query: 50 Cent's fifth studio album is named Animal Ambition.

pos: 50 Cent Curtis James Jackson III ( born July 6 , 1975 ) , known professionally as 50 Cent , is an American rapper , actor , businessman , and investor . Born in the South Jamaica neighborhood of the borough of Queens , Jackson began selling drugs at age twelve during the 1980s crack epidemic . Although he left drug-dealing to pursue a musical career , in 2000 he was shot nine times . After Jackson released the compilation album Guess Who 's Back ? in 2002 , he was discovered by Eminem and signed by Shady Records , Aftermath Entertainment and Interscope Records .   With the aid of Eminem and Dr. Dre ( who produced his first major-label album , Get Rich or Die Tryin ' ) , Jackson became one of the world 's best selling rappers and rose to prominence with East Coast hip hop group G-Unit ( which he leads de facto ) . In 2003 , he founded G-Unit Records , signing his G-Unit associates Young Buck , Lloyd Banks and Tony Yayo . Jackson had similar commercial and critical success with his second album , The Massacre , which was released in 2005 . He released his fifth studio album , Animal Ambition , in 2014 and is working on his sixth studio album , Street King Immortal . He executive produces the show Power , which airs on Starz .   During his career Jackson has sold over 30 million albums worldwide and won several awards , including a Grammy Award , thirteen Billboard Music Awards , six World Music Awards , three American Music Awards and four BET Awards . He has pursued an acting career , appearing in the semi-autobiographical film Get Rich or Die Tryin ' ( 2005 ) , the Iraq War film Home of the Brave ( 2006 ) and Righteous Kill ( 2008 ) . 50 Cent was ranked the sixth-best artist of the 2000s and the third-best rapper ( behind Eminem and Nelly ) by Billboard . Rolling Stone consider Get Rich or Die Tryin ' and `` In Da Club '' to be in their lists of `` 100 Best albums of the 2000s '' and `` 100 Best songs of the 2000s '' at numbers 37 and 13 .

neg: 50 Cent discography American rapper 50 Cent has released five studio albums , ten mixtapes , two video albums , four compilation albums , one soundtrack album , 76 singles ( including 26 as a featured artist ) , and 88 music videos . As of July 2014 , he is the sixth best-selling hip-hop artist of the Nielsen SoundScan era with 16,786,000 albums sold in the US . 50 Cent signed to Shady Records in 2002 and released his debut studio album , Get Rich or Die Tryin ' , on February 6 , 2003 . The album peaked at number one in the US Billboard 200 and performed well in international markets . It features the number-one singles `` In da Club '' and `` 21 Questions '' and also includes the singles `` P.I.M.P. '' and `` If I Ca n't '' . 50 Cent collaborated with American rapper Lil ' Kim on `` Magic Stick '' , which peaked at number two in the US .   In 2005 , he released his second studio album , The Massacre . The album charted at number one in the US , as well as reaching the top ten on many album charts worldwide , and sold 4.83 million copies in the United States in 2005 , the second highest sales count by any album that year . The Massacre includes the US top-three hits `` Disco Inferno '' and `` Just a Lil Bit '' , and the US number-one hit `` Candy Shop '' , which peaked in the top ten of many charts worldwide . A reissue of The Massacre produced the single `` Outta Control '' , which peaked at number six in the US . In November 2005 , 50 Cent starred in the movie Get Rich or Die Tryin ' , and recorded four singles for the film 's soundtrack : the international hits `` Hustler 's Ambition '' and `` Window Shopper '' , and also `` Best Friend '' and `` I 'll Whip Ya Head Boy '' .   In 2007 , 50 Cent 's third studio album , Curtis , debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 , behind Kanye West 's album Graduation , after a much-hyped sales competition between the albums . Five singles were released from the album , including international hit `` Ayo Technology '' and Billboard hits `` Straight to the Bank '' , `` Amusement Park '' , `` I Get Money '' and `` I 'll Still Kill '' . In 2009 , he released his fourth studio album , Before I Self Destruct . Music critics described the album as a return to the darker , more intense style of music that 50 Cent exhibited on many of his early mixtapes . The album charted at number five on the Billboard 200 and peaked in the top twenty of several album charts worldwide . The album features two singles : the international hit `` Baby by Me '' , which peaked at number twenty-eight in the US , and `` Do You Think About Me '' .   In June 2014 , 50 Cent released his fifth studio album , Animal Ambition . All of the songs on the standard edition of the album were released as singles prior to the album being delivered to the public . His upcoming sixth studio album , titled Street King Immortal , was preceded by the release of the non-album song `` Outlaw '' , which peaked at number eighty-seven in both the US and Canada , and a free download album -- 5 ( Murder by Numbers ) -- on July 6 , 2012 . Four singles were released in promotion for Street King Immortal : `` New Day '' , `` My Life '' , which reached number two on the UK Singles Chart , `` Major Distribution '' , and `` We Up '' , but the songs were scrapped and the album is now set to be released in 2016 .

neg: Mockingbird (Eminem song) `` Mockingbird '' is a song by American rapper Eminem from his fifth studio album Encore ( 2004 ) . It was released as the fifth single from the album in April 2005 . It peaked at number eleven on the Billboard Hot 100 , and number four in the United Kingdom . It received a Grammy nomination for Best Rap Solo Performance . `` Mockingbird '' was later included on Eminem 's greatest hits compilation album Curtain Call : The Hits ( 2005 ) .   The song is another that addresses Eminem 's relationship with his daughter Hailie Jade , his adopted daughter Alaina and his relationship with his wife Kim . The single cover features a still from the video with Eminem sitting on the couch . This song was also featured on the 2005 compilation album Now That 's What I Call Music 19 ( U.S. series ) .

neg: Busta Rhymes Trevor George Smith Jr. ( born May 20 , 1972 ) , better known by his stage name Busta Rhymes , is an American rapper , actor , record producer and record executive . Chuck D of Public Enemy gave him the moniker Busta Rhymes , after NFL wide receiver George `` Buster '' Rhymes . He is widely known for his outlandish style and fashion sense depicted in several highly innovative music videos as well as his intricate rhyming technique , rapping at a high rate of speed with heavy use of internal rhyme and half rhyme , and to date has received 11 Grammy Award nominations for his musical work .   About.com included him on its list of the 50 Greatest MCs of Our Time ( 1987 -- 2007 ) , while Steve Huey of AllMusic called him one of the best and most prolific rappers of the 1990s . In 2012 , The Source placed him on their list of the Top 50 Lyricists of All Time . MTV has called him `` one of hip-hop 's greatest visual artists . ''   Busta Rhymes was an original member of Leaders of the New School . He later went on and founded the record label Conglomerate ( initially Flipmode Entertainment ) and production crew The Conglomerate ( formerly Flipmode Squad ) . In November 2011 , Busta Rhymes signed a deal with Cash Money Records . On July 23 , 2014 , Busta Rhymes announced that he left Cash Money Records due to creative differences and was no longer on Republic . In 2016 Rhymes signed with Epic for his upcoming album due to be released in early 2017 .   He has so far released nine studio albums , with the first being the 1996 platinum-selling album The Coming . His list of hit singles include `` Woo Hah !! Got You All in Check '' , `` Put Your Hands Where My Eyes Could See '' , `` Dangerous '' , `` Turn It Up ( Remix ) / Fire It Up '' , `` Gim me Some More '' , `` What 's It Gon na Be ?! '' , `` Pass the Courvoisier , Part II '' , `` I Know What You Want '' and `` Touch It '' , among several others .

neg: 400 Degreez 400 Degreez is the 3rd studio album by Magnolia Projects , New Orleans , Louisiana-based rapper Juvenile . The album was released on November 3 , 1998 , on Cash Money Records . It remains Juvenile 's best-selling album of his solo career and currently the best-selling album ever released on Cash Money Records along with Drake 's Views ( album ) . The album was certified 4x Platinum by the RIAA , on December 19 , 1999 .   Two singles , `` Ha '' and `` Back That Azz Up '' became hip hop hits in the United States . `` Back That Azz Up '' peaked at # 19 on the Billboard Hot 100 music chart along with `` Ha '' which peaked at # 68 on the hot 100 music chart . The album peaked at # 2 on Billboard 's Top R&B / Hip Hop Albums music chart and at # 9 on the Billboard 200 music chart in 1999 . It also went to claim the # 1 position on the Top R&B / Hip Hop Albums chart on the Billboard Year-End chart for 1999 . As a single , `` Back That Azz Up '' was released , credited , and charted as the more censored `` Back That Thang Up '' . Also the album features a bonus remix of the single `` Ha '' with New York rapper Jay-Z , the only guest appearance outside of Cash Money and the 1st time Ca $ h Money collaborated with an east coast rapper on a song . As of 2013 , 400 Degreez has sold well over 5 million copies worldwide . The album won R&B Album Of The Year at the 1999 Billboard Music Awards .

neg: Danny Brown Daniel Dewan Sewell ( born March 16 , 1981 ) , better known by his stage name Danny Brown , is an American rapper from Detroit , Michigan . He is best known for his individuality , being described by MTV as `` one of rap 's most unique figures in recent memory '' . In 2010 , after amassing several mixtapes , Brown released his debut studio album , The Hybrid . Brown began to gain major recognition after the release of his second studio album , XXX , which received critical acclaim and earned him such accolades as Spin , as well as Metro Times `` Artist of the Year '' . In 2013 , he entered a US Billboard chart , with the release of his third studio album , Old , which reached number 18 on the US Billboard 200 chart and spawned three singles , `` Dip '' , `` 25 Bucks '' and `` Smokin & Drinkin '' . His latest studio album , Atrocity Exhibition , was released on September 27 , 2016 .

neg: Blood Money (Mobb Deep album) Blood Money is the seventh studio album by hip-hop duo Mobb Deep , released on May 2 , 2006 . It is the group 's first and only album on G-Unit & Interscope Records . It features guest appearances by several G-Unit artists , including G-Unit members 50 Cent , Lloyd Banks , Tony Yayo , Young Buck and affiliate Nyce . The album also features artists such as Mary J. Blige and Nate Dogg . Blood Money is the first Mobb Deep studio album to not feature rapper Big Noyd .

neg: Get Rich or Die Tryin' (soundtrack) Get Rich or Die Tryin ' : Music from and Inspired by the Motion Picture is the soundtrack to the 2005 film of the same name , released on November 8 , 2005 on G-Unit and Interscope Records . It features artists on the G-Unit label such as 50 Cent , Lloyd Banks , Young Buck , Tony Yayo , Olivia , and Mobb Deep . The album sold 320,000 copies in the first week , debuting behind country singer Kenny Chesney 's The Road and the Radio . In December 2005 , the RIAA certified the album Platinum . To date , the album has sold over three million copies worldwide .

neg: Cashis Ramone Johnson , better known by his stage name Cashis ( stylized as Ca $ his ) , is an American rapper who was born and raised in Chicago , but moved to Irvine , California . He was most notably featured on the Shady Records album Eminem Presents : The Re-Up with Eminem and the record label , and released The County Hound EP in 2007 . The County Hound EP sold 6,700 copies in its first week and debuted on the US Billboard 200 at number 106 . He 's best known for appearing on Eminem 's song , `` You Do n't Know '' , featuring 50 Cent and Lloyd Banks .   In August 2011 on his mixtape Rooftop Series Vol .1 , in the intro , Cashis revealed that he was leaving Shady Records , but is remaining with Bogish Brand Entertainment . After many delays , his solo debut album , The Art of Dying , was released independently on October 30 , 2012 , but failed to chart . On October 15 , 2013 , he released his second studio album The County Hound 2 , which contained significant production from Eminem and was supported by five retail singles .

neg: DJ Mustard Dijon Isaiah McFarlane ( born June 5 , 1990 ) , professionally known as DJ Mustard , is an American record producer , songwriter and DJ from Los Angeles , California . He is a frequent collaborator of Compton-bred rapper YG , and has produced numerous singles for hip hop and R&B artists since his entrance into mainstream music in 2011 . Mustard 's production style has been described as an up-tempo , club oriented , catchy yet rudimentary melodic hip hop style . This style has snowballed into the contemporary production style of West Coast hip hop during the early 2010s , which he calls `` ratchet music '' . Almost all of his productions begin or end with the tag `` Mustard on the beat , hoe ! '' , a voice sample of YG , who says it at the end of `` I 'm Good '' , one of their early collaborations , as well as claps and repetition of the word `` hey '' . Mustard 's debut album , 10 Summers , was released on August 26 , 2014 .

neg: Street King Immortal Street King Immortal is the upcoming sixth studio album by American rapper 50 Cent , set to be released through G-Unit Records , Caroline Records and Capitol Records .   Initially reported to be released during the summer of 2011 , the release date of Street King Immortal has since been revised on several occasions . Officially announced release dates of November 13 , 2012 ; February 26 , 2013 ; and August 18 , 2016 have come and gone , with one online music forum , perhaps sardonically , classifying the album as `` Comin Never '' .

neg: The Lost Tape (mixtape) The Lost Tape is the tenth mixtape by American hip hop recording artist 50 Cent . The mixtape , hosted by DJ Drama , is 50 Cent 's first `` Gangsta Grillz '' mixtape . It was released as a free download on May 22 , 2012 .

neg: Major Distribution `` Major Distribution '' is a song by American hip hop recording artist 50 Cent , released as a single in promotion for his upcoming fifth studio album Street King Immortal . The song premiered on December 20 , 2012 , on New York City radio station Hot 97 with DJ Enuff . The song , produced by Soul Professa , features fellow American rappers Snoop Dogg and Young Jeezy . It was made available for purchase on February 5 , 2013 .

neg: Double Barrel (album) Double Barrel is an album made in collaboration between American rapper Torae and Canadian hip hop producer Marco Polo . The album was released on June 2 , 2009 by Duck Down Music Inc. . It was preceded by Marco Polo 's critically well-received debut album Port Authority ( 2007 ) , and Torae 's inaugural release Daily Conversation ( 2008 ) on which Polo has produced three tracks .   The album was executive produced by both artists , along with DJ Linx , Shylow of First Division , and Theo Bark . Associate producers include Duck Down founders Drew `` Dru-Ha '' Friedman and Kenyatta `` Buckshot '' Blake . The album features guest appearances from DJ Premier , Lil Fame of M.O.P. , Rock of Heltah Skeltah , Guilty Simpson , Masta Ace , Sean Price , S-Roc of BrassMunk , and Saukrates . Scratches are provided by DJ Revolution , DJ Linx , and Shylow . The album was recorded by Marco Polo at The Krib , and was mixed and mastered by Ricardo Gutierrez at Stadium Red in New York City .   The album was preceded by the 12-inch single `` Double Barrel '' featuring DJ Revolution , with B-side `` Hold Up '' featuring Masta Ace and Sean Price , and `` Combat Drills '' . The track `` Danger '' is featured on the soundtrack of the 2013 superhero action comedy film Kick-Ass 2 as well as a backdrop music for the 1st Mission of Call of Duty Modern Warfare 2 .

neg: All American Gangsta All American Gangsta is the sixth album by southern rapper E.S.G. .

neg: Ratchet (slang) Ratchet is a slang term in hip hop that in the strictest sense refers to an uncouth female , and is a Louisianan regiolect of `` wretched '' . The term has devolved to multiple meanings and connotations and is not bound by race or gender . The term gained popularity in 2012 through music artists and celebrities . It has been used similarly as the word `` ghetto '' . `` Ratchet '' can be used as an adjective , noun , or verb . The word has evolved to have many different meanings , and it can have either a positive or negative connotation . Some African-American women have reappropriated the word and embrace the meaning , whereas others point to how the term reinforces the negative portrayal of African-American women in the media .   Numerous music artists have referred to the term `` ratchet '' in their songs . In November 2012 , LL Cool J released a single called `` Ratchet '' . In December 2012 , Beyoncé posted a picture of her wearing earrings that contained the word `` ratchet '' in it . Juicy J , Lil Debbie , Cam ` ron , Future , and Lil ' Boosie are some other artists who have also used the term in their music . Miley Cyrus had been criticized by some as appropriating ratchet culture .   The word ratchet first appeared in publication in 1999 , with the song `` Do the Ratchet '' by Anthony Mandigo from Shreveport , Louisiana . Mandigo reportedly learned the term from his grandmother . In 2004 , a new version of the song was recorded . The producer of the song named Earl Williams , also known as Phunk Dawg , wrote the definition in the CD liner notes : `` n. , pron. , v , adv. , 1 . To be ghetto , real , gutter , nasty . 2 . It 's whatever , bout it , etc. . ''

neg: The Killa Chronicles The Killa Chronicles is rapper Cam ` Ron 's sixth major release under Asylum Records/Diplomat Records . It was originally titled Shade of Black and was set for release by December 2006 . However , the album has been continuously pushed back for undisclosed reasons . On April 4 , 2007 , Cam ` Ron stated that he will be renaming his sixth studio album `` Courtesy Curtis '' because of the beef between himself and fellow New York City rapper , 50 Cent . However , due to the inactivity of the feud between the two , Cam ` Ron , as of July 26 , 2007 , has officially announced on his myspace page that the name of his upcoming album is The Killa Chronicles .

neg: Country Grammar Country Grammar is the debut studio album by American rapper Nelly . It was released on June 27 , 2000 , by Universal Records ( who released the album after listening to demos by Nelly , before signing a record deal with the rapper in 1999 ) . The production on the album was handled by Jason `` Jay E '' Epperson , with additional production by C-Love , Kevin Law , City Spud , Steve `` Blast '' Wills and Basement Beats . Nelly contributed to all lyrics on the album , with Epperson and City Spud also contributing . The album introduced a unique Saint Louis , Midwestern sound , and introduces Nelly 's vocal style of pop-rap singalongs and Midwestern , Missouri twang . It was supported four successful singles : `` Country Grammar ( Hot Shit ) '' , `` E.I. '' , `` Ride wit Me '' and `` Batter Up '' . Its lead single , `` Country Grammar ( Hot Shit ) '' , peaked at number 7 on the Billboard Hot 100 and UK Singles Chart . `` E.I. '' charted at number 16 , number 12 and number 11 on the Hot 100 , UK Singles Chart and ARIA Singles Chart , respectively . `` Ride wit Me '' peaked within the top five on the Hot 100 , ARIA Singles Chart , Irish Singles Chart and UK Singles Chart . The album 's fourth and final single , `` Batter Up '' featuring Murphy Lee and Ali , achieved moderate chart success .   Country Grammar received positive reviews , with critics praising Nelly 's vocal style and the album 's production . It topped the US Billboard 200 chart for five consecutive weeks , and the US Top R&B / Hip-Hop Albums chart for six consecutive weeks . It peaked in the top five on the New Zealand Albums Chart and Australian Albums Chart , as well as the top ten on the Canadian Albums Chart and Dutch Albums Chart . The album was certified three times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) and Music Canada ( MC ) , denoting shipments of 45,000 and 300,000 copies , respectively .   In 2016 , Country Grammar became the ninth hip hop album to be certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , denoting shipment of 10 million copies in the US . Its commercial success secured Nelly 's status as one of the most successful hip hop acts of the 2000s decade . On Billboard decade-end chart , Nelly ranked as the third most successful act of the 2000s decade , due largely to the success of Country Grammar and his follow-up album Nellyville ( 2002 ) .

neg: Grand Hustle Records Grand Hustle Records ( formerly Grand Hustle Entertainment ) , also known as Hustle Gang Music , is an Atlanta , Georgia-based record label , founded in 2001 , by American hip hop recording artist T.I. and his business partner Jason Geter . Up until December 2012 , the label was distributed by Atlantic Records . It currently operates as an independent record label . The label is home to artists such as B.o.B , Young Dro , Trae tha Truth and Travis Scott , among others . The label also houses a roster of record producers , including DJ Toomp , Lil ' C , Mars , Nard & B , TrackSlayerz and more .   The label has released 26 studio albums in total , with 13 of them being certified gold or higher , by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . Additionally , the label has released five albums that reached number one on the US Billboard 200 chart , namely King ( 2006 ) , T.I. vs. T.I.P. ( 2007 ) , Paper Trail ( 2008 ) , The Adventures of Bobby Ray ( 2010 ) and Birds in the Trap Sing McKnight ( 2016 ) . Furthermore , Grand Hustle has released multiple top 40 hit singles , including `` Bring 'Em Out '' , `` What You Know '' , `` Shoulder Lean '' , `` Whatever You Like '' , `` Live Your Life '' , `` Dead and Gone '' , `` Nothin ' on You '' , `` Airplanes '' , `` Magic '' , `` Strange Clouds '' , `` So Good '' , `` Both of Us '' , `` Antidote '' and more .

neg: Street Hop Street Hop is the fourth studio album by the American rapper Royce da 5 ' 9 '' , released in the United States on October 20 , 2009 , on One Records . It is the follow-up to his previous album Independent 's Day ( 2005 ) . At the release of Success Is Certain ( August 9 , 2011 ) , Street Hop sold approximately 24,000 units in the United States via HitsDailyDouble .

neg: S.D.E. (album) S.D.E. ( Sports , Drugs & Entertainment ) is the second studio album by Harlem rapper Cam ` ron . The album was originally titled `` The Rough , Rough , Rough Album '' and was set for a 1999 release , however the project was pushed back to 2000 and many new songs were recorded . The album was finally released on September 19 , 2000 , by Epic Records . It features guest appearances from Destiny 's Child , Noreaga , Dutch & Spade from the rap group Major Figgas , Ol' Dirty Bastard , Prodigy ( of Mobb Deep ) , and his Diplomats group members Freekey Zekey , Juelz Santana , and Jim Jones .


query: Julius Caesar is a politician.

pos: Julius Caesar (1953 film) Julius Caesar is a 1953 epic Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film adaptation of the play by Shakespeare , directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz , who also wrote the uncredited screenplay , and produced by John Houseman . The original music score is by Miklós Rózsa . The film stars Marlon Brando as Mark Antony , James Mason as Brutus , John Gielgud as Cassius , Louis Calhern as Julius Caesar , Edmond O'Brien as Casca , Greer Garson as Calpurnia , and Deborah Kerr as Portia .

neg: Dictator A dictator is a political leader who wields absolute power . A state ruled by a dictator is called a dictatorship . The word originated as the title of a magistrate in the Roman Republic appointed by the Senate to rule the republic in times of emergency ( see Roman dictator and justitium ) .   Like the term `` tyrant '' ( which was originally a respectable Ancient Greek title ) , and to a lesser degree `` autocrat '' , `` dictator '' came to be used almost exclusively as a non-titular term for oppressive , even abusive rule , yet had rare modern titular use .   In modern usage , the term `` dictator '' is generally used to describe a leader who holds and/or abuses an extraordinary amount of personal power , especially the power to make laws without effective restraint by a legislative assembly . Dictatorships are often characterised by some of the following traits : suspension of elections and of civil liberties ; proclamation of a state of emergency ; rule by decree ; repression of political opponents without abiding by rule of law procedures ; these include one-party state , and cult of personality .   The term `` dictator '' is comparable to but not synonymous with the ancient concept of a tyrant ; initially `` tyrant '' , like `` dictator '' , did not carry negative connotations . A wide variety of leaders coming to power in a number of different kinds of regimes , such as military juntas , one-party states and civilian governments under personal rule , have been described as dictators . They may hold left or right-wing views , or may be apolitical .

neg: Roman Republic (disambiguation) The Roman Republic was the phase of Ancient Roman civilization characterized by a republican form of government .   Roman Republic may also refer to :  Commune of Rome in the 12th Century  Roman Republic ( 18th century ) , a state that existed in Italy from 1798 -- 1800 as a client republic under the French Directory  Roman Republic ( 19th century ) , a short-lived Revolutionary state in 1849

neg: History of democracy A democracy is a political system , or a system of decision-making within an institution or organization , in which all members have an equal share of power . Modern democracies are characterized by two capabilities that differentiate them fundamentally from earlier forms of government : the capacity to intervene in their own societies and the recognition of their sovereignty by an international legalistic framework of similarly sovereign states . -LSB- 2 -RSB- Democratic government is commonly juxtaposed with oligarchic and monarchic systems , which are rule by a minority and a sole monarch respectively .   Democracy in its earliest forms is generally associated with the efforts of the ancient Greeks and Romans , who were themselves considered the founders of Western civilization by the 18th century intellectuals who attempted to leverage these early democratic experiments into a new template for post-monarchical political organization . The extent to which these 18th century democratic revivalists succeeded in turning the democratic ideals of the ancient Greeks and Romans into the dominant political institution of the next 300 years is hardly debatable , even if the moral justifications they often employed might be . Nevertheless , the critical historical juncture catalyzed by the resurrection of democratic ideals and institutions fundamentally transformed the ensuing centuries and has dominated the international landscape since the dismantling of the final vestige of empire following the end of the Second World War .   Modern representative democracies attempt to bridge the gulf between the Hobbesian ` state of nature ' and the grip of authoritarianism through ` social contracts ' that enshrine the rights of the citizens , curtail the power of the state , and grant agency through the right to vote .

neg: Wife of Julius Nepos The wife of Julius Nepos was the last empress of the Roman Empire in the West , whose husband reigned from 474 through 480 , although he was in exile from his capital after 475 . His surname , Nepos ( `` nephew '' ) , he obtained through his marriage . His wife 's given name is not in any primary source , all of which report her as the neptis of Leo I the Thracian of the Roman Empire in the East ( 457 -- 74 ) , and his spouse Verina . The word neptis could translate as granddaughter , niece or ( close ) relative , but it is usually assumed that Julius ' wife was Leo 's niece , and more likely related by blood to Verina rather than Leo . The historian Malchus reports , `` Verina also joined in urging this , giving a helping hand to the wife of Nepos , her relative '' .   Julius ' marriage may have been part of a pattern of family patronage : `` marriage into the imperial family was a highly advantegeous affair , and marriage to an emperor 's daughter allowed the son-in-law to hope for the purple '' . Both emperors and empresses once elevated to their position would attempt to promote relatives to high offices and help them marry into illustrious lineages . While these extended families on occasion failed to succeed to the throne , they did manage to endure political upheavals and remain prominent for generations .   Verina certainly seems to have played her part in advancing relatives . Between 468 and 476 , Basiliscus , Armatus and Nepos assumed high-ranking military positions . All three were related to her by blood or marriage . During the same period , Verina 's daughters Ariadne and Leontia were married respectively to Zeno and Marcian , later an emperor and a usurper , respectively . She may even had something to do with the rise to prominence of the barbarian Odoacer , theorised to be her nephew .   Maybe her name was Aelia .

neg: Clearchus (consul 384) Clearchus was a Roman politician who was consul of the Roman Empire in 384 AD .

neg: Roman censor The censor was an officer in ancient Rome who was responsible for maintaining the census , supervising public morality , and overseeing certain aspects of the government 's finances .   The censors ' regulation of public morality is the origin of the modern meaning of the words `` censor '' and `` censorship '' .

neg: Curia Julia The Curia Julia ( -LSB- Curia Iulia , links = no -RSB- , -LSB- Curia Iulia , links = no -RSB- ) is the third named Curia , or Senate House , in the ancient city of Rome . It was built in 44 BC , when Julius Caesar replaced Faustus Cornelius Sulla 's reconstructed Curia Cornelia , which itself had replaced the Curia Hostilia . Caesar did so to redesign both spaces within the Comitium and the Roman Forum . The alterations within the Comitium reduced the prominence of the Senate and cleared the original space . The work , however , was interrupted by Caesar 's assassination at the Theatre of Pompey , where the Senate had been meeting temporarily while the work was completed . The project was eventually finished by Caesar 's successor , Augustus Caesar , in 29 BC .   The Curia Julia is one of only a handful of Roman structures that still survives mostly intact because of its conversion into the basilica of Sant ` Adriano al Foro in the 7th century and several later restorations . However , the roof , the upper elevations of the side walls and the rear façade are modern and date from the remodeling of the deconsecrated church , in the 1930s .

neg: Sextus Julius Caesar (governor of Syria) Sextus Julius Sex . f. Sex . n. Caesar was a cousin of the Roman general Gaius Julius Caesar , and served as one of his lieutenants during the Civil War . He was killed in a revolt of the soldiers while still a young man .

neg: Lucius Cornelius Cinna (suffect consul) Lucius Cornelius Cinna ( flourished 1st century BC ) was the son of the consul Lucius Cornelius Cinna , who was a supporter of politician Gaius Marius . His sister , Cornelia , was the first wife of dictator Julius Caesar and he was the maternal uncle of their daughter Julia Caesaris . Cinna was a member of the gens Cornelia , who were of patrician status .

neg: Rich Julius Richard Todd Julius is an information architect , software executive , and entrepreneur . He holds both American and Irish citizenship .

neg: Servius Tullius Servius Tullius was the legendary sixth king of Rome , and the second of its Etruscan dynasty . He reigned 575 -- 535 BC . Roman and Greek sources describe his servile origins and later marriage to a daughter of Lucius Tarquinius Priscus , Rome 's first Etruscan king , who was assassinated in 579 BC . Servius is said to have been the first Roman king to accede without election by the Senate , having gained the throne by popular support ; and the first to be elected by the Senate alone , without reference to the people .   Several traditions describe Servius ' father as divine . Livy depicts Servius ' mother as a captured Latin princess enslaved by the Romans ; her child is chosen as Rome 's future king after a ring of fire is seen around his head . The Emperor Claudius discounted such origins and described him as an originally Etruscan mercenary , named Mastarna , who fought for Caelius Vibenna .   Servius was a popular king , and one of Rome 's most significant benefactors . He had military successes against Veii and the Etruscans , and expanded the city to include the Quirinal , Viminal and Esquiline hills . He is traditionally credited with the institution of the Compitalia festivals , the building of temples to Fortuna and Diana and , less plausibly , the invention of Rome 's first true coinage .   Despite the opposition of Rome 's patricians , he expanded the Roman franchise and improved the lot and fortune of Rome 's lowest classes of citizens and non-citizens . According to Livy , he reigned for 44 years , until murdered by his daughter Tullia and son-in-law Tarquinius Superbus . In consequence of this `` tragic crime '' and his hubristic arrogance as king , Tarquinius was eventually removed . This cleared the way for the abolition of Rome 's monarchy and the founding of the Roman Republic , whose groundwork had already been laid by Servius ' reforms .

neg: Servius Cornelius Scipio Salvidienus Orfitus (consul 51) Servius Cornelius Scipio Salvidienus Orfitus was a Roman senator and a consul ordinarius for the year 51 , as the colleague of the emperor Claudius . His father Orfitus was a son of Vistilia , a noblewoman who came from a family which held the praetorship .   In 62-63 , he was named proconsul of the Province of Africa . Tacitus records him proposing in 65 that the months May and June be renamed `` Claudius '' and `` Germanicus '' respectively in honor of the emperor Nero . Despite this flattery , he fell into disgrace the following year , accused in the Senate by Marcus Aquilius Regulus of being a traitor to Nero . He was found guilty and executed .   His grandson , Servius Cornelius Scipio Salvidienus Orfitus followed in his footsteps and became consul of Rome in the year 110 under the emperor Trajan .

neg: Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther Publius Cornelius Lentulus , nicknamed Spinther because of his likeness to a popular actor of that name , came from an ancient Roman patrician family of the Cornelia gens . Although treated with great favour by Julius Caesar , Spinther eventually came to support the aristocratic senatorial cause of Caesar 's great rival Pompeius Magnus and to align himself with the Optimates party . This proved an unwise move that would eventually lead to his political destruction and perhaps to his death .

neg: The Twelve Caesars De vita Caesarum ( Latin ; literal translation : About the Life of the Caesars ) , commonly known as The Twelve Caesars , is a set of twelve biographies of Julius Caesar and the first 11 emperors of the Roman Empire written by Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus .   The work , written in AD 121 during the reign of the emperor Hadrian , was the most popular work of Suetonius , at that time Hadrian 's personal secretary , and is the largest among his surviving writings . It was dedicated to a friend , the Praetorian prefect Gaius Septicius Clarus .   The Twelve Caesars is considered very significant in antiquity and remains a primary source on Roman history . The book discusses the significant and critical period of the Principate from the end of the Republic to the reign of Domitian ; comparisons are often made with Tacitus whose surviving works document a similar period .

neg: Julius (disambiguation) Julius is the name of a Roman family , most famously the dictator Gaius Julius Caesar . The name Julius may be derived from Greek ιουλος ( ioulos ) `` downy-bearded '' or from Latin Jovilius `` devoted to Jove '' .  Julio/J úlio is the Spanish/Portuguese form and Jules is the French form .   Julius may also refer to :

neg: Augustan History The Augustan History ( Latin : Historia Augusta ) is a late Roman collection of biographies , written in Latin , of the Roman Emperors , their junior colleagues , designated heirs and usurpers of the period 117 to 284 . Supposedly modeled on the similar work of Suetonius , The Twelve Caesars , it presents itself as a compilation of works by six different authors ( collectively known as the Scriptores Historiae Augustae ) , written during the reigns of Diocletian and Constantine I and addressed to those emperors or other important personages in Rome . The collection , as extant , comprises thirty biographies , most of which contain the life of a single emperor , while some include a group of two or more , grouped together merely because these emperors were either similar or contemporaneous .   However , the true authorship of the work , its actual date , and its purpose , have long been matters for controversy amongst historians and scholars , ever since Hermann Dessau in 1889 rejected both the date and the authorship as stated within the manuscript . Major problems include the nature of the sources it used , and how much of the content is pure fiction . For instance , the collection contains in all about 150 alleged documents , including 68 letters , 60 speeches and proposals to the people or the senate , and 20 senatorial decrees and acclamations . Virtually all of these are now considered to be fraudulent .   By the second decade of the 21st century , the overall consensus supported the position that there was only a single author who was writing either at the end of the 4th century or the beginning of the 5th century , and who was interested in blending contemporary issues ( political , religious and social ) into the lives of the 3rd century emperors . Further , that the author used the fictitious elements in the work to highlight references to other published works , such as to Cicero and Ammianus Marcellinus in a complex allegorical game . Despite these conundrums , it is the only continuous account in Latin for much of its period and is thus continually being re-evaluated , since modern historians are unwilling to abandon it as a unique source of possible information , despite its obvious untrustworthiness on many levels .

neg: Roman Constitution The Roman Constitution was an uncodified set of guidelines and principles passed down mainly through precedent . The Roman constitution was not formal or even official , largely unwritten and constantly evolving . Having those characteristics , it was therefore more like the British common law system than a statutory law system like the written United States Constitution , even though the constitution 's evolution through the years was often directed by passage of new laws and repeal of older ones .   Concepts that originated in the Roman constitution live on in both forms of government to this day . Examples include checks and balances , the separation of powers , vetoes , filibusters , quorum requirements , term limits , impeachments , the powers of the purse , and regularly scheduled elections . Even some lesser used modern constitutional concepts , such as the bloc voting found in the electoral college of the United States , originate from ideas found in the Roman constitution .   Over the years , the Roman constitution continuously evolved . By the late 5th century BC , the Constitution of the Roman Kingdom had given way to the Constitution of the Roman Republic . By 27 BC , the Constitution of the Roman Republic had transformed into the Constitution of the Roman Empire . By 300 AD , the Constitution of the Roman Empire had been reformed into the Constitution of the Late Roman Empire . The actual changes , however , were quite gradual . Together , these four constitutions formed four epochs in the continuous evolution of one master constitution .

neg: Liberty pole A liberty pole is a tall wooden pole , often used as a type of flagstaff , planted in the ground , surmounted by a Phrygian cap . The symbol originated in the immediate aftermath of the assassination of Roman dictator Julius Caesar by a group of Rome 's Senators in 44 BC . Immediately after Caesar was killed , the leaders of the assassination plot went to meet a crowd of Romans at the Roman Forum ; a pileus ( a kind of skullcap that identified a freed slave ) was placed atop a pole to symbolize that the Roman people had been freed from the rule of Caesar , which the assassins claimed had become a tyranny because it overstepped the authority of the Senate and thus betrayed the Republic . During the French revolution , the Roman pileus was confused with the Phrygian cap , and this mis-identification then led to the use of the Phrygian cap as a symbol of republicanism .

neg: Appius Claudius Pulcher (consul 212 BC) Appius Claudius Pulcher ( Latin : APP • CLAVDIVS • P • F • APP • N • PVLCHER ) was a Roman politician of the 3rd century BC , active in the Second Punic War .

neg: Pro tempore Pro tempore ( -LSB- ˌproʊ_ˈtɛmpəri -RSB- , -LSB- ˌproʊ_ˈtɛmpərɛ -RSB- or -LSB- ˌproʊ_ˈtɛmpəreɪ -RSB- ) , abbreviated pro tem or p.t. , is a Latin phrase which best translates to `` for the time being '' in English . This phrase is often used to describe a person who acts as a locum tenens ( placeholder ) in the absence of a superior , such as the President pro tempore of the United States Senate , who acts in place of the President of the United States Senate , the Vice President of the United States .   Legislative bodies can have one or more pro tempore for the presiding officer . These positions ostensibly go to legislators experienced in floor debate who are familiar with the content and application of relevant rules and precedents and who have a reputation for fairness among their colleagues .


query: There are several championships in open wheel IndyCar racing that Paul Newman won.

pos: Paul Newman Paul Leonard Newman ( January 26 , 1925 -- September 26 , 2008 ) was an American actor , IndyCar driver , entrepreneur , and philanthropist . He won and was nominated for numerous awards , winning an Academy Award for his performance in the 1986 film The Color of Money , a BAFTA Award , a Screen Actors Guild Award , a Cannes Film Festival Award , an Emmy Award , and many others . Newman 's other films include The Hustler ( 1961 ) , Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid ( 1969 ) as Butch Cassidy , The Sting ( 1973 ) , and The Verdict ( 1982 ) . However , he is perhaps best remembered for his role as the title character in Cool Hand Luke ( 1967 ) .   Despite being colorblind , Newman won several national championships as a driver in Sports Car Club of America road racing , and his race teams won several championships in open wheel IndyCar racing . He was a co-founder of Newman 's Own , a food company from which he donated all post-tax profits and royalties to charity . As of January 2017 , these donations have totaled over US$ 485 million . He was also a co-founder of Safe Water Network , a nonprofit that develops sustainable drinking water solutions for those in need . In 1988 , Newman founded the SeriousFun Children 's Network , a global family of summer camps and programs for children with serious illness which has served 290,076 children since its inception .

neg: AAA Contest Board The AAA Contest Board was the motorsports arm of American Automobile Association . The contest board sanctioned automobile races from 1904 until 1955 , establishing the genre of Championship Car racing . The modern day discipline of `` IndyCar '' racing traces its roots directly to the AAA events .   All of the races at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway during that time period were sanctioned by AAA , including the Indianapolis 500 . AAA sanctioned the 1905 National Motor Car Championship , the first national championship for major auto racing . It sanctioned the National Championship in 1916 , and then from 1920 to 1955 . It also sanctioned the Vanderbilt Cup .   The AAA Contest Board dissolved and decided to focus strictly on helping the automobiling public , as a result of the 1955 Le Mans disaster .

neg: 2007 Indianapolis 500 The 91st Indianapolis 500 was held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway , Indiana on Sunday May 27 , 2007 . It was the twelfth Indy 500 sanctioned by the Indy Racing League , and marked the fifth race of the 2007 IndyCar Series season . Hélio Castroneves started the race on the pole position .   The race began at 1:11 p.m. EDT , and was televised in the United States on the ABC . The race was broadcast in high-definition for the first time . The race also was carried live on the IMS Radio Network and XM Satellite Radio .   On lap 113 , the race underwent a lengthy rain delay , with Tony Kanaan tentatively sitting as the leader . After three hours , the rain ceased , the track was dried , and the race restarted shortly before 6:15 p.m. EDT . A crash on lap 162 between Dan Wheldon and Marco Andretti brought out the yellow flag with Dario Franchitti leading . Under the caution , rain began falling again and officials halted the race on lap 166 . Dario Franchitti was declared the winner after leading 34 laps during the race .   For the first time , all entries utilized a 100 % percent fuel-grade Ethanol blend , after 42 years of utilizing methanol . The fuel was actually a denatured 98 % ethanol / 2 % gasoline blend ( E98 ) . The 2007 race was also the final 500 to see the Panoz chassis in the race

neg: Michael Andretti Michael Mario Andretti ( born October 5 , 1962 ) is a retired American racing driver , who won the 1991 CART PPG Indy Car World Series . A legend in CART , he drove in the series both before and after his time in Formula One with McLaren , becoming the third most successful driver in CART history with 42 race victories . Since retiring from the cockpit , he runs his own IndyCar team , which runs his son , Marco Andretti , as well as a team in the FIA Formula E Championship . Andretti is the son of Mario Andretti .   He won the 1982 Robert Bosch US Formula Super Vee Championship , and FIA Formula Mondial North American Cup the following season .

neg: IndyCar Series The IndyCar Series ( currently known as the Verizon IndyCar Series for sponsorship reasons ) is the premier level of open wheel racing in North America . Its parent company began in 1996 as a competitor to CART known as the Indy Racing League ( IRL ) which was created by then Indianapolis Motor Speedway owner Tony George . In 2008 , the IndyCar Series merged with the Champ Car World Series ( formerly CART ) . The series is sanctioned by INDYCAR .   The series ' premier event is the Indianapolis 500 .

neg: A. J. Watson A. J. Watson ( May 8 , 1924 -- May 12 , 2014 ) was a car builder and chief mechanic from 1949 through 1984 in the Indianapolis 500 , winning the race six times as a car builder . Rodger Ward won 18 races driving Watson cars .   A native of southern California , Watson came to Indianapolis in 1948 but missed the race . He returned the following year with a home-built car that failed to qualify . For the next 11 years , his cars not only qualified but were leaders in many years .   From 1955 to 1958 he was associated with the John Zink team , and from 1959 on with Bob Wilke . His first win as a car builder came in 1956 when Pat Flaherty drove the John Zink entry to victory in that year 's Indy 500 . Watson had won the previous year as a crew chief for Bob Sweikert . Watson 's cars dominated the race through 1964 . Although he continued entering cars for another two decades , he was never able to regain the commanding position of his heyday .   In 1964 , with many teams following Lotus 's example and moving to rear-engined `` funny cars '' , Watson built a pair of cars based on Rolla Vollstedt 's successful car . These worked reasonably well but could not reproduce the success he had with his front-engined `` roadsters '' . He built monocoque rear-engined cars in 1966 and 1967 with ever-decreasing success .   From 1969 until 1977 , Watson ran Eagles and then built a small series of highly derivative new `` Watson '' cars in 1977 , 1978 and again in 1982 based on Lightning and March designs before retiring . He is frequently listed on the Indy 500 entry sheet as the `` race strategist '' for PDM Racing , though his role with the team is largely honorary . He died on May 12 , 2014 at the age of 90 .

neg: 1928 Indianapolis 500 The 16th International 500-Mile Sweepstakes Race was held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway on Wednesday , May 30 , 1928 . This was the first Indianapolis 500 presided over by new Speedway president Eddie Rickenbacker . Rain threatened to wash out the day , but the showers stopped and the race started on time . One brief shower slowed the race around the 400-mile mark , bringing out the yellow flag for a few laps .   It was the third year contested with the supercharged 91 cu . in . ( 1.5 L ) displacement engine formula . A total of seven supercharged front-wheel drive cars were entered , and they swept the front row during time trials . Leon Duray in a Miller took the pole position with an average speed of 122.391 mi/h , a new track record . Duray dominated much of the first half of the race , setting a blistering pace . He dropped out in the second half , however , due to an overheating engine .   With twenty laps to go , Tony Gulotta led Jimmy Gleason and Louis Meyer . All three cars were running nose-to-tail . On lap 181 , Gulotta slowed with a leaking fuel tank and a clogged fuel line . Gleason and Meyer then battled for the lead . On lap 196 Gleason headed for the pits to take on water for the radiator . A crew member missed the radiator and accidentally doused the car 's magneto with water . The engine was ruined with a cracked water jacket in sight of victory .   Rookie driver Louis Meyer ( though he had appeared as a relief driver in 1927 ) took the first of what would be three career Indy victories . Meyer did not even land his ride until one week before the race . Car owner Phil `` Red '' Shafer entered a rear-wheel drive Miller Special for Wilbur Shaw with initial backing from a fuel pump manufacturer . The deal fell through , and Shafer abruptly sold the car to Alden Sampson II four days before time trials were scheduled to begin . Sampson hired Louis Meyer to drive the car , the same machine that Tony Gulotta drove to a third place in 1927 . Meyer put the car safely in the field in 13th starting position . He drove a steady , consistent pace , and led only once , the final 19 laps of the race . Despite predictions of record speed , and an early blistering pace , Meyer 's average speed of 99.482 mph for the 500 miles fell short of the record set in 1926 .

neg: 1980 Indianapolis 500 The 64th 500 Mile International Sweepstakes was held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway , Indiana on Sunday , May 25 , 1980 . Johnny Rutherford won the pole position , led 118 laps , and won the race by a commanding 29.92 second margin . After failing to finish the race the year before ( with Al Unser behind the wheel ) , Jim Hall 's radical new Chaparral 2K ground effects chassis was a heavy favorite entering the month , and drove a flawless race . Rutherford , the winner in 1974 and 1976 , became the sixth driver to win the Indy 500 three times .   Tom Sneva broke an Indy 500 record by becoming the first driver to start last ( 33rd ) and lead the race . Sneva led two times for 16 laps , and finished the race in second position . Sneva likewise became the first driver in Indy history to start last and finish second ( a feat tied by Scott Goodyear in 1992 ) . It was Sneva 's third runner-up finish in four years , matching Bill Holland 's achievement exactly 30 years earlier in 1947 , 1948 and 1950 . Sneva 's efforts were often branded afterwards with a `` bridesmaid '' reference , until he would finally go on to win the race in 1983 .   The starting lineup featured 10 rookies , a sharp contrast from 1979 , which had only one .   For the first time in Indy history , the three drivers that started in the eleventh and final row finished in the top eight -- 2nd , 3rd , and 8th , respectively .

neg: Chip Ganassi Floyd `` Chip '' Ganassi Jr. ( born May 24 , 1958 ) is a former American racing driver , current team owner and member of the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America . He has been involved with the North American auto racing scene for over 30 years and is considered one of the most successful as well as innovative owners ever . He is the only team owner in history to have won the Indianapolis 500 , the Daytona 500 , the Brickyard 400 , the Rolex 24 at Daytona , the 12 Hours of Sebring and most recently the 24 Hours of Le Mans - six of the seven biggest races in the world .   He is currently the owner and CEO of Chip Ganassi Racing which operates teams in the IndyCar Series , NASCAR Sprint Cup Series , and Tudor United SportsCar Championship , World Endurance Championship and in Global Rally Cross . Overall , he runs 14 cars with 18 drivers across six different touring Series .

neg: USAC Daytona 100 The Daytona 100 was a USAC Championship Car race held at Daytona International Speedway in Daytona Beach , Florida on Saturday April 4 , 1959 . It was the first and only Indy car race held on the high banks of Daytona , and saw incredible speeds turned in by the front-engined `` roadsters . '' The race was part of a triple-header weekend featuring races for the USAC Championship Cars , Formula Libre , and a USAC-FIA sports car endurance race .   Both the Champ Car and Formula Libre races were won by Jim Rathmann . However , the weekend was marred by the tragic death of George Amick , who was killed in a crash on the final lap of the Champ Car race . Amick 's death came less than two months after Marshall Teague was also killed testing a highly modified Indy roadster at the track . Despite a predicted crowd of over 30,000 spectators for the weekend , turnout was disappointing . With estimates as low as 7,000 to 10,000 in attendance for Saturday , the event was also seen as unsuccessful and a money-loser . In the wake of the tragic circumstances , the blindingly fast speeds were deemed too dangerous for the track , and the Indy cars would never again race on the Daytona International Speedway oval . The sports cars , however , would return and the Daytona Continental later became an annual event .   The Daytona 100 was the first race of the 1959 USAC Championship Trail , and the first Championship race held in the state of Florida since a board track race at Fulford -- Miami Speedway in 1926 . There would not be another Indy car race held in Florida until the Miami Grand Prix in 1985 .   In 2006 and again in 2007 , the IndyCar Series held a compatibility test on the Daytona International Speedway motorcycle road course ( which skips the west banking ) , the first time Indy type cars had driven on the track in over 45 years . The test was to evaluate the facility as a possible warm-weather testing venue ( and perhaps a future racing venue ) . However , a race was never scheduled , and the series never returned .

neg: Mark Dismore Mark Dismore ( born October 12 , 1956 in Greenfield , Indiana ) is a former driver in the Indy Racing League and the 1990 Toyota Pacific champion as well as the winner of the 1993 24 Hours of Daytona with Dan Gurney 's All American Racers in a Toyota GTP car with co-drivers Rocky Moran and P. J. Jones . He made 3 CART starts in 1991 but was badly injured in a practice crash for the Indianapolis 500 , when his car veered sharply towards the entrance of pit road at the exit of Turn 4 and back-ended the fence , only to careen across the pit lane and smash virtually head on at sizeable speed against the edge of pit wall ; this later impact virtually ripping the car in two pieces . Amongst the injuries he suffered , the most severe was a broken neck . He was largely out of open wheel racing until the 1996 Indy 500 where he drove for Team Menard though he did try to qualify in the 1992 Indianapolis 500 for Concept Motorsports in an outdated Lola/Buick . In 1997 he drove a second car at the Indy 500 for Kelley Racing and would become a full-time fixture there until the 2001 season . He returned to Menard for a partial season in 2002 . Dismore has a single IRL win coming in the fall 1999 Texas Motor Speedway race and also finished a career-best third in points that season . Among his 62 career IRL starts he won four poles . He also represented the IRL in the International Race of Champions in 2000 and 2001 .   He now owns and operates New Castle Motorsports Park , a Karting facility in New Castle , Indiana , as well as Comet Kart Sales in Greenfield , Indiana . He is divorced with two children . New Castle Motorsports Park is the home of Indiana karting 's signature event , the Dan Wheldon Cup weekend races , held after the INDYCAR season ends . The Wheldon Cup weekend consists of a Pro-Am race with INDYCAR stars on Saturday and a 200-mile , 200-lap endurance karting event Sunday , the Robopong 200 Dan Wheldon Cup .

neg: Formula One Championship Edition Formula One Championship Edition is a racing video game , developed by SCE Studio Liverpool and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation 3 . The game follows the basic structure of Formula One 06 for the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable . The main differences include the updated visuals for the PS3 including a lot more detail , Sixaxis compatibility , real time reflections , car reflections on wet circuits and new wet weather effects . It was announced early in development that the safety car would be included in the game for the first time in an F1 game since Formula One 99 for the PlayStation . However , it was removed before the final release along with the PSP wing mirror integration shown at E3 .   The game also boasts dynamic weather , and improved AI . The AI system is called `` Live Action Racing '' where one can pressure the opposition , causing them to make little mistakes such as running wide on corners , causing them to crash into other cars or spin off the road of their own accord . The AI will then try to seek opportunities to pass the player in a realistic manner .   The game is based on the early 2006 F1 season . Hence , Yuji Ide drives for Super Aguri when in reality he lost his super licence just 4 races into the '06 season , and Franck Montagny , then later Sakon Yamamoto took his seat . Other minor changes throughout the real 2006 season are also not represented .   In the career mode , players begin by running tests for one of three teams ( Toro Rosso , Super Aguri or Midland F1 ) at either the Silverstone , Magny Cours or Catalunya circuits . The tests given vary between the teams . When the player successfully completes the tests , they are given the role of test driver or race driver , depending on how well the player performed in the test . After performing well as a test driver , the player will become the second driver of the team . From there the player can compete in race weekends through many different roles . As a test driver the player will try out different car settings in practice , and as a driver the player will have track position targets to meet to keep the seat . The player 's performances are subject to review at several points during the season .   The initial release did not include force-feedback support , which is considered by many to be an important feature for simulation racing games used with driving wheel controllers . A subsequent update in early 2008 added force feedback . The game also lacks support for 1080i or 1080p output resolutions . Per the calendar , the Belgian Grand Prix is not included .   The game 's cover in the North America version ( as seen on the right ) features Fernando Alonso ( the defending world champion at that time in 2006 ) who drove for the Renault team , Jenson Button who drove for the Honda team and David Coulthard who drove for the Red Bull Racing team .   Like previous games , it featured in-game commentary from then ITV F1 commentators Martin Brundle and James Allen .

neg: Indianapolis 500 pace cars The Indianapolis 500 auto race has used a pace car every year since 1911 . The pace car is utilized for two primary purposes . At the start of the race , the pace car leads the assembled starting grid around the track for a predetermined number of unscored warm-up laps . Then if the officials deem appropriate , it releases the field at a purposeful speed to start the race . In addition , during yellow flag caution periods , the pace car enters the track and picks up the leader , bunching the field up at a reduced speed .   Prior to the first `` 500 '' in 1911 , in the interest of safety , Indianapolis Motor Speedway founder Carl G. Fisher is commonly credited with the concept of a `` rolling start '' led by a pace car . Nearly all races at the time , as well as all Formula One races even to the present , utilize a standing start .   In almost every year since 1936 , it has been a tradition that the winner of the Indianapolis 500 be presented with one of that year 's pace cars ( or a replica ) . In most years since 1911 , the driver of the pace car at the start of the race has been an invited celebrity , a former racing driver , or notable figure in the automotive industry . Historically , the honor of supplying the pace car was , and continues to be , a coveted honor by the respective automobile manufactures and a marketing showcase for the particular make/model .

neg: Kohler Grand Prix The Kohler Grand Prix is an IndyCar Series race held at Road America in Elkhart Lake , Wisconsin . For twenty-five years , the event was part of the CART series , with the first race being held in 1982 . The event was put on hiatus in 2008 after the unification of Champ Car into the Indy Racing League .   On August 8 , 2015 , it was announced that the race would return as part of the 2016 IndyCar Series season on June 23 -- 26 , 2016 . Will Power won the race with Tony Kanaan and Graham Rahal coming in second and third respectively . The race weekend included all three series under the Mazda Road to Indy and the Pirelli World Challenge ( GT/GT-A/GT Cup & GTS ) as support races .   Since its original inception in 1982 , Road America has been widely regarded by competitors , fans , and media , as one of the best , most challenging , and popular venues on the circuit .

neg: Team Moore Racing Team Moore Racing was an auto racing team that competed in the Firestone Indy Lights series . It was owned by former racer Tom Wood and Mark Moore and is based in Pittsboro , Indiana .   The team was formed in 2007 with Wood driving . However , after the first race of the season Wood retired and Jonathan Klein took over driving duties for the rest of the season ( with Travis Gregg filing in for Klein due to injury for one race ) . Klein finished 12th in points , driving in 14 of the 16 races . In 2008 the team returned initially with IndyCar veteran Jeff Simmons in its primary car . The team expanded to a second car for a few races , primarily with driver Pablo Donoso who drove for several different teams that season . Donoso captured the team 's first win at Infineon Raceway in August . Simmons left the team late in the season and was replaced by a returning Jonathan Klein . In 2009 the team fielded a single car for Andrew Prendeville for all 15 races . Prendeville finished 9th in points with a best finish of 3rd at Infineon Raceway . In 2010 the team expanded to two full-time cars for Canadian James Hinchcliffe and Spaniard Adrian Campos , Jr. . Hinchcliffe won 3 races and 2 poles and finished runner-up in the championship to rookie Jean-Karl Vernay . Campos had a poor start to the season but improved to 6th in points by season 's end on a string of six straight top-10 finishes , winning the `` Most Improved Driver '' award .   For the 2011 season they signed third-year driver Gustavo Yacamán to drive their # 2 car and Spanish rookie Víctor García to drive the # 22 . García won the second race of the season at Barber Motorsports Park but left the series after the Toronto race due to funding issues involving his backers in Spain . García sat fourth in the championship at the time and was replaced for the Edmonton race by Canadian Daniel Morad . Québécois driver Mikaël Grenier drove the # 22 car at Circuit Trois-Rivières and Tõnis Kasemets drove in Baltimore . Brandon Wagner drove the # 22 car in association with his regular team , Davey Hamilton Racing , in the three remaining oval events . The best finish the # 22 achieved after García 's departure was a fourth place at Kentucky Speedway by Wagner . Gustavo Yacamán captured his first series win in Baltimore , and had three other podium finishes . He finished fourth in points , his best points result . García finished 11th in points , competing in seven of the fourteen races .   2012 saw the return of Yacamán in the # 2 car for TMR . Joining the Colombian was second year Firestone Indy Lights driver David Ostella . Yacamán improved one spot over his 2011 result to finish third in points with two wins and Ostella finished in eighth with a best finish of second in the season finale at Auto Club Speedway .   In 2013 the team has signed veteran Mexican driver Juan Pablo García for the # 2 car . Garcia left the team after ten races and went to Belardi Auto Racing . Peter Dempsey replaced García in Houston and the team did not participate in the season finale at Auto Club Speedway . Five different drivers competed in five races in the # 22 car . Conor Daly drove the # 22 to a season-best finish of third place at Houston for the team . García finished eighth in points , last among full-time drivers , with a best finish of fourth in the season-opener in St. Pete .   In 2014 Canadian Zack Meyer drove in twelve of the fourteen races in the # 2 car . He had a best finish of fourth on the Indianapolis Motor Speedway road course and finished ninth in the championship . Italian Vittorio Ghirelli began the season in the # 22 but left the series after four races with a best finish of fourth in the season opener at St. Pete . American Jimmy Simpson drove the # 22 in the Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course double-header .   Team Moore announced that they had signed Mexican driver Picho Toledano to a part-time schedule for the 2015 season . However , the entry never materialized and Team Moore shut down in the mid-summer of 2015 .

neg: Monterey Grand Prix The Monterey Grand Prix was an auto race held at Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca . The race was first held as a USAC Road Racing Championship event , following the success of the SCCA 's Pebble Beach Road Races . After USAC 's road racing series disbanded in 1962 , the race became a non-championship race for three years , before joining the Can-Am schedule . After Can-Am 's demise in 1974 , the event shifted to Formula 5000 for two years , then to the IMSA GT Championship for two more years , then to the revamped , Formula 5000-based Can-Am . The first Indy Car / CART / Champ Car World Series race was held in 1983 , and the final race was held in 2004 . The race was to be brought back to Champ Car in 2008 , but after the series was absorbed by the Indy Racing League , the Atlantic Championship took over the headline event . For 2015 , the race returned as part of Mazda Road to Indy Championship Weekend . All three lower tiers of INDYCAR 's Road to Indy participate , as a standalone race .

neg: K&N Pro Series West The NASCAR K&N Pro Series West , formerly the Winston West Series and Camping World West Series , is a regional stock car racing division of NASCAR . The series was first formed in 1954 as a proving ground for drivers from the western United States who could not travel to race in the more traditional stock car racing regions like North Carolina and the rest of the southern United States .   In 1954 , the series was formed under the name Pacific Coast Late Model circuit , with nine races on the schedule . At first the series sanctioned races on dirt tracks and paved tracks , but as the series developed , more races were held on paved tracks , with the final race on a dirt track being held in 1979 . In 1988 , the series traveled out of the United States for the first time , sanctioning a race in Australia . Eight years later , the series once again traveled outside of the United States to Japan . In 1999 , the season finale was held at Twin Ring Motegi , making it the first NASCAR championship race held in a different country . Four years later , NASCAR consolidated the Busch North Series into the series .   Jack McCoy has the most career wins in the series with 54 , followed by Ray Elder with 47 . Elder , however , has recorded six championships , the most out of any driver in the series . Other notable drivers who participated in the series include Kevin Harvick , Brendan Gaughan , Derrike Cope , Chad Little and David Gilliland .   The other regional division at the Grand National level of NASCAR is the K&N Pro Series East .

neg: 1995 PPG Indy Car World Series The 1995 PPG Indy Car World Series season , the seventeenth in the CART era of U.S. open-wheel racing , consisted of 17 races , beginning in Miami , Florida on March 5 and concluding in Monterey , California on September 10 . The PPG Indy Car World Series Drivers ' Champion and Indianapolis 500 winner was Jacques Villeneuve . Rookie of the Year was Gil de Ferran . This was the last season before the formation of the Indy Racing League by Indianapolis Motor Speedway owner , Tony George , and the last time the USAC-sanctioned Indianapolis 500 would appear in the Series .

neg: Christian Fittipaldi Christian Fittipaldi ( born January 18 , 1971 ) is a Brazilian racing driver who has competed in various forms of motorsport including Formula One , Champ Car and NASCAR . Named after the less known Brazilian driver Christian Heins ( killed at the 1963 24 Hours of Le Mans ) , he was a highly rated young racing driver in the early 1990s , and participated in 43 Formula One Grands Prix for Minardi and Footwork between 1992 and 1994 .   Fittipaldi was fifth in the CART series in 1996 and 2002 , earning two wins and a second place in the 1995 Indianapolis 500 . He has also had success racing sports prototypes , winning the 24 Hours of Daytona of 2004 and 2014 , the 12 Hours of Sebring of 2015 , the 6 Hours of Watkins Glen of 2013 and 2016 , and has captured two IMSA SportsCar Championships with Action Express Racing during the 2014 and 2015 seasons .   He is the son of former Grand Prix driver and team owner Wilson Fittipaldi , and the nephew of two-time Formula One Champion and Indianapolis 500 winner Emerson Fittipaldi .

neg: Bubby Jones Norman `` Bubby '' Jones ( born June 4 , 1941 , Danville , Illinois ) , is a former driver in the USAC Sprint Car series , with 22 victories , and a member of the National Sprint Car Hall of Fame , inducted in 1998 . He also raced in the USAC Championship Car series , in the 1977-1978 seasons , with 2 career starts , including the 1977 Indianapolis 500 . He failed in qualifying attempts at Indy in 1978 and 1981 .   In 1980 `` Ol' Bub '' headed west to run in the prestigious California Racing Association ( C.R.A. ) Sprint Car Series as a regular , driving the Gas Chem Products Entry . After finishing 2nd in the C.R.A. Point Standings three years in a row ( 1980 -- 82 ) behind Dean Thompson , Jones persuaded car owner Dan Kazarian to change from the Stanton Chassis they had been running , and to let Jones build them a new car himself . The result ... Jones won two consecutive C.R.A. Point Series Championships ( 1983 -- 84 ) . In 1984 , Jones won the coveted Pacific Coast National Open at Ascot , holding off a fast closing Steve Kinser despite blistering the right rear tire with 10 laps to go .  Jones became one of the most well liked and highly respected drivers in the C.R.A. Series because of his straight , smooth and clean driving style .

neg: 2003 Lexmark Indy 300 The 2003 Lexmark Indy 300 was the eighteenth round of the 2003 CART World Series season , held on 26 October 2003 on the Surfers Paradise Street Circuit , Queensland , Australia . A hail storm 20 minutes into the race caused an hour long red flag period and shortened the race to 47 laps from the scheduled 65 .   Ryan Hunter-Reay won the race , his first victory in top-level American open wheel racing . Neither of the two drivers who could still win the season championship , leader Paul Tracy and second-place Bruno Junqueira , finished in the Top 12 points-paying positions ( though Junqueira received two bonus points on the weekend : one for having the fastest lap in Friday qualifying , and the other for leading the most laps in the race ) , meaning Tracy had a big enough lead to clinch the championship with one race to go .