query: Michael Fassbender appeared in The Counselor in 2013.

pos: Michael Fassbender Michael Fassbender ( born 2 April 1977 ) is a German-born Irish actor . His feature film debut was in the fantasy war epic 300 ( 2007 ) as a Spartan warrior ; his earlier roles included various stage productions , as well as starring roles on television such as in the HBO miniseries Band of Brothers ( 2001 ) and the Sky One fantasy drama Hex ( 2004 -- 05 ) . He first came to prominence for his role as IRA activist Bobby Sands in Hunger ( 2008 ) , for which he won a British Independent Film Award . Subsequent roles include in the independent film Fish Tank ( 2009 ) , as a Royal Marines lieutenant in Inglourious Basterds ( 2009 ) , as Edward Rochester in the 2011 film adaptation of Jane Eyre , as Carl Jung in A Dangerous Method ( 2011 ) , as a sentient android in Prometheus ( 2012 ) and its sequel , Alien : Covenant ( 2017 ) , and in the musical comedy-drama Frank ( 2014 ) as an eccentric musician loosely inspired by Frank Sidebottom .   In 2011 , Fassbender debuted as the Marvel Comics antihero Magneto in X-Men : First Class , and went on to share the role with Ian McKellen in X-Men : Days of Future Past ( 2014 ) , and reprise it again in X-Men : Apocalypse ( 2016 ) . Also in 2011 , Fassbender 's performance as a sex addict in Shame earned him the Volpi Cup for Best Actor at the Venice Film Festival and was nominated for Golden Globe and BAFTA Awards . In 2013 , his role as slave owner Edwin Epps in the slavery epic 12 Years a Slave was similarly praised , earning him his first Oscar nomination for Best Supporting Actor . In 2013 , Fassbender appeared in another Ridley Scott film , The Counselor . In 2015 , he portrayed the title role in the Danny Boyle-directed biopic Steve Jobs ( 2015 ) , and played Macbeth in Justin Kurzel 's adaptation of William Shakespeare 's play . For the former , he has received Academy Award , BAFTA , Golden Globe and SAG nominations . In 2015 , he produced the western Slow West , in which he also starred .

neg: The Salvation (film) Not to be confused with Salvation ! ( 1987 film )   The Salvation is a 2014 Danish western film directed by Kristian Levring and written by Anders Thomas Jensen and Levring . The film stars Mads Mikkelsen , Eva Green , Jeffrey Dean Morgan , Jonathan Pryce , Eric Cantona , Mikael Persbrandt , Douglas Henshall and Michael Raymond-James .

neg: Hannah Fidell Hannah Margalit Fidell ( born October 7 , 1985 ) is an American film director , producer and screenwriter , known for her directorial debut drama film A Teacher ( 2013 ) . She also wrote and directed the romantic drama film 6 Years ( 2015 ) .

neg: Anthony Meindl Anthony Paul Meindl ( born January 14 , 1968 ) is an American screenwriter , stage and film actor , and founder and artistic director at the MetaTheatre Company and Anthony Meindl 's Actor Workshop in Los Angeles . The workshop has since expanded to locations in New York City , London , Sydney , Melbourne , and Vancouver .   In the 1990s , Meindl played a character who was a genie named `` Hard Hat Harry '' in a number of video cassettes and DVDs aimed at introducing children to trucks , cars , construction vehicles , and others ( usually using the name `` Anthony Paul '' ) .   He worked and lived in New York in the early 1990s and moved to Los Angeles in 1997 . He has been in many commercials for products and companies including Diet Coke , Philips Electronics , Bank of America , Nissan , Michelob Lite , Sears , Acura , Del Taco , Mervyns , and Behr Paint .   He has also appeared in non-Broadway stage productions of Titus Andronicus , Merrily We Roll Along , and the LA Weekly Award-nominated Cabaret .   He is openly gay . His film credits are almost exclusively gay-related , including the 1997 gay-themed drama David Searching , the 1998 gay-themed drama Minor Details , and the 2000 gay-themed comedy/drama Get Your Stuff . His latest film role was in the 2005 mystery comedy Death of a Saleswoman . He also appeared in a 1998 episode of Will & Grace .   He has coached and worked with Shailene Woodley , Ashley Greene , Agnes Bruckner , Nick Robinson , Chace Crawford , Cory Monteith , Dania Ramirez , Sasha Alexander , Chris Owen , Stevie Lynn Jones , Dree Hemingway , Michael Lomenda , JC Chasez , China Chow , Brock Kelly , Judith Hill , Samantha Mumba , Rocco DiSpirito , Olivia Holt , Ian Harding , Alexandra Daddario , Edy Ganem , Trevor Donovan , Daniel Cudmore , Charlie Bewley , Ashton Holmes , Larissa Oleynik , Lorenza Izzo , Carmen Electra , Allison Miller , Jenna Dewan-Tatum , Lucy Fry , Josh Zuckerman , Sadie Calvano , Taryn Southern , Ryan Rottman , Chaz Bono , Jill Wagner , Joe Slaughter , Mark Hapka , Matt Dallas , Brad Rowe , and Quddus Phillippe .   Meindl 's first feature screenplay , The Wonder Girls , was the Grand Prize Winning Feature Screenplay in the Slamdance Film Festival Screenplay Competition in 2007 .  He was nominated as Best Director for the LA Weekly Awards two years in a row for Best Comedy ( Swimming In The Shallows ) and Best Drama ( Dogs Barking ) . The casts for both shows ( members of MetaTheatre Company , his acting studio ) were also nominated as Best Ensemble in a Comedy and Best Ensemble in a Drama .   His first short , `` Ready ? OK ! '' , played in over a dozen International Film Festivals , winning numerous `` Best of '' Awards and premiered on MTV 's LOGO Network in 2009 as part of their `` Click List : Best In Short Film Series . '' It won the 2008 Planet Out Scion Viewer 's Choice Short Film Awards .   Meindl 's first feature film , Birds of A Feather ( 2011 ) won him Best Director awards at the 2012 Downtown LA Film Festival and the 2013 Golden Door Film Festival and the Spirit of the Festival Award at the 2012 Honolulu Rainbow Film Festival . The film features Academy Award winner , Olympia Dukakis , Bruce Vilanch and Trevor Donovan .   He is a regular contributor to The Huffington Post , The Daily Love , and Backstage .

neg: 1 (2013 film) 1 or 1 : Life On The Limit is a 2013 documentary film directed by Paul Crowder and narrated by Michael Fassbender . The film traces the history of Formula One auto racing from its early years , in which some seasons had multiple fatalities , to the 1994 death of Ayrton Senna , the sport 's most recent death at the time of production . Extensive and often rare archival footage is used throughout .

neg: Ron Fassler Ron Fassler ( born March 4 , 1957 in New York City ) is an American film and television actor . He is best known for his role as Bryan Grazer , the LAPD captain in the Fox Network cult science fiction TV series Alien Nation . The series was canceled after a short run , but Fox brought it back in 1994 in a series of five TV movies . Fassler reprised his role as Captain Grazer in Alien Nation : Dark Horizon ( 1994 ) , Alien Nation : Body and Soul ( 1995 ) , Alien Nation : Millennium ( 1996 ) , Alien Nation : The Enemy Within ( 1996 ) , and Alien Nation : The Udara Legacy ( 1997 ) .   His first TV role was in the 1981 TV movie Senior Trip , which also starred `` Alien Nation '' co-star Jeff Marcus .  Seen as Ted Koppel in 2009 ` sWatchmen , Fassler 's first feature film appearance was in the 1990 comedy move Gremlins 2 : The New Batch ( 1990 ) . Other recent films include Charlie Wilson 's War ( 2008 ) , Hancock ( 2008 ) , Walk Hard : The Dewey Cox Story ( 2007 ) , For Your Consideration ( 2006 ) and Flags of Our Fathers ( 2006 ) .  Fassler has made many guest appearances on TV shows ranging from NYPD Blue to The Facts of Life , Matlock , 7th Heaven and Star Trek : Voyager , along with recurring roles on Sisters and the recent critically acclaimed Side Order of Life . He even did multiple episodes of The Young and the Restless as Justin Johns .  As a writer , Fassler co-wrote the Lifetime TV movie , How I Married My High School Crush ( 2007 ) and also wrote for the sitcom Murphy Brown .   More recently , Fassler had a recurring role on the Disney XD sitcom Zeke and Luther where he played reporter Dale Davis . This role has also carried over to other Disney XD sitcoms including Kickin ' It and Pair of Kings . Fassler also appeared in the 2015 movie Trumbo .   In recent years , Fassler has been directing shows at Priscilla Beach Theatre .   A memoir , `` Up in the Cheap Seats '' which chronicles Fassler 's years as a teenage theatregoer , and includes interviews with more than 100 Broadway theatre artists , will be published in the fall of 2016 .

neg: The Holcroft Covenant (film) The Holcroft Covenant is a spy thriller 1985 film based on the Robert Ludlum novel of the same name . The film starred Michael Caine and was directed by John Frankenheimer . The script was written by Edward Anhalt , George Axelrod , and John Hopkins .

neg: Cornealious Michael Anderson III Cornealious Michael `` Mike '' Anderson III ( born c. 1977 ) was convicted of armed robbery in 2000 and sentenced to 13 years in the Missouri state prison system . Shortly after his conviction he was released on bail pending the outcome of an appeal of his conviction . In May 2002 , his appeal was rejected but , due to a clerical error , his bond was not revoked when a warrant was issued for his arrest . It was unclear why he was not arrested and imprisoned to serve his 13-year sentence , but , apparently due to clerical errors and miscommunication , the Missouri Department of Corrections thought he was already in prison . The error was only discovered when he was scheduled to be released from prison in 2013 . On July 25 , 2013 he was arrested and required to serve his 13-year sentence . The case stirred controversy when investigative articles were written by Jessica Lussenhop in the Riverfront Times newspaper and when his case was covered nationally in the United States in an episode of This American Life . By April 2014 , his case began receiving extensive national and international attention . These articles and episode raised the question of whether he should be returned to prison 13 years after his conviction especially since the victim of his crime did not believe he should be in prison . Anderson 's attorney filed several appeals and petitions for his release from prison , and on May 5 , 2014 Anderson was released from prison . In 2014 , he was arrested for another crime , but subsequent videotape evidence showed that he could not have committed the crime and charges were dropped with an apology by Circuit Attorney Jennifer M. Joyce .

neg: Film director A film director is a person who directs the making of a film . Generally , a film director controls a film 's artistic and dramatic aspects and visualizes the screenplay ( or script ) while guiding the technical crew and actors in the fulfillment of that vision . The director has a key role in choosing the cast members , production design , and the creative aspects of filmmaking . Under European Union law , the director is viewed as the author of the film .   The film director gives direction to the cast and crew and creates an overall vision through which a film eventually becomes realized , or noticed . Directors need to be able to mediate differences in creative visions and stay within the boundaries of the film 's budget . There are many pathways to becoming a film director . Some film directors started as screenwriters , cinematographers , film editors or actors . Other film directors have attended a film school . Directors use different approaches . Some outline a general plotline and let the actors improvise dialogue , while others control every aspect , and demand that the actors and crew follow instructions precisely . Some directors also write their own screenplays or collaborate on screenplays with long-standing writing partners . Some directors edit or appear in their films , or compose the music score for their films .

neg: List of awards and nominations received by Michael Fassbender The following is a list of awards and nominations received by Irish-German actor Michael Fassbender throughout his acting career .

neg: Dallas Buyers Club Dallas Buyers Club is a 2013 American biographical drama film , co-written by Craig Borten and Melisa Wallack , and directed by Jean-Marc Vallée . The film tells the story of Ron Woodroof , an AIDS patient diagnosed in the mid 1980s when HIV/AIDS treatments were under-researched , while the disease was not understood and highly stigmatized . As part of the experimental AIDS treatment movement , he smuggled unapproved pharmaceutical drugs into Texas for treating his symptoms , and distributed them to fellow people with AIDS by establishing the `` Dallas Buyers Club '' while facing opposition from the Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) . Two fictional supporting characters , Dr. Eve Saks ( Jennifer Garner ) , and Rayon ( Jared Leto ) , were composite roles created from the writer 's interviews with transgender AIDS patients , activists , and doctors .   Screenwriter Borten interviewed Woodroof in 1992 and wrote the script , which he polished with writer Wallack in 2000 , and then sold to producer Robbie Brenner . Several other actors , directors , and producers who were attached at various times to the development of the film left the project . Universal Pictures also tried to make the film , but did not . A couple of screenwriters wrote drafts that were rejected . In 2009 , producer Brenner involved Matthew McConaughey , because of his Texas origins , the same as Woodroof 's . Brenner selected the first draft , written by Borten and Wallack , for the film , and then Vallée was set to direct the film . Principal photography began on November 11 , 2012 , in New Orleans , Louisiana , continuing for 25 days of filming , which also included shooting in Baton Rouge . Brenner and Rachel Winter co-produced the film . The official soundtrack album was featured by various artists , and was released digitally on October 29 , 2013 , by the Relativity Music Group .   Dallas Buyers Club premiered at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival and was released theatrically in the United States on November 1 , 2013 , by Focus Features , strategically entering wide release on November 22 for award season . The film grossed over $ 27 million domestically and $ 27.9 million internationally , the box office revenue returned over $ 55 million against a budget of $ 5 million in 182-days of a theatrical run . It grossed over $ 4.5 million from DVD , and over $ 3 million from Blu-ray sales . The film received universal critical acclaim , resulting in numerous accolades . Most praised the performances of McConaughey and Leto , who received the Academy Award for Best Actor and for Best Supporting Actor , respectively , at the 86th Academy Awards , making this the first film since Mystic River ( 2003 ) , and only the fifth movie ever , to win both awards . The film also won the award for Best Makeup and Hairstyling , and garnered nominations for Best Picture , Best Original Screenplay , and Best Editing .

neg: Samantha Morton Samantha Jane Morton ( born 13 May 1977 ) is an English actress , screenwriter and director . She has received critical acclaim and numerous accolades throughout her career , including one BAFTA Award , one BIFA Award , one Golden Globe Award and has been nominated twice for an Academy Award and once for an Emmy Award . She has been described as one of the greatest actresses of her generation .   Brought up in Nottingham , Morton joined the Central Junior Television Workshop , and soon began her career in British television in 1991 . She guest-starred in Soldier Soldier and Cracker and appeared from 1995 to 1996 in the ITV series Band of Gold . She made the transition to film with lead roles in the dramas Emma ( 1996 ) , Jane Eyre ( 1997 ) and the well-received Under the Skin ( 1997 ) . The latter made director Woody Allen cast Morton in Sweet and Lowdown ( 1999 ) , which earned her nominations for the Academy Award and the Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress .   In the 2000s , Morton continued to draw critical praise for her performances in numerous arthouse and independent films . Her role in Morvern Callar ( 2002 ) garnered her the BIFA Award for Best Actress , and she received her second Academy Award nomination , this time in the Best Actress category , for In America ( 2003 ) . She also found mainstream success with the science fiction thriller Minority Report ( 2002 ) . For her role in 2006 's television biopic Longford , she received BAFTA and Emmy Award nominations and won the Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress -- Television Film . Morton starred in the dramas Control ( 2007 ) , Synecdoche , New York ( 2008 ) and The Messenger ( 2009 ) , and she made her directorial debut with the British television film The Unloved ( 2009 ) , winning the BAFTA Television Award for Best Single Drama .   Her most recent acting credits include the science fiction action film John Carter ( 2012 ) , the thriller Cosmopolis ( 2012 ) , the drama Decoding Annie Parker ( 2013 ) , the period film Miss Julie ( 2014 ) , the European limited series The Last Panthers ( 2015 ) and the film adaptation Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 ) .

neg: Mark Fauser Mark Fauser is an American actor , director , screenwriter , and producer who currently operates the independent film movie studio , Overlook Productions .   He has written several teleplays , plays , and movies , and has done major studio rewrites for companies such as Universal Studios , Paramount Pictures , Columbia Pictures and CBS Television . In 2002 his movie It 's All About You ( starring John D'Aquino ) was the `` Winner for Best Comedy '' at the 2001 Beverly Hills Film Festival .

neg: Mister John Mister John is a 2013 thriller film by Joe Lawlor and Christine Molloy , their second feature film following their debut Helen . It stars Aidan Gillen , Zoe Tay , Michael Thomas , and Claire Keelan .

neg: A Dangerous Method A Dangerous Method is a 2011 German-Canadian-American-British historical film directed by David Cronenberg and starring Keira Knightley , Viggo Mortensen , Michael Fassbender , and Vincent Cassel . The screenplay was adapted by writer Christopher Hampton from his 2002 stage play The Talking Cure , which was based on the 1993 non-fiction book by John Kerr , A Most Dangerous Method : The story of Jung , Freud , and Sabina Spielrein .   The film marks the third consecutive collaboration between Cronenberg and Viggo Mortensen ( after A History of Violence and Eastern Promises ) . This is also the third Cronenberg film made with British film producer Jeremy Thomas , after completing together the William Burroughs adaptation Naked Lunch and the J. G. Ballard adaptation Crash . A Dangerous Method was a German/Canadian co-production . The film premiered at the 68th Venice Film Festival and was also featured at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival .   Set on the eve of World War I , A Dangerous Method describes the turbulent relationships between Carl Jung , founder of analytical psychology ; Sigmund Freud , founder of the discipline of psychoanalysis ; and Sabina Spielrein , initially a patient of Jung and later a physician and one of the first female psychoanalysts .   Among the film 's many honors , Mortensen was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture for his portrayal of Freud .

neg: Nick G. Miller Nick G. Miller ( born January 18 , 1964 in Dayton , Ohio ) , also known as Nick Miller , is an American businessperson . His main interests are within the entertainment industry , the marine industry , and business education . Miller is an award-winning screenwriter , filmmaker , movie producer , movie director , television producer , actor , music producer , film composer , public speaker , and philanthropist . He has owned various companies within the marine industry and is a consultant and keynote speaker .   His acting credits include The Last Marshal , The Librarians , Chronicles of an Exorcism , and Catch of a Lifetime . He has produced feature films and television shows such as Palmetto , The Unlikely 's , Catch of a Lifetime , E! Entertainment 's Wild On the Mark Cuban series Art Mann Presents , Talent Rock , and CBS Television 's The Music Cafe Presents ( co-produced with Greg Rike and Greg Rike Studios ) . In 2005 , Miller , along with producing partner Matthew Ashford did a test shoot for a screenplay they had written together in the horror film genre entitled Chronicles of an Exorcism . The film was originally shelved by Miller and his producers , but has since been released on DVD . In October 2008 the movie was one of the most watched horror movies of all time and was listed near the top 100 ( # 116 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Miller is currently post production on the movie Windwalkers and in pre production on a screenplay co-written with published author Timothy G. Grogan . In April 2014 , as executive producer , Miller 's romantic comedy , Catch of a Lifetime , directed by Ben Klopfenstein and written by Miller , Klopfenstein , and book author Connie Neumann , won the Audience Choice for Best Feature award at the Silver Springs International Film Festival .   Miller consults and works with companies on forming strategic alliance business plans via product placement , co-branding and media exposure . He has been instrumental in negotiating and placing products in feature films and television shows including War of the Worlds , I , Robot , Fun with Dick and Jane , Scream 3 , Charlie 's Angels , CSI : Miami , 24 , Nash Bridges , V.I.P. , and JAG .   Nick G. Miller produces and hosts sales and motivational training workshops across the globe . He has trained thousands of sales and service staff members from companies including FTD Flowers , Harley-Davidson , Featherlite Luxury Coaches , Bombardier , Platinum Coach Works , Northeast Marine Trade Association , Rio Roses , and many others .   Miller is also a music producer , and in 2009 became vice president of Living Legends Music , a property which includes a syndicated radio show , streaming iTunes radio , a DVD series , and the CBS television series The Music Cafe Presents , all featuring interviews with musicians . Miller also produced and hosted the 2009 DVD documentary Orleans : Official History & Music for the 1970s and 1980s band Orleans . He comes from a musical family dating back to 1940 when his great uncle Douglas Dalton , played mandolin and guitar for The Whippoorwills , Roy Rogers , Sons of the Pioneers , and other bands and musicians . Today , Miller performs with Nick Miller & The Gathering , a group consisting of rotating legendary musicians playing their own number one hits .   Miller 's companies have produced nightclub events , swimwear modeling competitions , and VIP parties for Corona Beer , Harley-Davidson , Loews Hotels , Gibson , Universal Studios Theme Parks , Six Flags Theme Parks and others .   Miller has been part of the marine industry since 1986 . As vice president , Miller played an instrumental part in resurrecting Donzi Marine in 1993 . Miller and Donzi Marine manager Steve Simon formed `` Team Donzi '' and raced a Donzi 38 ZX in the American Power Boat Association circuit . The team won two APBA/UIM World Championships five APBA National Championships . Under the same ownership group , Miller organized a marketing campaign and formed strategic alliances with non-endemic companies helping Pro-Line Boats become the # 1 selling fiberglass fishing boats in the United States . During the mid-2000s Miller consulted and worked with the offshore racing champion , Reggie Fountain and his company Fountain Powerboats . In 2012 he became a partner and shareholder of Sak Marine , a Georgia based company that manufactured Caravelle Boats , Key Largo Boats , Interceptor Performance Boats , Clearwater Fishing Boats , and Sea Hawk Boats .   Nick Miller was introduced to Burt Reynolds at his home in Florida . The lunch meeting resulted in Miller being offered acting roles in two of Reynolds ' films . Soon after he would meet the man who would become his mentor ; the late award-winning filmmaker John Daly , of which just some of his movies includes Platoon , The Terminator , The Falcon and the Snowman , Salvador , Full Metal Jacket , The Bodyguard , and The Legend of Zorro .

neg: Counseling (The Office) `` Counseling '' is the second episode of the seventh season of the American comedy television series The Office and the shows 128th episode overall . It originally aired on NBC on September 30 , 2010 . The episode was written by B. J. Novak and directed by Jeffrey Blitz . `` Counseling '' guest stars Eric Zuckerman as a store clerk , Vincent Angelo as a vendor , and Michael Schur as Mose Schrute . Evan Peters also appears as Luke Cooper in archival footage from the previous episode .   The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . In the episode , Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) is forced to have six hours of counseling with Toby Flenderson ( Paul Lieberstein ) after he physically reprimanded his nephew Luke ( Peters ) , but Michael refuses to make Toby 's job easy . Meanwhile , Pam Halpert ( Jenna Fischer ) attempts to finagle a promotion to office administrator and Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) boycotts the Steamtown Mall after a shop owner refuses to serve him .   `` Counseling '' received mostly positive reviews from television critics . The episode was viewed by 7.36 million viewers and received a 3.7 rating among adults between the age of 18 and 49 , marking a significant drop in the ratings when compared to the previous week . Despite this , the episode was the highest-rated NBC series of the night that it aired , as well as the highest-rated non-sports NBC broadcast for the week it aired .

neg: Not Another Happy Ending Not Another Happy Ending is a 2013 British romantic comedy film directed by John McKay , starring Karen Gillan , Stanley Weber and Freya Mavor . Produced by Claire Mundell and Wendy Griffin , and written by David Solomons , the film premiered at the Edinburgh International Film Festival on 30 June 2013 .   It was largely shot in Glasgow 's Merchant City .

neg: Aaron Dean Eisenberg Aaron Dean Eisenberg ( born on September 7 , 1983 in New York ) is an American actor and producer . He grew up in Long Beach , NY .

neg: The Believers The Believers is a 1987 American neo-noir thriller film directed by John Schlesinger , released in 1987 and starring Martin Sheen , Robert Loggia and Helen Shaver . It is based on the 1982 novel The Religion by Nicholas Conde .

neg: List of accolades received by Dallas Buyers Club Dallas Buyers Club is a 2013 American biographical drama film directed by Jean-Marc Vallée based on a screenplay written by Craig Borten and Melisa Wallack . Matthew McConaughey stars as Ron Woodroof , an AIDS patient who smuggles unapproved AIDS drug treatments into Texas and establishes the titular club where he distributes them amongst other AIDS sufferers whilst opposed by the Food and Drug Administration . Jared Leto and Jennifer Garner feature in supporting roles .   Dallas Buyers Club premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 7 , 2013 . Focus Features initially gave the film a limited release at nine theaters on November 1 before expanding it on November 22 to over 600 theaters in the United States and Canada . The film grossed a worldwide total of over $ 55 million on a production budget of $ 5 million . Rotten Tomatoes , a review aggregator , surveyed 234 reviews and judged 94 % to be positive .   Dallas Buyers Club garnered awards and nominations in a variety of categories with particular praise for the performances of actors , McConaughey and Leto . At the 86th Academy Awards , the film received six nominations , including Best Picture , Best Original Screenplay , Best Actor for McConaughey , and Best Supporting Actor for Leto . McConaughey and Leto went on to win their respective categories -- only the fifth film in Oscars history to win both awards . Hairstylist Adruitha Lee , and makeup artist Robin Mathews won for Best Makeup and Hairstyling . Mathews ' makeup budget for the film was only $ 250 . At the 71st Golden Globe Awards , McConaughey won for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama , and Leto won for Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture .   At the Screen Actors Guild Awards the film had three nominations ; winning Best Actor for McConaughey and Best Supporting Actor for Leto . Borten and Wallack 's screenplay was also nominated for Best Original Screenplay at the Writers Guild of America Awards . The National Board of Review named Dallas Buyers Club one of the top ten independent films of 2013 .


query: Noam Chomsky is only a historian.

pos: Noam Chomsky Avram Noam Chomsky ( -LSB- æ ` vrɑːm _ ` noʊm_ˈtʃɒmski -RSB- ; born December 7 , 1928 ) is an American linguist , philosopher , cognitive scientist , historian , social critic , and political activist . Sometimes described as `` the father of modern linguistics '' , Chomsky is also a major figure in analytic philosophy and one of the founders of the field of cognitive science . He is Institute Professor Emeritus at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) , where he has worked since 1955 , and is the author of over 100 books on topics such as linguistics , war , politics , and mass media . Ideologically , he aligns with anarcho-syndicalism and libertarian socialism .   Born to middle-class Ashkenazi Jewish immigrants in Philadelphia , Chomsky developed an early interest in anarchism from alternative bookstores in New York City . At the age of sixteen he began studies at the University of Pennsylvania , taking courses in linguistics , mathematics , and philosophy . From 1951 to 1955 he was appointed to Harvard University 's Society of Fellows , where he developed the theory of transformational grammar for which he was awarded his doctorate in 1955 . That year he began teaching at MIT , in 1957 emerging as a significant figure in the field of linguistics for his landmark work Syntactic Structures , which remodeled the scientific study of language , while from 1958 to 1959 he was a National Science Foundation fellow at the Institute for Advanced Study . He is credited as the creator or co-creator of the universal grammar theory , the generative grammar theory , the Chomsky hierarchy , and the minimalist program . Chomsky also played a pivotal role in the decline of behaviorism , being particularly critical of the work of B. F. Skinner .   An outspoken opponent of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War , which he saw as an act of American imperialism , in 1967 Chomsky attracted widespread public attention for his anti-war essay `` The Responsibility of Intellectuals '' . Associated with the New Left , he was arrested multiple times for his activism and placed on President Richard Nixon 's Enemies List . While expanding his work in linguistics over subsequent decades , he also became involved in the Linguistics Wars . In collaboration with Edward S. Herman , Chomsky later co-wrote an analysis articulating the propaganda model of media criticism , and worked to expose the Indonesian occupation of East Timor . However , his defense of unconditional freedom of speech -- including for Holocaust deniers -- generated significant controversy in the Faurisson affair of the early 1980s . Following his retirement from active teaching , he has continued his vocal political activism , including opposing the War on Terror and supporting the Occupy movement .   One of the most cited scholars in history , Chomsky has influenced a broad array of academic fields . He is widely recognized as a paradigm shifter who helped spark a major revolution in the human sciences , contributing to the development of a new cognitivistic framework for the study of language and the mind . In addition to his continued scholarly research , he remains a leading critic of U.S. foreign policy , neoliberalism and contemporary state capitalism , the Israeli -- Palestinian conflict , and mainstream news media . His ideas have proved highly significant within the anti-capitalist and anti-imperialist movements , but have also drawn criticism , with some accusing Chomsky of anti-Americanism .

neg: Orthodox Marxism Orthodox Marxism is the body of Marxist thought that emerged following the death of Karl Marx which became the official philosophy of the socialist movement as represented in the Second International until the First World War . Orthodox Marxism aims to simplify , codify and systematize Marxist methodology and theory , ironing out the perceived ambiguities and contradictions of Classical Marxism .   The `` orthodoxy '' in orthodox Marxism specifically refers to the methodology of historical materialism and dialectical materialism employed and not to any of the normative aspects inherent to classical Marxism . `` Orthodox '' does not imply adherence to the results of Marx 's own investigations .   The fundamental characteristics of orthodox Marxism include the understanding that material development ( advances in technology in the productive forces ) is the primary agent of change in the structure of society and human social relations , and that social systems and their relations ( e.g. : feudalism , capitalism , etc. ) become increasingly contradictory and inefficient as the productive forces advance , resulting in some form of social revolution arising in response to these mounting contradictions . This revolutionary change serves as the vehicle for fundamental society-wide changes and ultimately leads to the emergence of new economic systems .

neg: Quantitative history Quantitative history is an approach to historical research that makes use of quantitative , statistical and computer tools . It is considered a branch of social science history and has four leading journals : Historical Methods ( 1967 - ) , Journal of Interdisciplinary History ( 1968 - ) , the Social Science History ( 1976 - ) , and Cliodynamics : The Journal of Quantitative History and Cultural Evolution ( 2010 - ) .   Quantitative historians start with databases . Large quantities of economic and demographic data are available in print format . Quantifiers move these into computerized databases . The largest repository is the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research ( ICPSR ) at the University of Michigan , which provides access to an extensive collection of downloadable political and social data for the United States and the world .

neg: Companion to British History The Companion to British History ( ISBN 978-0-9560983-0-6 ) is a single-volume encyclopaedic reference work `` bigger than a foundation stone , longer than the Bible '' ( Daily Telegraph ) written by the sole hand of Charles Arnold-Baker and edited by his son Henry von Blumenthal in 1996 who , as proprietor of Longcross Press , published the First and Third Editions . It was described by The Spectator as `` arguably one of the most remarkable books ever written '' . An account of how the book came to be written and published appeared as a feature article in the Daily Telegraph . The Second Edition was by Routledge .   Category : British non-fiction literature

neg: We Have Never Been Modern We Have Never Been Modern is a 1991 book by Bruno Latour , originally published in French as Nous n'avons jamais été modernes : Essai d'anthropologie symétrique ( English translation : 1993 ) .   The book is an `` anthropology of science '' that explores the dualistic distinction modernity makes between nature and society . Pre-modern peoples , argues Latour , made no such division . Contemporary matters of public concern such as global warming , the HIV/AIDS pandemic and emerging biotechnologies mix politics , science , popular and specialist discourse to such a degree that a tidy nature/culture dualism is no longer possible . This inconsistency has given rise to post-modern and anti-modern movements . Latour attempts to reconnect the social and natural worlds by arguing that the modernist distinction between nature and culture never existed . He claims we must rework our thinking to conceive of a `` Parliament of Things '' wherein natural phenomena , social phenomena and the discourse about them are not seen as separate objects to be studied by specialists , but as hybrid made and scrutinized by the public interaction of people , things and concepts .

neg: Comparative history Comparative history is the comparison of different societies which existed during the same time period or shared similar cultural conditions .   The comparative history of societies emerged as an important specialty among intellectuals in the Enlightenment in the 18th century , as typified by Montesquieu , Voltaire , Adam Smith , and others . Sociologists and economists in the 19th century often explored comparative history , as exemplified by Alexis de Tocqueville , Karl Marx , and Max Weber .   In the first half of the 20th century , a large reading public followed the comparative histories of ( German ) Oswald Spengler , ( Russian-American ) Pitirim Sorokin , and ( British ) Arnold J. Toynbee . Since the 1950s , however , comparative history has faded from the public view , and is now the domain of specialized scholars working independently .   Besides the people mentioned above , recent exemplars of comparative history include American historians Herbert E. Bolton and Carroll Quigley , and British historian Geoffrey Barraclough . Several sociologists are also prominent in this field , including Barrington Moore , S. N. Eisenstadt , Seymour Martin Lipset , Charles Tilly , and Michael Mann .   Historians generally accept the comparison of particular institutions ( banking , women 's rights , ethnic identities ) in different societies , but since the hostile reaction to Toynbee in the 1950s , generally do not pay much attention to sweeping comparative studies that cover wide swaths of the world over many centuries .

neg: Ahistoricism Ahistoricism refers to a lack of concern for history , historical development , or tradition .   Charges of ahistoricism are frequently critical , implying that the subject is historically inaccurate or ignorant ( for example , an ahistorical attitude ) . It can also describe a person 's failure to frame an argument or issue in a historical context or to disregard historical fact or implication . An example of this would be films including dinosaurs and prehistoric human beings living side by side , even though they were in reality millions of years apart .   It also can be descriptive of a view that history has no relevance or importance in the decision making of modern life .   In some academic contexts , ahistoricism is the accepted norm . For example , the history of science is generally considered a quite separate discipline from , and not directly important to , research science . In philosophy , some criticism has arisen because `` the dominant school of philosophy in the English speaking world , analytic philosophy -LSB- ... -RSB- has been trenchantly ahistorical , and indeed anti-historical '' , but that this is a problem remains a minority view .   A more abstract definition of ahistoricism is simply independence from time , i.e. removed from history .  For example , the idea that some concepts are n't governed by what is learned or has happened in the past , but come from an ahistoric power , independent of what has gone before .

neg: Politics (magazine 1944–1949) politics was a journal founded and edited by Dwight Macdonald from 1944 to 1949 .   Macdonald had previously been editor at Partisan Review from 1937 to 1943 , but after falling out with its publishers , quit to start politics as a rival publication , first on a monthly basis and then as a quarterly .   politics published essays on politics and culture and included among its contributors James Agee , John Berryman , Bruno Bettelheim , Paul Goodman , C. Wright Mills , Mary McCarthy , Marianne Moore , Irving Howe , Daniel Bell , Hannah Arendt .   The journal reflected Macdonald 's interest in European culture . He used politics to introduce US readers to the thinking of the French philosopher Simone Weil , publishing several articles by her , including `` A Poem of Force '' , her reflections on the Iliad . He also printed work by Albert Camus . Another European , the Italian political and literary critic Nicola Chiaromonte , was also given space in the journal .   politics was also Macdonald 's vehicle for his repeated and energetic attacks against Henry Wallace and his Progressive Party campaign for President .   In a letter to Philip Rahv at the end of December 1943 , George Orwell mentioned that Macdonald had written asking him to contribute to his forthcoming journal . Orwell had replied telling him he might `` do something ` cultural ' '' but not ` political ' as he was already writing his `` London Letters '' to Partisan Review .   In his `` As I Please '' article for the 16 June 1944 issue of Tribune , George Orwell recommended politics . He stated that he disagreed with its policy but admired `` its combination of highbrow political analysis with intelligent literary criticism . '' He went on to add that there were no monthly or quarterly magazines in England `` to come up to '' the American ones , of which there were several .   Macdonald , in an editorial comment for the November 1944 issue of politics referred to a letter from Orwell which cast interesting light on the ` russification ' of English political thought over the last two years . Orwell had read the May issue 's review of Harold Laski 's Faith , Reason and Civilisation and mentioned that the Manchester Evening News , the evening edition of the Manchester Guardian , had refused to print his own review because of its anti-Stalin implications . Despite considering the book `` pernicious tripe '' , Orwell had praised the author for being `` aware that the USSR is the real dynamo of the Socialist movement in this country and everywhere else . '' , but criticized him for shutting his eyes to `` purges , liquidations '' , etc. . Macdonald pointed out that the fact that such a review should be considered `` too hot '' shows how much the feats of the Red Army had misled the English public opinion about Russia . He added that the `` English liberal press had been far more honest about the Moscow Trials than our own liberal journals '' and that Trotsky had been able to write in the Guardian .

neg: Deterring Democracy Deterring Democracy is a book published in 1991 by Noam Chomsky , which explores the differences between the humanitarian rhetoric and imperialistic reality of United States foreign policy and how it affects various countries around the world .   In the book , Chomsky explores the idea that the US is the only remaining world superpower that works to maintain its dominance , even ruthlessly employing violence such as outright invasions and overthrowing governments pursuing independent economic policies . He also discusses the large difference between public opinion on the Cold War , establishment American educated opinion and reality .   The book also contains criticism aimed at the Soviet Union and other communist states , but its major point centres on the fact that although the United States claimed to support freedom in the Cold War , it still supported authoritarian regimes . The conclusion that Chomsky comes to is that , despite U.S claims of supporting freedom , their actual aim was maintaining dominance over resources and geopolitical power .

neg: Robert Service (historian) Robert John Service ( born 29 October 1947 ) is a British historian , academic , and author who has written extensively on the history of the Soviet Union , particularly the era from the October Revolution to Stalin 's death . He was until 2013 a professor of Russian history at the University of Oxford , a Fellow of St Antony 's College , Oxford , and a senior Fellow at Stanford University 's Hoover Institution .   Service is known for his biographies of Vladimir Lenin , Joseph Stalin and Leon Trotsky .

neg: Presentism (literary and historical analysis) In literary and historical analysis , presentism is the anachronistic introduction of present-day ideas and perspectives into depictions or interpretations of the past . Some modern historians seek to avoid presentism in their work because they consider it a form of cultural bias , and believe it creates a distorted understanding of their subject matter . The practice of presentism is regarded by some as a common fallacy in historical writing .   The Oxford English Dictionary gives the first citation for presentism in its historiographic sense from 1916 , and the word may have been used in this meaning as early as the 1870s . The historian David Hackett Fischer identifies presentism as a fallacy also known as the `` fallacy of nunc pro tunc '' . He has written that the `` classic example '' of presentism was the so-called `` Whig history '' , in which certain eighteenth - and nineteenth-century British historians wrote history in a way that used the past to validate their own political beliefs . This interpretation was presentist because it did not depict the past in objective historical context but instead viewed history only through the lens of contemporary Whig beliefs . In this kind of approach , which emphasizes the relevance of history to the present , things that do not seem relevant receive little attention , which results in a misleading portrayal of the past . `` Whig history '' or `` whiggishness '' are often used as synonyms for presentism particularly when the historical depiction in question is teleological or triumphalist .

neg: A History of Philosophy (Copleston) A History of Philosophy is an eleven-volume history of Western philosophy written by English Jesuit priest Frederick Charles Copleston .   Copleston 's History provides extensive coverage of Western philosophy from the Pre-Socratics through Dewey , Russell , Moore , Sartre and Merleau-Ponty . The first nine volumes , originally published between 1946 and 1974 , were written for Catholic seminary students with the goal `` of supplying Catholic ecclesiastical seminaries with a work that should be somewhat more detailed and of wider scope than the textbooks , commonly in use , and which at the same time should endeavour to exhibit the logical development and interconnection of philosophical systems . '' A tenth volume was added in 1986 , and the eleventh is actually a collection of essays which appeared in 1956 as Contemporary Philosophy .   Throughout the eleven volumes Copleston 's Roman Catholic ( Thomist ) point of view is never hidden . All the same , it seems generally accepted that Copleston 's treatment is fair and complete , even for philosophical positions that he does not support .

neg: American Radical: The Trials of Norman Finkelstein American Radical : The Trials of Norman Finkelstein is a 2009 documentary film about the life of the American academic Norman Finkelstein , directed and produced by David Ridgen and Nicolas Rossier . The documentary features Finkelstein and several of his supporters and opponents , including Noam Chomsky and Alan Dershowitz .

neg: Military humanism Military humanism is the use of force and violence to further a humanitarian cause . Although it can easily be disputed whether or not furthering a humanitarian cause is the real intention behind such an action , the theoretical descriptive guideline still applies . The U.S.-led North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) intervention in the Balkans is the most well-known case , and brought the term to prominence .   The concept is most widely explored in Noam Chomsky 's book The New Military Humanism : Lessons from Kosovo ( 1999 ) in which he argues that NATO 's 1999 bombing of Kosovo was not conducted for humanitarian reasons but to further the military hegemony of western democratic powers such as the United States .

neg: Marxist philosophy Marxist philosophy or Marxist theory are works in philosophy that are strongly influenced by Karl Marx 's materialist approach to theory , or works written by Marxists . Marxist philosophy may be broadly divided into Western Marxism , which drew out of various sources , and the official philosophy in the Soviet Union , which enforced a rigid reading of Marx called dialectical materialism , in particular during the 1930s .  Marxist philosophy is not a strictly defined sub-field of philosophy , because the diverse influence of Marxist theory has extended into fields as varied as aesthetics , ethics , ontology , epistemology , theoretical psychology and philosophy of science , as well as its obvious influence on political philosophy and the philosophy of history . The key characteristics of Marxism in philosophy are its materialism and its commitment to political practice as the end goal of all thought .   Marxist theorist Louis Althusser , for example , defined philosophy as `` class struggle in theory '' , thus radically separating himself from those who claimed philosophers could adopt a `` God 's eye view '' as a purely neutral judge .

neg: On the Jewish Question `` On the Jewish Question '' is a work by Karl Marx , written in 1843 , and first published in Paris in 1844 under the German title `` Zur Judenfrage '' in the Deutsch -- Französische Jahrbücher . It was one of Marx 's first attempts to develop what would later be called the materialist conception of history .   The essay criticizes two studies by Marx 's fellow Young Hegelian Bruno Bauer on the attempt by Jews to achieve political emancipation in Prussia . Bauer argued that Jews could achieve political emancipation only by relinquishing their particular religious consciousness , since political emancipation requires a secular state , which he assumes does not leave any `` space '' for social identities such as religion . According to Bauer , such religious demands are incompatible with the idea of the `` Rights of Man '' . True political emancipation , for Bauer , requires the abolition of religion .   Marx uses Bauer 's essay as an occasion for his own analysis of liberal rights , arguing that Bauer is mistaken in his assumption that in a `` secular state '' religion will no longer play a prominent role in social life , and giving as an example the pervasiveness of religion in the United States , which , unlike Prussia , had no state religion . In Marx 's analysis , the `` secular state '' is not opposed to religion , but rather actually presupposes it . The removal of religious or property qualifications for citizens does not mean the abolition of religion or property , but only introduces a way of regarding individuals in abstraction from them .  On this note Marx moves beyond the question of religious freedom to his real concern with Bauer 's analysis of `` political emancipation '' . Marx concludes that while individuals can be `` spiritually '' and `` politically '' free in a secular state , they can still be bound to material constraints on freedom by economic inequality , an assumption that would later form the basis of his critiques of capitalism .   A number of scholars and commentators regard `` On the Jewish Question '' , and in particular its second section , which addresses Bauer 's work `` The Capacity of Present-day Jews and Christians to Become Free '' , as antisemitic ; however , a number of others disagree .

neg: Hamid Ahmadi (historian) Hamid Ahmadi ( born April 15 , 1945 in Sari , Iran ) is a historian of modern Iranian history . He received his Msc in Naval Studies , M.A. in Political Science and worked on his Ph.D in this field at the Free University of Berlin . Ahmadi was member of the Iranian Military-Naval Strategic Committee and military adviser to the defense minister in 1979 and military adviser to former Iranian president Abulhassan Banisadr in 1980 to 1981 .   He is the founder and director of the Research Association for Iranian Oral History ( RAIOH ) , which aims to expand knowledge of recent and contemporary Iranian history and politics by covering more general aspects of social history . In pursuit of these objectives , the association conducts oral history interviews and also collects documents , both manuscript and printed . While RAIOH has interviewed many leading politicians , diplomats and soldiers , it also tries to preserve for posterity the ideas , sentiments , experience , lives and what the French Annales School calls the mentalities of those not belonging to the elite -- some of whom come from the lower middle-class and even the working class .

neg: History of Shit History of Shit ( Histoire de la merde : Prologue ) is a 1978 book by French psychoanalyst Dominique Laporte ( 1949 -- 1984 ) . It uses an idiosyncratic method of historical genealogy derived from , among others , Friedrich Nietzsche , Sigmund Freud , Georges Bataille , and Michel Foucault , to show how the development of sanitation techniques in Western Europe affected the formation of modern notions of individuality . Laporte examines this influence through the historical processes of urbanization , the apotheosis of nationalism , practices of capitalist exchange , and linguistic reform .   In the English translation of the book by Nadia Benabid and Rodolphe el-Khoury in 1993 , el-Khoury explains how for Laporte , `` the history of shit becomes the history of subjectivity '' and how his book becomes `` a prehistory to modernity and the modern subject '' ( viii ) . el-Khoury identifies Laporte 's scholarly strategy of joining the ridiculous and the profound as inherently political . Laporte 's stated ambition is to `` remove a few masks with the roar of our laughter , laugh them off the figures of power '' ( ix ) .   In a previous work with Renée Balibar , Le Français national : politique et pratiques de la langue nationale sous la Revolution Française , Laporte studied language reforms carried out in the name of the French Revolution .

neg: Political positions of Noam Chomsky Noam Chomsky is a widely known intellectual , political activist , and critic of the foreign policy of the United States and other governments . Noam Chomsky describes himself as a libertarian socialist , a sympathizer of anarcho-syndicalism , and is considered to be a key intellectual figure within the left-wing of US politics .

neg: Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences The Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences is a specialized fifteen-volume Encyclopedia first published in 1930 and last published in 1967 . It was envisaged in the 1920s by scholars working in disciplines which increasingly were coming to be known as `` Human - '' or `` Social Sciences . '' The goal was to create a comprehensive synthesis of the study of human affairs as undertaken by practitioners of all fields involved in such study . The parameters of what would come to be known as `` Social Science '' were in many ways initially established and defined by this publication .   The Encyclopaedia 's founding organizations included the American Anthropological Association , the American Association of Social Workers , the American Economic Association , the American Historical Association , the American Political Science Association , the American Psychological Association , the American Sociological Society , the American Statistical Association , the Association of American Law Schools , and the National Education Association . It was edited by American economists Edwin Robert Anderson Seligman and Alvin Saunders Johnson . Seligman and Johnson solicited contributions from many of the most known and respected scholars in their fields , and established many links with European scholars in the process . The Rockefeller Foundation , Carnegie Foundation , and Russell Sage Foundation provided initial financial support , and Macmillan was selected as publisher .   The international network of social scientists developed in the process of creating the Encyclopaedia would prove especially important during the Nazi occupation of Europe , during which many contributing scholars fled persecution for their ideas . Under Johnson 's invitation , several of these scholars would come to New York City and form the `` University in Exile , '' a specialized graduate school now known as the New School for Social Research .   The Encyclopaedia was last printed in 1967 , then in its 16th edition . It was succeeded by the International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences , edited by David L. Sills , and also published by MacMillan .

neg: The Underground History of American Education The Underground History of American Education : A Schoolteacher 's Intimate Investigation Into the Problem of Modern Schooling ( ISBN 0-945700-05-9 , pbk . ISBN 0-945700-04-0 ) is a critique of the United States education system by John Taylor Gatto .   A former teacher , Gatto left the classroom the same year he was named New York State Teacher of the Year . He announced his decision in a letter titled `` I Quit , I Think '' .   Using anecdotes gathered from thirty years of teaching , alongside documentation , Gatto presents his view of modern compulsion schooling as opposed to genuine education , describing a `` conflict between systems which offer physical safety and certainty at the cost of suppressing free will , and those which offer liberty at the price of constant risk '' .   Gatto argues that educational strategies promoted by government and industry leaders for over a century included the creation of a system that keeps real power in the hands of very few people .   From the book 's Introduction :  '' ... Underground History is n't a history proper , but a collection of materials toward a history , embedded in a personal essay analyzing why mass compulsion schooling is unreformable . The history I have unearthed is important to our understanding ; it 's a good start , I believe , but much remains undone . ''   '' ... what I 'm trying to describe -LSB- is -RSB- that what has happened to our schools was inherent in the original design for a planned economy and a planned society laid down so proudly at the end of the nineteenth century . ''   Russ Kick offers this in summary :  `` In other words , the captains of industry and government explicitly wanted an educational system that would maintain social order by teaching us just enough to get by but not enough so that we could think for ourselves , question the sociopolitical order , or communicate articulately . ''   The book was read from 2006-2007 for the Unwelcome Guests radio show .   The second edition of the book is expected to be released in November , 2015 , with a foreword by Ron Paul .


query: Haiti shares an island in the Caribbean with the Dominican Republic.

pos: Dominican Republic The Dominican Republic ( República Dominicana -LSB- reˈpuβlika ðominiˈkana -RSB- ) is a sovereign state occupying the eastern five-eighths of the island of Hispaniola , in the Greater Antilles archipelago in the Caribbean region . The western three-eighths of the island is occupied by the nation of Haiti , making Hispaniola one of two Caribbean islands , along with Saint Martin , that are shared by two countries . The Dominican Republic is the second-largest Caribbean nation by area ( after Cuba ) at 48445 km2 , and 3rd by population with approximately 10 million people , of which approximately three million live in the metropolitan area of Santo Domingo , the capital city .   Christopher Columbus landed on the Western part of Hispaniola , in what is now Haiti , on December 6 , 1492 . The island became the first seat of Spanish colonial rule in the New World . The Dominican people declared independence in November 1821 but were forcefully annexed by their more powerful neighbor Haiti in February 1822 . After the 1844 victory in the Dominican War of Independence against Haitian rule the country fell again under Spanish colonial rule until the Dominican War of Restoration of 1865 .   The Dominican Republic experienced mostly internal strife ( Second Republic ) until 1916 . A United States occupation lasted eight years between 1916 and 1924 , and a subsequent calm and prosperous six-year period under Horacio Vásquez Lajara was followed by the dictatorship of Rafael Leónidas Trujillo Molina until 1961 . A civil war in 1965 , the country 's most recent , was ended by another U.S. military occupation and was followed by the authoritarian rule of Joaquín Balaguer from 1966 to 1978 . Since then , the Dominican Republic has moved toward representative democracy and has been led by Leonel Fernández for most of the time since 1996 . Danilo Medina , the Dominican Republic 's current president , succeeded Fernandez in 2012 , winning 51 % of the electoral vote over his opponent , ex-president Hipólito Mejía .   The Dominican Republic has the ninth-largest economy in Latin America and is the largest economy in the Caribbean and Central American region . Though long known for agriculture and mining , the economy is now dominated by services . Over the last two decades , the Dominican Republic have been standing out as one of the fastest-growing economies in the Americas -- with an average real GDP growth rate of 5.4 % between 1992 and 2014 . GDP growth in 2014 and 2015 reached 7.3 and 7.0 % , respectively , the highest in the Western Hemisphere . In the first half of 2016 the Dominican economy grew 7.4 % continuing its trend of rapid economic growth .   Recent growth has been driven by construction , manufacturing and tourism . Private consumption has been strong , as a result of low inflation ( under 1 % on average in 2015 ) , job creation , as well as high level of remittances . The Dominican Republic has a stock market , Bolsa de Valores de la Republica Dominicana ( BVRD ) . and advanced telecommunication system and transportation infrastructure . Nevertheless , unemployment , government corruption , and inconsistent electric service remain major Dominican problems . The country also has `` marked income inequality . '' International migration affects the Dominican Republic greatly , as it receives and sends large flows of migrants . Mass illegal Haitian immigration and the integration of Dominicans of Haitian descent are major issues . A large Dominican diaspora exists , mostly in the United States , contributes to development , sending billions of dollars to Dominican families in remittances .   The Dominican Republic is the most visited destination in the Caribbean . The year-round golf courses are major attractions . A geographically diverse nation , the Dominican Republic is home to both the Caribbean 's tallest mountain peak , Pico Duarte , as the Caribbean 's largest lake and point of lowest elevation , Lake Enriquillo . The island has an average temperature of 26 ° C and great climatic and biological diversity . The country is also the site of the first cathedral , castle , monastery , and fortress built in all of the Americas , located in Santo Domingo 's Colonial Zone , a World Heritage Site . Music and sport are of great importance in the Dominican culture , with Merengue and Bachata as the national dance and music , and baseball as the favorite sport .

pos: Haiti Haiti ( -LSB- ˈheɪti -RSB- Haïti -LSB- a.iti -RSB- Ayiti -LSB- ajiti -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of Haiti and formerly called Hayti , is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean Sea . It occupies the western three-eighths of the island , which it shares with the Dominican Republic . Haiti is 27750 km2 in size and has an estimated 10.6 million people , making it the most populous country in the Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) and the second-most populous country in the Caribbean as a whole .   The region was originally inhabited by the indigenous Taíno people . Spain discovered the island on 5 December 1492 during the first voyage of Christopher Columbus across the Atlantic . When Columbus initially landed in Haiti , he had thought he had found India or Asia . On Christmas Day 1492 , Columbus ' flagship the Santa Maria ran aground north of what is now Limonade . As a consequence , Columbus ordered his men to salvage what they could from the ship , and he created the first European settlement in the Americas , naming it La Navidad after the day the ship was destroyed .   The island was named La Española and claimed by Spain , which ruled until the early 17th century . Competing claims and settlements by the French led to the western portion of the island being ceded to France , which named it Saint-Domingue . The development of sugarcane plantations , worked by slaves brought from Africa , led to the colony being among the most lucrative in the world .   In the midst of the French Revolution ( 1789 -- 1799 ) , slaves and free people of colour revolted in the Haitian Revolution ( 1791 -- 1804 ) , culminating in the abolition of slavery and the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte 's army at the Battle of Vertières . Afterward the sovereign nation of Haiti was established on 1 January 1804 the first independent nation of Latin America and the Caribbean , the second republic in the Americas , the only nation in the western hemisphere to have defeated three European superpowers ( France , Spain , and the UK ) , and the only nation in the world established as a result of a successful slave revolt . The rebellion that began in 1791 was led by a former slave and the first black general of the French Army , Toussaint Louverture , whose military genius and political acumen transformed an entire society of slaves into an independent country . Upon his death in a prison in France , he was succeeded by his lieutenant , Jean-Jacques Dessalines , who declared Haiti 's sovereignty and later became the first Emperor of Haiti , Jacques I . The Haitian Revolution lasted just over a dozen years ; and apart from Alexandre Pétion , the first President of the Republic , all the first leaders of government were former slaves . The Citadelle Laferrière is the largest fortress in the Americas . Henri Christophe former slave and first king of Haiti , Henri I built it to withstand a possible foreign attack .   It is a founding member of the United Nations , Organization of American States ( OAS ) , Association of Caribbean States , and the International Francophonie Organisation . In addition to CARICOM , it is a member of the International Monetary Fund , World Trade Organization , and the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States . It has the lowest Human Development Index in the Americas . Most recently , in February 2004 , a coup d'état originating in the north of the country forced the resignation and exile of President Jean-Bertrand Aristide . A provisional government took control with security provided by the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti ( MINUSTAH ) .

neg: Human trafficking in Venezuela Venezuela is a source , transit , and destination country for men , women , and children trafficked for the purposes of commercial sexual exploitation and forced labor . Venezuela 's political , economic , and social concerns contribute to the factors and types of human trafficking in the country . In particular , the severe poverty in Venezuela has increased the rate of human trafficking . Venezuelan women and girls are trafficked within the country for sexual exploitation , lured from poor regions in the nation 's interior to urban and tourist areas . Victims are recruited through false job offers and subsequently forced into prostitution or conditions of labor exploitation . Child prostitution in urban areas and child sex tourism in resort destinations such as Margarita Island appear to be growing . Venezuelan women and girls are trafficked for commercial sexual exploitation to Western Europe and Mexico , in addition to Caribbean destinations such as Trinidad and Tobago , Aruba , and the Dominican Republic . Men , women , and children from Colombia , Peru , Ecuador , Brazil , the Dominican Republic , and the People 's Republic of China are trafficked to and through Venezuela and may be subjected to commercial sexual exploitation and forced labor .

neg: Arab Haitians Arab Haitians are Haitian citizens of Arab ethnic . In Haiti , there are a sizable number of Haitians that are of Middle-Eastern ancestry or trace their origins to Arab descendants . Hadrami and Levantine Arabic ancestry can be found within the Arab Haitian community known in Arabic as Bilad al-Sham , primarily Lebanon and Syria .

neg: Human trafficking in Panama Panama is a source , transit , and destination country for women and children subjected to trafficking in persons , specifically forced prostitution . Although some Panamanian women and girls are found in forced prostitution in other countries in Latin America and in Europe , most Panamanian trafficking victims are exploited within the country . Although statistics were lacking , both NGOs and government officials anecdotally reported that commercial sexual exploitation of children was greater in rural areas and in the city of Colon than in Panama City . NGOs report that some Panamanian children , mostly young girls , are subjected to involuntary domestic servitude . Most foreign sex trafficking victims are adult women from Colombia , the Dominican Republic , and neighboring Central American countries ; some victims migrate voluntarily to Panama to work but are subsequently forced into prostitution . Weak controls along Panama 's borders make the nation an easy transit point for irregular migrants , from Latin America , East Africa , and Asia , some of whom may fall victim to human trafficking .   The government of Panama does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking ; however , it is making significant efforts to do so . During the reporting period , authorities increased public awareness about the prostitution of children through seminars in schools and an outreach campaign with the tourism sector . Despite such efforts , the government showed little evidence of progress in combating human trafficking . Law enforcement efforts remained weak , the Panamanian penal code did not prohibit trafficking for forced labor , and the government failed to provide adequate assistance to victims and to identify trafficking victims among vulnerable populations ; therefore , Panama is placed on Tier 2 Watch List .

neg: Territorial evolution of the Caribbean This is a timeline of the territorial evolution of the Caribbean and nearby areas of North , Central , and South America , listing each change to the internal and external borders of the various countries that make up the region .   The region covered is the Caribbean , its islands ( most of which enclose the sea ) , and the surrounding coasts , as well as the southern part of the Gulf of Mexico , Florida , Central America , and the northern region of South America .   The political evolution of the land surrounding the Caribbean reveals the significant role the region played in the colonial struggles of the European powers since Christopher Columbus arrived in 1492 . In the 20th century the Caribbean was again important during World War II , in the decolonization wave in the post-war period , and in the tension between Communist Cuba and the United States ( U.S. ) . Genocide , slavery , immigration and rivalry between world powers have given Caribbean history an impact disproportionate to the size of this small region .   At the time of the European discovery of most of the islands of the Caribbean , three major Amerindian indigenous peoples lived on the islands : the Taíno in the Greater Antilles , The Bahamas and the Leeward Islands ; the Island Caribs and Galibi in the Windward Islands ; and the Ciboney in western Cuba . The Taínos are subdivided into Classic Taínos , who occupied Hispaniola and Puerto Rico , Western Taínos , who occupied Cuba , Jamaica , and the Bahamian archipelago , and the Eastern Taínos , who occupied the Leeward Islands . Trinidad was inhabited by both Carib speaking and Arawak-speaking groups .

neg: Outline of Trinidad and Tobago The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Trinidad and Tobago :   Trinidad and Tobago -- sovereign island nation located in the Lesser Antilles Archipelago in the southeastern Caribbean Sea . Trinidad and Tobago lies northeast of Venezuela and south of the island nation of Grenada . It also shares maritime boundaries with Barbados to the northeast and Guyana to the southeast . The country covers an area of 5,128 square kilometers ( 1,979 sq mi ) and consists of two main islands , Trinidad and Tobago , and numerous smaller landforms . Trinidad is the larger and more populous of the main islands ; Tobago is much smaller , comprising about 6 % of the total area and 4 % of the population . The nation lies outside the hurricane belt .   Officially Trinidadians or Tobagonians , the people from Trinidad and Tobago are often informally referred to as Trinbagonians or Trinis ( for Trinidadians ) . Unlike most of the English-speaking Caribbean , Trinidad and Tobago is a primarily industrialised country whose economy is based on petroleum and petrochemicals . Trinidad and Tobago is famous for its pre-Lenten Carnival and as the birthplace of steelpan , calypso , chutney , chutney-soca , pichakaree , chut-kai-pang , cariso , kaiso , parang , soca , and limbo .

neg: Haitian Gospel Haitian Gospel music , began its roots in the rise of Christianity , when it was first imported to the island by Spain 's Christopher Columbus in the 15th-century and again by the French during colonial years of Saint-Domingue , as Jesuits and Capuchins served as missionaries to continue the proliferation of Catholicism . The Baptist trend that had grown in the United States , had not yet reached Haiti until the western media was introduced , shaping Haitian Gospel music ; also known as mizik levanjil in Haitian Creole .

neg: Outline of Antigua and Barbuda The following outline is provided as an overview of and introduction to Antigua and Barbuda :   Antigua and Barbuda -- twin-island nation lying between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean . It consists of two major inhabited islands , Antigua and Barbuda , and a number of smaller islands ( including Great Bird , Green , Guinea , Long , Maiden and York Islands and further south , the island of Redonda ) . Its governance , language , and culture have all been strongly influenced by the British Empire , of which the country was formerly a part .

neg: Isleño Isleño ( -LSB- izˈleɲo -RSB- , pl . isleños ) is the Spanish word meaning `` islander . '' The term was applied to the Canary Islanders to distinguish them from Spanish mainlanders known as `` peninsulars '' ( links = no ) . The Isleños are the inhabitants of the Canary Islands , and by extension the descendants of Canarian settlers and emigrants to present-day Louisiana , Texas , Cuba , the Dominican Republic , Venezuela , Puerto Rico , and other parts of the Americas . In these places , the name , which formerly referred to a general category of people , now refers to the specific cultural identity of Canary Islanders or their descendants throughout Latin America and in Louisiana , where they are still called isleños . Another name for Canary Islander in English is `` Canarian . '' In Spanish , an alternative is canario or isleño canario .   The term isleño is still used in Latin America , at least in those countries which had large Canarian populations , to distinguish a Canary Islander from a peninsular ( continental Spaniard ) . By the early 19th century there were more people of Canarian extraction in the Americas than in the Canary Islands themselves , and the number of descendants of those first immigrants is exponentially larger than the number who originally migrated . The Americas were the destination of most Canarian immigrants , from their discovery by Europeans in the 15th century until the 20th century , when substantial numbers went to the Spanish colonies of Ifni , Western Sahara and Equatorial Guinea in Africa during the first half of the century . Beginning in the 1970s , they began to emigrate to other European countries , although emigration to the Americas did not end until the early 1980s .   The cultures of Cuba , the Dominican Republic , Puerto Rico , Venezuela , and Uruguay partially have all been influenced by Canarian culture , as have the dialects of Spanish spoken in all but Uruguay . Although almost all descendants of Canary Islanders who emigrated to the Americas from the 16th to the 20th century are incorporated socially and culturally within the larger populations , there remain a few communities that have preserved at least some their ancestors ' Canarian culture , as in Louisiana , San Antonio in Texas , Hatillo , Puerto Rico San Carlos de Tenerife ( now a neighborhood of Santo Domingo ) in the Dominican Republic and San Borondón in Peru .

neg: Transport in Haiti All of the major transportation systems in Haiti are located near or run through the capital , Port-au-Prince .

neg: Rail transport in the Dominican Republic thumb | right | 250px | Trackage for the Central Romana sugarcane railroad . This line goes to the Zona Franca .  Rail transport in the Dominican Republic is provided by one state-owned operator and several private ones , mainly for sugar mills . There are no connections with the neighbouring Haiti .

neg: La Trinitaria (Dominican Republic) La Trinitaria ( -LSB- la tɾiniˈtaɾja -RSB- , The Trinity ) was a secret society founded in Juan Pablo Duarte 's home situated in what today is known as Arzobispo Nouel Street , across from the `` Del Carmen 's Church '' in the then occupied Santo Domingo , the current capital of the Dominican Republic . The founder , Juan Pablo Duarte and a group of likeminded young people , led the struggle to establish the Dominican Republic as a free , sovereign , and independent nation in the 19th century . They helped bring about the end of the Haitian occupation of the island from 1822 to 1844 .

neg: Rivière Canot The Rivière Canot is a river of Haiti .

neg: Jamaican Americans Jamaican Americans are Americans who have full or partial Jamaican ancestry . The largest proportion of Jamaicans live in New York City , which has various other Caribbean cultural elements such as food and music . There are also communities of Jamaican Americans residing in Philadelphia , Boston , South Florida , Tampa , Los Angeles , Orlando , Baltimore , Washington , D.C. , Atlanta , Cleveland , Western New York , Connecticut , and New Jersey .   After 1838 , European colonies in the Caribbean with expanding sugar industries imported large numbers of immigrants to meet their acute labor shortage . Large numbers of Jamaicans were recruited to work in Panama and Costa Rica in the 1850s . After slavery was abolished in the United States in 1865 , American planters imported temporary workers , called `` swallow migrants '' , to harvest crops on an annual basis . These workers , many of them Jamaicans , returned to their countries after harvest . Between 1881 and the beginning of World War I , the United States recruited over 250,000 workers from the Caribbean , 90,000 of whom were Jamaicans , to work on the Panama Canal . During both world wars , the United States again recruited Jamaican men for service on various American bases in the region . The vast majority of Jamaican American are of black Afro-Caribbean descent .

neg: Tarou River The Tarou River is a river on the Caribbean island of Dominica .

neg: Archipelagic state An archipelagic state is any internationally recognized state or country that comprises a series of islands that form an archipelago . The term is defined by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in order to define what borders such states should be allowed to claim .   In various conferences , Fiji , Indonesia , Papua New Guinea , the Bahamas , and the Philippines are the five sovereign states that obtained approval in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea signed in Montego Bay , Jamaica on December 10 , 1982 and qualified as archipelagic states .   Archipelagic states are states that are composed of groups of islands forming a state as a single unit , with the islands and the waters within the baselines as internal waters . Under this concept ( `` archipelagic doctrine '' ) , an archipelago shall be regarded as a single unit , so that the waters around , between , and connecting the islands of the archipelago , irrespective of their breadth and dimensions , form part of the internal waters of the state , and are subject to its exclusive sovereignty .   The approval of the United Nations for the five sovereign states as archipelagic states respect existing agreements with other countries and shall recognize traditional fishing rights and other legitimate activities of the immediately adjacent neighboring countries in certain areas falling within archipelagic waters . The terms and conditions for the exercise of such rights and activities , including the nature , the extent and the areas to which they apply , shall , at the request of any of the countries concerned , be regulated by bilateral agreements between them . Such rights shall not be transferred to or shared with third countries or their nationals .

neg: Cayman Islands The Cayman Islands ( -LSB- ˈkeɪmən -RSB- or -LSB- keɪ 'm æn -RSB- ) is a British Overseas Territory in the western Caribbean Sea . The 264 km2 territory comprises the three islands of Grand Cayman , Cayman Brac and Little Cayman located south of Cuba , northeast of Costa Rica , north of Panama , east of Mexico and northwest of Jamaica . Its population is approximately 60,000 , and its capital is George Town .   The Cayman Islands are considered to be part of the geographic Western Caribbean Zone as well as the Greater Antilles . The territory is often considered a major world offshore financial haven for many wealthy individuals .

neg: Marie-Galante Marie-Galante is an island of the Caribbean Sea located south of Guadeloupe and north of Dominica . It is a dependency of Guadeloupe , which is an overseas department and an overseas region of France .   Marie-Galante has a land area of 170.5 km ² ( 61 sq. miles ) . It had 11,528 inhabitants at the start of 2013 , with a population density of 67.6 people per km ² .

neg: Sint Maarten Sint Maarten ( -LSB- sɪnt ˈmaːrtə ( n ) -RSB- ) is an island country in the Caribbean . It is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . With a population of 33,609 on an area of 34 km2 , it encompasses the southern 40 % of the divided island of Saint Martin , while the northern 60 % of the island constitutes the French overseas collectivity of Saint-Martin . Its capital is Philipsburg .   Before 10 October 2010 , Sint Maarten was known as the Island Territory of Sint Maarten ( Eilandgebied Sint Maarten ) , and was one of five island territories ( eilandgebieden ) that constituted the Netherlands Antilles .

neg: French Guiana French Guiana ( pronounced -LSB- giːˈɑːnə -RSB- or -LSB- giːˈænə -RSB- , Guyane française -LSB- ɡɥijan fʁɑ̃sɛz -RSB- ) , officially called Guiana ( Guyane ) , is an overseas department and region of France , located on the north Atlantic coast of South America in the Guyanas . It borders Brazil to the east and south , and Suriname to the west . Its 83,534 km2 area has a very low population density of only 3 inhabitants per km2 , with half of its 244,118 inhabitants in 2013 living in the metropolitan area of Cayenne , its capital . By land area , it is the second largest region of France and the largest outermost region within the European Union .   Both the region and the department have been ruled since December 2015 by a single assembly within the framework of a new territorial collectivity , the French Guiana Territorial Collectivity ( French : collectivité territoriale de Guyane ) . This assembly , the French Guiana Assembly ( French : assemblée de Guyane ) , has replaced the former regional council and departmental council , which were both disbanded . The French Guiana Assembly is in charge of regional and departmental government . Its president is Rodolphe Alexandre .   The area was originally inhabited by Native Americans . The first French establishment is recorded in 1503 but the French presence did n't really become durable until 1643 and the foundation of Cayenne . Guiana then became a slave colony and saw its population increase until the official abolition of slavery at the time of the French revolution . Guiana temporarily became a French department in 1797 but was gradually transformed into a penal colony with the establishment of a network of camps and penitentiaries spread over the coast where prisoners were sentenced to forced labor . During World War II , the Guianan Félix Éboué was one of the first to stand behind General de Gaulle as early as June 18 , 1940 . Guiana officially rallied Free France in 1943 . It definitively abandoned its status as a colony and became again a French department in 1946 . De Gaulle , who became president , decided to establish the Guiana Space Center in 1965 . It is now operated by the CNES , Arianespace and the European Space Agency ( ESA ) . Several thousand Hmong refugees from Laos migrated to French Guiana in the late 1970s and early 1980s .   Nowadays fully integrated in the French central state , Guiana is a part of the European Union , and its official currency is the euro . The region is the most prosperous territory in South America with the highest GDP per capita . A large part of Guiana 's economy derives from the presence of the Guiana Space Centre , now the European Space Agency 's primary launch site near the equator . As elsewhere in France , the official language is French , but each ethnic community has its own language , of which Guianan Creole is the most widely spoken .

neg: List of populated places affected by the 2010 Haiti earthquake This is a list of populated places and structures affected by the 2010 Haiti earthquake , a magnitude 7.0 Mw earthquake which occurred on 12 January 2010 , with an epicentre approximately 25 km west of Port-au-Prince , Haiti ,  and affected an estimated three million people .  The Haitian government estimated that 230,000 people died ,  300,000 were injured and 1,000,000 made homeless by the quake .   The earthquake caused extensive damage to infrastructure in southwestern Haiti -- in February , Prime Minister Jean-Max Bellerive estimated that 250,000 residences and 30,000 commercial buildings had collapsed or were severely damaged .  The deputy mayor of Léogâne , at the epicentre of the earthquake , reported that 90 percent of buildings in the city were destroyed and Léogâne had `` to be totally rebuilt . '' As much as 90 percent of Grand-Goâve was devastated , including all public buildings . In Gressier , 40 -- 50 percent of buildings were destroyed ; the same in the worst-affected areas of Carrefour . Jacmel , the capital of Sud-Est Department , also was heavily affected ; 70 percent of homes in the city were damaged according to the mayor of Jacmel , as well as the airport , hospital and city hall building .   Many landmark buildings were damaged or destroyed , including the Presidential Palace , the National Assembly building ( Palais Législatif ) , the Supreme Court building ( Palais de Justice ) and the Holy Trinity and Port-au-Prince Cathedrals . Port-au-Prince 's main port and airport , the Port international de Port-au-Prince and Toussaint Louverture International Airport also suffered severe damage , as did Killick , the Haitian Coast Guard 's base in the capital city . The Ciné Institute , Haiti 's only film school , `` lost two buildings '' .