query: Big Boi has worked with André 3000.

pos: Big Boi Antwan André Patton ( born February 1 , 1975 ) , better known by his stage name Big Boi , is an American rapper , songwriter , actor and record producer , best known for being a member of American hip hop duo Outkast alongside André 3000 . His work in the duo has produced six studio albums . Big Boi 's solo debut Sir Lucious Left Foot : The Son of Chico Dusty was released in July 2010 to respectable sales and critical acclaim . He released his sophomore studio album , Vicious Lies and Dangerous Rumors in 2012 , and is set to released his third studio album , Boomiverse , in June 2017 .

neg: Rahki Columbus Smith III , better known by his stage name Rahki ( sometimes Rahk or Rahki Beats ) , is an American record producer and songwriter from Los Angeles , California . He is known for his work with mentor DJ Khalil and acts such as Eminem , Kendrick Lamar , Currensy , Evidence , Schoolboy Q , 50 Cent , Domo Genesis , Lecrae , Aloe Blacc , and more .

neg: Saigon (rapper) Brian Carenard ( born July 13 , 1977 ) , better known by his stage name Saigon , is an American rapper and actor . He is currently signed to Suburban Noize Records and Just Blaze 's Fort Knocks Entertainment record label . After years of delay due to former record label interference , his album The Greatest Story Never Told was released on Suburban Noize Records . He is also known for his appearances on the HBO television series Entourage .

neg: Kam (rapper) Craig A. Miller ( born October 24 , 1970 in Los Angeles , California ) , better known by his stage name Kam is an American political emcee known primarily among hip hop fans and music critics during the 1990s & early 2000s .   He is known for his Nation of Islam-influenced lyrics and NOI membership , and affiliation with his cousin , fellow West Coast emcee Ice Cube . He is also known for his powerfully commanding baritone voice and knack for using multisyllabic rhymes . He has only released two albums since his well-received 1993 debut album Neva Again . That album featured inflammatory anti-government lyrics and hit single `` Peace Treaty , '' a song about the 1992 Watts gang treaty . The song reached # 2 on the Hot Rap Singles chart in 1993 .   His first appearance on record was with the song `` Every Single Weekend '' from the 1991 Boyz n the Hood soundtrack . Since then , he has collaborated with artists including Ice Cube , Snoop Dogg , Coolio , E-40 , Erick Sermon , MC Ren , C-Bo , K9Compton , DJ Quik , DJ Pooh , Tha Eastsidaz , Method Man , KRS-One , Public Enemy , Nate Dogg , Warren G , Dogg Pound , Xzibit , Tyrese , Tank , George Clinton , Dresta , B.G. Knocc Out , Yukmouth , and Glasses Malone among many others .  He has released music on two record labels , East West Records and JCOR Entertainment . He is currently signed to his own record label , HEREAFTER RECORDS , and plans to release his fourth solo album . He is also currently a member of Snoop Dogg 's West Coast supergroup The Warzone with MC Eiht and Goldie Loc .  Kam and his biological younger brother , `` Yung Bruh '' , are also a NOI-based rap group called , Fruit Pruno .  Their self-titled album was released during the NOI 's Saviour 's Day 2010 summit ( specifically on February 28 , 2010 ) .

neg: Monsterifik Monsterifik is the debut solo album , from Big Scoob , an American rapper from Kansas City , Missouri . The studio album was released on September 15 , 2009 . It is the second album to be released on the Strange Music label under the `` Tech N9ne Presents '' banner . The first of which was labelmate Krizz Kaliko 's debut solo album , Vitiligo '' , in 2008 .   Three singles were released for the album . `` Bet I Do n't '' featuring B-Legit and Txx Will and `` Big Fella '' were both released on August 18 , 2009 , as digital singles . A music video was filmed for the third single , `` Salue '' featuring Tech N9ne , and the video was released on the Strange Music YouTube page on September 11 , 2009 .   The album contained several featured guests . Tech N9ne , whose name was attached to the project as the presenter , was credited as a feature on three of the album 's tracks . Other Strange Music artists , Krizz Kaliko and Kutt Calhoun , also were featured on the album . Skatterman , a former member of the Strange Music label , was also credited with a feature . Bakarri ( as Mr. Whitebear ) and Txx Will , two members of the 57th Street Rogue Dog which Big Scoob is a member of as well , also made appearances on the album . Among the other guests on the album were 8Ball & MJG , B-Legit , Johnny Richter of the Kottonmouth Kings , 1 Ton of Potluck and Irv Da Phenom .

neg: DJ Roc August Wisbon ( born September 11 , 1989 ) , known by DJ Roc , is an American DJ and record producer . He is perhaps best known for his music being featured in numerous TV shows and films , including Arrow , The Eric André Show , Jersey Shore , Rich Kids of Beverly Hills and The Smurfs 2 .   His songs have also gained popularity on YouTube , with his channel garnering over 20,000 subscribers and 3 million views .

neg: Mannie Fresh Byron Otto Thomas ( born March 20 , 1969 ) ,   Later , Thomas formed the Big Tymers along with Williams , as Mannie Fresh and Birdman respectively bringing him fame , and released five albums . In 2004 , he released his own debut solo album The Mind of Mannie Fresh , which consisted of 30 tracks and featured the single `` Real Big , '' which peaked at # 72 on the Billboard Hot 100 . In 2005 , he split from Cash Money for financial reasons , and later joined Def Jam South , to which he is currently signed .  On October 27 , 2009 , Mannie Fresh released his second solo album , Return of the Ballin ' . The album was entirely produced by Fresh himself and featured prominent guests Rick Ross and Lil Jon .

neg: Party (Beyoncé song) `` Party '' is a song recorded by American singer Beyoncé for her fourth studio album , 4 ( 2011 ) . It features guest vocals from American rapper André 3000 and uncredited vocals from Kanye West , and was released by Columbia Records as the fourth single from 4 on August 30 , 2011 . The song was written by Kanye West , Jeff Bhasker and Beyoncé , with the production being handled by Beyoncé and West and was co-produced by Bhasker . A midtempo R&B song , `` Party '' exhibits elements of the 1980s funk and soul music , and samples the 1985 song `` La Di Da Di '' , written by Dexter Mills , Douglas Davis and Ricky Walters . It recalls the work of New Edition and Prince , among others . Built on a 808-retro beat , multi-tracked harmonies , and a smooth groove , the song 's instrumentation includes slow-bouncing synthesizers , keyboard tones , and drums . Lyrically , `` Party '' gives ode to political themes such as feminism and sexual empowerment . In his rap verses , André 3000 references milk and gets philosophical about his own career . `` Party '' was nominated for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration at the 54th Grammy Awards .   The song reached number 50 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart . It debuted on the US Hot R&B / Hip-Hop Songs chart in July 2011 , and peaked at number 2 on the chart for three consecutive weeks . Following the release of 4 , `` Party '' charted at number 19 on the South Korea Gaon International Singles Chart . `` Party '' was part of Beyoncé 's set list for her 4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé and the Revel Presents : Beyoncé Live residency shows .

neg: Derrick Drop Braxton Derrick Braxton ( born November 25 , 1981 , New Brunswick , New Jersey ) is an American record producer and composer , best known for working with artists such as Lupe Fiasco , Cassidy , Amerie , Rich Harrison and Raekwon .   Braxton is currently signed with 1st and 15th Entertainment/Atlantic Records .

neg: DJ Nasty & LVM DJ Nasty & LVM are an American record production duo , composed of brothers DJ Nasty ( Johnny David Mollings ) and LVM ( Leonardo V. Mollings ) . They are best known for working with urban-music artists , including Blood Raw , Ace Hood , DJ Khaled , Plies , Ludacris , Young Jeezy , Lil Wayne , Brisco , Flo Rida , Rick Ross , Birdman , 8Ball & MJG , Juelz Santana , Cam ` Ron , Fat Joe , Pitbull and Chingy . Their major influences in producing come from The Neptunes , Pete Rock , The Runners , Drumma Boy , DJ Toomp and Dr. Dre .   Since 1999 , the duo has produced hits including Lil Wayne 's `` I 'm Me '' , Plies 's '' # 1 Fan '' , featuring J. Holiday and Keyshia Cole , Ludacris 's `` Grew Up A Screw Up '' , featuring Young Jeezy , and 8Ball & MJG 's `` Relax and Take Notes '' .

neg: Thug World Order Thug World Order is the fifth studio album by Bone Thugs-n-Harmony , released on October 29 , 2002 . This was the group 's final album under Ruthless Records and have now created their own label Bone Thugs Records . Bone Thugs Records started off promoting their first two artist set for solo albums , LaReece ( of ThugLine Records ) and Bruce Hathcock . Tomica and the group met in Miami to record the album , as well as get on better terms . The group recorded five tracks while they were there .   The first single released from the album was `` Get Up & Get It '' , featuring 3LW . The second single released from the album was `` Home '' featuring Phil Collins , which charted in the UK .   Due to Flesh-n-Bone being sent to prison on weapons charges he does not make an appearance on the album ( not counting the skit of him and DJ U-Neek ) .   Not long after the album 's release Bizzy Bone was kicked out of the group leaving only Layzie Bone , Wish Bone & Krayzie Bone .

neg: L.O.C. (rapper) Liam Nygaard O'Connor ( born 10 July 1979 in Aarhus , Denmark ) , better known as L.O.C. , is a Danish rapper , songwriter and TV-host . Born to Danish mother Susan Nygaard O'Conner and Irish father Dermot O'Conner . He started his career in 1995 together with Chadi Abdul-Karim ( C.A.K. ) , when they started the group Alzheimer Klinikken . Two years later they released their first demotape `` Respekten Stinker '' ( The Respekt Stinks ) . L.O.C. 's popularity made his group projekt B.A.N.G.E.R.S rise to quite the recognition in 1999 when they released the EP `` V.I.P. '' . The group projekt consisted of , further than L.O.C. , the Danish rappers USO , Marc Johnson and DJ Rescue . L.O.C. also formed the Danish Hip-Hop group F.I.P. in collaboration with Danish producers Rune Rask and Troo.L.S from Danish rap group Suspekt   L.O.C. quickly gained a greater popularity in 2001 with his debut album `` Dominologi '' . In 2003 L.O.C. released the album `` Inkarneret '' , which went platinum in 2004 , with over 60.000 copies sold . His third album , `` Cassiopeia '' , was released in 2005 and amongst other , contained the hit single `` Du Gør Mig '' ( You Make Me ) . His fourth album `` Melankolia / XXX Couture '' was released March 17 , 2008 and sold over 20.000 copies in the first week . The single `` XXX Coture '' was made Danish Radio 's Program 3 ( P3 ) ` inevitable song of the week ' and won the `` Album of The Year '' - price at The Danish Music Awards in 2009 . L.O.C. has with his first four albums sold over 150.000 copies , which makes him the best selling rapper in Denmark . In 2009 L.O.C. formed the group Selvmord in collaboration with the Danish rap group Suspekt . They released their first album with the self title `` Selvmord '' ( Suicide ) which became an instant success and went gold and also contained the hit single `` Råbe Under Vand '' ( Yell Under Water ) .   L.O.C. 's fifth album `` Libertiner '' was released in 2011 and won `` Danish Urban Realse of The Year '' at Danish Music Awards 2011 . `` Libertiner '' was also in the top ten of the most sold albums in Denmark in 2011 .   In 2012 L.O.C. created his own record company SGMD , which is an akronym for `` SelvGjortMillionærDrøm '' ( SelfMadeMillionaireDream ) and started a cooperative deal with the telecommunications company TDC A/S , which distributed and promoted his sixth album `` Prestige , Paranoia , Persona Vol . 1 '' . The album was put up for free download the first five weeks and on was downloaded over 100.000 times on the release date alone . Oktober 1. , 2012 L.O.C. 's seventh album , `` Prestige , Paranoia , Persona Vol . 2 '' was released in cooperation with Danish Red Cross whom received all profits from the sales   In 2011 L.O.C. was one of the judges in TV2 's adaptation of the music competition Voice . He coached Kim Wagner , who won the contest . He was furthermore also a judge in season two of the same program . Since 2008 L.O.C. has been in a relationship with Danish actor and TV-host Cristiane Schaumburg-Müller and were married on December 22. , 2012 at Valdemars Castle in Denmark .

neg: Long Way to Go (Gwen Stefani and André 3000 song) `` Long Way to Go '' is a song by American singer-songwriter Gwen Stefani with American rapper André 3000 . The song appears as the closing track on Stefani 's debut studio album , Love . Angel . Music . Baby . ( 2004 ) . It was released on November 23 , 2004 , along with the rest of Love . Angel . Music . Baby . by Interscope Records . The track was written by both Stefani and 3000 , while 3000 was the sole producer of the track . Despite being scrapped from André 3000 's critically acclaimed OutKast studio album , The Love Below ( 2003 ) , Stefani and 3000 finalized a reworked version of the song to be included on the former 's album . The song prominently features a sample from Martin Luther King , Jr. 's `` I Have a Dream '' speech in its closing outro . King is not credited for contributed lyrics to the song . Musically , `` Long Way to Go '' is influenced by electronic music and alternative hip hop , with partial influence from both dance music and soul music .   After its release , `` Long Way to Go '' received scrutiny for its sample of `` I Have a Dream '' . The song also was received negatively for its outdated metaphors on interracial relationships . However , the track did receive positive attention for being a `` standout '' on Love . Angel . Music . Baby . and also for its electronic production , particularly the closing of the track . Stefani performed the track during her 2005 Harajuku Lovers Tour , accompanied by the Harajuku Girls . During the rendition , digital images of people were displayed on a screen before the singer , while dancers performed minimal moves to achieve a more intimate approach .

neg: Mafia (B.U.G. Mafia album) Mafia is the debut studio album by Romanian hip hop group B.U.G. Mafia , released September 20 , 1995 on local Bucharest-based label Amma Sound . Production for the album was handled by group member and founder Tataee , with various composers and keyboardists giving co-production . Heavily influenced by N.W.A. and Bone Thugs-n-Harmony , the album has been viewed as the pioneering record of gangsta rap in Romania . With its ever-present profanity and violent lyrics , it helped to give birth to this then-new genre of music in Romania . As hip hop music was quite new in Romania at the time , the album attracted many rock fans , who appreciated the group 's aggressive approach towards music .   In spite of poor sound quality and practically no professional promotion , Mafia achieved moderate success and quite favorable reviews . The album is still known for being the third hip hop album to be released in Romania by a record label . It had 15 tracks and featured guest performances from M&G , Marijuana , Coco , Vlad `` Ben '' Blându and actress Rona Hartner . Tataee has stated that he considers the album the group 's worst release .

neg: Top Billin' `` Top Billin ' '' is a single for American hip-hop duo Audio Two , released as the B-side of the single `` Make It Funky '' from the album What More Can I Say ? It was released before First Priority Music inked a distribution deal with Atlantic Records . The song had a deep cultural impact on hip hop . The song was voted # 8 in About.com 's Top 100 Rap Songs . It was also included in both lists of the musical-reference book 1001 Songs You Must Hear Before You Die : And 10,001 You Must Download .   A remake of `` Top Billin ' '' was released in 1998 , this time a duet between Milk Dee and MC Lyte , which appeared on her album Seven & Seven .

neg: Nitti (producer) Chadron S. Moore , better known by his stage name Nitti Beatz , is an American record producer who has been active since 2000 and who was signed to So So Def Records from 2005 to 2008 .

neg: Rico Love Richard `` Rico '' Preston Butler , Jr. ( born December 3 , 1982 ) , better known by his stage name Rico Love , is an American songwriter , record producer and singer . He was born in New Orleans , Louisiana , but split his childhood between Milwaukee , Wisconsin and New York City 's Harlem neighborhood . He attended Florida A&M and , while visiting Atlanta , Georgia , worked his way into the music industry through connections with Usher , who would become Love 's mentor . The first song Love ever wrote in his career was `` Throwback '' for which ended up on Usher 's 2004 album `` Confessions . '' Love success continued writing and producing hit records such as Usher 's `` There Goes My Baby '' and `` Hey Daddy ( Daddy 's Home ) '' , Nelly 's `` Just a Dream '' and `` Gone '' , as well as Beyoncé Knowles ' `` Sweet Dreams '' . and has contributed to works which have gone on to win Grammys such as Beyoncé 's 2009 Best Contemporary R&B album I Am ... Sasha Fierce , Usher 's 2010 Best Contemporary R&B album Raymond v. Raymond , and Usher 's 2010 Best Male R&B Vocal Performance `` There Goes My Baby '' . In addition Love has written and produced records for Kelly Rowland , Diddy -- Dirty Money , Chris Brown , Alexandra Burke , Keri Hilson , Fergie , and Fantasia .   Love is also the CEO of Division1 , a record label which partnered with Interscope Records in 2013 . Love has appeared as a featured artist on records with T.I. , Usher , Jermaine Dupri , Jamie Foxx , Rich Boy , and Fat Joe .

neg: Country Grammar Country Grammar is the debut studio album by American rapper Nelly . It was released on June 27 , 2000 , by Universal Records ( who released the album after listening to demos by Nelly , before signing a record deal with the rapper in 1999 ) . The production on the album was handled by Jason `` Jay E '' Epperson , with additional production by C-Love , Kevin Law , City Spud , Steve `` Blast '' Wills and Basement Beats . Nelly contributed to all lyrics on the album , with Epperson and City Spud also contributing . The album introduced a unique Saint Louis , Midwestern sound , and introduces Nelly 's vocal style of pop-rap singalongs and Midwestern , Missouri twang . It was supported four successful singles : `` Country Grammar ( Hot Shit ) '' , `` E.I. '' , `` Ride wit Me '' and `` Batter Up '' . Its lead single , `` Country Grammar ( Hot Shit ) '' , peaked at number 7 on the Billboard Hot 100 and UK Singles Chart . `` E.I. '' charted at number 16 , number 12 and number 11 on the Hot 100 , UK Singles Chart and ARIA Singles Chart , respectively . `` Ride wit Me '' peaked within the top five on the Hot 100 , ARIA Singles Chart , Irish Singles Chart and UK Singles Chart . The album 's fourth and final single , `` Batter Up '' featuring Murphy Lee and Ali , achieved moderate chart success .   Country Grammar received positive reviews , with critics praising Nelly 's vocal style and the album 's production . It topped the US Billboard 200 chart for five consecutive weeks , and the US Top R&B / Hip-Hop Albums chart for six consecutive weeks . It peaked in the top five on the New Zealand Albums Chart and Australian Albums Chart , as well as the top ten on the Canadian Albums Chart and Dutch Albums Chart . The album was certified three times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) and Music Canada ( MC ) , denoting shipments of 45,000 and 300,000 copies , respectively .   In 2016 , Country Grammar became the ninth hip hop album to be certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , denoting shipment of 10 million copies in the US . Its commercial success secured Nelly 's status as one of the most successful hip hop acts of the 2000s decade . On Billboard decade-end chart , Nelly ranked as the third most successful act of the 2000s decade , due largely to the success of Country Grammar and his follow-up album Nellyville ( 2002 ) .

neg: Giant Panda (group) Giant Panda are an underground hip hop group from Los Angeles , California .   Giant Panda is composed of childhood friends Newman and Maanumental ( hailing from Seattle ) and Chikaramanga ( a Tokyo native ) , with their foundation based out of Los Angeles , CA .   The trio 's name is simply an analogy to their ethnic and cultural make-up . The first single released was `` 88 Remix '' independently in December 2002 , with airplay across the globe . The follow-up to that was the acclaimed 12-inch single `` With It '' in September 2004 on Tres Records . `` With It '' received raves from print critics such as Chairman Mao from XXL . 2005 saw the release of Giant Panda 's first full length , `` Fly School Reunion '' ( Tres Records ) . `` Fly School Reunion '' received great reviews in URB ( 4 1/2 stars ) , XXL , XLR8R , HHC , NME , and a plethora of other international magazines . It was also a hit with college radio ( 3 on CMJ hip-hop charts ) .   Giant Panda made URB 's list of Next 100 in 2005 . This buzz allowed the group to tour the West Coast with fellow Angelino hip-hoppers People Under The Stairs and Time Machine . In 2006 GP hit the road with Ugly Duckling for a European tour , and then once again that year reached the EU shores with People Under The Stairs . 20 May 2008 saw the release of Giant Panda 's sophomore effort , `` Electric Laser '' . Overall `` Electric Laser '' was a forward step for Giant Panda , but not so forward to lose fans who appreciated their sound on previous works .   The group cites De La Soul , Jungle Brothers , EPMD and A Tribe Called Quest as key influences

neg: Bo Burnham (album) Bo Burnham is the eponymous debut album by American comedian , Bo Burnham . Released on March 10 , 2009 by Comedy Central Records , the 2-disc album contains the Compact Disc musical album , and a DVD with Burnham 's Comedy Central Presents special , all of his YouTube videos , and other performances .   In a 2009 interview with The A.V. Club , Burnham explained that most songs on the album were similar to his YouTube videos because `` I wanted it to still have this very small , homegrown , kid-in-his-bedroom feel . I wanted to show respect for the online community '' . The live portions of the album were performed and recorded at Burnham 's September 18 -- 21 , 2008 gig at the Tempe Improv in Tempe , Arizona .

neg: Lawless Element Lawless Element is an underground hip hop duo from Detroit , Michigan . The duo is composed of cousins Griot ( West African for `` Storyteller '' , born Alfred Austin ) as emcee and Magnif ( born Kavi Tapsico ) as DJ , producer and emcee . The duo of Magnif and Griot became engulfed in hip hop culture at the ages of 6 and 9 , and spent their teenage years honing their skills on the production boards and on the microphone . At the ages of 16 and 19 , the duo released their first single , titled `` Mic Check '' , in 2003 on Running Man Records . The next year , the duo hooked up with fellow Detroit native , producer J Dilla , to release the single `` The Shining '' . In early 2005 , LE worked with Dilla 's Jaylib partner Madlib on the single `` High '' , which landed them a deal with popular independent rap label Babygrande Records . Their debut album , Soundvision : In Stereo , was released in September 2005 to generally positive reviews . Soundvision featured production from Magnif , J Dilla and Madlib and guest appearances from Dilla , Melanie Rutherford , Phat Kat , Big Tone , P.Dot , SelfSays and Diverse . `` Rules Pt . 2 '' was the album 's lead single , and also became the duo 's first music video . URB magazine gave the album 4 out of 5 stars and stated that it was `` Heavily influenced by the golden age of De La Soul , Pete Rock and DJ Premier '' and that it featured `` 12 top-shelf tracks '' The album also earned the duo Featured Artist status on the Okayplayer website . Magnif has continued production work for a number of other underground acts , and released a mixtape titled SupaBeatMaker in late 2005 . The duo has announced plans for their second album , tentatively titled Evil , scheduled for released in 2008 on Babygrande Records . Magnif is also planning the release of a full-length production and solo album .


query: Abraham Lincoln spoke out against his neighbor.

pos: Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln ( -LSB- ˈeɪbrəhæm_ˈlIŋkən -RSB- February 12 , 1809 -- April 15 , 1865 ) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865 . Lincoln led the United States through its Civil War -- its bloodiest war and perhaps its greatest moral , constitutional , and political crisis . In doing so , he preserved the Union , paved the way to the abolition of slavery , strengthened the federal government , and modernized the economy .   Born in Hodgenville , Kentucky , Lincoln grew up on the western frontier in Kentucky and Indiana . Largely self-educated , he became a lawyer in Illinois , a Whig Party leader , and was elected to the Illinois House of Representatives , in which he served for eight years . Elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1846 , Lincoln promoted rapid modernization of the economy through banks , tariffs , and railroads . Because he had originally agreed not to run for a second term in Congress , and because his opposition to the Mexican -- American War was unpopular among Illinois voters , Lincoln returned to Springfield and resumed his successful law practice . Reentering politics in 1854 , he became a leader in building the new Republican Party , which had a statewide majority in Illinois . In 1858 , while taking part in a series of highly publicized debates with his opponent and rival , Democrat Stephen A. Douglas , Lincoln spoke out against the expansion of slavery , but lost the U.S. Senate race to Douglas .   In 1860 , Lincoln secured the Republican Party presidential nomination as a moderate from a swing state . Though he gained very little support in the slaveholding states of the South , he swept the North and was elected president in 1860 . Lincoln 's victory prompted seven southern slave states to form the Confederate States of America before he moved into the White House -- no compromise or reconciliation was found regarding slavery and secession . Subsequently , on April 12 , 1861 , a Confederate attack on Fort Sumter inspired the North to enthusiastically rally behind the Union . As the leader of the moderate faction of the Republican Party , Lincoln confronted Radical Republicans , who demanded harsher treatment of the South , War Democrats , who called for more compromise , anti-war Democrats ( called Copperheads ) , who despised him , and irreconcilable secessionists , who plotted his assassination . Politically , Lincoln fought back by pitting his opponents against each other , by carefully planned political patronage , and by appealing to the American people with his powers of oratory . His Gettysburg Address became an iconic endorsement of the principles of nationalism , republicanism , equal rights , liberty , and democracy .   Lincoln initially concentrated on the military and political dimensions of the war . His primary goal was to reunite the nation . He suspended habeas corpus , leading to the controversial ex parte Merryman decision , and he averted potential British intervention in the war by defusing the Trent Affair in late 1861 . Lincoln closely supervised the war effort , especially the selection of top generals , including his most successful general , Ulysses S. Grant . He also made major decisions on Union war strategy , including a naval blockade that shut down the South 's normal trade , moves to take control of Kentucky and Tennessee , and using gunboats to gain control of the southern river system . Lincoln tried repeatedly to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond ; each time a general failed , Lincoln substituted another , until finally Grant succeeded . As the war progressed , his complex moves toward ending slavery included the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 ; Lincoln used the U.S. Army to protect escaped slaves , encouraged the border states to outlaw slavery , and pushed through Congress the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , which permanently outlawed slavery .   An exceptionally astute politician deeply involved with power issues in each state , Lincoln reached out to the War Democrats and managed his own re-election campaign in the 1864 presidential election . Anticipating the war 's conclusion , Lincoln pushed a moderate view of Reconstruction , seeking to reunite the nation speedily through a policy of generous reconciliation in the face of lingering and bitter divisiveness . On April 14 , 1865 , five days after the surrender of Confederate commanding general Robert E. Lee , Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth , a Confederate sympathizer .   Lincoln has been consistently ranked both by scholars and the public as among the greatest U.S. presidents .

neg: Matson Trial The Matson Trial ( 1847 ) , officially Matson v. Ashmore et al. for the use of Bryant , was a freedom suit by former slave Anthony Bryant on behalf of his family in Coles County , Illinois . It is noted for the unusual circumstance where Abraham Lincoln , the future emancipator of slaves , defended a slave-owner against a slave . The case pitted Lincoln and former Illinois Attorney General Usher F. Linder against former US Representative Orlando B. Ficklin . Ficklin 's case proved successful , and Bryant 's family was emancipated based on free soil doctrine .

neg: John Pettit John Pettit ( June 24 , 1807January 17 , 1877 ) was a United States Representative and Senator from Indiana .   Born in Sackets Harbor , New York , he completed preparatory studies and admitted to the bar in 1831 . He moved to Lafayette , Indiana where he commenced practice in 1838 ; he was a member of the Indiana House of Representatives in 1838-1839 and was United States district attorney from 1839 to 1843 .   Pettit was elected as a Democrat to the Twenty-eighth , Twenty-ninth , and Thirtieth Congresses ( March 4 , 1843 - March 3 , 1849 ) ; he was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1848 . In 1850 he was a delegate to the Indiana state constitutional convention and a presidential elector on the Democratic ticket in 1852 . He was appointed to the U.S. Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of James Whitcomb and served from January 18 , 1853 , to March 4 , 1855 ; he was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1854 .   While in the Senate he was chairman of the Committee on Private Land Claims ( Thirty-third Congress ) . During the Senate debate on the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 , Pettit argued in favor of expanding slavery to Kansas , and famously said that Jefferson 's idea ( in the United States Declaration of Independence ) that `` all men are created equal '' was not a `` self-evident truth '' but instead `` is nothing more to me than a self-evident lie . '' The debate over Pettit 's inflammatory words is credited with reviving Abraham Lincoln 's interest in national politics .   After his time in Congress , Pettit was chief justice of the United States courts in the Territory of Kansas from 1859 to 1861 , and was a judge of the Indiana Supreme Court from 1870 to 1877 .   He died in Lafayette , Indiana , aged 69 , and was interred in Greenbush Cemetery .

neg: Lincoln and the Power of the Press: The War for Public Opinion Lincoln and the Power of the Press : The War for Public Opinion is a book by Harold Holzer , which was published by Simon & Schuster in 2014 .

neg: Bleeding Kansas Bleeding Kansas , Bloody Kansas or the Border War was a series of violent political confrontations in the United States involving anti-slavery `` Free-Staters '' and pro-slavery `` Border Ruffian '' , or `` southern '' elements in Kansas . This military conflict happened between 1854 and 1861 , including `` Bleeding Congress '' . The Kansas -- Nebraska Act of 1854 called for `` popular sovereignty '' -- that is , the decision about slavery was to be made by the settlers ( rather than outsiders ) . It would be decided by votes -- or more exactly which side had more votes counted by officials . At the heart of the conflict was the question of whether Kansas would allow or outlaw slavery , and thus enter the Union as a slave state or a free state . Pro-slavery forces said every settler had the right to bring his own property , including slaves , into the territory . Anti-slavery `` free soil '' forces said the rich slaveholders would buy up all the good farmland and work it with black slaves , leaving little or no opportunity for non-slaveholders . As such , Bleeding Kansas was a conflict between anti-slavery forces in the North and pro-slavery forces from the South over the issue of slavery in the United States . The term `` Bleeding Kansas '' was coined by Republican Horace Greeley , editor of the New York Tribune ; its violence indicated that compromise was unlikely , and thus it presaged the Civil War .

neg: President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers On April 15 , 1861 , at the start of the American Civil War , the President of the United States , Abraham Lincoln , called for a 75,000-man militia to serve for three months following the bombardment and surrender of Fort Sumter . Some slave states refused to send troops against their neighboring slave states , with the result that most such states also declared secession from the United States and joined the Confederate States .

neg: Abraham Lincoln (Brown) Abraham Lincoln is an outdoor bronze sculpture of Abraham Lincoln by Henry Kirke Brown , located at Union Square in Manhattan , New York . Cast in 1870 and dedicated on September 16 of that year , the statue was originally installed at the southwest corner of Union Square , where the sculpture of Mahatma Gandhi stands today . In 1875 , a stone and bronze rail fence was constructed around the statue of Lincoln ; the fence included an inscription of text from his second inaugural address , `` ... with malice toward none ; charity toward all . '' During the 1930 redesign of Union Square Park , the statue was moved to its current location , but the fence remained . The statue is in axial alignment with the Independence Flagstaff and George Washington . It was conserved in 1992 .

neg: Freedom suit Freedom suits were lawsuits in the Thirteen Colonies and the United States filed by enslaved people against slaveholders to assert claims to freedom , often based on descent from a free maternal ancestor , or time held as a resident in a free state or territory .   The right to petition for freedom descended from English common law and allowed people to challenge their enslavement or indenture . Petitioners challenged slavery both directly and indirectly , even if slaveholders generally viewed such petitions as a means to uphold rather than undermine slavery . Beginning with the colonies in North America , legislatures enacted slave laws that created a legal basis for `` just subjection ; '' these were adopted or updated by the state and territorial legislatures that superseded them after the United States gained independence . These codes also enabled enslaved persons to sue for freedom based on wrongful enslavement .   While some cases were tried during the colonial period , the majority of petitions for freedom were heard during the antebellum period in the border or the Southern United States . After the American Revolution , most northern states abolished slavery and were considered `` free . '' The United States Congress prohibited slavery in some newly established territories , and some new states were admitted to the union as free states . The rise in travel and migration of masters with slaves between free and slave states resulted in conditions that gave rise to slaves suing for freedom . Many free states had residency limits for masters who brought slaves into their territory ; after that time , the slave would be considered free . Some slaves sued for wrongful enslavement after being held in a free state .   Other grounds for suit were that the person was freeborn and illegally held in slavery , or that the person was illegally held because of being descended from a freeborn woman in the maternal line . The principle of partus sequitur ventrem , first incorporated into English colonial slavery law by a 1662 statute in Virginia , established that children 's status was that of the mother . It was adopted into law by other English colonies , and the states of the United States .   In Saint Louis , Missouri records of nearly 300 petition cases have been found that were filed between 1807 and 1860 , and in Washington , D.C. nearly 500 petition cases were filed in the same period . A large portion of cases , as much as one-third , either never went to trial or were settled out of court . In the early nineteenth century in St. Louis and in Washington , D.C. , nearly half of the attorneys at the bar may have acted as counsel for slave petitions . In Missouri , the courts assigned an attorney to the petitioner if it accepted a freedom suit for hearing ; some of the top attorneys in St. Louis defended slaves . After the 1830s , the number of petition cases gradually declined . But from 1800 to 1830 , most of the bar in these cities tried a petition case .   Before the end of the eighteenth century , some southern states began to make petitioning for freedom more difficult . Maryland , for example , in 1796 required that county courts serve as the court of original jurisdiction , rather than the General Court of the Western Shore , an appellate court . The county courts clearly would be more favorable to the interests and views of the local planters against whom these suits were often filed . The legislature also banned those with antislavery sympathies from serving on juries in freedom suits . Virginia passed a similar law on jury composition in 1798 .   But , for a few decades , courts in slave states such as Louisiana , Mississippi , and Missouri often respected the precedent of `` once free , always free '' established by free states . Until the late 1850s , they ruled that slaves who had been held in free states maintained their freedom even if brought back into slave states . Until the Civil War brought an end to slavery , thousands of freedom suits were tried in state courts across the country , with some slaves petitioning as high as the Supreme Court .

neg: Fort Wyman Fort Wyman was an earthen fort built by the Union Army near Rolla , southern Missouri during the American Civil War .   Rolla had been captured by General Franz Sigel on June 12 , 1861 and from that date throughout the Civil War it remained in Union hands for President Abraham Lincoln had issued an order : `` By all means hold Rolla . '' Rolla was the western most supply depot in Southern Missouri being at the Western Terminus of the Pacific Railroad at that date . Following the Union defeat at the Battle of Wilson 's Creek on August 10 , 1861 , the Union Army fell back to Rolla and began building an earthen fort on the top of a hill alongside the present Highway 63 about a mile from the Courthouse . The rectangular fort had a dry moat around the perimeter with 32-pound field pieces located on each corner of the fort to cover any attack on Rolla from the south . It was named Fort Wyman after Colonel John B. Wyman . Colonel Wyman sent out soldiers from Rolla in all directions who captured what they called rebellious residents of the Rolla area and made them prisoners and forced them to clear the Fort Wyman area of the brush and trees by using the ax , shovel , pick , and saw . Four huge guns arrived by railroad to be placed at the four corners of the Fort . The guns were called `` 32-pounders '' . Each gun required a ten-mule team to drag the gun from the railroad depot to the fort that was done on August 18 , 1861 . These guns were fired only for practice . The fort was a Union stronghold in the Midwest . While it never saw military action , it trained and provided Union troops that kept Missouri in Union hands .

neg: New York City draft riots The New York draft riots ( July 13 -- 16 , 1863 ) , known at the time as Draft Week , were violent disturbances in Lower Manhattan , widely regarded as the culmination of working-class discontent with new laws passed by Congress that year to draft men to fight in the ongoing American Civil War . The riots remain the largest civil and racial insurrection in American history , aside from the Civil War itself .   U.S. President Abraham Lincoln diverted several regiments of militia and volunteer troops from following up after the Battle of Gettysburg to control the city . The rioters were overwhelmingly working-class men , who resented that wealthier men , who could afford to pay a $ 300 ( equivalent to $ 9,157 in 2017 ) commutation fee to hire a substitute , were spared from the draft .   Initially intended to express anger at the draft , the protests turned into a race riot , with white rioters , predominantly Irish immigrants , attacking blacks throughout the city . The official death toll was listed at either 119 or 120 individuals . Conditions in the city were such that Major General John E. Wool , commander of the Department of the East , said on July 16 that `` Martial law ought to be proclaimed , but I have not a sufficient force to enforce it . ''   The military did not reach the city until after the first day of rioting , by which time the mobs , primarily ethnic Irish , had already ransacked or destroyed numerous public buildings , two Protestant churches , the homes of various abolitionists or sympathizers , many black homes , and the Colored Orphan Asylum at 44th Street and Fifth Avenue , which was burned to the ground .   The area 's demographics changed as a result of the riot . Many blacks left Manhattan permanently ( many moving to Brooklyn ) . By 1865 their population fell below 10,000 , the number in 1820 .

neg: The Lincoln–Douglas Debates (1994 reenactments) The 1994 reenactments of the Lincoln -- Douglas Debates took place between August 20 and October 15 , 1994 and were facilitated and aired by C-SPAN . They featured historical reenactors presenting , in their entireties , the series of seven debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas that took place during the 1858 U.S. Senate campaign in Illinois . The debate reenactments were held in the same seven cities as were the 1858 debates , and were performed on dates very close to the anniversaries of the original debates . They were broadcast live on C-SPAN , and have been rebroadcast periodically ever since .

neg: Emancipation Memorial The Emancipation Memorial , also known as the Freedman 's Memorial or the Emancipation Group , and sometimes referred to as the `` Lincoln Memorial '' before the more prominent so-named memorial was built , is a monument in Lincoln Park in the Capitol Hill neighborhood of Washington , D.C.   Designed and sculpted by Thomas Ball and erected in 1876 , the monument depicts Abraham Lincoln in his role of the `` Great Emancipator '' freeing a male African American slave modeled on Archer Alexander . The ex-slave is depicted on one knee , with one fist clenched , shirtless and shackled at the president 's feet .   The statue originally faced west towards the U.S. Capitol until it was rotated east in 1974 in order to face the newly-erected Mary McLeod Bethune Memorial .   The monument has long been the subject of controversy . According to information from American University :   Despite being paid for by African Americans , historian Kirk Savage in 1997 condemned it as `` a monument entrenched in and perpetuating racist ideology '' because of the supplicant and inferior position of the Black figure .   The statue is a contributing monument to the Civil War Monuments in Washington , DC , of the National Register of Historic Places .

neg: Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War This timeline of events leading up to the American Civil War describes and links to narrative articles and references about many of the events and issues which historians recognize as origins and causes of the Civil War . The pre-Civil War events can be roughly divided into a period encompassing the long term build-up over many decades and a period encompassing the five-month build to war immediately after the election of Abraham Lincoln as President in the Election of 1860 which culminated in the Fall of Fort Sumter ( April 1861 ) .   Since the early colonial period in Virginia , slavery had been a part of the socioeconomic system of British North America and was recognized in the Thirteen Colonies at the time of the United States ' Declaration of Independence ( 1776 ) . Since then , events and statements by politicians and others brought forth differences , tensions and divisions between the people of the slave states of the Southern United States and the people of the free states of the Northern United States ( including Western states ) over the topics of slavery . The large underlying issue from which other issues developed was whether slavery should be retained and even expanded to other areas or whether it should be contained and eventually abolished . Over many decades , these issues and divisions became increasingly irreconcilable and contentious .   Events in the 1850s culminated with the election of the anti-slavery-expansion Republican Abraham Lincoln as President on November 6 , 1860 . This provoked the first round of state secessions as leaders of the Deep South cotton states were unwilling to remain in a second class political status with their way of life threatened by the President himself . Initially , the seven Deep South states seceded , with economies based on cotton ( then in heavy European demand with rising prices ) . They were Alabama , Florida , Georgia , Louisiana , Mississippi , South Carolina and Texas . After the Confederates attacked and captured Fort Sumter , President Lincoln called for volunteers to march south and suppress the rebellion . This pushed the four other Upper South States ( Virginia , North Carolina , Tennessee , and Arkansas ) also to secede . These states completed the formation of the Confederate States of America . Their addition to the Confederacy insured a war would be prolonged and bloody because they contributed territory and soldiers .

neg: Leadenhall Street Baptist Church Leadenhall Street Baptist Church is a historic Baptist church located at Baltimore , Maryland , United States . It is a gable-front rectangular brick temple with simple Renaissance Revival detail . The original exterior wall surfaces have been covered with formstone on the main façade and stucco elsewhere . It features round-arched stained glass windows on each side bay . It was built in 1873 , by Joseph Thomas & Son for the city 's African American Baptists who were then centered in the old southwest area from the downtown business district of Baltimore in the `` Sharp-Leadenhall '' ( named for the intersecting nearby streets ) community in the old `` South Baltimore '' area . Nearby is its now famed revitalized `` Inner Harbor '' area of the old `` Basin '' for the harbor port .   The neighborhood is just west of the Federal Hill community and commercial district connected by West Hamburg Street , which is along South Charles and Light Streets , and the famous hill itself , which was the site of a celebratory picnic in 1788 after a parade of the various guilds , organizations and military units of old `` Baltimore Town '' to commemorate the ratification by Maryland of the new Federal Constitution , and later fortified with earthen embankments and large cannons of artillery by Northern troops of the Union Army a month after , during the Civil War to keep a close watch on and control on the Southern-sympathizing citizens of the City who had erupted in April 1861 , in a riot attacking passing Massachusetts and Pennsylvania troops from the President Street Station on the east side from Philadelphia and the North , on their way to the nearby ( a few blocks away with the Washington tracks running right by the Church ) Camden Street Station of the famous Baltimore and Ohio Railroad to defend the National Capital of Washington from the newly seceded Virginians and Confederates .   The `` Sharp-Leadenhall '' neighborhood just west of the Harbor was one of the first neighborhoods to become predominantly African American residents among the City 's largest free-Black population in America , in the late 19th Century . Prior to this era of beginning housing segregation , most of Baltimore 's `` free citizens of color '' lived amidst the white population in the small compact town , residing on the smaller streets and alleyways in between larger avenues and main streets , seeking employment in the homes and businesses of the majority white population . Often poorer residents , lived right in back or around the corner from substantial mansions and townhouses of the wealthy and well-to-do . In later years , additional populations of free blacks began moving to the northwest just beyond the Mount Vernon-Belvedere neighborhood and beyond Seton Hill , along the future Pennsylvania Avenue and Druid Hill Avenue of what became known as Upton .   The building was built and financed by the predominantly `` colored '' Maryland Baptist Union Association , ( as opposed to the organization of the Baptist Convention of Maryland ) who had generally separated from the white Baptists after often worshipping together in the small building during the colonial days of the late 18th Century ( although most of the time in upper balconies or separate pews/chairs in the sanctuary ) , into the early 19th Century of the American Republic . It is the second oldest Black church edifice in Baltimore , and home to one of the city 's largest African American congregations .   Another prominent congregation in the area that was an important force in the City 's burgeoning African-American community was the nearby Sharp Street Methodist Church which later followed its members in later decades also to the northwest neighborhoods , where after a series of National Methodist church mergers is now still called Sharp Street United Methodist Church , although it left that location long ago , unlike the Leadenhall Church .   Leadenhall Street Baptist Church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 . which is maintained by the National Park Service of the United States Department of the Interior , according to the Historic Sites Act of August 1935 . With the designation of much of downtown Baltimore and its immediate inner eastern , western and northern residential historic neighborhoods as the Baltimore City National Heritage Area has been established . Under the same NPS and USDI influence and direction , with local supervision from city and state historical professionals , a series of new additional huge plaques have been mounted on streetside poles with illustrations , maps and text of the various historic sites , buildings , monuments and various tours of the heritage areas in the immediate block of that particular sign . On the other side is similar material for the BCNHA in general , and exhibits/tours available to be led and run out of the Visitors Center pavilion , along the western shore of the `` Inner Harbor '' , with the additional printed brochures containing maps , pictures and text plus the material available on an internet website . Prominent display is given to the African-American heritage in the southwest `` Sharp-Leadenhall '' and northwest `` Upton/Druid Hill '' areas by the Pennsylvania Avenue commercial and entertainment/social district . It points out the Leadenhall Church site and many other black churches and institutions with the homes and locations of significant people .

neg: John T. Stuart John Todd Stuart ( November 10 , 1807 -- November 23 , 1885 ) was a lawyer and a U.S. Representative from Illinois .   Born near Lexington , Kentucky , Stuart graduated from Centre College , Danville , Kentucky , in 1826 . He then studied law , was admitted to the bar in 1828 , and commenced practice in Springfield , Illinois . He was a major in the Black Hawk War in 1832 , where he first met Abraham Lincoln , who was in the same battalion as Stuart .   He served as member of the Illinois House of Representatives between 1832 and 1836 . Stuart encouraged Lincoln to study law and the two subsequently became law partners , between 1837 and 1841 . If not for Stuart 's influence , it is conceivable that Lincoln might never have been interested in the law - and thus , might not ever have become president .   Stuart was an unsuccessful candidate for election in 1836 to the Twenty-fifth Congress . He was , however , elected as a Whig to the Twenty-sixth and Twenty-seventh Congresses ( March 4 , 1839 - March 3 , 1843 ) , winning over Stephen A. Douglas in 1838 . He was not a candidate for renomination in 1842 .   Stuart established a law partnership with Benjamin S. Edwards in 1843 , a partnership that would last for forty years . Stuart served as member of the Illinois Senate between 1848 and 1852 . He was the unsuccessful Constitutional Union candidate for Governor of Illinois in 1860 .   Stuart was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-eighth Congress ( March 4 , 1863 - March 3 , 1865 ) , and served there while Lincoln was president .   Stuart was a favorite cousin of Mary Todd Lincoln and as a member of Congress after his election in 1862 over Republican Leonard Swett was a frequent visitor at the White House even though he was an anti-emancipation Democrat .   He was defeated in 1864 by Republican Shelby Moore Cullom , a Lincoln ally .   Following his defeat in 1864 , Stuart resumed the practice of law in Springfield . He died there and was interred in the Oak Ridge Cemetery .   In the fall of 2007 , Centre College ( Stuart 's alma mater ) dedicated Stuart Hall , a building that once housed the College 's bookstore but is now a residence hall , in honor of the influence Stuart had over Lincoln 's career path as well as Stuart 's contribution to law .   The firm that he founded in Springfield Illinois , once known as `` Stuart and Lincoln , '' is still operating under the name `` Brown , Hay , & Stephens , '' and includes his great-great-grandson as a partner .

neg: Lincoln–Lee Legion The Lincoln -- Lee Legion was established by Anti-Saloon League-founder Howard Hyde Russell in 1903 to promote the signing of abstinence pledges by children . The organization was originally called the Lincoln League , named after Abraham Lincoln . However , in 1912 it was renamed the Lincoln -- Lee Legion , adding a reference to Robert E. Lee in order to make it more appealing to southern children and their parents .   The pledge called for a lifetime commitment to abstain from alcoholic beverages :  `` Whereas , the use of intoxicating liquors as a beverage is productive of pauperism , degradation and crime ; and believing it our duty to discourage that which produces more evil than good , we therefore pledge ourselves to abstain from the use of intoxicating liquors as a beverage `` .   Pledge signing drives were heavily promoted at churches , Sunday schools , and temperance meetings . Girls who signed the pledge were called `` Willards , '' after Frances Willard of the Women 's Christian Temperance Union . Northern boys were called `` Lincolns '' and southern boys became `` Lees . '' By 1925 , over five million children had signed the total abstinence pledge cards .

neg: Preemption (land) Preemption was a term used in the nineteenth century United States to refer to a settler 's right to purchase public land at a federally set minimum price ; it was a right of first refusal . Usually this was conferred to male heads of households who developed the property into a farm . If he was a citizen or was taking steps to become one and he and his family developed the land ( buildings , fields , fences ) he had the right to then buy that land for the minimum price . Land was otherwise sold through auction , typically at a price too high for these settlers . Preemption is similar to squatter 's rights and mining claims .   Preemption was politically controversial , primarily among land speculators and their allies in government . In the early history of the United States , and even to some degree during the colonial era , settlers were moving into the `` virgin wilderness '' and building homes and farms without regard to land title . The improvements increased the value of all the nearby property . Eventually the political opposition by the speculators crumbled and the Preemption Act of 1841 was passed .   The Preemption Act of 1841 was abused by speculators who now operated as money lending businesses , or were able to coerce accomplices to falsely claim they were living on land that they wanted . A common example of the latter practice was in the logging industry in the upper Midwest , where mill workers who lived in mill towns made a preemption claim on timber land that would then be harvested by the mill owners . Another avenue of fraud was the Desert Land Act , which did not include the residence requirement , although the preempting claimant still needed to improve the land , primarily by providing a water source . In California , tens of thousands of acres of land were claimed via false preemptors -- `` dummy entrymen '' -- on behalf of several large land speculating companies .   The Preemption Act of 1841 was pivotal , but was neither the beginning nor the end of the issue of preemption . The Land Act of 1804 , the Homestead Act , the aforementioned Desert Land Act , and other similar land acts addressed the issue of preemption .

neg: Slave Power The Slave Power or Slaveocracy was the perceived political power in the U.S. federal government held by slave owners during the 1840s and 1850s , prior to the Civil War . Antislavery campaigners during this period bitterly complained about what they saw as disproportionate and corrupt influence wielded by wealthy Southerners . The argument was that this small group of rich slave owners had seized political control of their own states and were trying to take over the federal government in an illegitimate fashion in order to expand and protect slavery . The argument was widely used by the Republican Party that formed in 1854 -- 55 to oppose the expansion of slavery .   The main issue expressed by the term slave power was distrust of the political power of the slave-owning class . Such distrust was shared by many who were not abolitionists ; those who were motivated more by a possible threat to the political balance or the impossibility of competing with unwaged slave labor , than by concern over the treatment of slaves . Those who differed on many other issues ( such as hating blacks or liking them , denouncing slavery as a sin or promising to guarantee its protection in the Deep South ) could unite to attack the slaveocracy . The `` Free Soil '' element emphasized that rich slave owners would move into new territory , use their cash to buy up all the good lands , then use their slaves to work the lands , leaving little opportunity room for free farmers . By 1854 the Free Soil Party had largely merged into the new Republican party .   The term was popularized by antislavery writers such as John Gorham Palfrey , Josiah Quincy III , Horace Bushnell , James Shepherd Pike , and Horace Greeley . Politicians who emphasized the theme included John Quincy Adams , Henry Wilson and William Pitt Fessenden . Abraham Lincoln used the concept after 1854 but not the term . They showed through a combination of emotive argument and hard statistical data that the South had long held a disproportionate level of power in the United States . Historian Allan Nevins contends that `` nearly all groups ... steadily substituted emotion for reason . ... Fear fed hatred , and hatred fed fear . ''   The existence of a Slave Power was dismissed by Southerners at the time , and rejected as false by many historians of the 1920s and 1930s , who stressed the internal divisions in the South before 1850 . The idea that the Slave Power existed has partly come back at the hands of neoabolitionist historians since 1970 , and there is no doubt that it was a powerful factor in the Northern anti-slavery belief system . It was standard rhetoric for all factions of the Republican party .

neg: Benjamin Gwinn Harris Benjamin Gwinn Harris ( December 13 , 1805 -- April 4 , 1895 ) was a U.S. Representative from Maryland .   Born near Leonardtown , St. Mary 's County , Maryland , Harris attended Yale College in the late 1820s , and Harvard Law School from 1829 to 1830 . He served as member of the Maryland House of Delegates in 1833 and 1836 , and was admitted to the bar in 1840 . Harris was removed from Yale after taking part in a student protest against the poor quality of the food in the campus housing . While serving in the Maryland House of Delegates , he opposed the Know-Nothing Party and championed religious freedom . Yet , he also sought to enforce slavery and the oppression of African-Americans including the re-enslavement of Maryland 's freedmen on the eve of the Civil War .   Harris was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-eighth and Thirty-ninth Congresses ( March 4 , 1863 -- March 3 , 1867 ) . He voted against every war appropriations measure brought to the House of Representatives . His vote on the Thirteenth Amendment is recorded as nay . He was censured by the House of Representatives on April 9 , 1864 , for treasonable utterances . In his defense of Congressman Alexander Long , Harris openly prayed for a southern victory on the floor of the House . He was tried by a military court in Washington , D.C. in May 1865 for harboring two paroled Confederate soldiers , and sentenced to three years imprisonment and forever disqualified from holding any office under the United States Government , but President Andrew Johnson subsequently remitted the sentence . He died on his estate , `` Ellenborough , '' near Leonardtown , Maryland , April 4 , 1895 . He was interred in the family burying ground on his estate .

neg: Who's Your Neighbor? Who 's Your Neighbor ? is a 1917 silent American propaganda and drama film directed by S. Rankin Drew . The film 's plot focuses around reformers who pass a law to force prostitutes , including Hattie Fenshaw , out of the red light district . Fenshaw becomes Bryant Harding 's mistress and lives in an apartment next door to a reformer , and continues to ply her trade . After Fenshaw becomes familiar with Harding , his son , daughter and the daughter 's fiance , the climax of the film occurs as the cast assembles at Fenshaw 's apartment . Harding returns and a fight breaks out that results in the reformers ' arrival and concludes with the presumption that Fenshaw returns to a place of `` legalized vice '' . The drama was written by Willard Mack and was his first foray into screen dramas . The film proved controversial , but is noted as a great success . The film originally debuted on June 15 , 1917 , but it was rejected by the National Board of Review and was later approved after a revision , but the film continued to be labeled as an immoral production . The film is presumed to be lost .

neg: Virginia's Indentured Servants' Plot A sizable indentured servant 's uprising occurred in Virginia in 1661 over the issue of adequate food . The customary ration for servants at the time included meat three times a week . When a planter named Major Goodwin decided to keep his servants on a diet of cornbread and water , discontent followed . Leaders of the servants named Isaac Friend and William Cluton determined to petition the king for redress .   According to one witness , the plot became more troublesome to the plantation owners when Isaac Friend stated , `` they would get a matter of Forty of them together and get Gunnes , and he ( Cluton ) would be the first and lead them and cry as they went along ` who would be for liberty and freed from bondage ? ' and that there would enough come to them , and they would goe through the country and Kill those that made any opposition , and that they would either be free or die for it '' . ( Punctuation editor 's . )   The York county court settled the case by bounding William Cluton over for inciting servants to rebellion , but after several witnesses testified to his good character , the judges discharged him . Isaac Friend escaped punishment as well . The court admonished the masters and magistrates to keep a close watch on their servants . In 1662 a law was passed which restrained servants from `` unlawful '' meetings under heavy penalties .


query: Tamara Taylor was born in the summer or fall.

pos: Tamara Taylor Tamara Taylor ( born September 27 , 1970 ) is a Canadian actress . Her most notable role is that of Dr. Camille Saroyan , head of the Forensic Division , in the forensic crime drama Bones .

neg: Taylor Miller Taylor Miller ( born August 18 , 1953 ) is an American soap opera actress .

neg: What A Summer Stakes The What A Summer Stakes is an American Thoroughbred horse race held annually in January at Laurel Park Racecourse in Laurel , Maryland . The race is open to fillies and mares four years old and up and is run at six furlongs on the dirt .   An ungraded stakes race , it offers a purse of $ 100,000 . The race was restricted to Maryland-breds between 1978 and 1992 . It was run for fillies and mares from age three and up from 1978 through 1985 and was run under handicap conditions during that same time . The race was restricted to two-year-olds from 1985 to 1992 .   The race was named in honor of What A Summer , a gray mare by What Luck . She was an Eclipse Award winner and was named American Champion Sprint Horse in 1977 . She was bred in Maryland by Milton Polinger . What A Summer was a foal in 1973 and won 18 of 31 starts in her career . She won the de facto second leg of the filly Triple Crown , the Black-Eyed Susan Stakes , won the Fall Highweight Handicap twice ( carrying 134 pounds each time ) , the Silver Spoon Handicap twice , the Maskette Handicap and four other stakes . In addition to her 18 wins , she placed nine times with earnings of $ 479,161 . That record of 27 first or second finishes in 31 starts at 87 % is among the best in history .   What A Summer was trained by Bud Delp while racing for Polinger . She was bought by Diana Firestone following Polinger 's death in 1976 . Mrs. Firestone turned the mare over to trainer Leroy Jolley . She was named Maryland-bred horse of the year in 1977 and twice was named champion older mare . What A Summer was retired in 1878 and as a broodmare produced several graded stakes winners .

neg: Willamette Ballet Academy Willamette Ballet Academy is the only ballet school in the small town of Woodburn , Oregon . It was founded in 1982 by Rick and Deborah van Winkle ( now known as Deborah Higginbotham ) . Classes are structured in accordance to the Vaganova and Cecchetti ballet techniques . The academy provides a serious program for pre-professionals and also serves the recreational student . It has through its outreach program , reached thousands of people with lecture demonstrations in the schools , free performances , and scholarships for students in need .   Students from Willamette Ballet Academy have been accepted at all the major ballet schools , many with full scholarships : Schools of New York City Ballet , Joffrey Ballet , San Francisco Ballet , Royal Ballet , Martha Graham , Pacific Ballet Theatre , Eugene Ballet , Houston Ballet , Ballet Magnificat , Oregon Ballet Theater , Pacific Northwest Ballet , Universal Ballet , Goh Academy , Pittsburgh Ballet Theatre , and American Ballet Theatre ( NY ) . Its dancers have gone on to professional careers in dance , musical comedy , and theater .   In 2004 , Willamette Ballet Academy student Adrianne Newton was chosen Oregon 's Best Dancer by American Dance Awards . Willamette Ballet was once listed in the 100 Things to Do and See in Woodburn , and was featured article in the ` Living ' section of the `` Oregonian '' newspaper .

neg: Tamar (name) Tamar is a female name of Hebrew origin , meaning `` date '' ( the fruit ) , `` date palm '' or just `` palm tree '' . There are three characters in the Bible with this name . The pronunciation of Tamar depends on each so-named person 's language , culture , and idiolectic preference ; typical pronunciations in English are -LSB- ˈtɑːmər -RSB- and -LSB- ˈteɪmər -RSB- . Variants include `` Tamara '' .   The name was not often used in traditional Jewish societies , possibly because both Biblical characters bearing the name are depicted as involved in controversial sexual affairs . It was , however , among the Biblical names revived and actively promoted by the Zionist pioneers , and is a common female name in contemporary Israel ( often shortened , as in other languages , to `` Tammy '' -- which is sometimes treated as name on its own ) .   It is also a popular name among Armenians , sometimes nicknamed `` Tamarik '' , meaning `` Little Tamar '' . According to Armenian folklore , the name of Akhtamar Island in Lake Van is attributed to a peasant boy 's longing cries of `` Akh ( Oh ) , Tamar ! '' as he drowns trying to reach his beloved Princess Tamar imprisoned on the island .   Tamar is common among Georgians , where its origin can be traced either to the above-mentioned Biblical Hebrew characters , to the sky goddess Tamar , who had an important role in the Georgians ' mythology before their conversion to Christianity or to a convergence of both .   In turn , the popularity of the name ( especially in the version `` Tamara '' ) among Russians and other Slavic peoples can in part be traced to the centuries-long political and cultural contacts between Russians and Georgians . In particular , Russia was touched by the fame of the medieval queen regnant Tamar of Georgia , reckoned among the greatest of her country 's monarchs and who had a Russian husband .   Tamar was also among the Biblical names used by Puritans in the American Colonial Era in the 17th and 18th centuries . Puritan families sometimes used names of Biblical characters seen as sinful as a reminder of man 's fallen state .

neg: Tamara Rojo Tamara Rojo CBE ( born 17 May 1974 ) is a Spanish ballet dancer . She is the artistic director of the English National Ballet , as well as a lead principal dancer . She was previously a principal dancer with The Royal Ballet , and continues to perform with the company as a guest artist .

neg: Tamara Taggart Tamara Taggart , OBC is a Canadian television presenter , born on May 2 , 1968 , in Vancouver , British Columbia . She currently serves as the weekday anchor of CTV News at Six alongside Mike Killeen on CIVT-TV ( `` CTV British Columbia '' ) in Vancouver , British Columbia .   Taggart 's career in broadcasting started while she was attending BCIT in Burnaby , British Columbia , where she was enrolled in the Broadcast Communications program . She graduated in 1991 ( her class included Vancouver sports broadcaster John Shorthouse ) . Her early work was in radio and concert promotion . However , in 1997 , she landed a recurring role on community calendar spots on CIVT-TV ( then known as `` Vancouver Television '' ) . From there , she moved on to co-host the breakfast show and then , later , the entertainment spot on the evening news .   In 2001 , Taggart moved over to the weather desk where she stayed for 9 years . During the station 's 5pm , 6pm and 11:30 pm newscasts she presented the forecast from CTV 's studios as well as various ( and numerous ) locations around Vancouver , the Lower Mainland and on Vancouver Island . In January 2011 , Taggart transferred to the CTV news desk .   Taggart also hosted a home renovation show , Love It or Lose It for two seasons , on the Home and Garden TV network ( HGTV ) .   Taggart had minor roles in the films Antitrust ( film ) , Josie and the Pussycats , Halloween : Resurrection and Along Came a Spider and on several television series , including , Robson Arms , Cold Squad , and Touching Evil .   The Georgia Straight Annual Reader 's Poll has named Taggart as Vancouver 's `` Best TV Weather Person '' and `` Best TV Personality '' in 2002 , 2003 and 2004 . She was named `` Woman of the Year '' at the Consumer 's Choice Awards in 2003 and has appeared on the cover of TV Week Magazine seven times . In 2005 , Taggart was nominated for a Leo Award for `` Best Host , Lifestyles Series '' for Love It or Lose It . Taggart has also been featured in Hello Canada in July 2009 and August 2009 .   Taggart was married on February 4 , 2006 , to Juno award-winning guitarist and record producer Dave Genn , formerly of the Matthew Good Band and currently of the band 54-40 . ( Senator Larry Campbell , former mayor of Vancouver , served as the officiant at the marriage ceremony . ) Tamara and her husband Dave have a son , Beckett , born August 2 , 2007 ; a daughter , Zoë , born September 24 , 2008 ; and a daughter , Poppy , born August 16 , 2010 .   Taggart co-hosted Live ! with Regis and Kelly for one day on Friday August 21 , 2009 .   On December 8 , 2010 , it was announced that Taggart would co-anchor the CTV News at Six alongside Mike Killeen , effective January 3 , 2011 , following the stepping-down of longtime anchors Pamela Martin and Bill Good .

neg: Ashley Coulter Ashley Coulter ( born April 26 , 1983 ) is a Canadian singer and the sixth-place finalist in the 2006 season of Canadian Idol . She was born and raised in Emeryville , Ontario ( near Windsor ) , but currently lives in Toronto , Ontario .

neg: Falling Down (Sub Focus song) `` Falling Down '' is a song by British DJ and record producer Sub Focus , featuring vocals from Boston-born and London-raised singer Kenzie May . Originally previewed through Douwma ' SoundCloud page on 14 December 2011 , it was released as a free digital download on 1 January 2012 through RAM Records and Mercury Records . The song became the first single of Sub Focus ' second studio album Torus . On 15 May 2012 , the single was re-released as an EP through OWSLA alongside remixes from Nick Thayer , xKore and Sub Focus himself . The VIP also features on the deluxe edition of Torus .

neg: Summerland (TV series) Summerland is an American drama television series created by Stephen Tolkin and Lori Loughlin . It is centered on a clothing designer in her 30s , Ava Gregory ( Loughlin ) , raising her niece and nephews after their parents die in a tragic accident . They live with three of Ava 's friends who also help raise the kids in the fictional city of Playa Linda , California .   Summerland premiered on June 1 , 2004 on the now defunct television network The WB . The series ran for a total of 26 episodes over two seasons . Its cancellation was announced on May 15 , 2005 and the last episode aired on July 18 , 2005 . A soundtrack was released on March 19 , 2005 and the show has been syndicated in many countries .

neg: Cool for the Summer `` Cool for the Summer '' is a song by American singer Demi Lovato . It serves as the lead single from her fifth studio album , Confident ( 2015 ) . The song was released on July 1 , 2015 , by Hollywood , and Island Records , and made its radio premiere on the same date via Republic Records . Lovato co-wrote `` Cool for the Summer '' with Alexander Erik Kronlund , Savan Kotecha , and the song 's producers Max Martin and Ali Payami . Musically , it has a rock styled edge over an electronic instrumental arrangement . The song has garnered attention for its bi-curious insinuations and sexually suggestive lyrics .   Critics praised `` Cool for the Summer '' for its production and bi-curious lyrical content . It was included on several year-end lists and received nominations for the MTV Video Music Awards and 2015 Teen Choice Awards in the `` Song Of The Summer '' category . The song received an award for being one of the most performed songs of 2015 at the ASCAP Pop Music Awards . Commercially `` Cool for the Summer '' had a positive reception . In United States the song debuted at number 36 on the Billboard Hot 100 dated July 18 , 2015 , selling 80,000 copies in its first charting week . It entered the Hot 100 's top 20 on the chart dated August 15 , 2015 , and peaked at number 11 , becoming Lovato 's third highest chart position . The song also reached number one on the Dance Club Songs chart . It was certified double-platinum by RIAA .   `` Cool for the Summer '' has also topped the charts in Greece and peaked within the top 10 in Belgium , the Czech Republic , Lebanon , Mexico , New Zealand , and the United Kingdom as well as the top 20 in Australia , Canada , Ireland , Slovakia , and Spain . Its music video was directed by Hannah Lux Davis and released on July 23 , 2015 . It received positive reviews from critics , who praised the singer 's sensuality and artistic growth . To promote the song , Lovato performed it at pool parties after its release . She also promoted the song on several TV programs such as The Voice , Sunrise , the 2015 MTV Video Music Awards , Jimmy Kimmel Live ! , and Saturday Night Live .

neg: VII (Teyana Taylor album) VII is the debut studio album by American recording artist Teyana Taylor . The album was released on November 4 , 2014 , by Def Jam Recordings and GOOD Music . Leading up to the album 's release , Teyana released the mixtape The Misunderstanding of Teyana Taylor ( 2012 ) , along with collaborating on the GOOD Music compilation album Cruel Summer ( 2012 ) . The album features guest appearances from Chris Brown , Fabolous , Pusha T and Yo Gotti . The album was executively produced by Che Pope & Teyana Taylor . Recording took place at Jungle City Studios in New York & KMA Studios , NYC , as well as The Kennedy Compound in North Hollywood , California & Labren Studio in Inglewood , CA .   VII was promoted by the release of three official singles : `` Maybe '' featuring Yo Gotti and Pusha T , `` Business '' and `` Do Not Disturb '' featuring Chris Brown .

neg: Tamara Drasin Tamara Drasin ( c. 1905 -- 22 February 1943 ) , often credited as simply Tamara , was a singer and actress who introduced the song `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' in the 1933 Broadway musical Roberta .   Tamara Drasin is sometimes confused with two other performers of the 1930s musical era , the dancers Tamara Geva and Tamara Toumanova .

neg: Summer term Summer term is the summer academic term at many British schools and universities and elsewhere in the world .   In the UK , ` Summer term ' runs from the Easter holiday until the end of the academic year in June or July , and thus corresponds to the Easter term at Cambridge University , and Trinity term at Oxford , Dublin and some other places . ` Summer term ' is defined in some UK statutory instruments , such as the Education ( Assessment Regulations ) ( Foundation to Key Stage 3 ) Order ( Northern Ireland ) 2007 , which says :   `` summer term '' means the period commencing immediately after the Easter holiday and ending with the school year .   The Education ( National Curriculum ) ( Key Stage 1 Assessment Arrangements ) ( England ) Order 2004 says more simply :   `` summer term '' means the final term of the school year .   Covering the possibility of six-term academic years , the School Finance ( England ) Regulations 2008 say   `` summer term '' means the third term of the school year where a school has three terms , or the fifth and sixth terms where a school has six terms

neg: Born to Die Born to Die is the second studio album by American singer and songwriter Lana Del Rey . Her major label debut , it was released on January 27 , 2012 by Interscope Records , Polydor Records and Stranger Records . Del Rey collaborated with producers including Patrik Berger , Jeff Bhasker , Chris Braide , Emile Haynie , Justin Parker , Rick Nowels , Robopop and Al Shux to achieve her desired sound . Their efforts resulted in a primarily baroque pop record , which sees additional influences from alternative hip hop , indie pop and trip hop music .   Contemporary music critics gave Born to Die mixed reviews ; some commended its distinctive production , while its repetitiveness and melodramatic tendencies were a recurring complaint . The album debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 77,000 copies ; it was later certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) after moving one million units . Born to Die reached the peak positions on eleven international record charts .   After attaining online success after its initial premiere on June 29 , 2011 , `` Video Games '' was released as the lead single from Born to Die on October 17 , 2011 ; it peaked at number ninety-one on the US Billboard Hot 100 . Its follow-up singles `` Born to Die '' , `` Off to the Races '' , `` Blue Jeans '' , `` Summertime Sadness '' , `` National Anthem '' , and `` Dark Paradise '' performed sporadically across Billboard component charts and international record charts . The Cedric Gervais remix of `` Summertime Sadness '' was released on July 11 , 2013 and became Del Rey 's highest-charting single in the United States , reaching number six on the Billboard Hot 100 . Del Rey additionally promoted Born to Die with several televised performances , including a widely criticized appearance on Saturday Night Live . It was reissued on November 9 , 2012 as an expanded version subtitled The Paradise Edition , which was packaged with her third extended play Paradise ( 2012 ) .   Born to Die has sold 7,000,000 copies worldwide as of June 2014 .

neg: Tamara Hoekwater Tamara Tessa Eleonora Hoekwater ( born 1 May 1972 in Heerlen ) is a Dutch singer who performs in Dutch and English . She studied at the Maastricht Academy of Music . From 1992 until 2002 she was the lead singer of pop band Volumia !   After Volumia ! she sang at the big band Swing Design . Starting in 2002 she sang in the The Jack Million Big-Band , doubling as manager of the band , performing several times inf the United States . On one of these tours , they participated in the Glenn Miller Festival in Clarinda , Iowa . In New York she played with Greg Walker ( Santana ) . At the TV station L1 she presented several programs such as Valuation on Location and Tamara & Birgit .   Today she lives in Amsterdam with her husband Björn Stenvers where she works on her jazz career with Cees Hamelink and their Bourgondisch Combo with performances in the Netherlands and abroad . On 3 October 2014 they launched their CD I said yes in the Faculty Club of the University of Amsterdam ( UvA ) . Since 2015 she performs regularly in Russia with the Maynugin Quartet .

neg: The Endless Summer Tour The Endless Summer Tour was the third headlining concert tour by American recording artist Lana Del Rey in support of her third studio album , Ultraviolence ( 2014 ) . The tour began on May 7 , 2015 in The Woodlands , Texas and concluded on June 16 , 2015 in West Palm Beach , Florida finishing with a total of twenty shows over the span of two months . The first seven shows of the tour were supported by fellow alternative rock singer Courtney Love , while the majority of the remaining tour dates were supported by synthpop singer and producer , Grimes . Most of the tour dates were sold out instantly .   Lana Del Rey performed songs from Born to Die , Paradise , and Ultraviolence , in addition to some previously unreleased songs , and covers .   At the end of 2015 , the tour placed at number 156 on Pollstar 's `` 2015 Year-End Top 200 North American Tours '' list , grossing $ 6 million from 16 shows .

neg: Kreesha Turner Kreesha Turner ( born June 10 , 1985 ) is a Canadian/Jamaican recording artist and songwriter , born in Edmonton , Alberta , Canada . Raised in both Canada and Jamaica , she began her musical career after a successful audition with Virgin Records . She signed a record deal with the Capitol Music Group , under which the Virgin imprint operates . Concurrently , EMI Music Canada signed her in order to more effectively tap into the Canadian market .   She has released two albums in Canada . Her first album Passion ( 2008 ) spawned singles `` Bounce With Me , '' `` Lady Killer '' and `` Do n't Call Me Baby '' . The latter became the # 1 most played song ( by a Canadian ) on Canadian radio in 2008 and became her very first number one single on Billboards U.S. Hot Dance Club Play . During this year , she was nominated for two Juno Awards for `` Best New Artist '' and `` Best Pop Album of The Year . '' Her second double disc studio album , Tropic Electric ( 2011 ) saw Turner alter her public image and return to her original sound . She released three moderately successful singles `` Rock Paper Scissors , '' `` I Could Stay , '' and `` Love Again . '' which gained her another Juno Award Nomination for `` Best R&B Album . ''   Turner is currently finished recording her third album entitled Evolution Inevitable with a new direction of her sound infused with Dancehall , Hip Hop and R&B .   Throughout Turner 's career , she has been well known for her style and image . She 's been ranked on Complex magazine list of `` 25 Sexiest International Singers You 've Never Heard Of '' and Much Music 's `` Sexiest Girls list '' in 2008 . She has been featured on multiple major Canadian magazine covers and starred in a national Kit Kat campaign . Her music has been featured on major network television shows such as , `` Entourage '' , `` Desperate Housewives '' , `` Ugly Betty '' , `` Gossip Girl '' , `` The Hills '' , `` Keeping Up With the Kardashians '' , `` Smash '' , `` Lipstick Jungle '' and `` Brothers & Sisters '' .

neg: Training bra A training bra ( also trainer bra , starter bra , first bra or bralette ) is a lightweight brassiere designed for girls who have begun to develop breasts during puberty when the girl 's breasts are not yet large enough to fit a standard-sized bra . Breast growth is usually defined by the Tanner scale . Girls who are developing breasts are at Tanner stage I and II . Training bras are usually a lightweight , unlined , pullover style bra and feature a soft , elastic bra band and soft bra cups . Prior to the marketing of training bras , a pre-teen or young teen girl in Western countries usually wore a one-piece `` waist '' or camisole without cups or darts .   When a girl receives her first bra , it may be seen as a long-awaited rite of passage in her life signifying her coming of age . Bras for pre-teens and girls entering puberty were first marketed during the 1950s . Some companies have been criticized for marketing bras to pre-teens and of sexualizing girls at an early age .

neg: The Summer Tic EP The Summer Tic is the first EP by American rock band Paramore . It was released on June 18 , 2006 and was sold only during the 2006 Warped Tour and the tour supporting their previously released album , All We Know Is Falling . The name of the EP comes from a lyric of the song `` Stuck on You '' , which is a cover of the Failure song . The EP includes an alternative version of `` Emergency '' , a song which appeared on their debut studio album . The version features the original screaming done by former guitarist , Josh Farro , which was removed for All We Know Is Falling .

neg: Yurena María del Mar Cuena Seisdedos ( Baracaldo , 11 December 1966 ) , known under the stage names Tamara ( 1990-2004 ) , Ámbar ( 2004-2005 ) and then Yurena ( from 2005 ) is a Spanish pop singer . Her early career was marred by controversy , but after a five-year hiatus from the music industry while she operated a club , she launched a successful comeback . Her music was introduced to China in 2014 .