query: Delta Air Lines provides transport services.

pos: Airline An airline is a company that provides air transport services for traveling passengers and freight . Airlines utilize aircraft to supply these services and may form partnerships or alliances with other airlines for codeshare agreements . Generally , airline companies are recognized with an air operating certificate or license issued by a governmental aviation body .   Airlines vary in size , from small domestic airlines to full-service international airlines . Airline services can be categorized as being intercontinental , domestic , regional , or international , and may be operated as scheduled services or charters . The largest airline currently is American Airlines Group .

pos: Delta Air Lines Delta Air Lines , Inc. ( `` Delta '' ; ) is a major American airline , with its headquarters and largest hub at Hartsfield -- Jackson Atlanta International Airport in Atlanta , Georgia . The airline along with its subsidiaries and regional affiliates operate over 5,400 flights daily and serve an extensive domestic and international network that includes 319 destinations in 54 countries on six continents , as of October 2016 . Delta is one of the four founding members of the SkyTeam airline alliance , and operates joint ventures with Air France-KLM , Alitalia , Korean Air , China Eastern Airlines , Virgin Atlantic , and Virgin Australia . Regional service is operated under the brand name Delta Connection .   One of the five remaining legacy carriers , Delta is the sixth-oldest operating airline by foundation date , and the oldest airline still operating in the United States . The company 's history can be traced back to Huff Daland Dusters , founded in 1924 in Macon , Georgia as a crop dusting operation . The company moved to Monroe , Louisiana , and was later renamed Delta Air Services , in reference to the nearby Mississippi Delta region , and commenced passenger services on June 17 , 1929 . Among predecessors of today 's Delta Air Lines , Western Airlines and Northwest Airlines began flying passengers in 1926 and 1927 , respectively .   In 2013 , Delta Air Lines was the world 's largest airline in terms of scheduled passengers carried ( 120.6 million ) , and the second-largest in terms of both revenue passenger-kilometers flown ( 277.6 billion ) and capacity ( 4.4 billion ASM/week ; March 2013 ) .

neg: Direct Air Southern Sky Air Tours , d/b/a Direct Air was an airline business based in Myrtle Beach , South Carolina , USA Direct Air started in 2007 and leased aircraft with charter airlines . Its main base was Myrtle Beach International Airport . Direct Air 's flights were operated by Sky King , Inc. , Xtra Airways , World Atlantic Airlines , and USA Jet . In March 2012 Direct Air ceased operations , stranding many of its passengers . The airline planned to resume operations on May 15 , 2012 , although this was contested by the U.S. Department of Transportation . The charter carrier was subject to Chapter 7 liquidation on April 12 , 2012 .

neg: Sitka Rocky Gutierrez Airport Sitka Rocky Gutierrez Airport is a state owned , public use airport located west of the central business district of Sitka , a city and borough in the U.S. state of Alaska that has no direct road access to the outside world , although it has car ferry access .   The airport is named after Sitka 's former mayor Rocky Gutierrez . It features a single terminal with jetway with air service operated year round by Alaska Airlines and seasonally by Delta Air Lines regional affiliate Delta Connection operated by SkyWest Airlines . There is a single paved runway located on a causeway that juts off Japonski Island . Deceased tuberculosis patients from the nearby SEARHC/Mt . Edgecumbe Hospital were buried on airport grounds and had to be relocated during construction . That section of the airport is still unofficially called The Mausoleum .   As per Federal Aviation Administration records , the airport had 68,197 passenger boardings ( enplanements ) in calendar year 2008 , 62,498 enplanements in 2009 , and 64,536 in 2010 . It is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2015-2019 , which categorized it as a primary commercial service ( nonhub ) airport ( more than 10,000 enplanements per year ) based on 68,222 enplanements in 2012 .

neg: Department of Civil Aviation (Thailand) The Department of Civil Aviation ( DCA ) กรมการบินพลเรือน ) was a government department of Thailand . Its responsibilities included prescribing , regulating , and auditing Thai civil aviation . The DCA manages Thailand 's 28 domestic airports . Thailand 's international airports ( BKK , DMK , HKT , CNX , CEI , and HDY ) , are managed by AOT . DCA 's stated vision is to '' ... drive the nation 's civil aviation to gain acceptance and be competitive worldwide . ''   In October 2015 , the DCA was superseded by two separate authorities , the Civil Aviation Authority of Thailand ( CAAT ) , which will conduct aviation regulatory oversight , and the Department of Airports , which will operate airports previously operated by the DCA .

neg: Shreveport Regional Airport Shreveport Regional Airport is a public use airport in Shreveport , Louisiana , United States . It is owned by the City of Shreveport and located four nautical miles ( 7 km ) southwest of its central business district .   The airport 's runways and terminal are visible to traffic along Interstate 20 , a main east-west corridor of the Southern United States . Shreveport Regional was designed to replace the Shreveport Downtown Airport , which limited growth due to close proximity of the Red River .   The airport had 306,761 passenger boardings ( enplanements ) in calendar year 2015 . According to the FAA 's National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2007-2011 , it is a primary commercial service airport .   The FAA classifies Shreveport Regional Airport as a `` Small Hub '' airport . For the 2011-2012 calendar years , Shreveport Regional Airport ranked just under Mobile Regional Airport ( Mobile , Alabama ) and Fort Wayne International Airport ( Fort Wayne , Indiana ) and just above Jackson Hole Airport ( Jackson Hole , Wyoming ) and Yeager Airport ( Charleston , West Virginia ) in total enplanements .

neg: Continental Airlines Flight 12 Continental Airlines Flight 12 , is a scheduled domestic passenger flight that on July 1 , 1965 was operated by a Boeing 707 jet liner , registration from Los Angeles International Airport to Chicago O'Hare International Airport with an intermediate at Kansas City Downtown Airport . After a routine flight the plane was making an approach on the instrument landing system for runway 18 . There was heavy rain and low visibility at the airport . The wind was reported from the East-northeast at 7 knots . At most airports this would normally mean an approach should be initiated from the other direction , runway 36 . Quality Hill , in downtown Kansas City overlooks the airport from this direction . It is so close to the end of the runway that aircraft have to go around it to land safely in good weather . This obstacle prevented the installation of an instrument landing system on this runway . It is normally considered safe to land opposite direction in these conditions but they would be landing with a slight tailwind . The flight landed at 5:29 a.m. CST 1,100 feet down the runway . Reverse thrusting and braking were initiated but did not slow the airplane as anticipated . It began to veer 30 ° left before it ran off the end of the runway . The right wing impacted a blast mound as the aircraft rolled over it , coming to rest in three pieces on the perimeter road between the mound and river levee . After an investigation , the cause of the accident was determined to be `` hydroplaning of the landing gear wheels , which precluded braking effectiveness . ''   Although there were no fatalities in the accident , it highlighted a number of shortcomings with jet aircraft operations at Kansas City Downtown Airport . At 7,000 feet , runway 18-36 was barely long enough for Boeing 707 aircraft . The airport could not be expanded , as it was surrounded on three sides by the Missouri river and a rail yard on the east side . In 1972 airline operations were moved to Kansas City International Airport .   Continental continued to use the `` Flight 12 '' designation on its Honolulu to Los Angeles routing . After its acquisition by United Airlines , the flight number was kept for its LAX-HNL routing but it is now used on an IAH-LGA routing .

neg: Airline deregulation Airline deregulation is the process of removing government-imposed entry and price restrictions on airlines affecting , in particular , the carriers permitted to serve specific routes . In the United States , the term usually applies to the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 . A new form of regulation has been developed to some extent to deal with problems such as the allocation of the limited number of slots available at airports .

neg: Direct flight A direct flight in the aviation industry is any flight between two points by an airline with no change in flight numbers , which may include a stop at an intermediate point . The stop over may either be to get new passengers ( or allow some to disembark ) or a technical stop over ( i.e. , for refuelling ) . Direct flights are often confused with non-stop flights , which are flights involving no intermediate stops . When there is a change in flight number , the subsequent flight is referred to as a connecting flight .

neg: Boeing 707 The Boeing 707 is a mid-sized , long-range , narrow-body , four-engine jet airliner built by Boeing Commercial Airplanes from 1958 to 1979 . Its name is commonly pronounced as `` seven oh seven '' . Versions of the aircraft have a capacity from 140 to 219 passengers and a range of 2500 to .   Developed as Boeing 's first jet airliner , the 707 is a swept-wing design with podded engines . Although it was not the first jetliner in service , the 707 was the first to be commercially successful . Dominating passenger air transport in the 1960s and remaining common through the 1970s , the 707 is generally credited with ushering in the Jet Age . It established Boeing as one of the largest manufacturers of passenger aircraft , and led to the later series of airliners with `` 7x7 '' designations . The later 720 , 727 , 737 , and 757 share elements of the 707 's fuselage design .   The 707 was developed from the Boeing 367-80 , a prototype jet first flown in 1954 . A larger fuselage cross-section and other modifications resulted in the initial-production 707-120 , powered by Pratt & Whitney JT3C turbojet engines , which first flew on December 20 , 1957 . Pan American World Airways began regular 707 service on October 26 , 1958 . Later derivatives included the shortened long-range 707-138 and the stretched 707-320 , both of which entered service in 1959 . A smaller short-range variant , the 720 , was introduced in 1960 . The 707-420 , a version of the stretched 707 with Rolls-Royce Conway turbofans , debuted in 1960 , while Pratt & Whitney JT3D turbofans debuted on the 707-120B and 707-320B models in 1961 and 1962 , respectively .   The 707 has been used on domestic , transcontinental , and transatlantic flights , and for cargo and military applications . A convertible passenger-freighter model , the 707-320C , entered service in 1963 , and passenger 707s have been modified to freighter configurations . Military derivatives include the E-3 Sentry airborne reconnaissance aircraft and the C-137 Stratoliner VIP transports . Boeing produced and delivered 1,011 airliners including the smaller 720 series ; over 800 military versions were also produced . Ten Boeing 707s were in commercial service in July 2013 .

neg: General sales agent (airlines) A general sales agent ( GSA ) is a sales representative for an airline in a specific country or region . Typically , the GSA is responsible for selling all products of the airline in its region which includes flight tickets and cargo space . A GSA will typically sell the product of more than one airline .   Airlines normally use a GSA in areas that it does not operate to or from , allowing them to have a sales presence in a country at lower cost than opening their own offices in short term . It may also use their services because the GSA has historical ties with travel and cargo agents which will be too time-consuming for the airline to build itself .   The GSA receives a commission of around 3 -- 5 % on all tickets and unit of cargo space sold in the region that it represents .   All costs related to running the GSA 's business are the responsibility of the GSA including insurance , rent , general office expenses and any travel within the country or region needed to promote and sell the product .

neg: Flight for Life Flight for Life is a prehospital care service with many bases of operation across the United States . Flight for Life is primarily known for its emergency medical helicopter transport , but also operates a fleet of land vehicles and fixed-wing aircraft for the transport of critically ill patients to specialized medical care . Emergency medical transport via helicopter is an extremely valuable resource for victims of any serious medical condition . Helicopter transport is normally reserved for the most critically injured patients or patients who can not be reached by traditional means of Emergency medical services . Helicopter transport is also especially useful for the transport of critically wounded patients to specialty medical facilities , such as burn , pediatric , or advanced trauma centers , that may be further away from the location of injury . Many rural communities rely on the speed of the helicopter to reach and evacuate their most serious patients to an available medical center . The helicopter may also be used for search and rescue operations in conjunction with ground units or alone .

neg: International Air Transport Association The International Air Transport Association ( IATA -LSB- aɪˈɑːtə -RSB- ) is a trade association of the world 's airlines . Consisting of 268 airlines , primarily major carriers , representing 117 countries , the IATA 's member airlines account for carrying approximately 83 % of total Available Seat Kilometers air traffic . IATA supports airline activity and helps formulate industry policy and standards . It is headquartered in Montreal , Quebec , Canada with Executive Offices in Geneva , Switzerland .

neg: Mesaba Airlines Mesaba Aviation , Inc. ( operating as Mesaba Airlines ) was an American regional airline based in Eagan , Minnesota The airline was a wholly owned subsidiary of Pinnacle Airlines Corporation . Its flights operated as Delta Connection for Delta Air Lines and US Airways Express for US Airways . Previously , the airline operated as Northwest Airlink and Northwest Jetlink on behalf of Northwest Airlines which subsequently merged with Delta . Mesaba Airlines effectively ceased operations on January 4 , 2012 , when all aircraft and personnel were transitioned to the Pinnacle Airlines operating certificate . Mesaba 's operating certificate was surrendered on July 31 , 2012 .

neg: Quick access recorder A quick access recorder ( QAR ) is an airborne flight data recorder designed to provide quick and easy access to raw flight data , through means such as USB or cellular network connections and/or the use of standard flash memory cards . QARs are typically used by airlines to improve flight safety and operational efficiency , usually in the scope of their flight operational quality assurance plans . Like the aircraft 's flight data recorder ( FDR ) , a QAR receives its inputs from the Flight Data Acquisition Unit ( FDAU ) , recording over 2000 flight parameters . The QAR is also able to sample data at much higher rates than the FDR and , in some cases , for longer periods of time . Unlike the FDR , the QAR usually is not required by a national Civil Aviation Authority on commercial flights and is not designed to survive an accident . Despite this , some QARs have survived accidents and provided valuable information beyond what was recorded by the FDR .   The quick access recorder was pioneered by British European Airways ( BEA ) on its Hawker Siddeley Trident aircraft in the 1960 's as a requirement to prove the safety of the aircraft 's autoland system for certification of the autoland system by the CAA . Quick access recorders are carried by all BEA 's successor airline , British Airways ( BA ) , aircraft . Data from the Penny & Giles quick access recorder of a BA Boeing 747-400 London-Bankok flight in which the aircraft suffered un-commanded elevator movement and momentary elevator reversal caused Boeing to implement a change in the elevator servo valve design , a modification that was applied to all Boeing 747 's in service , and suspicion of a similar original valve design arising from this BA data was subsequently used by the NTSB in the determining of the causes of the crashes of United Airlines Flight 585 and USAir Flight 427 .   Earlier , data from a Trident 's quick access recorder had provided the AAIB with useful supplemental data over-and-above that of the aircraft 's flight data recorder that helped the diagnosing of the cause of the 1972 British European Airways Flight 548 , the `` Staines air disaster '' where the Trident 's leading edge high lift devices ( `` droops '' ) had been retracted too early and at too low an airspeed .

neg: Space Shuttle design process See also Space Shuttle program - Conception and development   Even before the Project Apollo moon landing in 1969 , NASA began studies of space shuttle designs as early as October 1968 . The early studies were denoted `` Phase A '' , and in June 1970 , `` Phase B '' , which were more detailed and specific . The primary intended use of the space shuttle was supporting the future space station , ferrying a minimum crew of four and about 20000 lb of cargo , and able to be rapidly turned around for future flights .   Two designs emerged as front-runners . One was designed by engineers at the Manned Spaceflight Center , and championed especially by George Mueller . This was a two-stage system with delta-winged spacecraft , and generally complex . An attempt to re-simplify was made in the form of the DC-3 , designed by Maxime Faget , who had designed the Mercury capsule among other vehicles . Numerous offerings from a variety of commercial companies were also offered , but generally fell by the wayside as each NASA lab pushed for its own version .   All of this was taking place in the midst of other NASA teams proposing a wide variety of post-Apollo missions , a number of which would cost as much as Apollo or more . As each of these projects fought for funding , the NASA budget was at the same time being severely constrained . Three were eventually presented to Vice President Agnew in 1969 . The shuttle project rose to the top , largely due to tireless campaigning by its supporters . By 1970 the shuttle had been selected as the one major project for the short-term post-Apollo time frame .   When funding for the program came into question , there were concerns that the project might be cancelled . This led to an effort to interest the US Air Force in using the shuttle for their missions as well . The Air Force was mildly interested , but demanded a much larger vehicle , far larger than the original concepts . To lower the development costs of the resulting designs , boosters were added , a throw-away fuel tank was adopted , and many other changes made that greatly lowered the reusability and greatly added to vehicle and operational costs . With the Air Force 's approval , the system emerged in its operational form .

neg: Airmanship Airmanship is skill and knowledge applied to aerial navigation , similar to seamanship in maritime navigation . Airmanship covers a broad range of desirable behaviors and abilities in an aviator . It is not simply a measure of skill or technique , but also a measure of a pilot 's awareness of the aircraft , the environment in which it operates , and of his own capabilities .   Airmanship can be defined as :  A sound acquaintance with the principles of flight ,  The ability to operate an airplane with competence and precision both on the ground and in the air , and  The exercise of sound judgment that results in optimal operational safety and efficiency .   The three fundamental principles of expert airmanship are skill , proficiency , and the discipline to apply them in a safe and efficient manner .  Discipline is the foundation of airmanship .  The complexity of the aviation environment demands a foundation of solid airmanship , and a healthy , positive approach to combating pilot error .   The actions of Captain Alfred C. Haynes and the crew of United Airlines Flight 232 are often cited as an exemplar of good airmanship . They were able to maintain control of their crippled McDonnell Douglas DC-10 , bringing it to a survivable `` controlled crash '' in Sioux City , Iowa , after a complete loss of all flight controls following an engine failure in July 1989 . They did this by improvising a control scheme on the spot using differential thrust on the two working engines . Captain Haynes credited his Crew Resource Management training as one of the key factors that saved his own life , and many others .   The U.S. National Transportation Safety Board occasionally cites poor airmanship as a contributing factor in its determination of probable cause in aviation accidents , although it is implicit in many of the pilot error causes it often uses . For example , in its report on the December 1 , 1993 fatal crash of Northwest Airlink Flight 5719 , the Board determined the `` failure of the company management to adequately address the previously identified deficiencies in airmanship '' was a contributing factor .  More recently , in the February 2 , 2005 business jet accident at Teterboro Airport , NTSB investigator Steve Demko , speaking about the probable cause , said determining an aircraft 's weight and balance before takeoff is `` basic airmanship , '' a `` Flying 101 type of thing . ''  And in the 2006 New York City plane crash that killed New York Yankees pitcher Cory Lidle , the NTSB cited `` inadequate judgement , planning and airmanship '' in its probable cause determination .   A `` failure of airmanship '' was also cited by U.S. Military Authorities in the Tarnak Farm incident in Afghanistan , where the pilot of a U.S. F-16 Fighting Falcon mistakenly targeted a 250-kilogram laser-guided bomb on Canadian troops in April 2003 , killing four of them . Airmanship covers operation of the aircraft and all its systems , so in military usage , this includes the weapons systems of combat aircraft .

neg: Delta Connection Delta Connection is a regional airline brand name for Delta Air Lines , under which a number of individually owned regional airlines operate short - and medium-haul routes . Delta 's lone wholly owned regional airline , Endeavor Air , also resides under the Delta Connection banner . Mainline carriers often use regional airlines to operate services in order to increase frequency , serve routes that would not sustain larger aircraft , or for other competitive reasons .

neg: Delta Prize for Global Understanding The Delta Prize for Global Understanding , presented annually by Delta Air Lines and the University of Georgia , recognizes individuals or groups whose initiatives have helped promote world peace as well as globally significant efforts that provide opportunities for greater understanding among nations and cultures . Such efforts can include grassroots projects that diminish hostilities in a particular part of the world , international programs that promote communication or trade among different peoples , and/or leadership that inspires global cooperation and peace .   The prize includes a $ 10,000 cash grant and an original work of art designed by Barbara Mann and Gary Lee Noffke of the University of Georgia 's Lamar Dodd School of Art .

neg: Internet transit Internet transit is the service of allowing network traffic to cross or `` transit '' a computer network , usually used to connect a smaller Internet service provider ( ISP ) to the larger Internet . Technically , it consists of two bundled services :  The advertisement of customer routes to other ISPs , thereby soliciting inbound traffic toward the customer from them  The advertisement of other ISPs ' routes ( usually but not necessarily in the form of a default route or a full set of routes to all of the destinations on the Internet ) to the ISP 's customer , thereby soliciting outbound traffic from the customer towards these networks .   In the 1970s and early 1980s-era Internet , the assumption was made that all networks would provide full transit for one another . In the modern private-sector Internet , two forms of interconnect agreements exist between Internet networks : transit , and peering . Transit is distinct from peering , in which only traffic between the two ISPs and their downstream customers is exchanged and neither ISP can see upstream routes over the peering connection . A transit free network uses only peering ; a network that uses only unpaid peering and connects to the whole Internet is considered a Tier 1 network . In the 1990s , the network access point concept provided one form of transit .   The transit service is typically priced per megabit per second per month , and customers are often required to commit to a minimum volume of bandwidth , and usually to a minimum term of service as well . Some transit agreements provide `` service-level agreements '' which purport to offer money-back guarantees of performance between the customer 's Internet connection and specific points on the Internet , typically major Internet exchange points within a continental geography such as North America . These service level agreements still provide only best-effort delivery since they do not guarantee service the other half of the way , from the Internet exchange point to the final destination .

neg: Space-A travel Space-A travel is a means by which members of United States Uniformed Services ( United States Military , reservists and retirees , United States Department of Defense civilian personnel ( under certain circumstances ) , and these groups ' family members , are permitted to travel on aircraft under the jurisdiction of the United States Department of Defense when excess capability allows .

neg: Departure control system A Departure Control System ( DCS ) automates processing an airlines ' airport management operation . This includes managing the information required for airport check-in and printing boarding card , baggage acceptance , boarding , load control and aircraft checks .   Today DCS mostly ( 98 % ) manage electronic tickets via interfaces from range of devices including check-in kiosks , online check-in , mobile boarding cards , and baggage handling . DCS are able to identify , capture and update reservations from an airlines Computer Reservation System for passengers stored in a so-called Passenger Name Record ( PNR ) . A DCS is used to update reservations , typically as checked-in , boarded , flown or another status .   Additionally and increasingly a DCS for some city-pair sectors may also be connected with immigration control for visa , immigration and passenger no-fly watchlists .   Historically systems developed in North America have incorporated DCS functions as part of the reservations systems with check-in being initiated directly from the PNR . Load control ( weight and balance ) is then provided by a standalone application . Systems developed by airlines outside North America have traditionally had a separate database for DCS , requiring passenger data to be transferred from the PNR into DCS records . These systems have an integrated weight and balance capability .   So-called `` new generation '' DCSs are being developed and deployed by vendors such as Amadeus and SITA as part of the overall re-engineering of airline Passenger Services Systems . These new systems typically use a common database and a services oriented architecture that allows reservations , check-in and other services to maintain a consistent view of passenger information .   Larger international airports will have a range of DCS or a single DCS which each particular airline carrier can integrate with for streamlined operations .


query: The Offspring released Smash in 1992.

pos: The Offspring The Offspring is an American punk rock band from Huntington Beach , California , formed in 1984 . Originally formed under the name Manic Subsidal , the band consists of lead vocalist and rhythm guitarist Dexter Holland , bassist Greg K. , lead guitarist Kevin `` Noodles '' Wasserman and drummer Pete Parada . The Offspring went through several lineup changes over the years , and Holland and Greg K. have been the only constant members . The band is often credited -- alongside fellow California punk bands Green Day , Bad Religion , NOFX , Pennywise and Rancid -- for reviving mainstream interest in punk rock in the 1990s . They have sold over 40 million records worldwide , being considered one of the best-selling punk rock bands of all time .   To date , the Offspring has released nine studio albums . Their first three albums for the independent record labels Nemesis and Epitaph earned them a cult following . The band 's third studio album , Smash ( 1994 ) , became their first commercial success , and has sold over eleven million copies worldwide , setting a record for most albums sold on an independent label and becoming the first album on Epitaph to obtain gold and platinum status . After signing to Columbia Records in 1996 , the Offspring continued their commercial success with its next four studio albums -- Ixnay on the Hombre ( 1997 ) , Americana ( 1998 ) , Conspiracy of One ( 2000 ) and Splinter ( 2003 ) -- reaching platinum , multi-platinum , platinum and gold status respectively . Splinter was followed five years later by Rise and Fall , Rage and Grace ( 2008 ) , and then four years later by Days Go By ( 2012 ) . The Offspring is currently in production of their tenth studio album , which is due for release in 2018 .

neg: Smash It Up: The Anthology 1976–1987 Smash It Up : The Anthology 1976 -- 1987 is a compilation album by the English punk and gothic rock band The Damned , released on 22 October 2002 . It collects tracks spanning the first eleven years of the band 's career , beginning with their debut single `` New Rose '' ( 1976 ) and continuing through their first seven studio albums -- Damned Damned Damned ( 1977 ) , Music for Pleasure ( 1977 ) , Machine Gun Etiquette ( 1979 ) , The Black Album ( 1980 ) , Strawberries ( 1982 ) , Phantasmagoria ( 1985 ) , and Anything ( 1986 ) -- along with the non-album singles `` Stretcher Case Baby '' ( 1977 ) , `` Lovely Money '' ( 1982 ) , and `` Eloise '' ( 1986 ) .

neg: Hed PE discography The discography of Hed PE , an American rap rock band , consists of ten studio albums , one live album , two compilation albums , four extended plays , seventeen singles , and fourteen music videos .   Formed in Huntington Beach , California in 1994 , the band performs a style of music which they refer to as `` G-punk '' . Their music is primarily based in a fusion of punk rock and hip hop music , but they have also incorporated heavy metal and reggae influences . After releasing three albums on Jive Records , Hed PE left the label to record independently , eventually signing with Suburban Noize Records in 2006 . They subsequently signed to the label Pavement , and released the album Evolution on July 22 , 2014 .

neg: Pop punk Pop punk ( also known as punk-pop ) is a music genre that fuses elements of punk rock and pop music . It typically combines fast tempos , loud and distorted electric guitars , and power chord changes with pop-influenced melodies , vocal styles , and lyrical themes .   Pop-influenced punk rock emerged in the mid-1970s with a music style that was stylistically similar to power pop . By the mid-1980s , several bands merged hardcore punk with pop music to create a new , faster pop punk sound such as Dag Nasty , the Nip Drivers , T.S.O.L. , Social Distortion , and the Descendents . Pop punk in the United States began to grow in popularity locally in California in the mid-to-late 1980s . Pop punk particularly thrived in California , where independent record labels adopted a do it yourself ( DIY ) approach to releasing music . By the mid-1990s , a few pop punk bands had started to sell millions of records and receive extensive radio and television airplay , such as Green Day . By 1994 , pop punk was quickly growing in mainstream popularity . The late 1990s , exemplified by the 1999 release of Blink-182 's Enema of the State , represented the genre 's mainstream peak , although some pop punk bands scored successful album chartings in the 2000s . In the mid-2000s , emo pop , a fusion genre combining emo and pop punk , became popular . By the end of the 2000s , the pop punk sound of the 1990s had largely waned in mainstream popularity .

neg: Chris Higgins (musician) Christopher Higgins , best known by his stage name Chris X-13 Higgins ( born September 23 , 1972 ) , is an American musician , former backup guitar/vocal/keyboard / percussion player in the punk rock band The Offspring from 1994 to 2005 . He provided backing vocals for Offspring 's studio albums between Americana and Rise and Fall , Rage and Grace . During his 11 years with the band , he performed live with the Offspring on tour , and made an appearance in the music video for `` Why Do n't You Get a Job ? '' . When the Offspring was not on the road Higgins ran the lead singer 's studio and produced the demo recording of upcoming Offspring albums . Higgins also played guitar and did some vocals in the bands Gentleman Jack , All the Madmen ( Wopking Class Zeroes ) and Good Kitty .   As of 2005 , he is no longer with The Offspring on the tour but he did backup vocals on Rise and Fall , Rage and Grace . It is said that he needs more time with his church and family . He is currently involved in digital media and visual communications at St. John 's Lutheran Church of Orange .

neg: Uncut Dope: Geto Boys' Best Uncut Dope : Geto Boys ' Best is the first compilation album by the Geto Boys , released on November 17 , 1992 , on Rap-a-Lot and Priority Records . The album peaked at # 147 on the Billboard 200 .   The compilation contained tracks from their first four albums : Grip It ! On That Other Level ( 1989 ) , The Geto Boys ( 1990 ) and We Ca n't Be Stopped ( 1991 ) , although their first album , Making Trouble ( 1988 ) , is only represented by the DJ recording , `` Balls and My Word '' ( renamed to `` And My Word '' in the album 's liner notes ) . Uncut Dope also contained two previously unreleased songs : `` The Unseen '' ( which is the first Geto Boys song with Big Mike ) and `` Damn It Feels Good to Be a Gangsta . '' The latter had a prominent appearance in the movie Office Space .

neg: Direct Hits (The Killers album) Direct Hits is a greatest hits album by American rock band The Killers , released on November 11 , 2013 by Island Records . The album includes singles from the band 's four studio albums to date , and features two new tracks , `` Shot at the Night '' and `` Just Another Girl '' , produced by Anthony Gonzalez of M83 and Stuart Price , respectively .   Regarding the album 's release , vocalist Brandon Flowers noted , `` This record feels like a great way to clean everything up and move onto the next thing . ''

neg: Kick It In `` Kick It In '' is the third single from the 1989 Simple Minds album  Street Fighting Years , which contained the # 1 UK smash `` Belfast Child '' . The song reached the UK Top 20 , peaking at # 15 .   The official music video for the song was directed by Andy Morahan .

neg: Acid Eaters Acid Eaters is the 13th studio album by the American punk band the Ramones .   Recorded in 1993 , towards the end of the Ramones ' career , the album is often set apart from other Ramones releases in that it is entirely composed of covers . Acid Eaters forms a musical tribute to the Ramones ' 1960s favorites , and highlights the influence that garage rock bands like the Seeds or the Amboy Dukes , and better known bands such as the Beach Boys , the Who and the Rolling Stones ( all of whom are covered in this album ) had on their music .

neg: DJ Smash DJ Smash a.k.a. Smash Hunter ( born Wayne Allen Hunter , in Manhattan , New York ) is a DJ , music producer , remixer and project consultant .

neg: Tossing Seeds (Singles 89–91) Tossing Seeds ( Singles 89 -- 91 ) is an album by Superchunk compiling a number of their earliest 7 '' singles and EPs . It was released by Merge Records in 1991 .   All tracks on Tossing Seeds were recorded at Duck Kee Studios , except for `` Seed Toss '' , which was recorded at the Chicago Recording Company .   Four of the tracks on this album are covers : `` Train from Kansas City '' , a Shangri-Las song ; `` Night Creatures '' ; and `` It 's So Hard to Fall in Love '' and `` Brand New Love '' , which were originally recorded by Sebadoh .   `` Slack Motherfucker '' was named the 19th best single of the 1990s by Spin magazine . It was later covered by fIREHOSE on the Live Totem Pole '' EP .   The cover art is credited to Wendy Moore ( 1991 ) .

neg: Appetite for Destruction Appetite for Destruction is the debut studio album by American hard rock band Guns N ' Roses . It was released on July 21 , 1987 , by Geffen Records to massive commercial success . It topped the Billboard 200 and became the best-selling debut album as well as the 11th best-selling album in the United States . With about 30 million copies sold worldwide , it is also one of the best-selling records ever . Although critics were ambivalent toward the album when it was first released , Appetite for Destruction has since received retrospective acclaim and been viewed as one of the greatest albums of all time .

neg: Original Prankster `` Original Prankster '' is a song by American rock band The Offspring , released from their sixth studio album Conspiracy of One and was released as the first single from the album in October 2000 . The song features additional vocals by Redman and is included on the band 's 2005 Greatest Hits album .   Prior to the release of Conspiracy of One , The Offspring distributed the track for free as a downloadable MP3 file on their official website . A competition was held , featuring a prize of $ 1 million ( USD ) which was awarded to a randomly selected participant who downloaded the song .   `` Original Prankster '' reached the top 10 in some countries including Australia , Canada and the United Kingdom , and went top 10 on US Rock radio .

neg: Monstereo Delicio Monstereo Delicio is a rock album by Girl Monstar , released in 1992 .

neg: Mikey (film) Mikey is a 1992 horror-thriller film directed by Dennis Dimster and starring Brian Bonsall . The film centers on the character of Mikey , a young boy who is adopted by a family after his previous adoptive family dies . Rather than the darling child they expected , however , Mikey turns out to be a violent psychopath and a budding serial killer .

neg: Unknown Road Unknown Road is the second album by Pennywise , released on August 17 , 1993 through Epitaph Records . After frontman Jim Lindberg briefly left the band during touring in support of its previous album , Pennywise ( 1991 ) , Pennywise began the recording sessions for their second album . Released a year before the success of punk rock in California , Unknown Road gained Pennywise supporting slots on national and world tours with bands such as The Offspring ( who was just about to hit the mainstream with then-new album Smash ) . Some archived footage of the Unknown Road tour dates can be seen on the band 's 1995 documentary Home Movies .   Like their self-titled debut album Pennywise , Unknown Road failed to chart in Billboard magazine . This would be Pennywise 's last uncharted album to date .

neg: Green Day discography The American punk rock band Green Day has released 12 studio albums , two live albums , four compilation albums , one soundtrack album , four video albums , 10 extended plays , four box sets , 42 singles , ten promotional singles , and 39 music videos . The band has sold over 85 million records worldwide , including more than 30 million in the United States alone . Green Day released their first two studio albums , 1,039 / Smoothed Out Slappy Hours ( 1991 ) ( consisting of the original `` 39/Smooth '' as well as their first two EP 's `` 1,000 Hours '' and `` Slappy '' ) and Kerplunk ( 1991 ) , through the independent label Lookout ! Records before signing to major label Reprise Records . Dookie , the band 's first album on the label and third studio album overall , was released in February 1994 . It was a breakout success , selling over 10 million copies in the United States and 20 million copies worldwide . Dookie spawned five singles , including the international hits `` Longview '' , Basket Case '' and `` When I Come Around '' . The album placed Green Day at the forefront of the 1990s punk rock revival .   Insomniac , the band 's fourth studio album , was released in October 1995 . While not as successful as Dookie , the album managed to peak at number two on the US Billboard 200 and received a double platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . Nimrod followed in October 1997 ; it peaked at number ten on the Billboard 200 . Four singles were released from Nimrod ; the most successful of these was `` Good Riddance ( Time of Your Life ) '' , which hit the top ten in countries such as Australia and Canada . The band 's sixth studio album Warning was released in October 2000 to mild commercial success , peaking at number four on the Billboard 200 and only earning a gold certification from the RIAA .   Their seventh studio album American Idiot reignited the band 's popularity with a younger generation . Becoming the band 's first album to top the Billboard 200 , American Idiot sold over six million copies in the United States , and over 14 million copies worldwide . The album spawned five commercially successful singles : `` American Idiot '' , `` Boulevard of Broken Dreams '' , `` Holiday '' , `` Wake Me Up When September Ends '' , and `` Jesus of Suburbia '' . The band 's eighth studio album 21st Century Breakdown followed in May 2009 , topping the Billboard 200 and being certified platinum by the RIAA . Two singles from the album -- `` Know Your Enemy '' and `` 21 Guns '' -- became top 40 hits on the US Billboard Hot 100 . A trilogy of studio albums -- ¡ Uno ! , ¡ Dos ! , and ¡ Tré ! -- were released toward the end of 2012 . ¡ Uno ! , ¡ Dos ! and ¡ Tré ! peaked at numbers two , nine and thirteen respectively on the Billboard 200 . In 2016 , another studio album , Revolution Radio was released and topped the Billboard 200 .

neg: Rollercoaster Tour The Rollercoaster Tour was a 1992 co-headlining concert tour by the English Britpop band Blur , the American indie rock band Dinosaur Jr. , the Irish alternative rock band My Bloody Valentine and the Scottish noise pop band the Jesus and Mary Chain . A one-leg 11-date tour of the United Kingdom , the tour was in support of all four bands ' current releases : Blur 's debut album Leisure ( 1991 ) , Dinosaur Jr. s fourth album Green Mind ( 1991 ) , My Bloody Valentine 's second album Loveless ( 1991 ) and The Jesus and Mary Chain 's fourth album Honey 's Dead ( 1992 ) .   The tour was curated by the Jesus and Mary Chain 's vocalist Jim Reid , who `` wanted to break the routine '' of performing in small , frequently played venues -- such as Nottinghams Rock City -- and `` cater to all strands of independent rock music '' . Reid was inspired by , and considered the Rollercoaster Tour a British equivalent to , the North American festival Lollapalooza , which the Jesus and Mary Chain performed at in 1991 and which he considered `` fairly disastrous '' . Each band performed a 45-minute set with no encore and the line-up changed each night of the tour , although the Jesus and Mary Chain performed as the final act on all 11 dates .   My Bloody Valentine ceased live performances in the UK after the tour and did not play again until their 2008 reunion tour . The band 's set , which ended with a noise section of their song `` You Made Me Realise '' referred to as the `` holocaust section '' , reportedly caused attendees ' pint glasses to fall out of their hands due to excessive sound pressure levels . Reflecting on the tour , Jim Reid referred to it as `` a lot -LSB- like a -RSB- competition -- who could be the loudest ? Whose was the best film show ? And then there was , who could be most off their tits and still play a show ? '' The Rollercoaster EP , containing material from Blur , My Bloody Valentine , Dinosaur Jr. and the Jesus and Mary Chain , was issued in Melody Maker in March 1992 to promote the tour .

neg: The Mighty Ducks The Mighty Ducks is a 1992 American sports comedy-drama film directed by Stephen Herek , starring Emilio Estevez . It was produced by The Kerner Entertainment Company and Avnet -- Kerner Productions and distributed by Walt Disney Pictures . It is the first film in the Mighty Ducks trilogy .   In the UK , South Africa and Australia , the film was retitled Champions . Subsequently , UK home releases are now titled The Mighty Ducks Are the Champions , reflecting both titles , as well as to possibly avoid confusion with the sequel ( retitled as just The Mighty Ducks ) . The year after the film 's release , an NHL hockey club , named the `` Mighty Ducks '' in reference to the film , was founded in Anaheim , California .

neg: Hit That `` Hit That '' is a pop punk song released by the American punk rock band The Offspring . The song is featured as the fourth track on the band 's seventh studio album Splinter ( 2003 ) and was released as the first single from the album . The song also appears as the 13th track on their Greatest Hits ( 2005 ) .   `` Hit That '' was released to radio on November 4 , 2003 . The single was first released in the U.S. and Australia in December 2003 , and in the UK in January 2004 . The song also reached the top 20 on the Australian ARIAnet Singles Chart and the UK Singles Chart ( No. 13 and No. 11 respectively ) , and No. 64 on the Billboard Hot 100 Singles Chart . The song also topped the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart , proving to be one of their most successful singles for a while . This was the first time an Offspring song would hit No. 1 on that chart since their breakthrough single `` Come Out and Play '' was released a decade earlier in 1994 .

neg: Rise and Fall, Rage and Grace Rise and Fall , Rage and Grace is the eighth studio album by American punk rock band The Offspring , released on June 17 , 2008 in the United States and a week earlier in Japan . It was their first album of new material in nearly five years , following 2003 's Splinter , and their first to be produced by Bob Rock . It was also their first album since 1992 's Ignition not to feature an intro track or a track lasting less than two minutes .   The span of nearly five years between Splinter and Rise and Fall , Rage and Grace was the longest gap between studio albums in The Offspring 's career . The band had been working on new material since the fall of 2004 , but showed no further signs of progress until November 2006 , when they announced on their official website that they had begun recording with producer Bob Rock . The album was supposed to be released in 2007 , but kept getting pushed back . The writing and recording process , spanning four years and three recording studios , was finally finished in April 2008 . It produced four singles : `` Hammerhead '' , `` You 're Gon na Go Far , Kid '' , `` Kristy , Are You Doing Okay ? '' and `` Half-Truism '' . Although a video was made for `` Stuff Is Messed Up '' , it was never officially released as a single , but saw regular radio play on popular stations such as Southern California 's KROQ . `` You 're Gon na Go Far , Kid '' was certified RIAA Gold for 500,000 sales , while the album has sold over 330,000 copies to date 2012 . This is the band 's first album since their 1989 self-titled debut not to be certified at least gold by the RIAA .   Although drummer Atom Willard ( who left in July 2007 ) was still a member of the band during the recording , session musician Josh Freese actually handled the drum tracks , like he did on Splinter . Due to contract issues with Geffen Records , Willard was not permitted to do recording on the album and later decided to leave the band and continue his duties in Angels & Airwaves full-time while former Face to Face drummer Pete Parada joined the band just in time for the tour .


query: Wladimir Klitschko is an athlete.

pos: Wladimir Klitschko Wladimir Wladimirowitsch Klitschko ( Володи́мир Володи́мирович Кличко́ , ; born 25 March 1976 ) is a Ukrainian professional boxer . He is a former world heavyweight champion of three major sanctioning bodies , having held the titles of the WBA , IBF , and WBO ( twice ) ; additionally he has held the IBO , Ring magazine , and lineal heavyweight titles . A strategic and cerebral boxer , Klitschko is considered to be one of the greatest heavyweight champions of all time , as well as among the hardest punching knockout artists in the history of the division ; his strong jab , straight right hand and left hook being his most formidable weapons .   As an amateur , Klitschko represented Ukraine at the 1996 Olympics , winning a gold medal in the super-heavyweight division . After turning professional later that year , he defeated Chris Byrd in 2000 to win the WBO heavyweight title . Klitschko 's first reign as champion ended in an upset knockout loss to Corrie Sanders in 2003 , which was followed by another knockout loss to Lamon Brewster in 2004 . It was during this time that Klitschko hired Emanuel Steward as his trainer , which began an eight-year partnership that lasted until Steward 's death in 2012 . In particular , Steward was credited with Klitschko 's transition from an aggressive puncher to a more defensively-oriented boxer , much as he had done with Lennox Lewis in 1995 to 2003 .   In 2006 , Klitschko regained a portion of the world heavyweight championship after stopping Chris Byrd in a rematch to win the IBF and IBO titles . He won the WBO title for a second time by defeating then-unbeaten champion Sultan Ibragimov in 2008 . Following his defeat of Ruslan Chagaev in 2009 , Klitschko was awarded the Ring and lineal titles , and lastly he won the WBA title from David Haye in 2011 . Until his defeat by Tyson Fury in 2015 , Klitschko was also recognized as champion by the Transnational Boxing Rankings Board , while the WBA recognized him as one of its `` Super champions '' , a distinction given to boxers who hold that title in addition to those by other sanctioning bodies in the same division .   Overall , he became the second-longest reigning heavyweight champion of all time , and has the second-most successful title defenses total of any heavyweight boxer with 23 ( including his initial reign as WBO champion ) , behind Joe Louis ( 25 ) and ahead of Larry Holmes ( 20 ) and Muhammad Ali ( 19 ) . On 14 September 2015 , BoxRec rated Klitschko as the number one fighter in the world , pound for pound . On 15 November 2014 , he reached a career peak of number two on The Rings pound for pound list . Klitschko has fought in 29 heavyweight title fights , more than any heavyweight champion in the sport 's history . He also holds the record of having defeated the most boxers with an undefeated record , at 12 , and has also defeated ten current or former world champions throughout his career .   Wladimir 's older brother , Vitali Klitschko , is also a former WBC , WBO , and The Ring heavyweight champion . From 2006 until 2015 , Wladimir and Vitali dominated heavyweight boxing , a period typically known as the `` Klitschko Era '' of the division .

pos: Professional boxing Professional boxing , or prizefighting , emerged in the early twentieth century as boxing gradually attained legitimacy and became a regulated , sanctioned sport . Professional boxing bouts are fought for a purse which is divided between the boxers as determined by contract . Most professional bouts are supervised by a regulatory authority to guarantee the fighters ' safety . Most high-profile bouts obtain the endorsement of a sanctioning body , which awards championship belts , establishes rules , and assigns its own judges and referee .   In contrast with amateur boxing , professional bouts are typically much longer and can last up to twelve rounds , though less significant fights can be as short as four rounds . Protective headgear is not permitted , and boxers are generally allowed to take substantial punishment before a fight is halted . Professional boxing has enjoyed a much higher profile than amateur boxing throughout the 20th century and beyond .   In Cuba professional boxing is banned ( as of 2007 ) . So was also the case in Sweden between 1970 and 2007 , and Norway between 1981 and 2014 .

neg: Water polo at the Summer Olympics Water polo has been part of the Summer Olympics program since the second games , in 1900 . A women 's water polo tournament was introduced for the 2000 Summer Olympics . Hungary , Italy , and the former Soviet Union and Yugoslavian teams have historically dominated the men 's tournament , while Australia and the United States are the only teams to win multiple medals at the women 's tournament since its introduction .   The most famous water polo match in history is probably the 1956 Summer Olympics semi-final match between Hungary and the Soviet Union , which became known as the `` Blood in the Water match '' . As the athletes left for the games , the Hungarian revolution began , and the Soviet army crushed the uprising . The Hungarians defeated the Soviets 4 -- 0 before the game was called off in the final minute to prevent angry Hungarians in the crowd reacting to Valentin Prokopov punching Ervin Zador 's eye open .

neg: World Combat Games The World Combat Games are an international multi-sport event featuring combat sports and martial arts . Fifteen Olympic and non-Olympic sports are currently on the programme : aikido , boxing , fencing , judo , ju-jitsu , karate , kendo , kickboxing , Muay Thai , sambo , savate , sumo , taekwondo , wrestling and wushu .   The World Combat Games were initiated by SportAccord , the umbrella organisation for international sports federations and organizers of sports events , in order to bring these sports closer to a worldwide public . The World Combat Games are accompanied by a cultural program that reflects the ancient traditions and values of martial arts as well as their contribution to modern society .

neg: Heavyweight Heavyweight is a weight class in boxing and other combat sports .

neg: World championship A world championship is generally an international sports competition open to elite competitors from across the world , representing their nations , and winning such an event will be considered the highest or near highest achievement in the sport or contest .   The title is usually awarded through a combination of specific contests or , less commonly , ranking systems ( e.g. the ICC Test Championship ) , or a combination of the two ( e.g. World Triathlon Championships in Triathlon ) . This determines a ` world champion ' , who or which is commonly considered the best nation , team , individual ( or other entity ) in the world in a particular field , although the vagaries of sport ensure that the competitor recognised at the best in an event is not always the ` world champion ' ( see Underdog ) .   Certain sports do not have a world championship . Instead , they may organise a world cup competition , or they may organize both , for example cycling ( UCI World Championships and UCI World Cups ) ) . Often , the use of the term cup or championship in this sense is just a choice of words . Some sports have multiple champions because of multiple organizations , such as boxing , mixed martial arts and wrestling .   Certain sports do not have a world championship or a world cup as such , but may have one or several world champions . Professional boxing , for example , has several world champions at different weights , but each one of them is decided by a `` title fight '' , not a tournament .   A certain number of sports hold world championships or world cups which are overshadowed , in terms of prestige , by the same events in the Olympic Games , the most prestigious multi-sports event .   Still other sports may or may not have a true world championship but may designate the winners of a domestic competition to be `` world champions . '' This is especially true of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada ; world cups and championships exist in all of the major sports , but the domestic U.S. and Canadian leagues are generally recognized as the world professional championships or the equivalent of a world club championship . ( In American football , although an IFAF World Championship exists , the United States is so far above and beyond the other nations it faces that the winner of the U.S.-based Super Bowl , a competition limited to the 32 teams in the National Football League , is commonly recognized as the world champion . )   Finally , certain professional sports do not have a world championship or world cup , but rather hold a series of events recognised as the elite level in their field ( e.g. tennis has a series of four Grand Slam events recognised as the pinnacle of the game , in addition to key team events , world tour finals and the Olympic Games , but no world championship or world cup ) .

neg: Athletics at the 1908 Summer Olympics At the 1908 Summer Olympics held in London , England , 26 athletics events were contested , all for men only . A total of 79 medals ( 27 gold , 27 silver , 25 bronze ) were awarded .   Each nation was allowed to enter up to 12 competitors in most of the events . In the team races ( the medley relay and the 3 mile team race ) , each nation entered one team . The medley relay was run by four athletes , with four alternates allowed . In the 3 mile team race , five athletes from each nation ran with only three counting .   The competition was restricted to amateurs , and was held under the rules of the Amateur Athletic Association . These rules included a prohibition on any interference with other runners ( a rule that played an important part in the 400 metres ) .

neg: Sinclair Coefficients The Sinclair Coefficients are a means to compare different weight classes in olympic weightlifting . It replaced Hoffman 's formula , which was the first statistical analysis of this type .   The answer to the question `` What would be the total of an athlete weighing x kg if he/she  were an athlete in the heaviest class of the same level of ability ? '' is given by the formula :  ACTUAL TOTAL × SINCLAIR COEFFICIENT = SINCLAIR TOTAL .   There are eight bodyweight categories for male athletes : 56 kg , 62 kg , 69 kg , 77 kg , 85 kg , 94 kg , 105 kg and +105 kg , and seven for female athletes : 48 kg , 53 kg , 58 kg , 63 kg , 69 kg , 75 kg and +75 kg .   There are also two types of lifts : snatch , and clean and jerk . However , at the championships , medals are presented in both lifts separately , and in total ( the combined result of the best snatch and the best clean and jerk ) .   To compare and rank the results , especially between bodyweight categories , the International Weightlifting Federation uses the Sinclair Coefficients which are derived statistically and calculated for one Olympic cycle ( for four years , starting in the Spring of each Olympic year ) .   The total for each bodyweight category is a projection of the Total for that weightlifter if he/she were a competitor in the heaviest bodyweight category with the same level of ability . It is done in four body weight categories for the males ( 56 kg , 69 kg , 77 kg , +105 kg ) . For the other four categories ( 62 kg , 85 kg , 94 kg , 105 kg ) the Sinclair Total represents the World Standard because nobody has lifted the predicted total . Those projections using the Sinclair Total are shown below .   The Sinclair Coefficient is . If x < b where x is the weightlifter 's bodyweight , b is the world record holder 's bodyweight ( in the heaviest category ) and A is the coefficient for this Olympic cycle , or 1.0 if x ≥ b.   Then , the Sinclair Total is simply the obtained total multiplied by the Sinclair Coefficient .   For example , from 2013 to 2016 , a calculation of the Sinclair Coefficient might look like this :  A = 0.794358141 for males  A = 0.897260740 for females  b = 174.393 kg for males  b = 148.026 kg for females   Assume that we are assessing a male weightlifter weighing 61.9 kg with a total of 320 kg .  Then , x = 61.9 kg , and we have  X = log10 ( x/b ) = log10 ( 61.9 / 174.393 ) = -0.449838400  A ( X ^ 2 ) = 0.794358141 * ( -0.449838400 ) ^ 2 = 0.794358141 * 0.20235459 = 0.160742013  10 ^ ( A ( X ^ 2 ) ) = 10 ^ 0.160742013 = 1.447911485   Sinclair Total = Actual Total x S.C. = 320 kg x 1.447911485 = 463.332   To understand the whole idea , here is the chart with all male bodyweight categories ( in kg ) and its world record Totals , Sinclair Coefficients , and Sinclair Total . By looking at the Sinclair Total we can determine the RANK . * denotes a World Standard rather than a world record .   The same is done for the seven female body weight categories .

neg: List of Olympic medalists in art competitions There were 146 medalists in the art competitions that were part of the Olympic Games from 1912 until 1948 . These art competitions were considered an integral part of the movement by International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) founder Pierre de Coubertin and necessary to recapture the complete essence of the Ancient Olympic Games . Their absence before the 1912 Summer Olympics , according to journalism professor Richard Stanton , stems from Coubertin `` not wanting to fragment the focus of his new and fragile movement '' . Art competitions were originally planned for inclusion in the 1908 Summer Olympics but were delayed after that edition 's change in venue from Rome to London following the 1906 eruption of Mount Vesuvius . By the 1924 Summer Olympics they had grown to be considered internationally relevant and potentially `` a milestone in advancing public awareness of art as a whole '' .   During their first three appearances , the art competitions were grouped into five broad categories : architecture , literature , music , painting , and sculpture . The Dutch Organizing Committee for the 1928 Summer Olympics split these into subcategories in the hopes of increasing participation . Although it was a successful strategy , the 1932 Summer Olympics eliminated several of these subcategories , which led to fewer entries in the broader categories . For the 1936 Summer Olympics , the German government proposed the addition of a film contest to the program , which was rejected .   Following a final appearance at the 1948 Summer Olympics , art competitions were removed from the Olympic program . Planners of the 1952 Summer Olympics opposed their inclusion on logistical grounds , claiming that the lack of an international association for the event meant that the entire onus of facilitation was placed on the local organizing committee . Concerns were also raised about the professionalism of the event , since only amateurs were allowed to participate in the sporting tournaments , and the growing commercialization of the competitions , as artists had been permitted to sell their submissions during the course of the Games since 1928 . In 1952 an art festival and exhibition was held concurrent with the Games , a tradition that has been maintained in all subsequent Summer Olympics .   The IOC does not track medalists in Olympic art competitions in its database and thus the prize winners are only officially recorded in the original Olympic reports . Judges were not required to distribute first , second , and third place awards for every category , and thus certain events lack medalists in these placements . Since participants were allowed multiple submissions , it was also possible for artists to win more than one in a single event , as Alex Diggelmann of Switzerland did in the graphic arts category of the 1948 edition . Diggelmann is tied with Denmark 's Josef Petersen , who won second prize three times in literature , for the amount of medals captured in the art competitions . Luxembourg 's Jean Jacoby is the only individual to win two gold medals , doing so in painting in 1924 and 1928 . Of the 146 medalists , 11 were women and only Finnish author Aale Tynni was awarded gold . Germany was the most successful nation , with eight gold , seven silver , and nine bronze medals , although one was won by Coubertin himself , a Frenchman . He submitted his poem Ode to Sport under the pseudonyms Georges Hohrod and Martin Eschbach , as if it were a joint-entry , and won first prize in the 1912 literature category . The original report credits this medal to Germany . Two individuals , Walter W. Winans and Alfréd Hajós , won medals in both athletic and art competitions .

neg: Jewish athletics during the 20th century During the 20th century , specifically in the Interwar period , athletics became a point of social integration in Jewish communities throughout Europe . Specifically within German society , playing sports provided a chance for Jews to gain social standing and even notoriety for their accomplishments . Additionally , cheering for local area sports teams and clubs provided a common ( secular ) point of interest between Jews and non-Jews . While there are many instances of social integration and acceptance as a result of sports , antisemitism was common at sporting events in central Europe as well . Discrimination , provocation , and riots occurred at sporting events and in response to Jewish athletes , coaches , and managers . As such , the public perception of Jewish athletics was mixed , with notable examples of fame and antisemitism throughout the 20th century .

neg: Winter Olympic Games The Winter Olympic Games ( Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) is a major international sporting event that occurs once every four years . Unlike the Summer Olympics , the Winter Olympics feature sports practised on snow and ice . The first Winter Olympics , the 1924 Winter Olympics , was held in Chamonix , France . The original five sports ( broken into nine disciplines ) were bobsleigh , curling , ice hockey , Nordic skiing ( consisting of the disciplines military patrol , cross-country skiing , Nordic combined , and ski jumping ) , and skating ( consisting of the disciplines figure skating and speed skating ) . The Games were held every four years from 1924 until 1936 , after which they were interrupted by World War II . The Olympics resumed in 1948 and was again held every four years . Until 1992 , the Winter and Summer Olympic Games were held in the same years , but in accordance with a 1986 decision by the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) to place the Summer and Winter Games on separate four-year cycles in alternating even-numbered years , the next Winter Olympics after 1992 was in 1994 .   The Winter Games have evolved since its inception . Sports and disciplines have been added and some of them , such as Alpine skiing , luge , short track speed skating , freestyle skiing , skeleton , and snowboarding , have earned a permanent spot on the Olympic programme . Others ( such as curling and bobsleigh ) have been discontinued and later reintroduced , or have been permanently discontinued ( such as military patrol , though the modern Winter Olympic sport of biathlon is descended from it ) . Still others , such as speed skiing , bandy and skijoring , were demonstration sports but never incorporated as Olympic sports . The rise of television as a global medium for communication enhanced the profile of the Games . It created an income stream , via the sale of broadcast rights and advertising , which has become lucrative for the IOC . This allowed outside interests , such as television companies and corporate sponsors , to exert influence . The IOC has had to address several criticisms , internal scandals , the use of performance-enhancing drugs by Winter Olympians , as well as a political boycott of the Winter Olympics . Nations have used the Winter Games to showcase the claimed superiority of their political systems .   The Winter Olympics has been hosted on three continents by eleven different countries . The Games have been held in the United States four times ( 1932 , 1960 , 1980 , 2002 ) ; in France three times ( 1924 , 1968 , 1992 ) ; and in Austria ( 1964 , 1976 ) , Canada ( 1988 , 2010 ) , Japan ( 1972 , 1998 ) , Italy ( 1956 , 2006 ) , Norway ( 1952 , 1994 ) , and Switzerland ( 1928 , 1948 ) twice . Also , the Games have been held in Germany ( 1936 ) , Yugoslavia ( 1984 ) , and Russia ( 2014 ) once . The IOC has selected Pyeongchang , South Korea , to host the 2018 Winter Olympics and Beijing , China , to host the 2022 Winter Olympics . No city in the southern hemisphere has hosted or even been an applicant to host the Winter Olympics ; the major challenge preventing one hosting the games is the dependence on winter weather , and the traditional February timing of the games falls in the middle of the southern hemisphere summer .   Twelve countries -- Austria , Canada , Finland , France , Great Britain , Hungary , Italy , Norway , Poland , Sweden , Switzerland and the United States -- have sent athletes to every Winter Olympic Games . Six of those -- Austria , Canada , Finland , Norway , Sweden and the United States -- have earned medals at every Winter Olympic Games , and only one -- the United States -- has earned gold at each Games . Norway leads in terms of number of gold medals and overall number of medals . Germany and Japan have been banned at times from competing in the Games .

neg: Men's Low-Kick at W.A.K.O. European Championships 2006 Skopje -63.5 kg The men 's light welterweight ( 63 kg/138 .6 lbs ) Low-Kick division at the W.A.K.O. European Championships 2006 in Skopje was the fifth lightest of the male Low-Kick tournaments and was one of the largest involving seventeen fighters . Each of the matches was three rounds of two minutes each and were fought under Low-Kick kickboxing rules .   As there were not enough fighters for a sixteen man competition , one of the men received a bye into the quarter finals . The gold medal was won by Russian Artur Magadov who defeated Denmark 's Ayoub Saidi in the final by unanimous decision . Gleb Bozko and Akaev Kurbanali , from Estonia and Russia , received bronze medals .

neg: Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 1500 metres The Men 's 1500 metres competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , United Kingdom , was held at the Olympic Stadium on 3 -- 7 August .   The first round races were all very tightly packed , strategic affairs . The first race was the fastest , taking all but one of the time qualifiers into the semi-final . Andrew Wheating 's 3:40.92 in the second heat was the slowest time qualifier , though it was exactly equal to Nick Willis ' winning time in the last race . That race was broken up when Nixon Chepseba tripped sending several athletes scrambling to avoid the falling body . Chepseba ultimately finished 9th but was awarded a place in the semi-final on appeal , though no offending athlete was disqualified .   The first semi final was strategic from the start , when the sprinting started , Taoufik Makhloufi easily took the lead and held the position . Since it was strategic , no time qualifiers came from this semi . In the other semi , Chepseba took it out at a faster pace , to avoid getting caught in traffic . At the 800 mark , Nathan Brannen fell flat and was not able to get back into contention . When the sprinting started , Abdalaati Iguider looked to be the fastest . The slowest time qualifier was almost 7 seconds faster than Makhloufi winning the first .   Earlier on the day before the final , Makhloufi was also in an 800 metres qualifying round race , but he ran slowly and dropped out . Because of the `` honest effort '' rule , he was disqualified from further competition in the Olympics . It took an appeal by Algerian team officials to get him re-instated by claiming he had a known knee injury .   In the final , Makhloufi made a miraculous recovery from the injury in order to run . Kenyan Chepseba , and Kenyan born Bahraini Belal Mansoor Ali ran shoulder to shoulder until 600 to go when Chepseba then decided to take the lead solo . Behind him runners were three abreast , with Makhloufi and Silas Kiplagat trading elbows to be in position for the final lap . Another elbow just before 300 to go , and Makhloufi broke away with Kiplagat and Mekonnen Gebremedhin in hot pursuit . With Makhloufi gone , 8 meters ahead , Gebremedhin took over second at the head of the stretch , Iguider sprinting a step behind . Five meters further back , Leonel Manzano was starting to sprint around teammate Matthew Centrowitz , Jr. . As Iguider was edging ahead of Gebremedhin , Manzano was rocketing along the outside passing into second 30 meters from the finish . Iguider just barely managed to finish a fraction ahead of the fast closing Centrowitz for the bronze medal .

neg: Sports betting Sports betting is the activity of predicting sports results and placing a wager on the outcome . The frequency of sports bet upon varies by culture , with the vast majority of bets being placed on association football , American football , basketball , baseball , hockey , mixed martial arts , track cycling , and boxing at both the amateur and professional levels . Sports betting can also extend to non-athletic events , such as reality show contests and political elections , and non-human contests such as horse racing , greyhound racing and illegal , underground dog fighting .   Sports bettors place their wagers either legally , through a bookmaker/sportsbook , or illegally through privately run enterprises referred to as `` bookies '' . The term `` book '' being a reference to the books used by wagebrokers to track wagers , payouts , and debts . The majority of legal sportsbooks are found online , operated over the internet from jurisdictions separate from the clients they serve , usually to get around various gambling laws ( such as the Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act of 2006 in the United States ) in select markets , such as Las Vegas , Nevada , or on gambling cruises through self-serve kiosks . They take bets `` up-front '' , meaning the bettor must pay the sportsbook before placing the bet . Illegal bookies , due to the nature of their business , can operate literally anywhere but only require money from losing bettors and do n't require the wagered money up front , creating the possibility of debt to the bookie from the bettor . This creates a number of other criminal elements , thus furthering their illegality .   Sportsbetting has resulted in a number of scandals in sport , affecting the integrity of sports events through various acts including point shaving ( players affecting the score by missing shots ) , spot-fixing ( a player action is fixed ) , bad calls from officials at key moments , and overall match fixing ( the overall result of the event is fixed ) . Examples are the 1919 World Series , the alleged ( and later admitted ) illegal gambling of former MLB player Pete Rose , and former NBA referee Tim Donaghy .

neg: Combined track and field events Combined events are competitions in which athletes participate in a number of track and field events , earning points for their performance in each event , which adds to a total points score . Outdoors , the most common combined events are the men 's decathlon and the women 's heptathlon . Due to stadium limitations , indoor combined events competition have a reduced number of events , resulting in the men 's heptathlon and the women 's pentathlon . Athletes are allocated points based on an international-standard points scoring system , such as the decathlon scoring table . Other longer combined events do exist , such as the icosathlon ( double decathlon ) for men and the tetradecathlon for women . Indoors , both men and women compete in the tetradecathlon , with slightly different events to the women 's outdoor version .

neg: Vladislav Frolov Vladislav Yuryevich Frolov ( born January 25 , 1980 in Tambov ) is a Russian sprint athlete .   He won the silver medal in the 400 metres at the 2006 European Athletics Championships in Gothenburg , running a personal best of 45.09 s.   At the 2007 European Indoor Athletics Championships he won a silver medal in the 4 x 400 metres relay , with teammates Ivan Buzolin , Maksim Dyldin and Artem Sergeyenkov . The Russian team originally finished third , after Russia 's anchor runner Sergeyenkov was pushed by Germany 's Bastian Swillims when the latter advanced past Sergeyenkov on the last lap . However , the incident resulted in the disqualification of the victorious German team and the subsequent promotion of Russia to second place .   Vladislav was part of the team that finished third in Men 's 4x400 m relay at the 2008 Summer Olympics , but the team was disqualified after team mate Denis Alekseyev tested positive for doping .

neg: USA Wrestling USA Wrestling ( formerly known as the United States Wrestling Federation and as the United States Wrestling Association ) is the organization that currently governs freestyle wrestling and Greco-Roman wrestling in the United States . USA Wrestling is also the official representative to the United States Olympic Committee ( USOC ) and to United World Wrestling ( UWW ) and is considered the national governing body of the sport at the amateur level . Their mission statement is , `` USA Wrestling , guided by the Olympic Spirit , provides quality opportunities for its members to achieve their full human and athletic potential . ''

neg: Balkan Athletics Indoor Championships The Balkan Athletics Indoor Championships , also known as the Balkan Indoor Games , is an annual international indoor track and field competition between athletes from the Balkan Peninsula . Following a test event in 1991 , it was officially launched in 1994 . Organised by the Association of the Balkan Athletics Federations ( ABAF ) , it is typically held in February . The competition complemented the long-running annual outdoor track and field tournament : the Balkan Games .   It received strong support from the Hellenic Amateur Athletic Association -- until 2002 , the Peace and Friendship Stadium in Piraeus , Greece was the permanent host , as this was the only international standard indoor track and field arena in the region at that point . The Peania Indoors Arena , also near the Greek capital , took on hosting duties from 2003 to 2006 , then began alternating with the Piraeus stadium . The event was cancelled in both 2010 and 2011 due to the insolvency of the Greek athletics body , linked to the Greek government-debt crisis . The event was continued in 2012 with Turkey as the new host nation , which had built the Ataköy Athletics Arena for the 2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships . The Balkan competition served as a major test event for the global championships .   The programme of events has been similar to that of the IAAF World Indoor Championships , except for the omission of the combined track and field events and ( usually ) the 4 × 400 metres relay . Women 's pole vault was introduced in 1998 , giving the sexes event parity , and the 200 metres for both sexes was dropped after 2005 in line with international standards . The 1994 championships featured racewalking competitions , but these were dropped for subsequent editions . In addition to individual titles , a men 's and a women 's team title is awarded to the best performing nation in each section . Both medal tables and points tables are collated , with the points score contributing to the team title . The points table was introduced in 2002 .   A total of seventeen nations have entered the competition during its history , with Yugoslavia and Serbia and Montenegro being former competitors ; all successor states of Yugoslavia have since competed independently , bar Kosovo . The initial competition was between six nations , which expanded to nine by the end of the 1990s . The number of competing nations was further expanded between 2011 and 2014 , with five more countries being admitted by the ABAF . Azerbaijan has also competed as a guest nation ; its performances were discounted for medal and points-scoring purposes . Romania and Greece have historically been the most successful nations at the event , although Turkey has been the most dominant since 2012 .

neg: Switzerland at the 2012 Summer Olympics Switzerland competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , from 27 July to 12 August 2012 . Swiss athletes competed at every Summer Olympic Games in the modern era , except when they boycotted the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne as a protest to the Soviet invasion of Hungary . The Swiss Olympic Association sent a total of 103 athletes to the Games , 72 men and 31 women , to compete in 18 sports .   Switzerland left London with a total of four Olympic medals ( two gold and two silver ) , their lowest in Summer Olympic history since 1992 . This was in stark contrast with the zero medal tally of the neighbouring Austria , a nation of roughly comparable size . Most of these medals were awarded to the athletes in cycling , tennis , equestrian , and triathlon .   Among the nation 's medalists were mountain biker Nino Schurter , who collected a total of two Olympic medals after winning the silver in men 's cross-country race . Equestrian rider Steve Guerdat won Switzerland 's first ever gold medal in the individual show jumping after 84 years . Meanwhile , Nicola Spirig became the second Swiss athlete to claim an Olympic title in women 's triathlon since its official debut as a full-medal sport in 2000 . World number-one male tennis player Roger Federer won the coveted silver medal in the men 's singles , after he was defeated by Great Britain 's Andy Murray . Several Swiss athletes missed out of the medal standings . Defending Olympic champion Fabian Cancellara finished seventh in the men 's individual time trial , following his collarbone injury from the road race .

neg: International Baseball Federation The International Baseball Federation ( Spanish : Federación Internacional de Béisbol , French : Fédération international de baseball ) is the former worldwide governing body recognized by the International Olympic Committee as overseeing , deciding and executing the policy of the sport of baseball . The IBAF has since become the international baseball `` Division '' of the World Baseball Softball Confederation , the officially recognized world governing body for baseball ( and softball ) . One of its principal responsibilities under the WBSC is to organize , standardize and sanction international competitions among baseball 's 124 national governing bodies through its various tournaments to determine a world champion and calculate world rankings for both men 's and women 's baseball . Prior to the establishment of the WBSC , which has since superseded its authority , the IBAF had been the lone entity that can assign the title of `` world champion '' to any baseball team delegated to represent a nation . Its offices are housed within the WBSC headquarters in Lausanne , Switzerland -- the Olympic Capital .

neg: Mexico at the 2004 Summer Olympics Mexico competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece , from 13 to 29 August 2004 . This was the nation 's twentieth appearance at the Olympics , since its debut in 1900 . Comité Olímpico Mexicano sent the nation 's largest delegation to the Games since 1992 . A total of 109 athletes , 59 men and 50 women , competed in 20 sports . Football was the only team-based sport in which Mexico had its representation in these Olympic Games . There was only a single competitor in fencing , shooting , and weightlifting .   The Mexican team featured three Olympic medalists from Sydney : race walker Noé Hernández , taekwondo jin Víctor Estrada , and diver Fernando Platas , who reprised his role to carry the national flag for the second time in the opening ceremony , after winning the silver in men 's springboard . Along with Platas , race walkers Miguel Ángel Rodríguez and Germán Sánchez officially made their fourth Olympic appearance as the most experienced members of the team . Meanwhile , show jumper Gerardo Tazzer , who helped the Mexicans claim the bronze at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow , sought his fourth Olympic bid in Athens after a sixteen-year absence , and was also the oldest athlete of the team at age 52 .   Mexico left Athens with a total of four medals ( three silver and one bronze ) , failing to win a gold for the first time since 1996 . Half of these medals were awarded to the athletes in taekwondo . Sprinter Ana Guevara set the nation 's historical milestone as the first ever female Mexican to claim an Olympic silver medal in track and field . Meanwhile , Belem Guerrero claimed a silver for the first time in the nation 's Olympic cycling history , since the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles , since José Youshimatz took home the bronze in the men 's points race .

neg: Latvian Olympic Committee The Latvian Olympic Committee ( or LOK ) is a non-profit organization that is the National Olympic Committee for Latvia . It was created in 1922 and recognised by the International Olympic Committee in 1923 . Its headquarters are in Riga .