query: Robert Browning was a writer.

pos: Poet A poet is a person who writes poetry . Poets may describe themselves as such or be described as such by others . A poet may simply be a writer of poetry , or may perform their art to an audience .     The work of a poet is essentially one of communication , either expressing ideas in a literal sense , such as writing about a specific event or place , or metaphorically . Poets have existed since antiquity , in nearly all languages , and have produced works that vary greatly in different cultures and time periods . Throughout each civilization and language , poets have used various styles that have changed through the course of literary history , resulting in a history of poets as diverse as the literature they have produced .

pos: Robert Browning Robert Browning ( 7 May 1812 -- 12 December 1889 ) was an English poet and playwright whose mastery of the dramatic monologue made him one of the foremost Victorian poets . His poems are known for their irony , characterization , dark humour , social commentary , historical settings , and challenging vocabulary and syntax .   Browning 's early career began promisingly , but was not a success . The long poem Pauline brought him to the attention of Dante Gabriel Rossetti , and was followed by Paracelsus , which was praised by William Wordsworth and Charles Dickens , but in 1840 the difficult Sordello , which was seen as wilfully obscure , brought his poetry into disrepute . His reputation took more than a decade to recover , during which time he moved away from the Shelleyan forms of his early period and developed a more personal style .   In 1846 Browning married the older poet Elizabeth Barrett , who at the time was considerably better known than himself . So started one of history 's most famous literary marriages . They went to live in Italy , a country he called `` my university '' , and which features frequently in his work . By the time of her death in 1861 , he had published the crucial collection Men and Women . The collection Dramatis Personae and the book-length epic poem The Ring and the Book followed , and made him a leading British poet . He continued to write prolifically , but his reputation today rests largely on the poetry he wrote in this middle period .   When Browning died in 1889 , he was regarded as a sage and philosopher-poet who through his writing had made contributions to Victorian social and political discourse -- as in the poem Caliban upon Setebos , which some critics have seen as a comment on the theory of evolution , which had recently been put forward by Darwin and others . Unusually for a poet , societies for the study of his work were founded while he was still alive . Such Browning Societies remained common in Britain and the United States until the early 20th century .   Browning 's admirers have tended to temper their praise with reservations about the length and difficulty of his most ambitious poems , particularly The Ring and the Book . Nevertheless , they have included such eminent writers as Henry James , Oscar Wilde , George Bernard Shaw , G. K. Chesterton , Ezra Pound , Jorge Luis Borges , and Vladimir Nabokov . Among living writers , Stephen King 's The Dark Tower series and A.S. Byatt 's Possession refer directly to Browning 's work .   Today Browning 's critically most esteemed poems include the monologues Childe Roland to the Dark Tower Came , Fra Lippo Lippi , Andrea Del Sarto , and My Last Duchess . His most popular poems include Porphyria 's Lover , How They Brought the Good News from Ghent to Aix , the diptych Meeting at Night , the patriotic Home Thoughts from Abroad , and the children 's poem The Pied Piper of Hamelin . His abortive dinner-party recital of How They Brought The Good News was recorded on an Edison wax cylinder , and is believed to be the oldest surviving recording made in the United Kingdom of a notable person .

pos: Playwright A playwright , also known as a dramatist , is a person who writes plays .

neg: Frank Browning (author) Frank Browning is an American author and former correspondent for National Public Radio . His books include `` The Fate of Gender : Nature , Nurture and the Human Future '' ( forthcoming , Bloomsbury , June 2016 ) , `` The Monk & the Skeptic : Dialogues on Sex , Faith and Religion '' ( 2013 ) , `` The American Way of Crime : From Salem to Watergate ( 1980 ) , The Culture of Desire : Paradox and Perversity in Gay Lives Today ( 1993 ) , A Queer Geography : Journeys Toward a Sexual Self ( 1996 ) and Apples : Story of the Fruit of Temptation ( 1996 ) . He is also co-author with Sharon Silva of a cookbook , An Apple Harvest : Recipes and Orchard Lore '' ( 1999 ) . He currently lives in Paris , France where he writes on arts for the Huffington Post ; he contributes to a number of American magazines , including California . Raised on an apple orchard in Kentucky , he has lived in Washington , D.C. , New York City , San Francisco , California , Los Angeles , California and Ann Arbor , Michigan and Brooklyn , New York . He has lived in Paris , France since 2001 , is in a longterm relationship , and is currently working on a new book on the future of gender around the world .   Browning worked as a staff correspondent and contract reporter for National Public Radio , where he won two Armstrong Awards for his reporting and coordinated with fellow journalist Brenda Wilson a multi-part series on Aids in Black America that won a Dupont-Columbia prize . He began his work on newspapers in Kentucky then undertook investigative reporting for the muckraking magazine Ramparts . His work has appeared in The Washington Post Magazine , Mother Jones , Playboy , Penthouse , Salon and numerous other publications . He has also reported for Marketplace Radio and This American Life .  He grows tomatoes , pears , apples and apricots an hour and a half outside Paris in a converted 18th century barn rebuilt by his companion of 15 years , a French architect , where he also receives a wandering neighborhood cat , M. Le Chat , for brief visits . Among other projects , he is working on a personal remembrance and cookbook , `` Weekday Recipes for the End Times . ''

neg: List of Emily Dickinson poems This is a list of poems by Emily Dickinson . In addition to the list of first lines which link to the poems ' texts , the table notes each poem 's publication in several of the most significant editions of Dickinson 's poetry -- the `` manuscript books '' created by Dickinson herself but not published as such until 1981 ; the seven volumes of poetry published posthumously from 1890 to 1945 ; the cumulative collections of 1924 , 1930 , and 1937 ; and the scholarly editions of 1955 and 1998 . The entire table is sortable by clicking on the icons following the column headings .   Important publications which are not represented in the table include the 10 poems published ( anonymously ) during Dickinson 's lifetime ; and editions of her letters , published from 1894 on , which include some poems within their texts . In all these cases , the poem itself occurs in the list , but these specific publications of the poem are not noted .

neg: Dante Symphony A Symphony to Dante 's Divine Comedy , S. 109 , or simply the `` Dante Symphony '' , is a program symphony composed by Franz Liszt . Written in the high romantic style , it is based on Dante Alighieri 's journey through Hell and Purgatory , as depicted in The Divine Comedy . It was premiered in Dresden in November 1857 , with Liszt himself conducting , and was unofficially dedicated to the composer 's friend and future son-in-law Richard Wagner . The entire symphony takes approximately 45 minutes to perform .   Some critics have argued that the Dante Symphony is not so much a symphony in the classical sense as it is two descriptive symphonic poems . Regardless , Dante consists of two movements , both in a loosely structured ternary form with little use of thematic transformation .

neg: Novel in Scotland The novel in Scotland includes all long prose fiction published in Scotland and by Scottish authors since the development of the literary format in the eighteenth century . The novel was soon a major element of Scottish literary and critical life . Tobias Smollett 's picaresque novels , such as The Adventures of Roderick Random and The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle mean that he is often seen as Scotland 's first novelist . Other Scots who contributed to the development of the novel in the eighteenth century include Henry Mackenzie and John Moore .   There was a tradition of moral and domestic fiction in the early nineteenth century that included the work of Elizabeth Hamilton , Mary Brunton and Christian Johnstone . The outstanding literary figure of the early nineteenth century was Walter Scott , whose Waverley is often called the first historical novel . He had a major worldwide influence . His success led to a publishing boom in Scotland . Major figures that benefited included James Hogg , John Galt , John Gibson Lockhart , John Wilson and Susan Ferrier . In the mid-nineteenth century major literary figures that contributed to the development of the novel included David Macbeth Moir , John Stuart Blackie , William Edmondstoune Aytoun and Margaret Oliphant . In the late nineteenth century , a number of Scottish-born authors achieved international reputations , including Robert Louis Stevenson and Arthur Conan Doyle , whose Sherlock Holmes stories helped found the tradition of detective fiction . In the last two decades of the century the `` kailyard school '' ( cabbage patch ) depicted Scotland in a rural and nostalgic fashion , often seen as a `` failure of nerve '' in dealing with the rapid changes that had swept across Scotland in the industrial revolution . Figures associated with the movement include Ian Maclaren , S. R. Crockett and J. M. Barrie , best known for his creation of Peter Pan , which helped develop the genre of fantasy , as did the work of George MacDonald .   Among the most important novels of the early twentieth century was The House with the Green Shutters by George Douglas Brown , which broke with the Kailyard tradition . John Buchan played a major role in the creation of the modern thriller with The Thirty-Nine Steps and Greenmantle . The Scottish literary Renaissance attempted to introduce modernism into art and create of a distinctive national literature . It increasingly focused on the novel . Major figures included Neil Gunn , George Blake , A. J. Cronin , Eric Linklater and Lewis Grassic Gibbon . There were also a large number of female authors associated with the movement , who included Catherine Carswell , Willa Muir , Nan Shepherd and Naomi Mitchison . Many major Scottish post-war novelists , such as Robin Jenkins , Jessie Kesson , Muriel Spark , Alexander Trocchi and James Kennaway spent most of their lives outside Scotland , but often dealt with Scottish themes . Successful mass-market works included the action novels of Alistair MacLean and the historical fiction of Dorothy Dunnett . A younger generation of novelists that emerged in the 1960s and 1970s included Allan Massie , Shena Mackay and Alan Spence . Working class identity continued to be explored by Archie Hind , Alan Sharp , George Friel and William McIlvanney .   From the 1980s Scottish literature enjoyed another major revival , with figures including Alasdair Gray , James Kelman , Irvine Welsh , Alan Warner , Janice Galloway , A. L. Kennedy , Iain Banks , Candia McWilliam , Frank Kuppner and Andrew O'Hagan . In genre fiction Iain Banks , writing as Iain M. Banks , produced ground-breaking science fiction and Scottish crime fiction has been a major area of growth with the success of novelists including Frederic Lindsay , Quintin Jardine , Val McDermid , Denise Mina , Christopher Brookmyre , and particularly Ian Rankin and his Inspector Rebus novels . The most successful author of Scottish origins in recent years has been J. K. Rowling , author of the Harry Potter series .

neg: Jocoseria Jocoseria is a collection of short poems by Robert Browning , first published in 1883 . Effectively a continuation of the Dramatic Idyls series , the book was not well received by critics at the time and has continued to be considered one of the poet 's least effective collections , aside from the famous prologue to the collection .   The prologue , which has no official title but is usually referred to by its first line , `` Wanting is -- what ? '' , became one of Browning 's favourite short lyrics and is a standard fixture in anthologies . Jocoseria -- whose title comes from a 1598 collection of jokes and anecdotes , referring to its jocose and serious contents -- was released in late 1883 , and enjoyed decent sales despite the lack of critical plaudits , to such an extent that Browning 's already-completed follow-up Ferishtah 's Fancies was delayed for nearly a year so as not to crowd it out of the shops .

neg: Robert Bell (writer) Robert Bell ( 16 January 180012 April 1867 ) was an Irish man of letters .

neg: Madrigal (poetry) Madrigal ( madrigale ) is the name of a form of poetry , the exact nature of which has never been decided in English .   The definition given in the New English Dictionary , `` a short lyrical poem of amatory character , '' offers no distinctive formula ; some madrigals are long , and many have nothing whatever to do with love . The most important English collection of madrigals , not set to music , was published by William Drummond of Hawthornden ( 1585 -- 1649 ) in his Poems of 1616 . Perhaps the best way of ascertaining what was looked upon in the 17th century as a madrigal is to quote one of Drummond 's :  The beauty and the life Of life 's and beauty 's fairest paragon , O tears ! O grief ! hung at a feeble thread , To which pale Atropos had set her knife ; The soul with many a groan Had left each outward part , And now did take his last leave of the heart ; Nought else did want , save death , even to be dead ; When the afflicted band about her bed , Seeing so fair him come in lips , cheeks , eyes , Cried ah ! and can death enter Paradise ?  This may be taken as a type of Drummond 's madrigals , of which he has left us about eighty . They are serious , brief , irregular lyrics , in which neither the amatory nor the complimentary tone is by any means obligatory . Some of these pieces contain as few as six lines , one as many as fourteen , but they average from nine to eleven . In the majority of examples the little poem opens with a line of six syllables , and no line extends beyond ten syllables . The madrigal appears to be a short canzone of the Tuscan type , but less rigidly constructed . In French the madrigal has not this Italian character . It is simply a short piece of verse , ingenious in its turn and of a gallant tendency . The idea of compliment is essential . J. F. Guichard ( 1730 -- 1811 ) writes : `` Orgon , poke marital , A Venus compare sa femme ; C'est pour la belle un madrigal , C'est pour Venus une epigramme . ''   This quatrain emphasizes the fact that in French a madrigal is a trifling piece of erotic compliment , neatly turned but not seriously meant . The credit of inventing the old French verse form of madrigal belongs to Clément Marot , and one of his may be quoted in contrast to that of Drummond :  Un doux nenni avec un doux sourire Est tant honneste , it le vous faut apprendre ; Quant est de oui , si veniez a le dire , D'avoir trop dit je voudrois vous reprendre ; Non que je sois ennuye d'entreprendre D'avoir le fruit dont le desir me point ; Mais je voudrois qu'en ne le laissant prendre , Vous me disiez : vous ne l'aurez point .  In English , when the word first occurred -- it has not been traced farther back than 1588 ( in the preface to Nicholas Yonge 's Musica transalpina ) -- it was identified with the chief form of secular vocal music in the 16th century . In 1741 , John Immyns ( 1700 -- 1764 ) founded the Madrigal Society , which met in an ale-house in Bride Lane , Fleet Street ; this association still exists , and is the oldest musical society in Europe .   The word `` madrigal '' is frequently also used to designate a sentimental or trifling expression in a half-contemptuous sense .

neg: Kevin Browning Kevin Thomas Browning ( born September 19 , 1978 ) manages creative and business development for Umphrey 's McGee , the Chicago-based `` Improg '' band which has gained notoriety for merging its original style of progressive rock with improvisational techniques . Browning began his 15-year career with UM as the band 's live Front of House and studio engineer , and has produced or co-produced hundreds of the band 's live releases , studio albums , and DVDs . He has helped to create many of the band 's signature events , brand and media strategies , and fan experiences .

neg: Welsh literature in English Anglo-Welsh literature and Welsh writing in English are terms used to describe works written in the English language by Welsh writers . It has been recognised as a distinctive entity only since the 20th century . The need for a separate identity for this kind of writing arose because of the parallel development of modern Welsh-language literature ; as such it is perhaps the youngest branch of English-language literature in the British Isles .   Welsh writers in English have traditionally favoured the short story form over the novel for two main reasons : in a society lacking sufficient wealth to support professional writers , the amateur writer was able to spare time only for short bursts of creativity ; and , like poetry , it concentrated linguistic delight and exuberance . However , the genre did not develop in these writers much beyond its origin in rural sketches . Satire was avoided , and , since the main market was London publishers , the short stories tended to focus on the eccentricities ( as seen from a metropolitan viewpoint ) of Welsh life .

neg: American poetry american ' poetry '' ' , the poetry of the United States , arose first as efforts by colonists to add their voices to English poetry in the 17th century , well before the constitutional unification of the thirteen colonies ( although before this unification , a strong oral tradition often likened to poetry existed among Native American societies ) . Unsurprisingly , most of the early colonists ' work relied on contemporary British models of poetic form , diction , and theme . However , in the 19th century , a distinctive American idiom began to emerge . By the later part of that century , when Walt Whitman was winning an enthusiastic audience abroad , poets from the United States had begun to take their place at the forefront of the English-language avant-garde '' .   The history of American poetry is not easy to know . Much of the American poetry published between 1910 and 1945 remains lost in the pages of small circulation political periodicals , particularly the ones on the far left , destroyed by librarians during the 1950s McCarthy era . The received narrative of Modernism proposes that Ezra Pound and T. S. Eliot were perhaps the most influential modernist English-language poets in the period during World War I . But this narrative leaves out African American and women poets who were published and read widely in the first half of the twentieth century . By the 1960s , the young poets of the British Poetry Revival looked to their American contemporaries and predecessors as models for the kind of poetry they wanted to write . Toward the end of the millennium , consideration of American poetry had diversified , as scholars placed an increased emphasis on poetry by women , African Americans , Hispanics , Chicanos and other cultural groupings .

neg: The Paradoxes of Mr. Pond The Paradoxes of Mr. Pond is G. K. Chesterton 's final collection of detective stories , published after his death in 1936 . Of the eight mysteries , seven were first printed in the Storyteller magazine . The Unmentionable Man was unique to the book .   The stories revolve around a civil servant named Mr. Pond ( we are not told his first name ) . He is described as a very ordinary and fish-like man who has a habit of startling those who meet him with outrageous paradoxical statements . He seems unaware of the oddness of his remarks , and his friend Sir Hubert Wotton explains : `` he looks a very sedentary , scientific little cuss ... but he 's really had very extraordinary experiences . He does n't talk about them ; he does n't want to talk about them ... but when , in the course of talking in the abstract he comes on some concrete thing that he has actually done -- well , I can only say he crumples it up . He tries to crush it into a small space and it simply sounds contradictory . Almost every one of those crazy sentences simply stands for one of the adventures in what would be called by most people a very unadventurous life . ''   Chesterton himself was well known for using paradox in his writings , but in one story he explains that his kind of paradox is different from Mr. Pond 's :  Paradox has been defined as `` Truth standing on her head to get attention . '' Paradox has been defended ; on the ground that so many fashionable fallacies still stand firmly on their feet , because they have no heads to stand on . But it must be admitted that writers , like other mendicants and mountebanks , frequently do try to attract attention . They set out conspicuously , in a single line in a play , or at the head or tail of a paragraph , remarks of this challenging kind ; as when Mr. Bernard Shaw wrote : `` The Golden Rule is that there is no Golden Rule '' ; or Oscar Wilde observed : `` I can resist everything except temptation '' ; or a duller scribe ( not to be named with these and now doing penance for his earlier vices in the nobler toil of celebrating the virtues of Mr. Pond ) said in defence of hobbies and amateurs and general duffers like himself : `` If a thing is worth doing , it is worth doing badly . '' To these things do writers sink ; and then the critics tell them that they `` talk for effect '' ; and then the writers answer : `` What the devil else should we talk for ? Ineffectualness ? ''   In four of the stories Pond is induced to tell the dramatic tale which lies behind a baffling paradox ; in another , `` Pond the Pantaloon '' , Wotton tells the story . In two more , `` The Crime of Captain Gahagan '' and `` The Terrible Troubadour '' , Pond 's keen mind arrives at the truth when his friend Gahagan is accused of murder . In `` Ring of Lovers '' Gahagan tells a true story and trusts to Pond to guess the secret behind it .   These stories written at the end of Chesterton 's career contain narrative stretches and improbabilities , but they do not lack his familiar flashes of insight . In the story The Crime of Captain Gahagan Chesterton observes , through the character of Mr. Pond , that `` Love never needs time . But friendship always needs time . More and more time , until up past midnight . ''

neg: John Browning (pianist) John Browning ( May 23 , 1933 -- January 26 , 2003 ) was an American pianist known for his reserved , elegant style and sophisticated interpretations of Bach and Scarlatti , and for his collaboration with the American composer Samuel Barber .

neg: Arnold Bennett Enoch Arnold Bennett ( 27 May 1867 -- 27 March 1931 ) was an English writer . He is best known as a novelist , but he also worked in other fields such as the theatre , journalism , propaganda and films .

neg: Count Gismond `` Count Gismond '' is a poem by Robert Browning , frequently anthologised as an example of the dramatic monologue . It first appeared in 1842 in Browning 's Dramatic Lyrics .   The poem is written in 21 verses .   `` Count Gismond : Aix in Provence '' may , on one reading , be seen as a story of the vindication of innocence . A woman relates to a friend an episode of her own life , when a defender arose for her when she was caught in the toils woven by the unsuspected envy and hypocrisy of her cousins and Count Gauthier , who attempt to bring dishonor upon her on her birthday , with an accusation that she and Gauthier had been lovers . Her faith that the trial by combat between Gauthier and Gismond must end in Gismond 's victory and her vindication reflects , in this reading , the medieval atmosphere of an idealised chivalrous France .   However an alternative reading of the poem , suggested by various hints in the verse ( e.g. the absence of the narrator 's denial of her relationship with Gauthier , the evasive way she breaks off her story when Gismond arrives ) , hints that the woman may be an ` unreliable narrator ' , as in the poem ` My Last Duchess ' .   On a third interpretation , the ambiguity between these two readings is the poem 's major attribute .

neg: Robert Drewe Robert Duncan Drewe is an Australian novelist , non-fiction and short story writer .

neg: Guy Fawkes (novel) Guy Fawkes first appeared as a serial in Bentley 's Miscellany , between January and November 1840 . It was subsequently published as a three-volume set in July 1841 , with illustrations by George Cruikshank . The first of William Harrison Ainsworth 's seven `` Lancashire novels '' , the story is based on the Gunpowder Plot of 1605 , an unsuccessful attempt to blow up the Houses of Parliament . Ainsworth relied heavily on historical documents describing the trial and execution of the conspirators , of whom Fawkes was one , but he also embellished the known facts . He invented the character of Viviana Radcliffe , daughter of the prominent Radcliffe family of Ordsall Hallwho becomes Fawkes 's wifeand introduced supernatural elements into the story , such as the ability of the alchemist , John Dee , to raise the spirits of the dead .   The novel 's themes deal with British politics and history , focusing on the events surrounding the 1605 plot to destroy Parliament . Ainsworth also introduced gothic elements , to add a terrifying component to the work . The novel was very popular , and marked the beginning of Ainsworth 's 40-year career in historical romances , but it was not universally admired . Edgar Allan Poe described the style of writing as `` turgid pretension '' .

neg: Tagelied The Tagelied ( dawn song ) is a particular form of mediaeval German-language lyric , taken and adapted from the Provençal troubadour tradition ( in which it was known as the alba ) by the German Minnesinger . Often in three verses , it depicts the separation of two lovers at the break of day .   An especially popular version of the Tagelied was the Wächterlied , or watchman 's song , in which a trusted watchman warns the knight to depart . This form was introduced into German use by Wolfram von Eschenbach . The form was popular in German-speaking regions from the 13th to the 16th centuries .   The form of the Wechsel ( alternating verses by the knight and the lady , but not addressed directly to each other , so not quite a dialogue as now understood ) was introduced by Dietmar von Aist and Heinrich von Morungen . The tagelied 's form and prosody varies over time and with individual poet . The tagelied does not even consistently use refrains . However , the subject matter of the song made it a very popular one , and the form 's conventions showed up in other lyric poetry and dramatic poetry .   Important motifs of the Tagelied are the depiction of daybreak , the warning to depart , the lament at parting and the lady 's final permission to the knight to go ( the urloup ) . Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet , act 2 , scene 2 , shows the influence of the dawn song as well , as the two lovers argue over the dawn and the need for departure .   Particular exponents of the genre were among others Heinrich von Morungen , Wolfram von Eschenbach , Walther von der Vogelweide and later Oswald von Wolkenstein . Modern poets who have drawn on the tradition of the Tagelied include Rainer Maria Rilke , Ezra Pound and Peter Rühmkorf .   One of Wolfram von Eschenbach 's more famous Tagelieder stays true to the motifs of depictions of daybreak , warning to depart and lament at parting and the woman 's final permission . The poem begins with a depiction of daybreak and the watchman 's whistle that warns the lovers that the man must depart . What separates this poem from the rest of Wolframs poems is his poetic depiction of daybreak as a monster whose `` talons have struck through the clouds '' and are tearing the lovers apart . This violent imagery adds a sense of desperation not seen in other Tagelieder . The man mourns the fact that he must leave and is angry at the watchman 's song that `` swells the man with discontent . '' The woman also laments the sound of the whistle , telling the watchman ```` sing what you like , how often you have stolen him from my arms though never from my heart . '' She then asks her lover to stay until she finally , after one last embrace , accepts his departure .

neg: Essay of Dramatick Poesie Essay of Dramatic Poesy by John Dryden was published in 1668 . It was probably written during the plague year of 1666 . Dryden takes up the subject that Philip Sidney had set forth in his Defence of Poesie ( 1580 ) and attempts to justify drama as a legitimate form of `` poetry '' comparable to the epic , as well as defend English drama against that of the ancients and the French .   The treatise is a dialogue between four speakers : Eugenius , Crites , Lisideius , and Neander . The four speakers represented , respectively Charles Sackville ( Lord Buchhurst and later sixth Earl of Dorset ) , Sir Robert Howard -LSB- playwright and Dryden 's brother-in-law -RSB- , Sir Charles Sedley ( Edward Malone identified him as Lisideius ) and Dryden himself ( neander means `` new man '' and implies that Dryden , as a respected member of the gentry class , is entitled to join in this dialogue on an equal footing with the three older men who are his social superiors ) . On the day that the English fleet encounters the Dutch at sea near the mouth of the Thames , the four friends take a barge downriver towards the noise from the battle . Rightly concluding , as the noise subsides , that the English have triumphed , they order the bargeman to row them back upriver as they begin a dialogue on the advances made by modern civilization . They agree to measure progress by comparing ancient arts with modern , focusing specifically on the art of drama ( or `` dramatic poesy '' ) . The four men debate a series of three topics : ( 1 ) the relative merit of classical drama ( upheld by Crites ) vs. modern drama ( championed by Eugenius ) ; ( 2 ) whether French drama , as Lisideius maintains , is better than English drama ( supported by Neander , who famously calls Shakespeare `` the greatest soul , ancient or modern '' ) ; and ( 3 ) whether plays in rhyme are an improvement upon blank verse drama -- a proposition that Neander , despite having defended the Elizabethans , now advances against the skeptical Crites ( who also switches from his original position and defends the blank verse tradition of Elizabethan drama ) . Invoking the so-called unities from Aristotle 's Poetics ( as interpreted by Italian and refined by French scholars over the last century ) , the four speakers discuss what makes a play `` a just and lively imitation '' of human nature in action . This definition of a play , supplied by Lisideius/Orrery ( whose rhymed plays had dazzled the court and were a model for the new drama ) , gives the debaters a versatile and richly ambiguous touchstone . To Crites ' argument that the plots of classical drama are more `` just , '' Eugenius can retort that modern plots are more `` lively '' thanks to their variety . Lisideius shows that the French plots carefully preserve Aristotle 's unities of action , place , and time ; Neander replies that English dramatists like Ben Jonson also kept the unities when they wanted to , but that they preferred to develop character and motive . Even Neander 's final argument with Crites over whether rhyme is suitable in drama depends on Aristotle 's Poetics : Neander says that Aristotle demands a verbally artful ( `` lively '' ) imitation of nature , while Crites thinks that dramatic imitation ceases to be `` just '' when it departs from ordinary speech -- i.e. prose or blank verse . A year later , the two brothers-in-law quarreled publicly over this third topic . See Dryden 's `` Defense of An Essay of Dramatic Poesy '' ( 1669 ) , where Dryden tries to persuade the rather literal-minded Howard that audiences expect a play to be an imitation of nature , not a surrogate for nature itself .

neg: Robert Gibbons (poet) Robert Gibbons ( born October 4 , 1946 ) is an American poet , prose writer , editor .

neg: Scenes from Goethe's Faust Scenes from Goethe 's Faust ( Szenen aus Goethes Faust ) has been described as the height of composer Robert Schumann 's accomplishments in the realm of dramatic music . The work was written between 1844 and 1853 and is scored for SATB chorus , boys ' chorus , orchestra , and a number of solo parts which , even with doubling , require seven solo singers , although eight ( three sopranos , two mezzos , one tenor , one baritone , and one bass ) is the usual number for a performance . Schumann never saw all three parts of the work performed in the same concert , or published together . Eric Sams comments ` There is no coherence in the orchestration , which audibly dates from two different periods ( hand-horns in Part III , valve-horns elsewhere ) ' , leading him to conclude that Schumann did not conceive the work as a whole , although late nineteenth-century ideas of performance mean that in the modern era the piece is predominantly heard with all three parts .   Schumann 's work on what he labeled an oratorio began in 1842 . This was just over a decade after the death of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , who completed Part Two of the dramatic poem Faust in his final year . Many contemporary readers of Faust found Goethe 's epic poem daunting and difficult to grasp . Goethe himself declared only Mozart fit to write the music for it ( though Mozart died in 1791 , almost 20 years prior to the completion of Part One of Faust ) .   Schumann explained the weight of the task before him in an 1845 letter to Felix Mendelssohn : '' -LSB- A -RSB- ny composer would not only be judged by his treatment of one of the seminal and most-widely acclaimed works in German literature , but would also be setting himself up to be compared to Mozart . '' Yet despite Schumann 's expressed reservations about the work , it has been labeled his `` magnum opus . '' Schumann is '' -LSB- d -RSB- eeply sensitive to the all-inclusiveness of Goethe 's drama -LSB- . -RSB- '' From the work 's dark and tense overture , to its elegant and tranquil conclusion , Schumann opens wide `` a manifold musical world '' that coherently draws together elements of `` lied , horror opera , grand opera , oratorio , and church music . ''   Schumann 's music suggests the struggle between good and evil at the heart of Goethe 's work , as well as Faust 's tumultuous search for enlightenment and peace . After the overture , the music depicts Faust 's wooing of Gretchen . For Gretchen 's story , Schumann employs operatic music , beginning with a love duet , proceeding to Gretchen 's passionate and desperate aria , and concluding with a church scene . The second part of the work opens with stark contrast : on the one hand , the lively , fresh music of Ariel and the spirits calls Faust to savor the beauties of nature ; on the other hand , in the scene following , Schumann 's restless orchestration brings to the fore Faust 's delusions upon hearing of a new world being created and its rapturous promise of an everlasting present . The final scenes , drawing the work to its placid yet unsettled conclusion , hold some of Schumann 's best choral writing .   Scenes from Goethe 's Faust has often been overlooked within Schumann 's impressive oeuvre , but has enjoyed a resurgence since the 1970s . The piece has been deemed among Schumann 's most moving works , and a pinnacle of his quintessential Romantic concern with the extra-musical ( and especially literary ) potential of musical expression .


query: Mozambique borders Zambia to the south.

pos: Zambia Zambia ( -LSB- ˈzæmbiə -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of Zambia , is a landlocked country in Southern Africa , neighbouring the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north , Tanzania to the north-east , Malawi to the east , Mozambique , Zimbabwe , Botswana and Namibia to the south , and Angola to the west . The capital city is Lusaka , in the south-central part of Zambia . The population is concentrated mainly around Lusaka in the south and the Copperbelt Province to the northwest , the core economic hubs of the country .   Originally inhabited by Khoisan peoples , the region was affected by the Bantu expansion of the thirteenth century . After visits by European explorers in the eighteenth century , Zambia became the British protectorate of Northern Rhodesia towards the end of the nineteenth century . For most of the colonial period , Zambia was governed by an administration appointed from London with the advice of the British South Africa Company .   On 24 October 1964 , Zambia became independent of the United Kingdom and prime minister Kenneth Kaunda became the inaugural president . Kaunda 's socialist United National Independence Party ( UNIP ) maintained power from 1964 until 1991 . Kaunda played a key role in regional diplomacy , cooperating closely with the United States in search of solutions to conflicts in Rhodesia ( Zimbabwe ) , Angola , and Namibia . From 1972 to 1991 Zambia was a one-party state with the UNIP as the sole legal political party under the motto `` One Zambia , One Nation '' . Kaunda was succeeded by Frederick Chiluba of the social-democratic Movement for Multi-Party Democracy in 1991 , beginning a period of social-economic growth and government decentralisation . Levy Mwanawasa , Chiluba 's chosen successor , presided over Zambia from January 2002 until his death in August 2008 , and is credited with campaigns to reduce corruption and increase the standard of living . After Mwanawasa 's death , Rupiah Banda presided as Acting President before being elected President in 2008 . Holding office for only three years , Banda stepped down after his defeat in the 2011 elections by Patriotic Front party leader Michael Sata . Sata died on 28 October 2014 , the second Zambian president to die in office . Guy Scott served briefly as interim president until new elections were held on 20 January 2015 , in which Edgar Lungu was elected as the sixth President .   In 2010 , the World Bank named Zambia one of the world 's fastest economically reformed countries . The Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa ( COMESA ) is headquartered in Lusaka .

neg: Mulanje Mulanje ( formerly Mlanje ) is a town in the Southern Region , Malawi close to the border of Mozambique . It is near the Mulanje Massif .   Mulanje is the headquarters of the conservation group , the Mulanje Mountain Conservation Trust .   The small town of Mulanje is the center of the center of Malawi 's tea growing industry .

neg: Sicunusa Sicunusa is a town in southwest Swaziland . It is located close to the border with South Africa .

neg: Transkei The Transkei ( -LSB- trɑːnsˈkeɪ , _ - ˈkaɪ , _ trænz - -RSB- , meaning the area beyond -LSB- the river -RSB- Kei ) , officially the Republic of Transkei ( iRiphabliki yeTranskei ) , was a Bantustan -- an area set aside for members of a specific ethnicity -- and nominal parliamentary democracy in the southeastern region of South Africa . Its capital was Umtata , which was renamed Mthatha in 2004 .   Transkei represented a significant precedent and historic turning point in South Africa 's policy of apartheid and `` separate development '' ; it was the first of four territories to be declared independent of South Africa . Throughout its existence , it remained an internationally unrecognised , diplomatically isolated , politically unstable de facto one-party state , which at one point broke relations with South Africa , the only country that acknowledged it as a legal entity . In 1994 , it was reintegrated into its larger neighbour and became part of the Eastern Cape province .

neg: Mozambique Mozambique ( -LSB- moʊzæmˈbiːk -RSB- or -LSB- mɔːzæmˈbiːk -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of Mozambique ( Moçambique or República de Moçambique , -LSB- rɛˈpublikɐ dɨ musɐ̃ˈbikɨ -RSB- ) is a country in Southeast Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east , Tanzania to the north , Malawi and Zambia to the northwest , Zimbabwe to the west , and Swaziland and South Africa to the southwest . It is separated from Madagascar by the Mozambique Channel to the east . The capital and largest city is Maputo ( known as `` Lourenço Marques '' before independence ) .   Between the 1st and 5th centuries AD , Bantu-speaking peoples migrated from farther north and west . Swahili ( and later Arab ) commercial ports existed along the coasts until the arrival of Europeans . The area was explored by Vasco da Gama in 1498 and colonised by Portugal from 1505 . The country was an important place where Somali merchants enslaved the local population , starting what is now known as the Somali slave trade . After over four centuries of Portuguese rule , Mozambique gained independence in 1975 , becoming the People 's Republic of Mozambique shortly thereafter . After only two years of independence , the country descended into an intense and protracted civil war lasting from 1977 to 1992 . In 1994 , Mozambique held its first multiparty elections and has remained a relatively stable presidential republic . However , since 2013 , following more than 20 years of peace , a renewed insurgency by RENAMO has been occurring .   Mozambique is one of the poorest and most underdeveloped countries in the world . Mozambique is endowed with rich and extensive natural resources . The country 's economy is based largely on agriculture , but industry is growing , mainly food and beverages , chemical manufacturing , and aluminium and petroleum production . The country 's tourism sector is also growing . South Africa is Mozambique 's main trading partner and source of foreign direct investment . Belgium , Brazil , Portugal , and Spain are also among the country 's most important economic partners . Since 2001 , Mozambique 's annual average GDP growth has been among the world 's highest . However , the country ranks among the lowest in GDP per capita , human development , measures of inequality , and average life expectancy .   The only official language of Mozambique is Portuguese , which is spoken mostly as a second language by about half of the population . Common native languages include Makhuwa , Sena , and Swahili . The country 's population of around 24 million is composed overwhelmingly of Bantu people . The largest religion in Mozambique is Christianity , with significant minorities following Islam and African traditional religions . Mozambique is a member of the African Union , the Commonwealth of Nations , the Community of Portuguese Language Countries , the Latin Union , the Non-Aligned Movement , and the Southern African Development Community , and is an observer at La Francophonie .

neg: Republic of Cabinda The Republic of Cabinda ( Ibinda : Kilansi kia cabinda ; República de Cabinda ) is an unrecognized state in southern Africa . The Front for the Liberation of the State of Cabinda-Exercito de Cabinda ( FLEC ) claims sovereignty from Angola and proclaimed the Republic of Cabinda as an independent country in 1975 . The government of this ( internationally not recognized ) entity operates in exile , with offices located in Paris , France and Pointe Noire , Congo-Brazzaville .   The 1885 Treaty of Simulambuco designated Cabinda a Portuguese protectorate known as the Portuguese Congo , which was administratively separate from Portuguese West Africa ( Angola ) . In the 20th century , Portugal decided to integrate Cabinda into Angola , giving it the status of a district of that `` overseas province '' . During the Portuguese Colonial War , FLEC fought for the independence of Cabinda from the Portuguese . Independence was proclaimed on 1 August 1975 , and FLEC formed a provisional government led by Henriques Tiago . Luiz Branque Franque was elected president .   In January 1975 , Angola 's three national liberation movements ( People 's Movement for the Liberation of Angola ( MPLA ) , National Liberation Front of Angola ( FNLA ) and National Union for the Total Independence of Angola ( UNITA ) ) met with the colonial power in Alvor , Portugal , to establish the modalities of the transition to independence . FLEC was not invited . The Alvor Agreement was signed , establishing Angolan independence and confirming Cabinda as part of Angola . After Angolan independence was declared in November 1975 , Cabinda was occupied by the forces of the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola ( MPLA ) , which had been present in Cabinda since the mid-1960s , sustaining an anti-colonial guerrilla war that was rather more efficient than the one run by FLEC .   For much of the 1970s and 1980s , FLEC fought a low-intensity guerrilla war , attacking the troops of what was by then the People 's Republic of Angola , led by the MPLA . FLEC 's tactics included attacking economic targets and kidnapping foreign employees working in the province 's oil and construction businesses . In July 2006 , after ceasefire negotiations , António Bento Bembe -- as president of the Cabindan Forum for Dialogue and Peace , vice-president and executive secretary of FLEC -- announced that the Cabindan separatist forces were ready to declare a ceasefire . A peace treaty was signed . FLEC-FAC from Paris contends Bembe had no authority or mandate to negotiate with the Angolans and that the only acceptable solution is total independence .

neg: List of companies of Tanzania Tanzania is a large country in Eastern Africa within the African Great Lakes region . Parts of the country are in Southern Africa . It is bordered by Kenya and Uganda to the north ; Rwanda , Burundi , and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west ; Zambia , Malawi , and Mozambique to the south ; and by the Indian Ocean to the east . Kilimanjaro , Africa 's highest mountain , is in northeastern Tanzania .   The country has the second largest economy in the East African Community and the twelfth largest in Africa . It is largely dependent on agriculture for employment , accounting for about half of the employed workforce . An estimated 34 percent of Tanzanians currently live in poverty . The economy has been transitioning from a command economy to a market economy since 1985 . Although total GDP has increased since these reforms began , GDP per capita dropped sharply at first , and only exceeded the pre-transition figure in around 2007 .

neg: Geography of Botswana Botswana is a landlocked country located in Southern Africa , north of South Africa . Botswana occupies an area of 581730 km2 , of which 566730 km2 are land . Botswana has land boundaries of combined length 4347.15 km , of which the constituent boundaries are shared with Namibia , for 1544 km ; South Africa 1969 km ; Zimbabwe , 834 km and Zambia , 0.15 km . Much of the population of Botswana is concentrated in the eastern part of the country .   Sunshine totals are high all year round although winter is the sunniest period . The whole country is windy and dusty during the dry season .

neg: South Africa–Taiwan relations South Africa -- Taiwan relations refers to the current and historical relationship between Taiwan and the Republic of South Africa . Taiwan and South Africa established diplomatic ties in 1949 .   The ties lasted and grew throughout the apartheid-era in South Africa and officially ended in January 1998 when South African President Nelson Mandela recognized the People 's Republic of China . Despite the ending of diplomatic relations , Taiwan and South Africa continue to maintain trade relations .   In the absence of formal diplomatic relations , the two countries now have `` Liaison Offices '' , which serve as de facto embassies . South Africa is now represented in Taipei by the Liaison Office of the Republic of South Africa . Similarly , Taiwan is represented by the Taipei Liaison Office in the Republic of South Africa in Pretoria . There is also a Taipei Liaison Office in Cape Town .

neg: West Lunga National Park West Lunga National Park is a remote wildlife haven in dense forest in the North-Western Province of Zambia . It lies between the West Lunga River and Kabompo River about 10 km north of the gravel road from Solwezi to Kabompo , and covers about 1700 km ² .   The national park is the only one in Zambia covered by forest , categorised in the small Cryptosepalum dry forests ecoregion , which exists only in a few patches in the south west of the province extending a little over the border into Angola . Cryptosepalum trees ( called `` mukwe '' locally ) are evergreen and grow densely with a closed canopy . The ecoregion forms the largest evergreen forest in Africa outside of the equatorial zone . Although the rainfall in the area is quite high ( above 1,000 mm per year ) the soils are sandy and well drained so apart from the rivers there is a lack of surface water . A few patches of Miombo woodland and grassland also exist in the park .   The park lacks management , facilities , and roads . There is no accommodation and no towns nearby , visitors must be completely self-sufficient . ( The Zambia Tourism website does not even mention the park . ) It is reached by a dirt track from the main road to the park gate and base at Jivundu in its south-west . The lack of water and thickness of the forest has kept the human population low in the region , and despite some poaching and the absence of protection , the forest is believed to be still fairly rich in wildlife . Smaller forest mammals such as duiker and bushpigs live there , and recent reports also mention puku , hippopotami , Nile crocodiles , vervet monkeys , and yellow baboons . The game guards say there are buffalo , roan antelopes , sable antelopes , Lichtenstein 's hartebeests , impalas , elands , and elephants .   As of September 2008 , African Parks Network ( also known as African Parks Foundation or African Parks Conservation ) from The Netherlands concluded an agreement for the management of West Lunga National Park .

neg: Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa is , geographically , the area of the continent of Africa that lies south of the Sahara . According to the UN , it consists of all African countries that are fully or partially located south of the Sahara . It contrasts with North Africa , whose territories are part of the League of Arab states within the Arab world . Somalia , Djibouti , Comoros and Mauritania are geographically in Sub-Saharan Africa , but are likewise Arab states and part of the Arab world .   The Sahel is the transitional zone between the Sahara and the tropical savanna ( the Sudan region ) and forest-savanna mosaic to the south .   Since probably 3500 BCE , the Saharan and Sub-Saharan regions of Africa have been separated by the extremely harsh climate of the sparsely populated Sahara , forming an effective barrier interrupted by only the Nile in Sudan , though the Nile was blocked by the river 's cataracts . The Sahara pump theory explains how flora and fauna ( including Homo sapiens ) left Africa to penetrate the Middle East and beyond . African pluvial periods are associated with a `` wet Sahara '' phase during which larger lakes and more rivers existed .   The use of the term has been criticized because it refers to the South only by cartography conventions and projects a connotation of inferiority ; a vestige of colonialism , which some say , divided Africa into European terms of homogeneity .

neg: Maputaland coastal forest mosaic The Maputaland coastal forest mosaic is an ecoregion of the subtropical moist broadleaf forests Biome , on the Indian Ocean coast of Southern Africa . It covers an area of 30,200 km2 in southern Mozambique , Swaziland , and the KwaZulu-Natal Province of South Africa . Mozambique 's capital Maputo lies within the ecoregion .   The Maputaland coastal forest mosaic occupies the humid coastal strip along the Indian Ocean , inland to the Lebombo Mountains for much of its length . This is part of a strip of moist coastal forests that extend along Africa 's Indian Ocean coast from southern Somalia to South Africa . The northern limit of the ecoregion is north of the mouth of the Limpopo River , near Xai-Xai in Mozambique , where the forests transition to the Southern Zanzibar-Inhambane coastal forest mosaic . The southern limit is near Cape St. Lucia in KwaZulu-Natal , where the Maputaland forests transition to the Kwazulu-Cape coastal forest mosaic .   The ecoregion has a seasonally moist , tropical to subtropical climate . Rainfall ranges from 1000 mm per year near the coast to less than 600 mm per year inland . Most of the rain falls in the summer months . The coastal strip includes areas of wetland , the largest of which is Lake St. Lucia , the largest estuarine system in Africa .

neg: M'banza-Kongo M'banza - Kongo ( -LSB- ɐ̃ˈbɐ̃zɐ -RSB- , -LSB- ĩˈbɐ̃zɐ -RSB- , -LSB- mɨˈβɐ̃zɐ -RSB- or -LSB- miˈβɐ̃zɐ ˈkõɡu -RSB- , known as São Salvador in Portuguese from 1570 to 1975 ) , is the capital of Angola 's northwestern Zaire Province . M'banza Kongo ( properly Mbanza Koongo or Kôngo in most acceptable orthographies ) was founded some time before the arrival of the Portuguese in 1483 and was the capital of the Kilukeni dynasty ruling at that time . The site was temporarily abandoned during civil wars in the 17th century . It lies close to Angola 's border with the Democratic Republic of the Congo . It is located at around and sits on top of an impressive flat-topped mountain , sometimes called Mongo a Kaila ( mountain of division ) because recent legends recall that the king created the clans of the kingdom and sent them out from there . In the valley to the south runs the Luezi River .

neg: Southern African Sand Forest Southern African Sand Forest is a sand forest , or a subtropical forest ecoregion of the Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests Biome . It grows on ancient sand dunes in northern KwaZulu-Natal and southern Mozambique . In South Africa these forests are known simply as Sand Forest , while in Mozambique they are known as Licuati Forest .

neg: Mozambique (song) `` Mozambique '' is a song written by Bob Dylan and Jacques Levy that was originally released on Dylan 's 1976 album Desire . It was also released as a single and reached # 54 on the Billboard Hot 100 .   At the time of the song 's release , the titular country of Mozambique had just emerged from a ten-year insurgency war against Portugal which led to Mozambique 's independence . As a result , some left wing supporters wanted to see the song as lending support to the newly independent country . However , the lyrics of the song do n't support such an interpretation , being slight and treating the country as merely a place for a romantic getaway in the sun , apart from a fleeting reference to `` people living free '' . This angered some of Dylan 's fans . Music critic Paul Williams suggests that `` Mozambique '' may have had its genesis in Dylan 's desire to write a song about Marseilles .   The melody received more praise than the lyrics . Robert Shelton describes the tune as `` playful . '' Authors Oliver Trager and John Nogowski both describe the melody as `` great '' and particularly praise the violin playing of Scarlet Rivera .   Author Oliver Trager describes `` Mozambique '' as `` a light love song with lighter political overtones . '' Allmusic critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine calls it `` effervescent '' and `` Dylan at his breeziest . '' Paul Williams considers `` Mozambique '' to be one of several songs on Desire with `` wonderful , inventive , pleasure-giving '' music which nonetheless fails to reach the intensity and unity of the other songs because the lyrics are `` a little too vague , too clever '' and `` too distanced . '' Dylan biographer Clinton Heylin considers the song to be a `` ditty dredged up from the bottom of the barrel , '' `` ghastly '' and `` the weakest song on Desire . ''   `` Mozambique '' was also released as a single as a follow up to the Top 40 hit `` Hurricane '' and it reached # 54 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Heylin suggests that Dylan may have released it as a single over songs fans might have preferred -- particularly `` Sara '' -- to spite fans who criticized the song for its slight lyrics trivializing the conflict in Mozambique . The song also appeared on the compilation album Masterpieces . A live performance was included in the television special Hard Rain but not on the associated album .

neg: Foreign relations of Zimbabwe The foreign relations of Zimbabwe emphasize a close relationship with the People 's Republic of China and South Africa , nations with close economic ties to Zimbabwe .

neg: Zimbabwean jazz Zimbabwean Jazz , also known as Afro Jazz was developed in the 20th century . Its history can be traced from its early colonial era .   It was influenced by a style of township rhythm that evolved in a southern part of Africa over the last century . One can also trace similarities from Kwela , a pennywhistle-based , street music from the southern part of Africa with jazzy underpinnings and a distinctive , skiffle-like beat . Kwela music was influenced by blending the music of Malawian immigrants to South Africa , together with the local South African sounds . In Chichewa , the word Kwela has a very similar meaning to the South African meaning : `` to climb '' . The music was popularised in South Africa and then brought to Malawi , where contemporary Malawian artists have also begun producing Kwela music .   It is also closely related to Marabi which was the name given to a keyboard style ( often using cheap pedal organs ) that had a musical link to American jazz , ragtime and blues , with roots deep in the African tradition .  Early Marabi musicians were part of an underground musical culture and were typically not recorded . An example of such an artist in the early 1940s is August Musarurwa of the Skokiaan fame . It has continued to develop and you can even see traits of this music in his grandson Prince Kudakwashe Musarurwa .   This music was often played in townships ( segregated parts of suburban areas ) . During colonial years of Rhodesia , the term township referred to a residential area reserved for black citizens within the boundaries of a city or town , and is still commonly used colloquially . But In modern Zimbabwe it is also used to refer to a residential area within close proximity of a rural growth point . These townships you would find `` Shebeens '' . Shebeens are most often located in townships as an alternative to pubs and bars . In the colonial error indigenous Africans were barred from entering pubs or bars reserved for those of European descent .   Originally shebeens were operated illegally by women who were called Shebeen Queens and was itself a revival of the African tradition that assigned the role of alcohol brewing to women . The Shebeen Queens would sell home brewed and home-distilled alcohol and provided patrons with a place to meet and discuss political and social issues . Often , patrons and owners were arrested by the police , though the shebeens were frequently reopened because of their importance in unifying the community and providing a safe place for discussion . During the colonial error era shebeens became a crucial meeting place for activists , some attracting working class activists and community members , while others attracted lawyers , doctors and musicians .   Shebeens also provided music and dancing , allowing patrons to express themselves culturally , which helped give rise to and support for the musical genre called Township Jazz which we now call Afro Jazz or Zimbabwean Jazz .

neg: FRELIMO The Mozambique Liberation Front ( FRELIMO ) ( -LSB- fɾeˈlimu -RSB- ) , from the Portuguese Frente de Libertação de Moçambique is the dominant political party in Mozambique . Founded in 1962 , FRELIMO began as a nationalist movement fighting for the independence of the Portuguese Overseas Province of Mozambique . Independence was achieved in June 1975 after the Carnation Revolution in Lisbon the previous year . At the party 's 3rd Congress in February 1977 , it became an officially Marxist -- Leninist political party . It identified as the Frelimo Party ( Partido Frelimo ) .   The Frelimo Party has ruled Mozambique since then , first as a one-party state . It struggled through a long civil war ( 1976-1992 ) against an anti-Communist faction known as Mozambican National Resistance or RENAMO . The insurgents from RENAMO received support from the then white-minority governments of Rhodesia and South Africa . The Frelimo Party approved a new constitution in 1990 , which established a multi-party system . Since democratic elections in 1994 and subsequent cycles , Frelimo has been elected as the majority party in the parliament of Mozambique .

neg: Outline of Zimbabwe The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Zimbabwe :   Zimbabwe -- landlocked sovereign country located in Southern Africa , between the Zambezi River and Limpopo River .

neg: Ligunga Ligunga is a town in southern Tanzania near the border with Mozambique .

neg: Alcora Exercise Alcora Exercise ( Exercício Alcora , Alcora Oefening ) or simply Alcora was a secret military alliance between South Africa , Portugal and Rhodesia , formally in force between 1970 and 1974 . The code name `` Alcora '' being an acronym for `` Aliança Contra as Rebeliões em Africa '' ( Portuguese expression meaning : `` Alliance against the rebellions in Africa '' ) .   The official goal of Alcora Exercise was to investigate the processes and means by which a coordinated tripartite effort between the three countries could face the mutual threat to their territories in Southern Africa . The immediate goal was to face the African revolutionary movements that fought guerrillas wars against the Portuguese authorities in Angola and Mozambique , to limit the spread of the action of these movements in South West Africa and Rhodesia and to prepare the defense of the Portuguese , South African and Rhodesian territories against an expected conventional military aggression from the hostile governments of the African neighbor countries .   Alcora was the formalization of informal agreements on military cooperation between the local Portuguese , South African and Rhodesian military commands that had been put in place since the mid-1960s . Alcora was kept secret and referred as an exercise ( not an alliance or treaty ) , mainly due to the pressure of the Portuguese Government , that feared the external and internal political issues then would be raised if it appeared associated with the Apartheid regime of South Africa and the minority rule in Rhodesia , in a contradiction to the official Portuguese doctrine of the existence of racial equality in Angola and Mozambique .   Under Alcora , South Africa , Portugal and Rhodesia cooperated in the Angolan War of Independence , the Mozambican War of Independence , the South African Border War and the Rhodesian Bush War .   The Alcora alliance collapsed due to the Portuguese Carnation Revolution of the 25 April 1974 and the subsequent independence of Angola and Mozambique that followed .


query: Horseshoe Falls is one of three waterfalls on the Niagara River.

pos: Horseshoe Falls Horseshoe Falls , also known as Canadian Falls , is one of three waterfalls which collectively form Niagara Falls on the Niagara River along the Canada-US Border . Approximately 90 % of the Niagara River , after diversions for hydropower generation , flows over Horseshoe Falls . The remaining 10 % flows over American Falls and Bridal Veil falls . It is located between Terrapin Point on Goat Island in the US state of New York , and Table Rock in the Canadian province of Ontario .

neg: Crabtree Falls Crabtree Falls is one of the tallest sets of waterfalls in the United States east of the Mississippi River . It is located in the George Washington National Forest in Nelson County , Virginia , off of Virginia State Route 56 . The name of the falls is thought to have come from William Crabtree , who settled in this part of Virginia in 1777 . L.A. Snead , former US Assistant Fuel Administrator ( WWI ) , environmentalist and notable Nelsonian , spearheaded negotiations to secure land surrounding Crabtree Falls after it was almost developed as a resort area in the late 1960s . Using personal and Congressional funds , the land deals were completed and the deeds transferred by LA Snead on June 3 , 1968 to the National Forest System . This assured benefit for future generations of this magnificent Nelson County treasure .   The set of waterfalls is often credited with being 1200 ft high , but topographic maps show the total drop to be closer to 1000 ft. Crabtree Falls is a series of cascading waterfalls , with five major cascades , the tallest of which drops about 400 ft , and several smaller cascades , all over a total distance of approximately 2500 ft horizontally . The cascade with a 400 ft drop also gives Crabtree Falls the title of tallest vertical drop in a waterfall east of the Mississippi River . However , the title of tallest free-fall vertical drop goes to Fall Creek Falls in Tennessee 's Fall Creek Falls State Park .   There is a trail to the waterfall maintained by the United States Forest Service called the Crabtree Falls Trail . Twenty-nine people have fallen to their deaths from leaving the trail to climb too close to the waterfalls . Recent deaths occurred April 2013 , June 2015 , and most recently , August 29 , 2015 .

neg: Great Falls (Passaic River) The Great Falls of the Passaic River is a prominent waterfall , 77 ft high , on the Passaic River in the city of Paterson in Passaic County , New Jersey , United States . The falls and surrounding area are protected as part of the Paterson Great Falls National Historical Park , administered by the National Park Service . The Congress authorized its establishment in 2009 .   One of the United States ' largest waterfalls , it played a significant role in the early industrial development of New Jersey starting in the earliest days of the nation . It is part of the Great Falls of Paterson-Garret Mountain National Natural Landmark . It has also been designated as a National Historic Landmark District since 1976 . The Great Falls ' raceway and power systems were designated an Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 1977 .

neg: Oak Hall (Niagara Falls, Ontario) Oak Hall is a 37-room , three-story Tudor-style mansion built by mining tycoon Harry Oakes ( 1874-1943 ) located in Niagara Falls , Ontario , approximate 1/4 mile southwest of the Canadian Horseshoe Falls . In 1966 , the estate grounds became a 9-hole golf course and since 1982 , the mansion has housed the offices of the Niagara Parks Commission .

neg: Fish Creek Falls Fish Creek Falls is a waterfall located about 5 miles to the east of Steamboat Springs , Colorado in Routt National Forest . Fish Creek runs from several small lakes in the Rabbit Ears Range of Colorado . In the summertime , the road to Fish Creek Falls becomes often clogged in mid-afternoon with tourists wanting to see the 283 ft waterfall . It is possible to hike all the way to the terminus of the waterfall through giant boulders and rushing water . There are two hiking trails from the parking lot at the end of Fish Creek Fall Road . One is 1/4 of a mile ( 1/4 mi ) and goes through several Aspen groves with the occasional Subalpine Fir . It ends at a viewing station where the entirety of the falls can be seen . The other trail goes straight down into the U-Shaped valley formed by glaciers . As it nears the bottom of the valley , one can hear the rushing sound of water over the fall and see beautiful Fish Creek . The trail continues on to Upper Fish Creek Falls and then on to the Wyoming Trail , a long trail running the northwestern mountains of Colorado to Wyoming . The falls provide a great place for ice climbing in the winter when 300 + inches of snow ( 300 in ) fall on the mountains east of Steamboat Springs .

neg: New River (Kanawha River) The New River , part of the Ohio River watershed , is about 360 mi ( 515 km ) long . The river flows through the U.S. states of North Carolina , Virginia , and West Virginia before joining with the Gauley River to form the Kanawha River at the town of Gauley Bridge , WV .   Much of the river 's course through West Virginia is designated as the New River Gorge National River , and the New River is one of the nation 's American Heritage Rivers . In 1975 , North Carolina designated a 26.5 miles segment of the river as `` New River State Scenic River '' , by including it in the state 's Natural and Scenic Rivers System . The segment was added to the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System the following year .   The origins of the name are unclear . Possibilities include being a new river that was not on the Fry-Jefferson map of Virginia , an Indian name meaning `` new waters '' , or the surname of an early settler . Despite its name , the New River is one of the five oldest rivers in the world geologically .   This ancient river begins in the mountains of North Carolina near the Tennessee state line , flows generally northeastward across the Blue Ridge Mountains , Great Appalachian Valley , Ridge and Valley Province , and the Allegheny Front in western North Carolina and Virginia , before turning and following a more northwestward course into West Virginia , where it then cuts through the Appalachian Plateau ( in the New River Gorge ) to meet the Gauley River and become the Kanawha River in south-central West Virginia . The Kanawha then flows into the Ohio River at Point Pleasant , WV . Much of the river 's course is lined with steep cliffs and rock outcrops , particularly in its gorge in West Virginia .   This low-level crossing of the Appalachians , many millions of years old , has long been a biogeographical corridor allowing numerous species of plants and animals to spread between the lowlands of the American East Coast and those of the Midwest ; other unusual kinds of plants occur on the gorge 's cliffs or rim-top ledges . Portions of this corridor are now also used by various railroads and highways , and some segments of the river have been dammed for hydroelectric power production .   The New River Gorge is not only quite scenic , but also offers numerous opportunities for white-water recreation such as rafting and kayaking . Many open ledges along the rim of the gorge offer popular views , with favorites including Hawks Nest State Park and various overlooks on lands of the New River Gorge National River .   Few highways cross the gorge , with the most dramatic bridge by far being the New River Gorge Bridge on U.S. 19 , a steel arch bridge spanning 1700 ft , with the roadway 876 ft above the average level of the river . This structure is the third-longest single-arch bridge in the world , and is also the world 's twelfth-highest vehicular bridge , and the fourth highest in the Americas .   The New River Gorge and the U.S. 19 bridge crossing it are shown on the West Virginia State Quarter , minted in 2005 .

neg: Manido Falls Manido Falls is a waterfall on the Presque Isle River and is located in the Porcupine Mountains Wilderness State Park in Gogebic County , Michigan . With a drop of approximately 15 feet , it is the smallest of the waterfalls on the river . It has a crest between 50 and 150 feet , depending on the river volume . It is above Manabezho Falls and further down from Nawadaha Falls . The name Manido comes from the Ojibway word meaning `` spirit '' or `` ghost '' . A view of the falls is easily accessible by trail .

neg: Niagara Parkway The Niagara Parkway , formerly known as Niagara Boulevard and historically as the Niagara Road , is a scenic road in the province of Ontario that travels on the Canadian side of the Niagara River from the town of Fort Erie to Niagara-on-the-Lake . The portion north of Table Rock in Niagara Falls is designated as an Ontario Scenic Highway . The Niagara Boulevard was originally the section only from Fort Erie to Chippawa and the northern portion was referred to as the Niagara Parkway .   The Niagara Parkway begins at Fort Erie in the south . It passes through several villages along the river before passing through the tourist district of Niagara Falls . North of the city it provides access to several attractions , including the Whirlpool Rapids , Butterfly Conservatory , and Brock 's Monument at Queenston Heights . The route ends at Fort George , southeast of the urban centre of Niagara-on-the-Lake .   Construction on the modern Niagara Parkway began in 1908 ; it was completed from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario in 1931 as a scenic road with gardens and manicured lawns throughout its length . The parkway was referred to by Sir Winston Churchill , having been driven down it , as `` the prettiest Sunday afternoon drive in the world . ''

neg: Rainy River (Minnesota–Ontario) The Rainy River ( French : Rivière à la Pluie ; Ojibwe : Gojiji-ziibi ) is a river , approximately 137 km long , which forms part of the Canada -- United States border separating northern Minnesota and Northwestern Ontario .   The river issues from the west side of Rainy Lake ( French : lac à la Pluie ; Ojibwe : Gojiji-zaaga ` igan ) and flows generally west-northwest , between International Falls , Minnesota , and Fort Frances , Ontario , and between Baudette , Minnesota , and Rainy River , Ontario . It enters the southern end of Lake of the Woods approximately 19 km northwest of Baudette and Rainy River . It is used for hydroelectricity at International Falls . The river shares its name with the town of Rainy River , Ontario , and Rainy Lake . In addition , it shares its Ojibwe name with the Couchiching First Nation and Koochiching County , Minnesota . The drainage basin of the river stretches east to the height of land about 100 km west of Lake Superior , where it was the southeast corner of the huge tract of land granted to the Hudson 's Bay Company in 1670 . It ultimately drains through the Winnipeg River , Lake Winnipeg and the Nelson River into Hudson Bay .   The Baudette-Rainy River International Bridge and the Fort Frances-International Falls International Bridge both cross the Rainy River .   The Ontario and Rainy River Railway , opened in 1901 and now part of Canadian National , follows the river on the Canadian side .   The river was the site of the short story `` On the Rainy River '' in Tim O'Brien 's novel The Things They Carried .

neg: Technical fall In amateur wrestling , a technical fall , or technical superiority , is a victory condition satisfied by outscoring one 's opponent by a specified number of points . It is wrestling 's version of the mercy rule . A technical fall is also known as `` tech '' for short ; colloquially : `` I teched him '' as verb .   In collegiate and scholastic ( folkstyle ) wrestling , a differential of fifteen points ends the match regardless of when it occurs . If the high-scoring wrestler is able to pin the low-scoring wrestler as a continuation of the near fall whose points gave the decisive margin , the pin is awarded , but if the wrestler is unable to get the pin , then the match ends as described above .   Under the old rules of freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestling , a ten-point differential ended the match .   Under the rules adopted in 2004 -- 05 by FILA , the international styles moved to a three-period system similar to a best of three series ; the technical fall wins only the period , as opposed to a pin , which ends the match entirely . However , if a wrestler wins two out of three periods in this way , he is then the winner of the match by technical superiority . The new technical fall can be achieved in three ways :  Creating a six-point differential  Executing two three-point throws , which either take the opponent from his feet to the danger position ( his back ) , or are grand-amplitude throws which do not end in the danger position  Executing one grand-amplitude throw ending in the danger position . A grand amplitude throw is one in which the opponent is taken from his feet to his back with his feet going directly above his head .

neg: Slide Climbing Slide climbing is a type of hiking or mountaineering popular mainly in the Adirondack Mountains . It focuses around utilizing the region 's multitude of `` slides , '' which are areas where the soil and growth have been washed away in a landslide , leaving a strip of bedrock ; these slides have a wide variation in type , which could last as short as a few hundred feet to over a mile long , and as gradual as the hiking trails in the area to the point where they can accurately be described as cliffs .   The activity gained much of its popularity after Hurricane Irene in 2011 , where the downpour in the High Peaks region caused many slides to expand and appear . However , utilizing slides as means of climbing mountains likely goes back as far as the exploration and mapping of the area in the mid to late 1800s . In addition to the sport of simply climbing the slides , others utilize them as a unique way to summit the peak ( despite the rough bushwhack they may require to get on or off the slide ) , or for the purpose of backcountry skiing towards middle to late winter when the snow has accumulated .   Despite its popularity among the group of dedicated hiking community , it is inherently dangerous . A slip of fall could leave you dead , or injured or wounded hours away from help . As such , many climbers choose to learn on easier slides first , such as the Bennie 's Brook Slide on Lower Wolfjaw , and then work their way up to more difficult and demanding slides . They typically require the use of rock shoes at the least , with helmets , harnesses , ropes and belay devices also being necessary , also with crampons or skis/snowshoes in the winter with ice protection as well , on the more difficult slides , such as the East Face Slide on Mount Marcy . While some are very easy to find and exit , others require extensive skill in backcountry navigation and an intimate knowledge of the area .

neg: Newton Upper Falls Newton Upper Falls is a village situated on the east bank of the Charles River in the city of Newton , Massachusetts , in the United States .   The area borders Needham , Massachusetts to the south/southwest , Wellesley , Massachusetts to the west , the West Roxbury neighborhood of Boston to the extreme southeast , and the Newton villages of Waban , Newton Highlands and Newton Center to the north and east .   The village is served partially by Eliot `` T '' station , part of the Green Line `` D '' Branch of the MBTA , with rapid light rail service inbound into downtown Boston and outbound to Riverside . Major roads that serve the village are Route 128 , and Route 9 ( Boylston Street ) , which provides a direct , 6 mile commute into downtown Boston .   Newton 's first mill on the Charles River was built in 1688 in Upper Falls . Over the next 150 years , the water power available at Upper Falls led to the village 's steady growth as many more mills were built along that stretch of the river . By 1850 the village had 1300 inhabitants which was 25 % of the entire population of Newton .   Newton Upper Falls is home to the Hemlock Gorge and Echo Bridge , a large aqueduct turned pedestrian walkway over the Charles River . It is said to be the only village that has retained its original name from when the area was founded in the 17th century . It has over 150 homes on the historic register despite its small area .   In 1909 , a Roman Catholic church called Mary Immaculate of Lourdes opened in Upper Falls .   Sullivan Avenue , an unpaved private road in Newton Upper Falls is the last remaining portion of the ancient highway connecting Boston and Cambridge with Newton and points west in the 17th century ( back then it was called Cambridge Village ) . Also on Sullivan Avenue is a famous pothole ; not the kind you avoid with your car , but a geological anomaly where a boulder that was originally pushed down the cliff by a now extinct waterfall got caught and became round . The boulder spun around in its place carving a shaft over thousands of years . Since then half the shaft collapsed and now all that can be seen is half of a cylindrical shaft through the cliff at the corner of Sullivan and Elliot Streets .   A 60 acre area , including much of the area between Route 9 and Elliot Street , and east from the Charles River to Cottage Street and Hickory Cliff Road , was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 .

neg: Tiffany Falls Tiffany Falls is a 21 metre high ribbon waterfall located in the Tiffany Falls Conservation Area , just off of Wilson Street East , Ancaster , in Hamilton , Ontario , Canada . Tiffany Falls was named after Dr. Oliver Tiffany , the district 's first doctor . Born in Massachusetts , he studied medicine at the Philadelphia Medical College , and came to Ancaster Township in 1796 .   Best viewed in the early spring as it tends to dry up in the summer months . Used for ice-climbing in the winter months with permission from the Hamilton Conservation Authority .   Nearby attractions include Sherman Falls , Iroquoia Heights Conservation Area , Dundas Valley Conservation Area , Hermitage Ruins , Fieldcote Museum and Griffin House .

neg: Horizontal Falls The Horizontal Falls or Horizontal Waterfalls ( nicknamed the `` Horries '' ) is the name given to a natural phenomenon on the coast of the Kimberley region in Western Australia .   Horizontal Falls are described as `` One of the greatest wonders of the natural world '' ( Attenborough , 2013 ) . They are formed from a break in-between the McLarty Ranges reaching up to 25m in width . The natural phenomenon is created as seawater builds up faster on one side of the gaps than the other , creating a waterfall up to 5m high on a King tide . Within each change of the tide the direction of the falls reverses , creating vast tidal whirlpools . Within this area live the Balangarra , Bardi Jawa , Uunguu , and Dambimangari indigenous communities , which tour companies must take care to respect .   The northern , most seaward gorge is 20 m-wide and the southern , more inland gorge is 12 m. Above each of the gorges are natural reservoirs between 6 -- long which fill and empty with seawater through the gorge openings . The inner gorge is also partly fed by fresh water from Poulton Creek .

neg: Ontarian River The Ontarian River is the term used for the pre-glacial river that began the creation of the valley in Silurian age shales and limestones now occupied by Lake Ontario . The valley was greatly deepened by glacial action during the Ice age .   The original flow is thought to have been westward beginning from the Laurentian shield in the present area of the St. Lawrence River to eventually join the Mississippi River drainage system .   During continental glaciation , the tremendous weight of the glacier depressed the area of the St. Lawrence so much that a lower point of drainage was established eastward through the present river system . The area is still rebounding , however , and the rise could further rearrange drainage within geologic time by raising the outlet of Lake Ontario sufficient for it to drain at some other , lower point .

neg: Lafarge Falls Lafarge Falls is a 15-metre horsetail ribbon waterfall found on private property , ( private without permission to access ) , in Flamborough , Hamilton , Ontario , Canada .   Nearby attractions include the Bruce Trail , Sydenham Falls , Rock Chapel Sanctuary , Borer 's Falls , Borer 's Falls Conservation Area , Spencer Gorge / Webster 's Falls Conservation Area , Dundas Valley Conservation Area , Hermitage ruins , Royal Botanical Gardens , Dundurn Castle , Crooks Hollow Conservation Area , Christie Lake Conservation Area .

neg: Whirlpool Aero Car The Whirlpool Aero Car or Spanish Aero Car is a cable car located in Niagara Falls , Ontario that transports passengers over a section of the Niagara River referred to as the Niagara Whirlpool . The system was designed by Spanish engineer Leonardo Torres Quevedo and has been upgraded several times since 1916 ( in 1961 , 1967 and 1984 ) . The system uses one car that carries 35 standing passengers over a one-kilometre trip .

neg: Tahquamenon Falls State Park The Tahquamenon Falls State Park is a 46,179 acre state park in the U.S. state of Michigan . It is the second largest of Michigan 's state parks . Bordering on Lake Superior , most of the park is located within Whitefish Township in Chippewa County , with the western section of the park extending into McMillan Township in Luce County . The nearest town of any size is Paradise .   Tahquamenon Falls State Park follows the Tahquamenon River as it passes over Tahquamenon Falls and drains into Whitefish Bay , Lake Superior . The Tahquamenon Falls include a single 50 ft drop , the Upper Falls , plus the cascades and rapids collectively called the Lower Falls . During the late-spring runoff , the river drains as much as 50,000 U.S.gal of water per second , making the upper falls the second most voluminous vertical waterfall east of the Mississippi River , after only Niagara Falls .   The North Country Trail passes through the park . There is a seasonal shuttle service that allows hikers to walk between upper falls and lower falls without doubling back , the Tahqua Trekker .   Tahquamenon Falls is also called `` Rootbeer Falls '' because of its golden-brown color , caused by tannins from cedar swamps that drain into the river . In winter , the ice that accumulates around and in the falls is often colored in shades of green and blue .   Much of the park is undeveloped but it has more than 22 mi of hiking trails . Row boats and canoes are rented to use to approach the lower falls . The upper falls are accessible from the visitor center parking lot via a paved walking trail . There are five campgrounds in the park with a total of 350 campsites . The park receives as many as 500,000 visitors per year , many of whom drive in on the state park 's only paved road , M-123 . M-123 intersects with Interstate 75 at exit 352 .   Nearby attractions include the Great Lakes Shipwreck Museum at Whitefish Point , and the Point Iroquois Light and Museum at Bay Mills on Whitefish Bay .

neg: Middle Vinemount Falls Middle Vinemount Falls is a 10 metre high cascade waterfall found on CN property in Stoney Creek , Hamilton , Ontario , Canada .   Nearby attractions include the Bruce Trail , Vinemount Conservation Area , Dofasco 2000 Trail , Battlefield House Museum , Devil 's Punch Bowl , Devil 's Punch Bowl Conservation Area , Erland Lee House .

neg: Hogenakkal Falls Hogenakkal Falls is a waterfall in South India on the Kaveri river in the Dharmapuri district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu . It is located 180 km from Bangalore and 46 km from Dharmapuri . Sometimes referred to as the `` Niagara Falls of India , '' it is known for medicinal baths and hide boat rides , projecting itself as a major tourist attraction . Carbonatite rocks in this site are considered to be the oldest of its kind in South Asia and one of the oldest in the world . The Government of Tamil Nadu made a proposal to convert the falls into providing drinking water for the state .

neg: Burleigh Falls Burleigh Falls is both a geological feature and a small community in Peterborough County , Ontario , Canada . The falls form the boundary between the municipality of Trent Lakes to the north and the municipality of Selwyn to the south .   The falls ( more accurately described as a chute or cascade , since the drop in water level is more horizontal than vertical ) are created by a narrowing in the flow of water between Lovesick Lake and Lower Buckhorn Lake on the west and Stoney Lake to the east . At one time the landform was known as the `` Burleigh chute '' .