greg Daniels felt that `` Oscar '' sounded like a good accountant 's name . He is a first-generation Mexican American . He is also openly gay after being outed by his then boss Michael Scott in `` Gay Witch Hunt '' , the third-season premiere episode devoted to the outing . However , the character was implied to be gay in the second-season episode `` The Secret '' , when Dwight catches him faking sickness to spend the day with his boyfriend ( Dwight remains oblivious to this detail as he was obsessed with proving that Oscar was not ill ) . As a result , in earlier episodes , many co-workers erroneously attribute to him various Mexican stereotypes ( e.g. being involved in drug cartels ) but after his outing , his stereotypes are more focused on his being gay , particularly by Michael , which may explain their conflicted relationship . Núñez explained in a 2008 interview that the character variously feels amusement , pity and hatred towards his fictional boss . He has no specific counterpart in the original British series .   Oscar is known for being a rational , quietly efficient , and intellectual worker in the office , often the one who will ask pointed financial questions that his colleagues will not or that Michael avoids answering . Martinez refers to himself as being in the `` Coalition for Reason '' with Jim and Pam Halpert . According to Núñez , the three `` are there to set up the comic situations '' for boss Michael and Dwight Schrute , Michael 's toady . He explained , `` We can still be funny but we are definitely the ` straight guys ' . '' He is often the one who is able to clearly see the reality and logic in situations , including financial ones such as when Michael started up his own paper company or Ryan Howard 's online startup business . Because of this , Oscar is considered to be a know-it-all by many of his co-workers . Oscar is frequently exasperated by the antics of his coworkers and tends to find their humor offensive . He is reserved , not really exhibiting a desire for close contact with any of his co-workers , although he is friendly when not outwardly pedantic . In an AfterElton.com interview , Núñez explained he plays the character like an accountant , who happens to be gay , and just trying to do his work and not really interested in what the documentarians are filming . Actor Núñez references the character as a Log Cabin Republican , though no mention of this has occurred in the show . In the episode `` Dwight Christmas '' , he is in fact openly acknowledged as a Democrat . His more balanced and normal personality makes him an everyman type character , contrasting with the generally extroverted people with whom he works . He 's also a charter member of the company 's three-person ( and exclusive ) `` Finer Things Club '' with Pam and Toby Flenderson . He and co-worker Kevin Malone seem to have a strong friendship with each other , often a dynamic where Oscar is often the calm , rational one while Kevin is the fun-loving one .

neg: 36th Daytime Emmy Awards The 36th Annual Daytime Emmy Awards were held on Sunday , August 30 , 2009 , and were televised live on The CW for the very first time . The nominees were announced on May 14 in the Orpheum Theatre , Los Angeles , California Vanessa L. Williams hosted the event . The event was directed by Jeff Margolis and Debbie Palacio .

neg: As the World Turns As the World Turns ( often referred to as ATWT ) is an American television soap opera that aired on CBS for 54 years from April 2 , 1956 , to September 17 , 2010 . Irna Phillips created As the World Turns as a sister show to her other soap opera Guiding Light . Running for 54 years , As the World Turns holds the second-longest continuous run of any daytime network soap opera on American television , surpassed only by Guiding Light . As the World Turns was produced for the first 43 years in Manhattan and in Brooklyn from 2000 until 2010 .   Set in the fictional town of Oakdale , Illinois , the show debuted on April 2 , 1956 , at 1:30 pm EST. . Prior to that date , all serials had been 15 minutes in length . As the World Turns and The Edge of Night , which premiered on the same day at 4:30 pm EST , were the first two to be 30 minutes in length from their premiere . At first , viewers did not respond to the new half-hour serial , but ratings picked up in its second year , eventually reaching the top spot in the daytime Nielsen ratings by fall 1958 . In 1959 , the show started a streak of weekly ratings wins that was not interrupted for over 12 years . The show switched to color on August 21 , 1967 , and expanded from a half-hour in length to one hour starting on December 1 , 1975 , when The Edge of Night moved to ABC . In the year-to-date ratings , As the World Turns was the most-watched daytime drama from 1958 until 1978 , with ten million viewers tuning in each day . At its height , core actors such as Helen Wagner , Don MacLaughlin , Don Hastings , and Eileen Fulton became nationally known . Three of these actors -- Wagner , Hastings , and Fulton -- are also the three longest serving actors in the history of American soap operas .   The show passed its 10,000 th episode on May 12 , 1995 , and celebrated its 50th anniversary on April 2 , 2006 . On September 18 , 2009 , As the World Turns became the last remaining Procter and Gamble-produced soap opera for CBS after Guiding Light aired its final episode on the network .   On December 8 , 2009 , CBS announced that it cancelled As the World Turns after almost 54 years due to low ratings . The show taped its final Procter and Gamble scenes for CBS on June 23 , 2010 , and with a dramatic storyline finale , its final episode on the network aired on September 17 , 2010 . On October 18 , 2010 , CBS replaced As the World Turns with a newly debuted talk show The Talk .

neg: Stars Hollow Stars Hollow is a fictional town in Connecticut featured on the television show Gilmore Girls . It is depicted as a close-knit community with many quirky characteristics , located roughly thirty minutes from Hartford . The show 's creators borrowed elements of Washington Depot , Connecticut ; Kent , Connecticut ; and New Milford , Connecticut to create the town , which is actually a set constructed on the Warner Bros. backlot in Burbank , California .

neg: Star-ving Star-ving was a web series of episodes running eight to ten minutes , based very loosely on the life of David Faustino from Married ... with Children . His co-star is Corin Nemec , who played the title character in Parker Lewis Ca n't Lose . The start date for the episodes was January 16 , 2009 . The series is a production of FNB Entertainment LLC in association with Sony Pictures Television , webcast on Crackle .

neg: Take My Life, Please `` Take My Life , Please '' is the tenth episode of the twentieth season of The Simpsons . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on February 15 , 2009 . In the episode , Homer finds out that the class presidential election he lost in high school was rigged , and he gets the opportunity to find out what his life would have been like if he had become class president .   The episode was written by Don Payne and directed by Steven Dean Moore . It was the first episode of The Simpsons to air in 16:9 720p high-definition television . It was also the first episode to use the new HD opening sequence . Since airing , the episode has received mixed reviews from television critics . 6.82 million people watched the episode , and coupled with an episode of King of the Hill , it won its hour in the 18-49 demographic .

neg: Lassie (season 10) The tenth season of the television series Lassie began airing on CBS in the United States on September 29 , 1963 , and contained 29 episodes .

neg: Houston Film Critics Society Awards 2010 The 4th Houston Film Critics Society Awards were presented on December 18 , 2010 . These awards for `` extraordinary accomplishment in film '' are presented annually by the Houston Film Critics Society ( HFCS ) based in Houston , Texas . The organization , founded in 2007 , includes 22 film critics for print , radio , television , and internet publications in the greater Houston area . The awards are co-sponsored by the Houston Film Commission , Southwest Alternate Media Project , Women in Film and Television/Houston , WorldFest , and the Houston Cinema Arts Society .   The nominations for the 2010 awards were announced on December 12 , 2010 . Eligible films do not need to have played or opened in a Houston film theater prior to the nomination deadline , merely made available to the HFCS membership at a screening or on DVD . Along with the 13 `` best of '' category awards , this year also saw the introduction of a new category for `` Worst Movies of the Year '' . The Social Network , True Grit , and 127 Hours each received six nominations , all including the Best Picture , Actor , Direction , and Original Score categories .   The Social Network was the HFCS 's most awarded film of 2010 taking top honors in the Best Picture , Best Director ( David Fincher ) , Best Actor ( Jesse Eisenberg ) , and Best Screenplay ( Aaron Sorkin ) categories . Inception was the only other film to garner multiple awards , winning both the Best Original Score ( Hans Zimmer ) and Best Cinematography ( Wally Pfister ) prizes . The other acting awards went to Natalie Portman as Best Actress for Black Swan , Hailee Steinfeld as Best Supporting Actress for True Grit , and Christian Bale as Best Supporting Actor for The Fighter . The remaining film honors went to Toy Story 3 as Best Animated Film , Restrepo as Best Documentary , and The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo as Best Foreign Language Film . `` We Are Sex Bob-Omb '' by Beck from Scott Pilgrim vs. the World was named the Best Original Song . The HFCS 's first-ever award for `` Worst Picture '' was given to Jonah Hex starring Josh Brolin .   In addition to the category awards , the HFCS presented their annual Lifetime Achievement Award to Sissy Spacek and its Humanitarian Award to George Clooney . Clooney was selected for `` selflessly using his celebrity for greater good '' . The HFCS award for Outstanding Achievement in Cinema awards were presented to Charles Dove , director of the Rice University Media Center , and Hector Luna , the founder and editor of C-47 Houston .

neg: Environmental Science (Community) `` Environmental Science '' is the tenth episode of the first season of the American comedy television series Community . It aired in the United States on NBC on November 19 , 2009 . The episode centers on Spanish instructor Ben Chang 's ( Ken Jeong ) unreasonable behavior after his wife leaves him .

neg: Suzie (2009 film) Suzie is a 2009 French-Canadian drama film directed by and starring Micheline Lanctôt .

neg: Chasing a Dream Chasing a Dream ( working title Miles From Nowhere ) is a made-for-television movie . Filmed in the Ventura County area of California , the movie premiered on Hallmark Channel on April 25 , 2009 , and stars Andrew Lawrence and Treat Williams .   Most of the school scenes were filmed at John F. Kennedy High School in Granada Hills , California . The logos , mascot ( Golden Cougars ) , uniforms , and signage were all the official items for the school .

neg: Charlie Rhindress Charlie Rhindress ( born May 9 , 1966 ) is an actor , playwright and director living in Halifax , Nova Scotia . Born in Amherst , Nova Scotia and educated at Mount Allison University , he is a co-founder and former Artistic Director of Live Bait Theatre , based in Sackville , New Brunswick . To date , Rhindress has written 13 full-length plays , including The Maritime Way of Life , which was nominated for a Canadian Comedy award as best new play , and Flying On Her Own , based on the life of the late Canadian singer/songwriter , Rita MacNeil . It was published by Playwrights Canada Press in 2008 . He has also written or co-written more than 30 dinner theatre scripts and two plays for teens .   Rhindress has acted in films including Red Rover and Black Eyed Dog , and at theatres across Canada . His directing credits include the premiere of Cathy Jones ' one woman show , Me , Dad and the Hundred Boyfriends at Theatre Passe Muraille in Toronto and The Compleat Wrks of Wllm Shkspr ( abridged ) at Neptune Theatre in Halifax , for which he received a Merritt award nomination as Best Director . He is the former Associate Artist for Neptune and the current Artistic Producer of Eastern Front Theatre .   The Canadian Encyclopedia says that Rhindress 's work `` suggests that New Brunswick is fertile ground for popular comedy . Of particular note is Rhindress 's The Maritime Way of Life ( 1999 ) , a dark satire on traditional East Coast lifestyles and personalities . Despite its vicious sarcasm , extensive cross-dressing , and absurd humour , The Maritime Way of Life is very popular with Atlantic audiences . '' Three of Rhindress 's plays have been produced at Ship 's Company Theatre in Parrsboro , Nova Scotia : Ivor Johnson 's Neighbours ( 2009 ) , The Maritime Way of Life ( 2012 ) and Making Contact ( 2013 ) .

neg: Here Come the Newlyweds Here Come the Newlyweds is a reality television series that first premiered on ABC on March 2 , 2008 . The series ' first season ran through April 6 , 2008 . A second season premiered on May 25 , 2009 and aired through July 13 , 2009 . The show is hosted by Pat Bullard . The title of the program came from the announcer 's introduction of the contestants on an earlier , more famous ABC game show , The Newlywed Game , which began with : From the Chuck Barris stages in Hollywood , California , here come the newlyweds !

neg: Wendey Stanzler Wendey Stanzler is an American film editor and television director .   She was co-editor and associate producer of Michael Moore 's documentary Roger & Me , in 1989 . She also co-edited Moore 's only fiction film , Canadian Bacon ( 1993 ) . Stanzler was hired as an editor for Sex and the City and went on to be a guest director during the final season of the series . Stanzler has also edited for the series , Ed and Now and Again and the romantic comedy film Gray Matters ( 2007 ) , directed by Sue Kramer , starring Heather Graham , Tom Cavanagh and Bridget Moynahan .   She has directed several episodes of Grey 's Anatomy , Desperate Housewives , The Middle and Ugly Betty , all on ABC as well as The Vampire Diaries , Pretty Little Liars , Parks and Recreation and among other series . Stanzler was producer and director on the first season of the CW series 90210 in 2008-2009 . In 2011 , she directed the pilot episode of the ABC Family series The Nine Lives of Chloe King . In 2015 , she began directing episodes of You 're the Worst in its second season and in the third season , she became a co-executive producer and directed the season 's episodes along with creator Stephen Falk .   She won the American Cinema Editors ' Eddie Award twice : in 2004 for the Sex in the City episode `` American Girl in Paris , part 2 '' and in 1990 for Roger and Me .   In 2003 and 2004 , Stanzler was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for her editing work on Sex and the City .

neg: Friday Night Lights (season 3) The third season of the American serial drama television series Friday Night Lights began airing in the United States and Canada on October 1 , 2008 . It was the first season to be aired on DirecTV 's The 101 Network . The 13-episode season concluded on The 101 Network on January 14 , 2009 and then began its run on NBC two nights later , on January 16 , 2009 , and concluded its NBC run on April 10 , 2009 . The show was renewed for two more seasons in March 2009 , with both seasons airing in the same format as season 3 , containing 13 episodes each . The third season was released on DVD in region 1 on May 19 , 2009 .   The season continues to focus around the Dillon Panthers and the pressures faced on and off the field . This season also has four main characters leave the show by season 's end .

neg: Desperate Housewives Desperate Housewives is an American television comedy-drama and mystery series created by Marc Cherry , and produced by ABC Studios and Cherry Productions . It originally aired for eight seasons on ABC , from October 3 , 2004 to May 13 , 2012 . Executive producer Cherry served as showrunner . Other executive producers since the fourth season included Bob Daily , George W. Perkins , John Pardee , Joey Murphy , David Grossman , and Larry Shaw .   Set on Wisteria Lane , a street in the fictional town of Fairview in the fictional Eagle State , Desperate Housewives follows the lives of a group of women as seen through the eyes of their late friend and neighbor who committed suicide in the pilot episode . The storyline covers 13 years of the women 's lives over eight seasons , set between the years 2004 -- 2008 , and later 2013 -- 2017 ( the story arc includes a five-year passage of time , as well as flashbacks ranging from the 1980s to the 2020s ) . They work through domestic struggles and family life , while facing the secrets , crimes and mysteries hidden behind the doors of their -- on the surface -- beautiful and seemingly perfect suburban neighborhood .   The series features an ensemble cast , headed by Teri Hatcher as Susan Mayer , Felicity Huffman as Lynette Scavo , Marcia Cross as Bree Van de Kamp , and Eva Longoria as Gabrielle Solis . Brenda Strong narrates the series as the late Mary Alice Young , appearing sporadically in flashbacks or dream sequences .   Desperate Housewives was well received by viewers and critics alike . It won multiple Primetime Emmy , Golden Globe and Screen Actors Guild Awards . From the 2004 -- 05 through the 2008 -- 09 television seasons , its first five seasons were rated amongst the top ten most-watched series . In 2007 , it was reported to be the most popular show in its demographic worldwide , with an audience of approximately 120 million and was also reported as the third most watched television series in a study of ratings in twenty countries . In 2012 , it remained the most-watched comedy series internationally based on data from Eurodata TV Worldwide , which measured ratings across five continents ; it has held this position since 2006 . Moreover , it was the third highest revenue earning series for 2010 , with $ 2.74 million per half an hour . The show was ranked at number fifty-six on Entertainment Weekly `` New TV Classics '' list .   In 2011 , it was confirmed that Desperate Housewives would conclude after its eighth season ; the series finale aired on May 13 , 2012 . By the end of the series , it had surpassed Charmed as the longest running hour-long television series featuring all female leads by two episodes .

neg: 1st Okinawa International Movie Festival The 1st Okinawa International Movie Festival was held from March 19 to March 22 , 2009 and took place at the American Village at Mihama Chatan-cho in Okinawa City . The inaugural events saw 38 films being shown and was supported by the Ministries of Economy , Trade and Industry , and Foreign Affairs , along with the Cabinet Office in Okinawa .   Most of the movies for the first Okinawa International Movie Festival were shown free of charge with a few priced at ¥ 800 / ¥ 400 for adults / children . The Chatan Town Sunset Beach also hosted performances by Okinawan artists Rimi Natsukawa and the Rinken Band .   The Competition Grand Prix was awarded to Japanese director Katsuhide Motoki for his film Battle League Horumo .

neg: List of Melrose Place episodes Melrose Place , a primetime soap opera created by Darren Star , premiered on July 8 , 1992 on Fox network in the United States and ended on May 24 , 1999 . The show spans seven seasons of 226 episodes , and one special aired in 1995 . Each episode was approximately 45 minutes long ( without commercials ) though there were several double or two-part episodes that were shown as feature length 85 to 90 minute episodes   The complete series of Melrose Place has been released on DVD in the United States ( Region 1 ) from 2006 to 2012 , with the final season having been released on July 31 , 2012 .


query: Genghis Khan's children had sons.

pos: Genghis Khan Genghis Khan ( -LSB- ˈdʒɛŋɡɪs_ˈkɑːn -RSB- , usually pronounced -LSB- ˈɡɛŋɡɪs_ˈkɑːn -RSB- Чингис хаан , Çingis hán -LSB- t͡ʃʰiŋɡɪs xaːŋ -RSB- , c. 1162 August 18 , 1227 ) , born Temüjin , was the Great Khan and founder of the Mongol Empire , which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death .   He came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia . After founding the Empire and being proclaimed `` Genghis Khan '' , he started the Mongol invasions that conquered most of Eurasia . Campaigns initiated in his lifetime include those against the Qara Khitai , Caucasus , and Khwarazmian , Western Xia and Jin dynasties . These campaigns were often accompanied by large-scale massacres of the civilian populations -- especially in the Khwarazmian and Western Xia controlled lands . By the end of his life , the Mongol Empire occupied a substantial portion of Central Asia and China .   Before Genghis Khan died he assigned Ögedei Khan as his successor . Later his grandsons split his empire into khanates . He died in 1227 after defeating the Western Xia . He was buried in an unmarked grave somewhere in Mongolia . His descendants extended the Mongol Empire across most of Eurasia by conquering or creating vassal states in all of modern-day China , Korea , the Caucasus , Central Asia , and substantial portions of Eastern Europe and Southwest Asia . Many of these invasions repeated the earlier large-scale slaughters of local populations . As a result , Genghis Khan and his empire have a fearsome reputation in local histories .   Beyond his military accomplishments , Genghis Khan also advanced the Mongol Empire in other ways . He decreed the adoption of the Uyghur script as the Mongol Empire 's writing system . He also practiced meritocracy and encouraged religious tolerance in the Mongol Empire , and unified the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia . Present-day Mongolians regard him as the founding father of Mongolia .   Although known for the brutality of his campaigns and considered by many to have been a genocidal ruler , Genghis Khan is also credited with bringing the Silk Road under one cohesive political environment . This brought communication and trade from Northeast Asia into Muslim Southwest Asia and Christian Europe , thus expanding the horizons of all three cultural areas .

neg: Ernak Ernak was the last ruler of the Huns , and the third son of Attila . After Attila 's death in 453 AD , his Empire crumbled and its remains were ruled by his three sons , Ellac , Dengizich and Ernak . He succeeded his older brother Ellac in 454 AD , and probably ruled simultaneously over Huns in dual kingship with his brother Dengizich , but in separate divisions in separate lands .   Priscus during his stay at Attila 's court in 448 or 449 AD , recorded a personal occasion between Attila and Ernak . At a banquet Attila looked on him with serene eyes , while took small account of his other sons . He was Attila 's favorite son , because as a certain Hun explained to him , the prophets ( probably shamans ) prophesied his genos would fail , but would be restored by this son .   Ernak has often been identified with Irnik from the Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans , who is noted as descendant of the Dulo clan and leader of the Bulgars for 150 years starting approximately from 437 AD .

neg: Alexander Gorbatyi-Shuisky Prince Alexander Borisovich Gorbatyi-Shuisky was probably the most celebrated and popular general of Ivan the Terrible . The town of Gorbatov in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast bears his name .   He belonged to the powerful Shuisky family , being the last scion of its junior branch . His father was one of the most successful generals of Vasily III , but Alexander managed to outshine him at an early age . He was made boyar in 1544 and led the Russian armies against Khanate of Kazan in 1547 .   Five years later , when Kazan was besieged , he annihilated the force of prince Yapancha at Arsk Field , making possible the final conquest of Kazan later that year . In acknowledgement of his important services , he was appointed the first Russian governor of Kazan . During the next decade he not only managed to keep Kazan in Russian hands , but also rebuilt the ruined citadel and converted a large portion of the khanate 's population to Christianity .   Ivan the Terrible , apparently , grew jealous of Alexander 's popularity in Moscow . In 1564 the tsar incriminated him of secretly supporting Andrey Kurbsky and plotting against Ivan 's life . After that , Alexander and his 17-year-old son Peter were brought to Moscow and beheaded .   He left two daughters , one of them being married to the noblest Muscovite boyar , Prince Ivan Mstislavsky , and another one -- to the tsar 's brother-in-law , Nikita Romanovich as his second wife . The latter was grandfather of tsar Mikhail Romanov .   Category :1564 deaths  Category : Shuysky family  Category : Russian military leaders  Category : Tsardom of Russia people  Category : People executed by the Tsardom of Russia  Category : Executed Russian people  Category : Year of birth unknown  Category : People executed by Russia by decapitation  Category :16 th-century executions by Russia

neg: Tümen Zasagt Khan Tumen Zasagt Khaan ( Tümen Jasagtu Khan ) was a 16th-century Mongol Khagan of the Northern Yuan dynasty based in Mongolia who reigned from 1558 to 1592 . He was the successor of Darayisung Gödeng Khan and had direct rule over the Chahar . It was during his rule that the Mongols conquered Daur and Evenks . Unlike his father , he succeeded in uniting the entire Mongol people , including the Western Mongols , with little bloodshed .   Tümen , who was born in 1539 , was the first of three sons of Darayisung Gödeng Khan . By being recognized as Khagan , Altan validated his authority . However , coordinating Altan Khan 's actions , Tümen won over Uriyangkhai and Daur Mongols . His relatives , Abtai Khan and Khutughtai Sechen Khung Taiji , brought a large portion of the Four Oirats back into the Mongol fold . In addition to his successful invasions of Ming China , Tümen conquered Koko Nur and appointed his son ruler there .   Tümen and other Mongol princes decided to adopt Tibetan Buddhism . In 1576 , Tümen was converted by Ilduni Sanggiduktshi Garma Lama into Buddhism . He assembled the Six Tumens , and codified laws . He made reforms on state laws and exempted the Mongol nobles from some taxes . He compiled a new code that was supposed to be based on Yekhe Zasag of Genghis Khan . Thenceforwards he was called Jasagtu , who made peace with the Right Wing Tumens and gave their leaders official titles . He compelled the three Jurchen tribes such as Jurjis in Manchuria and Yekhe Tungusians , to pay tribute .   Zasaghtu Khan died in 1592 .

neg: Genghis Khan (video game) Genghis Khan , original full title , is a 1987 turn-based strategy game developed by Koei , originally released for the NEC PC-9801 , MSX and Sharp X68000 in 1988 , the DOS and NES in 1990 , and the Amiga in 1990 . It is actually the second game in the series , after a 1985 Aoki Ōkami to Shiroki Mejika , also for PC-88 , PC-98 , and MSX .

neg: Suiyuan Suiyuan was a historical province of China . Suiyuan 's capital was Guisui ( now Hohhot ) . The abbreviation was 綏 ( pinyin : suí ) . The area Suiyuan covered is approximated today by the prefecture-level cities of Hohhot , Baotou , Wuhai , Ordos , Bayan Nur , and parts of Ulaan Chab , all today part of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region . Suiyuan was named after a district in the capital established in the Qing Dynasty .   In the early 1930s Suiyuan was occupied by the Shanxi warlord Yan Xishan , who mined Suiyuan 's iron , reorganized the province 's finances , and brought over 4,000 acre of land under cultivation for the first time . Most of the work and settlement of Suiyuan at this time was done by Shanxi farmer-soldiers under the direction of retired officers from Yan 's army . Yan 's control of Suiyuan was sufficient to cause one visiting reporter to refer to Suiyuan as a `` colony '' of Shanxi .   The Suiyuan Campaign took place in Suiyuan during the Second Sino Japanese War . It became a part of the puppet state of Mengjiang from 1937 to 1945 under Japanese rule .   During the Chinese Civil War in 1935 , Communist leader Mao Zedong promised Mongol leaders a `` unified autonomous '' administration which would include all `` historic '' Mongol lands within China , in exchange for Mongol support against the Kuomintang . This promise included the declaration that `` Under no circumstances should other -LSB- non-Mongol ethnic groups -RSB- be allowed to occupy the land of the Inner Mongolian nation '' . But following the Communist victory in 1949 , the administrators of the soon-to-be `` Mongolian '' territories with Han Chinese majorities , the biggest of which was Suiyuan with a population of over 2 million , resisted annexation by the new Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region . In 1954 , Mao reached a compromise with Suiyuan , which involved the Mongols ' taking over the administration of Suiyuan , but stipulated that the Han natives not be expelled from the territory . Uradyn Bulag thus notes that `` ironically '' , the Mongols ' territorial ambitions against Suiyuan resulted in their becoming a `` small minority within their own -LSB- enlarged -RSB- autonomous region '' .

neg: Khanate of Kazan The Khanate of Kazan ( -LSB- Казан ханлыгы , Qazan xanlığı , قازان خانليغى -RSB- Russian : Казанское ханство , tr : Kazanskoye khanstvo ) was a medieval Bulgarian-Tatar Turkic state that occupied the territory of former Volga Bulgaria between 1438 and 1552 . Its khans were the patrilineal descendants of Tugh Temür , the thirteenth son of Jochi and grandson of Genghis Khan . The khanate covered contemporary Tatarstan , Mari El , Chuvashia , Mordovia , and parts of Udmurtia and Bashkortostan ; its capital was the city of Kazan . It was one of the successor states of the Golden Horde , and it came to an end when it was conquered by the Tsardom of Russia .

neg: Chupan Amir Chūpān ( امیر چوپان died November 1327 ) , also spellt Choban or Coban , was a Chupanid noble of the Ilkhanate , and nominal general of the Mongol Empire . His father was named the Malek of the Mongol Suldus clan . His ancestor was Chilaun , who was one of Chingis Khan 's four great companions .

neg: Generations of Noah The Generations of Noah or Table of Nations ( of the Hebrew Bible ) is a genealogy of the sons of Noah and their dispersion into many lands after the Flood , focusing on the major known societies . The term `` nations '' to describe the descendants is a standard English translation of the Hebrew word `` goy '' , following the 400 CE Latin Vulgate 's `` nationes '' / `` nationibus '' , and does not have the same political connotations that the word entails today .   The list of 70 names introduces for the first time a number of well known ethnonyms and toponyms important to biblical geography such as Noah 's three sons Shem , Ham and Japheth , from which were derived Semites , Hamites and Japhetites , certain of Noah 's grandsons including Elam , Ashur , Aram , Cush , and Canaan , from which the Elamites , Assyrians , Arameans , Cushites and Canaanites , as well as further descendants including Eber ( from which `` Hebrews '' ) , the hunter-king Nimrod , the Philistines and the sons of Canaan including Heth , Jebus and Amorus , from which Hittites , Jebusites and Amorites .   As Christianity took over the Roman world , it adopted the idea that all the world 's peoples were descended from Noah . But the tradition of Hellenistic Jewish identifications of the ancestry of various peoples , which concentrates very much on the East Mediterranean and the Near East and is described below , became stretched and its historicity questioned . Not all Near Eastern people were covered , and northern peoples important to the Late Roman and medieval world , such as the Celtic , Slavic , Germanic and Nordic peoples were not covered , nor were others of the world 's peoples , such as sub-Saharan Africans , Native Americans and peoples of Central Asia , the Indian subcontinent , the Far East and Australasia . A variety of arrangements were devised by scholars in order to make the table fit , with for example the Scythians , who do feature in the tradition , being claimed as the ancestors of much of northern Europe .   According to Joseph Blenkinsopp , the 70 names in the list express symbolically the unity of the human race , corresponding to the 70 descendants of Israel who go down into Egypt with Jacob at and the 70 elders of Israel who visit God with Moses at the covenant ceremony in .

neg: Ghoryakhel The Ghoryakhel is Pashtun supertribe son of Kand son of Kharshbun son of Sarban , son of Qais Abdur Rashid , who lived in Ghwara Marghay Arghistan Qandahar but mostly settled in Ghazni on the basin of Tarnak River and Nangarhar , Logar , Kabul , Kunar , Kunduz of Afghanistan and also in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa , Federally Administered Tribal Areas and Peshawar Pakistan between the 15th and 16th century . The largest tribe belonging to the Ghoryakhel confederacy is Mohmand while other tribes belonging to the confederacy include Daudzai , Mulagori , Khalil , Shilmani , Zeerani , Daulatyar tribe , Chamkani tribe , Halimzai , Zakhil or Zakhilwal , Hazarbuz , Tarakzai , Khawezai .  The legendary Pashto Poet Rahman Baba also belonged to Mohmand subtribe of the Ghoryakhel .   According to Pata Khazana Pashtun History Book written by Abdulhai Habibi that Kharshbun and Sharkhbun are brothers . Kharshbun had three sons  Kand , Zamand , Kasi and Sharkhbun had six sons Urmar , Babar , Baraich , Miana , Tareen , Sheerani . Kand had two sons Ghoryakhel and Khakhykhel , Zamand had five sons Muhammadzai and Kheshgi are more popular and Kasi had eleven sons Shinwari and Zhamaryani are more popular .   Ghoryakhel had four sons Daulatyar tribe , Zeerani , Khalil , Chamkani . Many historian mention in different Pashto and Dari books that Zeerani Pashtun tribe settled in Nangarhar Province , Laghman Province , Badakhshan Province Afghanistan and majority people speak Dari language and Pashto because of close relation and cross marriages with Tajiks . Daulatyar had two sons Mohmand , Daudzai , and Mulagori , Shilmani , Halimzai , Zakhil or Zakhilwal , Hazarbuz , Tarakzai , Khawezai . tribes are sub-section of Mohmand .   Hussain Bakhsh Kausar Ghoryakhel was a prominent leader of Abdul Ghaffar Khan 's Khudai Khidmatgars hailed from Peshawar . He was a preeminent linguist and philologist of the 20th century in the greater Pashtun territories.He died in Peshawar in the 1990s .   Ghoryakhel brother Khakhykhel had three sons Tarak , Mak , Mand Tarak popular with Tarkalani , Mak popular with Gigyani tribe , and Mand had two sons Yousaf , Umer so Yousaf popular with Yousafzai and Umer popular with Mandanr .

neg: Chonos tribe Chonos , one of the Mongolian tribes , can be found in Kalmykia , Buryatia , and the Irkutskaya province in the Russian Federation , and also in Mongolia and the People 's Republic of China . The name of the tribe translates as `` wolves '' or `` wolf 's '' , and it is one of the most ancient Mongolian tribes . It is famous as a first tribe which joined Genghis Khan .   Other names of the tribe in the various Mongolian languages include `` Shono '' , `` Chono '' , `` Shonod '' , and `` Chinos '' .   According to Rashid-al-Din , the founders of the Chonos tribe were two sons of Charake-Lingum , named Gendu-Chino and Ulug-Chino , while the third son of Charake-Lingum , Surkuduku-Chino , was the father of Ambagay-Khan . Rashid-al-Din states that the male line of the Chonos tribe is Bodonchar - Habichi-Baatar - Dutum-Meneen - Haidu - Charake-Lingum - Gendu-Chino and Ulug-Chino . The name of Gendu-Chino is still found among the Chonos `` arvans '' in Kalmykia .   In Mongolia the Chonos tribe is found among the Darkhad .

neg: Yujiulü Chounu Yujiulü Chounu ( ; pinyin : Yùjiǔlǘ Chǒunú ) ( ? -520 ) khan of the Rouran ( 508-520 ) with the title of Douluofubadoufa Khan . His era name was Jianchang ( 建昌 Jiànchāng ) . He was the son of Yujiulü Futu . He was succeeded by Yujiulü Anagui .     Category : Mongol khans  Category : Rouran rulers

neg: Rumyantsev The Rumyantsev family were Russian counts prominent in Russian imperial politics in the 18th and early 19th centuries . The family claimed descent from the boyar Rumyanets who broke his oath of allegiance and surrendered Nizhny Novgorod to Vasily I of Moscow in 1391 .   The first Rumyantsev to gain prominence , Alexander Ivanovich ( 1680 -- 1749 ) , served as ordinary of Peter the Great in the Preobrazhensky regiment . In 1720 he married Countess Maria Matveyeva , daughter and heiress of Count Andrey Matveyev . Peter 's daughter Elizabeth recalled Rumyantsev to active service and made him a hereditary count as well as Governor of Kiev .   Their son Pyotr Alexandrovich ( 1725-96 ) took his name from that of the ruling Emperor and was rumored to have been his natural son . In 1761 he besieged and took the Prussian fortress of Kolberg , thus clearing for Russian armies the path to Berlin . During Catherine II 's reign he served as Governor General of Little Russia , or Ukraine . After crossing the Danube River into Bulgaria and signing the advantageous Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca with the Turks in 1774 , Rumyantsev was promoted Field Marshal and was given the victory title of Zadunaisky ( literally , `` Transdanubian '' ) .   His sister , Praskovja Bruce ( 1729 -- 85 ) , was the confidant and lady-in-waiting of Catherine the Great , who entrusted her with her private affairs and was known in history as the so-called `` l'éprouveuse '' ( = `` the ( lovers ) tester '' ) .   During the Napoleonic wars , Zadunaisky 's son Nikolay Petrovich ( 1754 -- 1826 ) held the highest offices of state , including those of Minister of Commerce ( 1802 -- 11 ) , President of the State Council ( 1810 -- 12 ) , Foreign Minister ( 1808 -- 12 ) , and Chancellor of the Russian Empire . On receiving the news of Napoleon 's invasion of Russia ( 1812 ) , he suffered a stroke and lost his hearing . He died childless , and the family became extinct soon thereafter .   Category : Russian noble families

neg: Ahmad ibn Rustah Ibn Rustah ( in Iran : احمد ابن رسته اصفهانی - Aḥmad ebn Roste Eṣfahānī , also spelled Ibn Rusta , Ibn Ruste ) was a 10th-century Persian explorer and geographer born in Rosta district , Isfahan , Persia .  He wrote a geographical compendium known as Book of Precious Records . The information on his home town of Isfahan is especially extensive and valuable . Ibn Rustah states that , while for other lands he had to depend on second-hand reports , often acquired with great difficulty and with no means of checking their veracity , for Isfahan he could use his own experience and observations or statements from others known to be reliable . Thus we have a description of the twenty districts ( rostaqs ) of Isfahan containing details not found in other geographers ' works . Concerning the town itself , we learn that it was perfectly circular in shape , with a circumference of half a farsang , walls defended by a hundred towers , and four gates .   His information on the non-Islamic peoples of Europe and Inner Asia makes him a useful source for these obscure regions ( he was even aware of the existence of the British Isles and of the Heptarchy of Anglo-Saxon England ) and for the prehistory of the Turks and other steppe peoples .   He travelled to Novgorod with the Rus ' , and compiled books relating his own travels , as well as second-hand knowledge of the Khazars , Magyars , Slavs , Bulgars , and other peoples .   He wrote of tenth-century city of the Rus ' :  `` As for the Rus , they live on an island ... that takes three days to walk round and is covered with thick undergrowth and forests ; ... They harry the Slavs , using ships to reach them ; they carry them off as slaves and ... sell them . They have no fields but simply live on what they get from the Slav 's lands ... When a son is born , the father will go up to the newborn baby , sword in hand ; throwing it down , he says , ' I shall not leave you with any property : You have only what you can provide with this weapon . ' ''   His impression of the Rus ' seems to be very favourable :  `` They carry clean clothes and the men adorn themselves with bracelets and gold . They treat their slaves well and also they carry exquisite clothes , because they put great effort in trade . They have many towns . They have a most friendly attitude towards foreigners and strangers who seek refuge . ''   This is in contrast to the account of Ibn Fadlan and other Arab authors whose views on hygiene ( based on Islamic teachings on cleanliness and Islamic medical knowledge ) contrasted with that of the Rus ' . However , the word clean initially appeared in the first Russian translation of Ibn Rustah by professor Daniel Chwolson ( who also misspelled his name as Ibn Dasta ( h ) ) . Consecutive Russian editions of Chwolson 's translation include a footnote saying that the Arabic original clearly says the opposite , unclean or impure , and suggesting that Chwolson made such a correction intentionally , out of a remote concern that modern Russians might be offended by such characteristic .   Of ancient Croatia he wrote in the chronicle Al-Djarmi :  `` Their ruler is crowned ... He dwells in the midst of the Slavs ... He bears the title of ` ruler of rulers ' and is called ` sacred king ' . He is more powerful than the Zupan ( viceroy ) , who is his deputy ... His capital is called Drzvab where is held a fair of three days every month . ''   About a certain king of the Caucasus Ibn Rustah wrote :  `` He prayed on Fridays with the Muslims , on Saturdays with the Jews , and on Sundays with the Christians . ` Since each religion claims that it is the only true one and that the others are invalid ' , the king explained , ' I have decided to hedge my bets . ' ''   He also traveled extensively in Arabia and is one of the early Persian explorers to describe the city of Sana'a . In his Book of Precious Records , he writes :  `` It is the city of Yemen -- there not being found in the highland or the Tihama or the Hijaz a city greater , more populous or more prosperous , of more noble origin or more delicious food than it . ... San ' a is a populous city with fine dwellings , some above others , but most of them are decorated with plaster , burned bricks , and dressed stones . ''

neg: Prince Rui (睿) Prince Rui of the First Rank ( Manchu : ; hošoi mergen cin wang ) , or simply Prince Rui , was the title of a princely peerage used in China during the Manchu-led Qing dynasty ( 1644 -- 1912 ) . It was also one of the 12 `` iron-cap '' princely peerages in the Qing dynasty , which meant that the title could be passed down without being downgraded .   The first bearer of the title was Dorgon ( 1612 -- 1650 ) , the 14th son of Nurhaci , the founder of the Qing dynasty . He was awarded the title in 1636 by his half-brother , Huangtaiji , who succeeded their father as the ruler of the Qing Empire . After Dorgon 's death , the Shunzhi Emperor abolished the Prince Rui peerage . In 1778 , the Qianlong Emperor not only restored the Prince Rui peerage , but also granted it `` iron-cap '' status . Chunying ( died 1800 ) , a sixth-generation descendant of Dorgon 's younger brother , Dodo , was selected to inherit the Prince Rui title . The title was passed down over 12 generations and held by eight persons .

neg: Battle of the Altai Mountains The Battle of Altai Mountains , was a major expedition launched against the Xiongnu by the Han Dynasty in June , 89 AD . The battle was a success for the Han under Dou Xian ( d. 92 AD ) .   In June 89 AD , the Han dispatched a force which promptly advanced from Jilu , Manyi and Guyang in three great columns that included their allies , specifically the main army of the Southern Xiongnu . The force of General Dou Xian advanced towards the Northern Chanyu into the Altai Mountains . A large detachment then moved to the northwest , and in the major battle of the campaign they defeated the Northern Chanyu at the Altai Mountains and pursued him westwards . The Han forces killed 13,000 Xiongnu troops and accepted the surrender of 200,000 Xiongnu from 81 tribes .   Dou Xian brought the main body of his troops in triumphal progress north to the Khangai Mountains , west of present-day Kharkhorin . There he erected the Stele of Yanran , composed by his client , the historian Ban Gu , which celebrated the achievement of the battle .

neg: Temüge Temüge ( 1168 -- 1246 ) was the youngest full-brother of Genghis Khan , fourth son of Yesugei and Oelun .  The Secret History of the Mongols tells that `` when Temujin was 9 years of age , Temuge was three years old . '' Being the youngest boy in the family , he received a prefix to the name `` otchigin '' ( diminutive form of '' отгон '' or `` otgon '' meaning `` junior '' ) , who in the family is always a `` guardian of the family and home '' ) , and therefore is often referred to as Temuge-otchigin or simply Otchigin . In childhood and adolescence was somewhat spoiled by his mother and older brothers , inclined to luxury , but was `` courageous , powerful and quick in battle '' that was recognized even by the family 's enemies . When the shaman Kokochu ( Teb-Tengri ) started dragging the power over the Mongols to his own family , Genghis khan sanctioned Temuge to kill Kokochu in a staged wrestling match .   As the youngest male sibling , Temüge and his mother , by Mongol traditions , were allotted the most land and people by Genghis Khan during his coronation . Although he seems to have been the least warlike of the brothers , and was criticized by Genghis himself for being lazy and shiftless , Temüge proved himself to be a skilled politician and capable ruler , who , alongside his mother Hoelun , ruled the Mongol heartland in his eldest brothers ' absence being engaged in war campaigns . He appears to have had intellectual leanings , first coming under the influence of the conquered Xia and Jin cultures and then taking an active interest in the other cultures encompassed in the vast Mongol empire .   Temuge attempted to enter the main political arena after the death of Ögedei Khan , his nephew and son of Genghis Khan , in 1241 . At that time , Ogedei 's son Güyük Khan was engaged in so-called `` Western campaign '' in Russia and Europe , so Temuge-otchigin tried to seize the throne , but he was intervened by Töregene , Ogedei 's widow and Güyük 's mother . After the 1246 kurultai elected Güyük as great khan , Temuge was executed .

neg: Shanghai Orphans Shanghai Orphans ( Traditional Chinese : 上海孤兒 ; Simplified Chinese ： 上海孤儿 ； pinyin : Shàng hǎi gū ér ; officially romanized to State ` s children 國家的孩子 ) refers to The People 's Republic of China during the Great Chinese Famine , when around 3000 Shanghai orphans were transferred to the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region .   During the Great Leap Forward , they set up People 's commune and communal kitchens . Then famine struck . The poor were unable to feed themselves . Their children had no chance of survival at home . But there was nowhere to send a child already half-dead from starvation . Their only hope was to leave them where people with food might notice and take them in.The whole country was suffering from famine . Everyone was hungry . The people who abandoned their children this way hoped that their kids would be fed .   The chairman of All-China Women 's Federation Kang Keqing asked Ulanhu the first Secretary of the CPC Inner Mongolia Committee and chairman of Inner Mongolia , whether ( or not ) the Inner Mongolia could possibly get some of the grasslands to donate milk powder . After Ulanhu made a discussion with the prime minister Zhou Enlai , he made a more significant decision : to receive all the orphans from Shanghai , The Shanghai orphans in Inner Mongolia were called ` the State 's children ' . Ulanhu 's own daughter was one of those who participated in this work .   All the orphans not only have their primary source documents which have accumulated over the course of an original lifetime in Shanghai , but also built new documents after transferred to their herdsmen foster parents in Xilin Gol League , Inner Mongolia . Unfortunately , these valuable records were all destroyed in the `` Cultural Revolution '' .

neg: Genghis Khan: To the Ends of the Earth and Sea is a 2007 Japanese - Mongolian historical drama film depicting the life of Genghis Khan .

neg: Wali Khan (khoja) Wali Khan ( sometimes spelled Vālī-khan ) was a member of the Ak Taghliq clan of East Turkestan Khojas , who invaded Kashgaria from the Kokand during the Afaqi Khoja revolts on several occasions in the 1850s , and succeeded in ruling Kashgar for a short while .   Although Ak Taghliks had been expelled from Kashgaria by the Qing in the 1760s , they had not abandoned their hopes of reconquering the region , and regularly invaded it from their base in Khanate of Kokand . Wali Khan followed in the footsteps of his father , Jahangir Khoja , his uncle Yusuf , and cousin Katti Torah , who had all invaded Kashgaria with various success through the first half of the 19th century .   He invaded Kashgaria in 1852 ( with Divan Quli ) , 1855 ( with Husayn Ishan Khoja ) , and most famously in 1857 . Wali Khan , who was reputed for his brutality and tyranny , let a rebellion in 1855 and began by attacking Kashgar .   Chinese were massacred and the daughters and wives of the suboordinates of the loyalist Turki governor were seized . Adolphe Schlagintweit , a German , was executed by beheading by Wali Khan and his head put on display . Wali Khan was infamous for his cruelty and if courtiers `` raised their eyes '' to him he would murder them , when the call to prayer was made by a muezzin and his voice was too loud the muezzin was murdered by Wali Khan . A 12,000 strong Chinese army crushed and defeated the 20,000 strong army of Wali Khan in 77 days of combat . Wali Khan was abandoned by his `` allies '' due to his cruelty . The Chinese inflicted harsh reprisals upon Wali Khan 's forces and had his son and father in law executed in harsh manners .   In the West Wali Khan is mostly known for his execution of the German explorer Adolf Schlagintweit in 1857 , but his cruelty found many other reflections in the local legends . It is said that he killed so many innocent Muslims that four or six minarets were built from the skulls of the victims ( kala minara ) ; or that once , when an artisan made a sabre for him , he instantly tested the weapon with the words , `` Well , I 'll try it now , '' by cutting off the artisan 's son head , who had come with his father and was standing nearby . Then , with the words , `` Yes , it 's a really good sabre , '' he presented artisan with a gift . This treatment did not make Kashgarians miss the khoja too much when he was defeated by the Chinese troops after ruling the city for four months .   The local Uyghurs of Altishahr grew to hate and despite Wali Khan for his forcible introduction of Kokandi culture and suppression of Kashgari culture and for his brutality .   In 1865 , after Kokand Khanate had been successfully invaded by the Russian and its ruler Alimqul killed , Wali Khan joined a large group of Kokandian officials who decided to try their luck in Kashgaria . They appeared in Kashgar in September 1865 , but had to submit to the fellow Kokandian Yaqub Beg , who had already firmly established himself as the ruler of the city . Wali Khan 's followers attempts to bring him to power again very easily foiled by Yaqub Beg , who had Wali Khan arrested and sent to Yangihissar under armed guard , where he was later poisoned .

neg: Organization of the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan


query: Tanzania is a highly multilingual island.

pos: Tanzania Tanzania -LSB- ˌtænzəˈniːə -RSB- , officially the United Republic of Tanzania ( Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania ) , is a country in Eastern Africa within the African Great Lakes region . Parts of the country are in Southern Africa . It is bordered by Kenya and Uganda to the north ; Rwanda , Burundi , and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west ; Zambia , Malawi , and Mozambique to the south ; and by the Indian Ocean to the east . Mount Kilimanjaro , Africa 's highest mountain , is in northeastern Tanzania .   Tanzania 's population of 51.82 million ( 2014 ) is diverse , composed of several ethnic , linguistic , and religious groups . Tanzania is a presidential constitutional republic , and since 1996 , its official capital city has been Dodoma , where the President 's Office , the National Assembly , and some government ministries are located . Dar es Salaam , the former capital , retains most government offices and is the country 's largest city , principal port , and leading commercial centre . Tanzania is a one party dominant state with the socialist-progressive Chama Cha Mapinduzi ( CCM ) party in power . From its formation until 1992 , it was the only legally permitted party in the country . This changed on 1 July 1992 , when amendments to the Constitution and a number of laws permitting and regulating the formation and operations of more than one political party were enacted by the National Assembly . Elections for president and all National Assembly seats were last held in October 2015 . The CCM holds approximately 75 % of the seats in the assembly .   Prehistoric population migrations include Southern Cushitic speakers , who are ancestral to the Iraqw , Gorowa , and Burunge and who moved south from Ethiopia into Tanzania . Based on linguistic evidence , there may also have been two movements into Tanzania of Eastern Cushitic people at about 4,000 and 2,000 years ago , originating from north of Lake Turkana . Archaeological evidence supports the conclusion that Southern Nilotes , including the Datoog , moved south from the present-day South Sudan-Ethiopia border region into central northern Tanzania between 2,900 and 2,400 years ago . These movements took place at about the same time as the settlement of the iron-making Mashariki Bantu from West Africa in the Lake Victoria and Lake Tanganyika areas . They brought with them the west African planting tradition and the primary staple of yams . They subsequently migrated out of these regions across the rest of Tanzania , between 2,300 and 1,700 years ago . European colonialism began in mainland Tanzania during the late 19th century when Germany formed German East Africa , which gave way to British rule following World War I . The mainland was governed as Tanganyika , with the Zanzibar Archipelago remaining a separate colonial jurisdiction . Following their respective independence in 1961 and 1963 , the two entities merged in April 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanzania .   Tanzania is mountainous and densely forested in the northeast , where Mount Kilimanjaro is located . Three of Africa 's Great Lakes are partly within Tanzania . To the north and west lie Lake Victoria , Africa 's largest lake , and Lake Tanganyika , the continent 's deepest lake , known for its unique species of fish . The eastern shore is hot and humid , with the Zanzibar Archipelago just offshore . The Kalambo water falls in the southwestern region of Rukwa are the second highest uninterrupted fall in Africa and are located near the southeastern shore of Lake Tanganyika on the border with Zambia . The Menai Bay Conservation Area is Zanzibar 's largest marine protected area .   Over 100 different languages are spoken in Tanzania , making it the most linguistically diverse country in East Africa . Among the languages spoken in Tanzania are all four of Africa 's language families : Bantu , Cushitic , Nilotic , and Khoisan . Swahili and English are Tanzania 's official languages . A highly multilingual country , Swahili is used in parliamentary debate , in the lower courts , and as a medium of instruction in primary school ; and English is used in foreign trade , in diplomacy , in higher courts , and as a medium of instruction in secondary and higher education , although the Tanzanian government plans to discontinue English as a language of instruction altogether . In connection with his Ujamaa social policies , President Nyerere encouraged the use of Swahili ; as a means of unifying the country 's many ethnic groups . Approximately 10 % of Tanzanians speak Swahili as a first language , and up to 90 % speak it as a second language . Most Tanzanians thus speak both Swahili and a local language ; many educated Tanzanians are trilingual ; also speaking English . The widespread use and promotion of Swahili is contributing to the decline of smaller languages in the country . Young children increasingly speak Swahili as a first language , mostly in urban areas .   Tanzania-Malawi relations have been tense because of a dispute over the countries ' Lake Nyasa ( Lake Malawi ) border . An unsuccessful mediation regarding this issue happened in March 2014 . The two countries agreed in 2013 to ask the International Court of Justice ( ICJ ) to resolve the dispute should mediation be unsuccessful . Malawi , but not Tanzania , has accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the ICJ .

neg: 'Are'are people ` Are`are is the name of a people from the south of the island of Malaita , which is part of the Solomon Islands . Their language is the ` Are'are language , which is part of the Austronesian language family . In 1999 there were an estimated 17,800 speakers , up from about 8-9 ,000 in the 1970s .   Prior to colonisation and subsequent independence , the ` Are'are occupied a much larger geographical area encompassing parts of Guadalcanal and Makira , as well as Malaita . This included the northern part of Makira known as Arosi and the eastern part of Guadalcanal known today as Marau Sound . In the past they lived in hamlets in the mountainous hinterland , or on the banks of lagoons in the southwest or the Mara Masika Strait ( separating Malaita and South Malaita islands ) , but during colonization many coastal villages were established .   Traditionally , they practiced subsistence agriculture of taro , yams , and sweet potatoes , as well as raising pigs and fishing . During colonization they were encouraged to export copra and raise cattle on a small scale .   The southern and northern zones differ in their political organization , with the south led by hereditary chieftains , while the north follows the self-made big man structure common in Melanesia . Both the hereditary and non-hereditary leaders are known as aaraha .   The traditional religion was ancestor worship , but during colonization , Christianity made big inroads , and by the mid-1970s at least half of the population was converted . Bible portions were first translated in 1957 . About half belong to the South Seas Evangelical Church , and half to either the Catholic Church or Anglican Church of the Province of Melanesia . The former do not permit traditional music which is seen as related to the ancestral spirits , deemed `` devils . ''   The ` Are'are known for their complex panpipe music , which was studied by ethnomusicologist Hugo Zemp .

neg: Mangapwani Mangapwani is a town on the Tanzanian island of Unguja , the main island of Zanzibar . It is located on the northwest coast , 25 kilometres north of the Zanzibari capital of Stone Town .   The town 's name means `` Arabian Shore '' in swahili , a name which probably dates from the black-market slavery days of the 1840s to 1880s . The shoreline here contains numerous caves , some of which were used for holding slaves at that time . Among the caves is a popular attraction , the Coral Cavern , which is located two kilometres south of the town .

neg: Sumbawanga Sumbawanga is a city located in western Tanzania . It is the capital of Rukwa Region . The regional population is approximately 150,000 based on a 2002 census . Sumbawanga lies in the territory of the Wafipa Fipa tribe and so many people speak Kifipa , as well as Kiswahili , the most widely used language of Tanzania . The name of the town literally translates as `` throw away your witchcraft '' , thought to be a warning from local spiritual `` healers '' to any bringing in superstitions and practices relating to spiritual healers from other areas ; there are still some healers who practice both in town and in the surrounding smaller villages on the plateau . The town has the largest hospital in the region , Rukwa General Hospital , which is government funded , as well as the smaller Dr. Atiman Hospital administrated and run by the Catholic Diocese of Sumbawanga .   The town acts as a supply and commercial center for the Rukwa Region and some governmental agencies are to be found there , notably the transport department for the region . Sumbawanga has both Libori and Moravian conference centres . A modest-size market is in the town centre where local produce may be found . This includes maize , rice , fruit , poultry and fish ( from Lake Tanganyika and Lake Rukwa ) . Many imported plastic goods and electronics are available as well as bicycles and spares . Although there are several fuel outlets , supply can be quite erratic because of the difficulties of transport from the coast .   The local economy is largely dependent on agriculture and small locally owned businesses . There is very limited industry or production in the town . Significant improvement could be expected if the road to Mbeya was sealed to enable reliable all-weather access year round . This road , and its continuation north to Mpanda and Tabora or Kigoma , can become impassable at the height of the wet season ( Feb-Mar ) . The Tanzanian government does have contracts in place for upgrading large sections of these roads . The town can be reached by flights operated by Auric Air or by bus from Mbeya which lies to the south with train links to the town of Kapiri Mposhi in Zambia , to Dar es Salaam . Rail is also available through Tabora from Mpanda in the north . Mpanda also has an airport with a 2km sealed runway .   Sumbawanga has many schools and colleges , including Chem Chem Secondary School , Sumbawanga Secondary School , St. Aggrey Chanji High School , Mazwi Secondary School , St. Aggrey Teaching College , Musoma Utalii College , and Chem Chem Teaching College .

neg: Oceanic languages The approximately 450 Oceanic languages are a well-established family of Austronesian languages . The area occupied by speakers of these languages includes Polynesia , as well as much of Melanesia and Micronesia .   Though covering a vast area , Oceanic languages are spoken by only two million people . The largest individual Oceanic languages are Eastern Fijian with over 600,000 speakers , and Samoan with an estimated 400,000 speakers . The Kiribati ( Gilbertese ) , Tongan , Tahitian , Māori , Western Fijian and Kuanua ( Tolai ) languages each have over 100,000 speakers .   The common ancestor which is reconstructed for this group of languages is called Proto-Oceanic ( abbr . POc ) .

neg: List of polyglots A polyglot is a person with a command of many languages . A polyglot may also be called a multilingual person ; the label `` multilingual '' is used for communities as well as individual speakers .   Richard Hudson , professor emeritus of linguistics at University College London , coined the term `` hyperpolyglot '' for a person who can speak twelve or more languages fluently . Other scholars apply the label to speakers of even more languages : twelve , sixteen , or in the most extreme cases , even fifty or more .   It is difficult to judge which individuals are polyglots , as there is no uncontroversial definition for what it means to `` master '' a language , and because it is not always clear where to distinguish a dialect from a language . Being able to communicate in a language does not mean the person has `` mastered '' a language . There are far fewer who have attained higher levels of multi-linguistic attainment , and there is no basis for testing those levels , or at least those levels of ability have not been noted here .   This list consists of people who have been noted in news media , historical texts , or academic work as speaking six or more languages fluently . For general discussion of the phenomenon , including discussion of polyglot savants , see polyglotism .

neg: Nyasa people The Nyasa are a people of southeastern Africa , concentrated mainly in Malawi , southwestern Tanzania and parts of northern Mozambique . The people are also known as the Kimanda , Kinyasa and Manda . Significant populations of Nyasa live along the shores of northeastern Lake Malawi .  Many Nyanja people of Malawi refers to themselves as Nyasa ; as of 2010 roughly 500,000 claim to be Nyasa people .

neg: Kigoma Region Kigoma Region is one of Tanzania 's 30 administrative regions . The regional capital is the city of Kigoma . According to the 2012 national census , the region had a population of 2,127,930 , which was higher than the pre-census projection of 1,971,332 . For 2002-2012 , the region 's 2.4 percent average annual population growth rate was tied for the fourteenth highest in the country . It was also the sixteenth most densely populated region with 57 people per square kilometer . With a size of 45066 km2 , the region is slightly smaller than Estonia ( 45227 km2 ) .

neg: Trade unions in Tanzania The trade unions of Tanzania have a total membership of approximately 370,000 . 350,000 of these belong to the Trade Union Congress of Tanzania , another 15,000 to the Zanzibar Trade Union Congress , and 2,400 are members of the Tanzania Fishing Crew and Allied Workers ' Union .

neg: Arusha Arusha is a city in northern Tanzania and the capital of the Arusha Region , with a population of 416,442 plus 323,198 in the surrounding Arusha District ( 2012 census ) . Located below Mount Meru on the eastern edge of the eastern branch of the Great Rift Valley , Arusha has a temperate climate . The city is close to the Serengeti National Park , the Ngorongoro Conservation Area , Lake Manyara National Park , Olduvai Gorge , Tarangire National Park , Mount Kilimanjaro , and Arusha National Park on Mount Meru .   Arusha is a major international diplomatic hub . The city hosts the East African Community . From 1994 to 2015 , the city also hosted the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda , but that entity has ceased operations . It is a multicultural city with a majority Tanzanian population of mixed backgrounds : indigenous African , Arab-Tanzanian and Indian-Tanzanian population , plus a small White European and a white American minority population . Religions of the Arushan population include Christianity , Islam , and Hinduism .

neg: Nyakyusa language Nyakyusa , or Nyakyusa-Ngonde , is a Bantu language of Tanzania and Malawi spoken by the Nyakyusa people around the northern end of Lake Malawi . There is no single name for the language as a whole ; dialects are Nyakyusa , Ngonde ( Konde ) , Kukwe , Mwamba ( Lungulu ) , and Selya ( Salya , Seria ) of Tanzania . Disregarding the Bantu language prefixes Iki - and Ki - , the language is also known as Konde ~ Nkhonde , Mombe , Nyekyosa ~ Nyikyusa , and Sochile ~ Sokili .   Sukwa is often listed as another dialect , but according to Nurse ( 1988 ) and Fourshey ( 2002 ) it is a dialect of Lambya .   In Malawi Nyakusa and Kyangonde are spoken in the northern part of Karonga District , on the shore of Lake Malawi close to the border with Tanzania , while Nkhonde is spoken the centre of the district , including in the town of Karonga .   According to the Language Mapping Survey for Northern Malawi carried out by the Centre for Language Studies of the University of Malawi , `` Nyakyuska , though spoken by very few people , mainly at Iponga in Sub T / A Mwakawoko 's area , is regarded as the parent language from which Kyangonde and Chinkhonde originated . Kyangonde , on the other hand , is regarded as the most prestigious and standard language/dialect of the district . ... Chinkhonde is seen as a dialect of Kyangonde which has been heavily influenced by Citumbuka . ''   The same Survey contains a folktale ( the Tortoise and the Hare ) in Chinkhonde and other languages of Northern Malawi , as well as some comparative vocabulary .

neg: Mambwe people The Mambwe are an ethnic and linguistic group from Rukwa Region , Tanzania and northeastern Zambia . In 1987 the Mambwe population in Tanzania was estimated to number 63,000 . The number of Mambwe in Zambia has not been independently estimated , though the combined number of Mambwe and Lungu in Zambia was estimated to be 262,800 in 1993 . The mambwe people of Zambia are known to be great businessmen . They also distinguish the last names for males and females , like the Namwanga people , by applying prefixes `` Si '' and `` Na '' to be the first two letters of the last name e.g. Sinyangwe ( Male ) & Nanyangwe ( Female ) , Sikasula ( Male ) & Nakasula ( Female ) , Sinkamba ( Male ) & Nankamba ( Female ) , Simusokwe ( Male ) & Namusokwe ( Female ) , Sikasote ( Male ) & Nakasote ( Female ) , Simfukwe ( Male ) & Namfukwe ( Female ) , Sinkala ( Male ) & Nankala ( Nankala ) , Simbela ( Male ) & Nambela ( Female ) sichilima ( male ) nachilima ( female ) etc. .  A meal of beans ( `` choli '' ) and okra ( `` kumbi '' ) are a mambwe staple and delicacy .   The Mambwe language and Cilungu , the Lungu language , are distinguished by minor dialect differences . The Mambwe people are known to be polygamous ( impali ) , although this trend is slowly changing with religious affiliations , and advancements in modern schooling and trends . Like other African people , marriage is very important , although girls are known to marry earlier , often with pressure coming from parents and other relatives .   Category : Ethnic groups in Tanzania  Category : Ethnic groups in Zambia  Category : Indigenous peoples of East Africa

neg: Meitei language Meitei -LSB- ˈməɪtəɪ -RSB- ( also Manipuri -LSB- mənᵻˈpʊri -RSB- , Meithei , Meetei , Meiteilon ) is the predominant language and lingua franca in the southeastern Himalayan state of Manipur , in northeastern India . It is the official language in government offices . Meitei is also spoken in the Indian states of Assam and Tripura , and in Bangladesh and Burma ( now Myanmar ) . It is currently classified as a vulnerable language by UNESCO .   Meitei is a Tibeto-Burman language whose exact classification remains unclear . It has lexical resemblances to Kuki and Tangkhul Naga .   The Meitei language has proven to be an integrating factor among all ethnic groups in Manipur who use it to communicate among themselves . It has been recognised ( under the name Manipuri ) by the Indian Union and has been included in the list of scheduled languages ( included in the 8th schedule by the 71st amendment of the constitution in 1992 ) . Meitei is taught as a subject up to the post-graduate level ( Ph.D. ) in universities of India , apart from being a medium of instruction up to the undergraduate level in Manipur . Education in government schools is provided in Meitei through the eighth standard .

neg: Transkei The Transkei ( -LSB- trɑːnsˈkeɪ , _ - ˈkaɪ , _ trænz - -RSB- , meaning the area beyond -LSB- the river -RSB- Kei ) , officially the Republic of Transkei ( iRiphabliki yeTranskei ) , was a Bantustan -- an area set aside for members of a specific ethnicity -- and nominal parliamentary democracy in the southeastern region of South Africa . Its capital was Umtata , which was renamed Mthatha in 2004 .   Transkei represented a significant precedent and historic turning point in South Africa 's policy of apartheid and `` separate development '' ; it was the first of four territories to be declared independent of South Africa . Throughout its existence , it remained an internationally unrecognised , diplomatically isolated , politically unstable de facto one-party state , which at one point broke relations with South Africa , the only country that acknowledged it as a legal entity . In 1994 , it was reintegrated into its larger neighbour and became part of the Eastern Cape province .

neg: Hangaza language Hangaza is a Bantu language spoken by the Hangaza people of Tanzania . It is closely related to and partially intelligible with the languages of Rwanda and Burundi .

neg: Kwavi dialect Kwavi is the dialect of Maasai spoken by the Kwavi people ( a.k.a. Parakuyo or Baraguyu ) of Tanzania . According to Hurskainen ( 1994 ) , `` The Parakuyo ( earlier also called Ilparakuyo , Baraguyu , Kwavi , Lumbwa , and Iloikop ) are a Maa-speaking ethnic group scattered over a large area in the northeastern and central parts of Tanzania '' , while Beidelman ( 1960 ) confirms that `` Kwavi '' and `` Baraguyu '' are synonymous .

neg: Shambala language Shambala or Shambaa is a Bantu language of Tanzania .

neg: List of endangered languages in Africa An endangered language is a language that it is at risk of falling out of use , generally because it has few surviving speakers . If it loses all of its native speakers , it becomes an extinct language . UNESCO defines four levels of language endangerment between `` safe '' ( not endangered ) and `` extinct '' :  Vulnerable  Definitely endangered  Severely endangered  Critically endangered   Africa is the world 's second-largest and second most-populous continent . At about 30.2 million km ² ( 11.7 million sq mi ) including adjacent islands , it covers 6 % of the Earth 's total surface area and 20.4 % of the total land area . With about 922 million people ( as of 2005 ) in 61 territories , it accounts for about 14.2 % of the world 's human population . The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north , the Suez Canal and the Red Sea to the northeast , the Indian Ocean to the southeast , and the Atlantic Ocean to the west . There are 53 countries , including Madagascar and all the island groups .

neg: Banyamulenge Banyamulenge , sometimes called `` Tutsi Congolese '' , is a term historically referring to the ethnic Tutsi concentrated on the High Plateau of South Kivu , in the eastern region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo , close to the Burundi-Congo-Rwanda border .   The Banyamulenge form a minority of the South Kivu population . Rival ethnic groups in the late 1990s claimed the Banyamulenge numbered no more than 35,000 , while the Banyamulenge sympathizers claim up to ten times that number . The population of Banyamulenge in the early 21st century is estimated at between 50,000 and 70,000 by René Lemarchand or by Gérard Prunier at around 60,000 -- 80,000 , a figure about 3 -- 4 percent of the total provincial population .   Lemarchand notes that the group represents `` a rather unique case of ethnogenesis . '' The Banyamulenge of South Kivu are culturally and socially distinct from the Tutsis of North Kivu and the Tutsis who fled to South Kivu in the 1959 -- 1962 Rwandan revolution . Most Banyamulenge speak Kinyarwanda , and those that do speak it with a dialect different from other Tutsi groups . The ambiguous political and social position of the Banyamulenge has been a point of contention in the province , leading to the Banyamulenge playing a key role in the run-up to the First Congo War in 1996 -- 7 and Second Congo War of 1998 -- 2003 .

neg: Nande language Nande , also known as ( Oru ) Ndandi and Yira , is a Bantu language spoken in the Democratic Republic of the Congo .   The Nande of Congo and the Konjo people of Uganda are a single ethnic group , which they call Yira ( Bayira ) . They trace their origins to the Ruwenzori Mountains between the two countries . The languages are close enough to be considered divergent dialects . Nande has a number of dialects of its own : Nande proper , Kumbule , Mate , Tangi , Sanza , Shu , Songola ( Songoora , Nyangala ) , Swaga / Kira ( in Nande , all of these are prefixed with eki - ) .   For the varieties of this language known as Shu we are given the information that another language , `` EkiShukaali '' was formerly spoken by the women , the AvaShukaali . This may be a specific reference to some kind of `` secret jargon '' into which the girls , and not boys , were initiated .   Some of the Nande of Congo have a patron -- vassal relationship with the Efé Pygmies .

neg: Tanzanian sign languages Seven or so Tanzanian sign languages were developed independently among deaf students in separate Tanzanian schools for the Deaf starting in 1963 , though use of several is forbidden by their schools . In 1984 , a standardized Tanzanian Sign Language was proposed by the Tanzania Association for the Deaf , using common or similar signs where these exist in the schools which allowed research , but it has not been officially implemented , and there remains little influence between the languages . A dictionary has been produced .   The common Swahili name in Tanzania for these languages is Lugha ya Alama . ( The name Lugha ya Bubu is also used , but is reported by Ethnologue to be pejorative . )