query: Portugal is the 5th most peaceful country in the world and it also features a high-income advanced economy and the 18th highest social progress in the world.

pos: Portugal Portugal ( Portuguese : -LSB- puɾtuˈɣaɫ -RSB- ) , officially the Portuguese Republic ( -LSB- República Portuguesa , links = no -RSB- ) ( Portuguese : -LSB- ʁɨ ` publikɐ puɾtu ' ɣezɐ -RSB- ) In recognized minority languages of Portugal :  República Pertuesa is a sovereign state located on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe . It is the westernmost country of mainland Europe . To the west and south it is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean and to the east and north by Spain . The Portugal -- Spain border is 1214 km long and considered the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union . The republic also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira , both autonomous regions with their own regional governments .   The territory of modern Portugal has been continuously settled , invaded and fought over since prehistoric times . The Pre-Celts , Celts , Carthaginians and Romans were followed by the invasions of the Visigothic and the Suebi Germanic peoples . Portugal as a country was born in the aftermath of the Christian Reconquista against the Moors who had invaded the Iberian Peninsula in 711 AD and occupied most of it ever since . Precipitated by the seminal event for its foundation , the Battle of São Mamede , where Portuguese forces led by Afonso Henriques defeated forces led by his mother Theresa of Portugal and her lover Fernão Peres de Trava , which established the nation 's sovereignty against rival neighbor kingdoms . Following São Mamede , the future king styled himself Prince of Portugal . He would be proclaimed King of Portugal in the Battle of Ourique in 1139 and was recognised as such by neighbouring kingdoms in 1143 .   In the 15th and 16th centuries , Portugal established the first global empire , becoming one of the world 's major economic , political and military powers . During this time , Portuguese explorers pioneered maritime exploration in the Age of Discovery , notably under royal patronage of Prince Henry the Navigator and King João II , with such notable discoveries as Bartolomeu Dias 's reach of the Cape of Good Hope ( 1488 ) , the Vasco da Gama 's sea route to India ( 1497 -- 98 ) and the discovery of Brazil ( 1500 ) . Portugal monopolized the spice trade during this time , and the Portuguese Empire expanded with military campaigns led in Asia . But the destruction of Lisbon in a 1755 earthquake , the country 's occupation during the Napoleonic Wars , the independence of Brazil ( 1822 ) , and the Liberal Wars ( 1828 -- 34 ) , all left Portugal crippled from war and diminished in its world power .   After the 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy , the democratic but unstable Portuguese First Republic was established , later being superseded by the Estado Novo right-wing authoritarian regime . Democracy was restored after the Portuguese Colonial War and the Carnation Revolution in 1974 . Shortly after , independence was granted to almost all its overseas territories . The handover of Macau to China in 1999 marked the end of the longest-lived colonial empire . Portugal has left a profound cultural and architectural influence across the globe and a legacy of over 250 million Portuguese speakers today .   Portugal is a developed country with a high-income advanced economy and a high living standard . It is the 5th most peaceful country in the world , maintaining a unitary semi-presidential republican form of government . It has the 18th highest Social Progress in the world , putting it ahead of other Western European countries like France , Spain and Italy . A founding member of NATO and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries , it is also a member of numerous other international organizations , including the United Nations , the European Union , the eurozone , and the OECD .   Portugal is a pioneer when it comes to drug decriminalization , as the nation decriminalized the possession of all drugs for personal use in 2001 .   LGBT rights in Portugal have improved substantially in the past two decades and are now among the best in the world . Moreover , after years of investment and cooperation , Portugal marked a climax on renewable energy worldwide in 2016 , when it was powered for 107 consecutive hours exclusively by wind , sun , and water , which advocates say further shows fossil fuels are indeed replaceable .

neg: Foreign policy A country 's foreign policy , also called foreign relations or foreign affairs - policy , consists of self-interest strategies chosen by the state to safeguard its national interests and to achieve goals within its international relations milieu . The approaches are strategically employed to interact with other countries . The study of such strategies is called foreign policy analysis . In recent times , due to the deepening level of globalization and transnational activities , the states will also have to interact with non-state actors . The aforementioned interaction is evaluated and monitored in attempts to maximize benefits of multilateral international cooperation . Since the national interests are paramount , foreign policies are designed by the government through high-level decision making processes . National interests accomplishment can occur as a result of peaceful cooperation with other nations , or through exploitation . Usually , creating foreign policy is the job of the head of government and the foreign minister ( or equivalent ) . In some countries the legislature also has considerable effects . Foreign policies of countries have varying rates of change and scopes of intent , which can be affected by factors that change the perceived national interests or even affect the stability of the country itself . The foreign policy of one country can have profound and lasting impact on many other countries and on the course of international relations as a whole , such as the Monroe Doctrine conflicting with the mercantilist policies of 19th-century European countries and the goals of independence of newly formed Central American and South American countries .

neg: António Lavradio Luís de Almeida Soares de Portugal , Marquis of Lavradio , governor of the colony of Brazil , born in Lisbon , Portugal 27 June 1729 ; died in Porto , Portugal 2 March 1790 .   He entered the Portuguese navy in 1747 , and served in South America . In 1760 he became governor-general of Brazil , and during his administration of twenty years he greatly improved the colony . He developed the culture of indigo and rice , and introduced the first coffee-trees into the colony .   He also endeavored to civilize the Indians instead of persecuting them like most of his predecessors , and founded villages in countries where formerly no European had dared to travel .   Under his administration Brazil grew rich and prosperous . He first conceived the idea of making the culture of the Ipecacuanha meaning `` sick making plant '' - Ipecac Syrup of ipecac tree a source of profit to the colony and had thousands of them planted , thus opening to Brazil a new branch of trade .   He also did much to ameliorate the condition of the poorer classes and to check the insolence of the aristocracy toward the people . Alfonso de Varnhagen , in his Historia geral do Brazil , praises him as a benefactor of the colony , and his name has been given recently ( circa 1892 ) to one of the principal streets of Rio Janeiro .   In 1781 he was relieved of his command in Brazil and appointed vice-admiral .   In 1782 he commanded the Portuguese fleet in South America , and in the following year became president of the admiralty and privy councillor of the king , which post he held till his death .

neg: Assembly of the Republic (Portugal) The Assembly of the Republic ( Portuguese : Assembleia da República , -LSB- ɐsẽˈblɐjɐ dɐ ʁɛˈpublikɐ -RSB- ) is the Portuguese parliament .   According to the Portuguese Constitution , the unicameral Assembly `` is the representative assembly of all Portuguese citizens . '' The constitution names the assembly as one of the country 's organs of supreme authority .   It is located in a historical building in Lisbon , referred to as Palácio de São Bento ( Palace of Saint Benedict ) , the site of an old Benedictine monastery . The Palácio de São Bento has been the seat of the Portuguese parliaments since 1834 ( Cortes until 1910 , Congress from 1911 to 1926 and National Assembly from 1933 to 1974 ) .

neg: Foreign relations of Macau As a special administrative region ( SAR ) of the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , Macau 's diplomatic relations and defence are the responsibility of the Central People 's Government of the PRC . Except diplomatic relations and defence , nonetheless , Macau has retained considerable autonomy in all aspects , including economic and commercial relations , customs control .   According to Chapter VII of Macau 's basic law , Macau may , on its own , using the name Macau , China or Macao , China , maintain and develop relations and conclude and implement agreements with foreign states and regions and relevant international organisations in the appropriate fields , including the economic , trade , financial and monetary , shipping , communications , tourism , cultural , science and technology , and sports fields . In addition , Macau can participate in international organizations and conferences not limited to states .   The Macau government has maintained Macau Economic and Trade Representative Offices in Lisbon , Portugal and Brussels , Belgium .

neg: Póvoa de Varzim Póvoa de Varzim ( -LSB- ˈpɔvwɐ ðɨ vɐɾˈzĩ -RSB- , locally -LSB- -LSB- ˈpɔβwə ðɨ βəɾˈzĩŋ -RSB- -RSB- ) , also spelled Povoa de Varzim , is a Portuguese city in Northern Portugal and sub-region of Greater Porto . It sits in a sandy coastal plain , a cuspate foreland , halfway between the Minho and Douro rivers . The population of the municipality was 63,408 at the time of the 2011 census . According to the 2001 census , there were 63,470 inhabitants , with 42,396 living in the city proper . The city expanded , southwards , to Vila do Conde , and there are about 100,000 inhabitants in the urban area alone . It is the seventh-largest urban agglomeration in Portugal and the third largest in Northern Portugal .   Permanent settlement in Póvoa de Varzim dates back to around four to six thousand years ago ; around 900 BC , unrest in the region led to the establishment of Cividade de Terroso , a fortified city , which developed maritime trade routes with the civilizations of classical antiquity . Modern Póvoa de Varzim emerged after the conquest by the Roman Republic of the city by 138 BC , fishing and fish processing units soon developed , which turned out to be the foundations of the local economy . By the 11th century , the fish industry and fertile farmlands were the economic base of a feudal lordship and Varzim was fiercely disputed between the local overlords and the early Portuguese kings , which resulted in the establishment of the present day 's municipality in 1308 and being subdued to monastic power some years later . Póvoa de Varzim 's importance reemerged with the Age of Discovery due to its shipbuilders and merchants proficiency and wealth , who traded around the globe in complex trade routes . By the 17th century , the fish processing industry rebounded and , some time later , Póvoa became the dominant fishing port in northern Portugal .   Póvoa de Varzim has been a well-known beach resort for over three centuries , the most popular in Northern Portugal , which unfolded an influential literary culture and historical artistic patronage in music and theater . Casino da Póvoa is one of the few and prominent gambling venues in Portugal . Leisure and health benefits provided in large sandy beaches attracts national and international visitors . Póvoa de Varzim holds other landmarks , especially the traditional Junqueira shopping street , Garrett Theatre , the Ethnography and History Museum , Cividade de Terroso , the Medieval Rates Monastery , Baroque Matriz Church , city Hall and Portuguese vernacular architecture in Praça do Almada , and numerous Portuguese cuisine restaurants that make Póvoa de Varzim popular in all Northern Portugal , which started to attract an international following . Farol da Lapa , Farol de Regufe , the main breakwater of the Port of Póvoa de Varzim , Carvalhido and São Félix Hill are preferred for sightseeing . The city has significant textile and food industries . The town has retained a distinct cultural identity and ancient customs such as the writing system of siglas poveiras , the masseira farming technique and festivals .

neg: Commitment to Development Index The Commitment to Development Index ( CDI ) , published annually by the Center for Global Development , ranks the world 's richest countries on their dedication to policies that benefit the five billion people living in poorer nations . Rich and poor countries are linked in many ways ; thus the Index looks beyond standard comparisons of foreign aid flows . It measures `` development-friendliness '' of 27 of the world 's richest countries , all member nations of the OECD 's Development Assistance Committee . The CDI assesses national effort in seven policy areas : aid , trade , investment , migration , environment , security , and technology . It is considered to be a numerical targeting indicator for Goal 8 of the Millennium Development Goals . It shows that aid is about more than quantity - quality also matters - and that development policy is about more than aid . The Index penalizes countries that give with one hand , for instance through aid or investment , but take away with the other , through trade barriers or pollution .   In 2016 , the CDI ranked Finland number one in the world , followed by Denmark , Sweden , France and Portugal . Poland , Japan and Switzerland finished at the bottom , partly because of high trade barriers .

neg: Council of Ministers (Portugal) The Council of Ministers ( Conselho de Ministros , -LSB- kõˈseʎu dɨ miˈniʃtɾuʃ -RSB- or -LSB- kõˈsɐʎu dɨ mɨˈniʃtɾuʃ -RSB- ) is a collegial executive body within the Government of Portugal . It is presided over by the Prime Minister , but the President of Portugal can preside over it at the Prime Minister 's request . All senior ministers are members of the council of ministers , and when the prime minister finds it fit , state secretaries can also attend its meetings .

neg: Most Serene Republic Most Serene Republic ( Serenissima Respublica in Latin ) is a title attached to a number of European states through history . By custom , the appellation `` Most Serene '' is an indicator of sovereignty ( see also Serene Highness or Most Serene Highness for a sovereign prince ) ; consequently `` Most Serene Republic '' emphasizes the sovereignty of the republic .

neg: Politics of Portugal Politics in Portugal takes place in a framework of a semi-presidential representative democratic republic , whereby the Prime Minister of Portugal is the head of government . Portugal has a multi-party system . The President of Portugal is the executive head of state and has several significant political powers , which he exercises often . Executive power is exercised by the President and the Council of Ministers . Legislative power is vested in both the government and the Assembly of the Republic . The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature .   Since 1975 , the party system has been dominated by the social democratic Socialist Party and the liberal-conservative Social Democratic Party .

neg: EPortuguêse The ePORTUGUÊSe network is a platform developed by the World Health Organization ( WHO ) to strengthen collaboration among Portuguese-speaking countries in the areas of health information and capacity building of Human Resources for Health , therefore enhancing health information systems in those countries .   According to Ethnologue , Portuguese is the sixth most spoken language in the world and there are more than 300 million speakers distributed through eight countries ( Angola , Brazil , Cape Verde , Guinea-Bissau , Mozambique , Portugal , São Tomé and Príncipe , and Timor-Leste ) in four WHO Regional Offices ( AFRO , PAHO-AMRO , EURO and SEARO ) .  Portuguese is also the third most spoken language in the Western hemisphere and the most widely spoken in the southern hemisphere .   In November 2012 , ePORTUGUÊSe received a recognition award for its contribution to the South-South and Triangular collaboration at the UN High Level and Directors General Meeting during the Global Development EXPO 2012 held in Vienna , Austria .

neg: Anti-austerity movement in Portugal Movimento 12 de Março ( 12 March Movement ) or Geração à Rasca ( -LSB- ʒɨɾɐˈsɐ̃w a ˈʁaʃkɐ -RSB- , Portuguese for struggling generation ) took place in more than 10 cities of Portugal against austerity , the economic crisis and labour rights ( Manifest ) . They were the biggest events since the 1974 Carnation Revolution and organized without political parties or trades unions support .   A Facebook event and a blog , created by a group of friends : Alexandre de Sousa Carvalho , João Labrincha and Paula Gil , were the starting point .

neg: Brazilians in Portugal Brazilians represent approximately 25 % of the foreign population in Portugal . Their legal status varies according to several and complex elements such as date of arrival and effective legalization processes available to them ( 1992 , 1996 , 2001 , 2003 ) , whether they are married to a national or they have Portuguese ( or other European ) ancestors , what their level of education and work experience is , etc. . Therefore , a large number of them are legal residents , others have authorization to stay ( autorizações de permanência ) , others , fewer , were able to legalized through the 2003 exceptional process and have working permits , and many others are still undocumented .

neg: Republic of Cabinda The Republic of Cabinda ( Ibinda : Kilansi kia cabinda ; República de Cabinda ) is an unrecognized state in southern Africa . The Front for the Liberation of the State of Cabinda-Exercito de Cabinda ( FLEC ) claims sovereignty from Angola and proclaimed the Republic of Cabinda as an independent country in 1975 . The government of this ( internationally not recognized ) entity operates in exile , with offices located in Paris , France and Pointe Noire , Congo-Brazzaville .   The 1885 Treaty of Simulambuco designated Cabinda a Portuguese protectorate known as the Portuguese Congo , which was administratively separate from Portuguese West Africa ( Angola ) . In the 20th century , Portugal decided to integrate Cabinda into Angola , giving it the status of a district of that `` overseas province '' . During the Portuguese Colonial War , FLEC fought for the independence of Cabinda from the Portuguese . Independence was proclaimed on 1 August 1975 , and FLEC formed a provisional government led by Henriques Tiago . Luiz Branque Franque was elected president .   In January 1975 , Angola 's three national liberation movements ( People 's Movement for the Liberation of Angola ( MPLA ) , National Liberation Front of Angola ( FNLA ) and National Union for the Total Independence of Angola ( UNITA ) ) met with the colonial power in Alvor , Portugal , to establish the modalities of the transition to independence . FLEC was not invited . The Alvor Agreement was signed , establishing Angolan independence and confirming Cabinda as part of Angola . After Angolan independence was declared in November 1975 , Cabinda was occupied by the forces of the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola ( MPLA ) , which had been present in Cabinda since the mid-1960s , sustaining an anti-colonial guerrilla war that was rather more efficient than the one run by FLEC .   For much of the 1970s and 1980s , FLEC fought a low-intensity guerrilla war , attacking the troops of what was by then the People 's Republic of Angola , led by the MPLA . FLEC 's tactics included attacking economic targets and kidnapping foreign employees working in the province 's oil and construction businesses . In July 2006 , after ceasefire negotiations , António Bento Bembe -- as president of the Cabindan Forum for Dialogue and Peace , vice-president and executive secretary of FLEC -- announced that the Cabindan separatist forces were ready to declare a ceasefire . A peace treaty was signed . FLEC-FAC from Paris contends Bembe had no authority or mandate to negotiate with the Angolans and that the only acceptable solution is total independence .

neg: Peace Implementation Council The Peace Implementation Council ( PIC ) is an international body charged with implementing the Dayton Peace Agreement for Bosnia and Herzegovina . The Council was established at an implementation conference held in London , United Kingdom on December 8 and 9 , 1995 , subsequent to the completion of the negotiations of the accord the preceding month . The Council is , in effect , the realization , through the High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina , of the international community 's governance of Bosnia and Herzegovina after signature of the Dayton Agreement . This international control over Bosnia and Herzegovina is to last until the country is deemed politically and democratically stable and self-sustainable .   The PIC comprises 55 countries and agencies that support the peace process in many different ways - by assisting it financially , providing troops for SFOR , or directly running operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina . There is also a fluctuating number of observers .   Since the London conference , the PIC has come together at the ministerial level another six times to review progress and define the goals of peace implementation for the coming period : in June 1996 in Florence , Italy ; in December 1996 for a second time in London ; in December 1997 in Bonn , Germany ; in December 1998 in Madrid , Spain , in May 2000 and February 2007 in Brussels , Belgium .   The PIC clarifies the responsibilities of the High Representative as the main implementing body of the civilian part of the Dayton Agreement , as set out in Annex 10 the Dayton Agreement . For example , the 1997 Bonn session provided the Office of the High Representative with the so-called `` Bonn authority '' to dismiss elected and non-elected officials who obstruct the implementation of the Dayton Agreement . The High Representative from 2006-2007 , Christian Schwarz-Schilling , used this power sparingly , to promote confidence in elected domestic government . This strategy was reversed by the new appointee to that post , Miroslav Lajčák , who imposed several decisions on his first day at work .

neg: Mozambique Mozambique ( -LSB- moʊzæmˈbiːk -RSB- or -LSB- mɔːzæmˈbiːk -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of Mozambique ( Moçambique or República de Moçambique , -LSB- rɛˈpublikɐ dɨ musɐ̃ˈbikɨ -RSB- ) is a country in Southeast Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east , Tanzania to the north , Malawi and Zambia to the northwest , Zimbabwe to the west , and Swaziland and South Africa to the southwest . It is separated from Madagascar by the Mozambique Channel to the east . The capital and largest city is Maputo ( known as `` Lourenço Marques '' before independence ) .   Between the 1st and 5th centuries AD , Bantu-speaking peoples migrated from farther north and west . Swahili ( and later Arab ) commercial ports existed along the coasts until the arrival of Europeans . The area was explored by Vasco da Gama in 1498 and colonised by Portugal from 1505 . The country was an important place where Somali merchants enslaved the local population , starting what is now known as the Somali slave trade . After over four centuries of Portuguese rule , Mozambique gained independence in 1975 , becoming the People 's Republic of Mozambique shortly thereafter . After only two years of independence , the country descended into an intense and protracted civil war lasting from 1977 to 1992 . In 1994 , Mozambique held its first multiparty elections and has remained a relatively stable presidential republic . However , since 2013 , following more than 20 years of peace , a renewed insurgency by RENAMO has been occurring .   Mozambique is one of the poorest and most underdeveloped countries in the world . Mozambique is endowed with rich and extensive natural resources . The country 's economy is based largely on agriculture , but industry is growing , mainly food and beverages , chemical manufacturing , and aluminium and petroleum production . The country 's tourism sector is also growing . South Africa is Mozambique 's main trading partner and source of foreign direct investment . Belgium , Brazil , Portugal , and Spain are also among the country 's most important economic partners . Since 2001 , Mozambique 's annual average GDP growth has been among the world 's highest . However , the country ranks among the lowest in GDP per capita , human development , measures of inequality , and average life expectancy .   The only official language of Mozambique is Portuguese , which is spoken mostly as a second language by about half of the population . Common native languages include Makhuwa , Sena , and Swahili . The country 's population of around 24 million is composed overwhelmingly of Bantu people . The largest religion in Mozambique is Christianity , with significant minorities following Islam and African traditional religions . Mozambique is a member of the African Union , the Commonwealth of Nations , the Community of Portuguese Language Countries , the Latin Union , the Non-Aligned Movement , and the Southern African Development Community , and is an observer at La Francophonie .

neg: India–European Union relations The Republic of India maintains an ongoing dialogue with the supranational Institutions of the European Union which is separate from the bilateral relations with sovereign member States of the European Union .   In Asia the positive public perception of Europe is highest in India .   India , the world 's most populous democracy , has strategic partnerships with France , the United Kingdom and Germany .   The foremost areas of programmed India-EU-28 cooperation are in the domains of education , cultural exchanges , joint-research in science & technologies , and law enforcement .

neg: Paulistas Paulistas are the inhabitants of the state of São Paulo , Brazil , and of its antecessor the Capitaincy of São Vicente , whose capital early shifted from the village of São Vicente to the one of São Paulo dos Campos de Piratininga .   The early population of São Paulo consisted mainly of indigenous Amerindian with few Portuguese settlers . The Portuguese settlements were small .   As the Bandeirantes gained power and the vice-kingdom of Brazil developed , the Portuguese element predominated in the population , the Indians being either absorbed or killed . But the province of São Paulo , enlarged by the Bandeiras to include Mato Grosso , Goiás , Paraná and Santa Catarina , remained undeveloped , having neither the gold of Minas Gerais nor the sugar cane of Pernambuco . As a consequence , it did not receive the same influx of black slaves during the 16th and 17th centuries as the more prosperous provinces of Brazil . Nevertheless , the number of black slaves increased substantially in São Paulo during the Brazilian Empire , as the slave traffic reached its peak during the first half of the 19th century . After the abolition of the international slave trade in 1850 , many more slaves were transferred from declining regions of Brazil ( such as the Northeast ) to work in coffee plantations .   The economic development of São Paulo only really took off with the founding of coffee plantations in the nineteenth century . Those coffee plantations were manned , from the beginning , by slaves , and remained so during most of the 19th century . Not even the abolition of the transatlantic trade changed this , with the coffee barons resorting to the import of slaves from the Northeastern and Southern regions . Both the coffee planters and the Brazilian government , however , were aware that the abolition of slavery could be postponed but not avoided at all ; as a result , a few experiments in immigration were tried during this period , and some ideas were discussed , including the immigration of Chinese workers . Only in the 1880s , however , did immigration start in earnest .   From then on , immigration was the solution adopted to what was seen as a labour shortage , and Italian and Spanish immigrants made the bulk of the workers brought to coffee plantations ; the reasons why ex-slaves were not employed , or were only marginally employed , are unclear and subject to debate . Much is made of a supposed `` whitening '' ideology , or even `` program '' , but the cold fact is that , when faced with the impossibility of obtaining European manpower , the coffee barons had no qualms about resorting to Japanese immigrants . A curious fact from this period was the immigration of US Southerners moving from a country where slavery had been abolished to one where it still existed . Of course , those were not manual workers and did n't come to work in coffee plantations .   The wealth produced by coffee culture eventually sparked urbanisation and industrialisation ; the growing urban environment attracted even more immigrants , especially Armenians and other Europeans , Syrians and Lebanese . Later , as the foreign immigration declined , a strong chain of internal migration from the Brazilian Northeast developed .

neg: Societal security Societal security is a concept developed by the Copenhagen School of security studies that refers to ` the ability of a society to persist in its essential character under changing conditions and possible or actual threats ' .   The end of the Cold War prompted scholars to rethink the paradigm of security independently from the state and the military . In Europe , the collapse of the Soviet Union led to the emergence of new states and sustained efforts to pursue the European Union ( EU ) integration . The new order called for a ( re ) conceptualisation of Europe and European security , which challenged classic understandings of security , as something that took place between states . The move towards an EU security was , thus , closely articulated around questions of EU identity , free movement of people and borders .  The concept of societal security , developed by scholars associated with the Copenhagen Peace Research Institute , is situated within this context . Societal security relates to : `` the ability of a society to persist in its essential character under changing conditions and possible or actual threats . ''   In ` Identity , Migration , and the New Security Agenda in Europe ' , Wæver notes the emergence of different conceptions of the nation-state , and further establishes a distinction between Western and Eastern Europe . In the West , a `` decoupling of state and nation '' takes place , as Member States , by seeking more integration , accept to relinquish some of their sovereignty . This move towards a `` post-sovereign '' nation-state is due to `` internationalisation and Europeanization '' processes , as international institutions assume increased influence over domestic affairs . Subsequently , communities , perceiving their identities to be threatened by this integration , can no longer call upon the state to protect them . A duality occurs between the security needs of the state and of society , where `` state security has sovereignty as its ultimate criterion , and societal security has identity '' . In the East , the emergence of new states , formed after the dismantlement of the Soviet Union , leads to more traditional attempts at merging the nation and the state ; thus , conflicts arise when the coupling can not be done ( i.e. Yugoslavia ) .   In ` Security : a new framework for analysis ' , Buzan et al. formalise their broader understanding of security by introducing five sectors , each governed by `` distinctive characteristics and dynamics '' , and conceptualised around particular referent objects and actors ( i.e. military , environmental , economic , societal and political ) . Societal security is about the survival of a community as a cohesive unit ; its referent object is '' large scale collective identities that can function independent of the state . ''  Societal insecurities arise when `` a society fears it would not be able to live as itself '' , and stem from :  migration : the influx of people will `` overrun or dilute '' a group 's identity e.g. the need to define Britishness ;  vertical competition : the integration of a group within a broader organisation e.g. euroscepticism with regards to EU integration , national-separatist claims ; and ,  horizontal competition : group is forced to integrate more influential identities within their own e.g. France 's cultural exception defending itself against American influences .   Societal security is not tied to a territory , as is state security , e.g. Kurds , where security matters of state and society widely diverge and enter into conflict .   Societal security in sociological viewpoint is :   Regarding security as an `` independent phenomenon '' :   So , societal security is n't threat , no opportunity . But it is a center and base , upon it the reliability and certainty of collective life could be gained .   Rereading of security from `` social '' perspective :   It means that security is based on collective life , the life of common people , instead of looking at differences and insisting on disagreement between groups and states that is key factor in determining threats and distinguish friend and foe .   Viewing security as `` social phenomenon '' :   Hence , societal security does n't need military weapons and soft power solutions . In other words , societal security does n't integrate with power and remain by converting links to social capitals .   Finally , threats and opportunities could be considered as deterrent or impeller factors .   So the final goal of societal security is comfort and understanding the beauty of collective life -- not an interest for government , not eliminating enemies , not confronting a threat for nation .

neg: Foreign relations of Cape Verde Cape Verde follows a policy of nonalignment and seeks cooperative relations with all friendly states . Angola , Brazil , the People 's Republic of China , Cuba , France , Germany , Portugal , Senegal , Russia , and the United States maintain embassies in Praia .   Cape Verde is actively interested in foreign affairs , especially in Africa . It has bilateral relations with some Lusophone nations and holds membership in a number of international organizations . It also participates in most international conferences on economic and political issues .

neg: Economy of Brazil Brazil has the world 's ninth largest economy by nominal GDP , and the eighth largest by purchasing power parity . The Brazilian economy is characterized by an inward-oriented economy .   Brazil 's economy is the largest of Latin America and the second largest in the Americas . From 2000 to 2012 , Brazil was one of the fastest-growing major economies in the world , with an average annual GDP growth rate of over 5 % , with its economy in 2012 surpassing that of the United Kingdom , temporarily making Brazil the world 's sixth largest economy . However , Brazil 's economy growth decelerated in 2013  and the country entered a recession in 2014 .   According to the World Economic Forum , Brazil was the top country in upward evolution of competitiveness in 2009 , gaining eight positions among other countries , overcoming Russia for the first time , and partially closing the competitiveness gap with India and China among the BRIC economies . Important steps taken since the 1990s toward fiscal sustainability , as well as measures taken to liberalize and open the economy , have significantly boosted the country 's competitiveness fundamentals , providing a better environment for private-sector development .   In 2012 Forbes ranked Brazil as having the 5th largest number of billionaires in the world , a number much larger than what is found in other Latin American countries , and even ahead of United Kingdom and Japan . Brazil is a member of diverse economic organizations , such as Mercosur , Unasul , G8 +5 , G20 , WTO , and the Cairns Group .


query: A temperate seasonal climate influences Berlin.

pos: Berlin Berlin ( -LSB- bəɹˈlɪn -RSB- , -LSB- bɛɐ̯ˈliːn -RSB- ) is the capital and the largest city of Germany as well as one of its 16 constituent states . With a population of approximately 3.7 million , Berlin is the second most populous city proper and the seventh most populous urban area in the European Union . Located in northeastern Germany on the banks of the rivers Spree and Havel , it is the centre of the Berlin-Brandenburg Metropolitan Region , which has roughly 6 million residents from more than 180 nations . Due to its location in the European Plain , Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate . Around one-third of the city 's area is composed of forests , parks , gardens , rivers , canals and lakes .   First documented in the 13th century and situated at the crossing of two important historic trade routes , Berlin became the capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg ( 14171701 ) , the Kingdom of Prussia ( 1701 -- 1918 ) , the German Empire ( 1871 -- 1918 ) , the Weimar Republic ( 1919 -- 1933 ) and the Third Reich ( 1933 -- 1945 ) . Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world . After World War II and its subsequent occupation by the victorious countries , the city was divided ; East Berlin was declared capital of East Germany , while West Berlin became a de facto West German exclave , surrounded by the Berlin Wall ( 1961 -- 1989 ) and East German territory . Following German reunification in 1990 , Berlin once again became the capital of all-Germany .   Berlin is a world city of culture , politics , media and science . Its economy is based on high-tech firms and the service sector , encompassing a diverse range of creative industries , research facilities , media corporations and convention venues . Berlin serves as a continental hub for air and rail traffic and has a highly complex public transportation network . The metropolis is a popular tourist destination . Significant industries also include IT , pharmaceuticals , biomedical engineering , clean tech , biotechnology , construction and electronics .   Modern Berlin is home to world renowned universities , orchestras , museums , entertainment venues and is host to many sporting events . Its urban setting has made it a sought-after location for international film productions . The city is well known for its festivals , diverse architecture , nightlife , contemporary arts and a high quality of living . Since the 2000s Berlin has seen the emergence of a cosmopolitan entrepreneurial scene .

neg: Atmospherics In marketing the term atmospherics is used to describe the discipline of designing commercial spaces . Atmospherics was coined by Philip Kotler in a 1973 article in the Journal of Retailing .   Kotler argues that the tangible product is only a small part of the total consumption package . Buyers respond to the total product , which include services , warranties , packaging , advertising , financing , pleasantries , images and so on . Atmospherics covers three major art forms important to retail : architecture : exterior structure , interior design , and the design of window displays . The atmosphere of a commercial space performs three functions : creating attention , messages ( communication ) and affect .   The term atmosphere is a term borrowed from architecture . Space designed to make people feel a certain way . This is apparent in cathedrals , which inspire a feeling of spiritual awe .   Kotler provides two definitions of atmospherics . It is the `` conscious designing of space to create certain effects in buyers '' or more precise , `` the effort to design buying environments to produce specific emotional effects in the buyer that enhance purchase probability '' .   Atmospherics is a qualitative construct that encompasses four of the main senses , with the exclusion of taste . The atmosphere of a commercial space can be divided in the intended atmosphere : the designed space ; and the perceived atmosphere : the consumer 's perception of that space .   Atmospherics is a relevant marketing tool where the product is purchased of consumed and where the seller has design options . These are generally retail spaces such as shops and restaurants , but also libraries , religious buildings , civic buildings and so on .   Atmospherics is more relevant as the number of competitive outlets increase and where product or price differences are small . Kotler presents atmospherics as an important concept in the positioning of the value offering . Atmospherics is also considered more relevant where product and services are targeted at specific buyer groups .   Kotler proposes a causal chain , connecting atmosphere and purchase probability :  Sensory qualities of space surrounding purchase object  Buyer 's perception of the sensory qualities  Effect of perceived sensory qualities  Impact of buyers modified information and affective state

neg: Continental Europe Continental Europe , also referred to as mainland Europe , or , by Europeans , simply the Continent , is the continuous continent of Europe , excluding surrounding islands .   The most common definition of continental Europe excludes continental islands , encompassing the Greek Islands , Cyprus , Malta , Sicily , Sardinia , Corsica , the Balearic Islands , Ireland , Great Britain , the Isle of Man , the Channel Islands , Novaya Zemlya and the Danish archipelago , as well as nearby oceanic islands , including the Canary Islands , Madeira , the Azores , Iceland , the Faroe Islands , and Svalbard .   The Scandinavian peninsula is sometimes also excluded , as even though it is technically part of `` mainland Europe '' , the de facto connections to the rest of the continent are across the Baltic Sea or North Sea ( rather than via the lengthy land route that involves travelling to the north of the peninsula where it meets Finland , and then south through north-east Europe ) .   The notion of Europe as a geopolitical or cultural term is centred on core Europe ( Kerneuropa ) , the continental territory of the historical Carolingian Empire and the core of Latin Christendom , corresponding to modern France , Italy , Germany ( or German-speaking Europe ) and the Benelux states ( historical Austrasia ) . This historical core of `` Carolingian Europe '' was consciously invoked in the 1950s as the historical ethno-cultural basis for the prospective European integration ( see also Multi-speed Europe ) .

neg: Climate of New Zealand The climate of New Zealand is varied due to the country 's diverse landscape . Most regions of New Zealand belong to the temperate zone with a maritime climate ( Köppen climate classification : Cfb ) characterised by four distinct seasons . The main factors are similar to those found in the British Isles owing to the Pacific Ocean and latitude , although the mountain ranges can cause significant climate variations in locations barely tens of kilometres from each other . Conditions vary from extremely wet on the West Coast of the South Island to almost semi-arid in Central Otago and subtropical in Northland .

neg: Life zones of central Europe Central Europe contains several life zones , depending on location and elevation .   Geographically , Central Europe lies between the Baltic Sea and the Apennine and Balkan peninsulas . It includes the plains of Germany and Poland ; the Alps ; and the Carpathian Mountains . The Central European Flora region stretches from Central France to Central Romania and Southern Scandinavia . The lowlands of Central Europe contain the Central European mixed forests ecoregion , while the mountains host the Alps conifer and mixed forests and Carpathian montane conifer forests ecoregions .   An important factor in the local climate and ecology of Central Europe is the elevation : an increase of elevation by 1000 m causes the average air temperature to drop by 5 C and decreases the amount of water that can be held by the atmosphere by 30 % . This decrease in temperature and increase in rainfall result in altitudinal zonation , where the land can be divided into life zones of similar climate and ecology , depending on elevation .

neg: Westerlies The westerlies , anti-trades , or prevailing westerlies , are prevailing winds from the west toward the east in the middle latitudes between 30 and 60 degrees latitude . They originate from the high-pressure areas in the horse latitudes and tend towards the poles and steer extratropical cyclones in this general manner . Tropical cyclones which cross the subtropical ridge axis into the westerlies recurve due to the increased westerly flow . The winds are predominantly from the southwest in the Northern Hemisphere and from the northwest in the Southern Hemisphere .   The westerlies are strongest in the winter hemisphere and times when the pressure is lower over the poles , while they are weakest in the summer hemisphere and when pressures are higher over the poles . The westerlies are particularly strong , especially in the Southern Hemisphere , in areas where land is absent , because land amplifies the flow pattern , making the current more north-south oriented , slowing the westerlies . The strongest westerly winds in the middle latitudes can come in the roaring forties , between 40 and 50 degrees latitude . The westerlies play an important role in carrying the warm , equatorial waters and winds to the western coasts of continents , especially in the southern hemisphere because of its vast oceanic expanse .

neg: Ziesar Ziesar ( -LSB- tsiˈeːzaɐ̯ -RSB- ) is a town in the Potsdam-Mittelmark district , in Brandenburg , Germany . It is situated southwest of the town of Brandenburg .

neg: Atlantic Equatorial mode The Atlantic Equatorial Mode or Atlantic Niño is a quasiperiodic interannual climate pattern of the equatorial Atlantic Ocean . It is the dominant mode of year-to-year variability that results in alternating warming and cooling episodes of sea surface temperatures accompanied by changes in atmospheric circulation . The term Atlantic Niño comes from its close similarity with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation ( ENSO ) that dominates the tropical Pacific basin . The Atlantic Niño is not the same as the Atlantic Meridional ( Interhemispheric ) Mode that consists of a north-south dipole and operates more on decadal timescales . The equatorial warming and cooling events associated with the Atlantic Niño are known to be strongly related to atmospheric climate anomalies , especially in African countries bordering the Gulf of Guinea . Therefore , understanding of the Atlantic Niño ( or lack thereof ) has important implications for climate prediction in those regions . Although the Atlantic Niño is an intrinsic mode to the equatorial Atlantic , there may be a tenuous causal relationship between ENSO and the Atlantic Niño in some circumstances .

neg: Atmospheric temperature Atmospheric temperature is a measure of temperature at different levels of the Earth 's atmosphere . It is governed by many factors , including incoming solar radiation , humidity and altitude . When discussing surface temperature , the annual atmospheric temperature range at any geographical location depends largely upon the type of biome , as measured by the Köppen climate classification .

neg: Snow in Florida It is very rare for snow to fall in the U.S. state of Florida , especially in the central and southern portions of the state . With the exception of the far northern areas of the state and the Jacksonville area , most of the major cities of Florida have never recorded measurable snowfall , have only recorded trace ( T ) amounts , or have only reported flurries in the air , usually just a few times each century . In the Florida Keys and Key West there is no known occurrence of snow flurries since the settlement of the region .   Due to Florida 's low latitude and subtropical climate , temperatures cold enough to support significant snowfall are infrequent and their duration is fleeting . In general , frost is more common than snow , requiring temperatures of 32 ° F ( 0 ° C ) or less at 2 m above sea level , a cloudless sky , and a relative humidity of 65 % or more . Generally , for snow to occur , the polar jet stream must move southward through Texas and into the Gulf of Mexico , with a stalled cold front across the southern portion of the state curving northeastward to combine freezing air into the frontal clouds . While light snowfall occurs a few times each decade across the northern panhandle , most of the state is too far south of the cold continental air masses responsible for generating snowfall in the rest of the country . The mean maximum monthly snowfall in most parts of Florida is zero . The only other areas in the continental United States with this distinction are extreme southern Texas and parts of coastal southern California .   Much of the known information on snow in Florida prior to 1900 is from climatological records provided by the National Weather Service meteorological station in Jacksonville , and information for other locations is sparse . The earliest recorded instance of snow in Florida occurred in 1774 ; being unaccustomed to snow , some Jacksonville residents called it `` extraordinary white rain . '' The first White Christmas in northeastern Florida 's history resulted from a snow event that occurred on December 23 , 1989 .

neg: Oradea Oradea ( -LSB- oˈrade̯a -RSB- ; Großwardein , Nagyvárad , Hungarian pronunciation : IPA-hu n a , colloquially also Várad , former Varat , גרויסווארדיין Groysvardeyn ) the capital city of Bihor County and Crișana region , is one of the important centers of economic , social and cultural development in the western part of Romania , retaining these characteristics throughout history . The city is nestled between the hills that separate and unify in a harmonious way with plain Crișana . Located on the banks of Crișul Repede River , that divides the city into almost equal halves , it is the gateway to Central and Western Europe . The city is located in the north-west of Romania .   Located about 10 km from Borș , the most important crossing point on the west border ( with Hungary ) , Oradea ranks tenth in size among Romanian cities ; it covers an area of 11,556 ha . The city is at an altitude of 126 m above sea level , in the opening of the Criș valley and the plain area , in an area of contact between the extensions of the Apuseni Mountains and the extended plain Crișana-Banat . It lies as the area of transition from relief hills , to the Pannonian plain . City topoclimatic action is determined by the prevailing Western winds . Climate is Temperate Continental ( Köppen climate classification Dfb ) , with some oceanic influences .

neg: Apennine deciduous montane forest The Apennine deciduous montane forests , a temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome , are an ecoregion in the mountain ranges of Italian peninsula including the Apennine Mountains . The development of these forests is ensured by the high rainfall Apennines ( from 1000 mm in southern Apennine to 2500 mm in northern Apennine ) , combined with a temperate-cool climate . Because of climate change , the presence of Silver Fir ( Abies alba ) , although still widespread , is dramatically reduced in favour of the beech .

neg: Wedding (Berlin) Wedding ( der Wedding -LSB- ˈvɛdɪŋ -RSB- ) is a locality in the borough of Mitte , Berlin , Germany and was a separate borough in the north-western inner city until it was fused with Tiergarten and Mitte in Berlin 's 2001 administrative reform . At the same time the eastern half of the former borough of Wedding -- on the other side of Reinickendorfer Straße -- was separated as the new locality of Gesundbrunnen .

neg: Munich Munich ( -LSB- ˈmjuːnɪk -RSB- München , -LSB- ˈmʏnçn̩ -RSB- , Minga -LSB- -LSB- ˈmɪŋ ɐ -RSB- -RSB- ) is the capital and largest city of the German state of Bavaria , on the banks of River Isar north of the Bavarian Alps . Munich is the third largest city in Germany , after Berlin and Hamburg , and the 12th biggest city of the European Union , with a population of around 1.5 million . The Munich Metropolitan Region is home to 6 million people .   The city is a major centre of art , advanced technologies , finance , publishing , culture , innovation , education , business , and tourism in Germany and Europe and enjoys a very high standard and quality of living , reaching # 1 in Germany and # 4 worldwide according to the 2015 Mercer survey . According to the Globalization and World Rankings Research Institute Munich is considered an alpha-world city , .   The name of the city is derived from the Old/Middle High German term Munichen , meaning `` by the monks '' , which in turn is derived from Mönch ( which in the end derives from ancient Greek μοναχός ) . It derives from the monks of the Benedictine order , who ran a monastery at the place that was later to become the Old Town of Munich ; hence the monk depicted on the city 's coat of arms . Munich was first mentioned in 1158 . From 1255 the city was seat of the Bavarian Dukes . Black and gold - the colours of the Holy Roman Empire - have been the city 's official colours since the time of Ludwig the Bavarian , when it was an imperial residence . Following a final reunification of the Wittelsbachian Duchy of Bavaria , previously divided and sub-divided for more than 200 years , the town became the country 's sole capital in 1506 .   Catholic Munich was a cultural stronghold of the Counter-Reformation and a political point of divergence during the resulting Thirty Years ' War , but remained physically untouched despite an occupation by the Protestant Swedes ; as the townsfolk would rather open the gates of their town than risk siege and almost inevitable destruction . Like wide parts of the Holy Roman Empire , the area recovered slowly economically .   Having evolved from a duchy 's capital into that of an electorate ( 1623 ) , and later a sovereign kingdom ( 1806 ) , Munich has been a major European centre of arts , architecture , culture and science since the early 19th century , heavily sponsored by the Bavarian monarchs . In 1918 , during the German Revolution , the ruling house of Wittelsbach , which governed Bavaria since 1180 , was forced to abdicate in Munich and a short-living socialist republic was declared .   In the 1920s , Munich became home to several political factions , among them the NSDAP , which was founded in the city in 1920 . Though the first attempt of the Nazi movement to overtake the German government in 1923 with the Beer Hall Putsch , which was stopped by the Bavarian police in Munich with gunfire , the Nazis declared the city after their rise to power to be Hauptstadt der Bewegung ( lit. : `` Capital of the movement '' ) . During World War II , Munich was heavily bombed and more than 50 % of the entire city and up to 90 % of the historic centre were destroyed .   The postwar period was characterised by American occupation until 1949 and a strong increase of population and economic power during the years of the Wirtschaftswunder ( lit. : economic miracle ) after 1949 . Unlike many other German cities which were heavily bombed and destroyed during World War II , Munich rebuilt most of its traditional cityscape and added a modern face to the city with the Olympic Stadium , while hosting the 1972 Summer Olympics . In addition the Allianz Arena was inaugurated in 2005 . The stadium is owned by FC Bayern Munich - the most successful German football club both in terms of domestic and international success . Especially since the 1980s , Munich and the entire surrounding region was characterised by a strong economic growth , the location of high-tech industries and scientific institutions , very low unemployment rates and a strong influx of people . The city is home to major corporations like BMW , Siemens , MAN , Linde , Allianz and MunichRE as well as many small and medium-sized companies .   Munich is home to many national and international authorities , major universities , major museums and theatres . Its numerous architectural attractions , international sports events , exhibitions and conferences and its annual Oktoberfest attract considerable tourism . Munich is one of the most prosperous and fastest growing cities in Germany . It is a top-ranked destination for migration and expatriate location , despite being the municipality with the highest density of population ( 4,500 inh . per km ² ) in Germany . Munich nowadays hosts more than 530,000 people of foreign background , making up 37.7 % of the entire population .

neg: Berlin Trilogy The Berlin Trilogy consists of three consecutively released studio albums by English singer and songwriter David Bowie : Low ( 1977 ) , `` Heroes '' ( 1977 ) and Lodger ( 1979 ) . The albums were recorded after Bowie took up residence in West Berlin in late 1976 , and saw him experiment with elements of electronic , krautrock , ambient , and world music in collaboration with American producer Tony Visconti and English musician Brian Eno .   Bowie began referring to the three albums as a Berlin-centered trilogy during the promotion of Lodger , although `` Heroes '' was the only installment primarily recorded in the city . Each album reached the UK top five . Bowie would later call the music of the trilogy his `` DNA '' . Consequence of Sound characterized the trilogy as an `` art rock trifecta '' , while Rolling Stone wrote that '' ' -LSB- the -RSB- ` Berlin Trilogy ' stands as some of the most innovative music in the artist 's influential canon '' . According to Robert Christgau , `` the true beginnings of illbient and chillout techno '' lay in the `` second side '' of each album .

neg: Saharan Air Layer The Saharan Air Layer ( SAL ) is an extremely hot , dry and sometimes dust-laden layer of the atmosphere that often overlies the cooler , more-humid surface air of the Atlantic Ocean . In the Sahara Desert region of North Africa , where it originates , it is the prevalent atmosphere , extending from the surface upwards several kilometers . As it drives , or is driven , out over the ocean , it is lifted above the denser marine air . This arrangement is an inversion where the temperature increases with height . The boundary between the SAL and the marine layer suppresses or `` caps '' any convection originating in the marine layer . Since it is dry air , the lapse rate within the SAL itself is steep , that is , the temperature falls rapidly with height .   Disturbances such as large thunderstorm complexes over North Africa periodically result in vast dust and sand storms , some of which extend as high as 6,000 meters . These can be driven out to sea within the SAL as far west as North America .   In the case of Africa , winds blow twenty percent of dust from a Saharan storm out over the Atlantic Ocean , and twenty percent of that , or four percent of a single storm 's dust , reaches all the way to the western Atlantic . The remainder settles out into the ocean or washes out of the air with rainfall . Scientists think that the July 2000 measurements made in Puerto Rico , nearly 8 million tonnes , equaled about one-fifth of the total year 's dust deposits .   The SAL passes over the Canary Islands where the phenomenon is named `` Calima '' and manifests as a fog that reduces visibility and deposits a layer of dust over everything .   These clouds of dust are visible in satellite photos as a milky white to gray shade , similar to haze .   Findings to date indicate that the iron-rich dust particles that often occur within the SAL reflect solar radiation , thus cooling the atmosphere . The particles also reduce the amount of sunlight reaching the ocean , thus reducing the amount of heating of the ocean . They also tend to increase condensation as they drift into the marine layer below , but not precipitation as the drops formed are too small to fall and tend not to readily coelesce . These tiny drops are subsequently more easily evaporated as they move into drier air laterally or dry air mixes down from the SAL aloft . Research on aerosols also shows that the presence of small particles in air tends to suppress winds . The SAL has also been observed to suppress the development and intensifying of tropical cyclones , which may be related directly to these factors .   The SAL is a subject of ongoing study and research .

neg: Central European cuisine The Central European cuisine is the cuisine of Central Europe .   The cuisine within each country in the region is strongly influenced by the local climate . For example , German cuisine , Polish cuisine , Austrian and Czech cuisine show many similarities , yet differ from the highlander cuisines in these countries .

neg: European Capital of Culture The European Capital of Culture is a city designated by the European Union for a period of one calendar year during which it organises a series of cultural events with a strong European dimension .   Preparing a European Capital of Culture can be an opportunity for the city to generate considerable cultural , social and economic benefits and it can help foster urban regeneration , change the city 's image and raise its visibility and profile on an international scale .   In 1985 , former actress Melina Mercouri , then Greece 's minister of culture , and her French counterpart Jack Lang came up with the idea of designating an annual Capital of Culture to bring Europeans closer together by highlighting the richness and diversity of European cultures and raising awareness of their common history and values .   The Commission of the European Union manages the title and each year the Council of Ministers of the European Union formally designates European Capitals of Culture : more than 40 cities have been designated so far .   An international panel of cultural experts is in charge of assessing the proposals of cities for the title according to criteria specified by the European Union .   A 2004 study conducted for the European Commission , known as the `` Palmer report '' , demonstrated that the choice of European Capital of Culture served as a catalyst for the cultural development and the transformation of the city . Consequently , the beneficial socio-economic development and impact for the chosen city are now also considered in determining the chosen cities .

neg: Friedrichstraße The Friedrichstraße ( -LSB- ˈfʁiːdʁɪçˌʃtʁaːsə -RSB- ) ( lit . Frederick Street ) is a major culture and shopping street in central Berlin , forming the core of the Friedrichstadt neighborhood and giving the name to Berlin Friedrichstraße station . It runs from the northern part of the old Mitte district ( north of which it is called Chausseestraße ) to the Hallesches Tor in the district of Kreuzberg .   This downtown area is known for its posh real estate market and the campus of the Hertie School of Governance . Due to its north-southerly direction , it forms important junctions with the east-western axes , most notably with Leipziger Straße and Unter den Linden . The U6 U-Bahn line runs underneath . During the Cold War it was bisected by the Berlin Wall and was the location of Checkpoint Charlie .

neg: Hot summer cold winter zone Hot-summer/cold-winter zone is the transient climate region between the cold and the hot zones in China .   It includes the whole of Hubei , Hunan , Jiangxi , Anhui , Zhejiang provinces , Shanghai and Chongqing two municipalities , the eastern part of Sichuan and Guizhou provinces , the southern part of Henan , Jiangsu , Shanxi and Gansu provinces , and the northern part of Fujian , Guangdong and Guangxi provinces . The zone includes an area of 1800000 km2 with a population of 550 million people . This region is the most populous and economical-developed area of China , producing 48 % of the gross domestic product ( GDP ) of the whole country .   The main bother of hot-summer/cold-winter zone is hot , humid summers and cold , humid winters . The temperature difference between day and night is normally small . The precipitation in an average year is large . Sun radiation is relative weak due to cloud cover .   The most durable time you will ever have outside during the hottest summer month is 25 - , with peak temperatures above 40 ° C . The average outside temperature during the coldest winter month is 0 - , with lowest temperatures below 0 ° C.   For historical reasons , the residential buildings in this zone do n't have central HVAC systems and are not well insulated or otherwise weatherized . With the recent and rapid economic development of this region , demand for better indoor environments is rising .   Many residents install ` minisplit ' air conditioners to improve their thermal comfort . But electrical energy consumption is rising accordingly and is taxing the generation capacity . The Chinese government has created new national design standards and other efforts to lower the energy consumption while also constructing new power generating stations .

neg: Low carbon leakage Low carbon leakage refers to the phenomenon of a country or a region losing its low carbon industries to another country or region . The underlying low carbon leakage trend can also be identified by looking into clean energy patent distribution around the World . The threat of low carbon leakage to the European Union has been repeatedly expressed by a number of European Politicians such as climate Commissioner Connie Hedegaard , UK Energy Secretary Edward Davey and others .   The low carbon leakage increases its relevance for the industrial competitiveness as the low carbon economy grows and has reached in 2013 $ 4 trillion and continues to grow at 4 % per year . Not taking relevant part in this growth opportunity is also considered as low carbon leakage .   In October 2014 E&Y published a report `` European Low Carbon Industries . A Health Check . '' specifically examining the state of the European low carbon sectors . The report lists a wide variety of cases in which `` low carbon leakage '' occurs or could occur .   Low carbon leakage could lead to a significant loss of competitiveness for Europe . According to former German federal minister Trittin : `` In reality there is no carbon leakage . The danger of low carbon leakage is much more real . '' I typical example is the solar panel manufacturing that has developed rapidly in China and shrunk in Europe .


query: Twitter had about 1.6 billion search queries per day in 2012.

pos: Twitter Twitter ( -LSB- ˈtwɪtər -RSB- ) is an online news and social networking service where users post and interact with messages , `` tweets '' , restricted to 140 characters . Registered users can post tweets , but those who are unregistered can only read them . Users access Twitter through its website interface , SMS or a mobile device app . Twitter Inc. is based in San Francisco , California , United States , and has more than 25 offices around the world .   Twitter was created in March 2006 by Jack Dorsey , Noah Glass , Biz Stone , and Evan Williams and launched in July . The service rapidly gained worldwide popularity . In 2012 , more than 100 million users posted 340 million tweets a day , and the service handled an average of 1.6 billion search queries per day . In 2013 , it was one of the ten most-visited websites and has been described as `` the SMS of the Internet '' . As of 2016 , Twitter had more than 319 million monthly active users . On the day of the 2016 U.S. presidential election , Twitter proved to be the largest source of breaking news , with 40 million election-related tweets sent by 10 p.m. ( Eastern Time ) that day .

neg: Tweet Tweet may refer to :   Tweet ( bird call ) , a type of bird vocalization  `` Tweet '' , a message sent using Twitter

neg: Gigablast GigaBlast claimed to have indexed over 12 billion web pages , and received billions queries per month , in 2015 .   The search engine source code is written in the programming languages C and C++ . It was released as open-source software under the Apache License version 2 , in July 2013 .   Gigablast has provided , and provides , search results to other companies , such as Ixquick , Clusty , Zuula , Snap , and Blingo .   In 2003 , The New York Times columnist Lee Dembart stated that `` Gigablast has its adherents '' , but opined that Google is `` head and shoulders '' above it , and adds that Google 's search results are more complete .

neg: Finday Finday is a social web directory and search engine based on Google 's technology . It provides users a website ranking system that is n't based on statistics but on human criteria ( see below : FindayScore ) , and a directory of websites commented and evaluated on by users .   The website also includes a large amount of important data concerning each site : who owns it , where it 's located , what language it 's available in , web traffic figures or its popularity within the ranks of the largest Internet communities among others .

neg: Search algorithm In computer science , a search algorithm is an algorithm that retrieves information stored within some data structure . Data structures can include linked lists , arrays , search trees , hash tables , or various other storage methods . The appropriate search algorithm often depends on the data structure being searched . Searching also encompasses algorithms that query the data structure , such as the SQL SELECT command .   Search algorithms can be classified based on their mechanism of searching . Linear search algorithms check every record for the one associated with a target key in a linear fashion . -LSB- 3 -RSB- -LSB- 3 -RSB- -LSB- 4 -RSB- Binary , or half interval searches , repeatedly target the center of the search structure and divide the search space in half . Comparison search algorithms improve on linear searching by successively eliminating records based on comparisons of the keys until the target record is found , and can be applied on data structures with a defined order . Digital search algorithms work based on the properties of digits in data structures that use numerical keys . Finally , hashing directly maps keys to records based on a hash function . Searches outside of a linear search require that the data be sorted in some way .   Search functions are also evaluated on the basis of their complexity , or maximum theoretical run time . Binary search functions , for example , have a maximum complexity of O ( log ( n ) ) , or logarithmic time . This means that the maximum number of operations needed to find the search target is a logarithmic function of the size of the search space .

neg: Probabilistic relevance model The probabilistic relevance model was devised by Robertson and Jones as a framework for probabilistic models to come . It is a formalism of information retrieval useful to derive ranking functions used by search engines and web search engines in order to rank matching documents according to their relevance to a given search query .   It makes an estimation of the probability of finding if a document dj is relevant to a query q . This model assumes that this probability of relevance depends on the query and document representations . Furthermore , it assumes that there is a portion of all documents that is preferred by the user as the answer set for query q . Such an ideal answer set is called R and should maximize the overall probability of relevance to that user . The prediction is that documents in this set R are relevant to the query , while documents not present in the set are non-relevant .

neg: Many-to-many The many-to-many communication paradigm is one of three major Internet computing paradigms , characterized by multiple users contributing and receiving information , with the information elements often interlinked across different websites . Developments such as file sharing , blogs , Wikis , and tagging are media forms that reflect this paradigm ; these contrast with both the one-to-one ( characterized by e-mail , FTP , and Telnet ) and one-to-many ( characterized by websites ) paradigms .   With the evolution to the full `` many-to-many '' computing paradigm , people can input and receive information to and from the Internet ; they will be able to connect and communicate dynamically within a flexibly formed scope ; there will be no artificial boundary between information and communication tools , and the definition of `` many '' will go well beyond people to include entities such as organizations , products , processes , events , and concepts .

neg: Liveblogging A liveblog is a blog post which is intended to provide a rolling textual coverage of an ongoing event , similar to Live television or live radio . Liveblogging has increased in usage by news organizations and blogging establishments since the mid-2000s , when they were initially used to broadcast updates of technology conferences in the absence of or alongside streaming video captures , and like microblogs , have gained currency as an online publication format which performs the same function as that of live television news coverage .   The BBC uses the word `` live text '' for its own liveblogging events .

neg: Total Information Awareness Total Information Awareness ( TIA ) was a program of the United States Information Awareness Office that began during the 2003 fiscal year . It operated under this title from February until May 2003 , before being renamed as the Terrorism Information Awareness .   Based on the concept of predictive policing , TIA aimed to gather detailed information about individuals in order to anticipate and prevent crimes before they are committed . As part of efforts to win the War on Terror , the program searched for all sorts of personal information in the hunt for terrorists around the globe . Admiral John Poindexter referred to it as a `` Manhattan Project for Counter-Terrorism '' . According to Senator Ron Wyden ( D-Ore . ) , TIA was the `` biggest surveillance program in the history of the United States '' .   The program was defunded alongside the Information Awareness Office in late 2003 by the United States Congress after media reports criticized the government for attempting to establish `` Total Information Awareness '' over all citizens .   Although the program was formally suspended , its data mining software was later adopted by other government agencies , with only superficial changes being made . The core architecture of TIA continued development under the code name `` Basketball . '' According to a 2012 New York Times article , the legacy of Total Information Awareness is `` quietly thriving '' at the National Security Agency ( NSA ) .

neg: Twitdom Twitdom is a Twitter applications directory service that lists and promotes Twitter applications . Twitdom was launched to promote apps written using the Twitter API and also to make it easier for Twitter users to find apps that they might like .

neg: NewsWhip NewsWhip is a technology company which tracks and predicts the spread of stories on social networks .   As of July 2014 , the company 's technology tracked the spread of stories on Facebook , Twitter , LinkedIn and Pinterest , including content published in 12 languages : English , French , German , Portuguese , Spanish , Flemish , Estonian , Finnish , Swedish , and Italian . The company provides content discovery and monitoring services to news companies , blogs , PR firms , marketers and other media producers .

neg: Google Calendar Google Calendar is a time-management and scheduling calendar service developed by Google . It became available as a limited beta release on April 13 , 2006 , and exited the beta stage in July 2009 . It is available on the web and as mobile apps for the Android and iOS mobile operating systems .   Google Calendar allows users to create and edit events . Reminders can be enabled for events , with options available for type and time . Event locations can also be added , and other users can be invited to events . Users can enable or disable the visibility of special calendars , including Birthdays , where the app retrieves dates of births from Google contacts and displays birthday cards on a yearly basis , and Holidays , a country-specific calendar that displays dates of special occasions . Over time , Google has added functionality that makes use of machine learning , including `` Events from Gmail '' , where event information from a user 's Gmail messages are automatically added to Google Calendar ; `` Reminders '' , where users add to-do activities that can be automatically updated with new information ; `` Smart Suggestions '' , where the app recommends titles , contacts , and locations when creating events ; and `` Goals '' , where users enter information on a specified personal goal , and the app automatically schedules the activity at optimal times .   Google Calendar 's mobile apps have received polarized reviews . 2015 reviews of the Android and iOS apps both praised and criticized the design . While some critics praised the design for being `` cleaner '' , `` bold '' and making use of `` colorful graphics '' , other reviewers asserted that the graphics took up too much space . The Smart Suggestions feature was also liked and disliked , with varying levels of success in the app actually managing to suggest relevant information upon event creation . The integration between Google Calendar and Gmail was praised , however , with critics writing that `` all of the relevant details are there '' . The iOS app has been criticized for its lack of iPad support , and for the lack of a widget in the iOS Notification Center . An update in March 2017 added iPad support , and a blog post by Google announced that a Notification Center widget is coming in a future update .

neg: Semantic publishing Semantic publishing on the Web , or semantic web publishing , refers to publishing information on the web as documents accompanied by semantic markup . Semantic publication provides a way for computers to understand the structure and even the meaning of the published information , making information search and data integration more efficient .   Although semantic publishing is not specific to the Web , it has been driven by the rising of the semantic web . In the semantic web , published information is accompanied by metadata describing the information , providing a `` semantic '' context .   Although semantic publishing has the potential to change the face of web publishing , acceptance depends on the emergence of compelling applications . Web sites can already be built with all contents in both HTML format and semantic format . RSS1 .0 , uses RDF ( a semantic web standard ) format , although it has become less popular than RSS2 .0 and Atom .   Semantic publishing has the potential to revolutionize scientific publishing . Tim Berners-Lee predicted in 2001 that the semantic web `` will likely profoundly change the very nature of how scientific knowledge is produced and shared , in ways that we can now barely imagine '' . Revisiting the semantic web in 2006 , he and his colleagues believed the semantic web `` could bring about a revolution in how , for example , scientific content is managed throughout its life cycle '' . Researchers could directly self-publish their experiment data in `` semantic '' format on the web . Semantic search engines could then make these data widely available . The W3C interest group in healthcare and life sciences is exploring this idea .

neg: HP Time-Shared BASIC HP Time-Shared BASIC ( HP TSB ) is an interpreter software system that was sold by the Hewlett-Packard Company in the late 1960s and 1970s , based on their HP 2100 line of minicomputers . The system implements a dialect of the BASIC programming language and a rudimentary user account and program library system . The software was also known by its versioned name , tied to the hardware version on which it ran , such as HP 2000C Time-Shared BASIC and the operating system came in different varieties -- 2000A , 2000B , 2000C , High-Speed 2000C , 2000E , 2000F , and 2000/Access . The system is historically notable as the platform that released the first public versions of the game Star Trek .   Except for the 2000A and 2000E systems , the system is implemented using a dual-processor architecture . One fully configured HP 2100-series processor is used for execution of most of the system code and all of the user code and a second , smaller HP 2100-series processor is used to handle the RS-232 serial lines through which the time-sharing users connected . Depending on the hardware configuration , the system supports up to 16 or up to 32 simultaneous remote users . The usual terminal for a TSB system was a Teletype Model 33 ASR and connected directly to the I/O processor or through a modem or acoustic coupler . Account names are a combination of one alphabetic character , followed by three decimal digits , e.g. , B001 . Privileged accounts started with the letter `` A '' and had some additional command and program storage capabilities . The superuser account is A000 . This scheme allows up to 26,000 user accounts . ( In the offshoot system created by BTI Computer Systems accounts beginning with '' @ '' were superuser accounts . )   During execution , user programs are swapped to fixed-head drum memory . When not executing , user programs are stored on moving-head cartridge - or pack-loaded disk storage . Privileged users can also store programs on the much-faster drum . The hard drive was backed up to magnetic tape .   Program and file names consist of a mix of up to six alphabetic characters ( A-Z ) and numbers ( 0-9 ) . Programs are stored in a tokenized format , using the SAVE command . They can also be stored in a semi-compiled format , using the CSAVE command , which allows them to start quicker . Since the system was closely tied to the use of commonly available teleprinters , line endings in files consisted of the carriage return character ( ASCII CR , 0D hexadecimal ) , followed by the linefeed character ( ASCII LF , 0A hexadecimal ) .   The language is a fairly standard implementation of BASIC , providing an integrated editing and runtime environment . Statements are analyzed for correct syntax as they are entered and then stored in tokenized form . Each BASIC statement has to be on a uniquely numbered line , e.g. , 10 PRINT `` HELLO WORLD '' and can only contain one statement , although multiple variable assignments are allowed , e.g. , 20 LET A = B = C = 42 ( use of the word `` LET '' was optional ) . Line numbers are mandatory and statements are automatically placed in ascending numeric sequence .   In the earliest version ( 2000A ) , the language supported the following features . Later versions added many more features .  Unconditional program flow-control via GOTO statements , and subroutines via the GOSUB and RETURN statements  Conditional flow-control via IF/THEN statement and simple variable-based block loop FOR and NEXT statements  Calculated flow-control via the GOTO/OF and GOSUB/OF statements  In-code data storage via DATA , READ , and RESTORE statements  Input from and output to the user or a disc file via INPUT , READ # , PRINT , PRINT # , and IF END # statements  Numeric variables of the form `` A '' or `` An '' ( where A is a single letter and n a single , optional digit ) stored as 32-bit floating-point numbers  String variables of the form `` A$ '' ( where A is a single letter ) , storing from 0 to 72 characters  One - or two-dimensional matrix ( array ) variables of the form `` A -LSB- x -RSB- '' or `` A -LSB- x , y -RSB- ''  Matrix operations via statements ( MAT READ , MAT INPUT , MAT PRINT , MAT =) and operations ( + , - , * , ZER , CON , IDN , INV , TRN )  Boolean operators ( AND , OR , NOT ) and relational operators ( < , < = , = , # , < > , > = , and > )  Built-in mathematical functions including trigonometric ( SIN , COS , TAN , ATN ) , logarithms ( LOG , EXP ) , square root ( SQR ) , random number generator ( RND ) , others ( ABS , INT , SGN , MIN , MAX ) , and user-defined functions  Punched tape operations using Teletype Model 33 electromechanical teleprinter remote terminals   Substrings within strings are accessed using a substring notation : `` A$ ( L , R ) '' or `` A$ -LSB- L , R -RSB- '' , where the substring begins with the leftmost character specified by the index L and continues to the rightmost character specified by the index R , `` A$ -LSB- L -RSB- '' where the substring starts at the leftmost character specified by the index L and continues to the end of the string . ( TSB accepts or -LSB- -RSB- interchangeably . ) This is in sharp contrast to some later microcomputer BASICs that use functions such as LEFT$ , MID$ , and RIGHT$ to access substrings , although ANSI BASIC continues to use a similar substring syntax to that introduced by Hewlett-Packard . HP 's notation can also be used on the destination side of a LET or INPUT statement to modify part of an existing string value , for example 100 A$ -LSB- 3,5 -RSB- = `` XYZ '' or 120 B$ -LSB- 3 -RSB- = `` CHANGE ALL BUT FIRST TWO CHARS '' , which can not be done with early implementations of LEFT/MID/RIGHT $ .   Array and substring indices start with 1 . Boolean and relational operators can be used in any mathematical expression ( giving 0 for false or 1 for true ) , which was unusual for BASIC languages of that time , but became very popular in languages like C.   Differences from Dartmouth BASIC included the use of square brackets for arrays and # for < > .

neg: Racial bias on Wikipedia Wikipedia has been criticized for having a systemic racial bias in its coverage , due to an under-representation of people of color within its editor base . The President of Wikimedia D.C. , James Hare , noted that `` a lot of black history is left out '' of Wikipedia , due to articles predominately being written by white editors . Articles that do exist on African topics are , according to some critics , largely edited by editors from Europe and North America and thus reflect their knowledge and consumption of media , which `` tend to perpetuate a negative image '' of Africa . Maira Liriano of the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture , has argued that the lack of information regarding black history on Wikipedia `` makes it seem like it 's not important . ''   Different theories have been provided to explain these racial discrepancies . Jay Cassano , writing for Fast Company magazine , argued that Wikipedia 's small proportion of black editors is a result of the small black presence within the tech sector , and a relative lack of reliable access to the Internet . Katherine Maher , chief communications officer for the Wikimedia Foundation , has argued that focuses in Wikipedia 's content are representative of those of society as a whole . She said that Wikipedia could only represent that which was referenced in secondary sources , which historically have been favourable towards white men .   Attempts have been made to rectify racial biases through edit-a-thons , organised events at which Wikipedia editors attempt to improve coverage of certain topics and train new editors . In February 2015 , multiple edit-a-thons were organised to commemorate Black History Month in the United States of America . One such edit-a-thon was organized by the White House to create and improve articles on African Americans in STEM . The Schomburg Center , Howard University , and National Public Radio , also coordinated edit-a-thons to improve coverage of black history . And while Wikipedia supports these edit-a-thons , the organization has always stressed that adequate citation must always be present and neutrality always maintained .

neg: Findability Findability is a term for the ease with which information contained on a website can be found , both from outside the website ( using search engines and the like ) and by users already on the website . Although findability has relevance outside the World Wide Web , the term is usually used in that context . Most relevant websites do not come up in the top results because designers and engineers do not cater to the way ranking algorithms work currently . Its importance can be determined from the first law of e-commerce , which states `` If the user ca n't find the product , the user ca n't buy the product . '' As of December 2014 , out of 10.3 billion monthly Google searches by Internet users in the United States , an estimated 78 % are made to research products and services online .   Findability encompasses aspects of information architecture , user interface design , accessibility and search engine optimization ( SEO ) , among others .

neg: FindArticles FindArticles was a website which provided access to articles previously published in over 3,000 magazines , journals , and other sources . The site offered free and paid content through the HighBeam Research database . In 2008 , FindArticles accessed over 11 million resource articles , going back to 1998 .   The site was founded in 2000 as a partnership between LookSmart , which authored the search technology , and the Gale Group , which provided the articles . The two companies had first partnered to provide content in August of that year , and FindArticles.com soon resulted . As it grew , FindArticles moved away from an all-free model driven by advertising to a mixture of free and paid content .   The site remained a part of LookSmart throughout the various changes in that company until it was sold to CNET Networks for $ 20.5 million on November 8 , 2007 , as part of a larger sell-off of LookSmart properties . Looksmart 's need to offload non-critical assets in the wake of poor corporate performance , along with CNET 's commensurate desire to expand its library of offerings , motivated the deal . FindArticles '' ' SEO value -- i.e. , the frequency with which its articles appear as search engine results -- likely factored into the final purchase price.FindArticles had been part of the BNET division of CNET Networks .   Sometime in 2012 , the URL became a redirect to Search.com '' . which is owned by CBS Interactive .

neg: Big data Big data is a term for data sets that are so large or complex that traditional data processing application software is inadequate to deal with them . Challenges include capture , storage , analysis , data curation , search , sharing , transfer , visualization , querying , updating and information privacy . The term `` big data '' often refers simply to the use of predictive analytics , user behavior analytics , or certain other advanced data analytics methods that extract value from data , and seldom to a particular size of data set . `` There is little doubt that the quantities of data now available are indeed large , but that 's not the most relevant characteristic of this new data ecosystem . ''  Analysis of data sets can find new correlations to `` spot business trends , prevent diseases , combat crime and so on . '' Scientists , business executives , practitioners of medicine , advertising and governments alike regularly meet difficulties with large data-sets in areas including Internet search , fintech , urban informatics , and business informatics . Scientists encounter limitations in e-Science work , including meteorology , genomics , connectomics , complex physics simulations , biology and environmental research .   Data sets grow rapidly - in part because they are increasingly gathered by cheap and numerous information-sensing Internet of things devices such as mobile devices , aerial ( remote sensing ) , software logs , cameras , microphones , radio-frequency identification ( RFID ) readers and wireless sensor networks . The world 's technological per-capita capacity to store information has roughly doubled every 40 months since the 1980s ; , every day 2.5 exabytes ( 2.5 × 1018 ) of data are generated . One question for large enterprises is determining who should own big-data initiatives that affect the entire organization .   Relational database management systems and desktop statistics - and visualization-packages often have difficulty handling big data . The work may require `` massively parallel software running on tens , hundreds , or even thousands of servers '' . What counts as `` big data '' varies depending on the capabilities of the users and their tools , and expanding capabilities make big data a moving target . `` For some organizations , facing hundreds of gigabytes of data for the first time may trigger a need to reconsider data management options . For others , it may take tens or hundreds of terabytes before data size becomes a significant consideration . ''

neg: South Korean web culture South Korean web culture indicates distinct activities that South Korean internet users enjoy on the web . Most of the internet users are in the 13 - 50 age range . People often access the Internet through cyber cafes ( Korean : PC방 ; PC bang ) .   Most of the activities are targeted to teenagers and college students . Youngsters who feel more comfortable texting than talking are known as the `` thumb tribe '' . The LG Mobile World Cup , an international competition held on January 14 , 2010 , in which participants competed using their texting speed and accuracy was won by a pair of South Koreans .   Highly urbanized at 92 % , South Koreans lead a distinctive urban lifestyle ; half of them live in high-rises concentrated in the Seoul Capital Area with 25 million residents . The rise of online social activities closely mirrors the wider cultural trend towards shared spaces , such as the habitual use of coffee houses .   South Korea enjoys the world 's swiftest Internet speeds and the highest rate of Internet penitration but also suffers from very high censorship of content .

neg: Existing visitor optimisation Existing visitor optimisation ( EVO ) is a discipline of optimising websites to maximise return from existing visitors rather than through search engine optimisation ( SEO ) . While SEO is useful to gain more visitors , EVO looks at types of neuromarketing and psychology to optimise the language and layout elements of websites to maximise the benefits of the increased visitors .   Strategies that may be employed include asking `` how many would you like '' rather than offering an `` add to cart '' button on e-commerce sites . EVO is a concept that works closely with existing marketing concepts such as the utilisation of social media . Initially investigated by a PhD student from Exeter University and The University College Plymouth St Mark & St John to provide a solid foundation to making the most of existing websites and building on the work of Jakob Nielsen , EVO was first presented at York St. John University as part of a post-graduate conference in 2008 .   In 2010 , during the Second International NLP Research Conference ( hosted by Cardiff University and co-organised by Paul Tosey of The University of Surrey in association with The association of NLP , ANLP ) , EVO was expanded to include email optimisation using the same psychological models .

neg: Time Matters Time Matters is practice management software , produced by LexisNexis which was purchased by Reed Elsevier in March , 2004 . It differs from contact management software such as ACT ! or GoldMine because in addition to contacts , it manages calendaring , email , documents , research , billing , accounting , and matters or projects . It integrates with a variety of other software products from both LexisNexis and other vendors . Some of these vendors are Quicken , Microsoft , Palm , Mozilla , Corel , and Adobe . Developed originally for law firms , Time Matters competes with Gavel , Amicus , Tabs , and other legal practice management products . It also may be used in conjunction with Document modelling and Document assembly software products like HotDocs and Deal Builder .   Time Matters was developed by DATA.TXT Corporation originally of Coral Gables , Florida , later of Cary , North Carolina ( Cary is part of the Research Triangle Area of Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill ... the `` Silicon Valley of the East '' ) . Since its inception , DATA.TXT Corporation focused on making Time Matters an all-encompassing professional office software package , providing Calendar , Tickler , Contact , Matter , Document , and Messaging Management for personal computers and networks of all sizes . Founded in December 1989 by Robert Butler who was later joined as co-founder by Kevin Stilwell in 1992 , the entire management and programming staff that began Time Matters ' development in 1989 remained on the team until 2004 , providing continuity and reliability rarely seen in software developed for specialized markets .   Time Matters became the number one seller of this type of Windows legal software , with nearly 60,000 users of the Windows version in all 50 US States , plus additional users in Canada , Europe , the Caribbean , Australia and New Zealand , Africa , and Southeast Asia .   Time Matters for Windows has been shipping since 1994 ( The DOS version of Time Matters started shipping in 1989 ) .   Time Matters was previously available in three editions : Professional , Enterprise , and World . The Enterprise edition used Microsoft SQL Server as its database engine . Time Matters Browser Edition ( formerly World Edition ) served up Time Matters in Web browsers for remote access to a law firm 's data . An international network of Certified Independent Consultants ( `` CICs '' ) support , train , and customize this product for end users .   Time Matters Professional , discontinued with the release of Time Matters 10.0 in 2009 , was based on the TPS file system developed by Softvelocity . Time Matters Enterprise , now simply Time Matters , is based on SQL for its database and currently is limited to Microsoft SQL Server and SQL Express ( also from Microsoft ) . None of the open-source SQL programs such as Postgresql and MySQL are currently supported .   With the release of Version 10 in October 2009 , Time Matters became available only in the Enterprise Edition ( but is sold as Time Matters ) . In May 2010 , LexisNexis released their new Annual Maintenance Plan policy , which required users to be on the Annual Maintenance Plan to receive technical support , product upgrades and access to online training and support resources .