query: There are Western Romance Languages.

pos: Western Romance languages Western Romance languages are one of the two subdivisions of a proposed subdivision of the Romance languages based on the La Spezia -- Rimini line . They include the Gallo-Romance and Iberian-Romance branches as well as northern Italian . The subdivision is based solely on the use of the `` s '' for pluralization and the weakening of some consonants , but that makes the categorization highly problematic because there is much higher lexical similarity between all dialects of Italian and French than between French and Spanish . There is also much higher morphological similarity between Spanish and Italian dialects than between Italian and French .   Based on mutual intelligibility , Dalby counts a dozen languages : Portuguese , Spanish , Asturian-Leonese , Aragonese , Catalan , Gascon , Provençal , Gallo-Wallon , French , Franco-Provençal , Romansh , and Ladin . This classification criterion is however problematic , due to the much higher levels of mutual intelligibility between Italic and Iberian languages than between either of these with Gallo-Romance languages .   Some classifications include Italo-Dalmatian ; the resulting clade is generally called Italo-Western Romance . Other classifications place Italo-Dalmatian with Eastern Romance .   Sardinian does not fit into either Western or Eastern Romance , and may have split off before either .   Today the four most-widely spoken standardized Western Romance languages are Spanish ( c. 410 million native ) , Portuguese ( c. 220 million native , another 45 million or so second-language speakers , mainly in Lusophone Africa ) , French ( c. 75 million native speakers , another 70 million or so second-language speakers , mostly in Francophone Africa ) , and Catalan ( c. 7.2 million native ) . Many of these languages have large numbers of non-native speakers ; this is especially the case for French , in widespread use throughout West Africa as a lingua franca .

neg: Cartularies of Valpuesta The Cartularies of Valpuesta are two medieval Spanish cartularies which belonged to a monastery in the locality of Valpuesta in what is now the province of Burgos , Castile and León , Spain . The cartularies are called the Gótico and the Galicano from the type of script used in each . They are housed in the National Archives of Spain .   The Cartularies of Valpuesta are a series of 12th-century Visigothic documents which , in turn , are copies of earlier documents , some of which date back to the 9th century . These cartularies contain an abundance of words of a developing Romance dialect and a copious list of place names in the Valley of Gaubea and the surrounding area . Probably no other codex of that period offers so many tokens of an incipient Romance language with similarities with modern Spanish . The scribes did not write in pure , erudite Latin , but rather in a more evolved , Romance-like Latin , to be better understood by the common people . The transcription took place during the formative period of the Kingdom of Castile , and it might reflect the early evolution of the Castilian dialect , although a written standard had yet to be established .   Although the authenticity of some of the texts is disputed , the cartularies are regarded as significant in the history of the Spanish language , and their status as manuscripts containing the earliest words written in Spanish has been promoted by the Spanish Royal Academy and other institutions , even though the documents are meant to be written in Latin . They are written in a very late form of Latin mixed with other elements of a Hispanic Romance dialect that corresponds in some traits with modern Spanish .   The preamble of the Statue of Autonomy of Castile and León mentions the cartularies , along with the Nodicia de Kesos , as documents that contain the earliest traces of Spanish ( las huellas más primitivas del castellano ) . However , there have been other documents with a claim to being the earliest in Spanish , notably , the Glosas Emilianenses ( marginalia of circa 1000 ce from La Rioja ) . In November of 2010 , the Spanish Royal Academy endorsed the cartularies -- written in `` a Latin language assaulted by a living language '' ( `` una lengua latina asaltada por una lengua viva '' ) -- as the record of the earliest words written in Castilian , predating those of the Glosas Emilianenses .

neg: Vowel chart vowels   In phonetics , a vowel is a sound in spoken language , with two competing definitions . In the more common phonetic definition , a vowel is a sound pronounced with an open vocal tract , so that the tongue does not touch the lips , teeth , or roof of the mouth , such as the English `` ah '' ɑː or `` oh '' oʊ . There is no build-up of air pressure at any point above the glottis . This contrasts with consonants , such as the English `` sh '' -LSB- -LSB- ʃː -RSB- -RSB- , which have a constriction or closure at some point along the vocal tract . In the other , phonological definition , a vowel is defined as syllabic , the sound that forms the peak of a syllable . A phonetically equivalent but non-syllabic sound is a semivowel .   In oral languages , phonetic vowels normally form the peak ( nucleus ) of many to all syllables , whereas consonants form the onset and ( in languages that have them ) coda . Some languages allow other sounds to form the nucleus of a syllable , such as the syllabic ( i.e. , vocalic ) l in the English word table -LSB- -LSB- ˈtʰeɪb.l̩ -RSB- -RSB- ( when not considered to have a weak vowel sound : -LSB- -LSB- ˈtʰeɪb.əl -RSB- -RSB- ) or the syllabic r in the Serbo-Croatian word vrt -LSB- -LSB- vr̩t -RSB- -RSB- `` garden '' .   The word vowel comes from the Latin word vocalis , meaning `` vocal '' ( `` relating to voice '' ) . In English , the word vowel is commonly used to mean both vowel sounds and the written symbols that represent them .   These letters are vowels in English : A , E , I , O , U , and sometimes Y and W in two words .

neg: False friend False friends are words in two languages ( or letters in two alphabets ) that look or sound similar , but differ significantly in meaning . An example is the English embarrassed and the Spanish embarazada ( which means pregnant ) , or the word sensible , which means reasonable in English , but sensitive in French and Spanish . Another example is the root L-H-M in Semitic languages ; while `` Lekhem '' in Hebrew and `` Laham '' in Syriac mean `` bread '' , `` Lahem '' in Arabic is `` meat '' .   The term is a shortened version of the expression `` false friend of a translator '' , the French version of which ( faux amis du traducteur ) was introduced by linguists Maxime Kœssler and Jules Derocquigny in 1928 , in the book Les Faux Amis ou les trahisons du vocabulaire anglais ( False Friends , or the Pitfalls of the English Vocabulary , with a sequel , Autres Mots anglais perfides ) .   There is often a partial overlap in meanings , which creates additional complications .   Similar words may also fail to catch all the nuance of each word in both languages . For instance , the French demande simply means a ` request ' , which is similar to but also very different from a demand in English and demandar in Spanish ( `` to sue '' ) .   The two `` false friends '' may actually be related , having the same origin . One example is in the instance of English `` cunt '' and Dutch `` kont '' ( buttocks ) , of which apart from the difference in meaning the former is highly vulgar while the latter is not . This is unlike `` false cognates '' , which are similar words in different languages that appear to have a common historical linguistic origin ( whatever their current meaning ) but actually do not .   As well as producing completely false friends , the use of loanwords often results in the use of a word in a restricted context , which may then develop new meanings not found in the original language . For example , angst means `` fear '' in a general sense ( as well as `` anxiety '' ) in German , but when it was borrowed into English in the context of psychology , its meaning was restricted to a particular type of fear described as `` a neurotic feeling of anxiety and depression '' . Also , gymnasium meant both ' a place of education ' and ' a place for exercise ' in Latin , but its meaning was restricted to the former in German and to the latter in English , making the expressions into false friends in those languages as well as in Greek , where it started out as ' a place for naked exercise ' .

neg: History of the Latin alphabet The Latin alphabet is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world . It is the standard script of the English language and is often referred to simply as `` the alphabet '' in English . It is a true alphabet which originated in the 7th century BC in Italy and has changed continually over the last 2500 years . It has roots in the Semitic alphabet and its offshoot alphabets , the Phoenician , Greek , and Etruscan . The phonetic values of some letters changed , some letters were lost and gained , and several writing styles ( `` hands '' ) developed . Two such styles , the minuscule and majuscule hands , were combined into one script with alternate forms for the lower and upper case letters . Due to classicism , modern uppercase letters differ only slightly from their classical counterparts . There are few regional variants .

neg: Denti-alveolar consonant In linguistics , a denti-alveolar consonant ( or dento-alveolar ) is a consonant that is articulated with a flat tongue against the alveolar ridge and upper teeth , such as -LSB- / t / -RSB- and -LSB- / d / -RSB- in languages such as Spanish and French . That is , a denti-alveolar consonant is one that is alveolar and laminal .   Although denti-alveolar consonants are often labeled as `` dental '' , because only the forward contact with the teeth is visible , it is the rear-most point of contact of the tongue that is most relevant , for this is what defines the maximum acoustic space of resonance and will give a consonant its characteristic sound .   In the case of French , the rear-most contact is alveolar or sometimes slightly pre-alveolar . Spanish -LSB- / t / -RSB- and -LSB- / d / -RSB- are laminal denti-alveolar , whereas -LSB- / l / -RSB- and -LSB- / n / -RSB- are alveolar ( though they assimilate to a following -LSB- / t / -RSB- or -LSB- / d / -RSB- ) . Similarly , Italian -LSB- / t / -RSB- , -LSB- / d / -RSB- , -LSB- / t͡s / -RSB- , -LSB- / d͡z / -RSB- are denti-alveolar , whereas -LSB- / l / -RSB- and -LSB- / n / -RSB- are alveolar .   The dental clicks are also laminal denti-alveolar .

neg: Rhaetian language Rhaetian -LSB- ˈriːʃən -RSB- or Rhaetic ( Raetic ) -LSB- ˈriːtᵻk -RSB- was a language spoken in the ancient region of Rhaetia in the Eastern Alps in pre-Roman and Roman times . It is documented by a limited number of short inscriptions ( found through Northern Italy , Southern Germany , Eastern Switzerland , Slovenia and Western Austria ) in two variants of the Etruscan alphabet . Its linguistic categorization is not clearly established , and it presents a confusing mixture of what appear to be Etruscan , Indo-European and uncertain other elements .   The ancient Rhaetic language is not the same as one of the modern Romance languages of the same Alpine region , known as Rhaeto-Romance , but both are sometimes referred to as `` Rhaetian '' .

neg: Chivalric romance As a literary genre of high culture , romance or chivalric romance is a type of prose and verse narrative that was popular in the aristocratic circles of High Medieval and Early Modern Europe . They were fantastic stories about marvel-filled adventures , often of a knight-errant portrayed as having heroic qualities , who goes on a quest , yet it is `` the emphasis on love and courtly manners distinguishes it from the chanson de geste and other kinds of epic , in which masculine military heroism predominates . '' Popular literature also drew on themes of romance , but with ironic , satiric or burlesque intent . Romances reworked legends , fairy tales , and history to suit the readers ' and hearers ' tastes , but by c. 1600 they were out of fashion , and Miguel de Cervantes famously burlesqued them in his novel Don Quixote . Still , the modern image of `` medieval '' is more influenced by the romance than by any other medieval genre , and the word medieval evokes knights , distressed damsels , dragons , and other romantic tropes .   Originally , romance literature was written in Old French , Anglo-Norman , Occitan , and Provençal , and later in Portuguese , in Castilian , in English , in Italian ( particularly with the Sicilian poetry ) and German . During the early 13th century , romances were increasingly written as prose . In later romances , particularly those of French origin , there is a marked tendency to emphasize themes of courtly love , such as faithfulness in adversity .

neg: Gallaecian language Northwestern Hispano-Celtic or Gallaecian is an extinct Celtic language , and was one of the Hispano-Celtic languages . It was spoken at the beginning of the 1st millennium in the northwest corner of the Iberian Peninsula that became the Roman province of Gallaecia , and is now divided between the modern regions of Galicia , western Asturias , the Province of León and Norte Region , Portugal .

neg: Portuñol Portuñol ( Spanish spelling ) or Portunhol ( Portuguese spelling ) is the name often given to any unsystematic mixture of Portuguese with Spanish . The word is a portmanteau of the words Portugués / Português ( `` Portuguese '' ) and Español / Espanhol ( `` Spanish '' ) .   Portuñol , or Portunhol , is a lingua franca , or simplified mixture of the two languages , that allows speakers of either Spanish or Portuguese who are not proficient in the other language to communicate with one another . When speakers of one of the languages attempt to speak the other language , there is often interference from the native language , which causes the phenomenon of code-switching to occur . It is possible to conduct a moderately fluent conversation in this way because Portuguese and Spanish are closely related Romance languages . They have almost identical syntactic structures , as well as overlapping lexicons due to cognates , which means that a single macro-grammar is produced when the two mix . The phrase en el hueco de la noite longa e langue illustrates a code-switch between the Spanish article la and the Portuguese noun noite . This example reveals the grammatical possibilities of code-switching between the two languages .   Language contact between Spanish and Portuguese is the result of sustained contact between the two languages in border communities and multilingual trade environments . Such regions include the border regions between Portugal and Spain in the Iberian Peninsula , as well as the ones between Brazil , whose official language is Portuguese , and most of its neighboring countries , such as Uruguay and Paraguay , whose official languages are Spanish . Because Portuñol is a spontaneous register resulting from the occasional mixing of Spanish and Portuguese , it is highly diverse ; there is no one dialect or standard of Portuñol . There does , however , tend to be a stronger presence of Spanish in Portuñol .   In recent years , Portuñol has begun to appear in realms other than everyday speech . It has become a literary medium , especially in Uruguay and Brazil . María Jesus Fernández García describes it as a linguistic recreation of the actual language . However , she goes on to say that the literature only occasionally provides a true representation of Portuñol , and that authors often choose to select only some of the features that are characteristic of Portuñol . One important literary work written in Portuñol is Mar paraguayo by Brazilian author Wilson Bueno . The following passage shows the mixing of Spanish and Portuguese in his novel .   The appearance of Portuñol has prompted two opposing opinions or attitudes towards its existence . On the one hand , it is viewed as the product of laziness among speakers unwilling to learn a different language . On the other hand , it is seen as the logical product of globalization . As far as the future of Portuñol is concerned , according to Francisco A. Marcos-Marín , it is too difficult to evaluate possible repercussions that Portuñol could have on future linguistic maps because it is not easy to separate linguistic tendencies that are merely in style and those that are permanent .

neg: Diglossia In linguistics , diglossia ( -LSB- daɪˈɡlɒsiə -RSB- from Koine Greek διγλωσσία from δι - prefix `` two '' ( from δίς , `` twice '' ) , γλῶσσα , `` language '' and - ία , suffix denoting state or attribute , `` speaking two languages '' ) is a situation in which two dialects or languages are used by a single language community . In addition to the community 's everyday or vernacular language variety ( labeled `` L '' or `` low '' variety ) , a second , highly codified variety ( labeled `` H '' or `` high '' ) is used in certain situations such as literature , formal education , or other specific settings , but not used for ordinary conversation .   The high variety may be an older stage of the same language ( e.g. , Latin in the early Middle Ages ) , an unrelated language , or a distinct yet closely related present day dialect ( e.g. , Standard German alongside Low German ( Plattdüütsch ) ; or Chinese , with Mandarin as the official , literary standard and local varieties of Chinese used in everyday communication ) . Other examples include literary Katharevousa versus spoken Demotic Greek ; literary Tamil versus spoken Tamil and Indonesian , with its Baku and Gaul forms ; and literary versus spoken Welsh .

neg: Language Language is the ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication , particularly the human ability to do so , and a language is any specific example of such a system . The scientific study of language is called linguistics . Questions concerning the philosophy of language , such as whether words can represent experience , have been debated since Gorgias and Plato in Ancient Greece . Thinkers such as Rousseau have argued that language originated from emotions while others like Kant have held that it originated from rational and logical thought . 20th-century philosophers such as Wittgenstein argued that philosophy is really the study of language . Major figures in linguistics include Ferdinand de Saussure and Noam Chomsky .   Estimates of the number of languages in the world vary between 5,000 and 7,000 . However , any precise estimate depends on a partly arbitrary distinction between languages and dialects . Natural languages are spoken or signed , but any language can be encoded into secondary media using auditory , visual , or tactile stimuli -- for example , in whistling , signed , or braille . This is because human language is modality-independent . Depending on philosophical perspectives regarding the definition of language and meaning , when used as a general concept , `` language '' may refer to the cognitive ability to learn and use systems of complex communication , or to describe the set of rules that makes up these systems , or the set of utterances that can be produced from those rules . All languages rely on the process of semiosis to relate signs to particular meanings . Oral , manual and tactile languages contain a phonological system that governs how symbols are used to form sequences known as words or morphemes , and a syntactic system that governs how words and morphemes are combined to form phrases and utterances .   Human language has the properties of productivity and displacement , and relies entirely on social convention and learning . Its complex structure affords a much wider range of expressions than any known system of animal communication . Language is thought to have originated when early hominins started gradually changing their primate communication systems , acquiring the ability to form a theory of other minds and a shared intentionality . This development is sometimes thought to have coincided with an increase in brain volume , and many linguists see the structures of language as having evolved to serve specific communicative and social functions . Language is processed in many different locations in the human brain , but especially in Broca 's and Wernicke 's areas . Humans acquire language through social interaction in early childhood , and children generally speak fluently when they are approximately three years old . The use of language is deeply entrenched in human culture . Therefore , in addition to its strictly communicative uses , language also has many social and cultural uses , such as signifying group identity , social stratification , as well as social grooming and entertainment .   Languages evolve and diversify over time , and the history of their evolution can be reconstructed by comparing modern languages to determine which traits their ancestral languages must have had in order for the later developmental stages to occur . A group of languages that descend from a common ancestor is known as a language family . The Indo-European family is the most widely spoken and includes languages as diverse as English , Russian and Hindi ; the Sino-Tibetan family , which includes Mandarin , Bodo and the other Chinese languages , and Tibetan ; the Afro-Asiatic family , which includes Arabic , Somali , and Hebrew ; the Bantu languages , which include Swahili , and Zulu , and hundreds of other languages spoken throughout Africa ; and the Malayo-Polynesian languages , which include Indonesian , Malay , Tagalog , and hundreds of other languages spoken throughout the Pacific . The languages of the Dravidian family that are spoken mostly in Southern India include Tamil and Telugu . Academic consensus holds that between 50 % and 90 % of languages spoken at the beginning of the 21st century will probably have become extinct by the year 2100 .

neg: English in computing The English language is sometimes described as the lingua franca of computing . In comparison to other sciences , where Latin and Greek are the principal sources of vocabulary , computer science borrows more extensively from English . Due to the technical limitations of early computers , and the lack of international standards on the Internet , computer users were limited to using English and the Latin alphabet . However , this historical limitation is less present today . Most software products are localized in numerous languages and the use of the Unicode character encoding has resolved problems with non-Latin alphabets . Some limitations have only been changed recently , such as with domain names , which previously allowed only ASCII characters .

neg: List of adjectival and demonymic forms for countries and nations The following is a list of adjectival forms of countries and nations in English and their demonymic equivalents . A country adjective describes something as being from that country , for example , `` Italian cuisine '' is `` cuisine of Italy '' . A country demonym denotes the people or the inhabitants of or from there , for example , `` Germans '' are people of or from Germany .  Note : Demonyms are given in plural forms . Singular forms simply remove the final 's ' or , in the case of - ese endings , are the same as the plural forms .  The ending - men has feminine equivalent - women ( e.g. an Irishman and a Scotswoman ) . The French terminations - ois / ais serve as both the singular and plural masculine ; adding ` e ' ( - oise / aise ) makes them singular feminine ; ` es ' ( - oises / aises ) makes them plural feminine . The Spanish and Portuguese terminations '' - o '' usually denotes the masculine and is normally changed to feminine by dropping the '' - o '' and adding '' - a '' . The plural forms are usually '' - os '' and '' - as '' respectively .   Adjectives ending in - ish can be used as collective demonyms ( e.g. the English , the Cornish ) . So can those ending in - ch / - tch ( e.g. the French , the Dutch ) provided they are pronounced with a ` ch ' sound ( e.g. the adjective Czech does not qualify ) .   Many place-name adjectives and many demonyms refer also to various other things , sometimes with and sometimes without one or more additional words . ( Sometimes , the use of one or more additional words is optional . ) Notable examples are cuisines , cheeses , cat breeds , dog breeds , and horse breeds . ( See List of words derived from toponyms . )   Note - in cases where two or more adjectival forms are given , there is often a subtle difference in usage between the two . This is particularly the case with Central Asian countries where one form tends to relate to the nation and the other often relates to the predominant ethnic group ( e.g. , Uzbek is primarily an ethnicity , Uzbekistani relates to citizens of Uzbekistan ) .   In addition , several countries have a large number of sub-names for their citizens in the form of nicknames for people of certain different areas ; these are usually related to something typical of the area . In Puerto Rico for example , people who come from the town of Bayamon are referred to as `` Cowboy ( s ) '' or `` Cowgirl ( s ) '' ; those from Caguas are referred to as `` Criollo ( s ) '' or `` Criolla ( s ) '' . Except in cases such as Spain , in which sub-names have been used interchangeably by others , sub-names belonging to some areas in a country are not listed here .

neg: Greek language Greek ( Modern Greek : ελληνικά -LSB- eliniˈka -RSB- , elliniká , `` Greek '' , ελληνική γλώσσα -LSB- eliniˈci ˈɣlosa -RSB- , ellinikí glóssa , `` Greek language '' ) is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages , native to Greece and other parts of the Eastern Mediterranean . It has the longest documented history of any living language , spanning 34 centuries of written records . Its writing system has been the Greek alphabet for the major part of its history ; other systems , such as Linear B and the Cypriot syllabary , were used previously . The alphabet arose from the Phoenician script and was in turn the basis of the Latin , Cyrillic , Armenian , Coptic , Gothic and many other writing systems .   The Greek language holds an important place in the history of the Western world and Christianity ; the canon of ancient Greek literature includes seminal works in the Western canon such as the epic poems Iliad and Odyssey . Greek is also the language in which many of the foundational texts in science , especially astronomy , mathematics and logic , and Western philosophy , such as the Platonic dialogues and the works of Aristotle , are composed ; the New Testament of the Christian Bible was written in Koiné Greek . Together with the Latin texts and traditions of the Roman world , the study of the Greek texts and society of antiquity constitutes the discipline of Classics .   During antiquity , Greek was a widely spoken lingua franca in the Mediterranean world and many places beyond . It would eventually become the official parlance of the Byzantine Empire and develop into Medieval Greek . In its modern form , the Greek language is the official language in two countries , Greece and Cyprus , a recognised minority language in seven other countries , and is one of the 24 official languages of the European Union . The language is spoken by at least 13.2 million people today in Greece , Cyprus , Italy , Albania , Turkey , and the Greek diaspora .   Greek roots are often used to coin new words for other languages ; Greek and Latin are the predominant sources of international scientific vocabulary .

neg: Sprachbund A sprachbund ( -LSB- ˈsprɑːkbʊnd -RSB- -LSB- ˈʃpʁaːxbʊnt -RSB- , `` federation of languages '' ) -- also known as a linguistic area , area of linguistic convergence , diffusion area or language crossroads -- is a group of languages that have common features resulting from geographical proximity and language contact . They may be genetically unrelated , or only distantly related . Where genetic affiliations are unclear , the sprachbund characteristics might give a false appearance of relatedness . Areal features are common features of a group of languages in a sprachbund .

neg: List of adjectivals and demonyms for subcontinental regions The following is a list of adjectival forms of subcontinental regions in English and their demonymic equivalents , which denote the people or the inhabitants of these subcontinental regions .   Note : Demonyms are given in plural forms . Singular forms simply remove the final 's ' or , in the case of - ese endings , are the same as the plural forms .  The ending - men has feminine equivalent - women ( e.g. an Irishman and a Scotswoman ) . The French terminations - ois / ais serve as both the singular and plural masculine ; adding ` e ' ( - oise / aise ) makes them singular feminine ; ` es ' ( - oises / aises ) makes them plural feminine . The Spanish termination '' - o '' usually denotes the masculine and is normally changed to feminine by dropping the '' - o '' and adding '' - a '' . The plural forms are usually '' - os '' and '' - as '' respectively .   Adjectives ending - ish can be used as collective demonyms ( e.g. the English , the Cornish ) . So can those ending in - ch / - tch ( e.g. the French , the Dutch ) provided they are pronounced with a ` ch ' sound ( e.g. the adjective Czech does not qualify ) .   Where an adjective is a link , the link is to the language or dialect of the same name . ( Reference : Ethnologue , Languages of the World )   Many place-name adjectives and many demonyms refer also to various other things , sometimes with and sometimes without one or more additional words . ( Sometimes , the use of one or more additional words is optional . ) Notable examples are cheeses , cat breeds , dog breeds , and horse breeds . ( See List of words derived from toponyms . )   Where an adjective is a link , the link is to the language or dialect of the same name .

neg: Castilians Castilians ( Spanish : castellanos ) are certain inhabitants in regions of central Spain including at least the eastern part of Castile and León , the northern and eastern parts of Castile-La Mancha , and the Madrid community , who are the source of the Spanish language ( Castilian ) among other aspects of cultural identity . However , not all people in the regions of the medieval Kingdom of Castile think of themselves as Castilian . For this reason , the exact limits of what Castile is today are disputed . As an ethnicity , they are most commonly associated with the sparsely populated inner plateau of the Iberian peninsula , which is split in two by the Sistema Central mountain range and Northern or `` Old Castile '' from southern or `` New Castile '' , the latter being somewhat closer in terms of culture and dialect to southern regions of Spain such as Andalusia , Extremadura and Murcia .   Through the Reconquista and other conquests in the Middle Ages , the Kingdom of Castile ( later Crown of Castile ) spread over a large part of the Iberian Peninsula , especially towards the southern Spanish regions . After this , since the 15th century , through the Spanish colonization of the Americas , the Castilians also spread over the New World , bringing with them not only their language , but also elements of their culture and traditions .

neg: Southwestern Lombard Southwestern Lombard is a group of dialects of Western Lombard language spoken in the provinces of Pavia , Lodi , Novara , Cremona , in the south of the historic Insubria , and comprises Pavese dialect , Lodigiano dialect , Nuaresat dialect , Cremunéez dialect and others .

neg: Continental Europe Continental Europe , also referred to as mainland Europe , or , by Europeans , simply the Continent , is the continuous continent of Europe , excluding surrounding islands .   The most common definition of continental Europe excludes continental islands , encompassing the Greek Islands , Cyprus , Malta , Sicily , Sardinia , Corsica , the Balearic Islands , Ireland , Great Britain , the Isle of Man , the Channel Islands , Novaya Zemlya and the Danish archipelago , as well as nearby oceanic islands , including the Canary Islands , Madeira , the Azores , Iceland , the Faroe Islands , and Svalbard .   The Scandinavian peninsula is sometimes also excluded , as even though it is technically part of `` mainland Europe '' , the de facto connections to the rest of the continent are across the Baltic Sea or North Sea ( rather than via the lengthy land route that involves travelling to the north of the peninsula where it meets Finland , and then south through north-east Europe ) .   The notion of Europe as a geopolitical or cultural term is centred on core Europe ( Kerneuropa ) , the continental territory of the historical Carolingian Empire and the core of Latin Christendom , corresponding to modern France , Italy , Germany ( or German-speaking Europe ) and the Benelux states ( historical Austrasia ) . This historical core of `` Carolingian Europe '' was consciously invoked in the 1950s as the historical ethno-cultural basis for the prospective European integration ( see also Multi-speed Europe ) .

neg: Latin Europe Latin Europe may refer to :   Romance-speaking Europe , the areas of Europe where Romance languages are spoken  Legacy of the Roman Empire , the cultural and religious legacy of the Roman Empire and its distribution  Western Christianity , the areas of Europe where Latin was used as the liturgical language of the church during the Middle Ages


query: Boris Karloff was born in November 1887.

pos: Boris Karloff William Henry Pratt ( 23 November 1887 -- 2 February 1969 ) , better known by his stage name Boris Karloff , was an English actor who was primarily known for his typecast roles in horror films that depicted the characters Frankenstein and The Mummy .   He portrayed Frankenstein 's monster in Frankenstein ( 1931 ) , Bride of Frankenstein ( 1935 ) , and Son of Frankenstein ( 1939 ) , which resulted in his immense popularity . He also appeared as Imhotep in The Mummy ( 1932 ) .   His best-known non-horror role is as the Grinch , as well as the narrator , in the animated television special of Dr. Seuss 's How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1966 ) . Karloff guest starred in a 1966 TV episode of The Wild Wild West , `` The Night of the Golden Cobra '' . He also had a memorable role in the original Scarface ( 1932 ) . For his contribution to film and television , Boris Karloff was awarded two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame .

neg: In the Name of Life In the Name of Life ( -LSB- Во имя жизни , Vo imya zhizni -RSB- ) is a 1947 Soviet drama film directed by Iosif Kheifits and Aleksandr Zarkhi and starring Viktor Khokhryakov , Mikhail Kuznetsov and Oleg Zhakov .

neg: The Ghost That Never Returns The Ghost That Never Returns ( -LSB- Привидение , которое не возвращается , Prividenie , kotoroe ne vozvrashchaetsya -RSB- ) is a 1930 Soviet made part-sound drama film . It was directed by Abram Room based on a novel by Henri Barbusse .   It is preserved at the Library of Congress .

neg: Brother Theodore Brother Theodore ( born Theodore Gottlieb ; November 11 , 1906 -- April 5 , 2001 ) was a German-American monologuist and comedian known for rambling , stream-of-consciousness dialogues which he called `` stand-up tragedy '' . He was a man described as `` Boris Karloff , surrealist Salvador Dalí , Nijinsky and Red Skelton ... simultaneously '' .

neg: Valentin Gaft Valentin Yosifovich Gaft ( Валенти́н Ио́сифович Гафт born 2 September 1935 in Moscow ) is a Russian and Soviet actor , People 's Artist of Russia ( 1984 ) .

neg: Igor Ilyinsky Igor Vladimirovich Ilyinsky ( И́горь Влади́мирович Ильи́нский 24 July 1901 -- 13 January 1987 ) was a famous Russian film and stage actor , director and comedian .

neg: Boris Grigoriev Boris Grigoriev ( Бори́с Дми́триевич Григо́рьев 11 July 1886 -- 7 February 1939 ) was a Russian painter and graphic artist .

neg: Bedlam (film) Bedlam ( 1946 ) is a film starring Boris Karloff and Anna Lee , and was the last in a series of stylish horror B films produced by Val Lewton for RKO Radio Pictures . The film was inspired by William Hogarth 's A Rake 's Progress , and Hogarth was given a writing credit .

neg: Isle of the Dead (film) Isle of the Dead ( 1945 ) is a horror film made for RKO Radio Pictures by producer Val Lewton . The movie had a script inspired by the painting Isle of the Dead by Arnold Böcklin , which appears behind the title credits , though the film was originally titled `` Camilla '' during production . ( Another of Lewton 's films , I Walked With a Zombie , has the painting hung in the main room of the movie . ) It was written by frequent Lewton collaborator Ardel Wray and directed by Mark Robson . It was the fourth of five pictures Robson directed for Lewton and starred Boris Karloff . Karloff would work on two other pictures with Lewton , although the Isle of the Dead came out of second .

neg: Nikolay Khlibko Nikolay Selivesterovich Khlibko ( November 28 , 1919 -- November 17 , 1993 ) was a Soviet and Russian theatre , cinema actor and artistic director .

neg: Vsevolod Frederiks Vsevolod Konstantinovich Frederiks ( or Fréedericksz ; Всеволод Константинович Фредерикс -LSB- ˈvʲsʲɛvəɫəd fʲrʲɪdʲɪˈrʲiks -RSB- ; April 29 , 1885 , Warsaw -- January 6 , 1944 , Gorkiy ) was a Russian/Soviet physicist . His primary contribution to physics was in the field of liquid crystals . The Frederiks transition was named after him .   After high school Frederiks attended Geneva University and for one semester attended the lectures of Paul Langevin in Paris . After defending his thesis and obtaining his PhD , Fredericks decided to continue his studies at Göttingen University . He was there for more than eight years , and with the outbreak of World War I he became a civil prisoner . During that period he became personal assistant to David Hilbert .   In the summer of 1918 Frederiks returned to Russia , and worked at the Institute of Physics and Biophysics in Moscow . In 1919 he became a lecturer at the University of Petrograd .   He was arrested by the NKVD in 1937 , and although released before the war he died before reaching home .

neg: Boris Plotnikov Boris Grigoryevich Plotnikov ( Борис Григорьевич Плотников , born 2 April 1949 ) is a Soviet and Russian film actor . His film debut was as Sotnikov in The Ascent , the acclaimed final film of Russian director Larisa Shepitko .   Honored Artist of Russia ( 1992 ) . People 's Artist of Russia ( 1998 ) .

neg: Jack of Diamonds (artists) Jack of Diamonds ( `` Бубновый валет '' , Romanized : Bubnovyi Valet ) , also called Knave Of Diamonds , was a group of avant-garde artists founded in 1910 in Moscow . The group remained active until December 1917 .

neg: October: Ten Days That Shook the World October : Ten Days That Shook the World translit . Oktyabr ' : Desyat ' dney kotorye potryasli mir ) is a 1928 Soviet silent historical film by Sergei Eisenstein and Grigori Aleksandrov . It is a celebratory dramatization of the 1917 October Revolution commissioned for the tenth anniversary of the event . Originally released as October in the Soviet Union , the film was re-edited and released internationally as Ten Days That Shook The World , after John Reed 's popular book on the Revolution . In U.S. released by Amkino Corporation and First National ( later was a subsidiary of Warner Bros. ) .

neg: Mikhail Tarkhanov (actor) Mikhail Mikhaylovich Moskvin ( Михаил Михайлович Москвин , 19 September 1877 , Moscow , Imperial Russia , -- 18 August 1948 , Moscow , USSR ) was a Russian and Soviet stage actor and theatre director , better known by his stage name Mikhail Tarkhanov .   Having made his stage debut in 1898 on stage the Ryazan Theatre , he performed in numerous troupes ( including those led by Nikolai Sinelnikov and Vasily Kachalov ) before joining the Moscow Art Theatre in 1922 where he soon became one of the leading actors and , in the late 1920s , a stage director . In 1935 he started to teach drama and in 1942-1948 was the head of Russian Academy of Theatre Arts .   In 1937 Tarkhanov was awarded the prestigious People 's Artist of the USSR title . He was the recipient on numerous high-profile Soviet state awards , including the Order of Lenin ( 1838 , 1947 ) and the Order of the Red Banner of Labour ( 1937 ) as well as the Stalin Prize laureate ( 1943 , 1st Grade ) .   In 1923-1937 he was cast in 9 films , most of them the Russian classics adaptations , including Raskolnikow , The Storm ( 1933 ) , The Youth of Maxim ( 1934 ) , Dubrovsky ( 1936 ) and Pyotr Pervyy ( 1937 ) .   The actor Ivan Moskvin was his younger brother .

neg: Boris Shtokolov Boris Timofeyevich Shtokolov ( Бори́с Тимофе́евич Што́колов March 19 , 1930 -- January 6 , 2005 ) was a famous Soviet and Russian singer , one of the greatest basses of the 20th century .   Boris Shtokolov was born in the settlement of Kuzedeyevo in Gorno-Shorsky District of Kuznetsk Okrug in Siberian Krai ( now in Novokuznetsky District of Kemerovo Oblast ) . In 1949 , he entered the Ural State Conservatory in Sverdlovsk ( now Yekaterinburg ) but wanted to become a military pilot . Georgy Zhukov , having heard his singing , said : `` There are many guys like you in aviation , but in opera singing you are unique '' . In 1950 and 1951 , he was singing at the Sverdlovsk Philharmonic Society before he became a soloist at the Sverdlovsk Opera and Ballet Theater . In 1959 , he was invited to the Mariinsky Theater in Leningrad ( now St. Petersburg ) where he gained world fame as a leading soloist from 1959 to 1989 . At the Mariinsky Theater he sang a great number of roles , such as Ruslan , Don Basilio , Boris Godunov , Ivan Susanin , the title role in Anton Rubinstein 's The Demon , Prince Gremin , Mefistofele , and many others .   He died on 6 January 2005 in St. Petersburg , and was buried at the Literatorskie Mostki of the Volkovo Cemetery .   Boris Shtokolov was also a prominent theorist of opera singing and respiration techniques . In 1995 , he published a book Burn , Burn , My Star : How to Sing .

neg: Viktor Bilibin Viktor Viktorovich Bilibin ( Виктор Викторович Билибин , 2 February 1859 , Saint Petersburg , Imperial Russia , -- 25 June 1908 , Saint Petersburg ) was a Russian writer and playwright , one of the leading Russian humourists and satirists of the late 19th century , who used the pen name I. Grek . His best-known stories were collected in the books Love and Laughter ( Любовь и смех , 1882 ) , Humour and Fantasy ( Юмор и фантазия , 1897 ) and Humorous Patterns ( Юмористические узоры , 1898 ) . After Nikolai Leykin 's death he became the editor-in-chief of Oskolki ( 1906 -- 1908 ) .   Bilibin was a friend of Anton Chekhov , whom he corresponded with for 15 years ( since 1885 ) . The two co-authored at least one humorous sketch `` Motley Fairytales '' ( Пёстрые сказки , Novaya Gazeta , 1886 ) , signed The Two Ajaxes . Chekhov admired Bilibin 's sketches , referred to him as ` great talent ' and cited him as an early influence .   Bilibin authored several humorous plays ; they were produced by Alexandrinsky Theatre , as well as numerous provincial troupes , but failed to impress the critics . Alexander Amfiteatrov commented : `` This man had been created for subtle , intelligent irony but in the long run chose to serve the primitive , guttural laughter . And he lost his gift of a humorist . ''

neg: The Ape (1940 film) The Ape is a 1940 American horror film made for Monogram Pictures , co-written by Curt Siodmak and starring Boris Karloff .   It was the last film in Karloff 's nine-picture contract with Monogram .

neg: Boris Solotareff Boris Solotareff ( October 23 , 1889 -- July 1966 ) was a Russian painter . He was active in Munich , Switzerland , and France , but spent the majority of his career in New York where he became a naturalized American citizen in 1949 . Solotareff made use of a variety of styles ; according to the Benezit Dictionary of Artists , his `` work was in the mainstream of Eastern European Expressionism , with influences of Art Deco from the time when he lived in Paris . '' Solotareff 's paintings have been exhibited widely , including the `` Cinquantenaire Du Symbolisme '' exhibition at the Bibliothèque Nationale ( 1936 ) , the Vendome Galleries ( New York , 1938 ) , and the `` Exhibition of oils and water colors '' at the Charles Barzansky Galleries from October 1 -- 20 , 1940 .

neg: Vladimir Ilyin (actor) Vladimir Adolfovich Ilyin ( Влади́мир Адо́льфович Ильи́н born 16 November 1947 ) is a Soviet and Russian actor . He was awarded People 's Artist of Russia in 1999 .

neg: Woman's World (1967 film) Woman 's World ( -LSB- Бабье царство , Babye tsarstvo -RSB- ) is a 1967 war film directed by Alexey Saltykov . The film was a box-office leader in the USSR in the year 1968 , fourth place - 49.6 million viewers .


query: The World Science Festival is a 501 non-profit organization.

pos: World Science Festival The World Science Festival is an annual science festival produced by the World Science Foundation , a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non-profit organization headquartered in New York City .   The foundation 's mission is to cultivate a general public informed by science , inspired by its wonder , convinced of its value , and prepared to engage with its implications for the future .

neg: Anti-nuclear groups in the United States More than eighty anti-nuclear groups are operating , or have operated , in the United States . These include : Abalone Alliance , Clamshell Alliance , Greenpeace USA , Institute for Energy and Environmental Research , Musicians United for Safe Energy , Nevada Desert Experience , Nuclear Control Institute , Nuclear Information and Resource Service , Public Citizen Energy Program , Shad Alliance , and the Sierra Club . These are direct action , environmental , health , and public interest organizations who oppose nuclear weapons and/or nuclear power . In 1992 , the chairman of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission said that `` his agency had been pushed in the right direction on safety issues because of the pleas and protests of nuclear watchdog groups '' .   Some of the most influential groups in the anti-nuclear movement have had members who included Nobel Laureates ( e.g. , Linus Pauling and Hermann Joseph Muller ) . These scientists have belonged primarily to two groups : the Federation of American Scientists , and the Committee for Nuclear Responsibility .

neg: World Youth Day 2002 The 17th World Youth Day 2002 ( WYD2002 ) was a Catholic youth festival held July 23-July 28 , 2002 , in Toronto , Canada . World Youth Day is a celebration of faith begun by Pope John Paul II held on an international level every two to three years , and WYD2002 was the 10th such event . It was also Pope John Paul II 's last World Youth day . An estimated 400,000-500 ,000 youths from all over the world participated in the week-long festival . Although WYD is designed for Catholics , it attracts sizable numbers of youths from other faiths and denominations and was presented as a multi-faith celebration of young people from all over the world .   As the event is ultimately an expression of faith , and a critical expression of faith is through service to others , World Youth Day 2002 had the support of some 25,000 volunteers ; and some 100,000 pilgrims themselves spent three hours each on one of 750 service projects .   The theme of the event was `` You are the salt of the earth ... you are the light of the world '' ( Matthew 5:13 -14 ) .   The groundswell of Catholic spirituality following World Youth Day 2002 in Canada led to the establishment of Canada 's first national Catholic television network , Salt + Light Television . Fr . Thomas Rosica , who was the National Director of WYD2002 , is also the founder and Chief Executive Officer of this new television station .

neg: CrossWorld Crossworld is an international non-profit organization that works to bring Christian faith and values to unreached marketplaces of the world and to make disciples of Jesus Christ .   __ TOC __

neg: Westercon Westercon ( occasionally WesterCon ; long version West Coast Science Fantasy Conference ) is a regional science fiction and fantasy convention founded in September 1948 by Walter J. Daugherty of the Los Angeles Science Fantasy Society . The original full name was West Coast Scienti-Fantasy Conference .

neg: VerCiência VerCiência is an International Exhibition of Science on TV .   Annual festival devoted to science communication on television created in Brazil in 1994 by Sergio Moraes Castanheira Brandao and José Renato Campos Monteiro .   It is a non-competitive , non-commercial and non-profitable event , with free admission to the general public in all sessions .   The main objective of the VerCiência Project is to encourage and promote the dissemination of knowledge and scientific culture through television . It has the support of the Ministry of Science Technology and Innovation of Brazil as part of the Brazilian National Week of Science and Technology . The main sponsor of VerCiência is Petrobras .   The annual VerCiência exhibitions take place simultaneously in several Brazilian cities , such as Rio de Janeiro , São Paulo and Brasília , usually in the third week of October ( coinciding with the National Week of Science and Technology ) and consist in the exhibition of a selection of science TV programmes produced in Brazil and other countries .   Among main traditional international participants of the Ver Ciência exhibitions are the BBC ( UK ) and WGBH ( US ) , with programmes such as Horizon and Nova , good examples of how science and technology can be conveyed in an interesting and informative manner to the general public .

neg: Ciudad de las Ideas (conference) La Ciudad de las Ideas ( CDI ) is a conference created by Andrés Roemer , to empower citizens and present innovative ideas in science , technology , art , design , politics , education , culture , business , entertainment and other areas of knowledge . CDI created a 21-minute format to encourage debate . Daniel Dennett called it the '' brain Olympics . ''   CDI speakers have included Nobel Prize winners Jerome Isaac Friedman , Mario J. Molina , Jody Williams , Daniel Kahneman and Paul Krugman ; researchers Robert Sapolsky , Steven Pinker , Eduard Punset , Clotaire Rapaille , Tim Berners-Lee , David Buss , Richard Dawkins , Michael Shermer , Craig Venter and Randi Zuckerberg ; and Oscar nominees Adame Pesapane ( PES ) and Oliver Stone .   Since 2008 , up to 3,600 attendees have gathered every November in the center of Puebla .   The head and curator of CDI is Andrés Roemer , partner of the NGO Poder Civico A.C. , together with Ricardo Salinas Pliego , President and CEO of Grupo Salinas . The thematic approach of the curator of the speakers is as follows : `` Scholars/Policy and Makers '' ( leading academics and public policy makers ) , `` Mex-I-Can '' ( talented Mexicans ) , `` W-Under18 '' ( children and young people ) , Debates , Art , Emotional , Technology , Artistic Interventions , and Entertainment .   The festival has been promoted in Azteca Trece and Proyecto 40 and on the event 's website , social media , and through a science bookstore located at the festival site .   Since June 9 , 2008 , over 231 festival speakers have had their presentations published online . Fifty percent of the audience are between 16 and 25 years old .

neg: WE Charity WE Charity , formerly known as Free The Children , is a worldwide development charity and youth empowerment movement founded in 1995 by human rights advocates Craig Kielburger and Marc Kielburger . The organization focuses on young people , with programs in Canada , the U.S. and U.K. for service learning and active citizenship , and international development projects in Asia , Africa and Latin America focused on children and education . The organization runs programs in approximately 10,000 schools in Canada , the U.S. and U.K. for service learning and active citizenship , with the aim of empowering youth to become socially engaged .  The domestic youth empowerment work is funded by corporate sponsors and profits from the social enterprise , ME to WE . In 2013 , Charity Intelligence Canada awarded Free The Children its highest four-star rating , along with an A for the organization 's reporting of its `` social results '' . In July 2016 , Free The Children rebranded as WE Charity , part of WE .

neg: World Music Centre World Music Centre ( CWM ) is an independent non-profit membership association in Mostar , Bosnia and Herzegovina . Its mission includes bringing worldwide cultural heritage closer to one another as well as promoting local music traditions . It also promotes tolerance , understanding and democracy within youth and children .   The centre is active in the management of concerts and music events In 2007 it organized the ﬁrst edition of the World Music Festival , conceived as a meeting between different cultures and peoples . Its programme included workshops for children and adults as well as wine tasting .

neg: Festival of Britain The Festival of Britain was a national exhibition and fair that reached millions of visitors throughout the United Kingdom in the summer of 1951 . Historian Kenneth O. Morgan says the Festival was a `` triumphant success '' as people :  flocked to the South Bank site , to wander around the Dome of Discovery , gaze at the Skylon , and generally enjoy a festival of national celebration . Up and down the land , lesser festivals enlisted much civic and voluntary enthusiasm . A people curbed by years of total war and half-crushed by austerity and gloom , showed that it had not lost the capacity for enjoying itself ... Above all , the Festival made a spectacular setting as a showpiece for the inventiveness and genius of British scientists and technologists .   Labour cabinet member Herbert Morrison was the prime mover ; in 1947 he started with the original plan to celebrate the centennial of the Great Exhibition of 1851 . However it was not to be another World Fair , for international themes were absent , as was the British Commonwealth . Instead the 1951 festival focused entirely on Britain and its achievements ; it was funded chiefly by the government , with a budget of # 12 million . The Labour government was losing support and so the implicit goal of the festival was to give the people a feeling of successful recovery from the war 's devastation , as well as promoting British science , technology , industrial design , architecture and the arts .   The Festival 's centrepiece was in London on the South Bank of the Thames . There were events in Poplar ( Architecture ) , Battersea ( The Festival Pleasure Gardens ) , South Kensington ( Science ) and Glasgow ( Industrial Power ) . Festival celebrations took place in Cardiff , Stratford-upon-Avon , Bath , Perth , Bournemouth , York , Aldeburgh , Inverness , Cheltenham , Oxford , Norwich , Canterbury and elsewhere and there were touring exhibitions by land and sea .   The Festival became a `` beacon for change '' that proved immensely popular with thousands of elite visitors and millions of popular ones . It helped reshape British arts , crafts , designs and sports for a generation . Journalist Harry Hopkins highlights the widespread impact of the `` Festival style '' . They called it `` Contemporary '' . It was :  clean , bright and new ... . It caught hold quickly and spread first across London and then across England ... In an island hitherto largely given up to gravy browns and dull greens , `` Contemporary '' boldly espoused strong primary colors .

neg: Scitech Scitech is a world renowned and multi award winning not-for-profit organisation that operates the Scitech Discovery Centre , a permanent , interactive science museum which includes a planetarium , and is located in West Perth , Western Australia . It first opened on 13 August 1988 .   The organisation 's published mission is , `` To increase awareness , interest , capability and participation by all Western Australians in science , technology , engineering and mathematics . '' Scitech generally aims its programs at children aged up to 12 , but it does provide activities for children and adults of all ages . Four times a year it also runs `` Scitech After Dark '' evenings to allow visitors older than to enjoy its attractions in an adult-oriented atmosphere .

neg: Science Olympiad Science Olympiad is an American team competition in which students compete in ` events ' pertaining to various scientific disciplines , including earth science , biology , chemistry , physics , and engineering . Over 7,300 middle school and high school teams from 50 U.S. states compete each year , but only 49 states host competitions , with the exception being Vermont . U.S. territories do not compete . There are multiple levels of competition : invitational , regional , state , and national . Some states or private groups offer ` invitational ' tournaments as practice for regional and state competitions . Teams which excel at the regional competitions advance to the state level , and then to the national level . Winners later receive several kinds of awards from medals to trophies and plaques . The program for Elementary-age students is less common and consistent . Schools have flexibility to implement the program to meet their needs . Some communities host competitive Elementary tournaments .   Science Olympiad is not associated with the International Science Olympiads , which follow a completely different format and set of rules .

neg: World Academy of Art and Science The World Academy of Art and Science ( WAAS ) is an international non-governmental scientific organization , a world network of more than 700 individual fellows from more than 80 countries . Fellows are elected for distinguished accomplishments in the sciences , arts and the humanities with an inter-disciplinary and trans-disciplinary approach with an outstanding record of public service and are committed to addressing the pressing social problems confronting humanity today . The Academy strives to promote the growth of knowledge , enhance public awareness of the social consequences and policy implications of that growth , and provide `` leadership in thought that leads to action '' . The spirit of the academy can be expressed in the words of Albert Einstein `` The creations of our mind shall be a blessing and not a curse to mankind '' .

neg: Geeks Without Borders Geeks Without Borders is a non-governmental organization which donates computers and related technology to areas in need around the world .

neg: Society for Literature, Science, and the Arts The Society for Literature , Science , and the Arts ( SLSA ) is a United States-based academic organization whose members `` share an interest in problems of science and representation , and in the cultural and social dimensions of science , technology , and medicine . ''   The SLSA publishes the journal Configurations , published by Johns Hopkins University Press , and a members ' newsletter Decodings . It holds an annual conference that `` attracts hundreds of participants from many different disciplines , including the history , sociology , anthropology , rhetoric , and philosophy of science , technology and medicine ; literary history and criticism ; art history and media studies ; the cognitive sciences ; and all areas of science , technology , engineering , and medicine '' ( the 30th being in 2016 ) .   The European Society for Literature , Science and the Arts ( SLSAeu ) is a sister body .   The Society 's own webpage is inconsistent as to whether there is a comma after `` Science '' in its name .

neg: Soundings of the Planet Soundings of the Planet is an American , artist-owned , independent media company based in Bellingham , Washington that produces award-winning relaxation and world music by New Age artists and international musicians as well as documentaries on various environmental and human rights issues .

neg: Pure Earth Founded in 1999 , the Blacksmith Institute which changed its name to Pure Earth on March 10 , 2015 , is an international not-for-profit organization that identifies and cleans up pollution , focusing primarily on contaminated sites and soil in developing countries . Over the last decade it has cleaned up 84 sites in 20 countries , focusing on communities where children are most at risk . These communities suffer disproportionately from pollution-related diseases .   In 2014 , Blacksmith launched a new initiative -- Blacksmith Institute for a Pure Earth -- with actor Dev Patel as celebrity ambassador . Patel worked closely with Blacksmith to suggest the new name , and will help support efforts to raise awareness about toxic pollution , an issue he says he first grew aware of after filming in India .  Blacksmith will slowly transition to a new name -- Pure Earth -- in order to broaden awareness of global toxic pollution issues to the general public .   In 2011 Blacksmith received a Green Star Award for its work . In 2010 , Blacksmith founder Richard Fuller was profiled in Time magazine 's `` Power of One '' column In 2014 , Bloomberg Businessweek chronicled Blacksmith/Pure Earth 's growth and work around the world , including a dangerous cleanup of a secret Soviet arms site in Ukraine .   2015 saw the release of the book The Brown Agenda .   Pure Earth has been recognized as one of the USA 's top performing nonprofits .   Blacksmith Institute/Pure Earth is known for its annual World 's Worst Polluted Places Reports , The Pollution Blog , and the Blacksmith database , which currently lists 600 polluted sites . This Polluted Places Initiative identifies polluted sites throughout the world by means of an online nomination process .   Blacksmith is currently expanding their database with the Toxics Sites Identification Program , formerly known as Global Inventory Project .   Blacksmith/Pure Earth serves as Secretariat for the Global Alliance on Health and Pollution ( GAHP ) . In 2015 , the GAHP launched the global Commission on Pollution , Health and Development . It is described as an `` initiative of The Lancet , the Global Alliance on Health and Pollution ( GAHP ) , and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , with additional coordination and input from the United Nations Environment Programme and the World Bank . '' The Commission aims to quantify the health and economic costs of pollution to give global leaders and policy-makers the justification to act on pollution . The Commission report will be published in early 2017 .

neg: International Divine Science Association The International Divine Science Association was founded in 1892 in San Francisco , California by religious leader and author Malinda Cramer . The association was `` founded for the promulgation of Divine Science , the God idea of perfect unity , harmony and wholeness , associated together in a unity of spirit , for the healing of nations , and the general good of humanity . ''   The International Divine Science Association hosted several New Thought Congresses through the 1890s . The association was a loose coalition of Divine Science leaders and centers across the United States , and is credited as the first of several umbrella organizations created at the turn of the 20th century for the New Thought movement .

neg: Space Foundation Space Foundation is a Colorado-based nonprofit organization that advocates for all sectors of the global space industry through space awareness activities , educational programs and major industry events . It was founded in 1983 . Its mission is `` to advance space-related endeavors to inspire , enable and propel humanity . ''

neg: Creative Science Foundation The Creative Science Foundation ( CSf ) is a non-profit organization , established on the 4th of November 2011 in London , England , that advocates a synergetic relationship between creative arts ( e.g. writing , films , art , dance etc. ) and sciences ( e.g. engineering , business , socio-political etc. ) as a means to fostering innovation . It is best known for its use of Science Fiction Prototyping as an ideation , communication and prototyping tool for product innovation . The foundation 's main modus-operandi are the organisation or sponsorship of vacation-schools , workshops , seminars , conferences , journals , publications and projects .

neg: COSI Columbus COSI ( an acronym for Center of Science and Industry ) is a science museum and research center located in Columbus , Ohio in the United States . Originally opened in 1964 , COSI was relocated to a 320,000 square foot state-of-the-art facility designed by Japanese architect Arata Isozaki along a bend in the Scioto River in 1999 . COSI features more than 300 interactive exhibits throughout themed exhibition areas .   As a `` center of science and industry '' ( rather than a standalone `` science center '' ) , COSI established embedded partnerships with local organizations . WOSU@COSI ( Central Ohio 's NPR member station and Public Broadcasting Service public media station ) maintains a digital media center and offices ; OSU maintains a center of research as well as health & medicine laboratories staffed by medical residents ; and Columbus Historical Society maintains offices and exhibit space .   COSI also operates the largest outreach education program of any science museum in the United States through COSI in the Classroom , 21st Century Lab field trip experiences , international distance education Interactive Video Conferencing programs , and COSI On Wheels traveling outreach program . As well , COSI originated the Camp-In overnight program for Girl Scouts and Boy Scouts in 1972 -- a concept that is now commonplace in museums nationwide . Since 1964 , COSI has engaged with nearly 30 million unique visitors through on-site and outreach programs .   As a not-for-profit organization , COSI is supported by ticket sales , a network of community and statewide partnerships ( including relationships with a variety of donors and sponsors ) , a volunteer program supported by 10,000 volunteers annually , and nearly 20,000 member households . In 2008 , COSI was the named the # 1 science center in the United States for families by Parent Magazine .