query: Jesus is the son of God in Christianity.

pos: Jesus Jesus ( -LSB- ˈdʒiːzəs -RSB- ; c. 4 BC -- c. AD 30/33 ) , also referred to as Jesus of Nazareth or Jesus Christ , was a Jewish preacher and religious leader who became the central figure of Christianity . Christians believe him to be the Son of God and the awaited Messiah ( Christ ) prophesied in the Old Testament .   Virtually all modern scholars of antiquity agree that Jesus existed historically , although the quest for the historical Jesus has produced little agreement on the historical reliability of the Gospels and on how closely the biblical Jesus reflects the historical Jesus . Jesus was a Galilean Jew who was baptized by John the Baptist and subsequently began his own ministry , preaching his message orally and often being referred to as `` rabbi '' . He was arrested and tried by the Jewish authorities , and was crucified by the order of Pontius Pilate , the Roman prefect . Jesus debated fellow Jews on how to best follow God , performed healings , taught in parables and gathered followers . After his death , his followers believed he rose from the dead , and the community they formed eventually became the Christian Church .   His birth is celebrated annually on December 25 ( or various dates in January for some eastern churches ) as a holiday known as Christmas , his crucifixion is honored on Good Friday , and his resurrection is celebrated on Easter . The widely used calendar era `` AD '' , from the Latin anno Domini ( `` in the year of the Lord '' ) , and the alternative `` CE '' , are based on the approximate birth date of Jesus .   Christian doctrines include the beliefs that Jesus was conceived by the Holy Spirit , was born of a virgin named Mary , performed miracles , founded the Church , died by crucifixion as a sacrifice to achieve atonement , rose from the dead , and ascended into Heaven , whence he will return . Most Christians believe Jesus enables humans to be reconciled to God . The Nicene Creed asserts that Jesus will judge the living and the dead either before or after their bodily resurrection , an event tied to the Second Coming of Jesus in Christian eschatology . The great majority of Christians worship Jesus as the incarnation of God the Son , the second of three persons of a Divine Trinity . A minority of Christian denominations reject Trinitarianism , wholly or partly , as non-scriptural .   In Islam , Jesus ( commonly transliterated as ) is considered one of God 's important prophets and the Messiah . Muslims believe Jesus was a bringer of scripture and was born of a virgin but was not the Son of God . The Quran states that Jesus himself never claimed divinity . To most Muslims , Jesus was not crucified but was physically raised into Heaven by God .   Judaism rejects the belief that Jesus was the awaited Messiah , arguing that he did not fulfill Messianic prophecies and asserting that his resurrection is a Christian legend .

neg: Matthew 2:4 Matthew 2:4 is the fourth verse of the second chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament . The magi have informed King Herod that they had seen portents showing the birth of the King of the Jews . In this verse he calls together leading figures of Jerusalem to find out where Jesus was to be born .   In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads :  And when he had gathered all the chief priests and scribes of the  people together , he demanded of them where Christ should be born .   The World English Bible translates the passage as :  Gathering together all the chief priests and scribes of  the people , he asked them where the Christ would be born .   Most scholars take the reference to `` all the chief priests and scribes '' as referring to the Sanhedrin , the council of leading religious figures that played an important role in governing . Some have argued that the phrase `` all the chief priests '' is incorrect as there was only one chief priest at the time . Brown notes that this phrase occurs in other contemporary documents and refers to the leading priests and also the former chief priests .   A more important difficulty with this passage is its historical implausibility . Records from that period show that Herod and the Sanhedrin were sharply divided and their relations acrimonious . Schweizer states that Herod calling and consulting with the council is `` historically almost inconceivable . '' Schweizer believes that the introduction of the Jewish leaders is simply a device so that there will be someone to quote the Old Testament passage that appears in Matthew 2:6 . As with the wording of the previous verse many scholars also see this linking of the Jewish leaders and Herod as an example of Christian anti-Semitism . Gundry agrees that the verse is politically motivated and a deliberate foreshadowing of the persecution of Jesus and his church by the leaders of Jerusalem . He notes that at the time the priest were largely Sadducees while the scribes were mostly Pharisees . Thus the specific mentioning of the two groups might be a deliberate attempt to tar both leading Jewish factions .   Also notable about this verse is that King Herod , who has only heard that the King of the Jews had been born , asks about the Christ , or the messiah .   That the magi , who first noted the star , do not know and are not even asked about where the messiah might be born is a sign that they are ignorant of Jewish scripture . This is evidence to Brown that they are Gentiles , which is also supported by verse 12 's suggestion that they were foreigners : `` And being warned of God in a dream that they should not return to Herod , they departed into their own country another way . '' John Chrysostom believed that they were from Persia .

neg: Members Church of God International Members Church of God International , abbreviated as MCGI , is an international Christian religious organization with headquarters in the Philippines . It started as a small group with less than a hundred believers in 1977 . It is popularly known in the Philippines as Ang Dating Daan ( English : The Old Path ; abbreviated as ADD ) , the title of its flagship radio and television program and currently the longest-running religious program in the Philippines with Brother Eliseo Soriano as its `` Overall Servant '' ( Former title : `` Presiding Minister '' ) .   Members Church of God International believes that the Almighty God , the Father sent his begotten Son , Jesus Christ , instrumental in the establishment of the `` Church of God '' , first planted in Jerusalem and preached by the apostles . They believe that Gentile nations , including the Philippines , are partakers of the promise of eternal life , through belief in Jesus Christ and the gospel and are not authorized by God to establish their own church , but mere members associated with the same `` body '' or the church written in the gospel by accepting it and executing the doctrines written by the apostles . Guided by this scriptural principle , the church 's registered name contains descriptive words `` ang mga kaanib '' in Tagalog or `` members '' in English to emphasize the group 's association today , as `` members '' of the `` Church of God '' that is already established long time ago and was written in the Bible .   On April 25 , 1980 , in compliance with government regulations , Eliseo Soriano registered the group with the Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) as Ang Mga Kaanib sa Iglesia ng Dios Kay Kristo Hesus , Haligi at Saligan ng Katotohan , sa Bansang Pilipinas ( English : Members of the Church of God in Christ Jesus , Pillar and Ground of Truth in the Philippines ) . In 2004 , its registered name was changed to `` Members Church of God International '' ( Tagalog : Mga Kaanib sa Iglesia ng Dios na Pandaigdig ) in line with the church 's overseas expansion .   For them , the church 's primary objective , as commanded by Jesus Christ , is to propagate the gospel unto all nations until the consummation of the ages , convert sinners to believe and glorify God and to make them qualify for the eternal life in heaven . Currently , MCGI is present in six inhabited continents of the world with more than 1,360 established local congregations . Its flagship program Ang Dating Daan is being broadcast in more than 70 countries , in five languages over terrestrial television , radio , internet and carried by at least seven satellites across the globe .   They believe in God the Father , Jesus Christ the Son , and the Holy Spirit but they adopt a nontrinitarianism orientation , rejecting the Trinitarian concept that there is `` one God in three co-equal persons '' , which for them is against the Bible . They believe that the Father is greater than all , greater than Jesus Christ as declared by Christ himself . They do not observe customs and traditions which they consider to have pagan origins incompatible with Christianity . MCGI members prefer themselves to be called and identified as plain `` Christians '' .   MCGI is not related to the many Church of God groups that descended from the Barney Creek Meeting House revival of the late 19th century in the United States .

neg: General judgment General judgment is the Christian theological concept of a judgment of the dead by nation and as a whole . It is related closely to Judgment Day and often is just another phrase for the Last Judgment or Final Judgement , but is not necessarily part of any eschatology . It is generally contrasted with a particular judgment right after death .   The position is hinted at in several places in the Old Testament and in the New , and the Catholic Encyclopedia says ( here referring to the Last Judgment ) `` Few truths are more often or more clearly proclaimed in Scripture than that of the general judgment '' . When the individual dies , general judgment holds that the person 's final dispensation will await the general judgment of the dead at the end of the world , rather than be judged immediately . Additionally , `` general judgment '' may refer not only to the judging of each person , but also to the judgment of nations and peoples .   The concept of Last Judgment is similar but unique . Various Last Judgment scenarios represent different forms of a general judgment , such as a global last judgment or a national last judgment . It is more concerned with the depictions and descriptions of particular versions .   Jesus provided examples and illustrations of judgments against cities and generations . Jesus warned his contemporaries that the men of Nineveh , who repented at the preaching of Jonah , and the Queen of the South would testify against them in the judgment . In the context of dispatching emissaries , Jesus asked them to shake off the dust of cities that would not receive them . In the same speech , Jesus declared woes upon the cities of Chorazin and Bethsaida declaring that the cities of Sodom , Tyre , and Sidon would have a more tolerable outcome in the judgement .

neg: Kingship of God (Judaism) For an overview see Kingship and kingdom of God  The concept of kingship of God appears in the Hebrew Bible with references to `` his Kingdom '' and `` your Kingdom '' while the term `` kingdom of God '' is not directly used . `` Yours is the kingdom , O Lord '' is used in and `` His kingdom is an everlasting kingdom '' in , for example . It is tied to Jewish understanding that through the messiah , God will restore the Kingdom of Israel , following the Davidic covenant .   The `` enthronement psalms '' ( Psalms 45 , 93 , 96 , 97-99 ) provide a background for this view with the exclamation `` The Lord is King '' . However , in later Judaism ( after the destruction of the First Temple ) a more `` national '' view was assigned to God 's kingship in which the awaited messiah may be seen as a liberator and the founder of a new state of Israel .   , , and all speak of the Throne of God , although some philosophers such as Saadia Gaon and Maimonides interpreted such mention of a `` throne '' as allegory .

neg: Jesus bloodline The Jesus bloodline is a hypothetical sequence of lineal descendants of the historical Jesus , often by Mary Magdalene , usually portrayed as his wife . Differing and contradictory versions of a Jesus bloodline hypothesis have been proposed in numerous books by authors such as Louis Martin ( 1886 ) , Donovan Joyce ( 1973 ) , Andreas Faber-Kaiser ( 1977 ) , Barbara Thiering ( 1992 ) , Margaret Starbird ( 1993 ) , and various websites . Dan Brown 's novel The Da Vinci Code used the premise for its plot line . The 2007 documentary The Lost Tomb of Jesus proposed that evidence existed to show that Jesus was married to Mary Magdalene and that their son was named Judah , based upon inscriptions found on ossuaries discovered in Jerusalem in 1980 . Biblical scholar and author James Tabor has recently affirmed his belief in a married Jesus , while Karen King announced the discovery of text in a Coptic papyrus fragment , alleged to be a translation of a lost 2nd century Gospel , in which Jesus is made to refer to `` my wife '' . That fragment is now considered by most experts to be a fake .   Hypothetical Jesus bloodlines should not be confused with the biblical genealogy of Jesus or the historical relatives of Jesus and their descendants , who are known as the Desposyni .

neg: John of Damascus Saint John of Damascus ( Medieval Greek Ἰωάννης ὁ Δαμασκηνός , Ioánnis o Damaskinós , Byzantine -LSB- ioˈanis o ðamasciˈnos -RSB- ; Ioannes Damascenus , يوحنا الدمشقي , ALA-LC : Yūḥannā ad-Dimashqī ) ; also known as John Damascene and as Χρυσορρόας / Chrysorrhoas ( literally `` streaming with gold '' -- i.e. , `` the golden speaker '' ; c. 675 or 676 -- 4 December 749 ) was a Syrian monk and priest . Born and raised in Damascus , he died at his monastery , Mar Saba , near Jerusalem .   A polymath whose fields of interest and contribution included law , theology , philosophy , and music , he is said by some sources to have served as a Chief Administrator to the Muslim caliph of Damascus before his ordination . He wrote works expounding the Christian faith , and composed hymns which are still used both liturgically in Eastern Christian practice throughout the world as well as in western Lutheranism at Easter . He is one of the Fathers of the Eastern Orthodox Church and is best known for his strong defense of icons . The Catholic Church regards him as a Doctor of the Church , often referred to as the Doctor of the Assumption due to his writings on the Assumption of Mary .   The most common source of information for the life of John of Damascus is a work attributed to one John of Jerusalem , identified therein as the Patriarch of Jerusalem . This is an excerpted translation into Greek of an earlier Arabic text . The Arabic original contains a prologue not found in most other translations , and was written by an Arab monk , Michael . Michael explained that he decided to write his biography in 1084 because none was available in his day . However , the main Arabic text seems to have been written by an earlier author sometime between the early 9th and late 10th centuries AD . Written from a hagiographical point of view and prone to exaggeration and some legendary details , it is not the best historical source for his life , but is widely reproduced and considered to contain elements of some value . The hagiographic novel Barlaam and Josaphat , traditionally attributed to John , is in fact a work of the 10th century .

neg: Mary in Islam Mary ( -LSB- مريم , translit = Maryam -RSB- ) , the mother of Jesus ( Isa ) , holds a singularly exalted place in Islam as the only woman named in the Qur ' an , which refers to her seventy times and explicitly identifies her as the greatest of all women , stating , with reference to the angelic saluation during the annunciation , `` O Mary , God has chosen you , and purified you ; He has chosen you above all the women of creation . '' In the Quran , her story is related in three Meccan chapters ( 19 , 21 , 23 ) and four Medinan chapters ( 3 , 4 , 5 , 66 ) , and the nineteenth chapter of the scripture , the Chapter of Mary ( Surat Maryam ) , is named after her . The Quran refers to Mary more than the entire New Testament .   According to the Qur ' an , divine grace surrounded Mary from birth , and , as a young woman , she received a message from God through the archangel Gabriel that God had chosen her , purified her , and had preferred her above all `` the women of the worlds . '' This event , according to the same narrative , was followed by the annunciation of a child who was to be miraculously conceived by her through the intervention of the divine spirit while she was still virgin , whose name would be Jesus and who would be the `` anointed one , '' the Promised Messiah . As such , orthodox Islamic belief `` has upheld the tenet of the virgin birth of Jesus , '' and although the classical Islamic thinkers never dwelt on the question of the perpetual virginity of Mary at any great length , it was generally agreed in traditional Islam that Mary remained virgin through the entirety of her life , with the Qur ' an 's mention of Mary 's purification `` from the touch of men '' implying perpetual virginity in the minds of many of the most prominent Islamic fathers .

neg: Perseverance of the saints Perseverance of the saints ( also referred to as eternal security as well as the similar but distinct doctrine known as `` Once Saved , Always Saved '' ) is a teaching that asserts that once persons are truly `` born of God '' or `` regenerated '' by the indwelling of the Holy Spirit , nothing in heaven or earth `` shall be able to separate ( them ) from the love of God '' ( Romans 8:39 ) resulting in a reversal of the converted condition .   Sometimes this position is held in conjunction with Reformed Christian confessions of faith in traditional Calvinist doctrine which argues that all men are `` dead in trespasses and sins '' and so apart from being resurrected from spiritual death to spiritual life , no one chooses salvation alone .   Calvinists maintain that God selected certain individuals before the world began and then draws them to faith in His Son , Jesus Christ . They believe that when Jesus said , `` No man can come unto Me except the Father which hath sent Me draw him '' ( John 6:44 ) , Jesus was saying that men had to be drawn to Him by God before they would believe . Calvinists have long taught that when the apostle Paul wrote , `` God hath chosen us in Him before the foundation of the world '' ( Ephesians 1:4 ) , he was indicating that God actually chose believers in Christ before the world was founded . According to Calvinism , God begins a good work in some and then continues it . They attempt to prove that with the text from the book of Philippians where the apostle Paul writes , `` He which hath begun a good work in you will perform it until the day of Jesus Christ '' ( Philippians 1:6 ) .   There are also many non-Calvinists who also maintain that a person who is saved can never be lost . This Free Grace or non-traditional Calvinist doctrine is found predominantly in `` free will '' Baptist theology , but also other Protestant churches of the evangelical tradition .   The doctrine of Perseverance of the Saints is distinct from the doctrine of Assurance , which describes how a person may first be sure that they have obtained salvation and an inheritance in the promises of the Bible including eternal life . The Westminster Confession of Faith teaches on Perseverance of the Saints in its Chapter 17 and on Assurance of Grace and Salvation in its Chapter 18 .

neg: Jewish Christian Jewish Christians , also Hebrew Christians or Judeo-Christians , were the original members of the Jewish movement that later became Christianity . In the earliest stage the community was made up of all those Jews who accepted Jesus as a venerable person or the Messiah ( Christ ) . As Christianity grew and developed , Jewish Christians became only one strand of the early Christian community , characterised by combining the confession of Jesus as Christ with continued adherence to Jewish traditions such as Sabbath observance , observance of the Jewish calendar , observance of Jewish laws and customs , circumcision , and synagogue attendance , and by a direct genetic relationship to the earliest Jewish Christians .   The term `` Jewish Christian '' appears in historical texts contrasting Christians of Jewish origin with Gentile Christians , both in discussion of the New Testament church and the second and following centuries . It is also a term used for Jews who converted to Christianity but kept their Jewish heritage and traditions .   1st century `` Jewish Christians '' were totally faithful religious Jews . They differed from other contemporary Jews only in their acceptance of Jesus as the Messiah . Those that taught that Gentile converts to Christianity ought to adopt more Jewish practices than the Church had already included , however , were called `` Judaizers '' . Though the Apostle Peter was initially sympathetic , the Apostle Paul opposed the teaching at the Incident at Antioch and at the Council of Jerusalem , where Paul 's teaching was accepted by the whole Church . Nevertheless , Judaizing continued for several centuries , particularly among Jewish Christians .   As Christianity grew throughout the Gentile world , Christians diverged from their Jewish and Jerusalem roots . Jewish Christianity , initially strengthened despite persecution by Jerusalem Temple officials , fell into decline during the Jewish-Roman wars ( 66-135 ) and the growing anti-Judaism perhaps best personified by Marcion ( c. 150 ) . With persecution by the orthodox Christians from the time of the Roman Emperor Constantine in the 4th century , Jewish Christians sought refuge outside the boundaries of the Empire , in Arabia and further afield . Within the Empire and later elsewhere it was dominated by the Gentile based Christianity which became the State church of the Roman Empire and which took control of sites in the Holy Land such as the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and the Cenacle and appointed subsequent Bishops of Jerusalem .

neg: Lord's Prayer The Lord 's Prayer ( also called the Our Father or Pater Noster among other names ) is a venerated Christian prayer that , according to the New Testament , Jesus taught as the way to pray .   Two versions of this prayer are recorded : a longer form in the Gospel of Matthew as part of the Sermon on the Mount , and a shorter form in the Gospel of Luke as a response by Jesus to a request by `` one of his disciples '' to teach them `` to pray as John -LSB- the Baptist -RSB- taught his disciples . '' The context of the prayer in Matthew is a discourse deploring people who pray ostentatiously .   The original text of the prayer ( in Greek ) uniquely contains the word epiousios , which does not appear in any other classical or Koine Greek literature , and is also the only adjective in the prayer . While controversial , the most common English language translation of this word is `` daily '' . The prayer concludes with `` deliver us from evil '' in Matthew , and with `` lead us not into temptation '' in Luke . The first three of the seven petitions in Matthew address God ; the other four are related to human needs and concerns . Some Christians , particularly Protestants , conclude the prayer with a doxology , a later addendum appearing in some manuscripts of Matthew .   ( NRSV )  Our Father in heaven , hallowed be your name . Your kingdom come . Your will be done , on earth as it is in heaven . Give us this day our daily bread . And forgive us our sins , as we also have forgiven our debtors . And do not bring us to the time of trial , but rescue us from the evil one .   ( NRSV )  Father , hallowed be your name . Your kingdom come . Give us each day our daily bread . And forgive us our sins , for we ourselves forgive everyone indebted to us . And do not bring us to the time of trial .   Underscoring the scope and foundational importance of the Lord 's Prayer , initial words on the topic from the Catechism of the Catholic Church teach that it `` is truly the summary of the whole gospel . '' The prayer is used by most Christian churches in their worship ; with exceptions , the liturgical form is the Matthean . Although theological differences and various modes of worship divide Christians , according to Fuller Seminary professor Clayton Schmit , `` there is a sense of solidarity in knowing that Christians around the globe are praying together ... and these words always unite us . ''   In biblical criticism , the prayer 's absence in the Gospel of Mark together with its occurrence in Matthew and Luke has caused scholars who accept the two-source hypothesis ( against other document hypotheses ) to conclude that it is probably a logion original to Q.

neg: Saint Joseph's dreams Saint Joseph 's dreams are four dreams described in the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament in which Joseph , the legal father of Jesus , is visited by an angel of the Lord and receives specific instructions and warnings of impending danger . All four dreams come from the period around the Nativity of Jesus and his early life , from betwwen Mary 's pregnancy and the return from the Flight to Egypt . They are often distinguished by numbers as `` Joseph 's first dream '' and so on .   The dreams have been fairly frequently depicted in art , though they have never been among the most common subjects from the Life of Jesus in art or the Life of the Virgin . The second dream is most often depicted , and if there is no other indication it can be assumed that is the subject .

neg: Origins of Christianity Early Christianity and Early Rabbinical Judaism were significantly influenced by Hellenistic religion and Hellenistic philosophy . Christianity in particular inherited many features of Greco-Roman paganism in its structure , its terminology , its cult and its theology . Titles such as Pontifex Maximus and Sol Invictus were taken directly from Roman religion . The influence of Neoplatonism on Christian theology is significant , visible for example in Augustine of Hippo 's identification of God as summum bonum and of evil as privatio boni . Striking parallels between the New Testament account of Jesus and classical gods or demigods such as Bacchus , Bellerophon or Perseus were recognized by the Church Fathers and termed `` demonic imitation '' by Justin Martyr in the 2nd century .

neg: Roman Catholic devotions to Jesus Christ The Roman Catholic tradition includes a number of devotions to Jesus Christ . Like all Catholic devotions , these prayer forms are not part of the official public liturgy of the Church but are based on the popular spiritual practices of Roman Catholics . Many are officially approved by the Holy See as suitable for spiritual growth but not necessary for salvation .   Some devotions arise from private revelations , or personal religious experiences of saints . The Church has a tradition of thorough investigation of such private revelations and the lives of candidates for sainthood to assure that no natural or scientific explanation can , at the time of investigation , account for any miracles involved . Often an approved devotion of the Church relates to a particular prayer form , or an image .

neg: Synagogue Church Synagogue Church is a small Christian church in the heart of Nazareth known by this name because above its doorway is an embedded sign : `` the synagogue '' . The structure is currently controlled by the Melkite Greek Catholic Church . Its floor is sunken about 1.5 meters underground , possibly built atop a Crusader church dating from the 12th century . The church was under the control of the Franciscans until the 18th century , when the ruler Zahir al-Umar passed it to the Greek Catholics .  According to Christian tradition , the church is built on the ruins of the ancient Nazareth synagogue where Jesus studied and prayed . In addition , it is where one Sabbath day Jesus went to preach . In two Gospels ( Matthew 13:54 -58 , Mark 6:1 -6 ) , his fellow townspeople got angry with him . Because he was one of them , they did n't trust him to have the authority to preach in that way and to perform miracles . He was amazed at their lack of faith and concluded that a prophet is not honoured in his own home town . In Luke 4:14 -30 , the story differs a bit : There he reads from Isaiah 61:1,2 and the worshippers are pleased . But he tells them that prophets are called to do their work in foreign places rather than at home , because they are not accepted in their own home town . In doing this , he also implicitly declares himself as the Messiah . This sermon infuriates the listeners , who drag him to a cliff to throw him over , but he simply walks through the crowd and leaves .   Little is known of the years Jesus spent in Nazareth , leading scholars to describe this time as `` the hidden life '' or `` the silent years '' . It is thus all the more significant for Christian visitors to find a lone place where such silence is broken -- the Synagogue Church . In 570 , an Italian visitor described the synagogue , and reported that the original Bible was still there , including the bench where Jesus used to sit .

neg: The Day of the Lord This is about the eschatological term ; see Lord 's Day for the Christian term for `` Sunday '' .   `` The Day of the Lord '' is a biblical term and theme used in both the Hebrew Bible ( Old Testament ; -LSB- יֹום YHWH , יְהוָה -RSB- ) and the New Testament ( -LSB- ἡμέρα Lord #Religion , κυρίου -RSB- ) , as in `` The sun shall be turned into darkness , and the moon into blood , before the great and the terrible day of the come '' ( Joel 2:31 , cited in Acts 2:20 ) .   In the Hebrew bible , the meaning of the phrases refers to temporal events such as the invasion of a foreign army , the capture of a city and the suffering that befalls the inhabitants . This appears much in the second chapter of Isaiah .   In the New Testament , the `` day of the Lord '' may also refer to the writer 's own times , or it may refer to predicted events in a later age of earth 's history including the final judgment and the World to Come .  The expression may also have an extended meaning in referring to both the first and second comings of Jesus Christ .

neg: Matthew 27:61 Matthew 27:61 is the sixty-first verse of the twenty-seventh chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament . This verse describes two women waiting by the Tomb of Jesus after the crucifixion .   The original Koine Greek , according to Westcott and Hort , reads :  ην δε εκει μαριαμ η μαγδαληνη και η αλλη μαρια καθημεναι απεναντι του ταφου   In the King James Version of the Bible it is translated as :  And there was Mary Magdalene , and the other Mary , sitting over against the sepulchre .   The modern World English Bible translates the passage as :  Mary Magdalene was there , and the other Mary , sitting opposite the tomb .   For a collection of other versions see here :   The tense of this verse specifically contrasts it with the previous one . In that verse Joseph of Arimathea leaves after supervising the burial of Jesus . In contrast the two Marys stay . There is no mention of the women leaving , but they presumably do so prior to the sabbath , and also prior to the arrival of the guards that are dispatched in the next verses .   Mary Magdalene and `` the other Mary '' who is presumed to be `` Mary the mother of James and Joses , and the mother of the sons of Zebedee '' mentioned at Matthew 27:57 . In some traditions the second Mary is considered to be the same person as Salome . Matthew has these two women present for the crucifixion , the entombment , and the resurrection . By specifically mentioning these women at all three events the author of Matthew presents a set of witnesses to the entire passion narrative . This serves an apologetic purpose , evidence that the resurrection was not a matter of confusion . By having the women present at the entombment , there is not possibility that they could confuse tombs when the same women return at Matthew 28:1 . That the text so clearly strives to make such a story impossible , is evidence that similar allegations were likely circulating at the time the gospel was written . Keener considers it unlikely that the loyalty of the women is purely apologetic . Women witnesses were given less weight than male ones in that era . Moreover a group of Passionate female followers could have clear scandalous undertones , and in Keener 's view would not have been invented for that reason . Matthew 27:55 mentions that many women were at the crucifixion , but now only two appear . The rest of the women may have fled in the same manner as the disciple .   This verse is based on Mark 15:47 , and paralleled by Luke 23:55 .

neg: Johannine Christianity Johannine Christianity refers to an ancient Christian community of uncertain existence , which placed great emphasis on the teachings of Jesus , particularly as revealed through the Gospel of John .   Starting as a community of early followers of Jesus who `` defined themselves rather starkly against the Jewish milieu in which they arose , these believers cultivated an intense devotion to Jesus as the definitive revelation of God 's salvific will . They understood themselves to be in intimate contact with him and with one another , under the guidance of the Spirit-Paraclete . They were conscious of their relationship to other believers with whom they hoped to be in eventual union . Their piety found distinctive expression in a reflective literary corpus that explored new ways of expressing faith in Jesus . '' ( Attridge 2006 )   `` Their common life included ritual actions known to other followers of Jesus , but they insisted on the unique spiritual value of those rites . Disputes eventually divided the community . By the middle of the second century some representatives of the Johannine tradition achieved a respected role in the emerging ` great church ' , the interconnected web of believers throughout the Mediterranean that provided mutual support and maintained fellowship under the leadership of emerging episcopal authorities . The Johannine community of the first century bequeathed to the universal church its distinctive literary corpus and estimation of Jesus , which came to dominate the development of later Christian orthodoxy . Other representatives of Johannine Christianity , nurturing alternative strands of tradition , influenced various second-century movements , characterized by their opponents and much modern scholarship as ` Gnostic ' . '' ( Attridge 2006 )

neg: Jesus in comparative mythology The study of Jesus in comparative mythology is the examination of the narratives of the life of Jesus in the Christian gospels , traditions and theology , as it relates to Christian mythology and other religions .   For over a century , various authors have drawn a number of parallels between the Christian views of Jesus and other religious or mythical domains . These include Greco-Roman mysteries , ancient Egyptian myths and more general analogies involving cross-cultural patterns of dying and rising gods in the context of Christ myth theory .

neg: James the Less James the Less is a figure of Early Christianity . He is also called `` the Minor '' , `` the Little '' , `` the Lesser '' , or `` the Younger '' , according to translation . He is not to be confused with James , son of Zebedee ( `` James the Great '' ) . In most opinions he might be the same person with James , son of Alphaeus , but the sources offer no certainty . In the past , the Western church used to identify him with James , the Lord 's brother ( `` James the Just '' )

neg: Matthew 7:29 Matthew 7:29 is the twenty-ninth , and final , verse of the seventh chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament . It ends a two verse conclusion following the Sermon on the Mount .   In the Westcott-Hort edition of the original Greek , this verse reads :  ην γαρ διδασκων αυτους ως εξουσιαν  εχων και ουχ ως οι γραμματεις αυτων   In the King James Version of the Bible , the text reads :  For he taught them as one having  authority , and not as the scribes .   The English Standard Version translates the passage as :  for he was teaching them as one who  had authority , and not as their scribes .   In the previous verse , the crowd of onlookers were described as astonished at Jesus ' sayings ( τους λογους τουτους , tous logous toutous ) which complete Matthew 's narrative known as the `` Sermon on the Mount '' , and this verse explains why . The final phrase is a verbatim copy of , set in a very different context . Mark 's Gospel simply asserts Jesus ' authority ; Matthew uses it as a concluding argument after presenting the Sermon on the Mount as evidence .   In some translations this verse refers to their scribes . Ulrich Luz suggests that this is a clear indicator that Jesus ' followers saw themselves as separate from the mainstream Jewish community at the time this gospel was written . Scribes refers to the trained rabbis who would quote scribal authorities , and makes clear that Jesus is greater than the most important rabbi . A sermon by the rabbis would have been replete with references to scripture to validate each teaching . The contrast presented by Matthew is that Jesus speaks based on his own authority , not that of past figures .   A few authorities add '' ... and the Pharisees '' ( e.g. Wycliffe 's Bible , the Vulgate Latin , the Syriac , the Persic versions , and the Hebrew edition of Matthew by Munster ) . The Pulpit Commentary suggests that this `` may either be derived from or be an independent gloss due to the fact that the Pharisees were looked upon as the typical Jewish teachers '' .


query: Tom Felton was in Anna and the King.

pos: Tom Felton Thomas Andrew `` Tom '' Felton ( born 22 September 1987 ) is an English actor . Felton began appearing in commercials when he was eight years old for companies such as Commercial Union and Barclaycard . He made his screen debut in the role of Peagreen Clock in The Borrowers ( 1997 ) and he portrayed Louis T. Leonowens in Anna and the King ( 1999 ) . He rose to prominence for his role as Draco Malfoy in the film adaptions of the best-selling Harry Potter fantasy novels by J.K. Rowling . His performances in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 won him two consecutive MTV Movie Awards for Best Villain in 2010 and 2011 .   Following the conclusion of the series in 2011 , Felton appeared in the 2011 film Rise of the Planet of the Apes , a reboot of the Planet of the Apes series . He had roles in the minor films From the Rough ( 2011 ) and The Apparition ( 2012 ) , starred as James Ashford in the critically acclaimed period drama film Belle ( 2013 ) , followed by roles in In Secret ( 2014 ) and Against the Sun ( 2014 ) . Felton 's 2016 films include the epic biblical drama Risen , alongside Joseph Fiennes , and the period biopic A United Kingdom , alongside David Oyelowo and Rosamund Pike . He portrays Julian Albert / Doctor Alchemy on The Flash .

neg: Bitter Sweet (1933 film) Bitter Sweet is a British musical romance film directed by Herbert Wilcox and released by United Artists in 1933 . It was the first film adaptation of Noël Coward 's 1929 operetta Bitter Sweet . It starred Anna Neagle and Fernand Gravey , with Ivy St. Helier reviving her stage role as Manon . It was made at Elstree Studios and was part of a boom in operetta films during the 1930s .   It tells the story of Sarah Linden 's romance . Sarah , now a gray-haired old woman , tells her story to a girl who is on the eve of marrying an obnoxious man when she is really in love with a musician .   The operetta was remade in 1940 as a film of the same name with Jeanette MacDonald and Nelson Eddy ; however , it was less faithful to the original story than the less censored 1933 version .

neg: New Girl in Town New Girl in Town is a musical with a book by George Abbott and music and lyrics by Bob Merrill based on Eugene O'Neill 's 1921 gloomy play Anna Christie , about a prostitute who tries to live down her past . New Girl , unlike O'Neill 's play , focuses on the jealousy of the character Marthy and on love 's ability to conquer all . The musical ends far more hopefully than the play .   The Broadway production opened on May 4 , 1957 at the 46th Street Theatre , where it ran for 431 performances . The show was written as a star vehicle for Gwen Verdon , who had just had a hit with Damn Yankees and won raves for her portrayal of Anna , a role that showed off her acting , singing and dancing abilities to maximum effect . Composer Bob Merrill was at the beginning of a string of 1960s successes . New Girl in Town , produced by Frederick Brisson , Robert E. Griffith and Harold S. Prince , was well received by both critics and audiences . Verdon and co-star Thelma Ritter shared the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical , and the show received three other Tony nominations , including the Best Musical and best choreography for Bob Fosse .

neg: King's Rhapsody King 's Rhapsody is a musical with book and music by Ivor Novello and lyrics by Christopher Hassall .   The musical was first produced at the Palace Theatre , London , on 15 September 1949 and ran for 841 performances , surviving its author , who died in 1951 . It starred Novello in the title role of the heir to the throne under pressure from his long-lived mother , Queen Elana , to abdicate in favour of his infant son , with Phyllis Dare as his mistress Marta Karillos , Zena Dare as Queen Elana , Vanessa Lee as Princess Cristiane , Robert Andrews as Vanescu , and Olive Gilbert as Countess Vera .   A 1955 film adaptation was made , starring Errol Flynn .

neg: Woodfall Film Productions Woodfall Film Productions is a British film production company set up in the late 1950s . It was established by Tony Richardson , John Osborne and Harry Saltzman to make the film version of Look Back in Anger ( 1959 ) and produced several of the most significant British films of the 1960s . A later Woodfall film , Tom Jones ( 1963 ) , won four Academy Awards in 1964 .

neg: Anna Björk Anna Cecilia Björk ( born March 12 , 1970 in Trollhättan ) is a Swedish actress . Now she works at the Royal Dramatic Theatre .

neg: Tom King (Emmerdale) Thomas Albert `` Tom '' King is a fictional character from the British ITV soap opera Emmerdale , who appeared on the show from 29 February 2004 before being killed off on 25 December 2006 in a long-running `` whodunit '' storyline dubbed Who Killed Tom King ? . He was last seen on 27 December 2006 as a dead body in a morgue . Throughout his time on the show he was portrayed by Ken Farrington . Farrington decided to leave the show in 2006 but reprised the role briefly as a ghost in a `` Text Santa '' special on 20 December 2013 .

neg: Draco Malfoy Draco Lucius Malfoy is a character in J. K. Rowling 's Harry Potter series . He is a student in Harry Potter 's year belonging in the Slytherin house . He is frequently accompanied by his two cronies , Vincent Crabbe and Gregory Goyle , who act as henchmen . Draco is characterised as a cowardly bully who manipulates and hurts people to get what he wants ; nevertheless , he is a cunning user of magic . He was played by Tom Felton in the Harry Potter film series .

neg: Tom Hardy Edward Thomas Hardy  ( born 15 September 1977 ) is an English actor and producer . His motion picture debut was in Ridley Scott 's 2001 action film Black Hawk Down . Hardy 's other notable films include the science fiction film Star Trek : Nemesis ( 2002 ) , the crime film RocknRolla ( 2008 ) , biographical psychological drama Bronson ( 2008 ) , sports drama Warrior ( 2011 ) , Cold War espionage film Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy ( 2011 ) , crime drama Lawless ( 2012 ) , drama Locke ( 2013 ) , mobster film The Drop ( 2014 ) , and the biographical western thriller The Revenant ( 2015 ) , for which he received an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor . He portrayed `` Mad '' Max Rockatansky in the post-apocalyptic film Mad Max : Fury Road ( 2015 ) , and both of the Kray twins in the crime thriller Legend ( 2015 ) . He has appeared in three Christopher Nolan films : the science fiction thriller Inception ( 2010 ) , portrayed Bane in the superhero film The Dark Knight Rises ( 2012 ) , and the action-thriller Dunkirk ( 2017 ) based on the British evacuation in World War II .   Hardy 's television roles include the HBO war drama miniseries Band of Brothers ( 2001 ) , the BBC historical drama miniseries The Virgin Queen ( 2005 ) , ITV 's Wuthering Heights ( 2008 ) , the Sky 1 drama series The Take ( 2009 ) , and the BBC historical crime drama television series Peaky Blinders ( 2013 ) . He created , co-produced and took the lead in the eight-part historical fiction series Taboo ( 2017 ) on BBC One and FX .   Hardy has performed on both British and American stages . He was nominated for the Laurence Olivier Award for Most Promising Newcomer for his role as Skank in the 2003 production of In Arabia We 'd All Be Kings , and was awarded the 2003 London Evening Standard Theatre Award for Outstanding Newcomer for his performances in both In Arabia We 'd All be Kings and for his role as Luca in Blood . He starred in the 2007 production of The Man of Mode and received positive reviews for his role in the 2010 Philip Seymour Hoffman-directed play The Long Red Road .

neg: Tom Smith (British politician) Tom Smith ( 24 April 1886 -- 27 February 1953 ) was a Labour Party politician in England .   At the 1922 general election , he was elected as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for the previously Liberal-held seat of Pontefract in West Yorkshire . He was re-elected at the 1923 election , but at the 1924 general election he lost his seat by 701 votes to the Conservative candidate Christopher Brooke . He was re-elected at the 1929 general election , but was defeated again at the 1931 general election .   He returned to the House of Commons at an uncontested by-election in August 1933 , in the neighbouring Normanton constituency , following the death of the Labour MP Frederick Hall . He held the seat until he resigned his seat in 1947 to take up the post of Labour Director of the North-Eastern Divisional Coal Board . At the resulting 1947 Normanton by-election , the seat was held for Labour by George Sylvester .

neg: The Woman He Loved The Woman He Loved is a 1988 HTV romantic drama television about the abdication of Edward VIII . Directed by Charles Jarrott , it stars Anthony Andrews , Jane Seymour and Olivia de Havilland . Jane Seymour was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Miniseries or Television Film at the 46th Golden Globe Awards and Olivia de Havilland was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie . Costume designer Robin Fraser-Paye was also nominated for Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Costume Design for a Miniseries or a Special .  It was partly shot at Shirenewton Hall in Monmouthshire .

neg: A Connecticut Yankee (film) A Connecticut Yankee is a 1931 American Pre-Code film adaptation of Mark Twain 's 1889 novel , A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur 's Court . It was directed by David Butler to a script by William M. Conselman , Owen Davis , and Jack Moffitt . It was produced by Fox Film Corporation ( later 20th Century Fox ) , who had earlier produced the 1921 silent adaptation of the novel , A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur 's Court . A Connecticut Yankee is the first sound film adaptation of Twain 's novel .   As in The Wizard of Oz , many of the actors in the film play more than one role , a character in the real world and one in the dream world . The film stars Will Rogers as Hank Martin , an American accidental time traveler who finds himself in Camelot back in the days of King Arthur ( William Farnum , a Fox star for many years ) . Myrna Loy and Brandon Hurst play the evil Morgan le Fay and Merlin , who must be overcome by Hank 's modern technical knowledge , while Maureen O'Sullivan plays Alisande .   Fox was likely inspired to produce A Connecticut Yankee based on the success of the 1921 silent film . The 1931 version was likewise successful , and was re-released in 1936 . It is unrelated to the 1927 musical also titled A Connecticut Yankee .   The hero 's name was changed from Hank Morgan to Hank Martin , possibly because the original name sounded too similar to that of actor Frank Morgan .   A trailer for the film exists at the Library of Congress .

neg: Roberto Devereux Roberto Devereux ( or Roberto Devereux , ossia Il conte di Essex -LSB- Robert Devereux , or the Earl of Essex -RSB- ) is a tragedia lirica , or tragic opera , by Gaetano Donizetti . Salvadore Cammarano wrote the Italian libretto after François Ancelot 's tragedy Elisabeth d'Angleterre ( 1829 ) , and based as well on the Historie secrete des amours d'Elisabeth et du comte d'Essex ( 1787 ) by Jacques Lescéne des Maisons , although Devereux was the subject of at least two other French plays : Le Comte d'Essex by Thomas Corneille and Le Comte d'Essex by Gauthier de Costes , seigneur de la Calprenède .   The opera is loosely based on the life of Robert Devereux , 2nd Earl of Essex , an influential member of the court of Queen Elizabeth I of England . The plot of Roberto Devereux was hardly original , mainly derived from Felice Romani 's libretto Il Conte d'Essex of 1833 , originally set by Saverio Mercadante . Romani 's widow charged Cammarano with plagiarism , although the practice of stealing plots was very common between rival Italian opera houses .   It is one of a number of operas by Donizetti which deal with the Tudor period in English history and include Anna Bolena ( named for Henry VIII 's second wife , Anne Boleyn ) , Maria Stuarda ( named for Mary , Queen of Scots ) and Il castello di Kenilworth . The lead female characters of the operas Anna Bolena , Maria Stuarda , and Elisabetta are often referred to as the `` Three Donizetti Queens . '' They earned some degree of fame in the 1970s , when the American soprano Beverly Sills promoted them as a series at New York City Opera .   It has been noted that , `` although the plot plays fast and loose with history , the opera carries its own brand of dramatic conviction '' .

neg: Anna and the King of Siam Anna and the King of Siam may refer to :   Anna and the King of Siam ( novel ) , a 1944 novel by Margaret Landon  Anna and the King of Siam ( film ) , a 1946 film starring Irene Dunne and Rex Harrison  Anna and the King ( TV series ) , a 1972 American sitcom  Anna and the King , a 1999 film starring Jodie Foster and Chow Yun-Fat

neg: Sydmonton Festival The Sydmonton Festival is a summer arts festival presented in a deconsecrated 16th century chapel on the grounds of Sydmonton Court , the country estate of Andrew Lloyd Webber 's . It is in Hampshire , located approximately 85 kilometres southwest of London , and was established in September 1975 . Its purpose is to introduce new works to a private audience of individuals connected with theatre , television , and film in order to determine their future potential and viable commercialism .   Among the Lloyd Webber projects to receive their first public performances at the festival are Evita , Variations , Tell Me on a Sunday , Cats , Starlight Express , Aspects of Love , The Phantom of the Opera , Sunset Boulevard , Whistle Down the Wind , By Jeeves , The Beautiful Game , The Woman in White , The Likes of Us , and Love Never Dies . His Cricket received its second performance here .   Other projects to debut here include Nunc Dimittis , Masquerade , and Tomorrow Shall Be My Dancing Day by Rod Argent , Cafe Puccini by Robin Ray , Girlfriends by Howard Goodall and Richard Curtis , Love Songs by Charles Hart , La Bête by David Hirson , Yosopv by Kit Hesketh-Harvey and James McConnel , and Address Unknown by Kathrine Kressman Taylor .

neg: Charles Hart (actor) Charles Hart ( c. 1625 -- 18 August 1683 ) was a prominent British Restoration actor .   A Charles Hart was christened on 11 December 1625 , in the parish of St. Giles Cripplegate , in London . It is not absolutely certain that this was the actor , though the name was not common at the time . . Hart began his career as a boy player with the King 's Men ; he was an apprentice of Richard Robinson , longtime member of that company . Hart established his reputation by playing the role of the Duchess in The Cardinal , the tragedy by James Shirley , in 1641 . He served as a soldier in the English Civil War , and was an officer in Prince Rupert 's regiment of cavalry , along with fellow actors Nicholas Burt and Robert Shatterell . Hart and the others most likely saw combat at the battles of Marston Moor and Nasby , and perhaps at Edgehill as well .   Hart then returned to acting ; evidence suggests he was with other displaced English actors in Europe in 1646 . In 1648 , Hart , Walter Clun and eight other actors , were involved in an attempt to restart the King 's Men company during the Puritan Commonwealth , which , perhaps unsurprisingly , did not succeed . On 5 February 1648 , at the Cockpit Theatre , Hart and other King 's Men were arrested for violating the ban against theatrical performance ; they were caught in the midst of a performance of Rollo Duke of Normandy ( in which Hart played the character Otto ) . Hart and the others were imprisoned for a short time , then released .   Just before the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 , acting resumed on a larger scale , and Hart seems to have been then a member of a company performing at the Cockpit playhouse , led by Michael Mohun . As soon as the King 's Company was formed in 1660 , Hart became one of its leading men ; he specialized in playing the male half of witty , bantering couples . This type of dialogue in Restoration comedy was largely influenced by the talents and personalities of Hart and Nell Gwyn , in plays like James Howard 's The Mad Couple ; Gwyn was his mistress before she became Charles II 's . Hart 's natural dignity in playing royal roles was also often commented on by contemporaries , and in the heroic play he `` was celebrated for superman roles , notably the arrogant , bloodthirsty Almanzor in John Dryden 's Conquest of Granada . ''   When Hart played in Euterpe Restored in 1672 , Richard Flecknoe composed the following lines :   Beauty to the eye , and music to the ear ,  Such even the nicest critics must allow  Burbage was once and such Charles Hart is now .   Throughout his Restoration career , Hart filled a range of noteworthy parts . He was Cassio in early stagings of Shakespear 's Othello ; after 1669 he played the title role . He played roles in revivals of plays by Shakespeare , Ben Jonson , and John Fletcher --   Hotspur in Henry IV , Part 1  Brutus in Julius Caesar  Mosca in Volpone  Demetrius in The Humorous Lieutenant  Michael Perez in Rule a Wife and Have a Wife  Arbaces in A King and No King  Amintor in The Maid 's Tragedy  Rollo in Rollo Duke of Normandy  Welford in The Scornful Lady  Don John in The Chances   -- and in contemporary dramas , by John Dryden --   Marc Antony in All for Love  Porphyrius in Tyrannick Love  Aurange Zebe in Aurang-zebe  Celadon in The Maiden Queen  Wildblood in An Evening 's Love  Cortez in The Indian Emperour  Aurelian in The Assignation   -- and by other dramatists --   Horner in Wycherly 's The Country Wife  Manly in Wycherly 's The Plain Dealer  Phraartes in Crowne 's The Destruction of Jerusalem  Massinissa in Lee 's Sophonisba , or Hannibal 's Overthrow  Alexander the Great in Lee 's The Rival Queens  Ziphares in Lee 's Mythridates , King of Pontus  Lord Delaware in Boyle 's The Black Prince .   In 1682 , when the King 's Company joined with the Duke 's Company to form the United Company , Hart retired due to poor health , with a pension of 40 shillings per week . The well-known story that Hart was the illegitimate grandson of Shakespeare 's sister Joan is largely discredited .

neg: English Shakespeare Company The English Shakespeare Company was an English theatre company founded in 1986 by Michael Bogdanov and Michael Pennington to present and promote the works of William Shakespeare on both a national and an international level .   Its inaugural production ( 1986 ) was an anthology entitled The Henrys ( Henry IV , Part 1 , Henry IV , Part 2 , and Henry V ) which opened at the Theatre Royal , Plymouth in December 1986 . A year later , several more plays ( Richard II , Henry VI : House of Lancaster , Henry VI : House of York and Richard III ) were added to the original productions and were presented as a complete history cycle under the title of The Wars of the Roses . The production toured for two years in seventeen venues in the UK including the Old Vic in London , as well as appearing at several international venues , including the Hong Kong Festival , opening the new Tokyo Globe Theatre , being the centrepiece of The World Theatre Festival of Chicago , and touring to Stamford , Connecticut , the Spoleto Festival , Melbourne , the Adelaide Festival , Brisbane , The Netherlands , Hamburg , Berlin and Frankfurt .   In addition to The Wars of the Roses , productions of many individual Shakespeare plays were also presented . They included Twelfth Night , Macbeth , The Tempest , Romeo & Juliet , Antony and Cleopatra and As You Like It .   The last production of ROMEO AND JULIET . indeed the closing production ended in Plymouth after touring the world .

neg: Anna Karenina Anna Karenina ( `` Анна Каренина '' -LSB- ˈanːə kɐˈrʲenʲɪnə -RSB- ) is a novel by the Russian writer Leo Tolstoy , published in serial installments from 1873 to 1877 in the periodical The Russian Messenger . Tolstoy clashed with editor Mikhail Katkov over political issues that arose in the final installment ( Tolstoy 's negative views of Russian volunteers going to fight in Serbia ) ; therefore , the novel 's first complete appearance was in book form in 1878 .   Widely regarded as a pinnacle in realist fiction , Tolstoy considered Anna Karenina his first true novel , after he came to consider War and Peace to be more than a novel . Fyodor Dostoyevsky declared it `` flawless as a work of art . '' His opinion was shared by Vladimir Nabokov , who especially admired `` the flawless magic of Tolstoy 's style , '' and by William Faulkner , who described the novel as `` the best ever written . '' The novel remains popular , as demonstrated by a 2007 Time poll of 125 contemporary authors in which Anna Karenina was voted the `` greatest book ever written . ''

neg: Anna and the King (TV series) Anna and the King is a television sitcom that aired Sunday nights at 7:30 pm ( EST ) on CBS as part of its 1972 fall lineup .

neg: Anna Palk Anna Palk ( 23 October 1941 -- 1 July 1990 ) was an English actress .   Palk was born in Looe , Cornwall , England and educated at Rise Hall Convent in the East Riding of Yorkshire , and trained as an actress at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts in London . She followed this with rep at Bristol , Leatherhead , Derby , Newcastle upon Tyne and Leeds before embarking on a successful film and television career . Her stage appearances included productions of ` Smith By Any Other Name ' , ` School for Scandal ' , ` Present Laughter ' , ` Butley ' ( in Vienna ) , ` Sexual Perversions ' ( in Chicago ) and a number of national tours . She was married to stockbroker Derek Brierley with whom she had a son , Jonathan .   Her film appearances included Play It Cool ( 1962 ) , The Earth Dies Screaming ( 1964 ) , The Skull ( 1965 ) , Fahrenheit 451 ( 1966 ) , The Frozen Dead ( 1966 ) , The Nightcomers ( 1971 ) and Tower of Evil ( 1972 ) .   She also appeared on TV in Witch Hunt ( 1967 ) , The Persuaders ! ( episode `` The Time and the Place '' , 1970 ) , Jason King ( 1971 ) , The Protectors ( 1972-1974 ) and as Lady Sarah in The Main Chance ( 1969 -- 72 ) .   She died in 1990 in London , England , of cancer .

neg: Tom Norman Tom Norman , born Thomas Noakes , ( 7 May 1860 -- 24 August 1930 ) , was an English businessman , showman and the last exhibitor of Joseph Merrick who was otherwise known as the `` Elephant Man '' . Among his later exhibits were a troupe of midgets , a `` Man in a Trance '' , `` John Chambers the armless Carpenter '' , and the `` World 's Ugliest Woman '' .   Norman started his working life as a butcher in Sussex before moving to London at the age of 14 where he sought a career on the music hall stage . There , he became interested in freak shows which he attended in his spare time . After viewing an exhibition called `` Electric Lady '' next door to his place of work , he went into business with the exhibition 's manager and began his career as a showman of human oddities . He quickly became successful , for his patter as much as his exhibits , and was called the ` Silver King ' by the American showman P. T. Barnum .   In 1884 , Norman took over the management of Joseph Merrick , otherwise known as the `` Elephant Man '' , and exhibited him for a few weeks until police closed down the show . Merrick later went to live at the London Hospital under the care of Sir Frederick Treves . In his 1923 memoirs , Treves portrayed Norman as a cruel drunk who ruthlessly exploited his acts . Norman refuted this characterisation and said that he provided Merrick ( and his other `` freaks '' ) with a means of making money independently . Norman continued a successful career as a showman and later became an auctioneer of novelty shows and circuses .   Norman died in 1930 and was survived by his wife and 10 children , five of whom followed him into the entertainment business .


query: Providence, Rhode Island was founded by an exile from an English city.

pos: Providence, Rhode Island Providence is the capital of and most populous city in the U.S. state of Rhode Island , founded in 1636 , and one of the oldest cities in the United States . It is located in Providence County and is the third most populous city in New England , after Boston and Worcester . Providence has a city population of 179,154 ; it is also part of the Providence metropolitan area which extends into southern Massachusetts . The Providence metropolitan area has an estimated population of 1,604,291 , which exceeds that of Rhode Island as a whole by about 60 % . This can be considered , in turn , to be part of the Greater Boston commuting area , which contains 7.6 million people .   Providence was founded by Roger Williams , a religious exile from the Massachusetts Bay Colony . He named the area in honor of `` God 's merciful Providence '' , which he believed was responsible for revealing such a haven for him and his followers to settle . The city is situated at the mouth of the Providence River at the head of Narragansett Bay .   Providence was one of the first cities in the country to industrialize and became noted for its textile manufacturing and subsequent machine tool , jewelry , and silverware industries . Today , the city of Providence is home to eight hospitals and seven institutions of higher learning which have shifted the city 's economy into service industries , though it still retains some manufacturing activity . The city was once nicknamed the `` Beehive of Industry '' ; it began rebranding itself as the `` Creative Capital '' in 2009 to emphasize its educational resources and arts community .

neg: Boston martyrs The Boston martyrs is the name given in Quaker tradition to the three English members of the Society of Friends , Marmaduke Stephenson , William Robinson and Mary Dyer , and to the Friend William Leddra of Barbados , who were condemned to death and executed by public hanging for their religious beliefs under the legislature of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1659 , 1660 and 1661 . Several other Friends lay under sentence of death at Boston in the same period , but had their punishments commuted to that of being whipped out of the colony from town to town .   `` The hanging of Mary Dyer on the Boston gallows in 1660 marked the beginning of the end of the Puritan theocracy and New England independence from English rule . In 1661 King Charles II explicitly forbade Massachusetts from executing anyone for professing Quakerism . In 1684 England revoked the Massachusetts charter , sent over a royal governor to enforce English laws in 1686 , and in 1689 passed a broad Toleration act . ''

neg: John Greenwood (artist) John Greenwood ( 1727 -- 1792 ) was an early American portrait painter and engraver .   Greenwood was born in Boston , Massachusetts in 1727 . He apprenticed with Thomas Johnston , a sign painter and engraver from 1742 to 1745 where he copied various English works . Besides portraits , Greenwood painted many satirical works . He left Boston in 1752 and traveled to the Dutch colony of Surinam in northeast South America . He stayed there for over five years , during which time he executed 115 portraits , before traveling again , this time to Europe , arriving in Amsterdam in May 1758 . He settled there for a time to learn the art of making mezzotints , and was documented as a member of the Amsterdam Drawing Academy in 1758 by Jacob Otten Husly . After leaving Amsterdam , Greenwood stayed in Paris , then London , where he eventually settled in 1764 .   One of Greenwood 's best known works is Sea Captains Carousing in Surinam ( 1755 ) , a drunken scene featuring various prominent Rhode Island merchants , including Declaration of Independence signatory Stephen Hopkins , Governor Joseph Wanton , Admiral Esek Hopkins , and Governor Nicholas Cooke .   Greenwood died while on a visit to Margate , Kent on the 16th of September , 1792 , and is buried there .

neg: Middletown (New Rochelle) Middletown is a former hamlet of the Town of New Rochelle in Westchester County , New York .   The hamlet took shape in the central portion of New Rochelle , extended along North Avenue from the vicinity of Rochelle Park to the southerly boundary of the Wykagyl Country Club grounds . The origin of the name is traceable to a division of the town road districts . As early as 1747 , there were two main districts : `` upper '' and `` below '' . An increase in population after the Revolutionary War warranted the further subdivision of the town into five road districts in 1787 .   One was named `` Middle '' to distinguish it from the `` Upper '' , `` Waterside '' and `` Town '' districts . By this time the district had become quite well built up so as to make the term `` town '' appropriate . Hence it became `` Middletown '' .   The name was so appropriate to the hamlet that it was indicated on road maps beginning in 1789 .   There was at least one tavern in the hamlet , the Bayeux Tavern , which was located opposite the entrance to present day Paine Avenue . The tavern was of considerable importance to the community at the time . Just across the road was the farm and cottage of Thomas Paine . There were several minor industries in the hamlet as well . Jacob Coutant had a chair factory located west of North Avenue which was powered by water from Stephenson Brook which flowed into Huguenot Lake .   A number of mechanics operated shops on their small farms , and in the vicinity of the present Fifth Avenue where the houses were quite close together .   A school had been established just above the present Paine Avenue before the Revolution , and in 1809 it was removed to the junction of Eastchester Road . There being no public school law in the State of New York in force at the time , this new `` Middle School '' was erected by popular subscription pursuant to a resolution adopted by the citizens living within the hamlet , many of whom contributed the necessary labor , materials and financing . Upon the enactment of a new school law by the State in 1812 it was appropriated for a legalized public school for the hamlet . By 1815 the ' Middle School District ' boundaries were laid out , significantly extending the town limits of `` Middletown '' .   The school was removed out of the hamlet in 1829 to a new building on Mechanic Street , and , from that point on , the growth of the Village of New Rochelle along the Turnpike Road ( now Main Street ) came at the expense of other parts of the town . `` Middletown '' gradually lapsed back into a farming district .

neg: Bevis (ship) The Bevis , also known as the Bevis of Hampton was a ship that brought `` Emigrants '' from England to New England in 1638 at a time when thousands of Puritans left England seeking freedom of religious practice . The ship master was named Robert Batten . One voyage carried 61 settlers from Southampton , England , leaving on 16 May 1638 , to `` Newengland '' , all one word . The ship 's destinations included : Newbury , Weymouth , Wells , Maine , Newport , Salisbury , and Charlestown .   The passengers on the Bevis were mostly Puritans , leaving England for the New World driven by the quest for religious freedom at a time when England was moving toward ardent Catholicism . Scholar David B. Gracy , II , notes that some in the hierarchy of the King of England noticed the Bevis was almost entirely composed of Puritans and agents of the Kingdom sought to prevent the ship from setting sail in May 1638 , but alas failed to prevent the sailing .   The burthen ( weight bearing capacity ) of the Bevis was 150 tons . The goods were loaded on 12 May 1638 . The shippers of the goods were Richard Dumer & Co. . Henry Byles & Co. .   A noteworthy passenger on the Bevis was Richard Austin , whose descendants of the same surname name would include Moses Austin , Stephen F. Austin , and Emily Austin Perry who collectively are credited with settling the State of Texas .

neg: Robert Sturmy Robert Sturmy was a 15th-century Bristol merchant .   In 1445 he sponsored a voyage conveying 200 pilgrims to Santiago de Compostela in Galicia and in 1447 his ship the Cog Anne took pilgrims to Jaffa in Palestine but was wrecked off Greece on the return voyage , with the loss of 37 lives . He was Sheriff of Bristol in 1450 and Mayor in 1453 .   He led a commercial expedition from Bristol in 1457 -- 58 to break the Italian monopoly on trade to the Eastern Mediterranean . If he had been successful , it would have allowed England to gain direct access to both the Oriental spices that entered Europe via the Ottoman Empire and to alum from Chios . His three-ship voyage was backed by powerful interests in England , but opposed by the Italian merchants who controlled most of Europe 's long-distance trade and banking at this time . In the event , the ships succeeded in conducting their trade but were then set upon by Genoese-backed pirates on their return home . At the end of what was reported to be a three-day running battle , the Bristol fleet was captured off Malta with the loss of 128 men , including Sturmy . The financial losses , which were claimed to amount to # 6,000 , were to lead to the arrest of the entire Genoese community in England and the seizure of their assets . Such an extreme reaction is less surprising when it is considered that , relative to the size of the contemporary English economy , the losses would be equivalent to c. # 750 million today . The effect was thought to stymie English ambitions in the Mediterranean for at least half-a-century , although it may also have helped to persuade Bristol merchants to turn their attention to Atlantic exploration . These westwards voyages included the expeditions to try to locate the island of Hy-Brazil in the 1480s , as well as John Cabot 's expeditions of 1496-98 , which resulted in the European discovery of North America in 1497 .

neg: Siege of Santo Domingo (1655) The Siege of Santo Domingo of 1655 , was fought between April 23 , 1655 to April 30 , 1655 at the Spanish Colony of Santo Domingo . A force of 2,400 Spanish troops led by Governor Don Bernardino Meneses y Bracamonte , Count of Peñalba , successfully resisted a force of 13,120 troops and 34 ships of the English Commonwealth Navy led by Admiral Sir William Penn. .   The English force landed at the mouth of the Nizao River , some thirty miles from their objective , the city of Santo Domingo . After a march of four days through heavy rough country with little water , the column was routed in an ambush by a few hundred lanceros ( cavalry lancers ) . The English fleet ineffectually tried to bombard the city into submission and the army re-embarked its survivors .   The British naval historian , N.A.M. Rodger , notes that , `` In one afternoon the invincible reputation of the New Model Army had been thrown away '' . The English left the island of Santo Domingo and went on and conquered Jamaica in the Invasion of Jamaica of 1655 .   Due to the valor of Don Bernardino de Meneses y Bracamonte , the site of the victory was named in his honor ; Puerta del Conde .

neg: David Basset David Basset ( fl 1687 -- 1701 ) was a merchant active in Newfoundland and New England . He was French born and a Huguenot .   Little is known of Basset 's earlier years other than he probably resided in Acadia , married and had a family . He was known in Boston as a merchant trading between New England and Newfoundland . Trade included the usual goods from Boston being traded for fish .   Basset 's life becomes more clear in 1687 when he became embroiled in a dispute with Antoine Parat , Governor of Plaisance ( Placentia ) , Newfoundland , over transporting two Huguenots to Boston when the governor wanted to deport them to France . His ship was confiscated and he was sent to prison in France . A pardon occurred on conditions of becoming a settler at Port Royal , Nova Scotia . Basset went to Boston for his family and did not return .   Basset commanded a ship against the French when William Phips , colonial governor of Massachusetts , sailed for Acadia in April 1690 and captured Port Royal . He was active in trade and privateering over the next few years . He had extended his trade to the West Indies .   In 1697 , Basset was captured by the French and taken to Acadia . He agreed to serve the French as a pilot in an agreement arrived at with Governor Villebon . Again , the family was to move to Acadia but never arrived . After Villebon 's death , the temporary governor again arrested Basset and then he fades from written history .   We may presume that the trading and privateering career continued until his death from a slit throat in 1724 aboard his ship in the West Indies .   Basset , and others like him , were an important part of the economic and political fabric at the time .

neg: Boston Post Road Historic District (Rye, New York) The Boston Post Road Historic District is an historic district that includes three pre-Civil War mansions and their grounds , a 10,000-year-old Paleo-Indian meadow and viewshed , a cemetery , and a nature preserve . It touches on the south side of the nation 's oldest road , the Boston Post Road ( US 1 ) in Rye , New York , where a sandstone Westchester Turnpike marker `` 24 '' , inspired by Benjamin Franklin 's original mile marker system , is set into the perimeter wall . From there the landmarked area of 286 acre expands down to the Milton Harbor of the Long Island Sound . Two of the mansions included in the landmark district are Greek Revival ; the third is Gothic Revival and was designed by Alexander Jackson Davis .   This site , with its archaeological significance and importance to American heritage , was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1993 . The 3/4 mile meadow and viewshed is one of fewer than a dozen such identified Paleo-Indian sites in all of New York State .   Included within the district are the following historic structures , associated buildings , and grounds :   The 1838 Peter Augustus Jay House , now being restored by the not-for-profit Jay Heritage Center , is one of two Greek Revival residences . It is situated on the Jay Property , the boyhood home of American Founding Father John Jay . The existing house was built upon the footprint of an older 18th-century farmhouse , `` The Locusts '' , and replaced with the current mansion by John Jay 's eldest son , Peter Augustus Jay . The mansion was erected according to specifications in a contract between Jay and a builder named Edwin Bishop , and details appear to have been drawn from architectural pattern books by Minard Lafever and Chester Hills . Restoration of the house is an official Save America 's Treasures project . The site is on the Westchester County African American Heritage Trail and was designated a member site of the Hudson River Valley National Heritage Area in January 2009 . The house and property are open to the public .  1907 Van Norden Carriage House ( designed by Frank A. Rooke )  1907 Zebra House ( designed by Frank A. Rooke )  Tennis House ( 1917 or earlier )  Estate Cottage on Barlow Lane ( 19th century or earlier )  Summer House ( 1957-8 , non-contributing )  Estate Cottage B ( demolished )  Bowling Alley ( demolished )  Four outbuildings ( demolished )  Gazebo ( demolished )  Gardens designed by Jay family , Brinley & Holbrook and others ; includes stone ha-ha walls ( 1822 ) .  Lounsberry ( 1831 ) , also known as the Parsons House , is a second Greek Revival residence in the district ; notably it has a library designed by Delano & Aldrich  Gardener 's Cottage  Carriage House and Stable  Outbuilding with five bays  Poultry and Wood House  Greenhouse  Whitby Castle ( 1854 ) , Gothic Revival residence , which is now the City of Rye Golf Club . This was designed by Alexander Jackson Davis for William Chapman  Caretaker 's house  Pool house and golf cart garage ( non-contributing )  Starter 's House ( non-contributing )  Maintenance building ( non-contributing )   Also included are :  Jay Family Cemetery ( 1805 , 3 acre )  Marshlands Conservancy ( created in 1967 ; formerly part of the original Jay family estate , 137 acre )

neg: Culture of New England The culture of New England comprises a shared heritage and culture primarily shaped by its indigenous peoples , early English colonists , and waves of immigration from Europe , Asia , Africa , and the Americas . In contrast to other American regions , many of New England 's earliest Puritan settlers came from eastern England , contributing to New England 's distinctive accents , foods , customs , and social structures .

neg: Edward Hutchinson (captain) Edward Hutchinson ( 1613 -- 1675 ) ( sometimes referred to as junior to differentiate him from his uncle ) was the oldest child of Massachusetts and Rhode Island magistrate William Hutchinson and his wife , the dissident minister Anne Hutchinson . He is noted for making peace with the authorities following his mother 's banishment from Massachusetts during the Antinomian Controversy , returning to Boston , and ultimately dying in the service of the colony that had treated his family so harshly .   Born in Alford , in eastern England , Hutchinson sailed to New England at the age of 20 , a year ahead of the remainder of his family . Following the events of the Antinomian Controversy , he , his father , and his uncle Edward were among 23 signers of a compact for a new government which they soon established at Portsmouth on Rhode Island . Young Hutchinson only remained there a short while , and had returned to Boston to occupy the family house . Here he had 11 children with two wives .   He became a charter member of the Military Company of Massachusetts ( today known as the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts in 1638 and became its lieutenant ( second in command ) in 1654 . He was elected the Company 's captain ( commanding officer ) in 1657 and served a one-year term .   He also served as a Deputy to the General Court in 1658 , and in this capacity voiced his opposition to the persecution of the Quakers that took place in the late 1650s .   During King Phillips War , in 1675 , Captain Hutchinson and Captain Thomas Wheeler were given an assignment to negotiate with the Nipmuck Indians to keep them out of the war . While searching for the tribal chief , Muttawmp , the two captains , with a company of men , were ambushed , and both were wounded . Two weeks later Hutchinson died from his wounds , and was interred in a cemetery in Marlborough , Massachusetts .   Hutchinson is the ancestor of three United States presidents , as well as the loyalist governor of Massachusetts , Thomas Hutchinson .

neg: Henry Bull (governor) Henry Bull ( 1610 -- 1694 ) was an early colonial Governor of Rhode Island , serving for two separate terms , one before and one after the tenure of Edmund Andros under the Dominion of New England . Sailing from England as a young man , Bull first settled in Roxbury in the Massachusetts Bay Colony , but soon became a follower of the dissident ministers John Wheelwright and Anne Hutchinson , and was excommunicated from the Roxbury church . With many other followers of Hutchinson , he signed the Portsmouth Compact , and settled on Aquidneck Island in the Narragansett Bay . Within a year of arriving there , he and others followed William Coddington to the south end of the island where they established the town of Newport .   Bull was a corporal and sergeant on the island , and kept the prison for the colony . He also built a house shortly after his arrival that continued to stand in Newport for nearly three centuries , until destroyed by fire . Late in life , Bull became active in the service of the colony , fulfilling roles as commissioner , deputy , and assistant . In 1685 , during a chaotic period in Rhode Island 's history when the colony was being accused of irregularities , and its charter was being threatened under a new King , the 75-year-old Henry Bull stepped into the office of governor , serving for a year . Soon after he left office , Edmund Andros was appointed royal governor of all the New England colonies , remaining in this position for three years , until another change in England 's monarchy resulted in Rhode Island 's return to its former charter . Uncertainty prevailed in the colony , and two other individuals refused to serve as governor , until Bull , as an octogenarian , once again assumed the governorship in 1690 , returning Rhode Island to its previous form of government under its charter .   Considered to be as fearless as he was honest , Bull was elected to the highest position in the gift of the colony , despite the fact that he could not sign his name ( he used a mark for his signature in the Portsmouth Compact ) . He became a Quaker after his arrival in the Rhode Island colony , and , following a long life , was buried in the Coddington Cemetery in Newport where several other Quaker governors of the colony were also interred .

neg: Carpenter's shed on Gardiners Island A carpenter 's shed built in 1639 , on Gardiners Island in New York is possibly the oldest surviving wooden structure built in New York and was reportedly built when Lion Gardiner first settled on the island .   Gardiner 's Island has been owned by the same family for nearly 400 years and is the only American real estate still intact as part of an original royal grant from the English Crown .   In 1639 , the island was settled by Lion Gardiner from a grant by Charles I as the first colonial English settlement in present-day New York state . The island was originally in its own jurisdiction affiliated with neither New York nor New England . Lion Gardiner reportedly purchased the island in 1639 from the Montaukett Indians for `` a large black dog , some powder and shot , and a few Dutch blankets . '' The Indians called the island Manchonake , while Gardiner initially called it Isle of Wight , because it reminded him of the Isle of Wight in England . The Montauketts gave Gardiner title at least in part because of his support for them in the Pequot War .   The original 1639 royal patent gave Gardiner the `` right to possess the land forever '' with the island being declared a proprietary colony with the Gardiners getting the title of Lord of the Manor and thus able to establish laws for the island .

neg: Timeline of Providence, Rhode Island The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Providence , Rhode Island , United States .

neg: History of Springfield, Massachusetts The history of Springfield , Massachusetts ( est. 1636 ) springs in large part from its favorable geography , situated on a steep bluff overlooking the Connecticut River 's confluence with three tributaries . It was an ancient Indian crossroad for two major trade routes : Boston-to-Albany and New York City-to-Montreal . Springfield also sits on some of the northeastern United States ' most fertile soil .   Springfield was founded in 1636 as Agawam , the northernmost settlement of the Connecticut Colony . The settlement defected from Connecticut after four years , however , later joining forces with the coastal Massachusetts Bay Colony . The town changed its name to Springfield , and changed the political boundaries among what later became New England States .   Springfield flourished as a trading post and agricultural center until 1675 's King Philip 's War , when a coalition of Indians laid siege to Springfield and later burned it to the ground . Its prosperity waned for the next hundred years but , in 1777 , United States Revolutionary War leaders made it a National Armory to store weapons , and in 1795 it began manufacturing muskets .   Until 1968 , the Armory made small arms . Its first American muskets ( 1794 ) were followed by the famous Springfield rifle and the revolutionary M1 Garand and M14s . The Springfield Armory attracted generations of skilled laborers to the city , making it the United States ' longtime center for precision manufacturing ( comparable to a Silicon Valley of the Industrial Revolution ) . The Armory 's near-capture during Shays Rebellion of 1787 was among the troubles that prompted the U.S. Constitutional Convention later that year .   Innovations in the 19th and 20th centuries include the first American English dictionary ( 1805 , Noah Webster ) , the first use of interchangeable parts and the assembly line in manufacturing ( 1819 , Thomas Blanchard ) , the first American horseless car ( 1825 , again Thomas Blanchard ) , vulcanized rubber ( 1844 , Charles Goodyear ) , the first American gasoline-powered car ( 1893 , Duryea Brothers ) , the first American motorcycle company ( 1901 , `` Indian '' ) , an early commercial radio station ( 1921 , WBZ , and most famously , the world 's third-most-popular sport of basketball ( 1891 , Dr. James Naismith ) .   Throughout the latter half of the 20th century , Springfield endured a protracted decline , accelerated by the decommission of the Springfield Armory in 1969 . Springfield became increasingly like the declining , second tier Northeastern U.S. cities from which it had long been set apart . During the 1980s and 1990s , Springfield developed a new reputation for crime , political corruption , and cronyism . Seeking to overcome its downgrade , the city undertook several large ( but unfinished ) projects , including a $ 1 billion high-speed rail ( New Haven-Hartford-Springfield high-speed rail ) , a proposed $ 1 billion MGM Casino , and others .

neg: Joseph Wanton Jr. Joseph Wanton Jr. ( 1730 -- 1780 ) was a Loyalist , merchant , Deputy Governor of Rhode Island in 1764 and 1767 and owner of Hunter House in Newport , Rhode Island .   Wanton was born to Governor Joseph Wanton and Mary Winthrop Wanton of Newport on February 8 , 1730 . Wanton graduated from Harvard University in 1751 and was involved with privateers during the French and Indian War possibly where he attained the title of colonel . Wanton 's first wife Abigail Honeyman , by whom he had 7 children , died in 1771 . Wanton served as a vestryman at Trinity Church ( Newport ) . Wanton was elected Deputy Governor of Rhode Island in 1764 and 1767 .   Wanton was a loyalist during the American Revolution and was accused of treason and imprisoned by Rhode Island General William West while the British occupied Narragansett Bay in 1776 . When the British occupied Newport , he raised troops for the Loyalist cause . In 1780 Wanton 's property ( Hunter House ) was confiscated , and he fled Newport when the Americans reoccupied the city . Wanton likely died in New York in 1780 after fleeing there with the British . In 1781 his widow Sarah Brenton Wanton ( his second wife whom he married in 1775 ) unsuccessfully petitioned the State of Rhode Island to return of the confiscated Wanton properties in Newport , Jamestown , Prudence Island , and Gould Island .   Some genealogists speculate that Wanton became an Episcopal minister near Liverpool , England , although this seems inconsistent with other information about his life , including the 1780 burial record of one Col. Wanton in the churchyard at Trinity Wall Street Church , Manhattan . It is more likely that it was Joseph and Sarah 's son ; Joseph Brenton Wanton who went to Trinity College , Cambridge in October 1795 , aged 18 ; and later became a minister in Liverpool , England .   Joseph Brenton Wanton ( JBW ) was Joseph Wanton and Sarah Brenton 's only child . Sarah Brenton Wanton remarried in 1784 , to William Atherton ` Esquire of Jamaica ' in Trinity Church , Newport , RI . William Atherton owned Green Park Plantation in Trelawney , Jamaica and Spring Vale Pen Plantation in St James , Jamaica . Sarah died in July 1787 and was buried in Clifton Burying Ground , Newport . It is recorded in Trinity Church Archives that ` He -LSB- William Atherton -RSB- immediately after her -LSB- Sarah 's -RSB- death disposed of his household goods and went to England , where he had a tablet prepared , and had it set up in the church -LSB- Trinity Church , Rhode Island -RSB- in Nov. 1788 . ' In England , he bought Prescot Hall outside Liverpool . He apparently took his step-son , Joseph Brenton Wanton with him , who was registered in Manchester Grammar School . and appears in Cambridge University Alumni as ` Joseph Brenton WAUTON , son of Joseph , Governor of Rhode Island ' , having been to Manchester & Macclesfield Schools , ` where it states that the name was originally WANTON ' . All Joseph Brenton Wanton 's children were called WAUTON although in his Will of 1841 , he signs as ` Joseph Brenton WANTON ' . This seems to be when the name for this branch of the family was changed . In 1803 he married Mary Weston , daughter of a tanner from Halewood , Liverpool , and had 4 children , the two sons went to Cambridge and became ministers in the Church of England . JBW was a minister in the Church of England but retired through ill-health in 1819 , living in Liverpool , the Isle of Man and Cheshire . He died in 1853 .

neg: Trustee Georgia Trustee Georgia is the name of the period covering the first twenty years of Georgia history , from 1732 -- 1752 , because during that time the English Province of Georgia was governed by a Board of Trustees . England 's King George II , for whom the colony was named , signed a charter establishing the colony and creating its governing board on July 7 , 1732 . His action culminated a lengthy process .   The charter was granted to the Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America , a group formed by James Oglethorpe . Oglethorpe envisioned the province as a location for the resettlement of English debtors and `` the worthy poor '' , although few debtors were part of the organized settlement of Georgia . Another motivation for the founding of the colony was to create a `` buffer state '' ( border ) , or `` garrison province '' that would defend the southern part of the British colonies from Spanish Florida and French Mississippi . Oglethorpe envisioned a province populated largely by yeoman farmers who would secure the southern frontier of British America ; because of this , as well as on moral grounds , the colony 's regulations prohibited slavery .   Oglethorpe 's plan for settlement ( now known as the Oglethorpe Plan ) was founded on eighteenth-century country party philosophy and drew from principles of Roman colonial town design .

neg: Edmund Quincy (1602–1636) Col. Edmund Quincy I ( 1602 -- 1636 ) , known as `` the Puritan '' , was an English settler , soldier , colonist , planter , landowner , merchant , and politician of Massachusetts Bay Colony in what later became the United States . He is notable as the progenitor of the prestigious Quincy family .

neg: Aristopia Aristopia : A Romance-History of the New World is an 1895 utopian novel by Castello Holford , considered the first novel-length alternate history in English ( and among the earliest alternate histories in general ) .   Though part of the major wave utopian and dystopian literature that distinguished the final decades of the nineteenth century , Holford 's book reverses the normal stance of utopian projection : instead of imagining a better society at a future time or in a far-off place , he supposes that the founding of the United States occurred under different conditions and follows its development forward to a superior society in his own day .   In Aristopia ( Greek for `` the best place '' ) , Ralph Morton , an early settler in Virginia , discovers a reef made of solid gold . He cannily uses his wealth to build a planned society , based on the Utopia of Sir Thomas More , with innovations and adaptations of his own . In Aristopia , all the land is owned by the government , and only leased to businesses and private citizens . Large-scale trade is also monoplized by the state , and inherited wealth is limited . Morton welcomes productive refugees from European conflicts -- Huguenots , Irish fugitives from Cromwell 's wars , and northern Italian and Swiss artisans .   The colony prospers , buys more land from the Indians , and spreads westward . Morton dies at the age of 100 ; his descendants and successors carry his policies forward .   The Aristopians support the American Revolution , and on their own initiative conquer Canada . Aristopia comes to dominate the new nation , eventually ruling all of North America north of Mexico .   Holford loads his description of Aristopia with satirical remedies for what he saw as contemporary problems and circumstances . In Aristopian jurisprudence , for example , the Court for Assessing the Value of Abstract Words and Phrases polices the language to prevent abuses ; it is the largest and busiest function in the Palace of Justice .   The English playwright Henry Arthur Jones was taken with the idea of Aristopia , and used it in his own polemical writings , as in his `` The Tax-Wise Men of Aristopia '' and his My Dear Wells .   Holford was not the first writer in English to employ the term `` Aristopia . '' The eighteenth-century freethinker John Fransham ( 1730 -- 1810 ) left a posthumous manuscript titled Memorablilia Classica , which contains a piece called `` The Code of Aristopia , or Scheme for a Perfect Government . ''

neg: Restoration colony A restoration colony was one of a number of land grants in North America given by King Charles II of England in the later half of the 17th century , ostensibly as a reward to his supporters in the Stuart Restoration . The grants marked the resumption of English colonization of the Americas after a 30-year hiatus . The two major restoration colonies were the Province of Pennsylvania and the Province of Carolina . The founding of the Carolinas is described thusly :   In 1663 , three years after he was restored to his father 's throne , England 's Charles II granted a vast territory named Carolina to a group of supporters during his years of exile . Its boundaries extended from Virginia southward to central Florida and eastward to the Atlantic Ocean . Within this potential empire , eight London-based proprietors , including several involved in Barbados sugar plantations , gained governmental powers and semifeudal rights to the land . The system of governance planned for Carolina had both feudal and modern features . To lure settlers , the proprietors promised religious freedom and offered land free for the asking . But onto this generous land offer they grafted a scheme for a semimedieval government in which they , their deputies , and a few noblemen would monopolize political power . Reacting to a generation of revolutionary turbulence in England , they designed Carolina as a model of social and political stability in which a hereditary aristocracy would check boisterous small landholders .   The Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations and Connecticut Colony were given their formal charters and Rhode Island even honored the King with King 's Province ( what has since been renamed Washington County , Rhode Island ) .

neg: Colonial period of South Carolina The history of the colonial period of South Carolina focuses on the English colonization that created one of the original Thirteen Colonies . Major settlement began after 1651 as the northern half of the British colony of Carolina attracted frontiersmen from Pennsylvania and Virginia , while the southern parts were populated by wealthy English planters who set up large plantations dependent on slave labor , for the cultivation of cotton , rice , and indigo .   The colony was separated into the Province of South Carolina and the Province of North Carolina in 1712 . South Carolina 's capital city of Charleston became a major port for traffic on the Atlantic Ocean , and South Carolina developed indigo , rice and Sea Island cotton as commodity crop exports , making it one of the most prosperous of the colonies . A strong colonial government fought wars with the local Indians , and with Spanish imperial outposts in Florida , while fending off the threat of pirates . Birth rates were high , food was abundant , and these offset the disease environment of malaria to produce rapid population growth among whites . With the expansion of plantation agriculture , the colony imported numerous African slaves , who comprised a majority of the population by 1708 . They were integral to its development .   The colony developed a system of laws and self-government and a growing commitment to Republicanism , which patriots feared was threatened by the British Empire after 1765 . At the same time , men with close commercial and political ties to Great Britain tended to be Loyalists when the revolution broke out . South Carolina joined the American Revolution in 1775 , but was bitterly divided between Patriots and Loyalists . The British invaded in 1780 and captured most of the state , but were finally driven out .