query: The internet consists of private, public, academic, firm, and government networks.

pos: Internet The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite ( TCP/IP ) to link devices worldwide . It is a network of networks that consists of private , public , academic , business , and government networks of local to global scope , linked by a broad array of electronic , wireless , and optical networking technologies . The Internet carries an extensive range of information resources and services , such as the inter-linked hypertext documents and applications of the World Wide Web ( WWW ) , electronic mail , telephony , and file sharing .   The origins of the Internet date back to research commissioned by the United States federal government in the 1960s to build robust , fault-tolerant communication via computer networks . The primary precursor network , the ARPANET , initially served as a backbone for interconnection of regional academic and military networks in the 1980s . The funding of the National Science Foundation Network as a new backbone in the 1980s , as well as private funding for other commercial extensions , led to worldwide participation in the development of new networking technologies , and the merger of many networks . The linking of commercial networks and enterprises by the early 1990s marks the beginning of the transition to the modern Internet , and generated a sustained exponential growth as generations of institutional , personal , and mobile computers were connected to the network . Although the Internet was widely used by academia since the 1980s , the commercialization incorporated its services and technologies into virtually every aspect of modern life .   Internet use grew rapidly in the West from the mid-1990s and from the late 1990s in the developing world . In the two decades since then , Internet use has grown 100-times , measured for the period of one year , to over one third of the world population . Most traditional communications media , including telephony , radio , television , paper mail and newspapers are being reshaped or redefined by the Internet , giving birth to new services such as email , Internet telephony , Internet television , online music , digital newspapers , and video streaming websites . Newspaper , book , and other print publishing are adapting to website technology , or are reshaped into blogging , web feeds and online news aggregators . The Internet has enabled and accelerated new forms of personal interactions through instant messaging , Internet forums , and social networking . Online shopping has grown exponentially both for major retailers and small businesses and entrepreneurs , as it enables firms to extend their `` brick and mortar '' presence to serve a larger market or even sell goods and services entirely online . Business-to-business and financial services on the Internet affect supply chains across entire industries .   The Internet has no centralized governance in either technological implementation or policies for access and usage ; each constituent network sets its own policies . Only the overreaching definitions of the two principal name spaces in the Internet , the Internet Protocol address space and the Domain Name System ( DNS ) , are directed by a maintainer organization , the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ( ICANN ) . The technical underpinning and standardization of the core protocols is an activity of the Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF ) , a non-profit organization of loosely affiliated international participants that anyone may associate with by contributing technical expertise .

neg: Many-to-many The many-to-many communication paradigm is one of three major Internet computing paradigms , characterized by multiple users contributing and receiving information , with the information elements often interlinked across different websites . Developments such as file sharing , blogs , Wikis , and tagging are media forms that reflect this paradigm ; these contrast with both the one-to-one ( characterized by e-mail , FTP , and Telnet ) and one-to-many ( characterized by websites ) paradigms .   With the evolution to the full `` many-to-many '' computing paradigm , people can input and receive information to and from the Internet ; they will be able to connect and communicate dynamically within a flexibly formed scope ; there will be no artificial boundary between information and communication tools , and the definition of `` many '' will go well beyond people to include entities such as organizations , products , processes , events , and concepts .

neg: Autonomic Network Architecture The Autonomic Network Architecture Project aims at exploring novel ways of organizing and using networks beyond legacy Internet technology . The ultimate goal is to design and develop a novel autonomic networking architecture that enables flexible , dynamic , and fully autonomous formation of network nodes as well as whole networks . Universities and research institutes from Europe and Northern America are participating in this project .   The resulting autonomic network architecture will allow dynamic adaptation and re-organisation of the network according to the working , economical and social needs of the users . This is expected to be especially challenging in a mobile context where new resources become available dynamically , administrative domains change frequently , and the economic models may vary .

neg: Network search engine Computer networks are connected together to form larger networks such as campus networks , corporate networks , or the Internet . Routers are network devices that may be used to connect these networks ( e.g. , a home network connected to the network of an Internet service provider ) . When a router interconnects many networks or handles much network traffic , it may become a bottleneck and cause network congestion ( i.e. , traffic loss ) .   A number of techniques have been developed to prevent such problems . One of them is the network search engine ( NSE ) , also known as network search element . This special-purpose device helps a router perform one of its core and repeated functions very fast : address lookup . Besides routing , NSE-based address lookup is also used to keep track of network service usage for billing purposes , or to look up patterns of information in the data passing through the network for security reasons .   Network search engines are often available as ASIC chips to be interfaced with the network processor of the router . Content-addressable memory and Trie are two techniques commonly used when implementing NSEs .

neg: Communications, Computers, and Networks (Scientific American) The Scientific American special Issue on Communications , Computers , and Network , is a special issue of Scientific American dedicated to articles concerning impending changes to the internet in the period prior to the expansion and mainstreaming of the world wide web via Mosaic and Netscape . This issue contained essays by a number of important computer science and internet pioneers . It bore the promotional cover title : Scientific American presents the September 1991 Single Copy Issue : Communications , Computers , and Networks

neg: Network intelligence Network Intelligence ( NI ) is a technology that builds on the concepts and capabilities of Deep Packet Inspection ( DPI ) , Packet Capture and Business Intelligence ( BI ) . It examines , in real time , IP data packets that cross communications networks by identifying the protocols used and extracting packet content and metadata for rapid analysis of data relationships and communications patterns . Also , sometimes referred to as Network Acceleration or piracy .   NI is used as a middleware to capture and feed information to network operator applications for bandwidth management , traffic shaping , policy management , charging and billing ( including usage-based and content billing ) , service assurance , revenue assurance , market research mega panel analytics , lawful interception and cyber security . It is currently being incorporated into a wide range of applications by vendors who provide technology solutions to Communications Service Providers ( CSPs ) , governments and large enterprises . NI extends network controls , business capabilities , security functions and data mining for new products and services needed since the emergence of Web 2.0 and wireless 3G and 4G technologies .

neg: Internet transit Internet transit is the service of allowing network traffic to cross or `` transit '' a computer network , usually used to connect a smaller Internet service provider ( ISP ) to the larger Internet . Technically , it consists of two bundled services :  The advertisement of customer routes to other ISPs , thereby soliciting inbound traffic toward the customer from them  The advertisement of other ISPs ' routes ( usually but not necessarily in the form of a default route or a full set of routes to all of the destinations on the Internet ) to the ISP 's customer , thereby soliciting outbound traffic from the customer towards these networks .   In the 1970s and early 1980s-era Internet , the assumption was made that all networks would provide full transit for one another . In the modern private-sector Internet , two forms of interconnect agreements exist between Internet networks : transit , and peering . Transit is distinct from peering , in which only traffic between the two ISPs and their downstream customers is exchanged and neither ISP can see upstream routes over the peering connection . A transit free network uses only peering ; a network that uses only unpaid peering and connects to the whole Internet is considered a Tier 1 network . In the 1990s , the network access point concept provided one form of transit .   The transit service is typically priced per megabit per second per month , and customers are often required to commit to a minimum volume of bandwidth , and usually to a minimum term of service as well . Some transit agreements provide `` service-level agreements '' which purport to offer money-back guarantees of performance between the customer 's Internet connection and specific points on the Internet , typically major Internet exchange points within a continental geography such as North America . These service level agreements still provide only best-effort delivery since they do not guarantee service the other half of the way , from the Internet exchange point to the final destination .

neg: Link Access Procedure for Modems Link Access Procedure for Modems ( LAPM ) is part of the V. 42 error correction protocol for modems .   LAPM is an error control protocol defined in ITU-T recommendations V. 42 . Like many data link layer protocols , it is a variant of HDLC . Like the Microcom Networking Protocols that preceded it , LAPM uses cyclic redundancy checking ( CRC ) and retransmission of corrupted data ( ARQ ) to ensure data reliability .   Error control protocols such as LAPM use frames of variable lengths , each beginning with a header and ending with a frame check sequence trailer ( a cyclic redundancy check ) . Correctly received packets are acknowledged , and unacknowledged packets are automatically retransmitted ( ARQ ) .   The larger the payload included in each frame , the smaller the relative cost of transmitting the header and trailer bits . Usually LAPM adds only about 5 percent framing overhead . This is a noticeable improvement over the fixed 25 % overhead of start and stop bits required by direct asynchronous serial communication , but obviously such large frames impose a cost in the form of communication latency .   LAPM has an optional Selective reject ( SREJ ) functionality which allows it to resend only the corrupted frames , providing faster recovery from an error .   The ITU-T V. 42 LAPM procedure is considered more robust than the Microcom Networking Protocols ( MNP ) that preceded it , and has a more sophisticated and powerful data compression option in V. 42bis , allowing much greater data throughput .   V. 42bis added a string compression algorithm called BTLZ ( British Telecom Lempel Ziv ) , in which frequently occurring strings of characters are replaced by code words . The `` dictionary '' of strings is dynamically maintained during transmission and keeps track of changes in the data ; new strings are added and old strings are deleted . As the data may not always be compressible ( for example encrypted or pre-compressed data ) the modem has the ability to switch between compressed and uncompressed modes of operation . Compression performance is continually monitored and , if no compression is obtained , the modem transmits the data in uncompressed form . Even while in uncompressed mode , the modem monitors the characteristics of the data and switches compression back on as soon as some benefit can be achieved .

neg: Telecommunications industry The telecommunications industry within the sector of information and communication technology is made up of all Telecommunications/Telephone companies and internet service providers and plays the crucial role in the evolution of mobile communications and the information society .   Traditional telephone calls continue to be the industry 's biggest revenue generator , but thanks to advances in network technology , Telecom today is less about voice and increasingly about text ( messaging , email ) and images ( e.g. video streaming ) .  High-speed internet access for computer-based data applications such as broadband information services and interactive entertainment , is pervasive . Digital Subscriber Line ( DSL ) is the main broadband telecom technology . The fastest growth comes from ( value-added ) services delivered over mobile networks .   Insight Research projects that telecommunications services revenue worldwide will grow from $ 2.2 trillion in 2015 to $ 2.4 trillion in 2019 .

neg: Legal aspects of computing Legal aspects of computing are related to the overlapping areas of law and computing .   The first one , historically , was information technology law ( or IT law ) . ( `` IT law '' should not be confused with the IT aspects of law itself , although there are overlapping issues . ) IT law consists of the law ( statutes , regulations , and caselaw ) which governs the digital dissemination of both ( digitalized ) information and software itself ( see history of free and open-source software ) , and legal aspects of information technology more broadly . IT law covers mainly the digital information ( including information security and electronic commerce ) aspects and it has been described as `` paper laws '' for a `` paperless environment '' .   Cyberlaw or Internet law is a term that encapsulates the legal issues related to use of the Internet . It is less a distinct field of law than intellectual property or contract law , as it is a domain covering many areas of law and regulation . Some leading topics include internet access and usage , privacy , freedom of expression , and jurisdiction .   `` Computer law '' is a third term which tends to relate to issues including both Internet law and the patent and copyright aspects of computer technology and software .

neg: Robustness of complex networks Robustness , the ability to withstand failures and perturbations , is a critical attribute of many complex systems including complex networks .   The study of robustness in complex networks is important for many fields .  In ecology , robustness is an important attribute of ecosystems , and can give insight into the reaction to disturbances such as the extinction of species . For biologists , network robustness can help the study of diseases and mutations , and how to recover from some mutations . In economics , network robustness principles can help our understanding of the stability and risks of banking systems . And in engineering , network robustness can help to evaluate the resilience of infrastructure networks such as the Internet or power grids .

neg: Large scale brain networks Large scale brain networks are collections of widespread brain regions showing functional connectivity by statistical analysis of the fMRI BOLD signal or other signal fluctuations . Functional connectivity may be measured as long-range synchronization of the EEG , MEG , or other dynamic brain signals . Synchronized brain regions may also be identified using spatial independent component analysis . The set of identified brain areas that are linked together in a large-scale network varies with cognitive function . When the cognitive state is not explicit ( i.e. , the subject is at `` rest '' ) , the large scale brain network is a resting state network ( RSN ) . As a physical system with graph-like properties , a large scale brain network has both nodes and edges , and can not be identified simply by the co-activation of brain areas . Large scale brain networks are identified by their function , and provide a coherent framework for understanding cognition by offering a neural model of how different cognitive functions emerge when different sets of brain regions join together as self-organized coalitions .

neg: Degree of anonymity In anonymity networks ( e.g. , Tor , Crowds , Mixmaster , I2P , etc. ) , it is important to be able to measure quantitatively the guarantee that is given to the system . The degree of anonymity is a device that was proposed at the 2002 Privacy Enhancing Technology ( PET ) conference . There were two papers that put forth the idea of using entropy as the basis for formally measuring anonymity : `` Towards an Information Theoretic Metric for Anonymity '' , and `` Towards Measuring Anonymity '' . The ideas presented are very similar with minor differences in the final definition of .   __ TOC __

neg: Switching circuit theory Switching circuit theory is the mathematical study of the properties of networks of idealized switches . Such networks may be strictly combinational logic , in which their output state is only a function of the present state of their inputs ; or may also contain sequential elements , where the present state depends on the present state and past states ; in that sense , sequential circuits are said to include `` memory '' of past states . An important class of sequential circuits are state machines . Switching circuit theory is applicable to the design of telephone systems , computers , and similar systems . Switching circuit theory provided the mathematical foundations and tools for digital system design in almost all areas of modern technology .   From 1934 to 1936 , NEC engineer Akira Nakashima published a series of papers showing that the two-valued Boolean algebra , which he discovered independently , can describe the operation of switching circuits . His work was later cited and elaborated on in Claude Shannon 's seminal 1938 paper `` A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits '' . The principles of Boolean algebra are applied to switches , providing mathematical tools for analysis and synthesis of any switching system .   Ideal switches are considered as having only two exclusive states , for example , open or closed . In some analysis , the state of a switch can be considered to have no influence on the output of the system and is designated as a `` do n't care '' state . In complex networks it is necessary to also account for the finite switching time of physical switches ; where two or more different paths in a network may affect the output , these delays may result in a `` logic hazard '' or `` race condition '' where the output state changes due to the different propagation times through the network .

neg: List of Internet pioneers Instead of a single `` inventor '' , the Internet was developed by many people over many years . The following are some Internet pioneers who contributed to its early development . These include early theoretical foundations , specifying original protocols , and expansion beyond a research tool to wide deployment .

neg: Personal area network A personal area network ( PAN ) is a computer network used for data transmission amongst devices such as computers , telephones , tablets and personal digital assistants . PANs can be used for communication amongst the personal devices themselves ( interpersonal communication ) , or for connecting to a higher level network and the Internet ( an uplink ) where one `` master '' device takes up the role as internet router .   A wireless personal area network ( WPAN ) is a low-powered PAN carried over a short-distance wireless network technology such as :  INSTEON  IrDA  Wireless USB  Bluetooth  Z-Wave  ZigBee  Body Area Network  The reach of a WPAN varies from a few centimeters to a few meters . A PAN may also be carried over wired computer buses such as USB and FireWire .   Although a ( secured ) Wi-Fi tethering connection could be used by only one single user it is not considered to be a PAN .

neg: Net Net or net may refer to :  Net ( device ) , a grid-like device or object such as that used in fishing or sports , commonly made from woven fibers  Net ( textile ) , a textile in which the warp and weft yarns are looped or knotted at their intersections  Net ( economics ) , the sum or difference of two or more economic variables  In mathematics and physics :  a filter-like generalization of a sequence  a linear system of divisors of dimension 2  an arrangement of polygons that can be folded up to form a polyhedron  operator algebras in local quantum-field theory  In electronic design , a connection in a netlist  Network ( disambiguation )  In computing , the Internet

neg: Internet Stream Protocol The Internet Stream Protocol ( ST and later ST-II ) is a family of experimental protocols first defined in Internet Experiment Note IEN-119 ( 1979 ) , and later substantially revised in RFC 1190 ( ST-II ) and RFC 1819 ( ST2 + ) .   The Internet Stream Protocol family was never introduced for public use , but many of the concepts available in ST are similar to later asynchronous transfer mode protocols and can be found in Multiprotocol Label Switching ( MPLS ) . They also presaged Voice over IP .   ST arose as the transport protocol of the Network Voice Protocol , a pioneering computer network protocol for transporting human speech over packetized communications networks , first implemented in December 1973 by Internet researcher Danny Cohen of the Information Sciences Institute ( ISI ) as part of ARPA 's Network Secure Communications ( NSC ) project .   First specified in 1979 , ST was envisioned to be a connection-oriented complement to IPv4 , operating on the same level as IP but using a different header format from that used for IP datagrams . According to IEN-119 , its concepts came from Danny Cohen , Estil Hoversten , and James W. Forgie . The protocol was notable for introducing the concepts of packetized voice ( now Voice over IP ) , a talkspurt ( a continuous segment of speech between silent intervals ) , and specified delay and drop-rate requirements for packet services . It was implemented in the Voice Funnel .   Its second version , known variously as ST-II or ST2 , was drafted by Claudio Topolcic and others in 1987 and specified in 1990 . The final version of ST2 , which was also known as ST2 + , was drafted by the IETF ST2 Working group and published as RFC 1819 .  ST2 distinguishes its own packets with an Internet Protocol version number 5 , although it was never known as IPv5 .  IP and ST packets can be distinguished by the IP Version Number field , i.e. , the first four ( 4 ) bits of the packet ; ST has been  assigned the value 5 ( see -LSB- RFC1700 -RSB- ) . There is no requirement for compatibility between IP and ST packet headers beyond the first four  bits . ( IP uses value 4 . )   ST uses the same IP address structure and the same link layer protocol number ( ethertype 0x800 ) as IP .   There is a `` datagram mode '' in which ST packets can be encapsulated over IP headers using protocol number 5 .

neg: Big data Big data is a term for data sets that are so large or complex that traditional data processing application software is inadequate to deal with them . Challenges include capture , storage , analysis , data curation , search , sharing , transfer , visualization , querying , updating and information privacy . The term `` big data '' often refers simply to the use of predictive analytics , user behavior analytics , or certain other advanced data analytics methods that extract value from data , and seldom to a particular size of data set . `` There is little doubt that the quantities of data now available are indeed large , but that 's not the most relevant characteristic of this new data ecosystem . ''  Analysis of data sets can find new correlations to `` spot business trends , prevent diseases , combat crime and so on . '' Scientists , business executives , practitioners of medicine , advertising and governments alike regularly meet difficulties with large data-sets in areas including Internet search , fintech , urban informatics , and business informatics . Scientists encounter limitations in e-Science work , including meteorology , genomics , connectomics , complex physics simulations , biology and environmental research .   Data sets grow rapidly - in part because they are increasingly gathered by cheap and numerous information-sensing Internet of things devices such as mobile devices , aerial ( remote sensing ) , software logs , cameras , microphones , radio-frequency identification ( RFID ) readers and wireless sensor networks . The world 's technological per-capita capacity to store information has roughly doubled every 40 months since the 1980s ; , every day 2.5 exabytes ( 2.5 × 1018 ) of data are generated . One question for large enterprises is determining who should own big-data initiatives that affect the entire organization .   Relational database management systems and desktop statistics - and visualization-packages often have difficulty handling big data . The work may require `` massively parallel software running on tens , hundreds , or even thousands of servers '' . What counts as `` big data '' varies depending on the capabilities of the users and their tools , and expanding capabilities make big data a moving target . `` For some organizations , facing hundreds of gigabytes of data for the first time may trigger a need to reconsider data management options . For others , it may take tens or hundreds of terabytes before data size becomes a significant consideration . ''

neg: Content delivery network A content delivery network or content distribution network ( CDN ) is a globally distributed network of proxy servers deployed in multiple data centers . The goal of a CDN is to serve content to end-users with high availability and high performance . CDNs serve a large fraction of the Internet content today , including web objects ( text , graphics and scripts ) , downloadable objects ( media files , software , documents ) , applications ( e-commerce , portals ) , live streaming media , on-demand streaming media , and social networks .   The term CDN means many things to different people and is an umbrella term that covers a lot of different types of content delivery services . Video streaming , software downloads , web and mobile content acceleration , licensed/managed CDN , transparent caching , and services to measure CDN performance , load balancing , multi-CDN switching and analytics and cloud intelligence . It 's a complex ecosystem with a lot of vendors both large and small and some CDN vendors cross over into other industries like security and WAN optimization .   Content owners such as media companies and e-commerce vendors pay CDN operators to deliver their content to their end-users . In turn , a CDN pays ISPs , carriers , and network operators for hosting its servers in their data centers .

neg: File system In computing , a file system or filesystem is used to control how data is stored and retrieved . Without a file system , information placed in a storage medium would be one large body of data with no way to tell where one piece of information stops and the next begins . By separating the data into pieces and giving each piece a name , the information is easily isolated and identified . Taking its name from the way paper-based information systems are named , each group of data is called a `` file '' . The structure and logic rules used to manage the groups of information and their names is called a `` file system '' .   There are many different kinds of file systems . Each one has different structure and logic , properties of speed , flexibility , security , size and more . Some file systems have been designed to be used for specific applications . For example , the ISO 9660 file system is designed specifically for optical discs .   File systems can be used on numerous different types of storage devices that use different kinds of media . The most common storage device in use today is a hard disk drive . Other kinds of media that are used include flash memory , magnetic tapes , and optical discs . In some cases , such as with tmpfs , the computer 's main memory ( random-access memory , RAM ) is used to create a temporary file system for short-term use .   Some file systems are used on local data storage devices ; others provide file access via a network protocol ( for example , NFS , SMB , or 9P clients ) . Some file systems are `` virtual '' , meaning that the supplied `` files '' ( called virtual files ) are computed on request ( e.g. procfs ) or are merely a mapping into a different file system used as a backing store . The file system manages access to both the content of files and the metadata about those files . It is responsible for arranging storage space ; reliability , efficiency , and tuning with regard to the physical storage medium are important design considerations .


query: Shinsegae is a river.

pos: Shinsegae Shinsegae ( Korean : 신세계 , ) is a South Korean department store franchise , along with several other businesses , headquartered in Seoul , South Korea . The name of Shinsegae literally means `` New World '' in Korean . Its flagship store in Centum City , Busan , is the world 's largest department store , surpassing Macy 's flagship Herald Square in New York City in 2009 .   Shinsegae was originally part of the Samsung Group chaebol , separated in the 1990s from the Samsung Group along with CJ Group ( Food/Chemicals/Entertainment ) , Saehan Group ( Electronic Media/Apparel/Textiles ) , and the Hansol Group ( Paper/Telecom ) . The chairman Lee Myung-hee is the daughter of Samsung founder Lee Byung-chull and younger sister of the chairman of Samsung Electronics Lee Kun-hee .   The group owns the brands Shinsegae and E-Mart , and is in direct competition with Lotte Shopping and Hyundai Department Store Group . Currently it is the largest retailer in South Korea .   Shinsegae is also famous for its long history . The main branch of Shinsegae is the oldest department store in Korea . The main building of the store was opened in 1930 as the Gyeongseong branch of Mitsukoshi , a Japanese department store franchise ; Korea was occupied by the Japanese Empire at the time . The store was acquired in 1945 by the late founder of Samsung group , Lee Byung-chull , and renamed Donghwa Department Store . After the Korean War ( 1950 -- 1953 ) began , it was used for several years as a post exchange by the American army . In 1963 , the store was given the name Shinsegae . The old building is currently used as a luxury shopping venue .   Shinsegae was the first credit card company in South Korea . They issued its own charge card from 1967 to 2000 . In 2000 , Shinsegae sold its credit card division to KorAm Bank , which was later acquired by Citibank Korea .

neg: Kushinadahime In Shinto mythology , Kushinadahime or Kushi-nada-hime ( クシナダヒメ Kojiki : 櫛名田比売 , Nihonshoki : 奇稲田姫 , Kushiinadahime , `` wondrous Inada princess '' ) is a goddess ( kami ) of rice and the wife of the god Susanoo .   She is also known as Ina-Gami Furu-Kushi-Nada-Hime ( `` True-hair-touching princess '' ) or Inagami-Hime .

neg: Shingbe Shingbe is a town in Trashigang District in eastern Bhutan .

neg: Kan'ei-ji ( also spelled Kan ` eiji or Kaneiji ) is a Tendai Buddhist temple in Tokyo , Japan , founded in 1625 during the Kan ` ei era by Tenkai , in an attempt to emulate the powerful religious center Enryaku-ji , in Kyoto . The main object of worship is .   It was named in a reference both to the Enryaku-ji 's location atop Mount Hiei ( Tōeizan means `` Mount Heiei of the East '' ) , and also after the era during which it was erected , like Enryaku-ji ( named after the Enryaku year period ) . Because it was one of the two Tokugawa bodaiji ( funeral temple ; the other was Zōjō-ji ) and because it was destroyed in the closing days of the war that put an end to the Tokugawa shogunate , it is inextricably linked to the Tokugawa shoguns .   Once a great complex , it used to occupy the entire heights north and east of Shinobazu Pond and the plains where Ueno Station now stands . It had immense wealth , power and prestige , and it once consisted of over 30 buildings . Of the 15 Tokugawa shōguns , six are buried here .   Many temple structures were destroyed in the great Meireki fire of 1657 . A new hall was constructed inside the enclosure of Kan ` ei-ji in 1698 . The temple and its numerous annexes were almost completely destroyed during the Boshin War 's Battle of Ueno and never restored . Much of the site where it once stood was confiscated and is now occupied by Ueno Park .   What is today the temple 's main hall was taken from Kita-in in Kawagoe ( Saitama Prefecture ) and transferred to the site of a former Kan ` ei-ji subtemple . Kan ` ei-ji 's five-story pagoda ( photo above ) and the Ueno Tōshō-gū shrine were amongst the gems of the old temple enclosure . Both stand undisturbed by the passage of years since the end of the Tokugawa shogunate .   The Shinobazu Pond itself and the Bentendō Temple which stands on its island used to be an integral part of Kan ` ei-ji . Tenkai , liking Lake Biwa , had Benten Island built in imitation of Chikubushima , and then the Bentendō on it . At the time the island was accessible only by boat , but later a stone bridge was added on the east , making it possible to walk to it . The Bentendō Temple was destroyed during World War II , and the present one is a reconstruction .

neg: Grand River (Ontario) The Grand River ( Grande-Riviere in French and O : se Kenhionhata : tie in Mohawk ) is a large river in Southwestern Ontario , Canada . It also lies along the western fringe of the Golden Horseshoe region of Ontario which overlaps the eastern portion of southwestern Ontario along the length of this river . From its source near Wareham , Ontario , it flows south through Grand Valley , Fergus , Elora , Waterloo , Kitchener , Cambridge , Paris , Brantford , Caledonia , and Cayuga before emptying into the north shore of Lake Erie south of Dunnville at Port Maitland . One of the scenic and spectacular features of the river is the falls and Gorge at Elora .   The Grand River is the largest river that is entirely within southern Ontario 's boundaries . The river owes its size to the unusual fact that its source is relatively close to the base of the Bruce Peninsula , yet it flows southwards to Lake Erie , rather than to central Lake Huron or Georgian Bay ( most southern Ontario rivers flow into the nearest Great Lake , which is why most of them are small ) , thus giving it more distance to take in more water from tributaries .   The river 's rural character , ease of access and lack of portages make it a desirable canoeing location , especially the stretch between West Montrose and Paris . A number of conservation areas have been established along the river , and are managed by the Grand River Conservation Authority .   The Grand Valley Trail stretches 275 km along the river 's valley between the town of Dundalk and Lake Erie .   The Mohawk name for the Grand River , O : se Kenhionhata : tie means `` Willow River , '' for the many willows in the watershed . During the 18th century , the French colonists named it Grande-Rivière . It was later renamed as Ouse River by John Graves Simcoe for the River Great Ouse near his childhood home in Lincolnshire on the east coast of England . The anglicized form of the French name has remained in common use .

neg: Hebo Hebo is the god of the Yellow River . The Yellow River ( Huang He ) is one of the world 's major rivers and a river of great cultural importance in China . This is reflected in Chinese mythology by the tales surrounding the deity Hebo . The name , Hebo , means `` Lord of the River '' , in this case `` the River '' referring to the main river of Northern China , the Huang He , or Yellow River , which takes its name from the vast amount of yellowish silt from the Loess plateau through which much of the river flows . However , the descriptive term , Hebo , is not this deity 's only name , and worship is geographically widespread . Some of the character ascribed to Hebo is related to the character of the Yellow River itself : a river which has been described as one of China 's greatest assets as well as one of the greatest sources of sorrow . Some of the world 's greatest floods accompanied by tragic and stupendous loss of human life have been due to the Yellow River overflowing its banks , and even shifting course and establishing a new river bed . The Yellow River has also been one of the major agricultural sources for irrigation of farms which have provided for the dietary needs of the population at least from the cradle of Chinese civilization through the present day . To some extent , the deity Hebo is a personification of the character of this river . However , Hebo has also had an important role in the history of religious worship in China ( especially North China ) , and also having a more general function in terms of Chinese culture , including literature and poetry .

neg: Kurobe River The is a river in Toyama Prefecture , Japan . 86 km in length , it has a watershed of 689 km ² .   The river rises from Mount Washiba in the Hida Mountains and carves the deep valley known as the Kurobe gorge . It comes out of the mountains at Unazuki and forms an alluvial fan which directly sinks into the Sea of Japan .   The Kurobe River 's rich flow and steep gradient offer good conditions for hydroelectricity . The Kurobe Dam is the tallest dam in Japan .   The name Kurobe is meaningless in Japanese . It appears to be an Ainu name , kur pet -LSB- -LSB- kuɾᵘbet -RSB- -RSB- ` shady river ' .

neg: Abashiri River is a river in Hokkaidō , Japan .

neg: Shiga Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan , which forms part of the Kansai region in the western part of Honshu island . It encircles Lake Biwa , the largest freshwater lake in Japan . The capital is Ōtsu .

neg: Yasu River The is located in Shiga Prefecture , Japan ; it is the largest river to flow into Lake Biwa . It rises from Mount Gozaisho and flows through Kōka , Konan , Rittō , Moriyama and Yasu . It forked at the lower reaches and made a delta region , but they were combined in 1979 .

neg: Shinfa River The Shinfa is a river of northwestern Ethiopia . It is an important tributary of the Atbarah River .

neg: Suketō River The , also called the Fukushima River , is a river in Tokushima Prefecture , Japan .

neg: Yeongseo Yeongseo ( -LSB- jʌŋ.sʌ -RSB- , -LSB- ɾjɔŋ.sɔ -RSB- ) is the western , inland region of Gangwon Province , South Korea and Kangwon Province , North Korea . It is divided from the coastal Yeongdong region by the Taebaek Mountains . The name yeongseo reflects this distinction ; it literally means `` west of the passes '' . The region is marked by high plateaus and mountains , with deep valleys . The Han and Nakdong Rivers both have their headwaters in this region . Agriculture in Yeongseo was traditionally carried out by slash-and-burn methods , but in modern times this has largely been replaced by other techniques , including high-altitude shiitake farming .

neg: New River (Kanawha River) The New River , part of the Ohio River watershed , is about 360 mi ( 515 km ) long . The river flows through the U.S. states of North Carolina , Virginia , and West Virginia before joining with the Gauley River to form the Kanawha River at the town of Gauley Bridge , WV .   Much of the river 's course through West Virginia is designated as the New River Gorge National River , and the New River is one of the nation 's American Heritage Rivers . In 1975 , North Carolina designated a 26.5 miles segment of the river as `` New River State Scenic River '' , by including it in the state 's Natural and Scenic Rivers System . The segment was added to the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System the following year .   The origins of the name are unclear . Possibilities include being a new river that was not on the Fry-Jefferson map of Virginia , an Indian name meaning `` new waters '' , or the surname of an early settler . Despite its name , the New River is one of the five oldest rivers in the world geologically .   This ancient river begins in the mountains of North Carolina near the Tennessee state line , flows generally northeastward across the Blue Ridge Mountains , Great Appalachian Valley , Ridge and Valley Province , and the Allegheny Front in western North Carolina and Virginia , before turning and following a more northwestward course into West Virginia , where it then cuts through the Appalachian Plateau ( in the New River Gorge ) to meet the Gauley River and become the Kanawha River in south-central West Virginia . The Kanawha then flows into the Ohio River at Point Pleasant , WV . Much of the river 's course is lined with steep cliffs and rock outcrops , particularly in its gorge in West Virginia .   This low-level crossing of the Appalachians , many millions of years old , has long been a biogeographical corridor allowing numerous species of plants and animals to spread between the lowlands of the American East Coast and those of the Midwest ; other unusual kinds of plants occur on the gorge 's cliffs or rim-top ledges . Portions of this corridor are now also used by various railroads and highways , and some segments of the river have been dammed for hydroelectric power production .   The New River Gorge is not only quite scenic , but also offers numerous opportunities for white-water recreation such as rafting and kayaking . Many open ledges along the rim of the gorge offer popular views , with favorites including Hawks Nest State Park and various overlooks on lands of the New River Gorge National River .   Few highways cross the gorge , with the most dramatic bridge by far being the New River Gorge Bridge on U.S. 19 , a steel arch bridge spanning 1700 ft , with the roadway 876 ft above the average level of the river . This structure is the third-longest single-arch bridge in the world , and is also the world 's twelfth-highest vehicular bridge , and the fourth highest in the Americas .   The New River Gorge and the U.S. 19 bridge crossing it are shown on the West Virginia State Quarter , minted in 2005 .

neg: Orongorongo River The Orongorongo River runs for 32 km southwest through the Orongorongo Valley in the southern Rimutaka Ranges of the North Island of New Zealand . The river and its associated catchments lie within the bounds of the Rimutaka Forest Park , which is administered by the Department of Conservation .   Orongorongo River is the main artery of the Rimutaka Range , draining an area with rainfall of up to 2400 mm a year , which is twice as much as the rainfall at the mouth of the river at Cook Strait . For much of its course the river is a braided river , with a wide bed of greywacke shingle and gravel and a number of streams of water . The gravel bed can be seen as light-coloured areas of varying width in the adjacent image .   Because the rainfall in the Rimutaka Range often comes in high-intensity rainstorms , the river is prone to violent floods . The most severe of these floods sweep away most of the river 's vegetated islands every 15 to 20 years . Between these floods , the shingle islands are gradually colonised by various low growing plants , followed by a host of native shrubs such as tauhinu and manuka , and eventually small trees .

neg: Commentary on the Water Classic The Commentary on the Water Classic or Shui Jing Zhu is a work on the ancient geography of China , describing the traditional understanding of its waterways and ancient canals , compiled by Li Daoyuan during the Northern Wei Dynasty ( 386-534 AD ) . The book is divided into sections by river , each described with its source , course , and major tributaries , including cultural and historical notes .   The work is much expanded from its source text , the older ( and now lost ) Water Classic ( Shuijing ) . The original text described 137 different rivers in China and was traditionally credited to Sang Qin during the Han dynasty . Qing-dynasty scholars gave it a later date ( during the Three Kingdoms period ) because of the names of the counties and commanderies . Its authorship was then attributed to Jin Dynasty scholar Guo Pu . Li Daoyuan 's 40-volume , 300,000-character version includes 1252 rivers .   Although very thorough for its time , it did repeat the earlier mistake of the `` Tribute of Yu '' in viewing the Min as the headwaters of the Yangtze . It was not until the Ming dynasty that Xu Xiake correctly listed the Jinsha as the principal source .

neg: List of rivers of Japan Rivers of Japan are characterized by their relatively short lengths and considerably steep gradients due to the narrow and mountainous topography of the country . An often-cited quote is ` this is not a river , but a waterfall ' by the Dutch engineer ( o-yatoi gaikokujin ) Johannis de Rijke who had visited the Jōganji River , Toyama Prefecture . The Mogami , the Fuji and the Kuma are regarded as the three most rapid rivers of Japan .   Typical rivers of Japan rise from mountainous forests and cut out deep V-shaped valleys in their upper reaches , and form alluvial plains in their lower reaches which enable the Japanese to cultivate rice fields and to set up cities . Most rivers are dammed to supply both water and electricity .   The longest river of Japan is the Shinano , which flows from Nagano to Niigata . The Tone has the largest watershed and serves water to more than 30 million inhabitants of Tokyo metropolitan area .

neg: Ishikari River The , at 268 km long , is the third longest in Japan and the longest in Hokkaidō . The river drains an area of 14330 km2 , making it the second largest in Japan , with a total discharge of around 14.8 km3 per year .   It originates from Mount Ishikari in the Daisetsuzan Volcanic Group and flows through Asahikawa and Sapporo . Major tributaries of the river include the Chūbetsu , Uryū , Sorachi and Toyohira rivers . Until 40,000 years ago , it flowed into the Pacific Ocean near Tomakomai . Lava from the volcanic Shikotsu mountains dammed the river and moved its mouth to the Sea of Japan .   The name of the river is derived from the Ainu for `` make ( s ) itself go round about something '' ( i-si-kari < kari meaning '' ( to be a ) circle , round , loop ; spin , turn , go around , go back and forth , '' si - `` reflexive prefix , itself , oneself , '' and i - `` it , something , an impersonal third person object marking prefix , middle voice inflection prefix ) , i.e. `` winding ( river ) . '' As it suggests , the river once meandered in the Ishikari plain and was as long as the Shinano River , the longest river in Japan . Massive construction shortened the river by 100 kilometers and left many in the plain .

neg: Datsue-ba is an old woman who sits at the edge of the Sanzu River in the Buddhist underworld . At the river , she has two primary duties .   According to Japanese Buddhist folklore , when a child dies its soul has to cross the Sanzu River . Traditionally , when a person dies , it is believed that they can cross the river at three different spots depending on how they lived their lives . Since children have not accumulated enough experiences , however , they are unable to cross . At the river 's edge , the souls of deceased children are met by Datsue-ba . There , she strips the children of their clothes and advise them to build a pile of pebbles on which they can climb to reach paradise . But before the pile reaches any significant height , the hag and underworld demons maliciously knock it down . The Buddhist bodhisattva Jizō saves these souls from having to pile stones eternally on the bank of the river by hiding them in his robe .   When a soul is that of an adult , Datsue-ba forces the sinners to take off their clothes , and the old-man Keneō hangs these clothes on a riverside branch that bends to reflect the gravity of the sins . If the sinner arrives with no clothes , Datsu-ba strips them of their skin . Various levels of punishment are performed even at this early stage . For those who steal , for example , Datsueba breaks their fingers , and together with her old-man consort , she ties the head of the sinner to the sinner 's feet .

neg: Miya River Miya River may refer to :   Miya River ( Mie ) , a major river in Mie Prefecture , Japan  Jinzū River , a major river in Gifu and Toyama prefectures that is often called the `` Miya River ''  Agano River , a river which flows from Fukushima Prefecture to Niigata Prefecture that is often called the `` Miya River ''


query: Jaden Smith was born on July 8th, 1998.

pos: Jaden Smith Jaden Christopher Syre Smith ( born July 8 , 1998 ) is an American actor and rapper . He is the son of Jada Pinkett Smith and Will Smith . Jaden Smith 's first movie role was with his father in the 2006 film The Pursuit of Happyness . He also acted in the 2008 remake of The Day the Earth Stood Still and the 2010 remake of The Karate Kid . He was also in the 2013 film After Earth with his father .

neg: Jaded (film) Jaded is a 1998 film co-written and directed by Caryn Krooth .

neg: Samuel Kwong Samuel Kwong ( born January 1 , 1998 in Pleasanton , California ) is an American sabre fencer . He is a multiple-time national champion .

neg: Chandler Canterbury Chandler Canterbury ( born December 15 , 1998 ) is an American actor .

neg: Asia Ray Smith Asia Ray Smith ( born December 7 , 1988 in Kaimuki Hawaii United States )  is an American actress . She is best known for her role as Sierra Hoffman on The Young and the Restless .

neg: JMSN Christian Berishaj , better known by his stage name JMSN ( pronounced Jameson ) , is an American singer-songwriter , record producer , as well as a multi-instrumentalist , music engineer , and mixer , from Eastpointe , Michigan . JMSN 's debut album , Priscilla , was released in 2012 ; he wrote and produced the album by himself , and directed the music videos accompanying its release .

neg: Smith v. United States Smith v. United States , , is a United States Supreme Court case that held that the exchange of a gun for drugs constituted `` use '' of the firearm for purposes of a federal statute imposing penalties for `` use '' of a firearm `` during and in relation to '' a drug trafficking crime .   In Watson v. United States , 128 S.Ct . 697 ( 2007 ) the court later decided that a transaction in the opposite direction does not violate the same statute ( i.e. , Smith holds that one `` uses '' a gun by giving it in exchange for drugs , but Watson holds that one does not `` use '' a gun by receiving it in exchange for drugs ) .

neg: Anna Nicole Smith Vickie Lynn Hogan professionally known as Anna Nicole Smith ( born November 28 , 1967 -- February 8 , 2007 ) was an American model , actress and television personality . Smith first gained popularity in Playboy , winning the title of 1993 Playmate of the Year . She modeled for fashion companies including Guess , H&M , Heatherette , and Lane Bryant .   Smith dropped out of high school and was married three years later in 1985 . Her highly publicized second marriage to J. Howard Marshall resulted in speculation that she married the octogenarian mainly for his money , which she denied . Following Marshall 's death , Smith began a lengthy legal battle over a share of his estate . Her case , Marshall v. Marshall , reached the U.S. Supreme Court on a question of federal jurisdiction , and again on a question of bankruptcy court authority ( now called Stern v. Marshall ) .   Smith died on February 8 , 2007 , in a Hollywood , Florida , hotel room as a result of an overdose of prescription drugs . During the final six months of her life , Smith was the focus of renewed press coverage surrounding the death of her son , Daniel , and the paternity and custody battle over her newborn daughter , Dannielynn .

neg: Mod Sun Derek Smith ( born March 10 , 1987 ) , known professionally as Mod Sun ( stylized as MOD SUN , an acronym standing for `` Movement on dreams , stand under none '' ) , is an American rapper , author , rock musician and poet from Bloomington , Minnesota .

neg: Shine (Luna Sea album) Shine is the sixth album by Japanese rock band Luna Sea , released on July 23 , 1998 . It reached number one on the Oricon chart and is the band 's highest selling studio album ; selling over 1 million copies and being certified Million by the RIAJ . It was also named `` Rock Album of the Year '' at the 13th Japan Gold Disc Awards .

neg: Riley Smith Riley Smith ( born April 12 , 1978 ) is an American actor . He is known for his roles on television , such as recurring roles in the series 24 , Joan of Arcadia , 90210 , True Blood and The Messengers , and starring roles on the television series Drive and Frequency .

neg: Connor Smith (footballer, born 1996) Connor Charles Smith ( born 14 October 1996 ) is an English footballer .

neg: Born on the Fourth of July (film) Born on the Fourth of July is a 1989 American biographical war drama film based on the best-selling autobiography of the same name by Vietnam War veteran Ron Kovic .   Tom Cruise plays Ron Kovic , in a performance that earned him his first Academy Award nomination . Oliver Stone ( himself a Vietnam veteran ) co-wrote the screenplay with Kovic , and also produced and directed the film . Stone wanted to film the movie in Vietnam , but because relations between the United States and Vietnam had not yet been normalized , it was instead filmed in the Philippines . The film is considered part of Stone 's `` trilogy '' of films about the Vietnam War -- following Platoon ( 1986 ) and preceding Heaven & Earth ( 1993 ) .   Born on the Fourth of July was nominated for eight Academy Awards and won two , for Best Director and Best Film Editing ; it also won four Golden Globe Awards and a Directors Guild of America Award . The film was a critical and commercial success , grossing $ 161,001,698 worldwide .

neg: Jonny Smith (footballer) Jonathan `` Jonny '' Smith ( born 27 July 1997 ) is an English footballer who plays as a winger for Bristol City .

neg: DJ Roc August Wisbon ( born September 11 , 1989 ) , known by DJ Roc , is an American DJ and record producer . He is perhaps best known for his music being featured in numerous TV shows and films , including Arrow , The Eric André Show , Jersey Shore , Rich Kids of Beverly Hills and The Smurfs 2 .   His songs have also gained popularity on YouTube , with his channel garnering over 20,000 subscribers and 3 million views .

neg: Eric Smith (murderer) Eric M. Smith ( born January 22 , 1980 ) is an American criminal , incarcerated for the murder of four-year-old Derrick Robie ( born October 2 , 1988 ) on August 2 , 1993 , in Steuben County , New York . Smith was convicted of second-degree murder in 1994 and sentenced to the maximum term then available for juvenile murderers -- a minimum of nine years to life in prison .

neg: School Dayz School Dayz is the first and only studio album released by child rapper Baby DC .   It was released on September 29 , 1998 as the first release through Too Short and Jive Records ' $ hort Records imprint . Bay-Area producer and frequent Too Short collaborator Ant Banks handled most of the album 's production .   School Dayz was released before So So Def 's Lil ' Bow Wow and No Limit 's Lil Soldiers and Lil Romeo were releasing charting albums . However , due to limited promotion , School Dayz did not reach any Billboard charts . However , the single `` Bounce , Rock , Skate , Roll '' did make it to both the R&B and rap charts .

neg: Hopsin Marcus Jamal Hopson ( born July 18 , 1985 ) , better known by his stage name Hopsin , is an American rapper , record producer , director and actor from Los Angeles , California . In 2007 , he was signed to Ruthless Records , and had founded his own record label , Funk Volume , in 2009 . He would then go on to found another record label , Undercover Prodigy , in 2016 . Hopsin has released four studio albums , Gazing at the Moonlight through Ruthless Records , Raw , Knock Madness and Pound Syndrome along with the collaborative project Haywire ( with SwizZz ) through Funk Volume . He is well known for his use of white colored eye contacts in music videos , performances , and interviews .

neg: Yann Karamoh Yann Karamoh ( born 8 July 1998 ) is an Ivorian-born French footballer who plays as a striker for Caen in Ligue 1 .


query: In 1956, Martina Navratilova was born.

pos: Martina Navratilova Martina Navratilova ( Martina Navrátilová -LSB- ˈmarcɪna ˈnavraːcɪlovaː -RSB- ; born Martina Šubertová -LSB- ˈmarcɪna ˈʃubɛrtovaː -RSB- ; October 18 , 1956 ) is a Czech and American retired tennis player and coach . In 2005 , Tennis magazine selected her as the greatest female tennis player for the years 1965 through 2005 .   Navratilova was World No. 1 for a total of 332 weeks in singles , and a record 237 weeks in doubles , making her the only player in history to have held the top spot in both singles and doubles for over 200 weeks . She was year-end singles No. 1 seven times , including a record five consecutive years , as well as year-end doubles No. 1 five times , including three consecutive years during which she held the ranking for the entire year .   She won 18 Grand Slam singles titles , 31 major women 's doubles titles ( an all-time record ) , and 10 major mixed doubles titles , marking the open-era record for most Grand Slam titles . She reached the Wimbledon singles final 12 times , including nine consecutive years from 1982 through 1990 , and won the women 's singles title at Wimbledon a record nine times ( surpassing Helen Wills Moody 's eight Wimbledon titles ) , including a run of six consecutive titles -- the best performance by any professional player at a major event . She and Billie Jean King each won 20 Wimbledon titles , an all-time record . Navratilova is one of just three women ever to have accomplished a Career Grand Slam in singles , women 's doubles , and mixed doubles ( called the Grand Slam `` boxed set '' ) , a distinction she shares with Margaret Court and Doris Hart .   Navratilova holds the records for most singles titles ( 167 ) and for most doubles titles ( 177 ) in the open era . Her record as No. 1 in singles ( 1982 -- 86 ) is the most dominant in professional tennis . Over five consecutive seasons , she won 428 of 442 singles matches , averaging fewer than 3 losses per year to 87 wins , for a sustained winning percentage of 96.8 % . She holds the best season win-loss record for the open era , 86-1 ( 98.9 % ) in 1983 , and four of the top six open era seasons . She recorded the longest winning streak in the open era ( 74 consecutive matches ) and three of the six longest winning streaks .   She and Serena Williams are the only Open Era players to have won six major singles crowns without the loss of a set . Navratilova , Margaret Court and Maureen Connolly share the record for the most consecutive major singles titles ( six ) . Navratilova reached 11 consecutive major singles finals , second all-time to Steffi Graf 's 13 , and is the only woman ever to reach 19 consecutive major semi-finals . Navratilova also won the season-ending WTA Tour Championships for top ranked players a record eight times and made the finals a record 14 times . She is the only person of either sex to have won eight different tournaments at least seven times . She was ranked in the world 's top 10 in singles for a record 20 consecutive years ( 1975 -- 1994 ) , a span which included 19 years in the top 5 , 15 years in the top 3 , and 7 years as the world No. 1 ranked singles player . Navratilova is regarded by some to be the greatest female tennis player of all time .   In women 's doubles , Navratilova and Pam Shriver won 109 consecutive matches and won all four major titles -- the Grand Slam -- in 1984 . The pair set an all-time record of 79 titles together and tied Louise Brough Clapp 's and Margaret Osborne duPont 's record of 20 major women 's doubles titles as a team . Navratilova also won the WTA Tour Championships doubles title a record 11 times . She is one of only five tennis players all-time to win a multiple slam set in two disciplines , matching Margaret Court , Roy Emerson , Frank Sedgman and Serena Williams . Navratilova took her last major title in 2006 , winning the mixed doubles crown at the 2006 US Open , just short of her 50th birthday -- 32 years after her first Grand Slam title in 1974 .   Originally from Czechoslovakia , she was stripped of her citizenship when , in 1975 at the age of 18 , she asked the United States for political asylum and was granted temporary residency . At the time , Navratilova was told by the Czechoslovak Sports Federation that she was becoming too Americanized and that she should go back to school and make tennis secondary . Navratilova became a US citizen in 1981 , and on January 9 , 2008 , she acquired Czech citizenship . She stated she has not renounced her U.S. citizenship nor does she plan to do so and that acquiring her Czech citizenship was not politically motivated .

neg: Enzo Vattuone Vincenzo `` Enzo '' Vattuone ( born April 18 , 1956 in Genoa , Italy ) is an Italian retired professional tennis player who won a gold medal at the 1975 Mediterranean Games .

neg: 1979 Avon Championships The 1979 Avon Championships were the eighth WTA Tour Championships , the annual tennis tournament for the best female tennis players in singles on the 1979 WTA Tour . It was held on indoor carpet courts from March 21 through March 25 1979 , in Madison Square Garden in New York City , United States .   First-seeded Martina Navratilova won the singles title and earned $ 100,000 first-prize money .

neg: Althea Gibson Althea Gibson ( August 25 , 1927 -- September 28 , 2003 ) was an American tennis player and professional golfer , and the first black athlete to cross the color line of international tennis . In 1956 , she became the first person of color to win a Grand Slam title ( the French Open ) . The following year she won both Wimbledon and the U.S. Nationals ( precursor of the U.S. Open ) , then won both again in 1958 , and was voted Female Athlete of the Year by the Associated Press in both years . In all , she won 11 Grand Slam tournaments , including six doubles titles , and was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame and the International Women 's Sports Hall of Fame . `` She is one of the greatest players who ever lived , '' said Robert Ryland , a tennis contemporary and former coach of Venus and Serena Williams . `` Martina could n't touch her . I think she 'd beat the Williams sisters . '' In the early 1960s she also became the first black player to compete on the women 's professional golf tour .   At a time when racism and prejudice were widespread in sports and in society , Gibson was often compared to Jackie Robinson . `` Her road to success was a challenging one , '' said Billie Jean King , `` but I never saw her back down . '' `` To anyone , she was an inspiration , because of what she was able to do at a time when it was enormously difficult to play tennis at all if you were black , '' said former New York City Mayor David Dinkins . `` I am honored to have followed in such great footsteps , '' wrote Venus Williams . `` Her accomplishments set the stage for my success , and through players like myself and Serena and many others to come , her legacy will live on . ''

neg: WTA New Jersey The WTA New Jersey is a defunct WTA Tour affiliated tennis tournament played from 1978 to 1989 . It was held in Mahwah , New Jersey in the United States and played on outdoor hard courts .   Steffi Graf was the most successful player at the tournament , winning the singles competition three times and the doubles competition in 1989 partnering American Pam Shriver .

neg: French Open The French Open , often referred to as Roland-Garros ( -LSB- ʁɔlɑ̃ ɡaʁɔs -RSB- ) , is a major tennis tournament held over two weeks between late May and early June at the Stade Roland-Garros in Paris , France . Named after the French aviator Roland Garros , it is the premier clay court tennis championship event in the world and the second of four annual Grand Slam tournaments , the other three being the Australian Open , Wimbledon and the US Open . Roland Garros is currently the only major held on clay , and it is the zenith of the spring clay court season . Because of the seven rounds needed for a championship , the slow-playing surface and the best-of-five-set men 's singles matches ( without a tiebreak in the final set ) , the event is widely considered to be the most physically demanding tennis tournament in the world .

neg: 2007 Tennis Channel Open and the Mirage Cup The 2007 Tennis Channel Open was a tennis event on the 2007 ATP Tour . Lleyton Hewitt , who was the 2006 runner-up , was the singles champion , while Bob and Mike Bryan were the doubles champions . The event was held in Las Vegas , Nevada at the Darling Tennis Center . It was the twentieth Tennis Channel Open , but just the second to be held in Las Vegas . The ITF women 's competition was won by Caroline Wozniacki in singles and by Victoria Azarenka and Tatiana Poutchek for doubles .

neg: Tsvetana Pironkova Tsvetana Pironkova ( Цветана Кирилова Пиронкова -LSB- tsvɛˈtana pirɔnˈkɔva -RSB- ) ( born 13 September 1987 ) is a Bulgarian tennis player and the current no. 1 Bulgarian in the WTA rankings . She is right-handed and plays with a two-handed backhand . Born in Plovdiv , Pironkova started playing tennis at the age of four on being introduced to the sport by her father , who later coached her . After playing at a junior level and winning Atlantic Cup , she made her senior international tournament debut in 2002 at the International Tennis Federation circuit . Early in her career , Pironkova won six international singles titles at the ITF circuit .   Pironkova made her WTA tour debut at the İstanbul Cup in 2005 , and achieved moderate success earlier in her career . That changed in 2010 , when she entered Wimbledon with a 1 -- 4 career record at the event , and went on reach the semifinals of the tournament , becoming the second Bulgarian tennis player in history to reach the semifinal stage of a Grand Slam in singles . She garnered wide recognition for her performance , and after her semifinal finish reached her highest WTA Singles ranking at no. 31 in September 2010 . Pironkova followed it up with a quarterfinal run at the event the following year , earning her the nickname `` The Wimbledon Darkhorse '' . She is also known defeating Venus Williams three times at Grand Slam tournaments , twice at Wimbledon .   Pironkova won her first WTA title at the 2014 Apia International , defeating three top-10 ranked players in a row . She defeated the world no. 2 Agnieszka Radwańska in the fourth round of the 2016 French Open , reaching her quarterfinal at a Grand Slam other than Wimbledon . In addition to this , Pironkova has a total of twelve wins over other top-10 ranked players to her name . She also holds the second longest active streak of the most consecutive Grand Slam appearances at 45 , only behind Jelena Jankovic . Pironkova has been recognized by The New York Times for her `` cerebral '' grass-court abilities and named one of the most beautiful women in sports by MSN .

neg: 1988 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Doubles The Women 's Doubles tournament at the 1988 Wimbledon Championships was held from 20 June to 4 July 1988 on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis in the district of Wimbledon in London , England . Steffi Graf and Gabriela Sabatini won the title , defeating Larisa Savchenko and Natasha Zvereva in the final .

neg: Grand Slam Cup The Grand Slam Cup was a tennis tournament held annually at the Olympiahalle in Munich in Germany from 1990 through 1999 . The event was organized by the International Tennis Federation ( ITF ) , which invited the best-performing players in the year 's Grand Slam events to compete in the Grand Slam Cup .   The tournament was created in 1990 and was played on indoor carpet courts . From 1990 to 1996 , it was held in December but was moved to the middle of autumn from 1997 to 1999 . From 1990 to 1997 the tournament was limited to male players . A women 's Cup was added in 1998 and was held simultaneously with the men 's Cup .   Throughout its existence , the Grand Slam Cup was famous for paying out the highest prize money of any tournament in tennis . The winner for the first three years of the Cup received US$ 2 million in prize money , which dipped to $ 1.625 million in 1993 , rose to $ 1.875 million in 1996 and back to $ 2 million in 1997 before falling to $ 1.3 million in 1998 . If the Cup was won by a player who had also won a Grand Slam event that year they received a bonus of $ 1 million . Prize money for the winner of the two women 's Cups was fixed at $ 800,000 .   The Cup was not recognized by the Association of Tennis Professionals ( ATP ) for the course of its run , and participants did not receive points in the ATP computer rankings nor have it credited as an official career title . Following the discontinuation of the Cup in 1999 , the ATP decided to give the event full recognition and added it to players ' lists of official titles .   A compromise between the ITF and the ATP was announced on December 9 , 1999 which merged the Cup with the ATP Tour World Championship , the ATP 's year-end tournament also held annually in Germany , giving birth to the ATP World Tour Finals , an official tour event .   A direct result of the merging of the two competitions can still be seen in the qualification rules for the ATP World Tour Finals , which included one notable difference from those of the ATP Tour World Championship . The Tour World Championship was meant to include the top eight players on the ATP computer rankings at the end of a season , even though this could mean the exclusion of a Grand Slam champion who had not been able to earn sufficient ranking points in the rest of the year . Present Finals rules ensure the participation of a Grand Slam champion who is unable to earn a top eight ranking at the end of the season and automatic qualification for the top seven players in the computer rankings . The eighth ranked player , however , qualifies only if all Grand Slam singles champions are among the top eight . Any Grand Slam event champion who is not in the top eight but is still in the top twenty is included to the detriment of the eighth ranked player . This situation occurred at the 2004 Tennis Masters Cup , where Andre Agassi , the 8th ranked player in the ATP Champions Race , was excluded from the event in favor of Gastón Gaudio , who had won that year 's French Open but was ranked 10th at the end of the year .   Pete Sampras was the most successful player at this event winning two titles out of three final appearances .

neg: 1978 Virginia Slims of Detroit The 1978 Virginia Slims of Detroit was a women 's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Cobo Hall & Arena in Detroit , Michigan in the United States that was part of the 1978 Virginia Slims World Championship Series . It was the seventh edition of the tournament and was held from February 21 through February 26 , 1978 . First-seeded Martina Navratilova won the singles title and earned $ 20,000 first-prize money .

neg: Christopher Lewis (tennis) John Christopher Lewis ( born April 2 , 1956 ) is a former professional tennis player from the United States .

neg: 1984 Wightman Cup The 1984 Nabisco Wightman Cup was the 56th edition of the annual women 's team tennis competition between the United States and Great Britain . It was held at the Royal Albert Hall in London in England in the United Kingdom .

neg: 1957 U.S. National Championships (tennis) The 1957 U.S. National Championships ( now known as the US Open ) was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor grass courts at the West Side Tennis Club , Forest Hills in New York , United States . The tournament ran from 30 August until 8 September . It was the 77th staging of the U.S. National Championships , and the fourth Grand Slam tennis event of the year .

neg: Petits As Les Petits As ( English : Small champions ) is a premier junior tennis tournament for players aged 12 -- 14 . It is held in Tarbes , France . It is often considered to be the European equivalent of the Junior Orange Bowl in Florida , United States due to the high number of international players that it attracts .   The event has seen a number of its champions go on to become slam winners , including Rafael Nadal , Michael Chang , Martina Hingis , and Kim Clijsters . Due to the relatively restrictive age range , few players have won the title more than once , although Hingis and Timea Bacsinszky have both done so . Most recently , upcoming Spanish player Carlos Boluda became the first boy to do so .   The tournament is played on indoor Green Set ( hard ) courts . Roughly 7,000 players enter the pre-qualifying tournaments held across France , with that number being narrowed down to 350 for the final qualifying stage , and 64 for the final tournament . The event is regulated by the International Tennis Federation ( ITF ) and has businesses such as Head , Eurosport , Coca-Cola , and Peugeot amongst its portfolio of partners .

neg: Fed Cup Fed Cup is the premier international team competition in women 's tennis , launched in 1963 to celebrate the 50th Anniversary of the International Tennis Federation ( ITF ) . The competition was known as the Federation Cup until 1995 . The Fed Cup is the world 's largest annual women 's international team sports competition , in terms of the number of nations that compete .   The men 's equivalent of the Fed Cup is the Davis Cup . Australia , Czech Republic and the United States are the only countries that have held both the Fed Cup and Davis Cup at the same time .

neg: 1989 Family Circle Cup – Singles Martina Navratilova was the defending champion but lost in the semifinals to Natasha Zvereva .   Steffi Graf won in the final 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 1 against Zvereva .

neg: 2009 Wimbledon Championships The 2009 Wimbledon Championships took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon , London , from Monday 22 June through to Sunday 5 July 2009 . It was the 123rd staging of the Wimbledon Championships , and the third Grand Slam tennis event of the year .   Rafael Nadal did not defend his title after withdrawing from the tournament due to knee tendinitis . Roger Federer won his 6th Wimbledon title defeating rival Andy Roddick in the final in five sets . Federer 's victory marked his fifteenth Grand Slam title which broke the men 's all-time record . Venus Williams was unsuccessful in her title defence , being defeated in the final by her sister Serena , who won her first Wimbledon in 2002 .

neg: Clarisa Fernández Clarisa Fernández ( born 28 August 1981 ) is a retired Argentine tennis player who is best known for her semi-final appearance at the 2002 French Open , the first Argentine since Sabatini in 1992 to reach that stage . Fernández was ranked 87th in the world at the time of her shocking result . She defeated , in order : ( Q ) Lubomira Bacheva , Jelena Kostanić , Kim Clijsters , ( 13 ) Elena Dementieva , Paola Suárez , before losing to second-seeded Venus Williams in straight sets . .   Fernández is a crafty left-handed player . She turned professional in 1998 , and did not have much success before her appearance at the French Open . She has six ITF titles to her name , including one in 2006 . Since 2003 , Fernández has been plagued with injuries . She has suffered from tendinitis in her left shoulder , an injury to her left wrist , and to her right knee . Fernández enjoys playing on hard and grass courts . She was coached by Leonardo Lerda . Her tennis inspirations are Pete Sampras and Martina Navratilova .   In April 2008 , Fernández announced her retirement from professional tennis after a lengthy battle with knee injuries .

neg: Association of Tennis Professionals The Association of Tennis Professionals ( ATP ) was formed in September 1972 by Donald Dell , Bob Briner , Jack Kramer , and Cliff Drysdale to protect the interests of male professional tennis players . Drysdale became the first President . Since 1990 , the association has organized the worldwide tennis tour for men and linked the title of the tour with the organization 's name . In 1990 the organization was called the ATP Tour , which was renamed in 2001 as just ATP and the tour being called ATP Tour . In 2009 the name was changed again and is now known as the ATP World Tour . It is an evolution of the tour competitions previously known as Grand Prix tennis tournaments and World Championship Tennis ( WCT ) .   The ATP 's global headquarters are in London , United Kingdom . ATP Americas is based in Ponte Vedra Beach , United States ; ATP Europe is headquartered in Monaco ; and ATP International , which covers Africa , Asia and Australasia , is based in Sydney , Australia .   The counterpart organization in the women 's professional game is the Women 's Tennis Association ( WTA ) .

neg: Internazionali Femminili di Brescia The Internazionali Femminili di Brescia is a tournament for professional female tennis players played on outdoor clay courts . The event is classified as a $ 60,000 ITF Women 's Circuit tournament and has been held in Brescia , Italy , since 2008 .