query: Scott Eastwood is an American model.

pos: Scott Eastwood Scott Eastwood ( born Scott Clinton Reeves ; March 21 , 1986 ) is an American actor , model , and professional skydiver . He has appeared in the films Flags of Our Fathers ( 2006 ) , Gran Torino ( 2008 ) , Invictus ( 2009 ) , The Forger ( 2012 ) , Trouble with the Curve ( 2012 ) , Texas Chainsaw ( 2013 ) , Fury ( 2014 ) , The Perfect Wave ( 2014 ) , The Longest Ride ( 2015 ) , Mercury Plains ( 2016 ) , Suicide Squad ( 2016 ) , Snowden ( 2016 ) and The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) . He has also been the model for the fragrance Cool Water by Davidoff . He is the youngest son of Academy Award-winning actor-director Clint Eastwood and second youngest of Jacelyn Reeves .

neg: Golden Boot Awards The Golden Boot Awards is an American acknowledgment of achievement honoring actors , actresses , and crew members who have made significant contributions to the genre of Western television and movies . The award is sponsored and presented by the Motion Picture & Television Fund . Money raised at the award banquet is used to help finance various services offered by the Fund to those in the entertainment industry .   Actor Pat Buttram conceived the idea of the Golden Boot Award , and the first ones were presented in 1983 . The awards appear to have been discontinued since 2007 .

neg: Clint Eastwood at the 2012 Republican National Convention On Thursday , August 30 , 2012 , American actor and director Clint Eastwood gave a speech at the Republican National Convention . Eastwood had endorsed Mitt Romney for the 2012 United States presidential election earlier that month , and spent much of his speech 's running time on a largely improvised routine in which he addressed an empty chair that represented President Barack Obama . The speech , broadcast in a prime time slot , was viewed live by around 30 million Americans . It generated many responses and much discussion .

neg: Gran Torino Gran Torino is a 2008 American drama film directed and produced by Clint Eastwood , who also starred in the film . The film co-stars Christopher Carley , Bee Vang and Ahney Her . This was Eastwood 's first starring role since 2004 's Million Dollar Baby . The film features a large Hmong American cast , as well as one of Eastwood 's younger sons , Scott . Eastwood 's oldest son , Kyle , provided the score . Gran Torino opened via a limited theatrical release in North America on December 12 , 2008 , and later to a worldwide release on January 9 , 2009 . Set in Detroit , Michigan , it is the first mainstream American film to feature Hmong Americans . Many Lao Hmong war refugees resettled in the U.S. following the communist takeover of Laos in 1975 .   The story follows Walt Kowalski , a recently widowed Korean War veteran alienated from his family and angry at the world . Walt 's young neighbor , Thao Vang Lor , is pressured by his cousin into stealing Walt 's prized 1972 Ford Gran Torino for his initiation into a gang . Walt thwarts the theft with his M1 Garand rifle and subsequently develops a relationship with the boy and his family .   Gran Torino was a critical and commercial success , grossing nearly $ 270 million worldwide ( making it Eastwood 's second highest-grossing film to date ) . Within the Hmong community in the United States , the film received both praise and criticism .

neg: Houston Film Critics Society Awards 2010 The 4th Houston Film Critics Society Awards were presented on December 18 , 2010 . These awards for `` extraordinary accomplishment in film '' are presented annually by the Houston Film Critics Society ( HFCS ) based in Houston , Texas . The organization , founded in 2007 , includes 22 film critics for print , radio , television , and internet publications in the greater Houston area . The awards are co-sponsored by the Houston Film Commission , Southwest Alternate Media Project , Women in Film and Television/Houston , WorldFest , and the Houston Cinema Arts Society .   The nominations for the 2010 awards were announced on December 12 , 2010 . Eligible films do not need to have played or opened in a Houston film theater prior to the nomination deadline , merely made available to the HFCS membership at a screening or on DVD . Along with the 13 `` best of '' category awards , this year also saw the introduction of a new category for `` Worst Movies of the Year '' . The Social Network , True Grit , and 127 Hours each received six nominations , all including the Best Picture , Actor , Direction , and Original Score categories .   The Social Network was the HFCS 's most awarded film of 2010 taking top honors in the Best Picture , Best Director ( David Fincher ) , Best Actor ( Jesse Eisenberg ) , and Best Screenplay ( Aaron Sorkin ) categories . Inception was the only other film to garner multiple awards , winning both the Best Original Score ( Hans Zimmer ) and Best Cinematography ( Wally Pfister ) prizes . The other acting awards went to Natalie Portman as Best Actress for Black Swan , Hailee Steinfeld as Best Supporting Actress for True Grit , and Christian Bale as Best Supporting Actor for The Fighter . The remaining film honors went to Toy Story 3 as Best Animated Film , Restrepo as Best Documentary , and The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo as Best Foreign Language Film . `` We Are Sex Bob-Omb '' by Beck from Scott Pilgrim vs. the World was named the Best Original Song . The HFCS 's first-ever award for `` Worst Picture '' was given to Jonah Hex starring Josh Brolin .   In addition to the category awards , the HFCS presented their annual Lifetime Achievement Award to Sissy Spacek and its Humanitarian Award to George Clooney . Clooney was selected for `` selflessly using his celebrity for greater good '' . The HFCS award for Outstanding Achievement in Cinema awards were presented to Charles Dove , director of the Rice University Media Center , and Hector Luna , the founder and editor of C-47 Houston .

neg: A.C.O.D. A.C.O.D. is a 2013 American comedy film directed by Stu Zicherman , based on a script by Zicherman and Ben Karlin , and starring Adam Scott , Amy Poehler , Jessica Alba and Jane Lynch . The name of the film is an abbreviation for Adult Children of Divorce .   Teddy Schwarzman produced the film through his Black Bear Pictures production company . Other stars include Richard Jenkins , Mary Elizabeth Winstead and Catherine O'Hara , with Ken Howard and Clark Duke in supporting roles .   The film was released in the U.S. on October 4 , 2013 .

neg: Scotties Scotties is a facial tissue brand originally owned by the Scott Paper Company . Created in 1955 , it is noted for its emphasis on softness .   Kimberly-Clark , owner of the rival Kleenex brand , acquired Scott Paper in 1997 . For competitive reasons , it was required to resell the Scotties business in the U.S. to Irving Tissue . Kruger Inc. separately acquired Scott 's Canadian subsidiary , now known as Kruger Products , which sells Scotties tissues there .   In New Zealand The Scotties brand is owned by Scotties Car Rentals .

neg: Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards 2014 The 20th Dallas -- Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards honoring the best in film for 2014 were announced on December 15 , 2014 . These awards `` recognizing extraordinary accomplishment in film '' are presented annually by the Dallas -- Fort Worth Film Critics Association ( DFWFCA ) , based in the Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex region of Texas . The organization , founded in 1990 , includes 30 film critics for print , radio , television , and internet publications based in north Texas . The Dallas -- Fort Worth Film Critics Association began presenting its annual awards list in 1993 .   Birdman was the DFWFCA 's most awarded film of 2014 , taking five top honors . Birdman won in Best Picture , Best Actor ( Michael Keaton ) , Best Director ( Alejandro G. Iñárritu ) , Best Cinematography ( Emmanuel Lubezki ) , and Best Screenplay ( Alejandro G. Iñárritu , Nicolás Giacobone , Alexander Dinelaris Jr. , and Armando Bo ) .   Another film , Boyhood , earned multiple 2014 honors from the DFWFCA . The coming-of-age tale received top honors in the Best Supporting Actress ( Patricia Arquette ) as well as being presented the Russell Smith Award as the `` best low-budget or cutting-edge independent film '' of the year . The award is named in honor of late Dallas Morning News film critic Russell Smith . Reese Witherspoon was named Best Actress for her role as Cheryl Strayed in Wild . The other films earning honors were Sweden 's Force Majeure for Best Foreign Language Film , Citizenfour as Best Documentary Film , and The Lego Movie for Best Animated Film .

neg: Scott Waugh Scott Waugh ( born 1970 or 1971 ) is an American film director , producer , and former stunt performer , best known for directing the 2012 war film Act of Valor with Mike McCoy . He also directed the Need for Speed film adaptation . He won the `` 10 Directors to Watch '' award at the 2012 Palm Springs International Film Festival .

neg: Top Model Top Model or Next Top Model is a fashion-themed reality television show format produced in many countries throughout the world and seen in over 120 countries producing over 200 seasons ( referred to as `` cycles '' ) . The show takes the form of a modeling competition whose winners typically receive a contract with a major modeling agency and a cover shoot and fashion photo spread in a fashion magazine . The format was created by Tyra Banks for the original series , America 's Next Top Model which was first aired in 2003 , produced by Ken Mok 's 10 by 10 Entertainment .

neg: Clint Eastwood in the 1970s In the 1970s , Clint Eastwood 's acting career was at its peak .

neg: America Now TV America Now TV ran on KWHY Channel 22 ( NBC Universal/Telemundo NBC ) in Los Angeles for a little over 3 years in the early 1990s and was translated and broadcast in 27 countries as a result of a distribution deal with Peacock Films . Hollywood up and coming artists , producers , supermodels and celebrities , including Sylvester Stallone , Tom Cruise , Brad Pitt , Jamie Lee Curtis , Kirstie Alley , Spanish superstar Julio Iglesias and Canadian singer Norman Iceberg were all interviewed or made guest appearances on America Now TV . American acting legend and film director Clint Eastwood was honored with an America Now TV Award . Very popular throughout Latin America , the show was created and produced by Fredy Granda . The hosts of America Now TV included Diego Varas and Ana Maria Holly .

neg: Scott Brady Scott Brady ( born Gerard Kenneth Tierney ; September 13 , 1924 -- April 16 , 1985 ) was an American film and television actor best known for his roles in western films and as a ubiquitous television presence . His acting career spanned 1948 - 1984 .

neg: Silver Linings Playbook Silver Linings Playbook is a 2012 American romantic comedy-drama film written and directed by David O. Russell . It was adapted from the novel The Silver Linings Playbook , by Matthew Quick . The film stars Bradley Cooper and Jennifer Lawrence , with Robert De Niro , Jacki Weaver , Chris Tucker , Anupam Kher , and Julia Stiles in supporting roles .   Cooper plays Patrick `` Pat '' Solitano , Jr. , a man with bipolar disorder who is released from a psychiatric hospital and moves back in with his parents , played by Robert De Niro and Jacki Weaver . Determined to win back his estranged wife , Pat meets recently widowed Tiffany Maxwell , portrayed by Jennifer Lawrence , who offers to help him get his wife back if he enters a dance competition with her . The two become closer as they train and Pat , his father , and Tiffany examine their relationships with each other as they cope with their problems .   Silver Linings Playbook premiered at the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival on September 8 , 2012 , and was released in the United States on November 16 , 2012 . The film opened to major critical success and earned numerous accolades . It received eight Academy Award nominations , including Best Picture , Best Director , Best Adapted Screenplay . It became the first film since 1981 's Reds to be Oscar-nominated for the four acting categories and the first since 2004 's Million Dollar Baby to be nominated for the Big Five Oscars , with Lawrence winning the Academy Award for Best Actress . It also achieved four Golden Globe Award nominations , with Lawrence winning Best Actress ; three BAFTA nominations , with Russell winning for Best Adapted Screenplay ; four Screen Actors Guild nominations ; and five Independent Spirit Award nominations , winning in four categories , including Best Film . The film was a success at the box office , grossing over $ 236 million worldwide , more than eleven times its budget .

neg: Ugly Models Ugly Models is a London-based alternative modelling agency that specialises in character modelling . Its owner Marc French says it is about `` celebrating everyone 's unique beauty '' . Its major clients include Calvin Klein , Levi 's , Diesel , Vogue , Elle , and Cosmopolitan . Its models have appeared in film series such as Harry Potter , Pirates of the Caribbean and James Bond . Ugly Models are in official partnership with Guinness World Records and represents the world 's tallest man , the world 's most pierced woman and the world 's most tattooed man .

neg: Glamourcon Glamourcon is a fan convention that takes place twice a year , once in Chicago and once in Los Angeles , that centers upon glamour models and glamour photography , with its guests typically being Playboy Playmates , Penthouse Pets , Hustler Honeys , Perfect 10 Models , soft core Pornographic Actresses and other pin-up models . A portmanteau of the phrase `` Glamour Convention '' , it was founded by entrepreneur Robert Schulz .

neg: Caterina Lopez Caterina Marie Lopez ( born December 13 , 1987 ) , is an American model and actress .

neg: The Moviegoer (album) The Moviegoer is the seventh studio album by the American solo artist Scott Walker . It was released in October 1972 but failed to chart . No singles were released from the album , though `` This Way Mary '' was later released as a b-side to Walker 's 1973 single `` The Me I Never Knew '' . The album consists solely of renditions of film theme songs originally performed by other artists .   The album was the first of six studio albums ( the last two as The Walker Brothers ) in which Walker did not contribute original material . Having lost creative control of his music after the commercial failures of his previous two studio albums Scott 4 and 'Til the Band Comes In , Walker was tasked with recording `` inoffensive , middle-of-the-road material that could be easily processed , marketed and sold '' . By way of compromise Walker had some say in the song selection and drew together a selection of themes from some of his favourite films .   The album was recorded quickly in the autumn of 1972 with Walker 's usual studio team consisting of producer Johnny Franz and engineer Peter J. Olliff . In a change from previous work , Robert Cornford was brought-in to produce the orchestral arrangements . Despite a push for commercial viability the album received negative reviews when released as an LP in October 1972 . The album was re-issued in 1975 by Contour record label with new sleeve art . The album has since been deleted and has not been reissued .

neg: American Beauty (1999 film) American Beauty is a 1999 American drama film directed by Sam Mendes and written by Alan Ball . Kevin Spacey stars as Lester Burnham , a 42-year-old advertising executive who has a midlife crisis when he becomes infatuated with his teenaged daughter 's best friend , Angela ( Mena Suvari ) . Annette Bening co-stars as Lester 's materialistic wife , Carolyn , and Thora Birch plays their insecure daughter , Jane . Wes Bentley , Chris Cooper , and Allison Janney also feature . The film is described by academics as a satire of American middle-class notions of beauty and personal satisfaction ; analysis has focused on the film 's explorations of romantic , and paternal love , sexuality , beauty , materialism , self-liberation , and redemption .   Ball began writing American Beauty as a play in the early 1990s , partly inspired by the media circus around the Amy Fisher trial in 1992 . He shelved the play after realizing the story would not work on stage . After several years as a television screenwriter , Ball revived the idea in 1997 when attempting to break into the film industry . The modified script had a cynical outlook that was influenced by Ball 's frustrating tenures writing for several sitcoms . Producers Dan Jinks and Bruce Cohen took American Beauty to DreamWorks ; the then-fledgling film studio bought Ball 's script for $ 250,000 , outbidding several other production bodies . DreamWorks financed the $ 15 million production and served as its North American distributor . American Beauty marked acclaimed theater director Mendes ' film debut ; courted after his successful productions of the musicals Oliver ! and Cabaret , Mendes was , nevertheless , only given the job after 20 others were considered and several `` A-list '' directors turned down the opportunity .   Spacey was Mendes ' first choice for the role of Lester , though DreamWorks had urged the director to consider better-known actors ; similarly , the studio suggested several actors for the role of Carolyn until Mendes offered the part to Bening without DreamWorks ' knowledge . Principal photography took place between December 1998 and February 1999 on soundstages at the Warner Bros. backlot in Burbank , California , and on location in Los Angeles . Mendes ' dominant style was deliberate and composed ; he made extensive use of static shots and slow pans and zooms to generate tension . Cinematographer Conrad Hall complemented Mendes ' style with peaceful shot compositions to contrast with the turbulent on-screen events . During editing , Mendes made several changes that gave the film a less cynical tone than the script .   Released in North America on September 17 , 1999 , American Beauty was positively received by critics and grossed over $ 356 million worldwide . Reviewers praised most aspects of the production , with particular emphasis on Mendes , Spacey , and Ball ; criticism focused on the familiarity of the characters and setting . DreamWorks launched a major campaign to increase the film 's chances of Academy Award success ; at the 72nd Academy Awards the following year , the film won Best Picture , Best Director , Best Actor ( for Spacey ) , Best Original Screenplay , and Best Cinematography . It was nominated for and won many other awards and honors , mainly for the direction , writing , and acting .

neg: The Temptations of Jean-Claude Killy `` The Temptations of Jean-Claude Killy '' is an article published in the premiere issue of Scanlan 's Monthly in March 1970 , written by Hunter S. Thompson .   The subject of the article is Jean-Claude Killy , the alpine skiing champion who , in the 1968 Winter Olympics , became the second alpine skier ever to win three gold medals in a single olympic games . By the time of the article Killy , then 26 , was retired from skiing and had embarked on the next phase of his career -- endorsements .   Thompson 's article follows Killy around the United States during his marketing tour for the Chevrolet automotive company . As he attends automotive shows , holds press conferences , and makes appearances for television ( all in conjunction with fellow Chevrolet spokesman , O.J. Simpson ) Thompson chronicles the newly flush world of celebrity sports endorsements . Though endorsement by a sports figure was not an entirely new concept , the world-wide magnitude of Killy 's stardom made his Chevrolet contract something of a fascination for Thompson .   The article 's focus on the relative depths of the new pitch-man status obtained by Killy so shortly after the incredible heights he had achieved develops through acerbic descriptions of the settings Killy finds himself in , the automotive executives that profit by him , and the fans and onlookers who make him such a valuable spokesman . Through it all , Killy 's focus on his own enormous profit is a source of worry to Thompson . The trend he sees developing is one of larger-than-life stars -- athletes of the highest physical standards who have achieved feats unimaginable by normal people -- demeaning themselves and their accomplishments by agreeing to shill for a few extra dollars . An enormous sports fan himself , Thompson is distraught by this turn of events and wonders that Killy was never quite sure `` why I was embarrassed for him in those scenes . ''   Thompson compares Killy to F. Scott Fitzgerald 's Gatsby : although , unlike that character , Killy 's dollars are earned honestly , the author concludes while watching Killy 's selling of himself that `` nothing in his narrow , high-powered experience can allow him to understand how I can watch his act and say that it looks , to me , like a very hard dollar -- maybe the hardest . ''   The article was later included in Thompson 's collection The Great Shark Hunt ( 1979 ) .

neg: Jessica Chastain Jessica Michelle Chastain ( born March 24 , 1977 ) is an American actress and film producer . Born in Carmichael , California , and raised in Sacramento , Chastain developed an interest in acting from a young age . In 1998 , she made her professional stage debut as Shakespeare 's Juliet . After studying acting at the Juilliard School , she was signed to a talent holding deal with the television producer John Wells . She was a recurring guest star in several television shows , including Law & Order : Trial by Jury . She also took on roles in the stage productions of Anton Chekhov 's play The Cherry Orchard in 2004 and Oscar Wilde 's tragedy Salome in 2006 .   Chastain made her film debut in the drama Jolene ( 2008 ) , and gained wide recognition in 2011 for starring roles in half a dozen films , including the dramas Take Shelter and The Tree of Life . Her performance as an aspiring socialite in The Help earned her an Academy Award nomination . In 2012 , she won a Golden Globe Award and received a second Oscar nomination for playing a CIA agent in the thriller Zero Dark Thirty . Chastain made her Broadway debut in a revival of The Heiress in the same year . Her highest-grossing releases came with the science fiction films Interstellar ( 2014 ) and The Martian ( 2015 ) , as she continued to draw praise for her performances in the dramas The Disappearance of Eleanor Rigby ( 2013 ) , A Most Violent Year ( 2014 ) , and Miss Sloane ( 2016 ) .   Chastain 's accolades include two Academy Award and British Academy Film Award nominations . She is known to prepare extensively for her roles . Chastain is the founder of the production company Freckle Films , which was created to promote diversity in film . She is vocal about social issues such as gender and racial equality , and mental health . Time magazine named her one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2012 .


query: Believe restored Cher's popularity.

pos: Believe (Cher song) `` Believe '' is a song recorded by American singer-actress Cher . It is the title track from her twenty-second album of the same name ( 1998 ) , and was released as the lead single from the album on October 19 , 1998 by Warner Bros. . Records . It was written by Brian Higgins , Stuart McLennen , Paul Barry , Steven Torch , Matthew Gray and Timothy Powell , although Cher claimed later in a 2000 interview that she also wrote part , and was produced by Mark Taylor and Brian Rawling . A considerable departure from Cher 's work at the time , `` Believe '' abandoned the singer 's then pop rock-based repertoire in favor of being more club-friendly , in order to engage a younger audience .   `` Believe '' is an upbeat dance-pop song . The song is one of the first commercial recordings to feature the audio processor software Auto-Tune as a vocal effect , used to produce the prominent altered effect on Cher 's vocals . This technique would eventually become known as the `` Cher effect '' . Lyrically , the song is about the personal empowerment and self-sufficiency after a painful break-up . Critically , `` Believe '' has been met with appreciation ever since its release ; reviewers have praised its production , catchiness and club-friendly nature , and listed it as one of the singer 's career highlights . The song was also nominated for two Grammy Awards ; for Record of the Year and Best Dance Recording , winning the latter .   Commercially , the song attained immense global success , reaching number one in almost every country it charted , including Australia , Canada , Ireland , New Zealand , the United Kingdom , Spain , France , Germany , Italy and the United States . It earned Cher a place in the Guinness Book of World Records as the oldest female solo artist to top the Billboard Hot 100 chart . It also became the highest-selling single by a solo female artist in the United Kingdom . `` Believe '' remains one of the best-selling singles of all time with sales of over 11 million copies worldwide .   The music video for `` Believe '' , directed by Nigel Dick , showed Cher in a nightclub performing the song in two different sequences : one in which she is seen performing the song on stage and the other as a supernatural being locked in a cage . Cher has performed the song in a number of live appearances , including in three of her concert tours , most recently the Dressed to Kill Tour in 2014 . It has been covered by a number of artists , and has been featured in several elements of popular culture . Scholars and academics noted the way in which Cher was able to re-invent herself and remain fresh and contemporary amidst the more teen pop-based music of the period . They also credited `` Believe '' as the song which restored the singer 's popularity and cemented her position as a pop culture icon .

neg: Celine Dion Céline Marie Claudette Dion , ( -LSB- ˈdiːɒn -RSB- -LSB- seˈlɪn dziˈjɔ̃ -RSB- ; born 30 March 1968 ) is a Canadian singer and businesswoman . Born into a large family from Charlemagne , Quebec , Dion emerged as a teen star in the French-speaking world after her manager and future husband René Angélil mortgaged his home to finance her first record . Dion first gained international recognition in the 1980s by winning both the 1982 Yamaha World Popular Song Festival and the 1988 Eurovision Song Contest where she represented Switzerland . Following a series of French albums during the 1980s , she signed on to Epic Records in the United States . In 1990 , Dion released her debut English-language album , Unison , establishing herself as a viable pop artist in North America and other English-speaking areas of the world .   During the 1990s , with the help of Angélil , she achieved worldwide fame after releasing several English albums along with additional French albums . Her albums , Falling into You ( 1996 ) and Let 's Talk About Love ( 1997 ) , were both certified diamond in the US while D'eux ( 1995 ) became the best-selling French-language album of all time . She also scored a series of international number-one hits , including `` Nothing Broken but My Heart '' , `` The Power of Love '' , `` Think Twice '' , `` Because You Loved Me '' , `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' , `` My Heart Will Go On '' , and `` I 'm Your Angel . '' However , in 1999 at the height of her success , Dion announced a hiatus from entertainment to start a family and spend time with her husband , who had been diagnosed with cancer . She returned to the top of pop music in 2002 and signed to perform nightly in A New Day ... ( 2003 -- 07 ) , a five-star theatrical show at the Colosseum at Caesars Palace , on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise , Nevada . It became the most successful residency show of all time , grossing US $ 385 million .   Dion 's music has been influenced by genres ranging from rock and R&B to gospel and classical . Her recordings are mainly in French and English , although she also sings in Spanish , Italian , German , Latin , Japanese , and Mandarin Chinese . While her releases have often received mixed critical reception , she is regarded as one of pop music 's most influential voices . Dion has won five Grammy Awards , including Album of the Year and Record of the Year . She is the second best-selling female artist in the US during the Nielsen SoundScan era . In 2003 , Dion was honoured by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry ( IFPI ) for selling over 50 million albums in Europe . Dion remains the best-selling Canadian artist and one of the best-selling artists of all time with record sales of over 200 million copies worldwide .

neg: Say "I Gotta Believe!" `` Say `` I Got ta Believe ! '' '' is a single by De La Soul featuring Japanese singer Double . The song was released as part of the soundtrack for the popular Japanese videogame , PaRappa the Rapper 2 . Outside Japan , copies of the single are extremely rare . The song received a promotional video , which featured the group as chefs , mixed with clips of PaRappa .

neg: Worship and Believe Worship and Believe is a studio album by Steven Curtis Chapman . Essential Worship alongside Reunion Records released the album on March 4 , 2016 .

neg: Fame Looks At Music '83 Fame Looks At Music '83 was a special concert episode for the third season of the hit TV series Fame . The concert took place on December 27 , 1983 at the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium in Santa Monica , California before a live capacity audience . The broadcast was aired on January 28 , 1984 . This special features the cast of Fame , billed as `` The Kids from Fame , '' along with the season three regular dancers . The concert is the second of the season , their first concert in the U.S. , and their third overall . The concert featured performances of popular music by the cast taking a look back at popular music in the year 1983 ( See 1983 in music ) . Guest starring was Irene Cara , who sang `` Fame '' -- the song an Academy Award winner -- originally for the film of the same title in which she also starred as the original Coco .

neg: Greatest Hits (Sonny & Cher album) Greatest Hits is the fourth compilation album by American pop rock duo Sonny & Cher , released in 1974 by MCA Records .

neg: I Believe (Marcella Detroit song) `` I Believe '' is a song by singer Marcella Detroit , released in February 1994 under London Records as the lead single from her album Jewel . Written by Detroit herself and produced by Chris Thomas , the song went on to become Detroit 's most successful single , peaking at # 11 in the UK , and reached similar success internationally .

neg: Pocketful of Miracles Pocketful of Miracles is a 1961 American comedy film starring Bette Davis and Glenn Ford , and directed by Frank Capra . The screenplay by Hal Kanter and Harry Tugend is based on the screenplay Lady for a Day by Robert Riskin , which was adapted from the Damon Runyon short story `` Madame La Gimp '' .   The film proved to be the final project for both Capra and veteran actor Thomas Mitchell but also featured the film debut of Ann-Margret .   Supporting player Peter Falk was nominated for an Academy Award but George Chakiris won that year for West Side Story . Capra said that Falk 's performance was a bright spot in this `` miserable film . ''   The 1989 film Miracles starring Jackie Chan and Anita Mui , and the 2008 film Singh Is Kinng starring Akshay Kumar and Katrina Kaif are based on Pocketful of Miracles .

neg: Records and achievements of Madonna American singer Madonna , throughout her career , spanning three decades , has obtained a remarkable series of statistical achievements , setting and breaking several world records with her participation in entrepreneurial activities , of acting and her performance in the musical scene for her videos , singles , albums , and tours .   Her first appearance in the Guinness Book of World Records was in 1986 with her third studio album , True Blue . Since then , she has earned multiple appearances , some 20 at least in February 2012 , including her insigne record title as the top-selling female recording artist of all time . Madonna 's commerciality has achieved scrutiny studies and analysis from different point of view in the academia world or by marketers , through her marketing strategies , controversies and reinvention , surpassing to others new or contemporary artists . In popular culture , many international artists have been called `` Madonna '' , many times , by their impact and success in their respective countries or genres . Also , her presence in popular culture , has been led to create world records about Madonna . Dubbed as the most successful and most influential female artist of all time , Madonna 's music is defined in several occasions , for changing contemporary music history for women 's , mainly rock , dance and pop scene .

neg: Believe (Orianthi album) Believe is the second studio album by Australian guitarist Orianthi and her debut album recorded for a major label . It was released on 26 October 2009 by Geffen Records . The album 's release was pushed back by Geffen to coincide with the compilation album This Is It by Michael Jackson , as a result of the publicity generated from her appearance in the concert film of the same name . The album peaked at number 77 at the Billboard 200 .   The song `` Believe '' from which the album is titled , is a cover of the Niels Brinck 's song `` Believe Again '' , best known as the Danish entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 . Virtuoso guitarist Steve Vai appears on and co-wrote the song `` Highly Strung '' . `` Suffocated '' , a cover of a song by American band Sound the Alarm , appears on the soundtrack of music video game Guitar Hero : Warriors of Rock .   The album was re-released on 8 June 2010 . Several tracks from Believe are remixed ( `` Bad News '' , `` Think Like a Man '' , and `` What 's It Gon na Be '' ) , while God Only Knows , Untogether , and Drive Away are omitted . It also includes four new songs , including the album 's second single `` Shut Up and Kiss Me '' .

neg: Give It Up (KC and the Sunshine Band song) `` Give It Up '' is a song by American disco group KC and the Sunshine Band , although it was simply credited as KC in many countries , including the US . Following the backlash against many disco artists on the charts at the beginning of the 1980s , the song was a comeback hit for the act in the US , where it peaked at No. 18 on the Billboard Hot 100 in March 1984 . The song had been an even bigger hit in the UK several months earlier , where it had hit No. 1 for three weeks in August 1983 . It went on to become the 18th best-selling single of the year in the UK . It was the last of the act 's hits in the US and UK , and the most successful of its 10 UK hits .

neg: Faith Hill discography Faith Hill is an American country music singer . Her discography includes seven studio albums , four compilation albums , and forty-two singles . All of Hill 's studio albums , including her 2008 Christmas compilation , have been certified Gold , Platinum , or Multi-Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America .   After working as a secretary in a Nashville music publishing firm , Hill recorded a demo tape and was signed to Warner Bros. . Records . She released her debut album in late 1993 titled , Take Me as I Am . The album sold three million copies in the United States and was certified `` multi-platinum '' in sales . With Hill 's first albums , she was largely marketed as a country artist and her singles found major success on country radio . The lead single , `` Wild One '' spent four weeks at # 1 on the Billboard Country Chart that year , making Hill the first female country artist in thirty years spend a series of weeks at the top spot with a debut single . The album 's additional singles , `` Piece of My Heart '' ( a cover of the Erma Franklin song ) and `` Take Me as I Am '' were also significant country hits . In 1995 released her second studio album , It Matters to Me . which also reached multi-platinum status . Its title track was a # 1 country hit , and the other singles released including `` Let 's Go to Vegas '' and `` Someone Else 's Dream '' were Top 10 hits . After meeting country music artist , Tim McGraw , the two eventually married in October 1996 . For three years , Hill did not release any albums after giving birth to child . However she did collaborate with McGraw on his single , `` It 's Your Love '' , which was a # 1 country hit in 1997 .   Hill returned with her third studio album in 1998 titled , Faith . The album 's first single , `` This Kiss '' was promoted as a country and pop single , and therefore it not only peaked at # 1 on the Billboard Country Chart , but also crossed over into Billboard Hot 100 , where it made the Top 10 , peaking at # 7 . The album 's other singles remained successful on the country charts , peaking within the Top 10 , including a duet with McGraw , `` Just to Hear You Say That You Love Me '' . Immediately after tour from her previous album , she returned to the studio to record her fourth album , Breathe . The album was marketed as a crossover Pop music album , which would bring Hill major success in pop and adult contemporary music . Breathe sold eight million copies in the United States , certifying 8 × Platinum in sales . The title track was the album 's first single , where it became Hill 's biggest hit to date , spending six weeks at # 1 on the Billboard Country Chart , while also peaking at # 2 on the Hot 100 , becoming the biggest hit of the year on Billboard . Its follow-up , `` The Way You Love Me '' was also a # 1 hit , and reached the Pop Top 10 as well .   In 2002 , she released another Pop-oriented album , Cry . Although it sold two million copies in the United States , its singles proved not to be as successful as planned . The title track only reached # 12 on the country charts and # 33 on the Hot 100 . The additional three singles released ( `` When the Lights Go Down '' , `` One '' , and `` You 're Still Here '' ) were even less successful than the title track . Hill stayed on a three-year hiatus before releasing her next album , Fireflies in 2005 . The album returned Hill to traditional country music , and the lead single , `` Mississippi Girl '' ( written by John Rich ) became Hill 's first # 1 hit on the Country charts in five years . In addition , Fireflies sold two million copies in the United States and was certified 2 × Platinum in sales . In 2007 , Hill released her first greatest hits compilation which was titled , The Hits , followed by a Holiday album in late 2008 , Joy to the World .

neg: Patsy Cline discography The discography of Patsy Cline , an American country pop artist , consists of three studio albums , one compilation album , six extended plays , twenty four singles , and seven B-sides . For material released after the artist 's death in 1963 , see Patsy Cline posthumous discography .   After performing in a band in 1954 , Cline was signed by Bill McCall to Four Star Records , based in Pasadena , California . She made her first recording session for the label in June 1955 , releasing her debut single , `` A Church , a Courtroom , and Goodbye '' in July . Cline issued seventeen singles to the country music recording charts between 1955 and 1960 ; however , only one of them was a major hit . After releasing the singles `` Hidin ' Out '' , `` I Love You Honey '' , and `` I 've Loved and Lost Again '' , her first single issued in 1957 , entitled `` Walkin ' After Midnight '' , peaked at # 2 on the Billboard Magazine Hot Country Songs list and # 12 on the Top Pop Songs chart . The song 's success spawned Cline 's self-titled debut album , released in August 1957 . Cline 's additional singles between 1958 and 1960 ranged in variations between country , Gospel , and Rockabilly . These songs included such releases as , `` Three Cigarettes ( In an Ashtray ) , '' `` Come On In ( And Make Yourself at Home ) , '' `` Dear God , '' and `` Crazy Dreams . ''   In late 1960 , Cline signed with Four Star 's distributor , Decca . Working with producer Owen Bradley , Cline 's musical style changed from Honky Tonk to the Pop-influenced Nashville Sound . Her first Decca release was 1961 's `` I Fall to Pieces , '' which was recorded during her first session for the label . The single became her first number one single on the Billboard Country Chart , while also reaching # 12 on the Pop chart , and # 6 on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks list . Her second self-titled extended play was issued in August and contained the hit ; however , due to a major car accident , Cline could not promote the song . Its follow-up , `` Crazy '' , was released in October and became another crossover hit , reaching # 2 on the Billboard Country and Adult Contemporary chart , and # 9 on the Pop chart . Cline 's second studio album was then issued in November 1961 , entitled Patsy Cline Showcase and containing both hits . In its re-release in 1963 , the album peaked at # 73 on the Billboard 200 Albums Chart .   Cline 's third Decca single , `` She 's Got You '' was released in January 1962 , and became her fourth major hit , reaching number one on Billboard '' 's Country Chart , # 14 on the Billboard Pop Chart , and # 3 on its Adult Contemporary chart . Because an album was not yet released , the extended play also titled , She 's Got You was released in April . She had two other major country hits that year : `` When I Get Thru ' With You '' ( # 10 ) and `` So Wrong '' ( # 14 ) . Her third and final official studio album named , Sentimentally Yours was released in August and contained `` She 's Got You '' , as well as , `` Heartaches '' , which reached # 31 in the United Kingdom . Many of the singles ' B-sides charted on the Country and Pop chart that year , including `` She 's Got You '' 's flip side , `` Strange '' and `` When I Get Thru ' With You '' 's flip , `` Imagine That '' . Cline released her final single during her lifetime in January 1963 entitled , `` Leavin ' on Your Mind . '' The song became a Top 10 hit on the Billboard '' Country Chart , while also reaching # 83 on the Pop chart . Patsy Cline died March 5 , 1963 in a plane crash in Camden , Tennessee .

neg: All I Ever Need Is You (song) `` All I Ever Need Is You '' is a popular song written by Jimmy Holiday and Eddie Reeves and recorded by Ray Charles for his 1971 album , Volcanic Action of My Soul . The most well-known version of the song is the hit single by Sonny & Cher which in 1971 reached number seven on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and is their single of greatest longevity , spending 15 weeks on that chart . Their album by the same title sold over 500,000 copies reaching RIAA gold status .   `` All I Ever Need Is You '' by Sonny & Cher also topped the Easy Listening chart for five weeks late in 1971 . and was a top-ten single in both the United Kingdom and Canada . It has sold more than 2,250,000 copies world wide .   Two versions made the country music charts : Ray Sanders ( # 18 ) in 1971 , and Kenny Rogers and Dottie West ( # 1 ) in 1979 . The Rogers & West recording was included on four albums : Classics ( Kenny Rogers and Dottie West album ) in 1979 selling over 2,000,000 copies ; Duets ( Kenny Rogers album ) in 1984 selling over 1,000,000 copies ; 42 Ultimate Hits ( Kenny Rogers album ) in 2004 selling over 500,000 copies and 21 Number Ones ( Kenny Rogers album ) in 2006 selling over 500,000 copies .   A 1984 Dutch version titled `` Ik Meen ` T '' by recording artist Andre Hazes reached # 1 for two weeks on March 9 and 16 , 1985 on the pop singles chart in the Netherlands .   `` All I Ever Need Is You '' was associated with two Grammy Award Nominations : 1972 Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals Sonny & Cher , All I Ever Need Is You ; and 1973 `` Best Country Instrumental Performance '' Chet Atkins & Jerry Reed , Me and Chet ( album included `` All I Ever Need Is You '' ) . The song was recorded by Tom Jones , Sammi Smith and several others .

neg: Country Music Association The Country Music Association ( CMA ) was founded in 1958 in Nashville , Tennessee . It originally consisted of only 233 members and was the first trade organization formed to promote a music genre . The objectives of the organization are to guide and enhance the development of Country Music throughout the world ; to demonstrate it as a viable medium to advertisers , consumers , and media ; and to provide a unity of purpose for the Country Music industry . However the CMA may be best known to most country music fans for its annual Country Music Association Awards broadcast live on network television each fall ( usually October or November ) .   Initially , CMA 's Board of Directors included nine directors and five officers . Wesley Rose , president of Acuff-Rose Publishing , Inc. , served as CMA 's first chairman of the board . Broadcasting entrepreneur and executive Connie B. Gay was the founding president .   Originally there were nine individual membership categories . The current 15 categories represent all facets of the music industry . Organizational memberships are also available . CMA membership is composed of those persons or organizations that are involved in Country Music , directly and substantially .   The first CMA Awards ceremony was held in 1967 in Nashville . Sonny James and Bobbie Gentry hosted the event , which was not televised . The winner of the first `` Entertainer of the Year '' award was singer Eddy Arnold . `` Male Vocalist of the Year '' went to Jack Greene and `` Female Vocalist of the Year '' to Loretta Lynn .   In 1968 , Roy Rogers and Dale Evans hosted the awards , which were presented at the Ryman Auditorium in Nashville . ( The ceremony was filmed and televised on NBC a few weeks later . ) The first live telecast of the show was in 1969 .   Annual awards are given in the following twelve categories : Entertainer of the Year , Male Vocalist , Female Vocalist , New Artist of the Year ( formerly the Horizon Award ) , Vocal Group , Vocal Duo , Single , Album , Song , Music Event , Music Video , and Musician .   The CMA also gives a `` CMA Broadcast Award '' to country-formatted radio stations each year . Broadcast Awards are segmented based on market size , major market ( Arbitron Ranking 1 -- 25 ) , large market ( Arbitron Ranking 26 -- 50 ) , medium market ( Arbitron Ranking 51 -- 100 ) , and small market ( All other Markets ) . A single station can not win the award in consecutive years .   In honor of the association 's 50th anniversary , MCA Nashville released a song called `` Forever Country '' .

neg: Bad Girl (The Miracles song) `` Bad Girl '' is a 1959 doo-wop single by The Miracles . Issued locally on the Motown Records label , it was licensed to and issued nationally by Chess Records because the fledgling Motown Record Corporation did not , at that time , have national distribution . It was the first single released ( and the only one released by this group ) on the Motown label - all previous singles from the company ( and all following ones from the group ) were released on Motown 's Tamla label . Although The Miracles had charted regionally and on the R&B charts with several earlier songs , including `` Got a Job '' , `` I Cry '' , `` I Need a Change '' , and '' ( You Can ) Depend on Me '' , `` Bad Girl '' was their first national chart hit , reaching # 93 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Written by Miracles lead singer Smokey Robinson and Motown Records ' President and Founder Berry Gordy , `` Bad Girl '' is a sad , remorseful ballad about a young woman , whom Robinson , as the narrator , says `` was so good at the start '' , but who later in the song `` is breaking my heart '' . It is in the popular doo-wop style , as several of The Miracles ' songs were during the late 1950s . The record 's success , coupled with the distributor 's failure to pay Gordy and The Miracles properly for its sales , prompted Robinson to urge Gordy to `` go national '' with it , meaning that Motown should do its own national distribution of its songs , and eliminate the middleman , to ensure that all money from sales of its records would go directly to the label .   On the Motown/Universal DVD Smokey Robinson and The Miracles : The Definitive Performances 1963-1987 , Robinson and fellow Miracles Bobby Rogers and Pete Moore commented that the song 's success allowed the group to tour nationally for the first time , and to play New York 's legendary Apollo Theatre during the Ray Charles Show . The group was not ready for the appearance : it lacked performance experience and failed to produce professional big band arrangements to the satisfaction of theatre manager Honi Coles . Ray Charles intervened , took the group under his wing , and , with his band , created arrangements for their songs . Charles was one of the first to help them on their climb to eventual success .   `` Bad Girl '' has since become a doo-wop classic and was named one of the 100 Greatest Doo-Wop Songs of All Time by Doo Wop Nation . It appears on several Miracles ' compilations , including Greatest Hits from the Beginning . The song was also performed by the group on their final live album , 1957 -- 1972 . It has been covered by the Dazz Band and by Motown artist Mary Wells , whose version was called `` Bad Boy '' and appeared on her debut album , Bye Bye Baby I Do n't Want to Take a Chance .

neg: Whitney Houston videography The videography of American pop/R & B recording artist Whitney Houston consists of fifty-five music videos , four music video compilations , a concert tour video and three music video singles . In 1983 , Houston signed a recording contract with Arista Records and two years after released her eponymous debut album . Houston 's first music video was for the single `` You Give Good Love '' , which was selected to establish her in the black marketplace first . In the video of worldwide hit `` Saving All My Love for You '' , she played a beaming All-American girl shadowed by her secret lover 's wife . The following video `` How Will I Know '' , directed by Brian Grant , that helped introduce the singer to a wider audience when it became one of the first videos by a black female singer to earn heavy rotation on MTV , blasting open the doors for a whole generation of R&B and pop divas to follow . The clip won MTV Video Music Award for Best Female Video at its 3rd ceremony of 1986 . `` Greatest Love of All '' , the final single released from Houston 's debut album , which helped cement the M.O. for the classic Whitney video . In June 1986 , Houston released her first video compilation The No. 1 Video Hits , containing her four music videos off the Whitney Houston album . The video compilation reached number-one on the Billboard Top Music Videocassettes chart and stayed at the top spot for 22 weeks , which remains the all-time record for a video collection by a female artist , and was certified Platinum for shipments of 100,000 units by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) on July 15 , 1986 . In 1987 , `` I Wan na Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' , the first single from her second album Whitney , was one of Houston 's most recognized music videos in company with the song 's smash hit worldwide . Houston 's fashion and hairstyle in the clip -- towering curly wig , colorful dangly earrings and a series of going-to-the-club outfits -- became one of her iconic looks .   In November 1990 , Houston released her third studio album I 'm Your Baby Tonight . The video for the title track from the album , was what passed for a high-concept clip from Houston , in which she paid tribute to three different legends in film and music industries : Marlene Dietrich , The Supremes and Audrey Hepburn . On January 27 , 1991 , Houston , wearing a white tracksuit with a red and blue print and matching athletic headband , performed `` The Star Spangled Banner '' at Super Bowl XXV , held at the Tampa Stadium in Tampa , Florida . Due to overwhelming response to her rendition , the performance was released as a video single , which was certified 2 × Platinum by the RIAA in April 1991 . Such Houston 's patriotism-boosting-performance for the national anthem led her to give Welcome Home Heroes with Whitney Houston concert , which was for the troops , their families , and military and government dignitaries in honor of those returning from the Gulf War . The concert was released as a VHS ( later also LD and DVD ) in the same year and it was certified Gold for shipments of 50,000 units by the RIAA . Though Houston is acknowledged as one of the best live performers , up to date , the live footage is her only full-concert video that has been issued officially in the United States .   `` I Will Always Love You '' , one of Houston 's iconic videos , was the clip for the lead single off the soundtrack for Houston 's 1992 film debut The Bodyguard . In the video , directed by Nick Brandt , the camera focused on an elegantly suited up , forlorn-looking Houston sitting in an empty theater and staring into the distance as she watched clips from the movie scroll by . Houston blasted into the song 's towering finale via a quick zoom to her face , eyes closed , and then popping open as she hit the high notes . The idea and the camerawork helped Houston to deliver perfectly the titanically tear-jerking drama of the song . Her other notable video from The Bodyguard Soundtrack , `` Queen of the Night '' , featured Houston performing the song in a club dressed in a metallic costume , which were inspired by scenes from Fritz Lang 's 1927 silent film Metropolis . After Houston contributed to her songs on the soundtracks for two films , in which she also starred , Waiting to Exhale ( 1995 ) and The Preacher 's Wife ( 1996 ) , she teamed up with Mariah Carey in the video for `` When You Believe '' from The Prince of Egypt Soundtrack . In November 1998 , Houston came back to pop music full-time with My Love Is Your Love , which returned her to heavy rotation . The singles from the album , `` Heartbreak Hotel '' , `` It 's Not Right But It 's Okay '' , and `` My Love Is Your Love '' , were all US top 5 hits , and Houston was also once again embraced by MTV thanks to her willingness to let her style and approach evolve in her music and the videos . During that time , most of her music videos were directed by Kevin Bray .   Houston began the 2000s with her first greatest hits compilation , Whitney : The Greatest Hits , which spawned three then new videos including two for the duet songs that she collaborated with Enrique Iglesias on `` Could I Have This Kiss Forever '' and George Michael on `` If I Told You That '' . The accompanying video/DVD of the same title was also released at the same time , which contained Houston 's promotional videos from 1985 to 1999 and several hard-to-find live performances including her 1983 TV debut on The Merv Griffin Show . In December 2002 , Houston released her fifth studio album , Just Whitney . Two music videos from the album , `` Whatchulookinat '' and `` Try It on My Own '' , were considered her answers to the media for getting too deep into her personal life and to malicious rumours surrounding then her public image . In the former video , she confronted the issues with a white set with an overhead camera and mirrors on its walls , following and reflecting Houston 's every move . In the latter , did with the storyline strongly reminiscent of her high-profile firing by Burt Bacharach from the 2000 Academy Awards ceremony for not singing `` Over the Rainbow '' during rehearsals for the show . In August 2009 , Houston returned to the music scene with her fourth Billboard 200 number-one album , I Look to You , which yielded `` Million Dollar Bill '' and `` I Look to You '' videos .   Most of Houston 's notable videos involve just a bit of perfunctory storyline and focus on her performance , however , several sources recognized her as one of pioneers who laid the groundwork and broke down barriers with the videos during her generation . In 2003 , VH1 ranked Houston at number three on the list of '50 Greatest Women of the Video Era ' . In February 2012 , TIME , on a photo article in honor of Black History Month , listed her as one of '50 Cultural Giants ' . Gil Kaufman from MTV News said that '' -LSB- Houston -RSB- proved you could make a fuss without making a spectacle , '' and added his view on Houston 's legacy as follows :  The legendary R&B singer -LSB- Houston -RSB- became one of the most important artists of the early music-video era by taking the road less traveled . -LSB- ... -RSB- While such fellow trailblazers as Michael Jackson and Madonna created video fantasy worlds full of monsters , gangsters , street-fighting men and naughty brides , Houston mostly skipped the drama and stood front and center in her most iconic clips doing the thing that she did best : singing her heart out .

neg: Testify (P.O.D. album) Testify is the sixth studio album by American recording group P.O.D. . It was originally set for a December 2005 release but finally slated for January 24 , 2006 by Atlantic Records . This is P.O.D. 's first major-label album not produced by Howard Benson . The full album was leaked to file-sharing networks on January 20 , 2006 , just four days before its release . It was also their last album with Jason Truby on guitar , before he left the band in December 2006 .   This album was also available in the Testify ( Limited Edition ) version with a bonus CD ( called Beyond Testify ) featuring commentary by the band on every song on the album , as well as four bonus songs and a remix that did n't make the album . The album 's first single , `` Goodbye for Now , '' went on to become the No. 1 music video on MTV 's TRL and became P.O.D. 's unprecedented 4th No. 1 video . The song also enjoyed heavy play on the radio . Testify became the No. 1 selling Christian album on Billboard for several weeks and , as of May 2006 , had been in the Top 25 for a total of 16 weeks . It opened at No. 9 on the Billboard 200 with 58,000 scans and has sold over 210,000 copies in the US and over 500,000 copies worldwide .

neg: The Click List: Top 10 Videos The Click List : Top 10 Videos is an hour length music video show that airs on the television channel Logo . Viewers vote for their top ten favorite videos at LOGOonline.com and each week the winners are counted down in a new episode . An episode usually includes Indie and big label LGBT artists such as Rufus Wainwright , God-Des , Ari Gold , Deadlee , Scissor Sisters , Naked Highway , and Jonny McGovern . Mainstream artists like Madonna , Hilary Duff , Rihanna , and Justin Timberlake have also made the list .   A few special editions of The Click List : Top 10 Videos have aired in the past , including The Click List : Ultimate Madonna Videos and The Click List : Ultimate Comebacks . The videos for Vogue by Madonna and Believe by Cher were voted into the number one spots , respectively .

neg: She Believes in Me `` She Believes In Me '' is a song recorded by American country music singer Kenny Rogers . It was released in April 1979 as the second single from his album The Gambler . The song was written and first recorded by Steve Gibb ( not the Steve Gibb who is the son of Barry Gibb ) and is the tale of a songwriter who has a beloved who supports him , although he sometimes wonders why .

neg: Got to Believe (season 2) Got to Believe started its second season storyline half-way of its 108th episode that was aired in the Philippines on January 22 , 2014 with the title , `` The New Chapter '' . Same with season 1 , each episode titles that appear at the intertitle were being used as official hashtags for the micro-blogging site Twitter .   Season 2 had some of its scenes filmed in Singapore and this was also weaved into the narrative of the series . Chichay , Joaquin , Alex and Juliana were seen around the country 's famous places such as Merlion Park , The Helix Bridge , Marina Barrage , Gardens by the Bay , Haji Lane and Singapore Botanic Gardens .   Being the final season , the television series concluded on March 7 , 2014 with the title `` Best Ending Ever '' .


query: The United States became the only country to have used nuclear weapons in warfare when they dropped atomic bombs on Japan during World War II.

pos: Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki At the order of President Harry S. Truman during the final stage of World War II , the United States dropped nuclear weapons on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9 , 1945 , respectively . The United States had dropped the bombs with the consent of the United Kingdom as outlined in the Quebec Agreement . The two bombings , which killed at least 129,000 people , remain the only use of nuclear weapons for warfare in history .   In the final year of the war , the Allies prepared for what was anticipated to be a very costly invasion of the Japanese mainland . This was preceded by a U.S. conventional and firebombing campaign that destroyed 67 Japanese cities . The war in Europe had concluded when Nazi Germany signed its instrument of surrender on May 8 , 1945 . The Japanese , facing the same fate , refused to accept the Allies ' demands for unconditional surrender and the Pacific War continued . The Allies called for the unconditional surrender of the Japanese armed forces in the Potsdam Declaration on July 26 , 1945 -- the alternative being `` prompt and utter destruction '' . The Japanese response to this ultimatum was to ignore it .   By August 1945 , the Allies ' Manhattan Project had produced two types of atomic bombs , and the 509th Composite Group of the United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) was equipped with the specialized Silverplate version of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress that could deliver them from Tinian in the Mariana Islands . Orders for atomic bombs to be used on four Japanese cities were issued on July 25 . On August 6 , the U.S. dropped a uranium gun-type ( Little Boy ) bomb on Hiroshima , and American President Harry S. Truman called for Japan 's surrender , warning it to `` expect a rain of ruin from the air , the like of which has never been seen on this earth . '' Three days later , on August 9 , a plutonium implosion-type ( Fat Man ) bomb was dropped on Nagasaki . Within the first two to four months following the bombings , the acute effects of the atomic bombings had killed 90,000 -- 146,000 people in Hiroshima and 39,000 -- 80,000 in Nagasaki ; roughly half of the deaths in each city occurred on the first day . During the following months , large numbers died from the effect of burns , radiation sickness , and other injuries , compounded by illness and malnutrition . In both cities , most of the dead were civilians , although Hiroshima had a sizable military garrison .   Japan announced its surrender to the Allies on August 15 , six days after the bombing of Nagasaki and the Soviet Union 's declaration of war . On September 2 , the Japanese government signed the instrument of surrender , effectively ending World War II . The justification for the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki is still debated to this day .

pos: United States The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. ) or America , is a constitutional federal republic composed of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions .  Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico . The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America , bordered by Canada to the east and across the Bering Strait from Russia to the west . The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean . The U.S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea . Nine time zones are covered . The geography , climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse .   At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) and with over 324 million people , the United States is the world 's third - or fourth-largest country by total area , third-largest by land area , and the third-most populous . It is one of the world 's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations , and is home to the world 's largest immigrant population . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the largest city is New York City ; nine other major metropolitan areas -- each with at least 4.5 million inhabitants and the largest having more than 13 million people -- are Los Angeles , Chicago , Dallas , Houston , Philadelphia , Miami , Atlanta , Boston , and San Francisco .   Paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies following the Seven Years ' War led to the American Revolution , which began in 1775 . On July 4 , 1776 , during the course of the American Revolutionary War , the colonies unanimously adopted the Declaration of Independence . The war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain , representing the first successful war of independence against a European power . The current constitution was adopted in 1788 , after the Articles of Confederation , adopted in 1781 , were felt to have provided inadequate federal powers . The first ten amendments , collectively named the Bill of Rights , were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties .   The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century , displacing Native American tribes , acquiring new territories , and gradually admitting new states until it spanned the continent by 1848 . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the end of legal slavery in the country . By the end of that century , the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean , and its economy , driven in large part by the Industrial Revolution , began to soar . The Spanish -- American War and confirmed the country 's status as a global military power . The United States emerged from as a global superpower , the first country to develop nuclear weapons , the only country to use them in warfare , and a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council . The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the world 's sole superpower . The U.S. is a founding member of the United Nations , World Bank , International Monetary Fund , Organization of American States ( OAS ) , and other international organizations .   The United States is a highly developed country , with the world 's largest economy by nominal GDP and second-largest economy by PPP . Though its population is only 4.3 % of the world total , Americans hold nearly 40 % of the total wealth in the world . The United States ranks among the highest in several measures of socioeconomic performance , including average wage , human development , per capita GDP , and productivity per person . While the U.S. economy is considered post-industrial , characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy , the manufacturing sector remains the second-largest in the world . Accounting for approximately a quarter of global GDP and a third of global military spending , the United States is the world 's foremost economic and military power . The United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally , and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations .

neg: Surrender of Japan The surrender of Imperial Japan was announced on August 15 and formally signed on September 2 , 1945 , bringing the hostilities of World War II to a close . By the end of July 1945 , the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) was incapable of conducting major operations and an Allied invasion of Japan was imminent . Together with the British Empire and China , the United States called for the unconditional surrender of the Japanese armed forces in the Potsdam Declaration on July 26 , 1945 -- the alternative being `` prompt and utter destruction '' . While publicly stating their intent to fight on to the bitter end , Japan 's leaders ( the Supreme Council for the Direction of the War , also known as the `` Big Six '' ) were privately making entreaties to the still-neutral Soviet Union to mediate peace on terms more favorable to the Japanese . Meanwhile , the Soviets were preparing to attack Japanese forces in Manchuria and Korea ( in addition to South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands ) in fulfillment of promises they had secretly made to the United States and the United Kingdom at the Tehran and Yalta Conferences .   On August 6 , 1945 , at 8:15 AM local time , the United States detonated an atomic bomb over the Japanese city of Hiroshima . Sixteen hours later , American President Harry S. Truman called again for Japan 's surrender , warning them to `` expect a rain of ruin from the air , the like of which has never been seen on this earth . '' Late in the evening of August 8 , 1945 , in accordance with the Yalta agreements , but in violation of the Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact , the Soviet Union declared war on Japan , and soon after midnight on August 9 , 1945 , the Soviet Union invaded the Imperial Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo . Later in the day , the United States dropped a second atomic bomb , this time on the Japanese city of Nagasaki . Following these events , Emperor Hirohito intervened and ordered the Supreme Council for the Direction of the War to accept the terms the Allies had set down in the Potsdam Declaration for ending the war . After several more days of behind-the-scenes negotiations and a failed coup d'état , Emperor Hirohito gave a recorded radio address across the Empire on August 15 . In the radio address , called the , he announced the surrender of Japan to the Allies .   On August 28 , the occupation of Japan by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers began . The surrender ceremony was held on September 2 , aboard the United States Navy battleship , at which officials from the Japanese government signed the Japanese Instrument of Surrender , thereby ending the hostilities . Allied civilians and military personnel alike celebrated V-J Day , the end of the war ; however , some isolated soldiers and personnel from Imperial Japan 's far-flung forces throughout Asia and the Pacific islands refused to surrender for months and years afterwards , some even refusing into the 1970s . The role of the atomic bombings in Japan 's unconditional surrender , and the ethics of the two attacks , is still debated . The state of war formally ended when the Treaty of San Francisco came into force on April 28 , 1952 . Four more years passed before Japan and the Soviet Union signed the Soviet -- Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956 , which formally brought an end to their state of war .

neg: Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II This article is about the military history of the United Kingdom during World War II . The United Kingdom , along with most of its Dominions , Crown colonies , and British India , declared war on Nazi Germany in September 1939 , after the German invasion of Poland . War with Japan began in December 1941 , after it attacked British colonies in Asia . The Axis powers were defeated by the Allies in 1945 .

neg: United States Army Air Forces in Okinawa The Battle of Okinawa was the last major ground battle between the armed forces of the Empire of Japan and the United States of the Pacific War .   United States Army and United States Marine Corps ground forces landed on the island on 1 April 1945 at 08:30 am . The Battle of Okinawa lasted 83 days until 22 June , when the island was declared secured . The defense of the island was divided into three strong Japanese lines where hidden guns , machine guns and bunkers covered approaches and fields . Soldiers on the ground fought a grueling battle to occupy the island . The United States Navy and its support ships were larger in numbers than those at Normandy in June 1944 , and were attacked repeatedly by Japanese kamikaze aircraft , sinking and damaging a significant number of vessels . It was a battle in which more than 12,000 American and 70,000 Japanese soldiers lost their lives . In addition , it is estimated that between 100,000 and 150,000 Okinawan civilians were also killed during the battle .

neg: Mark 21 nuclear bomb The Mark 21 nuclear bomb was a United States nuclear gravity bomb first produced in 1955 . It was based on the TX-21 `` Shrimp '' prototype that had been detonated during the Castle Bravo test in March 1954 . While most of the Operation Castle tests were intended to evaluate weapons intended for immediate stockpile , or which were already available for use as part of the Emergency Capability Program , Castle Bravo was intended to test a design which would drastically reduce the size and costs of the first generation of air-droppable atomic weapons ( the Mk 14 , Mk 17 & Mk 24 ) . At 12 ft long , 56 in in diameter , and weighing 15000 lb , the Mk-21 was half the length and one-third the weight of the Mk-17 / 24 weapons it replaced . Its minimum yield was specified at four megatons .   Quantity production of the Mk-21 started in December 1955 and ran until July 1956 . Three marks were produced ; the Mk-21C was proof tested as the Operation Redwing Navajo shot , with a yield of 4.5 megatons . Starting in June 1957 all Mk-21 bombs were converted to the more powerful Mk-36 , which was removed from service in 1962 .

neg: United States Navy in World War II The United States Navy grew rapidly during World War II from 1941 -- 45 , and played the central role in the war against Japan , and ( after the British Royal Navy ) a major role in the European war against Germany and Italy .   The U.S. Navy grew into a formidable force in the years prior to World War II , with battleship production being restarted in 1937 , commencing with the . It was able to add to its fleets during the early years of the war while the US was still neutral , increasing production of vessels both large and small , deploying a navy of nearly 350 major combatant ships by December 1941 and having an equal number under construction .   The Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) sought naval superiority in the Pacific by sinking the main American battle fleet at Pearl Harbor , which was built around its battleships . The December 1941 surprise attack on Pearl Harbor did knock out the battle fleet , but it did not touch the aircraft carriers , which became the mainstay of the rebuilt fleet .   Naval doctrine had to be changed overnight . The United States Navy ( like the IJN ) had followed Alfred Thayer Mahan 's emphasis on concentrated groups of battleships as the main offensive naval weapons . The loss of the battleships at Pearl Harbor forced Admiral Ernest J. King , the head of the Navy , to place primary emphasis on the small number of aircraft carriers .   The U.S. Navy grew tremendously as the United States was faced with a two-front war on the seas . It achieved notable acclaim in the Pacific Theater , where it was instrumental to the Allies ' successful `` island hopping '' campaign . The U.S. Navy fought six great battles with the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) : the Attack on Pearl Harbor , Battle of the Coral Sea , the Battle of Midway , the Battle of the Philippine Sea , the Battle of Leyte Gulf , and the Battle of Okinawa .   By war 's end in 1945 , the United States Navy had added nearly 1,200 major combatant ships , including 27 aircraft carriers and 8 battleships , and had over 70 % of the world 's total numbers and total tonnage of naval vessels of 1,000 tons or greater .

neg: Hiroshima is the capital of Hiroshima Prefecture and the largest city in the Chūgoku region of western Honshu - the largest island of Japan . The city 's name , 広島 , means `` Broad Island '' in Japanese . Hiroshima gained city status on April 1 , 1889 . On April 1 , 1980 , Hiroshima became a designated city . , the city had an estimated population of 1,196,274 . The GDP in Greater Hiroshima , Hiroshima Metropolitan Employment Area , is US$ 61.3 billion as of 2010 . Kazumi Matsui has been the city 's mayor since April 2011 .   Hiroshima is best known as the first city in history to be targeted by a nuclear weapon when the United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) dropped an atomic bomb on the city ( and later on Nagasaki ) at 8:15 a.m. on August 6 , 1945 , near the end of World War II .

neg: We begin bombing in five minutes On August 11 , 1984 , United States President Ronald Reagan , while running for re-election , was preparing to make his weekly Saturday radio address on National Public Radio . During a sound check before the address , Reagan made the following joke to the radio technicians : `` My fellow Americans , I 'm pleased to tell you today that I 've signed legislation that will outlaw Russia forever . We begin bombing in five minutes . '' The joke was a parody of the opening line of that day 's speech : `` My fellow Americans , I 'm pleased to tell you that today I signed legislation that will allow student religious groups to begin enjoying a right they 've too long been denied -- the freedom to meet in public high schools during nonschool hours , just as other student groups are allowed to do . ''   Contrary to popular misconception , this microphone gaffe was not broadcast over the air , but rather leaked later to the general populace . But the Tokyo newspaper Yomiuri Shimbun reported in October 1984 that the Soviet Far East Army was placed on alert after word of the statement got out and that the alert was not withdrawn until 30 minutes later . An unnamed aide to US Representative Michael Barnes ( D-Md . ) confirmed that the Pentagon was aware of the alert . There was no report of any change in the DEFCON level for the United States . The Soviet reaction , and mild confusion it created , was covered by NBC news anchor Tom Brokaw .   This was not the first time Reagan had joked before giving a speech or address . The Soviet official news agency , TASS , condemned the joke , declaring that `` The USSR condemns this unprecedented and hostile attack by the US President '' and that `` this kind of behavior is incompatible with the great responsibility borne by heads of nuclear states for the destinies of their own people and mankind '' .

neg: Mutual Defense Assistance Act The Mutual Defense Assistance Act was a United States Act of Congress signed by President Harry S. Truman on 6 October 1949 . For US Foreign policy , it was the first U.S. military foreign aid legislation of the Cold War era , and initially to Europe . The Act followed Truman 's signing of the Economic Cooperation Act ( the Marshall Plan ) , on April 3 , 1948 , which provided non-military , economic reconstruction and development aid to Europe . The Act was reauthorized in 1950 , but in 1951 , it and the Economic Cooperation Act were succeeded by the Mutual Security Act , and its newly created independent agency , the Mutual Security Administration , to supervise all foreign aid programs , including both military assistance programs and non-military , economic assistance programs that bolstered the defense capability of U.S. allies .   About the same time , the Mutual Defense Assistance Control Act of 1951 , also known or referred to as the Battle Act , ( 65 Stat . 644 ; 22 U.S.C. 1611 et seq. ) was also passed ; it banned U.S. assistance to countries doing business with the Soviet Union and was so-named after its sponsor , Representative Laurie C. Battle of Alabama . Strong motivation for this ` control ' act also came from export control concerns , following their tightening by the Export control Act of 1949 over Soviet advances ; export controls were used for both domestic policy and later as an instrument of foreign policy . This is exemplified by the restrictions on export of certain strategic or military items to the Soviet bloc or to other countries which it felt , if permitted , would be detrimental to the foreign policy program of the US . This latter motive became so strong that it brought legislation directing the President to enlist the cooperation of other nations in enacting controls on trade with the Soviet block to parallel those of the United States . The benefits of the various economic and military aid programs were to be withheld from non-cooperating nations . The act covered a wide range of materials needed for the production of weapons , and was especially focused on anything that could aid atomic weapons research and construction .   As the Cold War developed , these acts were part of the American policy of containment of Communism . They importantly provided defense assistance to any ally that might be attacked by the Soviet Union or one of its allies , while other programs provided non-military economic assistance . In Asia the programs expanded with the newly established Maoist People 's Republic of China , and other areas , with the development of specific country missions , including ones in Austria ( 1947 -- 50 ) , China ( 1946 -- 48 ) , Ireland ( 1948 -- 51 ) , and Trieste ( 1947 -- 52 ) .

neg: List of U.S. biological weapons topics The United States had an offensive biological weapons program from 1943 until 1969 . Today , the nation is a member of the Biological Weapons Convention and has renounced biological warfare .

neg: Origins of the Cold War The Origins of the Cold War are widely regarded to lie most directly in the relations between the Soviet Union and the allies ( the United States , Great Britain and France ) in the years 1945 -- 1947 . Those events led to the Cold War that endured for just under half a century .   Events preceding the Second World War , and even the Russian Revolution of 1917 , underlay pre -- World War II tensions between the Soviet Union , western European countries and the United States . A series of events during and after World War II exacerbated tensions , including the Soviet-German pact during the first two years of the war leading to subsequent invasions , the perceived delay of an amphibious invasion of German-occupied Europe , the western allies ' support of the Atlantic Charter , disagreement in wartime conferences over the fate of Eastern Europe , the Soviets ' creation of an Eastern Bloc of Soviet satellite states , western allies scrapping the Morgenthau Plan to support the rebuilding of German industry , and the Marshall Plan .

neg: Chemical weapons in World War I Although the use of toxic chemicals as weapons dates back thousands of years , the first large scale use of chemical weapons was during World War I . They were primarily used to demoralize , injure , and kill entrenched defenders , against whom the indiscriminate and generally very slow-moving or static nature of gas clouds would be most effective . The types of weapons employed ranged from disabling chemicals , such as tear gas , to lethal agents like phosgene , chlorine , and mustard gas . This chemical warfare was a major component of the first global war and first total war of the 20th century . The killing capacity of gas was limited , with only about 90 thousand fatalities from a total of some 1.2 million casualties caused by gas attacks . Gas was unlike most other weapons of the period because it was possible to develop effective countermeasures , such as gas masks . In the later stages of the war , as the use of gas increased , its overall effectiveness diminished . The widespread use of these agents of chemical warfare , and wartime advances in the composition of high explosives , gave rise to an occasionally expressed view of World War I as `` the chemist 's war '' and also the era where `` weapons of mass destruction '' were created .   The use of poison gas performed by all major belligerents throughout World War I constituted war crimes as its use violated the 1899 Hague Declaration Concerning Asphyxiating Gases and the 1907 Hague Convention on Land Warfare , which prohibited the use of `` poison or poisoned weapons '' in warfare .

neg: Battle of Kwajalein The Battle of Kwajalein was fought as part of the Pacific campaign of World War II . It took place from 31 January-3 February 1944 , on Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands . Employing the hard-learned lessons of the battle of Tarawa , the United States launched a successful twin assault on the main islands of Kwajalein in the south and Roi-Namur in the north . The Japanese defenders put up stiff resistance , although outnumbered and under-prepared . The determined defense of Roi-Namur left only 51 survivors of an original garrison of 3,500 .   For the US , the battle represented both the next step in its island-hopping march to Japan and a significant moral victory because it was the first time the Americans had penetrated the `` outer ring '' of the Japanese Pacific sphere . For the Japanese , the battle represented the failure of the beach-line defense . Japanese defenses became prepared in depth , and the battles of Peleliu , Guam , and the Marianas proved far more costly to the US .

neg: High-altitude nuclear explosion High-altitude nuclear explosions are the result of nuclear weapons testing . Several such tests were performed at high altitudes by the United States and the Soviet Union between 1958 and 1962 .

neg: Weapon of mass destruction A weapon of mass destruction ( WMD ) is a nuclear , radiological , chemical , biological or other weapon that can kill and bring significant harm to a large number of humans or cause great damage to human-made structures ( e.g. , buildings ) , natural structures ( e.g. , mountains ) , or the biosphere . The scope and usage of the term has evolved and been disputed , often signifying more politically than technically . Originally coined in reference to aerial bombing with chemical explosives , since World War II it has come to refer to large-scale weaponry of other technologies , such as chemical , biological , radiological , or nuclear .

neg: Bombing of Kōfu in World War II The was part of the strategic bombing campaign waged by the United States against military and civilian targets and population centers of the Empire of Japan during the Japan home islands campaign in the closing states of World War II .

neg: List of nuclear weapons tests of the United Kingdom The list of nuclear weapons tests summarizes all the nuclear tests performed by the United Kingdom from 3 October 1952 to 26 November 1991 at Montebello Islands , Emu Field and Maralinga Field in Australia , on Kiritimati and Malden Islands in Kiribati , and at the Nevada Test Site in the United States . The total of 88 tests include 64 tests carried out in the atmosphere .

neg: Japanese air attacks on the Mariana Islands During World War II , a series of Japanese air attacks on the Mariana Islands took place between November 1944 and January 1945 . These raids targeted United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) bases and sought to disrupt the bombing of Japan by B-29 Superfortress heavy bombers operating from the islands . The Japanese lost 37 aircraft during this operation , but destroyed 11 B-29s and damaged a further 43 . Preparations were also made for commando raids on the bases in early and mid-1945 but these did not go ahead .   While the attacks on the Mariana Islands did not seriously disrupt the USAAF air campaign , they had an effect on other American operations . After determining that the Japanese raiders were staging through Iwo Jima , American forces stepped up their attacks on that island . While the decision to invade Iwo Jima had been made before the raids commenced , stopping the attacks formed part of the justification for the landing . In addition , further air defense units were deployed to the Mariana Islands to protect the B-29 bases .

neg: McCollum memo The McCollum memo , also known as the Eight Action Memo was a memorandum , dated October 7 , 1940 ( more than a year before the Pearl Harbor attack ) , sent by Lieutenant Commander Arthur H. McCollum , who `` provided the president with intelligence reports on -LSB- Japan -RSB- ... -LSB- and oversaw -RSB- every intercepted and decoded Japanese military and diplomatic report destined for the White House '' in his capacity as director of the Office of Naval Intelligence 's Far East Asia section . It was sent to Navy Captains Dudley Knox , who agreed with the actions described within the memo , and Walter Stratton Anderson .   The memo outlined the general situation of several nations in World War II and recommended an eight-part course of action for the United States to take in regard to the Japanese Empire in the South Pacific , suggesting the United States provoke Japan into committing an `` overt act of war '' . The memo illustrates several people in the Office of Naval Intelligence promoted the idea of goading Japan into war : `` It is not believed that in the present state of political opinion the United States government is capable of declaring war against Japan without more ado -LSB- ... -RSB- If by -LSB- the elucidated eight-point plan -RSB- Japan could be led to commit an overt act of war , so much the better . ''   The McCollum memo was first widely disseminated with the publication of Robert Stinnett 's book Day of Deceit : The Truth About FDR and Pearl Harbor . Stinnett presents the memo as part of his argument the Roosevelt Administration conspired to secretly provoke the Japanese to attack the United States in order to bring the United States into the European war without generating public contempt over broken political promises . Roosevelt had recently issued a campaign promise the United States would not become entangled in Europe 's war under his watch . Stinnett omits to mention McCollum never had contact with Roosevelt , and Stinnett 's claims to the contrary are false . Moreover , Stinnett attributes to McCollum a position the position , quoting directly from Stinnett ; `` Lieutenant Commander McCollum 's five-page memorandum of October 1940 ( hereafter referred to as the eight-action memo ) put forward a startling plan -- a plan intended to engineer a situation that would mobilize a reluctant America into joining Britain 's struggle against the German armed forces then overrunning Europe . Its eight actions called for virtually inciting a Japanese attack on American ground , air , and naval forces in Hawaii , as well as on British and Dutch colonial outposts in the Pacific region . '' Many hold that McCollum expressly repudiated this position , in both a publication and McCollum 's own sworn testimony .

neg: Bombing of Yawata (June 1944) The Bombing of Yawata on the night of 15/16 June 1944 was the first air raid on the Japanese home islands conducted by United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) strategic bombers during World War II . The raid was undertaken by 75 B-29 Superfortress heavy bombers staging from bases in China . Only 47 of these aircraft bombed the raid 's primary target , the Imperial Iron and Steel Works at Yawata in northern Kyūshū , and little damage was caused . Five B-29s were lost in accidents during the operation and two were destroyed by Japanese aircraft .   While the raid did not achieve its aims , it had other effects . It raised Japanese civilians ' awareness that their country was being defeated and received unduly positive media coverage in the United States . Intelligence gathered by the B-29s also revealed weaknesses in Japan 's air defenses and the raid was the first of many on Japan . Yawata was attacked again by B-29s operating from China on 20 August 1944 and much of the city was destroyed in a fire bombing raid conducted by B-29s based in the Mariana Islands on 8 August 1945 .

neg: Nuclear weapons and Israel Israel is widely believed to possess nuclear weapons and to be the sixth country in the world to have developed them , allegedly having built its first deliverable nuclear weapon in December 1966 based on scientific and industrial cooperation with pre-nuclear France . It is one of four nuclear-armed countries not recognized as a Nuclear Weapons State by the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty ( NPT ) ; the others being India , Pakistan , and North Korea . Israel maintains a policy known as `` nuclear ambiguity '' ( also known as `` nuclear opacity '' ) . Israel has never officially denied nor admitted to having nuclear weapons , instead repeating over the years that it would not be the first country to `` introduce '' nuclear weapons to the Middle East , leaving ambiguity as to whether it means it will not create , will not disclose , will not make first use of the weapons or possibly some other interpretation of the phrase . The `` not be the first '' formulation goes back to the Eshkol-Comer ( sic ) memorandum of understanding made between Israel and the United States on March 10 , 1965 , which contained Israel 's written assurance for the first time that it would not be the first to introduce nuclear weapons in the Middle East . Israel has refused to sign the NPT despite international pressure to do so , and has stated that signing the NPT would be contrary to its national security interests .   Additionally , Israel has made extensive efforts to deny other regional actors the ability to acquire their own nuclear weapons . The counter-proliferation , preventive strike Begin Doctrine added another dimension to Israel 's existing nuclear policy . Israel remains the only country in the Middle East believed to possess them .   Israel started investigating the nuclear field soon after its founding in 1948 and with French support secretly began building the Negev Nuclear Research Center , a facility near Dimona housing a nuclear reactor and reprocessing plant in the late 1950s . Israel is alleged to have built its first nuclear weapon in December 1966 , but it is not publicly confirmed . In 1986 , Mordechai Vanunu , a former Israeli nuclear technician , provided explicit details and photographs to The Sunday Times of a nuclear weapons program in which he had been employed for nine years , `` including equipment for extracting radioactive material for arms production and laboratory models of thermonuclear devices . '' In 1987 , an unclassified US DoD report ( released in February 2015 in response to a FOIA request ) stated that `` As far as nuclear technology is concerned , the Israelis are roughly where the U.S. -LSB- w -RSB- as in the fission weapon field in about 1955 to 1960 . It should be noted that the Israelis are developing the kind of codes which will enable them to make hydrogen bombs . ''   Estimates as to the size of the Israeli nuclear arsenal vary between 75 and 400 nuclear warheads . It is estimated that the Israel nuclear deterrent force has the ability to deliver them by intermediate-range ballistic missile , intercontinental ballistic missile , aircraft , and submarine-launched cruise missile . The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute estimates that Israel has approximately 80 intact nuclear weapons , of which 50 are for delivery by Jericho II medium-range ballistic missiles and 30 are gravity bombs for delivery by aircraft . Former U.S. officials Jimmy Carter and Colin Powell have stated that Israel has 200 ( Powell ) or more than 300 ( Carter ) nuclear warheads .