query: The Conjuring 2 was not directed by James Wan.

pos: The Conjuring 2 The Conjuring 2 is a 2016 American horror film directed by James Wan and written by Carey Hayes , Chad Hayes , Wan and David Leslie Johnson . It is the sequel to 2013 's The Conjuring and the third film in The Conjuring franchise . Patrick Wilson and Vera Farmiga reprise their roles as paranormal investigators and authors Ed and Lorraine Warren from the first film . The film follows the Warrens as they travel to England to assist the Hodgson family , who are experiencing poltergeist activity at their Brimsdown , Enfield council house in 1977 which later became referred to as the Enfield Poltergeist .   The Conjuring 2 was released in North America on June 10 , 2016 . The film received generally positive reviews from critics and has grossed over $ 320 million worldwide . A spin-off film , The Nun , is scheduled to be released in 2018 with Wan and Safran producing .

neg: How to Train Your Dragon 2 How to Train Your Dragon 2 is a 2014 American 3D computer-animated fantasy action film produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by 20th Century Fox , loosely based on the British book series of the same name by Cressida Cowell . It is the sequel to the 2010 computer-animated film How to Train Your Dragon and the second in the trilogy . The film is written and directed by Dean DeBlois , and stars the voices of Jay Baruchel , Gerard Butler , Craig Ferguson , America Ferrera , Jonah Hill , Christopher Mintz-Plasse , T.J. Miller , and Kristen Wiig , with the addition of Cate Blanchett , Djimon Hounsou , and Kit Harington . The film takes place five years after the first film , featuring Hiccup and his friends as young adults as they meet Valka , Hiccup 's long-lost mother , and Drago Bludvist , a madman who wants to conquer the world .   DeBlois , who co-directed the first film , agreed to return to direct the second film on the condition that he would be allowed to turn it into a trilogy . He cited The Empire Strikes Back and My Neighbor Totoro as his main inspirations , with the expanded scope of the The Empire Strikes Back being particularly influential . The entire voice cast from the first film returned , and Cate Blanchett and Djimon Hounsou signed on to voice Valka and Drago , respectively . DeBlois and his creative team visited Norway and Svalbard to give them ideas for the setting . Composer John Powell returned to score the film . How to Train Your Dragon 2 benefited from advances in animation technology and was DreamWorks ' first film to use scalable multicore processing and the studio 's new animation and lighting software .   The film was released on June 13 , 2014 , and like its predecessor , received wide acclaim . Critics praised the film for its animation , voice acting , action scenes , musical score , emotional depth , and darker , more serious tone compared to its predecessor . It received the Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature . The film won six Annie Awards , including Best Animated Feature and Best Director . The film grossed over $ 621 million worldwide , making it the 12th highest-grossing film of 2014 . It earned less than its predecessor at the US box office , but performed better internationally . A third installment in the trilogy , How to Train Your Dragon 3 , is scheduled to be released on March 1 , 2019 .

neg: Jim Jarmusch James Robert `` Jim '' Jarmusch ( -LSB- ˈdʒɑrməʃ -RSB- born January 22 , 1953 ) is an American film director , screenwriter , actor , producer , editor , and composer . He has been a major proponent of independent cinema since the 1980s , directing such films as Stranger Than Paradise ( 1984 ) , Down by Law ( 1986 ) , Mystery Train ( 1989 ) , Dead Man ( 1995 ) , Ghost Dog : The Way of the Samurai ( 1999 ) , Coffee and Cigarettes ( 2003 ) , Broken Flowers ( 2005 ) , Only Lovers Left Alive ( 2013 ) , and Paterson ( 2016 ) . Stranger Than Paradise was added to the National Film Registry in December 2002 . As a musician , Jarmusch has composed music for his films and released two albums with Jozef van Wissem .

neg: Solomon Kane (film) Solomon Kane is a 2009 French-British-Czech dark fantasy action-adventure film written and directed by Michael J. Bassett based on the pulp magazine character Solomon Kane created in 1928 by Robert E. Howard . James Purefoy stars in the title role . Despite optioning the rights in 1997 , filming did not begin until January 2008 .   The film is an original story for the Kane character and was intended to be the first of a trilogy . The plot follows a redemption story for Kane , from the end of his life as a privateer , through the salvation of his soul by rescuing a Puritan girl and the beginning of his life as the Puritan avenger of the source material . It was produced by a consortium of French , Czech , and British companies and mostly filmed in the Czech Republic .   The film was first shown at the 2009 Toronto International Film Festival . It went on general release in France , Spain , and the UK over the end of 2009 and the beginning of 2010 . Reception was generally favourable , with a Rotten Tomatoes rating of 66 % following the UK/US release ; the film 's atmosphere and Purefoy 's acting attracted the most acclaim .

neg: Possessed (2006 film) Possessed is a 2006 Malaysian horror film starring Amber Chia and Harisu , and is the second feature film by director Bjarne Wong .

neg: Tomorrow Never Dies Tomorrow Never Dies ( 1997 ) is the eighteenth spy film in the James Bond series , and the second to star Pierce Brosnan as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond . Directed by Roger Spottiswoode , with the screenplay written by Bruce Feirstein , the film follows Bond as he attempts to stop Elliot Carver , a power-mad media mogul , from engineering world events to initiate World War III .   The film was produced by Michael G. Wilson and Barbara Broccoli , and was the first James Bond film made after the death of producer Albert R. Broccoli , to whom the movie pays tribute in the end credits . Filming locations included France , Thailand , Germany , Mexico and the United Kingdom . Tomorrow Never Dies performed well at the box office and earned a Golden Globe nomination despite mixed reviews . While its performance at the domestic box office surpassed that of its predecessor , GoldenEye , it was the only Pierce Brosnan Bond film not to open at number one at the box office , as it opened the same day as Titanic , but instead at number two .

neg: Ghost Rider: Spirit of Vengeance Ghost Rider : Spirit of Vengeance ( also known as Ghost Rider 2 ) is a 2011 American 3D supernatural superhero film based on the Marvel Comics antihero Ghost Rider . It is the stand-alone sequel to the 2007 film Ghost Rider and features Nicolas Cage as Johnny Blaze/Ghost Rider with supporting roles portrayed by Ciarán Hinds ( replacing Peter Fonda ) , Violante Placido , Johnny Whitworth , Christopher Lambert , and Idris Elba . The film was directed by Mark Neveldine and Brian Taylor , from a screenplay written by David S. Goyer , Scott M. Gimple and Seth Hoffman . Ghost Rider : Spirit of Vengeance was released in theaters on February 17 , 2012 in 3D and 2D .   Critical reception was largely negative ; critics and fans criticized the script , CGI , and acting . Despite this , the film grossed more than $ 132 million against its $ 57 million budget . Nicolas Cage has said that he is `` done '' with the Ghost Rider films and a planned sequel was canceled . By May 2013 , the film rights to Ghost Rider had reverted to Marvel Studios and the Robbie Reyes version of Ghost Rider appears in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.

neg: Dark City (1998 film) Dark City is a 1998 American-Australian neo-noir science fiction film directed by Alex Proyas . The screenplay was written by Proyas , Lem Dobbs and David S. Goyer . The film stars Rufus Sewell , Kiefer Sutherland , Jennifer Connelly , and William Hurt . Sewell plays John Murdoch , an amnesiac man who finds himself suspected of murder . Murdoch attempts to discover his true identity and clear his name while on the run from the police and a mysterious group known only as the `` Strangers '' .   The majority of the film was shot at Fox Studios Australia . It was jointly produced by New Line Cinema and Mystery Clock Cinema . New Line Cinema distributed the theatrical release . The film premiered in the United States on February 27 , 1998 . The film was nominated for Hugo and Saturn Awards . For the theatrical release , the studio was concerned that the audience would not understand the film and asked Proyas to add an explanatory voice-over narration to the introduction . A director 's cut was released in 2008 , restoring and preserving Proyas 's original artistic vision for the film . Some critics have noted its similarities and possible influence on the Matrix series , which came out a year later .

neg: Journey to the West II Journey to the West II is a Hong Kong television series adapted from the novel of the same title . The series was produced by TVB and was first broadcast on TVB Jade in Hong Kong from October to December 1998 . It is a sequel to the 1996 television series Journey to the West , also produced by TVB , which covered only the first half of the novel . Benny Chan takes over the role of the Monkey King from Dicky Cheung in Journey to the West II , while the other principal cast members Kwong Wah , Wayne Lai and Evergreen Mak reprise their roles from the previous series .

neg: E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial is a 1982 American science fiction fantasy film co-produced and directed by Steven Spielberg , and written by Melissa Mathison . It features special effects by Carlo Rambaldi and Dennis Muren , and stars Henry Thomas , Dee Wallace , Robert MacNaughton , Drew Barrymore , Peter Coyote and Pat Welsh . It tells the story of Elliott ( Thomas ) , a lonely boy who befriends an extraterrestrial , dubbed `` E.T. '' , who is stranded on Earth . He and his siblings help it return home while attempting to keep it hidden from their mother and the government .   The concept was based on an imaginary friend Spielberg created after his parents ' divorce in 1960 . In 1980 , Spielberg met Mathison and developed a new story from the stalled sci-fi horror film project Night Skies . It was shot from September to December 1981 in California on a budget of US$ 10.5 million . Unlike most films , it was shot in rough chronological order , to facilitate convincing emotional performances from the young cast .   Released on June 11 , 1982 by Universal Pictures , E.T was an immediate blockbuster , surpassing Star Wars to become the highest-grossing film of all time -- a record it held for eleven years until Jurassic Park , another Spielberg-directed film , surpassed it in 1993 . It is the highest-grossing film of the 1980s . Widely regarded as one of the greatest films of all time , critics acclaimed it as a timeless story of friendship , and it ranks as the greatest science fiction film ever made in a Rotten Tomatoes survey . In 1994 , it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . It was re-released in 1985 , and then again in 2002 to celebrate its 20th anniversary , with altered shots and additional scenes .

neg: Terry Pratchett's The Colour of Magic Terry Pratchett 's The Colour of Magic is a two-part television adaptation of the bestselling novels The Colour of Magic and The Light Fantastic by Terry Pratchett . The fantasy film was produced for Sky1 by The Mob , a small British studio , starring David Jason , Sean Astin , Tim Curry and Christopher Lee as the voice of Death . Vadim Jean both adapted the screenplay from Pratchett 's original novels , and served as director .   Terry Pratchett 's The Colour of Magic was broadcast on Sky One , and in high definition on Sky 1 HD , on Easter Sunday ( 23 March ) and 24 March 2008 . The first part drew audiences of 1.5 million , with the second part attracting up to 1.1 million viewers . The film was well received by fans , but drew mixed reviews from critics , who generally praised the acting talent of the all-star cast , but criticised the film 's script and direction .   The production is the second adaptation of Pratchett 's novels as a live-action film , following the successful release of Hogfather on Sky 1 over Christmas 2006 . A third adaptation , Going Postal , followed in 2010 with more planned for the future .

neg: Clock Tower 3 Clock Tower 3 is a survival horror video game co-developed by Capcom and Sunsoft for the PlayStation 2 . Released in 2002 , it is the fourth installment in the Clock Tower series , and the first and only video game directed by Japanese film director Kinji Fukasaku . The plot and characters have very little relation with the previous Clock Tower games . The story follows 14-year-old Alyssa Hamilton who is part of a family lineage of female warriors who travel through time to defeat evil spirits . Alyssa travels from her time in 2003 London to the 1940s and 1960s in order to defeat these `` Entities '' and bring peace to troubled souls .   As opposed to the point-and-click gameplay used in the previous games , Clock Tower 3 is the first game in the series to incorporate direct control over the protagonist . Alyssa is given no weapon for the majority of the game , and must evade and hide from her pursuers . These enemies , known as `` Subordinates '' , are fought at the end of each level , during which Alyssa is armed with a longbow . The game received mixed reviews and was a commercial failure , selling considerably less than anticipated . The presentation , writing , and graphics were positively received , with many critics praising the cutscenes and Fukasaku 's direction . However , the gameplay was criticized for its repetitive mechanics , and the game itself was felt to be too short .

neg: 30-Second Bunnies Theatre 30-Second Bunnies Theatre is a Flash cartoon series featuring films re-enacted by anthropomorphic animated bunnies in 30 seconds . The series is produced by Angry Alien Productions , the one-woman company of creator Jennifer Shiman .   The series debuted in 2004 , when Shiman sought to create a humorous web series . She unveiled a version of The Exorcist , re-enacted by animated bunnies in 30 seconds . It received an overwhelmingly positive response online from a global audience , prompting Shiman to create more re-enactments . In 2005 , the `` bunny troupe '' was commissioned by Starz ! to make new shorts . Each Starz-commissioned re-enactment premiered on Starz on Demand before moving online . The series take on Star Wars was featured on CNN on April 16 , 2006 .   Angry Alien Productions released a selection of the shorts on DVD on October 20 , 2009 . Previously , the Titanic short was included on that film 's 4-Disc Special Collector 's Edition DVD , released in 2005 .   In 2007 , Crackle became a distributing partner .   In 2008 , the site won two Webby Awards for Online Film and Video/Animation , as well as the People 's Voice award in that category .   On June 13 , 2010 , Shiman announced on the 30-Second Bunnies Theatre Website that , after six years and 68 shorts , she was placing the series on hiatus to move on to other pursuits . The final short at the time was a re-enactment of the film Evil Dead II .   As of October 2011 , Shiman completed three more re-enactments : Alfred Hitchcock 's The Birds , Freaks ( 1932 ) and Michael Dougherty 's Trick ' r Treat .   Shiman teamed up with FEARnet in 2012 to make more horror movie shorts . The first season of shorts is complete , and the second season is in production as of September 16 , 2013 .   In mid-March 2014 , Angry Alien Productions ventured into new bunny territory by re-enacting the life of Kevin Spacey ( with bunny voices by Kevin Spacey himself ) to celebrate the launch of his new website . In Spring 2015 the staff of Angry Alien Productions informed that they would indefinitely stop making re-enactments after Blade Runner .

neg: James Bond The James Bond series focuses on a fictional British Secret Service agent created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming , who featured him in twelve novels and two short-story collections . Since Fleming 's death in 1964 , eight other authors have written authorised Bond novels or novelizations : Kingsley Amis , Christopher Wood , John Gardner , Raymond Benson , Sebastian Faulks , Jeffery Deaver , William Boyd and Anthony Horowitz . The latest novel is Trigger Mortis by Anthony Horowitz , published in September 2015 . Additionally Charlie Higson wrote a series on a young James Bond , and Kate Westbrook wrote three novels based on the diaries of a recurring series character , Moneypenny .   The character has also been adapted for television , radio , comic strip , video games and film . The films are the longest continually running film series of all time and have grossed over $ 7.040 billion in total , making it the fourth-highest-grossing film series to date , which started in 1962 with Dr. No , starring Sean Connery as Bond . As of , there have been twenty-four films in the Eon Productions series . The most recent Bond film , Spectre ( 2015 ) , stars Daniel Craig in his fourth portrayal of Bond ; he is the sixth actor to play Bond in the Eon series . There have also been two independent productions of Bond films : Casino Royale ( a 1967 spoof ) and Never Say Never Again ( a 1983 remake of an earlier Eon-produced film , Thunderball ) . In 2015 , the franchise was estimated to be worth $ 19.9 billion , making James Bond one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time .   The Bond films are renowned for a number of features , including the musical accompaniment , with the theme songs having received Academy Award nominations on several occasions , and two wins . Other important elements which run through most of the films include Bond 's cars , his guns , and the gadgets with which he is supplied by Q Branch . The films are also noted for Bond 's relationships with various women , who are sometimes referred to as `` Bond girls '' .

neg: A Haunted House 2 A Haunted House 2 is a 2014 American horror comedy film directed by Michael Tiddes and starring Marlon Wayans . The film is the sequel to the 2013 film A Haunted House . Produced by IM Global Octane and distributed by Open Road Films , the film was released on April 18 , 2014 . The film received negative reviews , and earned over $ 23 million at the box office .

neg: James Deen Bryan Matthew Sevilla ( born February 7 , 1986 ) , better known by the stage name James Deen , is an American pornographic actor and director .   He entered the porn industry in 2004 at the age of 18 . He has gained attention due to his relatively slender build , lack of tattoos and everyman appeal , bucking the stereotypical image of hypermasculine male actors in the pornography industry . In late 2015 , multiple women came forward with allegations of sexual misconduct including nonconsensual sexual activity .

neg: The People vs. George Lucas The People vs. George Lucas is a 2010 documentary comedy film directed by Swiss director Alexandre O. Philippe . It explores the issues of filmmaking and fanaticism pertaining to the Star Wars franchise and its creator , George Lucas . The film combines filmmaker and celebrity interviews with fan films , mainly taken from the 2010 online video Star Wars Uncut , which were submitted via the film 's site .   Interviewees include a variety of figures such as Neil Gaiman , MC Frontalot and Gary Kurtz . Lucas himself appears frequently in archival footage , but is never interviewed directly . The film discusses the extent to which the Star Wars franchise is an artistic creation of Lucas and subject to his vision versus a social phenomenon that belongs to the general public of fans and their participatory/remix culture . The film is dedicated to interviewee Jason Nicholl , a blogger at nukethefridge.com who died before the film 's release . The film was released on DVD on October 25 , 2011 .   In June 2014 , it was reported that a sequel , titled The People vs. George Lucas -- Episode II , is in development .

neg: Kung Fu Panda 2 Kung Fu Panda 2 is a 2011 3D American computer-animated comedy-drama martial arts film , directed by Jennifer Yuh Nelson , produced by DreamWorks Animation , and distributed by Paramount Pictures . It is the sequel to the 2008 film Kung Fu Panda and the second installment in the Kung Fu Panda franchise .   Jack Black , Angelina Jolie , Dustin Hoffman , Seth Rogen , Lucy Liu , David Cross , James Hong , and Jackie Chan reprise their character roles from the original film . They are joined by Gary Oldman , Michelle Yeoh and Danny McBride . In the film , Po and the Furious Five battle an evil peacock named Lord Shen who has a powerful weapon that he plans to conquer China with . However Po discovers a terrifying secret about his past in the process .   The film was released in theatres May 26 , 2011 in Real D 3D and Digital 3D . Kung Fu Panda 2 grossed $ 665 million worldwide against its $ 150 million budget . The film was the highest-grossing animated feature film of the year and was nominated for the 2011 Academy Award for Best Animated Feature at the 84th Academy Awards .   A sequel , titled Kung Fu Panda 3 , and directed by Jennifer Yuh Nelson and Alessandro Carloni , was released on January 29 , 2016 .

neg: Jared Hedges Jared Hedges is a writer/producer for television and video games . He was born in 1980 in Dallas , Texas , and majored in screenwriting at the University of Southern California . Most of his work has consisted of English adaptation ( aka ADR ) scripts for anime series . He has written for FUNimation since 1999 , working as Head Writer on shows including Fullmetal Alchemist , Samurai 7 , Speed Grapher , Tsukuyomi - Moon Phase - , Yu Yu Hakusho , and Tsubasa Chronicle . He has worked smaller stints on Dragon Ball Z , Dragon Ball , Negima , Case Closed , and Darker Than Black .   Jared 's writing team has included Joel Bergen , Kelli Howard , Alex Muniz , Colleen Clinkenbeard , Bonny Clinkenbeard , Ben Arntz , Michael Ampikapon , Michael B. Steinberg , Laura Moran , and Joelle Sellner .   Other adaptation work includes the feature-length anime Fullmetal Alchemist the Movie : Conqueror of Shamballa , and Dragon Ball : The Path to Power .   In 2006 , Jared , Joel Bergen and Alex Muniz began writing the English scripts of the anime comedy Shin Chan , which had a six episode trial run on Adult Swim in the summer of 2006 . The first season ( episodes 1-20 ) began airing on Adult Swim April 9 , 2007 . After a long hiatus , the last six episodes of season one ( episodes 21-26 ) began airing December 10 , 2007 . Season 2 ( episodes 27-52 ) began airing on April 12 , 2008 , with writers Michael B. Steinberg , Ben Arntz , Laura Moran , and Joelle Sellner added to the writing team .   Jared appeared at Comic Con 2007 in San Diego and New York Comic Con 2008 , promoting Shin Chan .   Jared was the script writer for the game Stuntman : Ignition , by developers THQ/Paradigm Entertainment , which released August 28 , 2007 . He also wrote English localization scripts for the games Fullmetal Alchemist 2 : Curse of the Crimson Elixir , Fullmetal Alchemist : Duel Sympathy , and No More Heroes 2 : Desperate Struggle .   Jared has also produced special-feature vignettes for DVD extras , promotional materials , and television shows on the Funimation Channel . This includes The Real Rockstar Dad : Interviews with Gene Simmons , Case Closed 101 , the 30 minute documentary Goku vs. Vegeta , and the Otakon 2006 episode of Anime Road Rage .   More recently , he was enlisted as the Head Writer of the English dub for Sgt. Frog .

neg: Scud (filmmaker) Scud ( born 1967 , Guangzhou ) , is the working name of mainland China-born and raised Hong Kong Chinese film producer , screenwriter and now film director , Danny Cheng Wan-Cheung . He says that he chose the name ` Scud ' to match his Chinese name , which translates in English as ` Scudding Clouds ' . He was born in Guangzhou ( Canton ) in mainland China on March 20 , 1967 , during the country 's Cultural Revolution . His films explore themes usually deemed too controversial for Hong Kong cinema , including same-sex relationships and drug-taking , and include many nude scenes of Chinese young men , whose pubic hair and genitalia are fully exposed on camera . His film-making style eschews cynicism or gritty realism , and embraces an acceptance of the life choices made by his characters , rather than a search for ` solutions ' .

neg: 38th Saturn Awards The 38th Saturn Awards , honoring the best in science fiction , fantasy and horror film and television in 2011 , were held on July 26 , 2012 in Burbank , California . The awards are presented by the Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy and Horror Films .   The six Best Film Award categories were respectively won by Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( Science Fiction ) , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( Fantasy ) , The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( Horror or Thriller ) , Mission : Impossible -- Ghost Protocol ( Action or Adventure ) , The Skin I Live In ( International ) and Puss in Boots ( Animated ) . Rise of the Planet of the Apes and Super 8 led the winners with three each .   In the television categories , Breaking Bad won three of its six nominations , including Best Syndicated/Cable Television Series . Fringe , The Walking Dead and Teen Wolf won the other Best Series Awards .   Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 became the first Harry Potter film to win Best Fantasy Film , for which the seven previous Harry Potter films were nominated , and only the second film of the series to win a Saturn Award , following The Philosopher 's Stone which won Best Costume in 2001 . Mission : Impossible -- Ghost Protocol also became the first Mission : Impossible film to win Best Action or Adventure Film , following the nominations of the first and third installments .


query: War of the Worlds was directed by Yoko Ogawa.

pos: War of the Worlds (2005 film) War of the Worlds is a 2005 American science fiction disaster film directed by Steven Spielberg and written by Josh Friedman and David Koepp , loosely based on the novel of the same title by H. G. Wells . It stars Tom Cruise , Dakota Fanning , Justin Chatwin , Miranda Otto and Tim Robbins , with narration by Morgan Freeman . In the film , an American dock worker is forced to look after his children , from whom he lives separately , as he struggles to protect them and reunite them with their mother when extraterrestrials invade the Earth and devastate cities with towering war machines .   The film was shot in 73 days , using five different sound stages as well as locations in California , Connecticut , New Jersey , New York , and Virginia . The film was surrounded by a secrecy campaign so few details would be leaked before its release . Tie-in promotions were made with several companies , including Hitachi . The film was released in the United States on June 29 and in United Kingdom on July 1 . War of the Worlds was a box office success , and became 2005 's fourth most successful film both domestically , with $ 234 million in North America , and $ 591 million overall . At the time of release , it was the highest-grossing film starring Tom Cruise .

neg: Kurosawa's Way Kurosawa 's Way ( Kurosawa , la voie ) is a 2011 French documentary directed and written by Catherine Cadou . The film features 11 major filmmakers from Asia , America and Europe as they discuss how the films of Japanese director Akira Kurosawa influenced them .

neg: The Fourth World War The Fourth World War is a 2003 feature film directed by Richard Rowley .

neg: Yoshiko Shimada is a Japanese video artist and performance artist who has been called `` Japan 's premier feminist and antiwar artist . '' She was born and raised in the Tachikawa section of western Tokyo , the site of a US air force base , which gave her early exposure to US-Japan postwar tensions during the tumultuous 1960s . She graduated with a BA in Humanities from Scripps College in 1982 .   Among the themes she explores are cultural memory and the role of women in World War 2 as both aggressors and victims . Her 1992 etching Shooting Lesson , for example , juxtaposes portraits of four Korean comfort women with a photograph of the wives of Japanese military police stationed in Korea receiving shooting lessons for self-protection against the local population . In her 1993 installation Tied to Apron Strings , she uses white aprons as both a symbol of domesticity and motherhood and as a reminder of the uniform of the Dai Nippon Fujinkai , a women 's patriotic organization of World War 2 Japan . Shimada 's interactive installation Bones in Tansu : Family Secrets , in which she solicited the war memories of museum visitors and incorporated them into the exhibit , first appeared in Tokyo in 2004 and then in seven other locations around the world . She performed Becoming a Statue of a Japanese Comfort Woman outside the Japanese embassy in London in 2012 .   Shimada 's works are held by the New York Public Library , Tokyo Metropolitan Museum of Photography , Keio University Art Center , Kyoto Seika University , and City University of New York . She has had solo exhibitions in Japan , Hong Kong , the Philippines , Canada , and the United States , and her work was included in the 2002 Gwangju Biennale in South Korea .   Shimada has been included in the Asian American Arts Centre 's digital archive .

neg: Hayao Miyazaki is a Japanese film director , producer , screenwriter , animator , author , and manga artist . Through a career that has spanned over five decades , Miyazaki has attained international acclaim as a masterful storyteller and as a maker of anime feature films and , along with Isao Takahata , co-founded Studio Ghibli , a film and animation studio .   Born in Bunkyō , Tokyo , Miyazaki began his animation career in 1963 when he joined Toei Animation . From there , Miyazaki worked as an in-between artist for Gulliver 's Travels Beyond the Moon , where he pitched ideas that eventually became the film 's ending . Hayao Miyazaki was also associated with Tokyo Movie Shinsha . He co-directed Lupin III with Isao Takahata , provided the screenplay and key animation for Panda ! Go Panda ! , provided key animation for the first episode of Tokyo Giants , provided the original concept for Jungle Kurobe , provided the director role for Lupin III : Tales of the Wolf , provided key animation for the Ulysses 31 pilot in conjunction with Diffusion Information Communication , provided the director role for The New Adventures of Zorro , provided key animation for the Inspector Gadget pilot , and provided the chief director role for season 1 of Sherlock Hound .   He continued to work in various roles in the animation industry with various studios until he directed his first feature film , The Castle of Cagliostro , a Lupin the Third story , released in 1979 . After the success of his next film , Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind ( 1984 ) , he co-founded Studio Ghibli , where he continued to produce many feature films .   While Miyazaki 's films have long enjoyed both commercial and critical success in Japan , he remained largely unknown to the West until Miramax Films released Princess Mononoke in 1997 . Princess Mononoke was briefly the highest-grossing film in Japan until it was eclipsed by another 1997 film , Titanic , and it became the first animated film to win Picture of the Year at the Japanese Academy Awards . Miyazaki 's next film , Spirited Away ( 2001 ) , won Picture of the Year at the Japanese Academy Awards , and was the first anime film to win an American Academy Award .   Miyazaki 's films often contain recurrent themes , like humanity 's relationship with nature and technology , and the difficulty of maintaining a pacifist ethic . His films ' protagonists are often strong girls or young women . While two of his films , The Castle of Cagliostro and Castle in the Sky , involve traditional villains , his other films like Nausicaä and Princess Mononoke present morally ambiguous antagonists with redeeming qualities . He co-wrote films The Secret World of Arrietty , released in July 2010 in Japan and February 2012 in the United States ; and From Up on Poppy Hill released in July 2011 in Japan and March 2013 in the United States .   Miyazaki 's newest film The Wind Rises was released on July 20 , 2013 and screened internationally in February 2014 . The film would go on to earn him his third American Academy Award nomination and first Golden Globe Award nomination . Miyazaki announced on September 1 , 2013 that The Wind Rises would be his final feature-length movie . In November 2014 , Miyazaki was awarded an Honorary Academy Award for his impact on animation and cinema . He is the second Japanese filmmaker to win this award , after Akira Kurosawa in 1990 . In 2002 , American film critic Roger Ebert suggested that Miyazaki may be the best animation filmmaker in history , praising the depth and artistry of his films .

neg: Yuki Yokosawa is a female judo fighter in Japan . She was born in Maebashi , Gunma .

neg: World of Delight is a 2015 Japanese youth romance film directed by . It is based on the novel by Hiro Arikawa . It was released on November 21 , 2015 .

neg: Yōko Satomi is a Japanese pink film actress who has also used the name . Variations on the spelling of her name include , , and . She has appeared in award-winning pink films , and was herself given a `` Best Actress '' award for her work in this genre in 1999 and 2001 .

neg: Kazuki Ōmori is a Japanese film director and screenwriter .

neg: Surrender of Japan The surrender of Imperial Japan was announced on August 15 and formally signed on September 2 , 1945 , bringing the hostilities of World War II to a close . By the end of July 1945 , the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) was incapable of conducting major operations and an Allied invasion of Japan was imminent . Together with the British Empire and China , the United States called for the unconditional surrender of the Japanese armed forces in the Potsdam Declaration on July 26 , 1945 -- the alternative being `` prompt and utter destruction '' . While publicly stating their intent to fight on to the bitter end , Japan 's leaders ( the Supreme Council for the Direction of the War , also known as the `` Big Six '' ) were privately making entreaties to the still-neutral Soviet Union to mediate peace on terms more favorable to the Japanese . Meanwhile , the Soviets were preparing to attack Japanese forces in Manchuria and Korea ( in addition to South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands ) in fulfillment of promises they had secretly made to the United States and the United Kingdom at the Tehran and Yalta Conferences .   On August 6 , 1945 , at 8:15 AM local time , the United States detonated an atomic bomb over the Japanese city of Hiroshima . Sixteen hours later , American President Harry S. Truman called again for Japan 's surrender , warning them to `` expect a rain of ruin from the air , the like of which has never been seen on this earth . '' Late in the evening of August 8 , 1945 , in accordance with the Yalta agreements , but in violation of the Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact , the Soviet Union declared war on Japan , and soon after midnight on August 9 , 1945 , the Soviet Union invaded the Imperial Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo . Later in the day , the United States dropped a second atomic bomb , this time on the Japanese city of Nagasaki . Following these events , Emperor Hirohito intervened and ordered the Supreme Council for the Direction of the War to accept the terms the Allies had set down in the Potsdam Declaration for ending the war . After several more days of behind-the-scenes negotiations and a failed coup d'état , Emperor Hirohito gave a recorded radio address across the Empire on August 15 . In the radio address , called the , he announced the surrender of Japan to the Allies .   On August 28 , the occupation of Japan by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers began . The surrender ceremony was held on September 2 , aboard the United States Navy battleship , at which officials from the Japanese government signed the Japanese Instrument of Surrender , thereby ending the hostilities . Allied civilians and military personnel alike celebrated V-J Day , the end of the war ; however , some isolated soldiers and personnel from Imperial Japan 's far-flung forces throughout Asia and the Pacific islands refused to surrender for months and years afterwards , some even refusing into the 1970s . The role of the atomic bombings in Japan 's unconditional surrender , and the ethics of the two attacks , is still debated . The state of war formally ended when the Treaty of San Francisco came into force on April 28 , 1952 . Four more years passed before Japan and the Soviet Union signed the Soviet -- Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956 , which formally brought an end to their state of war .

neg: Diary of Korean-Japanese War Diary of Korean-Japanese War is a 1978 South Korean war drama film directed by Jang Il-ho . It was chosen as Best Film at the Grand Bell Awards .

neg: Astro Boy (2003 TV series) is a remake of the 1960s anime series of the same name created by Osamu Tezuka , which was produced by his company , Tezuka Productions , Sony Pictures Entertainment Japan , Dentsu , and Fuji Television network . It was also shown on Animax , who have broadcast the series across its respective networks worldwide , including Japan , Southeast Asia , South Asia , East Asia , and other regions . It was created to celebrate the birth date of Atom/Astro Boy ( as well as the 40th anniversary of the original TV series ) . Under the original English name ( instead of Mighty Atom ) , it kept the same classic art style as the original manga and anime , but was revisioned and modernized with more lush , high-quality , near-theatrical animation and visuals . It combined the playfulness of the early anime with the darker , more serious and dramatic Science fiction themes of the manga and the 1980 series . The anime broadcast in Japan on the same date as Atom 's / Astro 's birth in the manga ( April 6 , 2003 ) across Animax and Fuji Television . It was directed by Kazuya Konaka and written by Chiaki J. Konaka at the beginning of the series . Other writers included were Keiichi Hasegawa , Sadayuki Murai , Ai Ohta , Hirotoshi Kobayashi , Kenji Konuta , and Marc Handler , who was also executive story editor .

neg: Masaaki Ōsumi is a Japanese director known for his work in television and movie animations .

neg: Yōko Sasaki is a Japanese voice actress , actress and narrator from Ibaraki Prefecture . She is affiliated with the Tokyo Actor 's Consumer 's Cooperative Society . Her name was formerly

neg: Millennium Actress is a 2001 Japanese animated comedy-drama adventure film co-written and directed by Satoshi Kon and animated by Studio Madhouse . Loosely based on the lives of actresses Setsuko Hara and Hideko Takamine , it tells the story of two documentary filmmakers investigating the life of a retired acting legend . As she tells them the story of her life , the difference between reality and cinema becomes blurred .

neg: Toho is a Japanese film , theater production , and distribution company . It has its headquarters in Yūrakuchō , Chiyoda , Tokyo , and is one of the core companies of the Hankyu Hanshin Toho Group . Outside Japan , it is best known as the producer and distributor of many kaiju and tokusatsu films , the Chouseishin tokusatsu superhero television franchise , the films of Akira Kurosawa , and the anime films of Studio Ghibli . Other famous directors , including Yasujirō Ozu , Kenji Mizoguchi , Masaki Kobayashi , and Mikio Naruse , also directed films for Toho .   Toho 's most famous creation is Godzilla , who features in 29 of the company 's films . Godzilla , Rodan , Mothra , King Ghidorah and Mechagodzilla are described as Toho 's Big Five because of the monsters ' numerous appearances in all three eras of the franchise , as well as spin-offs . Toho has also been involved in the production of numerous anime titles . Its subdivisions are Toho-Towa Distribution , Toho Pictures Incorporated , Toho International Company Limited , Toho E. B. Company Limited , and Toho Music Corporation & Toho Costume Company Limited . The company is the largest shareholder ( 7.96 % ) of Fuji Media Holdings Inc. .

neg: Barefoot Gen: Explosion of Tears is a 1977 Japanese war drama film , directed by Tengo Yamada based on the Japanese manga series by Keiji Nakazawa . It is a sequel to the 1976 film Barefoot Gen and is the second live action film based on the manga .

neg: Yōichi Higashi is a Japanese film director . He began his career working on documentaries at Iwanami Productions but , after going independent , turned to fiction film . He won the Directors Guild of Japan New Directors Award for Yasashii Nipponjin in 1971 , and then the award for Best Director at the 17th Hochi Film Awards for The River with No Bridge .   In 1996 , he won the Silver Bear for an outstanding single achievement at the 46th Berlin International Film Festival for the film Village of Dreams .

neg: Isamu Yokoyama was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army , commanding Japanese ground forces in China during the Second Sino-Japanese War and Pacific War .

neg: Psycho-Pass: The Movie is a 2015 Japanese anime science fiction crime film by Production I.G and ran in over 100 theatres . It premiered in Japan on January 9 , 2015 . The plot involves the appearances of terrorists in Japan . It is directed by Naoyoshi Shiotani whereas the chief director is Katsuyuki Motohiro . Gen Urobuchi and Makoto Fukami contributed together as the film 's writers . The film has been licensed by Funimation Entertainment and had a limited theatrical release in the United States on March 15 -- 16 , 2016 .

neg: Kazuhiro Soda is a Japanese documentary filmmaker based in New York City , USA . He has lived in New York since 1993 . He is known for his observational style and method of documentary film-making .   In 2005 , Kazuhiro Soda shot Campaign ( Senkyo ) ( 2007 , 120 minutes ) , depicting a political campaign in Kawasaki , Japan , by Kazuhiko Yamauchi , an inexperienced candidate officially endorsed by the Japanese Liberal Democratic Party . When completed , it was invited to the forum section of Berlin International Film Festival in 2007 . PBS broadcast a 52-minute version , which won the Peabody Award in 2008 . The TV version was broadcast under a different title , Campaign ! The Kawasaki Candidate as part of the Why Democracy ? series , a global media event co-produced by 33 broadcasters around the world , including the BBC , CBC , and NHK . The 120-minute theatrical version won the Best Documentary Award at the Belgrade International Documentary Film Festival in 2008 .   From 2005 to 2007 , Soda shot Mental ( Seishin ) ( 2008 , 135 minutes ) , which focuses on the lives of patients in a small mental clinic Chorale Okayama in Japan . The film was world-premiered at the Pusan International Film Festival in 2008 , and won the Best Documentary Award ( PIFF Mecenat Award ) there . It also won the Best Documentary Award at the Dubai International Film Festival in December 2008 . Other awards include Special Jury Mention at the 2009 Miami International Film Festival , Outstanding Documentary Award at the 2009 Hong Kong International Film Festival , and Inter-religious Jury Prize at Visions du Reel in 2009 .   In September 2010 , Soda premiered a documentary , Peace ( 2010 , 75 minutes ) , as the opening film of the DMZ International Documentary Film Festival ( DMZ Docs ) . Peace depicts the lives of people with disabilities and cats in Okayama , Japan , and was initially commissioned by DMZ Docs as a short documentary . Peace later won the Audience Award at Tokyo Filmex , Buyens-Chagoll Award at Visions du Reel , and Best Documentary Award at the Hong Kong International Film Festival .   In 2009 , Soda started shooting Theater 1 '' and `` Theatre 2 '' , a documentary series about a playwright/theater director Oriza Hirata and his company , Seinendan . The series was world-premiered at the Busan International Film Festival in 2012 , and won the Young Jury 's Prize at the Festival des 3 Continents in Nantes , France in 2012 .   He has published several books in Japanese including Mental Illness and Mosaic '' from Chuohoki Publishing , `` The Reason Why I Make Documentaries '' from Kodansha Publishing , and `` Theatre vs. Film - Can a Documentary Capture Fiction ? '' from Iwanami Publishing .   Soda attended Tokyo University from 1989 to 1993 , majoring in religious studies . He also earned a BFA from the School of Visual Arts in film-making .


query: Girls' Generation is a boy band.

pos: Girls' Generation Girls ' Generation , also known as SNSD , is a South Korean girl group formed by S.M. Entertainment . The group is composed of eight members : Taeyeon , Sunny , Tiffany , Hyoyeon , Yuri , Sooyoung , Yoona , and Seohyun . Originally a nine-piece group ( with Jessica , who later departed from the group in September 2014 ) , Girls ' Generation debuted in 2007 with their Korean eponymous debut album . Though the album gained some attention , it was not until 2009 that the group rose to fame with the single `` Gee '' , which claimed the top spot on KBS 's Music Bank for a record-breaking nine consecutive weeks and was named the most popular song of the 2000s in South Korea by Melon . Girls ' Generation further consolidated their popularity on the South Korean music scene with follow-up singles `` Tell Me Your Wish ( Genie ) '' , `` Oh ! '' , and `` Run Devil Run '' , which were released in mid-2009 and early 2010 .   In mid-2010 , Girls ' Generation signed with Nayutawave Records ( present-day EMI Records Japan ) to venture into the Japanese music scene . Their June 2011 self-titled Japanese debut album peaked atop the Japanese Oricon Albums Chart and became the first album by a non-Japanese girl group to be certified million by the Recording Industry Association of Japan . The group 's third Korean studio album The Boys was released in October 2011 and became the best-selling album of 2011 in South Korea with sales of over 380,000 copies . An English version of the single `` The Boys '' was released by Interscope Records in an attempt to expand the group 's endeavor to the global music scene . The group 's 2013 fourth Korean studio album I Got a Boy was supported by the single `` I Got a Boy '' , which was subjected to major attention from Western media following its winning the Video of the Year award at the inaugural YouTube Music Awards . Their fifth Korean studio album , Lion Heart , was released in 2015 .   Girls ' Generation 's signature musical styles are characterized as electropop and bubblegum pop , though their sounds have varied widely , incorporating various genres including hip hop , R&B , and EDM . They have sold over 4.4 million albums and 30 million digital singles as of 2012 . The group 's immense popularity in their native country South Korea has earned them numerous accolades and the titles `` The Nation 's Singers '' and `` The Nation 's Girl Group '' . Girls ' Generation is also deemed one of the prominent figures of the Korean Wave and one of the most popular K-pop acts internationally . They are the first Asian girl group to achieve five music videos with over 100 million views on YouTube : `` Gee '' , `` I Got a Boy '' , `` The Boys '' , `` Mr. Taxi '' , and `` Oh ! '' . In Japan , they became the first non-Japanese girl group to have three number-one albums on the Japanese Oricon Albums Chart , and their three Japanese concert tours attracted a record-breaking 550,000 spectators , more than any other Korean girl groups .

neg: E.G. Crazy E.G. Crazy ( stylized as E.G. CRAZY ) is a double album by Japanese musical unit E-girls , which also serves as their fourth studio release . It was distributed on January 3 , 2016 for streaming through Japan 's AWA services , and released on January 18 , 2017 release via Rhythm Zone and Avex Music Creative Inc. in five physical editions and for digital consumption . Additionally , it will be their first album without ex-vocalists and performers Chiharu Muto , Kyoka Ichiki and Erie Abe , with singing and disc jockey credits to the latter as a service to her sub-group Dream .   E.G. Crazy works as a concept album , which segregates the discs into two themes ; the first being E.G. Pop , and the latter having a E.G. Cool vibe ; furthermore , selected tracks represent a new theme Japanese Neo Girls , which executes international cultures through a Japanese woman 's perspective . Each disc features 12 tracks , all of which are a mixture of previous singles , cover songs , B-sides and new original recordings . Musically , it is a J-pop collection which incorporates various elements of electronic dance music , and is solely produced by Exile Hiro .   Upon its release , E.G. Crazy received positive reviews from music critics , who praised the idea of a double packaged release , along with its production and sound . Commercially , it experienced success in Japan , reaching the top spot on the Oricon Albums Chart and Billboard charts . In order to promote the record , E-girls conducted a series of live performances , radio and television appearances , and interviews throughout the region . The record also spawned six original singles : `` Anniversary !! '' , `` Dance Dance Dance '' , `` Merry x Merry Xmas '' , `` E.G. Summer Rider '' , `` Pink Champagne '' and `` Go ! Go ! Let 's Go ! '' .

neg: The Pussycat Dolls discography The discography of American girl group The Pussycat Dolls consists of two studio albums , one extended play , two live albums , 14 singles , two promotional singles and 13 music videos . To date , the group has sold 15 million albums and 40 million singles worldwide .   In 2003 , Robin Antin struck a joint venture with Interscope Records to develop the Pussycat Dolls into a recording group . In 2004 , the group made their musical debut by releasing a cover of `` Sway '' , for the soundtrack to the film , Shall We Dance ? .   Their self-titled debut album was released in September 2005 and it peaked at number five on the Billboard 200 . It earned double platinum certification in the United States by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , and 3 × platinum in Australia by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) , and 4 × platinum the United Kingdom by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) . The album 's lead single , `` Do n't Cha '' , peaked atop the charts in 15 countries and reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100 and was certified platinum by the RIAA . Its follow-up singles , `` Stickwitu '' and `` Buttons '' were also a commercial success peaking in the top five on charts worldwide . After the success of their debut album , The Pussycat Dolls released their first video album , Pussycat Dolls : Live from London in 2006 to coincide with the group 's headlining world tour . As of 2008 , PCD has sold 3 million copies in the United States .   After a three-year hiatus in hopes to further Scherzinger 's own solo career , the group reunited to record their second and final studio album , Doll Domination in September 2008 . Scherzinger began to receive a larger input in the recording process as co-writer and co-producer of the album . Doll Domination garnered a higher peak position than PCD of number four on Billboard 200 , but failed to match its predecessor 's commercial success . Its lead single `` When I Grow Up '' became another top ten single for the group . `` I Hate This Part '' was released as the second single and managed to attain similar success . In early 2009 , Doll Domination was re-released as two compilation albums . The lead single from Doll Domination 2.0 was `` Jai Ho ! ( You Are My Destiny ) '' which reached number one in 17 countries and follow-up single `` Hush Hush ; Hush Hush '' reached the top 20 worldwide . In 2010 , the original recording group line-up disbanded .

neg: The Greatest Hits Tour (Girls Aloud) The Greatest Hits Tour was the third concert tour by Irish and British girl group Girls Aloud , in support of their first greatest hits album The Sound of Girls Aloud : The Greatest Hits . Girls Aloud returned to Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland , having not performed there on 2006 's Chemistry Tour . The band performed sixteen dates in various arenas across the United Kingdom and Ireland , making it their second arena tour . The Sound of Girls Aloud : The Greatest Hits Tour kicked off in Cheryl Cole 's hometown of Newcastle on 14 May 2007 and concluding in near Nadine Coyle 's home in Belfast on 2 June 2007 .   The show was divided into five unique sections with distinct costumes , including the encore . Girls Aloud descended onto the stage from the ceiling as they performed `` Something Kinda Ooooh '' . They performed fourteen of the fifteen singles they had released at the time , as well as a couple of album tracks and a Dirty Dancing medley . A number of songs were also remixed or reworked .   Girls Aloud received mixed reviews from contemporary music critics , who praised Girls Aloud 's original songs but criticized the number of cover versions and the show 's lack of budget . Critics also noted Girls Aloud 's provocative attire . Much like the greatest hits album , The Sound of Girls Aloud : The Greatest Hits Tour was a commercial success . Girls Aloud released another studio album and announced an accompanying tour for the following year . The Sound of Girls Aloud : The Greatest Hits Tour remains Girls Aloud 's only tour not to receive a video release .

neg: Dream Morning Musume is a Japanese female pop group , consisting of 10 former members of the idol group Morning Musume . It was created in 2011 . As with Morning Musume , the group is managed by the Up-Front Agency and produced by Tsunku .   During the announcement of the formation of Dream Morning Musume , Tsuji Nozomi was also planned to be included in the group . She turned down the offer citing that she wants to devote her time to taking care of her children .   The band debuted in April 2011 with the album Dreams 1 , which ranked 10th in the Oricon Weekly Albums Chart .   On September 24 , 2011 , Dream Morning Musume started its first nationwide concert tour , although Miki Fujimoto was absent on maternity leave .   The group 's first single `` Shining Butterfly '' was released on February 15 , 2012 , debuting at number 7 in the Oricon daily sales ranking for February 14 .

neg: List of Girls' Generation concert tours South Korean girl group Girls ' Generation ( ; So Nyeo Si Dae ) , known as Shoujo Jidai in Japan , have embarked on three concert tours across Asia , playing to more than 500,000 people . They embarked on their first tour , Into The New World Tour in November 2009 , which then continued into 2010 . Their next tour , The First Japan Tour in support of their first Japanese studio album Girls ' Generation was played to more than 300,000 people , and saw two sold-out audiences at the Saitama Super Arena to a combined audience of 74,000 people . The group followed up the success of their Japan tour by embarking on their eponymously titled third tour , the Girls ' Generation Tour and had the group perform in Hong Kong for the first time . The group toured Japan for the second time , in 2013 , with a total of 20 stops on their Second Japanese Tour . In addition to their own songs , the group perform cover versions of their favorite artists , such as Britney Spears .   In addition to their own headlining tours , the group has participated in three SMTown tours , two of which have been worldwide . The first was SMTown Live ' 08 , and the following SMTown Live '10 World Tour saw the group ( along with fellow SMTown acts ) become the first Asian singers in history to reach the top 10 on the US Billboard Concert Boxcore chart . The group also performed on SMTown Live World Tour III , which stopped in the United States , Taiwan , Japan , South Korea , Singapore , Thailand , and Indonesia .

neg: Boy (duo) Boy ( stylized BOY ) is a Swiss -- German pop duo founded in 2007 by Swiss singer Valeska Steiner and German bassist Sonja Glass . The two met while at a pop-music course at the Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg in 2005 . The band initially played concerts exclusively , before being discovered and signed to Herbert Grönemeyer 's label , Grönland Records , in 2011 .   Their debut album , Mutual Friends ( Gold-certified in Germany ) , was produced by Philipp Steinke and released in the autumn of 2011 . The band sings entirely in English in a style reminiscent of that of Leslie Feist .   In the UK , Mutual Friends was released by Decca in June 2012 . The North American release of the album was in February 2013 on Nettwerk Records .   Boy won the Hamburg Musician Prize HANS in 2011 in the category Hamburgs Newcomer of the Year , and their album Mutual Friends won the 2012 European Border Breakers Award ( EBBA ) .   The duo 's song `` Little Numbers '' was also featured in the Lufthansa Airline 's Business Class advertisement in mid-2012 . In 2013 the song was at No. 4 in the Japan Hot 100 .   The duo 's first-ever USA tour launched on March 1 , 2013 with a sold-out performance at Joe 's Pub , New York City .   After a two-year hiatus to focus on song-writing , the duo released their second studio album We Were Here in 2015 .

neg: Bullet Train (band) is a Japanese boyband formed on December 25 , 2011 under Stardust Promotion . The group debuted under the name '' '' but later changed the name to '' '' . The group consists of `` main dancers '' and `` back vocalists '' , meaning that the vocalists stand behind the dancers during the band 's performances . Bullet Train has been likened to Momoiro Clover Z , a girl group managed by the same talent agency . The group is also described as . Consisting of 5 main dancers , the center among the dancers changes for each single .

neg: Holler (EP) Holler is the second extended play by the South Korean girl group , Girls ' Generation-TTS . It was released digitally on September 16 , 2014 , and physically on September 18 , 2014 , by S. M. Entertainment .

neg: G-Dragon Kwon Ji-yong ( ; born August 18 , 1988 ) , better known by his stage name G-Dragon , is a South Korean rapper , singer-songwriter , record producer , and fashion icon . After six years as a trainee under the record label YG Entertainment , G-Dragon rose to fame in the mid-2000s as one of two rappers in the South Korean hip hop boy band Big Bang . Despite initial lukewarm receptions , the group became one of the best-selling digital group of all-time in Asia and one of the best-selling boy bands in the world .   G-Dragon debuted as a solo artist with the release of Heartbreaker in 2009 . The album was a commercial success and earned the Mnet Asian Music Awards for Album of the Year , while the single of the same name became a number-one hit . G-Dragon later formed a duo with fellow Big Bang member T.O.P to record and release the album GD & TOP ( 2010 ) , which contained the top-five hits `` High High '' , `` Oh Yeah '' , and `` Knock Out '' on the Gaon Digital Chart , while the album peaked at number-one . His first EP One of a Kind ( 2012 ) was critically acclaimed and yielded `` One of a Kind '' , `` Crayon '' , and the number-one `` That XX '' , earning Record of the Year at the 22nd Seoul Music Awards . The EP became the highest-selling album by a Korean soloist since his own Heartbreaker . In 2013 , he embarked on his first worldwide tour as a solo artist , which included a four-dome tour in Japan , making him the first Korean soloist to do a dome tour . G-Dragon was awarded Artist of the Year at the 15th Mnet Asian Music Awards following the success of his second studio album Coup d'Etat ( 2013 ) , in addition to the awards of World 's Best Entertainer and World 's Best Album at the 2014 World Music Awards .   Recognized as one of the most influential leaders in music and fashion in his country and labelled as an `` K-pop icon '' , G-Dragon was named by Forbes the most influential person under 30 in Asia 's entertainment and sports . Producing not only for his band but also for his and his bandmates ' solo releases , G-Dragon has written 22 number one songs .

neg: Korean Wave The Korean Wave ( , , a neologism literally meaning `` flow of Korea '' ) is the increase in global popularity of South Korean culture since the 1990s . First driven by the spread of K-dramas and K-pop across East , South and Southeast Asia during its initial stages , the Korean Wave evolved from a regional development into a global phenomenon , carried by the Internet and social media and the proliferation of K-pop music videos on YouTube .   Since the turn of the 21st century , South Korea has emerged as a major exporter of popular culture and tourism , aspects which have become a significant part of its burgeoning economy . The growing popularity of Korean pop culture in many parts of the world has prompted the South Korean government to support its creative industries through subsidies and funding for start-ups , as a form of soft power and in its aim of becoming one of the world 's leading exporters of culture along with Japanese and British culture , a niche that the United States has dominated for nearly a century . During this time the Korean society began to be recognized as a developed country similar to that of the Western world .   Part of the success of the Korean Wave owes in part to the development of social networking services and online video sharing platforms such as YouTube , which have allowed the Korean entertainment industry to reach a sizable overseas audience . Use of these media in facilitating promotion , distribution and consumption of various forms of Korean entertainment ( and K-pop in particular ) has contributed to their surge in worldwide popularity since the mid-2000s .

neg: My Generation (Limp Bizkit song) `` My Generation '' is a song by the American nu metal band Limp Bizkit . It was released in October 2000 as a single from the album Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water . The song was released as the first single simultaneously with `` Rollin ' ( Air Raid Vehicle ) '' .

neg: Don't Don Do n't Don ( Korean : 돈 돈 ! ) is the second studio album by Korean boy band Super Junior . It was released by SM Entertainment on September 20 , 2007 in South Korea . This is the group 's first album as thirteen members , with the addition of Kyuhyun a year prior . Slightly different from their first album , this album focuses on more different kinds of pop melodies , most notably on those that approach alternative rock , modern R&B and retro dance-pop , with almost all tracks in the album containing string sections . 60,000 copies were sold within the first week of release and 164,058 copies were sold by the end of December , and was certified as the second best-selling album of 2007 , with the first being SG Wannabe 's fourth studio album , `` The Sentimental Chord . ''   Two different repackaged versions , one with three new tracks and a remixed track , and another with one remixed track and a DVD , was released on November 5 , 2007 and November 9 , 2007 respectively in South Korea . A digital disc version of the album was released on November 27 , 2007 .

neg: The Girls! The Girls ! are an American power pop band from Columbus , Ohio . The band has been described as a `` pop-punk party band '' . The lead singer , Jessica Wabbit , is the older sister of Bloodshot Records recording artist Lydia Loveless . The band name is either pronounced as `` The Girls '' or `` The Girls Bang '' due to the exclamation point .

neg: Cagnet (band) Cagnet is a `` soulful pop and R&B '' group that has become very successful in Japan due to their contributions to drama soundtracks like `` Long Vacation '' and `` Love Generation '' . Although they were established in Santa Monica , California , their debut was in Japan .

neg: Girls (band) Girls was an American indie rock band , formed in San Francisco in 2007 . The band comprised two key members : Christopher Owens , songwriter and lead singer , and Chet `` JR '' White , who played bass and produced . Girls ' sound was heavily inspired by the music of the 1950s , 1960s and 1970s , with their sound being described as lo-fi , surf rock , rock and roll , psychedelic rock , pop rock , country rock and garage rock .   Girls ' debut full-length , Album , was released in 2009 to critical acclaim . Its 2011 follow-up , Father , Son , Holy Ghost , was also well-received . On July 2 , 2012 , Owens announced that he was leaving the band and would continue to record as a solo artist .

neg: Summer Night Town is a song by J-pop idol group Morning Musume , released as their second single on May 27 , 1998 as an 8 cm CD . It sold a total of 417,330 copies . In 2004 It was re-released as part of the Early Single Box and again in 2005 as a 12 cm CD . Lead vocals of this single was Natsumi Abe . This single was also the debut of the `` Second Generation '' Morning Musume members Mari Yaguchi , Kei Yasuda and Sayaka Ichii , as well as the group 's first single to be released under Zetima and distributed through Sony Music Japan 's sub label Epic Records , as One Up Music ( Zetima 's former name ) had ended its distribution deal with Warner Music Japan and adopted its current name after the release of the group 's previous single `` Morning Coffee '' .   Zetima would be distributed through Sony for this single , Morning Musume 's first album `` First Time '' and all of the Up-Front Works label 's subsequent releases .

neg: Girl Friends (band) Girl Friends is a K-Pop group made up of real-life friends , Yuri and Chae Rina . They released two albums with mixed success ; their debut single was `` Maybe I Love You . ''

neg: Golden generation In sport , a golden generation or golden team is an exceptionally gifted group of players of similar age , whose achievements reach or are expected to reach a level of success beyond that which their team had previously achieved . Below is a list of teams who have been referred to by the media as golden generations .

neg: E.Y.C. (band) E.Y.C. ( also known as Express Yourself Clearly ) was an American pop/R & B group . Its members were Damon Butler , Dave Loeffler and Trey McKay Parker .   E.Y.C. failed to find success in their home country , but became more popular abroad in the United Kingdom and Australia .   They scored six Top 40 hits in the UK Singles Chart before disbanding . Controversy surrounded the release of their track `` Black Book '' ; which was released as a special edition CD featuring the names of all the fans that had signed up to their mailing list encouraging them to purchase the CD . This resulted in the group scoring their biggest hit when the track peaked at Number 13 in the UK chart .   They also appeared on the Childliners single , The Gift Of Christmas , alongside acts such as Backstreet Boys , Boyzone , MN8 , Sean Maguire , Deuce , Ultimate Kaos , Let Loose , East 17 , Peter Andre , Michelle Gayle and Dannii Minogue . Robbie Williams & Gary Barlow & Jason Orange & Howard Donland & Mark Owen & Kylie Minogue & Alexa Chung & Alex Zane .

neg: Generations from Exile Tribe Generations from Exile Tribe , also known as simply Generations , is a seven-member Japanese boy band signed to the Avex Group label Rhythm Zone . The group belongs to the talent agency LDH , and is part of the collective `` Exile Tribe '' , related to Exile . Generations debuted in November 2012 .


query: Psychological findings are linked to research and perspectives from social sciences.

pos: Psychology Psychology is the science of behavior and mind , embracing all aspects of conscious and unconscious experience as well as thought . It is an academic discipline and a social science which seeks to understand individuals and groups by establishing general principles and researching specific cases .   In this field , a professional practitioner or researcher is called a psychologist and can be classified as a social , behavioral , or cognitive scientist . Psychologists attempt to understand the role of mental functions in individual and social behavior , while also exploring the physiological and biological processes that underlie cognitive functions and behaviors .   Psychologists explore behavior and mental processes , including perception , cognition , attention , emotion ( affect ) , intelligence , phenomenology , motivation ( conation ) , brain functioning , and personality . This extends to interaction between people , such as interpersonal relationships , including psychological resilience , family resilience , and other areas . Psychologists of diverse orientations also consider the unconscious mind . Psychologists employ empirical methods to infer causal and correlational relationships between psychosocial variables . In addition , or in opposition , to employing empirical and deductive methods , some -- especially clinical and counseling psychologists -- at times rely upon symbolic interpretation and other inductive techniques . Psychology has been described as a `` hub science '' , with psychological findings linking to research and perspectives from the social sciences , natural sciences , medicine , humanities , and philosophy .   While psychological knowledge is often applied to the assessment and treatment of mental health problems , it is also directed towards understanding and solving problems in several spheres of human activity . By many accounts psychology ultimately aims to benefit society . The majority of psychologists are involved in some kind of therapeutic role , practicing in clinical , counseling , or school settings . Many do scientific research on a wide range of topics related to mental processes and behavior , and typically work in university psychology departments or teach in other academic settings ( e.g. , medical schools , hospitals ) . Some are employed in industrial and organizational settings , or in other areas such as human development and aging , sports , health , and the media , as well as in forensic investigation and other aspects of law .

neg: Political socialization Political socialization is the `` process by which individuals learn and frequently internalize a political lens framing their perceptions of how power is arranged and how the world around them is ( and should be ) organized ; those perceptions , in turn , shape and define individuals ' definitions of who they are and how they should behave in the political and economic institutions in which they live . '' Political socialization also encompasses the way in which people acquire values and opinions that shape their political stance and ideology : it is a `` study of the developmental processes by which people of all ages and adolescents acquire political cognition , attitudes , and behaviors . '' It refers to a learning process by which norms and behaviors acceptable to a well running political system are transmitted from one generation to another . It is through the performance of this function that individuals are inducted into the political culture and their orientations towards political objects are formed . Schools , media , and the state have a major influence in this process .

neg: Methodology Methodology is the systematic , theoretical analysis of the methods applied to a field of study . It comprises the theoretical analysis of the body of methods and principles associated with a branch of knowledge . Typically , it encompasses concepts such as paradigm , theoretical model , phases and quantitative or qualitative techniques .   A methodology does not set out to provide solutions - it is , therefore , not the same as a method . Instead , a methodology offers the theoretical underpinning for understanding which method , set of methods , or best practices can be applied to specific case , for example , to calculate a specific result .   It has been defined also as follows :   `` the analysis of the principles of methods , rules , and postulates employed by a discipline '' ;  `` the systematic study of methods that are , can be , or have been applied within a discipline '' ;  `` the study or description of methods '' .

neg: Environmental social science Environmental social science is the broad , transdisciplinary study of interrelations between humans and the natural environment . Environmental social scientists work within and between the fields of anthropology , communication studies , economics , geography , history , political science , psychology , and sociology ; and also in the interdisciplinary fields of environmental studies , human ecology and political ecology , among others .

neg: Attitude (psychology) In psychology , an attitude is a psychological construct , it is a mental and emotional entity that inheres in , or characterizes a person . They are complex and an acquired state through experiences . It is an individual 's predisposed state of mind regarding a value and it is precipitated through a responsive expression toward a person , place , thing , or event ( the attitude object ) which in turn influences the individual 's thought and action . Prominent psychologist Gordon Allport once described attitudes as `` the most distinctive and indispensable concept in contemporary social psychology . '' Attitude can be formed from a person 's past and present . Key topics in the study of attitudes include attitude measurement , attitude change , consumer behavior , and attitude-behavior relationships .

neg: Comparative sociology Comparative sociology involves comparison of the social processes between nation-states , or across different types of society ( for example capitalist and socialist ) . There are two main approaches to comparative sociology : some seek similarity across different countries and cultures whereas others seek variance . For example , structural Marxists have attempted to use comparative methods to discover the general processes that underlie apparently different social orderings in different societies . The danger of this approach is that the different social contexts are overlooked in the search for supposed universal structures .   One sociologist who employed comparative methods to understand variance was Max Weber , whose studies attempted to show how differences between cultures explained the different social orderings that had emerged ( see for example The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism and Sociology of Religion ) .   There is some debate within sociology regarding whether the label of ` comparative ' is suitable . Emile Durkheim argued in The Rules of Sociological Method ( 1895 ) that all sociological research was in fact comparative since social phenomenon are always held to be typical , representative or unique , all of which imply some sort of comparison . In this sense , all sociological analysis is comparative and it has been suggested that what is normally referred to as comparative research , may be more appropriately called cross-national research .

neg: Sport psychology Sport psychology is an interdisciplinary science that draws on knowledge from many related fields including biomechanics , physiology , kinesiology and psychology . It involves the study of how psychological factors affect performance and how participation in sport and exercise affect psychological and physical factors . In addition to instruction and training of psychological skills for performance improvement , applied sport psychology may include work with athletes , coaches , and parents regarding injury , rehabilitation , communication , team building , and career transitions .

neg: Harvard Department of Social Relations The Department of Social Relations for Interdisciplinary Social Science Studies , more commonly known as the `` Department of Social Relations '' was an interdisciplinary collaboration among three of the social science departments at Harvard University ( anthropology , psychology , and sociology ) beginning in 1946 . Originally , the program was headquartered in Emerson Hall at Harvard before moving to William James Hall in 1965 . While the name `` Social Relations '' is often associated with the program 's long-time chair and guiding spirit , sociologist Talcott Parsons , many major figures of mid-20th-century social science also numbered among the program 's faculty , including psychologists Gordon Allport ( personality and motivation ) , Jerome Bruner ( cognitive psychology and narrative analysis ) , Roger Brown ( social psychology and psycholinguistics ) , and Henry Murray ( personality ) ; anthropologists Clyde and Florence Kluckhohn ( value orientations ) , John and Beatrice Whiting ( cross-cultural child development ) , Evon Z. Vogt ( comparative religion ) ; and sociologist Alex Inkeles ( Soviet studies and national character ) . Many of its graduate students also went on to be major figures in U.S. social sciences during the latter part of the twentieth century ; their work tends towards strong interdisciplinary and cross-disciplinary approaches .   Allport and Boring discussed the origins of the department 's name in the April 1946 issue of the American Psychologist :  While -LSB- academic -RSB- departmental lines have remained rigid , there has been developing during the last decade , a synthesis of socio-cultural and psychological sciences which is widely recognized within the academic world in spite of the fact that there is no commonly accepted name to designate the synthesis . We propose that Harvard adopt , and thus help establish , the term Social Relations to characterize the emerging discipline which deals not only with the body of fact and theory traditionally recognized as the subject matter of sociology , but also with that portion of psychological science that treats the individual within the social system , and that portion of anthropological science that is particularly relevant to the social and cultural patterns of literate societies .   Social Relations sponsored or collaborated in a number of research studies characterized by explicit cross-cultural comparisons and multidisciplinary approaches to problems of policy or social theory . Major projects included the Six Cultures Study ( headed by John and Beatrice Whiting , an anthropological study of child development in six different cultures , including a New England Baptist community ; a Philippine barrio ; an Okinawan village ; an Indian village in Mexico ; a northern Indian caste group ; and a rural tribal group in Kenya ) ; a multidisciplinary analysis of Soviet culture and society , published in part as How the Soviet System Works ; and the Comparative Study of Values in Five Cultures during the 1950s , which examined five very different communities living in the same region of Texas : Zuni , Navajo , Mormon ( LDS ) , Spanish-American ( Mexican-American ) , and Texas Homesteaders .   The curriculum of the Harvard Social Relations had four inter-related components :  Sociology ;  Social Psychology ;  Social Anthropology ; and  Personality Theory .   The program disaggregated into its component departments around 1972 , though a certain interdisciplinarity remained throughout the 1970s .   A similar program at Yale , the Institute for Human Relations , also now disbanded , developed the Human Relations Area Files ( HRAF ) , a cross-cultural database for comparative research , administered by Carol and Melvin Ember .

neg: Social philosophy Social philosophy is the study of questions about social behavior and interpretations of society and social institutions in terms of ethical values rather than empirical relations . Social philosophers place new emphasis on understanding the social contexts for political , legal , moral , and cultural questions , and to the development of novel theoretical frameworks , from social ontology to care ethics to cosmopolitan theories of democracy , human rights , gender equity and global justice .

neg: Leading activity Leading activity is a concept used within the tradition of Cultural-Historical Activity Theory ( CHAT ) , to describe the activity , or cooperative human action , which plays the essential role in child development during a given developmental period . Although many activities may play a role in a child 's development at any given time , the leading activity is theorized to be the type of social interaction that is most beneficial in terms of producing major developmental accomplishments , and preparing the child for the next period of development . Through engaging in leading activities , a child develops a wide range of capabilities , including emotional connection with others , motivation to engage in more complex social activities , the creation of new cognitive abilities , and the restructuring of old ones ( Bodrova & Leong 2007 : 98 ) .   The term `` leading activity '' was first used by Lev Vygotsky ( 1967 : 15-17 ) in describing sociodramatic play as the leading activity and source of development of preschoolers , but it was not systematically incorporated into Vygotsky 's theory of child development . Later , however , Alexei Leontiev and other `` neo-Vygotskians '' such as Alexander Zaporozhets and Daniel Elkonin ( Zaporozhets 1997 ; Zaporozhets & Elkonin 1971 ) made the concept a fundamental element of their activity theory of child development . The concept has now been extended to several stages or periods in human development .   The notion of a leading activity is part of a broader theory of activity that attempts to integrate cognitive , motivational , and social aspects of development . Despite many detailed descriptive accounts of the developmental forms of memory , perception , and cognition in various phases of childhood ( e.g. Piaget 's work ) , often missing is an explanation for how or why the child develops these psychological processes ( Karpov 2003 : 138 ) . The exploration of leading activities seeks to illuminate these questions . Rather than biological maturation or stimulus-response learning , specific types of social activity are seen as generating human development . Because of its attention to causal dynamics , the neo-Vygotskian theory has been called `` the most comprehensive approach to the problem of determinants and mechanisms of child development ( Karpov 2003 : 138 ) . ''

neg: Comparative research Comparative research is a research methodology in the social sciences that aims to make comparisons across different countries or cultures . A major problem in comparative research is that the data sets in different countries may not use the same categories , or define categories differently ( for example by using different definitions of poverty ) .

neg: Realist Evaluation Realist evaluation is a type of theory-driven evaluation method used in evaluating social programmes . It is based on the epistemological foundations of critical realism . Based on specific theories , realist evaluation provides an alternative lens to empiricist evaluation techniques for the study and understanding of programmes and policies . This technique assumes that knowledge is a social and historical product , thus the social and political context as well as theoretical mechanisms , need consideration in analysis of programme or policy effectiveness .   Realist evaluation techniques recognise that there are many interwoven variables operative at different levels in society , thus this evaluation method suits complex social interventions , rather than traditional cause-effect , non-contextual methods of analysis.This realist technique acknowledges that intervention programmes and policy changes do not necessarily work for everyone , since people are different and are embedded in different contexts .   Pawson & Tilley ( 1997 ) describe the procedure followed in the implementation of realist evaluation techniques in programme evaluation and emphasise that once hypotheses have been generated and data collected , the outcomes of the programme are explored , focusing on the groups that the programme benefitted and those who did not benefit . Effectiveness of a programme is thus not dependent on the outcomes alone ( cause -- effect ) , rather there is a consideration of the theoretical mechanisms that are applied , and the socio-historical context in which the programmes were implemented . Thus , the final explanation of a programme considers context-mechanism-outcome .

neg: Participation (decision making) Participation in social science refers to different mechanisms for the public to express opinions -- and ideally exert influence -- regarding political , economic , management or other social decisions . Participatory decision-making can take place along any realm of human social activity , including economic ( i.e. participatory economics ) , political ( i.e. participatory democracy or parpolity ) , management ( i.e. participatory management ) , cultural ( i.e. polyculturalism ) or familial ( i.e. feminism ) .   For well-informed participation to occur , it is argued that some version of transparency , e.g. radical transparency , is necessary but not sufficient . It has also been argued that those most affected by a decision should have the most say while those that are least affected should have the least say in a topic .

neg: Organizational studies Organizational studies is `` the examination of how individuals construct organizational structures , processes , and practices and how these , in turn , shape social relations and create institutions that ultimately influence people '' , organizational studies comprise different areas that deal with the different aspects of the organizations , many of the approaches are functionalist but critical research also provide alternative frame for understanding in the field .

neg: Branches of science The branches of science ( also referred to as `` sciences '' , `` scientific fields '' , or `` scientific disciplines '' ) are commonly divided into three major groups :  Natural sciences : the study of natural phenomena ( including fundamental forces and biological life )  Formal sciences : the study of mathematics and logic , which use an a priori , as opposed to factual , methodology )  Social sciences : the study of human behavior and societies .   Natural and social sciences are empirical sciences , meaning that the knowledge must be based on observable phenomena and must be capable of being verified by other researchers working under the same conditions .   Natural , social , and formal science make up the fundamental sciences , which form the basis of interdisciplinary and applied sciences such as engineering and medicine . Specialized scientific disciplines that exist in multiple categories may include parts of other scientific disciplines but often possess their own terminologies and expertises .

neg: Leisure studies Leisure studies is a branch of the social sciences that focuses on understanding and analyzing leisure . Recreation and tourism are common topics of leisure research .   The National Recreation and Park Association is the national organization in the United States for leisure studies , and offers accreditation to many universities to offer courses of study ( degree programs ) in leisure studies .   The Journal of Leisure Research and Journal of Park and Recreation Administration are some scholarly US academic journals of leisure studies .   Leisure studies is a strong major for individuals who value working with a wide variety of people including children , the elderly , and the disabled . Those pursuing this major will often be in situations where they have to motivate others , so it is important that they are creative , hard-working , in good health , and possess leadership skills .

neg: Social Science History Association The Social Science History Association , formed in 1976 , brings together scholars from numerous disciplines interested in social history .   Statement of Purpose : To bring together members of various disciplines ( including economics , sociology , demography , anthropology , and history ) who work with historical materials .   Social Science History is a quarterly , peer-reviewed academic journal . It is the official journal of the Social Science History Association . Its articles bring an analytic , theoretical , and often quantitative approach to historical evidence . The journal 's founders intended to `` improve the quality of historical explanation '' with `` theories and methods from the social science disciplines '' and to make generalizations across historical cases . The first issue came out in the fall of 1976 . The journal 's articles that are most-accessed and cited through JSTOR are about social and political movements and associated narratives .   The `` Social Science History Association '' was formed in 1976 as an interdisciplinary group with a journal Social Science History and an annual convention . The goal was to incorporate in historical studies perspectives from all the social sciences , especially political science , sociology and economics . The pioneers shared a commitment to quantification . However , by the 1980s the first blush of quantification had worn off , as critics complained that quantification undervalued the role of contingency , and warned against a naive positivism . Meanwhile quantification became well-established inside economics , in the field of cliometrics , as well as in political science . In history , quantification remained central to demographic studies , but slipped behind in political and social history .

neg: Psychological Science in the Public Interest Psychological Science in the Public Interest is a triannual peer-reviewed open access academic journal covering issues in psychology of interest to the public at large . It is published by Sage Publications on behalf of the Association for Psychological Science . The editor-in-chief is Valerie F. Reyna ( Cornell University ) .

neg: The central science Chemistry is often called the central science because of its role in connecting the physical sciences , which include chemistry , with the life sciences and applied sciences such as medicine and engineering . The nature of this relationship is one of the main topics in the philosophy of chemistry and in scientometrics . The phrase was popularized by its use in a textbook by Theodore L. Brown and H. Eugene LeMay , titled Chemistry : The Central Science , which was first published in 1977 , with a thirteenth edition published in 2014 .   The central role of chemistry can be seen in the systematic and hierarchical classification of the sciences by Auguste Comte in which each discipline provides a more general framework for the area it precedes ( mathematics → astronomy → physics → chemistry → physiology and medicine → social sciences ) . Balaban and Klein have more recently proposed a diagram showing partial ordering of sciences in which chemistry may be argued is `` the central science '' since it provides a significant degree of branching . In forming these connections the lower field can not be fully reduced to the higher ones . It is recognized that the lower fields possess emergent ideas and concepts that do not exist in the higher fields of science .   Thus chemistry is built on an understanding of laws of physics that govern particles such as atoms , protons , electrons , thermodynamics , etc. although it has been shown that it has not been `` fully ` reduced ' to quantum mechanics '' . Concepts such as the periodicity of the elements and chemical bonds in chemistry are emergent in that they are more than the underlying forces that are defined by physics .   In the same way , biology can not be fully reduced to chemistry despite the fact that the machinery that is responsible for life is composed of molecules . For instance , the machinery of evolution may be described in terms of chemistry by the understanding that it is a mutation in the order of genetic base pairs in the DNA of an organism . However , chemistry can not fully describe the process since it does not contain concepts such as natural selection that are responsible for driving evolution . Chemistry is fundamental to biology since it provides a methodology for studying and understanding the molecules that compose cells .   Connections made by chemistry are formed through various sub-disciplines that utilize concepts from multiple scientific disciplines . Chemistry and physics are both needed in the areas of physical chemistry , nuclear chemistry , and theoretical chemistry . Chemistry and biology intersect in the areas of biochemistry , medicinal chemistry , molecular biology , chemical biology , molecular genetics , and immunochemistry . Chemistry and the earth sciences intersect in areas like geochemistry and hydrology .

neg: Documentary research Documentary research is the use of outside sources , documents , to support the viewpoint or argument of an academic work . The process of documentary research often involves some or all of conceptualising , using and assessing documents . The analysis of the documents in documentary research would be either quantitative or qualitative analysis ( or both ) . The key issues surrounding types of documents and our ability to use them as reliable sources of evidence on the social world must be considered by all who use documents in their research .

neg: Environmental science Environmental science is an interdisciplinary academic field that integrates physical , biological and information sciences ( including ecology , biology , physics , chemistry , zoology , mineralogy , oceanology , limnology , soil science , geology , atmospheric science , and geodesy ) to the study of the environment , and the solution of environmental problems . Environmental science emerged from the fields of natural history and medicine during the Enlightenment . Today it provides an integrated , quantitative , and interdisciplinary approach to the study of environmental systems .   Related areas of study include environmental studies and environmental engineering . Environmental studies incorporates more of the social sciences for understanding human relationships , perceptions and policies towards the environment . Environmental engineering focuses on design and technology for improving environmental quality in every aspect .   Environmental scientists work on subjects like the understanding of earth processes , evaluating alternative energy systems , pollution control and mitigation , natural resource management , and the effects of global climate change . Environmental issues almost always include an interaction of physical , chemical , and biological processes . Environmental scientists bring a systems approach to the analysis of environmental problems . Key elements of an effective environmental scientist include the ability to relate space , and time relationships as well as quantitative analysis .   Environmental science came alive as a substantive , active field of scientific investigation in the 1960s and 1970s driven by ( a ) the need for a multi-disciplinary approach to analyze complex environmental problems , ( b ) the arrival of substantive environmental laws requiring specific environmental protocols of investigation and ( c ) the growing public awareness of a need for action in addressing environmental problems . Events that spurred this development included the publication of Rachel Carson 's landmark environmental book Silent Spring along with major environmental issues becoming very public , such as the 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill , and the Cuyahoga River of Cleveland , Ohio , `` catching fire '' ( also in 1969 ) , and helped increase the visibility of environmental issues and create this new field of study .