query: Buddhism includes a variety of beliefs.

pos: Buddhism Buddhism ( -LSB- pronˈbʊdɪzəm -RSB- or -LSB- ˈbuːdɪzəm -RSB- ) is an Indian religion and dharma that encompasses a variety of traditions , beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to the Buddha . Buddhism originated in Ancient India sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE , from where it spread through much of Asia , whereafter it declined in India during the middle ages . Two major extant branches of Buddhism are generally recognized by scholars : Theravada ( Pali : `` The School of the Elders '' ) and Mahayana ( Sanskrit : `` The Great Vehicle '' ) . Buddhism is the world 's fourth-largest religion , with over 500 million followers or 7 % of the global population , known as Buddhists .   Buddhist schools vary on the exact nature of the path to liberation , the importance and canonicity of various teachings and scriptures , and especially their respective practices . Practices of Buddhism include taking refuge in the Buddha , the Dharma and the Sangha , study of scriptures , observance of moral precepts , renunciation of craving and attachment , the practice of meditation ( including calm and insight ) , the cultivation of wisdom , loving-kindness and compassion , the Mahayana practice of bodhicitta and the Vajrayana practices of generation stage and completion stage .   In Theravada the ultimate goal is the cessation of the kleshas and the attainment of the sublime state of Nirvana , achieved by practicing the Noble Eightfold Path ( also known as the Middle Way ) , thus escaping what is seen as a cycle of suffering and rebirth . Theravada has a widespread following in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia .   Mahayana , which includes the traditions of Pure Land , Zen , Nichiren Buddhism , Shingon and Tiantai ( Tendai ) , is found throughout East Asia . Rather than Nirvana , Mahayana instead aspires to Buddhahood via the bodhisattva path , a state wherein one remains in the cycle of rebirth to help other beings reach awakening .   Vajrayana , a body of teachings attributed to Indian siddhas , may be viewed as a third branch or merely a part of Mahayana . Tibetan Buddhism , which preserves the Vajrayana teachings of eighth century India , is practiced in regions surrounding the Himalayas , Mongolia and Kalmykia . Tibetan Buddhism aspires to Buddhahood or rainbow body .

neg: Desire realm The desire realm ( Sanskrit : kāmadhātu ) is one of the trailokya or three realms ( Sanskrit : dhātu , Tibetan : khams ) in Buddhist cosmology into which a being wandering in may be reborn . The other two are the form realm , ( Sanskrit rūpadhātu ) and the formless realm ( S. ārūpadhātu ) .   Within the desire realm are either five or six domains ( Sanskrit : gati , also sometimes translated as `` realm '' ) . In Tibetan Buddhism , there are six domains and in Theravada Buddhism there are only five , because the domain of the asuras is not regarded as separate from that of the nagas . Taoism also features the five realms .   The Śūraṅgama Sūtra in Mahayana Buddhism regarded the 10 kinds of xian as a separate Immortal realm between the deva and human realms .   The thirty-one realms are also known as the `` thirty-one paths of rebirth '' , the `` six paths of suffering '' , the `` six planes '' , and the `` six lower realms '' . They stand in contrast to the higher attainments of the Ten spiritual realms .   Previous actions and thoughts determine which of the six domains a sentient being is reborn into .   The 8th century Buddhist monument Borobudur in Central Java incorporated the trailokya into the architectural design with the plan of mandala that took the form of a stepped stone pyramid crowned with stupas .

neg: Japanese philosophy Japanese Philosophy has historically been a fusion of both indigenous Shinto and continental religions , such as Buddhism and Confucianism . Formerly heavily influenced by both Chinese philosophy and Indian philosophy , as with Mitogaku and Zen , much modern Japanese philosophy is now also influenced by Western philosophy .

neg: Bhava The Sanskrit word `` bhāva '' means `` emotion , sentiment , state of body or mind , disposition '' , while `` bhava '' means `` being , worldly existence , becoming , birth , be , production , origin '' . The former term is rooted in latter , and in some context also means `` becoming , being , existing , occurring , appearance '' while connoting the condition thereof .   In Buddhism , bhava denotes the continuity of becoming ( reincarnating ) in one of the realms of existence , in the samsaric context of rebirth , life and the maturation arising therefrom . It is the tenth of the Twelve Nidanas , in its Pratītyasamutpāda doctrine .

neg: Four Noble Truths The Four Noble Truths refer to and express the basic orientation of Buddhism in a short expression : we crave and cling to impermanent states and things , which are dukkha , `` incapable of satisfying '' and painful . This craving keeps us caught in samsara , the endless cycle of repeated rebirth and dying again , and the dukkha that comes with it . There is , however , a way to end this cycle , namely by attaining nirvana , cessation of craving , whereafter rebirth and associated dukkha will no longer arise again . This can be accomplished by following the eightfold path , restraining oneself , cultivating discipline , and practicing mindfulness and meditation .   In short form , the four truths are dukkha , samudaya ( `` arising , '' `` coming together '' ) , nirodha ( `` cessation , '' `` confinement '' ) , and magga , the path leading to cessation . As the `` Four Noble Truths '' ( Sanskrit : catvāri āryasatyāni ; Pali : cattāri ariyasaccāni ) , they are `` the truths of the Noble Ones , '' the truths or realities which are understood by the `` worthy ones `` Encyclopædia Britannica , Arhat ( Buddhism ) who have attained nirvana .   In the sutras , Buddhist religious texts , the four truths have both a symbolic and a propositional function . They represent the awakening and liberation of the Buddha , but also the possibility of liberation for all sentient beings , describing how release from craving is to be reached . In the Pali canon scriptures , the four truths appear in a `` network of teachings , '' as part of `` the entire dhamma matrix , '' which have to be taken together . They provide a conceptual framework for introducing and explaining Buddhist thought , which has to be personally understood or `` experienced '' .   The function of the four truths , and their importance , developed over time , when prajna , or `` liberating insight , '' came to be regarded as liberating in itself , instead of or in addition to the practice of dhyana , meditation . This `` liberating insight '' gained a prominent place in the sutras , and the four truths came to represent this liberating insight , as part of the enlightenment story of the Buddha .   The four truths became of central importance in the Theravada tradition of Buddhism , which holds to the idea that insight into the four truths is liberating in itself . They are less prominent in the Mahayana tradition , which sees the higher aims of insight into sunyata , emptiness , and following the Bodhisattva path as central elements in their teachings and practice . The Mahayana tradition reinterpreted the four truths to explain how a liberated being can still be `` pervasively operative in this world . '' Beginning with the exploration of Buddhism by western colonialists in the 19th century and the development of Buddhist modernism , they came to be often presented in the west as the central teaching of Buddhism .

neg: Navayana Navayana ( नवयान navayāna , ` new vehicle ' ) refers to the idea that a Buddhist movement may represent a new yāna , i.e. major branch of Buddhism , in addition to the traditionally recognized branches of Theravada , Mahayana and Vajrayana . This status has been claimed both for the Dalit Buddhist movement as well as Western Buddhism .

neg: Vajracharya A bajracharya or vajracharya ( lit . `` vajra carrier '' ) is a Vajrayana Buddhist priest among the Newar communities of Nepal and a Revered Teacher who is highly attained in Vajrayana practices and rituals . Vajracharya means `` vajra carrier '' . They are also commonly called guru-ju or gu-bhaju ( a short form for guru bhaju ) which are Nepali terms related to the Sanskrit term guru , and translate as `` teacher '' or `` priest '' . The bajracharya is the highest ranking of the Newar castes that are born Buddhist .   The emergence of vajracharya institution is ascribed to the decline of celibate Buddhist monks in about 13th century , and the emergence of Vajrayana .   To become a professional Guruju , a person of the bajracharya caste must go through a number of rituals . The bajracharya boy goes through a ritualistic process of initiation known as bajravishekha , including shaving off the head as the buddha and asking for alms , at a minimum of seven houses a day in different places , in the tradition of monks since the time of Gautama Buddha . Sometimes tantric Newar Buddhism and Esoteric Buddhism is referred to as `` Vajracharya Buddhism '' .   The writers of Rebuilding Buddhism : The Theravada Movement in Twentieth-century Nepal explore the unusual relationship of the vajracharyas and their assistant shakyas with Buddhist monasticism :  Unlike Vajracharyas , Shakya men may not be priests for others , but together with Vajracharya men they are the members of the traditional Newar Buddhist monasteries , known honorifically as vihara and colloquially as baha or bahi . In so far as Shakya and Vajracharya men filled their roles in the monastery , they were monks . In effect , they were married , part-time monks .   Many of the modern Buddhist scholars in Nepal belong to the vajracharya tradition .

neg: Three Vajras The Three Vajras , namely `` body , speech and mind '' , are a formulation within Vajrayana Buddhism and Bon that hold the full experience of the śūnyatā `` emptiness '' of Buddha-nature , void of all qualities and marks and establish a sound experiential key upon the continuum of the path to enlightenment . The Three Vajras correspond to the trikaya and therefore also have correspondences to the Three Roots and other refuge formulas of Tibetan Buddhism . The Three Vajras are viewed in twilight language as a form of the Three Jewels , which imply purity of action , speech and thought .   The Three Vajras are often mentioned in Vajrayana discourse , particularly in relation to samaya , the vows undertaken between a practitioner and their guru during empowerment . The term is also used during Anuttarayoga Tantra practice .   In Tendai and Shingon Buddhism of Japan , they are known as the .

neg: Kōshin or is a folk faith in Japan with Taoist origins , influenced by Shinto , Buddhism and other local beliefs . A typical event related to the faith is called , held on the Kōshin days that occur every 60 days in accordance with the Chinese sexagenary cycle .   On this day some believers stay awake to prevent , entities believed to live inside the body of believers from leaving it during that night in order to report the good and specially the bad deeds of the believer to the god Ten-Tei .   It is not clearly certain when such custom arrived or came into fashion in Japan , although it is believed that by some time in the 9th century it had been already practiced at least by aristocrats . A Japanese monk called Ennin wrote is his travel book upon visiting Tang China in 838 , that `` Tonight people are not sleeping . It is the same as in our country on Kōshin nights . '' In the Muromachi period , Buddhist monks started to write about the Kōshin , which led to wider popularity of the faith among public . Numerous monuments or pillars called ( or also ) were erected all over the country and the faith remained very popular through the Edo period . When the Meiji Government issued the Shinto and Buddhism Separation Order in 1872 , folk beliefs were turned down as superstitious , Kōshin belief too losing popularity as a result .   Today , the Kōshin belief still survives , although it is far less popular and receives smaller recognition than it once did , due to the absence of any central organization to help promote such faith because of its folkloric nature . While many Kōshin-tō were moved , for example , to inside Buddhist temples or even to private houses to be protected , there are many remaining along historical roads as well . There are also well maintained , built in respect for the Kōshin , sometimes attached to Buddhist temples , or otherwise in stand-alone .

neg: Buddhist calendar The Buddhist calendar ( Sāsanā Sakaraj သ သန တ သက ရ ဇ , -LSB- θàðənà θɛʔkəɹɪʔ -RSB- ព ទ ធសករ ជ Sinhala : බ ද ධ වර ෂ or ස සන වර ෂ ( Buddha Varsha or Sāsana Varsha ) ) is a set of lunisolar calendars primarily used in mainland Southeast Asian countries of Cambodia , Laos , Myanmar and Thailand as well as in Sri Lanka for religious or official occasions . While the calendars share a common lineage , they also have minor but important variations such as intercalation schedules , month names and numbering , use of cycles , etc. . In Thailand , the name Buddhist Era is a year numbering system shared by the traditional Thai lunisolar calendar and by the Thai solar calendar .   The Southeast Asian lunisolar calendars are largely based on an older version of the Hindu calendar , which uses the sidereal year as the solar year . One major difference is that the Southeast Asian systems , unlike their Indian cousins , do not use apparent reckoning to stay in sync with the sidereal year . Instead , they employ their versions of the Metonic cycle . However , since the Metonic cycle is not very accurate for sidereal years , the Southeast Asian calendar is slowly drifting out of sync with the sidereal , approximately one day every 100 years . Yet no coordinated structural reforms of the lunisolar calendar have been undertaken .   Today , the traditional Buddhist lunisolar calendar is used mainly for Theravada Buddhist ထရဝ ဒဗ ဒၶဘ သ festivals , and no longer has the official calendar status anywhere . The Thai Buddhist Era , a renumbered Gregorian calendar , is the official calendar in Thailand .

neg: Dhammakaya Dhammakāya is a Pāli term which means `` body of dharma '' , `` body of truth '' or the `` body of enlightenment '' . It can refer to :   Dhammakāya , in Theravāda Buddhism , a figurative term meaning the sum of the Buddha 's teachings  Dhammakaya Movement , Thai Buddhist tradition , mostly known through Wat Phra Dhammakaya  Dhammakaya Movement UK , specific lineage of Thai Buddhism in Britain  Dhammakaya meditation , a Buddhist meditation technique  Dhammakaya Media Channel , Buddhist television channel owned by Wat Phra Dhammakaya   th : ธรรมกาย

neg: Khenpo Sodargye Khenpo Sodargye ( Tibetan ： མཁན པ བས ད དར ར ས ； Chinese : 索达吉堪布 ) was born in the eastern region of Tibet known as Kham in 1962 , and was ordained in 1985 at the renowned Larung Buddhist Institute , the largest Buddhist academy of its kind in the world. , also in present-day Sichuan province of the PRC . He trained closely with Khenchen Jigme Phuntsok Rinpoche , who was himself one of the great luminaries of his generation .   Khenpo Sodargye studied the traditional course of philosophical treatises and also received the entire corpus of Tibetan esoteric Buddhist transmissions . ( These teachings include the five principle treatises on Madhyamaka , Prajnaparamita , Abhidharma , Vinaya , and Buddhist Logic , as well as the Great Perfection , Kalachakra , and Mipham Rinpoche 's Guhyagarbha Tantra and Longchenpa 's Seven Treasuries and Trilogy of Finding Comfort and Ease . ) He was eventually placed in charge of the Institute where he became one of the principal teachers . He also served as Jigme Phuntsok Rinpoche 's main translator for Chinese disciples and was assigned by Rinpoche to teach them .   Khenpo Sodargye has become one of the most eminent contemporary Buddhist masters . As a Tibetan lama , a Buddhist scholar and teacher , a prolific translator into Chinese , and a modern Buddhist thinker , he is renowned across Asia and the west for his interest in the integration of traditional Buddhist teachings with global issues and modern life .   He has lectured extensively across China and other parts of Asia , Oceania , Europe as well as Africa and North America . He has recently given lectures at a number of prestigious Universities including Peking University , Tsinghua , Harvard , Columbia , Yale  , Princeton , Stanford , Oxford , Cambridge , University of Toronto , McGill University , University of Auckland , Melbourne University , University of Tokyo , Waseda University , National University of Singapore , National Taiwan University , University of Hong Kong and University of Göttingen .   Khenpo often says , `` I do n't know how long I can live , but even if there were only one listener , I would exert myself to benefit him with Dharma till my last breath . ''   Recent Publications : Living through Suffering , To Do Is to Gain , Cruelty Is Youth , The Cutter-A Commentary on the Diamond Sutra , Always Present ( available in English ) , Everything You Wish , What Makes You So Busy ? , Letting Go , Everything ? , Leaving behind , the Whole World ?

neg: Naraka (Buddhism) Naraka ( नरक निरय Niraya ) is a term in Buddhist cosmology usually referred to in English as `` hell '' ( or `` hell realm '' ) or `` purgatory '' . The Narakas of Buddhism are closely related to diyu , the hell in Chinese mythology . A Naraka differs from the hell of Christianity in two respects : firstly , beings are not sent to Naraka as the result of a divine judgment or punishment ; and secondly , the length of a being 's stay in a Naraka is not eternal , though it is usually extremely long , as measured in many millions or billions of years .   A being is born into a Naraka as a direct result of his or her accumulated actions ( karma ) and resides there for a finite period of time until that karma has achieved its full result . After his or her karma is used up , he or she will be reborn in one of the higher worlds as the result of karma that had not yet ripened .   In the Devaduta Sutta , the 130th discourse of Majjhima Nikaya , the Buddha teaches about hell in vivid detail .   Physically , Narakas are thought of as a series of cavernous layers which extend below Jambudvīpa ( the ordinary human world ) into the earth . There are several schemes for enumerating these Narakas and describing their torments . The Abhidharma-kosa ( Treasure House of Higher Knowledge ) is the root text that describes the most common scheme , as the Eight Cold Narakas and Eight Hot Narakas .

neg: Universal Compassion Universal Compassion : Inspiring Solutions for Difficult Times , Tharpa Publications ( 4th . ed. , 2002 ) ISBN 978-0-948006-72-2 is a commentary to Geshe Chekhawa 's Training the Mind in Seven Points by Geshe Kelsang Gyatso , a Buddhist teacher and author in the West .   Training the Mind in Seven Points is an explanation of Buddha 's instructions on training the mind or Lojong in Tibetan , which explain how to transform adverse conditions into the path to enlightenment , principally , by developing one 's own compassion and wisdom . Geshe Chekhawa or Chekawa Yeshe Dorje ( 1102-1176AD ) was a famous Kadampa Buddhist meditation master . Universal Compassion is a word by word commentary to Training the Mind in Seven Points , described as `` an admirable accomplishment in presenting the profound teachings of present-day Mahayana Buddhism '' and `` An inspiring book for all who aspire to practise the Buddhist path '' . The commentary also contains a clear translation of the root text .   Buddha 's teachings emphasize unconditional love and compassion , and in this commentary to the popular Buddhist poem Training the Mind in Seven Points , the author explains powerful Buddhist methods for developing these altruistic states . The practice of Lojong also explains how one can transform day-to-day living -- including even demanding and difficult conditions -- into opportunities for spiritual development .   The Lojong teachings in Universal Compassion have been used by caregivers , healers and hospice workers in the UK and US both to help them cope and to find effective techniques to manage the suffering of the ill and the dying . For example , hospice psychologist Kathleen Dowling Singh ( author of Grace in Dying ) explains : The Lojong teachings ... are particularly applicable for those caregivers who see the ultimate unworkability of viewing the needs of self and other in opposition and who seek to find a way to give care and benefit to both self and other simultaneously . These Dharma teachings bridge the gap from ordinary mind to enlightened mind , illuminating the process whereby , with effort , we are able to exchange the object of our cherishing from self to other . ''   Taking and giving is a profound practice that takes some getting used to . The author says : `` At first we may find it difficult to take on others ' sufferings ... but this will become easier as our compassion increases . '' ( page 37 ) Joan Borysenko PhD , who calls Universal Compassion `` a marvelous book on the practice of tonglen '' , supports this observation : People sometimes fear that tonglen ( taking and giving ) will harm them when they imagine breathing in pain , ignorance or illness . The Tibetan lamas say that the only thing we can harm with tonglen is our ego and its self-grasping , which will dissolve in the intention of compassion .   In fact the object of meditation for taking and giving is great joy : `` We develop the conviction that we have destroyed our self-cherishing mind and purified our negative karma , and then generate joy . We meditate on this feeling of joy for as long as possible . ''   The teachings in Universal Compassion give a step-by-step explanation of developing the minds of love , compassion and wisdom and in this way progressing along the spiritual path to enlightenment . Kathleen Dowling Singh explains : Step by step , the Lojong practices , when practiced with sincere effort , strong faith , and deep intention , move us through the stages of the Mahayana path . We develop `` equalizing self and others '' , the capacity and willingness to cherish all living beings to the same degree that we cherish ourself . We work to develop the capacity for wishing love , that is to say , the wish that all living beings be happy . The Lojong practices then offer skillful means to develop our compassion , the wish that all living beings without exception be free from suffering and its causes . We make the precious practice of taking and giving second nature . This practice enhances and completes our exchanging the object of our cherishing from self to other . From this attainment , we can develop the mind of enlightenment , bodhichitta .   Universal Compassion is part of the Kadam tradition of Mahayana Buddhism . Training the Mind And Cultivating Loving Kindness by Chogyam Trungpa explains that the Kadam lineage , founded by Atisha , places great emphasis on monastic discipline , the cultivation or bodhichitta and compassion , and mind training . This emphasis was carried into the Kagyu lineage by Gampopa . The origin and history of the Lojong teachings , which come from the Kadam lineage , are explained in Universal Compassion .   These practices are not restricted only to Buddhists , and Universal Compassion `` could be read with profit by anyone whose religion demands the exercise of compassion . '' These teachings explain how all living beings are equally important and help create a world that does not discriminate based on people 's background , faith , sexual orientation and so on .   Universal Compassion is used as an integral part of the New Kadampa Tradition 's Foundation Program with tens of thousands of students worldwide , described by Steven Heine in Buddhism in the Modern World : Adaptations of an Ancient Tradition :   The Foundation Program is meant for serious students who want a guided study at a deeper level than they can get through the series of Lamrim talks , usually all pitched to a beginner 's capacity , that normally constitute the fare of Western Dharma centers .   It is also an integral part of the New Kadampa Tradition 's Teacher Training Program , a rigorous `` multilayered educational '' study program of Buddha 's teachings of Sutra and Tantra presented in accordance with the tradition of the Tibetan master Je Tsongkhapa ( AD 1357-1419 ) , designed for those training as Buddhist teachers .

neg: History of the Thai Forest Tradition The Kammatthana meditation tradition originally grew out of the Dhammayut reform movement , founded by Mongkut in the 1820s as an attempt to raise the bar for what was perceived as the `` lax '' Buddhist practice of the regional Buddhist traditions at the time . Mongkut 's reforms were originally focused on scriptural study of the earliest extant Buddhist texts , revival of the dhutanga ascetic practices , and close adherence to the Buddhist Monastic Code ( Pali : vinaya ) . However , the Dhammayut began to have an increasing emphasis on meditation as the 19th century progressed . During this time , a newly ordained Ajahn Mun Bhuridatto went to stay with Ajahn Sao Kantasilo , who was then the abbot of a small meditation-oriented monastery on the outskirts of Ubon Ratchathani , a province in the predominantly Lao-speaking cultural region of Northeast Thailand known as Isan .   Ajahn Mun learned from Ajahn Sao in the late 19th century , where he studied amidst the growing meditation culture in Isan 's Dhammayut monasteries as a result of Mongkut 's reforms a half-century earlier . Wandering the rural frontier of Northeast Thailand with Ajahn Sao in rigorous ascetic practices ( Pali : dhutanga ; Thai : tudong ) . Ajahn Mun traveled abroad to neighboring regions for a time , hoping to reach levels of meditative adeptness known as the noble attainments ( Pali : ariya-phala ) , which culminate in the experience of Nirvana -- the final goal of a Theravada Buddhist practitioner .   After more than two decades of intense meditation and ascetic practice , Ajahn Mun would return to Ubon Ratchathani in 1915 , claiming to have found the noble attainments . Word spread in the region , and monks came to study from Ajahn Mun , wishing to put his claims to the test ; though the assertions that he had found the noble attainments were not universally received at the time -- families were often divided over whether or not Ajahn Mun had attained sainthood .   During this period , Mongkut 's successor Chulalongkorn ( Rama V of Siam ) had consolidated power in Bangkok , and implemented a wave of educational reforms which emphasized the role of the Thai clergy as educators . Dhammayut monks -- which included Ajahn Mun and Ajahn Sao and their students -- were drafted to teach a new monastic curriculum that had been infused with Western principles in an effort to prevent the encroachment of Christian missionaries , and to prevent Thailand from being colonized by a Western empire . Thailand would successfully prevent colonization ; however , Ajahn Mun and Sao 's students would continue to evade authorities ' attempts to assign them to monasteries and prevent them from practicing in the forest .   Beginning in the 1950s though , the tradition would gain respect among the urbanities in Bangkok , and receive widespread acceptance among the Thai Sangha . Many of the Ajahns were nationally venerated by Thai Buddhists , who regarded them as arahants . Because of their reputations , the Ajahns have become the subject of a cultural fixation on sacralized objects believed among lay followers to offer supernatural protection . This cultural fixation was referred to by social anthropologist Stanley Jeyaraja Tambiah as a cult of amulets , which he described during a field study in the 1970s as `` a traditional preoccupation now reaching the pitch of fetishistic obsession '' . During this time , the tradition found a significant following in the West ; particularly among the students of Ajahn Chah Subhatto , a forest teacher who studied with a group of monks in the Mahanikai -- the other of Thailand 's two monastic orders alongside the Dhammayut -- many of whom remained loyal to their Mahanikai pedigree in spite of their interest in Ajahn Mun 's teachings . However , in the final decades of the 20th century the tradition experienced a crisis when the majority of Thailand 's rainforests were clear cut . Because of this , the Forest Tradition in early 21st century Thailand has been characterized by a struggle to preserve the remaining forested lands in Thailand for Buddhist practice .

neg: Upali Upali ( Sanskrit उपालि upāli ) was a monk , one of the ten chief disciples of the Buddha . Before joining the order , he was part of the Royal barber caste and worked as a barber . When he cut the Buddha 's hair , the Buddha told Upali that he was breathing too fast . So , he learned how to control his mind by controlling his breathing .  Later , he asked the Buddha if a person of `` low birth '' such as he could join the order . The Buddha ordained him before the princes and asked the princes to pay homage to Upali , who had by then become an Arhant and was an elder compared to the seven princes . He became the chief disciple in knowing the rules of the order and the foremost disciple in keeping precepts , later developing the Vinaya .

neg: Mental factors (Buddhism) Mental factors ( caitasika cetasika Tibetan Wylie : sems byung ) , in Buddhism , are identified within the teachings of the Abhidharma ( Buddhist psychology ) . They are defined as aspects of the mind that apprehend the quality of an object , and that have the ability to color the mind . Within the Abhidharma , the mental factors are categorized as formations ( saṅkhāra ) concurrent with mind ( citta ) . Alternate translations for mental factors include `` mental states '' , `` mental events '' , and `` concomitants of consciousness '' .

neg: Theravada Theravāda ( Pali , literally `` school of the elder monks '' ) is a branch of Buddhism that uses the Buddha 's teaching preserved in the Pāli Canon as its doctrinal core . The Pali canon is the only complete Buddhist canon which survives in a classical Indic Language , Pali , which serves as the sacred language and lingua franca of Theravada Buddhism . Another feature of Theravada is that it tends to be very conservative about matters of doctrine and monastic discipline . As a distinct sect , Theravada Buddhism developed in Sri Lanka and spread to the rest of Southeast Asia .   Theravada also includes a rich diversity of traditions and practices that have developed over its long history of interactions with varying cultures and religious communities . It is the dominant form of religion in Cambodia , Laos , Myanmar , Sri Lanka , and Thailand , and is practiced by minority groups in Bangladesh , China , Nepal , and Vietnam . In addition , the diaspora of all of these groups as well as converts around the world practice Theravāda Buddhism . Contemporary expressions include Buddhist modernism , the Vipassana movement and the Thai Forest Tradition .

neg: Criticism of Jainism Jainism has been engaged in debates with the other philosophical and religious traditions , in which its theories and practices have been questioned and challenged .   There are two criteria of criticism of any system of thoughts ; one is based on rational evaluation of its doctrines , texts , teachings and practice , and the other criterion pertains to the consistency or inconsistency of the practitioners in applying the teachings .

neg: Yamas Yamas ( Sanskrit : यम ) , and its complement , Niyamas , represent a series of `` right living '' or ethical rules within Hinduism and Yoga . They are a form of moral imperatives , commandments , rules or goals . The Yamas are the `` do n't do these '' list of self-restraints , typically representing commitments that affect one 's relations with others and self . The complementary Niyamas represent the `` do these '' list of observances , and together Yamas and Niyamas are personal obligations to live well .   The earliest mention of the word Yamas is in the Rigveda , and over fifty texts of Hinduism , from its various traditions , discuss Yamas . Patañjali lists five yamas in his Yoga Sūtras . Ten yamas are codified as `` the restraints '' in numerous Hindu texts including Yajnavalkya Smriti in verse 3.313 , the Śāṇḍilya and Vārāha Upanishads , the Hatha Yoga Pradipika by Svātmārāma , and the Tirumantiram of Tirumular .   The most often mentioned Yamas are -- Ahimsa ( non-violence ) , Satya ( non-falsehood , truthfulness ) , Asteya ( non-stealing ) , Mitahara ( non-excess in food , moderation in food ) , Kșhamā ( non-agitation about suffering , forgiveness ) , Dayā ( non-prejudgment , compassion ) are among the widely discussed Yamas . The Yamas apply broadly and include self-restraints in one 's actions , words and thoughts .

neg: Buddhist ethics Buddhist ethics are traditionally based on what Buddhists view as the enlightened perspective of the Buddha , or other enlightened beings such as Bodhisattvas . The Indian term for ethics or morality used in Buddhism is Śīla or sīla ( Pāli ) . Śīla in Buddhism is one of three sections of the Noble Eightfold Path , and is a code of conduct that embraces a commitment to harmony and self-restraint with the principal motivation being non-violence , or freedom from causing harm . It has been variously described as virtue , right conduct , morality , moral discipline and precept .   Sīla is an internal , aware , and intentional ethical behavior , according to one 's commitment to the path of liberation . It is an ethical compass within self and relationships , rather than what is associated with the English word `` morality '' ( i.e. , obedience , a sense of obligation , and external constraint ) .   Sīla is one of the three practices foundational to Buddhism and the non-sectarian Vipassana movement -- sīla , samādhi , and paññā as well as the Theravadin foundations of sīla , Dāna , and Bhavana . It is also the second pāramitā . Sīla is also wholehearted commitment to what is wholesome . Two aspects of sīla are essential to the training : right `` performance '' ( caritta ) , and right `` avoidance '' ( varitta ) . Honoring the precepts of sīla is considered a `` great gift '' ( mahadana ) to others , because it creates an atmosphere of trust , respect , and security . It means the practitioner poses no threat to another person 's life , property , family , rights , or well-being .   Moral instructions are included in Buddhist scriptures or handed down through tradition . Most scholars of Buddhist ethics thus rely on the examination of Buddhist scriptures , and the use of anthropological evidence from traditional Buddhist societies , to justify claims about the nature of Buddhist ethics .


query: Buddy Holly was an American born in Hollywood.

pos: Buddy Holly Buddy Holly ( born Charles Hardin Holley ; September 7 , 1936 -- February 3 , 1959 ) was an American musician and singer-songwriter who was a central figure of mid-1950s rock and roll . Holley was born in Lubbock , Texas , to a musical family during the Great Depression ; he learned to play guitar and to sing alongside his siblings . His style was influenced by gospel music , country music , and rhythm and blues acts , and he performed in Lubbock with his friends from high school . He made his first appearance on local television in 1952 , and the following year he formed the group `` Buddy and Bob '' with his friend Bob Montgomery . In 1955 , after opening for Elvis Presley , Holly decided to pursue a career in music . He opened for Presley three times that year ; his band 's style shifted from country and western to entirely rock and roll . In October that year , when he opened for Bill Haley & His Comets , Holly was spotted by Nashville scout Eddie Crandall , who helped him get a contract with Decca Records .   Holly 's recording sessions at Decca were produced by Owen Bradley . Unhappy with Bradley 's control in the studio and with the sound he achieved there , Holly went to producer Norman Petty in Clovis , New Mexico , and recorded a demo of `` That 'll Be the Day '' , among other songs . Petty became the band 's manager and sent the demo to Brunswick Records , which released it as a single credited to `` The Crickets '' , which became the name of Holly 's band . In September 1957 , as the band toured , `` That 'll Be the Day '' topped the US `` Best Sellers in Stores '' chart and the UK Singles Chart . Its success was followed in October by another major hit , `` Peggy Sue '' .   The album Chirping Crickets , released in November 1957 , reached number five on the UK Albums Chart . Holly made his second appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show in January 1958 and soon after , toured Australia and then the UK . In early 1959 , Holly assembled a new band , consisting of future country music star Waylon Jennings ( bass ) , famed session musician Tommy Allsup ( guitar ) , and Carl Bunch ( drums ) , and embarked on a tour of the midwestern U.S. . After a show in Clear Lake , Iowa , Holly chartered an airplane to travel to his next show , in Moorhead , Minnesota . Soon after takeoff , the plane crashed , killing Holly , Ritchie Valens , The Big Bopper , and pilot Roger Peterson in a tragedy later referred to by Don McLean as `` The Day the Music Died '' .   During his short career , Holly wrote , recorded , and produced his own material . He is often regarded as the artist who defined the traditional rock-and-roll lineup of two guitars , bass , and drums . Holly was a major influence on later popular music artists , including The Beatles , The Rolling Stones , Eric Clapton , and Elton John . He was among the first artists inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , in 1986 . Rolling Stone magazine ranked him number 13 in its list of `` 100 Greatest Artists '' .

neg: Three Stars (song) `` Three Stars '' is a song written by Tommy Dee in 1959 , as a tribute to Buddy Holly , Ritchie Valens , and J.P. Richardson ( The Big Bopper ) , who died in a plane crash earlier that year . The song was recorded by Tommy Dee with Carol Kay and first released on April 5 , 1959 , by Crest Records . It sold over one million copies and was awarded a gold disc . However the song was off Billboard and the airways by March 30 , 1959 .   The lyrics suggested the three `` stars '' represent the three musicians that died in the crash .

neg: Major film studio A major film studio is a production and film distributor that releases a substantial number of films annually and consistently commands a significant share of box office revenue in a given market . In the North American , Western , and global markets , the major film studios , often simply known as the majors , are commonly regarded as the six diversified media conglomerates whose various film production and distribution subsidiaries collectively command approximately 80 to 85 percent of U.S. and Canadian box office revenue . The term may also be applied more specifically to the primary motion picture business subsidiary of each respective conglomerate .   The `` Big Six '' majors , whose operations are based in or around the Los Angeles neighborhood of Hollywood , are all centered in film studios active during Hollywood 's Golden Age of the 1930s and 1940s . In three cases -- 20th Century Fox , Warner Bros. , and Paramount -- the studios were one of the `` Big Five '' majors during that era as well . In two cases -- Columbia and Universal -- the studios were also considered majors , but in the next tier down , part of the `` Little Three '' . In the sixth case , Walt Disney Studios was an independent production company during the Golden Age ; it was an important Hollywood entity , but not a major . Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , United Artists , and RKO were majors .   Today , Disney is the only member of the Big Six whose parent entity is still located near Los Angeles ( actually , on Disney 's studio lot and in the same building ) . The five others report to conglomerates headquartered in New York City , Philadelphia , and Tokyo . Of the Big Six , Paramount is the only one still based in Hollywood , and Paramount and Fox are the only ones still located within the Los Angeles city limits , while Disney and Warner Bros. are located in Burbank , Columbia in Culver City , and Universal in the unincorporated area of Universal City .   Most of today 's Big Six control subsidiaries with their own distribution networks that concentrate on arthouse pictures ( e.g. Fox Searchlight Pictures ) or genre films ( e.g. Sony 's Screen Gems ) ; several of these specialty units were shut down or sold off between 2008 and 2010 . The six major studios are contrasted with smaller production and/or distribution companies , which are known as independents or `` indies '' . The leading independent producer/distributors -- Lionsgate Films , The Weinstein Company , and former major studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer -- are sometimes referred to as `` mini-majors '' . From 1998 through 2005 , DreamWorks SKG commanded a large enough market share to arguably qualify it as a seventh major , despite its relatively small output . In 2006 , DreamWorks was acquired by Viacom , Paramount 's corporate parent . In late 2008 , DreamWorks once again became an independent production company ; its films were distributed by Disney 's Touchstone Pictures until 2016 , at which point distribution switched to Universal .   The Big Six major studios are today primarily backers and distributors of films whose actual production is largely handled by independent companies -- either long-running entities or ones created for and dedicated to the making of a specific film . The specialty divisions often simply acquire distribution rights to pictures in which the studio has had no prior involvement . While the majors still do a modicum of true production , their activities are focused more in the areas of development , financing , marketing , and merchandising . Those business functions are still usually performed in or near Los Angeles , even though the runaway production phenomenon means that most films are now mostly or completely shot on location at places outside Los Angeles .   Since the dawn of filmmaking , the U.S. major film studios have dominated both American cinema and the global film industry . U.S. studios have benefited from a strong first-mover advantage in that they were the first to industrialize filmmaking and master the art of mass-producing and distributing high-quality films with broad cross-cultural appeal . Today , the Big Six majors routinely distribute hundreds of films every year into all significant international markets ( that is , where discretionary income is high enough for consumers to afford to watch films ) . It is very rare , if not impossible , for a film to reach a broad international audience on multiple continents and in multiple languages without first being picked up by one of the majors for distribution .

neg: Bob Montgomery (songwriter) Bob Montgomery ( May 12 , 1937 -- December 4 , 2014 ) was an American singer , songwriter , and record producer/publisher .   Montgomery was born in Lampasas , Texas , United States . He was a songwriting partner and best friend of Buddy Holly , performing together as the duo `` Buddy and Bob '' while teenagers in high school . Initially , they played a variety of bluegrass music , which evolved into rockabilly sounds .   Montgomery met Holly at Hutchinson Junior High School in Lubbock , Texas , in 1949 . They started playing together at school assemblies and on local radio shows . Montgomery sang lead and Holly harmonized . They soon had a weekly Sunday radio show on station KDAV . On October 14 , 1955 , Bill Haley & His Comets played a concert at the Fair Park Auditorium , at Montgomery , Holly and bassist Larry Welborn were also on the bill . Eddie Crandall , Marty Robbins ' manager , spoke to KDAV station owner Pappy Dave Stone and told him he was interested in Holly as a solo performer . Holly 's career then began after demo recordings of his music were made and sent to Decca Records .   Montgomery co-wrote some of Holly 's songs , such as `` Heartbeat '' , `` Wishing '' , and `` Love 's Made a Fool of You '' . He wrote the pop standard `` Misty Blue '' and , for Patsy Cline , `` Back in Baby 's Arms '' . His son Kevin recorded a version of this , which appeared on his album True . Montgomery produced Bobby Goldsboro 's 1968 number 1 hit `` Honey '' .   Montgomery died on December 4 , 2014 , in Lee 's Summit , Missouri , of Parkinson 's disease , at the age of 77 .

neg: Radio Recorders Radio Recorders , Inc. located at 7000 Santa Monica Boulevard , was a recording studio based in Los Angeles , California .   Many notable musicians are reported to have been recorded in the studio include Billie Holiday , Charlie Parker , Jimmie Rodgers , Louis Armstrong , Mario Lanza , Elvis Presley , Jimi Hendrix , Frank Zappa , Paul Frees and The Carpenters among others . In its prime , the studio was known as the best recording facility in Los Angeles .   During the forties and fifties , Radio Recorders was responsible for recording countless radio shows , both network and local , for delayed broadcast , not always for California , but for many western states . Telephone lines ran to all the important stations and the networks . Studio C was the nerve center with at least six recording lathes and turntables and an `` on-the-air '' playback turntable protected by a railing so that it would not be bumped while it was playing a program onto the air . The recording lathes were shock mounted in sand to prevent rumble from the street cars on Santa Monica Boulevard . For much of that era , the recordings were made and played back on lacquer coated aluminum discs , before tape recording was introduced . The room could handle several programs at once , 24 hours a day , and quite often a single engineer on duty would have his hands full .   Most of the major labels used Radio Recorders well into the 1960s . Columbia , RCA Victor , Capitol , and Decca ultimately had their own facilities , but Radio Recorders was still the choice of many independent labels and both popular and classical artists , from Stravinsky to Elvis . In addition , most of the jingles were recorded there . In 1962 H.B. Barnum and Bill Aken chose the annex to record their big band version of ` Goody , Goody '' for Governor Goodwin J. ( Goodie ) Knight 's re-election campaign . Additionally in 1962 Bill Aken would record the classic ` Theme For Shock Theater , ' again with engineer Phil Yeend working the board . The main location at 7000 Santa Monica had two large studios and some smaller ones , as well as disc mastering facilities . In 1946 , the company remodeled a warehouse at 1032 North Sycamore Avenue and built a large studio , capable of handling approximately fifty musicians . This studio was known as Radio Recorders Annex , or , within the industry , just `` The Annex . '' The warehouse originally belonged to RCA Victor and `` the Annex '' was a legendary studio that Victor had built in their warehouse back in the ` 30 's .   In 1965 , Radio Recorders ' star engineer , Thorne Nogar , purchased The Annex and started his own independent Annex Studios , which attracted a distinguished clientele as a full service studio , including mastering . For many years , Lawrence Welk pre-recorded the music for his popular television show , becoming the most important client ; in addition , in the 1960s and 1970s Annex mastered for such labels as Uni Records , Dot Records and Ranwood Records , as well as cutting early pressings of Barbra Streisand 's hit single `` The Way We Were . '' The Annex 's location now houses The Record Plant Studios .   In the late 1980 's the studio was reopened as Studio 56 by Paul Shwartz . At that time bands such as Guns & Roses , Sugar Ray , Toni Braxton , Brandy , No Doubt and others recorded there . The documentary `` Standing in the Shadows of Motown '' was also partially filmed there . Kenneth Crouh , Keith Crouch and Leon Sylvers were all house producers there at that time .   In 2002 the studio gained two new partners Pride Hutchison and Michael Dumas . The studio was then brought back to business under its original name Radio Recorders , and they enlisted the help of longtime friends Jordan Winsen and Steve Loiacano as their staff second engineers . Tom O'Brien , who was working for Schwartz , was kept on as chief engineer . In 2004 the property was declared a historic attraction but never achieved official landmark status by the city of Los Angeles . From 2002 to 2008 the studio welcomed many great projects and clients including Natalie Cole , Dwight Yoakum , Lucinda Williams , Lil ' John , Exzihbit , Annie Lennox and many more ... The facility closed again in 2008 a midst a fraud dispute between Hutchison , Dumas and Shwartz , Silent owners seeking to save the building and real estate property flipper David Bennet . In the end the building was sold in bankruptcy court . Shwartz was left broke , betrayed and feeling blindly used . With lack of capital to fight and overturn the courts decision , the silent owners were left with no moves and the legendary Radio Recorders building was gutted and demolished from the inside . The story as it goes from the inside supposedly is :  Schwartz had a partner before Dumas and Hutchison who passed away and with him likely many of the studios strongest contracts .  Under Schwartz mismanagement the studio struggled and subsequently defaulted on all financial obligations . Hutchinson and Dumas than found Schwartz in a vulnerable position and for a total sum if 50-60k each ( 100k ) Schwartz agreed to partner with them . It is unclear whether they were ever added to the deed or if this money ever went to debts . Its also rumored that during the period of their partnership many raves were held in soundstage studio E ( dubbed so for Elvis ) and rampant drug abuse took place and continued among the partners . It is known that methamphetamine was found in the cupboards of the studio kitchen shortly after Schwartz and that his behavior was often erratic . What than takes place is a battle for property rights among all involved both the silent partner and David Bennet claiming they paid Schwartz a sum of money for his rights .  One side is that a late night meeting took place with notary a menial fee was given to Schwartz and he gave his rights . The other side is David Bennet provided compensation to both Dumas and Hutchison in excess of 50k each for their investment as well as 100k to Schwartz in return for all of their rights . The problem for Bennet being a flipper was that currently each studio was occupied by a tenant and this other silent partner was laying claim . He proceeded to systematically attempt to forge alliances under the false premises that all who helped would bennifit either from the sale / that he would n't sell the building and had no intention of gutting it but rather would maintain it as a studio/That he would sell the property atca fair price to a tenant if they helped him and could raise the capital in a small window . . Supposedly this stipulation was met and Bennet than backed out on his agreement . Hutchison and Dumas were the first to go followed by others . All gear by this point including the piano axel rose recorded November rain with was liquidated and only one studio operated in the building . When Bennet backed out of his deal ( or perhaps the money was never actually raised ) the fight for ownership intensified . Reportedly glass doors were shatterd having had the hinge pins pulled from them and orange Xs were spray painted on other wooden doors of vacant rooms when no one was around . While the silent partner and tenant had teamed up . The results were the same radio recorders studios shut its doors September 2009 . Sleepy Brown of Organized Noise would be the last artist to produce a record in the building . Despite Bennett 's best assurances the studios would all be gutted turned into accounting offices sadly only to become owned by a studio company againv . Schwartz sadly would take his own life.Today the space is used for art exhibits .   In 2010 the property was once again sold and is now part of the Siren Production Company .

neg: Film Booking Offices of America Film Booking Offices of America ( FBO ) , also known as FBO Pictures Corporation , was an American film studio of the silent era , a producer and distributor of mostly low-budget films . The business began in 1918 as Robertson-Cole ( U.S. ) , the American division of a British import -- export company and Robertson-Cole was formed by the English-born Harry F. Robertson and the American Rufus Sidman Cole . Robertson-Cole bought the Hallmark Exchanges ( formerly the Mutual Exchanges that became known as Exhibitors-Mutual Exchanges ) from Frank J. Hall in 1920 . Exhibitors-Mutual/Hallmark had distributed Robertson-Cole product , and acquiring the exchanges gave them the right to distribute their own films plus Hall 's product , with the exception of Charlie Chaplin reissues he had the rights to .   Robertson-Cole initiated movie production in the United States in 1920 . That year , it incorporated Robertson-Cole Studios , Inc. and bought 460 acres in Santa Monica , California to establish a studio . The property , which became known as the `` R.C. Ranch '' , enabled Robertson-Cole to centralize movie production , which previously had been scattered . The movie company had relied on equipment rentals to produce motion pictures . Two years later , a corporate reorganization led to the company 's new name , with FBO becoming the official name of the distributing operation and Robertson-Cole Pictures Corp. the name of the production operation . In 1923 , the studio contracted with Western actor Fred Thomson , who would soon emerge as one of Hollywood 's most popular stars . Thomson was just one of numerous screen cowboys with whom FBO became identified .   The studio , whose core market was America 's small towns , also put out many romantic melodramas , non-Western action pictures , and comedic shorts . In 1926 , financier Joseph P. Kennedy led a group that acquired the company . In June 1928 , using RCA Photophone technology , FBO became only the second Hollywood studio to release a feature-length `` talkie . '' A few months later , Kennedy and RCA chief David Sarnoff arranged the merger that created RKO , one of the major studios of Hollywood 's Golden Age .

neg: Joel Fein Joel Fein ( June 19 , 1944 -- September 22 , 2007 ) was an American sound engineer . He was nominated for an Academy Award in the category Best Sound for the film The Buddy Holly Story .

neg: Hollywood (Flavor Flav album) This is the self-titled debut solo album by hip-hop artist Flavor Flav . It is the only non-Public Enemy album made by him . The album was in production for at least seven years with the oldest track being `` Hot 1 '' , first released as a single in 1999 . The only guest appearance is from Smooth B of Nice & Smooth . Ol' Dirty Bastard , The Beatnuts and Ce Ce Peniston had been slated to appear on the album , but did not make the cut . This album is sometimes mistakenly referred to as `` Hollywood '' due to the image of the sign on the front of the album but it is self-titled .   The songs `` Flavor Man '' and `` Col-Leepin '' later appeared on Public Enemy 's 2007 album How You Sell Soul To A Soulless People Who Sold Their Soul ? .

neg: Cultural impact of Elvis Presley Since the beginning of his career , Elvis Presley has had an extensive cultural impact . According to Rolling Stone , `` it was Elvis who made rock 'n' roll the international language of pop . '' Rolling Stone encyclopedia of Rock and Roll describes Presley as `` an American music giant of the 20th century who single-handedly changed the course of music and culture in the mid-1950s . '' His recordings , dance moves , attitude and clothing came to be seen as embodiments of rock and roll . His music was heavily influenced by African-American blues , Christian gospel , and Southern country . In a list of the greatest English language singers , as compiled by Q Magazine , Presley was ranked first , and second in the list of greatest singers of 20th century by BBC Radio .   Presley sang both hard driving rockabilly , rock and roll dance songs and ballads , laying a commercial foundation upon which other rock musicians would build their careers . African-American performers like Big Joe Turner , Wynonie Harris and Fats Domino came to national prominence after Presley 's acceptance among mass audiences of White American adults . Singers like Jerry Lee Lewis , the Everly Brothers , Chuck Berry , Bo Diddley , Little Richard , Buddy Holly , Johnny Cash , Roy Orbison and others immediately followed in his wake . John Lennon later observed , `` Before Elvis , there was nothing . ''   During the post-WWII economic boom of the 1950s , many parents were able to give their teenage children much higher weekly allowances , signaling a shift in the buying power and purchasing habits of American teens . During the 1940s bobby soxers had idolized Frank Sinatra , but the buyers of his records were mostly between the ages of eighteen and twenty-two . Presley triggered a lot of demand for his records by near-teens and early teens aged ten and up . Along with Presley 's `` ducktail '' haircut , the demand for black slacks and loose , open-necked shirts resulted in new lines of clothing for teenage boys whereas a girl might get a pink portable 45 rpm record player for her bedroom . Meanwhile , American teenagers began buying newly available portable transistor radios and listened to rock 'n' roll on them ( helping to propel that fledgling industry from an estimated 100,000 units sold in 1955 to 5,000,000 units by the end of 1958 ) . Teens were asserting more independence and Presley became a national symbol of their parents ' consternation .   Presley 's impact on the American youth consumer market was noted on the front page of The Wall Street Journal on December 31 , 1956 when business journalist Louis M. Kohlmeier wrote , `` Elvis Presley today is a business , '' and reported on the singer 's record and merchandise sales . Half a century later , historian Ian Brailsford ( University of Auckland , New Zealand ) commented , `` The phenomenal success of Elvis Presley in 1956 convinced many doubters of the financial opportunities existing in the youth market . ''

neg: Buddy Clark Buddy Clark ( July 26 , 1912 - October 1 , 1949 ) was an American popular singer of the 1930s and 1940s . In the late 1940s , after his return from service in World War II , his career blossomed and he became one of the nation 's top crooners . He died in a plane crash in 1949 .

neg: B movie A B movie is a low-budget commercial movie , but one that is not an arthouse film . In its original usage , during the Golden Age of Hollywood , the term more precisely identified films intended for distribution as the less-publicized bottom half of a double feature . Although the U.S. production of movies intended as second features largely ceased by the end of the 1950s , the term B movie continues to be used in the broader sense it maintains today . In its post -- Golden Age usage , there is ambiguity on both sides of the definition : on the one hand , the primary interest of many inexpensive exploitation films is prurient ; on the other , many B movies display a high degree of craft and aesthetic ingenuity .   In either usage , most B movies represent a particular genre -- the Western was a Golden Age B movie staple , while low-budget science-fiction and horror films became more popular in the 1950s . Early B movies were often part of series in which the star repeatedly played the same character . Almost always shorter than the top-billed films they were paired with , many had running times of 70 minutes or less . The term connoted a general perception that B movies were inferior to the more handsomely budgeted headliners ; individual B films were often ignored by critics .   Latter-day B movies still sometimes inspire multiple sequels , but series are less common . As the average running time of top-of-the-line films increased , so did that of B pictures . In its current usage , the term has somewhat contradictory connotations : it may signal an opinion that a certain movie is ( a ) a genre film with minimal artistic ambitions or ( b ) a lively , energetic film uninhibited by the constraints imposed on more expensive projects and unburdened by the conventions of putatively `` serious '' independent film . The term is also now used loosely to refer to some higher-budgeted , mainstream films with exploitation-style content , usually in genres traditionally associated with the B movie .   From their beginnings to the present day , B movies have provided opportunities both for those coming up in the profession and others whose careers are waning . Celebrated filmmakers such as Anthony Mann and Jonathan Demme learned their craft in B movies . They are where actors such as John Wayne and Jack Nicholson first became established , and they have provided work for former A movie actors , such as Vincent Price and Karen Black . Some actors , such as Bela Lugosi , Eddie Constantine and Pam Grier , worked in B movies for most of their careers . The term B actor is sometimes used to refer to a performer who finds work primarily or exclusively in B pictures .

neg: María Elena Holly María Elena Holly ( born December 20 , 1932 ) is the widow of rock and roll pioneer Buddy Holly . She owns the rights to his name , image , trademarks , and other intellectual property . In 2010 , Santiago-Holly ( Santiago is Maria 's maiden name ) co-founded , with Peter Bradley , `` The Buddy Holly Educational Foundation '' also known as TBHEF .

neg: The Buddy Deane Show The Buddy Deane Show was a teen dance television show , similar to Philadelphia 's American Bandstand , that was created by Zvi Shoubin and aired on WJZ-TV in Baltimore , Maryland from 1957 until 1964 . The show was taken off the air because home station WJZ-TV was unable to integrate black and white dancers . Its host was Winston `` Buddy '' Deane ( 1924-2003 ) , who died in Pine Bluff , Arkansas after suffering a stroke , July 16 , 2003 . He was 78 .   Winston `` Buddy '' Deane was a broadcaster for more than 50 years , beginning his career in Little Rock , Arkansas , then moving to the Memphis , Tennessee market before moving on to Baltimore where he worked at WITH radio . He was one of the first disc jockeys in the area to regularly feature rock-and-roll . His dance party television show debuted in 1957 and was , for a time , the most popular local show in the United States . It aired for two and a half hours a day , six days a week . Hundreds of thousands of teens learned the latest dances of their day by watching Committee Members on The Buddy Deane Show .   Teenagers who appeared on the show every day were known as the `` Committee . '' Committee members included Mike Miller , Charlie Bledsoe , Ron Osher , Mary Lou Raines , Pat ( ricia ) Tacey , and Cathy Schmink . Viewers often emulated the Committee members ' dance moves , copied their personal style , and followed their life stories and interactions .   Buddy Deane organized and disc-jockeyed dances in public venues across the WJZ-TV broadcast area , across much of Maryland and Southern Delaware . At such events , tens of thousands of teenagers were exposed to live recording artists and TV personalities .   Many top acts of the day , both black and white , appeared on the show . Acts that appeared on The Buddy Deane Show first were reportedly barred from appearing on Dick Clark 's American Bandstand . If they were on Bandstand first , however , they could still be on The Buddy Deane Show . Although WJZ-TV , owned by Westinghouse Broadcasting ( now CBS ) , was an ABC affiliate , the station `` blacked out '' the network broadcast of American Bandstand in Baltimore and broadcast the Deane program instead , reportedly because Bandstand showed black teenagers dancing on the show ( although black and white teenagers were not allowed to dance together until the show was moved to California in 1964 ) . The Deane program set aside every other Friday when the show featured only black teenagers ( the rest of the time , the show 's participants were all white ) .   Owing to Buddy 's mid-South roots and work history , he brought onto his show many performers from the ranks of Country and Western music ( e.g. , Skeeter Davis , singing `` The End of the World '' and Brenda Lee singing `` Sweet Nothin 's '' ) , who then achieved cross-over hits among rock 'n' roll fans . Buddy Deane also played songs that other disc-jockeys , often including Dick Clark , refused to present to mostly white teen TV audiences , because the acts sounded `` too Black '' ( e.g. , `` Do You Love Me , '' by the Contours , or `` Hide and Seek , '' by Bunker Hill ) . With an ear for music , seasoned by many more prior years as a disk jockey than Dick Clark , Buddy also brought to his audience a wider array of white musical acts than were seen on `` American Bandstand . '' For example , Carole King appeared on the show , nearly a decade before she burst to popularity with her landmark 1970 album , `` Tapestry , '' playing her 45RPM single `` It Might as Well Rain Until September . '' ( For another example , Dean featured English artist , Helen Shapiro , singing her Baltimore hit , `` Tell Me What He Said , '' at about the time that the Beatles were on tour around England , playing on the same show bill with her . )

neg: Holly Bend Holly Bend , also known as Hollywood , is a historic plantation house located near Huntersville , Mecklenburg County , North Carolina . It was built between 1795 and 1800 , and is a two-story , five bay by two bay , frame dwelling with Federal style design elements . It has gable roof , brick exterior end chimneys , and a one-story , full-width , hip roof porch .   It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972 .

neg: Soulstream (Holly Johnson album) Soulstream is the third studio album by the British musician Holly Johnson of Frankie Goes to Hollywood . It was released 1999 and recorded in Johnson 's own studio at his home , and released via his own label : Pleasuredome . The album contains a re-working of his hit song with Frankie Goes to Hollywood , `` The Power of Love '' , which hit the UK charts at No. 56 , as well as a re-working of his 1994 single `` Legendary Children ( All of Them Queer ) '' .   Johnson recently marked the track `` Soulstream '' as his favourite from the album . The title of the album came from a quote from Stevie , a film about the poet , played by Glenda Jackson .

neg: Holly (automobile company) The Holly Motor Company of Mount Holly , New Jersey was founded in 1913 from the left-overs of the Otto-Gas Engine Company .

neg: Everyday (Buddy Holly song) `` Everyday '' is a song written by Buddy Holly and Norman Petty , recorded by Buddy Holly and the Crickets on May 29 , 1957 , and released on September 20 , 1957 , as the B-side of `` Peggy Sue '' . On the original single the Crickets are not mentioned , but it is known that Holly plays acoustic guitar ; drummer Jerry Allison slaps his knees for percussion ; Joe B. Mauldin plays a standup acoustic bass ; and producer Norman Petty plays the celesta aka celeste ( a keyboard instrument with a glockenspiel-like tone , used in such classical pieces as `` Dance of the Sugarplum Fairy '' from The Nutcracker ) . The song is an economical 2 minutes and 5 seconds long . It is ranked number 238 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of the `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' .

neg: Sunset Boulevard (film) Sunset Boulevard ( stylized onscreen as SUNSET BLVD. ) is a 1950 American film noir directed and co-written by Billy Wilder , and produced and co-written by Charles Brackett . It was named after the boulevard that runs through Los Angeles and Beverly Hills , California .   The film stars William Holden as Joe Gillis , an unsuccessful screenwriter , and Gloria Swanson as Norma Desmond , a faded silent film star who draws him into her fantasy world where she dreams of making a triumphant return to the screen , with Erich von Stroheim as Max Von Mayerling , her devoted servant . Nancy Olson , Fred Clark , Lloyd Gough and Jack Webb play supporting roles . Director Cecil B. DeMille and gossip columnist Hedda Hopper play themselves , and the film includes cameo appearances by leading silent film actors Buster Keaton , H. B. Warner and Anna Q. Nilsson .   Praised by many critics when first released , Sunset Boulevard was nominated for eleven Academy Awards ( including nominations in all four acting categories ) and won three . Deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' by the U.S. Library of Congress in 1989 , Sunset Boulevard was included in the first group of films selected for preservation in the National Film Registry . In 1998 , it was ranked number twelve on the American Film Institute 's list of the 100 best American films of the 20th century , and in 2007 , it was 16th on their 10th Anniversary list .

neg: Hollywood (Circle album) Hollywood is the thirty-second album by Finnish experimental rock band Circle .   Arguably their most overtly heavy metal album , it features vocals and guitar from Bruce Duff from the band Jesters of Destiny . The band 's relationship with Duff began when Jussi Lehtisalo re-released Jesters ' album Fun at the Funeral on his Ektro Records label . Following on from Duff 's first collaboration with the band , Earthworm in 2006 ( two tracks from that release , Connection and Earthworm , re-appear here ) , the American performer takes centre stage on Hollywood , which is named after his hometown . Final track Suddenly , part of a three-song suite called Requiem in D Minor , re-uses the music from the track Murheenkryyni which appears on the band 's last two albums , Rakennus and Triumph .

neg: West Hollywood (Hollywood, Florida) West Hollywood is a neighborhood in Broward County , Florida , United States . The ZIP code for the community is 33023 . The community is within the city limits of Hollywood . The latest population for the area recorded was 60,806 . West Hollywood reported as an `` unincorporated place '' by the U.S. Census Bureau in 1950 , when the population count totaled 1,196 .

neg: Buddy Adler E. Maurice `` Buddy '' Adler ( June 22 , 1909 -- July 12 , 1960 ) was an American film producer and a former production head for 20th Century Fox studios .   Born in New York City , New York , he married actress Anita Louise Fremault ( 1915 -- 1970 ) in 1940 . They had two children together .   In 1954 , his production of From Here to Eternity won the Academy Award for Best Picture and in 1956 , his Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing was nominated for best picture . Adler also produced the 1956 film Bus Stop , starring Marilyn Monroe .