query: Keith Urban sang the single "Sweet Thing."

pos: Sweet Thing (Keith Urban song) `` Sweet Thing '' is a song co-written and recorded by Australian country music singer Keith Urban . It was released on 3 November 2008 as the first single from his 2009 album Defying Gravity . It made its debut on the Hot Country Songs charts at number 30 , becoming Urban 's nineteenth Top 40 country hit , and on the chart week of 14 March 2009 , it became his tenth number 1 single . This song also went on to win his third win for 2010 Grammy Award for Best Male Country Vocal Performance in 2010 . This is Keith 's first Top 40 hit on the Pop chart since Once in a Lifetime in 2006 and first Top 30 hit on the Pop chart since You 'll Think of Me in 2004 . The song was written by Urban and Monty Powell .

pos: Keith Urban Keith Lionel Urban ( born 26 October 1967 ) is a New Zealand-born Australian country musician . In 1991 , he released a self-titled debut album and charted four singles in Australia before moving to the United States the following year . He found work as a session guitarist before starting a band known as The Ranch , which recorded one studio album on Capitol Nashville and charted two singles on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart .   Still signed to Capitol , Urban made his solo American debut in 1999 with a second eponymous album . Certified platinum in the US , it produced his first number one on Hot Country Songs with `` But for the Grace of God '' . `` Somebody Like You '' , the first single from his second Capitol album , Golden Road ( 2002 ) , was named by Billboard as the biggest country hit of the 2000s decade . The album 's fourth single , `` You 'll Think of Me '' , earned him his first Grammy . 2004 's Be Here , his third American album , produced three more number 1 singles and became his highest-selling album , earning 4 × Platinum certification . Love , Pain & the Whole Crazy Thing was released in 2006 , containing `` Once in a Lifetime '' as well as his second Grammy song , `` Stupid Boy '' . A greatest hits package entitled Greatest Hits : 18 Kids followed in late 2007 . Defying Gravity and Get Closer were released on 31 March 2009 and 16 November 2010 , respectively . In September 2013 , he released a brand new album titled Fuse , which produced four more number ones on the Country Airplay chart , two of which are duets -- one with Miranda Lambert and the other with Eric Church . A new single , entitled `` John Cougar , John Deere , John 3:16 '' , was released in June 2015 as the lead-off single to his eighth American studio album Ripcord . The album later produced the Country Airplay number one hits '' Break on Me '' , `` Wasted Time '' and `` Blue Ai n't Your Color '' , with the latter also becoming Urban 's longest reigning number one on the Hot Country Songs chart spending twelve weeks at number one .   Urban has released a total of nine studio albums ( one of which was released only in the United Kingdom ) , as well as one album with The Ranch . He has charted 37 singles on the US Hot Country Songs , 18 of which went to number one , counting a duet with Brad Paisley and the 2008 single `` You Look Good in My Shirt '' , which he previously recorded on Golden Road . Those also include his third Grammy Award-winning single `` Sweet Thing '' from his album Defying Gravity .   Urban is also known for his roles as a coach on the Australian version of the singing competition The Voice and as a judge on American Idol . Since 2006 , he has been married to actress Nicole Kidman . In October 2013 , Urban introduced his own signature line of guitars and accessories .

neg: Sex Style Sex Style is the second studio album by Ultramagnetic MCs member Kool Keith . The album was released on February 3 , 1997 . It is a dirty rap concept album utilizing a lyrical style Keith referred to as `` pornocore '' . Although the album did not chart , it was reissued in 2006 with a bonus track .

neg: Love Thing `` Love Thing '' is a song by recording artist Tina Turner from her 1991 album Simply the Best . The single , which brought Turner back to her rock roots , also included the non-album track `` I 'm a Lady '' , written and produced by Terry Britten and Graham Lyle .

neg: Sweetness (Jimmy Eat World song) `` Sweetness '' is a song by American alternative rock band Jimmy Eat World . It was released in June 2002 as the third single from their 2001 album , Bleed American . The song was also featured on the soundtrack for the EA Sports video game NHL 2003 . It was originally written to appear on the album Clarity ; the band played the song live many times during the Clarity tour , and a demo recording of it was included on the 2007 re-issue of Clarity .

neg: Hot Sugar (Tamar Braxton song) `` Hot Sugar '' is a song by American singer Tamar Braxton from her second studio album , Love and War ( 2013 ) . The song was released on October 17 , 2013 , as the fourth and final singe from the album . American producer Kyle `` K2 '' Stewart II wrote `` Hot Sugar '' in collaboration with Braxton and songwriters LaShawn Daniels and Mandakeba Riddick .   Critical response to `` Hot Sugar '' was mixed : some critics praised its sound while others negatively compared it to the album 's ballads .

neg: Only You Can Love Me This Way `` Only You Can Love Me This Way '' is a song written by Steve McEwan and John Reid and recorded by Australian country music singer Keith Urban on his 2009 album Defying Gravity . The song was released to radio on 29 June 2009 , as the third single from that album and the twenty-first solo single of his career . It also became his eleventh No. 1 single on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts in October . The song is part of the track listing to Now That 's What I Call Music ! 32 .

neg: I Wish U Heaven `` I Wish U Heaven '' is a song by Prince , and the third single from his 1988 album , Lovesexy . It is a joyful , spiritual song with few lyrics , which runs 2:43 . The 12 '' single is a substantially extended three-part suite which runs over ten minutes . This song was a replacement for `` The Line '' , an upbeat jam featuring Sheila E. on backing vocals . *   Part One of the mix starts with a stripped-down version of the Lovesexy album song , remixed with a dance beat . The original drum programming and rhythmic electric guitar riffs are deleted for much of the song .   Part Two is a gospel rendition with new lyrics , continuing the spiritual theme . This part of the song was often sung in concert during the Lovesexy World Tour . The beginning of this section paraphrases lyrics from `` Housequake '' , from the previous album Sign '' ☮ '' the Times . Prince also quotes the film Scarface with the lines `` Say hello to my little friend ... '' and then introduces the `` Blue Angel '' , a new blue version of his custom `` White Cloud '' guitar featured in the film Purple Rain . Sheila E. is also given a call out , and her voice can be heard responding in this section .   Part Three is based on an outtake called `` Take This Beat '' and deviates quite a bit from the original theme . This segment has Prince using his `` Jamie Starr '' persona to humorously tout the fact that he 's funky , musically talented , and has plenty of beats ( songs ) that are `` so fine '' . The song ends with a looped repeat of the title . This version of the song became one of the highlights during the supporting tour in which Prince would usually order the house lights to be turned up , and instruct the crowd during a call and response segment .   The B-side , `` Scarlet Pussy '' , is credited to Prince 's alter ego , Camille . The song is very sexual , using metaphors of cats and dogs for sexual organs , a theme Prince previously used for the B-side `` La , La , La , He , He , Hee '' . Prince uses his sped-up Camille vocals , as well as a slowed-down vocal , similar to `` Bob George '' from The Black Album . The song features a saxophone solo from Eric Leeds . The decision to include such a raunchy song with the spiritual A-side was noteworthy . The edit of `` Scarlet Pussy '' was included on 1993 's The Hits/The B-Sides .

neg: Sweet Lady (Tyrese song) Sweet Lady is the second single released from Tyrese 's first studio album Tyrese . The single reached # 12 on the Hot 100 and # 9 on the R&B charts . The song stayed on the Hot 100 charts for a total of twenty five weeks .

neg: Girl Thing (album) Girl Thing is the self-titled debut and only studio album by British-Dutch girl group Girl Thing . The album is a mix of 2000s girl pop and 1970s disco . It features 16 tracks including the singles `` Last One Standing '' , `` Girls on Top '' and `` Young , Free and Happy '' , which was only released in Australia and New Zealand . The album is notable in that it includes the song `` Pure and Simple '' , which was released as the debut single by Popstars winners Hear ` Say and went on to sell over 1 million copies .   Although Girl Thing are an English group , due to poor sales of their second single , `` Girls on Top '' , the album was not initially released in the UK . It was however finally released to UK iTunes 13 years after its original release , coinciding with the group 's appearance on the ITV2 television series The Big Reunion .

neg: Pieces of You Pieces of You is the debut studio album by American singer-songwriter Jewel , released on February 28 , 1995 by Atlantic Records . The album was produced by Ben Keith , who has also produced works for artists such as Neil Young and Patsy Cline .   Though it made little impact initially , the single `` Who Will Save Your Soul '' eventually received airplay and the album peaked at # 4 on Billboard 200 almost exactly two years after its release . Other hits included were `` Foolish Games '' and `` You Were Meant for Me '' as well as the UK single `` Morning Song '' . After two years , the album was re-released featuring the re-recorded versions of `` You Were Meant for Me '' and `` Foolish Games '' . Despite a mixed critical response , the album is listed at number 64 of the `` Definitive 200 '' by the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame .   As of 2010 , the album had sold 7.3 million copies in US . It was certified 12x Platinum for shipments of 12 million copies in the U.S. , making it one of the best selling debut albums of all time .

neg: Sweet Lullaby `` Sweet Lullaby '' is a song by French world music/ethnic electronica Deep Forest which originally appeared on their eponymous album . The song gained popularity in 1992 and 1993 when it was released as a single , becoming a top 30 hit in many European and Oceanian countries . In 1994 , it was re-released in remixed versions .

neg: It's Your Thing `` It 's Your Thing '' is a funk single by The Isley Brothers . Released in 1969 , the funk anthem was an artistic response to Motown chief Berry Gordy 's demanding hold on his artists after the Isleys left the label in late-1968 .   The lyrics of the chorus , which also serve as first verse , run : `` It 's your thing / Do what you wan na do / I ca n't tell you / Who to sock it to '' . The song is ranked # 420 on the Rolling Stone magazine 's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time .

neg: Sweet Things (Georgie Fame album) Sweet Things is the 1966 third album with the Blue Flames by Georgie Fame which reached No. 6 in the album Top Ten in the UK . Following this album his band The Blue Flames was replaced with The Tornados .   The album , issued on the Columbia label ( SX 6043 ) , has been described as `` one of the finest British R&B albums of the mid - '60s . ''

neg: Urban Knights The Urban Knights is an all-star smooth , soul and R&B jazz band which features one of the jazz greats , pianist Ramsey Lewis . Their first self-titled debut album in 1995 included prominent musicians Grover Washington , Jr. , Omar Hakim , Victor Bailey and the Emotions to name a few . Other great musicians have collaborated throughout the years with the Urban Knights such as Maurice White ( Earth , Wind & Fire ) , saxophonists Gerald Albright , Najee , Kenny Garrett and Dave Koz , guitarists Jonathan Butler , Norman Brown , Earl Klugh , Bobby Broom and Fareed Haque . In 2000 , Urban Knights III , was the supergroup 's first album for the Narada label out of Milwaukee , Wisconsin .

neg: Together We Can Make Such Sweet Music `` Together We Can Make Such Sweet Music '' is a 1967 song co-written by Richard Drapkin and Marty Coleman . In 1968 it was assigned to Artie Fields ' Top Dog label in Detroit and issued as a 45 by rhythm and blues singer Joe Towns ( Top Dog 105 ) .   When Top Dog was bought and then absorbed into the Motown stable the song was reissued with production duties from Clay McMurray as two singles for The Spinners , initially as the B-Side of `` It 's a Shame '' on Motown 's V.I.P. Records .   Three years later it appeared as a reworked single for the main Motown label itself . The later release was to cash in on the success of The Spinners since signing for Atlantic Records ( and leaving Motown ) over a year prior . The song 's narrator tells his love that there 's no need for them to argue and fight due to how strong their love is when they 're together . Two versions of this song were released , both of which were led by one of the group 's front man Bobby Smith , with very notable changes .   The first Spinners version was more soulful , and featured the group 's former front man G.C. Cameron with a lead part on the bridge ; this version also appears on their second album , 2nd Time Around . The second version ( released in April , 1973 ) was more conventional and commercial , remixed with additional adjusted instrumentation so it would sound more like the group 's hits on the Atlantic label . Upon the song 's re-release , `` Together We Can Make Such Sweet Music '' , would hit # 91 on the Billboard Hot 100 charts making it the group 's last Motown single to chart ( and their only Motown song to chart after they left the label ) . This second version was released on a `` Best of the Spinners '' LP by Motown the same year .   The song would also be covered by The Supremes twice , both as a duet with The Four Tops and ( by themselves ) as a track for their album New Ways but Love Stays .

neg: Sweet Music Man `` Sweet Music Man '' is a song written and recorded by American musician Kenny Rogers . It appears on his 1977 album Daytime Friends , from which it was released as the final single .

neg: Boomtown (Toby Keith album) Boomtown is the second studio album released by American country music singer Toby Keith . Released in 1994 on PolyGram Nashville , the album was certified platinum by the RIAA for U.S. sales of one million copies . Overall , this album produced four hit singles for Keith on the Hot Country Songs charts between 1994 and 1995 : `` Who 's That Man '' ( # 1 ) , `` Upstairs Downtown '' ( # 10 ) , `` You Ai n't Much Fun '' ( # 2 ) and `` Big Ol' Truck '' ( # 15 ) .

neg: Just Whitney Just Whitney is the fifth studio album by American recording artist Whitney Houston , released on December 10 , 2002 in North America by Arista Records . It was her first studio album in four years , since 1998 's My Love Is Your Love , and after signing her new $ 100 million Arista contract in 2001 .   The album debuted at number nine on the Billboard 200 , and number three of Top R&B / Hip-Hop Albums , with sales of 205,147 copies in the first week , not only beating her previous high first-week sales of 177,284 units with the Waiting to Exhale soundtrack but also logged her highest debut sales out of her SoundScan-era solo albums . The album received mixed reviews from music critics .   It spawned four official singles -- with three ; `` Whatchulookinat '' , `` Love That Man '' and `` Try It on My Own '' peaking at number one on Billboards Hot Dance Club Play chart . `` Try It on My Own '' also peaked at number 10 on Billboards Adult Contemporary singles . Since its release , Just Whitney ... has gone on to sell/ship more than 2 million units worldwide and has also earned Platinum certification in the US and Switzerland and Gold in France , Brazil and other countries . As of 2012 , the album 's US sales stand at approximately 1 million units . In 2003 , Just Whitney ... was nominated at the Soul Train Lady of Soul Awards in the category for Best R&B / Soul Album of the Year .

neg: The Sweet Escape (song) `` The Sweet Escape '' is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani from her second studio album of the same name ( 2006 ) . It was written by Stefani , Akon , and Giorgio Tuinfort . Akon , who is also a featured artist , developed the song 's beat before collaborating with Stefani . He designed it based on her previous work with No Doubt , and Stefani later commented that it put her `` on the yellow brick road to the No Doubt record I might do '' . `` The Sweet Escape '' is an apology for a fight between two lovers and describes a dream of a pleasant life for them . As the album 's title track , its title was chosen to help market Stefani 's music and fashion lines .   The song received generally positive reviews from contemporary music critics , though there was a negative response to Akon 's presence as a featured artist . `` The Sweet Escape '' was released as the album 's second single on December 19 , 2006 and was commercially successful in mainstream and adult contemporary markets . It reached the top 10 of most singles charts and topped the New Zealand Singles Chart . The song was nominated for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals at the 50th Grammy Awards . In the song 's accompanying music video , Stefani attempts to escape from a golden prison .

neg: Sweetbox Sweetbox is a Los Angeles based pop music project formed in Germany in 1995 by executive producer Heiko Schmidt and music producer Roberto `` Geo '' Rosan . Throughout the years Sweetbox has had several lead singers including Kimberly Kearney , Dacia Bridges , Tina Harris , Jade Villalon , Jamie Pineda and most recently and currently , Miho Fukuhara and LogiQ Pryce .   Although the project released four singles in the mid 1990s , with initial singers Kimberley Kearney and Dacia Bridges , worldwide success came with third vocalist , Tina Harris . Everything 's Gon na Be Alright was released in 1997 , which topped charts around the world and started a musical theme , sampling classical music , which the project would later become known for .   Tina Harris left after two years , with Jade Villalon replacing her as the fourth vocalist with five original albums , all reaching Gold or Platinum in Korea . Villalon , along with `` Geo '' left the project after seven years to go on and do other projects .   Vocalist Jamie Pineda took the role as new vocalist shortly after in late 2007 and then releasing her first studio album The Next Generation in 2009 , which was produced by Derek Bramble . Pineda released one more album , Diamond Veil in 2011 and it was released in Japan and Korea , as the 8th studio album from Sweetbox .   In 2013 , Japanese singer Miho Fukuhara became the new frontwoman and for the first time in the project 's history , male vocalist/rapper LogiQ Pryce would co-front the project with her . The studio album , titled #Zeitgeist 21 was released on July 3 , 2013 .

neg: Honkytonk University Honkytonk University is the ninth studio album by country music singer Toby Keith , released in 2005 . The album has been certified 2 × Multi-Platinum for sales of in excess of 2 million units .   `` Honkytonk U '' was the first single to be released from the album , breaking the country top 10 . `` As Good as I Once Was '' was the album 's biggest hit , topping the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts for six weeks . It was his last studio album for Dreamworks Records before DreamWorks closed its country division .


query: Ralph Fiennes is incapable of playing Prince Hamlet.

pos: Ralph Fiennes Ralph Nathaniel Twisleton-Wykeham-Fiennes ( -LSB- ˈreɪf_ˈfaɪnz -RSB- born 22 December 1962 ) is an English actor , director and producer . A noted Shakespeare interpreter , he first achieved success onstage at the Royal National Theatre .   Fiennes ' portrayal of Nazi war criminal Amon Göth in Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) earned him nominations for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor and the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor , and he won the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role . His performance as Count Almásy in The English Patient ( 1996 ) garnered him a second Academy Award nomination , for Best Actor , as well as BAFTA and Golden Globe nominations .   Since then , Fiennes has been in a number of notable films , including Quiz Show ( 1994 ) , Strange Days ( 1995 ) , The End of the Affair ( 1999 ) , Red Dragon ( 2002 ) , The Constant Gardener ( 2005 ) , In Bruges ( 2008 ) , The Reader ( 2008 ) , Clash of the Titans ( 2010 ) , Great Expectations ( 2012 ) and The Grand Budapest Hotel ( 2014 ) . He voiced Rameses in The Prince of Egypt ( 1998 ) and Alfred Pennyworth in The Lego Batman Movie ( 2017 ) . Fiennes is also known for his roles in major film franchises such as the Harry Potter film series ( 2005 -- 2011 ) , in which he played the villainous Lord Voldemort , and the James Bond series , in which he has played Gareth Mallory / M , starting with the 2012 film Skyfall .   In 2011 , Fiennes made his directorial debut with his film adaptation of Shakespeare 's tragedy Coriolanus , in which he also played the title character . Fiennes won a Tony Award for playing Prince Hamlet on Broadway . Since 1999 , Fiennes has served as an ambassador for UNICEF UK . One of the highest profile actors in contemporary British popular culture , Fiennes appeared on Debrett 's 2017 list of the most influential people in the UK .

neg: Charles Hart (actor) Charles Hart ( c. 1625 -- 18 August 1683 ) was a prominent British Restoration actor .   A Charles Hart was christened on 11 December 1625 , in the parish of St. Giles Cripplegate , in London . It is not absolutely certain that this was the actor , though the name was not common at the time . . Hart began his career as a boy player with the King 's Men ; he was an apprentice of Richard Robinson , longtime member of that company . Hart established his reputation by playing the role of the Duchess in The Cardinal , the tragedy by James Shirley , in 1641 . He served as a soldier in the English Civil War , and was an officer in Prince Rupert 's regiment of cavalry , along with fellow actors Nicholas Burt and Robert Shatterell . Hart and the others most likely saw combat at the battles of Marston Moor and Nasby , and perhaps at Edgehill as well .   Hart then returned to acting ; evidence suggests he was with other displaced English actors in Europe in 1646 . In 1648 , Hart , Walter Clun and eight other actors , were involved in an attempt to restart the King 's Men company during the Puritan Commonwealth , which , perhaps unsurprisingly , did not succeed . On 5 February 1648 , at the Cockpit Theatre , Hart and other King 's Men were arrested for violating the ban against theatrical performance ; they were caught in the midst of a performance of Rollo Duke of Normandy ( in which Hart played the character Otto ) . Hart and the others were imprisoned for a short time , then released .   Just before the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 , acting resumed on a larger scale , and Hart seems to have been then a member of a company performing at the Cockpit playhouse , led by Michael Mohun . As soon as the King 's Company was formed in 1660 , Hart became one of its leading men ; he specialized in playing the male half of witty , bantering couples . This type of dialogue in Restoration comedy was largely influenced by the talents and personalities of Hart and Nell Gwyn , in plays like James Howard 's The Mad Couple ; Gwyn was his mistress before she became Charles II 's . Hart 's natural dignity in playing royal roles was also often commented on by contemporaries , and in the heroic play he `` was celebrated for superman roles , notably the arrogant , bloodthirsty Almanzor in John Dryden 's Conquest of Granada . ''   When Hart played in Euterpe Restored in 1672 , Richard Flecknoe composed the following lines :   Beauty to the eye , and music to the ear ,  Such even the nicest critics must allow  Burbage was once and such Charles Hart is now .   Throughout his Restoration career , Hart filled a range of noteworthy parts . He was Cassio in early stagings of Shakespear 's Othello ; after 1669 he played the title role . He played roles in revivals of plays by Shakespeare , Ben Jonson , and John Fletcher --   Hotspur in Henry IV , Part 1  Brutus in Julius Caesar  Mosca in Volpone  Demetrius in The Humorous Lieutenant  Michael Perez in Rule a Wife and Have a Wife  Arbaces in A King and No King  Amintor in The Maid 's Tragedy  Rollo in Rollo Duke of Normandy  Welford in The Scornful Lady  Don John in The Chances   -- and in contemporary dramas , by John Dryden --   Marc Antony in All for Love  Porphyrius in Tyrannick Love  Aurange Zebe in Aurang-zebe  Celadon in The Maiden Queen  Wildblood in An Evening 's Love  Cortez in The Indian Emperour  Aurelian in The Assignation   -- and by other dramatists --   Horner in Wycherly 's The Country Wife  Manly in Wycherly 's The Plain Dealer  Phraartes in Crowne 's The Destruction of Jerusalem  Massinissa in Lee 's Sophonisba , or Hannibal 's Overthrow  Alexander the Great in Lee 's The Rival Queens  Ziphares in Lee 's Mythridates , King of Pontus  Lord Delaware in Boyle 's The Black Prince .   In 1682 , when the King 's Company joined with the Duke 's Company to form the United Company , Hart retired due to poor health , with a pension of 40 shillings per week . The well-known story that Hart was the illegitimate grandson of Shakespeare 's sister Joan is largely discredited .

neg: Royal Shakespeare Company The Royal Shakespeare Company ( RSC ) is a major British theatre company , based in Stratford-upon-Avon , Warwickshire , England . The company employs over 1000 staff and produces around 20 productions a year . The RSC plays regularly in London , Newcastle upon Tyne and on tour across the UK and internationally .   The company 's home is in Stratford-upon-Avon , where it has recently redeveloped its Royal Shakespeare and Swan theatres as part of a # 112.8-million `` Transformation '' project . The theatres re-opened in November 2010 , having closed in 2007 . The new buildings attracted 18,000 visitors within the first week and received a positive media response both upon opening , and following the first full Shakespeare performances . Performances in Stratford-upon-Avon continued throughout the Transformation project at the temporary Courtyard Theatre .   As well as the plays of Shakespeare and his contemporaries , the RSC produces new work from living artists and develops creative links with theatre-makers from around the world , as well as working with teachers to inspire a lifelong love of William Shakespeare in young people and running events for everyone to explore and participate in its work .   The RSC celebrated its fiftieth birthday season from April -- December 2011 , with two companies of actors presenting the first productions designed specifically for the new Royal Shakespeare and Swan Theatre stages . The 2011-season began with performances of Macbeth and a re-imagined lost play The History of Cardenio . The fiftieth birthday season also featured The Merchant of Venice with Sir Patrick Stewart and revivals of some of the RSC 's greatest plays , including a new staging of Marat/Sade .   For the London 2012 Festival as part of the Cultural Olympiad , the RSC produced the World Shakespeare Festival , featuring artists from across the world performing in venues around the UK .   In 2013 the company began live screenings of its Shakespeare productions -- called Live from Stratford-upon-Avon -- which are screened around the world . In 2016 , the company collaborated with Intel and The Imaginarium Studios to stage The Tempest , bringing performance capture to the Royal Shakespeare Theatre for the very first time .

neg: Ralph Richardson Sir Ralph David Richardson ( 19 December 1902 -- 10 October 1983 ) was an English actor who , along with his contemporaries John Gielgud and Laurence Olivier , dominated the British stage of the mid-20th century . He worked in films throughout most of his career , and played more than sixty cinema roles . From an artistic but not theatrical background , Richardson had had no thought of a stage career until a production of Hamlet in Brighton inspired him to become an actor . He learned his craft in the 1920s with a touring company and later the Birmingham Repertory Theatre . In 1931 he joined the Old Vic , playing mostly Shakespearean roles . He led the company the following season , succeeding Gielgud , who had taught him much about stage technique . After he left the company , a series of leading roles took him to stardom in the West End and on Broadway .   In the 1940s , together with Olivier and John Burrell , Richardson was the co-director of the Old Vic company . There , his most celebrated roles included Peer Gynt and Falstaff . He and Olivier led the company to Europe and Broadway in 1945 and 1946 , before their success provoked resentment among the governing board of the Old Vic , leading to their dismissal from the company in 1947 . In the 1950s , in the West End and occasionally on tour , Richardson played in modern and classic works including The Heiress , Home at Seven , and Three Sisters . He continued on stage and in films until shortly before his sudden death at the age of eighty . He was celebrated in later years for his work with Peter Hall 's National Theatre and his frequent stage partnership with Gielgud . He was not known for his portrayal of the great tragic roles in the classics , preferring character parts in old and new plays .   Richardson 's film career began as an extra in 1931 . He was soon cast in leading roles in British and American films including Things to Come ( 1936 ) , The Fallen Idol ( 1948 ) , Long Day 's Journey into Night ( 1962 ) and Doctor Zhivago ( 1965 ) . He received nominations and awards in the UK , Europe and the US for his stage and screen work from 1948 until his death . Richardson was twice nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor , first for The Heiress ( 1949 ) and again ( posthumously ) for his final film , Greystoke : The Legend of Tarzan , Lord of the Apes ( 1984 ) .   Throughout his career , and increasingly in later years , Richardson was known for his eccentric behaviour on and off stage . He was often seen as detached from conventional ways of looking at the world , and his acting was regularly described as poetic or magical .

neg: Him (play) Him is a 1995 play written by actor Christopher Walken , who also took the lead role and which debuted in the New York Shakespeare Festival . It revolved around the afterlife of Elvis Presley , the singer who , as the author himself turned 15 , became his first idol . The play , Walken 's first venture into playwriting , adopts a surreal tone , and is replete with references to aspects of Presley 's life , as well as to other pieces of theatre , including Hamlet and those of Tennessee Williams . While it enjoyed some positive comments , it was largely panned by the critics .

neg: Land of the Blind Land of the Blind is a 2006 British-American black comedy drama film starring Ralph Fiennes , Donald Sutherland , Tom Hollander and Lara Flynn Boyle .   Land of the Blind is a dark political satire , based on several incidents throughout history in which tyrannical rulers were overthrown by new leaders who proved to be just as bad , if not worse , and subtle references are made to several such cases . The title is taken from the saying , `` In the land of the blind , the one-eyed man is king . ''   Land of the Blind had its world premiere in competition at the International Film Festival Rotterdam , and was the Opening Night Gala film at the 2006 Human Rights Watch Film Festival in London . Its U.S. premiere was in competition at the 2006 Tribeca Film Festival . The film sparked intense reaction during its festival run , attacked by both left and right , each of which saw the film as a critique of its position .   Historical references in the film include Jean-Paul Marat ( from the French Revolution ) , Kim Jong-Il , Joseph Stalin , Benito Mussolini , Augusto Pinochet , Anastasio Somoza Debayle , François Duvalier , Rudolph Hess , Jean-Claude Duvalier , Lyndon B. Johnson , Julius Caesar ( from William Shakespeare 's play ) , Robert Mugabe , Ngo Dinh Diem , Idi Amin , the PIRA Maze prison protests , U.S. POWs in Vietnam , the Weathermen terrorist group , the Khmer Rouge , the 1979 Revolution in Iran , and the subsequent Cultural Revolution in that country .

neg: Macbeth (1979 film) Macbeth is a 1979 videotaped version of Trevor Nunn 's Royal Shakespeare Company production of the play by William Shakespeare . Produced by Thames Television , it features Ian McKellen as Macbeth and Judi Dench as Lady Macbeth . The TV version was directed by Philip Casson .   The original stage production was performed at The Other Place , the RSC 's small studio theatre in Stratford-upon-Avon . It had been performed in the round before small audiences , with a bare stage and simple costuming . The recording preserves this style : the actors perform on a circular set and with a mostly black background ; changes of setting are indicated only by lighting changes .

neg: Three Days (of Hamlet) Three Days ( of Hamlet ) is an American documentary film from independent production company TMG , The Martindale Group , based in Los Angeles , California . TMG previously produced `` Pursuit of Happiness '' in 2000 starring Frank Whaley and Annabeth Gish .   Three Days ( of Hamlet ) covers a troupe of actors , and others , who gather to rehearse and perform a staged-reading of William Shakespeare 's Tragedy of Hamlet at the Matrix Theatre in West Hollywood , California during three days in July 2010 . Reality intrudes .   Alex Rotaru , Director of the documentary film Shakespeare High , in a personal message to the film 's creator , actor/director Alex Hyde-White , says about Three Days ( of Hamlet ) ' ... jaw-droppingly ambitious and often brilliant ... It was such an exquisite pleasure to learn something new about the play of all plays through your eyes . The pressure cooker in which you put yourself and your fellow actors was truly an ultimate test - I felt butterflies in my stomach just watching it . If Hamlet urges his actors to `` hold a mirror up to nature '' , you hold a mirror up to the mirror itself , doing what the French call ` mise en abime ' , or loosely : ` looking into the abyss of infinite reflections '   The film builds on its main structure of on-stage happenings by juxtaposing stories from the players , including actors Richard Chamberlain ( Polonius ) , Stefanie Powers ( Gertrude ) , Tom Badal ( Claudius ) , Peter Woodward ( Laertes/Player King ) and Joseph Culp ( Himself ) . The lead actor/manager Alex Hyde-White weaves his own personal dramatic narrative about `` Fathers and Sons '' as he recalls stories from his childhood as the son of the well-known British actor Wilfrid Hyde-White . At times , particularly when the character of Hamlet experiences the visitations from his father 's ghost , King Hamlet , the line of what is theatre and what is real life is purposely `` deconstructed '' and what happens onstage is commented on offstage resulting in a self-reflective dynamic of sometimes very powerful and moving proportions . Later , as the Son becomes the Father , a clear line of succession emerges in a profound , archetypal , way .

neg: The Taming of the Shrew The Taming of the Shrew is a comedy by William Shakespeare , believed to have been written between 1590 and 1592 .   The play begins with a framing device , often referred to as the induction , in which a mischievous nobleman tricks a drunken tinker named Christopher Sly into believing he is actually a nobleman himself . The nobleman then has the play performed for Sly 's diversion .   The main plot depicts the courtship of Petruchio and Katherina , the headstrong , obdurate shrew . Initially , Katherina is an unwilling participant in the relationship ; however , Petruchio `` tames '' her with various psychological torments , such as keeping her from eating and drinking , until she becomes a desirable , compliant , and obedient bride . The subplot features a competition between the suitors of Katherina 's younger sister , Bianca , who is seen as the `` ideal '' woman . The question of whether the play is misogynistic or not has become the subject of considerable controversy , particularly among modern scholars , audiences , and readers .   The Taming of the Shrew has been adapted numerous times for stage , screen , opera , ballet , and musical theatre ; perhaps the most famous adaptations being Cole Porter 's Kiss Me , Kate and the 1967 film of the play , starring Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton . The 1999 high school comedy film 10 Things I Hate About You is also loosely based on the play .

neg: Propeller (theatre company) Propeller is a theatre company which presents the plays of William Shakespeare in the UK and around the world . The director is Edward Hall , and the casts are exclusively male actors .

neg: Romeo + Juliet William Shakespeare 's Romeo + Juliet ( shortened to Romeo + Juliet ) is a 1996 American romantic drama film directed , co-produced and co-written by Baz Luhrmann , co-produced by Gabriella Martinelli and co-written by Craig Pearce , being an adaption and modernization of William Shakespeare 's tragedy Romeo and Juliet . The film stars Leonardo DiCaprio and Claire Danes in the leading roles of Romeo and Juliet , who instantly fall in love when Romeo crashes a party and meets her despite them being members of the Montague and Capulet family ; Brian Dennehy , John Leguizamo , Pete Postlethwaite , Paul Sorvino and Diane Venora star in supporting roles .   While it retains the original Shakespearean dialogue , the Montagues and the Capulets are represented as warring mafia empires ( with legitimate business fronts ) and swords are replaced with guns ( with brand names such as `` Dagger '' and `` Sword '' ) . Some of the characters ' names are also changed . Lord and Lady Montague and Lord and Lady Capulet are given first names ( as opposed to the Shakespeare original where their first names are never mentioned ) , Friar Lawrence becomes Father Lawrence , and Prince Escalus is renamed Captain Prince . There is also no Friar John , who was in the original play . Also , some characters were switched from one family to the other -- in the original , Gregory and Sampson are Capulets , but in the film , they are Montagues . ( Abram , as Abra , and Petruchio , conversely , are shifted from the Montague to the Capulet family . ) In addition , a few plot details are shifted , most notably near the ending .   The film was released on November 1 , 1996 by 20th Century Fox to commercial and generally critical success , grossing over $ 147.5 million over a $ 14.5 million budget and receiving generally positive reviews . At the 47th Berlin International Film Festival in 1997 , DiCaprio won the Silver Bear for Best Actor and Luhrmann won the Alfred Bauer Prize . Luhrmann was also nominated for the Golden Bear Award for Best Picture . At the 69th Academy Awards , Catherine Martin and Brigitte Broch were nominated for Best Art Direction/Set Decoration .

neg: King Lear (1953 film) King Lear is a 1953 live television adaptation of the Shakespeare play staged by Peter Brook and starring Orson Welles . Preserved on kinescope , it aired October 18 , 1953 , as part of the CBS television series Omnibus , hosted by Alistair Cooke . The cast includes Micheál Mac Liammóir and Alan Badel .

neg: Timeline of Shakespeare criticism Timeline of Shakespeare criticism is an informal term that presents a chronological collection of critical quotations about William Shakespeare and his works , which illustrate the article Shakespeare 's reputation .   Shakespeare enjoyed recognition in his own time , but in the 17th century , poets and authors began to consider him as the supreme dramatist and poet of all times of the English language . In fact , even today , no other dramatist has been performed even remotely as often on the British ( and later the world ) stage as Shakespeare   Since then , several editors and critics of theater began to focus on the dramatic text and the language of Shakespeare , creating a study that focused on extracting all the power of his literary texts , being used in studies on the printed page rather than in the theater . This attitude reached a high point with the Romantics , which saw his figure as a genius , prophet , and Bard -- and continued important in the last century , receiving analysis not only by poets and authors , but also by psychoanalysts , psychologists and philosophers .

neg: A Dangerous Man: Lawrence After Arabia A Dangerous Man : Lawrence After Arabia is a British television film of 1992 depicting the experiences of T. E. Lawrence and Emir Feisal of the Hejaz at the Paris Peace Conference after the end of the First World War . One of the conference 's many concerns was determining the fates of territories formerly under the rule of the defeated Ottoman Empire . The film stars Ralph Fiennes ( in his first film role ) as T. E. Lawrence , Alexander Siddig ( then credited as Siddig El-Fadil ) as Faisal , Denis Quilley as Lord Curzon , and Nicholas Jones as Lord Dyson . It was made by Anglia Films and Enigma Television , and was first screened on 18 April 1992 on the ITV network .   The film was produced in 1990 , a year after David Lean 's film epic , Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) , was re-released to cinemas . It serves as an unofficial sequel to that earlier film , as it depicts events that happened after the Great War .   The film 's screenplay was written by Tim Rose Price . Christopher Menaul directed the film .   The film goes further than its predecessor in reflecting the work of contemporary historians . It demonstrates contemporary concerns about British and international politics and ethnic conflict . It also explores further Lawrence 's enigmatic personality and suggests more openly his alleged homosexuality .

neg: The Merchant of Venice (1914 film) The Merchant of Venice is a lost 1914 American silent film historical drama based on William Shakespeare 's play . It was directed by and starred Phillips Smalley and Lois Weber , a husband and wife directing team . It was produced and distributed by Universal Film Manufacturing Company .

neg: Richard III (1912 film) Richard III is a 55-minute film adaptation of Shakespeare 's play , starring Frederick Warde as the title character . The 1912 film , a French/U . S. international co-production , was produced by Film d'Art and released through the independent states rights film distribution system . The film was co-directed by French film director André Calmettes , who had previously directed the films The Assassination of the Duke of Guise ( 1908 ) , La Tosca ( 1909 -- based on the play by Victorien Sardou ) , and La Dame aux Camélias ( 1910 ) with Sarah Bernhardt . Richard III was adapted from Shakespeare 's original and Colley Cibber 's 1699 adaptation by playwright James Keane , who also served as co-director and actor ( playing Richmond ) . The film was shot around Westchester , New York and City Island Long Island Sound .

neg: Hugh Grant Hugh John Mungo Grant ( born 9 September 1960 ) is an English actor and film producer . Grant has received a Golden Globe , a BAFTA , and an Honorary César for his work . His films have earned more than US$ 2.4 billion from 25 theatrical releases worldwide . Grant first received attention after earning the Volpi Cup for his performance in James Ivory 's Maurice ( 1987 ) but achieved international success after appearing in the Richard Curtis-scripted Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ) . Grant used this breakthrough role as a frequent cinematic persona during the 1990s , delivering comic performances in films such as Mickey Blue Eyes ( 1999 ) and Notting Hill ( 1999 ) . One of the best known figures in 1990s British popular culture , Grant was in a high-profile relationship with Elizabeth Hurley , which was the focus of much attention in the British and international media .   By the turn of the 21st century , Grant had established himself as a leading man , skilled with a satirical comic talent . Grant has expanded his oeuvre with critically acclaimed turns as a cad in Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 2001 ) , About a Boy ( 2002 ) , and American Dreamz ( 2006 ) . Grant later played against type with multiple cameo roles in the epic sci-fi drama film , Cloud Atlas ( 2012 ) . He 's also known for appearing in period pieces such as The Remains of the Day ( 1993 ) , Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) and Florence Foster Jenkins ( 2016 ) .   Within the film industry , Grant is cited as an anti-star who approaches his roles like a character actor , and attempts to make his acting appear spontaneous . Hallmarks of his comic skills include a nonchalant touch of irony/sarcasm and studied physical mannerisms , as well as his precisely-timed dialogue delivery and facial expressions . The entertainment media 's coverage of Grant 's life off the big screen has often overshadowed his work as an actor . Grant has been outspoken about his antipathy towards the profession of acting , and in his disdain towards the culture of celebrity and hostility towards the media . In a career spanning 30 years , Grant has repeatedly claimed that acting was not his true calling , but rather a career that unintentionally developed by happenstance .

neg: Summer Shakespeare Festival The Summer Shakespeare Festival ( Czech : Letní shakespearovské slavnosti , Slovak : Letné shakespearovské slávnosti ) takes place in the courtyard of Burgrave Palace at Prague Castle . The festival was originally initiated by Václav Havel . The performances are also presented at Špilberk in Brno and at Bratislava Castle in Bratislava . The organizers closely cooperate with Martin Hilský , who translated most of the staged plays .   So far , the most acclaimed was the performance of King Lear in 2002 . In 2004 , director Martin Huba was selected for an ambitious project , a performance of Romeo and Juliet such as that one evening Capulets would be Slovaks and Monteks Czechs and the next day vice versa . The project failed , Huba said to the media that even though the dialogs translated by Ľubomír Feldek and Martin Hilský were perfect , they somehow did not fit together . In the end , the only Slovak-speaking character was the Nurse , performed by Emília Vášáryová .

neg: The Magic Flute (2006 film) The Magic Flute is Kenneth Branagh 's English-language film version of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 's singspiel Die Zauberflöte . The film is a co-production between France & the UK , produced by Idéale Audience and in association with UK 's The Peter Moores Foundation .   In November 2005 , it was announced that , as part of the 250th anniversary celebration of Mozart 's birthday , a new film version of The Magic Flute , set during World War I , was to be made , directed by Kenneth Branagh , with a translation by Stephen Fry . The film was presented at the Toronto International Film Festival on 7 September 2006 , at the Venice Film Festival on 8 September of that year , and released in Switzerland on 5 April 2007 . It has played in many European countries .   The film , with a soundtrack performed by the Chamber Orchestra of Europe conducted by James Conlon , is the first motion picture version of the opera specifically intended for cinemas . Ingmar Bergman 's 1975 film version was made for Swedish television and only later released to theatres . Branagh 's version was shot in Super 35 and released in anamorphic widescreen , while Bergman 's was filmed in Academy ratio for television sets of the 1970s .   A DVD of the film was released in France in August 2007 with a bonus soundtrack CD ( lasting around 79 minutes ) and a `` Making of '' featurette ( 50 minutes ) . The film has also been released on DVD in the Netherlands ( in a three-disc set ) , Finland , Argentina , and Japan .   Revolver Entertainment is giving the film a theatrical release in the United States in June 2013 , seven years after its premiere in Europe .

neg: Theatre Tulsa Theatre Tulsa , Inc. is a community theatre company in Tulsa , Oklahoma , USA .   Theatre Tulsa , the longest running community theatre west of the Mississippi and seventh in the nation , has had a prosperous but sometimes difficult history . The theatre has survived multiple wars , fires , and economic depressions . Theatre Tulsa started as a small community theatre that played shows in a tent , and grew to the largest community theatre in the nation in the 1970s , followed by years of decline and a recent re-invigoration that includes the new creation of a Broadway Series main stage season , a Next Stage series season composed of new works , and a Family Series season for children , families , and arts education programming .   Tulsa Little Theatre was incorporated December . 10 , 1922 by Mrs. Bonnie Reed and Mrs. Hope Holway . Despite the Great Depression , the group managed to raise money to build a theater which was christened with a performance of The Cradle Song in February 1932 . Two years later , the group incorporated as Tulsa Little Theatre . Struggling through the next few years , the theater survived a threatened bank foreclosure in 1935 after a number of donors stepped in , and in 1940 the theater paid off its mortgage . During World War II , it produced shows for military camps and veterans ' hospitals . Tulsa Little Little Theatre prospered , and by 1959 was the largest non-professional theater company in the country . In 1964 , its membership was 8,000 strong . By 1972 it had the largest community theater membership in the nation and had counted 1.5 million members over the past 50 years . In 1974 Tulsa Little Theatre changed its name to Theatre Tulsa , Inc. . Theatre Tulsa remains active today producing 10 productions a year that include modern and classic dramas , comedies , and musicals .   Theatre Tulsa has had many firsts ; it was the first community theater in the country to premiere Our Town ( 1939 ) and All My Sons ( 1947 ) ; the musical Brownstone ( 1985 ) ; `` Miracle on 34th Street : A Musical Adaptation '' ( a 1993 original musical written for Theatre Tulsa ) ; `` I Love You , You 're Perfect , Now Change '' ( 2003 ) ; and the first American production of Pitmen Painters ( 2011 ) . Theatre Tulsa 's production of Forever Plaid sold out more than 400 shows in 1995 and 1996 . Some noted performers , including Jeanne Tripplehorn , Kristin Chenoweth and Sam Harris , received their first stage experience with Theatre Tulsa .

neg: Macbeth (1971 film) Macbeth ( or The Tragedy of Macbeth ) is a 1971 British-American historical drama film directed by Roman Polanski and co-written by Polanski and Kenneth Tynan . A film adaptation of William Shakespeare 's tragedy of the same name , it retells the story of the Highland lord who becomes King of Scotland through treachery and murder . The film stars Jon Finch as the title character and Francesca Annis as Lady Macbeth , noted for their relative youth as actors . Themes of historic recurrence , greater pessimism and internal ugliness in physically beautiful characters are added to Shakespeare 's story of moral decline , which is presented in a more realistic style .   The production , funded by Playboy Enterprises , was troubled by poor weather around the British Isles , and the film was a box office bomb . Polanski 's Macbeth was screened out of competition at the 1972 Cannes Film Festival . It was somewhat controversial for its depictions of graphic violence and nudity , but has also received positive attention , and was named Best Film by the National Board of Review .


query: Colombia is the country with significant biodiversity.

pos: Colombia Colombia ( k ) , is a sovereign state largely situated in the northwest of South America , with territories in Central America . Colombia shares a border to the northwest with Panama , to the east with Venezuela and Brazil and to the south with Ecuador and Peru . It shares its maritime limits with Costa Rica , Nicaragua , Honduras , Jamaica , Haiti and the Dominican Republic . It is a unitary , constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments . The territory of what is now Colombia was originally inhabited by indigenous peoples , with as most advanced the Muisca , Quimbaya and the Tairona .   The Spanish set foot on Colombian soil for the first time in 1499 and in the first half of the 16th century initiated a period of conquest and colonization , ultimately creating the New Kingdom of Granada , with as capital Santafé de Bogotá . Independence from Spain was acquired in 1819 , but by 1830 the `` Gran Colombia '' Federation was dissolved . What is now Colombia and Panama emerged as the Republic of New Granada . The new nation experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation ( 1858 ) , and then the United States of Colombia ( 1863 ) , before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886 . Panama seceded in 1903 . Since the 1960s , the country has suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict , which escalated in the 1990s but then decreased from 2005 onward . Colombia is one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse countries in the world , and thereby possesses a rich cultural heritage . The urban centres are mostly located in the highlands of the Andes mountains .   Colombian territory also encompasses Amazon rainforest , tropical grassland and both Caribbean and Pacific coastlines . Ecologically , it is one of the world 's 17 megadiverse countries , and the most densely biodiverse of these per square kilometer . Colombia is a middle power and a regional actor with the fourth-largest economy in Latin America , is part of the CIVETS group of six leading emerging markets and is a member of the UN , the WTO , the OAS , the Pacific Alliance , and other international organizations . Colombia has a diversified economy with macroeconomic stability and favorable growth prospects in the long run .

neg: Isthmo-Colombian Area The Isthmo-Colombian Area is defined as a cultural area encompassing those territories occupied predominantly by speakers of the Chibchan languages at the time of European contact . It includes portions of the Central American isthmus like eastern El Salvador , eastern Honduras , Caribbean Nicaragua , Costa Rica , Panama , and northern Colombia .

neg: Chibcha language Chibcha is an almost extinct language of Colombia , spoken by the Muisca , one of the four advanced indigenous civilizations of the Americas . The Muisca inhabited the central highlands ( Altiplano Cundiboyacense ) of what today is the country of Colombia .   The name of the language Muysccubun or muyskkubun in its own language means `` language of the people '' or `` language of the men '' , from muyska / muysca ( `` people '' or `` men '' ) and kubun / cubun ( `` language '' or `` word '' ) . Chibcha in the Chibcha language means `` look man ! '' .   Important scholars who have attributed to the knowledge of the Chibcha language were Juan de Castellanos , Bernardo de Lugo , José Domingo Duquesne and Ezequiel Uricoechea .

neg: List of rodents of the Caribbean The Caribbean region is home to a diverse and largely endemic rodent fauna . This includes the endemic family Capromyidae ( hutias ) , which are largely limited to the Greater Antilles , and two other groups of endemic hystricognaths , the heteropsomyines and giant hutias , including the extinct bear-sized Amblyrhiza inundata . Lesser Antillean rodent faunas mostly consist of oryzomyines , members of a distantly related group of rodents , and include two of the largest known oryzomyines , Megalomys desmarestii and `` Oryzomys hypenemus '' . Various other rodents are limited to land-bridge islands such as Trinidad , which were connected to the mainland during glacial-period lowered sea levels in the Pleistocene , or to smaller portions of the Caribbean archipelago . Much of the native rodent fauna of the Caribbean are extinct because of human influences , particularly following the introduction of invasive species such as Old World rats .   For the purposes of this article , the `` Caribbean '' includes all islands in the Caribbean Sea ( except for small islets close to the mainland ) and the Bahamas , Turks and Caicos Islands , and Barbados , which are not in the Caribbean Sea but biogeographically belong to the same Caribbean bioregion .

neg: Muisca art This article describes the art produced by the Muisca . The Muisca established one of the four grand civilisations of the pre-Columbian Americas on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense in present-day central Colombia . Their various forms of art have been described in detail and include pottery , textiles , body art , hieroglyphs and rock art . While their architecture was modest compared to the Inca , Aztec and Maya civilisations , the Muisca are best known for their skilled goldworking . The Museo del Oro in the Colombian capital Bogotá houses the biggest collection of golden objects in the world , from various Colombian cultures including the Muisca .   The first art in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes goes back several millennia . Although this predates the Muisca civilisation , whose onset is commonly set at 800 AD , nevertheless , some of these styles persevered through the ages .   During the preceramic era , the people of the highlands produced petrographs and petroglyphs representing their deities , the abundant flora and fauna of the area , abstract motives and anthropomorphic or anthropo-zoomorphic elements . The self-sufficient sedentary agricultural society developed into a culture based on ceramics and the extraction of salt in the Herrera Period , usually defined as 800 BC to 800 AD . During this time , the oldest existing form of constructed art was erected ; the archaeoastronomical site called El Infiernito ( `` The Little Hell '' ) by the catholic Spanish conquistadors . The Herrera Period also marked the widespread use of pottery and textiles and the start of what would become the main motive for the Spanish conquest ; the skilled fine goldworking . The golden age of Muisca metallurgy is represented in the Muisca raft , considered the masterpiece of this technology and depicts the initiation ritual of the new zipa of Bacatá , the southern part of the Muisca Confederation . This ceremony , performed by xeques ( priests ) and caciques wearing feathered golden crowns and accompanied by music and dance , took place on a raft in Lake Guatavita , in the northern part of the flat Bogotá savanna . Accounts of such ceremonies created the legend of El Dorado among the Spanish , leading them on a decade-long quest for this mythical place .   The rich art elaborated by the Muisca has inspired modern artists and designers in their creativity . Muisca motives are represented as murals , in clothing and as objects found all over the former Muisca territories as well as in animated clips and video games . The art of the indigenous inhabitants of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense is well studied by many different researchers who published their work right from the beginning of colonial times . The conquistador who made first contact with the Muisca , Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada , wrote in his memoires about a skilled and well-organised civilisation of traders and farmers . Friar Pedro Simón described the relation between art and the religion and later contributions in the analysis of the various artforms have been made by Alexander von Humboldt , Joaquín Acosta and Liborio Zerda in the 19th century , Miguel Triana , Eliécer Silva Celis and Sylvia M. Broadbent in the 20th century and modern research is dominated by the work of Carl Henrik Langebaek Rueda , Javier Ocampo López and many others .

neg: Boyacá Department Boyacá ( -LSB- boʝaˈka -RSB- ) is one of the thirty-two departments of Colombia , and the remnant of Boyacá State , one of the original nine states of the `` United States of Colombia '' .   Boyacá is centrally located within Colombia , almost entirely within the mountains of the Eastern Cordillera to the border with Venezuela , although the western end of the department extends to the Magdalena River at the town of Puerto Boyacá . Boyacá borders to the north with the Department of Santander , to the northeast with the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and Norte de Santander , to the east with the departments of Arauca and Casanare . To the south , Boyacá borders the department of Cundinamarca and to the west with the Department of Antioquia covering a total area of 23189 sqkm . The capital of Boyacá is the city of Tunja .   Boyacá is known as `` The Land of Freedom '' because this region was the scene of a series of battles which led to Colombia 's independence from Spain . The first one took place on 25 July 1819 in the Pantano de Vargas and the final and decisive battle known as the Battle of Boyacá was fought on 7 August 1819 at Puente de Boyacá .   Boyacá is home to three universities : the Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia ( UPTC ) , the Universidad de Boyacá ( UNIBOYACA ) , and the Saint Thomas Aquinas University .

neg: Tumaco Tumaco is a port city and municipality in the Nariño Department , Colombia , by the Pacific Ocean . It is located on the southwestern corner of Colombia , near the border with Ecuador , and enjoys of hot tropical climate . Tumaco is inhabited mainly by Afro-Colombians and some indigenous people .   Tumaco is accessible by plane , from the western city of Cali , one of the main urban centers of the country , well connected to Bogotá , the capital city . It can also be reached by land via highway from the city of Pasto , the capital city of the Nariño Department . Tumaco is known for being the hometown of many great Colombian soccer players , including Willington Ortiz .   Colombian film director Samuel Córdoba released a documentary about the city in 2009 . The film , entitled `` Tumaco Pacífico '' , chronicles the stilt-house area of the city , predominantly populated by Afro-Colombians . Córdoba was inspired by a panoramic photo of the stilt houses he saw in a photography book on Tumaco . The film won first place at the Festival de Cine Latinoamericano de Bordeaux , in France , and was presented at the Festival Internacional de Cine , in Santiago , Chile .   Other places of interest include untapped ecotourism sites and beaches located near the mouth of the Mira River , where the river meets the sea . Also , there are the Playas de Milagros ( beaches of Miracles ) , and Bocananueva y Teran beaches , where visitors can experience great diversity of flora and fauna first hand .

neg: List of companies of Colombia Colombia is a transcontinental country largely situated in the northwest of South America , with territories in Central America . Colombia shares a border to the northwest with Panama , to the east with Venezuela and Brazil and to the south with Ecuador and Peru . It shares its maritime limits with Costa Rica , Nicaragua , Honduras , Jamaica , the Dominican Republic and Haiti . It is a unitary , constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments .   Colombia is the third most populous country in Latin America . Its major industries include textiles , food processing , petroleum , clothing and footwear , consumer appliances , beverages , chemicals , cement , automobiles , gold , coal , and emeralds   For further information on the types of business entities in this country and their abbreviations , see `` Business entities in Colombia '' .

neg: Human trafficking in Colombia The country of Colombia is a major source country for women and girls subjected to trafficking in persons , specifically forced prostitution in Latin America , the Caribbean , Western Europe , Asia , and North America , including the United States . Within Colombia , some men are found in conditions of forced labor , but the forced prostitution of women and children from rural areas in urban areas remains a larger problem . Individual cases of forced marriage -- a risk factor for trafficking -- involuntary domestic servitude , and forced begging have been reported . Some children are subjected to forced labor in mines and quarries , in the agricultural sector or as domestic servants . Groups at high risk for internal trafficking include displaced persons , poor women in rural areas , and relatives of members of criminal organizations . Continued armed violence in Colombia has displaced many communities , making them vulnerable to human trafficking . Guerillas and new illegal armed groups forcibly recruit children to join their ranks ; the government estimates thousands of children are exploited under such conditions . Members of gangs and organized criminal networks force their relatives and acquaintances , and displaced persons -- typically women and children -- into conditions of forced prostitution and forced labor , including forced work in the illegal drug trade . Colombia also is a destination for foreign child sex tourists , particularly coastal cities such as Cartagena and Barranquilla . Migrants from South America , Africa , and China transit Colombia en route to the United States and Europe ; some may fall victim to traffickers .   The Government of Colombia fully complies with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking in persons . During the reporting period , the government increased law enforcement actions against trafficking offenders , enhanced prevention efforts , and continued to offer victim services through an interagency trafficking operations center and through partnerships with NGOs and international organizations . The significant number of Colombians trafficked abroad , however , reflects the need for increased prevention efforts and victim services .

neg: Diplostephium Diplostephium is a genus of trees and shrubs in the sunflower family .   Diplostephium is distributed on high mountains zones from Venezuela to Chile with the exception of two species in Costa Rica ( INBio information system , July 2005 ) and twelve in the `` Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta '' ( Colombia ) . It makes part of the high andean forest and the paramo ecosystems . Colombia has the most species with 63 ( Vargas & Madriñán , 2006 ) , the majority of them found in the Oriental Cordillera , which has 33 registered species until this moment . Diplostephium is the third most diverse genus on the paramos with 70 species after Pentacalia and Senecio ( Luteyn , 1999 ) .   According to José Cuatrecasas , ( 1986 ) the genus is an element of Neotropical origin that could have reached the paramos from the southern latitudes of South America ; where the primitive arboreal species can be found in the high Andean forest while the most advanced members can be found in the paramos and super-paramos . This reinforces previous theories from Cuatrecasas ( 1969 ) , who proposed as atavistic characteristics the morphologies present in the arboreal species of high Andean forest . Based on this , Cuatrecasas made a phylogenetic ordination into natural groups or series where the derived species are more diverse and are found at high altitudes .   Accepted Species

neg: Boyacá State Boyacá State was one of the states of Colombia .

neg: Gorgona Island (Colombia) Gorgona is a Colombian island in the Pacific Ocean situated about 35 km off the Colombian Pacific coast . The island is 9 km and 2.5 km wide , with a maximum height of 338 m and a total area of 26 km2 . Gorgona is separated from the continent by a 270 m deep underwater depression .   Administratively the island is part of the Municipality of Guapí in the Department of Cauca . Gorgona functioned as a prison from 1959 until 1984 when it was turned into a National Natural Park . The island , noted for a large number of endemic species and unique ecosystems , was established as Gorgona Island National Park in 1985 , in order to preserve its richly varied wildlife of the sub-tropical forest and the coral reefs offshore .

neg: Economic history of Colombia This article is about the economic history of Colombia and its evolution from precolonial to modern times .

neg: Cotacachi Canton Cotacachi is a canton of Imbabura province of Ecuador in South America . The name also refers to the city which is the seat of that canton , one of Ecuador 's leading artisanal manufacturers of leather goods , and to the dormant Volcan Cotacachi which overlooks the canton .   The city of Cotacachi holds a UNESCO medal for being free of illiteracy . In 2000 the canton of Cotacachi was declared the first ecological county of South America .   The name Cotacachi has many meanings . In `` Cara '' it means `` lake with women breast '' which refers to the general shape of the island in Laguna Cuicocha ; in Quichua it means powder salt . The ecosystems of the area and the native flora and fauna makes this canton one of the ecologically richest zones in South America . The area attracts tourists for bird-watching , camping , and fly fishing .   The weather in the area ranges from 9 to 25 degrees Celsius and is cooler in the evenings .   In the last decade Cotacachi has implemented a new system of local development by creating a city council . All the sectors of the society , from children to the ancient , rural and urban representatives participate in the council . Cotacachi is an example of development and progress .   Ascendant Corporation plans to raze to the ground the villages of Junín , Cerro Pelado , and El Triunfo in order to make ground for copper mining . Since the complete moratorium passed on all mining in Ecuador ( as of May 2008 ) , however , this has been delayed if not completely halted .   Pachakutik , a party of the indigenous population gained four of five seats in the area at the 2004 local elections . For the 2009-2014 period , Alberto Anrango ( supporter of the Alianza PAIS party ) was the mayor of Cotacachi . In 2014 , Jomar Cevallos , founder of the new party , Ally Kawsay ( `` Vivir Bien '' in Spanish , or `` Good Living '' in English ) , won the election for the 2015-2019 period .   Cotacachi is known for quality leather goods ; it has a number of shops on `` Leather Street '' that sell coats , jackets , shoes , and specialty items .

neg: List of birds of Brazil Brazil has one of the richest bird diversities in the world . The avifauna of Brazil include a total of 1799 species , of which 231 are endemic . Four have been introduced by humans , 69 are rare or accidental , and four are extinct or extirpated . An additional 24 species are hypothetical ( see below ) .   Brazil hosts about 60 % of the bird species recorded for all of South America . These numbers are still increasing almost every year , due to new occurrences , new species being described , or splits of existing species . About 10 % of the bird species found in Brazil are , nonetheless , threatened .   In June 2013 a simultaneous discovery of fifteen bird species in Brazil was announced , the first such since 1871 , when August von Pelzeln described forty new species . The birds were from the families Corvidae , Thamnophilidae , Dendrocolaptidae , Tyrannidae , and Polioptilidae . Eleven of the new species are endemics of Brazil and four also inhabit Peru and Bolivia .   This list 's taxonomic treatment ( designation and sequence of orders , families , and species ) and nomenclature ( common and scientific names ) follow the conventions of The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World , 2016 edition . Except as an entry is cited otherwise , the list of species is that of the South American Classification Committee ( SACC ) of the American Ornithologists ' Union . The taxonomy used by the SACC differs from `` Clements '' , and significant differences in names are noted . Especially see typical antbirds and puffbirds ; entries in those families increase the above total species count by two and decrease the endemic count by one , respectively .   Differences from `` Clements '' in the sequence of orders , families , and species within families are not noted . Several new species have been proposed and are under consideration by the SACC ; one is listed here .   The following tags have been used to highlight certain categories , but not all species fall into one of these categories . Those that do not are commonly occurring native species .   ( A ) Accidental - a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in Brazil  ( E ) Endemic - a species endemic to Brazil  ( I ) Introduced - a species introduced to Brazil as a consequence , direct or indirect , of human actions  ( H ) Hypothetical - a species recorded but with `` no tangible evidence '' according to the SACC

neg: List of birds of Bolivia This is a list of the bird species recorded in Bolivia . The avifauna of Bolivia has 1381 species ( 1382 according to Clements ; see puffbirds ) . Fifteen are endemic , two have been introduced by humans , and 19 are rare or accidental . An additional 38 species are hypothetical ( see below ) .   This list 's taxonomic treatment ( designation and sequence of orders , families , and species ) and nomenclature ( common and scientific names ) follow the conventions of The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World , 2016 edition . The family accounts at the beginning of each heading reflect this taxonomy , as do the species counts found in each family account . Introduced and accidental species are included in the total counts . Except as an entry is cited otherwise , the list of species is that of the South American Classification Committee ( SACC ) of the American Ornithologists ' Union . The taxonomy used by the SACC differs from `` Clements '' , and significant differences in names are noted . Differences from `` Clements '' in the sequence of orders , families , and species within families are not noted .  The following tags have been used to highlight certain categories , but not all species fall into one of these categories . Those that do not are commonly occurring native species .   ( A ) Accidental - a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in Bolivia  ( E ) Endemic - a species endemic to Bolivia  ( I ) Introduced - a species introduced to Bolivia as a consequence , direct or indirect , of human actions  ( H ) Hypothetical - a species recorded but with `` no tangible evidence '' according to the SACC

neg: Valle del Cauca Department Valle del Cauca , or Cauca Valley ( -LSB- ˈbaʎe ðel ˈkauka -RSB- , -LSB- ˈβaʝe ðel ˈkauka -RSB- ) is a department of Colombia . It is in the western side of the country , facing the Pacific Ocean , and it is considered one of the most important departments in the Republic of Colombia . Its capital is Santiago de Cali . Given its privileged location , lately it has been considered as the Pacific Door of Colombia .  Besides Cali such cities as Buenaventura , Cartago and Tuluá have great economical , political , social and cultural influence on the department 's life . Valle del Cauca has the largest number of independent towns ( i.e. not in Metropolitan areas ) with over 100,000 inhabitants in the country , counting six within its borders . Buenaventura has the largest and busiest seaport in Colombia , moving about 8,500,000 tons of merchandise .   The anthem of Valle del Cauca Department is `` Salve Valle del Cauca , mi tierra '' ( `` Hail Valley of the Cauca , my land '' ) .

neg: Animal rights in Colombia Animal rights in Colombia refers to topics related to Animal rights in Colombia . The Colombian constitution does not recognize animal rights . Law 84 of 1989 stipulates a statute to protect animals , with the exception of bullfighting and cock fights , which are considered to be part of the Culture of Colombia .   Despite having a legislation against animal trafficking , Colombia is one of the major sources and routes for animal trafficking in the world . There are numerous non-governmental organizations working in Colombia on behalf of animal rights .

neg: Santa Marta Santa Marta , officially Distrito Turístico , Cultural e Histórico de Santa Marta ( `` Touristic , Cultural and Historic District of Santa Marta '' ) , is a city in Colombia . It is the capital of the department of Magdalena and fourth largest urban city of the Caribbean Region of Colombia , after Barranquilla , Cartagena , and Soledad . Founded on July 29 , 1525 , by the Spanish conquistador Rodrigo de Bastidas , it was the first Spanish settlement in Colombia , and is the oldest surviving city in that country , and second oldest in South America . This city is situated on a bay of the same name and as such , is a prime tourist destination .

neg: Conservation in Australia Conservation in Australia is an issue of state and federal policy . Australia is one of the most biologically diverse countries in the world , with a large portion of species endemic to Australia . Preserving this wealth of biodiversity is important for future generations .   Animal habitats like reefs and forests must be preserved in order to preserve population and diversity of animal species . Conservation is vital for future study and for field research to be taken , and because biological richness is an unmeasurable aesthetic that may be developed into commercial recreational attractions .   According to Janine Benyus , the potential for advances in biomimicry in Australia are great because the extreme weather and conditions found here provide an excellent evolutionary incubator . Research on natural processes can only occur if habitat is preserved and organisms continue to thrive .   Federal and State governments manage protected areas and national parks ; a number of non-governmental organizations are also involved in conservation .