query: The Celtic F.C. is a professional football club.

pos: Celtic F.C. The Celtic Football Club ( -LSB- ˈsɛltɪk -RSB- ) is a professional football club based in Glasgow , Scotland , which plays in the Scottish Premiership . The club was founded in 1887 with the purpose of alleviating poverty in the immigrant Irish population in the East End of Glasgow . They played their first match in May 1888 , a friendly match against Rangers which Celtic won 5 -- 2 . Celtic established itself within Scottish football , winning six successive league titles during the first decade of the 20th century . The club enjoyed their greatest successes during the 1960s and 70s under Jock Stein when they won nine consecutive league titles and the European Cup .   Celtic have won the Scottish league championship on 48 occasions , most recently in the 2016 -- 17 season , the Scottish Cup 37 times and the Scottish League Cup 16 times . The club 's greatest season was 1966 -- 67 , when Celtic became the first British team to win the European Cup , also winning the Scottish league championship , the Scottish Cup , the League Cup , and the Glasgow Cup . Celtic also reached the 1970 European Cup Final , and the 2003 UEFA Cup Final .   Celtic have a long-standing fierce rivalry with Rangers , and the clubs have become known as the Old Firm . The two clubs have dominated Scottish football , winning 102 league titles between them since the inception of Scottish league football in 1890 .   The club 's fanbase was estimated in 2003 as being around nine million worldwide , and there are in excess of 160 Celtic supporters clubs in over 20 countries . An estimated 80,000 fans travelled to Seville for the 2003 UEFA Cup Final .

neg: St Roch's F.C. St Roch 's Football Club is a Scottish football club , based in Royston Road , Glasgow . Nicknamed `` the Candy Rock '' , they were formed in 1920 and play at James McGrory Park . They currently compete in the West Region of the Scottish Junior Football Association . They wear green and white strips ( uniforms ) .   St Roch 's was the first club of Jimmy McGrory , the British record goalscorer with 550 goals . McGrory , who grew up in the Garngad area where the club originated , began playing for them aged just 16 . After helping the club win the Scottish Junior Cup in 1922 , scoring in the final , he joined Celtic the following season .   The team are managed since June 2014 by Andy Cameron .

neg: 1973–74 Scottish Cup The 1973-74 Scottish Cup was the 89th staging of Scotland 's most prestigious football knockout competition . The Cup was won by Celtic who defeated Dundee United in the final .

neg: Clonmel Celtic F.C. Clonmel Celtic F.C. are a football club from Clonmel in Ireland . The club plays at Celtic Park . They compete in the Tipperary Southern & District Football League .   The club colours are green shirts , white shorts and green socks .   The club competed in the FAI Cup in 2015 , but did not make it past the first round .

neg: List of Scottish League Cup finals The Scottish League Cup is a knockout cup competition in Scottish football , organised by the Scottish Professional Football League ( SPFL ) . It is considered to be the second most important domestic cup competition in Scottish football , after the Scottish Cup . The competition is open to all 42 members of the SPFL as well as invited sides from the Highland League and Lowland League .   The competition was established in 1947 , the format was taken from the Southern League Cup which operated as a regional tournament ( national for its last season ) during World War II . The Scottish League Cup was formed , operated by and named after the Scottish Football League ( SFL ) , who continued to operate it after the top division clubs formed the Scottish Premier League ( SPL ) in 1998 . The competition is now organised by the SPFL , the body formed by the merger of the SPL and SFL in 2013 .   Rangers hold the record for most wins with 27 and the most final appearances with 34 , Celtic are second with 16 wins and 31 appearances . The cup is currently held by Celtic , whose defeat of Aberdeen won them their 100th major trophy in the November 2016 final .

neg: Cork Celtic F.C. Cork Celtic F.C. , originally Evergreen United F.C. , was an Irish football club based in Cork . They played in the League of Ireland between 1951 and 1979 and played their home games at Turners Cross . In 1974 they were League of Ireland champions and the following season they reached the second round of the European Cup .

neg: 2016–17 St Mirren F.C. season The -LSB- -LSB- 2016 -- 17 in Scottish football | 2016 -- 17 season -RSB- -RSB- is the club 's second season in the -LSB- -LSB- Scottish Championship -RSB- -RSB- . St Mirren will also compete in the -LSB- -LSB- 2016 -- 17 Scottish Challenge Cup | Challenge Cup -RSB- -RSB- , the -LSB- -LSB- 2016 -- 17 Scottish League Cup | League Cup -RSB- -RSB- and the -LSB- -LSB- 2016 -- 17 Scottish Cup | Scottish Cup -RSB- -RSB- .

neg: Cleator Moor Celtic F.C. Cleator Moor Celtic Football Club is a football club based in Cleator Moor , Cumbria , England . The club are currently members of the and play at the Birks Road Ground .

neg: Berwick Rangers F.C. Berwick Rangers Football Club is a football team in the town of Berwick-upon-Tweed , England , on the border with Scotland . Founded in 1881 , they currently play in Scottish League Two , the fourth tier of Scottish football , and are the only club from outside Scotland in the Scottish Professional Football League . The club play at Shielfield Park , which has a capacity of 4,500 and are currently managed by John Coughlin , who started his second spell in charge of the side in November 2015 after Colin Cameron was sacked in October 2015 .

neg: 1987–88 Celtic F.C. season The 1987 -- 88 season was Celtic 's 99th season of competitive football , and also marked the club 's centenary . Davie Hay was dismissed as manager in the close season following the team 's failure to win any trophies during season 1986 -- 87 . Billy McNeill returned as manager , following four years in England with Manchester City and Aston Villa .   The playing squad saw a large turnaround in the summer of 1987 , with Brian McClair , Mo Johnston , Murdo MacLeod and Alan McInally all leaving . Danny McGrain was given a free transfer and Davie Provan retired due to ill health . Centre-half Mick McCarthy was signed by Davie Hay a few days prior to his sacking . Billy McNeill then went on to sign Motherwell striker Andy Walker , Sheffield Wednesday full-back Chris Morris and Aberdeen midfielder Billy Stark over the summer . As the season progressed , forwards Frank McAvennie and Joe Miller were also signed .   Celtic made a strong start to their league campaign , and went on to win their 34th league championship title . During the autumn , Celtic were knocked out of the UEFA Cup by Borussia Dortmund and the Scottish League Cup by Aberdeen . Celtic reached the Scottish Cup Final having come from behind against Hearts in the semi-final , scoring twice in the final four minutes to win 2 -- 1 . Celtic again went a goal down in the final against Dundee United , but came back to win , Frank McAvennie scoring the winning goal in the last minute to clinch a league and cup double .

neg: UEFA The Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA , -LSB- juːˈeɪfə -RSB- Union des Associations Européennes de Football ) Vereinigung Europäischer Fußballverbände ) is the administrative body for association football in Europe , although several member states are primarily or entirely located in Asia . It is one of six continental confederations of world football 's governing body FIFA . UEFA consists of 55 national association members .   UEFA represents the national football associations of Europe , runs nation and club competitions including the UEFA European Championship , UEFA Champions League , UEFA Europa League , and UEFA Super Cup , and controls the prize money , regulations , and media rights to those competitions .   Until 1959 the main headquarters were located in Paris , and later in Bern . In 1995 , UEFA headquarters were transferred to Nyon , Switzerland . Henri Delaunay was the first general secretary and Ebbe Schwartz the first president . The current president is Aleksander Čeferin , a former Football Association of Slovenia president , who was elected as UEFA 's seventh president at the 12th Extraordinary UEFA Congress in Athens in September 2016 , and automatically became a vice-president of the world body FIFA .

neg: History of FC Barcelona The history of Futbol Club Barcelona goes from the football club 's founding in 1899 and up to current time . FC Barcelona , also known simply as Barcelona and familiarly as Barça , is based in Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain . The team was founded in 1899 by a group of Swiss , English and Spanish footballers led by Joan Gamper . The club played amateur football until 1910 in various regional competitions . In 1910 , the club participated in their first of many European competitions , and has since amassed ten UEFA trophies and a sextuple . In 1928 , Barcelona co-founded La Liga , the top-tier in Spanish football , along with a string of other clubs . As of 2016 , Barcelona has never been relegated from La Liga , a record they share with Athletic Bilbao and arch-rival Real Madrid .   The history of super Barcelona has often been political . Though it is a club created and run by foreigners , Barcelona gradually became a club associated with Catalan values . In Spain 's transition to autocracy in 1925 , Catalonia became increasingly hostile towards the central government in Madrid . The hostility enhanced Barcelona 's image as a focal point for Catalonism , and when Francisco Franco banned the use of the Catalan language , the stadium of Barcelona became one of the few places the people could express their dissatisfaction . The Spanish transition to democracy in 1978 has not dampened the club 's image of Catalan pride . In the 2000s -- a period of sporting success in the club and an increased focus on Catalan players -- club officials have openly called for Catalonia to become an independent state .

neg: Gateshead F.C. Gateshead Football Club is a professional football club based in Gateshead , Tyne and Wear , England . Established in 1977 after Gateshead United folded , they are currently members of the and play at the International Stadium .

neg: Celtic TV Celtic TV is the official Internet channel of Celtic F.C. .  It was a television channel until 2009 but it has since relaunched online , replacing Channel 67 .

neg: Cardiff City F.C. Cardiff City Football Club ( Clwb Pêl-droed Dinas Caerdydd ) is a professional association football club based in the city of Cardiff , Wales that competes in the Championship , the second tier of the English football league system . The club was founded in 1899 as Riverside A.F.C. before changing its name to Cardiff City in 1908 . They play their home games at the Cardiff City Stadium , after moving from Ninian Park in 2009 .   The club is one of six Welsh sides playing within the English football league system , having joined the Southern Football League in 1910 before moving into the Football League in 1920 , and is the only club from outside England to have won the FA Cup , doing so in 1927 . They have also reached three other cup finals in English competitions , the 1925 FA Cup Final against Sheffield United , the 2008 FA Cup Final against Portsmouth and the 2012 Football League Cup Final against Liverpool , suffering defeat on each occasion , and have won the Welsh Cup on 22 occasions , making them the second most successful team in the competition 's history behind Wrexham . The club 's longest period in the top-tier of English football came between 1921 and 1929 and they have spent seven seasons in the top-flight since this period , the most recent being in the 2013 -- 14 , being relegated after a single season .   Since 1908 , the club 's home colours have been blue and white , leading to a nickname of The Bluebirds , with the exception of a period between 2012 and 2015 when the club 's owner , Vincent Tan , rebranded the club and changed the home colours to red . The club reverted to their traditional blue in January 2015 . They have long-standing rivalries with nearby clubs Swansea City , known as the South Wales derby , and Bristol City , known as the Severnside derby .

neg: List of Rangers F.C. records and statistics Rangers Football Club are a Scottish professional association football club based in Govan , Glasgow . They have played at their home ground , Ibrox , since 1899 . Rangers are founding members of the Scottish Football League in 1890 , the Scottish Premier League in 1998 .   Rangers have won 54 domestic league titles ( from Scottish top-flight division ) , more titles than any other professional football club in the world . The club not only hold the record for the most league titles but also hold the world record for the most domestic trophies won by a single professional football club , recognised by UEFA , winning 118 in all .   The club 's record appearance maker is John Greig , who made 755 appearances between 1961 and 1978 in all matches . Ally McCoist is the club 's record goalscorer , scoring 355 goals during his Rangers career .   This list encompasses the major honours won by Rangers , records set by the club , their managers and their players . The player records section includes details of the club 's leading goalscorers and those who have made most appearances in first-team competitions . It also records notable achievements by Rangers players on the international stage , and the highest transfer fees paid and received by the club . Attendance records at Ibrox are also included in the list .

neg: 1967 Intercontinental Cup The 1967 Intercontinental Cup was a football tie held over three legs in 1967 between the winners of the 1966 -- 67 European Cup , Celtic , and Racing Club , winners of the 1967 Copa Libertadores .   The first leg was played at Hampden Park in Glasgow , with Celtic winning 1 -- 0 through a Billy McNeill header . The game however was marred by Racing Club 's incessant cynical fouling and spitting . The return match at El Cilindro in Buenos Aires was also acrimonious , with Celtic 's Ronnie Simpson struck by an object thrown from the crowd just before the start of the match . He was badly dazed and had to be replaced by John Fallon . Celtic again took the lead , but Racing Club fought back to win 2 -- 1 through goals from Norberto Raffo and Juan Carlos Cárdenas .   The series of games went to a play-off match in Montevideo , Uruguay . The game was a shambles , exacerbated by Racing Club 's continued cynical fouling , Celtic 's loss of composure and discipline , and the incompetence of the Paraguayan referee who was clearly out of his depth . Riot police had to intervene on the pitch several times as six players were sent off ; four from Celtic and two from Racing Club . Celtic 's Bertie Auld however refused to leave the field on being `` sent off '' and still played for the whole game . Racing Club scored the only goal of the game in the second half through Cárdenas , winning the game 1 -- 0 and the Intercontinental Cup series , becoming the first Argentinian holders of the trophy .

neg: NIFL Premiership The Northern Ireland Football League Premiership , known as the Danske Bank Premiership for sponsorship purposes , is a professional association football league which operates as the highest division of the Northern Ireland Football League -- the national league in Northern Ireland . It was formerly called the IFA Premiership until 2013 , with previous competition formats called the Irish Premier League , Irish Football League Premier Division , and before that simply the Irish Football League . Still known in popular parlance simply as the Irish League , the Premiership was established in 2008 under the auspices of the Irish Football Association before the Northern Ireland Football League was created for the start of the 2013 -- 14 season . At the end of the season , the champion club is presented with the Gibson Cup .   Linfield are the current champions , after they secured their 52nd League title by beating Cliftonville 3-1 at Solitude .

neg: James Forrest (footballer) James Forrest ( born 7 July 1991 ) is a Scottish footballer who plays as a winger for Scottish Premiership club Celtic and the Scotland national football team .   He joined Celtic 's youth academy in 2003 and progressed through the ranks before making his debut in the 2009 -- 10 season . He has progressed to become a key player in Celtic 's team and was widely regarded as one of the brightest young talents in the Scottish game . In November 2011 , the Scottish Football Association 's performance director , Mark Wotte , described him as being `` the light in the darkness '' of Scottish football .   Forrest had played at every youth level for Scotland before making his first team debut on 29 May 2011 in a match against the Republic of Ireland . He won 13 caps for the under-19s , having scored two goals . He also won four caps for the under-21s . Forrest has won 13 caps Scotland national football team .   His younger brother , Alan Forrest , plays football for Ayr United .

neg: Blackburn Rovers F.C. Blackburn Rovers Football Club -LSB- ˈblækbɜrn_ˈroʊvərz -RSB- is a professional association football club based in Ewood , Blackburn in the county of Lancashire , England . It competes in League One following its relegation from the Championship at the conclusion of the 2016 -- 17 season .   The club was established in 1875 , becoming a founding member of The Football League in 1888 . It is one of only three clubs to have been both a founder member of the Football League and the Premier League ( the others being Aston Villa and Everton ) . In 1890 , Rovers moved to Ewood Park . Blackburn Rovers have been English champions three times , and have won six FA Cups and one Football League Cup . Blackburn are the only extant club to have won three consecutive FA Cups . The club has spent the majority of its existence in the top flight of English football ( 72 years ) .   In 1992 , Rovers gained promotion to the new Premier League a year after being taken over by local entrepreneur Jack Walker , who installed Kenny Dalglish as manager . In 1995 , Rovers became Premier League champions . In the 1998 -- 99 season , the club was relegated . It was promoted back to the Premier League two years later , in the 2000 -- 01 season . It has qualified for the UEFA Cup four times : once as League Cup winners , twice as the Premier League 's sixth-placed team and once via the Intertoto Cup . The 2011 -- 12 season marked the club 's 72nd , non-consecutive , year in the top flight . Rovers are currently one of only six clubs to have won the Premier League , along with Arsenal , Chelsea , Manchester United , Manchester City and Leicester City .   The club 's motto is `` Arte et Labore '' , `` By Skill and Hard Work '' in Latin .

neg: Kenny Dalglish Kenneth Mathieson Dalglish , MBE ( born 4 March 1951 ) is a Scottish former footballer and manager . In a career spanning 22 years , he played for Celtic and Liverpool , winning numerous honours with both . He is Scotland 's most capped player of all time with 102 appearances , and also Scotland 's joint-leading goal scorer , with 30 goals . Dalglish won the Ballon d'Or Silver Award in 1983 , the PFA Player of the Year in 1983 , and the FWA Footballer of the Year in 1979 and 1983 . In 2009 FourFourTwo named Dalglish as the greatest striker in post-war British football , and in 2006 he topped a Liverpool fans ' poll of `` 100 Players Who Shook the Kop '' . He has been inducted into both the Scottish and English Football Halls of Fame .   Dalglish began his career with Celtic in 1971 , going on to win four Scottish First Divisions , four Scottish Cups and one Scottish League Cup with the club . In 1977 , Liverpool manager Bob Paisley paid a British transfer record of # 440,000 ( # today ) to bring Dalglish to Liverpool . His years at Liverpool were among the club 's most successful periods , as he won six Football League First Divisions , two FA Cups , four League Cups , seven FA Charity Shields , three European Cups and one UEFA Super Cup . For these achievements and his style of play he was given the name King Kenny by Liverpool supporters . Dalglish became player-manager of Liverpool in 1985 after the resignation of Joe Fagan , winning a further three First Divisions , two FA Cups and four FA Charity Shields , before resigning from Liverpool in 1991 .   Eight months later Dalglish made a return to football management with Blackburn Rovers , whom he led from the Second Division to win the Premier League in 1995 . Soon afterwards he stepped down as Blackburn manager to become Director of Football at the club , before leaving altogether in 1996 . In January 1997 Dalglish took over as manager at Newcastle United . Newcastle finished runners-up in both the Premier League and FA Cup during his first season , but they could only finish 13th in 1997 -- 98 , which led to his dismissal the following season . Dalglish went on to be appointed Director of Football at Celtic in 1999 , and later manager , where he won the Scottish League Cup before an acrimonious departure the following year .   Between 2000 and 2010 Dalglish focused on charitable concerns , founding The Marina Dalglish Appeal with his wife to raise money for cancer care . In January 2011 Dalglish was appointed Liverpool 's caretaker manager after the dismissal of Roy Hodgson , becoming the permanent manager in May 2011 . Despite winning the League Cup which earned them a place in the Europa League and reaching the FA Cup Final , Liverpool could only finish 8th in the Premier League , and Dalglish was dismissed in May 2012 . In October 2013 , Dalglish returned to Anfield as a non-executive director . On 3 May 2017 , it was announced that in recognition of Dalglish 's contribution to the club and community , the stadium 's Centenary Stand was to be renamed the Kenny Dalglish Stand .


query: Renaissance art involved paintings.

pos: Renaissance art Renaissance art is the painting , sculpture and decorative arts of that period of European history known as the Renaissance , emerging as a distinct style in Italy in about 1400 , in parallel with developments which occurred in philosophy , literature , music and science . The Renaissance art , perceived as the noblest of ancient traditions , took as its foundation the art of Classical antiquity , but transformed that tradition by absorbing recent developments in the art of Northern Europe and by applying contemporary scientific knowledge . Renaissance art , with Renaissance Humanist philosophy , spread throughout Europe , affecting both artists and their patrons with the development of new techniques and new artistic sensibilities . Renaissance art marks the transition of Europe from the medieval period to the Early Modern age .   In many parts of Europe , Early Renaissance art was created in parallel with Late Medieval art .   The influences upon the development of Renaissance men and women in the early 15th century are those that also affected Philosophy , Literature , Architecture , Theology , Science , Government and other aspects of society . The following list presents a summary , dealt with more fully in the main articles that are cited above .  Classical texts , lost to European scholars for centuries , became available . These included Philosophy , Prose , Poetry , Drama , Science , a thesis on the Arts and Early Christian Theology .  Simultaneously , Europe gained access to advanced mathematics which had its provenance in the works of Islamic scholars .  The advent of movable type printing in the 15th century meant that ideas could be disseminated easily , and an increasing number of books were written for a broad public .  The establishment of the Medici Bank and the subsequent trade it generated brought unprecedented wealth to a single Italian city , Florence .  Cosimo de ' Medici set a new standard for patronage of the arts , not associated with the church or monarchy .  Humanist philosophy meant that man 's relationship with humanity , the universe and with God was no longer the exclusive province of the Church .  A revived interest in the Classics brought about the first archaeological study of Roman remains by the architect Brunelleschi and sculptor Donatello . The revival of a style of architecture based on classical precedents inspired a corresponding classicism in painting and sculpture , which manifested itself as early as the 1420s in the paintings of Masaccio and Uccello .  The improvement of oil paint and developments in oil-painting technique by Dutch artists such as Jan van Eyck , Rogier van der Weyden and Hugo van der Goes led to its adoption in Italy from about 1475 and had ultimately lasting effects on painting practices , worldwide .  The serendipitous presence within the region of Florence in the early 15th century of certain individuals of artistic genius , most notably Masaccio , Brunelleschi , Ghiberti , Piero della Francesca , Donatello and Michelozzo formed an ethos out of which sprang the great masters of the High Renaissance , as well as supporting and encouraging many lesser artists to achieve work of extraordinary quality .  A similar heritage of artistic achievement occurred in Venice through the talented Bellini family , their influential inlaw Mantegna , Giorgione , Titian and Tintoretto .  The publication of two treatises by Leone Battista Alberti , De Pitura ( On Painting ) , 1435 , and De re aedificatoria ( Ten Books on Architecture ) , 1452 .

neg: Sir Thomas More and Family Sir Thomas More and Family is a lost painting by Hans Holbein the Younger , painted circa 1527 and known from a number of surviving copies .   The original was destroyed in 1752 in a fire at Schloss Kremsier ( Kroměříž Castle ) , the Moravian residence of Carl von Liechtenstein , archbishop of Olmutz .   A study by Holbein for the painting survives in the Kunstmuseum Basel ( Öffentliche Kunstsammlung Basel , Kupferstichkabinett Inv . 1662.31 ) . The work is also preserved in a number of sixteenth-century versions by Rowland Lockey , including those in Nostell Priory and the National Portrait Gallery ( formerly part of the Lenthall pictures ) .   Strong calls it `` arguably the greatest and most innovative work of his English period '' and `` the earliest portrait conversation piece in English painting , at least a century ahead of its time '' and asserts that `` its destruction means we lost the greatest single visual artefact to epitomize the aims and ideals of the early Renaissance in England . ''

neg: Pregnancy in art Pregnancy in art covers any artistic work that portrays pregnancy in women . In art as in life , it is often unclear whether an actual state of pregnancy is intended to be shown . A common visual indication is the gesture of the woman placing a protective open hand on her abdomen . Historically , married women were at some stage of pregnancy for much of their life until the menopause , but the depiction of this in art is relatively uncommon , and generally restricted to some specific contexts . This probably persists even in contemporary culture ; despite several recent artworks depicting heavily pregnant women , one writer was `` astonished at the shortage of visual images ... of pregnant women in public visual culture '' . A research study conducted by Pierre Bourdieu in 1963 found that the great majority of 693 French subjects thought that a photo of a pregnant woman could not , by definition , be beautiful .   There are two subjects often depicted in Western narrative art , or history painting , where pregnancy is an important part of the story . These are the unhappy scene usually called Diana and Callisto , showing the moment of discovery of Callisto 's forbidden pregnancy , and the biblical scene of the Visitation . Gradually , portraits of pregnant women began to appear , with a particular fashion for `` pregnancy portraits '' in elite portraiture of the years around 1600 .   As well as being a subject for depiction in art , pregnant women were also consumers of art , with some special types of work developed for them , including Madonna del Parto images of Mary .

neg: Madonna del Granduca The Madonna del Granduca is a Madonna painting by the Italian renaissance artist Raphael . It was probably painted in 1505 , shortly after Raphael had arrived in Florence . The influence of Leonardo da Vinci , whose works he got to know there , can be seen in the use of sfumato . The painting belonged to Ferdinand III , Grand Duke of Tuscany , from whom it got its name .

neg: Rasa Renaissance Rasa Renaissance is a movement in the art of painting that makes evocation of rasas the prime aim in the creation and appreciation of a work of art . Rasa is the quality of emotional fulfilment that a work of art produces through the personalities , their expression and the situation presented in a painting . Rasa is a Sanskrit word that denotes the quality of emotional fulfilment that a work of art brings about . Rasa Theory is a theory of aesthetic criticism that has been prevalent in appreciation of literary works in Sanskrit language for millenniums ( see Indian aesthetic ) .  The idea of Rasa Renaissance has evolved in the last quarter of the twentieth century in the domain of painting as a countermovement to abstract and conceptual art . Rasa Renaissance is led by artist , philosopher and Sanskrit scholar Dr. Mumbiram of India ( Ph.D Berkeley California ) . In the twentieth century the art of painting progressively became dissociated from depiction of personalities in real world situations . It concerned itself with exploration of forms and colours for their own sake . It became more or less an exercise in clever intellectual sophistication . Art of Rasa Renaissance presupposes personalities in various situations and in various emotional states as central to a work of art .

neg: Renaissance Latin Renaissance Latin is a name given to the distinctive form of Latin style developed during the European Renaissance of the fourteenth to fifteenth centuries , particularly by the Renaissance humanism movement .

neg: Old master print An old master print is a work of art produced by a printing process within the Western tradition . The term remains current in the art trade , and there is no easy alternative in English to distinguish the works of `` fine art '' produced in printmaking from the vast range of decorative , utilitarian and popular prints that grew rapidly alongside the artistic print from the 15th century onwards . Fifteenth-century prints are sufficiently rare that they are classed as old master prints even if they are of crude or merely workmanlike artistic quality . A date of about 1830 is usually taken as marking the end of the period whose prints are covered by this term .   The main techniques used , in order of their introduction , are woodcut , engraving , etching , mezzotint and aquatint , although there are others . Different techniques are often combined in a single print . With rare exceptions printed on textiles , such as silk , or on vellum , old master prints are printed on paper . This article is concerned with the artistic , historical and social aspects of the subject ; the article on printmaking summarizes the techniques used in making old master prints , from a modern perspective .   Many great European artists , such as Albrecht Dürer , Rembrandt , and Francisco Goya , were dedicated printmakers . In their own day , their international reputations largely came from their prints , which were spread far more widely than their paintings . Influences between artists were also mainly transmitted beyond a single city by prints ( and sometimes drawings ) , for the same reason . Prints therefore are frequently brought up in detailed analyses of individual paintings in art history . Today , thanks to colour photo reproductions , and public galleries , their paintings are much better known , whilst their prints are only rarely exhibited , for conservation reasons . But some museum print rooms allow visitors to see their collection , sometimes only by appointment .

neg: San Giovenale Triptych The San Giovenale Triptych or Cascia Altarpiece is a 1422 painting by Italian Renaissance artist Masaccio , housed in a museum behind the church of Cascia di Reggello , in the Roman Pieve of San Pietro di Cascia near Florence , Italy .   This work , discovered in 1961 in a state of poor preservation , in the loft of a house adjacent to the small chapel of San Giovenale two kilometres from Cascia by Juliana Arnetoli . It had allegedly been hidden there before the Second World War to prevent the occupying German army from removing it from the chapel . It is probably the first original work by Masaccio . It was commissioned by the Florentine family of Castellani for the Basilica of San Lorenzo , and was later moved to San Giovenale .   It is dated at the bottom in modern humanist letters , the first work in Europe not inscribed in Gothic characters , which read , `` ANNO DOMINI MCCCCXXII A DI VENTITRE D'AP -LSB- RILE -RSB- '' ( April 23 , 1422 ) . The central panel shows the Madonna enthroned with two angels and the child Jesus eating some vine , as a symbol of the Eucharist . The halo of the Madonna bears the Shahada written backwards . The left panel depicts Saint Bartholomew and Saint Blaise , and the right panel depicts Saint Anthony and Saint Juvenal ( Giovenale ) . The left and right panels show a marked influence of 14th century models , while the complex perspective of the centre panel would have been something new for its time . Also , the use of three-dimensional solidity makes the painting revolutionary for its time .

neg: Portrait of Isabella of Portugal (van Eyck) __ NOTOC __  Portrait of Isabella of Portugal was a betrothal painting by the Early Netherlandish artist Jan van Eyck , one of his earliest works and now lost , known only from copies . It dates to his 1428-29 visit to Portugal on behalf of Philip the Good , when he was sent as part of an embassy to evaluate the then 30-year-old Isabella 's suitability as a bride for Philip . Van Eyck was tasked with bringing back two ( mostly likely a pair were painted to increase the probability that one would make it back to the Netherlands ) faithful representations of her likeness for the duke to evaluate .   Because Portugal was ridden with plague , their court was itinerant and the Dutch party met them at the out of way castle of Aviz . Van Eyck spent nine months there , returning successfully to the Netherlands with Isabella as a bride to be ; the couple married on Christmas Day of 1429 .   The portrait was executed around the time the preliminary marriage agreement was drawn up , to be sent concurrently to Philip , with the document of agreement . In this it was intended as eyewitness testimony to the `` person of the princess '' , providing independent verification of her identity when she would later travelled to Philip in Burgundy .   Portrait of Isabella of Portugal is especially notable for the forward way in which she places her hand over the faux stone parapet . With this gesture Isabella extends her presence out of the pictorial space and into that of the viewer . This illusionistic motif was later developed in his London Léal Souvenir , where the subject 's arm rests on the painting 's lower left frame as if the subject had just suddenly and informally arrived to the sitting and casually positioned herself . This conceit was later and most famously emulated by Petrus Christus 's Portrait of a Carthusian '' 's which placed a fly perched on the faux center lower border of his canvas . Van Eyck had already gone further than this however , and has in this portrait created a number of illusionistic perspectives .   From surviving copies it can be deduced that apart from the actual oak frame there were two other ` painted on ' frames , one of which was lettered with gothic inscription to the top , while a faux stone parapet provided support for her hands to rest upon .   Van Eyck painted a second portrait during his visit to Portugal , his 1428 Portrait of a Man with a Blue Chaperon . Art historians tend to look to this work to deduce how the Isabella portrait may have looked . The Blue Hood '' painting is rendered in a miniaturist scale , presumably so as to make it easier to ship back to Bruges , so it is reasonable to assume the future Queen 's portrait was of much the same scale .   Although the original has been lost and is today known only from a few copies , van Eyck was a renowned and widely copied artist at the time and its probable influence can be seen in paintings of the queen by Rogier van der Weyden as well as in a depiction by an unknown northern artist of the mid-15th century , although both works show Isabella at a much older age . From a copy by an unknown follower , we can see that Isabella is shown directly gazing at the viewer , a highly daring and intimate pose for a betrothal portrait . Although her look is suitably coy , it is obviously intended to be alluring .

neg: Flemish painting Flemish painting flourished from the early 15th century until the 17th century . The term does not refer to modern Flanders but to the County of Flanders and neighbouring areas of the Low Countries such as the Tournaisis and Duchy of Brabant which delivered the leading painters in Northern Europe and attracted many promising young painters from other countries . These painters were invited to work at foreign courts and had a Europe-wide influence . Since the end of the Napoleonic era , Flemish painters had again been contributing to a reputation that had been set by the Old Masters .   The Franco-Flemish School of musical composition flourished at the same time .

neg: Ecce Homo (Caravaggio) Ecce Homo ( c. 1605/6 or 1609 according to John Gash ) is a painting by the Italian master Caravaggio . It is housed in the Palazzo Bianco , Genoa . According to Giambatista Cardi , nephew of the Florentine artist Cigoli , Cardinal Massimo Massimi commissioned paintings on the theme of Ecce Homo from three artists , Cigoli , Caravaggio , and Domenico Passignano , without informing the artists of the multiple commissions . Cardi claimed the cardinal liked Cigoli 's version best .   The scene is taken from the Gospel of ( John 19 ) : Pontius Pilate displays Christ to the crowd with the words , `` Ecce homo ! '' ( `` Behold the man '' ) . Caravaggio 's version of the scene combined Pilate 's display with the earlier moment of Christ , already crowned with thorns , mockingly robed like a king by his tormentors . Massimi already possessed a Crowning with Thorns , by Caravaggio , and Ecce Homo may have been intended as a companion piece . Stylistically , the painting displays characteristics of Caravaggio 's mature Roman-period style . The forms are visible close-up and modelled by dramatic light , the absence of depth or background , and the psychological realism of , the torturer , who seems to mix sadism with pity . Pilate , in keeping with tradition , is shown as a rather neutral and perhaps almost sympathetic figure .  The contract for Ecce Homo was signed on 25 June 1605 , with the painting to be delivered in August . Whether Caravaggio met his deadline is uncertain , as by July he was arrested for attacking the house of Laura della Vecchia and her daughter , Isabella . Friends stood bail for him , but on 29 July he was in far more serious trouble for assaulting the notary Mariano Pasqualone over a well-known courtesan Lena and Caravaggio 's model who is referred to by Pasqualone in the police complaint as `` Michelangelo 's ( i.e. Caravaggio 's ) girl '' . Consequently , Caravaggio fled to Genoa until the end of August . He continued to be in trouble with the law throughout the year , with a complaint against him in September for throwing stones at his landlady 's house , and a mysterious incident in October in which he was wounded in the throat and ear ( Caravaggio claimed he had fallen on his own sword ) . In May 1606 he fled Rome again after killing Ranuccio Tomassoni in a duel , and he was not settled in Naples until the latter part of that year . Cigoli 's Ecce Homo was not painted until 1607 , and clearly attempts to mimic Caravaggio 's style , suggesting that Massimi had not yet received his Caravaggio and was turning elsewhere . It is instructive to compare the two paintings : Caravaggio , unlike Cigoli , has dropped the convention of showing Christ 's torturer as a grotesque , and has shown Pilate dressed as a 17th-century official .

neg: Master of the Prado Adoration of the Magi The Master of the Prado Adoration of the Magi was a Netherlandish painter active between c. 1475 -- 1500 whose identity is now lost . He is thought to have originated from the southern Netherlands and is known for his vibrant colourisation in panels depicting scenes from the infancy of Christ , he is thought to have been a pupil of Rogier van der Weyden , and is named after a copy of the `` Adoration of the Magi '' panel from that painter 's St Columba Altarpiece . Although the Magi became a popular topic for northern painters in the second half of the 15th century and the Columba altarpiece was widely copied , the master is associated with van der Weyden 's workshop because the copy is so close , it is believed he must have had access to a reproduction of the underdrawing .   Six panels are today associated to the master ; five showing scenes from christ 's infancy and one of Saint Francis . Two panels now in the Burrell Collection in Glasgow , are assumed to be wings of a lost portable triptych . All six works had been attributed by art historian Georges Hulin de Loo to Hans Memling , a painter strongly influenced by van der Weyden ( although this would date the work as 1464 at latest ) . de Loo noted the Glasgow panel 's `` elegance and sensitivity '' , and speculated that they were based on proto-types by van der Weyden , perhaps finished by Memling under van der Weyden 's supervision . However this view was eventually rejected and the panels attributed to an unidentified painter , who had apprenticed under van der Weyden and was in contact and influenced by Memling and the Master of the Legend of St. Catherine , who is sometimes though to have been Pieter van der Weyden , Rogier 's son .

neg: Renaissance Revival architecture Renaissance Revival ( sometimes referred to as `` Neo-Renaissance '' ) is an all-encompassing designation that covers many 19th century architectural revival styles which were neither Grecian ( see Greek Revival ) nor Gothic ( see Gothic Revival ) but which instead drew inspiration from a wide range of classicizing Italian modes . Under the broad designation `` Renaissance architecture '' nineteenth-century architects and critics went beyond the architectural style which began in Florence and central Italy in the early 15th century as an expression of Humanism ; they also included styles we would identify as Mannerist or Baroque . Self-applied style designations were rife in the mid - and later nineteenth century : `` Neo-Renaissance '' might be applied by contemporaries to structures that others called `` Italianate '' , or when many French Baroque features are present ( Second Empire ) .   The divergent forms of Renaissance architecture in different parts of Europe , particularly in France and Italy , has added to the difficulty of defining and recognizing Neo-Renaissance architecture . A comparison between the breadth of its source material , such as the English Wollaton Hall , Italian Palazzo Pitti , the French Château de Chambord , and the Russian Palace of Facets -- all deemed `` Renaissance '' -- illustrates the variety of appearances the same architectural label can take .

neg: Style (visual arts) In the visual arts , style is a '' ... distinctive manner which permits the grouping of works into related categories '' . or '' ... any distinctive , and therefore recognizable , way in which an act is performed or an artifact made or ought to be performed and made '' . It refers to the visual appearance of a work of art that relates it to other works by the same artist or one from the same period , training , location , `` school '' , art movement or archaeological culture : `` The notion of style has long been the art historian 's principal mode of classifying works of art . By style he selects and shapes the history of art '' .   Style is often divided into the general style of a period , country or cultural group , group of artists or art movement , and the individual style of the artist within that group style . Divisions within both types of styles are often made , such as between `` early '' , `` middle '' or `` late '' . In some artists , such as Picasso for example , these divisions may be marked and easy to see , in others they are more subtle . Style is seen as usually dynamic , in most periods always changing by a gradual process , though the speed of this varies greatly , between the very slow development in style typical of prehistoric art or ancient Egyptian art to the rapid changes in modern art styles . Style often develops in a series of jumps , with relatively sudden changes followed by periods of slower development .   After dominating academic discussion in art history in the 19th and early 20th centuries , so-called `` style art history '' has come under increasing attack in recent decades , and many art historians now prefer to avoid stylistic classifications where they can .

neg: Master of Anthony of Burgundy The Master of Anthony of Burgundy was a Flemish miniature painter active in Bruges between about 1460 and 1490 , apparently running a large workshop , and producing some of the most sophisticated work of the final flowering of Flemish illumination . He was first identified by Winkler in 1921 ; his name is derived from one of his most elevated patrons , Anthony of Burgundy , Philip the Good 's illegitimate son , though he also worked for the Dukes and other bibliophiles in Burgundian court circles , who had already been allocated `` Masters '' by art historians . His contributions to the heavily illustrated Froissart of Louis of Gruuthuse ( BnF Fr 2643-6 ) from the early 1470s , on which several of the leading illuminators of the day worked , show him excelling some more famous names , like Loiset Lyédet . The young Master of the Dresden Prayer Book worked as his assistant on this book , suggesting he was an apprentice ; a number of other anonymous masters have been postulated as his pupils . Other works are in the libraries of Paris , Wrocław , Philadelphia , Munich , Cambridge University Library and elsewhere .   He sometimes painted using gold and silver on a black background , as in the Vienna Black Hours ( or Sforza Hours and other titles ) now in Vienna . It is through the somewhat controversial attribution of that book to him , and its further identification with a book presented to Charles the Bold and known to have been illustrated by Philippe de Mazerolles , the Frenchman appointed as Burgundian court illuminator , that he has been proposed as identical to de Mazerolles , who is documented between 1454-1479 .   The Master , or his circle , have also been associated with the first engravings produced for book illustration , in an edition of Boccaccio printed in Bruges by Colard Mansion in about 1476 .

neg: Lorenzo de' Medici Lorenzo de ' Medici ( -LSB- loˈrɛntso de ˈmɛːditʃi -RSB- , 1 January 1449 -- 8 April 1492 ) was an Italian statesman and de facto ruler of the Florentine Republic , who was the most powerful and enthusiastic patron of the Renaissance . Also known as Lorenzo the Magnificent ( Lorenzo il Magnifico -LSB- loˈrɛntso il maɲˈɲiːfiko -RSB- ) by contemporary Florentines , he was a magnate , diplomat , politician and patron of scholars , artists and poets . He is well known for his contribution to the art world by sponsoring artists such as Botticelli and Michelangelo . His life coincided with the mature phase of Italian Renaissance and his death coincided with the end of the Golden Age of Florence . The fragile peace that he helped maintain among the various Italian states collapsed with his death . He is buried in the Medici Chapel in Florence .

neg: Baroque sculpture Baroque sculpture is the sculpture of the period between the early 17th and late 18th centuries associated with the Baroque cultural movement , based on exaggerated motion and drama . Stylistically , Baroque sculpture followed Renaissance sculpture and was succeeded by Neoclassical Sculpture . Gian Lorenzo Bernini is the first developer of this style and many of his works are the most important works in this period . Rome is the first place where was the style formed . After the second half of the 17th century Baroque expanded also to the other parts of Italy and Europe . France had main position in spread of Baroque art after the late 17th century , but other lands , mainly Spain , Dutch Republic and Habsburg Monarchy , supported the baroque ideas , too .

neg: Gothic architecture Gothic architecture is a style of architecture that flourished in Europe during the High and Late Middle Ages . It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture . Originating in 12th century France and lasting into the 16th century , Gothic architecture was known during the period as Opus Francigenum ( `` French work '' ) with the term Gothic first appearing during the later part of the Renaissance . Its characteristics include the pointed arch , the ribbed vault ( which evolved from the joint vaulting of Romanesque architecture ) and the flying buttress . Gothic architecture is most familiar as the architecture of many of the great cathedrals , abbeys and churches of Europe . It is also the architecture of many castles , palaces , town halls , guild halls , universities and to a less prominent extent , private dwellings , such as dorms and rooms .   It is in the great churches and cathedrals and in a number of civic buildings that the Gothic style was expressed most powerfully , its characteristics lending themselves to appeals to the emotions , whether springing from faith or from civic pride . A great number of ecclesiastical buildings remain from this period , of which even the smallest are often structures of architectural distinction while many of the larger churches are considered priceless works of art and are listed with UNESCO as World Heritage Sites . For this reason a study of Gothic architecture is often largely a study of cathedrals and churches .   A series of Gothic revivals began in mid-18th century England , spread through 19th century Europe and continued , largely for ecclesiastical and university structures , into the 20th century .

neg: The Age of the Medici The Age of the Medici , originally released in Italy as L'età di Cosimo de Medici ( The Age of Cosimo de Medici ) , is a 1973 3-part TV series about the Renaissance in Florence , directed by Roberto Rossellini . The series was shot in English in the hope of securing a North American release , which it failed to achieve , and was later dubbed into Italian and shown on state television . The films are : Cosimo de Medici , The Power of Cosimo and Leon Battista Alberti : Humanism . It is Fred Ward 's debut role .   Like several other TV series directed by Rossellini during the 1970s , The Age of the Medici is a form of docudrama , in which historical information is communicated via dramatized conversations between figures from history , and between ordinary people . They are unabashedly `` teaching films . '' As Dave Kehr explains , `` The dialogue is bluntly didactic , with characters telling one another things they would already know entirely for the benefit of the audience ... . Rossellini is n't asking his viewers to identify with his characters or become caught up in their personal dramas ... Instead he creates a detached perspective . '' Each scene plays out in a single long take , with the camera slowly moving and zooming to create different framings of the action , or , as Kehr puts it , `` to close in on details or investigate relationships '' .   When the films debuted in New York 's Public Theater in 1973 , New York Times movie critic Vincent Canby noted that while not difficult , the austere style of the films , `` as well as Rossellini 's total lack of concern for what might be called performance , take some getting used to . Yet once you 've grasped the method and the rhythm of the films , they are a ravishingly beautiful experience '' :   The actors make few attempts to act . They recite as they walk about magnificent locations , sounding and looking like ferociously gifted dress-extras . The talk has been rather flatly dubbed into English so that it 's not always possible to tell who is speaking.Forget these problems , though . The film is about what is being said and what you can see around and behind these figures . When you connect with The Age of the Medici , it has the effect of reducing every other film you 've seen recently to the status of an ornament .

neg: Accademia delle Arti del Disegno The Accademia delle Arti del Disegno , or `` Academy of the Arts of Drawing '' , is an academy of artists in Florence , Italy . The Accademia e Compagnia delle Arti del Disegno , or `` academy and company of the arts of drawing '' , was founded on 13 January 1563 by Cosimo I de ' Medici , under the influence of Giorgio Vasari . It was made up of two parts : the Company was a kind of guild for all working artists , while the Academy was for more eminent artistic personalities of Cosimo 's court , and supervised artistic production in Tuscany . It was later called the Accademia delle Arti del Disegno .   Artists including Michelangelo Buonarroti , Lazzaro Donati , Francesco da Sangallo , Agnolo Bronzino , Benvenuto Cellini , Giorgio Vasari , Bartolomeo Ammannati , and Giambologna were members . Most members of the Accademia were male ; Artemisia Gentileschi was the first woman to be admitted .   Its declared purposes are the promotion and diffusion of the arts , and the protection and conservation of cultural heritage worldwide . It organises conferences , concerts , book presentations and exhibitions , and elects noted artists from all over the world to honorary membership . The president is Luigi Zangheri .

neg: Bronzino Agnolo di Cosimo ( -LSB- ˈaɲɲolo di ˈkɔːzimo -RSB- ; November 17 , 1503 -- November 23 , 1572 ) , usually known as Bronzino ( `` Il Bronzino '' -LSB- il bronˈdziːno -RSB- in Italian ) , or Agnolo Bronzino , was a Florentine Mannerist painter . His sobriquet , Bronzino , in all probability refers to his relatively dark skin .   He lived all his life in Florence , and from his late 30s was kept busy as the court painter of Cosimo I de ' Medici , Grand Duke of Tuscany . He was mainly a portraitist but also painted many religious subjects , and a few allegorical subjects , which include what is probably his best known work , Venus , Cupid , Folly and Time , c. 1544-45 , now in London . Many portraits of the Medicis exist in several versions with varying degrees of participation by Bronzino himself , as Cosimo was a pioneer of the copied portrait sent as a diplomatic gift .   He trained with Pontormo , the leading Florentine painter of the first generation of Mannerism , and his style was greatly influenced by him , but his elegant and somewhat elongated figures always appear calm and somewhat reserved , lacking the agitation and emotion of those by his teacher . They have often been found cold and artificial , and his reputation suffered from the general critical disfavour attached to Mannerism in the 19th and early 20th centuries . Recent decades have been more appreciative of his art .


query: Monica Seles is retired.

pos: Monica Seles Monica Seles ( -LSB- ˈsɛləs -RSB- Szeles Mónika , Моника Селеш , Monika Seleš , -LSB- ˈsɛlɛʃ -RSB- , born December 2 , 1973 ) is a former Yugoslav world no. 1 professional tennis player and a member of the International Tennis Hall of Fame . An ethnic Hungarian , she was born and raised in Novi Sad , SFR Yugoslavia . She became a naturalized American citizen in 1994 and also received Hungarian citizenship in June 2007 . She won nine Grand Slam singles titles , eight of them while a citizen of Yugoslavia and the final as a citizen of the United States of America . In 1990 , Seles became the youngest-ever French Open champion at the age of 16 . She went on to win eight Grand Slam singles titles before her 20th birthday and was the year-end world no. 1 in 1991 and 1992 . However , on April 30 , 1993 , she was the victim of an on-court attack , when a man stabbed her in the back with a 9 in long knife ; Seles did not return to tennis for over two years . Though she enjoyed some success after rejoining the tour in 1995 , including a fourth Australian Open title in 1996 , she was unable to consistently reproduce her best form . She played her last professional match at the 2003 French Open , but did not officially retire until February 2008 .   Regarded by many in the sport as one of the greatest tennis players of all time , Seles was named one of the `` 30 Legends of Women 's Tennis : Past , Present and Future '' by Time .

neg: CordeValle Golf Club CordeValle , A Rosewood Resort is a private golf course and spa resort near San Martin , California , southeast of San Jose . Operated by Rosewood Hotels & Resorts , it is located in the Santa Clara Valley , near the eastern edge of the Santa Cruz Mountains .   The club 's 1996 permit required that 60 % of the golf rounds played be reserved for the general public , but the Club defines `` general public '' as including guests of members . In the resulting dispute with the county planning commission , the club agreed to create a Youth Golf Foundation , to pay for underprivileged youths to learn the game of golf at CordeValle or elsewhere . In exchange , the planning commission agreed to waive the requirement for 60 % public play .   Nancy Pelosi , the minority leader of the U.S. House , owns approximately $ 1,000,000 worth of the club .

neg: Defense of Marriage Act The Defense of Marriage Act ( DOMA ) ( , and ) was a United States federal law that , prior to being ruled unconstitutional , defined marriage for federal purposes as the union of one man and one woman , and allowed states to refuse to recognize same-sex marriages granted under the laws of other states . Until Section 3 of the Act was struck down in 2013 ( United States v. Windsor ) , DOMA , in conjunction with other statutes , had barred same-sex married couples from being recognized as `` spouses '' for purposes of federal laws , effectively barring them from receiving federal marriage benefits . DOMA 's passage did not prevent individual states from recognizing same-sex marriage , but it imposed constraints on the benefits received by all legally married same-sex couples .   Initially introduced in May 1996 , DOMA passed both houses of Congress by large , veto-proof majorities and was signed into law by President Bill Clinton in September 1996 . By defining `` spouse '' and its related terms to signify a heterosexual couple in a recognized marriage , Section 3 codified non-recognition of same-sex marriages for all federal purposes , including insurance benefits for government employees , social security survivors ' benefits , immigration , bankruptcy , and the filing of joint tax returns , as well as excluding same-sex spouses from the scope of laws protecting families of federal officers ( 18 U. S. C. § 115 ) , laws evaluating financial aid eligibility , and federal ethics laws applicable to opposite-sex spouses .   In United States v. Windsor ( 2013 ) , the U.S. Supreme Court declared Section 3 of DOMA unconstitutional under the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment .

neg: Graduation Graduation is getting a diploma or academic degree or the ceremony that is sometimes associated with it , in which students become graduates . Before the graduation , candidates are referred to as graduands . The date of graduation is often called graduation day . The graduation ceremony itself is also called commencement , convocation or invocation . Normally , the ceremony and name apply to high school and above ( the next ascending levels being Associate 's , Bachelor 's , Master 's , and Doctorate ) . In the United States of America , graduations for elementary school or even Kindergarten have been a fad of recent years . When ceremonies are associated , they usually include a procession of the academic staff and candidates and a valediction . At the college and university level the faculty will usually wear academic dress at the formal ceremonies , as will the trustees and degree candidates .   `` Graduation '' at the college and university level occurs when the presiding officer confers degrees upon candidates , either individually or en masse , even if graduates physically receive their diploma later at a smaller college or departmental ceremony . After degree completion , graduates can be referred to by their graduating year .   In some places , graduation parties to celebrate graduation from school , college or university are popular . In a recent 2014 nationwide survey in the United States , $ 985 was the average amount spent on graduation parties . When a student graduates without attending the ceremony , then it is called graduation in absentia .

neg: Severina Vučković Severina Kojić ( née Vučković , born 21 April 1972 ) , known professionally simply as Severina , is a Croatian pop icon and the most popular recording artist in Croatia and the Balkans . Her music videos on YouTube have been viewed more than 600 million times and her last tour Dobrodosao u klub was one of the most spectacular tours ever seen in ex-Yugoslavian countries . In 2006 Nacional weekly listed her among the 100 most influential Croats , calling her `` the only bona fide Croatian celebrity '' . She represented Croatia at the Eurovision Song Contest 2006 , held in Athens , Greece , with the song `` Moja Štikla '' and finished at 12th place in the Grand Final with 56 points . In 2015 , she was the most googled person in Croatia and Slovenia.Although often criticized for her controversial appearance she has been loved and adored across the whole Ex-Yu area .

neg: Monica Rutherford Monica Kathleen Rutherford ( born 29 March 1944 ) is a retired artistic gymnast from England . She competed at the 1964 Summer Olympics in all artistic gymnastics events with the best ranking of 59th on the vault .   After marrying Brian Phelps , an Olympic diver , she changed her last name to Phelps .   Following her career as a gymnast , Rutherford successfully coached for many years at the OLGA club in Poole , Dorset . She has since retired and , now resides in France .

neg: Rosemary Dempsey Rosemary Dempsey was Vice President of NOW , The National Organization of Women .   Rosemary Dempsey is a mother of two who is constantly fighting for women 's reproductive rights . Rosemary practiced law out of New Jersey and was heavily involved in the justice system . Aside from being Vice-President of NOW she was also The President of NOW based out of New Jersey . Her reason for pursuing such a controversial movement was simply that she was being affected by the current issues at hand and wanted change for her and other women . Rosemary was a part of the `` We Wo n't Go Back '' March in April 1992 . Aside from marching to raise awareness she is also a regular at giving speeches about women 's rights .   Rosemary would go around to many different college campuses to help raise awareness about the wage gap between men and women because at that time women only made 58 % of what men earned .   Rosemary won custody of her children despite being openly gay .   In 1991 , there was roughly 1 million incidents reported of domestic violence towards women with another 3 million incidents predicted to go unreported . Domestic violence had become so common in society at the time that it had become the top health risk against women . Rosemary was heavily involved in the act of demanding more laws towards domestic violence by raising awareness about the abuse women endure . This was the start to the idea of the Violence Against Women Act .   Rosemary traveled to Tokyo in 1996 to raise awareness about a sexual harassment issue between Mitsubishi and hundreds of women that were employed by them . Rosemary was doing a lot of talking during her trip with many officials from Tokyo including Mitsubishi Motors representatives . With her help and others , the EEOC , sued Mitsubishi which eventually agreed to pay $ 34 million in a settlement .

neg: 1992 US Open – Women's Singles Monica Seles was the defending champion , and she successfully defended her title without losing a set , defeating Arantxa Sánchez Vicario in the final , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 . By reaching the final , Monica became the sixth woman , after Maureen Connolly , Margaret Court , Chris Evert , Martina Navratilova , Steffi Graf , to reach all four Grand Slam finals in a calendar year .

neg: Office lady An office lady , often abbreviated OL , is a female office worker in Japan who performs generally pink collar tasks such as serving tea and secretarial or clerical work . Office ladies are usually full-time permanent staff , although the jobs they perform usually have little opportunity for promotion , and there is usually the tacit expectation that they leave their jobs once they get married .   Often nicknamed shokuba no hana or `` office flower '' , office ladies are usually hired right after high school or junior high , with university graduates discouraged from pursuing this type of career . They are kept around the office for the youth they bring to it , hence the `` flower '' nickname . They are charged with routine , menial tasks meant to support the male workers . This type of career offers very little chance of advancement and was specifically designed so that women would leave for marriage before their thirties . Women between the ages of twenty four and twenty eight often are advised to settle down as a subtle message to quit , as those years are considered the most suitable for marriage .   Due to some Japanese pop culture influence in China mainland , Taiwan and Hong Kong , the term is also in common usage there . However , the meaning of the word is slightly different . In China , the word represents the white-collar women ( usually highly educated , high-pressure , high-income , smartly dressed ) , the combination of beauty and wisdom .

neg: Congressional pension Congressional pension is a pension made available to members of the United States Congress . Members who participated in the congressional pension system are vested after five ( 5 ) years of service . A full pension is available to members 62 years of age with 5 years of service ; 50 years or older with 20 years of service ; or 25 years of service at any age . A reduced pension is available depending upon which of several different age/service options is chosen . If Members leave Congress before reaching retirement age , they may leave their contributions behind and receive a deferred pension later . The current pension program , effective January 1987 , is under the Federal Employees Retirement System ( FERS ) , which covers members and other federal employees whose federal employment began in 1984 or later . This replaces the older Civil Service Retirement System ( CSRS ) for most members of congress and federal employees .

neg: Hillary Clinton email controversy In March 2015 , it became publicly known that Hillary Clinton , during her tenure as United States Secretary of State , had used her family 's private email server for official communications , rather than official State Department email accounts maintained on federal servers . Those official communications included thousands of emails that would retroactively be marked classified by the State Department .   The controversy unfolded against the backdrop of Clinton 's 2016 presidential election campaign and hearings held by the United States House Select Committee on Benghazi . Some experts , officials , and members of Congress have contended that her use of private messaging system software and a private server violated State Department protocols and procedures , as well as federal laws and regulations governing recordkeeping . In response , Clinton has said that her use of personal email was in compliance with federal laws and State Department regulations , and that former secretaries of state had also maintained personal email accounts , though not their own private email servers .   After allegations were raised that some of the emails in question contained classified information , the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) initiated an investigation regarding the origin and handling of classified emails on Clinton 's server . The FBI Report found that some of the emails originated in five other intelligence agencies . The FBI found that all classified emails on Clinton 's server were stored and sent from `` unclassified systems '' , violating the same policies as those on Clinton 's personal server .   FBI Director James Comey identified 110 emails as containing information that was classified at the time it was sent , including 65 emails deemed `` Secret '' and 22 deemed `` Top Secret '' . None of these had classification markings . However , as noted in Clinton 's non-disclosure agreement , unmarked classified information should be treated the same as marked classified information . An additional three email chains contained `` portion markings '' , simply a '' ( C ) '' indicating `` Confidential '' in front of one or more paragraphs . These were not included in Comey 's list of 110 because the State Department failed to confirm they were classified at the time they were sent . Clinton told the FBI she did not know the meaning of '' ( C ) '' . Nearly 2,100 emails on the server were retroactively marked as classified by the State Department .   In May 2016 , the State Department 's Office of the Inspector General released an 83-page report about the State Department 's email practices , including Clinton 's . On July 5 , 2016 , Comey announced that the FBI 's investigation had concluded that Clinton was `` extremely careless '' in handling her email system but recommended that no charges be filed against her . On July 6 , 2016 , Attorney General Loretta Lynch announced that no charges would be filed .   On July 7 , the State Department reopened its probe into the email controversy . On October 28 , 2016 , Comey notified Congress that the FBI had started looking into newly discovered emails that may be pertinent to the case . Law enforcement officials stated the emails were found on a laptop belonging to Clinton aide Huma Abedin 's husband , Anthony Weiner , during an investigation of his sexting scandals . On November 6 , Comey notified Congress that the FBI had not changed its conclusion , reached in July , regarding Clinton 's emails .

neg: Santa Monica 13 Santa Monica 13 or SMG is a Mexican-American street gang located in Santa Monica , California ( US ) . They reside mainly in the Pico Neighborhood of Santa Monica , which is said to be one of the last remaining ghettos of the Westside . Even though Santa Monica 13 is a Sureño gang , they wear their traditional black bandanas . The acronym SM17 refers to Santa Monica 17th Street , which is the gang 's primary subset or `` clique '' . They write up `` SMG '' or `` Santa Monica Gang '' to show solidarity

neg: Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy On December 7 , 2006 , the George W. Bush administration 's Department of Justice ordered the unprecedented midterm dismissal of seven United States Attorneys . Congressional investigations focused on whether the Department of Justice and the White House were using the U.S. Attorney positions for political advantage . Allegations were that some of the attorneys were targeted for dismissal to impede investigations of Republican politicians or that some were targeted for their failure to initiate investigations that would damage Democratic politicians or hamper Democratic-leaning voters .  The U.S. attorneys were replaced with interim appointees , under provisions in the 2005 USA PATRIOT Act reauthorization .   A subsequent report by the Justice Department Inspector General in October 2008 found that the process used to fire the first seven attorneys and two others dismissed around the same time was `` arbitrary '' , `` fundamentally flawed '' , and `` raised doubts about the integrity of Department prosecution decisions '' . In July 2010 , the Department of Justice prosecutors closed the two-year investigation without filing charges after determining that the firing was inappropriately political , but not criminal , saying `` Evidence did not demonstrate that any prosecutable criminal offense was committed with regard to the removal of David Iglesias . The investigative team also determined that the evidence did not warrant expanding the scope of the investigation beyond the removal of Iglesias . ''

neg: Síle de Valera Síle de Valera ( -LSB- ˈʃiːlʲə ˌdɛvəˈlɛrə -RSB- ) ( born 17 December 1954 ) is an Irish former Fianna Fáil politician . She was first elected a Teachta Dála ( TD ) in 1977 serving as a member of Dáil Éireann until 1981 , and then again from 1987 to 2007 , as well as being a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) for Dublin from 1979 to 1984 . She served as Minister for Arts , Heritage , Gaeltacht and the Islands from 1997 to 2002 .

neg: Advanta Championships of Philadelphia The Advanta Championships of Philadelphia ( also long known as the Virginia Slims of Philadelphia ) was a WTA Tour professional tennis tournament for women played from 1971 through 2005 in Philadelphia , United States . The tournament was classified on the WTA Tour as a Tier I event from 1993 through 1995 . It was classified as a Tier II event in 1991 , 1992 , and from 1996 through 2005 . The tournament was played indoors , on carpet from 1991 through 2000 and on hard courts from 1971 through 1979 and from 2003 through 2005 .   Past singles champions include Conchita Martínez , Margaret Court , Chris Evert , Monica Seles , Steffi Graf , Martina Hingis , Lindsay Davenport , and Amélie Mauresmo .

neg: Grunting in tennis Grunting in tennis is the very loud noise , sometimes described as `` shrieking '' or `` screaming '' , made by some players while hitting their shots . It is prominent in both men 's and women 's tennis . Many players and spectators find it to be distracting or obnoxious above a certain sound level .   Monica Seles and Jimmy Connors are generally considered as the `` grunt creator '' in the women 's and men 's games respectively . Examples of contemporary tennis players who notably grunt are Serena Williams , Venus Williams , Maria Sharapova , Victoria Azarenka , Rafael Nadal , Novak Djokovic , David Ferrer and Gustavo Kuerten .

neg: María Carmen López Segura María Carmen López Segura ( born 30 March 1946 ) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the PRI . As of 2013 she served as Deputy of the LXII Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing Baja California as replacement of María Elvia Amaya Araujo .

neg: United States v. Windsor United States v. Windsor , ( Docket No . ) , is a landmark civil rights case in which the United States Supreme Court held that restricting U.S. federal interpretation of `` marriage '' and `` spouse '' to apply only to opposite-sex unions , by Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act ( DOMA ) , is unconstitutional under the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment ; Justice Kennedy wrote : `` The federal statute is invalid , for no legitimate purpose overcomes the purpose and effect to disparage and to injure those whom the State , by its marriage laws , sought to protect in personhood and dignity . ''   Edith Windsor ( born 1929 ) and Thea Spyer ( October 8 , 1931 -- February 5 , 2009 ) , a same-sex couple residing in New York , were lawfully married in Toronto , Canada , in 2007 . Later in 2008 , New York recognized their marriage following a court decision . Spyer died at the age of 77 in 2009 , leaving her entire estate to Windsor . Windsor sought to claim the federal estate tax exemption for surviving spouses . She was barred from doing so by Section 3 of DOMA ( codified at ) , which provided that the term `` spouse '' only applied to marriages between a man and woman . The Internal Revenue Service found that the exemption did not apply to same-sex marriages , denied Windsor 's claim , and compelled her to pay $ 363,053 in estate taxes .   On November 9 , 2010 , Windsor sued the federal government in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York , seeking a refund because DOMA singled out legally married same-sex couples for `` differential treatment compared to other similarly situated couples without justification . '' On February 23 , 2011 , U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder announced that the Department of Justice would not defend the constitutionality of Section 3 in Windsor . On April 18 , 2011 , Paul Clement , representing the Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group ( BLAG ) , intervened to defend the law . On June 6 , 2012 , Judge Barbara S. Jones ruled that Section 3 of DOMA was unconstitutional under the due process guarantees of the Fifth Amendment and ordered the federal government to issue the tax refund , including interest . The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit , in a 2 -- 1 decision , affirmed the district court 's judgment on October 18 , 2012 .   BLAG petitioned the U.S. Supreme Court to review the decision , and the Court issued a writ of certiorari in December 2012 . On March 27 , 2013 , the court heard oral arguments . On June 26 , 2013 , the U.S. Supreme Court issued a 5 -- 4 decision declaring Section 3 of DOMA to be unconstitutional `` as a deprivation of the liberty of the person protected by the Fifth Amendment . ''   On the same day , the court also issued a separate 5 -- 4 decision in Hollingsworth v. Perry -- a case related to California 's constitutional amendment initiative barring same-sex marriage . The decision effectively allowed same-sex marriages in that state to resume after the court ruled that the proponents of the initiative lacked Article III standing to appeal in federal court based on its established interpretation of the case or controversy clause .

neg: Nuclear option The nuclear option is a parliamentary procedure that allows the United States Senate to override a rule or precedent by a simple majority of 51 votes , instead of by a supermajority of 60 votes . The option is invoked by the presiding officer of the body ruling that the validity of a Senate rule or precedent is a constitutional question . The issue is immediately put to the full Senate , which decides by majority vote . The procedure thus allows the Senate to decide any issue by majority vote , regardless of existing procedural rules , such as current Senate rules specifying that ending a filibuster requires the consent of 60 senators ( out of 100 ) for legislation , and 67 for amending a Senate rule . The term `` nuclear option '' is an analogy to nuclear weapons being the most extreme option in warfare .   The nuclear option has only been used in practice twice -- in 2013 and 2017 , however the threat to use it dates back at least to 1917 , in opinions related to reform of the Senate 's filibuster rules . Subsequently , an opinion written by Vice President Richard Nixon in 1957 concluded that the U.S. Constitution grants the presiding officer the authority to override existing Senate rules . The option was used to make further rule changes in 1975 . In November 2013 , Senate Democrats used the nuclear option to eliminate filibusters on executive branch nominations and federal judicial appointments other than those to the Supreme Court . On April 6 , 2017 , Senate Republicans used the nuclear option to eliminate the exception for Supreme Court nominees , after the nomination of Neil Gorsuch failed to meet the requirement of 60 votes for ending the debate .   Before November 2013 , Senate rules required a three-fifths vote of the `` duly chosen and sworn '' members of the Senate -- ( usually 60 votes ) to end debate on a bill , nomination or other proposal ; they also require a two-thirds vote ( `` present and voting '' -- 67 or more votes ) to end debate on a change to the Senate rules . Those rules effectively allowed a minority of the Senate to block a bill or nomination through the technique of the filibuster . This had resulted in a de facto requirement that a nomination have the support of 60 Senators to pass , rather than a majority of 51 . A three-fifths vote is still required to end debates on legislation . Before April 2017 , Senate rules required a three-fifths vote to confirm nominations for Supreme Court nominees .   Under the new nuclear option proceedings , the majority leader and presiding officer , guided by parliamentary experts , go through a series of choreographed steps in which the leader suggests a change to the rules , the presiding officer challenges him , and then the leader calls a second vote on a rules change , which requires only 51 votes . This effectively ends what had become a 60-vote requirement for confirmation of a Supreme Court nominee or the passage of legislation .

neg: CMLL Mini-Estrellas tournaments The Mexican professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) has held a number of tournaments for their Mini-Estrella division since it was founded in 1992 , some recurring and others a one off tournament held for a special event . Being professional wrestling tournaments , it they are not won legitimately ; they are instead won via predetermined outcomes to the matches that is kept secret from the general public . The Mini-Estrella division has been featured in a Ruleta de la Muerte ( Spanish for `` Roulette of Death '' ) tournament . A Ruleta de la Muerte tournament is a tournament in which tag teams face off in a single elimination tournament , but unlike traditional tournaments it is the losing team that advances in the tournament . The team that loses the tag team match final must immediately wrestle against each other in a Lucha de Apuestas match , where either their mask or their hair is on the line . In 2010 CMLL held a Mini-Estrella focused Torneo Bicentenario , celebrating the 200th anniversary of Mexico 's independence , a tournament where the winning Mini-Estrella would be `` Promoted '' to the regular sized male division and compete on equal footing in CMLL . The movement from Mini-Estrella to `` Regular '' competitor is rare in Lucha Libre , but not without precedent as CMLL themselves held such a match in 1997 , but this marked the first time a Mini-Estrella was openly promoted to the regular division without changing their ring persona or moving to a different wrestling promotion .

neg: Sedevacantism Sedevacantism is the position , held by a minority of traditionalist Catholics , that the alleged present occupant of the Holy See is not truly pope due to the mainstream church 's espousal of the heresy of modernism and that , for lack of a valid pope , the see has been vacant since the death of Pope Pius XII in 1958 .   The term `` sedevacantism '' is derived from the Latin phrase sede vacante , which literally means `` with the chair -LSB- of Saint Peter -RSB- vacant '' . The phrase is commonly used to refer specifically to a vacancy of the Holy See from the death or resignation of a pope to the election of his successor . `` Sedevacantism '' as a term in English appears to date from the 1980s , though the movement itself is older .   Among those who maintain that the see of Rome , occupied by what they declare to be an illegitimate pope , was really vacant , some have chosen an alternative pope of their own , and thus in their view ended the vacancy of the see , and are known sometimes as `` conclavists '' .   The number of sedevacantists is largely unknown , with estimates given in tens to hundreds of thousands .