query: Judith Quiney was baptised in England.

pos: Judith Quiney Judith Quiney ( baptised 2 February 1585 -- 9 February 1662 ) , née Shakespeare , was the younger daughter of William Shakespeare and Anne Hathaway and the fraternal twin of Shakespeare 's only son Hamnet Shakespeare . She married Thomas Quiney , a vintner of Stratford-upon-Avon . The circumstances of the marriage , including Quiney 's misconduct , may have prompted the rewriting of Shakespeare 's will . Thomas was struck out , while Judith 's inheritance was attached with provisions to safeguard it from her husband . The bulk of Shakespeare 's estate was left , in an elaborate fee tail , to his elder daughter Susanna and her male heirs .   Judith and Thomas Quiney had three children . By the time of Judith Quiney 's death , she had outlived her children by many years . She has been depicted in several works of fiction as part of an attempt to piece together unknown portions of her father 's life .

neg: The Vicar of Dibley The Vicar of Dibley is a British sitcom which originally ran on BBC One from 10 November 1994 to 22 January 1998 ( with three sets of specials in the Winters of 1999/2000 , 2004/5 and 2006/7 ) . It is set in a fictional small Oxfordshire village called Dibley , which is assigned a female vicar following the 1992 changes in the Church of England that permitted the ordination of women .   In ratings terms , the programme is among the most successful in the digital era , with the various Christmas and New Year specials in 1999 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 and 2007 all entering the top 10 programmes of the year .  The Vicar of Dibley received multiple British Comedy Awards ( including a Best TV Comedy Actress Award for Emma Chambers ) , two International Emmys , and was a multiple British Academy Television Awards nominee . In 2004 , it placed third in a BBC poll of Britain 's Best Sitcom .   The series has also done six charity special shorts , for Comic Relief , the most recent in 2015 .

neg: Ann Yearsley Ann Yearsley , née Cromartie ( 1753 -- 1806 ) , was an English poet and writer .   Born in Bristol to John and Anne Cromartie ( described as a milkwoman ) , Ann married John Yearsley , a yeoman , in 1774 . A decade later the family were rescued from destitution by the charity of Hannah More and others . More organized subscriptions for Yearsley to publish Poems , on Several Occasions ( 1785 ) . The success of the volume led to a quarrel between More and Yearsley over access to the trust in which profits from the undertaking were held . Yearsley included her account of this quarrel in an ` Autobiographical narrative ' appended to a fourth , 1786 , edition of the poems .   Now supported by Frederick Hervey , 4th Earl of Bristol , Yearsley published Poems , on Various Subjects in 1787 . A Poem on the Inhumanity of the Slave-Trade appeared in 1788 . Her poem was considered by many critics to rival a similar poem written by her ex-patron Hannah More entitled , `` Slavery : A Poem '' .   She turned to drama with Earl Goodwin : an Historical Play ( performed in 1789 ; printed in 1791 ) and to novel-writing with The Royal Captives : a Fragment of Secret History , Copied from an Old Manuscript ( 1795 ) . Her final collection of poetry , The Rural Lyre , appeared in 1796 . She was one of many prominent Bristol women who campaigned against the Bristol slave trade .   Yearsley 's husband died in 1803 ; she died in 1806 at Melksham near Trowbridge , Wiltshire .

neg: Quin Quin may refer to :  Quin , colloquially , one of a set of quintuplets , a multiple birth of five individuals  Quinlan a male given name , Quin is a shortened form of Quinlan .  Dugall Quin , a character in the folk ballad Dugall Quin  Mr. Quin , a character in the short story collection The Mysterious Mr. Quin  Quin ( Sigilverse ) , a fictional planet  Quin , County Clare , a village in County Clare , Ireland   People named Quin :   Andy Quin ( born 1960 ) , composer and jazz pianist  Ann Quin ( 1936 -- 1973 ) , British writer  Barry Quin ( 21st century ) , British-born actor  Betty Quin ( 21st century ) , Australian script writer  Edward Quin ( died 1823 ) , Irish journalist and his son Edward Quin ( 1794 -- 1828 ) , cartographer  Edward Quin ( pastoralist ) ( died 1922 ) , New South Wales politician  Edwin Wyndham-Quin , 3rd Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl ( 1812 -- 1871 ) , 1st Baron Kenry , politician  Frederic Hervey Foster Quin ( 1799 -- 1878 ) , the first homeoopathic physician in England  Huston Quin ( 1876 -- 1938 ) , mayor of Louisville , Kentucky  James Quin ( 1693 -- 1766 ) , English actor  Jesse Quin ( born 1981 ) , English musician  Joyce Quin , Baroness Quin ( born 1944 ) , Labour Party politician in the United Kingdom  Michael Joseph Quin ( 1796 -- 1843 ) , Irish author , journalist and editor  Percy Quin ( 1872 -- 1932 ) , American politician  Sara Quin ( born 1980 ) , Canadian musician  Tegan Quin ( born 1980 ) , Canadian musician  Valentine Quin , 1st Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl ( 1752 -- 1824 ) , Earl in the Peerage of Ireland  Walter Quin ( 1575 ? -- 1634 ? ) , poet and royal tutor of Charles I of England  William Quin ( c. 1836 -- 1880 ) , plasterer and politician in South Australia  Windham Quin , 2nd Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl ( 1782 -- 1850 ) , member of the United Kingdom Parliament  Quin Snyder ( born 1966 ) , current head coach of the Utah Jazz  Rebecca Quin ( born 1987 ) , Irish professional wrestler currently signed to WWE under the ring name Becky Lynch

neg: Isaac Morley Isaac Morley ( March 11 , 1786 -- June 24 , 1865 ) was an early member of the Latter Day Saint movement and a contemporary of both Joseph Smith and Brigham Young . He was one of the first converts to Smith 's Church of Christ . Morley was present at many of the early events of the Latter Day Saint movement , and served as a church leader in Ohio , Missouri and Utah Territory .   Morley was born on March 11 , 1786 in Montague , Massachusetts , one of nine children of Thomas E. Morley and Editha ( née Marsh ) . He served in the War of 1812 from 1812 -- 15 , and later held the position of captain in the Ohio militia .   In June 1812 , Morley married Lucy Gunn in Massachusetts , with whom he had seven children . Some years after becoming a member of the church in 1830 , he practiced plural marriage , taking Leonora Snow ( the older sister of Lorenzo and Eliza R. Snow ) and Hannah Blakesley ( also found as Blaixly or Blakeslee ) as his second and third wife in 1844 in Nauvoo , Illinois . Blakesley bore him an additional three children . Other wives included Hannah Knight Libby and Harriet Lucinda Cox , married 1846 in Nauvoo , Hannah Sibley and Nancy Anne Bache ( also found as Back ) .

neg: Etton, East Riding of Yorkshire Etton is a village and civil parish in the East Riding of Yorkshire , England . It is situated approximately 4 mi north-west of Beverley town centre and 2 mi west of the village of Leconfield . 1 mi to the south-east is Cherry Burton . To the west lie the hamlets of Kiplingcotes ( 3 mi away due west ) and Gardham ( 1.5 mi to the south-west ) . South Dalton lies 1.5 miles to the north-west .   The village itself lies to the west of the B1248 road in its own shallow dale . The village 's buildings are almost entirely situated either side of Main Street . Along this street lie both the village pub and the parish church of St Mary , which is a Grade II * listed building .   The civil parish is formed by the village of Etton and part of the hamlet of Kiplingcotes .  According to the 2011 UK Census , Etton parish had a population of 277 , a decrease on the 2001 UK Census figure of 285 .   Etton is significant as the 1584 birthplace of Rev John Lothropp , founder of Barnstable , Massachusetts . Several Lothropp family members have death or burial dates recorded as 6 January 1588 , but as there is no record of a catastrophic event on that date , it is believed to be merely a recording date to catch up on vital statistics which had gone unreported for some length of time .   Thomas Carling , who emigrated from Etton to Canada in 1818 , used ' a recipe from his native Yorkshire ' to found the Carling Brewery in 1840 .   Etton is also home to the Holderness Hunt , whose kennels are located on the south-east of the village .   In 1823 Etton was in the Wapentake of Harthill . The village had a population of 380 , with occupations including nine farmers , two shopkeepers , a carpenter & wheelwright , a boot & shoe maker , a tailor , a corn miller , and the landlord of the Light Dragoon public house . There were two gentlemen , one gentlewoman , a Lady , a vicar , and a schoolmaster who was also the parish clerk . Once a week two carriers operated between the village and Beverley . The patron of the village Church of St Mary was the Archbishop of York .   Etton has been known to suffer quite badly during floods , due to its position in a small valley . The most recent flood in the village , 25 June 2007 , has been said to be the worst seen in 50 years .

neg: Mary Ann Colclough Mary Ann Colclough ( 20 February 1836 -- 7 March 1885 ) was a New Zealand feminist and social reformer . She was born in London , England on 20 February 1836 . She contributed to various colonial newspapers under the pseudonym Polly Plum .   Mary Ann Colclough was born in London in 1836 , daughter of Susan and John Thomas Barnes , builder . She was trained as a teacher and came to New Zealand in 1859 , settling in Auckland . On 9 May 1861 , at Onehunga , she married Thomas Caesar Colclough , ( died July 1867 ) formerly of Galleenstown Castle , County Dublin . There were two children , a son and a daughter . She died at Picton on 7 March 1885 from injuries received from an accident and was buried in Picton cemetery .   Although her work has been overlooked and forgotten , Mary Ann Colclough was one of the earliest , and certainly among the most talented , of feminist leaders in this country . During the late sixties and early seventies and under the pseudonym of `` Polly Plum '' , she came to the fore as a contributor to various colonial newspapers . Her articles , which were most competently written , ranged over a variety of topics from matters of domestic interest , good housekeeping , and the like , to a forthright advocacy of `` women 's rights '' . Her early journalistic sallies were sententious in tone , very much in accord with the literary conventions of the day , but her mature writing was concerned mainly with those issues which affected women 's status in the home and community . In this phase of her career Mary Colclough showed herself to be a woman with a practical cast of mind and of high ideals and principles , who was deeply conscious of the many social problems that called for urgent redress . She kept the campaign alive by occasional letters to the press , sometimes published as far afield as the Melbourne Argus and London Times . These were invariably well expressed and to the point .   It was as a lecturer , however , that `` Polly Plum '' , reformer and feminist , became widely known . Almost before political meetings had become the vogue , she was able to attract large audiences and , on one occasion , spoke before Governor Sir G. F. Bowen . As the outstanding champion of women 's rights , she hotly attacked the `` legal subjection '' of her sex . She ridiculed the idea that women should be educated only for the home ; all employment , including such professions as that of medicine , should be open to them . She challenged the right of the father to have sole control over his children and pointed out the injustice of the law as regards the property rights of married women . At the same time she pressed for an improvement in the working conditions of seamstresses , shop assistants , and domestics , with adequate safeguards against poverty and the problems of old age . She must have been a compelling advocate ; according to contemporary evidence , `` ... one of the most fluent and accurate speakers we have listened to in the colonies '' .   In 1875 Mary Colclough began a campaign in Melbourne . She seems to have met with little success , for , like many feminist reformers of the time , she was well in advance of public opinion . The Argus commented acidly on her efforts to ameliorate the condition of her sex throughout the world and saw no ground `` for weeping over the melodramatic misery '' of her protéges . It is possible -- though unlikely -- that such rebuffs cooled her reforming ardour ; nevertheless , by the late seventies she seems to have withdrawn from the public scene . She was certainly engaged in teaching at this time , first at Auckland and , later , in Canterbury . From about 1876 to 1878 she was mistress in charge of the girls ' school at Rangiora , and in 1881 was infant mistress at Papanui . It is evident that her associations with the north must have weakened , for when news of her unexpected death reached Auckland in March 1885 , it aroused little comment beyond the bald statement that her passing would be regretted by many who knew her in the olden times . It is not surprising that her name and work soon faded from the New Zealand scene . ( reference : Alexander Hare McLintock , C.B.E. , M.A. , DIP.ED . ( N.Z. ) , PH.D. ( LOND . ) , Parliamentary Historian , Wellington .

neg: William Wall (theologian) William Wall ( 6 January 1647 -- 13 November 1728 ) was a British priest in the Church of England who wrote extensively on the doctrine of infant baptism . He was generally an apologist for the English church and sought to maintain peace between it and the Anabaptists .   He was born in Kent , got his BA from Queen 's College , Oxford in 1667 and his MA in 1670 . After ordination , he took the living in Shoreham , Kent , which he worked at until his death . According to his obituary in the Gentleman 's Magazine in 1784 , he was offered more lucrative positions , but he refused out of loyalty to his parish .   His contribution to theology came in the form of A History of Infant Baptism in 1705 . David Russen had written an anti-Baptist tract entitled Fundamentals without Foundation in 1703 , and this had been answered by the Baptist Joseph Stennett in An Answer to Mr. David Russen 's Book in 1704 . Wall , who knew and respected Stennett , consulted with him and then answered with A History of Infant Baptism . Wall was answered in turn by John Gale in Reflections on Mr. Wall 's History in 1711 . Wall 's book was enormously successful . He cited numerous patristic sources for the practice of infant baptism and yet pleaded with his opponents not to allow such a minor point to tear the church apart . His work was expanded in a second edition in 1707 and a third edition of 1720 . Oxford awarded him the Doctor of divinity degree in 1720 for the work , and John Wesley excerpted it in his own works on the question . Despite being the primary voice against Baptist causes , Wall was sincere in his wishes for unity , and he met with his opponent , Mr. Gale , in 1719 .   Wall 's wife , Catharine ( née Davenant ) died at the age of 48 , and Wall himself died at an advanced age and was buried in his parish .

neg: Parish (Church of England) The parish with its local parish church is the basic unit of the Church of England . The parish within the Church of England structure has its roots in the Roman Catholic Church and survived the Reformation largely untouched . Church of England parishes are currently each within one of 44 dioceses divided between the provinces of Canterbury , with thirty dioceses and York with fourteen . There are 12,600 Church of England parishes in all .   Each parish is administered by a parish priest who may be assisted in his pastoral duties by a curate or curates , who are also ordained but not the parish priest . There are wide variations in the size of parishes and church-going populations . A parish priest may have responsibility for one parish or for two or more and some are part of a team ministry . By extension the term parish refers not only to the territorial unit but to the people of its community or congregation .

neg: Judith Mayhew Jonas Dame Judith Mayhew Jonas DBE ( born 18 October 1948 ) is a New Zealand-born British lawyer and academic . She is currently the Chancellor of Bishop Grossesteste University , Lincoln , England .   Born and educated in New Zealand , Judith Mayhew graduated LLM from the University of Otago , where she lectured before moving to the UK as a lecturer in law at King 's College London where she set up and became Director of the Anglo-French Law Degree ( Sorbonne ) , the first joint degree in Europe .   In 1989 , she entered private practice as an employment lawyer , rising to become Special Adviser to the Chairman at Clifford Chance , the world 's largest law firm , before resigning to concentrate on her other roles . In 2006 she was appointed to the Board of Directors of Merrill Lynch .   She served as Provost of King 's College , Cambridge from 2003-05 . She has been closely involved in the running of the City of London since 1986 . She was awarded the DBE in 2002 `` for services to the City of London '' . She was the first woman to become not only Chairman of the Royal Opera House , but also from 1996 -- 2003 , as Chairman of the Policy and Resources Committee , she was effectively leader of the City of London Corporation . She served on a number of boards of educational and cultural institutions in recent years , including Birkbeck , University of London and Imperial College London . She is a Trustee of the Imperial War Museum , and as a global Trustee of the Urban Land Institute .   She is co-chair of the British Dutch Dialogues , the Apeldoorn Conference . She was also awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Otago in 1998 . In 2004 she was made New Zealander of the Year in Britain . In 2008 she became Provost of Bishop Grosseteste University in Lincoln , England .

neg: Judith Church Judith Church ( born 19 September 1953 ) is a former politician in the United Kingdom .   She was the Labour member of Parliament for Dagenham since winning the seat in 1994 at a by-election , and stood down at the 2001 election .

neg: Culture of the United Kingdom The culture of the United Kingdom is influenced by the UK 's history as a developed island country , a liberal democracy and a major power ; its predominantly Christian religious life ; and its composition of four countries -- England , Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland -- each of which has distinct customs , cultures and symbolism . The wider culture of Europe has also influenced British culture , and Humanism , Protestantism and representative democracy developed from broader Western culture .   British literature , music , cinema , art , theatre , comedy , media , television , philosophy , architecture and education are important aspects of British culture . The United Kingdom is also prominent in science and technology , producing world-leading scientists ( e.g. Isaac Newton and Charles Darwin ) and inventions . Sport is an important part of British culture ; numerous sports originated in the country , including football . The UK has been described as a `` cultural superpower '' , and London has been described as a world cultural capital .   The Industrial Revolution , which started in the UK , had a profound effect on the socio-economic and cultural conditions of the world . As a result of the British Empire , significant British influence can be observed in the language , law , culture and institutions of a geographically wide assortment of countries , including Australia , Canada , India , the Republic of Ireland , New Zealand , Nigeria , Pakistan , South Africa , the United States and English speaking Caribbean nations . These states are sometimes collectively known as the Anglosphere , and are among Britain 's closest allies . In turn the empire also influenced British culture , particularly British cuisine .   The cultures of England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland are diverse and have varying degrees of overlap and distinctiveness .

neg: Claire Foy Claire Foy ( born 16 April 1984 ) is an English actress . She studied drama and screen studies at Liverpool John Moores University and trained at the Oxford School of Drama , where she appeared in four plays , including Watership Down . She made her screen debut in the pilot episode of Being Human ( 2008 ) and in an episode of the BBC soap opera Doctors ( 2008 ) . Following her professional stage debut at the Royal National Theatre , she played the title role in the BBC One production of Little Dorrit , ( 2008 ) , and made her film debut as Anna in Season of the Witch ( 2011 ) .   She had main roles as Erin Matthews in the Channel 4 series The Promise ( 2011 ) and several other television films and miniseries , including as Kate Balfour in the NBC series Crossbones ( 2014 ) . She received unanimous praise for her performance as Anne Boleyn in BBC2 's Wolf Hall ( 2015 ) , for which she was nominated for the British Academy Television Award for Best Actress and the Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Movie/Miniseries . Since 2016 , she has portrayed the young Queen Elizabeth II on the Netflix series The Crown , a role for which she has received critical acclaim and won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Television Series Drama and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series , and was nominated for the BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress .

neg: Karen Hutchinson Karen Elizabeth Hutchinson ( born 1964 ) is a British Church of England priest . She has been the Archdeacon of Norwich since 13 November 2016 .   Hutchinson read Mathematics at Lady Margaret Hall , Oxford . She qualified as a solicitor in 1989 . She was ordained in 2002 . After a curacy in Alton she held incumbencies in the Diocese of Guildford , first as vicar of Crondall and Ewshot from 2006 to 2012 , and then as vicar of The Bourne and Tilford from 2012 to 2016 . She was appointed Diocesan Advisor on Women 's Ministry in 2010 , and four years later she was appointed Archdeacon of Norwich .

neg: Free Church of England The Free Church of England ( FCE ) is an episcopal church based in England . The church was founded when a number of congregations separated from the established Church of England in the middle of the 19th century .   The doctrinal basis of the FCE , together with its episcopal structures , organisation , worship , ministry and ethos are recognisably `` Anglican '' although it is not a member of the Anglican Communion . Its worship style follows that of the Book of Common Prayer or conservative modern-language forms that belong to the Anglican tradition .   The Church of England acknowledges the FCE as a church with valid orders and its canons permit a range of shared liturgical and ministerial activities .

neg: Church of England The Church of England ( C of E ) is the state church of England . The Archbishop of Canterbury ( currently Justin Welby ) is the most senior cleric , although the monarch is the supreme governor . The Church of England is also the mother church of the international Anglican Communion . It dates its establishment as a national church to the 6th-century Gregorian mission to Kent led by Augustine of Canterbury .   The English church renounced papal authority when Henry VIII failed to secure an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon in the 1530s . The English Reformation accelerated under Edward VI 's regents before a brief restoration of papal authority under Queen Mary I and King Philip . The Act of Supremacy 1558 renewed the breach and the Elizabethan Settlement charted a course whereby the English church was to be both Catholic and Reformed :  Catholic in that it views itself as a part of the universal church of Jesus Christ in unbroken continuity with the early apostolic church . This is expressed in its emphasis on the teachings of the early Church Fathers , as formalised in the Apostles ' , Nicene , and Athanasian creeds .  Reformed in that it has been shaped by some of the doctrinal principles of the 16th-century Protestant Reformation , in particular in the Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion and the Book of Common Prayer .   In the earlier phase of the English Reformation there were both Catholic martyrs and radical Protestant martyrs . The later phases saw the Penal Laws punish Roman Catholic and nonconforming Protestants . In the 17th century , political and religious disputes raised the Puritan and Presbyterian faction to control of the church , but this ended with the Restoration . Papal recognition of George III in 1766 led to greater religious tolerance .   Since the English Reformation , the Church of England has used a liturgy in English . The church contains several doctrinal strands , the main three known as Anglo-Catholic , Evangelical and Broad Church . Tensions between theological conservatives and progressives find expression in debates over the ordination of women and homosexuality . The church includes both liberal and conservative clergy and members .   The governing structure of the church is based on dioceses , each presided over by a bishop . Within each diocese are local parishes . The General Synod of the Church of England is the legislative body for the church and comprises bishops , other clergy and laity . Its measures must be approved by both Houses of Parliament .

neg: Bishop of Taunton The Bishop of Taunton is an episcopal title used by a suffragan bishop of the Church of England Diocese of Bath and Wells , in the Province of Canterbury , England . The title was first created under the Suffragan Bishops Act 1534 and takes its name after Taunton , the county town of Somerset .   Ruth Worsley was consecrated Bishop of Taunton on 29 September 2015 .

neg: Beverley Beverley is a market town , civil parish and the county town of the East Riding of Yorkshire , England . The town is noted for Beverley Minster , Beverley Westwood , North Bar ( a 15th-century gate ) and Beverley Racecourse . Its namesake serves as the origins for the cities of Beverly , Massachusetts , and , in turn , Beverly Hills in California .   The town was originally known as Inderawuda and was founded around 700 AD by Saint John of Beverley during the time of the Anglian kingdom of Northumbria . After a period of Viking control , it passed to the Cerdic dynasty , a period during which it gained prominence in terms of religious importance in Great Britain . It continued to grow especially under the Normans when its trading industry was first established . A place of pilgrimage throughout the Middle Ages due to its founder , it eventually became a notable wool-trading town . Beverley was once the tenth-largest town in England , as well as one of the richest , because of its wool and the pilgrims who came to venerate its founding saint , John of Beverley . After the Reformation , the regional stature of Beverley was much reduced .   In the 20th century , Beverley was the administrative centre of the local government district of the Borough of Beverley ( 1974 -- 1996 ) . It is now the county town of the East Riding , located 8 mi north-west of Hull , 10 mi east of Market Weighton and 12 mi west of Hornsea . According to the 2001 United Kingdom census the total population of the urban area of Beverley was 29,110 -- of whom 17,549 live within the historic parish boundaries . The population of the parish had risen to 18,624 at the time of the 2011 United Kingdom census .   As well as its racecourse and markets , Beverley is known in the modern day for hosting various food and music festivals throughout the year .

neg: Reformation of Manners The Reformation of Manners was an ideological drive to bring religious discipline to English parishes between the late 1600s and the early 1700s , and later in the 1780s , with William Wilberforce as a major instigator . Following the sixteenth-century religious reformation in parts of England , Calvinism heavily influenced the governance of many parishes . These parishes were governed by a series of local presbyteries , a group of church elders that saw their duty in the regulation of morals in accordance with scriptural principles . Calvinist theology encouraged a dualistic distinction between the ` godly ' and the ` reprobate ' of the parish : it was thought that the ` better sort ' of inhabitant should be responsible for policing and disciplining the behaviour of their ` vulgar ' neighbours . In practice , the ` word of God ' was brought to bear on communities through pastoral supervision , an enforced focus on scriptural education ( see Free Grammar School ) ) , attempts to increase literacy , mandatory repetition of catechisms and the suppression of many popular pastimes , including parish wakes , seasonal festivities , drinking and bear-baiting . This impulse is perhaps best exemplified in Richard Baxter 's ministry over Kidderminster in Worcestershire between 1641 and 1660 . Baxter , often referred to as ` the saint of the Puritans ' , had an exalted view of his ministerial office and pastoral duties , striving to bring moral discipline to his parishioners . Baxter 's ministry is an extreme example but the Reformation of Manners was also manifested as a wider initiative in the church courts throughout England more generally . The seventeenth and eighteenth centuries , particularly , saw these courts take a leading role in enforcing the moral principles of the Anglican Church .

neg: St Martin's Church, Canterbury The Church of St Martin in Canterbury , England , situated slightly beyond the city centre , is the first church founded in England , the oldest parish church in continuous use and the oldest church in the entire English-speaking world . As such , it is recognised , along with Canterbury Cathedral and St Augustine 's Abbey , as part of a World Heritage Site . Since 1668 the church has been part of the benefice of St Martin and St Paul Canterbury . Both St Martin 's and nearby St Paul 's churches are used for weekly services . The current rector of the parish is the Revd Canon Noelle Hall .

neg: Life in Christ (document) For the theological principle of following Jesus , please see Life in Christ   Life in Christ is a 1993 ecumenical document that covers the topic of moral theology , especially as it relates to the relationship between the Anglican communion and the Roman Catholic Church .   The document is historically relevant in that it presents the doctrinal views of the Church of England shortly before the latter began to accept the ordination of homosexuals and the ordination of women within its moral discipline .   The text , which is signed by Cormac Murphy O'Connor on the Catholic side and Mark Santer on the Anglican side , also gives a valuable portrait of Catholic teaching surrounding marriage , and why it is regarded as indissoluble .   Life in Christ was notably cited by Cardinal William Levada in his declaration on the motives for creating personal ordinariates for Anglicans entering the Catholic Church .


query: The Himalayas are spread across five countries including Nepal.

pos: Himalayas The Himalayas , or Himalaya , ( -LSB- ˌhɪməˈleɪ.ə -RSB- or -LSB- hɪˈmɑːləjə -RSB- ) form a mountain range in Asia separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau .   The Himalayan range has many of the Earth 's highest peaks , including the highest , Mount Everest . The Himalayas include over fifty mountains exceeding 7200 m in elevation , including ten of the fourteen 8000m peaks . By contrast , the highest peak outside Asia -- Aconcagua , in the Andes -- is 6961 m tall .   The Himalayan range is bordered on the northwest by the Karakoram and Hindu Kush ranges , on the north by the Tibetan Plateau , and on the south by the Indo-Gangetic Plain . The Himalayas are distinct from the other great ranges of central Asia , although sometimes the term Himalaya is loosely used to include the Karakoram and some of the other ranges . The Himalayas are spread across five countries : Nepal , India , Bhutan , China and Pakistan , with the first three countries having sovereignty over most of the range . Some of the world 's major rivers , the Indus , the Ganges , and the Tsangpo-Brahmaputra , rise in the Himalayas , and their combined drainage basin is home to roughly 600 million people . The Himalayas have profoundly shaped the cultures of South Asia ; many Himalayan peaks are sacred in Hinduism and Buddhism .   Lifted by the subduction of the Indian tectonic plate under the Eurasian Plate , the Himalayan Mountain range runs , west-northwest to east-southeast , in an arc 2400 km long . Its western anchor , Nanga Parbat , lies just south of the northernmost bend of Indus river . Its eastern anchor , Namcha Barwa , is just west of the great bend of the Tsangpo river . The range varies in width from 400 km in the west to 150 km in the east .

neg: Joydeep Sircar Joydeep Sircar ( born 1947 ) is a mountaineer and mountain historian . In 1979 , he published his Himalayan handbook , an index of all the-then named peaks of 6096 meters ( 20000 feet ) and above in Afghanistan and the Indian subcontinent , giving chronological entries of expeditions up to 1975 to each peak with a brief summary of results and references to expedition reports , after a decade of solitary research . He was inspired in this formidable undertaking by the pronouncement of the late Soli S. Mehta , Hony . Local Secretary of The Himalayan Club , that the task had never been attempted before and was well-nigh impossible . This book , introduced by the famous British mountaineer-explorer J. O. M. Roberts , one of Sircar 's idols , was the first one of its kind . Printed in 500 copies only , it received excellent international notices and became a basic reference resource .   In 1982 , Sircar was the first to suspect and draw public attention to the covert competition between India and Pakistan over the Siachen Glacier and coined the term Oropolitics to describe the use of mountaineering expeditions as a cloak for establishing territorial claims . His essay on this topic was published in abbreviated form in an article in The Telegraph newspaper of Calcutta . The full essay titled `` Oropolitics '' came out in Himalaya Sameeksha , a limited circulation magazine published by Kamala Mukherjee in Calcutta , and was subsequently reprinted in the prestigious Alpine Journal of London in 1984 . . India sent troops into the Siachen Glacier the same year .   Sircar surmised the existence of a feasible pass in Himachal Pradesh , India on the Himalayan divide between Kullu and Spiti Districts . He led three expeditions to the high range separating the Upper Parvati valley from the unexplored Debsa Glacier in 1992 , 1993 and 1995 . The Debsa Pass ( 5340 metres ) , named by him , was reached in 1993 and crossed on 21 September 1995 , and the team descended the unexplored West Debsa Glacier and followed the Debsa stream to the Parahio Valley and from there to the Spiti Valley . The pass has become a regular route as it saves 2 -- 3 days over the traditional Kullu-Spiti route by the Pin Parvati Pass ( 5319 metres ) .   Sircar has taken part in a number of other mountaineering expeditions , likes travelling to remote places , and is a poet , essayist , and wildlifer . He drew the attention of the Bombay Natural History Society in 2001 to the presence of large numbers of the endangered Bar-Headed Goose at Gharana Wetland Reserve , Jammu , which eventually led to this neglected sanctuary on the Indo-Pak border being classified as an Important Bird Area   He is also avidly interested in history and military matters , particularly aviation , and was the first to compose a brief biography of the World War II Beaufighter ace Flying Officer A.M.O. Pring , DFM , a childhood hero who flew and died in combat defending Calcutta from Japanese air attack and is buried at Calcutta . He followed this up with an expanded essay called Sergeant Pring and the Calcutta Hurricane in which an outline biography of Maurice Pring is combined with the pioneering study of a rare and little-known night-fighter , the Hawker Hurricane II C ( NF ) equipped with the pilot-operated AI Mark VI radar . Both essays have won praise from aviation cognoscenti.He has followed these pieces up with an article conclusively demonstrating that the Hurricane II C ( NF ) was , in fact , the first radar-equipped single-seater night-fighter . A selection of his English poetry is available in Poemhunter   In a recent article , Sircar has claimed to have solved the mystery of the Lake of No Return , Myanmar , which he visited in 2002 .

neg: Geology of Nepal The geology of Nepal is dominated by the Himalaya , the highest , youngest and a very highly active mountain range . Himalaya is a type locality for the study of on-going continent-continent collision tectonics . The Himalayan arc extends about 2400 km from Nanga Parbat ( 8,138 m ) by the Indus River in northern Pakistan eastward to Namche Barwa ( 7,756 m ) by the gorge of the Tsangpo-Brahmaputra in eastern Tibet . About 800 km of this extent is in Nepal ; the remainder includes Bhutan and parts of Pakistan , India , and China .   Since 55 Ma the Himalayan orogeny beginning with the collision of Indian subcontinent and Eurasia at the Paleocene/Eocene epoch , has thickened the Indian crust to its present thickness of 70 km . The northwest tip of India after colliding with Asia seems to have met along the full length of the suture by about 40 Ma .   Immediately prior to the onset of the Indo-Asian collision , the northern boundary of the Indian shield was likely a thinned continental margin on which Proterozoic clastic sediments and the Cambrian ± Eocene Tethyan shelf sequence were deposited .

neg: Kaimur Range Kaimur Range ( also spelt Kymore ) ( -LSB- कैमूर पहाड़ियाँ , links = no -RSB- ) is the eastern portion of the Vindhya Range , about 483 km long , extending from around Katangi in Jabalpur district of Madhya Pradesh to around Sasaram in Rohtas district of Bihar . It passes through the Rewa and Mirzapur divisions . The range never rises more than a few hundred metres above the surrounding plains and has a maximum width of around 80 km .

neg: Tamang people The Tamang ( Devnagari : तामाङ ; tāmāng ) , or Murmi , are the indigenous inhabitants of the Himalayan regions of Nepal and India , their ancestral land is called Tamsaling . They are the aborigines of Yambu , or Kathmandu Valley , who had self-rule and autonomous roughly 2 centuries before present , systematically displaced during the expansion period of Gorkha Kingdom and this continues to the present day , the Central Development Region , Nepal remains where 70 % of the population reside . The traditionally Buddhist Tamang are the largest Tibeto-Burman ethnic group within Nepal , constituting 5.6 % of the national population of over 1.3 million in 2001 , increasing to 1,539,830 as of 2011 census , yet contested . Tamang are also a significant minority in Sikkim and Darjeeling District of West Bengal of India as permanent settlers ; their languages are fifth most spoken in Nepal ( note all Tamang languages are not mutually intelligible ) . They were one of the aborigines who were least affected by Nepalisation . Peculiar to Tamang people are complex marriage restrictions within the community .

neg: Nepa Kingdom Nepa ( also known as Nipa , Neepa ) was a mountainous kingdom mentioned in the ancient Sanskrit epic Mahabharata . Its modern equivalent is identified as Nepal , a country located in the mountainous terrain of the Himalayas .

neg: Kalapani territory See Cellular Jail for the prison associated with the Indian freedom movement   Kalapani ( Hindi/Nepali : कालापानी ) is a disputed territory between India and Nepal administered however as part of Pithoragarh district in the Uttarakhand state of India . The origin of Mahakali River ( Sharda River in India ) it is situated on the Kailash Manasarovar route , at an altitude of 3600 meters . It is said that the Great Sage Vyasa meditated at this place , giving the region its name - Vyas Valley , locally called '' `` Byans Valley '' '' . A pool by the temple of the Goddess Kali is considered to by some to be the source of the Kali River . A verdant valley covered with Pine , Bhojpatra and Juniper trees , it offers stunning views of some of the lesser known peaks like Om Parvat in the Central Himalayas . Lipulekh Pass leading into Tibet is 17 kilometers from Kalapani .   Although claimed by Nepal as part of Darchula District , Kalapani is controlled by India 's Indo-Tibetan border security forces since the 1962 border war with China . Nepal claims that the river to the west of Kalapani is main Kali , hence it belongs to Nepal . But India claims that ridgeline to the east of Kalapani is the border , hence the Kalapani area belongs to India . The Kalapani area borders the Nepalese zone of Mahakali and the Indian state of Uttarakhand . The Sugauli Treaty signed by Nepal and British India in 1816 locates the Kali River as Nepal 's western boundary with India and makes no mention of ridgelines . Subsequent maps drawn by British surveyors show the source of the boundary river at different places . This discrepancy in locating the source of the river led to boundary disputes between India and Nepal , with each country producing maps supporting their own claims . The Kalapani River runs through an area that includes a disputed area of about 400 km ² around the source of the river although the exact size of the disputed area varies from source to source .

neg: North India North India is a loosely defined region consisting of the northern part of India . The dominant geographical features of North India are the Indus-Gangetic Plain and the Himalayas , which demarcate the region from the Tibetan Plateau and Central Asia .   The term North India has varying definitions - the Ministry of Home Affairs in its Northern Zonal Council Administrative division included the states of Chandigarh , Delhi , Haryana , Himachal Pradesh , Jammu and Kashmir , Punjab and Rajasthan . while the Ministry of Culture in its North Culture Zone includes the state of Uttarakhand but excludes Delhi whereas the Geological Survey of India includes Uttar Pradesh and Delhi but excludes Rajasthan and Chandigarh . Other states sometimes included are Bihar , Gujarat , Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal .   North India has been the historical centre of the Mughal , Delhi Sultanate and British Indian Empires . It has a diverse culture , and includes the Hindu pilgrimage centres of Char Dham , Haridwar , Varanasi , Ayodhya , Mathura , Allahabad , Vaishno Devi and Pushkar , the Buddhist pilgrimage centres of Bodhgaya , Sarnath and Kushinagar , the Sikh Golden Temple as well as world heritage sites such as the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve , Khajuraho temples , Hill Forts of Rajasthan , Jantar Mantar ( Jaipur ) , Bhimbetka Caves , Sanchi monuments , Qutb Minar , Red Fort , Agra Fort , Fatehpur Sikri and the Taj Mahal .   The languages that have official status in one or more of the states and union territories located in North India are Hindi , Urdu , Punjabi , Kashmiri/Koshur , Dogri and English .

neg: Limbuwan Limbuwan is an area of the Himalaya historically made up of 10 Limbu kingdoms , all now part of Nepal . Limbuwan means `` abode of the Limbus '' or `` Land of the Limbus '' . Limbus themselves call Limbuwan `` Yakthung Laaje '' or `` the country of the Yakthungs '' ( see History of Limbuwan ) .   Today , Limbuwan comprises the districts of Taplejung , Panchthar , Ilam , Jhapa , Terhathum , Sankhuwasabha , Dhankuta , Sunsari and Morang . Limbuwan is the land east of the Arun and Koshi Rivers and west of Kanchenjunga Mountain and the Mechi River . The seat of power is Kathmandu and western Nepalese refer to Limbuwan as the Pallo Kirant region or far Kirant , due to its distance from Kathmandu .

neg: Madhesh Madhesh is a province and an autonomous state in the Terai belt of Nepal . The native Nepalese people who have cultural and demographic connections to Bihar and Uttar Pradesh across the borders in India are called Madhesi people . The indigenous inhabitants of the Terai are Tharu people who consider themselves to be Madhesi people .   The eastern part of the Nepal Terai along with northern parts in Bihar is part of the cultural Mithila region .

neg: Geology of the Himalaya The geology of the Himalaya is a record of the most dramatic and visible creations of modern plate tectonic forces . The Himalayas , which stretch over 2400 km between the Namche Barwa syntaxis in Tibet and the Nanga Parbat syntaxis in India , are the result of an ongoing orogeny -- the result of a collision between two continental tectonic plates . This immense mountain range was formed by tectonic forces and sculpted by weathering and erosion . The Himalaya-Tibet region supplies fresh water for more than one-fifth of the world population , and accounts for a quarter of the global sedimentary budget . Topographically , the belt has many superlatives : the highest rate of uplift ( nearly 10 mm/year at Nanga Parbat ) , the highest relief ( 8848 m at Mt. Everest Chomolangma ) , among the highest erosion rates at 2 -- 12 mm/yr , the source of some of the greatest rivers and the highest concentration of glaciers outside of the polar regions . This last feature earned the Himalaya its name , originating from the Sanskrit for `` the abode of the snow '' .

neg: Gandaki River The Gandaki River ( also known as the Narayani in southern Nepal and the Gandak in India ) is one of the major rivers of Nepal and a left bank tributary of the Ganges in India . In Nepal the river is notable for its deep gorge through the Himalayas and its enormous hydroelectric potential . It has a total catchment area of 46300 km2 , most of it in Nepal . The basin also contains three of the world 's 14 mountains over 8000 m , Dhaulagiri , Manaslu and Annapurna I. Dhaulagiri is the highest point of the Gandaki basin . It lies between the similar Kosi system to the east and the Karnali ( Ghaghara ) system to the west .

neg: Sub-Himalayan Range The Sub-Himalayan Range are the southernmost mountains in the Himalayan range . Their average height varies between 600 and 1200 meters , and are not so high in altitude as compared to other mountain ranges in the Himalaya range .   Himalayan foot hills form the sub-Himalayan zone and from Punjab to Assam these hills are consist of a narrow belt of folded neogene molasse type sediments ( siwaliks ) . Southward , the folded siwaliks sequence is covered by Indo Gangetic Alluvium . An acute fault is `` Himalayan front fault '' cut the aluvium in foot hill region , this fault is a series of en-echlon faults which are parallel to the strike of the hills between Punjab and Assam . Northward , this sequence is terminated by MBT , which is a set of north dipping faults and forms the boundary between Southern Himalayas and Lesser Himalayas .   Category : Mountain ranges of India

neg: Simla Accord (1914) The Simla Accord , or the Convention Between Great Britain , China , and Tibet , -LSB- in -RSB- Simla , was a treaty concerning the status of Tibet negotiated by representatives of the Republic of China , Tibet and the United Kingdom in Simla in 1913 and 1914 .   The Accord provided that Tibet would be divided into `` Outer Tibet '' and `` Inner Tibet '' . Outer Tibet , which roughly corresponded to Ü-Tsang and western Kham , would `` remain in the hands of the Tibetan Government at Lhasa under Chinese suzerainty , but China would not interfere in its administration . `` Inner Tibet '' , roughly , equivalent to Amdo and eastern Kham , would be under the jurisdiction of the Chinese government . The Accord with its annexes also defines the boundary between Tibet and China proper and between Tibet and British India ( the latter became known as the McMahon Line ) .   China rejected the Accord and their plenipotentiary , Ivan Chen , withdrew on 3 July 1914 . The British and Tibetan plenipotentiaries then attached a note denying China any privileges under the Accord and sealed it as a bilateral agreement the same day.This Accord was initialled and sealed by the British plenipotentiary , A. Henry McMahon , and sealed by the Tibetan plenipotentiary Lochen Shatra but not the Chinese plenipotentiary , Ivan Chen , as he had withdrawn from the Convention before the Accord was initialled and sealed . ( `` Convention Between Great Britain , China , and Tibet , Simla ( 1914 ) '' , Tibet Justice Center . Retrieved 20 March 2009 ) . The British records show that there are conditions for the Tibetan government to accept the new border in 1914 , the condition was that China must accept the Simla Convention , since the British was not able to get an aceptance form China , Tibetans considered the MacMahon line invalid .   McMahon 's work was initially rejected by the British government as incompatible with the 1907 Anglo-Russian Convention . This convention was renounced in 1921 . The British began using the McMahon Line on Survey of India maps in 1937 , and the Simla Accord was published officially in 1938 .

neg: 2009 Bhutan earthquake The 2009 Bhutan earthquake occurred at on September 21 in the eastern region of Bhutan with moment magnitude of 6.1 . The epicenter was situated at 180 km east of the capital Thimphu , in Monggar District . However , Bangladesh and northern India also felt it , with buildings in Guwahati , Assam , cracking up . The tremors were felt as far as Tibet .   At least eleven people are reported to have been killed -- seven in Bhutan , four in India . The death toll , initially ten , increased when one more died in the night . At least fifteen were wounded . Many of the deaths in Bhutan came about when their houses fell in on top of them . The Indians were construction workers whose road fell through .   One businessman said the earthquake happened as shopping was underway for the Blessed Rainy Day ceremony of Buddhism . Another inhabitant said it `` made the surrounding hills look like they were throwing up dust '' and that `` the road was suddenly filled with boulders and mud '' . Thousands are living outdoors as a result . Children were crushed under structures as they caved in . Roads were blocked but these were cleaned up relatively quickly . Monasteries were also struck . People ran for their lives out of their homes .

neg: Singalila Ridge The Singalila Ridge is a north-south mountain ridge running from northwestern West Bengal through Sikkim in the Indian part of the Himalayas . The district of Ilam in Nepal falls on the western part of this ridge .   The ridge separates mountain ranges of West Bengal from other Himalayan ranges to its west . The two highest peaks of West Bengal , Sandakphu ( 3636 m ) and Phalut ( 3600 m ) are located on the ridge . The Singalila National Park encompasses the ridge . It is noted for its views of Kanchenjunga and Mount Everest . The trek from Manebhanjan to Sandakphu and Phalut is popular amongst adventure travelers , as is mountain biking .

neg: Nepal Oil Corporation Nepal Oil Corporation Limited ( NOC ) is a state owned trading enterprise of Nepal that imports , stores and distributes various petroleum products in the country . It was established on 1970 by the Government of Nepal under the `` Company Act , 2021 ( 1964 ) '' . The government owns 98.36 % of its share and rest is contributed by four other state owned enterprises : Rastriya Beema Sansthan , National Trading Ltd. , Nepal Bank Ltd. and Rastriya Banijya Bank .   In the very beginning , the trading activities of NOC were started by storing two products in two drums under the leadership of the late Mr. Subarna Bikram Thapa appointed by Government of Nepal . His persistent endeavor to develop NOC resulted in more than 30,000 kilolitres ( kL ) of storage facilities for petroleum products in different development regions of Nepal .   Nepal , being one of the land locked countries of south Asia , has to depend on India for the supply and distribution of various petroleum products as the eastern , southern and western part of the country is attached with India . The prospect of crude oil exploration in Nepal has not yet been proven a feasible one , so the entire national demand is met by import alone . From the very beginning of NOC 's trading activities , a special and long-term supply arrangement has existed with Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. ( IOC ) , a leading national oil company of India , having more than 55 % of the market share .   NOC , headquartered in Kathmandu , has over the years expanded and now has five regional offices , branch offices , fuel depots , and aviation fuel depots , with total existing storage capacity of 71,558 kilolitres ( kL ) and employing 508 permanent and other contract work force .   The highest policy making and controlling body of NOC is its Board of Directors . The Board is represented by all the shareholders .   Currently the Chief Executive Officer ( CEO ) of NOC is the Managing Director who has the overall responsibility for day-to-day operations besides the Member-Secretary of NOC Board . Basically , the operations of NOC are coordinated under two broad categories of Marketing and Finance cum administration , each headed by Deputy Managing Director .

neg: Lukla Lukla is a town in the Khumbu area of the Solukhumbu District in the Sagarmatha Zone of north-eastern Nepal . Situated at 2860 m , it is a popular place for visitors to the Himalayas near Mount Everest to arrive . Although Lukla means place with many goats and sheep , few are found in the area these days .   Lukla contains a small airport servicing the region , and a variety of shops and lodges catering to tourists and trekkers , providing western-style meals and trail supplies .   From Lukla , travellers will take two days to reach the village Namche Bazaar , an altitude acclimatization stop for those continuing on .   In August 2014 , the Nepalese government announced plans to open the first tarmac road from Kathmandu to Lukla .

neg: Indira Col The Indira Col ( altitude 5,764 m ) is a col ( mountain pass , also called La in the local language ) on the Indira Ridge in the Siachen Muztagh in the Karakoram Range . It is within 3 km of Sia Kangri to the west , the summit of which is the tripoint where territories controlled by India , Pakistan and China meet .   The col is a saddle between the Siachen Glacier to the south and the Urdok Glacier to the north , on the watershed between the Indus River basin and the Tarim Basin . It is too steep to easily descend north from the col to the Urdok Glacier .   The term Indira Col has also been applied to another , higher col 2.4 km further east on the Indira Ridge at ( altitude 5,988 m ) , from which it is possible to descend to the north . This eastern col was named Indira Col in 1912 by Bullock Workman , after one of the names of the goddess Lakshmi .   Colonel Narendra `` Bull '' Kumar reached Indira Col ( the western col ) in 1981 . In 1998 Harish Kapadia reached the same col ; on his map and text he refers to it as the `` main Indira Col '' and `` Indira Col West '' , whereas he refers to the col 2.4 km to the east as `` Indira Col East ( Workman ) . ''   The Indira Col is 2 km east of the point ( about a km southeast of the peak of Sia Kangri ) where the Actual Ground Position Line between Indian and Pakistani forces meets the border with China . Territories on all sides are disputed . The land immediately to the south of the col is claimed by both Pakistan and India and is controlled by India . The land to the north of Indira Col is part of the Trans Karakoram Tract , controlled by China under a 1963 border agreement with Pakistan but claimed by India .

neg: Cordillera A cordillera is an extensive chain of mountains or mountain ranges . The term is a borrowing from Spanish , in which it has the same meaning . The Spanish word originates from cordilla , a diminutive of `` cuerda '' , or `` rope '' . It is most commonly used in the field of physical geography .   The term is particularly applied to the various ranges of the Andes of South America , and less frequently to other mountain ranges in the `` ridge '' which rims the Pacific Ocean . In Colombia and Venezuela the cordilleras are named according to their position : Cordillera Occidental , Central , and Oriental . Various local names identify the cordilleras in Ecuador , Peru , Bolivia , Chile , and Argentina .   Mountain ranges of this type have a complex structure , usually the result of folding and faulting accompanied by volcanic activity . In South America the ranges include numerous volcanic peaks . ( Though not itself a volcano , Argentina 's Mt. Aconcagua , at 22,834 feet ( 6,960 metres ) high , is the highest point in the Western Hemisphere . The Andes cordillera has Ojos del Salado , the highest active volcano in the world , and second highest point in the Western Hemisphere .   A number of the volcanoes have been active in historic times . Aside from the volcanic peaks , the crests include many narrow ridges , some of which reach into the zone of permanent snow . Between the ranges there are numerous inhabited valleys , basins , and low plateaux with a wide range of elevations .

neg: Hari Ram Hari Ram was a pundit who explored the region around Mount Everest in 1871-1872 . At first he was not allowed to enter Tibet , but his luck changed when he met a district official whose wife was ill . He examined her , checked his medical book for a disease with similar symptoms , and gave her some pills . To his own surprise , the woman recovered , and from then he found relatively little difficulty in travelling on . He gave a frightening account of his trip along the Bhote Koshi river :   He followed the general course of the Bhotia-Kosi River , which he was obliged to cross fifteen times within twenty-five miles -LSB- 40 km -RSB- . At one place the river ran in a gigantic chasm , the sides of which were so close to one another that a bridge of 24 paces was sufficient to span it . Near this bridge the precipices were so impractible that the path had to be supported on iron pegs let into the face of the rock - the path being formed by bars of iron and slabs of stone stretching from peg to peg and covered with earth . This extraordinary path is in no place more than eighteen inches -LSB- 460 mm -RSB- , and often not more than nine inches -LSB- 230 mm -RSB- in width , and is carried for more than a third of a mile -LSB- 500 m -RSB- along the face of the cliff , at some 1,500 feet -LSB- 500 m -RSB- above the river , which could be seen roaring below in its narrow bed . The Pundit , who has seen much difficult ground in the Himalayas , says he never in his life met anything to equal this bit of path . ( report of Montgomerie to the Royal Geographical Society )   During his voyage , Hari Ram had opened up 30,000 square miles ( 78,000 km ² ) of virtually unknown territory . He had travelled all the way around Mount Everest , but because other mountains stood in between , he never actually saw it . On a second journey , Hari Ram traversed northern Nepal from west to east .   Ram , Hari


query: The House of Lusignan was a royal house of French origin.

pos: House of Lusignan The House of Lusignan ( -LSB- ˈluːzᵻnjɒn -RSB- ) was a royal house of French origin , which ruled much of Europe and the Levant , including the kingdoms of Jerusalem , Cyprus , and Armenia , from the 12th through the 15th centuries during the Middle Ages . It also had great influence in England and France .   The family originated in Poitou , near Lusignan in western France , in the early 10th century . By the end of the 11th century , the family had risen to become the most prominent petty lords in the region from their castle at Lusignan . In the late 12th century , through marriages and inheritance , a cadet branch of the family came to control the kingdoms of Jerusalem and Cyprus . In the early 13th century , the main branch succeeded in the Counties of La Marche and Angoulême .   As Crusader kings in the Latin East , they soon had connections with the Hethumid rulers of the Kingdom of Cilicia , which they inherited through marriage in the mid-14th century . The Armenian branch fled to France , and eventually Russia , after the Mamluk conquest of their kingdom .   The claim was taken by the Cypriot branch , until their line failed . This kingdom was annexed by the Republic of Venice in the late 15th century .

neg: Louis II, Duke of Bourbon Louis de Bourbon , called the Good ( 4 February 1337 -- 10 August 1410 ) , son of Peter de Bourbon and Isabella de Valois ( the sister of French King Philip VI ) , was the third Duke of Bourbon .   Duke Louis is reported to have been somewhat mentally unstable , specifically having a trait of nervous breakdowns which is presumably hereditary ; this trait was also evidenced in his sister Joanna of Bourbon ( the wife of French King Charles V ) , his nephew Charles VI of France ( called `` The Mad '' ) , his father Duke Peter , and his grandfather Louis I , Duke of Bourbon .   The teenage Louis inherited the duchy from his father Duke Peter I after his death in the Battle of Poitiers in 1356 .   On August 19 , 1371 , he married Anne of Auvergne ( 1358 -- 1417 ) , Countess of Forez and a daughter of Beraud II , Dauphin of Auvergne , and his wife the Countess of Forez , and they had four children :   Catherine of Bourbon ( b. 1378 ) , d. young  John of Bourbon ( 1381 -- 1434 ) , Duke of Bourbon  Louis of Bourbon ( 1388 -- 1404 ) , Sieur de Beaujeu  Isabelle of Bourbon ( 1384 -- aft . 1451 )   In 1390 , Duke Louis launched the Barbary Crusade against the Hafsids of Tunis , in conjunction with the Genoese . Its objective was to suppress piracy based in the city of Mahdia , but the siege was unsuccessful . Duke Louis died at Montlucon in 1410 , at the age of 72 or 73 .

neg: Roi fainéant Roi fainéant ( -LSB- ʁwa fɛneɑ̃ -RSB- ) , literally `` do-nothing king '' and so presumably `` lazy king '' , is a French term primarily used to refer to the later kings of the Merovingian dynasty after they seemed to have lost their initial energy , from the death of Dagobert I in 639 ( or alternatively from the accession of Theuderic III in 673 ) until the deposition of Childeric III in favour of Pepin the Short in 751 .   The appellation goes back to Einhard , the biographer of Charlemagne , who described the late Merovingian kings as kings `` in nothing but in name '' ,   During the century of the rois fainéants , the Merovingian kings were increasingly dominated by their mayors of the palace , in the 6th century the office of the manager of the royal household , but in the 7th increasingly the real `` power behind the throne '' who limited the role of the king to an essentially ceremonial office .   The last Carolingian ruler , Louis V of France , was also in his turn nicknamed le Fainéant ( `` the Do-Nothing '' ) , because his effective rule was limited to the region around Laon .

neg: House of Artois The House of Artois was a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty , descended from Louis VIII the Lion , King of France , through his younger son , Robert ( 1216 † 1250 ) . Robert received the County of Artois as appanage in his father 's will .   In 1297 , Robert II , Count of Artois , was one of three Capetian princes to be added to the peerage of France . On his death in 1302 , the county was claimed by his daughter Mahaut and his paternal grandson Robert III . The Parlement of Paris ruled in favor of Mahaut , and Robert III was given the lordship of Beaumont-le-Roger as compensation .   Robert later lost his lands by producing false documents in support of his claims in the Artois suit . The county of Artois was inherited by Mahaut 's descendants , who married into the House of Burgundy , another branch of the Capetian dynasty .   The sons of Robert III received French titles and fought in the Hundred Years War against the English . The House of Artois became extinct in the male line in 1472 .

neg: Treaty of Paris (1259) The Treaty of Paris ( also known as the Treaty of Albeville ) was a treaty between Louis IX of France and Henry III of England , agreed to on December 4 , 1259 ending 100 years of conflicts between Capetian and Plantagenet dynasties .   In 1204 , Philip II of France had forced King John out of continental Normandy enforcing his 1202 claim that the lands were forfeit . Despite the 1217 Treaty of Lambeth , hostilities continued between the successive Kings of France and England until 1259 .   Under the Treaty , Henry acknowledged loss of the Duchy of Normandy . However Philip had failed in his attempts to occupy the Norman islands in the Channel . The treaty held that `` islands ( if any ) which the King of England should hold '' , he would retain `` as peer of France and Duke of Aquitaine '' . ( These islands came to be collectively called the Channel Islands , consisting of Jersey , Guernsey , Alderney , Sark and some smaller islands . )   Henry agreed to renounce control of Maine , Anjou and Poitou , which had been lost under the reign of King John but remained Duke of Aquitaine and was able to keep the lands of Gascony and parts of Aquitaine but only as a vassal to Louis .   In exchange , Louis withdrew his support for English rebels . He also ceded to Henry the bishoprics and cities of Limoges , Cahors and Périgueux and was to pay an annual rent for possession of Agenais .

neg: France France ( -LSB- fʁɑ̃s -RSB- ) , officially the French Republic ( -LSB- ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz -RSB- ) , is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . The European , or metropolitan , area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . France spans 643801 km2 and had a total population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017 . It is a unitary semi-presidential republic with the capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban centres include Marseille , Lyon , Lille , Nice , Toulouse and Bordeaux .   During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome , which held Gaul until 486 , when the Germanic Franks conquered the region and formed the Kingdom of France . France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , with its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337 to 1453 ) strengthening state-building and political centralisation . During the Renaissance , French culture flourished and a global colonial empire was established , which by the 20th century would be the second largest in the world . The 16th century was dominated by religious civil wars between Catholics and Protestants ( Huguenots ) . France became Europe 's dominant cultural , political , and military power under Louis XIV . In the late 18th century , the French Revolution overthrew the absolute monarchy , established one of modern history 's earliest republics , and saw the drafting of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen , which expresses the nation 's ideals to this day .   In the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire , whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe . Following the collapse of the Empire , France endured a tumultuous succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870 . France was a major participant in the First World War , from which it emerged victorious , and was one of the Allied Powers in the Second World War , but came under occupation by the Axis Powers in 1940 . Following liberation in 1944 , a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War . The Fifth Republic , led by Charles de Gaulle , was formed in 1958 and remains to this day . Algeria and nearly all the other colonies became independent in the 1960s and typically retained close economic and military connections with France .   France has long been a global centre of art , science , and philosophy . It hosts Europe 's fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually , the most of any country in the world . France is a developed country with the world 's sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity . In terms of aggregate household wealth , it ranks fourth in the world . France performs well in international rankings of education , health care , life expectancy , and human development . France remains a great power in the world , being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state . It is a leading member state of the European Union and the Eurozone . It is also a member of the Group of 7 , North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) , Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) , and La Francophonie .

neg: Cadency labels of the British royal family Heraldic labels are used to differentiate the personal coats of arms of members of the royal family of the United Kingdom from that of the monarch and from each other . In the Gallo-British heraldic tradition , cadency marks have been available to `` difference '' the arms of a son from those of his father , and the arms of brothers from each other , and traditionally this was often done when it was considered important for each man to have a distinctive individual coat of arms and/or to differentiate the arms of the head of a house from junior members of the family . This was especially important in the case of arms of sovereignty : to use the undifferenced arms of a kingdom is to assert a claim to the throne . Therefore , in the English royal family , cadency marks were used from the time of Henry III , typically a label or bordure alluding to the arms of the bearer 's mother or wife . After about 1340 , when Edward III made a claim to the throne of France , a blue label did not contrast sufficiently with the blue field of the French quarter of the royal arms ; accordingly most royal cadets used labels argent : that of the heir apparent was plain , and all others were charged . Bordures of various tinctures continued to be used into the 15th century .

neg: Louis of Lower Lorraine Louis of Lower Lorraine ( c. 980after 1012 ) was the second of Charles of Lorraine 's three sons and the eldest by his second marriage to Adelaide , the daughter of a low-ranking vassal of Hugh Capet .   Unlike his elder brother Otto , who inherited their father 's duchy of Lower Lorraine , Louis went with his father to France , where Charles fought for the French throne . They both were imprisoned , through the perfidy of Adalberon , Bishop of Laon , by Hugh at Orléans in 991 , when Louis was still a child . His father died in prison in or by 993 , but Louis was released . It was asserted by Ferdinand Lot that Louis 's life after 995 or 1000 was completely unknown , but more recent research has shed some light upon it .   It was William IV of Aquitaine who sheltered Louis afterwards , from 1005 until 1012 . He opened the Palace of Poitiers to him and treated him as royalty , regarding him as the true heir to the French throne . Louis even subscribed a charter of William 's as Lodoici filii Karoli regis . Young Louis drifted , eventually to be utilised by Robert II , Archbishop of Rouen , who was plotting against the Capetians . Louis was imprisoned again , permanently , this time at Sens , where he died .

neg: Longe Longe ( -LSB- ˈI oʊŋg -RSB- Old Norman : le Longe or le Long ) is an English and French aristocratic household , descending from the House of Bourbon-Préaux , a cadet branch of the House of Bourbon . The surname is of Anglo-Norman origin .   See . House of Longe

neg: Hundred Years' War The Hundred Years ' War was a series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 by the House of Plantagenet , rulers of the Kingdom of England , against the House of Valois , rulers of the Kingdom of France , over the succession of the French throne . Each side drew many allies into the war . It was one of the most notable conflicts of the Middle Ages , in which five generations of kings from two rival dynasties fought for the throne of the largest kingdom in Western Europe . The war marked both the height of chivalry and its subsequent decline , and the development of strong national identities in both countries .   After the Norman Conquest , the kings of England were vassals of the kings of France for their possessions in France . The French kings had endeavored , over the centuries , to reduce these possessions , to the effect that only Gascony was left to the English . The confiscation or threat of confiscating this duchy had been part of French policy to check the growth of English power , particularly whenever the English were at war with the Kingdom of Scotland , an ally of France .   Through his mother , Isabella of France , Edward III of England was the grandson of Philip IV of France and nephew of Charles IV of France , the last king of the senior line of the House of Capet . In 1316 , a principle was established denying women succession to the French throne . When Charles IV died in 1328 , Isabella , unable to claim the French throne for herself , claimed it for her son . The French rejected the claim , maintaining that Isabella could not transmit a right that she did not possess . For about nine years ( 1328 -- 1337 ) , the English had accepted the Valois succession to the French throne , but the interference of the French king , Philip VI , in Edward III 's war against Scotland permitted Edward III to reassert his claim to the French throne . Several overwhelming English victories in the war -- especially at Crecy , Poitiers , and Agincourt -- raised the prospects of an ultimate English triumph . However , the greater resources of the French monarchy precluded a complete conquest . Starting in 1429 , decisive French victories at Orléans , Patay , Formigny , and Castillon concluded the war in favour of France , with England permanently losing most of its major possessions on the continent .   Historians commonly divide the war into three phases separated by truces : the Edwardian Era War ( 1337 -- 1360 ) ; the Caroline War ( 1369 -- 1389 ) ; and the Lancastrian War ( 1415 -- 1453 ) . Local conflicts in neighbouring areas , which were contemporarily related to the war , including the War of the Breton Succession ( 1341 -- 1364 ) , the Castilian Civil War ( 1366 -- 1369 ) , the War of the Two Peters ( 1356 -- 1375 ) in Aragon , and the 1383 -- 85 Crisis in Portugal , were availed by the parties to advance their agendas . Later historians adopted the term `` Hundred Years ' War '' as a historiography periodization to encompass all of these events , thus constructing the longest military conflict in European history .   The war owes its historical significance to multiple factors . By its end , feudal armies had been largely replaced by professional troops , and aristocratic dominance had yielded to a democratisation of the manpower and weapons of armies . Although primarily a dynastic conflict , the war gave impetus to ideas of French and English nationalism . The wider introduction of weapons and tactics supplanted the feudal armies where heavy cavalry had dominated , and artillery became important . The war precipitated the creation of the first standing armies in Western Europe since the time of the Western Roman Empire and thus helping to change their role in warfare . With respect to the belligerents , in France , civil wars , deadly epidemics , famines , and bandit free-companies of mercenaries reduced the population drastically . English political forces over time came to oppose the costly venture . The dissatisfaction of English nobles , resulting from the loss of their continental landholdings , became a factor leading to the civil wars known as the Wars of the Roses ( 1455 -- 1487 ) .

neg: Duke of Bedford Duke of Bedford ( named after Bedford , England ) is a title that has been created six times ( for five distinct people ) in the Peerage of England . The first and second creations came in 1414 in favour of Henry IV 's third son , John , who later served as regent of France . He was made Earl of Kendal at the same time and was made Earl of Richmond later the same year . The titles became extinct on his death in 1435 . The third creation came in 1470 in favour of George Neville , nephew of Warwick the Kingmaker . He was deprived of the title by Act of Parliament in 1478 . The fourth creation came 1478 in favour of George , the third son of Edward IV . He died the following year at the age of two . The fifth creation came in 1485 in favour of Jasper Tudor , half-brother of Henry VI and uncle of Henry VII . He had already been created Earl of Pembroke in 1452 . However , as he was a Lancastrian , his title was forfeited between 1461 and 1485 during the predominance of the House of York . He regained the earldom in 1485 when his nephew Henry VII came to the throne and was elevated to the dukedom the same year . He had no legitimate children and the titles became extinct on his death in 1495 .   The Russell family currently holds the titles of Earl and Duke of Bedford . John Russell , a close advisor of Henry VIII and Edward VI , was granted the title of Earl of Bedford in 1551 , and his descendant William , 5th Earl , was created Duke following the Glorious Revolution .   The subsidiary titles of the Duke of Bedford , all in the Peerage of England , are Marquess of Tavistock ( created 1694 ) , Earl of Bedford ( 1550 ) , Baron Russell , of Cheneys ( 1539 ) , Baron Russell of Thornhaugh in the County of Northampton ( 1603 ) , and Baron Howland , of Streatham in the County of Surrey ( 1695 ) ( and possibly the Barony of Bedford , which was merged into it in 1138 , 1366 or 1414 ) . The courtesy title of the Duke of Bedford 's eldest son and heir is Marquess of Tavistock '' .   Every Duke from the 5th Duke onwards is descended from Charles II of England . The family seat is Woburn Abbey , Bedfordshire . The private mausoleum and chapel of the Russell Family and the Dukes of Bedford is at St. Michael 's Church in Chenies , Buckinghamshire ( photo ) . The family owns The Bedford Estate in central London .

neg: Château de Pézenas The site of the Château de Pézenas , a medieval castle in the French town of Pézenas , in the département of l'Hérault , is currently being refurbished with a view to opening to the public .   A castle is first mentioned on the site , a butte just outside and dominating the town , around 990 . However , a plaque on the site claims that it was founded by the Celts in 407BC and that the site was also a fortress of Julius Caesar . A document of 1118 records that the Count of Béziers , Bernard Athon , ceded the castellum of Pézenas to his son , Raimon . Louis VIII , in 1226 , and Louis IX in 1252 , stayed here . The castle became a royal castellany in 1262 .   The latest castle was originally built by the Duc de Montmorency , François de Montmorency in 1575 on the domain of Granges des Près . It had seven towers , one of which was used as a chapel . The river , la Peyne , flowed along its walls .   During the 17th century , Cardinal Richelieu , sworn enemy of the Duc de Montmorency Henri II , had promised to abolish the States of the Languedoc , fearing they were too strong and independent of the kingdom of Louis XIII . Following Henri 's revolt at the head of the Languedoc States , in 1632 ( or 1633 , according to tourist information at the site ) , Richelieu ordered the castle to be destroyed . The inhabitants of Pézenas , so proud of their castle , were humiliated to have to demolish it themselves . Louis XIII gave the materials from the castle , as well as the site , to the Pézenas consuls . The bell was moved to the top of the bell tower at the Collégiale Saint-Jean church . ( The tower later collapsed , in 1733 , and had to be rebuilt . )   Passing through the town in 1660 , Louis XIV remarked of the castle , `` En vérité , Messieurs , c'est grand dommage d'avoir fait démolir cette importante place . '' ( `` In truth , Sirs , it is a great pity to have demolished this important place . '' )

neg: William de Valence, 1st Earl of Pembroke William de Valence ( died 18 May 1296 ) , born Guillaume de Lusignan , was a French nobleman and knight who became important in English politics due to his relationship to Henry III . He was heavily involved in the Second Barons ' War , supporting the King and Prince Edward against the rebels led by Simon de Montfort . He took the name de Valence ( `` of Valence '' ) .   He was the fourth son of Isabella of Angoulême , widow of king John of England , and her second husband , Hugh X of Lusignan , Count of La Marche , and was thus a half-brother to Henry III of England , and uncle to Edward I. William was born in the , Couhé-Vérac , Vienne , Poitou-Charentes , near Lusignan , sometime in the late 1220s ( his elder sister Alice was born in 1224 ) .

neg: House of Sforza Sforza ( -LSB- ˈsfɔrtsa -RSB- ) was a ruling family of Renaissance Italy , based in Milan . They acquired the Duchy of Milan from the previously ruling Visconti family in the mid-15th century , and lost it to the Spanish Habsburgs about a century later .

neg: House of Burgundy The House of Burgundy ( Casa de Borgonha , -LSB- buɾˈɣoɲɐ -RSB- ) was a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty , descending from Robert I , Duke of Burgundy , a younger son of Robert II of France .   The House ruled the Duchy of Burgundy from 1032 -- 1361 . The main line of the dynasty ended with the death in 1361 of Philip I , Duke of Burgundy . His duchy was inherited by John II of France , whose mother had been a member of the House of Burgundy , so the duchy passed to the House of Valois , then the ruling house of France .   Notable members of the main line of the House of Burgundy include :  Robert I , Duke of Burgundy  Henry , Count of Portugal  Hugh III , Duke of Burgundy  Odo IV , Duke of Burgundy  Margaret of Burgundy , the first wife and Queen of Louis X of France  Joan the Lame , the first wife and Queen of Philip VI of France  Philip I , Duke of Burgundy

neg: Claude, Duke of Aumale Claude of Lorraine , Duke of Aumale ( August 18 , 1526 , Joinville -- March 3 , 1573 , La Rochelle ) was the third son of Claude , Duke of Guise and Antoinette de Bourbon . He was a prince of Lorraine by birth .   As part of the Treaty of Boulogne which ended the war of the Rough Wooing , Claude , Marquis of Mayenne , was one of six French hostages sent to England . After their father died on 12 April 1550 , Claude was allowed to come to Scotland , with a passport from Edward VI dated 11 May , to see his sister Mary of Guise and wrote from Edinburgh on 18 May that he would view the strong places of the realm .   On August 1 , 1547 , he married Louise de Brézé ( c. 1518 -- January 1577 ) , Lady of Anet , the daughter of Louis de Brézé , seigneur d'Anet , and Diane de Poitiers . They had eleven children :  Henri ( October 21 , 1549 , Château de Saint-Germain -- August 1559 ) , Count of Valentinois  Catherine Romula ( November 8 , 1550 , Saint-Germain -- June 25 , 1606 ) , married on May 11 , 1569 Nicholas , Duke of Mercœur  Madeleine Diane ( b. February 5 , 1554 ) , d. young  Charles , Duke of Aumale ( 1555 -- 1631 )  Diane ( November 10 , 1558 -- June 25 , 1586 , Ligny ) , married on November 13 , 1576 François , Duke of Piney-Luxemburg  Antoinette ( b. June 9 , 1560 , Nancy ) , d. young  Antoinette Louise ( September 29 , 1561 , Joinville -- August 24 , 1643 , Soissons ) , Abbess of Soissons  Antoine ( b. November 12 , 1562 ) , d. young  Claude ( December 13 , 1564 -- January 3 , 1591 , Saint-Denis ) , called the `` Chevalier d'Aumale '' , Abbot of St.-Pere-en-Valle , Chartres , Knight of the Order of Malta , General of the Galleys  Charles ( January 25 , 1566 -- May 7 , 1568 , Paris )  Marie ( June 10 , 1565 -- January 27 , 1627 ) , Abbess of Chelles   When his brother Francis acceded as Duke of Guise in 1550 he ceded to Claude the title of Duke of Aumale . He was killed by a culverin shot while besieging La Rochelle .

neg: House of Longe Longe ( -LSB- ˈI oʊŋg -RSB- Old Norman : le Longe or le Long ) is a surname of Anglo-Norman origin . By the mid-13th century there were Long ( e ) families in several English counties . In Wiltshire they became Viscounts Long , Long baronets , Tylney-Long baronets , Gisborough Barons and the Earls of Mornington . A Norfolk line settled at Spixworth Park in 1693 . In Suffolk , Longs became the Barons Farnborough , while there was also a line in Ireland .

neg: House of Bourbon-Parma The House of Bourbon-Parma ( Casa di Borbone di Parma ) is an Italian cadet branch of the House of Bourbon . It is thus descended from the French Capetian dynasty in male line . The name of Bourbon-Parma comes from the main name ( Bourbon ) and the other ( Parma ) from the title of Duke of Parma .  The title was held by the Spanish Bourbons as the founder was the great-grandson of Duke Ranuccio II Farnese , Duke of Parma .

neg: Duke of Aquitaine The Duke of Aquitaine ( Duc d'Aquitània , Duc d'Aquitaine , -LSB- dyk dakitɛn -RSB- ) was the ruler of the ancient region of Aquitaine ( not to be confused with modern-day Aquitaine ) under the supremacy of Frankish , English , and later French kings .   As successor states of the Visigothic Kingdom ( 418 -- 721 ) , Aquitania ( Aquitaine ) and Languedoc ( Toulouse ) inherited both Visigothic laws and Roman Law , which together allowed women more rights than their contemporaries would enjoy until the 20th century . Particularly under the Liber Judiciorum as codified 642/643 and expanded by the Code of Recceswinth in 653 , women could inherit land and title and manage it independently from their husbands or male relations , dispose of their property in legal wills if they had no heirs , represent themselves and bear witness in court from the age of 14 , and arrange for their own marriages after the age of 20 . As a consequence , male-preference primogeniture was the practiced succession law for the nobility .

neg: Secretary of State of the Maison du Roi The Secretary of State of the Maison du Roi ( Secrétaire d'État à la Maison du Roi ) was the secretary of state in France during the `` Ancien Régime '' and Bourbon Restoration in charge of the Département de la Maison du Roi . The exact composition of the ministry and the secretary 's duties changed several times over the Early Modern period , but in general , the Département de la Maison du Roi oversaw four main areas : the `` Maison du Roi '' ( `` Household of the King '' ) , the `` Bâtiments du Roi '' ( `` Buildings of the King '' ) , the General Affairs of the Clergy , ( from 1749 on ) Affairs of the RPR ( `` Religion Prétendue Réformée '' , i.e. the Huguenots ) , and the administration of the capital city of Paris and the provinces . The post later reappeared as the Minister for the Maison du Roi .

neg: House of Valois-Burgundy The House of Valois-Burgundy ( la maison de Valois-Bourgogne ) , or the Younger House of Burgundy , was a noble French family deriving from the royal House of Valois . It is distinct from the Capetian House of Burgundy , descendants of King Robert II of France , though both houses stem from the Capetian dynasty . They ruled the Duchy of Burgundy from 1363 to 1482 and later came to rule vast lands including Artois , Flanders , Luxembourg , Hainault , the county palatine of Burgundy ( Franche-Comté ) , and other lands through marriage .   The term `` Valois Dukes of Burgundy '' is employed to refer to the dynasty which began after King John II of France granted the French Duchy of Burgundy to his youngest son , Philip the Bold in 1363 .   During the Hundred Years ' War , the dukes rivalled with their royal cousins uniting a great number of French and Imperial fiefs under their rule . However , their plans to establish an autonomous kingdom ultimately failed when the last duke , Charles the Bold , sparked the Burgundian Wars and was killed in the Battle of Nancy in 1477 . The final ruler of the dynasty , Mary , Duchess of Burgundy , attempted to assert her authority within her domains , but failed . Her lands outside of France passed to her eldest son , Philip , to become the Habsburg Netherlands , while the Duchy of Burgundy itself returned to the kingdom of France . Mary died in 1482 , thus ending the House of Valois-Burgundy .