query: Harry Hopman's widow has attended Hopman Cup.

pos: Hopman Cup The Hopman Cup is an annual international eight-team indoor hardcourt tennis tournament held in Perth , Western Australia in early January ( sometimes commencing in late December ) each year , which plays mixed-gender teams on a country-by-country basis .   The championship is named in honour of Harry Hopman ( 1906 -- 1985 ) , an Australian tennis player and coach who guided the country to 15 Davis Cup titles between 1938 and 1969 . Since the Hopman Cup was founded in 1989 , it has been attended each year by Harry Hopman 's widow , his second wife Lucy , who travels to the tournament annually from her home in the United States .   The tournament is a sanctioned event in the calendar of the International Tennis Federation ( ITF ) , but while individual player results are tallied , they are not included in the calculation of tennis world rankings . The competition receives extensive television coverage in Australia and is an important lead-up tournament to the Australian Open each January as part of the Australian Open Series . The winning team receives a silver cup perpetual trophy and up to 2014 the winning team members were presented with distinctive individual trophies in the shape of a tennis ball encrusted with diamonds from the Argyle diamond mine in the Kimberley region of Western Australia . In 2014 and 2015 , the individual trophies were created in the shape of an intricate diamond encrusted tennis racket and ball , using just under an ounce of 18-carat white , yellow and rose gold and approximately half an ounce of pink argyle diamonds . These trophies are valued at $ 26,000 .   Until 2012 , the Hopman Cup was played at the Burswood Dome . Since 2013 , the Hopman Cup has been played at the Perth Arena .

neg: CIS at the Hopman Cup The Commonwealth of Independent States ( or CIS ) is a regional organisation formed of former Soviet states that competed at the Hopman Cup in 1992 . It reached the quarterfinal stage of the tournament .   Since 1992 , four of the independent states which form the CIS have competed in the Hopman Cup individually . These are : Kazakhstan , Russia , Ukraine and Uzbekistan . Prior to 1992 , they all competed as the Soviet Union .

neg: 2003 Hopman Cup The 2003 Hopman Cup ( also known as the Hyundai Hopman Cup for sponsorship reasons ) was the fifteenth edition of the Hopman Cup tennis sporting event , held on 28 December 2002 through 4 January 2003 at the Burswood Entertainment Complex in Perth , Australia . The champions are Serena Williams and James Blake of the United States , who defeated Alicia Molik and Lleyton Hewitt of Australia in the final .

neg: Wine cup of Shah Jahan The wine cup of Shah Jahan is a wine cup of white nephrite jade that was made for the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan .   The cup has a gourd shape like in a paisley design . The handle is shaped like the head of a ram . The bottom features acanthus leaves and a lotus flower , which is the pedestal . The cup is inscribed with his title , `` Second Lord of the Conjunction '' , following the conventions of royal titulature in the Persian-speaking world . It specifically alludes to Timur , the central Asian ruler from whom the Mughals were descended . The artist who created the cup is unknown .   The cup is dated 1067 of the Islamic calendar , and regnal year 31 , which convert to 1657 CE . The place of production was India . The length is 18.7 cm and width 14 cm . It was acquired in the 19th century by Colonel Charles Seton Guthrie , most probably after the Indian rebellion of 1857 . It was formerly in the possession of R. M. W. Walker , on whose death it was sold by Christie & Co ( 12/7/1945 , lot 146 ) and passed from the purchasers , Messrs Spink , to Queen Maria of Yugoslavia . It again came into the hands of Spink , who then sold it to Mr Lazarus , who discovered the inscription and sold it back to the vendors . It was acquired by the Victoria and Albert Museum in 1962 .

neg: Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman , CBE ( née Hotchkiss ; December 20 , 1886 -- December 5 , 1974 ) was an American tennis player and founder of the Wightman Cup , an annual team competition for British and American women . She dominated American women 's tennis before World War I , and won 45 U.S. titles during her life .

neg: Constance Applebee Constance Mary Katherine Applebee ( June 4 , 1873 , Chigwell , Essex , United Kingdom -- January 26 , 1981 ) is best known for introducing field hockey to the United States . She was a co-founder of the American Field Hockey Association and served as its head for 20 years . She also founded Sportswoman magazine and was the athletic director at Bryn Mawr College for 24 years .   Applebee graduated from the British College of Physical Education in 1899 . In 1901 , she came to America and took a course in anthropometry at Dudley Allen Sargent 's Summer School of Physical Training at Harvard University . After a discussion among her classmates and instructors regarding the British sport of field hockey , she took them to a courtyard behind the Harvard gymnasium and gave a demonstration of the game .   In the autumn of 1901 she embarked on a tour of women 's colleges in the northeastern United States , introducing field hockey and giving coaching and instruction regarding the sport to the students and faculty at each stop . She was invited to Vassar College by Harriet Ballintine , the school 's athletic director , and also visited Wellesley College , Bryn Mawr College , Smith College , Mount Holyoke College and Radcliffe College . She made return visits to each of those schools and the Boston Normal School of Gymnastics to coach field hockey through the spring of 1904 . In 1904 she was hired as full-time athletic director at Bryn Mawr College , where she served in that capacity through 1928 .   In September 1922 , Applebee established an annual three-week camp for intensive field hockey instruction at Mount Pocono , Pennsylvania , on the grounds of Camp Tegawitha . The camp was in business for more than 70 years before finally closing after the 1994 season .   In 1924 she founded The Sportswoman , initially a field hockey magazine that eventually focused on all women 's sports   She was more commonly known by her nickname , `` The Apple '' , and died at 107 at a New Milton , Hampshire , England nursing home . She is buried at St John the Baptist Church at Burley in the New Forest . As well as a grave she is commemorated within the church in one of the stained glass windows .   She was also active in establishing lacrosse as a women 's sport in this country . The U. S. Women 's Lacrosse Association was founded at her camp in the summer of 1931 . The USWLA governed the sport on the collegiate and club levels until 1981 , when the NCAA inaugurated its national championship tournament for women .

neg: World championship A world championship is generally an international sports competition open to elite competitors from across the world , representing their nations , and winning such an event will be considered the highest or near highest achievement in the sport or contest .   The title is usually awarded through a combination of specific contests or , less commonly , ranking systems ( e.g. the ICC Test Championship ) , or a combination of the two ( e.g. World Triathlon Championships in Triathlon ) . This determines a ` world champion ' , who or which is commonly considered the best nation , team , individual ( or other entity ) in the world in a particular field , although the vagaries of sport ensure that the competitor recognised at the best in an event is not always the ` world champion ' ( see Underdog ) .   Certain sports do not have a world championship . Instead , they may organise a world cup competition , or they may organize both , for example cycling ( UCI World Championships and UCI World Cups ) ) . Often , the use of the term cup or championship in this sense is just a choice of words . Some sports have multiple champions because of multiple organizations , such as boxing , mixed martial arts and wrestling .   Certain sports do not have a world championship or a world cup as such , but may have one or several world champions . Professional boxing , for example , has several world champions at different weights , but each one of them is decided by a `` title fight '' , not a tournament .   A certain number of sports hold world championships or world cups which are overshadowed , in terms of prestige , by the same events in the Olympic Games , the most prestigious multi-sports event .   Still other sports may or may not have a true world championship but may designate the winners of a domestic competition to be `` world champions . '' This is especially true of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada ; world cups and championships exist in all of the major sports , but the domestic U.S. and Canadian leagues are generally recognized as the world professional championships or the equivalent of a world club championship . ( In American football , although an IFAF World Championship exists , the United States is so far above and beyond the other nations it faces that the winner of the U.S.-based Super Bowl , a competition limited to the 32 teams in the National Football League , is commonly recognized as the world champion . )   Finally , certain professional sports do not have a world championship or world cup , but rather hold a series of events recognised as the elite level in their field ( e.g. tennis has a series of four Grand Slam events recognised as the pinnacle of the game , in addition to key team events , world tour finals and the Olympic Games , but no world championship or world cup ) .

neg: 2012 Ironman World Championship The 2012 Ironman World Championship was a long distance triathlon competition held on October 13 , 2012 in Kailua-Kona , Hawaii . The championship won by Pete Jacobs of Australia and Leanda Cave of England . It was the 36th such Ironman Triathlon World Championship , which has been held annually in Hawaii since 1978 , with an additional race in 1982 . The championship is organized by the World Triathlon Corporation ( WTC ) .

neg: 1969 Ryder Cup The 18th Ryder Cup Matches were held 18 -- 20 September 1969 at the Royal Birkdale Golf Club in Southport , England . The competition ended in a draw at 16 points each , when America 's Jack Nicklaus conceded a missable three-foot ( 0.9 m ) putt to Britain 's Tony Jacklin at the 18th hole , in one of the most famous gestures of sportsmanship in all of sport . It was the first draw in Ryder Cup history , and the United States team retained the Cup .   The matches were marred by considerable acrimony and unsportsmanlike behavior by players on both sides . Britain 's captain Eric Brown had instructed his players not to search for the opposition 's ball if it ended up in the rough . American Ken Still , in the first-day foursomes , had deliberately and regularly stood too close to Briton Maurice Bembridge as he was putting . During one of the fourballs on the second day , both captains had to come out and calm down the warring players . This led to Nicklaus conceding Jacklin 's final putt with the knowledge that the overall competition would end in a draw . On the previous hole , Jacklin sank a long eagle putt while Nicklaus missed his from 15 ft and the match was squared .   Jacklin had won the Open Championship two months earlier at nearby Royal Lytham & St Annes to become the first British champion in eighteen years . After holing his final putt for par , Nicklaus picked up Jacklin 's ball marker and told him , `` I do n't think you would have missed it , but I was n't going to give you the chance , either . ''   Playing in his first Ryder Cup at age 29 , Nicklaus ' gesture became known as `` the concession '' and marked the beginning of a lasting friendship between the two that has spanned nearly a half century . It was the inspiration for The Concession Golf Club in Florida near Sarasota , which was co-designed by Nicklaus and Jacklin . The two were opposing captains in the competition in 1983 and 1987 .   The U.S. team had only two players with previous Ryder Cup experience , Billy Casper and Gene Littler . On the previous four teams , Arnold Palmer did not participate in 1969 , but returned in 1971 and 1973 .

neg: Lotta Harrysson Lise-Lotte Maren `` Lotta '' Harrysson ( born 23 September 1966 ) is a Swedish Olympic sailor . She finished 12th in the Elliott 6m event at the 2012 Summer Olympics together with Anna Kjellberg and Malin Källström .

neg: Belgium at the Hopman Cup Belgium is a nation that has competed at six Hopman Cup tournaments and first competed in the 12th Hopman Cup in 2000 . Belgium has been the runner-up on one occasion , in 2011 , when they finished second in their group but after Serbia 's withdrawal from the final due to an abdominal injury sustained by Ana Ivanovic , they were promoted to face USA in the final .

neg: Croatia at the Hopman Cup Croatia is a nation that has competed at three Hopman Cup tournaments since it gained its independence following the breakup of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s . It first competed in the Hopman Cup in 1996 and went on to win the title that year , its best showing at the tournament to date .

neg: 2017 WTA Tour The 2017 WTA Tour is the elite professional tennis circuit organised by the Women 's Tennis Association ( WTA ) for the 2017 tennis season . The 2017 WTA Tour calendar comprises the Grand Slam tournaments ( supervised by the International Tennis Federation ( ITF ) , the WTA Premier tournaments ( Premier Mandatory , Premier 5 , and regular Premier ) , the WTA International tournaments , the Fed Cup ( organized by the ITF ) , the year-end championships ( the WTA Tour Championships and the WTA Elite Trophy ) . Also included in the 2017 calendar is the Hopman Cup , which is organized by the ITF and does not distribute ranking points .

neg: Sally Little Sally Little ( born 12 October 1951 ) is a professional golfer . She originally had South African nationality , but became a United States citizen in August 1982 . She became a member of the LPGA Tour in 1971 and won 15 LPGA Tour events , including two major championship , during her career . In 2016 , she became the first female golfer from South Africa inducted into the South African Hall of Fame .

neg: 1962 Wightman Cup The 1962 Wightman Cup was the 34th edition of the annual women 's team tennis competition between the United States and Great Britain . It was held at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in London in England in the United Kingdom .

neg: 1995 Citizen Cup The 1995 Citizen Cup was the defender selection series regatta for the 1995 America 's Cup , held in the United States . Three defense syndicates ( featuring four IACC yachts ) competed over four round robins and a semi-finals series in order earn a berth in the Citizen Cup finals ; the winner earned the right to defend the America 's Cup against the winner of the Louis Vuitton Cup ( challenger selection series regatta ) .   The 1995 Citizen Cup featured the first all female crew aboard Mighty Mary of the America3 Foundation syndicate , defender of both the Citizen Cup and America 's Cup .

neg: Sally Johnston Sally Johnston ( born Invercargill , New Zealand ) is a competitive sport shooter from New Zealand . She started shooting in 1983 with her first international competition in 1995 at the Oceania Championships in Auckland . Johnston placed eighth in the 50m rifle three positions and ninth in the 10m air rifle . In 1997 she beat her personal bests in all three events at the Oceania Championships in Adelaide where she placed fourth in the 50m rifle prone , tenth in the 10m air rifle and eleventh in 50m rifle three positions event .   At the 1998 Commonwealth Games in Kuala Lumpur , Johnston won the bronze medal in the women 's 50m prone event . At the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne she finished fifth and at the 2010 Commonwealth Games she finished seventh .   She won the gold medal in the same event at the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow , winning by 0.6 of a point . She shot a games record of 620.7 to narrowly beat South Africa 's Esmari van Reenen .   Since 2007 , Johnston has trained and competed whilst working full-time at the Ministry for Primary Industries in Wellington . She has worked in the role of Manager for Food and Beverage since 2014 .

neg: 1994 Hopman Cup The 1994 Hopman Cup was the sixth edition of the Hopman Cup that was held at the Burswood Entertainment Complex , in Perth , Australia . Jana Novotná and Petr Korda of the Czech Republic defeated Anke Huber and Bernd Karbacher of Germany in the final to win the title .

neg: 1984 Wightman Cup The 1984 Nabisco Wightman Cup was the 56th edition of the annual women 's team tennis competition between the United States and Great Britain . It was held at the Royal Albert Hall in London in England in the United Kingdom .

neg: Melbourne Cup The Melbourne Cup is Australia 's most prestigious annual Thoroughbred horse race . It is a 3,200 metre race for three-year-olds and over . It is the richest `` two-mile '' handicap in the world , and one of the richest turf races . Conducted by the Victoria Racing Club on the Flemington Racecourse as part of the spring carnival in Melbourne , Victoria , the event starts at 3pm on the first Tuesday in November and is known locally as `` the race that stops a nation '' .   The Melbourne Cup has a long tradition with the first race held in 1861 over 2 mi but was shortened to 3,200 m in 1972 when Australia adopted the metric system . This reduced the distance by 18.688 m , and Rain Lover 's 1968 race record of 3:19.1 was accordingly adjusted to 3:17.9 . The present record holder is the 1990 winner Kingston Rule with a time of 3:16.3 .

neg: Fed Cup Fed Cup is the premier international team competition in women 's tennis , launched in 1963 to celebrate the 50th Anniversary of the International Tennis Federation ( ITF ) . The competition was known as the Federation Cup until 1995 . The Fed Cup is the world 's largest annual women 's international team sports competition , in terms of the number of nations that compete .   The men 's equivalent of the Fed Cup is the Davis Cup . Australia , Czech Republic and the United States are the only countries that have held both the Fed Cup and Davis Cup at the same time .


query: Frank Zappa's debut was Freak Out!

pos: Frank Zappa Frank Vincent Zappa ( December 21 , 1940 -- December 4 , 1993 ) was an American musician , activist and filmmaker . His work was characterized by nonconformity , free-form improvisation , sound experiments , musical virtuosity , and satire of American culture . In a career spanning more than 30 years , Zappa composed rock , pop , jazz , jazz fusion , orchestral and musique concrète works , and produced almost all of the 60-plus albums that he released with his band the Mothers of Invention and as a solo artist . Zappa also directed feature-length films and music videos , and designed album covers . He is considered one of the most innovative and stylistically diverse rock musicians of his generation .   As a self-taught composer and performer , Zappa 's diverse musical influences led him to create music that was sometimes difficult to categorize . While in his teens , he acquired a taste for 20th-century classical composers such as Edgard Varèse , Igor Stravinsky , and Anton Webern , along with 1950s rhythm and blues and doo-wop music . He began writing classical music in high school , while at the same time playing drums in rhythm and blues bands ; later switching to electric guitar . His 1966 debut album with the Mothers of Invention , Freak Out ! , combined songs in conventional rock and roll format with collective improvisations and studio-generated sound collages . He continued this eclectic and experimental approach , irrespective of whether the fundamental format was rock , jazz or classical .   Zappa 's output is unified by a conceptual continuity he termed `` Project/Object '' , with numerous musical phrases , ideas , and characters reappearing across his albums . His lyrics reflected his iconoclastic views of established social and political processes , structures and movements , often humorously so . He was a strident critic of mainstream education and organized religion , and a forthright and passionate advocate for freedom of speech , self-education , political participation and the abolition of censorship . Unlike many other rock musicians of his era , he personally disapproved of and seldom used drugs , but supported their decriminalization and regulation .   During Zappa 's lifetime , he was a highly productive and prolific artist , earning widespread acclaim from critics and fellow musicians . He had some commercial success , particularly in Europe , and worked as an independent artist for most of his career . He remains a major influence on musicians and composers . His honors include an induction into the 1995 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and the 1997 Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award . In 2000 , he was ranked number 36 on VH1 's 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock . In 2004 , Rolling Stone magazine ranked him at number 71 on its list of the `` 100 Greatest Artists of All Time '' , and in 2011 at number 22 on its list of the `` 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time '' .

neg: Pop punk Pop punk ( also known as punk-pop ) is a music genre that fuses elements of punk rock and pop music . It typically combines fast tempos , loud and distorted electric guitars , and power chord changes with pop-influenced melodies , vocal styles , and lyrical themes .   Pop-influenced punk rock emerged in the mid-1970s with a music style that was stylistically similar to power pop . By the mid-1980s , several bands merged hardcore punk with pop music to create a new , faster pop punk sound such as Dag Nasty , the Nip Drivers , T.S.O.L. , Social Distortion , and the Descendents . Pop punk in the United States began to grow in popularity locally in California in the mid-to-late 1980s . Pop punk particularly thrived in California , where independent record labels adopted a do it yourself ( DIY ) approach to releasing music . By the mid-1990s , a few pop punk bands had started to sell millions of records and receive extensive radio and television airplay , such as Green Day . By 1994 , pop punk was quickly growing in mainstream popularity . The late 1990s , exemplified by the 1999 release of Blink-182 's Enema of the State , represented the genre 's mainstream peak , although some pop punk bands scored successful album chartings in the 2000s . In the mid-2000s , emo pop , a fusion genre combining emo and pop punk , became popular . By the end of the 2000s , the pop punk sound of the 1990s had largely waned in mainstream popularity .

neg: King Kong: Jean-Luc Ponty Plays the Music of Frank Zappa King Kong : Jean-Luc Ponty Plays the Music of Frank Zappa ( or simply King Kong ) is an album by French  jazz fusion artist Jean-Luc Ponty first released in 1970 on Liberty Records ' World Pacific Records subsidiary label and later released on Blue Note . The album contains numerous selections Zappa had previously recorded either with the Mothers of Invention or under his own name , including :   `` King Kong '' , originally included on the Mothers ' 1969 album Uncle Meat  `` Idiot Bastard Son '' , from the Mothers ' 1968 album We 're Only in It for the Money  `` Twenty Small Cigars '' , from Zappa 's 1970 album Chunga 's Revenge  `` America Drinks and Goes Home '' , from the Mothers ' 1967 album Absolutely Free   In addition , the track `` Music For Electric Violin And Low Budget Orchestra '' includes the themes from `` Duke of Prunes '' , from Absolutely Free , and `` Pound for a Brown '' , from Uncle Meat . Zappa excised those themes , and everything that followed them , when he later recorded the piece himself under the title `` Revised Music For Guitar And Low-Budget Orchestra '' , which was first released on his 1978 album Studio Tan .   George Duke , who would eventually join Zappa and Ponty in the Mothers , is featured on piano on all tracks . Ernie Watts is featured on alto and/or tenor saxophone on tracks 2 , 3 , 4 , and 6 . Zappa himself plays guitar on track 4 , and Mothers members Ian Underwood ( tenor sax ) and Art Tripp ( drums ) contribute on track 1 , 5 , and 6 .

neg: Out of the Night Out of the Night is the first release by the American hard rock band Great White in 1983 . It was independently released and sold more than 8,000 copies in less than three months , with the band supporting Dokken in their 1983 US tour . This led to EMI picking up the band for their first full-length , eponymous LP . It was reissued as On Your Knees by Enigma Records in 1987 , likely to capitalize on the band 's growing popularity due to the album Once Bitten ...   The songs also appeared on the US CD release of the live album Recovery : Live ! and 3 of them ( `` Out of the Night '' , `` On Your Knees '' and `` Dead End '' ) appeared in the re-recorded versions on the debut LP .

neg: Appetite for Destruction Appetite for Destruction is the debut studio album by American hard rock band Guns N ' Roses . It was released on July 21 , 1987 , by Geffen Records to massive commercial success . It topped the Billboard 200 and became the best-selling debut album as well as the 11th best-selling album in the United States . With about 30 million copies sold worldwide , it is also one of the best-selling records ever . Although critics were ambivalent toward the album when it was first released , Appetite for Destruction has since received retrospective acclaim and been viewed as one of the greatest albums of all time .

neg: A Token of His Extreme (Soundtrack) A Token of His Extreme ( Soundtrack ) is a soundtrack album by American musician Frank Zappa , released posthumously in 2013 by the Zappa Family Trust on Zappa Records .

neg: Montana (Frank Zappa song) `` Montana '' is a song composed by Frank Zappa for his 1973 LP Over-Nite Sensation . The last track on the album is one of Zappa 's most famous and renowned compositions . It features backing vocals by Tina Turner and the Ikettes throughout the entire track , notably on the middle and ending sections .

neg: Control Freq Control Freq ( pronounced `` control freek '' , i.e. freak ) is an American musical group .

neg: Down 'n' Outz Down 'n' Outz are an English band featuring members from Def Leppard , The Quireboys , and Raw Glory . The group covers bands and artists related to Mott the Hoople including Mott , British Lions , and Ian Hunter . Their debut album , My ReGeneration , was released in 2010 , and was followed by a DVD release of the band 's show at Hammersmith Odeon . The band 's second studio album , The Further Adventures Of ... was released in April 2014 .

neg: Little Dots Little Dots is a live album by Frank Zappa consisting of recordings from the Petit Wazoo tour of 1972 .

neg: A Holocaust in Your Head A Holocaust in Your Head is the debut album for British crust punk/grindcore band Extreme Noise Terror . The album was released in 1989 under High Speed Recordings . After its first release , the album was reissued several times with updated versions of each track .

neg: Freak Out! (Teenage Bottlerocket album) Freak Out ! is the fifth album by Teenage Bottlerocket . It was released on July 3 , 2012 on Fat Wreck Chords . The band began work on the album in February 2012 at The Blasting Room with engineer Andrew Berlin , who also co-produced the album with the band , and finished in April .   Two of the songs , `` Mutilate Me '' and `` Punk House of Horror '' , were previously released on the 2011 '' ` Mutilate Me '' EP . Another song , `` Headbanger '' , was previously recorded by Sack , a band which featured TBR members Kody Templeman , Ray Carlisle and Brandon Carlisle . The band shot a music video for `` Headbanger '' .

neg: An Evening with Wild Man Fischer An Evening with Wild Man Fischer is a 1968 double LP album by Wild Man Fischer . It was produced by Frank Zappa and released on his Bizarre record label .   The album is split into four different areas on each record side for the type of song it was . Some of side one had audio clips of live street performances where he would ask passerby to hear a song for a dime . Side two is a collection of songs with no background band playing , just having Fischer . Side three is filled with Fischer 's first songs , and his stories of making them . The final side included a `` psychedelic '' rock song called Circles , and The Wild Man Fischer Story , which had Fischer sing about his home life by year . The song `` Merry Go Round '' as well as Fischer 's remark of `` You call that doing your thing ? '' during `` New Kind of Songs for Sale '' were later referenced in the spoken dialogue segments of Zappa 's Lumpy Gravy .   The copyright is owned by the estate of Frank Zappa , whose widow Gail had refused to release it on compact disc .  After Gail 's death , the album was finally issued on a double CD in 2016 on the Gonzo Multimedia label . This CD version was copied from a vinyl LP .

neg: My ReGeneration My ReGeneration is the debut album by Joe Elliott 's Down 'n' Outz , the band featuring members of Def Leppard , The Quireboys and Raw Glory . The album features covers of songs by artists related to Mott the Hoople , such as Mott , British Lions and Ian Hunter . A ten-track version of the album was available with the 23 June 2010 edition of Classic Rock magazine , prior to the full album 's release on 13 July of the same year .

neg: Part One Part One is the second album by the American psychedelic rock group , The West Coast Pop Art Experimental Band , and was released in May 1967 on Reprise Records . It features compositions by Bob Johnston , Frank Zappa , Baker Knight , P.F. Sloan and Van Dyke Parks with input from studio drummer Hal Blaine . It has a song most well known as `` Morning Dew '' composed by Bonnie Dobson with arrangement by Danny Harris . This is the first album with input from guitarist Ron Morgan .

neg: Frankenchrist Frankenchrist is the third album released by the American hardcore punk band Dead Kennedys in 1985 on Alternative Tentacles .   The album is an example of the progressive , psychedelic side of Dead Kennedys ' musical personality . The spaghetti western soundtrack influence is also noticeable in the horn parts and in East Bay Ray 's atmospheric guitar work . Frankenchrist is noted for its relative lack of traditionally ` hardcore ' material . Most of the songs are slower and longer than the majority of other Dead Kennedys songs . `` M.T.V. − Get off the Air '' is notable for its pointed slam of the music establishment and `` Stars and Stripes of Corruption '' for its exegesis of Biafra 's political philosophies .

neg: The Freak The Freak was an unfinished dramatic comedy from Charles Chaplin . The story revolved around a young South American girl who unexpectedly sprouts a pair of wings . She is kidnapped and taken to London , where her captors cash in by passing her off as an angel . Later she escapes , only to be arrested because of her appearance . She is further dehumanized by standing trial to determine if she is human at all .   Chaplin began work in and around 1969 with his daughter Victoria in mind for the lead role . However , Victoria 's abrupt marriage and his advanced age proved roadblocks and the film was never made . Chaplin biographer Jeffrey Vance maintains that Chaplin script for The Freak `` borrows many themes , ideas , and even phrases from his three previous films but is nevertheless an original story filled with marvelous Chaplin comedy touches . '' Vance , who interviewed Victoria Chaplin , believes The Freak `` had strong potential for being a very moving -- and fitting -- swan song . '' Chaplin 's memoir , My Life in Pictures ( 1974 ) , describes The Freak as a work still in progress . He also mentioned his intent to make it in an interview on his 85th birthday in 1974 . `` I mean to make it someday '' , Chaplin writes in a caption alongside a photograph of Victoria in winged costume published in My Life in Pictures . No footage from the film is known to exist , though brief color footage of Victoria in wings can be seen in Charlie Chaplin - Les années suisses ( 2003 ) .

neg: Jazz from Hell Jazz from Hell is an instrumental album whose selections were all composed and recorded by Frank Zappa . It was released in 1986 by Barking Pumpkin Records on vinyl and by Rykodisc on CD .   Jazz from Hell was Zappa 's final studio album released in his lifetime ; for the remaining seven years of his life , he would only release live concert albums .

neg: Them or Us Them or Us is an album by Frank Zappa , released in October 1984 .

neg: Sleaze Freak Sleaze Freak is the second studio album by heavy metal band Scum of the Earth . The album was released October 23 , 2007 .   The album sold about 800 copies its first week , failing to chart on the Billboard 200 .

neg: Con Safos Con Safos is the second and last album by Ruben and the Jets , recorded in 1974 as a follow-up to their 1973 debut For Real ! , which was produced by Frank Zappa ( whose 1968 album Cruising with Ruben & the Jets was the source for the band 's name ) .


query: George VI was succeeded by Mary I.

pos: George VI George VI ( Albert Frederick Arthur George ; 14 December 1895 -- 6 February 1952 ) was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from 11 December 1936 until his death . He was the last Emperor of India and the first Head of the Commonwealth .   Known as Albert until his accession , George VI was born in the reign of his great-grandmother Queen Victoria , and was named after his great-grandfather Albert , Prince Consort . As the second son of King George V , he was not expected to inherit the throne and spent his early life in the shadow of his elder brother , Edward . He attended naval college as a teenager , and served in the Royal Navy and Royal Air Force during the First World War . In 1920 , he was made Duke of York . He married Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon in 1923 and they had two daughters , Elizabeth and Margaret . In the mid-1920s , he had speech therapy for a stammer , which he never fully overcame .   George 's elder brother ascended the throne as Edward VIII upon the death of their father in 1936 . However , later that year Edward revealed his desire to marry divorced American socialite Wallis Simpson . British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin advised Edward that for political and religious reasons he could not marry a divorced woman and remain king . Edward abdicated in order to marry , and George ascended the throne as the third monarch of the House of Windsor .   During George 's reign , the break-up of the British Empire and its transition into the Commonwealth of Nations accelerated . The parliament of the Irish Free State removed direct mention of the monarch from the country 's constitution on the day of his accession . The following year , a new Irish constitution changed the name of the state to Ireland and established the office of President . From 1939 , the Empire and Commonwealth -- except Ireland -- was at war with Nazi Germany . War with Italy and Japan followed in 1940 and 1941 , respectively . Though Britain and its allies were ultimately victorious in 1945 , the United States and the Soviet Union rose as pre-eminent world powers and the British Empire declined . After the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947 , George remained king of both countries , but relinquished the title of Emperor of India in June 1948 . Ireland formally declared itself a republic and left the Commonwealth in 1949 , and India became a republic within the Commonwealth the following year . George adopted the new title of Head of the Commonwealth . He was beset by health problems in the later years of his reign . He was succeeded by his eldest daughter , Elizabeth II .

neg: Duke of Bedford Duke of Bedford ( named after Bedford , England ) is a title that has been created six times ( for five distinct people ) in the Peerage of England . The first and second creations came in 1414 in favour of Henry IV 's third son , John , who later served as regent of France . He was made Earl of Kendal at the same time and was made Earl of Richmond later the same year . The titles became extinct on his death in 1435 . The third creation came in 1470 in favour of George Neville , nephew of Warwick the Kingmaker . He was deprived of the title by Act of Parliament in 1478 . The fourth creation came 1478 in favour of George , the third son of Edward IV . He died the following year at the age of two . The fifth creation came in 1485 in favour of Jasper Tudor , half-brother of Henry VI and uncle of Henry VII . He had already been created Earl of Pembroke in 1452 . However , as he was a Lancastrian , his title was forfeited between 1461 and 1485 during the predominance of the House of York . He regained the earldom in 1485 when his nephew Henry VII came to the throne and was elevated to the dukedom the same year . He had no legitimate children and the titles became extinct on his death in 1495 .   The Russell family currently holds the titles of Earl and Duke of Bedford . John Russell , a close advisor of Henry VIII and Edward VI , was granted the title of Earl of Bedford in 1551 , and his descendant William , 5th Earl , was created Duke following the Glorious Revolution .   The subsidiary titles of the Duke of Bedford , all in the Peerage of England , are Marquess of Tavistock ( created 1694 ) , Earl of Bedford ( 1550 ) , Baron Russell , of Cheneys ( 1539 ) , Baron Russell of Thornhaugh in the County of Northampton ( 1603 ) , and Baron Howland , of Streatham in the County of Surrey ( 1695 ) ( and possibly the Barony of Bedford , which was merged into it in 1138 , 1366 or 1414 ) . The courtesy title of the Duke of Bedford 's eldest son and heir is Marquess of Tavistock '' .   Every Duke from the 5th Duke onwards is descended from Charles II of England . The family seat is Woburn Abbey , Bedfordshire . The private mausoleum and chapel of the Russell Family and the Dukes of Bedford is at St. Michael 's Church in Chenies , Buckinghamshire ( photo ) . The family owns The Bedford Estate in central London .

neg: 1952 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Economic Conference The 1952 Commonwealth Prime Ministers ' Economic Conference was an emergency Meeting of the Heads of Government of the Commonwealth of Nations . It was called by the British government of Sir Winston Churchill and held in the United Kingdom in December 1952 as a follow-up to a Commonwealth Finance Minister 's conference held in January 1952 . The conference was held in the context of British economic and military decline and the United States ' surging role in the world .   The principal topic of the conference was the convertibility and liquidity of Pound sterling into American dollars and British concerns that non-sterling Commonwealth countries were building up sterling balances for the purpose of conversion into American dollars , the future of the Pound sterling area , and the alleviation of Commonwealth trade restrictions and imperial preference , particularly in the light of the surging American economy and the desire of Commonwealth countries such as Australia for American investment in order for economic development to occur against British concerns that American economic dominance threatened Britain 's economic position . This discussion was necessary as the Commonwealth , with the exception of Canada , had a common pool of gold and dollar reserves . Little was accomplished in the economic discussion with the final communique being described as an `` agreement in platitudes '' .   British concerns at being excluded from the ANZUS military treaty between Australia , New Zealand and the United States were also a topic and were addressed by a communique issued by the prime ministers supporting Britain 's demand for a voice in ANZUS .   In addition , Commonwealth prime ministers , after months of discussion on whether the newly ascended Queen Elizabeth II should have a uniform Royal Styles and Titles throughout the Commonwealth or whether realms should adopt their own styles and titles , it was agreed that each member of the Commonwealth `` should use for its own purposes a form of the Royal Style and Titles which suits its own particular circumstances but retains a substantial element which is common to all '' and agreed to pass appropriate legislation in their respective parliaments . The prime ministers also agreed to proclaim the new Queen , Elizabeth II , Head of the Commonwealth in succession of her late father , George VI .

neg: Kingdom of Great Britain The United Kingdom of Great Britain , officially Great Britain , was a sovereign state in western Europe from 1 May 1707 to 31 December 1800 . The state came into being following the Treaty of Union in 1706 , ratified by the Acts of Union 1707 , which united the kingdoms of England and Scotland to form a single kingdom encompassing the whole island of Great Britain and its outlying islands . It did not include Ireland , which remained a separate realm . The unitary state was governed by a single parliament and government that was based in Westminster . The former kingdoms had been in personal union since James VI , King of Scots , became King of England and King of Ireland in 1603 following the death of Queen Elizabeth I , bringing about a `` Union of the Crowns '' . Also after the accession of George I to the throne of Great Britain in 1714 , the kingdom was in a personal union with the Electorate of Hanover .   The early years of the unified kingdom were marked by Jacobite risings which ended in defeat for the Stuart cause at Culloden in 1746 . Later on in 1763 , victory in the Seven Years ' War led to the dominance of the British Empire , which was to become the foremost global power for over a century and later grew to become the largest empire in history .   On 1 January 1801 , the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland were merged to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . In 1922 , five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the United Kingdom and the state was renamed the `` United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland '' -- a title it has retained to date .

neg: Crown Estate The Crown Estate is a collection of lands and holdings in the United Kingdom belonging to the British monarch as a corporation sole , making it the `` Sovereign 's public estate '' , which is neither government property nor part of the monarch 's private estate . As a result of this arrangement , the sovereign is not involved with the management or administration of the estate , exercising only very limited control of its affairs . Instead , the estate 's extensive portfolio is overseen by a semi-independent , incorporated public body headed by the Crown Estate Commissioners , who exercise `` the powers of ownership '' of the estate , although they are not `` owners in their own right '' . The revenues from these hereditary possessions have been placed by the monarch at the disposition of Her Majesty 's Government and thus proceed directly to Her Majesty 's Treasury for the benefit of the British nation . The Crown Estate is formally accountable to the Parliament of the United Kingdom , where it is legally mandated to make an annual report to the sovereign , a copy of which is forwarded to the House of Commons .   The Crown Estate is one of the largest property managers in the United Kingdom , overseeing property worth # 12 billion , with urban properties valued at # 9.1 billion representing the majority of the estate by value . These include a large number of properties in central London , but the estate also controls 792000 ha of agricultural land and forest , more than half of the UK 's foreshore , and retains various other traditional holdings and rights , including Ascot Racecourse and Windsor Great Park . Naturally occurring gold and silver in the UK , collectively known as `` Mines Royal '' , are managed by The Crown Estate and leased to mining operators .   Historically , Crown Estate properties were administered by the reigning monarch to help fund the business of governing the country . However , in 1760 , George III surrendered control over the Estate 's revenues to the treasury , thus relieving him of the responsibility of personally paying for the costs of the civil service , defence costs , the national debt , and his own personal debts . In return , he received an annual grant known as the Civil list . By tradition , each subsequent monarch agreed to this arrangement upon his or her accession . However , from 1 April 2012 , under the terms of the Sovereign Grant Act 2011 ( SSG ) , the Civil List was abolished and the monarch was thenceforth provided with a stable source of revenue indexed to a percentage of the Crown Estate 's annual net revenue ( currently set at 15 % ) . This was intended to provide a long-term solution and remove the politically sensitive issue of Parliament having to debate the Civil List allowance every ten years . Subsequently , the Sovereign Grant Act allows for all future monarchs to simply extend these provisions for their reigns by Order in Council . The act does not imply any legal change on the nature of the estate 's ownership , but is simply a benchmark by which the sovereign grant is set as a grant by Parliament .

neg: Malawi (Commonwealth realm) Malawi was a predecessor to the modern-day Republic of Malawi . It existed between 1964 and 1966 . When British rule ended in 1964 , by the Malawi Independence Act 1964 , the Nyasaland Protectorate , formerly a constituent of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland , became an independent Commonwealth realm . The British monarch was head of state . Malawi shared the sovereign , Queen Elizabeth II , with the other Commonwealth realms . The monarch 's constitutional roles were mostly delegated to the Governor-General of Malawi , Sir Glyn Smallwood Jones ( 6 July 1964 -- 6 July 1966 ) .   The royal succession was governed by the same rules as the succession to the British throne . Elizabeth II did not reside in or visit Malawi in the 1960s but she did visit in 1979 ( 22 -- 25 July ) as Head of the Commonwealth .   Hastings Banda held office as prime minister ( and head of government ) of Malawi during this period . Following the abolition of the monarchy , the Republic of Malawi came into existence on 6 July 1966 and Banda became the first President of Malawi .

neg: Princess Victoria of the United Kingdom Princess Victoria of the United Kingdom ( Victoria Alexandra Olga Mary ; 6 July 1868 -- 3 December 1935 ) , known as `` Toria '' , was the fourth child and second daughter of Edward VII and Alexandra of Denmark , and the younger sister of George V.

neg: Queen of the Gambia Elizabeth II was Queen of the Gambia from 1965 to 1970 , when the Gambia was a constitutional monarchy within the Commonwealth of Nations . The Queen was also the monarch of the other Commonwealth realms , including the United Kingdom . Her constitutional roles in the Gambia were delegated to a Governor-General .   The Gambia was granted independence in 1965 under the Parliament of the United Kingdom 's Gambia Independence Act 1964 , which unified the Gambia Colony and Protectorate into an independent sovereign state .   After two referenda on constitutional amendments , the first unsuccessful because it did not pass by the necessary two-thirds majority and the second successful , the Gambia adopted a new constitution that abolished the monarchy on 24 April 1970 . The Gambia became a republic within the Commonwealth , with the President of Gambia as head of state .   The Queen visited the Gambia on 3 -- 5 December 1961 .

neg: Queen of Guyana Elizabeth II was Queen of Guyana from 1966 to 1970 , when Guyana was independent sovereign state with a constitutional monarchy . She was also the Sovereign of the other Commonwealth realms , including the United Kingdom . Her constitutional roles were delegated to the Governor-General of Guyana .   The Crown colony of British Guiana became an independent country called Guyana on 26 March 1966 . Its new constitution provided for the country to become a republic after 45 months by a majority vote in the House of Assembly . Exactly 45 months from independence , Guyana became a republic within the Commonwealth , with the President of Guyana as head of state .   The Queen visited the country twice : in 1966 shortly before independence ( 4 -- 5 February ) and in 1994 ( 19 -- 22 February ) . Both trips were part of a Caribbean tour .

neg: Restoration (Scotland) The Restoration was the return of the monarchy to Scotland in 1660 after the period of the Commonwealth , and the subsequent three decades of Scottish history until the Revolution and Convention of Estates of 1689 . It was part of a wider Restoration in the British Isles that included the return of the Stuart dynasty to the thrones of England and Ireland in the person of Charles II .   As military commander of the Commonwealth 's largest armed force , George Monck , governor-general in Scotland , was instrumental in the restoration of Charles II , who was proclaimed king in Edinburgh on 14 May 1660 . There was a general pardon for offences during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms , but four individuals were excepted and executed . Under the eventual political settlement Scotland regained its independent system of law , parliament and kirk , but also regained the Lords of the Articles and bishops , and it now had a king who did not visit the country and ruled largely without reference to Parliament through a series of commissioners . These began with the Earl of Middleton and ended with the King 's brother and heir , James , Duke of York . The restoration of the Scottish Episcopacy led to a series of conflicts between Presbyterians and the Bishops of the Episcopalian establishment , culminating in the persecution of The Killing Time .   Charles died in 1685 and his brother the Duke of York succeeded him as James VII of Scotland and II of England . He survived attempted rebellions , but alienated much of the political nation by his Catholicism and policies . When William of Orange of the Netherlands , James ' Protestant son-in-law , invaded England in 1688 , James fled and William and his wife took over the throne as William II and Mary II . William called a Scottish Convention , which was dominated by the Presbyterians . It offered William and Mary the crown , and after the defeat of James ' supporters the bishops were abolished and a Presbyterian system reinstated in the kirk .   The economic conditions of the period were generally favourable , although the restoration of Scottish independence reinstated the economic border with England and English tariffs . The restoration of the monarchy also saw the restoration of the nobility to political power , although they may have exercised their power with more caution . It also saw the rise of the lairds , who continued to gain new local political powers . There was an attempt to restore the theatre to Scotland , which had suffered from the lack of a court and the hostility of the kirk . The Restoration saw the introduction of a style of country house among the Scottish nobility that encouraged a move towards a more leisure-oriented architecture . As in England , sculpture was dominated by foreign professionals . Scotland produced some notable artists and was also visited by many important continental artists . The period between 1679 and 1689 saw the foundation of many institutions that would be important in Scottish cultural and intellectual life .

neg: George IV of the United Kingdom George IV ( George Augustus Frederick ; 12 August 1762 -- 26 June 1830 ) was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of Hanover following the death of his father , George III , on 29 January 1820 , until his own death ten years later . From 1811 until his accession , he served as Prince Regent during his father 's final mental illness .   George IV led an extravagant lifestyle that contributed to the fashions of the Regency era . He was a patron of new forms of leisure , style and taste . He commissioned John Nash to build the Royal Pavilion in Brighton and remodel Buckingham Palace , and Sir Jeffry Wyattville to rebuild Windsor Castle .   His charm and culture earned him the title `` the first gentleman of England '' , but his poor relationship with both his father and his wife , Caroline of Brunswick , and his dissolute way of life , earned him the contempt of the people and dimmed the prestige of the monarchy . He even forbade Caroline to attend his coronation and asked the government to introduce the unpopular Pains and Penalties Bill in a desperate , unsuccessful attempt to divorce her .   For most of George 's regency and reign , Lord Liverpool controlled the government as Prime Minister , with little help from George . His ministers found his behaviour selfish , unreliable and irresponsible . At all times he was much under the influence of favourites . Taxpayers were angry at his wasteful spending at a time when Britons were fighting in the Napoleonic Wars . He did not provide national leadership in time of crisis , nor act as a role model for his people . Liverpool 's government presided over Britain 's ultimate victory , negotiated the peace settlement , and attempted to deal with the social and economic malaise that followed . After Liverpool 's retirement , George was forced to accept Catholic emancipation despite opposing it . His only child , Princess Charlotte , died before him in 1817 and so he was succeeded by his younger brother , William .

neg: Earl of Beaconsfield Earl of Beaconsfield , of Hughenden in the County of Buckingham , was a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom . It was created in 1876 for Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli , a favourite of Queen Victoria . Victoria favoured Disraeli 's Tory policies over those of his Liberal rival , William Ewart Gladstone . Disraeli had also promoted the Royal Titles Act 1876 that had given Victoria the title of `` Empress of India '' . The subsidiary title of the earldom was Viscount Hughenden , of Hughenden in the County of Buckingham , also in the Peerage of the United Kingdom .   In 1868 , at the end of his first term as Prime Minister , Disraeli 's wife Mary had been created Viscountess Beaconsfield , of Beaconsfield in the County of Buckingham , in her own right , allowing her husband to remain a member of the House of Commons . Lady Beaconsfield died in 1872 . When Disraeli became an earl in 1876 he automatically lost his seat in the Commons but remained Prime Minister , leading his government from the House of Lords .   Beaconsfield is the name of a town in the county of Buckinghamshire . For most of his parliamentary career , Disraeli served as a member for Buckinghamshire . He owned an estate , Hughenden Manor , in the nearby town of High Wycombe , but never lived in Beaconsfield . His choice of title might have been partly influenced by the fact that in 1794 the conservative political philosopher and parliamentarian Edmund Burke , whom Disraeli admired , had turned down King George III 's offer to raise him to the peerage as Lord Beaconsfield .   In 1878 , Disraeli refused Queen Victoria 's offer to make him a duke , accepting instead membership in the Order of the Garter . The Disraelis died without direct heirs and their titles became extinct ; Hughenden Manor passed to Lord Beaconsfield 's nephew Coningsby Ralph Disraeli .

neg: List of Acts of the Parliament of Great Britain, 1720–39 This is an incomplete list of Acts of the Parliament of Great Britain for the years 1720 -- 1739 . For Acts passed up until 1707 see List of Acts of the Parliament of England and List of Acts of the Parliament of Scotland . See also the List of Acts of the Parliament of Ireland to 1700 and the List of Acts of the Parliament of Ireland , 1701 -- 1800 .   For Acts passed from 1801 onwards see List of Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . For Acts of the devolved parliaments and assemblies in the United Kingdom , see the List of Acts of the Scottish Parliament from 1999 , the List of Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly , and the List of Acts and Measures of the National Assembly for Wales ; see also the List of Acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland .   The number shown after each Act 's title is its chapter number . Acts are cited using this number , preceded by the year ( s ) of the reign during which the relevant parliamentary session was held ; thus the Union with Ireland Act 1800 is cited as `` 39 & 40 Geo . 3 c. 67 '' , meaning the 67th Act passed during the session that started in the 39th year of the reign of George III and which finished in the 40th year of that reign . Note that the modern convention is to use Arabic numerals in citations ( thus `` 41 Geo . 3 '' rather than `` 41 Geo . III '' ) . Note also that Acts of the last session of the Parliament of Great Britain and the first session of the Parliament of the United Kingdom are both cited as `` 41 Geo . 3 '' .   Acts passed by the Parliament of Great Britain did not have a short title ; however , some of these Acts have subsequently been given a short title by Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom ( such as the Short Titles Act 1896 ) .   Before the Acts of Parliament ( Commencement ) Act 1793 came into force on 8 April 1793 , Acts passed by the Parliament of Great Britain were deemed to have come into effect on the first day of the session in which they were passed . Because of this , the years given in the list below may in fact be the year before a particular Act was passed .

neg: Church of England The Church of England ( C of E ) is the state church of England . The Archbishop of Canterbury ( currently Justin Welby ) is the most senior cleric , although the monarch is the supreme governor . The Church of England is also the mother church of the international Anglican Communion . It dates its establishment as a national church to the 6th-century Gregorian mission to Kent led by Augustine of Canterbury .   The English church renounced papal authority when Henry VIII failed to secure an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon in the 1530s . The English Reformation accelerated under Edward VI 's regents before a brief restoration of papal authority under Queen Mary I and King Philip . The Act of Supremacy 1558 renewed the breach and the Elizabethan Settlement charted a course whereby the English church was to be both Catholic and Reformed :  Catholic in that it views itself as a part of the universal church of Jesus Christ in unbroken continuity with the early apostolic church . This is expressed in its emphasis on the teachings of the early Church Fathers , as formalised in the Apostles ' , Nicene , and Athanasian creeds .  Reformed in that it has been shaped by some of the doctrinal principles of the 16th-century Protestant Reformation , in particular in the Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion and the Book of Common Prayer .   In the earlier phase of the English Reformation there were both Catholic martyrs and radical Protestant martyrs . The later phases saw the Penal Laws punish Roman Catholic and nonconforming Protestants . In the 17th century , political and religious disputes raised the Puritan and Presbyterian faction to control of the church , but this ended with the Restoration . Papal recognition of George III in 1766 led to greater religious tolerance .   Since the English Reformation , the Church of England has used a liturgy in English . The church contains several doctrinal strands , the main three known as Anglo-Catholic , Evangelical and Broad Church . Tensions between theological conservatives and progressives find expression in debates over the ordination of women and homosexuality . The church includes both liberal and conservative clergy and members .   The governing structure of the church is based on dioceses , each presided over by a bishop . Within each diocese are local parishes . The General Synod of the Church of England is the legislative body for the church and comprises bishops , other clergy and laity . Its measures must be approved by both Houses of Parliament .

neg: List of Knights and Dames Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order appointed by Elizabeth II (1978–2002) The Royal Victorian Order is an order of knighthood awarded by the sovereign of the United Kingdom and several Commonwealth realms . It is granted personally by the monarch and recognises personal service to the monarchy , the Royal Household , royal family members , and the organisation of important royal events . The order was officially created and instituted on 23 April 1896 by letters patent under the Great Seal of the Realm by Queen Victoria . It was instituted with five grades , the two highest of which were Knight Grand Cross ( GCVO ) and Knight Commander ( KCVO ) , which conferred the status of knighthood on holders ( apart from foreigners , who typically received honorary awards not entitling them to the style of a knight ) . Women were not admitted until Edward VIII altered the statutes of the order in 1936 ; those receiving the highest two awards were styled dames and those grades , when conferred on women , are Dame Grand Cross and Dame Commander ( DCVO ) .   No limit was placed on the number of appointments which could be made . Queen Elizabeth II appointed 58 Knights and 6 Dames Grand Cross between 1978 and the end of her Golden Jubilee year ( 2002 ) .

neg: Wars of the Roses The Wars of the Roses were a series of wars for control of the throne of England fought between supporters of two rival branches of the royal House of Plantagenet : the House of Lancaster ( associated with a red rose ) , and the House of York ( whose symbol was a white rose ) . The conflict lasted through many sporadic episodes between 1455 and 1487 ; however , there was fighting before and after this period between the houses . The power struggle ignited around social and financial troubles following the Hundred Years ' War , combined with the mental infirmity and weak rule of Henry VI which revived interest in Richard of York 's claim to the throne . Historians disagree about whether the Wars of the Roses were caused by the structural problems of bastard feudalism or Henry VI 's ineffectiveness as king .   With the Duke of York 's death , the claim transferred to his heir , Edward , who later became the first Yorkist king of England , as Edward IV . His son reigned for 86 days as Edward V , but Parliament then decided that Edward and his brother Richard were illegitimate and offered the crown to Edward IV 's younger brother , who became Richard III . The two young princes disappeared within the confines of the Tower of London .   The final victory went to a claimant of the Lancastrian party , Henry Tudor , Earl of Richmond , who defeated the last Yorkist king , Richard III , at the Battle of Bosworth Field . After assuming the throne as Henry VII , he married Elizabeth of York , the eldest daughter and heir of Edward IV , thereby uniting the two claims . The House of Tudor ruled the Kingdom of England until 1603 , with the death of Elizabeth I , granddaughter of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York .

neg: List of titles and honours of Queen Elizabeth II Queen Elizabeth II ( born 21 April 1926 ) has held numerous titles and honours , both during and before her time as monarch of each of her Commonwealth realms . Each is listed below ; where two dates are shown , the first indicates the date of receiving the title or award ( the title as Princess Elizabeth of York  being given as from her birth ) , and the second indicates the date of its loss or renunciation .

neg: Crown and Parliament Recognition Act 1689 The Crown and Parliament Recognition Act 1689 ( 2 Will & Mary c 1 ) was an Act of the Parliament of England , passed in 1689 . It was designed to confirm the succession to the throne of King William III and Queen Mary II of England and to confirm the validity of the laws passed by the Convention Parliament which had been irregularly convened following the Glorious Revolution and the end of James II 's reign .   This Act is still wholly in force in Great Britain ( as of 2015 ) .

neg: Henry V of England Henry V ( 9 August 1386 -- 31 August 1422 ) was King of England from 1413 until his death at the age of 36 in 1422 . He was the second English monarch who came from the House of Lancaster .   After military experience fighting the Welsh during the revolt of Owain Glyndŵr , and against the powerful aristocratic Percys of Northumberland at the Battle of Shrewsbury , Henry came into political conflict with his father , whose health was increasingly precarious from 1405 onward . After his father 's death in 1413 , Henry assumed control of the country and embarked on war with France in the ongoing Hundred Years ' War ( 1337 -- 1453 ) between the two nations . His military successes culminated in his famous victory at the Battle of Agincourt ( 1415 ) and saw him come close to conquering France . After months of negotiation with Charles VI of France , the Treaty of Troyes ( 1420 ) recognised Henry V as regent and heir apparent to the French throne , and he was subsequently married to Charles 's daughter , Catherine of Valois ( 1401 -- 37 ) . Following Henry V 's sudden and unexpected death in France two years later , he was succeeded by his infant son , who reigned as Henry VI ( 1422 -- 61 , 1470 -- 71 ) .

neg: Evelyn Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire Evelyn Emily Mary Cavendish , Duchess of Devonshire ( née Petty-FitzMaurice ; 27 August 1870 -- 2 April 1960 ) was the wife of Victor Cavendish , 9th Duke of Devonshire . She was born the elder daughter of the politician Henry Petty-FitzMaurice , 5th Marquess of Lansdowne and grew up amidst public life . Evelyn 's marriage to Cavendish , the heir of the 8th Duke of Devonshire , led to her becoming Duchess of Devonshire in 1908 . With her position , she oversaw the reorganisation of the Devonshire estates and presided over four English houses and one Irish castle .   Evelyn held the position of Mistress of the Robes to Queen Mary from 1910 until 1916 , when she accompanied her husband upon his appointment as Governor General of Canada . The Duchess held the position Viceregal Consort until the Duke 's term ended in 1921 . Upon returning to England , the Duchess again was appointed Mistress of the Robes to Queen Mary , holding the position until the latter 's death in 1953 . The Dowager Duchess , widowed since 1938 , spent her final years living at Hardwick Hall , which was made over to HM Treasury in 1956 , in part payment of death duties .

neg: Anne, Queen of Great Britain Anne ( 6 February 1665 -- 1 August 1714 ) became Queen of England , Scotland and Ireland on 8 March 1702 . On 1 May 1707 , under the Acts of Union , two of her realms , the kingdoms of England and Scotland , united as a single sovereign state known as Great Britain . She continued to reign as Queen of Great Britain and Ireland until her death .   Anne was born in the reign of her uncle Charles II , who had no legitimate children . Her father , James , was first in line to the throne . His suspected Roman Catholicism was unpopular in England , and on Charles 's instructions Anne was raised as an Anglican . Three years after he succeeded Charles , James was deposed in the `` Glorious Revolution '' of 1688 . Anne 's Dutch Protestant brother-in-law and cousin William III became joint monarch with his wife , Anne 's elder sister Mary II . Although the sisters had been close , disagreements over Anne 's finances , status and choice of acquaintances arose shortly after Mary 's accession and they became estranged . William and Mary had no children . After Mary 's death in 1694 , William continued as sole monarch until he was succeeded by Anne upon his death in 1702 .   As queen , Anne favoured moderate Tory politicians , who were more likely to share her Anglican religious views than their opponents , the Whigs . The Whigs grew more powerful during the course of the War of the Spanish Succession , until in 1710 Anne dismissed many of them from office . Her close friendship with Sarah Churchill , Duchess of Marlborough , turned sour as the result of political differences .   Anne was plagued by ill health throughout her life . From her thirties onwards , she grew increasingly lame and obese . Despite seventeen pregnancies by her husband , Prince George of Denmark , she died without any surviving children and was the last monarch of the House of Stuart . Under the terms of the Act of Settlement 1701 , she was succeeded by her second cousin George I of the House of Hanover , who was a descendant of the Stuarts through his maternal grandmother , Elizabeth , a daughter of James VI and I.