query: Emmy Rossum is a person.

pos: Emmy Rossum Emmanuelle Grey `` Emmy '' Rossum ( born September 12 , 1986 ) is an American actress , director and singer-songwriter . She is known for her portrayal of Fiona Gallagher in the television series Shameless . Rossum has starred in movies including Songcatcher ( 2000 ) , An American Rhapsody , ( 2001 ) and Passionada ( 2002 ) . Her role in Mystic River ( 2003 ) garnered her wider recognition . She starred in the science-fiction film The Day After Tomorrow ( 2004 ) and received critical acclaim for her performance in the leading role of Christine Daaé in The Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 ) . She has since starred in Poseidon ( 2006 ) , Dragonball : Evolution ( 2009 ) , Dare ( 2009 ) , Beautiful Creatures ( 2013 ) , Before I Disappear ( 2014 ) , You 're Not You ( 2014 ) and Comet ( 2014 ) .   In 2007 , Rossum released her debut album , Inside Out . She also released a Christmas EP the same year , titled Carol of the Bells . In 2013 , she released a follow up album called Sentimental Journey .

neg: Emmy the Great Emma-Lee Moss ( born 4 November 1983 ) , known by her stage name Emmy the Great , is an English singer-songwriter . She has released three studio albums , First Love , Virtue and Second Love .

neg: Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series This is a list of winners and nominees of the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series . In early Primetime Emmy Award ceremonies , the supporting categories were not always genre , or even gender , specific . Beginning with the 22nd Primetime Emmy Awards , supporting actors in comedy have competed alone . However , these comedic performances often included actors from miniseries , telefilms , and guest performers competing against main cast competitors . Such instances are marked below :   # -- Indicates a performance in a Miniseries or Television film , prior to the category 's creation .  § -- Indicates a performance as a guest performer , prior to the category 's creation .

neg: Marion Ross Marion Ross ( born October 25 , 1928 ) is an American actress . Her best known role is that of Marion Cunningham on the ABC television sitcom Happy Days , on which she starred from 1974 to 1984 and received two Primetime Emmy Award nominations . Prior to her success on Happy Days , Ross appeared in a variety of film roles , appearing in The Glenn Miller Story ( 1954 ) , Sabrina ( 1954 ) , Lust for Life ( 1956 ) , Teacher 's Pet ( 1958 ) , Some Came Running ( 1958 ) , Operation Petticoat ( 1959 ) , and Honky ( 1971 ) , as well as several minor television roles . Ross also starred in The Evening Star ( 1996 ) , for which she was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress .   Since the 1990s , Ross has been known for voice-over work on animated television series such as King of the Hill and SpongeBob SquarePants among others , and recurring roles on The Drew Carey Show , That '70s Show , Gilmore Girls , and Brothers & Sisters , among other guest spots .

neg: Bluebird (Emmylou Harris album) Bluebird is an Emmylou Harris album from 1989 , which merged a number of eclectic songs ( including work by the McGarrigle Sisters , Tom Rush and Rodney Crowell ) with polished , country music production . It included her most recent top-ten country-charting single , `` Heartbreak Hill '' . The album enjoyed renewed interest in 2004 when The Sopranos introduced its fifth season with `` Heaven Only Knows . ''   Bonnie Raitt provided guest vocals on the track `` Icy Blue Heart '' . Billboard said in their review of the album that , `` Like most of Emmylou Harris ' albums , Bluebird is an expertly performed album , featuring some truly startling and affecting tour de forces . ''

neg: Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series The Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series is an award presented annually by the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences ( NATAS ) and Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ( ATAS ) . It is given to honor an actress who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role while working within the daytime drama industry .   The 1st Daytime Emmy Awards ceremony was held in 1974 with Elizabeth Hubbard receiving the award for her role as Althea Davis on The Doctors . The award has undergone several name changes , originally honoring actresses in leading and supporting roles . Following the introduction of a new category in 1979 , Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series , the award 's name was altered to Outstanding Actress in a Daytime Drama Series before changing once again , to its current title , years later . The awards ceremony was not aired on television in 1983 and 1984 , having been criticized for voting integrity . In 1985 , another category was introduced , Outstanding Younger Actress in a Drama Series , one criterion for this category was altered , requiring all actresses to be aged 26 or above .   Since its inception , the award has been given to 27 actresses . One Life to Live is the show with the most awarded actresses , with a total of eleven . In 1995 , Erika Slezak became the actress with the most wins in the category when she won a fourth time , surpassing Helen Gallagher 's previous record of three ; Slezak went on to win in two additional years , ultimately receiving six wins . Susan Flannery and Kim Zimmer have since received four wins each . Susan Lucci has been nominated on 21 occasions , more than any other actress . As of the 2017 ceremony , Gina Tognoni is the most recent winner in this category for her portrayal of Phyllis Summers on The Young and the Restless .

neg: POV (TV series) POV ( also written P.O.V. ) is a Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) public television series which features independent nonfiction films . POV is an initialism for point of view .   POV is the longest-running showcase on television for independent documentary films . PBS presents 14 -- 16 POV programs each year , and the series has premiered over 400 films to U.S. television audiences since 1988 . POVs films have a strong first-person , social-issue focus . Many established directors , including Michael Moore , Jonathan Demme , Terry Zwigoff , Errol Morris , Albert and David Maysles , Michael Apted , Frederick Wiseman , Marlon Riggs , and Ross McElwee have had work screened as part of the POV series .   The series has garnered both critical and industry acclaim over its almost 30 years on television . POV films have won every major film and broadcasting award including 34 Emmys , 19 George Foster Peabody Awards , 12 Alfred I. duPont-Columbia Broadcast Journalism Awards , three Academy Awards , the first-ever George Polk Documentary Film Award and the Prix Italia . It is a project of the independent non-profit , American Documentary , Inc. .

neg: 8th International Emmy Awards The 8th International Emmy Awards took place on November 25 , 1980 , in New York City , United States . Actor Peter Ustinov hosted the ceremony attended by more than 750 foreign dignitaries and members of the International Council of the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences .   The Emmys were presented by veteran television newscaster and anchorman Harry Reasoner , actress Irene Papas , the Canadian comedy team of Wayne and Shuster and actor Werner Klemperer .

neg: Virtue (Emmy the Great album) Virtue is the second album by London singer-songwriter Emma-Lee Moss -- better known by her stage name Emmy the Great -- and was released on 13 June 2011 . It has been described as `` meticulous and atmospheric '' and has been praised for its poetic writing style .

neg: 2011 Emmy Awards 2011 Emmy Awards may refer to :   63rd Primetime Emmy Awards , the 2011 Emmy Awards ceremony that honored primetime programming during June 2010 -- May 2011  38th Daytime Emmy Awards , the 2011 Emmy Awards ceremony that honored daytime programming during 2010  32nd Sports Emmy Awards , the 2011 Emmy Awards ceremony that honored sports programming during 2010

neg: Your World Awards The Premios Tu Mundo ( Spanish for `` Your World Awards '' ) is an annual award presented by American television network Telemundo . The awards celebrates the achievements of Hispanics and Latinos in the media including TV shows , movies , music , fashion , and sports . The awards were established in 2012 .

neg: Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Costumes for a Variety, Nonfiction, or Reality Programming The Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Costumes for a Variety , Nonfiction , or Reality Programming is presented as part of the Primetime Emmy Awards .

neg: 9th International Emmy Awards The 9th International Emmy Awards took place on November 26 , 1981 , in New York City , United States .

neg: Saturn Award for Best Actor on Television The following is a list of Saturn Award winners for Best Actor on Television ( formerly Best Genre TV Actor ) .   The award is presented annually by the Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy and Horror Films , honoring the work of actresses in science fiction , fantasy , and horror fiction on television .   ( NOTE : Year refers to year of eligibility , the actual ceremonies are held the following year . )   The winners are listed in bold .

neg: Upper Midwest Emmy Awards The Upper Midwest Emmy Awards are a division of the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences . The Minnesota division was founded in 1973 . In addition to granting the Upper Midwest Emmy Awards , this division awards scholarships , honors industry veterans at the Silver Circle Celebration , conducts National Student Television Awards of Excellence , has a free research and a nationwide job bank . The chapter also participates in judging Emmy entries at the regional and national levels .

neg: 24th Primetime Emmy Awards The 24th Emmy Awards , later known as the 24th Primetime Emmy Awards , were handed out on May 6 , 1972 . The ceremony was hosted by Johnny Carson . Winners are listed in bold and series ' networks are in parentheses .   The top shows of the night were All in the Family and Elizabeth R. All in the Family set numerous records during the night , it became the first show to win six major awards , ( although one came in a tie , this record would be broken by other shows that won six major awards outright ) . It also became the first non-anthology drama to receive at least ten major nominations .   A milestone was set when All in the Family and Columbo each received every nomination in a major category , both for writing . This feat has become extremely rare as the field of nominees expanded to five and later six . Glenda Jackson also made history by receiving three acting nominations for the same performance as Queen Elizabeth I in Elizabeth R , rules changes have made this impossible in later ceremonies .

neg: 36th Daytime Emmy Awards The 36th Annual Daytime Emmy Awards were held on Sunday , August 30 , 2009 , and were televised live on The CW for the very first time . The nominees were announced on May 14 in the Orpheum Theatre , Los Angeles , California Vanessa L. Williams hosted the event . The event was directed by Jeff Margolis and Debbie Palacio .

neg: New York Emmy Awards The New York Emmy Awards are a division of the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences honoring those in television and advanced media in the tri-state New York-New Jersey-Connecticut and New York State . The division was founded in 1955 and in addition to granting the New York Emmy Awards , the chapter also recognizes awards scholarships , honors industry veterans at the Silver Circle Celebration , has a free research and a nationwide job bank . The chapter also participates in judging Emmy entries at the regional and national levels .

neg: 44th Primetime Emmy Awards The 44th Primetime Emmy Awards were held on Sunday , August 30 , 1992 . The ceremony was broadcast on Fox from the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in Pasadena , California . It was hosted by Tim Allen , Kirstie Alley and Dennis Miller , and directed by Walter C. Miller . Presenters included Roseanne Barr , Tom Arnold , Scott Bakula , Candice Bergen , Corbin Bernsen , Beau Bridges , Lloyd Bridges , and Cindy Crawford . The program was written by Buddy Sheffield and Bruce Vilanch . Over 300 million people watched the ceremony in 30 countries . A rule change , instituted for this year only , stated that regular and guest performers would compete in the same category . There could be lead guest or supporting guest .   On the comedy side , Murphy Brown won Outstanding Comedy Series for the second time , winning three major awards on the night , the most for a comedy series . On the drama side , L.A. Laws strangle hold on Outstanding Drama Series came to an end , as Northern Exposure took home the award . Northern Exposure also won three major awards and received nine major nominations , which tied for the most in each category . For the first time in its run , The Golden Girls , then in its seventh and final season , was not nominated for Outstanding Comedy Series .   After being on the air for thirty years , The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson finally heard its name called when its final season won for Outstanding Variety , Music , or Comedy Program . The show was first nominated for the category in 1964 and was 0/13 before this ceremony .

neg: Scott Rudin Scott Rudin ( born July 14 , 1958 ) is an American film producer and a theatrical producer . Rudin started to work as a theatre production assistant aged 16 . In lieu of college , he took a job as a casting director and then started his own company . His firm cast many Broadway shows . Rudin moved to Los Angeles in 1980 and started to work at Edgar J. Scherick Associates . He formed his own company , Scott Rudin Productions , and his first film was Gillian Armstrong 's Mrs. Soffel . Soon after , he joined 20th Century-Fox as an executive producer , and eventually became president of production by 1986 , at the age of 29 . He entered into a producing deal with Paramount , where he stayed for almost 15 years . He eventually moved to Disney , where he made movies under the Touchstone Pictures , Walt Disney Pictures , Hollywood Pictures and Miramax Films labels . In 2012 , Rudin became one of the few people who have won an Emmy , Grammy , Oscar and Tony Award , and the first producer to do so .

neg: Ross King (presenter) Derek Ross King , better known as Ross King ( born 20 February 1962 ) is a British television presenter , actor and writer , best known for being LA Correspondent for ITV Breakfast programmes Lorraine and Good Morning Britain .


query: The Voice is a university class.

pos: The Voice (U.S. TV series) The Voice is an American reality television singing competition broadcast on NBC . Based on the original The Voice of Holland , the concept of the series is to find currently unsigned singing talent ( solo or duets , professional and amateur ) contested by aspiring singers , age 13 or over , drawn from public auditions . The winner is determined by television viewers voting by telephone , Internet , SMS text , and iTunes Store purchases of the audio-recorded artists ' vocal performances . They receive US$ 100,000 and a record deal with Universal Music Group for winning the competition . The winners of the twelve seasons have been : Javier Colon , Jermaine Paul , Cassadee Pope , Danielle Bradbery , Tessanne Chin , Josh Kaufman , Craig Wayne Boyd , Sawyer Fredericks , Jordan Smith , Alisan Porter , Sundance Head , and Chris Blue .   The series employs a panel of four coaches who critique the artists ' performances and guide their teams of selected artists through the remainder of the season . They also compete to ensure that their act wins the competition , thus making them the winning coach . Members of the coaching panel include Adam Levine , Blake Shelton , Christina Aguilera ( seasons 1 -- 3 , 5 , 8 , 10 ) , CeeLo Green ( seasons 1 -- 3 , 5 ) , Shakira ( season 4 , 6 ) , Usher ( season 4 , 6 ) , Gwen Stefani ( season 7 , 9 , 12 ) , Pharrell Williams ( seasons 7 -- 10 ) , Miley Cyrus ( season 11 ) , and Alicia Keys ( seasons 11 -- 12 ) .   The Voice began airing on April 26 , 2011 , as a spring TV season program . The show proved to be a hit for NBC and was subsequently expanded into the fall cycle when season three premiered on September 10 , 2012 . The series premiered its twelfth season on February 27 , 2017 . On October 18 , 2016 , NBC renewed the series through its thirteenth season . On May 10 , 2017 , NBC renewed the series for a fourteenth series , along with announcing Jennifer Hudson as a new coach in the thirteenth season . The following day , it was announced that Kelly Clarkson would be a new coach in the fourteenth season , sitting alongside Adam Levine , Blake Shelton , and Jennifer Hudson .

neg: Philadelphia English Philadelphia English is a variety or dialect of American English native to Philadelphia and extending into Philadelphia 's suburbs in the Delaware Valley and South Jersey . The Philadelphia accent is one of the best-studied , as Philadelphia 's University of Pennsylvania is the home institution of pioneering sociolinguist William Labov . Philadelphia English shares some distinct features with New York City English and Midland American English , although it is still its own very distinct dialect . However , the closest relative of the Philadelphia accent of the mid-twentieth century is the Baltimore accent , both of which constitute what Labov describes as a single `` Mid-Atlantic '' regional dialect .   According to linguist Barbara Johnstone , migration patterns and geography affected the dialect 's development , which was especially influenced by immigrants from Northern England , Scotland , and Northern Ireland . The accent is commonly found within the Irish American and Italian American working class neighborhoods .

neg: Stage Right! Stage Right ! is a professional theatre company and performing arts school located in Greensburg , Pennsylvania . Established in 1998 as an organization for young people to take classes in musical theatre by Chris Rizk , Stage Right ! also became a professional theatre company in 1999 , established by artistic director Anthony Marino , Rizk 's brother . The company produces a full season of musicals , utilizing professional actors from the Pittsburgh theatre scene as well as students from their classes .   In spring 2013 , Stage Right moved its studio a few blocks to a larger space at 105 W Fourth Street , Greensburg .   The season is supplemented with many other opportunities to utilize the talents of the students , including an `` all-county musical '' featuring students from local high school theatre programs , children 's plays , summer camp productions , and Books Come Alive ! , a series of adaptations of children 's books performed at libraries throughout the area . The company is also notable for its annual production of The Rocky Horror Show every Halloween . Many of Stage Right ! 's students have had success in Pittsburgh Public Theater 's Shakespeare Monologue and Scene Contest , as well as going on to well-respected college theatre programs such as Carnegie Mellon University , Point Park University , New York University , Seton Hill University , Syracuse University , and Shenandoah University . Stage Right ! alums have also had success in professional theatre , working in such venues as York Theatre , Off the Wall Productions , Bricolage Production Company , Pittsburgh Irish and Classical Theatre , Prime Stage Theatre , Pittsburgh Civic Light Opera , Pittsburgh Musical Theater , St. Vincent Summer Theatre , City Theatre , Terra Nova Theatre Group , MCC Theater , and 12 Peers Theater , as well as having had their work featured in the Pittsburgh New Works Festival .

neg: Writing center Many educational institutions maintain a writing center that provides students with free assistance on their papers , projects , reports , multimodal documents , web pages , et cetera from consultants . A key goal of any writing center is helping writers to learn . Typical services include help with the purpose , structure , function of writing , and are geared toward writers of all levels and fields of study . Writing centers attempt to provide non-proscriptive and non-corrective response , instead relying on a fuller explanation of why a piece of writing may fail to fulfill the writer 's aims . The goal is to help a writer learn to address the various exigences that she may encounter with the realization that no writing is decontextualized -- it always addresses a specific audience .   A writing center usually offers individualized conferencing whereby the writing tutor offers his or her feedback on the piece of writing at hand ; a writing tutor 's main function is to discuss how the piece of writing might be revised . However , the tutor usually does not proofread nor edit the student 's work . Instead , the tutor facilitates the student 's attempts to revise his or her own work by conversing with the student about the topic at hand , discussing principles and processes of writing , modeling rhetorical and syntactical moves for the student to apply , and assisting the student in identifying patterns of grammatical error in his or her writing .   Historically , writing centers in American universities began appearing as `` writing labs '' in the early 20th century . Elizabeth Boquet and Stephen North point to the origins of the writing laboratory as first a method , not a place , where `` the key characteristic of which appears to have been that all work was to be done during class time '' . This was to allow the student to compose with the teacher present , able to help with any revisions or questions the student may have . However , as class sizes and universities grew , Writing Centers began to develop as university institutions , often conceived of as an editing service for students . Faculty , students , staff , and administrators often viewed writing centers as places for remediation . At their best , however , they are places where all students , including the best ones , can get better , a place ( according to Karen Head ) , `` that returns to the ideal of a safe space for active debate and discourse about the best ways to communicate in a variety of modes . ''   Some institutions also offer an Online Writing Lab ( OWL ) , which generally attempts to follow the model of writing center tutoring in an online environment . These environments have been said to be a step toward a new model of writing centers , a model known as Multiliteracy Centers . Another environment that could fall under this category is a physical space known as a digital studio .   While some institutions do not have writing centers , a number offer similar support through entities which have a wider remit ( scope ) . These might typically be called Academic Skills Units or Learning Development Groups .   A recent movement in writing centers has been to provide services for the non-academic community . Such services include one-to-one response for out-of-school writers , and workshops on a wide variety of topics . Such writing centers are often identified as community writing centers .   Writing centers are not exclusively a post-secondary phenomenon . Some high schools have successfully created writing centers similar to the model in higher education .   No longer strictly an American phenomenon , writing centers have spread in other world regions as well . The European Association for the Teaching of Academic Writing ( EATAW ) is in part concerned with the study and advancement of writing centers in European universities . The International Writing Centers Association ( IWCA ) is committed to supporting writing centers from around the world , with current regional associations in Europe and proposed associations in the Middle East , South Africa , and the Far East .   In many cases , writing center directors or writing program administrators ( WPAs ) are responsible for conducting writing center assessment , and must communicate these results to academic administration and various stakeholders . Assessment is seen as beneficial for writing centers because it leads us to assume the professional and ethical behaviors important not just for writing centers but for all higher education .

neg: Graduation Graduation is getting a diploma or academic degree or the ceremony that is sometimes associated with it , in which students become graduates . Before the graduation , candidates are referred to as graduands . The date of graduation is often called graduation day . The graduation ceremony itself is also called commencement , convocation or invocation . Normally , the ceremony and name apply to high school and above ( the next ascending levels being Associate 's , Bachelor 's , Master 's , and Doctorate ) . In the United States of America , graduations for elementary school or even Kindergarten have been a fad of recent years . When ceremonies are associated , they usually include a procession of the academic staff and candidates and a valediction . At the college and university level the faculty will usually wear academic dress at the formal ceremonies , as will the trustees and degree candidates .   `` Graduation '' at the college and university level occurs when the presiding officer confers degrees upon candidates , either individually or en masse , even if graduates physically receive their diploma later at a smaller college or departmental ceremony . After degree completion , graduates can be referred to by their graduating year .   In some places , graduation parties to celebrate graduation from school , college or university are popular . In a recent 2014 nationwide survey in the United States , $ 985 was the average amount spent on graduation parties . When a student graduates without attending the ceremony , then it is called graduation in absentia .

neg: University of Louisville School of Law The University of Louisville Louis D. Brandeis School of Law , commonly referred to as The University of Louisville School of Law , U of L Brandeis School of Law , or the Brandeis School of Law , is the law school of the University of Louisville . Established in 1846 , it is the oldest law school in Kentucky and the fifth oldest in the country in continuous operation . The law school is named after Justice Louis Dembitz Brandeis , who served on the Supreme Court of the United States and was the school 's patron . Following the example of Brandeis , who eventually stopped accepting payment for `` public interest '' cases , Louis D. Brandeis School of Law was one of the first law schools in the nation to require students to complete public service before graduation .   The school offers six dual-degree programs that allow students to earn an MBA , MSW , MA in humanities , M.Div. , MA in political science , and MUP in urban planning while attaining their J.D. . These classes are offered in conjunction with other University of Louisville departments as well as local colleges .   The school 's law library contains 400,000 volumes as well as the papers of Louis D. Brandeis and John Marshall Harlan , both Supreme Court Justices and native Kentuckians . It is one of only thirteen Supreme Court repositories in the nation . The law school 's flagship law review is the University of Louisville Law Review .   According to University of Louisville 's 2013 ABA-required disclosures , 61.7 % of the Class of 2013 obtained full-time , long-term , JD-required employment nine months after graduation , excluding solo practitioners .

neg: List of baritones in non-classical music The baritone voice is typically written in the range from the second G # below middle C to the G # above middle C ( G # 2-G # 4 ) although it can be extended at either end . However , the baritone voice is determined not only by its vocal range , but also by its timbre , which tends to be darker than that of the typical tenor voice .   The term baritone was developed in relation to classical and operatic voices , where the classification is based not merely on the singer 's vocal range but also on the tessitura and timbre of the voice . For classical and operatic singers , their voice type determines the roles they will sing and is a primary method of categorization . In non-classical music , singers are primarily defined by their genre and their gender and not by their vocal range . When the terms soprano , mezzo-soprano , contralto , tenor , baritone , and bass are used as descriptors of non-classical voices , they are applied more loosely than they would be to those of classical singers and generally refer only to the singer 's perceived vocal range .   Successful non-classical baritones display a wide range of vocal qualities and effects that lend a unique character to their voices , many of which are considered undesirable in the operatic or classical baritone singer , such as `` breathy '' ( Jim Reeves ) , `` crooning '' ( Ville Valo ) , `` growling '' ( Neil Diamond ) , and even `` ragged '' ( Bruce Springsteen ) .   The following is a list of singers in various music genres and styles ( most of which can be found on the List of popular music genres ) who have been described as baritones . Additionally , the bands that they have been lead singers of appear in parentheses .

neg: University of Seoul The University of Seoul ( UOS ) ( Korean : 서울시립대학교 ) is a public university located in Seoul , Korea . It was founded as Kyung Sung Public Agricultural College in 1918 and renamed the University of Seoul in 1997 . UOS is one of top 3 universities without medical school in Korea in 2012 . According to 2015 report from The Times Higher Education , UOS ranked 7th among the all Korean universities and 49th among all the Asian universities . In another survey , UOS ranked 14th in the Asian midsize universities . UOS was reported the best value public university in Korea , with high financial investment and scholarship amount per student . Students ' affinity to the school was ranked in the first place and students ' satisfaction is in the second according to a 2010 survey . UOS is famous for a large number of alumni working as national or municipal government officials . UOS is specialized in College of Urban Science and has top-tier programs of environmental engineering , science in taxation , transportation engineering , urban planning and design , landscape architecture , and urban administration .   In 2012 , the mayor of Seoul , Park Won-soon , implemented a campaign promise , `` Half-priced tuition '' as soon as he started his term . The half-priced tuition was initiated in UOS first so that it would drive other universities to decrease their tuition . In 2013 , UOS tuition per semester ranged from $ 915 to $ 1,441 ( two semesters a year , 1,117.3 won / $ in 2013 ) . Because of high quality of education and low tuition of UOS , admission process has been more competitive . And student 's satisfaction is still very high . In 2012 , the registration rate of new students was very high ( 96 % ) and the withdrawal rate of students was extremely low ( 0.97 % ) , compared with other universities in Seoul .   Because UOS students think that they take a lot of financial and educational benefits from the Seoul government , most of them participate in social works . Number of social work volunteers in 2012 was 3,105 and is expected to increase .

neg: Pontifical Xavierian University The Pontifical Xavierian University ( in Spanish Pontificia Universidad Javeriana ) is a private higher education institution founded in 1623 . It is one of the oldest , most traditional , and prestigious Colombian universities , directed by the Society of Jesus , with its main facilities in Bogotá and a second campus in Cali . `` La Javeriana '' , as it is known by its students , has traditionally educated the Colombian elite . It is one of the 33 universities entrusted to the Society of Jesus in Latin America and one of 167 around the world .   The Javeriana University in Bogotá has 18 schools comprising 61 departments and 181 academic programs catering to areas of knowledge , giving the university its multidisciplinary nature . It has 45 buildings in 445 acre . The Javeriana University in Cali offers 18 schools in four faculties . It is located in Pance , Cali . Its Law School recently received a high quality accreditation by Resolution 6808 6 August 2010 , of the Ministry of National Education . The campus in Cali has sectional divisions of the Bolsa de Valores de Colombia ( BVC ) , Temple University 's Fox School of Business , and others .   The University is one of the twelve universities in Colombia having a high quality institutional accreditation , granted to it for eight years by Resolution 1320 , 12 June 2003 , of the Ministry of National Education .   The university has 21 undergraduate programs with high quality accreditation , and eight programs in advanced stages of the accreditation process . In graduate programs , quality is acknowledged through the Qualified Registries . The university has 87 graduate programs with Qualified Registries and has presented another 29 to these processes . In the Times Higher Education World University Rankings Javeriana is ranked in the 501 to 600 range worldwide .

neg: William Stone (baritone) William Stone ( born March 12 , 1944 , Goldsboro , North Carolina ) is an American operatic baritone . He is a graduate of Duke University ( B.A. , 1966 ) and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign ( M.M. 1968 , D.M.A. 1979 ) . He made his professional operatic debut in 1975 and his international debut in 1977 .   He was inducted as a National Patron of Delta Omicron , an international professional music fraternity on April 1 , 2003 .   William Stone is a Vocal Instructor at the Academy of Vocal Arts in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania and the Curtis Institute of Music . He was Professor of Voice and Opera at the Boyer College of Music and Dance , Temple University , from September , 2005 through June , 2010 .

neg: Women's University in Africa Women 's University in Africa ( WUA ) is a , `` private university which is supported through student fees and donors from around the globe '' .  It has a student enrolment policy of 80 % women and 20 % men , the Women 's University in Africa aims to address gender disparity and foster equity until there is equity in accessing tertiary education ; and to work on knowledge and skills in areas of vital importance for women .   Category : Universities and colleges in Zimbabwe  Category : Buildings and structures in Mashonaland East Province  Category : Education in Mashonaland East Province

neg: University of the Fraser Valley The University of the Fraser Valley ( UFV ) , formerly known as University College of the Fraser Valley and Fraser Valley College , is a Canadian public university with campuses in Abbotsford , Chilliwack , Mission and Hope , British Columbia . Founded in 1974 as Fraser Valley College , it was a response to the need for expanded vocational training in the communities of the Fraser Valley . In 1988 , it became a university college , with degree-granting status . As the University College of the Fraser Valley , it grew rapidly , becoming one of the largest university colleges in Canada .   In recognition of the growing needs for higher education within the region and in the province , the provincial government granted full university status on 21 April 2008 . Student enrollment is now over 15,000 students annually .   In the 2010 The Globe and Mail Canadian University Report , UFV earned the most `` A Range '' grades of any post-secondary institution in British Columbia , receiving A grades in quality of education , student-faculty interaction , and ease of registration .

neg: Dramatic soprano A dramatic soprano is a type of operatic soprano with a powerful , rich , emotive voice that can sing over , or cut through , a full orchestra . Thicker vocal folds in dramatic voices usually ( but not always ) mean less agility than lighter voices but a sustained , fuller sound . Usually this voice has a lower tessitura than other sopranos , and a darker timbre . They are often used for heroic , often long-suffering , tragic women of opera . Dramatic sopranos have a range from approximately low A ( A3 ) to `` high C '' ( C6 ) . Some dramatic sopranos , known as Wagnerian sopranos , have an exceptionally big voice that can assert itself over a large orchestra ( of more than 80 or even 100 pieces ) . These voices are substantial , often denser in tone , extremely powerful and , ideally , evenly balanced throughout the vocal registers . Wagnerian sopranos usually play mythic heroines . Successful Wagnerian sopranos are rare and often Wagnerian roles are performed by Italianate dramatic sopranos .

neg: Liberal arts college A liberal arts college is a college with an emphasis on undergraduate study in the liberal arts and sciences . A liberal arts college aims to impart a broad general knowledge and develop general intellectual capacities , in contrast to a professional , vocational , or technical curriculum . Students in a liberal arts college generally major in a particular discipline while receiving exposure to a wide range of academic subjects , including sciences as well as the traditional humanities subjects taught as liberal arts . Although it draws on European antecedents , the liberal arts college is strongly associated with American higher education , and most liberal arts colleges around the world draw explicitly on the American model .   There is no formal definition of liberal arts college , but one American authority defines them as schools that `` emphasize undergraduate education and award at least half of their degrees in the liberal arts fields of study . '' Other researchers have adopted similar definitions .   Although many liberal arts colleges are exclusively undergraduate , some also offer graduate programs that lead to a master 's degree or doctoral degree in subjects such as business administration , nursing , medicine , and law . Similarly , although the term `` liberal arts college '' most commonly refers to an independent institution , it may also sometimes refer to a university college within or affiliated with a larger university . Most liberal arts colleges outside of the United States follow this model .

neg: Voice (grammar) In grammar , the voice of a verb , also called diathesis -LSB- daɪˈæθəsɪs -RSB- and ( rarely ) the gender of a verb , describes the relationship between the action ( or state ) that the verb expresses and the participants identified by its arguments ( subject , object , etc. ) . When the subject is the agent or doer of the action , the verb is in the active voice . When the subject is the patient , target or undergoer of the action , the verb is said to be in the passive voice .   For example , in the sentence :   The cat ate the mouse .   the verb `` ate '' is in the active voice . However , in the sentence :   The mouse was eaten by the cat .   the verbal phrase `` was eaten '' is passive .   In the sentence :   The hunter killed the bear .   the verb `` killed '' is in the active voice , and the doer of the action is the `` hunter '' .  A passive version of the sentence is :   The bear was killed by the hunter .   where the verbal phrase `` was killed '' is followed by the word `` by '' and then by the doer `` hunter '' .   In a transformation from an active-voice clause to an equivalent passive-voice construction , the subject and the direct object switch grammatical roles . The direct object gets promoted to subject , and the subject demoted to an ( optional ) complement . In the first example above , the mouse serves as the direct object in the active-voice version , but becomes the subject in the passive version . The subject of the active-voice version , the cat , becomes part of a prepositional phrase in the passive version of the sentence , and can be left out entirely .

neg: Lunds Studentsångförening Lunds Studentsångförening ( Lund University Male Voice Choir ) ( LSS ) is a Swedish amateur choir , which counts its history from 1831 . Today one of Sweden 's top male choirs , the choir has assumed many different shapes during its history . Traditionally , most members have been students of Lund University although there is no requirement of studying at the university to be able to join the choir .   In its home town , the choir is known for its two or three larger annual concerts ( usually in May and December ) and occasional smaller concerts , while regionally , the choir cooperates with the symphony orchestra of nearby Malmö . Nationally , finally , the choir is most known for its annual May 1 appearance at the stairs of the main building of the Lund University which is broadcast on national TV .

neg: Received Pronunciation notice   Received Pronunciation ( -LSB- rᵻˈsiːvd_prəˌnʌnsiˈeɪʃən -RSB- RP ) is the accent of Standard English in the United Kingdom and is defined in the Concise Oxford English Dictionary as `` the standard accent of English as spoken in the south of England '' , although it can be heard from native speakers throughout England and Wales . Peter Trudgill estimated in 1974 that 3 % of people in Britain were RP speakers , but this rough estimate has been questioned by the phonetician J. Windsor Lewis .   RP enjoys high social prestige in Britain , being thought of as the accent of those with power , money , and influence , though it may be perceived negatively by some as being associated with undeserved privilege . Since the 1960s , a greater permissiveness towards regional English varieties has taken hold in education .   The study of RP is concerned exclusively with pronunciation , whereas Standard English , the Queen 's English , Oxford English , and BBC English are also concerned with matters such as grammar , vocabulary and style . An individual using RP will typically speak Standard English , although the converse or inverse is not necessarily true . The standard language may be pronounced with a regional accent and the contrapositive is usually correct . It is very unlikely that someone speaking RP would use it to speak a regional dialect .

neg: University of Dubuque The University of Dubuque is a Presbyterian university located in Dubuque , in the U.S. state of Iowa , with a general attendance of approximately 2,000 students . The school offers both undergraduate and graduate degree programs . It is one of three four-year post-secondary institutions in the City of Dubuque , and is commonly referred to as UD ( `` you dee '' ) .

neg: Higher education in the United States Higher education in the United States is an optional final stage of formal learning following secondary education . Higher education , also referred to as post-secondary education , third stage , third level , or tertiary education occurs most commonly at one of the 4,726 Title IV degree-granting institutions , either colleges or universities in the country . These may be public universities , private universities , liberal arts colleges , community colleges , or for-profit colleges . High visibility issues include greater use of the Internet , such as massive open online courses , competency-based education , cutbacks in state spending , rapidly rising tuition and increasing student loans .   According to the National Student Clearinghouse , US college enrollment has declined for five consecutive years and is projected to continue declining for the next two decades .   Strong research and funding have helped make American colleges and universities among the world 's most prestigious , making them particularly attractive to international students , professors and researchers in the pursuit of academic excellence .   Unlike the tertiary education system of the UK and Australia , American education is unique in the world to place strong emphasis on Liberal Arts education in its higher education curriculum .

neg: Association of American Colleges and Universities The Association of American Colleges and Universities ( AAC&U ) is a national association headquartered in Washington , D.C , United States . It focuses on improving undergraduate education and advancing liberal education . Founded in 1915 , AAC&U comprises more than 1,350 member institutions -- including accredited public and private colleges , community colleges , research universities , and comprehensive universities .   The organization 's mission statement states its goal is `` to make liberal education and inclusive excellence the foundation for institutional purpose and educational practice in higher education . ''   Beginning its second century as a higher education association , AAC&U advocates for liberal education for all college students , across all fields and disciplines , at all types of institutions . This advocacy sets AAC&U apart from other non-profit higher-education associations and positions AAC&U in the midst of vigorous arguments about the purpose and quality of college education . AAC&U serves all sectors of higher education ; the association does not lobby for higher education . In August 2015 , Inside Higher Education 's Paul Fain characterizes AAC&U this way : `` Amid talk of higher education 's possible disruption and unbundling , the Association of American Colleges & Universities stakes out an aggressive middle ground . Are people listening ? '' Writing for the Chronicle of Higher Education , Dan Berrett offers a historical perspective on the purposes of college education . In an article titled `` If Skills Are the New Canon , Are Colleges Teaching Them ? '' Berrett explores how college teaching , learning , and assessment are changing . The article situates the work of AAC&U at the center of debate about the purpose of college education , specifically raising questions about quality of student learning and ways that educators are providing evidence that students are learning .

neg: Lecture A lecture ( from the French ` lecture ' , meaning ` reading ' -LSB- process -RSB- ) is an oral presentation intended to present information or teach people about a particular subject , for example by a university or college teacher . Lectures are used to convey critical information , history , background , theories , and equations . A politician 's speech , a minister 's sermon , or even a businessman 's sales presentation may be similar in form to a lecture . Usually the lecturer will stand at the front of the room and recite information relevant to the lecture 's content .   Though lectures are much criticised as a teaching method , universities have not yet found practical alternative teaching methods for the large majority of their courses . Critics point out that lecturing is mainly a one-way method of communication that does not involve significant audience participation but relies upon passive learning . Therefore , lecturing is often contrasted to active learning . Lectures delivered by talented speakers can be highly stimulating ; at the very least , lectures have survived in academia as a quick , cheap , and efficient way of introducing large numbers of students to a particular field of study .   Lectures have a significant role outside the classroom , as well . Academic and scientific awards routinely include a lecture as part of the honor , and academic conferences often center on `` keynote addresses '' , i.e. , lectures . The public lecture has a long history in the sciences and in social movements . Union halls , for instance , historically have hosted numerous free and public lectures on a wide variety of matters . Similarly , churches , community centers , libraries , museums , and other organizations have hosted lectures in furtherance of their missions or their constituents ' interests . Lectures represent a continuation of oral tradition in contrast to textual communication in books and other media . Lectures may be considered a type of grey literature .


query: The United States House of Representatives is not charged with passing federal legislation.

pos: United States House of Representatives The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress which , along with the Senate , composes the legislature of the United States .   The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The House is composed of representatives who sit in congressional districts which are allocated to each of the 50 states on a basis of population as measured by the U.S. Census , with each district entitled one representative . Since its inception in 1789 , all representatives are elected popularly . The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435 . As of the 2010 Census , the largest delegation is that of California , with fifty-three representatives ; seven states have the smallest delegation possible , a single representative : Alaska , Delaware , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , and Wyoming .   The House is charged with the passage of federal legislation , known as bills , which , after concurrence by the Senate , are sent to the President for consideration . In addition to this basic power , the House has certain exclusive powers which include the power to initiate all bills related to revenue , the impeachment of federal officers , who are sent to trial in the Senate , and in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for President , the duty falls upon the House to elect one of the top three recipients of electors for that office , with one vote given to each state for that purpose .   The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House , who is elected by the members thereof and is therefore traditionally the leader of the controlling party . He or she and other floor leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conferences , depending on whichever party has more voting members . The House meets in the south wing of the United States Capitol .

neg: Government of Japan The government of Japan is a constitutional monarchy in which the power of the Emperor is limited and is relegated primarily to ceremonial duties . As in many other states , the Government is divided into three branches : the Executive branch , the Legislative branch and the Judicial branch .   The Government runs under the framework established by the Constitution of Japan , adopted in 1947 . It is a unitary state , containing forty-seven administrative divisions , with the Emperor as its head of state . His role is ceremonial and he has no powers related to Government . Instead , it is the Cabinet , composing of the Ministers of State and the Prime Minister , that directs and controls the Government . The Cabinet is the source of power of the Executive branch , and is formed by the Prime Minister , who is the head of government . He or she is designated by the National Diet and appointed to office by the Emperor .   The National Diet is the legislature , the organ of the Legislative branch . It is bicameral , consisting of two houses with the House of Councillors being the upper house , and the House of Representatives being the lower house . Its members are directly elected from the people , who are the source of sovereignty . The Supreme Court and other inferior courts make up the Judicial branch , and they are independent from the executive and the legislative branches .

neg: 48th United States Congress The Forty-eighth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government , consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives . It met in Washington , D.C. from March 4 , 1883 to March 4 , 1885 , during the last two years of the administration of U.S. President Chester A. Arthur . The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Tenth Census of the United States in 1880 . The Senate had a Republican majority , and the House had a Democratic majority .

neg: List of Members of the United States House of Representatives in the 75th Congress by seniority This is a complete list of members of the United States House of Representatives during the 75th United States Congress listed by seniority.As an historical article , the districts and party affiliations listed reflect those during the 75th Congress ( January 3 , 1937 -- January 3 , 1939 ) . Current seats and party affiliations on the List of current members of the United States House of Representatives by seniority will be different for certain members .   Seniority depends on the date on which members were sworn into office . Since many members are sworn in on the same day , subsequent ranking is based on previous congressional service of the individual and then by alphabetical order by the last name of the congressman .   Committee chairmanship in the House is often associated with seniority . However , party leadership is typically not associated with seniority .   Note : The '' * '' indicates that the representative/delegate may have served one or more non-consecutive terms while in the House of Representatives of the United States Congress .

neg: List of Members of the United States House of Representatives in the 41st Congress by seniority This is a complete list of members of the United States House of Representatives during the 41st United States Congress listed by seniority .  As an historical article , the districts and party affiliations listed reflect those during the 41st Congress ( March 4 , 1869 -- March 3 , 1871 ) . Current seats and party affiliations on the List of current members of the United States House of Representatives by seniority will be different for certain members .   Seniority depends on the date on which members were sworn into office . Since many members are sworn in on the same day , subsequent ranking is based on previous congressional service of the individual and then by alphabetical order by the last name of the congressman .   Committee chairmanship in the House is often associated with seniority . However , party leadership is typically not associated with seniority .   Note : The '' * '' indicates that the representative/delegate may have served one or more non-consecutive terms while in the House of Representatives of the United States Congress .

neg: List of Members of the United States House of Representatives in the 45th Congress by seniority This is a complete list of members of the United States House of Representatives during the 45th United States Congress listed by seniority .  As an historical article , the districts and party affiliations listed reflect those during the 45th Congress ( March 4 , 1877 -- March 3 , 1879 ) . Current seats and party affiliations on the List of current members of the United States House of Representatives by seniority will be different for certain members .   Seniority depends on the date on which members were sworn into office . Since many members are sworn in on the same day , subsequent ranking is based on previous congressional service of the individual and then by alphabetical order by the last name of the congressman .   Committee chairmanship in the House is often associated with seniority . However , party leadership is typically not associated with seniority .   Note : The '' * '' indicates that the representative/delegate may have served one or more non-consecutive terms while in the House of Representatives of the United States Congress .

neg: United States House of Representatives elections in Michigan, 2014 The 2014 U.S. House of Representatives elections in Michigan will be held on Tuesday , November 4 , 2014 , to elect the 14 members of the U.S. House of Representatives from the state of Michigan , one from each of the state 's 18 congressional districts . The elections will coincide with the elections of other federal and state offices , including the election of Michigan 's governor , as well as the Class 2 U.S. Senate Seat   Primary elections to determine major party nominees for the general election will be held Tuesday , August 5 , 2014 , and the partisan filing deadline was Tuesday , April 22 , 2014 . The members of Congress elected at this election will serve in the 114th Congress .   According to the Rothenberg Political Report , all of Michigan 's congressional seats except for the 1st , 7th , 8th and 11th districts are considered `` safe '' for the party of the incumbent .

neg: Oregon Legislative Assembly The Oregon Legislative Assembly is the state legislature for the U.S. state of Oregon . The Legislative Assembly is bicameral , consisting of an upper and lower house : the Senate , whose 30 members are elected to serve four-year terms ; and the House of Representatives , with 60 members elected to two-year terms . There are no term limits for either house in the Legislative Assembly .   Each Senate district is composed of exactly two House districts : Senate District 1 contains House Districts 1 and 2 , SD 2 contains HD 3 and HD 4 , and so on . ( Maps of Senate districts can be found in the Oregon State Senate article . )   The legislature is termed as a `` citizens ' assembly '' ( meaning that most legislators have other jobs . ) Since 1885 , its regular sessions occurred in odd-numbered years , beginning on the second Monday in January . Effective 2012 , the legislature moved into an annual session , with the even-numbered years having a month-long session in February .

neg: List of Members of the United States House of Representatives in the 44th Congress by seniority This is a complete list of members of the United States House of Representatives during the 44th United States Congress listed by seniority .  As an historical article , the districts and party affiliations listed reflect those during the 44th Congress ( March 4 , 1875 -- March 3 , 1877 ) . Current seats and party affiliations on the List of current members of the United States House of Representatives by seniority will be different for certain members .   Seniority depends on the date on which members were sworn into office . Since many members are sworn in on the same day , subsequent ranking is based on previous congressional service of the individual and then by alphabetical order by the last name of the congressman .   Committee chairmanship in the House is often associated with seniority . However , party leadership is typically not associated with seniority .   Note : The '' * '' indicates that the representative/delegate may have served one or more non-consecutive terms while in the House of Representatives of the United States Congress .

neg: United States House Rules Subcommittee on Rules and the Organization of the House The Subcommittee on Rules and Organization of the House is a subcommittee within the House Rules Committee   Under the Committee rules , as amended for the 110th Congress , the Rules and the Organization of the House subcommittee will have general responsibility for measures or matters related to relations between the two Houses of Congress , relations between the Congress and the Judiciary , and internal operations of the House .   This subcommittee has the primary responsibility for the continued examination of the committee structure and jurisdictional issues of all House Committees .   In the past , the subcommittee has considered measures dealing with `` fast track '' procedures for consideration of trade legislation , prohibitions on unfunded mandates , the recodification of the rules of the House , issues relating to a 21st-century Congress and the impact of technology on the process and procedures of the House .

neg: Massachusetts General Court The Massachusetts General Court ( formally styled the General Court of Massachusetts ) is the state legislature of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts . The name `` General Court '' is a hold-over from the earliest days of the Massachusetts Bay Colony , when the colonial assembly , in addition to making laws , sat as a judicial court of appeals . Before the adoption of the state constitution in 1780 , it was called the Great and General Court , but the official title was shortened by John Adams , author of the state constitution . It is a bicameral body . The upper house is the Massachusetts Senate which is composed of 40 members . The lower body , the Massachusetts House of Representatives , has 160 members . ( Until 1978 , it had 240 members ) It meets in the Massachusetts State House on Beacon Hill in Boston .   The current President of the Senate is Stan Rosenberg , and the Speaker of the House is Robert DeLeo . Democrats hold super-majorities in both chambers .   State Senators and Representatives both serve two-year terms .

neg: Plural district A plural district was a district in the United States House of Representatives that was represented by more than one member . States using this method elected multiple members from some of their geographically defined districts , either on a single ballot ( block voting ) or on separate concurrent ballots for each seat ( conducting multiple plurality elections ) .   This method was used to give more populous counties additional representation without dividing them into multiple districts - voters were instead allowed to either vote in several elections or to vote for a slate of candidates . It was a system used mostly in Maryland , New York and Pennsylvania until prohibited by the 1842 Apportionment Bill and subsequent legislation .

neg: Politics of France The politics of France take place with the framework of a semi-presidential system determined by the French Constitution of the French Fifth Republic . The nation declares itself to be an `` indivisible , secular , democratic , and social Republic '' . The constitution provides for a separation of powers and proclaims France 's `` attachment to the Rights of Man and the principles of national sovereignty as defined by the Declaration of 1789 . ''   The political system of France consists of an executive branch , a legislative branch , and a judicial branch . Executive power is exercised by the President of the Republic and the Government . The Government consists of the Prime Minister and ministers . The Prime Minister is appointed by the President , and is responsible to Parliament . The government , including the Prime Minister , can be revoked by the National Assembly , the lower house of Parliament , through a `` censure motion '' ; this ensures that the Prime Minister is always supported by a majority of the lower house ( which , on most topics , has prominence over the upper house ) .   Parliament comprises the National Assembly and the Senate . It passes statutes and votes on the budget ; it controls the action of the executive through formal questioning on the floor of the houses of Parliament and by establishing commissions of inquiry . The constitutionality of the statutes is checked by the Constitutional Council , members of which are appointed by the President of the Republic , the President of the National Assembly , and the President of the Senate . Former presidents of the Republic also are members of the Council .   The independent judiciary is based upon civil law system which evolved from the Napoleonic codes . It is divided into the judicial branch ( dealing with civil law and criminal law ) and the administrative branch ( dealing with appeals against executive decisions ) , each with their own independent supreme court of appeal : the Court of Cassation for the judicial courts and the Conseil d'Etat for the administrative courts . The French government includes various bodies that check abuses of power and independent agencies .   France is a unitary state . However , its administrative subdivisions -- regions , departments and communes -- have various legal functions , and the national government is prohibited from intruding into their normal operations .   France was a founding member of the European Coal and Steel Community , later the European Union . As such , France has transferred part of its sovereignty to European institutions , as provided by its constitution . The French government therefore has to abide by European treaties , directives and regulations .

neg: 33rd United States Congress The Thirty-third United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government , consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives . It met in Washington , D.C. from March 4 , 1853 , to March 4 , 1855 , during the first two years of the administration of U.S. President Franklin Pierce . During this session , the Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed , an act that soon led to the creation of the Republican Party . The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Seventh Census of the United States in 1850 . Both chambers had a Democratic majority .

neg: Alaska House of Representatives The Alaska House of Representatives is the lower house in the Alaska Legislature , the state legislature of the U.S. state of Alaska . The House is composed of 40 members , each of whom represents a district of approximately 17,756 people per 2010 Census figures . Members serve two-year terms without term limits . With 40 representatives , the Alaska House is the smallest state legislative lower house in the United States .   The House convenes at the State Capitol in Juneau .

neg: Federal Assembly (Switzerland) The Federal Assembly ( -LSB- Bundesversammlung ( Switzerland ) , Bundesversammlung -RSB- , Assemblée fédérale , Assemblea federale , Assamblea federala ) , is Switzerland 's federal legislature . It meets in Bern in the Federal Palace .   The Federal Assembly is bicameral , being composed of the 200-seat National Council and the 46-seat Council of States . The houses have identical powers . Members of both houses represent the cantons , but , whereas seats in the National Council are distributed in proportion to population , each canton has two seats in the Council of States , except the six ` half-cantons ' which have one seat each . Both are elected in full once every four years , with the last election being held in 2015 .   The Federal Assembly possesses the federal government 's legislative power , along with the separate constitutional right of citizen 's initiative . For a law to pass , it must be passed by both houses . The Federal Assembly may come together as a United Federal Assembly in certain circumstances such as to elect the Federal Council ( collective executive head of government and state ) , the Federal Chancellor , the federal judges or a General ( only in times of great national danger ) .

neg: 3rd United States Congress The Third United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government , consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives . It met at Congress Hall in Philadelphia Pennsylvania from March 4 , 1793 to March 4 , 1795 , during the fifth and sixth years of George Washington 's Presidency .   The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was governed by the Apportionment Act of 1792 and based on the 1790 Census . The Senate had a Pro-Administration majority , and the House had an Anti-Administration majority .

neg: Australian Senate The Australian Senate is the upper house of the bicameral Parliament of Australia , the lower house being the House of Representatives . The composition and powers of the Senate are established in Chapter I , Part II of the Australian Constitution . There are a total of 76 senators : 12 senators are elected from each of the six states ( regardless of population ) and two from each of the two autonomous internal territories ( the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory ) . Senators are popularly elected under the single transferable vote system of proportional representation .   Unlike upper Houses in most Westminster parliamentary systems , the Senate is vested with significant power , including the capacity to block all legislation , including Budget and Appropriation Bills , initiated by the government in the House of Representatives , making it a distinctive hybrid of British Westminster bicameralism and US-style bicameralism . As a result of proportional representation , the chamber features a multitude of parties vying for power . The governing party or coalition , which has to maintain the confidence of the lower house , rarely has a majority in the Senate and usually needs to negotiate with other parties and Independents to get legislation passed .   Senators normally serve fixed six-year terms ( from 1 July to 30 June ) , unless the Senate is dissolved earlier in a double dissolution . Following a double dissolution half the state senators serve terms ending on the third 30 June following the election ( i.e. slightly less than three years ) with the rest serving three years longer . The term of the territory senators expires at the same time as there is an election for the House of Representatives . There is no constitutional requirement for the election of senators to take place at the same time as those for members of the House of Representatives , though the government usually synchronises election dates .

neg: Parliament of Romania The Parliament of Romania ( Parlamentul României ) is the national legislature of Romania , consisting of the Chamber of Deputies ( Camera Deputaților ) , and the Senate ( Senat ) . Its meeting place is at the Palace of the Parliament in Bucharest .   Prior to the modification of the Constitution in 2003 , the two houses had identical attributes . A text of a law had to be approved by both houses . If the text differed , a special commission ( comisie de mediere ) was formed by deputies and senators , that `` negotiated '' between the two houses the form of the future law . The report of this commission had to be approved in a joint session of the Parliament . After the 2003 referendum , a law still has to be approved by both houses , but each house has designated matters it gets to deliberate before the other , in capacity of `` deciding chamber '' ( cameră decizională ) . If that first chamber adopts a law proposal ( relating to its competences ) , it is passed on to the other one , which can approve or reject . If it makes amendments , the bill is sent back to the deciding chamber , the decision of which is final .   In 2009 , a referendum was held to consult the population about turning the parliament into a unicameral body and reducing the number of representatives to 300 . Although the referendum passed , the results are not binding , a referendum explicitly mentioning the modification of the constitution being required to achieve this .

neg: Tennessee General Assembly The Tennessee General Assembly is the state legislature of the U.S. state of Tennessee . It is a part-time bicameral legislature consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives . The Speaker of the Senate carries the additional title and office of Lieutenant Governor of Tennessee . In addition to passing a budget for state government plus other legislation , the General Assembly appoints three state officers specified by the state constitution . It is also the initiating body in any process to amend the state 's constitution .

neg: House of Representatives of Fiji The House of Representatives was the lower chamber of Fiji 's Parliament from 1970 to 2006 . It was the more powerful of the two chambers ; it alone had the power to initiate legislation ( the Senate , by contrast , could amend or veto most legislation , but could not initiate it ) . The House of Representatives also had much greater jurisdiction over financial bills ; the Senate could not amend them , although it might veto them . Except in the case of amendments to the Constitution , over which a veto of the Senate was absolute , the House of Representatives might override a Senatorial veto by passing the same bill a second time , in the parliamentary session immediately following the one in which it was rejected by the Senate , after a minimum period of six months .   Also , the Prime Minister and Cabinet were required to retain the confidence of a majority of the House of Representatives to remain in office .   The House of Representatives was suspended by the 2006 military coup . The 2013 Constitution abolished it and replaced it with a single chamber Parliament .