query: Hungary is a member of the AIIB.

pos: Hungary Hungary ( -LSB- ˈhʌŋɡəri -RSB- Magyarország -LSB- ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ -RSB- ) is a unitary parliamentary republic in Central Europe . It covers an area of 93,030 km2 , situated in the Carpathian Basin , and is bordered by Slovakia to the north , Romania to the east , Serbia to the south , Croatia to the southwest , Slovenia to the west , Austria to the northwest , and Ukraine to the northeast . With about 10 million inhabitants , Hungary is a medium-sized member state of the European Union . The official language is Hungarian , which is the most widely spoken non-Indo-European language in Europe . Hungary 's capital and largest metropolis is Budapest , a significant economic hub , classified as a global city . Major urban areas include Debrecen , Szeged , Miskolc , Pécs and Győr .   Following centuries of successive habitation by Celts , Romans , Slavs , Gepids and Avars , the foundation of Hungary was laid in the late 9th century by the Hungarian grand prince Árpád in the conquest of the Carpathian Basin . His great-grandson Stephen I ascended to the throne in 1000 , converting the country to a Christian kingdom . By the 12th century , Hungary became a middle power within the Western world , reaching a golden age by the 15th century . Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526 and about 150 years of partial Ottoman occupation ( 1541 -- 1699 ) , Hungary came under Habsburg rule , and later formed the great power Austro -- Hungarian Empire together with Austria .   Hungary 's current borders were established in 1920 by the Treaty of Trianon after World War I , when the country lost 71 % of its territory , 58 % of its population , and 32 % of ethnic Hungarians . Following the interwar period , Hungary joined the Axis Powers in World War II , suffering significant damage and casualties . Hungary became a satellite state of the Soviet Union , which contributed to the establishment of a four-decade-long communist dictatorship ( 1947 -- 1989 ) . The country gained widespread international attention regarding the Revolution of 1956 and the seminal opening of its previously-restricted border with Austria in 1989 , which accelerated the collapse of the Eastern Bloc . On 23 October 1989 , Hungary again became a democratic parliamentary republic .   In the 21st century , Hungary is a middle power and has the world 's 57th largest economy by nominal GDP , as well as the 58th largest by PPP , out of 188 countries measured by the IMF . As a substantial actor in several industrial and technological sectors , it is both the world 's 36th largest exporter and importer of goods . Hungary is a high-income economy with a very high standard of living . It keeps up a social security and universal health care system , and a tuition-free university education . Hungary performs well in international rankings : it is 20th in quality of life , 25th in inequality-adjusted human development , 32nd in the Social Progress Index , and ranks as the 19th safest country in the world .   Hungary joined the European Union in 2004 and has been part of the Schengen Area since 2007 . Hungary is a member of the United Nations , NATO , WTO , World Bank , the AIIB , the Council of Europe and Visegrád Group . Well known for its rich cultural history , Hungary has contributed significantly to arts , music , literature , sports and science and technology . Hungary is the 11th most popular country as a tourist destination in Europe , attracting 14.3 million international tourists in 2015 . It is home to the largest thermal water cave system , the second largest thermal lake in the world , the largest lake in Central Europe , and the largest natural grasslands in Europe .

neg: Albania–Hungary relations Albania -- Hungary relations refer to the current and historical relations of Albania and Hungary . Albania has an embassy in Budapest and Hungary has an embassy , and a consular office in Tirana and a honorary consulate in Shkodër . The history of diplomatic relations of Albania and Hungary dates back to 1912 , when Albania declared its independence in November 28 , 1912 .   The countries are members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation . As a European Union ( EU ) member , Hungary supports Albania in its euro-integration path .

neg: Magyar Cserkészlány Szövetség Girl Guides in Hungary are served by the Association of Hungarian Girl Guides ( Magyar Cserkészlány Szövetség ) , with 512 members as of 2003 . Founded in 1919 , the girls-only organization became a full member of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts in 1928 , and an associate member again in 1993 . It regained full membership in 2008 .

neg: Hungary at the 1972 Summer Olympics Hungary competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich , West Germany . 232 competitors , 187 men and 45 women , took part in 134 events in 20 sports .

neg: Hungarian Communion of Friends The Hungarian Communion of Friends ( Hungarian : Magyar Baráti Közösség , abbreviated as MBK ) ) is a non-profit corporation organized for the purpose of promoting and supporting independent , non-denominational religious life in the Hungarian tradition , charitable work by and among people of Hungarian extraction , and cultural-educational endeavors that further established Hungarian values . It is one of the most important Hungarian organization in the United States with a branch in Europe .   The organization was founded in 1967 by Louis Elteto and Andrew Ludanyi .   http://www.mbk.org/  http://www.itt-ott.org/  http://www.itt-ott.org/conference - English   Category : Religion in Hungary

neg: Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301) The Kingdom of Hungary came into existence in Central Europe when Stephen I , Grand Prince of the Hungarians , was crowned king in 1000 or 1001 . He reinforced central authority and forced his subjects to accept Christianity . Although written sources emphasize the role played by German and Italian knights and clerics in the process , a significant part of the Hungarian vocabulary for agriculture , religion and state was taken from Slavic languages . Civil wars and pagan uprisings , along with attempts by the Holy Roman Emperors to expand their authority over Hungary , jeopardized the new monarchy . The monarchy stabilized during the reigns of Ladislaus I ( 1077 -- 1095 ) and Coloman ( 1095 -- 1116 ) . These rulers occupied Croatia and Dalmatia with the support of a part of the local population . Both realms retained their autonomous position . The successors of Ladislaus and Coloman -- especially Béla II ( 1131 -- 1141 ) , Béla III ( 1176 -- 1196 ) , Andrew II ( 1205 -- 1235 ) , and Béla IV ( 1235 -- 1270 ) -- continued this policy of expansion towards the Balkan Peninsula and the lands east of the Carpathian Mountains , transforming their kingdom into one of the major powers of medieval Europe .   Rich in uncultivated lands , silver , gold , and salt deposits , Hungary became the preferred destination of mainly German , Italian and French colonists . These immigrants were mostly peasants who settled in villages , but craftsmen and merchants also came . Their arrival had a key role in the shaping of an urban lifestyle , habits and culture in medieval Hungary . The location of the kingdom at the crossroads of international trade routes favored the coexistence of several cultures . Romanesque , Gothic and Renaissance buildings and literary works written in Latin prove the predominantly Roman Catholic character of the culture , but Orthodox , and even non-Christian ethnic minority communities also existed . Latin was the language of legislation , administration and judiciary , but `` linguistic pluralism '' contributed to the survival of many tongues , including a great variety of Slavic dialects .   The predominance of royal estates initially assured the sovereign 's preeminent position , but the alienation of royal lands gave rise to the emergence of a self-conscious group of lesser landholders , known as `` royal servants '' . They forced Andrew II to issue his Golden Bull of 1222 , `` one of first examples of constitutional limits being placed on the powers of a European monarch '' ( Francis Fukuyama ) . The kingdom received a major blow from the Mongol invasion of 1241 -- 42 . Thereafter , Cuman and Jassic groups settled in the central lowlands , and colonists arrived from Moravia , Poland and other nearby countries . The erection of fortresses by landlords , promoted by the monarchs after the withdrawal of the Mongols , led to the development of semi-autonomous `` provinces '' dominated by powerful magnates . Some of these magnates even challenged the authority of Andrew III ( 1290 -- 1301 ) , the last male descendant of the native Árpád dynasty . His death was followed by a period of interregnum and anarchy . Central power was re-established only in the early 1320s .

neg: Federation of International Sports, Aerobics and Fitness The Federation of International Sports , Aerobics and Fitness ( FISAF ) is an international non-profit `` umbrella organization '' active in over 40 countries . It is self-described as `` the largest fitness industry organisation in the world '' and `` the largest instructor certification agency in the world '' . The FISAF International Training Course grants certificates of accreditation . Every year , over 20,000 fitness enthusiasts attend FISAF accredited courses and endorsed programs .   FISAF offers core courses in which participants can train to be aerobics instructors or personal trainers . They also offer workshops in other athletic and physical fitness-related activities such as on pilates , kick boxing , yoga , and power walking . Courses are offered for both children and adults .   Besides offering training and accreditation , the Federation of International Sports , Aerobics and Fitness hosts a variety of national-and international-level sports aerobics competitions leading up to an annual World Championship .   FISAF has its strongest presence in Europe , Asia and Oceania . Countries with affiliated organizations include Australia the `` Australian Fitness Network '' ) , China ( the `` Physical Club '' ) , Netherlands ( the `` Dutch Championships Aerobics Federation '' ) , Switzerland ( the `` Swiss Academy of Fitness & Sports '' ) and Finland ( `` Suomen Voimisteluliitto Svoli '' )

neg: Commitment to Development Index The Commitment to Development Index ( CDI ) , published annually by the Center for Global Development , ranks the world 's richest countries on their dedication to policies that benefit the five billion people living in poorer nations . Rich and poor countries are linked in many ways ; thus the Index looks beyond standard comparisons of foreign aid flows . It measures `` development-friendliness '' of 27 of the world 's richest countries , all member nations of the OECD 's Development Assistance Committee . The CDI assesses national effort in seven policy areas : aid , trade , investment , migration , environment , security , and technology . It is considered to be a numerical targeting indicator for Goal 8 of the Millennium Development Goals . It shows that aid is about more than quantity - quality also matters - and that development policy is about more than aid . The Index penalizes countries that give with one hand , for instance through aid or investment , but take away with the other , through trade barriers or pollution .   In 2016 , the CDI ranked Finland number one in the world , followed by Denmark , Sweden , France and Portugal . Poland , Japan and Switzerland finished at the bottom , partly because of high trade barriers .

neg: Hungarian Australians Hungarian Australians ( Ausztráliai magyarok ) are Australian citizens of Hungarian descent . The constant influx of Hungarian immigrants was marked by several waves . Most of the Hungarian immigrants to Australia came after World War II and after the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 . Hungarian Australians mostly live in state capital cities . Responses to the 2006 ABS-conducted national census questionnaires could reflect the true numbers of Hungarian Australians only if one takes into account not only those born in Hungary . In addition to that , those of ethnic Hungarian origin born outside Hungary who officially and specifically identified themselves of Hungarian ancestry would total 67,616 Hungarian Australian persons , residents of Australia as per ABS tabulation under `` Hungarian Ancestry '' ( Refer to Hungarian history as guide for clarification ) .  The breakdown according to State and Territory was : NSW 23,577 ; VIC 21,727 ; QLD 9795 ; SA 5,427 ; WA 4,230 ; TAS 877 ; ACT 1,652 ; NT 331 . Of the 67,616 total 20,166 or 29.82 % were born in Hungary , 31,103 or 46 % were aged 65 and over , 40,570 or 60 % had tertiary or trade qualifications . In the same 2006 Census , among Hungarian-born persons , the religious affiliation was as follows : 72.9 % declared Christianity , 11.8 % declared no religion or atheism , 7.4 % declared Judaism , 0.6 % declared other religions and 6.6 % did not answer the question .   Reduced in number and altered to new format , the questions in the last ABS ' National Census of 2011 only allowed for and yielded the following data : 19,089 were born in Hungary ; 20,875 speak in Hungarian at home including 3,861 ethnic Hungarians who speak Hungarian at home but were born in countries adjoining Hungary . An all encompassing , multigenerational total of 69,159 people claimed Hungarian ethnicity/ancestry and cultural heritage .

neg: Greece–Hungary relations Greek-Hungarian relations are relations between Greece and Hungary . Both countries established diplomatic relations on July 7 , 1956 . Both countries exchanged embassies in the other one 's capital on August 24 , 1964 .  Both countries are full members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe , of NATO and the European Union . There are around 2,500 people of Greek descent living in Hungary .

neg: List of country groupings This is a list of groupings of countries or of intergovernmental organisations , formal or informal , organisational or economic category .   African Union ( AU ) is a continental union consisting of all fifty-five countries on the African continent  Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC ) is a forum for 21 Pacific Rim member economies that promotes free trade throughout the Asia-Pacific region  Arab League , a regional organization of Arab countries in and around North Africa , the Horn of Africa and Arabia , Algeria , Bahrain , Comoros , Djibouti , Egypt , Iraq , Jordan , Kuwait , Lebanon , Libya , Mauritania , Morocco , Oman , Palestine , Qatar , Saudi Arabia , Somalia , Sudan , Syria , Tunisia , United Arab Emirates , Yemen , to draw closer the relations between member States and co-ordinate collaboration between them , to safeguard their independence and sovereignty , and to consider in a general way the affairs and interests of the Arab countries  ASEAN , The Association of Southeast Asian Nations , a regional organisation comprising ten Southeast Asian states  BASIC countries , four large newly industrialized countries , Brazil , South Africa , India , China , to act jointly on climate change and emissions reduction  Benelux Union is a politico-economic union of three neighbouring states in western Europe : Belgium , the Netherlands , and Luxembourg .  BRIC , Brazil , Russia , India and China , which are all deemed to be at a similar stage of newly advanced economic development  BRICS , Brazil , Russia , India , China and South Africa , leading developing or newly industrialized countries , and are distinguished by their large , sometimes fast-growing economies and significant influence on regional affairs  CIVETS , six emerging markets countries , Colombia , Indonesia , Vietnam , Egypt , Turkey and South Africa , a diverse and dynamic economy and a young , growing population  Commonwealth of Nations , fifty-two member states that are mostly former territories of the British Empire  Development Assistance Committee ( DAC ) , to discuss issues surrounding aid , development and poverty reduction in developing countries , the world 's major donor countries , Australia , European Union , Iceland , New Zealand , South Korea , Austria , Finland , Ireland , Norway , Spain , Belgium , France , Italy , Poland , Sweden , Canada , Germany , Japan , Portugal , Switzerland , Czech Republic , Greece , Luxembourg , Slovakia , United Kingdom , Denmark , Hungary , Netherlands , Slovenia , United States  Economic Cooperation Organisation ( ECO ) , Afghanistan , Azerbaijan , Iran , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyz , Pakistan , Tajikistan , Turkey , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan , a political and economic organization , a platform to discuss ways to improve development and promote trade and investment opportunities , the objective is to establish a single market for goods and services  EAEU , Eurasian Economic Union , an economic union of Belarus , Kazakhstan , Russia , Armenia , Kyrgyzstan  EU , The European Union , a political and economic union of twenty-eight member states that are located primarily in Europe  Four Asian Tigers , economies of Hong Kong , Singapore , South Korea , Taiwan , underwent rapid industrialization and maintained exceptionally high growth rates , now developed into advanced and high-income economies  G4 nations , Brazil , Germany , India , and Japan , four countries which support each other 's bids for permanent seats on the United Nations Security Council  Group of Eight ( G8 ) , Canada , France , Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , the United States , and Russia , the world 's major highly industrialized economies in countries that view themselves as democracies  G8 +5 , the G8 nations , plus the five leading emerging economies ( Brazil , China , India , Mexico , and South Africa )  G20 , or Group of Twenty , twenty major economies , Argentina , Australia , Brazil , Canada , China , European Union , France , Germany , India , Indonesia , Italy , Japan , South Korea , Mexico , Russia , Saudi Arabia , South Africa , Turkey , United Kingdom , United States , for studying , reviewing , and promoting high-level discussion of policy issues pertaining to the promotion of international financial stability  Group of 7 ( G7 ) , Canada , France , Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , and the United States , the seven major advanced economies as reported by the International Monetary Fund  Group of 77 ( G77 ) , a loose coalition of developing nations , designed to promote its members ' collective economic interests and create an enhanced joint negotiating capacity in the United Nations  Gulf Cooperation Council , Bahrain , Kuwait , Oman , Qatar , Saudi Arabia and the UAE . A regional intergovernmental political and economic union consisting of all Arab states of the Persian Gulf , except for Iraq .  IBSA Dialogue Forum , India , Brazil , South Africa , an international tripartite grouping for promoting international cooperation among these countries  Mercosur ( Southern Common Market ) , Argentina , Brazil , Paraguay , Uruguay , Venezuela , Bolivia , Chile , Peru , Colombia , Ecuador , Suriname , to promote free trade and the fluid movement of goods , people , and currency  MIKTA , an informal partnership between Mexico , Indonesia , Republic of Korea , Turkey , Australia , to support effective global governance  MINT , the economies of Mexico , Indonesia , Nigeria , and Turkey  NACAr , Norway , Australia , Canada , Argentina , countries characterized by middle to high income per capita , a low population density and a concentration of exports in natural resources  North American Free Trade Agreement , NAFTA is an agreement signed by Canada , Mexico , and the United States , creating a trilateral trade bloc in North America  Next Eleven ( Nll ) , Bangladesh , Egypt , Indonesia , Iran , Mexico , Nigeria , Pakistan , the Philippines , Turkey , South Korea and Vietnam -- identified as having a high potential of becoming , along with the BRICS countries , among the world 's largest economies in the 21st century  OECD , Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development , to stimulate economic progress and world trade , countries committed to democracy and the market economy , most OECD members are high-income economies with a very high Human Development Index ( HDI ) and are regarded as developed countries  OPEC , Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries , thirteen countries accounting for an estimated 42 percent of global oil production and 73 percent of the world 's proven oil reserves  P5 , permanent members of the United Nations Security Council , China , France , Russia , the United Kingdom , the United States  PIGS , the economies of the countries of Portugal , Italy and or Ireland , Greece , and Spain  United Nations ( UN ) , an intergovernmental organization to promote international co-operation , 193 member states .  VISTA ( Vietnam , Indonesia , South Africa , Turkey , Argentina ) is an emerging markets grouping proposed in 2006 by BRICs Economic Research Institute of Japan .

neg: Hydrology of Hungary The hydrology of Hungary is mostly determined by Hungary 's lying in the middle of the Carpathian Basin , half surrounded by the Carpathian Mountains . All parts of the country have some outflow . All surface water gravitates towards its southern centre , and from there , is united in the Danube , which flows into the Black Sea . The whole of Hungary lies within the Danube drainage basin .   The total length of all the irrigation systems and inland waterways in the country is about 26000 km .   The annual water balance of the country shows a surplus . Yearly about 100 km3 of water leaves the country towards the Black Sea . From that , precipitation amounts for only 10 % , the rest being provided by the incoming rivers of surrounding countries .

neg: List of members of the National Assembly of Hungary (1990–94) The list of members of the National Assembly of Hungary ( 1990 -- 1994 ) is the list of members of the National Assembly - the unicameral legislative body of Hungary - according to the outcome of the Hungarian parliamentary election of 1990 . The members of the new National Assembly were installed on May 2 , 1990 . There has been a sizable number of mutations since due to the particular nature of the Hungary constitutional system . New members are supplied from their party lists so the resignation of individual members ' seats does not change the balance of power in the National Assembly .

neg: Magyar Cserkészszövetség Magyar Cserkészszövetség ( Hungarian Scout Association ) , the primary national Scouting organization of Hungary , was founded in 1912 , and became a member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement in 1922 and again after the rebirth of Scouting in the country in 1990 . The coeducational Magyar Cserkészszövetség had 8,145 members in 2011 .

neg: International Association for the Protection of Intellectual Property The International Association for the Protection of Intellectual Property or AIPPI , an acronym for Association Internationale pour la Protection de la Propriété Intellectuelle in French ( formerly International Association for the Protection of Industrial Property ) , is a non-profit international organisation ( NGO ) whose members are intellectual property ( IP ) professionals , academics , owners of intellectual property and others interested in the subject . AIPPI was established in 1897 and is based in Zurich , Switzerland . It played an active role in the work which led to the successive revisions of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property of 1883 . It continues to play a major role in harmonising IP laws around the world .   AIPPI operates by conducting studies of existing national laws and proposing measures to achieve harmonisation of these laws on an international basis after consultation and input from its members Groups around the world .   As of August 2016 , the current President is Felipe Claro from Chile and the Vice-President is Hao Ma from China . The current Reporter General is Sarah Matheson from Australia and the current Secretary General is Laurent Thibon from France . Gerard Myon is the current Treasurer General , from France .

neg: History of Budapest The city of Budapest have been officially created on 17 November 1873 by the merger of the neighboring cities of Pest , Buda and Óbuda , with smaller outskirt towns amalgamated into the Greater Budapest in 1950 . Its origins can be traced at Celtic people who have occupied the plains of Hungary from the 4th century BC , until its conquest by the Roman Empire who established the fortress and town of Aquincum on the site of today 's Budapest around AD 100 , and the subsequent arrival of the Hungarian people . Their conquest of the Carpathian Basin started at the end of the 9th century and the Kingdom of Hungary established on the year 1000 .   From around 1300 to the incorporation of 1873 , Buda have been the capital of the kingdom for five periods of less than a century each .

neg: Hungarian Ground Forces The Hungarian Ground Forces are one of the branches of the Hungarian armed forces . It is the army which handles Ground activities and troops including artillery , tanks , APC 's , IFV 's and ground support . Hungary 's Ground forces currently pulled out of Iraq and are currently in service in Afghanistan and KFOR .   Hungary was supported by the Soviet Union during the Cold War but since the Soviet Union 's fall , Hungary cut tanks , closed garrisons , and minimized troop strength since 1991 . The Hungarian Army now deals with national security , peacekeeping and international conflicts . Hungary joined NATO in 1999 .

neg: WELMEC WELMEC is a body set up to promote European cooperation in the field of legal metrology . WELMEC members are drawn from the national authorities responsible for legal metrology in European Union ( EU ) and European Free Trade Association ( EFTA ) member states .   WELMEC state their mission as being `` to develop and maintain mutual acceptance among its members and to maintain effective cooperation to achieve a harmonised and consistent approach to the societies needs for legal metrology and for the benefit of all stakeholders including consumers and businesses . ''   WELMEC was established in 1990 , at a meeting in Bern , Switzerland , and was originally the acronym for the `` Western European Legal Metrology Cooperation '' . WELMEC has 30 members and 7 associate members . Today , although the name is still WELMEC , as the European Union extended its membership outside Western Europe , so did WELMEC , the organisation 's membership encompassing EU member states , EFTA members and aspiring EU members : one of the aims of WELMEC being the provision of assistance to aspiring EU members in aligning their legal metrology process with those of the EU .   As of 2013 , WELMEC 's principal activities cantered on the operation of the EU Nonautomatic Weighing Instruments Directive ( NAWI - EU directive 2009/23/EC ) and the implementation of the EU Measuring Instruments Directive ( MID - EU directive ( 2004/22/EC ) . The organisation 's working parties , which map onto various aspects of these two directives , are :  WG 2 Directive Implementation ( 2009/23/EC )  WG 4 General Aspects of legal metrology  WG 5 Metrological supervision  WG 6 Prepackages  WG 7 Software  WG 8 Measuring Instruments Directive  WG 10 Measuring equipment for liquids other than water  WG 11 Utility meters

neg: Indigenat (Hungary) In the history of Hungary indigenat was conferring the rights of citizenship and nobility upon foreign nationals .   John Paget ( 1850 ) footnoted :   Although the king can make any Hungarian peasant noble , he can not confer on a foreigner , not even on an Austrian subject , the rights of Hungarian nobility ; this power , both in Hungary and Transylvania , the Diet reserves to itself . The Indigenat tax -- in Hungary two thousand , and in Transylvania one thousand ducats -- is often remitted as a compliment to the person on whom the right of citizenship is conferred .

neg: Hungarian grammar Hungarian grammar is the grammar of the Hungarian language , which is a Uralic language mainly spoken in Hungary and in parts of its seven neighboring countries .   Hungarian is an agglutinative language . It uses various affixes , mainly suffixes , to change a word 's meaning and grammatical function . The suffixes are attached according to vowel harmony . The verbs are conjugated according to definiteness , tense , mood , person and number . The nouns can be declined with 18 case suffixes , most of which correspond to English prepositions . Hungarian is a topic-prominent language , which means that word order depends on the topic-comment structure of the sentence ( e.g. what aspect is assumed to be known and what is emphasized ) .

neg: Hungary national beach handball team The Hungary national beach handball team is the national team of Hungary . It is governed by the Hungarian Handball Federation and takes part in international beach handball competitions .


query: The Kingdom of Georgia fell to invasions.

pos: Kingdom of Georgia The Kingdom of Georgia , also known as the Georgian Empire , was a medieval monarchy which emerged in circa 1008 AD . It reached its Golden Age of political and economic strength during the reign of King David IV and Queen Tamar the Great from 11th to 13th centuries . At the peak of its dominance , the kingdom 's influence spanned from the south of modern-day Ukraine to the northern provinces of Iran , while also maintaining religious possessions in the Holy Land and Greece . A predominantly Christian , Georgian-speaking realm , it was the principal historical precursor of present-day Georgia .   Lasting for several centuries , the kingdom fell to the Mongol invasions in the 13th century , but managed to re-assert sovereignty by the 1340s . The following decades were marked by Black Death spread by the nomads , as well as numerous invasions under the leadership of Tamerlane , who devastated the country 's economy , population , and urban centers . The Kingdom 's geopolitical situation further worsened after the Fall of Constantinople , which effectively marked the end of the Eastern Roman Empire , Georgia 's traditional ally . As a result of these processes , by the end of the 15th century Georgia turned into an isolated , fractured Christian enclave , surrounded by hostile Turco-Iranic neighbors . Renewed incursions from 1386 led to the final collapse of the kingdom into anarchy by 1466 and the mutual recognition of its constituent kingdoms of Kartli , Kakheti and Imereti as independent states between 1490 and 1493 .

neg: Pharnavaz I of Iberia Pharnavaz I ( ფარნავაზ I -LSB- pʰɑrnɑvɑz -RSB- ) also transliterated as Parnavaz or Farnavaz was a king of Kartli , an ancient Georgian kingdom known as Iberia to the Classical sources . The Georgian Chronicles credits him with being the first monarch founding the kingship of Kartli and the Pharnavazid dynasty , while another independent chronicles , The Conversion of Kartli makes him the second Georgian monarch . Based on the medieval evidence , most scholars locate Pharnavaz 's rule in the 3rd century BC : 302 -- 237 BC according to Prince Vakhushti of Kartli , 299 -- 234 BC according to Cyril Toumanoff and 284 -- 219 BC according to Pavle Ingoroqva . Pharnavaz 's rise and the advent of the Iberian monarchy was directly tied to the victory of Alexander the Great over the Achaemenid Empire .

neg: Eristavi Eristavi ( ; literally , `` head of the nation '' ) was a Georgian feudal office , roughly equivalent to the Byzantine strategos and normally translated into English as `` duke '' . In the Georgian aristocratic hierarchy , it was the title of the third rank of prince and governor of a large province . Holders of the title were ex-officio commanders of a military ` banner ' , wore a distinctive dress , ring , belt and spear and rode a particular breed of horse .   Some high-ranking eristavis were also titled as eristavt-eristavi , i.e. `` duke of dukes '' , but it is improbable that the holder of the title had any subordinate eristavis . Erismtavari ( ; literally , `` chief of the people '' ) was a similar title chiefly endowed upon the pre-Bagratid rulers of Iberia ( Georgia ) and later used interchangeably with the eristavi .   The title gave origin to the surname of four Georgian noble houses -- Eristavi of Aragvi , Eristavi of Ksani , Eristavi of Racha , and Eristavi of Guria -- confirmed in their princely ranks under the Russian rule in the 19th century . These families were often known simply as Princes Eristov in Russia but they did not have the same origin .

neg: Georgian–Armenian War The Georgian -- Armenian War was a short border dispute fought in December 1918 between the newly-independent Democratic Republic of Georgia and the First Republic of Armenia , largely over the control of territories in Lori and Kvemo Kartli districts .   In March 1918 , Russian signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and in doing so agreed to return to the Ottoman Empire territory gained during the 1877 -- 78 Russo-Turkish War . These territories were , however , no longer under the functional control of the Russian central government ; rather , they were being administered collectively by the Georgians , Armenians and Azerbaijanis through the Transcaucasian Sejm . The Trebizond Peace Conference aimed to resolve the dispute , but when the conference failed to produce a resolution , the Ottomans pursued a military campaign to control the disputed territories . Under persistent attack , the Transcaucasians collective eventually dissolved with the Georgians , Armenians and Azerbaijanis declaring independent nation states in quick succession in late-May 1918 . On 4 June , the Ottoman Empire signed the Treaty of Batum with each of the three Transcaucasus states , which brought the conflict to an end and awarded the southern half of the ethnically-Armenia Lori Province and Akhalkalaki district to the Ottomans . Against the wishes of Armenia , Georgia , supported by German officers , took possession of northern Lori and established military outposts along the Dzoraget River .   When the Ottomans signed the Armistice of Mudros in October , they were subsequently required to withdraw from the region . Armenia quickly took control of territory previously controlled by the Ottomans , and skirmishes between the Armenia and Georgia arose starting on 18 October . Open warfare began in early December , after diplomatic efforts failed to resolve the issue of the disputed border , and continued until 31 December , when a British-brokered ceasefire was signed , leaving the disputed territory under joint Georgian and Armenian administration .

neg: Gvantsa Kakhaberidze Gvantsa ( გვანცა , or , archaically , Guantsa , გუანცა ; also transliterated as Gwantza , Gontza , Gontsa , or Gonc ` a ) ( died c. 1263 ) was a Queen Consort of Georgia as the third wife of King David VII `` Ulu '' ( r. : 1245-1270 ) .   She was the daughter of Kakhaber IV Kakhaberidze , Duke of Racha and Takveri , who married Gvantsa off to Prince Avag Mkhargrdzeli , Lord High Tutor and Lord High Constable of Georgia with whom she begot a daughter Khvashak . After Avag 's death in 1250 , Gvantsa remarried the Georgian king David VII in 1252 and gave birth to a son , the future king Demetre II of Georgia , in 1259 . In the meantime , Khvashak was reared by the king 's trustee Sumbat Orbeli or Sadun Mankaberdeli ( here the medieval sources diverge ) and later given in marriage to Shams ad-Din Juvayni , an influential minister at the Mongol Il-Khan 's court .   Unlike David VII 's first wife , the late Jigda-Khatun , Gvantsa was on extremely bad terms with the influential royal favorite Jikur , the Master of Ceremonies ( mestumre ) of Georgia . Jikur 's rivals exploited this enmity and accused him of treason before the king who had him executed by drowning in the Mtkvari River . When David staged a failed revolt from the Il-Khan hegemony in 1260 , Gvantsa was captured by the Mongol punitive forces and killed on the orders of the Il-Khan Hulagu through the intrigues of rival Georgian nobles .

neg: Byzantine–Georgian wars The Byzantine -- Georgian wars were a series of conflicts fought during the 11th century and were mainly focused on several strategic districts in the Byzantine-Georgian-Armenian marchlands . Most of these lands were granted by Emperor Basil II to the Georgian Kouropalates David III of Tao in reward for his crucial assistance in the struggle against the rebel general Bardas Sklerus ( 978 -- 79 ) . However , David supported another unsuccessful noble revolt led by Bardas Phocas at the end of the 980s . As a result , David was forced to make Basil II the legatee of his princedom . This agreement destroyed a previous arrangement by which David had made his adopted son , Bagrat III of Georgia , his heir . When David died early in 1000 , Basil added his inheritance -- Tao , Theodosiopolis ( aka Karin , Karnu ; the present day Erzurum ) , Phasiane and the Lake Van region ( Apahunik ) with the city of Manzikert -- to the Byzantine Empire . The following year , the Georgian prince Gurgen , natural father of Bagrat , marched to take David 's inheritance , but was thwarted by the Byzantine general Nikephoros Ouranos , dux of Antioch . Despite these setbacks , Bagrat was able to become the first king of the unified Georgian state in 1008 . He died in 1014 , and his son , George I , inherited a longstanding claim to those territories in Tao which were in Byzantine hands .

neg: List of wars involving Georgia (country) The following is an incomplete list of wars involving Georgia , by Georgian people or regular armies during periods when independent Georgian states existed , from antiquity to the present day . It also includes wars fought outside of Georgia by Georgian military .  The list gives the name , the date , combatants , and the result of these conflicts following this legend :   __ TOC __

neg: Lydians The Lydians were an Anatolian people living in Lydia , a region in western Anatolia , who spoke the distinctive Lydian language , an Indo-European language of the Anatolian group .   Questions raised regarding their origins , as defined by the language and reaching well into the 2nd millennium BC , continue to be debated by language historians and archeologists . A distinct Lydian culture lasted , in all probability , until at least shortly before the Common Era , having been attested the last time among extant records by Strabo in Kibyra in south-west Anatolia around his time ( 1st century BC ) .   The Lydian capital was at Sfard or Sardis . Their recorded history of statehood , which covers three dynasties traceable to the Late Bronze Age , reached the height of its power and achievements during the 7th and 6th centuries BC , a time which coincided with the demise of the power of neighboring Phrygia which lay to the north-east of Lydia .   Lydian power came to an abrupt end with the fall of their capital in events subsequent to the Battle of Halys in 585 BC and defeat by Cyrus the Great in 546 BC .

neg: History of the Byzantine Empire This history of the Byzantine Empire covers the history of the Eastern Roman Empire from late antiquity until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 AD . Several events from the 4th to 6th centuries mark the transitional period during which the Roman Empire 's east and west divided . In 285 , the emperor Diocletian ( r. 284 -- 305 ) partitioned the Roman Empire 's administration into eastern and western halves . Between 324 and 330 , Constantine I ( r. 306 -- 337 ) transferred the main capital from Rome to Byzantium , later known as Constantinople ( `` City of Constantine '' ) and Nova Roma ( `` New Rome '' ) . Under Theodosius I ( r. 379 -- 395 ) , Christianity became the Empire 's official state religion and others such as Roman polytheism were proscribed . And finally , under the reign of Heraclius ( r. 610 -- 641 ) , the Empire 's military and administration were restructured and adopted Greek for official use instead of Latin . Thus , although it continued the Roman state and maintained Roman state traditions , modern historians distinguish Byzantium from ancient Rome insofar as it was oriented towards Greek rather than Latin culture , and characterised by Orthodox Christianity rather than Roman polytheism .   The borders of the Empire evolved significantly over its existence , as it went through several cycles of decline and recovery . During the reign of Justinian I ( r. 527 -- 565 ) , the Empire reached its greatest extent after reconquering much of the historically Roman western Mediterranean coast , including north Africa , Italy , and Rome itself , which it held for two more centuries . During the reign of Maurice ( r. 582 -- 602 ) , the Empire 's eastern frontier was expanded and the north stabilised . However , his assassination caused a two-decade-long war with Sassanid Persia which exhausted the Empire 's resources and contributed to major territorial losses during the Muslim conquests of the 7th century . In a matter of years the Empire lost its richest provinces , Egypt and Syria , to the Arabs .   During the Macedonian dynasty ( 10th -- 11th centuries ) , the Empire again expanded and experienced a two-century long renaissance , which came to an end with the loss of much of Asia Minor to the Seljuk Turks after the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 . This battle opened the way for the Turks to settle in Anatolia as a homeland .   The final centuries of the Empire exhibited a general trend of decline . It struggled to recover during the 12th century , but was delivered a mortal blow during the Fourth Crusade , when Constantinople was sacked and the Empire dissolved and divided into competing Byzantine Greek and Latin realms . Despite the eventual recovery of Constantinople and re-establishment of the Empire in 1261 , Byzantium remained only one of several small rival states in the area for the final two centuries of its existence . Its remaining territories were progressively annexed by the Ottomans over the 15th century . The Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 finally ended the Roman Empire .

neg: Islam in Georgia (country) Islam in Georgia was introduced in 654 when an army sent by the Third Caliph of Islam , Uthman , conquered Eastern Georgia and established Muslim rule in Tbilisi . Currently , Muslims constitute approximately 9.9 % of the Georgian population . According to other sources , Muslims constitute 10-13 % of Georgia 's population .   In July 2011 , Parliament of Georgia passed new law allowing religious minority groups with `` historic ties to Georgia '' to register . The draft of the law specifically mentions Islam and four other religious communities .   Mosques in Georgia operate under the supervision of the Georgian Muslim Department , established in May 2011 . Until then the affairs of Georgia 's Muslims had been governed from abroad by the Baku-based Caucasus Muslims Department .   In 2010 , Turkey and Georgia signed an agreement by which Turkey will provide funding and expertise to rehabilitate three mosques and to rebuild a fourth one in Georgia . While Georgia will rehabilitate four Georgian monasteries in Turkey . The Georgia-Turkey agreement will allow the reconstruction of the historical Azize mosque in Batumi , Ajaria demolished in the middle of the last century . Turkey will rehabilitate the mosques at Samtskhe-Javakheti and Akhaltsikhe regions , Kobuleti District , build the Azize mosque burned down in 1940 and restore the Turkish bathhouse in Batumi .

neg: Beka I Jaqeli Beka I Jaqeli ( ბექა I ჯაყელი ) ( c. 1240 -- 1306 ) was a ruling prince ( mtavari ) of Samtskhe ( 1285 -- 1306 ) . His principality included Samtskhe , Adjara , Shavsheti , Klarjeti , Lazistan , Tao , Kola , Artaani and most of Javakheti .  His realm stretched from Tashiskari ( modern Khashuri District ) to Karnu-kalaki ( now Erzurum ) and the Black Sea . During his reign , Samtskhe-Saatabago existed as a politically independent entity from the Georgian Kingdom . Beka was a vassal of the Ilkhanate , paid regular tributes and participated in their campaigns . Despite being independent , Samtskhe still maintained some kind of relations with Georgia and Beka himself was given a title of Mandaturukhutsesi ( the elder - first in rank - Mandator ) by Georgian king . At the time of Beka 's rule , the Turks became more active the Southwest borders , from the Sultanate of Rum . After a series of invasions , he managed to fend off the attacks . Beka was a supporter of maintaining Georgian political influence over the Empire of Trebizond . For this cause , he married off his daughter Jiajak to the Trapezuntine Emperor Alexios II . Another daughter of Beka , - Natela , became the consort of Demetrius II of Georgia and bore him a son and the successor to the throne . After the execution of his father Demetrius by Mongols , George was raised by his grandfather .

neg: Emirate of Tbilisi The Emirs of Tbilisi ruled over the parts of today 's eastern Georgia from their base in the city of Tbilisi , from 736 to 1080 ( nominally to 1122 ) . Established by the Arabs during their invasions of Georgian lands , the emirate was an important outpost of the Muslim rule in the Caucasus until recaptured by the Georgians under King David IV in 1122 . Since then , the city has been the capital of Georgia to this day .

neg: George IX of Kartli George IX ( Georgian : გიორგი IX , Giorgi IX ) ( died 1539 ) was a king of the Georgian kingdom of Kartli from 1525 to 1527 ( or 1534 ) .   The second son of the Georgian king Constantine II , he succeeded on the abdication of his elder brother , David X , in 1525 . The relations of the king with other members of the royal family were strained . That may have forced George to withdraw to a monastery under the name of Gerasime , leaving the throne to his energetic nephew , Luarsab I . The sources are confused about when exactly George IX abdicated , some claiming it occurred in 1527 ( more accepted date ) while others placing the event around 1534 .

neg: Tengiz Sigua Tengiz Sigua ( born 9 November 1934 ) is a Georgian politician and former Prime Minister of the country .   Sigua was an engineer by profession and entered politics on the eve of the Soviet Union 's collapse . In 1990 he led an expert group of the bloc `` Round Table-Free Georgia '' . Following the first multiparty elections in Georgia , he was elected Chair of the Ministers ' Council of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic on 14 November 1990 .   He was the prime minister in Zviad Gamsakhurdia 's government from 15 November 1990 to 18 August 1991 . However , he resigned in August 1991 after disagreements with the president . Along with the National Guard leader Tengiz Kitovani and the paramilitary leader Jaba Ioseliani , he became a leader of the uneasy opposition which launched a violent coup against the President in December 1991-January 1992 . After Gamsakhurdia 's fall , he became Prime Minister in the Georgian interim government ( Military Council , later transformed into the State Council ) which was joined by Eduard Shevardnadze ) on 6 January 1992 . He was reappointed Prime Minister on 8 November 1992 by the newly elected Parliament .   He resigned on 6 August 1993 after the Parliament rejected the budget submitted by the government . He remained as an MP , led the National Liberation Front opposition party and backed a military solution of the Georgian-Abkhaz conflict .

neg: Goguryeo Goguryeo ( ; -LSB- ko.ɡu.ɾjʌ -RSB- , 37 BCE -- 668 CE ) , originally named Goryeo ( ; -LSB- ko.ɾjʌ -RSB- ) , was a Korean kingdom located in the northern and central parts of the Korean Peninsula and the southern and central parts of inner and outer Manchuria . Goguryeo was an active participant in the power struggle for control of the Korean peninsula and was also associated with the foreign affairs of neighboring polities in China and Japan .   The Samguk Sagi , a 12th-century text from Goryeo , indicates that Goguryeo was founded in 37 BCE by Jumong , a prince from Buyeo , who was enthroned as Dongmyeong . There is archaeological and textual evidence from Chinese geographic monographs that suggests that Goguryeo may have been in existence since the second century BCE around the fall of Gojoseon , an earlier kingdom which also occupied southern Manchuria and the northern Korean Peninsula .   Goguryeo was a powerful empire and one of the great powers in East Asia , until it was defeated by a Silla -- Tang alliance in 668 after prolonged exhaustion and internal strife caused by the death of Yeon Gaesomun . After its fall , its territory was divided among the states of Later Silla , Balhae and Tang China .   The name Goryeo , a shortened form of Goguryeo , was adopted as the official name in the 5th century , and is the origin of the English name `` Korea '' .

neg: George I of Imereti George I ( გიორგი I , Giorgi I ) ( died 1392 ) , of the Bagrationi dynasty , was king of western Georgian kingdom of Imereti from 1389 to 1392 .   George was born sometime after 1358 into the family of Bagrat I , then duke ( and ex-king ) of Imereti , and his wife , of the Jaqeli family of Samtskhe . He succeeded as king of Imereti on the death of his elder brother , Alexander I , who had proclaimed himself king in opposition to King Bagrat V of Georgia during Timur 's invasion of the country . Unlike his predecessor , George initially enjoyed more success in consolidating his power over Imereti ; more fortresses were seized from Bagrat 's loyalists and his protégé , Arsen , was installed as catholicos of the church in 1390 . In 1392 , he led his army to subdue Vameq I Dadiani , Duke of Mingrelia , but he suffered a crushing defeat and was killed on the battlefield . At Vameq 's invitation , Bagrat V 's son , George VII , occupied Imereti , reuniting it with the Kingdom of Georgia . George 's brother , Constantine , and nephew , Demetrius , son of Alexander , fled to the North Caucasus , in the Balkar lands ( Basiani of the Georgian sources ) .

neg: Pkhovi Pkhovi , also known as Pkhoet ' i , is a medieval term for the mountainous district in northeast Georgia comprising the latter-day provinces of Pshavi and Khevsureti along the upper reaches of the Aragvi , and in three alpine valleys just north of the main crest of the Greater Caucasus ( today 's Dusheti district , Mtskheta-Mtianeti region ) . Its inhabitants -- the Pkhovians ( ფხო -LSB- ვ -RSB- ელნი , Pkho -LSB- v -RSB- elni ) -- were a tribe of Georgian highlanders known for their warlike character and frequent disobedience to the royal authority .   The toponym Pkhovi , which may derive from a Georgian root meaning `` brave , valiant '' , is first attested in a passage from the seventh-century chronicle The Conversion of Kartli which refers to the defiance of local highlanders to Christianizing efforts of the king Mirian III , and St. Nino , a 4th-century apostle of eastern Georgia ( Kartli/Iberia ) . These pressures are reported to have forced several Pkhovian families to move southeast to Tusheti .   Although the population of this region was nominally under the direct rule of the Georgian crown , they had never been completely integrated into the feudal system of medieval Georgia , and remained relatively little affected by implantation of aristocratic landowners as well as foreign intrusions . However , as Professor Kevin Tuite of Université de Montréal has recently suggested ,     The position of the Georgian Orthodox Church was also weak , and the Pkhovians professed a curious mixture of pagan and Christian beliefs . This has reflected in the religious architecture of Pkhovi : whereas each village of other highland provinces of Georgia , such as Svaneti , Khevi , Mtiuleti , and Racha , has at least one church dating from the 5th to the 18th century , Pkhovi appears to be devoid of Georgian Orthodox churches . Instead , the region abounds in sacred sites , of which the most venerated are referred to as khati or jvari , meaning `` an icon '' and `` a cross '' in standard Georgian usage , but denoting , beyond these sacred images , the sanctuaries in which they are housed , and the deity believed to preside over the sanctuary in Pkhovi .   The refractory independence of Pkhovi 's mountainous clans led to the sporadic incursions of royal troops bent on forcing them into submission . One of the most devastating expeditions against the Pkhovians was organized , c. 1212 , at the behest of the queen Tamar of Georgia who presided over the Golden Age of the Kingdom of Georgia . The contemporary chronicle recounts a bloody three-month campaign of pacification by Tamar 's general Ivane the atabek , that left several Pkhovian villages and shrines destroyed .   The term Pkhovi disappeared in the 15th century and was replaced with the toponyms : Pshavi and Khevsureti . It has survived , however , in the name of the village Shuapkho ( shua - meaning `` middle '' in Georgian ) , and the Vainakh designation for Khevsureti -- Pkhia .

neg: Indo-Greek Kingdom The Indo-Greek Kingdom or Graeco-Indian Kingdom was a Hellenistic kingdom covering various parts of the northwest regions of South Asia ( mainly modern Afghanistan and Pakistan ) during the last two centuries BC and was ruled by more than thirty kings , often in conflict with each other .   The kingdom was founded when the Graeco-Bactrian king Demetrius invaded the subcontinent early in the 2nd century BC . The Greeks in South Asia were eventually divided from the Graeco-Bactrians centered in Bactria ( now the border between Afghanistan and Uzbekistan ) . But the Greeks failed to establish united rule in present-day north-western South Asia . The most famous Indo-Greek ruler was Menander ( Milinda ) . He had his capital at Sakala in the Punjab ( present-day Sialkot , Punjab , Pakistan ) .   The expression `` Indo-Greek Kingdom '' loosely describes a number of various dynastic polities , traditionally associated with a number of regional capitals like Taxila , ( modern Punjab ( Pakistan ) ) , Pushkalavati and Sagala . Other potential centers are only hinted at ; for instance , Ptolemy 's Geographia and the nomenclature of later kings suggest that a certain Theophila in the south of the Indo-Greek sphere of influence may also have been a satrapal or royal seat at one time .   Euthydemus I was , according to Polybius a Magnesian Greek . His son , Demetrius , founder of the Indo-Greek kingdom , was therefore of Greek descent from his father at minimum . A marriage treaty was arranged for Demetrius with a daughter of Antiochus III the Great , who had partial Persian descent . The ethnicity of later Indo-Greek rulers is less clear .   During the two centuries of their rule , the Indo-Greek kings combined the Greek and Indo-Iranian languages and symbols , as seen on their coins , and blended Hindu , Buddhist and ancient Greek religious practices , as seen in the archaeological remains of their cities and in the indications of their support of Buddhism , pointing to a rich fusion of Indian and Hellenistic influences . The diffusion of Indo-Greek culture had consequences which are still felt today , particularly through the influence of Greco-Buddhist art .   The Indo-Greeks ultimately disappeared as a political entity around 10 AD following the invasions of the Indo-Scythians , although pockets of Greek populations probably remained for several centuries longer under the subsequent rule of the Indo-Parthians and Kushans .

neg: Turkmen invasions of Georgia After the devastating invasions by Timur and subsequent enfeeblement of the Kingdom of Georgia , it soon faced a new threat . Timur 's death in 1405 marked the beginning of the end of his Empire , unified only by fear and blood of the subjected peoples . Turkomans , particularly the Kara Koyunlu clan , were among the first to rebel against Shah Rukh who ruled most of the Persia and Mawerannahr . Qara Yusuf , ruler of the Kara Koyunlu , defeated Shah Rukh , captured Baghdad , and repulsed Timurids from western Persia . After they established themselves as the new leading power in the middle east . They took advantage of the temporary weakness of Georgians and launched attacks against them , apparently in which , George VII of Georgia was killed . Constantine I of Georgia , fearing further encroachment , allied himself with the Shirvanshah Ibrahim I to counter Turkoman advance and engaged them in the Battle of Chalagan , in which he was defeated and taken captive . In captivity Constantine behaved very proudly , which infuriated Qara Yusuf to such an extent , that he ordered his , his half-brother David 's and 300 Georgian nobles ' execution .   Alexander I of Georgia who sought to strengthen and restore his declining Kingdom , faced constant invasions by the tribal Turkomans . They sacked Akhaltsikhe , city of the vital regional importance in 1416 , in response of suggested oppression of Muslims . Alexander re-conquered Lorri from the Turkomans in 1431 , which was of great importance in securing of the Georgian borders . Around 1434/5 , Alexander encouraged the Armenian prince Beshken II Orbelian to attack the Kara Koyunlu clansmen in Siunia and , for his victory , granted him Lorri under terms of vassalage . In 1440 , Alexander refused to pay tribute to Jahan Shah of the Kara Koyunlu . In March , Jahan Shah surged into Georgia with 20,000 troops , destroyed the city of Samshvilde and sacked the capital city Tbilisi . He massacred thousands of Christians , put heavy indemnity on Georgia , and returned to Tabriz . He also mounted a second military expedition against Georgia in 1444 . His forces met those of Alexander 's successor , King Vakhtang IV at Akhaltsikhe , but the fighting was inconclusive and Jahan Shah returned to Tabriz once more .   As a result of foreign and internal struggles unified Kingdom of Georgia stopped to exist after 1466 and was subdivided into several political units . Kara Koyunlu tribal confederation was destroyed by Aq Qoyunlu , their kin tribesmen who formed another confederation , which was similar in many ways to its predecessor . Aq Qoyunlu Turkomans naturally took advantage of the Georgian fragmentation . Georgia was at least twice attacked by Uzun Hasan , the prince of the Aq Qoyunlu in 1466 , 1472 and possibly 1476-7 . Bagrat VI of Georgia , temporary ruler of most of Georgia at the time , had to make peace with the invaders , abandoning Tbilisi to the enemy . It was only after Uzun Hasan 's death ( 1478 ) when the Georgians were able to recover their capital . In the winter of 1488 , the Ak Koyunlu Turkomans led by Halil Bey attacked Georgia 's capital Tbilisi , and took the city after a long-lasted siege in February 1489 . Alexander II of Imereti , another pretender to the throne , took advantage of the Aq Qoyunlu Turkoman invasion of Kartli , and seized control of Imereti . Occupation of the capital did not last long and Constantine II of Georgia was able to repel them , but it was still costly to Georgians . Ismail I , founder of the Safavid dynasty , formed an alliance with the Georgians in 1502 and decisively defeated Aq Qoyunlu in the same year , destroying their state and marking the end of their invasions .

neg: House of Vardanisdze The House of Vardanisdze was an aristocratic family in medieval Georgia , listed among the Great Nobles ( didebuli ) of the realm .   The family is presumed to have branched off from another eminent Georgian feudal clan of the Marushisdze , a hypothesis supported by the abundance of the name Marushiani in the Vardanisdze family . The first attested member and arguably a founder of the family is Vardan , eristavi of the Svans , in the latter half of the 11th century . The dignity of eristavi ( or eristavt-eristavi ) of the Svans was hereditary in his descendants later known as Vardanisdze ( Vardan + - dze , `` a son '' ) . They also held various important posts at the Georgian royal court , including mechurchlet-ukhutsesi ( Lord High Treasurer ) , msakhurt-ukhutsesi ( Lord Great Chamberlain ) and mandaturt-ukhutsesi ( Lord High Mandator ) of Likht-Imereti ( i.e. , west Georgia ) .   The family gave origin to two important branches , the Dadiani of Mingrelia , and the Gurieli of Guria while in Svaneti they were replaced by the House of Gelovani .

neg: David III of Tao David III Kuropalates ( , Davit ' III Kuropalati ) or David III the Great ( დავით III დიდი , Davit ' III Didi ) , also known as David II , ( c. 930s -- 1000 or 1001 ) was a Georgian prince of the Bagratid family of Tao , a historic region in the Georgian -- Armenian marchlands , from 966 until his murder in 1000 . Kuropalates was a Byzantine courtier title bestowed upon him in 978 and again in 990 .   David is best known for his crucial assistance to the Byzantine Macedonian dynasty in the 976 -- 9 civil war and his unique role in the political unification of various Georgian polities as well as his patronage of Christian culture and learning . Between 987 and 989 , David joined his friend Bardas Phocas in a revolt against the Byzantine emperor Basil II , but was defeated and agreed to cede his lands to the empire on his death . Yet he was able to secure for his heir , Bagrat III , an opportunity to become the first ruler of a unified Georgian kingdom .


query: Jennifer Aniston's father is Nancy Dow.

pos: Jennifer Aniston Jennifer Joanna Aniston ( born February 11 , 1969 ) is an American actress , producer , and businesswoman . She is the daughter of Greek-born actor John Aniston and American actress Nancy Dow . Aniston gained worldwide recognition for portraying Rachel Green on the popular television sitcom Friends ( 1994 -- 2004 ) , a role which earned her a Primetime Emmy Award , a Golden Globe Award , and a Screen Actors Guild Award . The character was widely popular during the airing of the series and was later recognized as one of the 100 greatest female characters in United States television .   Aniston has played the female protagonist in a number of comedies and romantic comedies . Her box office hits include Bruce Almighty ( 2003 ) , The Break-Up ( 2006 ) , Marley & Me ( 2008 ) , Just Go with It ( 2011 ) , Horrible Bosses ( 2011 ) , and We 're the Millers ( 2013 ) , each of which have grossed over 200 million in worldwide receipts . Her most critically acclaimed roles included the role of Olivia in Friends with Money ( 2006 ) , The Good Girl ( 2002 ) , for which she was nominated for an Independent Spirit Award for Best Female Lead , and the drama Cake ( 2014 ) , for which she received nominations for the Golden Globe Award and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Actress . Her other films include Along Came Polly ( 2004 ) and He 's Just Not That Into You ( 2009 ) . In 2008 , she co-founded the production company Echo Films .   In 2012 , Aniston received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . She is one of the highest paid actresses in Hollywood , and as of 2014 , her net worth is estimated to be 150 million . She has also been included in magazines ' lists of the world 's most beautiful women . People magazine named Aniston `` The Most Beautiful Woman '' in 2004 and 2016 , and Men 's Health magazine voted her the `` Sexiest Woman of All Time '' in 2011 . Divorced from actor Brad Pitt , to whom she was married for five years , she has been married to actor Justin Theroux since 2015 .

neg: Marshall Eugene DeWolfe Marshall Eugene DeWolfe ( September 22 , 1880 -- January 1 , 1915 ) was the only child of future First Lady Florence Harding ( then , Florence Kling ) and her first husband , Henry Athenton `` Pete '' DeWolfe ( 4 March 1859 - 8 March 1894 ) . Born in Galion , Crawford County , Ohio , young DeWolfe was primarily raised by his mother ; his father was a chronic alcoholic who was absent from the home for days at a time .   Those doing research on the Hardings , including John Dean and Robert Ferrell among others , have never been able to find documentary proof of a regular marriage between Kling and DeWolfe , leading some people to conclude it was a common law marriage -- a form of irregular marriage contracted by habit and repute , which was not abolished in Ohio until 1991 . The marriage between Kling and DeWolfe is otherwise attested by the papers from their divorce proceeding , which are on file in Marion County Ohio . It is also possible that they had a regular marriage and the officiant who solemnized it simply failed to return the marriage certificate to the county , or the county clerk 's office subsequently lost it .   A record of the issuance of a marriage license was printed in The Marion Star on January 31 , 1880 ; and the January 27 , 1880 edition of the same paper refers to a marriage having occurred at Columbus on January 22 , 1880 . The documentary proof of a regular marriage is the marriage certificate , which is completed by the solemnizing officiant and returned to the county clerk for recordation . The marriage certificate usually comprises the lower part of the same document as the marriage license , so if the certificate gets lost on its way to the county clerk the license will be lost along with it .   Following the divorce of his parents , young Marshall was raised by his grandparents , Amos Hall Kling and Louisa `` Louise '' Mabel ( Bouton ) Kling , while his mother lived independently and earned an income as a piano teacher in Marion , Ohio . As part of the agreement with her father , Florence would not have a role in her own son 's upbringing . Throughout his life , Marshall used either his Kling or DeWolfe surname .   Florence Kling DeWolfe married newspaper publisher Warren G. Harding in 1891 . However , Marshall remained under his grandfather 's control and roof . While a room was set aside for him in the Harding home , Marshall never felt at home under his mother 's roof , and never comfortable under his grandfather 's strict control .   DeWolfe studied journalism at the University of Michigan from 1899 to 1903 . While attending Michigan , he played football as a quarterback on the Michigan Wolverines all-freshman football team in 1899 .   DeWolfe aspired to be a newspaperman like his stepfather Warren G. Harding . By all accounts , his relationship with Harding was closer than the relationship that he had with his mother . After his graduation from Marion High School , DeWolfe was given a job at the Marion Daily Star . DeWolfe eventually purchased a struggling newspaper in Colorado , moving there with his young family . The venture was unsuccessful , as was a later farming attempt , due in part to his problem with alcoholism .   Marshall Kling DeWolfe died of the effects of alcoholism and tuberculosis in Colorado on January 1 , 1915 , at the age of 34 . His death , the return of his body to Marion and his funeral were events that were not known in the community . He is buried in an unmarked grave in the DeWolfe family plot in Marion Cemetery .   Marshall Eugene DeWolfe married Esther Naomi Neely . Their son , George Warren DeWolfe ( 1914-1968 ) , and daughter , Eugenia DeWolfe ( 1911-1978 ) , were the principal heirs to the estate left by their grandmother , Florence Harding , following her death on November 21 , 1924 .   When Warren G. Harding ran for President in 1920 , his wife skilfully bluffed reporters into believing that she had been a widow , not a divorcee , when they married . When she duly became First Lady , her ex-husband and son were forbidden topics at the White House and in the press .

neg: Dow Chemical Company The Dow Chemical Company , commonly referred to as Dow , is an American multinational chemical corporation headquartered in Midland , Michigan , United States . As of 2007 , it is the second-largest chemical manufacturer in the world by revenue ( after BASF ) and as of February 2009 , the third-largest chemical company in the world by market capitalization ( after BASF and DuPont ) . It ranked second in the world by chemical production in 2014 .   Dow manufactures plastics , chemicals , and agricultural products . With a presence in about 160 countries , it employs about 54,000 people worldwide . The company has seven different major operating segments , with a wide variety of products made by each one . Dow 's 2012 sales totaled approximately $ 57 billion .  Dow has been called the `` chemical companies ' chemical company '' in that most of its sales are to other industries rather than end-users . Dow sells directly to end-users primarily in the human and animal health and consumer products markets .   Dow is a member of the American Chemistry Council . The company tagline is `` Solutionism '' .

neg: Jennifer Smith (General Hospital) Jennifer Smith is a fictional character on the ABC soap opera , General Hospital . She is the daughter of notorious mobster , Frank Smith , and known for her broken engagement with Luke Spencer . Lisa Marie portrayed the character in 1980 , Roseanne Arnold in 1994 , Sally Struthers in February 2002 , and Holly Gagnier in June 2015 .

neg: Norman Ollestad Norman Ollestad ( born May 30 , 1967 ) is an American author . At the age of eleven , he was the only survivor of a plane crash that claimed the life of his father . He wrote about it in his 2009 bestseller Crazy For The Storm : A Memoir Of Survival . His new book FRENCH GIRL WITH MOTHER , a novel , came out in October 2016 .

neg: Jennifer Young Jennifer Young ( born August 21 , 1969 ) is an American film producer and photographer .

neg: The Father (Osborne play) The Father is a 1989 play by British playwright John Osborne .

neg: Silver Linings Playbook Silver Linings Playbook is a 2012 American romantic comedy-drama film written and directed by David O. Russell . It was adapted from the novel The Silver Linings Playbook , by Matthew Quick . The film stars Bradley Cooper and Jennifer Lawrence , with Robert De Niro , Jacki Weaver , Chris Tucker , Anupam Kher , and Julia Stiles in supporting roles .   Cooper plays Patrick `` Pat '' Solitano , Jr. , a man with bipolar disorder who is released from a psychiatric hospital and moves back in with his parents , played by Robert De Niro and Jacki Weaver . Determined to win back his estranged wife , Pat meets recently widowed Tiffany Maxwell , portrayed by Jennifer Lawrence , who offers to help him get his wife back if he enters a dance competition with her . The two become closer as they train and Pat , his father , and Tiffany examine their relationships with each other as they cope with their problems .   Silver Linings Playbook premiered at the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival on September 8 , 2012 , and was released in the United States on November 16 , 2012 . The film opened to major critical success and earned numerous accolades . It received eight Academy Award nominations , including Best Picture , Best Director , Best Adapted Screenplay . It became the first film since 1981 's Reds to be Oscar-nominated for the four acting categories and the first since 2004 's Million Dollar Baby to be nominated for the Big Five Oscars , with Lawrence winning the Academy Award for Best Actress . It also achieved four Golden Globe Award nominations , with Lawrence winning Best Actress ; three BAFTA nominations , with Russell winning for Best Adapted Screenplay ; four Screen Actors Guild nominations ; and five Independent Spirit Award nominations , winning in four categories , including Best Film . The film was a success at the box office , grossing over $ 236 million worldwide , more than eleven times its budget .

neg: John Dowd (CEO) John Dowd is an American-born executive . He is the CEO and co-founder of Sundance Vacations , a wholesale vacation company based in Wilkes-Barre , Pennsylvania , and is also a very active member of the community , serving on the Greater Wilkes-Barre Chamber of Commerce , as the chair of the grants committee for the Luzerne Foundation and the Parent Advisor for the Youth Advisory Committee . He also serves on the board of trustees for Wyoming Seminary .   Dowd , with the help of his wife Tina , co-founded Sundance Vacations in 1991 after working in the Vacation industry .   Dowd purchased a new property and built the current headquarters of his business in 2007 .

neg: Are Men Necessary? Are Men Necessary ? When Sexes Collide is a book written by American author and The New York Times columnist Maureen Dowd . It received a torrent of criticism and created controversy regarding classic problems facing women balancing careers and families .  The book was not well received by critics , unlike her previous book Bushworld : Enter at Your Own Risk .

neg: Jenn Shaw Jennifer Jeanine Shaw ( born September 15 , 1983 ) is an American film director and producer

neg: The Courtship of Eddie's Father The Courtship of Eddie 's Father is an American television sitcom based on the 1963 movie of the same name , which was based on a novel by Mark Toby ( edited by Dorothy Wilson ) .   The series is about a widower , Tom Corbett ( played by Bill Bixby ) , who is a magazine publisher , and his young son , Eddie ( played by Brandon Cruz ) . Eddie believes his father should marry , and manipulates situations surrounding the women his father is interested in . ( Eddie 's matchmaking efforts were the theme of the movie , but gradually became less central to the storylines in the series . )   The series debuted on September 17 , 1969 , and was last broadcast on March 1 , 1972 .   Bixby received an Emmy nomination for the show .

neg: Aniboom Aniboom was an online animation studio , which distributed independent animated short films and occasionally co-produced them . It was founded in 2006 by former Israeli television executive Uri Shinar . Within three years , over 13,000 clips were released through the studio , at which point The New York Times described Aniboom 's business structure as perhaps the largest example of crowdsourcing in the entertainment industry .   The studio 's website went live in late September , 2006 . Its official launch was not announced however , until November 24 of that year . The launch was accompanied by a contest , running through January 30 of the following year , in which the creators of the website 's most highly rated films up to that point received monetary prizes . Over the following years , similar contests were held , and Aniboom expanded its online presence to include channels on Joost and YouTube . In 2008 , the studio raised $ 10 million in investor funding .   The Aniboom short `` Live Music '' was picked up by Sony for theatrical distribution in 2009 , as an opener for Planet 51 . The same year , Aniboom ran a competition in partnership with the Fox Broadcasting Company - the best holiday themed short film , as chosen by Fox executives , would win $ 15,000 and the possibility of a development deal . The contest was won by Jay Malone for the short film Santa Intervention . However , as of 2016 the official website has closed and the official YouTube channel has been terminated .

neg: Four Cohans The Four Cohans was a late 19th-century vaudeville family act that introduced 20th-century Broadway legend George M. Cohan to show business . It consisted of father Jeremiah `` Jere '' Cohan ( 1848 -- 1917 ) , mother Helen `` Nellie '' Costigan Cohan ( 1854 -- 1928 ) , daughter Josephine `` Josie '' Cohan Niblo ( 1874 -- 1916 ) , and son George M. Cohan ( 1878-1942 ) .   By the late 1890s , when the team had become a successful and well-established act in the vaudeville circuits across the country , George Cohan started giving his famous curtain-call speech : '' -LSB- L -RSB- adies and gentlemen , my father thanks you , my mother thanks you , my sister thanks you , and I thank you '' .   The act disbanded in 1900 when George left vaudeville for the legitimate stage .   Josie , who died of heart disease at a young age , was married to Fred Niblo Sr. ( 1874 -- 1948 ) , an important director of silent films , including Ben Hur ( 1925 ) , and a founder of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Their son , Fred Niblo Jr. ( 1903 -- 1973 ) was an Academy Award-nominated screenwriter .   The Four Cohans were reunited after George 's death in 1942 , at the family plot at Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx , New York City , New York .   Category : Vaudeville performers  Category : Cohan family

neg: Jennifer Grant Jennifer Diane Grant ( born February 26 , 1966 ) is an American actress , the only child of actors Cary Grant and Dyan Cannon . She is best known for roles in the television series Beverly Hills , 90210 and Movie Stars .

neg: Angry Dad: The Movie `` Angry Dad : The Movie '' is the fourteenth episode of The Simpsons ' twenty-second season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on February 20 , 2011 . The plot of the episode involves Bart winning many awards for his new short film based on his web cartoon series Angry Dad , which was first introduced in `` I Am Furious ( Yellow ) '' , while Homer takes credit for the film during acceptance speeches .   `` Angry Dad : The Movie '' was written by John Frink and directed by Matthew Nastuk , with Ricky Gervais , Halle Berry , Russell Brand , Maurice LaMarche , Nick Park and J. B. Smoove guest starring . Cultural references in the episode include Pixar , Toy Story , Wallace and Gromit , Kung Fu Panda , Ms. Pac-Man , SpongeBob SquarePants and the 68th Golden Globe Award ceremony .   The episode was viewed in an estimated 6.35 million households , with a 2.8 Nielsen rating , marking a slight rise in audience from the previous episode , while the episode was the twenty-fifth most viewed show for the week of broadcast among adults aged 18 -- 49 . Critical reception of the episode was generally positive , with critics praising the episode 's use of visual gags and cultural references .

neg: Willard "Digger" Barnes Willard `` Digger '' Barnes is a fictional character in the popular American television series , Dallas , played by David Wayne ( 1978 ) , Keenan Wynn ( 1979-1980 ) , and David Marshall Grant in Dallas : The Early Years . As the patriarch of the Barnes family , Digger Barnes was the father of Cliff Barnes and Pamela Barnes Ewing . Digger shocked Pamela on his deathbed by revealing that Hutch McKinney was her biological father but , that he had always loved her as though she were his own .

neg: George S. Hammond George Simms Hammond ( May 22 , 1921 -- October 5 , 2005 ) was an American scientist , author , academic administrator , and chemical theorist . He is widely credited as the father of organic photochemistry , and developed the general theory of the geometric structure of the transition state in an organic chemical reaction ; the theory is widely known as `` Hammond 's postulate '' . Hammond 's research is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science . His research garnered him the Norris Award in 1968 , the Priestley Medal in 1976 , the National Medal of Science in 1994 , and the Othmer Gold Medal in 2003 . He served as the executive chairman of the Allied Chemical Corporation from 1979 to 1989 .   He was a chemist at the California Institute of Technology , and subsequently headed both the Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering at the university . He conducted research at the University of Oxford and University of Basel as a Guggenheim Fellow and National Science Foundation Fellow , respectively . He served as the foreign secretary of the National Academy of Sciences from 1974 to 1978 .   A native of Maine , he was born and raised in Auburn ; he attended nearby Bates College in Lewiston , Maine , where he graduated magna cum laude with a B.S. in Chemistry in 1943 . He completed his doctorate at Harvard University in 1947 , under the mentorship of Paul Doughty Bartlett , and a postdoctorate at University of California , Los Angeles with Saul Winstein in 1948 .

neg: Michael Lohan Michael Lohan ( -LSB- ˈloʊ.ən -RSB- born April 25 , 1960 ) is an American television personality , best known as the father of actress Lindsay Lohan .

neg: The One with the Apothecary Table `` The One with the Apothecary Table '' is the eleventh episode of the sixth season of the American television situation comedy Friends , which was broadcast on NBC on January 6 , 2000 . The plot concerns Rachel ( Jennifer Aniston ) buying an apothecary table from Pottery Barn and trying to keep roommate Phoebe ( Lisa Kudrow ) from finding out that she bought it from a chain store .   The episode was directed by Kevin S. Bright , written by Brian Boyle ( from a story by Zachary Rosenblatt ) and guest-stars Elle Macpherson in her final appearance as recurring character Janine Lecroix . The episode and producers attracted criticism for the blatant product placement present in the story .