query: Abraham Lincoln was once rivals with Stephen A. Douglas.

pos: Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln ( -LSB- ˈeɪbrəhæm_ˈlIŋkən -RSB- February 12 , 1809 -- April 15 , 1865 ) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865 . Lincoln led the United States through its Civil War -- its bloodiest war and perhaps its greatest moral , constitutional , and political crisis . In doing so , he preserved the Union , paved the way to the abolition of slavery , strengthened the federal government , and modernized the economy .   Born in Hodgenville , Kentucky , Lincoln grew up on the western frontier in Kentucky and Indiana . Largely self-educated , he became a lawyer in Illinois , a Whig Party leader , and was elected to the Illinois House of Representatives , in which he served for eight years . Elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1846 , Lincoln promoted rapid modernization of the economy through banks , tariffs , and railroads . Because he had originally agreed not to run for a second term in Congress , and because his opposition to the Mexican -- American War was unpopular among Illinois voters , Lincoln returned to Springfield and resumed his successful law practice . Reentering politics in 1854 , he became a leader in building the new Republican Party , which had a statewide majority in Illinois . In 1858 , while taking part in a series of highly publicized debates with his opponent and rival , Democrat Stephen A. Douglas , Lincoln spoke out against the expansion of slavery , but lost the U.S. Senate race to Douglas .   In 1860 , Lincoln secured the Republican Party presidential nomination as a moderate from a swing state . Though he gained very little support in the slaveholding states of the South , he swept the North and was elected president in 1860 . Lincoln 's victory prompted seven southern slave states to form the Confederate States of America before he moved into the White House -- no compromise or reconciliation was found regarding slavery and secession . Subsequently , on April 12 , 1861 , a Confederate attack on Fort Sumter inspired the North to enthusiastically rally behind the Union . As the leader of the moderate faction of the Republican Party , Lincoln confronted Radical Republicans , who demanded harsher treatment of the South , War Democrats , who called for more compromise , anti-war Democrats ( called Copperheads ) , who despised him , and irreconcilable secessionists , who plotted his assassination . Politically , Lincoln fought back by pitting his opponents against each other , by carefully planned political patronage , and by appealing to the American people with his powers of oratory . His Gettysburg Address became an iconic endorsement of the principles of nationalism , republicanism , equal rights , liberty , and democracy .   Lincoln initially concentrated on the military and political dimensions of the war . His primary goal was to reunite the nation . He suspended habeas corpus , leading to the controversial ex parte Merryman decision , and he averted potential British intervention in the war by defusing the Trent Affair in late 1861 . Lincoln closely supervised the war effort , especially the selection of top generals , including his most successful general , Ulysses S. Grant . He also made major decisions on Union war strategy , including a naval blockade that shut down the South 's normal trade , moves to take control of Kentucky and Tennessee , and using gunboats to gain control of the southern river system . Lincoln tried repeatedly to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond ; each time a general failed , Lincoln substituted another , until finally Grant succeeded . As the war progressed , his complex moves toward ending slavery included the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 ; Lincoln used the U.S. Army to protect escaped slaves , encouraged the border states to outlaw slavery , and pushed through Congress the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , which permanently outlawed slavery .   An exceptionally astute politician deeply involved with power issues in each state , Lincoln reached out to the War Democrats and managed his own re-election campaign in the 1864 presidential election . Anticipating the war 's conclusion , Lincoln pushed a moderate view of Reconstruction , seeking to reunite the nation speedily through a policy of generous reconciliation in the face of lingering and bitter divisiveness . On April 14 , 1865 , five days after the surrender of Confederate commanding general Robert E. Lee , Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth , a Confederate sympathizer .   Lincoln has been consistently ranked both by scholars and the public as among the greatest U.S. presidents .

neg: Bleeding Kansas Bleeding Kansas , Bloody Kansas or the Border War was a series of violent political confrontations in the United States involving anti-slavery `` Free-Staters '' and pro-slavery `` Border Ruffian '' , or `` southern '' elements in Kansas . This military conflict happened between 1854 and 1861 , including `` Bleeding Congress '' . The Kansas -- Nebraska Act of 1854 called for `` popular sovereignty '' -- that is , the decision about slavery was to be made by the settlers ( rather than outsiders ) . It would be decided by votes -- or more exactly which side had more votes counted by officials . At the heart of the conflict was the question of whether Kansas would allow or outlaw slavery , and thus enter the Union as a slave state or a free state . Pro-slavery forces said every settler had the right to bring his own property , including slaves , into the territory . Anti-slavery `` free soil '' forces said the rich slaveholders would buy up all the good farmland and work it with black slaves , leaving little or no opportunity for non-slaveholders . As such , Bleeding Kansas was a conflict between anti-slavery forces in the North and pro-slavery forces from the South over the issue of slavery in the United States . The term `` Bleeding Kansas '' was coined by Republican Horace Greeley , editor of the New York Tribune ; its violence indicated that compromise was unlikely , and thus it presaged the Civil War .

neg: The Fiery Trial The Fiery Trial : Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery is a historical non-fiction book written by American historian Eric Foner . Published in 2010 by W. W. Norton & Company , the book serves as a biographical portrait of United States President Abraham Lincoln , discussing the evolution of his stance on slavery in the United States over the course of his life .  The Fiery Trial , which derives its title from a State of the Union address by Lincoln , was the 22nd book written by Foner , the DeWitt Clinton Professor of History at Columbia University . It was praised by critics and won the 2011 Pulitzer Prize for History , the Bancroft Prize , and the Lincoln Prize .

neg: Albert Gallatin Edwards Albert Gallatin Edwards ( October 15 , 1812 -- April 19 , 1892 ) was an Assistant Secretary of the U.S. Treasury under President of the United States Abraham Lincoln and founder of brokerage firm A. G. Edwards .   Edwards was born in Kentucky in 1812 and named after Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin . His father was Illinois Governor and U.S. Senator , Ninian Edwards . He graduated from West Point and was stationed near St. Louis , MO. . There he met Louise Cabanne , the daughter of a prominent St. Louis Family , whom he married in 1835 . Following his marriage , Edwards resigned from the military and entered the wholesale business .   Edwards fought for the Union during the American Civil War and was rewarded for his effort by President Lincoln who named him United States Assistant Secretary of the Treasury of the Treasury in April , 1865 . Later , in 1887 , at the age of 75 , he founded the brokerage firm that bore his name , A. G. Edwards . He is buried at Bellefontaine Cemetery in St. Louis .

neg: United States presidential election, 1812 The United States presidential election of 1812 was the seventh quadrennial presidential election . It was held from Friday , October 30 to Wednesday , December 2 , 1812 , and took place in the shadow of the War of 1812 . It featured an intriguing competition between incumbent Democratic-Republican President James Madison and a dissident Democratic-Republican , DeWitt Clinton , nephew of Madison 's late Vice President , George Clinton . The Federalist opposition threw their support behind Clinton . Nonetheless , Madison was re-elected with 50.4 percent of the popular vote to his opponent 's 47.6 % , making the 1812 election the closest election up to that point for the popular vote . This was the first presidential election to be held during a major war involving the United States .

neg: William Rosecrans William Starke Rosecrans ( September 6 , 1819March 11 , 1898 ) was an American inventor , coal-oil company executive , diplomat , politician , and U.S. Army officer . He gained fame for his role as a Union general during the American Civil War . He was the victor at prominent Western Theater battles , but his military career was effectively ended following his disastrous defeat at the Battle of Chickamauga in 1863 .   Rosecrans graduated in 1842 from the West Point Military Academy where he served in engineering assignments as well as a professor before leaving the Army to pursue a career in civil engineering . At the start of the Civil War , leading troops from Ohio , he achieved early combat success in western Virginia . In 1862 in the Western Theater , he won the battles of Iuka and Corinth while under the command of Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant . His brusque , outspoken manner and willingness to quarrel openly with superiors caused a professional rivalry with Grant ( as well as with Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton ) that would adversely affect Rosecrans ' career .   Given command of the Army of the Cumberland , he fought against Confederate Gen. Braxton Bragg at Stones River , and later outmaneuvered him in the brilliant Tullahoma Campaign , driving the Confederates from Middle Tennessee . His strategic movements then caused Bragg to abandon the critical city of Chattanooga , but Rosecrans ' pursuit of Bragg ended during the bloody Battle of Chickamauga , where his unfortunately worded order mistakenly opened a gap in the Union line and Rosecrans and a third of his army were swept from the field . Besieged in Chattanooga , Rosecrans was relieved of command by Grant .   Following his humiliating defeat , Rosecrans was reassigned to command the Department of Missouri , where he opposed Price 's Raid . He was briefly considered as a vice presidential running mate for Abraham Lincoln in 1864 . After the war , he served in diplomatic and appointed political positions and in 1880 was elected to Congress , representing California .

neg: Robert Smith (Illinois politician) Robert Smith ( June 12 , 1802 -- December 21 , 1867 ) was a U.S. Representative from Illinois , nephew of Jeremiah Smith and Samuel Smith of New Hampshire . Smith founded General Mills in 1856 .   Born in Peterborough , New Hampshire , Smith attended the public schools and New Ipswich Academy . He taught school . He engaged in mercantile pursuits in 1822 and in the manufacturing of textile goods in Northfield , New Hampshire in 1823 . He studied law . He was admitted to the bar and practiced . He moved to Illinois and settled in Alton in 1832 and again engaged in mercantile pursuits .   Smith was elected captain in the state militia in 1832 . He was an extensive land owner , and engaged in the real estate business . He served as a member of the Illinois House of Representatives from 1836-1840 . He was elected enrolling and engrossing clerk of the Illinois House of Representatives in 1840 and 1842 .   Smith was elected as a Democrat to the Twenty-eighth and Twenty-ninth Congresses and reelected as an Independent Democrat to the Thirtieth Congress ( March 4 , 1843 -- March 3 , 1849 ) . He served as chairman of the Committee on Roads and Canals ( Twenty-ninth Congress ) .   Smith was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-fifth Congress ( March 4 , 1857 -- March 3 , 1859 ) . He served as chairman of the Committee on Mileage ( Thirty-fifth Congress ) . He served as paymaster during the Civil War . He died in Alton , and was interred in Alton City Cemetery .   Smith attended an event in Greenville , Illinois in 1858 in which Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas gave speeches around the time of the Lincoln-Douglas debates .

neg: The Great Abraham Lincoln Pocket Watch Conspiracy The Great Abraham Lincoln Pocket Watch Conspiracy is a historical fiction novel written by Jacopo della Quercia . The plot follows President William Howard Taft , scientist and son of a former president Robert Todd Lincoln , Secret Service Chief John Wilkie , Captain ( later Major ) Archibald Butt and others as they slowly unravel a worldwide conspiracy over a decade in the making .   The book , which was della Quercia 's debut novel , was published in 2014 by St. Martin 's Griffin , an imprint of publishing company St. Martin 's Press . The author described the book 's genre not as singular distinct genre , but as an `` equal parts cocktail '' of adventure , historical fiction , science fiction , thriller and comedy . In 2015 , della Quercia released a spiritual sequel , License to Quill , of a similar nature that concerns the lives of Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare in Reformation-era Europe .   The book has many references to actual events ; some , such as the sinking of the RMS Titanic , are important plot points , while others , such as the destruction of the zeppelin Erbslöh , are passively mentioned as news or memories . The author also includes excerpts from real newspaper articles , which were used to provide exposition in the storyline . Similarly , all of the main characters in the book were real , relevant figures in the 20th century . The characters profiles were fictionalized to fit in with the book 's plot and atmosphere , but their names , positions , occupations and personalities are kept largely intact .

neg: The Lincoln Hunters The Lincoln Hunters is a 1958 novel by Wilson Tucker . The novel , set in the year 2578 , details the story of a historian from the oppressive society of that year , who travels back in time to record Abraham Lincoln 's Lost Speech of May 19 , 1856 in Bloomington , Illinois .   It contains a vivid description of Lincoln in the early stages of his career , seen through the eyes of a future American who feels that Lincoln and his time compare very favorably with the traveler 's own .   The book is mentioned in 11/22/63 , a novel by Stephen King that also centers around time travel and an assassinated president . Furthermore , the protagonist springboards to 1958-the year `` Hunters '' first ran-to alter the timeline by 1963 .   Category :1958 American novels  Category :1950 s science fiction novels  Category : American science fiction novels  Category : Time travel novels  Category : Novels by Wilson Tucker  Category :1856 in fiction  Category : Novels set in Illinois  Category :26 th century in fiction  Category : Fictional depictions of Abraham Lincoln in literature

neg: Lincoln and the Power of the Press: The War for Public Opinion Lincoln and the Power of the Press : The War for Public Opinion is a book by Harold Holzer , which was published by Simon & Schuster in 2014 .

neg: Abraham Lincoln (Brown) Abraham Lincoln is an outdoor bronze sculpture of Abraham Lincoln by Henry Kirke Brown , located at Union Square in Manhattan , New York . Cast in 1870 and dedicated on September 16 of that year , the statue was originally installed at the southwest corner of Union Square , where the sculpture of Mahatma Gandhi stands today . In 1875 , a stone and bronze rail fence was constructed around the statue of Lincoln ; the fence included an inscription of text from his second inaugural address , `` ... with malice toward none ; charity toward all . '' During the 1930 redesign of Union Square Park , the statue was moved to its current location , but the fence remained . The statue is in axial alignment with the Independence Flagstaff and George Washington . It was conserved in 1992 .

neg: The Lincoln–Douglas Debates (1994 reenactments) The 1994 reenactments of the Lincoln -- Douglas Debates took place between August 20 and October 15 , 1994 and were facilitated and aired by C-SPAN . They featured historical reenactors presenting , in their entireties , the series of seven debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas that took place during the 1858 U.S. Senate campaign in Illinois . The debate reenactments were held in the same seven cities as were the 1858 debates , and were performed on dates very close to the anniversaries of the original debates . They were broadcast live on C-SPAN , and have been rebroadcast periodically ever since .

neg: New York City draft riots The New York draft riots ( July 13 -- 16 , 1863 ) , known at the time as Draft Week , were violent disturbances in Lower Manhattan , widely regarded as the culmination of working-class discontent with new laws passed by Congress that year to draft men to fight in the ongoing American Civil War . The riots remain the largest civil and racial insurrection in American history , aside from the Civil War itself .   U.S. President Abraham Lincoln diverted several regiments of militia and volunteer troops from following up after the Battle of Gettysburg to control the city . The rioters were overwhelmingly working-class men , who resented that wealthier men , who could afford to pay a $ 300 ( equivalent to $ 9,157 in 2017 ) commutation fee to hire a substitute , were spared from the draft .   Initially intended to express anger at the draft , the protests turned into a race riot , with white rioters , predominantly Irish immigrants , attacking blacks throughout the city . The official death toll was listed at either 119 or 120 individuals . Conditions in the city were such that Major General John E. Wool , commander of the Department of the East , said on July 16 that `` Martial law ought to be proclaimed , but I have not a sufficient force to enforce it . ''   The military did not reach the city until after the first day of rioting , by which time the mobs , primarily ethnic Irish , had already ransacked or destroyed numerous public buildings , two Protestant churches , the homes of various abolitionists or sympathizers , many black homes , and the Colored Orphan Asylum at 44th Street and Fifth Avenue , which was burned to the ground .   The area 's demographics changed as a result of the riot . Many blacks left Manhattan permanently ( many moving to Brooklyn ) . By 1865 their population fell below 10,000 , the number in 1820 .

neg: Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War This timeline of events leading up to the American Civil War describes and links to narrative articles and references about many of the events and issues which historians recognize as origins and causes of the Civil War . The pre-Civil War events can be roughly divided into a period encompassing the long term build-up over many decades and a period encompassing the five-month build to war immediately after the election of Abraham Lincoln as President in the Election of 1860 which culminated in the Fall of Fort Sumter ( April 1861 ) .   Since the early colonial period in Virginia , slavery had been a part of the socioeconomic system of British North America and was recognized in the Thirteen Colonies at the time of the United States ' Declaration of Independence ( 1776 ) . Since then , events and statements by politicians and others brought forth differences , tensions and divisions between the people of the slave states of the Southern United States and the people of the free states of the Northern United States ( including Western states ) over the topics of slavery . The large underlying issue from which other issues developed was whether slavery should be retained and even expanded to other areas or whether it should be contained and eventually abolished . Over many decades , these issues and divisions became increasingly irreconcilable and contentious .   Events in the 1850s culminated with the election of the anti-slavery-expansion Republican Abraham Lincoln as President on November 6 , 1860 . This provoked the first round of state secessions as leaders of the Deep South cotton states were unwilling to remain in a second class political status with their way of life threatened by the President himself . Initially , the seven Deep South states seceded , with economies based on cotton ( then in heavy European demand with rising prices ) . They were Alabama , Florida , Georgia , Louisiana , Mississippi , South Carolina and Texas . After the Confederates attacked and captured Fort Sumter , President Lincoln called for volunteers to march south and suppress the rebellion . This pushed the four other Upper South States ( Virginia , North Carolina , Tennessee , and Arkansas ) also to secede . These states completed the formation of the Confederate States of America . Their addition to the Confederacy insured a war would be prolonged and bloody because they contributed territory and soldiers .

neg: Presidency of William McKinley The presidency of William McKinley began on March 4 , 1897 at noon Eastern Standard Time , when William McKinley was inaugurated as President of the United States , and ended on September 14 , 1901 , upon his assassination and death , days into his second term . McKinley , a Republican , was succeeded by Vice President Theodore Roosevelt .   The 25th United States president , he took office following the 1896 presidential election , in which he defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan , after a front-porch campaign in which he advocated `` sound money '' , promised that high tariffs would restore prosperity , and denounced Bryan 's radicalism and class warfare . He defeated Bryan again in the 1900 presidential election , in a campaign focused on imperialism , protectionism , and free silver . McKinley 's presidency marked the beginning of an era in American political history from the mid -- 1890s to 1932 that was generally dominated by the Republican Party .   McKinley led the nation to victory in the Spanish -- American War , took ownership of Hawaii , the Philippines and Puerto Rico , restored prosperity , promoted pluralism among all groups , raised protective tariffs to promote American industry , and maintained the nation on the gold standard in a rejection of inflationary proposals . Rapid economic growth marked his presidency . He promoted the 1897 Dingley Tariff to protect manufacturers and factory workers from foreign competition , and in 1900 , he secured the passage of the Gold Standard Act . McKinley hoped to persuade Spain to grant independence to rebellious Cuba without conflict , but when negotiation failed , he led the nation in the Spanish -- American War of 1898 ; the U.S. victory was quick and decisive . As part of the peace settlement , Spain turned over to the United States its main overseas colonies of Puerto Rico , Guam , and the Philippines ; Cuba was promised independence , but for a time remained under the control of the U.S. Army . The United States annexed the independent Republic of Hawaii in 1898 and it became a U.S. territory . As an innovator of American interventionism and pro-business sentiment , McKinley 's presidency is generally ranked above average . Historian Lewis L. Gould argues that McKinley was effective in domestic and foreign affairs and was `` the first modern president '' :

neg: Edward Everett Edward Everett ( April 11 , 1794 -- January 15 , 1865 ) was an American politician , pastor , educator , diplomat , and orator from Massachusetts . Everett , a Whig , served as U.S. Representative , U.S. Senator , the 15th Governor of Massachusetts , Minister to Great Britain , and United States Secretary of State . He also taught at Harvard University and served as its president .   Everett was one of the great American orators of the antebellum and Civil War eras . He is often remembered today as the featured orator at the dedication ceremony of the Gettysburg National Cemetery in 1863 , where he spoke for over two hoursimmediately before President Abraham Lincoln delivered his famous , two-minute Gettysburg Address .   The son of a pastor , Everett was educated at Harvard , and briefly ministered at Boston 's Brattle Street Church before taking a teaching job at Harvard . The position included preparatory studies in Europe , so Everett spent two years in studies at the University of Göttingen , and another two years traveling around Europe . At Harvard he taught ancient Greek literature for several years before becoming involved in politics , and began an extensive and popular speaking career . He served ten years in the United States Congress before winning election as Governor of Massachusetts in 1835 . As governor he introduced the state Board of Education , the first of its type in the nation .   After being defeated in the 1839 election by one vote , Everett was appointed Minister to Great Britain , serving until 1845 . He next became President of Harvard , a job he quickly came to dislike . In 1849 he became an assistant to longtime friend and colleague Daniel Webster , who had been appointed Secretary of State . Upon Webster 's death Everett served as Secretary of State for a few months until he was sworn in as U.S. Senator from Massachusetts . In the later years of his life Everett traveled , giving speeches all over the country . He supported efforts to maintain the Union before the Civil War , running for Vice President on the Constitutional Union Party ticket in 1860 . He was active in supporting the Union effort during the war and supported Lincoln in the 1864 election .

neg: Emancipation Memorial The Emancipation Memorial , also known as the Freedman 's Memorial or the Emancipation Group , and sometimes referred to as the `` Lincoln Memorial '' before the more prominent so-named memorial was built , is a monument in Lincoln Park in the Capitol Hill neighborhood of Washington , D.C.   Designed and sculpted by Thomas Ball and erected in 1876 , the monument depicts Abraham Lincoln in his role of the `` Great Emancipator '' freeing a male African American slave modeled on Archer Alexander . The ex-slave is depicted on one knee , with one fist clenched , shirtless and shackled at the president 's feet .   The statue originally faced west towards the U.S. Capitol until it was rotated east in 1974 in order to face the newly-erected Mary McLeod Bethune Memorial .   The monument has long been the subject of controversy . According to information from American University :   Despite being paid for by African Americans , historian Kirk Savage in 1997 condemned it as `` a monument entrenched in and perpetuating racist ideology '' because of the supplicant and inferior position of the Black figure .   The statue is a contributing monument to the Civil War Monuments in Washington , DC , of the National Register of Historic Places .

neg: United States presidential election in Pennsylvania, 1864 The 1864 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania took place on November 8 , 1864 , as part of the 1864 United States presidential election . Voters chose 26 representatives , or electors to the Electoral College , who voted for President and Vice President .   Pennsylvania voted for the National Union candidate , Abraham Lincoln , over the Democratic candidate , George B. McClellan . Lincoln won Pennsylvania by a margin of 3.5 % .

neg: Abraham Lincoln (Parin d'Aulaire book) Abraham Lincoln is a book by Ingri and Edgar Parin d'Aulaire about Abraham Lincoln . Originally published by Doubleday , it was the recipient of the Caldecott Medal for illustration in 1940 .

neg: Archibald Williams (judge) Archibald Williams ( June 10 , 1801 -- September 21 , 1863 ) was a United States federal judge .   Born in Montgomery County , Kentucky , Williams read law to enter the bar in 1828 . He was in private practice in Quincy , Illinois beginning in 1829 . He was the United States Attorney for the District of Illinois from 1849 to 1853 . He served in both the Illinois House of Representatives and the Illinois State Senate .   On March 8 , 1861 , Williams was nominated by President Abraham Lincoln to a new seat on the United States District Court for the District of Kansas created by 12 Stat . 126 . He was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 12 , 1861 , and received his commission the same day . Williams served in that capacity until his death , in 1863 , in Quincy , Illinois .   Archibald Williams 's historical significance was based on his close friendship with Abraham Lincoln , the 16th President of the United States , who issued the Emancipation Proclamation freeing the slaves . Lincoln was from Springfield , Illinois , and Williams was from Quincy , Illinois , a port city on the Mississippi River along the western border of the state . The two men were close political allies in the Whig Party and , later on , in the newly founded Republican Party . They first met when serving in the Illinois state legislature in the early 1830 's . They were compatriots for 29 years .   Archibald Williams led the life of a political party workhorse , first for the Whig Party and then the Republicans . He served in the Illinois state legislature , made two unsuccessful runs for the U.S. Senate as a Whig , played a leading role at the Illinois state Constitutional Convention of 1847 , chaired many important political meetings in Quincy , Illinois , attended many state political party conventions , made an unsuccessful run for the U.S. House of Representatives , and in 1858 campaigned in Illinois for his friend Abraham Lincoln . In all recorded instances , Archibald Williams gave Abraham Lincoln his true and unwavering support .   Archibald Williams died in 1863 . By that time , Abraham Lincoln was President of the United States and the leader of the Northern states during the American Civil War .   Birth and Early Life   Archibald Williams was born in Montgomery County , Kentucky , on June 10 , 1801 . He was the son of John Williams and Amelia Gill Williams . He grew up in Kentucky , qualified to be a lawyer in the neighboring state of Tennessee , and then moved west with some of his brothers and sisters to Quincy , Illinois . As a young attorney , he rode circuit , going from county court to county court arguing legal cases . He was particularly noted for taking cases on appeal , and he argued many cases before the Illinois state Supreme Court .   He married Nancy Kemp , who also had come from Kentucky , on July 28 , 1831 . They had nine children , but only five grew up to be adults . For several months in early 1832 he served as a volunteer in the Black Hawk War against Native Americans . In the fall of 1832 he strongly supported Henry Clay for President of the United States .   At the Illinois State Legislature   Archibald Williams was elected to the Illinois state Senate in 1832 . He studied and reported on School Financing to the state Senate , arguing for local control of schools rather than establishing a statewide system . Later in his legislative career , he labeled the Illinois Internal Improvements program `` Infernal Improvements '' due to its financial difficulties leading to bankruptcy .   Abraham Lincoln was elected to the state legislature in 1834 . Archibald Williams and Lincoln became good friends and both subsequently joined the Whig Party . Lincoln was said to have seen Archibald Williams as a great `` reasoner . '' The two men were described as `` sitting next to each other in the southeast corner of the statehouse . '' It was noted : `` Lincoln did not hesitate to consult Williams at all times , and the two men were often associated in legal work . ''   Twice the Whig Candidate for U.S. Senator   Archibald Williams ran for the United States Senate as a Whig in 1836 and in 1842 . At those times the selection of U.S. senators was made by both houses of the state legislature . Lincoln voted for Archibald Williams the first time he ran for U.S. Senator in 1836 . The second time Archibald Williams ran , in 1842 , Lincoln was no longer in the state legislature and thus could not vote for his friend . In both instances , Archibald Williams was not elected .   Witnessed Abraham Lincoln 's Admission to U.S. Courts   Abraham Lincoln was admitted to practice law in the United States Circuit Court on December 3 , 1839 . U.S Court Judge Nathaniel Pope presided over the ceremony . A Quincy , Illinois , newspaper noted that Archibald Williams was present at the ceremony .   Presided Over Whig Party State Conventions in Illinois   Archibald Williams presided over a Whig Party state convention meeting in Springfield , Illinois , in 1843 . Abraham Lincoln attended the convention and was elected a Whig Party presidential elector for the 1844 presidential election . Unfortunately for the Whigs , Democrat James K. Polk of Tennessee won the presidential election .   In June of 1844 , Archibald Williams was elected president of an Illinois state Whig Party convention in Peoria , Illinois . Abraham Lincoln spoke to the convention in support of the United States charging higher tariffs on imported goods , a major Whig position at the time .   Supported African Colonization of Freed Slaves   Along with Abraham Lincoln , Archibald Williams in the 1840 's supported the African colonization of freed slaves by joining the Illinois colonization society . Although opposed to slavery , both men believed Southerners should be allowed to keep their slaves but also should be urged to free their slaves voluntarily and return them to Africa . This was thought to be a reasonable and non-coercive solution to the slavery problem .   The Mormon Problem in Illinois   Joining with his friend and fellow Quincy lawyer Orville Browning , Archibald Williams in 1840 helped to defend Mormon leader Joseph Smith from being extradited to Missouri to face possible execution for alleged crimes . Joseph Smith was the founder of the Church of Latter Day Saints ( Mormons ) , and he and his church were unpopular because of the voting power of his supporters and their belief in men having multiple wives . Thanks to Browning 's and Williams 's arguments in court , Smith was not extradited to Missouri but remained in Illinois and founded a Mormon colony at Nauvoo , Illinois .   Four years later , in 1844 , Smith and his brother Hyrum were murdered by a mob while incarcerated in the jail at Carthage , Illinois . Williams and Browning switched sides and helped to defend in court the accused murderers of Joseph and Hyrum Smith . The murderers were all found not-guilty .   Shortly afterward , Archibald Williams chaired a meeting in Quincy , Illinois , that sought to arrange for a peaceful departure of the Mormons from Illinois to the far western state of Utah . Archibald Williams appointed a delegation of Quincy citizens that traveled to Nauvoo and convinced the new Mormon leader , Brigham Young , to leave Illinois for Utah in an orderly manner . Brigham Young said the Mormons could not leave immediately , but when `` grass grows and water runs , '' both signs of spring . The following spring the Mormons peacefully left Illinois for Utah , traveling mainly by wagon train .   The Illinois Constitutional Convention of 1847   Archibald Williams was elected to the Illinois state Constitutional Convention of 1847 as a Whig . The convention met in the state capitol in Springfield , Illinois , and proceeded to write an improved state constitution . Williams was elected in a Democratic district against a Democratic candidate . Although the Democrats had a majority of the delegates to the convention , the Whigs could break away Democratic votes when they needed them and ended up dominating the convention . A historian noted : `` James W. Singleton of Mount Sterling , Archibald Williams of Quincy , and David M. Woodson of Carrollton aggressively upheld the Whig cause against the attacks of various capable Democratic opponents . ''   At the constitutional convention , Archibald Williams and the Whig Party supported the rights of property , strict voting requirements in state elections , and allowing the state legislature to override the governor 's veto by a majority vote rather than a two-thirds vote . Two issues were sent to the state 's voters - one calling for the creation of an Illinois state bank and the other limiting the immigration into Illinois of freed slaves from the slave states . The voters of Illinois rejected the idea of an Illinois state bank but approved limiting the immigration of freed slaves .   Archibald Williams gave a major speech at the constitutional convention opposing the idea that the Illinois Supreme Court should meet at various locations throughout the state rather than only in the state capital of Springfield . After the constitutional convention adjourned , the voters of Illinois approved the new constitution by a ratio of almost 4 to 1 .   The Constitutional Convention of 1847 was a landmark in the legal and political career of Archibald Williams . He succeeded in furthering the ideals and policies of the Whig Party against stiff Democratic Party opposition . He was three months in Springfield , the state capital , meeting and working with many of the leading politicians and government officials from throughout the state . It helped to make him a significant figure in Illinois political and governmental history .   The `` Lincoln Letter '' to Archibald Williams   In the 1848 presidential election , Abraham Lincoln was backing General Zachary Taylor , a Mexican War hero , for the Whig Party nomination . A problem developed when Orville H. Browning , a Whig Party leader in Quincy , Illinois , supported the nomination of past Whig Party favorite Henry Clay . On April 30 , 1848 , Abraham Lincoln wrote a letter to Archibald Williams urging him to support Zachary Taylor and , if possible , also enlist the support of Browning . The letter read :   Washington , April 30 , 1848  Dear Williams ,   I have not seen in the papers and evidence of a movement to send a delegate from your circuit to the June convention - I wish to say that I think it all important that a delegate should be sent - Mr. Clay 's chance for election is just no chance at all . He might get New  York , and that would have elected in 1844 but it will not now ; because he must now at the  least , have Tennessee , which he had then and , in addition , the fifteen new votes of Florida , Texas , Iowa , and Wisconsin . I know that our good friend Browning is a great admirer of Mr. Clay , and I therefore fear he is favoring his nomination . If he is , ask him to discard feeling , and try if he can possibly , as a matter of judgement , count the votes necessary to elect him .   In my judgment , we can elect nobody but Gen. Taylor , and we can not elect him without a nomination - Therefore do n't fail to send a delegation -   Your friend as ever ,  A. Lincoln   This letter demonstrates the close friendship and easygoing familiarity between Abraham Lincoln and Archibald Williams . It also reveals Lincoln 's developing skills as an up and coming Illinois politician . It is not known whether Archibald Williams prevailed on Orville Browning to support Zachary Taylor for the Whig nomination for president in 1848 . What is known is that Zachary Taylor not only gained the Whig Party nomination but also won the presidency .   Named U.S. District Attorney for Illinois   Once in the White House in Washington , D.C. , newly elected President Zachary Taylor appointed Archibald Williams the United States District Attorney for the state of Illinois . Abraham Lincoln had sent the following letter in support of Williams 's nomination :   Washington , March 8 , 1849  Hon : John M. Clayton  Secretary of State   Dear Sir :  We Recommend that Archibald Williams , of Quincy , Illinois , be appointed U.S. District Attorney for the District of Illinois , when that office shall become vacant .   Your Obt . Servts .  A. Lincoln   As U.S. District Attorney for Illinois , it was Archibald Williams 's job to prosecute cases in the U.S. District Court . The job became more difficult for Williams in 1850 when Congress enacted the Compromise of 1850 , which included a new Fugitive Slave Law . This law required Williams , in his role as U.S. District Attorney , to oversee the capture of runaway slaves and their return to their owners in the South . Williams was opposed to slavery personally but , in the 1850 's , acknowledged the right of slave owners in the South to keep their slaves . He fully discharged his duties under the Fugitive Slave Act .   Death of Nancy Kemp Williams   Archibald Williams 's wife , Nancy Kemp Williams , died on March 16 , 1854 , giving birth to a daughter , Nancy Williams . The baby survived the birth and lived to be an adult . Archibald and Nancy Williams had been married for 22 years .   Candidate for the U.S. House of Representatives in 1854   In the early 1850 's , U.S. Senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois sought the adoption of the Kansas and Nebraska acts . The bills provided for Kansas and Nebraska to become territories with provision for `` popular sovereignty , '' the idea that the citizens of each new territory would be allowed to vote on whether the territory should be slave or free . This produced a sharp reaction on the part of those opposed to slavery in the territories , because the Missouri Compromise of 1820 had stated that the lands that comprised Kansas and Nebraska should be free territory , not slave territory .   The result was the anti-Nebraska movement , which opposed popular sovereignty for Nebraska on the grounds that the citizens of the territory might vote for slavery and thereby spread slavery further into the territories . Archibald Williams and Abraham Lincoln both became anti-Nebraska men . For his part , Archibald Williams ran for the U.S. House of Representatives in 1854 on a strong anti-Nebraska platform .   Williams was running against incumbent Democratic Representative William A. Richardson , a formidable opponent . The U.S. House district that comprised Quincy , Illinois , was strongly Democratic . On the other hand , Richardson was a close political ally of Stephen Douglas and had strongly backed popular sovereignty for Nebraska in the U.S. House . Williams and his supporters hoped the wave of anti-Nebraska sentiment sweeping the northern states might just be strong enough to defeat Richardson , despite the strong Democratic voting tendency of the House district .   On October 31 , 1854 , Abraham Lincoln arrived in Quincy , Illinois , to give a speech in support of Archibald Williams 's candidacy for the U.S. House of Representatives . It took two days for him to travel by railroad and stagecoach to Quincy . In a letter to a friend and political ally , Lincoln wrote : `` I am here now going to Quincy , to try to give Mr. -LSB- Archibald -RSB- Williams a little life . ''   Even with Abraham Lincoln 's help , Archibald Williams lost the election to William Richardson . The overall election was a success for the anti-Nebraska movement , however , as the anti-Nebraska forces won enough seats to gain a majority in the U.S. House of Representatives . After 1854 , Archibald Williams and Abraham Lincoln and other anti-Nebraskans took the lead in forming the Republican Party in Illinois around the issue of `` no slavery in the territories . ''   An Archibald Williams Committee Influences Lincoln   Abraham Lincoln wrote a letter in which he said he was ready to `` fuse '' with other anti-slavery groups according to `` principles '' adopted at a public meeting in Quincy , Illinois . The purpose of fusion was to bring many disparate anti-slavery groups together to form the Republican Party . Lincoln 's letter noted that the principles had been drawn up by a three-person committee led `` by Mr. Archibald Williams . '' The principles centered on the idea that Southern slave owners could keep their slaves but that slavery would be forbidden in the territories .   Archibald Williams and his committee either influenced Lincoln directly on `` fusion , '' or else they confirmed a position on `` fusion '' that Lincoln had already adopted .   At the United States Supreme Court   Archibald Williams argued a case before the United States Supreme Court on December 6 and 7 , 1855 . Orville Browning , Williams 's good friend from Quincy , Illinois , was the opposing lawyer . The issue in dispute dealt with rival claims for lands and centered on whether the question of `` bad faith '' in the matter should be decided by a judge or by a jury . The Court ruled in Wright v. Mattison that `` bad faith '' should not be decided by the judge but by the jury , which had been the precedent . The Court ordered the case to be retried in a lower court . The outcome was a victory for Browning and a loss for Williams .   The Beginnings of the Republican Party in Illinois   In 1856 , Archibald Williams was the temporary chairman at a major anti-Nebraska convention in Bloomington , Illinois . Williams led the convention until a permanent chairman had been elected . While attending the convention , Abraham Lincoln and Archibald Williams slept in the same bed at the Bloomington home of David Davis , a close friend of both men.A historian noted :   `` At Bloomington , Lincoln , Archibald Williams , his old associate in the Legislature , -LSB- and -RSB- T. Lyle Dickey , of Ottawa -LSB- Illinois -RSB- , a good lawyer , went to -LSB- David -RSB- Davis 's house and lived there during the Convention . Lincoln and Williams slept in one bed and Dickey and Whitney in another ... The course of the historic Bloomfield Convention was decisively influenced by the counsels that came from the steady men in the Davis House . ''   Although the name `` Republican '' was applied at a later date , the anti-Nebraska convention in Bloomington was considered the birthplace of the Republican Party in Illinois .   The Election of 1858   In 1858 , at a state party convention in Springfield , Illinois , Abraham Lincoln was nominated to be the Republican candidate for U.S. Senator from Illinois . A resolution passed at the convention stated that Lincoln `` was the first and only choice of the Republicans of Illinois for the U.S. Senate . ''   In the famous Lincoln-Douglas debates in the 1858 Illinois U.S. Senate race , Democratic candidate Stephen Douglas attacked Lincoln three times for having been described as `` the first and only choice '' of Illinois Republicans for the Senate seat . All three times , Douglas pointed to Archibald Williams as an Illinois Republican who would have been an acceptable alternate choice to Lincoln in that contest .   Archibald Williams traveled and spoke throughout the state of Illinois in Lincoln 's behalf during the 1858 U.S. Senate race . A newspaper in Quincy , Illinois , allied with the Republican Party , printed : `` Old Archie Williams is doing good service for the Republican cause ... He has already spoken at Macomb , Oquawka , Monmouth , Cameron , Galesburg , and other points ... to large assemblages ; and everywhere , he has created enthusiasm and confidence among our friends and animated the lukewarm ... In the winter of his life ... Mr. Williams is found battling for the cause of Republicanism . ''   The Illinois state legislature chose Stephen Douglas over Abraham Lincoln in the 1858 U.S. Senate race . A close friend of Lincoln 's wrote : `` In January , 1859 , while the Democrats were celebrating the election of Stephen A. Douglas to the United States Senate , Archibald Williams ... came into Lincoln 's office and finding him writing said : ` Well , the Democrats are making a great noise over their victory . ' Looking up Lincoln replied : ` Yes , Archie , Douglas has taken this trick , but the game is not played out . ' ''   The Lincoln-Douglas debates became so well-known that Lincoln gave personally signed presentation copies of the debates to his best friends and political associates . The one given to Archibald Williams was inscribed in Lincoln 's handwriting : `` To Hon : Archibald Williams , with respects of A. Lincoln . '' It was one more sign of Lincoln 's close friendship and strong political alliance with Archibald Williams .   The Presidential Election of 1860   On December 25 , 1859 , a number of leading Republicans in Quincy , Illinois , including Archibald Williams , met with Horace Greeley , a prominent national journalist and editor of the New York Tribune . Greeley had famously stated `` Go west , young man . Go west ! '' Williams and the other Quincy Republicans talked to Greeley about Abraham Lincoln possibly becoming the Republican candidate for President in 1860 . Archibald Williams spoke throughout Illinois in behalf of Abraham Lincoln during Lincoln 's successful 1860 campaign for the White House in Washington , D.C.   Almost on the Supreme Court ,  Then U.S. District Judge in Kansas   Following his election to the U.S. presidency in 1860 , Abraham Lincoln offered Archibald Williams a seat on the U.S. Supreme Court . Williams refused the offer due to ill health and advanced age . Williams recommended that Lincoln appoint a younger court nominee who could live for more years and thereby serve longer on the Court .   Archibald Williams was then appointed by President Lincoln to be the Judge for the U.S. District Court of Kansas . Williams was the first person to hold the office of U.S. District Court Judge in Kansas , because Kansas had just been admitted to the Union as a state . Williams moved to Topeka , Kansas , the state capital , where he served more than two years as U.S. Judge . He moved back to Quincy , Illinois , shortly before his death on September 21 , 1863 .   During his tenure as the U.S. District Court Judge for Kansas , Archibald Williams worked on such issues as building a branch of the transcontinental railroad across Kansas , fair treatment of Native Americans in railroad matters , and the loyalty to the Union cause of a U.S. Army officer stationed in Kansas . Also while in Kansas , Williams married his second wife , Ellen M. Parker , on September 24 , 1861 . The marriage lasted a little less than two years until Archibald Williams death .   While serving as the U.S. Judge for Kansas , Archibald Williams traveled to Washington , D.C. , and , on May 29 , 1962 , paid a last visit to his old friend Abraham Lincoln in the White House .   Death and Burial of Archibald Williams   Archibald Williams was praised in obituaries as a leading attorney in Illinois in the mid-19th Century . His many political and governmental activities were noted , along with his deep friendship with Abraham Lincoln . The bar association in Quincy , Illinois , donated a large marble grave marker for Williams . The base of the marker was a stack of law books ; an obelisk was placed on top of the law books . He was buried in Woodland Cemetery in Quincy , Illinois , at a grave site that overlooks the Mississippi River .

neg: List of members of the United States House of Representatives who served a single term One-term congressmen are members of the United States House of Representatives that spent only one two-year term ( or less ) in office usually either due to death , resignation , or defeat . In some rare cases freshmen members have decided to run for another office or not run for reelection . A good many members that serve in the House for only one term are viewed as accidental congressmen due to having been elected in a fluke election or by riding in on the coattails of a popular presidential candidate . Among the most famous one-term congressmen were Abraham Lincoln , who served as a Whig in the 30th Congress of 1847-1849 and was later the 16th President of the United States ; John Marshall , who was elected as a Federalist to the 6th Congress and was later the 4th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court ; William Pennington , who served as a Republican in the 36th Congress and was the first sitting Speaker of the House to be defeated in a bid for re-election ; Joseph Pulitzer , the famed newspaper man that resigned from office during his first term ; George Sutherland , who served as a Republican in the 57th Congress and was later an associate U.S. Supreme Court justice ; and William M. `` Boss '' Tweed , who served as a Democrat to the 33rd Congress and later went on to become infamous for his leadership of Tammany Hall , the dominant political machine in New York City throughout the nineteenth century ; and Isidor Straus , the co-owner of Macy 's department store who died in the sinking of the Titanic .


query: Yelp existed in 2005.

pos: Yelp Yelp is an American multinational corporation headquartered in San Francisco , California . It develops , hosts and markets Yelp.com and the Yelp mobile app , which publish crowd-sourced reviews about local businesses , as well as the online reservation service Yelp Reservations and online food-delivery service Eat24 . The company also trains small businesses in how to respond to reviews , hosts social events for reviewers , and provides data about businesses , including health inspection scores .   Yelp was founded in 2004 by former PayPal employees Russel Simmons and Jeremy Stoppelman . Yelp grew quickly and raised several rounds of funding . By 2010 it had $ 30 million in revenues and the website had published more than 4.5 million crowd-sourced reviews . From 2009 to 2012 , Yelp expanded throughout Europe and Asia . In 2009 it entered several negotiations with Google for a potential acquisition . Yelp became a public company in March 2012 and became profitable for the first time two years later . As of 2016 , Yelp.com has 135 million monthly visitors and 95 million reviews . The company 's revenues come from businesses advertising .   According to BusinessWeek , Yelp has a complicated relationship with small businesses . Criticism of Yelp focuses on the legitimacy of reviews , public statements of Yelp manipulating and blocking reviews in order to increase ad spending , as well as concerns regarding the privacy of reviewers .

neg: Google Groups Google Groups is a service from Google that provides discussion groups for people sharing common interests . The Groups service also provides a gateway to Usenet newsgroups via a shared user interface .   Google Groups became operational in February 2001 , following Google 's acquisition of Deja 's Usenet archive . ( Deja News had been operational since 1995 . )   Google Groups offers at least two kinds of discussion group ; in both cases users can participate in threaded conversations , either through a web interface or by e-mail . The first kind are forums specific to Google Groups which are inaccessible by NNTP and act more like mailing lists . The second kind are Usenet groups , for which Google Groups acts as gateway and unofficial archive ( the Google Groups archive of Usenet newsgroup postings dates back to 1981 ) . Through the Google Groups user interface , users can read and post to Usenet groups .   In addition to accessing Google and Usenet groups , registered users can also set up mailing list archives for e-mail lists that are hosted elsewhere .

neg: National Digital Newspaper Program The National Digital Newspaper Program is a joint project between the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Library of Congress to create and maintain a publicly available , online digital archive of historically significant newspapers published in the United States between 1836 and 1922 . Additionally , the program will make available bibliographic records and holdings information for some 140,000 newspaper titles from the 17th century to the present . Further , it will include scope notes and encyclopedia-style entries discussing the historical significance of specific newspapers . Added content will also include contextually relevant historical information . `` One organization within each U.S. state or territory will receive an award to collaborate with relevant state partners in this effort . '' In March 2007 more than 226,000 pages of newspapers from California , Florida , Kentucky , New York , Utah , Virginia and the District of Columbia published between 1900 and 1910 were put online at a fully searchable site called `` Chronicling America . '' As of December 2007 , the total number of pages is about 413,000 . This further expanded to be 1 million pages in 2009 . Funding through the National Endowment for the Humanities is carried out through their `` We The People '' initiative .

neg: Blue Book Top 20 Network Rankings The Performance Marketing Blue Book , owned by privately held mThink LLC , provides online affiliates and merchants with an independently researched ranking of affiliate networks worldwide .  It is published in the form of two `` Top 20 '' league tables , one for CPA networks and one for networks using a revenue sharing business model , cost-per-sale . The tables are updated each year from the results of an annual research-based process that includes a survey of over 20,000 online publishers and advertisers .  The Blue Book has been produced each year since 2009 and is a recognized information resource within the performance marketing industry .   Methodology  The Blue Book is based upon a research process that incorporates multiple sources of affiliate marketing industry data and includes over 500 affiliate networks each year . One major component is an annual survey of over 20,000 online publishers and merchants . The survey includes anti-fraud security measures to prevent multiple responses from a single individual as well question structured to avoid selection-bias .  In addition to the survey , the research process aggregates industry expert views , traffic data , measures of industry influence and other information .   The Blue Ribbon Panel  The Blue Ribbon Panel is a group of performance marketing industry experts representing each of the three core parts of the industry : advertisers , publishers and networks . Members are selected on the basis of their experience and reputation . Their opinions are collected via interviews and online survey , and are incorporated into the research process for the Performance Marketing Blue Book .

neg: 1Sale LLC 1Sale LLC ( formerly 1SaleADay ) is an Internet retailer with a deal-a-day format . The site was founded in 2007 by Ben Federman .

neg: Critical Metrics Critical Metrics was a web-based music recommendation service . Unlike user-driven sites like The Hype Machine and Pandora , Critical Metrics featured only expert-generated content . Aggregating reviews and playlists from over 150 publications , both print and online , the site also encompassed historical sources . The site then ranked the songs mathematically , based on the information gathered . With a methodology based in the fields of bibliometrics and sentiment analysis , Critical Metrics quantified these positive citations and sentiments into indices for media playlisting and consumption .   Streaming audio and YouTube videos were presented with the original recommendations , along with the option to purchase via iTunes or other online retailers . When the site was launched in April 2007 , it hosted the streaming music itself . A licensing arrangement with Rhapsody removed the free music , but allowed unlimited listening and playlist-building for Rhapsody subscribers .   Critical Metrics was founded by Joey Anuff , the co-founder of Suck.com and a former VH1 executive . The site was praised by Boing Boing , The Wall Street Journal , and Business Week . Los Angeles Times senior music critic Ann Powers referred to the site as her `` favorite snobby top 40 station '' .

neg: Facebook like button The Facebook like button is a feature on the social networking website Facebook . It was first enabled on February 9 , 2009 . The like button enables users to easily interact with status updates , comments , photos , links shared by friends , and advertisements . Once clicked by a user , the designated content appears in the News Feeds of that user 's friends , and the button also displays the number of other users who have liked the content , including a full or partial list of those users . The like button was extended to comments in June 2010 . After extensive testing and years of questions from the public about whether it had an intention to incorporate a `` Dislike '' button , Facebook officially rolled out `` Reactions '' to users worldwide on February 24 , 2016 , letting users long-press on the like button for an option to use one of five pre-defined emotions , including `` Love '' , `` Haha '' , `` Wow '' , `` Sad '' , or `` Angry '' . Reactions were also extended to comments in May 2017 .   The like button is one of Facebook 's social plug-ins , in which the button can be placed on third-party websites . Its use centers around a form of an advertising network , in which it gathers information about which users visit what websites . This form of functionality , a sort of web beacon , has been significantly criticized for privacy . Privacy activist organizations have urged Facebook to stop its data collection through the plug-in , and governments have launched investigations into the activity for possible privacy law violations . Facebook has stated that it anonymizes the information after three months , and that the data collected is not shared or sold to third parties . Additionally , the like button 's potential use as a measurement of popularity has caused some companies to sell likes through fake Facebook accounts , which in turn have sparked complaints from some companies advertising on Facebook that have received an abundance of fake likes that have distorted proper user metrics . Facebook states in its Terms of Service agreement that users may only create one personal page , and it has ongoing efforts against the spread of fake accounts . In the United States , pressing the `` like '' button on a page is protected as freedom of speech under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution .

neg: Literary Rejections On Display Literary Rejections On Display is a blog on which people can post and discuss rejection letters from magazines , agents and book publishers . The site was founded in 2007 and was run anonymously by a person identifying only as `` Writer , Rejected . '' Entertainment Weekly critic Michael Slezak described the site as for any writer `` who 's looking for a better way to deal with cruel dismissal than crying into a cup of herbal tea '' or any bookworm `` who wants to better understand the indignities your future favorite authors are suffering on their way to their seven-figure book deals ... ''   The website became the subject of a literary controversy in late 2008 when novelist Darin Strauss used it as a forum to respond to his critics . According to The Village Voice , users of the website had launched slashing attacks on Strauss without having read any of his work , mocking his complaints , the `` smirky '' author photo , his theories about writing and literary history , and the `` millions of dollars '' that had supposedly been spent promoting him . Strauss responded on the website with an angry attack on his anonymous critics . The website has also criticized short story writer Scott Snyder and Virginia Quarterly Review editor Ted Genoways .   The website also awards a Golden Apple of Kindness award for members of the literary community who have demonstrated `` niceness '' ; previous winners include Rosemary Ahern , the former director of Washington Square Press , and short story writer Jacob M. Appel .

neg: Findability Findability is a term for the ease with which information contained on a website can be found , both from outside the website ( using search engines and the like ) and by users already on the website . Although findability has relevance outside the World Wide Web , the term is usually used in that context . Most relevant websites do not come up in the top results because designers and engineers do not cater to the way ranking algorithms work currently . Its importance can be determined from the first law of e-commerce , which states `` If the user ca n't find the product , the user ca n't buy the product . '' As of December 2014 , out of 10.3 billion monthly Google searches by Internet users in the United States , an estimated 78 % are made to research products and services online .   Findability encompasses aspects of information architecture , user interface design , accessibility and search engine optimization ( SEO ) , among others .

neg: PUBLIB PUBLIB is an electronic discussion list devoted to issues relating to public-library administration and use . It was founded in December 1992 by Jean Armour Polly ( then of NYSERNET , Inc. , now a librarian in upstate New York ) and the late John Iliff . PUBLIB is currently managed by volunteers Sara Weissman and Karen G. Schneider . Housed on the NYSERNET server until March 1997 , and then on the UC Berkeley SunSITE until May 2005 , PUBLIB is now hosted by OCLC .   For several years , PUBLIB had a subset , PUBLIB-Net , focused on Internet use in public libraries . Because the Internet has become well integrated into library services , support for PUBLIB-Net as a separate list ended in 2000 .   PUBLIB is oriented toward public librarians and public library managers and directors . Subscribers also include library trustees , members of library friends ' groups , library-science students and faculty , library journalists , and advocates of librarianship . On June 13 ,  2010 , PUBLIB had 9,684 subscribers in 14 countries , according to data gathered by WebJunction 's administrative software .   PUBLIB 's subscribers discuss library use and management , library technology , the mission of the library , librarianship as a profession , and library ethics . Operational questions are posed and answered ( Hill , p. 34 ) . Postings of library jobs are accepted and encouraged . Friday of each week is devoted to library anecdotes and humor .   Only subscribers may post to PUBLIB . Instructions for subscribing may be found on PUBLIB 's general information page managed by OCLC .   Authors in the field of library and information science occasionally tap PUBLIB as a resource . One such author described PUBLIB as `` a good cross-section of librarians engaged in public services , administration , technical support , and related responsibilities '' ( Sager , p. 73 ) .   Postings from February 1993 to the present have been archived and can be browsed and searched .   PUBLIB mascot and social activities   The unofficial mascot of PUBLIB is the gadfly , representing the questioning and advocacy that are characteristic of its subscribers . Mary Jane Anderson wrote a pithy response to John N. Berry III editorial about PUBLIB . It is here : http://listserv.oclc.org/scripts/wa.exe?A2=ind9702&L=PUBLIB&P=R15904&I=3&X=3F23274C94AA07AAEE&Y=mgolrick%40slol.lib.la.us   PUBLIB participants often gather informally off the list , either online through personal email messages , through personal visits while traveling , or at library conferences such as those held by the Public Library Association and the American Library Association .   Best of PUBLIB   In June 2009 , Robert Balliot set up a blog which reproduces postings from PUBLIB . He called it Best of PUBLIB . The posts are grouped by topic , and there is a listing of topics in the left hand column .

neg: List of Nostalgia Critic episodes (2009) The second year of comedy web series Nostalgia Critic began in 2009 , featuring episodes within `` Nickelodeon Month '' , in which he exclusively reviewed programs broadcast on Nickelodeon .   The 47th episode is the first to be filmed in 16:9 widescreen , which became standard for all subsequent episodes , with the exception of Episode 49 , which was filmed and meant to air in 2008 , and was also the last episode to air in 4:3 . A new episode format was added with the 62nd episode , dubbed `` Old Vs. New '' , in which two versions of the same intellectual property are compared and rated against each other . The year 2009 introduced crossovers with other Channel Awesome video producers , starting with the 47th episode . Starting with episode 54 , each episode has   illustration cover of what the episode will be online .

neg: Prospect (magazine) Prospect is a monthly British general interest magazine , specialising in politics , economics and current affairs . Topics include British , European , and US politics , social issues , art , literature , cinema , science , the media , history , philosophy , and psychology . It features a mixture of lengthy analytic articles , first-person reportage , one-page columns , and shorter , quirky items .   Notable features of the magazine include head-to-head debates between two writers with opposing views on a subject ; roundtable discussions , in which a series of experts with varying views on a given topic meet for a discussion , an edited transcript of which is published in the magazine ; and interviews with major political and cultural figures ( recent examples include Orhan Pamuk , Paul Wolfowitz , and Hilary Mantel ) .   The magazine prizes independence over ideology and its articles and authors span the political spectrum . In recent years the magazine 's founding editor , David Goodhart , has stirred controversy with a series of articles arguing that the increasing diversity of the United Kingdom may weaken the bonds of solidarity on which the welfare state depends . The debate fed into the broader discussions of `` Britishness '' that have become increasingly common in the public sphere .   Contributors include Lionel Shriver , A. C. Grayling , Gordon Brown , Mohamed ElBaradei , Michael Lind , Michael Ignatieff , Geoff Dyer , Francis Fukuyama , Roger Scruton , Andrew Marr , John Kay , and J. M. Coetzee .   Prospect received worldwide attention in October 2005 when it published its list of the world 's top 100 public intellectuals , which included Noam Chomsky , Umberto Eco , Richard Dawkins , Steven Pinker and Christopher Hitchens . The magazine asked readers to vote for their top intellectual from the longlist ; Chomsky was the eventual winner . Subsequent lists have continued to attract attention . Dawkins claimed the top spot in 2013 .   In August 2009 in a roundtable interview in Prospect , Adair Turner supported the idea of new global taxes on financial transactions , warning that a `` swollen '' financial sector paying excessive salaries has grown too big for society . Lord Turner 's suggestion that a `` Tobin tax '' - named after the economist James Tobin -- should be considered for financial transactions reverberated around the world .   Prospect has also attempted to revitalise the art of the short story in Britain , by publishing the winning story of the Royal Society of Literature 's V.S. Pritchett Memorial Prize since 2009 .

neg: Customer satisfaction Customer satisfaction ( often abbreviated as CSAT , more correctly CSat ) is a term frequently used in marketing . It is a measure of how products and services supplied by a company meet or surpass customer expectation . Customer satisfaction is defined as `` the number of customers , or percentage of total customers , whose reported experience with a firm , its products , or its services ( ratings ) exceeds specified satisfaction goals . ''   The Marketing Accountability Standards Board ( MASB ) endorses the definitions , purposes , and constructs of classes of measures that appear in Marketing Metrics as part of its ongoing Common Language in Marketing Project . In a survey of nearly 200 senior marketing managers , 71 percent responded that they found a customer satisfaction metric very useful in managing and monitoring their businesses .   It is seen as a key performance indicator within business and is often part of a Balanced Scorecard . In a competitive marketplace where businesses compete for customers , customer satisfaction is seen as a key differentiator and increasingly has become a key element of business strategy .   `` Within organizations , customer satisfaction ratings can have powerful effects . They focus employees on the importance of fulfilling customers ' expectations . Furthermore , when these ratings dip , they warn of problems that can affect sales and profitability ... . These metrics quantify an important dynamic . When a brand has loyal customers , it gains positive word-of-mouth marketing , which is both free and highly effective . ''   Firms need reliable and representative measures of satisfaction to effectively manage customer satisfaction .   `` In researching satisfaction , firms generally ask customers whether their product or service has met or exceeded expectations . Thus , expectations are a key factor behind satisfaction . When customers have high expectations and the reality falls short , they will be disappointed and will likely rate their experience as less than satisfying . For this reason , a luxury resort , for example , might receive a lower satisfaction rating than a budget motel -- even though its facilities and service would be deemed superior in ` absolute ' terms . ''   The importance of customer satisfaction diminishes when a firm has increased bargaining power . For example , cell phone plan providers , such as AT&T and Verizon , participate in an industry that is an oligopoly , where only a few suppliers of a certain product or service exist . As such , many cell phone plan contracts have a lot of fine print with provisions that they would never get away if there were , say , 100 cell phone plan providers , because customer satisfaction would be far too low , and customers would easily have the option of leaving for a better contract offer .

neg: Webreep Model The Webreep Model is an information systems theory that explains and predicts website satisfaction , loyalty , and word-of-mouth . The model suggests that four factors ( in the model called dimensions ) directly influence website satisfaction . Website satisfaction , in turn , directly influences website visitor loyalty and likelihood of referral . Each factor is `` shaped '' by facets . The four dimensions and factors include :   Navigation ( facets : Ease of Use , Ease of search )  Content ( Information quality , information relevancy )  Performance ( Page Load speed , visual appeal )  Trust ( trustworthiness )   Recent studies have found these four factors account for as much as 87 % of the variance in website satisfaction .

neg: Mirage Tavern The Mirage Tavern was a drinking establishment at 731 N. Wells St. in Chicago purchased by the Chicago Sun-Times in 1977 to investigate widespread allegations of official corruption and shakedowns visited on small businesses by city officials . The journalists used hidden cameras to help ensure that city inspectors caught accepting payoffs for ignoring safety hazards were all properly documented .   In 1978 , the Sun-Times broke the story in a 25-part series that documented the many abuses and crimes committed at the tavern , which was shaken down repeatedly by state and local officials . The series was initially nominated for the Pulitzer Prize for general reporting , but the Pulitzer board decided not to award the Sun-Times when editor Ben Bradlee of the Washington Post led an attack on the grounds that the reporters used undercover reporting , a form of deception , to report the story .   The Mirage gave rise to major reforms including city code revisions , new procedures in city inspections and investigations at federal , state and city levels . The IRS sent in 20 agents to take a closer look at tax fraud by cash businesses . The Illinois Department of Revenue formed a new investigative unit : the Mirage Audit Unit . An ongoing federal investigation , spurred by the Mirage findings , managed indictments of a third of the city 's electrical inspectors in 1978 , with more indictments to come later .   The project was overseen by editors James Hoge , Ralph Otwell , Stuart H. Loory and Joseph Reilly . In May 1977 , journalist Pam Zekman and Better Government Association chief investigator Bill Recktenwald purchased the tavern under the aliases Mr. and Mrs. Ray Patterson . Reporter Zay N. Smith , who wrote the series , and BGA investigator Jeff Allen posed as the bartender and manager , respectively . Sun-Times photographers Gene Pesek and Jim Frost were in charge of photographing the tavern 's activities from a hidden section of the tavern built over the washrooms .   Corrupt practices ran the gamut from shakedowns to tax fraud .   The shakedown amounts were small , typically less than $ 100 , as the reporters learned of what they later called `` the supermarket approach to graft -- low prices , high volume '' that inspectors tended to prefer as the safest way of doing illegal business .   Among others , a city electrical inspector agreed to overlook the tavern 's faulty wiring . A fire department lieutenant agreed to sign off on the tavern 's grand opening , despite the loose electrical wiring hanging from rafters and a basement piled high with trash against regulations . A city health inspector ignored maggots and sink drains that emptied down to the basement floor . A state liquor inspector ignored fruit flies in the liquor .  ( The tavern quietly corrected all its code violations , on its own , after the shakedown inspections . )   Also reported were illegal kickbacks from pinball operators and jukebox operators ( A.A. Swingtime Music Company ) , as well as tax skimming . Philip J. Barasch , a local accountant , gave the new owners of the bar extensive lessons on how to keep two sets of account books to skim profits without paying tax and advised them exactly what time of day inspectors showed up and how much their shakedowns would typically cost . He also suggested including his business card with any payoffs to help smooth the shakedown process . The only officials he warned against bribing were the police , noting that `` if you pay off a cop , they keep coming around every month , like flies , looking for a payoff '' . The Mirage , after hearing Barash 's tax advice , hired six more accountants specializing in small cash businesses and was counseled by all of them to commit fraud .   The tavern , which has had more than one owner since the Sun-Times investigation , is now known , after a number of improvements , as the Brehon Pub .

neg: The LEAGUE The LEAGUE ( officially Community League ) is a nonprofit , school and web-based program for service learning . The organization was founded in 2005 and as of July 2008 , 189 schools , representing 1,833 classes and 110,535 students in 21 states nationwide were actively participating in The LEAGUE . The organization is headquartered in Newark , NJ , with offices in New York , Detroit , Indianapolis and Austin . The LEAGUE is a 501 3 public charity .   The mission of The LEAGUE states : The LEAGUE is a school and web-based program for schools that builds character and empowers young people to `` do good '' in their community , the nation , and the world .   In the program , youth participate in service throughout the school year . The LEAGUE offers educator resources online to prepare students in the classroom for service in the community . The LEAGUE provides access to more than 1,300 K-12 classroom lessons on philanthropy , service-learning and character education . All lessons are coded to and searchable by each state 's core academic standards . Students demonstrate what they 've learned by engaging in community service projects , called LEAGUE Events . Young people choose and develop the projects that they want to engage in . The LEAGUE is youth-led . Classes and students earn points for thoughtful civic engagement in the various LEAGUE events .

neg: Shopzilla Shopzilla operates a portfolio of shopping web sites .   In June 2005 , Shopzilla was acquired by The E. W. Scripps Company for $ 525 million and was part of its interactive media division .   In June 2011 , Scripps sold Shopzilla to strategic private equity Symphony Technology Group for $ 165M .   Shopzilla operates websites serving consumers and retailers in the U.S. , UK , French and German markets .  Shopzilla is headquartered in West Los Angeles , CA .

neg: Seslisözlük Sesli Sozluk is a multilingual online dictionary , primarily English to Turkish and Turkish to English . As of February 2009 , it has a rank of 6 among all online dictionaries worldwide . German , Italian , French , Spanish , Greek , Russian , Danish , Dutch , Polish and Portuguese translations are also provided . The online dictionary also can be used in PDAs , SmartPhones , any phone supporting a web browser .   Seslisozluk.com , established in 1999 as one of the first English-Turkish online dictionaries , is a user-supported online dictionary . The name comes from Turkish sesli sözlük , `` dictionary with sound '' , because the site enables users to listen to the pronunciation of the words .   A contribution system lets users add new translations . With the user contribution feature , the dictionary has been steadily growing since it was started , and has now reached more than 2 million entries . Its users appreciate the easy user interface , fast response and multilanguage capability . The website also has a user forum .   Seslisozluk.com has released its new version , version 5 in December 2008 . With this version of the dictionary , word rating feature lets users vote for the best word for given search . For example , a 5 star word is listed in the first place .   With new search bar features , users can see search related images , can listen pronunciations automatically , can see results in compact view and can use a multi language virtual keyboard .   In 2007 , Seslisozluk.com has been awarded with the top service award in information category by Informatics Associations of Turkey in Best Web Awards contest .   In 2008 , Seslisozluk.com reached the finals at Altin Orumcek Best Web Awards Contest . In January 2010 , Seslisozluk announced its free iPhone application .

neg: GrassrootsPA GrassrootsPA is a political news website centered on the politics of Pennsylvania . It was founded in 2004 by then law student Chris Lilik , a Pat Toomey supporter and became a `` must-click resource '' for Pennsylvania 's conservative community . Even though Toomey lost that race , the website continued as a gathering place for conservatives and Specter 's foes . The website also gained mainstream media attention as a source of breaking political news . Political commentator Chris Bravacos noted that GrassrootsPA attracted significantly higher readership than the official websites for the two major political parties .   During the public outcry following the 2005 Pennsylvania legislative pay raise , GrassrootsPA served as a focal point for reform activists . The American Spectator called GrassrootsPA a `` flashpoint of this conservative revolution '' in Pennsylvania . In 2010 , Politics Magazine described GrassrootsPA as `` Pennsylvania 's Drudge Report . ''

neg: DontStayIn DontStayIn , commonly abbreviated to DSI , is a social networking site based around clubbing . Primarily covering the UK it lists nearly 185,000 events and has over 430,000 verified members . Members are encouraged to upload picture galleries to the site for events they 've attended , add events and venues and otherwise contribute . ` Spotters ' are DSI members who review and photograph events and promote DSI .   The site was also ranked continuously from April 2006 to December 2008 in the top 3 websites in the UK by Hitwise for their `` Entertainment - Nightlife '' category . ( Hitwise awards - Q2/2006 Q3/2006 Q4/2006 Q1/2007 Q2/2007 Q3/2007 Q4/2007 Q1/2008 Q2/2008 Q3/2008 Q4/2008 )   The format of the site allows any user to add event listings , post comments and upload photos from anywhere in the world . DSI members are known for their loyalty to and promotion of the site . Many users have also commented favourably about the site and its impact on their lives when it is mentioned by reviewers ( see comments here for an example ) .   DSI users ( often shortened on the site to `` DSIers '' ) , have used DontStayIn to set up events and user-groups to promote the meeting up of DSIers in real life .   In November 2006 DSI was reportedly used to organise what has been described as the biggest flash mob ever in Paddington Station , London , UK .   In 2005 , DSI was featured in a documentary made by Juniper TV as part of Channel 4 's `` Trouble Online '' series that profiled new media enterprises that have been set up by young entrepreneurs .   On 14 April 2009 , DontStayIn Ltd was acquired for an undisclosed sum by Development Hell Ltd , the publishers of The Word and Mixmag .   In December 2012 DontStayIn was taken over by Love Socio Ltd , a subsidiary company of Web Giants Ltd. .

neg: List of The Colbert Report episodes (2005–06) This is a list of episodes for The Colbert Report '' in 2005 and 2006 .