query: Israel has the 5th-largest economy in the world by nominal gross domestic product.

pos: Israel Israel ( -LSB- ˈɪzreiəl -RSB- ; ) , officially the State of Israel ( -LSB- mediˈnat jisʁaˈʔel -RSB- دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل -LSB- dawlat ʔisraːˈʔiːl -RSB- ) , is a country in the Middle East , on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea . It has land borders with Lebanon to the north , Syria to the northeast , Jordan on the east , the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west , respectively , and Egypt to the southwest . The country contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area . Israel 's economy and technology center is Tel Aviv , while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem , although the state 's sovereignty over East Jerusalem is internationally unrecognized.The Jerusalem Law states that `` Jerusalem , complete and united , is the capital of Israel '' and the city serves as the seat of the government , home to the President 's residence , government offices , supreme court , and parliament . United Nations Security Council Resolution 478 ( 20 August 1980 ; 14 -- 0 , U.S. abstaining ) declared the Jerusalem Law `` null and void '' and called on member states to withdraw their diplomatic missions from Jerusalem . The United Nations and all member nations refuse to accept the Jerusalem Law ( see ) and maintain their embassies in other cities such as Tel Aviv , Ramat Gan , and Herzliya ( see the CIA Factbook and Map of Israel ) . The U.S. Congress subsequently adopted the Jerusalem Embassy Act , which said that the U.S. embassy should be relocated to Jerusalem and that it should be recognized as the capital of Israel . However , the US Justice Department Office of Legal Counsel concluded that the provisions of the act `` invade exclusive presidential authorities in the field of foreign affairs and are unconstitutional '' . Since passage of the act , all presidents serving in office have determined that moving forward with the relocation would be detrimental to U.S. national security concerns and opted to issue waivers suspending any action on this front . The Palestinian Authority sees East Jerusalem as the capital of a future Palestinian state . The city 's final status awaits future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority ( see `` Negotiating Jerusalem , '' Palestine -- Israel Journal ) . See Positions on Jerusalem for more information .   In 1947 , the United Nations adopted a Partition Plan for Mandatory Palestine recommending the creation of independent Arab and Jewish states and an internationalized Jerusalem . The plan was accepted by the Jewish Agency for Palestine , and rejected by Arab leaders . Next year , the Jewish Agency declared `` the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel , to be known as the State of Israel . '' Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states , in the course of which it has occupied territories including the West Bank , Golan Heights and the Gaza Strip ( still considered occupied after 2005 disengagement ) . It extended its laws to the Golan Heights and East Jerusalem , but not the West Bank . Israel 's occupation of the Palestinian territories is the world 's longest military occupation in modern times . Efforts to resolve the Israeli -- Palestinian conflict have not resulted in peace . However , peace treaties between Israel and both Egypt and Jordan have successfully been implemented .   The population of Israel , as defined by the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics , was estimated in to be people . It is the world 's only Jewish-majority state , with 74.8 % being designated as Jewish . The country 's second largest group of citizens are Arabs , at 20.8 % ( including the Druze and most East Jerusalem Arabs ) . The great majority of Israeli Arabs are Sunni Muslims , including significant numbers of semi-settled Negev Bedouins ; the rest are Christians and Druze . Other minorities include Arameans , Armenians , Assyrians , Black Hebrew Israelites , Circassians , Maronites and Samaritans . Israel also hosts a significant population of non-citizen foreign workers and asylum seekers from Africa and Asia , including illegal migrants from Sudan , Eritrea and other Sub-Saharan Africans .   In its Basic Laws , Israel defines itself as a Jewish and democratic state . Israel is a representative democracy with a parliamentary system , proportional representation and universal suffrage . The prime minister is head of government and the Knesset is the legislature . Israel is a developed country and an OECD member , with the 35th-largest economy in the world by nominal gross domestic product . The country benefits from a highly skilled workforce and is among the most educated countries in the world with one of the highest percentage of its citizens holding a tertiary education degree . The country has the highest standard of living in the Middle East and the third highest in Asia , and has one of the highest life expectancies in the world .

neg: Institute for National Security Studies (Israel) The Institute for National Security Studies ( INSS ) is an independent Israeli research institute and think tank affiliated with Tel Aviv University dealing in areas of national security matters such as military and strategic affairs , terrorism and low intensity conflict , military balance in the Middle East , and cyber warfare .   Headed by former IDF Military Intelligence Chief , General ( ret . ) Amos Yadlin , INSS research is published worldwide including in books , academic articles , news media , and used by government officials . INSS holds seminars and conferences in various fields of strategic affairs such as the annual Defensive Cyber Intelligence Security conference and Aerial Threat Seminar . Additionally , INSS publishes peer reviewed journals including Military and Strategic Affairs .   In the University of Pennsylvania 's 2014 Global Go To Think Tanks Report , INSS was ranked as the fifth best think thank in the Middle East and North Africa . Among all think tanks worldwide , it ranked 42nd among `` Top Defense and National Security Think Tanks '' and 80th among `` Top Foreign Policy and International Affairs Think Tanks '' . The institute 's study `` The History of Israeli-Palestinian Negotiations '' was among the list of `` Best Policy Study/Report Produced by a Think Tank '' for the 2013-2014 term .   In August 2015 , INSS signed an agreement to collaborate with the Center for Israel Studies ( Jordan ) .

neg: Palestinian Jews Palestinian Jew is the term used to refer to a Jewish inhabitant of Palestine ( known in Hebrew as Eretz Israel , the `` Land of Israel '' ) prior to the establishment of the modern state of Israel .   The common term for the Jewish community of Ottoman Palestine during the 19th century , and British Mandatory Palestine prior to the establishment of the State of Israel is Yishuv ( `` settlement '' ) . A distinction is drawn between the `` New Yishuv '' , largely composed of and descended from immigrants after the First Aliyah in 1881 , and the `` Old Yishuv '' , the pre-existing Jewish community of Palestine prior to the First Aliyah .   In addition to applying to Jews who lived in Palestine during the British Mandate era , the term `` Palestinian Jews '' has also been applied to Jewish residents of Southern Syria , the southern part of the Ottoman province of Syria , and there are scholarly instances of referring to the Jews of the Palaestina Prima and Palaestina Secunda provinces ( 4th to 7th centuries CE ) of the Byzantine Empire in Late Antiquity as `` Palestinian Jews '' .   After the establishment of Israel in 1948 , the Jews of Mandatory Palestine became Israeli citizens , and the term `` Palestinian Jews '' has largely fallen into disuse , in favor of the term Israeli Jews .

neg: Start-up Nation Start-up Nation : The Story of Israel 's Economic Miracle is a 2009 book by Dan Senor and Saul Singer about the economy of Israel . It examines how Israel , a 60-year-old nation with a population of 7.1 million , was able to reach such economic growth that `` at the start of 2009 , some 63 Israeli companies were listed on the NASDAQ , more than those of any other foreign country . ''   In 2010 , Start-up Nation was ranked fifth on the business bestseller list of The New York Times . It also reached The Wall Street Journal bestseller list .

neg: Superstate A superstate is defined as `` a large and powerful State formed when several smaller countries unite '' , `` A large and powerful state formed from a federation or union of nations '' .  This is distinct from the concept of superpower , although these are frequently seen together . It is also distinct from the concept of empire , where one nation dominates other nations through military , political , and economic power , although an empire may also be a superstate .   In the early 20th century , `` superstate '' had a similar definition as today 's supranational organisations . In a 1927 article by Edward A. Harriman on the League of Nations , a superstate was defined as merely `` an organisation , of which a state is a member , which is superior to the member themselves '' , in that '' -LSB- a -RSB- complete superstate has legislative , executive and judicial organs to make , to execute and to interpret its laws '' . According to this definition , Harriman saw the League of Nations as a `` rudimentary superstate '' , and the United States as `` an example of a complete and perfect superstate '' .   In World Order of Bahá ` u 'll áh , first published in 1938 , Shoghi Effendi , the Guardian of the Bahá ' í Faith , described the anticipated world government of that religion as the `` world 's future super-state '' with the Bahá ' í Faith as the `` State Religion of an independent and Sovereign Power . ''   In the 1970s , academic literature used the term `` superstate '' to indicate a particularly rich and powerful state , in a similar fashion to the term superpower .   In contemporary political debate , especially the one centred on the European Union , the term `` superstate '' is used to indicate a ( usually deemed unwelcome ) development in which the Union takes over the character of a State ( including the monopoly on violence ) thus abolishing the sovereignty and independence of its member states .  For instance , Glyn Morgan opposes the perspective of a `` European superstate '' to the ones of `` a Europe of nation-states '' and of `` a post-sovereign European polity '' . In her definition , a `` European superstate is nothing more than a sovereign state - a tried and tested type of polity that predominates in the modern world - operating on a European wide scale '' , i.e. , `` a unitary European state ''   The term was famously used by Margaret Thatcher in her 1988 Bruges speech , when she decried the perspective of `` a European super-state exercising a new dominance from Brussels '' , and has since entered the eurosceptic lexicon .  Tony Blair argued in 2000 that he welcomed an EU as a `` superpower , not a superstate ''

neg: Middle East nuclear weapon free zone The Middle East nuclear weapon free zone ( MENWFZ ) is a proposed agreement similar to other nuclear-weapon-free zones in other regions . Steps towards the establishment of such a zone began in the 1960s led to a joint declaration by Egypt and Iran in 1974 which resulted in a General Assembly resolution ( broadened in 1990 through the Mubarak Initiative to cover all weapons of mass destruction ) . Following the 1995 NPT Review Conference , the International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) held a series of meetings involving experts and academics to consider ways to advance this process .   Such a zone would strengthen the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty ( NPT ) , would help to promote global nuclear disarmament and would also help the Middle East peace process as substantial confidence-building measures .   The United Nations Security Council Resolution 687 ( the ceasefire ending the Gulf War ) recognizes the goal of establishing the MENWFZ ( para 14 ) .   For the Egyptian government ( until the political changes of 2011 ) , a MENWFZ was seen as a central source of pressure on Israel to relinquish its ambiguous nuclear policy , and to sign the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty ( NPT ) . Until the Iranian nuclear program , Israel was believed to be the only Mideast country to have a nuclear deterrence capability , developed in the 1960s . As Avner Cohen , Gerald Steinberg and other experts have noted , Israeli policy has emphasized the link between nuclear demilitarization and a comprehensive peace settlement including Palestinian issues and with countries and potential threats in the region , including Syria and Iran . Israel maintains a veil of `` studied ambiguity '' ( `` amimut '' ) about its nuclear arsenal , and has not signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty .   Four countries in the Middle East have been found in non-compliance with their IAEA safeguards obligations under the NPT : Iraq , Libya , Iran , and Syria . Of these cases , Iran and Syria remain unresolved .   Following pressure from Egypt and the Arab League , the 2010 NPT Review Conference called for holding a conference on a MENWFZ which would primarily press Israel to end its policy of a ambiguity . Finland planned to host such an event in 2012 . However , no agreement was reached on the agenda and other issues , and the conference was called off in November 2012 .   An international group of concerned citizens , including former members of the Israeli Knesset , responded to the lack of progress in official talks by organizing an International Conference For A WMD-Free Middle East . It was held in Haifa in December 2013 .

neg: Historical GDP of China This article includes a list of China 's historical gross domestic product ( GDP ) values , the market value of all final goods and services produced by a nation in a given year . The GDP dollar estimates presented here are either calculated at market or government official exchange rates ( nominal ) , or derived from purchasing power parity ( PPP ) calculations . This article also includes historical GDP growth .   In 1985 , the State Council of China ( SCC ) approved the establishment of a SNA ( System of National Accounting ) , using GDP to measure the national economy . China started to study and then implement a new system of national economic accounting . In 1986 , as the first citizen of the People 's Republic of China to receive a Ph.D. in economics from an overseas country , Dr. Fengbo Zhang headed Chinese Macroeconomic Research - the key research project of the seventh Five-Year Plan of China , as well as completing and publishing the Chinese GDP data according to China 's own research and calculations . A summary of the above events has been included in the book `` Chinese Macroeconomic Structure and Policy '' ( June 1988 ) edited by Fengbo Zhang , and collectively authored by the Research Center of the SCC . This is the first GDP data which was published by China .   The research utilized the World Bank 's method as a reference , and made numerous appropriate adjustments based on China 's national condition . The GDP also has been converted to USD based data by utilizing the moving average exchange rate . The research systematically completed China 's GDP and GDP per capita from 1952 to 1986 and analyzed growth rate , the change and contribution rates of each component . The research also included international comparisons . Additionally , the research compared MPS and SNA , looking at the results from the two systems from analyzing Chinese economy . This achievement created the foundation for China GDP research .   The SCC issued `` The notice regarding implementation of System of National Accounting '' in August 1992 , the Western SNA system officially is introduced to China , replaced Soviet Union 's MPS system , Western economic indicator GDP became China 's most important economic indicator . Based on Dr. Fengbo Zhang 's research , in 1997 , the National Bureau of Statistics of China ( NBS ) , in collaboration with Hitotsubashi University of Japan , re-estimated China 's GDP Data from 1952 up to 1995 based on the SNA principal . In 2016 , the 2008 SNA was formally brought into use .   When comparing Fengbo Zhang 's GDP measurement in the 1980s and the GDP in 1997 by the NBS and Japan 's cooperative research , the two are found to be very consistent ; the deviation rate each year is very slight , between only 0.1 % and 7 % . During this period , there were many data adjustments , with weighting factors undergoing significant changes along with each years comparable price amendments , statistical method significant changes result in the substantial deviation . Even with science and technology as advanced as it is today , the single item survey is allowed at least ± 3 % , or a total of 6 % deviation . Despite the extremely difficult conditions of a destroyed economy , blank theory , a lack of data , and simple methods in 1980s , there is so little deviation for such a long period of time and the comprehensiveness of the national economic indicator , indicates that the research conducted by Fengbo Zhang with the support of the extensive group he trained is extremely rigorous , and their result very precise . Xie Fuzhan , former Director , and Ma Jiantang , current Director of the NBS , both participated in Dr. Fengbo Zhang 's research project in the 1980s , as assistant researcher and graduate student , respectively , of the Research Center of the SCC .

neg: New international division of labour In economics , the new international division of labor ( NIDL ) is an outcome of globalization . The term was coined by theorists seeking to explain the spatial shift of manufacturing industries from advanced capitalist countries to developing countries -- an ongoing geographic reorganization of production , which finds its origins in ideas about a global division of labor . It is a spatial division of labor which occurs when the process of production is no longer confined to national economies . Under the `` old '' international division of labor , until around 1970 , underdeveloped areas were incorporated into the world economy principally as suppliers of minerals and agricultural commodities . However , as developing economies are merged into the world economy , more production takes place in these economies .   This has led to a trend of transference , or what is also known as the `` global industrial shift '' , in which production processes are relocated from developed countries ( such as the US , European countries , and Japan ) to developing countries in Asia ( such as China , Vietnam , and India ) and Latin America . This is because companies search for the cheapest locations to manufacture and assemble components , so low-cost labor-intensive parts of the manufacturing process are shifted to the developing world where costs are substantially lower . Companies do so by taking advantage of transportation and communications technology , as well as fragmentation and locational flexibility of production . From 1953 to the late 1990s , the industrialized economies ' share of world manufacturing output declined from 95 % to 77 % , and the developing economies ' share more than quadrupled from 5 % to 23 % .   The resultant division of labor across continents closely follows the North -- South socio-economic and political divide , wherein the North -- with one quarter of the world population -- controls four fifths of the world income , while the South -- with three quarters of the world population -- has access to one fifth of the world income .

neg: Ashdod Ashdod ( ; أشدود Isdud ) is the sixth-largest city and the largest port in Israel accounting for 60 % of the country 's imported goods . Ashdod is located in the Southern District of the country , on the Mediterranean coast where it is situated between Tel Aviv to the north ( 32 km away ) and Ashkelon to the south ( 20 km away ) . Jerusalem is 53 km to the east . The city is also an important regional industrial center .   Modern Ashdod covers the territory of two ancient twin towns , one inland and one on the coast , which were for most of their history two separate entities , connected though by close ties with each other . This article is dealing with both these historic towns and other ancient sites now located within the territory of modern Ashdod .   The first documented urban settlement at Ashdod dates to the Canaanite culture of the 17th century BCE , making the city one of the oldest in the world . Ashdod is mentioned 13 times in the Bible . During its pre-1956 history the city was settled by Philistines , Israelites , Greek colonists coming in the wake of Alexander 's conquests , Romans and Byzantines , Arabs , Crusaders , and Ottoman Turks .   Modern Ashdod was established in 1956 on the sand hills near the site of the ancient town , and incorporated as a city in 1968 , with a land-area of approximately 60 km2 . Being a planned city , expansion followed a main development plan , which facilitated traffic and prevented air pollution in the residential areas , despite population growth . According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics , Ashdod had a population of in , with an area of 47242 dunam .

neg: Argentine Jews in Israel Argentine Jews in Israel are immigrants and descendants of the immigrants of the Argentine Jewish communities , who now reside within the state of Israel and are the largest Latin American Jewish group in the country . Argentine Jewish immigration to Israel has been , and still is , the largest and most significant migratory flow from Latin America . This is because Argentina has one of the largest Jewish communities in the world , the third largest in the Americas after those in the United States and Canada , and seventh worldwide . Because of this , many Jewish Argentines are able to make aliyah and become Israeli citizens through the Law of Return . The Argentine community in Israel is about 50,000 people , although some estimates put the figure at 70,000 , making it one of the fastest growing groups in the country .

neg: Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel Since 2001 , Palestinian militants have launched thousands of rocket and mortar attacks on Israel from the Gaza Strip as part of the continuing Arab -- Israeli conflict . From 2004 to 2014 , these attacks have killed 27 Israeli civilians , 5 foreign nationals , 5 IDF soldiers , and at least 11 Palestinians and injured more than 1900 people , but their main effect is their creation of widespread psychological trauma and disruption of daily life among the Israeli populace . Medical studies in Sderot , the Israeli city closest to the Gaza Strip , have documented a post-traumatic stress disorder incidence among young children of almost 50 % , as well as high rates of depression and miscarriage . A public opinion poll conducted in March 2013 found that most Palestinians do not support firing rockets at Israel from the Gaza Strip . Another poll conducted in September 2014 found that 80 % of Palestinians support firing rockets against Israel if it does not allow unfettered access to Gaza . These rocket attacks have caused flight cancellations at Ben Gurion airport .   The weapons , often generically referred to as Qassams , were initially crude and short-range , mainly affecting Sderot and other communities bordering the Gaza Strip . In 2006 , more sophisticated rockets began to be deployed , reaching the larger coastal city of Ashkelon , and by early 2009 major cities Ashdod and Beersheba had been hit by Katyusha , WS-1B and Grad rockets . In 2012 , Jerusalem and Israel 's commercial center Tel Aviv were targeted with locally made `` M-75 '' and Iranian Fajr-5 rockets , respectively , and in July 2014 , the northern city of Haifa was targeted for the first time . A few projectiles have contained white phosphorus said to be recycled from unexploded munitions used by Israel in bombing Gaza .   Attacks have been carried out by all Palestinian armed groups , and , prior to the 2008 -- 2009 Gaza War , were consistently supported by most Palestinians , although the stated goals have been mixed . The attacks , widely condemned for targeting civilians , have been described as terrorism by United Nations , European Union and Israeli officials , and are defined as war crimes by human rights groups Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch . The international community considers indiscriminate attacks on civilians and civilian structures that do not discriminate between civilians and military targets illegal under international law .   Israeli defenses constructed specifically to deal with the weapons include fortifications for schools and bus stops as well as an alarm system named Red Color . Iron Dome , a system to intercept short-range rockets , was developed by Israel and first deployed in the spring of 2011 to protect Beersheba and Ashkelon , but officials and experts warned that it would not be completely effective . Shortly thereafter , it intercepted a Palestinian Grad rocket for the first time .   In the cycle of violence , rocket attacks alternate with Israeli military actions . From the outbreak of the Al Aqsa Intifada ( September 30 , 2000 ) through March 2013 , 8,749 rockets and 5,047 mortar shells were fired on Israel , while Israel has conducted several military operations in the Gaza Strip , among them Operation Rainbow ( 2004 ) , Operation Days of Penitence ( 2004 ) , Operation Summer Rains ( 2006 ) , Operation Autumn Clouds ( 2006 ) , Operation Hot Winter ( 2008 ) , Operation Cast Lead ( 2009 ) , Operation Pillar of Defense ( 2012 ) , and Operation Protective Edge ( 2014 ) .

neg: All-Palestine Government The All-Palestine Government was established by the Arab League on 22 September 1948 during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War to govern the Egyptian-controlled enclave in Gaza . It was soon recognized by all Arab League members except Transjordan . Though jurisdiction of the Government was declared to cover the whole of the former Mandatory Palestine , its effective jurisdiction was limited to the Gaza Strip . The Prime Minister of the Gaza-seated administration was Ahmed Hilmi Pasha , and the President was Hajj Amin al-Husseini , former chairman of the Arab Higher Committee .   Shortly thereafter the Jericho Conference named King Abdullah I of Transjordan `` King of Arab Palestine '' . The Congress called for the union of Arab Palestine and Transjordan and Abdullah announced his intention to annex the West Bank . The other Arab League member states opposed Abdullah 's plan .   The All-Palestine Government is regarded by some as the first attempt to establish an independent Palestinian state . It was under official Egyptian protection , but it had no executive role . The government had mostly political and symbolic implications . Its importance gradually declined , especially after the relocation of its seat of government from Gaza to Cairo following the Israeli invasion in late 1948 . Though the Gaza Strip remained under Egyptian control through the war the All-Palestine Government remained in exile in Cairo , managing Gazan affairs from outside .   In 1959 , the All-Palestine Government was officially merged into the United Arab Republic , coming under formal Egyptian military administration , who appointed Egyptian military administrators in Gaza . Egypt , however , both formally and informally renounced any and all territorial claims to Palestinian territory ( in contrast to the government of Transjordan , which declared its annexation of the Palestinian West Bank ) . The All-Palestine Government 's credentials as a bona fide sovereign state were questioned by many mainly due to the government 's effective reliance upon not only Egyptian military support but also Egyptian political and economic power .

neg: List of violent incidents in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, 2007 Timeline of conflict between Israelis and Palestinians in 2007 . It includes would-be attacks that were foiled and thwarted by Israeli security forces .   The shaky six-month cease-fire between Israel and the Palestinians collapsed when the military wing of Hamas , one of the leading Palestinian factions , resumed rocket attacks against Israel on May 15 in an apparent attempt to draw Israel into the ongoing Palestinian factional violence . Hundreds of rockets were fired since then , many of them landing around Sderot , causing several frightened residents to flee and others be treated for wounds and shock .   In the months since November 2006 , smaller Palestinian factions continued to fire rockets at Israel . They included Islamic Jihad , which rejected the cease-fire , and Al-Aksa Martyrs Brigades , which is nominally affiliated with the mainstream Fatah faction headed by the Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas . Israel said it was ending its policy of restraint against the rocket fire on May 16 . Since then , the air force has struck mainly at Hamas structures and cells that the army said were involved in terrorist activity .   Representatives from some Palestinian factions have denounced the rocket attacks . A Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine official called it `` stupid '' , and Fatah president Mahmoud Abbas called it `` pointless and needless '' after a meeting with then European Union foreign policy chief Javier Solana . The rival Hamas party rejected the statement , saying `` Abbas hates the rockets just like we hate the Jews . '' Hamas suspects that Israel 's attacks are part of an effort to weaken Hamas in favor of Fatah . Then Israeli prime minister Ehud Olmert said that no one involved in terrorist activities is immune . The position of the United States State Department is that the conflict `` all started with Hamas not only attacking the legitimate security forces in the Gaza Strip , but also starting a stepped-up campaign of rocket launches against Israel . '' Israel does not target Fatah 's security forces , although it has had clashes with the al Aqsa Martyrs ' Brigades , a violent offshoot of the group .

neg: Israeli passport The Israeli passport ( דרכון ישראלי -LSB- darkon Israeli -RSB- ) is a travel document issued to Israeli citizens to enable them to travel outside Israel , and entitles the bearer to the protection of Israel 's consular officials overseas .   According to the 2017 Visa Restrictions Index , Israeli citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 148 countries and territories , ranking the Israeli passport 24th in terms of travel freedom .   Israeli citizens are allowed to hold passports of other countries , but are required to use the Israeli passport when entering and leaving Israel . This regulation was introduced officially in 2002 , after having been legally contested on several occasions .

neg: Israel–United States Free Trade Agreement The United States -- Israel Free Trade Agreement ( FTA ) is a trade pact between the State of Israel and the United States established in 1985 to lower trade barriers in some goods . The agreement reduces rates of duty , and in some case eliminates all duties , on merchandise exported from Israel to the United States . The agreement also covers merchandise exported from Israel , the Gaza Strip and the West Bank .   The U.S. -- Israel FTA was the first such free trade agreement entered into by the United States . It is the only FTA the United States has signed that does not include a chapter on intellectual property rights , which have become a staple of all subsequent U.S. trade treaties .

neg: Arab League The Arab League , formally the League of Arab States , is a regional organization of Arab countries in and around North Africa , the Horn of Africa and Arabia . It was formed in Cairo on 22 March 1945 with six members : Kingdom of Egypt , Kingdom of Iraq , Transjordan ( renamed Jordan in 1949 ) , Lebanon , Saudi Arabia , and Syria . Yemen joined as a member on 5 May 1945 . Currently , the League has 22 members , but Syria 's participation has been suspended since November 2011 , as a consequence of government repression during the Syrian Civil War .   The League 's main goal is to `` draw closer the relations between member States and co-ordinate collaboration between them , to safeguard their independence and sovereignty , and to consider in a general way the affairs and interests of the Arab countries '' .   Through institutions , such as the Arab League Educational , Cultural and Scientific Organization ( ALECSO ) and the Economic and Social Council of the Arab League 's Council of Arab Economic Unity ( CAEU ) , the Arab League facilitates political , economic , cultural , scientific , and social programmes designed to promote the interests of the Arab world . It has served as a forum for the member states to coordinate their policy positions , to deliberate on matters of common concern , to settle some Arab disputes and to limit conflicts such as the 1958 Lebanon crisis . The League has served as a platform for the drafting and conclusion of many landmark documents promoting economic integration . One example is the Joint Arab Economic Action Charter , which outlines the principles for economic activities in the region .   Each member state has one vote in the League Council , and decisions are binding only for those states that have voted for them . The aims of the league in 1945 were to strengthen and coordinate the political , cultural , economic and social programs of its members and to mediate disputes among them or between them and third parties . Furthermore , the signing of an agreement on Joint Defence and Economic Cooperation on 13 April 1950 committed the signatories to coordination of military defence measures . In March 2015 , the Arab League General Secretary announced the establishment of a Joint Arab Force with the aim of counteracting extremism and other threats to the Arab States . The decision was reached while Operation Decisive Storm was intensifying in Yemen . Participation in the project is voluntary , and the army intervenes only at the request of one of the member states . The growing militarization of the region and the increase in violent civil wars as well as terrorist movements are the reason behind the creation of the JAF , financed by the rich Gulf countries .   In the early 1970s , the Economic Council of the League of Arab States put forward a proposal to create the Joint Arab Chambers of Commerce across the European states . That led , under the decree of the League of Arab States no . K1175/D52/G , to the decision by the Arab governments to set up the Arab British Chamber of Commerce which was mandated to `` promote , encourage and facilitate bilateral trade '' between the Arab world and its major trading partner , the United Kingdom .

neg: Jewish peoplehood Jewish peoplehood ( Hebrew : עמיות יהודית , Amiut Yehudit ) is the conception of the awareness of the underlying unity that makes an individual a part of the Jewish people .   The concept of peoplehood has a double meaning . The first is descriptive , as a concept factually describing the existence of the Jews as a people . The second is normative , as a value that describes the feeling of belonging and commitment to the Jewish people .   Some believe that the concept of Jewish peoplehood is a paradigm shift in Jewish life . Insisting that the mainstream of Jewish life is focused on Zionism , Jewish nationalism , they argue that Jewish life should instead focus on Jewish peoplehood .   Others maintain that the concept of peoplehood , or `` Klal Yisrael '' has permeated Jewish life for millennia , and to focus on it does not constitute a shift from the focus on Jewish nationhood . Jews have been extremely effective in sustaining a sense of joint responsibility towards their people and its members for over 2,000 years .   At the same time , the concepts of Jews as a nation and as a peoplehood are not necessarily at odds with one another . The very concept of defining Judaism as a people or a `` civilization '' suggests a wide variety of values within the context of Judaism .

neg: National Library of Israel The National Library of Israel ( NLI ; -LSB- הספרייה הלאומית , translit = HaSifria HaLeumit -RSB- المكتبة الوطنية في إسرائيل ) , formerly Jewish National and University Library ( JNUL ; -LSB- בית הספרים הלאומי והאוניברסיטאי , translit = Beit Ha-Sfarim Ha-Le ` umi ve-Ha-Universita ' i -RSB- ) , is the library dedicated to collecting the cultural treasures of Israel and of Jewish heritage . The library holds more than 5 million books , and is located on the Givat Ram campus of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem .   The National Library owns the world 's largest collections of Hebraica and Judaica , and is the repository of many rare and unique manuscripts , books and artifacts .

neg: Israeli prime ministerial election, 2001 Elections for Prime Minister were held in Israel on 6 February 2001 following the resignation of the incumbent , Labour 's Ehud Barak . Barak stood for re-election against Likud 's Ariel Sharon .   It was the third and last Prime Ministerial election ( separate elections were scrapped before the next Knesset elections in 2003 ) , and the only one which was not held alongside simultaneous Knesset elections .   Voter turnout was 62.3 % , the lowest turnout for any national election held in Israel . The low turnout was at least partially due to many Israeli Arabs boycotting the poll in protest at the October 2000 events in which 12 Israeli Arabs were killed by the police . Other possible reasons are Sharon 's massive advantage in advance polls , and the lack of enthusiasm of Barak supporters due to his perceived failings , notably , the failure of the 2000 Camp David talks with the Palestinians , and the `` turbine affair '' in which Barak yielded to the religious parties ' pressure , violating previous promises .

neg: Generations of Noah The Generations of Noah or Table of Nations ( of the Hebrew Bible ) is a genealogy of the sons of Noah and their dispersion into many lands after the Flood , focusing on the major known societies . The term `` nations '' to describe the descendants is a standard English translation of the Hebrew word `` goy '' , following the 400 CE Latin Vulgate 's `` nationes '' / `` nationibus '' , and does not have the same political connotations that the word entails today .   The list of 70 names introduces for the first time a number of well known ethnonyms and toponyms important to biblical geography such as Noah 's three sons Shem , Ham and Japheth , from which were derived Semites , Hamites and Japhetites , certain of Noah 's grandsons including Elam , Ashur , Aram , Cush , and Canaan , from which the Elamites , Assyrians , Arameans , Cushites and Canaanites , as well as further descendants including Eber ( from which `` Hebrews '' ) , the hunter-king Nimrod , the Philistines and the sons of Canaan including Heth , Jebus and Amorus , from which Hittites , Jebusites and Amorites .   As Christianity took over the Roman world , it adopted the idea that all the world 's peoples were descended from Noah . But the tradition of Hellenistic Jewish identifications of the ancestry of various peoples , which concentrates very much on the East Mediterranean and the Near East and is described below , became stretched and its historicity questioned . Not all Near Eastern people were covered , and northern peoples important to the Late Roman and medieval world , such as the Celtic , Slavic , Germanic and Nordic peoples were not covered , nor were others of the world 's peoples , such as sub-Saharan Africans , Native Americans and peoples of Central Asia , the Indian subcontinent , the Far East and Australasia . A variety of arrangements were devised by scholars in order to make the table fit , with for example the Scythians , who do feature in the tradition , being claimed as the ancestors of much of northern Europe .   According to Joseph Blenkinsopp , the 70 names in the list express symbolically the unity of the human race , corresponding to the 70 descendants of Israel who go down into Egypt with Jacob at and the 70 elders of Israel who visit God with Moses at the covenant ceremony in .

neg: Israeli Air Force The Israeli Air Force ( IAF ; , Zroa HaAvir VeHahalal , `` Air and Space Arm '' , commonly known as , Kheil HaAvir , `` Air Corps '' ) operates as the aerial warfare branch of the Israel Defense Forces . It was founded on May 28 , 1948 , shortly after the Israeli Declaration of Independence . Aluf Amir Eshel serves as the Air Force Commander .   The Israeli Air Force formed on May 28 , 1948 , using commandeered or donated civilian aircraft and obsolete and surplus World War II combat-aircraft . Eventually , more aircraft were procured , including Boeing B-17s , Bristol Beaufighters , de Havilland Mosquitoes and P-51D Mustangs . The Israeli Air Force played an important part in Operation Kadesh , Israel 's part in the 1956 Suez Crisis , dropping paratroopers at the Mitla Pass . On June 5 , 1967 , the first day of the Six-Day War , the Israeli Air Force executed Operation Focus , crippling the opposing Arab air forces and attaining air supremacy for the remainder of the war . Shortly after the end of the Six-Day War , Egypt initiated the War of Attrition , and the Israeli Air Force undertook repeated bombings of strategic targets deep within enemy territory . When the Yom Kippur War broke out on October 6 , 1973 , Egyptian and Syrian advances forced the IAF to abandon detailed plans for the destruction of enemy air defences . Forced to operated under the missile and anti-aircraft artillery threat , the close air support it provided allowed Israeli troops on the ground to stem the tide and eventually go on the offensive .   Since that war most of Israel 's military aircraft have been obtained from the United States . Among these are the F-4 Phantom II , A-4 Skyhawk , F-15 Eagle and F-16 Fighting Falcon . The Israeli Air Force has also operated a number of domestically produced types such as the IAI Nesher , and later , the more advanced IAI Kfir . On June 7 , 1981 , eight IAF F-16A fighters covered by six F-15A jets carried out Operation Opera to destroy the Iraqi nuclear facilities at Osiraq . On June 9 , 1982 , the Israeli Air Force carried out Operation Mole Cricket 19 , crippling the Syrian air defence array . The IAF continued to mount attacks on Hezbollah and PLO positions in south Lebanon . On October 1 , 1985 , In response to a PLO terrorist attack which murdered three Israeli civilians in Cyprus , the Israeli air force carried out Operation Wooden Leg . The strike involved the bombing of PLO Headquarters in Tunis , by F-15 Eagles . In 1991 , the IAF carried out Operation Solomon which brought Ethiopian Jews to Israel . In 1993 and 1996 , the IAF participated in Operation Accountability and Operation Grapes of Wrath , respectively . It took part in many missions since , including during the 2006 Lebanon War , Operation Cast Lead , Operation Pillar of Cloud and Operation Protective Edge . On September 6 , 2007 , the Israeli Air Force successfully bombed an alleged Syrian nuclear reactor in Operation Orchard .


query: Love & Other Drugs had Jake Gyllenhaal in it.

pos: Jake Gyllenhaal Jacob Benjamin Gyllenhaal ( -LSB- ˈdʒɪlənhɑːl -RSB- ; born December 19 , 1980 ) is an American actor . A member of the Gyllenhaal family and the son of director Stephen Gyllenhaal and screenwriter Naomi Foner , Gyllenhaal began acting as a child with a screen debut in City Slickers ( 1991 ) , followed by roles in A Dangerous Woman ( 1993 ) and Homegrown ( 1998 ) . His breakthrough performance was as Homer Hickam in October Sky ( 1999 ) and he garnered an Independent Spirit Award nomination for Best Male Lead for playing the title character in the indie cult hit Donnie Darko ( 2001 ) , in which he played a psychologically troubled teenager alongside his older sister , Maggie Gyllenhaal . He subsequently appeared in another indie film , The Good Girl ( 2002 ) and the climate fiction-disaster film The Day After Tomorrow ( 2004 ) , portraying a student caught in a cataclysmic climate event .   In 2005 , Gyllenhaal portrayed Anthony `` Swoff '' Swofford in Jarhead , Gwyneth Paltrow 's love interest in Proof , and Jack Twist in Ang Lee 's Brokeback Mountain . For his performance in Brokeback Mountain , he received critical acclaim and won the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role and was nominated for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role , the Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture , and the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor .   Gyllenhaal received further recognition for roles in Zodiac ( 2007 ) , Brothers ( 2009 ) , Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time ( 2010 ) , Love & Other Drugs ( 2010 ) , for which he was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy , Source Code ( 2011 ) , End of Watch ( 2012 ) , Prisoners , Enemy ( both 2013 ) , Nightcrawler ( 2014 ) , Southpaw ( 2015 ) and Nocturnal Animals ( 2016 ) . For Nightcrawler , his performance was widely acclaimed and received rave reviews from critics and he was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama , the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role , and the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role .

neg: The Other (novel) The Other '' is the 1971 debut novel by Thomas Tryon . Set in 1935 , the novel focuses on the sadistic relationship between two thirteen-year-old identical twin boys , one who is well-behaved , and the other , a sociopath who wreaks havoc on his family 's rural New England farm property .   Tryon , who had been a working actor prior , retired from his Hollywood career to become a novelist . Upon its release , the novel received wide critical acclaim , and was adapted into a 1972 film of the same name directed by Robert Mulligan and starring Uta Hagen . The novel was reprinted in a commemorative edition in 2012 by New York Review Books with an afterword by Dan Chaon .

neg: Not Easily Broken Not Easily Broken is an 2009 romantic comedy-drama film directed by Bill Duke . The film is written by Brian Bird based on T. D. Jakes ' 2006 novel of the same name .

neg: Jake Busey William Jacob `` Jake '' Busey ( born June 15 , 1971 ) is an American actor , musician and film producer . He is sometimes credited as Jacob Busey or William Busey . Busey was born in Los Angeles , and raised in Malibu , California , the son of photographer Judy Lynn Helkenberg , and actor Gary Busey . Busey spent his childhood on film sets and touring with bands in which his father played . He began considering his career choices at the age of five when he took up the two hobbies that grew into professions : acting and playing drums .

neg: K-PAX (film) K-PAX is a 2001 American science fiction-mystery film based on Gene Brewer 's 1995 novel of the same name , directed by Iain Softley , starring Kevin Spacey , Jeff Bridges , Mary McCormack and Alfre Woodard . The film is about a psychiatric patient who claims to be an alien from the planet K-PAX . During his treatment , the patient demonstrates an outlook on life that ultimately proves inspirational for his fellow patients and especially for his psychiatrist .

neg: Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll `` Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll '' is a song and single by Ian Dury . It was originally released as a Stiff Records single with `` Razzle in My Pocket '' as the B-side , on 26 August 1977 . The song was released under the name `` Ian Dury '' and only two members of the Blockheads appear on the record -- the song 's co-writer and guitarist Chas Jankel and saxophonist Davey Payne .

neg: Sex Ed (film) Sex Ed is a 2014 American comedy film directed by Isaac Feder and written by Bill Kennedy . The film stars Haley Joel Osment , Lorenza Izzo , Laura Harring , Abby Elliott , Glen Powell , Retta , and Matt Walsh . Sex Ed premiered at the Portland Film Festival on August 29 , 2014 , and was released in theaters on November 7 , 2014 , by MarVista Entertainment .

neg: Hollywood & Wine Hollywood & Wine is a 2010 American comedy film .

neg: Say Anything... Say Anything ... is a 1989 American romantic comedy-drama film written and directed by Cameron Crowe in his directorial debut . The film follows the romance between Lloyd Dobler ( John Cusack ) , an average student , and Diane Court ( Ione Skye ) , the valedictorian , immediately after their graduation from high school . In 2002 , Entertainment Weekly ranked Say Anything ... as the greatest modern movie romance , and it was ranked number 11 on Entertainment Weekly list of the 50 best high-school movies .

neg: Love & Understanding Love & Understanding is the seventh studio album by the funk band Kool & the Gang , released in 1976 . The album had mild success . Three tracks , `` Hollywood Swinging '' , `` Summer Madness '' and `` Universal Sound '' were recorded live at the Rainbow Theatre in London , England .   The song `` Summer Madness '' was used in the motion picture Rocky as radio background during a scene in Rocky 's home . It is also featured in the soundtrack of the videogame Tony Hawk 's Project 8 , Grand Theft Auto : Vice City , and in a Nike commercial . `` Hollywood Swinging '' is featured in the soundtrack of Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas .

neg: Duets (film) Duets is a 2000 American road trip film co-produced and directed by Bruce Paltrow and written by John Byrum . The motion picture features an ensemble cast co-starring Gwyneth Paltrow , Paul Giamatti , Maria Bello , Scott Speedman , Andre Braugher , Huey Lewis and Angie Dickinson , among others . The movie `` revolves around the little known world of karaoke competitions and the wayward characters who inhabit it . ''

neg: American Beauty (1999 film) American Beauty is a 1999 American drama film directed by Sam Mendes and written by Alan Ball . Kevin Spacey stars as Lester Burnham , a 42-year-old advertising executive who has a midlife crisis when he becomes infatuated with his teenaged daughter 's best friend , Angela ( Mena Suvari ) . Annette Bening co-stars as Lester 's materialistic wife , Carolyn , and Thora Birch plays their insecure daughter , Jane . Wes Bentley , Chris Cooper , and Allison Janney also feature . The film is described by academics as a satire of American middle-class notions of beauty and personal satisfaction ; analysis has focused on the film 's explorations of romantic , and paternal love , sexuality , beauty , materialism , self-liberation , and redemption .   Ball began writing American Beauty as a play in the early 1990s , partly inspired by the media circus around the Amy Fisher trial in 1992 . He shelved the play after realizing the story would not work on stage . After several years as a television screenwriter , Ball revived the idea in 1997 when attempting to break into the film industry . The modified script had a cynical outlook that was influenced by Ball 's frustrating tenures writing for several sitcoms . Producers Dan Jinks and Bruce Cohen took American Beauty to DreamWorks ; the then-fledgling film studio bought Ball 's script for $ 250,000 , outbidding several other production bodies . DreamWorks financed the $ 15 million production and served as its North American distributor . American Beauty marked acclaimed theater director Mendes ' film debut ; courted after his successful productions of the musicals Oliver ! and Cabaret , Mendes was , nevertheless , only given the job after 20 others were considered and several `` A-list '' directors turned down the opportunity .   Spacey was Mendes ' first choice for the role of Lester , though DreamWorks had urged the director to consider better-known actors ; similarly , the studio suggested several actors for the role of Carolyn until Mendes offered the part to Bening without DreamWorks ' knowledge . Principal photography took place between December 1998 and February 1999 on soundstages at the Warner Bros. backlot in Burbank , California , and on location in Los Angeles . Mendes ' dominant style was deliberate and composed ; he made extensive use of static shots and slow pans and zooms to generate tension . Cinematographer Conrad Hall complemented Mendes ' style with peaceful shot compositions to contrast with the turbulent on-screen events . During editing , Mendes made several changes that gave the film a less cynical tone than the script .   Released in North America on September 17 , 1999 , American Beauty was positively received by critics and grossed over $ 356 million worldwide . Reviewers praised most aspects of the production , with particular emphasis on Mendes , Spacey , and Ball ; criticism focused on the familiarity of the characters and setting . DreamWorks launched a major campaign to increase the film 's chances of Academy Award success ; at the 72nd Academy Awards the following year , the film won Best Picture , Best Director , Best Actor ( for Spacey ) , Best Original Screenplay , and Best Cinematography . It was nominated for and won many other awards and honors , mainly for the direction , writing , and acting .

neg: Lila & Eve Lila & Eve is a 2015 American crime drama film directed by Charles Stone III and written by Patrick Gilfillan . The film stars Viola Davis and Jennifer Lopez . It premiered on January 30 , 2015 , at the Sundance Film Festival . The film was released in North America on July 17 , 2015 , in a limited release and through video on demand by Samuel Goldwyn Films . This marks the second time Davis and Lopez acted in a film together , the first being the Steven Soderbergh film Out of Sight in 1998 .

neg: Courtney Love Courtney Michelle Love ( born Courtney Michelle Harrison ; born July 9 , 1964 ) is an American singer , actress , writer , and visual artist . Prolific in the punk and grunge scenes of the 1990s , Love has enjoyed a career that spans four decades . She rose to prominence as the frontwoman of the alternative rock band Hole , which she formed in 1989 . Love has drawn public attention for her uninhibited live performances and confrontational lyrics , as well as her highly publicized personal life following her marriage to Kurt Cobain .   The daughter of Hank Harrison and psychotherapist Linda Carroll , Love had an itinerant early life . She spent her formative years in San Francisco and Portland , Oregon , where she was in a series of short-lived bands before being cast in two films by British director Alex Cox . After forming Hole in 1989 , she received substantial attention from underground rock press for the group 's debut album , produced by Kim Gordon . Hole 's second release , Live Through This ( 1994 ) , gave her high-profile renown with critical accolades and multi-platinum sales . In 1995 , Love returned to acting , earning a Golden Globe Award nomination for her performance as Althea Leasure in Miloš Forman 's The People vs. Larry Flynt ( 1996 ) , which established her as a mainstream actress . The following year , she saw further mainstream success with the release of Hole 's third album , Celebrity Skin ( 1998 ) , which was nominated for multiple Grammy Awards .   Love continued to work as an actress into the early 2000s , appearing in big-budget pictures such as Man on the Moon ( 1999 ) and Trapped ( 2002 ) , before releasing her first solo album , America 's Sweetheart , in 2004 . The next few years were marked by publicity surrounding Love 's legal troubles and drug addiction , which resulted in a mandatory lockdown rehabilitation sentence in 2005 while she was in the process of writing a second planned solo album . That project became Nobody 's Daughter , which was released in 2010 as a Hole album but without any other members of the original lineup . Between 2014 and 2015 , she released two solo singles and returned to acting in the network series Sons of Anarchy and Empire .   Love has also had endeavors in writing , co-creating and co-authoring three volumes of a manga , Princess Ai , between 2004 and 2006 , as well as a memoir , Dirty Blonde : The Diaries of Courtney Love ( 2006 ) . In 2012 , she premiered an exhibit of mixed media visual art titled And She 's Not Even Pretty .

neg: Another Happy Day Another Happy Day is a 2011 American black comedy-drama film written and directed by Sam Levinson . The film stars an ensemble cast including Ellen Barkin , Kate Bosworth , Ellen Burstyn , Thomas Haden Church , George Kennedy , Ezra Miller , Demi Moore , Siobhan Fallon Hogan , Michael Nardelli , Jeffrey DeMunn , and Diana Scarwid .

neg: Love Rules (film) Love Rules is a 2004 comedy film starring Joey Lawrence and Maggie Lawson , airing on ABC Family . On its premiere night , Love Rules opened up with 4.1 million viewers tuning in for its premiere .

neg: Dream Boy (film) Dream Boy is a 2008 gay-themed romantic drama film written and directed by James Bolton and based on Jim Grimsley 's 1995 novel of the same name about two gay teenagers who fall in love in the rural South during the late 1970s .

neg: Jake Scott (director) Jake Scott ( born 1965 ) is an English film director who works primarily in the field of music videos . Most of his works were produced under the Ridley Scott Associates banner or RSA 's music video subdivision Black Dog Films . He has made videos for Soundgarden , The Smashing Pumpkins , Bush , Live , Blind Melon , Tori Amos , Tricky , Radiohead , Lily Allen , No Doubt , Oasis , The Supernaturals , The Strokes , The Verve , R.E.M. , U2 , and George Michael .   In January , 2014 , he oversaw the production , with 21 editors & 15 cinematographers , of the ' 1.24.14 ' film , aired on Apple.com . He was featured in the ` Behind the Scenes ' video .   He has also made two feature films , Plunkett & Macleane ( 1999 ) and Welcome to the Rileys ( 2010 ) .   He is the son of director Ridley Scott , and nephew of Tony Scott and brother of directors Jordan Scott and Luke Scott . His eldest daughter is model and artist Cuba Tornado Scott .

neg: Without Love (film) Without Love is a 1942 play by Philip Barry , later made into a 1945 romantic comedy film starring Spencer Tracy and Katharine Hepburn . The film was directed by Harold S. Bucquet from a screenplay by Donald Ogden Stewart based on the Barry play . Lucille Ball also stars in the film .

neg: Bop Gun (Homicide: Life on the Street) `` Bop Gun '' is the second season premiere of the American police drama television series Homicide : Life on the Street , and the tenth overall episode of the series . It originally aired on NBC in the United States on January 6 , 1994 . In the episode , the Baltimore homicide unit investigates the shooting death of the wife of a tourist , played by guest star Robin Williams .   The episode was written by David Mills and David Simon based on a story by executive producer Tom Fontana , and directed by Stephen Gyllenhaal . In response to network feedback and poor ratings from the first season , `` Bop Gun '' marked several changes in the series , including a less bleak visual style and a greater focus on one plot , rather than multiple subplots . It was also the first episode to focus primarily on a homicide victim , rather than on the detectives . Simon felt the dialogue was realistic , especially that of the dark humor employed by detectives as a coping mechanism for dealing with the horrors of the job .   Williams previously worked with Homicide executive producer Barry Levinson on the films Good Morning , Vietnam ( 1987 ) and Toys ( 1992 ) . This led to speculation that Williams took the role on `` Bop Gun '' as a favor to Levinson , but the actor insisted it was out of admiration for the series itself . A young Jake Gyllenhaal , the son of the episode 's director , makes an appearance as Williams ' son . The episode was the first to feature Chris Tergesen as music coordinator , which resulted in the use of more songs than previous episodes , including `` Killer '' by Seal and `` Feels Like Rain '' by Buddy Guy .   `` Bop Gun '' was seen by 16.3 million viewers , one of the highest Nielsen ratings of the week , thanks in large part due to interest in Williams ' appearance . The episode received generally positive reviews , with several particularly complimenting the dramatic performance by Williams . `` Bop Gun '' won a Writers Guild of America Award for Best Screenplay of an Episodic Drama . Williams also received an Emmy Award nomination for Guest Actor in a Drama Series . The episode , along with the rest of the first and second seasons of Homicide : Life on the Street was released on DVD in the United States on May 27 , 2003 .

neg: Love Liza Love Liza is a 2002 American comedy-drama film directed by Todd Louiso and starring Philip Seymour Hoffman , Kathy Bates , Jack Kehler , Wayne Duvall , Sarah Koskoff and Stephen Tobolowsky .


query: The Catalyst was an unreleased single by Linkin Park.

pos: The Catalyst `` The Catalyst '' is a song by American rock band Linkin Park . Released on August 2 , 2010 , it is the first single from their fourth studio album , A Thousand Suns , which was released on September 8 , 2010 . The music video for the song , directed by the band 's turntablist Joe Hahn , was released on August 26 , 2010 .   `` The Catalyst '' is used in the trailer and credits of the video game Medal of Honor and also the opening song of Namco-Bandai 's Arcade game , Mobile Suit Gundam : Extreme Vs. . It was also used in select commercials of the Discovery Channel series , Surviving the Cut . The song was also featured in the video game Linkin Park Revenge for the iPhone , iPad , and iPod Touch . `` The Catalyst '' has also been used in the advertisement for the 2011 movie The Lincoln Lawyer with Matthew McConaughey .   `` The Catalyst '' , along with five other songs from A Thousand Suns , are featured in the `` Linkin Park Track Pack '' as downloadable content for the rhythm video game Guitar Hero : Warriors of Rock . The track pack was released on October 19 , 2010 .

neg: Collide (band) Collide is an American music duo founded in 1992 , in Los Angeles , California , United States , that has incorporated elements of trip hop , synthpop and music from the Middle East into their sound . Their imagery is said to be a wicked and neo-dark version of Scheherazade 's Arabian Nights tales .   The name comes from the ` collision ' of musical styles , primarily the ethereal vocals provided by kaRIN and the electronic music provided by Statik . Collide 's debut album , Beneath the Skin , was released in 1996 , followed by a remix album , Distort , in 1998 containing remixes by artists such as Kneel Cohn of the bands Spirits In Sin and The Dead Stars On Hollywood . Dissatisfied with the music industry , Collide started their own record label , Noiseplus Music , and in 2000 , they released their second studio album , Chasing the Ghost .   Three years later , they released their third studio album , Some Kind of Strange . The following year , the band released another remix album , Vortex , containing remixes by numerous remix artists , including Charlie Clouser . Joining kaRIN and Statik this time around , and for their first live performances a little later in the year , were Scott Landes ( guitar ) , Rogerio Silva ( guitar ) , Chaz Pease ( drums ) , and Kai Kurosawa ( Warr guitars/bass ) .   In 2005 Collide released a DVD , entitled Like the Hunted , along with a live CD . Then they recorded with Curve 's Dean Garcia in a project called The Secret Meeting . The album , Ultrashiver , was released under their Noiseplus label on June 26 , 2007 . On September 23 , 2008 , the band released their fourth studio album Two Headed Monster . Special guests on the album included Danny Carey from Tool and Dean Garcia from Curve .   At Halloween 2009 , the album These Eyes Before was released . It was a 10-song album of cover versions of well-known songs by artists such as The Beatles , Depeche Mode , Radiohead , and Pink Floyd . Currently , they are offering a free song in exchange for donations which will go towards the recording of a new album .   In January 2011 , Collide was nominated for The 10th Annual Independent Music Awards under the Cover Song category for `` The Lunatics Have Taken Over the Asylum '' .

neg: Catalyst (band) Catalyst was a funk/jazz quartet from Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , whose material presaged the work of later jazz fusion artists . The group encountered regional success in the 1970s and have become more widely known since the re-release of their material on CD .   The group was discovered by producer Skip Drinkwater , who signed them to Muse Records after hearing them play at a club in West Philadelphia . Drinkwater and Dennis Wilen produced their debut self-titled LP , released in 1972 with the following personnel : Eddie Green ( keyboards , vocals ) , Sherman Ferguson ( percussion ) , Odean Pope ( saxophone , flute , oboe ) , Alphonso Johnson ( bass ) . The group received little label support for major tours and so spent most of their playing time in the Philadelphia and New York areas . The group recorded and released a second album in 1972 on Cobblestone Records , entitled Perception ; by this time , bassist Johnson had left the group to join Weather Report , and was replaced by Tyrone Brown . Drinkwater and Wilen also produced this album .   Garnering comparisons to John Coltrane , Weather Report , and Return to Forever , a cult following had grown up around the band by this time , who returned in 1974 with Unity , again on Muse . The album featured Billy Hart in addition to its core members . 1975 's After a Tear and a Smile would be the group 's final release ; poor album sales and disenchantment with the industry led the group to disband in 1976 .   Following their time with Catalyst , Green , Brown and Fergusson played with Pat Martino on the 1974 album Consciousness , Brown and Fergusson also played on the album Pat Martino Live recorded in 1972 on which the guitarist 's epic version of `` Sunny '' appears . And MFSB , and both Pope and Brown began playing gigs with Max Roach ; Pope also played with the Saxophone Choir . Ferguson later played with Pharoah Sanders , Bud Shank , and Kenny Burrell .   In the 1990s , the Muse catalog was acquired by Joel Dorn 's 32 Jazz label , which released some of Catalyst 's work on a 1998 compilation album . Fan interest led to their entire four-album discography being released as a 2-CD set , entitled The Funkiest Band You Never Heard .   `` Ai n't it the Truth '' and `` Ile Ife '' were covered by Uri Caine ( keyboards ) , A. Thompson ( Drums , from The Roots ) , and Christian McBride ( bass ) , on their album `` The Philadelphia Experiment '' .

neg: Good Goodbye `` Good Goodbye '' is a promotional single by American rock band Linkin Park , featuring guest vocals from American rapper Pusha T and English hip hop artist Stormzy . The song is a promotional single from their seventh studio album , One More Light . The song was written by Linkin Park members , with Pusha T and Stormzy writing their own verses . The song was released for download on April 13 , 2017 .

neg: Rosetta Stone (1970s band) Rosetta Stone were a Northern Irish pop rock band from Downpatrick Northern Ireland , which included the ex-guitarist of the Bay City Rollers , Ian Mitchell . The group released two albums and one EP before dissolving in 1984 .   The genesis of Rosetta Stone came in 1973 , as childhood friends Mitchell , Terry McKee , Damian McKee , and Colin McKee ( not the footballer Colin McKee ) formed a band called Young City Stars . They played local clubs and dance halls , often opening concerts for the Bay City Rollers with their sound engineer Brian Herron .   In early 1976 , Mitchell left the Young City Stars to join the Bay City Rollers . He was replaced by Belfast-born guitarist Andy LeGear . Mitchell would return later that year as the group , now managed by Rollers manager Tam Paton , changed their name to Rosetta Stone . In 1977 , Rosetta Stone signed with Private Stock Records . They appeared on Marc Bolan 's TV show Marc performing their single , a cover of Cream 's `` Sunshine of Your Love '' . Their eponymous debut album ( known as Rock Pictures in some territories ) was released in the United States in May 1978 . A second album , Caught in the Act , followed in 1979 .   In early 1979 Ian Mitchell once again departed , to be replaced by Paul `` Flash '' Lerwill . Lerwill ( a former Edinburgh DJ at local hotspot `` Clouds '' ) left in 1982 and was replaced by Enda Walsh . That same year the EP Hiding From Love was released , after which the group permanently disbanded . The tracks `` Hiding from Love '' , `` Remember '' and `` Straight from the Heart '' , were all penned by Bryan Adams . `` Hiding From Love '' , which had previously been a # 64 hit in Canada for Adams in 1980 , became a bigger hit for Rosetta Stone , where it reached # 46 in Canada in 1982 . Adams would later record his own version of `` Straight From the Heart '' in 1983 , and made it a Top 20 hit in Canada and a Top 10 hit in the US . Soon after their Roadie Brian left the band due to family commitments went on to produce his own record label In Miami USA .   There have been a number of Rosetta Fests ( reunions ) where the band have performed together again . The final fest , was held in Toronto in September 2007 In 2012 they held a sold out reunion show in their hometown at Mullan 's Bar Downpatrick .

neg: Impetus (album) Impetus is a reissue of the EP Passive Restraints by the band Clutch in 1997 .

neg: Andrea Parkins Andrea Parkins is an American composer , sound artist , performer and improvisational musician based in New York . She is known for her inventive explorations on the electric accordion , generative sound processing , and arrangements of objects and sound . Parkins received a BFA from Tufts University and MFA from Mason Gross School of the Arts , Rutgers University .   Parkins 's work is influenced by the compositional strategies of John Cage and Fluxus and pays homage to musique concrète and 1970s analog synth . Parkins often incorporates electronically processed accordion , customized sound processing , live tape manipulation , analog effects boxes , laptop electronics , acoustic piano , sampling , and amplified objects . Her method and sound were characterized by LA Weekly as : `` The big , varied , confidently conceived abstractions Parkins yanks from her squeezebox , laptop , effects devices and maybe piano -- cloudy and cranky one minute , surgically sharp the next . '' With an unconventional approach to instruments , Parkins `` fragments the instrument 's traditional vocabulary and expands its capabilities with electronics and extended techniques . ''   Recently Andrea Parkins has been developing a series of interactive sound and image works inspired by the structures of Rube Goldberg 's circuitous machines . Describing this organizational approach Stephen Bezan remarked : `` the individual sounds manipulated by Parkins seem to interact and influence the outcome of the other , crafting a goal-oriented structure based on timbre , not harmony or rhythm . This approach transcends the inherent cacophony of the material and reveals a genuinely organic , even playful quality to her work . '' Parkins has described her Rube Goldberg approach as a means for examining slippages between object and meaning . She observed : `` An important conceptual thread running through these pieces is the discovery and expression of metaphors for the slippage and tension between object and meaning that occurs through the passage of time . '' Describing her intentions , Parkins noted : `` As both a sonic and visual artist , I try to build and layer idiosyncratic systems and structures that point to these shifts in meaning . ''   Andrea Parkins has toured and exhibited internationally and has been presented at the Whitney Museum of American Art , The Kitchen , Experimental Intermedia , and Diapason Gallery for Sound and Intermedia . She has collaborated with musicians such as Nels Cline , Jim Black , Ellery Eskelin , David Watson , David Fenech , Fred Frith , Thomas Lehn , Günter Müller , and Otomo Yoshihide and choreographers Olive Bieringa and Otto Ramstad from the BodyCartography Project . Parkins has been the recipient of various grants , awards , and residencies including Meet the Composer , New York State Council for the Arts , Harvestworks Media Art Center , in New York City , Frei und Hanseastadt Hamburg Kulturbehoerde , in Germany , and CESTA in the Czech Republic .

neg: Delay 1968 Delay 1968 , or just Delay ( as the SACD version is titled ) , is a compilation album of early outtakes of Can 's work with singer Malcolm Mooney , including some of the band 's earliest material . It contains the song `` The Thief '' , which had already been released officially as a slightly longer version on United Artists compilation album Electric Rock in 1970 . The track was later covered live by Radiohead .   Holger Czukay has said that Delay 1968 was originally intended to be the band 's first album and would have been titled Prepared to Meet Thy PNOOM ( `` Pnoom '' being the name of the album 's second track -- a 27-second saxophone instrumental , recorded as part of their Ethnological Forgery Series ) . When no record company would release the record , Can set out to make a somewhat more accessible album , which became their 1969 debut Monster Movie . Parts of Delay 1968 circulated in bootleg form for several years under the title Unopened , and included other tracks recorded during the same sessions that would later surface in various forms on other albums .

neg: Stone (Alice in Chains song) `` Stone '' is the second single by American rock band Alice in Chains from their 2013 album , The Devil Put Dinosaurs Here . The song reached the top of the Billboard Mainstream Rock chart . A music video has been released for the song . According to Graham Hartmann writing for Loudwire , `` the new single -LSB- ... -RSB- has its fair share of sludge -LSB- ... -RSB- , further delving into a dark and unnerving side of alternative rock and atmospheric metal . ''

neg: The Singles Tour The Singles Tour was a 1998 concert tour by English electronic band Depeche Mode in support of the act 's singles compilation album , The Singles 86 > 98 , which was released in September 1998 .   The tour , which was officially announced in Cologne , Germany in April 1998 , was the group 's first since the Exotic Tour/Summer Tour in 1994 . A year prior , the group opted not to tour in order to promote Ultra , their ninth studio album , after issues surrounding the band following the lengthy tours in support of Songs of Faith and Devotion . This was the first tour without keyboardist Alan Wilder since he joined the group in 1982 ; Wilder left the band indefinitely in 1995 citing an `` imbalance in the distribution of the workload '' .   The tour began with a European leg , kicking off in Tartu , Estonia in early September and culminating in San Sebastián , Spain in mid-October . Later in the month , the band commenced a tour of North America , beginning in Worcester , Massachusetts . The eight-week jaunt included an appearance at the KROQ Almost Acoustic Christmas concert in Los Angeles . Billy Corgan , lead singer of The Smashing Pumpkins , performed the song `` Never Let Me Down Again '' with Depeche Mode at this concert . The tour eventually wrapped up in Anaheim , California in late December .   The tour marked the debut of two of the group 's backing musicians : keyboardist Peter Gordeno , who replaced Wilder , and drummer Christian Eigner , who previously performed with the band in 1997 for two Ultra Parties concerts .

neg: Petrified/Remember the Name `` Petrified/Remember the Name '' is a double single by American hip hop artist Fort Minor , the side project of rock band Linkin Park 's co-lead vocalist Mike Shinoda . It is the first single from his 2005 album The Rising Tied , released on October 3 , 2005 .

neg: Songs to Burn Your Bridges By Songs to Burn Your Bridges By is the fourth album by rock band Project 86 . Originally released independently in November 2003 on the band 's own label Team Black , the album was re-released on Tooth & Nail Records on June 1 , 2004 . In addition to a slightly re-ordered track listing , the re-release featured new artwork , three previously unreleased songs , and higher production quality .   Only 5,000 copies of the Team Black edition were pressed . For the `` mother lode '' pre-order of Picket Fence Cartel in 2009 , one would receive one of only 300 copies the band still had in their possession .

neg: Silenced by the Night `` Silenced by the Night '' is a song by English rock band Keane from their fourth studio album Strangeland . It was released worldwide as the album 's lead single on 13 March 2012 , except for the United Kingdom where it was released on 15 April 2012 . The song was written by Tim Rice-Oxley , Tom Chaplin , Richard Hughes , Jesse Quin and produced by Dan Grech-Marguerat .

neg: The Fountainhead (band) The Fountainhead was an Irish rock band founded by Steve Belton and Pat O'Donnell in 1982 . In 1984 , the duo won a music contest with a prize of 20 hours of recording time at Windmill Lane Studios . They used this time to record their first single , `` Rhythm Method '' , which they released independently in 1984 . After the song became popular on Irish radio , they were offered a contract with China Records .   The band 's name comes from the novel of the same name by the Objectivist author and philosopher , Ayn Rand .   China Records released the band 's first studio album , The Burning Touch , in 1986 . For touring , Belton and O'Donnell brought in bass player Peter McKinney , drummer Willie de Mange , and keyboardist Phil Rennick . The expanded lineup debuted on 17 May 1986 at the Self Aid benefit concert . Their performance of the song `` Feel It Now '' appeared on the follow-up Live for Ireland charity album .   The Fountainhead began a North American tour in November 1986 . Songs from their final American show , at Whisky a Go Go on 9 December 1986 , were recorded and released as an EP in 1987 .   Their second and final studio album , Voice of Reason , was released in 1988 . The group disbanded in 1990 .

neg: Lies Greed Misery `` Lies Greed Misery '' is a song by American rock band Linkin Park . It is the fourth track from their fifth studio album , Living Things . It has entered the UK Rock Singles Charts at number 26 , although it has n't been released as a single . The song was written by the band and produced by co-lead vocalist Mike Shinoda and Rick Rubin . `` Lies Greed Misery '' was used as a promotional single and was the reward for a scavenger hunt contest run by Linkin Park . It was used in the promotion of Medal of Honor : Warfighter and got its premier in the multiplayer trailer for the game . Its working title was `` Piledriver '' and later `` Breaking Point '' .

neg: Thrash Unreal `` Thrash Unreal '' is a single by punk group Against Me ! . It is the second single from their album New Wave . It was their first single to chart in the United States , hitting # 11 on the US Modern Rock Chart , and was their highest charting single at the time . The title of the song was coined by the album 's producer , Butch Vig . It was also released as a downloadable track for the Rock Band video game series on March 17 , 2009 .

neg: Unknown Road Unknown Road is the second album by Pennywise , released on August 17 , 1993 through Epitaph Records . After frontman Jim Lindberg briefly left the band during touring in support of its previous album , Pennywise ( 1991 ) , Pennywise began the recording sessions for their second album . Released a year before the success of punk rock in California , Unknown Road gained Pennywise supporting slots on national and world tours with bands such as The Offspring ( who was just about to hit the mainstream with then-new album Smash ) . Some archived footage of the Unknown Road tour dates can be seen on the band 's 1995 documentary Home Movies .   Like their self-titled debut album Pennywise , Unknown Road failed to chart in Billboard magazine . This would be Pennywise 's last uncharted album to date .

neg: Audio-Visions Audio-Visions is the seventh studio album by American progressive rock band Kansas , released in 1980 . The album was reissued in remastered format on CD in 1996 on Legacy/Epic and again in 2011 , as a Japanese import vinyl-replica CD , as well as part of the Sony/Legacy domestic boxed set , Kansas Complete Album Collection 1974-1983 , which packages all of the band 's original releases on Kirshner and affiliated labels CBS/Columbia .   Kerry Livgren 's recent conversion to Christianity is first heard on this album , primarily in the lyrics to `` Hold On '' ( which was written as an evangelistic plea to his wife ) . That song was the original lineup 's last Top 40 , peaking at # 40 as the album 's first single . The second single from the album , `` Got to Rock On , '' charted outside the Top 40 , and was released as a promo only 12 '' single as well , featuring a live version of the song on Side B of the promotional single , taken from an ABC Radio `` the Source '' live concert broadcast from Chicago . In addition , another stop on the Audio-Visions tour was broadcast on the radio , on the radio show `` A Night on the Road , '' from the Palladium in New York City . In addition to playing almost every song on the album on the tour , the band also played one selection each from Livgren and Walsh 's recent solo albums . While every song on the Monolith album was played during the early part prior Monolith tour , not a single song from Monolith was played on the Audio-Visions tour .   The eighth song on this album , `` No One Together '' , was originally intended for release on the previous album , Monolith , released in 1979 , but it was dropped from that album due to an argument between Walsh and Livgren over whose song should be included there ( with Walsh winning out the argument by having his song , `` How My Soul Cries Out for You '' , included ) and wound up on this album instead .   The album was to be the last album with the band 's original lineup until 2000 's Somewhere to Elsewhere , and coincidentally the band 's last studio album to be certified gold by the RIAA ( which it did in December 1980 ) .   The album was later repackaged as Playlist : Audio-Visions , removing the last three tracks and including `` How My Soul Cries Out for You '' in the place of `` No One Together '' .

neg: Translucent Flashbacks – The Singles Translucent Flashbacks is a compilation album released in 1995 and combines the first three Spacemen 3 singles and all their B-sides . The singles which were released on Glass Records between 1986 & 1988 are `` Walkin ' With Jesus '' , Transparent Radiation EP and `` Take Me To The Other Side '' .   Different versions of many of these tracks can actually be found on The Perfect Prescription album with one track , `` Rollercoaster , '' available on the debut Sound of Confusion album . A version of this album was also released in the US by Taang ! records and called Spacemen 3 The Singles ; although the album booklet gives no dates for the singles releases and no info on the band , it features what may have been the original artworks for the individual record covers .

neg: Livid (festival) Livid was an Australian alternative rock music festival held annually from 1989 to 2003 . Masterminded by Peter Walsh and Natalie Jeremijenko , the original idea of showcasing both the arts ( Natalie ) and music ( Peter ) in the one event was standardised as late as October/early November from 1991 until 2003 . While it has never been officially cancelled , no festivals have been held since 2003 and neither the organisers or promoters have announced any intention to restart Livid in the future .   Headline artists for the festival 's most recent dates included Linkin Park , The White Stripes and Yeah Yeah Yeahs in 2003 , Powderfinger and Oasis in 2002 , and Butthole Surfers , Billy Bragg and Ash in 2001 .   The festival began in 1989 with a 1500-strong audience at the University of Queensland in Brisbane . Its growing popularity saw it move to Davies Park in the Brisbane suburb of West End and later the RNA Showgrounds . Until the establishment of the Homebake festival in 1995 , Livid was the only major Australian rock festival apart from the Big Day Out . In 1990 , the Livid festival became the first of the recent `` touring '' festivals when it was held at Harold Park Paceway in Sydney 's Glebe . This event was infamous for the non-appearance of Red Head King Pin , whom ( it was said by the promoters ) refused to come out of the toilet in his hotel to appear . An ad hoc band consisting of members of The Go-Betweens and other musicians reappeared to attempt to quell the crowd . In 2002 , the festival attempted a national move and held events in Sydney and Melbourne . Despite the reasonable success of this move , Livid was now in direct competition with Sydney 's Homebake festival and the nationwide Big Day Out , and citing a `` scarcity of headline acts on this year 's international festival touring circuit '' , the event 's promoters announced that the show would not he held in 2004 . Livid has not been held since , despite initial promises that it would return in 2005 .

neg: Vanished (Crystal Castles song) `` Vanished '' is a single by Crystal Castles . It was released on Play It Again Sam Records on July 21 , 2008 , despite the fact that the release was supposed to be canceled . The band did not want to release the song as a single and did not approve of the track listing or the artwork . `` Tell Me What to Swallow '' beat demo was a rejected remix by a French producer , not produced by Ethan Kath , but somehow the song appeared on the release . The vocals are sampled from the track `` Sex City '' from Van She .