query: Einstein wasn't stateless.

pos: Albert Einstein Albert Einstein ( -LSB- ˈaɪnstaɪn -RSB- -LSB- ˈalbɛɐ̯t ˈaɪnʃtaɪn -RSB- ; 14 March 1879 -- 18 April 1955 ) was a German-born theoretical physicist . He developed the theory of relativity , one of the two pillars of modern physics ( alongside quantum mechanics ) . Einstein 's work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science . Einstein is best known by the general public for his mass -- energy equivalence formula ( which has been dubbed `` the world 's most famous equation '' ) . He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics `` for his services to theoretical physics , and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect '' , a pivotal step in the evolution of quantum theory .   Near the beginning of his career , Einstein thought that Newtonian mechanics was no longer enough to reconcile the laws of classical mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field . This led him to develop his special theory of relativity during his time at the Swiss Patent Office in Bern ( 1902 -- 1909 ) , Switzerland . He realized , however , that the principle of relativity could also be extended to gravitational fields , and with his subsequent theory of gravitation in 1916 , he published a paper on general relativity . He continued to deal with problems of statistical mechanics and quantum theory , which led to his explanations of particle theory and the motion of molecules . He also investigated the thermal properties of light which laid the foundation of the photon theory of light . In 1917 , Einstein applied the general theory of relativity to model the large-scale structure of the universe .   Between 1895 and 1914 he lived in Switzerland ( except for one year in Prague , 1911 -- 12 ) , where he received his academic diploma from the Swiss Federal Polytechnic in Zürich ( later the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule , ETH ) in 1900 . He later taught there at the same institute as a professor of theoretical physics between 1912 and 1914 before he left for Berlin . In 1901 , after being stateless for more than five years , Einstein acquired Swiss citizenship , which he kept for the rest of his life . In 1905 , Einstein was awarded a PhD by the University of Zürich . The same year , his annus mirabilis ( miracle year ) , he published four groundbreaking papers , which were to bring him to the notice of the academic world , at the age of 26 .   He was visiting the United States when Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933 and , being Jewish , did not go back to Germany , where he had been a professor at the Berlin Academy of Sciences . He settled in the United States , becoming an American citizen in 1940 . On the eve of World War II , he endorsed a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt alerting him to the potential development of `` extremely powerful bombs of a new type '' and recommending that the U.S. begin similar research . This eventually led to what would become the Manhattan Project . Einstein supported defending the Allied forces , but generally denounced the idea of using the newly discovered nuclear fission as a weapon . Later , with the British philosopher Bertrand Russell , Einstein signed the Russell -- Einstein Manifesto , which highlighted the danger of nuclear weapons . Einstein was affiliated with the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton , New Jersey , until his death in 1955 .   Einstein published more than 300 scientific papers along with over 150 non-scientific works . Einstein 's intellectual achievements and originality have made the word `` Einstein '' synonymous with `` genius '' .

neg: Superintelligence A superintelligence is a hypothetical agent that possesses intelligence far surpassing that of the brightest and most gifted human minds . `` Superintelligence '' may also refer to a property of problem-solving systems ( e.g. , superintelligent language translators or engineering assistants ) whether or not these high-level intellectual competencies are embodied in agents that act in the world . A superintelligence may or may not be created by an intelligence explosion and associated with a technological singularity .   University of Oxford philosopher Nick Bostrom defines superintelligence as `` an intellect that is much smarter than the best human brains in practically every field , including scientific creativity , general wisdom and social skills . '' The program Fritz falls short of superintelligence even though it is much better than humans at chess because Fritz can not outperform humans in other tasks . Following Hutter and Legg , Bostrom treats superintelligence as general dominance at goal-oriented behavior , leaving open whether an artificial or human superintelligence would possess capacities such as intentionality ( cf. the Chinese room argument ) or first-person consciousness ( cf. the hard problem of consciousness ) .   Technological researchers disagree about how likely present-day human intelligence is to be surpassed . Some argue that advances in artificial intelligence ( AI ) will probably result in general reasoning systems that lack human cognitive limitations . Others believe that humans will evolve or directly modify their biology so as to achieve radically greater intelligence . A number of futures studies scenarios combine elements from both of these possibilities , suggesting that humans are likely to interface with computers , or upload their minds to computers , in a way that enables substantial intelligence amplification .   Some researchers believe that superintelligence will likely follow shortly after the development of artificial general intelligence . The first sentient machines are likely to immediately hold an enormous advantage in at least some forms of mental capability , including the capacity of perfect recall , a vastly superior knowledge base , and the ability to multitask in ways not possible to biological entities . This may give them the opportunity to -- either as a single being or as a new species -- become much more powerful than humans , and to displace them .   A number of scientists and forecasters argue for prioritizing early research into the possible benefits and risks of human and machine cognitive enhancement , because of the potential social impact of such technologies .

neg: Heisenberg's microscope Heisenberg 's microscope exists only as a thought experiment , one that was proposed by Werner Heisenberg , criticized by his mentor Niels Bohr , and subsequently served as the nucleus of some commonly held ideas , and misunderstandings , about Quantum Mechanics . In particular , it provided an argument for the uncertainty principle on the basis of the principles of classical optics . Recent theoretical and experimental developments have argued that Heisenberg 's intuitive explanation of his mathematical result are misleading . While the act of measurement does lead to uncertainty , the loss of precision is less than that predicted by Heisenberg 's argument when measured at the level of an individual state . The formal mathematical result remains valid , however , and the original intuitive argument has also been vindicated mathematically when the notion of disturbance is expanded to be independent of any specific state .

neg: The State (book) __ NOTOC __   The State ( Der Staat ) is a book by German sociologist Franz Oppenheimer first published in Germany in 1908 . Oppenheimer wrote the book in Frankfurt am Main during 1907 , as a fragment of the four-volume System of Sociology , an intended interpretative framework for the understanding of social evolution on which he laboured from the 1890s until the end of his life . The work summarizes Oppenheimer 's general theory on the origin , development and future transformation of the state . The State , which Oppenheimer 's missionary zeal pervades , was widely read and passionately discussed in the early 20th century . It was well received by -- and influential on -- as diverse an audience as Israeli halutzim , American and Slavic communitarians , West German Chancellor Ludwig Erhard , and anarcho-capitalists like Murray Rothbard .   A classical liberal and socialist sympathiser , Oppenheimer regarded capitalism as `` a system of exploitation and capital revenues as the gain of that exploitation '' , but placed the blame not on the genuinely free market , but on the intervention of the state . Oppenheimer 's view of the state is profoundly opposed to the then dominant characterisation propounded by G. W. F. Hegel of the state as an admirable achievement of modern civilisation . Proponents of this view tend to accept the social contract view that the State came about as every larger groups of people agreed to subordinate their private interests for the common good .   In contrast , Opphenheimer 's view was an advancement of the `` conquest theory '' of the state that developed during the late 19th century by Ludwig Gumplowicz . According to conquest theory , the state came into being through war and conquest , a consequence of which was the establishment of social classes ; the dominant conquerors and the subordinate conquered . This , in turn , led to the emergence of a political system to consolidate the power of the conquerors , to perpetuate and regulate class divisions . Oppenheimer 's views led the American essayist , Albert Jay Nock , writing in the first half of the 20th century , to remark that in his own book , Our Enemy , the State :

neg: Leo Szilard Leo Szilard ( -LSB- ˈsɪlɑːrd -RSB- Szilárd Leó -LSB- ˈsila : rd ˈlɛo : -RSB- ; Leo Spitz until age 2 ; February 11 , 1898 -- May 30 , 1964 ) was a Hungarian-born physicist and inventor . He conceived the nuclear chain reaction in 1933 , patented the idea of a nuclear reactor with Enrico Fermi , and in late 1939 wrote the letter for Albert Einstein 's signature that resulted in the Manhattan Project that built the atomic bomb .   Szilard initially attended Palatine Joseph Technical University in Budapest , but his engineering studies were interrupted by service in the Austro-Hungarian Army during World War I . He left Hungary for Germany in 1919 , enrolling at Technische Hochschule ( Institute of Technology ) in Berlin-Charlottenburg , but became bored with engineering and transferred to Friedrich Wilhelm University , where he studied physics . He wrote his doctoral thesis on Maxwell 's demon , a long-standing puzzle in the philosophy of thermal and statistical physics . Szilard was the first to recognize the connection between thermodynamics and Information theory .   In addition to the nuclear reactor , Szilard submitted patent applications for a linear accelerator in 1928 , and a cyclotron in 1929 . He also conceived the idea of an electron microscope . Between 1926 and 1930 , he worked with Einstein on the development of the Einstein refrigerator . After Adolf Hitler became chancellor of Germany in 1933 , Szilard urged his family and friends to flee Europe while they still could . He moved to England , where he helped found the Academic Assistance Council , an organization dedicated to helping refugee scholars find new jobs . While in England he discovered a means of isotope separation known as the Szilard -- Chalmers effect .   Foreseeing another war in Europe , Szilard moved to the United States in 1938 , where he worked with Enrico Fermi and Walter Zinn on means of creating a nuclear chain reaction . He was present when this was achieved on December 2 , 1942 . He worked for the Manhattan Project 's Metallurgical Laboratory on aspects of nuclear reactor design . He drafted the Szilard petition advocating a demonstration of the atomic bomb , but the Interim Committee chose to use them against cities without warning .   After the war , Szilard switched to biology . He invented the chemostat , discovered feedback inhibition , and was involved in the first cloning of a human cell . He publicly sounded the alarm against the possible development of salted thermonuclear bombs , a new kind of nuclear weapon that might annihilate mankind . Diagnosed with bladder cancer in 1960 , he underwent treatment using a cobalt-60 treatment that he had designed . He helped found the Salk Institute for Biological Studies , where he became a resident fellow . Szilard founded Council for a Livable World in 1962 to deliver `` the sweet voice of reason '' about nuclear weapons to Congress , the White House , and the American public . He died in his sleep of a heart attack in 1964 .

neg: Russell–Einstein Manifesto The Russell -- Einstein Manifesto was issued in London on 9 July 1955 by Bertrand Russell in the midst of the Cold War . It highlighted the dangers posed by nuclear weapons and called for world leaders to seek peaceful resolutions to international conflict . The signatories included eleven pre-eminent intellectuals and scientists , including Albert Einstein , who signed it just days before his death on 18 April 1955 . A few days after the release , philanthropist Cyrus S. Eaton offered to sponsor a conference -- called for in the manifesto -- in Pugwash , Nova Scotia , Eaton 's birthplace . This conference was to be the first of the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs , held in July 1957 .

neg: The Einstein Theory of Relativity The Einstein Theory of Relativity ( 1923 ) is a silent short film directed by Dave Fleischer and released by Fleischer Studios .

neg: The central science Chemistry is often called the central science because of its role in connecting the physical sciences , which include chemistry , with the life sciences and applied sciences such as medicine and engineering . The nature of this relationship is one of the main topics in the philosophy of chemistry and in scientometrics . The phrase was popularized by its use in a textbook by Theodore L. Brown and H. Eugene LeMay , titled Chemistry : The Central Science , which was first published in 1977 , with a thirteenth edition published in 2014 .   The central role of chemistry can be seen in the systematic and hierarchical classification of the sciences by Auguste Comte in which each discipline provides a more general framework for the area it precedes ( mathematics → astronomy → physics → chemistry → physiology and medicine → social sciences ) . Balaban and Klein have more recently proposed a diagram showing partial ordering of sciences in which chemistry may be argued is `` the central science '' since it provides a significant degree of branching . In forming these connections the lower field can not be fully reduced to the higher ones . It is recognized that the lower fields possess emergent ideas and concepts that do not exist in the higher fields of science .   Thus chemistry is built on an understanding of laws of physics that govern particles such as atoms , protons , electrons , thermodynamics , etc. although it has been shown that it has not been `` fully ` reduced ' to quantum mechanics '' . Concepts such as the periodicity of the elements and chemical bonds in chemistry are emergent in that they are more than the underlying forces that are defined by physics .   In the same way , biology can not be fully reduced to chemistry despite the fact that the machinery that is responsible for life is composed of molecules . For instance , the machinery of evolution may be described in terms of chemistry by the understanding that it is a mutation in the order of genetic base pairs in the DNA of an organism . However , chemistry can not fully describe the process since it does not contain concepts such as natural selection that are responsible for driving evolution . Chemistry is fundamental to biology since it provides a methodology for studying and understanding the molecules that compose cells .   Connections made by chemistry are formed through various sub-disciplines that utilize concepts from multiple scientific disciplines . Chemistry and physics are both needed in the areas of physical chemistry , nuclear chemistry , and theoretical chemistry . Chemistry and biology intersect in the areas of biochemistry , medicinal chemistry , molecular biology , chemical biology , molecular genetics , and immunochemistry . Chemistry and the earth sciences intersect in areas like geochemistry and hydrology .

neg: Isaac Newton in popular culture Isaac Newton was an English scientist , mathematician , natural philosopher , theologian and one of the most influential scientists in human history . His Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica , published in 1687 , is considered to be one of the most influential book in the history of science , laying the groundwork for most of classical mechanics . In this work , Newton described universal gravitation and the three laws of motion which dominated the scientific view of the physical universe for the next three centuries . In mathematics , Newton shares the credit with Gottfried Leibniz for the development of the differential and integral calculus .   Because of the resounding impact of his work , Newton became a scientific icon , much like Albert Einstein after his theory of relativity . Many books , plays , and films focus on Newton or use Newton as a literary device . Newton 's stature among scientists remains at the very top rank , as demonstrated by a 2005 survey of scientists in Britain 's Royal Society ( formerly headed by Newton ) asking who had the greater effect on the history of science , Newton or Albert Einstein . Newton was deemed the more influential . In 1999 , leading physicists voted Einstein `` greatest physicist ever ; '' Newton was the runner-up .

neg: Unified field theory In physics , a unified field theory ( UFT ) is a type of field theory that allows all that is usually thought of as fundamental forces and elementary particles to be written in terms of a single field .   There is currently no accepted unified field theory , and thus it remains an open line of research . The term was coined by Einstein , who attempted to unify his general theory of relativity with electromagnetism . The `` theory of everything '' and Grand Unified Theory are closely related to unified field theory , but differ by not requiring the basis of nature to be fields , and often by attempting to explain physical constants of nature .   This article describes unified field theory as it is currently understood in connection with quantum theory . Earlier attempts based on classical physics are described in the article on classical unified field theories .   Although there may be no a priori reason why the correct description of nature must be a unified field theory , this goal has led to a great deal of progress in modern theoretical physics and continues to motivate current research .

neg: Big Bang The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological model for the universe from the earliest known periods through its subsequent large-scale evolution . The model describes how the universe expanded from a very high density and high temperature state , and offers a comprehensive explanation for a broad range of phenomena , including the abundance of light elements , the cosmic microwave background , large scale structure and Hubble 's Law . If the known laws of physics are extrapolated to the highest density regime , the result is a singularity which is typically associated with the Big Bang . Detailed measurements of the expansion rate of the universe place this moment at approximately 13.8 billion years ago , which is thus considered the age of the universe . After the initial expansion , the universe cooled sufficiently to allow the formation of subatomic particles , and later simple atoms . Giant clouds of these primordial elements later coalesced through gravity in halos of dark matter , eventually forming the stars and galaxies visible today .   Since Georges Lemaître first noted in 1927 that an expanding universe could be traced back in time to an originating single point , scientists have built on his idea of cosmic expansion . While the scientific community was once divided between supporters of two different expanding universe theories , the Big Bang and the Steady State theory , empirical evidence provides strong support for the former . In 1929 , from analysis of galactic redshifts , Edwin Hubble concluded , that galaxies are drifting apart ; this is important observational evidence consistent with the hypothesis of an expanding universe . In 1964 , the cosmic microwave background radiation was discovered , which was crucial evidence in favor of the Big Bang model , since that theory predicted the existence of background radiation throughout the universe before it was discovered . More recently , measurements of the redshifts of supernovae indicate that the expansion of the universe is accelerating , an observation attributed to dark energy 's existence . The known physical laws of nature can be used to calculate the characteristics of the universe in detail back in time to an initial state of extreme density and temperature .

neg: Old quantum theory The old quantum theory is a collection of results from the years 1900 -- 1925 which predate modern quantum mechanics . The theory was never complete or self-consistent , but was a set of heuristic prescriptions which are now understood to be the first quantum corrections to classical mechanics . The Bohr model was the focus of study , and Arnold Sommerfeld made a crucial contribution by quantizing the z-component of the angular momentum , which in the old quantum era was called space quantization ( Richtungsquantelung ) . This allowed the orbits of the electron to be ellipses instead of circles , and introduced the concept of quantum degeneracy . The theory would have correctly explained the Zeeman effect , except for the issue of electron spin .   The main tool was Bohr -- Sommerfeld quantization , a procedure for selecting out certain discrete set of states of a classical integrable motion as allowed states . These are like the allowed orbits of the Bohr model of the atom ; the system can only be in one of these states and not in any states in between .

neg: Stochastic quantum mechanics Stochastic quantum mechanics ( or the stochastic interpretation ) is an interpretation of quantum mechanics .   The modern application of stochastics to quantum mechanics involves the assumption of spacetime stochasticity , the idea that the small-scale structure of spacetime is undergoing both metric and topological fluctuations ( John Archibald Wheeler 's `` quantum foam '' ) , and that the averaged result of these fluctuations recreates a more conventional-looking metric at larger scales that can be described using classical physics , along with an element of nonlocality that can be described using quantum mechanics . A stochastic interpretation of quantum mechanics due to persistent vacuum fluctuation . The main idea is that vacuum or spacetime fluctuations are the reason for quantum mechanics and not a result of it as it is usually considered .

neg: List of Heidelberg University people Alumni and faculty of the university include many founders and pioneers of academic disciplines , and a large number of internationally acclaimed philosophers , poets , jurisprudents , theologians , natural and social scientists . 56 Nobel Laureates , at least 18 Leibniz Laureates , and two `` Oscar '' winners have been associated with Heidelberg University . Nine Nobel Laureates received the award during their tenure at Heidelberg .   Besides several Federal Ministers of Germany and Prime Ministers of German States , five Chancellors of Germany have attended the university , the latest being Helmut Kohl , the `` Chancellor of the Reunification '' . Heads of State or Government of Belgium , Bulgaria , Greece , Nicaragua , Serbia , Thailand , a British Crown Prince , a Secretary General of NATO and a director of the International Peace Bureau have also been educated at Heidelberg ; among them Nobel Peace Laureates Charles Albert Gobat and Auguste Beernaert . Former university affiliates in the field of religion include Pope Pius II , Cardinals , Bishops , and with Philipp Melanchthon and Zacharias Ursinus two key leaders of Protestant Reformation . Outstanding university affiliates in the legal profession include a President of the International Court of Justice , two Presidents of the European Court of Human Rights , a President of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea , a Vice President of the International Criminal Court , an Advocate General at the European Court of Justice , at least 16 Justices of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany , a President of the Federal Court of Justice , a President of the Federal Court of Finance , a President of the Federal Labor Court , two Attorney Generals of Germany , and a British Law Lord . In business , Heidelberg alumni and faculty notably founded , co-founded or presided over ABB Group ; Astor corporate enterprises ; BASF ; BDA ; Daimler AG ; Deutsche Bank ; EADS ; Krupp AG ; Siemens AG ; and Thyssen AG .   Alumni in the field of arts include classical composer Robert Schumann , philosophers Ludwig Feuerbach and Edmund Montgomery , poet Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff and writers Christian Friedrich Hebbel , Gottfried Keller , Irene Frisch , Heinrich Hoffmann , Sir Muhammad Iqbal , José Rizal , W. Somerset Maugham , Jean Paul , and Literature Nobel Laureate Carl Spitteler . Amongst Heidelberg alumni in other disciplines are the `` Father of Psychology '' Wilhelm Wundt , the `` Father of Physical Chemistry '' J. Willard Gibbs , the `` Father of American Anthropology '' Franz Boas , Dmitri Mendeleev , who created the periodic table of elements , inventor of the two-wheeler principle Karl Drais , Alfred Wegener , who discovered the continental drift , as well as political theorist Hannah Arendt , political scientist Carl Joachim Friedrich , and sociologists Karl Mannheim , Robert E. Park and Talcott Parsons .   Philosophers Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel , Karl Jaspers , Hans-Georg Gadamer , and Jürgen Habermas served as university professors , as did also the pioneering scientists Hermann von Helmholtz , Robert Wilhelm Bunsen , Gustav Robert Kirchhoff , Emil Kraepelin , the founder of scientific psychiatry , and outstanding social scientists such as Max Weber , the founding father of modern sociology .   Present faculty include Medicine Nobel Laureates Bert Sakmann ( 1991 ) and Harald zur Hausen ( 2008 ) , Chemistry Nobel Laureate Stefan Hell ( 2014 ) , 7 Leibniz Laureates , former Justice of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany Paul Kirchhof , and Rüdiger Wolfrum , the former President of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea .   __ TOC __

neg: Deceleration parameter The deceleration parameter in cosmology is a dimensionless measure of the cosmic acceleration of the expansion of space in a Friedmann -- Lemaître -- Robertson -- Walker universe . It is defined by :   where is the scale factor of the universe and the dots indicate derivatives by proper time . The expansion of the universe is said to be `` accelerating '' if ( recent measurements suggest it is ) , and in this case the deceleration parameter will be negative . The minus sign and name `` deceleration parameter '' are historical ; at the time of definition was thought to be positive , now it is believed to be negative .   The Friedmann acceleration equation can be written as   where is the energy density of the universe , is its pressure , and is the equation of state of the universe .   This can be rewritten as   by using the first Friedmann equation , where is the Hubble parameter and or depending on whether the universe is hyperspherical , flat or hyperbolic respectively .   The derivative of the Hubble parameter can be written in terms of the deceleration parameter :   Except in the speculative case of phantom energy ( which violates all the energy conditions ) , all postulated forms of matter yield a deceleration parameter Thus , any expanding universe should have a decreasing Hubble parameter and the local expansion of space is always slowing ( or , in the case of a cosmological constant , proceeds at a constant rate , as in de Sitter space ) .   Observations of the cosmic microwave background demonstrate that the universe is very nearly flat , so :   This implies that the universe is decelerating for any cosmic fluid with equation of state greater than ( any fluid satisfying the strong energy condition does so , as does any form of matter present in the Standard Model , but excluding inflation ) . However observations of distant type Ia supernovae indicate that is negative ; the expansion of the universe is accelerating . This is an indication that the gravitational attraction of matter , on the cosmological scale , is more than counteracted by the negative pressure of dark energy , in the form of either quintessence or a positive cosmological constant .   Before the first indications of an accelerating universe , in 1998 , it was thought that the universe was dominated by dust with negligible equation of state , This had suggested that the deceleration parameter was equal to one half ; the experimental effort to confirm this prediction led to the discovery of possible acceleration .

neg: Invariant mass The invariant mass , rest mass , intrinsic mass , proper mass , or in the case of bound systems simply mass , is that portion of the total mass of an object or system of objects that is independent of the overall motion of the system . More precisely , it is a characteristic of the system 's total energy and momentum that is the same in all frames of reference related by Lorentz transformations . If a center of momentum frame exists for the system , then the invariant mass of a system is equal to its total mass in that `` rest frame '' . In other reference frames , where the system 's momentum is nonzero , the total mass ( a.k.a. relativistic mass ) of the system is greater than the invariant mass , but the invariant mass remains unchanged .   Due to mass-energy equivalence , the rest energy of the system is simply the invariant mass times the speed of light squared . Similarly , the total energy of the system is its total ( relativistic ) mass times the speed of light squared .   Systems whose four-momentum is a null vector ( for example a single photon or many photons moving in exactly the same direction ) have zero invariant mass , and are referred to as massless . A physical object or particle moving faster than the speed of light would have space-like four-momenta ( such as the hypothesized tachyon ) , and these do not appear to exist . Any time-like four-momentum possesses a reference frame where the momentum ( 3-dimensional ) is zero , which is a center of momentum frame . In this case , invariant mass is positive and is referred to as the rest mass .   If objects within a system are in relative motion , then the invariant mass of the whole system will differ from the sum of the objects ' rest masses . This is also equal to the total energy of the system divided by c2 . See mass -- energy equivalence for a discussion of definitions of mass . Since the mass of systems must be measured with a weight or mass scale in a center of momentum frame in which the entire system has zero momentum , such a scale always measures the system 's invariant mass . For example , a scale would measure the kinetic energy of the molecules in a bottle of gas to be part of invariant mass of the bottle , and thus also its rest mass . The same is true for massless particles in such system , which add invariant mass and also rest mass to systems , according to their energy .   For an isolated massive system , the center of mass of the system moves in a straight line with a steady sub-luminal velocity ( with a velocity depending on the reference frame used to view it ) . Thus , an observer can always be placed to move along with it . In this frame , which is the center of momentum frame , the total momentum is zero , and the system as a whole may be thought of as being `` at rest '' if it is a bound system ( like a bottle of gas ) . In this frame , which exists under these assumptions , the invariant mass of the system is equal to the total system energy ( in the zero-momentum frame ) divided by . This total energy in the center of momentum frame , is the minimum energy which the system may be observed to have , when seen by various observers from various inertial frames .   Note that for reasons above , such a rest frame does not exist for single photons , or rays of light moving in one direction . When two or more photons move in different directions , however , a center of mass frame ( or `` rest frame '' if the system is bound ) exists . Thus , the mass of a system of several photons moving in different directions is positive , which means that an invariant mass exists for this system even though it does not exist for each photon .

neg: Quantum brain dynamics In neuroscience , quantum brain dynamics ( QBD ) is a hypothesis to explain the function of the brain within the framework of quantum field theory .   As described by Harald Atmanspacher , since quantum theory is the most fundamental theory of matter that is currently available , it is a legitimate question to ask whether quantum theory can help us to understand consciousness .   Large systems , such as those studied biologically , have less symmetry than the idealized systems or single crystals often studied in physics . Jeffrey Goldstone proved that where symmetry is broken , additional bosons , the Nambu -- Goldstone bosons , will then be observed in the spectrum of possible states ; one canonical example being the phonon in a crystal .   Ricciardi and Umezawa proposed in 1967 a general theory of quanta of long-range coherent waves within and between brain cells , and showed a possible mechanism of memory storage and retrieval in terms of Nambu -- Goldstone bosons . This was later fleshed out into a theory encompassing all biological cells and systems in the quantum biodynamics of Del Giudice and co-authors . Mari Jibu and Kunio Yasue later popularized these results and discussed the implications towards consciousness .

neg: Einstein notation In mathematics , especially in applications of linear algebra to physics , the Einstein notation or Einstein summation convention is a notational convention that implies summation over a set of indexed terms in a formula , thus achieving notational brevity . As part of mathematics it is a notational subset of Ricci calculus ; however , it is often used in applications in physics that do not distinguish between tangent and cotangent spaces . It was introduced to physics by Albert Einstein in 1916 .

neg: Spacetime In physics , spacetime is any mathematical model that combines space and time into a single interwoven continuum .   Until the turn of the 20th century , the assumption had been that the three-dimensional geometry of the universe ( its description in terms of locations , shapes , distances , and directions ) was distinct from time ( the measurement of when events occur within the universe ) . However , Albert Einstein 's 1905 special theory of relativity postulated that the speed of light through empty space has one definite value -- a constant -- that is independent of the motion of the light source . Einstein 's equations precisely described important consequences of this fact : both the shape of space and the measurement of time simultaneously change for observers who have different relative velocities , which is to say , for observers who have different inertial frames of reference .   Einstein 's theory was framed in terms of kinematics ( the study of moving bodies ) , and showed how measurements of space and time varied for observers in different reference frames . His theory was a breakthrough advance over Lorentz 's 1904 theory of electromagnetic phenomena and Poincaré 's electrodynamic theory . Although these theories included equations identical to those that Einstein introduced ( i.e. the Lorentz transformation ) , they were essentially ad hoc models proposed to explain the results of various experiments -- including the famous Michelson -- Morley interferometer experiment -- that were extremely difficult to fit into existing paradigms .   In 1908 , Hermann Minkowski , expanding upon Einstein 's work , presented a geometric interpretation of special relativity that fused time and the three spatial dimensions of space into a single four-dimensional continuum now known as Minkowski space -- an example of what mathematicians call a 4‑dimensional manifold . A key feature of this interpretation is the definition of a spacetime interval that combines distance and time . Although measurements of distance and time between events differ among observers , the spacetime interval is independent of the inertial frame of reference in which they are recorded .

neg: Minkowski space In mathematical physics , Minkowski space or Minkowski spacetime is a combination of 3-dimensional Euclidean space and time into a 4-dimensional manifold where the spacetime interval between any two events is independent of the inertial frame of reference in which they are recorded . Although initially developed by mathematician Hermann Minkowski for Maxwell 's equations of electromagnetism , the mathematical structure of Minkowski spacetime was shown to be an immediate consequence of the postulates of special relativity .   Minkowski space is closely associated with Einstein 's theory of special relativity , and is the most common mathematical structure on which special relativity is formulated . While the individual components in Euclidean space and time will often differ due to length contraction and time dilation , in Minkowski spacetime , all frames of reference will agree on the total distance in spacetime between events.This makes spacetime distance an invariant . Because it treats time differently than it treats the three spatial dimensions , Minkowski space differs from four-dimensional Euclidean space .   In - dimensional Euclidean space ( e.g. simply space in Galilean relativity ) , the isometry group ( the maps preserving the regular Euclidean distance ) is the Euclidean group . It consists of rotations , reflections , and translations . When time is amended as a fourth dimension , the further transformations of translations in time and Galilean boosts are added , and the group of all these transformations is called the Galilean group . All Galilean transformations preserve the - dimensional Euclidean distance . This distance is purely spatial . Time differences are separately preserved as well . This changes in the spacetime of special relativity , where space and time are interwoven .   Spacetime is equipped with an indefinite non-degenerate bilinear form . This form is below variously called the Minkowski metric , the Minkowski norm squared or Minkowski inner product depending on the contextConsistent use of the terms `` Minkowski inner product '' , `` Minkowski norm '' or `` Minkowski metric '' is intended for the bilinear form here , since it is in widespread use . It is by no means `` standard '' in the literature , but no standard terminology seems to exist The Minkowski inner product is defined as to yield the spacetime interval between two events when given their coordinate difference vector as argument . Equipped with this inner product , the mathematical model of spacetime is called Minkowski space . The analogue of the Galilean group for Minkowski space , preserving the spacetime interval ( as opposed to the spatial Euclidean distance ) is the Poincaré group .   In summary , Galilean spacetime and Minkowski spacetime are , when viewed as barebones manifolds , actually the same . They differ in what kind of further structures are defined on them . In the former one has the Euclidean distance function and time ( separately ) together with inertial frames related by Galilean transformations , while in the latter one has the Minkowski metric together with inertial frames related by Poincare transformations .

neg: Chronology of the universe The chronology of the universe describes the history and future of the universe according to Big Bang cosmology .  The metric expansion of space is estimated to have begun 13.8 billion years ago .  For the purposes of this summary , it is convenient to divide the chronology of the universe into four parts :   The very early universe , from the Planck epoch until the cosmic inflation , or the first picosecond of cosmic time ; this period is the domain of active theoretical research , currently beyond the grasp of most experiments in particle physics .  The early universe , from the Quark epoch to the Photon epoch , or the first 380,000 years of cosmic time , when the familiar forces and elementary particles have emerged but the universe remains in the state of a plasma , followed by the `` Dark Ages '' , from 380,000 years to about 150 million years during which the universe was transparent but no large-scale structures had yet formed .  The period of large-scale structure formation , including stellar evolution , galaxy formation and evolution and the formation of galaxy clusters and superclusters , from about 150 million years to present , and prospectively until about 100 billion years of cosmic time ; The thin disk of our galaxy began to form at about 5 billion years . The solar system formed at about 4.6 billion years ago , with the earliest traces of life on Earth emerging by about 3.5 billion years ago .  The far future , after cessation of stellar formation , with various scenarios for the ultimate fate of the universe .


query: Sylvester Stallone starred in a film.

pos: Sylvester Stallone Michael Sylvester Gardenzio Stallone ( -LSB- stəˈloʊn -RSB- -LSB- stalˈloːne -RSB- ; born July 6 , 1946 ) is an American actor , filmmaker , and screenwriter . He is well known for his Hollywood action roles , including boxer Rocky Balboa , the title character of the Rocky series ' seven films from 1976 to 2015 ; soldier John Rambo from the four Rambo films , released between 1982 and 2008 ; and Barney Ross in the three The Expendables films from 2010 to 2014 . He wrote or co-wrote most of the 14 films in all three franchises , and directed many of the films .   Stallone 's film Rocky was inducted into the National Film Registry as well as having its film props placed in the Smithsonian Museum . Stallone 's use of the front entrance to the Philadelphia Museum of Art in the Rocky series led the area to be nicknamed the Rocky Steps . Philadelphia has a statue of his Rocky character placed permanently near the museum . It was announced on December 7 , 2010 that Stallone was voted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in the non-participant category .   In 1977 , Stallone was nominated for two Academy Awards for Rocky , Best Original Screenplay and Best Actor . He became the third man in history to receive these two nominations for the same film , after Charles Chaplin and Orson Welles . He received critical raves , as well as his first Golden Globe Award win and third Academy Award nomination , for reprising the role of Rocky Balboa in Ryan Coogler 's 2015 film Creed .

neg: Bad Boys (2003 film) Bad Boys ( Pahat pojat ) is a 2003 Finnish crime drama film directed by Aleksi Mäkelä , based on the story of a notorious real-life family of criminals . It was the second most successful film in Finnish theatres after The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King in 2003 , taking in $ 4,778,324 . This makes the film one of the most successful Finnish films at the national box office of all time .

neg: Dirty Heroes Dirty Heroes , also known as From Hell to Victory and Heroes Five ( Dalle Ardenne all ` inferno ) , is a 1967 Italian `` macaroni combat '' war film directed by Alberto De Martino and starring Frederick Stafford .

neg: Commando (1985 film) Commando is a 1985 American action film directed by Mark L. Lester , and starring Arnold Schwarzenegger and Rae Dawn Chong . The film was released in the United States on October 4 , 1985 .   The film was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Special Effects but lost to Back to the Future . The film 's score was provided by James Horner . A critical and commercial success , Commando was the 7th highest-grossing R-rated movie of 1985 worldwide , and the 25th highest-grossing overall .

neg: New Year's Day (1989 film) New Year 's Day is a 1989 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Henry Jaglom . It was entered into the main competition at the 46th Venice International Film Festival .

neg: Bullet to the Head Bullet to the Head is a 2012 American action thriller film directed by Walter Hill . The screenplay by Alessandro Camon was based on the French graphic novel Du Plomb Dans La Tête written by Matz and illustrated by Colin Wilson . The film stars Sylvester Stallone , Sung Kang , Sarah Shahi , Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje , Christian Slater , and Jason Momoa . Alexandra Milchan , Alfred Gough , Miles Millar , and Kevin King-Templeton produced the film . The movie follows a hitman and a cop who are forced to work together to bring down a corrupt businessman and mafia boss after they are targeted by the latter 's associates .   The film premiered at the International Rome Film Festival on November 14 , 2012 . The film received a wide United States release on February 1 , 2013 .

neg: The Godfather (1991 video game) The Godfather is a side scrolling shoot 'em up game released by U.S. Gold in 1991 . The plot is based on the three Godfather films . The game has five levels of gameplay which reflect the locations seen in the movies , including the streets of New York City , Miami , and the village of Corleone in Sicily .   It was released for several computer formats , including the Commodore Amiga , the Atari ST and DOS-based PCs , with the DOS version coming on six floppy disks .   Critical reception to the Amiga version was mixed , ranging from 40 % to 95 % . Amiga Computing praised its graphics ( five out of five stars ) , but panned both its gameplay and addictiveness ( one star each ) and awarded it a below-average 40 % overall .

neg: Breathless (1983 film) Breathless is a 1983 American drama film directed by Jim McBride and written by McBride and L. M. Kit Carson , starring Richard Gere and Valérie Kaprisky . It is a remake of the 1960 French film directed by Jean-Luc Godard and written by Jean-Luc Godard and François Truffaut , À bout de souffle ( known as Breathless in English ) and was released in France under the title A Bout de Souffle Made in USA . The original film is about an American girl and a French criminal in Paris . The remake is about a French girl and an American criminal in Los Angeles .

neg: Malone (film) Malone is a 1987 American film adaptation of William P. Wingate 's novel , written by Christopher Frank , directed by Harley Cokeliss , and stars Burt Reynolds , Cliff Robertson and Lauren Hutton .

neg: Bullshot (film) Bullshot is a 1983 film , based on the stage play Bullshot Crummond . The name comes from a parody of the 1929 film , on which it is loosely based , Bulldog Drummond .   Captain Hugh `` Bullshot '' Crummond ( Alan Shearman ) is a World War I fighter pilot , Olympic athlete , racing driver , and part-time sleuth . He must save the world from the dastardly Count Otto van Bruno ( Ronald E. House ) , his wartime adversary , and win the heart of the damsel in distress ( Diz White ) .   The film was produced by George Harrison 's company Handmade Films .   Alan Shearman would reprise his association with Handmade Films in their 1985 film Water .

neg: Junket Whore Junket Whore is a 1998 documentary film directed by Debbie Melnyk and hosted by Lauren Hutton . This revealing documentary explores the relationship between Hollywood 's publicists and the entertainment journalists .   It also stars many Hollywood artists including Sylvester Stallone , Martin Short , Alicia Silverstone , Charlie Sheen , Hugh Grant , Ed Harris , Gérard Depardieu , Jack Nicholson , Brooke Shields , Matthew McConaughey , Ashley Judd , Sharon Stone , John Travolta , Kelly Preston , Emma Thompson , Arnold Schwarzenegger , Tom Cruise , Nicolas Cage , Clint Eastwood , Jim Carrey , Robert De Niro , Whoopi Goldberg , Robin Williams , Richard Gere , Antonio Banderas , Pauly Shore , Sean Connery , Julianne Moore , Madonna , and Anthony Hopkins . It was produced by Rick Caine .

neg: Fair Game (1995 film) Fair Game is a 1995 American action film directed by Andrew Sipes . It stars Cindy Crawford as family law attorney Kate McQuean and William Baldwin as Max Kirkpatrick , a Florida police officer . Kirkpatrick ends up on the run to protect McQuean when she is targeted for murder by ex-members of the KGB with interests in a ship owned by a Cuban man who may lose it in a divorce case being pursued by McQuean .   The film is based on Paula Gosling 's novel of the same name , which was previously adapted into the 1986 Sylvester Stallone film Cobra .   Locations used for the film included Coral Gables , Florida , Miami Beach , and the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary .

neg: Texas, Adios Texas , Adios ( Italian : Texas , addio ) is a 1966 Italian Spaghetti Western film directed by Ferdinando Baldi and starring Franco Nero . It is often referenced in connection with Django , also starring Nero , and although was referred to as Django 2 in some countries , it is not considered a sequel . The film is mostly remembered as a lesser known Spaghetti Western .

neg: Clubber Lang James `` Clubber '' Lang is a fictional character created by Sylvester Stallone for the film Rocky III , which was released in 1982 . Lang serves as the main antagonist of the film and was portrayed by Mr. T.   Lang is a professional boxer fighting out of Chicago , Illinois and a one-time world heavyweight champion , having taken the title from Rocky Balboa only to lose it back to Balboa in his next fight . The character is very loosely based on a combination of Sonny Liston , Larry Holmes and George Foreman .

neg: Sacred Silence Sacred Silence ( Pianese Nunzio , 14 anni a maggio ) is a 1996 Italian film directed by Antonio Capuano that deals with a Catholic priest , his pederastic relationship with a Napolitan street boy , and the domination of daily life in Southern Italy by the Camorra . The title translates as Pianese Nunzio , 14 in May and the movie was released in the USA with the title Sacred Silence .

neg: Vengeance (1968 film) Vengeance ( Joko - Invoca Dio ... e muori , Fünf blutige Stricke ) is a 1968 Italian-German Spaghetti Western film written and directed by Antonio Margheriti . It starred Richard Harrison , Mariangela Giordano and Luciano Pigozzi .

neg: Replikator RepliKator is a 1994 science fiction film starring Michael St. Gerard , Brigitte Bako Ned Beatty and Ilona Staller . In 1995 it took the Gold Award at the Houston Film Festival in the category of Sci-Fi / Horror and took the Silver award for Science Fiction at the Charleston International Film Festival . It was mostly a direct to home-video film but in Japan , Canada , Korea , South Africa , Malaysia and Indonesia , it had short theatrical and multiplex releases .

neg: The Unhanged The Unhanged ( Finnish : Hirttämättömät ) is a 1971 Finnish western comedy film directed by Spede Pasanen and Vesa-Matti Loiri . It is the sequel to the 1970 film Speedy Gonzales - noin 7 veljeksen poika . In addition to featuring Pasanen and Loiri ( originally set to appear in Speedy Gonzales , but unable to appear due to an injury ) , the film also stars Pasanen 's other stock actors , such as Simo Salminen and Olavi Ahonen . The two main characters are parody versions of The Lone Ranger and his sidekick Tonto .   The film was released the same year as Kahdeksas Veljes and Saatanan Radikaalit ( which Spede only produced ) . None of the films were box-office successes leading Spede to not release any movies the following year . Regardless , Spede won a joint producer 's Jussi Award for his efforts .

neg: Johnny Stecchino Johnny Stecchino is an Italian comedy film starring Roberto Benigni as the protagonist and director . This film is one of Benigni 's many collaborations with co-star and wife , Nicoletta Braschi . During its release in 1991 , it was the highest-grossing film in Italy .   This film follows the life of Dante , a quirky school bus driver ( Benigni ) for students with Down syndrome , who bears a striking resemblance to Johnny Stecchino , an Italian mafioso who is wanted by Sicilian mobsters for treason and murder . The film 's plot begins to unravel when Dante meets Maria , the wife of Stecchino , who begins her plan into tricking mobsters to kill Dante thinking he is Stecchino . The film takes several unexpected twists when Maria begins to fall for Dante , and it becomes clear that Dante can not possibly be the cold blooded killer , Johnny Stecchino .   The U.S. version released in theaters and on VHS is about 20 minutes shorter that the full Italian version . It trims several conversations including the final scene with Lillo sniffing cocaine .

neg: Bringing Out the Dead Bringing Out the Dead is a 1999 American drama film directed by Martin Scorsese , written by Paul Schrader , based on the novel by Joe Connelly and starring Nicolas Cage , Patricia Arquette , John Goodman , Ving Rhames , and Tom Sizemore .   Though a flop at the box office , the film received very positive reviews from critics and was also the last North American title to be released on LaserDisc .

neg: Double Game Double Game , also known as Violent Turin ( in original Italian , Torino violenta ) , is a 1977 poliziotteschi film . This film by Carlo Ausino stars George Hilton .


query: Pembroke Castle is owned privately.

pos: Pembroke Castle Pembroke Castle ( Castell Penfro ) is a medieval castle in Pembroke , West Wales . The castle , which has been a Grade I listed building since 1951 , underwent a major restoration in the early 20th century . It was the original seat of the Earldom of Pembroke .   In 1093 Arnulf of Montgomery built the first castle at the site when he fortified the promontory beside the Pembroke River during the Norman invasion of Wales . A century later this castle was given to William Marshal by Richard I. Marshal , who would become one of the most powerful men in 12th-century Britain , rebuilt Pembroke in stone creating most of the structure that remains today .   The castle , which is open to the public , is the largest privately owned castle in Wales .

neg: Caernarfon Castle Caernarfon Castle ( Castell Caernarfon ) , often anglicized as Carnarvon Castle , is a medieval fortress in Caernarfon , Gwynedd , north-west Wales cared for by Cadw , the Welsh Government 's historic environment service . There was a motte-and-bailey castle in the town of Caernarfon from the late 11th century until 1283 when King Edward I of England began replacing it with the current stone structure . The Edwardian town and castle acted as the administrative centre of north Wales and as a result the defences were built on a grand scale . There was a deliberate link with Caernarfon 's Roman past and the Roman fort of Segontium is nearby .   While the castle was under construction , town walls were built around Caernarfon . The work cost between # 20,000 and # 25,000 from the start until the end of work in 1330 . Despite Caernarfon Castle 's external appearance of being mostly complete , the interior buildings no longer survive and many of the building plans were never finished . The town and castle were sacked in 1294 when Madog ap Llywelyn led a rebellion against the English . Caernarfon was recaptured the following year . During the Glyndŵr Rising of 1400 -- 1415 , the castle was besieged . When the Tudor dynasty ascended to the English throne in 1485 , tensions between the Welsh and English began to diminish and castles were considered less important . As a result , Caernarfon Castle was allowed to fall into a state of disrepair . Despite its dilapidated condition , during the English Civil War Caernarfon Castle was held by Royalists , and was besieged three times by Parliamentarian forces . This was the last time the castle was used in war . Caernarfon Castle was neglected until the 19th century when the state funded repairs . In 1911 , Caernarfon Castle was used for the investiture of the Prince of Wales , and again in 1969 . It is part of the World Heritage Site `` Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd '' .

neg: Dunecht estate The Dunecht Estate is one of the largest private estates in Aberdeenshire , Scotland at 53000 acre . It is owned by The Hon Charles Anthony Pearson , the younger son of the 3rd Viscount Cowdray . Dunecht 's business interests include farming ( in hand and let farms ) , forestry , field sports , minerals , let houses , commercial lets and tourism .   The main part of the estate lies between Banchory and Westhill , encompassing the village of Dunecht , the Loch of Skene and the stately home of Dunecht House . The estate grounds include a golf course and extensive areas of forestry and farming .   The estate also includes separate areas of land at Birse and Durris on Royal Deeside , Edinglassie in Strathdon and Dunnottar Castle near Stonehaven .

neg: Clare Castle Clare Castle is a medieval castle in the small town of Clare in Suffolk , England . Built shortly after the Norman conquest of England by Richard Fitz Gilbert , the motte and bailey castle was later improved in stone . In the 14th century the castle was the home of Elizabeth de Clare , one of the richest women in England , who maintained a substantial household there . The castle passed into the hands of the Crown , and by the 16th century was in ruins . Damaged by the construction of the Great Eastern Railway through the castle in 1867 , the remains of the castle are now part of a local park and a scheduled monument and a grade 2 * listed building .

neg: Clevedon Court Clevedon Court is a manor house on Court Hill in Clevedon , North Somerset , England , dating from the early 14th century . It is now owned by the National Trust . It is designated as a Grade I listed building .   The house was built and added to over many years . The great hall and chapel block are the earliest surviving parts of the structure with the west wing being added around 1570 , when the windows and decoration of the rest of the building were changed . Further construction and adaptation was undertaken in the 18th century when it was owned by the Elton baronets . The house was acquired by the nation and was given to the National Trust in part-payment for death duties in 1960 . The Elton family is still resident in the house , which is now open to the public .   In addition to the main house , the grounds include a selection of walls and outbuildings , some of which date back to the 13th century . The gardens are listed ( Grade II * ) on the National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens .

neg: List of English Heritage properties in Somerset English Heritage ( officially the English Heritage Trust ) is a registered charity that looks after the National Heritage Collection . English Heritage is steward of over 400 significant historical and archaeological sites . It has direct ownership over some historic sites and also liaises with private owners of sites that are managed under guardianship arrangements . In Somerset there are twelve sites , ranging from Neolithic sites such as Stanton Drew stone circles and Stoney Littleton Long Barrow through medieval castles and religious sites such as Farleigh Hungerford Castle and Cleeve Abbey to the most recent , Sir Bevil Grenville 's Monument , which was erected in 1720 .   Somerset consists of a non-metropolitan county , administered by Somerset County Council , which is divided into five districts , and two unitary authorities . The districts of Somerset are West Somerset , South Somerset , Taunton Deane , Mendip and Sedgemoor . North Somerset and Bath and North East Somerset historically came under Somerset County Council . In 1974 they became part of county of Avon , and in 1996 they became administratively independent when Avon was broken up into unitary authorities .   Many of the buildings included in the list are listed buildings or scheduled monuments . Listed status refers to a building or other structure officially designated as being of special architectural , historical , or cultural significance ; Grade I structures are those considered to be `` buildings of exceptional interest '' . Listing was begun by a provision in the Town and Country Planning Act 1947 . A scheduled monument is a `` nationally important '' archaeological site or historic building , given protection against unauthorised change . Scheduled monuments are specified in the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 , which defines a monument as :

neg: Tredegar House Tredegar House ( Welsh : Tŷ Tredegar ) is a 17th-century Charles II-era country house mansion in Coedkernew , at the western edge of the city of Newport , Wales . For over five hundred years it was home to the Morgan family , later Lords Tredegar ; one of the most powerful and influential families in the area . Described as `` The grandest and most exuberant country house '' in Monmouthshire and one of the `` outstanding houses of the Restoration period in the whole of Britain '' , the mansion stands in a reduced landscaped garden of 90 acre ( 0.14 of a square mile ) forming the non-residential part of Tredegar Park . The property became a Grade I listed building on 3 March 1952 and has been under the care of the National Trust since March 2012 .   The Welsh name of the house is nowadays `` Tŷ Tredegar '' , but this is somewhat unauthentic and is obviously a translation of `` Tredegar House '' . The name is merely `` Tredegar '' historically , or to cite an earlier form ( 1550 ) `` Tredegyr '' ( the form Tredegar shows the influence of the local Gwentian dialect of Welsh ) . A form more in keeping with Welsh naming practice , instead of tŷ , would be Plas Tredegar or Plas Tredegyr but it does not seem that this was ever in use either .   Tredegyr is `` farmstead of Tegyr '' ( tre , a form of tref = farmstead ) + soft mutation ( t > d ) + Tegyr . A Brythonic form * Tecorix ( fair king ) might be supposed , as such a form would have resulted in Welsh `` Tegyr '' following normal processes in the development of Welsh from Brythonic . There is a similar name in Denbighshire -- Botegyr , meaning `` Tegyr 's dwelling '' , < Bod Degyr < ( bod = dwelling ) + ( soft mutation t > d ) + ( Tegyr ) .

neg: Frogmore House Frogmore House is a 17th-century English country house owned by the Crown Estate . The house is situated within the Frogmore Estate , which is itself located within the grounds of the Home Park , Windsor , Berkshire . Half a mile south of Windsor Castle , Frogmore was let to a number of tenants until the late 18th century , when it was used intermittently as a residence for several members of the royal family .   The house is currently uninhabited , but it is used by the royal family to host both private and official events . It is a Grade I listed building .

neg: Baron Herbert Baron Herbert is a title in the Peerage of England . It was created by writ in 1461 for William Herbert , who was later made Earl of Pembroke . The second Earl of Pembroke surrendered his earldom in return for another earldom , Huntingdon . The barony , however , passed to his daughter Elizabeth , who would later marry the first Earl of Worcester . At Elizabeth 's death , the title passed to her son , who would later inherit the earldom of Worcester . Later , the fifth Earl was made Marquess of Worcester , and the third Marquess became Duke of Beaufort . Thereafter , the barony and dukedom remained united until 1984 , when , upon the death of the tenth Duke , the barony fell into abeyance . Then , in 2002 , the Queen terminated the abeyance of the barony of Herbert in favour of the last holder 's great-nephew , David John Seyfried . Yet it is still unknown as to whether or not the bloodline of the true descendants is placed otherwise in the world abroad .

neg: Irvine Company The Irvine Company is an American private company focused on real estate development . It is headquartered in Newport Center , California , with a large portion of its operations centered in and around Irvine , California , a planned city of 250,000 people mainly designed by the Irvine Company . The company was founded by the Irvine family and is currently wholly owned by Donald Bren . Since the company is private , its financials are not released to the public . However , Donald Bren is the richest real estate developer in the United States , valued at $ 15.2 billion .

neg: Private bank Private banks are the banks owned by either the individual or a general partner ( s ) with limited partner ( s ) . Private banks are not incorporated . In any such case , the creditors can look to both the `` entirety of the bank 's assets '' as well as the entirety of the sole-proprietor 's / general-partners ' assets .   These banks have a long tradition in Switzerland , dating back to at least the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes ( 1685 ) . Private banks also have a long tradition in the UK where C. Hoare & Co. has been in business since 1672 .   There were many private banks in Europe , but most have now become incorporated companies , so the term is rarely true any more . Today , the term `` private bank '' can also refer to the financial institution specializing in financial advice and services for high-net-worth individuals ( private banking ) .   `` Private banks '' can also refer to non-government owned banks in general , in contrast to government-owned ( or nationalized ) banks , which were prevalent in communist , socialist and some social democratic states in the 20th century .

neg: Dingestow Court Dingestow Court , at Dingestow , Monmouthshire , Wales , is a Victorian country house with earlier origins and later additions . Newman describes it as `` one of the county 's major houses . '' The court has been designated a Grade II * listed building since 5 January 1952 .   The court has an `` unusually complicated building history . Its origins are the early sixteenth-century house of the Jones family , '' of which part of the gatehouse range survives . In the late eighteenth century , the main house was rebuilt by James Duberley and was then acquired by Samuel Bosanquet in 1801 . In the mid-nineteenth century , Sir John Bosanquet commissioned Lewis Vulliamy to extend and restore the house , followed , some twenty years later , with limited additions , although much more extensive plans , by John Prichard and John Pollard Seddon . An east wing and interior re-modelling were undertaken in the late nineteenth century and finally the kitchen wing was added in 1927 .   The varied building history of the court is reflected in its rather disjointed appearance . Vulliamy 's south front is a near copy of that of the mansion of Franks Hall , Horton Kirby , Kent . The west front includes the original sixteenth-century gatehouse . The interior is little more co-ordinated but contains some `` significant '' nineteenth century rooms .   The grounds were laid out by Edward Milner in the nineteenth century . They are a largely complete example of a nineteenth-century park .   The court remains the private home of the Bosanquets and is not open to the public , although the grounds are occasionally opened for charitable events .

neg: Picton Castle Picton Castle ( Castell Pictwn ) is a medieval castle near Haverfordwest in Pembrokeshire , Wales . Originally built at the end of the 13th century by a Flemish knight , it later came into the hands of Sir John Wogan , and is till this day inhabited by his descendants , the Philipps family ( see Baron Milford and Viscount St Davids ) . It is of unusual construction and has been remodelled several times during its history . It is a Grade I listed building .

neg: Treasure Houses of England The Treasure Houses of England is a heritage consortium founded in the early 1970s by nine of the foremost stately homes in England still in private ownership , with the aim of marketing and promoting themselves as tourist venues .   Ten houses are now in the group . These are ( together with their historic owners ) :   Beaulieu Palace House ( Dukes of Montagu ) ( now owned by Lord Montagu of Beaulieu )  Blenheim Palace ( Dukes of Marlborough )  Burghley House ( The Cecil family ) ( now owned by Burghley House Preservation Trust ) .  Castle Howard ( Earls of Carlisle ) ( now owned by The Hon. Simon Howard )  Chatsworth House ( Dukes of Devonshire )  Harewood House ( Earls of Harewood )  Hatfield House ( Marquesses of Salisbury )  Holkham Hall ( Earls of Leicester )  Leeds Castle ( Olive , Lady Baillie ) ( now owned by Leeds Castle Foundation )  Woburn Abbey ( Dukes of Bedford )

neg: Philip Herbert, 7th Earl of Pembroke Philip Herbert , 7th Earl of Pembroke , 4th Earl of Montgomery KB ( 1652/53 -- 29 August 1683 ) was an English nobleman and politician who succeeded to the titles and estates of two earldoms on 8 July 1674 on the death of his brother William Herbert , 6th Earl of Pembroke .   He was a homicidal maniac and convicted murderer , who has been called `` the infamous Earl of Pembroke . '' Although the murder of the magistrate Sir Edmund Berry Godfrey , which sparked the Popish Plot , has never been solved , a strong body of opinion points to Pembroke as the killer .

neg: Cabra Castle Cabra Castle is the name given to two castles , one now ruined , the other now used as an impressive luxury hotel . They are near the hamlet of Cabra , which is very near Kingscourt ( Irish : Dún a ' Rí ) in south-east County Cavan , Ireland .   The current Cabra Castle ( located just off the R179 , known locally as the Carrickmacross Road ) was constructed in a mixture of the `` neo-Norman-style '' and the `` Gothick-style '' in the first decade of the 19th-century . Much of the exterior is in a form of what might be described as the `` neo-Norman-style '' , while the interior is mainly `` Gothick '' ( as opposed to the later neo-Gothic styles ) . This structure was originally called Cormey ( or Cormy ) Castle , after the local townland where it was built . It was constructed for the Foster family , a local `` Ascendancy '' family . However , the cost of building the new country house effectively bankrupted the Foster family . So , in 1813 , shortly after the new Cormey Castle had been completed , the Fosters sold their new country house to their much wealthier neighbours , the Pratt dynasty , who were another local ` Ascendancy ' family .   The aristocratic Pratt family lived just across the Carrickmacross Road at the original Cabra House ( also sometimes known as Cabra Castle ) on the Cabra Estate , the family 's huge country estate . The Pratt family had owned the Cabra Estate since 1699 . In 1813 , Colonel Joseph Pratt added the new Cormey Castle and much of the Fosters ' Cormey Estate to his own Cabra Estate . Cormey Castle replaced the original Cabra House as the chief `` seat '' of the Pratt dynasty in County Cavan . Around 1820 , the Pratt family renamed Cormey Castle as Cabra Castle , the name it retains to this day .   The ruins of the original Cabra House , or Cabra Castle , can be seen on a slight height near the Wishing Well in what is now Dún a ' Rí Forest Park , formerly part of the Cabra Estate . The forest park is now owned by Coillte , the Irish Government 's forestry company .   Major Mervyn Pratt owned Cabra Castle and the Cabra Estate from 1927 until his death in December 1950 . The Major , however , mainly lived at Enniscoe , another country estate that the Pratt family had owned since the 1860s near Crossmolina in County Mayo . He was succeeded by his nephew , Tan Sri Dr. Mervyn Sheppard , a long-serving civil servant with the British Colonial Service in Malaya , who was the last member of the Pratt dynasty to own Cabra Castle . Due to the mounting costs of running the castle and running what remained of the Cabra Estate , he sold the country house to a local Catholic family , the Brennans , in 1964 . The Brennan family turned the castle into a hotel , which it remained up until they sold it in 1986 to a Mr. Mansour , a senior politician and businessman from the Emirate of Abu Dhabi in the U.A.E. Mansour closed the hotel with the intention of turning Cabra Castle back into a private country house once more . However , he never actually got round to restoring the castle as a private residence or restoring it to its former glory .   In 1991 , Mansour sold Cabra Castle to the Corscadden family , who run a number of hotels . They restored the castle and turned it into a luxury four-star hotel , reopening it as such in the early 1990s . It continues to be owned by the Corscadden family , and the castle remains a luxury hotel . The castle is very close to County Cavan 's border with both County Monaghan and , in particular , County Meath . About a hundred acres of land now makes up the surrounding demesne ( or park ) of Cabra Castle .

neg: Bronwydd Castle Bronwydd Castle ( or simply Bronwydd ) was a Welsh country house in Cardiganshire , owned by the Lloyd family . It is just south of Llangynllo/Llangunllo , halfway between Cardigan and Lampeter . Sir Thomas Lloyd , 1st Baronet rebuilt the original 18th-century house in the Gothic Revival style in the 1850s . The family sold the house in 1937 after the death of Sir Thomas ' son and daughter-in-law ; after World War II the house was stripped of its fittings and has been left in ruins .

neg: Crown dependencies The Crown dependencies are the Isle of Man in the Irish Sea , and the Bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey in the English Channel . They are independently administered jurisdictions , and do not form part of either the United Kingdom or the British Overseas Territories . They are self-governing possessions of the Crown ( defined uniquely in each jurisdiction ) . Internationally , the dependencies are considered `` territories for which the United Kingdom is responsible '' , rather than sovereign states . As a result , they are not member states of the Commonwealth of Nations . However , they do have relationships with the Commonwealth , the European Union , and other international organisations , and are members of the British -- Irish Council . They have their own teams in the Commonwealth Games . They are not part of the European Union ( EU ) , although they are within the EU 's customs area .   As the Crown dependencies are not sovereign states , the power to pass legislation affecting the islands ultimately rests with the government of the United Kingdom . However they each have their own legislative assemblies , with the power to legislate on many local matters with the assent of the Crown ( Privy Council , or in the case of the Isle of Man in certain circumstances the Lieutenant-Governor ) . In each case , the head of government is referred to as the Chief Minister .

neg: Stokesay Castle Stokesay Castle is a fortified manor house in Stokesay , Shropshire , England . It was built in the late 13th century by Laurence of Ludlow , then the leading wool merchant in England , who intended it to form a secure private house and generate income as a commercial estate . Laurence 's descendants continued to own the castle until the 16th century , when it passed through various private owners . By the time of the outbreak of the English Civil War in 1641 , Stokesay was owned by William Craven , the first Earl of Craven and a supporter of King Charles I . After the Royalist war effort collapsed in 1645 , Parliamentary forces besieged the castle in June and quickly forced its garrison to surrender . Parliament ordered the property to be slighted , but only minor damage was done to the walls , allowing Stokesay to continue to be used as a house by the Baldwyn family until the end of the 17th century .   In the 18th century the Baldwyns rented the castle out for a range of agricultural and manufacturing purposes . It fell into disrepair , and the antiquarian John Britton noted during his visit in 1813 that it had been `` abandoned to neglect , and rapidly advancing to ruin '' . Restoration work was carried out in the 1830s and 1850s by William Craven , the second Earl of Craven . In 1869 the Craven estate , now heavily in debt , was sold to the wealthy industrialist John Derby Allcroft who paid for another round of extensive restoration during the 1870s . Both of these owners attempted to limit any alterations to the existing buildings during their conservation work , which was unusual for this period . The castle became a popular location for tourists and artists , and was formally opened to paying visitors in 1908 .   Allcroft 's descendants fell into financial difficulties during the early 20th century , however , and it became increasingly difficult for them to cover the costs of maintaining Stokesay . In 1986 Jewell Magnus-Allcroft finally agreed to place Stokesay Castle into the guardianship of English Heritage , and the castle was left to the organisation on her death in 1992 . English Heritage carried out extensive restoration of the castle in the late 1980s . In the 21st century , Stokesay Castle continues to be operated as a tourist attraction , receiving 39,218 visitors in 2010 .   Architecturally , Stokesay Castle is `` one of the best-preserved medieval fortified manor houses in England '' , according to historian Henry Summerson . The castle comprises a walled , moated enclosure , with an entrance way through a 17th-century timber and plaster gatehouse . Inside , the courtyard faces a stone hall and solar block , protected by two stone towers . The hall features a 13th-century wooden-beamed ceiling , and 17th-century carved figures ornament the gatehouse and the solar . The castle was never intended to be a serious military fortification , but its style was intended to echo the much larger castles being built by Edward I in North Wales . Originally designed as a prestigious , secure , comfortable home , the castle has changed very little since the 13th century , and is a rare , surviving example of a near complete set of medieval buildings . English Heritage has minimised the amount of interpretative material displayed at the property and kept the castle largely unfurnished .

neg: St Mawes Castle St Mawes Castle ( Kastel Lannvowsedh ) is an artillery fort constructed by Henry VIII near Falmouth , Cornwall , between 1540 and 1542 . It formed part of the King 's Device programme to protect against invasion from France and the Holy Roman Empire , and defended the Carrick Roads waterway at the mouth of the River Fal . The castle was built under the direction of Thomas Treffry to a clover leaf design , with a four-storey central tower and three protruding , round bastions that formed gun platforms . It was initially armed with 19 artillery pieces , intended for use against enemy shipping , operating in partnership with its sister castle of Pendennis on the other side of the estuary . During the English Civil War , St Mawes was held by Royalist supporters of King Charles I , but surrendered to a Parliamentary army in 1646 in the final phase of the conflict .   The castle continued in use as a fort through the 18th and 19th centuries . In the early 1850s , fears of a fresh conflict with France , combined with changes in military technology , led to the redevelopment of the fortification . The out-dated Henrician castle was turned into a barracks and substantial gun batteries were constructed beneath it , equipped with the latest naval artillery . In the 1880s and 1890s an electronically-operated minefield was laid across the River Fal , operated from St Mawes and Pendennis , and new , quick-firing guns were installed at St Mawes to support these defences . After 1905 , however , St Mawes ' guns were removed , and between 1920 and 1939 it was run by the state as a tourist attraction .   Brought back into service in the Second World War , naval artillery and an anti-aircraft gun were installed at the castle to defend against the risk of German attack . With the end of the war , St Mawes again returned to use as a tourist attraction . In the 21st century , the castle is operated by English Heritage . The castle has elaborate , carved 16th-century decorations including sea monsters and gargoyles , and the historian Paul Pattison has described the site as `` arguably the most perfect survivor of all Henry 's forts '' .

neg: Campden Hill Campden Hill is an area of high ground in west London between Notting Hill , Kensington and Holland Park . The name derives from the former Campden House , built for Baptist Hicks , 1st Viscount Campden who also owned Campden House in the Gloucestershire town of Campden .   The area is characterised by large Victorian houses which are part of the Phillimore estate . Aubrey House is situated on Campden Hill .   The street called Campden Hill runs from Campden Hill Road to Holland Park . It was built on part of the grounds of the former Bute House .   Bute House was built c. 1812 , and was named after the second Marquess of Bute who lived there from 1830 until 1842 . The next occupant was the Honourable William Sebright Lascelles , the brother of the third Earl of Harewood ; his widow Lady Lascelles lived there until 1856 . The sixth Duke of Rutland lived there from 1865 until his death in 1888 . The last owner was Blundell Charles Weld , a Lancashire landowner , who renamed the house Blundell House . After he left the house in 1912 or 1913 it was demolished .   1 Campden Hill was built in 1915 by Edward P. Warren for Colonel Edmond Hills , President of the Royal Astronomical Society and his wife Juliet . From the 1950s to 2001 , it was the residence of the Ambassador of Uruguay and has since been marketed by the Phillimore Estate as a private home .   Campden Hill Gate , a mansion block , was used for the filming of the ITV dramatisation of the Agatha Christie short story , `` The Adventure of the Cheap Flat '' ( 1990 ) in their Agatha Christie 's Poirot series . Earlier Campden Hill had been the setting for a popular mystery story by Victor Bridges : The Red Lodge : A Mystery of Campden Hill ( 1924 ) .   50 Campden Hill Square , was the home , from 1907 to 1939 , of Evelyn Underhill Christian philosopher , teacher and pacifist . It is marked with a blue plaque .   The Windsor Castle is a Grade II listed public house at 114 Campden Hill Road , dating from 1826 .   It is also the site of reservoirs established in the 19th century by the Grand Junction Waterworks Company and the West Middlesex Waterworks Company .


query: Cloud Atlas is adapted from a novel by a corpse.

pos: Cloud Atlas (film) Cloud Atlas is a 2012 German-American science fiction film written and directed by The Wachowskis and Tom Tykwer . Adapted from the 2004 novel of the same name by David Mitchell , the film has multiple plots set across six different eras , which Mitchell described as `` a sort of pointillist mosaic . '' The official synopsis describes it as `` an exploration of how the actions of individual lives impact one another in the past , present and future , as one soul is shaped from a killer into a hero , and an act of kindness ripples across centuries to inspire a revolution . '' Tom Hanks , Halle Berry , and Jim Broadbent lead an ensemble cast .   The film was produced by Grant Hill , Stefan Arndt , the Wachowskis , and Tykwer . During four years of development , the project met difficulties securing financial support ; it was eventually produced with a $ 102 million budget provided by independent sources , making it one of the most expensive independent films of all time . Production began in September 2011 at Studio Babelsberg in Potsdam-Babelsberg , Germany .   It premiered on 8 September 2012 at the 37th Toronto International Film Festival and was released on 26 October 2012 in conventional and IMAX cinemas . It polarized critics , and has been included on various Best Film and Worst Film lists . It was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score for Tykwer ( who co-scored the film ) , Johnny Klimek , and Reinhold Heil . It received several nominations at the Saturn Awards including Best Science Fiction Film , winning for Best Editing and Best Make-up .

neg: Anachrophobia Anachrophobia is a BBC Books original novel written by Jonathan Morris and based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who . It features the Eighth Doctor , Fitz and Anji .

neg: HEX (2013 novel) HEX is a horror novel by Dutch author Thomas Olde Heuvelt . It was first published in Dutch in 2013 through Luitingh-Sijthoff and was published in English in 2016 through Tor Books , marking the first time one of Olde Heuvelt 's novels have been published in English . The English version was translated by Nancy Forest-Flier and the decision was made to localize the work by shifting the story 's setting from the Netherlands to New York .   While re-writing the work to change the setting from Beek to New York , Olde Heuvelt also re-wrote and changed the book 's ending from the original Dutch version .   Film and television rights for HEX have been purchased by Warner Brothers .

neg: The Death Dealers The Death Dealers is a mystery novel by Isaac Asimov published in 1958 ( later republished as A Whiff of Death , Asimov 's preferred title ) . It is about a university professor whose research student dies while conducting an experiment . The professor attempts to determine if the death was accident , suicide or murder .   The novel was Asimov 's first novel-length mystery ( non-science fiction ) story . He had already published several mystery short stories , later collected as Asimov 's Mysteries , in some of which the mystery was solved by applying known science . Asimov 's previous two novels from his Robots series combined mystery with science fiction .

neg: Santa Evita Santa Evita is a 1995 novel by the Argentine writer Tomás Eloy Martínez . In a blend of fact and fiction , the novel focuses on the Argentine first lady Eva Perón , and tracks her embalmed corpse after her death from cancer at age 33 . The book became a bestseller in Argentina and has been widely translated . Worldwide , it estimated to have sold 10 million copies , which makes it one of the best-selling books of all time .

neg: Beneath the Gated Sky Beneath the Gated Sky is a science-fiction novel by Robert Reed , first published in 1997 . It describes a world in which the sky undergoes a transformation that prevents people from seeing the stars , giving them instead a view of the other side of the world , as if the Earth had been turned inside out . The entire universe seems to have been rebuilt by an intelligence so that each body of matter exists in a structure that connects all matter together allowing travel between worlds using `` quantum intrusions '' . The intrusions only allow minds , or as some would maintain , souls to pass through , emerging on the other side as a fully formed member of whatever species exists on the new world .   The novel is a sequel to Beyond the Veil of Stars , and follows that novel 's protagonists , Cornell Novak and Porsche Neal , as they deal with their new relationship , the secret activities of the government agency that they worked for , and the possibility that some visitors from other worlds are working to destroy human society so they can take over .

neg: The Lost World (Crichton novel) The Lost World is a techno thriller novel written by Michael Crichton and published in 1995 by Knopf . A paperback edition ( ISBN 0-345-40288-X ) followed in 1996 . It is a sequel to his earlier novel Jurassic Park . In 1997 , both novels were re-published as a single book titled Michael Crichton 's Jurassic World , unrelated to the 2015 film of the same name .

neg: Underground (Dreyfus book) Underground : Tales of Hacking , Madness and Obsession on the Electronic Frontier is a 1997 book by Suelette Dreyfus , researched by Julian Assange . It describes the exploits of a group of Australian , American , and British black hat hackers during the late 1980s and early 1990s , among them Assange himself .   Craig Bowen ( nickname ) , administrator of two important Australian BBS ( Pacific Island and Zen )  Par , a.k.a. . The Parmaster , an American hacker who avoided capture by the United States Secret Service from July 1989 to November 1991  Phoenix , Electron and Nom , who were convicted in the first major Australian trial for computer crimes  Pad and Gandalf , the British founders of the notorious 8lgm group  the Australian Mendax ( Julian Assange ) and Prime Suspect , who managed to penetrate the DDN , NIC and the Nortel internal network , and the phreaker Trax . Together , the three were known as the `` International Subversives '' .  Anthrax , another Australian hacker and phreaker   The book also mentions other hackers who had contacts with the protagonists , among them Erik Bloodaxe of the Legion of Doom and Corrupt of the Masters of Deception .   The first chapter of Underground relates the diffusion and reactions of the computer security community to the WANK worm that attacked DEC VMS computers over the DECnet in 1989 and was purportedly coded by a Melbourne hacker .   , the book has sold 10,000 copies .  The author made the electronic edition of the book freely available in 2001 , when it was announced on Slashdot , the server housing the book crashed due to the demand for the book . It reached 400,000 downloads within two years .   The 2002 documentary In the Realm of the Hackers , directed by Kevin Anderson and centered on Phoenix and Electron , was inspired by this book .

neg: The Enterprise of Death The Enterprise of Death is a historical fantasy novel by Jesse Bullington , published in 2011 . It recounts the journeys of Awa , a lesbian Moor necromancer , through an irreverently portrayed 16th-century Europe , helped by friends who include historical figures such as the polymath Paracelsus and the artist-mercenary Niklaus Manuel .

neg: The Killing of Worlds The Killing of Worlds is a science fiction novel by American writer Scott Westerfeld .   The events detailed below immediately follow those of the novel The Risen Empire .

neg: Vitals (novel) Vitals is a 2002 science fiction/techno-thriller novel written by Greg Bear , and nominated for a John W. Campbell Memorial Award in 2002 .   It centres on Hal Cousins , a scientist who wishes to find a way to prevent death . He gets his funding from angel investors - rich businessmen who are keen to live a thousand years . However , on a fact-finding exploration in a small submarine , his pilot goes berserk , starts spouting gibberish , and tries to kill him . He survives , but when he gets back to the ship , he finds that a member of the crew also went mad and started spouting gibberish , killing four scientists on board the ship . The rest of the crew is distant from him , on the grounds of what he calls bad mojo . He is disowned by the sponsor in question . Hal 's twin brother Rob is shot , by someone who is later revealed to be Ben Bridger .   The story develops from there , taking in his twin brother 's widow , Lissa ; Rudy Banning , a once respected professor and writer turned into an anti-semitic conspiracy theorist by a brain-altering microbe ; and a scheming group of immortals who want to stay unique . They are able to do this because they have access to bacteriological research by Russian scientist Maxim Golokhov from the 1940s who was working for Beria and Stalin . Stalin possibly cameos in the story , but the issue is left vague .   There are five parts with different first-person narrators . Parts one , three , and five are narrated by Hal Cousins , and parts two and four are narrated by Benjamin Bridger .   By the end of the book , the main characters are all either dead , irrelevant , or the victim of mind-altering xenophages .   Some elements of the book relate to transhumanism and life extension . Biology is a major theme in Bear 's work , and bacteria and bacterial intelligence played a central role in his 1983 novel Blood Music as well .

neg: Coda (novel) Coda is a 1994 novel by Australian author Thea Astley .

neg: The Dying Sun The Dying Sun is a science fiction novel by Gary Blackwood , published in 1989 . Set in the mid-21st century , the book depicts a world where the sun 's light is actually diminishing over time , cooling the Earth ( as opposed to global warming ) , which causes a mass migration from the U.S. to Mexico . The large influx from the north causes overpopulation and a wave of violence in the south , and James and Robert , two friends , decide to go north to escape the crime-ridden south .   The novel is a 1990 Friends of American Writers Best Young Adult Novel .

neg: Chameleon (novel) Chameleon is a financial thriller novel written by Richard Hains set during the subprime mortgage crisis .

neg: Sickness Unto Death (manga) is a Japanese manga series written by Hikaru Asada and illustrated by Takahiro Seguchi . A two-volume compilation by Hakusensha was published on February 26 , 2010 . Vertical published the manga in the United States , releasing volume 1 on September 24 and volume 2 on November 19 , 2013 . The manga 's title is taken from Søren Kierkegaard 's book The Sickness Unto Death , which the character of Kazuma utilizes at various points throughout the manga .

neg: La Tumba La Tumba ( The Grave ) is a 1964 controversial novel written in Spanish by José Agustín .  It is a short novel , originally written as a series of tales ( `` Tedium '' ) in a literary workshop .   Some people rejected the novel because it freely touched ( and portrayed ) topics like abortion and sex , but the writers ' community praised it immensely . Despite Gabriel ´ s intellectual tone , the book was a huge editorial success , establishing Jose Agustin as a respected and profitable writer .   The novel was Agustín 's first work . A distinguished writer said at the time that he liked it , but it was `` naively pedantic . ''

neg: A Web of Air A Web of Air is a young adult post-apocalyptic science fiction novel by Philip Reeve . The sequel to Fever Crumb , it is the second book in the Mortal Engines Quartet prequel series . It was published in April 2010 .

neg: God's Puzzle is a 2002 Japanese novel by Shinji Kimoto . It has been adapted into a web manga series and a live-action film .

neg: James Bradley (Australian writer) James Bradley ( born 15 May 1967 ) is an Australian novelist and critic . Born in Adelaide , South Australia , he trained as a lawyer before becoming a writer .   His books include four novels and a book of poetry . His novels have been published internationally and won or been shortlisted for a number of major Australian literary awards , including The Age Fiction Book of the Year , the Miles Franklin Literary Award , the New South Wales Premier 's Literary Awards , the Commonwealth Writers Prize for Best First Book ( SE Asia and Pacific Region ) , the Courier-Mail Book of the Year Award , the Aurealis Best Novel Award ( Science Fiction category ) , the Adelaide Festival 's National Fiction Award , the Fellowship of the Australian Writers Literature Award , the Australian National Book Council 's ` Banjo ' Award and the Kathleen Mitchell Literary Award . He was also one of The Sydney Morning Herald '' 's Best Young Australian Novelists in 1997 and 2000 , and on 16 June 2008 The Resurrectionist was included as one of Richard & Judy 's Summer Reads for 2008 . He has also edited two anthologies , Blur , a collection of writing by young Australian writers , and The Penguin Book of the Ocean .   Bradley 's novels explore both past and future . The first , Wrack explores questions about the nature of history and the imaginary origins of Australia , drawing together the story of the semi-mythical `` Mahogany Ship '' , a Portuguese caravel supposedly wrecked on the southern coast of Australia , love stories and a murder-mystery . The second , The Deep Field , is set in a dystopic near-future and tells the story of a love affair between a photographer and a blind palaeontologist . The third , The Resurrectionist , based loosely on the story of the Burke and Hare murders details the fall from grace of a young anatomist , Gabriel Swift . And the fourth , Clade '' , uses the story of three generations of a family to explore the possible effects of climate change over the 21st century .   Bradley also writes as a critic , with reviews and articles appearing regularly in Australian newspapers and magazines , and blogs at City of Tongues . In 2012 he won the Pascall Prize for Criticism and was named Australian Critic of the Year .   He lives in Sydney with his partner , the novelist Mardi McConnochie .

neg: The Plague The Plague ( French : La Peste ) is a novel by Albert Camus , published in 1947 , that tells the story of a plague sweeping the French Algerian city of Oran . It asks a number of questions relating to the nature of destiny and the human condition . The characters in the book , ranging from doctors to vacationers to fugitives , all help to show the effects the plague has on a populace .   The novel is believed to be based on the cholera epidemic that killed a large percentage of Oran 's population in 1849 following French colonization , but the novel is placed in the 1940s . Oran and its environs were struck by disease multiple times before Camus published this novel . According to a research report by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Oran was decimated by the plague in 1556 and 1678 , but all later outbreaks , in 1921 ( 185 cases ) , 1931 ( 76 cases ) , and 1944 ( 95 cases ) , were very far from the scale of the epidemic described in the novel .   The Plague is considered an existentialist classic despite Camus ' objection to the label . The narrative tone is similar to Kafka 's , especially in The Trial whose individual sentences potentially have multiple meanings , the material often pointedly resonating as stark allegory of phenomenal consciousness and the human condition .   Camus included a dim-witted character misreading The Trial as a mystery novel as an oblique homage . The novel has been read as a metaphorical treatment of the French resistance to Nazi occupation during World War II . Additionally , he further illustrates the human reaction towards the `` absurd . '' The Plague represents how the world deals with the philosophical notion of the Absurd , a theory that Camus himself helped to define .

neg: Cypulchre Cypulchre is a 2014 science fiction novel by Canadian writer Joseph MacKinnon . The novel tells the story of the defamed and exiled inventor of the Outland Corporation 's noosphere VR technology . When he learns that the same technology that led to his downfall now threatens his family as well as the thousands synchronized to it , he joins forces with a team of hacktivists with whom he sets out to undo his criminal legacy .