query: Empathy is the capacity to feel what another person is constantly experiencing.

pos: Empathy Empathy is the capacity to understand or feel what another person is experiencing from within the other person 's frame of reference , i.e. , the capacity to place oneself in another 's position . There are many definitions for empathy that encompass a broad range of emotional states . Types of empathy include cognitive empathy , emotional empathy , and somatic empathy .

neg: Spatial empathy Spatial empathy is the awareness that an individual has to the proximity , activities , and comfort of people surrounding them . It is closely related to the notion of personal space , the concept that an individual has ownership of their immediate surroundings ; and for others to invade this space represents an infringement on their privacy .   The degree to which different cultures exhibit spatial empathy differs dramatically . Typically , many developed Western countries consider unnecessary closeness to or physical contact with strangers ( such as in a train carriage or store ) as taboo . However , many Asian and Eurasian cultures do not exhibit the same aversion .

neg: Limbic imprint In psychology , limbic imprint refers to the process by which prenatal , perinatal and post-natal experiences imprint upon the limbic system , causing lifelong effects . The term is used to explain how early care of a fetus and newborn is important to lifelong psychological development , and has been used as an argument for alternative birthing methods , and against circumcision .   Lewis , Amini and Lannon , in their book A General Theory of Love , use the concept of limbic imprinting to explain lifelong patterns of poor love choices , explaining that the patterns of love and care received as a youth will affect the patterns of love that the adult seeks in their life . Some therapists suggest a course of `` limbic repatterning '' to consciously rewrite bad limbic imprints and thus improve the patient 's overall psychological health .

neg: Attitude (psychology) In psychology , an attitude is a psychological construct , it is a mental and emotional entity that inheres in , or characterizes a person . They are complex and an acquired state through experiences . It is an individual 's predisposed state of mind regarding a value and it is precipitated through a responsive expression toward a person , place , thing , or event ( the attitude object ) which in turn influences the individual 's thought and action . Prominent psychologist Gordon Allport once described attitudes as `` the most distinctive and indispensable concept in contemporary social psychology . '' Attitude can be formed from a person 's past and present . Key topics in the study of attitudes include attitude measurement , attitude change , consumer behavior , and attitude-behavior relationships .

neg: Antipathy Antipathy is a voluntary or involuntary dislike for something or somebody , the opposite of sympathy . While antipathy may be induced by experience , it sometimes exists without a rational cause-and-effect explanation being present to the individuals involved .   Thus , the origin of antipathy has been subject to various philosophical and psychological explanations , which some people find convincing and others regard as highly speculative . The exploration of a philosophical aspect for antipathy has been found in an essay by John Locke , an early modern 17th century philosopher .

neg: Shame Shame is a painful , social emotion that can be seen as resulting '' ... from comparison of the self 's action with the self 's standards ... '' . but which may equally stem from comparison of the self 's state of being with the ideal social context 's standard . Thus , shame may stem from volitional action or simply self-regard ; no action by the shamed being is required : simply existing is enough . Both the comparison and standards are enabled by socialization . Though usually considered an emotion , shame may also variously be considered an affect , cognition , state , or condition .   The roots of the word shame are thought to derive from an older word meaning `` to cover '' ; as such , covering oneself , literally or figuratively , is a natural expression of shame . Nineteenth-century scientist Charles Darwin , in his book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals , described shame affect as consisting of blushing , confusion of mind , downward cast eyes , slack posture , and lowered head , and he noted observations of shame affect in human populations worldwide . He also noted the sense of warmth or heat ( associated with the vasodilation of the face and skin ) occurring in intense shame . Shame can also result in crying .   A `` sense of shame '' is the feeling known as guilt but `` consciousness '' or awareness of `` shame as a state '' or condition defines core/toxic shame ( Lewis , 1971 ; Tangney , 1998 ) . The key emotion in all forms of shame is contempt ( Miller , 1984 ; Tomkins , 1967 ) . Two distinct domains that shame is expressed are the consciousness of self as bad and the other is self as inadequate . People employ negative coping responses to counter deep rooted , associated sense of `` shameworthiness '' . The shame cognition may occur as a result of the experience of shame affect or , more generally , in any situation of embarrassment , dishonor , disgrace , inadequacy , humiliation , or chagrin .   A `` state of shame '' is assigned internally from being a victim of environment where the sense of self is stigmatized like being denigrated by caregivers , overtly rejected by parents in favor of siblings needs , etc. and the same is assigned externally , by others , regardless of one 's own experience or awareness . `` To shame '' generally means to actively assign or communicate a state of shame to another . Behaviors designed to `` uncover '' or `` expose '' others are sometimes used for this purpose , as are utterances like `` Shame ! '' or `` Shame on you ! '' Finally , to `` have shame '' means to maintain a sense of restraint against offending others ( as with modesty , humility , and deference ) while to `` have no shame '' is to behave without such restraint ( as with excessive pride or hubris ) .

neg: Paraspace The term ` paraspace ' comes from Samuel R. Delany , a ` space ' existing parallel to normal or ordinary space . According to Delany , the para-space is an alternate space that ` exists parallel to the normal space of the diegesis -- a rhetorically heightened  `` other realm ''' ( Bukatman 1993 : 157 ) . Bukatman ( 1993 : 157 ) says `` Cyberspace is clearly a '' paraspace ' . '   `` Delany connects cyberpunk to the mysterious lunar artifact of Algis Budrys ' Rogue Moon and early evocations of outer space , all of which use inflated rhetoric to differentiate `` paraspace '' from mundane dimensions '' Samuel Review Essay .   Paraspace is defined by Barry Malzberg as `` the condition of hyperspace -LSB- that -RSB- is itself insane '' ( as cited by Bukatman , 1993 : 157 ) .   Michael Fisch ( 2004 : 371 , citing Murakami , 2002 : 157 ) comments `` While the para-space is often inaugurated through cognition it is always a ` materially manifested ' and ` linguistically intensified ' space in which ` conflicts that begin in ordinary space are resolved ' ''  ( Murakami 2002 : 157 ) .   Implications   Walter Benjamin ( 1936/1968 ) declare the end of storytelling because of its incapacity to relate traumatic experiences , such as warfare , shell shock in World War I . As work lost its spaces to practice not just storytelling , but storylistening , the skills of interpretation of experience atrophied .   Paraspace is the hyperspace gone insane ( Malzberg , The worker flesh-body is displaced by the corporate ad-inventions , set on the global stage of `` technoorganic reconstructions of the flesh '' ( Bukatman , 1993 : 19 ) .   Walter Benjamin ( 1936 ) declared that the art of storytelling is coming to an end . We can no longer tell a tale of trauma properly . We can no longer exchange our experiences of trauma of war ( PTSD ) , economic collapse sending millions into homelessness , including veterans of the recent wars , the ubiquitousness of sweatshops , and so on . Of relevance to paraspace , the lost art of storytelling has an accumulated effect ( Fisch , 2004 : p. 365 ) ; it gets worth with cyber-real . / When the ` real ' pokes through the cyberspace , it gets quickly displaced by obfuscation . Our ` real ' in hyperspace is not closer to Lacanian Real ( FIsch , p. 372 ) .   Paraspace is invisible , yet has material consequences ( Bukatman , 1992 ) .   Benjamin , W. ( 1936/1968 ) Illuminations , New York : Harcourt Brace & World .   Bukatman , S. ( 1992 ) . Amidst These Fields of Data : Allegory , Rhetoric , and the Paraspace . Critique : Studies in Contemporary Fiction , 33 ( 3 ) , 199-219 .   Bukatman , S. ( 1993 ) Terminal Identity : The Virtual Subject in Postmodern Science Fiction , Durham ,  NC : Duke University Press .   Delany , Samuel R. ( 1988 ) . Some real mothers : An interview with Samuel R. Delany by Takayuki Tatsumi . '' Science Fiction Eye , 1 , # 3 : 5-11 .   Fisch , M. ( 2004 , October ) . In search of the real : technology , shock and language in Murakami Haruki 's Sputnik Sweetheart . In Japan Forum ( Vol . 16 , No. 3 , pp. 361 -- 383 ) . Taylor & Francis .   Murakami , H. ( 2002 ) Sputnik Sweetheart , trans . P. Gabriel , New York : Vintage International .

neg: Embodied imagination Embodied imagination is a therapeutic and creative form of working with dreams and memories pioneered by Dutch Jungian psychoanalyst Robert Bosnak and based on principles first developed by Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung , especially in his work on alchemy , and on the work of American archetypal psychologist James Hillman , who focused on soul as a simultaneous multiplicity of autonomous states .   The technique of embodied imagination takes dreaming as the paradigm for all work with images . While dreaming , everyone experiences dreams as embodied events in time and space ; that is , the dreamer is convinced that he or she is experiencing a real event in a real environment . Bosnak describes how a dream `` instantaneously presents a total world , so real that you are convinced you are awake . You do n't just think so , you know it in the same way you now know you are awake reading this book . '' So from the perspective of dreaming , the image is a place . Based on this notion , the dreamer can re-enter the landscape of the dream and flash back into its images to more fully and deeply explore and experience them . The dreamer explores the images of the dream while in a hypnagogic state , a state of consciousness between waking and sleeping . While in this state , the dreamer is asked a series of questions that help him or her to re-experience the dream by describing details of its landscape and image .   Once fully immersed in the images that the dream environment presents , the dreamer is then also invited to feel and identify the feelings and sensations manifested in the body from a variety of dream perspectives . Perspectives explored are both that of the dream ego as well any `` others '' that appear in the dream . These `` others '' may be , for example , another person , an animal , or a physical object . Approaching dream figures in this way is consistent with archetypal psychologist James Hillman 's prescription for therapeutic work in regard to the phenomena of psychic multiplicity . Drawing upon Carl Jung 's realization that `` the ego complex is not the only complex in the psyche , '' Hillman described the psyche to be not a singular unified whole defined by the ego point of view , but rather a self-organizing multiplicity of autonomous selves . In the technique of embodied imagination , for each of these `` selves '' or `` states '' representing various perspectives , the dreamer then feels , identifies , and locates the feelings and sensations in his or her body . At the conclusion of the dreamwork session , the dreamer simultaneously holds in conscious awareness these differentiated and complex states of embodied feeling and sensation . The act of holding these multiple disparate states at the same time creates a psychical tension from which a completely new image or feeling state spontaneously emerges from the dreamer 's psyche . This new image or state presents a completely new and previously unknown awareness to the dreamer , one through which the dreamer often feels changed , transformed , or greatly expanded in the ability to embody and feel intensely .   After working with a dream in this way , one dreamer , a woman whose name is Ariel , later reflected , `` That dreamwork warded off my seasonal depression which always starts in the autumn . I could already feel it creeping up at the time of the dream . And with the dreamwork it just stopped and retreated and never came back . I did n't have it all winter . '' Ariel 's transformation is typical of those who practice this method of working with dreams . Using the technique of embodied imagination in dreamwork , the body becomes the theater for a vivid complexity of states , which leads along `` alchemical '' lines to profound psychical transformation .

neg: Interpersonal reflex Interpersonal reflex is a term created by Timothy Leary and explained in the book , Interpersonal Diagnosis of Personality : A functional theory and methodology for personality evaluation ( 1957 ) .   While examining recorded protocols of communications in adults , Leary discovered that typical patterns of interaction existed . Individual units of these behaviors were called interpersonal mechanisms or interpersonal reflexes . ( p 96 ) ; `` They are defined as the observable , expressive units of face-to-face social behavior . ''   These reflexes are automatic and involuntary responses to interpersonal situations . They are independent of the content of the communication . They are the individual 's spontaneous methods of reacting to others .   Leary states , `` The reflex manner in which human beings react to others and train others to respond to them in selective ways is , I believe , the most important single aspect of personality . The systematic estimates of a patient 's repertoire of interpersonal reflexes is a key factor in functional diagnosis . '' ( p 97 ) .   Examining interpersonal reflexes helps to explain communication and behavioral patterns in healthy and unhealthy relationships . For example , tender , supportive operations tend to train others to agree , conciliate , and depend . Rigid autocratic individuals seek out docile admiring followers . Competitive , self-enhancing behavior pulls envy , distrust , inferiority feelings , and at times respectful admiration from others .

neg: Internal discourse An inner discourse , or internal discourse , is a constructive act of the human mind and a tool for discovering new knowledge and making decisions . Along with feelings such as joy , anger , fear , etc. , and sensory awareness , it is one of the few aspects of the processing of information and other mental activities of which humans can be directly aware . Inner discourse is so prominent in the human awareness of mental functioning that it may often seem to be synonymous with `` mind . '' The view is then that `` mind '' means `` what one experiences when thinking things out , '' and that `` thinking things out '' is believed to consist only of the words heard in internal discourse . This common sense idea of the mind must either block out the fact that the mind is constantly processing all kinds of information below the level of awareness , or else rename that activity to some putatively `` non-mental '' status such as `` reflex reaction '' or even , sometimes , `` demon possession . ''   An inner discourse takes place much as would a discussion with a second person . One might think , `` I need $ 27 for the paper boy . I have some paper currency in my wallet . Ten plus ten plus five ... I have $ 25 . Damn . Maybe I dropped coins in the sofa . Ah , here they are ... '' The ideal form of inner discourse would seem to be one that starts with statements about matters of fact and proceeds with logical rigor until a solution is achieved .   On this view of thinking , progress toward better thinking is made when one learns how to evaluate how well `` statements of fact '' are actually grounded , and when one learns how to avoid logical errors . But one must also take account of questions like why one is seeking a solution ( Why do I want to contribute money to this charity ? ) , and why one may keep getting results that turn out to be biased in fairly consistent patterns ( Why do I never give to charities that benefit a certain group ? ) .

neg: Pain in animals In humans , pain is a distressing feeling often caused by intense or damaging stimuli . Whether animals apart from humans also experience pain is contentious . The standard measure of pain in humans is how a person reports that pain , ( for example , on a pain scale ) . `` Pain '' is defined by the International Association for the Study of Pain as `` an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage , or described in terms of such damage . '' Only the person experiencing the pain can know the pain 's quality and intensity , and the degree of suffering . However , for non-human animals , it is harder , if even possible , to know whether an emotional experience has occurred . Therefore , this concept is often excluded in definitions of pain in animals , such as that provided by Zimmerman : `` an aversive sensory experience caused by actual or potential injury that elicits protective motor and vegetative reactions , results in learned avoidance and may modify species-specific behaviour , including social behaviour . '' Non-human animals can not report their feelings to language-using humans in the same manner as human communication , but observation of their behaviour provides a reasonable indication as to the extent of their pain . Just as with doctors and medics who sometimes share no common language with their patients , the indicators of pain can still be understood .   According to the U.S. National Research Council Committee on Recognition and Alleviation of Pain in Laboratory Animals , pain is experienced by many animal species , including mammals and possibly all vertebrates .

neg: Perspective-taking Perspective-taking is the act of perceiving a situation or understanding a concept from an alternative point-of-view , such as that of another individual .

neg: Self-envy Self-envy is a psychoanalytic concept developed by Rafael López-Corvo who argues that it is crucial for the understanding of disorders of the self that are manifested in addictions , acting out , and inhibition of creativity . This concept is based on the use of object relations theory , that many psychoanalysts view as a fundamental instrument for examining the architecture of the internal world that describes behavior as influenced by the multiple interactions of early representations of self and other that operate in our inner selves .   Self-envy is produced by ` child part self-objects ' , self representations from early development that remain split off from the self and harbor destructive and envious feelings toward the creative aspects of the self and results from direct aggressive attacks by these childhood self-objects against the part of the self identified with a harmonious mother-father or parent-sibling relationship .   The internal dynamics of self-envy cause intense unconscious conflict , dissociation , and disturbances of the self , all of which underlie severe psychopathologies , such as repetitive destructive behavior , and even the living of seemingly normal but constricted lives . López-Corvo suggests that the psychoanalytic interpretation of such patients , for whom one part of the self is ruthlessly pitted against another , should address directly the phenomenon of a war within the internal self .   W.C.M. Scott first used this term in 1975 in his article `` Remembering sleep and dreaming : self-envy and envy of dreams and dreaming '' in the International Review of Psychoanalysis , Vol . 2/3 ( 1975 ) : 333-354 . López-Corvo credits Scott in his paper `` About Interpretation of Self-Envy '' in the same journal ( 1992 ) : 73 , 719 , and also in his book Self-Envy : Therapy and the Divided Inner World , which also draws from Melanie Klein , Wilfred Bion , and other object-relations theorists in order to develop its more extended argument .

neg: Self-concept One 's self-concept ( also called self-construction , self-identity , self-perspective or self-structure ) is a collection of beliefs about oneself that includes elements such as academic performance , gender identity , sexual identity , and racial identity . Generally , self-concept embodies the answer to `` Who am I ? '' .   Self-concept is distinguishable from self-awareness , which refers to the extent to which self-knowledge is defined , consistent , and currently applicable to one 's attitudes and dispositions . Self-concept also differs from self-esteem : self-concept is a cognitive or descriptive component of one 's self ( e.g. `` I am a fast runner '' ) , while self-esteem is evaluative and opinionated ( e.g. `` I feel good about being a fast runner '' ) .   Self-concept is made up of one 's self-schemas , and interacts with self-esteem , self-knowledge , and the social self to form the self as whole . It includes the past , present , and future selves , where future selves ( or possible selves ) represent individuals ' ideas of what they might become , what they would like to become , or what they are afraid of becoming . Possible selves may function as incentives for certain behavior .   The perception people have about their past or future selves is related to the perception of their current selves . The temporal self-appraisal theory argues that people have a tendency to maintain a positive self-evaluation by distancing themselves from their negative self and paying more attention to their positive one . In addition , people have a tendency to perceive the past self less favorably ( e.g. `` I 'm better than I used to be '' ) and the future self more positively ( e.g. `` I will be better than I am now '' ) .

neg: Interpersonal relationship An interpersonal relationship is a strong , deep , or close association or acquaintance between two or more people that may range in duration from brief to enduring . This association may be based on inference , love , solidarity , regular business interactions , or some other type of social commitment . Interpersonal relationships are formed in the context of social , cultural and other influences . The context can and may and perhaps will vary from family or kinship relations , friendship , marriage , relations with associates , work , clubs , neighborhoods , and places of worship . They may be regulated by law , custom , or mutual agreement , and are the basis of social groups and society as a whole .

neg: Trust (emotion) In a social context , trust has several connotations . Definitions of trust typically refer to a situation characterized by the following aspects : One party ( trustor ) is willing to rely on the actions of another party ( trustee ) ; the situation is directed to the future . In addition , the trustor ( voluntarily or forcedly ) abandons control over the actions performed by the trustee . As a consequence , the trustor is uncertain about the outcome of the other 's actions ; they can only develop and evaluate expectations . The uncertainty involves the risk of failure or harm to the trustor if the trustee will not behave as desired . Vladimir Ilych Lenin expressed this idea with the sentence `` Trust is good , control is better '' .   Trust can be attributed to relationships between people . It can be demonstrated that humans have a natural disposition to trust and to judge trustworthiness that can be traced to the neurobiological structure and activity of a human brain . Some studies indicate that trust can be altered e.g. by the application of oxytocin .   Conceptually , trust is also attributable to relationships within and between social groups ( history , families , friends , communities , organisations , companies , nations , etc. ) . It is a popular approach to frame the dynamics of inter-group and intra-group interactions in terms of trust .  The trust formations of people towards different actors in society has been shaped into a generic model of trust with three levels of application , i.e. Macro , Micro , and Meso .   When it comes to the relationship between people and technology , the attribution of trust is a matter of dispute . The intentional stance demonstrates that trust can be validly attributed to human relationships with complex technologies . However , rational reflection leads to the rejection of an ability to trust technological artefacts .   One of the key current challenges in the social sciences is to re-think how the rapid progress of technology has impacted constructs such as trust . This is specifically true for information technology that dramatically alters causation in social systems .   In the social sciences , the subtleties of trust are a subject of ongoing research . In sociology and psychology the degree to which one party trusts another is a measure of belief in the honesty , fairness , or benevolence of another party . The term `` confidence '' is more appropriate for a belief in the competence of the other party . Based on the most recent research , a failure in trust may be forgiven more easily if it is interpreted as a failure of competence rather than a lack of benevolence or honesty . In economics , trust is often conceptualized as reliability in transactions . In all cases trust is a heuristic decision rule , allowing the human to deal with complexities that would require unrealistic effort in rational reasoning .

neg: Mind uploading Whole brain emulation ( WBE ) , mind upload or brain upload ( sometimes called `` mind copying '' or `` mind transfer '' ) is the hypothetical process of scanning mental state ( including long-term memory and `` self '' ) of a particular brain substrate and copying it to a computer . The computer could then run a simulation model of the brain 's information processing , such that it responds in essentially the same way as the original brain ( i.e. , indistinguishable from the brain for all relevant purposes ) and experiences having a conscious mind .   Mind uploading may potentially be accomplished by either of two methods : Copy-and-Transfer or gradual replacement of neurons . In the case of the former method , mind uploading would be achieved by scanning and mapping the salient features of a biological brain , and then by copying , transferring , and storing that information state into a computer system or another computational device . The simulated mind could be within a virtual reality or simulated world , supported by an anatomic 3D body simulation model . Alternatively , the simulated mind could reside in a computer that is inside ( or connected to ) a ( not necessarily humanoid ) robot or a biological body in real life .   Among some futurists and within the transhumanist movement , mind uploading is treated as an important proposed life extension technology . Some believe mind uploading is humanity 's current best option for preserving the identity of the species , as opposed to cryonics . Another aim of mind uploading is to provide a permanent backup to our `` mind-file '' , and a means for functional copies of human minds to survive a global disaster or interstellar space travels . Whole brain emulation is discussed by some futurists as a `` logical endpoint '' of the topical computational neuroscience and neuroinformatics fields , both about brain simulation for medical research purposes . It is discussed in artificial intelligence research publications as an approach to strong AI . Computer-based intelligence such as an upload could think much faster than a biological human even if it were no more intelligent . A large-scale society of uploads might , according to futurists , give rise to a technological singularity , meaning a sudden time constant decrease in the exponential development of technology . Mind uploading is a central conceptual feature of numerous science fiction novels and films .   Substantial mainstream research in related areas is being conducted in animal brain mapping and simulation , development of faster super computers , virtual reality , brain -- computer interfaces , connectomics and information extraction from dynamically functioning brains . According to supporters , many of the tools and ideas needed to achieve mind uploading already exist or are currently under active development ; however , they will admit that others are , as yet , very speculative , but still in the realm of engineering possibility . Neuroscientist Randal Koene has formed a nonprofit organization called Carbon Copies to promote mind uploading research .

neg: Cognitive infocommunications Cognitive infocommunications ( CogInfoCom ) investigates the link between the research areas of infocommunications and the cognitive sciences , as well as the various engineering applications which have emerged as the synergic combination of these sciences .   The primary goal of CogInfoCom is to provide a systematic view of how cognitive processes can co-evolve with infocommunications devices so that the capabilities of the human brain may not only be extended through these devices , irrespective of geographical distance , but may also interact with the capabilities of any artificially cognitive system . This merging and extension of cognitive capabilities is targeted towards engineering applications in which artificial and/or natural cognitive systems are enabled to work together more effectively .   Two important dimensions of cognitive infocommunications are the mode of communication and the type of communication .  The mode of communication refers to the actors at the two endpoints of communication :   Intra-cognitive communication : information transfer occurs between two cognitive beings with equivalent cognitive capabilities ( e.g. : between two humans ) .  Inter-cognitive communication : information transfer occurs between two cognitive beings with different cognitive capabilities ( e.g. : between a human and an artificially cognitive system ) .   The type of communication refers to the type of information that is conveyed between the two communicating entities , and the way in which this is done :   Sensor-sharing communication : entities on both ends use the same sensory modality to perceive the communicated information .  Sensor-bridging communication : sensory information obtained or experienced by each of the entities is not only transmitted , but also transformed to an appropriate and different sensory modality .  Representation-sharing communication : the same information representation is used on both ends to communicate information .  Representation-bridging communication : sensory information transferred to the receiver entity is filtered and/or adapted so that a different information representation is used on the two ends .

neg: Developmental cognitive neuroscience Developmental cognitive neuroscience is an interdisciplinary scientific field devoted to understanding psychological processes and their neurological bases in the developing organism . It examines how the mind changes as children grow up , interrelations between that and how the brain is changing , and environmental and biological influences on the developing mind and brain .   Developmental cognitive neuroscience is at the boundaries of neuroscience ( behavioral , systems , & cognitive neuroscience ) , psychology ( developmental , cognitive , & biobehavioral / physiological psychology ) , developmental science ( which includes sociology , anthropology , & biology in addition to psychology & neuroscience ) , cognitive science ( which includes computer science , philosophy , dynamical systems , & linguistics in addition to psychology ) , and even includes socio-emotional development and developmental aspects of social neuroscience and affective neuroscience .   The scientific interface between cognitive neuroscience and human development has evoked considerable interest in recent years , as technological advances make it possible to map in detail the changes in brain structure that take place during development . Developmental cognitive neuroscience overlaps somewhat with fields such as developmental psychology , developmental neuropsychology , developmental psychopathology , and developmental neuroscience , but is distinct from each of them as well . Developmental cognitive neuroscience is concerned with the brain bases of the phenomena that developmental psychologists study . Developmental neuropsychology and developmental psychopathology are both devoted primarily to studying patients , whereas developmental cognitive neuroscience is concerned with studying both typical and atypical development . Developmental neuroscience is devoted entirely to the study of developmental processes in the brain , and primarily during the prenatal period . Developmental cognitive neuroscience , on the other hand , is concerned with interrelations between psychological and biological development . Developmental cognitive neuroscientists study brain development and cognitive , social , and emotional development from the prenatal period through adulthood .   More recently , developmental cognitive neuroscience is interested in the role of genes in development and cognition . Thus , developmental cognitive neuroscience may shed light on nature versus nurture debates as well as constructivism and neuroconstructivism theories . Developmental cognitive neuroscience research provides data that alternately blends together , clarifies , challenges , and causes revisions in developmental , cognitive , and neuroscientific theories .

neg: Cognitive specialization Cognitive specialization suggests that certain behaviors , often in the domain of social communication , are passed on to offspring and refined to be maximally beneficial by the process of natural selection . Specializations serve an adaptive purpose for an organism by allowing the organism to be better suited for its habitat . Over time , specializations often become essential to the species ' continued survival . Cognitive specialization in humans has been thought to underlie the acquisition , development , and evolution of language , theory of mind , and specific social skills such as trust and reciprocity . These specializations are considered to be critical to the survival of the species , even though there are successful individuals who lack certain specializations , including those diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder or who lack language abilities . Cognitive specialization is also believed to underlie adaptive behaviors such as self-awareness , navigation , and problem solving skills in several animal species such as chimpanzees and bottlenose dolphins .

neg: Social intelligence Social intelligence is the capability to effectively navigate and negotiate complex social relationships and environments . Social scientist Ross Honeywill believes social intelligence is an aggregated measure of self - and social-awareness , evolved social beliefs and attitudes , and a capacity and appetite to manage complex social change . Psychologist Nicholas Humphrey believes that it is social intelligence , rather than quantitative intelligence , that defines humans .   The original definition by Edward Thorndike in 1920 is `` the ability to understand and manage men and women and girls , to act wisely in human relations '' . It is equivalent to interpersonal intelligence , one of the types of intelligence identified in Howard Gardner 's theory of multiple intelligences , and closely related to theory of mind . Some authors have restricted the definition to deal only with knowledge of social situations , perhaps more properly called social cognition or social marketing intelligence , as it pertains to trending socio-psychological advertising and marketing strategies and tactics . According to Sean Foleno , social intelligence is a person 's competence to understand his or her environment optimally and react appropriately for socially successful conduct .


query: Christmas & Chill was the title of Ariana Grande's holiday EP.

pos: Christmas & Chill Christmas & Chill is the second holiday EP by American singer Ariana Grande . Republic Records released it on December 18 , 2015 , exclusively on iTunes as a Christmas gift to Grande 's fans , as a follow-up to her 2013 holiday EP Christmas Kisses and her 2014 Christmas single `` Santa Tell Me '' . The EP features six original holiday tracks written by Grande , all of which have an R&B and trap sound .   The project received favorable reviews by critics , most of them noting the new sound for Grande . Despite not having any singles and receiving zero promotion , the EP had huge commercial success during the holiday season of 2015 . It reached a peak of number 3 on the worldwide iTunes album chart , debuted at number 3 on the Billboard Holiday Albums chart and at number 34 on the Billboard 200 chart .   On November 18 , 2016 , Christmas & Chill was released on CD in Japan .

pos: Ariana Grande Ariana Grande-Butera ( born June 26 , 1993 ) , known as Ariana Grande ( -LSB- ˌɑriˈɑːnə_ˈɡrɑːndeɪ -RSB- ) , is an American singer and actress . She began her career in the Broadway musical 13 , before landing the role of Cat Valentine in the Nickelodeon television series Victorious in 2009 . The show ended after four seasons , and Grande starred in the spinoff , Sam & Cat , which ended in 2014 . She has also appeared in other theatre and television roles , and has lent her voice to animated television and films .   Grande 's music career began with the soundtrack Music from Victorious ( 2011 ) . She signed a recording contract with Republic Records and released her debut studio album , Yours Truly , in 2013 , which debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 . The album 's lead single , `` The Way '' , debuted in the top 10 of the Billboard Hot 100 , with critics comparing her wide vocal range to that of Mariah Carey .   Grande 's second studio album , My Everything ( 2014 ) , debuted at number one in the US and charted in the top 10 in 24 other countries . With the lead single `` Problem '' and several others from that album , she was continuously in the top 10 of the Billboard Hot 100 for 34 weeks and had the most top 10 singles of any artist in 2014 . In 2015 , Grande promoted My Everything with her first world tour , The Honeymoon Tour , guest-starred in the Fox comedy horror television series , Scream Queens and released a holiday EP , Christmas & Chill . In 2016 , she released her third studio album , Dangerous Woman , and several songs from the album . The title track debuted at number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 , making Grande the first person in the history of that chart to have the lead single from each of her first three albums debut in the top 10 . The album debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 . As of January 2017 , Grande 's music videos had been viewed a total of more than seven billion times online .   Grande 's accolades include three American Music Awards , an MTV Video Music Award , three MTV Europe Music Awards and four Grammy Award nominations . All three of her albums have been certified platinum by the RIAA . She has actively supported a range of charities , and has a large following on social media ; she is the second most followed person on Instagram . In 2016 , Time named Grande one of the 100 most influential people in the world on the annual Time 100 list .

neg: You Just Gotta Love Christmas You Just Got ta Love Christmas ( 2004 ) is the eighth solo album by music artist Peter Cetera his seventh since leaving the group Chicago , and his first Christmas album . This album also is a bit of a family affair for Cetera as his youngest daughter Senna did some artwork for the album while his oldest daughter Claire performs with him on `` Blue Christmas '' and `` Winter Wonderland . '' Alison Krauss also performs with Cetera on `` Deck the Halls '' .

neg: Merry Christmas II You Merry Christmas II You is the second Christmas album and thirteenth studio album by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey . It was released by Island Records on November 2 , 2010 . Recording began in April 2010 and continued while Carey became pregnant . She was the executive producer of Merry Christmas II You and worked with various record producers , including Bryan-Michael Cox , Jermaine Dupri , Randy Jackson , James Poyser , Marc Shaiman , James `` Big Jim '' Wright and Johnny `` Sev '' Severin of RedOne . The album features Carey 's mother Patricia Carey as a guest vocalist on `` O Come All Ye Faithful '' / `` Hallelujah Chorus '' . The album is composed of original songs and covers , ballads and uptempo tracks . It incorporates R&B , soul and house music in its composition .   The album received mixed reviews from music critics , who complimented its relaxed yet lively and contemporary feel , while others felt it was predictable and too overproduced in places . It debuted at number four on the United States Billboard 200 album chart , and reached number one on both the Top R&B / Hip-Hop Albums and Holiday Albums chart . It was later certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , denoting shipments exceeding 500,000 copies . Elsewhere , however , the album failed to make an impact , reaching the top thirty in Australia and Hungary , and the top fifty in Austria and Italy . It missed out on the top one-hundred in the United Kingdom by one position , peaking at one-hundred and one on the albums chart .   The album produced four singles , including the US Adult Contemporary record-breaking song `` Oh Santa ! '' . It reached number-one in its second week , the quickest ascent in the history of the chart and the only song to do so . Other singles included `` Auld Lang Syne ( The New Year 's Anthem ) '' , a single release version of `` When Christmas Comes '' in 2011 with John Legend and `` Christmas Time Is in the Air Again '' in 2012 . To support the album , Carey made promotional appearances on The Ellen DeGeneres Show and Lopez Tonight , and hosted her own television special called Mariah Carey : Merry Christmas to You .

neg: Lets Celebrate Lets Celebrate , also known as The Christmas Album , is a collaboration album by Namibian musicians The Dogg and Qonja . The album was launched at the Playhouse Theatre in Windhoek on 16 December 2010 . The album was released to celebrate Christmas during the vestive season . Most of the album is about the spirit of giving and praising Jesus Christ .   The album was released under Mshasho Productions and features productions by The Dogg and Elvo with guest appearances of Tequila , Nasty , KK , Lil ' D and Chesta Mshasho as the only Mshasho artist . More members of Mshasho Records are featured on the intro , where they shoutout their families and friends .   `` This is actually planned to be a real party . We just want the people to come and have fun with us . This is a very historical moment for both Qonja and I and we want to make it a memorable event for all our fans . It is not always that artists come up with something Christmas and we are both thrilled about this project . We want to give our fans a real Christmas gig and just have fun at the Playhouse Theatre , so put on your dancing shoes and come in numbers . '' The Dogg speaking about the album launch party .

neg: Everyday (Ariana Grande song) `` Everyday '' is a song by American singer Ariana Grande from her third studio album , Dangerous Woman ( 2016 ) , featuring rapper Future . It was released by Republic Records as the album 's fourth single on January 10 , 2017 . The song was written by Savan Kotecha , Ilya , Grande and Future , and produced by Ilya . `` Everyday '' is a woozy electropop and trap song built around a grinding beat and a thrumming bassline . One of Grande 's more lyrically explicit songs , the lyrics speak of sexual satisfaction . The track received mixed reviews from music critics who appreciated its production , but were ambivalent towards Future 's feature .

neg: Home for Christmas (NSYNC album) Home for Christmas is a seasonal album and first Christmas album by American boy band NSYNC . The album was released on November 10 , 1998 , following the success of their debut album . On October 27 , 1999 , Home for Christmas was certified Double Platinum by the RIAA for shipment of two million copies in the United States .   Home for Christmas was released on September 30 , 2002 in the United Kingdom as The Meaning of Christmas on Ariola Express with an altered track listing . `` Merry Christmas , Happy Holidays '' was released as a single in the United States , and in Germany as well , due to its inclusion on the group 's German seasonal album , The Winter Album .   As of December 2014 , Home for Christmas has sold 2.8 million copies in the United States , making it the fifteenth best-selling Christmas/holiday album in the U.S. since Nielsen SoundScan started tracking music sales in 1991 . The album has sold over 4 million copies worldwide .

neg: Christmas Song Christmas Song may refer to :   Christmas song , song performed or heard around the Christmas season  `` Christmas Song '' ( Gilbert O'Sullivan song ) , 1974 song by Gilbert O'Sullivan  Christmas Song ( album ) , 2007 album by Mannheim Steamroller  `` The Christmas Song '' , 1945 song by Bob Wells and Mel Tormé  The Christmas Song ( Nat King Cole album ) , or The Magic of Christmas , 1960 album by Nat King Cole  The Christmas Song ( EP ) , 2014 EP by Jamey Johnson

neg: Holiday (Earth, Wind & Fire album) Holiday is the 21st album from R&B legends Earth , Wind & Fire , and was released on October 21 , 2014 for the holiday season . According to co-founder Verdine White , `` We never thought about doing a holiday album before , but Legacy/Sony asked and so have our fans , so we hope the audience likes it . '' It was the final album to feature co-founder Maurice White prior to his death in February 2016 .   Along with a number of traditional Christmas songs , Holiday includes two Earth , Wind & Fire songs that were re-worked just for this release :  `` Happy Seasons '' ( originally Happy Feelin '' ' from That 's the Way of the World , 1975 )  `` December '' ( originally September from The Best of Earth , Wind & Fire , Vol . 1 '' , 1978 )

neg: Classic Christmas (Billy Gilman album) Classic Christmas is an album of Christmas music by the country music singer Billy Gilman , released in 2000 on Epic Records . It was certified Gold by the RIAA . `` Warm and Fuzzy '' was released as a single and reached # 50 on the Billboard Country chart .

neg: Christmas (Michael Bublé album) Christmas is the seventh studio album and fifth major label studio album released by Canadian singer Michael Bublé . The album was released on October 21 , 2011 in Ireland , October 24 , 2011 in the United Kingdom , and October 25 , 2011 in the United States . On the week ending December 10 , 2011 , Christmas rose to No. 1 on the Billboard 200 album sales chart , becoming Bublé 's third chart-topper following 2007 's Call Me Irresponsible and 2009 's Crazy Love , and spent five weeks at No. 1 .   The album also won a Juno Award for Album of the Year , making it the first holiday album to win the award . The album was re-released on November 26 , 2012 , containing four additional tracks , including a new recording of `` The Christmas Song '' . Bublé also released a reworked version of `` White Christmas '' , this time featuring Shania Twain , as a single . This version premiered on Michael 's NBC television special , Home for the Holidays , on December 10 , 2012 .

neg: My Morning Jacket Does Xmas Fiasco Style My Morning Jacket Does Xmas Fiasco Style is a 2000 EP by the rock band My Morning Jacket , containing Christmas songs . Its alternate title is We Wish You a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year !

neg: A Very Grammy Christmas Special A Very Grammy Christmas Special was a Christmas-themed television special that aired on CBS on December 5 , 2014 . Guests included Ariana Grande , Maroon 5 , Tim McGraw and Pharrell Williams . It received 4.73 million viewers and a 0.8 / 3 rating/share .

neg: Libera: The Christmas Album Libera : The Christmas Album is a studio album by South London-based boy vocal group Libera featuring renditions of Christmas carols and popular Christmas-themed songs . The album was titled Winter Songs in Japan . The Deluxe Edition contains 2 additional tracks : `` Lullabye ( Goodnight My Angel ) '' , which can also be found in their Peace Deluxe Edition album , and a remix of their song `` Gaudete '' under the new title `` Gaudete - Canticum Novum '' . The Japan release came with a DVD , an additional track named `` I Vow To Thee My Country '' , and some Christmas extras which can also be found in the Deluxe Edition . The DVD contains two music videos : a video for `` Song of Life '' , and an outdoor version of the `` Eternal Light '' video previously published on the Peace Deluxe Edition album . It was released in 2011 via record label EMI Classics . Libera first released the song `` Joy To The World '' as a free download in summer 2011 .

neg: Primadonna (Marina and the Diamonds song) `` Primadonna '' is a song by Welsh singer-songwriter Marina and the Diamonds from her second studio album , Electra Heart ( 2012 ) . It was released on 20 March 2012 as the album 's official lead single . It was an international success , reaching the top five in Austria , Ireland and New Zealand .

neg: At Christmas (song) `` At Christmas '' is a song by Australian recording artist Kylie Minogue , from the 2016 Snow Queen Edition of her thirteenth studio album , Kylie Christmas ( 2015 ) . The song was released on 22 November 2016 by Parlophone . It serves as the lead single from the reissue , and premiered on The Chris Evans Breakfast Show on BBC Radio 2 . The song became BBC Radio 2 's Record of the Week .

neg: The Spirit of Christmas (Michael W. Smith album) The Spirit of Christmas , officially titled as Michael W. Smith & Friends : The Spirit of Christmas is a duet Christmas album by Christian recording artist Michael W. Smith , released on September 30 , 2014 , through Capitol Records . This is Smith 's fourth Christmas album . His previous Christmas album , It 's a Wonderful Christmas , was released in 2007 . The Spirit of Christmas won 2015 Dove Award for Christmas Album of the Year .

neg: It's a Wonderful Life (EP) It 's a Wonderful Life is a four-song Christmas extended play ( EP ) release by the alternative rock band Fishbone in 1987 . The EP quickly went out of print , but its four songs were preserved on the 1996 retrospective Fishbone 101 : Nuttasaurusmeg Fossil Fuelin ' the Fonkay and the title track was featured on the 2003 greatest hits compilation album The Essential Fishbone .

neg: Holiday EP Holiday EP is an EP by Fiction Family , the collaboration between Switchfoot frontman and solo artist Jon Foreman , Nickel Creek guitarist and solo artist Sean Watkins , Tyler Chester , and Aaron Redfield . It was released as a free download on NoiseTrade on November 19 , 2012 .

neg: Christmas Lights (song) `` Christmas Lights '' is a song by British alternative rock band Coldplay released on 1 December 2010 , as a digital download . Described by the band as `` a mid-tempo number '' in the key of G major , the song was released to very positive reviews . The cover art is by Yu Matsuoka Pol .

neg: Honky Tonk Christmas Honky Tonk Christmas is the first Christmas album by country music artist Alan Jackson , and was released on October 12 , 1993 . The title track , `` A Holly Jolly Christmas '' and `` I Only Want You for Christmas '' charted on the Hot Country Songs charts .   `` Please , Daddy ( Do n't Get Drunk This Christmas ) '' was originally recorded by John Denver for his 1973 album Farewell Andromeda . Jackson 's version of `` A Holly Jolly Christmas '' first appeared on the soundtrack to the 1992 film Home Alone 2 : Lost in New York , while `` Santa 's Gon na Come in a Pickup Truck '' was also included on the 1994 Alvin and the Chipmunks album A Very Merry Chipmunk .

neg: Cheetah-licious Christmas Cheetah-licious Christmas is a Christmas album by The Cheetah Girls . It is also the first album the girls released as an official musical group , however group member Adrienne Bailon later stated that the album does not serve as their official debut album . It was released by Walt Disney Records on October 11 , 2005 . The album features eight classic Christmas songs as well as five original songs . The album peaked at # 74 on the Billboard charts . Single includes Cheetah-licious Christmas , as well as the Radio Disney single Five More Days 'til Christmas .


query: Room 93 is by Madonna.

pos: Room 93 Room 93 is the debut extended play ( EP ) by American singer and songwriter Halsey . It was released on October 27 , 2014 by Astralwerks . The project was re-released digitally on March 9 , 2015 , including a new version of `` Ghost '' , this later is also included on the singer 's debut full-length album Badlands . The sound of the EP is rooted on the electropop music genre . A digital remix version of the EP , featuring three remixes for the songs `` Hurricane '' , `` Ghost '' and `` Trouble '' was released on March 3 , 2015 . Along with the remix EP , a `` One Mic , One Take '' EP was released on the same date . `` Trouble ( Stripped ) '' was featured on the promo of the episode `` Best Laid Plans '' of the TV series Once Upon a Time .

neg: Nella Fantasia '' '' ( `` In My Fantasy '' ) is a song sung in Italian based on the theme `` Gabriel 's Oboe '' from the film The Mission ( 1986 ) . With music by composer Ennio Morricone and lyrics by Chiara Ferraù , '' '' is popular among classical crossover singers , and was originally released in 1998 by Sarah Brightman . It has since been covered by many artists .

neg: Beatlemania in the United Kingdom The phenomenon known as Beatlemania originated in the United Kingdom , birthplace of the Beatles , when the band first realised enormous popularity there in 1963 . Returning in 1962 from a highly formative two-year residency in Germany , the Beatles achieved a commercial breakthrough with their second UK single release , `` Please Please Me '' early in 1963 , but gained `` Superstar '' status with the release of `` She Loves You '' later that year . There followed an almost non-stop series of concerts and tours , attended with feverish enthusiasm across the UK , for the whole of the following year . The Beatles ' popularity in the UK came to exceed even that of the notable American artists Tommy Roe , Chris Montez and Roy Orbison , whose UK chart success at the time did not keep them from being overshadowed by the Beatles during their 1963 nationwide tours with the lower-billed band -- an achievement previously unknown for a UK act .   With intense media interest in the Beatles during 1963 , the year was also taken up with TV shows , press interviews and a weekly radio show . Despite these demands the band found time for many sessions in the recording studio , releasing two albums and four singles during the year . 1963 was also the year when Lennon 's son Julian was born .   By the end of 1963 , Beatlemania would begin to spread internationally . The single `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' entered the US charts on 18 January 1964 , selling one-and-a-half million copies in under three weeks , and the following month the Beatles made their first visit to America . The great interest in the Beatles brought about a major change in US attitudes to popular music and marked the start of the phenomenon known as the British Invasion .

neg: Warp 10: Influences, Classics, Remixes Warp 10 is a series of compilation albums issued by Warp Records in 1999 to celebrate the label 's tenth anniversary . The collection spans three double CD/quadruple vinyl sets , which can be purchased individually . Each volume in the set highlights different phases of electronic music , including influential tracks not originally released by Warp ( licensed specifically for this collection ) , but which helped to shape the artists and musicians who eventually appeared on the label , as well as tracks that influenced the overall sound of the label itself .   Warp 10 +1 : Influences ( WARP LP/CD 67 ) contains twenty-two early acid house and techno tracks . Many of these songs are today considered to be the classics of these genres ( when they were in their infancy ) . A number of the tracks had never been available on compact disc before this collection , and seven of the twenty-two were mastered directly from 12 inch vinyl ( from such record labels as Cutting , Trax , Fourth Floor , KMS , Metroplex , 10 , Cause N ' Effect , Transmat , Plezure , and Bassic ) . Spanning the years 1986 through 1990 , the songs represented here were still very much an underground sensation in the United States , however a handful of these songs charted well on the UK singles chart and helped to usher in the acid house craze that swept across Europe in the late 1980s .  Warp 10 +2 : Classics 89 -- 92 ( WARP LP/CD 68 ) features eighteen full-length `` classic '' versions and remixes taken directly from the vaults of Warp Records . Tracks appearing here were produced between the years of 1989 and 1992 . As with Warp 10 +1 , many of these tracks appeared previously only on 12 inch vinyl or now out-of-print compilations and EPs .  Warp 10 +3 : Remixes ( WARP LP/CD 69 ) contains twenty-six remixes ( of which twenty-five are exclusive to this collection ) of tracks taken from Warp Records ' back catalog . Although all of the original recordings were released by Warp , the remixers are not necessarily Warp Records artists . The original songs span from the years 1990 through 1998 .   The album art is the Roger Stevens Building , a lecture hall for the University of Leeds built in the 1970s , and noted for its bizarre brutalist architecture . The quadruple vinyl editions of Influences and Classics 89 -- 92 come in gatefold sleeves , while that of Remixes is packaged as four separate LPs in sleeves inside a hard box .   In a 2013 article for Fact Magazine , Simon Reynolds noted that Warp 10 +2 : Classics 89 -- 92 remains one of the only compilations that covers the `` bleep techno '' of the early 1990s : '' -LSB- D -RSB- espite its time-defying excellence , bleep is poorly served in terms of compilations : basically , there 's Warp 's Classics double CD , plus out-of-print comps from the original era . ''

neg: The Look of Love (Madonna song) `` The Look of Love '' is a song by American singer Madonna from the soundtrack album to the 1987 film Who 's That Girl . It was the third and final single release from the album and was released on November 25 , 1987 by Sire Records . While shooting for the film , then called Slammer , Madonna had requested that producer Patrick Leonard develop a downtempo song that captured the nature of her film persona . She later wrote the lyrics and melody to the backing track developed by Leonard , and the song became `` The Look of Love '' . Madonna was also inspired by actor James Stewart 's performance in the 1954 film Rear Window .   Featuring instrumentation from percussion , the song begins with a low bass synth line and a slow backing track , followed by Madonna singing the lyrics . Critically appreciated as a haunting track and noted as a `` gem '' on the album , `` The Look of Love '' reached the top ten of the charts in Belgium , Ireland , the Netherlands and the United Kingdom . It also charted in France , Germany and Switzerland , while reaching the top 20 of the Eurochart Hot 100 Singles . Madonna 's only live performances of the song were on her Who 's That Girl World Tour in 1987 . During the performance Madonna pretended that she was lost on the stage , like her film character .

neg: 52nd Street (band) 52nd Street were a British jazz-funk and R&B band formed in Manchester in late 1980 . Throughout the 1980s the group enjoyed success not only in the UK but also on the Billboard chart in the United States . Their biggest and best-known hit single was `` Tell Me ( How It Feels ) '' , released in 1985 by the 10 Records subsidiary of Virgin Records in the UK , and then months later on in 1986 on MCA Records in the US .   The original line-up consisted of Tony Henry ( guitar ) , Derrick Johnson ( bass ) , Desmond Isaacs ( keyboards ) , Tony Thompson ( drums ) and Jennifer McCloud ( vocals ) . Within six months vocalist Rose Williams and saxophonist Eric Godden both came and departed before the line-up settled with John Dennison ( keyboards ) replacing Desmond Isaacs and Beverley McDonald ( lead vocals ) replacing Jennifer McCloud .

neg: The Girlie Show: Live Down Under The Girlie Show : Live Down Under is a video album by American singer-songwriter Madonna . It was released by Warner Music Vision , Warner Reprise Video and Maverick Records on April 25 , 1994 and included a date filmed at Sydney Cricket Ground on November 19 , 1993 from The Girlie Show World Tour . The video was originally broadcast as a TV special on HBO in 1993 under the title Madonna Live Down Under : The Girlie Show . The concert was directed by Mark `` Aldo '' Miceli , who previously directed the TV specials Blond Ambition : Japan Tour 90 and the Barcelona TV special Madonna-Live ! Blond Ambition World Tour 90 ( live from Barcelona Olympic Stadium on August 1 , 1990 and not the version from the HBO special ) . When re-released on DVD in 1998 , the video was the first ever music video in this format along with another Warner Music title The Three Tenors in Concert .

neg: She Comes in Colors `` She Comes in Colors '' is a song written by Arthur Lee and released by Love as a single in 1966 and on their 1967 album Da Capo . It was also included on a number of Love compilation albums , including Love Revisted and Best of Love and on the multi-artist compilation album Forever Changing : The Golden Age of Elektra 1963-1973 .   Although modern critics have praised the song as being `` sublime , '' or a `` timeless jewel '' or as possibly the best song Lee ever wrote , at the time of its release as a single it failed to make the Billboard Hot 100 . Lee and some music critics believed that `` She Comes in Colors '' was a source for the Rolling Stones ' song `` She 's a Rainbow , '' and several music critics and record company executives also believe that it influenced Madonna 's `` Beautiful Stranger , '' although Madonna has denied this . The song was also covered by several artists , including the Hooters .

neg: Records and achievements of Madonna American singer Madonna , throughout her career , spanning three decades , has obtained a remarkable series of statistical achievements , setting and breaking several world records with her participation in entrepreneurial activities , of acting and her performance in the musical scene for her videos , singles , albums , and tours .   Her first appearance in the Guinness Book of World Records was in 1986 with her third studio album , True Blue . Since then , she has earned multiple appearances , some 20 at least in February 2012 , including her insigne record title as the top-selling female recording artist of all time . Madonna 's commerciality has achieved scrutiny studies and analysis from different point of view in the academia world or by marketers , through her marketing strategies , controversies and reinvention , surpassing to others new or contemporary artists . In popular culture , many international artists have been called `` Madonna '' , many times , by their impact and success in their respective countries or genres . Also , her presence in popular culture , has been led to create world records about Madonna . Dubbed as the most successful and most influential female artist of all time , Madonna 's music is defined in several occasions , for changing contemporary music history for women 's , mainly rock , dance and pop scene .

neg: 99 (song) `` 99 '' is a song by the American rock band Toto . The song appeared on the Hydra album in 1979 . When released as a single , it reached number 26 on the Billboard charts .   The song was written as a tribute to George Lucas ' film THX 1138 and the music video resembles a scene in the movie . In the video , as in the movie scene where the main character ( named `` THX-1138 '' ) is imprisoned , the room is completely white and everyone is wearing a white jumpsuit . Toto Legend , the former official International Toto Fan Club newsletter , reviewed the video :  ' 99 ' was predominantly a performance video , though the set design was rather conceptual . Following David Paich 's intention regarding the lyrics , about a sterile society in which names are forgotten and love forbidden , the set was sterile white , with various sized sculptured 99 's hanging and standing about , and the band was clad in futuristic white jumpsuits . There were some notable shots in this one -- keyboard close-ups and an artistic view of Jeff through a transparent drum head , a technique that several popular videos have copied since .   Guitarist Steve Lukather has since admitted that despite the song 's popularity , it 's one of his least favorite compositions , and has even said he `` downright hated it . '' He called the lyrics `` obtuse . ''

neg: Another Suitcase in Another Hall `` Another Suitcase in Another Hall '' is a song recorded by Scottish singer Barbara Dickson , for the 1976 concept album , Evita , which contains songs from the musical of the same name . The musical was based on the life of Argentinian leader Eva Perón . Written by Tim Rice and Andrew Lloyd Webber , the song is presented during a sequence where Eva throws out her husband 's mistress on the streets . The latter sings the track , wondering about her future and coming to the conclusion that she would be fine . Dickson was enlisted by the songwriters to record the track after hearing her previous work .   Rice and Webber asked her to record the song using a higher than usual pitch , so that she sounded younger like her character . Featuring instrumentation from guitar , marimba , harp and keyboard , `` Another Suitcase in Another Hall '' finds Dickson singing in a soprano voice . Critically appreciated , the song was released as a single on 7 February 1977 , and reached number 18 on the UK Singles Chart . Dickson has stated that she did not like her recorded version of the track and employed a different arrangement during her future live renditions .   The song has been covered and performed many times by other artists , namely Elaine Paige , Marti Webb , Kimberley Walsh from British girl group Girls Aloud , as well as actress Samantha Barks . Another notable version was recorded by American singer Madonna who played the part of Eva for the 1996 film adaptation of the musical . It was released on 3 March 1997 , by Warner Bros. as the third and final single from the film 's soundtrack . Unlike the musical , in the film the track was sung by Madonna 's character instead of the mistress . Upon its release , the song garnered positive response from music critics and reached the top-ten of the charts in Italy and the United Kingdom .

neg: Guestroom (album) Guestroom is the fourth studio album by the band Ivy . It was released on September 10 , 2002 by Minty Fresh and Unfiltered Records . Unlike the group 's previous albums , the album consisted entirely of cover songs , without any new material . Some of the songs featured on the album were previously released as B-sides to the band 's singles .   Two singles were released from Guestroom . Lead single , `` Digging Your Scene '' was previously recorded for Ivy 's previous studio release , Long Distance ( 2001 ) , but an updated version appeared on this album for the single release . `` Let 's Go to Bed '' was released as the final single for the album in late 2002 . Another song , `` I Guess I 'm Just a Little Too Sensitive '' , was also previously recorded on their debut extended play , Lately .   Upon release , Guestroom featured mostly positive reviews from music critics , who praised the covers included on the album . Dominique Durand 's vocals were also praised for being `` wispy '' and `` warm '' .   The Japanese edition of Guestroom was reissued on April 18 , 2015 , in the United States by Minty Fresh .

neg: Who's That Girl (1987 film) Who 's That Girl is a 1987 American screwball comedy film written by Andrew Smith and Ken Finkleman , and directed by James Foley . It stars Madonna and Griffin Dunne , and depicts the story of a street-smart girl who is falsely accused of murdering her boyfriend and is sent to jail . After getting released , she meets a man , who is supposed to make sure she gets on her bus back to Philadelphia , and convinces him to help her catch those responsible for her confinement . While searching for the embezzler , they fall in love with each other .   After the failure of her 1986 film Shanghai Surprise , Madonna decided to sign another comedy film titled Slammer , which was later renamed to Who 's That Girl . However , she had to convince both Warner Bros. and the producers of the film that she was ready for the project . Madonna enlisted her friend James Foley to direct the film . Shooting began in New York in October 1986 , and continued until March 1987 . Production was halted during December due to snowfall in New York . Madonna utilized the time to work on her next tour and the soundtrack of the film .   The film was released on August 7 , 1987 , and was a box office bomb , grossing only $ 2.5 million in its first week , with its final domestic total being about $ 7.3 million . Critics were highly disappointed with the film , and Foley 's direction . Some went on to call it one of the worst films to be released , while others found Madonna 's comic timing to be one of the highlights .   However , the Who 's That Girl World Tour went on to be a critical and commercial success , grossing a total of US$ 25 million , and playing in front of audiences totaling 1.5 million people . The soundtrack of the film , though not acclaimed by the critics , enjoyed commercial success . Three of Madonna 's songs , the title track , `` Causing a Commotion '' and `` The Look of Love '' , were released as singles with the title track becoming Madonna 's sixth number one single on the US Billboard Hot 100 . The soundtrack album went on to sell six million copies worldwide .

neg: A Night at the Met A Night at the Met is the third official album release by Robin Williams on August 9 , 1986 . It features segments recorded live at Metropolitan Opera House in New York City . The album won the 1988 Grammy Award for Best Comedy Performance Single or Album , Spoken or Musical .   The album was released the year before Williams ' critically acclaimed performance in the motion picture Good Morning , Vietnam ( 1987 ) . He had been shifting his focus from stand-up comedy to film making for several years , and A Night at the Met would be one of his last major concerts during the 1980s . The show is a mix of Williams ' quick-witted humor and voice work , with rants on the topics of drugs , sex , world affairs , and parenting . References to the events and people of the 1980s are mentioned heavily throughout ; U.S. President Ronald Reagan , Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi , and President of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev are central to many of the jokes .

neg: Hotel Cabana Hotel Cabana is the debut studio album by British record producer Shahid `` Naughty Boy '' Khan , released from 23 August 2013 through Naughty Boy Recordings and Virgin EMI . Khan set up his Naughty Boy Productions record and production company . He would find his break by producing Chipmunk 's 2009 top-ten single `` Diamond Rings '' , featuring a then unknown Emeli Sandé . Naughty Boy released his own debut single as a signed artist in 2010 . `` Never Be Your Woman '' samples White Town 's 1997 number-one single `` Your Woman '' and featured British grime artist Wiley and Sandé on the chorus ; it reached the top ten in the UK and is included as a bonus track on Hotel Cabana .   The collaboration marked the start of a partnership between Naughty Boy and Sandé which is seen throughout Hotel Cabana and Sandé 's debut set , Our Version of Events ( 2012 ) . Hotel Cabana is R&B , soul , garage , pop and hip hop music productions record , with influences from orchestral and Bollywood music . Naughty Boy describes it as an `` audio-visual experience '' and a concept album based on a luxury hotel where musicians come to perform . Hotel Cabana reunites Naughty Boy with Sandé on eight collaborations , as well as features from other British artists such George the Poet , Sam Smith , Bastille , Tinie Tempah , Ella Eyre , Gabrielle , Wretch 32 , Mic Righteous , Maiday , Chasing Grace , Ed Sheeran , and American rapper Wiz Khalifa , who appears on the album 's fourth single overall , `` Think About It '' , with Eyre . Ava Stokes , Tanika , Thabo and RØMANS make additional appearances on the US version of the album which was released by Virgin Records on 6 May 2014 .   Prior to release , Hotel Cabana was promoted with several video trailers which included the collaborating artists arriving at the fictional hotel . It was also preceded by the release of three singles , including the two top-ten Sandé collaborations : `` Wonder '' and `` Lifted '' , as well as the UK Singles Chart-topper `` La La La '' ( featuring Sam Smith ) . Upon release , the album received generally favourable reviews from music critics , who praised the production , but with some criticism towards the concept , execution and some collaborations . Hotel Cabana made its chart debuts at number two in the UK , number five in Scotland and twenty-five in Ireland .

neg: Club at the End of the Street `` Club at the End of the Street '' is an up-beat song performed by Elton John and written by Bernie Taupin . From the album Sleeping with the Past , the song describes a night on the town between two lovers at a disclosed nightclub . John also describes the music of Otis Redding and Marvin Gaye being played . An interesting note is the video for the song was animated , due to Elton 's involvement with the family of AIDS victim Ryan White . The record company demanded a video , but Elton was dedicated to spending time with Ryan . The single was a top 30 hit in the US in the summer of 1990 . In Denmark , where the album was recorded , it hit # 1 for two weeks and is still seen as one of Elton 's biggest hits in that country .

neg: C'Mon People `` C'Mon People '' is a single from Paul McCartney 's 1993 album , Off the Ground . The song reached number 41 on the UK singles chart .  McCartney recorded the song for the UK music programme Top Of The Pops .   The video for the single was directed by ex-10cc member Kevin Godley and shows McCartney at the piano singing the song while workmen speedily deconstruct it and re-build it around him .   The song was a staple of McCartney 's 1993 World Tour .

neg: Papa Don't Preach `` Papa Do n't Preach '' is a song by American singer Madonna from her third studio album True Blue ( 1986 ) . The song was written by Brian Elliot with additional lyrics by Madonna , and produced by Stephen Bray and Madonna . The song also appears remixed on the 1990 compilation album The Immaculate Collection and in its original form on the 2009 compilation album Celebration . The song 's musical style combines pop and classical styling , and its lyrics deal with teenage pregnancy and abortion . It was based on teen gossip Elliot heard outside his studio , which has a large front window that doubles as a mirror where schoolgirls from the North Hollywood High School in Los Angeles regularly stopped to fix their hair and chat .   Released as the album 's second single in mid-1986 , the song was a commercial success . It became Madonna 's fourth number-one single on the Billboard Hot 100 , and performed well internationally , reaching the top position in the United Kingdom and Australia . It was well received by music critics and was frequently cited as a highlight in the album . The music video , directed by James Foley , shows Madonna 's second image makeover , featuring her with a more toned and muscular body , and cropped platinum blonde hair . It portrayed a storyline where Madonna is trying to tell her father about her pregnancy . The images are juxtaposed with shots of Madonna dancing and singing in a small , darkened studio , and spending a romantic evening with her boyfriend .   Shortly after its release , the song caused heated discussions about its lyrical content . Women 's organizations and others in the family planning field criticized Madonna for encouraging teenage pregnancy , while groups opposed to abortion saw the song as having a positive pro-life message . Madonna has performed `` Papa Do n't Preach '' in four of her world tours , most recently The MDNA Tour in 2012 . The song also caused her first conflict with the Vatican , as she dedicated it to Pope John Paul II , who urged Italian fans to boycott her concerts during the Who 's That Girl World Tour in 1987 . In 2002 , British singer Kelly Osbourne recorded a hard rock cover of the song which was included as a bonus track on her debut album Shut Up .

neg: Purple Medley `` Purple Medley '' is a song by American musician Prince from 1995 . There is no album accompanying the single . The track is a mix of many hits and well-known songs from Prince 's career . Some of the pieces of music are samples , while others are re-recorded for the mix . Some of the additional instrumentation is credited to The New Power Generation . The `` Purple Medley '' consists of snippets from the songs : `` Batdance '' , `` When Doves Cry '' , `` Kiss '' , `` Erotic City '' , `` Darling Nikki '' , `` 1999 '' , `` Baby I 'm a Star '' , `` Diamonds and Pearls '' , `` Purple Rain '' and `` Let 's Go Crazy '' and fades for the edit . The full version continues with `` Sexy Dancer '' , `` Let 's Work '' , `` Irresistible Bitch '' ( with the music of `` Sexy MF '' ) , `` I Wan na Be Your Lover '' , `` Alphabet St. '' , `` Thieves in the Temple '' , the bassline to The Time 's `` 777-9311 '' , Sheila E. 's `` A Love Bizarre '' , `` If I Was Your Girlfriend '' , `` Raspberry Beret '' , `` Little Red Corvette '' , `` Cream '' and `` Peach '' .   The CD single release includes both the full version of the medley ( which clocks in at 11 minutes ) and the edited version , which is 3:14 in length , and omits about half of the tracks present in the full version . Despite , in essence , being a megamix of Prince 's biggest hits ( barring `` The Most Beautiful Girl in the World '' ) , the B-side of the single is `` Kirk J 's B-Sides Remix '' which consists of additional Prince hits remixed ( oddly , only one was an actual B-side ) . This track appears to have little additional input from Prince , but is rather a compilation of remixes made by band member Kirk Johnson . The compilation includes bits of `` Pop Life '' , `` When Doves Cry '' , `` Shockadelica '' , `` Head '' and `` The Continental '' . The remix of `` The Continental '' was released in a longer version on the 1998 compilation Crystal Ball as `` Tell Me How U Wan na B Done '' .

neg: More than This (Roxy Music song) `` More Than This '' is a 1982 single by English rock band Roxy Music . It was released as the first single from their final album , Avalon , and was the group 's last Top 10 UK hit ( peaking at # 6 ) . Although it only reached # 102 ( on Billboard 's Bubbling Under The Hot 100 chart ) in the United States , it remains one of Roxy Music 's best-known songs in America .   The American alternative rock band 10,000 Maniacs released a successful cover version in 1997 which peaked at # 25 , and British singer Emmie released a dance cover version which reached # 5 in the UK in January 1999 .

neg: Bathroom singing Bathroom singing , also known as singing in the bathroom , singing in the bath , or singing in the shower , is a widespread phenomenon .   Many people sing in the bathroom because the hard wall surfaces , often tiles or wooden panels , and lack of soft furnishings , create an aurally pleasing acoustic environment . The multiple reflections from walls enrich the sound of one 's voice . Small dimensions and hard surfaces of a typical bathroom produce various kinds of standing waves , reverberation and echoes , giving the voice `` fullness and depth . ''   This habit was reported ( with an attempt of explanations ) centuries ago . For example , Ibn Khaldun in Chapter 1 of his Muqaddimah writes :   The bathroom singer is an ironic reference to mediocre or amateur singers .   Jon Anderson had tiles installed in the studio , to simulate the echo effect of one 's vocals in a bathroom .   This effect was not used only by singers . Paul Simon wrote :   `` Weird Al '' Yankovic in fact in 1979 recorded his first single , `` My Bologna , '' in the bathroom across from the California Polytechnic State University student radio station where he was DJing at the time . `` There 's More to Life Than This '' , the fourth track on Björk 's 1993 album Debut , was recorded live in the toilets of the Milk Bar clubnight , London .