query: Kangana Ranaut's feature film debut was in a romantic crime film.

pos: Gangster (2006 film) Gangster is a 2006 Indian romantic crime film that premiered on 28 April . It stars Shiney Ahuja , Emraan Hashmi and Kangana Ranaut . The plot is that of a bar girl who falls in love with two people , one a layman and the other a gangster . The music is composed by Pritam . The film was rumoured to be based on the life of mobster Abu Salem and former actress Monica Bedi , but the director Anurag Basu said that it is not based upon any real characters or incidents . Gangster was a hit at the box office . The movie is debut of actress Kangana Ranaut .

pos: Kangana Ranaut Kangana Ranaut ( -LSB- kəŋɡənaː raːɳoːʈʰ -RSB- ; born 23 March 1986 ) is an Indian film actress . She has established a career in Bollywood and is one of the highest-paid actresses in India . Ranaut is particularly known in the media for expressing her honest opinions in public and is frequently credited as one of the most fashionable Indian celebrities . She is the recipient of several awards , including three National Film Awards and Filmfare Awards in four categories .   Born in Bhambla , a small town in Himachal Pradesh , Ranaut initially aspired to become a doctor at the insistence of her parents . Determined to build her own career path , she relocated to Delhi at age sixteen , where she briefly became a model . After training under the theatre director Arvind Gaur , Ranaut made her feature film debut in the 2006 thriller Gangster , for which she was awarded the Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut . She received praise for portraying emotionally intense characters in the dramas Woh Lamhe ( 2006 ) , Life in a. . . Metro ( 2007 ) and Fashion ( 2008 ) . For the last of these , she won the National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress and a Filmfare Award in the same category .   Ranaut featured in the commercially successful films Raaz : The Mystery Continues ( 2009 ) and Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai ( 2010 ) , though she was criticised for being typecast in neurotic roles . A comic role opposite R. Madhavan in the 2011 box office hit Tanu Weds Manu was well-received , though this was followed by a series of brief , glamorous roles in films that failed to propel her career forward . She then played a mutant opposite Hrithik Roshan in the science fiction film Krrish 3 ( 2013 ) , one of the highest-grossing Bollywood films , and won the Filmfare and National Film Award for Best Actress for her performance in the comedy-drama Queen ( 2014 ) . In 2015 , Ranaut portrayed a dual role in Tanu Weds Manu Returns , the most successful Bollywood film featuring a female protagonist , for which she won a Filmfare Critics Award and a second consecutive National Film Award for Best Actress .

neg: Aarathu Sinam Aarathu Sinam ( Anger wo n't subside ) is a Tamil-Indian crime-thriller film written and directed by Arivazhagan and produced by Sri Thenandal Films . A remake of Jeethu Joseph 's Malayalam film Memories ( 2013 ) , the film stars Arulnithi , Aishwarya Rajesh and Aishwarya Dutta in the leading roles . Featuring music composed by Thaman and cinematography by Aravinnd Singh , the film began production during November 2015 and released in February 2016 .

neg: Kahin Hai Mera Pyar Kahin Hai Mera Pyar is a Hindi romantic film , directed by Mahesh Vaijnath Doijode . The film stars Jackie Shroff , Sonia Mann , Sanjay Kapoor , Abhishek Sethiya in the lead roles . Lyrics and music by Ravindra Jain . Music of this film launched on 31 March 2014 . at Novotel Juhu , Mumbai . This released on 1 May 2014 .

neg: Swara Bhaskar Swara Bhaskar Chitrapu ( born 9 April 1988 ) is an Indian actress who works in the Hindi film industry . She has received two Filmfare Award nominations and her prime achievements have made her one of the most noticed actresses of the Hindi cinema .   Bhaskar , the daughter of naval officer Chitrapu Uday Bhaskar , was born and raised in Delhi . After receiving her bachelor 's degree in English literature from the University of Delhi , she enrolled herself at the Jawaharlal Nehru University to complete her master 's in Sociology . Bhaskar made her film debut with a supporting role in the 2009 drama Madholal Keep Walking , a commercial failure . She achieved further mainstream attention for her supporting role of a bride-to-be in the commercially successful romantic comedy Tanu Weds Manu ( 2011 ) . Her performance in the film was well received by critics and she garnered a Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress nomination .   Bhaskar was praised for portraying an aggressive lover in the critically acclaimed romantic drama Raanjhanaa ( 2013 ) , for which she earned her second Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress nomination . She then played supporting roles in the romantic comedy Tanu Weds Manu Returns ( 2015 ) and the romantic drama Prem Ratan Dhan Payo ( 2015 ) , both of which rank among the highest-grossing Bollywood films . Her starring roles in the comedy drama Nil Battey Sannata ( 2016 ) , and the drama Anaarkali of Aarah ( 2017 ) were widely acclaimed .

neg: Mohabbat (1997 film) Mohabbat is a romantic Hindi film directed by Reema Nath and starring Madhuri Dixit , Sanjay Kapoor and  Akshay Khanna . The film released on 19 September 1997 and was a flop at the box-office .

neg: Love Exchange (film) Love Exchange is an Indian 2015 Bollywood romantic comedy film directed by Raj V Shetty and produced by Nadia Ali Shirazi under the Winds of Change Entertainment banner . The film was released on 30 October 2015 .

neg: Ghaath Ghaath is a 2000 Indian Bollywood crime drama film directed by Akashdeep and produced by Kumar Mohan . The film stars Manoj Bajpayee , Tabu and Om Puri in pivotal roles and actress Raveena Tandon in a special appearance . The film met with positive critical response whereas ended up being an average grosser at the box-office .

neg: Kill Dil Kill Dil ( English : Kill Heart , stylized as : Kill/Dil ) is a 2014 Indian romantic action comedy film directed by Shaad Ali and produced by Aditya Chopra under the Yash Raj Films banner . The film stars Ranveer Singh , Ali Zafar and Parineeti Chopra in lead roles , with Govinda portraying the antagonist . The film was released on 14 November 2014 .

neg: Tamanchey Tamanchey ( Gun ) is an Indian romantic crime comedy film released on 10 October 2014 . The film is directed by Navneet Behal and stars Nikhil Dwivedi and Richa Chadda in leads .

neg: Indian (2001 film) Indian is a 2001 Hindi crime drama film directed by N. Maharajan and starring Sunny Deol , Shilpa Shetty , Raj Babbar and Mukesh Rishi . A remake of Tamil film Vallarasu starring Vijayakanth , the film had dialogues written by Sanjay Masoom . It opened on 26 October 2001 to excellent collections .

neg: Kadal (2013 film) Kadal ( The Sea ) is a 2013 Indian Tamil crime-drama film co-written , co-produced and directed by Mani Ratnam . The film features debutantes Gautham Karthik , son of actor Karthik , and Thulasi Nair , daughter of Radha , in the lead roles , with Arjun Sarja and Aravind Swamy in supporting roles . The music was composed by A. R. Rahman . The film revolves around life of Christian fishermen who instill the fact that how faith can sometimes lead to the triumph of humanity . The film was dubbed into Telugu as Kadali . The film was released worldwide on 1 February 2013 in both the versions .

neg: Sa (film) SA is a 2016 Kannada-language romantic thriller film .

neg: Familywala Familywala is an 2014 delayed Bollywood romance comedy film released directly on satellite . It is directed by Neeraj Vora and stars Arjun Rampal and Dia Mirza in lead roles . The film was shot and set to release in 2005 but some issues delayed the release and it was finally released on television in 2014 .   The film follows the story of a young man who falls in love with a girl and gathers a mechanic and a few jobless people to create a fake family in order to impress the girl 's family for marriage .

neg: Azhagai Irukkirai Bayamai Irukkirathu Azhagai Irukkirai Bayamai Irukkirathu ( also known as AIBI ; அழகாய் இருக்கிறாய் பயமாய் இருக்கிறது You look beautiful , ( so ) I 'm scared ! ) is a 2006 Indian Tamil romantic comedy film written and directed by cinematographer-turned-director S.D. Vijay Milton . It starring Bharath and Mallika Kapoor ( making her Kollywood debut ) in lead and Arun Vijay , Deepu , Renuka and M. S. Baskar in vital supporting roles . The film 's score and soundtrack are composed by Yuvan Shankar Raja . The film -- inspired by the 1997 Hollywood film Addicted to Love , starring Matthew Broderick and Meg Ryan -- was released on 14 April 2006 , coinciding with Tamil New Year and is considered a box office bomb . Upon release , the film was dubbed into Telugu and released as Maha Andamga Vunnavani Bhayam . The story tells a love relationship between two playful youngsters and their sacrifices .

neg: Angaar Angaar ( English : Fire ) is an Indian Hindi crime drama film directed by Shashilal K. Nair , released on 1 September 1992 . The film stars Jackie Shroff , Dimple Kapadia , and Nana Patekar in lead roles . The film was speculated to have been based on the life of Karim Lala .

neg: Ek Villain Ek Villain ( English : One Villain ) is a 2014 Indian romantic thriller directed by Mohit Suri . The film stars Riteish Deshmukh , Sidharth Malhotra and Shraddha Kapoor in lead roles , and tells the story of a hardened criminal whose terminally ill wife is murdered by a serial killer . The film was produced by Ekta Kapoor and Shobha Kapoor under Balaji Motion Pictures and ALT Entertainment . The film is an unofficial remake of the 2010 South Korean thriller film I Saw the Devil . Upon its release on 27 June 2014 , the film received mixed to positive reviews from the critics , and was a commercial success .

neg: Aashiqui.in Aashiqui.in is a 2011 Bollywood romantic film directed by Shankhadeep , starring Ankita Shrivastava and debutant Ishaan Manhaas in the lead roles . The music and the background score of the film are composed by Nitin kumar gupta and Prem Hariya , and the lyrics are penned by Gupta as well . The film is very similar to the 2004 film A Cinderella Story . The film was released in cinemas on 11 February 2011 , and the story follows a man who meets his love interest on the internet .

neg: Black (2015 Indian film) Black is an Indo-Bangla Bengali crime action film directed by Raja Chanda , and stars Soham Chakraborty and Bidya Sinha Mim in lead roles . The film was jointly produced by Viacom 18 Motion Pictures and Dag Creative Media and was released on 27 November 2015 . The film revolves around a man named , Biltu , who takes vengeance to those who framed his father ( a police officer ) with false charges and as a result the latter commits suicide to get rid of this humiliation .

neg: Yaad Rakhegi Duniya Yaad Rakhegi Duniya is a 1992 Bollywood romantic comedy film directed by Deepak Anand on his debut . Starring Aditya Pancholi and Rukhsar , it premiered on 1 March 1992 in Mumbai . It is a remake of Telugu blockbuster Geethanjali directed by Mani Ratnam .

neg: Murder 2 Murder 2 is a 2011 Indian psychological horror-slasher film and the quasi-sequel to the 2004 film , Murder . It stars Emraan Hashmi , Jacqueline Fernandez and Prashant Narayanan and features Sulagna Panigrahi . Directed by Mohit Suri and produced by Mukesh Bhatt , the film released on 8 July 2011 . The theatrical trailer of the film was revealed on 1 June 2011 and also in cinemas with Ready . It was the second film in a series of quasi-sequels released under the Bhatt Banner including Raaz -- The Mystery Continues , Jannat 2 , Jism 2 , Raaz 3D and 1920 : Evil Returns , each of which had nothing to do with their respective prequels , but somehow fell into the same genre following a similar story . The film did well at the box office and was declared a `` blockbuster '' by Box Office India . It is one of the highest grossing Bollywood films of 2011 .

neg: Mallika Sherawat Mallika Sherawat ( born Reema Lamba on October 24 , 1976 ) is an Indian actress who works in Hindi , English and Chinese language films . Known for her bold onscreen attitude in films like Khwahish ( 2003 ) and Murder ( 2004 ) , Sherawat has established herself as a sex symbol and as one of the most popular celebrities in Bollywood . She then appeared in successful romantic comedy Pyaar Ke Side Effects ( 2006 ) which won her much critical acclaim .   Since then , she has appeared in successes like Aap Ka Suroor - The Real Love Story , Welcome ( both 2007 ) -- her biggest commercial success so far -- and Double Dhamaal ( 2011 ) . She is one of the few Bollywood stars trying to crossover to Hollywood , with films like Hisss ( 2010 ) and Politics of Love ( 2011 ) .


query: Vikram appeared in a film.

pos: Vikram (actor) Kennedy John Victor , known professionally as Vikram or Chiyaan Vikram , is an Indian film actor who predominantly appears in Tamil language films and has won seven Filmfare Awards as well as one National Film Award and Tamil Nadu State Film Award amongst other recognitions and was awarded an Honorary Doctorate by the People 's University of Milan in May 2011 .   He made his debut in the 1990 film En Kadhal Kanmani , which was followed by a series of small-budget Tamil , Malayalam and Telugu films in the 1990s , many of which went unnoticed . However , the success of Bala 's tragedy film Sethu ( 1999 ) , in which Vikram appeared as a rogue turned lover , started Vikram 's successful career as an actor . In the early 2000s , Vikram appeared in a series of masala films , with Dhill ( 2001 ) , Gemini ( 2002 ) , Dhool ( 2003 ) and Saamy ( 2003 ) becoming commercially successful ventures . During the period , Vikram also appeared in diverse roles and received critical acclaim for his performance as a blind villager in Kasi and a Robin Hood-esque figure in Samurai . In 2003 , Vikram 's performance as a gravedigger with autism spectrum disorders in Bala 's Pithamagan saw him win the National Film Award for Best Actor , with his character only speaking a couple of lines of dialogue in the entire film . His appearance as an idealistic lawyer with multiple personality disorder in Shankar 's blockbuster Anniyan ( 2005 ) also won critical acclaim , as did his appearance as a superhero in Kanthaswamy ( 2009 ) . Vikram 's portrayal of Veeraiya , a tribal leader inspired by the Ramayana character Ravana , in Mani Ratnam 's Raavanan saw him secure further accolades , as did his appearance as a mentally challenged adult with the maturity of a six-year-old boy in Deiva Thirumagal ( 2011 ) . He consequently appeared in multiple get-ups as a bodybuilder and a crippled hunchback , losing up to 35 kilograms for sequences , during the making of Shankar 's romantic thriller I ( 2015 ) and won rave reviews from critics for his performance . It is currently the fourth highest-grossing Tamil film of all time .   Vikram has promoted various social causes and appeared as the Youth Envoy for the United Nations Human Settlements Programme in 2011 . He has been a brand ambassador of Sanjeevani Trust and a school for special children , Vidya Sudha , which he stayed at during the making of Deiva Thirumagal as well as having long-term associations with the Kasi Eye Care and running his own welfare association through the Vikram Foundation . In 2016 , he produced and directed the video to the flood relief anthem , Spirit of Chennai , as a tribute to the city 's volunteers following the -LSB- -LSB- 2015 South Indian floods -RSB-

neg: Shree (2013 film) Shree is a 2013 Bollywood Science Fiction thriller film starring Hussain Kuwajerwala , directed by Rajesh Bachchani and produced by Vikram M. Shah . The film released in India on 26 April 2013 .

neg: I (film) I ( also known as Shankar 's I ) is a 2015 Indian Tamil-language romantic thriller film written and directed by Shankar and co-written by Subha . Produced and distributed by V. Ravichandran under his production company , Aascar Films , the film features Vikram and Amy Jackson in lead roles while Suresh Gopi , Upen Patel , Santhanam and Ramkumar Ganesan portray pivotal roles . The soundtrack and film score were composed by A. R. Rahman . Production design was handled by T. Muthuraj . P. C. Sreeram was the film 's cinematographer and editing was done by Anthony .   The visual effects were designed by V. Srinivas Mohan through Rising Sun Pictures . Weta Workshop had worked on the digital and prosthetic make-up and background arts for the film . Principal photography commenced on 15 July 2012 . The filming lasted for two years and eight months , during which shooting was done extensively in China . Further schedules were filmed in locations in Chennai , Bangkok , Jodhpur , Kodaikanal , Pollachi , Bangalore and Mysore . The film was dubbed and released in Telugu and Hindi along with the Tamil version .   The film , released on Pongal 2015 , tells the story of a body builder turned supermodel , played by Vikram , who after being deformed , exacts revenge upon those who were responsible for his predicament . Critics praised Vikram 's performance , the technical aspects of the film - especially the costume design and makeup , and A.R. Rahman 's soundtrack and score but criticised the ` wafer-thin ' writing and screenplay and the film 's excessive length ( 188 minutes ) . However , the film was a commercial success , grossing worldwide , becoming the fourth-highest grossing Tamil film and Vikram 's highest-grossing film at the time . Vikram won the Filmfare Award for Best Actor -- Tamil for the movie .

neg: Salim (film) Salim is a 2014 Indian Tamil action thriller film directed by N. V. Nirmal Kumar , who was an associate to Bharathi Raja . It stars Vijay Antony and Aksha Pardasany . Produced by Studio 9 , Sri Green Productions and Vijay Antony Film Corporation , the film is a sequel to Vijay Antony 's debut film Naan ( 2012 ) . The film was released on 29 August 2014 .

neg: Ooha (film) Ooha is a 1996 Indian Telugu romantic thriller film , written by and directed by Sivala Prabhakar . The film stars Vikram , Ooha and Ali in the leading roles , while Subhashri plays a supporting role .

neg: Manam (film) Manam ( Us ) is a 2014 Indian Telugu-language fantasy drama film written and directed by Vikram Kumar and produced by Akkineni Family under the Annapurna Studios banner . Nagarjuna appears alongside Akkineni Nageswara Rao , Naga Chaitanya , Samantha Ruth Prabhu and Shriya Saran . Amitabh Bachchan , Amala , and Nagarjuna 's younger son Akkineni Akhil made cameo appearances along with other personalities . The film is set in various time periods , over the course of a hundred years up until 2013 , and deals with the concepts of rebirth and eternal love . The plot features a wealthy businessman , Nageswara Rao , attempting to bring a young couple together resembling his deceased parents and the elderly Chaitanya 's attempts to bring the businessman and a doctor together . They resemble Chaitanya 's deceased parents who died because of a mistake committed by him in his childhood .   The film was made with a budget of 280 million . Harsha Vardhan wrote the film 's dialogues , while Anup Rubens composed the film 's music . P. S. Vinod handled the film 's cinematography . Production began on 3 June 2013 . Principal photography began on 7 June 2013 and was shot in and around Hyderabad , Coorg and Mysore till mid April 2014 .   Manam was the last film of Nageswara Rao , who died on 22 January 2014 during the film 's production phase . The film was promoted as a `` befitting send off '' and a tribute from his son , Nagarjuna . The film was released worldwide on 23 May 2014 to positive reviews from critics and was commercially successful , collecting 365 million in its lifetime . The film was screened at the 45th International Film Festival of India in the Homage to ANR section on 29 November 2014 . The film garnered the Filmfare Award for Best Film - Telugu .

neg: Vishwanath (1978 film) Vishwanath is a 1978 Indian Bollywood film directed by Subhash Ghai and produced by Pawan Kumar . It stars Shatrughan Sinha and Reena Roy in pivotal roles . The film was remade in Telugu as Lawyer Vishwanath with N. T. Rama Rao .

neg: Arrambam Arrambam ( Beginning ) is a 2013 Indian Tamil action film directed by Vishnuvardhan . Produced by A. Raghuram and co-written by Subha , the film features Ajith Kumar and Nayantara in the lead roles and Arya and Taapsee Pannu in supporting roles . While the score and soundtrack of the film were composed by Yuvan Shankar Raja , the cinematography was handled by Om Prakash and editing by A. Sreekar Prasad .   Following a six-month long pre-production and the official announcement of the project in May 2012 , filming commenced in June 2012 and continued for the next 15 months . Majority of the filming happened in Mumbai . Other locations included Chennai , Bangalore , Dubai , Hyderabad , Mahabaleshwar , Jaisalmer , Leh and Ladakh . The film was not titled until it entered post-production and was mostly referred to as Thala 53 or Valai , a supposed working title . The film was released on 31 October 2013 .

neg: Kayal (film) Kayal ( English : Fish like eyes ) is a 2014 Tamil romance film directed by Prabhu Solomon and produced by Madhan of Escape Artists Motion Pictures . The film features newcomers Chandran , Anandhi and Vincent in the lead roles , while D. Imman composed the film 's music . The film , set against the backdrop of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami , released on 25 December 2014 . The film was dubbed and released in Telugu as Tholi Premalo in 2016 .

neg: Vikram (1986 Tamil film) Vikram is a 1986 Indian Tamil-language action-adventure film directed by Rajasekhar , starring Kamal Haasan , Sathyaraj , Amjad Khan , Ambika , Dimple Kapadia , Lizy , Charuhasan and Janagaraj . The First Indian movie to use computer for recording the songs

neg: Naveena Vikramadityan Naveena Vikramadityan ( English : Modern Vikramadithyan ) is a 1940 Indian Tamil language film produced by N. S. Krishnan and directed by K. S. Mani . The film featured N. S. Krishnan , T. A. Mathuram , T. S. Durairaj and M. R. Swaminathan in the lead roles .

neg: Aaghaat Aaghat is a 2010 Marathi film directed by veteran movie and stage actor Vikram Gokhale . Produced by Sprint Arts Creations Pvt. Ltd. and producers Mohan Damle , Sanjay Sathaye and Shriram Dandekar , the film is based on a story written by Dr Nitin Lavangare . The cast of the film includes actors Vikram Gokhale , Mukta Barve , Kadambari Kadam and Dr Amol Kolhe . The film was shot in Pune and was released in theatres on 24 December 2010 .   The film deals with the bureaucratic structure in major private hospitals , the administration 's approach towards patients and their relatives and ego issues of reputed medical practitioners .

neg: Bhaag Johnny Bhaag Johnny ( English : Run Johnny ) is an Indian Hindi language Bollywood thriller film directed by Shivam Nair , and produced by Bhushan Kumar , Krishan Kumar , Vikram Bhatt and co-produced by Ajay Kapoor . The film stars Kunal Khemu , Mandana Karimi and Zoa Morani in leading roles . It was released on 25 September 2015 .

neg: Vikram Aur Betaal Vikram Aur Betaal was a television programme that aired on DD National . The series contained stories from Indian mythology that aim at teaching kids life lessons while entertaining them . The concept of the program was based on Baital Pachisi , a collection of tales about the legendary King Vikram ( identified as Vikramāditya ) and the Vaitaala , a ghost analogous to a vampire in Western literature .

neg: Ishtam (2001 Telugu film) Ishtam ( , English translation : Liking ) is a Telugu movie produced by Ramoji Rao ( Eenadu Group ) and directed by Vikram Kumar & Raj Kumar . This is the debut movie of Shriya . Charan paired up with Shriya for the first time . This was Charan 's only film as an actor as he did n't act in any other film other than this .

neg: ...And Once Again And Once Again is a 2010 Indian family drama film directed by Amol Palekar . The film premiered in India on 20 August 2010 .

neg: Vikram Thakor Vikram Thakor is Indian film actor , musician and singer . He is known for his work in Gujarati cinema .

neg: Miley Somehow Miley Somehow is a 2013 independent Hindi romantic comedy film directed and co-written by Vikram Yoganand and shot in and around Bangalore by a crew of young Bangalorean filmmakers .

neg: Indian (2001 film) Indian is a 2001 Hindi crime drama film directed by N. Maharajan and starring Sunny Deol , Shilpa Shetty , Raj Babbar and Mukesh Rishi . A remake of Tamil film Vallarasu starring Vijayakanth , the film had dialogues written by Sanjay Masoom . It opened on 26 October 2001 to excellent collections .

neg: Ankahee Ankahee may refer to :   Ankahee ( 1985 film ) , a 1985 Indian Hindi film  Ankahee ( 2006 film ) , an Indian film directed by Vikram Bhatt

neg: List of films released by Yash Raj Films Yash Raj Films ( abbreviated as YRF ) is an Indian entertainment company , established by Yash Chopra in 1970 , that produces and distributes motion pictures . As of 2017 , the company has produced 71 Hindi films , including three that are yet-to-be-released , and one Tamil film . Yash Raj Films started a film distribution business in 1997 , and in addition to distributing their own productions , the company has handled the domestic and international distribution of 35 films from other companies .   Yash Raj Films ' first release came in 1973 with the Chopra-directed Daag : A Poem of Love , a drama about bigamy , starring Rajesh Khanna , Raakhee and Sharmila Tagore . The company had four more releases in the 1970s , including the family drama Kabhie Kabhie and the action film Kaala Patthar , both of which starred Amitabh Bachchan . Yash Raj Films ' sole commercial success in the 1980s was the Sridevi-starring romance Chandni . The year 1995 marked the directorial debut of Yash Chopra 's son , Aditya Chopra , with the highly successful romantic drama Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge . Starring Shah Rukh Khan and Kajol , the film has the longest theatrical run in Indian cinema history . Other successful releases of the 1990s were Darr ( 1993 ) and Dil To Pagal Hai ( 1997 ) , both starring Khan .   In the 2000s , Yash Raj Films produced a larger number of films . In addition to directorial ventures from Yash and Aditya Chopra , the company launched several new directors , including Sanjay Gadhvi , Vijay Krishna Acharya , Kunal Kohli , Siddharth Anand , and Shaad Ali . Some of the company 's top-grossing films in that decade include Gadhvi 's action thrillers Dhoom ( 2004 ) and Dhoom 2 ( 2006 ) , Kohli 's romantic thriller Fanaa ( 2006 ) , Ali 's comedy film Bunty Aur Babli ( 2005 ) , Yash Chopra 's romance Veer-Zaara ( 2004 ) , and Aditya Chopra 's dramas Mohabbatein ( 2000 ) and Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi ( 2008 ) . Beginning in 2008 , the company introduced a number of new actors such as Anushka Sharma , Ranveer Singh , Parineeti Chopra , and Arjun Kapoor .   Yash Raj Films ' highest-grossing films came in the 2010s with the Kabir Khan-directed action thriller Ek Tha Tiger ( 2012 ) , starring Salman Khan and Katrina Kaif , the third installment of the Dhoom franchise , entitled Dhoom 3 ( 2013 ) , featuring Aamir Khan , Uday Chopra and Abhishek Bachchan , and the sports drama Sultan ( 2016 ) , starring Salman Khan and Sharma . All three films rank among the highest-grossing Bollywood films of all time . The most frequent collaborations of the company have been with the actors Rani Mukerji , Rishi Kapoor , Shah Rukh Khan , and Saif Ali Khan .


query: Fabian Cancellara was born in the mountains.

pos: Fabian Cancellara Fabian Cancellara ( born 18 March 1981 ) , nicknamed `` Spartacus '' , is a Swiss former professional road bicycle racer who last rode for UCI ProTeam . He was born in Wohlen bei Bern , Switzerland . Cancellara began road cycling after falling in love with an old bike at the age of thirteen . After that , he began to take the sport more seriously and won two consecutive World Junior Time Trial Championships in 1998 and 1999 . At age nineteen he turned professional and signed with the team , where he rode as a stagiaire . He is known for being a quality time trialist , a one-day classics specialist , and a workhorse for his teammates that have general classification aspirations .   After winning a few stages and small races in his starting years , Cancellara earned his first major victory at the 2004 Tour de France where he won the opening prologue time trial and wore race leader yellow jersey for one day . The following season saw fewer victories , but his 2006 season saw a victory in the men 's time trial at the UCI Road World Championships , along with victory at the Paris -- Roubaix . Cancellara repeated as world champion in the time trial the next year , along with winning two stages at the Tour de France .   During the 2008 calendar he won gold at the Summer Olympics in the individual time trial event and the Milan -- San Remo . The next season saw Cancellara again become world time trial champion and lead both the Tour de France and the Vuelta a España . In 2010 , he won the Paris -- Roubaix and the Tour of Flanders . Cancellara 's 2011 and 2012 campaigns were both short in number of victories , while the latter was hampered by injuries throughout . After a lackluster two-year period , Cancellara again won the Tour of Flanders and Paris -- Roubaix double in 2013 . In 2014 , Cancellara repeated as winner of the Tour of Flanders .   Since turning professional in 2000 , Cancellara has ridden for four professional teams . He has achieved great success in the classic monuments ; he has won Paris -- Roubaix three times , the Milan -- San Remo once , and the Tour of Flanders three times . Cancellara has won the opening stage of the Tour de France five times and has led the race for 29 days total , which is the most of any rider who has not won the Tour . His success has not been limited to just time trials and classics , as he has won general classification of the Tirreno -- Adriatico , Tour de Suisse , and the Tour of Oman . In 2008 , he won gold in the individual time trial and silver in the men 's road race at the Summer Olympics . In 2016 , he won Olympic gold in the individual time trial for the second time in his career . In addition , Cancellara has been the time trial world champion four times in his career .

neg: Crestones The Crestones are a group of four 14,000 foot ( 4,268 m ) peaks ( fourteeners ) in the Sangre de Cristo Range above Crestone , central southern Colorado , comprising :  Crestone Peak ( 14,294 ft , 4,357 m )  Crestone Needle ( 14,197 ft , 4,327 m )  Kit Carson Mountain ( 14,165 ft , 4,317 m )  Humboldt Peak ( 14,064 ft , 4,287 m )   Snow is usually mostly melted by early July . Climbers can expect afternoon rain , hail , and lightning from the seasonal monsoon in late July and August .

neg: Cotacachi Canton Cotacachi is a canton of Imbabura province of Ecuador in South America . The name also refers to the city which is the seat of that canton , one of Ecuador 's leading artisanal manufacturers of leather goods , and to the dormant Volcan Cotacachi which overlooks the canton .   The city of Cotacachi holds a UNESCO medal for being free of illiteracy . In 2000 the canton of Cotacachi was declared the first ecological county of South America .   The name Cotacachi has many meanings . In `` Cara '' it means `` lake with women breast '' which refers to the general shape of the island in Laguna Cuicocha ; in Quichua it means powder salt . The ecosystems of the area and the native flora and fauna makes this canton one of the ecologically richest zones in South America . The area attracts tourists for bird-watching , camping , and fly fishing .   The weather in the area ranges from 9 to 25 degrees Celsius and is cooler in the evenings .   In the last decade Cotacachi has implemented a new system of local development by creating a city council . All the sectors of the society , from children to the ancient , rural and urban representatives participate in the council . Cotacachi is an example of development and progress .   Ascendant Corporation plans to raze to the ground the villages of Junín , Cerro Pelado , and El Triunfo in order to make ground for copper mining . Since the complete moratorium passed on all mining in Ecuador ( as of May 2008 ) , however , this has been delayed if not completely halted .   Pachakutik , a party of the indigenous population gained four of five seats in the area at the 2004 local elections . For the 2009-2014 period , Alberto Anrango ( supporter of the Alianza PAIS party ) was the mayor of Cotacachi . In 2014 , Jomar Cevallos , founder of the new party , Ally Kawsay ( `` Vivir Bien '' in Spanish , or `` Good Living '' in English ) , won the election for the 2015-2019 period .   Cotacachi is known for quality leather goods ; it has a number of shops on `` Leather Street '' that sell coats , jackets , shoes , and specialty items .

neg: Slovak Central Mountains The Slovak Central Mountains ( Slovenské stredohorie ) are a group of mountain ranges in southern central Slovakia . The town of Zvolen lies roughly in the centre of the mountains .   The Slovak Central Mountains are a part of the Inner Western Carpathians . They are bordered by the Fatra-Tatra Area to the northwest and north , Slovak Ore Mountains ( Slovenské rudohorie ) to the east , Southern Slovak Basin ( Juhoslovenská kotlina ) to the south and by the Pannonian Plain to the southwest .   The Slovak Central Mountains are divided into the following subdivisions :   Vtacnik Mountains  Pohronský Inovec  Štiavnica Mountains  Kremnica Mountains  Poľana  Ostrôžky  Javorie  Krupina Plain  Zvolen Basin  Pliešovce Basin ( Pliešovská kotlina )  Žiar Basin   The highest mountain is Poľana at 1,458 m.

neg: Montubio Montubio are a mestizo people of the countryside of coastal Ecuador . The Montubio were recognized by the government in the spring of 2001 after protests that included protracted hunger strikes . The Council for the Development of the Montubio People of the Ecuadorian Coast and Subtropical Zones of the Littoral Region ( CODEPMOC ) was granted official status and government funding . The Montubio are known for their ranching activities , rodeos , machetes and distinctive attire ( including Panama hats , originally made in Montecristi-Manabí ) . In Ecuadorian literature , the Montubios have been written as `` a local stock coastal character '' by Alfredo Parez Diezcanceco and the `` Guayaquil Group '' : Demetrio Aguilera Malta , Enrique Gil Gilberto , and Joaquin Gallegos Lara . They have also been recorded by Jenny Estrada in El Montubio -- un forjador de identidad ( 1996 ) , Teodoro Crespo in El Montuvio : Centro de la  Colonización ( 1959 , 2nd Edition ) , and by Jose de la Cuadra in El Montuvio Ecuatoriano ( 1937 ) .

neg: Pirin The Pirin Mountains ( Пирин , Όρβηλος , Orbelos , `` snow-white mountain '' ) are a mountain range in southwestern Bulgaria , with Vihren ( 2,914 m high ) the highest peak , situated at . The range extends about 40 km northwest-southeast , and about 25 km wide . Most of the range is protected in the Pirin National Park . The mountain is named after Perun ( Cyrillic : Перун ) , the highest god of the Slavic pantheon and the god of thunder and lightning .   To the north Pirin is separated from Bulgaria 's highest mountain range , the Rila Mountains , by the Predel saddle , while to the south it reaches the Slavyanka mountain . To the west is located the valley of the Struma and to the east of the Mesta Rivers . Pirin is noted for its rich flora and fauna . Much of the area is forested , with the best conifer woods in Bulgaria , holding important populations of the Balkan endemic species Macedonian pine , Bosnian pine and Bulgarian fir . Animals include the wolf and the brown bear .   The town of Bansko , an important tourism and winter sports centre , is situated on the northeast slopes of the Pirin Mountains . The town of Razlog lies in Razlog Valley between Pirin Mountains to the south and the Rila Mountains to the north .

neg: Serra Pelada Serra Pelada ( English : `` Naked Mountain '' ) was a large gold mine in Brazil 430 km south of the mouth of the Amazon River . The mine was made famous by the images taken by Alfredo Jaar and later by Sebastião Salgado showing an anthill of workers moving vast amounts of ore by hand . Because of the chaotic nature of the operation estimating the number of miners was difficult , but at least 100,000 people were thought to be present , making it one of the largest mines in the world . Today the Serra Pelada mine is abandoned and the giant open pit that was created by hand has filled with water , creating a small polluted lake .

neg: Monte Pelmo Monte Pelmo is a significant mountain of the Dolomites , in the province of Belluno , Northeastern Italy .   The mountain resembles a giant block which stands isolated from other peaks , so can be seen clearly from the neighbouring valleys and from nearby mountains such as Antelao and Monte Civetta .   Monte Pelmo was one of the first major Dolomite peaks to be climbed , by Englishman John Ball , who later became president of the Alpine Club ( UK ) , in 1857 .   West of the summit lies a secondary peak , Pelmetto ( meaning `` Little Pelmo '' in Italian ) , at 2,990 m high , which has a 1,100 m high north face .

neg: Sierra Morena The Sierra Morena is one of the main systems of mountain ranges in Spain . It stretches for 450 kilometres from east to west across the south of the Iberian Peninsula , forming the southern border of the Meseta Central plateau and providing the watershed between the valleys of the Guadiana to the north and the west , and the Guadalquivir to the south .   Its highest summit is 1,332 m high Bañuela . Other notable peaks are Corral de Borros 1,312 m and Cerro de la Estrella 1,298 m.   The name Sierra Morena has a strong legendary reputation in Spanish culture and tradition , with myths about bandits ( Los bandidos de Sierra Morena ) , a giant snake ( El Saetón de Sierra Morena ) and a child brought up by wolves ( Marcos Rodríguez Pantoja ) , among others . This range is also mentioned in the famous Mexican song `` Cielito Lindo '' and in one of the most well known traditional Spanish songs , `` Soy Minero '' , interpreted by Antonio Molina .

neg: Mountaineering The term mountaineering describes the sport of mountain climbing . While some scholars identify mountaineering-related activities as climbing ( rock and ice ) and trekking up mountains , others are also adding backpacking , hiking , skiing , via ferrata and wilderness activities , and still others state that mountaineering activities also include indoor climbing , sport climbing and bouldering . However most of the scholars , the term mountaineering understand as a climbing ( which now refers to adventure climbing or sports climbing ) and trekking ( hill walking in ` exotic ' places ) . Hiking in the mountains can also be a simple form of mountaineering when it involves scrambling , or short stretches of the more basic grades of rock climbing , as well as crossing glaciers .   While mountaineering began as attempts to reach the highest point of unclimbed big mountains it has branched into specializations that address different aspects of the mountain and consists of three ( 3 ) areas : rock-craft , snow-craft , and skiing , depending on whether the route chosen is over rock , snow or ice . All require experience , athletic ability , and technical knowledge to maintain safety .   Mountaineering is often called Alpinism , especially in European languages , which implies climbing with difficulty such high and often snow and ice-covered mountains as the Alps . A mountaineer with such great skill is called an Alpinist . The word alpinism was born in the 19th century to refer to climbing for the purpose of enjoying climbing itself as a sport or recreation , distinct from merely climbing while hunting or as a religious pilgrimage that had been done generally at that time .   The UIAA or Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme is the world governing body in mountaineering and climbing , addressing issues like access , medical , mountain protection , safety , youth and ice climbing .

neg: Pluma Hidalgo Pluma Hidalgo is a town and municipality in Oaxaca in south-western Mexico . The municipality covers an area of 179.9 km ² . It is part of the Pochutla District in the east of the Costa Region . The name of `` Pluma Hidalgo '' was given because there is a small mountain located on the municipality and up the mountain there is a cloud that seemed like a feather , in Spanish `` pluma '' . Hidalgo was given because this place was founded when the independence battle was on , which began by Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla . Sierra Madre del Sur goes through this municipality which is characterized by Cerro de la Pluma , Cerro León and Cerro de las Nieves . In this region the weather is humid because of the mountains . The normal weather conditions are about 20 ° C , and in summer the rains are abundant .  As of 2005 , the municipality had a total population of 3314 . It is one of the most idoneous place in Mexico for the cultivation of coffee : Pluma gourmet coffee is one of the most prestigious types of the drink .

neg: Las Aguilas Mountains The Las Aguilas Mountains are a mountain range in San Benito County , California .

neg: Apennine deciduous montane forest The Apennine deciduous montane forests , a temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome , are an ecoregion in the mountain ranges of Italian peninsula including the Apennine Mountains . The development of these forests is ensured by the high rainfall Apennines ( from 1000 mm in southern Apennine to 2500 mm in northern Apennine ) , combined with a temperate-cool climate . Because of climate change , the presence of Silver Fir ( Abies alba ) , although still widespread , is dramatically reduced in favour of the beech .

neg: Zamora, Ecuador Zamora ( -LSB- saˈmoɾa -RSB- ) is a city in southeastern Ecuador , capital of Zamora-Chinchipe province and cantonal head of Zamora Canton .   Zamora is the principal and populous city in Zamora-Chinchipe . It is located in the foothills of the Andes mountains at 970 m above sea level , on the convergence of the Zamora , Bombuscaro and Jamboé rivers .   Zamora has experienced a boom in growth in recent years , attributed to the discovery of gold in the surrounding region , by this has been known as Mining Capital of Ecuador and actually as well as City of Birds and Waterfalls , referring it to the constant presence of various types of birds and several waterfalls which emerge from the streams that surround the city .   The city stretches from west to east towards Cumbaratza . It is connected by several bus and coach trips to other cantons and provinces .   Category : Populated places in Zamora-Chinchipe Province  Category : Provincial capitals in Ecuador  Category : Populated places established in 1549  Category :1549 establishments in the Spanish Empire

neg: Bellunes Alps The Bellunes Alps ( Belluneser Alpen , Prealpi Bellunesi ) is the now obsolete name of a mountain range on the southern edge of the Eastern Alps .   They lie in the Italian regions of Venetia and Trentino-South Tyrol . They cover the provinces of Treviso , Pordenone and part of Vicenza . The name is derived from the town of Belluno . Their highest peak is Col Nudo at .   They are part of the Southern Limestone Alps , and are mainly made of the chalk limestone of the Southern Alps with summit region made of main dolomite .   The Bellunes Alps used to be an independent group in the Alpine Club Classification of the Eastern Alps ( AVE ) and had the number 55 . In 1984 they were divided ; the northern part being assigned to the Dolomites , and the southern part to the Southern Carnic Alps -- the latter also appeared as the Bellunes Prealps ( Belluneser Voralpen ) in the Partizione delle Alpi where it formed Group 55d of the Venetian Alps ( 55 ) . The northern part is also called the Bellunes Dolomites or Schiara Group , after its highest peak , Monte Schiara .   In 1990 , the northern , dolomitic part was declare a national park : the Bellunes Dolomites National Park .

neg: Spanish Peaks The Spanish Peaks are a pair of prominent mountains located in southwestern Huerfano County , Colorado . The Ute Indians named them Huajatolla ( pronounced Wa-ha-toy-a ) , meaning `` two breasts '' or `` breasts of the Earth '' .   The two peaks , West Spanish Peak ( 13,626 feet or 4,153 meters ) and East Spanish Peak ( 12,683 feet or 3,866 meters ) , are east of , and separate from , the Culebra Range of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains . West Spanish Peak is the easternmost mountain over 4,000 meters in the United States .   The Spanish Peaks were formed by two separate shallow ( or hypabyssal ) igneous intrusions during the Late-Oligocene epoch of the Paleogene Period . West Spanish Peak is an older ( 24.59 + / - 0.13 Ma ) quartz syenite while East Spanish Peak ( 23.36 + / - 0.18 Ma ) is composed of granite and granodiorite porphyry .   The Spanish Peaks were designated a National Natural Landmark in 1976 as one of the best known examples of igneous dikes .   They were an important landmark on the Santa Fe Trail . The mountains can be seen as far north as Colorado Springs ( 133 mi ) , as far west as Alamosa ( 85 mi ) , points south to Raton , New Mexico ( 65 mi ) , and points east of Trinidad ( up to 15 mi ) .   The Spanish Peaks Wilderness area of 17,855 acres ( 72.3 km2 ) encompasses the summits of both Spanish peaks . Hiking is popular in the wilderness area .

neg: Sierra de Velasco right | 250px | thumb | The western part of Sierra de Velasco captures during summer moist air from the Atlantic allowing some sub-tropical forests to grow on it .  Sierra de Velasco is a mountain range in the Argentine province of La Rioja . Sierra de Velsco runs from north to south just west of the city of La Rioja and east of Chilecito .   Category : Landforms of La Rioja Province , Argentina  Category : Mountain ranges of Argentina

neg: Fil de Dragiva Fil de Dragiva is a mountain of the Lepontine Alps , located between Rossa and Soazza , in the Swiss canton of Graubünden .

neg: Piz Bernina Piz Bernina or Pizzo Bernina ( -LSB- / ˈpit.tso / ˈbɛrniːna -RSB- ) is the highest mountain in the Eastern Alps , the highest point of the Bernina Range , and the highest peak in the Rhaetian Alps . It rises 4,048.6 m ( 13,283 ft ) and is located south of Pontresina and near the major Alpine resort of St. Moritz , in the Engadin valley with the massif partially in Italy . It is also the most easterly mountain higher than 4,000 m in the Alps , the highest point of the Swiss canton of Graubünden , and the fifth-most prominent peak in the Alps . The minor summit ( 4,020 m ) known as La Spedla is the highest point in the Italian Lombardy region .   The mountain was named after the Bernina Pass in 1850 by Johann Coaz , who also made the first ascent . The prefix Piz comes from the Romansch language in Graubünden ; any mountain with that name can be readily identified as being located in southeastern Switzerland .

neg: Pico 31 de Março Pico 31 de Março , or Pico Trinta e Um de Março in full ( -LSB- ˈpiku ˈtɾĩtɐ jũ dʒi ˈmaʁsu -RSB- ) , also known as Pico Phelps , is a mountain on the Brazil -- Venezuela border . At 2974 m above sea level , it is Brazil 's second highest mountain . It is part of the Neblina massif , and the latter 's summit Pico da Neblina , Brazil 's highest summit , is only 687 m away . Pico 31 de Março can be considered a secondary summit of Pico da Neblina . Therefore , it is usually climbed by expeditions primarily aiming to reach the other peak . Pico 31 de Março is linked to Pico da Neblina by a col that can be easily traversed in a short trek of about an hour .

neg: Macugnaga Macugnaga ( Walser German : Z'Makana ) is a mountain village at 1327 m elevation , in the province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola , in the north of the Piedmont region of Italy .   It is located at the base of Monte Rosa ( 4638 m , the second-tallest mountain in Europe , along Valle Anzasca , one of the seven valleys around the mount .  The town is surrounded by high and wild peaks like P. Gnifetti 4559 m , P.Zumstein 4563 m ( 14965 ft ) , P.Dufour 4638 m ( 15211 ft ) , P.Nordend 4612 m ( 15126 ft ) , Jagerhorn 3970 m ( 13020 ft ) , Cima Jazzi 3804 m ( 12476 ft ) , Neue Weisstor 3642 m ( 11945 ft ) , Cima di Roffel 3636 m ( 11925 ft ) . In particular , the town is famous for being in front of the East Face of Monte Rosa Massif , the tallest wall in the Alps . This wall , 2600 m high and 4 km wide , is a true monument in the history of mountaineering and it is nicknamed `` The Himalayan Face of the Alps '' . Many famous climbers , like Alessandro Gogna , Kurt Diemberger , Hermann Buhl , and Patrick Gabarrou , traced important itineraries along the very dangerous and steep cliffs of the wall . Many others died trying to reach the four summits at the top of the wall : Damiano Marinelli and his three companions were swept away by a huge avalanche in 1881 . Casimiro Bich , Cristiano Sommaruga , Ettore Zapparoli , Gildo Burgener and others famous and skillful climbers lose their lives all killed by huge avalanches . Ettore Zapparoli in particular , a musician , poet , writer , died alone in 1951 , trying to win the most dangerous part of the wall , the sector under the P. Zumstein . His body was found in 2008 and buried in the mountaineering cemetery . This place , very close to the Chiesa Vecchia ( the `` Old Church '' , built in the 13th century ) , is a moving place , where a section remembers all the climbers dead on the wall .  Many monuments are present in the town : the Chiesa Vecchia and its linden also of the 13th century , the Chiesa Nuova built in 1707 , the 17th century Casa Pala .  In the town there is a museum of mountaineering and in the hamlet of Borca the Walser Museum , devoted to the local German population who colonised the valley during the Middle Ages .   The population of the area originated from the Walser , Germanic people coming from the Swiss canton Wallis .   The area gives many opportunities for skiing in winter ( a cableway brings from the central square of the town to the 3000 m ( 9800 ft ) of the Passo del Monte Moro on the border with Switzerland , and hiking and mountaineering in summer . There are a swimming pool , a tennis centre , and a football field for sport activities .  Despite its proximity to the international Milan Malpensa Airport ( 100 km , 62 miles ) , this town remains very quiet , wild and impressive for its spectacular landscape .   The village is also known for its mine ( Miniera della Guia ) .   Between 2010 and January 2011 , the Italian film-maker Cristina Comencini chose Macugnaga for making her film called Quando la notte ( in English , When the Night ) about a woman from a big city who falls in love with a local climber . She chose the place for its impressive position , in her words perfect for a movie . Some years ago the Italian soap Cento Vetrine recorded some episodes in Macugnaga .


query: The Battle of Corinth barely resulted in the complete destruction of Corinth.

pos: Battle of Corinth (146 BC) The Battle of Corinth was a battle fought between the Roman Republic and the Greek city-state of Corinth and its allies in the Achaean League in 146 BC , which resulted in the complete and total destruction of Corinth . This battle marked the beginning of the period of Roman domination in Greek history .

neg: Lydians The Lydians were an Anatolian people living in Lydia , a region in western Anatolia , who spoke the distinctive Lydian language , an Indo-European language of the Anatolian group .   Questions raised regarding their origins , as defined by the language and reaching well into the 2nd millennium BC , continue to be debated by language historians and archeologists . A distinct Lydian culture lasted , in all probability , until at least shortly before the Common Era , having been attested the last time among extant records by Strabo in Kibyra in south-west Anatolia around his time ( 1st century BC ) .   The Lydian capital was at Sfard or Sardis . Their recorded history of statehood , which covers three dynasties traceable to the Late Bronze Age , reached the height of its power and achievements during the 7th and 6th centuries BC , a time which coincided with the demise of the power of neighboring Phrygia which lay to the north-east of Lydia .   Lydian power came to an abrupt end with the fall of their capital in events subsequent to the Battle of Halys in 585 BC and defeat by Cyrus the Great in 546 BC .

neg: Arachidamia Arachidamia ( c. 340-241 BC ) was a wealthy Spartan queen , wife of Eudamidas I , mother of Archidamus IV and Agesistrata , grandmother of Eudamidas II , great-grandmother and grandmother of Agis IV .   The earliest accounts of her depict her leading Spartan women against Pyrrhus during his siege of Lacedaemon in the 3rd century BC . In the face of Pyrrhus 's invasion , the Spartan Gerousia considered sending the Spartan women to Crete for their safety . Arachidamia , speaking on behalf of the Spartan women , entered the Gerousia , `` with sword in hand , '' and contested this proposal , questioning whether the Spartan women were expected to survive the ruin of their own city .   With the matter settled , the Spartans initiated the construction of a defensive trench running parallel to Pyrrhus 's camp . It is likely that Arachidamia helped direct the Spartan women in this respect , since it is reported that the Spartan women impressively `` completed with their own hands a third of the trench . '' Consequently , it is likely that Arachidamia led the efforts of Spartan women during the subsequent battle against Pyrrhus , as they are noted for supplying the defenders with weapons and refreshment during combat , and extracting wounded from the battlefield .   Later records of Arachidamia date three decades later , with her assisting in the revolutionary designs of her grandson Agis IV , as he attempted to restore Lycurgan institutions to a Sparta then thoroughly corrupted by wealth and greed . Because Arachidamia and Agesistrata were the wealthiest two people in all of Lacedaemon , Arachidamia 's support of Agis was instrumental in gaining support for the cause . She was among those who first pledged to contribute their wealth to a common pool , which was then to be distributed equally amongst both old and new Spartan citizens .   However , these revolutionary designs were foiled by the corruption of Agis 's uncle and erstwhile supporter , Agesilaus , and the machinations of a rival party , led by the Agiad King , Leonidas II . Leonidas and the Ephors had Agis illegally imprisoned and executed , unbeknownst to a mob that had gathered out of concern and a possible desire to see him freed . Arachidamia and Agesistrata were subsequently lured into the prison on the premise that they were to see Agis ; and there they too both met their ends at the hands of their political rivals . Considering that she must have born her son Archidamus IV before 320 BC , at the time of her execution in 241 BC she was probably far in her nineties .

neg: Paeonia (kingdom) In antiquity , Paeonia -LSB- piːˈoʊniə -RSB- was the land and kingdom of the Paeonians .   In the Iliad the Paeonians are said to have been allies of the Trojans . During the Persian invasion of Greece the conquered Paeonians as far as the Lake Prasias , including the Paeoplae and Siropaiones , were deported from Paeonia to Asia .  In 355-354 BC , Philip II of Macedon took advantage of the death of King Agi of Paeonia and campaigned against them in order to conquer them . So the southern part of ancient Paeonia was annexed by the ancient kingdom of Macedon and was named as ` Macedonian Paeonia ' ; this section included the cities Astraion ( later Stromnitsa ) Stenae ( near modern Demir Kapija ) , Antigoneia ( near modern Negotino ) etc. .   The exact original boundaries of Paeonia , like the early history of its inhabitants , are obscure , but it is known that it was located immediately north of ancient Macedonia ( which corresponded roughly to the modern Greek region of Macedonia ) , and to the south-east of Dardania ( which was similar to modern-day Kosovo ) ; in the east were the Thracian mountains , and in the west , the Illyrians . It was separated from Dardania by the mountains through which the Vardar river passes from the field of Scupi ( modern Skopje ) to the valley of Bylazora ( modern Veles ) .   Paeonia roughly corresponds to the present-day Republic of Macedonia and to a narrow strip of the north Greek Macedonia , on the borders with the Republic of Macedonia , and a small part of south-western Bulgaria .

neg: Nicias Nicias ( -LSB- ˈnɪʃiəs -RSB- Νικίας Nikias ; c. 470 BC -- 413 BC ) , was an Athenian politician and general during the period of the Peloponnesian War . Nicias was a member of the Athenian aristocracy and had inherited a large fortune from his father , which was invested in the silver mines around Attica 's Mt. Laurium . Following the death of Pericles in 429 BC , he became the principal rival of Cleon and the democrats in the struggle for the political leadership of the Athenian state . He was a moderate in his political views and opposed the aggressive imperialism of the democrats . His principal aim was to conclude a peace with Sparta as soon as it could be obtained on terms favourable to Athens .   He was regularly elected to serve as strategos ( general ) for Athens during the Peloponnesian War . He led several expeditions which achieved little . Nevertheless , he was largely responsible for the successful negotiations which led to the Peace of Nicias in 421 BC .   Following the Peace , he objected to the ambitious plans of Alcibiades for advancing Athens ' interests . Despite this , Nicias was appointed to participate in the Athenian invasion of Sicily . The Athenian siege of Syracuse was nearly successful until the arrival of the Spartan general Gylippus , who turned the situation around so that the Athenians were themselves under siege . Nicias led his forces in a desperate attempt to escape by land . However , they were cut off and he and his Athenian army were overwhelmed and defeated . His army was almost wiped out , but he reminded Gylippus of all the times Nicias had spared him , and was in turn spared .

neg: Battle of Thessalonica (995) The Battle of Thessalonica occurred in 995 or earlier , near the city of Thessalonica , Greece . The battle was part of the long Bulgarian -- Byzantine war of the late 10th and early 11th centuries . The Bulgarians under their ruler , Tsar Samuil , succeeded in ambushing and destroying the Byzantine garrison of Thessalonica , killing its commander , Gregory Taronites , and capturing his son Ashot .

neg: First Sacred War The First Sacred War or Cirraean war , was fought between the Amphictyonic League of Delphi and the city of Kirrha . In the beginning of the 6th century B.C. the attempt of the Pylaeo-Delphic Amphictyony , controlled by the Thessalians , to take hold of the Sacred Land ( or Kirrhaean Plain ) of Apollo ended up in this war . Its end was marked by the organization of the first Pythian Games . The conflict arose due to Kirrha 's frequent robbery and mistreatment of pilgrims going to Delphi and their encroachments upon Delphic land . The war resulted in the defeat and destruction of Kirrha . The war is notable for the use of chemical warfare at the Siege of Kirrha , in the form of hellebore being used to poison the city 's water supply .

neg: Battle of Lemnos (1024) The Battle of Lemnos in 1024 was the culmination of a raid by Kievan Rus ' troops through the Dardanelles and into the Aegean Sea . It was the penultimate conflict between the Byzantine Empire and the Rus ' .   The only source for the conflict is the history of John Skylitzes . According to Skylitzes , in 1024 a Rus ' leader named Chrysocheir assembled 800 men and sailed to Constantinople , aiming to enlist in the Varangian Guard of Emperor Basil II ( r. 976 -- 1025 ) . This Chrysocheir was a relative of the late Kievan prince Vladimir of Kiev , who had married the Emperor 's sister Anna . His real name is unknown , and `` Chrysocheir '' is most likely a Greek translation of his name , meaning `` gold-hand '' . Blondal proposed that it derived either from Old Norse Auđmundr , or from Old English Eadmund .   At Constantinople , Chrysocheir and his men were asked to surrender their weapons before being allowed into the city to enlist . The Rus ' refused , and instead sailed south through the Propontis . The commander of the Dardanelles straits at Abydos tried to block their path , but they defeated him and sailed through the straits to the Aegean Sea . They then made for the island of Lemnos , where they were confronted by a much stronger Byzantine fleet , comprising the forces of the strategos of Samos David of Ohrid , the fleet of the Cibyrrhaeot Theme , and the troops of the doux of Thessalonica , Nikephoros Kabasilas . The Byzantine commanders initially pretended that they wanted to negotiate , so that the Rus ' were lulled into false security . Then the Byzantines fell upon them suddenly and killed them all .

neg: Korkyra (polis) Korkyra ( also Corcyra , Κόρκυρα ) was an ancient illyrian city on the island of Corfu in the Ionian sea , adjacent to Epirus . It was a colony of Corinth , founded in the archaic period . According to Thucydides , the earliest recorded naval battle took place between Korkyra and Corinth , roughly 260 years before he was writing - and thus in the middle of the seventh century BC .   The antagonism between Korkyra and its mother city Corinth appears to have been an old one . Quite apart from the naval battle Thucydides talks of , Herodotus records a myth involving the tyrant of Corinth , Periander . Periander was estranged from his younger son , Lycophron , who believed that his father had killed his mother Milissa . After failing to reconcile with Lycophron , he sent him to Korkyra , then within Corinth 's governance . In his old age , Periander sent for his son to come and rule over Corinth , suggesting that they would trade places and he would rule Korkyra while his son came to rule Corinth . To prevent this , the Korkyraeans killed Lycophron . In punishment , Periander captured 300 young men of Korkyra with the intention of castrating them . This is more likely to be a myth explaining the animosity between Corinth and Korkyra ( and justifying the use of the word tyrant for Periander 's rule ) than an actual historical event .

neg: Battle of Wesenberg (1268) The Battle of Wesenberg , Rakvere or Rakovor was a battle fought on February 18 , 1268 , between the Livonian branch of the Teutonic Knights and a coalition of Russian princes . Medieval accounts of the battle vary , with both sides claiming victory , such that the other was unable to mount further attacks . The most likely conclusion is that the battle was a tactical draw , with both sides withdrawing , badly bloodied , to defend their own lands .   The two armies clashed within 7.5 kilometers ( roughly 4.5 miles ) from the Livonian town of Wesenberg ( Rakvere , Rakovor ) . Russian forces , numbering up to 30,000 troops , were led by Dmitry of Pereslavl ( representing the Novgorod Republic ) together with his future son-in-law , Daumantas of Pskov ( representing the Pskov Republic ) .   Apart from the knights , the Livonian army included Danish forces ( right flank ) and local Estonian militia ( left flank ) . It is unclear who the overall commander of the crusading army was , as some sources claim that Livonian Ordensmeister Otto von Lutterberg was not present , while others claim he was . Bishop Alexander of Dorpat was likely one of the army 's leaders , however .   The Livonian forces deployed in their customary deep `` boar 's head '' wedge of heavily armoured knights , called by the Russians the `` great iron pig . '' These deep wedges had considerable penetrative power , but were unmaneuverable and vulnerable to flank attack due to the resulting narrow frontage of the army , facts which led to the ultimate defeat of the Knights at the Battle of Lake Peipus . As a result , the Livonians attempted to remedy this situation at Rakvere by splitting their knightly assault force into two formations , deploying one wedge in the open and a second in ambush , so that when the first wedge was attacked on all sides by the Russians the second wedge would burst from ambush and in turn encircle the enemy .   The tactic worked well at first , as the wedge of Livonian knights smashed the Novgorod and Pskov forces facing them , but then the second wedge , seeing the Russians in retreat , apparently assumed the battle was won and emerged from their ambush position to loot the Russian baggage . This abandonment of the battle plan led to the first wedge being encircled .   The fighting to reduce the first wedge was apparently terrific . `` Neither our fathers nor grandfathers have witnessed such a terrible battle '' , reports the Novgorodian First Chronicle . At last the Novgorodian militia prevailed , although its leader , the posadnik Mikhailo Fyodorovich , was killed in action .   The Russian princes pursued the knights up to Rakvere . Prince Daumantas of Pskov , whose bravery was recognized even in the Livonian chronicles of the battle , pursued the defeated knights all the way to the coast of the Baltic Sea , and took substantial booty before returning to the Russian lines . Upon his return to his camp , Dmitry of Pereslavl discovered that it had been looted by another regiment of the knights . He decided to wait for the morning . Three days passed and no new attack ensued on the part of the knights . The Russian leaders claimed victory and returned to Novgorod in triumph .   The most proximate Livonian source for the battle , the Livonian Rhymed Chronicle , tells a very different story , however . According to the anonymous author , Ordenmeister Otto von Lutterberg was away , campaigning elsewhere , when the Russians invaded Estonia . As a result , only a small number of brothers of the Livonian Order were present with the local troops , which included the forces of Bishop Alexander of Dorpat . In this account , the charge of the Livonian force drove the Russians back across the field of battle , and , despite the death of Bishop Alexander , and a heroic final defense mounted by Prince Dmitry , utterly defeated them . The Livonian force then laid siege to Pskov , but were defeated when a relief army arrived there from Novgorod , whereupon they returned home .

neg: Battle of Idomene The Battle of Idomene was a battle in the Peloponnesian War in 426 BC , between the Athenians and the Ambracians .   The Ambracians , who were allies of the Spartans , had sent a relief force to help the army that had invaded Amphilochia previously . Unbeknownst to the Ambracians , the first army had been defeated , surrounded and scattered by the allied Athenians , Amphilochians and Acarnanians the day before . The Ambracians , unaware of the incoming Athenian army , camped on the lower of two steep hills . Demosthenes , the Athenian commander , occupied the higher hill , obtaining a strategic advantage . Before dawn , while the Ambracians were still asleep , they were attacked and destroyed by the Athenians .   Overall , the Ambraciots lost about 1,000 men over the two battles . Thucydides describes this disaster as : ` The greatest disaster to strike a single city in an equal number of days in this war . '

neg: Battle of Coronea (447 BC) The Battle of Coronea ( also known as the First Battle of Coronea ) took place between the Athenian-led Delian League and the Boeotian League in 447 BC during the First Peloponnesian War .   In 457 BC the Athenians had taken control of Boeotia at the Battle of Oenophyta , and spent the next ten years attempting to consolidate the League 's power . In 454 BC Athens lost a fleet attempting to aid an Egyptian revolt against Persia ; fearing revolts by the other members of the Delian League , Athens moved the treasury to their city from Delos in 453 BC , and signed the Peace of Callias with Persia around 450 BC .   The Delian League was essentially an Athenian empire , and while Athens was usually successful at holding their possessions in the Aegean Sea , they were less successful on land . By 447 BC some of the men exiled from Boeotia after the Athenian victory there in 457 had returned home and began to take back some of the Boeotian towns . The Athenians under Tolmides , with 1,000 hoplites plus other troops from their allies , marched into Boeotia to take back the recaptured towns . They captured Chaeronea , but were attacked and defeated by the Boeotians at Coronea . The Athenians were forced to give up control of Boeotia . Boeotia was allowed to leave the Delian League in return for allowing the Athenians to leave Boeotia safely . The defeat led to revolts on Euboea and in Megara , which in turn led to further conflict with Sparta , contributing to the Peloponnesian War .

neg: Congress at the Isthmus of Corinth The Congress at the Isthmus of Corinth took place in 481 BC , under the presidency of Sparta , and brought together a number of the Greek city states . The Congress agreed to the end of the war between Athens and Aegina . The Congress also discussed the threat from the Persians . Athens was unwilling to place her forces under Sparta and its King Leonidas .   Gelon , tyrant of Syracuse wanted high command , but Sparta and Athens refused . However , during the Congress , Gelon had to withdraw due to Carthage 's plans to invade Sicily .   Finally , Athenian archon and political leader , Themistocles , agreed that Athens ' navy serve under a Spartan admiral to achieve the unity of the Greek states . In an environment where the Greeks were continually breaking into factions within cities and creating rivalries between cities , Themistocles actions were advanced and far-sighted .   Nevertheless , Thebes and Thessaly were unwilling to support Athens against the Persians , and Crete decided to remain neutral .

neg: Achaemenid Assyria Athura ( ð ð ° ð cents ð 1/4 ð Aθurā ) , also called Assyria Babylonia , was a geographical area within the Persian Achaemenid Empire held by the last nobility of Aššur ( Akkadian ) , known as Athura ( Neo-Aramaic ) or Atouria ( Greek ) , during the period of 539 BC to 330 BC as a military protectorate state of Persia under the rule of Cyrus the Great . Although sometimes regarded as a satrapy , Achaemenid royal inscriptions list it as a dahyu , a concept generally interpreted as meaning either a group of people or both a country and its people , without any administrati   It mostly incorporated the original Assyrian kingdom , corresponding with modern northern Iraq in the upper Tigris , the middle and upper Euphrates , modern-day north eastern Syria ( Eber-Nari ) and part of south-east Anatolia ( modern Turkey ) . The Neo-Assyrian Empire collapsed after a period of violent civil wars , followed by an invasion by a coalition of some of its former subject peoples , the Iranian peoples ( Medes , Persians and Scythians ) , Babylonians and Cimmerians in the late 7th century BC , culminating in the Battle of Nineveh , and Assyria had fallen completely by 605 BC . Between 605 and 559 BC , Assyria was divided between the Median Empire to the east and the Neo-Babylonian Empire to the west . Both parts were subsumed into the Achaemenid Empire in 539 BC , and it has been argued that they constituted the satrapies of Media and Athura , respectively . In Herodotus ' account the Ninth Tributary District comprised `` Babylonia and the rest of Assyria '' , and excluded Eber-Nari .   Despite a few rebellions , Assyria functioned as an important part of the Achaemenid Empire . The Assyrian people were given the right to govern themselves throughout Achaemenid rule , and the Assyrian ( Aramaic ) language was used diplomatically by the Persians . Known for their combat skills , Assyrian soldiers ( along with the Lydians ) constituted the main heavy infantry of the Achaemenid empire 's military . Due to the major destruction of Assyria during the fall of its empire , some early scholars described the area as an `` uninhabited wasteland . '' Other Assyriologists , however , such as John Curtis and Simo Parpola , have strongly disputed this claim , citing how Assyria would eventually become one of the wealthiest regions among the Achaemenid Empire . This wealth was due to the land 's great prosperity for agriculture that the Persians used effectively for almost 200 years . In contrast to the policy of the Assyrian Empire , the Achaemenid Persians did not intervene in the internal affairs of their ruling satrapies as long as they continued the flow of tribute and taxes back to Persia .

neg: Roman–Persian Wars The Roman -- Persian Wars were a series of conflicts between states of the Greco-Roman world and two successive Iranian empires : the Parthian and the Sassanid . Battles between the Parthian Empire and the Roman Republic began in 54 BC ; wars began under the late Republic , and continued through the Roman and Sassanid Persian empires . Several buffer states , vassal kingdoms , and allied nations also played major role . The wars were ended by the Arab Muslim invasions , which led to the demise of the Sassanid Empire and huge territorial losses for the Byzantine East Roman empire , shortly after the end of the last war between them .   Although warfare between the Romans and the Parthians/Sassanids lasted for seven centuries , the frontier remained largely stable . A game of tug of war ensued : towns , fortifications , and provinces were continually sacked , captured , destroyed , and traded . Neither side had the logistical strength or manpower to maintain such lengthy campaigns far from their borders , and thus neither could advance too far without risking stretching its frontiers too thin . Both sides did make conquests beyond the border , but in time the balance was almost always restored . The line of stalemate shifted in the 2nd century AD : it had run along the northern Euphrates ; the new line ran east , or later northeast , across Mesopotamia to the northern Tigris . There were several substantial shifts further north , in Armenia and the Caucasus .   The expense of resources during the Roman -- Persian Wars ultimately proved catastrophic for both empires . The prolonged and escalating warfare of the 6th and 7th centuries left them exhausted and vulnerable in the face of the sudden emergence and expansion of the Caliphate , whose forces invaded both empires only a few years after the end of the last Roman -- Persian war . Benefiting from their weakened condition , the Arab Muslim armies swiftly conquered the entire Sassanid Empire , and deprived the Eastern Roman Empire of its territories in the Levant , the Caucasus , Egypt , and the rest of North Africa . Over the following centuries , more of the Eastern Roman Empire came under Muslim rule .   As it stands , the Roman -- Persian War was the longest conflict in human history , lasting discontinuously over 680 years .

neg: Boura (Achaea) Boura ( also Bura , Bira ; Βοῦρα ) was an ancient city of Achaea , Greece , one of the 12 cities of the Achaean League .   It is said to have derived its name from Bura , a daughter of Ion and Helice .   The city was situated on a height 40 stadia from the sea , and southeast of Helike . Its name occurs in a line of Aeschylus , preserved by Strabo . It was swallowed up by the earthquake which destroyed Helike in 373 BCE , and all its inhabitants perished except those who were absent at the time . On their return they rebuilt the city , which was visited by Pausanias , who mentions its temples dedicated to Demeter , Aphrodite , Eileithyia and Isis . Strabo relates that there was a fountain at Boura called `` Sybaris '' , from which the river and city in Magna Graecia , Italy derived its name . On the revival of the Achaean League in 280 BCE , Boura was governed by a tyrant , whom the inhabitants slew in 275 BCE , and then joined the confederacy . A little to the east of Boura was the river Buraïcus ; and on the banks of this river , between Boura and the sea , was an oracular cavern of Heracles surnamed Buraicus .   The ruins of Boura have been discovered nearly midway between the rivers of Bokhusia ( Cerynites ) , and of Kalavryta ( Buraicus ) near Trupia . Ovid says that the ruins of Boura ( which he calls Bira ) , like those of Helike , were still to be seen at the bottom of the sea . Pliny the Elder makes the same assertion . Hence it has been supposed that the ancient Boura stood upon the coast , and after its destruction was rebuilt inland ; but neither Pausanias nor Strabo states that the ancient city was on the coast , and their words render it improbable .

neg: Morean War The Morean War ( Guerra di Morea ) is the better-known name for the Sixth Ottoman -- Venetian War . The war was fought between 1684 -- 1699 , as part of the wider conflict known as the `` Great Turkish War '' , between the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire . Military operations ranged from Dalmatia to the Aegean Sea , but the war 's major campaign was the Venetian conquest of the Morea ( Peloponnese ) peninsula in southern Greece . On the Venetian side , the war was fought to avenge the loss of Crete in the Cretan War ( 1645 -- 1669 ) , while the Ottomans were entangled in their northern frontier against the Habsburgs and were unable to concentrate their forces against the Republic . As such , the Morean War holds the distinction of being the only Ottoman -- Venetian conflict from which Venice emerged victorious , gaining significant territory . Venice 's expansionist revival would be short-lived however , as its gains would be reversed by the Ottomans in 1715 .

neg: Siege of Athens The Siege of Athens can refer to any of the following battles :   Sack of Athens ( 480 BC ) - Amid which the Persians besieged a group of holdouts in the Acropolis  Siege of Athens ( 404 BC ) - Last battle in the Peloponnesian War  Siege of Athens ( 287 BC ) - Siege by Demetrius I of Macedon  Siege of Athens and Piraeus ( 87 -- 86 BC ) - Siege by Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix during the First Mithridatic War  Siege of the Acropolis ( 1402 -- 03 ) by Antonio I Acciaioli against Venice  Siege of the Acropolis ( 1456 -- 58 ) by the Ottomans against the Latin Duchy of Athens  Siege of the Acropolis ( 1687 ) by the Venetians against the Ottomans , during the Morean War  Siege of the Acropolis ( 1821 -- 22 ) by the Greeks against the Ottomans , during the Greek War of Independence  Siege of the Acropolis ( 1826 -- 27 ) by the Ottomans against the Greeks , during the Greek War of Independence

neg: Third Hellenic Republic Third Hellenic Republic is the period in modern Greek history that stretches from 1974 , with the fall of Greek military junta and the final abolition of the Greek monarchy , to the present day .   It is considered the third period of republican rule in Greece , following the First Republic during the Greek War of Independence ( 1821 -- 32 ) and the Second Republic during the temporary abolition of the monarchy in 1924 -- 35 . The term `` Metapolitefsi '' is commonly used for this period , but this term concerns more often with the first years immediately after the fall of the military junta . While the First and Second Hellenic Republics are n't in common use except in a historiographic context , the term Third Hellenic Republic is used frequently .   Features of the Third Hellenic Republic are the development of social freedoms , the human growth , the European orientation of Greece and the political dominance of the parties ND and PASOK . On the contrary this period includes high corruption , deterioration of some economic indexes such as the public debt and nepotism mostly in political scene and the state seats .

neg: Marcus Minucius Rufus Marcus Minucius Rufus ( died August 2 , 216 BC ) was a Roman consul in 221 BC . He was also Magister Equitum during the dictatorship of Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus known as Cunctator .   He was a political enemy of Fabius Maximus . He was against his delaying defensive strategy during the Second Punic War . While the Carthaginians had been busy at Geronium , Fabius had left Minucius in charge of the Roman army with instructions to follow the `` Fabian strategy '' and journeyed to Rome to observe some religious duties . Minucius , who had always advocated a more forward strategy against Hannibal , moved down from the hills after a few days and set up a new camp in the plain of Larinum to the north of Geronium . The Romans then began harassing the Carthaginian foragers from their new camp as Minucius sought to provoke Hannibal into battle . Hannibal in response moved near the Roman camp from Geronium with two thirds of his army , built a temporary camp and occupied a hill overlooking the Roman camp with 2,000 Numidian spearmen . The mobility of the Carthaginians was restricted at this time as their cavalry horses were being rested . This had also deprived Hannibal of his best weapon against the Romans , a fact which would come into play soon .   Minucius promptly attacked and drove back the spearmen posted on the hill , and then moved his camp to the top of the captured hill . The stage was set for a confrontation , with the initiative resting with Minucius . The Roman commander , for all his rashness , handled the situation with skill and shrewdness to manipulate the events to his advantage . After that he was named co-commander to Fabius . However Minucius finally accepted his commands after Fabius saved his life during Hannibal 's attack at Gerontium .   Marcus Minucius Rufus was killed in the Battle of Cannae .

neg: Callistratus of Aphidnae Callistratus of Aphidnae ( Καλλίστρατος Kallistratos ; died 350s BC ) was an Athenian orator and general in the 4th century BCE .   For many years , as prostates , he supported Spartan interests at Athens , recognizing that Thebes posed a greater threat to Athens . In 371 BC he was one of the crafters of the peace treaty between Athens and Sparta which recognized the hegemony of Athens on the sea and that of Sparta on land . On account of the refusal of the Thebans to surrender Oropus , which on his advice they had been allowed to occupy temporarily , Callistratus , despite his magnificent defence ( which , according to a later legend , so impressed Demosthenes that he resolved to study oratory ) , was condemned to death in 361 BC . He fled to Methone in Macedonia , where he was accommodated by King Perdiccas III who drew on his financial expertise .   Later , he founded the city of Krenides or Daton with a group of colonists from Thasos . After the takeover of the area by Philip II of Macedon , he took refuge in Byzantium . Upon his return to Athens in the 350s he was executed . Following an uncertain suggestion made by Arnold Schaefer in the nineteenth century , a date of death of 355 has often been repeated . However , Isocrates in his On the Peace ( 24 ) , written near the end of the Social War in 355 , seems to know nothing of his return to Athens , and there is no reason why it could not have taken place after the end of the war . On the other hand , Lycurgus ' Against Leocrates ( 93 ) speaks of Callistratus ' death as an event remembered by the older generation but known only by report to the younger generation , so that it can not be dated after 350 .   He was an author of several reforms , notably with the Athenian fiscal administration , and forced the allies of Athens to pay contributions ( syntaxeis ) for taking part in the war effort .   See Xenophon , Hellenica , iii . 3 , vi . 2 ; and Lycurgus , In Leocr . 93 .


query: Bedazzled (2000 film) stars a Canadian-American actor.

pos: Bedazzled (2000 film) Bedazzled is a 2000 fantasy-comedy film remake of the 1967 film of the same name , originally written by Peter Cook and Dudley Moore , which was itself a comic retelling of the Faust legend . The film was directed by Harold Ramis and stars Brendan Fraser and Elizabeth Hurley .

pos: Brendan Fraser Brendan James Fraser ( -LSB- ˈfreɪzɚ -RSB- ; born December 3 , 1968 ) is a Canadian-American actor . He is best known for playing Rick O'Connell in The Mummy trilogy ( 1999 , 2001 , 2008 ) , and for his comedy and fantasy leading roles in films , such as Encino Man ( 1992 ) , George of the Jungle ( 1997 ) , Bedazzled ( 2000 ) and Journey to the Center of the Earth ( 2008 ) . He also starred in numerous dramatic roles , such as Gods and Monsters ( 1998 ) , The Quiet American ( 2002 ) and Crash ( 2004 ) .

neg: Noah Mills Noah Mills ( born April 26 , 1983 ) is a Canadian model and actor .

neg: Rossif Sutherland Rossif Sutherland ( born September 25 , 1978 ) is a Canadian actor .

neg: Jonathan Sagall Jonathan Sagall is an Israeli-Canadian actor , film director , TV director and screenwriter .

neg: Jimmy Hayward James `` Jimmy '' Hayward ( born September 17 , 1970 ) is a Canadian-American film director , screenwriter and animator .

neg: Gerry Dee Gerry Dee ( born December 31 , 1968 in Scarborough , Ontario ) is a Canadian actor and stand-up comedian .

neg: Cory Bowles Cory Bowles ( born August 27 , 1973 ) is a Canadian actor , director and choreographer . He is best known for his portrayal of `` Cory '' in the series Trailer Park Boys .

neg: Scott Elrod Scott Michael Elrod ( born February 10 , 1975 ) is an American actor .

neg: Jack Creley Jack Creley ( March 6 , 1926 -- March 10 , 2004 ) was an American-born Canadian actor . Although most prominently a stage actor , he also had film and television roles .

neg: Chandler Canterbury Chandler Canterbury ( born December 15 , 1998 ) is an American actor .

neg: Phil Nichol Phil Nichol is a Canadian comedian , singer-songwriter and actor .

neg: Craig Veroni Craig Veroni is a South African born Canadian actor from Vancouver .

neg: Trevor Wright Trevor Christopher Wright ( born August 23 , 1980 in San Diego , California ) is an American actor .

neg: Martin Short Martin Hayter Short ( born March 26 , 1950 ) is a Canadian-American actor , comedian , writer , singer , and producer . He is known for his work on the television programs SCTV and Saturday Night Live . He has starred in comedy films , such as Three Amigos ( 1986 ) , Innerspace ( 1987 ) , Three Fugitives ( 1989 ) , Father of the Bride ( 1991 ) , Pure Luck ( 1991 ) , Father of the Bride Part II ( 1995 ) , Mars Attacks ! ( 1996 ) and Jungle 2 Jungle ( 1997 ) , and created the characters , Jiminy Glick and Ed Grimley . In 1999 , he won a Tony Award for his lead performance in a Broadway revival of Little Me .

neg: Joseph D. Reitman Joseph David Reitman ( born May 25 , 1968 ) is an American actor , film producer , film director , and writer .

neg: David Chokachi David Chokachi ( born David Al-Chokhachy ; January 16 , 1968 ) is an American film and television actor . He is known for his role in the TV series Witchblade , Baywatch , and Beyond The Break .

neg: Leah Pinsent Leah Pinsent ( born September 20 , 1968 ) is a Canadian television and film actress .

neg: Michael Landon Jr. Michael Graham Landon Jr. ( born June 20 , 1964 ) is an American actor , director , writer , and producer .

neg: David Arquette David Arquette ( born September 8 , 1971 ) is an American actor , film director , producer , screenwriter , fashion designer and former professional wrestler . A member of the Arquette acting family , he first became known during the mid-1990s after starring in several Hollywood films , such as the Scream series , Wild Bill , Buffy the Vampire Slayer , See Spot Run and Eight Legged Freaks . He has since had several television roles , such as Jason Ventress on ABC 's In Case of Emergency .   In addition to his acting career , Arquette took a brief foray into professional wrestling in early 2000 , competing for World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) . During his tenure ( primarily to promote his upcoming film Ready to Rumble ) , Arquette became a one-time WCW World Heavyweight Champion , an angle that has been cited as pivotal to the demise of WCW .

neg: Christian Paul (actor) Christian Paul ( born May 18 , 1973 ) is a Canadian film and television actor .

neg: Jon Paul Piques Jon Paul Piques ( born June 30 , 1986 ) is a Canadian actor , director and internet celebrity . He has over 3 billion in views and over 11 million combined followers . As of May 2016 , he is ranked in the top 10 content creators on Facebook . Previously , Jon Paul Piques , was a pro-soccer player .