query: Brazil is the largest country in Latin America and South America.

pos: Brazil Brazil ( listen ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . As the world 's fifth-largest country by both area and population , it is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7491 km It borders all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3 % of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection .   Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves . Independence was achieved in 1822 with the creation of the Empire of Brazil , a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system . The ratification of the first constitution in 1824 led to the formation of a bicameral legislature , now called the National Congress . The country became a presidential republic in 1889 following a military coup d'état . An authoritarian military junta came to power in 1964 and ruled until 1985 , after which civilian governance resumed . Brazil 's current constitution , formulated in 1988 , defines it as a democratic federal republic . The federation is composed of the union of the Federal District , the 26 states , and the 5,570 municipalities .   Brazil 's economy is the world 's both eighth-largest by nominal GDP and eighth-largest by GDP ( PPP ) . A member of the BRICS group , Brazil until 2010 had one of the world 's fastest growing major economies , with its economic reforms giving the country new international recognition and influence . Brazil 's national development bank plays an important role for the country 's economic growth . Brazil is a founding member of the United Nations , the G20 , BRICS , Unasul , Mercosul , Organization of American States , Organization of Ibero-American States , and the CPLP . Brazil is a regional power in Latin America and a middle power in international affairs , with some analysts identifying it as an emerging global power . One of the world 's major breadbaskets , Brazil has been the largest producer of coffee for the last 150 years .

neg: Andean states The Andean States ( Estados Andinos ) are a group of nations in South America connected by the Andes mountain range . `` Andean States '' is sometimes used to refer to all seven countries that the Andes runs through , regions with a shared culture primarily spread during the times of the Inca Empire ( such as the Quechua language and Andean cuisine ) , or it can be used in a geopolitical sense to designate countries in the region that are members of the Andean Community trade group and have a local ( as opposed to European ) cultural orientation .   The Andes extend through the western part of South America in following countries :        ( not considered to be geopolitically an Andean State )  ( not considered to be geopolitically an Andean State )   When grouped as `` the Andean states '' , the emphasis is on the mountainous regions of these countries . For example , the Argentine pampas are not part of the Andean region , but western Argentina along with Chile is part of the Andean region , and has cultural continuities with its Andean neighbors . Venezuela , Colombia , Peru , Ecuador and Bolivia are part of the Andean Community ( a trade grouping ) , and each contains Amazon Rainforest and Amazonian indigenous people as well as Andean mountains .

neg: South Region, Brazil The South Region of Brazil ( Região Sul do Brasil ) is one of the five regions of Brazil . It includes the states of Paraná , Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul and covers 576,409.6 km2 , being the smallest portion of the country , occupying only about 6.76 % of the territory of Brazil . Its whole area is smaller than that of the state of Minas Gerais , in Southeast Brazil , for example .  It is a great tourist , economic and cultural pole .  It borders Uruguay , Argentina , and Paraguay as well as the Centre-West Region , the Southeast Region and the Atlantic Ocean .

neg: Guanabara (state) The State of Guanabara ( Estado da Guanabara , -LSB- ɡwanaˈbaɾa -RSB- ) was a Brazilian city-state that existed from 1960 to 1975 . It comprised only the city of Rio de Janeiro after the Federal District was moved from that city to Brasília in 1960 . The state was named after Guanabara Bay , along its eastern coast .   In 1834 , the city of Rio de Janeiro was elevated to Imperial capital of the Empire of Brazil , but it was not part of any Brazilian province , having special status as the so-called `` Neutral municipality '' ( Município Neutro ) . The surrounding Province of Rio de Janeiro ( which did not include the city ) had its capital city in Niterói . When Brazil became a republic in 1889 , the city of Rio de Janeiro remained the national capital and became the Federal District ( Distrito Federal ) , while the surrounding homonymous province became a state , still with Niterói as its capital .   When the national capital was moved to Brasília in 1960 , a new Federal District was carved out of the state of Goiás to contain it , and the old Federal District became Guanabara State .   Throughout its 15-year existence , Guanabara was a unique state in many ways . Comprising only one city ( albeit a large one ) , Guanabara was the smallest Brazilian state by land . It also had the peculiarity of being the only Brazilian state that was not divided into municipalities . Although for some practical purposes , it was sometimes counted as having one single municipality , and Rio de Janeiro was officially named its capital , there was no mayor , municipal legislature or any other municipal government institution there , as the city of Rio de Janeiro was directly administered by the state government . On the other hand , that also meant that the Guanabara state government had some functions that were normally assigned to municipalities elsewhere , such as regulating urban zoning , inspecting the safety of buildings , or issuing licenses for commercial venues , for example .   All the characteristics disappeared in 1975 , when the states of Guanabara and Rio de Janeiro merged into a new , larger State of Rio de Janeiro . The city of Rio de Janeiro became a municipality of the new combined state and its new capital city .

neg: São Paulo (state) São Paulo ( -LSB- sɐ̃w ˈpawlu -RSB- ) is one of the 26 states of the Federative Republic of Brazil and is named after Saint Paul of Tarsus . As the richest Brazilian state and a major industrial complex , often dubbed the `` locomotive of Brazil '' , the state alone is responsible for 33.9 % of the Brazilian GDP . São Paulo also has the second highest Human Development Index ( HDI ) and GDP per capita , the fourth lowest infant mortality rate and the third lowest rate of illiteracy among the federative units of Brazil . São Paulo alone is richer than Argentina , Uruguay , Paraguay and Bolivia combined . If São Paulo were an independent country , its nominal GDP would be ranked among the top 20 in the world ( 2010 estimate ) . The economy of São Paulo State is the most developed in Brazil   With more than 45 million inhabitants in 2014 , São Paulo is the most populous Brazilian state , the most populous national subdivision in the Americas , and the third most populous political unit of South America , surpassed only by the rest of the Brazilian Federation and Colombia . The local population is one of the most diverse in the country and descended mostly from Italians , who began immigrating to the country in the late 19th century ; of the Portuguese , who colonized Brazil and installed the first European settlements in the region ; indigenous peoples , a large number of distinct ethnic groups ; Africans , who were brought from Africa as slaves in the colonial era and migrants from other regions of the country . In addition , Arabs , Germans , Spanish , Japanese and Chinese also are present in the ethnic composition of the local population .   The area that today corresponds to the state territory was already inhabited by indigenous peoples from approximately 12,000 B.C. . In the early 16th century , the coast of the region was visited by Portuguese and Spanish explorers and navigators . In 1532 Martim Afonso de Sousa would establish the first Portuguese permanent settlement in the Americas -- the village of São Vicente , in the Baixada Santista . In the 17th century , the paulistas bandeirantes intensified the exploration of the interior of the colony , which eventually expanded the territorial domain of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire in South America . In the 18th century , after the establishment of the Province of São Paulo , the region began to gain political weight . After independence in 1820 , São Paulo began to become a major agricultural producer ( mainly coffee ) in the newly constituted Empire of Brazil , which ultimately created a rich regional rural oligarchy , which would switch on the command of the Brazilian government with Minas Gerais 's elites during the early republican periodin the 1880s . Under the Vargas Era , the state was one of the first to initiate a process of industrialization and its population became one of the most urban of the federation .   The city of São Paulo , the homonymous state capital , is ranked as the world 's 12th largest city and its metropolitan area , with 20 million inhabitants , is the 9th largest in the world and second in the Americas , after Greater Mexico City . Regions near the city of São Paulo are also metropolitan areas , such as Campinas , Santos , Sorocaba and São José dos Campos . The total population of these areas coupled with the state capital -- the so-called `` Expanded Metropolitan Complex of São Paulo '' -- exceeds 30 million inhabitants , i.e. approximately 75 percent of the population of São Paulo statewide , the first macro-metropolis in the southern hemisphere , joining 65 municipalities that together are home to 12 percent of the Brazilian population .

neg: Transport in Brazil Transport infrastructure in Brazil is characterized by strong regional differences and lack of development of the national rail network . Brazil 's fast-growing economy , and especially the growth in exports , will place increasing demands on the transport networks . However , sizeable new investments that are expected to address some of the issues are either planned or in progress .

neg: Economy of Costa Rica The economy of Costa Rica it is very stable and has evolved from an economy that depended solely on tourism , agriculture , to one more diverse , based on electronics exports , medical manufacturing and IT services .   According to a study conducted by ADEN Business School ( which included 18 other countries in the region ) , Costa Rica is the fourth most competitive country in Latin America in 2012 and is part of a block of countries rated as having a `` very good competitive level , with advances and developments in infrastructure , technology and macroeconomic stability '' . The nation scored a 71.8 out of 100 on a study which measured competitiveness based on 10 criteria . Compared to the 2011 rank , Costa Rica went up by one position ( from 5th to 4th ) .   The CIA World Factbook states that Costa Rica 's Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) per capita is US$ 12,900 ( 2013 est. ) ; the reported GDP summed in 2012 to US$ 45.1 bn with a population of 4,805,000 . The World Bank General Government Public Sector Debt ( PSDGG ) statistics showed a linear rise from US$ 8bn in 2009 to US$ 18bn in 2014 , which translates to a growth rate of 12 % . The Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos is charged with measuring other economic performance measures . Poverty has remained around 15-20 % for nearly 20 years , and the strong social safety net that had been put into place by the government has eroded due to increased financial constraints on government expenditures .   According to the CIA World Factbook , foreign investors remain attracted by the country 's political stability and relatively high education levels , as well as the incentives offered in the free-trade zones . Costa Rica has attracted one of the highest levels of foreign direct investment per capita in Latin America . However , many business impediments remain such as high levels of bureaucracy , legal uncertainty due to overlapping and at times conflicting responsibilities between agencies , difficulty of enforcing contracts , and weak investor protection .  Inflation rose to 22.5 % in 1995 , dropped to 11.1 % in 1997 , 12 % in 1998 , 11 % in 1999 and 13 % in 2008 . Measures taken by the Central Bank have reduced inflation substantially to 4.3 % in 2009 , and a projected 5.8 % for 2010 . Curbing inflation , reducing the deficit , and improving public sector efficiency through an anti-corruption drive , remain key challenges to the government . Previous political resistance to privatization had stalled liberalization efforts . However , after the signing of CAFTA , Costa Rica is now open to competition with its Central American partners in its insurance and telecommunications markets .   Costa Rica 's economy emerged from recession in 1997 and has shown strong aggregate growth since then . After 6.2 % growth in 1997 , GDP grew a substantial 8.3 % in 1999 , led by exports . Costa Rica had a US$ 6.64 bn trade deficit in 2013 , on exports of US$ 11.48 bn and imports of US$ 18.13 bn . Hybrid electronic circuits was the leading durable export category in 2013 , followed by pineapple , banana , medical equipment , medical bioproducts , and coffee , juices , prosthetics , and surgery tools ; these categories added up to over 50 % of exports . Miscellaneous circuits including telephones and miscellaneous petroleum products added to just under 25 % of imports .   The strength in the nontraditional export and tourism sector is masking a relatively lackluster performance by traditional sectors , including agriculture . The central government deficit decreased to 3.2 % of GDP in 1999 , down from 3.3 % from the year before . On a consolidated basis , including Central Bank losses and parastatal enterprise profits , the public sector deficit was 2.3 % of GDP . Costa Rica had a formal line of credit with the World Bank valued at US$ 947M in April 2014 , of which US$ 645M had been accessed and US$ 600M remained outstanding .

neg: Summit of South American-Arab Countries The Summit of South American-Arab Countries ( قمة الدول العربية ودول أمريكا الجنوبية , Sommet Amérique du Sud-Pays Arabes , Cúpula América do Sul-Países Árabes , Cumbre América del Sur-Países Árabes ) is a bi-regional mechanism for cooperation and political coordination , which gathers the 22 member-States of the League of Arab States and the 12 countries of South America . Better known by its Portuguese and Spanish acronym ASPA , the bi-regional forum was created upon proposal of the Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva , during the I ASPA Summit of Heads of State and Government , held in Brasilia , Brazil , in May 2005 . Since its inception , a second ASPA Summit happened in Doha , Qatar , in March 2009 , and a third Summit was held in Lima , Peru , in October 2012 , after being postponed , from February 2011 , due to the Arab Spring uprisings .

neg: Rubber soldiers Rubber soldiers ( Portuguese : Soldados da borracha ) were people in Brazil which were compulsorily drafted to harvest rubber in the Amazon rainforest during World War II .   The `` rubber soldiers '' program was a consequence of the Brazil-United States Political-Military Agreement during the war , after the United States were cut off by Japan from its major supply of rubber in Malaysia . About 55,000 persons were mostly transferred from drought-stricken northeast areas and contributed to the second rubber boom in Brazil . They were enlisted into the Serviço Especial de Mobilização de Trabalhadores para a Amazônia ( SEMTA ; `` Special Service of Mobilization of Workers for the Amazon '' ) , with support of several other governmental organizations .   Each migrant signed a contract with SEMTA which offered a small salary for the worker during their transport to the Amazon region . Upon arrival , they received a payment of 60 % of the total profit which had been obtained with the rubber . The basic kit they received included basic clothing , eating equipment , a net , and a carton of Colomy cigarettes . After being recruited , the volunteers were placed in specially-built housing , under strict military watch , and then sent into the Amazon , on trips which could last two to three months .   For many workers , it was a one-way journey . About 30,000 rubber workers died abandoned in the Amazon , after having exhausted their energies extracting the `` white gold . '' They died of malaria , yellow fever , and hepatitis , and were attacked by animals such as panthers , serpents , and scorpions . The Brazilian government also did not fulfill its promise to return the `` rubber soldiers '' to their homes at the end of the war as heroes and with housing comparable to that of the military .

neg: Economy of Uruguay The economy of Uruguay is characterized by an export-oriented agricultural sector and a well-educated work force , along with high levels of social spending . After averaging growth of 5 % annually during 1996 -- 98 , in 1999 -- 2002 the economy suffered a major downturn , stemming largely from the spillover effects of the economic problems of its large neighbors , Argentina and Brazil . In 2001 -- 02 , Argentine citizens made massive withdrawals of dollars deposited in Uruguayan banks after bank deposits in Argentina were frozen , which led to a plunge in the Uruguayan peso , a banking crisis , and a sharp economic contraction . Real GDP fell in four years by nearly 20 % , with 2002 the worst year . The unemployment rate rose , inflation surged , and the burden of external debt doubled . Financial assistance from the IMF helped stem the damage . Uruguay restructured its external debt in 2003 without asking creditors to accept a reduction on the principal . Economic growth for Uruguay resumed , and averaged 8 % annually during the period 2004-08 . The 2008-09 global financial crisis put a brake on Uruguay 's vigorous growth , which decelerated to 2.9 % in 2009 . Nevertheless , the country managed to avoid a recession and keep positive growth rates , mainly through higher public expenditure and investment , and GDP growth exceeded 7 % in 2010 .

neg: Peru (disambiguation) Peru ( -LSB- Perú , links = no -RSB- ) is a country in South America .   Peru or El Peru may also refer to :

neg: List of companies of Colombia Colombia is a transcontinental country largely situated in the northwest of South America , with territories in Central America . Colombia shares a border to the northwest with Panama , to the east with Venezuela and Brazil and to the south with Ecuador and Peru . It shares its maritime limits with Costa Rica , Nicaragua , Honduras , Jamaica , the Dominican Republic and Haiti . It is a unitary , constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments .   Colombia is the third most populous country in Latin America . Its major industries include textiles , food processing , petroleum , clothing and footwear , consumer appliances , beverages , chemicals , cement , automobiles , gold , coal , and emeralds   For further information on the types of business entities in this country and their abbreviations , see `` Business entities in Colombia '' .

neg: Argentina–Chile relations Argentina -- Chile relations refers to interstate relations between the Republic of Chile and the Argentine Republic . Argentina and Chile share the world 's third-longest international border , which is 5300 km long and runs from north to the south along the Andes mountains . Although gaining their independence during the South American wars of liberation , during much of the 19th and the 20th century relations between the countries were chilled as a result of disputes over the border in Patagonia . In recent years relations have improved dramatically . Despite increased trade between the two countries , Argentina and Chile have followed quite different economic policies . Chile has signed free trade agreements with countries such as China , the USA , Canada , South Korea and the EU and is an active member of the APEC , while Argentina belongs to the Mercosur regional free trade area . Both countries are members of the Union of South American Nations .

neg: Formação econômica do Brasil The Economic Growth of Brazil ( Formação Econômica do Brasil ) is a book of Brazilian economist Celso Furtado , published in 1959 .   The book was written in a time of optimism in Brazil : it was the end of the government of Juscelino Kubitschek , considered one of the most democratic and its slogan `` fifty years in five '' will promote an outbreak of development , the example of the automobile industry that will eventually settle and initiatives for the promotion of growth , such as new roads and the creation of Sudene ( Superintendency for the Development of the Northeast ) .

neg: Brazilian Miracle The Brazilian Miracle refers to a period of exceptional economic growth in Brazil during the rule of the Brazilian military government . During this time the average annual GDP growth was close to 10 % . Although there is no universally-accepted definition of this period , it is generally regarded to have lasted from 1968 until 1980 with the greatest growth reached during the tenure of President Emílio Garrastazu Médici from 1969 to 1973 .   Perception of the so-called golden age of Brazilian development was strengthened in 1970 , when Brazil for the third time won the FIFA World Cup , and the official adoption of the slogan `` Brasil , ame-o ou deixe-o '' ( `` Brazil , love it or leave it '' ) by the Brazilian military government .

neg: Name of Brazil The name Brazil is a shortened from of Terra do Brasil , land of Brazil , a reference to brazilwood , given in the early 16th century to the territories leased to the merchant consortium led by Fernão de Loronha for commercial exploitation of brazilwood for the production of wood dyes for the European textile industry .   The term for the brazilwood tree in Portuguese , pau-brasil , is derived from brasa ( ember ) , a reference to the colour , formed from medieval Latin brasa , from Old French brese , `` ember , glowing charcoal '' , in turn from a West Germanic * brasa ) .

neg: Community of Latin American and Caribbean States The Community of Latin American and Caribbean States ( Comunidad de Estados Latinoamericanos y Caribeños , CELAC Comunidade de Estados Latino-Americanos e Caribenhos Communauté des États Latino-Américains et Caribéens Gemeenschap van Latijns-Amerikaanse en Caraïbische Staten ) is a regional bloc of Latin American and Caribbean states thought out on February 23 , 2010 , at the Rio Group -- Caribbean Community Unity Summit , and created on December 3 , 2011 , in Caracas , Venezuela , with the signature of The Declaration of Caracas . It consists of 33 sovereign countries in the Americas representing roughly 600 million people . Due to the focus of the organization on Latin American and Caribbean countries , other countries and territories in the Americas , Canada and the United States , as well as the overseas territories in the Americas of France ( Overseas departments and territories of France ) , the Netherlands ( Dutch Caribbean ) , Denmark ( Greenland ) and the United Kingdom ( British Overseas Territories ) are not included .   CELAC is an example of a decade-long push for deeper integration within Latin America . CELAC was created to deepen Latin American integration and by some to reduce the significant influence of the United States on the politics and economics of Latin America . It is seen as an alternative to the Organization of American States ( OAS ) , the regional body that was founded by United States and 21 other Latin American nations originally as a countermeasure to potential Soviet influence in the region .   CELAC is the successor of the Rio Group and the Latin American and Caribbean Summit on Integration and Development ( CALC ) . In July 2010 , CELAC selected President of Venezuela Hugo Chávez and President of Chile Sebastián Piñera , as co-chairs of the forum to draft statutes for the organization .

neg: Borders of Brazil Brazil is the largest country in South America and borders every country in South America with the exceptions of Chile and Ecuador . The borders of Brazil are the international borders that Brazil shares with neighbouring countries . Brazil has borders with ten different countries , totalling 16885 km , making it the country with the third longest land border behind only China and Russia .   The lengths of the borders Brazil shares with different countries , running counter-clockwise around Brazil from French Guiana to Uruguay , are listed below :

neg: Economy of Brazil Brazil has the world 's ninth largest economy by nominal GDP , and the eighth largest by purchasing power parity . The Brazilian economy is characterized by an inward-oriented economy .   Brazil 's economy is the largest of Latin America and the second largest in the Americas . From 2000 to 2012 , Brazil was one of the fastest-growing major economies in the world , with an average annual GDP growth rate of over 5 % , with its economy in 2012 surpassing that of the United Kingdom , temporarily making Brazil the world 's sixth largest economy . However , Brazil 's economy growth decelerated in 2013  and the country entered a recession in 2014 .   According to the World Economic Forum , Brazil was the top country in upward evolution of competitiveness in 2009 , gaining eight positions among other countries , overcoming Russia for the first time , and partially closing the competitiveness gap with India and China among the BRIC economies . Important steps taken since the 1990s toward fiscal sustainability , as well as measures taken to liberalize and open the economy , have significantly boosted the country 's competitiveness fundamentals , providing a better environment for private-sector development .   In 2012 Forbes ranked Brazil as having the 5th largest number of billionaires in the world , a number much larger than what is found in other Latin American countries , and even ahead of United Kingdom and Japan . Brazil is a member of diverse economic organizations , such as Mercosur , Unasul , G8 +5 , G20 , WTO , and the Cairns Group .

neg: Canada–Latin America relations Canada -- Latin America relations are relations between Canada and Latin America . This includes the bilateral ties between Canada and the individual Latin American states , plurilateral ties between Canada and any group of those states , or multilateral relations through groups like the Organization of American States ( OAS ) .   Canada and Latin America share ties of geography as part of the Western Hemisphere and history through the shared experience of European colonization . Culturally , Canada shares with the other American societies a mixture of European , indigenous American , and immigrant influences . Parts of Canada are majority-French speaking , and since French is a `` Latin '' language , Canada ( or more often Quebec ) is sometimes considered an honorary part of Latin America . However , Latin Americans may also group Canadians with United States citizens as norteamericanos or gringos . For both Canadians and Latin Americans the importance of relations with the United States may overshadow relations with each other . However Canada 's importance in the region has risen since joining the OAS in 1990 .

neg: Praça dos Três Poderes Praça dos Três Poderes ( -LSB- ˈpɾasɐ dus ˈtɾes poˈdeɾis -RSB- ; Three Powers Plaza ) is a plaza in Brasília , the capital of Brazil . The name is derived from the presence of the three governmental powers around the plaza : the Executive , represented by the Palácio do Planalto ( presidential office ) ; the Legislative represented by the Congresso Nacional ( National Congress ) ; and the Judiciary , represented by the Supremo Tribunal Federal ( Supreme Federal Court ) .   The plaza was designed by Lúcio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer as a place where the three powers would meet harmoniously , it has now become a tourist attraction of Brasília .   The plaza is home to the largest flag in the world to be flown regularly ( in this case , continuously ) . The Brazilian flag hoisted weighs about 600 kilograms ( 1300 pounds ) and has never been taken down ( not counting monthly replacements ) since the capital was inaugurated on 21 April 1960 . The flag is changed monthly in the presence of Presidential Guard Battalion , Independence Dragoons , other troops and sometimes the President of Brazil .


query: Darth Vader serves an empire.

pos: Darth Vader Darth Vader , also known by his birth name Anakin Skywalker , is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise . Vader appears in the original film trilogy as a pivotal antagonist whose actions drive the plot , while his past as Anakin Skywalker and the story of his corruption are central to the narrative of the prequel trilogy .   The character was created by George Lucas and has been portrayed by numerous actors . His appearances span the first six Star Wars films , as well as Rogue One , and his character is heavily referenced in Star Wars : The Force Awakens . He is also an important character in the Star Wars expanded universe of television series , video games , novels , literature and comic books . Originally a Jedi prophesied to bring balance to the Force , he falls to the dark side of the Force and serves the evil Galactic Empire at the right hand of his Sith master , Emperor Palpatine ( also known as Darth Sidious ) . He is also the father of Luke Skywalker and Princess Leia Organa , secret husband of Padmé Amidala and grandfather of Kylo Ren .   Darth Vader has become one of the most iconic villains in popular culture , and has been listed among the greatest villains and fictional characters ever . The American Film Institute listed him as the third greatest movie villain in cinema history on 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains , behind Hannibal Lecter and Norman Bates . However , other critics consider him a tragic hero , citing his original motivations for the greater good before his fall to the dark side .

neg: Star Wars Holiday Special The Star Wars Holiday Special is a 1978 American musical science fiction television film set in the Star Wars galaxy . It stars the series ' first film 's main cast while introducing the character Boba Fett , who would appear in later films . It is one of the first official Star Wars spin-offs and was directed by Steve Binder .   In the storyline that ties the special together , Chewbacca and Han Solo visit Kashyyyk , Chewbacca 's home world , to celebrate Life Day . They are pursued by agents of the Galactic Empire , who are searching for members of the Rebel Alliance on the planet . The special introduces three members of Chewbacca 's family : his father Itchy , his wife Malla , and his son Lumpy , though these names were later explained to have been nicknames , their full names being Attichitcuk , Mallatobuck , and Lumpawarrump , respectively .   The program also features many other Star Wars characters , including Luke Skywalker , C-3PO , R2-D2 , Darth Vader and Princess Leia ( who sings the film 's `` theme song '' , set to the music of John Williams ' Star Wars theme , near the end ) , all of them portrayed by the original actors . The program includes stock footage from Star Wars , and also features a cartoon produced by Toronto-based Nelvana that officially introduces the bounty hunter Boba Fett . Scenes also take place in outer space and in spacecraft including the Millennium Falcon and an Imperial Star Destroyer . The variety-show segments and cartoon also take place in a few other locales , such as a Mos Eisley cantina on the desert planet of Tatooine and a newly introduced red ocean planet known as Panna .   The special is notorious for its extremely negative reception and has never been rebroadcast or officially released on home video . It has therefore become something of a cultural legend , because of the `` underground '' quality of its existence . It has been viewed and distributed in off-air recordings made from its original telecast by fans , which were later adapted to content-sharing websites via the Internet and bootleg copies .

neg: Star Wars: The Interactive Video Board Game Star Wars : The Interactive Video Board Game : Assault on the Death Star is a board game and accompanying VHS video tape , released by Parker Brothers in 1996 . It is notable for including newly shot scenes twenty years after the first Star Wars film , featuring Darth Vader walking down the halls of the original Death Star set , in a performance reprised by David Prowse , James Earl Jones , and director of photography Gilbert Taylor . The game led to the canonization of four new characters in the Star Wars universe .

neg: Star Wars Roleplaying Game (Wizards of the Coast) The Star Wars Roleplaying Game is a d20 System roleplaying game set in the Star Wars universe . The game was written by Bill Slavicsek , Andy Collins and JD Wiker and published by Wizards of the Coast in late 2000 and revised in 2002 . In 2007 , Wizards released the Saga Edition of the game , which made major changes in an effort to streamline the rules system .   The game covers three major eras coinciding with major events in the Star Wars universe , namely the Rise of the Empire , the Galactic Civil War , and the time of the New Jedi Order .   An earlier but unrelated Star Wars role-playing game was published by West End Games between 1987 and 1999 . Bill Slavicsek was one of the designers of that former game as well .   This game from Wizards of the Coast is currently out of print . The current official Star Wars role-playing game is the game of same title published by Fantasy Flight Games .

neg: Space Corps (Star Corps) Space Corps , also colloquially referred to as the Star Corps ( Red Dwarf 1996 Log Book ) , Space Federation ( `` Back in the Red , Part Three '' ) and the Star Fleet ( Last Human and `` Back to Earth , Part Two '' ) , is the umbrella organization which regulated all interplanetary and interstellar space flight to and from Earth , from the British science fiction sitcom Red Dwarf . They were responsible for the creation of spaceships , the colonisation of the Galaxy , and the introduction of holograms , GELFs and artificial intelligences such as mechanoids and Simulants throughout the Galaxy . The Space Corps is somewhat analogous to Star Trek 's Starfleet and is responsible for the administrative organisation of all space travel in the Red Dwarf Universe .

neg: Star Wars Action News Star Wars Action News is a podcast that describes itself as `` the first and only podcast dedicated to Star Wars collecting . '' The show is hosted by Arnie and Marjorie Carvalho , a married couple from Illinois , who were described by Lucasfilm as `` some of the biggest Star Wars collectors in the world '' .   Regular segments include reports of the latest Star Wars merchandise available in stores and online , reviews of Star Wars comics and novels , and an Ebay item of the Week focusing on weird Star Wars items , such as a chicken nugget shaped like Jabba the Hutt . One of the most popular segments is the weekly destruction of a classic `` Star Wars '' collectible . The show also reviews high-end collectibles , such as Master Replicas and Gentle Giant items . The show regularly has ongoing series including `` Collecting 101 '' series which provides a basic overview of being a Star Wars collector including what to buy and how to care for a collection , and `` 30 years of Collecting '' which reviewed an item released each year from 1977 through 2007 .   There have also been interviews on the show with many Star Wars personalities such as Samuel L. Jackson and Steve Sansweet , Robot Chicken creators Seth Green and Matthew Senreich , and various Star Wars authors including Alan Dean Foster , Donald F. Glut , James Kahn , L. Neil Smith , Troy Denning , Aaron Allston , Karen Traviss , James Luceno , and Timothy Zahn . Musician Richard Cheese was also interviewed discussing his rendition of the Imperial March .   The show has covered New York Toy Fair from 2007 through 2010 , San Diego Comic Con from 2006 to 2010 as well as Star Wars Celebration IV in 2007 , Star Wars Celebration Europe in 2007 , Star Wars Celebration Japan in 2008 , and Star Wars Celebration 5 in 2010 . The hosts performed a live show in 2009 at San Diego Comic Con on the Kotobukiya Stage where they interviewed Steve Sansweet , Robot Chicken writers Dan Milano , Doug Goldstein , and Mike Fasolo , authors Gus Lopez and Duncan Jenkins , as well as several representatives from Star Wars collectible manufacturers .   In addition , the hosts have performed several panels at various conventions across the United States including Pittsburgh ComicCon , Star Wars Celebration 4 , and Star Wars Celebration 5 .   Star Wars Action News also has several spin-off podcasts , including Republic Forces Radio Network where a panel of hosts review each episode of the Clone Wars animated series , and The Star Wars Action News Book Club reviewing all the Star Wars novels released .   This podcast was featured on G4 's Attack of the Show segment Blog Watch on June 11 , 2007 as well as in the film documentary The Force Among Us . The show had a featured article in the book Star Wars Super Collector 's Wish Book : Identification & Values by Geoffrey T. Carlton .

neg: Draconian (Doctor Who) The Draconians are an extraterrestrial race . They were featured in the British science fiction television series Doctor Who . Their only television appearance to date was in the 1973 serial Frontier in Space . Unlike many `` monster '' races in Doctor Who , the Draconians were articulate and portrayed as having a sophisticated and advanced culture like feudal Japan . In later interviews , Jon Pertwee cited the Draconians as his favourite of all the monsters he had encountered during his time as the Doctor .   The Draconian Empire was a vast spacefaring feudal civilisation of reptilian humanoids , centered on the planet Draconia , with a society stratifed along class and gender lines ( for example , females were not permitted to speak in the presence of the Emperor ) that was bound by a strong code of honour . The Draconian Empire dated back to at least the 21st century , when a space plague that afflicted their world was dealt with by the Doctor . For his services , the 15th Emperor made the Doctor a noble of Draconia .   The Earth Empire 's first contact with the Draconian Empire was in the year 2520 . The ship sent by the Draconians for the peace mission was a battlecruiser , as befitted a noble of Draconia , although ( as agreed ) its missile banks were empty and it was otherwise unarmed . However , both Draconian and Earth ships were caught in a neutron storm , damaging the Earth ship and destroying the Draconian ship 's communications systems . As a result , the Draconian ship was unable to respond to the Earth ship 's signals . The commander of the Earth ship saw what he perceived to be a battlecruiser bearing down on his crippled vessel and gave the order to attack , destroying the battlecruiser and triggering off a brief but bloody war in which millions of lives were lost . An uneasy peace was negotiated in the end , leading to two decades of cold war and the carving out of a frontier between the two empires .   In 2540 , several incidents involving attacks on cargo freighters along their respective borders nearly led to the war turning hot once more , with both sides accusing the other of piracy and violating the frontier . These attacks turned out to be the work of Ogron mercenaries under the orders of the renegade Time Lord known as the Master , who was using a sonic hypnosis device to make the Earth crews see the Ogrons as Draconians and vice versa . The Master had allied himself with the Daleks , who were launching another bid for galactic conquest and hoped to pick up the pieces after a new Earth-Draconia War . The plot was revealed by the Third Doctor , and instead of going to war against each other , the two empires united against the Daleks .

neg: Barracks emperor A barracks emperor ( also called a `` soldier emperor '' ) was a Roman Emperor who seized power by virtue of his command of the army . Barracks emperors were especially common in the period from 235 through 284 , during the Crisis of the Third Century . There were approximately fourteen barracks emperors in 33 years , producing an average reign of a little over two years apiece . The resulting instability in the imperial office and the near constant state of civil war and insurrection threatened to destroy the Roman Empire from within and left it vulnerable to attack from without .

neg: Pax Britannica Pax Britannica ( Latin for `` British Peace '' , modelled after Pax Romana ) was the period of relative peace in Europe ( 1815 -- 1914 ) during which the British Empire became the global hegemonic power and adopted the role of a global police force .   Between 1815 and 1914 , a period referred to as Britain 's `` imperial century , '' around 10,000,000 sqmi of territory and roughly 400 million people were added to the British Empire . Victory over Napoleonic France left the British without any serious international rival , other than perhaps Russia in central Asia . When Russia tried expanding its influence in the Balkans , the British and French defeated it in the Crimean War ( 1854 -- 56 ) , thereby protecting the by-then feeble Ottoman Empire .   Britain 's Royal Navy controlled most of the key maritime trade routes and enjoyed unchallenged sea power . Alongside the formal control it exerted over its own colonies , Britain 's dominant position in world trade meant that it effectively controlled access to many regions , such as Asia and Latin America . British merchants , shippers and bankers had such an overwhelming advantage over everyone else that in addition to its colonies it had an `` informal empire '' .

neg: Imperial Knight The Free Imperial knights ( Reichsritter Eques imperii ) were free nobles of the Holy Roman Empire , whose direct overlord was the Emperor . They were the remnants of the medieval free nobility ( edelfrei ) and the ministeriales . What distinguished them from other knights , who were vassals of a higher lord , was the fact that they had been granted Imperial immediacy , and as such were the equals in most respects to the other individuals or entities , such as the secular and ecclesiastical territorial rulers of the Empire ( margraves , dukes , princes , counts , archbishops , bishops , abbots , etc. ) and the Free Imperial cities , that also enjoyed Imperial immediacy . However , unlike all of those , the Imperial knights did not possess the status of Estates ( Stände ) of the Empire , and therefore were not represented , individually or collectively , in the Imperial Diet .   To protect their rights and avoid vassalage to more powerful nobles , they organized themselves into three unions ( Partheien ) in the late 15th century and into a single body in 1577 , and fought to win recognition . This status , beholden only to the Emperor himself rather than through a more powerful noble , meant the Imperial Knights were `` immediate subjects '' ( their fealty was unmediated by another lord ) . As such , the Imperial Knights exercised a limited form of sovereignty within their territories .   Their immediate status was recognized at the Peace of Westphalia . They never gained access to the Imperial Diet , the parliament of lords , and were not considered Hochadel , the high nobility , belonging to the Lower Nobility .

neg: Naboo Naboo is a planet in the fictional Star Wars universe with a mostly green terrain and which is the homeworld of two societies : the Gungans who dwell in underwater cities and the humans who live in colonies on the surface . Humans of Naboo have an electoral monarchy and maintain a peaceful culture that defends education , the arts , environmental protection and scientific achievements . The main capital of Naboo is Theed .   Located in the Chommell sector , Naboo is the home planet of Padmé Amidala and Jar Jar Binks , as well as Senator ( later Supreme Chancellor and then Emperor ) Palpatine . In Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace , it was the site of a blockade by the Trade Federation and the Battle of Naboo between the Federation and the native inhabitants . Naboo is seen in four films in the Star Wars series , having a prominent role in the first two prequels and glimpsed briefly in Revenge of the Sith and the 2004 DVD release of Return of the Jedi .   Theed 's architecture , while referencing Ancient Rome and other classical traditions , was heavily inspired by the Frank Lloyd Wright-designed Marin County Civic Center in California . ( Skywalker Ranch and Industrial Light & Magic are both based in Marin County . )

neg: Starkiller Starkiller , born Galen Marek and also known as The Apprentice , is the Dark Jedi anti-hero protagonist of the Star Wars : The Force Unleashed project . In 2014 , Lucasfilm rebranded him as part of the Star Wars Legends non-canonical story-line , and the character has not been re-introduced yet into the Star Wars canon . He is raised by Darth Vader and is made his secret apprentice under the name `` Starkiller '' due to being potent with using the Force for destructive purposes and described as less of an assassin and more of a `` Force wrecking ball '' . The character 's name is taken from Luke Skywalker 's original name , `` Annikin Starkiller '' . The character 's likeness and voice are provided by Samuel Witwer . Despite The Force Unleashed being of non-canonical Legends status , Witwer still remains part of the Star Wars canon by voicing Darth Maul in the animated series Star Wars : The Clone Wars and Star Wars Rebels .   IGN called Starkiller 's story `` nice and complete '' . Game Informer , UGO Networks and GameDaily also gave good reviews . However , GamesRadar has criticized Starkiller 's design . In GameSpot 's vote for the greatest video game character of all time , Starkiller ( as `` The Apprentice '' ) was eliminated in round 1 against Niko Bellic .

neg: Star Wars Episode I: Obi-Wan's Adventures Star Wars Episode I : Obi-Wan 's Adventures is a video game that chronicles the events of the film Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace from the character Obi-Wan Kenobi 's perspective . It is the result of an agreement made in 2000 between the two video game publishers LucasArts and THQ . The agreement allows THQ to turn LucasArts licenses into games for the hand held console Game Boy Color , the first being Obi-Wan 's Adventures . THQ published the game and HotGen developed it . It was released on November 27 , 2000 .   The story of Obi-Wan 's Adventures is set in the middle of a conflict in the Galactic Republic ; the antagonistic Trade Federation and the evil Sith Lord are planning to take control of the galaxy . In the game , the player operates the character Obi-Wan Kenobi as he fights the forces of the Trade Federation which culminates in a battle against Darth Maul . His weapons include a lightsaber , a blaster , and use of the Force . Since its release , Obi-Wan 's Adventures has received mixed reviews . The game has been criticized for its visuals and controls , but praised for its sound design and creative levels .

neg: Space opera Space opera is a subgenre of science fiction that emphasizes space warfare , melodramatic adventure , interplanetary battles , as well as chivalric romance , and often risk-taking . Set mainly or entirely in outer space , it usually involves conflict between opponents possessing advanced abilities , futuristic weapons , and other sophisticated technology . The term has no relation to music but is instead a play on the terms `` soap opera '' and `` horse opera '' , the latter of which was coined during the 1930s to indicate clichéd and formulaic Western movies . Space operas emerged in the 1930s and they continue to be produced in literature , film , comics , and video games .   Notable space opera novels include the Foundation series ( 1942 -- 1999 ) by Isaac Asimov , the Lensman series ( 1948-1954 ) by E. E. Smith and the Ender 's Game series ( 1985 -- present ) by Orson Scott Card . An early notable space opera film was Flash Gordon ( 1936 -- present ) created by Alex Raymond . In the late 1970s , the Star Wars franchise ( 1977 -- present ) created by George Lucas brought a great deal of attention to the subgenre .

neg: Lieutenant Boomer Lieutenant Boomer , later known as Colonel Boomer , was a character on the 1978-1979 television series Battlestar Galactica and its spin-off series Galactica 1980 . He was portrayed on both series by Herbert Jefferson , Jr. . Boomer was a lieutenant in the Colonial Service , an officer with a background in engineering and communications . He was also an ace Colonial Viper pilot , and had pulled a tour of duty in the frozen environment of Ice Station Thule ; this made Boomer useful for similar missions in the series , such as in the episode Gun on Ice Planet Zero .   In Robert Thurston 's novel version of Battlestar Galactica : The Saga Of A Star World , Thurston wrote that Boomer was a voracious reader who usually spent his off hours reading and called him cautious enough never to wager except on what was `` surer than a sure thing '' . In Saga of a Star World , he was one of the three recipients ( Apollo and Starbuck being the other two ) of the Golden Star Cluster , the highest military honor that could be awarded to Colonial Service warriors ( similar to the Medal of Honor for the real-world United States armed forces ) .   During the events of Galactica 1980 , Boomer had reached the rank of colonel and was the executive officer of the Battlestar Galactica . Richard Hatch 's re-launch novel series sees him promoted to major and still serving as a Viper pilot .

neg: French colonial empire The French colonial empire constituted the overseas colonies , protectorates and mandate territories that came under French rule from the 16th century onward . A distinction is generally made between the `` first colonial empire '' , that existed until 1814 , by which time most of it had been lost , and the `` second colonial empire '' , which began with the conquest of Algiers in 1830 . The second empire came to an end after the loss of bitter wars in Vietnam ( 1955 ) and Algeria ( 1962 ) , and peaceful decolonization elsewhere after 1960 .   Competing with Spain , Portugal , the United Provinces , and later Britain , France began to establish colonies in North America , the Caribbean , and India in the 17th century . A series of wars with Great Britain and other European major powers during the 18th century and early 19th century resulted in France losing nearly all of its conquests . France rebuilt a new empire mostly after 1850 , concentrating chiefly in Africa , as well as Indochina and the South Pacific . Republicans , at first hostile to empire , only became supportive when Germany started to build her own colonial empire . As it developed the new empire took on roles of trade with France , especially supplying raw materials and purchasing manufactured items , as well as lending prestige to the motherland and spreading French civilization and language , and the Catholic religion . It also provided manpower in the World Wars .   It became a moral mission to lift the world up to French standards by bringing Christianity and French culture . In 1884 the leading proponent of colonialism , Jules Ferry declared ; `` The higher races have a right over the lower races , they have a duty to civilize the inferior races . '' Full citizenship rights -- assimilation -- were offered , although in reality `` assimilation was always receding -LSB- and -RSB- the colonial populations treated like subjects not citizens . '' France sent small numbers of settlers to its empire , contrary to Great Britain , and previously Spain and Portugal , with the only notable exception of Algeria , where the French settlers nonetheless always remained a small minority .   At its apex , it was one of the largest empires in history . Including metropolitan France , the total amount of land under French sovereignty reached 11500000 km2 in 1920 , with a population of 110 million people in 1939 . In World War II , Charles de Gaulle and the Free French used the overseas colonies as bases from which they fought to liberate France . Historian Tony Chafer argues : `` In an effort to restore its world-power status after the humiliation of defeat and occupation , France was eager to maintain its overseas empire at the end of the Second World War . '' However , after 1945 anti-colonial movements began to challenge European authority . The French constitution of October 27 , 1946 ( Fourth Republic ) , established the French Union which endured until 1958 . Newer remnants of the colonial empire were integrated into France as overseas departments and territories within the French Republic . These now total altogether 119,394 km ² ( 46,098 sq. miles ) , which amounts to only 1 % of the pre-1939 French colonial empire 's area , with 2.7 million people living in them in 2013 . By the 1970s , says Robert Aldrich , the last `` vestiges of empire held little interest for the French . '' He argues , `` Except for the traumatic decolonization of Algeria , however , what is remarkable is how few long-lasting effects on France the giving up of empire entailed . ''

neg: Strategic Defense Initiative The Strategic Defense Initiative ( SDI ) was a proposed missile defense system intended to protect the United States from attack by ballistic strategic nuclear weapons ( intercontinental ballistic missiles and submarine-launched ballistic missiles ) . The system , which was to combine ground-based units and orbital deployment platforms , was first publicly announced by President Ronald Reagan on March 23 , 1983 . The initiative focused on strategic defense rather than the prior strategic offense doctrine of mutual assured destruction ( MAD ) . The Strategic Defense Initiative Organization ( SDIO ) was set up in 1984 within the United States Department of Defense to oversee the Strategic Defense Initiative .   Reagan was a vocal critic of MAD doctrine . SDI was an important part of his defense policy intended to end MAD as a nuclear deterrence strategy , as well as a strategic initiative to neutralize the military component of the Soviet Union 's nuclear defenses .   The ambitious initiative was criticized for allegedly threatening to destabilize the MAD-approach and to possibly re-ignite `` an offensive arms race '' . SDI was nicknamed largely in the mainstream media as `` Star Wars '' , after the popular 1977 film by George Lucas . In 1987 , the American Physical Society concluded that a global shield such as `` Star Wars '' was extremely ambitious and with existing technology not directly feasible for operational status , and that about ten more years of research was needed to learn about such a comprehensive and complex system to set up and make it fully operational .   Under the SDIO 's Innovative Sciences and Technology Office , headed by physicist and engineer Dr. James Ionson , the investment was predominantly made in basic research at national laboratories , universities , and in industry ; these programs have continued to be key sources of funding for top research scientists in the fields of high-energy physics , supercomputing/computation , advanced materials , and many other critical science and engineering disciplines -- funding which indirectly supports other research work by top scientists , and which was most politically viable to fund within the budget environment .   Laser research funded by the SDI office was disclosed at laser conferences that also included panel discussions on the subject with the participation of James Ionson , Edward Teller , and other prominent advocates of SDI .   During the administration of President Bill Clinton in 1993 , the SDIO 's name was changed to the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization ( BMDO ) and its focus shifted from national missile defense to theater missile defense ; and its scope from global to more regional coverage . It was never truly developed or deployed , though certain aspects of SDI research and technologies paved the way for some anti-ballistic missile systems of today . BMDO was renamed to the Missile Defense Agency in 2002 . This article covers defense efforts under the SDIO .   Today , the United States holds a significant advantage in the field of comprehensive advanced missile defense systems through years of extensive research and testing . The US and the UK also have both laser weapons and 360 degree laser shields in development , which are expected to be ready for military use as early as 2020 . Many of the obtained technological insights were transferred to subsequent programs and would find use in follow-up programs .

neg: The Rise and Fall of Darth Vader The Rise and Fall of Darth Vader is a young adult novel set in the Star Wars universe . It tells the complete story of the title character from his introduction in Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace to his death in Return of the Jedi , chronicling his early life as a slave on Tatooine to his transformation to the Sith Lord title character to his ultimate redemption . The hard cover book , which is 211 pages , was written by Ryder Windham and published in October 2007 .   Anakin 's story begins when he is taken with his mother to be a slave to Gardulla the Hutt , rival of Jabba the Hutt , on Tatooine . The story continues from there through the rest of the Star Wars films . In 2008 , a sequel was published by Windham titled The Life and Legend of Obi-Wan Kenobi , which follows the complete story of Obi-Wan Kenobi in the complete saga . In 2009 , another sequel followed titled A New Hope : The Life of Luke Skywalker , telling the story of the Luke Skywalker throughout the Star Wars films .

neg: Star Wars: The Empire Strikes Back (1992 video game) Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back is a video game released for the Nintendo Entertainment System in . It is the sequel the original Star Wars for the NES . This is the second of three video games released under the Empire Strikes Back title for home video game systems . It was preceded by a version for the Atari 2600 and succeeded by Super Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back for the Super NES .   After the game was completed , the developers were occupied with making JVC 's Super Star Wars for the Super NES , so a corresponding NES sequel covering the film Return of the Jedi was never developed , nor released .   A version of the game was released for the Game Boy . That product was reprinted and distributed by several publishers over the course of three years .

neg: Tribute A tribute ( from Latin tributum , contribution ) is wealth , often in kind , that a party gives to another as a sign of respect or , as was often the case in historical contexts , of submission or allegiance . Various ancient states exacted tribute from the rulers of land which the state conquered or otherwise threatened to conquer . In case of alliances , lesser parties may pay tribute to more powerful parties as a sign of allegiance and often in order to finance projects that benefited both parties . To be called `` tribute '' a recognition by the payer of political submission to the payee is normally required ; the large sums , essentially protection money , paid by the later Roman and Byzantine Empires to barbarian peoples to prevent them attacking imperial territory , would not usually be termed `` tribute '' as the Empire accepted no inferior political position . Payments by a superior political entity to an inferior one , made for various purposes , are described by terms including `` subsidy '' .   The ancient Persian Achaemenid Empire is an example of an ancient ` tribute empire ; one that made relatively few demands on its non-Persian subjects other than the regular payment of tribute , which might be gold , luxury goods , animals , soldiers or slaves . However failure to keep up the payments had dire consequences . The reliefs at Persepolis show processions of figures bearing varied types of tribute .   The medieval Mongol rulers of Russia likewise only expected tribute from the Russian states , which continued to govern themselves . Athens received tribute from the other cities of the Delian League . The empires of Assyria , Babylon , Carthage and Rome exacted tribute from their provinces and subject kingdoms . Ancient China received tribute from various states such as Japan , Korea , Vietnam , Cambodia , Borneo , Indonesia , Sri Lanka , Nepal , Myanmar and Central Asia . The Aztec Empire is another example . The Roman republic exacted tribute in the form of payments equivalent to proportional property taxes , for the purpose of waging war .   Tribute empires contrast with those like the Roman Empire , which more closely controlled and garrisoned subject territories . A tributary state is one that preserves its political position and such independence as it has only by paying tribute .

neg: Imperial Highness His/Her Imperial Highness ( abbreviation HIH ) is a style used by members of an imperial family to denote imperial -- as opposed to royal -- status to show that the holder in question is descended from an Emperor rather than a King ( compare His/Her Royal Highness ) .  The first dynasty to use the style on the generic basis were the Romanovs in the eighteenth century ; the archdukes and archduchess of the House of Habsburg were only styled as Royal Highness given the officially elective nature of the Holy Roman Empire .  With the establishment of the Austrian Empire in 1804 their style was changed to that of Imperial and Royal Highness .   Today , the style has mainly fallen from use with the exception of the . In the past , the style has been applied to more senior members of imperial dynasties , including the French , Turkish , Russian , and Ethiopian imperial houses , among many others . Archdukes of Austria from the Habsburg dynasty held the style of Imperial and Royal Highness ( Kaiserliche und königliche Hoheit ) , with the `` Royal '' signifying their status as Princes of Hungary and Bohemia . They were also addressed as `` Imperial Highness '' ( Kaiserliche Hoheit ) . Members of the British royal family , theoretically , as the imperial family of India could have used the title , but did not .   Category : Styles ( manners of address )   es : Tratamientos protocolares de la monarquía


query: Uranus is the hottest planet in the Solar System.

pos: Uranus Uranus is the seventh planet from the Sun . It has the third-largest planetary radius and fourth-largest planetary mass in the Solar System . Uranus is similar in composition to Neptune , and both have different bulk chemical composition from that of the larger gas giants Jupiter and Saturn . For this reason , scientists often classify Uranus and Neptune as `` ice giants '' to distinguish them from the gas giants . Uranus 's atmosphere is similar to Jupiter 's and Saturn 's in its primary composition of hydrogen and helium , but it contains more `` ices '' such as water , ammonia , and methane , along with traces of other hydrocarbons . It is the coldest planetary atmosphere in the Solar System , with a minimum temperature of 49 K , and has a complex , layered cloud structure with water thought to make up the lowest clouds and methane the uppermost layer of clouds . The interior of Uranus is mainly composed of ices and rock .   Uranus is the only planet whose name is derived from a figure from Greek mythology , from the Latinised version of the Greek god of the sky Ouranos . Like the other giant planets , Uranus has a ring system , a magnetosphere , and numerous moons . The Uranian system has a unique configuration among those of the planets because its axis of rotation is tilted sideways , nearly into the plane of its solar orbit . Its north and south poles , therefore , lie where most other planets have their equators . In 1986 , images from Voyager 2 showed Uranus as an almost featureless planet in visible light , without the cloud bands or storms associated with the other giant planets . Observations from Earth have shown seasonal change and increased weather activity as Uranus approached its equinox in 2007 . Wind speeds can reach 250 m/s .

neg: Aquarius (astrology) Aquarius ( Greek : Ὑδροχόος Hydrokhoös , Latin : Aquārius ) is the eleventh astrological sign in the Zodiac , originating from the constellation Aquarius .   The water carrier represented by the zodiacal constellation Aquarius is Ganymede , a beautiful Phrygian youth . Ganymede was the son of Tros , king of Troy ( according to Lucian , he was also the son of Dardanus ) . While tending to his father 's flocks on Mount Ida , Ganymede was spotted by Jupiter . The king of gods became enamored of the boy and flew down to the mountain in the form of a large bird , whisking Ganymede away to the heavens . Ever since , the boy has served as cupbearer to the gods . Ovid has Orpheus sing the tale :   `` The king of the gods was once fired with love for Phrygian Ganymede , and when that happened Jupiter found another shape preferable to his own . Wishing to turn himself into a bird , he none the less scorned to change into any save that which can carry his thunderbolts . Then without delay , beating the air on borrowed pinions , he snatched away the shepherd of Ilium , who even now mixes the winecups , and supplies Jove with nectar , to the annoyance of Juno '' ( Metamorphoses X 154-160 ) .   Aquarius is a summer constellation in the northern hemisphere , found near Pisces and Cetus . It is especially notable as the radiant for four meteor showers , the largest of which is the Delta Aquarid meteor shower in late July and early August .   Under the tropical zodiac , the sun is in Aquarius typically between January 20 and February 18 , while under the Sidereal Zodiac , the sun is in Aquarius from approximately February 15 to March 14 , depending on leap year .

neg: Ur (continent) Ur is a proposed supercontinent that formed in the Archean ( 3.1 billion ) .   In Roger 's reconstruction Ur is half a billion years older than Arctica and , in the early period of its existence , it was probably the only continent on Earth , and as such can be considered a supercontinent , though it was probably smaller than present-day Australia . In more recent works geologists often refer to both Ur and other proposed Archaean continental assemblages as supercratons . Ur can , nevertheless , be half a billion years younger than Vaalbara , but the concepts of these two early cratonic assemblages are incompatible .

neg: Kepler (spacecraft) Kepler is a space observatory launched by NASA to discover Earth-size planets orbiting other stars . Named after astronomer Johannes Kepler , the spacecraft was launched on March 7 , 2009 , into an Earth-trailing heliocentric orbit .   Designed to survey a portion of our region of the Milky Way to discover Earth-size exoplanets in or near habitable zones and estimate how many of the billions of stars in the Milky Way have such planets , Kepler sole scientific instrument is a photometer that continually monitors the brightness of over 145,000 main sequence stars in a fixed field of view . These data are transmitted to Earth , then analyzed to detect periodic dimming caused by exoplanets that cross in front of their host star .   Kepler is part of NASA 's Discovery Program of relatively low-cost , focused primary science missions . The telescope 's construction and initial operation were managed by NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory , with Ball Aerospace responsible for developing the Kepler flight system . The Ames Research Center is responsible for the ground system development , mission operations since December 2009 , and scientific data analysis . The initial planned lifetime was 3.5 years , but greater-than-expected noise in the data , from both the stars and the spacecraft , meant additional time was needed to fulfill all mission goals . Initially , in 2012 , the mission was expected to be extended until 2016 , but on July 14 , 2012 , one of the spacecraft 's four reaction wheels used for pointing the spacecraft stopped turning , and completing the mission would only be possible if all other reaction wheels remained reliable . Then , on May 11 , 2013 , a second reaction wheel failed , disabling the collection of science data and threatening the continuation of the mission .   On August 15 , 2013 , NASA announced that they had given up trying to fix the two failed reaction wheels . This meant the current mission needed to be modified , but it did not necessarily mean the end of planet hunting . NASA had asked the space science community to propose alternative mission plans `` potentially including an exoplanet search , using the remaining two good reaction wheels and thrusters '' . On November 18 , 2013 , the K2 `` Second Light '' proposal was reported . This would include utilizing the disabled Kepler in a way that could detect habitable planets around smaller , dimmer red dwarfs . On May 16 , 2014 , NASA announced the approval of the K2 extension .   , Kepler and its follow-up observations had found 1,013 confirmed exoplanets in about 440 star systems , along with a further 3,199 unconfirmed planet candidates . Four planets have been confirmed through Kepler K2 mission . In November 2013 , astronomers estimated , based on Kepler space mission data , that there could be as many as 40 billion rocky , Earth-size exoplanets orbiting in the habitable zones of Sun-like stars and red dwarfs within the Milky Way . It is estimated that 11 billion of these planets may be orbiting Sun-like stars . The nearest such planet may be 12 ly away , according to the scientists .   On January 6 , 2015 , NASA announced the 1,000 th confirmed exoplanet discovered by the Kepler Space Telescope . Four of the newly confirmed exoplanets were found to orbit within habitable zones of their related stars : three of the four , Kepler-438b , Kepler-442b and Kepler-452b , are almost Earth-size and likely rocky ; the fourth , Kepler-440b , is a super-Earth . On May 10 , 2016 , NASA verified 1,284 new exoplanets found by Kepler , the single largest finding of planets to date .   Since 1988 , over 3,000 exoplanets have been confirmed by all detection methods , including the Kepler mission ( specifically , planets in planetary systems , including multiple planetary systems , have been confirmed , as of ) .

neg: Prometheus (volcano) Prometheus is an active volcano on Jupiter 's moon Io . It is located on Io 's hemisphere facing away from Jupiter at . Prometheus consists of a 28 km-wide volcanic pit named Prometheus Patera and a 100 km-long compound lava flow , all surrounded by reddish sulfur and circular , bright sulfur dioxide volcanic plume deposits . The volcano was first observed in images acquired by the Voyager 1 spacecraft in March 1979 . Later that year , the International Astronomical Union named this feature after a Greek fire god , Prometheus .   Prometheus is the site of a volcanic eruption that has been ongoing since at least the Voyager 1 encounter in 1979 . Between the Voyager encounters and the first observations by Galileo , a 6700 km2 flow field was emplaced . Later Galileo observations of this flow field revealed numerous small breakouts , particularly on the western end of the flow field .   Prometheus is the site of two volcanic eruption plumes : a small , sulfur-rich plume erupting from the magma-source vent at the eastern end of the flow field and a 75 to-tall , - rich dust plume erupting from the active flow front at the other end . The former forms a diffuse , red deposit to the east of the Prometheus flow field . The latter forms a bright , circular deposit surrounding the entire volcano and lava flow . The - rich plume is generated as lava at the western end of the flow field covers sulfur dioxide frost , heating and vaporizing it . This is accomplished at multiple breakouts , generating gas and dust for the visible dust plume . Prometheus ' plume has been observed by both Voyager spacecraft , Galileo , and New Horizons , at every appropriate imaging opportunity .

neg: Gravity darkening Gravity darkening , also referred to as gravity brightening , is an astronomical phenomenon where a star rotates so rapidly that it has a detectably oblate spheroid shape , such as in Regulus in the constellation Leo .   When a star is oblate , it has a larger radius at its equator than it does at its poles . As a result , the poles have a higher surface gravity , and thus higher temperature and brightness . Thus , the poles are `` gravity brightened '' , and the equator `` gravity darkened '' .   The star becomes oblate ( and hence gravity darkening occurs ) because the centrifugal force resulting from rotation creates additional outward pressure on the star . The centrifugal force is expressed mathematically as   where is mass ( in this case of a small volume element of the star ) , is the angular velocity , and is the radial distance from the axis of rotation . In the case of a star , the value of is largest at the equator and smallest at the poles . This means that equatorial regions of a star will have a greater centrifugal force when compared to the pole . The centrifugal force pushes mass away from the axis of rotation , and results in less overall pressure on the gas in the equatorial regions of the star . This will cause the gas in this region to become less dense , and cooler .

neg: Helium planet A helium planet is a planet with a helium-dominated atmosphere . This is in contrast to ordinary gas giants such as Jupiter and Saturn , whose atmospheres consist primarily of hydrogen , with helium as a secondary component only . Helium planets might form in a variety of ways . The Gliese 436 b exoplanet is a candidate helium planet .

neg: Kepler-5b __ NOTOC __   Kepler-5b is one of the first five planets discovered by NASA 's Kepler spacecraft . It is a Hot Jupiter that orbits a subgiant star that is more massive , larger , and more diffuse than the Sun is . Kepler-5 was first flagged as the location of a possibly transiting planet , and was reclassified as a Kepler Object of Interest until follow-up observations confirmed the planet 's existence and many of its characteristics . The planet 's discovery was announced at a meeting of the American Astronomical Society on January 4 , 2010 . The planet has approximately twice the mass of Jupiter , and is about 1.5 times larger . It is also fifteen times hotter than Jupiter . Kepler-5b orbits Kepler-5 every 3.5 days at a distance of approximately 0.051 AU ( 7.6 Gm ) .

neg: Modern Mars habitability One of the central questions of modern Astrobiology is whether there is , or ever has been life on Mars . Mars probably had oceans in the past , and it definitely had lakes and a thicker atmosphere . Modern Mars has become cold , dry , and almost uninhabitable , yet , if life did ever arise on Mars , some hardy microbes and perhaps even multicellular life might survive there right through to the present . The only missions to search for life on Mars , the two Viking missions , returned results that were inconclusive  . However the instruments were not designed to cope with the unusual conditions which Viking discovered on Mars , which may have confused the results of the experiments . Also , they did n't know enough about Mars at that time to target the regions we now think are most likely to have present day life .   Life would meet many challenges on present day Mars . Liquid water boils at 0 ° C , over much of its surface . Even at the depths of the Hellas basin , any water is close to its boiling point of 10 ° C and will dry out quickly . Ice also evaporates into the atmosphere over geological timescales - and most of the equatorial regions are thought to be dry to depths of tens of meters . As its axial tilt varies , Mars atmosphere is sometimes thicker , and liquid water may then form on the surface - but any dormant life in the top few meters of soil would be destroyed over periods of millions of years by cosmic radiation .   However , in 2008 , droplets were observed on the landing legs of Phoenix . Sadly , there was no way to analyse them , but the leading hypothesis is that they were droplets of salty water . Phoenix also made isotopic measurements which show that the Mars atmosphere has exchanged oxygen molecules with liquid on the surface in the recent geological past . This could indicate either recent episodic occurrences of liquid water ( for instance after a meteorite strike ) or water present every year , in contact with the atmosphere .   We now know of many seasonal changes in the surface of Mars which are only visible in high resolution photographs . Most of these are now thought to be caused by dry ice or wind effects . However , the `` Recurrent slope lineae '' , and some of the `` flow like features '' form in conditions that suggest the occasional presence of small quantities of water on Mars . The evidence of flowing brines in the RSLs is strong , though it 's not known if they are habitable . Curiosity has also found indirect evidence of a brine layer 15 cm below the sands that it drives over , though most scientists think that this layer is not habitable for Earth life . Recent Mars surface simulations by Nilton Renno and his team have shown that small droplets of water can form on salt / ice interfaces for a few hours per day almost anywhere on the surface of Mars , and this may explain the Phoenix leg droplets observations .   In a separate development , research by the German aerospace company DLR in Mars simulation chambers and on the ISS show that some Earth life can survive simulated Mars surface conditions without any water at all , and photosynthesize and metabolize , slowly . It can do this using the high relative humidity of the Mars atmosphere at night . All of this work was done after the Phoenix discoveries in 2008 .   Other potential habitats include lakes formed in the higher latitudes after cometary or meteorite impacts , or as a result of volcanism . Covered by ice , these may remain liquid for centuries , or up to a few thousand years for the largest impacts . The planet may also have underground trapped layers of water heated by geothermal hotspots . Also there are suggestions that Mars may have a deep hydrosphere , a liquid layer below its cryosphere , a few kilometers below the surface . Deep rock habitats on Earth are inhabited by life so if this layer exists , it may also be habitable on Mars .   The main questions are   Do these potential habitats exist ?  Are they habitable ? For instance , liquid water , if present , could be too cold , or too salty for Earth life  Are they in fact inhabited by any forms of life ? As Mars is so inhospitable , life might not be able to spread to new habitats easily . So there might be life in some of the habitats and not in others . Or life on Mars may have gone extinct , or never evolved at all , in which case none of the habitats would be inhabited .   These discoveries have renewed interest in this topic , with many astrobiologists saying that they think present day Mars may be more habitable than previously thought . The first conference on the Present Day Habitability of Mars was held in 2013 in UCLA . The 2017 conference session on Modern Mars Habitability will run from April 24 -- 28 in Mesa , Arizona

neg: Amirani (volcano) Amirani is an active volcano on Jupiter 's moon Io , the inner-most of the Galilean Moons . It is located on Io 's leading hemisphere at . The volcano is responsible for the largest active lava flow in the entire Solar System , with recent flows dwarfing those of even other volcanos on Io .   The volcano was first observed in images acquired by the Voyager 1 spacecraft in March 1979 . Later that year , the International Astronomical Union named this feature after an Georgian fire god , Amirani .

neg: OGLE-TR-132b OGLE-TR-132b is an extrasolar planet orbiting the star OGLE-TR-132 .   In 2003 the Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment ( OGLE ) detected periodic dimming in the star 's light curve indicating a transiting , planetary-sized object . Since low-mass red dwarfs and brown dwarfs may mimic a planet radial velocity measurements were necessary to calculate the mass of the body . In 2004 the object was proved to be a new transiting extrasolar planet .   The planet has a mass 1.14 times that of Jupiter . Since the planet 's inclination is known , this represents the best measured true mass of the planet , rather than simply the minimum mass as is the case when the inclination is unknown . It orbits the star ( OGLE-TR-132 ) in an extremely close orbit , even closer than the famous planets 51 Pegasi b and HD 209458 b . The planet races around the star every 1 day 16.6 hours . The radius of the planet is only 18 % larger than Jupiter 's , despite the heating effect by the star . Planets of its kind are sometimes called `` super-hot Jupiters '' .

neg: Venus Venus is the second planet from the Sun , orbiting it every 224.7 Earth days . It has the longest rotation period ( 243 days ) of any planet in the Solar System and rotates in the opposite direction to most other planets . It has no natural satellites . It is named after the Roman goddess of love and beauty . It is the second-brightest natural object in the night sky after the Moon , reaching an apparent magnitude of − 4.6 , bright enough to cast shadows at night and , though rare , occasionally be visible in broad daylight . Because Venus orbits within Earth 's orbit it is an inferior planet and never appears to venture far from the Sun ; its maximum angular distance from the Sun ( elongation ) is 47.8 ° .   Venus is a terrestrial planet and is sometimes called Earth 's `` sister planet '' because of their similar size , mass , proximity to the Sun , and bulk composition . It is radically different from Earth in other respects . It has the densest atmosphere of the four terrestrial planets , consisting of more than 96 % carbon dioxide . The atmospheric pressure at the planet 's surface is 92 times that of Earth , or roughly the pressure found 900 m underwater on Earth . Venus is by far the hottest planet in the Solar System , with a mean surface temperature of 735 K , even though Mercury is closer to the Sun . Venus is shrouded by an opaque layer of highly reflective clouds of sulfuric acid , preventing its surface from being seen from space in visible light . It may have had water oceans in the past , but these would have vaporized as the temperature rose due to a runaway greenhouse effect . The water has probably photodissociated , and the free hydrogen has been swept into interplanetary space by the solar wind because of the lack of a planetary magnetic field . Venus 's surface is a dry desertscape interspersed with slab-like rocks and is periodically resurfaced by volcanism .   As one of the brightest objects in the sky , Venus has been a major fixture in human culture for as long as records have existed . It has been made sacred to gods of many cultures , and has been a prime inspiration for writers and poets as the `` morning star '' and `` evening star '' . Venus was the first planet to have its motions plotted across the sky , as early as the second millennium BC .   As the closest planet to Earth , Venus has been a prime target for early interplanetary exploration . It was the first planet beyond Earth visited by a spacecraft ( Mariner 2 in 1962 ) , and the first to be successfully landed on ( by Venera 7 in 1970 ) . Venus 's thick clouds render observation of its surface impossible in visible light , and the first detailed maps did not emerge until the arrival of the Magellan orbiter in 1991 . Plans have been proposed for rovers or more complex missions , but they are hindered by Venus 's hostile surface conditions .

neg: Pandora (moon) Pandora ( -LSB- pænˈdɔərə -RSB- ; Πανδώρα ) is an inner satellite of Saturn . It was discovered in 1980 from photos taken by the Voyager 1 probe , and was provisionally designated . In late 1985 it was officially named after Pandora from Greek mythology . It is also designated as .   Pandora was thought to be an outer shepherd satellite of the F Ring . However , recent studies indicate that it does not play such a role , and that only Prometheus , the inner shepherd , contributes to the confinement of the narrow ring . It is more heavily cratered than nearby Prometheus , and has at least two large craters 30 km in diameter . The majority of craters on Pandora are shallow as a result of being filled with debris . Ridges and grooves are also present on moon 's surface .   The orbit of Pandora appears to be chaotic , as a consequence of a series of four 118:121 mean-motion resonances with Prometheus . The most appreciable changes in their orbits occur approximately every 6.2 years , when the periapsis of Pandora lines up with the apoapsis of Prometheus and the moons approach to within about 1400 km . Pandora also has a 3:2 mean-motion resonance with Mimas .   From its very low density and relatively high albedo , it seems likely that Pandora is a very porous icy body . There is a lot of uncertainty in these values , however , so this remains to be confirmed .

neg: Venus snow Venus snow is a brightening of the radar reflection from the surface of Venus at high elevations . The `` snow '' appears to be a mineral condensate of lead sulfide and bismuth sulfide precipitated from the atmosphere at altitudes above 2600 metres .   The nature of the `` snow '' was initially unknown . In radar images , smooth surfaces such as lava plains generally appear dark , while rough surfaces such as impact debris appear bright . The composition of the rock also alters the radar return : conductive material , or material with a high dielectric constant , appears brighter . It was therefore initially difficult to determine whether the high-altitude areas of Venus were different from the lowlands in chemical composition or in texture . Possible explanations included loose soil , different rates of weathering at high and low elevations , and chemical deposition at high elevation . It could not be water ice , which can not exist in the extremely hot , dry conditions of the Venusian surface .   Data from the radar mapper on the Pioneer Venus orbiter suggested an explanation in terms of chemical composition . It was hypothesized that the underlying rock contained iron pyrite or other metallic inclusions that would be very reflective . At the high temperatures found on the surface of Venus , these minerals would gradually evaporate . Faster weathering at high elevation might continually expose new material , causing the highlands to appear brighter than lowlands .  High-resolution radar observations by the Magellan probe by 1995 began to favor the hypothesis that metallic compounds sublimate in lower , warmer altitudes and deposit in higher , cooler areas .  Candidates included tellurium , pyrite , and other metal sulfides .

neg: Thor (volcano) Thor is an active volcano on Jupiter 's moon Io . It is located on Io 's anti-Jupiter hemisphere at . A major eruption with high thermal emission and a large , volcanic plume was observed during a Galileo flyby on August 6 , 2001 , when the spacecraft flew through the outer portions of the plume allowing for direct sampling . The eruption continued into Galileo 's next flyby in October 2001 . As seen during high-resolution images taken during the eruption , Thor consists of a series of dark lava flows emanating from a set of nearby volcanic depressions . Before the eruption , the area consisted of red-brown plains , composed of irradiated sulfur , typical of Io 's mid - to high-northern latitudes and a set of yellow flows , possibly consisting of sulfur or silicate flows covered by diffuse sulfur deposits . During the New Horizons encounter in February 2007 , Thor was still active , with the spacecraft observing thermal emission in the near-infrared and a volcanic plume at the volcano .   Thor was named in 2006 by the International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) after the Norse god of thunder , Thor .

neg: Ursa Minor Ursa Minor ( Latin : `` Lesser Bear '' , contrasting with Ursa Major ) , also known as the Little Bear , is a constellation in the Northern Sky . Like the Great Bear , the tail of the Little Bear may also be seen as the handle of a ladle , hence the North American name , Little Dipper : seven stars with four in its bowl like its partner the Big Dipper . It was one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy , and remains one of the 88 modern constellations . Ursa Minor has traditionally been important for navigation , particularly by mariners , because of Polaris being the North Star .   Polaris , the brightest star in the constellation , is a yellow-white supergiant and the brightest Cepheid variable star in the night sky , ranging from an apparent magnitude of 1.97 to 2.00 . Beta Ursae Minoris , also known as Kochab , is an aging star that has swollen and cooled to become an orange giant with an apparent magnitude of 2.08 , only slightly fainter than Polaris . Kochab and magnitude 3 Gamma Ursae Minoris have been called the `` guardians of the pole star '' . Planets have been detected orbiting four of the stars , including Kochab . The constellation also contains an isolated neutron star -- Calvera -- and H1504 +65 , the hottest white dwarf yet discovered , with a surface temperature of 200,000 K.

neg: Makemake Makemake ( minor-planet designation 136472 Makemake ) is a dwarf planet and perhaps the largest Kuiper belt object in the classical population , with a diameter approximately two thirds that of Pluto . Makemake has one known satellite , S/2015 ( 136472 ) 1 . Makemake 's extremely low average temperature , about 30 K , means its surface is covered with methane , ethane , and possibly nitrogen ices .   Makemake was discovered on March 31 , 2005 , by a team led by Michael E. Brown , and announced on July 29 , 2005 . Initially , it was known as and later given the minor-planet number 136472 . Makemake was recognized as a dwarf planet by the International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) in July 2008 . Its name derives from Makemake in the mythology of the Rapa Nui people of Easter Island .

neg: Planet (disambiguation) A planet , in astronomy , is one of a class of celestial bodies that orbit stars . ( A dwarf planet is a similar , but officially mutually exclusive , class of body . )   For articles on specific types of planet , see List of planets   Planet or Planets may also refer to :  Planets in astrology , another concept referring to celestial bodies but as used in prophecy

neg: Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons The timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their natural satellites charts the progress of the discovery of new bodies over history . Each object is listed in chronological order of its discovery ( multiple dates occur when the moments of imaging , observation , and publication differ ) , identified through its various designations ( including temporary and permanent schemes ) , and the discoverer ( s ) listed .   Historically the naming of moons did not always match the times of their discovery . Traditionally , the discoverer enjoys the privilege of naming the new object ; however , some neglected to do so ( E. E. Barnard stated he would `` defer any suggestions as to a name '' -LSB- for Amalthea -RSB- `` until a later paper '' but never got around to picking one from the numerous suggestions he received ) or actively declined ( S. B. Nicholson stated `` Many have asked what the new satellites '' -LSB- Lysithea and Carme -RSB- `` are to be named . They will be known only by the numbers X and XI , written in Roman numerals , and usually prefixed by the letter J to identify them with Jupiter . '' ) . The issue arose nearly as soon as planetary satellites were discovered : Galileo referred to the four main satellites of Jupiter using numbers while the names suggested by his rival Simon Marius gradually gained universal acceptance . The International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) eventually started cleaning up the naming business in the late 1970s .

neg: Blue dwarf (red-dwarf stage) A blue dwarf is a predicted class of star that develops from a red dwarf after it has exhausted much of its hydrogen fuel supply . Because red dwarfs fuse their hydrogen slowly and are fully convective ( allowing their entire hydrogen supply to be fused , instead of merely that in the core ) , the Universe is currently not old enough for any blue dwarfs to have formed yet , but their future existence is predicted based on theoretical models .   Stars increase in luminosity as they age , and a more luminous star needs to radiate energy more quickly to maintain equilibrium . Stars larger than red dwarfs do this by increasing their size and becoming red giants with larger surface areas . Rather than expanding , however , red dwarfs with less than 0.25 solar masses are predicted to increase their radiative rate by increasing their surface temperatures and becoming `` bluer '' . This is because the surface layers of red dwarfs do not become significantly more opaque with increasing temperature .   Blue dwarfs eventually evolve into white dwarfs once their hydrogen fuel is completely exhausted , which in turn will eventually cool to become a black dwarf .

neg: Malefic planet In astrology , a malefic planet , or simply malefic , is thought to bring bad luck and misfortune to those born within its radius . Traditionally , Mars and Saturn are considered the malefic planets , with Mars being the lesser malefic and Saturn the greater . In modern astrology Uranus , Neptune , and Pluto are also considered malefic when in hard aspect to a personal planet -- that is , either conjuncted , square or in opposition to the personal planet . They are opposed to the benefic planets such as Jupiter and Venus , which are said to grant good fortune by contrast .   A planet that is placed between two malefic planets , traditionally Mars and Saturn , is said to be `` besieged '' . Besieged planets are believed to be very restricted in their functioning , so even if a planet is a benefic , the fact that it is besieged means the beneficial attributes it would normally emanate will be lessened whilst in that configuration .