query: Tom Cruise has been nominated for three Academy Awards.

pos: Tom Cruise Thomas Cruise Mapother IV ( born July 3 , 1962 ) , known professionally as Tom Cruise , is an American actor and producer . He has been nominated for three Academy Awards and has won three Golden Globe Awards . He started his career at age 19 in the film Endless Love ( 1981 ) . After portraying supporting roles in Taps ( 1981 ) and The Outsiders ( 1983 ) , his first leading role was in the romantic comedy Risky Business , released in August 1983 . Cruise became a full-fledged movie star after starring as Pete `` Maverick '' Mitchell in the action drama Top Gun ( 1986 ) . One of the biggest movie stars in Hollywood , Cruise starred in several more successful films in the 1980s , including the dramas The Color of Money ( 1986 ) , Cocktail ( 1988 ) , Rain Man ( 1988 ) , and Born on the Fourth of July ( 1989 ) .   In the 1990s , he starred in a number of hit films , including the romance Far and Away ( 1992 ) , the drama A Few Good Men ( 1992 ) , the legal thriller The Firm ( 1993 ) , the drama horror film Interview with the Vampire ( 1994 ) , the romantic comedy-drama sports film Jerry Maguire ( 1996 ) , the erotic thriller Eyes Wide Shut , and the drama Magnolia ( both 1999 ) . Since 1996 , Cruise has been well known for his role as IMF agent Ethan Hunt in the Mission : Impossible film series , whose most recent film , Mission : Impossible -- Rogue Nation , was released in 2015 .   In the 2000s , Cruise starred in a number of successful films , including the science fiction thrillers Vanilla Sky ( 2001 ) and Minority Report ( 2002 ) , the epic war film The Last Samurai ( 2003 ) , the crime film Collateral ( 2004 ) , the science fiction disaster thriller War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) , and the historical thriller Valkyrie ( 2008 ) .   In the 2010s , he has starred in the action comedy Knight and Day ( 2010 ) , the thriller Jack Reacher ( 2012 ) , the post-apocalyptic science fiction film Oblivion ( 2013 ) , and the military science fiction film Edge of Tomorrow ( 2014 ) . In 2012 , Cruise was Hollywood 's highest-paid actor . 16 of his films grossed over $ 100 million domestically ; 22 have grossed in excess of $ 200 million worldwide .   He has won Golden Globe Awards for Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture in Drama in 1990 for Born on the Fourth of July ; Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture in Comedy/Musical in 1997 for Jerry Maguire ; and Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Motion Picture in 2000 for Magnolia . In 2002 , Cruise won the Saturn Award for Best Actor for Vanilla Sky . In 2003 , he won an AFI Movie of the Year Award for The Last Samurai and an Empire Award for Best Actor for Minority Report .   Cruise is an outspoken advocate for the Church of Scientology and its associated social programs , and credits it with helping him overcome dyslexia . In the 2000s , his criticisms of psychiatry and anti-depressant drugs , particularly therapy for 9/11 rescue workers , and efforts to promote Scientology as a religion in Europe , sparked controversies , as did a leaked video interview of him promoting Scientology .

neg: Gary Fettis Gary Fettis ( born 1950 ) is an American set decorator . He has been nominated for three Academy Awards in the category Best Art Direction .

neg: Emma E. Hickox Emma E. Hickox A.C.E ( neè Burford ; born 11 April 1964 ) is a successful British film editor based in LA and London .   A member of American Cinema Editors , Hickox has worked as a features and TV editor since the early 1990s . She has a varied and versatile resume from comedies , drama 's and musicals , including large Hollywood films such as Bad Moms featuring Mila Kunis , Rock of Ages featuring Tom Cruise , and smaller independent films such as Becoming Jane with Anne Hathaway and ` The Boat That Rocked ' from Richard Curtis with Philip Seymour Hoffman .   She is a founding member of the British Independent Film Awards with the Debut Directors award given in her fathers name , ` The Douglas Hickox Award ' . Hickox is the daughter of Academy Award winning film editor Anne V. Coates , and Douglas Hickox ( died 1988 ) , a cult British film director . John Coates , her uncle , was a film and TV producer for ( Yellow Submarine & The Snowman ) .   She is married with two daughter and has two brothers , and a sister .   Emma is represented by Wayne Fitterman at WME in Los Angeles , and Lynda Mamy of United Agents in London

neg: 26th Academy Awards The 26th Academy Awards honored the best in films of 1953 .   The second national telecast of the Awards show drew an estimated 43 million viewers . Shirley Booth , appearing in a play in Philadelphia , presented the Best Actor award through a live broadcast cut-in , and privately received the winner 's name over the telephone from co-host Donald O'Connor . ( Actor Fredric March co-hosted from New York City . ) Gary Cooper filmed his presentation of the Best Actress award in advance on a set in Mexico , with O'Connor announcing the winner 's name .   All the major winners in this year were black-and-white films . The big winner was Fred Zinnemann 's From Here to Eternity , with thirteen nominations and eight awards including Best Picture , Best Supporting Actor , Best Supporting Actress , Best Director , Best Screenplay ( Daniel Taradash ) , Best Cinematography ( Burnett Guffey ) , Best Sound , and Best Film Editing . All five of its major actors and actresses were nominated , with secondary players Donna Reed and Frank Sinatra taking home Oscars . The candid film was based on James Jones ' controversial , best-selling novel about Army life on a Hawaiian ( Oahu ) military base just prior to the Pearl Harbor attack and World War II , illustrating the conflict between an individualistic private ( Montgomery Clift ) and rigid institutional authority ( exemplified by the Army ) . Its achievement of eight awards matched the then record held by Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) . The record would be tied again the following year by On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) . Walt Disney won four awards , which remains the record for the most Oscars won in the same year .   William Holden 's speech for Best Actor for his role in Stalag 17 was simply `` Thank You '' , making it one of the shortest speeches ever ; the TV broadcast had a strict cutoff time which forced Holden 's quick remarks . The frustrated Holden personally paid for advertisements in the Hollywood trade publications to thank everyone he wanted to on Oscar night . He also remarked that he felt that either Burt Lancaster or Montgomery Clift should have won the Best Actor Oscar for From Here to Eternity , instead of him .

neg: 25th Academy Awards The 25th Academy Awards ceremony was held on March 19 , 1953 . It took place at the RKO Pantages Theatre in Hollywood , California , and the NBC International Theatre in New York City .   It was the first Academy Awards ceremony to be televised , and the first ceremony to be held in Hollywood and New York City simultaneously . It was also the only year that the New York ceremonies were to be held in the NBC International Theatre on Columbus Circle , which was shortly thereafter demolished and replaced by the New York Coliseum convention center .   A major upset occurred in the category of Best Picture . The heavily favored High Noon lost to Cecil B. DeMille 's The Greatest Show on Earth , eventually considered among the worst films to have won the Academy Award for Best Picture . The American film magazine Premiere placed the movie on its list of the 10 worst Oscar winners and the British film magazine Empire rated it # 3 on their list of the 10 worst Oscar winners . It has the lowest spot on Rotten Tomatoes ' list of the 81 films to win Best Picture . Of all the films nominated for the Oscar this year , only High Noon and Singin ' in the Rain would show up 46 years later on the American Film Institute list of the greatest American films of the 20th Century . For a film that only received two nominations , Singin ' in the Rain went on to be named as the greatest American musical film of all time and in the 2007 American Film Institute updated list as the fifth greatest American film of all time , while High Noon was ranked twenty-seventh on the same 2007 list , as well .   The Bad and the Beautiful won five awards , the most wins ever for a film not nominated for Best Picture . It was also the second Academy Awards in which a film not nominated for Best Picture received the most awards of the evening , excluding years where there were ties for the most wins . The only other film to do this was The Thief of Bagdad at the 13th Academy Awards ; as of the 87th Academy Awards , it has not happened since .   Until Spotlight won only Best Picture and Best Original Screenplay at the 88th Academy Awards , this was the last year in which the Best Picture winner won just two Oscars . It was also the second of three years to date in which two films not nominated for Best Picture received more nominations than the winner ( The Bad and the Beautiful and Hans Christian Andersen , both with six ) . This occurred again at the 79th Academy Awards .   Shirley Booth also became the last person to win an Oscar in a Leading Role to be born in the 19th century . She also holds the distinction of being the first woman in her 50s to win the award , at the age of 54 ( the second woman in her 50s to win , Julianne Moore , was 54 when awarded at the 87th Academy Awards ) .   John Ford 's fourth win for Best Director set a record for the most wins in this category that remains unmatched to this day .   For the first time since the introduction of Supporting Actor and Actress awards in 1936 , Best Picture , Best Director , and all four acting Oscars went to six different films . This has happened only three times since , at the 29th Academy Awards for 1956 , the 78th for 2005 , and the 85th for 2012 .

neg: Academy Award for Best Animated Feature The Academy Awards are given each year by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS or the Academy ) for the best films and achievements of the previous year . The Academy Award for Best Animated Feature is given each year for animated films . An animated feature is defined by the Academy as a film with a running time of more than 40 minutes in which characters ' performances are created using a frame-by-frame technique , a significant number of the major characters are animated , and animation figures in no less than 75 percent of the running time . The Academy Award for Best Animated Feature was first given for films made in 2001 .   Through the 89th Academy Awards , presented in 2017 , Academy Award nominations in this category were made by the Academy 's animation section ; effective with the 2018 awards , all Academy members will be eligible to vote on nominations . The entire AMPAS membership has been eligible to choose the winner since the award 's inception . If there are sixteen or more films submitted for the category , the winner is voted from a shortlist of five films , which has happened six times , otherwise there will only be three films on the shortlist . Additionally , eight eligible animated features must have been theatrically released in Los Angeles County within the calendar year for this category to be activated .   Animated films can be nominated for other categories , but have rarely been so ; Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) was the first animated film ever nominated for Best Picture . Up ( 2009 ) and Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) also received Best Picture nominations after the Academy expanded the number of nominees .   Waltz with Bashir ( 2008 ) is the only animated film ever nominated for Best Foreign Language Film ( though it did not receive a nomination for Best Animated Feature ) . The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) and Kubo and the Two Strings ( 2016 ) are the only two animated films to ever be nominated for Best Visual Effects .

neg: Gordon E. Sawyer Award The Gordon E. Sawyer Award is an Honorary Award given by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences to `` an individual in the motion picture industry whose technological contributions have brought credit to the industry . '' The award is named in honour of Gordon E. Sawyer , the former Sound Director at Samuel Goldwyn Studio and three-time Academy Award winner who claimed that a listing of past Academy Awards , arranged both chronologically and by category , represents a history of the development of motion pictures . It was first presented at the 54th Academy Awards , in April 1982 . The Gordon E. Sawyer Award is voted upon and given by the Scientific and Technical Awards Committee of the Academy .

neg: List of Malaysian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film Malaysia is one of more than a hundred countries that have sent films to compete for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film since 2004 . The Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film is handed out annually by the United States Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences to a feature-length motion picture produced outside the United States that contains primarily non-English dialogue .   As of 2016 , a total of four films have been submitted for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film , but none has yet received an Oscar nomination . The Princess of Mount Ledang was the first film to be submitted in 2003 , since then no other films that was submitted until 2012 , a film directed by Dain Said Bunohan was sent to compete , but it failed to set out as the nominee .   For the 88th Academy Awards , Men Who Save the World was decided by National Film Development Corporation Malaysia ( FINAS ) to be submitted , affiliated with Malaysian Ministry of Communications and Multimedia .

neg: Top Gun Top Gun is a 1986 American romantic military action drama film directed by Tony Scott , and produced by Don Simpson and Jerry Bruckheimer , in association with Paramount Pictures . The screenplay was written by Jim Cash and Jack Epps , Jr. , and was inspired by an article titled `` Top Guns '' published in California magazine three years earlier . The film stars Tom Cruise , Kelly McGillis , Val Kilmer , Anthony Edwards , and Tom Skerritt . Cruise plays Lieutenant Pete `` Maverick '' Mitchell , a young Naval aviator aboard the aircraft carrier . He and his Radar Intercept Officer ( RIO ) Nick `` Goose '' Bradshaw ( Edwards ) are given the chance to train at the Navy 's Fighter Weapons School at Miramar in San Diego .   Top Gun was released on May 16 , 1986 . Upon its release , the film received generally mixed reviews from film critics but many particularly praised the action sequences , the effects , the aerial stunts , and the acting performances with Cruise and McGillis receiving the most praise . Four weeks after release , the number of theaters showing it increased by 45 % . Despite its initial mixed critical reaction , the film was a huge commercial hit grossing $ 356 million against a production budget of only $ 15 million . With its success , the film became a cult film over the years and earned an IMAX 3D re-release in 2013 . Additionally , the film won an Academy Award for Best Original Song for `` Take My Breath Away '' performed by Berlin .   In 2015 , the United States Library of Congress selected the film for preservation in the National Film Registry , finding it `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' .

neg: 3rd Empire Awards The 3rd Empire Awards ceremony , presented by the British film magazine Empire , honored the best films of 1997 and took place in 1998 . During the ceremony , Empire presented Empire Awards in nine categories as well as one honorary award . The awards were sponsored by Stella Artois for the first time .   All of the winners this year won one award each . The Full Monty won the award for Best British Film , while Men in Black won the award for Best Film . Other winners included A Life Less Ordinary , Hamlet , Jerry Maguire , L.A. Confidential , Nil by Mouth , The Crucible and The English Patient . Dennis Hopper received the Lifetime Achievement Award .

neg: Herman Lewis Herman Lewis was an American sound engineer . He was nominated for three Academy Awards in the category Best Sound .

neg: Mission: Impossible 2 Mission : Impossible 2 ( stylized as M : I-2 ) is a 2000 American action spy film directed by John Woo and starring Tom Cruise , who also served as the film 's producer . It is the second installment in the Mission : Impossible film series . In the film , Ethan Hunt is recruited by the Impossible Missions Force ( IMF ) to find and destroy a dangerous biological weapon called `` Chimera '' from a rogue IMF agent named Sean Ambrose with the help of his new girlfriend , Nyah Nordoff-Hall . .   Mission : Impossible 2 was released in theaters worldwide on May 24 , 2000 . It grossed more than $ 546.4 million worldwide , becoming the highest grossing film of 2000 . But the critical response was mixed ; praise was directed at Tom Cruise 's performance and the action sequences , but the plot and dialogue were criticized .

neg: Japan Academy Prize for Outstanding Foreign Language Film Every year since its inception , the Japanese Academy has recognized an outstanding foreign film . The year that any given film is nominated is not based on the film 's domestic release date but rather on the date it is released in Japan . As delays of over four months are not uncommon , many films are nominated in Japan the following year after their release to the Japanese market ( i.e. Million Dollar Baby won the American Academy Award for Best Picture for films made in 2004 , but the Japanese award , based on its localized release date , is for 2005 ) . In fact , not one of the five films nominated for the 2007 Academy Award for Best Picture had been released in Japan by February 15 , 2008 , the date of the Japan Academy Prize Ceremony . Although the 2007 recipient of this award , Letters from Iwo Jima , a film almost entirely in Japanese , would not seem to meet the qualification of a `` Foreign Language Film '' , the actual Japanese title of the award , 最優秀外国作品賞 makes no mention of language . It would be more accurately translated as `` Best Foreign Production '' .   2017 - Sully  The Martian  Zootopia  Star Wars : The Force Awakens  The Revenant  2016 - American Sniper  Kingsman : The Secret Service  Mad Max : Fury Road  Spectre  Whiplash  2015 - Frozen  Interstellar  Jersey Boys  Fury  Godzilla  2014 - Les Misérables  3 Idiots  Captain Phillips  Django Unchained  Gravity  2013 - The Intouchables  Argo  The Dark Knight Rises  The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo  Skyfall  2012 - The King 's Speech  Rise of the Planet of the Apes  Moneyball  The Social Network  Black Swan  2011 - Avatar  Inception  Toy Story 3  Invictus  The Hurt Locker  2010 - Gran Torino  Slumdog Millionaire  Changeling  The Wrestler  Red Cliff Part II  2009 - The Dark Knight  The Bucket List  No Country for Old Men  Lust , Caution  Red Cliff Part I  2008 - Letters from Iwo Jima  Dreamgirls  Babel  Hairspray  The Bourne Ultimatum  2007 - Flags of Our Fathers  Crash  Hotel Rwanda  Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest  The Da Vinci Code  2006 - Million Dollar Baby  Cinderella Man  Charlie and the Chocolate Factory  The Phantom of the Opera  Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith  2005 - The Last Samurai  The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King  Mystic River  Seabiscuit  Troy  2004 - The Pianist  Chicago  The Hours  The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers  Yeopgijeogin geunyeo  2003 - Monster 's Ball  Gangs of New York  Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets  I Am Sam  The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring  2002 - Billy Elliot  Artificial Intelligence : AI  Chocolat  Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone  Postmen in the Mountains  2001 - Dancer in the Dark  American Beauty  Gladiator  The Green Mile  Swiri  2000 - The Sixth Sense  Elizabeth  The Matrix  Shakespeare in Love  La Vita è bella  1999 - L.A. Confidential  Armageddon  As Good as It Gets  Good Will Hunting  Saving Private Ryan  1998 - Titanic The English Patient Shine Air Force One Seven Years in Tibet1997 - Il Postino Independence Day Mission : Impossible Se7en 12 Monkeys1996 - The Shawshank Redemption  Apollo 13  The Bridges of Madison County  Forrest Gump  Léon  1995 - Schindler 's List  The Piano  Pulp Fiction  Speed  True Lies  1994 - Jurassic Park  Cliffhanger  The Fugitive  Heaven & Earth  Unforgiven  1993 - JFK  The Lover  Basic Instinct  The Bodyguard  A League of Their Own  1992 - Dances with Wolves  Awakenings  Nikita  The Silence of the Lambs  Terminator 2 : Judgment Day  1991 - Field of Dreams  Die Hard 2  Ghost  Cinema Paradiso  Total Recall  1990 - Die Hard  Black Rain  Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade  Major League  Rain Man  1989 - The Last Emperor  Fatal Attraction  Full Metal Jacket  Moonstruck  Wall Street  1988 - Platoon  Hannah and Her Sisters  Stand By Me  Top Gun  The Untouchables  1987 - Back to the Future  Aliens  A Chorus Line  The Color Purple  Out of Africa  1986 - Amadeus  The Cotton Club  The Killing Fields  A Passage to India  Witness  1985 - Once Upon a Time in America  Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom  The Natural  The Right Stuff  Terms of Endearment  1984 - An Officer and a Gentleman  The Woman Next DoorFlashdanceGandhiSophie 's Choice1983 - E.T. the Extra-TerrestrialDas BootChariots of FireOn Golden PondRocky III1982 - Die BlechtrommelBeing ThereThe Elephant ManOrdinary PeopleLes Uns et les Autres1981 - Kramer vs. KramerAll That JazzApocalypse NowManhattanTess1980 - The Deer HunterThe Tree of Wooden ClogsBig WednesdayThe ChampThe Travelling Players1979 - Conversation PieceClose Encounters of the Third KindThe Goodbye GirlStar Wars Episode IV : A New HopeThe Turning Point1978 - RockyThe Fire WithinNetworkSlap ShotVoyage of the Damned ''

neg: 78th Academy Awards The 78th Academy Awards ceremony , presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , took place on March 5 , 2006 , at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood , Los Angeles beginning at 5:00 p.m. PST / 8:00 p.m. EST. . The ceremony was scheduled one week later than usual to avoid conflicting with the 2006 Winter Olympics . During the ceremony , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 24 categories honoring films released in 2005 . The ceremony , televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Gil Cates and directed by Louis J. Horvitz . Actor Jon Stewart hosted the show for the first time . Two weeks earlier in a ceremony at The Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills , California held on February 18 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Rachel McAdams .   Crash won three awards including Academy Award for Best Picture . Other winners included Brokeback Mountain , King Kong , and Memoirs of a Geisha also with three awards apiece , and Capote , The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe , The Constant Gardener , Hustle and Flow , March of the Penguins , The Moon and the Son : An Imagined Conversation , A Note of Triumph : The Golden Age of Norman Corwin , Six Shooter , Syriana , Tsotsi , Walk the Line , and Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were-Rabbit with one each . The telecast garnered nearly 39 million viewers in the United States .

neg: Houston Film Critics Society Awards 2010 The 4th Houston Film Critics Society Awards were presented on December 18 , 2010 . These awards for `` extraordinary accomplishment in film '' are presented annually by the Houston Film Critics Society ( HFCS ) based in Houston , Texas . The organization , founded in 2007 , includes 22 film critics for print , radio , television , and internet publications in the greater Houston area . The awards are co-sponsored by the Houston Film Commission , Southwest Alternate Media Project , Women in Film and Television/Houston , WorldFest , and the Houston Cinema Arts Society .   The nominations for the 2010 awards were announced on December 12 , 2010 . Eligible films do not need to have played or opened in a Houston film theater prior to the nomination deadline , merely made available to the HFCS membership at a screening or on DVD . Along with the 13 `` best of '' category awards , this year also saw the introduction of a new category for `` Worst Movies of the Year '' . The Social Network , True Grit , and 127 Hours each received six nominations , all including the Best Picture , Actor , Direction , and Original Score categories .   The Social Network was the HFCS 's most awarded film of 2010 taking top honors in the Best Picture , Best Director ( David Fincher ) , Best Actor ( Jesse Eisenberg ) , and Best Screenplay ( Aaron Sorkin ) categories . Inception was the only other film to garner multiple awards , winning both the Best Original Score ( Hans Zimmer ) and Best Cinematography ( Wally Pfister ) prizes . The other acting awards went to Natalie Portman as Best Actress for Black Swan , Hailee Steinfeld as Best Supporting Actress for True Grit , and Christian Bale as Best Supporting Actor for The Fighter . The remaining film honors went to Toy Story 3 as Best Animated Film , Restrepo as Best Documentary , and The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo as Best Foreign Language Film . `` We Are Sex Bob-Omb '' by Beck from Scott Pilgrim vs. the World was named the Best Original Song . The HFCS 's first-ever award for `` Worst Picture '' was given to Jonah Hex starring Josh Brolin .   In addition to the category awards , the HFCS presented their annual Lifetime Achievement Award to Sissy Spacek and its Humanitarian Award to George Clooney . Clooney was selected for `` selflessly using his celebrity for greater good '' . The HFCS award for Outstanding Achievement in Cinema awards were presented to Charles Dove , director of the Rice University Media Center , and Hector Luna , the founder and editor of C-47 Houston .

neg: Ethan Van der Ryn Ethan Van der Ryn ( born October 21 , 1962 ) is a sound editor .  He won 2 Academy Awards for Best Sound Editing for The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers and King Kong . He earned further Academy Awards nominations for Transformers ( 2007 ) , Transformers : Dark of the Moon ( 2011 ) and Argo ( 2012 ) . He is an alumnus of San Francisco State University .

neg: List of submissions to the 85th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film This is a list of submissions to the 85th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film . The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) has invited the film industries of various countries to submit their best film for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film every year since the award was created in 1956 . The award is presented annually by the Academy to a feature-length motion picture produced outside the United States that contains primarily non-English dialogue . The Foreign Language Film Award Committee oversees the process and reviews all the submitted films . Nine shortlisted contenders will be revealed a week before the announcement of the Oscar nominations .   The submitted motion pictures must be first released theatrically in their respective countries between 1 October 2011 , and 30 September 2012 .   On 8 October 2012 , the Academy announced the final list of eligible submissions , with a record number of 71 films . Nine finalists were announced in December 2012 , which were shortlisted in January , with the final five nominees announced on 10 January 2013 . The Austrian entry Amour directed by Michael Haneke was the eventual winner .   Kenya submitted its first film in the Foreign Language category with Nairobi Half Life . Cambodia made its first submission in 18 years ( and its second overall ) with Lost Loves .

neg: Woodfall Film Productions Woodfall Film Productions is a British film production company set up in the late 1950s . It was established by Tony Richardson , John Osborne and Harry Saltzman to make the film version of Look Back in Anger ( 1959 ) and produced several of the most significant British films of the 1960s . A later Woodfall film , Tom Jones ( 1963 ) , won four Academy Awards in 1964 .

neg: Tom Cruise: All the World's a Stage Tom Cruise : All the World 's A Stage is an authorized biography of actor Tom Cruise , written by British film critic Iain Johnstone . The book was first published by Hodder & Stoughton in a paperback format and an audiobook in 2006 , and then again in a hardcover format on March 1 , 2007 , and a second paperback release , on May 1 , 2007 .

neg: 48th Academy Awards The 48th Academy Awards were presented March 29 , 1976 at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion , Los Angeles . The ceremonies were presided over by Walter Matthau , Robert Shaw , George Segal , Goldie Hawn , and Gene Kelly . This year , ABC took over broadcast rights from NBC , and continues to broadcast them today . ( NBC 's coverage of the 1976 NCAA Final Four aired opposite the ceremony ; during the presentation of the Best Film Editing award , the winner was jokingly announced ( by presenter Elliott Gould ) as `` Indiana , 86 -- 68 '' ; the Indiana Hoosiers had won the NCAA Final Four that night . )   Miloš Forman 's One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest made a `` clean sweep '' of the major categories : Best Picture , Best Actor , Best Actress , Best Director and Best Screenplay ( Adapted ) . It was the second of three films to date to accomplish the sweep , following It Happened One Night in 1934 and preceding The Silence of the Lambs in 1991 .   French actress Isabelle Adjani received her first nomination for Best Actress this year , making Adjani , 20 at the time , the youngest actress to be nominated in the leading actress category , breaking the record set by 22-year-old Elizabeth Hartman in 1967 . This record would later be surpassed by 13-year-old Keisha Castle-Hughes in 2004 , and again in 2013 by nine-year old Quvenzhane Wallis . Adjani also presented the Best Film Editing award that night along with Gould who delivered the Indiana joke during the presentation .   At age 80 , George Burns became the oldest acting and Best Supporting Actor awardee , a record which stood until Jessica Tandy won Best Actress in 1989 . For males , Burns was succeeded by Christopher Plummer , who won Best Supporting Actor in 2012 for Beginners at the age of 82 .   Jaws was followed 25 years later by Traffic for a film that won all its nominations except Best Picture . Jaws is one of the few films to be nominated for Best Picture but not for directing , acting , or writing .

neg: Robert Thirlwell Robert Thirlwell is an American sound engineer . He was nominated for three Academy Awards in the category Best Sound .


query: Tequila is made from a plant called the blue agave.

pos: Tequila Tequila ( Spanish ) is a regionally specific name for a distilled beverage made from the blue agave plant , primarily in the area surrounding the city of Tequila , 65 km northwest of Guadalajara , and in the highlands ( Los Altos ) of the central western Mexican state of Jalisco . Although tequila is similar to mezcal , modern tequila differs somewhat in the method of its production , in the use of only blue agave plants , as well as in its regional specificity . Tequila is commonly served neat in Mexico and as a shot with salt and lime across the rest of the world .   The red volcanic soil in the surrounding region is particularly well suited to the growing of the blue agave , and more than 300 million of the plants are harvested there each year . Agave grows differently depending on the region . Blue agaves grown in the highlands Los Altos region are larger in size and sweeter in aroma and taste . Agaves harvested in the lowlands , on the other hand , have a more herbaceous fragrance and flavor .   Mexican laws state that tequila can only be produced in the state of Jalisco and limited municipalities in the states of Guanajuato , Michoacán , Nayarit , and Tamaulipas . Tequila is recognized as a Mexican designation of origin product in more than 40 countries . It is protected through NAFTA in Canada and the United States , through bilateral agreements with individual countries such as Japan and Israel , and has been a protected designation of origin product in the constituent countries of the European Union since 1997 .   Tequila is most often made at a 38 % alcohol content ( 76 U.S. proof ) for domestic consumption , but can be produced between 31 and 55 % alcohol content ( 62 and 110 U.S. proof ) . Per U.S law , tequila must contain at least 40 % alcohol ( 80 U.S. proof ) to be sold in the United States .

neg: Stevia Stevia ( -LSB- ˈstiːviə -RSB- , -LSB- ˈstiːvjə -RSB- or -LSB- ˈstɛviə -RSB- ) is a sweetener and sugar substitute extracted from the leaves of the plant species Stevia rebaudiana .   The active compounds of stevia are steviol glycosides ( mainly stevioside and rebaudioside ) , which have up to 150 times the sweetness of sugar , are heat-stable , pH-stable , and not fermentable . These steviosides have a negligible effect on blood glucose , which makes stevia attractive to people on carbohydrate-controlled diets . Stevia 's taste has a slower onset and longer duration than that of sugar , and some of its extracts may have a bitter or licorice-like aftertaste at high concentrations .   The legal status of stevia extracts as food additives and supplements varies from country to country . In the United States , stevia was banned in 1991 after early studies found that it might be carcinogenic ; after additional studies , the FDA approved some specific glycoside extracts for use as food additives in 2008 . The European Union approved stevia additives in 2011 , and in Japan , stevia has been widely used as a sweetener for decades .

neg: Vanilla extract Vanilla extract is a solution containing the flavor compound vanillin as the primary ingredient . Pure vanilla extract is made by macerating and percolating vanilla pods in a solution of ethanol and water . In the United States , in order for a vanilla extract to be called pure , the U.S. Food and Drug Administration requires that the solution contains a minimum of 35 % alcohol and 100g of vanilla beans per litre ( 13.35 ounces per gallon ) . Double and triple strength ( up to 20-fold ) vanilla extracts are available .   Vanilla extract is the most common form of vanilla used today . Mexican , Tahitian , Indonesian and Bourbon vanilla are the main varieties . Bourbon vanilla is named for the period when the island of Réunion was ruled by the Bourbon kings of France ; it does not contain Bourbon whiskey .   Natural vanilla flavoring is derived from real vanilla beans with little to no alcohol . The maximum amount of alcohol that is usually present is only 2 -- 3 % . Imitation vanilla extract contains vanillin , made either from guaiacol or from lignin , a byproduct of the wood pulp industry .

neg: Paloma (cocktail) The paloma ( Spanish for `` dove '' ) is a tequila-based cocktail . This drink is most commonly prepared by mixing tequila with a grapefruit-flavored soda such as Fresca , Squirt , or Jarritos and served on the rocks with a lime wedge . This drink also has the option of adding salt to the rim of the glass .   Alternatively , the grapefruit soda can be replaced with fresh white or red grapefruit juice ( jugo de toronja ) , club soda ( sugar optional ) , and fresh-squeezed lime juice .

neg: Agave victoriae-reginae Agave victoriae-reginae ( Queen Victoria agave , royal agave ) is a small species of succulent flowering perennial plant , noted for its streaks of white on sculptured geometrical leaves , and popular as an ornamental .   This agave is highly variable in form , but in general the rosettes are small and compact , growing to 0.5 m , composed of short , rigid , thick leaves that are green with a pattern of distinctive white markings . The markings are generally along leaf keels or margins , giving a sort of polyhedral appearance . Marginal teeth are usually lacking , while the terminus of the leaf may include 1 to 3 spines , each 1.5 -- 3 cm in length . Cream coloured flowers are borne in erect racemes up to 4m in length .   A. victoriae-reginae is found the Chihuahuan Desert in the Mexican States of Coahuila , Durango and Nuevo León , with about a half-dozen subspecies named . The situation is complicated by hybrids with a number of other agave species .   It is cold-hardy as agaves go , and thus finds favor as a small accent in many northerly gardens . However it is recommended in the UK that this plant be kept in heated conditions under glass during winter . It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society 's Award of Garden Merit .

neg: Manfreda scabra Manfreda scabra , also known as rough leaved agave , is a member of the Agavaceae family .

neg: Botellita de Jerez Botellita de Jerez was a Mexican rock band , formed in Mexico City in 1982 . Their music is a fusion of rock , cumbia , and Mexican traditional music like mariachi and son , creating the genre called guacarrock ( rock and guacamole ) . The band was always distinguished by a festive and irreverent musical fusion , celebrating the culture of the nacos and integrating sketches and albures in its lyrics and concerts . Its style , standard rock , was combined with satirical lyrics that portrayed urban life and popular culture in Mexico City .   In their song `` Guaca Rock de la Malinche '' , they coined the phrase Todo lo naco es chido ( Everything tacky is cool ) , trying to re-vindicate the popular culture of the lower socio-economic classes . Botellita de Jerez pioneered a lot of trends from contemporary art in Mexico and the United States , since it incorporated motifs from popular use , such as lucha libre , popular dances and slang , which are now commonly used among the upper classes as well .   The name of the band comes from a Mexican saying used as rebuttal in an argument : `` Botellita de jerez , todo lo que me digas , será al revés '' , which literally means : `` Bottle of sherry , all you say to me will be otherwise '' However , the equivalent English idiom is : `` I 'm rubber , you 're glue , whatever you say bounces off me and sticks to you . ''   One of their most notable songs is `` Niña de mis ojos '' included in the LP of the same name , which has been released on the albums `` El Ultimo Guacarrock '' and `` Superespecial Un Plug '' .   The signature songs of Botellita de Jerez are `` Guacarrock '' , `` El Guaca Rock de la Malinche '' , `` Alarmala de Tos '' , `` Oh Denny 's '' and `` Abuelita de Batman '' ( The Granny of Batman ) which became the first cumbia-rock of the rock band , the song is notable for its parody-music video filmed in Colonia Santa María la Ribera in Mexico City .

neg: Manzana verde Manzana , also known as manzanita and manzana verde , is a liqueur generally made of wild apples . The name refers to the apples and not the alcoholic beverage which is usually clear in color . It has Spanish origins , more precisely of the Basque country . Its name manzana is apple in Spanish ; verde is Spanish for `` green '' .   Manzana contains from 15 to 20 % per volume of alcohol . It is sweet and tastes like green apples , similar in taste to pucker .

neg: Piña (disambiguation) Piña is a fiber made from the leaves of a pineapple .   Piña is also a Spanish word for :  pineapple  pinecone   Piña may also refer to :   The fruit of the blue agave used in the production of tequila .  Piña , Colón , Panama   People with the surname Piña :   Dulce Piña ( born 1966 ) , Dominican Republic judoka  Horacio Piña ( born 1945 ) , Mexican baseball player  John Piña Craven ( born 1924 ) , United States Navy officer  José Jonathan Piña Gutiérrez ( born 1989 ) , Mexican football midfielder  Aarón Piña Mora ( 1914 -- 2009 ) , Mexican painter  Mariano Piña Olaya ( born 1933 ) , Mexican politician

neg: Blue (soft drink) Blue is the mark of a soda juice fruit and vitamins sold in Angola . The drink is available in 10 flavors . Released in 2005 by Refriango company , the market leader in Angola , it was awarded the Gold Medal at the International Monde Selection Quality . The Blue brand is available in distinct flavors which other Angolan carbonated soft drinks do not use .   The drink 's slogan is `` life is a feast '' .

neg: Wine Wine ( from Latin vinum ) is an alcoholic beverage made from grapes , generally Vitis vinifera , fermented without the addition of sugars , acids , enzymes , water , or other nutrients . Yeast consumes the sugar in the grapes and converts it to ethanol and carbon dioxide . Different varieties of grapes and strains of yeasts produce different styles of wine . These variations result from the complex interactions between the biochemical development of the grape , the reactions involved in fermentation , the terroir , and the production process . Many countries enact legal appellations intended to define styles and qualities of wine . These typically restrict the geographical origin and permitted varieties of grapes , as well as other aspects of wine production .   Wines not made from grapes include rice wine and fruit wines such as plum , cherry , pomegranate and elderberry .   Wine has been produced for thousands of years . The earliest known traces of wine are from China ( BC ) , Georgia ( BC ) , and Iran ( BC ) . The earliest known winery is the 6,100-year-old Areni-1 winery Armenia . Wine reached the Balkans by 4500 BC and was consumed and celebrated in ancient Greece , Thrace and Rome . Throughout history , wine has been consumed for its intoxicating effects .   Wine has long played an important role in religion . Red wine was associated with blood by the ancient Egyptians and was used by both the Greek cult of Dionysus and the Romans in their Bacchanalia ; Judaism also incorporates it in the Kiddush and Christianity in the Eucharist .

neg: History of chocolate The history of chocolate begins in Mesoamerica . Fermented beverages made from chocolate date back to 1900 BC . The Aztecs believed that cacao seeds were the gift of Quetzalcoatl , the god of wisdom , and the seeds once had so much value that they were used as a form of currency . Originally prepared only as a drink , chocolate was served as a bitter , frothy liquid , mixed with spices , wine , or corn puree . It was believed to have aphrodisiac powers and to give the drinker strength . Today , such drinks are also known as `` Chilate '' and are made by locals in the South of Mexico .   After its arrival to Europe in the sixteenth century , sugar was added to it and it became popular throughout society , first among the ruling classes and then among the common people . In the 20th century , chocolate was considered a staple , essential in the rations of United States soldiers at war .   The word `` chocolate '' comes from the Classical Nahuatl word chocolātl , and entered the English language from the Spanish language .

neg: Agave datylio Agave datylio is a member of the Agavoideae subfamily and a succulent plant . It is native to Baja California Sur .

neg: Margaritas (restaurant) Margaritas Mexican Restaurant is the largest privately owned Mexican restaurant chain in New England . The proper name of the restaurant is `` Tío Juan 's Margaritas Mexican Restaurant '' , but it is most commonly referred to as `` Margaritas '' .   The concept originated when several Chuck 's Steakhouse locations owned and run by Kukai , Inc were converted to Mexican restaurants and renamed `` Margaritaville '' in the late 1970s and early '80s . John Pelletier , an employee and manager of Chuck 's Steak House in Concord , New Hampshire , opened his own Mexican restaurant in Concord , calling it `` Tio Juan 's '' .   In 1987 , John partnered with Stan Bagley and converted a small restaurant in Orono , Maine , into the first Margaritas Mexican Restaurant . The following year , John 's brother Dave Pelletier joined the partnership . Together they opened a restaurant in Portland , Maine , in 1989 .   In 1996 , the owners formed Margaritas Management Group Inc. to oversee the operations of the restaurants . MMG is headquartered in Portsmouth , New Hampshire .   In 1999 , in order to unify a growing company , the Concord restaurant was officially renamed `` Margaritas Mexican Restaurant '' . In 2001 , in order to trademark the company name and distinguish it from other similarly named Mexican restaurants across the country , the restaurants officially became `` Tio Juan 's Margaritas Mexican Restaurant '' .   The concept evolved considerably over the years , with the owners travelling regularly to Mexico to study the food , culture and decor . The visits to Mexico established the founders ' love of and appreciation for the culture , and many strong business relationships and friendships formed with artists and furniture makers throughout the country .

neg: Stewartia Stewartia as described by Philibert Commerçon is a synonym of Dombeya .   Stewartia ( sometimes spelled Stuartia ) is a genus of 8-20 species of flowering plants in the family Theaceae , related to Camellia . Most of the species are native to eastern Asia in China , Japan , Korea , Laos , Myanmar , Thailand , and Vietnam , with two ( S. malacodendron , S. ovata ) in southeast North America , from Virginia and Kentucky south to Florida and Louisiana .   They are shrubs and trees , mostly deciduous , though some species ( e.g. S. pteropetiolata ) are evergreen ; the evergreen species form a genetically distinct group and are split into a separate genus Hartia by some botanists , but others retain them within Stewartia . The Asian species include both shrubs and trees , growing to 3-20 m tall , while the American species are shrubs growing 3-5 m tall , rarely becoming small trees . The bark is very distinctive , smooth orange to yellow-brown , peeling in fine flakes . The leaves are alternately arranged , simple , serrated , usually glossy , and 3-14 cm long . The flowers are large and conspicuous , 3-11 cm diameter , with 5 ( occasionally 6-8 ) white petals ; flowering is in mid to late summer . The fruit is a dry five-valved capsule , with one to four seeds in each section .   The species are adapted to acidic soils , and do not grow well on chalk or other calcium-rich soils . They also have a high rainfall requirement and will not tolerate drought .   The genus was named in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus to honour John Stuart , 3rd Earl of Bute . Owing to a transcription error , Linnaeus was given the name as ` Stewart ' , and consequently spelled the name `` Stewartia '' ( and continued to do so in all his subsequent publications ) . Some botanists and horticulturists , mainly in the past but still widely in the UK have interpreted Article 60 of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature to consider `` Stewartia '' an orthographical error to be corrected to Stuartia , but this type of correction has been discouraged by changes to the code in recent times . During the 19th century , the spelling Stuartia was `` almost universally '' used . However , the original spelling `` Stewartia '' has been accepted by virtually all systematic botanists in recent treatments of the family and genus as well as in numerous influential horticultural publications .

neg: Fine chemical Fine chemicals are complex , single , pure chemical substances , produced in limited quantities in multipurpose plants by multistep batch chemical or biotechnological processes . They are described by exacting specifications , used for further processing within the chemical industry and sold for more than $ 10/kg ( see the comparison of fine chemicals , commodities and specialties ) . The class of fine chemicals is subdivided either on the basis of the added value ( building blocks , advanced intermediates or active ingredients ) , or the type of business transaction , namely standard or exclusive products .   Fine chemicals are produced in limited volumes ( < 1000 tons/year ) and at relatively high prices ( > $ 10/kg ) according to exacting specifications , mainly by traditional organic synthesis in multipurpose chemical plants . Biotechnical processes are gaining ground . The global production value is about $ 85 billion . Fine chemicals are used as starting materials for specialty chemicals , particularly pharmaceuticals , biopharmaceuticals and agrochemicals . Custom manufacturing for the life science industry plays a big role ; however , a significant portion of the fine chemicals total production volume is manufactured in house by large users . The industry is fragmented and extends from small , privately owned companies to divisions of big , diversified chemical enterprises . The term `` fine chemicals '' is used in distinction to `` heavy chemicals '' , which are produced and handled in large lots and are often in a crude state .   Since their inception in the late 1970s , fine chemicals have become an important part of the chemical industry . The total production value of $ 85 billion is split about 60 / 40 among in-house production by the main consumers , the life science industry , on the one hand , and the fine chemicals industry on the other hand . The latter pursues both a `` supply push '' strategy , whereby standard products are developed in-house and offered ubiquitously , and a `` demand pull '' strategy , whereby products or services determined by the customer are provided exclusively on a `` one customer / one supplier '' basis . The products are mainly used as building blocks for proprietary products . The hardware of the top tier fine chemical companies has become almost identical . The design , lay-out and equipment of the plants and laboratories has become practically the same all over the world . Most chemical reactions performed go back to the days of the dyestuff industry . Numerous regulations determine the way labs and plants have to be operated , thereby contributing to the uniformity .

neg: Bio Fuel Systems BFS Blue Enterprises is a wholly Spanish owned firm whose multi-patented , microalgae-based technology uses emissions to produce crude oil and analytical-grade biotech & pharmaceutical products . It was formed in 2006 in eastern Spain after three years of research by scientists and engineers connected with the University of Alicante . Currently , an industrial-size pilot plant has been producing consistent yields with a process proven to produce a standardized quality of products in both an industrially scalable and commercially viable way . All while using and neutralizing CO2 emissions . Their system of bioconversion is about 400 times more productive than any other plant-based system producing oil or ethanol .

neg: Agua Blanca, Jutiapa Agua Blanca ( -LSB- ˈaɣwa ˈβlaŋka -RSB- ) is a municipality in the Jutiapa department of Guatemala .   Like most eastern regions of Guatemala near Jutiapa ( ` el oriente ' ) most locals in Agua Blanca embrace - as Americans refer to it - a typical cowboy , ` old western ' culture . To see mustached men in tight blue jeans wearing cowboy hats and boots , carrying fully armed hand guns , with long magazines tightly secured to their leather belts in public venues with children present , is to capture in a microcosm the cultural norm of Agua Blanca , as this ` outlaw ' culture - most similar to that of Mexican drug cartels - is quickly being accepted and assimilated into the regional culture .   The most important event in Agua Blanca is its annual festival in January . As in most regions and towns in Catholic Guatemala and Latin America , the municipality of Agua Blanca holds an annual cultural , community festival known as , `` Feria de Los Reyes Magos . '' For several days , celebrations that include carnival rides , games , delicious food , Jaripeos ( bull-riding contests ) and a fireworks display at the central municipal park , are held to celebrate the new year and , especially , the Epiphany .

neg: Tex-Mex cuisine in Houston Tex-Mex cuisine is very popular in Houston . Many Mexican cuisine restaurants in Houston have aspects that originate from Texas culture . Katharine Shilcutt of the Houston Press said in 2012 that `` Tex-Mex has been a vital part of our city for more than 100 years '' and that it `` never waned in that century . '' She added that '' -LSB- t -RSB- he cultural significance of Tex-Mex as a vital touchstone between generations and an expression of our roots can not be denied . ''   In his book Ethnicity in the Sunbelt : A History of Mexican Americans in Houston , Arnoldo De León said that the recent immigrants from Mexico to Houston add foods that are popular with immigrants to menus of Mexican restaurants in Houston . Robb Walsh of the Houston Press said `` You might say that the immigrant flow is what keeps the `` Mex '' in Tex-Mex . '' In Houston , as in other places in Texas , the existing Chicano community influences the cooking methods used by recent immigrants .   In Houston , several restaurants that have authentic Mexican cuisine call themselves `` Mex-Mex . '' Several restaurants that have both Tex Mex and Mexican cuisine call themselves `` Mix Mex . '' As of 2012 , Molina 's Cantina is the oldest still-operating Tex-Mex restaurant in Houston . A restaurant featuring newer style Tex-Mex , Ninfa 's became influential in the development of the cuisine in the city .

neg: San Francisco de Asís, Atotonilco El Alto San Francisco de Asis is a town within the municipality of the Atotonilco El Alto located in the southeastern part of the state of Jalisco in Mexico . It is named after the Italian Saint Francis of Assisi . At the time of the census of 2005 the town had a population of 5,167 inhabitants . Its most distinctive features are the Fine Sanctuary of Our Lady of Los Altos and the fact that new tequila factories are located there . Its surrounding municipality of the same name had an area of 1,532.78 km ² ( 591.81 sq mi ) and a population in conjunction of Atotonilco el alto of 126,625 in the 2005 census , but its territory is increasing significantly since the beginning of 2005 with the creation of the new housing , churches , and schools .

neg: Danny Flores Danny Flores ( born Daniel Flores ; July 11 , 1929 -- September 19 , 2006 ) , also known by his stage name Chuck Rio , was an American rock and roll saxophonist . He is best remembered for his self-penned song Tequila , which Flores recorded with the Champs , and reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 .   Flores was born in Santa Paula , California and grew up in Long Beach . He was interested in the guitar from an early age , first performing at church and family gatherings . At 14 , however , Flores switched to the saxophone , forming his first band , the 3-D Ranch Boys . Emulating the rasping sounds of tenor saxophonist Vido Musso , Flores played a variety of music genres -- jazz , country , pop , and blues -- to cater to his hard-going blue-collar clientele . Much to Flores 's amusement , he has remarked , during this early stage of his career , he was commonly called the `` Mexican Hillbilly '' . In the early 1950s , Flores recorded vocals for small Pasadena-based record labels , before signing to Modern Records , and releasing his earliest rock and roll material .   In 1957 , Flores met aspiring songwriter and guitarist Dave Burgess . After briefly performing as Danny and Dave , the duo recruited former members of Flores 's group , drummer Gene Alden and guitarist Buddy Bruce , along with bassist Cliff Hills and Vocalist Huelyn Duvall , who were session musicians , to form the Champs . On December 23 , 1957 , the group recorded three songs for Challenge Records , including Flores 's instrumental Tequila . The song is highlighted by Flores 's `` dirty sax '' arrangements and hollering of `` Tequila '' . However , because of this one spoken phrase by Flores , he was credited as Chuck Rio to avoid conflicts with his other record label , where he was signed as a vocalist . `` Tequila '' was released as the B-side to the Champs ' debut single , but after listeners requested the song over its A-side `` Train to Nowhere '' , `` Tequila '' propelled to number one on the Billboard Hot 100 in January 1958 .   Conflicts between Flores and Burgess over leadership and the band 's musical direction led to Flores 's departure . He signed away his rights to Tequila , and ultimately did not receive any royalties from the tune , despite its success . In the intervening years , he formed another group called the Original Champs and recorded for Saturn Records in 1963 . Flores continued to perform across California for the rest of his life . It was not until the early 2000s that he finally received royalties -- albeit only for sales in Europe -- for Tequila .   Flores died on September 19 , 2006 as a consequence of complications of pneumonia .


query: Cerebral palsy is a movement disorder common in children.

pos: Cerebral palsy Cerebral palsy ( CP ) is a group of permanent movement disorders that appear in early childhood . Signs and symptoms vary among people . Often , symptoms include poor coordination , stiff muscles , weak muscles , and tremors . There may be problems with sensation , vision , hearing , swallowing , and speaking . Often babies with cerebral palsy do not roll over , sit , crawl , or walk as early as other children of their age . Other symptoms include seizures and problems with thinking or reasoning , each of which occurs in about one third of people with CP . While the symptoms may get more noticeable over the first few years of life , the underlying problems do not worsen over time .   Cerebral palsy is caused by abnormal development or damage to the parts of the brain that control movement , balance , and posture . Most often the problems occur during pregnancy ; however , they may also occur during childbirth , or shortly after birth . Often the cause is unknown . Risk factors include preterm birth , being a twin , certain infections during pregnancy such as toxoplasmosis or rubella , exposure to methylmercury during pregnancy , a difficult delivery , and head trauma during the first few years of life , among others . About 2 % of cases are believed to be due to an inherited genetic cause . A number of sub-types are classified based on the specific problems present . For example , those with stiff muscles have spastic cerebral palsy , those with poor coordination have ataxic cerebral palsy , and those with writhing movements have athetoid cerebral palsy . Diagnosis is based on the child 's development over time . Blood tests and medical imaging may be used to rule out other possible causes .   CP is partly preventable through immunization of the mother and efforts to prevent head injuries in children such as through improved safety . There is no cure for CP ; however , supportive treatments , medications , and surgery may help many individuals . This may include physical therapy , occupational therapy , and speech therapy . Medications such as diazepam , baclofen , and botulinum toxin may help relax stiff muscles . Surgery may include lengthening muscles and cutting overly active nerves . Often external braces and other assistive technology are helpful . Some affected children can achieve near normal adult lives with appropriate treatment . While alternative medicines are frequently used there is no evidence to support their use .   CP is the most common movement disorder in children . It occurs in about 2.1 per 1,000 live births . Cerebral palsy has been documented throughout history with the first known descriptions occurring in the work of Hippocrates in the 5th century BCE . Extensive study of the condition began in the 19th century by William John Little , after whom spastic diplegia was called `` Little disease '' . William Osler first named it `` cerebral palsy '' from the German `` zerebrale Kinderlähmung '' ( cerebral child-paralysis ) . A number of potential treatments are being examined , including stem cell therapy . However , more research is required to determine if it is effective and safe .

neg: Scissor gait Scissor gait is a form of gait abnormality primarily associated with spastic cerebral palsy . That condition and others like it are associated with an upper motor neuron lesion .

neg: Neurodevelopmental disorder Neurodevelopmental disorders are impairments of the growth and development of the brain or central nervous system . A narrower use of the term refers to a disorder of brain function that affects emotion , learning ability , self-control and memory and that unfolds as the individual grows . The term is sometimes erroneously used as an exclusive synonym for autism spectrum disorders .   Disorders considered neurodevelopmental in origin , or that have neurodevelopmental consequences when they occur in infancy and childhood , include :  Intellectual disability ( ID ) or intellectual and developmental disability ( IDD )  Autism spectrum disorders , such as Asperger 's syndrome  Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder  Motor disorders including developmental coordination disorder and stereotypic movement disorder  Tic disorders including Tourette 's syndrome  Traumatic brain injury ( including congenital injuries such as those that cause cerebral palsy )  Communication , speech and language disorders  Genetic disorders , such as fragile-X syndrome  Down syndrome  Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder  Mendelsohnn 's syndrome  Schizophrenia  Schizotypal disorder  HIV  Malaria  Neurodevelopmental disorders are associated with widely varying degrees of difficulty which may have significant mental , emotional , physical , and economic consequences for individuals , and in turn their families and society in general .

neg: Paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia Paroxysmal Nonkinesigenic Dyskinesia ( PNKD ) is an episodic movement disorder first described by Mount and Reback in 1940 under the name `` Familial paroxysmal choreoathetosis '' . It is a rare hereditary disease that affects various muscular and nervous systems in the body , passing to roughly fifty percent of the offspring .

neg: 1964 Summer Paralympics The , originally known as the 13th International Stoke Mandeville Games , were the 2nd Paralympic Games to be held . They were held in Tokyo , Japan , they were the last Summer Paralympics to take place in the same city as the Summer Olympics until the 1988 Summer Paralympics . The term `` Paralympic Games '' was approved by the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) first in 1984 , while the International Paralympic Committee ( IPC ) was formed in 1989 .   In contrast with the 1960 Games , many events had more than three participants , meaning that athletes were no longer guaranteed a medal upon completing their event .   Also originally known as Paralympic Tokyo 1964 .   Tokyo will host the Summer Paralympic Games again in 2020 . .

neg: Otherness of childhood The otherness of childhood is a phrase being used to argue that there are substantial differences between the lived worlds of children and adults . These differences are suggested to emerge from complex outcomes of divergent states of physical , neurological , emotional , affective and experiential being between children 's and adults ' lives . This is of interest to children 's geographies , as children 's experiences and practices of , say , a city , and its spaces might be very different from those of adults , and very difficult to recreate through adult sensibilities ( this has obvious implications for research ) .   The approach suggests that adult ( researchers ) need to be cautious in their claims about understanding the world from a child 's perspective . It is not claimed that there are no connections between these two worlds , but rather that they can be at once very connected and close and very far apart . This is a common theme in some literature which considers childhood . Ideas of the otherness of childhood have connections with some children 's affinity with disordered spaces ( those not managed and tidied by adult society ) like waste ground in cities . They also have implications for trying to remember what it was like to be a child as a form of research and knowing childhood . This is , at best , a highly complex and multifaceted process which , again , can not be assumed to give easy access to children 's worlds . This question has raised some critical response within children 's geographies ( see Philo , 2003 ) .

neg: Cerebral palsy sport classification Cerebral palsy sport classification is a classification system used by sports that include people with cerebral palsy ( CP ) with different degrees of severity to compete fairly against each other and against others with different types of disabilities . In general , Cerebral Palsy-International Sports and Recreation Association ( CP-ISRA ) serves as the body in charge of classification for cerebral palsy sport , though some sports have their own classification systems which apply to CP sportspeople .   People with cerebral palsy were first included at the Paralympic Games in 1980 in Arnhem , the Netherlands at time when there were only four CP classes . In the next few years , a CP sports specific international organization , CP-ISRA , was founded and took over the role of managing classification . The system then started to move away from a medical based classification system to a functional classification system . This was not without controversy as it represented a move to allow people with different types of disabilities to compete against each other , and there was pushback as a result . A major overhaul of classification took place during the 2000s . At the same , individual sports began to develop their own sport specific classification systems .   The classification system developed by the CP-ISRA includes eight classes : CP1 , CP2 , CP3 , CP4 , CP5 , CP6 , CP7 and CP8 . These classes can be generally grouped into upper wheelchair , wheelchair and ambulatory classes . CP1 is the class for upper wheelchair , while CP2 , CP3 and CP4 are general wheelchair classes . CP5 , CP6 , CP7 and CP8 are ambulatory classes . Other sports either use a version of this system , have a completely different system , or have a system with one class for which members of certain CP classes are eligible to participate . The process for classification is sport specific . It generally includes a medical exam , observation in training and observation in competition .   CP sports classification , and disability sport classification , is not a system without criticism . Complaints about it include that it creates unfairness when CP sportspeople have to compete against sportspeople with other types of disabilities , that it discourages participation of people with the most severe forms of CP , and that changes to the system can leave sportspeople unprepared .

neg: Music-specific disorders Neuroscientists have learned a lot about the role of the brain in numerous cognitive mechanisms by understanding corresponding disorders . Similarly , neuroscientists have come to learn a lot about music cognition by studying music-specific disorders . Even though music is most often viewed from a `` historical perspective rather than a biological one '' music has significantly gained the attention of neuroscientists all around the world . For many centuries music has been strongly associated with art and culture . The reason for this increased interest in music is because it `` provides a tool to study numerous aspects of neuroscience , from motor skill learning to emotion '' .

neg: Parkinson's disease Parkinson 's disease ( PD ) is a long-term degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that mainly affects the motor system . The symptoms generally come on slowly over time . Early in the disease , the most obvious are shaking , rigidity , slowness of movement , and difficulty with walking . Thinking and behavioral problems may also occur . Dementia becomes common in the advanced stages of the disease . Depression and anxiety are also common occurring in more than a third of people with PD . Other symptoms include sensory , sleep , and emotional problems . The main motor symptoms are collectively called `` parkinsonism '' , or a `` parkinsonian syndrome '' .   The cause of Parkinson 's disease is generally unknown , but believed to involve both genetic and environmental factors . Those with a family member affected are more likely to get the disease themselves . There is also an increased risk in people exposed to certain pesticides and among those who have had prior head injuries while there is a reduced risk in tobacco smokers and those who drink coffee or tea . The motor symptoms of the disease result from the death of cells in the substantia nigra , a region of the midbrain . This results in not enough dopamine in these areas . The reason for this cell death is poorly understood , but involves the build-up of proteins into Lewy bodies in the neurons . Diagnosis of typical cases is mainly based on symptoms , with tests such as neuroimaging being used to rule out other diseases .   There is no cure for Parkinson 's disease . Initial treatment is typically with the antiparkinson medication L-DOPA ( levodopa ) , with dopamine agonists being used once levodopa becomes less effective . As the disease progresses and neurons continue to be lost , these medications become less effective while at the same time they produce a complication marked by involuntary writhing movements . Diet and some forms of rehabilitation have shown some effectiveness at improving symptoms . Surgery to place microelectrodes for deep brain stimulation has been used to reduce motor symptoms in severe cases where drugs are ineffective . Evidence for treatments for the non-movement-related symptoms of PD , such as sleep disturbances and emotional problems , is less strong .   In 2015 , PD affected 6.2 million people and resulted in about 117,400 deaths globally . Parkinson 's disease typically occurs in people over the age of 60 , of which about one percent are affected . Males are more often affected than females . When it is seen in people before the age of 50 , it is called young-onset PD . The average life expectancy following diagnosis is between 7 and 14 years . The disease is named after the English doctor James Parkinson , who published the first detailed description in An Essay on the Shaking Palsy , in 1817 . Public awareness campaigns include World Parkinson 's Day ( on the birthday of James Parkinson , 11 April ) and the use of a red tulip as the symbol of the disease . People with parkinsonism who have increased the public 's awareness of the condition include actor Michael J. Fox , Olympic cyclist Davis Phinney , and late professional boxer Muhammad Ali .

neg: Paralympic swimming Paralympic swimming is an adaptation of the sport of swimming for athletes with disabilities . Paralympic swimming is contested not only at the Summer Paralympic Games , but at disabled sports competitions throughout the world . The sport is governed by the International Paralympic Committee , hence the name of `` Paralympic '' swimming .   Rules for the sport are adapted from those set forth by the International Swimming Federation ( FINA ) . Swimmers compete individually in backstroke , breaststroke , butterfly , freestyle , individual medley , and as teams in relay races . At the Paralympics , World Championships and other elite level competitions , swimmers compete in an Olympic-size swimming pool .   Significant differences between able-bodied and Paralympic swimming include the starting position and adaptations allowed for visually impaired swimmers . Competitors may start a race by standing on a platform and diving into the pool , as in non-disabled swimming , or by sitting on the platform and diving in , or they may start the race in the water . In events for the blind and visually impaired , people called `` tappers '' may stand at the end of the pool and use a pole to tap the swimmers when they approach the wall , indicating when the swimmer should turn or end the race .

neg: Complex regional pain syndrome Complex regional pain syndrome ( CRPS ) , also known as reflex sympathetic dystrophy ( RSD ) , is a long term pain syndrome that often worsens with time . It is characterized by severe pain out of proportion to the original injury and is often accompanied by sensitivity , swelling , and changes in the skin . It may initially affect one limb and then spread throughout the body ; 35 % of affected people report symptoms throughout their whole body .   The cause of CRPS is unknown though CRPS is associated with dysregulation of the central nervous system and autonomic nervous system resulting in abnormal temperature control and pain of the affected limb ( s ) resulting in functional impairment and disability . Precipitating factors include injury and surgery , although there are cases where no identifiable injury had occurred at the original site . CRPS is not caused by psychological factors , yet the constant pain and reduced quality of life are known to cause psychological problems ( such as increased depression and anxiety ) . Although `` research does not reveal support for specific personality or psychopathology predictors of the condition , '' CRPS is associated with psychosocial effects , including impaired social and occupational function . It is classified as an amplified musculoskeletal pain syndrome .   Treatment involves a multidisciplinary approach involving medications , physical and occupational therapy , psychological treatments , and neuromodulation . Despite this the results are often unsatisfactory , especially if treatment is delayed .

neg: Movement Medicine Movement Medicine is a movement meditation practice , intended to create an experiential and embodied connectedness with the world . It was developed by Susannah and Ya'Acov Darling Khan , who directed the Moving Centre School Europe , representing Gabrielle Roth and the 5Rhythms in Europe until 2007 . Movement Medicine claims to integrate physical , artistic , spiritual , shamanic and therapeutic practices so as to stimulate human creativity , healing and transformation , focussing on the relationship with ourselves , each other , the earth , and the spirit of life . It is non-denominational , aiming to answer the spiritual impulse without the need for dogma or belief . The Movement Medicine practice is meant to give people tools to integrate the freedom and aliveness of the dance into daily life .   Besides 5Rhythms , Movement Medicine is influenced by shamanism , Helen Poynor 's `` Walk of Life '' movement work , and global environmental initiatives such as the `` Awakening the Dreamer '' Symposium . Although not a social movement in the traditional sense of the word , the practice shows similarities with the Human Potential Movement and the New Age movement , sharing interest in a search for self actualization , empowerment and spiritual transformation .   There is a professional organization of Movement Medicine Teachers and Facilitators , and a Registered Charity which sponsors dancers from different countries to train to teach the practice .

neg: Physical disability A physical disability is a limitation on a person 's physical functioning , mobility , dexterity or stamina . Other physical disabilities include impairments which limit other facets of daily living , such as respiratory disorders , blindness , epilepsy and sleep disorders .

neg: Apraxia Apraxia is a motor disorder caused by damage to the brain ( specifically the posterior parietal cortex ) , in which the individual has difficulty with the motor planning to perform tasks or movements when asked , provided that the request or command is understood and he/she is willing to perform the task . The nature of the brain damage determines the severity , and the absence of sensory loss or paralysis helps to explain the level of difficulty . The term comes from the Greek a - ( without ) and - praxis ( to do ; to practise )

neg: Synactive Theory of Newborn Behavioral Organization and Development The Synactive Theory of Newborn Behavioral Organization and Development ( Synaction n. , or Synactive adj. -LSB- from the Greek syn `` together '' and the Latin actio `` action , '' resulting in : `` together in action '' -RSB- ) suggests that development of the human fetus , and later newborn , proceeds through the constant balancing of approach and avoidance behaviors , leading to : 1 ) a continuous interaction of the subsystems ( i.e. , Autonomic , Motor , State and Attention/Interaction , and Regulatory ) and their increasingly defined delineations within the organism , that is the infant , and 2 ) the organism 's interaction with the environment at large . This process is aimed at bringing about the increasingly well-defined species-unique developmental agenda .   Figure 1 ( below ) , provides a graphic representation of the Synactive Theory of development , as applied to both fetal and newborn stages . It focuses upon the infant 's within-organism , four subsystems of functioning , and their continuous interaction with each other and with the environment across time ( i.e. , `` together in action , '' or synaction ) . The four subsystems include the :   Autonomic Subsystem : Expressed in the pattern of respiration ( e.g. , fast , slow , pauses ) color changes ( e.g. , pink , pale , red ) , neurological indicators ( e.g. , seizures , tremulousness ) , and visceral or gut signals such as bowel movements , gagging , and hiccoughing ;   Motor Subsystem : Observable through the tone , posture and movement patterns of the infant ;   State and Attention/Interaction Subsystem : Expressed via : 1 ) the range of states available to the infant ( i.e. , deep sleep , light sleep , drowsy , alert , hyperalert , and cry ) , 2 ) how clearly it is to observably differentiate one state from the other , and 3 ) the patterns of transitions from one state to another ( e.g. , smooth well-differentiated state transitions versus abrupt unorganized state transitions ) .   The attention/interaction system is set within this state continuum ( i.e. , from deep sleep to cry ) and represented by the infant 's ability to adjust the robustness and increasing refinement of an alert , attentive state . The infant uses this state to take in cognitive and social information from the environment as well as to bring forth and modify inputs from the surrounding world ; and   Regulatory Subsystem : Behaviorally represented via the observable strategies the infant uses ( Self-Regulation ) in maintaining a balanced , relatively stable and relaxed state of subsystem of functioning or in returning to this a state of subsystem functioning if imbalance , or stress has occurred within the subsystems .   An additional component of the regulatory subsystem is observable in the kind and amount of support offered by the caregiver ( e.g. , supporting a soft , tucked , flexed position of the infant 's arms and legs ) or by the environment ( e.g. , dimming the lights in the nursery ) . This Co-Regulation may be necessary to help the infant 's return to balance in situations when his/her own self-regulatory capacities are exceeded .   Reproduced with permission from Als , H. Toward a synactive theory of development : Promise for the assessment of infant individuality . Infant Mental Health Journal . 1982 : ( 3 ) : 229-243 ; p. 234 .   The graphic representation of the Synactive Theory above depicts the developing organism , that is , the infant , in constant interaction with the environment from within the womb to the newborn intensive care unit ( NICU ) , and the caregiving family 's support in the NICU , to the family in their home . Newborn infants are actively striving for their next steps in development , while depending upon `` good enough '' environments and care to assure progress along their developmental agenda .   The Synactive Theory of Development continues to be instrumental in guiding clinicians ( e.g. , neonatologist , nurses , psychologists , developmental specialists , physical/occupational therapists , etc. ) and researchers in their understanding of the often very small steps in development that prematurely born and other high risk newborns attempt to accomplish ( which are major steps for their immature or injured brain ) . This theory gives professionals the framework and tools with which to identify the infant 's strengths , challenges and accomplishments . Such accomplishments may include breathing , sucking and swallowing in a coordinated sequence ; moving food down into and through the stomach and intestinal track instead of upwards , leading to reflux and vomiting ; looking at the caregiver and breathing at the same time , as well as many others .   The Synactive Theory is the foundation of both : 1 ) the Assessment of Preterm Infants ' Behavior ( APIB ) , a standardized comprehensive newborn test , and 2 ) the Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program ( NIDCAP ) , which is the care and intervention approach , that focuses on each infant 's behavioral cues ( e.g. , hand ( s ) to mouth , bracing with feet against a supporting surface ) in order to support the infant 's strengths and reduce the infant 's vulnerabilities . The infant 's family is viewed as the infant 's most important nurturer and is integrated in all care from the infant 's birth on throughout the infant 's hospitalization .

neg: Pediatrics Pediatrics ( also spelled paediatrics or pædiatrics ) is the branch of medicine that deals with the medical care of infants , children , and adolescents . The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends people be under pediatric care up to the age of 21 . A medical practitioner who specializes in this area is known as a pediatrician , or paediatrician . The word pediatrics and its cognates mean `` healer of children '' ; they derive from two Greek words : παῖς ( pais `` child '' ) and ἰατρός ( iatros `` doctor , healer '' ) . Pediatricians work both in hospitals , particularly those working in its specialized subfields such as neonatology , and as primary care physicians .

neg: History of Tourette syndrome Tourette syndrome is an inherited neurological disorder with onset in childhood , characterized by the presence of multiple physical ( motor ) tics and at least one vocal ( phonic ) tic .   The eponym was bestowed by Jean-Martin Charcot ( 1825 -- 93 ) on behalf of his resident , Georges Albert Édouard Brutus Gilles de la Tourette ( 1859 -- 1904 ) , a French physician and neurologist , who published an account of nine patients with Tourette 's in 1885 . The possibility that movement disorders , including Tourette syndrome , might have an organic origin was raised when an encephalitis epidemic from 1918 -- 1926 led to a subsequent epidemic of tic disorders . Research in 1972 advanced the argument that Tourette 's is a neurological , rather than psychological , disorder ; since the 1990s , a more neutral view of Tourette 's has emerged , in which biological vulnerability and adverse environmental events are seen to interact .   Findings since 1999 have advanced TS science in the areas of genetics , neuroimaging , neurophysiology , and neuropathology . Questions remain regarding how best to classify Tourette syndrome , and how closely Tourette 's is related to other movement disorders or psychiatric disorders . Good epidemiologic data is still lacking , and available treatments are not risk free and not always well tolerated .

neg: Pleurothotonus Pleurothotonus , commonly known as Pisa syndrome , is a rare neurological disorder which occurs due to prolonged exposure to antipsychotic drugs ( which may also be referred to as neuroleptics ) . It is characterized by dystonia , and abnormal and sustained involuntary muscle contraction . This may cause twisting or jerking movements of the body or a body part . Although Pisa syndrome develops most commonly in those undergoing long-term treatment with antipsychotics , it has been reported less frequently in patients receiving other medications , such as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor . However , it has also been seen in those with other diseases causing neurodegeneration and in those who are not receiving any medication ( idiopathic Pisa syndrome ) . The characteristic development of Pisa syndrome consists of two types of dystonia : acute dystonia and tardive dystonia ( also known as tardive dyskinesia ) . The underlying pathology of drug-induced Pisa syndrome is very complex , and development may be due to an underlying dopaminergic-cholinergic imbalance , or serotonergic/noradrenergic dysfunction .

neg: Youth and disability Worldwide , there are between 180 and 220 million youth with disabilities . Eighty percent of disabled youth live in developing countries , and therefore have even less access to education , health care , jobs and general rights Disabilities include physical , mental disabilities or mental illness . Many youth live normal and stable lives , however those with disabilities may experience more obstacles than those without due to potential limitations , those created by physical limitations and social limitations .

neg: Primate A primate ( -LSB- ˈpraɪmeɪt -RSB- ) is a mammal of the order Primates ( Latin : `` prime , first rank '' ) . In taxonomy , primates include two distinct lineages , strepsirrhines and haplorhines . Primates arose from ancestors that lived in the trees of tropical forests ; many primate characteristics represent adaptations to life in this challenging three-dimensional environment . Most primate species remain at least partly arboreal .   With the exception of humans , who inhabit every continent , most primates live in tropical or subtropical regions of the Americas , Africa and Asia . They range in size from Madame Berthe 's mouse lemur , which weighs only 30 g , to the eastern gorilla , weighing over 200 kg ; that is , without taking into account the weight of particular human individuals , reaching up to 635 kg . Based on fossil evidence , the earliest known true primates , represented by the genus Teilhardina , date to 55.8 million years old . An early close primate relative known from abundant remains is the Late Paleocene Plesiadapis , c. 55 -- 58 million years old . Molecular clock studies suggest that the primate branch may be even older , originating near the Cretaceous -- Paleogene boundary or around 63 -- 74 mya .   The order Primates was traditionally divided into two main groupings : prosimians and anthropoids ( simians ) . Prosimians have characteristics more like those of the earliest primates , and include the lemurs of Madagascar , lorisoids , and tarsiers . Simians include monkeys , apes and hominins . More recently , taxonomists have preferred to split primates into the suborder Strepsirrhini , or wet-nosed primates , consisting of non-tarsier prosimians , and the suborder Haplorhini , or dry-nosed primates , consisting of tarsiers and the simians .   Simians are divided into two groups : catarrhine ( narrow-nosed ) monkeys and apes of Africa and Southeast Asia and platyrrhine ( `` flat-nosed '' ) or New World monkeys of South and Middle America . Catarrhines consist of Old World monkeys ( such as baboons and macaques ) , gibbons and great apes ; New World monkeys include the capuchin , howler and squirrel monkeys . Humans are the only extant catarrhines to have spread successfully outside of Africa , South Asia , and East Asia , although fossil evidence shows many other species were formerly present in Europe . New primate species are still being discovered . More than 25 species were taxonomically described in the decade of the 2000s and eleven have been described since 2010 .   Considered generalist mammals , primates exhibit a wide range of characteristics . Some primates ( including some great apes and baboons ) are primarily terrestrial rather than arboreal , but all species possess adaptations for climbing trees . Locomotion techniques used include leaping from tree to tree , walking on two or four limbs , knuckle-walking , and swinging between branches of trees ( brachiation ) .   Primates are characterized by large brains relative to other mammals , as well as an increased reliance on stereoscopic vision at the expense of smell , the dominant sensory system in most mammals . These features are more developed in monkeys and apes and noticeably less so in lorises and lemurs . Three-color vision has developed in some primates . Most also have opposable thumbs and some have prehensile tails . Many species are sexually dimorphic ; differences include body mass , canine tooth size , and coloration . Primates have slower rates of development than other similarly sized mammals and reach maturity later , but have longer lifespans . Depending on the species , adults may live in solitude , in mated pairs , or in groups of up to hundreds of members .