query: Sweden maintains a Nordic social welfare system.

pos: Sweden Sweden ( Konungariket Sverige ) , is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe . It borders Norway to the west and Finland to the east , and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund . At 450295 km2 , Sweden is the third-largest country in the European Union by area , with a total population of 10.0 million . Sweden consequently has a low population density of 22 PD/km2 , with the highest concentration in the southern half of the country . Approximately 85 % of the population lives in urban areas .   Germanic peoples have inhabited Sweden since prehistoric times , emerging into history as the Geats/G ötar and Swedes/Svear and constituting the sea peoples known as the Norsemen . Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural , while the north is heavily forested . Sweden is part of the geographical area of Fennoscandia . The climate is in general very mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence , that in spite of this still retains warm continental summers . Today , Sweden is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy , with a monarch as head of state . The capital city is Stockholm , which is also the most populous city in the country . Legislative power is vested in the 349-member unicameral Riksdag . Executive power is exercised by the government chaired by the prime minister . Sweden is a unitary state , currently divided into 21 counties and 290 municipalities .   Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages . In the 17th century , it expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire , which became one of the great powers of Europe until the early 18th century . Swedish territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were gradually lost during the 18th and 19th centuries , ending with the annexation of present-day Finland by Russia in 1809 . The last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814 , when Norway was militarily forced into personal union . Since then , Sweden has been at peace , maintaining an official policy of neutrality in foreign affairs . The union with Norway was peacefully dissolved in 1905 , leading to Sweden 's current borders . Though Sweden was formally neutral through both world wars , Sweden engaged in humanitarian efforts , such as taking in refugees from German-occupied Europe .   After the end of the Cold War , Sweden joined the European Union on 1 January 1995 , but declined NATO membership , as well as Eurozone membership following a referendum . It is also a member of the United Nations , the Nordic Council , Council of Europe , the World Trade Organization and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) . Sweden maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens . It has the world 's eighth-highest per capita income and ranks highly in numerous metrics of national performance , including quality of life , health , education , protection of civil liberties , economic competitiveness , equality , prosperity and human development .

neg: Norway–Sweden relations Norway -- Sweden relations are foreign relations between Norway and Sweden . The countries have a very long history together . They were both part of the Kalmar Union between 1397 and 1523 . The countries established diplomatic relations in 1905 , after the dissolution of the union between them in 1905 .   Sweden has an embassy in Oslo and 14 consulates , in Ålesund , Arendal , Bergen , Bodø , Hamar , Hammerfest , Kirkenes , Mandal , Moss , Narvik , Porsgrunn , Stavanger , Tromsø and Trondheim . Norway has an embassy in Stockholm and three consulates , in Gothenburg , Malmö and Sundsvall .   Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and the Nordic Council . There are around 44,773 Swedes living in Norway and around 18,000 Norwegians living in Sweden .

neg: Family policy in Iceland The Icelandic family model can be compared to that of the Anglo-Saxon model in regards to its benefits and the Scandinavian model in regards services . Iceland was seen as a lagging country compared to other European countries in terms of family policy . Family policy in Iceland had been long ignored by its policy makers . Not until 1994 when the United Nations celebrated the Year of Family . After the recognition of the importance of family by the United Nations , Iceland 's parliament sought to establish a resolution to the concept of family policy that was gaining greater political attention in Iceland .

neg: Stockholm County Council The Stockholm County Council , or Stockholms läns landsting , is a County Council , a regional municipal body corresponding to the territory of Stockholm County in Sweden . Its main responsibilities are for the public healthcare system and public transport .

neg: Norwegian Church Abroad The Norwegian Church Abroad or The Norwegian Seamen 's Church ( Sjømannskirken ) is a religious organisation serving Norwegians and other Scandinavians travelling abroad . Founded in 1864 , The Norwegian Seamen 's Mission -- Sjømannsmisjonen -- was established to secure the moral and religious education of Scandinavian seafarers , but also to give them a `` breathing room '' where a fellow countryman was available to lend an ear and give some attention . Today , the churches and their staff together with travelling pastors around the globe represent a `` resource center '' for all Norwegians travelling internationally .   Sjømannskirken annually serves around 700 thousand Norwegians through over 30 churches and 16 mobile services in 30 countries around the world . Several churches operate on a Scandinavian basis . The Norwegian Church Abroad , its main office in Bergen , is a charitable organization supported by the Church of Norway and the Norwegian Government . Sjømannskirken is also a member of the ICMA and the Council of Nordic Seamen 's Missions .   For most Norwegians travelling abroad , Sjømannskirken is a nice place to rest : one can read newspapers from home , buy Norwegian food and speak to other Norwegians . Many Norwegians living permanently abroad use the seamen 's churches instead of the local ones .

neg: Swedish for immigrants Swedish For Immigrants ( normally known as SFI or Svenskundervisning för invandrare in Swedish ) is the national free Swedish language course offered to most categories of immigrants . Immigrants who speak Danish or Norwegian are ineligible for free Swedish tuition through SFI . All other persons who have emigrated to Sweden are entitled by law to Swedish language education .   SFI is directed towards people who lack basic knowledge in Swedish and are of the minimum age of sixteen . As a significant proportion of immigrants arriving in Sweden are illiterate , the courses also teach how to read , write and interpret a clock . The training is paid for by the municipality ( local authority ) in which the immigrant lives , and applications to take the course are made to the municipality 's adult education department ( kommunens vuxenutbildning ) . The SFI ( kurs D ) test is equivalent to stage B1 ( Independent Speaker : Threshold or pre-intermediate ) on the Common European Framework .

neg: Nordic Innovation Nordic Innovation is an institution that works to promote cross-border trade and innovation between the Nordic countries . Among the institution 's goas are removng barriers and building relations through Nordic cooperation . Nordic Innovation works under the auspices of the Nordic Council of Ministers , and is located in Oslo . The institution is seen as a key player in implementing the Nordic trade , industry and innovation partnership programme.Nordic Innovation has an ambition to establish the Nordic countries as a world-leading region for innovation and sustainable growth . Nordic Innovation works with both private and public stakeholders , and has projects and partners in all the Nordic countries .

neg: Human rights in Switzerland Human rights are comprehensively guaranteed in Switzerland , one of Europe 's oldest democracies . Together with other European states , Switzerland is often at or near the head in international civil liberties and political rights rankings . Switzerland places human rights at the core of the nation 's value system , as represented in the Federal Constitution and political model . Promotion of peace , mutual respect , equality and non-discrimination are central to the country 's democratic election .   Switzerland is signatory to all relevant international human rights instruments . It is also the depositary state of the Geneva Conventions and the place where several human rights-related NGOs were established or headquartered , including the Red Cross . The United Nations Human Rights Council , of which Switzerland is a member and which it was instrumental in establishing , has its seat in Geneva . Respect for human rights and the promotion of democracy is also one of the five official policy goals of Switzerland .

neg: Social welfare function In welfare economics , a social welfare function is a function that ranks social states ( alternative complete descriptions of the society ) as less desirable , more desirable , or indifferent for every possible pair of social states . Inputs of the function include any variables considered to affect the economic welfare of a society . In using welfare measures of persons in the society as inputs , the social welfare function is individualistic in form . One use of a social welfare function is to represent prospective patterns of collective choice as to alternative social states .   The social welfare function is analogous to the consumer theory of indifference-curve/budget constraint equilibrium for an individual , except that the social welfare function is a mapping of individual preferences or judgments of everyone in the society as to collective choices , which apply to all , whatever individual preferences are for ( variable ) constraints on factors of production . One point of a social welfare function is to determine how close the analogy is to an ordinal utility function for an individual with at least minimal restrictions suggested by welfare economics , including constraints on the amount of factors of production .   There are two major distinct but related types of social welfare functions :  A Bergson -- Samuelson social welfare function considers welfare for a given set of individual preferences or welfare rankings .  An Arrow social welfare function considers welfare across different possible sets of individual preferences or welfare rankings and seemingly reasonable axioms that constrain the function .

neg: Subdivisions of the Nordic countries The subdivisions of the Nordic countries are similar given the countries ' shared culture and history .

neg: Italian welfare state The Italian welfare state is based upon the corporatist-conservative model , as described by Gøsta Esping-Andersen , one of the world 's foremost sociologists working on the analysis of welfare states .

neg: Swedish Church Law 1686 The Swedish Church Law 1686 ( Swedish : `` Kyrkio-Lag och Ordning '' ) was a Swedish law which ( with some alterations ) regulated the relationship between the state and the church in Sweden from 1686 until the Swedish Church Law 1992 , as well as in Finland ( earlier a Swedish province ) until 1870 . It replaced the previous Swedish Church Ordinance 1571 .   During the reign of Charles X Gustav of Sweden , two suggestions were put forward to replace the Swedish Church Ordinance 1571 : one by Olaus Laurelius , and one by Erik Emporagrius . In 1663 , an investigation to change the law was formally issued , and in 1682 , the two suggestions were merged . A commission was issued to process it , and in 1686 , the new law was accepted .   The Swedish Church Law 1686 abolished Canon law . The state , represented by the monarch , by then the king of an absolute monarchy , was the head of the Church and thus had final say in matters of the Church , but there was to be no political administration or political bureaucracy between the monarch and the bishops of the Church .   Among the notable reforms introduced was husförhör and Parish register . Henceforth , the parish vicar of every parish of the nation was obliged to conduct a husförhör ( Household Interview ) , an annual survey of the religious knowledge of every household in the parish to ensure all parishioners ' knowledge of the bible and Luther 's Small Catechism . A consequence of this was the need for every parishioner , regardless of age and sex , to know how to read , as it would be necessary to read the bible and the catechism to pass the annual survey.Since the predecessor law from 1571 , children 's schools for reading , writing and counting had already been an obligation in the cities , but this law resulted in the need for every village and rural community to organise basic schooling for their children , normally by paying a läromäster ( schoolmaster ) or läromoster ( schoolmarm ) to hold lessons in the local vicarage , and from this point forward , illiteracy was close to eradicated in Sweden .   This law was in force until 1888 . Furthermore , all parish vicars were also forced by law to keep a parish register and note every birth , baptismal and death in the parish .   The 1686 Swedish Church Law was amended several times during the 18th century and 19th century , but it lay the foundation of the organisation of the Swedish Church until the new law of 1992 . In the Grand Duchy of Finland , earlier a Swedish province , the law applied until the reformed church law of 1867 ( in effect in 1870 ) .  __ NOTOC __

neg: Religion in Sweden Lutheran Christianity is officially the largest religion in Sweden , with 6.1 million Swedish citizens being members of the Church of Sweden . The high membership figure is mainly due to the fact that until 1996 all newborn children with at least one parent being a member of the church were also made members . Other Christian Churches include the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church . Islam is the second largest religion in Sweden , practiced by 5 % of the population . The rest of the population are either irreligious or members of other religious groups .   Sweden was Christianized from Norse paganism during a long period , not final until the 1130s . Since the 16th century , Sweden has been predominantly Lutheran . From the Protestant Reformation in the 1530s until 2000 , the Lutheran Church of Sweden ( Svenska kyrkan ) was the state church . As of 2016 , 61.2 % of Swedish citizens are members of the Church of Sweden , compared to over 95 % in 1970 , and 83 % in 2000 .   Despite that , religion in Sweden plays a limited role compared to the European average , and even many church members participate in religious activities for only cultural reasons , and do not believe in Christianity . Atheism and agnosticism are widespread in Swedish society . In a Eurobarometer Poll in 2010 , just 18 % of Swedish citizens responded that `` they believe there is a god '' , although a further 45 % answered that `` they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force '' . In a 2009 Gallup poll , 17 % answered yes to the question `` Is religion an important part of your daily life ? '' . A survey found that only 15 % of Church of Sweden members actually believe in Jesus , while another 15 % identified as atheists , and a quarter as agnostic . Less than 4 % of the Church of Sweden membership attends public worship during an average week ; about 2 % are regular attendees . Some scholars consider the nation to be a place where religion is regarded with `` benign indifference '' .   The history of the Jews in Sweden can be traced back to the 17th century , and there are about 20,000 ethnic Jews in Sweden today , of whom about 7,000 belong to a Jewish religious congregation . Because of immigration in the latter part of the 20th century , there is today a sizeable minority of Muslims ( 5 % of population ) and Roman Catholics ( 2 % ) .

neg: NordNat NordNat was an association of far-right parties , founded in Malmö on 8 June 1997 , in an attempt to unite Nordic nationalist parties . The main initiator was the Sweden Democrats , which were then also a member of the wider EuroNat together with the Finnish Patriotic National Alliance . The parties regarded themselves as `` national democratic '' , and established a charter which set to work for protection of national sovereignty , the environment , the Nordic culture and people , and to oppose mass immigration . According to a Council of Europe report , the Swedish and Finnish parties were `` conventional nationalist parties '' , while the Norwegian and Danish ones were `` neo-nazi groupings '' . The association was dissolved in 1999 . The four parties in the association were :  Sweden Democrats ( SD )  Fatherland Party ( FLP )  National Party ( NP )  Patriotic National Alliance ( IKL )

neg: Gender and Welfare State Regimes Gender and Welfare State Regimes is an organizing concept that focuses a country 's traditional social welfare policies in terms of how it influences employment and general social structure . Gender in terms of the welfare state regime varies based on how a nation perceives and acts on the value of gender . Within gender and welfare state regimes there are three central perspectives . The first perspective is the liberal welfare state , which is utilized in the United Kingdom and Ireland . This regime believes in minimal government intervention and promotes privatization of the economy in order to create equality . The second perspective is the conservative welfare state that is utilized in Germany , France , Austria , Belgium , the Netherlands , and Italy . This regime revolves around traditional family values and believes the economy should be structured around status differentiating programs that are earnings related . The third perspective is the Social Democratic welfare state that is utilized in the Scandinavian countries . This regime is characterized by universalism and believes in full employment , income protection and a strongly interventionist state .   The three welfare state regimes highlight employment opportunity , wage gaps , and health status as differentiating factors when it comes to gender . In terms of employment opportunity , it is impacted by the feminization of poverty . This is when woman represent a disproportionate share of the poor population compared to men . Varying beliefs between the three regimes on gender roles in the labor market effects the level of poverty pertaining toward sex . Wage gaps are affected by the differing beliefs on decommodification between the three welfare state regimes . The theory of decommodification looks to decommodify labor in order to substitute for wages , creating disparity between the pay of low-income earners ( a category over-represented by women ) . Lastly , health status is seen to be influenced by the promotion of gender equality . Those regimes , which believe in equality for all , were seen to have better overall health , compared to those regimes that do not promote gender equality .

neg: European social model The European social model is a common vision many European states have for a society that combines economic growth with high living standards and good working conditions . Historian Tony Judt has argued that the European social model `` binds Europe together '' in contrast to the ` American way of life ' .   European states do not all use a single social model , but welfare states in Europe do share several broad characteristics . These generally include a commitment to full employment , social protections for all citizens , social inclusion , and democracy . Examples common among European countries include universal health care , free higher education , strong labor protections and regulations , and generous welfare programs in areas such as unemployment insurance , retirement pensions , and public housing . The Treaty of the European Community set out several social objectives : promotion of employment , improved living and working conditions ... proper social protection , dialogue between management and labour , the development of human resources with a view to lasting high employment and the combating of exclusion . Because different European states focus on different aspects of the model , it has been argued that there are four distinct social models in Europe -- the Nordic , British , Mediterranean and the Continental .   The general outlines of a European social model emerged during the post-war boom . Tony Judt lists a number of causes : the abandonment of protectionism , the baby boom , cheap energy , and a desire to catch up with living standards enjoyed in the United States . The European social model also enjoyed a low degree of external competition as the Soviet bloc , China and India were not yet integrated into the global economy . In recent years , it has become common to question whether the European social model is sustainable in the face of low birthrates , globalisation , Europeanisation and an ageing population .

neg: Social Security Act 1991 The Social Security Act 1991 ( SSA ) is an act passed by the Parliament of Australia in 1991 to provide for the payment , to eligible people in Australia , certain pensions , benefits and allowances , and for other related purposes .   The SSA was enacted to replace the Social Security Act 1947 . In 1999 , the Social Security ( Administration ) Act 1999 was enacted , in which the provisions in the SSA concerning the administration of social security payments were split into a separate Act .   The SSA has been criticised by judges for its length and complexity . Most recently , in Secretary , Department of Family and Community Services v Geeves , Weinberg J , sitting on the Full Bench of the Federal Court of Australia noted :   I should add the following comments . It is almost farcical that it should take eminent senior counsel the best part of a morning simply to take the Court through the various provisions of the Social Security Act that are relevant in order to determine whether a particular individual is entitled to a benefit under that Act . The question whether Ms Geeves should receive a carer 's benefit for looking after Mr Escott ought to be able to be answered relatively easily . There is nothing extraordinary about his situation , and it can hardly be said that the legislature did not anticipate cases such as his .   Regrettably , as each year goes by , the Social Security Act becomes still more complex , and less accessible to those who most need to understand it . This point has been made on earlier occasions . In Anstis v Secretary , Department of Social Security ( 1999 ) 94 FCR 421 , I described the Act as having been drafted in a manner `` both prolix and obscure '' . I also referred to the observations of the Full Court in Blunn v Cleaver ( 1993 ) 47 FCR 111 in which it was noted that the object of the Bill that became the Act was said by the Minister , in his Second Reading Speech , to be `` to overcome the problem of readability by using a ` clear English ' drafting style and format '' . The Minister went on to say that this should make the Act `` a more accessible piece of legislation that ordinary Australians can reasonably be expected to understand '' .   As at January 2014 , the SSA is administered by the Department of Social Services and the Attorney-General 's Department .

neg: Societal security Societal security is a concept developed by the Copenhagen School of security studies that refers to ` the ability of a society to persist in its essential character under changing conditions and possible or actual threats ' .   The end of the Cold War prompted scholars to rethink the paradigm of security independently from the state and the military . In Europe , the collapse of the Soviet Union led to the emergence of new states and sustained efforts to pursue the European Union ( EU ) integration . The new order called for a ( re ) conceptualisation of Europe and European security , which challenged classic understandings of security , as something that took place between states . The move towards an EU security was , thus , closely articulated around questions of EU identity , free movement of people and borders .  The concept of societal security , developed by scholars associated with the Copenhagen Peace Research Institute , is situated within this context . Societal security relates to : `` the ability of a society to persist in its essential character under changing conditions and possible or actual threats . ''   In ` Identity , Migration , and the New Security Agenda in Europe ' , Wæver notes the emergence of different conceptions of the nation-state , and further establishes a distinction between Western and Eastern Europe . In the West , a `` decoupling of state and nation '' takes place , as Member States , by seeking more integration , accept to relinquish some of their sovereignty . This move towards a `` post-sovereign '' nation-state is due to `` internationalisation and Europeanization '' processes , as international institutions assume increased influence over domestic affairs . Subsequently , communities , perceiving their identities to be threatened by this integration , can no longer call upon the state to protect them . A duality occurs between the security needs of the state and of society , where `` state security has sovereignty as its ultimate criterion , and societal security has identity '' . In the East , the emergence of new states , formed after the dismantlement of the Soviet Union , leads to more traditional attempts at merging the nation and the state ; thus , conflicts arise when the coupling can not be done ( i.e. Yugoslavia ) .   In ` Security : a new framework for analysis ' , Buzan et al. formalise their broader understanding of security by introducing five sectors , each governed by `` distinctive characteristics and dynamics '' , and conceptualised around particular referent objects and actors ( i.e. military , environmental , economic , societal and political ) . Societal security is about the survival of a community as a cohesive unit ; its referent object is '' large scale collective identities that can function independent of the state . ''  Societal insecurities arise when `` a society fears it would not be able to live as itself '' , and stem from :  migration : the influx of people will `` overrun or dilute '' a group 's identity e.g. the need to define Britishness ;  vertical competition : the integration of a group within a broader organisation e.g. euroscepticism with regards to EU integration , national-separatist claims ; and ,  horizontal competition : group is forced to integrate more influential identities within their own e.g. France 's cultural exception defending itself against American influences .   Societal security is not tied to a territory , as is state security , e.g. Kurds , where security matters of state and society widely diverge and enter into conflict .   Societal security in sociological viewpoint is :   Regarding security as an `` independent phenomenon '' :   So , societal security is n't threat , no opportunity . But it is a center and base , upon it the reliability and certainty of collective life could be gained .   Rereading of security from `` social '' perspective :   It means that security is based on collective life , the life of common people , instead of looking at differences and insisting on disagreement between groups and states that is key factor in determining threats and distinguish friend and foe .   Viewing security as `` social phenomenon '' :   Hence , societal security does n't need military weapons and soft power solutions . In other words , societal security does n't integrate with power and remain by converting links to social capitals .   Finally , threats and opportunities could be considered as deterrent or impeller factors .   So the final goal of societal security is comfort and understanding the beauty of collective life -- not an interest for government , not eliminating enemies , not confronting a threat for nation .

neg: Eco-sufficiency Eco-sufficiency requires a reduction of the level of production/consumption in those parts of the world with the highest standards of living beyond reducing the use of natural resources as well as waste and emissions per unit of production/consumption ( = decoupling/delinking ) . Given a very loose relation in rich countries between material wealth , GDP and human well-being , this might be possible even without reducing the latter , while , for example , increasing leisure and non-material activities for well-being .   There are potentials to reduce substantially the use of natural resources without compromising human wealth . However , many studies show that economic growth `` eats up '' these gains at least partially : if the economy grows by 2 % per annum we need an increasing resource productivity by 4 % in order to achieve a 2 % reduction of the absolute resource use . While eco-efficiency aims to improve the effectiveness of material , energy , and land use , eco-sufficiency aims at reducing negative environmental consequences through a reduction of the demand for consumer goods .   Eco-sufficiency is closely related to issues of quality of life and work-life balance . It can to some extent be achieved on the individual level , e.g. through energy savings , reduction of transport and change in diets ( less meat ) . However , it also requires a change in social frameworks , provided on the national or European level , including measures such as environmental taxes , environmental planning and new concepts of labour .   Eco-sufficiency is largely associated with the idea of altruism -- the sober lifestyle adopted by its advocates is a manifestation of their concern for the well-being of future generations -- and thus to date is endorsed by only a small minority of members of industrialised societies . A wide spread of eco-sufficiency will only occur , if people find the new lifestyles sufficiently attractive . It needs to be shown that less material wealth can bring increased well-being or happiness to individuals and societies . For example , it has been shown that downsizing or relocating consumers can be motivated by purely selfish reasons such as improving one 's health , avoiding stress , the nostalgia for a `` good old time '' and so on .   An important aspect here is related to the so-called work-and-spend cycle . If leisure and forms of work other than employment ( incl . self-employment ) , such as caring , do it yourself and community work gain relevance , income - and therefore consumption - would be reduced .

neg: Swedish Social Democratic Party The Swedish Social Democratic Party , ( Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetareparti , SAP ; literally , `` Social Democratic Workers ' Party of Sweden '' ) , contesting elections as the Arbetarepartiet -- Socialdemokraterna ( ` The Workers ' Party -- The Social Democrats ' ) , usually referred to just as the ` Social Democrats ' ( Socialdemokraterna ) ; is the oldest and largest political party in Sweden . The current party leader since 2012 is Stefan Löfven ; he has also been Prime Minister of Sweden since 2014 .

neg: Economy of Finland Finland has a highly industrialised , mixed economy with a per capita output equal to that of other western economies such as France , Germany , Sweden or the United Kingdom . The largest sector of the economy is services at 72.7 percent , followed by manufacturing and refining at 31.4 percent . Primary production is 2.9 percent .   With respect to foreign trade , the key economic sector is manufacturing . The largest industries are electronics ( 21.6 percent ) , machinery , vehicles and other engineered metal products ( 21.1 percent ) , forest industry ( 13.1 percent ) , and chemicals ( 10.9 percent ) . Finland has timber and several mineral and freshwater resources . Forestry , paper factories , and the agricultural sector ( on which taxpayers spend around 2 billion euro annually ) are politically sensitive to rural residents . The Greater Helsinki area generates around a third of GDP .   In a 2004 OECD comparison , high-technology manufacturing in Finland ranked second largest after Ireland . Knowledge-intensive services have also ranked the smallest and slow-growth sectors -- especially agriculture and low-technology manufacturing -- second largest after Ireland . Investment was below expected . Overall short-term outlook was good and GDP growth has been above many EU peers . Finland has the 4th largest knowledge economy in Europe , behind Sweden , Denmark and the UK . The economy of Finland tops the ranking of Global Information Technology 2014 report by the World Economic Forum for concerted output between business sector , scholarly production and the governmental assistance on Information and communications technology .   Finland is highly integrated in the global economy , and international trade is a third of GDP . The European Union makes 60 percent of the total trade . The largest trade flows are with Germany , Russia , Sweden , the United Kingdom , the United States , Netherlands and China . Trade policy is managed by the European Union , where Finland has traditionally been among the free trade supporters , except for agriculture . Finland is the only Nordic country to have joined the Eurozone ; Denmark and Sweden have retained their traditional currencies , whereas Iceland and Norway are not members of the EU at all .


query: Christine Campbell is the main character of The New Adventures of Old Christine.

pos: The New Adventures of Old Christine The New Adventures of Old Christine ( often shortened to simply Old Christine ) is an American television sitcom starring Julia Louis-Dreyfus as Christine Campbell , a middle-aged divorced mother who struggles to keep pace with those around her . Clark Gregg co-starred as her ex-husband Richard , with whom Christine maintains a close relationship despite their divorce , as well as Hamish Linklater as her brother Matthew and Wanda Sykes as her best friend Barb . It originally ran on CBS from March 13 , 2006 , to May 12 , 2010 .   The New Adventures of Old Christine was created and produced by Kari Lizer as well as Andy Ackerman ( who directed all 88 episodes of the series ) , and distributed by Warner Bros. . Television . The series received generally positive reviews from television critics and was nominated for nine Primetime Emmy Awards , winning one for Louis-Dreyfus ' performance in the first season . In May 2010 , CBS canceled The New Adventures of Old Christine after five seasons .

pos: Christine Campbell (character) Christine `` Old Christine '' Campbell ( née Kimble ) is the title character of The New Adventures of Old Christine , portrayed by Julia Louis-Dreyfus in her Primetime Emmy Award winning role . The series surrounds her as she starts to live a more complicated daily life when her ex-husband dates a younger woman , also named Christine . Julia Louis-Dreyfus received critical acclaim for her performance as Christine , winning the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series in 2006 .

neg: A Wizard of Earthsea A Wizard of Earthsea is a young adult fantasy novel written by the American author Ursula K. Le Guin , first published by the small press Parnassus in 1968 . The novel received highly positive reviews , initially as a work for children , and later among a general audience as well .   Set in the fictional archipelago of Earthsea , the story centers around a young mage named Ged , born in a village on the island Gont . Displaying great power while still a boy , he joins the school of wizardry , where his prickly nature drives him into conflict with one of his fellows . During a magical duel , Ged 's spell goes awry and releases a shadow creature that attacks him . The novel follows his journey as he seeks to be free of the creature .   The book has often been described as a Bildungsroman or coming of age story , as it explores Ged 's process of learning to cope with power and come to terms with death . The novel also carries Taoist themes about a fundamental balance in the universe of Earthsea , which wizards are supposed to maintain , closely tied to the idea that language and names have power to affect the material world and alter this balance . Although the structure of the story is similar to that of a traditional epic , critics also described it as subverting this genre in many ways , such as by making the protagonist dark-skinned , in comparison to more typical white-skinned heroes .   A Wizard of Earthsea is widely regarded as a classic of fantasy and young-adult literature and was one of the final recipients of the Lewis Carroll Shelf Award . The book was widely influential within the genre of fantasy ; Margaret Atwood , for instance , called A Wizard of Earthsea one of the `` wellsprings '' of fantasy literature . Le Guin would later write five subsequent books that , together with A Wizard of Earthsea , are referred to as the Earthsea Cycle : The Tombs of Atuan ( 1971 ) , The Farthest Shore ( 1972 ) , Tehanu ( 1990 ) , The Other Wind ( 2001 ) , and Tales from Earthsea ( 2001 ) . George Slusser has described the series as a `` work of high style and imagination '' .

neg: Doctor Who Doctor Who is a British science-fiction television programme produced by the BBC since 1963 . The programme depicts the adventures of a Time Lord called `` The Doctor '' , an extraterrestrial being from the planet Gallifrey . He explores the universe in a time-travelling space ship called the TARDIS . Its exterior appears as a blue British police box , which was a common sight in Britain in 1963 when the series first aired . Accompanied by a number of companions , the Doctor combats a variety of foes , while working to save civilisations and help people in need .   The show is a significant part of British popular culture , and elsewhere it has gained a cult following . It has influenced generations of British television professionals , many of whom grew up watching the series . The programme originally ran from 1963 to 1989 . There was an unsuccessful attempt to revive regular production in 1996 with a backdoor pilot , in the form of a television film titled Doctor Who . The programme was relaunched in 2005 , and since then has been produced in-house by BBC Wales in Cardiff . Doctor Who has also spawned numerous spin-offs , including comic books , films , novels , audio dramas , and the television series Torchwood ( 2006 -- 2011 ) , The Sarah Jane Adventures ( 2007 -- 2011 ) , K-9 ( 2009 -- 2010 ) , and Class '' ( 2016-present ) , and has been the subject of many parodies and references in popular culture .   Twelve actors have headlined the series as the Doctor . The transition from one actor to another is written into the plot of the show with the concept of regeneration into a new incarnation -- an idea introduced in 1966 to allow the show to continue after the departure of original lead William Hartnell who was becoming very ill at the time . The concept is that this is a Time Lord trait through which the character of the Doctor takes on a new body and personality to recover from a severe injury or anything that would otherwise kill a normal person . Each actor 's portrayal differs , but all represent stages in the life of the same character and form a single narrative . The time-travelling feature of the plot means that different incarnations of the Doctor occasionally meet . The current lead , Peter Capaldi , took on the role after Matt Smith 's exit in the 2013 Christmas special `` The Time of the Doctor '' . In 2017 , Capaldi confirmed he would be leaving at the end of the tenth series , with his final appearance being the 2017 Christmas Special .

neg: Tricia O'Kelley Patricia Beth `` Tricia '' O'Kelley ( born September 26 , 1968 ) is an American actress and producer , best recognized as Marly Ehrhardt on the CBS sitcom The New Adventures of Old Christine ( 2006 -- 10 ) . She may also be known for her recurring role as Nicole Leahy on The WB television series Gilmore Girls ( 2003 -- 04 ) as well as the lead role in the independent comedy film Weather Girl ( 2009 ) .

neg: Ramona (1988 TV series) Ramona is a Canadian children 's television series which followed the life of eight-year-old title character Ramona Quimby ( Sarah Polley ) . It was based on the Ramona book series by Beverly Cleary .   The television series debuted on September 10 , 1988 , and its ten episodes spanned four months . It aired on CBC Television in Canada and on PBS in the United States .   The TV series was released on video by Lorimar Home Video , but when Lorimar Home Video was acquired by Warner Communications , video releases were then released by Warner Home Video .   Eight-year-old Ramona Quimby ( Sarah Polley ) feels that no one really understands her . She 's bright , imaginative , and according to her older sister , Beezus , a `` pest '' . Every day she tries to find out more about herself and her world , with an optimism that only children possess . The series follows Ramona 's adventures in school and at home as her family struggles with financial woes and the coming of a new baby .

neg: Nella the Princess Knight Nella the Princess Knight is an American-Irish-British animated children 's television series created by Christine Ricci . The series debuted on Nickelodeon in the United States on February 6 , 2017 . The series debuted on May 1 , 2017 on Nick Jr. in Australia , and May 6 , 2017 on Treehouse TV in Canada .   On May 24 , 2017 , it was renewed for a second season .

neg: Queen Christina Queen Christina or Queen Christine may refer to :

neg: Christine McGlade Christine `` Moose '' McGlade ( born August 25 , 1963 ) is a Canadian digital media executive and former actress and assistant producer , best known for her long run as host of the internationally popular kids sketch comedy TV program You Ca n't Do That On Television . She was with the show from its very beginning as a local attraction on Ottawa , Ontario , television station CJOH-TV in 1979 until partway through the 1986 season . ( In 1985 and 1986 Alasdair Gillis was her co-host . ) She also served as host for Whatever Turns You On , the short-lived spinoff of YCDTOTV which aired on Canada 's CTV network in the fall of 1979 .   For nine years , McGlade was the Director of Interactive at Ontario 's Public Educational Media organization , TVOntario . During her tenure there , she was the executive in charge of production for TVO on successful and well-known Transmedia Projects such as Inside Disaster , Chocolocate , and Green Heroes . Her work has focused on social issues and she is currently Director of Interactive for Canada 's largest Volunteer Network , getinvolved.ca and a Senior Partner at Communications firm Q Media Solutions .

neg: Kathy Mar Kathy Mar ( -LSB- ˈmɑr -RSB- from Chinese by analogy with non-rhotic accents ) worked as a professional folksinger and street performer in Denver , Colorado for many years before she discovered filk . Her first recordings were for Off Centaur Publications ( Songbird , On a Bright Wind , Bamboo Wind ) and she went on to do two albums with Thor Records ( Plus Ça Change , Plus C'est La Même Chose ) which have recently been re-released as a CD double . She also did an album for Dandelion Digital ( Made by Magic ) with British songwriter Zander Nyrond which was one of the first filk CDs ever produced . Her cover album of her favorite filk and folk songs on Prometheus ( My Favorite Sings ) has been her most successful to date . She was inducted into the Filk Hall of Fame in only the second year of its existence . With Lindy Sears , she instigated the ` Dandelion Conspiracy ' to promote filk to general SF conventions .   She was Filk Guest of Honor at Denvention 3 , the 66th World Science Fiction Convention .   Kathy lives in San Leandro , CA in a commune and is the mother of Michael ( 1970 -- 1982 ) , Melanie ( 1972 ) and twins Nicolas and Cassandra ( 1985 ) . Her primary life partner Dean Dierschow ( familiar as her most devoted roadie ) lives there with her in what she refers to as ' a wonderful ongoing courtship ' . She was very involved in the antiwar movement in the sixties and sang in Kansas City for the first Moratorium . She has appeared as Guest of Honour at almost every filk convention and many regular SF conventions as well .

neg: Old Kingdom (book series) The Old Kingdom , or Abhorsen in North America , is a fantasy fiction series written by Australian author Garth Nix . It originated in 1995 with the novel Sabriel and has continued in the novels Lirael ( 2001 ) and Abhorsen ( 2003 ) , the novella The Creature in the Case ( 2005 ) , and other short fiction . In Australia an omnibus edition comprising three novels and one novella was titled The Old Kingdom Chronicles ( 2009 , Allen & Unwin ( Australia ) ) . U.S. omnibus editions have been titled The Abhorsen Trilogy ( 2003 ) and The Abhorsen Chronicles ( 2009 ) . ISFDB catalogues the entire continuing series as `` The Old Kingdom / Abhorsen '' . The series continues with the prequel novel Clariel ( 2014 ) . The latest installment of the series , Goldenhand , was released in October 2016 .

neg: Donald Duck universe The Donald Duck universe is a fictional shared universe which is the setting of stories involving Disney cartoon character Donald Duck , as well as Daisy Duck , Huey , Dewey , and Louie , Scrooge McDuck , and many other characters . The world is a part of the Mickey Mouse universe , but is more detailed . Life in the Donald Duck universe centers on the city of Duckburg , usually located in the fictional U.S. state of Calisota , analogous to Northern California . The world also incorporates several other real and fictional locations , as well as historical figures and a fictional timeline , which is followed with varying degrees of consistency .   Disney comics are the primary medium for Donald Duck stories . Contributors include Americans Carl Barks , Ted Osborne , Don Rosa , Tony Strobl , Al Taliaferro , and William Van Horn , as well as Italians Giovan Battista Carpi , Marco Rota , and Romano Scarpa . Other media includes short films in the Donald Duck series , children 's books such as Little Big Books and Little Golden Books , television series such as DuckTales ( 1987 -- 1990 ) and Darkwing Duck ( 1991 -- 1992 ) , and video games such as QuackShot ( 1991 ) , Goin ' Quackers ( 2000 ) , and DuckTales : Remastered ( 2013 ) .   `` Donald Duck universe '' is not an official Disney term , but is sometimes used by fans . Don Rosa has also used the terms Barks Universe and Italian Duck Universe to describe different versions of the world 's continuity . The terms `` Barksian '' or `` Barksian facts '' has also been used to describe the canon of the Donald Duck universe , as many comic book creators and fans only consider the stories by Carl Barks as factual , since he is the creator of many of its major characters , locations and ideas . Don Rosa is an example of this when creating his comic book series The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck , with most of his stories being based on the works by Barks . Additionally , the stories by Al Taliaferro and Ted Osborne are also considered canon by many fans , being that they are the creators of Huey , Dewey and Louie and Grandma Duck , and part of their work precedes Barks ' work .

neg: Christine Williams Christine Williams may refer to :  Christine Williams ( model ) ( born 1945 ) , English model and actor  Christine Williams ( nutritionist ) , English professor and university pro-vice-chancellor  Christine Williams ( Tangle ) , fictional character on Tangle  Christine Blair , née Christine Williams , fictional character on The Young and the Restless  Chrissie Williams , Christine Williams , a fictional character on Holby City

neg: Christine Hewitt Christine Hewitt ( often credited as Mrs. Hewitt ) is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders , played by Elizabeth Power . Introduced in 1992 as a lonely divorcée , she becomes besotted with married Arthur Fowler ( Bill Treacher ) while he tends her garden . She leaves in 1993 once her affair with Arthur is discovered by his wife Pauline ( Wendy Richard ) .

neg: Christine (Christine and the Queens song) `` Christine '' , also released under the titles `` Cripple '' and `` Tilted '' , is a song written and produced by Héloïse Letissier who records under the name Christine and the Queens . `` Christine '' , which is recorded in French , was released for download on 13 October 2014 through Because Music as the third single from her debut studio album Chaleur humaine ( 2014 ) . It was , however , originally titled `` Cripple '' in 2012 , and a later English version was released as `` Tilted '' in 2015 . It was named one of the ten best songs of 2015 by Time magazine . `` Christine '' was a number one hit on both of Belgium 's Ultratop charts and peaked at number 3 in France , while `` Tilted '' became a top 20 hit in Ireland and the United Kingdom . `` Tilted '' remixes were released digitally on 8 April 2016 .

neg: Character (arts) A character ( sometimes known as a fictional character ) is a person or other being in a narrative work of art ( such as a novel , play , television series , or film ) . The character may be entirely fictional or based on a real-life person , in which case the distinction of a `` fictional '' versus `` real '' character may be made . Derived from the ancient Greek word χαρακτήρ , the English word dates from the Restoration , although it became widely used after its appearance in Tom Jones in 1749 . From this , the sense of `` a part played by an actor '' developed . Character , particularly when enacted by an actor in the theatre or cinema , involves `` the illusion of being a human person . '' In literature , characters guide readers through their stories , helping them to understand plots and ponder themes . Since the end of the 18th century , the phrase `` in character '' has been used to describe an effective impersonation by an actor . Since the 19th century , the art of creating characters , as practiced by actors or writers , has been called characterisation .   A character who stands as a representative of a particular class or group of people is known as a type . Types include both stock characters and those that are more fully individualised . The characters in Henrik Ibsen 's Hedda Gabler ( 1891 ) and August Strindberg 's Miss Julie ( 1888 ) , for example , are representative of specific positions in the social relations of class and gender , such that the conflicts between the characters reveal ideological conflicts .   The study of a character requires an analysis of its relations with all of the other characters in the work . The individual status of a character is defined through the network of oppositions ( proairetic , pragmatic , linguistic , proxemic ) that it forms with the other characters . The relation between characters and the action of the story shifts historically , often miming shifts in society and its ideas about human individuality , self-determination , and the social order .

neg: Christine Lahti Christine Ann Lahti ( born April 4 , 1950 ) is an American actress . She was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for the 1984 film Swing Shift . Her other film roles include ... And Justice for All ( 1979 ) , Housekeeping ( 1987 ) , Running on Empty ( 1988 ) , and Leaving Normal ( 1992 ) . For her directorial debut with the 1995 short film Lieberman in Love , she won the Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film .   Lahti made her Broadway debut in 1980 as a replacement in Loose Ends , and went on to star in the Broadway productions of Present Laughter ( 1982 ) and The Heidi Chronicles ( 1989 ) . An eight-time Golden Globe nominee and six-time Emmy Award nominee , she won a Golden Globe for the 1989 TV movie No Place Like Home , and won a Golden Globe and an Emmy in 1998 for her role as Kate Austin in the CBS series Chicago Hope ( 1995 -- 99 ) . She returned to Broadway in 2009 to star in God of Carnage . She also had a recurring role as Sonya Paxton in the NBC series Law and Order : Special Victims Unit ( 2009 -- 11 ) , as Doris McGarrett in the CBS series Hawaii Five-0 ( 2012 -- 16 ) , and Laurel Hitchin in NBC 's The Blacklist ( 2015 -- 17 ) .

neg: Christine Steel Christine Steel is an actress who played the role of Jenny Andrews on the TV series Team Knight Rider , as well as the Tiberium Mutant Umagon in Command & Conquer : Tiberian Sun .

neg: Cat Bauer Catherine `` Cat '' Bauer ( born July 27 , 1955 in Greenville , South Carolina ) is the award-winning author of contemporary novels featuring the young protagonist , Harley Columba , and is known for her unique and honest voice . Publishers Weekly said , `` Bauer creates a witty and resilient narrator in ... Harley Columba ... Readers will be rooting for this sympathetic heroine . '' In the Thomson Gale biography , the authors noted that : `` Readers and reviewers often found the strength of Bauer 's novel in the authentic voice of its heroine , Harley . Patricia Morrow , for example , in Voice of Youth Advocates ( VOYA ) , remarked that ` Harley 's voice is true to the experience of many young people , ' and that ` Although the outcomes are not unexpected , they do not follow any formulas . ' ''   Bauer is the oldest of five children . She was born on an Air Force Base where her father was stationed in Greenville , South Carolina . According to family lore , she was struck by ball lightning while sleeping in her bassinet during a thunderstorm . She spent the first five years of her life in Kearney , New Jersey in the same three-family house as her paternal grandparents , and her summers at the Bauer family property on Bodin Lake in Upstate New York . Her grandfather was the foreman of Kearfott , where her father was also an engineer .   When she was nearly five years old , her grandparents relocated to Montreat , North Carolina , while her immediate family moved to Pompton Lakes , New Jersey , a small , suburban town in North Jersey which Bauer has fictionalized in her novels as `` Lenape Lakes '' -- `` only forty-five minutes outside of New York City , if there 's no traffic , although it may as well be four zillion light-years away since no one from here ever goes there . '' Bauer learned to read and use the slide rule before she went to kindergarten , and began writing books at the age of six . She showed musical ability at a young age , and played the clarinet , piano , violin and guitar , and was also active in the theater .   Bauer graduated with honors from Pompton Lakes High School in 1973 .   After a brief marriage to her high school sweetheart , she moved to the West Village in New York City , and studied acting with Stella Adler and the National Shakespeare Conservatory .   She later moved to Los Angeles , California to pursue an acting career , and was active in the LA theater scene as both an actress and a playwright , co-authoring and performing in the cult hit , `` Peacocks . '' She was a close friend and student of the late Don Richardson , whose former students also included Grace Kelly and Anne Bancroft . Bauer assisted Mr. Richardson with his book `` Acting Without Agony , '' and it was in his workshop that she met her future husband , television director , James Quinn , noted for one-hour episode shows such as Law & Order . During this period , Bauer lived in the hills of Los Feliz .   In July , 1993 , Sassy published her first short story , Run Away , which was the inspiration for her first novel , Harley , Like a Person . Under the working title of `` Zee , '' that effort was the recipient of the very first Sue Alexander Most Promising New Work Award given by the Society of Children 's Book Writers and Illustrators ( SCBWI ) . Selected from manuscripts submitted for individual critique at the SCBWI Annual Conference in Los Angeles , the award is given to the manuscript deemed most promising for publication . Another in the list of `` firsts , '' Bauer 's winning entry was critiqued by Walter Dean Myers , the first-ever Michael L. Printz Award winner , a prize which recognizes excellence in young adult literature .   Bauer later changed the title of her first novel to Harley , Like a Person , which was originally published in 2000 by Winslow Press , a boutique publisher that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2002 .   John Lennon 's life and work were major influences on Bauer , and her novels are peppered with references to the former Beatle . For example , Harley Columba was born on the anniversary of John Lennon 's death , December 8 , while her parents were attending a memorial concert in his honor .   In 2004 , Holly Bolstad of White Bear Lake , Minnesota , won her state Level I Letters About Literature competition , a national reading-writing contest sponsored by the Center for the Book in the Library of Congress , together with Target Stores , by writing to Cat Bauer about how Harley , Like a Person had affected her life . To enter , readers write a personal letter to an author , living or dead , from any genre -- fiction or nonfiction , contemporary or classic , explaining how that author 's work changed the student 's way of thinking about the world or themselves .   In April 1998 , Bauer moved to Venice , Italy , where she lives today on the Grand Canal . She is presently divorced .   Bauer was also a regular contributor to International Herald Tribune 's Italian supplement , Italy Daily , writing about the art , culture and architecture of Venice . Her popular blog , Venetian Cat - Venice Blog has been featured in the Financial Times Arts & Weekend Magazine .   On May 27 , 2004 the Honorable Prudence Carter Beatty signed an Order reverting all rights to Harley , Like a Person to Bauer . That book was republished in a slightly different form in 2007 by Alfred A. Knopf , a division of Random House , Inc. , New York , together with a companion novel entitled , Harley 's Ninth , which takes place all on one day , October 9 , John Lennon 's birthday .   AWARDS & RECOGNITIONS for HARLEY , LIKE A PERSON   Booklist Top Ten Youth First Novel  American Library Association Best Books for Young Adults  Two-time Winner American Library Association YALSA Popular Paperback for Young Adults  American Library Association YALSA Quick Pick  New York Public Library Book for the Teen Age  Bookreporter Top Ten Teen First Novel  Book of the Year - First Place YA Fiction - ForeWord Magazine  Oregon Young Adult Network Book Rave  BookSense 76 Pick  teenreads.com Top 10 Teen Book  Teen People Book Club Selection  CosmoGirl Book Club Selection  Selected Adoption-Related Book No . American Council on Adoptable Children Awareness Guide  Winner - SCBWI Sue Alexander Most Promising New Work Award  Novels  Harley , Like a Person  Harley 's Ninth   Collections   Sixteen - Stories About that Sweet and Bitter Birthday , edited by Megan McCafferty  Lines in the Sand , New Writing on War and Peace  Time Out Venice : Verona , Treviso and the Veneto Time Out Guides

neg: Soap opera rapid aging syndrome Soap opera rapid aging syndrome ( SORAS ) is the practice of accelerating the age of a television or film character ( usually a child or teenager ) in conflict with the timeline of a series and/or the real-world progression of time . This allows for , for instance , storylines around a pregnancy and birth to be relatively quickly followed by storylines around the travails of that child as a teenager or young adult . This is usually accomplished by recasting the actor playing the part , although in some cases the character is not shown onscreen , only mentioned , until after they have been `` rapidly aged '' .   The process originated ( and is most commonly used ) in daytime soap operas , though it is also sometimes used in prime time shows . On sitcoms , a newborn infant character is sometimes aged quickly into a kindergartner , for greater comic potential , as was done with the character Chrissy Seaver on Growing Pains in 1990 .   The term was coined by Soap Opera Weekly founding editor-in-chief Mimi Torchin in the early days of the magazine , which began publishing in 1989 . It is now widely used in the soap opera media and is sometimes used as a verb as well ( `` the character was SORASed '' ) . Torchin has jokingly called it `` my one greatest contribution to the world of soap operas . ''

neg: Christine Willes Christine Willes is a Canadian television , theatre and film actress who is best known for her roles as Delores Herbig on the Showtime comedy-drama Dead Like Me and Gladys the DMV demon on the CW supernatural drama television series Reaper . She is also known for her role as Granny Goodness on the CW series Smallville .

neg: Adam Campbell (actor) Adam Campbell ( born Adam Jones ; 19 August 1980 ) is an English actor . He has appeared in films such as Date Movie and Epic Movie , and portrayed Cal Vandeusen in the horror miniseries Harper 's Island . He currently appears in the sitcom Great News as Greg Walsh .


query: The fictional lives of physicians who have completed residency are focused on in Grey's Anatomy.

pos: Grey's Anatomy Grey 's Anatomy is an American medical drama television series that premiered on American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) as a mid-season replacement on March 27 , 2005 . The series focuses on the fictional lives of surgical interns , residents and attending physicians , as they evolve into seasoned doctors while trying to maintain personal lives and relationships . The title is a play on Gray 's Anatomy , a human anatomy textbook by Henry Gray . The show 's premise originated with Shonda Rhimes , who serves as an executive producer , along with Betsy Beers , Mark Gordon , Krista Vernoff , Rob Corn , Mark Wilding , and Allan Heinberg . Although it is set in Seattle at the fictional Grey-Sloan Memorial Hospital ( formerly Seattle Grace ) it is primarily filmed in Los Angeles , California . The show was originally titled Complications , a reference to the complicated medical procedures and personal lives of the characters .   The series was created to be racially diverse , utilizing a color-blind casting technique . It revolves around the title character , Dr. Meredith Grey , played by Ellen Pompeo . The original cast consisted of nine star-billed actors : Pompeo , Sandra Oh , Katherine Heigl , Justin Chambers , T. R. Knight , Chandra Wilson , James Pickens Jr. , Isaiah Washington and Patrick Dempsey . The cast has undergone major changes through the show 's run , with many members leaving and being replaced by others . In its twelfth season , the show had a large ensemble of sixteen actors , including four from the original cast . On February 10 , 2017 , ABC renewed Grey 's Anatomy for a fourteenth season , which will premiere in the fall of 2017 .   Grey 's Anatomy , even in its thirteenth season , is ABC 's highest-rated drama ; although its ratings have fallen over the course of its run ( it was once among the overall top 10 shows in the United States ) , it is still one of the highest rated shows among the 18 -- 49 demographic , and the No. 3 drama on all of broadcast television . Grey 's Anatomy has been well received by critics throughout much of its run , and has been included in various critics 's year-end top ten lists . Since its inception , the show has been described by the media outlets as a television `` phenomenon '' or a `` juggernaut , '' owing to its longevity and dominant ratings . It is considered to have had a significant impact on popular culture and has received numerous awards , including the 2007 Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Drama . It has received multiple Emmy nominations , including two for Outstanding Drama Series . In 2012 , Grey 's Anatomy was named the fifth-highest revenue earning show , in terms of advertising per half-hour . It is the longest running scripted primetime show currently airing on ABC , and the second-longest scripted primetime ABC show ever .

pos: Attending physician In the United States and Canada , an attending physician ( also known as an attending , rendering doc , or staff physician ) is a physician ( M.D. or D.O. ) who has completed residency and practices medicine in a clinic or hospital , in the specialty learned during residency . An attending physician typically supervises fellows , residents , medical students , and other practitioners . Attending physicians may also maintain professorships at an affiliated medical school . This is common if the supervision of trainees is a significant part of the physician 's work . Attending physicians have final responsibility , legally and otherwise , for patient care , even when many of the minute-to-minute decisions are being made by house officers ( residents ) , medical students , or mid-level practitioners ( i.e. physician assistants and nurse practitioners ) . Attending physicians are sometimes the ` rendering physician ' listed on the patient 's official medical record , but if they are overseeing a resident or another staff member , they are ` supervising . '   Attending physicians may also still be in training , such as a fellow in a subspecialty . For example , a cardiology fellow may function as an internal medicine attending , as he or she has already finished residency in internal medicine . The term is used more commonly in teaching hospitals . In non-teaching hospitals , essentially all physicians function as attendings in some respects after completing residency .   The term `` attending physician '' or `` attending '' also refers to the formal relationship of a hospitalized patient and their primary medic during the hospitalization , as opposed to ancillary physicians assisting the primary care physician . However , even on a consultation service , at an academic center , the physician who has finished his training is called the attending or consultant , as opposed to a resident physician .

neg: Medical scribe A medical scribe is a person , or paraprofessional , who specializes in charting physician-patient encounters in real time , such as during medical examinations . Depending on which area of practice the scribe works in , the position may also be called clinical scribe , ER scribe or ED scribe ( in the emergency department ) , or just scribe ( when the context is implicit ) . A scribe is trained in health information management and the use of health information technology to support it . A scribe can work on-site ( at a hospital or clinic ) or remotely from a HIPAA-secure facility . Medical scribes who work at an off-site location are known as virtual medical scribes and normally work in clinical settings .   A medical scribe 's primary duties are to follow a physician through his or her work day and chart patient encounters in real-time using a medical office 's electronic health record ( EHR ) and existing templates . Medical scribes also generate referral letters for physicians , manage and sort medical documents within the EHR system , and assist with e-prescribing . Medical scribes can be thought of as data care managers , enabling physicians , medical assistants , and nurses to focus on patient in-take and care during clinic hours . Medical scribes , by handling data management tasks for physicians in real-time , free the physician to increase patient contact time , give more thought to complex cases , better manage patient flow through the department , and increase productivity to see more patients .   The introduction of electronic health records has revolutionized the practice of medicine . However , the complexity of some systems has resulted in providers spending more time documenting the encounter instead of speaking with and examining the patient . A tool which was intended to elevate some problems of clinical documentation has caused many problems for the very people who were supposed to benefit from the technology - the providers . As a result , providers are experiencing burnout and dissatisfaction . An increasing body of research has shown the use of medical scribes is associated with improved overall physician productivity , cost - and time-savings , and patient satisfaction . An in-depth study conducted by The Vancouver Clinic in Vancouver , WA from 2011-2012 found that medical scribes improved the quality of clinical documentation and allowed doctors to see extra patients , while noting the risks associated with scribe turnover and doctors ' unfamiliarity with the scribe concept . Notably , research has recommended that healthcare providers employ medical scribes to reduce time spent performing data entry and other administrative tasks , which can increase physician fatigue and dissatisfaction .   There is distinction between a medical scribe and a Certified Medical Scribe Specialist or a Certified Medical Scribe Apprentice , appropriately certified and credentialed through the American College of Medical Scribe Specialists . CMS recognizes appropriately credentialed and certified professionals in Physician/CMSS or Physician/CMSA teams . Personnel entering CEHRT must be certified if not the licensed clinician themselves . CMSS scribes are assisting clinicians in meeting national iniatives and goals , in addition to innovating the healthcare system through full scope of clinical informatics/medical assistive skill sets . All physicians attesting for Meaningful Use , now Advancing Care Information through MACRA , must be certified for clinical documentation audit compliance . Physicians and Mid-Levels for Practice Administration : `` CMS has asked that each clinician/provider/practice retain a copy of the Specialist crosswalk and certification documentation in their files just as they would retain documentation outlining their individual approach and method , as well as staffing protocols for audit purposes . ''

neg: Teen drama A teen drama is a genre or type of drama series with a major focus on teenage and young adult characters . It came into prominence in the early 1990s , especially with the popularity of the Fox series Beverly Hills , 90210 . After 90210 became a success , television writers and producers realized the potential for this new genre to reach out to a previously ignored demographic . In the past , most series that maintained a focus on teenagers had been sitcoms , while adolescents in drama series were usually part of a larger ensemble that included adults and children .   More often than not , teen dramas have soap opera elements , incorporating one or more ongoing story arcs spanning several episodes . The young characters must deal with the dramatic ups and downs of their friendships and romances while facing an array of issues thought to be typical of adolescence . There have also been many successful teen-based series with major science fiction , fantasy and action/adventure themes .

neg: Hospice and palliative medicine Hospice and palliative medicine is a formal subspecialty of medicine in the United States that focuses on symptom management , relief of suffering and end-of-life care .   In 2006 , hospice and palliative medicine was officially recognized by the American Board of Medical Specialties , and is co-sponsored by  the American Boards of Internal Medicine  Anesthesiology  Family Medicine  Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation  Psychiatry and Neurology  Surgery  Pediatrics  Emergency Medicine  Radiology  Obstetrics and Gynecology .   Physicians who complete a residency in one of the co-sponsoring specialties are then eligible for further training in an ACGME-approved Hospice and Palliative Medicine fellowship program , after which they must pass the official examination to be board-certified in the subspecialty .   In 2007 , the American Osteopathic Association Bureau of Osteopathic Specialists approved a Certificate of Added Qualifications ( CAQ ) in hospice and palliative medicine . By 2012 participants are the American Osteopathic Boards of  Internal Medicine  Family Medicine  Neurology and Psychiatry  Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation .  Candidates are eligible for CAQ certification after achieving board-certification following an American Osteopathic Association-approved residency .

neg: Mercy Point Mercy Point is an American science fiction medical drama , created by Trey Callaway , David Simkins , and Milo Frank , which originally aired for one season on United Paramount Network ( UPN ) from October 6 , 1998 , to July 15 , 1999 . With an ensemble cast led by : Joe Morton , Maria del Mar , Alexandra Wilson , Brian McNamara , Salli Richardson , Julia Pennington , Gay Thomas , Jordan Lund , and Joe Spano , the series takes place in a 23rd-century hospital space station located in deep space and revolves around its doctors and nurses . The series was produced by Mandalay Television and Columbia TriStar Television ; the executive producers were Trey Callaway , Michael Katleman , Lee David Zlotoff , Joe Voci , and Scott Sanders .   Callaway developed Mercy Point from Frank 's script , `` Nightingale One '' , as a concept for a feature film under the working title of the same name . Even though it was picked up by Mandalay Television , the concept was eventually revised as a television project and renamed Mercy Point due to the disappointing commercial performance of the 1997 film Starship Troopers . The show was part of a $ 3 million deal between Mandalay Television and Columbia TriStar Television to produce 200 hours of material . It was filmed in Vancouver to reduce production costs , with the hospital sets constructed on a series of sound stages . Director Joe Napolitano had praised the show for its use of a complete set to allow for more intricate directing . Despite being envisioned as a companion to Star Trek : Voyager , it was paired with Moesha and Clueless as its lead-in on Tuesday nights . Initially focused on ethical and medical cases , the show 's storylines gradually shifted toward relating the characters ' personal relationships to better fit UPN 's primarily teen demographic .   Mercy Point was placed on hiatus after only two episodes were aired , and was replaced by the reality television series America 's Greatest Pets and the sitcom Reunited . The show suffered from low viewership , with an average of two million viewers . The final four episodes of the series were broadcast in two , two-hour blocks on Thursday nights in July 1999 . It was never released on DVD or Blu-ray . Critical response to Mercy Point was mixed ; some television critics praised its characterization and use of science-fiction elements , while others found it to be uninteresting and unoriginal . Several media commentators negatively compared the show to other television programs . Callaway has stated that he had the potential story arcs for the full first season already planned before the show 's cancellation .

neg: Medical Respite Care Medical respite care , also referred to as recuperative care , is acute and post-acute medical care for homeless persons who are too ill or frail to recover from a physical illness or injury on the streets but are not ill enough to be in a hospital . Unlike `` respite '' for caregivers , `` medical respite '' is short-term residential care that allows homeless individuals the opportunity to rest in a safe environment while accessing medical care and other supportive services . Medical respite programs provide hospitals with an alternative to discharging homeless patients to the streets or to unequipped shelters when patients would otherwise be discharged to their homes for self-care and recuperation . In addition to providing post-acute care and clinical oversight , medical respite programs seek to improve transitional care for this population and end the cycle of homelessness by supporting patients in access benefits and housing .   As of 2014 , over 70 medical respite programs have been established across the United States and a number are in development . Medical respite programs are housed in a number of different facility types including homeless shelters , motel rooms , nursing facilities , assisted living facilities and stand-alone facilities . The largest facility is based out of Boston , Massachusetts ( United States ) , called the Barbara McIinnis House , which has 104 beds for men and women in need of a safe place to recuperate after leaving a hospital . The national average length of stay in medical respite programs is 40 days ( 30 days median ) .   Studies and discussion about medical respite care include works on an individual and program level . A study out of Chicago looking at the impact of medical respite care on future hospitalizations found that patients who accessed medical respite care required fewer hospital stays ( 3.7 vs. 8.3 days ) in the 12-months after program participation than those discharged from the hospital to the street or shelter . Another study out of Boston found similar results with homeless patients requiring 50 % fewer hospital readmissions in the 90-days following medical respite program participation than those released to their own care ( the street or shelter ) . Medical respite care has been discussed in the American Medical New Ethics Forum .   Medical respite care is listed as a strategy in the federal plan to prevent and end homelessness . The Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation is currently conducting a national demonstration program to assess the impact of medical respite care . The demonstration is supported by the Affordable Care Act as an effort to improve health outcomes and health care quality while reducing health care spending for this population .   The National Health Care for the Homeless Council maintains a Respite Care Providers ' Network of over 700 providers , consumers , and advocates who seek to improve access to medical respite care for homeless individuals across the country .

neg: Progress note Progress Notes are the part of a medical record where healthcare professionals record details to document a patient 's clinical status or achievements during the course of a hospitalization or over the course of outpatient care . Reassessment data may be recorded in the Progress Notes , Master Treatment Plan ( MTP ) and/or MTP review . Progress notes are written in a variety of formats and detail , depending on the clinical situation at hand and the information the clinician wishes to record . One example is the SOAP note , where the note is organized into Subjective ,  Objective , Assessment , and Plan sections . Another example is the DART system , organized into Description , Assessment , Response , and Treatment .  Documentation of care and treatment is an extremely important part of the treatment process . Progress notes are written by both physicians and nurses to document patient care on a regular interval during a patient 's hospitalization .   Progress notes serve as a record of events during a patient 's care , allow clinicians to compare past status to current status , serve to communicate findings , opinions and plans between physicians and other members of the medical care team , and allow retrospective review of case details for a variety of interested parties . They are the repository of medical facts and clinical thinking , and are intended to be a concise vehicle of communication about a patient 's condition to those who access the health record . The majority of the medical record consists of progress notes documenting the care delivered and the clinical events relevant to diagnosis and treatment for a patient . They should be readable , easily understood , complete , accurate , and concise . They must also be flexible enough to logically convey to others what happened during an encounter , e.g. , the chain of events during the visit , as well as guaranteeing full accountability for documented material , e.g. , who recorded the information and when it was recorded .   Physicians are generally required to generate at least one progress note for each patient encounter . Physician documentation is then usually included in the patient 's chart and used for medical , legal , and billing purposes . Nurses are required to generate progress notes on a more frequent basis , depending on the level of care and may be required anywhere from several times an hour to several times a day .

neg: Miami Medical Miami Medical ( formerly titled Miami Trauma ) is a medical drama television series that aired on CBS from April 2 to July 2 , 2010 . It follows the professional and private lives of a team of trauma surgeons .   The series was created by Jeffrey Lieber and produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Television and Warner Bros. . Television .   On May 18 , 2010 , CBS cancelled the series .

neg: Beautiful Doom `` Beautiful Doom '' is the fifth episode of the ninth season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy , and the show 's 177th episode overall . Written by Jeannine Renshaw and directed by Stephen Cragg , the episode was originally broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States on November 8 , 2012 . The initial airing was viewed by 9.26 million people and garnered a 3.3 / 8 Nielsen rating in the 18 -- 49 demographic , registering the show as the week 's highest rated television drama . Grey 's Anatomy centers around a group of physicians struggling to balance their professional lives with their personal lives .   In the episode Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) relives the memories of her half-sister Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) who died in the season eight finale plane crash when a patient with similar crush injuries comes into the hospital . The episode also focuses on Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) who deals with the death of her Minnesota mentor Dr. Craig Thomas ( William Daniels ) in the middle of surgery . Meredith in spite of opposition from Richard Webber ( James Pickens Jr. ) tries to treat the crash victim while dealing with her personal feelings relating Lexie . She also juggles her daughter Zola at the hospital with the absence of her husband , Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) , with Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) , Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) and Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) helping her .

neg: Psychiatrist A psychiatrist is a physician who specializes in psychiatry , the branch of medicine devoted to the diagnosis , prevention , study , and treatment of mental disorders . Psychiatrists are medical doctors , unlike psychologists , and must evaluate patients to determine whether their symptoms are the result of a physical illness , a combination of physical and mental ailments , or strictly psychiatric .   As part of the clinical assessment process , psychiatrists may employ a mental status examination ; a physical examination ; brain imaging such as a computerized tomography ( CT ) , magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) , or positron emission tomography ( PET ) scan ; and blood testing . Psychiatrists prescribe medicine , and may also use psychotherapy , although the vast majority do medical management and refer to a psychologist or other specialized therapist for weekly to bi-monthly psychotherapy .

neg: Pediatrics Pediatrics ( also spelled paediatrics or pædiatrics ) is the branch of medicine that deals with the medical care of infants , children , and adolescents . The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends people be under pediatric care up to the age of 21 . A medical practitioner who specializes in this area is known as a pediatrician , or paediatrician . The word pediatrics and its cognates mean `` healer of children '' ; they derive from two Greek words : παῖς ( pais `` child '' ) and ἰατρός ( iatros `` doctor , healer '' ) . Pediatricians work both in hospitals , particularly those working in its specialized subfields such as neonatology , and as primary care physicians .

neg: Johns Hopkins Writing Seminars The Johns Hopkins Writing Seminars is an academic program offering undergraduate and graduate degrees in writing in the Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts & Sciences at Johns Hopkins University .   Founded in 1947 , notable faculty of the program have included Edward Albee , John Barth , Madison Smartt Bell , J. M. Coetzee , Mary Jo Salter , Stephen Dixon , Mark Hertsgaard , Brad Leithauser , John Irwin , David Yezzi , J.D. McClatchy , Alice McDermott , Mark Crispin Miller , Wyatt Prunty , David St. John , Mark Strand , and Robert Stone .   Writers Jean McGarry and Mary Jo Salter currently co-chair the program , the reputation of which has risen and fallen over the years . In 1997 , US News and World Report ranked the program second in the United States out of sixty-five eligible full-residency MFA programs , though as the Baltimore City Paper reported , `` What is interesting about the U.S. News rankings is that they are based on reputation -- not test scores , job-placement rates , or student satisfaction . '' In 2011 , Poets & Writers ranked Hopkins seventeenth nationally out of 157 eligible full-residency MFA programs . The long respected Science Writing program was closed down in 2013 as an on-campus program , but was re-established as an online/low residency program shortly thereafter .

neg: ER (TV series) ER is an American medical drama television series created by novelist and medical doctor Michael Crichton that aired on NBC from September 19 , 1994 , to April 2 , 2009 , with a total of 331 episodes spanning over 15 seasons . It was produced by Constant c Productions and Amblin Television , in association with Warner Bros. . Television . ER follows the inner life of the emergency room ( ER ) of fictional County General Hospital in Chicago , Illinois , and various critical issues faced by the room 's physicians and staff . The show became the longest-running primetime medical drama in American television history . It won 23 Primetime Emmy Awards , including the 1996 Outstanding Drama Series award , and received 124 Emmy nominations , which makes it the most nominated drama program in history . ER won 116 awards in total , including the Peabody Award , while the cast earned four Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Ensemble Performance in a Drama Series .

neg: List of ER episodes ER is an American medical drama television series created by novelist Michael Crichton that aired on NBC from September 19 , 1994 , to April 2 , 2009 . It was produced by Constant c Productions and Amblin Entertainment , in association with Warner Bros. . Television . ER follows the inner life of the emergency room ( ER ) of fictional County General Hospital in Chicago , Illinois , and various critical issues faced by the room 's physicians and staff . Over the course of the series , 331 episodes aired .

neg: Sloane Hospital for Women The Sloane Hospital for Women is the obstetrics and gynecology service within New York-Presbyterian Hospital and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York City .   Sloane Maternity Hospital was founded in 1886 based upon a donation from William D. Sloane and his wife , Emily Thorn Vanderbilt , the granddaughter of Cornelius Vanderbilt , to Columbia P&S . It was located on the P&S campus in Midtown Manhattan at Amsterdam Avenue and 59th Street , serving as a teaching facility for P&S students , and opened its doors in early 1888 . It soon established a reputation for superior sanitary practices and low mortality rates ; it also linked obstetrics with gynecology , the first hospital in the country to do so . The facility changed its name to Sloane Hospital for Women in 1910 . In 1911 , a new surgical building was added , also funded by the Sloanes .   In 1925 , it became part of Presbyterian Hospital , which was operating in affiliation with P&S . During 1928 , it moved with the Hospital to its present location on 168th Street in the Washington Heights area of northern Manhattan . There it maintained its name while occupying several floors of the Presbyterian Hospital building . The Hospital is now part of NewYork-Presbyterian / Morgan Stanley Children 's Hospital still in use today .   In its role as both a research and clinical facility , the Sloane Hospital for Women has pioneered many advances in the field , including the Apgar score , the use of rhogam , and amniocentesis .   In February 1915 , an outbreak of typhoid occurred among twenty-five nurses and attendants in the hospital , two of whom later died . The outbreak was later traced to Typhoid Mary , who had violated an agreement she had made with the city not to return to the cooking profession . -LSB- CITATION NEEDED -RSB-   Notable people born at Sloane include National Geographic photographer Gordon Gahan and former First Lady of the United States Nancy Reagan .

neg: Clinical associates Clinical Associates are a category of health professional found in South Africa . They assess patients , make diagnoses , prescribe treatment and perform minor surgery under the supervision of a physician .   Registration with the Medical and Dentists Board requires a Bachelor of Clinical Medical Practice degree - a three-year program offered at the Walter Sisulu University since January 2008 and now also offered at the University of Witwatersrand , University of Pretoria and the University of Limpopo ( Medunsa Campus ) .   Similar health workers are called clinical officers in other parts of Africa , physician assistants in the US and feldshers in parts of the former Soviet Union - all grouped under `` paramedical practitioners '' in the International Standard Classification of Occupations , 2008 revision .

neg: Medical degree A medical degree is a vocational , or even technical , degree awarded for studies in fields associated with medicine and surgery .   A study conducted in 2011 that involved more than 1000 medical schools throughout the world indicated on average , 64 university exams , 130 series exams , and 174 assignments are completed over the course of 5.5 years . Students need more than 85 % marks in prerequisite courses in order to get enrolled for the aptitude test for these degree programs . They then have to pass the test with 85 % to 90 % marks , which is high compared with all the other bachelor 's degree programs .

neg: Medical education in Iraq Medical education in Iraq is based on the 6-year British curriculum and is carried out in English . Medical education is free , and all required textbooks are provided free to students . Postgraduate residency training is required for both Iraqi and Arab board certification in each specialty . Before the Gulf War , the government funded subspecialty training abroad .   Academic physicians in Iraq , most of whom are specialists , are expected to publish their research in peer reviewed journals to be eligible for promotion to the highest levels . After United Nations sanctions were imposed in 1990 , the delivery of European and American medical journals to Iraq abruptly stopped .

neg: Narrative medicine Narrative medicine is a medical approach that utilizes people 's narratives in clinical practice , research , and education as a way to promote healing . It aims to address the relational and psychological dimensions that occur in tandem with physical illness , with the attempt to treat patients as humans with individual stories , rather than purely based on symptoms . In doing this , narrative medicine aims not only to validate the experience of the patient , but also to encourage creativity and self-reflection in the physician . The value of narrative medicine has been summarized as follows :

neg: Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine ( AZCOM ) is a school of osteopathic medicine in Glendale , Arizona , part of Midwestern University . It grants the Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine ( D.O. ) degree .   AZCOM was established in 1995 when the Board of Trustees approved the purchase of land and the building of a new campus . Today , the Glendale Campus is on 135 acres and includes academic buildings , laboratory facilities , student housing , and an on-campus osteopathic clinic . The first class of osteopathic medical students began classes on September 30 , 1996 and graduated on June 4 , 2000 . AZCOM received accreditation by the American Osteopathic Association 's Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation following this .   AZCOM has developed partnerships with more than 2,000 physicians at major metropolitan health centers and specialized private practices throughout the State of Arizona and U.S to provide clinical rotations for students during their third and fourth years . AZCOM has established new postdoctoral programs in primary care disciplines through its Arizona Graduate Medical Education Consortium . Internship and residency programs are offered at several hospitals throughout Arizona .   AZCOM has graduated nine classes of osteopathic physicians , increasing the number of primary care providers in Arizona and strengthening one of the state 's primary economic clusters in the Arizona Strategic Plan for Economic Development . More than 200 of AZCOM 's 1,098 alumni currently practice in Arizona .   The Arizona campus , located on a 156 acre site in Glendale , is home to over 1,000 students at any time .

neg: Suicide among doctors Suicide among doctors refers to physicians or similar health care providers committing suicide .   Studies report that physicians are more likely to commit suicide than the general population and even people with similar academic training who are not physicians .   The suicide mortality rate ( `` completion '' ) is about the same among male and female doctors , and significantly higher than the general population . Female physicians are at higher risk of attempting suicide than men , showing rates over 250 % higher among women and about 70 % higher among men versus the general population .