query: Bridget Moynahan was featured in The Sum of All Fears.

pos: Bridget Moynahan Bridget Moynahan ( born Kathryn Bridget Moynahan ; April 28 , 1971 ) is an American actress and model . She graduated from Longmeadow High School , in Massachusetts , in 1989 , and began pursuing a career in modeling . She appeared in department-store catalogs and magazines , and after doing television commercials , she began taking acting lessons . Moynahan made her television debut in a guest appearance in the comedy series Sex and the City in 1999 , where she later had a recurring role as Natasha .   She made her feature film debut in Coyote Ugly ( 2000 ) . She was cast in a supporting role in Serendipity ( 2001 ) . Moynahan was also featured in the action film The Sum of All Fears ( 2002 ) , spy thriller The Recruit ( 2003 ) , the science-fiction movie I , Robot ( 2004 ) , and the political thriller Lord of War ( 2005 ) .   She starred in the ABC television series Six Degrees , which premiered in September 2006 , but was cancelled after one season . Moynahan completed work in Elizabeth Allen 's Ramona and Beezus , which was released in July 2010 , and has starred in the CBS drama Blue Bloods since September 2010 .

neg: Prime Suspect Prime Suspect is a British police procedural television drama series . It stars Helen Mirren as Jane Tennison , one of the first female Detective Chief Inspectors in Greater London 's Metropolitan Police Service , as she rises to rank of Detective Superintendent whilst confronting the institutionalised sexism that exists within her job .

neg: On Expenses On Expenses is a 2010 British television film directed by Simon Cellan Jones and starring Anna Maxwell Martin as Heather Brooke and Brian Cox as Michael Martin .   The film documents the true story of American journalist Heather Brooke 's attempt to get expenses claims of Members of Parliament released under the Freedom of Information Act 2000 and Speaker Michael Martin 's battle to prevent it .   Heather Brooke herself appeared in the production in a non-speaking role playing the part of an unnamed MP sitting on the government benches in a scene where Michael Martin is elected to the position of Speaker of the House of Commons .

neg: The Very Best of Bananarama The Very Best of Bananarama is one of several greatest hits collections by English girl group Bananarama .   Released by Warner Music Group , parent company of Bananarama 's label London Records , this set is the `` official '' hits package released to celebrate the group 's twentieth anniversary . Hits included here span their history from 1981 to 1993 . It reached # 43 on the UK Albums Chart .   This compilation features the `` single '' versions of the songs . Various tracks had been edited or remixed from their original album versions for their releases as singles and in the case of `` I Want You Back '' and `` Nathan Jones '' , the vocals were re-recorded after original member Siobhan Fahey had left the group and been replaced by Jacquie O'Sullivan . `` Nathan Jones '' was also included on the Rain Man soundtrack as well as their Greatest Hits Collection .   A limited edition of The Very Best of Bananarama , released in 2002 , contained a second disc of remixes and replaced the `` Tempus Fugit megamix '' for the Miami mix of `` I Heard a Rumour '' .

neg: Chloe Boreham Chloé Boreham is a Franco-Australian Actress ( born August 31 , 1986 ) . She is best known for the leading role as Detective Bridget Anderson on the Channel 7 Telemovie Drama The Killing Field .

neg: Raising Helen Raising Helen is a 2004 American comedy-drama film directed by Garry Marshall and written by Jack Amiel and Michael Begler . It stars Kate Hudson , John Corbett , Joan Cusack , Hayden Panettiere , siblings Spencer and Abigail Breslin , and Helen Mirren . It grossed $ 37,486,138 at the U.S. box office .

neg: Anne of Avonlea (1975 film) Anne of Avonlea is a film made for television 4-part mini-series , developed in the United Kingdom by the BBC . It is based on Anne of Avonlea , the sequel to Anne of Green Gables by Lucy Maud Montgomery .

neg: Sins of the Father (2002 film) Sins of the Father is a 2002 American docudrama directed by Robert Dornhelm . The teleplay by John Pielmeier is based on a Texas Monthly article by Pamela Colloff chronicling the 1963 16th Street Baptist Church bombing in Birmingham , Alabama in which four young African American girls were killed while attending Sunday-school . The victims were Addie Mae Collins , 14 yrs old ; Denise McNair , 11 yrs old ; Carole Robertson , 14 yrs old ; and Cynthia Welsley , 14 yrs old . It was believed that there were 5 girls together in the church basement on that fateful day , but only one survived : young Sarah Collins , Addie Mae 's younger sister . The bombing was racially motivated and carried out by members of the Ku Klux Klan .   The film was shot in Toronto . The cast includes Tom Sizemore , Richard Jenkins , Ving Rhames , Colm Feore , Jackie Richardson , Connor Price , Aaryn Doyle , Isys McKoy , Jessica Gray Charles , and Funmiola Lawson .   Rhames was nominated for the Black Reel Award for Best Actor and the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Television Movie , Mini-Series or Dramatic Special . Pielmeier 's teleplay earned him nominations for the Humanitas Prize and the Writers Guild of America Award .

neg: Catastrophe (2015 TV series) Catastrophe is a British sitcom first broadcast on 19 January 2015 on Channel 4 . It stars Sharon Horgan as Sharon Morris and Rob Delaney as Rob Norris , who get together after she becomes pregnant following a brief affair while he is in the UK on business . Carrie Fisher , Ashley Jensen , and Mark Bonnar play supporting characters in the series .   The show was renewed for a second series in January 2015 and began broadcasting from 27 October 2015 , having been brought forward from its original schedule of early 2016 . In July 2016 , Catastrophe was renewed for a third and fourth series . The third series , which began broadcasting in the UK on 28 February 2017 , comprises 6 episodes -- which all became available in the Untied States on April 28 , 2017 , hosted by Amazon . The fourth series of the show is scheduled for 2018 .   For her performance in the show , Sharon Horgan was nominated for a 2016 British Academy Television Awards for Best Female Comedy Performance in 2016 . Both Horgan and Delaney won the BAFTA TV Award for Best Writer : Comedy . The show was nominated for a Peabody Award . In July 2016 , the show received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Writing For a Comedy Series , going to Horgan and Delaney .

neg: Black Christmas (2006 film) Black Christmas ( abbreviated as Black X-Mas ) is a 2006 American-Canadian slasher film written and directed by Glen Morgan and starring Katie Cassidy , Michelle Trachtenberg , Mary Elizabeth Winstead , Oliver Hudson , Lacey Chabert , Kristen Cloke , and Andrea Martin . The film takes place several days before Christmas , and tells the story of a group of sorority sisters who are stalked and murdered by the house 's former inhabitants during a winter storm . It is a loose remake of the 1974 film of the same name . The film was produced by Morgan and James Wong through their production company Hard Eight Pictures , along with 2929 Productions and Dimension Films , while Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer distributed the film .   In December 2006 , upon anticipation of its premiere , the film garnered some criticism from religious groups due to its graphic content in a holiday setting , as well as the distributor 's decision to release the film on Christmas Day in the United States . The film opened in the United Kingdom on December 15 , 2006 , and , despite backlash from some religious organizations , opened in US theaters on Christmas Day .

neg: Gwyneth Powell Gwyneth Powell ( born 5 July 1946 ) is an English actress who is best known for her portrayal of headmistress Bridget McClusky in the BBC television series Grange Hill for eleven series between 1981 and 1991 .

neg: Bridget Jones Bridget Jones is a franchise based on a fictional character of the same name . British writer Helen Fielding started her Bridget Jones 's Diary column in The Independent in 1995 , while chronicling the life of Jones as a thirtysomething single woman in London as she tries to make sense of life and love with the help of a surrogate `` urban family '' of friends in the 1990s . The column lampooned the obsession of women with women 's magazines such as Cosmopolitan and wider social trends in Britain at the time . Fielding published the novelisation of the column in 1996 , followed by a sequel in 1999 called Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason .   Both novels were adapted for the big screen in 2001 and 2004 , starring Renée Zellweger as Bridget Jones , and Hugh Grant and Colin Firth as the men in her life : Daniel Cleaver and Mark Darcy , respectively . After Fielding had ceased to work for The Daily Telegraph in late 1998 , the feature began again in The Independent on 4 August 2005 and finished in June 2006 . Helen Fielding released a third novel in 2013 , Bridget Jones : Mad About the Boy , which is set 14 years after the events of the second novel .   The fictional character `` Bridget Jones '' was named on the 2016 Woman 's Hour Power List as one of seven women judged to have had the biggest impact on women 's lives over the past 70 years , alongside Margaret Thatcher , Barbara Castle , Helen Brook , Germaine Greer , Jayaben Desai and Beyoncé .

neg: Hugh Grant Hugh John Mungo Grant ( born 9 September 1960 ) is an English actor and film producer . Grant has received a Golden Globe , a BAFTA , and an Honorary César for his work . His films have earned more than US$ 2.4 billion from 25 theatrical releases worldwide . Grant first received attention after earning the Volpi Cup for his performance in James Ivory 's Maurice ( 1987 ) but achieved international success after appearing in the Richard Curtis-scripted Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ) . Grant used this breakthrough role as a frequent cinematic persona during the 1990s , delivering comic performances in films such as Mickey Blue Eyes ( 1999 ) and Notting Hill ( 1999 ) . One of the best known figures in 1990s British popular culture , Grant was in a high-profile relationship with Elizabeth Hurley , which was the focus of much attention in the British and international media .   By the turn of the 21st century , Grant had established himself as a leading man , skilled with a satirical comic talent . Grant has expanded his oeuvre with critically acclaimed turns as a cad in Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 2001 ) , About a Boy ( 2002 ) , and American Dreamz ( 2006 ) . Grant later played against type with multiple cameo roles in the epic sci-fi drama film , Cloud Atlas ( 2012 ) . He 's also known for appearing in period pieces such as The Remains of the Day ( 1993 ) , Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) and Florence Foster Jenkins ( 2016 ) .   Within the film industry , Grant is cited as an anti-star who approaches his roles like a character actor , and attempts to make his acting appear spontaneous . Hallmarks of his comic skills include a nonchalant touch of irony/sarcasm and studied physical mannerisms , as well as his precisely-timed dialogue delivery and facial expressions . The entertainment media 's coverage of Grant 's life off the big screen has often overshadowed his work as an actor . Grant has been outspoken about his antipathy towards the profession of acting , and in his disdain towards the culture of celebrity and hostility towards the media . In a career spanning 30 years , Grant has repeatedly claimed that acting was not his true calling , but rather a career that unintentionally developed by happenstance .

neg: The Sum of All Fears (album) The Sum of All Fears is the second album by Italian black metal group Cultus Sanguine , released in 1999 by the French independent label Season of Mist ( who have bands such as Mayhem and Rotting Christ on their roster .

neg: Fortunes of War (novel series) Fortunes of War is the collective name given to six novels by Olivia Manning , consisting of The Balkan Trilogy and The Levant Trilogy . The Balkan Trilogy comprises the books The Great Fortune ( 1960 ) , The Spoilt City ( 1962 ) and Friends And Heroes ( 1965 ) . The Levant Trilogy comprises the books The Danger Tree ( 1977 ) , The Battle Lost And Won ( 1978 ) and The Sum Of Things ( 1980 ) .

neg: 21 Days 21 Days ( a.k.a. 21 Days Together , The First and the Last and Three Weeks Together ) is a 1940 British drama film based on the short play The First and the Last by John Galsworthy . It was directed by Basil Dean and stars Vivien Leigh , Laurence Olivier and Leslie Banks . The film was renamed as 21 Days Together for the US market .

neg: Strength and Honour Strength and Honour is a boxing film that was shot in Cork , Ireland . Filming took place in the city and county including Kinsale , Rochestown , Passage West and the un-opened maternity ward of the Cork University Hospital as well as the new airport .   The film had its market premiere screening at the Cannes Film Festival in May 2007 , and won the `` Best Picture '' and `` Best Actor '' awards at the Boston Film Festival .   It was released on November 20 , 2007 in Ireland and was tested on a limited capacity in the United States on December 7 , 2007 . It was given a 15A rating in Ireland .  After the U.S. testing , the film was re-cut taking 13 minutes off it .   In 2009 , the Film was selected to screen at the Writers Guild of America and received a review in the Los Angeles Times that described it as ` another Slumdog Millionaire ' . Later the same year , Michael Madsen and Mark Mahon appeared on the TODAY show in New York , as there was such strong word of mouth about the Film .   On March 17 , 2010 , Mark Mahon and the film 's main cast were invited by Prince Albert of Monaco to a private Royal screening at the Palace of Monaco .   The film 's tagline was : '' Wounds Heal , Scars Fade , Hope is for Everyone '' .

neg: National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress The National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress is one of the annual awards given by the National Society of Film Critics .   This awards was given for the first time in 1967 to Marjorie Rhodes for her role in The Family Way .   Meryl Streep won this award three times ( record ) : in 1978 for The Deer Hunter , in 1979 for Kramer vs. Kramer , for Manhattan and for The Seduction of Joe Tynan and in 2006 for The Devil Wears Prada and for A Prairie Home Companion . Anjelica Huston ( 1985 and 1989 ) , Dianne Wiest ( 1986 and 1994 ) , Patricia Clarkson ( 2002 and 2003 ) and Amy Adams ( 2005 and 2012 ) each won the award two times . In 2009 , Mo'Nique became the first African-American to win in this category for her performance in Precious .

neg: Summer of Fear (1996 film) Summer of Fear is a 1996 American made-for-television psychological thriller film starring Gregory Harrison , Glynnis O'Connor , Lee Garlington and Corin Nemec which premiered on CBS on April 3 , 1996 . It was written by John Gay and based on the novel Simon Says by Gloria Murphy .

neg: The Libertine (album) The Libertine : Music for the Film by Laurence Dunmore is the album release of Michael Nyman 's score for the 2004 film The Libertine ( 2004 film ) directed by Laurence Dunmore . It is the third release on Nyman 's own label , MN Records , and the first to receive distribution in the United States , by Inner Knot Records . It is his 50th album release overall . When Naxos Records began distributing MN Records in the United States in 2008 , it was included and began appearing in large quantitites in stores . This is Nyman 's last score for a major motion picture to date , and his last soundtrack release , other than compilation soundtracks .   The score includes the song `` If '' ( as `` Rochester 's farewell '' , with partially changed lyrics , removal of the quotes from `` Time Lapse '' from A Zed & Two Noughts , and the addition of a setting of the Kyrie ) performed by Hilary Summers , who originally performed it in the film , The Diary of Anne Frank ( 1995 ) . It also includes an abridgement by Jeffreys of one of Wilmot 's most famous poems , `` Signior Dildo '' , also sung by Ms. Summers . A recurring theme on the album which first appears in `` Upon drinking in a bowl '' for solo viola , became the basis of the Interlude in C for Accent007 ensemble . `` The maimed debauchee '' is a fairly brief piece , but resembles the Interlude at its climax . The theme reappears in a longer version as `` Against constancy '' .   The album primarily follows the order of the film , but there are exceptions , including `` My Lord all-pride '' , which immediately follows `` Signior Dildo '' in the film , as Wilmot steps out from curtains painted to resemble female genitalia .   Portions of the score appear in all-brass arrangements on the album , Nyman Brass .

neg: Child actor The term child actor or child actress is generally applied to a child acting on stage or in motion pictures or television , but also to an adult who began his or her acting career as a child ; to avoid confusion , the latter is also called a former child actor . Closely associated is teenage actor or teen actor , an actor who reached popularity as a teenager .   Many child actors find themselves struggling to adapt as they become adults . Lindsay Lohan and Macaulay Culkin are two particular famous child actors who eventually experienced much difficulty with the fame they acquired at a young age ; Lohan 's career resumed after an interruption of several years . Many child actors also become successful adult actors as well , an example being Mickey Rooney 's career that included both the popular 1935 film A Midsummer Night 's Dream and the popular 2011 film The Muppets .


query: Velaiilla Pattadhari 2 is directed by a graphic designer.

pos: Soundarya Rajinikanth Soundarya Rajinikanth ( born 20 September 1984 ) , is an Indian graphic designer , producer and director who primarily works in the Tamil film industry . She is the founder and owner of Ocher Picture Productions . Soundarya began her career in films as a graphic designer . For those starring her father Rajinikanth , she designed the title sequences . She became a noted film producer through Goa ( 2010 ) . She made her début as a director in the film Kochadaiyaan .

pos: Velaiilla Pattadhari 2 Velaiilla Pattadhari 2 ( The Unemployed Graduate 2 ) , popularly referred to as VIP 2 , is an upcoming Indian Tamil-language comedy-drama film directed by Soundarya Rajnikanth . A sequel to Velaiilla Pattadhari ( 2014 ) , the film has Dhanush , Amala Paul , Saranya Ponvannan and Samuthirakani returning from the first film , other cast including Kajol . Dhanush , besides acting , is also co-producing the film and has written the story and dialogues for the film . The film , which is also co-produced by S. Thanu , has music composed by Sean Roldan and will release in 28 july 2017 .

neg: Sundeep Malani Sandeep Malani ( born 19 November 1971 ) is an Indian film director .

neg: Finger Print Finger Print is a Malayalam thriller film directed by Satheesh Paul and scripted by Siddique . The film is produced by Sabu Cherian under the banner Anandabhairavi . It stars Jayaram , Indrajith and Gopika in lead roles . The film released on 18 February 2005. ,

neg: Anushka Khanna Anushka Khanna is an Indian fashion designer . Anushka 's designs have been featured by Madhuri Dixit , Prerna Goel , Pooja Shetty Deora and Alia Bhatt .

neg: Veerabhadram Chowdary Veerabhadram Chowdary is an Indian film director known for his works in Telugu cinema .  He made his directorial debut in 2011 through Aha Naa Pellanta .

neg: Velli Thirai Vellitherai ( Silver Screen ) is a 2008 Tamil-language satirical film directed by debutant Viji , previously a dialogue writer . It is a remake of 2005 Malayalam Film `` Udayananu Tharam '' starring Mohanlal , Sreenivasan , Meena , Mukesh with some changes.The film stars Prithviraj , as an assistant director hoping to make it big and Gopika , his love interest in the lead roles . Prakash Raj , the producer of the movie , also plays a prominent role in the movie . Shooting had taken place in India , Indonesia , and Australia . The film 's score and soundtrack , are composed by G. V. Prakash Kumar , with many songs altered from the original . It is a remake of Rosshan Andrrews 's Malayalam film , Udayananu Tharam , which in turn has its climax adapted from the 1999 Hollywood film Bowfinger . Popular stars like Jayam Ravi and Trisha Krishnan play cameos as themselves in the film . The film received favorable reviews but commercial failure at the box office .

neg: Mali (cartoonist) T. R. Mahalingam , better known by his pen-name Mali , was an illustrator and cartoonist from Tamil Nadu , India , in the pre-independence era . He was the Tamil Press 's first caricaturists , according to Chennai historian S. Muthiah in The Hindu . Muthiah has written elsewhere that Mali did as much with his strokes for Vikatan as its celebrated editor Kalki Krishnamurthy did with his words .   Mali published his drawings in the Indian Express in the 1930s , and first made his name at the Free Press Journal ` before being immortalised in the pages of Ananda Vikatan , the first popular Tamil periodical ' . He also did cartoons for the Vikatan group 's English-language Merry Magazine , where he became the editor in 1935 . He is said to have left the editorial nitty-gritty to his assistant editor , while continuing to illustrate such humorous serials as ` Private Joyful in Madras ' ( The magazine shut down in c. 1935 or 1936 ) .   While it was the writer and poet Subramanya Bharathi who first introduced cartoons to Tamil journalism , it was Ananda Vikatan that made them truly popular . As cartoonist and senior artist at Ananda Vikatan , Mali was thus a key influence on a second generation of cartoonists . Gopulu and Silpi were illustrators he mentored at Vikatan .   According to Tamil film historian Randor Guy , Mali designed the famous logo for Gemini Studios , which depicts cherubic twin buglers .   Mali died in c. 1947 , according to an obituary in The Indian Review .

neg: Ram Gopal Varma Ram Gopal Varma is an Indian film director , screenwriter and producer , known for his works in Telugu cinema , Bollywood , and television . Influenced by Russian-American playwright Ayn Rand , and European authors Friedrich Nietzsche , James Hadley Chase and Frederick Forsyth , Varma directed films across multiple genres , including parallel cinema and docudrama noted for their gritty realism , technical finesse , and craft .   Varma has garnered the National Film Award for scripting the political crime drama , Shool ( 1999 ) . In 2004 , He was featured in the BBC World series Bollywood Bosses . In 2006 , Grady Hendrix of Film Comment , published by the Film Society of Lincoln Center , New York City cited Varma as `` Bombay 's Most Successful Maverick '' for his works on experimental films . Varma is regarded as the fountain head of new age Indian cinema .   Varma is known for presenting the Indian Political Trilogy , and the Indian Gangster Trilogy , film critic Rajeev Masand has labeled the series as one of the `` most influential movies of Hindi cinema .  The first installment of the trilogy , Satya , was also listed in CNN-IBN 's 100 greatest Indian films of all time . Varma 's recent avant-garde works include hits such as the alternate history , Rakta Charitra ( 2010 ) , the dramatized re-enactment of 2008 Mumbai attacks in The Attacks of 26/11 ( 2013 ) , a horror fiction , Ice Cream shot with Flowcam Technology ( 2014 ) , a slasher film , Anukshanam ( 2014 ) , Killing Veerappan ( 2016 ) , a documentary drama , and Vangaveeti ( 2016 ) a biographical `` based on true events '' .   Starting his career as a civil engineer , he made an entry into Telugu cinema , with the path-breaking crime thriller , Siva ( 1989 ) screened at the 13th International Film Festival of India , and has garnered Varma , the state Nandi Awards for Best direction , Best first film of a director , and the Filmfare Award for Best Film -- Telugu . Siva explores the concepts of student exploitation by anti-social behavior and the impact of crowd psychology . Subsequently , the film was included in CNN-IBN 's list of 100 greatest Indian films of all time . He then experimented with the Neo-noir , Kshana Kshanam ( 1991 ) screened at the Ann Arbor Film Festival , the sleeper hit won him another Nandi Award for Best Direction , and the Nandi Award for Best Screenplay Writer . The 1993 political drama , Gaayam received six state Nandi Awards . In 1999 , He directed Prema Katha for which he received his third Nandi Award for Best Director .

neg: Graphic facilitation Graphic facilitation is the use of large scale imagery to lead groups and individuals towards a goal . The method is used in various processes such as meetings , seminars , workshops and conferences . This visual process is conducted by a graphic facilitator .   An early paper in the field of graphic facilitation was `` Explicit Group Memory '' by Geoff Ball , who `` discovered '' that a shared picture supported group learning or , more importantly , a lasting memory in the group .   `` A Graphic Facilitation Retrospective '' by David Sibbet tells the story of these early pioneers in the field who were inspired by architects ( with understanding of large imagery ) , designers , computer engineers ( who started to cluster information in a new way ) , art and psychology . He describes that what at a glance `` just '' looked like graphics was so much more : `` It was also a dance , and story telling , since the facilitator was constantly in physical motion , miming the group and its communication with movement , as well as commenting on the displays ... . ''   Graphic recorders combine the skills of a note-taker and an artist to visually represent information communicated orally . Example services include creating visual summaries of conference speakers ' presentations and providing graphic facilitation for organizations doing strategic planning .   The terms `` graphic facilitator '' and `` graphic recorder '' are often used interchangeably by those practicing the technique , which can occasionally cause confusion among those looking for a professional in the field for hire .

neg: Rajesh Touchriver Rajesh Touchriver born ( M. S. Rajesh ) is an Indian filmmaker , production designer and scriptwriter . He has won several state awards , national and international awards for his feature films , documentaries and short films .   He worked with the National School of Drama , New Delhi as a designer in 1995 . By the year 1998 , he had directed more than 30 plays in Malayalam , English and Telugu languages . Rajesh won the Charles Wallace Trust Award in 2001 and pursued his Masters in Visual Language/Scenography and Direction from the Wimbledon College of Art , London .   In 2002 he directed In the Name of Buddha which was later screened in the Spotlight on India section at the 2003 Cannes Film Festival . In 2013 , he directed Na Bangaaru Talli which won four Nandi awards ( from the state of Andhra Pradesh ) , the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu , Best Music Direction ( Background Score ) , and five international awards .

neg: Shilpa Ranade Shilpa Ranade ( born 1966 ) is an acclaimed Indian designer , animator , illustrator , filmmaker and academician . She has been faculty at Industrial Design Centre in Mumbai since 2001 . She has directed animated short films for Channel 4 , UK and her films have been screened all over the world , winning accolades in some of the most prestigious film festivals . The award-winning animation movie Goopi Gawaiya Bagha Bajaiya was her first full-length feature film which world premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival . Her other films are Naja Goes to School and Mani 's Dying .

neg: Geetha Arts Geetha Arts ( Telugu : గీతా ఆర్ట్స్ ) is an Indian film production and distribution company established in 1972 by Allu Aravind , brother-in-law of Chiranjeevi . The company is based in Hyderabad and had produced films in Telugu , Tamil , Kannada and Hindi languages .   Geetha Arts though came to be known for its big-budget blockbusters , the company marked its beginning by producing a small-budget movie Banthrotu Bharya in 1974 . The company delivered several successful projects from the beginning , the film Vijetha , a family drama starring Chiranjeevi set the trend of blockbusters for Geetha Arts . Since then , Geetha Arts has made movies mostly featuring superstars such as Chiranjeevi , Rajinikanth , Aamir Khan , Anil Kapoor , Pawan Kalyan , Allu Arjun and Ram Charan .   After consolidating the film production business , Geetha Arts expanded its presence into film distribution , exhibition and digital content . In the highly fragmented and unorganized industry , Geetha Arts is one of the few players that has streamlined its business and evolve into an integrated film conglomerate .

neg: Vishnuvardhan (director) Vishnuvardhan Kulasekaran , often credited simply as Vishnuvardhan , is an Indian film director . A one-time associate of Santosh Sivan , he made his directorial debut in 2003 with Kurumbu , which did not fare well at the box office . However , his subsequent films , Arinthum Ariyamalum ( 2005 ) , Pattiyal ( 2006 ) , Billa ( 2007 ) and Arrambam ( 2013 ) went on to become highly successful ventures , turning him into a household name in Tamil Nadu .

neg: Omung Kumar Omung Kumar is an Indian film director , and production designer , known for his works in Hindi cinema . He made his directorial debut with the 2014 biographical sports drama Mary Kom starring Priyanka Chopra . The film was a critical and commercial success . He and the film received several awards and nominations , including the National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment . He came up with his second film Sarbjit which was a biopic based on the life of `` Sarabjit Singh '' . The film was commercially and critically success at the box office . He is now coming up with another film ` Bhoomi ' , which will be Sanjay Dutt 's comeback film .

neg: List of graphic designers This is a list of graphic designers .

neg: Líviusz Gyulai Líviusz Gyulai ( born December 2 , 1937 in Baraolt , Romania ) is a Hungarian graphic artist , printmaker , illustrator .

neg: Natarajan Subramaniam Natarajan Subramanian , better known as Natty or Natraj , is an Indian cinematographer who has worked on Hindi , Tamil and Telugu films . He has also worked as an actor in Tamil films and achieved recognition through his performance as a conman in Sathuranga Vettai ( 2014 ) .

neg: Manal Kayiru 2 Manal Kayiru 2 ( Sand Rope 2 ) is a 2016 Tamil language drama film directed by Madhan Kumar , starring S. Ve . Shekhar , Jaishree , Ashwin Shekhar and Shamna Kasim in the lead roles . The film is a sequel to the 1982 film , Manal Kayiru.The first look motion poster of the movie was released by Adam & Eve Company on Ashwin Shekhar 's birthday . The movie received mixed to positive reviews .

neg: Problems 2 - Gangaa Problems 2 - Ganga is a Tamil-English short film directed and written by Vijay . Vijay plays all the lead roles with alter egos such as , Ganga , Makkalz and Maha . The soundtrack from Kanchana 2 was used together with `` Baby Got Back '' by Sir-Mix-A-Lot . The film began production in July 2015 and was released on August 9 to celebrate the 50th birthday of Singapore . It was a sequel to Vijay 's previous short film Problems 1 .

neg: Baburam Dhakal Baburam Dhakal ( born 4 April 1979 ) is a film director active in the Nepali film industry . He has directed several successful Nepali movies , such as Dulahi , 9 O'clock and Parkhi Rakha Hai . Dhakal is also a screenwriter and a producer .   Dhakal has been involved in the film industry since 2000 , when he was an assistant director for the TV series Rista , broadcast on Zee TV in India . The first TV series he directed was Nalekhiyeko Saino in 2005 , broadcast on Kantipur Television Network . The first Nepali feature film he directed was Parkhi Rakha Hai in 2009 , produced by Diya Films Pvt. Ltd. . In 2015 , he produced and directed the upcoming Nepali feature film Teen Ghumti .

neg: Jaihind 2 Jaihind 2 in Tamil , Abhimanyu in Kannada is a 2014 Indian bilingual action-masala film produced and directed by Arjun . A sequel to the Tamil film Jai Hind . The film focuses on India becoming a superpower as dreamt by A. P. J. Abdul Kalam and tries to tackle the issues in the education system . The film released on 7 November 2014 . This movie is dubbed in Hindi as `` Arjun ka badla '' .


query: Jim Carrey starred in the comedy Mr. Popper's Penguins.

pos: Jim Carrey James Eugene Carrey ( -LSB- ˈkæri -RSB- born January 17 , 1962 ) is a Canadian-American actor , comedian , impressionist , screenwriter , and producer . He is known for his highly energetic slapstick performances .   Carrey first gained recognition in 1990 after landing a recurring role in the sketch comedy television series In Living Color . His first leading roles in major productions came with Ace Ventura : Pet Detective ( 1994 ) , Dumb and Dumber ( 1994 ) , The Mask ( 1994 ) , and Ace Ventura : When Nature Calls ( 1995 ) , as well as a supporting role in Batman Forever ( 1995 ) and a lead role in Liar Liar ( 1997 ) . He then starred in The Truman Show ( 1998 ) and Man on the Moon ( 1999 ) , with each garnering him a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor .   In the 2000s , he gained further recognition for his portrayal of the Grinch in How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) , as well as Bruce Almighty ( 2003 ) , Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind ( 2004 ) for which he was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role , Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ( 2004 ) , Fun with Dick and Jane ( 2005 ) , Yes Man ( 2008 ) , Horton Hears a Who ! ( 2008 ) and A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) .   In the 2010s , he has starred in Mr. Popper 's Penguins ( 2011 ) and The Incredible Burt Wonderstone ( 2013 ) . In 2013 , he appeared in Kick-Ass 2 as Colonel Stars and Stripes . He retracted support for the film two months prior to its release . He issued a statement via his Twitter account that , in light of the shootings at Sandy Hook Elementary , '' -LSB- N -RSB- ow in all good conscience I can not support that level of violence . '' Carrey reprised his role as Lloyd Christmas in Dumb and Dumber To ( 2014 ) .

neg: Tripper's Day Tripper 's Day is a British television sitcom produced by Thames Television for ITV . The plot involved Leonard Rossiter as Norman Tripper , a northern manager assigned to a London supermarket with a problematic staff . The programme is largely remembered for the negative critical reviews it received , and mainly for the fact that it was Rossiter 's final television work , the actor dying between the broadcast of the second and third episodes .   The series was brought back two years later with Bruce Forsyth in the lead role , under the new title Slinger 's Day . In Canada and United States the series had a remake under the title Check it Out ! ( 1985 -- 1988 ) , whilst in Sweden , comical duo Stefan & Krister starred in Full Frys , a TV series largely based on Tripper 's Day and Check it Out ! .

neg: Randle McMurphy Randle Patrick `` Mac '' McMurphy known as R.P. McMurphy , is the protagonist of Ken Kesey 's novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1962 ) . He appears in the stage and film adaptations of the novel as well . Jack Nicholson portrayed Randle Patrick McMurphy in the film adaption , earning him an Academy Award for Best Actor . He was nominated on the `` Heroes '' list of AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains , but did not make the final list . He was ranked by film magazine Empire as the 61st Greatest Movie Character of All Time .

neg: Count Jim Moriarty Count Jim Moriarty ( also called Count Jim Moriarty of the House of Roland ) is a character from the 1950s BBC Radio comedy The Goon Show . He was voiced by Spike Milligan . In the episode `` The Macreekie Rising of ' 74 '' , Harry Secombe filled-in for the role in Milligan 's absence .   Moriarty is an impoverished member of the French aristocracy who has turned to crime to support his lifestyle . Despite having carried out many high-paying cons and robberies during the series , he and his criminal counterpart Hercules Grytpype-Thynne always appear to be permanently destitute . With his thick faux-French accent , he is often found scavenging in dustbins looking for food and uttering nonsensical , half-French curses such as `` Sapristi nabolas ! '' , `` Sapristi nyuckoes ! '' , or `` Sapristi bombpetts ! '' ( incorporating an old-fashioned French expletive that meant originally `` by the body of Christ '' ) and `` Sacre Fred ! '' ( a Milligan coinage from Sacrebleu ) in the episode `` Lurgi Strikes Britain '' .   Moriarty travels closely with Grytpype-Thynne , often in the same suit or ( in `` The Jet Propelled Guided NAAFI '' ) by hiding in the lining of Grytpype 's underpants . In `` The Call of the West '' , Grytpype announces that Moriarty is traveling west by fish crate because of the devaluation of the franc .   Over the years , Moriarty changed from a suave , debonair and efficient French criminal mastermind and confidence trickster into a cringing sidekick of Grytpype-Thynne , who is often disparaging of his manic behaviour , referring to him as `` you steaming French nit '' , `` my fast disintegrating friend '' , or `` you crutty French schlapper '' . Grytpype often introduces him ( `` and I quote from his death certificate '' ) with a middle name such as `` Thighs '' , `` Knees '' , `` Kidney Wiper '' , etc. , along with an appropriate sound effect ( e.g. rattling bones , swannee whistle ) or Moriarty 's catch-phrase `` Oooowwwwww '' , and descriptions of his prowess in various fields ( `` who has played the male lead in over 50 postcards '' , `` Minister Without Underpants to the Principality of Monte Carlo '' , or `` champion barbed-wire hurdler until his tragic accident '' ) . On one occasion , he is introduced as `` Count ` Serge ' Moriarty '' ; when Seagoon enquires `` Serge ? '' , Grytpype replies , `` Only because he ca n't afford flannels '' . In `` The Missing Battleship '' , Grytpype introduces him enthusiastically as `` Count Jim ` Bilge ! ' Moriarty '' ; however , due to undisclosed problems this was unaccompanied by any sound effect , and was punctuated anti-climatically by an embarrassed `` Oww '' from Moriarty seconds afterward .   Although his surname is pronounced ( -LSB- ˌmɔriˈɑrti -RSB- ) , Grytpype-Thynne would pronounce it -LSB- məˈraɪ.əti -RSB- if he was in a bad way or if he thought Milligan was overacting his part .   There is also some suggestion that the character is a parody of the Sherlock Holmes villain , Professor Moriarty . In The Hound of the Baskervilles According to Spike Milligan , a preface by Milligan explains that Sherlock `` did not stay dead for long '' , and after chasing him up a mountain did in fact kill Professor Moriarty , but he `` later became a character in The Goon Show '' .   Moriarty , Count Jim

neg: Jim Turner (comedian) Jim Turner ( born 1952 ) is an American actor and comedian .

neg: Fritz the Cat (film) Fritz the Cat is a 1972 American adult animated comedy film written and directed by Ralph Bakshi . It was Bakshi 's feature film debut and is loosely based on the Fritz the Cat comic strips by Robert Crumb . It was the first animated feature film to receive an X rating in the United States .   The film stars Fritz ( voiced by Skip Hinnant ) , an anthropomorphic cat in mid-1960s New York City who explores the ideals of hedonism and sociopolitical consciousness . The film is a satire focusing on American college life of the era , race relations , the free love movement , and left - and right-wing politics .   The film had a troubled production history and controversial release . Crumb had disagreements with the filmmakers over the film 's political content . Fritz the Cat was controversial for its rating and content , which many viewers at the time found to be offensive . It was produced on a budget of $ 850,000 and grossed over $ 90 million worldwide . Its success led to a slew of other X-rated animated films and a sequel , The Nine Lives of Fritz the Cat ( 1974 ) , made without Crumb 's or Bakshi 's involvement .

neg: Mr. Cranky Mr. Cranky , a satirical film critic , was created in 1995 by Jason Katzman and Hans Bjordahl . The Cranky personae premises that all movies are terrible ; at issue , solely , is the severity of pain , insult , discomfort or idiocy projected , injected , ingested , subjected or otherwise presented . There are no good films in the Cranky pantheon ; only films which inflict greater or lesser suffering .   Subtextually , the Mr. Cranky website is a comment on an uncritical film-reviewing culture . In contrast to boilerplate , overly effusive reviews -- often including declarations that incorporate a film 's theme or title in a pun or play-on-words -- the Cranky review is received on the originality of its portrayal of physical suffering and mental anguish effected by the viewing experience .   The movies are rated on a six-step scale , with the least bad ( i.e. best ) film receiving one `` bomb . '' Films that cause greater suffering receive additional `` bombs . '' ( Up to four . ) Movies deemed particularly offensive receive a Dynamite or `` Boomstick '' rating . The worst films ( i.e. those Cranky has marked as irredeemable -- `` Proof that Jesus died in vain '' in classic Cranky vernacular ) receive the Animated Atomic Explosion or `` Kaboom ! '' rating .   In October 2001 , a `` guest reviewer '' named Mr. Smiley appeared . A post-modern reflection of the Cranky character 's anti-reviews , Mr. Smiley is a mirror opposite of the Mr. Cranky personae : all reviews are hyperbolically positive . Mr. Smiley is a stereotypical smiley face smelling a pink Freesia flower , appearing every year near Halloween . Consistent with the theme , the Smiley character has a rising five-step scale going from one smiley face to the `` Prozacerrific ! '' Happy Pill . Consistent with other 20th-century artists including the post World War I Dadaists ( Absurdists ) and post-modern anti-art of the 1960s -- best embodied by Warhol 's `` pop art '' works and Lichenstein 's self-portraits -- Mr. Smilely was an effective ironic tool used to comment on the deficiencies of uncritical analysis and review .

neg: Groundhog Day (film) Groundhog Day is a 1993 American fantasy-comedy film directed by Harold Ramis , starring Bill Murray , Andie MacDowell , and Chris Elliott . It was written by Ramis and Danny Rubin , based on a story by Rubin . Murray plays Phil Connors , an arrogant Pittsburgh TV weatherman who , during an assignment covering the annual Groundhog Day event in Punxsutawney , Pennsylvania , finds himself caught in a time loop , repeating the same day again and again . After indulging in hedonism and committing suicide numerous times , he begins to re-examine his life and priorities .   On its release , Groundhog Day was a modest success and garnered generally positive reviews . It gained stronger appreciation among critics and film historians over time , and is now often listed among the best comedy films ever . It further entered into the public consciousness , where the term `` Groundhog Day '' can represent a situation that seems to repeat over and over in government and military arenas , as well as influencing other entertainment . In 2006 , the film was added to the United States National Film Registry as being deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . A stage musical version of the film premiered in 2016 .

neg: Goodbye Pop 1952–1976 Goodbye Pop 1952 -- 1976 was an American comedy album of song parodies and sketches that was released as a vinyl record in 1975 . It was a spin-off from National Lampoon magazine . Performers include Gilda Radner , Bill Murray , Christopher Guest , Paul Shaffer and Tony Scheuren .

neg: Garfield: The Movie Garfield : The Movie is a 2004 American family comedy film directed by Peter Hewitt inspired by Jim Davis ' comic strip of the same name . It stars Breckin Meyer as Jon Arbuckle , Jennifer Love Hewitt as Dr. Liz Wilson , and features Bill Murray as the voice of Garfield . Garfield was created with computer animation , though all other animals were real . The film was produced by Davis Entertainment Company and distributed by 20th Century Fox . The film shares several similarities to the 1982 animated special Here Comes Garfield . Garfield : The Movie grossed $ 200 million on a $ 50 million budget . The film was released in the United States on June 11 , 2004 . A sequel , Garfield : A Tail of Two Kitties , was released in June 2006 .

neg: Penguin (biscuit) Penguins are milk chocolate covered biscuit bars filled with chocolate cream . They are produced by United Biscuits ' manufacturing division McVitie 's .

neg: The Tom and Jerry Comedy Show The Tom and Jerry Comedy Show is an American animated television program produced by Filmation for MGM Television in 1980 , on CBS for Saturday mornings . The show lasted two seasons ( with season two consisting of reruns ) and the individual episodes were eventually added to syndicated Tom and Jerry packages , and also occasionally appeared on Cartoon Network and Boomerang , as well as , in 2013 , airing on UK satellite channel Pop . Most voices were done by Frank Welker ( mainly Tom and Jerry ) and Filmation head Lou Scheimer provided the voice of Nibbles ( erroneously giving him an adult voice ) .

neg: Stroker Ace Stroker Ace is a 1983 American action comedy film , directed by Hal Needham and filmed in North Carolina and Georgia . Burt Reynolds stars as the eponymous Stroker Ace , a NASCAR driver .   The co-stars were Jim Nabors , Loni Anderson , Ned Beatty , Parker Stevenson , and Bubba Smith , with appearances by many NASCAR drivers , such as : Dale Earnhardt , Richard Petty , Neil Bonnett , Harry Gant , Terry Labonte , Kyle Petty , Benny Parsons , Tim Richmond , Ricky Rudd , Cale Yarborough , and announcers Ken Squier , David Hobbs , and Chris Economaki . The movie was filmed on location at Charlotte Motor Speedway , Talladega Superspeedway and the Atlanta Motor Speedway in Hampton , Georgia . The theme song was performed by Charlie Daniels .   Burt Reynolds turned down the role of astronaut Garrett Breedlove in Terms of Endearment to do this film . The role went to Jack Nicholson , who went on to win an Academy Award . Reynolds said he made this decision because `` I felt I owed Hal more than I owed Jim '' but that it was a turning point in his career from which he never recovered . `` That 's where I lost them , '' he says of his fans .   The movie was adapted from the 1974 novel Stand On It , an autobiography of fictional driver `` Stroker Ace . '' The novel 's joint authors , William Neely and Robert K. Ottum , based the book on actual events from the racing world but with their protagonist as the subject .

neg: The People's Choice (TV series) The People 's Choice is an American television sitcom that aired on NBC from 1955 to 1958 . It was primarily sponsored by The Borden Company .   It stars Jackie Cooper as Socrates `` Sock '' Miller , who is a former Marine and a young politician living in fictitious New City , California . Sock has a basset hound named `` Cleo '' , whose thoughts ( voiced by Mary Jane Croft ) , baleful observations of Sock 's dilemmas , are recorded on the soundtrack for the viewers ' amusement . The real name of the dog that played Cleo was `` Bernadette '' . Much of Cleo 's dialog consists of wisecracks . The popularity of the basset hound breed increased markedly with the run of the show .

neg: James Mullinger James Mullinger is an English alternative comedian and finalist in the comedy competition `` Jimmy Carr 's Comedy Idol '' . He now lives in Atlantic Canada and has been nominated for a Canadian Comedy Award for Best Live Solo Show and a Just For Laughs Best Comedy Show Award . He is the star of Bell Aliant 's Blimey ! An Englishman In Atlantic Canada which has been nominated for and won numerous awards . Mullinger is also the co-writer and co-producer of the movie The Comedian 's Guide to Survival , a British and Canadian co-production about Mullinger 's early struggles as a comedian . Mullinger is played in the film by James Buckley and it also stars Jimmy Carr , Omid Djalili , Paul Kaye , Gilbert Gottfried , MyAnna Buring , Kevin Eldon and many more comedians . In 2015 , Mullinger began co-hosting the genre and cult film podcast Field & Mullinger 's Underground Nights , where he has interviewed filmmakers such as Troma Entertainment 's Lloyd Kaufman , Lowell Dean and Joshua Ligairi .

neg: Jason Alexander Jay Scott Greenspan ( born September 23 , 1959 ) , known by his stage name Jason Alexander , is an American actor , voice actor , comedian and director .   Alexander is best known for his prominent role as George Costanza in the television series Seinfeld . Other well-known roles include Phillip Stuckey in the film Pretty Woman ( 1990 ) and the title character in the animated series Duckman ( 1994 -- 1997 ) .   Alexander has had an active career on stage , appearing in several Broadway musicals including Jerome Robbins ' Broadway in 1989 , for which he won the Tony Award as Best Leading Actor in a Musical . He appeared in the Los Angeles production of The Producers . He was the Artistic Director of `` Reprise ! Broadway 's Best in Los Angeles '' , where he has directed several musicals .

neg: Time Piece Time Piece is a 1965 experimental short film directed , written , produced by and starring Jim Henson . The film depicts an ordinary man moving in constant motion , in a desperate attempt to escape the passage of time . Time Piece is notable as one of the few live-action projects Jim Henson produced that did not involve any form of puppetry . The short film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film in 1966 .

neg: Ace Ventura Ace Ventura is a fictional character created by screenwriter Jack Bernstein . Ace was played by Jim Carrey in the films Ace Ventura : Pet Detective , released in 1994 , and Ace Ventura : When Nature Calls , released in 1995 , and was voiced by Michael Daingerfield ( credited as Michael Hall ) in the Ace Ventura : Pet Detective animated series .

neg: The Comedians (1971 TV series) The Comedians is a British television show of the 1970s ( later reprised in the mid-1980s and early 1990s ) produced by Johnnie Hamp of Granada Television . The show gave a stage to nightclub and working men 's club comedians of the era , including Russ Abbot , Lennie Bennett , Stan Boardman , Jim Bowen , Jimmy Bright , Duggie Brown , Mike Burton , Dave Butler , Brian Carroll , Frank Carson , Mike Coyne , Jimmy Cricket , Colin Crompton , Pauline Daniels , Charlie Daze , Vince Earl , Steve Faye , Eddie Flanagan , Stu Francis , Ken Goodwin , Jackie Hamilton , Jerry Harris , George King , Bobby Knutt , Bernard Manning , Mike McCabe , Paul Melba , Mick Miller , Hal Nolan , Tom O'Connor , Tom Pepper , Bryn Phillips , Mike Reid , George Roper , Harry Scott , Sammy Thomas , Johnny Wager , Roy Walker , Charlie Williams , Lee Wilson and Lenny Windsor .   Also featured on the TV show , were Shep 's Banjo Boys , a 7-piece band comprising ( for the first 5 series ) Charlie Bentley ( tenor banjo ) , John Drury ( sousaphone ) , Andy Holdorf ( trombone ) , John Orchard ( piano ) , John Rollings ( drums ) , Graham Shepherd ( banjo ) and Howard Shepherd ( lead banjo ) . In 1973 , the line up was Mike Dexter ( banjo ) , Tony `` Tosh '' Kennedy ( sousaphone ) , Ged Martin ( drums ) , Tony Pritchard ( trombone ) , Graham Shepherd ( banjo ) and Howard `` Shep '' Shepherd ( lead banjo ) .   The Comedians began as an experiment for Granada TV . Filmed before a live audience in Manchester , comics each performed 20-minute sets , which were then edited together into half-hour shows . Each edition featured up to ten stand-up comics .   Working men 's clubs are numerous in Britain , especially in North East England and have been a useful training ground for artists , especially comedians . Most of these clubs are affiliated to the CIU ( Working Men 's Club and Institute Union ) founded in 1862 by the Rev. Henry Solly . There are also political clubs , as well as Servicemen 's Clubs affiliated to the Royal British Legion .   It was remarkably popular during the earlier series . An LP recording of the show reached the best-seller charts , several sell-out national tours followed , including a season at the London Palladium , and the programme won the Critics ' circle Award .   The comedy frequently took the form of anecdotes or jokes and often involved racist or sexist stereotypes . Like other British comedy successes of the day , notably , Love Thy Neighbour , this kind of entertainment was acceptable on British television during this period but would not be so today . Viewing the series in retrospect it stands as a major social document of the times .   In recent years , the series has been repeated on the ( now defunct ) British satellite television channel Plus , and can now be bought on DVD , having been released by Network .

neg: Prop comedy Prop comedy is a comedy genre in which performers use humorous objects , or conventional objects in humorous ways . The stages and films term `` prop '' , an abbreviation of `` property '' , refers to any object an actor handles in the course of a performance . Though some form of prop comedy has likely existed as long as there have been comedians , the genre reached its zenith in the vaudeville era . The vaudeville team Olsen and Johnson used prop comedy extensively in their long running Broadway revue Hellzapoppin .   A prop comic is a comedian who uses prop comedy . Prop comics are sometimes looked down upon by other comedians , and the term is sometimes used derisively . However , some , such as Tommy Cooper , rose to critical acclaim as their props revolved around a gimmick ( such as Cooper 's magic ) and the comedian 's character around that gimmick .

neg: The Tomfoolery Show The Tomfoolery Show is an American cartoon comedy television series made and first broadcast in 1970 , based on the works of Edward Lear . The animation was done at the Halas and Batchelor Studios in London and Stroud . Though the works of other writers were also used , notably Lewis Carroll and Ogden Nash , Lear 's works were the main source , and characters like the Yongy-Bonghy-Bo and the Umbrageous Umbrella Maker were all Lear creations . Other regular characters included the Enthusiastic Elephant , the Fizzgiggious Fish , and the Scroobious Snake . Some original material was also written based on characters created by Lear , although much of the material was a straight recital of poems and limericks or songs using Lear 's poems set to music . A recurring joke had a delivery boy running around trying to deliver a large plant and shouting ` Plant for Mrs Discobolus ! ' .  Some of the gags were based on Abbott and Costello skits which involved one of the regular characters in troubling situations . A cooking lesson for a silly recipe was presented in each episode .   The series was produced by Rankin/Bass , and Videocraft International , who also made the Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer and Frosty the Snowman television specials .   The series was made in England , featuring the voices of Peter Hawkins , Bernard Spear , and the Maury Laws Singers .   The series received mostly mixed and negative reviews for not using original material . The series was not renewed after one year on the air .  Original air : September 12 , 1970 - September 4 , 1971


query: Cancer caused 15.7% of human deaths.

pos: Cancer Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body . Not all tumors are cancerous ; benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body . Possible signs and symptoms include a lump , abnormal bleeding , prolonged cough , unexplained weight loss and a change in bowel movements . While these symptoms may indicate cancer , they may have other causes . Over 100 types of cancers affect humans .   Tobacco use is the cause of about 22 % of cancer deaths . Another 10 % is due to obesity , poor diet , lack of physical activity , and excessive drinking of alcohol . Other factors include certain infections , exposure to ionizing radiation and environmental pollutants . In the developing world nearly 20 % of cancers are due to infections such as hepatitis B , hepatitis C and human papillomavirus ( HPV ) . These factors act , at least partly , by changing the genes of a cell . Typically many genetic changes are required before cancer develops . Approximately 5 -- 10 % of cancers are due to inherited genetic defects from a person 's parents . Cancer can be detected by certain signs and symptoms or screening tests . It is then typically further investigated by medical imaging and confirmed by biopsy .   Many cancers can be prevented by not smoking , maintaining a healthy weight , not drinking too much alcohol , eating plenty of vegetables , fruits and whole grains , vaccination against certain infectious diseases , not eating too much processed and red meat , and avoiding too much sunlight exposure . Early detection through screening is useful for cervical and colorectal cancer . The benefits of screening in breast cancer are controversial . Cancer is often treated with some combination of radiation therapy , surgery , chemotherapy , and targeted therapy . Pain and symptom management are an important part of care . Palliative care is particularly important in people with advanced disease . The chance of survival depends on the type of cancer and extent of disease at the start of treatment . In children under 15 at diagnosis the five-year survival rate in the developed world is on average 80 % . For cancer in the United States the average five-year survival rate is 66 % .   In 2015 about 90.5 million people had cancer . About 14.1 million new cases occur a year ( not including skin cancer other than melanoma ) . It caused about 8.8 million deaths ( 15.7 % ) of human deaths . The most common types of cancer in males are lung cancer , prostate cancer , colorectal cancer and stomach cancer . In females , the most common types are breast cancer , colorectal cancer , lung cancer and cervical cancer . If skin cancer other than melanoma were included in total new cancers each year it would account for around 40 % of cases . In children , acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and brain tumors are most common except in Africa where non-Hodgkin lymphoma occurs more often . In 2012 , about 165,000 children under 15 years of age were diagnosed with cancer . The risk of cancer increases significantly with age and many cancers occur more commonly in developed countries . Rates are increasing as more people live to an old age and as lifestyle changes occur in the developing world . The financial costs of cancer were estimated at $ 1.16 trillion US dollars per year as of 2010 .

neg: Xenotransplantation Xenotransplantation ( xenos - from the Greek meaning `` foreign '' ) , is the transplantation of living cells , tissues or organs from one species to another . Such cells , tissues or organs are called xenografts or xenotransplants . It is contrasted with allotransplantation ( from other individual of same species ) , Syngeneic transplantation ( Grafts transplanted between two genetically identical individuals of the same species ) and Autotransplantation ( from one part of the body to another in the same person ) .   Xenotransplantation of human tumor cells into immunocompromised mice is a research technique frequently used in pre-clinical oncology research .   Human xenotransplantation offers a potential treatment for end-stage organ failure , a significant health problem in parts of the industrialized world . It also raises many novel medical , legal and ethical issues . A continuing concern is that many animals , such as pigs , have a shorter lifespan than humans , meaning that their tissues age at a quicker rate . Disease transmission ( xenozoonosis ) and permanent alteration to the genetic code of animals are also causes for concern . A few successful cases of xenotransplantation are published .   It is not uncommon for patients and physicians to use the term `` allograft '' imprecisely to refer to either allograft ( human-to-human ) or xenograft ( animal-to-human ) , but it is helpful scientifically ( for those searching or reading the scientific literature ) to maintain the more precise distinction in usage .

neg: Psycho-oncology Psycho-oncology is a field of interdisciplinary study and practice at the intersection of lifestyle , psychology and oncology . It is concerned with aspects of cancer that go beyond medical treatment and include lifestyle , psychological and social aspects of cancer . Sometimes it is also referred to as psychosocial oncology or behavioral oncology because it deals with psychosocial and behavioral topics . The field is concerned both with the effects of cancer on a person 's psychological health as well as the social and behavioral factors that may affect the disease process of cancer and/or the remission of it .   This is where the effects of :  Chemobrain or post-chemotherapy cognitive impairment `` PCCI '' would be addressed .  Radiation induced cognitive decline issues .  Placebo effect and the nocebo effect will be studied .  Self care issues are studied .  Transition to survivorship phase of cancer journey ( See : Cancer survivor )   Psycho-oncology , as a subspeciality , addresses the two major psychological dimensions of cancer : the psychological responses of patients to cancer at all stages of the disease and that of their families and caretakers ( called oncopsychology ) ; and the psychological , behavioral and social factors that may influence the disease process ( called psychosocial-oncology ) .   Psycho-oncology is an area of multi-disciplinary interest and has boundaries with the major specialities in oncology : the clinical disciplines ( surgery , medicine , pediatrics , radiotherapy ) , epidemiology , immunology , endocrinology , biology , pathology , bioethics , palliative care , rehabilitation medicine , clinical trials research and decision making , as well as psychiatry and psychology .

neg: Chemical weapons in World War I Although the use of toxic chemicals as weapons dates back thousands of years , the first large scale use of chemical weapons was during World War I . They were primarily used to demoralize , injure , and kill entrenched defenders , against whom the indiscriminate and generally very slow-moving or static nature of gas clouds would be most effective . The types of weapons employed ranged from disabling chemicals , such as tear gas , to lethal agents like phosgene , chlorine , and mustard gas . This chemical warfare was a major component of the first global war and first total war of the 20th century . The killing capacity of gas was limited , with only about 90 thousand fatalities from a total of some 1.2 million casualties caused by gas attacks . Gas was unlike most other weapons of the period because it was possible to develop effective countermeasures , such as gas masks . In the later stages of the war , as the use of gas increased , its overall effectiveness diminished . The widespread use of these agents of chemical warfare , and wartime advances in the composition of high explosives , gave rise to an occasionally expressed view of World War I as `` the chemist 's war '' and also the era where `` weapons of mass destruction '' were created .   The use of poison gas performed by all major belligerents throughout World War I constituted war crimes as its use violated the 1899 Hague Declaration Concerning Asphyxiating Gases and the 1907 Hague Convention on Land Warfare , which prohibited the use of `` poison or poisoned weapons '' in warfare .

neg: Human pathogen A human pathogen is a pathogen ( microbe or microorganism such as a virus , bacterium , prion , or fungus ) that causes disease in humans .   The human physiological defense against common pathogens ( such as Pneumocystis ) is mainly the responsibility of the immune system with help by some of the body 's normal flora and fauna . However , if the immune system or `` good '' microbiota are damaged in any way ( such as by chemotherapy , human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) , or antibiotics being taken to kill other pathogens ) , pathogenic bacteria that were being held at bay can proliferate and cause harm to the host . Such cases are called opportunistic infections .   Some pathogens ( such as the bacterium Yersinia pestis , which may have caused the Black Plague , the Variola virus , and the malaria protozoa ) have been responsible for massive numbers of casualties and have had numerous effects on afflicted groups . Of particular note in modern times is HIV , which is known to have infected several million humans globally , along with the influenza virus . Today , while many medical advances have been made to safeguard against infection by pathogens , through the use of vaccination , antibiotics , and fungicide , pathogens continue to threaten human life . Social advances such as food safety , hygiene , and water treatment have reduced the threat from some pathogens .

neg: Genome instability Genome instability ( also `` genetic instability '' or `` genomic instability '' ) refers to a high frequency of mutations within the genome of a cellular lineage . These mutations can include changes in nucleic acid sequences , chromosomal rearrangements or aneuploidy . Genome instability does occur in bacteria . In multicellular organisms genome instability is central to carcinogenesis , and in humans it is also a factor in some neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or the neuromuscular disease myotonic dystrophy .   The sources of genome instability have only recently begun to be elucidated . A high frequency of externally caused DNA damage can be one source of genome instability since DNA damages can cause inaccurate translesion synthesis past the damages or errors in repair , leading to mutation . Another source of genome instability may be epigenetic or mutational reductions in expression of DNA repair genes . Because endogenous ( metabolically-caused ) DNA damage is very frequent , occurring on average more than 60,000 times a day in the genomes of human cells , any reduced DNA repair is likely an important source of genome instability .

neg: Laryngeal papillomatosis Laryngeal papillomatosis , also known as recurrent respiratory papillomatosis or glottal papillomatosis or associated with condyloma acuminata , is a rare medical condition ( 2 per 100,000 adults and 4.5 per 100,000 children ) , caused by a human papillomavirus ( HPV ) infection of the throat . Laryngeal papillomatosis causes assorted tumors or papillomas to develop over a period of time . Without treatment it is potentially fatal as uncontrolled growths could obstruct the airway . Laryngeal papillomatosis is caused by HPV types 6 and 11 , in which benign tumors form on the larynx or other areas of the respiratory tract . These tumors can recur frequently , may require repetitive surgery , and may interfere with breathing . The disease can be treated with surgery and antivirals . In addition antiangiogenic therapy shows promising results .   __ TOC __

neg: Cervical cancer Cervical cancer is a cancer arising from the cervix . It is due to the abnormal growth of cells that have the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body . Early on , typically no symptoms are seen . Later symptoms may include abnormal vaginal bleeding , pelvic pain , or pain during sexual intercourse . While bleeding after sex may not be serious , it may also indicate the presence of cervical cancer .   Human papillomavirus ( HPV ) infection causes more than 90 % of cases ; most people who have had HPV infections , however , do not develop cervical cancer . Other risk factors include smoking , a weak immune system , birth control pills , starting sex at a young age , and having many sexual partners , but these are less important . Cervical cancer typically develops from precancerous changes over 10 to 20 years . About 90 % of cervical cancer cases are squamous cell carcinomas , 10 % are adenocarcinoma , and a small number are other types . Diagnosis is typically by cervical screening followed by a biopsy . Medical imaging is then done to determine whether or not the cancer has spread .   HPV vaccines protect against between two and seven high-risk strains of this family of viruses and may prevent up to 90 % of cervical cancers . As a risk of cancer still exists , guidelines recommend continuing regular Pap smears . Other methods of prevention include : having few or no sexual partners and the use of condoms . Cervical cancer screening using the Pap smear or acetic acid can identify precancerous changes which when treated can prevent the development of cancer . Treatment of cervical cancer may consist of some combination of surgery , chemotherapy , and radiotherapy . Five year survival rates in the United States are 68 % . Outcomes , however , depend very much on how early the cancer is detected .   Worldwide , cervical cancer is both the fourth-most common cause of cancer and the fourth-most common cause of death from cancer in women . In 2012 , an estimated 528,000 cases of cervical cancer occurred , with 266,000 deaths . This is about 8 % of the total cases and total deaths from cancer . About 70 % of cervical cancers occur in developing countries . In low-income countries , it is the most common cause of cancer death . In developed countries , the widespread use of cervical screening programs has dramatically reduced rates of cervical cancer . In medical research , the most famous cell line known as HeLa was developed from cervical cancer cells of a woman named Henrietta Lacks .

neg: David A. Karnofsky David A. Karnofsky ( 1914 -- 1969 ) was an American clinical oncologist . In 1940 , while he was a resident at the Colis P. Huntington Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research of the Harvard University , David A. Karnofsky began clinical investigation in cancer , and devoted himself to this area throughout his career . He was an internationally recognized specialist in cancer chemotherapy and affiliated with the Division of Experimental Chemotherapy , Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research .   Karnofsky received his medical degree in 1940 from Stanford University . In the early years of his career at the Collis P. Huntington Memorial Laboratory at Harvard University , he became interested in clinical cancer research . This interest was further fueled by experiments he conducted during World War II as part of the Army Chemical Warfare Service .   Karnofsky is considered one of the pioneer medical oncologists , devoting his 30-year career to the successful use of chemotherapeutic agents to treat cancer . In 1948 Karnofsky , together with Dr. Walter H. Abelmann , Dr. Lloyd F. Craver , and Dr. Joseph H. Burchenal ( the latter also worked in the Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research ) , described the Karnofsky Performance Status Scale . The primary purpose of the development of the scale was to allow physicians to evaluate a patient 's ability to survive chemotherapy for cancer in a more objective manner . The widely used Karnofsky score runs from 100 to 0 , where 100 is `` perfect '' health and 0 is death . Practitioners occasionally assign performance scores in between standard intervals of 10 .   When Karnofsky died of lung cancer in August 1969 , a group of his friends donated a fund to be used to finance a yearly lecture at the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology ( ASCO ) . An obituary detailing his works was written by Joseph H. Burchenal .

neg: Mass effect (medicine) In medicine , a mass effect is the effect of a growing mass that results in secondary pathological effects by pushing on or displacing surrounding tissue .   In oncology , the mass typically refers to a tumor .   For example , cancer of the thyroid gland may cause symptoms due to compressions of certain structures of the head and neck ; pressure on the laryngeal nerves may cause voice changes , narrowing of the windpipe may cause stridor , pressure on the gullet may cause dysphagia and so on . Surgical removal or debulking is sometimes used to alleviate symptoms of the mass effect even if the underlying pathology is not curable .   In neurology , mass effect is a general term applied to the effects exerted by any mass , including , for example , an evolving intracerebral hemorrhage ( a bleeding within the skull ) presenting with a clinically significant hematoma . The hematoma can exert a mass effect on the brain , increasing intracranial pressure and potentially causing midline shift or deadly brain herniation . In the past this effect held additional diagnostic importance since prior to the invention of modern tomographic soft-tissue imaging utilizing MRI or CT it was not possible to directly image many kinds of primary intracranial lesions . Therefore in those days , the mass effect of these abnormalities on surrounding structures was sometimes used to indirectly infer the existence of the primary abnormalities themselves , for example by using a cerebral angiography to observe the secondary vascular displacement caused by a subdural hematoma pushing on the brain , or by looking for a distortion caused by a tumor on the normal outline of the ventricles as depicted on a pneumoencephalogram . Unfortunately , these studies were often invasive and uncomfortable for patients and provided only a partial assessment of the primary condition being evaluated . Nowadays modern diagnostic tools exist which allow physicians to easily locate and visualize all kinds of intracranial lesions without having to rely on indirect effects to make a reliable diagnosis .

neg: List of cancer mortality rates in the United States Mortality rates show how likely an individual is to die . The following table shows the percentage of people who died in the United States within five years of a cancer diagnosis for the time period of 2006-2012 according to the National Cancer Institute . The higher the percentage , the more likely a person will die from all causes within five years of being diagnosed . These people may not have all died from that specific cancer or even from cancer at all ; they simply did not survive five years for some reason . For example , people who died from heart failure or accidents are still included in the mortality rate for cancer if they had a cancer diagnosis at the time of their deaths .   As the table illustrates , people diagnosed with certain types of cancer may have a much better outcome than others . For example , those diagnosed with breast or prostate cancer have a much better outcome than those diagnosed with lung or stomach cancer . It is important to remember that survival rates vary widely based on the stage of the cancer at the time of diagnosis . Other factors , such as age and health of the patient also contribute to an individual 's survival . This table does not factor in an individual 's stage of cancer , health , age , or type of treatment , if any . Some individuals choose to not treat their cancer at all .   The figures below are an overall reflection of mortality rates throughout the U.S. population . They should not be used to predict an individual 's specific outcome . A physician , specifically an oncologist , should be consulted for the purpose of guidance about specific treatments and prognoses .   Percentage of cancer patients deceased within five years after cancer diagnosis :  Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma 99 %  Pancreatic cancer 92.3 %  Esophageal cancer 82.6 %  Liver cancer 82.5 %  Lung cancer 82.3 %  Gallbladder cancer 81.5 %  Stomach cancer 69.6 %  Brain cancer 69.2 %  Uterine cancer 69.1 %  Ovarian cancer 53.8 %  Leukemia 40.3 %  Laryngeal cancer 39.3 %  Oral cancer 36 %  Colon cancer 34.9 %  Bone cancer 32.6 %  Cervical cancer 32.5 %  Non-Hodgkin lymphoma 29.3 %  Kidney cancer 25.3 %  Bladder cancer 24.7 %  Breast cancer 10.3 %  Skin cancer 8.1 %  Thyroid cancer 1.9 %  Prostate cancer 1.1 %  This is not a complete list of cancer mortality rates as published by the NCI . These figures are at least five years old and do not reflect recent advances in medicine that have improved the detection and treatments of cancer and their outcomes . Again , these are average death rates that should not be assumed to apply to individuals , whose prognoses will vary depending on age , sex , race , general health , swiftness of detection , type of treatment , progression of disease , and complicating factors .

neg: RNAi-Based Identification System and interference of Specific Cancer Cells A `` classifier '' was created to classify cells by identifying specific characteristics of Cervical Cancer . These characteristics were consistent with HeLa cells , which served as the target cell line for cell death . Upon identifying these cells the Classifier would release specific proteins within the HeLa cell that would trigger apoptosis without killing or endangering neighboring , healthy cells .   The defining characteristics of these Classifiers were defined by elements whose levels within the cells created markers that could be measured . High markers and low markers were established and a `` classifier molecule '' was created to insert into prospective cells , and would induce apoptosis only when cells exhibit the threshold level of High or Low markers . These classifiers would use a small interfering RNA which targeted the repressor and activator in the Lac operon . The potential for therapeutic use , providing that an efficient delivery system can be established for in vivo DNA . In vitro applications are possible provided the classifier molecule can be safely integrated into cultured cells .

neg: Kaposi's sarcoma Kaposi 's sarcoma or Kaposi sarcoma ( -LSB- ˈkæpəʃi_sɑrˈkoʊmə -RSB- KS ) is a tumor caused by infection with human herpesvirus 8 ( HHV8 ) , also known as Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus ( KSHV ) or KS agent . It was originally described by Moritz Kaposi , a Hungarian dermatologist practicing at the University of Vienna in 1872 . It became more widely known as one of the AIDS-defining illnesses in the 1980s . The viral cause for this cancer was discovered in 1994 . Although KS is now well-established to be caused by a viral infection , there is widespread lack of awareness of this even among persons at risk for KSHV/HHV -8 infection .   Kaposi sarcoma ( KS ) is a systemic disease that can present with cutaneous lesions with or without internal involvement . Four subtypes have been described : Classic KS , affecting middle aged men of Mediterranean descent ; African endemic KS ; KS in iatrogenically immunosuppressed patients ; and AIDS-related KS . The erythematous to violaceous cutaneous lesions seen in KS have several morphologies : macular , patch , plaque , nodular , and exophytic . The cutaneous lesions can be solitary , localized or disseminated . KS can involve the oral cavity , lymph nodes , and viscera . Classic KS tends to be indolent , presenting with erythematous or violaceous patches on the lower extremities . African endemic KS and AIDS-related KS tend to be more aggressive . The AIDS-related KS lesions often rapidly progress to plaques and nodules affecting the upper trunk , face , and oral mucosa . The diagnosis can be made with a tissue biopsy and , if clinically indicated , internal imaging should be done .   Once the diagnosis of KS has been made , treatment is based on the subtype and the presence of localized versus systemic disease . Localized cutaneous disease can be treated with cryotherapy , intralesional injections of vinblastine , alitretinoin gel , radiotherapy , topical immunotherapy ( Imiquimod ) , or surgical excision . Extensive cutaneous disease or internal disease may require intravenous chemotherapy and immunotherapy . Discontinuation or reduction of immunosuppressive therapy is recommended when KS arises in the setting of iatrogenic immunosuppression . However , with AIDS-related KS , highly active antiretroviral therapy ( HAART ) has been shown to prevent , or induce regression of , KS . Some AIDS patients have complete resolution of the lesions and prolonged remission while continuing the therapy . Therefore , HAART should be considered first-line treatment for these patients , though they may require other treatments at the same time .

neg: Vital statistics (government records) Vital statistics are statistics on live births , deaths , foetal deaths , marriages and divorces . The most common way of collecting information on these events is through civil registration , an administrative system used by governments to record vital events which occur in their populations ( see Box 1 ) . Efforts to improve the quality of vital statistics will therefore be closely related to the development of civil registration systems in countries .   Box 1 . United Nations Definitions of Vital Statistics and Civil Registration Systems  A vital statistics system is defined by the United Nations `` as the total process of ( a ) collecting information by civil registration or enumeration on the frequency or occurrence of specified and defined vital events , as well as relevant characteristics of the events themselves and the person or persons concerned , and ( b ) compiling , processing , analyzing , evaluating , presenting , and disseminating these data in statistical form '' ( UN , 2001 ) .  Civil registration , as defined by the United Nations , is the '' continuous , permanent , compulsory , and universal recording of the occurrence and characteristics of vital events ( livebirths , deaths , fetal deaths , marriages , and divorces ) and other civil status events pertaining to the population as provided by decree , law or regulation , in accordance with the legal requirements in each country . ''   The origin of vital statistics begins as early as 1869 and death by social class was recorded in England beginning in 1921 .   While the number of births and deaths can be obtained by enumeration at certain points in time ( e.g. censuses and surveys ) , civil registration collects this information on a continuous basis and is the only source that provides individuals with a legal document . For instance , the importance of birth registration as the first legal recognition of the child is emphasized in Article 7 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child which states that `` the child shall be registered immediately after birth and shall have the right from birth to a name , the right to acquire a nationality and , as far as possible , the right to know and be cared for by his or her parents '' . United Nations Children 's Fund ( UNICEF ) and a number of non-governmental organizations ( Plan International , Save the Children Fund , World Vision , etc. ) have particularly promoted the human rights aspects of registration , while the United Nations Statistics Division ( UNSD ) , United Nations Population Fund ( UNFPA ) and World Health Organization ( WHO ) have focused more on the statistical aspects of civil registration .   Countries which are signatories to the Convention on the Rights of the Child are therefore expected to set up systems to register the births of all children . Non-registration of a child can have negative consequences on the wider enjoyment of a child 's fundamental rights to benefits such as identity , inheritance , education , health and other social services . Birth registration is also part of a broader strategy to ensure that children are less vulnerable to abuse and exploitation , especially if separated from their parents . In the absence of a functioning birth registration system , it is difficult to see how a country can enforce age-related legal concerns such as schooling , child labour , juvenile justice , early marriage , sexual exploitation and military recruitment . Recent natural disasters and calamities have also demonstrated the utility of a birth certificate for reuniting lost children with their families .   Many civil registration systems also collect information on causes of death . Statistics based on these death records are of particular importance in public health for identifying the magnitude and distribution of major disease problems , and are essential for the design , implementation , monitoring , and assessment of health programmes and policies .   Toronto scientist , professor Prabhat Jha argues that inexpensive recording of vital statistics in developing countries is the most effective means to improve global health and has outlined 5 options for expanding Cause of Death reporting .   `` Despite the importance of tracking causes of death and the tradition since 1893 of standardisation of definitions and coding for causes of death in the International Classification of Diseases and Injuries ( ICD ) , global assessments of causes of death are a major analytical challenge . Vital registration systems that include medical certification of the cause of death captured about 18.8 million deaths of an estimated annual total of 51.7 million deaths in 2005 , which is the latest year for which the largest number of countries reported deaths from a vital registration system . Even for these deaths , the comparability of findings on the leading causes of death is affected by variation in certification skills among physicians , the diagnostic and pathological data available at the time of completing a death certificate , variations in medical culture in choosing the underlying cause , and legal and institutional frameworks for governing mortality reporting . For the remaining deaths that are not medically certified , many different data sources and diagnostic approaches must be used from surveillance systems , demographic research sites , surveys , censuses , disease registries , and police records to construct a consolidated picture of causes of death in various populations . Because of the variety of data sources and their associated biases , causes of death assessments are inherently uncertain and subject to vigorous debate . '' Lozano et all . Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 . The Lancet , V. 380 , Dec 2012 `` www.thelancet.com Vol 380 December 15/22/29 , 2012 '' .   The agency responsible for overseeing this system in the United States is the National Center for Health Statistics , a division of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) . Vital statistics for the US can be found here   The agency responsible for overseeing this system in the United Kingdom is the Office for National Statistics . Vital statistics for the UK can be found here

neg: Cardiovascular disease in China Cardiac disease in China is on the rise . Though incidences of heart disease have increased faster in the city than in the countryside , rural morbidity and mortality rates are now on the rise as well . Health statistics shows that the ischemic heart disease mortality rate in rural China has approximately doubled since 1988 .   Unlike in developed countries , there is no preventive or primary health care system in place to stop the rise of cardiac disease . The real extent of heart disease in rural China is unknown because statistics are fraught with error and bias due to difficulties in ascertaining cause of death in places where 90 % die without seeing a doctor . Therefore , there is a need to ascertain the real incidence and prevalence of heart disease and to develop adequate preventive and primary care in the Chinese countryside .

neg: Squamous cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma ( SCC or SqCC ) , also known as squamous cell cancer , is one of the main types of skin cancer that begins from squamous cells in the skin . Cancers that involve the anus , cervix , head and neck , and vagina are also most often squamous cell cancers . The esophagus , urinary bladder , prostate , and lung are other possible sites .   Frequent exposure to direct , strong sunlight without adequate sunscreen protection is a risk factor for skin cancer . Despite sharing the name squamous cell carcinoma , the SCCs of different body sites can show differences in their presenting symptoms , natural history , prognosis , and response to treatment .   SCC typically occurs in people older than 50 years . As of 2014 an increasing number of people in their 20s and 30s are being affected . It is twice as common in men as in women . People with darker skin and eyes have a lower risk than individuals with lighter colored skin . People with fair skin , light hair and eyes are at highest risk of developing the disease .

neg: Clinical Cancer Research Clinical Cancer Research is a peer-reviewed medical journal on oncology , including the cellular and molecular characterization , prevention , diagnosis , and therapy of human cancer , medical and hematological oncology , radiation therapy , pediatric oncology , pathology , surgical oncology , and clinical genetics . The applications of the disciplines of pharmacology , immunology , cell biology , and molecular genetics to intervention in human cancer are also included . One of the main interests of Clinical Cancer Research is on clinical trials that evaluate new treatments together with research on pharmacology and molecular alterations or biomarkers that predict response or resistance to treatment . Another priority for Clinical Cancer Research is laboratory and animal studies of new drugs as well as molecule-targeted agents with the potential to lead to clinical trials , and studies of targetable mechanisms of oncogenesis , progression of the malignant phenotype , and metastatic disease . The journal is published by the American Association for Cancer Research .

neg: Cure A cure is the end of a medical condition ; the substance or procedure that ends the medical condition , such as a medication , a surgical operation , a change in lifestyle , or even a philosophical mindset that helps end a person 's sufferings ; or the state of being healed , or cured .   A remission is a temporary end to the medical signs and symptoms of an incurable disease . A disease is said to be incurable if there is always a chance of the patient relapsing , no matter how long the patient has been in remission . An incurable disease may or may not be a terminal illness ; conversely , a curable illness can still result in the patient 's death .   The proportion of people with a disease that are cured by a given treatment , called the cure fraction or cure rate , is determined by comparing disease-free survival of treated people against a matched control group that never had the disease .   Another way of determining the cure fraction and/or `` cure time '' is by measuring when the hazard rate in a diseased group of individuals returns to the hazard rate measured in the general population .   Inherent in the idea of a cure is the permanent end to the specific instance of the disease . When a person has the common cold , and then recovers from it , the person is said to be cured , even though the person might someday catch another cold . Conversely , a person that has successfully managed a disease , such as diabetes mellitus , so that it produces no undesirable symptoms for the moment , but without actually permanently ending it , is not cured .   Related concepts , whose meaning can differ , include response , remission and recovery .

neg: Cancer prevention Cancer prevention is defined as active measures to decrease the risk of cancer . The vast majority of cancer cases are due to environmental risk factors , and many , but not all , of these environmental factors are controllable lifestyle choices . Greater than 30 % of cancer deaths could be prevented by avoiding risk factors including : tobacco , overweight / obesity , an insufficient diet , physical inactivity , alcohol , sexually transmitted infections , and air pollution . Not all environmental causes are controllable , such as naturally occurring background radiation , and other cases of cancer are caused through hereditary genetic disorders , and thus it is not possible to prevent all cases of cancer .

neg: Orthovoltage X-rays Orthovoltage x-rays are produced by x-ray tubes operating at voltages in the 200 -- 500 kV range , and therefore the x-rays have an energy in the 200 -- 500 keV range ( see external beam radiotherapy for an explanation of the maximum and mean energies as a function of voltage ) . They have more energy than the x-rays used for diagnostic radiography , and are used in medicine in external beam radiotherapy to treat cancer and tumors . They penetrate tissue to a useful depth of about 4 -- 6 cm . This makes them useful for treating skin , superficial tissues , and ribs , but not for deeper structures such as lungs or pelvic organs .   Orthovoltage X-rays are sometimes termed `` deep '' x-rays ( DXR ) . The energy and penetrating ability of the x-rays produced by an x-ray tube increases with the voltage on the tube . External beam radiotherapy ( teletherapy ) began around the turn of the 20th century with ordinary diagnostic x-ray tubes , which used voltages below 150 kV . Physicians found that these were adequate for treating superficial tumors , but not tumors inside the body . Since these low energy x-rays were mostly absorbed in the first few centimeters of tissue , to deliver a large enough radiation dose to buried tumors would cause severe skin burns .   Therefore beginning in the 1920s `` orthovoltage '' 200 -- 500 kV x-ray machines were built . These more penetrating x-rays were termed `` deep '' or `` skin sparing '' rays . These were found to be able to reach shallow tumors , but to treat tumors deep in the body more voltage was needed . By the 1930s and 1940s megavoltage X-rays produced by huge machines with 3-5 million volts on the tube , began to be employed . With the introduction of linear accelerators in the 1970s , which could produce 4-30 MV beams , orthovoltage x-rays are now considered quite shallow .   By convention , the voltage is used to characterize X - and gamma-ray beams ( in volts ) , while electron beams are characterized by their energies ( in electronvolts ) .

neg: Surrogate endpoint In clinical trials , a surrogate endpoint ( or marker ) is a measure of effect of a specific treatment that may correlate with a real clinical endpoint but does not necessarily have a guaranteed relationship . The National Institutes of Health ( USA ) defines surrogate endpoint as `` a biomarker intended to substitute for a clinical endpoint '' .   Surrogate markers are used when the primary endpoint is undesired ( e.g. , death ) , or when the number of events is very small , thus making it impractical to conduct a clinical trial to gather a statistically significant number of endpoints . The FDA and other regulatory agencies will often accept evidence from clinical trials that show a direct clinical benefit to surrogate markers .   Surrogate endpoints can be obtained from different modalities , such as , behavioural or cognitive scores , or biomarkers from Electroencephalography ( qEEG ) , MRI , PET , or biochemical biomarkers .   A correlate does not make a surrogate . It is a common misconception that if an outcome is a correlate ( that is , correlated with the true clinical outcome ) it can be used as a valid surrogate end point ( that is , a replacement for the true clinical outcome ) . However , proper justification for such replacement requires that the effect of the intervention on the surrogate end point predicts the effect on the clinical outcome -- a much stronger condition than correlation .   The term `` surrogate '' should not be used in describing end points . Instead , descriptions of results and interpretations should be formulated in terms that designate the specific nature and category of variable assessed .   A surrogate endpoint of a clinical trial is a laboratory measurement or a physical sign used as a substitute for a clinically meaningful endpoint that measures directly how a patient feels , functions or survives . Changes induced by a therapy on a surrogate endpoint are expected to reflect changes in a clinically meaningful endpoint .   A commonly used example is cholesterol . While elevated cholesterol levels increase the likelihood for heart disease , the relationship is not linear - many people with normal cholesterol develop heart disease , and many with high cholesterol do not . `` Death from heart disease '' is the endpoint of interest , but `` cholesterol '' is the surrogate marker . A clinical trial may show that a particular drug ( for example , simvastatin ( Zocor ) ) is effective in reducing cholesterol , without showing directly that simvastatin prevents death . Proof of Zocor 's efficacy in reducing cardiovascular disease was only presented five years after its original introduction , and then only for secondary prevention . In another case , AstraZeneca has been accused of marketing rosuvastatin ( Crestor ) without providing hard endpoint data , relying instead on surrogate endpoints . The company counters that it had been tested on larger groups of patients than any other drug in the class , and that its effects should be comparable to the other statins .