query: Sense and Sensibility went on sale in the beginning of the 19th century.

pos: Sense and Sensibility Sense and Sensibility is a novel by Jane Austen , published in 1811 . It was published anonymously ; By A Lady appears on the cover page where the author 's name might have been . It tells the story of the Dashwood sisters , Elinor and Marianne , both of age to marry .   The novel follows the young women to their new home with their widowed mother , a meagre cottage on the property of a distant relative , where they experience love , romance and heartbreak . The novel is set in southwest England , London and Sussex between 1792 and 1797 .   The novel sold out its first print run of 750 copies in the middle of 1813 , marking a success for its author , who then had a second print run later that year . The novel continued in publication throughout the 19th , 20th and 21st centuries .

neg: Hurst and Blackett Hurst and Blackett was a publisher founded in 1852 by Henry Blackett ( May 26 , 1825 - March 7 , 1871 ) , the grandson of a London shipbuilder , and Daniel William Stow Hurst ( February 17 , 1802 - July 6 , 1870 ) . Shortly after the formation of their partnership Hurst and Blackett took over the business of the long established publisher Henry Colburn , for whom Daniel Hurst had worked for some years , and their earliest publications displayed `` Successors to Henry Colburn '' on the title pages . This was subsequently replaced by the epithet `` Publishers since 1812 '' , probably in reference to the date when Henry Colburn had commenced publishing .   Four of Henry Blackett 's sons became publishers . Hurst and Blackett were located on Great Marlborough Street , where Henry Colburn had maintained his premises , and later at Paternoster House , Paternoster Row , London and had offices in New York and Melbourne . They were taken over by Hutchinson , which later became part of Random House .

neg: Classical economics Classical economics ( also known as liberal economics ) asserts that markets function best with minimal government interference . It was developed in the late 18th and early 19th century by Adam Smith , Jean-Baptiste Say , David Ricardo , Thomas Robert Malthus , and John Stuart Mill . Many writers found Adam Smith 's idea of free markets more convincing than the idea , widely accepted at the time , of protectionism .   Adam Smith 's The Wealth of Nations in 1776 is usually considered to mark the beginning of classical economics . The fundamental message in Smith 's influential book was that the wealth of nations was based not on gold but on trade : That when two parties freely agree to exchange things of value , because both see a profit in the exchange , total wealth increases . Classical economics originally differed from modern libertarian economics in seeing a role for the state in providing for the common good . Smith acknowledged that there were areas where the market is not the best way to serve the common good , and he took it as a given that the greater proportion of the costs supporting the common good should be borne by those best able to afford them .   Classical economists observe that markets generally regulate themselves , when free of coercion . Adam Smith referred to this as a metaphorical `` invisible hand '' , which refers to the notion that private incentives are aligned with society welfare maximization under certain competitive conditions . Smith warned repeatedly of the dangers of monopoly , and stressed the importance of competition .   There is some debate about what is covered by the term `` classical economics '' , particularly when dealing with the period from 1830 -- 75 , and how classical economics relates to Neoclassical economics .

neg: William Miller (British publisher) William Richard Beckford Miller ( 25 March 1769 -- 25 October 1844 ) was one of the leading English publishers of the late 18th and early 19th centuries , known for his popular and expensive titles . He began publishing on his own in 1790 at Bond Street in London . In 1812 he retired , aged 42 , selling his business and 50 Albemarle Street , his London home , to John Murray , the second publisher of that name .

neg: Dissociation of sensibility Dissociation of sensibility is a literary term first used by T. S. Eliot in his essay `` The Metaphysical Poets '' . It refers to the way in which intellectual thought was separated from the experience of feeling in seventeenth century poetry .

neg: The Rise of Silas Lapham The Rise of Silas Lapham is a realist novel by William Dean Howells published in 1885 . The story follows the materialistic rise of Silas Lapham from rags to riches , and his ensuing moral susceptibility . Silas earns a fortune in the paint business , but he lacks social standards , which he tries to attain through his daughter 's marriage into the aristocratic Corey family . Silas ' morality does not fail him . He loses his money but makes the right moral decision when his partner proposes the unethical selling of the mills to English settlers .   Howells is known to be the father of American realism , and a denouncer of the sentimental novel . The resolution of the love triangle of Irene Lapham , Tom Corey , and Penelope Lapham highlights Howells ' rejection of the conventions of sentimental romantic novels as unrealistic and deceitful .

neg: Strand, London Strand ( or the Strand ) is a major thoroughfare in the City of Westminster , Central London . It runs just over 3/4 mi from Trafalgar Square eastwards to Temple Bar , where the road becomes Fleet Street inside the City of London , and is part of the A4 , a main road running west from inner London .   The road 's name comes from the Old English strond , meaning the edge of a river , as it historically ran alongside the north bank of the River Thames . The street was popular with the British upper classes between the 12th and 17th centuries , with many historically important mansions being built between the Strand and the river . These included Essex House , Arundel House , Somerset House , Savoy Palace , Durham House and Cecil House . The aristocracy moved to the West End over the 17th century , following which the Strand became well known for coffee shops , restaurants and taverns . The street was a centre point for theatre and music hall during the 19th century , and several venues remain on the Strand . At the east end of the street are two historic churches : St Mary le Strand and St Clement Danes .   Several authors , poets and philosophers have lived on or near the Strand , including Charles Dickens , Ralph Waldo Emerson and Virginia Woolf . The street has been commemorated in the song `` Let 's All Go Down the Strand '' , now recognised as a typical piece of Cockney music hall .

neg: The Daily News (UK) The Daily News was a national daily newspaper in the United Kingdom .   The News was founded in 1846 by Charles Dickens , who also served as the newspaper 's first editor . It was conceived as a radical rival to the right-wing Morning Chronicle . The paper was not at first a commercial success . Dickens edited 17 issues before handing over the editorship to his friend John Forster , who had more experience in journalism than Dickens . Forster ran the paper until 1870 . Charles Mackay , Harriet Martineau , George Bernard Shaw , H. G. Wells , G. K. Chesterton and Ferdinando Petruccelli della Gattina were among the leading reformist writers who wrote for the paper during its heyday . In 1870 , the News absorbed the Morning Star . In 1876 , Daily News and its correspondent Edwin Pears , and later Januarius MacGahan , sounded the first alarm respecting the Turkish atrocities in Bulgaria .   In 1901 , Quaker chocolate manufacturer George Cadbury bought the Daily News and used the paper to campaign for old age pensions and against sweatshop labour . As a pacifist , Cadbury opposed the Boer War -- and the Daily News followed his line .   In 1906 , the News sponsored an exhibition on sweated labour at the Queen 's Hall . This exhibition was credited with strengthening the women 's suffrage movement . In 1909 , H. N. Brailsford and H. W. Nevinson resigned from the paper when it refused to condemn the force feeding of suffragettes .   In 1912 , the News merged with the Morning Leader , and was for a time known as the Daily News and Leader . In 1928 , it merged with The Westminster Gazette , and in 1930 , with the Daily Chronicle to form the centre-left News Chronicle .   The chairman from 1911 to 1930 was Edward Cadbury , eldest son of George Cadbury .

neg: Theatre Royal, Birmingham The Theatre Royal , originally the New Theatre , was a 2000-seat theatre located on New Street in Birmingham , England . It was erected in 1774 and demolished in 1956 .   The theatre was damaged by fire in 1792 and again in 1820 , after which it was rebuilt . In 1897 , W. S. Gilbert 's The Fortune Hunter premiered at the theatre . The theatre was rebuilt again in 1902 , designed by Ernest Runtz , reopening in 1904 with 2200 seats . This building lasted until 1956 when it was closed and demolished . The Woolworth Building was then constructed on the site , seen today as the location of a branch of Boots and Bella Italia .

neg: The Plain Dealer (play) The Plain Dealer is a Restoration comedy by William Wycherley , first performed on 11 December 1676 . The play is based on Molière 's Le Misanthrope , and is generally considered Wycherley 's finest work along with The Country Wife .   The play was highly praised by John Dryden and John Dennis , though it was equally condemned for its obscenity by many . Throughout the eighteenth century it was performed in a bowdlerized version by Isaac Bickerstaffe .   The title character is Captain Manly , a sailor who doubts the motives of everyone he meets except for his sweetheart , Olivia , and his friend , Vernish . When Olivia jilts him and marries Vernish , he attempts to gain revenge by sending a pageboy ( who , unknown to him , is a girl in disguise and is in love with him ) to seduce Olivia . When the truth of the page 's identity is discovered , Manly marries her instead .   The French philosopher , historian , and dramatist Voltaire adapted The Plain Dealer to make his own play , titled La Prude ( The Prude ) .   Comments from 1911 Britannica :   Scarcely inferior to The Country Wife is The Plain Dealer -- a play of which Voltaire said , `` Je ne connais point de comédie chez les anciens ni chez les modernes où il y ait autant d'esprit . '' ( `` I know not of a single comedy of either the ancients or the moderns where there is so much wit . '' ) This comedy had an immense influence , as regards manipulation of dialogue , upon all subsequent English comedies of repartee , and he who wants to trace the ancestry of Tony Lumpkin and Mrs Hardcastle ( in She Stoops to Conquer by Oliver Goldsmith ) has only to turn to Jerry Blackacre and his mother , while Manly ( for whom Wycherley 's early patron , the Duke of Montausier , sat ) , though he is perhaps overdone , has dominated this kind of stage character ever since . If but few readers know how constantly the blunt sententious utterances of this character are reappearing , not on the stage alone , but in the novel and even in poetry , it is because a play whose motive is monstrous and intolerable can only live in a monstrous and intolerable state of society ; it is because Wycherley 's genius was followed by Nemesis , who always dogs the footsteps of the denier of literary art . When Burns said : `` The rank is but the guinea stamp , The man 's the gowd for a ' that '' ; when Sterne , in Tristram Shandy , said , `` Honours , like impressions upon coin , may give an ideal and local value to a bit of base metal , but gold and silver will pass all the world over without any other recommendation than their own weight , '' what did these writers do but adopt -- adopt without improving -- Manly 's fine saying to Freeman , in the first act : `` I weigh the man , not his title ; 't is not the king 's stamp can make the metal better or heavier '' ? And yet it is in the fourth and fifth acts that the coruscation of Wycherley 's comic genius are the most dazzling ; also , it is there that the licentiousness is the most astonishing . Not that the worst scenes in this play are really more wicked than the worst scenes in Vanbrugh 's Relapse , but they are more seriously imagined . Being less humorous than Vanbrugh 's scenes , they are more terribly and earnestly realistic ; therefore they seem more wicked . They form indeed a striking instance of the folly of the artist who selects a story which can not be actualized without hurting the finer instincts of human nature .

neg: The Tale of Chloe The Tale of Chloe , subtitled An Episode in the History of Beau Beamish , is a novel by English novelist George Meredith , first published in 1879 , and as a novel in 1890 .

neg: Psalmist movement Psalmist movement is a term that covers a period of mass musical education in Britain having its roots in the dissenting congregational church singing organisations of late 18th century in regional Scotland and Northern England , which , by the mid-19th century , was to become a vibrant metropolitan cultural institution , coinciding with radical developments in broader national schools policy , the latter owing much to the teaching methods used by the psalmist singing schools . It is sometimes also referred to as the ` choral revival ' .   The names most often associated with the ` movement ' in Britain are John Curwen ( 1816 -- 1880 ) , Sarah Anne Glover ( 1785 -- 1867 ) and John Pyke Hullah ( 1812 -- 24 ) , However it had its philosophical roots in Europe , particularly in the social idealism of Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi . In Bernarr Rainbow 's words ` As a result of the series of weekly massed singing classes introduced at Exeter Hall under government sanction , the people of London became more musically conscious between 1841 and 1843 than they had ever been . '

neg: Pride and Prejudice (1958 TV series) Pride and Prejudice is a 1958 British television adaptation of the novel of the same name , which aired on the BBC . Cast included Alan Badel , Pamela Binns , Jane Downs , Susan Lyall Grant , Marian Spencer , Vivienne Martin , Hugh Sinclair , William Squire , Joan Carol , Jeanne Elvin , Colin Jeavons , Barbara New , and Greta Watson . Six half-hour episodes were produced , presumably aired live ( since that was usually the case with BBC drama of the era ) , and telerecorded for overseas broadcast . All six episodes are believed to be lost .  The designer was Stephen Bundy , adaptation by Cedric Wallis and the producer was Barbara Burnham .

neg: The Man of Feeling The Man of Feeling is a sentimental novel published in 1771 , written by Scottish author Henry Mackenzie . The novel presents a series of moral vignettes which the naïve protagonist Harley either observes , is told about , or participates in . This novel is often seen to contain elements of the Romantic novel , which became prolific in the years following its publishing .

neg: Opera management Opera management is the management of the processes by which opera is delivered to audiences . A multifaceted task , it involves managing an opera company , primarily the singers and musicians who perform the operas , but in many cases also managing the opera house in which the company performs .   Opera is a complex art form involving high fixed costs and requiring complex management . In addition to the singers and musicians who form the core of the company its production requires scenery and costumes and sometimes dancers and non-singing actors . Fixed costs in today 's opera organizations -- keeping many of the singers and musicians on year-round contracts , and if managing their own theatre , the cost of workers needed to create and maintain the sets and costumes as well as the cost of maintaining and running the building -- combined with the costs of individual productions , make opera the most expensive of the performing arts . However , even in the 19th century when opera was largely run by individual impresarios rather than large organisations , opera management as a profession was characterised as `` a devouror of the fortunes of the victims it has tempted by its seductions '' . Frederick Gye , who turned the Royal Italian Opera in Covent Garden into one of London 's premiere opera houses in the 19th century and who shaped the careers of many famous singers , described opera management as a `` dreadful business '' .

neg: Art Nouveau furniture Furniture created in the Art Nouveau style was prominent from the late 19th century to the advent of the First World War . Unlike furniture made by the British Arts and Crafts movement , from which it emerged in stylistic respects , most Art Nouveau furniture was produced in factories by normal manufacturing techniques , which led to tensions with Arts and Crafts figures in England , who criticised continental Art Nouveau furniture for not being '' ` honestly ' constructed . It also tended to be expensive , as a fine finish , usually polished or varnished , was regarded as essential , and continental designs were usually very complex , with curving shapes that were expensive to make . It by no means entirely replaced other styles of furniture , which continued to be popular , with Art Nouveau styles largely restricted to an expensive `` art furniture '' category . The style was named for Siegfried Bing 's Maison de l'Art Nouveau gallery and shop in Paris , which opened in 1895 , and in France and Belgium furniture designers took up the style with more enthusiasm than those of most countries .   Several notable designers were architects who designed furniture for specific buildings they had also designed , a way of working inherited from the Arts and Crafts movement ; these include Charles Rennie Mackintosh , Antoni Gaudí , Hector Guimard and Victor Horta . Mackintosh 's furniture was relatively austere and geometrical , marked by elongated dimensions and right-angles . Continental designs were much more elaborate , often using curved shapes both in the basic shapes of the piece , and in applied decorative motifs . In many ways the old vocabulary and techniques of classic French 18th-century Rococo furniture were re-interpreted in a new style . Luxury veneers were used in the furniture of leading cabinetmakers Georges de Feure and others .   Alphonse Mucha produced a few designs , but was little involved with production . The École de Nancy ( School of Nancy in France ) , the Wiener Werkstätte in Vienna and the Deutscher Werkbund were groupings including many designers of Art Nouveau furniture . The Exposition Universelle de Paris in 1900 was an important showcase for designers , and the Prima Esposizione Internazionale d'Arte Decorativa Moderna at Turin in 1902 heavily featured the work of furniture designer Carlo Bugatti of Milan .

neg: Bennet family The Bennet family are a fictional family of dwindling Hertfordshire landed gentry , created by English novelist Jane Austen . The family plays a central role in the novel Pride and Prejudice , since it is the one to which the protagonist , Elizabeth , belongs . The complex relationships between its various members influence the evolution of the plot .   In a society where marriage is the only possible future for a young girl of good family , the presence in the household of five girls to marry with no other advantage than their good looks can only be a source of concern . Yet the Bennet couple do not assume their role as educators : the mother repeatedly makes a spectacle of herself , incapable of realizing that her behaviour is more likely to put off any rich , eligible young man who noticed the oldest and most pretty of her daughters . All the while , the father , an indifferent husband , whose mocking gaze only makes things worse , since he has long-since given up on reining in her behaviour , more intent on ` enjoying the show ' than in correcting her behaviour , and the behaviour of his younger daughters , regardless of how negatively it affects his daughters ' chances of respectable matches .   These girls show very different behaviors according to the education they received or provided themselves : the two eldest daughters , Jane and Elizabeth , show irreproachable conduct and are appreciated by their father , while Mary , less physically attractive , displays intellectual and musical pretensions , and the two youngest are both left almost abandoned to run wild under the sloppy , careless supervision of their ineffectual mother .   Other members of the Bennets staged by Jane Austen are , on the one hand Mrs Bennet 's brother and sister -- Mr. Gardiner and Mrs. Philips , on the other hand the designated heir of Mr. Bennet 's estate , his distant paternal second cousin , the pompous and foolish Mr. William Collins . Mr. Gardiner and Mrs. Philips contribute significantly to the progress and outcome of the story , but at a level and in a different register reflecting their respective social belonging . Collins 's character serves as a link between the gentry of Hertfordshire , to which the Bennets belong , and the large property owners Lady Catherine de Bourgh and Mr. Darcy .   The legal , financial or emotional interests that unite or divide the members of the Bennet family allow Jane Austen to build a complex picture of society and to raise a number of societal issues specific to her time , particularly concerning girls ' education and legitimacy of certain behaviors .

neg: Celestina (novel) Celestina is an eighteenth-century English novel and poet Charlotte Turner Smith 's third novel . Published in 1791 by Thomas Cadell , the novel tells the story of an adopted orphan who discovers the secret of her parentage and marries the man she loves . It is a courtship novel that follows the typical Cinderella plot while still commenting on contemporary political issues .   Celestina is a satire of traditional English class and gender assumptions , particularly the idea that nobility is connected to rank or wealth . The heroine 's worth lies in her `` enlightened human soul '' ; she is valuable in and of herself . As a model for young readers , Celestina was liberating -- she was independent and assertive . While Celestina is a heroine of sensibility who relies on her feelings to develop sympathy for others , it is the hero , Willoughby , who is the most sentimental of all , reversing the stereotypical association of strong emotions with femininity . In this novel , it is the women who remain strong and the men who are prey to their feelings .   Throughout the novel , Smith included portraits of herself and her husband . Readers were interested in her personal story and bought her works to discover what was happening in her life , therefore she included barely disguised autobiographical details in the novel .   The novel was well received by reviewers and eventually ran to four editions during the 1790s ; however , the novel was not published again until the 2000s . Jane Austen , who read Smith 's novels as they were published , responded to her description of sensibility with Sense and Sensibility .

neg: Firth, Pond & Company Firth , Pond & Company was an American music company that published sheet music and distributed musical instruments in the 19th and early 20th centuries . The company began in 1847 when William Hall broke with partners John Firth and Sylvanus Pond , thus disbanding their New York-based publishing company , Firth & Hall .   Firth and Pond reformed under the name Firth , Pond & Company . Publishing of sheet music made up their core business , and the company played a key role in the popularizing of works by songwriters such as Stephen Foster and Dan Emmett . They preferred material from the minstrel shows to more serious fare , although the company did publish material such as Foster 's non-blackface ballads and songs by Louis Moreau Gottschalk .   In the 1850s , demand steadily grew in the United States for guitars . Firth , Pond & Company offered the instruments under its imprint , advertising , `` Guitars of Our Own Manufacture , of Superior Tone and Finish , in Lined Case , for $ 15 to $ 50 '' . These were actually created by guitar makers such as C. F. Martin and James Ashborn . By 1855 , Firth , Pond & Company sold $ 50,000 in pianos and $ 30,000 in guitars and other instruments ; sheet music revenues were only $ 70,000 .   When Firth and Pond parted ways , the company split into Firth , Son & Company and William Pond & Company .

neg: Heywood Hill Heywood Hill , ( HH ) , is a bookshop at 10 Curzon Street in the Mayfair district of London . The shop was opened by Heywood Hill on 3 August 1936 . As of 2016 the store was owned by Peregrine Cavendish , 12th Duke of Devonshire and was managed by his son-in-law , Nicky Dunne . The staff of the store has substantial expertise in the location and acquisition of rare books and collections of books . They have the ability to select and acquire a library meeting the bespoke requests of a customer .

neg: Dandy A dandy historically , is a man who places particular importance upon physical appearance , refined language , and leisurely hobbies , pursued with the appearance of nonchalance in a cult of self . A dandy could be a self-made man who strove to imitate an aristocratic lifestyle despite coming from a middle-class background , especially in late 18th - and early 19th-century Britain .   Previous manifestations of the petit-maître ( French for small master ) and the Muscadin have been noted by John C. Prevost , but the modern practice of dandyism first appeared in the revolutionary 1790s , both in London and in Paris . The dandy cultivated cynical reserve , yet to such extremes that novelist George Meredith , himself no dandy , once defined cynicism as `` intellectual dandyism . '' Some took a more benign view ; Thomas Carlyle wrote in Sartor Resartus that a dandy was no more than `` a clothes-wearing man '' . Honoré de Balzac introduced the perfectly worldly and unmoved Henri de Marsay in La fille aux yeux d'or ( 1835 ) , a part of La Comédie Humaine , who fulfils at first the model of a perfect dandy , until an obsessive love-pursuit unravels him in passionate and murderous jealousy .   Charles Baudelaire defined the dandy , in the later `` metaphysical '' phase of dandyism , as one who elevates æsthetics to a living religion , that the dandy 's mere existence reproaches the responsible citizen of the middle class : `` Dandyism in certain respects comes close to spirituality and to stoicism '' and `` These beings have no other status , but that of cultivating the idea of beauty in their own persons , of satisfying their passions , of feeling and thinking ... . Dandyism is a form of Romanticism . Contrary to what many thoughtless people seem to believe , dandyism is not even an excessive delight in clothes and material elegance . For the perfect dandy , these things are no more than the symbol of the aristocratic superiority of mind . ''   The linkage of clothing with political protest had become a particularly English characteristic during the 18th century . Given these connotations , dandyism can be seen as a political protest against the levelling of egalitarian principles , often including nostalgic adherence to feudal or pre-industrial values , such as the ideals of `` the perfect gentleman '' or `` the autonomous aristocrat '' . Paradoxically , the dandy required an audience , as Susann Schmid observed in examining the `` successfully marketed lives '' of Oscar Wilde and Lord Byron , who exemplify the dandy 's roles in the public sphere , both as writers and as personae providing sources of gossip and scandal . Nigel Rodgers in The Dandy : Peacock or Enigma ? questions Wilde 's status as a genuine dandy , seeing him as someone who only assumed a dandified stance in passing , not a man dedicated to the exacting ideals of dandyism .


query: Family Guy has 15 seasons.

pos: Family Guy Family Guy is an American adult animated sitcom created by Seth MacFarlane for the Fox Broadcasting Company . The series centers on the Griffins , a family consisting of parents Peter and Lois ; their children Meg , Chris , and Stewie ; and their anthropomorphic pet dog Brian . The show is set in the fictional city of Quahog , Rhode Island , and exhibits much of its humor in the form of cutaway gags that often lampoon American culture .   The family was conceived by MacFarlane after developing two animated films , The Life of Larry and Larry & Steve . MacFarlane redesigned the films ' protagonist , Larry , and his dog , Steve , and renamed them Peter and Brian , respectively . MacFarlane pitched a seven-minute pilot to Fox in 1998 , and the show was greenlit and began production . Shortly after the third season of Family Guy had aired in 2002 , Fox canceled the series , with one episode left unaired . Adult Swim burned off the episode in 2003 , finishing the series ' original run . However , favorable DVD sales and high ratings for syndicated reruns on Adult Swim convinced the network to renew the show in 2004 for a fourth season , which began airing on May 1 , 2005 .   Since its debut on January 31 , 1999 , episodes of Family Guy have been broadcast . Its fifteenth season began on September 25 , 2016 . Family Guy has been nominated for 12 Primetime Emmy Awards and 11 Annie Awards , and has won three of each . In 2009 , it was nominated for an Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series , the first time an animated series was nominated for the award since The Flintstones in 1961 . Family Guy has also received criticism , including unfavorable comparisons to The Simpsons .   Many tie-in media have been released , including Stewie Griffin : The Untold Story , a straight-to-DVD special released in 2005 ; Family Guy : Live in Vegas , a soundtrack-DVD combo released in 2005 , featuring music from the show as well as original music created by MacFarlane and Walter Murphy ; a video game and pinball machine , released in 2006 and 2007 , respectively ; since 2005 , six books published by Harper Adult based on the Family Guy universe ; and Laugh It Up , Fuzzball : The Family Guy Trilogy ( 2010 ) , a series of parodies of the original Star Wars trilogy . In 2008 , MacFarlane confirmed that the cast was interested in producing a feature film and that he was working on a story for a film adaptation .   A spin-off series , The Cleveland Show , featuring Cleveland Brown , aired from September 27 , 2009 , to May 19 , 2013 . `` The Simpsons Guy '' , a crossover episode with The Simpsons , aired on September 28 , 2014 . Family Guy is a joint production by Fuzzy Door Productions and 20th Century Fox Television and syndicated by 20th Television . In 2013 , TV Guide ranked Family Guy the ninth Greatest TV Cartoon of All Time .   Family Guy premiered for a fifteenth season on September 25 , 2016 . A sixteenth season was silently renewed by Fox in May 2017 .

neg: Comedy Playhouse (series 16) The sixteenth series of Comedy Playhouse , the long-running BBC series , aired during 2014 , with only three episodes .

neg: Airport '07 `` Airport ' 07 '' is the twelfth episode of season five of the animated sitcom Family Guy . The episode originally broadcast on Fox on March 4 , 2007 . The plot follows the Griffin family 's neighbor Quagmire being dismissed from his job as a pilot after Peter sabotages his airplane by emptying the fuel tank , causing it to crash . Peter , Joe and Cleveland make a plan to get Quagmire his job back and , although the plan itself fails , Quagmire is re-hired .   Written by Tom Devanney and directed by John Holmquist , the episode received mostly positive reviews from critics . According to Nielsen ratings , it was watched by 8.59 million households in its original airing . The episode featured guest performances by Barclay DeVeau , Hugh Hefner , Phil LaMarr , Rachael MacFarlane and Fred Tatasciore , along with several recurring guest voice actors from the series .

neg: The Simpsons (season 25) The Simpsons '' ' twenty-fifth season began airing on Fox on September 29 , 2013 and ended on May 18 , 2014 .   In this season , Homer sells his Mapple stock to buy a bowling ball ; Marge blames herself and Kiss for Bart 's rebellious streak ( `` Four Regrettings and a Funeral '' ) ; Lisa becomes a cheerleader for Springfield 's football team ; and Homer delivers a baby ( `` Labor Pains '' ) . Guest stars for this season include Judd Apatow , Will Arnett , Anderson Cooper , Harlan Ellison , Zach Galifianakis , Stan Lee , Eva Longoria , Rachel Maddow , Elisabeth Moss , Joe Namath , Daniel Radcliffe , Aaron Sorkin , and Kristen Wiig . This is Al Jean 's 13th consecutive season as showrunner and 15th overall . Matt Groening , James L. Brooks , Matt Selman , and John Frink serve as executive producers . Executive producer Al Jean stated that Edna Krabappel will be retired from the show following the death of Marcia Wallace on October 25 , 2013 .   February 2014 held back Simpsons episodes , due to the transmission of the Super Bowl XLVIII in East Rutherford , New Jersey , United States ; the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi , Russia ; the 2014 Daytona 500 in Daytona Beach , Florida , US ; and the 86th Academy Awards in Hollywood , Los Angeles , California .   This season The Simpsons '' won three Primetime Emmy Awards out of four nominations , including an Primetime Emmy Award for Character Voice-Over Performance to Harry Shearer , who was the last member of the main cast to earn the award .

neg: There's Something About Marrying `` There 's Something About Marrying '' is the tenth episode of the sixteenth season of The Simpsons . In the episode , Springfield legalizes same-sex marriage to increase tourism . After becoming a minister , Homer starts to wed people to make money . Meanwhile , Marge 's sister Patty comes out as a lesbian and reveals that she is going to marry a woman named Veronica . Marge originally disapproves of this , making Patty frustrated . When Marge accidentally discovers that Veronica is a man cross-dressed as a woman , she decides to keep quiet about it knowing that Patty will be marrying a man . However , at the ceremony , she is so moved by Patty 's vow that she is forced to reveal Veronica 's secret . After the ceremony is abruptly cancelled , Marge tells Patty that she now accepts her sexuality .   This was the third time that an episode of The Simpsons focused on homosexuality . The episode -- written by J. Stewart Burns and directed by Nancy Kruse -- was inspired by the 2004 same-sex weddings that occurred in San Francisco . According to executive producer Al Jean , the staff wanted the episode to explore what the different characters ' stances on same-sex marriage were . Around the time of the episode 's original airdate , February 20 , 2005 , the same-sex marriage question was a hot political issue in the United States and the episode became controversial . `` There 's Something About Marrying '' received a lot of criticism from conservative groups , including the Parents Television Council and the American Family Association , that claimed it was promoting gay marriage . Jean stated in response that the staff was not taking a side on the issue and that they were just examining all sides of it . Positive reaction to the episode came from , among others , the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation and the gay-oriented website AfterEllen.com .   During the first airing , 10.5 million people watched `` There 's Something About Marrying '' and it became the highest rated episode of the season . The episode had received a lot of publicity in the media before its broadcast -- not only because of the same-sex marriage controversy but also because of Patty 's outing . It was revealed in July 2004 , that a character would come out as gay in the episode , leading to much speculation from fans and the press . Bookmaker websites were even posting odds on which character it would be , with Patty receiving the best odds .

neg: Living Single Living Single is an American television sitcom that aired for five seasons on the Fox network from August 29 , 1993 , to January 1 , 1998 . The show centered on the lives of six friends who share personal and professional experiences while living in a Brooklyn brownstone .   Throughout its run , Living Single became one of the most popular African-American sitcoms of its era , ranking among the top five in African-American ratings in all five seasons . The series was produced by Yvette Lee Bowser 's company , Sister Lee , in association with Warner Bros. . Television . In contrast to the popularity of NBC 's `` Must See TV '' -- first on Sunday nights and then later on Thursday nights in the 1990s -- many African-American and Latino viewers flocked to Fox . For the 1993 -- 94 season , Living Single aired on Sunday nights between Martin and Married ... with Children , and then on Thursday nights from 1994 to 1998 .

neg: The Giggity Wife `` The Giggity Wife '' is the eleventh episode of the eleventh season and the 199th overall episode of the animated comedy series Family Guy . It aired on Fox in the United States on January 27 , 2013 , and is written by Andrew Goldberg and directed by Brian Iles .   The episode 's plot concerns Quagmire accidentally becoming the husband of a prostitute . He then tries to bring the marriage to an end by pretending to be gay .

neg: When You Wish Upon a Weinstein `` When You Wish Upon a Weinstein '' is the twenty-second episode of Family Guys third season , and the original series finale . It originally aired on Cartoon Network 's Adult Swim on November 9 , 2003 , and on Fox on December 10 , 2004 . In the episode , Peter prays for a Jew to help him with his financial woes . After befriending a Jewish accountant , Max Weinstein , and discovering the wonders of their religion , Peter gets the idea of converting Chris to Judaism so he will be successful in life . Lois attempts to stop him , believing that success is not based on religion .   `` When You Wish Upon a Weinstein '' was written by Ricky Blitt and directed by Dan Povenmire . The episode was intended to air in 2000 as the beginning of the third season way after production was made years ago , but Fox executives were concerned about its content , believing it could be interpreted as anti-Semitic , and did not allow it to air on television . Due to popular demand , it was instead aired on Adult Swim in 2003 . This episode features guest performances from Andrea Beutener , Mark Hamill , Phil LaMarr , Ed McMahon , Peter Riegert , Mary Scheer , Ben Stein , and Nicole Sullivan .

neg: List of The Simpsons video games The Simpsons is an American animated television sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company . The series is a satirical parody of a middle class American lifestyle epitomized by its eponymous family , which consists of Homer , Marge , Bart , Lisa and Maggie . It is set in the fictional town of Springfield , and lampoons American culture , society and television , and many aspects of the human condition . The family was conceived by Groening shortly before a pitch for a series of animated shorts with producer James L. Brooks . Groening created a dysfunctional family and named the characters after members of his own family , substituting Bart for his own name . The shorts became a part of The Tracey Ullman Show on April 19 , 1987 and after a three-season run , the sketch was developed into a half-hour prime time show and became a hit series for Fox . The growing popularity of the series motivated video game developers to create video games based on the series . Two pinball machines have also been produced ; one self-titled , that was only made available for a limited time after the first season finale ( 1990 ) and The Simpsons Pinball Party ( 2003 ) . Additionally , several handheld device games have been released , such as Bartman : Avenger of Evil ( 1990 ) and Bart Simpson 's Cupcake Crisis ( 1991 ) .   Video games based on the series have reached multiple platforms since their debut in 1991 . The Simpsons '' ' first video game release , The Simpsons , developed and published by Konami , saw a release on the Commodore 64 and DOS , while Bart vs. the Space Mutants ( 1991 ) , developed by Imagineering , expanded the franchise into new platforms , including the Amstrad CPC , NES and Master System . Over the next few years , the franchise would continue to expand , releasing system-exclusive games , such as the PC 's Cartoon Studio ( 1996 ) and the PlayStation 's The Simpsons Wrestling ( 2001 ) . The release of The Simpsons Game ( 2007 ) , developed by EA Redwood Shores ( Visceral Games ) , further expanded the franchise , appearing on new platforms including the Wii , Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 . Due to the series ' longevity , The Simpsons video games have also spanned across many genres , such as the puzzle game Krusty 's Fun House ( 1992 ) , the sports game Itchy & Scratchy in Miniature Golf Madness ( 1994 ) and racing game Road Rage ( 2001 ) . The Simpsons is also one of the franchises spotlighted in the toys-to-life video game Lego Dimensions '' ( 2015 ) .

neg: The Looney Tunes Show The Looney Tunes Show is an American animated sitcom that ran from May 3 , 2011 , through August 31 , 2014 , on Cartoon Network . The show consist of two series , each containing 26 episodes , and features characters from the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies theatrical cartoons updated for the 21st century . It is produced by Warner Bros. . Animation . On July 29 , 2014 , producer Tony Cervone confirmed that the series would not be renewed for a third season in light of Wabbit . Looney Tunes : Rabbits Run is an animated direct-to-video spin-off film released on August 4 , 2015 .

neg: Parenthood (season 6) The sixth and final season of the American television series Parenthood premiered on September 25 , 2014 and concluded on January 29 , 2015 . The season order consists of 13 episodes . As part of the budget cuts made by NBC so that the series would have a sixth season , none of the main cast members appear in every episode . The season five budget was reportedly $ 3.5 million per episode , but the season six budget was only $ 3 million per episode .

neg: Meg Stinks! `` Meg Stinks ! '' is the nineteenth episode of the twelfth season of the animated comedy series Family Guy and the 229th episode overall . It aired on Fox in the United States on May 4 , 2014 , and is written by Danny Smith and directed by Bob Bowen . In the episode , Meg goes for a college interview and becomes the life of a party while Brian encounters a skunk and after getting sprayed , must learn to survive in the wild .

neg: Family Guy: The Quest for Stuff Family Guy : The Quest for Stuff is a freemium video game for Kindle , iOS , Android , Windows Phone 8 and Windows 8.1 based on the American animated series Family Guy released by Fox Digital Entertainment and developer TinyCo . It allows users to create and run their own version of Quahog using familiar characters and buildings . It features an original story conceived by the show 's writers in which Quahog has been destroyed and it is up to the player to bring it back to its former glory . Some of the show 's main actors , like Seth MacFarlane ( Peter , Stewie , Brian ) , Alex Borstein ( Lois ) , Mila Kunis ( Meg ) , and Seth Green ( Chris ) collaborated with TinyCo for the project .

neg: Total Drama All-Stars and Pahkitew Island Total Drama All-Stars and Total Drama : Pahkitew Island are two 13-episode segments that both make up the fifth season of the Canadian animated television series , Total Drama . The season was commissioned by Cartoon Network in October 2012 , ordering 26 episodes . It is a sequel to Total Drama Island , Total Drama Action , Total Drama World Tour , and Total Drama : Revenge of the Island . The season was produced by Fresh TV and the Aboriginal Peoples Television Network and distributed by Cake Entertainment . Owing to the series ' premise , the season presents itself as a parody of reality television series , such as Survivor .   The entire season first premiered in the United States starting on September 10 , 2013 on Cartoon Network for the first part , with the second part premiering in the United States on July 7 , 2014 for a two-week time period . In Canada , the first part premiered on Teletoon during their `` Ca n't Miss Thursdays '' time slot starting January 9 , 2014 . The second part of the season also premiered during their `` Ca n't Miss Thursdays '' time slot on Teletoon starting on September 4 , 2014 . The second half of the season also premiered on the APTN network in 2015 .

neg: Love Thy Trophy `` Love Thy Trophy '' is the fifth episode of the second season of the animated series Family Guy , a holdover from season 1 . It originally aired in the United States on Fox on March 14 , 2000 . In the episode , Peter and his neighbors create an award-winning float at a local parade . The trophy in question quickly becomes the neighbors ' obsession , and they begin fighting when it disappears . Meanwhile , Meg acquires a Prada purse with money from her new job as a waitress . She has falsely claimed that she is a teen mom and that baby Stewie is her neglected son for increased tips , subsequently causing him to be removed from his family and placed in a foster home . The neighbors set aside their differences and recover Stewie , losing Meg 's Prada purse in the process . The end of the episode reveals that Brian buried the trophy due to his natural urge to bury shiny things .

neg: Another Simpsons Clip Show `` Another Simpsons Clip Show '' is the third episode of The Simpsons ' sixth season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on September 25 , 1994 . In the episode , Marge reads a romance novel in bed , and it prompts her to have a family meeting , where the Simpson family recall their past loves in form of clips from previous episodes .   The episode was written by Jon Vitti ( credited as `` Penny Wise '' ) and directed by David Silverman . It is the second The Simpsons episode featuring a clip show format and uses clips from all the previous five seasons . The episode features cultural references to the 1992 book The Bridges of Madison County and the 1967 film The Graduate . The episode has received rather negative reviews , since clip shows tend to be the least favorite episodes among fans . It acquired a Nielsen rating of 8.7 and was the fourth highest rated show on the Fox network that week .

neg: The Splendid Source `` The Splendid Source '' is the 19th episode of the eighth season of the animated comedy series Family Guy . Directed by Brian Iles and written by Mark Hentemann , the episode originally aired on Fox in the United States on May 16 , 2010 . The episode follows Peter , Joe and Quagmire as they set out on a journey to find the ultimate source of all the world 's dirty jokes . Along the way , the group is reunited with their old friend , Cleveland Brown , while traveling through Stoolbend , Virginia . Their journey becomes much more difficult than expected when they are kidnapped and taken to a remote island . There , they discover a secret society of the world 's greatest geniuses at the center of all the world 's dirty jokes . The plot is based on a short story of the same name written by Richard Matheson and first published in the May 1956 edition of Playboy magazine .   The episode was a follow-up to the departure of main character Cleveland Brown , who was removed from Family Guy to become the center of the spin-off The Cleveland Show . Former series writer and cast member Mike Henry returned to the series to provide the voice of Cleveland . The episode also featured the first official crossover between Family Guy and The Cleveland Show , and included cameo appearances by several of The Cleveland Shows main characters . The episode was first announced at the 2009 San Diego Comic-Con International .   Critical response to the episode was favorable . Critics praised the episode for its original premise , and its under-reliance on cultural references , but criticized the episode 's plot . According to Nielsen ratings , it was viewed in 7.59 million homes in its original airing . The episode featured guest performances by Marc Alaimo , Gary Cole , Ioan Gruffudd , Sanaa Lathan , David Lynch , Kevin Michael Richardson and Wally Wingert , along with several recurring guest voice actors for the series . `` The Splendid Source '' was released on DVD along with ten other episodes from the season on December 13 , 2011 .

neg: Into Harmony's Way `` Into Harmony 's Way '' is the seventh episode of the twelfth season and the 217th overall episode of the animated comedy series Family Guy . It aired on Fox in the United States and Canada on December 8 , 2013 , and is written by Julius Sharpe and directed by Brian Iles .   This episode is notable for being the first of the series where Brian Griffin is absent ( as a result of his death in the previous episode , `` Life of Brian '' ) . He was replaced by Vinny in the episode and in the credits . This episode continues a three-episode arc depicting Brian 's death , replacement and resurrection .

neg: Degrassi (season 14) The fourteenth and final season of Degrassi , a Canadian serial teen drama television series , premiered on October 28 , 2014 . Although only four school years have passed in the story timeline since season six , season fourteen is set during the final weeks of the spring semester in the years it aired . Writers have been able to use a semi-floating timeline , so that the issues depicted are modern for their viewers . This season again depicts the lives of a group of high school freshmen , sophomores , juniors , seniors and graduates as they deal with some of the challenges and issues that teenagers face such as teenage pregnancy , dysfunctional families , sexism , arson , sexting , sexual identity , miscarriages , anxiety disorders , drug use , child abuse , abstinence , and gang violence .   The fourteenth season was announced on November 13 , 2013 . However , MTV Canada and TeenNick did not announce picking up the season until a month before the first episode was scheduled to air . Filming for the season commenced on April 11 , 2014 at Epitome Studios in Toronto . Filming continued into August , with a break before filming the final four episodes of the season in order to give Epitome the opportunity to start filming episodes for the first season of their new series . Filming for this season completed on October 6 , 2014 . On June 4 , 2015 , it was announced that Degrassi would no longer air on TeenNick or MTV Canada following the fourteenth season . However , on June 9 , 2015 , it was announced that Family Channel and Netflix had picked up the series and will air 20 new episodes in 2016 , renaming the show Degrassi : Next Class . This season featured the telenovela/soap opera format used in previous seasons , airing new episodes five days a week for the last two weeks of the season .

neg: Friends of Peter G. `` Friends of Peter G. '' is the tenth episode of the ninth season of the animated comedy series Family Guy . It aired on Fox in the United States on February 13 , 2011 . The episode follows Peter and Brian as they are forced to join Alcoholics Anonymous , due to their excessive drinking , much to their chagrin . Soon , however , Peter crashes his car while driving home drunk , and is approached by Death , who shows him what his life will be like if he continues to drink alcohol , as well if he had never drunk at all .   The episode was written by Brian Scully and directed John Holmquist . It received mostly mixed reviews from critics for its storyline and many cultural references . According to Nielsen ratings , it was viewed in 5.99 million homes in its original airing . The episode featured guest performances by H. Jon Benjamin , Adam Carolla , Carrie Fisher , Phil LaMarr , Jessica Stroup and Laura Vandervoort , along with several recurring guest voice actors for the series . It was first announced at the 2010 San Diego Comic-Con International .

neg: The Simpsons The Simpsons is an American animated sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company . The series is a satirical depiction of working-class life epitomized by the Simpson family , which consists of Homer , Marge , Bart , Lisa , and Maggie . The show is set in the fictional town of Springfield and parodies American culture , society , television , and the human condition .   The family was conceived by Groening shortly before a solicitation for a series of animated shorts with producer James L. Brooks . Groening created a dysfunctional family and named the characters after members of his own family , substituting Bart for his own name . The shorts became a part of The Tracey Ullman Show on April 19 , 1987 . After a three-season run , the sketch was developed into a half-hour prime time show and became an early hit for Fox , becoming the network 's first series to land in the Top 30 ratings in a season ( 1989 -- 90 ) .   Since its debut on December 17 , 1989 , episodes of The Simpsons have been broadcast . Its 28th season began on September 25 , 2016 . It is the longest-running American sitcom and the longest-running American animated program , and , in 2009 , it surpassed Gunsmoke as the longest-running American scripted primetime television series . The Simpsons Movie , a feature-length film , was released in theaters worldwide on July 27 , 2007 , and grossed over $ 527 million . On November 4 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a twenty-ninth and thirtieth season of 22 episodes each , extending the show to 2019 .   The Simpsons received widespread critical acclaim throughout its first nine seasons , which are generally considered its `` Golden Age '' . Time named it the 20th century 's best television series , and Erik Adams of The A.V. Club named it `` television 's crowning achievement regardless of format '' . On January 14 , 2000 , the Simpson family was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . It has won dozens of awards since it debuted as a series , including 31 Primetime Emmy Awards , 30 Annie Awards , and a Peabody Award . Homer 's exclamatory catchphrase `` D'oh ! '' has been adopted into the English language , while The Simpsons has influenced many adult-oriented animated sitcoms . Despite this , the show has also been criticized for what many perceive as a decline in quality over the years .


query: Boston's Boston Common was the first public park in the United States.

pos: Boston Boston ( pronounced -LSB- ˈbɒstən -RSB- ) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States . Boston is also the seat of Suffolk County , although the county government was disbanded on July 1 , 1999 . The city proper covers 48 mi2 with an estimated population of 667,137 in 2015 , making it the largest city in New England and the 23rd most populous city in the United States . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston , a Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA ) home to a census-estimated 4.7 million people in 2014 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country . Alternately , as a Combined Statistical Area ( CSA ) , this wider commuting region is home to some 8.1 million people , making it the sixth-largest as such in the United States .   One of the oldest cities in the United States , Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England . It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution , such as the Boston Massacre , the Boston Tea Party , the Battle of Bunker Hill , and the Siege of Boston . Upon U.S. independence from Great Britain , it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture . Through land reclamation and municipal annexation , Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula . Its rich history attracts many tourists , with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year . Boston 's many firsts include the United States ' first public school , Boston Latin School ( 1635 ) , first subway system , the Tremont Street Subway ( 1897 ) , and first public park , Boston Common ( 1634 ) .   The area 's many colleges and universities make Boston an international center of higher education , including law , medicine , engineering , and business , and the city is considered to be a world leader in innovation and entrepreneurship , with nearly 2,000 startups . Boston 's economic base also includes finance , professional and business services , biotechnology , information technology , and government activities . Households in the city claim the highest average rate of philanthropy in the United States ; businesses and institutions rank among the top in the country for environmental sustainability and investment . The city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States as it has undergone gentrification , though it remains high on world livability rankings .

neg: State Street Block (Boston) State Street Block ( built 1857 ) is a granite building near the waterfront in the Financial District of Boston , Massachusetts . Architect Gridley James Fox Bryant designed it . In the 1850s `` the Long and Central Wharf Corporation ... sold each bay to individual owners , requiring that ` the granite to be used for the sidewalk & facade of each bay must be purchased from the Corporation & erected according to the architect 's plan . ' ''   Walt Whitman visited Boston in 1860 , and wrote about what he saw : `` Noblest of all State Street Block , east of the Custom House , rough granite . The above probably one of the finest pieces of com -LSB- merical -RSB- architecture in the world . '' Another visitor travelling through Boston ( in 1859 ) called it `` a magnificent block . ''   In the mid-20th century , `` nearly three-quarters of the original 22-bay building ... was amputated for construction of the Central Artery ... and the roofline of the remainder has been destroyed . '' The surviving portion of the block was added as part of the Custom House District to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 .

neg: Boston Aquarial Gardens __ NOTOC __   The Boston Aquarial Gardens ( 1859-1860 ) was a public aquarium in Boston , Massachusetts , established by James Ambrose Cutting and Henry D Butler . The `` conservatories -LSB- were -RSB- filled with rare marine animals imported and collected exclusively for this establishment ; ... a perfect and striking illustration of life beneath the waters . '' The business was located on Bromfield Street in the Financial District .   In 1860 it moved to a new facility nearby , on Central Court , off Washington Street , and re-opened as the Boston Aquarial and Zoological Gardens .

neg: First Amendment to the United States Constitution The First Amendment ( Amendment I ) to the United States Constitution prohibits the making of any law respecting an establishment of religion , ensuring that there is no prohibition on the free exercise of religion , abridging the freedom of speech , infringing on the freedom of the press , interfering with the right to peaceably assemble , or prohibiting the petitioning for a governmental redress of grievances . It was adopted on December 15 , 1791 , as one of the ten amendments that constitute the Bill of Rights .   The Bill of Rights was originally proposed to assuage Anti-Federalist opposition to Constitutional ratification . Initially , the First Amendment applied only to laws enacted by the Congress , and many of its provisions were interpreted more narrowly than they are today . Beginning with Gitlow v. New York ( 1925 ) , the Supreme Court applied the First Amendment to states -- a process known as incorporation -- through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment .   In Everson v. Board of Education ( 1947 ) , the Court drew on Thomas Jefferson 's correspondence to call for `` a wall of separation between church and State '' , though the precise boundary of this separation remains in dispute . Speech rights were expanded significantly in a series of 20th and 21st-century court decisions which protected various forms of political speech , anonymous speech , campaign financing , pornography , and school speech ; these rulings also defined a series of exceptions to First Amendment protections . The Supreme Court overturned English common law precedent to increase the burden of proof for defamation and libel suits , most notably in New York Times Co. v. Sullivan ( 1964 ) . Commercial speech , however , is less protected by the First Amendment than political speech , and is therefore subject to greater regulation .   The Free Press Clause protects publication of information and opinions , and applies to a wide variety of media . In Near v. Minnesota ( 1931 ) and New York Times v. United States ( 1971 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that the First Amendment protected against prior restraint -- pre-publication censorship -- in almost all cases . The Petition Clause protects the right to petition all branches and agencies of government for action . In addition to the right of assembly guaranteed by this clause , the Court has also ruled that the amendment implicitly protects freedom of association .

neg: Boston Lyceum The Boston Lyceum ( est. 1829 ) of Boston , Massachusetts was a civic association dedicated to popular education in the form of `` lectures , discussions , ... declamation , '' and writing contests . It began `` in Chauncy Hall on 25 June 1829 . On 13 August 1829 it formed its classes and made provisions for lectures and debates . '' Annual members ' `` exhibitions '' of elocution took place in various venues around town , such as the Masonic Temple ( 1832 ) , Tremont Hall ( 1839 ) and the Odeon ( 1840 ) . Leaders included George Bancroft , Timothy Claxton , James T. Fields , Abbott Lawrence , William H. Prescott , William D. Ticknor , and Amasa Walker . Among the many lecturers : Nehemiah Adams , J.A. Bolles , David Paul Brown , Rufus Choate , William M. Cornell , C.C. Emerson , James Pollard Espy , Edward Everett , Dr. Grigg , George S. Hillard , Oliver Wendell Holmes , Dr. C.T. Jackson , N. Jones , Rev. John Pierpont , Edgar Allan Poe , John Osborne Sargent , William H. Simmons , Charles Sumner , B.B. Thatcher , Henry Theodore Tuckerman , Amasa Walker , and E.M.P. Wells .

neg: Black Heritage Trail The Black Heritage Trail is a path in Boston , Massachusetts , winding through the Beacon Hill neighborhood and sites important in American black history . The Black Heritage Trail links more than 15 pre-Civil War structures and historic sites , including the 1806 African Meeting House , the oldest surviving black church in the United States .   In 1783 , Massachusetts became the first U.S. state to declare slavery illegal -- mostly out of gratitude for black participation in the American Revolutionary War . Subsequently , a sizable community of free blacks and escaped slaves developed in Boston , settling on the north face of Beacon Hill , and in the North End . With a strong abolitionist community , Boston was long considered a desirable destination for southern black slaves escaping slavery via the Underground Railroad .

neg: Common Historic District (Reading, Massachusetts) The Common Historic District is a historic district encompassing the civic and institutional heart of Reading , Massachusetts . The district is centered on the town common , at the intersection of Main and Salem Streets . The common has been communally owned since at least 1737 , with the original burying ground ( expanded in the 19th century , and now known as Laurel Hill Cemetery ) to the north . In 1769 the area 's first meeting house ( church and civic building ) was built , giving the area a sense of identity separate from portions of Reading that would later be set off as Wakefield and North Reading . Since then the area has become a focal point for religious and civic institutions in the town .   The most prominent feature of the district is the First Congregational Church , a 1913 replica of an 1817 church designed by Asher Benjamin that was destroyed by fire . The other church in the district is the stone Gothic Revival Christian Science Church on the west side of the common . The west side also includes the major municipal buildings : the library and town hall are brick Georgian Revival buildings dating to the early 20th century , as does the similarly-styled old high school building .   There are also a few houses in the district , although a number of the older houses originally within its boundaries were moved to make way for some of the municipal buildings . One of the older houses is the 1817 Federal style house and shop of Thomas Pratt , located at the northeastern corner of the district . There is a row of 19th-century houses along Harnden and Salem Streets on the east side of the district .   The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985 .

neg: Expeditions and the protection of Yellowstone (1869–1890) This list summarizes the major expeditions to the Yellowstone region that led to the creation of the park and contributed to the protection of the park and its resources between 1869 and 1890 .   When President Ulysses S. Grant created Yellowstone National Park with the signing of the Act of Dedication , March 1 , 1872 , it was the result of three major expeditions into the region , expeditions that brought the wonders of Yellowstone into public view . Prior to 1869 , the Yellowstone region -- its rivers , waterfalls , lakes , mountains , valleys and geothermal features were essentially part of an unknown and unexplored territory . Even after the creation of the park , the region remained largely unexplored and its resources unprotected for over a decade until the U.S. Army assumed management of the park in 1886 . Even after the U.S. Army took control , legal protection of the park 's resources was limited . From 1869 until 1890 , a number of notable expeditions contributed not only to the creation of the park , but to a broader public , social and scientific understanding of the park , its resources and wonders . This understanding ultimately led Congress and the Federal Government to adopt much stronger laws to protect the park and its resources culminating in the Lacey Act of 1894 .

neg: City Parks Foundation The City Parks Foundation is the only independent , nonprofit organization to offer programs in parks throughout the five boroughs of New York City . The organization works in over 750 parks citywide , presenting a broad range of free arts , sports , and education programs . Founded in 1989 , it is one of the oldest and largest citywide parks organizations in the country .   Programs offered by City Parks Foundation include free performing arts festivals such as Central Park SummerStage and the Charlie Parker Jazz Festival , which take place annually each summer in parks across all five boroughs of New York City . Sports programs include free instruction for city youth with CityParks Tennis , CityParks Golf , CityParks Track & Field , and the first of its kind , Junior Golf Center located adjacent to the Dyker Beach Public Golf Course in Bay Ridge , Brooklyn , and CityParks Seniors Fitness .   CityParks Education offers several educational programs turning parks into classrooms , reaching over 7,000 students and community members and 500 teachers each year . Programs include Coastal Classroom , Green Girls , CityParks Productions , Learning Gardens , and Seeds to Trees .   In addition , City Parks Foundation partners with the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation to offer Partnerships for Parks , an organization that supports the activity of over 60,000 volunteers in parks each year .

neg: Poets' Walk Park Poets ' Walk is located in Red Hook , New York , United States on the scenic River Road ( just north of the Kingston-Rhinecliff bridge ) . It is a `` romantic landscape '' , intended to celebrate the connection between landscape and poetry . The classic wooden vistas , sunlit fields and thick forest were the main focus of landscape architect Hans Jacob Ehlers ' vision for the property in 1849 .   The park 's mown and gravel paths are variously lined with wooden hand-crafted benches , and provide access to the 120 acre of fields and forest , as well as spectacular river views . The park 's walls of foliage and stone evoke outdoor `` rooms '' that reflect the 1849 landscape aims of Ehlers .   The distance from the Information Arbor at the beginning of the path to the Overlook Pavilion is about half a mile , and at a leisurely pace takes the average walker about 15 minutes . The return trip is slightly uphill and a bit longer . From the Pavilion to the Summerhouse ( via the Poets ' Walk Path ) is an additional 20 minutes ( one way ) , and from the Pavilion to the Flagpole is also 20 minutes ( one way ) .   The park has been visited by Fitz-Greene Halleck ( 1790 -- 1867 ) and many literary contemporaries , including Washington Irving ( 1783 -- 1859 ) and William Cullen Bryant ( 1794 -- 1878 ) and Jack Kerouac ( 1922-1969 ) .   Today , the visual integrity of the Park and its setting is protected by The Scenic Hudson Land Trust 's conservation easements on the surrounding 800 acre . The park is open from 9am until dusk ( 6pm in winter , 8pm during summer ) , and all visitors are expected to clean up after their pets and themselves : all trash brought in must be brought out , seeing as there are no trash receptacles along the walkway .

neg: Boylston Street Boylston Street is the name of a major east-west thoroughfare in the city of Boston , Massachusetts . The Boston street was known as Frog Lane in the early 18th century and was later known as Common Street . It was later again renamed for Ward Nicholas Boylston ( 1747 -- 1828 ) , a man of wealth and refinement , an officer of the Crown , and philanthropist . Boylston , who was a descendent of Zabdiel Boylston , was born in Boston and spent much of his life in it . The Boylston Market was named after him as was the town of Boylston , Massachusetts .   Another Boylston Street runs through Boston 's western suburbs , Newton and Brookline .

neg: Washington Square Park Washington Square Park is a 9.75 acre public park in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan , New York City . One of the best known of New York City 's 1,900 public parks , it is a landmark as well as a meeting place and center for cultural activity . It is operated by the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation .   The Park is an open space , dominated by the Washington Square Arch at the northern gateway to the park , with a tradition of celebrating nonconformity . The Park 's fountain area has long been one of the city 's popular spots for residents and tourists . Most of the buildings surrounding the park now belong to New York University , but many have at one time served as homes and studios for artists . Some of the buildings have been built by NYU while others have been converted from their former uses into academic and residential buildings .  __ TOC __

neg: Faneuil Hall Faneuil Hall ( -LSB- ˈfænjəl -RSB- or -LSB- ˈfænəl -RSB- previously -LSB- ˈfʌnəl -RSB- ) , located near the waterfront and today 's Government Center , in Boston , Massachusetts , has been a marketplace and a meeting hall since 1743 . It was the site of several speeches by Samuel Adams , James Otis , and others encouraging independence from Great Britain . Now it is part of Boston National Historical Park and a well-known stop on the Freedom Trail . It is sometimes referred to as `` the Cradle of Liberty '' .   In 2008 , Faneuil Hall was rated number 4 in America 's 25 Most Visited Tourist Sites by Forbes Traveler .

neg: Harvard Center Historic District The Harvard Center Historic District is a historic district encompassing the traditional village center of Harvard , Massachusetts , USA . The district is centered on the town common , a triangular grassy space bounded by Elm Street , Still River Road , and Ayer Road . The common is ringed by residences , civic and religious buildings , and a small commercial area . The common was laid out when the town was founded in 1732 , and has grown , mainly in periods of growth at the late 18th and late 19th/early 20th centuries . Most of the village 's buildings post-date 1831 .   The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997 .

neg: History of Springfield, Massachusetts The history of Springfield , Massachusetts ( est. 1636 ) springs in large part from its favorable geography , situated on a steep bluff overlooking the Connecticut River 's confluence with three tributaries . It was an ancient Indian crossroad for two major trade routes : Boston-to-Albany and New York City-to-Montreal . Springfield also sits on some of the northeastern United States ' most fertile soil .   Springfield was founded in 1636 as Agawam , the northernmost settlement of the Connecticut Colony . The settlement defected from Connecticut after four years , however , later joining forces with the coastal Massachusetts Bay Colony . The town changed its name to Springfield , and changed the political boundaries among what later became New England States .   Springfield flourished as a trading post and agricultural center until 1675 's King Philip 's War , when a coalition of Indians laid siege to Springfield and later burned it to the ground . Its prosperity waned for the next hundred years but , in 1777 , United States Revolutionary War leaders made it a National Armory to store weapons , and in 1795 it began manufacturing muskets .   Until 1968 , the Armory made small arms . Its first American muskets ( 1794 ) were followed by the famous Springfield rifle and the revolutionary M1 Garand and M14s . The Springfield Armory attracted generations of skilled laborers to the city , making it the United States ' longtime center for precision manufacturing ( comparable to a Silicon Valley of the Industrial Revolution ) . The Armory 's near-capture during Shays Rebellion of 1787 was among the troubles that prompted the U.S. Constitutional Convention later that year .   Innovations in the 19th and 20th centuries include the first American English dictionary ( 1805 , Noah Webster ) , the first use of interchangeable parts and the assembly line in manufacturing ( 1819 , Thomas Blanchard ) , the first American horseless car ( 1825 , again Thomas Blanchard ) , vulcanized rubber ( 1844 , Charles Goodyear ) , the first American gasoline-powered car ( 1893 , Duryea Brothers ) , the first American motorcycle company ( 1901 , `` Indian '' ) , an early commercial radio station ( 1921 , WBZ , and most famously , the world 's third-most-popular sport of basketball ( 1891 , Dr. James Naismith ) .   Throughout the latter half of the 20th century , Springfield endured a protracted decline , accelerated by the decommission of the Springfield Armory in 1969 . Springfield became increasingly like the declining , second tier Northeastern U.S. cities from which it had long been set apart . During the 1980s and 1990s , Springfield developed a new reputation for crime , political corruption , and cronyism . Seeking to overcome its downgrade , the city undertook several large ( but unfinished ) projects , including a $ 1 billion high-speed rail ( New Haven-Hartford-Springfield high-speed rail ) , a proposed $ 1 billion MGM Casino , and others .

neg: Boston (disambiguation) Boston is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Massachusetts .   Boston may also refer to :

neg: Boston Post Road Historic District (Rye, New York) The Boston Post Road Historic District is an historic district that includes three pre-Civil War mansions and their grounds , a 10,000-year-old Paleo-Indian meadow and viewshed , a cemetery , and a nature preserve . It touches on the south side of the nation 's oldest road , the Boston Post Road ( US 1 ) in Rye , New York , where a sandstone Westchester Turnpike marker `` 24 '' , inspired by Benjamin Franklin 's original mile marker system , is set into the perimeter wall . From there the landmarked area of 286 acre expands down to the Milton Harbor of the Long Island Sound . Two of the mansions included in the landmark district are Greek Revival ; the third is Gothic Revival and was designed by Alexander Jackson Davis .   This site , with its archaeological significance and importance to American heritage , was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1993 . The 3/4 mile meadow and viewshed is one of fewer than a dozen such identified Paleo-Indian sites in all of New York State .   Included within the district are the following historic structures , associated buildings , and grounds :   The 1838 Peter Augustus Jay House , now being restored by the not-for-profit Jay Heritage Center , is one of two Greek Revival residences . It is situated on the Jay Property , the boyhood home of American Founding Father John Jay . The existing house was built upon the footprint of an older 18th-century farmhouse , `` The Locusts '' , and replaced with the current mansion by John Jay 's eldest son , Peter Augustus Jay . The mansion was erected according to specifications in a contract between Jay and a builder named Edwin Bishop , and details appear to have been drawn from architectural pattern books by Minard Lafever and Chester Hills . Restoration of the house is an official Save America 's Treasures project . The site is on the Westchester County African American Heritage Trail and was designated a member site of the Hudson River Valley National Heritage Area in January 2009 . The house and property are open to the public .  1907 Van Norden Carriage House ( designed by Frank A. Rooke )  1907 Zebra House ( designed by Frank A. Rooke )  Tennis House ( 1917 or earlier )  Estate Cottage on Barlow Lane ( 19th century or earlier )  Summer House ( 1957-8 , non-contributing )  Estate Cottage B ( demolished )  Bowling Alley ( demolished )  Four outbuildings ( demolished )  Gazebo ( demolished )  Gardens designed by Jay family , Brinley & Holbrook and others ; includes stone ha-ha walls ( 1822 ) .  Lounsberry ( 1831 ) , also known as the Parsons House , is a second Greek Revival residence in the district ; notably it has a library designed by Delano & Aldrich  Gardener 's Cottage  Carriage House and Stable  Outbuilding with five bays  Poultry and Wood House  Greenhouse  Whitby Castle ( 1854 ) , Gothic Revival residence , which is now the City of Rye Golf Club . This was designed by Alexander Jackson Davis for William Chapman  Caretaker 's house  Pool house and golf cart garage ( non-contributing )  Starter 's House ( non-contributing )  Maintenance building ( non-contributing )   Also included are :  Jay Family Cemetery ( 1805 , 3 acre )  Marshlands Conservancy ( created in 1967 ; formerly part of the original Jay family estate , 137 acre )

neg: Illinois Illinois ( -LSB- ɪlᵻˈnɔɪ -RSB- ) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States , achieving statehood in 1818 . It is the 6th-most populous state and 25th-largest state in terms of land area , and is noted as a microcosm of the entire country . The word `` Illinois '' comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word . With Chicago in the northeast , small industrial cities and great agricultural productivity in central and northern Illinois , and natural resources like coal , timber , and petroleum in the south , Illinois has a diverse economic base and is a major transportation hub . The Port of Chicago connects the state to other global ports from the Great Lakes , via the Saint Lawrence Seaway , to the Atlantic Ocean , as well as the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River , via the Illinois Waterway . For decades , O'Hare International Airport has been ranked as one of the world 's busiest airports . Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics .   Although today the state 's largest population center is around Chicago in the northern part of the state , the state 's European population grew first in the west , with French Canadian colonists who settled along the Mississippi River in the 17th and 18th century , and gave the area the name , `` Pays des Illinois '' or Illinois Country a region that was known as part of New France . After the American Revolutionary War established the United States , American settlers began arriving crossing the Appalachians barrier range in the 1810s via the gaps of the Allegheny to boat building centers in Pittsburgh , from Cumberland , Maryland via the Cumberland Narrows pass to outfit in Brownsville , Pennsylvania , from North Carolina and Virginia via the Cumberland Gap to Kentucky and Tennessee , all on the Ohio River .   With the War of 1812 , the growth of Illinois slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier . After the war 's end , the federal government re-established forts such as Fort Dearborn ( in 1816 -- now the site is within Chicago ) and army patrols west of the Mississippi diminished the threat from Amerindian raids , so settlers were able to move into all of Illinois from the eastern and southern emigrant trails .   Mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration -- by the 1810s , the Eastern U.S. had exhausted most timber stands close to the established cities creating a hard felt first energy crisis by the late-1790s , and after 1818 , the industrial revolution was being fueled by new canals such as the Lehigh Canal feeding the furnaces of the rapidly industrializing east coast . Also in 1818 , Illinois achieved statehood and its growth , as yet untroubled by the speed of as yet unrefined railway technology , would be fueled by the new religion of industrialized forward thinking .   After construction of the Erie Canal with increasing traffic and trade through the Great Lakes , Chicago was founded in the 1830s on the banks of the Chicago River , at one of the few natural harbors on southern Lake Michigan . John Deere 's invention of the self-scouring steel plow turned Illinois ' rich prairie into some of the world 's most productive and valuable farmlands , attracting new immigrant farmers from Germany and Sweden . Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s , and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois , as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets . Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other mid-western states from the tyranny of water transport ; no longer was a location near a river or canal a need to ship bulk goods .   By 1900 , the growth of industrial jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants , from Eastern and Southern Europe . Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars . The Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago , who created the city 's famous jazz and blues cultures .   Three U.S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois : Abraham Lincoln , Ulysses S. Grant , and most recently Barack Obama . Additionally , Ronald Reagan , whose political career was based in California , was the only U.S. president born and raised in Illinois . Today , Illinois honors Lincoln with its official state nickname `` The Land of Lincoln , '' which has been displayed on its license plates since 1954 . The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the state capital of Springfield , and the Barack Obama Presidential Center will be completed in Chicago by 2020 .

neg: Colburn Park Historic District The Colburn Park Historic District encompasses the heart of Lebanon , New Hampshire . It consists of Colburn Park , a large rectangular park in the center of the city , the buildings that are arrayed around it , and several 19th century buildings that are immediately adjacent to those . The district covers 12 acre , and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 .   Colburn Park is located a short way south and east of the Mascoma River , whose generally east-west route is interrupted by a semicircular bend to the north , within which lies the center of Lebanon . The park 's origin is in 1792 , when the land was donated by Robert Colburn as the site of the community 's meeting house ( church and town hall ) . Arterial roads were built to the area , and it began to develop as a commercial and civic center in the early 19th century . The Greek Revival First Congregational Church , designed by Ammi Burnham Young , was built in 1828 , and a few early houses survive . The meeting house was moved in 1849 to the present location of City Hall .   Lebanon 's central business district was struck by devastating fire in 1887 , in which more than 80 buildings were destroyed . This did not directly affect the area around the park , but Lebanon 's population continued to grow , and the business district expanded , resulting in the relocation of houses around the park , and the construction of a number of Victorian buildings around its perimeter . After the 1923 destruction by fire of the town hall , the area acquired a somewhat unified late-19th to early-20th century commercial and civic architecture .

neg: Parks in Chicago Parks in Chicago include open spaces and facilities , developed and managed by the Chicago Park District . The City of Chicago devotes 8.5 % of its total land acreage to parkland , which ranked it 13th among high-density population cities in the United States in 2012 . Since the 1830s , the official motto of Chicago has been Urbs in horto , Latin for `` City in a garden '' for its commitment to parkland . In addition to serving residents , a number of these parks also double as tourist destinations , most notably Lincoln Park , Chicago 's largest park , visited by over 20 million people each year , is one of the most visited parks in the United States . Notable architects , artists and landscape architects have contributed to the 570 parks , including Daniel Burnham , Frederick Law Olmsted , Jens Jensen , Frank Gehry , and Lorado Taft .

neg: Monroe Park Monroe Park is a 7.5 acre landscaped park located 1 mi northwest of the Virginia State Capitol Building in Richmond , Virginia . It is named after James Monroe , the fifth President of the United States ( 1817 -- 1825 ) . The park unofficially demarcates the eastern `` point '' of the Fan District and is considered to be Richmond 's oldest park .   Monroe Park is pentagonal in shape , with an arrangement of paved paths among lawns and mature deciduous trees , intersecting at a cast iron fountain in the center of the area . This Victorian park is currently in the planning process of a historically sensitive , extensive renovation . The `` Monroe Park Advisory Council '' , an organization constituted by Richmond City Councilman William Pantele in 2003 , in partnership with the Richmond Department of Parks , Recreation and Commununity Facilities and Richmond 's Department of Community Development are leading the renovation initiative .