query: Each jackfruit is made of more than a thousand flowers.

pos: Jackfruit The jackfruit ( Artocarpus heterophyllus ) , also known as jack tree , jakfruit , or sometimes simply jack or jak , is a species of tree in the fig , mulberry , and breadfruit family ( Moraceae ) .   It is native to parts of South and Southeast Asia and is believed to have originated in the southwestern rain forests of the Western Ghats in the Indian subcontinent . The jackfruit tree is well suited to tropical lowlands , and its fruit is the largest tree-borne fruit , reaching as much as 35 kg in weight , 90 cm in length , and 50 cm in diameter . The jackfruit tree can produce about 100 to 200 fruits in a year . The jackfruit is a multiple fruit , composed of hundreds to thousands of individual flowers , and it is the fleshy petals that are eaten .   The jackfruit tree is a widely cultivated and popular food item throughout the tropical regions of the world . Jackfruit is the national fruit of Bangladesh .

neg: Stewartia Stewartia as described by Philibert Commerçon is a synonym of Dombeya .   Stewartia ( sometimes spelled Stuartia ) is a genus of 8-20 species of flowering plants in the family Theaceae , related to Camellia . Most of the species are native to eastern Asia in China , Japan , Korea , Laos , Myanmar , Thailand , and Vietnam , with two ( S. malacodendron , S. ovata ) in southeast North America , from Virginia and Kentucky south to Florida and Louisiana .   They are shrubs and trees , mostly deciduous , though some species ( e.g. S. pteropetiolata ) are evergreen ; the evergreen species form a genetically distinct group and are split into a separate genus Hartia by some botanists , but others retain them within Stewartia . The Asian species include both shrubs and trees , growing to 3-20 m tall , while the American species are shrubs growing 3-5 m tall , rarely becoming small trees . The bark is very distinctive , smooth orange to yellow-brown , peeling in fine flakes . The leaves are alternately arranged , simple , serrated , usually glossy , and 3-14 cm long . The flowers are large and conspicuous , 3-11 cm diameter , with 5 ( occasionally 6-8 ) white petals ; flowering is in mid to late summer . The fruit is a dry five-valved capsule , with one to four seeds in each section .   The species are adapted to acidic soils , and do not grow well on chalk or other calcium-rich soils . They also have a high rainfall requirement and will not tolerate drought .   The genus was named in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus to honour John Stuart , 3rd Earl of Bute . Owing to a transcription error , Linnaeus was given the name as ` Stewart ' , and consequently spelled the name `` Stewartia '' ( and continued to do so in all his subsequent publications ) . Some botanists and horticulturists , mainly in the past but still widely in the UK have interpreted Article 60 of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature to consider `` Stewartia '' an orthographical error to be corrected to Stuartia , but this type of correction has been discouraged by changes to the code in recent times . During the 19th century , the spelling Stuartia was `` almost universally '' used . However , the original spelling `` Stewartia '' has been accepted by virtually all systematic botanists in recent treatments of the family and genus as well as in numerous influential horticultural publications .

neg: Cherry blossom A cherry blossom ( or commonly known in Japan as sakura ) is the flower of any of several trees of genus Prunus , particularly the Japanese cherry , Prunus serrulata ( 桜 or 櫻 さくら ) .   Currently it is widely distributed , especially in the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere including Japan , China , Korea , West Siberia , Iran , Pakistan , India , Canada , and the United States . Along with the chrysanthemum , the cherry blossom is considered the national flower of Japan .   Many of the varieties that have been cultivated for ornamental use do not produce fruit . Edible cherries generally come from cultivars of the related species Prunus avium and Prunus cerasus . Cherry blossom are also closely related to other Prunus trees such as the almond , peach , plum and apricot , and more distantly to apples , pears and roses .

neg: Osmanthus Osmanthus -LSB- ɒzˈmænθəs -RSB- is a genus of about 30 species of flowering plants in the family Oleaceae . Most of the species are native to eastern Asia ( China , Japan , Indochina , the Himalayas , etc. ) with a few species from the Caucasus , New Caledonia , Sumatra , and North America ( Mexico , Central America , southeastern United States ) .   Osmanthus range in size from shrubs to small trees , 2 - tall . The leaves are opposite , evergreen , and simple , with an entire , serrated or coarsely toothed margin . The flowers are produced in spring , summer or autumn , each flower being about 1 cm long , white , with a four-lobed tubular-based corolla ( ` petals ' ) . The flowers grow in small panicles , and in several species have a strong fragrance . The fruit is a small ( 10 -- 15 mm ) , hard-skinned dark blue to purple drupe containing a single seed .

neg: Prumnopitys andina Prumnopitys andina ( Lleuque ) , the Chilean plum yew , is an evergreen coniferous tree native to south-central Chile and a few areas in adjacent parts of westernmost Argentina from 36 to 40 ° South latitude . It lives on moderately wet soils , preferably on Andean slopes from 500 -- .   It grows up to 30 m high , with a trunk up to 2 m in diameter . The leaves are linear to sickle-shaped , 15 -- 30 mm long and 2 mm broad . The seed cones are highly modified , reducing to a central stem 2 -- 4 cm long bearing 1-4 scales , each scale maturing berry-like , oval , 10 -- 15 mm long and 10 mm broad , green maturing dark purple , with a soft edible pulp covering the single seed . The seeds are dispersed by birds , which eat the ` berries ' and pass the seeds in their droppings . Seeds are very difficult to germinate . It has a straight and cylindrical trunk , with gray and shiny bark .   Before the genus Prumnopitys was distinguished , it was treated in the related genus Podocarpus as Podocarpus andinus . It has also been treated by some botanists as Prumnopitys spicata ( Molloy & Muñoz-Schick 1999 ) ; however this name is illegitimate ( Mill & Quinn 2001 ) . Prumnopitys elegans ( Phil ) is a synonym for Prumnopitys andina .   The fruit ( an Aril ) are tasty , 1.5 cm long , blue-purple in color , are eaten by Native American people in Chile , and a marmalade is produced with them . The tree is also occasionally grown as an ornamental tree and a hedge in oceanic climate areas in northwest Europe and the Pacific Northwest of North America . In these areas , it is also sometimes known as `` Plum-yew '' or `` Plum-fruited Yew '' , though these names are more commonly applied to plants in the genus Cephalotaxus ( Cephalotaxaceae ) .   The wood is a yellowish color and has a good quality . It is used in furniture and construction .   Evidence suggests that very little regeneration is occurring to replace current ageing trees in populations . In 2007 , the Forestry Commission planted large numbers of young trees at Bedgebury Pinetum in the UK as part of a project aiming to conserve the genetic resources of endangered conifers .

neg: Verticordia For the clam genus , see Verticordia ( bivalve ) .   Verticordia is a genus of more than 100 species of plants commonly known as featherflowers , in the myrtle family , Myrtaceae . They range in form from very small shrubs such as V. verticordina to trees like V. cunninghamii , some spindly , others dense and bushy , but the majority are woody shrubs up to 2.0 m tall . The flowers are variously described as `` feathery '' , `` woolly '' or `` hairy '' and are found in most colours except blue . They often appear to be in rounded groups or spikes but in fact are always single , each flower borne on a separate stalk in a leaf axil . Each flower has five sepals and five petals all of a similar size with the sepals often having feathery or hairy lobes . There are usually ten stamens alternating with variously shaped staminodes . The style is simple , usually not extending beyond the petals and often has hairs near the tip . All but two species are found in Southwest Australia , the other two occurring in the Northern Territory .   The first scientific collection of verticordia specimens was made in 1791 and the first formal description of a verticordia was written in 1826 but the name Verticordia was not used until 1828 . Alex George undertook a revision of the genus and in 1991 published a paper describing three subgenera , 24 sections , and 102 species .   Verticordia species occupy a wide variety of habitats , with some species widespread and abundant whilst others are rare and endangered . The profuse and striking display of intricate flowers of many species has led them to being harvested for floristry or simply admired as a wildflower .

neg: Prunus nipponica Prunus nipponica , also called , is a shrub which originates from the islands of Hokkaido and Honshu , Japan . It grows to a height of about 5 m and can grow in sandy , loamy , and clay soils .   This species is one of the hardiest of cherry trees , well-suited to cold climates . The flowers are a very light pink or even white in color . Flowers bloom in the first half of spring . They have 5 petals and are 3 cm in diameter . The pistils are usually longer than the stamen . The leaves are serrated and the bark is gray . In autumn the leaves turn yellow and orange-red ; these are rare autumnal colors for a cherry tree .   P. nipponica wood contains significant amounts of these flavonoids : d-catechin , naringenin , sakuranetin , eriodictyol , taxifolin , genistein , and prunetin . Being a member of the genus Prunus , P. nipponica would contain amygdalin and prunasin which form hydrocyanic acid when combined with water . This acid is poisonous but in very small doses it can improve respiration , digestion , and a sense of well-being . The fruit can be used as food and to make green dye .   This species was first reported by Japanese botanist Ninzo Matsumura in the Tokyo Botanical Magazine in 1901 . It is in the section Pseudocerasus of the cherry subgenus Cerasus of the Prunus genus , which are ornamental plants . Ma et al classified it in a group with Prunus incisa . P. nipponica is on the `` List of Protected Animals and Plants in the Wildlife Protection Zone '' of the wilderness Shirakami-Sanchi World Heritage Site .

neg: Verbenaceae The Verbenaceae -LSB- v3rbi : ` naysee -RSB- are a family , commonly known as the verbena family or vervain family , of mainly tropical flowering plants . It contains trees , shrubs , and herbs notable for heads , spikes , or clusters of small flowers , many of which have an aromatic smell .   Recent phylogenetic studies have shown that numerous genera traditionally classified in Verbenaceae belong instead in Lamiaceae . The new narrowly circumscribed Verbenaceae family includes some 35 genera and 1,200 species . The mangrove genus Avicennia , sometimes placed in the Verbenaceae or in its own family , Avicenniaceae , has been placed in the Acanthaceae .   Economically important Verbenaceae include :  Lemon verbena ( Aloysia triphylla ) , grown for aroma or flavoring  Verbenas or vervains ( Verbena ) , some used in herbalism , others grown in gardens

neg: Vanilla Vanilla is a flavoring derived from orchids of the genus Vanilla , primarily from the Mexican species , flat-leaved vanilla ( V. planifolia ) . The word vanilla , derived from the diminutive of the Spanish word vaina ( vaina itself meaning sheath or pod ) , is translated simply as `` little pod '' . Pre-Columbian Mesoamerican people cultivated the vine of the vanilla orchid , called tlilxochitl by the Aztecs . Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés is credited with introducing both vanilla and chocolate to Europe in the 1520s .   Initial attempts to cultivate vanilla outside Mexico and Central America proved futile because of the symbiotic relationship between the vanilla orchid and its natural pollinator , the local species of Melipona bee . Pollination is required to set the fruit from which the flavoring is derived . In 1837 , Belgian botanist Charles François Antoine Morren discovered this fact and pioneered a method of artificially pollinating the plant . The method proved financially unworkable and was not deployed commercially . In 1841 , Edmond Albius , a slave who lived on the French island of Réunion in the Indian Ocean , discovered at the age of 12 that the plant could be hand-pollinated . Hand-pollination allowed global cultivation of the plant .   Three major species of vanilla currently are grown globally , all of which derive from a species originally found in Mesoamerica , including parts of modern-day Mexico . They are V. planifolia ( syn . V. fragrans ) , grown on Madagascar , Réunion , and other tropical areas along the Indian Ocean ; V. tahitensis , grown in the South Pacific ; and V. pompona , found in the West Indies , and Central and South America . The majority of the world 's vanilla is the V. planifolia species , more commonly known as Bourbon vanilla ( after the former name of Réunion , Île Bourbon ) or Madagascar vanilla , which is produced in Madagascar and neighboring islands in the southwestern Indian Ocean , and in Indonesia .   Vanilla is the second-most expensive spice after saffron , because growing the vanilla seed pods is labor-intensive . Despite the expense , vanilla is highly valued for its flavor . As a result , vanilla is widely used in both commercial and domestic baking , perfume manufacture , and aromatherapy .

neg: Caryocar nuciferum Caryocar nuciferum , the butter-nut of Guiana , is also known as pekea-nut , or -- like all other species of Caryocar with edible nuts -- `` souari-nut '' or `` sawarri-nut '' . It is a fruit tree native to northern Brazil , Colombia , Costa Rica , Guyana , Panama , and Venezuela .   This colourful tree grows up to 35 m , in humid forests . Flowers are hermaphroditic and in small clusters . The large coconut-sized fruit , weighs about 3 kg , is round or pear-shaped some 10 -- 15 cm in diameter , and greyish-brown in colour . The outer skin is leathery , about 1 mm thick , and covered in rust-coloured lenticels . It has been called `` perhaps the finest of all the fruits called nuts . The kernel is large , soft , and even sweeter than the almond , which it somewhat resembles in taste . ''   Pulp of the mesocarp is oily and sticky , holding 1-4 hard , woody , warty stones , with tasty , reniform endocarp , which is eaten raw or roasted , and produces a nondrying edible oil . The wood is durable and used for boat-building . The correctly expressed oil of its nuts produces an effective healing balm .   This species is illustrated and discussed in detail in Curtis 's Botanical Magazine volume 54 published in 1827 , and figured on plates 2727 and 2728 using material sent from the island of Saint Vincent by the Revd . Lansdown Guilding .

neg: Unbelievable Acres Botanic Gardens Unbelievable Acres Botanic Gardens ( 1 ha / 2.5 acres ) is a private man made Tropical Rainforest , nonprofit botanical garden located at 470 63rd Trail North , West Palm Beach , Florida . The garden is open to the general public on the Second Saturday of every month . Guided Tours are given at 1:30 and 3 p.m. . An admission fee ( $ 10 adults and $ 5 Children ) is charged . Tours can be scheduled on other days for parties of 10 or more by calling (561) 242-1686 to make reservations .   The Tropical Rainforest garden was established in 1970 by Gene Joyner , who has developed and maintained it since . It is now one of Florida 's largest private collections of tropical fruit trees , with a 30 m tree canopy .   The garden contains some 2000 varieties of plants , including more than 160 varieties of fruit trees , with 40 types of citrus , and 35 types of banana and plantain trees . It also includes orchids , bromeliads , palms , and ferns , as well as less well-known plants such as jaboticaba , black sapote , jackfruit , and carambola trees .

neg: Australia's Open Garden Scheme Australia 's Open Garden Scheme was a non-profit organisation that began in Victoria Australia in 1987 but closed its doors in June 2015 due to financial issues . Its aim was to promote the knowledge and pleasure of gardens and gardening across Australia . Under the scheme , private gardens opened for public viewing for one or two weekends a year . About 650 gardens were opened annually across Australia but declining numbers and competition from groups promoting their own events outside of their booklet meant that it was not viable . Each year over 275,000 adults visited open gardens , together with accompanying children . A schedule for openings across Australia was published annually .   Tamie Fraser was President of the Open Garden Scheme .   The scheme grew out of the practice in Victoria of `` grand '' private gardens in the hill country near Melbourne opening occasionally for public viewing for the benefit of charities . However the scheme did not limit itself to large gardens , with many normal-sized suburban gardens , and even tiny inner-city plots , included . Most openings in the southern , temperate zone occurred between October and May , while tropical gardens open during the winter months .   A nominal fee was charged for each viewing . This money was divided with 35 % going to the garden owner or their nominated charity , and 65 % going to the Open Garden Scheme . After funding the scheme operating costs , the remainder was given as grants to community garden projects , with over $ 800,000 in grants being made by the end of 2006 . Additionally garden owners passed on over $ 3.5 million to their nominated charities since the commencement of the scheme .   In 2015 new non-for-profit organisations have spring up to carry on some of the tradition in individual states including Open Gardens SA and Open Gardens Victoria . Both schemes aim to educate and promote the enjoyment , knowledge and benefits of gardens and gardening and are promoting a long list of garden openings from spring through to autumn each year . They have attracted good membership numbers and visitor numbers .  Unfortunately , no Open Gardens Group has formed in Sydney , but an Open Gardens group exists in the Southern Highlands of NSW , and the famous gardens of Mount Wilson are generally available for viewing all year round ; Spring and Autumn are the most popular seasons . Blue Mountains and Mount Wilson open gardens are listed in detail here .   An independent business `` My Open Garden '' also promotes open gardens and gardening events across Australia .  A detailed list of 650 or more Open Gardens in Australia is still being constructed . Open Gardens claimed almost 20,000 gardens were opened because of the Scheme 's development .  A list of 400 Australian Heritage Gardens is now in Wikipedia .  Guide books and web guides to Open Gardens are also published in the UK , and were published in Australia by the ABC . All such lists have now migrated to the web , and are published regularly by Weekend Notes .

neg: A Sketch of the Vegetation of the Swan River Colony `` A Sketch of the Vegetation of the Swan River Colony '' , also known by its standard botanical abbreviation Sketch Veg . Swan R. , is an 1839 article by John Lindley on the flora of the Swan River Colony . Nearly 300 new species were published in it , many of which are still current .   It appeared as Part Three of Appendix to the first twenty three volumes of Edward 's Botanical Register , the first two parts being indices of previous volumes of Edwards 's Botanical Register , of which Lindley was editor . It contained 58 pages , issued in three parts . Pages 1 to 16 were issued on 1 November 1839 ; pages 17 to 32 on 1 December 1839 ; and the remaining 26 pages on 1 January 1840 . It also contained four woodcuts based on sketches by Lindley , and nine hand-coloured lithographic plates , the artist and lithographer of which are unacknowledged and are now unknown . According to Helen Hewson , the woodcuts are of high quality , but the plates `` do not measure up to the standard of contemporary illustration '' .   `` A Sketch of the Vegetation of the Swan River Colony '' represents only the second attempt to provide a flora for the colony , the first being Stephan Endlicher 's 1837 Enumeratio plantarum , a Latin work of which only one installment was published . Thus there were at the time a great many undescribed species awaiting publication -- speaking of the ( now defunct ) order Stylidaceae , Lindley remarks `` In Brown 's prodromus forty-six species only are named for all New Holland ... but I possess from Swan River alone at least forty well marked species , and there are some of Baron Hugel 's with which I am unacquainted '' . Working primarily from the collections of James Drummond , Lindley was able to publish around 280 new taxa , many of which remain current .

neg: Phlox Phlox ( -LSB- ˈflɒks -RSB- Greek φλόξ `` flame '' ; plural `` phlox '' or `` phloxes '' , Greek φλόγες phlóges ) is a genus of 67 species of perennial and annual plants in the family Polemoniaceae . They are found mostly in North America ( one in Siberia ) in diverse habitats from alpine tundra to open woodland and prairie . Some flower in spring , others in summer and fall . Flowers may be pale blue , violet , pink , bright red , or white . Many are fragrant .   Fertilized flowers typically produce one relatively large seed . The fruit is a longitudinally dehiscent capsule with three or more valves that sometimes separate explosively .   Some species such as P. paniculata ( garden phlox ) grow upright , while others such as P. subulata ( moss phlox , moss pink , mountain phlox ) grow short and matlike .   The foliage of Phlox is a food for the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including dot moth , Gazoryctra wielgusi , hummingbird hawk-moth and Schinia indiana ( which feeds exclusively on P. pilosa ) . Phlox species are also a popular food source for groundhogs , rabbits and deer .

neg: Bluebell Arboretum Bluebell Arboretum is an arboretum and associated plant nursery near the village of Smisby in South Derbyshire , England . It is a Royal Horticultural Society recommended garden , comprising a large selection of rare trees , shrubs and climbers growing in a woodland garden . Planting was started by the owners , Suzette and Robert Vernon ( a Royal Horticultural Society committee member and Chelsea Flower Show judge ) in 1992 on what was then a six acre ( 2.2 hectare ) meadow , just under 500 feet ( 150 metres ) above sea level . The arboretum was officially opened by Roy Lancaster , OBE VMH in 1997 , and has since been expanded and is now open to the public throughgout the year , excluding Sundays during the winter months .   In the garden emphasis is placed on its educational potential ; its collection is extensive and well-labelled and there are many posters describing points of botanical/ecological interest , designed to stimulate further interest in trees , especially amongst younger visitors . The collection includes numerous species and cultivars from Northern Asia , North America and other temperate regions around the world ; it includes cultivars of Cornus kousa ( Chinese dogwood ) , Liquidambar styraciflua ( American sweetgum ) , Liriodendron ( tulip tree ) and various Betula ( birch ) species , as well as other woody plants from many different genera .   The arboretum includes a 2007 planting of 75 Sequoiadendron giganteum , the well-known giant redwood from the mountains of Southern California , and this area of the arboretum is intended to become a redwood grove in the future . Britain 's first `` Singing Sequoia '' was commissioned in BlueBell Arboretum in spring , 2013 ; this automated musical and educational feature is amongst a group planting of Coastal Redwoods , which fully-grown in California are the tallest trees in the world . The aim of this planting is to create a small-scale representation of a Californian redwood forest , complete with sword ferns , ` Polystichum munitum ' , growing beneath the redwoods and skunk cabbages , ` Lysichiton americanus ' , in a nearby damp area .   In May 2004 , the arboretum was given the ` Greenwatch Award ' by Derbyshire County Council for Environmental Sustainability , and was featured for its autumn colour in October 2007 in the BBC 's Gardeners ' World . The arboretum also regularly holds open days for the National Gardens Scheme charity .

neg: Commelinaceae Commelinaceae is a family of flowering plants . In less formal contexts , the group is referred to as the dayflower family or spiderwort family . It is one of five families in the order Commelinales and by far the largest of these with about 731 known species in 41 genera . Well known genera include Commelina ( dayflowers ) and Tradescantia ( spiderworts ) . The family is diverse in both the Old World tropics and the New World tropics , with some genera present in both . The variation in morphology , especially that of the flower and inflorescence , is considered to be exceptionally high amongst the angiosperms .   The family has always been recognized by most taxonomists . The APG III system of 2009 ( unchanged from the APG system of 1998 ) , also recognizes this family , and assigns it to the order Commelinales in the clade commelinids in the monocots . The family counts several hundred species of herbaceous plants . Many are cultivated as ornamentals . The stems of these plants are generally well-developed , and often swollen at the nodes . Flowers are often short-lived , lasting for a day or less .   The flowers of Commelinaceae are ephemeral , lack nectar , and offer only pollen as a reward to their pollinators . Most species are hermaphroditic , meaning each flower contains male and female organs , or andromonoecious , meaning that both bisexual and male flowers occur on the same plant . Floral dimorphism may be accompanied by variable pedicel length , filament length and/or curvature , or stamen number and/or position . Species tend to have specific flowering seasons , though local environmental factors tend to effect exact timing , sometimes considerably . Species tend to flower at a specific time of day as well , with these periods being well defined enough to presumably isolate different species reproductively . Furthermore , some species exhibit differential opening times for male and bisexual flowers . Commelinaceae flowers tend to deceive pollinators by appearing to offer a larger reward than is actually present . This is accomplished with various adaptations such as yellow hairs or broad anther connectives that mimic pollen , or staminodes that lack pollen but appear like fertile stamens .

neg: Quaqua The genus Quaqua falls within the tribe of plants known collectively as stapeliads . All stapeliads , including Quaqua , are old world stem succulents .  Species of the Quaqua genus are exceptionally varied and endemic to southwestern Africa , and locally very common in Namaqualand . They are usually characterised by having stout , firm , 4 or 5-sided stems bearing conical tubercles which often have a tough , tapering spike at their ends . A few species lack the spikes or have smoothly rounded tubercles .   Quaqua flowers are distinctive from those of other southern African stapeliads for their numerous inflorescences emerging from each stem , especially closer to the ends . There are ten along each stem , vertically arranged in distichous series . The flowers themselves are typically sweet smelling ( faintly of honey or lemon ) , attractive and rather small ( between 7 and 15 mm in diameter ) . Some , however , reach a maximum diameter of 27 mm and are dark and papillate . These larger flowers frequently have a repulsive , pungent odor , either of urine or excrement .   Species

neg: Ganjam Kewda Flower Kewra is an extract from the male flowers of a screw-pine tree . Ganjam Kewda Flower is registered ( on Application No. 229 ) under the Geographical Indications ( GI ) of Goods ( Registration and Protection ) Act by Government of India . Kewda scent is produced in Chhatrapur , Brahmapur , Gopalpur and Jagannathpur in district of Ganjam , Odisha . Although kewda plants almost distributed almost throughout India , 90 % of production of kewda flower is estimated in this district of Odisha .   The flower is dear to the Indian heart is Kewda ( Pandanus odoratissimus ) . It grows on a small tree or shrub which is both cultivated and grows wild in coastal areas . It can also be found in some inland districts but the flowers seem to create their most exquisite floral bouquet in certain coastal localities , the most famous being the Ganjam district of Odisha . The tree/shrub can reach a height of 18 feet . The densely branched plant is supported by aerial roots forming a thick impenetrable jungle . The long leaves possess prickly spines along the edges and mid-ribs making the plant tough to handle for those not use to their peculiar nature . The male flower `` spikes '' ( a better technical word is inflorescence ) are 10-20 inches long . Along the central stalk of spike one can fine many true flowers each encased in a fragrant cream-coloured spathe ; a spathe being a leaf-like structure enclosing a flower . A fully mature Kewda tree produces about 30-40 flower spikes each year weighing 5-6 each ounces each .

neg: Espalier Espalier ( -LSB- ᵻˈspælɪər -RSB- or -LSB- ᵻˈspæli.eɪ -RSB- ) is the horticultural and ancient agricultural practice of controlling woody plant growth for the production of fruit , by pruning and tying branches to a frame . Plant are frequently shaped in formal patterns , flat against a structure such as a wall , fence , or trellis , and also plants which have been shaped in this way .   Espaliers , trained into flat two-dimensional forms , are used not only for decorative purposes , but also for gardens in which space is limited . In a temperate climate , espaliers may be trained next to a wall that can reflect more sunlight and retain heat overnight or orientated so that they absorb maximum sunlight by training them parallel to the equator .  These two strategies allow the season to be extended so that fruit has more time to mature .   A restricted form of training consists of a central stem and a number of paired horizontal branches all trained in the same plane .  The most important advantage is that of being able to increase the growth of a branch by training it vertically . Later , one can decrease growth while increasing fruit production by training it horizontally .

neg: Moraceae The Moraceae -- often called the mulberry family or fig family -- are a family of flowering plants comprising about 38 genera and over 1180 species . Most are widespread in tropical and subtropical regions , less so in temperate climates . The only synapomorphy within Moraceae is presence of laticifers and milky sap in all parenchymatous tissues , but generally useful field characters include two carpels sometimes with one reduced , compound inconspicuous flowers , and compound fruits . Included are well-known plants such as the fig , banyan , breadfruit , mulberry , and Osage-orange . The ` flowers ' of Moraceae are often pseudanthia ( reduced inflorescences ) .

neg: Accessory fruit An accessory fruit ( sometimes called false fruit , spurious fruit , pseudofruit , or pseudocarp ) is a fruit in which some of the flesh is derived not from the ovary but from some adjacent tissue exterior to the carpel . Examples of accessory tissue are the receptacle of the strawberry , pineapple , common fig , and mulberry , and the calyx of Gaultheria procumbens or Syzygium jambos . Pomes , such as apples and pears , are also accessory fruits , with much of the fruit flesh derived from a hypanthium . Other example could be the anthocarps specific to the family Nyctaginaceae , where most of the fruit comes from the perianth ( floral whorls ) .   Fruit with fleshy seeds , such as pomegranate or mamoncillo , are not considered to be accessory fruit .   The terms false fruit , spurious fruit , and pseudocarp are older terms for accessory fruit that have been criticized as `` inapt '' , and are not used by some botanists today .


query: Maria I of Portugal was a monarch in a place.

pos: Maria I of Portugal Dona Maria I ( English : Mary I ; 17 December 1734 -- 20 March 1816 ) was Queen of Portugal , Brazil , and the Algarves . Known as Maria the Pious ( in Portugal ) , or Maria the Mad ( in Brazil ) , she was the first undisputed Queen regnant of Portugal . With Napoleon 's European conquests , her court , then under the direction of Prince Dom João , the Prince Regent , moved to Brazil , then a Portuguese colony . Later on , Brazil would be elevated from the rank of a colony to that of a kingdom , with the consequential formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves .

neg: Norte Region, Portugal Norte ( Região Norte , -LSB- ʁɨʒiˈɐ̃w ˈnɔɾtɨ -RSB- ; `` North Region '' ) is a region in the northern part of Portugal . It is a land of dense vegetation and profound historic and cultural wealth . Its capital is the city of Porto . The region has 3,689,173 inhabitants according to the 2011 census , and its area is 21,278 km ² ( density of 173 inhabitants per square kilometre ) . It is one of five regions of Mainland Portugal ( NUTS II subdivisions ) . Northern Portugal is a culturally varied region , thus historical rivalries between different neighbouring cities and towns are common , unlike other Portuguese regions where every city and town is culturally very similar .

neg: Palace of the High-Courier The Palace of the High Courier of Loures ( Palácio do Correio-Mor ) , is a palatial residence in the civil parish of Loures , in the municipality of the same name in the periphery of the Portuguese capital of Lisbon . The imposing Baroque-era residence , is a `` U '' - shaped layout , consisting of courtyard leading to staircase and two-storey building decorated in azulejos , stucco artistic works and paintings , that was once home to the Counts and Marquesses of Penafiel .

neg: Póvoa de Varzim Póvoa de Varzim ( -LSB- ˈpɔvwɐ ðɨ vɐɾˈzĩ -RSB- , locally -LSB- -LSB- ˈpɔβwə ðɨ βəɾˈzĩŋ -RSB- -RSB- ) , also spelled Povoa de Varzim , is a Portuguese city in Northern Portugal and sub-region of Greater Porto . It sits in a sandy coastal plain , a cuspate foreland , halfway between the Minho and Douro rivers . The population of the municipality was 63,408 at the time of the 2011 census . According to the 2001 census , there were 63,470 inhabitants , with 42,396 living in the city proper . The city expanded , southwards , to Vila do Conde , and there are about 100,000 inhabitants in the urban area alone . It is the seventh-largest urban agglomeration in Portugal and the third largest in Northern Portugal .   Permanent settlement in Póvoa de Varzim dates back to around four to six thousand years ago ; around 900 BC , unrest in the region led to the establishment of Cividade de Terroso , a fortified city , which developed maritime trade routes with the civilizations of classical antiquity . Modern Póvoa de Varzim emerged after the conquest by the Roman Republic of the city by 138 BC , fishing and fish processing units soon developed , which turned out to be the foundations of the local economy . By the 11th century , the fish industry and fertile farmlands were the economic base of a feudal lordship and Varzim was fiercely disputed between the local overlords and the early Portuguese kings , which resulted in the establishment of the present day 's municipality in 1308 and being subdued to monastic power some years later . Póvoa de Varzim 's importance reemerged with the Age of Discovery due to its shipbuilders and merchants proficiency and wealth , who traded around the globe in complex trade routes . By the 17th century , the fish processing industry rebounded and , some time later , Póvoa became the dominant fishing port in northern Portugal .   Póvoa de Varzim has been a well-known beach resort for over three centuries , the most popular in Northern Portugal , which unfolded an influential literary culture and historical artistic patronage in music and theater . Casino da Póvoa is one of the few and prominent gambling venues in Portugal . Leisure and health benefits provided in large sandy beaches attracts national and international visitors . Póvoa de Varzim holds other landmarks , especially the traditional Junqueira shopping street , Garrett Theatre , the Ethnography and History Museum , Cividade de Terroso , the Medieval Rates Monastery , Baroque Matriz Church , city Hall and Portuguese vernacular architecture in Praça do Almada , and numerous Portuguese cuisine restaurants that make Póvoa de Varzim popular in all Northern Portugal , which started to attract an international following . Farol da Lapa , Farol de Regufe , the main breakwater of the Port of Póvoa de Varzim , Carvalhido and São Félix Hill are preferred for sightseeing . The city has significant textile and food industries . The town has retained a distinct cultural identity and ancient customs such as the writing system of siglas poveiras , the masseira farming technique and festivals .

neg: Dom Luís I Bridge The Dom Luís I Bridge ( Ponte D. Luís I ) is a double-deck metal arch bridge that spans the River Douro between the cities of Porto and Vila Nova de Gaia in Portugal . At its construction , its 172 m span was the longest of its type in the world . It has been confused with the nearby Maria Pia Bridge , a railway bridge that was built 9 years earlier ( and located 1 km to the east ) , that is similar in aspect to the Dom Luís bridge .

neg: Palace of the Marquises of Fronteira The Palace of the Marquesses of Fronteira ( Portuguese : Palácio dos Marqueses de Fronteira ) is a Portuguese palace located in Lisbon , Portugal .

neg: Feira (Santa Maria da Feira) Feira is a former civil parish in the municipality of Santa Maria da Feira , Portugal . In 2013 , the parish merged into the new parish Santa Maria da Feira , Travanca , Sanfins e Espargo . Covering the historic city centre , it was the seat of the Santa Maria da Feira Municipality . It has a population of 11,040 inhabitants and a total area of 8.40 km ² . Its name of inhabitants are known as Feirense . Official city name : Santa Maria da Feira . The surrounding area is often known as Terras de Santa Maria .   The parish is the location of a medieval castle . It is also famous for its local bread named fogaça and its local market .

neg: List of governors of Portuguese India The government of Portuguese India started in 1505 , six years after the discovery of the sea route to India by Vasco da Gama , with the nomination of the first Viceroy Francisco de Almeida , then settled at Kochi . Until 1752 , the name `` India '' included all Portuguese possessions in the Indian Ocean , from southern Africa to Southeast Asia , governed - either by a Viceroy or Governor - from its headquarters , established in Goa since 1510 . In 1752 Portuguese Mozambique got its own government and in 1844 the Portuguese Government of India stopped administering the territory of Portuguese Macau , Solor and Portuguese Timor , seeing itself thus confined to a reduced territorial entity in Malabar : Goa , Daman , Diu , Dadra and Nagar Haveli . Portuguese control ceased in the last two enclaves in 1954 , and finally ceased in the remaining three pockets in 1961 , when they were occupied by the Republic of India ( although Portugal only recognized the occupation after the Carnation Revolution in 1974 ) . This ended four and a half centuries of Portuguese rule in parts -- thought tiny -- of India .   It may be noted that during the term of the monarchy , the title of the head of the Portuguese government in India ranged from `` Governor '' to `` Viceroy '' . The title of viceroy would only be assigned to members of the nobility ; It was formally terminated in 1774 , although it has later been given sporadically to be decisively ended after 1835 ) , as shown below .

neg: Marvão Marvão ( -LSB- mɐɾˈvɐ̃w -RSB- ) is a municipality in Portalegre District in Portugal . The population in 2011 was 3,512 , in an area of 154.90 km ² . The present Mayor is Vitor Martins Frutuoso , elected by the Social Democratic Party . The municipal holiday is September 8 .   Perched on a granite crag of the Serra de São Mamede , Marvão 's name is derived from an 8th-century Muladi duke , named Ibn Marwan . Ibn Marwan , who constructed the Castle of Marvão - likely on the site of an earlier Roman watchtower - as a power base when establishing an independent statelet ( `` emirate '' , duchy ) - covering much of modern-day Portugal - during the Emirate of Cordoba ( 884-931 CE ) . The castle and walled village were further fortified through the centuries , notably under Sancho II of Portugal ( 13th century ) and Denis of Portugal .   The village has generated significant tourist interest in recent years . It was included in the # 1 New York Times bestselling book , ' 1000 Places to see Before you Die ' . Nobel prize-winning author José Saramago wrote of the village `` From Marvão one can see the entire land ... It is understandable that from this place , high up in the keep at Marvão Castle , visitors may respectfully murmur , ` How great is the world . '' . In the 1950s , author Huldine V. Beamish wrote of Marvão ` There is an atmosphere about the district ( of Marvão ) that is very ancient . At times you have the same peculiar feelings as those evoked by Stonehenge and that amazing druid monument at Callernish in the Isle of Lewis . Picking your way along the steep stony pathways , you would not be at all surprised to meet a Phoenician trader or Roman Soldier . It would be the most natural thing in the world . ' . An annual international classical music festival , under the artistic direction of German conductor Christoph Poppen , was launched in Marvão in July 2014 . The village also hosts an international film festival , Periferías , in August each year . Other annual festivals in Marvão include ` Al-Mossassa ' - a celebration of the town 's Moorish past , held jointly with the Spanish city of Badajoz ( also founded by Ibn Marwan ) - in early October , plus a major Chestnut Festival in early November .

neg: Infanta Maria Adelaide of Portugal D. Maria Adelaide of Braganza , Infanta of Portugal , ( 31 January 191224 February 2012 ) was a member of the royal house of Braganza , daughter of Miguel , Duke of Braganza and Princess Maria Theresa of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg .

neg: History of Póvoa de Varzim thumb | 280px | Old Town of Varzim , probable site of a Roman villa which prompted the development of the modern city .   The history of Póvoa de Varzim , Portugal , and its development as a maritime trade and fishing hub , have been greatly influenced by its location at the entrance to one of Portugal 's best natural ports .   Permanent settlement in the coastal plain of Póvoa de Varzim dates back to around four to six thousand years ago ; around 900 BC , unrest in the region led to the establishment of a fortified city . The ocean has played an important part in its popular culture and economy , through maritime trade and fishing , leading it to establish a fiefdom in the 10th or 11th century , a municipality in 1308 and to become , in the 18th century , the main fishing port in northern Portugal .   Póvoa de Varzim and its region had relevant input that allowed the Portuguese discoveries , throw manpower , shipbuilding and seafaring knowledge . Since the 18th century , its beaches have helped it become one of the main tourist areas of the region , which prompted high-culture development since late 18th century . Its development suffered setbacks due to feudalism , monastic domain , border disputes and , recently , the development of a highly centralized state . However , it gained significant privileges confirmed by successive Portuguese kings such as town limit exception and royal appeal rights .

neg: Teatro Nacional de São Carlos The Teatro Nacional de São Carlos ( -LSB- tiˈatɾu nɐsiuˈnaɫ dɨ sɐ̃w̃ ˈkaɾluʃ -RSB- ) ( National Theatre of Saint Charles ) is an opera house in Lisbon , Portugal . It was opened on July 30 , 1793 by Queen Maria I as a replacement for the Tejo Opera House , which was destroyed in the 1755 Lisbon earthquake . The theatre is located in the historical center of Lisbon , in the Chiado district .   In 1792 , a group of Lisbon businessmen decided to finance the construction of a new Opera House in the city . The theatre was built in only six months following a design by Portuguese architect José da Costa e Silva , with neoclassical and rococo elements . The general project is clearly inspired by great Italian theatres like the San Carlo of Naples ( interior ) and La Scala in Milan ( interior and façade ) . In the early 19th century , when the Portuguese Royal Court had to flee to the Portuguese colony of Brazil to escape the invading Napoleonic troops , a theatre modelled on the São Carlos was built in Rio de Janeiro .   The main façade has a decorated clock , the Portuguese coats-of-arms and an arched entrance hall ( a portico ) . The theatre was named after the Princess Charlotte of Spain , who had come to Portugal in 1790 to marry the future King , Prince John : Carlos ( Portuguese form of Charles ) is the masculine form of Charlotte .  A Latin commemorative inscription dedicates the theatre to the princess .   The main room is elliptic , has five tiers of boxes and seats 1148 people . The luxurious royal box was lavishly decorated by the Italian Giovanni Appianni . The ceiling was painted by Manuel da Costa and the stage by Cirilo Wolkmar Machado .   The first opera presented here , in 1793 , was La Ballerina Amante , by Domenico Cimarosa . The most famous Portuguese composer of the time , Marcos Portugal , became musical director of the São Carlos in 1800 after returning from Italy , and many of his operas were staged here .   Between 1828 and 1834 , the São Carlos was closed during the Portuguese Civil War , fought between kings Miguel I and Pedro IV . In 1850 , the lighting of the interior was changed to gas illumination , the latest technology available . Shortly afterwards , the Portuguese state bought the theatre from private investors . After a few failed attempts , electrical illumination was installed in 1887 . From 1935 to 1940 , the theatre was closed for repairs .   In 1974 , a resident opera company was established . In 1993 , the Orquestra Sinfónica Portuguesa was created as the Teatro 's affiliate orchestra , with Álvaro Cassuto as the orchestra 's first principal conductor . Subsequent principal conductors of the Orquestra Sinfónica Portuguesa have included José Ramón Encinar ( 1999-2001 ) , Zoltán Peskó ( 2001-2004 ) and Julia Jones ( 2008-2011 ) . Since January 2014 , the orchestra 's principal conductor is Joana Carneiro .

neg: Church of Nossa Senhora da Conceição Velha The Church of Nossa Senhora da Conceição ( -LSB- Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Conceição Velha , links = no -RSB- ) is a church in the civil parish of Madalena , in the municipality of Lisbon .   The Church of Conceição dos Freires , or Conceição Velha , ( known as the Church of the Misericórdia ) was not included in the original plans to reconstruct the Lisbon riverfront , even though it was partially ruined . Instead , King Joseph gave the monks from the Church of Nossa Senhora da Conceição ( which was destroyed ) the location of the Misericórdia church , and ordered Pombaline architect Francisco António Ferreira ( with the collaboration of Honorato José Correia ) in 1770 , to rebuild the structure . Once renovations were completed , the clerics of the Conceição , re-occupied the rebuilt Misericórdia Church , and the Brotherhood of the Misericórdia was transferred to the ( formerly Jesuit ) Church of São Roque .   Francisco António Ferreira , also known as o Cangalhas , reused the lateral entrance , central column , two Manueline windows , the relief of the Misericórdia , and Chapel of the Holy Sacrement , as the new entrance . With this , he reoriented the temple , whose southern entrance became the principal , and the lateral chapel became the presbytery . The main facade , crowned by triangular pediment , is marked by an ornate Manueline portico , with a tympanum that includes the Virgin of the Misericórdia , and figures of nobles and religious clerics . Flanked by comparable Manueline-style windows , the whole group has semblances to the Monastery of the Jerónimos .

neg: The Royal Palace (Bucharest) The Royal Palace in Bucharest is a monumental building situated in Bucharest , on Calea Victoriei . The large place in front of it was traditionally called `` Piața Palatului '' ( The Palace 's Place ) , but was renamed `` Piața Revoluției '' ( `` Revolution 's Square '' ) after the Romanian Revolution of 1989 .   The Palace is the largest and most significant Royal residence in Romania , containing emblematic official spaces such as the Throne Hall ( Sala Tronului ) , the Royal Dining Hall ( Sufrageria Regală ) and the monumental Voivodes ' Staircase ( Scara Voievozilor ) .   During World War II , a complete rebuild of the Palace 's Place was planned , in order to underline the Royal Palace 's full monumentality , but this architectural project was never completed .   On December 30th , 1947 , a sudden Communist coup d'etat supported by the Soviet military ( that occupied Romania after the end of WWII ) forced HM King Michael I to sign an unconstitutional act of abdication and go in exile for 50 years . Romanian people was never consulted via a referendum . The Romanian Popular Republic was proclaimed the same evening , during a rigged Parliament assembly . After the installation of the Republican regime , the National Museum of Art of Romania was hosted in the Royal Palace .   After the Romanian Revolution , HM King Michael and HM Queen Anne were allowed for a first visit in the country in April 1992 ( despite their attempts to do that immediately after the events ) . The two-day visit was a historical event , the press reporting more than one million people warmly greeting the King in the streets . After that , the Romanian post-Communist authorities denied him a second visit until 1997 , when a newly-installed government under Victor Ciorbea abolished the Communist decree that banned the King 's Romanian citizenship , effectively allowing him to regain ID documents and permanently move in the country .   Since then , the Romanian Royal Family does regular public activities for Romania 's official representation worldwide .   Since the Royal Palace presently hosts a museum , the Romanian Royal Family ( HM King Michael , HRH Crown Princess Margareta and the other members ) now uses Elisabeta Palace as its official residence in Bucharest .

neg: Convento de San Marcos The Convento de San Marcos was a convent in León , Spain is today an operating luxury parador hotel . It also contains a consecrated church and museum , and is one of the most important monuments of the Renaissance in Spain . It is one of the greatest architectural jewels of León , together with the Cathedral , the Basilica of San Isidoro and la Casa Botines . It has a highly ornamental plateresque facade .  The darkest period in the monastery of San Marcos 's five centuries of history is concentrated in just four years . During the course of the Spanish Civil War cells , rooms , stables , cloisters , church , choir , museum and every fast corner of the building were transformed into impromptu dungeons or jailers ' offices .  Between July 1936 and the end of 1940 , up to 7,000 men and 300 women were imprisoned at the same time . It is estimated that , over the entire war and the period immediately following , the number of Republican militia members and political prisoners that passed through its cells totaled some 20,000 . In the province of Leon , around 3,000 deaths are recorded due to the repression , and a good number of these came from the dungeons of San Marcos .   The origins of this building lie in the twelfth century , in the days of Alfonso VII of León . His sister , the Infanta Sancha of Castile , made a donation in July 1152 to construct a modest building on the outskirts of the walled city , on the banks of the Bernesga river , where `` the poor of Christ '' could stay . This would be a hospital-temple of shelter for pilgrims travelling the Camino de Santiago . Also , the building was the main residence for the Order of Santiago in the Kingdom of León . In 1176 , Pedro Fernandez de Castro , the first maestre of the Order of Santiago was elected as the first prior , and in 1184 he was buried in his church .

neg: Infanta Ana de Jesus Maria of Portugal Infanta Ana de Jesus Maria of Portugal ( Mafra , 23 October 1806 -- Rome , 22 June 1857 ) was a Portuguese infanta and youngest daughter of King John VI and his wife , Carlota Joaquina of Spain .

neg: Maria Pia of Savoy Dona Maria Pia of Savoy ( 16 October 1847 -- 5 July 1911 ) was a Portuguese Queen consort , spouse of King Luís I of Portugal . On the day of her baptism , Pope Pius IX , her godfather , gave her a Golden Rose . Maria Pia was married to Luís on the 6 October 1862 in Lisbon . She was the grand mistress of the Order of Saint Isabel .

neg: Castle of Penela Castle of Penela ( Castelo de Penela , -LSB- kɐʃˌtɛɫu dɨ pɨˈnɛɫɐ -RSB- ) is located in a Penela town in Penela Municipality in Coimbra District , Portugal . The castle was built on a hill dominating the area and used to be a stronghold protecting Coimbra in times of Reconquista . Castle of Penela and the neighboring castle Montemor-o-Velho are both fine examples of defensive structures of that period .   The origins of the name are controversial and are attributed by some authors to ancient Celtic tribes . According to a local legend , King Afonso I ( Afonso Henriques ) exclaimed to incite his troops storming the stronghold : Coragem ! Já estamos com o pé nela ! ( Courage ! We have already set a foot in it ! ) . A more plausible hypothesis is , however , that penela is a diminutive of penha , a place selected to build a fortress on .

neg: Patuleia The Patuleia , Guerra da Patuleia , or Little Civil War was a civil war in Portugal , so called to distinguish it from the ` great ' civil war between Dom Pedro and Dom Miguel that ended in 1834 . The Patuleia occurred after the Revolution of Maria da Fonte , and was closely associated with her . It was caused by the nomination , as a result of the palace coup of 6 October 1846 , known as the `` Emboscada '' , to set up a clearly Cartista government presided over by marshal João Oliveira e Daun , Duque de Saldanha .   The war lasted 8 months , pitting the Cartistas ( with the support of queen Maria II ) against an unnatural coalition of Septembrists and Miguelists . The focus of resistance to the new government was the Septembrist ` Junta of Porto ' , whose military leader , the First Count of Bonfim , was defeated by Marshal Saldanha at the siege of Torres Vedras on 22 -- 23 December 1846 , and sent into exile in Angola . The war ended in a clear Cartista victory , as shown in the signing of the resulting Convention of Gramido on 30 June 1847 , but only just , after the intervention of foreign military forces of the Quadruple Alliance .   Category :1846 in Portugal  Category : Wars involving Portugal  Category : Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Europe  Category : Civil wars of the Industrial era  Category : Revolution-based civil wars  Category : Conflicts in 1846  Category :1847 in Portugal

neg: Maria of Portugal, Duchess of Viseu D. Maria of Portugal , Duchess of Viseu ( 18 June 1521 -- 10 October 1577 in Lisbon ; -LSB- mɐˈɾiɐ -RSB- ) was an Infanta of Portugal , the only daughter of King Manuel I of Portugal and Eleanor of Austria . A noted patron of the arts , Maria 's personal wealth rivaled that of the king , her brother ( John III of Portugal ) , making her the richest woman in Portugal and one of the richest in Europe .

neg: Ferdinand I of Portugal Dom Ferdinand I ( Portuguese : Fernando ; 31 October 1345 -- 22 October 1383 ) , sometimes called the Handsome ( o Formoso or o Belo ) or occasionally the Inconstant ( o Inconstante ) , was the King of Portugal and the Algarve from 1367 until his death in 1383 . His death led to the 1383 -- 85 crisis , also known as the Portuguese interregnum .


query: Margaret Atwood has published short stories in Harper's.

pos: Margaret Atwood Margaret Eleanor Atwood , ( born November 18 , 1939 ) is a Canadian poet , novelist , literary critic , essayist , and environmental activist . She is a winner of the Arthur C. Clarke Award and Prince of Asturias Award for Literature , has been shortlisted for the Booker Prize five times , winning once , and has been a finalist for the Governor General 's Award several times , winning twice . In 2001 , she was inducted into Canada 's Walk of Fame . She is also a founder of the Writers ' Trust of Canada , a non-profit literary organization that seeks to encourage Canada 's writing community . Among innumerable contributions to Canadian literature , she was a founding trustee of the Griffin Poetry Prize .   Atwood is also the inventor , and developer , of the LongPen and associated technologies that facilitate the remote robotic writing of documents . She is the Co-Founder and a Director of Syngrafii Inc. ( formerly Unotchit Inc. ) , a company that she started in 2004 to develop , produce and distribute the LongPen technology . She holds various patents related to the LongPen technologies .   While she is best known for her work as a novelist , she has also published fifteen books of poetry .  Many of her poems have been inspired by myths and fairy tales , which have been interests of hers from an early age . Atwood has published short stories in Tamarack Review , Alphabet , Harper 's , CBC Anthology , Ms. , Saturday Night , and many other magazines . She has also published four collections of stories and three collections of unclassifiable short prose works .

neg: The Edible Woman The Edible Woman is a 1969 novel that helped to establish Margaret Atwood as a prose writer of major significance . It is the story of a young woman whose sane , structured , consumer-oriented world starts to slip out of focus . Following her engagement , Marian feels her body and her self are becoming separated . As Marian begins endowing food with human qualities that cause her to identify with it , she finds herself unable to eat , repelled by metaphorical cannibalism . In a foreword written in 1979 for the Virago edition of the novel , Atwood described it as a protofeminist rather than feminist work .   Atwood explores gender stereotypes through characters who strictly adhere to them ( such as Peter or Lucy ) and those who defy their constraints ( such as Ainsley or Duncan ) . The narrative point of view shifts from first to third person , accentuating Marian 's slow detachment from reality . At the conclusion , first person narration returns , consistent with the character 's willingness to take control of her life again . Food and clothing are major symbols used by the author to explore themes and grant the reader insight on each of the characters ' personalities , moods and motivations .   Setting is used to identify differences between the characters ; for example , Duncan is encountered in a mundane laundromat , gloomy theatre or sleazy hotel . In comparison , Peter inhabits genteel bars and a sparkling new apartment . However these changing environments are also used to explore different angles of existence , contrasting a freer , wilder glimpse of life , with a civilised , gilded cage . This highlights the difficulties presented to women in the era , where freedom was synonymous with uncertainty but marriage presented problems of its own .   This novel 's publication coincided with the rise of the women 's movement in North America , but is described by Atwood as `` protofeminist '' because it was written in 1965 and thus anticipated second wave feminism .

neg: Marjorie Daw (short story) `` Marjorie Daw '' is a short story by Thomas Bailey Aldrich . One of Aldrich 's first short stories , and his most famous , it was first published in 1869 ( in book form in 1873 , in Marjorie Daw and Other People ) and remains in print to this day .   The story , which is written entirely as a series of letters between two friends , concerns the invention of an imaginary young woman , Marjorie Daw , by one correspondent , intended as a harmless diversion . When the other correspondent becomes madly smitten with the imaginary Ms Daw , the first correspondent is forced to confess his ruse . The story ends thus : `` For oh , dear Jack , there is n't any piazza , there is n't any hammock - there is n't any Marjorie Daw ! ''

neg: Quattro Books Quattro Books is a Canadian small press based in Toronto , Ontario . Quattro publishes both poetry and novellas by established and emerging Canadian writers .   Quattro Books was founded in 2006 by Allan Briesmaster , John Calabro , Beatriz Hausner and Luciano Iacobelli , who collectively ran the reading series , Toronto WordStage , from 2006 to 2008 . As of 2014 , Allan Briesmaster and Luciano Iacobelli became the sole owners of Quattro . John Calabro left the company in order to accept the role of Co-Executive Director of the Inspire ! Toronto International Book Fair , which was hosted at the Metro Toronto Convention Centre November 13 to 16 , 2014 .   The publishing mandate of Quattro Books includes fostering the development and popularity of the literary novella . Known as the `` Home of the Novella , '' Quattro Books runs a yearly novella contest called the `` Ken Klonsky Novella Contest '' .   Authors published by Quattro Books include George Fetherling , Christopher Levenson , Binnie Brennan , Brenda Niskala , Rocco de Giacomo , Carole Giangrande , Sky Gilbert , Michael Wex , Gianna Patriarca , Gale Zoë Garnett , David Silverberg , Susan McCaslin and Jim Christy .   In 2014 , Night Vision by Christopher Levenson was shortlisted for the Governor General 's Literary Award for poetry .

neg: The Handmaid's Tale The Handmaid 's Tale is a 1985 dystopian novel by Canadian author Margaret Atwood . Set in a near-future New England , in a totalitarian theocracy that has overthrown the United States government , the novel explores themes of women in subjugation and the various means by which they gain individualism and independence . The novel 's title echoes the component parts of Geoffrey Chaucer 's The Canterbury Tales , which comprises a series of connected stories ( `` The Merchant 's Tale '' , `` The Parson 's Tale '' , etc. ) .   The Handmaid 's Tale won the 1985 Governor General 's Award and the first Arthur C. Clarke Award in 1987 ; it was also nominated for the 1986 Nebula Award , the 1986 Booker Prize , and the 1987 Prometheus Award . The book has been adapted into a film ( 1990 ) , an opera ( 2000 ) , a TV series ( 2017 ) , and other media .

neg: Eve's Diary `` Eve 's Diary '' is a comic short story by Mark Twain .  It was first published in the 1905 Christmas issue of the magazine Harper 's Bazaar , and in book format in June 1906 by Harper and Brothers publishing house .

neg: Songs of Stars and Shadows Songs of Stars and Shadows is the second short story collection by author George R.R. Martin . The collection was first published in July 1977 and contains nine short stories .

neg: Black Lawrence Press Black Lawrence Press is an independent publishing company founded in upstate New York . It was an imprint of Dzanc Books from 2008 to 2013 . It hosts the Big Moose Prize for the novel , the Hudson Prize and the St. Lawrence Book Award . In addition to fiction and poetry , it also publishes French and German translations . The executive editor is Diane Goettel and the senior editor is Angela Leroux-Lindsey , who also manages The Adirondack Review .   Contemporary authors published by Black Lawrence include Mary Biddinger , Louella Bryant Daniel Chacón , B. C. Edwards , Rachel Galvin , Eric Gamalinda , Yvan Goll , Carol Guess , Michael Hemmingson , Hardy Jones , Lawrence Matsuda , Laura McCullough , Daniele Pantano , Pascale Petit , Kevin Pilkington , David Rigsbee , Ron Savage , Anis Shivani , Jen Michalski , and Erica Wright . Pilkington 's `` The Unemployed Man Who Became A Tree '' is a finalist for the 2012 Kessler Poetry Book Award .   The press has also published the first English translation of Yvan Goll 's Traumkraut and a collection of previously untranslated poems by Robert Walser .   Black Lawrence press published Louella Bryant 's `` While in Darkness There is Light : Idealism and Tragedy on an Australian Commune , '' an account of the 1974 death of Charlie Dean ( brother of future American Presidential candidate Howard Dean ) that drew national attention to the story of the younger Dean 's disappearance .

neg: Omnibus of Science Fiction Omnibus of Science Fiction is an anthology of science fiction short stories edited by Groff Conklin . It was first published in hardcover by Crown Publishers in 1952 , and reprinted in 1953 ; a book club edition was issued by the same publisher with the Science Fiction Book Club in the same year . Later editions were issued by Bonanza Books/Crown Publishers in 1984 and Chatham River Press in 1984 . An abridged paperback version including eleven of its forty-three stories was published by Berkley Books in August 1956 under the variant title Science Fiction Omnibus and reprinted in November 1963 . A two volume British edition , also abridged , was published in hardcover by Grayson & Grayson in 1953-1954 under the variant titles Strange Travels in Science Fiction and Strange Adventures in Science Fiction ; together , they included twenty-two of the original forty-three stories .   The book collects forty-three novellas , novelettes and short stories by various science fiction authors , together with an introduction by the editor . The stories were previously published from 1912-1952 in various science fiction and other magazines .

neg: The String Quartet The String Quartet is a short story written by Virginia Woolf and published in 1921 .

neg: Harper Allen Harper Allen is a Canadian writer of contemporary and fantasy romance novels since 1998 .

neg: Bleeding Shadows Bleeding Shadows is a short story collection by American author Joe R. Lansdale . It was published by Subterranean Press on 28 November 2013 . This volume contains 30 short stories that span Mr. Lansdale 's extensive career . This book is the largest collection of Mr. Lansdale 's short stories available to date .

neg: The Early Ayn Rand The Early Ayn Rand : A Selection from Her Unpublished Fiction is an anthology of unpublished early fiction written by Ayn Rand , first published in 1984 , two years after her death . The selections include short stories , plays , and excerpts of material cut from her novels We the Living and The Fountainhead .

neg: Not After Midnight Not After Midnight is a 1971 collection of short stories by Daphne du Maurier . It was published in Britain under the title Not After Midnight by Gollancz ( with a cover by Daphne du Maurier 's daughter Flavia Tower ) , and published in America by Doubleday as Do n't Look Now . The book contains several novella-length stories , all with different characters and themes but similar in that they touch on the supernatural or strange events . The Penguin Books edition , Harmondsworth and Ringwood , Victoria , Australia , was issued with the title Do n't Look Now and Other Stories and a cover illustration by Charles Raymond in 1973 .

neg: The New York Times Fiction Best Sellers of 1963 This is a list of adult fiction books that topped The New York Times Fiction Best Seller list in 1963 . The list is notable for being blank for part of the winter as the New York Times , like many other newspapers in the city , worked its way through a major newspaper strike . When the strike ended in March , the political thriller Seven Days in May led the list , having also been at the top at the start of the strike in December 1962 . It lasted there only one week before being overtaken by J.D. Salinger 's second No. 1 bestseller in 18 months , the anthologized novellas , `` Raise High the Roof Beam , Carpenters '' and `` Seymour : An Introduction '' .   Salinger 's book led the list for 14 weeks through the spring of 1963 . Daphne du Maurier 's The Glass-Blowers then spent six weeks on the list , followed by Morris West 's novel about the Vatican , The Shoes of the Fisherman ( 14 weeks ) . On October 6 , Shoes gave way to Mary McCarthy 's semi-autobiographical novel The Group , which would spend the next 20 weeks at the top , closing out the year .

neg: A Short History of Indians in Canada A Short History of Indians in Canada is a collection of short stories by Thomas King , published by HarperCollins in 2005 . Although the majority of the stories deal with issues surrounding First Nations people , the topics and styles are quite diverse .   The book won the McNally Robinson Aboriginal Book of the Year Award in 2006 .

neg: In a Glass Darkly In a Glass Darkly is a collection of five short stories by Sheridan Le Fanu , first published in 1872 , the year before his death . The second and third are revised versions of previously published stories , and the fourth and fifth are long enough to be called novellas .   The title is taken from 1 Corinthians 13:12 , a deliberate misquotation of the passage which describes humanity as perceiving the world `` through a glass darkly '' .

neg: The Atwood Stories The Atwood Stories was a Canadian television drama series , which aired on W in 2003 . A short-run dramatic anthology series produced by Shaftesbury Films , the series dramatized six short stories by Margaret Atwood .   The following year , Shaftesbury produced The Shields Stories , a similar series which dramatized six short stories by another Canadian writer , Carol Shields .

neg: The Grantville Gazettes The Grantville Gazettes are anthologies of short stories set in the 1632 universe introduced in Eric Flint 's novel 1632 .   The Gazettes started as an experiment : a professionally edited , officially sanctioned `` fan magazine '' published electronically . Initially released as serialized e-magazines , they were later published as e-books ( taking a page from the Baen Books experience with E-ARCs -- Electronic Advance Reader Copies , which had been instituted several years earlier . ) Because the electronic sales were successful , Baen contracted with Flint for more issues , to be published 3-4 times per year ( bimonthly , starting in 2007 ) . Each would form part of the canonical background for the other works ( novels and anthologies ) in the rapidly growing 1632 series .   As of mid-2012 , e-magazines are published bimonthly , and six books have been published ( five of those as both hardcover and mass market paperback ) excerpted from the first 17 issues of the magazine . A seventh book is promised .

neg: Goose Lane Editions Goose Lane Editions is a Canadian book publishing company founded in 1954 in Fredericton , New Brunswick as Fiddlehead Poetry Books by Fred Cogswell and a group of students and faculty from the University of New Brunswick associated with The Fiddlehead Magazine . After Cogswell retired in 1981 , his successor , Peter Thomas , changed the name to Goose Lane Editions . From 1989 to 1997 Douglas Lochhead was president of Goose Lane . It is now headed by publisher and co-owner Susanne Alexander . The Canada Council for the Arts says the publishing company `` has evolved to become one of Canada 's most exciting showcases of home-grown literary talent . ''   Publications from Goose Lane Editions include literary fiction , poetry , biographies , works of history , travel literature , outdoor travel guides and serious non-fiction , as well as fine art volumes that it often publishes in association with museums and galleries . Authors published by Goose Lane include Alden Nowlan , Nancy Bauer , Herb Curtis , Reg Balch , Lynn Coady , Alan Cumyn , Sheree Fitch , Kerry Clare , Jeffery Donaldson , Herménégilde Chiasson , Lynn Davies , Tammy Armstrong , Kathryn Kuitenbrower , Catherine Bush , Noah Richler , Jacques Poitras , Tamai Kobayashi , Douglas Glover whose novel Elle won the 2003 Governor General 's Award for English-language fiction , Joan Thomas whose novel Reading by Lightning won the 2009 Commonwealth Writers Prize for Best First Book ( Canada and the Caribbean ) , Riel Nason whose novel The Town That Drowned won the 2012 Commonwealth Book Prize ( Canada and Europe ) , and Marcello Di Cintio , whose book Walls : Travels Along the Barricades won the 2013 Shaughnessy Cohen Award for Political Writing .

neg: Aurealis Award for best young adult novel The Aurealis Awards are presented annually by the Australia-based Chimaera Publications and WASFF to published works to `` recognise the achievements of Australian science fiction , fantasy , horror writers '' . To qualify , a work must have been first published by an Australian citizen or permanent resident between 1 January and 31 December of the corresponding year ; the presentation ceremony is held the following year . It has grown from a small function of around 20 people to a two-day event attended by over 200 people .   Since their creation in 1995 , awards have been given in various categories of speculative fiction . Categories currently include science fiction , fantasy , horror , speculative young adult fiction -- with separate awards for novels and short fiction -- collections , anthologies , illustrative works or graphic novels , children 's books , and an award for excellence in speculative fiction . The awards have attracted the attention of publishers by setting down a benchmark in science fiction and fantasy . The continued sponsorship by publishers such as HarperCollins and Orbit has added weight to the honour of the award .   The results are decided by a panel of judges from a list of submitted nominees ; the long-list of nominees is reduced to a short-list of finalists . Ties can occur if the panel decides that both entries show equal merit , however they are encouraged to choose a single winner . The judges are selected from a public application process by the Award 's management team .   This article lists all the short-list nominees and winners in the best young-adult novel category , as well as novels that have been highly commended . Three people have won the award twice -- Isobelle Carmody , Garth Nix and Scott Westerfeld . Westerfeld holds the record for most nominations with eight , and Rory Barnes has the most nominations without winning , having been a losing finalist five times .