query: Tina Turner has an album called Private Dancer and is successful.

pos: Tina Turner Tina Turner ( born Anna Mae Bullock ; November 26 , 1939 ) , is an American-born recording artist , dancer , actress , and author , whose career has spanned more than half a century , earning her widespread recognition and numerous awards . Born and raised in the Southeastern United States , Turner relinquished her American citizenship after obtaining Swiss citizenship in 2013 .   She began her musical career in the mid-1950s as a featured singer with Ike Turner 's Kings of Rhythm , first recording in 1958 under the name `` Little Ann . '' Her introduction to the public as Tina Turner began in 1960 as a member of the Ike & Tina Turner Revue . Success followed with a string of notable hits credited to the duo , including `` A Fool in Love '' , `` River Deep -- Mountain High '' ( 1966 ) , `` Proud Mary '' ( 1971 ) , and `` Nutbush City Limits '' ( 1973 ) , a song which she herself wrote . In her autobiography , I , Tina , she revealed several instances of severe domestic abuse against her by Ike Turner prior to their 1976 split and subsequent 1978 divorce . Raised a Baptist , she encountered faith with Nichiren Shoshu Buddhism in 1971 , crediting the spiritual chant of Nam Myoho Renge Kyo , which Turner claims helped her to endure during difficult times .   After her divorce from Ike Turner , she rebuilt her career through live performances . In the 1980s , Turner launched a major comeback with another string of hits , starting in late 1983 with the single `` Let 's Stay Together '' followed by the 1984 release of her fifth solo album Private Dancer which became a worldwide success . The album contained the song `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' , which became Turner 's biggest hit and won three Grammy Awards including Record of the Year . Her solo success continued thoughout the 1980s and 90s with multi-platinum albums including Break Every Rule and Foreign Affair , and with singles such as `` We Do n't Need Another Hero ( Thunderdome ) '' , `` The Best '' , and `` GoldenEye '' for the 1995 James Bond film of the same name . In 1993 , `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' was used as the title of a biographical film adapted from her autobiography , along with the film 's accompanying soundtrack album . In addition to her musical career , Turner has also garnered success acting in films , including the role of the Acid Queen in the 1975 rock musical Tommy , a starring role alongside Mel Gibson in the 1985 action film Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome , and a cameo role in the 1993 film Last Action Hero .   One of the world 's best-selling artists of all time , she has also been referred to as The Queen of Rock 'n' Roll . Turner has been termed the most successful female Rock 'n' Roll artist , receiving eleven Grammy Awards , including eight competitive awards and three Grammy Hall of Fame awards . Turner has also sold more concert tickets than any other solo performer in history . Her combined album and single sales total approximately 180 million copies worldwide , She is noted for her energetic stage presence , powerful vocals , and career longevity . In 2008 , Turner returned from semi-retirement to embark on her Tina ! : 50th Anniversary Tour . Turner 's tour became one of the highest selling ticketed shows of 2008 -- 09 . Rolling Stone Magazine ranked Turner no. 63 on their list of 100 greatest artists of all time , and no. 17 on their list of 100 greatest singers of all time . In 1991 , Turner was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame .   Turner announced in December 2016 that she has been working on `` Tina '' , a new musical based on her story , in collaboration with Phyllida Lloyd and Stage Entertainment .

neg: Secrets of Flying Secrets Of Flying is the second and final album released by Bahamian American singer-songwriter Johnny Kemp . Released at the end of 1987 , this album featured two massively successful singles . The first hit from the album was the Grammy-nominated single `` Just Got Paid , '' which cracked the Top 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1988 , and went on to top both the R&B chart and Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart . The second hit from the album , `` Dancin ' with Myself '' also became a top-5 R&B success . A third single from the album , the slow jam `` One Thing Led to Another '' reached the R&B top 40 as well .   Secrets of Flying was digitally remastered by `` New Skool Sounds '' in 2012 including 4 additional bonus tracks .

neg: Montana (Frank Zappa song) `` Montana '' is a song composed by Frank Zappa for his 1973 LP Over-Nite Sensation . The last track on the album is one of Zappa 's most famous and renowned compositions . It features backing vocals by Tina Turner and the Ikettes throughout the entire track , notably on the middle and ending sections .

neg: Cultural impact of Elvis Presley Since the beginning of his career , Elvis Presley has had an extensive cultural impact . According to Rolling Stone , `` it was Elvis who made rock 'n' roll the international language of pop . '' Rolling Stone encyclopedia of Rock and Roll describes Presley as `` an American music giant of the 20th century who single-handedly changed the course of music and culture in the mid-1950s . '' His recordings , dance moves , attitude and clothing came to be seen as embodiments of rock and roll . His music was heavily influenced by African-American blues , Christian gospel , and Southern country . In a list of the greatest English language singers , as compiled by Q Magazine , Presley was ranked first , and second in the list of greatest singers of 20th century by BBC Radio .   Presley sang both hard driving rockabilly , rock and roll dance songs and ballads , laying a commercial foundation upon which other rock musicians would build their careers . African-American performers like Big Joe Turner , Wynonie Harris and Fats Domino came to national prominence after Presley 's acceptance among mass audiences of White American adults . Singers like Jerry Lee Lewis , the Everly Brothers , Chuck Berry , Bo Diddley , Little Richard , Buddy Holly , Johnny Cash , Roy Orbison and others immediately followed in his wake . John Lennon later observed , `` Before Elvis , there was nothing . ''   During the post-WWII economic boom of the 1950s , many parents were able to give their teenage children much higher weekly allowances , signaling a shift in the buying power and purchasing habits of American teens . During the 1940s bobby soxers had idolized Frank Sinatra , but the buyers of his records were mostly between the ages of eighteen and twenty-two . Presley triggered a lot of demand for his records by near-teens and early teens aged ten and up . Along with Presley 's `` ducktail '' haircut , the demand for black slacks and loose , open-necked shirts resulted in new lines of clothing for teenage boys whereas a girl might get a pink portable 45 rpm record player for her bedroom . Meanwhile , American teenagers began buying newly available portable transistor radios and listened to rock 'n' roll on them ( helping to propel that fledgling industry from an estimated 100,000 units sold in 1955 to 5,000,000 units by the end of 1958 ) . Teens were asserting more independence and Presley became a national symbol of their parents ' consternation .   Presley 's impact on the American youth consumer market was noted on the front page of The Wall Street Journal on December 31 , 1956 when business journalist Louis M. Kohlmeier wrote , `` Elvis Presley today is a business , '' and reported on the singer 's record and merchandise sales . Half a century later , historian Ian Brailsford ( University of Auckland , New Zealand ) commented , `` The phenomenal success of Elvis Presley in 1956 convinced many doubters of the financial opportunities existing in the youth market . ''

neg: Imagination (La Toya Jackson album) Imagination is the fourth studio album by American singer La Toya Jackson . The album was released on June 19 , 1986 by Private-I Records ( an extension of Columbia Records ) .

neg: Entertainer of the Year Entertainer of the Year is the twenty-first studio album by American country music singer-songwriter , Loretta Lynn . It was released on February 26 , 1973 , by MCA Records .   Entertainer of the Year was titled after Lynn received the `` Entertainer of the Year '' award from the Country Music Association the previous year , becoming the first woman to win that award . The one and only single from the album was released in late 1972 , `` Rated X '' . The song was a self-penned song by Lynn and peaked at # 1 on the Billboard country chart in 1973 , her first # 1 hit since 1971 , and became also one of her more controversial songs , describing the double-standard frequently endured by divorced women at the time . The album was Lynn 's first studio album of 1973 , and Lynn would end up releasing an additional two for the year .   The album was very successful on the Billboard album charts , peaking at # 1 on the Top Country Albums chart , and did not chart on the Billboard 200 . The album became Lynn 's fourth album to top the Top Country Albums chart . The album was Lynn 's first released on the MCA Records label , after the Decca label was retired by the company .

neg: Killing Time (Tina Cousins album) Killing Time is the first album by the British singer Tina Cousins . Released in 1999 ( 2000 in the US ) , it was produced by Pete Waterman with co-production by Mark Topham and Karl Twigg .   The album contained the song `` Pray '' , which was released in the United States soon after its rapid success in both the United Kingdom and Australia . However , the single did not make an impact on American radio until late 2006 , when it was added to the music databases of a few rhythmic/dance format stations . The album also contained the singles `` Killin ' Time '' , `` Forever '' , `` Angel '' and `` Nothing to Fear '' which , like `` Pray '' , only became popular in 2005 and 2006 , after their release .

neg: Queen of Soul (album) Queen of Soul is the sixth studio album by American Blues artist , Etta James . The album was released on Argo Records in 1965 , featuring the singles James had released during the year .   Two songs on the album : `` Baby What You Want Me to Do '' and `` Loving You More Every Day '' charted on the Rhythm and Blues and Billboard Pop Chart . It was James 's first studio album in two years since the release of Etta James Top Ten . Like her previous releases , Queen of Soul was released on a 12-inch LP album , and has not been reissued since . It consisted of ten tracks , with five on each side of the LP .   Allmusic rated the album three out of five stars .

neg: Private Corner Private Corner is a jazz album by Jacky Cheung , which was released on 29 January 2010 .   Private corner is also the first jazz album of Cantopop . Chinese music critics expected that this album would make jazz a popular genre in Greater China .   Cheung has recorded and the album went platinum in less than a week . The album was recorded at the same time he was also filming Crossing Hennessy ; `` Lucky in Love '' appears as the end-credit song of the film . An English version of the song was later re-recorded by Filipino singer Paolo Onesa for his debut album , Pop Goes Standards , which was released on February 14 , 2014 .   The album is mastered by Bernie Grundman .

neg: Patsy Cline discography The discography of Patsy Cline , an American country pop artist , consists of three studio albums , one compilation album , six extended plays , twenty four singles , and seven B-sides . For material released after the artist 's death in 1963 , see Patsy Cline posthumous discography .   After performing in a band in 1954 , Cline was signed by Bill McCall to Four Star Records , based in Pasadena , California . She made her first recording session for the label in June 1955 , releasing her debut single , `` A Church , a Courtroom , and Goodbye '' in July . Cline issued seventeen singles to the country music recording charts between 1955 and 1960 ; however , only one of them was a major hit . After releasing the singles `` Hidin ' Out '' , `` I Love You Honey '' , and `` I 've Loved and Lost Again '' , her first single issued in 1957 , entitled `` Walkin ' After Midnight '' , peaked at # 2 on the Billboard Magazine Hot Country Songs list and # 12 on the Top Pop Songs chart . The song 's success spawned Cline 's self-titled debut album , released in August 1957 . Cline 's additional singles between 1958 and 1960 ranged in variations between country , Gospel , and Rockabilly . These songs included such releases as , `` Three Cigarettes ( In an Ashtray ) , '' `` Come On In ( And Make Yourself at Home ) , '' `` Dear God , '' and `` Crazy Dreams . ''   In late 1960 , Cline signed with Four Star 's distributor , Decca . Working with producer Owen Bradley , Cline 's musical style changed from Honky Tonk to the Pop-influenced Nashville Sound . Her first Decca release was 1961 's `` I Fall to Pieces , '' which was recorded during her first session for the label . The single became her first number one single on the Billboard Country Chart , while also reaching # 12 on the Pop chart , and # 6 on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks list . Her second self-titled extended play was issued in August and contained the hit ; however , due to a major car accident , Cline could not promote the song . Its follow-up , `` Crazy '' , was released in October and became another crossover hit , reaching # 2 on the Billboard Country and Adult Contemporary chart , and # 9 on the Pop chart . Cline 's second studio album was then issued in November 1961 , entitled Patsy Cline Showcase and containing both hits . In its re-release in 1963 , the album peaked at # 73 on the Billboard 200 Albums Chart .   Cline 's third Decca single , `` She 's Got You '' was released in January 1962 , and became her fourth major hit , reaching number one on Billboard '' 's Country Chart , # 14 on the Billboard Pop Chart , and # 3 on its Adult Contemporary chart . Because an album was not yet released , the extended play also titled , She 's Got You was released in April . She had two other major country hits that year : `` When I Get Thru ' With You '' ( # 10 ) and `` So Wrong '' ( # 14 ) . Her third and final official studio album named , Sentimentally Yours was released in August and contained `` She 's Got You '' , as well as , `` Heartaches '' , which reached # 31 in the United Kingdom . Many of the singles ' B-sides charted on the Country and Pop chart that year , including `` She 's Got You '' 's flip side , `` Strange '' and `` When I Get Thru ' With You '' 's flip , `` Imagine That '' . Cline released her final single during her lifetime in January 1963 entitled , `` Leavin ' on Your Mind . '' The song became a Top 10 hit on the Billboard '' Country Chart , while also reaching # 83 on the Pop chart . Patsy Cline died March 5 , 1963 in a plane crash in Camden , Tennessee .

neg: Player (song) `` Player '' is a song recorded by American singer Tinashe . It features guest vocals by American singer Chris Brown . The song was released by RCA Records as the intended first single off her second album on October 2 , 2015 , but was later scrapped . `` Player '' was written by Tinashe , Myron Birdsong , Brown , its producers Lulou and Alexander Kronlund , and Chloe Angelides .

neg: Sheree Jeacocke Sheree Jeacocke ( born 1958 , Toronto , Ontario ) is a Canadian singer-songwriter .   During the early 1980s Jeacocke starred in the CBC-TV musical The King Of Friday Night and worked as a backup singer for Gordon Lightfoot , Rita MacNeil , Glass Tiger and Kim Mitchell . In 1985 Jeacocke released her first single `` You Get To Me '' . In 1986 she released her first album Feel It and was nominated for `` Most Promising Female Vocalist of the Year '' at the 17th annual Juno Awards , in Canada . Much of her financial success in music was in singing jingles for many 1980s Canadian broadcast advertisements .   She signed a contract with BMG in 1989 and released her second album Sheree . The first single , `` Woman 's Work '' became her biggest hit as a lead vocalist , hitting the Canadian Top 10 in February 1990 . The song was later remade by Tina Arena , among others . In 1990 , Sheree participated in the Best Guy movie soundtrack , released in Japan , on which she sings `` Best Guy '' , `` Woman 's Work '' , `` Bang On '' and `` Where Do We Go From Here ? '' . In 1993 , she released her third and last album , Miss My Love , whose singles were the title track and `` Serious '' .   After her contract with BMG ended , she independently released the EP Jeacocke in 1995 , which included a remake of `` Woman 's Work '' and a remake of the Jean Knight hit `` Mr. Big Stuff '' . The dance remixes of `` Mr. Big Stuff '' became a hit in the clubs , which led to her collaboration on various dance singles . In the mid-1990s , using the pseudonym J-Cock , and with the act Pleasure Beat , she released eurodance remakes of Robin Beck 's `` First Time '' and Alanis Morissette 's `` Hand In My Pocket '' , as well as a solo remake of Stevie Wonder 's `` Sunshine Of My Life '' and Queen 's `` We Will Rock You '' ( as Deeva ) . After a few more dance releases she left the recording industry for the most part .   Today , she is known as Sheree Cerqua , a Toronto real estate agent like her husband Larry Cerqua .

neg: Dance Again... the Hits Dance Again ... the Hits is the first greatest hits album of American entertainer Jennifer Lopez . It was released on July 20 , 2012 , by Epic Records , to coincide with the launch of her first world tour , the Dance Again World Tour . Lopez previously conceived plans for a greatest hits album in 2009 , but instead opted to use the material recorded for her seventh studio album , Love ? , which was released by Island Records in May 2011 after her departure from Epic Records in 2010 . As Lopez owed the label one last album to fulfill her contract , she began work on a new greatest hits album in November 2011 . She later became unsure whether she wanted to go along with plans to release a greatest hits album or a new studio album , eventually deciding on the former .   Dance Again ... the Hits comprises eleven previously released tracks , and two new recordings : `` Dance Again '' and `` Goin ' In '' . A deluxe edition of the album was also released , featuring three additional previously released tracks , and a DVD featuring a selection of eleven music videos . The album received generally positive reviews from music critics , who praised it as a reflection of Lopez 's success . Some critics expressed their disappointment in the absence of several successful singles , but deemed this as impressive , noting that this may have been due to the large volume of hit singles she has released over the years . Dance Again ... The Hits was a moderate commercial success , peaking within the top ten in fourteen national charts , and the top twenty in ten national charts .

neg: What's Love Got to Do with It (song) `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' is a song recorded by the American singer Tina Turner , released in 1984 . It was taken from her fifth solo album , Private Dancer and became Turner 's most successful single .   Although Turner had already scored a UK Top 10 and US Top 30 hit some months earlier with her rendition of `` Let 's Stay Together '' , `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' gave Turner her first and only US number one . The song ranked # 309 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of `` The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . It also ranked # 38 on the Songs of the Century list . It was the second-biggest single of 1984 in the US and the 17th-biggest in the United Kingdom . In 1993 , the song 's title was used as the title for the biographical film about Turner 's life .   In 2012 , `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame giving Turner her third Grammy Hall of Fame Award and her eleventh Grammy Award .

neg: Love Thing `` Love Thing '' is a song by recording artist Tina Turner from her 1991 album Simply the Best . The single , which brought Turner back to her rock roots , also included the non-album track `` I 'm a Lady '' , written and produced by Terry Britten and Graham Lyle .

neg: Private Show (T.I. song) `` Private Show '' is a song by American hip hop recording artist T.I. , released on February 24 , 2015 , through Grand Hustle and Columbia Records , as the third single from his ninth studio album Paperwork ( 2014 ) . The song , which was produced by Shama `` Sak Pase '' Joseph and Ace Harris , features vocals from American singer Chris Brown .

neg: Ike & Tina Turner discography This is a list of albums and singles released by American rock and soul duo Ike & Tina Turner during their 16-year musical career .

neg: List of awards and nominations received by Missy Elliott Missy Elliott is an American rapper , singer-songwriter , author , record producer and actress . Missy 's debut album Supa Dupa Fly was released on July 15 , 1997 in the United States under her own label The Goldmind Inc. signed under Elektra Records . Her second album Da Real World was then released on June 22 , 1999 , followed by her third album Miss E. . . So Addictive , released on May 15 , 2001 . Under Construction was the fourth album released by Elliott , which was released on November 12 , 2002 , followed by her fifth album This Is Not a Test ! that saw a release in November 25 , 2003 , and The Cookbook , Elliott 's latest album to date , which was released on July 4 , 2005 .   Throughout Missy Elliott 's career , she has received several awards and nominations . Elliott would also be noted to become the first female rapper in history to take home the award for `` Best International Video '' from VIVA Comet Media Awards for her solo debut single , `` The Rain ( Supa Dupa Fly ) '' . Elliott 's debut Supa Dupa Fly ( 1997 ) would go on to score two Grammy nominations for Best Rap Solo Performance & Best Rap Album , alongside three MTV Music Video Awards nominations for `` Best Direction in a Video , '' `` Best Breakthrough Video '' & `` Best Rap Video '' .   Missy Elliott 's second album Da Real World ( 1999 ) attained a Grammy nomination for Best Rap Album . She also received an award for `` Best R&B / Soul or Rap Music Video '' by the Soul Train Awards . The album went on to go platinum making it Elliott 's second platinum album . The follow-up , Miss E. . . So Addictive ( 2001 ) , was a commercial success ; selling over 9.2 million copies worldwide making it her third consecutive platinum album . This album would attain twelve MTV Video Music Awards nominations throughout 2001 and 2002 . Additionally , the effort gained Elliott several nominations from various award shows some including , the Grammy Awards , MTV Video Music Awards , and the BET Awards .   On March 27 , 2001 , Lil ' Kim , Christina Aguilera , Pink , and Mýa recorded a cover version of the LaBelle song , `` Lady Marmalade '' as a medley for the feature film Moulin Rouge that Missy Elliott wrote and produced , which topped # 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 for five weeks . `` Lady Marmalade '' scored Elliott 's first Grammy Award in 2002 for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals .   Missy Elliott 's fourth album Under Construction ( 2002 ) was certified double platinum , making it her fourth platinum album . The effort gained Elliott eight MTV Video Music Awards in 2003 , taking two awards for `` Video of the Year & `` Best Hip-Hop Video '' . The album also gained Elliott five Grammy nominations in 2004 for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group , Best Rap Album , Album of The Year , Best Rap Song & Best Female Rap Solo Performance taking an award for Best Female Rap Solo Performance . Elliott 's follow-up This Is Not a Test ! ( 2003 ) would also attain a platinum certification , as well as two MTV Video Music Awards and one MTV Music Video Japan Awards nominations .   The Cookbook ( 2005 ) is Missy Elliott 's latest album to date . The effort attained three Grammy nominations in 2006 for Best Short Form Music Video , Best Rap Song & Best Rap Album . Elliott received the award for Best Short Form Music Video for her single `` Lose Control '' . The Cookbook also gained Elliott seven MTV Video Music Awards nominations , taking two awards for `` Best Dance Video '' and `` Best Hip-Hop Video '' . In 2014 , Missy Elliott became nominated for a Grammy for Best R&B Song for the featured single , `` Without Me '' .

neg: Show Some Respect `` Show Some Respect '' is a song recorded by recording artist Tina Turner . It was written by Terry Britten and Sue Shifrin and released as the sixth single from her fifth solo album Private Dancer ( 1984 ) . While not released as a single in Europe , it song found moderate success in the US and minor success in Canada . The B-side to `` Show Some Respect '' is a live cover of Prince 's song `` Let 's Pretend We 're Married '' .

neg: From Elvis in Memphis From Elvis in Memphis is the fifteenth studio album by American rock and roll singer Elvis Presley , released on RCA Records . It was recorded at American Sound Studio in Memphis in January and February 1969 under the direction of producer Chips Moman and backed by its house band , informally known as `` The Memphis Boys '' . Following the success of Presley 's 1968 Christmas television special and its soundtrack , the album marked Presley 's return to non-soundtrack albums after the completion of his film contract with Paramount Pictures .   Presley 's entourage convinced him to leave the RCA studios and record this album at American Sound , a new Memphis studio at the peak of a hit-producing streak . The reason for going to Moman 's studio was for the soul sound of the house band , ` the Memphis Boys ' . The predominance of country songs among those recorded in these sessions gives them the feel of the `` country soul '' style . This impression is emphasized by the frequent use of the dobro in the arrangements . In any case , the Memphis Boys have a solidly southern soul sound .   From Elvis in Memphis was released in June 1969 to favorable reviews . The album peaked at number 13 on the Billboard 200 , number two on the country charts and number one in the United Kingdom , and its single `` In the Ghetto '' reached number three on the Billboard Hot 100 . The album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America in 1970 . In later years , it garnered further favorable reviews , while it was ranked number 190 on Rolling Stone magazine 's 2003 list of the 500 greatest albums of all time .

neg: Duets (Linda Ronstadt album) Duets is a compilation album by Linda Ronstadt . It was released on the Rhino Records label in April 2014 , a few days before Ronstadt 's induction into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame .   The album peaked at number 32 on the Billboard album chart - Ronstadt 's highest charting album in 24 years . The songs on the album were all previously released with the exception of `` Pretty Bird '' . In his review for AllMusic critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine states that `` generally , this Duets emphasizes the sweeter , softer , and slower side of Ronstadt , a move that makes for pleasant listening '' .   As of December , 2016 , this release had sold a total of 81,316 copies per Nielsen SoundScan .


query: Carbon has a number that is atomic.

pos: Carbon Carbon ( from carbo `` coal '' ) is a chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6 . It is nonmetallic and tetravalent -- making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds . Three isotopes occur naturally , C and C being stable , while C is a radioactive isotope , decaying with a half-life of about 5,730 years . Carbon is one of the few elements known since antiquity .   Carbon is the 15th most abundant element in the Earth 's crust , and the fourth most abundant element in the universe by mass after hydrogen , helium , and oxygen . Carbon 's abundance , its unique diversity of organic compounds , and its unusual ability to form polymers at the temperatures commonly encountered on Earth enables this element to serve as a common element of all known life . It is the second most abundant element in the human body by mass ( about 18.5 % ) after oxygen .   The atoms of carbon can bond together in different ways , termed allotropes of carbon . The best known are graphite , diamond , and amorphous carbon . The physical properties of carbon vary widely with the allotropic form . For example , graphite is opaque and black while diamond is highly transparent . Graphite is soft enough to form a streak on paper ( hence its name , from the Greek verb '' γράφειν '' which means `` to write '' ) , while diamond is the hardest naturally occurring material known . Graphite is a good electrical conductor while diamond has a low electrical conductivity . Under normal conditions , diamond , carbon nanotubes , and graphene have the highest thermal conductivities of all known materials . All carbon allotropes are solids under normal conditions , with graphite being the most thermodynamically stable form . They are chemically resistant and require high temperature to react even with oxygen .   The most common oxidation state of carbon in inorganic compounds is +4 , while +2 is found in carbon monoxide and transition metal carbonyl complexes . The largest sources of inorganic carbon are limestones , dolomites and carbon dioxide , but significant quantities occur in organic deposits of coal , peat , oil , and methane clathrates . Carbon forms a vast number of compounds , more than any other element , with almost ten million compounds described to date , and yet that number is but a fraction of the number of theoretically possible compounds under standard conditions . For this reason , carbon has often been referred to as the `` king of the elements '' .

neg: Isotopes of thorium Although thorium ( Th ) , with atomic number 90 , has 6 naturally occurring isotopes , none of these isotopes are stable ; however , one isotope , 232Th , is relatively stable , with a half-life of 14.05 billion years , considerably longer than the age of the earth , and even slightly longer than the generally accepted age of the universe . This isotope makes up nearly all natural thorium . As such , thorium is considered to be mononuclidic . It has a characteristic terrestrial isotopic composition and thus an atomic mass can be given .   Thirty radioisotopes have been characterized , with the most stable ( after 232Th ) being 230Th with a half-life of 75,380 years , 229Th with a half-life of 7,340 years , and 228Th with a half-life of 1.92 years . All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than thirty days and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than ten minutes . One isotope , 229Th , has a nuclear isomer ( or metastable state ) with a remarkably low excitation energy , recently measured to be 7.6 ± 0.5 eV .   The known isotopes of thorium range in mass number from 209 to 238 .

neg: Hexene Hexene is an alkene with a molecular formula C6H12 . The prefix `` hex '' is derived from the fact that there are 6 carbon atoms in the molecule , while the '' - ene '' suffix denotes that there is an alkene present -- two carbon atoms are connected via a double bond . There are several isomers of hexene , depending on the position and geometry of the double bond in the chain . One of the most common industrially useful isomers is 1-hexene , an alpha-olefin . Hexene is used as a comonomer in the production of polyethylene .

neg: Period 7 element A period 7 element is one of the chemical elements in the seventh row ( or period ) of the periodic table of the chemical elements . The periodic table is laid out in rows to illustrate recurring ( periodic ) trends in the chemical behaviour of the elements as their atomic number increases : a new row is begun when chemical behaviour begins to repeat , meaning that elements with similar behaviour fall into the same vertical columns . The seventh period contains 32 elements , tied for the most with period 6 , beginning with francium and ending with oganesson , the heaviest element currently discovered . As a rule , period 7 elements fill their 7s shells first , then their 5f , 6d , and 7p shells , in that order ; however , there are exceptions , such as uranium .

neg: Dicarbon monoxide Dicarbon monoxide ( C2O ) is molecule that contains two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom . It is a linear molecule that , because of its simplicity , is of interest in a variety of areas . It is , however , so extremely reactive that it is not encountered in everyday life . It is classified as a cumulene and an oxocarbon .

neg: Benzotriyne Benzotriyne or cyclo -LSB- 6 -RSB- carbon is a hypothetical chemical compound , an allotrope of carbon with molecular formula C6 . The molecule is a ring of six carbon atoms , connected either by alternating triple and single bonds or by double bonds . It is , therefore , a potential member of the cyclo -LSB- n -RSB- carbon family .   There have been a few attempts to synthesize benzotriyne , e.g. by pyrolysis of mellitic anhydride , but without success ( as of 2011 ) .   Recent investigations have concluded that benzotriyne is unlikely to exist due to the large angle strain . A likely alternative would be a cyclical cumulene called cyclohexahexaene , which should itself be a metastable species .

neg: Nucleon In chemistry and physics , nucleons are the proton and the neutron , which are the constituents of the atomic nucleus , and are themselves composed of down and up quarks . The number of nucleons defines an isotope 's mass number ( nucleon number ) . The atom is made up of a nucleus surrounded by electrons .   Until the 1960s , nucleons were thought to be elementary particles , not made up of smaller parts . Now they are known to be composite particles , made of three quarks bound together by the so-called strong interaction . The interaction between two or more nucleons is called internucleon interactions or nuclear force , which is also ultimately caused by the strong interaction . ( Before the discovery of quarks , the term `` strong interaction '' referred to just internucleon interactions . )   Nucleons sit at the boundary where particle physics and nuclear physics overlap . Particle physics , particularly quantum chromodynamics , provides the fundamental equations that explain the properties of quarks and of the strong interaction . These equations explain quantitatively how quarks can bind together into protons and neutrons ( and all the other hadrons ) . However , when multiple nucleons are assembled into an atomic nucleus ( nuclide ) , these fundamental equations become too difficult to solve directly ( see lattice QCD ) . Instead , nuclides are studied within nuclear physics , which studies nucleons and their interactions by approximations and models , such as the nuclear shell model . These models can successfully explain nuclide properties , for example , whether or not a certain nuclide undergoes radioactive decay .   The proton and neutron are both baryons and both fermions . One carries a positive net charge and the other carries a zero net charge ; the proton 's mass is only 0.1 % less than the neutron 's . Thus , they can be viewed as two states of the same nucleon , and together form an isospin doublet . In isospin space , neutrons can be transformed into protons via SU ( 2 ) symmetries , and vice versa . These nucleons are acted upon equally by the strong interaction , which is invariant under rotation in isospin space . According to the Noether theorem , isospin is conserved with respect to the strong interaction .

neg: Atomic units Atomic units ( au or a.u. ) form a system of natural units which is especially convenient for atomic physics calculations . There are two different kinds of atomic units , Hartree atomic units and Rydberg atomic units , which differ in the choice of the unit of mass and charge . This article deals with Hartree atomic units , where the numerical values of the following four fundamental physical constants are all unity by definition :   Electron mass ;  Elementary charge ;  Reduced Planck 's constant ;  Coulomb 's constant .   In Hartree units , the speed of light is approximately . Atomic units are often abbreviated `` a.u. '' or `` au '' , not to be confused with the same abbreviation used also for astronomical units , arbitrary units , and absorbance units in different contexts .

neg: Isotopes of americium Americium ( Am ) is an artificial element , and thus a standard atomic weight can not be given . Like all artificial elements , it has no known stable isotopes . The first isotope to be synthesized was 241Am in 1944 . The artificial element decays into alpha particles . Americium has an atomic number of 95 ( the number of protons in the nucleus of the americium atom ) .   Nineteen radioisotopes of americium have been characterized , with the most stable being 243Am with a half-life of 7,370 years , and 241Am with a half-life of 432.2 years . All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 51 hours , and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 100 minutes . This element also has 8 meta states , with the most stable being 242mAm ( t1/2 141 years ) . The isotopes of americium range in atomic weight from 231.046 u ( 231Am ) to 249.078 u ( 249Am ) .

neg: List of compounds with carbon number 2 This is a partial list of molecules that contain 2 carbon atoms .

neg: Nuclide A nuclide ( from nucleus ) is an atomic species characterized by the specific constitution of its nucleus , i.e. , by its number of protons Z , its number of neutrons N , and its nuclear energy state .   The word nuclide was proposed by Truman P. Kohman in 1947 . Kohman originally suggested nuclide as referring to a `` species of nucleus '' defined by containing a certain number of neutrons and protons . The word thus was originally intended to focus on the nucleus .

neg: Tokai Carbon is a Japanese company . The company is a developer and stockist of graphite material for use in nuclear power , particularly electrical discharge machining electrode , high temperature , and mechanical applications .   The company was founded in 1918 as Tokai Electrode Mfg. Co. Ltd. with a plant in Nagoya and the head office in Tokyo . In 1975 it changed to its present name , Tokai Carbon Co. , Ltd. . It is listed on the first section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the Nikkei 225 stock index .

neg: Ethylene dione Ethylene dione or ethylenedione , also called dicarbon dioxide , ethenedione , or ethene-1 ,2 - dione , is the name given to a chemical compound with the formula C2O2 or OCCO . It is the carbon-carbon covalent dimer of carbon monoxide and belongs to the oxocarbon series . Because it is a dimer , it shares an empirical formula with CO. . It can be thought of as ketene of glyoxylic acid ( OHCCOOH ) .   The existence of OCCO was first suggested in 1913 . However , despite its deceptively `` simple '' structure , for over a century the compound had eluded all attempts to synthesize and observe it . Such elusive nature had earned OCCO the reputation of a hypothetical compound and a mysterious , `` exceedingly coy molecule '' .   It was not until 2015 that a group of chemists from the University of Arizona in Tucson ( United States ) reported the first spectroscopic characterization of OCCO , confirming its existence as a transient molecule . The Arizona group created OCCO using laser light to eject electrons from the corresponding stable singly-charged anions . The in situ preparation and characterization of the OCCO through low-energy free-electron induced single molecular engineering has also been theoretically proposed recently by scientists from Bhabha Atomic Research Centre ( India ) .   Despite the existence of the closed-shell Kekulé structure , O = C = C =O , the lowest bound state of ethyledione is a triplet . Therefore , bound OCCO is formally a diradical , with an electronic structure motif similar to the oxygen molecule . However , when the molecule is distorted away from its equilibrium geometry , the potential surfaces of the triplet and singlet states intersect , allowing for intersystem crossing to the singlet state , which is unbound and dissociates to two ground-state CO molecules . The timescale of the intersystem crossing was predicted to be 0.5 ns , making triplet OCCO a transient , yet spectroscopically long-lived molecule .   On the other hand , the monoanion of ethylenedione , OCCO − , as well as the divalent anion , called acetylenediolate , are both stable .

neg: Cyclopentadienyl anion In chemistry , the cyclopentadienyl anion or cyclopentadienide is an aromatic species with a formula of -LSB- C5H5 -RSB- − and abbreviated as Cp − . Its name derives from the molecule cyclopentadiene . Salts of the cyclopentadienyl anion can be stable , e.g. , sodium cyclopentadienide . more complex coordination compounds are known as cyclopentadienyl complexes , such as metallocene   It is a regular pentagonal , planar , cyclic ion ; as well , it has 6 π-electrons ( 4n +2 , where n = 1 ) , which fulfills Hückel 's rule of aromaticity . It can coordinate as a ligand to metal atoms .   The structure shown is a composite of five resonance contributors in which each carbon atom carries part of the negative charge .

neg: Hypothetical types of biochemistry Hypothetical types of biochemistry are forms of biochemistry speculated to be scientifically viable but not proven to exist at this time . The kinds of living organisms currently known on Earth all use carbon compounds for basic structural and metabolic functions , water as a solvent , and DNA or RNA to define and control their form . If life exists on other planets or moons , it may be chemically similar ; it is also possible that there are organisms with quite different chemistries -- for instance involving other classes of carbon compounds , compounds of another element , or another solvent in place of water .   The possibility of life-forms being based on `` alternative '' biochemistries is the topic of an ongoing scientific discussion , informed by what is known about extraterrestrial environments and about the chemical behaviour of various elements and compounds . It is also a common subject in science fiction .   The element silicon has been much discussed as a hypothetical alternative to carbon . Silicon is in the same group as carbon on the periodic table and , like carbon , it is tetravalent , although the silicon analogs of organic compounds are generally less stable . Hypothetical alternatives to water include ammonia , which , like water , is a polar molecule , and cosmically abundant ; and non-polar hydrocarbon solvents such as methane and ethane , which are known to exist in liquid form on the surface of Titan .

neg: Atomic orbital In quantum mechanics , an atomic orbital is a mathematical function that describes the wave-like behavior of either one electron or a pair of electrons in an atom . This function can be used to calculate the probability of finding any electron of an atom in any specific region around the atom 's nucleus . The term , atomic orbital , may also refer to the physical region or space where the electron can be calculated to be present , as defined by the particular mathematical form of the orbital .   Each orbital in an atom is characterized by a unique set of values of the three quantum numbers , , and , which respectively correspond to the electron 's energy , angular momentum , and an angular momentum vector component ( the magnetic quantum number ) . Each such orbital can be occupied by a maximum of two electrons , each with its own spin quantum number . The simple names s orbital , p orbital , d orbital and f orbital refer to orbitals with angular momentum quantum number and respectively . These names , together with the value of , are used to describe the electron configurations of atoms . They are derived from the description by early spectroscopists of certain series of alkali metal spectroscopic lines as sharp , principal , diffuse , and fundamental . Orbitals for > 3 continue alphabetically , omitting j ( g , h , i , k , ... ) because some languages do not distinguish between the letters `` i '' and `` j '' .   Atomic orbitals are the basic building blocks of the atomic orbital model ( alternatively known as the electron cloud or wave mechanics model ) , a modern framework for visualizing the submicroscopic behavior of electrons in matter . In this model the electron cloud of a multi-electron atom may be seen as being built up ( in approximation ) in an electron configuration that is a product of simpler hydrogen-like atomic orbitals . The repeating periodicity of the blocks of 2 , 6 , 10 , and 14 elements within sections of the periodic table arises naturally from the total number of electrons that occupy a complete set of s , p , d and f atomic orbitals , respectively , although for higher values of the quantum number , particularly when the atom in question bears a positive charge , the energies of certain sub-shells become very similar and so the order in which they are said to be populated by electrons ( e.g. Cr = -LSB- Ar -RSB- 4s13d5 and Cr2 + = -LSB- Ar -RSB- 3d4 ) can only be rationalized somewhat arbitrarily .

neg: Chemical structure A chemical structure determination includes a chemist 's specifying the molecular geometry and , when feasible and necessary , the electronic structure of the target molecule or other solid . Molecular geometry refers to the spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule and the chemical bonds that hold the atoms together , and can be represented using structural formulae and by molecular models ; complete electronic structure descriptions include specifying the occupation of a molecule 's molecular orbitals . Structure determination can be applied to a range of targets from very simple molecules ( e.g. , diatomic oxygen or nitrogen ) , to very complex ones ( e.g. , such as of protein or DNA ) .   Theories of chemical structure were first developed by August Kekule , Archibald Scott Couper , and Aleksandr Butlerov , among others , from about 1858 . These theories were first to state that chemical compounds are not a random cluster of atoms and functional groups , but rather had a definite order defined by the valency of the atoms composing the molecule , giving the molecules a three dimensional structure that could be determined or solved .   In determining structures of chemical compounds , one generally aims to obtain , minimally , the pattern and multiplicity of bonding between all atoms in the molecule ; when possible , one seeks the three dimensional spatial coordinates of the atoms in the molecule ( or other solid ) . The methods by which one can elucidate the structure of a molecule include spectroscopies such as nuclear magnetic resonance ( proton and carbon-13 NMR ) , various methods of mass spectrometry ( to give overall molecular mass , as well as fragment masses ) , and x-ray crystallography when applicable . The last technique can produce three-dimensional models at atomic-scale resolution , as long as crystals are available . When a molecule has an unpaired electron spin in a functional group of its structure , ENDOR and electron-spin resonance spectroscopes may also be performed . Techniques such as absorption spectroscopy and the vibrational spectroscopies , infrared and Raman , provide , respectively , important supporting information about the numbers and adjacencies of multiple bonds , and about the types of functional groups ( whose internal bonding gives vibrational signatures ) ; further inferential studies that give insight into the contributing electronic structure of molecules include cyclic voltammetry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy . These latter techniques become all the more important when the molecules contain metal atoms , and when the crystals required by crystallography or the specific atom types that are required by NMR are unavailable to exploit in the structure determination . Finally , more specialized methods such as electron microscopy are also applicable in some cases .

neg: Mole (unit) The mole is the unit of measurement in the International System of Units ( SI ) for amount of substance . The unit is defined as the amount of a chemical substance that contains as many representative particles , e.g. , atoms , molecules , ions , electrons , or photons , as there are atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12 ( 12C ) , the isotope of carbon with relative atomic mass 12 by definition . This number is expressed by the Avogadro constant , which has a value of , which is just over 602 sextillion ( thousand million million million ) . The mole is one of the base units of the SI , and has the unit symbol mol .   The mole is widely used in chemistry as a convenient way to express amounts of reactants and products of chemical reactions . For example , the chemical equation implies that 2 moles of dihydrogen ( H2 ) and 1 mole of dioxygen ( O2 ) react to form 2 moles of water ( H2O ) . The mole may also be used to express the number of atoms , ions , or other elementary entities in a given sample of any substance . The concentration of a solution is commonly expressed by its molarity , defined as the number of moles of the dissolved substance per litre of solution .   The number of molecules per mole is known as Avogadro 's constant , and is defined such that the mass of one mole of a substance , expressed in grams , is equal to the mean relative molecular mass of the substance . For example , the mean relative molecular mass of natural water is about 18.015 , therefore , one mole of water has a mass of about 18.015 grams .   The term gram-molecule was formerly used for essentially the same concept . The term gram-atom has been used for a related but distinct concept , namely a quantity of a substance that contains Avogadro 's number of atoms , whether isolated or combined in molecules . Thus , for example , 1 mole of MgBr2 is 1 gram-molecule of MgBr2 but 3 gram-atoms of MgBr2 .   In honor of the unit , some chemists celebrate October 23 , which is a reference to the 1023 scale of the Avogadro constant , as `` Mole Day '' . Some also do the same for February 6 and June 2 .

neg: Carbon–fluorine bond The carbon -- fluorine bond is a polar covalent bond between carbon and fluorine that is a component of all organofluorine compounds . It is the second strongest single bond in organic chemistry -- behind the Si-F single bond , and relatively short -- due to its partial ionic character . The bond also strengthens and shortens as more fluorines are added to the same carbon on a chemical compound . As such , fluoroalkanes like tetrafluoromethane ( carbon tetrafluoride ) are some of the most unreactive organic compounds .

neg: Technetium Technetium is a chemical element with symbol Tc and atomic number 43 . It is the lightest element whose isotopes are all radioactive ; none are stable . Nearly all technetium is produced synthetically , and only minute amounts are found in the Earth 's crust . Naturally occurring technetium is a spontaneous fission product in uranium ore or the product of neutron capture in molybdenum ores . The chemical properties of this silvery gray , crystalline transition metal are intermediate between rhenium and manganese .   Many of technetium 's properties were predicted by Dmitri Mendeleev before the element was discovered . Mendeleev noted a gap in his periodic table and gave the undiscovered element the provisional name ekamanganese ( Em ) . In 1937 , technetium ( specifically the technetium-97 isotope ) became the first predominantly artificial element to be produced , hence its name ( from the Greek τεχνητός , meaning `` artificial '' , + - ium #Suffix ) .   Its short-lived gamma ray-emitting nuclear isomer -- technetium-99m -- is used in nuclear medicine for a wide variety of diagnostic tests . Technetium-99 is used as a gamma-ray-free source of beta particles . Long-lived technetium isotopes produced commercially are by-products of fission of uranium-235 in nuclear reactors and are extracted from nuclear fuel rods . Because no isotope of technetium has a half-life longer than 4.2 million years ( technetium-98 ) , the 1952 detection of technetium in red giants , which are billions of years old , helped to prove that stars can produce heavier elements .

neg: Carbon monosulfide Carbon monosulfide is a chemical compound with the formula CS . This diatomic molecule is the sulfur analogue of carbon monoxide , and is unstable as a solid or a liquid , but it has been observed as a gas both in the laboratory and in the interstellar medium . The molecule resembles carbon monoxide with a triple bond between carbon and sulfur . The molecule is not intrinsically unstable , but it tends to polymerize . This tendency reflects the greater stability of C − S single bonds .   Polymers with the formula ( CS ) n have been reported . Also , CS has been observed as a ligand in certain transition metal complexes .


query: Star Trek invented Klingon language for the fictional species of the same name.

pos: Klingon language The Klingon language ( tlhIngan Hol , -LSB- ˈt͡ɬɪ.ŋɑn χol -RSB- , in pIqaD ) is the constructed language spoken by the fictional Klingons in the Star Trek universe .   Described in the 1985 book The Klingon Dictionary by Marc Okrand and deliberately designed to sound `` alien '' , it has a number of typologically uncommon features . The language 's basic sound , along with a few words , was first devised by actor James Doohan ( `` Scotty '' ) and producer Jon Povill for Star Trek : The Motion Picture . That film marked the first time the language had been heard on screen . In all previous appearances , Klingons spoke in English . Klingon was subsequently developed by Okrand into a full-fledged language .   Klingon is sometimes referred to as Klingonese ( most notably in the Star Trek : The Original Series episode `` The Trouble with Tribbles '' , where it was actually pronounced by a Klingon character as `` Klingonee '' -LSB- ˈklɪŋɡɒni -RSB- ) but , among the Klingon-speaking community , this is often understood to refer to another Klingon language called Klingonaase that was introduced in John M. Ford 's 1984 Star Trek novel The Final Reflection , and appears in other Star Trek novels by Ford . A shorthand version of what had previously been termed `` Klingonaase '' , and later adopted under the same name by tlhIngan Hol itself , is called `` battle language '' , or `` Clipped Klingon '' .   The Klingon Christmas Carol play is the first production that is primarily in Klingon ( only the narrator speaks English ) . The opera ' u ' is entirely in Klingon .   A small number of people are capable of conversing in Klingon . Its vocabulary , heavily centered on Star Trek-Klingon concepts such as spacecraft or warfare , can sometimes make it cumbersome for everyday use .

pos: Star Trek Star Trek is an American science fiction media franchise based on the television series created by Gene Roddenberry . The first television series , simply called Star Trek and now referred to as The Original Series , debuted in 1966 and aired for three seasons on the television network NBC . It followed the interstellar adventures of Captain James T. Kirk ( William Shatner ) and his crew aboard the starship USS Enterprise , a space exploration vessel , built by the interstellar federal republic United Federation of Planets in the twenty-third century . The Star Trek canon of the franchise includes The Original Series , an animated series , four spin-off television series , its film franchise and an upcoming television series scheduled to debut in 2017 .   In creating Star Trek , Roddenberry was inspired by the Horatio Hornblower novels , the satirical book Gulliver 's Travels , and by works of western genre such as the television series Wagon Train . These adventures continued in the short-lived Star Trek : The Animated Series and six feature films . Four spin-off television series were eventually produced : Star Trek : The Next Generation followed the crew of a new starship Enterprise set a century after the original series ; Star Trek : Deep Space Nine and Star Trek : Voyager set contemporaneously with The Next Generation ; and Star Trek : Enterprise set before the original series in the early days of human interstellar travel . The adventures of The Next Generation crew continued in four additional feature films . In 2009 , the film franchise underwent a `` reboot '' set in an alternate timeline , or `` Kelvin Timeline '' , entitled simply Star Trek . This film featured a new cast portraying younger versions of the crew from the original show ; their adventures were continued in the sequel film , Star Trek Into Darkness ( 2013 ) . The thirteenth film feature and sequel , Star Trek Beyond ( 2016 ) , was released to coincide with the franchise 's 50th anniversary . A new Star Trek TV series , entitled Star Trek : Discovery , is set to premiere on the digital platform CBS All Access .   Star Trek has been a cult phenomenon for decades . Fans of the franchise are called Trekkies or Trekkers . The franchise spans a wide range of spin-offs including games , figurines , novels , toys , and comics . Star Trek had a themed attraction in Las Vegas that opened in 1998 and closed in September 2008 . At least two museum exhibits of props travel the world . The series has its own full-fledged constructed language , Klingon . Several parodies have been made of Star Trek . In addition , viewers have produced several fan productions . As of July 2016 , the franchise had generated $ 10 billion in revenue , making Star Trek one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time .   Star Trek is noted for its cultural influence beyond works of science fiction . The franchise is also noted for its progressive civil rights stances . The Original Series included one of television 's first multiracial casts . Star Trek references may be found throughout popular culture from movies such as the submarine thriller Crimson Tide to the animated series South Park .

neg: Kildin Sami language Kildin Saami ( also known by its other synonymous names `` Saami , '' `` Kola Saami , '' `` Eastern Saami , '' and `` Lappish '' ) , is a Saami language that is spoken on the Kola Peninsula in northwestern Russia that today is and historically was once inhabited by this group . As social and cultural emphasis has been put on the writing and speaking of the various languages that constitute Russia , Kildin Saami has now become a critically endangered language . Russian is prominently spoken in Kildin Saami communities so much so that the original language is hardly ever heard of or only spoken privately amongst those still know how to do so within an insular community . The few Kildin Saami who speak and understand their language proficiently can also speak various dialectical tongues that constitute ethnic Russia . Because the language has eroded so rapidly over the centuries , it is more widely spoken amongst or between older elders who were taught and educated between themselves and thus retained the spoken language and hardly spoken by children . The reasons for the loss and decline in speakership is as follows : a lack of education , dispersion of the Saami , no generational transmission of traditional Saami trades and ways of life , and not ever needing to speak or not regularly speaking the language have both caused speakership to take a hit over the years . Kildin Sami is written using an official Cyrillic script .

neg: Atlantean language The Atlantean language is a constructed language created by Marc Okrand for Disney 's film Atlantis : The Lost Empire . The language was intended by the script-writers to be a possible `` mother language '' , and Okrand crafted it to include a vast Indo-European word stock with its very own grammar , which is at times described as highly agglutinative , inspired by Sumerian and North American languages .

neg: Legacy of Gene Roddenberry Eugene Wesley `` Gene '' Roddenberry ( August 19 , 1921 -- October 24 , 1991 ) was an American television screenwriter , producer and futurist best remembered for creating the original Star Trek television series .

neg: Tagorians Tagorians or Tagoryans are a fictional , lizard-like alien race from the Noon Universe created by Strugatsky brothers . Their homeworld is Tagora , a planet discovered by the end of the 21st century . An official contact with Tagorians , however , was registered in 2122 AD and a full-scaled diplomatic relationship has been established two years later , as soon as human scientists ( led by professor Sugimoto ) managed to decode and interpret Tagorian language .   Tagorians are mentioned in `` An Attempt to Escape '' and `` Beetle in an Anthill '' .

neg: The Battle (Star Trek: The Next Generation) `` The Battle '' is the ninth episode of the first season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek : The Next Generation and was originally aired on November 16 , 1987 , in broadcast syndication . The episode was written by Herbert Wright , based on a story by Larry Forrester , and directed by Rob Bowman .   Set in the 24th century , the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Starfleet starship Enterprise-D . In this episode , Captain Jean-Luc Picard ( Patrick Stewart ) is given his former vessel , the Stargazer , as a gift by the Ferengi DaiMon Bok ( Frank Corsentino ) who intends to use it to take revenge upon the Enterprise captain .   The Stargazer was to originally be represented by the movie-era Enterprise model , but producers were convinced to use a design which had appeared on a model in Picard 's ready room in the series pilot . Several camera and compositing techniques were used by Bowman in filming the scenes aboard the bridge of the Stargazer , which was also a re-dressed movie-era Klingon Bird of Prey bridge set .

neg: Space Corps (Star Corps) Space Corps , also colloquially referred to as the Star Corps ( Red Dwarf 1996 Log Book ) , Space Federation ( `` Back in the Red , Part Three '' ) and the Star Fleet ( Last Human and `` Back to Earth , Part Two '' ) , is the umbrella organization which regulated all interplanetary and interstellar space flight to and from Earth , from the British science fiction sitcom Red Dwarf . They were responsible for the creation of spaceships , the colonisation of the Galaxy , and the introduction of holograms , GELFs and artificial intelligences such as mechanoids and Simulants throughout the Galaxy . The Space Corps is somewhat analogous to Star Trek 's Starfleet and is responsible for the administrative organisation of all space travel in the Red Dwarf Universe .

neg: Errand of Mercy `` Errand of Mercy '' is an episode of the American science fiction television series Star Trek . It was first broadcast on 23 March 1967 . It is episode # 26 , production # 27 , written by Gene L. Coon and directed by John Newland . It was the first episode in which the Klingons appeared .   With a war with the Klingons declared , Captain Kirk and his First Officer , Mr. Spock , attempt to sway the incomprehensibly placid population of a planet to resist an invading military occupation .

neg: Build the Enterprise Build the Enterprise is a project to create a real-life version of the Starship Enterprise , the spaceship featured in the science fiction television show Star Trek . The project is detailed on its website , Build the Enterprise , and is spearheaded by an engineer who goes by the name BTE Dan . He cites himself as a systems engineer and electrical engineer who has worked at a Fortune 500 company for the past 30 years . The ship would be able to carry the personnel , supplies and equipment needed for a long journey or colonization of another planet .

neg: Tok'ra The Tok ` ra are a fictional alien race on the science fiction television series Stargate SG-1 . They first appear in the season 2 episode . In the show , the Tok ` ra are biologically the same species as the Goa'uld who inhabit human hosts in a symbiotic relationship , and are opposed to the evil System Lords . They are one of the major offworld allies of Stargate Command .

neg: Runabout (Star Trek) Runabouts are a class of small , multi-purpose starships in the Star Trek science-fiction franchise , primarily the television series Star Trek : Deep Space Nine .

neg: Star Trek (comics) Almost continuously since 1967 , multiple companies have published Star Trek comic books with varying degrees of success . These companies include Gold Key Comics , Marvel Comics , DC Comics , Malibu Comics , Wildstorm , and IDW Publishing . Star Trek : Enterprise is the only Trek TV series that has not been adapted in comic book form .

neg: Barsoomian language Barsoomian is the constructed language of the fictional Barsoomians , the sapient humanoid inhabitants of Mars in the Barsoom series of novels by Edgar Rice Burroughs . It was developed from Burroughs ' examples and descriptions by Paul Frommer for the 2012 film John Carter of Mars ; Frommer also created the Na ' vi language for Avatar .   Spoken Barsoomian has mostly lexical words , with the equivalent of grammatical words such as prepositions and pronouns conveyed telepathically . There are few inflections , and word order is fixed to verb -- subject -- object . Possession is indicated by juxtaposing the object with the possessor , as in Malay . There is a word that makes direct object definite , as in Hebrew . The vocabulary is relatively simple , with little poetic language .   Some inflection is found in the pronouns . For the object , the initial consonant is suffixed : tu `` I '' , tut `` me '' ; ki `` he '' , kik `` him '' . To form the plural , the consonants are voiced : du `` we '' , dud `` us '' , gi `` they '' .   The effect of the language is staccato . There are ten vowels , five long and five short , transcribed short a e i o u and long aa ey ee oa oo ; diphthongs are ao ( as in how ) and ay ( as in high ) . Consonants are similar to English ( b d j g , p t -LSB- linktʃtj -RSB- k , v z , f -LSB- linkθth -RSB- s h , r l , m n , w y ) , with the addition of the velar fricatives ch -LSB- blinkx -RSB- and gh -LSB- blinkɣ -RSB- . Consonants , both voiced and unvoiced , may also be long or short .   In the books it is mentioned that Barsoomian is the only language spoken on the entire planet of Barsoom . Therefore , there never are any language barriers between different people from Barsoom , no matter what country or city on the planet they originate from . Written versions of Barsoomian however can differ greatly between different cities .

neg: List of awards and nominations received by Gene Roddenberry Gene Roddenberry ( August 19 , 1921 -- October 24 , 1991 ) was an American screenwriter and producer of several television series , best known for his work in creating the Star Trek franchise . Before his television writing career , he was a pilot in the 394th Bomb Squadron , 5th Bombardment Group of the Thirteenth Air Force during World War II . During his time in the military , he flew the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress , and was awarded both the Air Medal and the Distinguished Flying Cross . While working in the Los Angeles Police Department after the war , he began his television writing career , but resigned to concentrate on screenwriting . His first writing award was for an episode of Have Gun -- Will Travel entitled `` Helen of Abajinan '' which won the Writer 's Guild of America award for Best Teleplay in 1958 . In 1964 , he registered the idea with the Writer 's Guild which would define the rest of his career -- Star Trek .   The majority of the awards and nominations received by Roddenberry throughout his career were related to Star Trek . He was credited for Star Trek : The Original Series ( known at the time simply as Star Trek ) during the nominations for two Emmy Awards , and won two Hugo Awards . One Hugo was a special award for the series , while another was for `` The Menagerie '' , the episode which used footage from the original unaired pilot for Star Trek , `` The Cage '' . In addition , he was awarded the Brotherhood Award by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People for his work in the advancement of African American characters on television .   At the 1967 Writer 's Guild of America Awards , a private feud between Roddenberry and writer Harlan Ellison entered the public eye , as Ellison had produced the original script for the episode `` The City on the Edge of Forever '' . He was told to re-write it due to financial restraints , but could not bring it within budget . Instead , Roddenberry re-wrote the script for the episode , but Ellison retained the credit and subsequently submitted the original script for consideration by the Writer 's Guild . This was an unusual step as normally the filmed version of the script is the one that was submitted . Both `` The City on the Edge of Forever '' and `` The Return of the Archons '' were nominated for the Best Episodic Drama Award , with the latter written and credited to Roddenberry . Ellison won the award for his script . Roddenberry submitted the filmed version of `` The City on the Edge of Forever '' script for the Hugo Awards , winning in 1968 , but the writing remained credited to Ellison . Roddenberry later claimed to have won a Nebula Award for the filmed version despite the Dramatic Presentation category not being created until 1974 .   Following the end of Star Trek , he was nominated for Hugo Awards for two television movies , Genesis II and The Questor Tapes . In addition to awards , Roddenberry also received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame following a campaign by the fan clubs of Star Trek , which sought to have each fan donate a dollar towards the overall $ 3500 cost of upkeep . Following these donations , the Committee in charge of the Walk of Fame voted Roddenberry in . The star was unveiled on September 4 , 1985 , at the 6600 block , near to the corner of Hollywood Boulevard and Las Palmas . The induction ceremony was attended by all of the main cast of Star Trek , as well as Roger C. Carmel , who portrayed Harry Mudd in The Original Series . Following Roddenberry 's death in 1991 , he was posthumously awarded the Robert A. Heinlein Memorial Award by the National Space Society and the The George Pal Memorial Award at the Saturn Awards . He was also awarded the Exceptional Public Service Medal by National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) .

neg: Deep Domain Deep Domain is a Star Trek : The Original Series novel written by Howard Weinstein .

neg: List of Star Wars species (K–O) This is a list of Star Wars species , containing the names of fictional sentient species from the Star Wars franchise beginning with the letters K through O. Star Wars is an American epic space opera film series created by George Lucas . The first film in the series , Star Wars , was released on May 25 , 1977 and became a worldwide pop culture phenomenon , followed by five sequels and three prequels . Many species of alien creatures ( often humanoid ) are depicted .

neg: League of Peoples The League of Peoples is a fictional interstellar polity present in a series of novels by science fiction author James Alan Gardner . Although theoretically made up of every sentient race in the galaxy , in actuality the League is controlled by ( from Humanity 's standpoint ) hyperadvanced beings who have little concern for wants , needs , and desires of the less evolved races .   The League effectively has one law - no dangerous non-sentient creatures can cross between star systems . A dangerous non-sentient is defined by the league as any being which kills a sentient being or through negligence allows a sentient being to die . Any dangerous non-sentient that attempts to circumvent this law , or any being who knowingly aids in the attempt , is instantaneously but painlessly executed by the League . Although this renders interstellar war impossible , it does not prevent mayhem on individual planets , nor does it stop unethical behavior that stops short of murder .

neg: Early life and career of Gene Roddenberry Eugene Wesley `` Gene '' Roddenberry ( August 19 , 1921 -- October 24 , 1991 ) was an American television screenwriter , producer and futurist best remembered for creating the original Star Trek television series . He was born in El Paso , Texas , but grew up in Los Angeles , California where his father worked as a police officer . While at school , the young Roddenberry majored in police science and became interested in aeronautical engineering .   He obtained a pilot 's license through the Civilian Pilot Training Program . Following his graduation , he signed up for the United States Army Air Corps and he enlisted after the attack on Pearl Harbor . He was commissioned on August 5 , 1942 , and was posted to the Pacific Theater of Operations where he joined the 394th Bomb Squadron , 5th Bombardment Group , of the Thirteenth Air Force . He flew Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress in an estimated 89 combat missions . After being rotated back to the United States he was promoted to Captain and became an air crash investigator . During his military career , he was involved in two plane crashes and was awarded both the Air Medal and the Distinguished Flying Cross .   Once a civilian , he began to fly long-haul routes for Pan American World Airways . He was involved in a further crash in June 1947 , where the Clipper Eclipse crashed in the Syrian desert . After pulling injured passengers out of the burning plane , he led the party which sought help . After a further incident , he resigned from Pan-Am , seeking to write for television instead . However , he joined the Los Angeles Police Department , initially in the traffic division but transferred to the newspaper unit where he worked with Chief William H. Parker as a speech writer . He landed the role of technical adviser for a television version of Mr. District Attorney , which led to him writing scripts for the series under the pseudonym of `` Robert Wesley '' . This led to a series of collaborations with Ziv Television Programs , and he resigned from the police on June 7 , 1956 , in order to take up a writing position on the staff of The West Point Story .

neg: List of awards and nominations received by Star Trek: The Next Generation Star Trek : The Next Generation is an American science fiction television program that originally aired from September 1987 to May 1994 . It won and was nominated for a variety of awards , including seven Emmy Award nominations for the first season , and a further eight in its second season . It would go on to be nominated a total of 58 times , of which it won a total of nineteen awards . Only one of these nominations was not for a Creative Arts Emmy , which was the nomination for Outstanding Drama Series for the show 's seventh season .   Cast member Wil Wheaton was nominated on three occasions for a Youth in Film Award , which he won in 1989 . Further nominations were received by guest actors Kimberly Cullum and Gabriel Damon at the 16th Youth in Film Awards in 1995 . The only other nomination for a single actor was the Screen Actors Guild Award received by Patrick Stewart for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series in the award 's inaugural session in 1995 .   As of January 1 , 2013 , Star Trek : The Next Generation has been nominated for 85 different awards , of which it has won 31 . Despite the series ending in 1994 , it has continued to win awards in special recognition of the series , and for the DVD releases . In this list , `` year '' refers to the year the award was presented to the winner .

neg: The Ambergris Element `` The Ambergris Element '' is the thirteenth episode of the first season of the American animated science fiction television series Star Trek . It first aired in the NBC Saturday morning lineup on December 1 , 1973 , and was written by Margaret Armen.This story was expanded into a novelette by science-fiction author Alan Dean Foster as part of the collection , Star Trek Log Five ( 1975 ) ( ISBN 0-345-33351-9 ) . who wrote the earlier episode `` The Lorelei Signal '' and also worked on episodes for the Original Series .   In this episode , Captain Kirk and First Officer Spock are mysteriously transformed into water-breathers .

neg: Spock's Brain `` Spock 's Brain '' is the first episode of the third season of the American science fiction television series , Star Trek , first broadcast September 20 , 1968 . It was the first episode to air after NBC moved the show from 8:30 P.M. to 10 P.M. on Friday nights . It was repeated July 8 , 1969 . It is episode # 56 , production # 61 , written by Gene L. Coon ( under the pseudonym Lee Cronin ) and directed by Marc Daniels .   In the episode , an alien female beams aboard the ship and , after incapacitating the rest of the crew , surgically removes Spock 's brain . Kirk and the crew have just hours to locate and restore it before Spock 's body dies .