query: Jousting remained unpopular with nobility of Wales throughout the whole of the 16th century.

pos: Jousting Jousting is a martial game or hastilude between two horsemen wielding weapons of joust with blunted tips , often as part of a tournament . The primary aim was to replicate a clash of heavy cavalry , with each opponent trying hard to strike the opponent while riding towards him at high speed , if possible breaking the weapon of joust on the opponent 's shield or jousting armour , or unhorsing him . The joust became an iconic characteristic of the knight in Romantic medievalism . The participants experience close to three and a quarter times their body weight in G-forces when the weapons of joust collide with their armor .   The term is derived from Old French joster , ultimately from Latin iuxtare `` to approach , to meet '' . The word was loaned into Middle English around 1300 , when jousting was a very popular sport among the Anglo-Norman knighthood . The synonym tilt dates ca. 1510 .   Jousting is based on the military use of the weapon of joust by heavy cavalry . It transformed into a specialised sport during the Late Middle Ages , and remained popular with the nobility in England and Wales and Germany throughout the whole of the 16th century ( while in France , it was discontinued after the death of King Henry II in an accident in 1559 ) . In England , jousting was the highlight of the Accession Day tilts of Elizabeth I and James I , and also was part of the festivities at the marriage of Charles I.   Jousting was discontinued in favour of other equestrian sports in the 17th century , although non-contact forms of `` equestrian skill-at-arms '' disciplines survived . There has been a limited revival of theatrical jousting re-enactment since the 1970s .

neg: Salle du Manège The indoor riding academy called the Salle du Manège ( -LSB- sal dy manɛʒ -RSB- ) was the seat of deliberations during most of the French Revolution , from 1789 to 1798 .   Before the revolution , the Salle du Manège ( `` Riding Hall '' ) , situated along the north end of the Tuileries Gardens to the west of the Tuileries Palace in Paris , was home to the royal equestrian academy . Built during the minority of Louis XV , when it lay conveniently close to the Regent 's Palais Royal , it was allowed to pass afterwards from hand to hand as the site of privately conducted riding schools , though it was never formally sold .   On 9 November 1789 the National Constituent Assembly , formerly the Estates-General of 1789 , moved its deliberations from Versailles to the Tuileries in pursuit of Louis XVI of France and installed itself in the Salle du Manège on the palace grounds . Having nationalised the goods of the Church , the Assemblée nationale , requiring more space than the Manège alone could provide , extended its occupation to two adjacent convents , those of the Capuchins , which soon housed the Revolutionary printing presses in its former refectory , and of the Feuillants , whose handsome library received the archives of the Assemblée .   The proportions of the Salle du Manège , ten times as long as it was wide , offered poor acoustics for the debates that went on continually under its high vaults . Six tiers of banquettes permitted space for the deputies , ranged on either side of the central tribune , initially planned for the orators ' podium . Seated together for solidarity , the deputies seated themselves according to their political opinions , to right and to left of the president 's desk , The Mountain and the Girondins , with The Plain seated in the lowest rank of banquettes , from which they were wont to cross to the opposite side , as their opinions dictated . The public found places to witness the spectacle at either end of the hall and in the loge seats above .   In 1792 the Salle du Manège became the venue for the National Convention . In 1795 under the French Directory , the Council of 500 sat in the structure until the body moved to the Palais-Bourbon in 1798 . In 1799 , the Jacobin Club du Manège had its headquarters there .   It would seem that 19th century references to the art of `` manège , '' to describe a style of equestrian riding , derive from here . A March 1847 edition of The Illustrated London News described a performance of Pablo Fanque , the 19th century equestrian and circus performer thus : `` This extraordinary feat of the manège has proved very attractive , as we anticipated in our Journal of last week ; and we have judged the success worthy of graphic commemoration ... '' Further , the paper said , `` Mr. Pablo has trained his black mare to do the most extraordinary feats of the manege , an art hitherto considered to belong only to the French and German professors of equitation , and her style certainly far exceeds anything that has ever yet been brought from the Continent . ''

neg: Jane Dudley, Duchess of Northumberland Jane Dudley ( née Guildford ) , Duchess of Northumberland ( 1508/1509 -- 1555 ) was an English noblewoman , the wife of John Dudley , 1st Duke of Northumberland and mother of Guildford Dudley and Robert Dudley , 1st Earl of Leicester . Having grown up with her future husband , who was her father 's ward , she married at about age 16 . They had 13 children . Jane Dudley served as a lady-in-waiting at the court of Henry VIII and was a close friend of Queen Catherine Parr . Reformed in religious outlook , she was also a supporter of the Protestant martyr Anne Askew .   Under the young King Edward VI John Dudley became one of the most powerful politicians , rising to be Earl of Warwick and later Duke of Northumberland . After the fall of Lord Protector Somerset in 1549 , John Dudley joined forces with his wife to promote his rehabilitation and a reconciliation between their families , which was symbolized by a marriage between their children . In the spring of 1553 Jane Dudley , Duchess of Northumberland became the mother-in-law of Lady Jane Grey , whom the Duke of Northumberland unsuccessfully tried to establish on the English throne after the death of Edward VI . Mary I being victorious , the Duchess sought frantically to save her husband 's life . Notwithstanding his and her son Guildford 's executions , she was successful in achieving the release of the rest of her family by befriending the Spanish noblemen who came to England with Philip of Spain . She died soon afterwards , aged 46 .

neg: Wars of the Roses The Wars of the Roses were a series of wars for control of the throne of England fought between supporters of two rival branches of the royal House of Plantagenet : the House of Lancaster ( associated with a red rose ) , and the House of York ( whose symbol was a white rose ) . The conflict lasted through many sporadic episodes between 1455 and 1487 ; however , there was fighting before and after this period between the houses . The power struggle ignited around social and financial troubles following the Hundred Years ' War , combined with the mental infirmity and weak rule of Henry VI which revived interest in Richard of York 's claim to the throne . Historians disagree about whether the Wars of the Roses were caused by the structural problems of bastard feudalism or Henry VI 's ineffectiveness as king .   With the Duke of York 's death , the claim transferred to his heir , Edward , who later became the first Yorkist king of England , as Edward IV . His son reigned for 86 days as Edward V , but Parliament then decided that Edward and his brother Richard were illegitimate and offered the crown to Edward IV 's younger brother , who became Richard III . The two young princes disappeared within the confines of the Tower of London .   The final victory went to a claimant of the Lancastrian party , Henry Tudor , Earl of Richmond , who defeated the last Yorkist king , Richard III , at the Battle of Bosworth Field . After assuming the throne as Henry VII , he married Elizabeth of York , the eldest daughter and heir of Edward IV , thereby uniting the two claims . The House of Tudor ruled the Kingdom of England until 1603 , with the death of Elizabeth I , granddaughter of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York .

neg: Cavalieri Addobbati The Cavalieri Addobbati , also known as Cavalieri di Corredo , were the elite among Italian knights in the Middle Ages . The two names are derived from addobbo , the old name for decoration , and corredo , meaning equipment . These were knights who could afford elaborate clothes , armor and equipment for themselves , their charger and their palfrey .   The term `` cavaliere '' , or knight , applied to anyone who fought on horseback , from nobles to peasants .  According to Franco Sacchetti ( c. 1335 -- c. 1400 ) , there were three other types of Italian knight in his day . The cavalieri bagnati , or knights of the bath , were invested with elaborate ceremonies in which they were washed of all impurities . The cavalieri di scudo , or knights of the shield , were men who had been made knights by princes or states . The cavalieri d'arme , or knights of arms , were soldiers who were created knights before or after a battle .  These distinctions do not seem to have been particularly rigid . However , the cavalieri addobbati were the elite , roughly corresponding to the nobility .   In Italy in the fourteenth century , the cost of a knight 's full equipment would have cost as much as a laborer could earn in several years ,  and in addition the knight would have to dress their squire and servants . The son of a noble family might gain some rudimentary education in the trivium of grammar , rhetoric and dialectic , and then the quadrivium of arithmetic , music , geometry and astronomy . However , many never learned to read or write . Much more important was learning to ride , to handle the bow , shield , sword and javelin and to fence . By the age of fifteen , the young man would be ready to be knighted in an elaborate ceremony that began in church and ended at the banquet table .   The title of `` dominus '' was usually reserved for priests and Cavalieri Addobbati .  In 1182 we hear that the feudal investiture of Bishop Gaimaro of Ivrea was undertaken in the presence and with the consent of ten vassals , five of whom were cavalieri addobbati from the leading families of Ivria , Vercelli and Canavese .

neg: Rodeleros Rodeleros ( `` shield bearers '' ) , also called espadachines ( `` swordsmen '' ) and colloquially known as `` Sword and Buckler Men '' , were Spanish troops in the early 16th ( and again briefly in the 17th ) century , equipped with steel shields or bucklers known as rodela and swords ( usually of the side-sword type ) .  Originally conceived as an Italian attempt to revive the legionary swordsman , they were adopted by the Spanish and used with great efficiency in the Italian Wars during the 1510s and 1520s , but discontinued in the 1530s .   The majority of Hernán Cortés 's troops during his campaigns in the New World were rodeleros : in 1520 , over 1000 of his 1300 men were so equipped , and in 1521 he had 700 rodeleros , but only 118 arquebusiers and crossbowmen .  Bernal Díaz , the author of an account of Cortés ' conquest of the Aztecs , served as a rodelero under Cortés .   When the Spanish adopted the colunella ( the first of the mixed pike and shot formations ) , they used small groups of sword and buckler men to break the deadlock of the push of pike , as the Swiss and Germans used halberdiers , comparable to the role of the German Doppelsöldner during the same period .  At the Battle of Ravenna in 1512 , they proved to very effective with this tactic ; however , when facing a fresh , well ordered pike square , they were vulnerable , as at the Battle of Seminara . They were also very vulnerable to attack by cavalry .  As battlefield tactics evolved during the early 16th century , the Spanish ultimately concluded that the vulnerability of the rodeleros on the battlefield outweighed their strengths , and they were dropped as a troop type when the Spanish infantry were reorganized into tercios in the 1530s .   Occasional attempts were made to revive them , such as by Maurice of Nassau , who armed his guard troops with a sword and buckler in addition to a pike . Later during the Thirty Years War , some military theorists proposed deploying swordsmen equipped with large iron shields in front of the pikemen to protect them from being shot by enemy musketeers , but it is doubtful whether this fanciful tactic was either successful or much employed in practice .

neg: John IV of Glymes John IV of Glymes ( 1528 -- 1567 ) , was a noble from the Low Countries .   He was the son of Anthony of Glymes , ( 1500 -- 1541 ) and Jacqueline de Croÿ , sister of Philippe II de Croÿ . He succeeded his father as Lord of Bergen op Zoom in 1541 under regency of his mother .   As his ancestors , John IV was an important political figure of his time . In 1550 , he married Maria of Lannoy , daughter of Jan van Lannoy , a Knight in the Order of the Golden Fleece . They had no surviving children . In 1554 he was sent to England , together with Lamoral , Count of Egmont , to arrange the marriage between Philip II of Spain and Mary I of England .  He participated in the War against France and was rewarded with the Order of the Golden Fleece in 1556 . Four years later , he was appointed Stadtholder of Hainault . He was also a member of the Council of state .   When the tensions between King Philip II , represented by his minister Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle , and the nobility of the Low Countries increased , he subscribed in 1565 the Compromise of Nobles , which was ignored by King Philip .  As a protested , Glymes resigned as Stadtholder in January 1566 , together with William of Orange , Floris of Montmorency , Lamoral , Count of Egmont and Philip de Montmorency , Count of Horn .   In April 1566 , he was sent with Floris of Montmorency to Spain in a last attempt to avoid war . He was wounded on the leg before leaving , when he was hit by a wooden ball whilst passing a ballgame , and died from complications in Segovia on May 23 , 1567 . By then , the Beeldenstorm had already raged across the Low Countries and the Duke of Alba was on his way to the Low Countries to `` restore the order '' .   Category :1528 births  Category :1567 deaths  Category : House of Glymes  Bergen

neg: Edmund Braye, 1st Baron Braye Edmund Braye ( or Bray ) , 1st Baron Braye ( c. 1484 -- 18 October 1539 ) , was an English peer .   Edmund Braye was the son of John Braye of Eaton Bray in Bedfordshire and the older brother of Sir Edward Braye . Sir Edmund inherited a large portion of his uncle Sir Reginald Bray 's property , which was confirmed under a deed of settlement , made between himself and Sir William Sandys and his wife Dame Margery Sandys , in adjustment of a dispute between the parties regarding the lands of the deceased .   He served as High Sheriff of Bedfordshire for 1514 and of Sussex and Surrey in 1522 . He was knighted in 1513 and in 1529 he was summoned to the House of Lords as Baron Braye , of Eaton Bray in the County of Bedford .   He was in attendance on King Henry VIII when he met Francois I on the Field of the Cloth of Gold in June 1520 , `` one of those nobles who with their pawned manors glistening on their backs followed Henry VIII to the field of the golden folly '' .   Lord Braye married Jane ( died on 24 Oct 1558 ) , daughter of Sir Richard Halliwell or Hallighwell or Halywell of Holwell by Jane Norbury . He died in October 1539 and was succeeded in the barony by his son John . Lady Braye died in 1558 . His eldest daughter Anne married George Brooke , 9th Baron Cobham ( c1497 - 29 Sept 1558 ) before 1526 .

neg: Sheriff's March The Sheriff 's March was an annual procession at Gateshead Fell , County Durham .   Medieval Britain operated under a strict feudal system . Society was rigidly structured in a pyramidal form with the King ( or Queen ) at the apex as the highest authority in the land , ordinary citizens at the bottom with a variety of Lords , Bishops , Judges and other noblemen and landowners ranking variously in between . Allegiance and subservience to the Crown was required by all men and women at all times and on most occasions was demonstrated by the swearing of oaths . One such occasion occurred twice a year , when the Sheriff of Northumberland met with the Crown Judges who came to Newcastle upon Tyne and sat on the Assizes to hear any legal matters which required their attention . To further emphasise the importance and solemnity of these visitations , a procession was to be held prior to the official meeting of the parties .   At an inquisition at Tynemouth in 1278 , it was duly declared that the King of Scotland , the Archbishop of York , the Prior of Tynemouth , the Bishop of Durham and Gilbert de Umfraville , Earl of Angus should arrange to meet with the justices prior to their entry into Newcastle , provided that they came through the county of Yorkshire first .   On the appointed day , usually a Saturday , the procession of these learned men would take place , starting in Newcastle upon Tyne before crossing the River Tyne and passing into Gateshead . After a short refreshment break , - at Sheriff Mount , the procession then made its way slowly up the old ( and remarkably steep ) turnpike road until all concerned parties came to the designated meeting place . This was initially established at Chile Well , but latterly the procession came to `` light and go into the house '' .   The house in question was Ye Olde Cannon , located on the turnpike road at the crest of Gateshead Fell . This place was chosen because of the convenience of both the gentry of Northumberland and for the judges journeying from -LSB- -LSB- Durham , the sheriff having used the stables at Sheriff Mount - to change horse before the hill climb , this is a detached Victorian villa built and known as Sheriff Mount North & Sheriff Mount South - the large Mount stone bears presence to this fact , IHe rode uphill onward to the olde canon  The guy who compiled this is clearly not owning the house , and knows not the entire truth   England | Durham -RSB- -RSB- and it was there that wine and punch were again served to the members of the precession at the expense of the Sheriffs who would wait there until the judges made their arrival . Once they had done so , all would return to Newcastle upon Tyne .   It is not known for certain whether or not Chile Well was situated on the old turnpike road , but it is certainly possible that the two meeting points were one and the same place . A well was for many years situated across the road from the Cannon and this certainly lends credence to the possibility that the sites were , in fact , the same . Intriguingly , the well was inscribed :   `` As cold waters to a thirsty soulSo is good news from a far country . ''   This procession took place for over five hundred years , even continuing after the English Civil War in the seventeenth century had effectively destroyed the feudal system as the principal means of rule in Britain . Indeed , the procession was held until 1825 when , upon the completion of the far less steep turnpike road through Low Fell , the procession was rerouted and the meeting place became The New Cannon situated at the junction between the turnpike road and the Low Fell Road ( now Beaconsfield Road and Belle Vue Bank ) .   In 1832 , miners at the Sheriff Hill Colliery went on strike in protest of pay and the dangerous conditions at the colliery . When the Sheriff 's March reached the area of Gateshead Fell , they were confronted by angry workers carrying a banner depicting a rat taking cheese from the working men Shortly after , a Commons bill in 1838 abolished such processions and so the tradition was halted and the travelling dignitaries had to be accommodated at the expense of their hosts . An attempt to revive the procession in 1845 by the High Sheriff , Ralph Carr Elison , was largely abortive and no further attempt was made .   It is as a direct result of the `` Sheriff 's March '' that the area around Ye Olde Cannon and the old turnpike road became known as Sheriff Hill .

neg: Western Rising and disafforestation riots The Western Rising was a series of riots which took place during 1626 -- 1632 in Gillingham Forest on the Wiltshire-Dorset border , Braydon Forest in Wiltshire , and Dean Forest , Gloucestershire , in response to disafforestation of royal forests , sale of royal lands and enclosure of property by the new owners .   There were contemporaneous uprisings in Feckenham Forest and Leicester Forest . Riots also took place at Malvern Chase , where enclosure was largely successfully opposed .   Riot and breaching enclosures were not the only form of opposition to disafforestation . In many cases , landowners and tenants felt the compensation they were offered was unfair , and they sought to challenge decisions through the legal system . In at least one case , a town council , the Corporation of Leicester , and borough residents took legal action because of the effect on the poorest forest dwellers , who were likely to become a burden on the town 's poor relief .   The 1626 -- 32 riots were followed by further riots at many of the same locations during the English Civil War and the following Interregnum as disafforestation proceeded and continued to be contested .

neg: Anglo-Scottish Wars The Anglo-Scottish Wars were a series of wars fought between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland following the Wars of Scottish Independence in the 14th century , and ended by the Union of the Crowns in 1603 , wherein England and Scotland entered a personal union .   After the Wars of Scottish Independence , England and Scotland fought several times during the 14th , 15th and 16th centuries . In most cases , one country attempted to take advantage of weakness or instability in the other . For example , James II of Scotland attempted to regain Berwick during the Wars of the Roses in England .

neg: Cavalry Cavalry ( from French cavalerie , cf. cheval ` horse ' ) or horsemen were soldiers or warriors who fought mounted on horseback . Cavalry were historically the most mobile of the combat arms . An individual soldier in the cavalry is known by a number of designations such as cavalryman , horseman , dragoon or trooper . The designation of cavalry was not usually given to any military forces that used other animals , such as camels , mules or elephants . Infantry who moved on horseback , but dismounted to fight on foot , were known in the 17th and early 18th centuries as dragoons , a class of mounted infantry which later evolved into cavalry proper while retaining their historic title .   Cavalry had the advantage of improved mobility , and a man fighting from horseback also had the advantages of greater height , speed , and inertial mass over an opponent on foot . Another element of horse mounted warfare is the psychological impact a mounted soldier can inflict on an opponent .   The speed , mobility and shock value of the cavalry was greatly appreciated and exploited in armed forces in the Ancient and Middle Ages ; some forces were mostly cavalry , particularly in nomadic societies of Asia , notably the Mongol armies . In Europe cavalry became increasingly armoured ( heavy ) , and eventually became known for the mounted knights . During the 17th century cavalry in Europe lost most of its armor , ineffective against the muskets and cannon which were coming into use , and by the mid-19th century armor had mainly fallen into disuse , although some regiments retained a small thickened cuirass that offered protection against lances and sabres and some protection against shot .   In the period between the World Wars , many cavalry units were converted into motorized infantry and mechanized infantry units , or reformed as tank troops . However , some cavalry still served during World War II , notably in the Red Army , the Mongolian People 's Army , the Royal Italian Army , the Romanian Army , the Polish Land Forces , and light reconnaissance units within the Waffen SS . Most cavalry units that are horse-mounted in modern armies serve in purely ceremonial roles , or as mounted infantry in difficult terrain such as mountains or heavily forested areas . Modern usage of the term generally refers to specialist units equipped with tanks ( `` armored cavalry '' ) or aircraft ( `` air cavalry '' ) .

neg: Woolsack The Woolsack is the seat of the Lord Speaker in the House of Lords , the Upper House of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . In the 14th century King Edward III ( 1327 -- 1377 ) commanded that his Lord Chancellor whilst in council should sit on a wool bale , now known as `` The Woolsack '' , in order to symbolise the central nature and huge importance of the wool trade to the economy of England in the Middle Ages . Indeed , it was largely to protect the vital English wool trade routes with continental Europe that the Battle of Crécy was fought with the French in 1346 . From the Middle Ages until 2006 , the presiding officer in the House of Lords was the Lord Chancellor and the Woolsack was usually mentioned in association with the office of Lord Chancellor . In July 2006 , the function of Lord Speaker was split from that of Lord Chancellor pursuant to the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 .   The Woolsack is a large , wool-stuffed cushion or seat covered with red cloth ; it has neither a back nor arms , though in the centre of the Woolsack there is a back-rest . The Lords ' Mace is placed on the rear part of the Woolsack .   In 1938 , it was discovered that the Woolsack was , in fact , stuffed with horsehair . When the Woolsack was remade it was re-stuffed with wool from all over the Commonwealth as a symbol of unity .   The Lord Speaker may speak from the Woolsack when speaking in his or her capacity as Speaker of the House , but must , if he or she seeks to debate , deliver his or her remarks either from the left side of the Woolsack , or from the normal seats of the Lords .   If a Deputy Speaker presides in the absence of the Lord Speaker , then that individual uses the Woolsack . However , when the House meets in the `` Committee of the Whole '' , the Woolsack remains unoccupied , and the presiding officer , the Chairman or Deputy Chairman , occupies a Chair at the front of the table of the House .   In front of the Woolsack is an even larger cushion known as the Judges ' Woolsack . During the State Opening of Parliament , the Judges ' Woolsack was historically occupied by the Law Lords . Now the Attorney General , the Solicitor General , the Lord Chief Justice , the Master of the Rolls , the President of the Family Division , the Vice-Chancellor , Justices of the Supreme Court , the Lords Justices of Appeal and the Justices of the High Court only attend Parliament for the State Opening .   In June 2016 Norman , Lord Fowler , was elected Speaker and he took his seat in September . The Lord Speaker 's duties as listed on the Parliamentry website include   residing over business in the Lords chamber from the Woolsack  chairing the House of Lords Commission , which provides high-level strategic and political direction for the House of Lords Administration on behalf of the House  taking formal responsibility for security in the Lords area of the parliamentary estate  coordinating an outreach programme to engage the public in the work and role of the Lords , central to which is the Peers in Schools programme  attending and speaking at state and ceremonial occasions on behalf of the Lords  representing the Lords to overseas parliaments , attending conferences with speakers of other parliaments , sharing best practice and developing links between parliaments

neg: Theatrical jousting Coined in the late 20th century by American stunt performer Kent Shelton , the term theatrical jousting refers to a form of live entertainment in which a medieval jousting tournament is recreated in conjunction with a scripted performance .  Alternative terms are `` jousting reenactment '' or `` choreographed jousting '' .   The Hanlon-Lees Action Theater is credited with developing the theatrical joust format in 1979 ; its first appearance was at the New York Renaissance Faire in Tuxedo , New York .  This type of performance has become very popular at various renaissance fairs by the early 2000s .   Typically a three-act affair , the theatrical joust consists of  a display of skill ;  a mock battle which results in a verbal challenge ;  an armed joust on horseback , often `` to the death . ''   A variety of colorful characters , either villainous or heroic , give the audience ( which is usually divided into sectors based upon the number of `` knights '' ) a particular person to root for or against .   As the show must be repeated on a daily or weekly basis , all fights are carefully choreographed and rehearsed .  Horses must be trained to withstand such peculiarities as the clatter of steel weaponry , the occurrence of a rider being knocked from the saddle , and the roar of large crowds . Special makeup and/or property effects are often incorporated into the performance to provide the illusion of violent death or shattering equipment .

neg: Sarah Villiers, Countess of Jersey Sarah Sophia Child Villiers , Countess of Jersey ( 4 March 1785 -- 26 January 1867 ) , was an English noblewoman , and through her marriage a member of the Villiers family . She was the eldest daughter of John Fane , 10th Earl of Westmorland , and Sarah Anne Child . Her mother was the only child of Robert Child , the principal shareholder in the banking firm Child & Co. . Under the terms of his will , the Countess of Jersey was the primary legatee , and she not only inherited Osterley Park but became senior partner of the bank . Her husband , George Villiers , added the surname Child by royal licence .   Lady Jersey married George Child Villiers , 5th Earl of Jersey , on 23 May 1804 , in the drawing room of her house in Berkeley Square . Her husband 's mother , Frances Villiers , Countess of Jersey ( also Lady Jersey ) , was one of the more notorious mistresses of King George IV when he was Prince of Wales . Her sister Maria married John Ponsonby , Viscount Duncannon , later the 4th Earl of Bessborough , a brother of Lady Caroline Lamb . Her own affairs , though conducted discreetly , were said to be numerous : Henry John Temple , 3rd Viscount Palmerston , was thought to be one of her lovers . When asked why he had never fought a duel to preserve his wife 's reputation , Lord Jersey dryly replied that this would require him to fight every man in London .   Lady Jersey was one of the patronesses of Almack 's , the most exclusive social club in London , and a leader of the ton during the Regency era . She was immortalized as Zenobia in Disraeli 's novel Endymion . Caroline Lamb ridiculed her in Glenarvon : in revenge Lady Jersey had her barred from Almack 's , the ultimate social disgrace . This , however , was unusual since she was notable for acts of kindness and generosity ; and she was eventually persuaded to remove the ban .   In politics she was a Tory , although she lacked the passion for politics shown by her cousin Harriet Arbuthnot . On hearing that the Duke of Wellington had fallen from power in 1830 , she burst into tears in public . She reportedly `` moved heaven and earth '' against the Reform Act 1832 .   Lady Jersey was known by the nickname Silence ; the nickname was ironic since , famously , she almost never stopped talking .   She is a recurring character in the Regency novels of Georgette Heyer , where she is presented as eccentric and unpredictable , but highly intelligent and observant , and capable of kindness and generosity .   She died at No. 38 , Berkeley Square , Middlesex now London .

neg: Granada War The Granada War ( Guerra de Granada ) was a series of military campaigns between 1482 and 1492 , during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs ( los Reyes Católicos ) Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon , against the Nasrid dynasty 's Emirate of Granada . It ended with the defeat of Granada and its annexation by Castile , ending all Islamic rule on the Iberian peninsula ( al-Andalus ) .   The ten-year war was not a continuous effort , but a series of seasonal campaigns launched in spring and broken off in winter . The Granadans were crippled by internal conflict and civil war , while the Christians were generally unified . The war also saw the effective use of artillery by the Christians to rapidly conquer towns that would otherwise have required a long siege . On January 2 , 1492 Muhammad XII of Granada ( King Boabdil ) surrendered the Emirate of Granada , the city of Granada , and the Alhambra palace to the Castilian forces .   The war was a joint project between Isabella 's Crown of Castile and Ferdinand 's Crown of Aragon . The bulk of the troops and funds for the war came from Castile , and Granada was annexed into Castile 's lands . The Crown of Aragon was less important : apart from the presence of King Ferdinand himself , Aragon provided naval collaboration , guns , and some financial loans . Aristocrats were offered the allure of new lands , while Ferdinand and Isabella centralized and consolidated power . The aftermath of the war saw the end of convivencia ( `` live and let live '' ) between religions In the Iberian peninsula : the Jews were forced to convert to Christianity or be exiled in 1492 , and by 1501 , all of Granada 's Muslims were obliged to either convert to Christianity , become slaves , or be exiled ; by 1526 this prohibition spread to the rest of Spain . `` New Christians '' ( conversos ) came to be accused of crypto-Islam and crypto-Judaism . Spain would go on to model its national aspirations as the guardian of Christianity and Catholicism . The fall of the Alhambra is still celebrated every year by the City Council of Granada , and the Granada War is considered in traditional Spanish historiography as the final war of the Reconquista . At the same time , and uniquely in the `` Reconquista '' , the Granada War itself is never called `` the reconquest of Granada '' '' , but rather `` the conquest of Granada '' . Granada had never been Christian before the `` reconquista '' .

neg: Peregrine Bertie (MP for Lincolnshire) Sir Peregrine Bertie KB ( c. 1584 -- 1639 ) was a Jacobean soldier and landowner from Lincolnshire . He represented that county in Parliament in 1614 , attended to local land improvements , and took part in several wars on the continent . He and his elder brother Lord Willoughby were frequently at odds with Lord Norreys .   Peregrine was the second son of the famous Elizabethan soldier Peregrine Bertie , 13th Baron Willoughby de Eresby . He was admitted to Corpus Christi College , Cambridge in 1594 . He travelled to France in 1599 . When his father died in 1601 , Peregrine inherited a manor in Norfolk and the reversion of Willoughby House in London . He was admitted to the Middle Temple in 1605 .   In 1610 , Bertie obtained a place as a gentleman of the privy chamber to Prince Henry , and was created a Knight of the Bath on 2 June , when Henry was invested as Prince of Wales . Later that year , he fought a duel with Lord Norreys , an inveterate enemy of Peregrine 's brother Lord Willoughby , and in consequence was seriously wounded in the shoulder . By 1611 , both brothers had become officers in the Dutch Army .   In 1612 , Peregrine had become a member of the Virginia Company , and went abroad to Spa that year for his health . Prince Henry died at the end of the year , and in the fall of 1613 , Peregrine went abroad again and fought another duel with Lord Norreys , much to the displeasure of King James . In 1614 , he contested Lincolnshire with the courtier Sir Thomas Monson and was returned as its junior knight of the shire to the Addled Parliament . No record of his activity there has been preserved . By the end of the year , he was suffering from a dangerous illness and his death was rumored , providing Lord Norreys with an opportunity for reconciliation . However , they were not long composed , as they were quarreling again by the autumn of 1615 .   By this time , Peregrine had married Margaret ( d. 1642 ) , the daughter of Sir Nicholas Saunderson , 1st Baronet , by whom he had three sons , Robert , Peregrine , and Nicholas , and three daughters , Mildred ( married Robert Levinz ( d. 1650 ) ) , Sophia , and Elizabeth ( married Francis Barnard ) . In 1619 , he became a member of the Amazon Company ( an attempt to colonize Guyana ) , and was appointed a gamekeeper of Ancaster heath . He volunteered to join the relief of the Palatinate led by Sir Horace Vere in 1620 , but did not actually go abroad ; in the following year , he was made a justice of the peace for the Parts of Lindsey .   Bertie was appointed a commissioner for recusants in Lincolnshire in 1624 . He and Lord Willoughby again went abroad that year to fight the Spanish in the Netherlands . In the following year , he was commissioned a major of foot , and was appointed to various commissions for land improvement in Lincolnshire ( Deeping Fen and the River Glen ) while abroad . He was subsequently recalled and appointed a colonel of foot , commanding a regiment in the disastrous Île de Ré expedition . This was his last campaign ; he afterwards returned to work on fen drainage , which would bring him into conflict with the Bishop of Ely . Made a freeman of Boston , Lincolnshire in 1634 , he was appointed a commissioner of swans in 1635 , and died of gout in 1639 . He was buried on 13 November at St Giles in the Fields .

neg: Crown Estate The Crown Estate is a collection of lands and holdings in the United Kingdom belonging to the British monarch as a corporation sole , making it the `` Sovereign 's public estate '' , which is neither government property nor part of the monarch 's private estate . As a result of this arrangement , the sovereign is not involved with the management or administration of the estate , exercising only very limited control of its affairs . Instead , the estate 's extensive portfolio is overseen by a semi-independent , incorporated public body headed by the Crown Estate Commissioners , who exercise `` the powers of ownership '' of the estate , although they are not `` owners in their own right '' . The revenues from these hereditary possessions have been placed by the monarch at the disposition of Her Majesty 's Government and thus proceed directly to Her Majesty 's Treasury for the benefit of the British nation . The Crown Estate is formally accountable to the Parliament of the United Kingdom , where it is legally mandated to make an annual report to the sovereign , a copy of which is forwarded to the House of Commons .   The Crown Estate is one of the largest property managers in the United Kingdom , overseeing property worth # 12 billion , with urban properties valued at # 9.1 billion representing the majority of the estate by value . These include a large number of properties in central London , but the estate also controls 792000 ha of agricultural land and forest , more than half of the UK 's foreshore , and retains various other traditional holdings and rights , including Ascot Racecourse and Windsor Great Park . Naturally occurring gold and silver in the UK , collectively known as `` Mines Royal '' , are managed by The Crown Estate and leased to mining operators .   Historically , Crown Estate properties were administered by the reigning monarch to help fund the business of governing the country . However , in 1760 , George III surrendered control over the Estate 's revenues to the treasury , thus relieving him of the responsibility of personally paying for the costs of the civil service , defence costs , the national debt , and his own personal debts . In return , he received an annual grant known as the Civil list . By tradition , each subsequent monarch agreed to this arrangement upon his or her accession . However , from 1 April 2012 , under the terms of the Sovereign Grant Act 2011 ( SSG ) , the Civil List was abolished and the monarch was thenceforth provided with a stable source of revenue indexed to a percentage of the Crown Estate 's annual net revenue ( currently set at 15 % ) . This was intended to provide a long-term solution and remove the politically sensitive issue of Parliament having to debate the Civil List allowance every ten years . Subsequently , the Sovereign Grant Act allows for all future monarchs to simply extend these provisions for their reigns by Order in Council . The act does not imply any legal change on the nature of the estate 's ownership , but is simply a benchmark by which the sovereign grant is set as a grant by Parliament .

neg: Knight A knight is a person granted an honorary title of knighthood by a monarch or other political leader for service to the monarch or country , especially in a military capacity . Historically , in Europe , knighthood was conferred upon mounted warriors . During the High Middle Ages , knighthood was considered a class of lower nobility . By the Late Middle Ages , the rank had become associated with the ideals of chivalry , a code of conduct for the perfect courtly Christian warrior . Often , a knight was a vassal who served as a fighter for a lord , with payment in the form of land holdings . The lords trusted the knights , who were skilled in battle on horseback . Since the early modern period , the title of knight is purely honorific , usually bestowed by a monarch , as in the British honours system , often for non-military service to the country . The modern female equivalent in the United Kingdom is Dame .   Historically , the ideals of chivalry were popularized in medieval literature , especially the Matter of Britain and Matter of France , the former based on Geoffrey of Monmouth 's Historia Regum Britanniae ( History of the Kings of Britain ) which introduced the legend of King Arthur , written in the 1130s . Sir Thomas Malory 's Le Morte d'Arthur ( The Death of Arthur ) , written in 1485 , was important in defining the ideal of chivalry , which is essential to the modern concept of the knight , as an elite warrior sworn to uphold the values of faith , loyalty , courage , and honour . Furthermore , Geoffroi de Charny 's `` Book of Chivalry '' expounded upon the importance of Christian faith in every area of a knight 's life . During the Renaissance , the genre of chivalric romance became popular in literature , growing ever more idealistic and eventually giving rise to a new form of realism in literature popularised by Miguel de Cervantes ' Don Quixote . This novel explored the ideals of knighthood and their incongruity with the reality of Cervantes ' world . In the late medieval period , new methods of warfare began to render classical knights in armour obsolete , but the titles remained in many nations .   Some orders of knighthood , such as the Knights Templar , have become the subject of legend ; others have disappeared into obscurity . Today , a number of orders of knighthood continue to exist in several countries , such as the English Order of the Garter , the Swedish Royal Order of the Seraphim , and the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav . Each of these orders has its own criteria for eligibility , but knighthood is generally granted by a head of state or monarch to selected persons to recognise some meritorious achievement .   Knighthood in the Middle Ages was closely linked with horsemanship ( and especially the joust ) from its origins in the 12th century until its final flowering as a fashion among the high nobility in the Duchy of Burgundy in the 15th century . This linkage is reflected in the etymology of chivalry , cavalier and related terms ( see Etymology section below ) . The special prestige accorded to mounted warriors finds a parallel in the furusiyya in the Muslim world , and the Greek hippeus and Roman eques of classical antiquity .

neg: Carew Raleigh This article concerns Sir Walter Raleigh 's brother . For his namesake and nephew , Sir Walter 's son , see Carew Raleigh ( 1605-1666 )   Sir Carew Raleigh or Ralegh ( ca. 1550ca . 1625 ) , was an English naval commander and politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1586 and 1622 . He was the elder brother of Sir Walter Raleigh ,   Raleigh was born in Devon , the son of Walter Raleigh and Catherine Champernowne . He was gentleman of the horse to John Thynne of Longleat for some time before Thynne 's death in 1580 . In 1578 , Raleigh served on the expedition led by his half-brother , Sir Humphrey Gilbert . On his marriage he sold his property in Devon , and settled at Downton House , near Salisbury . He was Lieutenant of the Isle of Portland from 6 July 1584 until 1625 . In 1584 he was elected Member of Parliament for Wiltshire . In 1586 , he was on the list of sea-captains drawn up to meet the threat of a Spanish invasion together with his brother Sir Walter and his two elder half-brothers , George and John . He was re-elected MP for Wiltshire in 1586 . In 1589 he was elected MP for Ludgershall . From 1591 to 1603 he was Vice-Admiral of Dorset . He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth in 1601 at Basing House . In 1601 he was elected MP for Fowey and in 1604 he was elected MP for Downton . He was elected MP for Downton again in 1621 .   Aubrey says of Raleigh that he `` had a delicate clear voice , and played skilfully on the olpharion ''   Raleigh married Dorothy Thynne , widow of Sir John Thynne and daughter of Sir William Wroughton of Broad Heighton , Wiltshire . Their sons included Walter Raleigh , DD , who became Dean of Wells .

neg: Remonstrances The Remonstrances ( sometimes written in the original Anglo-Norman : Monstraunces ) were a set of complaints presented by a group of nobles in 1297 , against the government of King Edward I of England . Foremost among the nobles were Roger Bigod , Earl of Norfolk , Marshal of England , and Humphrey de Bohun , Earl of Hereford , Constable of England .   The complaints had their background in the heavy burden of taxation caused by King Edward 's extensive warfare in the mid-1290s . In 1297 Edward was planning a campaign to protect his possessions in Flanders , and it was the opinion of many that this war was unnecessary and risky , in a time when the situation in both Wales and Scotland was threatening . Both Bohun and Bigod refused to serve in the campaign , claiming it was unclear where the expedition was going . Bigod argued in parliament that the earls ' military obligation only extended to service alongside the king ; if the king intended to sail to Flanders , he could not send his subjects to Gascony . The king nevertheless went on with the planned campaign , and demanded a grant of taxation from his subjects . This became the opposition 's main grievance , since they claimed the tax was not raised in the proper manner . Rather than seeking the consent of the community of the realm in parliament , the king had been granted the tax by a small number of his closest supporters . As the king was on the coast preparing for the expedition , Bigod and Bohun turned up at the Exchequer demanding a stop to the collection of the tax , and at the same time presented the Remonstrances .   The document was drawn up not only as a complaint by the two earls , but on behalf of the entire community of the nation . It claimed that the king had driven his subjects to poverty by excessive taxes . Objections against the planned campaign in Flanders were raised , as well as the king 's failure to uphold the Magna Carta . In addition to the political , financial and constitutional issues , both earls had personal grievances against the king . Bohun had been poorly treated by Edward during a feud with the Earl of Gloucester a few years earlier . Bigod , meanwhile , had been engaged in a long-running dispute over debts he owed to the crown . As the king left for the Continent , the nation seemed to be on the brink of civil war . What brought the issue to a conclusion was the English defeat to the Scots at the Battle of Stirling Bridge . This united the country against a common enemy ; Edward promised to address the grievances , while Bigod and Bohun agreed to serve on a campaign in Scotland . As a sign of good will , the king signed the Confirmatio cartaruma confirmation of Magna Carta .


query: Indian was solely directed by Mel Gibson.

pos: Indian (1996 film) Indian ( Tamil : இந்தியன் ) is a 1996 Indian Tamil vigilante crime thriller film written and directed by Shankar and produced by A. M. Rathnam . The film stars Kamal Haasan in dual roles with Manisha Koirala , Urmila Matondkar , Sukanya and Goundamani appearing in other pivotal roles . The film 's score and soundtrack are composed by A. R. Rahman , while cinematography was handled by Jeeva .   The film focuses on an ex-freedom fighter turned vigilante bent on rooting out corruption and his son , who is at the other end of the spectrum by facilitating corrupt practices leading to some unfortunate events .   The film opened to positive reviews from critics on the way to becoming a commercial blockbuster in the Tamil film industry . Indian was selected by India as its entry for the Best Foreign Language Film for the Academy Awards in 1996 , but was not nominated . The film also went on to win three National Film Awards including that of Best Actor for Kamal Haasan 's portrayal , while his performance also saw him win at the Filmfare Awards and the Tamil Nadu State Film Awards . The film was dubbed and released in Hindi as Hindustani with a few scenes reshot and also in Telugu as Bharatheeyudu . It was also the highest grossing Tamil film upon its release , until surpassed by Padayappa , three years later .

neg: Bangalore Mail Bangalore Mail is a 1968 Indian Kannada film directed by L. S. Narayana and produced by Y. V. Rao . The film stars Rajkumar , Narasimharaju and Jayanthi in lead roles.The movie is a remake of 1967 Malayalam movie Cochin Express which was also subsequently remade in Telugu as Circar Express , in Tamil as Neelagiri Express and in Hindi as The Train .

neg: Hoot Gibson Hoot Gibson ( August 6 , 1892 -- August 23 , 1962 ) was an American rodeo champion and a pioneer cowboy film actor , director , and producer .

neg: Angaar Angaar ( English : Fire ) is an Indian Hindi crime drama film directed by Shashilal K. Nair , released on 1 September 1992 . The film stars Jackie Shroff , Dimple Kapadia , and Nana Patekar in lead roles . The film was speculated to have been based on the life of Karim Lala .

neg: Indian Agent (film) Indian Agent is a 1948 Western film starring Tim Holt as a cowboy trying to convince Indians not to go on the warpath due to the activities of a corrupt Indian agent .   The film was finished in mid 1948 . It was released on a double bill with He Walked By Night .

neg: PK (film) PK is a 2014 Indian satirical science fiction comedy film . The film was directed by Rajkumar Hirani , produced by Hirani and Vidhu Vinod Chopra , and written by Hirani and Abhijat Joshi . The film stars Aamir Khan in the title role with Anushka Sharma , Sushant Singh Rajput , Boman Irani , Saurabh Shukla , and Sanjay Dutt in supporting roles . It tells the story of an alien who comes to Earth on a research mission . He befriends a television journalist and questions religious dogmas and superstitions .   The film received positive reviews and emerged as the 3rd highest-grossing Indian film of all time , and ranks as the 70th highest-grossing film of 2014 worldwide . The film has been regarded as one of the best Hindi films of 2014 . It is currently the 3rd highest-grossing Indian film of all time only behind Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion and Dangal ( film ) .   PK is the first Indian film to gross 7 billion worldwide . It is also the first Indian film to gross US$ 100 million ( Rs 630 crore ) worldwide .

neg: The Rawhide Kid (film) The Rawhide Kid is a lost 1928 silent film western directed by Del Andrews and starring Hoot Gibson . It was produced and released by Universal Pictures .

neg: Gandhi (film) Gandhi is a 1982 British-Indian epic biographical drama film which dramatises the life of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi , the leader of India 's non-violent , non-cooperative independence movement against the United Kingdom 's rule of the country during the 20th century . Gandhi was written by John Briley and produced and directed by Richard Attenborough . It stars Ben Kingsley in the title role . The film covers Gandhi 's life from a defining moment in 1893 , as he is thrown off a South African train for being in a whites-only compartment , and concludes with his assassination and funeral in 1948 . Although a practising Hindu , Gandhi 's embracing of other faiths , particularly Christianity and Islam , is also depicted .   Gandhi was released in India on 30 November 1982 , in the United Kingdom on 3 December , and in the United States on 10 December . It was nominated for Academy Awards in eleven categories , winning eight , including Best Picture and Best Director for Attenborough , Best Actor for Ben Kingsley , and Best Original Screenplay for Briley . The film was screened retrospective on 12 August 2016 as the Opening Film at the Independence Day Film Festival jointly presented by the Indian Directorate of Film Festivals and Ministry of Defense , commemorating 70th Indian Independence Day . The screenplay of Gandhi is available as a published book .

neg: Anupam Sharma Anupam Sharma is an Australian film director , actor , producer , and author of Indian origin . He is the director of the Australian feature film UnIndian , starring Australian cricketer Brett Lee , to be released in 2015 . In 2014 the film was announced by Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott . Anupam Sharma has been widely acknowledged by Australian and Indian media as an enterprising producer who pioneered films links between India and Australia since 1997 . As a director he is known for directing , unINDIAN , Indian Aussies ( Terms & Conditions Apply ) , NSW Tourism Ad Campaign , and Intellectual Property Awareness Foundation any piracy campaign among others .   In 2013 Anupam was appointed head of the recently established Australian India Film Fund and has been nominated as an Australia Day Ambassador and named as one of the fifty most influential professionals in the Australian film industry ( Encore Magazine ) . He is best known for producing Bollywood films filmed in Australia , which include films such as Dil Chahta Hai , Heyy Babyy , and MTV Roadies Australia . Anupam was involved with a series of film and theater projects in Sydney until he met Feroz Khan in 1998 . In 2000 , he founded Films and Casting Temple , an award-winning production , casting and consulting company based in Fox Studios , Sydney , leading a team of film professionals working on more than 214 projects between India and Australia which include feature films , television serials , music videos , television commercials as well as film festivals .

neg: Indians (play) Indians is a play by Arthur Kopit .   At its core is Buffalo Bill Cody and his Buffalo Bill 's Wild West Show . The play examines the contradictions of Cody 's life and his work with Native Americans .   Indians premiered in London in 1968 . After 16 previews , the Broadway production , directed by Gene Frankel , opened on October 13 , 1969 at the Brooks Atkinson Theatre , where it ran for 96 performances . The cast included Stacy Keach , Manu Tupou , Tom Aldredge , Kevin Conway , Charles Durning , Raul Julia , and Sam Waterston .   In 1976 , Robert Altman wrote and directed a screen adaptation called Buffalo Bill and the Indians , or Sitting Bull 's History Lesson . The cast included Paul Newman , Joel Grey , Kevin McCarthy , Geraldine Chaplin , Denver Pyle , and Harvey Keitel .

neg: I (film) I ( also known as Shankar 's I ) is a 2015 Indian Tamil-language romantic thriller film written and directed by Shankar and co-written by Subha . Produced and distributed by V. Ravichandran under his production company , Aascar Films , the film features Vikram and Amy Jackson in lead roles while Suresh Gopi , Upen Patel , Santhanam and Ramkumar Ganesan portray pivotal roles . The soundtrack and film score were composed by A. R. Rahman . Production design was handled by T. Muthuraj . P. C. Sreeram was the film 's cinematographer and editing was done by Anthony .   The visual effects were designed by V. Srinivas Mohan through Rising Sun Pictures . Weta Workshop had worked on the digital and prosthetic make-up and background arts for the film . Principal photography commenced on 15 July 2012 . The filming lasted for two years and eight months , during which shooting was done extensively in China . Further schedules were filmed in locations in Chennai , Bangkok , Jodhpur , Kodaikanal , Pollachi , Bangalore and Mysore . The film was dubbed and released in Telugu and Hindi along with the Tamil version .   The film , released on Pongal 2015 , tells the story of a body builder turned supermodel , played by Vikram , who after being deformed , exacts revenge upon those who were responsible for his predicament . Critics praised Vikram 's performance , the technical aspects of the film - especially the costume design and makeup , and A.R. Rahman 's soundtrack and score but criticised the ` wafer-thin ' writing and screenplay and the film 's excessive length ( 188 minutes ) . However , the film was a commercial success , grossing worldwide , becoming the fourth-highest grossing Tamil film and Vikram 's highest-grossing film at the time . Vikram won the Filmfare Award for Best Actor -- Tamil for the movie .

neg: One Little Indian (film) One Little Indian is a 1973 western film produced by Walt Disney Productions starring James Garner and Vera Miles . The supporting cast includes Pat Hingle , Jay Silverheels , and a 10-year-old Jodie Foster , and the plotline involves a cavalry soldier 's misadventures with a camel and a little boy . The film was written by Harry Spalding and directed by Bernard McEveety .   The movie earned an estimated $ 2 million in North American rentals .

neg: Payback (1999 film) Payback is a 1999 American neo-noir crime film written and directed by Brian Helgeland in his directorial debut , and starring Mel Gibson , Gregg Henry , Maria Bello and David Paymer . It was based on the novel The Hunter by Donald E. Westlake using the pseudonym Richard Stark , which had earlier been adapted into the 1967 film noir classic Point Blank , directed by John Boorman and starring Lee Marvin . In 2006 Helgeland issued a director 's cut that differs substantially from the version released by the studio .

neg: Cinema of Sri Lanka Sri Lankan cinema encompasses the films made in Sri Lanka . It is a fledgling industry that has struggled to find a footing since its inauguration in 1947 with Kadawunu Poronduwa produced by S.M. Nayagam of Chitra Kala Movietone . Sri Lankan films are usually made in the Sinhalese language , the language of the majority Sinhala people .   In the first nine years most films were made in South India and followed the conventions of Indian cinema . Studio shooting was the norm , with Indian style sets erected in film studios . Even though it is popularly held that Rekava , made in 1956 by pioneer director Lester James Peries , was the first Sinhala film to be shot completely out of studio , it was really the film `` Gambada Sundari '' , made in 1950 which was the first film shot outside studios . It was also the first Sri Lankan film where , like in `` Rekawa '' , the dialog was recorded on the spot . This was because the film was shot on 16mm , using an Auricon sound-on-film camera which recorded the sound on the 16mm film optically , unlike in the case of where the sound was recorded on a Kinevox 35mm magnetic recorder . The film was later ` blown-up ' to 35mm and was screened in Colombo in 1950 .   Though `` Rekawa '' was acclaimed by local and international critics , the film failed to find an audience in the country and was a box office failure . Films continued to follow formulaic storylines borrowed from India up through the early 1960s despite such efforts as Sandesaya and Kurulu Bedda .   In 1964 , Lester James Peries again contributed to the development of Sri Lankan cinema with Gamperaliya which was the first Sinhala film to feature no songs and like Rekava shot completely outside the studio . It garnered massive praise for portraying Sinhala culture in a realistic manner and was hailed by critics and audiences alike . The producer Anton Wicremasinghe was awarded the Silver Peacock at the New Delhi International Film Festival for Gamperaliya . Following this breakthrough , several artistic Sinhala films were made in the late-1960s including Sath Samudura by professor Siri Gunasinghe , ably supported by exquisite cinematography by Dr.D.B . Nihalsinghe .   During the 1970s several talents came to the forefront while commercial cinema continued to steal storylines and plots from Indian films . These include Dr. D.B. Nihalsingha with `` Weilkatara '' - Sri Lanka 's first film in Cinemascope ratio wide screen in 1972 ; Vasantha Obeysekera who followed up his well-received debut Ves Gatho with a slew of successful films culminating with Palangetiyo in 1979 . Another major director who stepped forward during this time is Dharmasena Pathiraja who examined the tensions of city youth in such works as Bambaru Awith and Ahas Gauwa . Artist and poet Mahagama Sekera 's sole film Thun Man Handiya is also an important film in Sri Lankan cinema released in 1970 . Sumitra Peries , the wife of Lester James Peries , also struck out during the 1970s with work that looked at the conflicting roles of women in society . Her work include Gehenu Lamai and Ganga Addara .   Over the next few decades , artists such as Tissa Abeysekara , Dr. D.B. Nihalsingha , Udayakantha Warnasooriya , H.D.Premaratne , Ashoka Handagama , Prasanna Vithanage and Vimukthi Jayasundara have attempted to breathe new life into the industry . Nihalsingha was an accomplished cinematographer as well as an editor : so his films has an input which was special and brought a viewpoint to all his films , most of which focused on the exploited women .   Vithanage 's film Purahanda Kaluwara is widely considered one of the best movies made in Sri Lanka as is Jayasundara 's Sulanga Enu Pinisa which won the coveted Camera d'Or for best first film at the 2005 Cannes Film Festival .   During Sri Lankan Civil War several films have begun to tackle gritty subjects such as family relationships , abortion and results of the conflict between the military and Tamil Tiger rebels in the north . Director Asoka Handagama especially has drawn criticism for pursuing such material in his work .   In the recent years high budget films like Aloko Udapadi , Aba ( film ) and Maharaja Gemunu based on Sinhalese epic historical stories gain huge success .

neg: The World's Fastest Indian The World 's Fastest Indian is a 2005 New Zealand biographical sports drama film based on the Invercargill , New Zealand speed bike racer Burt Munro and his highly modified Indian Scout motorcycle . Munro set numerous land speed records for motorcycles with engines less than 1,000 cc at the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah in the late 1950s and into the 1960s . The film stars Anthony Hopkins , and was produced , written and directed by Roger Donaldson .   The film opened in 7 December 2005 in New Zealand to positive reviews , and quickly became the highest grossing local film at the New Zealand box-office taking in NZ$ 7,043,000 ; and taking in over US$ 18,297,690 worldwide . The film was theatrically released on 3 February 2006 in the United States by Magnolia Pictures ; and was subsequently released on DVD on 22 December 2006 by Magnolia Home Entertainment .

neg: The Indian Runner The Indian Runner is a 1991 crime drama film written and directed by Sean Penn. . It is based on Bruce Springsteen 's song , `` Highway Patrolman '' .

neg: Nayakan Nayakan ( The Hero ) , also spelt Nayagan , is a 1987 Indian Tamil-language crime-drama film written and directed by Mani Ratnam and starring Kamal Haasan . It is loosely based on the real-life Bombay underworld don Varadarajan Mudaliar , and sympathetically depicts the struggle of South Indians living in Bombay ( now Mumbai ) . The film also stars Saranya Ponvannan in her film debut . Karthika , Nassar , Janagaraj , Delhi Ganesh and Tinnu Anand play significant roles . The soundtrack and score of the film were composed by Ilaiyaraaja and was met with a successful response after release . The film has been inspired from Francis Ford Coppola 's 1972 film The Godfather .   Principal photography commenced in November 1986 with test shoots featuring Haasan . The film was released on 21 October 1987 on the occasion of Diwali and received critical acclaim worldwide . Kamal Haasan 's performance as Velu Nayakan earned him the National Film Award for Best Actor . The film also earned the National Awards for Best Cinematography ( P. C. Sriram ) and Best Art Direction ( Thotta Tharani ) . The film was India 's official submission for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1988 at the 60th Academy Awards , but was not nominated .   In 2005 , the magazine TIME included Nayagan in its list of `` All-Time 100 Best Films '' . The film was also included in The Moving Arts Film Journals list of greatest films of all time . Nayagan was also included in NDTV 's list `` India 's 20 greatest films '' . CNN-IBN included the film in its list of `` 100 greatest Indian films of all time '' .   The film was dubbed in Telugu under the title Nayakudu . It was also remade in Hindi as Dayavan in 1988 starring Vinod Khanna . A Hindi dub of the film was released in 1999 as Velu Nayakan .

neg: Ram Gopal Varma Ram Gopal Varma is an Indian film director , screenwriter and producer , known for his works in Telugu cinema , Bollywood , and television . Influenced by Russian-American playwright Ayn Rand , and European authors Friedrich Nietzsche , James Hadley Chase and Frederick Forsyth , Varma directed films across multiple genres , including parallel cinema and docudrama noted for their gritty realism , technical finesse , and craft .   Varma has garnered the National Film Award for scripting the political crime drama , Shool ( 1999 ) . In 2004 , He was featured in the BBC World series Bollywood Bosses . In 2006 , Grady Hendrix of Film Comment , published by the Film Society of Lincoln Center , New York City cited Varma as `` Bombay 's Most Successful Maverick '' for his works on experimental films . Varma is regarded as the fountain head of new age Indian cinema .   Varma is known for presenting the Indian Political Trilogy , and the Indian Gangster Trilogy , film critic Rajeev Masand has labeled the series as one of the `` most influential movies of Hindi cinema .  The first installment of the trilogy , Satya , was also listed in CNN-IBN 's 100 greatest Indian films of all time . Varma 's recent avant-garde works include hits such as the alternate history , Rakta Charitra ( 2010 ) , the dramatized re-enactment of 2008 Mumbai attacks in The Attacks of 26/11 ( 2013 ) , a horror fiction , Ice Cream shot with Flowcam Technology ( 2014 ) , a slasher film , Anukshanam ( 2014 ) , Killing Veerappan ( 2016 ) , a documentary drama , and Vangaveeti ( 2016 ) a biographical `` based on true events '' .   Starting his career as a civil engineer , he made an entry into Telugu cinema , with the path-breaking crime thriller , Siva ( 1989 ) screened at the 13th International Film Festival of India , and has garnered Varma , the state Nandi Awards for Best direction , Best first film of a director , and the Filmfare Award for Best Film -- Telugu . Siva explores the concepts of student exploitation by anti-social behavior and the impact of crowd psychology . Subsequently , the film was included in CNN-IBN 's list of 100 greatest Indian films of all time . He then experimented with the Neo-noir , Kshana Kshanam ( 1991 ) screened at the Ann Arbor Film Festival , the sleeper hit won him another Nandi Award for Best Direction , and the Nandi Award for Best Screenplay Writer . The 1993 political drama , Gaayam received six state Nandi Awards . In 1999 , He directed Prema Katha for which he received his third Nandi Award for Best Director .

neg: William Gibson William Ford Gibson ( born March 17 , 1948 ) is an American-Canadian speculative fiction writer and essayist widely credited with pioneering the science fiction subgenre known as cyberpunk . Beginning his writing career in the late 1970s , his early works were noir , near-future stories that explored the effects of technology , cybernetics , and computer networks on humans -- a `` combination of lowlife and high tech '' -- and helped to create an iconography for the information age before the ubiquity of the Internet in the 1990s . Gibson notably coined the term `` cyberspace '' in his short story `` Burning Chrome '' ( 1982 ) and later popularized the concept in his acclaimed debut novel Neuromancer ( 1984 ) . These early works have been credited with `` renovating '' science fiction literature after it had fallen largely into insignificance in the 1970s .   After expanding on Neuromancer with two more novels to complete the dystopic Sprawl trilogy , Gibson collaborated with Bruce Sterling on the alternate history novel The Difference Engine ( 1990 ) , which became an important work of the science fiction subgenre steampunk . In the 1990s , Gibson composed the Bridge trilogy of novels , which explored the sociological developments of near-future urban environments , postindustrial society , and late capitalism . Following the turn of the century and the events of 9/11 , Gibson emerged with a string of increasingly realist novels -- Pattern Recognition ( 2003 ) , Spook Country ( 2007 ) , and Zero History ( 2010 ) -- set in a roughly contemporary world . These works saw his name reach mainstream bestseller lists for the first time . His more recent novel , The Peripheral ( 2014 ) , returned to a more overt engagement with technology and recognizable science fiction concerns .   In 1999 , The Guardian described Gibson as `` probably the most important novelist of the past two decades , '' while the Sydney Morning Herald called him the `` noir prophet '' of cyberpunk . Throughout his career , Gibson has written more than 20 short stories and 10 critically acclaimed novels ( one in collaboration ) , contributed articles to several major publications , and collaborated extensively with performance artists , filmmakers , and musicians . His work has been cited as an influence across a variety of disciplines spanning academia , design , film , literature , music , cyberculture , and technology .

neg: Cinema of India The cinema of India consists of films produced across India . Cinema as a medium has gained immense popularity in the country and as many as 1,600 films in various languages of India are produced annually . Indian films have also come to be followed throughout South Asia , the Greater Middle East , Southeast Asia and other countries . Dadasaheb Phalke is known as the `` father of Indian cinema '' . The Dadasaheb Phalke Award , for lifetime contribution to cinema , was instituted in his honour , by the Government of India in 1969 , and is the most prestigious and coveted award in Indian cinema .   In the 20th century , Indian cinema , along with the Hollywood and Chinese film industries , became a global enterprise . As of 2013 , in terms of annual film output , India ranks first , followed by Nollywood , Hollywood and China . In 2012 , India produced 1,602 feature films . The Indian film industry reached overall revenues of $ 1.86 billion ( 93 billion ) in 2011 . This is projected to rise to $ 3 billion ( 200 billion ) in 2016 . In 2015 , India had a total box office gross of , the fourth largest in the world outside North America . Enhanced technology paved the way for upgrading from established cinematic norms of delivering product , altering the manner in which content reached the target audience . Biopics like Dangal and CGI-laden epics like Baahubali emerged as transnational blockbusters grossing over $ 200 million each in early 21st century . Indian cinema found markets in over 90 countries where films from India are screened . The Indian government extended film delegations to foreign countries such as the United States of America and Japan while the country 's Film Producers Guild sent similar missions through Europe .   The provision of 100 % foreign direct investment has made the Indian film market attractive for foreign enterprises such as 20th Century Fox , Sony Pictures , Walt Disney Pictures and Warner Bros. . Indian enterprises such as AVM Productions , Prasad 's Group , Sun Pictures , PVP Cinemas , Zee , UTV , Suresh Productions , Eros Films , Ayngaran International , Pyramid Saimira , Aascar Films and Adlabs also participated in producing and distributing films . Tax incentives to multiplexes have aided the multiplex boom in India . By 2003 as many as 30 film production companies had been listed in the National Stock Exchange of India , making the commercial presence of the medium felt .   The South Indian film industry defines the four film cultures of South India as a single entity . They are the Telugu , the Tamil , the Malayalam and the Kannada industries . Although developed independently over a long period , gross exchange of film performers and technicians as well as globalisation helped to shape this new identity .   The Indian diaspora consists of millions of Indians overseas for which films are made available both through media such as DVDs and by screening of films in their country of residence wherever commercially feasible . These earnings , accounting for some 12 % of the revenue generated by a mainstream film , contribute substantially to the overall revenue of Indian cinema , the net worth of which was found to be 1.3 billion in 2000 . Music in Indian cinema is another substantial revenue generator with the music rights alone accounting for 4 -- 5 % of the net revenues generated by a film in India .

neg: Mr. India (1987 film) Mr. India is a 1987 Indian Hindi science fiction superhero film directed by Shekhar Kapur . It stars Anil Kapoor , Sridevi and Amrish Puri in the lead roles   The film was the highest grossing Indian film of 1987 , and remains a cult classic in India . The film was known for several of its lines and songs , including Sridevi 's Miss Hawa Hawaii performance , and Amrish Puri 's quote `` Mogambo khush hua '' ( Mogambo is pleased ) , which is one of the most famous quotes of Bollywood and became synonymous with Puri . The Mogambo character is also considered to be one of the best villains in Bollywood history . Laxmikant-Pyarelal 's music performed well too , especially the song Hawa Hawaii which is very popular till today . The film has often been featured in different lists of top Bollywood films . Indiatimes Movies ranks the movie amongst the Top 25 Must See Bollywood Films . This was the last film that the writing duo Salim-Javed wrote together . They had split up earlier in 1982 , but came back for one last film .   On the centenary of Indian Cinema , Mr. India has been declared one of the 100 Greatest Indian Films of All Time . Interestingly Rajesh Khanna and Amitabh Bachchan were offered the lead role , but they turned it down as they could n't relate with the invisible hero .


query: Natalie Portman has only directed television.

pos: Natalie Portman Natalie Portman ( born Neta-Lee Hershlag , נטע-לי הרשלג June 9 , 1981 ) is an actress with dual American and Israeli citizenship . Her first role was in the 1994 action thriller Léon : The Professional , opposite Jean Reno . She was later cast as Padmé Amidala in the Star Wars prequel trilogy ( released in 1999 , 2002 and 2005 ) .   Born in Jerusalem to an Israeli father and American mother , Portman grew up in the eastern United States from the age of three . She studied dancing and acting in New York , and starred in Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace while still at high school on Long Island . In 1999 , Portman enrolled at Harvard University to study psychology , alongside her work as an actress ; she completed a bachelor 's degree in 2003 . During her studies she starred in a second Star Wars film and opened in New York City 's The Public Theater production of Anton Chekhov 's The Seagull in 2001 .   Portman won a Golden Globe and was nominated for an Academy Award for starring in the 2004 drama Closer , appeared in Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith the following year , and won a Constellation Award for Best Female Performance and the Saturn Award for Best Actress for her starring role in the political thriller V for Vendetta ( 2006 ) . She played leading roles in the historical dramas Goya 's Ghosts ( 2006 ) and The Other Boleyn Girl ( 2008 ) , and also appeared in Thor ( 2011 ) and its 2013 sequel . In 2010 , Portman starred in the psychological thriller film Black Swan . Her performance received widespread critical acclaim and she earned her first Academy Award for Best Actress , her second Golden Globe Award , the SAG Award , the BAFTA Award and the BFCA Award in 2011 . In 2016 , she portrayed First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy in the biographical drama Jackie . She was nominated for an Academy Award , a BAFTA Award , a Golden Globe Award , a Screen Actors Guild Award and won the BFCA for Best Actress .   In May 2008 , Portman served as the youngest member of the 61st Annual Cannes Film Festival jury . The same year she directed a segment of the collective film New York , I Love You . Her first feature film as a director , A Tale of Love and Darkness , was released in 2015 .

neg: Threads Threads is a 1984 British television drama jointly produced by the BBC , Nine Network and Western-World Television Inc. . Written by Barry Hines and directed by Mick Jackson , it is a docudrama account of nuclear war and its effects on the city of Sheffield in Northern England . The plot centres on two families as a confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union erupts . As the nuclear exchange between NATO and the Warsaw Pact begins , the film depicts the medical , economic , social and environmental consequences of nuclear war .   Shot on a budget of # 250,000 -- 350,000 , the film was the first of its kind to depict a nuclear winter . Certain reviewers nominated Threads as the `` film which comes closest to representing the full horror of nuclear war and its aftermath , as well as the catastrophic impact that the event would have on human culture '' . It has been compared to the earlier programme The War Game produced in Britain in the 1960s and its contemporary The Day After , a 1983 ABC television film depicting a similar scenario in the United States . It was nominated for seven BAFTA awards in 1985 and won for Best Single Drama , Best Design , Best Film Cameraman and Best Film Editor .

neg: One Day in the Life of Television One Day in the Life of Television is a documentary that was broadcast on ITV on 1 November 1989 . Filmed by over fifty crews exactly one year earlier , it was a huge behind-the-scenes look at a wide range of activities involved in the production , reception and marketing of British television . The project was organised by the British Film Institute and produced and directed for television by Peter Kosminsky .   The documentary opens with TV-am 's industrial conflict , with picketers outside of the studio at Camden Lock . The documentary also looks at Breakfast Time , Lucky Ladders and EastEnders . Reactions to the latter 's representation of a prison storyline were garnered from inmates in HMP Dartmoor .   The documentary also showed the marketing of cable television , and the availability of pornography through satellite television during the early evening .   A book by Sean Day-Lewis was published to accompany the documentary . It contained the thoughts of people throughout Britain , including industry professionals , who recorded their feelings and experiences of television viewing on 1 November 1988 , the day that the documentary was filmed .

neg: Glen Morgan Glen Morgan is an American television producer , writer and director .

neg: Michael A. Noonan Michael Anthony Noonan is a New Zealand writer , most often associated with his writing for television drama series in his native land . He is usually credited under either his full name or as Michael A. Noonan , so as to be distinguished from New Zealand-born Australian writer Michael Noonan .   Noonan grew up in the southern South Island , in Dunedin and Oamaru . After leaving school he began writing , notably drama such as The Rattle , whilst supplementing his income through work in radio and stage acting and as a regional television newsreader . He moved to Auckland in 1965 , where he began writing for television . In 1969 , he became the first script editor for the newly created television drama department of the NZBC . In this capacity he worked alongside and helped mentor a group of new writing talent including the likes of Roger Hall and Fiona Kidman . He left his editing position in the early 1970s , and in the proceeding years scripted several series , notable among them early children 's television series The Games Affair .   In the following years , Noonan formed a close working relationship with director Tony Isaac . In 1975 their collaboration won a Feltex Award for The Longest Winter , a docu-drama about the Great Depression . The same year saw the debut of Close to Home , for which Noonan and Isaac became a principal writer and director . This was to prove to be New Zealand 's most successful soap opera until the launch of Shortland Street 17 years later . In 1977 , Noonan wrote the docu-drama The Governor , based on the life of Sir George Grey . This series , also directed by Isaac , too was to become a New Zealand television landmark .   In 1979 , Noonan became the first scriptwriter to be awarded a Robert Burns Fellowship by the University of Otago . During this time he wrote two series which were cancelled before going into production , notably one based on Bill Pearson 's novel Coal Flat . The cancellation was , in part , due to financial concerns , especially given that The Governor had proved controversial over its high production costs . Television New Zealand was approached again over the Coal Flat project in 2002 , but funding was declined . Noonan later successfully adapted Roger Hall 's stage play Glide Time into a long-running television comedy series , Gliding On .

neg: Treva Silverman Treva Silverman is an American screenwriter . She is best-known for her work on the 1970s sitcom The Mary Tyler Moore Show . She won two Emmy Awards in 1974 for her work on Mary Tyler Moore , winning both Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series and Writer of the Year .   In the 1960s and 1970s , Silverman also wrote scripts for That Girl , The Monkees , He & She , Room 222 and The Bill Cosby Show .

neg: Karen Johnson (producer) Karen Johnson is an American television soap opera director , producer , writer and editor .

neg: Ma il portiere non c'è mai? Ma il portiere non c ' è mai ? is an Italian television series .

neg: TV One (U.S. TV network) TV One ( stylized as TV ONΞ ) is an American digital cable and satellite television network that is owned by Urban One ( formerly Radio One until May 8 , 2017 ) , having acquired Comcast 's stake in the TV network in 2015 . Headquartered in Silver Spring , Maryland , TV One 's programming targets African American adults with a broad mix of original lifestyle and entertainment-oriented series , documentaries , movies , concert performances and reruns of sitcoms from the 1970s through the 2000s .   As of February 2015 , TV One is available to approximately 57 million pay television households ( 48.9 % of households with at least one television set ) in the United States .

neg: Television criticism Television criticism is the act of writing or speaking about television programming with a view to evaluating its worth , meaning and other aspects .   Such criticism can be found in daily newspapers , on culture discussion shows ( on TV and radio ) , and in specialist books and periodicals , all of which are in direct competition for audience from television .

neg: David Nutter David Nutter ( born 1960 ) is an American television and film director and television producer . He is best known for directing pilot episodes for television . In 2015 , he received a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series , for his work on the HBO series , Game of Thrones .

neg: Lyndon Smith Lyndon Smith ( born June 7 , 1989 ) is an American actress . She is known for her roles as Natalie on the NBC drama series Parenthood , and as Dierdre on the TNT police drama series , Public Morals .

neg: Karen Pearlman Dr Karen Pearlman is the author of Cutting Rhythms , Shaping the Film Edit ( Focal Press , 2009 ) and its second edition Cutting Rhythms , Intuitive Film Editing ( Focal Press , 2016 ) . She is known for her pioneering work in articulating underlying principles concerning what rhythm in film is , how it is shaped and the purpose it serves in modulating cycles of tension and release for viewers . The focus of her research and teaching , currently as Lecturer in Film Production at Macquarie University and formerly as Head of Screen Studies at the Australian Film , Television and Radio School , is on the connection of theory and practice and making conceptual thinking accessible and useful to practitioners .  Many of her ideas about rhythm , editing , and affect derive from her career as a professional dancer on the opera house stages of the world with the Bill T. Jones/Arnie Zane Dance Company , and dancing and choreographing in the theatres , lofts and experimental dance venues of Australia , the USA and Europe . As well as using her understanding of kinesthetic empathy in her theorizing , she applies her choreographic sensibility to her own editing and dramaturgy of the multi award winning dance on screen works made by The Physical TV Company , which she co-directs with Richard James Allen . In 2009 Dr Pearlman was elected President of The Australian Screen Editors Guild ( ASE ) .

neg: Factual television Factual television is a genre of non-fiction television programming that documents actual events and people . These types of programs are also described as documentary , observational documentary , fly on the wall , docudrama , and reality television . Although the genre has existed in some form or another since the early years of television , the term factual television has most commonly been used to describe programs produced since the 1990s .

neg: Dwight H. Little Dwight Hubbard Little ( born January 13 , 1956 in Cleveland , Ohio ) is an American film and television director , known for directing the films Marked for Death , Rapid Fire , Free Willy 2 : The Adventure Home , Murder at 1600 and Halloween 4 : The Return of Michael Myers . He has also directed several episodes of acclaimed television series such as 24 , Prison Break , Dollhouse , Bones and Nikita .

neg: Cranford (TV series) Cranford is a British television series directed by Simon Curtis and Steve Hudson . The teleplay by Heidi Thomas was adapted from three novellas by Elizabeth Gaskell published between 1849 and 1858 : Cranford , My Lady Ludlow , and Mr Harrison 's Confessions . ( `` The Last Generation in England '' was also used as a source . )   The series was transmitted in five parts in the UK by BBC One in November and December 2007 . In the United States , it was broadcast in three episodes by PBS as part of its Masterpiece Theatre series in May 2008 .   Cranford returned with a two-part Christmas special Return to Cranford in 2009 .

neg: North & South (TV serial) North & South is a British television drama serial , produced by the BBC and originally broadcast in four episodes on BBC One in November and December 2004 . It follows the story of Margaret Hale ( Daniela Denby-Ashe ) , a young woman from southern England who has to move to the North after her father decides to leave the clergy . The family struggles to adjust itself to the industrial town 's customs , especially after meeting the Thorntons , a proud family of cotton mill owners who seem to despise their social inferiors . The story explores the issues of class and gender , as Margaret 's sympathy for the town mill workers clashes with her growing attraction to John Thornton ( Richard Armitage ) .   The serial is based on the 1855 Victorian novel North and South by Elizabeth Gaskell and takes place in the years surrounding the Great Exhibition of 1851 . It was adapted for television by Sandy Welch and directed by Brian Percival .

neg: Home Again (The X-Files) `` Home Again '' is the fourth episode of the tenth season of The X-Files . Written and directed by Glen Morgan , it first aired February 8 , 2016 , and guest stars Tim Armstrong as Trashman , Sheila Larken as Margaret Scully , Antonio Banderas as Painter , and Veena Sood as Dr. Louise Colquitt .

neg: Garden State (film) Garden State is a 2004 American romantic comedy-drama film , written and directed by Zach Braff and starring Braff , Natalie Portman , Peter Sarsgaard , and Ian Holm . The film centers on Andrew Largeman ( Braff ) , a 26-year-old actor/waiter who returns to his hometown in New Jersey after his mother dies . Braff based the film on his real life experiences . It was filmed in April and May 2003 and released on July 28 , 2004 . New Jersey was the main setting and primary shooting location . Garden State received positive reviews upon its release and has garnered a cult following . It was an official selection of the Sundance Film Festival . The film also spawned a soundtrack for which Braff , who picked the music himself , won a Grammy Award .

neg: Internet television in Australia Internet television in Australia is the digital distribution of movies and television content via the Internet . In Australia , Internet television is provided by five major pay-per-view providers , in addition to several niche television streaming services . Australia 's five major free-to-air television networks all offer catch up TV of previously broadcast content to watch via the Internet or via podcasts - drawing on both domestic and foreign content . A feature of Internet television is that a user can view TV or video on demand . Some distributors provide content as downloads , whiles other streaming media ; the main difference being that with downloads the end-user must have storage capacity for the content on their device and must wait for the download to be completed before the content can be viewed , while streamed content can be viewed almost immediately , but is not stored for a later second viewing .   Whether downloaded or streamed , video files over the Internet are usually metered in Australia , with most ISPs setting download quotas which can limit the downloads that a subscriber can make without incurring additional costs . ISPs also provide plans with unlimited downloads . Some ISPs offer downloads on a quota-free basis for partnered television services , which is also known as `` unmetered '' content .

neg: Portlandia (TV series) Portlandia is a sketch comedy television series set and filmed in and around Portland , Oregon , starring Fred Armisen and Carrie Brownstein . The show is produced by Broadway Video Television and IFC Original Productions . It was created by Fred Armisen and Carrie Brownstein , along with Jonathan Krisel , who directs it . It debuted on IFC on January 21 , 2011 .   The show shares its title with the sculpture of the same name that sits above the entrance of the Portland Building on Fifth Avenue in downtown Portland , which appears in the show 's title sequence . The show has won a Peabody Award .   In January 2017 , the series was renewed for an eighth and final season to debut in 2018 .