query: Heinrich Himmler was a leading member of the Nazi Party of France.

pos: Heinrich Himmler Heinrich Luitpold Himmler ( -LSB- ˈhaɪnʁɪç ˈluˑɪtˌpɔlt ˈhɪmlɐ -RSB- ; 7 October 1900 -- 23 May 1945 ) was Reichsführer of the Schutzstaffel ( Protection Squadron ; SS ) , and a leading member of the Nazi Party ( NSDAP ) of Germany . Nazi leader Adolf Hitler briefly appointed him a military commander and later Commander of the Replacement ( Home ) Army and General Plenipotentiary for the administration of the entire Third Reich ( Generalbevollmächtigter für die Verwaltung ) . Himmler was one of the most powerful men in Nazi Germany and one of the people most directly responsible for the Holocaust .   As a member of a reserve battalion during World War I , Himmler did not see active service . He studied agronomy in college , and joined the Nazi Party in 1923 and the SS in 1925 . In 1929 , he was appointed Reichsführer-SS by Hitler . Over the next 16 years , he developed the SS from a mere 290-man battalion into a million-strong paramilitary group , and , following Hitler 's orders , set up and controlled the Nazi concentration camps . He was known to have good organisational skills and for selecting highly competent subordinates , such as Reinhard Heydrich in 1931 . From 1943 onwards , he was both Chief of German Police and Minister of the Interior , overseeing all internal and external police and security forces , including the Gestapo ( Secret State Police ) . Himmler had a lifelong interest in occultism , interpreting Germanic neopagan and Völkisch beliefs to promote the racial policy of Nazi Germany , and incorporating esoteric symbolism and rituals into the SS .   On Hitler 's behalf , Himmler formed the Einsatzgruppen and built extermination camps . As facilitator and overseer of the concentration camps , Himmler directed the killing of some six million Jews , between 200,000 and 500,000 Romani people , and other victims ; the total number of civilians killed by the regime is estimated at eleven to fourteen million people . Most of them were Polish and Soviet citizens .   Late in World War II , Hitler charged Himmler with the command of the Army Group Upper Rhine and the Army Group Vistula ; he failed to achieve his assigned objectives and Hitler replaced him in these posts . Realising that the war was lost , he attempted to open peace talks with the western Allies without Hitler 's knowledge shortly before the war ended . Hearing of this , Hitler dismissed him from all his posts in April 1945 and ordered his arrest . Himmler attempted to go into hiding , but was detained and then arrested by British forces once his identity became known . While in British custody , he committed suicide on 23 May 1945 .

neg: Conversion of Jews to Catholicism during the Holocaust The conversion of Jews to Catholicism during the Holocaust is one of the most controversial aspects of the record of Pope Pius XII during The Holocaust .   According to John Morley , who wrote about Vatican diplomacy during the Holocaust , `` one of the principal concerns of the Vatican , especially in the early days of the war , was those Jews who had converted to Catholicism , the so-called Catholic or Christian non-Aryans '' . Morley further argues that Pius XII was `` primarily , almost exclusively , concerned about baptized Jews '' . Moreover , Pius XII 's purported fear of reprisals against `` non-Aryan Catholics '' is often cited as a motive for his not speaking out against the Holocaust .   In many Axis and Axis-occupied countries , racial legislation restricted , banned , or did not recognize the conversion of Jews to Christianity . Across Europe -- in Croatia , France , Germany , Hungary , Italy , Romania , and Slovakia -- Pius XII 's nuncios saved their staunchest protests for the effects of the various anti-Jewish laws on baptized Jews . According to Roth and Ritner , `` this is a key point because , in debates about Pius XII , his defenders regularly point to denunciations of racism and defense of Jewish converts as evidence of opposition to antisemitism of all sorts '' . The Holocaust is one of the most acute examples of the `` recurrent and acutely painful issue in the Catholic-Jewish dialogue '' , namely `` Christian efforts to convert Jews '' .

neg: Gottlob Berger Gottlob Christian Berger ( 16 July 1896 -- 5 January 1975 ) was a senior German Nazi official who held the rank of SS-Obergruppenführer und General der Waffen-SS ( lieutenant general ) , and was the chief of the SS Main Office responsible for Schutzstaffel ( SS ) recruiting during World War II . Serving in the German Army during World War I , he was wounded four times and awarded the Iron Cross First Class . Immediately after the war , he was a leader of the Einwohnerwehr militia in his native North Württemberg . He joined the Nazi Party in 1922 , but lost interest in right-wing politics during the 1920s , training and working as a physical education teacher .   In the late 1920s , he rejoined the Nazi Party and became a member of the paramilitary Sturmabteilung ( SA ) in 1931 . He clashed with other leaders of the SA , and joined the Allgemeine-SS in 1936 . Initially responsible for physical education in an SS region , he was soon transferred to the staff of Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler as head of the sports office . In 1938 , he was appointed as head of the recruiting office of the SS Main Office ( SS-HA ) , taking over as chief of the SS-HA the following year . To a significant extent , Berger was the `` father '' of the Waffen-SS , as he not only implemented recruiting structures and policies that assisted the Waffen-SS to circumvent Wehrmacht controls over conscription , but also extended Waffen-SS recruiting first to `` Germanic '' volunteers from Scandinavia and western Europe , then Volksdeutsche ( ethnic Germans ) outside the Reich , and finally to peoples who in no way reflected Himmler 's ideas of `` racial purity '' . He consistently advocated greater ideological training for the Waffen-SS , but did not view SS ideology as a replacement for religion . He also sponsored and protected his friend Oskar Dirlewanger , whom he placed in command of a unit of convicted criminals ; the SS-Sonderkommando Dirlewanger subsequently committed many war crimes . Berger often clashed with senior officers of the Wehrmacht and even with senior Waffen-SS officers over his recruiting methods , but he took advantage of opportunities as they presented themselves in order to grow the Waffen-SS to a total of 38 divisions by war 's end .   Berger undertook several other roles in the latter stages of the war , while continuing as chief of the SS-HA . He had a key role in the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories from mid-1942 , allowing the SS to direct much of the economic activity in the east . In this role he proposed a plan to kidnap and enslave 50,000 Eastern European children between the ages of 10 and 14 , under the codename Heuaktion , a plan that was subsequently carried out . In response to the Slovak National Uprising in August 1944 , Berger was appointed as Military Commander in Slovakia , and was in charge during the initial failure to suppress the revolt . The following month he was appointed as one of the two chiefs of staff of the Volkssturm militia , and as chief of the prisoner of war camps . In the final months of the war he commanded German forces in the Bavarian Alps , which included remnants of several of the Waffen-SS units he had helped recruit . He surrendered to U.S. troops near Berchtesgaden , and was promptly arrested . He was tried and convicted in the Ministries Trial of the U.S. Nuremberg Military Tribunals for war crimes , and was sentenced to 25 years imprisonment . His sentence was soon reduced to 10 years , and he was released after serving six and a half years . After release he advocated for the rehabilitation of the Waffen-SS and worked in several manufacturing businesses . He died in his hometown in 1975 .   Described as blustery , cynical , and `` one of Himmler 's most competent and trusted war-time lieutenants '' , Berger was also an ardent anti-Semite and a skilled and unscrupulous bureaucratic manipulator . Due to his organisational and recruiting skills , Berger was kept as the chief of the SS-HA throughout the war .

neg: German resistance to Nazism German resistance to Nazism ( German : Widerstand ) was the opposition by individuals and groups in Germany to the National Socialist regime between 1933 and 1945 . Some of these engaged in active plans to remove Adolf Hitler from power and overthrow his regime .   The term German resistance should not be understood as meaning that there was a united resistance movement in Germany at any time during the Nazi period , analogous to the more coordinated Polish Underground State , Greek Resistance , Yugoslav Partisans , French Resistance , Dutch Resistance , Norwegian resistance movement and Italian Resistance . The German resistance consisted of small and usually isolated groups . They were unable to mobilize political opposition . Save for individual attacks on Nazis ( including Hitler ) or sabotage acts , the only real strategy was to persuade leaders of the Wehrmacht to stage a coup against the regime : the 1944 assassination attempt against Hitler was intended to trigger such a coup .   Approximately 77,000 German citizens were killed for one or another form of resistance by Special Courts , courts-martial , People 's Court and the civil justice system . Many of these Germans had served in government , the military , or in civil positions , which enabled them to engage in subversion and conspiracy ; in addition the Canadian historian Peter Hoffman counts unspecified `` tens of thousands '' in concentration camps who were either suspected or actually engaged in opposition . By contrast , the German historian Hans Mommsen wrote that resistance in Germany was `` resistance without the people '' and that the number of those Germans engaged in resistance to the Nazi regime was very small . The resistance in Germany included German citizens of non-German ethnicity , such as members of the Polish minority who formed resistance groups like Olimp .

neg: Ideology of the SS The ideology espoused by the Schutzstaffel ( `` Protection Squadron '' ; SS ) , a paramilitary force and instrument of terror of the Nazi Party in Nazi Germany , emphasized a racist vision of `` racial purity '' , antisemitism , and loyalty to Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany .   SS men were indoctrinated with the belief they were members of a `` master race '' . The ideology of the SS was , even more so than in Nazism in general , built on the belief in a superior `` Aryan race '' . This led to the SS playing the main role in political violence and crimes against humanity , including the Holocaust and `` mercy killing '' of those with congenital illnesses . After the defeat of Nazi Germany in World War II , the SS and Nazi Party were found to be criminal organizations at the Nuremberg Trials .

neg: French Communist Group The French Communist Group was a small organization of French residents in Russia , founded in Moscow in October 1918 . One of the founders , Jacques Sadoul , had been a French infantry soldier in Russia during World War I but had joined the Red Army and became an organized communist .   Prominent members of the French Communist Group included Jacques Sadoul , Pierre Pascal , Suzanne Girault and Henri Guilbeaux .   The group was affiliated to the Federation of Foreign Groups of the Russian Communist Party ( Bolsheviks ) . Although the organization was small , it was able to play an important role in educational work that enabled mutinies amongst French interventionist troops in Russia in 1919 .   The French Communist Group published the weekly newspaper La Troisième Internationale between October 1918 and March 1919 . The newspaper had as its stated goal to promote `` the enlightenment of the workers of France , Belgium and Switzerland about the Russian Revolution ; agitation among French soldiers at the front in Russia , the organization of French , Belgian and Swiss workers living in Russia . ''   The group was represented by Jacques Sadoul at the founding congress of the Communist International in March 1919 . Sadoul participated as a consultative delegate .   The group was torn apart by internal differences and squabbles between Guilbeaux and Sadoul . Victor Serge , who used to assist the meetings of the group in 1920 and 1921 , described it as a `` little nest of vipers '' .   One of the members of the group , the school teacher Jeanne Labourbe , was executed by French troops in Odessa in 1919 . Labourbe would be iconized as a communist martyr .   Suzanne Girault , who would later become a leading figure in the French Communist Party , became the secretary of the French Communist Group in Kiev in 1919 .

neg: Antisemitic League of France The Antisemitic League of France ( Ligue antisémitique de France ) was founded in 1889 by the journalist Edouard Drumont . First known under the name of Ligue nationale antisémitique de France ( National Antisemitic League of France ) or Ligue antisémite française ( French Antisemitic League ) , this nationalist league was particularly active during the Dreyfus Affair . Beside spreading anti-Semitic propaganda , the League was also anti-Masonry and anti-Communist . It had as general delegates Jacques de Biez . Jules Guérin was an active member of it . The League was located on rue Lepic in Paris .   Its 1889 foundation was inspired by the success of Drumont 's antisemitic pamphlet La France juive ( 1886 ) , and also by the Boulangist crisis . It was supported by newspapers such as Drumont 's La Libre Parole ; Jules Guérin 's French weekly L'Antijuif ( fr ) ( Paris , 1896-1902 ) ; the daily La Cocarde ( fr ) ( 1888-1907 ) founded by Georges de Labruyère ( fr ) and edited September 1894 - March 1895 by Maurice Barrès ; Henri Rochefort 's L'Intransigeant ; and the Catholic newspaper La Croix .   Beside propaganda , the League also organized antisemitic demonstrations and provoked some riots , a method later generalized by the far-right leagues in France . It denounced the Panama scandals , took side against Alfred Dreyfus and spread conspiracy theories concerning the Masonry 's alleged activities in the Third Republic .   After a disagreement between Drumont and Guérin in 1899 , the League became , under the direction of Guérin , the Grand Occident de France , still antisemitic but even more anti-Masonic , the name itself being a reaction against the Masonic Grand Orient de France . It was thereafter essentially linked to Guérin 's newspaper , L'Antijuif . The League progressively disappeared after the `` Fort Chabrol '' affair and the arrest of Guérin . After an initial surge during the Dreyfus Affair , far right leagues appeared again during the interwar period .

neg: Emanuel Schäfer Emanuel Schäfer ( April 20 , 1900 -- December 4 , 1974 ) was a high-ranking SS functionary ( SS-Oberführer ) and a protégé of Reinhard Heydrich in Nazi Germany .   Born in 1900 , Schäfer served in World War I. Post-war , he participated in far-right Freikorps groups such as the Marinebrigade Ehrhardt and from 1925 -- 28 , the Stahlhelm ( Steel Helmet ) .   Schäfer joined the paramilitary Sturmabteilung ( SA ) in 1933 . He was an active member of the Sicherheitsdienst ( SD ) , the SS security service , in 1933 , and entered the SS in September 1936 .   During World War II , Schäfer was head of the Nazi security police in Serbia . Between January and May 1942 , Schäfer supervised the murder by gassing of around 7,300 Jews from the Semlin camp across the Sava river from Belgrade . A Saurer gas van was used to kill the 7,300 . A further 1200 Jews died as a result of the camp 's harsh conditions , or from executions . The van was used for the last time on 10th May 1942 . In May 1942 , Schäfer sent a cable to the Reich Main Security Office boasting `` with pride '' that `` Belgrade was the only great city in Europe that was free of Jews . ''   In Germany after the war , Schäfer was sentenced to six and a half years in prison for his crimes during the war . He died in 1974 .

neg: France France ( -LSB- fʁɑ̃s -RSB- ) , officially the French Republic ( -LSB- ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz -RSB- ) , is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . The European , or metropolitan , area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . France spans 643801 km2 and had a total population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017 . It is a unitary semi-presidential republic with the capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban centres include Marseille , Lyon , Lille , Nice , Toulouse and Bordeaux .   During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome , which held Gaul until 486 , when the Germanic Franks conquered the region and formed the Kingdom of France . France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , with its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337 to 1453 ) strengthening state-building and political centralisation . During the Renaissance , French culture flourished and a global colonial empire was established , which by the 20th century would be the second largest in the world . The 16th century was dominated by religious civil wars between Catholics and Protestants ( Huguenots ) . France became Europe 's dominant cultural , political , and military power under Louis XIV . In the late 18th century , the French Revolution overthrew the absolute monarchy , established one of modern history 's earliest republics , and saw the drafting of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen , which expresses the nation 's ideals to this day .   In the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire , whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe . Following the collapse of the Empire , France endured a tumultuous succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870 . France was a major participant in the First World War , from which it emerged victorious , and was one of the Allied Powers in the Second World War , but came under occupation by the Axis Powers in 1940 . Following liberation in 1944 , a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War . The Fifth Republic , led by Charles de Gaulle , was formed in 1958 and remains to this day . Algeria and nearly all the other colonies became independent in the 1960s and typically retained close economic and military connections with France .   France has long been a global centre of art , science , and philosophy . It hosts Europe 's fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually , the most of any country in the world . France is a developed country with the world 's sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity . In terms of aggregate household wealth , it ranks fourth in the world . France performs well in international rankings of education , health care , life expectancy , and human development . France remains a great power in the world , being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state . It is a leading member state of the European Union and the Eurozone . It is also a member of the Group of 7 , North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) , Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) , and La Francophonie .

neg: Ascq massacre The Ascq massacre is a massacre of 86 men on 1 April 1944 in Ascq , France , by the Waffen-SS during the Second World War .   The 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend set out by rail for Normandy at the end of March , 1944 . On 1 April , their train was approaching the gare d'Ascq , a junction where three railroads intersected , when an explosion blew the line apart , causing two cars to derail . The commander of the convoy , SS Obersturmführer Walter Hauck , ordered troops to search and arrest all male members of the houses on both sides of the track . Altogether 70 men were shot beside the railway line and another 16 killed in the village itself . Six other men were arrested , charged with bomb attack after an investigation by the Gestapo , and finally executed by firing squad .   At the end of the war , some SS men stood trial in a French Military Court at Lille . They were sentenced to death ; later their sentences were commuted to imprisonment . The last prisoner Walter Hauck was released in July 1957 . Hauck also instigated a similar massacre in Leskovice in May 1945 .   After the massacre , 60,000 workers started a strike in Lille -- which is one of the most important demonstration in France during the World War II under German occupation -- and minimum 20,000 people were present at the funerals in the village .

neg: Right-wing politics Right-wing politics hold that certain social orders and hierarchies are inevitable , natural , normal , or desirable , typically supporting this position on the basis of natural law , economics or tradition . Hierarchy and inequality may be viewed as natural results of traditional social differences or the competition in market economies . The term right-wing can generally refer to `` the conservative or reactionary section of a political party or system . ''   The political terms Right and Left were first used during the French Revolution ( 1789 -- 99 ) , and referred to seating arrangements in the French parliament ; those who sat to the right of the chair of the parliamentary president were broadly supportive of the institutions of the monarchist Ancien Régime . The original Right in France was formed as a reaction against the Left , and comprised those politicians supporting hierarchy , tradition , and clericalism . The use of the expression la droite ( the right ) became prominent in France after the restoration of the monarchy in 1815 , when it was applied to the Ultra-royalists . The people of English-speaking countries did not apply the terms `` right '' and `` left '' to their own politics until the 20th century .   Although the right-wing originated with traditional conservatives , monarchists and reactionaries , the term extreme right-wing has also been applied to movements including fascists , Nazis , and racial supremacists . From the 1830s to the 1880s , there was a shift in the Western world of social class structure and the economy , moving away from nobility and aristocracy towards capitalism . This general economic shift toward capitalism affected centre right movements such as the British Conservative Party , which responded by becoming supportive of capitalism . In the United States , the Right includes both economic and social conservatives . In Europe , economic conservatives are usually considered liberal , and the Right includes nationalists , nativist opposition to immigration , religious conservatives , and historically a significant presence of right-wing movements with anti-capitalist sentiments including conservatives and fascists who opposed what they saw as the selfishness and excessive materialism inherent in contemporary capitalism .

neg: Final Solution The Final Solution ( Endlösung ) or the Final Solution to the Jewish Question ( die Endlösung der Judenfrage , -LSB- diː ˈɛntˌløːzʊŋ deːɐ̯ ˈjuːdn̩ˌfʁaːɡə -RSB- ) was a Nazi plan for the extermination of the Jews during World War II . The `` Final Solution of the Jewish Question '' was the Nazi code name for the plan to murder all Jews within reach , and was not limited to the European continent . This policy of deliberate and systematic genocide started across German-occupied Europe was formulated in procedural and geo-political terms by Nazi leadership in January 1942 at the Wannsee Conference near Berlin , and culminated in the Holocaust which saw the killing of 90 percent of Jewish Poles , and two-thirds of the Jewish population of Europe .   The nature and timing of the decisions that led to the Final Solution is an intensely studied and debated aspect of the Holocaust . The program evolved during the first 25 months of war leading to the attempt at `` murdering every last Jew in the German grasp . '' Most historians agree , wrote Christopher Browning , that the Final Solution can not be attributed to a single decision made at one particular point in time . `` It is generally accepted the decision-making process was prolonged and incremental . '' In 1940 , following the Fall of France , the Madagascar Plan was devised by Adolf Eichmann in order to relocate Europe 's Jewish population to the French colony ; but the plan was abandoned for logistical reasons mainly due to a naval blockade . There were also preliminary plans to deport Jews to Palestine and Siberia . In 1941 , wrote Raul Hilberg , in the first phase of the mass murder of Jews , the mobile killing units began to pursue their victims across occupied eastern territories ; in the second phase , stretching across all of German-occupied Europe , the Jewish victims were sent on death trains to centralized extermination camps built for the purpose of systematic implementation of the Final Solution .

neg: Democratic Republican Alliance The Democratic Alliance ( Alliance démocratique , AD ) , originally called Democratic Republican Alliance ( Alliance républicaine démocratique , ARD ) , was a French political party ( 1901 -- 1978 ) created in 1901 by followers of Léon Gambetta , such as Raymond Poincaré who would be president of the Council in the 1920s . The party was at first conceived by members of the Radical-Socialist Party tied to the business world who united themselves in May 1901 , along with many moderates , as gathering center-left liberals and `` Opportunist '' Republicans ( Gambetta , etc. ) . However , after World War I and the parliamentary disappearance of monarchists and Bonapartists , it quickly became the main center-right party of the Third Republic . It was part of the National Bloc right-wing coalition which won the elections after the end of the war . The ARD successively took the name Parti Républicain Démocratique ( Democratic Republican Party , PRD ) then Parti Républicain Démocratique et Social ( `` Social and Republican Democratic Party '' ) , before becoming again the AD .   The ARD was largely discredited after supporting the Vichy regime during World War II , an option strongly supported by its major leader Pierre-Étienne Flandin and other members such as Joseph Barthélémy . The center-right party tried to reform itself under the direction of Joseph Laniel , who had taken part in the Resistance . It temporarily joined the RGR ( Rassemblement des gauches républicaines ) , before merging into the Centre national des indépendants et paysans ( CNIP , National Center of Independents and Peasants ) . The AD , which in contrast to the French Section of the Workers ' International ( SFIO ) or the French Communist Party ( PCF ) never became a mass political party founded on voting discipline ( in these left-wing parties , deputies usually vote in agreement with the party 's consensus ) , turned at that time in little more than an intellectual circle , whose members met during suppers . However , it was dissolved in only 1978 , long after its effective disappearance from the political scene .   Under the Third Republic , the majority of the AD 's deputies sat in the `` Left Republicans '' ( Républicain de Gauche ) group , the main center-right parliamentary formation ( due to a particularity called `` sinistrisme '' , French right-wing politicians have for a very long time refused to admit belonging to the right-wing , as the Republic was traditionally associated with the left-wing and the right-wing with monarchists such as the Legitimists or the Orleanists ) .

neg: Frankfurt Documents thumb | right | 200px | Members of the Frankfurt conference  Frankfurt Documents were a series of documents which were an important step on the way to the founding of the Federal Republic of Germany .   On July 1 , 1948 the representatives of the Western allied occupation forces handed over a number of documents to the prime ministers and two ruling mayors from the western zones of occupation , in which the recommendations were made , including establishing a West German state . The main problem of these recommendations was that they did not provide all-German solution , but only a West German state . The Frankfurt documents formed a working basis for the work on the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany . They were created at the London 6-Power Conference in early 1948 .   The handover took place in the IG Farben Building in Frankfurt am Main , and the documents took the name of this town . The military governors Lucius D. Clay ( United States ) , Marie-Pierre Koenig ( France ) and Sir Brian Robertson ( UK ) issued an order establishing a western German state . Present were Peter Altmeier ( Rhineland-Palatinate ) , Karl Arnold ( North Rhine-Westphalia ) , Lawrence Bock ( Württemberg-Hohenzollern ) , Max Brauer ( Hamburg ) , Hans Ehard ( Bavaria ) , Wilhelm Kaisen ( Bremen ) , Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf ( Lower Saxony ) , Hermann Lüdemann ( Schleswig-Holstein ) , Reinhold Maier ( Württemberg-Baden ) , Christian Stock ( Hessen ) and Leo Wohleb ( Baden ) .   A West German state was to be established under the following conditions :   There should be a constitutional convention ( German : Verfassunggebende Versammlung , literally , `` Constituent Assembly '' ) before September 1 , 1948 , to draft a constitution shaping a federal form of government , while maintaining the rights of people and the participating states .  This constitution should first be approved by the military governments , then a referendum in the countries to ratify the Constitution .  The respective simple majority in two thirds of eleven West German states should be sufficient for ratification . Constitutional amendments must be approved by the military governors .  The German foreign policy should continue to be controlled by the military governors in a minimum , as Ruhr questions , repairs , industrial and rights of the Allied forces .  The boundaries of each state should be reviewed and it should , if necessary , taking into account of traditional forms of new countries are created , none compared to the other should be too large or too small .   The Frankfurt Documents prompted the Prime Minister to hold Rittersturz Conference in Koblenz , on the resolutions that were passed .   Category : Political history of Germany  Category : Political conferences

neg: Himmler (surname) Himmler is a German surname . Notable people with the surname include :   Ernst Hermann Himmler ( 1905 -- 1945 ) , German Nazi functionary and younger brother of Heinrich Himmler  Gebhard Ludwig Himmler ( 1898 -- 1989 ) , German Nazi functionary and older brother of Heinrich Himmler  Gudrun Burwitz , née Himmler ( born 1929 ) , daughter of Heinrich Himmler  Heinrich Himmler ( 1900 -- 1945 ) , Reichsführer of the Schutzstaffel ( SS ) , a military commander , and a leading member of the Nazi Party ( NSDAP ) of Nazi Germany  Katrin Himmler ( born 1967 ) , a German author , the granddaughter of Ernst Hermann Himmler , great-niece of Heinrich Himmler  Margarete Himmler ( 1893 -- 1967 ) , wife of Heinrich Himmler

neg: Aryan certificate In Nazi Germany , the Aryan certificate ( ` Ariernachweis ' ) was a document which certified that a person was a member of the Aryan race . Beginning in April 1933 it was required from all employees and officials in the public sector , including education , according to the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service . It was also a primary requirement to become a Reich citizen , mainly for those who were not present in Germany at the time of the National Socialist regime 's uprising .   There were two main types .  Kleiner Ariernachweis '' ( `` Lesser Aryan certificate '' ) was one of :  Seven birth or baptism certificates ( or a combination of both ) ( the person , his parents and grandparents ) and three marriage certificates ( parents and grandparents ) or certified proofs thereof .  Ahnenpass ( literally ancestor 's passport )  Certified genealogy table ( `` Ahnentafel '' )  `` Großer Ariernachweis '' ( `` Greater Aryan certificate '' ) was required for compliance with the requirements of `` Reichserbhofgesetz '' ( land heritage law ) and membership in the Nazi party . This certificate had to trace the family pedigree down to 1800 ( and to 1750 for SS officers ) . According to the especially strict regulation of this law which included the goal of `` Preserving the Purity of German Blood '' only those were eligible who could prove ( reaching back to January 1 , 1800 ) that `` none of their paternal nor their maternal ancestors had Jewish or colored blood '' .

neg: Gestapo–NKVD conferences The Gestapo -- NKVD conferences were a series of security police meetings organized in late 1939 and early 1940 by Germany and the Soviet Union , following their joint invasion of Poland in accordance with the Nazi-Soviet alliance . The meetings enabled both parties to pursue specific goals and aims as outlined independently by Hitler and Stalin , with regard to the acquired , formerly Polish territories . The conferences were held by the Gestapo and the NKVD officials in several Polish cities . In spite of their differences on other issues , both Heinrich Himmler and Lavrentiy Beria had similar objectives as far as the fate of the prewar Poland was concerned .   The attack on Poland ended with the Nazi -- Soviet victory parade in Brześć , which was held on 22 September 1939 . Brześć was the location of the first Nazi-Soviet meeting organized on 27 September 1939 , in which the prisoner exchange was decided prior to the signing of mutual agreements in Moscow a day later . In the following month , the Gestapo and the NKVD met in Lwów to discuss the fate of civilian populations during radical reorganization of the annexed territories . They met again in occupied Przemyśl at the end of November , because Przemyśl was a border crossing between the two invaders . The next series of meetings began in December 1939 , a month after the first transfer of Polish prisoners of war . The conferences were held in occupied Kraków in the General Government on 6 -- 7 December 1939 ; and continued for the next two days in the resort town of Zakopane in the Tatra Mountains of southern Poland ( 100 km from Kraków ) on 8 -- 9 December 1939 . The Zakopane Conference is the most remembered . From the Soviet side , several higher officers of the NKVD secret police participated in the meetings , while the German hosts provided a group of experts from the Gestapo .

neg: Politics of France The politics of France take place with the framework of a semi-presidential system determined by the French Constitution of the French Fifth Republic . The nation declares itself to be an `` indivisible , secular , democratic , and social Republic '' . The constitution provides for a separation of powers and proclaims France 's `` attachment to the Rights of Man and the principles of national sovereignty as defined by the Declaration of 1789 . ''   The political system of France consists of an executive branch , a legislative branch , and a judicial branch . Executive power is exercised by the President of the Republic and the Government . The Government consists of the Prime Minister and ministers . The Prime Minister is appointed by the President , and is responsible to Parliament . The government , including the Prime Minister , can be revoked by the National Assembly , the lower house of Parliament , through a `` censure motion '' ; this ensures that the Prime Minister is always supported by a majority of the lower house ( which , on most topics , has prominence over the upper house ) .   Parliament comprises the National Assembly and the Senate . It passes statutes and votes on the budget ; it controls the action of the executive through formal questioning on the floor of the houses of Parliament and by establishing commissions of inquiry . The constitutionality of the statutes is checked by the Constitutional Council , members of which are appointed by the President of the Republic , the President of the National Assembly , and the President of the Senate . Former presidents of the Republic also are members of the Council .   The independent judiciary is based upon civil law system which evolved from the Napoleonic codes . It is divided into the judicial branch ( dealing with civil law and criminal law ) and the administrative branch ( dealing with appeals against executive decisions ) , each with their own independent supreme court of appeal : the Court of Cassation for the judicial courts and the Conseil d'Etat for the administrative courts . The French government includes various bodies that check abuses of power and independent agencies .   France is a unitary state . However , its administrative subdivisions -- regions , departments and communes -- have various legal functions , and the national government is prohibited from intruding into their normal operations .   France was a founding member of the European Coal and Steel Community , later the European Union . As such , France has transferred part of its sovereignty to European institutions , as provided by its constitution . The French government therefore has to abide by European treaties , directives and regulations .

neg: Lebensraum The German concept of Lebensraum ( -LSB- ˈleːbənsˌʁaʊm -RSB- , `` living space '' ) refers to policies and practices of settler colonialism which proliferated in Germany from the 1890s to the 1940s . First popularized around 1901 , Lebensraum became a geopolitical goal of Imperial Germany in World War I ( 1914 -- 1918 ) originally , as the core element of the Septemberprogramm of territorial expansion . The most extreme form of this ideology was supported by the Nazi Party ( NSDAP ) and Nazi Germany until the end of World War II .   Following Adolf Hitler 's rise to power Lebensraum became an ideological principle of Nazism , and provided justification for the German territorial expansion into East-Central Europe . The Nazi Generalplan Ost policy ( the Master Plan for the East ) was based on its tenets . It stipulated that most of the indigenous populations of Eastern Europe would have to be removed permanently ( either through mass deportation to Siberia , death , or enslavement ) including Polish , Ukrainian , Russian , and other Slavic nations considered racially inferior and non-Aryan . The Nazi government aimed at repopulating these lands with Germanic colonists in the name of Lebensraum during World War II and thereafter . The entire populations were to be decimated by starvation , allowing for their own agricultural surplus to feed Germany .   Hitler 's strategic program for world domination was based on the belief in the power of Lebensraum , pursued by a racially superior society . People deemed to be part of inferior races , within the territory of Lebensraum expansion , were subjected to expulsion or destruction . The eugenics of Lebensraum assumed the right of the German Aryan master race ( Herrenvolk ) to remove indigenous people they considered to be of inferior racial stock ( Untermenschen ) in the name of their own living space . Nazi Germany also supported other ` Aryan ' nations ' pursuing their own Lebensraum , including Fascist Italy 's Spazio vitale .

neg: Dienstleiter (NSDAP) Dienstleiter , ( Service Leader ) was a high-ranking Nazi Party political rank of Nazi Germany which existed between 1933 and 1945 . The rank was first created after the Nazi assumption of power and served as the second highest rank of the Reichsleitung Nazi Party organizational level , subordinate to the Reichsleiter .

neg: National Socialist Party (Romania) The National Socialist Party ( formally Nationalist-Socialist Party of Romania ; Romanian : Partidul Național-Socialist din România , PNSR ) or Steel Testudo ( Pavăza de Oțel ) was a mimetic Nazi political party , active in Romania during the early 1930s . It was led by Colonel Ștefan Tătărescu , the brother of Gheorghe Tătărescu ( twice Prime Minister of Romania during that interval ) , and existed around the newspaper Crez Nou . One of several far-right factions competing unsuccessfully against the Iron Guard for support , the group made little headway , and existed at times as a satellite of the National-Christian Defense League .   The PNSR proposed a program of corporatism and statism , promising a basic income , full employment , and limits on capitalist profits . It was anticommunist generally , and in particular anti-Soviet , circulating the theory of Jewish Bolshevism while describing its own program as the alternative , `` positive '' , socialism . The party also claimed for itself the banner of Christianity , which it associated with calls for social reorganization and the expulsion or segregation of Romanian Jews . Its Germanophilia and antisemitism were supplemented by shows of support for the policies of King Carol II .   The PNSR ' ideological stance , exotic in its Romanian context , found favor in Nazi Germany , notably from Alfred Rosenberg . Overall , the PNSR failed in its bid to establish a pan-fascist alliance in Romania , and , despite being nativist , functioned as a magnet for Transylvanian Saxons , Bessarabia Germans , and Russian émigrés . Tătărescu was received officially by his German patrons , who also provided the PNSR with funds , but eventually dropped by them for his unpopularity and alleged corruption . In late 1933 , under the antifascist Prime Minister Ion G. Duca , the party was repressed .   Tătărescu exercised some influence over his brother 's government in 1934 , helping to steer the country away from its traditional alliances , but failed in his attempt to obtain arms deals for Germany . Disavowed by both its Nazi backers and Gheorghe Tătărescu , the party moderated its stances , then disappeared from the political scene in July 1934 . Its Saxon chapter , under Fritz Fabritius , reemerged as the German People 's Party the following year .


query: Indonesia is abundant with gold.

pos: Indonesia Indonesia ( -LSB- ɪndəˈniːʒə -RSB- or -LSB- ˌɪndoʊˈniːziə -RSB- ; Indonesian : -LSB- ɪndonesia -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of Indonesia ( -LSB- rɛpublik ɪndonesia -RSB- ) , is a unitary sovereign state and transcontinental country located mainly in Southeast Asia with some territories in Oceania . Situated between the Indian and Pacific oceans , it is the world 's largest island country , with more than seventeen thousand islands . At 1,904,569 km2 , Indonesia is the world 's 14th-largest country in terms of land area and world 's 7th-largest country in terms of combined sea and land area . It has an estimated population of over 260 million people and is the world 's fourth most populous country , the most populous Austronesian nation , as well as the most populous Muslim-majority country . The world 's most populous island , Java , contains more than half of the country 's population .   Indonesia 's republican form of government includes an elected legislature and president . Indonesia has 34 provinces , of which five have Special Administrative status . Its capital and country 's most populous city is Jakarta , which is also the most populous city in Southeast Asia and the second in Asia . The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea , East Timor , and the eastern part of Malaysia . Other neighbouring countries include Singapore , Vietnam , the Philippines , Australia , Palau , and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands . Despite its large population and densely populated regions , Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support the world 's second highest level of biodiversity . The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas , tin , copper and gold . Agriculture mainly produces rice , palm oil , tea , coffee , cacao , medicinal plants , spices and rubber . Indonesia 's major trading partners are Japan , United States , China and the surrounding countries of Singapore , Malaysia and Australia .   The Indonesian archipelago has been an important region for trade since at least the 7th century , when Srivijaya and then later Majapahit traded with China and India . Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural , religious and political models from the early centuries CE , and Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms flourished . Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources . Muslim traders and Sufi scholars brought the now-dominant Islam , while European powers brought Christianity and fought one another to monopolise trade in the Spice Islands of Maluku during the Age of Discovery . Following three and a half centuries of Dutch colonialism starting from Amboina and Batavia , and eventually all of the archipelago including Timor and Western New Guinea , at times interrupted by Portuguese , French and British rule , Indonesia secured its independence after World War II .   Indonesia consists of hundreds of distinct native ethnic and linguistic groups , with the largest -- and politically dominant -- ethnic group being the Javanese . The population is unevenly spread throughout the islands within a variety of habitats and levels of development , ranging from the megalopolis of Jakarta to uncontacted tribes in the east . A shared identity has developed , defined by a national language , ethnic diversity , religious pluralism within a Muslim-majority population , and a history of colonialism and rebellion against it . Indonesia 's national motto , `` Bhinneka Tunggal Ika '' ( `` Unity in Diversity '' literally , `` many , yet one '' ) , articulates the diversity that shapes the country . Indonesia 's economy is the world 's 16th largest by nominal GDP and the 8th largest by GDP at PPP , the largest in Southeast Asia , and is considered an emerging market and newly industrialised country . Indonesia has been a member of the United Nations since 1950 . Indonesia was an organizer of the Bandung Conference and was the founder of Non-Aligned Movement ; and also the founding member of Association of Southeast Asian Nations , Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation , East Asia Summit , and Organisation of Islamic Cooperation . Indonesia is a member of the G20 major economies and World Trade Organization .

neg: Sumedang Sumedang ( former official name : Soemedang ) is a town in West Java , Indonesia , approximately 46 km northeast of Bandung . It is the capital of Sumedang Regency . The town is just south of the volcanic Mount Tampomas , which is 1,684 m ( 5,525 ft ) high and is usually climbed from the subdistrict of Cimalaka , 7 km from Sumedang .   Sumedang is home to several public universities namely Universitas Padjadajaran , Institut Teknologi Bandung , and Institut Pemerintahan Dalam Negeri .   Sumedang 's museum , Prabu Geusan Ulun , houses a collection of traditional Sundanese weaponry , as well as some crown jewels and other finery . It is located on Geusan Ulun Road .   The town is famous for tahu Bungkeng , a local variety of deep fried tofu which was first made by a Chinese immigrant , Ong Kino .   Within the district surrounding the town lies Cadas Pangeran , a section of the trans-Java postal road constructed on the order of Dutch governor Willem Daendels during the first quarter of the 19th century . The section is famous due to difficulty during the construction , which requires blasting of a mountainside . Hence `` cadas '' which means mountain rock in Sundanese . The section is finished due to cooperation between the governor , regent Kusumadinata known as `` pangeran kornel '' , and the people of Sumedang , although with considerable ill-feeling on the part of the regent and the people due to forced labor practice . A statue commemorating this event is erected on the section .   The town also houses the exiled Indonesian national heroine Cut Nyak Dhien from Aceh during her old age , after she was captured during the Aceh War at the beginning of the 20th century . Her tomb is located not far from the town .

neg: Cisarua Cisarua is a location and district in the Bogor Regency , located in the province of West Java , with a population of 112,655 . The district is famous for its mild climate , tea fields , and stunning views , being located in a rather high altitude .   Near the district is a mountain pass famed for housing villas , hostels , as well as a well-known `` heritage '' hotel known as the `` Puncak Pass '' , who 's building is built primarily back in the colonial era , in the year 1928 .   Cisarua is also known for having a sizeable population of asylum seekers and refugees , mainly coming from Afghanistan and Pakistan , as well as ones coming from parts of Africa , mainly from Sudan , Egypt , and Somalia . The reason why many asylum seekers has seek refuge here is because of the relatively cool temperatures , as well as its location being close to the UNHCR offices in the capital Jakarta , which are located roughly about 72 kilometres north of the district .   Other then that , Cisarua also attracts many tourists from the Middle East , many coming from Saudi Arabia , with reasons of coming similar to the ones with the asylum seekers . Because of the number of Arab migrants and tourists , the district is often called as the `` Kampung Arab '' .

neg: National emblem of Indonesia The national emblem of Indonesia is called Garuda Pancasila . The main part of Indonesian national emblem is the Garuda with a heraldic shield on its chest and a scroll gripped by its legs . The shield 's five emblems represent Pancasila , the five principles of Indonesia 's national ideology . The Garuda claws gripping a white ribbon scroll inscribed with the national motto Bhinneka Tunggal Ika written in black text , which can be loosely translated as `` Unity in Diversity '' . Garuda Pancasila was designed by Sultan Hamid II from Pontianak , supervised by Sukarno , and was adopted as the national emblem on 11 February 1950 .

neg: 1851 $50 Humbert The 1851 Humbert $ 50 gold ingot was an ingot produced by Moffat and Company , under the direction of Augustus Humbert ( U.S. Assayer of the treasury )  This `` coin '' while technically an ingot , was still used and unofficially considered currency . It was also the largest ingot produced during the California Gold Rush , weighing almost 2.5 oz . During the gold rush of 1849 , the US Treasury department hired private companies to mint coins before they could properly set up a mint . The U.S. Treasury was much more practical and would often mint coins near the location of the precious metals used in the coins , however , this did not always happen overnight . Augustus Humbert , who was originally a watchmaker from NY , took a lifestyle change and moved out to California during the gold rush in 1850 . The U.S. Treasury had commissioned him to be an assayer . One of the first necessities was a mint to produce the octagonal ingots . The original mint , to be built , was for Moffat and Company was called the Mount Ophir Mint . This was only a temporary mint before a real branch mint of the treasury could be built and commissioned into service . The ironic part is that despite Moffat and Company producing the $ 50 Dollar Ingots , they never had their mint mark , or name stamped on the gold . ( Until the $ 10 gold coin produced in 1852 ) These $ 50 Ingots are very rare and can range anywhere from 10 thousand dollars and up . Currently , the auction record stands at $ 460,000 in a 2008 auction by Bowers and Merena . This particular specimen is the highest known , professionally graded by NGC , at a grade of MS-65 . ( The only MS-65 known to exist ) NGC Chairman Mark Salzburg called it `` the most memorable coin I have graded all year '' .   Photo of 1851 Humbert $ 50 Ingot

neg: Tribute A tribute ( from Latin tributum , contribution ) is wealth , often in kind , that a party gives to another as a sign of respect or , as was often the case in historical contexts , of submission or allegiance . Various ancient states exacted tribute from the rulers of land which the state conquered or otherwise threatened to conquer . In case of alliances , lesser parties may pay tribute to more powerful parties as a sign of allegiance and often in order to finance projects that benefited both parties . To be called `` tribute '' a recognition by the payer of political submission to the payee is normally required ; the large sums , essentially protection money , paid by the later Roman and Byzantine Empires to barbarian peoples to prevent them attacking imperial territory , would not usually be termed `` tribute '' as the Empire accepted no inferior political position . Payments by a superior political entity to an inferior one , made for various purposes , are described by terms including `` subsidy '' .   The ancient Persian Achaemenid Empire is an example of an ancient ` tribute empire ; one that made relatively few demands on its non-Persian subjects other than the regular payment of tribute , which might be gold , luxury goods , animals , soldiers or slaves . However failure to keep up the payments had dire consequences . The reliefs at Persepolis show processions of figures bearing varied types of tribute .   The medieval Mongol rulers of Russia likewise only expected tribute from the Russian states , which continued to govern themselves . Athens received tribute from the other cities of the Delian League . The empires of Assyria , Babylon , Carthage and Rome exacted tribute from their provinces and subject kingdoms . Ancient China received tribute from various states such as Japan , Korea , Vietnam , Cambodia , Borneo , Indonesia , Sri Lanka , Nepal , Myanmar and Central Asia . The Aztec Empire is another example . The Roman republic exacted tribute in the form of payments equivalent to proportional property taxes , for the purpose of waging war .   Tribute empires contrast with those like the Roman Empire , which more closely controlled and garrisoned subject territories . A tributary state is one that preserves its political position and such independence as it has only by paying tribute .

neg: Traditions of Indonesia Traditions of Indonesia are traditions , beliefs , values , and customs that belong within the culture of Indonesian people .  Indonesia is a vast country of sprawling archipelago with a diverse demographic range of over 300 ethnic groups , and speaking more than 700 living languages .   With 202.9 million Muslim s ( 88.2 % of the total population as of 2009 ) , Indonesia has the largest Muslim population in the world . Indonesia also has significant numbers of Christians . Protestant and Catholics population are the majority , with other Christian groups existing as well . The majority of Hindu demographics in Indonesia living in the island of Bali . Buddhist Indonesian are located throughout the country , and are ethnically identified as Chinese Indonesians .

neg: Misima mine The Misima mine is one of the largest gold mines in Papua New Guinea and in the world . The mine is located in the south-east of the country in Milne Bay Province . The mine has estimated reserves of 5 million oz of gold .

neg: Tourist village (Indonesia) In Indonesia , a tourist village ( desa wisata ) is a village officially designated as one that welcomes tourism . In the Special Region of Yogyakarta ( which includes the Sleman Regency ) , the concept was embraced around 2000 with dozens of villages being dubbed as tourist villages .   According to a 2009 report in The Jakarta Post there were 48 tourist villages listed in Yogyakarta , though only ten were actually operating as such , including : Kebonagung , Manding , Krebet , Kasongan ( Bantul ) , Trumpon , Turgo , Ketingan , Brayut , Gamplong ( Sleman ) and Bobung ( Gunungkidul ) . The designation as a `` tourist village '' may not mean that the village is actually developed for tourism , but that it is believed the potential for tourism exists .   Nearby Mount Merapi helped encourage a number of villages to be named tourist villages .

neg: Indonesia–Italy relations Indonesia -- Italy relations refers to the bilateral relations of Indonesia and Italy . Italy has shown strong desire to improve its relations with Indonesia , especially in intercultural understanding and trade . Indonesia recognizes Italy 's strategic location and important role in the middle of Mediterranean region , while Italy has favoured relations with Indonesia , and sees Indonesia as the leader in Southeast Asia . The relations between two countries not only important to bridge the two regional communities ; European Union and ASEAN , but also vital as intercultural and interfaith dialog , since Indonesia has the largest Muslim population in the world , and Italy is the heart of the Catholic faith .   Indonesia has an embassy in Rome , that also accredited to Malta , Cyprus , San Marino , and international organizations such as FAO , IFAD , WFP , and UNIDROIT , while Italy has an embassy in Jakarta .

neg: Water privatisation in Jakarta Water privatisation in Jakarta began when the British water company Thames Water entered into an agreement with the son of then-President Suharto in 1993 to obtain a water concession . Under the influence of the French water company Suez , however , the government decided to split the city 's service area between the two companies . The government awarded Thames Water and Suez each a concession for one half of the city without competitive bidding . The contracts foresaw water charge increases that would allow the companies to earn a comfortable 22 percent rate of return . However , only two months after the contracts were signed , the Indonesian rupiah massively lost in value due to the East Asian financial crisis , and President Suharto was toppled . The concessions survived , but the government imposed a tariff freeze and the contracts had to be renegotiated to reduce their targets . In 2006 Suez sold half and Thames Water all its shares to Indonesian investors .   The main targets of the concession were to increase service coverage from an initial 46 percent and to reduce water losses from 61 percent . The original target of the concessions was to reach 75 percent service coverage in 2008 and 100 percent at the end of the concession . They also aimed to reduce water losses to 25 percent by 2008 and 20 percent by the end of the concession . These targets were substantially loosened during the renegotiations : The new 2008 targets were 68 percent for service coverage and 42 percent for water losses . In 2008 service coverage reached only 64 percent and water losses were reduced to only 50 percent . During the same period , water tariffs increased threefold . This increase was partly due to increases in the cost of electricity and bulk water purchases which are passed through by the private companies to the customers .   On 24 March 2015 the Central Jakarta District Court ruled the privatisation of Jakarta 's water was illegal and ordered the return of the water system to public control . The court noted that the private operators were `` negligent in fulfilling the human right to water for Jakarta 's residents . '' The government of Indonesia and the private operators lodged an appeal against the court decision . The government , which wants to attract private infrastructure investment , has not made any preparations to buy back the concessions , which remain in place pending a final court decision .

neg: Krugerrand For the Ian McNabb album , see Krugerrands .   The Krugerrand ( -LSB- ˈkryχərˌrant -RSB- ; -LSB- langˈkruːɡərˌrænd -RSB- or -LSB- - ˌrɑːnd -RSB- ) is a South African gold coin , first minted in 1967 to help market South African gold and produced by the South African Mint . By 1980 the Krugerrand accounted for 90 % of the global gold coin market . The name itself is a compound of Kruger ( the former South-African president depicted on the obverse ) and rand , the South African unit of currency . During the 1970s and 1980s some Western countries forbade import of the Krugerrand because of its association with the apartheid government of South Africa .   Production levels of Krugerrands have significantly varied during the last 50 years . During 1967 -- 1969 , around 40,000 coins were minted each year . In 1970 , the number rose to over 200,000 coins . More than one million coins were produced in 1974 , and in 1978 a total of six million Krugerrands were produced .  Following the end of apartheid , the production dropped to 23,277 coins in 1998 and since then levels have increased again , albeit not reaching pre-international sanction levels .

neg: Hinduism in Indonesia Hinduism in Indonesia is practised by 1.7 % of the total population , and by 83.5 % of the population in Bali as of the 2010 census . Hinduism is one of the six official religions of Indonesia . In 2010 , there were an estimated total of over 4 million Hindus in Indonesia according to Indonesian census . The Parisada Hindu Dharma Indonesia disputed the census methodology , and estimated 18 million Hindus lived in Indonesia in 2005 . In 2010 , the Ministry of Religious Affairs of the Government of Indonesia estimated that about 10 million Hindus lived on Indonesian islands , in contrast to the Indonesian official decadal census of over 4 million .

neg: Gili Islands The Gili Islands ( Tiga Gili -LSB- Three Gilis -RSB- , Kepulauan Gili -LSB- Gili Islands -RSB- ) are an archipelago of three small islands -- Gili Trawangan , Gili Meno and Gili Air -- just off the northwest coast of Lombok , Indonesia .   The islands are a popular destination for tourists . Each island has several small resorts , usually consisting of a collection of huts for tourists , a small pool and restaurant . Most local inhabitants live on Trawangan in a township stretching along its east side just inland ( which is also where most recent development is taking place ) . Automobiles and motorised traffic are prohibited on the islands by local ordinance , so the preferred method of transportation is by foot and bicycle or the horse-drawn carriage called a cidomo . Scuba diving and freediving in and around the Gilis is also popular due to the abundance of marine life and attractive coral formations . Most famous diving spots are Shark point , Manta point and Simon 's reef .

neg: Mount Elliot mine The Mount Elliot mine is one of the largest gold mines in the Australia and in the world . The mine is located in the north-east of the country in Queensland . The mine has estimated reserves of 4.92 million oz of gold and 570 million tonnes of ore grading 0.45 % copper .

neg: Banda Aceh Banda Aceh , formerly known as Kutaradja , is the capital and largest city in the province of Aceh , Indonesia . It is located on the island of Sumatra and has an elevation of 35 meters . The city covers an area of 64 square kilometres and had a population of 219,070 people , according to the 2000 census . Banda Aceh is located on the northwestern tip of Indonesia at the mouth of the Aceh River .   The city was originally established as Bandar Aceh Darussalam Kandang and served as a capital and hub for the Sultanate of Aceh upon its foundation in the late 15th century . Later its name was changed to Bandar Aceh Darussalam , and then became popularly known as Banda Aceh . The first part of the name comes from the Persian bandar meaning `` port '' or `` haven . '' The city is also dubbed the `` port to Mecca , '' or the `` porch of Mecca '' ( Indonesian : Serambi Mekkah ) in reference to the days when hajj pilgrims travelled by sea from Indonesia and would make a stop over in the city before continuing their journey to Mecca .   Banda Aceh had long been at the centre of protracted conflicts between the Acehnese and foreign domination , including war with Portuguese , wars with the Dutch , the Japanese and the Indonesian government . The city rose to international prominence in the aftermath of the Indian Ocean earthquake in 2004 , which struck off the western coast of Sumatra . Banda Aceh was the closest major city to the earthquake 's epicentre , which lay 249 km off the coast . It suffered great damage in the earthquake and further damage when a tsunami struck shortly afterwards . 167,000 people died as a result and many more were injured .   The aftermath of the tsunami has seen a cessation of much of the conflict in the city and province , and domestic and international aid as a result has seen a major modernisation and reconstruction of the city over the past decade .

neg: Gold repatriation Gold repatriation refers to plans of various governments to bring home their gold stored outside the home country .   Many countries use foreign vaults for safe-keeping of part of their gold reserves and there is a growing tendency not to trust the foreign custodian .

neg: 2015 Indonesian Masters Grand Prix Gold The 2015 Indonesian Masters Grand Prix Gold was the twentieth grand prix 's badminton tournament of the 2015 BWF Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold . The tournament was held at the Gedung Graha Cakrawala , Kompleks Universitas Negeri Malang in Malang , East Java , Indonesia December 1 -- 6 , 2015 and had a total purse of $ 120,000 .

neg: Indonesia national basketball team The Indonesia men 's national basketball team represents the Republic of Indonesia in international basketball competitions . The governing body of the team is the Persatuan Bola Basket Seluruh Indonesia ( Indonesian Basketball Association -- PERBASI ) .   Its biggest success was the gold medal at the 1996 South East Asian Championship .   Team Indonesia is one of the major teams in Southeast Asia . The team finished among the top-four teams in Asia at the 1967 Asian Basketball Championship . At the 1996 Southeast Asian Basketball Championship , Indonesia was the dominant country and won the gold medal .   Indonesia participated at the 2009 FIBA Asia Championship as well , which was held 6 -- 16 August 2009 , in Tianjin , China . They were able to qualify for the said tournament by placing second in the 2009 SEABA Championship held from 6 -- 9 June 2009 .  The team finished 15th out of 16 competing teams at the FIBA Asia Championship , where only the top-3 qualified for the World Basketball Championships . For these events , the head coach of the team has been Rastafari Horongbala .  At the FIBA Asia Championship 2009 , Indonesia finished 15th , leaving behind Sri Lanka .  On individual performances , Kelly Purwanto and Isman Thoyib finished among the tournament 's top performers . Purwanto finished in the top ten in steals per game , Thoyib finished in the top ten in blocks per game .  Indonesian basketball-icon Mario Wuysang was not able to represent his country at that event due scheduling conflicts . ( the final four of the Indonesian IBL was scheduled about the same time with this Asia Championship )

neg: Aceh Aceh ( -LSB- ˈɑːtʃeɪ -RSB- ) ; ( Acehnese : Acèh ( -LSB- - aceʔaˈtɕɛh -RSB- ) ; Jawi : ; Dutch : Atjeh or Acheh ; Indonesian : Provinsi Aceh ) is a special region of Indonesia . The territory is located at the northern end of Sumatra . Its capital is Banda Aceh . It is close to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India and separated from them by the Andaman Sea . It has the highest proportion of Muslims in Indonesia , who mostly live according to Sharia customs and laws .   There are 10 indigenous ethnic groups in this region , the largest being the Acehnese people , accounting for approximately 80 % to 90 % of the region 's population . Aceh is thought to have been the place where the spread of Islam in Indonesia began , and was a key factor of the spread of Islam in Southeast Asia . Islam reached Aceh ( Kingdoms of Fansur and Lamuri ) around 1250 AD . In the early seventeenth century the Sultanate of Aceh was the most wealthy , powerful and cultivated state in the Malacca Straits region . Aceh has a history of political independence and resistance to control by outsiders , including the former Dutch colonists and the Indonesian government .   Aceh has substantial natural resources of oil and natural gas with some estimates that Aceh gas reserves are one of the largest in the world . Relative to most of Indonesia , it is a religiously conservative area . Aceh was the closest point of land to the epicenter of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami , which devastated much of the western coast of the province . Approximately 170,000 Indonesians were killed or went missing in the disaster . The disaster helped precipitate the peace agreement between the government of Indonesia and the Free Aceh Movement ( GAM ) .   Aceh was first known as Aceh Darussalam ( 1511 -- 1959 ) and then later as the Daerah Istimewa Aceh ( 1959 -- 2001 ) , Nanggroë Aceh Darussalam ( 2001 -- 2009 ) and Aceh ( 2009 -- present ) . Past spellings of Aceh include Acheh , Atjeh , and Achin .

neg: Precious metal A precious metal is a rare , naturally occurring metallic chemical element of high economic value .  Chemically , the precious metals tend to be less reactive than most elements ( see noble metal ) . They are usually ductile and have a high lustre . Historically , precious metals were important as currency but are now regarded mainly as investment and industrial commodities . Gold , silver , platinum , and palladium each have an ISO 4217 currency code .   The best known precious metals are the coinage metals , gold and silver . Although both have industrial uses , they are better known for their uses in art , jewelry , fine jewelry and coinage . Other precious metals include the platinum group metals : ruthenium , rhodium , palladium , osmium , iridium , and platinum , of which platinum is the most widely traded .  The demand for precious metals is driven not only by their practical use but also by their role as investments and a store of value . Historically , precious metals have commanded much higher prices than common industrial metals .


query: Catching Fire has a Katniss Everdeen as a protagonist.

pos: Catching Fire Catching Fire is a 2009 science fiction young adult novel by the American novelist Suzanne Collins , the second book in The Hunger Games trilogy . As the sequel to the 2008 bestseller The Hunger Games , it continues the story of Katniss Everdeen and the post-apocalyptic nation of Panem . Following the events of the previous novel , a rebellion against the oppressive Capitol has begun , and Katniss and fellow tribute Peeta Mellark are forced to return to the arena in a special edition of the Hunger Games .   The book was first published on September 1 , 2009 , by Scholastic , in hardcover , and was later released in ebook and audiobook format . Catching Fire received mostly positive reviews , with reviewers praising Collins ' prose , the book 's ending , and the development of Katniss 's character . According to critics , major themes of the novel include survival , authoritarianism , rebellion and interdependence versus independence . The book has sold more than 19 million copies in the U.S. alone .   A film adaptation , The Hunger Games : Catching Fire , was released on November 22 , 2013 .

neg: Narrative hook A narrative hook ( or hook ) is a literary technique in the opening of a story that `` hooks '' the reader 's attention so that he or she will keep on reading . The `` opening '' may consist of several paragraphs for a short story , or several pages for a novel , but ideally it is the opening sentence .

neg: American Gods (TV series) American Gods is an American television series based on the novel of the same name , written by Neil Gaiman and originally published in 2001 . The television series was developed by Bryan Fuller and Michael Green for the premium cable network Starz . Fuller and Green are the showrunners for the series . Gaiman serves as an executive producer along with Fuller , Green , Craig Cegielski , Stefanie Berk , and Thom Beers . The first episode premiered on the Starz network and through their streaming application on April 30 , 2017 . In May 2017 , the series was renewed for a second season .

neg: Fire Brats Fire Brats is a series of children 's books about two teenagers , Matt and Dani , who both survive post apocalyptic World War 3 . The books were written by Barbara Siegel , Scott Siegel and Barbara Steiner . The first book , The Burning Land , was published in 1987 .

neg: Into the Wild (novel) Into the Wild is a children 's fantasy novel written by Erin Hunter after concepts and outlines created and developed by Victoria Holmes . The novel was published by HarperCollins in Canada and the United States in January 2003 , and in the United Kingdom in February 2003 . It is the first novel in the Warriors series . The book has been published in paperback , and e-book formats in twenty different languages . The story is about a young domestic cat named Rusty who leaves his human owners to join a group of forest-dwelling feral cats called ThunderClan , adopting a new name : Firepaw . He is trained to defend and hunt for the Clan , becomes embroiled in a murder and betrayal within the Clan , and , at the end of the book , receives his warrior name , Fireheart , after a battle with another Clan . The novel is written from the perspective of Fireheart ( previously known as Rusty for a short time , then , for most of the book , Firepaw ) .   The series began in 2003 when HarperCollins requested Holmes to write a book on feral cats . After creating one storyline Holmes brought in Kate Cary to finish writing the book as Holmes went behind the scenes to edit and supervise the details . Holmes has compared the style of the book to a different language as the books are written by three separate authors . She feels that Erin Hunter must have a consistent voice the entire series . The story uses a lexicon with words such as `` twoleg '' substituted for `` human '' or `` new-leaf '' for `` spring '' . The style has been compared to the Harry Potter series , J.R.R. Tolkien and Brian Jacques . Themes include family , loyalty , death , courage , and survival . Into the Wild was critically well received . Booklist believed the book would appeal to followers of Brian Jacques ' Redwall series . Among other awards , it claimed third place in the 2006 Young Reader 's Choice Award .

neg: Gilly (A Song of Ice and Fire) Gilly is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin , and its television adaptation Game of Thrones .   Introduced in 1998 's A Clash of Kings , she is a wildling from the wild lands north of the Wall . She subsequently appeared in Martin 's A Storm of Swords , A Feast for Crows , A Dance with Dragons and will appear in the upcoming novel The Winds of Winter .   Gilly is portrayed by Hannah Murray in the HBO television adaptation .

neg: Sansa Stark Sansa Stark is a fictional character created by American author George R. R. Martin . She is a prominent character in Martin 's award-winning A Song of Ice and Fire series .   Introduced in 1996 's A Game of Thrones , Sansa is the eldest daughter and second child of Lord Eddard Stark and his wife Lady Catelyn Stark . She subsequently appeared in the following three novels , A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) , A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) and A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) . While absent from the fifth novel A Dance with Dragons as the books are separated geographically , Sansa is confirmed to return in the forthcoming next book in the series , The Winds of Winter .   In HBO 's adaptation of the series , Game of Thrones , Sansa Stark is played by Sophie Turner . The character has received critical acclaim , being praised as the 4th greatest character in the series by Rolling Stone . She and the rest of the cast were nominated for Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series in 2012 , 2014 , 2015 and 2016 .

neg: Teaser and the Firecat Teaser and the Firecat is the fifth studio album released by Cat Stevens in 1971 . The album contains 10 songs including the hits `` Morning Has Broken '' , `` Moonshadow '' and `` Peace Train '' . It is also the title of a children 's book written and illustrated by Stevens . The story features the title characters from the album cover , top-hatted young Teaser and his pet , Firecat , who attempt to put the moon back in its place after it falls from the sky . Published in 1972 , the book has been out of print since the mid-1970s .   The album was a commercial success , surpassing the heights achieved by Stevens ' previous album , Tea for the Tillerman , reaching both the UK and US Top 3 and also spending fifteen weeks at the top of the Australian charts , becoming the biggest-selling album of the country in 1972 .   In 1977 an animated version , narrated by Spike Milligan , using the song `` Moonshadow '' , was a segment in Fantastic Animation Festival . In November 2008 , a `` deluxe edition '' was released featuring a second disc of demos and live recordings .

neg: The Metropolis Case The Metropolis Case is the debut novel of American author Matthew Gallaway . The novel follows the interconnected lives of four characters living in different cities , all of whom have a great passion for Richard Wagner 's opera Tristan und Isolde . The New York Times said `` the book is so well written ... and filled with such memorable lead and supporting players that it quickly absorbs you into its worlds . '' In the Washington Post , Eugenia Zukerman wrote that `` Gallaway has taken a great risk ... by creating an intricate , multilayered tale that slides from past to present , from Europe to New York , from opera to pop . But despite the complexity , The Metropolis Case engages the reader emotionally on every page . ''   Rather than a conventional narrative , the novel presents alternating chapters devoted to each of the four principal characters . Three of them are opera singers . One of the four lives in the nineteenth century . Two are much younger than the others . The author slowly reveals their shared relationship to Wagner 's opera .   The novel 's title and some other details allude to Janáček 's opera The Makropulos Case .   Galloway is a graduate of New York University Law School and a native of Pittsburgh , where the novel is partially set . He began the novel in 2001 and completed it in 2007 . According to Galloway , who blogged as The Gay Recluse from 2007 to 2009 :   In 2010 , when Crown Publishing Group published the novel , Galloway was employed as a Senior Acquisitions Editor in the legal department of Oxford University Press .

neg: Fire! (manga) is a shōjo manga series by Hideko Mizuno about the rise and fall of an American rock star named Aaron . It was serialised in Seventeen from 1969 -- 1971 and won the 1970 Shogakukan Manga Award . The hedonistic Aaron is neither a ` boy next door ' character , nor a ` shining prince ' , and Sandra Buckley states that it was his ` non-conventional , rebellious behavior ' that was part of the attraction for the fans of Fire ! . It was innovative for shōjo manga by having the first sexually explicit scenes in post-World War II manga , and by having a male protagonist . The story has been read as a `` conservative morality tale '' , but Buckley states that this ignores the two-year run of readers following Aaron 's exploits avidly . There are accounts of teenage girls queueing for the next issue to come out .

neg: Prometheus Bound Prometheus Bound ( Προμηθεὺς Δεσμώτης , Promētheus Desmōtēs ) is an Ancient Greek tragedy . In antiquity , it was attributed to Aeschylus , but now is considered by some scholars to be the work of another hand , and perhaps one as late as c. 430 BC . Despite these doubts of authorship , the play 's designation as Aeschylean has remained conventional . The tragedy is based on the myth of Prometheus , a Titan who defies the gods and gives fire to mankind , acts for which he is subjected to perpetual punishment .

neg: Fire with Fire Fire with Fire may refer to :  Fire with Fire ( 1986 film ) , a romantic drama film starring Craig Sheffer and Virginia Madsen  Fire with Fire ( 2012 film ) , an action film starring Joshua Duhamel , Rosario Dawson , and Bruce Willis  `` Fire with Fire '' ( song ) , a song by the Scissor Sisters from Night Work  Fire with Fire ( Naomi Wolf book ) , a feminist book by Naomi Wolf

neg: Cat O'Nine Tails (novel) Cat O'Nine Tails is the fourth book in the `` Cat Royal '' series written by Julia Golding . In this story the protagonist , Cat , dances at a ball , dresses as a boy , and meets an Indian tribe .

neg: Fire Burning `` Fire Burning '' is a song by Jamaican-American singer-songwriter Sean Kingston . It is released as the lead single from his second studio album Tomorrow . Unlike many of his previous singles , which are all produced by J.R. Rotem , the song is produced by RedOne . The song was used for the opening number of the Miss Universe 2009 live at the Atlantis Paradise Island , Nassau , Bahamas .

neg: Character (arts) A character ( sometimes known as a fictional character ) is a person or other being in a narrative work of art ( such as a novel , play , television series , or film ) . The character may be entirely fictional or based on a real-life person , in which case the distinction of a `` fictional '' versus `` real '' character may be made . Derived from the ancient Greek word χαρακτήρ , the English word dates from the Restoration , although it became widely used after its appearance in Tom Jones in 1749 . From this , the sense of `` a part played by an actor '' developed . Character , particularly when enacted by an actor in the theatre or cinema , involves `` the illusion of being a human person . '' In literature , characters guide readers through their stories , helping them to understand plots and ponder themes . Since the end of the 18th century , the phrase `` in character '' has been used to describe an effective impersonation by an actor . Since the 19th century , the art of creating characters , as practiced by actors or writers , has been called characterisation .   A character who stands as a representative of a particular class or group of people is known as a type . Types include both stock characters and those that are more fully individualised . The characters in Henrik Ibsen 's Hedda Gabler ( 1891 ) and August Strindberg 's Miss Julie ( 1888 ) , for example , are representative of specific positions in the social relations of class and gender , such that the conflicts between the characters reveal ideological conflicts .   The study of a character requires an analysis of its relations with all of the other characters in the work . The individual status of a character is defined through the network of oppositions ( proairetic , pragmatic , linguistic , proxemic ) that it forms with the other characters . The relation between characters and the action of the story shifts historically , often miming shifts in society and its ideas about human individuality , self-determination , and the social order .

neg: List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters George R. R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire novels feature a massive cast of characters . The series follows three interwoven plotlines : a dynastic war for control of Westeros by several families ; the rising threat of the superhuman Others beyond Westeros 's northern border ; and the ambition of Daenerys Targaryen , the exiled heir of the previous ruling dynasty .   Each chapter is narrated in the third person limited point of view through the eyes of a single character . Beginning with nine POV characters in A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) , the number grows to thirty-one by A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) .

neg: Mhysa `` Mhysa '' is the third season finale of the American medieval epic fantasy television series Game of Thrones , and its 30th episode overall . Written by executive producers David Benioff and D. B. Weiss , and directed by David Nutter , it originally aired on on HBO in the United States .   The episode revolves on the aftermath of the events instigated by `` The Red Wedding '' : House Frey receives the Seat of Riverrun , Roose Bolton is appointed the new `` Warden of the North '' , while House Greyjoy begins a new military campaign . In the North , Maester Aemon sends out ravens to alert the whole of Westeros about the arrival of the White Walkers . And across the narrow sea , the freed slaves of Yunkai hail Daenerys as their `` mhysa '' , the Ghiscari language 's word for `` mother '' .   According to Nielsen Media Research , `` Mhysa '' was seen by 5.4 million household viewers in the United States , a twenty-eight percent increase compared to the second season finale , `` Valar Morghulis '' . After its broadcast , the episode received generally positive reviews from television critics , with some of them addressing its anti-climactic closure of the series ' third season , and its establishment of potential storylines for the fourth season , such as through the final scene 's `` glimmer of hope '' . The episode received a nomination for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Cinematography for a Single-Camera Series at the 65th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards .

neg: Walt Lloyd Walter `` Walt '' Lloyd is a fictional character portrayed by Malcolm David Kelley in the American ABC television series Lost . The series follows the lives of over forty survivors of the crash of Oceanic Flight 815 . Walt is introduced in the pilot episode as one of the survivors aboard the plane , which crashes onto the island where most of the programme takes place . He is the 10-year-old son of Michael Dawson ( played by Harold Perrineau ) .   Walt appears in thirty episodes of Lost ; 27 in seasons one and two as a series regular , and three more episodes as a guest star . He also features in the Lost epilogue `` The New Man in Charge '' . Throughout the series , he is the only child main character . Initially , Walt and Michael have a dysfunctional father-son relationship , causing Walt to form friendships with other survivors , such as Locke and Sun . Walt leaves the island on a raft with Michael and two other survivors during the episode `` Exodus '' , but is kidnapped by a group of hostile island inhabitants known as the Others . Walt is then released by the Others in the episode `` Live Together , Die Alone '' , who claim that he was `` more than -LSB- they -RSB- could handle '' , and he and Michael leave the island at the end of season two .   When originally developed , Lost creators intended for Walt to display supernatural powers , such as the ability to summon animals through telepathy , but when Kelley had aged significantly for him to no longer convincingly look ten years old , the character 's arc was changed and Walt was written out of the show . After auditioning many children for the part , Kelley was hired by the programme 's producers , who had been impressed by his performance in the 2002 film Antwone Fisher .

neg: Fire (Part 1) `` Fire '' ( Part 1 ) is the season premiere of the fourth season of the American police drama television series Homicide : Life on the Street . It originally aired on NBC on October 20 , 1995 . The episode was written by Julie Martin ( from a story by Tom Fontana and Henry Bromell ) and was directed by Tim Hunter . The two-part story centres on Pembleton and Bayliss ' investigation into a pair of arson-related homicides , and introduces a new regular character , Arson Squad detective Mike Kellerman ( played by Reed Diamond ) , who subsequently transfers to Homicide and partners with Det. Meldrick Lewis . This episode also flagged the permanent departure of regular characters Stanley Bolander ( Ned Beatty ) and Beau Felton ( Daniel Baldwin ) .

neg: Reinventing Fire Reinventing Fire : Bold Business Solutions for the New Energy Era is a 2011 book , by Amory B. Lovins and the Rocky Mountain Institute , that explores converting the United States to almost total reliance on renewable energy sources , such as solar energy and wind power . Lovins says that renewable energy is already cheaper than fossil fuels and his analysis predicts further reductions in renewable energy prices .   Reinventing Fire was launched at the Washington National Geographic Society , in October 2011 . Bill Clinton says the book is a `` wise , detailed and comprehensive blueprint . '' The book has forewords by Marvin Odum , from Shell Oil , and John W. Rowe , CEO of Exelon . The first paragraph of the preface says :  Imagine fuel without fear . No climate change . No oil spills , dead coal miners , dirty air , devastated lands , lost wildlife . No energy poverty . No oil-fed wars , tyrannies , or terrorists . Nothing to run out . Nothing to cut off . Nothing to worry about . Just energy abundance , benign and affordable , for all , for ever .   Fen Montaigne in The Guardian has said that the book is impressive in both its scope and detail :  Lovins discusses everything from how to redesign heavy trucks to make them more fuel efficient to ways to change factory pipes to conserve energy -- the book lays out a plan for the U.S. to achieve the following by 2050 : cars completely powered by hydrogen fuel cells , electricity , and biofuels ; 84 percent of trucks and airplanes running on biomass fuels ; 80 percent of the nation 's electricity produced by renewable power ; $ 5 trillion in savings ; and an economy that has grown by 158 percent .   By combining reduced energy use with energy efficiency gains , Lovins says that there will be a $ 5 trillion saving over the next 40 years and a faster-growing economy . This can all be done , the book jacket says , without `` new federal taxes , subsidies , mandates , or laws . The policy innovations needed to unlock and speed it need no act of Congress . '' The profitable commercialization of existing energy-saving technologies , through market forces , can be led by business .

neg: Fictional universe of The Hunger Games The Hunger Games universe is a fictional world appearing in The Hunger Games trilogy written by Suzanne Collins . It consists primarily of the fictional nation of Panem , its Capitol where the totalitarian government resides , and the outlying districts , numbered 1 to 12 , each with a different economy . In addition , there is the secretive District 13 , where a rebel force is building strength . The Hunger Games themselves are an annual event in which citizens from the districts , selected through a process called `` reaping '' , are forced to participate in a battle to the death . The universe also contains fictional flora and fauna , such as the Mockingjay , a bird whose mimicry is used as a plot device , and after whom the third book in the series is named .