query: Maisie Williams made her acting debut in Game of Thrones.

pos: Maisie Williams Margaret Constance `` Maisie '' Williams ( born 15 April 1997 ) is an English actress . She made her professional acting debut as Arya Stark in the HBO fantasy television series Game of Thrones in 2011 , for which she won the EWwy Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Drama , the Portal Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Television and Best Young Actor , and the Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor . In 2016 , she was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series .   Williams has also had a recurring role in Doctor Who as Ashildr in 2015 . In addition to television , she made her feature film debut in the mystery The Falling ( 2014 ) , for which she won the London Film Critics ' Circle Award for Young Performer of the Year .

neg: Cate Blanchett on screen and stage Cate Blanchett is an Australian actress who has extensively appeared in film and stage . She made her stage debut in 1992 by playing Electra in the National Institute of Dramatic Art production of the same name . She followed it with performances in Timothy Daly 's Kafka Dances ( 1993 ) and the Sydney Theatre Company stage production of Oleanna ( 1993 ) opposite Geoffrey Rush . Blanchett won the Sydney Theatre Critics Award for Best Newcomer for the former and Best Actress for the latter , making her the first person to win both awards at once . She went on to perform several roles on stage , notably Susan Traherne in Plenty ( 1999 ) , Hedda Gabler in Hedda Gabler ( 2004 ) , Blanche DuBois in A Streetcar Named Desire ( 2009 ) , Yelena in Uncle Vanya ( 2011 ) and Claire in The Maids ( 2013 ) .   In 1997 , Blanchett made her feature film debut in a supporting role in the World War II drama Paradise Road . The same year , she had her first leading role in Oscar and Lucinda , which earned her an AACTA Award nomination for Best Actress . Blanchett received worldwide attention for playing Queen Elizabeth I of England in the acclaimed drama Elizabeth ( 1998 ) . Her performance garnered her a Golden Globe and a BAFTA Award for Best Actress and her first Academy Award nomination for Best Actress . Elizabeth and her next film , the thriller The Talented Mr. Ripley ( 1999 ) , performed well at the box office . However , her other 1999 releasesthe widely praised An Ideal Husband and the largely panned Pushing Tinwere unsuccessful .   Blanchett found greater success for portraying Galadriel in Peter Jackson 's epic fantasy trilogy The Lord of the Rings ( 2001-03 ) . During this period , she also appeared in several films which had mixed reception and performed poorly at the box office . She won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress , among other honors for portraying Katharine Hepburn in Martin Scorsese 's 2004 drama The Aviator , making her the only actor to win an Oscar for portraying another Oscar-winning actor . Her only screen appearance in 2005 was in Little Fish , for which she won the AACTA Award for Best Actress . Blanchett 's performance in the 2006 thriller Notes on a Scandal garnered her another Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress . In 2007 , she received both Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress Oscar nominations for her roles in Elizabeth : The Golden Age and I 'm Not There , becoming one of the few actors to achieve this feat .   In 2008 , Blanchett appeared in Steven Spielberg 's action adventure Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull and David Fincher 's fantasy drama The Curious Case of Benjamin Button . She briefly reprised her role of Galadriel in the The Hobbit trilogy ( 2012-14 ) . For her performance as the titular socialite in Woody Allen 's 2013 drama Blue Jasmine , Blanchett won the Golden Globe , the BAFTA Award , the SAG Award and the Academy Award for Best Actress . In 2014 , she voiced Valka in the $ 620 million-grossing animated fantasy How to Train Your Dragon 2 . In 2015 , she received praise for playing Lady Tremaine in Disney 's live action film Cinderella , Mary Mapes in Truth and the titular character in Todd Haynes 's romantic drama Carol . Cinderella was a notable box office success while Carol garnered her seventh Oscar nomination . Blanchett made her Broadway debut in 2017 with The Present , receiving her first Tony Award nomination for the Best Actress in a Play .

neg: The Seven Descents of Myrtle The Seven Descents of Myrtle is a play by Tennessee Williams . It originally began as a short story , which Williams then turned into a one-act play , and then later revised it into the seven-act play that is accepted today . Its title character is reminiscent of another Williams ' heroine , Blanche Dubois in A Streetcar Named Desire .   Originally titled Kingdom of Earth , the serio-comic play focuses on Lot , a tubercular neurotic youth who is an impotent transvestite overly attached to the memory of his late mother . He has returned to his ancestral home , a decaying house on the edge of a river on the verge of overflowing , with his new bride Myrtle , a sometime prostitute and former showgirl , the sole survivor of the Five Memphis Hot Shots . She dwells in a fantasy world of romantic illusions , one of which is to nurse Lot back to health so they can consummate their marriage , but soon discovers Lot only wants to use her to steal the deed to the property from his multiracial half-brother Chicken , who has lived on and farmed the property for years . Once he meets Myrtle , he gets some romantic designs of his own .   The Broadway production was produced by David Merrick and directed by José Quintero . After two previews , it opened on March 27 , 1968 , at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre and closed after 29 performances . It starred Brian Bedford as Lot , Harry Guardino as Chicken , and Estelle Parsons as Myrtle . She was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play .   In 1970 , the play was adapted to a feature film and released under the title Last of the Mobile Hot Shots ( aka `` Blood Kin '' ) .   A 1975 production in London , at the Greenwood Theatre , starring Marianne Faithfull as Myrtle , was cancelled after just three performances when Ms Faithfull fell ill with peritonitis .   In 1976 , the play had its West Coast premiere at The Pasadena Repertory Theatre located in The Hotel Carver in Pasadena , California . It starred Marie Peckinpah as Myrtle , Duane Waddell as Chicken , and Ed Harris as Lot . It featured a remarkable three story , rain-drenched set by Howard Whalen . The play was presented under Williams ' original title `` Kingdom of Earth '' and ran for approximately 24 weekend performances over three months . It was directed by Gill Dennis , with executive producer Duane Waddell , and produced by Kevin Cloud Brechner .   In 1991 , the play was produced in the UK at the Redgrave Theatre , Farnham starring Kit Hollerbach as Myrtle , Stephen Hattersley as Chicken and Marc Warren as Lot in a production directed by Bill Bankes-Jones . Stephen Hattersley won Best Actor 1991 in the TMA Awards for his performance in this production .   In 2011 it was revived at the Print Room in Notting Hill , under its alternative title Kingdom of Earth , directed by Lucy Bailey .   In 2012 , Tom Hiddleston did a reading of the short story version for the series Stories Before Bedtime at the Criterion-Theatre in the United Kingdom . This short story is a more erotic version written in the first person from the perspective of Chicken .

neg: Gilly (A Song of Ice and Fire) Gilly is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin , and its television adaptation Game of Thrones .   Introduced in 1998 's A Clash of Kings , she is a wildling from the wild lands north of the Wall . She subsequently appeared in Martin 's A Storm of Swords , A Feast for Crows , A Dance with Dragons and will appear in the upcoming novel The Winds of Winter .   Gilly is portrayed by Hannah Murray in the HBO television adaptation .

neg: Game of Thrones (2014 video game) Game of Thrones is an episodic graphic adventure fantasy drama video game based on Game of Thrones , the TV adaptation of George R. R. Martin A Song of Ice and Fire fantasy series , released in December 2014 for Android , iOS , Microsoft Windows , OS X , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , Xbox 360 , and Xbox One .   The game was developed by Telltale Games and follows the episodic format found in other Telltale titles , such as The Walking Dead , The Wolf Among Us , and Tales from the Borderlands , where player choices and actions influence later events across the 6-episode arc . The story revolves around the northern House Forrester , rulers of Ironrath , whose members , including the five playable characters , attempt to save their family and themselves after ending up on the losing side of the War of the Five Kings . The game includes settings , characters and voice actors from the novels and TV series .   The game was generally well received , and Telltale is currently working on a second season of the game .

neg: Ellie Kendrick Eleanor Lucy V. `` Ellie '' Kendrick ( born 6 June 1990 ) is an English actress best known for playing Anne Frank in the BBC 's 2009 miniseries The Diary of Anne Frank , Ivy Morris in the first series of the 2010 revived Upstairs Downstairs , and Meera Reed in the HBO series Game of Thrones .

neg: Tuppence Middleton Tuppence Middleton ( born 21 February 1987 ) is an English actress . She was nominated for the London Evening Standard Film Awards 2010 for Most Promising Newcomer . Since 2015 , she portrays Riley Blue in the television series Sense8 .   She has appeared in feature films such as Tormented ( 2009 ) , Chatroom ( 2010 ) , Cleanskin ( 2012 ) , Trance ( 2013 ) , The Lady Vanishes ( 2013 ) , The Imitation Game ( 2014 ) , and Jupiter Ascending ( 2015 ) , as well as in television series such as Bones ( 2008 ) , New Tricks ( 2010 ) , Friday Night Dinner ( 2011 ) , Sinbad ( 2012 ) , Spies of Warsaw ( 2013 ) , and Black Mirror ( 2013 ) , and Sense8 ( 2015 ) .   She starred in two British period dramas screened around the same time , Dickensian ( 2015 -- 16 ) , playing Miss Havisham , and War & Peace ( 2016 ) , in which she played Russian princess and villain Hélène Kuragina .

neg: Sansa Stark Sansa Stark is a fictional character created by American author George R. R. Martin . She is a prominent character in Martin 's award-winning A Song of Ice and Fire series .   Introduced in 1996 's A Game of Thrones , Sansa is the eldest daughter and second child of Lord Eddard Stark and his wife Lady Catelyn Stark . She subsequently appeared in the following three novels , A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) , A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) and A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) . While absent from the fifth novel A Dance with Dragons as the books are separated geographically , Sansa is confirmed to return in the forthcoming next book in the series , The Winds of Winter .   In HBO 's adaptation of the series , Game of Thrones , Sansa Stark is played by Sophie Turner . The character has received critical acclaim , being praised as the 4th greatest character in the series by Rolling Stone . She and the rest of the cast were nominated for Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series in 2012 , 2014 , 2015 and 2016 .

neg: The Heart, She Holler The Heart , She Holler is a live-action television series produced by PFFR for Adult Swim . The series , described as `` Southern Gothic drama '' and `` an inside-out blend of soap opera and politically incorrect surrealist comedy '' , is about the long-hidden and isolated son of the Heartshe dynasty -- played by Patton Oswalt -- returning to run the town and being locked in conflict with sisters Hurshe ( Kristen Schaal ) and Hambrosia ( Heather Lawless ) . The show premiered on November 6 , 2011 , for a six-episode first season . A 14-episode second season premiered on September 11 , 2013 , and a third season premiered in December 2014 .

neg: Game of Thrones (season 6) The sixth season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on April 24 , 2016 , and concluded on June 26 , 2016 . It consists of ten episodes , each of approximately 50 -- 60 minutes , largely of original content not found in George R. R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series . Some material is adapted from the upcoming sixth novel The Winds of Winter and the fourth and fifth novels , A Feast for Crows and A Dance with Dragons . The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss . HBO ordered the season on April 8 , 2014 , together with the fifth season , which began filming in July 2015 primarily in Northern Ireland , Spain , Croatia , Iceland and Canada . Each episode cost over $ 10 million .   The season follows the continuing struggle between the Starks and other noble families of Westeros for the Iron Throne . The Starks defeat the Bolton forces in battle , and Jon Snow is proclaimed the King in the North . Tyrion attempts to rule Meereen while Daenerys is held captive by a Dothraki tribe . At King 's Landing , the Tyrell army attempts to liberate Margaery and Loras , but Margaery capitulates to the High Sparrow , who becomes more powerful by influencing King Tommen . At her trial , Cersei burns the Great Sept , killing her rivals , while Tommen kills himself . Unopposed , Cersei is crowned Queen of Westeros . Ellaria Sand and three of Oberyn Martell 's daughters kill Doran and Trystane Martell and seize control of Dorne , and Olenna discusses an alliance with Ellaria . In Essos , Daenerys Targaryen is captured by Khal Moro who takes her before the khals ; she burns them alive and takes command of the Dothraki .   Game of Thrones features a large ensemble cast , including Peter Dinklage , Nikolaj Coster-Waldau , Lena Headey , Emilia Clarke and Kit Harington . The season introduced new cast members , including Max von Sydow , Pilou Asbæk and James Faulkner .   Critics praised its production values , writing , plot development , and cast . Game of Thrones received most nominations for the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards , with 23 nominations , and won twelve , including that for Outstanding Drama Series for the second year in a row . U.S. viewership rose compared to the previous season , and by approximately 13 % over its course , from 7.9 million to 8.9 million by the finale .

neg: Somewhere to Run Somewhere to Run is a 1989 British made-for-television film about teenage runaways . Directed by Carol Wiseman and written by Matthew Jacobs , it starred Robin Weaver and Vicky Murdock as two teenage girls who run away from home and find themselves on the streets of London . The film also starred Angela Pleasence and Michael Jayston . It was produced by Thames Television for the ITV network , and received its ITV debut on 11 July 1989 .

neg: Claire Foy Claire Foy ( born 16 April 1984 ) is an English actress . She studied drama and screen studies at Liverpool John Moores University and trained at the Oxford School of Drama , where she appeared in four plays , including Watership Down . She made her screen debut in the pilot episode of Being Human ( 2008 ) and in an episode of the BBC soap opera Doctors ( 2008 ) . Following her professional stage debut at the Royal National Theatre , she played the title role in the BBC One production of Little Dorrit , ( 2008 ) , and made her film debut as Anna in Season of the Witch ( 2011 ) .   She had main roles as Erin Matthews in the Channel 4 series The Promise ( 2011 ) and several other television films and miniseries , including as Kate Balfour in the NBC series Crossbones ( 2014 ) . She received unanimous praise for her performance as Anne Boleyn in BBC2 's Wolf Hall ( 2015 ) , for which she was nominated for the British Academy Television Award for Best Actress and the Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Movie/Miniseries . Since 2016 , she has portrayed the young Queen Elizabeth II on the Netflix series The Crown , a role for which she has received critical acclaim and won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Television Series Drama and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series , and was nominated for the BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress .

neg: Siân Phillips Dame Jane Elizabeth Ailwên Phillips , DBE ( born 14 May 1933 ) , known professionally as Siân Phillips ( -LSB- ˈʃɑːn -RSB- ) , is a Welsh actress , author and singer .

neg: The Climb (Game of Thrones) `` The Climb '' is the sixth episode of the third season of HBO 's fantasy television series Game of Thrones , and the 26th episode of the series . Directed by Alik Sakharov and written by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss , it aired on May 5 , 2013 .   The episode 's title comes from climbing of the wall by Jon Snow and Ygritte , and also the references from dialogue between Lord Petyr Baelish and Lord Varys .

neg: Powers, Principalities, Thrones and Dominions `` Powers , Principalities , Thrones and Dominions ' '' is the nineteenth episode of the first season of the American crime-thriller television series Millennium . It premiered on the Fox network on April 25 , 1997 . The episode was written by Ted Mann and Harold Rosenthal and directed by Thomas J. Wright . `` Powers , Principalities , Thrones and Dominions '' featured guest appearances by Sarah-Jane Redmond and Richard Cox .   Millennium Group consultant Frank Black ( Lance Henriksen ) is convinced to return to work after the death of a close friend . However , it soon becomes apparent that his first case back on the job is much deeper than he had expected .   `` Powers , Principalities , Thrones and Dominions '' features the final appearances in the series by both Bill Smitrovich and Robin Gammell . The episode has received mixed to positive reviews from critics , and was viewed by approximately 6.5 million households in its initial broadcast .

neg: The Dragon's Call `` The Dragon 's Call '' is the first episode of the first series of the British fantasy-adventure family television series Merlin . Written by Julian Jones and directed by James Hawes , the episode was first broadcast on BBC One on 20 September 2008 .   The episode tells the arrival of Merlin ( Colin Morgan ) as a young man in Camelot , where magic is banned by King Uther Pendragon ( Anthony Head ) . Taken under the wing of Camelot 's physician , Gaius ( Richard Wilson ) , he is warned that he must keep his innate magical ability a secret . In Camelot , he meets Uther 's heir , the arrogant Prince Arthur ( Bradley James ) , as well as Lady Morgana ( Katie McGrath ) and her handmaid , Guinevere ( Angel Coulby ) . As a witch ( Eve Myles ) plans revenge on the King 's heir for the execution of her son , Merlin is informed by a cryptic dragon ( John Hurt ) that his destiny is to protect Arthur .   Merlin was conceived by Julian Murphy and Johnny Capps to be an origin story for the characters of the Arthurian legends , with family-centered entertainment . Young actors with little experience were cast as the four lead characters , while better-known actors were cast in supporting roles . Many of the scenes in Camelot were filmed in France , at the Château de Pierrefonds , while the rest was filmed in England and Wales . Special effects were done by The Mill , who had the task of creating the talking dragon . `` The Dragon 's Call '' was watched by 7.15 million viewers in the UK and 6.3 million in the US on NBC . Critical reception was mixed , with some feeling the show had promise but lacked imagination , and the actual plot of `` The Dragon 's Call '' was deemed slight .

neg: Mhysa `` Mhysa '' is the third season finale of the American medieval epic fantasy television series Game of Thrones , and its 30th episode overall . Written by executive producers David Benioff and D. B. Weiss , and directed by David Nutter , it originally aired on on HBO in the United States .   The episode revolves on the aftermath of the events instigated by `` The Red Wedding '' : House Frey receives the Seat of Riverrun , Roose Bolton is appointed the new `` Warden of the North '' , while House Greyjoy begins a new military campaign . In the North , Maester Aemon sends out ravens to alert the whole of Westeros about the arrival of the White Walkers . And across the narrow sea , the freed slaves of Yunkai hail Daenerys as their `` mhysa '' , the Ghiscari language 's word for `` mother '' .   According to Nielsen Media Research , `` Mhysa '' was seen by 5.4 million household viewers in the United States , a twenty-eight percent increase compared to the second season finale , `` Valar Morghulis '' . After its broadcast , the episode received generally positive reviews from television critics , with some of them addressing its anti-climactic closure of the series ' third season , and its establishment of potential storylines for the fourth season , such as through the final scene 's `` glimmer of hope '' . The episode received a nomination for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Cinematography for a Single-Camera Series at the 65th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards .

neg: Gethin Anthony Gethin David L. Anthony ( born 9 October 1983 ) is an English television and film actor best known for his role as Renly Baratheon in Game of Thrones .

neg: Twelfth Night (1988 film) Twelfth Night , or , What You Will is a videotaped 1988 television adaptation of Kenneth Branagh 's stage production for the Renaissance Theatre Company of William Shakespeare 's Twelfth Night first broadcast in the UK by ITV on 30 December 1988 . Made by Thames Television , in collaboration with Renaissance , it stars Frances Barber as Viola and Richard Briers as Malvolio . The recording was shot on a single set with the appearance of a wintry garden . The costumes are Victorian , and the time of year is Christmas .   Michael Brooke , in his piece for the BFI 's screenonline website , particularly commends Briers performance . His `` Malvolio is a delight , segueing seamlessly from self-righteous pomposity at inappropriate revelry to truly grotesque self-delusion as he proffers love to his mistress while clad in yellow stockings '' .

neg: Game of Thrones: Season 3 (soundtrack) The soundtrack album of the third season of HBO series Game of Thrones , titled Game of Thrones : Season 3 , was released digitally on June 4 , 2013 , and on CD on July 2 , 2013 . The album was composed by Ramin Djawadi .

neg: Jessica Henwick Jessica Yu Li Henwick ( born 30 August 1992 ) is an English actress . She is the first actress of East Asian descent to play the lead role in a British television series , having starred in the children 's show Spirit Warriors . She is also known for her roles as Nymeria Sand in HBO series Game of Thrones , X-wing pilot Jessika Pava in the 2015 film Star Wars : The Force Awakens , and Colleen Wing in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , making her debut in the Netflix television series Iron Fist .


query: Heinrich Himmler fought Nazi Germany.

pos: Heinrich Himmler Heinrich Luitpold Himmler ( -LSB- ˈhaɪnʁɪç ˈluˑɪtˌpɔlt ˈhɪmlɐ -RSB- ; 7 October 1900 -- 23 May 1945 ) was Reichsführer of the Schutzstaffel ( Protection Squadron ; SS ) , and a leading member of the Nazi Party ( NSDAP ) of Germany . Nazi leader Adolf Hitler briefly appointed him a military commander and later Commander of the Replacement ( Home ) Army and General Plenipotentiary for the administration of the entire Third Reich ( Generalbevollmächtigter für die Verwaltung ) . Himmler was one of the most powerful men in Nazi Germany and one of the people most directly responsible for the Holocaust .   As a member of a reserve battalion during World War I , Himmler did not see active service . He studied agronomy in college , and joined the Nazi Party in 1923 and the SS in 1925 . In 1929 , he was appointed Reichsführer-SS by Hitler . Over the next 16 years , he developed the SS from a mere 290-man battalion into a million-strong paramilitary group , and , following Hitler 's orders , set up and controlled the Nazi concentration camps . He was known to have good organisational skills and for selecting highly competent subordinates , such as Reinhard Heydrich in 1931 . From 1943 onwards , he was both Chief of German Police and Minister of the Interior , overseeing all internal and external police and security forces , including the Gestapo ( Secret State Police ) . Himmler had a lifelong interest in occultism , interpreting Germanic neopagan and Völkisch beliefs to promote the racial policy of Nazi Germany , and incorporating esoteric symbolism and rituals into the SS .   On Hitler 's behalf , Himmler formed the Einsatzgruppen and built extermination camps . As facilitator and overseer of the concentration camps , Himmler directed the killing of some six million Jews , between 200,000 and 500,000 Romani people , and other victims ; the total number of civilians killed by the regime is estimated at eleven to fourteen million people . Most of them were Polish and Soviet citizens .   Late in World War II , Hitler charged Himmler with the command of the Army Group Upper Rhine and the Army Group Vistula ; he failed to achieve his assigned objectives and Hitler replaced him in these posts . Realising that the war was lost , he attempted to open peace talks with the western Allies without Hitler 's knowledge shortly before the war ended . Hearing of this , Hitler dismissed him from all his posts in April 1945 and ordered his arrest . Himmler attempted to go into hiding , but was detained and then arrested by British forces once his identity became known . While in British custody , he committed suicide on 23 May 1945 .

neg: Fortifications of the inner German border The fortifications of the inner German border comprised a complex system of interlocking fortifications and security zones 1381 km long and several kilometres deep , running from the Baltic Sea to Czechoslovakia . The outer fences and walls were the most familiar and visible aspect of the system for Western visitors to the border zone , but they were merely the final obstacle for a would-be escapee from East Germany . The complexity of the border system increased steadily until it reached its full extent in the early 1980s . The following description and the accompanying diagram describe the border as it was around 1980 .   Travelling notionally from east to west , an escapee would first reach the edge of the restricted zone ( Sperrzone ) , a closely controlled strip of land 5 kilometres ( 3.1 mi ) wide , running parallel with the border . Evading the patrols and watchful inhabitants of the Sperrzone , the escapee would have reached the first of the border fences . The signal fence ( Signalzaun ) , around 500 to from the actual border , was lined with low-voltage electrified barbed wire which activated alarms when touched or cut .   Beyond the signal fence was the `` protective strip '' ( Schutzstreifen ) . It was brightly lit by floodlights in many places to reduce an escapee 's chances of using the cover of darkness . Guard towers , bunkers and dog runs were positioned at frequent intervals to keep a round-the-clock watch over the strip . Crossing the Schutzstreifen , the escapee would next reach the floodlit control strip , often called the `` death strip '' in the West . Tripwire-activated flare launchers were situated at various points to help the border guards pinpoint the location of an escape attempt . The last and most formidable obstacle was the outer fencing . In some places there were multiple parallel rows of fences , each up to several metres high , with minefields in between . The fences were not electrified but were booby-trapped with directional anti-personnel mines at intervals of 10 m , each one of which was capable of killing at a range of up to 120 m. Finally , the escapee had to cross whatever natural obstacles were on the western side of the border fence as well as traversing a strip of cleared ground that was up to 500 meters ( 1640 ft ) wide . While crossing this outer strip , the escapee would appear in clear view and shooting range of the border guards before reaching the safety of West German territory .

neg: Georg Escherich Georg Escherich ( born 4 January 1870 in Schwandorf - died 26 August 1941 in Munich ) was a German politician , representative of the Bavarian People 's Party . By profession he was a forester .   In 1919 he became head of the Bavarian Einwohnerwehren , anti-communist home guard groups set up by General Ludwig Maercker . The following year Escherich organised his supporters into the ` Orgesch ' ( from ` Organisation Escherich ) , an anti-Semitic paramilitary group . This new group quickly established links with the Heimwehr in Austria and gave weapons to the units commanded by Richard Steidle and Walter Pfrimer . Escherich was a close ally of Rudolf Kanzler , the leader of ` Orka ' , who was also close to the Heimwehr .   The Orgesch was disarmed and disbanded on the orders of the Allies in 1921 as part of wider moves against the private armies that had sprouted up in Germany since the armistice . He returned in 1928 by founding a Bavarian Heimatschutz , a name also used by the Styrian Heimwehr of his ally Pfrimer , although this group was less significant due to the growth on the right of militia such as the Sturmabteilung and the Stahlhelm , Bund der Frontsoldaten , and was disbanded in 1933 when Adolf Hitler took power .

neg: Netherlands in World War II The direct involvement of the Netherlands in World War II began with its invasion by Nazi Germany on 10 May 1940 . The Netherlands had proclaimed neutrality when war broke out in September 1939 , just as it had in World War I , but Adolf Hitler ordered it to be invaded anyway . On 15 May 1940 , one day after the bombing of Rotterdam , the Dutch forces surrendered . The Dutch government and the royal family escaped and went into exile in London .   Following the defeat , the Netherlands was placed under German occupation , which endured in some areas until the German surrender in May 1945 . Active resistance was carried out by a small minority , which grew in the course of the occupation . The occupiers deported the majority of the country 's Jews to Nazi concentration camps , with the cooperation of much of the Dutch police and civil service .   Due to the high variation in the survival rate of Jewish inhabitants amongst local regions in the Netherlands , scholars have questioned the validity of a single explanation at the national level . Nonetheless , and also due to the well organized population registers comparing to other countries , about 70 % of the country 's Jewish population were killed during the conflict ; a much higher percentage than comparable countries , like Belgium and France . However , the city of Amsterdam organized the only industrial action in protest to the persecution of their Jewish fellow citizens ever in all of the Nazi occupied areas .   Most of the south of the country was liberated in the second half of 1944 . The rest , especially the west and north of the country still under occupation , suffered from a famine at the end of 1944 , known as the `` Hunger Winter '' . On 5 May 1945 , the whole country was finally liberated by the total surrender of all German forces .

neg: Heinrich Schmidt (politician) Heinrich Schmidt ( December 13 , 1902 -- December 20 , 1960 ) was a Nazi German politician and mayor of Hildesheim , Germany . He was also a member of the Prussian State Parliament and the National Socialist Reichstag .

neg: National Socialist Party (Romania) The National Socialist Party ( formally Nationalist-Socialist Party of Romania ; Romanian : Partidul Național-Socialist din România , PNSR ) or Steel Testudo ( Pavăza de Oțel ) was a mimetic Nazi political party , active in Romania during the early 1930s . It was led by Colonel Ștefan Tătărescu , the brother of Gheorghe Tătărescu ( twice Prime Minister of Romania during that interval ) , and existed around the newspaper Crez Nou . One of several far-right factions competing unsuccessfully against the Iron Guard for support , the group made little headway , and existed at times as a satellite of the National-Christian Defense League .   The PNSR proposed a program of corporatism and statism , promising a basic income , full employment , and limits on capitalist profits . It was anticommunist generally , and in particular anti-Soviet , circulating the theory of Jewish Bolshevism while describing its own program as the alternative , `` positive '' , socialism . The party also claimed for itself the banner of Christianity , which it associated with calls for social reorganization and the expulsion or segregation of Romanian Jews . Its Germanophilia and antisemitism were supplemented by shows of support for the policies of King Carol II .   The PNSR ' ideological stance , exotic in its Romanian context , found favor in Nazi Germany , notably from Alfred Rosenberg . Overall , the PNSR failed in its bid to establish a pan-fascist alliance in Romania , and , despite being nativist , functioned as a magnet for Transylvanian Saxons , Bessarabia Germans , and Russian émigrés . Tătărescu was received officially by his German patrons , who also provided the PNSR with funds , but eventually dropped by them for his unpopularity and alleged corruption . In late 1933 , under the antifascist Prime Minister Ion G. Duca , the party was repressed .   Tătărescu exercised some influence over his brother 's government in 1934 , helping to steer the country away from its traditional alliances , but failed in his attempt to obtain arms deals for Germany . Disavowed by both its Nazi backers and Gheorghe Tătărescu , the party moderated its stances , then disappeared from the political scene in July 1934 . Its Saxon chapter , under Fritz Fabritius , reemerged as the German People 's Party the following year .

neg: Gestapo–NKVD conferences The Gestapo -- NKVD conferences were a series of security police meetings organized in late 1939 and early 1940 by Germany and the Soviet Union , following their joint invasion of Poland in accordance with the Nazi-Soviet alliance . The meetings enabled both parties to pursue specific goals and aims as outlined independently by Hitler and Stalin , with regard to the acquired , formerly Polish territories . The conferences were held by the Gestapo and the NKVD officials in several Polish cities . In spite of their differences on other issues , both Heinrich Himmler and Lavrentiy Beria had similar objectives as far as the fate of the prewar Poland was concerned .   The attack on Poland ended with the Nazi -- Soviet victory parade in Brześć , which was held on 22 September 1939 . Brześć was the location of the first Nazi-Soviet meeting organized on 27 September 1939 , in which the prisoner exchange was decided prior to the signing of mutual agreements in Moscow a day later . In the following month , the Gestapo and the NKVD met in Lwów to discuss the fate of civilian populations during radical reorganization of the annexed territories . They met again in occupied Przemyśl at the end of November , because Przemyśl was a border crossing between the two invaders . The next series of meetings began in December 1939 , a month after the first transfer of Polish prisoners of war . The conferences were held in occupied Kraków in the General Government on 6 -- 7 December 1939 ; and continued for the next two days in the resort town of Zakopane in the Tatra Mountains of southern Poland ( 100 km from Kraków ) on 8 -- 9 December 1939 . The Zakopane Conference is the most remembered . From the Soviet side , several higher officers of the NKVD secret police participated in the meetings , while the German hosts provided a group of experts from the Gestapo .

neg: Deutschlandlied The `` Deutschlandlied '' ( English : `` Song of Germany '' , -LSB- ˈdɔʏtʃlantˌliːt -RSB- ; also known as `` Das Lied der Deutschen '' or `` The Song of the Germans '' ) , or part of it , has been the national anthem of Germany since 1922 , except in East Germany , whose anthem was `` Auferstanden aus Ruinen '' ( `` Risen from Ruins '' ) from 1949 to 1990 .   Since World War II and the fall of Nazi Germany , only the third stanza has been used as the national anthem . The stanza 's beginning , '' '' ( `` Unity and Justice and Freedom '' ) is considered the unofficial national motto of Germany , and is inscribed on modern German Army belt buckles and the rims of some German coins .   The music was written by Austrian composer Joseph Haydn in 1797 as an anthem for the birthday of Francis II , Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and later of Austria , using a tune from a Croat peasant song and on a text beginning with `` Gott erhalte Franz , den Kaiser '' ( God save emperor Franz ) . In 1841 , the German linguist and poet August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben wrote the lyrics of '' '' as a new text for that music , counterposing the national unification of Germany to the eulogy of a monarch , lyrics that were considered revolutionary at the time .   The song is also well known by the beginning and refrain of the first stanza , `` Deutschland , Deutschland über alles '' ( `` Germany , Germany above all else '' ) , but this has never been its title . The line `` Germany , Germany above all else '' meant that the most important goal of 19th-century German liberal revolutionaries should be a unified Germany which would overcome loyalties to the local kingdoms , principalities , duchies , and palatines ( Kleinstaaterei ) of then-fragmented Germany . Along with the flag of Germany , it was one of the symbols of the March Revolution of 1848 .   In order to endorse its republican and liberal tradition , the song was chosen as the national anthem of Germany in 1922 , during the Weimar Republic . West Germany adopted the '' '' as its official national anthem in 1952 for similar reasons , with only the third stanza sung on official occasions . Upon German reunification in 1990 , only the third stanza was confirmed as the national anthem .

neg: Hans Refior Hans Refior was an officer in the German Army during World War II . Refior was on the staff of the last two German commanders of the `` Berlin Defense Area '' during the final assault by Soviet forces on the city of Berlin .   On 18 March 1945 , Colonel Refior became the Chief of Staff for Lieutenant General ( Generalleutnant ) Helmuth Reymann during the Battle for Berlin . Reymann was named the commander of the Berlin Defense Area on 6 March . From the beginning , it was clear to Refior that Reymann 's predecessor , General Bruno Ritter von Hauenschild , had left them nothing .   By early April , Refior and Reymann confirmed to themselves that Berlin had no chance of holding out with the forces at their disposal . They recommended to Joseph Goebbels , the Minister of Propaganda , that civilians be allowed to leave . Refior and Reyman indicated that this was especially important for the women and children . Goebbels ' feeble response made it clear to Refior and Reymann that he had never considered nor had he any idea of the logistics required for such a mass evacuation .   To determine how many soldiers and weapons could be counted on , Refior and Reymann attempted to make an accounting of what was available to them in the `` Berlin Defense Area '' . They soon discovered that the title `` Berlin Defense Area '' carried no significance . `` Berlin Defense Area '' was just another phrase , like `` Fortress '' ( Festung ) , coined by German dictator Adolf Hitler . Attempts by Refior to coordinate the defences with the field commanders of the surrounding areas of Berlin were not successful .   On 23 April , Hitler replaced Reymann with General der Artillerie Helmuth Weidling as the commander of the Berlin Defense Area . Weidling kept Refior and made him his `` civil '' Chief-of-Staff .   Early on the morning of 26 April , Refior was awoken from a brief sleep in Weidling 's headquarters , the Bendlerblock . What woke him was a rapid sequence of ranging artillery shells ( what the Soviets called `` framing '' ) . Refior noted that these were `` old frontline hares '' . He knew from experience that these were the `` greeting '' before a salvo of katyusha rockets .   Weidling remained in command of Berlin 's defences to the end . On 2 May General Weidling , Theodor von Dufving , Weidling 's `` military '' Chief-of-Staff , and other members of Weidling 's staff which included Refior , ultimately surrendered the city to Soviet General Vasily Chuikov .

neg: Otto Hellmuth Otto Hellmuth ( July 22 , 1896 -- April 20 , 1968 ) was a member of the Nazi Party .   Born at Markt Einersheim , he was Gauleiter of the German region of Lower Franconia ( Unterfranken ) from 1928 to 1945 . His home and office were in Würzburg , the capital of the Gau Mainfranken . By 1935 , Hellmuth had his Gau renamed as Mainfranken . After World War II , the region 's original name was reinstated . He entered service as a Kriegsfreiwilliger , assigned successively to 9 . Bayerisches Infanterie-Regiment , 4 . Reserve-Infanterie-Regiment , and 8 . Landwehr-Infanterie-Regiment . He was wounded in action four times during World War I . He returned to Germany in October , 1918 after being severely gassed .   In 1928 , Hellmuth became Gauleiter of Lower Franconia . Three weeks before the first nationwide anti-Jewish boycott began in 1933 , Hellmuth already forced the closing of Jewish-owned stores and offices in Würzburg . As a private residence , he acquired the house of a Jewish pharmacist . When the Gaufrauenschaftsleiterin of Mainfranken paid Passau a formal visit , with a delegation of activists , Margarethe Schneider-Reichel presented them with a painting of Hellmuth .   Over most of his term , Hellmuth was not an impressive personality . Joseph Goebbels saw him as `` a most retiring unassuming Gauleiter in whom one had not too much confidence . '' However , Hellmuth defended his Gau vigorously in the spring of 1945 , as Goebbels noted in his diary on April 2 .   In 1947 , Hellmuth was accused of complicity in the murders of Allied aircraft pilots . He was tried at Dachau and sentenced to death . This sentence was later commuted to life imprisonment . He was released in 1955 .   Hellmuth killed himself on April 20 , 1968 in Reutlingen .

neg: Free Society of Teutonia The Free Society of Teutonia was one of the earliest National Socialist organizations to appear in America . It was a German American organization that was associated with a strong support for Nazism .   The Society was formed in 1924 by four German immigrants , including Nazi Party members Fritz and Peter Gissibl and their brother Andrew . The organization was originally led by German immigrant and non-citizen Fritz Gissibl , who made his headquarters in Chicago and from there it set about recruiting ethnic Germans who supported German nationalist aims .  The Teutonia Society initially functioned as a club , but soon raised a group of militants based on the SA and , with membership increasing , became vocal critics of Jews , communism and the Treaty of Versailles . Alongside this however it retained a social function , with Teutonia Society meetings frequently ending up in heavy beer drinking sessions .   The group changed its name to the Nationalistic Society of Teutonia in 1926 , at which point Peter Gissibil was advising members to also seek Nazi Party membership . The group gained a strong , if fairly small following , and was able to establish units in Milwaukee , St. Louis , Missouri , Detroit , New York City , Cincinnati and Newark , New Jersey The group 's treasurer was Fritz Gissibil , who was also the main Nazi Party representative in the United States and who regularly collected money for the Nazis through the Society . A `` thank you '' letter from Adolf Hitler to the Society would cause a stir during the Second World War when the Gissibil brothers were brought to trial following an FBI investigation .   The group accepted Hitler as its titular leader and members adopted the Nazi salute , the Society changed its name again in October 1932 to become the Friends of the Hitler Movement .   Under orders of German immigrant and German Nazi Party member Heinz Spanknöbel , the Society was dissolved in March 1933 . In May 1933 , Nazi Deputy Führer Rudolf Hess gave Heinz Spanknöbel authority to form an American Nazi organization . Shortly thereafter , with help from the German consul in New York City , Spanknöbel created the Friends of New Germany by merging two older organizations in the United States , Gau-USA and the Free Society of Teutonia , which were both small groups with only a few hundred members each . The Friends of New Germany in turn formed the basis of the German American Bund in 1936 , the latter name being chosen to emphasise the group 's American credentials after press criticism that the Society was unpatriotic .   One of the leaders of the Teutonia Society was Walter Kappe . Kappe ( b. 1904 ) arrived in the United States in 1925 and worked in a farm implement factory in Kankakee , Illinois . Later he moved to Chicago and began to write for German language newspapers . Kappe was fluent in English and later became the press secretary for the German American Bund . He founded their paper Deutscher Weckruf und Beobachter and its predecessor Deutsche Zeitung . In 1936 , when the German American Bund was established , Kappe organized the AV Publishing Company and five other Bund corporations . Fritz Kuhn ousted Kappe from his position in the Bund seeing him as a dangerous rival . In 1937 , Kappe returned to Germany , where he was attached to Abwehr II ( the sabotage branch of German intelligence ) where he obtained a Naval commission with the rank of lieutenant . He was designated by Adolf Hitler to launch a sabotage operation against America shortly after the attack on Pearl Harbor . Known as Operation Pastorius , Kappe recruited men for the mission by reviewing records from the Ausland Institute ( German Foreign Institute ) of those who were paid to return to Germany from America . He established a sabotage school on the outskirts of Berlin to train the new recruits . Once the sabotage network was established and transferred to America , Kappe planned to slip into the US with a new identity and direct operations . On June 13 , 1942 , Richard Quirin , George John Dasch , Heinrich Harm Heinck and Ernst Peter Burger landed on a beach near Amagansett , Long Island , New York on a U-boat . A similar group landed on Ponte Vedra Beach , near Jacksonville , Florida on June 17 , 1942 .

neg: Karl Herzog __ NOTOC __   Karl Herzog ( 6 July 1906 -- 25 January 1998 ) was a German officer in the Wehrmacht during World War II . He was a recipient of the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross .   Herzog surrendered to the Red Army in the course of the Soviet April 1945 Zemland Offensive . Convicted as a war criminal in the Soviet Union , he was held until 1955 . Herzog joined the Bundeswehr in 1957 and retired in 1966 as a Generalmajor .

neg: German resistance to Nazism German resistance to Nazism ( German : Widerstand ) was the opposition by individuals and groups in Germany to the National Socialist regime between 1933 and 1945 . Some of these engaged in active plans to remove Adolf Hitler from power and overthrow his regime .   The term German resistance should not be understood as meaning that there was a united resistance movement in Germany at any time during the Nazi period , analogous to the more coordinated Polish Underground State , Greek Resistance , Yugoslav Partisans , French Resistance , Dutch Resistance , Norwegian resistance movement and Italian Resistance . The German resistance consisted of small and usually isolated groups . They were unable to mobilize political opposition . Save for individual attacks on Nazis ( including Hitler ) or sabotage acts , the only real strategy was to persuade leaders of the Wehrmacht to stage a coup against the regime : the 1944 assassination attempt against Hitler was intended to trigger such a coup .   Approximately 77,000 German citizens were killed for one or another form of resistance by Special Courts , courts-martial , People 's Court and the civil justice system . Many of these Germans had served in government , the military , or in civil positions , which enabled them to engage in subversion and conspiracy ; in addition the Canadian historian Peter Hoffman counts unspecified `` tens of thousands '' in concentration camps who were either suspected or actually engaged in opposition . By contrast , the German historian Hans Mommsen wrote that resistance in Germany was `` resistance without the people '' and that the number of those Germans engaged in resistance to the Nazi regime was very small . The resistance in Germany included German citizens of non-German ethnicity , such as members of the Polish minority who formed resistance groups like Olimp .

neg: Operation Clausewitz Operation Clausewitz was the codeword initiation of the defence of Berlin plan by Nazi Germany during the final stage of the European conflict of World War II , the Battle of Berlin . Clausewitz was established in the 9 March 1945 document , Basic Order for the Preparations for the Defense of the Reich Capital ( Grundsätzlicher Befehl für die Vorbereitungen zur Verteidigung der Reichshauptstadt ) , a 33 page document containing 24 separate points . The second point of the document , in full ( translated ) is : `` The Reich capital will be defended to the last man and to the last bullet . '' It has been referred to as the Nazis ' last stand against the Soviets .   The document divided the city of Berlin into 9 operational defense zones ( A through H , as slices of the outer city of Berlin and Z , its center , corresponding to the government district ) . It further divided the region into four concentric rings : an outer exclusion zone , extending well past Berlin 's city limits ; an outer defense zone extending roughly to the city limits ; an inner defense zone extending out to the Berlin Ringbahn ; and the Citadel ( Zitadelle ) , again , zone Z . In addition to the establishment of defense zones , this document also described the overall mechanism by which Berlin would be converted to a front line city . This included :  The evacuation of all Wehrmacht and SS offices in Berlin  Evacuation of the central command post of the capital from General Command on Hohenzollerndamm to L-Tower of the Zoo bunker no more than six hours after the issuance of Clausewitz  The imposition of martial law for the civilian populace , and offenses under which the death penalty was authorized  Hitler ordered the execution of Fall Clausewitz on 20 April 1945 . This set into motion preparedness according to the Basic Order plan , and would have been followed later by the codeword Kolberg meaning full preparedness should be completed and the battle has started .

neg: Emanuel Hirsch Emanuel Hirsch ( June 14 , 1888 , Bentwisch , Province of Brandenburg - July 17 , 1972 , Göttingen ) was a German Protestant theologian and also a member of the Nazi Party and the Nazi supporting body . He escaped denazification at the end of the war by obtaining an early medical retirement and pension from his University .   Hirsch studied at the Humboldt University of Berlin where his teachers were Karl Holl and Adolf von Harnack . He earned his PhD with the thesis Fichte 's Philosophy of Religion in the context of his overall philosophical development ( in German : Fichtes Religionsphilosophie im Rahmen der philosophischen Gesamtentwicklung Fichtes ) . Hirsch was a member of the Wingolf student fraternity .   He was a professor at Göttingen University ( 1921-1945 ) . Shortly after the Nazi seizure of power he wrote :  `` No other people of the world has a statesman who is so serious about Christendom ; when Adolf Hitler concluded his great speech on May 1st with a prayer everybody could feel the wonderful candor therein . ''   In 1933 Hirsch signed the Loyalty Oath of German Professors to Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist State .   Emanuel Hirsch joined the NSDAP in 1937 and also became a Patron Member of the SS and joined the National Socialist People 's Welfare . Hirsch was a leader of the German Christians and an advisor of Reich Bishop Ludwig Müller .

neg: Heimwehr The Heimwehr ( -LSB- ˈhaɪmˌveːɐ̯ -RSB- , Home Guard ) or sometimes Heimatschutz ( -LSB- ˈhaɪmatˌʃʊts -RSB- , Homeland Protection )  were a nationalist , initially paramilitary group operating within Austria during the 1920s and 1930s ; they were similar in methods , organisation , and ideology to Germany 's Freikorps . Although opposed to parliamentary democracy , the Heimwehr maintained a political wing known as the Heimatblock , which cooperated with Engelbert Dollfuss ' conservative government . In 1936 , the Heimwehr was absorbed into the Fatherland Front by decree of Chancellor Kurt von Schuschnigg and replaced by a militia supposedly less inclined towards uproar against the regime , the Frontmiliz .

neg: Final Solution The Final Solution ( Endlösung ) or the Final Solution to the Jewish Question ( die Endlösung der Judenfrage , -LSB- diː ˈɛntˌløːzʊŋ deːɐ̯ ˈjuːdn̩ˌfʁaːɡə -RSB- ) was a Nazi plan for the extermination of the Jews during World War II . The `` Final Solution of the Jewish Question '' was the Nazi code name for the plan to murder all Jews within reach , and was not limited to the European continent . This policy of deliberate and systematic genocide started across German-occupied Europe was formulated in procedural and geo-political terms by Nazi leadership in January 1942 at the Wannsee Conference near Berlin , and culminated in the Holocaust which saw the killing of 90 percent of Jewish Poles , and two-thirds of the Jewish population of Europe .   The nature and timing of the decisions that led to the Final Solution is an intensely studied and debated aspect of the Holocaust . The program evolved during the first 25 months of war leading to the attempt at `` murdering every last Jew in the German grasp . '' Most historians agree , wrote Christopher Browning , that the Final Solution can not be attributed to a single decision made at one particular point in time . `` It is generally accepted the decision-making process was prolonged and incremental . '' In 1940 , following the Fall of France , the Madagascar Plan was devised by Adolf Eichmann in order to relocate Europe 's Jewish population to the French colony ; but the plan was abandoned for logistical reasons mainly due to a naval blockade . There were also preliminary plans to deport Jews to Palestine and Siberia . In 1941 , wrote Raul Hilberg , in the first phase of the mass murder of Jews , the mobile killing units began to pursue their victims across occupied eastern territories ; in the second phase , stretching across all of German-occupied Europe , the Jewish victims were sent on death trains to centralized extermination camps built for the purpose of systematic implementation of the Final Solution .

neg: 6th SS-Standarte The 6th SS-Standarte was a regimental command of the Allgemeine-SS situated in the city of Berlin . As the command was located in the capital of Germany , the 6th Standarte was considered one of the more important SS units in Nazi Germany . The members of the Standarte themselves , however , were non-paid mustering troops of the `` General-SS '' as was the practice for most Allgemeine-SS regiments .   The Standarte was first formed in October 1931 and was part of the so-called `` Northern SS '' under the control of Kurt Daluege . At the time , there was a divisional disunity in the SS , with SS units in southern Germany controlled by Heinrich Himmler and the northern units answering to Daluege . It was not until 1934 , after most of the SS headquarters offices had relocated to Berlin , that this division was eventually done away with .   During Reichstag elections of 1931 , the 6th SS Standarte played a significant role in campaigning for the Nazi Party and repeated the effort again when Adolf Hitler ran for the office of President of Germany in 1932 . One early member of the Standarte , who would later become the Reichsführer-SS was Karl Hanke .   After Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in 1933 , the 6th SS-Standarte adopted the honor title of `` Charlottenburg '' and often participated in several major Nazi Party rallies held in the German capitol . A year later , during the Night of the Long Knives , the Standarte played a major role in rounding up the Sturmabteilung leadership in Berlin , although most SA executions were carried out by SD troops and Gestapo agents .   One of the most notorious actions that the 6th SS-Standarte engaged in was `` Kristallnacht '' where Berlin SS men sought out and destroyed numerous Jewish synagogues and businesses . Shortly afterwards , the Standarte was granted a second honor title as `` 6 SS-Standarte Eduard Felsen '' .   When World War II began in 1939 , the Berlin SS regiment slowly began losing its members to regular military service , since mustering Allgemeine-SS personnel were not exempt from conscription . The Standarte was still participating in ceremonial functions as late as 1944 , however , and in the last year of the war many of the remaining members became involved with the Volksturm and participated in the Battle of Berlin .

neg: Emanuel Schäfer Emanuel Schäfer ( April 20 , 1900 -- December 4 , 1974 ) was a high-ranking SS functionary ( SS-Oberführer ) and a protégé of Reinhard Heydrich in Nazi Germany .   Born in 1900 , Schäfer served in World War I. Post-war , he participated in far-right Freikorps groups such as the Marinebrigade Ehrhardt and from 1925 -- 28 , the Stahlhelm ( Steel Helmet ) .   Schäfer joined the paramilitary Sturmabteilung ( SA ) in 1933 . He was an active member of the Sicherheitsdienst ( SD ) , the SS security service , in 1933 , and entered the SS in September 1936 .   During World War II , Schäfer was head of the Nazi security police in Serbia . Between January and May 1942 , Schäfer supervised the murder by gassing of around 7,300 Jews from the Semlin camp across the Sava river from Belgrade . A Saurer gas van was used to kill the 7,300 . A further 1200 Jews died as a result of the camp 's harsh conditions , or from executions . The van was used for the last time on 10th May 1942 . In May 1942 , Schäfer sent a cable to the Reich Main Security Office boasting `` with pride '' that `` Belgrade was the only great city in Europe that was free of Jews . ''   In Germany after the war , Schäfer was sentenced to six and a half years in prison for his crimes during the war . He died in 1974 .

neg: List of German-trained divisions of the National Revolutionary Army The German trained divisions were the elite of the infantry divisions in the Chiang Kai-Shek 's National Revolutionary Army ( NRA ) trained under Sino-German cooperation until 1941 . These divisions were active in the Chinese Civil War and Second Sino-Japanese War .   In 1927 , after the dissolution of the First United Front between the Nationalists and the Communists , the ruling Kuomintang ( KMT , or the Chinese Nationalist Party ) purged its leftist members and largely eliminated Soviet influence from its ranks . Chiang Kai-shek then turned to Germany , historically a great military power , for the reorganisation and modernisation of the NRA .   The Weimar Republic sent advisors to China , but because of the restrictions imposed by the Treaty of Versailles , they could not serve in military capacities . Chiang initially requested famous generals such as Ludendorff and von Mackensen as advisors - the Weimar Republic turned him down , fearing that they were too famous , would invite the ire of the Allies , and would result in the loss of national prestige for such renowned figures to work , essentially , as mercenaries .   When Adolf Hitler became Chancellor in 1933 and disregarded the Treaty , the anti-communist NSDAP ( the Nazi Party ) and the anti-communist KMT were soon engaged in cooperation with Germany training Chinese troops and expanding Chinese infrastructure , while China opened its markets and natural resources to Germany . Max Bauer was the first advisor to China .   In 1934 General Hans von Seeckt , acting as advisor to Chiang , proposed a `` 80 Division Plan '' for reforming the entire Chinese army into 80 divisions of highly trained , well-equipped troops organised along German lines . The plan was never fully realised , as the vying warlords could not agree upon the reorganisationed division organization and the disbanding of the others . By July 1937 only 8 infantry divisions had completed reorganisation and training . These were the 3rd , 6th , 9th , 14th , 36th , 87th , 88th , and the Training Division .   Another 12 divisions equipped with Chinese arms on the reorganized model with German advisors had some training by the time the Second Sino-Japanese War started in July 1937 . These Divisions were the 2nd , 4th , 10th , 11th , 25th , 27th , 57th , 67th , 80th , 83rd , 89th Infantry Divisions .   Reorganized Division organization   Division headquarters troops :  1 Artillery battalion :  3 Artillery companies ( 12 x 75 millimeter mountain artillery guns in batteries of 4 )  1 Anti Tank artillery company ( 4 x 37mm AT gun )  1 Anti-aircraft gun company ( 4 x 20mm anti-aircraft guns )  1 Military Engineer Battalion  1 Signal battalion  2 Wire communications companies  1 Wireless correspondence platoon  1 Heavy Transport Battalion  1 Special duty Battalion ( Special Operations Battalion )  1 medical team ( usually is a Division hospital )  2 Infantry Brigades of :  each with 2 infantry regiments , Each Regiment consisted of :  Regimental headquarters troops :  1 Mortar company ( 6 x 81 millimeter mortars )  1 Small artillery company ( 6 x 20 millimeter autocannon )  1 Communications company  1 Regimental recon company  3 infantry battalions each of :  Infantry battalion headquarters troops :  1 heavy Machinegun company ( 6 heavy machine guns , 2 x 82 millimeter mortars )  3 Infantry companies of :  3 rifle platoons of  3 squads ( each of 1 light machine gun , 10 rifles )   Each Division was to have two Home Regiments to provide trained Infantry replacements .  The strength of this Division was to be approximately 14,000 men .

neg: Himmler (surname) Himmler is a German surname . Notable people with the surname include :   Ernst Hermann Himmler ( 1905 -- 1945 ) , German Nazi functionary and younger brother of Heinrich Himmler  Gebhard Ludwig Himmler ( 1898 -- 1989 ) , German Nazi functionary and older brother of Heinrich Himmler  Gudrun Burwitz , née Himmler ( born 1929 ) , daughter of Heinrich Himmler  Heinrich Himmler ( 1900 -- 1945 ) , Reichsführer of the Schutzstaffel ( SS ) , a military commander , and a leading member of the Nazi Party ( NSDAP ) of Nazi Germany  Katrin Himmler ( born 1967 ) , a German author , the granddaughter of Ernst Hermann Himmler , great-niece of Heinrich Himmler  Margarete Himmler ( 1893 -- 1967 ) , wife of Heinrich Himmler


query: William McKinley served as president.

pos: William McKinley William McKinley Jr. ( January 29 , 1843 -- September 14 , 1901 ) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 25th President of the United States from March 4 , 1897 until his assassination in September 1901 , six months into his second term . McKinley led the nation to victory in the Spanish -- American War , raised protective tariffs to promote American industry , and maintained the nation on the gold standard in a rejection of inflationary proposals .   McKinley was the last president to have served in the American Civil War , and the only one to have started the war as an enlisted soldier , beginning as a private in the Union Army and ending as a brevet major . After the war , he settled in Canton , Ohio , where he practiced law and married Ida Saxton . In 1876 , he was elected to Congress , where he became the Republican Party 's expert on the protective tariff , which he promised would bring prosperity . His 1890 McKinley Tariff was highly controversial ; which together with a Democratic redistricting aimed at gerrymandering him out of office , led to his defeat in the Democratic landslide of 1890 . He was elected Ohio 's governor in 1891 and 1893 , steering a moderate course between capital and labor interests . With the aid of his close adviser Mark Hanna , he secured the Republican nomination for president in 1896 , amid a deep economic depression . He defeated his Democratic rival , William Jennings Bryan , after a front-porch campaign in which he advocated `` sound money '' ( the gold standard unless altered by international agreement ) and promised that high tariffs would restore prosperity .   Rapid economic growth marked McKinley 's presidency . He promoted the 1897 Dingley Tariff to protect manufacturers and factory workers from foreign competition , and in 1900 , he secured the passage of the Gold Standard Act . McKinley hoped to persuade Spain to grant independence to rebellious Cuba without conflict , but when negotiation failed , he led the nation into the Spanish -- American War of 1898 ; the U.S. victory was quick and decisive . As part of the peace settlement , Spain turned over to the United States its main overseas colonies of Puerto Rico , Guam , and the Philippines ; Cuba was promised independence , but at that time remained under the control of the U.S. Army . The United States annexed the independent Republic of Hawaii in 1898 and it became a U.S. territory .   Historians regard McKinley 's 1896 victory as a realigning election , in which the political stalemate of the post -- Civil War era gave way to the Republican-dominated Fourth Party System , which began with the Progressive Era . McKinley defeated Bryan again in the 1900 presidential election , in a campaign focused on imperialism , protectionism , and free silver . However , his legacy was quickly cut short when he was shot on September 6 , 1901 by Leon Czolgosz , a second-generation Polish-American with anarchist leanings ; McKinley died eight days later , and was succeeded by his Vice President Theodore Roosevelt . As an innovator of American interventionism and pro-business sentiment , McKinley 's presidency is generally considered above average , though his universally positive public perception was soon overshadowed by Roosevelt .

neg: Whitelaw Reid Whitelaw Reid ( October 27 , 1837 -- December 15 , 1912 ) was an American politician and newspaper editor , as well as the author of a popular history of Ohio in the Civil War .   After assisting Horace Greeley as editor of the powerful Republican newspaper , the New York Tribune , Reid purchased the paper after Greeley 's death in 1872 and controlled it until his own death . The circulation grew to about 60,000 a day , but the weekly edition became less important . He invested heavily in new technology , such as the Hoe rotary printing press and the linotype machine , but bitterly fought against the unionized workers for control of his shop .   As a famous voice of the Republican Party , he was honored with appointments as ambassador to France and Great Britain , as well as numerous other honorific positions . Reid served as the party 's nominee for Vice President of the United States in the 1892 election . In 1898 , President William McKinley appointed him to the American commission that negotiated peace with Spain after the Spanish -- American War .

neg: Half-Breed (politics) The `` Half-Breeds '' were a political faction of the United States Republican Party in the late 19th century . The Half-Breeds were a moderate-wing group , and were the opponents of the Stalwarts , the other main faction of the Republican Party . The main issue that divided the Stalwarts and the Half-Breeds was political patronage . The Stalwarts were in favor of political machines and spoils system-style patronage , while the Half-Breeds , led by Maine senator James G. Blaine , were in favor of civil service reform and a merit system . The epithet `` Half-Breed '' was invented in derision by the Stalwarts to denote those whom they perceived as being only half Republican .   In the 1880 Republican National Convention , the Stalwart candidate , former president Ulysses S. Grant , was pitted against Half-Breed James G. Blaine for the party nomination . Grant 's campaign was led by Stalwart leader Roscoe Conkling of New York , the state with the biggest split between Stalwarts and Half-Breeds . Despite Conkling 's attempts at imposing a unit-rule in the Republican National Convention by which a state 's votes would be grouped together for only one candidate , a number of Stalwarts went against him by vocalizing their support for the Half-Breed Blaine . The Half-Breeds united to defeat the unit-rule in a vote , and elected Half-Breed George Frisbie Hoar to the position as temporary chairman of the convention .   Both sides knew there was no chance of victory for either candidate , and the Half-Breeds chose James Garfield as a compromise candidate . Garfield won the party 's nomination on the thirty-sixth ballot , and won the 1880 presidential election . Blaine was chosen as Garfield 's Secretary of State , and carried heavy influence over the political appointments Garfield issued for congressional approval . After Garfield was assassinated by Charles J. Guiteau , a Stalwart , who proclaimed , `` I am a Stalwart of the Stalwarts and Arthur will be President '' , the new Stalwart president Chester A. Arthur surprised those in his own faction by promoting civil service reform and issuing government jobs based on a merit system .   The Half-Breeds put through Congress the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act ( authored by Democrat George H. Pendleton ) , and Arthur signed the bill into law on January 16 , 1883 . The act put an end to the spoils system , at least symbolically , placing a significant number of federal employees under the merit system and putting the government on the road to true reform . The act also set up the United States Civil Service Commission , banished political tests , denied jobs to alcoholics and created competitive measures for some federal positions .   The Half-Breed and Stalwart factions both dissociated towards the end of the 1880s .

neg: William Howard Taft III William Howard Taft III ( August 7 , 1915 -- February 23 , 1991 ) was an American diplomat who served as United States Ambassador to Ireland from 1953 to 1957 , and was a grandson of President William Howard Taft and First Lady Helen Louise `` Nellie '' Taft .

neg: Chuck McKinley Charles Robert `` Chuck '' McKinley , Jr. ( January 5 , 1941 -- August 10 , 1986 ) was an American former World No. 1 men 's amateur tennis champion of the 1960s . He is remembered as an undersized , hard working dynamo , whose relentless effort and competitive spirit led American tennis to the top of the sport during a period heavily dominated by Australians .   McKinley won the 1963 Men 's Singles Championship at Wimbledon , and as a result was ranked World No. 1 by some journalists . He paired with his college rival , Dennis Ralston , to win the 1963 Davis Cup , the only interruption in eight unbroken years of Australian dominance . He also paired with Ralston to win the U.S. Men 's Doubles championships three times , in 1961 , 1963 , and 1964 .

neg: Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt The presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt began on March 4 , 1933 , when he was inaugurated as the 32nd President of the United States , and ended upon his death on April 12 , 1945 , a span of ( 4422 days ) . Roosevelt assumed the presidency in the midst of the Great Depression . Starting with his landslide victory over Republican President Herbert Hoover in the 1932 election . He won a record four presidential terms , and became a central figure in world affairs during World War II . His program for relief , recovery and reform , known as the New Deal , involved a great expansion of the role of the federal government in the economy . Under his steady leadership , the Democratic Party built a `` New Deal Coalition '' of labor unions , big city machines , white ethnics , African Americans , and rural white Southerners , that would significantly realign American politics for the next several decades in the Fifth Party System and also define modern American liberalism .   During his first hundred days in office , Roosevelt spearheaded unprecedented major legislation and issued a profusion of executive orders that instituted the New Deal -- a variety of programs designed to produce relief ( government jobs for the unemployed ) , recovery ( economic growth ) , and reform ( through regulation of Wall Street , banks and transportation ) . He created numerous programs to support the unemployed and farmers , and to encourage labor union growth while more closely regulating business and high finance . The repeal of Prohibition in 1933 added to his popularity , helping him win re-election by a landslide in 1936 . The economy improved rapidly from 1933 to 1937 , but then relapsed into a deep recession in 1937 -- 38 . The bipartisan Conservative Coalition that formed in 1937 prevented his attempted packing of the Supreme Court , and blocked most of his legislative proposals , aside from the Fair Labor Standards Act . When the war began and unemployment largely became a non-issue , conservatives in Congress repealed the two major relief programs , the WPA and CCC , but kept most of the regulations on business . Along with several smaller programs , major surviving programs from the New Deal include the Securities and Exchange Commission , the Wagner Act , the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation , and Social Security .   A potential worldwide war loomed after 1937 , with the Japanese invasion of China and the aggression of Nazi Germany , which invaded Poland in September 1939 . Roosevelt remained officially neutral but gave strong diplomatic and financial support to China , the United Kingdom , Free France , and the Soviet Union via initiatives such as the Lend-Lease programs . Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7 , 1941 , Roosevelt sought and obtained a declaration of war upon Japan . A few days later , he sought and obtained a declaration of war upon the other major Axis powers , Germany and Italy . Assisted by his top aide Harry Hopkins , and with very strong national support , he worked closely with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill , Soviet leader Joseph Stalin , and Chinese Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek in leading the Allies during World War II . He supervised the mobilization of the U.S. economy to support the war effort , and the war saw the end of the massive unemployment that characterized the Great Depression . Roosevelt sought to desegregate the federal workforce with the Fair Employment Practice Committee , but he also controversially ordered the internment of 100,000 Japanese American civilians . As an active military leader , Roosevelt implemented a war strategy on two fronts that ended in the defeat of the Axis Powers and the development of the world 's first nuclear bomb . Though he died months before the end of the war , his work on the post-war order shaped the new United Nations and the Bretton Woods international financial system . Roosevelt 's health seriously declined during the war years , and he died three months into his fourth term . He was succeeded by Vice President Harry S. Truman . It was on Roosevelt 's watch that the Democratic Party was returned to dominance , prosperity returned , and two great military enemies were destroyed .   Scholars , historians and the public typically rank Roosevelt alongside Abraham Lincoln and George Washington as one of the three greatest U.S. Presidents .

neg: Fifty-state strategy A fifty-state strategy is a political strategy which aims for progress in all states of the United States of America , rather than conceding certain states as `` unwinnable . '' In a presidential campaign , it is usually implemented as an appeal to a broad base of the American public in an attempt to win , even if marginally , every state , since even a marginal victory is effectively total victory for electoral purposes . It can also refer to an overall long-term strategy for a political movement such as a political party .   This strategy is very ambitious and , when used for a specific election , is typically abandoned as the election day draws nearer . In the vast majority of cases , winning a state 's popular vote for president or senator -- even by a small margin -- means the state 's entire representation in the election goes to the victor without being divided . A fifty-state strategy requires a campaign to spend valuable resources in a rival 's strongest states , when those resources could instead be concentrated in swing states that will become a total win or a total loss based on only a small difference in popular votes .   A president has won every state three times : in 1788 and 1792 , George Washington won all the electoral votes running effectively unopposed , and in 1820 , James Monroe , running unopposed , carried all twenty-three states in the union at that time ( although one electoral vote was cast for John Quincy Adams and two electors died prior to casting votes ) . In 1936 , Franklin D. Roosevelt carried forty-six of forty-eight states , losing only Maine and Vermont . A complete fifty-state victory has not been accomplished since the fiftieth state was admitted into the union , although Republicans have twice managed to win the presidency in forty-nine of the fifty : in 1972 with Richard Nixon losing only Massachusetts , and in 1984 with Ronald Reagan losing only his rival 's home state of Minnesota . Both also lost the District of Columbia , which has had presidential electors since the Twenty-Third Amendment in 1961 .

neg: United States Senate The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which , along with the United States House of Representatives , the lower chamber , composes the legislature of the United States of America .   The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The Senate is composed of senators who represent each of the several states , with each state being equally represented by two senators , regardless of their population , serving staggered terms of six years ; with fifty states presently in the Union , there are 100 U.S. Senators . From 1789 until 1913 , Senators were appointed by legislatures of the states they represented ; following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913 , they are now popularly elected . The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol , in Washington , D.C.   As the upper house , the Senate has several powers of advice and consent which are unique to it ; these include the ratification of treaties , the confirmation of Cabinet secretaries , Supreme Court justices , federal judges , other federal executive officials , flag officers , regulatory officials , ambassadors , and other federal uniformed officers . In addition to these , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for Vice President , the duty befalls upon the Senate to elect one of the top two recipients of electors for that office . It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House . The Senate is widely considered both a more deliberative and more prestigious body than the House of Representatives due to its longer terms , smaller size , and statewide constituencies , which historically led to a more collegial and less partisan atmosphere .   The presiding officer of the Senate is the Vice President of the United States , who is President of the Senate ; in their absence , the President Pro Tempore , who is customarily the senior member of the controlling party , presides over the Senate . In the early 20th century , the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began , although they are not constitutional officers .

neg: Inauguration of Andrew Johnson The inauguration of Andrew Johnson as the 17th President of the United States was held on April 15 , 1865 at the Kirkwood House in Washington , D.C. , following the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln . The inauguration marked the commencement of Andrew Johnson 's only term ( a partial term of ) as President . Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase administered the Oath of office . After the ceremony , President Johnson gave an impromptu inaugural address , which began with him begging the cabinet to remain with him and then attacking the Confederacy with such venom , that one witness remarked `` It would have been better had he been struck dumb . ''   As President Lincoln lay dying , Vice President Johnson visited the room where he lay , and when Mrs. Lincoln saw him , it was reported , she screamed and demanded he be removed . So he went back to his room at the Kirkwood House .   According to newspaper reports , the Vice President had gotten severely inebriated , and when aides to the now-dead president came to fetch the new President they were unable to wake him for several minutes . When he was finally awake , the accounts read , `` he had puffy eyes and his hair was caked with mud from the street , '' and that a barber and doctor were summoned to clean him up for the ten-o'clock ceremony , which most accounts agree went smoothly . However , there are other accounts , believed more reliable by some , which refute this claim .

neg: William Swift William Swift ( March 17 , 1848 -- June 30 , 1919 ) was a rear admiral in the United States Navy , and briefly the Naval Governor of Guam in 1901 . He was court-martialed in 1907 for the grounding of the battleship , and briefly suspended from duty . In 1910 , he headed the aptly named Swift Board which reorganized the Department of the Navy prior to World War I.

neg: Fort McKinley Fort McKinley may refer to :   Fort William McKinley ( Philippine Islands )  Fort McKinley ( Maine )  Fort McKinley , Ohio

neg: United States presidential election in New Hampshire, 1900 The 1900 United States presidential election in New Hampshire took place on November 6 , 1900 throughout 45 states . Voters chose four representatives , or electors to the Electoral College , who voted for President and Vice President .   New Hampshire overwhelmingly voted for the Republican nominee , President William McKinley , over the Democratic nominee , former U.S. Representative and 1896 Democratic presidential nominee William Jennings Bryan . McKinley won New Hampshire by a margin of 20.91 % in this rematch of the 1896 presidential election . The return of economic prosperity and recent victory in the Spanish -- American War helped McKinley to score a decisive victory .

neg: Texas annexation The Texas annexation was the 1845 incorporation of the Republic of Texas into the United States of America , which was admitted to the Union as the 28th state on December 29 , 1845 .   The Republic of Texas declared independence from the Republic of Mexico on March 2 , 1836 . At the time the vast majority of the Texian population favored the annexation of the Republic by the United States . The leadership of both major American political parties , the Democrats and the Whigs , opposed the introduction of Texas , a vast slave-holding region , into the volatile political climate of the pro- and anti-slavery sectional controversies in Congress . Moreover , they wished to avoid a war with Mexico , whose government refused to acknowledge the sovereignty of its rebellious northern province . With Texas 's economic fortunes declining by the early 1840s , the President of the Texas Republic , Sam Houston , arranged talks with Mexico to explore the possibility of securing official recognition of independence , with Great Britain mediating .   In 1843 , U.S. President John Tyler , unaligned with any political party , decided independently to pursue the annexation of Texas in a bid to gain a base of popular support for another four years in office . His official motivation was to outmaneuver suspected diplomatic efforts by the British government for emancipation of slaves in Texas , which would undermine slavery in the United States . Through secret negotiations with the Houston administration , Tyler secured a treaty of annexation in April 1844 . When the documents were submitted to the US Senate for ratification , the details of the terms of annexation became public and the question of acquiring Texas took center stage in the presidential election of 1844 .  Pro-Texas-annexation southern Democratic delegates denied their anti-annexation leader Martin Van Buren the nomination at their party 's convention in May 1844 . In alliance with pro-expansion northern Democratic colleagues , they secured the nomination of James K. Polk , who ran on a pro-Texas Manifest Destiny platform .   In June 1844 , the Senate , with its Whig majority , soundly rejected the Tyler -- Texas treaty . The pro-annexation Democrat Polk narrowly defeated anti-annexation Whig Henry Clay in the November 1844 presidential election . In December 1844 , lame-duck President Tyler called on Congress to pass his treaty by simple majorities in each house . The Democratic-dominated House of Representatives complied with his request by passing an amended bill expanding on the pro-slavery provisions of the Tyler treaty . The Senate narrowly passed a compromise version of the House bill ( by the vote of the minority Democrats and several southern Whigs ) , designed to provide the incoming President-elect Polk the options of immediate annexation of Texas or new talks to revise the annexation terms of the House-amended bill .   On March 1 , 1845 , President Tyler signed the annexation bill , and on March 3 ( his last day in office ) , he forwarded the House version to Texas , offering immediate annexation ( which preempted Polk ) . When Polk took office the next day , he encouraged Texas to accept the Tyler offer . Texas ratified the agreement with popular approval from Texans . The bill was signed by Polk on December 29 , 1845 , accepting Texas as the 28th state of the Union . Texas formally relinquished its sovereignty to the United States on February 19 , 1846 .

neg: List of Presidents of the United States who were Freemasons Of the 44 people who have been President of the United States , roughly one-third ( 14 , or by some counts 15 * ) were Freemasons . Along with the presidents listed below , Lyndon Johnson had been initiated into the 1st Degree of Freemasonry ( an `` Entered Apprentice '' ) but did not advance any further and did not become a full member of his lodge , Ronald Reagan was made an honorary Freemason , and Bill Clinton as a youth was a member of the Order of DeMolay .   * - Because of LBJ 's initiation into the fraternal organization , many lists of Freemason Presidents include him , with a total of 15 .   ( It can also be noted that some historians state that David Rice Atchison , member of Platte Lodge No. 56 , Mo , served as `` Ex-officio president '' for one day : March 4 , 1849 . )

neg: United States elections, 1870 The 1870 United States elections occurred in the middle of Republican President Ulysses S. Grant 's first term , during the Third Party System . Members of the 42nd United States Congress were chosen in this election . The election took place during the Reconstruction Era , and many Southerners were barred from voting . It was also the first election after the passage of the 15th Amendment , which prohibits state and federal governments from denying the right to vote on the basis of race , color , or previous condition of servitude ( although disenfranchisement would continue ) . The Republican Party maintained a majority in both houses of Congress , although Democrats picked up several seats in both chambers .   In the House , Democrats won major gains , but Republicans retained a solid majority .   In the Senate , Democrats won moderate gains , but Republicans retained a commanding majority .

neg: Philippines–United States relations Philippines -- United States relations ( Filipino : Ugnayang Pilipinas at Estados Unidos ) are bilateral relations between the United States of America and its former colony , the Republic of the Philippines . The relationship between the United States and the Philippines has historically been strong and has been described as a Special Relationship . The current Philippine president Rodrigo Duterte , however , is supportive of a foreign policy that is less dependent on the United States , favoring one that prioritizes closer relations with China instead . The Philippines is one of the oldest Asian partners of the U.S. and a strategically major non-NATO ally . The United States was consistently ranked as one of the Philippines ' favorite nations in the world , with 90 % of Filipinos viewing the U.S. and 91 % viewing Americans favorably in 2002 , 90 % of Filipinos viewing U.S. influence positively in 2011 , 85 % of Filipinos viewing the U.S. and Americans favorably in 2013 , and 92 % of Filipinos viewing the U.S. favorably in 2015 , and 89 % having confidence in United States president , Barack Obama in 2014 , making the Philippines the most pro-American country in the world . On October 20 , 2016 , the President of the Philippines announced a `` separation '' from the US , both militarily and economically , in favor of alliances with China and Russia .   This article discusses Philippine -- American relations after Philippine independence from the United States in 1946 , while the article History of the Philippines ( 1898 -- 1946 ) describes the history of the Philippines during American colonial rule .

neg: 1893 State of the Union Address The 1893 State of the Union Address was written on December 4 , 1893 , by Grover Cleveland , the 24th United States President , to both houses of Congress . It was his fifth address , and his fifth year in office . He said , `` It is believed that under the recent amendment of the act extending the time for registration the Chinese laborers thereto entitled who desire to reside in this country will now avail themselves of the renewed privilege thus afforded of establishing by lawful procedure their right to remain , and that thereby the necessity of enforced deportation may to a great degree be avoided . ''

neg: Emilio Aguinaldo Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy ( -LSB- eˈmi.ljo a.ɣiˈnal.do -RSB- ; Emilio Famy Aguinaldo , Sr. : March 22 , 1869 -- February 6 , 1964 ) was a Filipino revolutionary , politician , and a military leader who is officially recognized as the First President of the Philippines ( 1899 -- 1901 ) and first president of a constitutional republic in Asia . He led Philippine forces first against Spain in the latter part of the Philippine Revolution ( 1896 -- 1898 ) , and then in the Spanish -- American War ( 1898 ) , and finally against the United States during the Philippine -- American War ( 1899 -- 1901 ) . He was captured in Palanan , Isabela by American forces on March 23 , 1901 , which brought an end to his presidency .   In 1935 , Aguinaldo ran unsuccessfully for president of the Philippine Commonwealth against Manuel Quezon . After the Japanese invasion of the Philippines in 1941 , he cooperated with the new rulers , even making a radio appeal for the surrender of the American and Filipino forces on Bataan . He was arrested as a collaborator after the Americans returned but was later freed in a general amnesty .

neg: Presidency of John F. Kennedy The presidency of John F. Kennedy began on January 20 , 1961 , when he was inaugurated as the 35th President of the United States , and ended on November 22 , 1963 , upon his assassination and death , a span of days . A Democrat , he took office following the 1960 presidential election , in which he narrowly defeated Richard Nixon . He was succeeded by Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson .   Kennedy was the first person born in the 20th century to be elected president , and , at age 43 , the youngest person elected to the office . He was also the first Roman Catholic elected to the presidency . Kennedy played an important role in bringing American politics into the modern communications age , as his use of television provided a campaign model that spoke to voters directly , and his media presidency greatly weakened the power of political machines in party politics .   Kennedy 's time in office was marked by Cold War tensions with the Soviet Union and especially with Cuba . In Cuba , a failed attempt was made in April 1961 at the Bay of Pigs to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro . Kennedy 's administration subsequently rejected plans by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to orchestrate false-flag attacks on American soil in order to gain public approval for a war against Cuba . In October 1962 , it was discovered that Soviet ballistic missiles had been deployed in Cuba ; the resulting period of unease , termed the Cuban Missile Crisis , is seen by many historians as the closest the human race has ever come to nuclear war between nuclear-armed belligerents .   To contain Communist expansion in Asia , Kennedy increased the number of American military advisers in South Vietnam by a factor of 18 over his predecessor , Dwight D. Eisenhower ; a further escalation of the American role in the Vietnam War took place after Kennedy 's death . In domestic politics Kennedy made bold proposals in his New Frontier agenda , but few were passed by Congress . He did establish of the Peace Corps , and intensify the Space Race . Kennedy took steps to support the Civil Rights Movement , and after his death his proposed civil rights bill was passed as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 .

neg: 1917 State of the Union Address The 1917 State of the Union Address was given by Woodrow Wilson , the 28th President of the United States on December 4 , 1917 , during his turbulent second term . He spoke in the United States House of Representatives , in the United States Capitol . He said , `` I shall not go back to debate the causes of the war . The intolerable wrongs done and planned against us by the sinister masters of Germany have long since become too grossly obvious and odious to every true American to need to be rehearsed . '' He addressed the 65th United States Congress , and spoke of World War I . He ended with , `` A supreme moment of history has come . The eyes of the people have been opened and they see . The hand of God is laid upon the nations . He will show them favor , I devoutly believe , only if they rise to the clear heights of His own justice and mercy . '' In the middle of the speech , he said this about the German Empire , `` The worst that can happen to the detriment the German people is this , that if they should still , after the war is over , continue to be obliged to live under ambitious and intriguing masters interested to disturb the peace of the world , men or classes of men whom the other peoples of the world could not trust , it might be impossible to admit them to the partnership of nations which must henceforth guarantee the world 's peace . '' He is saying that empires ' do not promote world peace . A year after he gave this speech , on December 4 , 1918 , the United States military would swallow Germany in victory , and the saying that is written would come true , `` Death has been swallowed up in victory . ''

neg: Taft Commission The Taft Commission , also known as Second Philippine Commission ( Filipino : Ikalawang Komisyon ng Pilipinas ) was established by United States President William McKinley on March 16 , 1900 following the recommendations of the First Philippine Commission . The Second Commission was at first the sole legislative body of the Philippines , then known as the Philippine Islands under the sovereign control of the United States , while still under the Philippine -- American War . After the passage of the Philippine Organic Act in 1902 , the Commission functioned as a House of bicameral legislature until it was supplanted in 1916 by an elected legislature established in 1916 by the Philippine Autonomy Act .   William Howard Taft was the first head of the Philippine Commission , a post he filled between March 16 , 1900 and July 4 , 1901 , after which the commission head also became the Civil Governor of the Philippines . He held the post until January 31 , 1904 after he was appointed as the Secretary of War by Pres. Theodore Roosevelt . The Philippine Commission was subsequently headed by a number of persons , but is often mentioned informally and collectively as the `` Taft Commission '' .