query: A Song of Ice and Fire involves multiple characters.

pos: A Song of Ice and Fire A Song of Ice and Fire is a series of epic fantasy novels by the American novelist and screenwriter George R. R. Martin . He began the first volume of the series , A Game of Thrones , in 1991 and had it published in 1996 . Martin , who initially envisioned the series as a trilogy , has published five out of a planned seven volumes . The fifth and most recent volume of the series published in 2011 , A Dance with Dragons , took Martin five years to write . He is still writing the sixth novel , The Winds of Winter .   A Song of Ice and Fire takes place on the fictional continents Westeros and Essos . The point of view of each chapter in the story is a limited perspective of a range of characters growing from nine , in the first novel , to thirty-one by the fifth . Three main stories interweave a dynastic war among several families for control of Westeros , the rising threat of the supernatural Others in the northernmost reaches of Westeros , and the ambition of Daenerys Targaryen , the deposed king 's exiled daughter , to assume the Iron Throne .   Martin 's inspirations included the Wars of the Roses and the French historical novels The Accursed Kings by Maurice Druon . A Song of Ice and Fire received praise for its diverse portrayal of women and religion , as well as its realism . An assortment of disparate and subjective points of view confronts the reader , and the success or survival of point of view characters is never assured . Within the often morally ambiguous world of A Song of Ice and Fire , questions concerning loyalty , pride , human sexuality , piety , and the morality of violence frequently arise .   As of April 2015 , the books have sold more than 60 million copies worldwide and , as of January 2017 , have been translated into 47 languages . The fourth and fifth volumes reached the top of The New York Times Best Seller lists upon their releases . Among the many derived works are several prequel novellas , a TV series , a comic book adaptation , and several card , board , and video games .

neg: The Notion Club Papers The Notion Club Papers is the title of an abandoned novel by J. R. R. Tolkien , written during 1945 and published posthumously in Sauron Defeated , the 9th volume of The History of Middle-earth . It is a space/time/dream travel story , written at the same time as The Lord of the Rings was being developed . The story itself revolves around the meetings of an Oxford arts discussion group called the Notion Club , a fictionalization of ( and a play on words on the name of ) Tolkien 's own such club , The Inklings .   During these meetings , Alwin Arundel Lowdham discusses his lucid dreams about Númenor ; through these dreams , he `` discovers '' much about the Númenor story and the languages of Middle-earth ( notably Quenya , Sindarin , and Adûnaic -- the last being the sole source of most of the material on Adûnaic ) . While not finished , at the end of the given story it becomes clear Lowdham himself is a reincarnation of sorts of Elendil . ( Alwin is a modernization of the name Ælfwine , Old English for Elf-friend , or Elendil in Quenya . ) Other members of the Club also mention their vivid dreams of other times and places .   Tolkien not only created fictional meetings for these papers but also created a fictional history for the manuscript of the papers . According to the papers , the meetings occurred in the 1980s ; they even mention events that occurred in the 1970s and 1980s . About one-quarter of the papers were found among sacks of waste paper in 2012 at Oxford by a Mr. Green . Mr. Green published a first edition containing excerpts from these papers , indicating that they were written during the 1980s by one of the participants . Two scholars read the first edition , asked to examine the manuscripts , and then submitted a full report . The `` Notes to the Second Edition '' mentions the contradictory evidence in dating the manuscripts , and an alternative date is presented : they may have been written in the 1940s .   These papers , which make a number of comments on Lewis ' Space Trilogy , are similar to C. S. Lewis ' commentary to Tolkien 's poem The Lay of Leithian , in which Lewis created a fictional history of scholarship of the poem and even referred to other manuscript tradition to recommend changes to the poem .   The Notion Club Papers may be seen as an attempt to re-write The Lost Road , published and discussed in The Lost Road and Other Writings , as being another attempt to tie the Númenórean legend in with a more modern tale . There is , however , no direct connection between the modern settings of the two stories within the fictional frame .   Jane Stanford links The Notion Club Papers to The Johnson Club Papers in her biography of John O'Connor Power , That Irishman . The two books have a similar title page . The Johnson Club was a ` Public House School ' and met in taverns like the Inklings . The purpose was ` Fellowship and free Exchange of Mind . ' The two clubs presented papers ` which were read before the members and discussed ' . Samuel Johnson , like Tolkien , had a strong connection with Pembroke College , Oxford . Stanley Unwin , Tolkien 's publisher , was a nephew of Fisher Unwin , the founding member of The Johnson Club .   According to Christopher Tolkien , had his father continued The Notion Club Papers , he would have linked the real world of Alwin Lowdham with his eponymous ancestor Ælfwine of England ( who compiled the Lost Tales ) and with Atlantis . One of the members of the Notion Club , one Michael George Ramer , combines lucid dreams with time-travel and experiences the tsunami that sank Númenor . He ca n't tell if its history , or fantasy , or something in between .   The Notion Club Papers mentions a great storm occurring during 1987 in England , on 12 June . This can be seen as an odd coincidence , since the actual Great Storm of 1987 occurred in October of that year .

neg: Game of Thrones (season 6) The sixth season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on April 24 , 2016 , and concluded on June 26 , 2016 . It consists of ten episodes , each of approximately 50 -- 60 minutes , largely of original content not found in George R. R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series . Some material is adapted from the upcoming sixth novel The Winds of Winter and the fourth and fifth novels , A Feast for Crows and A Dance with Dragons . The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss . HBO ordered the season on April 8 , 2014 , together with the fifth season , which began filming in July 2015 primarily in Northern Ireland , Spain , Croatia , Iceland and Canada . Each episode cost over $ 10 million .   The season follows the continuing struggle between the Starks and other noble families of Westeros for the Iron Throne . The Starks defeat the Bolton forces in battle , and Jon Snow is proclaimed the King in the North . Tyrion attempts to rule Meereen while Daenerys is held captive by a Dothraki tribe . At King 's Landing , the Tyrell army attempts to liberate Margaery and Loras , but Margaery capitulates to the High Sparrow , who becomes more powerful by influencing King Tommen . At her trial , Cersei burns the Great Sept , killing her rivals , while Tommen kills himself . Unopposed , Cersei is crowned Queen of Westeros . Ellaria Sand and three of Oberyn Martell 's daughters kill Doran and Trystane Martell and seize control of Dorne , and Olenna discusses an alliance with Ellaria . In Essos , Daenerys Targaryen is captured by Khal Moro who takes her before the khals ; she burns them alive and takes command of the Dothraki .   Game of Thrones features a large ensemble cast , including Peter Dinklage , Nikolaj Coster-Waldau , Lena Headey , Emilia Clarke and Kit Harington . The season introduced new cast members , including Max von Sydow , Pilou Asbæk and James Faulkner .   Critics praised its production values , writing , plot development , and cast . Game of Thrones received most nominations for the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards , with 23 nominations , and won twelve , including that for Outstanding Drama Series for the second year in a row . U.S. viewership rose compared to the previous season , and by approximately 13 % over its course , from 7.9 million to 8.9 million by the finale .

neg: Bookwriter The bookwriter is the member of a musical 's writing team who creates the book -- the musical 's plot , character development , and dramatic structure . Essentially , the bookwriter is the playwright of the musical . He or she works very closely in collaboration with the lyricist and composer to create an integrated piece of drama .   There is a common misconception that the bookwriter merely writes the dialogue ; though the book does include the musical 's spoken text , it is much more than that , defining and organizing the dramatic action of the entire piece , including action that is musicalized by the songwriter ( s ) . Even `` sung-through , '' `` operatic , '' or `` through-composed '' musicals , where there is little , if any , spoken text , require as much contribution from a bookwriter as do musicals with extensive dialogue scenes .   The bookwriter is often also the musical 's lyricist , composer , or director .   Category : Occupations in music

neg: Lysander (A Midsummer Night's Dream) Lysander is a fictional character in William Shakespeare 's play A Midsummer Night 's Dream .   A handsome young man of Athens , Lysander is in love with Egeus 's daughter Hermia . Unfortunately , Egeus does not approve of Lysander and would prefer his daughter to marry a man called Demetrius . Meanwhile , Hermia 's friend Helena has fallen in love with Demetrius . When Hermia is forced to choose between dying , never seeing a man again or marrying Demetrius , she and Lysander run away into the forest . They face different problems in the forest between love . After Lysander is put under Puck 's spell , being mistaken for Demetrius he falls in love with Helena . After lots of fighting the spell is reversed and Lysander marries Hermia and they live very happy lives together .   He comes across as a very deep and passionate lover in the play . He is a strong character and does get confused , but this is purposely achieved as Puck applies a potion which makes his relationship with Hermia fade until he removes it and they marry and live happily ever after . He has often been compared to the character of Romeo in Romeo and Juliet . Shakespeare wrote the play around the same time he was writing A Midsummer Night 's Dream and some scholars have come to the conclusion that the two characters in the different plays are rather similar . Both are passionate lovers who would do anything for those they love .

neg: For a Breath I Tarry `` For a Breath I Tarry '' is a highly regarded 1966 post-apocalyptic novelette by Roger Zelazny . Taking place long after the self-extinction of Man , it recounts the tale of Frost , a sentient machine ( '' ... a silver-blue box , 40x40x40 feet , ... featured in whatever manner he chose . '' ) Though Man has disappeared , his robotic creations ( and their creations in turn ) continue to function .   For ten thousand years Frost sat at the North Pole of the Earth , aware of every snowflake that fell . He monitored and directed the activities of thousands of reconstruction and maintenance machines . He knew half the Earth , as gear knows gear , as electricity knows its conductor , as a vacuum knows its limits . At the South Pole , the Beta-Machine did the same for the southern hemisphere .   Along the way , the story explores the differences between Man and Machine , the former experiencing the world qualitatively , while the latter do so quantitatively . `` A machine is a Man turned inside-out , because it can describe all the details of a process , which a Man can not , but it can not experience that process itself as a Man can . '' This is illustrated by a conversation Frost has with another machine named Mordel .   `` Regard this piece of ice , mighty Frost . You can tell me its composition , dimensions , weight , temperature . A Man could not look at it and do that . A Man could make tools which would tell Him these things , but He still would not know measurement as you know it . What He would know of it , though , is a thing that you can not know . '' `` What is that ? '' `` That it is cold . ''   Driving the plot and setting its tone are allusions to other literature , most specifically the first chapter of the Book of Job , both in situation and language , as verses are both quoted directly and paraphrased . Additionally , echoes of the first three chapters of the Book of Genesis appear . Finally , Frost and Mordel enter into a Faustian bargain , with , however , better results than in the original .   The novelette has appeared in collections of Zelazny 's works and in anthologies .   The title is from a phrase in A. E. Housman 's collection A Shropshire Lad .

neg: Cultural depictions of the Anarchy Cultural depictions of the Anarchy , a long-running civil war in England between 1135 and 1153 , has furnished the background of some major fictional portrayals . These include :   George Shipway 's novel Knight in Anarchy ( 1969 ) centres on a knight sworn to Geoffrey de Mandeville as he tries to gain power in the Anarchy .  Cecelia Holland 's The Earl , also published as Hammer for Princes ( 1971 ) , gives a vivid description of the last year of the struggle , Prince Henry 's invasion of England and his eventual recognition as King Stephen 's heir .  Graham Shelby 's 1972 novel The Oath and the Sword ( aka The Villains of the Piece ) , focuses on Empress Matilda 's faithful supporter Brien FitzCount , Lord of Wallingford , through the years of the Anarchy .  Jean Plaidy 's Passionate Enemies ( c. 1976 ) from her multi-volume treatment of the British monarchy , captures the mood of the period and the personalities of Matilda and Stephen .  Ellis Peters set her series of Brother Cadfael books ( published 1977 -- 1994 ) against the background of the Anarchy .  Diana Norman 's novel Morning Gift ( published in 1985 ) follows the trials of a Norman noblewoman as she struggles to keep safe her lands , her young son , and her people during the period of the Anarchy .  Ken Follett 's novel The Pillars of the Earth ( published in 1989 ) is set during this time , and was adapted to an eight-part TV miniseries debuting in the U.S. on Starz and Canada on The Movie Network/Movie Central on July 23 , 2010 . It premiered in the UK on Channel 4 , October 16 , 2010 , and on CBC Television January 8 , 2011 .  Sharon Kay Penman 's 750-page novel When Christ and His Saints Slept ( published in 1995 ) gives a comprehensive and informative view of the entire power struggle .  Elizabeth Chadwick 's A Place Beyond Courage ( published 2008 , Sphere ) is set during the Anarchy , focusing on the life of John FitzGilbert the Marshal . Her most recent novel The Lady of the English focuses on Matilda and on Henry 's young wife Adeliza .  The Anarchy is the inspiration for the fictional civil war called Dance of the Dragons between princess Rhaenyra Targaryen and her half-brother Aegon , depicted in George R. R. Martin 's novella The Princess and the Queen ( published 2013 in the anthology Dangerous Women ) and set in the same fictional universe as his epic fantasy novel series A Song of Ice and Fire .   Category : The Anarchy  Category :12 th century in fiction

neg: Cultural depictions of Edward III of England Edward III of England is the central character in the play Edward III , sometimes attributed to William Shakespeare . He also appears as a boy in Edward II by Christopher Marlowe . Edward is also the protagonist of William Blake 's early drama Edward the Third , part of his Poetical Sketches , published in 1783 . George Bernard Shaw portrayed Edward for dramatic purposes as , in Shaw 's preface to The Six of Calais , behaving himself like an unrestrained human being in a very trying situation .   Edward III has rarely been portrayed on screen . He was portrayed by Charles Kent in the 1911 silent short The Death of King Edward III and by Michael Hordern in the 1955 film The Dark Avenger , about Edward , the Black Prince . As a boy he has been portrayed by Stéphane Combesco in the 1982 French TV adaptation of Marlowe 's play and by Jody Graber in Derek Jarman 's 1991 version . In World Without End ( 2012 ) , Blake Ritson portrayed Edward III .   Edward is portrayed as the son of Isabella and the Scottish rebel , William Wallace , in the 1995 film Braveheart . This is historically impossible , as Wallace died seven years before Edward was born when Isabella was about 17 years old . It is extremely unlikely William Wallace and Isabella ever met .   Edward appears in Maurice Druon 's series of historical novels Les Rois maudits ( The Accursed Kings ) . Jean-Louis Broust portrayed him in the 1972 French TV adaptation of these novels , and Aurélien Wiik played the role in the 2005 French TV adaptation .   Edward is a major character in The King 's Mistress by Emma Campion and her Owen Archer mystery novel The Lady Chapel ( 1994 ) under the name Candace Robb . He appears in the 2000 Bernard Cornwell novel Harlequin , as well as in the 2007 Ken Follett novel World Without End , the sequel to Pillars of the Earth . Edward also appears briefly in The First Princess of Wales by Karen Harper .

neg: Inheritance Cycle The Inheritance Cycle is a young adult tetralogy of epic fantasy novels written by American author Christopher Paolini . Set in the fictional world of Alagaësia ( -LSB- æləˈɡeɪziə -RSB- ) , the novels focus on the adventures of a teenage boy named Eragon and his dragon , Saphira , as they struggle to overthrow the evil king Galbatorix . The series was originally intended to be a trilogy ( named the `` Inheritance Trilogy '' ) until Paolini announced on October 30 , 2007 , while working on the third novel , that he believed the story was too complex to conclude in just three books .   The book series as a whole received mostly mixed to negative reviews by critics , but has gained both popularity and commercial success . The first book in the series , Eragon , was originally self-published by Paolini in 2001 , and subsequently re-published by Alfred A. Knopf Books for Young Readers on June 25 , 2003 . The second book in the series , Eldest , was published by Knopf on August 23 , 2005 . Both were New York Times bestsellers . The third book in the series , Brisingr , was published by Knopf on September 20 , 2008 . The fourth and final book in the series , Inheritance , was published by Knopf on November 8 , 2011 . The series has sold 33.5 million copies worldwide .   In 2006 , a feature film was released based on the first book in the cycle , Eragon , starring Ed Speleers , Jeremy Irons , John Malkovich and Djimon Hounsou . The film received generally negative reviews and closed as the 13th highest grossing fantasy-live action film within the United States .

neg: A Wizard of Earthsea A Wizard of Earthsea is a young adult fantasy novel written by the American author Ursula K. Le Guin , first published by the small press Parnassus in 1968 . The novel received highly positive reviews , initially as a work for children , and later among a general audience as well .   Set in the fictional archipelago of Earthsea , the story centers around a young mage named Ged , born in a village on the island Gont . Displaying great power while still a boy , he joins the school of wizardry , where his prickly nature drives him into conflict with one of his fellows . During a magical duel , Ged 's spell goes awry and releases a shadow creature that attacks him . The novel follows his journey as he seeks to be free of the creature .   The book has often been described as a Bildungsroman or coming of age story , as it explores Ged 's process of learning to cope with power and come to terms with death . The novel also carries Taoist themes about a fundamental balance in the universe of Earthsea , which wizards are supposed to maintain , closely tied to the idea that language and names have power to affect the material world and alter this balance . Although the structure of the story is similar to that of a traditional epic , critics also described it as subverting this genre in many ways , such as by making the protagonist dark-skinned , in comparison to more typical white-skinned heroes .   A Wizard of Earthsea is widely regarded as a classic of fantasy and young-adult literature and was one of the final recipients of the Lewis Carroll Shelf Award . The book was widely influential within the genre of fantasy ; Margaret Atwood , for instance , called A Wizard of Earthsea one of the `` wellsprings '' of fantasy literature . Le Guin would later write five subsequent books that , together with A Wizard of Earthsea , are referred to as the Earthsea Cycle : The Tombs of Atuan ( 1971 ) , The Farthest Shore ( 1972 ) , Tehanu ( 1990 ) , The Other Wind ( 2001 ) , and Tales from Earthsea ( 2001 ) . George Slusser has described the series as a `` work of high style and imagination '' .

neg: Gog and Magog Gog and Magog ( -LSB- gɒg -RSB- -LSB- ˈmeɪgɒg -RSB- Gog u-Magog ) in the Hebrew Bible may be individuals , peoples , or lands ; a prophesied enemy nation of God 's people according to the Book of Ezekiel , and one of the nations according to Genesis descended from Japheth son of Noah .   The Gog prophecy is meant to be fulfilled at the approach of what is called the `` end of days '' , but not necessarily the end of the world . Jewish eschatology viewed Gog and Magog as enemies to be defeated by the Messiah , which will usher in the age of the Messiah . Christianity 's interpretation is more starkly apocalyptic : making Gog and Magog allies of Satan against God at the end of the millennium , as can be read in the Book of Revelation .   To Gog and Magog were also attached a legend , certainly current by the Roman period , that they were people contained beyond the Gates of Alexander erected by Alexander the Great . Romanized Jewish historian Josephus knew them as the tribe descended from Magog the Japhethite , as in Genesis , and explained them to be the Scythians . In the hands of Early Christian writers they became apocalyptic hordes , and throughout the Medieval period variously identified as the Huns , Khazars , Mongols , or other nomads , or even the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel .   The legend of Gog and Magog and the gates were also interpolated into the Alexander Romances . In one version , `` Goth and Magoth '' are kings of the Unclean Nations , driven beyond a mountain pass by Alexander , and blocked from returning by his new wall . Gog and Magog are said to engage in human cannibalism in the romances and derived literature . They have also been depicted on Medieval cosmological maps , or Mappa mundi , sometimes alongside Alexander 's wall .   Gog and Magog appear in the Quran as Yajuj and Majuj , adversaries of Dhul-Qarnayn , a legendary figure . Muslim geographers identified them at first with Turkic tribes from Central Asia and later with the Mongols . In modern times they remain associated with apocalyptic thinking , especially in the United States and the Muslim world .

neg: House of Telcontar In the fictional universe of J. R. R. Tolkien , the House of Telcontar , previously the House of Elendil , is the Royal House of the Reunited Kingdom of Arnor and Gondor . The House was founded by Aragorn II during the War of the Ring , who was the last surviving Heir of Elendil , and took the throne under the name Elessar .   The name of the House finds its origin in Quenya , one of the Elvish languages . During the War of the Ring , Peregrin Took , a companion of Aragorn 's in The Fellowship of the Ring , became a member of the elite Citadel Guard at Minas Tirith , capital of Gondor . When Lord Aragorn entered the city , Peregrin persisted in familiarly referring to Aragorn by the nickname he had garnered as a Ranger of the North : `` Strider '' , even in front of foreign dignitaries such as King Éomer of Rohan . Aragorn was amused , and decided that the name of the lineage he founded would be `` Telcontar '' , which translates as `` Strider '' in Quenya . Members of the House of Telcontar are referred to as the `` Telcóntari '' ( Striders ) , the plural of Telcontar in Quenya .   Aragorn then took the royal name `` Elessar '' ( translated as Elfstone in Quenya ) .   With Queen Arwen , King Elessar reigned for 120 years , before finally surrendering his life . This long reign is attributed to Elessar 's descent from the Men of Númenor , who are blessed with long life ( he was 88 when he took the throne ) . He rebuilt the old capital Annúminas in Arnor and later ruled from this northern capital , although the old capital Minas Tirith was still of great political importance .   Elessar had one known son , Eldarion , and an unspecified number of daughters . King Elessar was buried with great honour in Minas Tirith . King Eldarion ( his name meaning `` from the Elves '' in reference to his mother Arwen ) was `` full ripe for kingship '' at the time , and ruled for an unspecified amount of time well into the Fourth Age of Men . Little is known of Eldarion , save that he left heirs to continue the House of Telcontar after him .

neg: Dagor-nuin-Giliath In J. R. R. Tolkien 's fictional Middle-earth , the Dagor-nuin-Giliath ( Battle under the Stars ) ( -LSB- ˈdɑɡɒr ˈnui̯n ˈɡiliaθ -RSB- ) is the second battle of the Wars of Beleriand , but the first involving the Noldor .   The Noldor following of Fëanor arrive in Middle-earth at the Firth of Drengist , and after burning their fleet , pass into Hithlum and encamp on the northern shore of Lake Mithrim . Their unforeseen arrival completely surprises Morgoth . This opportunity is somewhat compromised by Fëanor 's ill-considered , wanton burning of the Telerin ships . The great fire alerts Morgoth and causes the Dark Lord to delay his plan to conquer Beleriand . He redeploys his forces to meet this new and unexpected threat .   Morgoth yet knows little of his foe 's strengths and abilities . He hopes to destroy the Noldor under Fëanor before they can establish themselves . He attempts to concentrate several Orc forces to achieve this . An Orc-host is sent from Angband to attack over passes of the mountains of Ered Wethrin , and the Orc-host occupying East Beleriand and besieging the Havens of Círdan in the south is recalled to join in the attack . The Orcs of Morgoth far outnumber the Fëanorian Noldor , but the Orc-captains are unable to coordinate their attack and take advantage of their full , combined might . The Noldor are freshly empowered by the Light of Valinor , and using marvellous weapons and armour as well as the previously unseen cavalry they defeat the Orc forces in detail .   The first Orc-host of some 40,000 is quickly overwhelmed in Mithrim and retreats north through Ard-galen , with Fëanor in furious pursuit leading much of the cavalry . The Orc-captains of the south commanding an army reduced in strength from besieging the Havens of the Falas after the First Battle of Beleriand , move north to join the attack . Celegorm , leading the rest of the Fëanorian Noldor , waylays their line of march in the pass below Eithel Sirion , driving them into the Fens . Trapped between Celegorm 's force and the Fens of Serech , the majority of the Orcs perish in a ten-day battle and the remnants try to flee back to Angband .   Fëanor , reckless in his wrath , pursues the Orcs across the plain of Ard-galen and became separated from his vanguard . At the north edge of the plain , on Dor Daedeloth , the Orcs make a stand and Gothmog leads his Balrogs forth from Thangorodrim to their aid . Fëanor stands his ground and long fights alone , until he is mortally wounded . Fëanor is rescued by his sons , but dies soon after .   The Dagor-nuin-Giliath is a bittersweet victory for the Fëanorian Noldor , as they destroy nearly all of Morgoth 's forces in the several battles , but Fëanor is slain , and they had lost one of their princes .   In some tellings of the War of the Jewels , the Battle of Lammoth is counted as part of the Battle-under-Stars . In those tales , immediately following the rising of the Moon , Fingolfin and the second , greater Host of the Noldor arrive in Lammoth . There , they are attacked by Orcs which are sent by Morgoth to attack Fëanor in the rear , and they fight their first battle , the Battle of Lammoth . The Noldor are caught off-guard , and Fingolfin 's son Argon is slain after a valiant fight that nevertheless dismays the enemy . Fingolfin and his host pursue the Orcs until they are completely destroyed , and then pass into Mithrim as the Sun first rises .

neg: Snow Falls `` Snow Falls '' is the third episode of the American fairy tale/drama television series Once Upon a Time . The series takes place in the fictional seaside town of Storybrooke , Maine , in which the residents are actually characters from various fairy tales that were transported to the `` real world '' town by a powerful curse . This episode centers on the first meeting of Snow White ( Ginnifer Goodwin ) and Prince Charming ( Joshua Dallas ) , when the former steals his mother 's ring ; Charming hunts her down , but they later part amicably . Meanwhile , Snow 's Storybrooke counterpart , Mary Margaret ( Goodwin ) , develops a personal bond with a comatose John Doe ( Dallas ) while reading him fairy tales . During the night , he awakens and escapes the hospital ; Mary Margaret locates the amnesiac man , but is dismayed to learn that he is married .   The episode was written by co-executive producer Liz Tigelaar , while being directed by Dean White . It featured the first appearance of David Anders as Dr. Whale and Anastasia Griffith in the dual role of Kathryn Nolan and Princess Abigail . `` Snow Falls '' serves as a prequel to the pilot episode . Goodwin injured herself during filming and received facial stitches in a local emergency room , though she and Dallas still called the episode their favorite up to that point .   It first aired in the United States on ABC on November 6 , 2011 . An estimated 11.4 million viewers tuned into the episode , and it placed second in its timeslot , though it garnered five percent fewer viewers than the previous episode . `` Snow Falls '' received generally positive reviews from television critics , with several calling it an indication that the series was improving over time . The chemistry between Goodwin and Dallas was particularly highlighted for praise . A novelization of the episode was released in 2013 .

neg: Character (arts) A character ( sometimes known as a fictional character ) is a person or other being in a narrative work of art ( such as a novel , play , television series , or film ) . The character may be entirely fictional or based on a real-life person , in which case the distinction of a `` fictional '' versus `` real '' character may be made . Derived from the ancient Greek word χαρακτήρ , the English word dates from the Restoration , although it became widely used after its appearance in Tom Jones in 1749 . From this , the sense of `` a part played by an actor '' developed . Character , particularly when enacted by an actor in the theatre or cinema , involves `` the illusion of being a human person . '' In literature , characters guide readers through their stories , helping them to understand plots and ponder themes . Since the end of the 18th century , the phrase `` in character '' has been used to describe an effective impersonation by an actor . Since the 19th century , the art of creating characters , as practiced by actors or writers , has been called characterisation .   A character who stands as a representative of a particular class or group of people is known as a type . Types include both stock characters and those that are more fully individualised . The characters in Henrik Ibsen 's Hedda Gabler ( 1891 ) and August Strindberg 's Miss Julie ( 1888 ) , for example , are representative of specific positions in the social relations of class and gender , such that the conflicts between the characters reveal ideological conflicts .   The study of a character requires an analysis of its relations with all of the other characters in the work . The individual status of a character is defined through the network of oppositions ( proairetic , pragmatic , linguistic , proxemic ) that it forms with the other characters . The relation between characters and the action of the story shifts historically , often miming shifts in society and its ideas about human individuality , self-determination , and the social order .

neg: Beowulf & Grendel Beowulf & Grendel is a 2005 film Canadian-Icelandic fantasy adventure film directed by Sturla Gunnarsson , loosely based on the Anglo-Saxon epic poem Beowulf . It stars Gerard Butler as Beowulf , Stellan Skarsgård as Hrothgar , Ingvar Eggert Sigurðsson as Grendel and Sarah Polley as the witch Selma . The screenplay was written by Andrew Rai Berzins . The soundtrack was composed by Hilmar Örn Hilmarsson . While some of the film remains true to the original poem , other plot elements deviate from the original poem : three new characters , Grendel 's father , the witch Selma , and Grendel 's son are introduced , and several related plot points were developed specifically for the film .   The film is a cooperative effort between Eurasia Motion Pictures ( Canada ) , Spice Factory ( UK ) , and Bjolfskvida ( Iceland ) , and it was filmed in Iceland . The story takes place in the early half of the sixth century AD in what is now Denmark , but the filming of the movie in Iceland provided many panoramic views of that country 's landscape . In 2006 , a documentary of the making of Beowulf and Grendel , called Wrath of Gods , was released and went on to win six film awards in Europe and the U.S.

neg: Magi in fantasy fiction and games A `` Mage '' is a character archetype commonly found in fantasy settings that entail the use of magic . Mage , rather than magus , is the spelling generally used to describe magic-wielding characters in role-playing games and fiction . In the English language , the term `` mage '' is used as a gender-neutral word for a character who can cast magic spells .

neg: Song of the Gargoyle The Song of the Gargoyle is a 1991 book for young readers by Zilpha Keatley Snyder . Set in the middle ages , it tells the story of a young boy named Tymmon who lives with his father Komus , the court jester of Austerneve . When Komus is abducted by an anonymous man with a Black Helmet , thirteen-year-old Tymmon is able to escape Black Helmet and leaves the castle grounds to seek refuge in the Sombrous Forest , a forbidden place occupied by wolves and magical beings . Most wonderfully , Tymmon is adopted by a gargoyle named Troff -- a creature with the loyalty of a dog and the fearsome powers of an enchanted being .   After a season surviving in the forest , Tymmon longs to rescue his father and to find a way to avenge him , as a knight would . But Tymmon is a commoner , and he burns with anger at his father , who threw away a noble heritage to become a lowly jester . Tymmon had to watch his childhood playmate turn away from him to become a squire and train for the knighthood Tymmon can never know .   When Tymmon realizes that Troff can pose as a dog , he and Troff leave the forest together . As they travel , Tymmon sees the poverty and suffering of peasants ravaged by feudalistic greed . In the city he discovers that with his talent for music and joking , inherited from his father , he and Troff can make people happy . Beyond that , performing enables him to communicate with people from all walks of life .   Of Song of the Gargolye , Zilpha Keatley Snyder says , `` High among the periods that inspired my childhood dreamscapes were the middle ages . Not a very specific or historic middle ages , actually , so much as a fantasy world peopled by beautiful princesses and -- most especially -- by noble knights . I especially liked the knights . No doubt due , at least in part , to the fact that they rode horses . ( I was also enamored of cowboys . ) However , when I grew older and less romantic , I began to look at my hardware-clad heroes from a more critical point of view . Knights , I discovered , were often a pretty cruel and bloodthirsty bunch , not to mention ignorant and superstitious ... So when I got around to setting a story in their time , I cast about for a hero or two with a better odor . And the result was Tymmon and his father , Komus . And Troff ? Just another tribute to the memory of various more-or-less miraculous four-legged friends . ''   Category : American children 's novels  Category :1991 American novels

neg: Sansa Stark Sansa Stark is a fictional character created by American author George R. R. Martin . She is a prominent character in Martin 's award-winning A Song of Ice and Fire series .   Introduced in 1996 's A Game of Thrones , Sansa is the eldest daughter and second child of Lord Eddard Stark and his wife Lady Catelyn Stark . She subsequently appeared in the following three novels , A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) , A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) and A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) . While absent from the fifth novel A Dance with Dragons as the books are separated geographically , Sansa is confirmed to return in the forthcoming next book in the series , The Winds of Winter .   In HBO 's adaptation of the series , Game of Thrones , Sansa Stark is played by Sophie Turner . The character has received critical acclaim , being praised as the 4th greatest character in the series by Rolling Stone . She and the rest of the cast were nominated for Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series in 2012 , 2014 , 2015 and 2016 .

neg: Novel in Scotland The novel in Scotland includes all long prose fiction published in Scotland and by Scottish authors since the development of the literary format in the eighteenth century . The novel was soon a major element of Scottish literary and critical life . Tobias Smollett 's picaresque novels , such as The Adventures of Roderick Random and The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle mean that he is often seen as Scotland 's first novelist . Other Scots who contributed to the development of the novel in the eighteenth century include Henry Mackenzie and John Moore .   There was a tradition of moral and domestic fiction in the early nineteenth century that included the work of Elizabeth Hamilton , Mary Brunton and Christian Johnstone . The outstanding literary figure of the early nineteenth century was Walter Scott , whose Waverley is often called the first historical novel . He had a major worldwide influence . His success led to a publishing boom in Scotland . Major figures that benefited included James Hogg , John Galt , John Gibson Lockhart , John Wilson and Susan Ferrier . In the mid-nineteenth century major literary figures that contributed to the development of the novel included David Macbeth Moir , John Stuart Blackie , William Edmondstoune Aytoun and Margaret Oliphant . In the late nineteenth century , a number of Scottish-born authors achieved international reputations , including Robert Louis Stevenson and Arthur Conan Doyle , whose Sherlock Holmes stories helped found the tradition of detective fiction . In the last two decades of the century the `` kailyard school '' ( cabbage patch ) depicted Scotland in a rural and nostalgic fashion , often seen as a `` failure of nerve '' in dealing with the rapid changes that had swept across Scotland in the industrial revolution . Figures associated with the movement include Ian Maclaren , S. R. Crockett and J. M. Barrie , best known for his creation of Peter Pan , which helped develop the genre of fantasy , as did the work of George MacDonald .   Among the most important novels of the early twentieth century was The House with the Green Shutters by George Douglas Brown , which broke with the Kailyard tradition . John Buchan played a major role in the creation of the modern thriller with The Thirty-Nine Steps and Greenmantle . The Scottish literary Renaissance attempted to introduce modernism into art and create of a distinctive national literature . It increasingly focused on the novel . Major figures included Neil Gunn , George Blake , A. J. Cronin , Eric Linklater and Lewis Grassic Gibbon . There were also a large number of female authors associated with the movement , who included Catherine Carswell , Willa Muir , Nan Shepherd and Naomi Mitchison . Many major Scottish post-war novelists , such as Robin Jenkins , Jessie Kesson , Muriel Spark , Alexander Trocchi and James Kennaway spent most of their lives outside Scotland , but often dealt with Scottish themes . Successful mass-market works included the action novels of Alistair MacLean and the historical fiction of Dorothy Dunnett . A younger generation of novelists that emerged in the 1960s and 1970s included Allan Massie , Shena Mackay and Alan Spence . Working class identity continued to be explored by Archie Hind , Alan Sharp , George Friel and William McIlvanney .   From the 1980s Scottish literature enjoyed another major revival , with figures including Alasdair Gray , James Kelman , Irvine Welsh , Alan Warner , Janice Galloway , A. L. Kennedy , Iain Banks , Candia McWilliam , Frank Kuppner and Andrew O'Hagan . In genre fiction Iain Banks , writing as Iain M. Banks , produced ground-breaking science fiction and Scottish crime fiction has been a major area of growth with the success of novelists including Frederic Lindsay , Quintin Jardine , Val McDermid , Denise Mina , Christopher Brookmyre , and particularly Ian Rankin and his Inspector Rebus novels . The most successful author of Scottish origins in recent years has been J. K. Rowling , author of the Harry Potter series .

neg: Essay of Dramatick Poesie Essay of Dramatic Poesy by John Dryden was published in 1668 . It was probably written during the plague year of 1666 . Dryden takes up the subject that Philip Sidney had set forth in his Defence of Poesie ( 1580 ) and attempts to justify drama as a legitimate form of `` poetry '' comparable to the epic , as well as defend English drama against that of the ancients and the French .   The treatise is a dialogue between four speakers : Eugenius , Crites , Lisideius , and Neander . The four speakers represented , respectively Charles Sackville ( Lord Buchhurst and later sixth Earl of Dorset ) , Sir Robert Howard -LSB- playwright and Dryden 's brother-in-law -RSB- , Sir Charles Sedley ( Edward Malone identified him as Lisideius ) and Dryden himself ( neander means `` new man '' and implies that Dryden , as a respected member of the gentry class , is entitled to join in this dialogue on an equal footing with the three older men who are his social superiors ) . On the day that the English fleet encounters the Dutch at sea near the mouth of the Thames , the four friends take a barge downriver towards the noise from the battle . Rightly concluding , as the noise subsides , that the English have triumphed , they order the bargeman to row them back upriver as they begin a dialogue on the advances made by modern civilization . They agree to measure progress by comparing ancient arts with modern , focusing specifically on the art of drama ( or `` dramatic poesy '' ) . The four men debate a series of three topics : ( 1 ) the relative merit of classical drama ( upheld by Crites ) vs. modern drama ( championed by Eugenius ) ; ( 2 ) whether French drama , as Lisideius maintains , is better than English drama ( supported by Neander , who famously calls Shakespeare `` the greatest soul , ancient or modern '' ) ; and ( 3 ) whether plays in rhyme are an improvement upon blank verse drama -- a proposition that Neander , despite having defended the Elizabethans , now advances against the skeptical Crites ( who also switches from his original position and defends the blank verse tradition of Elizabethan drama ) . Invoking the so-called unities from Aristotle 's Poetics ( as interpreted by Italian and refined by French scholars over the last century ) , the four speakers discuss what makes a play `` a just and lively imitation '' of human nature in action . This definition of a play , supplied by Lisideius/Orrery ( whose rhymed plays had dazzled the court and were a model for the new drama ) , gives the debaters a versatile and richly ambiguous touchstone . To Crites ' argument that the plots of classical drama are more `` just , '' Eugenius can retort that modern plots are more `` lively '' thanks to their variety . Lisideius shows that the French plots carefully preserve Aristotle 's unities of action , place , and time ; Neander replies that English dramatists like Ben Jonson also kept the unities when they wanted to , but that they preferred to develop character and motive . Even Neander 's final argument with Crites over whether rhyme is suitable in drama depends on Aristotle 's Poetics : Neander says that Aristotle demands a verbally artful ( `` lively '' ) imitation of nature , while Crites thinks that dramatic imitation ceases to be `` just '' when it departs from ordinary speech -- i.e. prose or blank verse . A year later , the two brothers-in-law quarreled publicly over this third topic . See Dryden 's `` Defense of An Essay of Dramatic Poesy '' ( 1669 ) , where Dryden tries to persuade the rather literal-minded Howard that audiences expect a play to be an imitation of nature , not a surrogate for nature itself .


query: The Catalyst is by an American bluegrass band.

pos: Linkin Park Linkin Park is an American rock band from Agoura Hills , California . Formed in 1996 , the band rose to international fame with their debut album Hybrid Theory ( 2000 ) , which was certified diamond by the RIAA in 2005 and multi-platinum in several other countries . Their following studio album Meteora continued the band 's success , topping the Billboard 200 album chart in 2003 , and was followed by extensive touring and charity work around the world . In 2003 , MTV2 named Linkin Park the sixth-greatest band of the music video era and the third-best of the new millennium . Billboard ranked Linkin Park No. 19 on the Best Artists of the Decade chart . In 2012 , the band was voted as the greatest artist of the 2000s in a Bracket Madness poll on VH1 . In 2014 , the band was declared as the Biggest Rock Band in the World Right Now by Kerrang ! .   Having adapted nu metal and rap metal to a radio-friendly yet densely layered style in Hybrid Theory and Meteora , the band explored other genres in their next studio album , Minutes to Midnight ( 2007 ) . The album topped the Billboard charts and had the third-best debut week of any album that year . The band continued to explore a wider variation of musical types in their fourth album , A Thousand Suns ( 2010 ) , layering their music with more electronic sounds and beats . Their fifth album , Living Things ( 2012 ) , combines musical elements from all of their previous records . Their sixth album , The Hunting Party ( 2014 ) , returned to a heavier rock sound . Their seventh album One More Light , a more electronic and pop-oriented record , was released on May 19 , 2017 . The band has collaborated with several other artists , including rapper Jay Z in their mashup EP Collision Course , and many others on the remix albums Reanimation and Recharged . Linkin Park has sold over 70 million albums worldwide and has won two Grammy Awards .

pos: The Catalyst `` The Catalyst '' is a song by American rock band Linkin Park . Released on August 2 , 2010 , it is the first single from their fourth studio album , A Thousand Suns , which was released on September 8 , 2010 . The music video for the song , directed by the band 's turntablist Joe Hahn , was released on August 26 , 2010 .   `` The Catalyst '' is used in the trailer and credits of the video game Medal of Honor and also the opening song of Namco-Bandai 's Arcade game , Mobile Suit Gundam : Extreme Vs. . It was also used in select commercials of the Discovery Channel series , Surviving the Cut . The song was also featured in the video game Linkin Park Revenge for the iPhone , iPad , and iPod Touch . `` The Catalyst '' has also been used in the advertisement for the 2011 movie The Lincoln Lawyer with Matthew McConaughey .   `` The Catalyst '' , along with five other songs from A Thousand Suns , are featured in the `` Linkin Park Track Pack '' as downloadable content for the rhythm video game Guitar Hero : Warriors of Rock . The track pack was released on October 19 , 2010 .

neg: Earth (American band) Earth is an American musical group based in Olympia , Washington , formed in 1989 and led by the guitarist Dylan Carlson . Earth 's music is nearly all instrumental , and can be divided into two distinct stages . Their early work is characterized by distortion , droning , minimalism , and lengthy , repetitive song structures . The band 's later output reduces the distortion while incorporating elements of country , jazz rock , and folk . Earth is recognized as a pioneer of drone metal , with the band 's Earth 2 being regarded as a milestone of the genre .

neg: The Ragbirds The Ragbirds are a 5-piece , female-led , folk-rock-world fusion band out of Ann Arbor , Michigan . They describe their music as `` infectious global groove '' . The musical roots of The Ragbirds sound are complex - with Gypsy , Middle-Eastern , Americana , rock , and Latin influences , all stirred with a Celtic fiddler 's bow . In live performances the band incorporates variations on traditional African drum pieces , each member trading their instrument for a hand drum . The songs carry a positive message and include both pop hooks and improvised solos . It is music that fits stages of many sizes and styles - from listening rooms - to jam-band music festivals - to bars and clubs with a hyped-up dance floor .   The Ragbirds make use of numerous traditional folk instruments , blending them with modern sounds to create an infectious world groove rooted in the traditions of many cultures and eras .  The group has released five full-length studio albums , two live records and one single - all self-produced and independently released . Their newest album , The Threshold & The Hearth , will be released March 25 , 2016 via Rock Ridge Music .

neg: Nickel Creek discography This article represents the discography of progressive bluegrass band Nickel Creek . They have released six studio albums , one compilation album , as well as eight singles .   Nickel Creek 's first widely known album , Nickel Creek , was released in 2001 . It charted within the Top 20 of the Billboard Top Country Albums charts . The album featured three singles : `` When You Come Back Down '' , `` The Lighthouse 's Tale '' , and `` Reasons Why '' . The first two charted to number 48 and number 49 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts , whereas the third single failed to chart . Also in 2001 , the band were featured with Dolly Parton on `` Shine '' , a cover of the pop group Collective Soul 's signature song . The song was released as a single from Parton 's album Little Sparrow , and also featured a music video . Nickel Creek was then certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America on February 4 , 2004 .   In 2003 , they released their critically acclaimed album This Side . It was success on the Top Country Albums chart , debuting and peaking at number 2 , as well as their first album to chart within the Top 20 of the Billboard 200 , where it reached number 18 . It was also a number-one album on the Billboard Top Bluegrass Albums chart . The album only spawned one chart single with its title track . It peaked at number 56 on the country charts .   Their fifth studio album , Why Should the Fire Die ? , was released in 2005 . Like its predecessor , it too , made the Top 20 of the Billboard 200 , but failed to enter the Top Country Albums chart . One single was released , `` When in Rome , '' but it failed to chart .   The band 's sixth studio album , A Dotted Line , was released April 1 , 2014 .

neg: Hayseed Dixie Hayseed Dixie is an American band which began in 2001 with the release of their first album , A Hillbilly Tribute to AC/DC . The band performs a mixture of cover versions of hard rock songs and original compositions in a style that is a unique fusion of bluegrass and rock music and they are acknowledged as the creators of the musical genre `` Rockgrass '' . The band 's name is a linguistic play on the name of the band AC/DC .

neg: Hearts & Flowers Hearts & Flowers was a Los Angeles folk rock club band , perhaps most significant as one of the groups that launched the career of Eagles ' founding member and guitarist-songwriter , Bernie Leadon . The lineup included Larry Murray ( vocals , guitar ) , Dave Dawson ( vocals , guitar , autoharp ) , and Rick Cunha ( vocals , guitar ) .   The individual members met at the ongoing Monday night jam sessions being held at The Troubador over which Murray presided . Cunha and Dawson , who played in a duo , were newcomers as recent transplants to the area from Hawaii . After a few informal picking sessions , the trio gelled and started performing .   `` We had a unique sound , a very strange sound , particularly because we found what we did best was old , traditional , country hillbilly music , Murray told John Einarson . `` That became the core of what we did , the three of us , and we took it from there . ''   The group 's sound was described as `` Merle Haggard-meets-Sgt . Pepper '' as a result of the wide-ranging influences each member brought to Hearts & Flowers . This included the aforementioned Haggard , plus Buck Owens , The Louvin and Everly brothers , The Country Gentlemen , The Beatles , and Bob Dylan . With such unorthodox influences -- plus the fact that the band featured autoharp -- , the group was torn about the direction it wanted to take . `` Had it been up to us , we would have gone way country , '' said Cunha . `` We wanted it to be commercial and fit into the pop market , but left to our own devices it would have been even more country . Production changed what we would have done . ''   Meanwhile , Hearts & Flowers was influencing local musicians who heard them in various folk clubs around the Los Angeles area . This included several people who would later be credited with developing the then-germinating Southern California country-rock sound . Jim Messina ( Buffalo Springfield , Poco , Loggins and Messina ) says , `` Those three guys were probably the closest thing to what we were all flowing into . They were the cutting edge of where the rest of us were going . They were the black that did n't quite have the edge sharped on it yet . I got my first Telecaster from Rick Cunha . ''   The group signed a deal with Capitol Records ' Folk World label in December 1966 . Once in the studio , the trio was filled out with studio musicians and steered into a more folk direction . On the road , the group would be augmented with an ever-changing series of musicians including Terry Paul ( Kris Kristofferson ) , Pete Carr ( The Hour Glass ) , and Karen Carpenter ( The Carpenters ) .   Tensions over the direction of the group eventually came to a head . Cunha left the group in Fall 1967 to write country music and produce .   Leadon replaced Cunha for the second album in 1968 . Leadon was well known to Murray as they had played in the Scottsville Squirrel Barkers , a San Diego bluegrass group responsible for launching both those members ' careers as well as those of Chris Hillman ( The Byrds , The Flying Burrito Brothers , Manassas ) and Kenny Wertz ( The Flying Burrito Brothers , Country Gazette ) .   Among venues they played during the mid-1960s , were Los Angeles clubs Ledbetter 's , Doug Weston 's Troubadour , The Whisky-a-Go-Go , and the Ash Grove , primarily as an opening act . Some of the groups with whom they shared a bill included The Doors , Bill Monroe , The Buffalo Springfield , and Blue Cheer . After recording two albums without major success , the group disbanded in 1968 .   Murray claims the group was `` in a rut '' and each member was working with other , different musicians . `` But for a simple twist of fate , we could have been huge . We had what it took , we had a lot of charisma , the personality of the group was amazing . But I do n't think we were focused business-wise . We tended to go with losers , because they were less high-pressure , and we dodged the real pressure people whose asses we should have been kissing . But you do what you do . Everything we did seemed like a good idea at the time . ''   The timing of the break-up could n't have been worse . It was just prior to the release of the seminal country-rock album by The Byrds , Sweetheart of the Rodeo , and the subsequent formation of The Flying Burrito Brothers , both of which are credited with popularizing the genre .

neg: Audio-Visions Audio-Visions is the seventh studio album by American progressive rock band Kansas , released in 1980 . The album was reissued in remastered format on CD in 1996 on Legacy/Epic and again in 2011 , as a Japanese import vinyl-replica CD , as well as part of the Sony/Legacy domestic boxed set , Kansas Complete Album Collection 1974-1983 , which packages all of the band 's original releases on Kirshner and affiliated labels CBS/Columbia .   Kerry Livgren 's recent conversion to Christianity is first heard on this album , primarily in the lyrics to `` Hold On '' ( which was written as an evangelistic plea to his wife ) . That song was the original lineup 's last Top 40 , peaking at # 40 as the album 's first single . The second single from the album , `` Got to Rock On , '' charted outside the Top 40 , and was released as a promo only 12 '' single as well , featuring a live version of the song on Side B of the promotional single , taken from an ABC Radio `` the Source '' live concert broadcast from Chicago . In addition , another stop on the Audio-Visions tour was broadcast on the radio , on the radio show `` A Night on the Road , '' from the Palladium in New York City . In addition to playing almost every song on the album on the tour , the band also played one selection each from Livgren and Walsh 's recent solo albums . While every song on the Monolith album was played during the early part prior Monolith tour , not a single song from Monolith was played on the Audio-Visions tour .   The eighth song on this album , `` No One Together '' , was originally intended for release on the previous album , Monolith , released in 1979 , but it was dropped from that album due to an argument between Walsh and Livgren over whose song should be included there ( with Walsh winning out the argument by having his song , `` How My Soul Cries Out for You '' , included ) and wound up on this album instead .   The album was to be the last album with the band 's original lineup until 2000 's Somewhere to Elsewhere , and coincidentally the band 's last studio album to be certified gold by the RIAA ( which it did in December 1980 ) .   The album was later repackaged as Playlist : Audio-Visions , removing the last three tracks and including `` How My Soul Cries Out for You '' in the place of `` No One Together '' .

neg: Robin Lynn Macy Robin Lynn Macy ( born November 1 , 1958 ) is an American musician , teacher , and gardener , who is best known as a founding member of the female country group the Dixie Chicks .   While a mathematics teacher at St. Mark 's School of Texas , Macy was active in the Dallas bluegrass music scene of the 1980s , and was in a band called Danger in the Air . The band released two independent albums . With the Chicks she was the group 's guitarist , co-lead singer , and occasional songwriter .   Macy left the Dixie Chicks in late 1992 in a dispute with the Erwin sisters about the group 's musical direction . Macy advocated for a `` purer '' bluegrass approach . ( She was not replaced ; the foursome became a trio . It would be still several more years until the Dixie Chicks achieved their big commercial break , when Natalie Maines replaced Laura Lynch as lead singer . )   Macy then joined Sara Hickman and Patty Lege to form the group Domestic Science Club , which issued two albums before disbanding . While still in Dallas , Macy played with an informal group named Round Robin , but she eventually moved to southern Kansas . Macy hosted an evening music show on local NPR affiliate , KERA in Dallas , in the mid-1990s .   She then performed with Mark Bennett , Mike and Vicki Lynn Theobald in The Blue Plate Special . The band performed at the Walnut Valley Festival , in Winfield , Kansas in 1999 .   Big Twang was Macy 's next project . The bluegrass quintet was founded by Macy and won the 1999 RockyGrass Band Championship . The band recorded one CD - Pastures of Plenty . `` Macy 's riveting , seductive voice infuses the band 's renditions of Sting 's ` Secret Journey ' and Nanci Griffith 's ` Time of Inconvenience ' with spellbinding power and soul , '' wrote reviewer David McCarty in Acoustic Guitar magazine ; `` Big Twang is one big talent . '' The band dissolved in 2003 .   Macy remained active in the regional music scene , and also returned to teaching mathematics . In addition , she is the steward of Bartlett Arboretum , a 501 ( c ) 3 non-profit she created . It is located in Belle Plaine , Kansas on a slough north of the Ninnescah River drainage , 20 miles south of Wichita . She discovered the arboretum in 1997 when it was slated for sale ; the owning Bartlett family viewed her arrival as a godsend .  In April 2008 , Macy 's recording Songs from the Garden , original compositions inspired from living among the trees at the arboretum , was released . The arboretum , with its application written by Macy , was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in April , 2010 .   In October 2008 , she formed another trio with Jennifer Pettersen and Monica Taylor called The Cherokee Maidens .  She is currently a teacher of geometry at Wichita Collegiate School .

neg: Americana Americana are artifacts , or a collection of artifacts , related to the history , geography , folklore and cultural heritage of the United States . Many kinds of material fall within the definition of Americana : paintings , prints and drawings ; license plates or entire vehicles , household objects , tools and weapons ; flags , plaques and statues , and so on . Patriotism and nostalgia play defining roles in the subject . The things involved need not be old , but need to have the appropriate associations . The Atlantic described the term as `` slang for the comforting , middle-class ephemera at your average antique store -- things like needle-pointed pillows , Civil War daguerreotypes , and engraved silverware sets . '' The term may be used to describe the theme of a museum or collection , or of goods for sale .   The term can also be used to describe studies of American culture , especially studies based in other countries . Americana music is contemporary music that incorporates elements of various American roots music styles , including country , roots-rock , folk , bluegrass and blues , resulting in a distinctive roots-oriented sound .

neg: Twin Cities Hot Summer Jazz Festival The Twin Cities Jazz Festival is one of the largest free civic events in the upper Midwest , attracting upwards of 30,000 people . Founded in 1999 by festival promoter Steve Heckler , The main events of the festival are held at Mears Park in St. Paul in the Lowertown neighborhood . The festival closes several blocks and has utilized clubs such as the Bulldog , Hat Trick , Black Dog , Station 4 , Artists ' Quarter , Union Depot , Amsterdam , Heartland , Bedlam , SW Craft Bar , and more . For the first time in 2015 , the festival will present music at the newly opened CHS Field with Jack Brass Band opening for headliner Dr. John .   In addition , Media partners have included Jazz 88 radio ( broadcasting live locally and streaming live on the internet internationally ) , WCCO-TV , The Rake , City Pages , Jazz Police , La Prenza and MPLS-St . Paul Magazine . The festival has also received extensive coverage in the Star Tribune , St. Paul Pioneer Press , The Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder and Skyway News .   Festival performers have included : Joe Lovano , Chick Corea , Esperanza Spalding , Return to Forever , Dave Brubeck , Clark Terry , Monty Alexander , Gary Burton , Deodato , The Bad Plus with Joshua Redman , Danilo Pérez , Branford Marsalis , David `` Fathead '' Newman , Eric Alexander , Jimmy McGriff , Red Holloway , Jack McDuff , Joey DeFrancesco , Benny Golson , Dr. Lonnie Smith , Dewey Redman , Lew Tabackin , Bettye LaVette , Ira Sullivan , Spyro Gyra , Bernard Purdie , Melvin Rhyne , Ben Sidran , Von Freeman , Frank Morgan , Mose Allison , Butch Thompson , Bill Evans , Chris Michalek , Alicia Renee , Heatin ' System , Howard Levy , Debbie Duncan , Big Walter Smith , Percy Strother , Tiger Okoshi , Peter Schimke , Yellowjackets , Kristin Korb , Hiromi , Phil Hey Quartet , Duke Ellington Orchestra , Henry Johnson 's Organ Express , Nachito Herrera , Salsa del Soul , Bobby Sanabria , George Avaloz , Barbara Morrison , US Air Force Falconaires , Norman Simmons , David Young , Jon Weber , Jerry Weldon , Tony Monaco , Atlantis Quartet , and MN Big Band .

neg: Davidson Brothers The Davidson Brothers , `` Bluegrass wizards '' , originally from Yinnar , Victoria , consist of brothers Hamish and Lachlan Davidson . They have written and performed together since their youth , `` they are multi-instrumentalists on banjo , fiddle , and mandolin and have won many awards on the country circuit . '' They released their first album , Blue Spruce , in 1999 when they were both in their early teens . This was the beginning of what would span into numerous recordings and national awards . `` With their dynamic brand of classic bluegrass and more contemporary newgrass music , the pair has not only blitzed the Australian country music industry , but has attracted plenty of attention in the United States and Europe as well . ''   While they have toured extensively as the Davidson Brothers , they have also shared the stage with many well known Australian artists ( Lee Kernaghan , Troy Cassar-Daley , Beccy Cole , Melinda Schneider , John Williamson , Jimmy Barnes , Eric Bogle , Tommy Emmanuel , Adam Harvey , Sara Storer , Joy McKean , Anne Kirkpatrick , Peter Denahy , Kasey Chambers , Shane Nicholson , Hugh McDonald ) . They have entertained the troops in the Middle East , made regular appearances on national television ( Hey Hey It 's Saturday , Good Morning Australia , The Panel , Spicks and Specks , It Takes Two , Australia 's Got Talent ) , and played on many recording sessions with range of other artists ( Smoky Dawson , Kevin Bloody Wilson , Mark Saul , Travis Sinclair , Joe Camilleri , Kristy Cox , Bruce Rowland ) .   Since completing university the Davidson Brothers have made Bendigo , Victoria their home and split their time between music and their other chosen professions . They were among the Top 10 Most Outstanding Musicians in the 2010 Melbourne Prize . In 2011 , the brothers established the Australian Youth Bluegrass Scholarship to encourage and nurture singers and musicians who demonstrate exceptional talent and dedication in the field of Bluegrass Music .

neg: The Mollys The Mollys was an American folk-rock quintet influenced by Celtic and Tejano music . They are based in Tucson , Arizona , and their members are Nancy McCallion , Catherine Zavala , Kevin Schramm , Dan Sorenson and Gary Mackender . They have released several albums since 1992 , their most recent being Trouble in 2002 .  Craig Harris of Allmusic called them `` one of the contemporary folk music 's most eclectic bands . '' As of 2013 , the band tends to perform one annual concert , typically on Halloween .

neg: Two Highways Two Highways is an album by American violinist/singer Alison Krauss , which was released in 1989 . It is the first album where Krauss is accompanied by her group , Union Station . It was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album in 1990 .

neg: Characteristics of progressive rock Progressive rock is a term that refers to a musical style . The term was originally referred to as `` classical rock '' ( in which a band performed together with an orchestra ) , but the term 's use has expanded in recent years to include other fusions of music styles including jazz fusion , metal and folk rock musics . The term does not refer to one particular music style but to an approach that combines elements of diverse styles . Jerry Ewing , editor of Prog Magazine , explains that `` Prog is not just a sound , it 's a mindset . '' Dream Theater guitarist John Petrucci outlines that Progressive rock is defined by its very lack of stylistic boundaries . The advent of the concept album , plus the genre 's roots in psychedelia , led albums and performances to be viewed as combined presentations of music , lyrics , and visuals .   Bands abandoned the short pop single in favor of instrumentation and compositional techniques more frequently associated with jazz or classical music as part of an effort to give rock music the same level of musical sophistication and critical respect . Progressive rock abandons the danceable beat that defines earlier rock styles and is more likely than other types of popular music to experiment with compositional structure , instrumentation , harmony and rhythm , or lyrical content . It may demand more effort on the part of the listener than other types of music .   Musicians in progressive rock typically display a high degree of instrumental skill , although this is not always the case . Virtuoso instrumental skills are so closely associated with progressive rock that authors such as Bill Martin consider it as a defining element and exclude bands such as Pink Floyd from consideration . It is not uncommon for musicians to have received a higher-than-average level of formal training . Players from the genre frequently appear in readers ' polls of publications that cater to musicians .

neg: Before the Fire Comes Down Before the Fire Comes Down is the second album by the progressive bluegrass band Northern Lights .

neg: The Bills The Bills are a high impact , acoustic folk music quintet from the West Coast of Canada . They have developed a unique sound , blending traditional influences from around North America and the rest of the globe in crafting their own vocal and instrumental music . Formed in 1996 ( as The Bill Hilly Band ) , they have performed extensively throughout North America and Europe . Most recently , in 2012/2013 , the band has embarked on tours in North America to support their 2012 release ( 2013 in the US ) , Yes Please .   Though the lineup has had a few changes since the band first formed , the present-day Bills include :  Marc Atkinson - mandolin , guitar , vocals  Richard Moody - violin , viola , vocals  Chris Frye - guitar , lead vocals  Adrian Dolan - fiddle , piano , accordion , vocals  Scott `` Grampa Bill '' White - upright bass , vocals   The group has also toured and recorded with both Joey Smith and Nick Mintenko on bass , and Glen Manders ( `` Reverend Bill Bass '' ) was the bassist and key part of their early success from 1998 to 2008 .   The Hamilton Spectator said `` The Bills represent everything that is good about roots music in Canada '' . The Boston Globe wrote `` Their sound is panoramic , mischievous , fiercely unpretentious - and musically splendid '' . And to top it all off , in honour of their legendary live shows and inventive rootsy style , the UK press proclaimed `` The biggest blast of fresh air to come out of Canada since The Band '' ( Glasgow Herald ) and `` Probably the best live act I have ever seen '' ( Maverick Magazine ) .   The Bills have their strongest followings in Western Canada , the Western US ( particularly Northern California ) , Ontario and the UK .

neg: Bluegrass in Baltimore: The Hard Drivin' Sound and its Legacy Bluegrass in Baltimore : The Hard Drivin ' Sound and its Legacy is a book written by Tim Newby and published by McFarland & Company in 2015 . It was released in June 2015 . It had its formal release August 2 , 2015 at the Creative Alliance in Baltimore , Maryland .

neg: J. D. Crowe James Dee Crowe ( born August 27 , 1937 , in Lexington , Kentucky ) is an American banjo player and bluegrass band leader . He first became known during his four-year stint with Jimmy Martin in the 1950s .

neg: Weathermaker Music Weathermaker Music is the record label owned by the American rock band Clutch and their manager Jack Flanagan . Weathermaker Music LLC was formed in June 2008 . Weathermaker Music was mostly known to work with Clutch and their side project , the psychedelic jazz-rock alter ego The Bakerton Group . In 2012 Weathermaker signed and released product by The Company Band , and The Mob . Both groups include Weathermaker Music principal owners . On March 19th , 2013 Weathermaker Music released the Clutch record '' Earth Rocker '' on CD and vinyl . At the end of 2013 Weathermaker Music released `` Earth Rocker Live '' which is a double 12 inch vinyl picture disc version of the `` Earth Rocker '' studio release on one LP , and the same track listing recorded live from various cities on their 2013 USA tour on the second LP . In 2013 Weathermaker Music signed Deep Swell , featuring Clutch member Tim Sult on guitar . Their record , `` Lore of the Angler '' was released October 15th , 2013 . Weathermaker Music signed the Maryland-based group Lionize in 2013 as well . Entitled `` Jetpack Soundtrack '' , this Lionize record was released on February 18th , 2014 in North America , April 11th , 2014 in Europe , and February 14th , 2014 in the UK . The Lionize signing marks the label 's first signing of an independent artist to Weathermaker Music .   In the summer of 2014 Weathermaker Music completed the Earth Rocker release cycle with a very special Double Vinyl 12 '' Picture Disc for collectors and released `` Earth Rocker Deluxe '' , a 2xCD / DVD set . CD1 of the deluxe version features the original studio recordings with two previously unreleased songs , CD2 is a live version of all ER songs recorded at various stops on the Earth Rocker World Tour during the summer of 2013 and the DVD is a recording of Clutch 's Denver , CO show from ( 11/14/13 ) . As a bonus , the DVD contains three promotional videos , two of which were directed by Aisha Tyler .   Clutch released their 11th studio record `` Psychic Warfare '' on October 2nd , 2015 via Weathermaker Music . The first video from the album was `` X-Ray Visions '' , Directed by Dan Winters . The album reached # 11 on the Top 100 Billboard chart and # 1 on both the Hard Rock and Rock Billboard charts . The second video from `` Psychic Warfare '' was `` A Quick Death in Texas '' , directed and shot by My Good Eye ( David Brodsky / Allison Woest ) . Clutch also participated in '' 10 Bands 1 Cause '' breast cancer awareness program with a limited edition pink vinyl offering released September 18th , 2015 distributed via RED . This vinyl will be reissued by Weathermaker Music on black vinyl on October 7th , 2016 .   On Saturday April 16th 2016 Weathermaker Music will be releasing a Clutch special limited edition 12 '' vinyl release for Record Store Day . The album will contain two previously unreleased tracks from the Psychic Warfare sessions : `` Mad Sidewinder '' and `` Outland Special Clearance '' . These two tracks , specifically mastered for this vinyl configuration by Paul Logus , will be on side A . The reverse side will have a large scale etching taken from the Psychic Warfare CD booklet design created by Dan Winters . The jacket is hand numbered thick clear plastic showing the full art design , thus making this piece for Record Store Day 2016 a unique collectors ' item for all Clutch fans .   On September 20th , 2016 Weathermaker Music re-issued their first ever official release '' WM001 , Full Fathom Five , Audio Field Recordings '' on a 2x disc vinyl Gatefold offering .   Weathermaker Music has signed distribution agreements with Sony/RED in North America , as well as international distribution agreements with Rough Trade Distribution in Europe , including the UK , and Rocket Distribution in Australia .   Weathermaker Music Label Manager is Stefan Koster .

neg: Hop High Hop High is the debut album of progressive bluegrass group Crooked Still . Most of the songs on this album are traditional , but played in a different way than by other artists - with lineup without traditional bluegrass instruments like guitar and mandolin , consisting of cello , bass and banjo only ( occasionally adding guitar and fiddle ) .

neg: Clutch discography The discography of Clutch , an American rock band , consists of eleven studio albums , five live albums , three compilation albums , five extended plays , ten singles , and two video albums .   Clutch was formed in 1991 by vocalist Neil Fallon , guitarist Tim Sult , bassist Dan Maines and drummer Jean-Paul Gaster . The group debuted with Pitchfork , an EP released in October that same year . The band built a local following through constant gigging and released their second EP Passive Restraints through Earache ) . Clutch was signed by the East West Records label and released their full-length debut Transnational Speedway League . A self-titled album appeared two years later , which afforded the band some mainstream exposure .   Clutch then signed with major label Columbia for 1998 's The Elephant Riders , but released 1999 's Jam Room on their own River Road Records label .   In 2001 the band signed with Atlantic for the release of Pure Rock Fury , which included guest appearances from members of Spirit Caravan and Sixty Watt Shaman .   Their sixth album , Blast Tyrant , appeared three years later and was the first through DRT Entertainment , followed by Robot Hive/Exodus in 2005 , which featured the first lineup change since the early 1990s ; the addition of organist Mick Schauer . 2007 saw the release of From Beale Street to Oblivion , and in the next year their first video , entitled Full Fathom Five : Video Field Recordings , which was accompanied by a CD version Full Fathom Five : Audio Field Recordings .   In 2009 , Clutch released Strange Cousins from the West on their own label , Weathermaker Music . The band was once again a four-piece , without Schauer in the line-up .   In 2013 , they released their tenth studio album Earth Rocker again through Weathermaker , their highest charting record in the US at the time . It peaked at # 15 on the Billboard 200 chart .   In 2015 , they released Psychic Warfare on Weathermaker , peaking at # 11 on the Billboard 200 . That same year , they also released a compilation album , La Curandera , exclusively on pink vinyl , as part of the Ten Bands , One Cause campaign for breast cancer awareness .