query: British Fantasy Award categories include Best Fantasy Novel.

pos: British Fantasy Award The British Fantasy Awards are administered annually by the British Fantasy Society ( BFS ) and were first awarded in 1976 . Prior to that they were known as The August Derleth Fantasy Awards ( see August Derleth Award ) . First awarded in 1972 ( The Knight of Swords by Michael Moorcock ) only for novels , the number of award categories increased and in 1976 the BFS renamed them collectively the British Fantasy Awards . The current award categories are Best Fantasy Novel ( the Robert Holdstock Award ) , Best Horror Novel ( the August Derleth Award ) , Best Novella , Best Short Story , Best Independent Press , Best Artist , Best Anthology , Best Collection , Best Comic/Graphic Novel , Best Non-Fiction , and Best Newcomer ( the Sydney J. Bounds Award ) , while the Karl Edward Wagner Award for `` important contribution to the genre or the Society '' is given at the discretion of the BFS committee . The membership of the BFS vote to determine the shortlists of the awards , the winners being decided by juries .

neg: BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language The BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language is given annually by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts and presented at the British Academy Film Awards . The award was first given at the 36th British Academy Film Awards , recognising the films of 1982 , and until 1990 was known as the BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Film . Prior to this , films recorded in a language other than English were often recognised in the category BAFTA Award for Best Film , known between 1949 and 1969 as Best Film from any Source .   In the following lists , the titles and names in bold with a dark grey background are the winners and recipients respectively ; those not in bold are the nominees . The years given are those in which the films under consideration were released , not the year of the ceremony , which always takes place the following year .

neg: The Last Battle The Last Battle is a high fantasy novel for children by C. S. Lewis , published by The Bodley Head in 1956 . It was the seventh and final novel in The Chronicles of Narnia ( 1950 -- 1956 ) . Like the others it was illustrated by Pauline Baynes and her work has been retained in many later editions .   The Last Battle is set almost entirely in the Narnia world and the English children who participate arrive only in the middle of the narrative . The novel is set some 200 Narnian years after The Silver Chair and about 2500 years since the creation of the world narrated in The Magician 's Nephew . A false Aslan is set up in the north-western borderlands and conflict between true and false Narnians merges with that between Narnia and Calormen , whose people worship Tash . It concludes with termination of the world by Aslan , after a `` last battle '' that is practically lost .   Macmillan US published an American edition within the calendar year .   Lewis and The Last Battle won the annual Carnegie Medal from the Library Association , recognising the year 's best children 's book by a British subject . The author wrote to illustrator Baynes , `` is it not rather ` our ' medal ? I 'm sure the illustrations were taken into account as well as the text . ''

neg: Aurealis Award for best young adult novel The Aurealis Awards are presented annually by the Australia-based Chimaera Publications and WASFF to published works to `` recognise the achievements of Australian science fiction , fantasy , horror writers '' . To qualify , a work must have been first published by an Australian citizen or permanent resident between 1 January and 31 December of the corresponding year ; the presentation ceremony is held the following year . It has grown from a small function of around 20 people to a two-day event attended by over 200 people .   Since their creation in 1995 , awards have been given in various categories of speculative fiction . Categories currently include science fiction , fantasy , horror , speculative young adult fiction -- with separate awards for novels and short fiction -- collections , anthologies , illustrative works or graphic novels , children 's books , and an award for excellence in speculative fiction . The awards have attracted the attention of publishers by setting down a benchmark in science fiction and fantasy . The continued sponsorship by publishers such as HarperCollins and Orbit has added weight to the honour of the award .   The results are decided by a panel of judges from a list of submitted nominees ; the long-list of nominees is reduced to a short-list of finalists . Ties can occur if the panel decides that both entries show equal merit , however they are encouraged to choose a single winner . The judges are selected from a public application process by the Award 's management team .   This article lists all the short-list nominees and winners in the best young-adult novel category , as well as novels that have been highly commended . Three people have won the award twice -- Isobelle Carmody , Garth Nix and Scott Westerfeld . Westerfeld holds the record for most nominations with eight , and Rory Barnes has the most nominations without winning , having been a losing finalist five times .

neg: The Dangerous Book for Boys The Dangerous Book for Boys , by Conn and Hal Iggulden , is a guidebook published by HarperCollins , aimed at boys `` from eight to eighty . '' It covers around eighty topics , including how to build a treehouse , grow a crystal , or tell direction with a watch . Also included are famous quotes , stories , battles , and phrases that `` every boy should know . '' It was published in the UK in June 2006 , and reached number one in the UK non-fiction charts several times , selling over half a million copies .   Conn Iggulden also published a novel , Wolf of the Plains , about Genghis Khan , which , along with The Dangerous Book for Boys , allowed Iggulden to be the first author to reach the number one spot in both the fiction and non-fiction charts .   Within the first week of its US publication on 1 May 2007 , it reached number two on the Amazon.com best-selling book lists , being outsold only by Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . Other people who contributed to the success of the book include the editorial team at the time , which consisted of Katie Espiner and Clare Hey , and Helen Johnstone , who won the 2007 British Book Industry Award for best publicity campaign .

neg: BAFTA Award for Best Film The BAFTA Award for Best Film is given annually by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts and presented at the British Academy Film Awards . It has been given since the 1st BAFTA Awards , representing the best films of 1947 , but until 1969 it was called the BAFTA Award for Best Film From Any Source . It is possible for films from any country to be nominated , although British films are also recognised in the category BAFTA Award for Best British Film and ( since 1983 ) foreign-language films in BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language . As such , there have been multiple occasions of a film being nominated in two of these categories .   There has been one tie for the Best Film award when , in 1962 , Ballad of a Soldier tied with The Hustler for Best Film from any Source . Until 1981 , the award was given to the director , except in 1976 and 1977 , when it was given to the producers . From 1981 to 1985 , it was given solely to the producers , and then in 1986 , it was shared between the Director and Producer . In 1998 , it was once again given to only the producers .   In the following lists , the titles and names in bold with a dark grey background are the winners and recipients respectively ; those not in bold are the nominees . The years given are those in which the films under consideration were released , not the year of the ceremony , which always takes place the following year .

neg: The Child Garden The Child Garden is a 1989 science fiction novel by Geoff Ryman . It won both the Arthur C. Clarke Award and the John W. Campbell Memorial Award in 1990 .   The novel is structured as two books with a brief introduction . The first book was originally published in two parts as `` Love Sickness '' in the Summer and Autumn 1987 editions of the British science fiction magazine Interzone . It won the 1988 BFSA Award and placed 8th in the Locus Poll Award for Best Novella .

neg: Bram Stoker Award for Best Poetry Collection The Bram Stoker Award for Best Poetry Collection is an award presented by the Horror Writers Association ( HWA ) for `` superior achievement '' in horror writing for a poetry collection .

neg: Into the Wild (novel) Into the Wild is a children 's fantasy novel written by Erin Hunter after concepts and outlines created and developed by Victoria Holmes . The novel was published by HarperCollins in Canada and the United States in January 2003 , and in the United Kingdom in February 2003 . It is the first novel in the Warriors series . The book has been published in paperback , and e-book formats in twenty different languages . The story is about a young domestic cat named Rusty who leaves his human owners to join a group of forest-dwelling feral cats called ThunderClan , adopting a new name : Firepaw . He is trained to defend and hunt for the Clan , becomes embroiled in a murder and betrayal within the Clan , and , at the end of the book , receives his warrior name , Fireheart , after a battle with another Clan . The novel is written from the perspective of Fireheart ( previously known as Rusty for a short time , then , for most of the book , Firepaw ) .   The series began in 2003 when HarperCollins requested Holmes to write a book on feral cats . After creating one storyline Holmes brought in Kate Cary to finish writing the book as Holmes went behind the scenes to edit and supervise the details . Holmes has compared the style of the book to a different language as the books are written by three separate authors . She feels that Erin Hunter must have a consistent voice the entire series . The story uses a lexicon with words such as `` twoleg '' substituted for `` human '' or `` new-leaf '' for `` spring '' . The style has been compared to the Harry Potter series , J.R.R. Tolkien and Brian Jacques . Themes include family , loyalty , death , courage , and survival . Into the Wild was critically well received . Booklist believed the book would appeal to followers of Brian Jacques ' Redwall series . Among other awards , it claimed third place in the 2006 Young Reader 's Choice Award .

neg: Fantasy Masterworks Fantasy Masterworks is a series of British paperbacks intended to comprise `` some of the greatest , most original , and most influential fantasy ever written '' , and claimed by its publisher Millennium ( an imprint of Victor Gollancz ) to be `` the books which , along with Tolkien , Peake and others , shaped modern fantasy . ''   It has a companion series in the SF Masterworks line . A separate Future Classics line has also started featuring eight science fiction novels from the last few decades .   The books were numbered only through No. 50 ; in the 2013 reboot of the series the books are unnumbered , have a uniform look , and feature introductions by well-known writers and critics .

neg: Welsh literature in English Anglo-Welsh literature and Welsh writing in English are terms used to describe works written in the English language by Welsh writers . It has been recognised as a distinctive entity only since the 20th century . The need for a separate identity for this kind of writing arose because of the parallel development of modern Welsh-language literature ; as such it is perhaps the youngest branch of English-language literature in the British Isles .   Welsh writers in English have traditionally favoured the short story form over the novel for two main reasons : in a society lacking sufficient wealth to support professional writers , the amateur writer was able to spare time only for short bursts of creativity ; and , like poetry , it concentrated linguistic delight and exuberance . However , the genre did not develop in these writers much beyond its origin in rural sketches . Satire was avoided , and , since the main market was London publishers , the short stories tended to focus on the eccentricities ( as seen from a metropolitan viewpoint ) of Welsh life .

neg: The Servants (novel) The Servants is a young adult contemporary fantasy novel by British author M. M. Smith . It tells the story of an eleven-year-old boy named Mark who , against his wishes , moves away from his home town of London to the wintry Brighton seaside , and the resulting misadventures . It was nominated in 2008 for a World Fantasy Award in the Best Novel category .

neg: Enchantment (novel) Enchantment is an English language fantasy novel written by Orson Scott Card . First published in 1999 , the novel is based on the Russian version of Sleeping Beauty and other folk tales . Various forms of magic , potions , and immortal deities also play an important role in the story .

neg: Tir na n-Og Award The Tir na n-Og Awards ( abbreviated TnaO ) are a set of annual children 's literary awards in Wales from 1976 . They are presented by the Welsh Books Council to the best books published during the preceding calendar year in each of three awards categories , one English-language and two Welsh-language . Their purpose is '' -LSB- to raise -RSB- the standard of children 's and young people 's books and to encourage the buying and reading of good books . '' There is no restriction to fiction or prose . Each prize is # 1,000 .   The awards are named for Tír na nÓg , the `` Land of the Young '' , an otherworldly realm in Irish mythology .   The English-language award honours one book with an `` authentic Welsh background '' whose original language is English . It is sponsored by the British Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals , Cymru Wales division ( CILIP/Wales ) , and presented at that association 's annual conference in May .   The Welsh-language Primary Sector and Secondary Sector awards honour one book written for primary school children and one for secondary school children .  They are presented at the annual Urdd National Eisteddfod , recently at the beginning of June or end of May .  Since 2011 , the Welsh-language awards are co-sponsored by the Cardigan-based publisher Cymdeithas Lyfrau Ceredigion .   Shortlists comprising three or four books in each awards category have been published by WBC at least from 2011 .

neg: Icelandic Children's Book Prize The Icelandic Children 's Book Prize ( Íslensku barnabókaverðlaunin ) is a literary prize which is awarded annually ( when sufficiently good entries present themselves ) by the Verðlaunasjóði íslenskra barnabóka , established by the author Ármann Kr . Einarsson in conjunction with the publisher Vaka-Helgafell in 1985 . The prize is awarded for an unpublished manuscript of a story for children and young people or for an illustrated children 's book , published in the preceding year . The winning book is then published by Vaka-Helgafell ( now part of Forlagið ) during the autumn . On two occasions ( 1995 and 2006 ) , two books have won the award .

neg: List of Fighting Fantasy gamebooks Fighting Fantasy is a series of single-player fantasy roleplay gamebooks created by Steve Jackson and Ian Livingstone . The first volume in the series was published by Puffin in 1982 , with the rights to the franchise eventually being purchased by Wizard Books in 2002 . The series distinguished itself by featuring a fantasy role-playing element , with the caption on each cover claiming each title was `` a Fighting Fantasy gamebook in which YOU are the hero ! '' The popularity of the series led to the creation of merchandise such as action figures , board games , role-playing game systems , magazines , novels and video games .

neg: Premi Sant Jordi de novel·la The Premi Sant Jordi de novel · la ( -LSB- ˈpɾɛmi ˈsaɲ ˈʒɔrði ðə nuˈβɛɫːə -RSB- ; `` Saint George 's novel prize '' ) is a literary award in Catalan language given by Òmnium Cultural and Enciclopèdia Catalana .

neg: Dwarf Stars Award The Dwarf Stars Award is an annual award presented by the Science Fiction Poetry Association to the author of the best horror , fantasy , or science fiction poem of ten lines or fewer published in the previous year . The award was established in 2006 as a counterpoint to the Rhysling Award , which is given by the same organization to horror , fantasy , or science fiction poems of any length . Poems are submitted to the association by the poets , from which approximately 30 are chosen by an editor to be published in an anthology each fall . Members of the association then vote on the published poems , and first through third-place winners are announced . The 2006 anthology was edited by Deborah P. Kolodji , and subsequent anthologies have been edited by an array of editors , including Kolodji , Stephen M. Wilson , Joshua Gage , Geoffrey A. Landis , Linda D. Addison , Sandra J. Lindow , John Amen , Jeannine Hall Gailey , and Lesley Wheeler .   During the 11 nomination years , 35 poems by 25 poets have been selected as third place or better , including one three-way tie for second place in 2016 , of which 11 poets have won outright . Jane Yolen has been noted four times , a first and a third place and two second-place results ; Deborah P. Kolodji and Julie Bloss Kelsey have each received a first and a second place ; Greg Beatty a first and a third place ; Sonya Taaffe has received two second-place results ; and Ann K. Schwader has received two third-place results .

neg: Novel in Scotland The novel in Scotland includes all long prose fiction published in Scotland and by Scottish authors since the development of the literary format in the eighteenth century . The novel was soon a major element of Scottish literary and critical life . Tobias Smollett 's picaresque novels , such as The Adventures of Roderick Random and The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle mean that he is often seen as Scotland 's first novelist . Other Scots who contributed to the development of the novel in the eighteenth century include Henry Mackenzie and John Moore .   There was a tradition of moral and domestic fiction in the early nineteenth century that included the work of Elizabeth Hamilton , Mary Brunton and Christian Johnstone . The outstanding literary figure of the early nineteenth century was Walter Scott , whose Waverley is often called the first historical novel . He had a major worldwide influence . His success led to a publishing boom in Scotland . Major figures that benefited included James Hogg , John Galt , John Gibson Lockhart , John Wilson and Susan Ferrier . In the mid-nineteenth century major literary figures that contributed to the development of the novel included David Macbeth Moir , John Stuart Blackie , William Edmondstoune Aytoun and Margaret Oliphant . In the late nineteenth century , a number of Scottish-born authors achieved international reputations , including Robert Louis Stevenson and Arthur Conan Doyle , whose Sherlock Holmes stories helped found the tradition of detective fiction . In the last two decades of the century the `` kailyard school '' ( cabbage patch ) depicted Scotland in a rural and nostalgic fashion , often seen as a `` failure of nerve '' in dealing with the rapid changes that had swept across Scotland in the industrial revolution . Figures associated with the movement include Ian Maclaren , S. R. Crockett and J. M. Barrie , best known for his creation of Peter Pan , which helped develop the genre of fantasy , as did the work of George MacDonald .   Among the most important novels of the early twentieth century was The House with the Green Shutters by George Douglas Brown , which broke with the Kailyard tradition . John Buchan played a major role in the creation of the modern thriller with The Thirty-Nine Steps and Greenmantle . The Scottish literary Renaissance attempted to introduce modernism into art and create of a distinctive national literature . It increasingly focused on the novel . Major figures included Neil Gunn , George Blake , A. J. Cronin , Eric Linklater and Lewis Grassic Gibbon . There were also a large number of female authors associated with the movement , who included Catherine Carswell , Willa Muir , Nan Shepherd and Naomi Mitchison . Many major Scottish post-war novelists , such as Robin Jenkins , Jessie Kesson , Muriel Spark , Alexander Trocchi and James Kennaway spent most of their lives outside Scotland , but often dealt with Scottish themes . Successful mass-market works included the action novels of Alistair MacLean and the historical fiction of Dorothy Dunnett . A younger generation of novelists that emerged in the 1960s and 1970s included Allan Massie , Shena Mackay and Alan Spence . Working class identity continued to be explored by Archie Hind , Alan Sharp , George Friel and William McIlvanney .   From the 1980s Scottish literature enjoyed another major revival , with figures including Alasdair Gray , James Kelman , Irvine Welsh , Alan Warner , Janice Galloway , A. L. Kennedy , Iain Banks , Candia McWilliam , Frank Kuppner and Andrew O'Hagan . In genre fiction Iain Banks , writing as Iain M. Banks , produced ground-breaking science fiction and Scottish crime fiction has been a major area of growth with the success of novelists including Frederic Lindsay , Quintin Jardine , Val McDermid , Denise Mina , Christopher Brookmyre , and particularly Ian Rankin and his Inspector Rebus novels . The most successful author of Scottish origins in recent years has been J. K. Rowling , author of the Harry Potter series .

neg: Constellation Awards The Constellation Awards are a set of Canadian awards given annually for the best science fiction or fantasy works and achievements of the previous year . It was founded is 2007 . Constellation Awards are the only Canadian sci-fi award where the Canadian public select the nominees and winners in all categories .

neg: A Wizard of Earthsea A Wizard of Earthsea is a young adult fantasy novel written by the American author Ursula K. Le Guin , first published by the small press Parnassus in 1968 . The novel received highly positive reviews , initially as a work for children , and later among a general audience as well .   Set in the fictional archipelago of Earthsea , the story centers around a young mage named Ged , born in a village on the island Gont . Displaying great power while still a boy , he joins the school of wizardry , where his prickly nature drives him into conflict with one of his fellows . During a magical duel , Ged 's spell goes awry and releases a shadow creature that attacks him . The novel follows his journey as he seeks to be free of the creature .   The book has often been described as a Bildungsroman or coming of age story , as it explores Ged 's process of learning to cope with power and come to terms with death . The novel also carries Taoist themes about a fundamental balance in the universe of Earthsea , which wizards are supposed to maintain , closely tied to the idea that language and names have power to affect the material world and alter this balance . Although the structure of the story is similar to that of a traditional epic , critics also described it as subverting this genre in many ways , such as by making the protagonist dark-skinned , in comparison to more typical white-skinned heroes .   A Wizard of Earthsea is widely regarded as a classic of fantasy and young-adult literature and was one of the final recipients of the Lewis Carroll Shelf Award . The book was widely influential within the genre of fantasy ; Margaret Atwood , for instance , called A Wizard of Earthsea one of the `` wellsprings '' of fantasy literature . Le Guin would later write five subsequent books that , together with A Wizard of Earthsea , are referred to as the Earthsea Cycle : The Tombs of Atuan ( 1971 ) , The Farthest Shore ( 1972 ) , Tehanu ( 1990 ) , The Other Wind ( 2001 ) , and Tales from Earthsea ( 2001 ) . George Slusser has described the series as a `` work of high style and imagination '' .


query: Lyme disease causes erythema migrans, an expanding area of redness on the skin.

pos: Lyme disease Lyme disease , also known as Lyme borreliosis , is an infectious disease caused by bacteria of the Borrelia type . The most common sign of infection is an expanding area of redness on the skin , known as erythema migrans , that begins at the site of a tick bite about a week after it has occurred . The rash is typically neither itchy nor painful . Approximately 25 -- 50 % of infected people do not develop a rash . Other early symptoms may include fever , headache and feeling tired . If untreated , symptoms may include loss of the ability to move one or both sides of the face , joint pains , severe headaches with neck stiffness , or heart palpitations , among others . Months to years later , repeated episodes of joint pain and swelling may occur . Occasionally , people develop shooting pains or tingling in their arms and legs . Despite appropriate treatment , about 10 to 20 % of people develop joint pains , memory problems , and feel tired for at least six months .   Lyme disease is transmitted to humans by the bite of infected ticks of the Ixodes genus . Usually , the tick must be attached for 36 to 48 hours before the bacteria can spread . In North America , Borrelia burgdorferi and Borrelia mayonii are the cause . In Europe and Asia , the bacteria Borrelia afzelii and Borrelia garinii are also causes of the disease . The disease does not appear to be transmissible between people , by other animals , or through food . Diagnosis is based upon a combination of symptoms , history of tick exposure , and possibly testing for specific antibodies in the blood . Blood tests are often negative in the early stages of the disease . Testing of individual ticks is not typically useful .   Prevention includes efforts to prevent tick bites such as by wearing long pants and using DEET . Using pesticides to reduce tick numbers may also be effective . Ticks can be removed using tweezers . If the removed tick was full of blood , a single dose of doxycycline may be used to prevent development of infection , but is not generally recommended since development of infection is rare . If an infection develops , a number of antibiotics are effective , including doxycycline , amoxicillin , and cefuroxime . Treatment is usually for two or three weeks . Some people develop a fever and muscle and joint pains from treatment which may last for one or two days . In those who develop persistent symptoms , long-term antibiotic therapy has not been found to be useful .   Lyme disease is the most common disease spread by ticks in the Northern Hemisphere . It is estimated to affect 300,000 people a year in the United States and 65,000 people a year in Europe . Infections are most common in the spring and early summer . Lyme disease was diagnosed as a separate condition for the first time in 1975 in Old Lyme , Connecticut . It was originally mistaken for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis . The bacterium involved was first described in 1981 by Willy Burgdorfer . Chronic symptoms are well described and are known as post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome , although it is often called chronic Lyme disease . Some healthcare providers claim that it is due to ongoing infection ; however , this is not believed to be true . A previous vaccine is no longer available . Research is ongoing to develop new vaccines .

neg: Salmonellosis Salmonellosis is a symptomatic infection caused by bacteria of the Salmonella type . The most common symptoms are diarrhea , fever , abdominal cramps , and vomiting . This typically occurs half to three days after exposure with symptoms lasts four to seven days . Occasionally more significant disease can result in dehydration . The old , young , and others with a weak immune systems are more likely to develop severe disease . Specific types of Salmonella can result in typhoid fever or paratyphoid fever .   There are two species of Salmonella : Salmonella bongori and Salmonella enterica with many subtypes . Infection is usually spread via contaminated meat , eggs , or milk . Other foods may spread the disease if they have come into contact with manure . A number of pets may also carry the infection and spread the infection including , cats , dogs , and reptiles . Diagnosis is by a stool test .   Efforts to prevent the disease include proper preparation and cooking of food . Mild disease typically does not require specific treatment . More significant cases may need the treatment of electrolyte problems and the replacement of fluids by intravenous . In those at high risk or in whom the disease has spread outside the intestines , antibiotics are recommended .   Salmonellosis is one of the most common causes of diarrhea globally . In 2015 , 90,300 deaths occurred from non-typhoidal and 178,000 deaths from typhoidal salmonellosis . In the United States about 1.2 million cases and 450 deaths occur from non -- typhoidal salmonellosis a year . In Europe it is the second most common foodborne disease after campylobacteriosis .

neg: Hypereosinophilia Hypereosinophilia or hypereosinophilic syndrome is a disease characterised by a marked increase in the eosinophil count in the bloodstream .   The eosinophil count in human blood is normally 0.4 × 109/L ( 0.1 - 0.6 ) and results from a balance between production of eosinophils and emigration through post-capillary venules ( Yamaguchi et al. 1991 ) . Eosinophils are only a small minority of peripheral blood leucocytes and in normal subjects , most are found in the tissues of the lung and gastro-intestinal tract ( Beeken et al. 1987 ) . Blood eosinophil counts are arbitrarily classified as mild - between 0.6 to 1.5 × 109/L ; moderate between 1.5 to 5 × 109/L and severe when greater than 5 × 109/L .   An elevated blood eosinophil count may be associated with a number of reactive conditions and with clonal disorders of the bone marrow . However , when the blood eosinophil count is persistently greater than 1.5 × 109 / L , for a period of more than six months , damage to end organs such as the heart , lungs , skin , joints and nervous system can be demonstrated , and in the absence of any clonal or reactive cause , the term idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome ( HES ) is used . The three defining criteria of HES are therefore :  Eosinophil count persistently greater than 1.5 × 109/L  Damage to end-organs  No ascertainable cause for the eosinophilia and no evidence of clonality .   There are four categories of blood eosinophilia :  Reactive ( non-clonal ) eosinophilia : infections , parasitic infestations , asthma and allergies , respiratory diseases , cytokine infusions , vasculitides , non-haematological malignant diseases , drug reactions and connective tissue diseases , Hodgkin 's and non-Hodgkin 's lymphomas are included here as the eosinophils have not been shown to be clonal .  Clonal Disorders of the Bone Marrow associated with eosinophilia : Acute and chronic eosinophilic leukaemia , chronic myeloid leukaemia , polycythaemia vera , essential thrombocythaemia , acute myelogenous leukaemia , Chromosome 16 variants , and T lymphoblastic lymphoma with eosinophilia , acute lymphoblastic leukaemia , myelodysplastic disorders ( MDS ) with eosinophilia , systemic mastocytosis and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia ( Bain 1996 ) .  Clonal eosinophilia : acquired mutations in genes regulating , in part , eosinophil growth , proliferation , differentiation , and survival , and therefor associated with malignant expansion of blood , bone marrow , and tissue eosinophils in various forms of eosinophilia associated with diverse hematological malignancies including the 8p11 myeloproliferative syndrome .  HES : After exclusion of the above two categories , cases of persistent , unexplained eosinophilia fall into the category of HES .

neg: Tumid lupus erythematosus Tumid lupus erythematosus ( also known as `` lupus erythematosus tumidus '' ) is a rare , but distinctive entity in which patients present with edematous erythematous plaques , usually on the trunk .   Lupus erythematosus tumidus ( LET ) was reported by Henri Gougerot and Burnier R. in 1930 . It is a photosensitive skin disorder , a different subtype of cutaneous lupus erythematosus ( CLE ) from discoid lupus erythematosus ( DLE ) or subacute CLE ( SCLE ) . LET is usually found on sun-exposed areas of the body . Skin lesions are edematous , urticarialike annular papules and plaques . Topical corticosteroids are not effective as treatment for LET , but many will respond to chloroquine . LET resolves with normal skin , no residual scarring , no hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation . Cigarette smokers who have LET may not respond very well to chloroquine .   It has been suggested that it is equivalent to Jessner lymphocytic infiltrate of the skin .

neg: Dracunculiasis Dracunculiasis , also called Guinea-worm disease ( GWD ) , is an infection by the Guinea worm . A person becomes infected when they drink water that contains water fleas infected with guinea worm larvae . Initially there are no symptoms . About one year later , the person develops a painful burning feeling as the female worm forms a blister in the skin , usually on a lower limb . The worm then emerges from the skin over the course of a few weeks . During this time , it may be difficult to walk or work . It is very uncommon for the disease to cause death .   In humans , the only known cause is Dracunculus medinensis . The worm is about one to two millimeters wide , and an adult female is 60 to 100 centimeters long ( males are much shorter at 12 - ) . Outside of humans , the young form can survive up to three weeks , during which they must be eaten by water fleas to continue to develop . The larva inside water fleas may survive up to four months . Thus , in order for the disease to remain in an area , it must occur each year in humans . A diagnosis of the disease can usually be made based on the signs and symptoms .   Prevention is by early diagnosis of the disease followed by keeping the person from putting the wound in drinking water to decrease spread of the parasite . Other efforts include improving access to clean water and otherwise filtering water if it is not clean . Filtering through a cloth is often enough . Contaminated drinking water may be treated with a chemical called temefos to kill the larva . There is no medication or vaccine against the disease . The worm may be slowly removed over a few weeks by rolling it over a stick . The ulcers formed by the emerging worm may get infected by bacteria . Pain may continue for months after the worm has been removed .   In 2015 there were 22 reported cases of the disease while in 2016 there were 25 . This is down from an estimated 3.5 million cases in 1986 . In 2016 the disease occurred in three countries , all in Africa , down from 20 countries in the 1980s . It will likely be the first parasitic disease to be globally eradicated . Guinea worm disease has been known since ancient times . It is mentioned in the Egyptian medical Ebers Papyrus , dating from 1550 BC . The name dracunculiasis is derived from the Latin `` affliction with little dragons '' , while the name `` guinea worm '' appeared after Europeans saw the disease on the Guinea coast of West Africa in the 17th century . Other Dracunculus species are known to infect various mammals , but do not appear to infect humans . Dracunculiasis is classified as a neglected tropical disease . Because dogs may also become infected , the eradication program is monitoring and treating dogs as well .

neg: Relapsing fever Relapsing fever is a vector-borne disease caused by infection with certain bacteria in the genus Borrelia , which are transmitted through the bites of lice or soft-bodied ticks ( genus Ornithodoros ) .

neg: Porphyria Porphyria is a group of diseases in which substances called porphyrins build up , affecting the skin or nervous system . The types that affect the nervous system are also known as acute porphyria . Symptoms of acute porphyria include abdominal pain , chest pain , vomiting , confusion , constipation , fever , and seizures . These symptoms typically come and go with attacks that last for days to weeks . Attacks may be triggered by alcohol , smoking , stress , or certain medications . If the skin is affected , blisters or itching may occur with sunlight exposure .   The disease is usually inherited from a person 's parents and is due to a mutation in one of the genes that make heme . Some types are autosomal dominant and others are autosomal recessive . One type , porphyria cutanea tarda , may also be due to increased iron in the liver , hepatitis C , alcohol , or HIV/AIDS . The underlying mechanism results in a decrease in the amount of heme produced and a build-up of substances involved in making heme . Porphyrias may also be classified by whether the liver or the bone marrow is affected . Diagnosis is typically by blood , urine , and stool tests . Genetic testing may be done to determine the specific mutation .   Treatment depends on the type of porphyria and a person 's symptoms . The treatment of porphyria of the skin generally involves the avoidance of sunlight . The treatment for acute porphyria may involve giving intravenous heme or a glucose solution . Rarely a liver transplant may be carried out .   The frequency of porphyria is unclear . It is estimated that it affects 1 to 100 per 50,000 people . Rates vary around the world . Porphyria cutanea tarda is believed to be the most common type . The disease was described at least as early as 370 BC by Hippocrates . The underlying mechanism was first described by Felix Hoppe-Seyler in 1871 . The name porphyria is from the Greek πορφύρα , porphyra , meaning `` purple '' , a reference to the color of the urine that may occur during an attack .

neg: Erythema chronicum migrans Erythema chronicum migrans ( New Latin , literally , `` chronic migrating redness '' ) refers to the rash often ( though not always ) seen in the early stage of Lyme disease . It can appear anywhere from one day to one month after a tick bite . This rash does not represent an allergic reaction to the bite , but rather an actual skin infection with the Lyme bacteria , Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato . `` Erythema migrans is the only manifestation of Lyme disease in the United States that is sufficiently distinctive to allow clinical diagnosis in the absence of laboratory confirmation . '' It is a pathognomonic sign : a physician-identified rash warrants an instant diagnosis of Lyme disease and immediate treatment without further testing , even by the strict criteria of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Such target lesions ( bull 's - eye rashes ) are characteristic of Borrelia infections , and no other pathogens are known that cause this form of rash .   A similar condition called Southern Tick Associated Rash Illness ( STARI ) produces a similar rash pattern although it develops more quickly and is smaller . The associated infectious agent has not been determined . Antibiotic treatment resolves the illness quickly .   This erythema is also sometimes called erythema migrans or EM . However , a less common meaning of the term `` erythema migrans '' is a mucosal condition of the tongue , also called geographic tongue .

neg: Acute retinal necrosis Acute Retinal Necrosis ( ARN ) , is a medical inflammatory condition of the eye . The condition presents itself as a necrotizing retinitis . The inflammation onset is due to certain herpes viruses , Varicella Zoster Virus ( VZV ) , Herpes Simplex Virus ( HSV-1 and HSV-2 ) and Epstein-Barr Virus ( EBV ) .   People with the condition usually display redness of the eye , white or off-white colored patches that are patches of retinal necrosis . ARN can progress into other conditions such as uveitis , detachment of the retina , and ultimately can lead to blindness .   The disease was first characterized in 1971 , in Japan . Akira Urayama and his colleagues had six patients whose cases showed signs of acute necrotizing retinitis , retinal arertitis , choroiditis , and late-onset retinal detachment . The combination of the conditions was given the name acute retinal necrosis . The first reports of ARN came about in 1971 . It is unclear whether it was previously just reported as something else . Urayama and his colleagues reported the disease that they saw in six Japanese patients . Since then the disease has been seen in patient 's with AIDS , children , and people who are immunocompromised . In 1978 , Young and Bird named the disease when presented in both eyes , Bilateral Acute Retinal Necrosis , otherwise known as BARN .

neg: Miliaria Miliaria ( -LSB- ˌmɪl.iˈɛər.i.ə -RSB- also called `` sweat rash '' , `` heat rash '' or `` prickly heat '' ) is a skin disease marked by small and itchy rashes . Miliaria is a common ailment in hot and humid conditions , such as in the tropics and during the summer season . Although it affects people of all ages , it is especially common in children and infants due to their underdeveloped sweat glands .

neg: Recurrent toxin-mediated perineal erythema Recurrent toxin-mediated perineal erythema is an unusual condition that presents 2 -- 3 days after a throat infection as a fine diffuse macular erythema of the perineal region .

neg: Schnitzler syndrome Schnitzler syndrome is a rare disease characterised by chronic hives ( urticaria ) and periodic fever , bone pain and joint pain ( sometimes with joint inflammation ) , weight loss , malaise , fatigue , swollen lymph glands and enlarged spleen and liver .   The urticarial rash is non-itching in more than half of cases , which is unusual for hives . It is most prominent on the trunk , arms and legs , sparing the palms , soles , head and neck . Associated angioedema has been reported in a few patients . A review of 94 cases found a mean age at onset of 51 years , and only four patients developed symptoms before the age of 35 . The cause and disease mechanism of Schnitzler syndrome remain largely unknown .   Schnitzler syndrome is considered an autoinflammatory and autoimmune disorder . Chronic hives and a monoclonal gammopathy have been proposed as the major criteria , while the others represent minor criteria .

neg: Phytophotodermatitis Phytophotodermatitis , also known as `` lime disease '' ( not to be confused with Lyme disease ) , `` Berloque dermatitis '' , or `` Margarita photodermatitis '' is a chemical reaction which makes skin hypersensitive to ultraviolet light . It is frequently mistaken for hereditary conditions such as atopic dermatitis or chemical burns , but it is caused by contact with the photosensitizing compounds found naturally in some plants and vegetables like parsnips , citrus fruits and more . Symptoms include burning , itching and large blisters that slowly accumulate over time .

neg: Human trypanosomiasis Human trypanosomiasis is a cutaneous condition caused by several species of trypanosomes , with skin manifestations usually being observed in the earlier stages of the disease as evanescent erythema , erythema multiforme , and edema , especially angioedema .

neg: Retinal migraine Retinal migraine ( also known as ophthalmic migraine , and ocular migraine ) is a retinal disease often accompanied by migraine headache and typically affects only one eye . It is caused by ischaemia or vascular spasm in or behind the affected eye .   The terms `` retinal migraine '' and `` ocular migraine '' are often confused with `` visual migraine '' , which is a far-more-common symptom of vision loss , resulting from the aura phase of the common migraine . The aura phase of migraine can occur with or without a headache . Ocular or retinal migraines happen in the eye , so only affect the vision in that eye , while visual migraines occur in the brain , so affect the vision in both eyes together . Visual migraines result from cortical spreading depression and are also commonly termed scintillating scotoma .

neg: Formication Formication is the medical term for a sensation that exactly resembles that of small insects crawling on ( or under ) the skin . It is one specific form of a set of sensations known as paresthesias , which also include the more common prickling , tingling sensation known as `` pins and needles '' . Formication is a well documented symptom , which has numerous possible causes . The word is derived from formica , the Latin word for ant .   Formication may sometimes be experienced as feelings of itchiness , tingling , pins and needles , burning , or even pain . When formication is perceived as itchiness , it may trigger the scratch reflex , and because of this , some people who are suffering from the sensation are at risk of causing skin damage through excessive scratching .   In some instances , static electricity can attract particulates to the skin and can also cause body hair to move , giving a sensation like insects crawling over the skin . However , in many cases no external trigger creates the sensation .   In rare cases , individuals become convinced that the sensation they are suffering is due to the presence of real insects on or under the skin . In these cases , patients have what is known as delusional parasitosis . They believe that their skin is inhabited by , or under attack by , small insects or similar parasites , despite repeated reassurances from physicians , pest control experts , and entomologists .

neg: Tyzzer's disease Tyzzer 's disease is an acute epizootic bacterial disease found in rodents , rabbits , dogs , cats , birds , pandas , deer , foals , cattle , and other mammals including gerbils . It is caused by the spore-forming bacterium Clostridium piliforme , formerly known as Bacillus piliformis . It is an infectious disease characterized by necrotic lesions on the liver , is usually fatal , and is present worldwide . Animals with the disease become infected through oral ingestion of the bacterial spores and usually die within a matter of days . Animals most commonly affected include young , stressed animals in laboratory environments , such as immature rodents and rabbits . Most commonly affected wild animals include muskrats ( Ondatra zibethicus ) and occasionally cottontail rabbits ( Lepus sylvaticus ) . Even today , much remains unknown about Tyzzer 's disease , including how and why it occurs .

neg: Poliomyelitis Poliomyelitis , often called polio or infantile paralysis , is an infectious disease caused by the poliovirus . In about 0.5 percent of cases there is muscle weakness resulting in an inability to move . This can occur over a few hours to a few days . The weakness most often involves the legs but may less commonly involve the muscles of the head , neck and diaphragm . Many but not all people fully recover . In those with muscle weakness about 2 to 5 percent of children and 15 to 30 percent of adults die . Another 25 percent of people have minor symptoms such as fever and a sore throat and up to 5 percent have headache , neck stiffness and pains in the arms and legs . These people are usually back to normal within one or two weeks . In up to 70 percent of infections there are no symptoms . Years after recovery post-polio syndrome may occur , with a slow development of muscle weakness similar to that which the person had during the initial infection .   Poliovirus is usually spread from person to person through infected fecal matter entering the mouth . It may also be spread by food or water containing human feces and less commonly from infected saliva . Those who are infected may spread the disease for up to six weeks even if no symptoms are present . The disease may be diagnosed by finding the virus in the feces or detecting antibodies against it in the blood . The disease only occurs naturally in humans .   The disease is preventable with the polio vaccine ; however , a number of doses are required for it to be effective . The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends polio vaccination boosters for travelers and those who live in countries where the disease is occurring . Once infected there is no specific treatment . In 2016 , polio affected 42 people , while there were about 350,000 cases in 1988 . In 2014 the disease was only spreading between people in Afghanistan , Nigeria , and Pakistan . In 2015 Nigeria had stopped the spread of wild poliovirus but it reoccurred in 2016 .   Poliomyelitis has existed for thousands of years , with depictions of the disease in ancient art . The disease was first recognized as a distinct condition by Michael Underwood in 1789 and the virus that causes it was first identified in 1908 by Karl Landsteiner . Major outbreaks started to occur in the late 19th century in Europe and the United States . In the 20th century it became one of the most worrying childhood diseases in these areas . The first polio vaccine was developed in the 1950s by Jonas Salk . It is hoped that vaccination efforts and early detection of cases will result in global eradication of the disease by 2018 .

neg: Livedo reticularis Livedo reticularis is a common skin finding consisting of a mottled reticulated vascular pattern that appears as a lace-like purplish discoloration of the skin . The discoloration is caused by swelling of the venules owing to obstruction of capillaries by small blood clots . The blood clots in the small blood vessels can be a secondary effect of a condition that increases a person 's risk of forming blood clots , including a wide array of pathological and nonpathological conditions . Examples include hyperlipidemia , microvascular hematological or anemia states , nutritional deficiencies , hyper - and autoimmune diseases , and drugs/toxins .   The condition may be normal or related to more severe underlying pathology . Its differential diagnosis is broadly divided into possible blood diseases , autoimmune ( rheumatologic ) diseases , cardiovascular diseases , cancers , and endocrine disorders . It can usually ( in 80 % of cases ) be diagnosed by biopsy .   It may be aggravated by exposure to cold , and occurs most often in the lower extremities .   The condition 's name derives from the Latin livere meaning bluish and reticular which refers to the net-like appearance .

neg: Xerotic eczema Xerotic eczema ( also known as `` Eczema craquelé '' , `` Pruritus hiemalis '' , `` Asteatotic eczema '' , `` Winter itch '' , `` Desiccation dermatitis , '' and `` Winter eczema '' ) is a form of eczema that is characterized by changes that occur when skin becomes abnormally dry , itchy , and cracked . Lower legs tend to be especially affected , although it can appear in the underarm area as well .   Xerotic eczema is common in elderly people , though it is not uncommon for people in their 20s . It can appear in red , bumpy , pimple-like irritations . Shaving can cause it to become inflamed .

neg: Progressive symmetric erythrokeratodermia Progressive symmetric erythrokeratodermia ( also known as `` Erythrokeratodermia progressiva symmetrica '' ) is a rare , autosomal dominant skin condition that manifests soon after birth with erythematous , hyperkeratotic plaques that are symmetrically distributed on the extremities , buttocks , and face , but sparing the trunk . No other clinical symptoms nor mental or physical signs are usually associated with the condition .   Skin plaques start to appear as reddened areas of inflammation , thus often leading to the mistaken diagnosis of Atopic Dermatitis . Following inflammation , the red areas start keratinization , eventually forming the definitive plaques that appear brownish , dry and scaled . Following quite a precise temporal pattern of evolution , the keratinized plaques last for weeks or months , eventually leading to periods of desquamation that leads to the uncovering of `` normal '' skin . Then , a new cycle usually begins , leaving a variable number of days of delay between the cycles .   Though environmental causes are not well understood , it seems clear that factors like sun exposure , wind and air conditioning add to the degree of skin inflammation that sets the start of a new cycle .   Definitive treatment does not exist at the moment . Palliative treatment are intended to alleviate the itching that often accompanies the skin inflammation and to moisture the dry skin to prevent excessive dryness and scaling of the plaques .


query: There is a state called California.

pos: California California ( -LSB- kælᵻˈfɔːrnjə , _ - ni.ə -RSB- , ) is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area . Located on the western ( Pacific Ocean ) coast of the U.S. , California is bordered by the other U.S. states of Oregon , Nevada , and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California . The state capital is Sacramento . Los Angeles is California 's most populous city , and the country 's second largest after New York City . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second - and fifth-most populous urban regions , respectively . California also has the nation 's most populous county , Los Angeles County , and its largest county by area , San Bernardino County .   California 's diverse geography ranges from the Pacific Coast in the west to the Sierra Nevada mountain range in the east ; and from the redwood -- Douglas fir forests in the northwest to the Mojave Desert in the southeast . The Central Valley , a major agricultural area , dominates the state 's center . Though California is well-known for its warm Mediterranean climate , the large size of the state means it can vary from moist temperate rainforest in the north , to arid desert in the interior , as well as snowy alpine in the mountains .   What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries . The Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony . The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its successful war for independence , but was ceded to the United States in 1848 after the Mexican -- American War . The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California , and admitted as the 31st state on September 9 , 1850 . The California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes , with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom .   If it were a country , California would be the 6th largest economy in the world and the 35th most populous . It is also regarded as a global trendsetter in both popular culture and politics , and is the origin of the film industry , the hippie counterculture , the Internet , and the personal computer , among others . Fifty-eight percent of the state 's economy is centered on finance , government , real estate services , technology , and professional , scientific and technical business services . The San Francisco Bay Area has the nation 's highest median household income by metropolitan area , and is the headquarters of three of the world 's largest 40 firms by revenue , Chevron , Apple , and McKesson . Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the state 's economy , California 's agriculture industry has the highest output of any U.S. state .

neg: Alta California Territory Alta California Territory ( Upper California ) was a 19th-century federal territory formed under the Mexican Constitution of 1824 . Its boundaries corresponded with those of the preceding Spanish colonial Alta California Province . It included the territory of the present day U.S. states of California , Nevada and Utah and parts of Arizona , Wyoming , Colorado and New Mexico .

neg: League of California Cities The League of California Cities is an association of cities within the state of California , founded in 1898 . Most of the state 's 482 cities are represented in the league . The League publishes Western City , a monthly magazine , and holds an annual conference and exposition The League advocates for cities at the state capitol , including proper distribution of state taxes to the cities . The main office is in Sacramento .

neg: San Bernardino County, California San Bernardino County , officially the County of San Bernardino , is a county located in the southern portion of the U.S. state of California . As of the 2010 census , the population was 2,035,210 , making it the fifth-most populous county in California , and the 12th-most populous in the United States . The county seat is San Bernardino .   San Bernardino County is included in the Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario , CA Metropolitan Statistical Area , also known as the Inland Empire , as well as the Los Angeles-Long Beach , CA Combined Statistical Area .   With an area of 20,105 square miles , San Bernardino County is the largest county in the United States by area , although some of Alaska 's boroughs and census areas are larger . It is larger than each of the nine smallest states , larger than the four smallest states combined , and larger than 70 different sovereign nations .   Located in southeast California , the thinly populated deserts and mountains of this vast county stretch from where the bulk of the county population resides in two Census County Divisions , some 1,422,745 people as of the 2010 Census , covering the 450 square miles ( 1,166 km2 ) south of the San Bernardino Mountains in San Bernardino Valley , to the Nevada border and the Colorado River .

neg: Butte County, California Butte County is a county in the U.S. state of California . As of the 2010 census , the population was 220,000 . The county seat is Oroville .   Butte County comprises the Chico , CA Metropolitan Statistical Area . It is in the California Central Valley , north of the state capital of Sacramento . Butte County is known as the `` Land of Natural Wealth and Beauty . ''   Butte County is watered by the Feather River and the Sacramento River . Butte Creek and Big Chico Creek are additional perennial streams , both tributary to the Sacramento . The county is the home of California State University , Chico and of Butte College .   There are four major hospitals and the State of California defines Butte County as being inside Health Service Area 1 . A special district , the Butte County Air Quality Management District , regulates airborne pollutant emissions in the county . It does this following regional regulations , state , and federal laws . For example , in recent years , the agency changed rules that once allowed residents to burn household trash outdoors .

neg: U.S. Route 99 U.S. Route 99 ( US 99 ) was a main north -- south United States Numbered Highway on the West Coast of the United States until 1964 , running from Calexico , California , on the US -- Mexico border to Blaine , Washington , on the U.S.-Canada border . It was assigned in 1926 and existed until it was replaced for the most part by Interstate 5 . Known also as the `` Golden State Highway '' and `` The Main Street of California '' , US 99 was important throughout much of the 1930s as a route for Dust Bowl immigrant farm workers to traverse the state . Large portions are now California 's State Route 99 ( SR 99 ) , Oregon Route 99 , 99W , 99E and Washington 's SR 99 . The highway connected to British Columbia Highway 99 at the Canada -- US border .

neg: California Voting Rights Act The California Voting Rights Act of 2001 ( CVRA ) expands on the federal Voting Rights Act of 1965 , making it easier for minority groups in California to prove that their votes are being diluted in `` at-large '' elections . In 1986 , the U.S. Supreme Court established conditions that must be met to prove that minorities are being disenfranchised ; the CVRA eliminated one of these requirements . Unlike the federal Voting Rights Act , the CVRA does not require plaintiffs to demonstrate a specific geographic district where a minority is concentrated enough to establish a majority . This makes it easier for minority voters to sue local governments and eliminate at-large elections . The Act was signed into law on 9 July 2002 .   In 2006 , California 's Fifth District Court of Appeal ruled the act constitutional in Sanchez v. City of Modesto . The city claimed that the act was unconstitutional because it inherently favored people of color ; the court concluded that the act was not racist in nature and returned the case to the trial court .   Critics of the act argue that it inappropriately makes race a predominant factor in elections and that it does not make sense to eliminate the requirement to establish a geographic district where there is a minority concentration . Advocates argue that at-large elections allow bloc voting that effectively keeps minorities out of office .

neg: Monarch butterfly conservation in California The U.S. state of California has instituted numerous conservation programs , policies , laws , reserves and Habitat restoration projects throughout the state to facilitate the health and migration of the western population of the monarch butterfly ( Danaus plexippus ) . The population of western monarchs require very different breeding and overwintering habitat when compared to the eastern population of monarch butterflies . They require specific micro-climatic conditions to survive the winter and they are sensitive to habitat changes at the overwintering sites . The large aggregations of butterflies are seen as the most vulnerable at their overwintering locations along the coast . Many monarch overwintering sites are contained within the `` coastal zone '' ; an area defined by the Coastal Zone Management Act to be 1000 yards inland from the high tide mark . Large number of overwintering sites are outside the coastal zone . There are more than 450 overwintering sites in California documented since the 1980s .

neg: California gubernatorial election, 1861 The California gubernatorial election , 1861 took place on September 4 , 1861 . Incumbent Governor John G. Downey was not a candidate for renomination , as his Democratic Party had violently ruptured over the issue of slavery and secession . Downey was a Lecompton Democrat , those who favored slavery in the Kansas Territory and who were running as now as the Breckenridge or `` Chivalry '' Democrats . These Chivalry Democrats supported Attorney General John McConnell . Anti-slavery or anti-secession Democrats were the `` Unionist '' Democrats who favored John Conness .   With the dire split in the Democratic Party , even more bitter then in 1859 , former Republican nominee Leland Stanford won a plurality of the popular vote and won the governorship . Stanford polled less than a tenth of the vote last election and became the first Republican Governor of California . Both Stanford and Conness later served in the United States Senate .

neg: United States presidential election in California, 1944 In the 1944 United States presidential election , California voted for the Democratic incumbent , Franklin Roosevelt , in a landslide over the Republican challenger , New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey .

neg: California State University The California State University ( Cal State or CSU ) is a public university system in California . Composed of 23 campuses and eight off-campus centers enrolling 460,200 students with 24,405 faculty and 23,012 staff , CSU is the largest four-year public university system in the United States . It is one of three public higher education systems in the state , with the other two being the University of California system and the California Community Colleges System . The CSU System is incorporated as The Trustees of the California State University . The California State University system headquarters are at 401 Golden Shore in Long Beach , California .   The California State University was created in 1960 under the California Master Plan for Higher Education , and it is a direct descendant of the system of California State Normal Schools . With nearly 100,000 graduates annually , the CSU is the country 's greatest producer of bachelor 's degrees . The university system collectively sustains more than 150,000 jobs within the state , and its related expenditures reach more than $ 17 billion annually .   In the 2011-12 academic year , CSU awarded 52 percent of newly issued California teaching credentials , 47 percent of the state 's engineering degrees , 28 percent of the state 's information technology bachelor 's degrees , and it had more graduates in business ( 50 percent ) , agriculture ( 72 percent ) , communication studies , health ( 53 percent ) , education , and public administration ( 52 percent ) than all other universities and colleges in California combined . Altogether , about half of the bachelor 's degrees , one-third of the master 's degrees , and nearly two percent of the doctoral degrees awarded annually in California are from the CSU .   Furthermore , the CSU system is one of the top U.S. producers of graduates who move on to earn their Ph.D. degrees in a related field . The CSU has a total of 17 AACSB accredited graduate business schools which is over twice as many as any other collegiate system . Since 1961 , nearly three million alumni have received their bachelor 's , master 's , or doctoral degrees from the CSU system . CSU offers more than 1,800 degree programs in some 240 subject areas . In Fall of 2015 , 9,282 ( or 39 percent ) of CSU 's 24,405 faculty were tenured or on the tenure track .

neg: List of Interstate Highways in California This is a list of Interstates in the U.S. state of California that have existed since the 1964 renumbering . It includes routes that were defined by the California State Legislature but never built , as well as routes that have been entirely relinquished to local governments .   Each state highway in California is maintained by the California Department of Transportation ( Caltrans ) and is assigned a Route ( officially State Highway Route ) number in the Streets and Highways Code ( Sections 300-635 ) . Under the code , the state assigns a unique Route X to each highway , and does not differentiate between state , US , or Interstate highways .

neg: California Register of Historical Resources The California Register of Historical Resources is a California state government program for use by state and local agencies , private groups and citizens to identify , evaluate , register and protect California 's historical resources . The Register is the authoritative guide to the state 's significant historical and archeological resources .   The California Register program encourages public recognition and protection of resources of architectural , historical , archeological and cultural significance , identifies historical resources for state and local planning purposes , determines eligibility for state historic preservation grant funding and affords certain protections under the California Environmental Quality Act ( CEQA ) .

neg: Alameda County, California Alameda County ( -LSB- ˌælə ` mi :d ə -RSB- ) is a county in the state of California in the United States . As of the 2010 census , the population was 1,510,271 , making it the 7th-most populous county in the state . Its county seat is Oakland . Alameda County is included in the San Francisco Bay Area , occupying much of the East Bay region .

neg: Californians Against Waste Californians Against Waste is an environmental advocacy organization that advocates for stronger environmental laws and more recycling at the state and local level . The organization was founded in 1977 and has sponsored numerous successful citizen initiatives . It is headquartered two blocks from California 's state capitol in Sacramento , CA .

neg: San Joaquin (soil) San Joaquin is an officially designated state insignia , the state soil of the U.S. state of California .   The California Central Valley has more than 500,000 acres ( 2,000 km ² ) of San Joaquin soils , named for the south end of that valley . This series is the oldest continuously recognized soil series within the State . It is one of California 's Benchmark Soils , and a soil profile of it is displayed in the International Soil Reference and Information Centre 's World Soil Museum .   The San Joaquin series became the official state soil on August 20 , 1997 , the result of efforts by students and teachers from Martin Luther King , Jr. . Middle School in Madera , natural resource professionals , the Professional Soil Scientists Association of California , legislators , and various state universities .   These soils are used for irrigated crops , such as wheat , rice , figs , almonds , oranges , and grapes , and for pasture and urban development . San Joaquin soils formed in old alluvium on hummocky topography . A cemented hardpan a few feet beneath the surface restricts roots and water percolation .  San Joaquin soils are classified in USDA soil taxonomy as fine , mixed , active , thermic abruptic durixeralfs .

neg: Rosa californica Rosa californica , the California wildrose , or California rose , is a species of rose native to the U.S. states of California and Oregon and the northern part of Baja California , Mexico . The plant is native to chaparral and woodlands and the Sierra Nevada foothills , and can survive drought , though it grows most abundantly in moist soils near water sources .

neg: California Coastal Conservancy The California Coastal Conservancy is a state agency in California established in 1976 to enhance coastal resources and access .

neg: California Code of Civil Procedure The California Code of Civil Procedure ( commonly abbreviated to Code Civ . Proc . in formal legal citations or just CCP in treatises and other less formal contexts ) was enacted by the California State Legislature in March 1872 as the general codification of the law of civil procedure in the U.S. state of California , along with the three other original California Codes . It contains most California statutes that govern the filing and litigation of lawsuits in the Superior Courts of California , as well as legal notices that must be given in a variety of circumstances . It also includes statutes of limitations that control the period of time during which a lawsuit must be commenced . It also contained some statutes governing the legal profession , but those were later relocated into the Business and Professions Code .   Originally , the CCP was the codification of the Practice Act of 1851 , as amended and revised . In turn , the Practice Act had been modeled after the New York Code of Civil Procedure of 1850 , which was largely drafted by the law reformer David Dudley Field II . Hence , California is considered to be a `` Field Code '' state .   The CCP also partially codified the law of evidence , but in 1965 , the evidentiary provisions were repealed and replaced by the new California Evidence Code , which unlike the CCP , was deliberately intended to displace and supersede the common law of evidence .   Like the 28 other California Codes , the CCP is frequently amended by the Legislature . Unlike most other states , California never followed the federal trend towards transferring authority over procedural law to the courts through statutes like the federal Rules Enabling Act . Instead , the California Rules of Court ( CRC ) cover only relatively minor matters such as the formatting of court papers and case management rules implementing the Trial Court Delay Reduction Act of 1986 .   Nearly all important procedural provisions ( i.e. , the ones that can make or break a case ) continue to exist in the form of CCP sections . As a result , whenever the Judicial Council of California identifies a major defect in California civil procedure , it can not fix it by promulgating a new court rule , but must instead lobby the Legislature and Governor to amend the CCP .   Today , the CCP is comprehensive only with regard to trial court procedure . As a result of a bill pushed through the Legislature at the suggestion of Chief Justice Phil S. Gibson in 1941 , appellate procedure in California is governed primarily by the CRC .   As a Field Code state , California continues to subscribe to the `` primary right '' or `` ultimate fact '' theory of pleading ( also known as `` fact pleading '' ) which has been traditionally followed by Field Code states . This means that California adheres to an arcane distinction between what constitutes pleading of a mere `` fact , '' versus an `` ultimate fact , '' versus a `` conclusion of law . '' Also , California is one of two states , along with Virginia , which uses the demurrer as the primary pre-answer attack on the complaint . Most states and the federal courts have switched to modern `` notice pleading '' and use the motion to dismiss for failure to state a cause of action instead of the demurrer .

neg: California Proposition 53 (2016) Proposition 53 was a California ballot proposition on the November 8 , 2016 ballot . It would have required voter approval for issuing revenue bonds exceeding $ 2 billion .   Arguments in favor of the measure stated that it would require politicians to provide estimates of how much a project would cost , as well as give voters a say before taking on large debt . The measure followed similar practice as with general obligation bonds , which currently require voter approval before the state can use them to pay for a project . Arguments against the measure stated that it would negatively impact local control over projects by allowing statewide votes on smaller community projects . Additionally , the term project was not defined and it was unclear which projects might be affected by the measure . Cities , counties , schools districts , and community college districts were specifically excluded from the measure 's definition of `` state '' . However , the California Legislative Analyst 's Office warned that local governments sometimes partner with the state government to get lower interest rates on government bonds , which could have required statewide voter approval of local projects under the measure .   It was unlikely that many projects would have been affected by the measure , though it could have affected large-scale projects such as California High-Speed Rail and California Water Fix and Eco Restore .   Proponents spent $ 4.6 million fighting for the measure , all of it from California Delta farmer Dino Cortopassi and his wife . Cortopassi has been an outspoken critic of the planned Water Fix tunnels underneath the delta .   Opponents spent $ 10.9 million fighting against the measure , with the top donor being $ 4.1 million from Governor Jerry Brown 's 2014 campaign funds . Other top opposition donors included the California Democratic Party , a labor coalition , venture capitalist John Doerr , and the San Manuel Band of Mission Indians .   The measure was opposed by the editorial boards of the Los Angeles Times , the San Francisco Chronicle , and The Sacramento Bee . Firefighters opposed the measure , warning that there was no exemption for disaster funding . Cities and local water districts were also opposed .

neg: California Aqueduct The Governor Edmund G. Brown California Aqueduct is a system of canals , tunnels , and pipelines that conveys water collected from the Sierra Nevada Mountains and valleys of Northern and Central California to Southern California . The over 400 mi aqueduct is the principal feature of the California State Water Project .   The Department of Water Resources ( DWR ) operates and maintains the California Aqueduct , including one pumped-storage hydroelectric plant , Gianelli Power Plant . Gianelli is located at the base of San Luis Dam , which forms San Luis Reservoir , the largest offstream reservoir in the United States .   The Castaic Power Plant , while similar and which is owned and operated by the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power , is located on the northern end of Castaic Lake , while Castaic Dam is located at the southern end .   It is named after California Governor Edmund Gerald `` Pat '' Brown Sr. .


query: Neymar's full name is Neymar Lebron James.

pos: Neymar Neymar da Silva Santos Júnior ( -LSB- nejˈmaʁ dɐ ˈsiwvɐ ˈsɐ̃tus ˈʒũɲoʁ -RSB- ; born 5 February 1992 ) , commonly known as Neymar or Neymar Jr. , is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Spanish club FC Barcelona and the Brazil national team .   Neymar came into prominence at an early age at Santos , where he made his professional debut aged 17 . He helped the club win two successive Campeonato Paulista championships , a Copa do Brasil , and the 2011 Copa Libertadores , Santos ' first continental title since 1963 . Neymar was twice named the South American Footballer of the Year , in 2011 and 2012 , before relocating to Europe to join Barcelona . As part of Barça 's attacking trio with Lionel Messi and Luis Suárez , he won the continental treble of La Liga , the Copa del Rey , and the UEFA Champions League in the 2014 -- 15 season , followed the next year by the domestic double . He came third for the FIFA Ballon d'Or in 2015 .   With 52 goals in 77 matches for Brazil since debuting at age 18 , Neymar is the fourth-highest goalscorer for his national team . He was a key player in Brazil 's victories at the 2011 South American Youth Championship , which he finished as the leading goalscorer , and the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup , where he won the Golden Ball as player of the tournament . His participation in the 2014 FIFA World Cup and 2015 Copa América was cut short by injury and a suspension respectively , but the next year he captained Brazil to their first Olympic gold medal in men 's football at the 2016 Summer Olympics .   Known for his dribbling , finishing , and ability with both feet , Neymar has earned comparisons to former Brazil and Santos forward Pelé . Off the pitch , he ranks among the world 's most prominent sportsmen ; SportsPro named him the most marketable athlete in the world in 2012 and 2013 , and ESPN cited him as the world 's fourth-most famous athlete in 2016 .

neg: James Scott (basketball) James Lamont Scott ( born June 30 , 1972 ) in Paterson , New Jersey is an American former professional basketball player . He graduated from EastSide High School in 1991 , where he was named McDonald 's High School `` All-American '' Basketball Player . After graduating from EastSide High School in 1991 , James attended Spartanburg Methodist Junior College , graduating with an associate degree in Criminal Justice . There is where he earned honors as a two-time Junior College `` All-American '' , with an average of 23 points , 10 rebounds , and 10 assists . James Scott along with Larry Johnson , a now retired NBA athlete who played for the Charlotte Hornets and the New York Knicks , are the only two freshman players in Junior College history to be named two time `` All-American '' . After graduating from St. John 's University in 1995 , he went unselected in the 1995 NBA draftScott carved out a career primarily in France , Germany , Greece , Israel , Italy , Kosovo , Spain , Turkey , and also Russia , although he did play for the NBA 's Miami Heat for eight games in the beginning of the 1996 -- 97 season .

neg: Pro Evolution Soccer 2016 Pro Evolution Soccer 2016 ( abbreviated as PES 2016 , marketed as Winning Eleven 2016 in Japan ) is a football simulation game developed by PES Productions and published by Konami for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , Xbox 360 , and Xbox One . It is the fifteenth edition of the Pro Evolution Soccer series and marks PES Productions ' 20th year of producing football games . The cover of the game features Neymar ( seen wearing his Brazil national team kit ) . The name of the game has been changed from `` World Soccer : Winning Eleven '' to `` Pro Evolution Soccer '' in Asia , except Japan where it is titled `` Winning Eleven '' .

neg: 2013–14 Miami Heat season The 2013 -- 14 Miami Heat season was the franchise 's 26th season in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . They entered the season as two-time defending NBA champions ( third overall ) , and three-time defending Eastern Conference champions , the fourth and final season playing with the `` Big Three '' of Dwyane Wade , LeBron James , and Chris Bosh , and the sixth season under head coach Erik Spoelstra . In a rematch of the previous year 's Eastern Conference Finals , the Heat defeated the Indiana Pacers in six games to become the first team to win four consecutive Eastern Conference championships since the 1986 -- 87 Boston Celtics capped a Boston-dominant string going back to the 1983 -- 84 season . Miami 's quest for a three-peat ended when the San Antonio Spurs , whom they would meet again in a rematch of last year 's NBA Finals and defeated in seven games , won the NBA Finals by a 4 -- 1 margin . Following the season , LeBron left the Heat to rejoin the Cleveland Cavaliers .

neg: James White (basketball) James William White IV ( born October 21 , 1982 ) is an American professional basketball player for Petrochimi Bandar Imam of the Iranian Basketball Super League . Standing at a height of 6 ' 7 '' , and weighing 215 lbs , he plays the positions of shooting guard and small forward . White earned the nickname ` Flight 75 ' due to his leaping ability .   White is well known for his athleticism and his ability to dunk . Since high school , his most famous dunk has been the between-the-legs dunk , with many variations . He is also known for his ability to jump from the free throw line and dunk a basketball with both hands . ` Flight ' White was a runner-up in two notable dunk contests : behind future University of Florida and Golden State Warriors power forward David Lee in the 2001 McDonald 's High School Slam Dunk Contest , and behind North Carolina 's David Noel in the NCAA College Slam Dunk Contest during the 2006 Final Four weekend .

neg: Licá Luís Carlos Pereira Carneiro ( born 8 September 1988 ) , known as Licá , is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays for English club Nottingham Forest as a right winger .

neg: Jamar Davis Jamar Davis , also known as `` The Pharmacist '' , is an American streetball player from Mount Vernon , New York . He is best known for his appearances on the AND1 Mixtape Tour , which aired on ESPN . On the streets of Mt. Vernon , Davis honed his streetball talents , primarily at his home court , 4th Street Park . In 2001 , while playing in Rucker Park in New York City for Team Ruff Riders , he received his streetball name `` The Pharmacist '' from Hannibal ( the Rucker MC ) because his dribbling skills seemed `` morphine based . ''   In a 2003 contest , Davis , playing on the East Coast Team against the AND1 team , proved himself a very useful point guard , with his array of passing and dribbling skills . He was invited back to play AND1 again in 2004 in the New York game , where he memorably pulled Philip `` Hot Sauce '' Champion 's jersey off his back , while keeping control of the ball . That move landed him an invitation to play in the 2004 International AND1 Mixtape Tour in November . He later earned an AND1 contract .   Davis has also played in the 2003 -- 04 Pro League in Engelwood , New Jersey as part of Team Uptown , where he averaged over twenty points and eight assists . In 2005 , Davis defended streetball 's growing reputation , as some critics said that it was `` hurting '' the proper game of basketball . Davis said :  `` It 's not teaching kids bad habits , because you 'll see that most of us that 's doing tricks like that , where kids will go to the court and do it and get called on , we do n't do that . We do what kids can do in a regular game that do n't get called on . We 're not carrying the ball ; we 're not walking ; we 're not double-dribbling ; we just playing . Our hands is fast like that when you think we doing something that 's wrong . ''

neg: Jerome James Jerome Keith James ( born November 17 , 1975 ) is an American professional basketball player who last played for Atenienses de Manatí of the Baloncesto Superior Nacional ( BSN ) . Originally from Tampa , Florida , James played college basketball at Florida A&M for three seasons and was the national leader in blocks per game in the 1997 -- 98 season , his junior year . James declared for the 1998 NBA Draft after his junior year , and the Sacramento Kings selected James in the second round of the draft . Over the course of his career , he has played for the Kings , Seattle SuperSonics and New York Knicks . He has also played for KK Budućnost Podgorica and the Harlem Globetrotters .

neg: James Augustine James Augustine ( born February 27 , 1984 ) is an American professional basketball player for CSKA Moscow of the VTB United League .

neg: James Milner James Philip Milner ( born 4 January 1986 ) is an English professional footballer who plays for Premier League club Liverpool . A versatile player , he has been utilised in many different positions such as on the wing , in midfield and most recently at left-back .   Milner 's talent in football , cricket , and long-distance running was recognised at a very young age . He represented his school in these sports and played football for amateur teams from Rawdon and Horsforth . He supported Leeds United from a young age and was a season ticket holder at the club . In 1996 , he joined the Leeds United youth academy . He made his debut for the first team in 2002 aged only 16 and gained prominence as the youngest player to score in the Premier League .   While at Leeds United , he spent time on loan at Swindon Town to gain experience as a first-team player . Following his move to Newcastle United , he was loaned to Aston Villa for a season . He went on to make over 100 appearances for Newcastle , before returning to Aston Villa on a permanent transfer in 2008 . After playing an influential role in Aston Villa 's run to the 2010 League Cup Final and being named 2009 -- 10 PFA Young Player of the Year , Milner joined Manchester City for a reported # 26m transfer fee in 2010 , going on to win the 2011 -- 12 and 2013 -- 14 Premier League titles , 2010 -- 11 FA Cup and 2013 -- 14 League Cup . After five seasons with Manchester City , Milner signed for Liverpool on a free transfer in 2015 .   Milner made a record 46 appearances for the England national under-21 football team , playing at the 2007 and 2009 UEFA European Under-21 Championships . He also played 61 appearances for the full English national team , scoring once against Moldova . He was selected for the 2010 and 2014 FIFA World Cup squads , as well as the 2012 and UEFA Euro 2016 UEFA Euro Championships . Milner retired from international football in 2016 .

neg: NBA All-Star Game Most Valuable Player Award The National Basketball Association All-Star Game Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) is an annual National Basketball Association ( NBA ) award given to the player ( s ) voted best of the annual All-Star Game . The award was established in 1953 when NBA officials decided to designate an MVP for each year 's game . The league also re-honored players from the previous two All-Star Games . Ed Macauley and Paul Arizin were selected as the 1951 and 1952 MVP winners respectively . The voting is conducted by a panel of media members , who cast their vote after the conclusion of the game . The player ( s ) with the most votes or ties for the most votes wins the award . No All-Star Game MVP was named in 1999 since the game was canceled due to the league 's lockout . , the most recent recipient is New Orleans Pelicans forward Anthony Davis .   Bob Pettit and Kobe Bryant are the only two players to win the All-Star Game MVP four times . Oscar Robertson , Michael Jordan , and Shaquille O'Neal have each won the award three times , while Bob Cousy , Julius Erving , Isiah Thomas , Magic Johnson , Karl Malone , Allen Iverson , LeBron James and Russell Westbrook have all won the award twice . James ' first All-Star MVP in 2006 made him the youngest to have ever won the award at the age of 21 years , 1 month . Kyrie Irving , winner of the 2014 All-Star Game MVP , is the second-youngest at 21 years , 10 months . They 're notable as being the two youngest to win the award , both as Cleveland Cavaliers . Four of the games had joint winners -- Elgin Baylor and Pettit in 1959 , John Stockton and Malone in 1993 , O'Neal and Tim Duncan in 2000 , and O'Neal and Bryant in 2009 . O'Neal became the first player in All-Star history to share two MVP awards . The Los Angeles Lakers have had eleven winners while the Boston Celtics have had eight . Duncan of the U.S. Virgin Islands and Irving of Australia are the only winners not born in the United States . Both Duncan and Irving are American citizens , but are considered `` international '' players by the NBA because they were not born in one of the fifty states or Washington , D.C. No player trained entirely outside the U.S. has won the award ; Irving lived in the U.S. since age two , and Duncan played U.S. college basketball at Wake Forest .   Bob Pettit ( 1958 , 1959 ) and Russell Westbrook ( 2015 , 2016 ) are the only players to win consecutive awards . Pettit ( 1956 ) , Bob Cousy ( 1957 ) , Wilt Chamberlain ( 1960 ) , Bill Russell ( 1963 ) , Oscar Robertson ( 1964 ) , Willis Reed ( 1970 ) , Dave Cowens ( 1973 ) , Michael Jordan ( 1988 , 1996 , 1998 ) , Magic Johnson ( 1990 ) , Shaquille O'Neal ( 2000 ) , and Allen Iverson ( 2001 ) all won the All-Star Game MVP and the NBA Most Valuable Player Award in the same season ; Jordan is the only player to do this multiple times . 14 players have won the award playing for the team that hosted the All-Star Game : Macauley ( 1951 ) , Cousy ( 1957 ) , Pettit ( 1958 , 1962 ) , Chamberlain ( 1960 ) , Adrian Smith ( 1966 ) , Rick Barry ( 1967 ) , Jerry West ( 1972 ) , Tom Chambers ( 1987 ) , Jordan ( 1988 ) , Karl Malone ( 1993 ) , John Stockton ( 1993 ) , O'Neal ( 2004 , 2009 ) , Bryant ( 2011 ) and Davis ( 2017 ) ; Pettit and O'Neal did this multiple times . Kareem Abdul-Jabbar has the distinction of playing in the most All-Star Games ( 18 ) without winning the All-Star Game MVP , while Adrian Smith won the MVP in his only All-Star Game .

neg: 2004–05 Cleveland Cavaliers season The 2004-05 Cleveland Cavaliers season was the 35th season of NBA basketball in Cleveland , Ohio . During the offseason , the Cavaliers acquired Drew Gooden from the Orlando Magic . In his second season , expectations were high for LeBron James as the Cavaliers hoped for a return to the playoffs . Through the first half of the season , the Cavs held a 30 -- 21 record at the All-Star Break as James was selected to his first All-Star selection in the 2005 NBA All-Star Game . However , as March began , the Cavaliers were unable to upgrade at the trading deadline as the team went on a 6-game losing streak . Head coach Paul Silas was fired and replaced by interim Brendan Malone . The Cavaliers finished the season with a 42 -- 40 record , a fourth-place finish in the Central Division , and barely missed out of the playoffs , losing a tiebreaker for the 8th spot to the New Jersey Nets . Despite their collapse , James had an outstanding sophomore season averaging 27.2 points , 7.4 rebounds and 7.2 assists per game .   Key dates :   On June 24 , the 2004 NBA Draft , took place in New York City , New York .  In July , the free agency period began .  On September 15 , the Cavaliers named Brendan Malone assistant coach .  On October 14 , the Cavaliers ' preseason began with a 94 -- 102 loss to Memphis .  On November 3 , the Cavaliers ' regular season began with a 104 -- 109 2OT loss to Indiana .  On March 21 , head coach Paul Silas was fired and Brendan Malone was named interim head coach . Mike Bratz and Wes Wilcox were added to Malone 's staff as assistants .  On April 20 , the Cavaliers ' season ended in a 104 -- 95 win over the Toronto Raptors .  On April 21 , Jim Paxson was fired as President of Basketball Operations and General Manager .

neg: Pedro Miguel Neves Pedro Miguel Rodrigues Neves ( born August 10 , 1968 in Sé - Porto , Portugal ) , commonly known as Pedro Miguel , is a Portuguese former professional basketball . He played at the point guard and shooting guard positions .

neg: Tiago Portuga Tiago Venâncio Alves Pires ( born 20 October 1991 ) , known as Tiago Portuga or simply Tiago , is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays for Spanish club CF Rayo Majadahonda as a left back .

neg: Ljubomir Fejsa Ljubomir Fejsa ( Serbian Cyrillic : Љубомир Фејса , Rusyn : Любомир Фейса ; born 14 August 1988 ) is a Serbian professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Portuguese club Benfica and the Serbia national team .   At club level , he has won ten consecutive league titles across three countries ( Serbia , Greece and Portugal ) since 2008 .

neg: Damion James Damion Marquez Williams James ( born October 7 , 1987 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Cariduros de Fajardo of the Baloncesto Superior Nacional ( LPB ) . He played college basketball for Texas .

neg: Jordi Alba Jordi Alba Ramos ( -LSB- ˈʒɔrði ˈaɫβə i ˈramos -RSB- , -LSB- ˈʝorði ˈalβa i ˈramos -RSB- ) ; born 21 March 1989 ) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays for FC Barcelona and the Spain national team . Mainly a left-back and a player of great speed , he can also operate as a left winger .   Alba started his career at Barcelona , but was released for being deemed too small . After joining neighbouring Cornellà , he finished his development at Valencia , rising to prominence in La Liga with the club . In 2012 , Alba returned to Barcelona .   He represented Spain at the 2014 World Cup and two European Championships , having first appeared for the team in 2011 . Alba won the Euro 2012 tournament .

neg: Jimmy Jump Jaume Marquet i Cot ( -LSB- ˈʒawmə mərˈkɛt i kɔt -RSB- ) , more popularly known as Jimmy Jump , born on 14 March 1976 , is a Spanish streaker from Sabadell , Catalonia , Spain , known for interfering in several major entertainment and sporting events .

neg: Cory Joseph Cory Ephram Joseph ( born August 20 , 1991 ) is a Canadian professional basketball player for the Toronto Raptors of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He plays the point guard position and is also the captain of the Canadian national team .

neg: 2012 South American Footballer of the Year The 2012 South American Footballer of the Year , given to the best football player in South America by Uruguayan newspaper El País through voting by journalists across the continent , was awarded to Neymar of Santos on December 31 , 2012 .   Neymar became the first player since Juan Sebastián Verón in 2008 ( and later in 2009 ) to repeat the award .

neg: NBA Most Valuable Player Award The National Basketball Association Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) is an annual National Basketball Association ( NBA ) award given since the 1955 -- 56 season to the best performing player of the regular season . The winner receives the Maurice Podoloff Trophy , which is named in honor of the first commissioner ( then president ) of the NBA , who served from 1946 until 1963 . Until the , the MVP was selected by a vote of NBA players . Since the , the award is decided by a panel of sportswriters and broadcasters throughout the United States and Canada , each of whom casts a vote for first to fifth place selections . Each first-place vote is worth 10 points ; each second-place vote is worth seven ; each third-place vote is worth five , fourth-place is worth three and fifth-place is worth one . Starting from 2010 , one ballot was cast by fans through online voting . The player with the highest point total wins the award . , the current holder of the award is Stephen Curry , who won both the 2015 and 2016 MVP Awards .   Every player who has won this award and has been eligible for the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame has been inducted . Kareem Abdul-Jabbar won the award a record six times . Both Bill Russell and Michael Jordan won the award five times , while Wilt Chamberlain and LeBron James won the award four times . Russell and James are the only players to have won the award four times in five seasons . Moses Malone , Larry Bird and Magic Johnson each won the award three times , while Bob Pettit , Karl Malone , Tim Duncan , Steve Nash and Stephen Curry have each won it twice . Only two rookies have won the award : Wilt Chamberlain in the and Wes Unseld in the 1968 -- 69 season . Hakeem Olajuwon of Nigeria , Tim Duncan of the U.S. Virgin Islands , Steve Nash of Canada and Dirk Nowitzki of Germany are the only MVP winners considered `` international players '' by the NBA .   Stephen Curry in 2015 -- 16 is the only player to have won the award unanimously . Shaquille O'Neal in 1999 -- 2000 and LeBron James in 2012 -- 13 are the only two players to have fallen one vote shy of a unanimous selection , both receiving 120 of 121 votes . Since the , every winner was from a team that won at least 50 games in the regular season that year.Except for seasons affected by lockouts , when the schedule was shortened from the norm of 82 games . Karl Malone won in 1998 -- 99 when Utah was 37 -- 13 in 50 games , which projected to 60 wins in 82 games . James won in 2011 -- 12 when the Miami Heat were 46 -- 20 in 66 games , which projected to 57 wins .