query: Kong: Skull Island stars Tom Hiddleston.

pos: Kong: Skull Island Kong : Skull Island is a 2017 American action-adventure monster film directed by Jordan Vogt-Roberts and written by Dan Gilroy , Max Borenstein and Derek Connolly , from a story by John Gatins . The film is a reboot of the King Kong franchise and serves as the second film in Legendary 's MonsterVerse . It stars an ensemble cast consisting of Tom Hiddleston , Samuel L. Jackson , John Goodman , Brie Larson , Jing Tian , Toby Kebbell , John Ortiz , Corey Hawkins , Jason Mitchell , Shea Whigham , Thomas Mann , Terry Notary and John C. Reilly . The film follows a team of scientists and Vietnam War soldiers who travel to an uncharted island in the Pacific and encounter terrifying creatures and the mighty Kong .   Principal photography took place from October 2015 to March 2016 in Hawaii and various locations around Vietnam . Kong : Skull Island premiered on February 28 , 2017 , in London and was released in the United States on March 10 , 2017 , in 2D , 3D , IMAX 3D and in Dolby Cinemas . The film was a critical and commercial success , grossing $ 565 million worldwide against its $ 185 million budget and making it the fifth highest-grossing film of 2017 .

neg: The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner (film) The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner is a 1962 film based on the short story of the same name .  The screenplay , like the story , was written by Alan Sillitoe . The film was directed by Tony Richardson , one of the new young directors emerging from documentary films , a series of 1950s filmmakers known as the Free Cinema movement .   It tells the story of a rebellious youth ( played by Tom Courtenay ) , sentenced to a borstal ( ` Approved School ' ) for burgling a bakery , who gains privileges in the institution through his prowess as a long-distance runner . During his solitary runs reveries of important events before his incarceration lead him to re-evaluate his status as the Governor 's ( played by Michael Redgrave ) prize athlete , eventually prizing a rebellious act of personal autonomy notwithstanding an immediate loss in privileges . The film poster 's byline is `` you can play by the rules ... or you can play it by ear - WHAT COUNTS is you play it right by YOU ... '' . . The notion is echoed by other contemporary films such as a rapid series of three contemporary Lone Ranger films .   Depicting a bleak , elitist Britain in the late 1950s to early 1960s for the working to middle class , the writer was one of the angry young men producing media vaunting or depicting the plight of rebellious youths . The film has characters entrenched in their social context . Class consciousness abounds throughout : the `` them '' and `` us '' notions which Richardson stresses reflect the very basis of British society at the time , so that Redgrave 's `` proper gentleman '' of a Governor is in contrast to many of the young working class inmates .   Much of the screenplay takes place in and around Ruxley Towers , Claygate , Surrey -- a Victorian mock castle built by Lord Foley ( ` Ruxton Towers ' ) . The building had been used as a NAAFI base in the war , giving it a military atmosphere . The original trumpet theme to the film was performed by Fred Muscroft ( the Scots Guards Principal Cornet at the time ) .   The film 's words were heavily sampled in the 1980s Chumbawamba track `` Alright Now '' and text monologues from the book upon which the film is based was printed on the record/cassette covers of their single `` Just Look at Me Now '' .

neg: Tom Quinn (Spooks) Tom Quinn is a fictional character in the BBC espionage television series Spooks ( called MI-5 in the United States ) , which follows the exploits of Section D , a counter-terrorism division of MI5 . He is portrayed by British actor Matthew Macfadyen . In the first two series , Tom is the chief of Section D . The character was in the first and second episode of the third series but was decommissioned as a result of sabotaging an operation .   Series creator David Wolstencroft believed that writing Tom was the most fun , yet hardest to work on . During the second series , the producers were unsure whether Macfadyen would return for the third ; because of this , Tom was originally killed in the second series finale . However , when Macfadyen decided to appear in the first two episodes of the third series , series writer Howard Brenton had to `` unkill him . '' Reaction towards the character by fans were positive , though critics were mixed about Macfadyen 's portrayal . Tom Quinn would later appear again as a cameo on the final episode of Spooks ; his brief return was met with generally positive reactions .

neg: The Boat That Rocked The Boat That Rocked ( retitled Pirate Radio in North America , Good Morning England in France , Radio Rock Revolution in Germany , Рок-волна ( The Rock Wave ) in Russia , and I Love Radio Rock in Italy ) is a 2009 British comedy film written and directed by Richard Curtis , with pirate radio in the United Kingdom during the 1960s as its setting . The film has an ensemble cast featuring Philip Seymour Hoffman , Bill Nighy , Rhys Ifans , Nick Frost , and Kenneth Branagh . Set in 1966 , it tells the story of the fictitious pirate radio station `` Radio Rock '' and its crew of eclectic disc jockeys , who broadcast rock and pop music to the United Kingdom from a ship anchored in the North Sea while the British government endeavours to shut them down . It was produced by Working Title Films for Universal Pictures , and was filmed on the Isle of Portland and at Shepperton Studios .   After the world premiere in London 's Leicester Square on 29 March 2009 , the film was released in United Kingdom and Ireland on 1 April 2009 . It was a commercial failure at the British box office , making only US$ 10.1 million in its first three months , just a fifth of its US$ 50 million production cost . It received mixed reviews , with most criticism directed at its muddled storyline and 2 1/4 - hour length . For its North American release the film had its running time cut by 20 minutes , and was retitled Pirate Radio . Opening 13 November 2009 , it was still commercially unsuccessful in the US , earning only US$ 8 million . When the worldwide theatrical run was finished in January 2010 , the film had grossed US$ 36.3 million .

neg: Lost Empires Lost Empires is a 1986 television adaptation of J. B. Priestley 's novel of the same name , and starred Colin Firth , John Castle and Laurence Olivier . Produced by Granada Television , it was shown as a serial , and premiered on the UK 's ITV network in October and November 1986 .

neg: Tom Attenborough Tom Attenborough ( born 13 October 1986 ) is an English theatre director . He is the son of theatre director Michael Attenborough and the grandson of the late film actor and director Richard Attenborough .

neg: Mang Hoi Mang Hoi is an actor from Hong Kong .   He won the Best Supporting Actor at the 5th Hong Kong Film Awards .

neg: Doctor Dolittle (film) Doctor Dolittle is a 1967 American musical film directed by Richard Fleischer and starring Rex Harrison , Samantha Eggar , Anthony Newley and Richard Attenborough . It was adapted by Leslie Bricusse from the novel series by Hugh Lofting . It primarily fuses three of the books The Story of Doctor Dolittle , The Voyages of Doctor Dolittle , and Doctor Dolittle 's Circus .   The film had a notoriously protracted production with numerous setbacks along the way such as complications from poorly chosen shooting locations and the numerous technical difficulties inherent with the large number of animals required for the story . The film exceeded its original budget of $ 6 million by three times , and recouped $ 9 million upon release in 1967 , earning only $ 6.2 million in theatrical rentals .   The film received mixed to negative critical reviews , but through the studio 's intense lobbying , was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture and won awards for Best Original Song and Best Visual Effects .

neg: Tom Hardy Edward Thomas Hardy  ( born 15 September 1977 ) is an English actor and producer . His motion picture debut was in Ridley Scott 's 2001 action film Black Hawk Down . Hardy 's other notable films include the science fiction film Star Trek : Nemesis ( 2002 ) , the crime film RocknRolla ( 2008 ) , biographical psychological drama Bronson ( 2008 ) , sports drama Warrior ( 2011 ) , Cold War espionage film Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy ( 2011 ) , crime drama Lawless ( 2012 ) , drama Locke ( 2013 ) , mobster film The Drop ( 2014 ) , and the biographical western thriller The Revenant ( 2015 ) , for which he received an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor . He portrayed `` Mad '' Max Rockatansky in the post-apocalyptic film Mad Max : Fury Road ( 2015 ) , and both of the Kray twins in the crime thriller Legend ( 2015 ) . He has appeared in three Christopher Nolan films : the science fiction thriller Inception ( 2010 ) , portrayed Bane in the superhero film The Dark Knight Rises ( 2012 ) , and the action-thriller Dunkirk ( 2017 ) based on the British evacuation in World War II .   Hardy 's television roles include the HBO war drama miniseries Band of Brothers ( 2001 ) , the BBC historical drama miniseries The Virgin Queen ( 2005 ) , ITV 's Wuthering Heights ( 2008 ) , the Sky 1 drama series The Take ( 2009 ) , and the BBC historical crime drama television series Peaky Blinders ( 2013 ) . He created , co-produced and took the lead in the eight-part historical fiction series Taboo ( 2017 ) on BBC One and FX .   Hardy has performed on both British and American stages . He was nominated for the Laurence Olivier Award for Most Promising Newcomer for his role as Skank in the 2003 production of In Arabia We 'd All Be Kings , and was awarded the 2003 London Evening Standard Theatre Award for Outstanding Newcomer for his performances in both In Arabia We 'd All be Kings and for his role as Luca in Blood . He starred in the 2007 production of The Man of Mode and received positive reviews for his role in the 2010 Philip Seymour Hoffman-directed play The Long Red Road .

neg: Nick Cheung Nick Cheung Ka-fai ( born 2 December 1964 ) is a Hong Kong actor and director . He is a former Royal Hong Kong Police officer for four years , but he left the job after his request to be transferred to the criminal investigation department was turned down . He then worked for Danny Lee 's film production company . His film debut is `` Thank you , Sir ! '' , as a student at the Royal Hong Kong Cadet School . From 1989 to 1994 , he worked at the television station ATV World . Later , he left ATV and joined another station , TVB . He left TVB in 2004 , and worked mainly on films . His fame was built on Wong Jing 's comedy at first , but he has changed his acting style for more sombre roles since 2003 . He was nominated for his first Hong Kong film award in 1999 , and won his first award in 2009 for his role in Beast Stalker . He has been nominated many times at the Hong Kong Film Awards and other Chinese film awards since then .   Cheung has won seven awards for his role in Beast Stalker ( 2008 ) , including Hong Kong Film Critics Society Award for Best Actor , Hong Kong Film Award for Best Actor , and Golden Horse Film Award for Best Actor .   Cheung met Hong Kong actress Esther Kwan while he was still working at ATV . They married on 8 December 2003 in Australia . Their daughter , Brittany Cheung ( 張童 ; Cheung Tung ) , was born on 24 January 2006 .   Cheung earned 75 million HKD in 2014 .

neg: Sam Cox (actor) Sam Cox is a British television and stage actor . He has portrayed The Adventures of Tintin character Captain Haddock in the stage production of Tintin in Tibet , and Detective Inspector Bishop in the Doctor Who episode `` The Idiot 's Lantern . '' His face can be found on one of the Trading Cards in the Doctor Who - Battles in Time Exterminator Set .

neg: The Land That Time Forgot (2009 film) The Land That Time Forgot ( promotionally titled Edgar Rice Burrough 's The Land That Time Forgot , release in other countries as Dinosaur Island ) is a 2009 science fiction film by independent American film studio The Asylum . The film is an adaptation of the 1918 Edgar Rice Burroughs novel of the same name , and a re-make of the 1975 film starring Doug McClure .

neg: Thomas Ho (actor) Thomas Ho Siu-hung , born 19 August 1973 , Kowloon , Hong Kong , is a British actor , of Chinese descent .

neg: Richard Pearce (British actor) Richard Crosby Pearce ( born 1961 in St Albans , England ) is a British actor , primarily in voice acting . Pearce has appeared in over 500 radio dramas and was twice a member of the BBC Radio drama company . He played opposite Sir John Gielgud in Tales My Father Taught Me and in a variety of radio parts ranging from The Mekon in Dan Dare to the last castrato in Angel of Rome . In 1992 and 1993 , Pearce appeared in the BBC Radio adaptation of The Adventures of Tintin , playing the eponymous hero . His other audio work includes Kenneth Branagh 's Romeo and Juliet ( Renaissance ) , The Taming of the Shrew ( BBC ) , Hamlet ( Naxos ) , The Skull Beneath The Skin by PD James ( BBC ) , Oliver Twist ( BBC ) , A Woman of No Importance ( Penguin ) , and two of BBC audio 's highest selling audio series : The Adventures of Tintin ( BBC ) and Doctor Who , playing Jeremy Fitzoliver , one of the doctor 's companions in two specially commissioned episodes The Paradise of Death and The Ghosts of N-Space .   Pearce was the voice of Budgie in Budgie the Little Helicopter ( ITV ) . He is the voice of Dennis the Menace ( BBC ) and Oswald ( Channel 5 ) . In addition he has appeared in The Faraway Tree ( BBC ) , The Magic Key ( BBC ) , Numbertime ( BBC ) , Agrippine ( Channel 5 ) , Macdonald 's Farm ( ITV ) , as well as appearances in Shakespeare - The Animated Tales ( S4C ) .   His other work includes Decline and Fall , The Mekon , Moonfleet , Shakespeare : The Animated Tales , Testament : The Bible in Animation , a character in Ape Escape and some Ned Chaillet radio plays .

neg: Kenneth Tsang Kenneth Tsang Kong ( ; born 2 September 1935 ) is a Hong Kong actor . Tsang 's career has spanned 50 years and included a variety of acting roles . Tsang won the Best Supporting Actor Award at the 34th Hong Kong Film Awards in 2015 .

neg: Tom Baker (English actor) Thomas Stewart `` Tom '' Baker ( born 20 January 1934 ) is an English actor . He is known for his portrayal of the fourth incarnation of the Doctor in the science fiction series Doctor Who from 1974 to 1981 , a longer tenure than any other actor , and for the narration of the comedy series Little Britain . Baker 's voice , which has been described as `` sonorous '' , was voted the fourth-most recognisable in the UK .   At the age of 15 Baker began study as a monk . However , he gradually lost his vocation and at 21 he left monastic life and undertook National Service in the Royal Army Medical Corps . On leaving the army , he joined the Merchant Navy and then became an actor , joining the Royal National Theatre Company under Laurence Olivier .   Baker was in his thirties when his professional acting career began , and his first major film role was as Grigori Rasputin in Nicholas and Alexandra in 1971 , when he was 37 . He went on to play the villainous Prince Koura in The Golden Voyage of Sinbad in 1973 , which led to his casting in Doctor Who . During his period as its star , the series was distinguished by high viewing figures and many stories which became regarded as classics . He remains one of the most instantly recognisable incarnations of the character . He continued to win regular roles in TV later in his career , most notably in the series Medics and Monarch of the Glen . In addition to performing acting roles , Baker has narrated commercials , video games , audiobooks and television series .   In a poll for the BBC Homes and Antiques magazine in January 2006 , Baker was voted the world 's fourth-most eccentric star . He was beaten by Björk , Chris Eubank and David Icke . Married three times , the second to Doctor Who co-star Lalla Ward , Baker has two sons from his first marriage .

neg: Tom Courtenay Sir Thomas Daniel `` Tom '' Courtenay ( -LSB- ˈkɔrtni -RSB- born 25 February 1937 ) is an English actor who came to prominence in the early 1960s with a succession of films , including The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner ( 1962 ) , Billy Liar ( 1963 ) , and Doctor Zhivago ( 1965 ) . Since the mid-1960s , he has been known primarily for his work in the theatre , although he received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor for the film adaptation of The Dresser ( 1983 ) , which he had performed on the West End and on Broadway . He received a knighthood in February 2001 for his service to cinema and theatre .

neg: Charlie Chan at Treasure Island Charlie Chan at Treasure Island is a 1939 American film directed by Norman Foster , starring Sidney Toler as the fictional Chinese-American detective Charlie Chan , that takes place on Treasure Island during San Francisco 's Golden Gate International Exposition .

neg: Michael Crichton John Michael Crichton ( -LSB- ˈkraɪtən -RSB- October 23 , 1942 -- November 4 , 2008 ) was an American best-selling author , screenwriter , film director and producer best known for his work in the science fiction , medical fiction and thriller genres . His books have sold over 200 million copies worldwide , and many have been adapted into films . In 1994 , Crichton became the only creative artist ever to have works simultaneously charting at No. 1 in U.S. television ( ER ) , film ( Jurassic Park ) , and book sales ( Disclosure ) .   His literary works are usually within the action genre and heavily feature technology . His novels epitomize the techno-thriller genre of literature , often exploring technology and failures of human interaction with it , especially resulting in catastrophes with biotechnology . Many of his future history novels have medical or scientific underpinnings , reflecting his medical training and science background . He wrote , among other works , The Andromeda Strain ( 1969 ) , Congo ( 1980 ) , Sphere ( 1987 ) , Travels ( 1988 ) , Jurassic Park ( 1990 ) , Rising Sun ( 1992 ) , Disclosure ( 1994 ) , The Lost World ( 1995 ) , Airframe ( 1996 ) , Timeline ( 1999 ) , Prey ( 2002 ) , State of Fear ( 2004 ) , Next ( 2006 ; the final book published before his death ) , Pirate Latitudes ( 2009 ) , an unfinished techno-thriller , Micro , which was published in November 2011 , and Dragon Teeth , a historical novel set during the `` Bone Wars '' , published worldwide in May 2017 .

neg: Barton Beds Barton Beds ( now the Barton Group ) is the name given to a series of grey and brown clays , with layers of sand , of Upper Eocene age ( around 40 million years old ) , which are found in the Hampshire Basin of southern England . They are particularly well exposed in the cliffs at Barton-on-Sea , which is the world type locality for the Barton Beds , and lends its name to the Bartonian age of the Eocene epoch . The clay is abundant in fossils , especially molluscs .   The beds are found in the Hampshire Basin , and are well exposed in the cliffs of Barton , Hordle , and on the Isle of Wight . The cliffs at Barton are the world type locality for the Barton Beds . The beds consist of grey , greenish and brown clays with bands of sand and have long been well known for the abundance and excellent preservation of their fossils . More than 500 species have been recorded , of which , over half are molluscs , including numerous turret shells and lamellibranchs . Sharks teeth are common , and the beds have yielded remains of corals , fishes , mammals , reptiles , and birds . Plant fossils are also abundant . In the 1840s fossils were found in the `` crocodile bed '' at Hordle cliff , which belonged to an extinct species of alligator , which was subsequently named Diplocynodon hantoniensis , after the county of Hampshire ( Hantonia being a Latinization based on the Anglo-Saxon name Hantescire ) . Above the highly fossiliferous Barton Clay , there is a sandy series with few fossils ; these are the Headon Hill or Barton Sands . Today , the Barton Beds are rather poorly exposed in many sections due to coastal protection works .   The Barton Beds are of Upper Eocene age , and the area was covered with an inland sea , and the temperature was higher than at the present day . The term `` Bartonian '' was introduced by Karl Mayer-Eymar in 1857 for the continental equivalents of the series .

neg: Crocodile Dundee Crocodile Dundee ( stylized as `` Crocodile '' Dundee in the U.S. ) is a 1986 Australian-American comedy film set in the Australian Outback and in New York City . It stars Paul Hogan as the weathered Mick Dundee . Hogan 's future wife Linda Kozlowski portrayed Sue Charlton .   Inspired by the true life exploits of Rod Ansell , the film was made on a budget of under $ 10 million as a deliberate attempt to make a commercial Australian film that would appeal to a mainstream American audience , but proved to be a worldwide phenomenon . Released on 30 April 1986 in Australia , and on 26 September 1986 in the United States , it was the second-highest-grossing film in the United States in that year and went on to become the second-highest grossing film worldwide at the box office as well , with an estimated 46 million tickets sold in the US .   There are two versions of the film : the Australian version , and an international version , which had much of the Australian slang replaced with more commonly understood terms , and was slightly shorter . Although the film was a hit both in Australia and abroad , it became controversial with some Australian critics and audiences -- who resented the image of Australians as being ocker .   The first scenes were filmed in the small town of McKinlay in Queensland . The hotel has original warped and polished hardwood floors . There are no crocodiles in the area as it 's in the outback with no major water source .   Crocodile Dundee was followed by two sequels : Crocodile Dundee II ( 1988 ) and Crocodile Dundee in Los Angeles ( 2001 ) , although both films failed to match the critical success of the predecessor .


query: Bentley manufactures cars.

pos: Bentley Bentley Motors Limited ( -LSB- ˈbɛntli -RSB- ) is a British manufacturer and marketer of luxury cars and SUVs -- and a subsidiary of Volkswagen AG since 1998 .   Headquartered in Crewe , England , the company was founded as Bentley Motors Limited by W. O. Bentley in 1919 in Cricklewood , North London -- and became widely known for winning the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 1924 , 1927 , 1928 , 1929 , 1930 , and 2003 .   Prominent models extend from the historic sports-racing Bentley 4 1/2 Litre and Bentley Speed Six ; the more recent Bentley R Type Continental , Bentley Turbo R , and Bentley Arnage ; to its current model line -- including the Continental Flying Spur , Continental GT , Bentley Bentayga and the Mulsanne -- which are marketed worldwide , with China its largest market as of November 2012 .   Today most Bentleys are assembled at the company 's Crewe factory , with a small number assembled at Volkswagen 's Dresden factory Germany , and with bodies for the Continental manufactured in Zwickau and the Bentayga manufactured at the Volkswagen Bratislava Plant .   The joining and eventual separation of Bentley and Rolls-Royce follows a series of mergers and acquisitions , beginning with the 1931 purchase by Rolls-Royce of Bentley , then in receivership . In 1971 , Rolls-Royce itself was forced into receivership and the UK government nationalised the company -- splitting into two companies the aerospace division ( Rolls-Royce Plc ) and automotive ( Rolls-Royce Motors Limited ) divisions -- the latter retaining the Bentley subdivision . Rolls-Royce Motors was subsequently sold to engineering conglomerate , Vickers and in 1998 , Vickers sold Rolls-Royce to Volkswagen AG .   Intellectual property rights to both the name Rolls-Royce as well as the company 's logo had been retained not by Rolls-Royce Motors , but by aerospace company , Rolls-Royce Plc , which had continued to license both to the automotive division . Thus the sale of `` Rolls-Royce '' to VW included the Bentley name and logos , vehicle designs , model nameplates , production and administrative facilities , the Spirit of Ecstasy and Rolls-Royce grille shape trademarks ( subsequently sold to BMW by VW ) -- but not the rights to the Rolls-Royce name or logo . The aerospace company , Rolls-Royce Plc , ultimately sold both to BMW AG .

neg: Le Mans Classic The Le Mans Classic is a biennial vintage sports car event held on the grounds of the 24 Hours of Le Mans . It began in 2002 and runs every two years in July on the full 13.65 km circuit also used for the annual modern day 24 Hours of Le Mans . The Le Mans Classic event of 2002 was the first time since 1923 that the full 24-hour Circuit , part of which is public road the rest of the year , was closed specifically for an event other than the annual running of the 24 heures du Mans with contemporary sportcars and prototypes , thus allowing car owners and gentleman drivers to experience what it must have been to race these cars on this circuit .   The event consists of a series of races for cars which have competed at the 24 Hours of Le Mans or for similar cars of the same model . Only cars from prior to 1979 are allowed , with all cars being broken into six different eras . To compete in the races a driver must own an FIA International Competition licence , meaning the drivers are of a professional level .   Car shows and auctions are hosted on the Bugatti Circuit grounds , with various car clubs meeting to show off machinery .

neg: 1983 in motoring This article 1983 in motoring deals with developments in the automotive industry throughout the year 1983 by various automobile manufacturers , grouped by country . The automotive industry designs , develops , manufactures , markets , and sells motor vehicles , and is one of the Earth 's most important economic sectors by revenue .   The first practical automobile with a petrol engine was built by Karl Benz in 1885 in Mannheim , Germany .   1983 saw a great number of new model launches in Europe , with the popularity of the hatchback bodystyle continuing to gather pace and now being the most popular bodystyle in many countries .

neg: Ford Mustang The Ford Mustang is an American automobile manufactured by Ford . It was originally based on the platform of the second generation North American Ford Falcon , a compact car . The original 1962 Ford Mustang I two-seater concept car had evolved into the 1963 Mustang II four-seater concept car which Ford used to pretest how the public would take interest in the first production Mustang . The 1963 Mustang II concept car was designed with a variation of the production model 's front and rear ends with a roof that was 2.7 inches shorter . Introduced early on April 17 , 1964 , ( 16 days after the Plymouth Barracuda ) and thus dubbed as a `` 1964 1/2 '' by Mustang fans , the 1965 Mustang was the automaker 's most successful launch since the Model A . The Mustang has undergone several transformations to its current sixth generation .   The Mustang created the `` pony car '' class of American automobiles , affordable sporty coupes with long hoods and short rear decks and gave rise to competitors such as the Chevrolet Camaro , Pontiac Firebird , AMC Javelin , Chrysler 's revamped Plymouth Barracuda , and the first generation Dodge Challenger . The Mustang is also credited for inspiring the designs of coupés such as the Toyota Celica and Ford Capri , which were imported to the United States .

neg: Volvo Amazon The Volvo Amazon is a mid-size car manufactured and marketed by Volvo Cars from 1956 to 1970 and introduced in the USA as the 122S at the New York International Auto Show in April 1959 .   The Amazon shared the wheelbase , tall posture and high H-point seating of its predecessor , the PV and was offered in two-door sedan , four-door sedan , and five-door wagon body styles . In 1959 Volvo became the world 's first manufacturer to provide front seat belts as standard equipment -- by providing them on all Amazon models , including the export models -- and later becoming the first car featuring three-point seat belts as standard equipment .   When introduced , the car was named the Amason ( with an 's ' ) , deriving from the fierce female warriors of Greek mythology , the Amazons . German motorcycle manufacturer Kreidler had already registered the name , and the two companies finally agreed that Volvo could only use the name domestically ( i.e. , within Sweden ) , modifying the spelling to Amazon . Subsequently , Volvo began its tri-digit nomenclature and the line became known as the 120 Series .   The Amazon was originally manufactured at Volvo 's Lundby plant in Gothenburg and subsequently at the company 's Torslandaverken plant , which began operating in 1964 . By the end of production , 234,653 four-door models , 359,917 two-door models and 73,220 station wagons had been produced , of which 60 % were exported ; for a total of 667,791 vehicles .

neg: Reliant Reliant was a British car manufacturer . The company was traditionally based at Tamworth in Staffordshire .   Reliant was mainly known for producing the 3-wheeled Reliant Robin , ( in spite of the fact most people erroneously refer to them as `` Robin Reliant '' ) but in fact produced a variety of different vehicles during a production run of over 60 years , including popular sports cars , convertibles and commercial vehicles . Around 1 to 2 million Reliant vehicles were produced , and were sold in at least 9 countries . For a period from the 1970s to the 1990s , Reliant was the UK 's biggest British-owned car manufacturer .   Reliant Motor Company LTD is now a dormant company and the only part that still exists is Reliant partsworld which produce spares for Reliant vehicles and the Tempest sports car manufactured in Malvern .

neg: Bugatti Automobiles Ettore Bugatti was a French car manufacturer of high-performance automobiles , founded in 1909 in the then German city of Molsheim , Alsace by Italian-born Ettore Bugatti . Bugatti cars were known for their design beauty ( Ettore Bugatti was from a family of artists and considered himself to be both an artist and constructor ) and for their many race victories . Famous Bugattis include the Type 35 Grand Prix cars , the Type 41 `` Royale '' , the Type 57 `` Atlantic '' and the Type 55 sports car .   The death of Ettore Bugatti in 1947 proved to be the end for the marque , and the death of his son Jean Bugatti in 1939 ensured there was not a successor to lead the factory . No more than about 8,000 cars were made . The company struggled financially , and released one last model in the 1950s , before eventually being purchased for its airplane parts business in the 1960s .   In the 1990s , an Italian entrepreneur revived it as a builder of limited production exclusive sports cars . Today , the name is owned by German automobile manufacturing group Volkswagen .

neg: Mulliner Park Ward Mulliner Park Ward was a bespoke coachbuilder in Hythe Road , Willesden , London UK .   Mulliner now is the personal commissioning department for Bentley .   Mulliner Park Ward was a subsidiary of Rolls-Royce and made bespoke bodies in London for Rolls-Royce and Bentley motor cars . The coachbuilding business closed in 1991 but the Mulliner name is used for the personal commissioning department of the current Bentley manufacturer .

neg: MG Cars MG ( Morris Garage ) is an English automotive marque registered by the now defunct MG Car Company Limited , a British sports car manufacturer begun in the 1920s as a sales promotion sideline within W R Morris 's Oxford city retail sales and service business by the business 's manager , Cecil Kimber . Best known for its two-seat open sports cars , MG also produced saloons and coupés . Kimber was an employee of William Morris .   The MG business was Morris 's personal property until 1 July 1935 when he sold MG to his holding company , Morris Motors Limited , restructuring his holdings before issuing ( preference ) shares in Morris Motors to the public in 1936 . MG underwent many changes in ownership starting with Morris merging with Austin in The British Motor Corporation Limited in 1952 . MG became the MG Division of BMC in 1967 and so a component of the 1968 merger that created British Leyland Motor Corporation . By the start of 2000 MG was part of the MG Rover Group which entered receivership in 2005 and the assets and the MG brand were purchased by Nanjing Automobile Group ( which merged into SAIC in 2008 ) for 53 million . Production restarted in 2007 in China , and later at Longbridge plant in the UK under the current manufacturer MG Motor . The first all-new model from MG in the UK for 16 years , the MG 6 , was officially launched on 26 June 2011 .

neg: Judd (engine) Judd is a name brand of engines produced by Engine Developments Ltd. , a company founded in 1971 by John Judd and Jack Brabham in Rugby , Warwickshire , England . Engine Developments was intended to build engines for Brabham 's racing efforts , and became one of the first firms authorised by Cosworth to maintain and rebuild its DFV engines , but has since expanded into various areas of motorsport .   Judd has provided engines for many major series , including Formula One and other smaller formula series , sports car racing , and touring car racing . They have been associated with manufacturers such as Yamaha , MG , and Honda , although they have mainly been a privateer engine supplier to customers .

neg: Wagon Automotive Wagon Automotive is an automotive parts company based in Birmingham , England .   The company is controlled by the American businessman Wilbur Ross and employs over 4,000 workers across Europe .   Wagon has its roots in Wagon Repairs , a business set up at the end of the First World War to maintain railway rolling stock .  It was chosen by Ross as the foundation for a European car parts empire .

neg: Bolwell Bolwell is an Australian company that originally produced sports cars between 1962 and 1979 . A new company of the same name began production of new cars in 2009 after several years of concept and show cars .

neg: FIA Formula Two Championship (2009–2012) The FIA Formula Two Championship was a one-make class of auto racing for Formula Two open wheeled single seater racing cars . It was a revival of the former European Formula Two Championship that was previously run from 1967 to 1984 , and was organised by MotorSport Vision . Drivers competed in identical Williams F1 built cars with an Audi supplied and Mountune Racing developed 400 bhp engine , over 16 rounds at eight venues . The championship was contested each year from 2009 to 2012 .   Formula Two was revived due to the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile 's concern that the cost of competing in motor racing at a level to progress directly to Formula One was becoming unreachable for many participants , and the category was re-introduced as a lower-cost alternative for drivers . The FIA tender to supply and operate the Championship was awarded to the British MotorSportVision Racing company , owned by former Formula One racer Jonathan Palmer .   Compared to rival series such as GP2 and Formula Renault 3.5 , Formula Two cost significantly less per season whilst allowing drivers to prove their skill and develop their racecraft , in identical vehicles designed by a six-man team from WilliamsF1 , led by Director of Engineering Patrick Head . The F2 vehicles were assembled and prepared between races at MotorSport Vision 's Bedford Autodrome facility , prior to each championship event .   In December 2012 , MotorSport Vision announced that the series would not be run in 2013 .

neg: Audi A8 The Audi A8 is a four-door , full-size , luxury sedan manufactured and marketed by the German automaker Audi since 1994 . Succeeding the Audi V8 , and now in its third generation , the A8 has been offered with both front - or permanent all-wheel drive -- and in short - and long-wheelbase variants . The first two generations employed the Volkswagen Group D platform , with the current generation deriving from the MLB platform . After the original model 's 1994 release , Audi released the second generation in late 2002 , and the third and current iteration in late 2009 .   Notable for being the first mass-market car with an aluminium chassis , all A8 models have used this construction method co-developed with Alcoa and marketed as the Audi Space Frame .   A mechanically-upgraded , high-performance version of the A8 debuted in 1996 as the Audi S8 . Produced exclusively at Audi 's Neckarsulm plant , unlike the donor A8 model , the S8 has been available only in short-wheelbase form and is fitted standard with Audi 's quattro all-wheel drive system .

neg: Detroit Assembly Detroit Assembly ( also known as Detroit Cadillac , Cadillac Assembly or Clark Street Assembly ) was a General Motors automobile factory in Detroit , Michigan on Clark Avenue , south of Michigan Avenue ( U.S. Route 12 ) . It began operations in 1921 and Cadillac bodies were supplied by Fleetwood Metal Body in 1921 after Fisher Body assumed operations . It was the second location that built Cadillacs , when Cadillac originally started out as the Detroit Automobile Company , then the Henry Ford Company which was located at the intersection of Cass Street and Amsterdam Avenue .   In 1902 , the Cadillac Motor Company began operations , and began building cars at the all new Clark Street facility in 1921 , where the factory manufactured Cadillac models until December 23 , 1987 , when production of Cadillac 's full-size D-bodies moved to Arlington Assembly in Arlington , Texas , while production of downsized FWD DeVille/Fleetwood/Seville models were relocated to Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly and Orion Assembly by 1985 . It is approximately 2 miles southeast of the original Lincoln factory located at 6200 West Warren Avenue .   All Cadillac vehicles were built only at this facility , with production of popular selling models later added to Linden , New Jersey , South Gate , California or Arlington , Texas in `` knock down kits '' starting in the 1930s to meet demand . The bodies were built by Fisher at Fleetwood Plant # 18 at 261 W End St , and transferred by rail to Clark Street for final assembly .   From 1984 to 1987 , the plant also built the Oldsmobile 88 and Custom Cruiser , and the Chevrolet Caprice and Impala .   Detroit Assembly used the VIN codes `` Q '' and `` 9 . ''   The site of the plant was redeveloped into the 88-acre Clark Street Technology Park in 1997 by General Motors and three other partners . It is now the location for Inland Waters Pollution Control .

neg: Automobile handling Automobile handling and vehicle handling are descriptions of the way a wheeled vehicle responds and reacts to the inputs of a driver , as well as how it moves along a track or road . It is commonly judged by how a vehicle performs particularly during cornering , acceleration , and braking as well as on the vehicle 's directional stability when moving in steady state condition .   In the automotive industry , handling and braking are the major components of a vehicle 's `` active '' safety , as well as its ability to perform in Auto Racing . The maximum lateral acceleration is sometimes discussed separately as `` road holding '' . ( This discussion is directed at road vehicles with at least three wheels , but some of it may apply to other ground vehicles ) . Automobiles driven on public roads whose engineering requirements emphasize handling over comfort and passenger space are named sports cars .

neg: Rickenbacker (car) Rickenbacker Motor Company was a US automobile manufacturer based in Detroit , Michigan from 1922 until 1927 .   The company was established by Eddie Rickenbacker ( 1890 -- 1973 ) , America 's leading fighter ace during World War I . He used his World War I 94th Fighter Squadron emblem depicting a top hat inside a ring . The emblems were located both on the front and the back of the cars .   Rickenbacker Motor Company made sporting coupés , touring cars , sedans , and roadsters . Four wheel inside brakes were introduced in 1923 . Rickenbacker made an unsuccessful attempt to merge with Peerless around 1924 .   Early six-cylinder engines were joined in 1925 by an eight-cylinder engine . The model was named  Vertical Eight Super Fine which referred to the advanced proprietary engine and the high quality of the cars .   Although 1927 saw new models signed 6-70 , 8-80 and 8-90 , Rickenbacker cars were too expensive for the time and sales were poor . Before the company closed down in 1927 , more than 35,000 cars had been built .   The manufacturing equipment were sold to Audi and transported to Germany , somewhat ironic since Rickenbacker renounced his supposed German heritage ( he was actually of Swiss ancestry ) in light of World War I . This transaction was reflected in Audi Zwickau and Dresden models , using six - or eight-cylinder Rickenbacker engines .   Some Rickenbacker cars still survive .

neg: B-segment B-segment ( or small cars ) is a car classification defined by the European Commission as larger than cars in the A-segment and smaller than those in the C-segment .   Positioned between the A-segment ( city cars ) and C-segment ( medium cars ) , they are nippy enough for city driving and high MPG ratings while having more space for luggage and passengers . During the mid to late 20th century , these cars were generally the smallest sized for most manufacturers , but as a higher demand for economical models began to raise , most of them have now been placed as the second smallest .   Typical B-segment cars include the Alfa Romeo MiTo , Citroën C3 , Dacia Sandero , Ford Fiesta , Mazda Demio , Fiat Punto , Opel Corsa , Peugeot 208 , Honda Fit , Hyundai i20 , Renault Clio , Renault Zoe , Toyota Yaris , Kia Pride , Volkswagen Polo , Seat Ibiza , Nissan Micra , Mitsubishi Attrage , Dacia Logan , Škoda Fabia .

neg: Ashton-Evans The Ashton-Evans was an English car manufactured in Birmingham from 1919 to 1928 by Joseph Evans & Co of Liverpool Street Mills an engineering company who also made railway locomotives and aircraft parts . In 1919 a new company Ashton-Evans Motors Ltd was formed . The cars were designed by E Bailey who had been with Sunbeam and later J. Bedford .   The first car of the marque designed by E Bailey was described as `` a three-wheeler with four wheels '' and had a rear track of only 8 in to avoid the need for a differential . The rear axlw was suspended by a quarter ellitic spring fastened to the tubular chassis at the front and resting on a metal plate on the top of the rear axle which was located by the use of a torque tube and two rods . It is not certain if any of these cars were sold .   In 1920 Mr Ashton-Evans decided to find out what his customers wanted in an `` owner driver 's ideal '' car and invited opinions . From the response he worked out that the car should have a four-cylinder water cooled engine not exceeding 12 taxable hp and be silent , vibrationless , easy to start and powerful . Gear changing should be silent and without the need to double declutch . There should be room for three people on the front seat . To meet this specification J Bedford designed a new car which became the Ashton 10.5 model , the Ashton-Evans name being temporarily dropped . This had a normal rear axle . Most cars featured - litre , 4-cylinder Coventry Simplex engines and three-speed constant-mesh gearboxes with selection made by dog clutches . Some of the early cars might have had two-cylinder engines . Two - and four-seat open bodies were available .   Production of cars was slow and probably not profitable and in 1923 a single model , the 11/16 was made and the name returned to Ashton-Evans . A fire in 1924 badly hit production and car production was temporarily suspended in 1927 but never resumed .   As many as 250 might have been made .

neg: Sedan (automobile) A sedan -LSB- sᵻˈdæn -RSB- ( American , Canadian , Australian , and New Zealand English ) or saloon ( British , Irish and Indian English ) is a passenger car in a three-box configuration with A , B & C-pillars and principal volumes articulated in separate compartments for engine , passenger and cargo . The passenger compartment features two rows of seats and adequate passenger space in the rear compartment for adult passengers . The cargo compartment is typically in the rear , with the exception of some rear-engined models , such as the Renault Dauphine , Tatra T613 , Volkswagen Type 3 and Chevrolet Corvair . It is one of the most common car body styles . A battery electric liftback such as the Tesla Model S has no engine compartment , but a front cargo compartment and a rear compartment for cargo or optionally for additional passengers .

neg: Rover Group The Rover Group plc was the name given in 1986 to the British vehicle manufacturer BL ( formerly British Leyland ) , which had been state-owned company since 1975 . It initially included the Austin Rover Group car business ( comprising the Austin , Rover , Mini and MG marques ) , Land Rover Group , Freight Rover vans and Leyland Trucks .   The Rover Group was owned by British Aerospace ( BAe ) from 1988 to 1994 , when BAe sold the remaining car business to the German company BMW . The group was further broken up in 2000 , when Ford acquired the Land Rover division , with the Rover and MG marques continuing with the much smaller MG Rover Group until 2005 . Ownership of the original Rover Group marques is currently split between BMW ( Germany ) , SAIC ( China ) , and Tata Motors ( India ) .


query: The United Kingdom is an industrialized nation.

pos: United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK ) or Britain , is a sovereign country in western Europe . Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign statethe Republic of Ireland.Although Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state , two of its Overseas Territories also share land borders with other sovereign countries . Gibraltar shares a border with Spain , while the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia share borders with the Republic of Cyprus , the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus and the UN buffer zone separating the two Cypriot polities . Apart from this land border , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to its east , the English Channel to its south and the Celtic Sea to its south-south-west , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland . With an area of 242500 km2 , the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe . It is also the 21st-most populous country , with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants . Together , this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union ( EU ) .   The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance . The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 6 February 1952 . The capital of the United Kingdom and its largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million , the fourth-largest in Europe and second-largest in the European Union . Other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the conurbations centred on Birmingham , Leeds , Glasgow , Liverpool and Manchester . The United Kingdom consists of four countries -- England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland . The last three have devolved administrations , each with varying powers , based in their capitals , Edinburgh , Cardiff and Belfast , respectively . The nearby Isle of Man , Bailiwick of Guernsey and Bailiwick of Jersey are not part of the United Kingdom , being Crown dependencies with the British Government responsible for defence and international representation .   The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time . Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 . A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain , which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922 , leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.The Anglo-Irish Treaty was signed on 6 December 1921 to resolve the Irish War of Independence . When it took effect one year later , it established the Irish Free State as a separate dominion within the Commonwealth . The UK 's current name was adopted to reflect the change . There are fourteen British Overseas Territories . These are the remnants of the British Empire which , at its height in the 1920s , encompassed almost a quarter of the world 's land mass and was the largest empire in history . British influence can be observed in the language , culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies .   The United Kingdom is a developed country and has the world 's fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest economy by purchasing power parity . The UK is considered to have a high-income economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index , ranking 16th in the world . It was the world 's first industrialised country and the world 's foremost power during the 19th and early 20th centuries . The UK remains a great power with considerable economic , cultural , military , scientific and political influence internationally . It is a recognised nuclear weapons state and is seventh in military expenditure in the world . The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 . It has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor , the European Economic Community ( EEC ) , since 1973 . However , on 23 June 2016 , a national referendum on the UK 's membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave , and its exit from the EU is currently being negotiated . The UK is also a member of the Commonwealth of Nations , the Council of Europe , the G7 finance ministers , the G7 forum , the G20 , NATO , the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , and the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) .

neg: Centre points of the United Kingdom There has long been debate over the exact location of the geographical centre of the United Kingdom , and its constituent countries , due to the complexity and method of the calculation , such as whether to include offshore islands , and the fact that erosion will cause the position to change over time . There are two main methods of calculating this `` centre '' : either as the centroid of the two-dimensional shape made by the country ( projected to the Airy ellipsoid then flattened using the Transverse Mercator projection ) , or as the point farthest from the boundary of the country ( either the sea , or , in the case of constituent countries , a land border ) . These two methods give quite different answers .

neg: Geography of London London is the largest urban area and capital city of the United Kingdom , located in southeastern Great Britain . The London region covers an area of 1579 km2 , and had a population of 7,172,036 in 2001 and a population density of 4,542 people per square kilometre . A larger area , referred to as the London Metropolitan Region or the London Metropolitan Agglomeration covers an area of 8382 km2 , and had a population of 12,653,500 and a population density of 1,510 people per square kilometre . London is a port on the Thames ( see main article Port of London ) , a navigable river . The river has had a major influence on the development of the city . London began on the Thames ' north bank and for a long time the main focus of the city remained on the north side of the Thames . For many centuries London Bridge was the only bridge in or close to the city . When more bridges were built in the 18th century , the city expanded in all directions as the mostly flat or gently rolling countryside presented no obstacle to growth .

neg: Industrial school In England , the 1857 Industrial Schools Act was intended to solve problems of juvenile vagrancy , by removing poor and neglected children from their home environment to a boarding school . The Act allowed magistrates to send disorderly children to a residential industrial school . An 1876 Act led to non-residential day schools of a similar kind .   There were similar arrangements in Scotland , where the Industrial Schools Act came into force in 1866 . The schools cared for neglected children and taught them a trade , with an emphasis on preventing crime . Glasgow Industrial School for Girls is an example formed in 1882 .   They were distinct from reformatories set up under the 1854 Youthful Offenders Act ( the Reformatory Schools Act ) which included an element of punishment . Both agreed in 1927 to call themselves approved schools .   In Ireland , the Industrial Schools Act of 1868 established industrial schools ( scoileanna saothair ) to care for `` neglected , orphaned and abandoned children '' . By 1884 there were 5,049 children in such institutions .

neg: History of journalism in the United Kingdom The history of journalism in the United Kingdom includes the gathering and transmitting of news , spans the growth of technology and trade , marked by the advent of specialized techniques for gathering and disseminating information on a regular basis . In the analysis of historians , it involves the steady increase of  the scope of news available to us and the speed with which it is transmitted .   Newspapers have always been the primary medium of journalists since 1700 , with magazines added in the 18th century , radio and television in the 20th century , and the Internet in the 21st century . London has always been the main center of British journalism , followed at a distance by Edinburgh , Belfast , Dublin , and regional cities .

neg: Crown Estate The Crown Estate is a collection of lands and holdings in the United Kingdom belonging to the British monarch as a corporation sole , making it the `` Sovereign 's public estate '' , which is neither government property nor part of the monarch 's private estate . As a result of this arrangement , the sovereign is not involved with the management or administration of the estate , exercising only very limited control of its affairs . Instead , the estate 's extensive portfolio is overseen by a semi-independent , incorporated public body headed by the Crown Estate Commissioners , who exercise `` the powers of ownership '' of the estate , although they are not `` owners in their own right '' . The revenues from these hereditary possessions have been placed by the monarch at the disposition of Her Majesty 's Government and thus proceed directly to Her Majesty 's Treasury for the benefit of the British nation . The Crown Estate is formally accountable to the Parliament of the United Kingdom , where it is legally mandated to make an annual report to the sovereign , a copy of which is forwarded to the House of Commons .   The Crown Estate is one of the largest property managers in the United Kingdom , overseeing property worth # 12 billion , with urban properties valued at # 9.1 billion representing the majority of the estate by value . These include a large number of properties in central London , but the estate also controls 792000 ha of agricultural land and forest , more than half of the UK 's foreshore , and retains various other traditional holdings and rights , including Ascot Racecourse and Windsor Great Park . Naturally occurring gold and silver in the UK , collectively known as `` Mines Royal '' , are managed by The Crown Estate and leased to mining operators .   Historically , Crown Estate properties were administered by the reigning monarch to help fund the business of governing the country . However , in 1760 , George III surrendered control over the Estate 's revenues to the treasury , thus relieving him of the responsibility of personally paying for the costs of the civil service , defence costs , the national debt , and his own personal debts . In return , he received an annual grant known as the Civil list . By tradition , each subsequent monarch agreed to this arrangement upon his or her accession . However , from 1 April 2012 , under the terms of the Sovereign Grant Act 2011 ( SSG ) , the Civil List was abolished and the monarch was thenceforth provided with a stable source of revenue indexed to a percentage of the Crown Estate 's annual net revenue ( currently set at 15 % ) . This was intended to provide a long-term solution and remove the politically sensitive issue of Parliament having to debate the Civil List allowance every ten years . Subsequently , the Sovereign Grant Act allows for all future monarchs to simply extend these provisions for their reigns by Order in Council . The act does not imply any legal change on the nature of the estate 's ownership , but is simply a benchmark by which the sovereign grant is set as a grant by Parliament .

neg: One-nation conservatism One-nation conservatism ( also known as one-nationism , or Tory democracy ) is a form of British political conservatism that views society as organic and values paternalism and pragmatism . The phrase `` One-nation Tory '' originated with Benjamin Disraeli ( 1804 -- 1881 ) , who served as the chief Conservative spokesman and became Prime Minister in February 1868 . He devised it to appeal to working-class men as a solution to worsening divisions in society through introducing factory and health Acts , as well as greater protection for workers .   As a political philosophy , one-nation conservatism reflects the belief that societies exist and develop organically , and that members within them have obligations towards each other . There is particular emphasis on the paternalistic obligation of those who are privileged and wealthy to the poorer parts of society .   The ideology featured heavily during Disraeli 's terms in government , during which considerable social reforms were passed . Towards the end of the 19th century , the party moved away from paternalism in favour of free market capitalism , but fears of extremism during the interwar period caused the revival of one-nation conservatism . The philosophy continued to be held by the Conservative party throughout the post-war consensus , influencing the decision to maintain Labour government keynesian intervention in the economy , forming a welfare state and National Health Service . Later years saw the rise of the New Right , which attributed the country 's social and economic troubles to one-nation conservatism . David Cameron , former leader of the Conservative Party , named Disraeli as his favourite Conservative and some commentators and MPs have suggested that Cameron 's ideology contains an element of one-nationism . Other commentators have questioned the degree to which Cameron and his coalition have embodied One-Nation Conservatism , instead locating them in the intellectual tradition of Thatcherism . In 2016 , Cameron 's successor , Theresa May , referred to herself as a one-nation conservative in her first speech as prime minister and outlined her focus on social justice .

neg: Information Age The Information Age ( also known as the Computer Age , Digital Age , or New Media Age ) is a period in human history characterized by the shift from traditional industry that the Industrial Revolution brought through industrialization , to an economy based on information computerization . The onset of the Information Age is associated with the Digital Revolution , just as the Industrial Revolution marked the onset of the Industrial Age . The definition of what digital means ( or what information means ) continues to change over time as new technologies , user devices , methods of interaction with other humans and devices enter the domain of research , development and market launch .   During the Information Age , the phenomenon is that the digital industry creates a knowledge-based society surrounded by a high-tech global economy that spans over its influence on how the manufacturing throughout and the service sector operate in an efficient and convenient way . In a commercialized society , the information industry is able to allow individuals to explore their personalized needs , therefore simplifying the procedure of making decisions for transactions and significantly lowering costs for both the producers and buyers . This is accepted overwhelmingly by participants throughout the entire economic activities for efficacy purposes , and new economic incentives would then be indigenously encouraged , such as the knowledge economy .   The Information Age formed by capitalizing on computer microminiaturization advances . This evolution of technology in daily life and social organization has led to the fact that the modernization of information and communication processes has become the driving force of social evolution .

neg: History of education in England The history of education in England can be documented to the Anglo-Saxons ' settlement of England . During the Middle Ages , schools were established to teach Latin grammar to the sons of the aristocracy , as part of preparation also for the entry of some into the clergy and religious orders . The church preserved literacy and learning during this period , and education was closely tied to the religious vocation , in order to read the Bible and related documents . Apprenticeship was the main way for youths to enter practical occupations . Two universities were established in affiliation with the church : the University of Oxford , followed by the University of Cambridge , both related closely to training for clergy . A reformed system of `` free grammar schools '' was established in the reign of Edward VI .   The Protestant Reformation had a major influence on education and literacy in England , as it encouraged the reading of the Bible in the vernacular of the people . ( Formerly , the Bible was printed only in Latin , the official language of the Catholic Church . ) Counties in the east of England , which had frequent interaction with the Low Countries , where the Reformation movement had flourished , developed a higher rate of literacy in the early years of the Reformation than did other areas of England .   In the 19th century the Church of England sponsored most formal education until the government established free , compulsory education towards the end of that century . University College London was established as the first secular college in England , open to students of all religions ( or none , ) followed by King 's College London ; the two institutions formed the University of London . Durham University was also established in the early nineteenth century . Towards the end of the century , the `` redbrick '' universities , new public universities , were founded .   The 1944 Education Act established the Tripartite System of grammar schools and secondary modern schools . The school leaving age was raised to 16 in 1972 .

neg: Pax Britannica Pax Britannica ( Latin for `` British Peace '' , modelled after Pax Romana ) was the period of relative peace in Europe ( 1815 -- 1914 ) during which the British Empire became the global hegemonic power and adopted the role of a global police force .   Between 1815 and 1914 , a period referred to as Britain 's `` imperial century , '' around 10,000,000 sqmi of territory and roughly 400 million people were added to the British Empire . Victory over Napoleonic France left the British without any serious international rival , other than perhaps Russia in central Asia . When Russia tried expanding its influence in the Balkans , the British and French defeated it in the Crimean War ( 1854 -- 56 ) , thereby protecting the by-then feeble Ottoman Empire .   Britain 's Royal Navy controlled most of the key maritime trade routes and enjoyed unchallenged sea power . Alongside the formal control it exerted over its own colonies , Britain 's dominant position in world trade meant that it effectively controlled access to many regions , such as Asia and Latin America . British merchants , shippers and bankers had such an overwhelming advantage over everyone else that in addition to its colonies it had an `` informal empire '' .

neg: Unionism in England In England , Unionism is a political ideology which favours the continuation of some form of political union between England and the other countries of the United Kingdom ( Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland ) . It is part of the wider British unionist movement and is closely linked to the notion of Britishness . Unionism in England is characterised by both opposition to England 's independence as a separate state and the belief that Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland should continue to be constituent countries of the Union .

neg: Kingdom of Great Britain The United Kingdom of Great Britain , officially Great Britain , was a sovereign state in western Europe from 1 May 1707 to 31 December 1800 . The state came into being following the Treaty of Union in 1706 , ratified by the Acts of Union 1707 , which united the kingdoms of England and Scotland to form a single kingdom encompassing the whole island of Great Britain and its outlying islands . It did not include Ireland , which remained a separate realm . The unitary state was governed by a single parliament and government that was based in Westminster . The former kingdoms had been in personal union since James VI , King of Scots , became King of England and King of Ireland in 1603 following the death of Queen Elizabeth I , bringing about a `` Union of the Crowns '' . Also after the accession of George I to the throne of Great Britain in 1714 , the kingdom was in a personal union with the Electorate of Hanover .   The early years of the unified kingdom were marked by Jacobite risings which ended in defeat for the Stuart cause at Culloden in 1746 . Later on in 1763 , victory in the Seven Years ' War led to the dominance of the British Empire , which was to become the foremost global power for over a century and later grew to become the largest empire in history .   On 1 January 1801 , the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland were merged to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . In 1922 , five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the United Kingdom and the state was renamed the `` United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland '' -- a title it has retained to date .

neg: English independence English independence is a political stance advocating secession of England , the largest and most populous country of the British Isles , from the United Kingdom . Support for secession of England has been influenced by the increasing devolution of political powers to Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland , where independence from the United Kingdom is a prominent subject of political debate .   English independence is seen by its advocates as a way to resolve the West Lothian question in British politics : Scottish , Welsh and Northern Irish MPs in the Parliament of the United Kingdom at Westminster can vote on matters affecting England , while English MPs do not have the same power over equivalent issues in Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland , as these powers are devolved to the Scottish Parliament , Northern Ireland Assembly or the National Assembly for Wales .   While some minor political parties have campaigned for English independence , all major UK-wide political parties adhere to the opposing view of British unionism , and oppose altering the constitutional status of England . Scottish demands for independence , rather than English demands , are seen as the most pressing threat to British unity ; Scotland voted against independence at the referendum on 18 September 2014 . and a second vote is proposed in late 2018 or early 2019 .

neg: British intelligence agencies The Government of the United Kingdom maintains intelligence agencies within several different government departments . The agencies are responsible for collecting and producing foreign and domestic intelligence , providing military intelligence , performing espionage and counter-espionage . Their intelligence assessments contribute to the conduct of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom , maintaining the national security of the United Kingdom , military planning and law enforcement in the United Kingdom . The three main agencies are the Secret Intelligence Service ( MI6 ) , the Security Service ( MI5 ) , and the Government Communications Headquarters .   The history of the organisations goes back to the 19th century . The decryption of the Zimmermann Telegram in 1917 was described as the most significant intelligence triumph for Britain during World War I , and one of the earliest occasions on which a piece of signals intelligence influenced world events . During the Second World War and afterwards , many observers regarded Ultra as immensely valuable to the Allies of World War II . In the post-war period , intelligence cooperation between the United Kingdom and the United States became the cornerstone of Western intelligence gathering and the `` Special Relationship '' between the UK and the USA .

neg: United Kingdom company law The United Kingdom company law regulates corporations formed under the Companies Act 2006 . Also governed by the Insolvency Act 1986 , the UK Corporate Governance Code , European Union Directives and court cases , the company is the primary legal vehicle to organise and run business . Tracing their modern history to the late Industrial Revolution , public companies now employ more people and generate more of wealth in the United Kingdom economy than any other form of organisation . The United Kingdom was the first country to draft modern corporation statutes , where through a simple registration procedure any investors could incorporate , limit liability to their commercial creditors in the event of business insolvency , and where management was delegated to a centralised board of directors . An influential model within Europe , the Commonwealth and as an international standard setter , UK law has always given people broad freedom to design the internal company rules , so long as the mandatory minimum rights of investors under its legislation are complied with .   Company law , or corporate law , can be broken down into two main fields . Corporate governance in the UK mediates the rights and duties among shareholders , employees , creditors and directors . Since the board of directors habitually possesses the power to manage the business under a company constitution , a central theme is what mechanisms exist to ensure directors ' accountability . UK law is `` shareholder friendly '' in that shareholders , to the exclusion of employees , typically exercise sole voting rights in the general meeting . The general meeting holds a series of minimum rights to change the company constitution , issue resolutions and remove members of the board . In turn , directors owe a set of duties to their companies . Directors must carry out their responsibilities with competence , in good faith and undivided loyalty to the enterprise . If the mechanisms of voting do not prove enough , particularly for minority shareholders , directors ' duties and other member rights may be vindicated in court . Of central importance in public and listed companies is the securities market , typified by the London Stock Exchange . Through the Takeover Code the UK strongly protects the right of shareholders to be treated equally and freely trade their shares .   Corporate finance concerns the two money raising options for limited companies . Equity finance involves the traditional method of issuing shares to build up a company 's capital . Shares can contain any rights the company and purchaser wish to contract for , but generally grant the right to participate in dividends after a company earns profits and the right to vote in company affairs . A purchaser of shares is helped to make an informed decision directly by prospectus requirements of full disclosure , and indirectly through restrictions on financial assistance by companies for purchase of their own shares . Debt finance means getting loans , usually for the price of a fixed annual interest repayment . Sophisticated lenders , such as banks typically contract for a security interest over the assets of a company , so that in the event of default on loan repayments they may seize the company 's property directly to satisfy debts . Creditors are also , to some extent , protected by courts ' power to set aside unfair transactions before a company goes under , or recoup money from negligent directors engaged in wrongful trading . If a company is unable to pay its debts as they fall due , UK insolvency law requires an administrator to attempt a rescue of the company ( if the company itself has the assets to pay for this ) . If rescue proves impossible , a company 's life ends when its assets are liquidated , distributed to creditors and the company is struck off the register . If a company becomes insolvent with no assets it can be wound up by a creditor , for a fee ( not that common ) , or more commonly by the tax creditor ( HMRC ) .

neg: Heath ministry Edward Heath , of the Conservative Party , formed the Heath ministry and became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom on 19 June 1970 , following the 18 June general election . Heath 's ministry ended after the February 1974 general election , which produced a hung parliament , leading to the formation of a minority government by Harold Wilson of the Labour Party .   Heath had been elected leader of the Conservative Party in 1965 to succeed Alec Douglas Home , within a few months of the party 's election defeat after 13 years in government . His first general election as leader the following year ended in defeat as Wilson 's Labour government increased its majority . The Conservatives enjoyed a surge in support over the next two years as the British economy went through a period of fluctuation being growth and contraction , with unemployment rising significantly , but when Harold Wilson called a general election for June 1970 , the opinion polls all pointed towards a third successive Labour victory . It was a major surprise when the Conservatives won with a majority of 30 seats .   The government of Edward Heath initially enjoyed a strong economy and relatively low unemployment , and by 1973 Britain had entered the European Economic Community . But then came the 1973 oil crisis , and just before Christmas , Heath declared a `` three day week '' in which the use of offices , factories and most public buildings was reduced to three days a week . He also faced a battle with the unions over pay freezes and restraints , which sparked a rise in strikes . The economy also entered a recession .   Heath 's response in February 1974 was to call a general election , urging the voters to decide whether it was the government or the unions which ran Britain . The election on 28 February 1974 resulted in a hung parliament , in which the Tories had the most votes but Labour had the most seats . After talks with the Liberals about forming a coalition government failed , Labour formed a minority government on 4 March . A second general election was widely anticipated later in 1974 , and was called by Harold Wilson for 10 October , in which the Labour Party gained a three-seat majority . This meant that Wilson had now won four of the five general elections he had contested , while Heath had now lost three of his four general elections , and it seemed inevitable that his leadership would soon end .

neg: Post-industrial economy A post-industrial economy refers to a period of growth within an industrialized economy or nation in which the relative importance of manufacturing reduces and that of services , information , and research grows .  Such economies are often marked by :  A declining manufacturing sector , resulting in deindustrialization ,  a large service sector , and  an increase in the amount of information technology , often leading to an `` information age '' . Information , knowledge , and creativity are the new raw materials of such an economy .   The industry aspect of a post-industrial economy is sent into less developed nations which manufacture what is needed at lower costs ( see outsourcing ) . This occurrence is typical of nations that industrialized in the past such as the United States and most Western European countries .

neg: 18th century The 18th century lasted from January 1 , 1701 to December 31 , 1800 in the Gregorian calendar . During the 18th century , the Enlightenment culminated in the French and American revolutions . Philosophy and science increased in prominence . Philosophers dreamed of a brighter age . This dream turned into a reality with the French Revolution of 1789 - , though later compromised by the excesses of the Reign of Terror ( 1793-1794 ) under Maximilien Robespierre . At first , many monarchies of Europe embraced Enlightenment ideals , but with the French Revolution they feared losing their power and formed broad coalitions for the counter-revolution . The Ottoman Empire experienced an unprecedented period of peace and economic expansion , taking part in no European wars from 1740 to 1768 . As a consequence the empire did not share in Europe 's military improvements during the Seven Years ' War ( 1756-1763 ) , causing its military to fall behind and suffer defeats against Russia in the second half of the century .   The 18th century also marked the end of the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth as an independent state . The once-powerful and vast kingdom , which had once conquered Moscow and defeated great Ottoman armies , collapsed under numerous invasions . Its semi-democratic government system was not robust enough to rival the neighboring monarchies of the Kingdom of Prussia , the Russian Empire and the Archduchy of Austria which divided the Commonwealth territories between themselves , changing the landscape of Central European politics for the next hundred years .   European colonization of the Americas and other parts of the world intensified and associated mass migrations of people grew in size as the Age of Sail continued . Great Britain became a major power worldwide with the defeat of France in North America in the 1760s and the conquest of large parts of India . However , Britain lost many of its North American colonies after the American Revolution , which resulted in the formation of the newly independent United States of America . The Industrial Revolution started in Britain in the 1770s with the production of the improved steam engine . Despite its modest beginnings in the 18th century , steam-powered machinery would radically change human society and the environment .   Western historians have occasionally defined the 18th century otherwise for the purposes of their work . For example , the `` short '' 18th century may be defined as 1715 -- 1789 , denoting the period of time between the death of Louis XIV of France and the start of the French Revolution , with an emphasis on directly interconnected events . To historians who expand the century to include larger historical movements , the `` long '' 18th century may run from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 to the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 or even later .

neg: New international division of labour In economics , the new international division of labor ( NIDL ) is an outcome of globalization . The term was coined by theorists seeking to explain the spatial shift of manufacturing industries from advanced capitalist countries to developing countries -- an ongoing geographic reorganization of production , which finds its origins in ideas about a global division of labor . It is a spatial division of labor which occurs when the process of production is no longer confined to national economies . Under the `` old '' international division of labor , until around 1970 , underdeveloped areas were incorporated into the world economy principally as suppliers of minerals and agricultural commodities . However , as developing economies are merged into the world economy , more production takes place in these economies .   This has led to a trend of transference , or what is also known as the `` global industrial shift '' , in which production processes are relocated from developed countries ( such as the US , European countries , and Japan ) to developing countries in Asia ( such as China , Vietnam , and India ) and Latin America . This is because companies search for the cheapest locations to manufacture and assemble components , so low-cost labor-intensive parts of the manufacturing process are shifted to the developing world where costs are substantially lower . Companies do so by taking advantage of transportation and communications technology , as well as fragmentation and locational flexibility of production . From 1953 to the late 1990s , the industrialized economies ' share of world manufacturing output declined from 95 % to 77 % , and the developing economies ' share more than quadrupled from 5 % to 23 % .   The resultant division of labor across continents closely follows the North -- South socio-economic and political divide , wherein the North -- with one quarter of the world population -- controls four fifths of the world income , while the South -- with three quarters of the world population -- has access to one fifth of the world income .

neg: Proto-industrialization Proto-industrialization ( also spelled proto-industrialisation ) was a possible phase in the development of modern industrial economies that preceded , and created conditions for , the establishment of fully industrial societies . Proto-industrialisation is generally referred to the phase before industrialisation . Proto-industrialization was marked by the increasing involvement of agrarian families in market-oriented craft production , mainly through the putting-out system organized by merchant capitalists . It was an effective method of production which was controlled by merchants and had links to developing European consumerism . However , the phase was not observed across Europe , and nor did it always smoothly transition into the Industrial Revolution proper .   The term was coined by F. F. Mendels in 1972 ,  though a UNESCO colloquium on the 10th anniversary of the deaths of Einstein and Teilhard de Chardin and published in 1971 discusses `` the basis for proto-industrialization '' .   The applicability of proto-industrialization in Europe has since been challenged . M.J. Daunton , for example , argues that proto-industrialisation `` excludes too much '' to fully explain the expansion of industry : not only do proponents of proto-industrialisation ignore the vital town-based industries in pre-industrial economies , but also ignores `` rural and urban industry based upon non-domestic organisation , '' referring to how mines , mills , forges and furnaces fit into the agrarian economy .   Initially using surplus labor available during slow periods of the agricultural seasons , proto-industrialization led to specialization - not only in industrial production but also in commercial agricultural production . This allowed reciprocal trade favored by regional economies of scale . It resulted in accumulation of capital and in the acquisition of entrepreneurial skills by merchant capitalists , which facilitated the development of large-scale , and capital-intensive production methods in the full industrialization phase that followed .   Proto-industrialization sparked social changes in traditional agrarian societies that would become more marked during full industrialization , such as greater independence of women and children , who gained a means of income separate from the family subsistence farm . During this phase of industrialisation , machines were not used . They were not even invented at that time . People could only use their hands or any hand-made material to produce required goods .

neg: Politics of Wales Politics in Wales forms a distinctive polity in the wider politics of the United Kingdom , with Wales as one of the four constituent countries of the United Kingdom ( UK ) .   Constitutionally , the United Kingdom is de jure a unitary state with one sovereign parliament and government . However , under a system of devolution ( or home rule ) adopted in the late 1990s three of the four constituent parts of the United Kingdom , Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland , voted for limited self-government , subject to the ability of the UK Parliament in Westminster , nominally at will , to amend , change , broaden or abolish the national governmental systems . As such the National Assembly for Wales ( Cynulliad Cenedlaethol Cymru ) is not de jure sovereign .   Executive power in the United Kingdom is vested in the Queen-in-Council , while legislative power is vested in the Queen-in-Parliament ( the Crown and the Parliament of the United Kingdom at Westminster in London ) . The Government of Wales Act 1998 established devolution in Wales , and certain executive and legislative powers have been constitutionally delegated to the National Assembly for Wales . The scope of these powers was further widened by the Government of Wales Act 2006 .