query: London was founded in the year 43 by the Romans.

pos: London London -LSB- ˈlʌndən -RSB- is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . It was founded by the Romans , who named it Londinium . London 's ancient core , the City of London , largely retains its 1.12 sqmi medieval boundaries . Since at least the 19th century , `` London '' has also referred to the metropolis around this core , historically split between Middlesex , Essex , Surrey , Kent , and Hertfordshire , which today largely makes up Greater London , See also : Independent city § National capitals . governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly.The London Mayor is not to be confused with the Lord Mayor of London who heads the City of London Corporation , which administers the City of London .   London is a leading global city in the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism , and transportation . It is crowned as the world 's largest financial centre and has the fifth - or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world.Rankings of cities by metropolitan area GDP can vary as a result of differences in the definition of the boundaries and population sizes of the areas compared , exchange rate fluctuations and the method used to calculate output . London and Paris are of broadly similar size in terms of total economic output which can result in third party sources varying as to which is the fifth-largest city GDP in the world . A report by the McKinsey Global Institute published in 2012 estimated that London had a city GDP of US$ 751.8 billion in 2010 , compared to US$ 764.2 billion for Paris , making them respectively the sixth - and fifth-largest in the world . A report by PricewaterhouseCoopers published in November 2009 estimated that London had a city GDP measured in purchasing power parity of US$ 565 billion in 2008 , compared to US$ 564 billion for Paris , making them respectively the fifth - and sixth-largest in the world . The McKinsey Global Institute study used a metropolitan area with a population of 14.9 million for London compared to 11.8 million for Paris , whilst the PricewaterhouseCoopers study used a metropolitan area with a population of 8.59 million for London compared to 9.92 million for Paris . London is a world cultural capital . It is the world 's most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the world 's largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic . London is the world 's leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city . London 's universities form the largest concentration of higher education institutes in Europe . In 2012 , London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times .   London has a diverse range of people and cultures , and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region . Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population ( corresponding to Greater London ) was 8,673,713 , the largest of any city in the European Union , and accounting for 12.5 % of the UK population . London 's urban area is the second most populous in the EU , after Paris , with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census . The city 's metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants , while the Greater London Authority states the population of the city-region ( covering a large part of the south east ) as 22.7 million .  London was the world 's most populous city from around 1831 to 1925 .   London contains four World Heritage Sites : the Tower of London ; Kew Gardens ; the site comprising the Palace of Westminster , Westminster Abbey , and St Margaret 's Church ; and the historic settlement of Greenwich ( in which the Royal Observatory , Greenwich marks the Prime Meridian , 0 ° longitude , and GMT ) . Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace , the London Eye , Piccadilly Circus , St Paul 's Cathedral , Tower Bridge , Trafalgar Square , and The Shard . London is home to numerous museums , galleries , libraries , sporting events , and other cultural institutions , including the British Museum , National Gallery , Natural History Museum , Tate Modern , British Library , and West End theatres . The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world .

pos: Londinium Londinium was a settlement established on the current site of the City of London around 43 . Its bridge over the River Thames turned the city into a road nexus and major port , serving as a major commercial centre in Roman Britain until its abandonment during the 5th century .   Following its foundation in the mid-1st century , early Londinium occupied the relatively small area of 1.4 sqkm , roughly equivalent to the size of present-day Hyde Park , with a fortified garrison on one of its hills . In the year 60 or 61 , the rebellion of the Iceni under Boudica forced the garrison to abandon the settlement , which was then razed . Following the Iceni 's defeat at the Battle of Watling Street , the city was rebuilt as a planned Roman town and recovered within about a decade . During the later decades of the 1st century , Londinium expanded rapidly , becoming Great Britain 's largest city . By the turn of the century , Londinium had grown to about 60,000 people , almost certainly replacing Camulodunum ( Colchester ) as the provincial capital and by the 2nd century , Londinium was at its height . Its forum and basilica were one of the largest structures north of the Alps , when the Emperor Hadrian visited Londinium in 122 . Excavations have discovered evidence of a major fire that destroyed most of the city shortly thereafter , but the city was again rebuilt . By the second half of the 2nd century , Londinium appears to have shrunk in both size and population .   Although Londinium remained important for the rest of the Roman period , no further expansion resulted . Londinium supported a smaller but stable settlement population as archaeologists have found that much of the city after this date was covered in dark earth - the by-product of urban household waste , manure , ceramic tile , and non-farm debris of settlement occupation , which accumulated relatively undisturbed for centuries . Sometime between 190 and 225 , the Romans built a defensive wall around the landward side of the city . Along with Hadrian 's Wall and the road network , this wall was one of the largest construction projects carried out in Roman Britain . The London Wall survived for another 1,600 years and broadly defined the perimeter of the old City of London .

neg: Croydon Croydon is a large town in south London , England , 9.5 mi south of Charing Cross . The principal settlement in the London Borough of Croydon , it is one of the largest commercial districts outside Central London , with an extensive shopping district and night-time economy . Its population of 52,104 at the 2011 census includes the wards of Addiscombe , Broad Green and Fairfield .   Historically part of the hundred of Wallington in the county of Surrey , at the time of the Norman conquest of England Croydon had a church , a mill , and around 365 inhabitants , as recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 . Croydon expanded in the Middle Ages as a market town and a centre for charcoal production , leather tanning and brewing . The Surrey Iron Railway from Croydon to Wandsworth opened in 1803 and was the world 's first public railway . Later nineteenth century railway building facilitated Croydon 's growth as a commuter town for London . By the early 20th century , Croydon was an important industrial area , known for car manufacture , metal working and Croydon Airport . In the mid 20th century these sectors were replaced by retailing and the service economy , brought about by massive redevelopment which saw the rise of office blocks and the Whitgift Centre , the largest shopping centre in London until 2008 . Croydon was amalgamated into Greater London in 1965 .   Croydon lies on a transport corridor between central London and the south coast of England , to the north of two gaps in the North Downs , one followed by the A23 Brighton Road through Purley and Merstham and the main railway line and the other by the A22 from Purley to the M25 Godstone interchange . Road traffic is diverted away from a largely pedestrianised town centre , mostly consisting of the North End . East Croydon is a major hub of the national railway transport system , with frequent fast services to central London , Brighton and the south coast . The town is unique in Greater London for its Tramlink light rail transport system .

neg: 431 BC __ NOTOC __  Year 431 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar . At the time , it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Cincinnatus and Mento ( or , less frequently , year 323 Ab urbe condita ) . The denomination 431 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period , when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years .

neg: Pax Britannica Pax Britannica ( Latin for `` British Peace '' , modelled after Pax Romana ) was the period of relative peace in Europe ( 1815 -- 1914 ) during which the British Empire became the global hegemonic power and adopted the role of a global police force .   Between 1815 and 1914 , a period referred to as Britain 's `` imperial century , '' around 10,000,000 sqmi of territory and roughly 400 million people were added to the British Empire . Victory over Napoleonic France left the British without any serious international rival , other than perhaps Russia in central Asia . When Russia tried expanding its influence in the Balkans , the British and French defeated it in the Crimean War ( 1854 -- 56 ) , thereby protecting the by-then feeble Ottoman Empire .   Britain 's Royal Navy controlled most of the key maritime trade routes and enjoyed unchallenged sea power . Alongside the formal control it exerted over its own colonies , Britain 's dominant position in world trade meant that it effectively controlled access to many regions , such as Asia and Latin America . British merchants , shippers and bankers had such an overwhelming advantage over everyone else that in addition to its colonies it had an `` informal empire '' .

neg: Latina, Lazio Latina ( -LSB- laˈtiːna -RSB- ) is the capital of the province of Latina in the Lazio region , in central Italy . , the city has 115,895 inhabitants and is thus the second-largest city of the region , after the national capital Rome . It was founded in 1932 under the fascist administration , as Littoria , when the area surrounding it , which had been a swamp since antiquity , was drained .

neg: London Wall London Wall was the defensive wall first built by the Romans around Londinium , their strategically important port town on the River Thames in what is now London , England , and subsequently maintained until the 18th century .   It is now the name of a road in the City of London running along part of the course of the old wall between Wormwood Street and the Rotunda junction where St. Martin 's Le Grand meets Aldersgate Street . Until the later Middle Ages the wall defined the boundaries of the City of London .

neg: History of Chester The history of Chester extends back nearly two millennia , covering all periods of British history in between then and the present day . The city of Chester was founded as a fort , known as Deva , by the Romans in AD 79 . The city was the scene of battles between warring Welsh and Saxon kingdoms throughout the post-Roman years until the Saxons strengthened the fort against raiding Danes .   Following the Norman Conquest in 1066 , Chester came under the Earl of Chester . It became a centre of the defense against Welsh raiders and a launch point for raids on Ireland .   The city grew as a trading port until the power of the Port of Liverpool overtook it . However the city did not decline and during the Georgian and Victorian periods was seen as a place of escape from the more industrial cities of Manchester and Liverpool .

neg: City of London (disambiguation) The City of London is the historic centre and main financial district of London , England .   City of London may also refer to :  London , the capital city of England  London , Ontario , Canada  City of London Corporation , the governing body of the City of London , England

neg: St Etheldreda's Church St Etheldreda 's Church is in Ely Place , off Charterhouse Street in Holborn , London . The Roman Catholic church is dedicated to Æthelthryth , or Etheldreda , the Anglo-Saxon saint who founded the monastery at Ely in 673 . It was the chapel of the London residence of the Bishops of Ely .   It is one of the oldest Roman Catholic churches in England , and one of two surviving buildings in London dating from Edward I 's reign . The chapel was purchased by the Roman Catholic church in 1874 and opened in 1878 .

neg: List of markets in London This is a list of markets in London . Greater London is home to a wealth of covered , outdoor and street markets . Many specialise in a particular type of goods or sell different things on different days . Most open very early in the morning and close early or late afternoon .   Markets in London have their origins in the middle ages and ancient charter ; set up to serve the population of the City of London . Over time , some emerged as wholesale markets serving specific market segments -- such as the sale of vegetables , meat , or fish . With an expanding metropolis in the 18th and 19th centuries , street markets were set up to meet the needs of the new suburbs . With the introduction of trams on the streets of London , these were moved ( sometimes forcibly ) into neighbouring side streets , or new covered markets .   The modern markets are regulated by the City and 32 London boroughs . Many have become ` general markets ' serving a range of goods .

neg: London Protocol (1852) On 8 May 1852 , after the First War of Schleswig , an agreement called the London Protocol was signed . This international treaty was the revision of an earlier protocol , which had been ratified on 2 August 1850 , by the major Germanic powers of Austria and Prussia . The second London Protocol was recognised by the five major European powers -- Austria , France , Prussia , Russia , and the United Kingdom -- as well as by the Baltic Sea powers of Denmark and Sweden .   The Protocol affirmed the integrity of the Danish federation as a `` European necessity and standing principle '' . Accordingly , the duchies of Schleswig ( a Danish fief ) , and Holstein and Lauenburg ( German fiefs ) were joined by personal union with the Kingdom of Denmark . However , Frederick VII of Denmark was childless , so a change in dynasty was imminent and the lines of succession for the duchies and Denmark diverged . That meant that , contrary to the Protocol , the new King of Denmark would not also be the new Duke of Holstein and Duke of Lauenburg . So for this purpose , the line of succession to the duchies was modified . Further , it was affirmed that the duchies were to remain as independent entities , and that Schleswig would have no greater constitutional affinity to Denmark than Holstein did .   The major powers primarily wanted to ensure , by guaranteeing Denmark 's territorial integrity , that the strategically significant port of Kiel would not fall into Prussian hands . Eleven years later , this treaty became the trigger for the German -- Danish war of 1864 . Prussia and Austria declared that Denmark had violated the Protocol by introducing the November Constitution , which Christian IX of Denmark signed on 18 November 1863 . After an initial period of joint Austro -- Prussian administration , Kiel was ultimately delivered to Prussia in 1867 .

neg: Judea (Roman province) The Roman province of Judea ( Hebrew : יהודה , Standard Yehuda Tiberian Yehûḏāh ; يهودا Ἰουδαία Iūdaea ) , sometimes spelled in its original Latin forms of Judæa , Judaea or Iudaea to distinguish it from the geographical region of Judea , incorporated the regions of Judea , Samaria and Idumea , and extended over parts of the former regions of the Hasmonean and Herodian kingdoms of Israel . It was named after Herod Archelaus 's Tetrarchy of Judea , but the Roman province encompassed a much larger territory . The name `` Judea '' was derived from the Kingdom of Judah of the 6th century BCE .   Judea province was the scene of unrest at its founding in 6 CE during the Census of Quirinius and several wars were fought in its history , known as the Jewish -- Roman wars . The Temple was destroyed in 70 CE as part of the Great Jewish Revolt resulting in the institution of the Fiscus Judaicus , and after Bar Kokhba 's revolt ( 132 -- 135 ) , the Roman Emperor Hadrian changed the name of the province to Syria Palaestina and Jerusalem to Aelia Capitolina , which certain scholars conclude was an attempt to remove the relationship of the Jewish people to the region .

neg: Roman temple Ancient Roman temples were among the most important buildings in Roman culture , and some of the richest buildings in Roman architecture , though only a few survive in any sort of complete state . Today they remain `` the most obvious symbol of Roman architecture '' . Their construction and maintenance was a major part of ancient Roman religion , and all towns of any importance had at least one main temple , as well as smaller shrines . The main room ( cella ) housed the cult image of the deity to whom the temple was dedicated , and often a small altar for incense or libations . Behind the cella was a room or rooms used by temple attendants for storage of equipment and offerings . The ordinary worshipper rarely entered the cella , and most public ceremonies were performed outside , on the portico , with a crowd gathered in the temple precinct .   The most common architectural plan had a rectangular temple raised on a high podium , with a clear front with a portico at the top of steps , and a triangular pediment above columns . The sides and rear of the building had much less architectural emphasis , and typically no entrances . There were also circular plans , generally with columns all round , and outside Italy there were many compromises with traditional local styles . The Roman form of temple developed initially from Etruscan temples , themselves influenced by the Greeks , with subsequent heavy direct influence from Greece .   Public religious ceremonies of the official Roman religion took place outdoors , and not within the temple building . Some ceremonies were processions that started at , visited , or ended with a temple or shrine , where a ritual object might be stored and brought out for use , or where an offering would be deposited . Sacrifices , chiefly of animals , would take place at an open-air altar within the templum . Especially under the Empire , exotic foreign cults gained followers in Rome , and were the local religions in large parts of the expanded Empire . These often had very different practices , some preferring underground places of worship , while others , like Early Christians , worshipped in houses .   Some remains of many Roman temples survive , above all in Rome itself , but the relatively few near-complete examples were nearly all converted to Christian churches ( and sometimes subsequently to mosques ) , usually a considerable time after the initial triumph of Christianity under Constantine . The decline of Roman religion was relatively slow , and the temples themselves were not appropriated by the government until a decree of the Emperor Honorius in 415 . Santi Cosma e Damiano , in the Roman Forum , originally the Temple of Romulus , was not dedicated as a church until 527 . The best known is the Pantheon , Rome , which is however highly untypical , being a very large circular temple with a magnificent concrete roof , behind a conventional portico front .

neg: London (novel) London is a historical novel by Edward Rutherfurd published in 1997 , which charts the history of London from 54 B.C. to 1997 . The novel begins with the birth of the River Thames and moves to 54 B.C. , detailing the life of Segovax , a curious character with slightly webbed hands and a flash of white hair . Seqovax becomes the ancestor of the Ducket and Dogget families , prominent fictional families woven into the novel .   Historical figures , such as Julius Caesar , Geoffrey Chaucer , William Shakespeare , and Pocahontas , make appearances alongside fictional characters and historical kings and queens of England .

neg: St Michael Paternoster Royal St Michael Paternoster Royal is a church in the City of London . The original building , which was first recorded in the 13th century , was destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666 . The church was rebuilt under the aegis of Sir Christopher Wren . However St Michael 's was severely damaged during the London Blitz in the Second World War . It was restored between 1966 and 1968 .   In 1423 Richard `` Dick '' Whittington , the fabled Lord Mayor of London , was buried within its precincts ; although the tomb is now lost .

neg: History of education in England The history of education in England can be documented to the Anglo-Saxons ' settlement of England . During the Middle Ages , schools were established to teach Latin grammar to the sons of the aristocracy , as part of preparation also for the entry of some into the clergy and religious orders . The church preserved literacy and learning during this period , and education was closely tied to the religious vocation , in order to read the Bible and related documents . Apprenticeship was the main way for youths to enter practical occupations . Two universities were established in affiliation with the church : the University of Oxford , followed by the University of Cambridge , both related closely to training for clergy . A reformed system of `` free grammar schools '' was established in the reign of Edward VI .   The Protestant Reformation had a major influence on education and literacy in England , as it encouraged the reading of the Bible in the vernacular of the people . ( Formerly , the Bible was printed only in Latin , the official language of the Catholic Church . ) Counties in the east of England , which had frequent interaction with the Low Countries , where the Reformation movement had flourished , developed a higher rate of literacy in the early years of the Reformation than did other areas of England .   In the 19th century the Church of England sponsored most formal education until the government established free , compulsory education towards the end of that century . University College London was established as the first secular college in England , open to students of all religions ( or none , ) followed by King 's College London ; the two institutions formed the University of London . Durham University was also established in the early nineteenth century . Towards the end of the century , the `` redbrick '' universities , new public universities , were founded .   The 1944 Education Act established the Tripartite System of grammar schools and secondary modern schools . The school leaving age was raised to 16 in 1972 .

neg: History of the Byzantine Empire This history of the Byzantine Empire covers the history of the Eastern Roman Empire from late antiquity until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 AD . Several events from the 4th to 6th centuries mark the transitional period during which the Roman Empire 's east and west divided . In 285 , the emperor Diocletian ( r. 284 -- 305 ) partitioned the Roman Empire 's administration into eastern and western halves . Between 324 and 330 , Constantine I ( r. 306 -- 337 ) transferred the main capital from Rome to Byzantium , later known as Constantinople ( `` City of Constantine '' ) and Nova Roma ( `` New Rome '' ) . Under Theodosius I ( r. 379 -- 395 ) , Christianity became the Empire 's official state religion and others such as Roman polytheism were proscribed . And finally , under the reign of Heraclius ( r. 610 -- 641 ) , the Empire 's military and administration were restructured and adopted Greek for official use instead of Latin . Thus , although it continued the Roman state and maintained Roman state traditions , modern historians distinguish Byzantium from ancient Rome insofar as it was oriented towards Greek rather than Latin culture , and characterised by Orthodox Christianity rather than Roman polytheism .   The borders of the Empire evolved significantly over its existence , as it went through several cycles of decline and recovery . During the reign of Justinian I ( r. 527 -- 565 ) , the Empire reached its greatest extent after reconquering much of the historically Roman western Mediterranean coast , including north Africa , Italy , and Rome itself , which it held for two more centuries . During the reign of Maurice ( r. 582 -- 602 ) , the Empire 's eastern frontier was expanded and the north stabilised . However , his assassination caused a two-decade-long war with Sassanid Persia which exhausted the Empire 's resources and contributed to major territorial losses during the Muslim conquests of the 7th century . In a matter of years the Empire lost its richest provinces , Egypt and Syria , to the Arabs .   During the Macedonian dynasty ( 10th -- 11th centuries ) , the Empire again expanded and experienced a two-century long renaissance , which came to an end with the loss of much of Asia Minor to the Seljuk Turks after the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 . This battle opened the way for the Turks to settle in Anatolia as a homeland .   The final centuries of the Empire exhibited a general trend of decline . It struggled to recover during the 12th century , but was delivered a mortal blow during the Fourth Crusade , when Constantinople was sacked and the Empire dissolved and divided into competing Byzantine Greek and Latin realms . Despite the eventual recovery of Constantinople and re-establishment of the Empire in 1261 , Byzantium remained only one of several small rival states in the area for the final two centuries of its existence . Its remaining territories were progressively annexed by the Ottomans over the 15th century . The Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 finally ended the Roman Empire .

neg: AD 72 AD 72 ( LXXII ) was a leap year starting on Wednesday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar . At the time , it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Vespasianus ( or , less frequently , year 825 Ab urbe condita ) . The denomination AD 72 for this year has been used since the early medieval period , when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years .

neg: Manduessedum Manduessedum or Manduesedum was a Roman fort and later a civilian small town in the Roman Province of Britannia . Today it is known as Mancetter , located in the English county of Warwickshire .   The fort was founded in around c AD 50-AD 60 on the Watling Street Roman road . The final battle between the rebel queen of the Britons Boudica at the Battle of Watling Street may have taken place near Manduessedum . The British forces were defeated by the Roman general Suetonius Paullinus .   Manduessedum developed into a civilian settlement and was the centre of a pottery making industry . Up to 30 kilns dating from the Roman period have been found in the area .

neg: Bristol slave trade Bristol is a city in the South West of England , on the River Avon which flows into the Severn Estuary . Because of Bristol 's position on the River Avon , it has been an important location for marine trade for centuries . The city 's involvement with the slave trade peaked between 1730 and 1745 , when it became the leading slaving port .   Bristol used its position on the Avon to trade all types of goods . Bristol 's port was the second largest in England after London . Countries that Bristol traded with included France , Spain , Ireland , Portugal , and North Africa 's Barbary Coast . Bristol 's main export was woollen cloth . Other exports included coal , lead , and animal hides . Imports into Bristol included wine , grain , slate , timber , and olive oil . Trading with the various colonies in the Caribbean and North America began to flourish during the Interregnum of Oliver Cromwell ( 1649 -- 1660 ) .   The Royal African Company , a London-based trading company , had control over all trade between countries in Britain and Africa before the year 1698 At this time , only ships owned by the Royal African Company could trade for anything , including slaves . Slaves were increasingly an important commodity at the time , since the British colonization in the Caribbean and the Americas in the 17th century . The Society of Merchant Venturers , an organization of elite merchants in Bristol , wanted to commence participation in the African slave trade , and after much pressure from them and other interested parties in and around Britain , the Royal African Company 's control over the slave trade was broken in 1698 .   As soon as the monopoly was broken , what is thought to have been the first `` legitimate '' Bristol slave ship , the Beginning , owned by Stephen Barker , purchased a cargo of enslaved Africans and delivered them to the Caribbean . Some average slave prices were # 20 , # 50 , or # 100 . In her will of 1693 , Jane Bridges , Widow of Leigh Upon Mendip bequeathes her interest of # 130 in this very ship to her grandson Thomas Bridges and indicates that the vessel was owned by the City of Bristol . Business boomed ; however , due to the over-crowding and harsh conditions on the ships , it is estimated that approximately half of each cargo of slaves did not survive the trip across the Atlantic .   The triangular trade was a route taken by slave merchants during the years 1697 and 1807 . The areas covered by the triangular trade was England , North West Africa and finally The Caribbean . Profits of 50-100 % were made during the 18th century . Over 500,000 slaves were brought into slavery by these ships , representing one-fifth of the British slave trade during this time .

neg: London Borough of Croydon The London Borough of Croydon is a London borough in south London , England and is part of Outer London . It covers an area of 87 km2 and is the largest London borough by population . It is the southernmost borough of London . At its centre is the historic town of Croydon from which the borough takes its name . Croydon is mentioned in Domesday Book , and from a small market town has expanded into one of the most populous areas on the fringe of London . Croydon is the civic centre of the borough . The borough is now one of London 's leading business , financial and cultural centres , and its influence in entertainment and the arts contribute to its status as a major metropolitan centre .   Formed in 1965 from the Coulsdon and Purley Urban District and the County Borough of Croydon , the local authority Croydon London Borough Council , is now part of the local government association for Greater London , London Councils . The economic strength of Croydon dates back mainly to Croydon Airport which was a major factor in the development of Croydon as a business centre . Once London 's main airport for all international flights to and from the capital , it was closed on 30 September 1959 due to the lack of expansion space needed for an airport to serve the growing city . It is now a Grade II listed building and tourist attraction . Croydon Council and its predecessor Croydon Corporation unsuccessfully applied for city status in 1954 , 2000 , 2002 and 2012 . The area is currently going through a large regeneration project called Croydon Vision 2020 which is predicted to attract more businesses and tourists to the area as well as backing Croydon 's bid to become London 's Third City ( after ` The City ' and Westminster ) . Croydon is mostly urban , though there are large suburban and rural uplands in the south . Since 2003 Croydon has been certified as a Fairtrade borough by the Fairtrade Foundation . It was the first London Borough to have Fairtrade status which is awarded on certain criteria .   The area is one of the hearts of culture in London and the South East of England . Institutions such as the major arts and entertainment centre Fairfield Halls add to the vibrancy of the borough . However , its famous fringe theatre `` the Warehouse Theatre '' was put under administration in 2012 when the council withdrew its funding and the building itself was demolished in 2013 . The Croydon Clocktower was opened by Queen Elizabeth II in 1994 as an arts venue featuring a library , the independent David Lean Cinema ( closed by the council in 2011 after 16 years of operating , but now partially reopened on a part-time and volunteers basis ) and museum . From 2000 to 2010 , Croydon staged an annual summer festival celebrating the area 's black and Indian cultural diversity , with audiences reaching over 50,000 people . An internet radio station , Croydon Radio , is run by local people for the area . The borough is also home to its own local TV station , Croydon TV . Premier League football club Crystal Palace F.C. play at Selhurst Park in South Norwood , a stadium they have been based in since 1924 . Other landmarks in the borough include Addington Palace , an 18th-century mansion which became the official second residence of six archbishops , Shirley Windmill , one of the few surviving large windmills in Greater London built in the 1850s , and the BRIT School , a creative arts institute run by the BRIT Trust which has produced artists such as Adele , Amy Winehouse and Leona Lewis .


query: In 2014, the income before tax of Dr. Dre was estimated at $620 million.

pos: Dr. Dre Andre Romelle Young ( born February 18 , 1965 ) , better known by his stage name Dr. Dre , is an American rapper , record producer , and entrepreneur . He is the founder and current CEO of Aftermath Entertainment and Beats Electronics . Dre was previously the co-owner of , and an artist on , Death Row Records . He has produced albums for and overseen the careers of many rappers , including 2Pac , The D.O.C. , Snoop Dogg , Eminem , Xzibit , Knoc-turn ` al , 50 Cent , The Game and Kendrick Lamar . He is credited as a key figure in the popularization of West Coast G-funk , a style of rap music characterized as synthesizer-based with slow , heavy beats . In 2014 , Dr. Dre was ranked as the second richest figure in the American hip hop scene by Forbes with a net worth of $ 550 million ; he is at the top of the 2015 Forbes list , with an estimated pre-tax take of $ 620 million in 2014 .   Dre began his career as a member of the World Class Wreckin ' Cru and later found fame with the influential gangsta rap group N.W.A with Eazy-E , Ice Cube , MC Ren , and DJ Yella , which popularized the use of explicit lyrics in rap to detail the violence of street life . His 1992 solo debut The Chronic , released under Death Row Records , led him to become one of the best-selling American performing artists of 1993 and to win a Grammy Award for the single `` Let Me Ride '' . That same year he produced Death Row labelmate Snoop Dogg 's quadruple platinum debut Doggystyle , and even molded artists into top-notch producers such as his step-brother Warren G , which led to his Multi-Platinum debut Regulate ... G Funk Era in 1994 , and Snoop Dogg 's cousin Daz Dillinger which led to the double platinum debut album Dogg Food by Tha Dogg Pound in 1995 .   In 1996 , he left Death Row Records to establish his own label , Aftermath Entertainment . He produced a compilation album titled Dr. Dre Presents the Aftermath in 1996 , and released a solo album titled 2001 in 1999 . During the 2000s , he focused on production for other artists , while occasionally contributing vocals to songs . Dr. Dre signed Eminem in 1998 and 50 Cent in 2002 to his record label respectively , while contributing production on their albums . He has won six Grammy Awards , including Producer of the Year . Dr. Dre has also had acting roles in movies such as Set It Off , The Wash and Training Day . Rolling Stone ranked Dre at 56 on their list of `` 100 Greatest Artists of All-Time '' .

neg: Business as Usual (EPMD album) Business as Usual is the third album from Hip Hop duo EPMD , released December 18 , 1990 and their first on leading rap label Def Jam as a result of being signed over ( along with Nice & Smooth ) from their former label , Fresh Records . This album was also the first release by Def Jam as an imprint under its new Rush Associated Labels subsidiary , which allowed founder Russell Simmons more control and more ownership over its material , as the masters for proper Def Jam releases at that time were primarily owned by Sony Music 's Columbia Records . Business as Usual was not as acclaimed as their first two albums , but was not considered to be a failure either . One notable aspect here was the debut of future Hip Hop star Redman , who appears on the tracks `` Hardcore '' and `` Brothers on My Jock '' . Three singles were released from the album , `` Gold Digger '' , `` Rampage ( Slow Down , Baby ) '' featuring LL Cool J and `` Give the People '' . In 1998 , the album was selected as one of The Source 's 100 Best Rap Albums .   The album was certified Gold by the RIAA on May 7 , 1991 .

neg: Dre discography This is the discography of the producer/rapper Dre .

neg: Mr.Mr. (song) `` Mr.Mr . '' is a Korean song recorded by South Korean girl group Girls ' Generation for their fourth Korean titular extended play ( 2014 ) . The song was released on February 25 , 2014 , as a single from the EP . The song was composed by American production team The Underdogs , who had previously worked with Western artists including Britney Spears , Beyoncé , and Justin Timberlake . A music video for the song was initially planned to be released on February 19 but was postponed to February 28 due to the accidental deletion of some of the original files .   `` Mr.Mr . '' was described as an electropop and pop-R & B song that incorporates a hip hop beat and EDM-influenced buildups . The song received generally positive reviews from music critics , who praised its musical styles , which were deemed a departure from the group 's signature bubblegum pop sound . The single ranked number 18 on Billboard magazine 's list of 20 Best K-pop Songs of 2014 and was included on Time '' 's list of 25 Best Songs of 2014 ( So Far ) in June 2014 .   To promote the song and the EP , Girls ' Generation appeared on several music programs including M Countdown , Music Bank , Show ! Music Core , and Inkigayo around February and March 2014 . The single was a commercial success in the group 's native country South Korea , peaking atop the Gaon Digital Chart and selling over 900,000 digital units in 2014 . It also charted at number three on the Korea K-Pop Hot 100 and number four on the Billboard '' World Digital Songs .

neg: Rico Love Richard `` Rico '' Preston Butler , Jr. ( born December 3 , 1982 ) , better known by his stage name Rico Love , is an American songwriter , record producer and singer . He was born in New Orleans , Louisiana , but split his childhood between Milwaukee , Wisconsin and New York City 's Harlem neighborhood . He attended Florida A&M and , while visiting Atlanta , Georgia , worked his way into the music industry through connections with Usher , who would become Love 's mentor . The first song Love ever wrote in his career was `` Throwback '' for which ended up on Usher 's 2004 album `` Confessions . '' Love success continued writing and producing hit records such as Usher 's `` There Goes My Baby '' and `` Hey Daddy ( Daddy 's Home ) '' , Nelly 's `` Just a Dream '' and `` Gone '' , as well as Beyoncé Knowles ' `` Sweet Dreams '' . and has contributed to works which have gone on to win Grammys such as Beyoncé 's 2009 Best Contemporary R&B album I Am ... Sasha Fierce , Usher 's 2010 Best Contemporary R&B album Raymond v. Raymond , and Usher 's 2010 Best Male R&B Vocal Performance `` There Goes My Baby '' . In addition Love has written and produced records for Kelly Rowland , Diddy -- Dirty Money , Chris Brown , Alexandra Burke , Keri Hilson , Fergie , and Fantasia .   Love is also the CEO of Division1 , a record label which partnered with Interscope Records in 2013 . Love has appeared as a featured artist on records with T.I. , Usher , Jermaine Dupri , Jamie Foxx , Rich Boy , and Fat Joe .

neg: Paid in Full (album) Paid in Full is the debut album of American hip hop duo Eric B. & Rakim , released on July 7 , 1987 , by Island-subsidiary label 4th & B'way Records . The duo recorded the album at hip hop producer Marley Marl 's home studio and Power Play Studios in New York City , following Rakim 's response to Eric B. 's search for a rapper to complement his disc jockey work in 1985 . The album peaked at number fifty-eight on the Billboard 200 chart and produced five singles , `` Eric B. Is President '' , `` I Ai n't No Joke '' , `` I Know You Got Soul '' , `` Move the Crowd '' , and `` Paid in Full '' .   Paid in Full is credited as a benchmark album of golden age hip hop . Rakim 's rapping , which pioneered the use of internal rhymes in hip hop , set a higher standard of lyricism in the genre and served as a template for future rappers . The album 's heavy sampling by Eric B. became influential in hip hop production . The record has sold over a million copies and the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) certified it platinum in 1995 . In 2003 , the album was ranked number 228 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time .

neg: E=MC² (Mariah Carey album) E = MC ² is the eleventh studio album by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey . It was released in the United States on April 15 , 2008 by Island Records . The singer began recording the album in 2007 in Anguilla , after writing and composing most of its material during and after her 2006 Adventures of Mimi Tour . Carey worked with several notable songwriters and producers during the course of the project , including Jermaine Dupri , Bryan-Michael Cox , Stargate , The-Dream , Tricky Stewart , Scott Storch and Danja .   The album revealed a more personal side of the singer , illustrated in its declarative theme of emancipation from her previous marriage , and from her personal and professional setbacks . Although it shared similar vocal production as well as an inclination to her signature pop and R&B ballads , the album also encompassed a variety of dance-oriented and uptempo styles . It was meant to be a continuation , or a second part of her tenth studio album , The Emancipation of Mimi ( 2005 ) . Carey collaborated with a number of artists on the album , including T-Pain , Damian Marley and Young Jeezy . Though considered by critics very similar to the formula its predecessor had been built on , E = MC ² included other genres she had never explored , such as reggae , and her continued recording of gospel-influenced hymns .   E = MC ² was generally well received by music critics , with many complimenting the record 's broad genre influences , and musical and production styles . Some critics , however , felt that the album was too similar to The Emancipation of Mimi , and did n't offer anything new from the formula . The album debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 with opening week sales of 463,000 copies ; the highest first-week sales of Carey 's career . It opened inside the top-five on the albums chart in Australia , Canada , Switzerland and the United Kingdom . The album achieved worldwide sales of over 2.5 million copies .   Four singles were commission in promotion of the album . The album 's lead single , `` Touch My Body '' , became Carey 's eighteenth chart topper on the Billboard Hot 100 , making her the solo artist with the most number one singles in United States history , surpassing the record held by Elvis Presley . Additionally , it gave Carey her 79th week atop the chart , tying Presley for most weeks at number one . It achieved strong worldwide charting , peaking within the top five of the singles charts in Italy , Japan , New Zealand , Switzerland and the United Kingdom . `` Bye Bye '' served as the album 's second release . Although hailed by critics , and expected to have achieved large commercial success , the song stalled at number nineteen on the Hot 100 , and managed to chart weakly internationally . Both the third and fourth singles , `` I 'll Be Lovin ' U Long Time '' and `` I Stay in Love '' failed to garner success in any prominent music market .

neg: Snoop Dogg discography The discography of American rapper Snoop Dogg of fifteen studio albums , four collaborative albums , seventeen compilation albums , one extended play , twenty mixtapes , 127 singles ( including seventy-four as a featured artist ) , and fourteen promotional singles . He has sold over 23.5 million albums in United States and 37 million albums worldwide . He has garnered fourteen top ten singles on the Billboard Hot 100 ( including eight as a featured artist ) .   Snoop Dogg came to attention of the music industry in 1992 , through his vocal contributions on Dr. Dre 's The Chronic . That album is considered to have `` transformed the entire sound of West Coast rap '' by its development of what later became known as the `` G-funk '' sound . The Chronic expanded gangsta rap with profanity , anti-authoritarian lyrics and multi-layered samples taken from 1970 's P-Funk records . Snoop Dogg contributed vocals to Dre 's solo single , `` Deep Cover '' , which led to a high degree of anticipation among hip hop for the release of his own solo album .   Snoop 's debut album , Doggystyle , was released in 1993 under Death Row Records , debuting at number one on both the Billboard 200 and Billboard Top R&B / Hip-Hop Albums charts , powered by spectacular first week sales 803,000 units . Doggystyle became certified 4 × platinum in 1994 and spawned several hit singles , including `` What 's My Name ? '' , `` Gin & Juice '' and the European hit `` Doggy Dogg World '' . As of March 2008 , the album has sold 6,137,000 copies in the United States .   In 1994 , Snoop released a soundtrack on Death Row Records for the short film Murder Was The Case , starring himself . Murder Was the Case debuted on the Billboard 200 at number one , selling 329,000 units in the first week sales . The following week it stayed on top with 197,000 copies sold and was certified Gold . The album is certified 2x platinum with 2,030,000 copies sold .   Following to the successful release of his debut album Doggystyle ( 1993 ) , Snoop was charged with a murder . In 1995 , Snoop had been spending much time preparing for the case , which went to trial , which took place later that year . In February 1996 , he was cleared of all charges and began working on his second album , without Dr. Dre as a frequent record producer on the album . This is also Snoop 's final album on Death Row Records , under the name of Snoop Doggy Dogg . His second album Tha Doggfather ( 1996 ) , also debuted at number one on US charts and UK R&B Charts . The album was certified double platinum in 1997 . Preceding the album 's release by European singles ; `` Snoop 's Upside Ya Head '' , `` Vapors '' and `` Doggfather '' .   In 1998 Snoop released Da Game Is to Be Sold , Not to Be Told it was released , by No Limit Records . It is his first album following his departure from Death Row Records . It was also his first album to be released under a slight change to his stage name `` Snoop Dogg '' for contractual reasons . The album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 chart , selling over 520,000 copies in its first week , and remained on top for the second week selling additional 246,000 units according to SoundScan . It remained in the top ten for five weeks ; thus it was quickly certified double platinum later that year . In terms of chart success it is one of his most successful containing the singles Still a G Thang and Woof . As of March 2008 , the album has sold 2,085,000 copies in the United States .   The fourth studio album , No Limit Top Dogg , was released on May 11 , 1999 . The album 's lead single `` Bitch Please '' featuring Xzibit and Nate Dogg , produced by Dr. Dre became a hit . The music video for the album 's second single `` G Bedtime Stories '' which was a success , the song was produced by Meech Wells . No Limit Top Dogg debuted at number 2 on the US Billboard 200 , selling 187,400 copies in its first week . Though it was Snoop Dogg 's first album to not debut at number one and have strong album sales for the first week , it eventually sold 1,100,000 copies by closing the year of 1999 making it the 73rd best selling album of the year . As of March 2008 , the album had sales 1,518,000 copies in the United States .   The third and final album released on No Limit Records and his first album on his newly founded label Doggystyle Records , Tha Last Meal was released on December 19 , 2000 . The album included the singles `` Snoop Dogg ( What 's My Name Pt . 2 ) '' , `` Hennesey n Buddah '' featuring Kokane , `` Lay Low '' featuring Nate Dogg , `` Loosen ' Control '' and `` Wrong Idea '' featuring Bad Azz . The single `` Snoop Dogg ( What 's My Name II ) '' was nominated for Music Video of the Year at The Source Hip-Hop Music Awards 2001 . The album was nominated Album of the Year at the same ceremony . The single `` Wrong Idea '' was also included in Bad Azz 's second album Personal Business released on Doggystyle .  Tha Last Meal debuted at number 9 on the US Billboard 200 , selling 397,238 copies in its first week . In the third week the album reached at number 4 in the US chart . The album topped the Top R&B / Hip-Hop Albums for four consecutive weeks .  In 2001 the album has sold 1,200,000 copies in the United States . Has sold over 2,068,000 copies in the United States according to Nielsen SoundScan .   The sixth studio album , Paid tha Cost to Be da Bo $ $ was supported by two singles : `` From tha Chuuuch to da Palace '' featuring Pharrell and the other-Pharrell track `` Beautiful '' also featuring Charlie Wilson . The album debuted at number 12 on the US Billboard 200 , selling 174,000 copies in its first week . The album has been certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) and has sold 1,500,000 copies worldwide . The album 's lead single , titled `` From tha Chuuuch to da Palace '' featuring guest vocals from Pharrell , was released on October 15 , 2002 . The song was produced by The Neptunes . The music video for `` From tha Chuuuch to da Palace '' , was directed by Diane Martel , under the alias Bucky Chrome . The second single , `` Beautiful '' featuring Pharrell and Charlie Wilson , was released on January 28 , 2003 . The song also was produced by The Neptunes . The music video for `` Beautiful '' featuring Pharrell and Charlie Wilson ( who he did not make it to the video ) , was directed by Chris Robinson and it was released in 2003 . The video took place in Brazil . The video helped exceeded the song to become a hit on the Billboard charts .   The seventh studio R&G ( Rhythm & Gangsta ) : The Masterpiece was released 2004 . `` Drop It Like It 's Hot '' featuring Pharrell , was released as the album 's lead single on September 14 , 2004 . With the production by The Neptunes , the song gained some critical attention for its very sparse production . The song essentially is just tongue clicks , keyboards and a drum machine beat , which compared to much early 2000s rap , was very minimalist . It was nominated at the Grammy Awards for Best Rap Song and Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group , though it lost both awards to the songs `` Jesus Walks '' by Kanye West and `` Let 's Get It Started '' by The Black Eyed Peas , respectively . The song reached at number 10 on the UK Singles Chart and number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 , becoming Snoop 's first US number one single . The song internationally reached the top-ten in a huge 12 countries . The second single , `` Let 's Get Blown '' featuring Pharrell , was released on December 14 , 2004 . The song was produced by The Neptunes . It did not repeat the success of `` Drop It Like It 's Hot '' , but it filled the gap between the aforementioned song and the club hit `` Signs '' . Keyshia Cole , who had not garnered a reputation at that time and was therefore left uncredited ( her contribution to the R&G song `` Pass It Pass It '' also went uncredited ) . The song samples and contains interpolations from Slave 's `` Watching You '' , which was also interpolated in `` Gin and Juice . '' The single is one of Snoop Dogg 's biggest hits in the UK for peaking at number 13 and number 54on the US Billboard Hot 100 . `` Signs '' featuring Justin Timberlake and Charlie Wilson , was released on April 25 , 2005 . The song was produced by The Neptunes . In May 2005 , the single reached at number 2 on the UK Singles Chart and number 46 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart . However , it was more popular in Australia staying at number one on the Australian Singles Chart for two weeks . Internationally , the song reached the top-ten in 11 countries . The final single , `` Ups & Downs '' featuring Bee Gees , was released on August 15 , 2005 . The song was produced by Warryn Campbell . The song interpolates The Bee Gees ' 1979 hit `` Love You Inside Out '' . The song charted in several countries , but did n't match the success from his previous singles on the album . R&G debuted at number 6 on the US Billboard 200 chart , selling 225,000 copies in its first week .  In its second week , the album fell to number 9 on the Billboard 200 , selling 203,000 copies , for a two-week total of 428,000 units . As of March 2008 , the album sales 1,724,000 copies in the United States .   In 2006 , the song `` I Wan na Love You '' , a collaboration with Akon , became Snoop 's second number one on the Hot 100 . Tha Blue Carpet Treatment Snoop 's eighth studio album , was released in 2006 . Tha Blue Carpet Treatment debuted at number 5 on the US Billboard 200 , selling 264,000 copies in its first week . On the Nielsen SoundScan annual `` Best Sellers Top 100 '' rankings when the album was listed 97th with the 2006 year-end catalog closing sales number of 637,000 copies despite having been released in mid-November and its sales data is accumulated for only one and a half months . As of March 2008 , the album had sales 903,000 copies in the United States . On November 20 , 2007 he released the single `` Sexual Eruption '' peaked at number 7 on The Hot 100 . The ninth studio album Ego Trippin ' , it was released by Geffen Records on March 11 , 2008 . The album sold over 137,000 copies in its first week in the United States , debuting at number 3 on the US Billboard 200 chart . In its second week the album fell to number 7 on the Billboard 200 chart , selling 57,000 copies , for a two-week total of 194,000 units . Ego Trippin was the tenth best selling hip hop album of the year , selling 401,000 copies in the US .   Malice n Wonderland is the tenth studio album by American rapper Snoop 's ; it was released on December 8 , 2009 . The album included the Billboard charts singles `` Gangsta Luv '' and `` I Wan na Rock '' . Malice n Wonderland debuted at number 23 on the US Billboard 200 , selling 61,000 copies in its opening week . It is his first album since Paid tha Cost to Be da Boss ( 2002 ) not to reach the top ten on the Billboard 200 , his lowest charting album on the US R&B / Hip-Hop charts and his only album to miss the British and Australian Top 100 . Malice n Wonderland has sold over 400,000 copies in the United States as of 2011 .   In 2011 , Snoop 's was released top ten album Doggumentary , the album debuted at number eight on the US Billboard 200 chart , selling 50,000 copies in its first week in the United States . Snoop Dogg collaborated with David Guetta for a remix of the latter 's single `` Wet '' , newly titled `` Sweat '' . It topped the charts in countries such as France , Australia and Austria . In 2011 , Snoop released a soundtrack on Mac & Devin Go to High School with Wiz Khalifa . `` Young , Wild & Free '' , the soundtrack 's lead single which features Bruno Mars , and produced by The Smeezingtons , was released on October 11 , 2011 . In its first week it sold 159,000 digital copies , debuting at number 10 on the US Billboard Hot 100 , and number 44 on the Canadian Hot 100 .   In 2012 , after a trip to Jamaica , Snoop announced a conversion to the Rastafari movement and a new alias , Snoop Lion '' ' . Under the new moniker , he released a reggae album , Reincarnated . As of May 2015 , the album has sold 104,000 copies in the United States . The album topped Billboard Top Reggae Albums for 34 non-consecutive weeks  n  His thirteenth solo studio album , Bush , was released in May 2015 . It was supported by the singles ; `` Peaches N Cream '' featuring Charlie Wilson , `` So Many Pros '' , and `` California Roll '' featuring Stevie Wonder . The album was the eighth best-selling album of the week . Bush was the sixth Snoop 's solo album to debut at number one on the Billboard '' Top R&B / Hip-Hop Albums .   Coolaid was released July 1 , 2016 on eOne . His latest album Neva Left was released on Doggystyle and Empire records on May 19 , 2017 .

neg: Estate tax in the United States The estate tax in the United States is a tax on the transfer of the estate of a deceased person . The tax applies to property that is transferred via a will or according to state laws of intestacy . Other transfers that are subject to the tax can include those made through an intestate estate or trust , or the payment of certain life insurance benefits or financial account sums to beneficiaries . The estate tax is one part of the Unified Gift and Estate Tax system in the United States . The other part of the system , the gift tax , applies to transfers of property during a person 's life .   In addition to the federal estate tax , many states have enacted similar taxes . These taxes may be termed an `` inheritance tax . '' The tax is often the subject of political debate , and opponents of the estate tax call it the `` death tax '' .   If an asset is left to a spouse or a federally recognized charity , the tax usually does not apply . In addition , up to a certain amount varying year by year can be given by an individual , before and/or upon their death , without incurring federal gift or estate taxes : $ 5,340,000 for estates of persons dying in 2014 , $ 5,430,000 for estates of persons dying in 2015 , and $ 5,450,000 ( effectively $ 10.90 million per married couple ) for estates of persons dying in 2016 . Because of these exemptions , only the largest 0.2 % of estates in the US will have to pay any estate tax .

neg: The D.O.C. Tracy Lynn Curry ( born June 10 , 1968 ) , better known by his stage name The D.O.C. , is an American rapper from Dallas . In addition to a solo career , he was a member of the hip hop group Fila Fresh Crew and later collaborated with gangsta rap group N.W.A , where he co-wrote many of their releases as well as Eazy-E 's solo debut album Eazy-Duz-It . He has also worked with Dr. Dre , who is one of the founding members of N.W.A and produced two of his solo albums .   After Fila Fresh Crew split up in 1987 , The D.O.C. went on to pursue a successful solo career . In 1989 , he released his debut album , No One Can Do It Better , which reached number-one on the US Top R&B / Hip-Hop Albums chart for two weeks and spawned two number one hits on the Hot Rap Songs chart : `` It 's Funky Enough '' and `` The D.O.C. & The Doctor '' . The album went platinum five years after its release . In late 1989 , months after the release of No One Can Do It Better , The D.O.C. almost died when a car accident resulted in the crushing of his larynx , permanently changing his voice . Since his recovery , he has released two more albums , Helter Skelter in 1996 and Deuce in 2003 . Since 2006 , The D.O.C. has been working on new material for his fourth album Voices .

neg: DJ Hurricane DJ Hurricane ( born Wendell Timothy Fite in Dallas on January 12 , 1965 ) is an American hip hop DJ , producer and rapper . He is best known for his work with the Beastie Boys . He was a member of the groups Solo Sounds and The Afros and recorded three solo albums , featuring many well-known artists such as Xzibit , Public Enemy , Kool G Rap , Black Thought , Papoose and Talib Kweli .

neg: Johnny Mathis discography Johnny Mathis has recorded 71 studio albums , 11 of which achieved sales of 500,000 units and were awarded Gold certification by the Recording Industry Association of America . Five of his greatest hits albums also accomplished this , and of these 16 Gold albums , six eventually went Platinum by reaching sales of one million copies . In 1999 , sales figures totaled five million for his first holiday LP , Merry Christmas , and three million for Johnny 's Greatest Hits , a 1958 collection that has been described as the `` original greatest-hits package '' and once held the record for most weeks on Billboard magazine 's album chart with a total of 490 ( three of which were spent at number one ) . His second longest album chart run was the 295 weeks belonging to his Platinum 1959 album Heavenly , which gave him five weeks in the top spot . In a ranking of the top album artists of the last half of the 1950s in terms of Billboard chart performance , he comes in at number two , for the 1960s , number 10 , and for the period from 1955 to 2009 he is at number six .   The recurring appearance of Mathis holiday releases on the various album charts in Billboard began with 1958 's Merry Christmas , which peaked at number three during the four weeks it spent that holiday season on the magazine 's biggest album chart ( now known as the Billboard 200 ) and returned to place at various positions within the top 40 slots there for the next four years . When the magazine first had a separate chart for Christmas albums from 1963 to 1973 , Merry Christmas ranked somewhere in the top 10 on it for another seven years , and on the Top Pop Catalog chart that was created for older titles , it had eight return appearances during the 1990s . His Sounds of Christmas LP spent two weeks at number two on the Christmas Albums chart upon its 1963 release and re-charted for the next five years , and 1969 's Give Me Your Love for Christmas reached number one there during its first of several annual chart showings before achieving Platinum certification . Other notable holiday projects include Home for Christmas , a 1990 home video special that went platinum , and Sending You a Little Christmas , a 2013 release that earned him a Grammy nomination in the category of Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album .   Mathis also recorded 43 songs that reached Billboard magazine 's Hot 100 chart in the United States and another nine that `` bubbled under '' the Hot 100 . Six of these 52 recordings made the top 10 , including 1957 's `` Chances Are '' and the 1978 Deniece Williams duet , `` Too Much , Too Little , Too Late '' , which each spent a week at number one , and 32 of them are also on the list of 50 entries that Mathis had on the magazine 's Easy Listening chart , which was started in 1961 . 19 of those 50 songs made the top 10 on that list , and two of them ( `` I 'm Coming Home '' and `` Too Much , Too Little , Too Late '' ) went on to number one . The Williams duet also spent four weeks at number one on the magazine 's R&B chart and was certified Gold after selling one million copies .   In the UK Mathis spent three weeks at number one on the singles chart in 1976 with `` When a Child Is Born '' and had two compilations reached the top spot on the albums chart : 1977 's The Mathis Collection and 1980 's Tears and Laughter . `` Too Much , Too Little , Too Late '' and `` When a Child Is Born '' both achieved Silver certification for singles by the British Phonographic Industry for sales of 250,000 units in the UK , and the latter eventually reached the 500,000 mark to earn Gold certification . 16 of his LPs met the 60,000 album sales mark in the UK to be certified Silver , with eight of those going on to sell 100,000 copies for Gold certification and one of those eight ( The Johnny Mathis Collection , 1976 ) making it to the 300,000 total necessary for the Platinum award .

neg: 2014 iHeartRadio Music Awards The 2014 iHeartRadio Music Awards , was the inaugural music award show presented by iHeartMedia 's platform iHeartRadio and NBC . The awards were held on May 1 , 2014 , at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles . The awards show was announced on February 26 , 2014 . The nominations were compiled by the results of Mediabase charts , listener feedback and digital straming data from the iHeartRadio platform and announced on March 26 , 2014 . The awards recognized the biggest artists and songs of the year . The show was directed by Hamish Hamilton . The voting took place on iHeartRadio 's official webpage except for the `` Instagram Award '' , where voting took place on social network Instagram .   Rihanna led the nominations with eight and also became the biggest winner of the night with four wins including Artist of the Year and Song of the Year .   NBC 's telecast of the iHeartRadio Music Awards drew 5.4 million viewers overall and a rating of 1.7 in the key 18-to-49-year-old demographic .

neg: Jay E Jason Lee `` Jay E '' Epperson is a St. Louis-born record producer and DJ . Jay E rose to fame as the main producer of rapper Nelly 's multi-platinum 2000 album Country Grammar which has sold more than 10 million copies worldwide .   Jay E 's DJ experience started at a local St. Louis roller skating rink where he met future St. Lunatics member Ali . It was Ali who introduced Jay E to the St. Lunatics , which eventually led to Jay E producing St. Lunatic 's member Nelly 's first solo album Country Grammar .   The December 2000 issue of Billboard magazine listed Jay E as number 16 of the Top 100 Producers and number 19 of the Top 100 R&B / Hip-Hop Producers of 2000 . On June 7 , 2001 , Jay E was presented with two awards from ASCAP for co-writing Nelly 's single `` Country Grammar ( Hot Shit ) '' .   Jay E has gone on to work with artists such as Joss Stone , Murphy Lee , Three 6 Mafia and Dirt Nasty Sux . Currently , Jay E splits his time between studio production and live DJ sets at various St. Louis and Hollywood clubs .

neg: Tax expense A company 's tax expense , or tax charge , is the income before tax multiplied by the appropriate tax rate . Generally , companies report income before tax to their shareholder under generally accepted accounting principles ( GAAP ) . However , companies report income before tax to their government under tax law .   As a result , the computation of the tax expense is considerably more complex . Tax law may provide for different treatment ( from GAAP ) of items of income and expenses as a result of tax policy . The differences may be of permanent or temporary nature . Permanent items are in the form of non taxable income and non taxable expenses . Things such as expenses considered not deductible by taxing authorities ( `` add backs '' ) , the range of tax rates applicable to various levels of income , different tax rates in different jurisdictions , multiple layers of tax on income , and other issues .   For example , a government trying to promote savings may exempt interest income from tax or provide a lower rate for long term investments - such as capital gains . Conversely , a government trying to balance its foreign trade may disallow the deduction of international travel expenses or purchases made abroad .   An example of temporary items may be depreciation expense ; sometimes governments provide for `` accelerated '' depreciation of particular items of interest to tax policy . Another common temporary difference refers to bad dedt write-off where the governments may generally have a stricter standard requiring the filing of claims in court .   Historically , in many places , a revenue-expense method was used , in which the income statement was seen as primary , and the balance sheet as secondary . Under International Financial Reporting Standards , as well as many other accounting principles , tax expense is the result of computing current and deferred tax payable using the asset-liability method in which the balance sheet is seen as primary and the income statement as secondary . The approach in United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles was codified in SFAS 96 published in December 1987 , and updated in February 1992 with SFAS 109 , accounting for income taxes from a balance-sheet approach . See List of FASB Pronouncements .   Current tax payable is computed by multiplying the taxable income number , as reported to the tax authorities , by the appropriate tax rate . As with tax expense , the computation is made more complex by the range of tax rates that are applicable to various levels of income and the various deductions and adjustments that the tax authorities allow .   In the United States , the U.K. and elsewhere , companies are permitted to report one pre-tax income number ( also called income before tax , profit before tax or earnings before income tax ) to shareholders , and another , called taxable income , to the tax authorities . Differences between taxable income and the pre-tax income or profit number reported for financial statements are either temporary or permanent in nature . Permanent differences result when deductibility rules differ in perpetuity between accounting and tax law . Temporary differences result when the recognition of deductions for tax and accounting standards differ in their timing . The result is a gap between tax expense computed using income before tax and current tax payable computed using taxable income . This gap is known as deferred tax . If the tax expense exceeds the current tax payable then there is a deferred tax payable ; if the current tax payable exceeds the tax expense then there is a deferred tax receivable .   In the long run , income before tax and taxable income will likely be more similar than they are in any given period . If the one is less in earlier years , then it will be greater in later years . Deferred taxes will reverse themselves in the long run and in total will zero out , unless there is something like a change in tax rates in the intervening period . A deferred tax payable results from a tax break in the early years and will reverse itself in later years ; a deferred tax receivable results from more taxes being paid in early years than the tax expense reported to shareholders and will again reverse itself in later years . The deferred tax amount is computed by estimating the amount and the timing of the reversal and multiplying that by the appropriate tax rates .   For each of current tax and deferred tax , there may be elements which relate to the current accounting period ( current year current tax and current year deferred tax ) , as well as items which relate to earlier accounting periods ( strictly adjustments in respect of prior years , but often simply referred to as prior year current tax and prior year deferred tax ) .   Typically , adjustments in respect of prior years arise because the tax calculations made for the statutory accounts ( which need only be materially correct , and are prepared in a tight time frame to meet the accounts filing deadline ) differ from those done for the filing of the tax return ( typically done later in the year , with much greater thoroughness ) . This difference is therefore included in the tax expense line in the following year 's accounts . Other reasons for prior year elements to the tax expense may be where a past income tax return was re-submitted with a different tax result ( either because the taxpayer elected to , or because they were forced to by a tax authority who disagreed with the original filing ) . In any case , having adjustments in respect of prior years is a standard part of the tax expense item , and should not be considered a misstatement in the original accounts -- the tax expense item is not being restated .   In a set of statutory accounts , there will usually be a note to the accounts which provides a breakdown of the elements of the tax expense i.e. current tax ( current year and prior year ) , deferred tax ( current year and prior year ) . The exact disclosure requirement and format will depend on the relevant accounting standards under which the accounts were prepared ( e.g. IFRS , US GAAP , UK GAAP ) . It may also be required to show foreign tax charges separately , so that the current tax items only relate to tax in the home country ( this is the case under UK GAAP , for example ) . Foreign tax may also have current and prior year elements , and foreign tax may arise on the same underlying profits as domestic tax ( where there is double taxation ) .   All these factors mean that is not adequate to calculate the tax expense by simply taking the accounting profit multiplied by the tax rate .

neg: Major Key (album) Major Key ( stylized as Major ð ''` ) is the ninth studio album by DJ Khaled . It was released on July 29 , 2016 , by We the Best Music Group and Epic Records . The album features guest appearances from Future , Big Sean , Rick Ross , Jay Z , Drake , Nas , Kendrick Lamar , Betty Wright , J. Cole , Bryson Tiller , Nicki Minaj , Chris Brown , August Alsina , Jeremih , Kodak Black , Jeezy , French Montana , YG , Yo Gotti , Gucci Mane , 2 Chainz , Jadakiss , Fabolous , Fat Joe , Busta Rhymes , Kent Jones , Travis Scott , Lil Wayne , Meghan Trainor , Wiz Khalifa , Wale and Mavad   The album was supported by four singles , `` For Free '' , `` I Got the Keys '' , `` Holy Key '' and `` Do You Mind '' . Major Key received generally positive reviews from critics and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 . The album was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) in November 2016 . It received a Grammy nomination for Best Rap Album .

neg: J. Cole discography American hip hop recording artist J. Cole has released four studio albums , one live album , one compilation album , two extended plays , three mixtapes , sixteen singles ( including nine as a featured artist ) , two promotional singles and twenty music videos . J. Cole first took up rapping in his teens , collaborating with the local Fayetteville hip hop duo Bomm Sheltuh . The Come Up , his debut mixtape , was released on May 4 , 2007 to positive reception . Following the release of The Come Up , J. Cole was contacted by American rapper Jay Z and subsequently signed to his record label Roc Nation . Cole released his second mixtape The Warm Up on June 15 , 2009 . `` Lights Please '' , the first single from The Warm Up , peaked at number nine on the United States Billboard Bubbling Under R&B / Hip-Hop Singles chart and became Cole 's first entry on a national record chart . He was later featured on `` All I Want Is You '' , a 2010 single by American R&B singer Miguel -- it peaked at number 58 on the US Billboard Hot 100 . J. Cole 's third mixtape Friday Night Lights was released on November 12 , 2010 .   J. Cole released his debut studio album Cole World : The Sideline Story on September 27 , 2011 . It debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 , with first-week sales of 218,000 copies . The album 's lead single `` Work Out '' peaked at number thirteen on the Billboard Hot 100 and became a top ten hit on the Billboard Hot R&B / Hip-Hop Songs and Hot Rap Songs charts . Cole World : The Sideline Story was later certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , while `` Work Out '' was certified two times platinum . Two more singles were released from the album : `` Ca n't Get Enough '' and `` Nobody 's Perfect '' , which peaked at numbers 52 and 61 respectively on the Hot 100 . J. Cole 's second studio album Born Sinner was released on June 18 , 2013 . Its lead single , `` Power Trip '' , peaked at number 19 on the Hot 100 and received a platinum certification from the RIAA . On December 9 , 2014 , he released his third studio album 2014 Forest Hills Drive . The album was supported by four singles : `` Apparently '' , `` Wet Dreamz '' , `` No Role Modelz '' and `` Love Yourz '' . The album also went on to sell 353,000 copies in its first week , and became the first rap album in 25 years to be certified platinum in the US with no guest appearances . The songs `` No Role Modelz '' and `` Wet Dreamz '' later received a platinum certification from the RIAA . In addition to his fourth album , Cole released three singles in 2016 : `` Love Yourz '' , `` Everybody Dies '' , and `` False Prophets '' . His album 4 Your Eyez Only was released on the second anniversary of 2014 Forest Hill Drive . 4 Your Eyez Only was certified gold before it debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 , despite having no singles upon release . `` Deja Vu '' was later given a single release after peaking at number 7 on the Hot 100 .

neg: Relapse (Eminem album) Relapse is the sixth studio album by American rapper Eminem . The album was released on May 19 , 2009 , under Aftermath Entertainment , Shady Records , and Interscope Records . It was his first album of original material since Encore ( 2004 ) , following a four-year hiatus from recording due to his writer 's block and an addiction to prescription sleeping medication . Recording sessions for the album took place during 2005 to 2009 at several recording studios , and Dr. Dre , Mark Batson , and Eminem handled production . Conceptually , Relapse concerns the ending of his drug rehabilitation , rapping after a non-fictional relapse , and the return of his Slim Shady alter-ego .   One of the most anticipated album releases of 2009 , Relapse debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart , selling 608,000 copies in its first week . It produced three singles that attained chart success and has been certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America . The album received mixed reviews from most music critics , who were divided in their responses towards Eminem 's lyrics . It has sold more than 2.3 million copies in the United States and more than 17 million copies worldwide .

neg: List of awards and nominations received by Missy Elliott Missy Elliott is an American rapper , singer-songwriter , author , record producer and actress . Missy 's debut album Supa Dupa Fly was released on July 15 , 1997 in the United States under her own label The Goldmind Inc. signed under Elektra Records . Her second album Da Real World was then released on June 22 , 1999 , followed by her third album Miss E. . . So Addictive , released on May 15 , 2001 . Under Construction was the fourth album released by Elliott , which was released on November 12 , 2002 , followed by her fifth album This Is Not a Test ! that saw a release in November 25 , 2003 , and The Cookbook , Elliott 's latest album to date , which was released on July 4 , 2005 .   Throughout Missy Elliott 's career , she has received several awards and nominations . Elliott would also be noted to become the first female rapper in history to take home the award for `` Best International Video '' from VIVA Comet Media Awards for her solo debut single , `` The Rain ( Supa Dupa Fly ) '' . Elliott 's debut Supa Dupa Fly ( 1997 ) would go on to score two Grammy nominations for Best Rap Solo Performance & Best Rap Album , alongside three MTV Music Video Awards nominations for `` Best Direction in a Video , '' `` Best Breakthrough Video '' & `` Best Rap Video '' .   Missy Elliott 's second album Da Real World ( 1999 ) attained a Grammy nomination for Best Rap Album . She also received an award for `` Best R&B / Soul or Rap Music Video '' by the Soul Train Awards . The album went on to go platinum making it Elliott 's second platinum album . The follow-up , Miss E. . . So Addictive ( 2001 ) , was a commercial success ; selling over 9.2 million copies worldwide making it her third consecutive platinum album . This album would attain twelve MTV Video Music Awards nominations throughout 2001 and 2002 . Additionally , the effort gained Elliott several nominations from various award shows some including , the Grammy Awards , MTV Video Music Awards , and the BET Awards .   On March 27 , 2001 , Lil ' Kim , Christina Aguilera , Pink , and Mýa recorded a cover version of the LaBelle song , `` Lady Marmalade '' as a medley for the feature film Moulin Rouge that Missy Elliott wrote and produced , which topped # 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 for five weeks . `` Lady Marmalade '' scored Elliott 's first Grammy Award in 2002 for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals .   Missy Elliott 's fourth album Under Construction ( 2002 ) was certified double platinum , making it her fourth platinum album . The effort gained Elliott eight MTV Video Music Awards in 2003 , taking two awards for `` Video of the Year & `` Best Hip-Hop Video '' . The album also gained Elliott five Grammy nominations in 2004 for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group , Best Rap Album , Album of The Year , Best Rap Song & Best Female Rap Solo Performance taking an award for Best Female Rap Solo Performance . Elliott 's follow-up This Is Not a Test ! ( 2003 ) would also attain a platinum certification , as well as two MTV Video Music Awards and one MTV Music Video Japan Awards nominations .   The Cookbook ( 2005 ) is Missy Elliott 's latest album to date . The effort attained three Grammy nominations in 2006 for Best Short Form Music Video , Best Rap Song & Best Rap Album . Elliott received the award for Best Short Form Music Video for her single `` Lose Control '' . The Cookbook also gained Elliott seven MTV Video Music Awards nominations , taking two awards for `` Best Dance Video '' and `` Best Hip-Hop Video '' . In 2014 , Missy Elliott became nominated for a Grammy for Best R&B Song for the featured single , `` Without Me '' .

neg: Cultural impact of Elvis Presley Since the beginning of his career , Elvis Presley has had an extensive cultural impact . According to Rolling Stone , `` it was Elvis who made rock 'n' roll the international language of pop . '' Rolling Stone encyclopedia of Rock and Roll describes Presley as `` an American music giant of the 20th century who single-handedly changed the course of music and culture in the mid-1950s . '' His recordings , dance moves , attitude and clothing came to be seen as embodiments of rock and roll . His music was heavily influenced by African-American blues , Christian gospel , and Southern country . In a list of the greatest English language singers , as compiled by Q Magazine , Presley was ranked first , and second in the list of greatest singers of 20th century by BBC Radio .   Presley sang both hard driving rockabilly , rock and roll dance songs and ballads , laying a commercial foundation upon which other rock musicians would build their careers . African-American performers like Big Joe Turner , Wynonie Harris and Fats Domino came to national prominence after Presley 's acceptance among mass audiences of White American adults . Singers like Jerry Lee Lewis , the Everly Brothers , Chuck Berry , Bo Diddley , Little Richard , Buddy Holly , Johnny Cash , Roy Orbison and others immediately followed in his wake . John Lennon later observed , `` Before Elvis , there was nothing . ''   During the post-WWII economic boom of the 1950s , many parents were able to give their teenage children much higher weekly allowances , signaling a shift in the buying power and purchasing habits of American teens . During the 1940s bobby soxers had idolized Frank Sinatra , but the buyers of his records were mostly between the ages of eighteen and twenty-two . Presley triggered a lot of demand for his records by near-teens and early teens aged ten and up . Along with Presley 's `` ducktail '' haircut , the demand for black slacks and loose , open-necked shirts resulted in new lines of clothing for teenage boys whereas a girl might get a pink portable 45 rpm record player for her bedroom . Meanwhile , American teenagers began buying newly available portable transistor radios and listened to rock 'n' roll on them ( helping to propel that fledgling industry from an estimated 100,000 units sold in 1955 to 5,000,000 units by the end of 1958 ) . Teens were asserting more independence and Presley became a national symbol of their parents ' consternation .   Presley 's impact on the American youth consumer market was noted on the front page of The Wall Street Journal on December 31 , 1956 when business journalist Louis M. Kohlmeier wrote , `` Elvis Presley today is a business , '' and reported on the singer 's record and merchandise sales . Half a century later , historian Ian Brailsford ( University of Auckland , New Zealand ) commented , `` The phenomenal success of Elvis Presley in 1956 convinced many doubters of the financial opportunities existing in the youth market . ''

neg: Richard Driehaus Richard Herman Driehaus ( -LSB- ˈdriː.haʊs -RSB- ) ( born 1942 in Chicago , Illinois , United States ) is an American fund manager , businessman and philanthropist . He is the founder , chief investment officer , and chairman of Driehaus Capital Management LLC , based in Chicago . In the year 2000 , he was named Barron 's `` All-Century '' team of the 25 individuals who have been the most influential within the mutual fund industry over the past 100 years . His firm had $ 10.9 billion in assets under management as of the end of March 2015 . He is often credited as the father of momentum investing , although he was not the first to implement the strategy . Driehaus explains `` the momentum investor has confidence that a stock that is high can head even higher . We rarely invest in stock because it 's cheap and hope for a turnaround . '' This strategy reportedly delivered compound annual returns of 30 % for Driehaus Capital Management in the 12 years after it was set up in the 1980s .