query: Akbar was the ruler of the Mughal empire.

pos: Mughal emperors The Mughal emperors were a branch of the Timurid dynasty . From the early 16th century to the early 18th they built and ruled the Mughal Empire on the Indian subcontinent , mainly corresponding to the modern countries of Bangladesh , India and Pakistan . Their power rapidly dwindled during the 18th century and the last of the emperors was deposed in 1857 , with the establishment of the British Raj . The dynasty was of Asian Turco-Mongol origin from an area now part of modern-day Uzbekistan , and the emperors claimed direct descent from both Timur and Genghis Khan , through his son Chagatai Khan . Timur is generally known in the West as Tamerlane the Great .   At their empire 's greatest extent in the late 17th and early 18th centuries , they controlled much of the Indian subcontinent , extending from Bengal in the east to Kabul and Sindh in the west , Kashmir in the north to the Kaveri basin in the south . Its population at the time has been estimated as between 110 and 150 million ( a quarter of the world 's population ) , over a territory of more than 3.2 million square kilometres ( 1.2 million square miles ) .

pos: Akbar Abu ` l-Fath Jalal-ud-din Muhammad ( 15 October 1542 -- 27 October 1605 ) , popularly known as Akbar I ( -LSB- əkbər -RSB- , literally `` the great '' ) and later Akbar the Great , was the third Mughal emperor , who reigned from 1556 to 1605 . Akbar succeeded his father , Humayun , under a regent , Bairam Khan , who helped the young emperor expand and consolidate Mughal domains in India . A strong personality and a successful general , Akbar gradually enlarged the Mughal Empire to include nearly all of the Indian Subcontinent north of the Godavari river . His power and influence , however , extended over the entire country because of Mughal military , political , cultural , and economic dominance . To unify the vast Mughal state , Akbar established a centralised system of administration throughout his empire and adopted a policy of conciliating conquered rulers through marriage and diplomacy . To preserve peace and order in a religiously and culturally diverse empire , he adopted policies that won him the support of his non-Muslim subjects . Eschewing tribal bonds and Islamic state identity , Akbar strived to unite far-flung lands of his realm through loyalty , expressed through a Indo-Persian culture , to himself as an emperor who had near-divine status .   Mughal India developed a strong and stable economy , leading to commercial expansion and greater patronage of culture . Akbar himself was a patron of art and culture . He was fond of literature , and created a library of over 24,000 volumes written in Sanskrit , Hindustani , Persian , Greek , Latin , Arabic and Kashmiri , staffed by many scholars , translators , artists , calligraphers , scribes , bookbinders and readers . Holy men of many faiths , poets , architects and artisans adorned his court from all over the world for study and discussion . Akbar 's courts at Delhi , Agra , and Fatehpur Sikri became centres of the arts , letters , and learning . Perso-Islamic culture began to merge and blend with indigenous Indian elements , and a distinct Indo-Persian culture emerged characterised by Mughal style arts , painting , and architecture . Disillusioned with orthodox Islam and perhaps hoping to bring about religious unity within his empire , Akbar promulgated Din-i-Ilahi , a syncretic creed derived from Islam , Hinduism , Zoroastrianism , and Christianity . A simple , monotheistic cult , tolerant in outlook , it centred on Akbar as a prophet , for which he drew the ire of the ulema and orthodox Muslims . Many of his courtiers followed Din-i-Ilahi as their religion as well , as many believed that Akbar was a prophet . One famous courtier who followed this blended religion was Birbal .   Akbar 's reign significantly influenced the course of Indian history . During his rule , the Mughal empire tripled in size and wealth . He created a powerful military system and instituted effective political and social reforms . By abolishing the sectarian tax on non-Muslims and appointing them to high civil and military posts , he was the first Mughal ruler to win the trust and loyalty of the native subjects . He had Sanskrit literature translated , participated in native festivals , realising that a stable empire depended on the co-operation and good-will of his subjects . Thus , the foundations for a multicultural empire under Mughal rule was laid during his reign . Akbar was succeeded as emperor by his son , Jahangir .

neg: Pratapaditya Pratapaditya ( 1561 -- 1611 CE ) was a zamindar , the Hindu king of Jessore and among the most prominent of the Baro-Bhuyan of Bengal , who fought against the Mughal Empire . He ruled over a Hindu kingdom in Bengal , which , at its zenith encompassed the districts of Nadia , North 24 Parganas and South 24 Parganas in West Bengal , as well as extending into modern-day Bangladesh from Kushtia district in north , Barisal in east and Sundarbans and Bay of Bengal to south .

neg: Bidar Bakht Muhammad Bidar Bakht ( 4 August 1670 -- 8 June 1707 ) was a Mughal prince as the eldest son of Muhammad Azam Shah , who briefly became Mughal Emperor in 1707 , and his wife Jahanzeb Banu Begum .   He is notable for being a gallant , skillful and an ever successful general , and was thus , regarded as the most able Mughal prince in his time . He was also his grandfather , Emperor Aurangzeb 's favourite grandson .

neg: Battle of Chakan The Battle of Chakan was fought between the Maratha Empire and the Mughal Empire in the year 1660 .

neg: Rise of the Ottoman Empire The foundation and rise of the Ottoman Empire is a period of history that started with the emergence of the Ottoman principality in , and ended with the conquest of Constantinople on May 29 , 1453 . This period witnessed the foundation of a political entity ruled by the Ottoman Dynasty in the northwestern Anatolian region of Bithynia , and its transformation from a small principality on the Byzantine frontier into an empire spanning the Balkans and Anatolia . For this reason , this period in the empire 's history has been described as the Proto-Imperial Era . Throughout most of this period , the Ottomans were merely one of many competing states in the region , and relied upon the support of local warlords and vassals to maintain control over their realm . By the middle of the fifteenth century the Ottoman sultans were able to accumulate enough personal power and authority to establish a centralized imperial state , a process which was brought to fruition by Sultan Mehmed II ( r. 1451-1481 ) .   The cause of Ottoman success can not be attributed to any single factor , and they varied throughout the period as the Ottomans continually adapted to changing circumstances .   The earlier part of this period , the fourteenth century , is particularly difficult for historians to study due to the scarcity of sources . Not a single written document survives from the reign of Osman I , and very little survives from the rest of the century . The Ottomans , furthermore , did not begin to record their own history until the fifteenth century , more than a hundred years after many of the events they describe . It is thus a great challenge for historians to differentiate between fact and myth in analyzing the stories contained in these later chronicles , so much so that one historian has even declared it impossible , describing the earliest period of Ottoman history as a `` black hole . ''

neg: Chandrasen Rathore Chandrasen Rathore was an Indian ruler of Marwar , which was later known as Jodhpur ( in the present day Rajasthan state of India ) . He was the third son of Maldeo Rathore , who broke the Rajput tradition of primogeniture by naming Chandrasen as his successor . Chandrasen followed his fathers policy and stayed hostile to the ruling Muslim powers in India . He defended his kingdom for nearly two decades against relentless attacks from the Mughal Empire .   Chandrasen Rathore crowned himself in the capital Jodhpur and ousted his elder brother , Udai Singh . Akbar took advantage of these internal wars and with the help of Rajas from Bikaner and Amer fought Chandrasen in the Battle of Merta ( 1562 ) and Battle of Siwana ( 1576 ) . Chandrasen was defeated but he refused to have any form of alliance with the Mughal Empire . He continued his struggle until his death in 1581 at pali after which Marwar submitted to Mughal rule in 1583 . He is also known as the Forgotten prince of Marwar .

neg: Manohar Das Manohar Das , also simply Manohar or Manuhar , ( active 1582 -- 1624 ) was an Indian Hindu painter in the Mughal style .   Manohar 's father Basawan was a master painter in the Mughal emperor 's court , where Manohar grew up . His father most likely instructed him , and later Manohar became a court painter as well . His earliest works were painted for Akbar , and then later he was in the service of Akbar 's son and successor Jahangir . Manohar 's works frequently depicted the royal families and life at court . Some of his works can be found at the British Museum and the Victoria and Albert Museum .

neg: Kotla Mohsin Khan Kotla Mohsin Khan was constructed in the mid-16th century in the old city of Peshawar , and today consists of two domed tombs and the famous majestic gateway , it was also the residence of Mazullah Khan , a 17th-century Pashto poet .   The last Mughal governor , Nawab Nasir Khan welcomed the Afghan King , Mohammed Nadir Shah and gave him the key to Peshawar in 1741 when he visited the city . This signaled the end of the Mughal Empire in Peshawar .   According to an earlier legend , the foundation of the gate was laid down in the latter half of the 16th century in the presence of renowned personalities of the time , Sheikh Kaka Sahib and Akhund Derwaza Baba .   It is also recorded that Arbab Mustajab Khan , being the representative of the Mughals , settled disputes amongst the Ghori Khel tribes in the balconies of the building . When the Mughals arrested Khushal Khan Khattak , Arbab Mustajab Khan , secured his release from the dungeon , through his personal efforts and kept him as a guest in the castle . On the orders of the ruler of Peshawar , when Khushal Khan Khattak was sent to Delhi , Mustajab Khan also accompanied his friend . This verse by Khushal Khan Khattak says :   I was accompanied on my journey  To Hind by Mustajab ,  Being a Khan , a Malik and an Arbab   The original name of this site was Kotla Mustajab Khan . It was renamed as Kotla Mohsin Khan due to the owner 's close relationship with Mustajab Khan during the reign of Afghan King , Ahmad Shah Durrani .   During the siege of Peshawar in 1830s , the Sikhs also burnt this site and it was later refurbished . The gate and minarets of Kotla Mohsin Khan are historical landmarks of the 16th - and 17th-century `` Roshnai period '' . Bayazid Ansari alias Pir Rokhan started his religious and political movement against the Mughal emperor Akbar from this site . Allah Dad Doshani alias Rashid Khan constructed minarets at this site to conduct judicial duties .  The `` Village Kotla Mohsin Khan was founded by the forefathers of Afghan Mohib Khel family , some four to five centuries ago or even before . Afghan Mohib Khel is one of the famous caste and sect of the Tapa Mohmand of Pushtoon tribe of district Peshawar . The individuals of Afghan Mohib Khel family were and are respectable people and every member of this family with little or great social status calls himself Malik . Therefore , every member of the Afghan Mohib Khel family of village Kotla Mohsin Khan was and is basically a malik . However , different Governments ( Mughals , and the British , etc. ) in the past bestowed the title of Arbab on some powerful individuals of this family and had also given them certain responsibilities/services which they had to render on behalf of the governments of the time . However , Malikee of the village has been revolved in the descendants of the two sons ; Jehangir and Allou of Malik Karam Khan of the same family ( Afghan Mohib Khel ) . In the 6th generation his great grandson Mushtaq Hussain S/O Abdul Hamid is a Malik of the Village Kotla Mohsin Khan .   Moreover , it may be understood that Arbab and Malik are two titles and not two separate castes/sects . Other families residing in the village are also respectable . They have their own castes and sects . However , it is clear that they had and have come to the village in the past from the different neighbouring areas/villages of Peshawar district or other districts in the province . Arbabs and Maliks of village Kotla Mohsin Khan are both Afghan Mohib Khel by caste and sect and have common genealogy . -LSB- see Naqal Shajara-i-Maleekan Muza Kotla Mohsin Khan , Tehsil Wa Zela Peshawar Sal-i-Bandubast-1870 , Tawareekh-i-Peshawar by Gopal Dass and Revenue record of the village Kotla Mohsin Khan Peshawar -RSB- .

neg: List of rulers of India For Lists of rulers of India , see :   List of Indian monarchs ( c. 1700 BC -- 1950 )  List of Presidents of India ( 1950 -- present )  List of Prime Ministers of India ( 1947 -- present )   Category : India history-related lists  Presidents   Cite   Biography  India : Rulers   Maurya , ancient Indian dynasty ( c. 325 -- c. 183 B.C. )  Asoka , Indian emperor ( c. 273 -- c. 232 B.C. ) of the Maurya dynasty  Harsha , Indian emperor ( 606 -- 47 )  Prithvi Raj , ruler of the Chauan dynasty of N. India ( d. 1192 )  Mughal , Muslim empire in India ( 1526 -- 1857 )  Babur , founder of the Mughal empire of India ( 1494 -- 1530 )  Humayun , second Mughal emperor of India ( 1530 -- 56 )  Sher Khan , Afghan ruler in N. India ( 1540 -- 45 )  Akbar , Mughal emperor of India ( 1556 -- 1605 )  Jahangir , Mughal emperor of India ( 1605 -- 27 )  Shah Jahan , Mughal emperor of India ( 1628 -- 58 )  Aurangzeb , Mughal emperor of India ( 1658 -- 1707 )  Sivaji , Indian ruler , leader of the Marathas ( 1674 -- 80 )  Shah Alam , Mughal emperor of India ( 1759 -- 1806 )  Haidar Ali , Indian ruler ( 1761 -- 82 )  Tippoo Sahib , Indian ruler , sultan of Mysore ( 1782 -- 99 )  Warren Hastings , first governor general of British India ( 1774 -- 84 )  Ranjit Singh , Indian maharaja , ruler of the Sikhs ( 1799 -- 1839 )  Bahadur Shah II , last Mughal emperor of India ( 1837 -- 57 )  Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi , Indian political and spiritual leader ( 1869 -- 1948 )  Rajendra Prasad , first president of India ( 1950 -- 62 )  Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , Indian philosopher , president of India ( 1962 -- 67 )  Varahagiri Venkata Giri , president of India ( 1969 -- 74 )  Indira Gandhi , Indian political leader , prime minister ( 1966 -- 77 , 1980 -- 84 )  Rajiv Gandhi , prime minister of India ( 1984 -- 89 )  H. D. Deve Gowda , prime minister of India ( 1996 -- 1997 )  Atal Bihari Vajpayee , prime minister of India ( 1996 , 1998 -- 2004 )  Manmohan Singh , prime minister of India ( 2004 -- 2014 )  Narendra Modi , prime minister of India ( 2014 -- )

neg: Shahryar (Mughal prince) Shahryar ( 16 January 1605 -- 23 January 1628 ) was the fifth and youngest son of the Mughal emperor Jahangir . After Jahangir 's death , Shahryar made an attempt to become emperor and was successful with the help of his powerful stepmother Nur Jehan , who was also his mother-in-law . However , he was only titular and suffered defeat and was killed at the orders of his victorious brother Shah Jahan . His only daughter was married to Aurangzeb .

neg: History of Afghanistan The written history of Afghanistan , ( تاریخ افغانستان د افغانستان تاريخ can be traced back to around 500 BCE when the area was under the Achaemenid Empire , although evidence indicates that an advanced degree of urbanized culture has existed in the land since between 3000 and 2000 BCE . The Indus Valley Civilisation stretched up to large parts of Afghanistan in the north , with several sites being known . Alexander the Great and his Macedonian army arrived at what is now Afghanistan in 330 BCE after conquering Persia during the Battle of Gaugamela . Since then , many empires have established capitals inside Afghanistan , including the Greco-Bactrians , Mauryas , Kushans , Hindu Shahi , Saffarids , Samanids , Ghaznavids , Ghurids , Timurids , Mughals , Hotakis and Durranis .   Afghanistan ( meaning `` land of the Afghans '' ) has been a strategically important location throughout history . The land served as `` a gateway to India , impinging on the ancient Silk Road , which carried trade from the Mediterranean to China '' . Sitting on many trade and migration routes , Afghanistan may be called the ` Central Asian roundabout ' since routes converge from the Middle East , from the Indus Valley through the passes over the Hindu Kush , from the Far East via the Tarim Basin , and from the adjacent Eurasian Steppe .   The archaeological manifestation of the Indo-Iranians ( Aryans ) before their split into separate language groups is generally seen as the Andronovo culture to the north of present-day Afghanistan . The Iranian languages were developed by one branch of these people ; the Pashto language spoken today in Afghanistan is one of the Eastern Iranian languages . Elena E. Kuz ` mina argues that the tents of Iranian-speaking nomads of Afghanistan developed from the light surface houses of the Eurasian steppe belt in the Bronze Age .   The Arab invasions influenced the culture of Afghanistan , and its pre-Islamic period of Zoroastrian , Macedonian , Buddhist and Hindu past has long vanished . Turkic empire-builders such as the Ghaznavids and Timurids made the region now called Afghanistan of major importance .   Mirwais Hotak followed by Ahmad Shah Durrani unified Afghan tribes and founded the last Afghan Empire in the early 18th century CE . Afghanistan 's sovereignty has been held during the Anglo-Afghan Wars , the 1980s Soviet war , and the 2001-present war by the country 's many and diverse people : the Pashtuns , Tajiks , Hazaras , Uzbeks , Turkmen , Aimak , Baloch and others . The Pashtuns form the largest group , claiming to be descendants of ancient Israelites or Qais Abdur Rashid but scholars believe that they are a confederation of various peoples from the past who united under Pashtunwali .

neg: Mir Muhammed Ali Khan Muhammed Ali Khan was a prince and general of the Mughal Empire . Khan rescued the Grand Vizier Mir Mohib Ali Khalifa from enemy attacks at the Battle of Khanwa .

neg: Kosambi Kosambi ( Pali ) was an important city in ancient India . It was located on the Yamuna about 56 km southwest of Prayaga , renamed Ilahabad , now Allahabad , in the year 1575 by the Mughal ruler Akbar .

neg: Mughal–Safavid War (1649–53) The Mughal -- Safavid War of 1649 -- 1653 was fought between the Mughal and Safavid empires in the territory of modern Afghanistan . The war began after a Persian army , while the Mughals were at war with the Janid Uzbeks , captured the fortress city of Kandahar and other strategic cities that controlled the region . The Mughals attempted unsuccessfully to regain the city .

neg: Tomb of Salim Chishti The Tomb of Sheikh Salim Chishti is famed as one of the finest examples of Mughal architecture in India , built during the years 1580 and 1581 , along with the imperial complex at Fatehpur Sikri near Zenana Rauza and facing south towards Buland Darwaza , within the quadrangle of the Jama Masjid which measures 350 ft. by 440 ft. It enshrines the burial place of the Sufi saint , Salim Chisti ( 1478 -- 1572 ) , a descendant of Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti of Ajmer , and who lived in a cavern on the ridge at Sikri . The mausoleum , constructed by Akbar as a mark of his respect for the Sufi saint , who foretold the birth of Akbar 's son , who was named Prince Salim after the Sufi Saint and later succeeded Akbar to the throne of the Mughal Empire , as Jahangir .

neg: Kuchaman City Kuchaman City -LCB- Hindi : कुचामन सिटी -RCB- is a second largest city and a municipality in Nagaur district after Nagaur City in the Indian state of Rajasthan . The city includes a few Havelis in the Shekhawati style and a fort overlooking the city . The fort is about 1100 years old and was built in the 9th century , by the -LSB- Rathore -RSB- ruler , Zalim Singh . One can also find fresco painting there on variable subjects such as flowers , motifs , and Hindu mythology .  Kuchaman is also known for its hospitality called ` mehmaan nawazi ' .   In 950 , the Chauhans of Ajmer drove out the Gurjar Pratihars to open a new chapter in the history of Kuchaman Fort . In the following centuries , the Gaurs won and controlled the fort until they surrendered it to the Rathores . Being Suryavanshi Kshatriyas , who trace their lineage back to Lord Rama , the hero of the epic Ramayana , the Rathores brought to the fort their long view . In 470 AD with Nayal Pals conquest of Kanauj , near modern Kanpur in U.P.   The fort is a major tourist attraction and is also part of the route of Palace on Wheels . A few havelis have also opened their doors to the foreign guests , who visit during the winter .   In 2006 , part of the Bollywood movie Drona , starring Abhishek Bachchan was shot at Kuchaman Fort .   In 2008 , part of the movie Jodha-Akbar starring Hrithik Roshan and Ashwarya Rai was shot at Kuchaman Fort .

neg: Battles involving the Maratha Empire The Imperial Maratha Conquests were a series of conquests in the Indian subcontinent which led to the building of the Maratha Empire . These conquests were started by Shivaji in 1659 from the victory at the Battle of Pratapgad . The conquests conclusively defeated and overtook the Mughal empire in India and its vassals . It ended with the eventual fall of the Maratha empire after the second and the third Anglo-Maratha Wars .

neg: Mulla Do-Piyaza Mulla Do-Piyaza is a character from a series of folk tales featuring the Mughal emperor Akbar and his witty courtier Birbal . Mulla Do-Piyaza , also portrayed as witty , is Birbal 's rival . Even though these folk tales originated at the end of Akbar 's reign ( 1556 -- 1605 ) , Mulla Do-Piyaza began to appear later , popularised by writers in the late 19th century . Most scholars consider him to be completely fictional .

neg: Trailokyavarman Trailokya-Varman ( reigned c. 1203-1245 CE ) was a king of the Chandela dynasty of central India . He ruled the Jejakabhukti region ( Bundelkhand in present-day Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh ) .   Chandela inscriptions suggest that Trailokyavarman succeeded Paramardi as the Chandela ruler . He was probably Paramardi 's son , although this can not be said with certainty based on the available evidence .   Seven inscriptions of Trailokyavarman have been found at Ajaygarh , Banpur , Garra near Chhatarpur , and Tehri ( Tikamgarh ) . A number of other places in the Bundelkhand region are mentioned in these inscriptions . The inscriptions give him the usual imperial titles Parama-bhattaraka Maharajadhiraja Parameshvara Parama-Maheshvara Shri-Kalanjaradhipati . His coins have been found in Banda district . This indicates that he controlled a large part of the traditional Chandela dominions .   Trailokyavarman bore the title Kalanjaradhipati ( `` Lord of Kalanjara '' ) , which suggests that he recovered the Kalanjara fort from the Turkic rulers of the Delhi Sultanate . The Garra copper-plate inscription of Trailokyavarman as well as the Ajaygarh inscription of his successor Viravarman support this hypothesis . The Garra inscription records the grant of a village to the son of Rauta Pape , who was killed in a battle with the Turushkas ( Turkic people ) . The Ajaygarh inscription states that like Vishnu , he lifted the earth submerged in the ocean formed by the Turushkas .   The Muslim chronicle Tabaqat-i Nasiri also suggests that Kalanjara had slipped from the Delhi Sultanate control , before it was raided by Malik Nusrat-ud-din Taisi ( or Tayasi ) in 1233 CE . According to the text , Taisi marched to Kalanjara from Gwalior , forcing the ruler of Kalanjara to flee , and then plundered the city .   According to the Ajaygarh rock inscription from Bhojavarman 's reign , Trailokyavarman 's general Ananda subjugated several tribes , including the Bhillas , the Shabaras and the Pulindas . He is also said to have defeated Bhojuka , whose identity is uncertain .   Some earlier scholars believed that Trailokyavarman captured the northern portion of the Kalachuri kingdom as well as Kanyakubja . This theory was based on the identification of `` Trailokyamalla '' mentioned in the 1212 CE Dhureti inscription with Trailokyavarman . However , the discovery of the 1197 CE Jhulpur inscription nullifies this assumption : Trailokyamalla was actually a son of Kalachuri king Vijayasimha .   Like his predecessors , Trailokyavarman issued gold coins featuring a seated goddess , and copper coins featuring the deity Hanuman . He was succeeded by Viravarman .

neg: Shadi Khan Shadi Khan was the governor of Mughal emperor Akbar at Kandahar , Afghanistan , at the start of the 17th century . In 1621 , more than a decade after Akbar 's death , Shadi Khan , with the help of the Abdali Pashtun tribe and opposed by Sado Khan , allied with Abbas I of Persia , who had lost Kandahar in 1594 and was intriguing for its recovery .

neg: Abul Fazl Mamuri Abul Fazl Mamuri was a historian of the Mughal Empire during Aurangzeb 's reign and author of Tarkikh-i-Aurengzeb , Tarikh-i-Abul Fazl Mamuri and co-author of Shahjahannama .


query: There are peat reserves in Kolyma.

pos: Kolyma Kolyma ( Колыма́ , -LSB- kəlɨˈma -RSB- ) is a region located in the Russian Far East . It is bounded by the East Siberian Sea and the Arctic Ocean in the north and the Sea of Okhotsk to the south . The region gets its name from the Kolyma River and mountain range , parts of which were not discovered until 1926 . Today the region consists roughly of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug and the Magadan Oblast .   The area , part of which is within the Arctic Circle , has a subarctic climate with very cold winters lasting up to six months of the year . Permafrost and tundra cover a large part of the region . Average winter temperatures range from − 19 ° C to − 38 ° C ( even lower in the interior ) , and average summer temperatures , from +3 ° C to +16 ° C . There are rich reserves of gold , silver , tin , tungsten , mercury , copper , antimony , coal , oil , and peat . Twenty-nine zones of possible oil and gas accumulation have been identified in the Sea of Okhotsk shelf . Total reserves are estimated at 3.5 billion tons of equivalent fuel , including 1.2 billion tons of oil and 1.5 billion m3 of gas .   The principal town Magadan has nearly 100,000 inhabitants and is the largest port in north-eastern Russia . It has a large fishing fleet and remains open year-round thanks to icebreakers . Magadan is served by the nearby Sokol Airport . There are many public and private farming enterprises . Gold mines , pasta and sausage factories , fishing companies , and a distillery form the city 's industrial base .

neg: Museum of Ukrainian folk art The National Folk Decorative Art Museum is a museum dedicated to Ukrainian Folk decorative art in Kiev , Ukraine .   The National Folk Decorative Art Museum is one of the largest art museums in Ukraine . It is located on the grounds of the Kiev Pechersk Lavra and is housed in the former Metropolitan 's residence and the adjacent Annunciation   The museum collection was established in 1899 as part of the collection of the newly founded City Antiquity and Art Museum , which was renamed in 1904 the `` Kyiv Art , Industry and Science Museum '' .   Now the reserves and displays of the museum contain over 75,000 artifacts of Ukrainian traditional folk and professional decorative art dating from 15th century to present days . Many of them are household and domestic articles varied in material , shape , decoration , and purpose which talented craftsmen had turned into highly artistic items inhering the wealth of regional specificities . Art works created by professional artisans demonstrate implementation of established folk traditions in their creative concepts .   The museum permanent exhibition which totals some 1,500 sq. m. represents all types of Ukrainian folk art : carpet weaving , weaving , print , embroidery , ceramics , wood carving and painting , artistic leather work , horn and metal work , glassware , porcelain , Easter egg painting ( `` pysankarstvo '' ) , folk painting and iconography .   The pride of the Museum is its extensive collection of Ukrainian folk costumes of the 19th -- first half of the 20th century representing all regions of Ukraine , in which are synthesized folk arts of style , sewing , weaving , embroidery , applique , print , wicker-work , artistic leather work and metalwork . Also deserving mention are the collection of traditional trappings : `` duckachs '' ( necklaces with coins as lockets ) , coral and Venetian glass beads , beadwork .   Especially valuable objects , both from the historical and artistic viewpoints , are wooden carved silver-mounted cross of 1576 , clay glazed tiles of 15th -- 18th centuries , Cossack tobacco-pipes and powder flasks of 18th -- 19th centuries , silk woven sashes of 18th century , embroidered in gold and silver , 18th-century vestments , `` guta '' ( a traditional glass workshop in the 16th -- 19th centuries ) glassware of 16th -- 18th centuries , production of leading Ukrainian porcelain and faience enterprises of 18th -- 19th centuries : Kyevo-Mezhighirskaya faience factory and Volokitinsky porcelain works .   The Museum possesses Ukraine 's largest collection of works by Maria Prymachenko ( 1909 -- 1997 ) , which includes more than 500 paintings .   A special showroom accommodates the canvases by Kateryna Bilokur ( 1900 -- 1961 ) . They are deservedly considered the masterpieces of the Museum 's collection and belong to riches of world art .   Numerous temporary exhibitions feature works by contemporary artisans as well as the exhibits stored in the Museum 's repositories .   Category : Museums in Kiev  Category : Museums established in 1899  Category : Art museums and galleries in Ukraine  Category : Folk art museums and galleries  Category : Kiev Pechersk Lavra  Category :1899 establishments in Russia

neg: Prykarpattia Prykarpattia ( Пpикapпaття literally means `` Ciscarpathia '' ) is the Ukrainian geographical term for the Subcarpathian historical region of Central Europe , at the foot of the Carpathian mountains , in modern Ukraine , consisting of today 's Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast ( Івано-Франківська область , translit . Ivano-Frankivs ' ka oblast ' ) . It forms part of the larger historic region of Galicia , was the main body of the historic region of eastern Halychyna ; which in the 13th century was a part of the Kingdom of Rus and the Halych-Volyn Principality ( see Kingdom of Galicia -- Volhynia ) . Along with the Lviv and Ternopil regions Prykarpattia is a component of the Carpathian Euroregion .

neg: Scottish Lowlands The Lowlands ( the Lallans or the Lawlands ; a ' Ghalldachd , `` the place of the foreigner '' ) are a cultural and historic region of Scotland .   The Lowlands is not an official geographical or administrative area of the country . There are two main topographic regions : the Midland Valley ( or Central Lowlands ) and the Southern Uplands . The term `` Lowlands '' mainly refers to the Midland Valley . However , in normal usage it refers to those parts of Scotland not in the Highlands ( or Gàidhealtachd ) . The boundary is usually considered to be a line between Stonehaven and Helensburgh ( on the Firth of Clyde ) . The Lowlands lie south and east of the line . Note that some parts of the Lowlands ( such as the Southern Uplands ) are not physically `` low , '' Merrick for example reaching 2,766 feet , while some areas indisputably in the Highlands ( such as Islay ) are low-lying .   In geological terms , the dividing line between Lowlands and Highlands is the Highland Boundary Fault . There was also a legally defined Highland Line in the post-Culloden years , part of the measures taken to suppress Gaelic culture .   For other purposes , the boundary varies ; but if the Boundary Fault is used , then the traditional Scottish counties entirely in the Lowlands are : Ayrshire , Berwickshire , Clackmannanshire , Dumfriesshire , East Lothian , Fife , Kinross-shire , Kirkcudbrightshire , Lanarkshire , Mid-Lothian , Peeblesshire , Renfrewshire , Roxburghshire , Selkirkshire , West Lothian and Wigtownshire .   Traditional Scottish counties which straddle the Boundary fault include Angus , Dunbartonshire , Stirlingshire , Perthshire , Kincardineshire , Aberdeenshire , Banffshire and Moray .   Geographically , Scotland is divided into three distinct areas : the Highlands , the Central plain ( Central Belt ) , and the Southern Uplands . The Lowlands cover roughly the latter two . The northeast plain is also `` low-land , '' both geographically and culturally , but in some contexts may be grouped together with the Highlands .   The term Lowlands is sometimes used in a more restricted sense to refer specifically to the Midland Valley . Much of this area , which has a characteristic structure of sedimentary rocks with coal deposits , lies within the basins of the Rivers Forth and Clyde . Historically , this valley has been the most agriculturally productive region of Scotland . During the 19th and early 20th centuries , coal deposits promoted concentrated industrial activity and urbanization in the Midland Valley , where 80 percent of the population of Scotland now live . While coal mining and heavy industry have declined in the region , it remains at the centre of the Scottish economy , with electronics and computer manufacture and service sectors such as telecommunications , computer software , and finance .   The southernmost counties of Scotland , nearest the border with England , are also known as the Borders . They are sometimes considered separately from the rest of the Lowlands . Many ancestors of the Scotch-Irish , as they are known in the United States , or Ulster-Scots , originated from the lowlands and borders region before migrating to the Ulster Plantation in the 17th century and later the American frontier , many prior to the American Revolution .   The term Scottish Lowlands is used with reference to the Scots language in contrast to the Scottish Gaelic spoken in the Highlands , Scottish history and the Scottish clan system , as well as in family history and genealogy .

neg: Vyatka River The Vyatka River ( -LSB- Вя́тка , p = ˈvʲatkə -RSB- -LSB- Нократ , Noqrat -RSB- Виче , Viče , Ватка , Vatka ) is a river in Kirov Oblast and the Republic of Tatarstan in Russia , a right tributary of the Kama River . It is 1314 km long , and its drainage basin covers 129000 km2 .   The Vyatka River begins in the northern parts of Udmurtia . It freezes up in the early November and stays under the ice until the second half of April . Its principal tributaries are Kobra , Letka , Velikaya , Moloma , Pizhma , Cheptsa , Bystritsa , Voya , and Kilmez Rivers . The Vyatka River teems with fish : bream , roach , tench , sheat fish , pike , European perch , zander , etc. .   The Vyatka River is navigable from its mouth to the city of Kirov , 700 km upriver . The main ports are Kirov , Kotelnich , Sovetsk , and Vyatskiye Polyany .   Category : Rivers of Kirov Oblast  Category : Rivers of Tatarstan  Category : Rivers of Udmurtia

neg: Kurapaty Kurapaty is a wooded area on the outskirts of Minsk , Belarus , in which a vast number of people were executed between 1937 and 1941 during the Great Purge by the Soviet secret police , the NKVD .   The exact count of victims is uncertain , NKVD archives are classified in Belarus . According to various sources the number of people who perished in Kurapaty is estimated to be the following : up to 7,000 people ( according to attorney general of Belarus Bozhelko ) , at least 30,000 people ( according to attorney general of BSSR Tarnaŭski ) , up to 100,000 people ( according to `` Belarus '' reference book ) , from 102,000 to 250,000 people ( according to the article by Zianon Pazniak in `` Litaratura i mastactva '' newspaper ) , 250,000 people ( according to Polish historian and professor of University of Wrocław Zdzisław Julian Winnicki ) , and more ( according to the British historian Norman Davies ) .   In 2004 Kurapaty were included in the register of the Cultural Properties of Belarus as a first-category cultural heritage .

neg: Mount Kholodilnik Kholodilnik Mountain ( гора́ Холоди́льник or со́пка Холодильник lit . `` Mt. Refrigerator '' ) , is a mountain in eastern Russia . It is located in Primorsky Krai , and is in the highest peak within the city of Vladivostok .   Mount Kholodilnik ( height 257.9 , was-Mount Myravyov-Amursky ) is the highest point in Vladivostok . Height is 297 meters . There are fortifications : Fort Count Muravyov - Amur Vladivostok fortress , five lettered fortress batteries and Soviet battery № 198 '' Kholodilnik '' . Currently , some fortifications are abandoned , others are on the territory of the military unit .   Tourists want to visit this place to see the Soviet naval battery sample number 198 1935 years and four 130 - mm gun B - 13-3s . There are still buildings and cellars of the former fort of Major-General Count Nikolai Muravyov - Amursky . Many fortifications have long been abandoned , but some of them are now used by the military unit , which is located almost at the top of the mountain .   On the eastern slope of the hill there are many places for a picnic .   There is a spring of pure water .   Geologically the hills to the south of Vladivostok are the Sikhote-Alin .   Slopes on the mountain are used for the open championship of the Far East for downhill and cross-country .   It is also used by mountain paragliders .   So the rules are elements of air , the result of magical work on the hill Fridge is always weather changing .   Therefore , if the weather in city changes completely unexpected , for example suddenly among of the blue sky clouds are formed and it begins to rain , most likely the reason for that is in the magical effect on a hill Fridge .   Or , conversely , when the whole sky is overcast over the city , citizens can see in the sky a large circle of clear sky over the hill forts Refrigerator - It is an evidence of that at this moment being magical work is .   Entrance to the mountain , oddly enough , is under water . Every 3 years products are imported there in the event of war , then they `` close '' the entrance to this place . They say that the food will last for a whole year to feed the city of Vladivostok .   Mount Refrigerator is protected with naval vessels .

neg: Matsesta River The Matsesta ( Мацеста , Мэсты Псы , МэшIост ) is a river in Krasnodar Krai , Russia , that flows into the Black Sea . The river rises in the southern ranges of the Alek mountains at an elevation of 900 m above sea level and flows through the Khostinsky City District of the city of Sochi and into the Black Sea . The river is 17 km long , and the highest point in the river 's basin is 1003 m above sea level . The river has numerous tributaries , the largest of which are the Tsanyk and Zmeyka .   The Matsesta is most famous for its sources of mineral water . The name of the river translates in the Ubykh language and the Circassian ( Adyghe ) language as `` fiery water '' , from the words mašč ' o ( fire ) and psy ( water ) . This was because people that immersed themselves in the water of the Matsesta found that their skin became red . There also exists a legend about a girl named Matsesta who invaded an underground kingdom in order to find the spirit of the mineral resources . She killed the spirit at the price of her own life and then brought the healing sources of the river to its surface .   The Matsesta was mentioned for the first time in history in 137 when the Roman military commander and historian Arrian described the coast of the Black Sea and the river Matsesta in a letter to the emperor Hadrian .   Category : Rivers of Krasnodar Krai

neg: Komi language The Komi language ( Komi : Коми кыв , transliteration : Komi kyv -LSB- / komi kɨv / -RSB- ) is a Uralic macrolanguage spoken by the Komi peoples in the northeastern European part of Russia . Komi may be considered a single language with several dialects , or a group of closely related languages , making up one of the two branches of the Permic branch of the family . The other Permic language is Udmurt , to which Komi is closely related .   Of the several Komi dialects or languages , two major varieties are recognized , closely related to one another : Komi-Zyrian , the largest group , serves as the literary basis within the Komi Republic ; and Komi-Permyak ( also called Permyak ) , spoken in Komi-Permyak Okrug , where it has literary status . A third variety , Komi-Yodzyak is spoken by a small , isolated group of Komi to the north-west of Perm Krai and south of the Komi Republic .

neg: Komsa culture The Komsa culture ( Komsakulturen ) was a Mesolithic culture of hunter-gatherers that existed from around 10,000 BC in Northern Norway .   The culture is named after the Komsa Mountain in the community of Alta , Finnmark , where the remains of the culture were first discovered . The term was first used by Norwegian archaeologist Anders Nummedal ( 1867-1944 ) after the discoveries he made on Komsa Mountain during 1925 . The distinction between a `` Komsa '' type of stone-tool culture north of the Arctic Circle and a `` Fosna '' type from Trøndelag to Oslo Fjord was rendered obsolete in the 1970s . Nowadays both phenomena are ascribed to different types of tools of the same culture .   Recent archeological finds from Finnish Lapland were originally thought to represent an inland aspect of the Komsa culture equally old as the earliest finds from the Norwegian coast . However , this material is now considered to be affiliated with the contemporary Post-Swiderian culture of North Central Russia and the eastern Baltic and thus represents a separate early incursion into northernmost Scandinavia   The commonly held view today is that the earliest settlement of the North Norwegian coast originated on the western and southwestern coast of Norway and ultimately in the final Palaeolithic Ahrensburg culture of northwestern Europe . The Komsa are thought to have followed the Norwegian coastline when receding glaciation at the end of the last ice age ( between 11,000 and 8000 BC ) opened up new areas for settlement . It was formerly believed that some elements may have moved into modern-day Finnmark from the northeast , possibly coming from ice-free coasts of the Kola Peninsula . However , recent research indicates that a number of the coastal sites in the Varangerfjord area previously attributed to the second phase of the `` Komsa '' continuum actually represent an early incursion from the southeast ( northwestern Russia ) and are related to the early Post-Swiderian influx discovered in northernmost Finnish Lapland .   Archaeological evidence indicates that the Komsa culture was almost exclusively sea-oriented , living mainly off seal hunting and being able boatbuilders and fishermen . In comparison to the southern Norway 's contemporary Fosna variety of this same culture , stone tools and other implements appear relatively crude . This has been explained with a paucity of flintstone in the region .

neg: Misse Missen ( singular : misse ) are small , shallow , forest bogs in pine ( Pinus sylvestris ) - dominated woods that form on crests , saddles , hollows or plateaux in the hills or mountains . They only have a thin layer of peat of between 30 and 100 centimetres thick . The term misse is local to the Northern Black Forest and also surfaces as Miß , Müsse or Müß . These names probably derive from the German Moos ( `` moss '' ) because peat mosses ( Sphagnum ) play a key role in their development . Due to the poor tree growth associated with them , however , it could also stand for mies ( `` bad '' ) .   Missen are most common on plateaux where the precipitation is heavy and the drainage is poor . But event silted-up tarns and shallow tarn soils may have missen on their hillsides ( Hillside or swamp bogs ) . Floristically and depending on location , missen may transition into raised bogs , whereby ombrotrophes , i.e. areas exclusively fed by rainwater , ( initially ) are formed , albeit they only have a small surface area .

neg: Gladkoye narrow-gauge railway The Gladkoye peat narrow-gauge railway is located in Leningrad Oblast , Russia . The peat railway was opened in 1970 , and has a total length of 7 km and is operational . The track gauge is and operates year-round .

neg: Political status of Crimea The status of Crimea is the subject of a political and territorial dispute between Ukraine and Russia . While Russia occupied the territory in 2014 and claimed it had ` fully integrated ' it by July 2015 , and continues to administer it as two federal subjects of Russia , while Ukraine and the majority of international governments ( with a few exceptions ) continue to regard Crimea as an integral part of Ukraine .   The dispute came into being after the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol against Ukrainian laws merged as a single united state under the name of Republic of Crimea and then , following a snap disputed referendum on joining Russia ( that official results showed backed the proposal ) , unilaterally declared their independence from Ukraine while the region was under military occupation by Russia itself . This state was then annexed by Russia , where it became a self-proclaimed federal district , whereas the Autonomous Republic became the `` Republic of Crimea '' as a Russian republic and Sevastopol became a Russian federal city . However , Ukraine and the majority of the international community do not consider the merge , the independence , the referendum , nor the annexation legitimate and still consider both entities as divisions of Ukraine . Despite international opinion however , the currency , tax and legal system are all operational under Russian jurisdiction . Ukraine has there applied for multiple litigations through international crime , water resources , the European Union and other courts .   In 1920 , immediately after the RSFSR recognized the independence of the Ukrainian SSR ( The `` Workers ' and Peasants Union Treaty between the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( RSFSR ) and the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic '' signed 28 December 1920 ) , the responsibility for all Crimean administration was reassigned directly to the Kremlin . In 1994 Russia signed the Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances , which states that it would `` Respect Belarusian , Kazakh and Ukrainian independence and sovereignty and the existing borders '' . A detailed status of Crimea at that time was not described nor mentioned in the Budapest Memorandum , nor was a map of the existing borders of Ukraine included in the Memorandum .

neg: Zay River The Zay ( Зай -LSB- Зәй , Zäy -RSB- , -LSB- zæɪ -RSB- ) is a river in Tatarstan , Russian Federation , a left-bank tributary of the Kama River . It is 270 km long , and its drainage basin covers 5020 km2 . It begins near Mikhaylovka , Leninogorsky District , Tatarstan and falls to the Kama River 7 km south-west of Nizhnekamsk .   At its headwaters the river is named the Steppe Zay ( Степной Зай , Stepnoy Zay , -LSB- Дала Зәе , Dala Zäye -RSB- ) . The lower reach of the river after the confluence with Forest Zay River , 55 km , is named simply Zay . Also , one of headstream Steppe Zay 's tributaries is also named Zay . Other major tributaries are the Moshkara , Zay-Karatay , Ursala , Aktashka , and Shumyshka rivers .   The mineralization varies from 2000-3000 to 5000 -- 8000 mg/l . Average sediment deposition at the river mouth per year is 130 mm . Drainage is regulated . There are two reservoirs , Zainsk and Karabash Reservoirs constructed in Zay valley . Since 1978 it is protected as a natural monument of Tatarstan . Zainsk , Almetyevsk and Karabash , Tatarstan are along the river .

neg: Flow Country The Flow Country is a large , rolling expanse of peatland and wetland area of Caithness and Sutherland in Scotland . It is the largest expanse of blanket bog in Europe , and covers about 4,000 square kilometres ( 1500 mile2 ) .   The area is home to a rich variety of wildlife , and is used as a breeding ground for many different species of birds , including greenshank , dunlin , merlin and golden plover .   The Flow Country was badly damaged between 1979 and 1987 through the planting of non-native conifer forests and the cutting of thousands of miles of drains . The trees dried out the peat , changing the habitat and destroying its value for birds and other wildlife . The trees were mostly planted on land bought by Fountain Forestry who recognised that this would be attractive to wealthy investors who could claim planting grants and tax relief against all their other income , at a time of high personal taxation . The ploughing of the bogs and tree planting helped to reduce local unemployment which was among the highest in the United Kingdom : however in 1987 the Nature Conservancy Council ( NCC ) launched a report in London that was highly critical of the foresters . The Conservative Party which was in government at the time decided to disband the NCC and create a separate Scottish agency now called Scottish Natural Heritage . However , in 1988 Nigel Lawson , The Chancellor of the Exchequer , recognised that a tax break was doing enormous harm to the last real wilderness in the United Kingdom and scrapped the forestry tax reliefs . This immediately halted further planting and encouraged the Forestry Commission to adopt a much broader approach that respects existing landscapes . In an effort to restore the damage , the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds ( RSPB ) have bought a large area in the centre of the Flow Country and have created the Forsinard nature reserve . More than 20 km2 has been bought back from Fountain Forestry and the young trees felled and allowed to rot in the plough furrow in the hope and expectation that , in 30 to 100 years , the land will revert to peat bog .   The Flow Country is on the 2006 UK `` tentative list '' as a possible UNESCO World Heritage Site . The application was re-listed in 2010 and Stuart Housden , the director of RSPB Scotland and a member of the Rural Development Council , said , `` This largely unspoilt landscape has thousands of hectares of ancient blanket peat land , making this perhaps the most important area of its type in the Northern Hemisphere . A global badge would certainly help us to get this special place in better heart . This area was sorely threatened in the 1980s and early 1990s by inappropriate afforestation , but just in time a conservation campaign mounted by the RSPB stopped the worst excesses . Action is now underway to restore the area . ''

neg: Volga Upland The Volga Upland , also known as the Volga Uplands , Volga Plateau , Volga Hills , or Volga Plateau , ( Russian : Приволжская возвышенность - Privolzhskaya vozvyshennost ) is a vast region of East European Plain in European part of Russia that lies west of the Volga River and east of the Central Russian Upland . The uplands run for approximately 500 miles ( 804 km ) in a southwest-northeasterly direction from Volgograd to Kazan . The Tsimlyansk Reservoir lies at the southwestern end of the Volga Upland , with the Kuybyshev Reservoir at the northeastern end .   The landscape on the Volga Uplands is hilly , and several rivers has cut into it , such as the Khopyor , Medveditsa and the Sura . The Volga-Don Canal cuts through the lowlands between the Volga Uplands to the north and the adjacent Yergeni Hills to the south .   The uplands lie in the cool continental climate zone , characterised by large fluctuations in seasonal temperatures and generally little rainfall . Outside of the cities in the region , population density is generally between 28 and 129 inhabitants per square mile .   The Volga Uplands themselves is rather sparsely populated , but along its edges and in particular along the banks of the Volga there are several large cities , such as ( from north to south ) Kazan , Ulyanovsk , Saransk , Penza , Syzran , Saratov and Volgograd .

neg: High Fens The High Fens ( Hautes Fagnes Hohes Venn Hoge Venen ) , which were declared a nature reserve in 1957 , are an upland area , a plateau region in the province of Liège , in the east of Belgium and adjoining parts of Germany , between the Ardennes and the Eifel highlands . The High Fens are the largest nature reserve or park in Belgium , with an area of 4501.2 ha ; it lies within the German-Belgian natural park Hohes Venn-Eifel ( 700 km2 ) , in the Ardennes . Its highest point , at 694 m above sea level , is the Signal de Botrange near Eupen , and also the highest point in Belgium . A tower 6 m high was built here that reaches 700 m above sea level . The reserve is a rich ecological endowment of Belgium covered with alpine sphagnum raised bogs ( not `` fens '' as the name would imply ) both on the plateau and in the valley basin ; the bogs , which are over 10,000 years old , with their unique subalpine flora , fauna and microclimate , are key to the conservation work of the park .   In 1966 , the European Council awarded the `` Diploma of Conservation '' to the High Fens , for their ecological value .

neg: Geography of Kosovo Kosovo is a small landlocked country in Southeastern Europe , in the center of Balkan Peninsula .  With an area of 10,908 km2 , it is one of the smallest countries in Europe .   Considering it 's small area , Kosovo has a variety of topographical features . It is surrounded by mountains : the Sharr Mountains are located in the south and southeast , bordering Macedonia , while the Kopaonik Mountains rise in the north . The southwest borders with Montenegro and Albania are also mountainous , and home to the country 's highest peak , Gjeravica , 2656 m high . The central region is mainly hilly , but two large plains spread over Kosovo 's west and east , respectively , Metohija plain and Kosovo plain .   In the terms of hydrography , Kosovo has limited water resources . The main rivers in the country are the White Drin , running towards the Adriatic Sea , the South Morava in the Goljak area , and Ibar in the north . Sitnica , a tributary of Ibar , is the longest river lying completely within Kosovo . There are several small natural lakes but the country 's most important lakes are artificial . The biggest lakes are Gazivoda , Radonjić , Batlava and Badovac . Kosovo also does have a large number of karst springs , thermal and mineral water springs .

neg: Velikaya River The Velikaya is a river in Novosokolnichesky , Pustoshkinsky , Sebezhsky , Opochetsky , Pushkinogorsky , Ostrovsky , Palkinsky , and Pskovsky Districts of Pskov Oblast , as well as in the city of Pskov in Russia . It is a major tributary of Lake Peipus and belongs to the basin of the Narva River . It is 430 km long , and the area of its basin 25200 km2 . The name of the river means literally `` Grand '' or `` Great '' in Russian . The towns of Opochka , Ostrov and Pskov are located on the banks of the Velikaya . The principal tributaries of the Velikaya are the Alolya River ( right ) , the Issa River ( left ) , the Sorot River ( right ) , the Sinyaya River ( left ) , the Utroya River ( left ) , the Kukhva River ( left ) , the Cheryokha River ( right ) , and the Pskova River ( right ) .   The source of the Velikaya is located in the Bezhanitsy Hills in the northwest of Novosokolnichesky District . The river flows south through a system of lakes to Lake Veryato , where it turns west . It accepts the Alolya from the right and gradually turns north , passing through the town of Opochka . Northwest of the urban-type settlement of Pushkinskiye Gory it turns west , accepts the Sinyaya from the left and turns north . In the city of Pskov the Velikaya accepts the Pskova from the right and turns northwest , forming a river delta as it enters Lake Peipus .   The drainage basin of the Velikaya comprises vast areas in the west and southwest of Pskov Oblast , as well as in the east of Latvia and in the north of the Vitebsk Region of Belarus .   The river has a significant historic importance . Pskov was founded in 903 , and the Velikaya provided it with access to the sea , via Lake Peipus and the Narva River .   The Velikaya is navigable in its lower course ( 34 km ) .

neg: Kotra (river) The Kotra ( Котра Katra ) is a 109 km river in Belarus and Lithuania . The river is known due to a rare phenomenon of river bifurcation .   At first , the Kotra and Ūla form one river , known as the Pelesa , which originates in Belarus and flows in a northwestern direction . Just past the Belarus -- Lithuania border , between the villages of Paramėlis and Kazliškės , some 22 km southeast of Varėna , it branches out into two independent rivers : the Kotra , a tributary of the Neman , and the Ūla , a tributary of the Merkys . This situation arose in the second half of the 19th century when the Ūla , due to its channel erosion , crossed the water divide between its own and the Kotra 's drainage basins . As a result , the Ūla enlarged its basin by some 410 km2 and the Kotra lost two of its tributaries . These processes also caused a decrease in groundwater levels and the almost total disappearance of several large lakes located in the site .   The Kotra flows along the Belarus -- Lithuania border for 24 km and the remaining 85 km through Belarus . It then flows along the southern border of Čepkeliai Marsh , the area protected as a nature reserve With the changes in drainage basins and groundwater levels , some 20 km2 of open marshes overgrew with trees . The Kotra and its surrounding marshes form wetlands of international importance : Kotra Ramsar site and Cepkeliai Ramsar site Varėna district municipality established a 1.085 km2 reservoir to protect the natural Kotra environment .

neg: Obedska bara Obedska bara ( Obedska pond or Obedska bog , Serbian Cyrillic : Обедска бара , pronounced -LSB- ɔ̂bɛdskaː bâra -RSB- ) is a large swamp-forest area and natural reserve stretching along the Sava River in Southern Syrmia ( Serbia ) , some 40 km west of Belgrade .   The pond is an oxbow lake , a remnant of the meanders of the old Sava River , whose main stream presently flows more southward . Due to its shape the swampy bed of the pond , situated between the villages of Obrež and Kupinovo , is called `` The Horse-shoe '' ( potkovica ) . Higher grounds with cut-in depressions and old oak forests are called `` The Hoof '' ( kopito ) .   The pond is an authentic complex of stagnant tributaries , marshes , pits , marsh vegetation , damp meadows and forests . It is home to over 30 different water , swamp , forest and meadow biocoenoses . The fauna includes 220 species of birds , 50 species of mammals , 13 of amphibians , 11 of reptiles and 16 of fish , while the flora includes 500 species plants , 180 species of mushrooms and 50 species of moss . It is one of the richest and best preserved wildlife habitats in the Pannonian plain .   Obedska pond is one of the world 's oldest nature areas , first administrative protective measures having been introduced 1874 , when the Habsburg Empire protected it as hunting ground of the royal family . Presently , it has first-category legal protection status , denoting a natural asset of exceptional value . Its status has been verified by the Ramsar Convention on swamps since 1977 , and included in the List of areas of special significance for birds of Europe of Important Bird Area project , and UNESCO 's list of world 's most important wetland areas .


query: Ryan Dusick was born in October of 1978.

pos: Ryan Dusick Ryan Michael Dusick ( born September 19 , 1977 ) is an American musician and record producer . Until his departure in 2006 , he was the drummer for the pop rock band Maroon 5 .

neg: The October Trio The October Trio is a Canadian jazz trio from Vancouver consisting of Josh Cole ( bass ) , Dan Gaucher ( drums ) , and Evan Arntzen ( saxophone ) . Formed in 2004 , the three met as students at Capilano College while studying jazz . Their influences are cited as being diverse , ranging from Vespertine-era Björk to the Wayne Shorter Quartet to local talents . In March 2005 , they became the regular performers at the Rime , a new music hub located in East Vancouver . There , they recorded their first live album , Live at Rime in 2005 . The trio released their studio album , Day In , in 2006 and in the same year , earned the title Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 's Galaxie Rising Star Award for best new group at the Vancouver International Jazz Festival . The album was also nominated for a 2007 Western Canadian Music award for Jazz Album of the year . After the album , the trio began collaborating with jazz trumpeter Brad Turner in 2007 and released the album Looks Like It 's Going to Snow in 2009 . Turner , had previously produced Day In and is also the producer for the new record . The album is noted for its lyricism and rich arrangements . One review notes that `` it easily and off-handedly incorporates funk and rock elements without becoming a collection that is dominated by a backbeat aesthetic . '' The band is also noted for its rhythmic complexity , as songwriter Cole enjoys the frequent play with irregular time signatures and unusual phrase lengths . The trio has also opened for Dave Holland and the Monterey Quartet .   The band has performed at the Vancouver International Jazz Festival , the National Jazz Awards in Toronto , the Montreal Jazz Festival , the Seattle Earshot Jazz Festival , the Portland Jazz Festival , the Calgary Jazz Festival , and the Edmonton Jazz Festival . They have also toured eastern Canada and the United States in June 2010 to promote their latest recording .

neg: Life of Ryan Life of Ryan is an American Reality television series on MTV . The series debuted on August 27 , 2007 with the second season premiering on January 8 , 2008 . The series follows the day-to-day life of professional skateboarder Ryan Sheckler as he manages his personal life and his career . Most episodes take place at Sheckler 's home in San Clemente , California . His friends , along with fellow professional skateboarders make various appearances in the series .

neg: Devin Durrant Devin George Durrant ( born October 20 , 1960 ) is a retired American professional basketball player . From 1984 to 1985 he played with the Indiana Pacers and with the Phoenix Suns . He later played in European basketball leagues until 1988 . In a Deseret News poll in the year 2000 , he was voted one of the top 10 college basketball players in the state of Utah over the previous 100 years .  In 1999 , Sports Illustrated listed him as one of the 50 greatest Utah sports figures .   Durrant has also served in various roles in the The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints , including president of the Texas Dallas Mission and first counselor in the church 's Sunday School general presidency .

neg: Ryan Dvorak Ryan Michael Dvorak is an American politician from the state of Indiana . A member of the Democratic Party , Dvorak is a member of the Indiana House of Representatives , representing the 8th District since 2002 .

neg: Rossif Sutherland Rossif Sutherland ( born September 25 , 1978 ) is a Canadian actor .

neg: Brent Ryan Green Brent Ryan Green ( born March 19 , 1984 ) is an American film director and producer .

neg: D. J. Durkin Daniel John `` DJ '' Durkin ( born January 15 , 1978 ) is an American football coach . He is currently the Head Coach for the University of Maryland . Before Maryland , he was the defensive coordinator at the University of Michigan . He also served as the interim head football coach and defensive coordinator of the Florida Gators football team for the team 's 2014 bowl game .   On December 2 , 2015 , Durkin confirmed that he would serve as the head coach of the University of Maryland football team .

neg: Kyle Ryan Kyle Ryan ( born September 25 , 1991 ) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Detroit Tigers of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) .

neg: Excellence in Broadcasting `` Excellence in Broadcasting '' is the second episode of the ninth season of the animated comedy series Family Guy . It originally aired on Fox in the United States on October 3 , 2010 . The episode features anthropomorphic dog Brian , an adamant liberal , confronting conservative radio talk show host Rush Limbaugh at a book signing in Quahog , and ultimately having a political change of heart when Limbaugh convinces him to read his latest book . Brian eventually decides to become a devoted member of the Republican Party , and soon begins criticizing liberals . This leads Brian to become roommates with Limbaugh , and begins following him everywhere , before Limbaugh convinces Brian of his true political convictions .   The episode was written by Patrick Meighan and directed by John Holmquist . It received mixed reviews from critics for its storyline and many cultural references , in addition to receiving both praise and criticism from conservative news outlets . According to Nielsen ratings , it was viewed in 7.94 million homes in its original airing . As well as Limbaugh , the episode featured guest performances by Gary Cole , Christine Lakin , Phil LaMarr , Shelley Long , Nana Visitor and Rainn Wilson , along with several recurring guest voice actors for the series . `` Excellence in Broadcasting '' was released on DVD along with three other episodes from the season on December 13 , 2011 .

neg: Colleen Zenk Colleen Zenk ( born January 20 , 1953 ) is an American actress best known for her role as Barbara Ryan in the daytime TV drama As the World Turns , a role she played from September 1978 until the show left the air in September 2010 .

neg: Kirk Radomski Kirk J. Radomski ( born 1969 ) ( colloquially known by players as Murdock ) is a former batboy and clubhouse employee for the New York Mets Major League Baseball team from 1985 -- 1995 , who on April 27 , 2007 pleaded guilty in United States district court to money laundering and illegal distribution of anabolic steroids , human growth hormone , Clenbuterol , amphetamines and other drugs to `` dozens of current and former Major League Baseball players , and associates , on teams throughout Major League Baseball . '' He faced a maximum sentence of 25 years in prison and a $ 500,000 fine , but he was sentenced to 5 years probation and ordered to pay a fine of $ 18,575 due to his cooperation with the federal government and the Mitchell Report .

neg: Cristin O'Keefe Aptowicz Cristin O'Keefe Aptowicz ( born November 26 , 1978 ) is a New York Times-bestselling nonfiction writer and poet .

neg: Bobby Ryan (footballer) Bobby Ryan ( born 1 May 1979 in Limerick ) is an Irish footballer .

neg: Scott Ryan (Ohio politician) Scott K. Ryan ( born April 6 , 1965 ) is the Representative for the 71st district of the Ohio House of Representatives . Ryan is a small business owner and a graduate of Granville High School . He served as Licking County Treasurer before deciding to run for state representative to succeed Jay Hottinger , who was term-limited . He won the Republican primary handily and defeated Ann Rader 67 % to 33 % .

neg: Ryan Rome Ryan Rome ( born October 24 , 1979 ) is a retired Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman . He played amateur hockey with the University of Regina before beginning a three-season professional career between the Central Hockey League and United Hockey League . Rome retired following the 2004 -- 05 campaign . He has three brothers , Reagan Rome , Aaron Rome and Ashton Rome , all of whom have also played hockey professionally .

neg: Michael Fertik Michael Fertik ( born October 1 , 1978 ) is an American Internet entrepreneur and privacy advocate known for pioneering the industry of online reputation management . He is the founder , current executive chairman and owner , and former CEO of Reputation.com , Inc. a Redwood City technology company that sends take-down requests to websites hosting embarrassing content , attempts to influence search results , and help clients obtain positive reviews . He advocates that the internet be cautious to respect the privacy and reputations of people and businesses .

neg: Joe Lipari Joe Lipari , also known as J.R. Lipari , ( Born October 5 , 1979 ) is an American writer , marketer , comedian and artist .

neg: East Rutherford, New Jersey East Rutherford is a borough in Bergen County , New Jersey , United States . As of the 2010 United States Census , the borough 's population was 8,913 , reflecting an increase of 197 ( +2.3 % ) from the 8,716 counted in the 2000 Census , which had in turn increased by 814 ( +10.3 % ) from the 7,902 counted in the 1990 Census . It is an inner-ring suburb of New York City , located 7 mi west of Midtown Manhattan .   Under the terms of an act of the New Jersey Legislature on April 17 , 1889 , a portion of the old Union Township was incorporated under the name of Boiling Springs Township . The new township took its name from a spring in the community . On March 28 , 1894 , the Borough of East Rutherford was created , based on the results of a referendum held the previous day , and Boiling Springs Township was dissolved . While there was no change in its borders , the name and form of government were changed . The borough was the second formed during the `` Boroughitis '' phenomenon then sweeping through Bergen County , in which 26 boroughs were formed in the county in 1894 alone .   East Rutherford is the home of the Meadowlands Sports Complex , which includes Meadowlands Arena and MetLife Stadium , and was previously the location of Giants Stadium . The arena is best known as the longtime home of the New Jersey Nets of the National Basketball Association and the New Jersey Devils of the National Hockey League , and also hosted college basketball , arena football , concerts , and other events . MetLife Stadium is home of the New York Giants and New York Jets of the National Football League ( NFL ) and hosted Super Bowl XLVIII , which made East Rutherford the smallest city ever to host a Super Bowl . Giants Stadium , which hosted the Giants and Jets until 2009 , was also the original home of the New York Red Bulls of Major League Soccer . East Rutherford is the only municipality with fewer than 10,000 residents to have been home to five professional sports teams simultaneously .   The borough is the site of the American Dream Meadowlands project , a large shopping center and entertainment complex under construction that was originally named `` Xanadu '' . If it were to be completed , it would be the second largest mall in the state behind the Westfield Garden State Plaza . Triple Five Group took control of the project in August 2013 , but faces lawsuits from the Giants and Jets , who claim that the increased traffic on game days will cause disruptions that violate their agreements with the original developer of the complex .


query: Victor Hugo died in 1885.

pos: Victor Hugo Victor Marie Hugo ( -LSB- viktɔʁ maʁi yɡo -RSB- ; 26 February 1802 -- 22 May 1885 ) was a French poet , novelist , and dramatist of the Romantic movement . He is considered one of the greatest and best-known French writers . Outside France , his best-known works are the novels Les Misérables , 1862 , and The Hunchback of Notre-Dame ( Notre-Dame de Paris ) , 1831 . In France , Hugo is known primarily for his poetry collections , such as Les Contemplations ( The Contemplations ) and La Légende des siècles ( The Legend of the Ages ) . He produced more than 4,000 drawings and also campaigned for social causes such as the abolition of capital punishment .   Though a committed royalist when he was young , Hugo 's views changed as the decades passed , and he became a passionate supporter of republicanism ; his work touches upon most of the political and social issues and the artistic trends of his time . He is buried in the Panthéon in Paris . His legacy has been honoured in many ways , including his portrait being placed on French currency .

neg: Victor Rabu Víctor Rabu ( born 1834 in Agen , Lot-et-Garonne - died 24 March 1907 in Paris ) was a French architect .   He was an exponent of eclectical historicism . He built a lot of churches in Uruguay , for that reason he was known as `` The Lord of the Churches '' :  Iglesia de los Conventuales ( 1867 )  Capilla Jackson ( 1870 )  Iglesia San Francisco ( 1870 )  Iglesia de los Vascos ( 1870 )  Some important public buildings were of his authorship , such as the side wings of the Solís Theatre , or the Dámaso Larrañaga Asylum . He also built several private buildings for wealthy families .

neg: Alfredo del Diestro Alfredo del Diestro ( 1885 -- 1951 ) was Chilean actor and film director .

neg: Paul Meurice Paul Meurice ( 5 February 1818 - 11 December 1905 ) was a French novelist and playwright best known for his friendship with Victor Hugo .

neg: Hugo del Carril Pierre Bruno Hugo Fontana otherwise known as Hugo del Carril ( 30 November 1912 -- 13 August 1989 in Buenos Aires ) was an Argentine film actor , film director and tango singer of the classic era .

neg: Sylvie (novel) Sylvie ( 1853 ) is a novella by French Romanticist Gérard de Nerval . It was first published in the periodical La Revue des Deux Mondes in 1853 , and as a book in Les Filles du feu in 1854 , just a few months before Nerval killed himself in January 1855 . Sylvie is often considered to be Nerval 's prose masterpiece , and has been a favorite of Marcel Proust , André Breton , Joseph Cornell and Umberto Eco . Harold Bloom included it in The Western Canon ( 1994 ) .   An idyll written in the form of a reminiscence , the story is about a hero 's love for three women , all of whom he loses ; a hymn to unattainable , unrequited love . The story begins when a paragraph in a newspaper plunges the narrator into his memories as a younger man . The perspective seems to shift back and forth between the past and present , so the reader is never entirely sure if the narrator is recounting past events from memory , or retelling current events as they happen . Critics have praised the writing for its lucid and lyrical style . The narrator , of noble status who has recently come into an inheritance , decides to leave Paris , where he is living a debauched life of theater and drink , and return to the love of his youth , a peasant girl named Sylvie who has classic features and brunette hair , a `` timeless ideal '' . She sews gloves for a living and ends up marrying another man more equal to her class . The narrator also loves a seductive actress in Paris named Aurelia , who has many suitors who tell her empty idylls of love , but none love her for who she really is , including the narrator , who sees her as a lovely illusion that fades in the daylight of reality . The narrator also loves Adrienne , of noble birth , tall with blonde hair , she is an `` ideal beauty '' , but she lives in a convent , and dies an early death . In the end , he loves all three but obtains none , seemingly for reasons both beyond and within his making .   Sylvie has many features of Romanticism , including flowing descriptions of a beautiful but lost natural world , appreciation for the architecture and traditions of the Middle Ages , and Greek traditions . The use of color appears to be unique , with binary oppositions serving as a simplifying mechanism to make distant memories emerge more strikingly from the mist .   The novel contains autobiographical elements . As in the story , Nerval often traveled to Germany and the east . Nerval had an unhappy love for a real actress , Jenny Colon . He had a female childhood friend named Adrienne , who he unhappily lost earlier in life . These unattainable and lost female figures are represented in the story , as well in his other works and real life , Nerval lost his mother at an early age .   Guillaume Apollinaire relates ( in La Vie Anecdotique ) that while writing Sylvie , Nerval spent eight days in Chantilly solely to study a sunset that he needed for it .   Julien Gracq wrote of Sylvie in 1966 : `` I know of no more enchanted narrative in our language '' ( `` Je ne connais aucun récit plus enchanté dans notre langue '' ) .

neg: Nikolai Leskov Nikolai Semyonovich Leskov was a Russian novelist , short-story writer , playwright , and journalist , who also wrote under the pseudonym M. Stebnitsky . Praised for his unique writing style and innovative experiments in form , and held in high esteem by Leo Tolstoy , Anton Chekhov and Maxim Gorky among others , Leskov is credited with creating a comprehensive picture of contemporary Russian society using mostly short literary forms . His major works include Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk ( 1865 ) ( which was later made into an opera by Shostakovich ) , The Cathedral Clergy ( 1872 ) , The Enchanted Wanderer ( 1873 ) , and The Tale of Cross-eyed Lefty from Tula and the Steel Flea ( 1881 ) .   Leskov received his formal education at the Oryol Lyceum . In 1847 Leskov joined the Oryol criminal court office , later transferring to Kiev , where he worked as a clerk , attended university lectures , mixed with local people , and took part in various student circles . In 1857 Leskov quit his job as a clerk and went to work for the private trading company Scott & Wilkins owned by Alexander Scott , his aunt 's English husband .   His literary career began in the early 1860s with the publication of his short story The Extinguished Flame ( 1862 ) , and his novellas Musk-Ox ( May 1863 ) and The Life of a Peasant Woman ( September , 1863 ) . His first novel No Way Out was published under the pseudonym M. Stebnitsky in 1864 . From the mid-1860s to the mid-1880s Leskov published a wide range of works , including journalism , sketches , short stories , and novels . Leskov 's major works , many of which continue to be published in modern versions , were written during this time . A number of his later works were banned because of their satirical treatment of the Russian Orthodox Church and its functionaries . Leskov died on 5 March 1895 , aged 64 , and was interred in the Volkovo Cemetery in Saint Petersburg , in the section reserved for literary figures .

neg: The Survivors of the "Jonathan" The Survivors of the `` Jonathan '' , is a novel that was written ( as Magellania ) by Jules Verne in 1897 . However , it was not published until 1909 , after it had been rewritten by Verne 's son Michel under the title Les naufragés du `` Jonathan '' .

neg: Lycée Français Victor Hugo de Port-Gentil Lycée Français Victor Hugo de Port-Gentil is a French secondary international school in Port-Gentil , Gabon . It serves collège ( junior high school ) and lycée ( senior high school ) levels , and was established in 1990 . In September 2014 , it had 325 students .   The school is named after the 19th-century French writer Victor Hugo .

neg: The Dying Earth The Dying Earth is a collection of fantasy short fiction by American writer Jack Vance , published by Hillman in 1950 . Vance returned to the setting in 1965 and thereafter , making it the first book in the Dying Earth series .  It is retitled Mazirian the Magician in its Vance Integral Edition ( 2005 ) , after the second of six collected stories .   The Internet Speculative Fiction Database calls it a `` slightly connected series of stories '' but it was ranked number 16 of 33 `` All Time Best Fantasy Novels '' by Locus in 1987 , based on a poll of subscribers .   Similarly , it was one of five finalists for the Best Novel `` Retro Hugo '' in 2001 when the World Science Fiction Society provided 50th anniversary recognition for a publication year without Hugo Awards .

neg: Joseph Léopold Sigisbert Hugo Joseph Léopold Sigisbert Hugo , ( 15 November 1773 -- 29 January 1828 ) was a French general in the Napoleonic wars . He was the father of Victor Hugo .

neg: Bruno Frank Bruno Frank ( Stuttgart , June 13 , 1887 - Beverly Hills , June 20 , 1945 ) was a German author , poet , dramatist , and humanist .   Frank studied law and philosophy in Munich , where he later worked as a dramatist and novelist until the Reichstag fire in 1933 . Persecuted by the government because of his Jewish heritage , he left Nazi Germany with his wife , Liesl , daughter of famed operetta diva Fritzi Massary . They lived for four years in Austria and England , then in 1937 finally went to the USA , where he was reunited with his friends Heinrich Mann and Thomas Mann . Frank is considered part of the group of anti-nazi writers whose works constitute German Exilliteratur . He continued to write , producing two novels , and worked in the film industry for the rest of his life .   Frank wrote the screenplay for the popular movie version of The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1939 film ) , directed by William Dieterle and starring Charles Laughton , based on the novel by Victor Hugo . Frank 's play , Sturm Im Wasserglas , was posthumously made into a movie directed by Josef von Báky in 1960 .   His nephew Anthony M. Frank became United States Postmaster General in 1988 .   On his death in 1945 of a heart attack , Bruno Frank was interred in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale , California .

neg: Lucrezia Borgia (play) Lucrezia Borgia ( Lucrèce Borgia ) is an 1833 play by the French writer Victor Hugo . It is a historical work portraying the Renaissance-era Italian aristocrat Lucrezia Borgia . The play ( along with Angelo , Tyrant of Padua ) is believed to have been a major influence on Oscar Wilde 's The Duchess of Padua ( 1891 ) .

neg: The Last Day of a Condemned Man The Last Day of a Condemned Man ( Le Dernier Jour d'un Condamné ) is a short novel by Victor Hugo first published in 1829 . The novel recounts the thoughts of a man condemned to die . Victor Hugo wrote this novel to express his feelings that the death penalty should be abolished .

neg: Henry Victor Henry Victor ( 2 October 1892 -- 15 March 1945 ) was an English-born character actor who had his highest profile in the silent era .

neg: Les Misérables (1909 film) Les Misérables is a 1909 American silent historical drama proto-feature film ( four short films that can be seen separately , but when combined appear as a short film series resembling that of a full-length feature film ) . The proto-feature movie is based on the 1862 French novel of the same name by Victor Hugo , and stars Maurice Costello and William V. Ranous . It was directed by J. Stuart Blackton .   Distributed by the Vitagraph Company of America , the film consists of four reels . The reels were released over the course of three months , from September 4 to November 27 , 1909 .

neg: Gustave de Romand Gustave , baron de Romand , ( 18 -- - 18 -- ) was a respected amateur French entomologist , a member of the Société entomologique de France . who was prominent in the political arena . He contributed on September 4 , 1837 , a `` Description of the male Epomidiopteron Julii . '' to the Royal Entomological Society of London , but his modest place in the history of entomology is secured by his Tableau de l'aile supérieure des Hyménoptêres ( privately printed in Paris , 1838 ) . In a hand-colored lithograph it presented 28 kinds of Hymenopteran upper wings , their homologous features differently tinted , so that by comparing them the viewer could establish to which family an individual specimen belonged . In an accompanying printed 14-column table , the terms used by previous entomologists to describe Hymnopteran wings are tabulated.are presented for comparison . The Australian paper wasp Ropalidia romandi was named by Élie Jean François Le Guillou to honour him in 1841 .   M. de Roland was more widely known among his contemporaries as a conservative politician , author of the political essay De l'État des partis en France ( 1839 ) , and of an essay on the dictatorial political strength of radical , socialist Paris over the provinces ( De la dictature de Paris sur la France ) in the year of revolution , 1848 . The crisis of 1848 elicited from him several other pamphlets . He was a member of the Corps législatif under the Second Empire ( 1852-1870 ) . He published his Souvenirs politiques et administratifs in 1855 . His father , aide-de-camp of the prince de Polignac and a staunch royalist during the Hundred Days was ennobled by Louis XVIII at the second Bourbon restoration , 1815 , and was made a member of the Legion of Honor .

neg: Hugo (film) Hugo is a 2011 historical adventure drama film directed and co-produced by Martin Scorsese and adapted for the screen by John Logan . Based on Brian Selznick 's book The Invention of Hugo Cabret , it is about a boy who lives alone in the Gare Montparnasse railway station in Paris in the 1930s . A co-production between Graham King 's GK Films and Johnny Depp 's Infinitum Nihil , the film stars Ben Kingsley , Sacha Baron Cohen , Asa Butterfield , Chloë Grace Moretz , Ray Winstone , Emily Mortimer , Jude Law , Helen McCrory , and Christopher Lee .   Hugo is Scorsese 's first film shot in 3D , of which the filmmaker remarked : `` I found 3D to be really interesting , because the actors were more upfront emotionally . Their slightest move , their slightest intention is picked up much more precisely . '' The film was released in the United States on November 23 , 2011 .   When it was released , Hugo received critical acclaim and received 11 Academy Award nominations ( including Best Picture ) , more than any other film that year , and won five awards : Best Cinematography , Best Art Direction , Best Sound Mixing , Best Sound Editing and Best Visual Effects . It was also nominated for eight BAFTAs , winning two , and was nominated for three Golden Globe awards , earning Scorsese his third Golden Globe Award for Best Director . The film grossed $ 185 million against a budget of $ 150 -- $ 170 million .

neg: Adèle Hugo Adèle Hugo ( 28 July 1830 - 21 April 1915 ) was the fifth and youngest child of French writer Victor Hugo . She is remembered for developing schizophrenia as a young woman , which led to a romantic obsession with a British military officer who rejected her . Her story has been retold in film and books , such as The Story of Adele H.

neg: Societe Le Chant du Monde v. Societe Fox Europe and Societe Fox Americaine Twentieth Century Societe Le Chant du Monde v. Societe Fox Europe and Societe Fox Americaine Twentieth Century is a French case had the same facts as the New York case Shostakovich v. Twentieth Century-Fox , wherein four Russian composers sued Fox to prevent the use of their public domain compositions in an anti-Communist film . The New York court presciently summed up the future holding of the French court , where it predicted that droit moral could `` prevent the use of a composition or work , in the public domain . '' The film was ordered seized .   Russian music for many decades was in the public domain in the United States and western Europe , as a form of payback for the Soviet Union not recognizing western copyrights .   Normally authors will be long dead before their works come into the public domain , however depending on the country there is authority that authors may dedicate their works to the public domain voluntarily . The Shostakovich and Le Chant du Monde problem , therefore is still with us . The problem is that voluntarily dedicated works may not truly be freely available for modification or even aggregation ( the music in Le Chant du Monde was merely a motion picture soundtrack ) until the author is dead , even though the works quite clearly are in the public domain .   This case was discussed in Strauss , The Moral Right of the Author , 4 Am . J. Comp . L. 506 , 534-35 n. 56 ( 1955 ) .   Category : Public domain  Category : Copyright case law  Category :20 th Century Fox litigation  Category : French case law  Category : French copyright law

neg: Hugo of Ostia Hugo ( died 1 December 1158 ) was a French Cistercian and Cardinal .   He was born probably in the diocese of Beauvais and entered the order of Cistercians in Clairvaux . In 1147 he became abbot of Trois-Fontaines . Pope Eugenius III ( also a cistercian ) created him Cardinal-Bishop of Ostia in the consistory celebrated probably in December 1151 . He subscribed the papal bulls between 29 December 1151 and 24 January 1155 and participated in the papal election , 1153 and papal election , 1154 . He corresponded with Bernard of Clairvaux . Cistercians venerated him as blessed .