query: Tesla, Inc. is an electric car manufacturer.

pos: Tesla, Inc. Tesla , Inc. ( formerly named Tesla Motors ) is a major American automaker , energy storage company , and solar panel manufacturer based in Palo Alto , California . The company was initially founded in 2003 by Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning , although the company also considers Elon Musk , JB Straubel , and Ian Wright amongst its co-founders . The company specializes in electric cars , Lithium-ion battery energy storage , and , through their SolarCity subsidiary , residential solar panels .   Tesla first gained widespread attention following its production of the Tesla Roadster , the first electric sports car , in 2008 . The company 's second vehicle , the Model S , an electric luxury sedan , debuted in 2012 and is built at the Tesla Factory in California . The Model S has been the world 's best-selling plug-in electric car for two years in a row , 2015 and 2016 . Its global sales achieved the 150,000 unit milestone in November 2016 , four years and five months after its introduction . , the Model S ranks as the world 's all-time second best-selling plug-in after the Nissan Leaf . The Model S was then followed in September 2015 by the Model X , a crossover SUV . Tesla 's next vehicle is the Model 3 , which was unveiled in March 2016 . It is slated for release in 2017 with a base price of , before any government incentives .   , Tesla has sold over 186,000 electric cars worldwide since delivery of its first Tesla Roadster in 2008 , making the carmaker the second largest global pure electric car manufacturer after the Renault-Nissan Alliance . For two years running , 2015 and 2016 , Tesla ranked as the world 's second best selling manufacturer of plug-in electric cars after BYD Auto . Musk , the CEO , has said that he envisions Tesla as a technology company and independent automaker , aimed at eventually offering electric cars at prices affordable to the average consumer .   Tesla has a network of high-powered Superchargers located across North America , Europe and Asia for Tesla vehicles . The company also operates a Destination Charging program , under which shops , restaurants and other venues are offered fast chargers for their customers . Although Tesla operates a number of production and assembly plants , the company 's most iconic facility is the Gigafactory 1 near Reno , Nevada , where Panasonic builds 21-70 cells for Tesla batteries . Tesla also manufactures the Tesla Powerwall , Powerpack batteries , and solar panels ( in varying form factors ) for home and industry applications . Elon Musk owned 20.8 % stake in the company as of March 2017 .

neg: Hyundai Santa Fe The Hyundai Santa Fe is a sport utility vehicle ( SUV ) produced by the South Korean manufacturer Hyundai since 2000 . It is named after the city of Santa Fe , New Mexico , and was introduced for the 2001 model year as Hyundai 's first SUV , released at the same time as the Ford Escape and Pontiac Aztek . The Santa Fe was a milestone in the company 's restructuring program of the late 1990s because , despite receiving criticism from journalists for its obscure looks , the SUV was a hit with American buyers . The SUV was so popular that at times , Hyundai had trouble supplying the demand . The Santa Fe quickly became Hyundai 's best seller and contributed to Hyundai 's success in the United States . As of 2007 , the Santa Fe falls between the slightly smaller compact crossover Tucson and the larger , yet related luxury crossover SUV Veracruz ( which replaced the Terracan ) .   The second generation Hyundai Santa Fe was awarded 2008 Consumer Reports `` top pick '' and was among the top 10 vehicles for 2008 unveiled in the magazine 's issue . The magazine 's annual ratings , based on road tests and predicted safety and reliability , are considered highly influential among consumers .   In 2012 , the third generation Santa Fe became available in two versions ( regular and extended versions ) , with the ( five-seater ) Sport in September 2012 and the extended long wheel base model which replaced the Veracruz , available at showrooms in November 2012 .

neg: Uber (company) Infobox company  | name = Uber Technologies Inc. .  | logo = Uber logo.svg  | type = Privately held company  | founders =  | hq_location = San Francisco , California  | area_served = Worldwide , 570 cities  | key_people =   Uber Technologies Inc. is a transportation network company headquartered in San Francisco , California , United States , operating in 570 cities worldwide . It develops , markets and operates the Uber car transportation and food delivery mobile apps . Uber drivers use their own cars , although drivers can rent a car to drive with Uber .   The name `` Uber '' is a reference to the common ( and somewhat slangy ) word `` uber '' , meaning `` topmost '' or `` super '' , and having its origins in the German word über , meaning `` above '' .   Uber has been a pioneer in the sharing economy and the changes in industries as a result of the sharing economy have been referred to as `` Uberification '' or `` Uberisation '' . Uber has also been the subject of protests and legal actions .

neg: Electric GT The Electric GT Championship is a zero-emission international auto racing championship . The inaugural season is planned to start in November 2017 and all teams will use a modified version of the Tesla Model S P100D .

neg: Kia Ray For the concept car , see Kia Ray ( concept car )   The Kia Ray EV is a city car manufactured by Kia Motors . The initial roll out was a limited production of 2,500 units destined for the South Korean government fleets , scheduled to be deployed in 2012 . The Ray EV is a predecessor to an all-electric crossover SUV that Kia Motors planned to launch globally in 2014 . In May 2013 a fleet of 184 Kia Ray EVs were deployed in Seoul as part of a carsharing service called `` Electric Vehicle Sharing '' at a rate of per hour . The service has 15,000 registered customers .   The Ray has a unique door layout ; the passenger side of the vehicle has a sliding door for the rear seats , while the driver 's side has a swing-out door . The car has boxy dimensions , much like other similarly sized cars , such as the Honda Freed and Suzuki Solio . The Ray 's interior benefits from the square shape , as it has more space than most cars its size ; however , it is only able to seat four people .   The Ray EV is the automaker 's first production battery electric vehicle . It is powered by a 50 kW electric motor , with a 16.4 kWh lithium ion battery that allows an all-electric range of 86 mi depending on driving conditions .   The Kia Ray is also available in non-EV types equipped with gasoline and bi-fuel with a gasoline and liquefied petroleum gas ( LPG ) combination . Both engines are available in four trims - Deluxe , Special , Luxury and Prestige . Only available in the local Korea domestic market , both engines produce similar power and outputs . The gasoline engine generates 78 PS at 6,400 rpm and 9.6 kg.m / 3,500 rpm . Both engines have displacements of 998 cc , generating fuel economies of 17 km/l for gasoline , and bi-fuel delivering 16.6 km/l on gasoline mode and 13.2 km/l on LPG mode . Gasoline engine models weigh in at 998 kg with bi-fuel models weighing in at 1042 kg . Both are equipped with a 4 speed automatic transmission , and are currently sold in the Republic of Korea .

neg: Motor fuel A motor fuel is a fuel that is used to provide power to motor vehicles .   Currently , the majority of motor vehicles worldwide are powered by gasoline or diesel . Other energy sources include ethanol , biodiesel , propane , compressed natural gas ( CNG ) , electric batteries charged from an external source , and hydrogen . The use of alternative fuels is increasing , especially in Europe . Before deciding on a particular fuel type , some factors should be considered :  The profitability of a solution  The workload in relation to one 's own driving performance - if someone drives short distances , he will have very little benefit for himself and the environment  The refuelling / charging infrastructure should be sufficiently developed so that one can use its vehicle flexibly and does not have to worry about refuelling / charging

neg: Green Car Congress Green Car Congress ( GCC ) is a newsfeed website dedicated to provide the latest information and news about energy options , technologies , products , issues and policies related to sustainable mobility and access to its content is provided free of charge . GCC reports daily any relevant development around the world regarding alternative vehicles and powertrains , clean and alternative fuels , alternative sources of clean energy , technologies to curb greenhouse gas emissions which accelerate global warming resulting in climate change , and related policies and sustainability issues in general . Green Car Congress editorial goal is `` to support our transition from primary dependence on fossil fuels to self-reliance on clean , healthy , sustainable , harmonious alternative energies . '' GCC target audience comprises members of every segment of the energy and transportation markets , including industry , government , academia and the public , and readers are allowed to comment on the materials posted blog style .   Green Car Congress is linked or recommended as an external resource for news and issues regarding sustainable mobility by newspapers , academic centers , and several environmental group sites such as The New York Times , the Illinois Sustainable Technology Center at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology , the Oregon Department of Transportation , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , the Electric Drive Transportation Association , TreeHugger , Bioenergy Wiki , Greenedia , and ScienceBlips .

neg: Buick Buick ( -LSB- ` bjuː.ɪk -RSB- ) , formally the Buick Motor Division , is an upscale automobile brand of the American manufacturer General Motors ( GM ) . For much of its existence in the North American market , Buick has been marketed as a premium automobile brand , selling luxury vehicles positioned above GM 's mainstream brands , e.g. Chevrolet , while below the flagship luxury Cadillac division . Buick-branded vehicles are also known for reliability , ranking high for reliability in Consumer Reports ' brand reliability rankings .   Buick has the distinction of being the oldest active American marque of automobile , and was the company that established General Motors in 1908 . Before the establishment of General Motors , GM founder William C. Durant had served as Buick 's general manager and major investor . Buick also has the distinction of being the first automobile maker in the world to equip its cars with overhead valve engines , which it did starting in 1904 .   In 2015 , Buick sold 1,231,941 vehicles , a record for the brand . The main market is in China , where 80 % of Buick-branded automobiles are sold . Buicks are also sold in the United States , Canada , and Mexico . Since restructuring in 2009 , GM has also started to share technology , vehicles and development between Buick and GM 's European Opel division .

neg: Sedan (automobile) A sedan -LSB- sᵻˈdæn -RSB- ( American , Canadian , Australian , and New Zealand English ) or saloon ( British , Irish and Indian English ) is a passenger car in a three-box configuration with A , B & C-pillars and principal volumes articulated in separate compartments for engine , passenger and cargo . The passenger compartment features two rows of seats and adequate passenger space in the rear compartment for adult passengers . The cargo compartment is typically in the rear , with the exception of some rear-engined models , such as the Renault Dauphine , Tatra T613 , Volkswagen Type 3 and Chevrolet Corvair . It is one of the most common car body styles . A battery electric liftback such as the Tesla Model S has no engine compartment , but a front cargo compartment and a rear compartment for cargo or optionally for additional passengers .

neg: Aurica Motors Aurica Motors , LLC is a start-up based out of Santa Clara , California that develops a proprietary electronic power train called the Aurica Recurve for electric cars . The company has stated its intention to partner with other investors to manufacture electric cars that utilize its electronic power train system . Aurica Motors is an offshoot of Aurica Labs , a research and development company started and funded by physicist Greg Bender .   On March 10 , 2010 , Aurica Motors was thrust into the public spotlight with the announcement of its intentions to save the New United Motor Manufacturing , Inc. ( NUMMI ) automotive plant in Fremont , California from completely shutting down .   The NUMMI plant , a joint venture between Toyota and General Motors , opened in 1984 as an experiment to determine if unionized Americans could adapt Japanese production management practices . The plant rolled out its last vehicle on April 1 , 2010 , forcing 4,700 factory workers out and likely affecting thousands of part suppliers .   In the same March announcement , Aurica also stated its intention to work with the NUMMI workforce to retrain it for electric car development and find financial backing to retool the plant .   On May 20 , 2010 , both Tesla Motors and Toyota announced a joint effort to manufacture Tesla 's electric vehicles at the former NUMMI plant . Under the agreement , Toyota bought $ 50 million of common stock from Tesla Motors . Tesla then purchased a portion of the NUMMI property including the plant , with the goal of retrofitting the plant for its future `` smaller third-generation car , '' seemingly putting an end to Aurica 's bid for the NUMMI plant .

neg: T-Platforms T-Platforms is a Russian supercomputer company .   Founded in 2002 , T-Platforms Group is headquartered in Moscow , Russia with regional offices in Hanover , Germany , Hong Kong , China and Taipei , Taiwan . The company has implemented more than 300 integrated projects , six of which were included in the Top500 list of the world 's most powerful supercomputers . T-Platforms owns patents on a number of supercomputer technologies and electronic components . T-Platforms ' solutions are used for fundamental and applied research in various fields of science , including life sciences , physics , chemistry and mathematics , as well as for calculation-intensive tasks in engineering , computer graphics and many other disciplines . In 2011 , HPCWire named Vsevolod Opanasenko , CEO of T-Platforms , one of 12 most famous and respected people of the global HPC community .   In November 2011 , the 33,072 processor Lomonosov supercomputer in Moscow developed by T-Platforms ranked number 18 in the world , and the fastest in Russia . It placed 3rd in Europe . In October 2012 , T-Platforms delivered its first supercomputer in the US to the State University of New York at Stony Brook ( SBU ) .   T-Platforms is part of the plan of the Russian government to focus on larger supercomputers by 2020 .   In April 2013 , the United States Department of Commerce added T-Platforms to their `` list of organizations and individuals acting contrary to the national security or foreign policy interests of the United States '' , preventing the company from buying computer chips produced anywhere in the world if the factories producing them use American technology . The decision was based on US concerns that T-Platforms work includes `` the development of computer systems for military end-users , and the production of computers for nuclear research '' .   T-Platforms was delisted from the list in December 2013/January 2014 , after removal request from the company   The main competitor is RSC Group .

neg: Technology company A technology company ( often tech company ) is a type of business entity that focuses primarily on the development and manufacturing of technology .   Apple , IBM , Lenovo , Huawei , Microsoft , BLOCK X and Oracle , among others , are considered prototypical technology companies .   Information technology ( IT ) companies and high tech companies are subsets of technology companies .

neg: Solar car racing Solar car racing refers to competitive races of electric vehicles which are powered by solar energy obtained from solar panels on the surface of the car ( solar cars ) . The first solar car race was the Tour de Sol in 1985 which led to several similar races in Europe , US and Australia . Such challenges are often entered by universities to develop their students ' engineering and technological skills , but many business corporations have entered competitions in the past . A small number of high school teams participate in solar car races designed exclusively for high school students .

neg: Technological unemployment Technological unemployment is the loss of jobs caused by technological change . Such change typically includes the introduction of labour-saving `` mechanical-muscle '' machines or more efficient `` mechanical-mind '' processes ( automation ) . Just as horses employed as prime movers were gradually made obsolete by the automobile , humans ' jobs have also been affected throughout modern history . Historical examples include artisan weavers reduced to poverty after the introduction of mechanised looms . During World War II , Alan Turing 's Bombe machine compressed and decoded thousands of man-years worth of encrypted data in a matter of hours . A contemporary example of technological unemployment is the displacement of retail cashiers by self-service tills .   That technological change can cause short-term job losses is widely accepted . The view that it can lead to lasting increases in unemployment has long been controversial . Participants in the technological unemployment debates can be broadly divided into optimists and pessimists . Optimists agree that innovation may be disruptive to jobs in the short term , yet hold that various compensation effects ensure there is never a long-term negative impact on jobs . Whereas pessimists contend that at least in some circumstances , new technologies can lead to a lasting decline in the total number of workers in employment . The phrase `` technological unemployment '' was popularised by John Maynard Keynes in the 1930s . Yet the issue of machines displacing human labour has been discussed since at least Aristotle 's time .   Prior to the 18th century both the elite and common people would generally take the pessimistic view on technological unemployment , at least in cases where the issue arose . Due to generally low unemployment in much of pre-modern history , the topic was rarely a prominent concern . In the 18th century fears over the impact of machinery on jobs intensified with the growth of mass unemployment , especially in Great Britain which was then at the forefront of the Industrial Revolution . Yet some economic thinkers began to argue against these fears , claiming that overall innovation would not have negative effects on jobs . These arguments were formalised in the early 19th century by the classical economists . During the second half of the 19th century , it became increasingly apparent that technological progress was benefiting all sections of society , including the working class . Concerns over the negative impact of innovation diminished . The term `` Luddite fallacy '' was coined to describe the thinking that innovation would have lasting harmful effects on employment .   The view that technology is unlikely to lead to long term unemployment has been repeatedly challenged by a minority of economists . In the early 1800s these included Ricardo himself . There were dozens of economists warning about technological unemployment during brief intensifications of the debate that spiked in the 1930s and 1960s . Especially in Europe , there were further warnings in the closing two decades of the twentieth century , as commentators noted an enduring rise in unemployment suffered by many industrialised nations since the 1970s . Yet a clear majority of both professional economists and the interested general public held the optimistic view through most of the 20th century .   In the second decade of the 21st century , a number of studies have been released suggesting that technological unemployment may be increasing worldwide . Further increases are forecast for the years to come . While many economists and commentators still argue such fears are unfounded , as was widely accepted for most of the previous two centuries , concern over technological unemployment is growing once again . A report in Wired in 2017 quotes knowledgeable people such as economist Gene Sperling and management professor Andrew McAfee on the idea that handling existing and impending job loss to automation is a `` significant issue '' . Regarding a recent claim by a political appointee that automation is not `` going to have any kind of big effect on the economy for the next 50 or 100 years , '' says McAfee , `` I do n't talk to anyone in the field who believes that . '' Innovations like Watson have the potential to render humans obsolete with the professional , white-collar , low-skilled , creative fields , and other `` mental jobs '' .

neg: Chevrolet Volt The Chevrolet Volt is a plug-in hybrid car manufactured by General Motors , also marketed in rebadged variants as the Holden Volt in Australia and New Zealand , and with a different fascia as the Vauxhall Ampera in the United Kingdom and as the Opel Ampera in the remainder of Europe .   Sales of the 2011 Volt began in the United States in mid-December 2010 , followed by various European countries and other international markets in 2011 . Global combined Volt/Ampera family sales totaled about 134,500 units by the end of December 2016 . The U.S. is the leading market , with 113,489 Volts delivered , followed by Canada with 8,884 Volts sold through November 2016 . Just over 10,000 Opel/Vauxhall Ampera cars had been sold in Europe , with the Netherlands leading the European region , with almost 5,000 Amperas and over 1,000 Volts registered . The Volt/Ampera family of vehicles is the world 's all-time best-selling plug-in hybrid vehicle .   The Volt operates as a pure battery electric vehicle until its battery capacity drops to a predetermined threshold from full charge . From there its internal combustion engine powers an electric generator to extend the vehicle 's range as needed . When the engine is running it may be periodically mechanically linked ( by a clutch ) to a planetary gear set , and hence the output drive axle , to improve energy efficiency . The Volt 's regenerative braking also contributes to the on-board electricity generation . Under the United States Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) cycle , the 2013/15 model year Volt all-electric range is 38 mi , with a combined electric mode/gasoline-only rating of 62 mpgus equivalent ( MPG-equivalent ) .   The second generation Volt 's improved battery system and drivetrain increased the all-electric range to 53 mi , its EPA rated fuel economy in charge-sustaining mode to 42 mpgUS , and the combined city/highway fuel economy in all-electric mode to 106 MPG-e , up from 98 MPG-e . Deliveries to retail customers in the U.S. and Canada began in October 2015 as a 2016 model year .   The Volt has won several awards , including the 2009 Green Car Vision Award , 2011 Green Car of the Year , 2011 North American Car of the Year , 2011 World Green Car , 2012 European Car of the Year , and 2016 Green Car of the Year . Controversies regarding the Volt include the extent to which the U.S. federal government may have participated in the Volt 's development , which continued through General Motors ' 2009 government-led bankruptcy , and concerns about the battery pack fire risk following a crash test that the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA ) performed on a Volt in 2011 . At the completion of its investigation NHTSA concluded that no discernible defect trend exists .

neg: Model car A model vehicle or toy vehicle is a miniature representation of an automobile . Other miniature motor vehicles , such as trucks , buses , or even ATVs , etc. are often included in this general category . Because many miniature vehicles were originally aimed at children as playthings , there is no precise difference between a model car and a toy car , yet the word ` model ' implies either assembly required or the accurate rendering of an actual vehicle at smaller scale . The kit building hobby became popular through the 1950s , while the collecting of miniatures by adults started to pick up momentum around 1970 . Precision-detailed miniatures made specifically for adults are a significant part of the market since the mid-1980s ( Gibson 1970 , p. 9 ; Harvey 1974 ; Johnson 1998 , p. 5 ) .

neg: Segway Inc. Segway Inc. of New Hampshire , USA , is the manufacturer of a two-wheeled , self-balancing electric vehicle , the Segway PT , invented by Dean Kamen . The name `` Segway '' is a homophone of `` segue '' ( a smooth transition , literally Italian for `` follows '' ) .   Segways have had success in niche markets such as transportation for police departments , military bases , warehouses , corporate campuses and industrial sites . The legal roadworthiness of the Segway varies with different jurisdictions ' classification of the device as a motor vehicle .

neg: IEEE Nikola Tesla Award The IEEE Nikola Tesla Award is a Technical Field Award given annually to an individual or team that has made an outstanding contribution to the generation or utilization of electric power . It is awarded by the Board of Directors of the IEEE . The award is named in honor of Nikola Tesla . This award may be presented to an individual or a team .   The award was established in 1975 , and its first recipient was Leon T. Rosenberg , who was given the award in 1976 `` for his half-century of development and design of large steam turbine driven generators and his important contributions to literature . '' The actual award is a plaque and honorarium .

neg: Hiriko The Hiriko is a folding two-seat urban electric car that was under development by the Hiriko Driving Mobility consortium in the Basque Country of northern Spain . The electric car was to be the commercial implementation of the CityCar project developed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Media Lab since 2003 . The name Hiriko comes from the Basque word for `` urban '' or `` from the city '' .   Three versions were to be developed : the Fold microcar ; the Alai , a convertible ; and the Laga , a small truck . The Hiriko was to be designed specifically for short-distance urban carsharing programs and municipal fleets . A manufacturing trial aiming for 20 pre-production cars began in Vitoria-Gasteiz , Spain , in July 2012 . A pilot program was scheduled to take place in Germany in 2013 to integrate the Hiriko Fold into Deutsche Bahn 's railway service to allow their customers the possibility of using a vehicle parked at the station with which to complete the last mile of the journey to their final destinations .   Production was planned for the second quarter of 2013 with retail deliveries initially scheduled to begin in 2014 , at a price starting at plus battery leasing fees . In May 2013 the Hiriko consortium announced the project was having difficulties to continue with the commercial development phase due to lack of financing . Sixteen months after the January 2012 debut of the Hiriko the firm collapsed before the start of any production . Only one test vehicle and two semi finished ones were ever produced . In 2015 public prosecutors in Spain accused six businessmen involved in the project of fraud .

neg: Synchronous (electric vehicle) Synchronous is an electric car concept by Ukrainian company Electric Marathon International .   According to the statement of CEO Electric Marathon International Andriy Bilyy , the development of the prototype took about one year -- from 2015 till 2016 . The development works were also joint by the Ukrainian partners , a design agency SkyRye ( Kiev ) and an engineering company Eco-Factor ( Odessa ) . Company E-Line '' ( Dnipro ) developed the charging station specially for the model Synchronous .   In April 2016 the functional prototype of Synchronous was first introduced at the international conference dedicated to the eco-friendly transport and renewable energy sources EVER 2016 . In May 2016 the electric vehicle was presented in Kiev .   The prototype is designed in retro-futurism style . According to the designer Vladyslav Karpets , it was initially agreed to make it look like a vintage carriage .   Synchronous was created as a municipal taxi , a hotel shuttle or an excursion car .   According to several media sources , Synchronous is the first electric car prototype fully developed and assembled in Ukraine   The body of the car is made of fiberglass . Vehicles length , width and height are 4490x2100x2200 mm . The electric vehicle has an asynchronous front axle engine , charged by Lithium-ion accumulator . The car has 19-inch disks , rear view camera , air conditioner with autonomous charging from solar panel located on top of the car 's roof and a multimedia system . Six passengers can be inside the car , the driver has a separated glass cabin .   In May -- June 2016 the concept of Synchronous electric vehicle took part in trans-European electric rally Electric Marathon 2016 Lviv Monte Carlo . Together with other participants the electric car visited such cities and towns as Lviv , Novoyavorivsk ( Ukraine ) , Rzeszow , Wieliczka ( Poland ) , Ostrava , Brno ( Czech Republic ) , Samorin ( Slovakia ) , Wiener-Neustadt , Forchdorf , Bad-Schallerbach ( Austria ) , Munich , Ulm , Baden-Baden , Freiburg ( Germany ) , Beckenried , Bellinzona ( Switzerland ) , Parma , Bologna , Larderello , Pisa , Alassio ( Italy ) , Menton ( France ) and Monte Carlo ( Monaco ) .

neg: Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future Elon Musk : Tesla , SpaceX , and the Quest for a Fantastic Future is Ashlee Vance 's biography of Elon Musk , published in 2015 . The book traces Elon Musk 's life from his childhood up to the time he spent at Zip2 and Paypal , and then onto SpaceX , Tesla , and SolarCity . In the book , Vance managed to get regular interviews with Musk , those close to him , and those who were with him at the most important points of his life ; Musk had no control over the biography 's contents .


query: Danny DeVito produced Erin Brockovich.

pos: Danny DeVito Daniel Michael DeVito , Jr. ( born November 17 , 1944 ) is an American actor , comedian , director and producer . He gained prominence for his portrayal of the taxi dispatcher Louie De Palma in the television series Taxi ( 1978 -- 1983 ) , which won him a Golden Globe and an Emmy .   A major film star , he is known for his roles in Tin Men , Throw Momma from the Train , One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest , Ruthless People , Man on the Moon , Terms of Endearment , Romancing the Stone , Twins , Batman Returns , Look Who 's Talking Now , Big Fish , Other People 's Money , Get Shorty , Be Cool , and L.A. Confidential and for his voiceover in such films as Space Jam , Hercules and The Lorax .   DeVito and Michael Shamberg founded Jersey Films . Soon afterwards , Stacey Sher became an equal partner . The production company is known for films such as Pulp Fiction , Garden State , and Freedom Writers . DeVito also owns Jersey Television , which produced the Comedy Central series Reno 911 ! . DeVito and wife Rhea Perlman starred together in his 1996 film Matilda , based on Roald Dahl 's children 's novel . DeVito was also one of the producers nominated for an Academy Award for Best Picture for Erin Brockovich .   He currently stars as Frank Reynolds on the FX and FXX sitcom It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia . He directs , produces and appears in graphic , short , horror films for his Internet venture The Blood Factory .   DeVito 's short stature is the result of multiple epiphyseal dysplasia ( Fairbank 's disease ) , a rare genetic disorder that affects bone growth in those afflicted .

neg: Adam Davenport Adam Davenport ( born May 27 , 1984 ) is an American film director , screenwriter , stage actor and music producer .

neg: Profondo Rosso (soundtrack) The soundtrack to the film Deep Red was mainly composed and performed by the Italian progressive rock band Goblin . Director Dario Argento had originally contacted jazz pianist and composer Giorgio Gaslini to score the film , but he was unhappy with his output , deeming it `` awful '' . After failing to get Pink Floyd to write music for the film , Argento turned back to Italy and found Goblin . In the final score , only three of Gaslini 's original themes were retained ; however , in the film 's original theatrical release , Gaslini was given full composer credit for the entire score , while Goblin were wrongly credited only as performers -LSB- i.e. `` Music by Giorgio Gaslini , performed by Goblin '' -RSB- . This was corrected in subsequent home video releases .

neg: Aaron Eckhart Aaron Edward Eckhart ( born March 12 , 1968 ) is an American film and stage actor . Born in Cupertino , California , he moved to the UK at age 13 , when his father relocated the family . Several years later , he began his acting career by performing in school plays , before moving to Sydney , Australia for his high school senior year . He left high school without graduating , but earned a diploma through an adult education course , and graduated from Brigham Young University ( BYU ) in 1994 with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in film . For much of the mid-1990s , he lived in New York City as a struggling , unemployed actor .   As an undergraduate at BYU , Eckhart met director and writer Neil LaBute , who cast him in several of his own original plays . Five years later Eckhart made a debut as an unctuous , sociopathic ladies ' man in LaBute 's black comedy film In the Company of Men ( 1997 ) . Under LaBute 's guidance he worked in the director 's films Your Friends & Neighbors ( 1998 ) , Nurse Betty ( 2000 ) , and Possession ( 2002 ) .   Eckhart gained wide recognition as George in Steven Soderbergh 's critically acclaimed film Erin Brockovich ( 2000 ) , and in 2006 received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actor for his portrayal of Nick Naylor in Thank You for Smoking . Another mainstream breakout occurred in 2008 when he starred in the blockbuster Batman film The Dark Knight as District Attorney Harvey Dent . Other key roles include The Pledge ( 2001 ) , The Core ( 2003 ) , Rabbit Hole ( 2010 ) Battle : Los Angeles ( 2011 ) , Olympus Has Fallen ( 2013 ) , I , Frankenstein ( 2014 ) , Olympus '' ' sequel , London Has Fallen and Sully '' ( both 2016 ) .

neg: Danny Newman Danny Newman ( January 24 , 1919 -- December 1 , 2007 ) was the long-time press agent for the Lyric Opera of Chicago from its founding in 1954 until his retirement in 2002 . Newman was known for increasing the use of subscription programs to build audiences for performing arts .   Newman is the author of the 1977 book Subscribe Now ! , which was published by the Theatre Communications Group . The book outlines Newman 's unwavering advocacy for subscription-based ticket sales . The book is currently in its eleventh printing .   He died on December 1 , 2007 of pulmonary fibrosis . Newman was 88 years old .

neg: Bad Ass (film) Bad Ass is a 2012 American action film written and directed by Craig Moss . The film stars Danny Trejo , Charles S. Dutton , and Ron Perlman . It is loosely based on the viral AC Transit Bus fight internet video and the films Gran Torino and Harry Brown .

neg: Danny, the Champion of the World Danny , the Champion of the World is a 1975 children 's book by Roald Dahl . The plot centers on Danny , a  young English boy , and his father , William , who live in a Gypsy caravan fixing cars for a living and partake in poaching pheasants . It was first published in 1975 in the United States by Alfred A. Knopf , Inc. and in the United Kingdom by Jonathan Cape .   It was adapted into a made-for-TV movie in 1989 by Thames Television which starred Jeremy Irons . It is based on Dahl 's adult short story `` Champion of the World '' which first appeared in print in The New Yorker magazine , as did some of the other short stories that would later be reprinted as Kiss Kiss ( 1960 ) . Peter Serafinowicz provides the English language audiobook recording .

neg: Danny Boy (singer) Danny Boy Steward ( born October 31 , 1977 ) is a Chicago native known by his stage name Danny Boy or DB . He is a contemporary African-American soul singer originally signed for a five-year run with Death Row Records by Suge Knight . He made his debut on 1994 's Murder Was the Case soundtrack with the R&B charter Come When I Call ( Produced by DJ Quik ) . In 1995 , he released his first single entitled Slip N Slide ( Produced by Reggie Moore and co-produced by DeVante Swing ) with then unknown artist Ginuwine singing the chorus . The video was shot in Cabo , and also features scenes with 2Pac , Snoop Dogg , Nate Dogg and Tha Dogg Pound . Danny is best known for singing the choruses of the 2Pac songs `` I Ai n't Mad at Cha '' , `` What ' z Ya Phone # '' , `` Picture Me Rollin ' '' and `` Heaven Ai n't Hard 2 Find '' on All Eyez on Me , as well as `` Toss It Up '' on The Don Killuminati : The 7 Day Theory . He had recorded several albums ' worth of music while on Death Row Records , but none were released during his time there .   Danny Boy also made an appearance on Tha Row 's soundtrack to Eddie Griffin 's Dysfunktional Family movie and also appeared on American Idol , but was disqualified due to continued internet promotion by his former label . He is currently working on some projects for his own label `` Eclectic Soul Music Group '' and resides in the suburbs of Atlanta , Georgia . On April 20 , 2010 Death Row Records , under new management , finally released Danny Boy 's 1996 debut album It 's About Time featuring production by DJ Quik & DeVante Swing .

neg: Mutato Muzika Mutato Muzika is an American music production company established and owned by Devo co-founder and lead singer Mark Mothersbaugh in 1989 . The name is a portmanteau of the words mutant and potato , which is a nod to Devo 's fanbase which are called Spuds .   While Devo members Mark Mothersbaugh , Gerald Casale and Bob Mothersbaugh , with drummer Josh Freese , often meet , rehearse and confer in its West Hollywood , California studio facilities , Mutato Muzika is a full-service music production company . Until his death in 2014 , Bob Casale served as a producer/engineer there .   Mutato Muzika has produced music for many films , including Rushmore , The Royal Tenenbaums , The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou , Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen , 13 , Lords of Dogtown , Nick & Norah 's Infinite Playlist , Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs , and Catfish . Television music includes Rugrats , Shaggy & Scooby-Doo Get a Clue ! , Pee-wee 's Playhouse , Big Love , Eureka , Shameless , Enlightened and Regular Show . Mutato Muzika-produced video game scores include Crash Bandicoot and The Sims . Mutato Muzika also provides music for commercials , including spots for Apple 's PC vs. Mac , Martini & Rossi 's George Clooney/Giorgio , and Logitech .   The company is housed in a round bright green building at 8760 West Sunset Boulevard . The building is rumored to have been designed by Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer ( although no architect 's name is listed on the building permit ) , modeling the exterior after The Forum in Inglewood , California , former home of the NBA 's Los Angeles Lakers and NHL 's Los Angeles Kings . Previously known as `` The Beauty Pavillion '' , it was built in 1967 for plastic surgeon Dr. Richard Alan Franklyn , who wanted the roof to have skylights in order to illuminate the operating room in the center of the structure . The building was painted green after Mothersbaugh took ownership of it .

neg: The Sexorcist The Sexorcist is the fourth studio album by American rapper Necro , released on August 2 , 2005 by Psycho + Logical-Records . Necro has been known for his gory lyrics , however this album marked a focus particularly on sex and porn . It is also the second album to feature live instrumentation by Necro himself . Necro 's reach into the porn industry is evident on this album as porn stars like Ron Jeremy , Joey Silvera , Alex Sanders and Peter North perform on him during the intermissions . Despite the album 's suggestive themes which include gore , degradation , sex , bondage , and diaper play , Necro chose not to place a parental advisory sticker on the cover .   The album contains 16 studio tracks , five skits and an outro . Featured guests on the album include Antwon Lamar Robinson , Joey Silvera , Necro 's brother Ill Bill , Mr. Hyde , Goretex , Mitch Matlock , Katja Kassin , Jenny ( Shirley Bassey ) Van Houten , Avy Lee Roth , Maya , Jerry Butler , Jenny Krenwinkle , Eve Lawrence , Sabac , Dick Nasty and Alexis Malone . Featured guests on the skits include Ron Jeremy , Katsumi , Brittany Andrews and Van Styles .   A special edition version of The Sexorcist contains nine bonus tracks and a bonus DVD containing unreleased music videos as well as concert and backstage footage . The special edition release was originally set to be released August 5 , 2008 , but KOCH refused to distribute it due to the graphic sexual content ( including urophilia ) and nudity featured on the DVD . They asked Necro to edit the entire DVD before it could be released , but Necro refused . This caused delays for both this album and the special edition release of 2007 's Death Rap . It was finally released in its entirety on November 11 , 2008 .   The Sexorcist is one of the few Necro albums to not have an instrumental version released as well .

neg: Aaron Russo Aaron Russo ( -LSB- ˈrʊsoʊ -RSB- February 14 , 1943 -- August 24 , 2007 ) was an American entertainment businessman , film producer and director , and political activist . He was best known for producing such movies as Trading Places , Wise Guys , and The Rose . Later in life , he created various Libertarian-leaning political documentaries including Mad as Hell and America : Freedom to Fascism . After a six-year battle with bladder cancer , Russo died on August 24 , 2007 .

neg: Daniel Duchovny Daniel Duchovny ( known as Danny Ducovny ; also credited as Daniel Duchovny ) is an award-winning director of commercials . In 1990 he founded his own production company , Cucoloris , with partner Linda Stewart . Before moving into directing commercials and the occasional TV series episode , he had worked on several movies in the camera department .   Daniel is the older brother of X-Files star David Duchovny .

neg: Danny Strong Daniel W. `` Danny '' Strong ( born June 6 , 1974 ) is an American actor , screenwriter , and producer . As an actor , Strong is best known for his roles as Jonathan Levinson in Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Doyle McMaster in Gilmore Girls . He also wrote the screenplays for Recount , the HBO adaptation Game Change , Lee Daniels ' The Butler , and the two-part finale of The Hunger Games film trilogy , Mockingjay -- Part 1 and Mockingjay -- Part 2 . Strong also is a co-creator , executive producer , and writer for the Fox series Empire .   Strong has won two Emmy Awards , two Writers Guild of America Awards , a Producers Guild of America Award , and a NAACP Image Award .

neg: Danny Says (film) Danny Says is a feature-length 2015 documentary on the life and times of Danny Fields . The film is directed by Brendan Toller and produced by Pamela Lubell . Magnolia Pictures acquired the worldwide rights in January 2016 .   In 2015 , Danny Says was featured on `` The Year in Kickstarter '' with the headline `` a filmmaker discovered a piece of rock & roll history . '' The headline cites an unearthed audio tape of Lou Reed listening to the Ramones for the first time .

neg: Regina Daniels Regina Daniels is a Nigerian teen actress and film producer . She has acted alongside Nollywood stars such as Mercy Johnson , Chinwe Owoh , Tonto Dikeh , Ngozi Ezeonu , Yul Edochie , Kenneth Okonkwo .

neg: Dirty Deeds (2005 film) Dirty Deeds is a 2005 American comedy film directed by David Kendall , produced by Bill Civitella and Dan Kaplow ; written by Jon Land and Jonathan Thies . It was released on August 25 , 2005 in the United States and filmed in Los Angeles , California .   The film was given a rating of PG-13 for `` crude humor , sexual content , language , teen partying/sexual references , and some violence '' .

neg: Celebrity Detox Celebrity Detox : The Fame Game is the second memoir written by comedian , actress , and talk show host Rosie O'Donnell . Focusing on her departure from The Rosie O'Donnell Show and later The View , O'Donnell expresses the struggles associated with the almost drug-like concept of fame . The book especially touches on the rift between O'Donnell and Barbara Walters that occurred after O'Donnell publicly berated Donald Trump on the air . Due to editing changes , the book was released in October though it was originally scheduled to be released on September 18th . The book debuted at # 5 on the New York Times bestselling non-fiction list .   `` Sometimes funny , sometimes heartbreaking , and always brutally honest , this is Rosie O'Donnell 's surprising account of the pain , regret , and euphoria involved in withdrawing from celebrity life -- and the terrifying dangers of relapsing into the spotlight . '' -- Amazon.com   It follows O'Donnell 's first memoir , Find Me , published in 2002 .   All of Rosie 's profits will go to Rosie 's Broadway Kids .

neg: Garlin Pictures Garlin Pictures is Joshua H. Etting and Brian R. Etting 's production company . They 've made Warner Brothers comedies such as Malibu 's Most Wanted as well as Broken , Funny or Die , and Relative Strangers starring Danny DeVito . Besides working with Warner Brothers , they also worked with Lionsgate for the film Reclaim .

neg: Sandy Stern Sandy Stern is an American film producer , best known for his work on the films Pump Up the Volume ( 1990 ) , Being John Malkovich ( 1999 ) and Saved ! ( 2004 ) .

neg: Danny Leiner Danny Leiner is a film director whose credits include The Great New Wonderful , Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle , Dude , Where 's My Car ? , Layin ' Low , and Time Expired .   Leiner has also directed a wide range of television including Arrested Development , Everwood , Gilmore Girls , Freaks and Geeks , Sports Night , Felicity , Action , The Tick , MTV 's Austin Stories and HBO 's Mind of the Married Man , The Sopranos and How to Make It in America . He also directed an episode of The Office entitled `` WUPHF.com '' .

neg: Beverly Hills Cop III Beverly Hills Cop III is a 1994 American action comedy film starring Eddie Murphy and directed by John Landis , who had previously worked with Murphy on Trading Places and Coming to America . It is the third film in the Beverly Hills Cop trilogy , and a sequel to Beverly Hills Cop II .   Murphy again plays Detroit cop Axel Foley , who once again returns to Beverly Hills , California , to stop a gang of counterfeiters who are responsible for the death of his boss . Foley teams up with his friend , Beverly Hills detective Billy Rosewood ( Judge Reinhold ) , and his investigation leads him to an amusement park known as Wonder World . The film features a number of cameo appearances by well-known film personalities , including Robert B. Sherman , Arthur Hiller , John Singleton , Joe Dante , special effects legend Ray Harryhausen , and George Lucas as a ride patron .   Beverly Hills Cop III was released on May 25 , 1994 and grossed $ 42 million in the United States , and over $ 77 million in the foreign box office . The film was considered by critics and Murphy himself as the weakest film in the series .


query: Love & Friendship is a film.

pos: Love & Friendship Love & Friendship is a 2016 period comedy film written and directed by Whit Stillman . Based on Jane Austen 's epistolary novel Lady Susan , written ca. 1794 , the film stars Kate Beckinsale , Chloë Sevigny , Xavier Samuel , and Stephen Fry . The film follows the exploits of the wry and calculating Lady Susan as she pursues the wealthy and hapless Sir James for marriage originally intended for her daughter , though she eventually marries him herself . Although adapted from Lady Susan , the film was produced under the borrowed title of Austen 's juvenile story .   The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2016 . Theatrically released on May 13 , 2016 , by Roadside Attractions and Amazon Studios , the film received critical acclaim and has been a box office success in North America .

neg: Cousin Cousine Cousin Cousine is a 1975 French romantic comedy film directed by Jean-Charles Tacchella and starring Marie-Christine Barrault , Victor Lanoux , and Marie-France Pisier . Written by Jean-Charles Tacchella and Danièle Thompson , the film is about two cousins by marriage who meet at a wedding and develop a close friendship . After their spouses prove unfaithful , the cousins ' friendship leads to a passionate love affair . Cousin Cousine received an Academy Award nomination for Best Foreign Language Film , a César Award nomination for Best Film , a Golden Globe nomination for Best Foreign Film , and the National Board of Review Award for Top Foreign Film . In 1989 , an English language remake was released , Cousins .

neg: Laborer's Love Laborer 's Love is a 1922 short film produced in China , and premiered October 5 , 1922 at the Olympic Theater in Shanghai . It is also known as Romance of a Fruit Peddler or Romance of a Fruit Pedlar and as `` Cheng the Fruit Seller '' . It constitutes the earliest complete film from China 's early cinematic history that survives today . The film was also one of the earliest productions of the soon-to-be prolific Mingxing Film Company and was directed and written by Mingxing co-founders Zhang Shichuan and Zheng Zhengqiu , respectively .   Notably , the film had both Chinese and English intertitles ; a clear indication that at this early point in its history , cinema in Shanghai was made not only for the Chinese , but for the many Westerners residing there as well .   In 2007 , Australian ensemble Blue Grassy Knoll wrote a new score for Labourer 's Love , and performed it live in Shanghai and Beijing as part of the Australian Theatre Festival .

neg: Forgive and Forget (2000 film) Forgive and Forget is a 2000 British made-for-television film in which a young latent gay man confronts his sexuality and increasing jealousy when his best friend moves in with his new girlfriend . The film was broadcast on ITV on 3 January 2000 .

neg: Interpersonal relationship An interpersonal relationship is a strong , deep , or close association or acquaintance between two or more people that may range in duration from brief to enduring . This association may be based on inference , love , solidarity , regular business interactions , or some other type of social commitment . Interpersonal relationships are formed in the context of social , cultural and other influences . The context can and may and perhaps will vary from family or kinship relations , friendship , marriage , relations with associates , work , clubs , neighborhoods , and places of worship . They may be regulated by law , custom , or mutual agreement , and are the basis of social groups and society as a whole .

neg: Friendship (Lee Ritenour album) Friendship is a studio album by Lee Ritenour released in 1978 .  This album was his third out of fourth to be recorded direct to a master disc , with each side of the LP one continuous performance .

neg: Girl Friends (1936 film) Girl Friends ( -LSB- Подруги , Podrugi -RSB- ) is a 1936 Soviet drama film , directorial debut of Lev Arnshtam . The film tells story of the friendship between three girls from Petrograd who grow up together and become nurses during the Russian Civil War . The film was released in the USA in 1936 as Three Women .

neg: Love Exchange (film) Love Exchange is an Indian 2015 Bollywood romantic comedy film directed by Raj V Shetty and produced by Nadia Ali Shirazi under the Winds of Change Entertainment banner . The film was released on 30 October 2015 .

neg: Just Say Hi Just Say Hi is a short romantic comedy film about a blossoming romance between a boy and a girl who meet every morning at a bus stop .

neg: Dream Boy (film) Dream Boy is a 2008 gay-themed romantic drama film written and directed by James Bolton and based on Jim Grimsley 's 1995 novel of the same name about two gay teenagers who fall in love in the rural South during the late 1970s .

neg: Love and Anger (film) Amore e rabbia ( Love and Anger ) is a 1969 anthology film that includes five films directed by five Italian directors and one French director . It premiered at the 19th Berlin International Film Festival in 1969 .

neg: Like for Likes Like for Likes ( Korean : 좋아해줘 ) is a 2016 South Korean romantic comedy film directed by Park Hyun-jin . It was released in South Korea on February 17 , 2016 by CJ Entertainment .

neg: Love Your Shorts Film Festival The Love Your Shorts Film Festival is a film festival held in Sanford , Florida , around Valentine 's Day . The Festival screens only short films under 30 minutes in length . Films are divided into different blocks for screening . Audience members at each block vote for their favorite film and winners are announced on the spot . The winning films from each block advance to a final block for a panel of judges to pick the overall festival winner . Winners of each block earn the festival 's award , the `` Monroe , '' an original piece of metal artwork named after Sanford 's Lake Monroe . At the end of each block a brief Q&A session is conducted between the filmmakers and audience members . The Festival hosts an hour-long moderated filmmakers panel in which movie techniques and filmmaker triumphs and tribulations are discussed .

neg: Hollywood & Wine Hollywood & Wine is a 2010 American comedy film .

neg: Love Rules (film) Love Rules is a 2004 comedy film starring Joey Lawrence and Maggie Lawson , airing on ABC Family . On its premiere night , Love Rules opened up with 4.1 million viewers tuning in for its premiere .

neg: A Woman as a Friend A Woman as a Friend ( Una donna per amica ) is a 2014 romantic comedy film written and directed by Giovanni Veronesi and starring Fabio De Luigi and Laetitia Casta .

neg: Friendship and Freedom Friendship and Freedom , published from 1924 to 1925 , was a short-lived American gay-interest newsletter published by the Chicago-based Society for Human Rights ( SHR ) , the first recognized homosexual rights organization in the United States . Henry Gerber , founder of the Society for Human Rights , started publishing the newsletter using his personal typewriter . The purpose of the newsletter was to act as a forum of discussion among gay men . The first issue of the newsletter was published in 1924 , and a total of only two issues were published . Friendship and Freedom was the first known gay-interest periodical in the United States . This periodical , along with Jim Kepner 's Gay Fan and Lisa Ben 's Vice Versa , is described by author of LGBT-issues James Thomas Sears as `` amateurish '' . The title of the magazine , Friendship and Freedom , was directly translated from a 1920s German gay magazine , Freundschaft und Freiheit .   In the 1920s , the United States was less progressive compared to contemporary Germany , where many gay rights organization flourished during this period . As a result , Gerber 's room in a boardinghouse was raided by the Chicago Police Department in July 1925 , and everything associated with the publication of the newsletter , including Gerber 's typewriter and his personal diaries , were seized . Gerber was thrown into jail for three days and the news of his arrest was published in the contemporary press with the headlines , `` Strange Sex Cult Exposed . '' All copies of Friendship and Freedom that were not in circulation were seized by the police and destroyed .   No copy of Friendship and Freedom survives today . Despite lack of any existing copy , the existence of this publication was verified by American LGBT historian Jonathan Ned Katz through a photograph published by sexologist and LGBT-rights advocate Magnus Hirschfeld in 1927 depicting homosexual publications , among them Friendship and Freedom .

neg: Faces of Love Film Festival Faces of Love International Film Festival ( Russian : Международный кинофестиваль `` Лики Любви '' ) is a festival first based in Moscow 2005 , then moved to Sochi , Russia . It is a sister festival of the biggest film festival in Russia Kinotavr . Faces of Love is a special interest film festival highlighting films about love .   The president of Faces of Love , as well as of Kinotavr , is Russia 's famous actor and producer Mark Rudinshtejn . Legendary French actress Catherine Deneuve is an honorary president of the festival .   First Faces of Love festival was held in Moscow in 1995 . It was an annual film festival welcoming filmmakers from all over the world . The festival is in hiatus at the moment due to financial difficulties .   Every year , around 50 films from all over the world are being shown at the festival both in competition , screening and retrospective programs .   Festival is recognized by FIAPF .

neg: Love Simple Love Simple is a 2009 romantic comedy film written and directed by Mark von Sternberg and starring Francisco Solorzano , Patrizia Hernandez , John Harlacher , Caitlin Fitzgerald and Israel Horovitz .   The film is currently available on DVD through Synergetic Distribution and also for download and VOD on iTunes movie store . The producers of the film have partnered with the SLE Lupus Foundation , donating 10 % of their proceeds from all sales to the organization .

neg: Love Story (novel) Love Story is a 1970 romance novel by American writer Erich Segal . The book 's origins lay in a screenplay that Segal wrote , and that was subsequently approved for production by Paramount Pictures . Paramount requested that Segal adapt the story into novel form as a preview of sorts for the film . The novel was released on February 14 , 1970 , Valentine 's Day . Portions of the story originally appeared in The Ladies ' Home Journal . Love Story became the top-selling work of fiction for all of 1970 in the United States , and was translated into more than 20 languages . The novel stayed for 41 weeks in The New York Times Best Seller list , reaching the top spot . A sequel , Oliver 's Story , was published in 1977 . The film ( Love Story ) was released on December 16 , 1970 .

neg: The Passionate Friends The Passionate Friends is a 1949 British romantic drama film directed by David Lean . The film is based on The Passionate Friends : A Novel by H. G. Wells . It describes a love triangle in which a woman can not give up her affair with another man . The film was entered into the 1949 Cannes Film Festival .


query: Opera includes a form of performance.

pos: Opera Opera ( -LSB- ˈɔːpera -RSB- ; English plural : operas ; Italian plural : opere -LSB- ˈɔːpere -RSB- ) is an art form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining text ( libretto ) and musical score , usually in a theatrical setting . In traditional opera , singers do two types of singing : recitative , a speech-inflected style and arias , a more melodic style , in which notes are sung in a sustained fashion . Opera incorporates many of the elements of spoken theatre , such as acting , scenery , and costumes and sometimes includes dance . The performance is typically given in an opera house , accompanied by an orchestra or smaller musical ensemble , which since the early 19th century has been led by a conductor .   Opera is a key part of the Western classical music tradition . It started in Italy at the end of the 16th century ( with Jacopo Peri 's mostly lost Dafne , produced in Florence in 1598 ) and soon spread through the rest of Europe : Heinrich Schütz in Germany , Jean-Baptiste Lully in France , and Henry Purcell in England all helped to establish their national traditions in the 17th century . In the 18th century , Italian opera continued to dominate most of Europe ( except France ) , attracting foreign composers such as George Frideric Handel . Opera seria was the most prestigious form of Italian opera , until Christoph Willibald Gluck reacted against its artificiality with his `` reform '' operas in the 1760s . In the 2000s , the most renowned figure of late 18th-century opera is Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart , who began with opera seria but is most famous for his Italian comic operas , especially The Marriage of Figaro ( Le nozze di Figaro ) , Don Giovanni , and Così fan tutte , as well as The Magic Flute ( Die Zauberflöte ) , a landmark in the German tradition .   The first third of the 19th century saw the high point of the bel canto style , with Gioachino Rossini , Gaetano Donizetti and Vincenzo Bellini all creating works that are still performed . It also saw the advent of Grand Opera typified by the works of Auber and Meyerbeer . The mid-to-late 19th century was a `` golden age '' of opera , led and dominated by Richard Wagner in Germany and Giuseppe Verdi in Italy . The popularity of opera continued through the verismo era in Italy and contemporary French opera through to Giacomo Puccini and Richard Strauss in the early 20th century . During the 19th century , parallel operatic traditions emerged in central and eastern Europe , particularly in Russia and Bohemia . The 20th century saw many experiments with modern styles , such as atonality and serialism ( Arnold Schoenberg and Alban Berg ) , Neoclassicism ( Igor Stravinsky ) , and Minimalism ( Philip Glass and John Adams ) . With the rise of recording technology , singers such as Enrico Caruso and Maria Callas became known to much wider audiences that went beyond the circle of opera fans . Since the invention of radio and television , operas were also performed on ( and written for ) these mediums . Beginning in 2006 , a number of major opera houses began to present live high-definition video transmissions of their performances in cinemas all over the world . In 2009 , an opera company offered an online download of a complete performance .

neg: Concert piece A concert piece ( German : Konzertstück , also Concertstuck ; French : pièce de concert , also morceau de concert ) is a musical composition , in most cases in one movement , intended for performance in a concert . Usually it is written for one or more virtuoso instrumental soloists and orchestral or piano accompaniment .   In some cases concert pieces start with a separate opening movement , or are otherwise in more than one movement or section . A piece that presents itself as a miniature concerto is rather called concertino than concert piece , although in German several such concertinos are known as Konzertstücke . For instance Siegfried Wagner 's Flute Concertino was published as . Incomplete concerto movements by Beethoven and Schubert were retroactively designated as concert pieces . Schumann 's 1841 Fantasia for piano and orchestra , in form similar to Weber 's Konzertstück , was later rewritten and expanded with two further movements into his Piano Concerto Op. 54 . When the soloist is a vocalist , the piece rather belongs to the concert aria genre . Some concert pieces are written for instrumental soloists exclusively , while also concert pieces for orchestra without soloist exist . In this sense as well Chopin 's Allegro de concert for solo piano as Tchaikovsky 's Romeo and Juliet for orchestra can be called concert pieces . A concert overture is an overture which is conceived as a stand-alone concert piece .

neg: Entertainment Entertainment is a form of activity that holds the attention and interest of an audience , or gives pleasure and delight . It can be an idea or a task , but is more likely to be one of the activities or events that have developed over thousands of years specifically for the purpose of keeping an audience 's attention . Although people 's attention is held by different things , because individuals have different preferences in entertainment , most forms are recognisable and familiar . Storytelling , music , drama , dance , and different kinds of performance exist in all cultures , were supported in royal courts , developed into sophisticated forms and over time became available to all citizens . The process has been accelerated in modern times by an entertainment industry that records and sells entertainment products . Entertainment evolves and can be adapted to suit any scale , ranging from an individual who chooses a private entertainment from a now enormous array of pre-recorded products ; to a banquet adapted for two ; to any size or type of party , with appropriate music and dance ; to performances intended for thousands ; and even for a global audience .   The experience of being entertained has come to be strongly associated with amusement , so that one common understanding of the idea is fun and laughter , although many entertainments have a serious purpose . This may be the case in the various forms of ceremony , celebration , religious festival , or satire for example . Hence , there is the possibility that what appears as entertainment may also be a means of achieving insight or intellectual growth .   An important aspect of entertainment is the audience , which turns a private recreation or leisure activity into entertainment . The audience may have a passive role , as in the case of persons watching a play , opera , television show , or film ; or the audience role may be active , as in the case of games , where the participant/audience roles may be routinely reversed . Entertainment can be public or private , involving formal , scripted performance , as in the case of theatre or concerts ; or unscripted and spontaneous , as in the case of children 's games . Most forms of entertainment have persisted over many centuries , evolving due to changes in culture , technology , and fashion . Films and video games , for example , although they use newer media , continue to tell stories , present drama , and play music . Festivals devoted to music , film , or dance allow audiences to be entertained over a number of consecutive days .   Some activities that were once considered entertaining , particularly public punishments , have been removed from the public arena . Others , such as fencing or archery , once necessary skills for some , have become serious sports and even professions for the participants , at the same time developing into entertainment with wider appeal for bigger audiences . In the same way , other necessary skills , such as cooking , have developed into performances among professionals , staged as global competitions and then broadcast for entertainment . What entertainment is for one group or individual may be regarded as work by another .   The familiar forms of entertainment have the capacity to cross over different media and have demonstrated a seemingly unlimited potential for creative remix . This has ensured the continuity and longevity of many themes , images , and structures .

neg: Teatro Nacional de São Carlos The Teatro Nacional de São Carlos ( -LSB- tiˈatɾu nɐsiuˈnaɫ dɨ sɐ̃w̃ ˈkaɾluʃ -RSB- ) ( National Theatre of Saint Charles ) is an opera house in Lisbon , Portugal . It was opened on July 30 , 1793 by Queen Maria I as a replacement for the Tejo Opera House , which was destroyed in the 1755 Lisbon earthquake . The theatre is located in the historical center of Lisbon , in the Chiado district .   In 1792 , a group of Lisbon businessmen decided to finance the construction of a new Opera House in the city . The theatre was built in only six months following a design by Portuguese architect José da Costa e Silva , with neoclassical and rococo elements . The general project is clearly inspired by great Italian theatres like the San Carlo of Naples ( interior ) and La Scala in Milan ( interior and façade ) . In the early 19th century , when the Portuguese Royal Court had to flee to the Portuguese colony of Brazil to escape the invading Napoleonic troops , a theatre modelled on the São Carlos was built in Rio de Janeiro .   The main façade has a decorated clock , the Portuguese coats-of-arms and an arched entrance hall ( a portico ) . The theatre was named after the Princess Charlotte of Spain , who had come to Portugal in 1790 to marry the future King , Prince John : Carlos ( Portuguese form of Charles ) is the masculine form of Charlotte .  A Latin commemorative inscription dedicates the theatre to the princess .   The main room is elliptic , has five tiers of boxes and seats 1148 people . The luxurious royal box was lavishly decorated by the Italian Giovanni Appianni . The ceiling was painted by Manuel da Costa and the stage by Cirilo Wolkmar Machado .   The first opera presented here , in 1793 , was La Ballerina Amante , by Domenico Cimarosa . The most famous Portuguese composer of the time , Marcos Portugal , became musical director of the São Carlos in 1800 after returning from Italy , and many of his operas were staged here .   Between 1828 and 1834 , the São Carlos was closed during the Portuguese Civil War , fought between kings Miguel I and Pedro IV . In 1850 , the lighting of the interior was changed to gas illumination , the latest technology available . Shortly afterwards , the Portuguese state bought the theatre from private investors . After a few failed attempts , electrical illumination was installed in 1887 . From 1935 to 1940 , the theatre was closed for repairs .   In 1974 , a resident opera company was established . In 1993 , the Orquestra Sinfónica Portuguesa was created as the Teatro 's affiliate orchestra , with Álvaro Cassuto as the orchestra 's first principal conductor . Subsequent principal conductors of the Orquestra Sinfónica Portuguesa have included José Ramón Encinar ( 1999-2001 ) , Zoltán Peskó ( 2001-2004 ) and Julia Jones ( 2008-2011 ) . Since January 2014 , the orchestra 's principal conductor is Joana Carneiro .

neg: Music Music is an art form and cultural activity whose medium is sound organized in time . The common elements of music are pitch ( which governs melody and harmony ) , rhythm ( and its associated concepts tempo , meter , and articulation ) , dynamics ( loudness and softness ) , and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture ( which are sometimes termed the `` color '' of a musical sound ) . Different styles or types of music may emphasize , de-emphasize or omit some of these elements . Music is performed with a vast range of instruments and vocal techniques ranging from singing to rapping ; there are solely instrumental pieces , solely vocal pieces ( such as songs without instrumental accompaniment ) and pieces that combine singing and instruments . The word derives from Greek μουσική #Ancient Greek ( mousike ; `` art of the Muses '' ) .   In its most general form , the activities describing music as an art form or cultural activity include the creation of works of music ( songs , tunes , symphonies , and so on ) , the criticism of music , the study of the history of music , and the aesthetic examination of music . Ancient Greek and Indian philosophers defined music as tones ordered horizontally as melodies and vertically as harmonies . Common sayings such as `` the harmony of the spheres '' and `` it is music to my ears '' point to the notion that music is often ordered and pleasant to listen to . However , 20th-century composer John Cage thought that any sound can be music , saying , for example , `` There is no noise , only sound . ''   The creation , performance , significance , and even the definition of music vary according to culture and social context . Indeed , throughout history , some new forms or styles of music have been criticized as `` not being music '' , including Beethoven 's Grosse Fuge string quartet in 1825 , early jazz in the beginning of the 1900s and hardcore punk in the 1980s . There are many types of music , including popular music , traditional music , art music , music written for religious ceremonies and work songs such as chanteys . Music ranges from strictly organized compositions -- such as Classical music symphonies from the 1700s and 1800s , through to spontaneously played improvisational music such as jazz , and avant-garde styles of chance-based contemporary music from the 20th and 21st centuries .   Music can be divided into genres ( e.g. , country music ) and genres can be further divided into subgenres ( e.g. , country blues and pop country are two of the many country subgenres ) , although the dividing lines and relationships between music genres are often subtle , sometimes open to personal interpretation , and occasionally controversial . For example , it can be hard to draw the line between some early 1980s hard rock and heavy metal . Within the arts , music may be classified as a performing art , a fine art or as an auditory art . Music may be played or sung and heard live at a rock concert or orchestra performance , heard live as part of a dramatic work ( a music theater show or opera ) , or it may be recorded and listened to on a radio , MP3 player , CD player , smartphone or as film score or TV show .   In many cultures , music is an important part of people 's way of life , as it plays a key role in religious rituals , rite of passage ceremonies ( e.g. , graduation and marriage ) , social activities ( e.g. , dancing ) and cultural activities ranging from amateur karaoke singing to playing in an amateur funk band or singing in a community choir . People may make music as a hobby , like a teen playing cello in a youth orchestra , or work as a professional musician or singer . The music industry includes the individuals who create new songs and musical pieces ( such as songwriters and composers ) , individuals who perform music ( which include orchestra , jazz band and rock band musicians , singers and conductors ) , individuals who record music ( music producers and sound engineers ) , individuals who organize concert tours , and individuals who sell recordings and sheet music and scores to customers .

neg: Teatro Comunale Florence The Teatro Comunale di Firenze or Teatro del Maggio Musicale Fiorentino is an opera house in Florence , Italy . It was originally built as the open-air amphitheatre , the Politeama Fiorentino Vittorio Emanuele which was inaugurated on 17 May 1862 with a production of  Donizetti 's Lucia di Lammermoor and which seated 6,000 people . It became the focus on cultural life in the city . After closure caused by fire , it reopened in April 1864 and acquired a roof in 1882 . By 1911 it had both electricity and heating .   In 1930 the building was taken over by the city authorities who renamed it the Teatro Comunale . Bombing during the Second World War damaged the building once again , and other problems closed it for three years in 1958 . Finally , in May 1961 , the then-modernized theatre reopened with Verdi 's Don Carlo . It had become a 2,000 seat elliptically shaped auditorium consisting of a large orchestra section , one tier of boxes , and two wide semicircular galleries , which betray the building 's amphitheatre origins .   As the theatre became more closely associated with Italy 's first and most important music festival , the annual Maggio Musicale Fiorentino which had begun in 1931 as a triennial festival and , except for the war years , became an annual one after 1937 , so its name was changed once again for the festivals to the Teatro del Maggio Musicale Fiorentino .

neg: Squillo Squillo is a technical term for the resonant , trumpet-like sound in the voices of opera singers . It is also commonly called `` singer 's formant '' , `` ring '' , `` ping '' , `` core '' , and other terms . Squillo enables an essentially lyric tone to be heard over thick orchestrations , e.g. in late Verdi , Puccini and Strauss operas . Achieving a proper amount of squillo in any performing context is imperative : too much and the tone veers towards the shrill ; too little and the purpose of the squillo can not be achieved .   Squillo is easily recognizable by a distinctive brilliant , ringing quality in the timbre of the voice . This perception is caused by the presence of a peak in the 2 - 5 kHz frequency range , to which the human ear is particularly sensitive . The amplification of these particular harmonics is believed to be a result of a narrowing of the Aryepiglottic fold just above the larynx . Voices with naturally acquired squillo , i.e. having naturally strong higher formants , are especially prized in opera because they allow a singer to maintain certain lyric qualities e.g. limpid high notes , and consistency of tone throughout the range etc. even in dramatic singing . Voices with squillo are also easier to record .   Uses of the squillo includes :  projecting a small timbre e.g. Alfredo Kraus , Juan Diego Flórez  underscoring a dramatically important passage e.g. No , non voglio morir in Sola , perduta abbandonata from Puccini 's Manon Lescaut  singing through a thickly textured orchestration , e.g. the final bars of Libera me from Verdi 's Requiem , in which a soprano has to compete against a tutti orchestra and full chorus  supporting a pianissimo note floated over an orchestra ( which also demands a secure breath control ) e.g. Montserrat Caballé  supporting a long trill  simulating a scream without compromising the timbre , especially in a verismic opera ; however it is not unheard that a bona fide scream be used in operatic setting , e.g. Tosca 's final jump in Tosca  giving an impression of ` youth ' to an aged voice , mainly via a cultivation of the head register , ref . Section IX Meine Gesangskunst , by Lilli Lehmann ; best exemplified vocally by Mirella Freni   Famous singers who personify this technique include Leontyne Price , Mariella Devia , Renata Tebaldi , Giuseppe di Stefano , Jussi Björling and Luciano Pavarotti . Certain dramatic singers may also employ squillo as opposed to volume over the course of a performance , for example Birgit Nilsson .   Squillo may also refer , in current Italian :  when the grammatical gender is masculine ( uno squillo ) word for `` ring '' ( as in `` telephone ring '' ) , currently a slang term for missed call  to form a verb a word `` squillare '' which means `` to ring '' or `` to blare ''

neg: Theatre criticism Theatre criticism is a genre of art criticism , and the act of writing or speaking about the performing arts such as a play or opera .   Some major newspapers cover the arts in some form and theatre criticism may be included as a part of this arts coverage . In the 21st century theatre criticism has grown in online venues , such as e-magazines and blogs , while criticism in newspapers has shrunk . Recent research shows that despite the different medium , online critics may be as trusted as theatre critics who write for newspapers .   Specialist media exists to cover most artistic disciplines , in this field one such publication is The Stage ( see our theatre magazines category for more ) .   As with other forms of criticism it may use its own technical language to convey what the reviewer has seen .

neg: Royal Swedish Opera Royal Swedish Opera ( Kungliga Operan ) is Sweden 's national stage for opera and ballet .

neg: Concerto delle donne The concerto delle donne ( lit . consort of ladies ) was a group of professional female singers in the late Renaissance court of Ferrara , Italy , renowned for their technical and artistic virtuosity . The ensemble was founded by Alfonso II , Duke of Ferrara , in 1580 and was active until the court was dissolved in 1597 . Giacomo Vincenti , a music publisher , praised the women as `` virtuose giovani '' ( young virtuosas ) , echoing the sentiments of contemporaneous diarists and commentators .   The origins of the ensemble lay in an amateur group of high-placed courtiers who performed for each other within the context of the Duke 's informal musica secreta in the 1570s . The ensemble evolved into an all-female group of professional musicians , the concerto delle donne , who performed formal concerts for members of the inner circle of the court and important visitors . Their signature style of florid , highly ornamented singing brought prestige to Ferrara and inspired composers of the time .   The concerto delle donne revolutionized the role of women in professional music , and continued the tradition of the Este court as a musical center . Word of the ladies ' ensemble spread across Italy , inspiring imitations in the powerful courts of the Medici and Orsini . The founding of the concerto delle donne was the most important event in secular Italian music in the late sixteenth century ; the musical innovations established in the court were important in the development of the madrigal , and eventually the seconda pratica .

neg: Ariadne auf Naxos ( Ariadne on Naxos ) , Op. 60 , is an opera by Richard Strauss with a German libretto by Hugo von Hofmannsthal . Combining slapstick comedy and consummately beautiful music , the opera 's theme is the competition between high and low art for the public 's attention .   Charlotte Erwin has studied in detail Strauss ' pre-sketch planning for the opera . Bryan Gilliam has examined the theme of Verwandlung ( transformation ) in the opera .

neg: Melbourne City Opera CitiOpera , originally known as Melbourne City Opera , is a semi-professional opera company based in Melbourne , Australia . Formed in 1997 , it was the successor of Globe Opera . In 2007 the company began performing at the BMW Edge , a 450-seat indoor amphitheatre located in Federation Square .   Initially the company made its home at the National Theatre , the Comedy Theatre and later at the Melbourne Athenaeum , and featured Suzanne Steele , Ronald Dowd , Margaret Nisbett , Maureen Howard , and Ron Stevens in productions of La bohème , Faust , Carmen , Pagliacci , Cavalleria rusticana , Madama Butterfly , The Merry Widow , Die Fledermaus , The Student Prince , and many others .   The 2007 season began with productions of Verdi 's Il corsaro , Attila and The Pavarotti Story , devised and narrated by director Joseph Talia and conducted by Erich Fackert . In 2008 the season commenced with a concert production of Beethoven 's Fidelio at Melba Hall , University of Melbourne . The company presented The Puccini Story in honour of the 150th anniversary of the birth of Giacomo Puccini . This program was an analysis of how Puccini 's personal characteristics impacted on the creation of his characters and the composition of his music . In March 2009 , the company staged Verdi 's Ernani .   Melbourne City Opera staged Verdi 's Luisa Miller in September 2009 , Andrea Chénier in June 2010 , La rondine in November 2010 and presented a tribute to Dame Joan Sutherland in November 2011 at the BMW Edge .

neg: Opera management Opera management is the management of the processes by which opera is delivered to audiences . A multifaceted task , it involves managing an opera company , primarily the singers and musicians who perform the operas , but in many cases also managing the opera house in which the company performs .   Opera is a complex art form involving high fixed costs and requiring complex management . In addition to the singers and musicians who form the core of the company its production requires scenery and costumes and sometimes dancers and non-singing actors . Fixed costs in today 's opera organizations -- keeping many of the singers and musicians on year-round contracts , and if managing their own theatre , the cost of workers needed to create and maintain the sets and costumes as well as the cost of maintaining and running the building -- combined with the costs of individual productions , make opera the most expensive of the performing arts . However , even in the 19th century when opera was largely run by individual impresarios rather than large organisations , opera management as a profession was characterised as `` a devouror of the fortunes of the victims it has tempted by its seductions '' . Frederick Gye , who turned the Royal Italian Opera in Covent Garden into one of London 's premiere opera houses in the 19th century and who shaped the careers of many famous singers , described opera management as a `` dreadful business '' .

neg: Rehearsal A rehearsal is an activity in the performing arts that occurs as preparation for a performance in music , theatre , dance and related arts , such as opera , musical theatre and film production . It is undertaken as a form of practising , to ensure that all details of the subsequent performance are adequately prepared and coordinated . The term `` rehearsal '' typically refers to ensemble activities undertaken by a group of people . For example , when a musician is preparing a piano concerto alone in their music studio , this is called `` practicing '' , but when they begin to practice the concerto with an orchestra , this activity is called a `` rehearsal '' . The music rehearsal takes place in a music rehearsal space .   A rehearsal may involve as few as two people , as with a small play for two actors , an art song performance by a singer and a pianist or a folk music duo of a singer and a guitar player . On the other end of the spectrum , a rehearsal can be held for a very large orchestra with over 100 performers and a choir . A rehearsal can involve only performers of one type , as in an a cappella choir show , in which a group of singers perform without instrumental accompaniment or a play involving only theatre actors ; it can involve performers of different instruments , as with an orchestra , rock band or jazz `` big band '' ; vocal and instrumental performers , as with opera and choral works accompanied by orchestra ; or a mix of actors , vocalists , instrumentalists and dancers , as with musical theatre .   Rehearsals of small groups of performers , such as small rock bands , jazz quartets or organ trios may be held without a leader ; in these cases , the performers themselves jointly determine how to run the rehearsal , which songs to practice , and so on . Some small groups may have their rehearsals led by a bandleader . Almost all mid - to large group performances have a person who leads the rehearsals ; this person may be a bandleader in a rock , country or jazz setting ; a conductor in classical music ( including in opera ) ; a director in theatre or musical theatre ; or a film director for movie rehearsals .   While the term is most commonly used in the performing arts to refer to preparation for a public presentation or show , the term is also used to refer to the preparation for other anticipated activities , such as wedding guests and couples practicing a wedding ceremony , paramedics practicing responding to a simulated emergency , or army troops practicing for an attack using a mock-up of the building they will be assaulting .

neg: Copenhagen Opera House The Copenhagen Opera House ( in Danish usually called Operaen , literally The opera ) is the national opera house of Denmark , and among the most modern opera houses in the world . It is also one of the most expensive opera houses ever built with construction costs well over US$ 500 million . It is located on the island of Holmen in central Copenhagen .

neg: The Ghosts of Versailles The Ghosts of Versailles is an opera in two acts , with music by John Corigliano to an English libretto by William M. Hoffman . The Metropolitan Opera had commissioned the work from Corigliano in 1980 in celebration of its 100th anniversary , with the premiere scheduled for 1983 . Corigliano and Hoffman took as the starting point for the opera the play La Mère coupable ( The Guilty Mother ) by Pierre Beaumarchais . They took seven years to complete the opera , past the initial deadline . The opera received its premiere on December 19 , 1991 , at the Metropolitan Opera , with the production directed by Colin Graham . The premiere run of seven performances was sold out . The original cast included Teresa Stratas , Håkan Hagegård , Renée Fleming , Graham Clark , Gino Quilico , and Marilyn Horne . The Metropolitan Opera revived the opera in the 1994/1995 season .   Corigliano considers this work a `` grand opera buffa '' because it incorporates both elements of the Grand Opera style ( large chorus numbers , special effects ) and the silliness of the opera buffa style . Commentators have noted how the opera satirises and parodies accepted operatic conventions .

neg: Comic opera Comic opera denotes a sung dramatic work of a light or comic nature , usually with a happy ending .   Forms of comic opera first developed in late 17th-century Italy . By the 1730s , a new operatic genre , opera buffa , emerged as an alternative to opera seria . It quickly made its way to France , where it became opéra bouffon , and eventually , in the following century , French operetta , with Jacques Offenbach as its most accomplished practitioner .   The influence of the Italian and French forms spread to other parts of Europe . Many countries developed their own genres of comic opera , incorporating the Italian and French models along with their own musical traditions . Examples include Viennese operetta , German singspiel , Spanish zarzuela , Russian comic opera , English ballad opera , and Savoy Opera .

neg: Aria di sorbetto The Aria di sorbetto , or `` sherbet aria '' , was a convention of Italian opera in the early nineteenth century .

neg: Io (opera) Io is an unfinished opera by Jean-Philippe Rameau in the form of a one-act acte de ballet . The date of its composition is unknown and it was probably unperformed during Rameau 's lifetime . Its unfinished state meant that it was once believed to be Rameau 's last opera , but Io contains a duet which appears in revised form in Les fêtes de Polymnie ( 1745 ) . This has led the musicologist Graham Sadler to conclude that Io must predate 1745 and that the librettist was Louis de Cahusac , who also wrote the words for Les fêtes , because French librettists did not borrow from other writers .

neg: Cologne Opera The Cologne Opera ( German : Oper der Stadt Köln or Oper Köln ) refers both to the main opera house in Cologne , Germany and to its resident opera company .

neg: Estonian National Opera Estonian National Opera is the national opera company of Estonia . The company is based at the Estonia Theatre in Tallinn . The theatre has had several names throughout its existence . The latest one being `` The Estonian National Opera '' , which was adopted in 1998 . The company produces a lively and varied season which includes operas , ballet 's and operettas/musicals with over 500 people currently work at the Estonian National Opera .