query: Ingólfr Arnarson was the first permanent American on Iceland.

pos: Iceland Iceland ( -LSB- ˈaɪslənd -RSB- -LSB- ˈistlant -RSB- ) is a Nordic island country in the North Atlantic Ocean . It has a population of and an area of 103000 km2 , making it the most sparsely populated country in Europe . The capital and largest city is Reykjavík . Reykjavík and the surrounding areas in the southwest of the country are home to over two-thirds of the population . Iceland is volcanically and geologically active . The interior consists of a plateau characterised by sand and lava fields , mountains and glaciers , while many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands . Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate , despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle . Its high latitude and marine influence still keeps summers chilly , with most of the archipelago having a tundra climate .   According to the ancient manuscript Landnámabók , the settlement of Iceland began in the year 874 AD when the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson became the first permanent settler on the island . In the following centuries , Norwegians , and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians , emigrated to Iceland , bringing with them thralls of Gaelic origin . The island was governed as an independent commonwealth under the Althing , one of the world 's oldest functioning legislative assemblies . Following a period of civil strife , Iceland acceded to Norwegian rule in the 13th century . The establishment of the Kalmar Union in 1397 united the kingdoms of Norway , Denmark and Sweden . Iceland thus followed Norway 's integration to that Union and came under Danish rule after Sweden 's secession from that union in 1523 . Although the Danish kingdom introduced Lutheranism forcefully in 1550 , Iceland remained a distant semi-colonial territory in which Danish institutions and infrastructures were conspicuous by their absence . In the wake of the French revolution and the Napoleonic wars , Iceland 's struggle for independence took form and culminated in independence in 1918 and the founding of a republic in 1944 . Until the 20th century , Iceland relied largely on subsistence fishing and agriculture , and was among the poorest in Europe . Industrialisation of the fisheries and Marshall Plan aid following World War II brought prosperity , and Iceland became one of the wealthiest and most developed nations in the world . In 1994 , it became a part of the European Economic Area , which further diversified the economy into sectors such as finance , biotechnology , and manufacturing .   Iceland has a market economy with relatively low taxes compared to other OECD countries . It maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens . Iceland ranks high in economic , political and social stability and equality . In 2013 , it was ranked as the 13th most-developed country in the world by the United Nations ' Human Development Index . Iceland runs almost completely on renewable energy . Affected by the ongoing worldwide financial crisis , the nation 's entire banking system systemically failed in October 2008 , leading to a severe depression , substantial political unrest , the Icesave dispute , and the institution of capital controls . Some bankers were jailed . Since then , the economy has made a significant recovery , in large part due to a surge in tourism .   Icelandic culture is founded upon the nation 's Scandinavian heritage . Most Icelanders are descendants of Germanic and Gaelic settlers . Icelandic , a North Germanic language , is descended from Old Norse and is closely related to Faroese and West Norwegian dialects . The country 's cultural heritage includes traditional Icelandic cuisine , Icelandic literature and medieval sagas . Iceland has the smallest population of any NATO member and is the only one with no standing army , its lightly armed coast guard being in charge of defence .

neg: Didrik Pining Didrik Pining ( 1430 -- 1491 ) was a German privateer , nobleman and governor of Iceland and Vardøhus . He is most notable because some have proposed that he may have landed in North America in the 1470s , almost twenty years before Columbus ' voyages of discovery . Some of the claims concerning Pining are controversial because information about him is , in general , relatively sparse and partially contradictory .

neg: Ambassador of Iceland to Yugoslavia Iceland 's first ambassador to Yugoslavia was Helgi P. Briem in 1953 . Iceland 's last ambassador to Yugoslavia was Þórður Einarsson in 1991 .

neg: Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson ( -LSB- ˈsɪɣmʏntʏr ˈtaːvið ˈkʏnløyxsɔn -RSB- ; born 12 March 1975 ) is an Icelandic politician who was the youngest serving Prime Minister of Iceland from May 2013 until April 2016 . He was also chairman of the Progressive Party from 2009 to October 2016 . He was elected to the Althing ( Iceland 's parliament ) as the 8th member for the Reykjavík Constituency North on 25 April 2009 . He has represented the Northeast Constituency as its 1st member since 27 April 2013 .   Following the release of the Panama Papers , he announced on 5 April 2016 that he would step aside from the office of Prime Minister . On 7 April 2016 he was replaced as Prime Minister by Sigurður Ingi Jóhannsson , who also replaced him as chairman of the Progressive Party on 2 October 2016 .

neg: Ivar Ivar ( Old Norse Ívarr ) is a Scandinavian masculine given name . Another variant of the name is Iver , which is more common in Norway .  The Old Norse name has several possible etymologies . In North Germanic phonology , several of the elements common to Germanic names became homophonous . The first element Ívarr may contain yr `` yew '' and - arr ( from hari , `` warrior '' ) ,  but it may have become partly conflated with Ingvar , and possibly Joar ( element jó `` horse '' ) . The second element - arr may alternatively also be from geir `` spear '' or it may be var `` protector '' .  The name was adopted into English as Ivor , into Gaelic as Iomhar , and into Latvian as Ivars .

neg: President of Iceland The President of Iceland ( Forseti Íslands ) is Iceland 's elected head of state . The incumbent is Guðni Thorlacius Jóhannesson , who is now in his first term as president , elected in 2016 .   The president is elected to a four-year term by popular vote , is not term-limited , and has limited powers . The presidential residence is situated in Bessastaðir in Garðabær , near the capital city Reykjavík .

neg: Ánirnar Ánir -LSB- ˈɔanɪɹ -RSB- , also Ánirnar -LSB- -LSB- ˈɔanɪɹnaɹ -RSB- -RSB- ( Danish : Åerne ) is a village in the Faroe Islands on the northern island of Borðoy . In 2007 it had a population of 16 , but with the expansion of the area with the new apartments above the old settlement the population has increased to 55 in 2013 .

neg: Staðarstaður Staðarstaður is a small settlement and parsonage located in Snæfellsnesi , Iceland . It is claimed that Ari Þorgilsson lived there in the 12th century and in 1981 a memorial by Ragnar Kjartansson as a remembrance of this was erected .

neg: Vatnajökull Vatnajökull ( -LSB- ˈvaʰtnaˌjœːkʏtl̥ -RSB- ) , also known as the Vatna Glacier in English , is the largest and most voluminous ice cap in Iceland , and one of the largest in area in Europe . It is the second largest glacier in area after Austfonna on Svalbard in Norway but , nevertheless , larger by volume . It is located in the south-east of the island , covering more than 8 percent of the country .

neg: Ábær Ábær ( also known as Abær Kirkja ) is a populated place in Iceland , located in the municipality of Akrahreppur .

neg: Capital Region (Iceland) Greater Reykjavík ( Höfuðborgarsvæðið , meaning `` The Capital Region '' ) is a name used collectively for Reykjavík and six municipalities around it . The area is by far the largest urban area in Iceland . Each municipality has its own elected council . Greater Reykjavík 's population of 216 940 is over 60 % of the population of Iceland , in an area that is only just over 1 % of the total size of the country . The size of the greater Reykjavík area is calculated from the area of its constituent municipalities , including large areas of hinterland , not the much smaller urban core of about 200 km2 Municipal governments cooperate extensively in various fields : for example waste policy , shared public transport and a joint fire brigade .

neg: Iceland–Palestine relations Iceland -- Palestine relations refers to the relations between Iceland and Palestine . Iceland was the first Western European country to recognise the independence of Palestine . Full diplomatic relations exist between the two sides . Iceland 's representative to Palestine is a non-resident based at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs in Reykjavík , while Palestine 's ambassador to Iceland is also a non-resident based in Oslo , Norway .

neg: Snæfellsnes The Snæfellsnes ( -LSB- ˈstn̥aiːfɛlsˌnɛːs -RSB- ) is a peninsula situated to the west of Borgarfjörður , in western Iceland .   It has been named Iceland in Miniature , because many national sights can be found in the area , including the Snæfellsjökull volcano , regarded as one of the symbols of Iceland . With its height of 1446 m , it is the highest mountain on the peninsula and has a glacier at its peak ( jökull means `` glacier '' in Icelandic ) . The volcano can be seen on clear days from Reykjavík , a distance of about 120 km . The mountain is also known as the setting of the novel Journey to the Center of the Earth by the French author Jules Verne . The area surrounding Snæfellsjökull has been designated one of the four National Parks by the government of Iceland .   The peninsula is one of the main settings in the Laxdœla saga and it was , according to this saga , the birthplace of the first West Norse member of the Varangian Guard , Bolli Bollasson . Other historical people who lived in the area according to the saga include Guðrún Ósvífursdóttir , Bolli Þorleiksson and Snorri the Goði .   Local fishing villages and small towns on the northern shore of Snæfellsnes include Arnarstapi , Hellnar , Rif , Ólafsvík , Grundarfjörður , Stykkishólmur and Búðardalur .   Near Hellissandur is the tallest structure in western Europe , the Longwave Radio Mast at Hellissandur .   In June 2008 , the people of Snaefellsnes reached certification status as an EarthCheck community , becoming the first EarthCheck-certified area in Iceland and in Europe , and only the fourth in the world . Snaefellsnes has been committed to the EarthCheck programme since 2003 and has been successfully benchmarked for the past five consecutive years .

neg: Miðborg Miðborg ( Icelandic : City Centre ; -LSB- ˈmɪːðˌpɔrk -RSB- ) , also known as Miðbær or Austurbær , is a sub-municipal administrational district that covers much of the central part Reykjavík , the capital of Iceland . The district includes six neighbourhoods : Kvos , Grjótaþorp , Skólavörðuholt , Þingholt , Skuggahverfi and Vatnsmýri .

neg: Álftafjörður Álftafjörður is an Icelandic fjord . It is on the southern side of Ísafjarðardjúp , in the Vestfirðir region of north-western Iceland . A whaling station was built in 1883 at Langeyri on its western shore by two Norwegians named Lars Mons and Svend Foyn , and was used until whaling was prohibited in Iceland in 1915 . The modern village of Súðavík is in the same area .

neg: Leif Erikson (ship) Leif Erikson is a Viking ship replica built to commemorate the voyage of Leif Erikson who is credited with reaching North America over one thousand years ago .

neg: Þjórsá Þjórsá ( -LSB- ˈθjoursau -RSB- ) is Iceland 's longest river at 230 kilometers ( about 143 miles ) . It is in the south of the island .   Þjórsá is a glacier river and has its source on the glacier Hofsjökull . It flows out through narrow gorges in the highlands of Iceland . Further downstream , another river , the Tungnaá , flows into it ( see also Háifoss ) , before it enters the lowlands . There it passes the valley of Þjórsárdalur ( Thjorsardalur ) where the historical farm of Stöng is located at . In the lowlands it flows along the eastern border of the Great Þjórsá Lava .   In the middle of the now rather wide river , there is a big island called Árnes , where there used to be a Þing . The administrative unit of Árnessýsla was named after it .   The hringvegur ( Road No. 1 ) traverses the river via a bridge between Selfoss and Hella . Some kilometers to the southwest the river flows into the Atlantic Ocean .

neg: Economic history of Iceland The economy history of Iceland covers the development of its economy from the Settlement of Iceland in the late 9th century until the present .

neg: Thorstein Eiriksson Thorstein Eiriksson ( Þórsteinn Eiríksson ) was the third and youngest son of Erik the Red .   Almost nothing is known about Thorstein 's life . According to the Vinland Sagas , Erik the Red settled in Greenland around 986 with his wife and three grown sons , Leif , Thorvald and Thorstein .   After Leif had sailed west from Greenland and discovered Vinland , Thorvald organized and led a second expedition to this new country . The natives , called Skraelings by the Norse , attacked Thorvald and his men . Thorvald received a fatal wound and was buried in Vinland . His crew returned to Greenland .   Thorstein subsequently set sail for Vinland to retrieve his brother 's body , along with his wife Gudrid . The ship was beset by bad weather and never reached Vinland . By the first week of winter they had returned to Greenland and landed at Lysufiord in the Western Settlement where they sought shelter with the families living there .   That winter an epidemic swept the settlement killing Thorstein and several others .

neg: Hlemmur (terminal) Hlemmur ( -LSB- ˈl̥ɛmːʏr̥ -RSB- ) was one of the two main bus stations/terminals for Strætó bs in Reykjavík , Iceland . , the only main station/terminal is Lækjartorg . All the red ` trunk ' routes operated from Hlemmur , while the green general routes all stoped there .   The 2002 documentary Hlemmur tells about homeless people who spend most of their time in and around the bus station .   In 2015 it was announced that Hlemmur Station would close and be replaced by a food court as part of the gentrification of the neighborhood

neg: History of Samoa The Samoan Islands were first settled some 3,500 years ago as part of the Austronesian expansion .   European exploration first reached the islands in the early 18th century .  Louis-Antoine de Bougainville named them Navigator Islands in 1768 .  The United States Exploring Expedition ( 1838 -- 42 ) under Charles Wilkes reached Samoa in 1839 .  In 1855 J.C. Godeffroy & Sohn expanded its trading business into the archipelago .  The Samoan Civil War of 1886 -- 1894 devolved into the Samoan crisis between colonial powers , followed by the Second Samoan Civil War of 1898/9 , which was resolved by partition of the islands in the Tripartite Convention , between the United States , Great Britain and Germany .   After World War I , TalofaGerman Samoa became a Trust Territory and eventually became independent as Samoa in 1962 . American Samoa remains an unincorporated territory of the United States .


query: The Dark Knight is dedicated to the legacy of Ledger.

pos: The Dark Knight (film) The Dark Knight is a 2008 superhero film directed , co-produced , and co-written by Christopher Nolan . Featuring the DC Comics character Batman , the film is the second part of Nolan 's The Dark Knight Trilogy and a sequel to 2005 's Batman Begins , starring an ensemble cast including Christian Bale , Michael Caine , Heath Ledger , Gary Oldman , Aaron Eckhart , Maggie Gyllenhaal and Morgan Freeman . In the film , Bruce Wayne/Batman ( Bale ) , James Gordon ( Oldman ) and Harvey Dent ( Eckhart ) form an alliance to dismantle organized crime in Gotham City , but are menaced by a criminal mastermind known as the Joker ( Ledger ) who seeks to undermine Batman 's influence and create chaos .   Nolan 's inspiration for the film was the Joker 's comic book debut in 1940 , the 1988 graphic novel The Killing Joke , and the 1996 series The Long Halloween , which retold Two-Face 's origin . The nickname `` the Dark Knight '' was first applied to Batman in Batman # 1 ( 1940 ) , in a story written by Bill Finger . The Dark Knight was filmed primarily in Chicago , as well as in several other locations in the United States , the United Kingdom , and Hong Kong . Nolan used IMAX 70 mm film cameras to film some sequences , including the Joker 's first appearance in the film . The film is dedicated to the memory of Ledger , who died on January 22 , 2008 , some months after the completed filming and six months before the film 's release , from a toxic combination of prescription drugs , leading to intense attention from the press and movie-going public . Warner Bros. initially created a viral marketing campaign for The Dark Knight , developing promotional websites and trailers highlighting screenshots of Ledger as the Joker .   A co-production of the United States and the United Kingdom , The Dark Knight was released on July 16 , 2008 in Australia , on July 18 , 2008 , in North America , and on July 25 , 2008 , in the United Kingdom . Considered by film critics to be one of the best films of the 2000s and one of the best superhero films ever , the film received highly positive reviews and set numerous records during its theatrical run . The Dark Knight appeared on more critics ' top ten lists ( 287 ) than any other film of 2008 with the exception of WALL-E , and more critics ( 77 ) named The Dark Knight the best film of 2008 than any other film released that year . With over $ 1 billion in revenue worldwide , it is the 29th-highest-grossing film of all time , unadjusted for inflation . The film received eight Academy Award nominations ; it won the award for Best Sound Editing and Ledger was posthumously awarded Best Supporting Actor . The Dark Knight Rises , the final film in the trilogy , was released on July 20 , 2012 .

neg: Dark X-Men The Dark X-Men are a fictional team appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . They made their debut during the crossover between Dark Avengers and Uncanny X-Men written by Matt Fraction , as part of the broader Dark Reign storyline . Each member but Namor has been handpicked by then -- H.A.M.M.E.R. director Norman Osborn for his own criminal agenda .   The team was never officially called the `` Dark X-Men '' ( which was the name of the comics series , not the team ) . Instead , they were simply called the `` X-Men '' and were a government-sponsored team trying to take advantage of the name recognition of Charles Xavier 's X-Men , to which they had no official connection ( much like Osborn 's Avengers team was pretending to be the real Avengers ) .

neg: The Star-Ledger The Star-Ledger is the largest circulated newspaper in the U.S. state of New Jersey and is based in Newark . It is a sister paper to The Jersey Journal of Jersey City , The Times of Trenton and the Staten Island Advance , all of which are owned by Advance Publications .   In 2007 , The Star-Ledgers daily circulation was reportedly more than the next two largest New Jersey newspapers combined and its Sunday circulation larger than the next three papers combined . It has suffered great declines in print circulation in recent years , to 180,000 daily in 2013 and 114,000 `` individually paid print circulation , '' that is the number of copies being bought by subscription or at newsstands , in 2015 .   In July 2013 , The Ledger announced that it would sell its headquarters building in Newark . In 2013 , Advance Publications announced it was exploring cost-saving changes among its New Jersey properties , but was not considering mergers or changes in publication frequency at any of the newspapers , nor the elimination of home delivery .

neg: Collector (comics) The Collector ( Taneleer Tivan ) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . Debuting in the Silver Age of Comic Books , the character has been featured in nearly five decades of Marvel continuity .   The Collector appears in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , portrayed by Benicio del Toro , in a cameo in the mid-credits scene of 2013 's Thor : The Dark World , and in 2014 's Guardians of the Galaxy .

neg: Star Wars: Dawn of the Jedi Star Wars : Dawn of the Jedi is an American comic book series set in the Star Wars universe . The series , published by Dark Horse Comics , is written by John Ostrander and illustrated by Jan Duursema . It is set in the earliest days of the Jedi Order , beginning in 36,453 BBY ( Before the Battle of Yavin ) . A preview issue , # 0 , was released on February 1 , 2012 , and followed by the first issue on February 15 , 2012 . Dawn of the Jedi ended after the third arc , since Marvel Comics acquired the Star Wars comic license in 2015 . The miniseries concluded with the last issue Force Wars # 5 having been released March 19 , 2014 .

neg: Film series A film series ( also referred to as a film franchise ) is a collection of related films in succession that share the same fictional universe , or are marketed as a series .   Sometimes the work is conceived from the beginning as a multiple-film work , for example the Three Colours series , but in most cases the success of the original film inspires further films to be made . Individual sequels are relatively common , but are not always successful enough to spawn further installments .   The Marvel Cinematic Universe is the highest grossing film series in unadjusted US Dollar figures surpassing the Harry Potter , Star Wars , James Bond , and Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings series . However , `` Star Wars '' has the highest when adjusted for inflation .

neg: Mortal Kombat Mortal Kombat is a video game franchise originally developed by Midway Games ' Chicago studio in 1992 . Following Midway 's bankruptcy , the Mortal Kombat development team was acquired by Warner Bros. and turned into NetherRealm Studios . Warner Bros. . Interactive Entertainment currently owns the rights of the franchise and rebooted it in 2011 .   The development of the first game was originally based on an idea that Ed Boon and John Tobias had of making a video game starring Jean-Claude Van Damme , but as that idea fell through , a fantasy-horror themed fighting game titled Mortal Kombat was created instead . The original game has spawned many sequels and has spun a media franchise consisting of several action-adventure games , films ( animated and live-action with its own sequel ) , and television series ( animated and live-action ) . Other spin-offs include comic book series , a card game and a live-action tour . Along with Capcom 's Street Fighter and Bandai Namco 's Tekken , Mortal Kombat has become one of the most successful fighting franchises in the history of video games . , the franchise had generated $ 5 billion in revenue , making it one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time .   The series has a reputation for high levels of bloody violence , including , most notably , its Fatalities ( finishing moves , requiring a sequence of button inputs to perform ) . The Fatalities , in part , led to the creation of the ESRB video game rating system . The series name itself is also known for using the letter `` K '' in place of `` C '' for the hard C sound , thus intentionally misspelling the word `` combat '' , as well as other words with the hard C sound within later games in the series . Early games in the series were also noted for its realistic digitized sprites ( which differentiated it from its contemporaries ' hand-drawn sprites ) and an extensive use of palette swapping to create new characters .

neg: The Rivals for Catan The Rivals for Catan ( Die Fürsten von Catan ) is an updated revision of the Catan Card Game , a card game adaptation of The Settlers of Catan . The game was released in 2010 . It is a member of the Catan series of games , and is published by Kosmos in German and Mayfair Games in English . Like its predecessor , The Rivals for Catan is a two-player game . As with the Catan Adventures series of games , the theme is based on the Rebecca Gablé novel The Settlers of Catan , a novel based on the original board game .   The development of The Rivals for Catan and its evolution from the Catan Card Game was documented on the official Catanism blog in eight parts , titled `` The Reform of the Catan Card Game '' . There are a few minor changes to the rules between the two editions . The two editions are not compatible with each other , but they share many cards in common . The changes were motivated by the escalating complexity of the rules in the Catan Card Game ( which had , in 2003 , undergone a major rules revision ) in order to make the game more accessible .   Cards in The Rivals for Catan are organized into `` Theme Sets '' , which broadly follow the progression of time on Catan . Included with the base game are three theme sets , `` The Era of Gold '' , `` The Era of Turmoil '' , and `` The Era of Progress '' , with each expansion of The Rivals of Catan containing additional theme sets . The Rivals of Catan supports three ( four with expansions ) different rulesets , called the Introductory ( no theme sets ) , Theme Deck ( all cards from one theme set ) , Duel of the Princes ( parts of all theme sets ) , and Tournament ( custom deck ) games .   In 2011 an expansion called `` Age of Darkness '' ( `` Dunkle Zeiten '' ) with the theme sets `` The Era of Intrigue '' , `` The Era of Merchants Princes '' , and `` The Era of Barbarians '' was released . This expansion contains new card types : Region Expansions , Extraordinary Sites , Road Complements , a new center card and Marker cards . Furthermore , there are now cards which can be placed in the opponent 's principality .   For 2012 a second expansion , `` Age of Enlightenment '' ( `` Goldene Zeiten '' ) was released . This 125-card expansion includes three theme sets : `` The Era of Explorers '' , `` The Era of Sages '' , and `` The Era of Prosperity '' .

neg: All Star DC Comics All Star was an imprint of ongoing comic book titles published by American company DC Comics that ran from 2005 to 2008 . DC has published two titles under the All-Star banner , featuring Batman and Superman .   The premise of the imprint was to partner DC Comics ' top tier characters with the most popular and acclaimed writers and artists . The creators had access to all elements in the characters ' histories to present their interpretation for a modern audience that have not read these DC characters ' comics previously , or had not seen them lately . The creative teams were not beholden to any previous and present continuities , and told stories that featured `` the most iconic versions of these characters '' .   The project had been compared to the Ultimate line of Marvel Comics , which was a successful attempt to re-introduce Marvel 's most popular characters to a new generation of readers by presenting new , updated versions unburdened by decades of plotlines . There were several differences between the two imprints , though . While the Ultimate titles have closely interrelated storylines , of the two All-Star series released , there has been no effort to make them conform to each other or indicate they exist in the same continuity . Another is that All-Star did not seek to introduce brand new versions of the characters so much as to present them in unhindered continuity . Robin 's origin was the only one `` rebooted '' in this imprint .   Some observers , and DC themselves , had pointed to the return of DC 's major film franchises as an impetus for All-Star . `` No one can doubt that some kind of continuity shedding is necessary with Superman and Batman coming to the big screens , '' the website Comicon.com wrote . `` Moviegoers entertained by these films would find the current comics storylines impenetrable '' .   With the end of Grant Morrison and Frank Quitely 's All-Star Superman and the rebranding of Frank Miller and Jim Lee 's All Star Batman and Robin as Dark Knight : Boy Wonder as well as the introduction of the DC : Earth One line of OGNs , the imprint is effectively defunct .

neg: Draconian (Doctor Who) The Draconians are an extraterrestrial race . They were featured in the British science fiction television series Doctor Who . Their only television appearance to date was in the 1973 serial Frontier in Space . Unlike many `` monster '' races in Doctor Who , the Draconians were articulate and portrayed as having a sophisticated and advanced culture like feudal Japan . In later interviews , Jon Pertwee cited the Draconians as his favourite of all the monsters he had encountered during his time as the Doctor .   The Draconian Empire was a vast spacefaring feudal civilisation of reptilian humanoids , centered on the planet Draconia , with a society stratifed along class and gender lines ( for example , females were not permitted to speak in the presence of the Emperor ) that was bound by a strong code of honour . The Draconian Empire dated back to at least the 21st century , when a space plague that afflicted their world was dealt with by the Doctor . For his services , the 15th Emperor made the Doctor a noble of Draconia .   The Earth Empire 's first contact with the Draconian Empire was in the year 2520 . The ship sent by the Draconians for the peace mission was a battlecruiser , as befitted a noble of Draconia , although ( as agreed ) its missile banks were empty and it was otherwise unarmed . However , both Draconian and Earth ships were caught in a neutron storm , damaging the Earth ship and destroying the Draconian ship 's communications systems . As a result , the Draconian ship was unable to respond to the Earth ship 's signals . The commander of the Earth ship saw what he perceived to be a battlecruiser bearing down on his crippled vessel and gave the order to attack , destroying the battlecruiser and triggering off a brief but bloody war in which millions of lives were lost . An uneasy peace was negotiated in the end , leading to two decades of cold war and the carving out of a frontier between the two empires .   In 2540 , several incidents involving attacks on cargo freighters along their respective borders nearly led to the war turning hot once more , with both sides accusing the other of piracy and violating the frontier . These attacks turned out to be the work of Ogron mercenaries under the orders of the renegade Time Lord known as the Master , who was using a sonic hypnosis device to make the Earth crews see the Ogrons as Draconians and vice versa . The Master had allied himself with the Daleks , who were launching another bid for galactic conquest and hoped to pick up the pieces after a new Earth-Draconia War . The plot was revealed by the Third Doctor , and instead of going to war against each other , the two empires united against the Daleks .

neg: Dark City (1998 film) Dark City is a 1998 American-Australian neo-noir science fiction film directed by Alex Proyas . The screenplay was written by Proyas , Lem Dobbs and David S. Goyer . The film stars Rufus Sewell , Kiefer Sutherland , Jennifer Connelly , and William Hurt . Sewell plays John Murdoch , an amnesiac man who finds himself suspected of murder . Murdoch attempts to discover his true identity and clear his name while on the run from the police and a mysterious group known only as the `` Strangers '' .   The majority of the film was shot at Fox Studios Australia . It was jointly produced by New Line Cinema and Mystery Clock Cinema . New Line Cinema distributed the theatrical release . The film premiered in the United States on February 27 , 1998 . The film was nominated for Hugo and Saturn Awards . For the theatrical release , the studio was concerned that the audience would not understand the film and asked Proyas to add an explanatory voice-over narration to the introduction . A director 's cut was released in 2008 , restoring and preserving Proyas 's original artistic vision for the film . Some critics have noted its similarities and possible influence on the Matrix series , which came out a year later .

neg: Dark Sector Dark Sector , also stylized as darkSector , is a third-person shooter video game developed by Digital Extremes for the Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 and Microsoft Windows .   The game is set in the fictional Eastern Bloc country of Lasria , and centers on protagonist Hayden Tenno ( voiced by Michael Rosenbaum ) , a morally ambivalent CIA `` clean-up man '' . While trying to intercept rogue agent named Robert Mezner , Hayden 's right arm is infected with the fictional Technocyte virus , which gives him the ability to grow a three-pronged `` Glaive '' at will .   Dark Sector received mixed to positive reviews for its visual design , originality of action and weapon-based gameplay . Many critics have compared the game to Resident Evil 4 and Gears of War , for their similar style of play and story .

neg: Golden Knight The Golden Knight is a fictional character , a comic book knight published by DC Comics . He first appeared in The Demon vol . 3 , # 20 ( February 1992 ) , and was created by Alan Grant and Val Semeiks . The character is based on the mythical knight Percival as defined by Chrétien de Troyes ' unfinished fifth romance , Perceval , le Conte du Graal ( Perceval , the Story of the Grail ) .

neg: Ledger (journal) Ledger is the first peer-reviewed academic journal dedicated to cryptocurrency and blockchain technology research . The journal covers aspects of mathematics , computer science , engineering , law , economics and philosophy that relates to cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin .

neg: Gotham City Impostors Gotham City Impostors is a first-person shooter multiplayer-only video game set in the universe of DC Comics ' Batman . Developed by Monolith Productions and published by Warner Bros. . Interactive Entertainment , the downloadable game is played from the perspective of two teams each trying to kill the other : one with people dressed like Batman and the other with people dressed like his archenemy , The Joker .   Unlike other Batman games , Gotham City Impostors was not physically released . It was released on Xbox 360 via Xbox Live Arcade , PlayStation 3 via the PlayStation Network and Microsoft Windows via Games for Windows -- Live in February 2012 . The game was re-released on Microsoft Windows as a free-to-play title in August 30 , 2012 via Steam using Steamworks . The game is a six versus six first person shooter multiplayer game featuring customizable characters . Players take on the role of either amateur vigilantes ( the Bats ) or criminals ( the Jokerz ) . The game features a range of both traditional and imagined weapons .

neg: Shadowland (comics) `` Shadowland '' is a 2010 Marvel Comics storyline centering on Daredevil and other `` street-level '' superheroes in the Marvel Universe . The storyline started in the Daredevil comic and was expanded upon in the Shadowland five-issue mini series as well as four tie-in mini series , four one-shots , and two issues of Thunderbolts . The storyline was collected into seven individual hard cover and soft cover Trade paperbacks in 2011 .   The story chronicles Daredevils ' return to Hell 's Kitchen after he becomes the leader of the Hand Ninja clan . He builds a temple/prison in Hell 's Kitchen , the eponymous Shadowland . His methods get more extreme as he kills long-time adversary Bullseye . The change in attitude brings him and his ally White Tiger in conflict with a number of street level super-heroes such as Spider-Man , Luke Cage , Iron Fist , Moon Knight and more . The storyline also introduces a new Power Man to the Marvel Universe .   The heroes later realize that Daredevil has become possessed by the Beast of the Hand , which explains why Daredevil 's actions have become more and more extreme and erratic . The heroes are helped out by the Kingpin and Lady Bullseye as they try to preserve the Kingpin 's criminal empire . In the final moments of the story Iron Fist uses his mystical chi to heal Daredevil , releasing the demon inside him . In an act of sacrifice Daredevil kills himself before the Beast can take control of him again , breaking the spell the Beast had on Hell 's Kitchen . Afterwards his corpse disappears , apparently to be revived by Elektra at the conclusion of the event .

neg: Thor (Marvel Comics) Thor Odinson is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . The character , based on the Norse mythological deity of the same name , is the Asgardian god of thunder and possesses the enchanted hammer Mjolnir , which grants him the ability of flight and weather manipulation amongst his other superhuman attributes .   Debuting in the Silver Age of Comic Books , the character first appeared in Journey into Mystery # 83 ( Aug. 1962 ) and was created by editor-plotter Stan Lee , scripter Larry Lieber , and penciller-plotter Jack Kirby . He has starred in several ongoing series and limited series , and is a founding member of the superhero team the Avengers , appearing in each volume of that series . The character has also appeared in associated Marvel merchandise including animated television series , clothing , toys , trading cards , video games , and movies .   The character was first portrayed in live action by Eric Allan Kramer in the 1988 television movie The Incredible Hulk Returns . Chris Hemsworth portrays Thor in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Thor , The Avengers , Thor : The Dark World and Avengers : Age of Ultron and will reprise his role in Thor : Ragnarok , Avengers : Infinity War , and its untitled sequel . Thor placed 14th on IGN 's list of `` Top 100 Comic Book Heroes of All Time '' in 2011 , and first in their list of `` The Top 50 Avengers '' in 2012 .

neg: The New Ledger The New Ledger commonly referred to as `` Pete '' , is an American web publication which pairs aggregated and ranked news stories with right of center opinion articles by free-market minded moderates , libertarians and conservatives . The site 's slogan is `` Welcome to the Know . ''   Launched in February 2009 , the New Ledger 's contributors and editors include Pejman Yousefzadeh , Francis Cianfrocca , Christopher Badeaux , Brad Jackson , Benjamin Kerstein , Ted Bromund , Sean Noble , and Amanda Carpenter , some of whom have individual blogs hosted on the site . It is edited by Ben Domenech , who co-founded the conservative activism site Redstate .   TNL , as site commenters call it , is not a political activism site , and occasionally publishes articles by conservative Democrats . According to its mission statement : `` Our goal is to sift through the noise to bring your attention to the news you need and want , in order to better understand the times we live in . '' The Transom section aggregates newswire content , while the `` sorted and ranked for you '' Daily Reads on the site , usually news and blog stories on business and politics , are assigned one to five stars on readability .   Articles are typically strongly opposed to President Barack Obama 's domestic and economic policies , particularly criticizing the government takeovers of Chrysler and GM . However , TNL has also published articles supporting Obama 's policies on detainees and the environment , as well as the Supreme Court nomination of Judge Sonia Sotomayor .   The New Ledger is frequently featured by the RealClearPolitics network of sites and by the website of CBS News , both of which have republished several of their stories . They are linked regularly by US News and World Report , National Public Radio , National Journal , The Hill , Instapundit , The Root , and throughout the conservative blogosphere .   In July 2009 , TNL launched a daily podcast called Coffee & Markets , a roughly 15 minute morning podcast Francis Cianfrocca 's thoughts on Wall Street , economic policy , and other political subjects . The podcast was cross promoted at The Washington Times for some time , and after gaining some popularity , became sponsored by Andrew Breitbart 's BigGovernment blog .

neg: Blockchain.info Blockchain.info is a bitcoin wallet and block explorer service . Launched in August 2011 , the service provides data on recent transactions , mined blocks in the bitcoin blockchain , charts on the bitcoin economy , and statistics and resources for developers . Information from and links to the website are common in media coverage and in bitcoin forums . The Blockchain.info mobile app for Android allows users to securely send and receive bitcoins and browse blockchain information . In December 2013 , the company acquired ZeroBlock LLC , makers of the leading mobile bitcoin app .   Blockchain.info was the world 's most visited bitcoin website in 2013 , with over 118 million page views and over 3 million unique visitors in November 2013 , and in January 2014 Blockchain.info reached one million user wallets .   In February 2014 , Apple Inc. removed the Blockchain app from the iOS App Store , prompting a harsh response from Blockchain and public outcry in the bitcoin community , most notably within the Reddit community . In July 2014 , Apple reinstated the Blockchain app back into the iOS App Store .   In October 2014 , Blockchain.info closed a $ 30.5 m fundraising round from Lightspeed Venture Partners and Mosaic Ventures , which was the biggest round of financing in the digital currency sector at that time .   In December 2014 , Blockchain.info became one of the first prominent bitcoin wallets to offer a dedicated hidden service on the Tor network , for users who desire to conduct bitcoin transactions with greater privacy and lesser third party surveillance , as well as to provide end-to-end encryption for Tor users who were previously vulnerable to malicious exit nodes sniffing their keys and stealing their bitcoins .   In early 2015 , the company passed 3 million wallets created using their services .   In August 2015 , Blockchain.info 's CEO Peter Smith was invited to accompany then UK Prime Minister David Cameron on a tour throughout southeast Asia to engage with local representatives about the UK 's leading role as a global fintech hub .   Also in August 2015 , Blockchain.info passed 4 million wallets created using their services .   In May 2016 , Blockchain.info announced Thunder , which claims to be an implementation of the Lightning Network .   Transaction volume had exceeded 100 million by August , 2016 .

neg: Dick Grayson Richard John `` Dick '' Grayson is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics , commonly in association with Batman . Created by Bob Kane and Bill Finger and illustrator Jerry Robinson , he first appeared in Detective Comics # 38 in April 1940 as the original incarnation of Robin . In Tales of the Teen Titans # 44 ( July 1984 ) the character retires his role as Robin and assumes the superhero persona of Nightwing , created by Marv Wolfman and artist George Pérez .   The youngest in a family of acrobats known as the `` Flying Graysons '' , Dick watches a mafia boss kill his parents in order to extort money from the circus that employed them . Batman ( Bruce Wayne ) takes him in as a legal ward ( retconned as an adopted son in some cases ) and the crime-fighting partner Robin . He is written by many authors as the first son of Batman . As well as being Batman 's crime-fighting partner , Dick establishes himself as the leader of the Teen Titans , a team of teenage superheroes . As a young man , he retires as Robin and takes on his own superhero identity to assert his independence , becoming Nightwing . As Nightwing , he continues to lead the Teen Titans and later the Outsiders . In the first volume of his eponymous series ( 1996 -- 2009 ) , he becomes the protector of Blüdhaven , Gotham 's economically troubled neighboring city , the locale the character is most closely associated with . He has also served stints protecting the streets of New York , Chicago and Gotham in other runs over the years .   Dick Grayson has taken on the identity of Batman on a few occasions . Following `` Batman : Knightfall '' , Grayson declines taking up the mantle of Batman while the original was recovering from a broken back as he feels Nightwing is a hero in his own right and not Batman 's understudy , but after the events of the Zero Hour miniseries later that year , he replaces Bruce Wayne as Batman , beginning in Robin # 0 ( 1994 ) and extending throughout the Batman : Prodigal storyline in 1995 . Dick again assumes the mantle following the events of `` Batman R.I.P. '' ( 2008 ) and Final Crisis ( 2008 -- 9 ) . As Batman , Dick moves to Gotham City following his mentor 's apparent death and partners with the fifth Robin , Damian Wayne . On Bruce 's return , both men maintained the Batman identity until 2011 , when Dick returned to the Nightwing identity with DC 's The New 52 continuity reboot . In a 2014 comic story , Dick is forced to abandon the Nightwing identity after being unmasked on TV and faking his death , setting up Tim Seeley 's Grayson comic book , Dick becomes Agent 37 , Batman 's mole in the nefarious spy organization Spyral . Following the conclusion of the Grayson series , and the restoration of his secret identity in the series ' final issue , Dick returns to being Nightwing as part of the DC Rebirth relaunch in 2016 .   Dick Grayson has appeared as Robin in several other media adaptations : the 1943 serial played by Douglas Croft , the 1949 serial played by Johnny Duncan , the 1966 -- 1968 live action Batman television series and its motion picture portrayed by Burt Ward , played by Chris O'Donnell in the 1995 film Batman Forever and its 1997 sequel Batman & Robin . Loren Lester voiced the character as Robin in Batman : The Animated Series and later as Nightwing 's first screen adaptation in The New Batman Adventures . In May 2011 , IGN ranked Dick Grayson # 11 on their list of the `` Top 100 Super Heroes of All Time '' . In 2013 , ComicsAlliance ranked Grayson as Nightwing as # 1 on their list of the `` 50 Sexiest Male Characters in Comics '' .

neg: Darksiders Darksiders is an action role-playing hack and slash video game developed by Vigil Games and published by THQ . The game takes its inspiration from the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse , with the player taking the role of the horseman War . The game was released for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on January 5 , 2010 in North America , January 7 in Australia , January 8 in Europe , and March 18 in Japan . The Microsoft Windows version was released in North America and Australia on September 23 , and in Europe on September 24 . A parallel sequel , Darksiders II , was released on August 14 , 2012 .   An enhanced version of the game titled Darksiders : Warmastered Edition was released on November 29 , 2016 for Microsoft Windows , and on November 22 for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One . A Wii U version was released on May 23 , 2017 .


query: David Harbour has performed on film.

pos: David Harbour David Harbour ( born April 10 , 1974 ) is an American actor who has performed in film , television , and the theatre . He currently stars in the Netflix TV Series Stranger Things as main character Police Chief Jim Hopper .

neg: David Warren (director) David Warren is an American theatre and television director .

neg: Lakeboat Lakeboat is a semi-autobiographical play by David Mamet , written in 1970 and first produced in 1980 ( revised version ) .   As he would later do with Glengarry Glen Ross , Mamet drew upon experiences from a past vocation to create high drama . In this case , he turned to his days as a cook aboard a cargo ship to frame this tale of Dale Katzman , a college student from an Ivy League school `` near Boston '' who takes a summer job as a cook in the galley of the T. Harrison , a lake freighter for a Chicago-based steel concern . Dale 's predecessor , Guigliani , endured a particularly violent end while on terra firma , the cause and nature of which is speculated by the other crew members . Dale , and the audience , gets to know each of them , including : Fireman , who reads voraciously when not `` watching the gauges '' ; Fred , who imparts his unique , politically incorrect philosophy regarding women on the young man ; and , especially , Joe Litko , a 23-year veteran of the seas , who sees much of himself in Dale . The dialogue is Mametspeak at its most raw , as secrets are shared , picayune matters are debated , and fantasies are laid out , vividly .   The play 's world premiere was staged by the Milwaukee Repertory Theater on April 24 , 1980 ; subsequent major productions were mounted by the Long Wharf Theatre and the Goodman Theatre in 1982 . In 2000 , Mamet penned the screenplay for a film adaptation , which featured his half-brother Tony Mamet in the lead role of Dale . The ensemble cast also included Robert Forster as Joe Litko , Denis Leary as Fireman , and Jack Wallace , a veteran of Mamet productions , as Fred . Joe Mantegna , well-versed in the world of Mamet , made his directorial debut with the feature .   The British Premiere of Lakeboat was at the Lyric Theatre , London in 1998 , and was directed by Aaron Mullen .

neg: David Bark-Jones David Bark-Jones is an English actor .  He has appeared in numerous award winning Film , Theatre and TV productions and won Broadwayworld.com 's Best Actor in a West End Play 2010 , for his portrayal of Richard Hannay in The 39 Steps .

neg: The Sea (2013 film) The Sea is a 2013 British-Irish drama film directed by Stephen Brown . It is based on the novel of the same name by John Banville , who also wrote the screenplay for the film . The film premiered in competition at the Edinburgh International Film Festival on 23 June 2013 . The film had its North American premiere at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival .

neg: David Hill (arts director) David Hill is a theatre and arts director and producer , founder of the leading UK cultural events and arts agency ArtReach which initiates , develops and produces extraordinary creative arts projects and programmes . Hill has created and produced the innovative Night of Festivals project , produced the world 's largest interactive video artwork ( Under Scan by Rafael Lozano-Hemmer ) in Trafalgar Square , London and in public spaces across the UK East Midlands and created/delivered a range of high-profile new arts events such Three Cities Create and Connect , The Lyric Lounge and Dance in the Park . He has also delivered projects in Barcelona , India and the West Indies .   Born in Birmingham , and following a degree in Drama and English at Hull University , Hill started his career as a theatre practitioner with renowned theatre companies such as Welfare State International , IOU Theatre and the Pip Simmons Theatre Group .  Appointed as the first Marketing Director at the 2,000 seat Birmingham Hippodrome , he established the marketing and publicity department for the venue during two major capital refurbishments of the Hippodrome in the 1980s . During this period the theatre was established as a premier touring venue and as a home to Welsh National Opera and Sadler 's Wells Royal Ballet ( now Birmingham Royal Ballet ) .   Returning to a role as theatre director , writer and actor , Hill established the pioneering Theatre Station Blyth in Northumberland , leading a team of theatre professionals in developing original community theatre with 100 unemployed adults , winning a National Training Award , and being shortlisted with the RSC and Jiving Lindy Hoppers for the prestigious , national Sainsbury Arts in Education Awards . During this time Hill created and directed shows , including The Tale of the Corn Woman , The TV Addict , Stitch-Up , Seven and War Bonds . In 1995 Theatre Station was reinvented and re-launched by Fran Castle and Alison Walton-Robson as the award-winning Headway Theatre .   As an associate director at the Everyman Theatre in Cheltenham in the early 1990s , Hill had particular responsibility for new theatre writing , working with playwrights such as Jude Alderson , Barrie Keeffe , Peter McGarry and David Calcutt . Shows directed included All Change , A Caucasian Chalk Circle , The Way of the World , The Mystery Plays , Belonging , Family Affairs , Romeo and Juliet , A Midsummer Night 's Dream , Julius Caesar and The Terrible Fate of Humpty Dumpty , with co-directing work on Macbeth and Jane Eyre .   In 1994 , following the playwright 's death , he produced and directed The Official Tribute to Dennis Potter persuading Michael Grade ( Channel 4 TV ) and Alan Yentob ( BBC 1 ) to jointly support and participate in the project . For this high-profile event Hill directed contributions from , amongst others , Alan Bates , Gemma Craven , Imelda Staunton , George Baker , Frank Finlay , Douglas Henshall , Kika Markham and Corin Redgrave , and also engaged and produced participation from writers and broadcasters Lynda La Plante , Alan Plater , Sheena MacDonald , Piers Haggard , Kennith Trodd and Melvyn Bragg .   As director of the Arts Management Centre ( a business unit of The Management Centre ) in 1994/5 , Hill implemented and delivered national arts training programmes and designed and delivered the first national conference on the arts lottery . From 1996 he project directed all aspects of the design and building of Maidenhead 's # 10 million new arts centre , Norden Farm Centre for the Arts . He opened the Centre by producing two special galas with contributors including Michael Parkinson , Lesley Garrett , Timothy West , Prunella Scales , Jimmy Tarbuck , Laurie Holloway , Marion Montgomery , Ronnie Corbett and Rolf Harris .   Over fifteen years since 1996 , Hill has developed ArtReach working with partners such as Arts Council England , Museums Libraries and Archives Council ( MLA ) , Renaissance , Sport England , the Crafts Council , many Local Authorities , Regional Development Agencies , arts organisations and venues ( international , national , regional and local ) and individual artists . In 2005/6 ArtReach commissioned international artist Rafael Lozano-Hemmer to create Under Scan , which subsequently was taken to Venice Biennale in 2007 and produced by Hill in Trafalgar Square in 2008 . Hill co-wrote the book Under Scan with Lozano-Hemmer , published in 2006 .   Hill has been an adviser to West Midlands Arts , Northern Arts and South West Arts in the UK and is a Trustee ( Vice Chair ) of Curve ( theatre ) ( major new performing arts centre in Leicester , UK ) . He has previously been a board member/adviser for Triangle Arts Centre , Playtrain , Midlands Arts Centre and Worcester Swan Theatre . He has been an assessor for the UK Regional Arts Lottery Programme and has been an assessor to Arts Council England for both Capital and Arts for Everyone programmes .

neg: Castle Harbour, Bermuda Castle Harbour is a large natural harbour in Bermuda . It is located between the northeastern end of the main island and St. David 's Island . Originally called Southampton Port , it was renamed as a result of its heavy fortification in the early decades of the Seventeenth century .

neg: Theatre of Australia Theatre of Australia refers to the history of the performing arts in Australia , or produced by Australians . There are theatrical and dramatic aspects to a number of Indigenous Australian ceremonies such as the corroboree . During its colonial period , Australian theatrical arts were generally linked to the broader traditions of English literature and to British and Irish theatre . Australian literature and theatrical artists ( including Aboriginal as well as Anglo-Celtic and multicultural migrant Australians ) have over the last two centuries introduced the culture of Australia and the character of a new continent to the world stage .   Individuals who have contributed to theatre in Australia and internationally include Sir Robert Helpmann , Dame Joan Sutherland , Barry Humphries , David Williamson , Cate Blanchett , Geoffrey Rush , Judy Davis , Jim Sharman , Tim Minchin and Baz Luhrmann . Notable theatrical institutions include the Sydney Opera House , and the National Institute of Dramatic Art in Sydney .

neg: Precious Cargo (film) Precious Cargo is a 2016 Canadian action film directed by Max Adams , co-written by Adams and Paul V. Seetachitt , and starring Mark-Paul Gosselaar and Bruce Willis , alongside a supporting cast featuring Claire Forlani , John Brotherton , Lydia Hull , and Daniel Bernhardt . The film was released on April 22 , 2016 , by Lionsgate Premiere .

neg: David Warner (actor) David Hattersley Warner ( born 29 July 1941 ) is an English actor who is known for playing both romantic leads and sinister or villainous characters across a range of media , including stage , film , animation , television and video games . He has a worldwide following for his many appearances in the Star Trek TV and feature-film franchise .   Warner is known for such films as Morgan -- A Suitable Case for Treatment , A Midsummer Night 's Dream , Tom Jones , The Ballad of Cable Hogue , Cross of Iron , The Omen , Holocaust , Portrait in Evil , Time Bandits , Tron , Titanic , and various characters in the Star Trek franchise including Star Trek V : The Final Frontier , Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country and Star Trek : The Next Generation . In 1981 , he won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Special for his portrayal of Pomponius Falco in the television miniseries Masada . Warner also played Bob Cratchit in Clive Donner 's `` A Christmas Carol '' in 1984 .

neg: Christopher Plummer Arthur Christopher Orme Plummer ( born December 13 , 1929 ) is a Canadian theatre , film and television actor . After making his film debut in Stage Struck ( 1958 ) , Plummer went on to a successful film career , now spanning more than five decades . Some of his most notable film performances include : The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) , Battle of Britain ( 1969 ) , Waterloo ( 1970 ) , The Return of the Pink Panther ( 1975 ) , Murder by Decree ( 1979 ) , Dragnet ( 1987 ) , Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country ( 1991 ) , A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) , Nicholas Nickleby ( 2002 ) , National Treasure ( 2004 ) , The New World ( 2005 ) , Inside Man ( 2006 ) , Up ( 2009 ) , The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus ( 2009 ) , and The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2011 ) .   In a career which includes substantial roles in each of the dramatic arts , Plummer is best known to film audiences as the aristocratic widower , Captain Georg von Trapp , in the musical film The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) , alongside Julie Andrews . Plummer has ventured into various television projects , including the miniseries The Thorn Birds ( 1983 ) . Plummer has notably portrayed several historical figures , including Arthur Wellesley , First Duke of Wellington in Waterloo ( 1970 ) , Rudyard Kipling in The Man Who Would Be King ( 1975 ) , Mike Wallace in The Insider ( 1999 ) , and Leo Tolstoy in The Last Station ( 2009 ) .   Plummer has won numerous awards and accolades for his work , including an Academy Award , two Emmy Awards , two Tony Awards , a Golden Globe Award , a SAG Award , and a BAFTA Award . With his win at age 82 in 2012 for Beginners , Plummer is the oldest actor ever to win an Academy Award .

neg: Harbour Lights (TV series) Harbour Lights is a British television drama series , broadcast on BBC One , that ran for two series in 1999 and 2000 . Starring Nick Berry as protagonist Mike Nicholls , a former Royal Navy officer who returns to his childhood town of Bridehaven to take on the role of harbourmaster . The first series featured on storylines including a blossoming romance with local constable Melanie Rush ( Tina Hobley ) , the ruthless business dealings of Tony Simpson ( Gerard Horan ) , and the inter-family feuding of the Blades -- Steve , George , Jason , Kelly and Rita . Both series were predominantly filmed in West Bay near Bridport in Dorset , which acts as the fictional town of Bridehaven . The second series featured much harder-hitting storylines than the first , and was criticized by local residents for portraying West Bay in a bad light .   The complete series was released on Region 4 DVD on March 3 , 2011 . This is the only commercial release of the series available . The second episode of the first series , `` Marie Celeste '' , was famously said to be ` missing ' and was never broadcast on the BBC . It has , however , been shown during repeat screenings of the series on digital television , and is included in the DVD release .

neg: David Downing (actor) David Downing is an American stage , film , and television actor . He was one of the original members of the Negro Ensemble Company in New York City .   Downing , a native of Harlem , New York City , attended the High School of Performing Arts . As a child actor , he made his professional debut on Broadway in The Green Pastures . He served a tour of duty with the U.S. Armed Forces in Okinawa .   As part of the Negro Ensemble Company in the 1960s and 70s , Downing appeared in productions including the Obie Award-winning musical The Great MacDaddy , and the successful play Ceremonies in Dark Old Men . Downing later appeared in the Pulitzer Prize-nominated play , Miss Evers ' Boys .   Downing has appeared in films , including Gordon 's War , and numerous television shows , including The Jeffersons , Baretta , Backstairs at the White House , and Fresh Prince of Bel-Air .

neg: Jonah Meyerson Jonah Meyerson ( born September 20 , 1991 ) is an American actor . He has worked with actors such as Gene Hackman , Pierce Brosnan , Robin Williams , Ben Stiller , Dermot Mulroney , Alison Pill , and Aidan Quinn . He was born in New York City , where he currently lives . He is a graduate of Stuyvesant High School , and the University of Pennsylvania as a member of the class of 2013 . At UPenn , he was the head writer for and a cast member of Penn 's Mask and Wig Club , the nation 's oldest collegiate all-male musical comedy troupe . Meyerson also performed with Penn 's improv comedy troupe , Without a Net . and was a 2013 member of Penn 's Friars Senior Society .   Meyerson made his acting debut in Wes Anderson 's 2001 award-winning film The Royal Tenenbaums . He played Uzi , the red-suited older son of Chas , played by Ben Stiller , and the grandson of characters played by Gene Hackman and Anjelica Huston . Meyerson was nominated for a Young Artists ' award for his work on that film . He also starred in Griffin and Phoenix , a new movie shown on the Lifetime channel and released on DVD . His work on that film earned him his second Young Artist Award nomination . In 2005 , he was in the movies Little Manhattan and The Matador , and in 2004 , David Duchovny 's House of D. Playing computer genius Yoda who helps Alison Pill 's character in Book of Daniel ( 2006 ) , Jonah was set to appear in eight episodes , but only one of his episodes aired before the series was cancelled . His work on that series is available on the show 's DVD .   He is represented by -LSB- Paradigm -RSB- in New York City .

neg: The Humpty Dumpty Man The Humpty Dumpty Man is a 1986 Australian film which was the first feature directed by P.J. Hogan . It was based on the David Combe affair .

neg: David Duchovny (song) `` David Duchovny '' is a song recorded by Bree Sharp about the titular actor . It was the first single from Sharp 's debut album , A Cheap and Evil Girl . After Trauma Records heard a demo of the song , they signed her to a record deal .

neg: Dysart Sail In Film Festival The Dysart Sail In Film Festival is an outdoor film festival in Fife , Scotland . The month-long festival culminated in an event which took place on September 11 , 2010 . The Dysart Sail In Film Festival was Fife 's first outdoor film festival that looks set to become an annual occurrence .   The festival was organised by Sarah Daly and Lawrie Brewster of New Age Film Ltd. . In conjunction with the Dysart Community Regeneration Forum , with the aim of encouraging independent film production in the area . A set of over 50 workshops in scriptwriting , poetry , film production , acting and more preceded the main event . The works produced in these workshops were published in a booklet and distributed among event attendees . Workshop participants also got the chance to read their pieces at an Indie Showcase , a packed two-hour indoor event before the outdoor screening on September 11 .   The outdoor event saw films projected onto a huge white screen , representing a giant sail , hanging over the great quarry walls of medieval Dysart harbour . The show boasted an eclectic programme of locally produced works , made especially for the festival , as well as international short films and an exciting open air opera performance .   Special guests in attendance on the day included ex prime minister Gordon Brown , MSP Marilyn Livingstone and actress/director Cora Bissett .

neg: David Williamson David Keith Williamson , AO , born 24 February , 1942 is one of Australia 's best-known dramatists and playwrights . He has also written screenplays and teleplays .

neg: Not Another Happy Ending Not Another Happy Ending is a 2013 British romantic comedy film directed by John McKay , starring Karen Gillan , Stanley Weber and Freya Mavor . Produced by Claire Mundell and Wendy Griffin , and written by David Solomons , the film premiered at the Edinburgh International Film Festival on 30 June 2013 .   It was largely shot in Glasgow 's Merchant City .

neg: State Theatre (Sydney) The State Theatre is a heritage-listed theatre , located in Market Street , in the city centre of Sydney , Australia . It hosts film screenings , live theatre and musical performances , and since 1974 it has been the home of the annual Sydney Film Festival .

neg: David Yelland (actor) David William Yelland ( born 1947 ) is an English film , stage and television actor .


query: Bosnia and Herzegovina is a European country.

pos: Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina ( -LSB- ˈbɒzniə_ənd_ˌhɛərtsəɡoʊˈviːnə , _ - ˌhɜːrt - , _ - ɡə - -RSB- or -LSB- ˌhɜːrtsəˈɡɒvᵻnə -RSB- B&H ; Bosnian , Croatian , Serbian : Bosna i Hercegovina / Боснa и Херцеговина -LSB- bôsna i xěrt͡seɡoʋina -RSB- ) , sometimes called Bosnia-Herzegovina ( BiH ) , and , in short , often known informally as Bosnia , is a country in Southeastern Europe located on the Balkan Peninsula . Sarajevo is the capital and largest city . Bordered by Croatia to the north , west , and south ; Serbia to the east ; Montenegro to the southeast ; and the Adriatic Sea to the south , with a coastline about 20 km long surrounding the city of Neum . In the central and eastern interior of the country the geography is mountainous , in the northwest it is moderately hilly , and the northeast is predominantly flatland . The inland is a geographically larger region and has a moderate continental climate , with hot summers and cold and snowy winters . The southern tip of the country has a Mediterranean climate and plain topography .   Bosnia and Herzegovina is a region that traces permanent human settlement back to the Neolithic age , during and after which it was populated by several Illyrian and Celtic civilizations . Culturally , politically , and socially , the country has a rich history , having been first settled by the Slavic peoples that populate the area today from the 6th through to the 9th centuries . In the 12th century the Banate of Bosnia was established , which evolved into the Kingdom of Bosnia in the 14th century , after which it was annexed into the Ottoman Empire , under whose rule it would remain from the mid-15th to the late 19th centuries . The Ottomans brought Islam to the region , and altered much of the cultural and social outlook of the country . This was followed by annexation into the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy , which lasted up until World War I . In the interwar period , Bosnia was part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and after World War II , the country was granted full republic status in the newly formed Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . Following the dissolution of Yugoslavia , the country proclaimed independence in 1992 , which was followed by the Bosnian War , lasting until late 1995 .   Today , the country maintains high literacy , life expectancy and education levels and is one of the most frequently visited countries in the region , projected to have the third highest tourism growth rate in the world between 1995 and 2020 . Bosnia and Herzegovina is regionally and internationally renowned for its natural beauty and cultural heritage inherited from six historical civilizations , its cuisine , winter sports , its eclectic and unique music , architecture and its festivals , some of which are the largest and most prominent of their kind in Southeastern Europe . The country is home to three main ethnic groups or , officially , constituent peoples , as specified in the constitution . Bosniaks are the largest group of the three , with Serbs second and Croats third . A native of Bosnia and Herzegovina , regardless of ethnicity , is identified in English as a Bosnian . The terms Herzegovinian and Bosnian are maintained as a regional rather than ethnic distinction , and the region of Herzegovina has no precisely defined borders of its own . Moreover , the country was simply called `` Bosnia '' until the Austro-Hungarian occupation at the end of the 19th century .   Bosnia and Herzegovina has a bicameral legislature and a three-member Presidency composed of a member of each major ethnic group . However , the central government 's power is highly limited , as the country is largely decentralized and comprises two autonomous entities : the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska , with a third region , the Brčko District , governed under local government . The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is itself complex and consists of 10 cantons . The country is a potential candidate for membership to the European Union and has been a candidate for North Atlantic Treaty Organisation membership since April 2010 , when it received a Membership Action Plan at a summit in Tallinn . Additionally , the country has been a member of the Council of Europe since April 2002 and a founding member of the Mediterranean Union upon its establishment in July 2008 .

neg: Bosnia and Herzegovina–Malaysia relations Bosnia and Herzegovina -- Malaysia relations refers to a foreign relations between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Malaysia . Bosnia and Herzegovina has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur , and Malaysia has an embassy in Sarajevo .

neg: Bosnia and Herzegovina Fed Cup team The Bosnia and Herzegovina Fed Cup team represents Bosnia and Herzegovina in Fed Cup tennis competition and are governed by the Tennis Association of Bosnia and Herzegovina . They currently compete in the Europe/Africa Zone of Group I.

neg: Brotherhood and unity Brotherhood and unity was a popular slogan of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia that was coined during the Yugoslav People 's Liberation War ( 1941 -- 45 ) , and which evolved into a guiding principle of Yugoslavia 's post-war inter-ethnic policy . In Slovenia , the slogan `` Brotherhood and Peace '' ( bratstvo i mir ) was used in the beginning .   After the invasion of Yugoslavia by Axis forces in April 1941 , the occupying powers and their helpers sought to systematically incite hatred among the many national , ethnic and religious groups of Yugoslavia . The Yugoslav Communist Party successfully publicized the brotherhood and unity of Yugoslavia 's nations ( narodi ) and national minorities ( nacionalne manjine , later renamed to narodnosti ) in their struggle against the fascist enemy and domestic collaborators . The decision of the second session of AVNOJ on the federalization of Yugoslavia in 1943 was regarded as the recognition of this Brotherhood and Unity principle .   After the war , the slogan designated the official policy of inter-ethnic relations in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , as embodied in its federal constitutions of 1963 and of 1974 . The policy prescribed that Yugoslavia 's nations ( Serbs , Macedonians , Croats , Slovenes , Montenegrins , Muslims ) and national minorities ( Albanians , Hungarians , Romanians , Bulgarians , Jews , Italians , and others ) are equal groups that coexist peacefully in the federation , promoting their similarities and interdependence in order to overcome national conflicts and hatred . Every individual was entitled to the expression of their own culture , while the ethnic groups had an oath to one another to maintain peaceful relations . Citizens were also encouraged and allowed to declare their nationality as Yugoslav , which usually polled at 10 % . The policy also led to the adoption of national quota systems in all public institutions , including economic organizations , in which national groups were represented by their republic 's or province 's national composition .   Throughout Yugoslavia many factories , schools , public venues , folklore ensembles and sporting teams used to be named `` Brotherhood and unity '' , as well as the Ljubljana-Zagreb-Beograd-Skopje highway ( Highway `` Brotherhood and Unity '' ) . The country had a decoration called the Order of the Brotherhood and Unity .   Several prominent persons from former Yugoslavia were convicted for activities deemed to threaten the brotherhood and unity , such as acts of chauvinist propaganda , separatism and irredentism . Among the convicts were the former presidents of Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Alija Izetbegović ) and Croatia ( Franjo Tuđman and Stjepan Mesić ) , Croatian army general of Albanian descent Rahim Ademi and many others . One Kosovo Albanian , Adem Demaçi , was imprisoned for almost 30 years for allegations of espionage and irredentism .

neg: Eurosystem The Eurosystem is the monetary authority of the eurozone , the collective of European Union member states that have adopted the euro as their sole official currency . The ECB has , under Article 16 of its Statute , the exclusive right to authorise the issuance of euro banknotes . Member states can issue euro coins , but the amount must be authorised by the ECB beforehand .   The Eurosystem consists of the European Central Bank and the national central banks ( NCB ) of the 19 member states that are part of the eurozone . The national central banks apply the monetary policy of the ECB . The primary objective of the Eurosystem is price stability . Secondary objectives are financial stability and financial integration . The mission statement of the Eurosystem says that the ECB and the national central banks jointly contribute to achieving the objectives .   The Eurosystem is independent . When performing Eurosystem-related tasks , neither the ECB , nor an NCB , nor any member of their decision-making bodies may seek or take instructions from any external body . The Community institutions and bodies and the governments of the member states may not seek to influence the members of the decision-making bodies of the ECB or of the NCBs in the performance of their tasks .   The Eurosystem is distinct from the European System of Central Banks ( ESCB ) , which comprises the ECB and the central banks of all European Union member states , including those that are not part of the eurozone .

neg: Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina The Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Bosnian , Croatian and Serbian : Akademija nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine Cyrillic : Академија наука и умјетности Босне и Херцеговине ) is the national academy of Bosnia and Herzegovina .

neg: Sarajevo List Sarajevo List ( in Swedish : Sarajevolistan ) was a political project in Sweden launched ahead of the 1995 European Parliament elections . The group contested the elections , with the intention of `` giving a voice to Bosnia '' in the European Parliament . The Sarajevo List urged Western countries to intervene in favour of the Bosnian Muslims in the ongoing Bosnian War .   Leading figures of the Sarajevo List were Wilhelm Agrell , Per Svensson , Bibi Andersson , Jesús Alcalá and Maciej Zaremba .   In the elections the Sarajevo List got 26,875 votes ( 1 % ) , but failed to win any seats .   Category : Political parties established in 1995  Category : Defunct political parties in Sweden  Category : Single-issue political parties

neg: Army of Republika Srpska The Army of Republika Srpska ; Serbian , Bosnian , Croatian Vojska Republike Srpske ( VRS ) ) , also referred to as the Bosnian Serb Army , was the military of the Republika Srpska , an area which was previously the `` Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina '' .   In 2003 the army began to integrate into the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina . In 2005 a fully integrated unit of Serbs , Bosniaks , and Croats was deployed to augment the US-led coalition forces in Iraq . On 6 June 2006 , it was fully integrated into the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina controlled by the Ministry of Defence of Bosnia and Herzegovina .

neg: House of Representatives of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina The House of Representatives of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is the legislative body of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina , one of two entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina .

neg: Mladen Ivanić Mladen Ivanić ( Младен Иванић , -LSB- mlâden ǐʋanit͡ɕ -RSB- ; born on 16 September 1958 in Sanski Most ) is a Bosnian Serb politician who has been a member of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina since 2014 .   Born in Sanski Most , Ivanić has lived in Banja Luka since 1971 , when he earned his university diploma in economics there . He then received a doctorate in Belgrade ; the thesis was titled Contemporary Marxist political economy in the West . He undertook post-Doctoral studies at the University of Mannheim and the University of Glasgow . Upon completion of his studies , he worked as a journalist . From 1985 to 1988 , he lectured in Political Economy at the Faculty of Economics in Banja Luka , and later also in Sarajevo and Glasgow . His political career began in 1988 , when he became a member of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina during Yugoslav Socialist times .   From 2001-03 , Ivanić was Prime Minister of Republika Srpska ( RS ) , one of Bosnia and Herzegovina 's two entities . He also served as the sixth foreign minister of Bosnia and Herzegovina since it became independent in 1992 , succeeding Zlatko Lagumdžija on the post , and as such was a member of the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina . In turn , he was succeeded on the post in 2007 by Sven Alkalaj .   He is a founding member of the center-right Bosnian Serb Party of Democratic Progress ( PDP ) and was its President from 1999 to 2015 . In October 2014 , he was elected as the Serb member of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina , narrowly beating SNSD 's candidate , the RS PM Željka Cvijanović . His victory marked the first time since the Dayton Agreement that the Serb member of the Presidency received the highest number of votes in the country , out of the three elected members . He was chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina ( head of state ) from 17 November 2014 until 17 July 2015 .

neg: Bosnia and Herzegovina–Russia relations Bosnia and Herzegovina -- Russia relations are the bilateral relations between the two countries , Bosnia and Herzegovina and Russia . Bosnia is one of the countries where Russia has contributed troops for the NATO-led stabilization force . Russia recognized the independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina on 27 April 1992 .

neg: Member states of the Council of Europe The Council of Europe has 47 member states . It was founded on 5 May 1949 by ten Western and Northern European states , with Greece and Turkey joining three months later , and Iceland and West Germany following suit the next year . It now has 47 member states , with Montenegro being the latest to join .   Article 4 of the Council of Europe Statute specifies that membership is open to any European country , provided they meet specific democratic and human rights standards . Nearly all European states have acceded to the Council of Europe , with the exception of Belarus , the Vatican City , predominantly Central Asian Kazakhstan , as well as some of the states with limited recognition .   __ TOC __

neg: Montenegro and the euro Montenegro has no currency of its own . From 1996 the Deutsche Mark was the de facto currency in all private and banking transactions and it was formally adopted as Montenegro 's currency in November 1999 . The mark was replaced by the euro in 2002 without any objections from the European Central Bank ( ECB ) .   The European Commission and the ECB have since voiced their discontent over Montenegro 's unilateral use of the euro on several occasions , with Amelia Torres , a spokesperson for the European Commission , saying `` The conditions for the adoption of the euro are clear . That means , first and foremost , to be a member of the EU . '' A statement attached to their Stabilisation and Association Agreement with the EU read : `` unilateral introduction of the euro was not compatible with the Treaty . ''   The EU insists on the strict adherence to convergence criteria ( such as spending at least 2 years in the ERMII system ) which are not negotiable before euro adoption , but have not intervened to stop the unilateral use of the euro by Montenegro . The EU has raised concerns of Montenegro 's state debt , which had risen to 57 percent of GDP by 2011 .   Officials from the Central Bank of Montenegro have indicated on several occasions that the European institutions do expect them to strictly follow ERM rules , particularly because of their EU accession process . Nikola Fabris , chief economist of the Central Bank of Montenegro , has said that the situation was different when they adopted the euro , and that other states which were considering unilaterally adopting the euro , such as Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina , would face sanctions from the EU and have their accession process suspended if they went ahead .   On 17 December 2010 Montenegro was granted candidate status to join the European Union . The issue is expected to be resolved through the negotiations process . The ECB has stated that the implications of unilateral euro adoption `` would be spelled out at the latest in the event of possible negotiations on EU accession . '' Diplomats have suggested that it is unlikely Montenegro will be forced to withdraw the euro from circulation in their country . Radoje Žugić , Montenegro 's Minister of Finance , has stated that `` it would be extremely economically irrational to return to our own currency and then later to again go back to the euro . '' Instead , he hopes that Montenegro will be permitted to keep the euro and has promised `` the government of Montenegro will adopt some certain elements which should fulfil the conditions for further use of the euro , such as adopting fiscal rules . ''   Unlike official members of the eurozone , Montenegro does not mint coins and therefore has no distinctive national design .

neg: European Union Prize for Literature European Union Prize for Literature ( established in 2009 ) is a European Union literary award . The award is funded and founded by the Culture Programme of the European Union , and is coordinated by a Consortium , selected by a Commission . The Consortium is composed of the European Booksellers Federation , the European Writers ' Council and the Federation of European Publishers . The Consortium sets up the national juries and organizes the awards .   Each year 11 or 12 countries are selected to be part of the award , national juries are selected for each country , and each country 's jury then selects a winner . After three years of rotation , all countries will have been included . Countries eligible for inclusion include :  The 28 Member States of the European Union ( as of 2013 )  The 3 EEA countries : Norway , Iceland and Liechtenstein  The candidate countries for accession to the EU : Albania , Turkey , Montenegro , the Republic of Macedonia , Serbia  Potential candidate country for accession to the EU : Bosnia and Herzegovina   Each winner receives $ 5,000 and their books are given support for translation funding , as well as promotion .

neg: House of Peoples of Bosnia and Herzegovina The House of Peoples of Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Dom Naroda Bosne i Hercegovine / Дом Народа Босне и Херцеговине ) is one of the two chambers of the Parliamentary Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina , with the other chamber being the House of Representatives of Bosnia and Herzegovina . It was established through the signing of the Dayton Agreement in 1995 .   It has 15 members equally distributed among the three ethnic groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina : 5 Bosniaks , 5 Serbs , and 5 Croats . The members are appointed by the parliaments of the constituent peoples . Their duty is to make sure that no law is passed unless all three groups agree on it .

neg: Organized crime in Bosnia and Herzegovina The Bosnian Mafia ( or Bosnian organized crime ) is the body of illegal gangs and criminal organisations operating in Bosnia and Herzegovina and within the Bosnian diaspora . Bosnian organised crime figures operate mostly in Europe . Bosnian organised-crime groups are involved in a wide range of activities and extortion is ( often under the cover of ostensible security and insurance companies ) . Smuggling revenues are between $ 600 million and $ 900 million .

neg: Bosnia and Herzegovina–United States relations The 1992-95 war in Bosnia and Herzegovina was ended with the help of participation by the United States in brokering the 1995 Dayton Agreement . The United States maintains command of the NATO headquarters in Sarajevo . The United States has donated hundreds of millions of dollars to help with infrastructure , humanitarian aid , economic development , and military reconstruction in Herzegovina and Bosnia . The U.S. Agency for International Development ( USAID ) and Support for Eastern European Democracies ( SEED ) has played a large role in post-war Bosnia and Herzegovina , including programs in economic development and reform , democratic reform ( media , elections ) , infrastructure development , and training programs for Bosnian professionals , among others . Additionally , there are many non-governmental organizations ( NGOs ) that have likewise played significant roles in the reconstruction .   According to the 2012 U.S. Global Leadership Report , 33 % of Bosnia and Herzegovina 's people approve of U.S. leadership , with 49 % disapproving and 18 % uncertain .

neg: European social model The European social model is a common vision many European states have for a society that combines economic growth with high living standards and good working conditions . Historian Tony Judt has argued that the European social model `` binds Europe together '' in contrast to the ` American way of life ' .   European states do not all use a single social model , but welfare states in Europe do share several broad characteristics . These generally include a commitment to full employment , social protections for all citizens , social inclusion , and democracy . Examples common among European countries include universal health care , free higher education , strong labor protections and regulations , and generous welfare programs in areas such as unemployment insurance , retirement pensions , and public housing . The Treaty of the European Community set out several social objectives : promotion of employment , improved living and working conditions ... proper social protection , dialogue between management and labour , the development of human resources with a view to lasting high employment and the combating of exclusion . Because different European states focus on different aspects of the model , it has been argued that there are four distinct social models in Europe -- the Nordic , British , Mediterranean and the Continental .   The general outlines of a European social model emerged during the post-war boom . Tony Judt lists a number of causes : the abandonment of protectionism , the baby boom , cheap energy , and a desire to catch up with living standards enjoyed in the United States . The European social model also enjoyed a low degree of external competition as the Soviet bloc , China and India were not yet integrated into the global economy . In recent years , it has become common to question whether the European social model is sustainable in the face of low birthrates , globalisation , Europeanisation and an ageing population .

neg: List of companies of Slovakia Slovakia is a landlocked country in Central Europe . The capital and largest city is Bratislava . The official language is Slovak .   Slovakia is a high-income advanced economy with a very high Human Development Index , a very high standard of living and performs favourably in measurements of civil liberties , press freedom , internet freedom , democratic governance and peacefulness . The country maintains a combination of market economy with universal health care and a comprehensive social security system . The country joined the European Union in 2004 and the Eurozone on 1 January 2009 . Slovakia is also a member of the Schengen Area , NATO , the United Nations , the OECD , the WTO , CERN , the OSCE , the Council of Europe and the Visegrád Group . The Slovak economy is one of the fastest growing economies in Europe and 3rd fastest in eurozone . Its legal tender , the Euro , is the world 's 2nd most traded currency . Although regional income inequality is high , 90 % of citizens own their homes . In 2016 , Slovak citizens had visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to 165 countries and territories , ranking the Slovak passport 11th in the world . Slovakia is the world 's biggest per-capita car producer with a total of 1,040,000 cars manufactured in the country in 2016 alone . The car industry represents 43 percent of Slovakia 's industrial output , and a quarter of its exports .   For further information on the types of business entities in this country and their abbreviations , see `` Business entities in Slovakia '' .

neg: Embassy of Bosnia and Herzegovina, London The Embassy of Bosnia and Herzegovina in London is the diplomatic mission of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the United Kingdom .

neg: Belgium Belgium ( -LSB- ˈbɛldʒəm -RSB- België -LSB- ˈbɛlɣijə -RSB- ; Belgique -LSB- bɛlʒik -RSB- ; Belgien -LSB- ˈbɛlɡi̯ən -RSB- ) , officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a sovereign state in Western Europe bordered by France , the Netherlands , Germany , Luxembourg , and the North Sea . It is a small , densely populated country which covers an area of 30528 km2 and has a population of about 11 million people . Straddling the cultural boundary between Germanic and Latin Europe , Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups : the Dutch-speaking , mostly Flemish community , which constitutes about 59 % of the population , and the French-speaking , mostly Walloon population , which comprises 41 % of all Belgians . Additionally , there is a small group of German-speakers who live in the East Cantons located around the High Fens area , and bordering Germany .   Historically , Belgium , the Netherlands and Luxembourg ( along with parts of Northern France and Western Germany ) were known as the Low Countries ; it once covered a somewhat larger area than the current Benelux group of states . The region was called Belgica in Latin , after the Roman province of Gallia Belgica . From the end of the Middle Ages until the 17th century , the area of Belgium was a prosperous and cosmopolitan centre of commerce and culture . From the 16th century until the Belgian Revolution in 1830 , when Belgium seceded from the Netherlands , the area of Belgium served as the battleground between many European powers , causing it to be dubbed the `` Battlefield of Europe , ''  a reputation strengthened by both world wars .   Today , Belgium is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance . It is divided into three regions and three communities , that exist next to each other . Its two largest regions are the Dutch-speaking region of Flanders in the north and the French-speaking southern region of Wallonia . The Brussels-Capital Region is an officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) enclave within the Flemish Region .  A German-speaking Community exists in eastern Wallonia .  Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments .   Belgium participated in the Industrial Revolution  and , during the course of the 20th century , possessed a number of colonies in Africa . The second half of the 20th century was marked by rising tensions between the Dutch-speaking and the French-speaking citizens fueled by differences in language and culture and the unequal economic development of Flanders and Wallonia . This continuing antagonism has led to several far-reaching reforms , resulting in a transition from a unitary to a federal arrangement during the period from 1970 to 1993 . Despite the reforms , tensions between the groups have remained , if not increased ; there is significant separatism particularly among the Flemish ; controversial language laws exist such as the municipalities with language facilities ; and the formation of a coalition government took 18 months following the June 2010 federal election , a world record . Belgium is one of the six founding countries of the European Union and hosts the official seats of the European Commission , Council of the European Union , and European Council , as well as a seat of the European Parliament in the country 's capital , Brussels . Belgium is also a founding member of the Eurozone , NATO , OECD and WTO , and a part of the trilateral Benelux Union . Its capital , Brussels , hosts several of the EU 's official seats as well as the headquarters of many major international organizations such as NATO.Belgium is a member of , or affiliated to , many international organizations , including ACCT , AfDB , AsDB , Australia Group , Benelux , BIS , CCC , CE , CERN , EAPC , EBRD , EIB , EMU , ESA , EU , FAO , G-10 , IAEA , IBRD , ICAO , ICC , ICRM , IDA , IDB , IEA , IFAD , IFC , IFRCS , IHO , ILO , IMF , IMO , IMSO , Intelsat , Interpol , IOC , IOM , ISO , ITU , MONUC ( observers ) , NATO , NEA , NSG , OAS ( observer ) , OECD , OPCW , OSCE , PCA , UN , UNCTAD , UNECE , UNESCO , UNHCR , UNIDO , UNMIK , UNMOGIP , UNRWA , UNTSO , UPU , WADB ( non-regional ) , WEU , WHO , WIPO , WMO , WTrO , ZC . Belgium is also a part of the Schengen Area . Belgium is a developed country , with an advanced high-income economy and is categorized as `` very high '' in the Human Development Index .