query: Ramadan is a month of feasting.

pos: Ramadan (calendar month) Ramadan ( Arabic : رمضان ) or Ramadhan is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar , and the month in which the Quran was revealed .   Fasting during the month of Ramadan is one of the Five Pillars of Islam . The month is spent by Muslims fasting during the daylight hours from dawn to sunset . According to Islam , the Quran was sent down to the lowest heaven during this month , thus being prepared for gradual revelation by Jibreel ( Gabriel ) to the Islamic prophet Muhammad . Therefore , Muhammad told his followers that the gates of Heaven would be open for the entire month and the gates of Hell ( Jahannam ) would be closed . The first day of the next month , Shawwal , is spent in celebration and is observed as the `` Festival of Breaking Fast '' or Eid al-Fitr .

pos: Ramadan Ramadan ( -LSB- ˌræməˈdɑːn -RSB- رمضان , -LSB- ramaˈdˤaːn -RSB- ; In Arabic phonology , it can be -LSB- -LSB- rɑmɑˈdˤɑːn , ramadˤɑːn , ræmæˈdˤɑːn -RSB- -RSB- , depending on the region . also romanized as Ramazan , Ramadhan , or Ramathan ) is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar , and is observed by Muslims worldwide as a month of fasting ( Sawm ) to commemorate the first revelation of the Quran to Muhammad according to Islamic belief . This annual observance is regarded as one of the Five Pillars of Islam . The month lasts 29 -- 30 days based on the visual sightings of the crescent moon , according to numerous biographical accounts compiled in the hadiths .   The word Ramadan comes from the Arabic root ramiḍa or ar-ramaḍ , which means scorching heat or dryness . Fasting is fardh ( obligatory ) for adult Muslims , except those who are suffering from an illness , travelling , are elderly , pregnant , breastfeeding , diabetic , chronically ill or going through menstrual bleeding . Fasting the month of Ramadan was made obligatory ( wājib ) during the month of Sha ` ban , in the second year after the Muslims migrated from Mecca to Medina . Fatwas have been issued declaring that Muslims who live in regions with a natural phenomenon such as the midnight sun or polar night should follow the timetable of Mecca , but the more commonly accepted opinion is that Muslims in those areas should follow the timetable of the closest country to them in which night can be distinguished from day .   While fasting from dawn until sunset , Muslims refrain from consuming food , drinking liquids , smoking , and engaging in sexual relations . Muslims are also instructed to refrain from sinful behavior that may negate the reward of fasting , such as false speech ( insulting , backbiting , cursing , lying , etc. ) and fighting except in self-defense . Food and drinks are served daily , before dawn and after sunset , referred to as Suhoor and Iftar respectively . Spiritual rewards ( thawab ) for fasting are also believed to be multiplied within the month of Ramadan . Fasting for Muslims during Ramadan typically includes the increased offering of salat ( prayers ) , recitation of the Quran and an increase of doing good deeds and charity .

neg: Second International Islamic Unity Conference From August 2 through the 4th , 1996 , some 7,000 attendees and over 125 speakers from around the globe attended a three-day marathon of lectures , parallel workshop sessions , prayer , praise of Muhammad and Islamic social interaction . Officially known as the International Islamic Unity Conference , it started off with a press session on Friday morning and ended with a parade through downtown Los Angeles on Sunday evening . Attendees praised the organizers for an excellent , though intense schedule of speeches by muftis , Islamic scholars , international political leaders , American political figures and an array of interfaith events .   Chaired by Shaykh Muhammad Hisham Kabbani , the conference was sponsored by As-Sunnah Foundation of America , the Naqshbandi Haqqani Sufi Order and by a number of other charitable and religious organizations .   Many felt the conference organization was exemplary , the facilities at the Los Angeles ' Westin Bonaventure Hotel excellent and the wide variety of cultural food and Islamic entertainment very apropos for such an international event . The many San Francisco Bay Area attendees were happy to find a number of prominent local Islamic activists featured , as well as those from national ISNA , IQRA , MPAC and other national Islamic organizations well represented .   The spirit of unity was especially apparent at the `` Peace in the Streets '' session , where about 20 former gang leaders , along with the popular rap star MC Hammer , took shahada with Shaykh Nazim al-Qubrusi , Grand-mufti of Cyprus and worldwide leader of the Naqshbandi Haqqani Sufi Order .   Attendees were treated to sessions on politics , importance of schools of thought , purification of the heart , establishing Islamic economic power , educational curriculum initiative and many other subjects , discussed from the main podium as well as in intimate workshops where speakers and attendees were able to express their views . A major event occurred on Saturday night , with the launching of the International Day of the Orphan , which is expected , given the sponsorship of California 's Assembly , and endorsement by a number of international organizations , to become a globally sponsored day for recalling the plight of orphans and children in difficulty .

neg: Vedanga __ NOTOC __  The Vedanga ( वेदाङ्ग , `` limbs of the Veda '' ) are six auxiliary disciplines in Hinduism that developed in ancient times , and has been connected with the study of the Vedas . These are :   Shiksha : phonetics , phonology , pronunciation . This auxiliary discipline has focussed on the letters of the Sanskrit alphabet , accent , quantity , stress , melody and rules of euphonic combination of words during a Vedic recitation .  Chhandas : prosody . This auxiliary discipline has focussed on the poetic meters , including those based on fixed number of syllables per verse , and those based on fixed number of morae per verse .  Vyakarana : grammar and linguistic analysis . This auxiliary discipline has focussed on the rules of grammar and linguistic analysis to establish the exact form of words and sentences to properly express ideas .  Nirukta : etymology , explanation of words , particularly those that are archaic and have ancient uses with unclear meaning . This auxiliary discipline has focussed on linguistic analysis to help establish the proper meaning of the words , given the context they are used in .  Kalpa : ritual instructions . This field focussed on standardizing procedures for Vedic rituals , rites of passage rituals associated with major life events such as birth , wedding and death in family , as well as discussing the personal conduct and proper duties of an individual in different stages of his life .  Jyotisha : Auspicious time for rituals , astrology and astronomy . This auxiliary Vedic discipline focussed on time keeping .   The character of Vedangas has roots in ancient times , and the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad mentions it as an integral part of the Brahmanas layer of the Vedic texts . Individually , these auxiliary disciplines of study are traceable to the 2nd millennium BCE , and the 5th-century BCE scholar Yaska quotes the Vedangas . However , it is unclear when and where a list of six Vedangas were first conceptualized .   The Vedangas likely developed towards the end of the vedic period , around or after the middle of the 1st millennium BCE . These auxiliary fields of Vedic studies emerged because the language of the Vedic texts composed centuries earlier grew too archaic to the people of that time . The Vedangas were sciences that focused on helping understand and interpret the Vedas that had been composed many centuries earlier .   Vedangas developed as ancillary studies for the Vedas , but its insights into meters , structure of sound and language , grammar , linguistic analysis and other subjects influenced post-Vedic studies , arts , culture and various schools of Hindu philosophy . The Kalpa Vedanga studies , for example , gave rise to the Dharma-sutras , which later expanded into Dharma-shastras .

neg: Bhadu (festival) Bhadu is the social festival of South Bengal . The festival starts from the first day of Bhadro , the fifth month in Bengali Calendar and continues till the end of the month .   It has its origins in the story of a princess called Bhadravati ( Bhadresvari ) of Panchakote who committed suicide . Bhadravati 's devotees make an image of her and sing and dance before it throughout the month . On the last day of Bhadra , they gather on the river bank and immerse the image in the water . Songs , mainly focussing on marriage , form the main attraction of the festival in which both professional groups and amateurs take part . Celebrations include fairs and cultural programmes .

neg: Shemini Atzeret Shemini Atzeret ( -- `` Eighth -LSB- day of -RSB- Assembly '' ; Sefardic/Israeli pron . shemini atzèret ; Ashkenazic pron . shmini-atsères ) is a Jewish holiday . It is celebrated on the 22nd day of the Hebrew month of Tishrei in the Land of Israel , and on the 22nd and 23rd outside the Land , usually coinciding with late September or early October . It directly follows the Jewish festival of Sukkot which is celebrated for seven days , and thus Shemini Atzeret is literally the eighth day . It is a separate -- yet connected -- holy day devoted to the spiritual aspects of the festival of Sukkot . Part of its duality as a holy day is that it is simultaneously considered to be both connected to Sukkot and also a separate festival in its own right .   Outside the Land of Israel , this is further complicated by the additional day added to all Biblical holidays except Yom Kippur . The first day of Shemini Atzeret therefore coincides with the eighth day of Sukkot outside of the Land of Israel , leading to sometimes involved analysis as to which practices of each holiday are to apply .   The celebration of Simchat Torah is the most distinctive feature of the holiday , but it is a later rabbinical innovation . In the Land of Israel , the celebrations of Shemini Atzeret and Simchat Torah are combined on a single day , and the names are used interchangeably . In the Diaspora , the celebration of Simchat Torah is deferred to the second day of the holiday . Commonly , only the first day is referred to as Shemini Atzeret , while the second is called Simchat Torah .   Karaite Jews and Samaritans also observe Shemini Atzeret , as they do all Biblical holidays . However , it may occur on a different day from the conventional Jewish celebration , due to differences in calendar calculations . Karaites and Samaritans do not include the rabbinical innovation of Simchat Torah in their observance of the day ; and do not observe a second day ( of any holiday ) in the Diaspora .

neg: Battle of Nahrawan The Battle of Nahrawan ( -LSB- معركة النهروان , Ma ` rakat an-Nahrawān -RSB- ) was a battle between Ali ibn Abi Talib ( the first Shi'ah Imam and the fourth Sunni Caliph ) and the Kharijites commanded by ` Abdullah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi , near Nahrawan , twelve miles from Baghdad .   Having disposed of the Kharijites at Nahrawan , according to some Shia sources Ali resumed his march to Syria . However , the chiefs of his followers urged him to stop at Kufa to let the men rest before the long journey and to enable the army to repair their weapons and armor . Ali agreed to this request and camped at al-Nukhaylah outside Kufah . The soldiers were allowed to leave the camp for a day .   On the next day , hardly any men returned and at length , Ali entered Kufah and gave a stern sermon to the people . However , nobody came forward and no one wanted to fight and finally , Ali turned away from them in disappointment . The Syrian expedition was abandoned , never to be resumed .   Others argue that the Kharijites had been making every one fight and after they separated , Ali himself also did not want to fight the Syrians .   A few years later they re-emerged in Iraq and north of the Arabian Peninsula . They were defeated by the Umayyads .   Two years later , in 40 A.H Ali was assassinated by a Kharijite called Abd al-Rahman ibn Muljam , who attacked him with a poisoned sword while Ali was praying , in his sujood . In the mosque of Kufah , on the 19th of the month of Ramadan , finally succumbing to poison on the 21st of the month of Ramadan .   In Syria Muawiyah I had a more professional army and was not reliant of volunteers and therefore no sects developed .   When Ali was told that the Kharijites had been killed , he replied : `` By Allah ! No , not yet . They still exist in the loins of men and wombs of women . Whenever a chief would appear from among them , he would be cut down till the last of them would turn thieves and robbers . ''   The nine Kharijites that survived the battle against Ali managed to flee to Basrah , Sistan , Khurasan , Oman , Yemen , Tell Mozan , and elsewhere , where they had their offspring , spread their beliefs and recruited more followers . Today Ibadis of Oman ( and parts of Africa ) are known as their descendants and followers .

neg: Zuhd in Islam Zuhd in Arabic , encompasses both the Islamic concept of asceticism and more specifically the concept of renunciation . Asceticism involves a life of privation that lacks certain comforts and luxuries and early ascetics were often characterized by their poverty . Renunciation involves detachment and an indifference towards worldly items . Both of these concepts require one to shun a life of luxury in favor of a more pious and simple life . Zuhd requires the renunciation of not only that which is prohibited but also that which is lawful . According to Al-Qushayri , it is an obligation to renounce that which is prohibited but to renounce that which is lawful constitutes a virtue . ( This may be called abstemiousness ( Zuhd ) , the opposite of which is covetousness Or Tam ' a in Arabic ) . Renunciation consists of two distinct interpretations . The first is external , which involves the renunciation of lavish clothing , food , comfort , sleep , accommodations , and human relationships . The second is internal , which involves the renunciation of intentions and desires . These two interpretations are often combined and used interchangeably when defining zuhd . In Islam , zuhd is often attributed to Sufism and the mystics but the term is also used among common believers and is a tool for religious and spiritual development . The concept of zuhd enables one to perceive the greater importance of the spiritual over the physical .

neg: Public holidays in India India , being a culturally diverse and fervent society , celebrates various holidays and festivals . There are four national holidays in India : Independence Day on 15 August , Mahatma Gandhi 's birthday on 2 October , Republic Day on 26 January , and Ambedkar Jayanthi on 14 April .   States have local festivals depending on prevalent religious and linguistic demographics . Popular religious festivals include the Sikh festivals like Guru Nanak Jayanti and Vaisakhi ; Hindu festivals of Makar Sankranti , Maha Shivratri , Janmashtami , Saraswati Puja , Diwali , Ganesh Chaturthi , Raksha Bandhan , Holi , Durga Puja , Dussehra ; Islamic festivals of Eid ul-Fitr , Eid al-Adha , Milad un-Nabi , Muharram Buddhist festivals like Buddha Jayanti and Losar and Christian festivals of Christmas and days of observances such as Good Friday are observed throughout India .

neg: Menorah (Hanukkah) The Hanukkah menorah , also chanukiah or hanukkiah ( menorat ḥanukkah , pl . menorot ; also ḥanukkiyah , or chanukkiyah , pl . ḥanukkiyot / chanukkiyot , or חנוכּה לאָמפּ khanike lomp , lit. : Hanukkah lamp ) is a nine-branched candelabrum lit during the eight-day holiday of Hanukkah , as opposed to the seven-branched menorah used in the ancient Temple or as a symbol .   On each night of Hanukkah a new branch is lit . The ninth holder , called the shamash ( `` helper '' or `` servant '' ) , is for a candle used to light all other candles and/or to be used as an extra light . To be kosher the shamash must be offset on a higher or lower plane than the main eight candles or oil lamps , but there are differing opinions as to whether or not all the lights must be arranged in a straight line , or if the channukiah can be arranged in a curve .   The menorah is among the most widely produced articles of Jewish ceremonial art . The seven-branched menorah is a traditional symbol of Judaism , along with the Star of David .   A hanukkiah was added to Unicode in version 8.0 along with a number of other religiously significant symbols . The open source typeface Hananiah is one of the few fonts that supports this character .

neg: Mourning of Muharram The Mourning of Muharram ( or Remembrance of Muharram or Muharram Observances ) is a set of rituals associated with both Shia and Sunni Islam . The commemoration falls in Muharram , the first month of the Islamic calendar . Many of the events associated with the ritual take place in congregation halls known as Hussainia .   The event marks the anniversary of the Battle of Karbala , when Imam Hussein ibn Ali , the grandson of Muhammad , was killed by the forces of the second Umayyad caliph . Family members accompanying him were killed or subjected to humiliation . The commemoration of this event during the yearly mourning season , with the Day of Ashura as the focal date , serves to define Shia communal identity . Muharram observances are carried out in countries with a sizable Shia population .

neg: Islamic art Islamic art encompasses the visual arts produced from the 7th century onward by people who lived within the territory that was inhabited by or ruled by culturally Islamic populations . It is thus a very difficult art to define because it covers many lands and various peoples over some 1,400 years ; it is not art specifically of a religion , or of a time , or of a place , or of a single medium like painting . The huge field of Islamic architecture is the subject of a separate article , leaving fields as varied as calligraphy , painting , glass , pottery , and textile arts such as carpets and embroidery .   Islamic art is not at all restricted to religious art , but includes all the art of the rich and varied cultures of Islamic societies as well . It frequently includes secular elements and elements that are frowned upon , if not forbidden , by some Islamic theologians . Apart from the ever-present calligraphic inscriptions , specifically religious art is actually less prominent in Islamic art than in Western medieval art , with the exception of Islamic architecture where mosques and their complexes of surrounding buildings are the most common remains . Figurative painting may cover religious scenes , but normally in essentially secular contexts such as the walls of palaces or illuminated books of poetry . The calligraphy and decoration of manuscript Qur ` ans is an important aspect , but other religious art such as glass mosque lamps and other mosque fittings such as tiles ( e.g. Girih tiles ) , woodwork and carpets usually have the same style and motifs as contemporary secular art , although with religious inscriptions even more prominent .   `` Islamic art developed from many sources : Roman , Early Christian art , and Byzantine styles were taken over in early Islamic art and architecture ; the influence of the Sassanian art of pre-Islamic Persia was of paramount significance ; Central Asian styles were brought in with various nomadic incursions ; and Chinese influences had a formative effect on Islamic painting , pottery , and textiles . '' Though the whole concept of `` Islamic art '' has been criticised by some modern art historians , calling it a `` figment of imagination '' or a `` mirage '' ,  the similarities between art produced at widely different times and places in the Islamic world , especially in the Islamic Golden Age , have been sufficient to keep the term in wide use by scholars .   There are repeating elements in Islamic art , such as the use of geometrical floral or vegetal designs in a repetition known as the arabesque . The arabesque in Islamic art is often used to symbolize the transcendent , indivisible and infinite nature of God . Mistakes in repetitions may be intentionally introduced as a show of humility by artists who believe only God can produce perfection , although this theory is disputed .   Typically , though not entirely , Islamic art has focused on the depiction of patterns , whether purely geometric or floral , and Arabic calligraphy , rather than on figures , because it is feared by many Muslims that the depiction of the human form is idolatry and thereby a sin against God , forbidden in the Qur ` an . Human portrayals can be found in all eras of Islamic art , above all in the more private form of miniatures , where their absence is rare . Human representation for the purpose of worship is considered idolatry and is duly forbidden in some interpretations of Islamic law , known as Sharia law . There are also many depictions of Muhammad , Islam 's chief prophet , in historical Islamic art . Small decorative figures of animals and humans , especially if they are hunting the animals , are found on secular pieces in many media from many periods , but portraits were slow to develop .

neg: Alcohol in Iran Alcohol in Iran is prohibited for the majority of its citizens , due to laws against consumption of alcohol by Iranian Muslims who make up the great majority of the country . Following the Iranian Revolution of 1979 , strict laws against alcohol were enacted , and alcohol consumption is regulated under the Islamic legal term of hudud , `` crimes against God '' . Despite complete prohibition for Muslim citizens , there is still widespread alcohol use across Iran . Alcohol is the second most popular drug in Iran , after opiates .   Non-Muslim citizens are granted a limited permission to produce alcohol for consumption within their community . This exemption , however , also leads to a attitude towards them ( especially Armenians ) as alcohol dealers , and a segment of black market alcohol in Iran comes through the minority community .

neg: Farhud Farhud refers to the pogrom or `` violent dispossession '' carried out against the Jewish population of Baghdad , Iraq , on June 1 -- 2 , 1941 , immediately following the British victory in the Anglo-Iraqi War . The riots occurred in a power vacuum following the collapse of the pro-Nazi government of Rashid Ali , while the city was in a state of instability . The violence came immediately after the rapid defeat by the British of Rashid Ali , whose earlier coup had generated a short period of national euphoria , and was charged by allegations that Iraqi Jews had aided the British . Over 180 Jews were killed and 1,000 injured , and up to 300-400 non-Jewish rioters were killed in the attempt to quell the violence . Looting of Jewish property took place and 900 Jewish homes were destroyed .   The Farhud took place during the Jewish holiday of Shavuot . Because of rioters lamenting the losses of the outgoing regime of Rashid Ali al-Gaylani , who was an ally of Hitler 's , it has been referred to as a pogrom which was part of the Holocaust , although such comparison has been disputed . It has also been called `` the beginning of the end of the Jewish community of Iraq '' , propagating the migration of Iraqi Jews out of the country , although a direct connection to the 1951-2 Jewish exodus from Iraq is disputed . as many Jews who left Iraq immediately following the Farhud returned to the country and permanent emigration did not accelerate significantly until 1950-51 . According to Hayyim Cohen , the Farhud `` was the only -LSB- such event -RSB- known to the Jews of Iraq , at least during their last hundred years of life there '' .

neg: Siyum A siyum ( `` completion '' ) is the completion of any unit of Torah study , or book of the Mishnah or Talmud in Judaism . A siyum is usually followed by a celebratory meal , or seudat mitzvah , a meal in honor of a mitzvah , or commandment . Siyum also refers to the celebration .   An enduring custom is for the community to complete a unit of Torah or tractate ( s ) of Talmud during the 30 days following the death of a beloved one and hold a communal siyum thereafter , in tribute and honor of the memory of the deceased .   It has become customary for synagogues to arrange a siyum on the morning before Passover to allow those fasting for Ta'anit Bechorim ( Fast of the Firstborn ) to break their fast , taking advantage of the halakhic principle that prioritizes Torah study .   A siyum ha-sefer , meaning `` completion of the book , '' is also held as a ceremonial completion and dedication of a sefer Torah , a handwritten copy of the Torah , the most important Jewish ritual object , which is kept in the Ark of a synagogue .   Usually , when an individual or a group conclude the study of any tractate of the Talmud , or even of the Mishnah , a siyum is celebrated . At the end of every volume of the Talmud a special hadran prayer is printed with a set order of prayers and a special kaddish , Kaddish D'itchadita , in honor of the completion of that volume , which Judaism considers to be an important achievement and a milestone worth celebrating .   In the merit and honor of a deceased individual , it is customary to undertake Mishnah study with the goal of holding a siyum .   Rabbi Moshe Feinstein , based on the Nemukei Yosef , the Ran ( Rabbeinu Nissim ) , the Rashbam , and the Eliyah Rabbah , extends the concept of a siyum to include even a festive meal celebrating the completion of any mitzvah ( commandment ) that has taken a significant duration of time ( such as a number of weeks or months ) .

neg: Lists of festivals This is a list of festival-related list articles on Wikipedia . A festival is an event ordinarily staged by a community , centering on and celebrating some unique aspect of that community and its traditions , often marked as a local or national holiday , mela , or eid . A festival is a special occasion of feasting or celebration , usually with a religious focus . Aside from religion , and sometimes folklore , another significant origin is agricultural . Food ( and consequently agriculture ) is so vital that many festivals are associated with harvest time . Religious commemoration and thanksgiving for good harvests are blended in events that take place in autumn such as Halloween in the northern hemisphere and Easter in the southern .

neg: Surah A Surah ( -LSB- ˈsʊərə -RSB- also spelled Sura ; سورة , plural سور suwar ) is the term for a chapter of the Qur ` an . There are 114 Surahs in the Qur ` an , each divided into verses . The chapters or suras are of unequal length , the shortest chapter ( Al-Kawthar ) has only three ayat ( verses ) while the longest ( Al-Baqara ) contains 286 verses . Of the 114 chapters in the Qur ` an , 87 are classified as Meccan , while 27 are Medinan . This classification is only approximate in regard to location of revelation ; any chapter revealed after migration of Muhammad to Medina ( Hijrah ) is termed Medinan and any revealed before that event is termed Meccan . The Meccan chapters generally deal with faith and scenes of the Hereafter while the Medinan chapters are more concerned with organizing the social life of the nascent Muslim community and leading Muslims to the goal of Dar al-Islam by showing strength . Except for sura At-Tawba , all chapters or suras commence with ` In the Name of God , the Merciful , the Compassionate ' . This formula is known as the Bismillah and denotes the boundaries between chapters . The chapters are arranged roughly in order of descending size ; therefore the arrangement of the Qur ` an is neither chronological nor thematic . Suras ( chapters ) are recited during the standing portions ( Qiyam ) of Muslim prayers . Sura Al-Fatiha , the first chapter of the Qur ` an , is recited in every unit of prayer and some units of prayer also involve recitation of all or part of any other sura .

neg: Islamic ethics Islamic ethics , defined as `` good character , '' historically took shape gradually from the 7th century and was finally established by the 11th century . It was eventually shaped as a successful amalgamation of the Qur ` anic teachings , the teachings of the Sunnah of Muhammad , the precedents of Islamic jurists ( see Sharia and Fiqh ) , the pre-Islamic Arabian tradition , and non-Arabic elements ( including Persian and Greek ideas ) embedded in or integrated with a generally Islamic structure . Although Muhammad 's preaching produced a `` radical change in moral values based on the sanctions of the new religion and the present religion , and fear of God and of the Last Judgment '' , the tribal practice of Arabs did not completely die out . Later Muslim scholars expanded the religious ethic of the Qur ` an and Hadith in immense detail .

neg: Dham Dhaam is a traditional food festival celebrated in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh .   Himachali food varies from region to region . The cuisine of Himachal Pradesh is largely based on the climate and topography of the state . While the everyday meal is the usual dal-chawal-subzi-roti , special dishes are cooked during festive occasions . Amongst festive food , the traditional meal , Dham ( lunch served in traditional occasions ) finds instant mention . The traditional Dham is celebrated with great enthusiasm . Himachal is credited with many lip smacking and mouth watering dishes . The dham offers one with an opportunity to be acquinted with the various delicacies of the state .   Dham is cooked only by botis ( a particular caste of Brahmins who are hereditary chefs ) . Preparation for this elaborate mid-day meal begins the night before . The utensils used for cooking the food are normally brass ones . It is served in courses to people who sit on floor . The food is served on leaf plates called pattlu ( in local himachal kangra language ) . The Dham includes plain aromatic rice , fried pulses or dal , spicy vegetable curry of red kidney beans and many desserts to satisfy one 's appetite .   The traditional dham differs in every region of the state . The typical menu for dham would start with rice , moong dal and a madra of rajma ( red kidney beans ) or Chole ( chik pea ) which is cooked in yoghurt which is prepared in unique style by adding approximately twenty spices . This is followed by mash dal , topped by khatta ( sweet & sour sauce ) made of tamarind and jaggery , the dham ends with the mitha bhatt ( dessert ) ( Bhatt means rice in himachali language ) -- sweet rice or mithdee ( made of boondi or bread crumbs etc. ) .   Dham is a mid day meal served to the people in himachali culture on the occasions of marriage , birthday party , retirement party or any religious days . In dham firstly cooked rice and a type of dal called moong dal is served . After that a kidney bean shaped pulse known as rajma ( madra ) is also served and then palda , khatta , maa ki daal and At the end meetha bhatt which means dessert is served including kheer made up of rice , milk and sugar .

neg: Hajj The Hajj ( -LSB- hædʒ -RSB- -LSB- `` pilgrimage '' ) is an annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca , the most holy city of the Muslims , and a mandatory religious duty for Muslims that must be carried out at least once in their lifetime by all adult Muslims who are physically and financially capable of undertaking the journey , and can support their family during their absence . It is one of the five pillars of Islam , alongside Shahadah , Salat , Zakat , and Sawm . The Hajj is the largest annual gathering of people in the world . The state of being physically and financially capable of performing the Hajj is called istita'ah , and a Muslim who fulfills this condition is called a mustati . The Hajj is a demonstration of the solidarity of the Muslim people , and their submission to God ( Allah ) . The word Hajj means `` to intend a journey '' , which connotes both the outward act of a journey and the inward act of intentions .   The pilgrimage occurs from the 8th to 12th ( or in some cases 13th ) of Dhu al-Hijjah , the last month of the Islamic calendar . Because the Islamic calendar is lunar and the Islamic year is about eleven days shorter than the Gregorian year , the Gregorian date of Hajj changes from year to year . Ihram is the name given to the special spiritual state in which pilgrims wear two white sheets of seamless cloth and abstain from certain actions .   The Hajj is associated with the life of Islamic prophet Muhammad from the 7th century , but the ritual of pilgrimage to Mecca is considered by Muslims to stretch back thousands of years to the time of Abraham . During Hajj , pilgrims join processions of hundreds of thousands of people , who simultaneously converge on Mecca for the week of the Hajj , and perform a series of rituals : each person walks counter-clockwise seven times around the Ka'aba ( the cube-shaped building and the direction of prayer for the Muslims ) , runs back and forth between the hills of Al-Safa and Al-Marwah , drinks from the Zamzam Well , goes to the plains of Mount Arafat to stand in vigil , spends a night in the plain of Muzdalifa , and performs symbolic stoning of the devil by throwing stones at three pillars . The pilgrims then shave their heads , perform a ritual of animal sacrifice , and celebrate the three-day global festival of Eid al-Adha .   Pilgrims can also go to Mecca to perform the rituals at other times of the year . This is sometimes called the `` lesser pilgrimage '' , or Umrah . However , even if they choose to perform the Umrah , they are still obligated to perform the Hajj at some other point in their lifetime if they have the means to do so , because Umrah is not a substitute for Hajj .

neg: Hamd A hamd , `` Praise '' in English , is a word that is usually written in Arabic , Persian , Punjabi , or Urdu and means a poetic piece in praise of God . The word `` Hamd '' comes from the Qur ` an . Hamds are recited all over the Muslim world , from Indonesia to Morocco . A Qawwali performance usually includes at least one Hamd , which is traditionally the first song in the performance .

neg: Afterfeast An Afterfeast is a period of celebration attached to one of the Great Feasts celebrated by the Orthodox Christian and Eastern Catholic Churches ( somewhat analogous to what in the West would be called an Octave ) .   The celebration of the Great Feasts of the church year are extended for a number of days , depending upon the particular Feast . Each day of an Afterfeast will have particular hymns assigned to it , continuing the theme of the Feast being celebrated . At each of the divine services during an Afterfeast , the ( Gk . ) troparion and ( Gk . ) kontakion of the feast are read or chanted . The ( Gk . ) canon of the feast will usually be chanted on every day of the Afterfeast ( if two canons were chanted on the day of the feast , they will be alternated on the days of the afterfeast ) . Some of the Great Feasts of the Lord will have a special canon composed of only three odes , called a ( Gk . ) Triode , which will be chanted at Compline on each day of the Afterfeast .   Most of these Great Feasts also have a day or more of preparation called a Forefeast ( those Feasts that are on the moveable Paschal Cycle do not have Forefeasts ) . Forefeasts and Afterfeasts will affect the structure of the services during the Canonical Hours .   The last day of an Afterfeast is called the Apodosis ( Gk . `` leave-taking '' , lit . `` giving-back '' ) of the Feast . On the Apodosis , most of the hymns that were chanted on the first day of the Feast are repeated . On the Apodosis of Feasts of the Theotokos , the Epistle and Gospel from the day of the Feast are repeated again at the Divine Liturgy .   The Forefeasts and Afterfeasts break down as follows :   Four of these Afterfeasts have a special commemoration on the day following the Feast , called a ( Gk . ) Synaxis . In this context , a Synaxis commemorates a saint who is intimately bound up with the Feast being celebrated . The four Synaxes are :  Synaxis of Ss . Joachim and Anna ( 9 September -- the day after the Nativity of the Theotokos )  Synaxis of the Theotokos ( 26 December -- the day after the Nativity of our Lord )  Synaxis of the Forerunner ( 7 January -- the day after the Theophany of our Lord )  Synaxis of the Archangel Gabriel ( 26 March -- the day after the Annunciation ) If the Annunciation falls during Holy Week the Synaxis is omitted .   Other Great Feasts that have Afterfeasts ( although no Forefeasts ) are :  The Nativity of the Forerunner ( June 24 )  The Beheading of the Forerunner ( August 29 )  The Feast of the Holy Apostles , ( Gk . ) Peter and Paul ( June 29 ) .  Each of these three has only 1 day of Afterfeast , and no Apodosis . These are not counted among the Twelve Great Feasts ( i.e. , Great Feasts of the Lord or Theotokos ) .   Even though the Patronal Feast of a parish church or monastery is treated as a Great Feast , it has no Forefeast or Afterfeast .   The Feast of the Procession of the Cross ( August 1 ) , though it is not counted as a Great Feast , has one day of Forefeast , and no Afterfeast .


query: The IBRO rates George Foreman as the eighth greatest ballplayer of all time.

pos: George Foreman George Edward Foreman ( born January 10 , 1949 ) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1969 to 1977 , and from 1987 to 1997 . Nicknamed `` Big George '' , he is a two-time world heavyweight champion and an Olympic gold medalist . Outside the sport he went on to become an ordained minister , author and entrepreneur .   After a troubled childhood , Foreman took up amateur boxing and won a gold medal in the heavyweight division at the 1968 Summer Olympics . Having turned professional the next year , he won the world heavyweight title with a second-round knockout of then-undefeated Joe Frazier in 1973 . Two successful title defenses were made before Foreman 's first professional loss to Muhammad Ali in `` The Rumble in the Jungle '' in 1974 . Unable to secure another title opportunity , Foreman retired after a loss to Jimmy Young in 1977 . Following what he referred to as a religious epiphany , Foreman became an ordained Christian minister . Ten years later , he announced a comeback and , in 1994 , at age 45 , he regained a portion of the heavyweight championship by knocking out 27-year-old Michael Moorer to win the unified WBA , IBF , and lineal titles . Foreman remains the oldest heavyweight champion in history , and the second oldest in any weight class after Bernard Hopkins ( at light heavyweight ) . He retired in 1997 at the age of 48 , with a final record of 76 wins 5 losses and 68 knockouts .   Foreman has been inducted into the World Boxing Hall of Fame and the International Boxing Hall of Fame . The International Boxing Research Organization ( IBRO ) rates Foreman as the eighth greatest heavyweight of all time . In 2002 , he was named one of the 25 greatest fighters of the past 80 years by The Ring magazine . The Ring ranked him as the ninth greatest puncher of all time . He was a ringside analyst for HBO 's boxing coverage for twelve years , leaving in 2004 . Outside of boxing , he is a successful entrepreneur and is known for his promotion of the George Foreman Grill , which has sold over 100 million units worldwide . In 1999 he sold the naming rights to the grill for $ 138 million .

neg: International Baseball Federation The International Baseball Federation ( Spanish : Federación Internacional de Béisbol , French : Fédération international de baseball ) is the former worldwide governing body recognized by the International Olympic Committee as overseeing , deciding and executing the policy of the sport of baseball . The IBAF has since become the international baseball `` Division '' of the World Baseball Softball Confederation , the officially recognized world governing body for baseball ( and softball ) . One of its principal responsibilities under the WBSC is to organize , standardize and sanction international competitions among baseball 's 124 national governing bodies through its various tournaments to determine a world champion and calculate world rankings for both men 's and women 's baseball . Prior to the establishment of the WBSC , which has since superseded its authority , the IBAF had been the lone entity that can assign the title of `` world champion '' to any baseball team delegated to represent a nation . Its offices are housed within the WBSC headquarters in Lausanne , Switzerland -- the Olympic Capital .

neg: George Bucci George P. `` The King '' Bucci Jr. ( born July 9 , 1953 ) is a retired American basketball player .   He played collegiately for the Manhattan College .   He was selected by the Buffalo Braves in the 3rd round ( 52nd pick overall ) of the 1975 NBA draft and by the New York Nets in the 1975 ABA Draft .   He played for the New York Nets ( 1975 -- 76 ) in the ABA for 33 games , Nets won the ABA championship that season .   From 1977 until 1992 he played in the Lega Basket Serie A   In the 1990s he was elected to political office , as councilman and later supervisor of the Town of Newburgh , New York .   His uncle , Paul , resides in Wildwood , Florida .

neg: World championship A world championship is generally an international sports competition open to elite competitors from across the world , representing their nations , and winning such an event will be considered the highest or near highest achievement in the sport or contest .   The title is usually awarded through a combination of specific contests or , less commonly , ranking systems ( e.g. the ICC Test Championship ) , or a combination of the two ( e.g. World Triathlon Championships in Triathlon ) . This determines a ` world champion ' , who or which is commonly considered the best nation , team , individual ( or other entity ) in the world in a particular field , although the vagaries of sport ensure that the competitor recognised at the best in an event is not always the ` world champion ' ( see Underdog ) .   Certain sports do not have a world championship . Instead , they may organise a world cup competition , or they may organize both , for example cycling ( UCI World Championships and UCI World Cups ) ) . Often , the use of the term cup or championship in this sense is just a choice of words . Some sports have multiple champions because of multiple organizations , such as boxing , mixed martial arts and wrestling .   Certain sports do not have a world championship or a world cup as such , but may have one or several world champions . Professional boxing , for example , has several world champions at different weights , but each one of them is decided by a `` title fight '' , not a tournament .   A certain number of sports hold world championships or world cups which are overshadowed , in terms of prestige , by the same events in the Olympic Games , the most prestigious multi-sports event .   Still other sports may or may not have a true world championship but may designate the winners of a domestic competition to be `` world champions . '' This is especially true of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada ; world cups and championships exist in all of the major sports , but the domestic U.S. and Canadian leagues are generally recognized as the world professional championships or the equivalent of a world club championship . ( In American football , although an IFAF World Championship exists , the United States is so far above and beyond the other nations it faces that the winner of the U.S.-based Super Bowl , a competition limited to the 32 teams in the National Football League , is commonly recognized as the world champion . )   Finally , certain professional sports do not have a world championship or world cup , but rather hold a series of events recognised as the elite level in their field ( e.g. tennis has a series of four Grand Slam events recognised as the pinnacle of the game , in addition to key team events , world tour finals and the Olympic Games , but no world championship or world cup ) .

neg: Valley National 8-Ball League Association The Valley National 8-Ball League Association ( VNEA ) is one of the world 's largest amateur pool ( pocket billiards ) leagues . , there are nearly 100,000 individual members in some 1,400 weekly local leagues playing in over 10,000 pool halls , bars and other venues in around 400 different cities , towns and suburbs in 36 U.S. states , and abroad .   The organization was founded in the United States in 1979 by equipment manufacturer Valley-Dynamo as the Valley 8-Ball League Association . It was later known as the Valley National 8-Ball Association , a name the league still uses sometimes ( and , the organization still retains the `` VNEA '' acronym in prose and in its logo ) . Despite its name , it is neither national , having leagues in eleven countries , nor limited to the game of eight-ball , as team nine-ball , as well as individual artistic pool and speed pool , are all now VNEA disciplines ( some on a league basis , some only on a tournament basis ) . An annual , week-long VNEA International Pool Championships series ( team , doubles and singles eight-ball , singles artistic pool ) is held in Las Vegas , Nevada . The organization is headquartered in Bay City , Michigan . The president of VNEA 's board of directors is Michael Fowler and its executive director is R. Gregg Elliott .

neg: Gennady Golovkin Gennady Gennadyevich Golovkin ( Геннадий Геннадьевич Головкин born 8 April 1982 ) is a Kazakhstani professional boxer who currently holds the unified WBA ( Super ) , WBC , IBF , and IBO middleweight titles . As of May 2017 , he is ranked as the world 's best middleweight by BoxRec and the Transnational Boxing Rankings Board , and second best by The Ring . He is also ranked as the world 's third best boxer , pound for pound , by The Ring , fifth by BoxRec , and seventh by the Transnational Boxing Rankings Board .   Golovkin won his first major world championship , the WBA interim middleweight title , by defeating Milton Núñez in 2010 . He was elevated to WBA ( Regular ) champion in the same year , and in 2011 would win the vacant IBO middleweight title by defeating Lajuan Simon . In 2014 , Golovkin was elevated to his current status of WBA ( Super ) champion and successfully defended both his titles against Daniel Geale . Later that year he defeated Marco Antonio Rubio to add the WBC interim middleweight title to his collection , and defeated David Lemieux in 2015 to win the IBF middleweight title . After Canelo Álvarez vacated his WBC middleweight title in 2016 , Golovkin was elevated to full champion and now holds world titles by three of the four major boxing sanctioning bodies .   A calculating pressure fighter , Golovkin is known for his powerful and precise punching , balance , and methodical movement . With a streak of 23 knockouts that spanned from 22 November 2008 to 18 March 2017 , he holds the highest knockout percentage -- 89.8 % -- in middleweight championship history . In 2016 , he achieved his 17th title defense by knockout , which equalled the record set by Wilfredo Gómez in 1982 . Golovkin is also said to have one of the best chins in modern boxing , having never been knocked down or knocked out in a total of 387 fights , neither as a professional nor amateur .   In his amateur career , Golovkin won a gold medal in the middleweight division at the 2003 World Championships . He went on to represent Kazakhstan at the 2004 Summer Olympics , winning a middleweight silver medal .

neg: Gerry Storey Gerry Storey MBE ( born 1936 , Belfast , Northern Ireland ) is a boxing trainer who has coached the Irish Olympic Boxing Team on four occasions .   Storey is the head coach of the Holy Family Boxing Club in north Belfast . Storey and the club were featured in the BBC documentary Fight Town in 2003 , and the club also appeared in the Daniel Day-Lewis film The Boxer . As a professional boxer , Storey won a British Championships title . Storey has trained many boxers including Hugh Russell , Neil Sinclair , Barry McGuigan , Paddy Barnes and Carl Frampton .   McGuigan was training by Storey from the age of 14 through to his Olympic and Commonwealth bids , and claims Storey 's club is the `` most successful boxing club in the country '' . Storey 's son Sammy is also an accomplished amateur boxer who competed in the 1984 Summer Olympics and the 1986 Commonwealth Games .   Storey 's work has helped to bridge the sectarian divide in Belfast , as he trains both Catholics and Protestants . During the 1981 Irish hunger strike he was asked by Loyalist and Republican prisoners to oversee boxing training in the Maze Prison gymnasium . As a result of his work he won the Sport For Good award at the Laureus World Sports Awards in Estoril , Portugal on 16 May 2005 . Storey received his award from Barry McGuigan and Marvin Hagler , and was the first Irish sportsperson to win a Laureus award . Storey was honoured by the Irish Amateur Boxing Association for his contribution to the sport in Dublin on 2 February 2007 .   He was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire ( MBE ) in the 2008 New Year Honours .

neg: Bare Knuckle Boxing Hall of Fame The Bare Knuckle Boxing Hall of Fame is a museum and hall of fame in Belfast , New York , dedicated to the sport of bare-knuckle boxing . It is housed in barns that were once owned by the Greco-Roman wrestling champion and physical culture pioneer William Muldoon . The heavyweight boxing champion John L. Sullivan , who fought in both bare-knuckled and gloved boxing contests , trained in these barns under Muldoon 's guidance for his championship bout against Jake Kilrain in 1889 . The barns were originally across Main Street from their current location , on the grounds of the Belfast United Methodist Church . They were bought , moved , and restored by Scott Burt when the church became no longer interested in maintaining them . Burt opened the Hall of Fame in 2009 , when it had its first induction class .   The Hall of Fame houses plaques and memorabilia associated with bare-knuckle boxers that have been inducted to the Hall of Fame , as well as exhibits devoted to the general history of bare-knuckle boxing . Each year 's induction class includes bare-knuckle boxers from the classic era , modern bare-knuckle boxers , and honorary inductees .   The Hall of Fame also serves as a memorial to Sullivan 's training camp with Muldoon , a number of relics of which have survived the lengthy period when the barns sat unused . These include a likely ceiling mount for Sullivan 's heavy bag , the slatted area of flooring on which Sullivan stood for gravity showers after training , and the `` room of repose '' in which Sullivan and Muldoon relaxed and discussed strategy in the evenings , which includes some of Muldoon 's original furniture . Sullivan and Muldoon 's use of this training camp was documented by the celebrated reporter Nellie Bly , in an article she wrote for the New York World .

neg: Section 8 (military) Section 8 is a category of discharge from the United States military , used for a service member judged mentally unfit for service . It also came to mean any service member given such a discharge or behaving as if deserving such a discharge , as in the expression , `` he 's a Section 8 '' . The term comes from Section VIII of the World War II-era United States Army Regulation 615-360 , which provided for the discharge of those deemed unfit for military service .   Discharge under Section 8 is no longer practiced , as medical discharges for psychological/psychiatric reasons are now covered by a number of regulations . In the Army , such discharges are handled under the provisions of AR 635-200 , Active Duty Enlisted Administrative Separations . Chapter 5 , paragraph 13 governs the separation of personnel medically diagnosed with a personality disorder .   Section 8 became a household phrase when used in the 1970s TV series M * A * S * H , in which the character Corporal Klinger was continually seeking one ( until he eventually abandoned his efforts ) . Other pop culture references to the term include :  The 1987 movie Full Metal Jacket , in which a recruit ( Leonard Lawrence , a.k.a. `` Private Gomer Pyle '' ) becomes noticeably unstable as a result of the abuse from his drill instructor and platoon-mates . Later in the film , it is mentioned again when Private `` Cowboy '' mentions how one of his recently deceased platoon-mates was about to be shipped out on a Section 8 for chronic masturbation .  The 2003 movie Basic , in which a DEA agent Tom Hardy ( played by John Travolta ) investigates a group of rogue Rangers turned drug dealers calling themselves Section 8 . They are later revealed to be a black-ops anti-drug unit led by Hardy ( now addressed as `` Colonel '' ) ; the `` Section-8 '' insane-mercenary story is a cover to spook the cartels .  The 2007 video game BioShock , in which Atlas , via radio , informs the player that Fort Frolic has been handed over to a deranged artist named Sander Cohen . `` Cohen 's an artist , says some . He 's a Section 8 , says I. I seen all kinds of cutthroats , freaks , and headcases , but Cohen 's a real lunatic . ''  The 2016 movie Hacksaw Ridge , in which Army recruit Desmond Doss is required to undergo psychiatric evaluation or else face a Section 8 discharge for refusing to participate in weapons training because of his religious convictions .

neg: Mario Butler Mario Alberto Butler Graham ( born January 15 , 1957 ) is a Panamanian retired professional basketball player .   Butler spent most of his career playing in the Baloncesto Superior Nacional ( BSN ) in Puerto Rico . At , he played center and was known for his rebounding skills . He is the BSN all-time rebounding leader with 8,236 rebounds .

neg: Billy Keys William Amar `` Billy '' Keys ( born on October 26 , 1977 ) is a retired American professional basketball player and basketball coach . At a height of 6 ' 2 '' ( 1.88 m ) and a weight of 210 lbs . ( 95 kg ) , he played at the point guard position . He currently coaches Mayfield High School in Las Cruces , New Mexico .

neg: Roy Jones Jr. Roy Levesta Jones Jr. ( born January 16 , 1969 ) is an American professional boxer , boxing commentator , boxing trainer , rapper , and actor who holds dual American and Russian citizenship . He is a former six-time , four-weight world champion , having held titles at middleweight , super middleweight , light heavyweight , and heavyweight , and is the only boxer in history to start his professional career as a light middleweight and go on to win a heavyweight title . As an amateur he represented the United States at the 1988 Summer Olympics , winning a silver medal in the light middleweight division .   Jones , who is considered by many to be one of the best boxers of all time , pound for pound , left his mark in the sport 's history when he won the WBA heavyweight title in 2003 , becoming the first former middleweight champion to win a heavyweight title in 106 years . He also became the undisputed light heavyweight champion in 1999 , by unifying the WBA , WBC , and IBF titles . During his prime , Jones was known for possessing exceptional hand speed , athleticism , movement and reflexes .   The Boxing Writers Association of America ( BWAA ) named Jones as the Fighter of the Decade for the 1990s . He was also named Fighter of the Year for 2003 by the World Boxing Hall of Fame , and is a three-time winner of the Best Boxer ESPY Award ( 1996 , 2000 , and 2003 ) .

neg: Golf instruction Golf instruction is the art of equipping and training golfers to play better golf through improved awareness of swing cause and effects as a result of the actions by their body , the club , and their effect on the golf ball . Most great golfers have a few common elements that make them great including : proper intentionality , swing repeatability to produce an action that fits the golfers intentionality , and a strong level of automaticity for long lasting enjoyment of the game golf . Golf instruction is unique as golf consists of five primary skills : shots from a tee ( most notable : driving that uses a driver ) , full shots from the ground ( mostly known as `` iron shots '' , pitching ( or 3/4 shots designed for distance control , chipping ( short shots around the green the require less than a full swing ) , putting ( 1 club preferably `` the putter '' ) and course strategy or gamesmanship .   Proficiency in teaching golf instruction requires not only technical and physical ability , but also knowledge of the rules and etiquette of the game . Golf instruction offered on many platforms in the United States including : the PGA of America , GolfTEC , and independent golfers who `` may '' or `` may not '' have credentials that are recognized by credible teachers certified sources such as the PGA of America . Although there are many great golf instructors in the United States , who are PGA Class A Professionals , not all great instructors carry this status nor find it a major determiner of golf instruction proficiency .   Golf Instruction can be wide ranging , but many great modern day instructors are able to diagnose and prescribe swing frustrations accurately and present a clear fix that encourages the golfer in the discovery of lasting repeatability from the specific ailment that `` plagued '' them from a sound repeatable swing to play a golf course successfully ( varying terms of success as a golfer ) Many modern instructors include the following in their diagnosis  1 . visual feedback through video and bio motion analysis  2 . personalized golf club fitting for individual body and swing types  3 . on-course play under real conditions  4 . mental performance development  5 . golf specific body conditioning for optimal golf bio-mechanics   Beginning players can start lesson in several ways , but most do so in either a group or individual setting , covering the five primary skills of golf as noted above golf swing . Golf is an asymmetrical exercise that can break body balances , requiring also adequate exercises to keep the balance in muscles . Experienced recreational players often return for instruction , either to fix a specific problem they are encountering or to improve their game . Reconstruction of a golf swing to reach a high level of play often involves series of lessons over an extended period of time . Junior golfers often begin receiving instruction by age 10 or younger , and often retain private teachers even when coached on a high school golf team .   Some top instructors who work with professional golfers have become quite well known in their own right over the years , including Harvey Penick , Jack Grout , Dick Harmon , David Leadbetter , Butch Harmon , Hank Haney , Chip Thomson , Sean Foley , and Mike Bennett and Andy Plummer . Some of the teachers maintain teaching facilities or schools where they or their disciples use their methods or systems . A few instructors focus solely on a particular aspect of the sport , such as Dave Pelz with the short game . Some famous golfers have been tightly bound with their instructor , such as Jack Nicklaus with Jack Grout , while in other cases golfers have made high-profile switches from one instructor to another , such as Tiger Woods moving from Butch Harmon to various other instructors .   Recreational golfers are constantly seeking tips on how to improve , and the major golf publications such as Golf Magazine and Golf Digest devote substantial portions of their pages to instructional material of various kinds , often written by top-level instructors . Even television broadcasts of professional golf tournaments often contain short instructional segments , delivered by commentators who are also instructors such as Peter Kostis .   Golf instruction may be augmented by training aids such as specially weighting or jointed clubs , putting cups for practice on the den room carpet , mini practice tees with feedback for use in garages , et cetera . Some training aids are sold via television infomercials and the more peculiar varieties were satirized in the 1996 film Tin Cup .   Golf instruction is no guarantee of success or improved play in the game . Bad mechanics can be deeply ingrained in a subject 's swing , and psychological factors can also hinder progress . The 2009 Golf Channel program The Haney Project : Charles Barkley showcased some of these issues , as Hank Haney attempted to fix former NBA great Charles Barkley 's infamously bad swing .

neg: J.H. McLaughlin James Hiram McLaughlin ( June 8 , 1844 -- September 11 , 1905 ) ( also known as Colonel J.H. McLaughlin or simply J.H. McLaughlin ) was a wrestling champion in the United States in the 19th century . He is generally considered the first American professional wrestling champion , and along with William Muldoon , was one of the two key people to establish and popularize professional wrestling in the United States . The 6-foot-1 McLaughlin weighed between 215 and 265 pounds , depending on whether he 'd kept himself in fighting shape . He was born in Oriskany , New York .   McLaughlin was known for his superior Irish-style `` collar-and-elbow '' standing skills , in which throwing an opponent was the aim . However , he also excelled at the rougher , undisciplined catch-as-catch-can style which was then prominent , and three opponents are known to have died as a result of wrestling McLaughlin .   Newspaper accounts of the time are sometimes exaggerated , and even in the late 19th century , numerous fans and reporters already regarded the burgeoning sport 's credibility with skepticism . However , contemporary reports of McLaughlin 's earnings , including the side bets that were commonly several multiples of his official pay , indicate that he was phenomenally well-compensated . Adjusting for inflation , it is possible that he was the highest-paid wrestler in history .   McLaughlin 's wrestling career began in earnest with a few matches just before the U.S. Civil War . His first was in 1859 against the irascible Hiram McKee . Though half McKee 's age , McLaughlin may have outweighed his opponent , who he successfully pinned . When McKee angrily demanded a rematch , McLaughlin lost his temper and threw McKee to the ground , fracturing McKee 's leg . McKee fought for the Union Army during the war , while continuing to pursue wrestling , which was a popular pastime among the troops . After defeating Louis Ainsworth in 1866 or 1867 , McLaughlin declared himself to be the collar-and-elbow champion of America . Even after losing a bout to Homer Lane in 1868 , the public still regarded McLaughlin 's claim to the title .   In March 1870 , a tournament was held , and is believed to have been wholly legitimate . McLaughlin emerged as the winner , and was awarded a belt with a gold buckle , which he would later put at stake in matches . In the tournament final , McLaughlin was safely ahead in a match against Barney Smith , but the referee declined to end the match . McLaughlin ended the match by either slamming Smith on his head or off the stage ( accounts differ ) , delivering an impact which led to Smith 's mental incapacitation and eventual death from cranial trauma . The remorseful McLaughlin gave his tournament winnings to Smith 's widow , saying `` I forgot I was so wicked strong . ''   McLaughlin successfully defended his golden belt for the next year , before announcing his retirement in mid-1871 . Despite remaining inactive for nearly four years , he was generally considered the reigning champion . His next match came in February 1875 , with a decisive win over Mike Whalen in which he collected $ 2,500 for the match itself , and another $ 15,000 by betting on himself , more than half a million dollars in today 's money . McLaughlin did not fight again for a year , winning a January 1876 rematch against Joe Benjamin , who he 'd beaten five years earlier . He fought several times that year , including two draws and a win against James H. Martin . But the year took its toll on McLaughlin 's opponents . Dutch Hogan died after wrestling McLaughlin , and Charles Meier was paralyzed . It was at this point that McLaughlin publicly declared his intention to restrict his future fights to collar-and-elbow rules , rather than the anything-goes style that led to those in-ring tragedies .   In December 1876 , McLaughlin injured his heel in an exhibition tune-up match , leaving him at a disadvantage for a title match against James Owens a few weeks later . That bout lasted more than five hours , with McLaughlin protecting his injured foot , and Owens being reluctant to press the advantage against the larger and stronger McLaughlin . Ultimately Owens won the title in two straight falls .   McLaughlin spent a few months healing before winning three matches in the spring , then retired again . McLaughlin gained a substantial amount of weight during his sabbatical , but was lured out of retirement in November 1878 against the formidable John McMahon . McLaughlin defeated McMahon in a rematch three weeks later , and a third contest the following March resulted in a draw .   Almost four years later , at the end of 1882 , McLaughlin beat Canadian champion Edras Lambert . In 1884 , he reentered the competition with a series of bouts . In January , he beat top star H.M. Dufur to capture his third collar-and-elbow championship . In March , he lost to Duncan C. Ross , then beat Ross three weeks later , then lost a rematch to Dufur three weeks after that . A month later , in June , he defeated Dufur for his fourth title , before relinquishing it to Dufur at the end of July . Wrestling reporter/historian Dave Meltzer believes the back-and-forth results and the shortened time between the matches suggests that the sequence and outcomes of these matches were most likely deliberately prearranged by the wrestlers to excite public interest , and maximize the payout . Four months later , McLaughlin split a pair of matches with William Muldoon in November and December . Muldoon won the rematch , and assumed McLaughlin 's spot as the nation 's preeminent wrestling star .   The second Muldoon match marked the effective end of McLaughlin 's professional career and title hopes . However , in 1901 , McLaughlin emerged in the Yukon territory as part of a threesome of wrestlers , travelling from town to town pretending to confront and challenge one another over the `` real '' championship . The other wrestlers , primarily future star Frank Gotch and Joe Carroll , used pseudonyms , but McLaughlin 's name was still a draw after forty years . Their alleged antipathy included the first high-profile `` three way '' match , in which McLaughlin , Gotch and Carroll wrestled one another in five different styles , purportedly to determine which of the three was the most versatile . Gotch would emerge the winner of these round robin challenges .   McLaughlin died four years later , aged 61 , on September 11 , 1905 , in Fairmont , Alaska .   He was an inductee into the Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame class of 2016 .

neg: Bairoa Gym Bairoa Gym is a boxing gym located in Caguas , Puerto Rico . El gimnasio Bairoa , as it is known in Spanish , is the most famous boxing gym in Puerto Rico because of the list of world champions and top contenders who have trained there . World champions and well known boxers who have used this facility include Alfredo Escalera , Héctor Camacho , Julian Solís , Henry Bruseles , Juan Cruz , Alberto Mercado , Jesus Rojas , Javier Garcia , Jose Miguel Cotto , Juan Carazo , Miguel Cotto , Daniel Rosario , José Rodriguez , and many more .  The gym was managed since the 1970s by Cuban trainer Julian Delgado , until Evangelista Cotto replaced him during the late 90s .   Miguel Cotto became the gym 's first `` homegrown '' world champion when he conquered the WBO 's world Jr. . Welterweight title by knocking out Kelson Pinto of Brazil in six rounds in 2004 . Cotto built a career that included various world titles and fights with Antonio Margarito , Sergio Martinez , Manny Pacquiao , Floyd Mayweather Jr. and Saul Alvarez .

neg: Tom Emanski Tom Emanski ( born 26 February 1948 in Ridgewood , New Jersey ) is a baseball coach and the man behind Tom Emanski Instructional Videos , a set of nine video tapes which lay out the fundamental techniques of baseball . The videos , sometimes referred to as `` The Nine Commandments , '' have taught millions of youths worldwide how to play the sport of baseball and the commercial for this video has been running for nearly 18 years . Many viewers have memorized Emanski 's commercial by heart , albeit unintentionally . Emanski is a former major league baseball associate scout and youth coach .   The Emanski videos are best known for their frequent and long-running commercials on ESPN and during Major League Baseball games . Featured in the commercials is former Major League Baseball star Fred McGriff . Fred McGriff met Emanski at age 18 when he was still in the minor leagues playing Winter Ball in Puerto Rico . Emanski videotaped McGriff 's swing and offered to slow it down and analyze it .   In 1991 , Emanski prepared to release his first videos and filmed a short endorsement clip in Chicago with McGriff , who was then with the San Diego Padres . The commercial advertising Emanski 's nine videos has been aired continually and relatively unchanged despite McGriff 's multiple team-changes . Because of their frequent showings , Emanski 's name has become synonymous with the fundamentals of baseball .   Emanski developed a `` building block '' approach to improve the fundamentals of hitting , running , and fielding . He tested his techniques on students at Baseball World , a youth baseball school in Fern Park , Florida . His teams found success winning back-to-back-to-back Amateur Athletic Union ( AAU ) national youth championships in three divisions : 12 and under ( 1990 ) , 13 and under/under '90 ( 1991 ) , and 11 and under ( 1992 ) . Emanski also coached the 1996 Junior Pan American team to two wins against Cuba and the gold medal .   The frequent commercial airings have made the Emanski Videos widely known in the sports viewing world , and the instructional tapes have become fodder for sports analysts who wish to reference a lack of fundamental play in professional baseball players . During ESPN SportsCenter broadcasts , anchor Kenny Mayne would frequently comment during replays of a player error that `` Perhaps he should watch Tom Emanski 's Defensive Fundamentals tape . They 're endorsed by MLB superstar Fred `` The Crime Dog '' McGriff . '' Jayson Stark also commented on St. Louis Cardinals ' defensive lapses in the 2002 National League Championship Series and a 2005 New York Times article suggested that New York Yankees third baseman Alex Rodriguez spend $ 29.95 and `` buy the eminent baseball instructor Tom Emanski 's DVD , ` Teaching the Mechanics of the Major League Swing II . ' ''   In 2006 , satirical news publication The Onion published an article about the hapless Kansas City Royals of MLB hiring Emanski to teach the team the fundamentals of baseball . Emanski 's staff of Garry Ridge , Teddy Craig , Scott Howat , and Jim Horvath are widely recognized across the country as one of the best baseball staffs .   He is known for his back to back to back AAU national titles but has never received or handed out 1 participation trophy as January 18 , 2017 .

neg: 1998 NBA Finals The 1998 NBA Finals was the championship round of the 1998 playoffs of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) and the conclusion of the 1997 -- 98 NBA season . The Eastern Conference champion Chicago Bulls played against the Western Conference champion Utah Jazz , with the Jazz holding home-court advantage with the first 2 games in Salt Lake City . In a repeat of the previous year 's Finals , the Bulls won the series 4 games to 2 for their third consecutive NBA title and their sixth in eight seasons . Michael Jordan was voted the NBA Finals MVP of the series ( he also had won the award the last five times the Bulls won the Finals : 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1996 , and 1997 ) . This would be his sixth NBA championship and sixth Finals MVP award in six full basketball seasons . Until 2014 , it was the last consecutive Finals rematch between two teams .   The 1998 Finals garnered the highest Nielsen TV ratings in NBA history at 18.7 , and even surpassed the Nielsen ratings for the 1998 World Series , marking the first time the NBA had a higher rating in its championship round than of Major League Baseball 's championship round .   The 1998 NBA season documentary `` Unforgettabulls '' was the first of five narrated by Will Lyman through NBA Entertainment , which recaps the entire Bulls ' season . Rick Telander narrates on the opening credits . Marv Albert narrates the timeline of Michael Jordan 's career with the Bulls .

neg: Roberto Durán Roberto Durán Samaniego ( born June 16 , 1951 ) is a Panamanian former professional boxer who competed from 1968 to 2001 . Widely regarded as one of the greatest boxers of all time , Durán was a versatile brawler and in-fighter in the ring , which earned him the nickname of `` Manos de Piedra '' ( `` Hands of Stone '' ) for his devastating punching power . He is a four-weight world champion , having held titles at lightweight ( 1972 -- 1979 ) , welterweight ( 1980 ) , light middleweight ( 1983 -- 1984 ) , and middleweight ( 1989 ) , as well as reigns as the undisputed and lineal lightweight champion ( 1978 -- 1979 ) , and the lineal welterweight champion ( 1980 ) . He is also the second boxer to have competed over a span of five decades , the first being Jack Johnson .   In 2002 , Durán was voted by The Ring magazine as the fifth greatest fighter of the last 80 years , while boxing historian Bert Sugar rated him as the eighth greatest fighter of all time . The Associated Press voted him as the best lightweight of the 20th century , with many considering him the greatest lightweight of all time . Durán finally retired in January 2002 at age 50 ( having previously retired in 1998 ) following a bad car crash in October 2001 , with an epic professional record of 119 fights , 103 wins , and 70 knockouts . Up until his fight with Wilfred Benítez in 1982 , he was trained by legendary boxing trainer Ray Arcel .

neg: Floyd Mayweather Jr. vs. Andre Berto Floyd Mayweather Jr. vs. Andre Berto , billed as `` High Stakes '' , was a professional boxing fight , contested for the welterweight championship . The bout was held on September 12 , 2015 at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas , Nevada on Showtime PPV Mayweather Jr. confirmed his retirement after the bout .   Mayweather dominated the fight , landing an impressive 56 % -LSB- 232/410 -RSB- punches thrown , and 67 % of power punches -LSB- 132/196 -RSB- compared to Berto 's underwhelming number of 16 % -LSB- 83/495 -RSB- punches landed and 22 % -LSB- 39/177 -RSB- of power punches thrown . Mayweather won the fight , 120-108 , 118-110 and 117-111 .

neg: Heroes and Villains (football fanzine) Heroes and Villains is the title of a football fanzine written by and primarily aimed at fans of Aston Villa F.C. . It was launched in 1989 , and has been in regular print ever since , long surpassing 100 issues .   It has been edited from the start by Dave Woodhall . Although of course primarily concerned directly with the fortunes of Aston Villa , occasionally other general football articles and humorous , nostalgic pieces are to be found amongst its pages .   It was often critical of Doug Ellis who was the chairman of Aston Villa during the period 1982 to 2006 ( his second spell at the club ) . He was seen by many fans as being complacent and unambitious regarding the fortunes of the team .   As with most fanzines , many articles contain much baiting of local rival football clubs and their fans , in this case chiefly Birmingham City F.C. and West Bromwich Albion F.C.   However , a goodly part of the fanzine 's contents consist of contributors ' personal views on and memories of experiences derived from being a supporter of Aston Villa . Aston Villa 's richly varied history , particularly that of the last 25 years and within living memory of most contributors , consisting as it does of Villa 's League Championship and European Cup winning achievements of '81 and ' 82 , their mid '80s decline culminating in relegation in ' 87 , followed by a revival under Graham Taylor 's management which led to an unexpected league runners-up spot just 3 seasons later , provides much material . As does a further , also unexpected , runners up placing in ' 93 , league cup triumphs in '94 and ' 96 , and the generally solid but unspectacular performance of the team , up to the 2005-2006 season 's underachievements and the broad feeling of dissatisfaction with the way the club was being run .   Something of a running joke in the fanzine concerns Villa 's underachievement in the FA Cup , the club having not won the competition since 1957 , with their only final appearance since then consisting of a dismal performance in losing 1-0 to the pre-Roman Abramovich Chelsea in 2000 . As the 3rd round of the competition - Villa 's usual entry point - approaches each season , many fans come to the agreement that this year is definitely `` our year for the cup ... ''   For the start of the 2014-15 season , the fanzine phased out the paper publishing format of distribution , and is now available only to download to computers , mobile devices , and so on .   The fanzine also spawned a website forum which remains very popular among Villa supporters .

neg: Richie Guerin Richard Vincent `` Richie '' Guerin ( born May 29 , 1932 ) is a retired American professional basketball player and coach . The 6 ' 4 '' ( 1.93 m ) Guerin played with the National Basketball Association 's ( NBA ) New York Knicks from 1956 to 1963 and was a player-coach of the St. Louis/Atlanta Hawks franchise where he spent nine years . On February 15 , 2013 , the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame announced that Guerin had been elected as one of its 2013 inductees .   He served in the Marine Corps Reserve from 1947 to 1954 . While a reservist , Guerin attended Iona College from 1950 to 1954 where he scored 1,375 points in 67 games playing for coach Jim McDermott . After graduation , Guerin served on active duty at Marine Corps Schools , Quantico , Virginia for two years .   The Knicks drafted Guerin with the 8th pick in the second round of the 1954 NBA draft while still on active duty . After leaving the Marine Corps , Guerin would begin his professional basketball career in 1956 .   As a high-scoring point guard in the late 1950s and early 1960s , Richie Guerin was one of the most talented and best-loved players ever to wear a New York Knicks jersey . His feisty on-court style and wisecracking off-court demeanor played well to Madison Square Garden crowds .   Guerin was a machinelike scorer , a gifted passer , a smart playmaker , and one of the best rebounding and driving guards of his era . He led the Knicks in assists for five consecutive seasons and in scoring three times during his seven full seasons in the Big Apple , and he tallied more than 20 points per game in four consecutive years . The explosive Guerin also set Knicks single-game records for scoring , with 57 points in 1959 , and assists , with 21 in 1958 . His 57-point game stood as a Knicks record until Bernard King scored 60 on Christmas Day in 1984 .   A fan and media favorite , Guerin played in six consecutive NBA All-Star Games . As a team , however , New York struggled , reaching the playoffs only once during Guerin 's tenure . He was traded to the St. Louis Hawks midway through the 1963 -- 64 season and spent the next eight years as the team 's player-coach and then head coach . With St. Louis ( and eventually Atlanta ) , Guerin played alongside such greats as Bob Pettit , Lou Hudson , Lenny Wilkens , and Cliff Hagan . Guerin helped the Hawks to nine consecutive playoff appearances and was named NBA Coach of the Year for 1967 -- 68 .