query: Nelson Mandela was a president.

pos: Nelson Mandela Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela ( -LSB- mænˈdɛlə -RSB- 18 July 1918 -- 5 December 2013 ) was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary , politician , and philanthropist , who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999 . He was the country 's first black head of state and the first elected in a fully representative democratic election . His government focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid by tackling institutionalised racism and fostering racial reconciliation . Ideologically an African nationalist and socialist , he served as President of the African National Congress ( ANC ) party from 1991 to 1997 .   A Xhosa , Mandela was born in Mvezo to the Thembu royal family . He studied law at the University of Fort Hare and the University of the Witwatersrand before working as a lawyer in Johannesburg . There he became involved in anti-colonial and African nationalist politics , joining the ANC in 1943 and co-founding its Youth League in 1944 . After the National Party 's white-only government established apartheid -- a system of racial segregation that privileged whites -- he and the ANC committed themselves to its overthrow . Mandela was appointed President of the ANC 's Transvaal branch , rising to prominence for his involvement in the 1952 Defiance Campaign and the 1955 Congress of the People . He was repeatedly arrested for seditious activities and was unsuccessfully prosecuted in the 1956 Treason Trial . Influenced by Marxism , he secretly joined the banned South African Communist Party ( SACP ) . Although initially committed to non-violent protest , in association with the SACP he co-founded the militant Umkhonto we Sizwe in 1961 and led a sabotage campaign against the government . In 1962 , he was arrested for conspiring to overthrow the state and sentenced to life imprisonment in the Rivonia Trial .   Mandela served 27 years in prison , initially on Robben Island , and later in Pollsmoor Prison and Victor Verster Prison . Amid growing domestic and international pressure , and with fears of a racial civil war , President F. W. de Klerk released him in 1990 . Mandela and de Klerk negotiated an end to apartheid and organised the 1994 multiracial general election in which Mandela led the ANC to victory and became President . Leading a broad coalition government which promulgated a new constitution , Mandela emphasised reconciliation between the country 's racial groups and created the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate past human rights abuses . Economically , Mandela 's administration retained its predecessor 's liberal framework despite his own socialist beliefs , also introducing measures to encourage land reform , combat poverty , and expand healthcare services . Internationally , he acted as mediator in the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial and served as Secretary-General of the Non-Aligned Movement from 1998 to 1999 . He declined a second presidential term and in 1999 was succeeded by his deputy , Thabo Mbeki . Mandela became an elder statesman and focused on combating poverty and HIV/AIDS through the charitable Nelson Mandela Foundation .   Mandela was a controversial figure for much of his life . Although critics on the right denounced him as a communist terrorist and those on the radical left deemed him too eager to negotiate and reconcile with apartheid 's supporters , he gained international acclaim for his activism . Widely regarded as an icon of democracy and social justice , he received more than 250 honours -- including the Nobel Peace Prize -- and became the subject of a cult of personality . He is held in deep respect within South Africa , where he is often referred to by his Xhosa clan name , Madiba , and described as the `` Father of the Nation '' .

pos: President of South Africa The President of the Republic of South Africa is the head of state and head of government under the Constitution of South Africa . From 1961 to 1994 , the head of state was called the State President .   The President is elected by the National Assembly , the lower house of Parliament , and is usually the leader of the largest party , which has been the African National Congress since the first non-racial elections were held on 27 April 1994 . The role was founded to be distinct from the now defunct role of prime minister , but the two roles were merged in the 1983 constitution which specified a four-year term of office . The 1993 and later constitutions limits the president 's time in office to two five-year terms . The first President to be elected under the new constitution was Nelson Mandela , and the incumbent president is Jacob Zuma .   Under the interim constitution ( valid from 1994 to 1996 ) , there was a Government of National Unity , in which a Member of Parliament ( MP ) from the largest opposition party was entitled to a position as Deputy President . Along with Thabo Mbeki , the last State President , F. W. de Klerk also served as Deputy President , in his capacity as the leader of the National Party which was the second-largest party in the new Parliament . But De Klerk later resigned and went into opposition with his party . A voluntary coalition government continues to exist under the new constitution ( adopted in 1996 ) , although there have been no appointments of opposition politicians to the post of Deputy President .   The President is required to be a member of the National Assembly at the time of his election . Upon his election , he immediately resigns his seat for the duration of his term . The President may be removed either by a motion of no-confidence or an impeachment trial .

neg: Nelson Mandela: A Biography (1999) Nelson Mandela : A Biography is a biography written by Martin Meredith on Nelson Mandela . The book details Mandela 's early life and major influences on him , his moving to Johannesburg , joining the African National Congress , his imprisonment on Robben Island , and eventually , his Presidency . Also chronicled are the rise and fall of apartheid , the scandals involving Winnie Mandela ( Nelson 's wife ) , and Thabo Mbeki 's term as President . Martina Meredith is known for authoring many books and articles on Africa and the key people within it .

neg: Statue of Nelson Mandela, Union Buildings The statue of Nelson Mandela in the Union Buildings grounds , Pretoria , is a bronze sculpture of former President of South Africa and anti-apartheid activist Nelson Mandela . The statue was unveiled on the Day of Reconciliation ( 16 December 2013 ) , bringing the official mourning period of ten days to a close , after Mandela had died on 5 December .

neg: Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence The Unilateral Declaration of Independence ( UDI ) was a statement adopted by the Cabinet of Rhodesia on 11 November 1965 , announcing that Rhodesia , a British territory in southern Africa that had governed itself since 1923 , now regarded itself as an independent sovereign state . The culmination of a protracted dispute between the British and Rhodesian governments regarding the terms under which the latter could become fully independent , it was the first unilateral break from the United Kingdom by one of its colonies since the United States Declaration of Independence nearly two centuries before . Britain , the Commonwealth and the United Nations all deemed Rhodesia 's UDI illegal , and economic sanctions , the first in the UN 's history , were imposed on the breakaway colony . Amid near-complete international isolation , Rhodesia continued as an unrecognised state with the assistance of South Africa and Portugal .   The Rhodesian government , which mostly comprised members of the country 's white minority of about 5 % , was indignant when , amid decolonisation and the Wind of Change , less developed African colonies to the north without comparable experience of self-rule quickly advanced to independence during the early 1960s while Rhodesia was refused sovereignty under the newly ascendant principle of `` no independence before majority rule '' ( `` NIBMAR '' ) . Most white Rhodesians felt that they were due independence following four decades ' self-government , and that Britain was betraying them by withholding it . This combined with the colonial government 's acute reluctance to hand over power to black nationalists -- the manifestation of racial tensions , Cold War anti-communism and the fear that a dystopian Congo-style situation might result -- to create the impression that if Britain did not grant independence , Rhodesia might be justified in taking it unilaterally .   Stalemate developed between the British and Rhodesian Prime Ministers , Harold Wilson and Ian Smith respectively , between 1964 and 1965 . Dispute largely surrounded the British condition that the terms for independence had to be acceptable `` to the people of the country as a whole '' ; Smith contended that this was met , while Britain and black nationalist leaders in Rhodesia held that it was not . After Wilson proposed in late October 1965 that Britain might safeguard future black representation in the Rhodesian parliament by withdrawing some of the colonial government 's devolved powers , then presented terms for an investigatory Royal Commission that the Rhodesians found unacceptable , Smith and his Cabinet declared independence . Calling this treasonous , the British colonial Governor Sir Humphrey Gibbs formally dismissed Smith and his government , but they ignored him and appointed an `` Officer Administering the Government '' to take his place .   While no country recognised UDI , the Rhodesian High Court deemed the post-UDI government legal and de jure in 1968 . The Smith administration initially professed continued loyalty to Queen Elizabeth II , but abandoned this in 1970 when it declared a republic in an unsuccessful attempt to win foreign recognition . The Rhodesian Bush War , a guerrilla conflict between the government and two rival communist-backed black nationalist groups , began in earnest two years later , and after several attempts to end the war Smith agreed the Internal Settlement with non-militant nationalists in 1978 . Under these terms the country was reconstituted under black rule as Zimbabwe Rhodesia in June 1979 , but this new order was rejected by the guerrillas and the international community . The Bush War continued until Zimbabwe Rhodesia revoked UDI as part of the Lancaster House Agreement in December 1979 . Following a brief period of direct British rule , the country was granted internationally recognised independence under the name Zimbabwe in 1980 .

neg: Malawian general election, 1994 General elections were held in Malawi on 17 May 1994 . Following the restoration of democracy the previous year , they were the first multi-party elections in the country since prior to independence in 1964 . The elections for President and the National Assembly were both won by the United Democratic Front ( UDF ) , ending the 30-year rule of the Malawi Congress Party ( MCP ) . Former President-for-life Hastings Banda , in power since independence , was defeated in the one-round presidential election by the UDF 's Bakili Muluzi .

neg: Tebogo Ditshego Tebogo Ditshego is the chief executive officer ( CEO ) of South African public relations agency Ditshego Media . Forbes Magazine included him in their list of the top 30 African entrepreneurs under 30 in 2014 . In 2012 he founded an on-line book club called ReadaBookSA , which has grown to become the biggest on-line book club in Africa .   In 2016 , Tebogo Ditshego published his first African fiction book `` Kasi Nerd '' which went on to be a bestseller . In June , 2014 Tebogo Ditshego participated in the Mandela Fellowship for Young African leaders in the US , a programme launched by US President Barack Obama . The Mail & Guardian newspaper listed Tebogo Ditshego as one of the top 200 youth in South Africa for the work he has done in spreading a culture of reading books .   He worked on the communications campaign for the `` Mandela '' banknotes for the South African Reserve Bank . In 2006 and 2007 he was selected twice consecutively to serve in the Student Representative Council at the University of Johannesburg . Tebogo Ditshego represented the University of Johannesburg twice consecutively to present his research papers at the Southern African Association of Communications Conference .   The Sowetan listed Tebogo Ditshego as one of the top 12 sexiest men in South Africa for 2014 because of his role in making it cool to be intelligent and coining the term intellectual swag . He is currently a judge in season 4 of SABC 1 programme , One Day Leader .   He holds an Honours degree in Communications from the University of Johannesburg .

neg: List of schools in Nelson, New Zealand Nelson is a city and unitary authority in the South Island of New Zealand . It contains several city schools .   In New Zealand schools , students begin formal education in Year 1 at the age of five . Year 13 is the final year of secondary education .   State schools are those fully funded by the government and at which no fees for tuition of domestic students ( i.e. New Zealand citizens and permanent residents , and Australian citizens ) can be charged , although a donation is commonly requested . A state integrated school is a former private school with a special character based on a religious or philosophical belief that has been integrated into the state system . State integrated schools charge `` attendance dues '' to cover the building and maintenance of school buildings , which are not owned by the government , but otherwise they like state schools can not charge fees for tuition of domestic students but may request a donation . Private schools charge fees to its students for tuition , as do state and state integrated schools for tuition of international students .   The socioeconomic decile indicates the socioeconomic status of the school 's catchment area . A decile of 1 indicates the school draws from a poor area ; a decile of 10 indicates the school draws from a well-off area . The decile ratings used here come from the Ministry of Education Te Kete Ipurangi website and from the decile change spreadsheet listed in the references . The deciles of all schools were last revised using information from the 2006 Census , and may occasionally change for some schools between Censuses as schools open , close and merge . The roll of each school changes frequently as students start school for the first time , move between schools , and graduate . The rolls given here are those provided by the Ministry of Education are based on figures from The Ministry of Education institution number links to the Te Kete Ipurangi page for each school .

neg: Figurehead In politics , a figurehead is a person who holds de jure ( in name or by law ) an important title or office ( often supremely powerful ) , yet de facto ( in reality ) executes little actual power . The metaphor derives from the carved figurehead at the prow of a sailing ship . Commonly cited figureheads include Queen Elizabeth II , who is Queen of sixteen Commonwealth realms and head of the Commonwealth , but has no power over the nations in which she is not head of state and does not exercise power in her own realms on her own initiative . Other figureheads are the Emperor of Japan , the King of Sweden , or presidents in majority of parliamentary republics , such as the President of India , President of Israel , President of Bangladesh , President of Greece , President of Germany , President of Pakistan , and President of China ( when not simultaneously holding the CPC General Secretary and Chairman of CMC posts ) .   During the crisis of the March on Rome in 1922 , King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy , though a figurehead , played a key role in handing power to Benito Mussolini . More than 20 years later , the same King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy played a key role in the dismissal of Benito Mussolini in 1943 .  Since the abolition of monarchy in Italy and the establishment of a republic in 1946 , the Italian President assumed most of the ceremonial functions of the previous kings ; however , the Italian President retains large powers in appointing a prime minister of his choice when in parliament there 's no clear majority government , creating a so-called `` president 's cabinet '' ( a technocratic cabinet ) . For example , the former Prime Minister of Italy , Sen Mario Monti , was appointed by the Italian President Giorgio Napolitano as a lifetime-senator and then as Prime Minister of the country , not after a new election . Italian President 's powers and influence are so much stronger is the weaker political parties ' leadership . This system is called `` accordion '' .   Conversely , King Juan Carlos I of Spain , also largely considered a figurehead , had in 1981 a key role in defending the newborn Spanish democracy and foiling the attempted coup d'état , known as `` 23-F '' .

neg: Zimbabwe Zimbabwe ( -LSB- zɪmˈbɑːbweɪ -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of Zimbabwe , is a landlocked country located in southern Africa , between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers . It is bordered by South Africa to the south , Botswana to the west and southwest , Zambia to the northwest , and Mozambique to the east and northeast . Although it does not border Namibia , less than 200 metres of the Zambezi River separates it from that country . The capital and largest city is Harare . A country of roughly 13 million people , Zimbabwe has 16 official languages , with English , Shona , and Ndebele the most commonly used .   Since the 11th century , present-day Zimbabwe has been the site of several organised states and kingdoms as well as a major route for migration and trade . The British South Africa Company of Cecil Rhodes first demarcated the present territory during the 1890s ; it became the self-governing British colony of Southern Rhodesia in 1923 . In 1965 , the conservative white minority government unilaterally declared independence as Rhodesia . The state endured international isolation and a 15-year guerrilla war with black nationalist forces ; this culminated in a peace agreement that established universal enfranchisement and de jure sovereignty in April 1980 . Zimbabwe then rejoined the Commonwealth of Nations -- which it withdrew from in 2003 . It is a member of the United Nations , the Southern African Development Community ( SADC ) , the African Union ( AU ) , and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa ( COMESA ) .   Robert Mugabe became Prime Minister of Zimbabwe in 1980 , when his ZANU-PF party won the elections following the end of white minority rule ; he has been the president of Zimbabwe since 1987 . Under Mugabe 's authoritarian regime , the state security apparatus has dominated the country and been responsible for widespread human rights violations . Mugabe has maintained the revolutionary socialist rhetoric from the Cold War era , blaming Zimbabwe 's economic woes on conspiring Western capitalist countries , while still executing conservative policies . Burnished by his anti-imperialist credentials , contemporary African political leaders have been reluctant to criticise Mugabe , though Archbishop Desmond Tutu has called him `` a cartoon figure of an archetypal African dictator '' .

neg: Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt The presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt began on March 4 , 1933 , when he was inaugurated as the 32nd President of the United States , and ended upon his death on April 12 , 1945 , a span of ( 4422 days ) . Roosevelt assumed the presidency in the midst of the Great Depression . Starting with his landslide victory over Republican President Herbert Hoover in the 1932 election . He won a record four presidential terms , and became a central figure in world affairs during World War II . His program for relief , recovery and reform , known as the New Deal , involved a great expansion of the role of the federal government in the economy . Under his steady leadership , the Democratic Party built a `` New Deal Coalition '' of labor unions , big city machines , white ethnics , African Americans , and rural white Southerners , that would significantly realign American politics for the next several decades in the Fifth Party System and also define modern American liberalism .   During his first hundred days in office , Roosevelt spearheaded unprecedented major legislation and issued a profusion of executive orders that instituted the New Deal -- a variety of programs designed to produce relief ( government jobs for the unemployed ) , recovery ( economic growth ) , and reform ( through regulation of Wall Street , banks and transportation ) . He created numerous programs to support the unemployed and farmers , and to encourage labor union growth while more closely regulating business and high finance . The repeal of Prohibition in 1933 added to his popularity , helping him win re-election by a landslide in 1936 . The economy improved rapidly from 1933 to 1937 , but then relapsed into a deep recession in 1937 -- 38 . The bipartisan Conservative Coalition that formed in 1937 prevented his attempted packing of the Supreme Court , and blocked most of his legislative proposals , aside from the Fair Labor Standards Act . When the war began and unemployment largely became a non-issue , conservatives in Congress repealed the two major relief programs , the WPA and CCC , but kept most of the regulations on business . Along with several smaller programs , major surviving programs from the New Deal include the Securities and Exchange Commission , the Wagner Act , the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation , and Social Security .   A potential worldwide war loomed after 1937 , with the Japanese invasion of China and the aggression of Nazi Germany , which invaded Poland in September 1939 . Roosevelt remained officially neutral but gave strong diplomatic and financial support to China , the United Kingdom , Free France , and the Soviet Union via initiatives such as the Lend-Lease programs . Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7 , 1941 , Roosevelt sought and obtained a declaration of war upon Japan . A few days later , he sought and obtained a declaration of war upon the other major Axis powers , Germany and Italy . Assisted by his top aide Harry Hopkins , and with very strong national support , he worked closely with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill , Soviet leader Joseph Stalin , and Chinese Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek in leading the Allies during World War II . He supervised the mobilization of the U.S. economy to support the war effort , and the war saw the end of the massive unemployment that characterized the Great Depression . Roosevelt sought to desegregate the federal workforce with the Fair Employment Practice Committee , but he also controversially ordered the internment of 100,000 Japanese American civilians . As an active military leader , Roosevelt implemented a war strategy on two fronts that ended in the defeat of the Axis Powers and the development of the world 's first nuclear bomb . Though he died months before the end of the war , his work on the post-war order shaped the new United Nations and the Bretton Woods international financial system . Roosevelt 's health seriously declined during the war years , and he died three months into his fourth term . He was succeeded by Vice President Harry S. Truman . It was on Roosevelt 's watch that the Democratic Party was returned to dominance , prosperity returned , and two great military enemies were destroyed .   Scholars , historians and the public typically rank Roosevelt alongside Abraham Lincoln and George Washington as one of the three greatest U.S. Presidents .

neg: Recognition of Customary Marriages Act, 1998 The Recognition of Customary Marriages Act , 1998 ( Act No. 120 of 1998 ) is a South African statute in terms of which marriages performed under African customary law , including polygynous marriages , are recognized as legal marriages . It also reformed the law relating to the legal status of women in customary marriages , the financial consequences of a customary marriage and the dissolution of customary marriages , replacing the customary law with statutory provisions . The act was signed by President Nelson Mandela on 20 November 1998 but only came into force on 15 November 2000 .

neg: Mandla Mandela Zwelivelile `` Mandla '' Mandela ( born 1974 ) is the chief of the Mvezo Traditional Council and the grandson of Nelson Mandela . He graduated from Rhodes University with a degree in Politics in 2007 .   His father , Makgatho Mandela , died in 2005 , which paved his way to the head of the tribe . As the tribe did not discuss electing a member from the Mandela family until 2007 , he was chosen as successor . Nelson Mandela had given up the right of Xhosa leader nearly 70 years ago to fight white rule in South Africa . As the tribe looked to Nelson Mandela to reclaim his clan , he suggested his grandson assume the role . When the younger Mandela became chief in 2007 , he was only 32 years old and most of his duties were said to involve tribal ceremonies , settling disputes among tribe members , and representing the tribe on political issues .   Mandela has been a member of parliament for the African National Congress since the 2009 election .   Mandela attended Waterford Kamhlaba a United World College in Swaziland until 1995 .

neg: Speech at the Opening of the Parliament of South Africa, 1990 On 2 February 1990 , the State President F. W. de Klerk delivered a speech at the opening of the 1990 session of the Parliament of South Africa in which he announced sweeping reforms that marked the beginning of the negotiated transition from apartheid to constitutional democracy . The reforms promised in the speech included the unbanning of the African National Congress ( ANC ) and other anti-apartheid organisations , the release of political prisoners including Nelson Mandela , the end of the state of emergency , and a moratorium on the death penalty .

neg: Joe Seremane Wetshotsile Joseph `` Joe '' Seremane is a former South African politician and federal chairperson of the country 's main opposition party , the Democratic Alliance ( DA ) .   Seremane started his career as a school teacher in Bekkersdal in the North West province of South Africa , until he was barred from teaching due to his involvement in politics . He was a political prisoner on Robben Island from 1963 to 1969 , before being deported by the apartheid government to the then black homeland of Bophuthatswana . He was further detained without trial from 1976 to 1978 , and several times between 1982 and 1984 .   He has served civic organisations in advocacy and later , mediation and conflict resolution . He was the Director of Justice and Reconciliation for the South African Council of Churches , and Chief Land Claims Commissioner after the 1994 advent of democracy in the country .   In 1994 he joined the Democratic Party ( DP ) , the predecessor to the DA and was elected Member of Parliament in 1998 . In March 2000 he was elected federal chairperson of the DP , and subsequently became the founding chairperson of the DA .   Initially a member of the Pan Africanist Congress of Azania ( PAC ) , a radical black consciousness movement , Seremane now rejects the politics of race and was long seen as the most prominent black figure in the multi-racial DA .   After the announcement of the former DA leader Tony Leon that he intended to retire in May 2007 , Seremane was regarded as a possible candidate to succeed Leon .   On 26 February 2007 he announced that he would stand for election as leader for the DA . He together with Athol Trollip were , however , defeated by Helen Zille on 6 May 2007 .   Seremane was the DA 's candidate for President in the parliamentary 25 September 2008 vote to elect a successor to Thabo Mbeki .   He retired in 2010 , and was replaced as DA federal chairperson by Wilmot James .

neg: Vusi Mahlasela Vusi Sidney Mahlasela Ka Zwane ( born 1965 in Pretoria , South Africa ) is a Sotho South African singer-songwriter .   His music is generally described as `` African folk '' and he is often dubbed as `` The Voice '' of South Africa . His work was an inspiration to many in the anti-apartheid movement . His themes include the struggle for freedom , and forgiveness and reconciliation with enemies . Vusi has released seven studio albums on Sony in South Africa and was signed to Dave Matthews ' ATO Records in 2003 . Vusi can also be heard performing on Warren Haynes ' Live at Bonnaroo release during the song `` Soulshine '' , and the Dave Matthews Band song , `` Everyday '' , from the album of the same name as well as a live version of the song with him which appears on the album The Best of What 's Around Vol . 1 . Vusi was also one of the performers at the Live 8 concerts and at Live Earth . Vusi performed at Nelson Mandela 's inauguration in 1994 and has subsequently performed at Nelson Mandela 90th Birthday Tribute in Hyde Park , London in 2008 , and at Mandela Day at Radio City Music Hall in July 2009 . His song `` When You Come Back '' was used at ITV 's theme song for their World Cup coverage in 2010 and Vusi performed at the FIFA World Cup Kick Off concert at Orlando Stadium in Soweto , South Africa . In 2012 , the SAMA Awards honored Vusi with a lifetime achievement award .

neg: Nelson Mandela Children's Fund The Nelson Mandela Children 's Fund ( NMCF ) is a charitable organisation founded by Nelson Mandela , based in South Africa . Its mission is to help individuals from birth to age 22 , particularly orphans of the AIDS crisis .

neg: South Africa–Taiwan relations South Africa -- Taiwan relations refers to the current and historical relationship between Taiwan and the Republic of South Africa . Taiwan and South Africa established diplomatic ties in 1949 .   The ties lasted and grew throughout the apartheid-era in South Africa and officially ended in January 1998 when South African President Nelson Mandela recognized the People 's Republic of China . Despite the ending of diplomatic relations , Taiwan and South Africa continue to maintain trade relations .   In the absence of formal diplomatic relations , the two countries now have `` Liaison Offices '' , which serve as de facto embassies . South Africa is now represented in Taipei by the Liaison Office of the Republic of South Africa . Similarly , Taiwan is represented by the Taipei Liaison Office in the Republic of South Africa in Pretoria . There is also a Taipei Liaison Office in Cape Town .

neg: Mandela's nudibranch Mandela 's nudibranch , Mandelia mirocornata , is a species of sea slug , a dorid nudibranch . It is a marine gastropod mollusc , the only member of the genus Mandelia and the family Mandeliidae . The genus and family name honor Nelson Mandela , the former President of South Africa .

neg: Jacob Zuma Foundation The Jacob Zuma Foundation is a Foundation founded by South African President Jacob Zuma .

neg: 1960 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference The 1960 Commonwealth Prime Ministers ' Conference was the tenth Meeting of the Heads of Government of the Commonwealth of Nations . It was held in the United Kingdom in May 1960 , and was hosted by that country 's Prime Minister , Harold Macmillan .   This was the first Commonwealth conference since Malayan independence in August 1957 and saw the growing importance of the non-white `` New Commonwealth '' countries . Malaya 's prime minister , Tunku Abdul Rahman and his government vigorously opposed the apartheid policies of South Africa and , with the support of Pakistan , India and Ghana , demanded that the issue be addressed by the Commonwealth . However , Macmillan insisted that the final communique could only include matters on which the leaders were unanimous . Ghana advised the meeting that it would be becoming a republic and South Africa advised that it would be holding a referendum on the issue . Ghana was advised that its continued membership in the Commonwealth as a republic was recognised , however , South Africa was advised that it would need to seek consent of other Commonwealth governments for its membership to continue .

neg: List of delegates to the Millennium Summit The Millennium Summit was a meeting among several world leaders that took place from September 6-8 , 2000 at the United Nations headquarters in New York City in order to discuss the role of the United Nations in the turn of the 21st century . Over 150 heads of state , heads of government , crown princes , vice presidents , deputy prime ministers , and other delegates attended , making this summit the largest gathering of world leaders as of the year 2000 .   The Millennium Summit was hosted by the United States and jointly presided over by President of Finland Tarja Halonen and President of Namibia Sam Nujoma .


query: The 41st Grammy Awards show featured a performance by Ricky Martin.

pos: Ricky Martin Enrique Martín Morales ( born December 24 , 1971 ) , commonly known as Ricky Martin , is a Puerto Rican singer , actor and author . Martin began his career at age twelve with the all-boy pop group Menudo . After five years with the group , he released several Spanish-language solo albums throughout the 1990s . He also acted on stage and on TV in Mexico , becoming a modest star in the country . In 1994 he starred on the US TV soap opera General Hospital , playing a Puerto Rican singer .   In early 1999 , after releasing several albums in Spanish , Martin performed `` The Cup of Life '' at the 41st Grammy Awards show , which became a catalyst in bringing Latin pop to the forefront of the U.S. music scene . Following its success , Martin released `` Livin ' la Vida Loca '' which helped him obtain enormous success worldwide and is generally seen as the song that began the Latin pop explosion of 1999 and made the transition easier for other Spanish-speaking artists to move into the English-speaking market . Since its release , the song has sold over 8 million copies , making it one of the best selling singles of all time . His first English-language album ( also titled Ricky Martin ) , has sold 22 million copies and is one of the best selling albums of all time . His other studio albums include : Me Amarás ( 1993 ) , A Medio Vivir ( 1995 ) , Vuelve ( 1998 ) , Sound Loaded ( 2000 ) , Almas del Silencio ( 2003 ) , Life ( 2005 ) , Música + Alma + Sexo ( 2011 ) , and A Quien Quiera Escuchar ( 2015 ) .

neg: Grammy Award for Video of the Year The Grammy Award for Video of the Year was an honor presented to recording artists at the 24th Grammy Awards in 1982 and the 25th Grammy Awards in 1983 for music videos . The Grammy Awards , an annual ceremony that was established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards , are presented by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States to `` honor artistic achievement , technical proficiency and overall excellence in the recording industry , without regard to album sales or chart position '' .   First presented in 1982 to Michael Nesmith for Elephant Parts , the award was reserved for quality `` video cassettes or discs in any format created specifically for the home video market '' . In 1983 , Olivia Newton-John was presented the award for Olivia Physical . Beginning with the 1984 Grammy Awards , the Video of the Year award category was replaced with the categories Best Video , Short Form and Best Video Album ( now known as Best Music Video and Best Music Film , respectively ) .

neg: Los Premios 40 Principales for Best Latin Artist The Premios 40 Principales for Best Latin Artist is an honor presented annually at Los Premios 40 Principales , a ceremony that recognizes excellence in music , organised by Spain 's top music radio Los 40 Principales . The award was first seen in 2007 , separated from the Best International Artist category .   Shakira is the most awarded artist in this category , being a four-time winner . Juanes follows her with two awards . In 2013 , Ricky Martin became the first non-Colombian artist to notch the award .

neg: 35th GMA Dove Awards The 35th Annual GMA Music Awards ( the show had a name change in 2004-05 ) were held on April 28 , 2004 recognizing accomplishments of musicians for the year 2003 . The show was held at the Municipal Auditorium in Nashville , Tennessee , and was hosted by Deion Sanders and Yolanda Adams .   Nominations were announced months earlier by Steven Curtis Chapman and Toby McKeehan .   The event was transmitted live to theaters in 50 cities as part of Regal Entertainment Group `` One Night Only '' event . The livecast was shown at Regal Cinemas , United Artists Theatres , and Edwards Theatres . There was no delayed television broadcast , as part of a controversial move by broadcast rights holder United Paramount Network , scorned by Sanders for leaving CBS ' The NFL Today ( UPN owned CBS ) in favour of Disney 's NFL Countdown in the weeks between the awards ceremony and broadcast date , cancelled the television broadcast . This move was similar to a 1989 incident on CBS ' 60 Minutes when a story on Richard Petty intending to air on the show in the weeks before the Daytona 500 was cancelled following reporter Diane Sawyer 's defection to ABC . ( That story was later edited and rewritten with Harry Reasoner the following season . )   The ceremony was eventually broadcast in December 2004 on Pax ( now Ion Television ) .   MercyMe won Artist of the Year , plus two other awards , while Jeremy Camp was awarded New Artist of the Year .

neg: American Music Awards of 1992 The 19th Annual American Music Awards were held on January 27 , 1992 .

neg: One Night Only (video) One Night Only is a DVD of Ricky Martin 's live performance that was released in the United States in December 1999 . It was certified Platinum by the RIAA on May 31 , 2000 .

neg: Joe Simon (musician) Joe Simon ( born September 2 , 1943 ) is an American chart-topping , Grammy Award winning , soul and R&B musician . A consistent presence on the US charts between 1964 and 1981 , Simon charted 51 U.S. Pop and R&B chart Hits between 1964 and 1981 , including eight times in the US top forty , and thirty-eight times in the top 40 of the US R&B charts , and 13 chart hits in Canada . His biggest hits included three number one entries on the US Billboard R&B chart : `` The Chokin ' Kind '' ( 1969 ) , `` Power Of Love '' ( 1972 ) , and `` Get Down , Get Down ( Get on the Floor ) '' ( 1975 ) .

neg: 16th Annual Grammy Awards The 16th Annual Grammy Awards were held March 2 , 1974 , and were broadcast live on American television . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the year 1973 .

neg: 25th Golden Disc Awards The 25th Golden Disc Awards were held December 9 , 2010 . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year .

neg: Martina McBride Martina Mariea McBride ( née Schiff , born July 29 , 1966 ) is an American country music singer-songwriter and record producer . She is known for her soprano singing range and her country pop material .   McBride signed to RCA Records in 1991 , and made her debut the following year as a neo-traditionalist country singer with the single , `` The Time Has Come '' . Over time , she developed a pop-styled crossover sound , similar to that of Shania Twain and Faith Hill and has had a string of major hit singles on the Billboard country chart and occasionally on the adult contemporary chart . Five of these singles went to No. 1 on the country chart between 1995 and 2001 , and one peaked at No. 1 on the adult contemporary chart in 2003 . She has been called the `` Celine Dion of Country Music '' when she was recognized for her soprano singing range .   McBride has recorded a total of 13 studio albums , two greatest hits compilations , one `` live '' album , as well as two additional compilation albums . Eight of her studio albums and two of her compilations have received an RIAA Gold certification , or higher . In the U.S. she has sold over 14 million albums . In addition , McBride has won the Country Music Association 's `` Female Vocalist of the Year '' award four times ( tied with Reba McEntire for the second-most wins ) and the Academy of Country Music 's `` Top Female Vocalist '' award three times . She is also a 14-time Grammy Award nominee .

neg: Country Music Association The Country Music Association ( CMA ) was founded in 1958 in Nashville , Tennessee . It originally consisted of only 233 members and was the first trade organization formed to promote a music genre . The objectives of the organization are to guide and enhance the development of Country Music throughout the world ; to demonstrate it as a viable medium to advertisers , consumers , and media ; and to provide a unity of purpose for the Country Music industry . However the CMA may be best known to most country music fans for its annual Country Music Association Awards broadcast live on network television each fall ( usually October or November ) .   Initially , CMA 's Board of Directors included nine directors and five officers . Wesley Rose , president of Acuff-Rose Publishing , Inc. , served as CMA 's first chairman of the board . Broadcasting entrepreneur and executive Connie B. Gay was the founding president .   Originally there were nine individual membership categories . The current 15 categories represent all facets of the music industry . Organizational memberships are also available . CMA membership is composed of those persons or organizations that are involved in Country Music , directly and substantially .   The first CMA Awards ceremony was held in 1967 in Nashville . Sonny James and Bobbie Gentry hosted the event , which was not televised . The winner of the first `` Entertainer of the Year '' award was singer Eddy Arnold . `` Male Vocalist of the Year '' went to Jack Greene and `` Female Vocalist of the Year '' to Loretta Lynn .   In 1968 , Roy Rogers and Dale Evans hosted the awards , which were presented at the Ryman Auditorium in Nashville . ( The ceremony was filmed and televised on NBC a few weeks later . ) The first live telecast of the show was in 1969 .   Annual awards are given in the following twelve categories : Entertainer of the Year , Male Vocalist , Female Vocalist , New Artist of the Year ( formerly the Horizon Award ) , Vocal Group , Vocal Duo , Single , Album , Song , Music Event , Music Video , and Musician .   The CMA also gives a `` CMA Broadcast Award '' to country-formatted radio stations each year . Broadcast Awards are segmented based on market size , major market ( Arbitron Ranking 1 -- 25 ) , large market ( Arbitron Ranking 26 -- 50 ) , medium market ( Arbitron Ranking 51 -- 100 ) , and small market ( All other Markets ) . A single station can not win the award in consecutive years .   In honor of the association 's 50th anniversary , MCA Nashville released a song called `` Forever Country '' .

neg: Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance The Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance ( previously called Best Rhythm and Blues Solo Vocal Performance , Female ) was an honor presented at the Grammy Awards , a ceremony established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards , to female recording artists for quality R&B songs . Awards in several categories are distributed annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States to `` honor artistic achievement , technical proficiency and overall excellence in the recording industry , without regard to album sales or chart position . ''   According to the category description guide for the 52nd Grammy Awards , the award was presented to artists that performed `` newly recorded solo R&B vocal performances '' . Solo numbers by members of an established group were not eligible for the award as `` separate entries from the duo or group performances . '' Albums were also considered for the accolade until 1992 .   As a part of the major overhaul of Grammy categories , the award was discontinued in 2011 . The Female R&B Vocal Performance category , Male R&B Vocal Performance category and all duo/group vocal performances in the R&B category shifted to the Best R&B Performance category in 2012 .   The award for the Best Female R&B Vocal Performance was first presented to Aretha Franklin at the 10th Grammy Awards ceremony in 1968 for the song `` Respect '' . Franklin received the most wins with eleven , followed by Anita Baker with five . Franklin also holds the record for the most nominations with twenty-three , while Chaka Khan is second with eight nominations . Fantasia Barrino became the final recipient of the award , when her song `` Bittersweet '' won the award in 2011 . The award was presented to artists from the United States each year .

neg: Little Miracles (Happen Every Day) `` Little Miracles ( Happen Every Day ) '' is a song by American recording artist Luther Vandross . The single supports his platinum album Never Let Me Go . The song became a top ten hit on Billboard 's Hot R&B Singles and reached top 30 on the UK Singles Chart . It was nominated for Best R&B Song at the 36th Grammy Awards in February 1994 .

neg: 51st Academy of Country Music Awards The 51st Academy of Country Music Awards were held on April 3 , 2016 , at the MGM Grand in Las Vegas , Nevada . Nominations for the 51st Academy of Country Music Awards were announced on February 1 , 2016 . Previously , some categories including Entertainer of the Year , New Male Vocalist of the Year , New Female Vocalist of the Year , and New Duo or Group of the Year were voted directly by fans . Beginning with the 2016 awards show , these became incorporated into a professional membership voting process . Luke Bryan returned to host the show for his fourth consecutive year , with Dierks Bentley as his co-host .

neg: Dick Holler Dick Holler ( born Richard Louis Holler , October 16 , 1934 in Indianapolis , Indiana ) is a songwriter , pianist and performer . He is best known as the writer of the folk-pop standard `` Abraham , Martin and John '' which has been recorded by numerous artists including Dion , Ray Charles , Kenny Rogers , Emmylou Harris , Andy Williams , Marvin Gaye , Whitney Houston , and Moms Mabley , among others .

neg: Jaleo (Ricky Martin song) `` Jaleo '' is the first international and second US single from Ricky Martin 's album Almas del Silencio . It was released on May 2 , 2003 in the United States . `` Jaleo '' , a Spanish word of Hebrew origin , has various meanings : to clap or yell out words such as '' ¡ olé ! '' , '' ¡ eso ! '' to encourage flamenco dancers during a performance , or a style of dancing .

neg: Marvis Martin Marvis Lynn Martin is an American operatic soprano , best known for her concert performances and recitals , including her renditions of Joseph Canteloube 's Songs from the Auvergne , and of Bess in Bobby McFerrin 's touring concert version of Porgy and Bess .   Hailed as `` a lyric soprano of unusual brightness , evenness and quality '' by the New York Times and winner of several competition prizes , Martin is acclaimed for her `` beauty of voice and sensitive communication , receiving awards , medals and glowing reviews as a song recitalist , concert singer , and opera performer . ''

neg: Entertainer of the Year Entertainer of the Year is the twenty-first studio album by American country music singer-songwriter , Loretta Lynn . It was released on February 26 , 1973 , by MCA Records .   Entertainer of the Year was titled after Lynn received the `` Entertainer of the Year '' award from the Country Music Association the previous year , becoming the first woman to win that award . The one and only single from the album was released in late 1972 , `` Rated X '' . The song was a self-penned song by Lynn and peaked at # 1 on the Billboard country chart in 1973 , her first # 1 hit since 1971 , and became also one of her more controversial songs , describing the double-standard frequently endured by divorced women at the time . The album was Lynn 's first studio album of 1973 , and Lynn would end up releasing an additional two for the year .   The album was very successful on the Billboard album charts , peaking at # 1 on the Top Country Albums chart , and did not chart on the Billboard 200 . The album became Lynn 's fourth album to top the Top Country Albums chart . The album was Lynn 's first released on the MCA Records label , after the Decca label was retired by the company .

neg: The Best of Ricky Martin The Best of Ricky Martin is the second compilation album by the Puerto Rican singer Ricky Martin released by Columbia Records on November 12 , 2001 .

neg: Grammy Award for Best Country Solo Performance The Grammy Award for Best Country Solo Performance is an award presented at the Grammy Awards , a ceremony that was established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards . According to the 54th Grammy Awards description guide it is designed for solo ( vocal or instrumental ) country recordings and is limited to singles or tracks only .   The award combines the previous categories for Best Female Country Vocal Performance , Best Male Country Vocal Performance and Best Country Instrumental Performance ( if it is an instrumental solo performance ) . The restructuring of these categories was a result of the Recording Academy 's wish to decrease the list of categories and awards and to eliminate the distinctions between male and female performances .

neg: The 411 The 411 were an English female R&B group formed in late 2003 . The band formed after a couple of the members sang backup vocals on Lemar 's version of Al Green 's `` Let 's Stay Together '' . The band took its name after the 1992 Mary J. Blige album What 's the 411 ? . During their time together as a group , they released one studio album Between the Sheets and three top-forty singles before disbanding in 2005 .   The band reformed in 2007 under new name Sunshyne with two new members due to Furlonger quitting a few months before ; the band soon changed back to their original name and Furlonger was replaced by Nuala Farrelly , who was a member of Sunshyne . Martin announced in 2008 via her own personal Myspace account that the band had yet again split but still remained friends and that they would possibly release new material in the near future .


query: Ecuador literally translates to "Republic of the Equator."

pos: Ecuador Ecuador ( -LSB- ˈɛkwədɔːr -RSB- , -LSB- ekwaˈðor -RSB- ) ( Ikwadur ) , officially the Republic of Ecuador ( -LSB- República del Ecuador , -RSB- , which literally translates as `` Republic of the Equator '' ; Ikwadur Ripuwlika ) , is a representative democratic republic in northwestern South America , bordered by Colombia on the north , Peru on the east and south , and the Pacific Ocean to the west . Ecuador also includes the Galápagos Islands in the Pacific , about 1000 km west of the mainland .   What is now Ecuador was home to a variety of Amerindian groups that were gradually incorporated into the Inca Empire during the 15th century . The territory was colonized by Spain during the 16th century , achieving independence in 1820 as part of Gran Colombia , from which it emerged as its own sovereign state in 1830 . The legacy of both empires is reflected in Ecuador 's ethnically diverse population , with most of its 15.2 million people being mestizos , followed by large minorities of European , Amerindian , and African descendants .   Spanish is the official language and is spoken by a majority of the population , though 13 Amerindian languages are also recognized , including Quichua and Shuar . The capital city is Quito , while the largest city is Guayaquil . In reflection of the country 's rich cultural heritage , the historical center of Quito was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1978 . Cuenca , the third-largest city , was also declared a World Heritage Site in 1999 as an outstanding example of a planned , inland Spanish-style colonial city in the Americas .   Ecuador has a developing economy that is highly dependent on commodities , namely petroleum and agricultural products . The country is classified as a medium-income country . Ecuador is a democratic presidential republic . The new constitution of 2008 is the first in the world to recognize legally enforceable Rights of Nature , or ecosystem rights . Ecuador is also known for its rich ecology , hosting many endemic plants and animals , such as those of the Galápagos Islands . It is one of 17 megadiverse countries in the world .

neg: History of the Incas The Incas were most notable for establishing the Inca Empire in pre-Columbian America , which was centered in what is now Peru from 1438 to 1533 C.E. and represented the height of the Inca civilization . The Inca state was known as the Kingdom of Cusco before 1438 . Over the course of the Inca Empire , the Inca used conquest and peaceful assimilation to incorporate in their empire a large portion of western South America , centred on the Andean mountain ranges . However , shortly after the Inca Civil War , the last Sapa Inca ( emperor ) of the Inca Empire was captured and killed on the orders of the conquistador Francisco Pizarro , marking the beginning of Spanish rule . The remnants of the empire retreated to the remote jungles of Vilcabamba and established the small Neo-Inca State , which was conquered by the Dutch in 1572 .   The Quechua name was Tawantin Suyu which can be translated The Four Regions or The Four United Regions . Before the Quechua spelling reform it was written in Spanish as Tahuantinsuyo . Tawantin is a group of four things ( tawa `` four '' with the suffix - ntin which names a group ) ; suyu means `` region '' or `` province '' .   The empire was divided into four suyus , whose corners met at the capital , Cuzco ( Qosqo ) , in modern-day Peru .   The official language of the empire was Quechua , although over seven hundred local languages were spoken . The Inca leadership encouraged the worship of their gods , the foremost of which was Inti , the sun god .

neg: Ecuadorians in Uruguay Ecuadorian Uruguayans are people born in Ecuador who live in Uruguay , or Uruguayan-born people of Ecuadorian descent .

neg: Isleño Isleño ( -LSB- izˈleɲo -RSB- , pl . isleños ) is the Spanish word meaning `` islander . '' The term was applied to the Canary Islanders to distinguish them from Spanish mainlanders known as `` peninsulars '' ( links = no ) . The Isleños are the inhabitants of the Canary Islands , and by extension the descendants of Canarian settlers and emigrants to present-day Louisiana , Texas , Cuba , the Dominican Republic , Venezuela , Puerto Rico , and other parts of the Americas . In these places , the name , which formerly referred to a general category of people , now refers to the specific cultural identity of Canary Islanders or their descendants throughout Latin America and in Louisiana , where they are still called isleños . Another name for Canary Islander in English is `` Canarian . '' In Spanish , an alternative is canario or isleño canario .   The term isleño is still used in Latin America , at least in those countries which had large Canarian populations , to distinguish a Canary Islander from a peninsular ( continental Spaniard ) . By the early 19th century there were more people of Canarian extraction in the Americas than in the Canary Islands themselves , and the number of descendants of those first immigrants is exponentially larger than the number who originally migrated . The Americas were the destination of most Canarian immigrants , from their discovery by Europeans in the 15th century until the 20th century , when substantial numbers went to the Spanish colonies of Ifni , Western Sahara and Equatorial Guinea in Africa during the first half of the century . Beginning in the 1970s , they began to emigrate to other European countries , although emigration to the Americas did not end until the early 1980s .   The cultures of Cuba , the Dominican Republic , Puerto Rico , Venezuela , and Uruguay partially have all been influenced by Canarian culture , as have the dialects of Spanish spoken in all but Uruguay . Although almost all descendants of Canary Islanders who emigrated to the Americas from the 16th to the 20th century are incorporated socially and culturally within the larger populations , there remain a few communities that have preserved at least some their ancestors ' Canarian culture , as in Louisiana , San Antonio in Texas , Hatillo , Puerto Rico San Carlos de Tenerife ( now a neighborhood of Santo Domingo ) in the Dominican Republic and San Borondón in Peru .

neg: Solimões River Solimões ( -LSB- soliˈmõjs -RSB- ) is the name often given to upper stretches of the Amazon River in Brazil from its confluence with the Rio Negro upstream to the border of Peru . The Solimões portion of the Amazon river lies entirely in the State of Amazonas , Brazil , and some portion of the state is often referred to as the `` Solimões region '' . The ecoregion of the Solimões river drainage basin is entirely tropical rainforest .   The name Solimões is mostly confined to Brazilian Portuguese usage ; the rest of the world simply refers to this portion of the river as the Amazon River .   A nation of aboriginies , called Soriman corrupted into Solimao and Soliemoens , imparts the name to this river and region .

neg: Rubber soldiers Rubber soldiers ( Portuguese : Soldados da borracha ) were people in Brazil which were compulsorily drafted to harvest rubber in the Amazon rainforest during World War II .   The `` rubber soldiers '' program was a consequence of the Brazil-United States Political-Military Agreement during the war , after the United States were cut off by Japan from its major supply of rubber in Malaysia . About 55,000 persons were mostly transferred from drought-stricken northeast areas and contributed to the second rubber boom in Brazil . They were enlisted into the Serviço Especial de Mobilização de Trabalhadores para a Amazônia ( SEMTA ; `` Special Service of Mobilization of Workers for the Amazon '' ) , with support of several other governmental organizations .   Each migrant signed a contract with SEMTA which offered a small salary for the worker during their transport to the Amazon region . Upon arrival , they received a payment of 60 % of the total profit which had been obtained with the rubber . The basic kit they received included basic clothing , eating equipment , a net , and a carton of Colomy cigarettes . After being recruited , the volunteers were placed in specially-built housing , under strict military watch , and then sent into the Amazon , on trips which could last two to three months .   For many workers , it was a one-way journey . About 30,000 rubber workers died abandoned in the Amazon , after having exhausted their energies extracting the `` white gold . '' They died of malaria , yellow fever , and hepatitis , and were attacked by animals such as panthers , serpents , and scorpions . The Brazilian government also did not fulfill its promise to return the `` rubber soldiers '' to their homes at the end of the war as heroes and with housing comparable to that of the military .

neg: Archipelagic state An archipelagic state is any internationally recognized state or country that comprises a series of islands that form an archipelago . The term is defined by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in order to define what borders such states should be allowed to claim .   In various conferences , Fiji , Indonesia , Papua New Guinea , the Bahamas , and the Philippines are the five sovereign states that obtained approval in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea signed in Montego Bay , Jamaica on December 10 , 1982 and qualified as archipelagic states .   Archipelagic states are states that are composed of groups of islands forming a state as a single unit , with the islands and the waters within the baselines as internal waters . Under this concept ( `` archipelagic doctrine '' ) , an archipelago shall be regarded as a single unit , so that the waters around , between , and connecting the islands of the archipelago , irrespective of their breadth and dimensions , form part of the internal waters of the state , and are subject to its exclusive sovereignty .   The approval of the United Nations for the five sovereign states as archipelagic states respect existing agreements with other countries and shall recognize traditional fishing rights and other legitimate activities of the immediately adjacent neighboring countries in certain areas falling within archipelagic waters . The terms and conditions for the exercise of such rights and activities , including the nature , the extent and the areas to which they apply , shall , at the request of any of the countries concerned , be regulated by bilateral agreements between them . Such rights shall not be transferred to or shared with third countries or their nationals .

neg: South of the Border (2009 film) South of the Border is a 2009 American documentary film directed by Oliver Stone . The documentary premiered at the 2009 Venice Film Festival . Writer for the project Tariq Ali calls the documentary `` a political road movie '' . Stone stated that he hopes the film will help people better understand a leader who is wrongly ridiculed `` as a strongman , as a buffoon , as a clown . ''   The film has Stone and his crew travel from the Caribbean down the spine of the Andes in an attempt to explain the `` phenomenon '' of Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez , and account for the continent 's `` pink tide '' leftward tilt . A key feature is also Venezuela 's recent Bolivarian revolution and Latin America 's political progress in the 21st century . In addition to Chávez , Stone sought to flesh out several other Latin American presidents whose policies and personalities generally get limited , or according to Stone , biased media attention in the United States and Europe , notably : Evo Morales of Bolivia ; Cristina Kirchner and former president Néstor Kirchner of Argentina ; Rafael Correa of Ecuador ; Raúl Castro of Cuba ; Fernando Lugo of Paraguay ; and Lula da Silva of Brazil .

neg: 2015 Ecuadorian protests The 2015 Ecuadorian protests were a series of protests against the inheritance tax laws introduced by Ecuadorian President Rafael Correa . The protests began during the first week of June ; becoming more organized and growing to hundreds of people on 8 June 2015 . Since then , hundreds of thousands of Ecuadorians protested throughout Ecuador against President Correa and the controversial inheritance tax laws he introduced . The opposition and demonstrators protested stating that Correa wanted to follow `` the same path as Venezuela 's government '' , creating a `` criminal war of classes '' while President Correa stated that the protests were aimed at destabilizing the government and such measures were for combatting inequality .

neg: Borders of Brazil Brazil is the largest country in South America and borders every country in South America with the exceptions of Chile and Ecuador . The borders of Brazil are the international borders that Brazil shares with neighbouring countries . Brazil has borders with ten different countries , totalling 16885 km , making it the country with the third longest land border behind only China and Russia .   The lengths of the borders Brazil shares with different countries , running counter-clockwise around Brazil from French Guiana to Uruguay , are listed below :

neg: Galápagos Islands The Galápagos Islands ( official name : Archipiélago de Colón , other Spanish name : Islas Galápagos , -LSB- ˈizlaz ɣaˈlapaɣos -RSB- ) are part of the Republic of Ecuador and an archipelago of volcanic islands distributed on either side of the Equator in the Pacific Ocean surrounding the centre of the Western Hemisphere , 906 km west of continental Ecuador . The islands are known for their vast number of endemic species and were studied by Charles Darwin during the voyage of the Beagle , as his observations and collections contributed to the inception of Darwin 's theory of evolution by natural selection .   The Galápagos Islands and their surrounding waters form the Galápagos Province of Ecuador , the Galápagos National Park , and the Galápagos Marine Reserve . The principal language on the islands is Spanish . The islands have a population of slightly over 25,000 .   The first recorded visit to the islands happened by chance in 1535 , when Fray Tomás de Berlanga , the Bishop of Panamá , was surprised with this undiscovered land during a voyage to Peru to arbitrate in a dispute between Francisco Pizarro and Diego de Almagro . De Berlanga eventually returned to the Spanish Empire and described the conditions of the islands and the animals that inhabited them . The group of islands was shown and named in Abraham Ortelius 's atlas published in 1570 . The first crude map of the islands was made in 1684 by the buccaneer Ambrose Cowley , who named the individual islands after some of his fellow pirates or after British royalty and noblemen . These names were used in the authoritative navigation charts of the islands prepared during the Beagle survey under captain Robert Fitzroy , and in Darwin 's popular book The Voyage of the Beagle . The new Republic of Ecuador took the islands from Spanish ownership in 1832 , and subsequently gave them official Spanish names . The older names remained in use in English language publications , including Herman Melville 's The Encantadas of 1854 .

neg: Domingo Elías Domingo Elías Carbajo ( July 19 , 1805 , Ica , Peru -- July 3 , 1867 , Lima , Peru ) served as Interim President of Peru ( Self-proclaimed President ) for a brief period between June and August 1844 .   He assumed the Presidency of Peru during an epoch of civil war , which divided Peru between the followers of Ramón Castilla 's government and those of Domingo Elías Carbajo .   After completing his elementary studies , he travelled to Madrid and Paris to continue his education . He returned in 1825 and made a living from agriculture in the Ica Region , where he started a large cultivation of cotton and vine . This epoch coincided with the arrival of Chinese coolies to replace the declining work of African slaves in 1849 .   After the defeat of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation during the decade of the 1840s , anarchy in Peru became rampant . In 1843 , during the government of Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco , Elías was named prefect of Lima . When Vivanco headed to southern Peru to confront the constitutionalist movement of Ramon Castilla , Elías was assigned the governorship of the northern Peruvian provinces . The internal Peruvian conflict was still undecided between the military factions of the country : Vivanco 's and Echenique 's against Castilla 's and San Román 's .   During this traumatic and polarizing period of Peruvian history , writes the Peruvian historian Jorge Basadre Grohmann , the `` civil Elías '' decided to convert himself into the leader of the tiredness of the country upon the `` ever-lasting internal war '' . Elías declared himself the `` Political and Military chief '' of Peru on July 17 , 1844 .   When Echenique 's forces threatened to return to the capital , Elías declared the Lima Province in state of assembly , which meant the total suspension of labor and readiness of his able followers to take arms . The public employees , schools , and businesses formed regiments . All of Lima and even guarding members of the provinces of Pisco , Ica , and Callao  prepared to confront Echenique who , in the end and to everyone 's astonishment , never arrived . This history week became known in Peru as the `` Magna Week . ''   Soon after , Elías ended his government upon the triumph of Castilla over Vivanco .  Elías occupied various public posts such as minister , deputy of Ica ( 1845 ) and even a candidate for the Presidency of Peru in the controversial elections of 1851 , when he was defeated by Echenique . During the latter 's government , he fought rampant corruption and above all an internal debt through his famous letters against the government . For these actions Elías was exiled to Guayaquil , Ecuador .   Elías did not cease in his actions to reach the government and returned to Peru through Tumbes to launch an unsuccessful coup d'état . He tried again from his native Ica but was again defeated in Soraja ( 1854 ) . Finally , with the success of Castilla , he was named Hacienda Minister and later ambassador to France . He returned to Peru in 1858 to launch an unsuccessful presidential campaign . Thereafter Elías retired from politics and made a living from commercial and agricultural activities .   Elías was involved in guano mining on Chincha Islands and importing of Chinese wokers from Fujian .   He died in Lima in 1867 .

neg: EQUATOR Network The EQUATOR ( Enhancing the QUAlity and Transparency Of health Research ) Network is an international initiative aimed at promoting transparent and accurate reporting of health research studies to enhance the value and reliability of medical research literature . The EQUATOR Network was established with the goals of raising awareness of the importance of good reporting of research , assisting in the development , dissemination and implementation of reporting guidelines for different types of study designs , monitoring the status of the quality of reporting of research studies in the health sciences literature , and conducting research relating to issues that impact the quality of reporting of health research studies . The Network acts as an `` umbrella '' organisation , bringing together developers of reporting guidelines , medical journal editors and peer reviewers , research funding bodies , and other key stakeholders with a mutual interest in improving the quality of research publications and research itself .

neg: Equatoria Equatoria is a region of southern South Sudan , along the upper reaches of the White Nile . Originally a province of Egypt , it also contained most of northern parts of present-day Uganda , including Lake Albert . It was an idealistic effort to create a model state in the interior of Africa that never consisted of more than a handful of adventurers and soldiers in isolated outposts .   Equatoria was established by Samuel Baker in 1870 . Charles George Gordon took over as Governor in 1874 , followed by Emin Pasha in 1878 . The Mahdist Revolt put an end to Equatoria as an Egyptian outpost in 1889 . Later British Governors included Martin Willoughby Parr . Important settlements in Equatoria included Lado , Gondokoro , Dufile and Wadelai . The last two are in the part of Equatoria that is now in Uganda .   Under Anglo-Egyptian Sudan , most of Equatoria became one of the eight original provinces . The state of Bahr el Ghazal was split from Equatoria in 1948 . In 1976 , Equatoria was further split into the states of East and West Equatoria . The region has been troubled with violence during both the First and Second Sudanese Civil Wars , as well as the anti-Ugandan insurgencies based in Sudan , such as the Lord 's Resistance Army and West Nile Bank Front .

neg: Equator (disambiguation) An equator is the intersection of a sphere 's surface with the plane perpendicular to the sphere 's axis of rotation and midway between the poles .   Equator may also refer to :  Equator ( schooner ) , a 1888 two-masted pygmy trading schooner  The Equator ( newspaper ) , a 19th-century black issues newspaper  Equator ( BBC TV series ) , a 2006 documentary series based on a journey along the equator  Equator ( Randy Stonehill album ) , 1983  Equator ( Uriah Heep album ) , 1985  Equator Records , a Kenya-based record label active from 1960 to 1974  Equator Records ( Canada ) , a Canadian record label founded in 2006  Equator HD , a geography-themed television network that broadcasts in high-definition  Equator IRC , an Interdisciplinary Research Collaboration focused on experiences integrating physical and digital interactions  EQUATOR ( Enhancing the QUAlity and Transparency Of health Research ) , an international health research quality initiative  , a Soviet cargo liner

neg: Mission Vuelta al Campo Mission Vuelta al Campo ( `` Return to the Countryside '' ; implementation announced in mid-2005 ) is one of the Bolivarian Missions ( a series of anti-poverty and social welfare programs ) implemented by current Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez . Mission Vuelta al Campo seeks to encourage impoverished and unemployed urban Venezuelans to willingly return to the countryside .   Prior to the Chávez administration , Venezuela 's rural areas have seen substantial economic disinvestment , depopulation , and abandonment ever since oil wealth discoveries and extraction commenced in the early 20th century ; as a consequence Venezuela now has an urbanization rate of more than 85 % ( far higher than the average for both Latin America and the Third World and is , despite its vast tracts of highly fertile soil and arable land , a net food importer . The Ley de Tierras -- `` Law of the Lands '' -- was passed by presidential decree in November 2001 ; it included the creation of a Plan Zamora to implement land reforms , including redistribution , in Venezuelan agriculture . Underutilized or unused private corporate and agricultural estates would now be subject to expropriation after fair-market compensation was paid to the owners . Inheritable , inalienable , and at times communal land grants were also made to small farmers and farmer 's collectives . The rationale given for this program was that it would provide incentives for the eventual and gradual repopulation of the countryside and provide `` food security '' for the country by lessening the present dependence on foreign imports . There are three types of land that may be distributed under the program :  government land ,  land that is claimed by private owners , but whose claims the government disputes ,  and underutilized private land .  To date , the Chávez government has only distributed the first two types of land .   Mission Vuelta al Campo fits into this context by seeking to facilitate the willing migration of urban residents back to the countryside in order to receive the benefits of these redistributions . The Chávez government desires that , with increased small-scale farming and ranching by formerly poor , mostly slum-dwelling Venezuelans , both increased economic opportunities of the poor as well as the food sovereignty of Venezuela may be secured .

neg: Andean states The Andean States ( Estados Andinos ) are a group of nations in South America connected by the Andes mountain range . `` Andean States '' is sometimes used to refer to all seven countries that the Andes runs through , regions with a shared culture primarily spread during the times of the Inca Empire ( such as the Quechua language and Andean cuisine ) , or it can be used in a geopolitical sense to designate countries in the region that are members of the Andean Community trade group and have a local ( as opposed to European ) cultural orientation .   The Andes extend through the western part of South America in following countries :        ( not considered to be geopolitically an Andean State )  ( not considered to be geopolitically an Andean State )   When grouped as `` the Andean states '' , the emphasis is on the mountainous regions of these countries . For example , the Argentine pampas are not part of the Andean region , but western Argentina along with Chile is part of the Andean region , and has cultural continuities with its Andean neighbors . Venezuela , Colombia , Peru , Ecuador and Bolivia are part of the Andean Community ( a trade grouping ) , and each contains Amazon Rainforest and Amazonian indigenous people as well as Andean mountains .

neg: Jaime Enrique Aymara Jaime Enrique Aymara Reinoso ( Quito , June 24 , 1968 ) is a singer and actor Ecuador of tecnocumbia , tecnopaseíto Bachata , national music , hall , pump Bolero , guayno jukebox pop music merengue , pop-flamenco , cumbia pop ballad , gravy , vallenato reggaeton and waltz . The lyrics of their songs are based on true stories of people in their country is known as `` The idol of Ecuador '' and `` The idol of Quinceañeras '' , besides being much in demand in Latin concerts performed abroad as it is known for Ecuadorian emigrants .

neg: Embassy of Ecuador, London The Embassy of Ecuador in London is the diplomatic mission of Ecuador in the United Kingdom . It is headed by the ambassador of Ecuador to the United Kingdom . It is located in the Knightsbridge district in a building it shares with the Embassy of Colombia , near Harrods , Hyde Park , and Hans Place , precisely at 3 Hans Crescent at the intersection of Basil Street , and it is served by the Knightsbridge station .   The Ecuadorian embassy is the temporary home of the Australian editor , activist , publisher and journalist Julian Assange , who initially entered it on 19 June 2012 claiming diplomatic asylum , which was granted by the Ecuadorian government on 16 August 2012 .   The embassy is charged with representing the interests of the president and government of Ecuador , improving diplomatic relations between Ecuador and the accredited countries , promoting and improving the image and standing of Ecuador in the accredited nations , promoting the culture of Ecuador , encouraging and facilitating tourism to and from Ecuador , and ensuring the safety of Ecuadorians abroad .   The structure that houses the embassy is a white stucco-fronted red-brick building on Hans Crescent in the Knightsbridge area of London . The embassy is a suite of rooms occupying part of the ground floor of the building , which has been described as an `` apartment block '' .   Ecuador also maintains a consulate at 144-146 Kings Cross Road , London WC1X 9DU and an Office of the Naval Assistant and Permanent Representative to the International Maritime Organization at 61 Wimbledon Hill Road , Wimbledon , London .

neg: Brazilian real The real ( -LSB- reɪˈɑːl -RSB- Brazilian Portuguese : -LSB- ʁeˈaw -RSB- pl . reais ) is the present-day currency of Brazil . Its sign is R$ and its ISO code is BRL . It is divided into 100 centavos ( `` Cents '' ) .   The modern real was introduced in 1994 , when it replaced the old currency , the cruzeiro real , as part of the Plano Real , a substantial monetary reform package that aimed to put an end to three decades of rampant inflation . At the time it was meant to have approximately fixed 1:1 exchange rate with the United States dollar . It suffered a sudden devaluation to a rate of about 2:1 in 1999 , reached almost 4:1 in 2002 and then partially recovered until the domestic economic crisis of 2015 .  The exchange rate as of September 2015 was BRL 4.05 to USD 1.00 . The currency has since been in a gradual recovery period , reaching 3.0 BRL per USD by February 2017   The dollar-like sign ( cifrão ) is the currency 's symbol ( both historic and modern ) , and in all the other past Brazilian currencies , is officially written with two vertical strokes rather than one . However Unicode considers the difference to be only a matter of font design , and does not have a separate code for the two-stroked version .

neg: Cañar Province Cañar is a province in Ecuador . The capital is Azogues . At the time of census 2010 the province had a population of 225,184 . </small> It contains the 16th-century ruins of Ingapirca , the best-known Inca settlement in Ecuador and a product of their conquest of the indigenous Cañari .