query: Mark Zuckerberg has some involvement with Facebook.

pos: Mark Zuckerberg Mark Elliot Zuckerberg ( born May 14 , 1984 ) is an American computer programmer and Internet entrepreneur . He is a co-founder of Facebook , and currently operates as its chairman and chief executive officer . His net worth is estimated to be US$ 63.3 billion as of May 2017 , and he is ranked by Forbes as the fifth richest person in the world .   Zuckerberg launched Facebook from his Harvard University dormitory room on February 4 , 2004 . He was assisted by his college roommates and fellow Harvard students Eduardo Saverin , Andrew McCollum , Dustin Moskovitz , and Chris Hughes . The group then introduced Facebook to other college campuses . Facebook expanded rapidly , reaching one billion users by 2012 . Meanwhile , Zuckerberg was involved in various legal disputes brought by others in the group , who claimed a share of the company based upon their involvement during the development phase of Facebook .   In December 2012 , Zuckerberg and his wife Priscilla Chan announced that over the course of their lives they would give the majority of their wealth to `` advancing human potential and promoting equality '' in the spirit of The Giving Pledge . On December 1 , 2015 , they announced they would eventually give 99 percent of their Facebook shares ( worth about US$ 45 billion at the time ) to the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative .   Since 2010 , Time magazine has named Zuckerberg among the 100 wealthiest and most influential people in the world as a part of its Person of the Year award . In December 2016 , Zuckerberg was ranked 10th on Forbes list of The World 's Most Powerful People . According to Forbes Magazine , Zuckerberg has a net worth of US$ 63.3 billion as of May 2017 .

neg: COBRA (consumer theory) COBRA ( consumer 's online brand related activities ) is a theoretical framework related to understanding consumer 's behavioural engagement with brands on social media .  COBRA in literature is defined as `` set of brand-related online activities on the part of the consumer that vary in the degree to which the consumer interacts with social media and engages in the consumption , contribution , and creation of media content . '' ( Schivinski , Christodoulides , & Dabrowski , 2016 , p. 66 )   Conceptually , the COBRAs concept draws from the work of Shao ( 2009 ) . The author explored boundaries , in which consumers engage with user-generated media . Shao ( 2009 ) suggested that people engage with such media in three ways : by consuming , by participating , and by producing brand-related media .   The concept was further investigated in a qualitative research conducted by Muntinga , Moorman , and Smit in 2011 . In their study , the researchers had analyzed data from 20 consumers and suggested three dimensions of analysis : consumption , contribution , and creation .   To validate the COBRAs framework , Schivinski , Christodoulides , and Dabrowski ( 2016 ) developed a survey instrument to measure the consumer 's engagement with brand-related social-media content , based on three dimensions ( i.e. , consumption , contribution , and creation ) established by Muntinga , Moorman , and Smit ( 2011 ) . Examples of the application of COBRAs follows :   Consumption : when consumers see a picture or watch a YouTube video displaying a specific brand e.g. , Harley Davidson or Coca-Cola . Doing so , consumers are consuming brand-related media ;   Contribution : when consumers engage with online brand-related media by commenting on a post or `` Liking '' a piece of content , they are moving from the stage of `` observer '' to a `` media contributor '' ;   Creation : when consumers decide to upload a picture of a brand or product on Facebook , they are creating brand-related content .

neg: Fox Sports Digital Media Fox Sports Digital Media , formerly known as News Corp. . Digital Media and Fox Interactive Media , is a subsidiary of Fox Entertainment Group which operates Fox Sports ' online properties in the United States .   When known as Fox Interactive Media , it was formed to oversee News Corporation 's new media acquisitions , including IGN , Myspace and Photobucket . However , the group would later divest most of its properties ; in 2006 , Demand Media , a company run by Richard Rosenblatt , former CEO of Intermix Media and chairman of Myspace , purchased back all of the non-MySpace assets Intermix had sold to News Corporation . In December 2009 , Fox sold Photobucket to the startup digital photography company Ontela . In October 2010 , the Fox Audience Network was sold to ad technology firm Rubicon Project .   Fox Interactive Media also operated the websites of Fox 's television stations . As part of a joint venture with LIN Media in 2008 , Fox Interactive Media also began offering the Digital Publishing Platform ( DPP ) , an enterprise content management system and hosting platform primarily intended for local station websites . The DPP products were later spun off as the independent company EndPlay , which Fox and LIN still hold equity interests in . Fox would begin outsourcing their television station websites to competing provider Worldnow in 2012 .   In June 2011 , Specific Media and pop singer Justin Timberlake bought Myspace for $ 35 million , which CNN reported noted was `` far less than the $ 580 million News Corp. paid for Myspace in 2005 . '' Murdoch went on to call the Myspace purchase a `` huge mistake '' . In February 2013 , IGN Entertainment was sold to Ziff Davis Media .   As its only remaining properties relate to Fox Sports , the company was renamed Fox Sports Digital Media in mid-2013 .

neg: History of Facebook Facebook is a social networking service launched on February 4 , 2004 . It was founded by Mark Zuckerberg with his college roommates and fellow Harvard University student Eduardo Saverin . The website 's membership was initially limited by the founders to Harvard students , but was expanded to other colleges in the Boston area , the Ivy League , and gradually most universities in Canada and the United States , corporations , and by September 2006 , to everyone of age 13 and older with a valid email address .

neg: T-Platforms T-Platforms is a Russian supercomputer company .   Founded in 2002 , T-Platforms Group is headquartered in Moscow , Russia with regional offices in Hanover , Germany , Hong Kong , China and Taipei , Taiwan . The company has implemented more than 300 integrated projects , six of which were included in the Top500 list of the world 's most powerful supercomputers . T-Platforms owns patents on a number of supercomputer technologies and electronic components . T-Platforms ' solutions are used for fundamental and applied research in various fields of science , including life sciences , physics , chemistry and mathematics , as well as for calculation-intensive tasks in engineering , computer graphics and many other disciplines . In 2011 , HPCWire named Vsevolod Opanasenko , CEO of T-Platforms , one of 12 most famous and respected people of the global HPC community .   In November 2011 , the 33,072 processor Lomonosov supercomputer in Moscow developed by T-Platforms ranked number 18 in the world , and the fastest in Russia . It placed 3rd in Europe . In October 2012 , T-Platforms delivered its first supercomputer in the US to the State University of New York at Stony Brook ( SBU ) .   T-Platforms is part of the plan of the Russian government to focus on larger supercomputers by 2020 .   In April 2013 , the United States Department of Commerce added T-Platforms to their `` list of organizations and individuals acting contrary to the national security or foreign policy interests of the United States '' , preventing the company from buying computer chips produced anywhere in the world if the factories producing them use American technology . The decision was based on US concerns that T-Platforms work includes `` the development of computer systems for military end-users , and the production of computers for nuclear research '' .   T-Platforms was delisted from the list in December 2013/January 2014 , after removal request from the company   The main competitor is RSC Group .

neg: Many-to-many The many-to-many communication paradigm is one of three major Internet computing paradigms , characterized by multiple users contributing and receiving information , with the information elements often interlinked across different websites . Developments such as file sharing , blogs , Wikis , and tagging are media forms that reflect this paradigm ; these contrast with both the one-to-one ( characterized by e-mail , FTP , and Telnet ) and one-to-many ( characterized by websites ) paradigms .   With the evolution to the full `` many-to-many '' computing paradigm , people can input and receive information to and from the Internet ; they will be able to connect and communicate dynamically within a flexibly formed scope ; there will be no artificial boundary between information and communication tools , and the definition of `` many '' will go well beyond people to include entities such as organizations , products , processes , events , and concepts .

neg: World Wide Web Foundation The World Wide Web Foundation ( also Web Foundation ) is an organization dedicated to the improvement and availability of the World Wide Web . The formation of the organization was announced on September 14 , 2008 by Tim Berners-Lee at the Newseum in Washington , D.C. . The organization launched on November 15 , 2009 . One of its former board members is former British Prime Minister Gordon Brown .   The mission of the organization is `` to establish the open Web as a global public good and a basic right , ensuring that everyone can access and use it freely '' . The foundation works in two areas , A free and open Web and Open Democracy , to reach the objectives of the organization .   It publishes the Web Index with statistics for 86 selected countries .   This organization is not related to the Open Web Foundation .

neg: New York Angels New York Angels is an organization of business angel investors based in New York , New York , US that provides equity capital for early stage companies , primarily in the field of technology and new media . Its members typically invest between US$ 250,000 and US$ 1,000,000 in companies that have begun operations but are not yet ready for venture capital .   New York Angels is the successor group to the Angel Investor Program of the former New York New Media Association ( NYNMA ) , which began as the industry association representing the fast-growing technology companies in what was nicknamed Silicon Alley . In 1997 , at the suggestion of a number of NYNMA 's original founders , including Brian Horey , Laura Sachar , Alain Bankier and Jason Wright , the organization facilitated the creation of program to match new entrepreneurs with experienced Angel Investors . Following the crash of the dot-com bubble , NYNMA was disbanded and in 2003 the active angel investors whom it had brought together spun themselves off into a separate , not-for-profit group under the leadership of David S. Rose , a serial entrepreneur and investor .   Since 2003 , New York Angels has invested over $ 50 million into more than 60 early stage companies , mostly in and around the New York regional area . Among the 75 Accredited Investor members of the invitation-only group are Gideon Gartner ( Gartner Group and GIGA ) , Esther Dyson ( Release 1.0 and PC Forum ) , Alan Patricof ( Apax Ventures and Greycroft Partners ) , Scott Kurnit ( About.com ) , Roger Ehrenberg ( IA Capital ) , Jeff Stewart ( Mimeo.com ) , Jon Whelan ( AfterNIC.com ) , Linda Holliday ( Digitas Health ) and other technology entrepreneurs . The group also accepts venture capital firms as members , among which are First Round Capital , Softbank Ventures , RRE Ventures , and SAVP/Greenhill .   New York Angels was the first member of the Angel Capital Association , the professional trade group of American angel investor organizations . The organization is currently headed by businessman , Brian Cohen .

neg: Ryan Gallagher Ryan Gallagher is a Scottish investigative journalist . He writes for The Intercept about security and civil liberties , reporting on classified documents leaked by former National Security Agency contractor Edward Snowden . He has previously worked for The Guardian , Slate , and the Financial Times .   In August 2014 , Gallagher revealed the existence of ICREACH , an NSA search engine that he alleged is `` the largest system for internally sharing secret surveillance records in the United States . '' In March 2014 , with Glenn Greenwald , he revealed a joint NSA and British Government Communications Headquarters program to infect millions of computers with malware , a report that prompted Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg to personally call U.S. President Barack Obama to complain .   In 2013 , Gallagher was threatened by a private security contractor while working on a story exposing the use of facial recognition technology at the Statue of Liberty in New York .   He is listed on the New America Foundation 's website as a Future Tense Fellow under a program that seeks `` to bring exceptionally promising new voices and ideas into the nation 's public discourse . ''

neg: Mark Lucovsky Mark Lucovsky is an American software developer who worked for Microsoft and who is now employed by VMware as Vice President of Engineering in charge of Cloud Foundry . He is noted for being a part of the team that designed and built the Windows NT operating system , which after Windows XP became the basis of all current Windows releases .   Lucovsky received his bachelor 's degree in computer science in 1983 from California Polytechnic State University , San Luis Obispo . He worked at Digital Equipment Corporation , where he came to the attention of Dave Cutler and Lou Perazzoli . When Cutler and Perazzoli moved to Microsoft to work on their next generation operating system , they asked him to join them .   Among his contributions to Windows NT was an eighty-page manual that he wrote with Steve R. Wood defining the Windows application programming interfaces for software developers working on the Windows NT platform . He also managed check-ins to the Windows NT source code , tracking each check-in and discussing it with the developer before allowing it to be committed . Lucovsky was instrumental in moving the Windows team from the homegrown SLM revision control system to a custom version of Perforce ( SourceDepot ) .   Mark Lucovsky has stated that Steve Ballmer , on being informed that Lucovsky was about to leave Microsoft for Google , picked up a chair and threw it across the room , hitting a table in his office . Lucovsky also described Ballmer as saying : `` Fucking Eric Schmidt is a fucking pussy . I 'm going to fucking bury that guy , I have done it before , and I will do it again . I 'm going to fucking kill Google , '' then resumed trying to persuade Lucovsky to stay at Microsoft . Ballmer has described this as a `` gross exaggeration of what actually took place . ''   Lucovsky worked on the Microsoft . NET My Services product ( codenamed Hailstorm ) prior to moving to Google . At Google , he served as a Technical Director for the Ajax Search API . He joined VMware in July 2009 .

neg: Timeline of Facebook This is a timeline of Facebook .

neg: Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers ( KPCB ) is an American venture capital firm located on Sand Hill Road in Menlo Park in Silicon Valley . Specializing in investments in incubation , early stage and growth companies , since its founding in 1972 the firm has backed entrepreneurs in around 500 ventures , including AOL , Amazon.com , Compaq , Electronic Arts , Google , Netscape , Sun Microsystems , Nest , Snap , AppDynamics , and Twitter . Kleiner Perkins focuses its global investments in practice areas including technology and life sciences . The Wall Street Journal and other publications have called it one of the `` largest and most established '' venture capital firms and Dealbook named it `` one of Silicon Valley 's top venture capital providers . '' In addition to its Menlo Park headquarters , the company has offices in San Francisco and Shanghai , China .

neg: Kernel (neurotechnology company) Kernel is a neurotechnology company developing an interface to help researchers and clinicians better understand neurological diseases and dysfunctions such as Alzheimer 's and Parkinson 's diseases , depression and anxiety .   The company was founded in 2016 by Bryan Johnson , who backed it with a personal investment of $ 100 million . In February 2017 , Kernel purchased Cambridge , Mass.-based Kendall Research Systems ( KRS ) , a company founded by Christian Wentz that was developing an interface to capture and record neural data .   Kernel , which seeks to use knowledge gained from understanding basic brain functions to develop clinical solutions for neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders , is advised by a team including neuroscientists Ed Boyden and György Buzsáki and electrical engineer Ken Shepard . Johnson , who has said the future of humanity will be a combination of human and artificial intelligence , says Kernel 's objective is `` to read and write the underlying functions of the brain . ''   Kernel is one of several companies researching links between the human brain and computers , including Neuralink , founded by Elon Musk , and Facebook .

neg: Sergey Brin Sergey Mikhaylovich Brin ( Серге́й Миха́йлович Брин born August 21 , 1973 ) is a Russian American computer scientist , internet entrepreneur , and philanthropist . Together with Larry Page , he co-founded Google . Brin is the President of Google 's parent company Alphabet Inc. .   , Brin is the 13th richest person in the world , with an estimated net worth of US$ 39.8 billion .   Brin immigrated to the United States with his family from the Soviet Union at the age of 6 . He earned his bachelor 's degree at the University of Maryland , following in his father 's and grandfather 's footsteps by studying mathematics , as well as computer science . After graduation , he moved to Stanford University to acquire a PhD in computer science . There he met Page , with whom he later became friends . They crammed their dormitory room with inexpensive computers and applied Brin 's data mining system to build a web search engine . The program became popular at Stanford , and they suspended their PhD studies to start up Google in a rented garage .   The Economist referred to Brin as an `` Enlightenment Man '' , and as someone who believes that `` knowledge is always good , and certainly always better than ignorance '' , a philosophy that is summed up by Google 's mission statement , `` Organize the world 's information and make it universally accessible and useful , '' and unofficial yet sometimes controversial motto , `` Do n't be evil '' .

neg: Zorpia Zorpia is a social networking service , popular in China . Zorpia is one of the few international social networks with a Chinese Internet Content Provider license . The social networking site reports 2 million unique users per month and a total worldwide user base of 26 million . Jeffrey Ng is the company 's founder and CEO of Zorpia . The privately funded company is based in Hong Kong and has 30 employees . Zorpia has been accused of spamming misleading messages on behalf of people to their address books without their consent or knowledge as a way of acquiring email addresses . In 2012 , PandoDaily wrote that Zorpia `` has a dreadful spamming problem that it needs to fix fast . ''

neg: Facebook Home Facebook Home was a user interface layer for Android-compatible smartphones that was developed by Facebook . Designed to be a drop-in replacement for the existing home screen ( `` launcher '' ) on an Android device , the software provides a replacement home screen that allows users to easily view and post content on Facebook along with launching apps , a replacement lock screen that displays notifications from Facebook and other apps , and an overlay which allows users to chat via Facebook messages or SMS from any app . Facebook Home was unveiled at a press event on April 4 , 2013 , and was released on April 12 , 2013 for a limited selection of devices from HTC and Samsung Electronicsincluding the HTC First , a new smartphone pre-loaded with the software .

neg: Tom Stocky Tom Stocky is Vice President of Search at Facebook , where he oversees the engineering , product and design teams for Facebook Search . He also serves on the board of the Silicon Valley Community Foundation . Prior to Facebook , he was a director of product management at Google , responsible for search , client and infrastructure products based in Zurich . He 's credited with Google 's early forays into travel , leading up to the acquisition of ITA Software , which closed in April , 2011 . He had also helped start their developer products team and was part of the team that launched Google App Engine in April , 2008 .   In 2013 he and Lars Rasmussen were listed as number 79 in The 100 Biggest Stars In Silicon Valley by Business Insider .

neg: Peter Thiel Peter Andreas Thiel ( -LSB- ` tiːl -RSB- born October 11 , 1967 ) is an American entrepreneur , venture capitalist , philanthropist , political activist , and author . He was ranked No. 4 on the Forbes Midas List of 2014 , with a net worth of $ 2.2 billion , and No. 246 on the Forbes 400 in 2016 , with a net worth of $ 2.7 billion .   Thiel was born in Frankfurt , and holds German citizenship . He moved with his family to the United States as an infant , and spent a portion of his upbringing in Africa before returning to the U.S. . He studied philosophy at Stanford University , graduating with a B.A. in 1989 . He then went on to the Stanford Law School , and received his J.D. in 1992 . After graduation , he worked as a judicial clerk for Judge James Larry Edmondson , a securities lawyer for Sullivan & Cromwell , a speechwriter for former-U.S. Secretary of Education William Bennett and as a derivatives trader at Credit Suisse prior to founding Thiel Capital in 1996 . He then co-founded PayPal in 1999 , and served as chief executive officer until its sale to eBay in 2002 for $ 1.5 billion .   After the sale of PayPal , he founded Clarium Capital , a global macro hedge fund . He launched Palantir Technologies , an analytical software company , in 2004 and continues to serve as its chairman as of 2016 . His Founders Fund , a venture capital firm , was launched in 2005 along with PayPal partners Ken Howery and Luke Nosek . Earlier , Thiel became Facebook 's first outside investor when he acquired a 10.2 % stake for $ 500,000 in August 2004 . He sold the majority of his shares in Facebook for over $ 1 billion in 2012 , but remains on the board of directors . He also co-founded Valar Ventures in 2010 and operates as its chairman , co-founded Mithril Capital , of which he is investment committee chair , in 2012 , and has served as a partner at Y Combinator since 2015 .   Thiel is involved with a variety of philanthropic and political pursuits . Through the Thiel Foundation , he governs the grant-making bodies Breakout Labs and Thiel Fellowship , and supports life extension , seasteading and other speculative research . A founder of The Stanford Review , he is a conservative libertarian who is critical of excessive government spending , high debt levels , and foreign wars . He has donated to numerous political figures , and provided financial support to Hulk Hogan in Bollea v. Gawker .

neg: Facebook like button The Facebook like button is a feature on the social networking website Facebook . It was first enabled on February 9 , 2009 . The like button enables users to easily interact with status updates , comments , photos , links shared by friends , and advertisements . Once clicked by a user , the designated content appears in the News Feeds of that user 's friends , and the button also displays the number of other users who have liked the content , including a full or partial list of those users . The like button was extended to comments in June 2010 . After extensive testing and years of questions from the public about whether it had an intention to incorporate a `` Dislike '' button , Facebook officially rolled out `` Reactions '' to users worldwide on February 24 , 2016 , letting users long-press on the like button for an option to use one of five pre-defined emotions , including `` Love '' , `` Haha '' , `` Wow '' , `` Sad '' , or `` Angry '' . Reactions were also extended to comments in May 2017 .   The like button is one of Facebook 's social plug-ins , in which the button can be placed on third-party websites . Its use centers around a form of an advertising network , in which it gathers information about which users visit what websites . This form of functionality , a sort of web beacon , has been significantly criticized for privacy . Privacy activist organizations have urged Facebook to stop its data collection through the plug-in , and governments have launched investigations into the activity for possible privacy law violations . Facebook has stated that it anonymizes the information after three months , and that the data collected is not shared or sold to third parties . Additionally , the like button 's potential use as a measurement of popularity has caused some companies to sell likes through fake Facebook accounts , which in turn have sparked complaints from some companies advertising on Facebook that have received an abundance of fake likes that have distorted proper user metrics . Facebook states in its Terms of Service agreement that users may only create one personal page , and it has ongoing efforts against the spread of fake accounts . In the United States , pressing the `` like '' button on a page is protected as freedom of speech under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution .

neg: Free Basics Internet.org is a partnership between social networking services company Facebook and six companies ( Samsung , Ericsson , MediaTek , Opera Software , Nokia and Qualcomm ) that plans to bring affordable access to selected Internet services to less developed countries by increasing efficiency , and facilitating the development of new business models around the provision of Internet access . The app delivering these services was renamed Free Basics in September 2015 . As of November 2016 40 million people are using internet.org .   It has been criticized for violating net neutrality , and by handpicking internet services that are included , for discriminating against companies not in the list , including Facebook 's rivals . In February 2016 , regulators banned the Free Basics service in India based on `` Prohibition of Discriminatory Tariffs for Data Services Regulations '' . The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India ( TRAI ) accused Facebook of failing to pass on the four questions in the regulator 's consultation paper and also blocking access to TRAI 's designated email for feedback on Free Basics . On February 11 , 2016 Facebook withdrew the Free Basics platform from India .

neg: Brokat From 1996 to 2000 Brokat Technologies ( formerly listed at the NASDAQ and the German Neuer Markt ) was one of the German fast-growning companies of the New Economy age . In November 2001 , it declared insolvency during the bust of dot-com bubble .   Brokat was a global leader in software that enables user-centric business . Brokat 's product families multi-channel infrastructure software , rules management and personalization technology , mobile payment software , and e-finance applications were used by over 3,500 enterprises worldwide including Deutsche Bank , ABN Amro , Allianz , Bank of America , Blue Martini Software , Charter One , DaimlerChrysler , DBS Bank , Fidelity Investments , IBM Corporation , LBBW , MasterCard International , SE-Banken , Sun Microsystems , Swiss Post , T-Motion ( a subsidiary of Deutsche Telekom ) , and Toyota . Strategic partners , among others , included Compaq , Intel , IBM , Siemens , and Sun Microsystems . With dual headquarters in San Jose , California and Stuttgart , Germany , Brokat employed over 1,400 people in 17 countries .   Brokat Technologies ( also Brokat AG ; former names were BROKAT Informationssysteme GmbH and BROKAT Systems ) was founded 1994 by Stefan Roever , Boris Anderer , Achim Schlumpberger , Michael Schumacher and Michael Janßen . When Brokat went public in 1998 Stefan Roever became CEO together with Boris Anderer as Co-CEO . Michael Janßen became CFO and Achim Schlumpberger became CTO . In 1999 Anderer and Schlumpberger quit their Executive positions ; Anderer became Chairman of Brokat working on the US expansion and Schlumpberger became Chief Architect of Brokat core technology . Both left the company end of 2000 .   The company was first headquartered in Böblingen , Germany and it moved to nearby Stuttgart in December 1997 . 1998 Brokat went public at the German `` Neuer Markt '' . 1999 Brokat entered the U.S. market by acquiring the Atlanta-based Transaction Software Technologies , Inc. ( TST ) . Furthermore Intel invested 10M EUR in Brokat .   End of 1999 Brokat achieved a market capitalization of more than $ 5 Billion . In 2000 Brokat expanded in the U.S. market by acquiring Gemstone Systems , Inc. , Blaze Software , Inc. and Automated Financial Systems . Furthermore Siemens invested 73M EUR in Brokat . In spring 2000 , Brokat also issued a high-yield bond of $ 125 million led by the West LB bank .   In November 2001 Brokat declared bankruptcy after it was unable to negotiate a restructuring agreement with the creditors of the high yield bond . During the liquidation , the e-payment engineering core was acquired by eOne Global ( a First Data company ) and maintained as a legal entity called Encorus Technology . The name Encorus was developed by WildOutWest and derives its meaning from Latin etymology `` All together '' with the goal to establish a standard for wireless / mobile payments . Encorus focused on software and professional services for the `` mobile payment '' business ( payment by the means of mobile phones ) . In 2005 the Encorus business was acquired by Qpass .   The Professional Services department and the rest of Brokat was bought by Brokat 's longtime opponent in the German market , Data Design AG in 2001 . In 2003 Data Design was finally acquired by the Hungarian Interactive Net Design ( IND ) .


query: Directing is a profession of Alfred Hitchcock's.

pos: Alfred Hitchcock Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock ( 13 August 1899 -- 29 April 1980 ) was an English film director and producer , at times referred to as `` The Master of Suspense '' . He pioneered many elements of the suspense and psychological thriller genres . He had a successful career in British cinema with both silent films and early talkies and became renowned as England 's best director . Hitchcock moved to Hollywood in 1939 , and became a U.S. citizen in 1955 .   Hitchcock became a highly visible public figure through interviews , movie trailers , cameo appearances in his own films , and the ten years in which he hosted the television programme Alfred Hitchcock Presents ( 1955 -- 1965 ) . He also fashioned for himself a recognisable directorial style . Hitchcock 's stylistic trademarks include the use of camera movement that mimics a person 's gaze , forcing viewers to engage in a form of voyeurism . In addition , he framed shots to maximise anxiety , fear , or empathy , and used innovative forms of film editing . His work often features fugitives on the run alongside `` icy blonde '' female characters . In 1978 , film critic John Russell Taylor described Hitchcock as `` the most universally recognizable person in the world '' , and `` a straightforward middle-class Englishman who just happened to be an artistic genius '' .   Prior to 1980 , there had long been talk of Hitchcock being knighted for his contribution to film . Critic Roger Ebert wrote : `` Other British directors like Sir Carol Reed and Sir Charlie Chaplin were knighted years ago , while Hitchcock , universally considered by film students to be one of the greatest filmmakers of all time , was passed over '' . Hitchcock later received his knighthood from Queen Elizabeth II in the 1980 New Year Honours .   Hitchcock directed more than fifty feature films in a career spanning six decades and is often regarded as one of the most influential directors in cinematic history . Following a 2007 critics ' poll by Britain 's Daily Telegraph in which he was ranked Britain 's greatest filmmaker , one scholar wrote : `` Hitchcock did more than any director to shape modern cinema , which would be utterly different without him . His flair was for narrative , cruelly withholding crucial information ( from his characters and from the audience ) and engaging the emotions of the audience like no one else . '' Hitchcock 's first thriller , The Lodger : A Story of the London Fog ( 1926 ) , helped shape the thriller genre in film . His 1929 film , Blackmail , is often cited as the first British sound feature film , while Rear Window ( 1954 ) , Vertigo ( 1958 ) , North by Northwest ( 1959 ) , and Psycho ( 1960 ) are regularly ranked among the greatest films of all time .

neg: Stagecraft Stagecraft is the technical aspect of theatrical , film , and video production . It includes constructing and rigging scenery ; hanging and focusing of lighting ; design and procurement of costumes ; make-up ; stage management ; audio engineering ; and procurement of props . Stagecraft is distinct from the wider umbrella term of scenography . Considered a technical rather than an artistic field , it is primarily the practical implementation of a scenic designer 's artistic vision .   In its most basic form , stagecraft may be executed by a single person ( often the stage manager of a smaller production ) who arranges all scenery , costumes , lighting , and sound , and organizes the cast . Regional theatres and larger community theatres will generally have a technical director and a complement of designers , each of whom has a direct hand in their respective designs .  Within significantly larger productions , for example a modern Broadway show , effectively bringing a show to opening night requires the work of skilled carpenters , painters , electricians , stagehands , stitchers , wigmakers , and the like . Modern stagecraft is highly technical and specialized : it comprises many sub-disciplines and a vast trove of history and tradition .

neg: Jean-Luc Godard Jean-Luc Godard ( -LSB- ʒɑ̃lyk ɡɔdaʁ -RSB- ; born 3 December 1930 ) is a French-Swiss film director , screenwriter and film critic . He is often identified with the 1960s French film movement La Nouvelle Vague , or `` New Wave '' .   Like his New Wave contemporaries , Godard criticized mainstream French cinema 's `` Tradition of Quality '' , which `` emphasized craft over innovation , privileged established directors over new directors , and preferred the great works of the past to experimentation . '' As a result of such argument , he and like-minded critics started to make their own films . Many of Godard 's films challenge the conventions of traditional Hollywood in addition to French cinema . He is often considered the most radical French filmmaker of the 1960s and 1970s ; his approach in film conventions , politics and philosophies made him arguably the most influential director of the French New Wave . Along with showing knowledge of film history through homages and references , several of his films expressed his political views ; he was an avid reader of existential and Marxist philosophy .   Since the New Wave , his politics have been much less radical and his recent films are about representation and human conflict from a humanist , and a Marxist perspective .   In a 2002 Sight & Sound poll , Godard ranked third in the critics ' top-ten directors of all time ( which was put together by assembling the directors of the individual films for which the critics voted ) . He is said to have `` created one of the largest bodies of critical analysis of any filmmaker since the mid-twentieth century . '' He and his work have been central to narrative theory and have `` challenged both commercial narrative cinema norms and film criticism 's vocabulary . '' In 2010 , Godard was awarded an Academy Honorary Award , but did not attend the award ceremony .  Godard 's films have inspired many directors including Martin Scorsese , Quentin Tarantino , Brian De Palma , Steven Soderbergh , D. A. Pennebaker , Robert Altman , Jim Jarmusch , Wong Kar-wai , Wim Wenders , Bernardo Bertolucci , and Pier Paolo Pasolini .

neg: Alan Greenberg (film director) Alan Greenberg ( born October 14 , 1950 in New York City , died January 27 , 2015 in Portland , OR ) was an American film director , screenwriter , photographer and author .   Greenberg visited Jamaica from a young age , and was a friend of Bob Marley . Following Marley 's death , Marley 's family asked Greenberg to make a film about Marley . In 1981 , Greenberg filmed Land of Look Behind ( 1982 ) , a documentary film that includes footage of Marley 's funeral as well as scenes filmed in Jamaica 's remote Cockpit Country and the capital city of Kingston . The film ended up being more of a visionary portrait of the Jamaica of that period ( focusing on the Rastafari movement and reggae culture ) than a film primarily about Marley . The film has won considerable critical acclaim , as well as winning the Gold Hugo Award for Best Documentary in the Chicago International Film Festival , the U.S. 's largest film competition . Land of Look Behind has also been honored as the best American documentary film of its era , and the legendary filmmaker Werner Herzog says '' ` Land of Look Behind ' has achieved things never seen before in cinema . ''   Greenberg worked closely with Werner Herzog on many projects . He served as a special unit photographer on the films Cape Fear '' by Martin Scorsese ( 1991 ) and 1900 , by Bernardo Bertolucci ( 1976 ) . He also wrote twenty screenplays and three books . His book Heart of Glass , about the making of the 1976 Werner Herzog masterwork of the same name , was called `` The best book on the making of a film ever written '' by Rolling Stone magazine . A new and entirely revised edition of the book , entitled , `` EVERY NIGHT THE TREES DISAPPEAR : Werner Herzog and the Making of ` Heart of Glass ' '' was published in hard cover by the Chicago Review Press . It featured Greenberg 's previously-unpublished photographs , which Herzog called `` strange and beautiful . '' ''   In 2012 Greenberg was going to write and produce a film based on his acclaimed screenplay `` Love in Vain '' , a poetic account of the mysterious blues genius Robert Johnson . `` Love in Vain '' was also the first screenplay ever published by a major house ( Doubleday ) as literature .   Greenberg 's latest screenplay , `` Tutankhamun - Lord of Two Lands '' , a radically researched vision of the Boy King 's murder intertwined with the intrigue surrounding his tomb 's discovery in 1922 , was to have been produced in 2013 .

neg: Alfred Hitchcock filmography Alfred Hitchcock ( 1899 -- 1980 ) was an English director and filmmaker . Popularly known as the `` Master of Suspense '' for his use of innovative film techniques in thrillers , Hitchcock started his career in the British film industry as a title designer and art director for a number of silent films during the early 1920s . His directorial debut was the 1925 release The Pleasure Garden . Hitchcock followed this with The Lodger : A Story of the London Fog , his first commercial and critical success . It featured many of the thematic elements his films would be known for such as an innocent man on the run . It also featured the first of his famous cameo appearances . Two years later he directed Blackmail ( 1929 ) which was his first sound film . In 1935 Hitchcock directed The 39 Steps . Three years later he directed The Lady Vanishes starring Margaret Lockwood , and Michael Redgrave .   In 1940 Hitchcock transitioned to Hollywood productions , the first of which was the psychological thriller Rebecca starring Laurence Olivier and Joan Fontaine . He received his first nomination for the Academy Award for Best Director , and the film won Best Picture . Hitchcock worked with Fontaine again the following year on the film Suspicion which also starred Cary Grant . In 1943 Hitchcock directed another psychological thriller Shadow of a Doubt which starred Teresa Wright and Joseph Cotten . Three years later he reunited with Grant on Notorious which also starred Ingrid Bergman . The film included a three minute intermittent kissing scene between the leads shot specifically to skirt the Motion Picture Production Code which at the time limited such scenes to three seconds . In 1948 Hitchcock directed Rope which starred James Stewart . The film was his first in Technicolor and is remembered for its use of long takes to make the film appear to be a single continuous shot . Three years later he directed Strangers on a Train ( 1951 ) .   Hitchcock collaborated with Grace Kelly on three films : Dial M for Murder ( 1954 ) , Rear Window ( 1954 ) and To Catch a Thief ( 1955 ) . For Rear Window , Hitchcock received a nomination for Best Director at the Academy Awards . 1955 marked his debut on television as the host of the anthology television series Alfred Hitchcock Presents which he also produced . In 1958 Hitchcock directed the psychological thriller Vertigo starring Stewart and Kim Novak . The film topped the 2012 poll of the British film magazine Sight & Sound of the 50 Greatest Films of All Time and also topped the American Film Institute 's Top Ten in the mystery genre . He followed this with the spy thriller North by Northwest ( 1959 ) which starred Grant and Eva Marie Saint . In 1960 he directed Psycho , the biggest commercial success of his career and for which he received his fifth nomination for Best Director at the Academy Awards . Three years later he directed horror film The Birds starring Tippi Hedren . The following year he reunited with Hedren on the film Marnie which also starred Sean Connery .   In recognition of his career , Hitchcock garnered the British Academy of Film and Television Arts ( BAFTA ) Fellowship Award , the American Film Institute 's Life Achievement Award , the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award , the Directors Guild of America 's Lifetime Achievement Award and the Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award . He received two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame to acknowledge his film and television achievements . In 1980 Hitchcock received a knighthood .

neg: Joel Schumacher Joel T. Schumacher ( born August 29 , 1939 ) is an American film director , screenwriter , and producer .   Schumacher rose to fame after directing hit films of his decade St. Elmo 's Fire ( 1985 ) , The Lost Boys ( 1987 ) and Flatliners ( 1990 ) . He later went on to direct John Grisham adaptations The Client ( 1994 ) and A Time to Kill ( 1996 ) . His films Falling Down ( 1993 ) and 8mm ( 1999 ) were competed for Palme d'Or and Golden Bear respectively .   In 1993 , he signed on to direct the next installments of Batman film series . Schumacher-directed Batman films Batman Forever ( 1995 ) and particularly Batman & Robin ( 1997 ) received negative reactions from both public and critics . After Batman films , Schumacher pulled back from blockbusters and returned to making minimalist films such as Tigerland ( 2000 ) and Phone Booth ( 2002 ) , both earning positive reviews . He also directed The Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 ) , The Number 23 ( 2007 ) and several episodes of House of Cards .   Known for casting young actors , Schumacher helped actors like Colin Farrell , Kiefer Sutherland , and Matthew McConaughey to launch careers .

neg: Compton Bennett Herbert William `` Bob '' Compton Bennett ( 15 January 1900 -- 11 August 1974 ) , better known as Compton Bennett , was an English film director , writer and producer . He is perhaps best known for directing the 1945 film The Seventh Veil and the 1950 version of the film King Solomon 's Mines , an adaptation of an Allan Quatermain story .   Bennett was born in Tunbridge Wells , England . At the beginning of his career , he worked as a band leader and a commercial artist before trying his hand at amateur filmmaking . One of these early films helped him land a job at Alexander Korda 's London Films in 1932 . There , he became a film editor ; later he would help make instructional and propaganda films for the British armed forces during World War II .   Bennett 's films tended to be sombre , but were very popular with the moviegoing public . In 1947 , Bennett accepted an invitation to go to Hollywood , but his directing style appeared to suffer in the American studio system of the era . It was , however , during this time that he directed King Solomon 's Mines .   Bennett eventually returned to the UK . From 1954 to 1957 , he left film work to pursue interests in the theatre and television , but produced four films in 1957 , After the Ball , Man-Eater , That Woman Opposite and The Flying Scot . Although he continued to write and direct for film and television , his subsequent productions were not as well received .   Bennett died in Sussex , England at the age of 74 .

neg: On Directing Film On Directing Film is a non-fiction book by American playwright and filmmaker David Mamet ( ISBN 0-670-83033-X ) published in 1991 .

neg: Appearances (film) Appearances is a 1921 British drama film directed by Donald Crisp . Alfred Hitchcock is credited as a title designer . It is a lost film .

neg: Scene (filmmaking) In filmmaking and video production , a scene is generally thought of as the action in a single location and continuous time . Due to the ability to edit recorded visual works , it is much shorter than a stage play scene .  Because of their frequent appearance in films , some types of scenes have acquired names , such as love scene , sex scene , nude scene , dream scene , action scene , car chase scene , crash scene , etc. . There is usually an opening scene and a closing scene .   A scene is a part of a film , as well as an act , a sequence ( longer or shorter than a scene ) , and a setting ( usually shorter than a scene ) . While the terms refer to a set sequence and continuity of observation , resulting from the handling of the camera or by the editor , the term scene refers to the continuity of the observed action - an association of time , place or characters . The term may refer to the division of the film from the screenplay , from the finished film , or it may only occur in the mind of the spectator who is trying to close on a logic of action . For example , parts of an action film at the same location , that play at different times can also consist of several scenes . Likewise , there can be parallel action scenes at different locations usually in separate scenes , except that they would be connected by media such as telephone , video , etc. .   In contrast , the traditional movie script was divided into acts , but those categories are less frequently used in the digital technology . The scene is important for the unity of the action of the film , while a stage drama is typically divided into acts . The division of a movie into scenes is usually done in the script . Some action scenes need to be planned very carefully .

neg: Adrian Brunel Adrian Brunel ( 4 September 1892 -- 18 February 1958 ) was an English film director and screenwriter . Brunel 's directorial career started in the silent era , and reached its peak in the latter half of the 1920s . His surviving work from the 1920s , both full-length feature films and shorts , is highly regarded by silent film historians for its distinctive innovation , sophistication and wit . With the arrival of talkies , Brunel 's career ground to a halt and he was absent from the screen for several years before returning in the mid-1930s with a flurry of quota quickie productions , a majority of which are now classed as lost . Brunel 's last credit as director was in a 1940 wartime propaganda short film , although he worked for a few years more as a `` fixer-up '' for films directed or produced by friends in the industry .   After decades of neglect , Brunel 's work has latterly been rediscovered and has undergone a critical re-evaluation . His `` lost '' films are eagerly sought , and the British Film Institute includes two ( The Crooked Billet ( 1929 ) and Badger 's Green ( 1934 ) ) on its `` 75 Most Wanted '' list of missing British feature films .

neg: Raymond Menmuir Raymond Edward `` Ray '' Menmuir ( 10 September 1930 - 26 March 2016 ) was a British-Australian director and producer . His career included producing 44 episodes of The Professionals and directing 12 episodes of Upstairs , Downstairs . He also produced an Australian version of The Professionals called Special Squad for the Ten Network in 1984 .

neg: Set piece In film production , a set piece is a scene or sequence of scenes whose execution requires serious logistical planning and considerable expenditure of money . The term set piece is often used more broadly to describe any important dramatic or comedic highpoint in a film or story , particularly those that provide some kind of dramatic payoff , resolution , or transition . Thus the term is often used to describe any scenes that are so essential to a film that they can not be edited out or skipped in the shooting schedule without seriously damaging the integrity of the finished product . Often , screenplays are written around a list of such set pieces , particularly in high-budget `` event movies '' .   Set pieces are very often planned meticulously using storyboards , screentests , and rehearsals , in contrast to smaller scenes where the director and actors may be more improvisational . Each action requires the combined efforts of different departments : set builders , physical effects , and special visual effects . On most films , different groups of people will work on different set pieces individually since they can take a long time to prepare before shooting . For example , the car chase in The Matrix Reloaded took months to prepare and cost $ 30 million , including $ 5 million to build the freeway set .

neg: Alfred Hitchcock Presents Alfred Hitchcock Presents is an American television anthology series hosted and executive produced by Alfred Hitchcock , which aired on CBS and NBC between 1955 and 1965 . It featured dramas , thrillers , and mysteries . By the time it premiered on October 2 , 1955 , Hitchcock had been directing films for over three decades . Time magazine named it one of `` The 100 Best TV Shows of all time '' . The Writers Guild of America ranked it # 79 on their list of the 101 Best-Written TV Series tying it with Monty Python 's Flying Circus , Star Trek : The Next Generation and Upstairs , Downstairs .   A series of literary anthologies with the running title Alfred Hitchcock Presents were issued to capitalize on the success of the television series . One volume , devoted to stories that censors would n't allow to be adapted for broadcast , was entitled Alfred Hitchcock Presents : Stories They Would n't Let Me Do on TV '' -- though eventually several of the stories collected were adapted .

neg: BAFTA Award for Best Film The BAFTA Award for Best Film is given annually by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts and presented at the British Academy Film Awards . It has been given since the 1st BAFTA Awards , representing the best films of 1947 , but until 1969 it was called the BAFTA Award for Best Film From Any Source . It is possible for films from any country to be nominated , although British films are also recognised in the category BAFTA Award for Best British Film and ( since 1983 ) foreign-language films in BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language . As such , there have been multiple occasions of a film being nominated in two of these categories .   There has been one tie for the Best Film award when , in 1962 , Ballad of a Soldier tied with The Hustler for Best Film from any Source . Until 1981 , the award was given to the director , except in 1976 and 1977 , when it was given to the producers . From 1981 to 1985 , it was given solely to the producers , and then in 1986 , it was shared between the Director and Producer . In 1998 , it was once again given to only the producers .   In the following lists , the titles and names in bold with a dark grey background are the winners and recipients respectively ; those not in bold are the nominees . The years given are those in which the films under consideration were released , not the year of the ceremony , which always takes place the following year .

neg: Gerd Oswald Gerd Oswald ( June 9 , 1919 -- May 22 , 1989 ) was a director of American films and television .

neg: Anton Grot Anton Grot ( 18 January 1884 -- 21 March 1974 ) was a distinguished Polish art director long in Hollywood . He was known for his prolific output with Warner Brothers , contributing , in such films as Little Caesar , and Gold Diggers of 1933 to the distinctive Warners look and style . According to TCM.com , he showed a `` flair for harsh realism , Expressionistic horror and ornate romantic moods alike '' . He was born Antocz Franciszek Groszewski in Kiełbasin , Poland and died in Stanton , California . He studied at the Krakow art academy and at technical school in Koenigsberg , Germany , majoring in interior decoration , illustration , and design . He changed his name and emigrated to the U.S. in 1909 .   The Lubin Company hired him to paint and design sets in 1913 , in Philadelphia ; and he also worked on films for Vitagraph and Pathé . At Pathé he developed his innovative techniques , along with William Cameron Menzies , in the way of using continuity sketches . His method of presenting a series of sketches of all the film 's sets would later become standard practice among Art Directors , particularly with Menzies ( his assistant in 1917 , on The Naulahka ) . Cinematographer Arthur Miller remembered Anton Grot :   `` a gifted and talented artist who made beautiful charcoal drawings ... of the set before it was completed . All his compositions showed a full shot of each set , with all the delicate tones and shadings that suggested ideas for lighting and , in general , were of great help to me as a cameraman . ''   Grot came to Hollywood in 1922 to assist Wilfred Buckland with the sets for the Douglas Fairbanks Robin Hood ; and stayed on , to work with Cecil B. DeMille and William K. Howard . He was eventually signed by Warner Bros , as `` art director , artist , and designer '' , and designed 80 films before his retirement in 1948 . Grot collaborated notably with fellow émigré , director Michael Curtiz , on 15 films . Beginning with the biblical epic Noah 's Ark ( 1928 ) , these included The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex ( 1938 ) , Captain Blood ( 1935 ) , The Sea Hawk ( 1940 ) , and Mildred Pierce ( 1945 ) . Grot is credited with contributing significantly to Curtiz ' personal style .

neg: Gothic film The Gothic film is a film that is based on Gothic fiction or contains Gothic elements . Since various definite film genres -- including science fiction , film noir , thriller , and comedy -- have used Gothic elements , the Gothic film is challenging to define clearly as a genre . Gothic elements have also infused the horror film genre , contributing supernatural and nightmarish elements . To create a Gothic atmosphere , filmmakers have sought to create new camera tricks that challenge audiences ' perceptions . Gothic films also reflected contemporary issues . A New Companion to The Gothics Heidi Kaye said `` strong visuals , a focus on sexuality and an emphasis on audience response '' characterize Gothic films like they did the literary works . The Encyclopedia of the Gothic said the foundation of Gothic film was the combination of Gothic literature , stage melodrama , and German expressionism .   In The Cambridge Companion to Gothic Fiction , Misha Kavka says Gothic film is not an established genre , rather contributing Gothic images , plots , characters , and styles to films . These elements are often found in `` the broader category of horror '' . Kavka quotes William Patrick Day 's definition of the Gothic , '' -LSB- it -RSB- tantalizes us with fear , both as its subject and its effect ; its does so , however , not primarily through characters or plots or even language , but through spectacle '' . Cinema suits the Gothic definition in creating images that establish the spectacle .

neg: Alfred Hitchcock and the Making of Psycho Alfred Hitchcock and the Making of Psycho is a non-fiction book by Stephen Rebello . It details the creation of director Alfred Hitchcock 's 1960 thriller Psycho   The book was first published in April 15 , 1990 by Dembner Books , and distributed by W. W. Norton and Company . Stephen Rebello researched the film thoroughly through Hitchcock 's personal records and archives and he interviewed virtually every surviving cast and crew member . Prior to the book 's publication , Rebello 's initial research appeared as a 22-page article in the April 1986 issue of Cinefantastique magazine entitled `` Psycho : The Making of Alfred Hitchcock 's Masterpiece '' . That research was expanded for the book version .

neg: Film gate The film gate is the rectangular opening in the front of a motion picture camera where the film is exposed to light . The film gate can be seen by removing the lens and rotating the shutter out of the way . The film is held on a uniform plane at a calibrated distance in the gate by a pressure plate behind the film .   Occasionally , as the film passes through the gate , friction can cause small slivers of celluloid to break off and stick in the side of the opening . This debris is called hairs . A `` hair in the gate '' will remain in front of the film and create a dark line that sticks into the edge of the film frame as the camera is filming a shot . A hair can ruin the shot and is almost impossible to fix in post production without being removed digitally .   Because of the intractability of this problem the 1st Assistant Camera ( in the UK this position is known as focus puller ) will open the camera and examine the gate for hairs at the end of each shot . Normally the assistant director will call out `` check the gate '' when the director is ready to move on to the next shot . The crew will wait until the focus puller calls out `` gate is clean . '' If the gate is not clean , it will be cleaned with orangewood sticks and canned air and the crew will take the shot again . A good camera crew usually checks all cameras and magazines during equipment checkout with scratch tests using fogged film rolls -- this will catch out any possible scratch or hair problems caused by faulty equipment . However , a variety of other factors including environment , humidity , type of film stock , camera position , film ridging , and lacing can each be responsible for a `` hair in the gate '' . Generally , skilled crew and regularly inspected tested equipment make this a rare occurrence , and it is not unheard of for assistants to go for months without seeing one , even on large-scale shoots . The cinematographer Oliver Stapleton praised his assisting team on Casanova for not having a single hair or scratch for the whole shoot , even though large portions were shot on dusty exteriors .   Video cameras do not have this problem , as any malfunction to the sensor will render the entire system useless . The Arri D-20 and D-21 system , however , does have removable lenses and a rotating optical shutter , which means that the CMOS sensor can be exposed in much the same way as a film gate and thus needs to be kept assiduously clean .

neg: Roland West Roland West ( February 20 , 1885 -- March 31 , 1952 ) was a Hollywood director known for his innovative proto-film noir movies of the 1920s and early 1930s .


query: Frank Sinatra was a singer.

pos: Frank Sinatra Francis Albert Sinatra ( -LSB- sᵻˈnɑːtrə -RSB- -LSB- siˈnaːtra -RSB- ; December 12 , 1915 -- May 14 , 1998 ) was an American singer , actor , and producer who was one of the most popular and influential musical artists of the 20th century . He is one of the best-selling music artists of all time , having sold more than 150 million records worldwide . Born in Hoboken , New Jersey , to Italian immigrants , Sinatra began his musical career in the swing era with bandleaders Harry James and Tommy Dorsey . Sinatra found success as a solo artist after he signed with Columbia Records in 1943 , becoming the idol of the `` bobby soxers '' . He released his debut album , The Voice of Frank Sinatra , in 1946 . Sinatra 's professional career had stalled by the early 1950s , and he turned to Las Vegas , where he became one of its best known performers as part of the Rat Pack . His career was reborn in 1953 with the success of From Here to Eternity , with his performance subsequently winning an Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor . Sinatra released several critically lauded albums , including In the Wee Small Hours ( 1955 ) , Songs for Swingin ' Lovers ! ( 1956 ) , Come Fly with Me ( 1958 ) , Only the Lonely ( 1958 ) and Nice 'n' Easy ( 1960 ) .   Sinatra left Capitol in 1960 to start his own record label , Reprise Records , and released a string of successful albums . In 1965 , he recorded the retrospective September of My Years , starred in the Emmy-winning television special Frank Sinatra : A Man and His Music , and released the tracks `` Strangers in the Night '' and `` My Way '' . After releasing Sinatra at the Sands , recorded at the Sands Hotel and Casino in Vegas with frequent collaborator Count Basie in early 1966 , the following year he recorded one of his most famous collaborations with Tom Jobim , the album Francis Albert Sinatra & Antonio Carlos Jobim . It was followed by 1968 's collaboration with Duke Ellington . Sinatra retired for the first time in 1971 , but came out of retirement two years later and recorded several albums and resumed performing at Caesars Palace , and reached success in 1980 with `` New York , New York '' . Using his Las Vegas shows as a home base , he toured both within the United States and internationally until a short time before his death in 1998 .   Sinatra forged a highly successful career as a film actor . After winning an Academy Award for From Here to Eternity , he starred in The Man with the Golden Arm ( 1955 ) , and received critical acclaim for his performance in The Manchurian Candidate ( 1962 ) . He appeared in various musicals such as On the Town ( 1949 ) , Guys and Dolls ( 1955 ) , High Society ( 1956 ) , and Pal Joey ( 1957 ) , winning another Golden Globe for the latter . Toward the end of his career , he became associated with playing detectives , including the title character in Tony Rome ( 1967 ) . Sinatra would later receive the Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award in 1971 . On television , The Frank Sinatra Show began on ABC in 1950 , and he continued to make appearances on television throughout the 1950s and 1960s . Sinatra was also heavily involved with politics from the mid-1940s , and actively campaigned for presidents such as Harry S. Truman , John F. Kennedy and Ronald Reagan , though before Kennedy 's death Sinatra 's alleged Mafia connections led to his being snubbed .   While Sinatra never formally learned how to read music , he had an impressive understanding of it , and he worked very hard from a young age to improve his abilities in all aspects of music . A perfectionist , renowned for his dress sense and performing presence , he always insisted on recording live with his band . His bright blue eyes earned him the popular nickname `` Ol' Blue Eyes '' . Sinatra led a colorful personal life , and was often involved in turbulent affairs with women , such as with his second wife Ava Gardner . He went on to marry Mia Farrow in 1966 and Barbara Marx in 1976 . Sinatra had several violent confrontations , usually with journalists he felt had crossed him , or work bosses with whom he had disagreements . He was honored at the Kennedy Center Honors in 1983 , was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Ronald Reagan in 1985 , and the Congressional Gold Medal in 1997 . Sinatra was also the recipient of eleven Grammy Awards , including the Grammy Trustees Award , Grammy Legend Award and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award . After his death , American music critic Robert Christgau called him `` the greatest singer of the 20th century '' , and he continues to be seen as an iconic figure .

pos: Come Fly with Me (Frank Sinatra album) Come Fly with Me is an album by American singer Frank Sinatra , released in 1958 .

pos: Sinatra at the Sands Sinatra at the Sands is a live album by Frank Sinatra accompanied by Count Basie and his orchestra , and conducted and arranged by Quincy Jones , recorded live in the Copa Room of the former Sands Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas in 1966 .   It was Sinatra 's first live album to be commercially released , and contains many definitive readings of the songs that are most readily associated with Sinatra .   Sinatra and Basie had previously collaborated on 1962 's Sinatra-Basie and 1964 's It Might As Well Be Swing , with both albums released on Sinatra 's Reprise label . The album was remixed and remastered and released in DVD-Audio in high-resolution stereo and multi-channel surround in 2003 . An alternate version of the same show with a slightly different track list was released in November 2006 as part of the box set Sinatra : Vegas . The album is certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America .

neg: Country Music Association The Country Music Association ( CMA ) was founded in 1958 in Nashville , Tennessee . It originally consisted of only 233 members and was the first trade organization formed to promote a music genre . The objectives of the organization are to guide and enhance the development of Country Music throughout the world ; to demonstrate it as a viable medium to advertisers , consumers , and media ; and to provide a unity of purpose for the Country Music industry . However the CMA may be best known to most country music fans for its annual Country Music Association Awards broadcast live on network television each fall ( usually October or November ) .   Initially , CMA 's Board of Directors included nine directors and five officers . Wesley Rose , president of Acuff-Rose Publishing , Inc. , served as CMA 's first chairman of the board . Broadcasting entrepreneur and executive Connie B. Gay was the founding president .   Originally there were nine individual membership categories . The current 15 categories represent all facets of the music industry . Organizational memberships are also available . CMA membership is composed of those persons or organizations that are involved in Country Music , directly and substantially .   The first CMA Awards ceremony was held in 1967 in Nashville . Sonny James and Bobbie Gentry hosted the event , which was not televised . The winner of the first `` Entertainer of the Year '' award was singer Eddy Arnold . `` Male Vocalist of the Year '' went to Jack Greene and `` Female Vocalist of the Year '' to Loretta Lynn .   In 1968 , Roy Rogers and Dale Evans hosted the awards , which were presented at the Ryman Auditorium in Nashville . ( The ceremony was filmed and televised on NBC a few weeks later . ) The first live telecast of the show was in 1969 .   Annual awards are given in the following twelve categories : Entertainer of the Year , Male Vocalist , Female Vocalist , New Artist of the Year ( formerly the Horizon Award ) , Vocal Group , Vocal Duo , Single , Album , Song , Music Event , Music Video , and Musician .   The CMA also gives a `` CMA Broadcast Award '' to country-formatted radio stations each year . Broadcast Awards are segmented based on market size , major market ( Arbitron Ranking 1 -- 25 ) , large market ( Arbitron Ranking 26 -- 50 ) , medium market ( Arbitron Ranking 51 -- 100 ) , and small market ( All other Markets ) . A single station can not win the award in consecutive years .   In honor of the association 's 50th anniversary , MCA Nashville released a song called `` Forever Country '' .

neg: Christmas with Sinatra & Friends Christmas with Sinatra & Friends is a 2009 compilation album by Frank Sinatra .   Eight Sinatra songs are taken from A Jolly Christmas from Frank Sinatra and 12 Songs of Christmas . The remaining four tracks feature Rosemary Clooney ( `` White Christmas '' ) , Mel Tormé ( `` The Christmas Song -LSB- Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire -RSB- '' ) , Tony Bennett and Bill Evans ( `` A Child Is Born '' ) , and Ray Charles and Betty Carter ( `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' ) . Even though this compilation is relatively short , Christmas with Sinatra and Friends is a fairly solid collection of holiday music .

neg: All-Time Greatest Dorsey/Sinatra Hits, Vol. 1-4 All Time Greatest Hits , Vol . 1-4 are four compilation albums , issued by RCA of early 1940s Tommy Dorsey tracks featuring Frank Sinatra .   The albums contain hits such as `` I 'll Never Smile Again '' and `` I 'll Be Seeing You '' .

neg: The Dean Martin TV Show __ NOTOC __   The Dean Martin TV Show is a 1966 studio album by Dean Martin accompanied by the Les Brown orchestra , with arrangements by Ernie Freeman .   This was the last of five albums Martin released in 1966 , it was named to capitalise on the immense success of his television show , The Dean Martin Show . The Dean Martin TV Show peaked at 34 on the Billboard 200 , and was still on the charts in Spring 1967 .   The album is not a soundtrack of The Dean Martin Show . Eschewing his recent country pop style , The Dean Martin TV Show was a collection of traditional pop music standards , Martin 's first such album in this vein since 1964 's Dream with Dean .   The release of The Dean Martin TV Show and The Dean Martin Christmas Album in late 1966 was accompanied by what Billboard magazine described as a `` merchandising avalanche '' by Reprise Records and their parent company Warner Music . Billboard described Martin as running the `` hottest streak of his career , '' and said that Reprise planned to sell $ 4 million of his records over the Christmas sales period .

neg: Sinatra Saga, Vol. 2 Sinatra Saga , Vol . 2 is a 1994 live album by American singer Frank Sinatra .

neg: Frank Sinatra with the Red Norvo Quintet: Live in Australia, 1959 With the Red Norvo Quintet : Live in Australia , 1959 is a live album by American singer Frank Sinatra , recorded in 1959 but released in 1997 .   These tapes were recorded during two stops on Sinatra 's brief Australian tour of 1959 , during which he was backed by the quintet of jazz vibraphonist Red Norvo . It is considered one of the wildest performances he has ever recorded , as he exhibits great freedom in his lyric choice , often switching and twisting entire phrases . For example , just as Sinatra begins `` I 've Got You Under My Skin '' , a woman in the audience screams . He responds between lyrics with `` Get your hand off that broad ! ''

neg: The Frank Sinatra Show (1957 TV series) The Frank Sinatra Show is an ABC variety and drama series , starring Frank Sinatra , premiering on October 18 , 1957 , and last airing on June 27 , 1958 .

neg: Frank Sinatra Christmas Collection The Frank Sinatra Christmas Collection is a 2004 Christmas album from Frank Sinatra . The selection of tracks on the album spans Sinatra 's career from 1957 to 1991 and includes four previously unavailable tracks -- two previously unreleased on CD and two previously unreleased in any format -- the latter the last Christmas carol Sinatra recorded .

neg: Gary Williams Meets Frank Sinatra Gary Williams Meets Frank Sinatra is jazz vocalist Gary Williams 's fourth album , recorded with Chris Dean and his Orchestra , and released in 2010 in Europe and 2011 in Japan . It is a Frank Sinatra tribute album .

neg: Reprise Musical Repertory Theatre Reprise Musical Repertory Theatre is a series of four 12 '' long playing vinyl albums recorded in Los Angeles in 1963 . The four albums were sold through mail order as a box set in 1963 , then released separately to retail in 1964 . They were conceived and produced by Frank Sinatra . Morris Stoloff was the musical director and the A&R Director was Sonny Burke .   The four discs feature the scores of four popular Broadway musicals of the time , namely Finian 's Rainbow ( 1947 ) , Kiss Me , Kate ( 1948 ) , South Pacific ( 1949 ) and Guys and Dolls ( 1950 ) .   The `` Guys and Dolls '' album was issued on CD in 1992 when the musical itself was enjoying a revival . All the albums were re-released in a box set on September 26 , 2000 .

neg: But Beautiful (song) `` But Beautiful '' is a popular song with music written by Jimmy Van Heusen , the lyrics by Johnny Burke . The song was published in 1947 .   One of five songs written by Burke and Van Heusen featured in the Paramount Pictures movie Road to Rio ( 1947 ) , it was introduced by Bing Crosby and is also associated with his leading lady Dorothy Lamour . The song was a hit in 1948 for Frank Sinatra ( reaching the No. 14 spot ) , Bing Crosby ( # 20 ) , Margaret Whiting ( # 21 ) and Art Lund ( # 25 ) .   The original key is G major and has the form A-B1-A-B2 . Chick Corea recorded a piano solo version of it in the original key of G major , but it has been recorded in many different keys , including F major ( later Sinatra ) , C major ( Bill Evans and Stan Getz ) , D major ( Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga ) , Billie Holiday ( B-flat major ) and Nat King Cole ( E major ) . It is usually performed as a ballad .

neg: Cultural impact of Elvis Presley Since the beginning of his career , Elvis Presley has had an extensive cultural impact . According to Rolling Stone , `` it was Elvis who made rock 'n' roll the international language of pop . '' Rolling Stone encyclopedia of Rock and Roll describes Presley as `` an American music giant of the 20th century who single-handedly changed the course of music and culture in the mid-1950s . '' His recordings , dance moves , attitude and clothing came to be seen as embodiments of rock and roll . His music was heavily influenced by African-American blues , Christian gospel , and Southern country . In a list of the greatest English language singers , as compiled by Q Magazine , Presley was ranked first , and second in the list of greatest singers of 20th century by BBC Radio .   Presley sang both hard driving rockabilly , rock and roll dance songs and ballads , laying a commercial foundation upon which other rock musicians would build their careers . African-American performers like Big Joe Turner , Wynonie Harris and Fats Domino came to national prominence after Presley 's acceptance among mass audiences of White American adults . Singers like Jerry Lee Lewis , the Everly Brothers , Chuck Berry , Bo Diddley , Little Richard , Buddy Holly , Johnny Cash , Roy Orbison and others immediately followed in his wake . John Lennon later observed , `` Before Elvis , there was nothing . ''   During the post-WWII economic boom of the 1950s , many parents were able to give their teenage children much higher weekly allowances , signaling a shift in the buying power and purchasing habits of American teens . During the 1940s bobby soxers had idolized Frank Sinatra , but the buyers of his records were mostly between the ages of eighteen and twenty-two . Presley triggered a lot of demand for his records by near-teens and early teens aged ten and up . Along with Presley 's `` ducktail '' haircut , the demand for black slacks and loose , open-necked shirts resulted in new lines of clothing for teenage boys whereas a girl might get a pink portable 45 rpm record player for her bedroom . Meanwhile , American teenagers began buying newly available portable transistor radios and listened to rock 'n' roll on them ( helping to propel that fledgling industry from an estimated 100,000 units sold in 1955 to 5,000,000 units by the end of 1958 ) . Teens were asserting more independence and Presley became a national symbol of their parents ' consternation .   Presley 's impact on the American youth consumer market was noted on the front page of The Wall Street Journal on December 31 , 1956 when business journalist Louis M. Kohlmeier wrote , `` Elvis Presley today is a business , '' and reported on the singer 's record and merchandise sales . Half a century later , historian Ian Brailsford ( University of Auckland , New Zealand ) commented , `` The phenomenal success of Elvis Presley in 1956 convinced many doubters of the financial opportunities existing in the youth market . ''

neg: Higher and Higher (film) Higher and Higher is a 1944 musical film starring Michèle Morgan , Jack Haley , and Frank Sinatra ( in his film debut ) , loosely based on a 1940 Broadway musical written by Gladys Hurlbut and Joshua Logan . The film version , written by Jay Dratler and Ralph Spence with additional dialogue by William Bowers and Howard Harris , diverges significantly from its source .   The film has songs by Jimmy McHugh ( music ) and Harold Adamson ( lyrics ) , as well as one song by Rodgers and Hart , `` Disgustingly Rich , '' that remains from the stage production .

neg: Linda Ronstadt Linda Maria Ronstadt ( born July 15 , 1946 ) is an American popular music singer . She has earned 11 Grammy Awards , three American Music Awards , two Academy of Country Music awards , an Emmy Award , and an ALMA Award , and many of her albums have been certified gold , platinum or multiplatinum in the United States and internationally . She has also earned nominations for a Tony Award and a Golden Globe award . She was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in April 2014 . On July 28 , 2014 , she was awarded the National Medal of Arts and Humanities .   In total , she has released over 30 studio albums and 15 compilation or greatest hits albums . Ronstadt charted 38 Billboard Hot 100 singles , with 21 reaching the top 40 , 10 in the top 10 , three at number 2 , and `` You 're No Good '' at number 1 . This success did not translate to the UK , with only her single `` Blue Bayou '' reaching the UK Top 40 . Her duet with Aaron Neville , `` Do n't Know Much '' , peaked at number 2 in December 1989 . In addition , she has charted 36 albums , 10 top-10 albums and three number 1 albums on the Billboard Pop Album Chart . Her autobiography , Simple Dreams : A Musical Memoir , was published in September 2013 . It debuted in the Top 10 on The New York Times Best Seller list .   Ronstadt has collaborated with artists in diverse genres , including Bette Midler , Billy Eckstine , Frank Zappa , Rosemary Clooney , Flaco Jiménez , Philip Glass , Warren Zevon , Emmylou Harris , Gram Parsons , Dolly Parton , Neil Young , Johnny Cash , and Nelson Riddle . She has lent her voice to over 120 albums and has sold more than 100 million records , making her one of the world 's best-selling artists of all time . Christopher Loudon , of Jazz Times , wrote in 2004 that Ronstadt is `` blessed with arguably the most sterling set of pipes of her generation . ''   After completing her last live concert in late 2009 , Ronstadt retired in 2011 . She was diagnosed as having Parkinson 's disease in December 2012 , which left her unable to sing .

neg: Anthony Martin Sinatra Anthony Martin Sinatra ( born Saverio Antonino Martino Sinatra , ; May 4 , 1892 -- January 24 , 1969 ) was an Italian-American Hoboken city fireman , professional boxer , bar owner , and father of singer and actor Frank Sinatra .

neg: Martini In The Morning Martini In The Morning is an internet radio station based in Los Angeles . Martini in the Morning , often shortened to `` MITM '' to resemble traditional radio station call letters , was created when Los Angeles radio station Fabulous 690 XETRA ( originally Fabulous 570 KLAC ) was sold in February 2006 , to become a Spanish language station .   Brad ` Martini ' Chambers who created the new , more contemporary `` Adult Standards '' format for his then employers , Clear Channel Radio is the Program Director and principal host along with ` Mother ' Miriam Garfield . The station broadcasts 24 hours a day and is based in Studio City , Ca . Their broadcast format is similar to what is commonly referred to as `` Adult Standards '' , featuring Jazz Standards , primarily songs from what is often referred to as `` The Great American Songbook '' . The station is active in promoting the genre that the `` Great American Songbook '' represents and ensuring this musical genre does not disappear from the air . There were once hundreds of American radio stations programming similar music . There are now fewer than 200 , and many of those are a mix of `` Great American Songbook '' tunes with a larger percentage of more current `` Adult Contemporary '' music .   Martini in the Morning features music written by the likes of Hoagy Carmichael , Cole Porter , Irving Berlin , Rodgers and Hart , Rodgers and Hammerstein , Johnny Mercer , Henry Mancini , Jimmy McHugh , Dorothy Fields , Fats Waller , Jerome Kern , Sammy Cahn , Jimmy Van Heusen , and many others , performed by the historical greats like Ella Fitzgerald , Frank Sinatra , Dean Martin , Sammy Davis Jr. , Billie Holiday , Bobby Darin , Dinah Washington as well as the more modern `` crooners '' like Steve Tyrell , Tony Bennett , Diana Krall , Michael Bublé , Michael Feinstein , and established pop/rock and R&B artists crossing over into the genre , such as Sting , Paul McCartney , Rod Stewart , Queen Latifah , Lady Gaga and others .   The station is available on-line through various means , using iTunes ( Golden Oldies ) , mobile apps including TuneIn Radio , StreamS HiFi , Reciva , vTuner , Radio Loyalty and others available through the App Store or Marketplace , or you can connect directly via internet address : http://martiniinthemorning.com or watch live in studio on-line during the stations 's `` Morning Show '' 6:00 AM -- 10:00 AM Pacific time at http://www.martiniinthemorning.com/martinivision.html or via Ustream.tv - http://ustream.tv/mitm .

neg: Rockin' Chair (1929 song) `` Rockin ' Chair '' is a 1929 popular song with music composed by Hoagy Carmichael . Musically it is unconventional , as after the B section when most popular songs return to A , this song has an A-B-C-A1 structure . Carmichael recorded the song twice , in 1929 and 1930 . Mildred Bailey made it famous by using it as her theme song . Frank Sinatra recorded a definitive version .   The song was first recorded on February 19 , 1929 by Hoagy Carmichael as a test for Victor Records , but not released at the time . This recording was later released on the Historical label as HLA-37 . This version is sung by only one vocalist . Hoagy Carmichael and his Orchestra recorded a new version on September 15 , 1930 featuring Bix Beiderbecke on cornet . This second version is with two vocalists and was released on Victor Records as V-38139B . Louis Armstrong recorded it with Hoagy Carmichael on vocals on December 13 , 1929 at Okeh studios after the stock market crashed , giving a badly needed boost to Carmichael 's finances . The recording was released as Okeh 8756 in 1930 . The song utilises `` call and response '' to create a dialog between an aged father and his son . Armstrong performed `` Rockin ' Chair '' numerous times in his career with his trombonist Jack Teagarden .

neg: My Way (disambiguation) `` My Way '' is a 1969 song popularized by Frank Sinatra .   My Way may also refer to :

neg: Mabel Mercer Mabel Mercer ( 3 February 1900 -- 20 April 1984 ) was an English-born cabaret singer who performed in the United States , Britain , and Europe with the greats in jazz and cabaret .  She was a featured performer at Chez Bricktop in Paris , owned by the hostess Bricktop , and performed in such clubs as Le Ruban Bleu , Tony 's , the RSVP , the Carlyle , the St. Regis Hotel , and eventually her own room , the Byline Club . Among those who frequently attended Mercer 's shows was Frank Sinatra , who made no secret of his emulating her phrasing and story-telling techniques .

neg: Frank Sinatra Jr. Francis Wayne `` Frank '' Sinatra ( January 10 , 1944 -- March 16 , 2016 ) , professionally known as Frank Sinatra Jr. , was an American singer , songwriter , and conductor .   He was the son of singer and actor Frank Sinatra and his first wife , Nancy Barbato Sinatra ; the younger brother of singer and actress Nancy Sinatra ; and older brother of television producer Tina Sinatra .