query: The Challenge was a scripted show.

pos: The Challenge (TV series) The Challenge ( originally known as Road Rules : All Stars , followed by Real World/Road Rules Challenge ) is a reality game show on MTV that is spun off from the network 's two reality shows , Real World and Road Rules . It features alumni from these two shows , in addition to first-time cast members called ` Fresh Meat ' , alumni from Are You the One ? , and relatives of these cast members called ` Bloodlines ' , competing against one another for a cash prize . The Challenge is currently hosted by T. J. Lavin .  The series premiered on June 1 , 1998 . The title of the show was originally Road Rules : All Stars before it was renamed Real World/Road Rules Challenge by the show 's 2nd season , then later abridged to simply The Challenge by the show 's 19th season . The series initially used no hosts but instead a former cast member who had been kicked off his or her season , providing assignments as `` Mr. '' or `` Ms. Big '' ( David `` Puck '' Rainey , David Edwards , and Gladys Sanabria served this role ) . Later on , however , the series began using hosts : Eric Nies and Mark Long co-hosted a season , and Jonny Moseley and Dave Mirra hosted various seasons before T. J. Lavin became the show 's regular host by the 11th season .   Since the 4th season , each season has supplied the show with a unique subtitle , such as Rivals . Each season consists of a format and theme whereby the subtitle is derived . Of each season 's format and theme , 8 have been repeated or revamped through sequel seasons with shared subtitles . In chronological order , these include : Battle of the Sexes ( tied to Battle of the Sexes II , the show 's first sequel season ) ; The Inferno ( tied to The Inferno II and The Inferno III , the show 's first trilogy ) ; The Gauntlet ( tied to The Gauntlet II and The Gauntlet III ) ; The Duel ( tied to The Duel II ) ; Fresh Meat ( tied to Fresh Meat II ) , Battle of the Seasons ( tied to the second Battle of the Seasons ) ; Rivals ( tied to Rivals II and Rivals III ) ; and Battle of the Exes ( tied to Battle of the Exes II ) .   The current 29th season , entitled Invasion of the Champions , premiered on February 7 , 2017 and concluded on May 16 , 2017 .

neg: All American Girl (2003 TV series) All American Girl is a 2003 reality competition that started with 45 females vying for the title of the same name . In the first episode the field of 45 is cut down to 15 by means of a talent show competition and obstacle course . At the talent show and obstacle course , three coaches ( Geri Halliwell , John Salley , Suzanne de Passe ) decided who the 15 finalists would be . After the 15 finalists were decided , the coaches picked five girls to be on their team for the whole series . During the series , the three teams went through a training camp to train them in a vast array of disciplines that included athletic ability , mental agility , performance in the popular arts and beauty . Each week some of the contestants were cut from the competition until there were only six contestants , followed by another cut down to a final three . The winner was decided by viewer phone voting . The show was hosted by Mitch Mullany .   Jessica Felice , a native of Gahanna , Ohio , won the competition .   The program started on ABC in midseason 2003 , but due to low ratings ( and one episode having been pre-empted the night of the declaration of the Iraq War ) , ended on the cable network ABC Family with marathons and tie-in programming in an attempt to salvage the series .

neg: Wizard Wars Wizard Wars is a reality competition show in which teams of magicians create and perform original magic routines before a live studio audience . Their acts are judged on creativity , deception , and showmanship . Vegas headliners Penn & Teller head up the judging panel , alongside magic critic Christen Gerhart and World Champion of Magic Jason Latimer . Wizard Wars also features four `` home team '' magicians -- the `` Wizards '' -- who return every week to take on new teams of `` challengers . '' Wizards include street magician Justin Flom , stage illusionist David Shimshi , mentalist Angela Funovits , and con man Gregory Wilson . The series premiered August 19 , 2014   Wizard Wars was created in 2012 by Vegas-based magic consultant Rick Lax and street magician Justin Flom . Flom filmed the original Wizard Wars pilot in Lax 's apartment , on a $ 15 budget . The competing magicians created routines with placemats , beach balls , colored erasers and fake oranges . Flom 's YouTube video , featured on Wired.com and BoingBoing.com , caught the eye of production company A. Smith & Co. , who worked with Lax and Flom to sell the show to the Syfy network . Flom now stars in the show as a `` Wizard '' ; Lax works behind the scene as a producer and magic consultant .   Notable magicians appearing on Wizard Wars include Las Vegas headliners Murray SawChuck , Tommy Wind , Nathan Burton , Greg Dow , America 's Got Talent 's Leon Etienne ( Season 8 ) , and Naathan Phan .   Over a million people watched the Wizard Wars series premiere . The episode highlighted Canadian illusionists Chris Funk and Ekaterina , who ended up losing the `` Wizard War '' to `` Wizards '' Gregory Wilson and Justin Flom .   Speaking on behalf of Flom and himself , Lax said this of the Internet-to-series premier journey : `` The most unlikely part of the YouTube-video-to-Syfy-show transition was that the original Wizard Wars vision stayed in shape ... Everyone told me , ` Hollywood is going to tear your idea apart , ' but that did n't happen . Only thing that happened was the magic got bigger and better . ''   Wizard Wars maintained `` very solid ratings '' and was renewed for another six episodes . In these six episodes ( `` Season 1.5 '' ) former Challenger Billy Kidd joins the cast as a full-fledged Wizard .

neg: Family Challenge Family Challenge is an American game show that aired on The Family Channel from October 2 , 1995 to September 7 , 1997 , lasting for two seasons . Reruns aired on GSN from April 3 to September 25 , 1999 .   The first season was hosted by Ray Combs , with Gene Wood serving as announcer . Both had formerly served in the same respective roles for Family Feud . Combs took the role in large part because he was deep in debt and needed the money ; his financial and some health problems eventually led Combs to commit suicide in 1996 , after the first season ended . The second season , rechristened The New Family Challenge , was hosted by Michael Burger and announced by Charlie Glaize . The show was created by comedian Dave Thomas and Woody Fraser and was originally produced as a pilot for ABC Television . Thomas and Fraser were executive producers on the show for its entire run on Family Channel .

neg: Next Action Star Next Action Star is an American reality television program shown on NBC from June to July 2004 .

neg: 24 Hour Design 24 Hour Design is an American reality television series involving a team consisting of a host and designer , design assistant and a carpenter that help homeowners transform a single room . The show is shot in a single day ( usually less than 10 hours ) , with a budget around $ 2,000 .   Original episodes of 24 Hour Design began to air on HGTV October 6 , 2006 . The program 's second season began July 10 , 2007 .   In each episode of 24 Hour Design , the host meets with the homeowners to discuss the redesign of their room . The team and homeowners work on the space together up until the final hour . In the final hour the designer transforms the room for the final reveal . The redesign usually consists of painting of the room and the construction a furniture piece .

neg: Master of the Mix Master of the Mix is a reality television series and disc jockey competition . The 2010 season of the show had eight episodes and seven disc jockeys . The show was hosted by Just Blaze and judged by Kid Capri . Biz Markie was a regular guest . The contestants were DJ Jazzy Joyce , Rich Medina , Vikter Duplaix , DJ Scratch , DJ Rap , DJ Revolution , and DJ Mars . The show aired half-hour episodes on Wednesday nights on the Centric television network with encore Saturday airings on Black Entertainment Television . The show , which debuted on November 3 , 2010 , is presented by Smirnoff .   Ben Silverman announced in September 2010 that his production company , Electus , in partnership with branded entertainment agency GTM , would produce the show with financing from Diageo , parent of Smirnoff . The private screening premier on was held in New York City on November 2 and was attended by various luminaries in the Hip Hop music industry such as Grandmaster Flash .   The seven competitors have various wide-ranging experiences . Some have Grammy Award nomination ; others have sold millions of albums ; some have worked with some of the most popular current recording artists in the world . Among the DJs are the DJs of the Rock Steady Crew and EPMD . During the series the DJs compete in various challenges at venues across the world and most episodes will have eliminations . The surviving DJ who is chosen as `` Master of the Mix '' will win the sponsorship of Smirnoff as their official DJ at international Smirnoff-sponsored events for an entire year . The total value of the prize package , which includes custom-made Smirnoff bottle is $ 250,000 .

neg: The Quest (2014 TV series) The Quest is a fantasy-based reality competition series airing on the US network ABC that premiered on Thursday , July 31 , 2014 , at 8:00 p.m. EST. . Filmed on a castle estate outside Vienna , Austria , contestants face a variety of fantasy-themed challenges in the fictional kingdom of `` Everealm . ''

neg: Studio 7 `` Studio 7 '' was also the original developmental title for the NBC drama Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip .   Studio 7 is an American game show that aired on The WB during the summer of 2004 .   Studio 7 was hosted by Pat Kiernan . Each episode featured seven contestants , mostly college-age , who lived together in New York City for the four days prior to the taping . During this time , they were given some of the material on which the show would quiz them . The show was promoted as a hybrid of game shows and reality television such as The Real World .   The WB originally ordered two seasons of Studio 7 , with the second season to air immediately after the first . However , the network cancelled plans for a second season during the initial run , due to low ratings .

neg: Dream Team (The Office) `` Dream Team '' is the twenty-second episode of the fifth season of the television series The Office , and the 94th overall episode of the series . It originally aired on NBC in the United States on April 9 , 2009 . In the episode , Pam and Michael try to keep each other motivated as the two form their new paper company together . Michael recruits Ryan for the company , which sets up a new office in the same building complex as Dunder Mifflin . Meanwhile , Jim tries to impress new boss Charles Miner by claiming to be a soccer enthusiast , but it backfires when Dwight convinces the two to face each other in a game .   The episode was written by B. J. Novak and directed by Paul Feig . It included a guest appearance by Idris Elba , who played new Dunder Mifflin vice president Charles Miner . The episode aired the same day as the Office episode `` Michael Scott Paper Company '' ; the debut episode of the new NBC show Parks and Recreation was shown between the two episodes . `` Dream Team '' marked the return of Ryan , who had not appeared on the show since the November 2008 episode `` Frame Toby '' . The episode received generally positive reviews and , according to Nielsen ratings , was watched by 7.2 million viewers and captured the most viewers in its time slot for adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . `` Dream Team '' received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series .

neg: Sesame Street Sesame Street is a long-running American children 's television series , produced by Sesame Workshop ( formerly known as the Children 's Television Workshop ) and created by Joan Ganz Cooney and Lloyd Morrisett . The program is known for its educational content , and images communicated through the use of Jim Henson 's Muppets , animation , short films , humor , and cultural references . The series premiered on November 10 , 1969 , to positive reviews , some controversy , and high viewership ; it has aired on the U.S. 's national public television provider ( PBS ) since its debut , with its first run moving to premium channel HBO on January 16 , 2016 .   The show has undergone significant changes throughout its history . The format of Sesame Street consists of a combination of commercial television production elements and techniques which have evolved to reflect the changes in American culture and the audience 's viewing habits . With the creation of Sesame Street , producers and writers of a children 's television show used , for the first time , educational goals and a curriculum to shape its content . It was also the first time a show 's educational effects were studied .   Shortly after creating Sesame Street , its producers developed what came to be called the `` CTW model '' ( after the production company 's previous name ) , a system of television show planning , production , and evaluation based on collaborations between producers , writers , educators , and researchers . The show was initially funded by government and private foundations but has become somewhat self-supporting due to revenues from licensing arrangements , international sales , and other media . By 2006 , there were independently produced versions , or `` co-productions '' , of Sesame Street broadcast in twenty countries . In 2001 there were over 120 million viewers of various international versions of Sesame Street , and by the show 's 40th anniversary in 2009 , it was broadcast in more than 140 countries .   By its 40th anniversary in 2009 , Sesame Street was the fifteenth-highest-rated children 's television show in the United States . A 1996 survey found that 95 % of all American preschoolers had watched the show by the time they were three years old . In 2008 , it was estimated that 77 million Americans had watched the series as children . As of 2014 , Sesame Street has won 167 Emmy Awards and 8 Grammy Awards -- more than any other children 's show .

neg: Toughest Cowboy Toughest Cowboy is an American rodeo competition-based reality television program that follows twelve professional cowboys as they compete in three roughstock rodeo events -- bareback bronc riding , saddle bronc riding , and bull riding in effort to win the Toughest Cowboy championship and the grand prize of a ranch in the American West . Originally created by Jac Sperling and Tommy Joe Lucia , Toughest Cowboy is a combination of athletic competition and personal retrospectives creating a new genre of television , known as `` sports drama . '' The first broadcast aired April 8 , 2007 on the Fox Sports Network ( FSN ) . In 2009 , Mark Burnett signed on to produce the series for Spike TV . Whiskey Falls composed the theme song .   The show follows a group of twelve professional rodeo cowboys through a series of live rodeo tournaments in which they must ride three different disciplines , whereas in most rodeo competitions , competitors ride in one specific discipline or event . This all-around competition adds a significantly higher likelihood of injury . Each week a competitor is eliminated from the competition , until the final four competitors remain . These four final cowboys must ride a total of six animals each ( two bareback broncs , two saddle broncs , two bulls ) during the championship tournament . Throughout the championship round each competitor amasses total ride points , the cowboy with the most total points at the conclusion of the finals is awarded the series championship and grand prize ranch .   Toughest Cowboy also uses a modified point system based on the standard 8-second qualified ride from traditional rodeo . Rather than scoring a `` 0 '' for any ride shorted than eight seconds , Toughest Cowboy competitors are delivered penalty points for the 1/10 of seconds they are short of the full ride mark . Each 1/10 of a second is equal to 1 point . This eliminates the chance of a 0-0 tie between competitors .   In addition to the athletic competition , the broadcast include segments outside of the rodeo arena . These segments give background on the competitor 's lives , most of which include visits to their homes . There are also interviews conducted during the live competition to provide an inside look at the cowboys thoughts during the tournament .

neg: Jep! Jep ! is an American children 's television game show , adapted from the quiz show Jeopardy! It aired first on Game Show Network ( now known by its abbreviated name , `` GSN '' ) throughout the 1998 -- 99 season , and then on Discovery Kids through late 2004 . It was hosted by cartoon voice actor Bob Bergen , and created by Scott Sternberg who had earlier created Wheel 2000 , a children 's version of Wheel of Fortune . The show 's production involved many of the daily syndicated Jeopardy! then-current personnel , including director Kevin McCarthy and four of the nine writers that the show employed at the time , and Alex Trebek , the main Jeopardy! series ' host , served as Jep ! creative consultant . Unlike the main Jeopardy! series , Jep ! was taped at Stage 11 of the Sony Pictures Studios , rather than Stage 10 .

neg: Ellen's Design Challenge Ellen 's Design Challenge is an American furniture design reality competition series that premiered on January 26 , 2015 , on HGTV . The six-episode first season was announced in April 2014 , as the first cable television series executive produced by talk show host Ellen DeGeneres . In June 2015 , HGTV renewed the series for a second season , that premiered on January 18 , 2016 .

neg: Pilot (Friday Night Lights) `` Pilot '' is the first episode of the sports drama television series Friday Night Lights . The episode premiered on the NBC network on October 3 , 2006 . It introduces the men and women involved with the Dillon Panthers , a Texas high school football team . In the pilot episode , the team is preparing for the first game of the season , which will be the first game under new head coach Eric Taylor .   The show is based on the 2004 film Friday Night Lights , which was in turn based on the 1990 non-fiction book Friday Night Lights : A Town , a Team , and a Dream by H. G. Bissinger . Peter Berg , who is Bissinger 's cousin and who directed the film , wrote and directed the pilot episode , and served as executive producer for the series . While some of the actors from the movie returned to act on the show , most of the actors were cast specifically for the television series .   Critical reception of the show was good to average , with a general appreciation for the realistic portrayal of Middle America . Generally speaking , however , there were serious doubts about whether the show would be able to stay on the air very long , though it has since gone on to complete five seasons . The episode 's viewership of just over seven million was characterized as disappointing , though it did relatively well among men aged 18 to 34 .

neg: Desperate Housewives Desperate Housewives is an American television comedy-drama and mystery series created by Marc Cherry , and produced by ABC Studios and Cherry Productions . It originally aired for eight seasons on ABC , from October 3 , 2004 to May 13 , 2012 . Executive producer Cherry served as showrunner . Other executive producers since the fourth season included Bob Daily , George W. Perkins , John Pardee , Joey Murphy , David Grossman , and Larry Shaw .   Set on Wisteria Lane , a street in the fictional town of Fairview in the fictional Eagle State , Desperate Housewives follows the lives of a group of women as seen through the eyes of their late friend and neighbor who committed suicide in the pilot episode . The storyline covers 13 years of the women 's lives over eight seasons , set between the years 2004 -- 2008 , and later 2013 -- 2017 ( the story arc includes a five-year passage of time , as well as flashbacks ranging from the 1980s to the 2020s ) . They work through domestic struggles and family life , while facing the secrets , crimes and mysteries hidden behind the doors of their -- on the surface -- beautiful and seemingly perfect suburban neighborhood .   The series features an ensemble cast , headed by Teri Hatcher as Susan Mayer , Felicity Huffman as Lynette Scavo , Marcia Cross as Bree Van de Kamp , and Eva Longoria as Gabrielle Solis . Brenda Strong narrates the series as the late Mary Alice Young , appearing sporadically in flashbacks or dream sequences .   Desperate Housewives was well received by viewers and critics alike . It won multiple Primetime Emmy , Golden Globe and Screen Actors Guild Awards . From the 2004 -- 05 through the 2008 -- 09 television seasons , its first five seasons were rated amongst the top ten most-watched series . In 2007 , it was reported to be the most popular show in its demographic worldwide , with an audience of approximately 120 million and was also reported as the third most watched television series in a study of ratings in twenty countries . In 2012 , it remained the most-watched comedy series internationally based on data from Eurodata TV Worldwide , which measured ratings across five continents ; it has held this position since 2006 . Moreover , it was the third highest revenue earning series for 2010 , with $ 2.74 million per half an hour . The show was ranked at number fifty-six on Entertainment Weekly `` New TV Classics '' list .   In 2011 , it was confirmed that Desperate Housewives would conclude after its eighth season ; the series finale aired on May 13 , 2012 . By the end of the series , it had surpassed Charmed as the longest running hour-long television series featuring all female leads by two episodes .

neg: Duet Acting Duet Acting ( often shortened to `` Duet '' or abbreviated as `` DA '' in tournament schedules and results ) is an event in competitive high school forensics . Similar to Duo Interpretation , Duet Acting varies in two major respects : first , Duet is not an official National Forensic League event although some state organizations , such as the Texas Forensic Association , the Louisiana High School Speech League , and ( formerly ) the Ohio High School Speech League practice the event . Secondly , unlike Duo , in which the actors are not permitted to make eye contact with each other or touch each other , Duet incorporates an element of acting . Cuttings must be made from scripts .   Duet Acting involves two people , two chairs , and ( in some jurisdictions ) a table ; the furniture is supplied in each room of competition . Time limits vary , but generally each acting pair performs an eight - to twelve-minute scene , typically using only two characters . Occasionally the performers change roles , but can only play one character per scene in the manner of dramatic or humorous interpretation . The pieces may be either serious or funny , and the extensive use of movement is permitted ( i.e. , interaction between both characters , as well as with the table and chairs ) . Duet Acting has been removed from the Ohio High School Speech League .   Category : Debating

neg: Top Model Top Model or Next Top Model is a fashion-themed reality television show format produced in many countries throughout the world and seen in over 120 countries producing over 200 seasons ( referred to as `` cycles '' ) . The show takes the form of a modeling competition whose winners typically receive a contract with a major modeling agency and a cover shoot and fashion photo spread in a fashion magazine . The format was created by Tyra Banks for the original series , America 's Next Top Model which was first aired in 2003 , produced by Ken Mok 's 10 by 10 Entertainment .

neg: Storyline (documentary show) Storyline is the only current affairs show in the Philippines that allows the story to be told by those who lived through it , without the filtering voice of a host . `` What 's different about Storyline , '' says Philippine Daily Inquirer 's Nestor Torre , is `` its bracing confidence in its viewers intelligence . '' Business World calls it `` a labor of love and conscience , '' what may be `` the most relevant and meaningful show there is , '' while Philippine Star describes it as `` entertainment with bite . ''

neg: Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Picture Editing for a Nonfiction Program The Primetime Emmy Award for Picture Editing for a Nonfiction Program is awarded to one television documentary or nonfiction series each year .   Prior to 2006 , nonfiction and reality programs competed together until the Outstanding Picture Editing for Reality Programming category was created .   In the following list , the first titles listed in gold are the winners ; those not in gold are nominees , which are listed in alphabetical order . The years given are those in which the ceremonies took place .   __ TOC __

neg: Countdown (Australian TV series) Countdown was a long-running popular weekly Australian music television show broadcast by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation from 8 November 1974 until 19 July 1987 . It was created by Executive Producer Michael Shrimpton , producer/director Robbie Weekes and record producer and music journalist Ian `` Molly '' Meldrum . Countdown was produced at the studios of the ABC in the Melbourne suburb of Ripponlea .   Countdown was the most popular music program in Australian TV history . It was broadcast nationwide on Australia 's government-owned broadcaster , the ABC , and commanded a huge and loyal audience . It soon exerted a strong influence on radio programmers because of its audience and the amount of Australian content it featured . The first half-hour episode went to air at 6.30 pm on Friday , 8 November 1974 , but for most of the time it was on air , it also gained double exposure throughout the country by screening a new episode each Sunday evening , and then repeating it the following Saturday evening . The majority of performances on the show were lip synched .   Molly Meldrum , the program 's talent co-ordinator , began appearing on-air in 1975 , presenting the `` Humdrum '' music news segment and conducting interviews . Meldrum soon became the `` face '' of Countdown . He appeared regularly on-air until 1986 . Another attraction to the program was the local and international acts who would host an episode - usually performing as well . During the show , Meldrum would interview them ( while co-hosting ) or have a chat with them before the show went out with the number 1 single of the week . In October 2014 , Meldrum published his autobiography , `` The Never , Um , Ever Ending Story '' .


query: Berlin is the capital of Germany.

pos: Berlin Berlin ( -LSB- bəɹˈlɪn -RSB- , -LSB- bɛɐ̯ˈliːn -RSB- ) is the capital and the largest city of Germany as well as one of its 16 constituent states . With a population of approximately 3.7 million , Berlin is the second most populous city proper and the seventh most populous urban area in the European Union . Located in northeastern Germany on the banks of the rivers Spree and Havel , it is the centre of the Berlin-Brandenburg Metropolitan Region , which has roughly 6 million residents from more than 180 nations . Due to its location in the European Plain , Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate . Around one-third of the city 's area is composed of forests , parks , gardens , rivers , canals and lakes .   First documented in the 13th century and situated at the crossing of two important historic trade routes , Berlin became the capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg ( 14171701 ) , the Kingdom of Prussia ( 1701 -- 1918 ) , the German Empire ( 1871 -- 1918 ) , the Weimar Republic ( 1919 -- 1933 ) and the Third Reich ( 1933 -- 1945 ) . Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world . After World War II and its subsequent occupation by the victorious countries , the city was divided ; East Berlin was declared capital of East Germany , while West Berlin became a de facto West German exclave , surrounded by the Berlin Wall ( 1961 -- 1989 ) and East German territory . Following German reunification in 1990 , Berlin once again became the capital of all-Germany .   Berlin is a world city of culture , politics , media and science . Its economy is based on high-tech firms and the service sector , encompassing a diverse range of creative industries , research facilities , media corporations and convention venues . Berlin serves as a continental hub for air and rail traffic and has a highly complex public transportation network . The metropolis is a popular tourist destination . Significant industries also include IT , pharmaceuticals , biomedical engineering , clean tech , biotechnology , construction and electronics .   Modern Berlin is home to world renowned universities , orchestras , museums , entertainment venues and is host to many sporting events . Its urban setting has made it a sought-after location for international film productions . The city is well known for its festivals , diverse architecture , nightlife , contemporary arts and a high quality of living . Since the 2000s Berlin has seen the emergence of a cosmopolitan entrepreneurial scene .

neg: Hamburg Rathaus The Hamburg Rathaus is the Rathaus -- the city hall or town hall -- of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg , Germany . It is the seat of the government of Hamburg and as such , the seat of one of Germany 's 16 state parliaments . The Rathaus is located in the Altstadt quarter in the city center , at the Rathausmarkt square , and near the lake Binnenalster and the central station . Constructed from 1886 to 1897 , the city hall still houses its original governmental functions with the office of the First Mayor of Hamburg and the meeting rooms for Hamburg 's parliament and senate ( the city 's executive ) .

neg: Saxony The Free State of Saxony ( der Freistaat Sachsen -LSB- ˈfʁaɪ̯ʃtaːt ˈzaksn̩ -RSB- Swobodny stat Sakska ) is a landlocked federal state of Germany , bordering the federal states of Brandenburg , Saxony Anhalt , Thuringia , and Bavaria , as well as the countries of Poland ( Lower Silesian and Lubusz Voivodeships ) and the Czech Republic ( Karlovy Vary , Liberec and Ústí nad Labem Regions ) . Its capital is Dresden , and its largest city is Leipzig .   Saxony is the tenth largest of Germany 's sixteen states , with an area of 18,413 km2 , and the sixth most populous , with 4 million people .   Located in the middle of a large , formerly all German-speaking part of Europe , the history of the state of Saxony spans more than a millennium . It has been a medieval duchy , an electorate of the Holy Roman Empire , a kingdom , and twice a republic .   The area of the modern state of Saxony should not be confused with Old Saxony , the area inhabited by Saxons . Old Saxony corresponds approximately to the modern German states of Lower Saxony , Saxony-Anhalt and the Westphalian part of North Rhine-Westphalia .

neg: Friedrichshain Friedrichshain is a district of Berlin , Germany . From its creation in 1920 until 2001 , it was a freestanding city borough . Formerly part of East Berlin , it is adjacent to Mitte , Prenzlauer Berg , Kreuzberg and Lichtenberg .   Friedrichshain is named after the Volkspark Friedrichshain , a vast green park at the northern border with Prenzlauer Berg . In the Nazi era , the borough was called Horst-Wessel-Stadt . Friedrichshain is one of the trendy districts of Berlin and has experienced gentrification .

neg: Berlin-Bonn Act The Berlin/Bonn Act ( Berlin/Bonn-Gesetz ) regulated the move of the German Bundestag and parts of the government from Bonn to Berlin . It also regulated the move of certain Federal agencies and other federal facilities to Bonn . The act was a consequence of the Hauptstadtbeschluss ( Enactment regarding the capital ) of 20 June 1991 which made Berlin the seat of government . Berlin had already been the capital of the united Germany since the Unification Treaty of 3 October 1990 . The Berlin/Bonn Act was enacted on 26 April 1994 . The act 's full official title is Act for the implementation of the enactment of the German Bundestag of 20 June 1991 for the completion of the German unity ( Gesetz zur Umsetzung des Beschlusses des Deutschen Bundestages vom 20 . Juni 1991 zur Vollendung der Einheit Deutschlands ) .   The Berlin/Bonn act determined which federal ministries moved to the capital and gave the city certain commitments regarding the preservation of Bonn as a location of politics . In addition , it awarded the city the title of a Federal City .   The act was implemented incrementally . The most important year was 1999 when the Bundestag moved to the Reichstag building in Berlin . At the same time , the Federal Court of Auditors and the Federal Cartel Office moved from Berlin and the Rhine-Main area to Bonn .

neg: Vienna Vienna ( -LSB- viˈɛnə -RSB- Wien , -LSB- viːn -RSB- ) is the capital and largest city of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria . Vienna is Austria 's primary city , with a population of about 1.8 million ( 2.6 million within the metropolitan area , nearly one third of Austria 's population ) , and its cultural , economic , and political centre . It is the 7th-largest city by population within city limits in the European Union . Until the beginning of the 20th century , it was the largest German-speaking city in the world , and before the splitting of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in World War I , the city had 2 million inhabitants . Today , it has the second largest number of German speakers after Berlin . Vienna is host to many major international organizations , including the United Nations and OPEC . The city is located in the eastern part of Austria and is close to the borders of the Czech Republic , Slovakia , and Hungary . These regions work together in a European Centrope border region . Along with nearby Bratislava , Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3 million inhabitants . In 2001 , the city centre was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site .   Apart from being regarded as the City of Music because of its musical legacy , Vienna is also said to be `` The City of Dreams '' because it was home to the world 's first psycho-analyst -- Sigmund Freud . The city 's roots lie in early Celtic and Roman settlements that transformed into a Medieval and Baroque city , and then the capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire . It is well known for having played an essential role as a leading European music centre , from the great age of Viennese Classicism through the early part of the 20th century . The historic centre of Vienna is rich in architectural ensembles , including Baroque castles and gardens , and the late-19th-century Ringstraße lined with grand buildings , monuments and parks .   Vienna is known for its high quality of life . In a 2005 study of 127 world cities , the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked the city first ( in a tie with Vancouver , Canada and San Francisco , USA ) for the world 's most liveable cities . Between 2011 and 2015 , Vienna was ranked second , behind Melbourne , Australia .  For eight consecutive years ( 2009 -- 2016 ) , the human-resource-consulting firm Mercer ranked Vienna first in its annual `` Quality of Living '' survey of hundreds of cities around the world , a title the city still held in 2016 . Monocle 's 2015 `` Quality of Life Survey '' ranked Vienna second on a list of the top 25 cities in the world `` to make a base within . ''   The UN-Habitat has classified Vienna as being the most prosperous city in the world in 2012/2013 .  The city was ranked 1st globally for its culture of innovation in 2007 and 2008 , and sixth globally ( out of 256 cities ) in the 2014 Innovation Cities Index , which analyzed 162 indicators in covering three areas : culture , infrastructure , and markets . Vienna regularly hosts urban planning conferences and is often used as a case study by urban planners .   Between 2005 and 2010 , Vienna was the world 's number-one destination for international congresses and conventions . It attracts over 6.8 million tourists a year .

neg: Wedding (Berlin) Wedding ( der Wedding -LSB- ˈvɛdɪŋ -RSB- ) is a locality in the borough of Mitte , Berlin , Germany and was a separate borough in the north-western inner city until it was fused with Tiergarten and Mitte in Berlin 's 2001 administrative reform . At the same time the eastern half of the former borough of Wedding -- on the other side of Reinickendorfer Straße -- was separated as the new locality of Gesundbrunnen .

neg: Altes Stadthaus, Dortmund Altes Stadthaus in Dortmund , North Rhine-Westphalia , Germany , is an office block which was built in 1899 , and was designed by `` master builder '' Friedrich Kullrich ( a German architect , urban planner and construction officer from Berlin ) . It was built in the Renaissance Revival architecture ( Neo-Renaissance ) style . After the office block was severely damaged in World War II , it was rebuilt in a simplified form .   At the top of the gable is an eagle emblem , representing the city of Dortmund . The façades are made of Old or New Red Sandstone and the lateral parts have plastered surfaces . Kullrich said that the Stadthaus was in the shape of -LSB- Altes Rathaus , Dortmund , Altes Rathaus -RSB- . The Stadthaus is a short distance from -LSB- Alter Markt ( Dortmund ) , Alter Markt -RSB- , which houses the Rathaus on the south . The Rathaus was restored shortly after the Stadthaus was built , under the direction of the Commissioner of City Planning , for the City of Imperial visit to Dortmund in 1899 . A new hall was built in 2002 ( the Berswordt Hall ) , at Peace Square in Dortmund . Directly opposite of Peace Square is the -LSB- Rathaus ( Dortmund ) , Rathaus -RSB- ( town hall ) . The Berswordt Hall includes citizen services , a café and a shop , and was named after the Berswordt , one of the oldest families in Dortmund , who were first mentioned in 1249 . The Stadthaus is mainly used by the Dortmund city administration , and has been since it was built . The office block is listed on the Denkmalliste der Stadt Dortmund ( Monument list of Dortmund ) , which contains 1,015 monuments , many of them being listed buildings .

neg: Bundeswettbewerb Gesang The German national competition Bundeswettbewerb Gesang Berlin was inaugurated in 1966 as a competition for solo singing . Beginning in 1979 , it has been held annually , for the categories Musical and Chanson in uneven years , for Opera , Operetta and concert singing in even years . The patron of the competition is the mayor of Berlin , where the competition is organized and held by the association Bundeswettbewerb Gesang Berlin .   The competition supports young singers for stages in German-speaking countries who have to display varied repertory . They have to be of German nationality and finished school in Germany . The final rounds are held in public in Berlin , where also concerts of the winners are presented in the city 's music theatres . The prize money of around 50,000 Euro comes from the mayor of Berlin for the first prize in the main competition , and additionally from the Deutscher Bühnenverein , Berlin Opera houses , foundations and private sponsors for the other prizes .

neg: European Capital of Culture The European Capital of Culture is a city designated by the European Union for a period of one calendar year during which it organises a series of cultural events with a strong European dimension .   Preparing a European Capital of Culture can be an opportunity for the city to generate considerable cultural , social and economic benefits and it can help foster urban regeneration , change the city 's image and raise its visibility and profile on an international scale .   In 1985 , former actress Melina Mercouri , then Greece 's minister of culture , and her French counterpart Jack Lang came up with the idea of designating an annual Capital of Culture to bring Europeans closer together by highlighting the richness and diversity of European cultures and raising awareness of their common history and values .   The Commission of the European Union manages the title and each year the Council of Ministers of the European Union formally designates European Capitals of Culture : more than 40 cities have been designated so far .   An international panel of cultural experts is in charge of assessing the proposals of cities for the title according to criteria specified by the European Union .   A 2004 study conducted for the European Commission , known as the `` Palmer report '' , demonstrated that the choice of European Capital of Culture served as a catalyst for the cultural development and the transformation of the city . Consequently , the beneficial socio-economic development and impact for the chosen city are now also considered in determining the chosen cities .

neg: Germany–Singapore relations Germany -- Singapore relations refers to bilateral relations between the two countries , Singapore and Germany . Singapore has an embassy in Berlin and Germany has an embassy in Singapore .

neg: Friedrichstraße The Friedrichstraße ( -LSB- ˈfʁiːdʁɪçˌʃtʁaːsə -RSB- ) ( lit . Frederick Street ) is a major culture and shopping street in central Berlin , forming the core of the Friedrichstadt neighborhood and giving the name to Berlin Friedrichstraße station . It runs from the northern part of the old Mitte district ( north of which it is called Chausseestraße ) to the Hallesches Tor in the district of Kreuzberg .   This downtown area is known for its posh real estate market and the campus of the Hertie School of Governance . Due to its north-southerly direction , it forms important junctions with the east-western axes , most notably with Leipziger Straße and Unter den Linden . The U6 U-Bahn line runs underneath . During the Cold War it was bisected by the Berlin Wall and was the location of Checkpoint Charlie .

neg: Judiciary of Germany The judiciary of Germany is the system of courts that interprets and applies the law in Germany .   The German legal system is a civil law mostly based on a comprehensive compendium of statutes , as compared to the common law systems . In criminal and administrative law , Germany uses an inquisitorial system where the judges are actively involved in investigating the facts of the case , as compared to an adversarial system where the role of the judge is primarily that of an impartial referee between the prosecutor or plaintiff and the defendant .   In Germany , the independence of the judiciary is historically older than democracy . The organisation of courts is traditionally strong , and almost all federal and state actions are subject to judicial review .   Judges follow a distinct career path . At the end of their legal education at university , all law students must pass a state examination before they can continue on to an apprenticeship that provides them with broad training in the legal profession over two years . They then must pass a second state examination that qualifies them to practice law . At that point , the individual can choose either to be a lawyer or to enter the judiciary . Judicial candidates start working at courts immediately . However , they are subjected to a probationary period of up to five years before being appointed as judges for life .   The judicial system is established and governed by part IX of the Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland ( the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany ) . Article 92 of the Basic Law establishes the courts , and that states that `` the judicial power shall be vested in the judges ; it shall be exercised by the Federal Constitutional Court , by the federal courts provided for in this Basic Law , and by the courts of the Länder . ''

neg: Frankfurt Documents thumb | right | 200px | Members of the Frankfurt conference  Frankfurt Documents were a series of documents which were an important step on the way to the founding of the Federal Republic of Germany .   On July 1 , 1948 the representatives of the Western allied occupation forces handed over a number of documents to the prime ministers and two ruling mayors from the western zones of occupation , in which the recommendations were made , including establishing a West German state . The main problem of these recommendations was that they did not provide all-German solution , but only a West German state . The Frankfurt documents formed a working basis for the work on the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany . They were created at the London 6-Power Conference in early 1948 .   The handover took place in the IG Farben Building in Frankfurt am Main , and the documents took the name of this town . The military governors Lucius D. Clay ( United States ) , Marie-Pierre Koenig ( France ) and Sir Brian Robertson ( UK ) issued an order establishing a western German state . Present were Peter Altmeier ( Rhineland-Palatinate ) , Karl Arnold ( North Rhine-Westphalia ) , Lawrence Bock ( Württemberg-Hohenzollern ) , Max Brauer ( Hamburg ) , Hans Ehard ( Bavaria ) , Wilhelm Kaisen ( Bremen ) , Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf ( Lower Saxony ) , Hermann Lüdemann ( Schleswig-Holstein ) , Reinhold Maier ( Württemberg-Baden ) , Christian Stock ( Hessen ) and Leo Wohleb ( Baden ) .   A West German state was to be established under the following conditions :   There should be a constitutional convention ( German : Verfassunggebende Versammlung , literally , `` Constituent Assembly '' ) before September 1 , 1948 , to draft a constitution shaping a federal form of government , while maintaining the rights of people and the participating states .  This constitution should first be approved by the military governments , then a referendum in the countries to ratify the Constitution .  The respective simple majority in two thirds of eleven West German states should be sufficient for ratification . Constitutional amendments must be approved by the military governors .  The German foreign policy should continue to be controlled by the military governors in a minimum , as Ruhr questions , repairs , industrial and rights of the Allied forces .  The boundaries of each state should be reviewed and it should , if necessary , taking into account of traditional forms of new countries are created , none compared to the other should be too large or too small .   The Frankfurt Documents prompted the Prime Minister to hold Rittersturz Conference in Koblenz , on the resolutions that were passed .   Category : Political history of Germany  Category : Political conferences

neg: Berlin Potsdamer Bahnhof The Potsdamer Bahnhof is a former railway terminus in Berlin , Germany . It was the first railway station in Berlin , opening in 1838 . It was located at Potsdamer Platz , about 1 km south of the Brandenburg Gate , and kick-started the transformation of Potsdamer Platz from an area of quiet villas near the south-east corner of the Tiergarten park into the bustling focal point that it eventually became . For more than a century it was the terminus for long-distance and suburban trains . Also located at this spot were underground stations on the Berlin U-Bahn and S-Bahn , and today 's new underground Regionalbahnhof , known as Bahnhof Potsdamer Platz , while the short-lived M-Bahn crossed the site of the former terminus .

neg: Operation Clausewitz Operation Clausewitz was the codeword initiation of the defence of Berlin plan by Nazi Germany during the final stage of the European conflict of World War II , the Battle of Berlin . Clausewitz was established in the 9 March 1945 document , Basic Order for the Preparations for the Defense of the Reich Capital ( Grundsätzlicher Befehl für die Vorbereitungen zur Verteidigung der Reichshauptstadt ) , a 33 page document containing 24 separate points . The second point of the document , in full ( translated ) is : `` The Reich capital will be defended to the last man and to the last bullet . '' It has been referred to as the Nazis ' last stand against the Soviets .   The document divided the city of Berlin into 9 operational defense zones ( A through H , as slices of the outer city of Berlin and Z , its center , corresponding to the government district ) . It further divided the region into four concentric rings : an outer exclusion zone , extending well past Berlin 's city limits ; an outer defense zone extending roughly to the city limits ; an inner defense zone extending out to the Berlin Ringbahn ; and the Citadel ( Zitadelle ) , again , zone Z . In addition to the establishment of defense zones , this document also described the overall mechanism by which Berlin would be converted to a front line city . This included :  The evacuation of all Wehrmacht and SS offices in Berlin  Evacuation of the central command post of the capital from General Command on Hohenzollerndamm to L-Tower of the Zoo bunker no more than six hours after the issuance of Clausewitz  The imposition of martial law for the civilian populace , and offenses under which the death penalty was authorized  Hitler ordered the execution of Fall Clausewitz on 20 April 1945 . This set into motion preparedness according to the Basic Order plan , and would have been followed later by the codeword Kolberg meaning full preparedness should be completed and the battle has started .

neg: Erfurt Erfurt ( -LSB- ˈɛʁfʊʁt -RSB- ) is the capital and largest city in the state of Thuringia , central Germany . It lies in the southern part of the Thuringian Basin , within the wide valley of the Gera river . It is located 100 km south-west of Leipzig , 300 km south-west of Berlin , 400 km north of Munich and 250 km north-east of Frankfurt . Together with neighbouring cities Weimar and Jena it forms the central metropolitan area of Thuringia with approximately 500,000 inhabitants .   Erfurt 's old town is one of the most intact medieval cities in Germany , having survived World War II with very little damage . Tourist attractions include the Krämerbrücke ( Merchants ' bridge ) , the ensemble of Erfurt Cathedral and Severikirche ( St Severus 's Church ) and Petersburg Citadel , one of the largest and best preserved town fortresses in Europe . The city 's economy is based on agriculture , horticulture and microelectronics . Its central location has led to it becoming a logistics hub for Germany and central Europe . Erfurt hosts the second-largest trade fair in eastern Germany ( after Leipzig ) as well as the public television children 's channel KiKa .   The city is situated on the Via Regia , a medieval trade and pilgrims ' road network . Modern day Erfurt is also a hub for ICE high speed trains and other German and European transport networks . Erfurt was first mentioned in 742 , as Saint Boniface founded the diocese . Although the town did not belong to any of the Thuringian states politically , it quickly became the economic centre of the region . It was part of the Electorate of Mainz during the Holy Roman Empire , and later became part of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1802 . From 1949 until 1990 Erfurt was part of the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) .   Notable institutions in Erfurt are the Federal Labour Court of Germany , the University of Erfurt and the Fachhochschule Erfurt ( University of Applied Sciences ) .   The university was founded in 1379 , making it the first university to be established in geographic area which constitutes modern day Germany . It closed in 1816 and was re-established in 1994 , with the main modern campus on what was a former teachers ' training college . Martin Luther ( 1483 - 1546 ) was the most famous student of the institution , studying there from 1501 .   Other famous Erfurters include the medieval philosopher and mystic Meister Eckhart ( c. 1260-1328 ) , the Baroque composer Johann Pachelbel ( 1653-1706 ) , the sociologist Max Weber ( 1864-1920 ) , rapper Clueso ( Thomas Hübner ) ( 1980 - ) , and Gunda Niemann ( 1966 - ) , three-times Olympic speed skating gold-medal winner .

neg: Tränenpalast The Tränenpalast ( `` Palace of Tears '' ) is the Berlin colloquialism for the former border crossing at Berlin Friedrichstraße station , where East Germans said goodbye to visitors going back to West Germany . From 1962 to 1989 it was the border crossing for travellers by S-bahn , U-bahn and train between East and West Germany . It was used only for westbound border crossings , with separate checkpoints for West Berliners , West Germans , foreigners , diplomats , transit travellers and East Germans .   The term Tränenpalast derives from the tearful goodbyes that took place in front of the building , where western visitors had to say farewell to East Germans that were not permitted to travel to West Berlin .

neg: President of Germany The President of Germany , officially the President of the Federal Republic of Germany ( Bundespräsident der Bundesrepublik Deutschland ) , is the head of state of Germany .   Germany has a parliamentary system of government in which the Chancellor is the nation 's leading political figure and de facto chief executive . However , the President has a role which , while not an executive post , is more than ceremonial . Presidents have extensive discretion regarding the way they exercise their official duties . The President gives direction to general political and societal debates and has some important `` reserve powers '' in case of political instability ( such as those provided for by Article 81 of the Basic Law ) .  Under Article 59 ( 1 ) of the Basic Law ( German Constitution ) , the President represents the Federal Republic of Germany in matters of international law , concludes treaties with foreign states on its behalf and accredits diplomats . Furthermore , all federal laws must be signed by the President before they can come into effect , but usually he or she only vetoes a law that he/she believes to violate the constitution .   The President , by his or her actions and public appearances , represents the state itself , its existence , its legitimacy , and unity . The President 's office involves an integrative role and the control function of upholding the law and the constitution . It is a matter of political tradition -- not legal restrictions -- that the President generally does not comment routinely on issues in the news , particularly when there is some controversy among the political parties . This distance from day-to-day politics and daily governmental issues allows the President to be a source of clarification , to influence public debate , to voice criticism , offer suggestions and make proposals . In order to exercise this power , he/she traditionally acts above party politics .   The 12th and current officeholder is Frank-Walter Steinmeier who was elected on 12 February 2017 and started his first five-year-term on 19 March 2017 .

neg: Berlin School of Economics and Law The Berlin School of Economics and Law ( BSEL , German : Hochschule für Wirtschaft und Recht , HWR ) is a leading German business school founded on 1 April 2009 through the merger of the Berlin School of Economics ( BSE ) and the FHVR Berlin . The BSEL portfolio provides a wide range of professional qualifications . BSEL is specialised in business and administration for the public and private sector , as well as public security , the law and engineering . The majority of programmes lead to a bachelor 's or master 's degree . Degrees have been quality controlled and are accredited by the German state . BSEL has an international approach with close working relationship with over 90 partner universities all over the world and has a very strict and selective admission policy .   The school offers a 5-year dual degree with France 's ESCE Business School ( Paris ) , enabling selected bilingual students to have the `` Master in Management '' from ESCE and the Master of Arts from HWR Berlin . This program is supported by The Franco-German University ( FGU ) .

neg: 6th SS-Standarte The 6th SS-Standarte was a regimental command of the Allgemeine-SS situated in the city of Berlin . As the command was located in the capital of Germany , the 6th Standarte was considered one of the more important SS units in Nazi Germany . The members of the Standarte themselves , however , were non-paid mustering troops of the `` General-SS '' as was the practice for most Allgemeine-SS regiments .   The Standarte was first formed in October 1931 and was part of the so-called `` Northern SS '' under the control of Kurt Daluege . At the time , there was a divisional disunity in the SS , with SS units in southern Germany controlled by Heinrich Himmler and the northern units answering to Daluege . It was not until 1934 , after most of the SS headquarters offices had relocated to Berlin , that this division was eventually done away with .   During Reichstag elections of 1931 , the 6th SS Standarte played a significant role in campaigning for the Nazi Party and repeated the effort again when Adolf Hitler ran for the office of President of Germany in 1932 . One early member of the Standarte , who would later become the Reichsführer-SS was Karl Hanke .   After Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in 1933 , the 6th SS-Standarte adopted the honor title of `` Charlottenburg '' and often participated in several major Nazi Party rallies held in the German capitol . A year later , during the Night of the Long Knives , the Standarte played a major role in rounding up the Sturmabteilung leadership in Berlin , although most SA executions were carried out by SD troops and Gestapo agents .   One of the most notorious actions that the 6th SS-Standarte engaged in was `` Kristallnacht '' where Berlin SS men sought out and destroyed numerous Jewish synagogues and businesses . Shortly afterwards , the Standarte was granted a second honor title as `` 6 SS-Standarte Eduard Felsen '' .   When World War II began in 1939 , the Berlin SS regiment slowly began losing its members to regular military service , since mustering Allgemeine-SS personnel were not exempt from conscription . The Standarte was still participating in ceremonial functions as late as 1944 , however , and in the last year of the war many of the remaining members became involved with the Volksturm and participated in the Battle of Berlin .


query: South Korea has a highly educated workforce.

pos: South Korea South Korea , officially the Republic of Korea ( ROK ; ) , is a sovereign state in East Asia , constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula . Officially , its territory consists of the whole Korean Peninsula and its adjacent islands , which are largely mountainous . South Koreans lead a distinctive urban lifestyle , as half of them live in high-rises concentrated in the Seoul Capital Area with 25 million residents and the world 's sixth leading global city with the fourth largest economy and seventh most sustainable city in the world .   The earliest neolithic Korean pottery dates to 8000 BC , with three kingdoms flourishing in the 1st century BC . The name Korea is derived from one of them , Goguryeo , also known as Koryŏ , which was a Han Chinese tributary state kingdom in East Asia that sent yearly tribute to the Emperor of China , ruling most of the Korean Peninsula and a small portion of Siberia and Inner Mongolia under Gwanggaeto the Great . Since their unification into Later Silla and Balhae in the 7th century , Korea enjoyed over a millennium of relative tranquility under long lasting dynasties . Under Sejong the Great in the 15th century , Koreans had one of the highest living standards in the world along with the Han Chinese and Japanese and developed improved versions many advanced innovations such as the metal movable type printing press in 1377 A.D. which was developed based on the previous Han Chinese Porcelain movable type printing press , used to print and publish the Jikji , the world 's oldest extant movable metal type printed paper book using the 8,000 year old traditional ancient Chinese writing system . Additionally , in 1443 Hangul was invented by the Korean King Sejong the Great as an easier alternative to the complex and difficult to learn ancient Chinese writing system which was usually reserved for elite academic scholars preparing for the imperial examinations of China . Hangul enabled anyone in the general Korean population to easily learn to read and write and transfer written information rather than spending years learning complicated ancient Chinese . Its rich and vibrant culture left 19 UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritages of Humanity , the third largest in the world , along with 12 World Heritage Sites . Annexed into Imperial Japan in 1910 , Korea was divided after its surrender in 1945 , but a North Korean invasion led to the Korean War ( 1950 -- 1953 ) . Peace has since mostly continued with the two agreeing to work peacefully for reunification and the South solidifying peace as a regional power with the world 's 10th largest defence budget .   South Korea , along with Taiwan , Singapore and Hong Kong ( China ) is one of the four high-tech industrialized developed countries often referred to as the Four Asian Economic Dragons . The South Korean economy soared at an annual average of 10 % for over 30 years in a period of rapid transformation called the Miracle on the Han River . A long legacy of openness and focus on innovation made it successful . Today , it is the world 's seventh largest advanced economy and fifth largest exporter with the G20 's largest budget surplus and highest credit rating of any country in East Asia . It has free trade agreements with 75 % of the world economy and is the only G20 nation trading freely with China , the US and the EU simultaneously . Since 1988 , its constitution guarantees a liberal democracy with high government transparency and many fundamental rights such as universal healthcare . High personal freedoms led to the rise of a globally influential pop culture such as K-pop and K-drama , a phenomenon called the Korean Wave , known for its distinctive fashionable and trendy style . Home of the UN Green Climate Fund and GGGI , South Korea is a leader in low carbon green growth , committed to helping developing countries as a major DAC and Paris Club contributor . It is the world 's third least ignorant country in the Index of Ignorance , ranking eighth highest for peaceful tolerance and inclusion of minorities on the Fragile States Index .   South Korea is a technologically advanced developed country driven by a highly educated and skilled workforce , having the world 's eighth highest median household income , the highest in Asia . Globally , it ranks highly in personal safety , job security , ease of doing business and healthcare quality , with the world 's third highest health adjusted life expectancy and fourth most efficient healthcare system . It is the world 's largest spender on R&D per GDP , leading the OECD in graduates in science and engineering and ranking third in the Youth Wellbeing Index . Home of Samsung , LG and Hyundai-Kia , South Korea was named the world 's most innovative country for 4 consecutive years since 2014 in the Bloomberg Innovation Index , ranking first in business R&D intensity , manufacturing value-added , patents filed per GDP , second in higher education efficiency and fourth in high-tech density and researcher concentration . In 2005 , it became the world 's first country to fully transition to high-speed Internet and today it has the world 's fastest Internet speed and highest smartphone ownership , ranking first in ICT Development , e-Government and 4G LTE coverage .

neg: University of Seoul The University of Seoul ( UOS ) ( Korean : 서울시립대학교 ) is a public university located in Seoul , Korea . It was founded as Kyung Sung Public Agricultural College in 1918 and renamed the University of Seoul in 1997 . UOS is one of top 3 universities without medical school in Korea in 2012 . According to 2015 report from The Times Higher Education , UOS ranked 7th among the all Korean universities and 49th among all the Asian universities . In another survey , UOS ranked 14th in the Asian midsize universities . UOS was reported the best value public university in Korea , with high financial investment and scholarship amount per student . Students ' affinity to the school was ranked in the first place and students ' satisfaction is in the second according to a 2010 survey . UOS is famous for a large number of alumni working as national or municipal government officials . UOS is specialized in College of Urban Science and has top-tier programs of environmental engineering , science in taxation , transportation engineering , urban planning and design , landscape architecture , and urban administration .   In 2012 , the mayor of Seoul , Park Won-soon , implemented a campaign promise , `` Half-priced tuition '' as soon as he started his term . The half-priced tuition was initiated in UOS first so that it would drive other universities to decrease their tuition . In 2013 , UOS tuition per semester ranged from $ 915 to $ 1,441 ( two semesters a year , 1,117.3 won / $ in 2013 ) . Because of high quality of education and low tuition of UOS , admission process has been more competitive . And student 's satisfaction is still very high . In 2012 , the registration rate of new students was very high ( 96 % ) and the withdrawal rate of students was extremely low ( 0.97 % ) , compared with other universities in Seoul .   Because UOS students think that they take a lot of financial and educational benefits from the Seoul government , most of them participate in social works . Number of social work volunteers in 2012 was 3,105 and is expected to increase .

neg: Japanese work environment Many both in and outside Japan share an image of the Japanese work environment that is based on a and '' model used by large companies as well as a reputation of long work-hours and strong devotion to one 's company . This environment is said to reflect economic conditions beginning in the 1920s , when major corporations competing in the international marketplace began to accrue the same prestige that had traditionally been ascribed to the daimyo-retainer relationship of feudal Japan or government service in the Meiji Restoration . At the very top , the most prestigious companies would recruit and retain the best workers by offering better benefits and truly lifetime job security . By the 1960s , employment at a large prestigious company had become the goal of children of the new middle class , the pursuit of which required mobilization of family resources and great individual perseverance in order to achieve success in the fiercely competitive education system .   Employees are expected to work hard and demonstrate loyalty to the firm , in exchange for some degree of job security and benefits , such as housing subsidies , good insurance , the use of recreation facilities , and bonuses and pensions . Wages begin low , but seniority is rewarded , with promotions based on a combination of seniority and ability . Leadership is not based on assertiveness or quick decision making but on the ability to create consensus , taking into account the needs of subordinates . Surveys indicate continued preference for bosses who are demanding but show concern for workers ' private lives over less-demanding bosses interested only in performance on the job . This system rewards behavior demonstrating identification with the team effort , indicated by singing the company song , not taking all of one 's vacation days , and sharing credit for accomplishments with the work group . Pride in one 's work is expressed through competition with other parallel sections in the company and between one 's company and other companies in similar lines of business . Thus , individuals are motivated to maintain wa ( harmony ) and participate in group activities , not only on the job but also in after-hours socializing ( nomikai ) . The image of group loyalty , however , may be more a matter of ideology than practice , especially for people who do not make it to the top .

neg: National Training Institute of Education, Science and Technology National Training Institute of Education , Science and Technology ( NEST ) is a training institute set up by the Korean Ministry of Education , Science and Technology ( MEST ) . It is located in Bangbae 3-dong , Seocho-gu , Seoul , South Korea .

neg: Changwon National University Changwon National University is a public institution of higher education located in Changwon , an industrial city in the southeast of South Korea . It is home to the country 's first graduate school of labor . The school enrolls close to 15,000 students , and employs 304 instructors as of 2004 .

neg: Pyeongtaek Pyeongtaek ( -LSB- pʰjʌŋ.tʰɛ̝k̚ -RSB- ) is a city in Gyeonggi Province , South Korea . Located in the southwestern part of the province , Pyeongtaek was founded as a union of two districts in 940 , during the Goryeo dynasty . It was elevated to city status in 1986 , and is home to a South Korean naval base and a large concentration of United States troops . The Korean government plans to transform Pyeongtaek city to an international economic hub to coincide with the move of the United States Forces Korea ( USFK ) to Pyeongtaek . During the Korean War it was the site of an early battle between US and North Korean forces , the Battle of Pyongtaek . It is the location of Pyeongtaek University .

neg: Football in South Korea The sport of football in the country of South Korea is run by the Korea Football Association . The association administers the national football team as well as the K-League . Football is one of the country 's most popular sports along with baseball .

neg: South Korean web culture South Korean web culture indicates distinct activities that South Korean internet users enjoy on the web . Most of the internet users are in the 13 - 50 age range . People often access the Internet through cyber cafes ( Korean : PC방 ; PC bang ) .   Most of the activities are targeted to teenagers and college students . Youngsters who feel more comfortable texting than talking are known as the `` thumb tribe '' . The LG Mobile World Cup , an international competition held on January 14 , 2010 , in which participants competed using their texting speed and accuracy was won by a pair of South Koreans .   Highly urbanized at 92 % , South Koreans lead a distinctive urban lifestyle ; half of them live in high-rises concentrated in the Seoul Capital Area with 25 million residents . The rise of online social activities closely mirrors the wider cultural trend towards shared spaces , such as the habitual use of coffee houses .   South Korea enjoys the world 's swiftest Internet speeds and the highest rate of Internet penitration but also suffers from very high censorship of content .

neg: Bucheon Bucheon ( -LSB- pu.tɕʰʌn -RSB- ) is a city in Gyeonggi Province , South Korea . Bucheon is a satellite city of Seoul , 25 km away . This city is located between Incheon and Seoul .   Bucheon is the second most densely populated city in South Korea after Seoul , and as a result , administrative districts were abolished in July 2016 in favor of providing greater public service in community centers .   Major manufacturing operations are located in the northern areas of the city , while the areas in the south where Seoul Subway Line 7 and Seoul Subway Line 1 pass are dense commercial and residential areas .

neg: Education Education is the process of facilitating learning , or the acquisition of knowledge , skills , values , beliefs , and habits . Educational methods include storytelling , discussion , teaching , training , and directed research . Education frequently takes place under the guidance of educators , but learners may also educate themselves . Education can take place in formal or informal settings and any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks , feels , or acts may be considered educational . The methodology of teaching is called pedagogy .   Education is commonly divided formally into such stages as preschool or kindergarten , primary school , secondary school and then college , university , or apprenticeship .   A right to education has been recognized by some governments , including at the global level : Article 13 of the United Nations ' 1966 International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights recognizes a universal right to education . In most regions , education is compulsory up to a certain age .

neg: Korean Wave The Korean Wave ( , , a neologism literally meaning `` flow of Korea '' ) is the increase in global popularity of South Korean culture since the 1990s . First driven by the spread of K-dramas and K-pop across East , South and Southeast Asia during its initial stages , the Korean Wave evolved from a regional development into a global phenomenon , carried by the Internet and social media and the proliferation of K-pop music videos on YouTube .   Since the turn of the 21st century , South Korea has emerged as a major exporter of popular culture and tourism , aspects which have become a significant part of its burgeoning economy . The growing popularity of Korean pop culture in many parts of the world has prompted the South Korean government to support its creative industries through subsidies and funding for start-ups , as a form of soft power and in its aim of becoming one of the world 's leading exporters of culture along with Japanese and British culture , a niche that the United States has dominated for nearly a century . During this time the Korean society began to be recognized as a developed country similar to that of the Western world .   Part of the success of the Korean Wave owes in part to the development of social networking services and online video sharing platforms such as YouTube , which have allowed the Korean entertainment industry to reach a sizable overseas audience . Use of these media in facilitating promotion , distribution and consumption of various forms of Korean entertainment ( and K-pop in particular ) has contributed to their surge in worldwide popularity since the mid-2000s .

neg: Induk University Induk University is a university in Seoul , South Korea . It was established by Asian American writer Induk Pahk as `` Berea in Korea '' in 1963 , became the `` Induk Institute of Design '' in 1971 , and was renamed `` Induk University '' in 2009 . It is located in Nowon-gu , along with a number of other educational institutes . The university provides a range of two - and three-year courses .   Soo Jung Kimcreator of Dooly the Little Dinosaur and former president of the Korea Animation Producers Associationteaches at the university 's Department of Animation . Actor Shin Hyun-joon is an acting professor in the Department of Broadcasting and Entertainment .   The university has a number of student clubs and business start-up clubs . After the 2010 Chile earthquake students from the Department of Tourism and Leisure Management raised 800,000 won to help rebuild a school in Chile .

neg: South Korean South Korean may refer to :  Something of , from , or related to South Korea , a country in East Asia , in the southern half of the Korean Peninsula . For information about the South Korean people , see :  Demographics of South Korea  Culture of South Korea  the Korean language as spoken in South Korea

neg: Private enterprise in Japan The engine of Japanese economic growth has been private initiative and enterprise , together with strong support and guidance from the government and from labor . The most numerous enterprises were single proprietorships , of which there were more than 4 million in the late 1980s . The dominant form of organization ; however , is the Corporation . In 1988 some 2 million corporations employed more than 30 million workers , or nearly half of the total labor force of 60.1 million people . Corporations range from large to small , but the favored type of organization is the joint-stock company , with directors , auditors , and yearly stockholders ' meetings .

neg: Ahn Byong-man Ahn Byong-man ( born 1941 ) is a South Korean academic , and the former President of Hankuk University of Foreign Studies . He received his bachelor 's and master 's degrees from the Seoul National University in 1964 and 1967 , and went on to the University of Florida for doctoral studies , graduating in 1973 . In 1975 he joined the faculty of Hankuk University of Foreign Studies in Seoul , South Korea . While at this institution he served as the Dean of Student Affairs , Dean of the Graduate School , and in 1994 he was named President . He served in this capacity until 2004 .   Ahn was a Fulbright Scholar-in-Residence at the University of Delaware , and received an honorary doctorate of humane letters from the University of Delaware in 2004 . He was also a visiting professor at the university . He also received a University of Florida Distinguished Alumnus Award in May 2005 .   A non-party politician , he served as Minister for Education , Science and Technology in the Lee Myung-bak government from 6 August 2008 until 30 August 2010 . During his tenure , he pushed through an ambitious reform of English-as-a-foreign-language education in South Korea in an effort to reduce the reliance on hagwon in teaching the language . One of the first steps he took in this regard was to begin the development of a new English proficiency test modeled on Japan 's STEP Eiken test , the National English Ability Test , with the aim of replacing the TOEIC and TOEFL for domestic purposes such as university admissions and job candidate selection . Around the same time , he also requested the resignations of seven senior officials in the Ministry .

neg: Gangnam District The Gangnam District is one of the 25 local government districts which make up the city of Seoul , South Korea . Gangnam -LSB- kaŋnam -RSB- literally means `` South of the ( Han ) River '' .   As of the 2010 census , Gangnam District had a population of 527,641 , making it the 4th most populated district in Seoul . Gangnam District is the third largest district in Seoul , with an area of 39.5 km2 .

neg: Goyang Goyang ( Goyang-si ; -LSB- ko.jaŋ -RSB- ) is a city in Gyeonggi-do in the north of South Korea . It is part of the Seoul Capital Area , making Goyang one of Seoul 's satellite cities . It is one of the largest cities in the Seoul Capital Area , with a population of just over 1 million . The city is the site of the Ilsan New Town , a planned city surrounding the Ilsandong-gu and Ilsanseo-gu districts of Goyang .   Several institutions of higher learning are located in Goyang . These include Agricultural Cooperative College , Korea Aerospace University , and Transnational Law and Business University .   In sports , the city was home to the K League Challenge football team Goyang Zaicro FC until its disbandment in 2016 . The Challengers League football team Goyang Citizen FC and the Korean Basketball League team Goyang Orion Orions are based in the city .

neg: Sin Sukju Sin Suk-ju ( Korean : 신숙주 , hanja : 申叔舟 ; August 2 , 1417 -- July 23 , 1475 ) was a Korean politician during the Joseon Dynasty . He served as Prime Minister from 1461 to 1466 and again from 1471 to 1475 .   Shin was an accomplished polyglot , and was particularly well educated in the Chinese language . He served as a personal linguistic expert to King Sejong , and was intimately involved in the creation and application of the Korean alphabet known in modern times as Hangul . Sin used the newly created hangul system to create an accurate transcription of spoken Mandarin Chinese in 15th century Ming dynasty China .  These transcriptions haven proven accurate and reliable , and his transcriptions are now `` an invaluable source of information on the pronunciations of Ming-era -LSB- Mandarin -RSB- . ''

neg: Academic grading in South Korea Academic grading in South Korea depends on the type of school in which it is involved in . In University , the grade runs upon a letter-type grade similar to American schools . The letter grades can add up to different numbered averages , from 0.0 to 4.5 . However , in Middle School , the grades are based on characters that of the Korean language , such as '' 수 '' meaning `` Outstanding '' , or '' 양 '' meaning `` Needs Improvement '' .

neg: Office of the Yi Dynasty The Office of the Yi Dynasty or called Yiwangjik was an organization to manage every affairs related to the royal House of Yi of Korea during the Japanese occupation . It was established in February 1911 under the direction of the Japanese Government-General of Korea . As the Empire of Korea was relegated to the Yi Dynasty after the annexation of Korea to Japan in 1910 , Yiwangjik was descended from `` Gungnaebu '' ( Department of the Royal Household ) of the Korean Empire which was in charge of the affairs of the royal family . It is also translated into English as `` Yi Royal Household '' or `` Office of Yi Royal Family '' The term , Yiwangjik comprises three words in Korean ; Yi means the House of Yi and `` wang '' means titles and ranks of the royalty by Japanese investiture , and jik refers to government office .   The office also governed the affairs related to documenting the House of Yi , so compiled the Annal of Gojong and Sujong . Appointments , rewards , and punishment on officers of Yiwangjik was governed by the Japanese Imperial Household Ministry as well as supervised by the Governor-General of Korea .

neg: South Chungcheong Province South Chungcheong Province , officially Chungcheongnam-do ( -LSB- tɕʰuŋ.tɕʰʌŋ.nam.do -RSB- ; abbreviated Chungnam ) , is a province in the west of South Korea . The province was formed in 1896 from the south-western half of the former Chungcheong Province and remained a province of Korea until the country 's division in 1945 , thereafter becoming part of South Korea . In 2012 , the provincial capital moved from Daejeon to Hongseong .