query: The Kingdom of Georgia lasted throughout the entirety of the thirteenth century.

pos: Kingdom of Georgia The Kingdom of Georgia , also known as the Georgian Empire , was a medieval monarchy which emerged in circa 1008 AD . It reached its Golden Age of political and economic strength during the reign of King David IV and Queen Tamar the Great from 11th to 13th centuries . At the peak of its dominance , the kingdom 's influence spanned from the south of modern-day Ukraine to the northern provinces of Iran , while also maintaining religious possessions in the Holy Land and Greece . A predominantly Christian , Georgian-speaking realm , it was the principal historical precursor of present-day Georgia .   Lasting for several centuries , the kingdom fell to the Mongol invasions in the 13th century , but managed to re-assert sovereignty by the 1340s . The following decades were marked by Black Death spread by the nomads , as well as numerous invasions under the leadership of Tamerlane , who devastated the country 's economy , population , and urban centers . The Kingdom 's geopolitical situation further worsened after the Fall of Constantinople , which effectively marked the end of the Eastern Roman Empire , Georgia 's traditional ally . As a result of these processes , by the end of the 15th century Georgia turned into an isolated , fractured Christian enclave , surrounded by hostile Turco-Iranic neighbors . Renewed incursions from 1386 led to the final collapse of the kingdom into anarchy by 1466 and the mutual recognition of its constituent kingdoms of Kartli , Kakheti and Imereti as independent states between 1490 and 1493 .

neg: Pitareti Monastery Pitareti Monastery is a medieval Orthodox Christian monastery in Georgia , approximately 26 km southwest of the town of Tetritsqaro , Kvemo Kartli , southwest of the nation 's capital Tbilisi .   The Pitareti monastery consists of the Theotokos church , a belfry , the ruined wall and several smaller accessory buildings . The main church appears to have been built in the reign of George IV early in the 13th century . Its design conforms to the contemporary canon of a Georgian domed church and shares a series of common features -- such as a typical cross-in-square plan and a single lateral porch -- with the monasteries of Betania , Kvatakhevi , and Timotesubani . The façades are decorated , accentuating the niches and dormers . The entire interior was once frescoed , but only significantly damaged fragments of those murals survive .   The monastery was a property and a burial ground of the noble family of Kachibadze-Baratashvili and , since 1536 , of their offshoots -- the princes Orbelishvili . A 14th-century inscription mentions a ctitor -- the royal chamberlain Kavtar Kachibadze . Another inscription , from a grave stone , records the name of Qaplan Orbelishvili who refurnished the monastery in 1671 . The monastery thrived at Pitareti until 1752 when it was forced to close due to a marauding attack from Dagestan .

neg: Pkhovi Pkhovi , also known as Pkhoet ' i , is a medieval term for the mountainous district in northeast Georgia comprising the latter-day provinces of Pshavi and Khevsureti along the upper reaches of the Aragvi , and in three alpine valleys just north of the main crest of the Greater Caucasus ( today 's Dusheti district , Mtskheta-Mtianeti region ) . Its inhabitants -- the Pkhovians ( ფხო -LSB- ვ -RSB- ელნი , Pkho -LSB- v -RSB- elni ) -- were a tribe of Georgian highlanders known for their warlike character and frequent disobedience to the royal authority .   The toponym Pkhovi , which may derive from a Georgian root meaning `` brave , valiant '' , is first attested in a passage from the seventh-century chronicle The Conversion of Kartli which refers to the defiance of local highlanders to Christianizing efforts of the king Mirian III , and St. Nino , a 4th-century apostle of eastern Georgia ( Kartli/Iberia ) . These pressures are reported to have forced several Pkhovian families to move southeast to Tusheti .   Although the population of this region was nominally under the direct rule of the Georgian crown , they had never been completely integrated into the feudal system of medieval Georgia , and remained relatively little affected by implantation of aristocratic landowners as well as foreign intrusions . However , as Professor Kevin Tuite of Université de Montréal has recently suggested ,     The position of the Georgian Orthodox Church was also weak , and the Pkhovians professed a curious mixture of pagan and Christian beliefs . This has reflected in the religious architecture of Pkhovi : whereas each village of other highland provinces of Georgia , such as Svaneti , Khevi , Mtiuleti , and Racha , has at least one church dating from the 5th to the 18th century , Pkhovi appears to be devoid of Georgian Orthodox churches . Instead , the region abounds in sacred sites , of which the most venerated are referred to as khati or jvari , meaning `` an icon '' and `` a cross '' in standard Georgian usage , but denoting , beyond these sacred images , the sanctuaries in which they are housed , and the deity believed to preside over the sanctuary in Pkhovi .   The refractory independence of Pkhovi 's mountainous clans led to the sporadic incursions of royal troops bent on forcing them into submission . One of the most devastating expeditions against the Pkhovians was organized , c. 1212 , at the behest of the queen Tamar of Georgia who presided over the Golden Age of the Kingdom of Georgia . The contemporary chronicle recounts a bloody three-month campaign of pacification by Tamar 's general Ivane the atabek , that left several Pkhovian villages and shrines destroyed .   The term Pkhovi disappeared in the 15th century and was replaced with the toponyms : Pshavi and Khevsureti . It has survived , however , in the name of the village Shuapkho ( shua - meaning `` middle '' in Georgian ) , and the Vainakh designation for Khevsureti -- Pkhia .

neg: Georgian–Armenian War The Georgian -- Armenian War was a short border dispute fought in December 1918 between the newly-independent Democratic Republic of Georgia and the First Republic of Armenia , largely over the control of territories in Lori and Kvemo Kartli districts .   In March 1918 , Russian signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and in doing so agreed to return to the Ottoman Empire territory gained during the 1877 -- 78 Russo-Turkish War . These territories were , however , no longer under the functional control of the Russian central government ; rather , they were being administered collectively by the Georgians , Armenians and Azerbaijanis through the Transcaucasian Sejm . The Trebizond Peace Conference aimed to resolve the dispute , but when the conference failed to produce a resolution , the Ottomans pursued a military campaign to control the disputed territories . Under persistent attack , the Transcaucasians collective eventually dissolved with the Georgians , Armenians and Azerbaijanis declaring independent nation states in quick succession in late-May 1918 . On 4 June , the Ottoman Empire signed the Treaty of Batum with each of the three Transcaucasus states , which brought the conflict to an end and awarded the southern half of the ethnically-Armenia Lori Province and Akhalkalaki district to the Ottomans . Against the wishes of Armenia , Georgia , supported by German officers , took possession of northern Lori and established military outposts along the Dzoraget River .   When the Ottomans signed the Armistice of Mudros in October , they were subsequently required to withdraw from the region . Armenia quickly took control of territory previously controlled by the Ottomans , and skirmishes between the Armenia and Georgia arose starting on 18 October . Open warfare began in early December , after diplomatic efforts failed to resolve the issue of the disputed border , and continued until 31 December , when a British-brokered ceasefire was signed , leaving the disputed territory under joint Georgian and Armenian administration .

neg: Georgian Orthodox Church The Georgian Apostolic Autocephalous Orthodox Church ( საქართველოს სამოციქულო ავტოკეფალური მართლმადიდებელი ეკლესია , sakartvelos samotsikulo avt ' ok ' epaluri martlmadidebeli ek ' lesia ) is an autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Church in full communion with the other churches of Eastern Orthodoxy . It is Georgia 's dominant religious institution , and a majority of Georgian people are members . It asserts apostolic foundation , and its historical roots can be traced to the Christianization of Iberia by Saint Nino in the 4th century AD .   As in similar autocephalous Orthodox churches , the Church 's highest governing body is the Holy Synod of bishops . The church is headed by the Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia , currently Ilia II , who was elected in 1977 .   Orthodox Christianity was the state religion throughout most of Georgian history until 1921 , when it was conquered by the Russian Red Army during the Russian-Georgian War and became part of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( U.S.S.R. ) . The current Constitution of Georgia recognizes the special role of the Georgian Orthodox Church in the country 's history , but also stipulates the independence of the church from the state . Government relations are further defined and regulated by the Concordat of 2002 .   The church is the most trusted institution in Georgia . According to a 2013 survey 95 % respondents had a favorable opinion of its work . It is highly influential in the public sphere and is considered Georgia 's most influential institution .

neg: George I of Imereti George I ( გიორგი I , Giorgi I ) ( died 1392 ) , of the Bagrationi dynasty , was king of western Georgian kingdom of Imereti from 1389 to 1392 .   George was born sometime after 1358 into the family of Bagrat I , then duke ( and ex-king ) of Imereti , and his wife , of the Jaqeli family of Samtskhe . He succeeded as king of Imereti on the death of his elder brother , Alexander I , who had proclaimed himself king in opposition to King Bagrat V of Georgia during Timur 's invasion of the country . Unlike his predecessor , George initially enjoyed more success in consolidating his power over Imereti ; more fortresses were seized from Bagrat 's loyalists and his protégé , Arsen , was installed as catholicos of the church in 1390 . In 1392 , he led his army to subdue Vameq I Dadiani , Duke of Mingrelia , but he suffered a crushing defeat and was killed on the battlefield . At Vameq 's invitation , Bagrat V 's son , George VII , occupied Imereti , reuniting it with the Kingdom of Georgia . George 's brother , Constantine , and nephew , Demetrius , son of Alexander , fled to the North Caucasus , in the Balkar lands ( Basiani of the Georgian sources ) .

neg: Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301) The Kingdom of Hungary came into existence in Central Europe when Stephen I , Grand Prince of the Hungarians , was crowned king in 1000 or 1001 . He reinforced central authority and forced his subjects to accept Christianity . Although written sources emphasize the role played by German and Italian knights and clerics in the process , a significant part of the Hungarian vocabulary for agriculture , religion and state was taken from Slavic languages . Civil wars and pagan uprisings , along with attempts by the Holy Roman Emperors to expand their authority over Hungary , jeopardized the new monarchy . The monarchy stabilized during the reigns of Ladislaus I ( 1077 -- 1095 ) and Coloman ( 1095 -- 1116 ) . These rulers occupied Croatia and Dalmatia with the support of a part of the local population . Both realms retained their autonomous position . The successors of Ladislaus and Coloman -- especially Béla II ( 1131 -- 1141 ) , Béla III ( 1176 -- 1196 ) , Andrew II ( 1205 -- 1235 ) , and Béla IV ( 1235 -- 1270 ) -- continued this policy of expansion towards the Balkan Peninsula and the lands east of the Carpathian Mountains , transforming their kingdom into one of the major powers of medieval Europe .   Rich in uncultivated lands , silver , gold , and salt deposits , Hungary became the preferred destination of mainly German , Italian and French colonists . These immigrants were mostly peasants who settled in villages , but craftsmen and merchants also came . Their arrival had a key role in the shaping of an urban lifestyle , habits and culture in medieval Hungary . The location of the kingdom at the crossroads of international trade routes favored the coexistence of several cultures . Romanesque , Gothic and Renaissance buildings and literary works written in Latin prove the predominantly Roman Catholic character of the culture , but Orthodox , and even non-Christian ethnic minority communities also existed . Latin was the language of legislation , administration and judiciary , but `` linguistic pluralism '' contributed to the survival of many tongues , including a great variety of Slavic dialects .   The predominance of royal estates initially assured the sovereign 's preeminent position , but the alienation of royal lands gave rise to the emergence of a self-conscious group of lesser landholders , known as `` royal servants '' . They forced Andrew II to issue his Golden Bull of 1222 , `` one of first examples of constitutional limits being placed on the powers of a European monarch '' ( Francis Fukuyama ) . The kingdom received a major blow from the Mongol invasion of 1241 -- 42 . Thereafter , Cuman and Jassic groups settled in the central lowlands , and colonists arrived from Moravia , Poland and other nearby countries . The erection of fortresses by landlords , promoted by the monarchs after the withdrawal of the Mongols , led to the development of semi-autonomous `` provinces '' dominated by powerful magnates . Some of these magnates even challenged the authority of Andrew III ( 1290 -- 1301 ) , the last male descendant of the native Árpád dynasty . His death was followed by a period of interregnum and anarchy . Central power was re-established only in the early 1320s .

neg: Trustee Georgia Trustee Georgia is the name of the period covering the first twenty years of Georgia history , from 1732 -- 1752 , because during that time the English Province of Georgia was governed by a Board of Trustees . England 's King George II , for whom the colony was named , signed a charter establishing the colony and creating its governing board on July 7 , 1732 . His action culminated a lengthy process .   The charter was granted to the Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America , a group formed by James Oglethorpe . Oglethorpe envisioned the province as a location for the resettlement of English debtors and `` the worthy poor '' , although few debtors were part of the organized settlement of Georgia . Another motivation for the founding of the colony was to create a `` buffer state '' ( border ) , or `` garrison province '' that would defend the southern part of the British colonies from Spanish Florida and French Mississippi . Oglethorpe envisioned a province populated largely by yeoman farmers who would secure the southern frontier of British America ; because of this , as well as on moral grounds , the colony 's regulations prohibited slavery .   Oglethorpe 's plan for settlement ( now known as the Oglethorpe Plan ) was founded on eighteenth-century country party philosophy and drew from principles of Roman colonial town design .

neg: Gvantsa Kakhaberidze Gvantsa ( გვანცა , or , archaically , Guantsa , გუანცა ; also transliterated as Gwantza , Gontza , Gontsa , or Gonc ` a ) ( died c. 1263 ) was a Queen Consort of Georgia as the third wife of King David VII `` Ulu '' ( r. : 1245-1270 ) .   She was the daughter of Kakhaber IV Kakhaberidze , Duke of Racha and Takveri , who married Gvantsa off to Prince Avag Mkhargrdzeli , Lord High Tutor and Lord High Constable of Georgia with whom she begot a daughter Khvashak . After Avag 's death in 1250 , Gvantsa remarried the Georgian king David VII in 1252 and gave birth to a son , the future king Demetre II of Georgia , in 1259 . In the meantime , Khvashak was reared by the king 's trustee Sumbat Orbeli or Sadun Mankaberdeli ( here the medieval sources diverge ) and later given in marriage to Shams ad-Din Juvayni , an influential minister at the Mongol Il-Khan 's court .   Unlike David VII 's first wife , the late Jigda-Khatun , Gvantsa was on extremely bad terms with the influential royal favorite Jikur , the Master of Ceremonies ( mestumre ) of Georgia . Jikur 's rivals exploited this enmity and accused him of treason before the king who had him executed by drowning in the Mtkvari River . When David staged a failed revolt from the Il-Khan hegemony in 1260 , Gvantsa was captured by the Mongol punitive forces and killed on the orders of the Il-Khan Hulagu through the intrigues of rival Georgian nobles .

neg: Alexander I of Imereti Alexander I ( ალექსანდრე I , Alek ` sandre I ) ( died 1389 ) , of the Bagrationi dynasty , was king of western Georgian kingdom of Imereti from 1387 to 1389 . Prior to that , he was eristavi ( `` duke '' ) of Imereti under the authority of the kings of Georgia .   Alexander was born sometime after 1358 into the family of Bagrat I , then duke ( and ex-king ) of Imereti , and his wife , a Jaqeli atabeg of Samtskhe . On his father 's death in 1372 , Alexander was appointed by King Bagrat V of Georgia as duke of Imereti . In 1387 , he took advantage of Timur 's invasions of Georgia and proclaimed himself king of Imereti at the Gelati Monastery , but the city of Kutaisi remained in the hands of Bagrat V 's loyalists and the dukes of Mingrelia , Guria , Abkhazia , and Svaneti refused to join him . Alexander succeeded in seizing several fortresses in Imereti , but Kutaisi remained outside his control . He died in 1389 and was succeeded by his brother George I.   Alexander was married to a certain Ana . He had two children :   Prince Demetrius ( died 1455 ) , Duke of Imereti ;  Princess Tamar ( died ) , wife of Alexander I of Georgia .

neg: The Literature of Georgia: A History The Literature of Georgia : A History by Donald Rayfield , professor of Russian and Georgian at the University of London , is the first and the most comprehensive study of the literature of Georgia that has ever appeared in English . The work deals with Georgia 's diverse 1,500-year literary tradition from the 5th-century hagiographic writings down to the 20th-century eclectic poetry and prose . The book researches into the diverse influences which have affected the Georgian literature - from Greek and Persian to Russian and modern European , and the folklore of the Caucasus , and also includes translations of several pieces of the Georgian poetry .   Part V , dealing with the Soviet and post-Soviet periods , is of particular interest . Rayfield , one of the first researchers to have gained access to recently declassified Soviet archives on the 1937 show trials of Georgian writers organized by Lavrentiy Beria , gives a profound analysis of the tragedy suffered by the Georgian intellectual élite in Joseph Stalin 's Great Purge which is classified by the author as a `` holocaust '' .   The book was first published in 1994 and earned appraisal from several literary authorities . The second revised edition appeared in 2000 and the third , revised and expanded one , in 2010 .

neg: Irakli Gruzinsky Irakli Gruzinsky ( ირაკლი გრუზინსკი Ираклий Александрович Грузинский , Irakly Aleksandrovich Gruzinsky ; 18 August 1826 -- 27 April 1882 ) was a Georgian prince of the House of Bagrationi and a colonel in the Russian Imperial army . He was a grandson of Heraclius II , the penultimate king of Georgia , and the son of Prince Alexander , a staunch opponent of the Russian possession of Georgia .

neg: Caucasus The Caucasus -LSB- ˈkɔ : kəsəs -RSB- or Caucasia -LSB- kɔ : ˈkeɪʒə -RSB- is a region at the border of Europe and Asia , situated between the Black and the Caspian seas .   It is home to the Caucasus Mountains , which contain Europe 's highest mountain , Mount Elbrus , 5642 m. Politically , the Caucasus region is separated between northern and southern parts . While the northern parts are under the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation , the southern parts consist of independent sovereign states . These include Georgia , Armenia , Azerbaijan . The southern Caucasus mountain range ( the Lesser Caucasus ) extends eastwards to the Caspian Sea in northwestern Iran , and into northeastern Turkey .   The region is known for its linguistic diversity : aside from Indo-European and Turkic languages , the Kartvelian , Northwest Caucasian , and Northeast Caucasian families are indigenous to the area .

neg: Claim of the biblical descent of the Bagrationi dynasty A legend that the Georgian royal Bagrationi dynasty were of a Hebrew origin and descended from the biblical King-Prophet David dates back to the family 's appearance on the Georgian soil in the latter half of the eight century . As the Bagratid power grew , this claim morphed into an officially endorsed paradigm , enshrined in medieval historical literature such as the early 11th-century chronicle of Sumbat Davitis-dze , and formed the basis of the dynasty 's political ideology for the duration of their millennium-long ascendancy in Georgia . The proposed Davidic descent allowed the Bagrationi to claim kinship with Jesus Christ and the Virgin Mary and rest their legitimacy on a biblical archetype of the God-anointed royalty .   The legend of the Bagrationi 's Hebrew or Davidic descent is given no credence by modern mainstream scholarship . The family 's origin is disputed , but the view formulated by the historians such as Ekvtime Takaishvili and Cyril Toumanoff that the Georgian dynasty descended from a refuge prince of the Armenian house of Bagratuni prevails .

neg: Byzantine–Georgian wars The Byzantine -- Georgian wars were a series of conflicts fought during the 11th century and were mainly focused on several strategic districts in the Byzantine-Georgian-Armenian marchlands . Most of these lands were granted by Emperor Basil II to the Georgian Kouropalates David III of Tao in reward for his crucial assistance in the struggle against the rebel general Bardas Sklerus ( 978 -- 79 ) . However , David supported another unsuccessful noble revolt led by Bardas Phocas at the end of the 980s . As a result , David was forced to make Basil II the legatee of his princedom . This agreement destroyed a previous arrangement by which David had made his adopted son , Bagrat III of Georgia , his heir . When David died early in 1000 , Basil added his inheritance -- Tao , Theodosiopolis ( aka Karin , Karnu ; the present day Erzurum ) , Phasiane and the Lake Van region ( Apahunik ) with the city of Manzikert -- to the Byzantine Empire . The following year , the Georgian prince Gurgen , natural father of Bagrat , marched to take David 's inheritance , but was thwarted by the Byzantine general Nikephoros Ouranos , dux of Antioch . Despite these setbacks , Bagrat was able to become the first king of the unified Georgian state in 1008 . He died in 1014 , and his son , George I , inherited a longstanding claim to those territories in Tao which were in Byzantine hands .

neg: History of the Byzantine Empire This history of the Byzantine Empire covers the history of the Eastern Roman Empire from late antiquity until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 AD . Several events from the 4th to 6th centuries mark the transitional period during which the Roman Empire 's east and west divided . In 285 , the emperor Diocletian ( r. 284 -- 305 ) partitioned the Roman Empire 's administration into eastern and western halves . Between 324 and 330 , Constantine I ( r. 306 -- 337 ) transferred the main capital from Rome to Byzantium , later known as Constantinople ( `` City of Constantine '' ) and Nova Roma ( `` New Rome '' ) . Under Theodosius I ( r. 379 -- 395 ) , Christianity became the Empire 's official state religion and others such as Roman polytheism were proscribed . And finally , under the reign of Heraclius ( r. 610 -- 641 ) , the Empire 's military and administration were restructured and adopted Greek for official use instead of Latin . Thus , although it continued the Roman state and maintained Roman state traditions , modern historians distinguish Byzantium from ancient Rome insofar as it was oriented towards Greek rather than Latin culture , and characterised by Orthodox Christianity rather than Roman polytheism .   The borders of the Empire evolved significantly over its existence , as it went through several cycles of decline and recovery . During the reign of Justinian I ( r. 527 -- 565 ) , the Empire reached its greatest extent after reconquering much of the historically Roman western Mediterranean coast , including north Africa , Italy , and Rome itself , which it held for two more centuries . During the reign of Maurice ( r. 582 -- 602 ) , the Empire 's eastern frontier was expanded and the north stabilised . However , his assassination caused a two-decade-long war with Sassanid Persia which exhausted the Empire 's resources and contributed to major territorial losses during the Muslim conquests of the 7th century . In a matter of years the Empire lost its richest provinces , Egypt and Syria , to the Arabs .   During the Macedonian dynasty ( 10th -- 11th centuries ) , the Empire again expanded and experienced a two-century long renaissance , which came to an end with the loss of much of Asia Minor to the Seljuk Turks after the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 . This battle opened the way for the Turks to settle in Anatolia as a homeland .   The final centuries of the Empire exhibited a general trend of decline . It struggled to recover during the 12th century , but was delivered a mortal blow during the Fourth Crusade , when Constantinople was sacked and the Empire dissolved and divided into competing Byzantine Greek and Latin realms . Despite the eventual recovery of Constantinople and re-establishment of the Empire in 1261 , Byzantium remained only one of several small rival states in the area for the final two centuries of its existence . Its remaining territories were progressively annexed by the Ottomans over the 15th century . The Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 finally ended the Roman Empire .

neg: Vakhvakhishvili The Vakhvakhishvili is a Georgian noble family , originally known , since the twelfth century , in the province of Samtskhe whence they later moved to the kingdom of Kakheti . In the mid-17th century , they acquired the hereditary office of the Grand Master of the Hunt of Kakheti , and were listed among the Kakhetian nobility in a special document attached to the Russo-Georgian Treaty of Georgievsk of 1783 . After the Russian annexation of Georgia , the family was confirmed in the princely rank ( knyaz Vakhvakhov , Вахваховы ) by the decrees of 1825 and 1850 .

neg: Pharnavaz I of Iberia Pharnavaz I ( ფარნავაზ I -LSB- pʰɑrnɑvɑz -RSB- ) also transliterated as Parnavaz or Farnavaz was a king of Kartli , an ancient Georgian kingdom known as Iberia to the Classical sources . The Georgian Chronicles credits him with being the first monarch founding the kingship of Kartli and the Pharnavazid dynasty , while another independent chronicles , The Conversion of Kartli makes him the second Georgian monarch . Based on the medieval evidence , most scholars locate Pharnavaz 's rule in the 3rd century BC : 302 -- 237 BC according to Prince Vakhushti of Kartli , 299 -- 234 BC according to Cyril Toumanoff and 284 -- 219 BC according to Pavle Ingoroqva . Pharnavaz 's rise and the advent of the Iberian monarchy was directly tied to the victory of Alexander the Great over the Achaemenid Empire .

neg: Sologashvili The Sologashvili , also known as Solagashvili or Salagashvili , are a Georgian noble family , known from the 15th century . They were related to the Baratashvili and possibly shared a common origin with them .   The family came from the southern Georgian province of Samtskhe , which they left for Kartli in the 15th century . The kings of Kartli granted them the dignity of Tavadi ( `` prince '' ) and estates in the valleys of Algeti and Vere as well as in the environs of Tbilisi . The Sologashvili owned the fortresses of Kojori and Ch ` apala , and the monastery of Kabeni , their familial burial ground . A branch emigrated , in 1724 , to the Russian Empire , where they came to be known as Salagov . A member of this branch was General Semyon Ivanovich Salagov ( 1754 -- 1820 ) . The Georgian Sologashvili were confirmed as princes ( knyaz ) of the Russian Empire in 1850 .

neg: Cinema of Georgia The cinema of Georgia has been noted for its cinematography in Europe . One of the most acclaimed Italian film directors , Federico Fellini , was an admirer of the Georgian film :

neg: Phrygians The Phrygians ( gr . Φρύγες , Phruges or Phryges ) were an ancient Indo-European people , initially dwelling in the southern Balkans -- according to Herodotus -- under the name of Bryges ( Briges ) , changing it to Phruges after their final migration to Anatolia , via the Hellespont .   From tribal and village beginnings , the state of Phrygia arose in the eighth century BC with its capital at Gordium . During this period , the Phrygians extended eastward and encroached upon the kingdom of Urartu , the descendants of the Hurrians , a former rival of the Hittites .   Meanwhile , the Phrygian Kingdom was overwhelmed by Cimmerian invaders around 690 BC , then briefly conquered by its neighbour Lydia , before it passed successively into the Persian Empire of Cyrus the Great and the empire of Alexander and his successors , was taken by the Attalids of Pergamon , and eventually became part of the Roman Empire . The last mention of the Phrygian language in literature dates to the fifth century AD and it was likely extinct by the seventh century .


query: In 2001 Britney Spears released her third album.

pos: Britney Spears Britney Jean Spears ( born December 2 , 1981 ) is an American singer , dancer , and actress . Born in McComb , Mississippi , and raised in Kentwood , Louisiana , she performed acting roles in stage productions and television shows as a child before signing with Jive Records in 1997 . Spears 's first and second studio albums , ... Baby One More Time ( 1999 ) and Oops ! ... I Did It Again ( 2000 ) , became international successes , with the former becoming the best-selling album by a teenage solo artist . Title tracks '' ... Baby One More Time '' and `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' broke international sales records . In 2001 , Spears released her self-titled third studio album , Britney , and played the starring role in the film Crossroads ( 2002 ) . She assumed creative control of her fourth studio album , In the Zone ( 2003 ) , which yielded the worldwide success of the single `` Toxic '' .   In 2007 , Spears 's much-publicized personal issues sent her career into hiatus . Her fifth studio album , Blackout , was released later that year , and spawned singles such as `` Gim me More '' and `` Piece of Me '' . Her erratic behavior and hospitalizations continued through the following year , at which point she was placed under a still ongoing conservatorship . Spears 's sixth studio album , Circus ( 2008 ) , included the international chart-topping single `` Womanizer '' . Her seventh studio album , Femme Fatale ( 2011 ) , became her first to yield three top-ten singles in the United States . She released her eighth studio album Britney Jean in 2013 . Later that year , Spears began the four-year residency show , Britney : Piece of Me , at The AXIS at Planet Hollywood Resort & Casino in Las Vegas . In 2016 , Spears released her ninth studio album , Glory . In 2017 , she announced that her residency show would develop into a world tour , Britney : Live in Concert .   Spears is regarded as a pop icon and credited with influencing the revival of teen pop during the late 1990s . She became the best-selling teenage artist of all time and garnered honorific titles including the `` Princess of Pop '' . Her work has earned her numerous awards and accolades , including a Grammy Award , six MTV Video Music Awards including the Lifetime Achievement Award , seven Billboard Music Awards including the Millennium Award and a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . In 2009 , Billboard ranked her as the 8th overall Artist of the Decade , and also recognized her as the best-selling female artist of the 2000s , as well as the fifth overall . The Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) lists Spears as the eighth top-selling female artist in the United States , with 34 million certified albums . She has sold over 100 million records worldwide making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time . According to Billboard Spears has sold about 22.38 million singles in digital downloads in US and is the fourth best-selling female artist since Nielsen SoundScan began .   Rolling Stone recognized her instant success as one of the Top 25 Teen Idol Breakout Moments of all time , while VH1 ranked her eleventh on their `` 100 Greatest Women in Music '' list in 2012 , and Billboard named her the sexiest woman in music . Forbes reported that Spears was the highest paid female musician of 2012 , with earnings of $ 58 million , having last topped the list in 2002 .

neg: Underneath (Hanson album) Underneath is the third album by American pop rock group Hanson . It was released in 2004 by 3CG Records . It is the band 's first release on their own independent record label .

neg: Jennifer Love Hewitt (album) Jennifer Love Hewitt is the self-titled third studio album by actress and recording artist Jennifer Love Hewitt . It was released on September 3 , 1996 by Atlantic Records .

neg: Do You Wanna Come Over? `` Do You Wan na Come Over ? '' is a song recorded by American recording artist Britney Spears for her ninth studio album Glory ( 2016 ) . It was written by Mattias Larsson , Robin Fredriksson , Julia Michaels , Justin Tranter and Sandy Chila , and produced by Mattman & Robin . The song was released as the third and final promotional single from the album on August 18 , 2016 , as an instant track for those who pre-ordered the album and for streaming . `` Do You Wan na Come Over ? '' is an electropop and dance-pop song , with subtle keyboards , a strummed guitar and wobbly bass in its instrumentation .   Lyrically , the song talks about a flirt between two people , where the protagonist asks for a casual relationship and offers several options and reasons for her lover to hook up with her . The chorus of the song features a `` shouted gang '' of backup singers , with Spears repeating what they sing . Well received , the writers of AllMusic , Boston Globe , Entertainment Weekly , musicOMH , and Vice considered the song a highlight among Glory . Entertainment Weekly and Billboard ranked it among the best songs of 2016 . It has charted in the low regions of France , where it remained for two weeks on the SNEP charts . Spears has performed the track live during her Las Vegas residency show , Britney : Piece of Me , Today and 2016 iHeartRadio Music Festival .

neg: Full Moon (Brandy album) Full Moon is the third studio album by American R&B recording artist Brandy . It was released by Atlantic Records on March 5 , 2002 . The album was recorded primarily during the summer and fall of 2001 at The Hit Factory in Miami , amid a three-year musical hiatus following the success of her multi-platinum previous studio album Never Say Never ( 1998 ) and the finale of her highly successful television sitcom Moesha in May 2001 . As with Never Say Never , Brandy collaborated with producer Rodney Jerkins and his Darkchild production and songwriting team on the majority of the album 's composition , while additional work from Mike City , Warryn Campbell , and Keith Crouch was contributed .   Brandy credited Whitney Houston , Kim Burrell and Enya for inspiring her to push the limits of her voice and vocal arrangements . With Brandy in a relationship with one of the album 's primary musicians , its lyrical concepts centered on both sensual and frustrated feelings toward a lover . Jerkins credited Michael Jackson , Brandy 's voice , and his experiences at European nightclubs for influencing the sound of the album . Lyrically , the album speaks on love in all its forms . Musically , Full Moon drew inspiration from UK garage , electro , dance , glitch , and funktronica , while blending soul and R&B elements into adult contemporary ballads .   At the time of its release , the album received mixed reviews from music critics , but has since earned retrospective acclaim and recognition from musicians , singers , and producers , primarily for Brandy 's vocal work . The album became Norwood 's highest-charting album , as well as garnering two Grammy Award nominations including Best Contemporary R&B Album at the 45th Annual Grammy Awards ceremony . Full Moon debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard Top R&B / Hip-Hop Albums chart , and at number two on the Billboard 200 , selling approximately 156,000 copies in its first week of release , and has been certified platinum by the RIAA . The album spawned three singles -- `` What About Us ? '' , `` Full Moon `` and `` He Is '' .

neg: World Service (Spear of Destiny album) World Service is the third studio album by Spear of Destiny , released by Epic Records in 1985 .

neg: Impossible Princess Impossible Princess ( retitled Kylie Minogue in the UK and Europe for a temporary period , following the death of Princess Diana ) is the sixth studio album by Australian singer Kylie Minogue , released on 22 October 1997 , by Sony BMG and Deconstruction in Japan . Minogue had co-written all the songs on the album , with additional credits in production and composition ; the album was also assisted by Dave Ball , Ingo Vauk , Brothers in Rhythm , Manic Street Preachers and Rob Dougan , among others . Musically , the album was inspired by the techno and brit-pop revolution during the late 1990s , and incorporates musical elements of trip-hop , dance music , rock , and electronica . Lyrically , it focuses on Minogue 's relationships , self-discovery , and a variety of emotions .   Impossible Princess received a polarized response from music critics . American and Australian critics noted Minogue 's involvement in the production , whilst the sound and experimentation were commended . Conversely , British press criticized these points . Additionally , the records attracted controversy by the public , which was ambivalent towards Minogue 's sonic and visual development . Commercially , the album reached the top 10 in Australia , Scotland and the United Kingdom , but was certified Platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for physical shipments of 70,000 units . The lack of commercial success prompted further tabloid exploitation of Minogue and the album , with formal comments added by the producers and management of Deconstruction .   Five singles were released off the album : `` Some Kind of Bliss '' , `` Did It Again '' , `` Breathe '' , and `` Cowboy Style '' , all of which experienced moderate success . The fifth single , `` Too Far '' , was distributed in the US and UK to promote the album . After a promotional tour in 1997 , Minogue went on her Intimate and Live tour in Australia and the UK the following year , which was a commercial and critical success . Since the album 's release , it has been recognized by publications as one of Minogue 's key `` re-inventions '' . In retrospect , Minogue labelled the Impossible Princess period as the lowest point of her career .

neg: Third (Cait Brennan album) Third is the second full-length album by Cait Brennan , released by Omnivore on April 21 , 2017 . The follow-up to 2016 's critically lauded Debutante , Third was recorded at Ardent Studios in Memphis , TN , in the same studio and on much of the same recording gear as Big Star used during its Ardent heyday .   The album was co-produced and performed entirely by Brennan and Fernando Perdomo , a producer and rock artist who also co-produced Linda Perhacs ' widely acclaimed 2014 album The Soul of All Natural Things for Asthmatic Kitty records . Perdomo and Brennan met as fellow artists on the International Pop Overthrow festival in 2012 , and quickly became friends ; Brennan appears in Perdomo 's `` Smile '' music video , and Perdomo has played in Brennan 's touring band . The duo produced Brennan 's 2016 debut , as well as an unreleased second album and a set of demos for Sire Records founder Seymour Stein before ultimately signing with Omnivore Recordings in January 2017 .   During the recording of Brennan 's Sire Records demo sessions , Brennan and Perdomo attended a Grammy Museum presentation celebrating the 50th Anniversary of Ardent Studios . At the event , Brennan and Perdomo encountered Big Star drummer and Ardent president Jody Stephens , who invited the pair to record their third album at Ardent in Memphis . When the Sire deal did not materialize , the duo traveled to Memphis and recorded 13 songs in three days , with Brennan and Perdomo producing and playing all the instruments , and Ardent 's Adam Hill engineering the sessions . During the sessions , the pair used many of the same instruments and amplifiers used by Big Star during their heyday , including Alex Chilton 's Hi-Watt amps , Mellotron and Chris Bell 's cherry red Gibson guitar . As with Brennan 's debut album Debutante , Brennan and Perdomo played all of the instruments , with the exception of two guest appearances by longtime Memphis power pop legend Van Duren and former Continental Drifters guitarist Robert Mache . The album was mastered by Grammy-winning audio engineer Michael Graves ; Cheryl Pawelski of Omnivore Recordings , who had a long history working with Ardent and Big Star , signed Brennan to Omnivore in January 2017 , slating Brennan 's Third for an April 2017 release to coincide with Record Store Day .

neg: Invincible (Michael Jackson album) Invincible is the final studio album by American recording artist Michael Jackson , released on October 30 , 2001 , by Epic Records . Similar to Jackson 's previous material , Invincible explores themes such as love , romance , isolation , media criticism , and social issues . It was his sixth studio album released through Epic label .   An extensive and laborious album to make , Jackson started production in 1997 , and did not finish until eight weeks before the album 's October 2001 release . Jackson recorded in over 10 different studios , and the final cost was over thirty million dollars . Combined with twenty five million toward the cost of promoting the album , Invincible is the most expensive album ever made .   The album peaked at number one in eleven territories worldwide , including the United States ( with first-week sales of 363,000 units ) , the United Kingdom , Australia , France and Switzerland . Invincible charted within the top ten in six other territories . Upon release , the album received mixed reviews from contemporary music critics .   Invincible was one of the best-selling of 2001 , being ranked at # 9 on the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry 's ( IFPI ) Top 50 Global Best Selling Albums for 2001 .

neg: Kamnesia Kamnesia is the third album released by rapper , Kam . It was released on March 20 , 2001 for Hard Tyme Records , JCOR Entertainment/Interscope Records and featured production from the likes of DJ Wino , DJ Pooh and Jazze Pha . Kamnesia would peak at # 69 on the Top R&B / Hip-Hop Albums and # 40 on the Top Heatseekers .

neg: E=MC² (Mariah Carey album) E = MC ² is the eleventh studio album by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey . It was released in the United States on April 15 , 2008 by Island Records . The singer began recording the album in 2007 in Anguilla , after writing and composing most of its material during and after her 2006 Adventures of Mimi Tour . Carey worked with several notable songwriters and producers during the course of the project , including Jermaine Dupri , Bryan-Michael Cox , Stargate , The-Dream , Tricky Stewart , Scott Storch and Danja .   The album revealed a more personal side of the singer , illustrated in its declarative theme of emancipation from her previous marriage , and from her personal and professional setbacks . Although it shared similar vocal production as well as an inclination to her signature pop and R&B ballads , the album also encompassed a variety of dance-oriented and uptempo styles . It was meant to be a continuation , or a second part of her tenth studio album , The Emancipation of Mimi ( 2005 ) . Carey collaborated with a number of artists on the album , including T-Pain , Damian Marley and Young Jeezy . Though considered by critics very similar to the formula its predecessor had been built on , E = MC ² included other genres she had never explored , such as reggae , and her continued recording of gospel-influenced hymns .   E = MC ² was generally well received by music critics , with many complimenting the record 's broad genre influences , and musical and production styles . Some critics , however , felt that the album was too similar to The Emancipation of Mimi , and did n't offer anything new from the formula . The album debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 with opening week sales of 463,000 copies ; the highest first-week sales of Carey 's career . It opened inside the top-five on the albums chart in Australia , Canada , Switzerland and the United Kingdom . The album achieved worldwide sales of over 2.5 million copies .   Four singles were commission in promotion of the album . The album 's lead single , `` Touch My Body '' , became Carey 's eighteenth chart topper on the Billboard Hot 100 , making her the solo artist with the most number one singles in United States history , surpassing the record held by Elvis Presley . Additionally , it gave Carey her 79th week atop the chart , tying Presley for most weeks at number one . It achieved strong worldwide charting , peaking within the top five of the singles charts in Italy , Japan , New Zealand , Switzerland and the United Kingdom . `` Bye Bye '' served as the album 's second release . Although hailed by critics , and expected to have achieved large commercial success , the song stalled at number nineteen on the Hot 100 , and managed to chart weakly internationally . Both the third and fourth singles , `` I 'll Be Lovin ' U Long Time '' and `` I Stay in Love '' failed to garner success in any prominent music market .

neg: The Real Don The Real Don is the third album by French musician Lord Kossity , released in 2001 on the label Naïve Records .

neg: Forever May Not Be Long Enough `` Forever May Not Be Long Enough '' is a song by alternative rock group Live , which was released as the third single from their 2001 album , V.

neg: Do Somethin' `` Do Somethin '' is a song recorded by American singer Britney Spears for her first greatest hits album , Greatest Hits : My Prerogative ( 2004 ) . It was written and produced by Christian Karlsson and Pontus Winnberg ( known collectively as Bloodshy & Avant ) , with additional writing by Henrik Jonback and Angela Hunte . Originally , the song was never intended to be released as a single . Spears , however , wanted to shoot a music video for it , and had to convince her record company . It was then released on February 14 , 2005 by Jive Records as the second single from the album worldwide except North America . The rock-influenced dance-pop song features usage of electric guitars , and its lyrics allude to having a good time and not caring about other people 's judgement .   `` Do Somethin' '' received generally favorable reviews from critics , and received comparisons to Gwen Stefani 's 2004 single `` What You Waiting For ? '' . Although the single was not released in the United States , it charted on many of Billboards component charts due to digital downloads , managing to reach number 100 on the Billboard Hot 100 . It was also successful worldwide , reaching top ten positions in countries such as Australia , Denmark , Sweden and the United Kingdom . By the end of 2005 , `` Do Somethin' '' was one of the best-selling singles in Australia and Belgium that year .   An accompanying music video , co-directed by Billie Woodruff and Spears , who is credited as her alter ego `` Mona Lisa '' , portrays the singer and four female friends dancing and performing in a nightclub . The usage of a Louis Vuitton dashboard in the video resulted in a lawsuit against Jive Records , which ended with Louis Vuitton winning $ 80,000 in damages . The video was also banned in all European TV channels . Spears performed `` Do Somethin' '' during the The M+M 's Tour in 2007 , The Circus Starring Britney Spears in 2009 and Britney : Piece of Me in 2013 -- 17 .

neg: Brittany Spears Brittany or Britney Spears may refer to :   Britney Spears ( born 1981 ) , an American singer and actress  Brittany Spears ( basketball ) ( born 1988 ) , American basketball player  Brittany Spears : Unbreakable by The Pleasers

neg: Oh Aaron Oh Aaron is American teen pop singer Aaron Carter 's third studio album , released in the summer of 2001 . The album features three collaborations with No Secrets and his older brother , Nick Carter . Although not as successful as his second album , it found success in the U.S. , peaking at # 7 and was certified Platinum by the RIAA making this Aaron 's second top 10 album and second platinum-selling album . This album was also his second album that was released under Jive Records .   Oh Aaron was accompanied by a concert DVD of the same name , which was released on March 26 , 2002 , and included footage of his 2001 concert in Baton Rouge , Louisiana , as well as music videos and interviews .   Play Along Toys also created an Aaron Carter action figure in conjunction with the album 's release .

neg: The Platinum Collection (Queen album) The Platinum Collection : Greatest Hits I , II & III is a box set by British rock band Queen which comprises their three greatest hits albums , Greatest Hits , Greatest Hits II and Greatest Hits III . The album was originally released on 13 November 2000 on the Parlophone label . A booklet with song facts and images is also included with the three CD set . The album 's US release was delayed by Hollywood Records until September 2002 and featured the 2001 Japanese release remastered versions of Greatest Hits Volumes 1 and 2 on the US and Canadian versions of The Platinum Collection .   The album peaked at No. 2 in the UK charts , being blocked off the top spot by Moby 's album 18 .   As part of Queen 's 40th anniversary celebrations , The Platinum Collection was released in the UK on 27 June 2011 , as well as in other territories around the world . The release consisted of the 2011 remasters of all three albums .

neg: The Heat (Toni Braxton album) The Heat is the third studio album by American recording artist Toni Braxton . Released in the United States on April 25 , 2000 by LaFace Records , the album marked Braxton 's departure from her ballads in favor of a more urban sound . Most of the songs ( including the nearly instrumental `` The Art of Love '' ) were written and produced by Braxton and her husband Keri Lewis ( a former member of Mint Condition ) , two ballads were penned by Diane Warren , and collaborations featured rappers Dr. Dre and Lisa `` Left Eye '' Lopes .   The Heat opened at number two on the Billboard 200 chart selling 194,448 units in its first week . It was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) on October 13 , 2000 , with sales of over 2.2 million copies within the U.S. Additionally , the album was nominated for Best R&B Album at the 2001 Grammy Awards , while lead single `` He Was n't Man Enough '' won for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance and was nominated for Best R&B Song .

neg: Sad Britney Sad Britney is the third EP from American singer-songwriter Christopher Dallman . It was released on November 9 , 2009 by Beauteous Bird Records . After hearing Dallman 's cover of Britney Spears 's `` Gim me More '' , producer Rachel Alina suggested releasing an EP of Spears 's songs to bring attention to his music . The EP also included covers of `` Radar '' , `` Toxic '' and '' ... Baby One More Time '' . All the songs were recorded during the first day of the recording of his second EP , Never Was . The EP became Dallman 's first record to chart on iTunes . His music video for `` Gim me More '' received attention from Spears 's fans who misenterpreted his message and thought he was parodying her , which he denied .

neg: The Third Album The Third Album may refer to :   The Third Album ( Barbra Streisand album ) , 1964  The Third Album ( Paul Jabara album )

neg: Every Picture Tells a Story Every Picture Tells a Story is the third studio album by the British singer-songwriter Rod Stewart , released in May 1971 . It incorporates hard rock , folk , and blues styles . It went to number one on both the UK and US charts and finished third in the Jazz & Pop critics ' poll for best album of 1971 . It has been an enduring critical success , including a number 172 ranking on Rolling Stones 2003 list of the 500 greatest albums of all time .   The soundtrack song featured in Grand Theft Auto : Episodes from Liberty City radio station Liberty Rock Radio 97.8 .


query: Gold is known as a metal.

pos: Gold Gold is a chemical element with symbol Au ( from aurum ) and atomic number 79 . In its purest form , it is a bright , slightly reddish yellow , dense , soft , malleable , and ductile metal . Chemically , gold is a transition metal and a group 11 element . It is one of the least reactive chemical elements and is solid under standard conditions . Gold often occurs in free elemental ( native ) form , as nuggets or grains , in rocks , in veins , and in alluvial deposits . It occurs in a solid solution series with the native element silver ( as electrum ) and also naturally alloyed with copper and palladium . Less commonly , it occurs in minerals as gold compounds , often with tellurium ( gold tellurides ) .   Gold 's atomic number of 79 makes it one of the higher numbered , naturally occurring elements . It is thought to have been produced in supernova nucleosynthesis , from the collision of neutron stars , and to have been present in the dust from which the Solar System formed . Because the Earth was molten when it was formed , almost all of the gold present in the early Earth probably sank into the planetary core . Therefore , most of the gold that is present today in the Earth 's crust and mantle is thought to have been delivered to Earth later , by asteroid impacts during the Late Heavy Bombardment , about 4 billion years ago .   Gold is resistant to most acids , though it does dissolve in aqua regia , a mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid , which forms a soluble tetrachloroaurate anion . Gold is insoluble in nitric acid , which dissolves silver and base metals , a property that has long been used to refine gold and to confirm the presence of gold in metallic objects , giving rise to the term acid test . Gold also dissolves in alkaline solutions of cyanide , which are used in mining and electroplating . Gold dissolves in mercury , forming amalgam alloys , but this is not a chemical reaction .   Historically , the value of gold was rooted in its relative rarity , easy handling and minting , easy smelting and fabrication , resistance to corrosion and other chemical reactions ( nobility ) and its distinctive color . As a precious metal , gold has been used for coinage , jewelry , and other arts throughout recorded history . In the past , a gold standard was often implemented as a monetary policy , but gold coins ceased to be minted as a circulating currency in the 1930s , and the world gold standard was abandoned for a fiat currency system after 1976 .   A total of 186,700 tonnes of gold is in existence above ground , as of 2015 . The world consumption of new gold produced is about 50 % in jewelry , 40 % in investments , and 10 % in industry . Gold 's high malleability , ductility , resistance to corrosion and most other chemical reactions , and conductivity of electricity have led to its continued use in corrosion resistant electrical connectors in all types of computerized devices ( its chief industrial use ) . Gold is also used in infrared shielding , colored-glass production , gold leafing , and tooth restoration . Certain gold salts are still used as anti-inflammatories in medicine . As of 2014 , the world 's largest gold producer by far was China with 450 tonnes .

neg: Metal-organic framework Metal-organic frameworks ( MOFs ) are compounds consisting of metal ions or clusters coordinated to organic ligands to form one - , two - , or three-dimensional structures . They are a subclass of coordination polymers , with the special feature that they are often porous . The organic ligands included are sometimes referred to as `` struts '' , one example being 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid ( BDC ) .   More formally , a metal -- organic framework is a coordination network with organic ligands containing potential voids . A coordination network is a coordination compound extending , through repeating coordination entities , in one dimension , but with cross-links between two or more individual chains , loops , or spiro-links , or a coordination compound extending through repeating coordination entities in two or three dimensions ; and finally a coordination polymer is a coordination compound with repeating coordination entities extending in one , two , or three dimensions .   In some cases , the pores are stable during elimination of the guest molecules ( often solvents ) and could be refilled with other compounds . Because of this property , MOFs are of interest for the storage of gases such as hydrogen and carbon dioxide . Other possible applications of MOFs are in gas purification , in gas separation , in catalysis , as sensors and as supercapacitors .

neg: Chrysus Chrysus ( Greek : Χρύσος ; aka Khrysos ) in Greek mythology is the spirit ( daimon ) of gold .

neg: Gold Strike (drink) Gold Strike is a cinnamon liqueur containing gold snippets , produced by Lucas Bols . The company suggests it should be drunk as a shot , with the motto `` Shake , Shoot and Strike '' . It 's a clear liquid that tastes like cinnamon candy .   Though the company website states the gold flakes are `` 24-carat '' , some bottles indicate that the gold has various other levels of purity , such as 22 K or 23.5 K . The gold flakes present little health risk . A common urban legend about Gold Strike is that the gold flakes cut the throat or stomach upon ingestion , allowing the alcohol to directly enter the bloodstream for quicker intoxication .   Other alcoholic beverages that contain gold are Goldschläger and Goldwasser .   It is one of many cinnamon-infused liquors on the market . See Fireball and discussion therein .

neg: Lode In geology , a lode is a deposit of metalliferous ore that fills or is embedded in a fissure ( or crack ) in a rock formation or a vein of ore that is deposited or embedded between layers of rock .  The current meaning ( ore vein ) dates from the 17th century , being an expansion of an earlier sense of a `` channel , watercourse '' in late Middle English , which in turn is from the 11th-century meaning of lode as a ` course , way ' .   The generally accepted hydrothermal model of lode deposition posits that metals dissolved in hydrothermal solutions ( hot spring fluids ) deposit the gold or other metallic minerals inside the fissures in the pre-existing rocks . Lode deposits are distinguished primarily from placer deposits , where the ore has been eroded out from its original depositional environment and redeposited by sedimentary forces . A third process for ore deposition is as an evaporite .   A stringer lode is one in which the rock is so permeated by small veinlets that rather than mining the veins , the entire mass of ore and the enveined country rock is mined . It is so named because of the irregular branching of the veins into many anastomosing stringers , so that the ore is not separable from the country rock .   One of largest silver lodes was the Comstock Lode in Nevada , although it is overshadowed by the more recently discovered Cannington Lode in Queensland , Australia . The largest gold lode in the United States was the Homestake Lode . The Broken Hill Lode in South Australia is the largest lead-zinc lode ever discovered .

neg: Coin weights Coin weights are weights which were designed to weigh coins in order to assure their quality .   The usage of coin weights , especially glass ones , goes back to Ptolemaic and Byzantine times . Coin weights were also known in Ancient China .   In Islamic civilization , where they are called Sanadjāt , coin weights are said to have been introduced by a Jew named Sumair in 694 . Up to that point coins were only compared to coins of good quality . Islamic coin weights were made of bronze , iron , and later glass ( considered to be unalterable ) . They bear inscriptions related to Islamic rulers and moneyers and are therefore valuable epigraphical objects .   Coins weights were also known in the Carolingian Empire , where they were stamped with regular coin dyes to clarify their attribution . Islamic coin weights were introduced to Great Britain in the 9-10th century CE through the Vikings .

neg: Precious metal A precious metal is a rare , naturally occurring metallic chemical element of high economic value .  Chemically , the precious metals tend to be less reactive than most elements ( see noble metal ) . They are usually ductile and have a high lustre . Historically , precious metals were important as currency but are now regarded mainly as investment and industrial commodities . Gold , silver , platinum , and palladium each have an ISO 4217 currency code .   The best known precious metals are the coinage metals , gold and silver . Although both have industrial uses , they are better known for their uses in art , jewelry , fine jewelry and coinage . Other precious metals include the platinum group metals : ruthenium , rhodium , palladium , osmium , iridium , and platinum , of which platinum is the most widely traded .  The demand for precious metals is driven not only by their practical use but also by their role as investments and a store of value . Historically , precious metals have commanded much higher prices than common industrial metals .

neg: Gunmetal Gunmetal , also known as red brass in the United States , is a type of bronze -- an alloy of copper , tin and zinc . Proportions vary by source , but 88 % copper , 8-10 % tin and 2-4 % zinc is an approximation . Originally used chiefly for making guns , it was eventually superseded in this department by steel . Gunmetal , which casts and machines well and is resistant to corrosion from steam and salt water , is used to make steam and hydraulic castings , valves , gears , statues and various small objects , such as buttons . It has a tensile strength of 221 to 310 MPa , a specific gravity of 8.7 , a density 8,719 kg/m3 , a Brinell hardness of 65 to 74 , and a melting point of around 1000 degrees Celsius .

neg: Bracteate A bracteate ( from the Latin bractea , a thin piece of metal ) is a flat , thin , single-sided gold medal worn as jewelry that was produced in Northern Europe predominantly during the Migration Period of the Germanic Iron Age ( including the Vendel era in Sweden ) . The term is also used for thin discs , especially in gold , to be sewn onto clothing in the ancient world , as found for example in the ancient Persian Oxus Treasure , and also later silver coins produced in central Europe during the early Middle Ages .

neg: Platinum group The platinum-group metals ( abbreviated as the PGMs ; alternatively , the platinoids , platinides , platidises , platinum group , platinum metals , platinum family or platinum-group elements ( PGEs ) ) are six noble , precious metallic elements clustered together in the periodic table . These elements are all transition metals in the d-block ( groups 8 , 9 , and 10 , periods 5 and 6 ) .   The six platinum-group metals are ruthenium , rhodium , palladium , osmium , iridium , and platinum . They have similar physical and chemical properties , and tend to occur together in the same mineral deposits . However they can be further subdivided into the iridium-group platinum-group elements ( IPGEs : Os , Ir , Ru ) and the palladium-group platinum-group elements ( PPGEs : Rh , Pt , Pd ) based on their behaviour in geological systems .   The three elements above the platinum group in the periodic table ( iron , nickel and cobalt ) are all ferromagnetic , these being the only known transition metals with this property .

neg: Gold repatriation Gold repatriation refers to plans of various governments to bring home their gold stored outside the home country .   Many countries use foreign vaults for safe-keeping of part of their gold reserves and there is a growing tendency not to trust the foreign custodian .

neg: Post-transition metal In chemistry , post-transition metals are the metallic elements in the periodic table located between the transition metals ( to their left ) and the metalloids ( to their right ) . Usually included in this category are gallium , indium and thallium ; tin and lead ; and bismuth . Which elements are counted as post-transition metals depends , in periodic table terms , on where the transition metals are taken to end and where the metalloids or non-metals are taken to start .   Physically , post-transition metals are soft ( or brittle ) , have poor mechanical strength , and have melting points lower than those of the transition metals . Being close to the metal-nonmetal border , their crystalline structures tend to show covalent or directional bonding effects , having generally greater complexity or fewer nearest neighbours than other metallic elements .   Chemically , they are characterised -- to varying degrees -- by covalent bonding tendencies , acid-base amphoterism and the formation of anionic species such as aluminates , stannates , and bismuthates ( in the case of aluminium , tin , and bismuth , respectively ) . They can also form Zintl phases ( half-metallic compounds formed between highly electropositive metals and moderately electronegative metals or metalloids ) .   The expression ` post-transition metals ' is used here as there is no IUPAC-approved collective name for these metals . Occasionally , some or all of them have instead been referred to as B-subgroup metals , other metals , or p-block metals ; and by at least eleven other alternative labels . All these labels are surveyed later in this article .

neg: Colored gold Pure gold is slightly reddish yellow in color , but colored gold in various other colors can be produced .   Colored golds can be classified to three groups :  Alloys with silver and copper in various proportions , producing white , yellow , green and red golds ; typically malleable alloys  Intermetallic compounds , producing blue and purple golds , as well as other colors . These are typically brittle but can be used as gems and inlays  Surface treatments such as oxide layers   Pure 100 % gold is 24 karat by definition , so all colored golds are less than this , with the common being 18K ( 75 % ) , 14K ( 58 % ) , and 9K ( 38 % ) .

neg: Gold-plating (European Union law) Gold-plating is pejorative term to characterise the process where an EU directive is given additional powers when being transposed into the national laws of member states . In operational terms , the European Commission defines gold-plating `` an excess of norms , guidelines and procedures accumulated at national , regional and local levels , which interfere with the expected policy goals to be achieved by such regulation '' .   Business lobbyists generally argue against it because additional regulation tends to raise costs for businesses , but there are the few companies that stand to benefit from it .

neg: Goldring Goldring may refer to :   Goldring ( surname ) , a surname  USS Goldring ( SS-360 ) , a Balao-class submarine  The Gold Ring ; A group ( ring ) of conspirators who manipulated the U.S. gold market on September 24 , 1869 , aka Black Friday  Mount Goldring , Antarctica  Goldring or gold-ring , a former common name for the white crappie ( Pomoxis annularis )  Goldring ( audio company ) , an audio equipment manufacturing company  Goldring , a former name for lands near Rosemont in Helenton Loch , Symington , South Ayrshire , Scotland  Goldring Centre for High Performance Sport , at the University of Toronto in Ontario , Canada

neg: Gold Award Gold Award may refer to :   Several organizations issue awards with this name :   A level of the Duke of Edinburgh 's Award  Zee Gold Awards , honouring the best performers in Indian television industry  The Gold Award ( Girl Scouts of the USA )  The Gold Award of the Venturing program of the Boy Scouts of America

neg: Henryk Gold Henryk Gold ( 19029 January 1977 in New York City , United States ) was a Polish Jewish composer , arranger , and orchestra director .   He was born in Warsaw to a musical family : his mother Helena was of the famous Warsaw klezmer Melodysta family , and his father Michael was a flautist in the Warsaw Opera Orchestra . He was the brother of Artur Gold . He studied in Warsaw , his teachers including Stanisław Barcewicz ( violin ) .   When silent movies in Poland lost popularity following the arrival of Al Jolson 's The Jazz Singer , ( known in Yiddish as The Singing Buffoon ) , thousands of Polish musicians who 'd played in the movie theaters lost their livelihood ; they began to create large and small orchestras playing dance music and jazz . Artur and Henryk Gold , the brothers Jerzy and Stanislaw Petersburski , Zygmunt Karasinski and Szymon Kataszek , Kazimierz Englard , Julian Halicki were the pioneers ; Henryk Gold was chief among them , giving concerts at the famous Ziemiańska Cafe on Kredytowa Street and the revue theater `` Morskie-Oko '' on Sienkiewicz Street . He ran the nightclub `` Adria '' with his brother on Moniuszki Street .   Gold wrote hundreds of tangos , polkas , foxtrots , and waltzes , interpolating Jewish motifs . His hits included Tęsknota ( Nostalgia , in Yiddish Benkshaft ) ; Jaśminy ( Jasmine ) ; Jak ja się dziś upiję ( When I Get Drunk Today , in Yiddish Az ` Khvel Mikh Haynt Onshikirn ) ; Moja pierswsza i ostatnia ( My First and Last , Yiddish Mayn Ershte Un Letste ) ; Szkoda twoich łez ( Too bad about your tears , Yiddish A Shod Dayne Trern ) , and others .   During the Second World War , he and fellow composer Jerzy Petersburski toured the Soviet Union with a large jazz orchestra . In 1942 he left the Soviet Union with the Polish Anders Army , went to Israel , where he wrote songs `` Arcenu ha-ktantonet '' , `` Ruakh '' , `` Shalom '' and lastly emigrated to New York City , United States .

neg: Crown gold Crown gold is a 22 karat ( kt ) gold alloy , crown coin , introduced in England in 1526 ( by Henry VIII ) to replace the earlier gold sovereign coins which were made from the softer 23 kt gold and which thereby had invited both deliberate filing and also non-intentional wear . The 22 kt standard has been used for British gold coins ever since this change which is 91.667 % gold ( or 22 parts out of 24 ) .

neg: Metals (album) Metals is the fourth studio album by Canadian singer-songwriter Feist . It was released on September 30 , 2011 in Ireland , Austria , Switzerland , Germany , Sweden and Belgium ; October 3 , 2011 in the United Kingdom ; and October 4 , 2011 in the United States and Canada . The first single from the album is `` How Come You Never Go There '' , which was released on August 12 , 2011 . The album was supported by a world tour which started in Amsterdam , Netherlands on October 15 , 2011 and finished on October 20 , 2012 in Latin America .   Metals debuted on the US Billboard 200 at number 7 , and sold 38,000 copies in its first week . It earned Feist 's best sales week and it was her first top 10 album to chart in the US . The album received acclaim from critics .

neg: Pot metal Pot metal -- also known as monkey metal , white metal , or die-cast zinc -- is a colloquial term that refers to alloys of low-melting point metals that manufacturers use to make fast , inexpensive castings . The term `` pot metal '' came about due to the practice at automobile factories in the early 20th century of gathering up non-ferrous metal scraps from the manufacturing processes and melting them in one pot to form into cast products . A small amount of iron usually made it into the castings , but too much iron raised the melting point , so it was minimized .