query: John Nash designed Buckingham Palace for England.

pos: John Nash (architect) John Nash ( 18 January 1752 -- 13 May 1835 ) was a British architect responsible for much of the layout of Regency London under the patronage of the Prince Regent , and during his reign as George IV . Nash was also a pioneer in the use of the Picturesque in architecture . His best-known buildings are the Royal Pavilion , Brighton , and Buckingham Palace ( though the facade facing The Mall is an early 20th-century remodelling by Aston Webb of an 1850s wing by Edward Blore , and thus is not Nash 's work ) . Many of his buildings were built by the property developer James Burton , who also lent him financial assistance when he encountered financial problems during his projects on Regent Street . In return , Nash promoted the career of Burton 's son , Decimus Burton , who assisted him with several of his designs and later became a famous architect in his own right .

neg: Worcester Park House Worcester Park House , built in 1607 , whose ruins are in Surrey , in the United Kingdom , was one of the residences of the 4th Earl of Worcester , who was appointed Keeper of the Great Park of nearby Nonsuch Palace in 1606 . During the English Commonwealth the park and house were bought by Colonel Thomas Pride , of Pride 's Purge fame . Pride died in the house in 1658 . In 1670 a long lease of the house and park was granted to Sir Robert Long , 1st Baronet , by Charles II . The area known as Worcester Park was once part of a Great Park surrounding the Nonsuch Palace of Henry VIII , and was used extensively for hunting .   It has been claimed that the first version of the painting The Light of the World ( 1851 -- 3 ) by the English Pre-Raphaelite artist William Holman Hunt ( 1827 -- 1910 ) was painted at night in a makeshift hut at the house , the other claimant being the garden of the Oxford University Press   Worcester Park House burned down in a great fire in 1948 . The remaining walls and chimneys were gradually demolished by the youth of the area during the following ten years . The lake also silted up during this period following improvements to the Hogsmill river . The ruins of a splendid ornamental lake with a multi-arched bridge ( at ) and balustrade were still visible in the woodland at the foot of the hill in `` Parker 's Field '' ( situated between Grafton Road and Old Malden Lane , and behind the still rather ramshackle stables in Grafton Road ) . The house was positioned so that it had a view of the arches and balustrade .   The house itself was not visible , even in the late 1950s , nor were there any obvious ruins apart from the lake and some mounds of brickwork to be found . The lake itself had drained into the river Hogsmill , but no source of incoming water was visible . To the northeast of the site is a small , often dry , stream at the field boundary , running SE - > NW , with some old and modern culverting and which drains into the Hogsmill .   There was an impressive kitchen garden with glass houses and an inner walled garden . During World War II a local policeman `` looked after '' the walled garden and kept everyone else out .   Close to the bridge remnant , to the southwest of the bridge , was a ruined domed structure that resembled an ice house . However , it was filled with soil and other débris which prevented any investigation in the 1950s , and has all but disappeared today .   Locals presumed the house to be named `` Worcester Park House '' , and have suggested that Blakesley School , was the original house , while historical sources ( below ) suggest `` Worcester House '' as the name . However the map of 1871 shows a building labelled `` Worcester Park House '' to be alongside the lake , to the west of it , on land that was , in the 1950s , overgrown with trees . The scant overgrown ruins in the photographs of the site fit with this map .   Exploration of the site in May 2006 reveals loss of the balustrades , the bridge and the lake , which has been filled and is now used for horses . The remainder of the site is heavily wooded and has dense undergrowth , with some contemporary fly tipping of refuse .

neg: George Dodington, 1st Baron Melcombe George Bubb Dodington , 1st Baron Melcombe ( 1691 -- 28 July 1762 ) was an English politician and nobleman .   Christened simply George Bubb , he changed his surname to Dodington by Act of Parliament around the time his uncle George Dodington died in 1720 and left him his estate . Enormously rich , he became a friend of Frederick , Prince of Wales , who took advantage of their acquaintance to obtain loans that helped clear his debts , and , on being thrown out of St James 's Palace by his father , King George II , moved into a London house belonging to Dodington . He had many contacts with artists and was a collector , purchasing antiquities via Cardinal Albani in Rome . His house at Hammersmith , known as ` La Trappe ' ( an ironic reference to a Trappist monastery ) was the focus of a lively political and cultural salon of supporters of Frederick , Prince of Wales whose palace at Kew was located just across the river . It was designed by the neo-Palladian architect Roger Morris who had been connected with the circle of Lord Burlington and the sculpture gallery was designed by the Italian architect and firework display designer Giovanni Niccolo Servandoni . Dodington is said to have been involved in a spy-ring , collecting valuable information about Jacobite activities . In 1761 , following the accession of Frederick 's son to the throne as George III , he was created Baron Melcombe .   Historian N.A.M. Rodger describes Dodington as an `` indefatigable schemer '' on behalf of his friends and interests of the time . Dodington is depicted in William Hogarth 's 1761 engraving Five Orders of Periwigs ; his diary was published posthumously in 1784 by Henry Penruddocke Wyndham .

neg: Earl of Beaconsfield Earl of Beaconsfield , of Hughenden in the County of Buckingham , was a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom . It was created in 1876 for Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli , a favourite of Queen Victoria . Victoria favoured Disraeli 's Tory policies over those of his Liberal rival , William Ewart Gladstone . Disraeli had also promoted the Royal Titles Act 1876 that had given Victoria the title of `` Empress of India '' . The subsidiary title of the earldom was Viscount Hughenden , of Hughenden in the County of Buckingham , also in the Peerage of the United Kingdom .   In 1868 , at the end of his first term as Prime Minister , Disraeli 's wife Mary had been created Viscountess Beaconsfield , of Beaconsfield in the County of Buckingham , in her own right , allowing her husband to remain a member of the House of Commons . Lady Beaconsfield died in 1872 . When Disraeli became an earl in 1876 he automatically lost his seat in the Commons but remained Prime Minister , leading his government from the House of Lords .   Beaconsfield is the name of a town in the county of Buckinghamshire . For most of his parliamentary career , Disraeli served as a member for Buckinghamshire . He owned an estate , Hughenden Manor , in the nearby town of High Wycombe , but never lived in Beaconsfield . His choice of title might have been partly influenced by the fact that in 1794 the conservative political philosopher and parliamentarian Edmund Burke , whom Disraeli admired , had turned down King George III 's offer to raise him to the peerage as Lord Beaconsfield .   In 1878 , Disraeli refused Queen Victoria 's offer to make him a duke , accepting instead membership in the Order of the Garter . The Disraelis died without direct heirs and their titles became extinct ; Hughenden Manor passed to Lord Beaconsfield 's nephew Coningsby Ralph Disraeli .

neg: Edward Robert Robson Edward Robert Robson FRIBA FSA FSI ( 2 March 1836 -- 19 January 1917 ) was an English architect famous for the progressive spirit of his London state-funded school buildings of the 1870s and early 1880s .   Born in Durham , he was the elder son of Robert Robson , a Durham Justice of the Peace . He apprenticed in Newcastle upon Tyne with John Dobson , who worked in a classicising , Italianate manner ; he then worked under Sir George Gilbert Scott ( 1854 -- 59 ) during the restoration of Durham Cathedral 's tower , taking a break in 1858 for `` extensive Continental travel '' , and went on to serve as architect in charge of the Cathedral for six years . He was also in partnership for a time prior to 20 August 1862 with John Wilson Walton ( c. 1822 -- 1910 ) . His first church , St. Cuthbert 's , Durham ( 1863 ) , was inspired in part by the plain 13th-century church at Formigny , Normandy . For some time he served as architect and surveyor to the city of Liverpool , which served to give him sufficient experience when he was the surprising choice as chief architect for the newly erected School Board of London , in 1871 . He became a fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects . Under the terms of the reforming Elementary Education Act 1870 , a great number of new state-funded schools had to be built as quickly as possible , especially in the East End . Robson 's experience , for which he travelled in the Continent for the most up-to-date school-planning ideas , was encapsulated in his School Architecture ( 1874 ) . For the workload , he formed a partnership with J. J. Stevenson from 1871 until 1876 . The schools themselves were of brick and architectural terracotta in the many-gabled free Anglo-Flemish Renaissance style known at the time as `` Queen Anne style '' , which Robson chose as more suitably enlightened and secular than Gothic Revival and in which Stevenson had already shown himself proficient .   During his years with the School Board , Robson designed several hundred schools in London , and after leaving the Board in 1884 he remained as consulting architect to the Education Department .   His early connections with the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood may have made him an obvious choice in 1888 for remodelling some market buildings with great dispatch for the New Gallery , Regent Street , a venue for art of the Brotherhood and other progressive arts .   Robson also built the People 's Palace , Stepney ( 1886 , now a part of Queen Mary , University of London ) as well as working on new school structures , notably Primrose Hill Infants ' School and the Cheltenham Ladies ' College ( 1896 ) and the Jews ' Free School in Spitalfields ( 1904 ) .   He is also credited with design of some residential houses . For example , Glenwood ( 99 Mycenae Road in Westcombe Park , London SE3 ) is described as `` an impressive late-Victorian red brick mansion with half-timbered gable ends , and fine joinery detailing . ''   He married Marian , daughter of Henry Longden , of Sheffield , and Who 's Who notes his recreations as `` golf , bicycling , billiards '' . At the time of his death , he was a Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects , the Society of Antiquaries of London , and the Chartered Surveyors ' Institution .   In his later years he worked with his son , Philip Appleby Robson . He was twice offered a knighthood , which he refused . He died in London .

neg: Swainston Manor Swainston Manor lies 1 mi to the east of Calbourne , Isle of Wight , England . Now a hotel , Swainston Manor was originally a manor house on a site dating back to 735 CE . Eight hundred years ago it became the location of a palace built by the Bishops of Winchester . It has a 12th-century chapel on its 32 acre . Most of the present building was constructed in the 18th century , but an attached hall dates from the 13th century . Warwick the Kingmaker reportedly dined at Swainston Manor . It is a Grade II * listed building .   Swainston is derived from its original name , `` Sweyn 's Town '' . It was founded by king Sweyn Forkbeard of Denmark , whose son was King Canute .   The parish of Calbourne was at one time dependent on Swainston Manor .   The house was severely damaged by incendiary bombs during World War II . The church on the site however was untouched .   The poet Alfred Lord Tennyson also visited Swainston a few times . It is claimed that he wrote `` Maud '' on its grounds . He also wrote `` In the Garden at Swainston '' after the death of his friend and Swainston 's owner , Sir John Simeon .   -LSB- See the attached photos from Sir John Simeon Barrington 's personal nurse - Sir John relayed this information to her personally , complete with location where he wrote `` Maud '' . My mother , in early stages of dementia , tracked down an heir of Sir John Simeon in Canada somewhere and mailed the original photos to Canada . We only have a photocopy of the original photographs with my mother 's transcriptions of the annotations on the back of each photograph . These photos of the gardens at Swainston were taken approximately 15 years after Lord Tennyson 's death . -RSB-   Swainston also features , as `` Swaynestone '' , in Maxwell Gray 's 1886 novel The Silence of Dean Maitland .   Swainstone was one of the locations for King James 1st public school during the 1960s . Other locations for the school included Newport and Cowes .

neg: James Moore (furniture designer) ïJames Moore ( c. 1670 - October 1726 ) was an 18th-century cabinet maker in London who worked for George I . He was in partnership with John Gumley from 1714 . As royal cabinet-maker he supplied walnut and mahogany furniture for the royal household , the royal yacht , and the king 's servants and mistresses , as well as the rich gilt gesso furniture for which he is best known but which constituted a small part of his output .   Early references to Moore are in the Duke of Montagu 's domestic expenses , 1708 , and the entry in the accounts of Lord Hervey , soon created Earl of Bristol , for `` glass piers & sconces '' , 1710 . Moore and his son , James Moore the younger , were among craftsmen furnishing Cannons for James Brydges , 1st Duke of Chandos A gilt gesso table from Stowe House , now at the Victoria and Albert is in the unmistakable style of James Moore ; it bears the cypher and baron 's coronet of Richard Temple , Lord Cobham , and can be dated 1714-18 on that basis .   James Moore assumed the position of clerk of the works at Blenheim Palace , completing and furnishing the house after Sarah Churchill , Duchess of Marlborough , quarreled with her architect , John Vanbrugh ; Moore had first appeared as the Duchess 's `` glass man '' , providing pier glasses in the house . By 1714 the Duchess referred to him as `` my oracle , Mr. Moore '' who `` certainly has very good sense and I think him very honest and understanding in many trades besides his own . ''   Moore is especially known for gilt gesso furniture , tables looking-glass frames and candlestands . A pair of gilt gesso side tables bearing the crowned cypher of George I in the Royal Collection and the pair of candlestands en suite are incised with his name , an unusual practice at the time . At Erddig , gilt gesso furniture by Moore can be linked to surviving bills receipted by James Moore and John Belchier , 1722-26 .   The succeeding royal cabinet-maker , Benjamin Goodison , trained in Moore 's workshop .

neg: Renaissance Revival architecture Renaissance Revival ( sometimes referred to as `` Neo-Renaissance '' ) is an all-encompassing designation that covers many 19th century architectural revival styles which were neither Grecian ( see Greek Revival ) nor Gothic ( see Gothic Revival ) but which instead drew inspiration from a wide range of classicizing Italian modes . Under the broad designation `` Renaissance architecture '' nineteenth-century architects and critics went beyond the architectural style which began in Florence and central Italy in the early 15th century as an expression of Humanism ; they also included styles we would identify as Mannerist or Baroque . Self-applied style designations were rife in the mid - and later nineteenth century : `` Neo-Renaissance '' might be applied by contemporaries to structures that others called `` Italianate '' , or when many French Baroque features are present ( Second Empire ) .   The divergent forms of Renaissance architecture in different parts of Europe , particularly in France and Italy , has added to the difficulty of defining and recognizing Neo-Renaissance architecture . A comparison between the breadth of its source material , such as the English Wollaton Hall , Italian Palazzo Pitti , the French Château de Chambord , and the Russian Palace of Facets -- all deemed `` Renaissance '' -- illustrates the variety of appearances the same architectural label can take .

neg: Duke of Bedford Duke of Bedford ( named after Bedford , England ) is a title that has been created six times ( for five distinct people ) in the Peerage of England . The first and second creations came in 1414 in favour of Henry IV 's third son , John , who later served as regent of France . He was made Earl of Kendal at the same time and was made Earl of Richmond later the same year . The titles became extinct on his death in 1435 . The third creation came in 1470 in favour of George Neville , nephew of Warwick the Kingmaker . He was deprived of the title by Act of Parliament in 1478 . The fourth creation came 1478 in favour of George , the third son of Edward IV . He died the following year at the age of two . The fifth creation came in 1485 in favour of Jasper Tudor , half-brother of Henry VI and uncle of Henry VII . He had already been created Earl of Pembroke in 1452 . However , as he was a Lancastrian , his title was forfeited between 1461 and 1485 during the predominance of the House of York . He regained the earldom in 1485 when his nephew Henry VII came to the throne and was elevated to the dukedom the same year . He had no legitimate children and the titles became extinct on his death in 1495 .   The Russell family currently holds the titles of Earl and Duke of Bedford . John Russell , a close advisor of Henry VIII and Edward VI , was granted the title of Earl of Bedford in 1551 , and his descendant William , 5th Earl , was created Duke following the Glorious Revolution .   The subsidiary titles of the Duke of Bedford , all in the Peerage of England , are Marquess of Tavistock ( created 1694 ) , Earl of Bedford ( 1550 ) , Baron Russell , of Cheneys ( 1539 ) , Baron Russell of Thornhaugh in the County of Northampton ( 1603 ) , and Baron Howland , of Streatham in the County of Surrey ( 1695 ) ( and possibly the Barony of Bedford , which was merged into it in 1138 , 1366 or 1414 ) . The courtesy title of the Duke of Bedford 's eldest son and heir is Marquess of Tavistock '' .   Every Duke from the 5th Duke onwards is descended from Charles II of England . The family seat is Woburn Abbey , Bedfordshire . The private mausoleum and chapel of the Russell Family and the Dukes of Bedford is at St. Michael 's Church in Chenies , Buckinghamshire ( photo ) . The family owns The Bedford Estate in central London .

neg: List of work on castles and country houses by Anthony Salvin Anthony Salvin ( 1799 -- 1881 ) was an English architect , born in Sunderland Bridge , County Durham . He trained under John Paterson of Edinburgh and moved to London in 1821 . His works include new churches , restoration of and additions to existing churches , and various other buildings , including schools . However , he is mainly noted for his work on existing major buildings , including castles , and for designing new substantial country houses . The castles on which he worked include Windsor Castle , Norwich Castle , Rockingham Castle , Newark Castle , Warkworth Castle , Muncaster Castle , and Warwick Castle . He also carried out work on the Tower of London , and on Trinity College , Cambridge , Gonville and Caius College , Cambridge , and University College , Durham . His new country houses include Mamhead House ( his first major project ) , Scotney Castle , Keele Hall , Thoresby Hall , and Peckforton Castle . In addition he designed the Observatory for Durham University .   This list includes the work carried out by Salvin on castles and country houses , including alterations and amendments to existing buildings , and the design of new country houses .

neg: John McLean (furniture maker) John McLean ( born 1770 ; died 1825 ) was an English furniture maker and designer . He was recognized as one of the best of his era , representing the best in English cabinetmaking . Examples of his furniture can be found in the Victorian and Albert Museum , The California Palace of the Legion of Honor and the Library at Saltram , Devon .   The origins of the McLean firm is somewhat confused by the many variations in spelling the name ` McLean ' . `` John MacKlane , upholder and cabinet maker in Little Newport Street , off Leicester Square '' is listed in 1774 . As many as eight spellings have been recorded , the problem arising because many people in those days were illiterate and names were written phonetically at the whim of whoever was writing the name at the time .

neg: Jewel Tower The Jewel Tower is a 14th-century surviving element of the royal Palace of Westminster , in London , England . It was built between 1365 and 1366 , under the direction of William of Sleaford and Henry de Yevele , to house the personal treasure of Edward III . The tower , a three-storey , crenellated stone building , occupied a secluded part of the palace and was protected by a moat linked to the River Thames . The ground floor featured elaborate carved vaulting , described by historian Jeremy Ashbee as `` an architectural masterpiece '' . The tower continued to be used for storing the monarch 's treasure and personal possessions until 1512 , when a fire in the palace caused Henry VIII to relocate his court to Whitehall .   At the end of the 16th century , the House of Lords began to use the tower to store its parliamentary records , building a house alongside it for the use of the parliamentary clerk , and extensive improvements followed in 1621 . The tower continued as the Lords ' records office through the 18th century , and several sets of renovations and building work were carried out to improve its fire-proofing and comfort , creating the current appearance of the tower . In 1834 , the tower was one of only four buildings to survive a terrible fire in Westminster , and in the aftermath the records were moved to a new , purpose-built archive .   The Jewel Tower was taken over by the newly formed Standard Weights and Measures Department in 1869 , who used it for storing and testing official weights and measures . The rising levels of London traffic made the tower increasingly unsuitable for this work , and by 1938 the department had abandoned it in favour of other facilities . In 1948 , the building was placed into the care of the Ministry of Works , who repaired the damage inflicted to the tower during the Second World War , and extensively restored the building , clearing the surrounding area and opening the tower for tourists . In the 21st century , the Jewel Tower is managed by English Heritage , receiving around 30,000 visitors each year .

neg: Winfield House Winfield House is a mansion set in 12 acre of grounds in Regent 's Park , the second largest private garden in central London , after that of Buckingham Palace . Since 1955 , it has been the official residence of the United States Ambassador to the Court of St. James 's . It is Grade II listed as an `` exceptional ambassador 's residence and as a notable Neo-Georgian town house containing numerous features of note . ''

neg: Grade II* listed buildings in Brighton and Hove There are 70 Grade II * listed buildings in the city of Brighton and Hove , England . The city , on the English Channel coast approximately 52 mi south of London , was formed as a unitary authority in 1997 by the merger of the neighbouring towns of Brighton and Hove . Queen Elizabeth II granted city status in 2000 .   In England , a building or structure is defined as `` listed '' when it is placed on a statutory register of buildings of `` special architectural or historic interest '' by the Secretary of State for Culture , Media and Sport , a Government department , in accordance with the Planning ( Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas ) Act 1990 . English Heritage , a non-departmental public body , acts as an agency of this department to administer the process and advise the department on relevant issues . There are three grades of listing status . Grade I , the highest , is defined as being of `` exceptional interest '' ; Grade II * is used for `` particularly important buildings of more than special interest '' ; and Grade II , the lowest , is used for buildings of `` special interest '' .   Brighton was founded on top of the sea-facing cliffs where the South Downs meet the English Channel . A series of valleys allowed transport routes to develop towards Lewes , London and other important settlements . Although Neolithic settlement has been confirmed , the Anglo-Saxons were the first permanent settlers ; the population was about 400 by the time of the Domesday survey in 1086 . Its neighbour Hove , on flatter , more fertile land to the west , developed concurrently but independently : its existence was recorded in 1288 , and two separate prebends ( similar to benefices ) existed by 1291 . Fishing , farming and smuggling drove the economy , but decline set in during the Middle Ages and persisted until the 19th century . Coastal flooding destroyed buildings on many occasions , the parish church fell into ruins , and the population -- almost all poor -- numbered about 100 in 1801 .   Brighton became fashionable as a holiday destination and health resort in the mid-18th century , and royal patronage ( particularly by the flamboyant Prince Regent ) increased its popularity with high society and the upper classes . Day-trippers and longer-term visitors from other social classes soon followed , and by the early 19th century the town was Britain 's foremost seaside resort . Developments such as Royal Crescent , Regency Square , Oriental Place and Park Crescent characterised the bold architectural vision of the town 's new residents ; the design triumvirate of Amon Wilds , Amon Henry Wilds and Charles Busby were instrumental in realising these plans . Hove 's fortunes improved in line with Brighton 's success , and developments such as Palmeira Mansions and Sir Isaac Goldsmid 's Adelaide Crescent covered the fields between the ancient village of Hove and Brighton 's continuous westward expansion .   The Vicar of Brighton , Rev. Henry Michell Wagner -- a wealthy , progressive clergyman with strong Anglo-Catholic views and an interest in architecture -- and his son and successor Rev. Arthur Wagner were responsible for an array of new churches throughout Brighton and Hove ( especially in poorer residential areas ) ; many are listed at Grade I , and the Grade II * - listed examples of St Martin 's and St Paul 's merely add to a stock of Victorian places of worship which has been described as one of the best outside London . Elsewhere during the Victorian era , the former parish churches of both Brighton and Hove were rebuilt ; an elaborate synagogue was provided for the Jewish population ; Roman Catholic worship became established at the Classical-style St John the Baptist 's Church ; a new parish church was established in the form of Charles Barry 's St Peter 's ; and several other churches were established .   Both towns were incorporated as boroughs : Brighton in 1854 , Hove in 1898 . Expansion in the 20th century , as the urban area became a large regional centre , resulted in ancient villages being absorbed into the boroughs . Hangleton , West Blatchington , Ovingdean , Rottingdean and others had historic buildings and long-established churches of their own ; by 1928 , Acts of Parliament had brought them into `` Greater Brighton and Hove '' . In 1997 , the towns were officially united as a unitary authority ; three years later , city status was secured .   Some listings include contributory fixtures such as surrounding walls or railings in front of the building . These are summarised by notes alongside the building name .

neg: Church of St Mary, Nash The Church of St Mary the Virgin , Nash is the parish church of the village of Nash , lying about 3 km south of the city of Newport , South Wales -RSB- . Described as `` the cathedral of the moors '' by Monmouthshire historian Fred Hando , the large church is medieval in origin , with additions and restorations dating from the 18th and 19th centuries . Since 3 January 1963 it has been a Grade I listed building  primarily due to its `` medieval tower with fine spire . '' Newman describes the fifteenth century steeple as `` unique in South East Wales '' .

neg: The Menin Road (painting) The Menin Road is a large oil painting by Paul Nash completed in 1919 that depicts a First World War battlefield . Nash was commissioned by the British War Memorials Committee to paint a battlefield scene for the proposed national Hall of Remembrance . The painting is considered one of the most iconic images of the First World War and is held by the Imperial War Museum .

neg: Crown Estate The Crown Estate is a collection of lands and holdings in the United Kingdom belonging to the British monarch as a corporation sole , making it the `` Sovereign 's public estate '' , which is neither government property nor part of the monarch 's private estate . As a result of this arrangement , the sovereign is not involved with the management or administration of the estate , exercising only very limited control of its affairs . Instead , the estate 's extensive portfolio is overseen by a semi-independent , incorporated public body headed by the Crown Estate Commissioners , who exercise `` the powers of ownership '' of the estate , although they are not `` owners in their own right '' . The revenues from these hereditary possessions have been placed by the monarch at the disposition of Her Majesty 's Government and thus proceed directly to Her Majesty 's Treasury for the benefit of the British nation . The Crown Estate is formally accountable to the Parliament of the United Kingdom , where it is legally mandated to make an annual report to the sovereign , a copy of which is forwarded to the House of Commons .   The Crown Estate is one of the largest property managers in the United Kingdom , overseeing property worth # 12 billion , with urban properties valued at # 9.1 billion representing the majority of the estate by value . These include a large number of properties in central London , but the estate also controls 792000 ha of agricultural land and forest , more than half of the UK 's foreshore , and retains various other traditional holdings and rights , including Ascot Racecourse and Windsor Great Park . Naturally occurring gold and silver in the UK , collectively known as `` Mines Royal '' , are managed by The Crown Estate and leased to mining operators .   Historically , Crown Estate properties were administered by the reigning monarch to help fund the business of governing the country . However , in 1760 , George III surrendered control over the Estate 's revenues to the treasury , thus relieving him of the responsibility of personally paying for the costs of the civil service , defence costs , the national debt , and his own personal debts . In return , he received an annual grant known as the Civil list . By tradition , each subsequent monarch agreed to this arrangement upon his or her accession . However , from 1 April 2012 , under the terms of the Sovereign Grant Act 2011 ( SSG ) , the Civil List was abolished and the monarch was thenceforth provided with a stable source of revenue indexed to a percentage of the Crown Estate 's annual net revenue ( currently set at 15 % ) . This was intended to provide a long-term solution and remove the politically sensitive issue of Parliament having to debate the Civil List allowance every ten years . Subsequently , the Sovereign Grant Act allows for all future monarchs to simply extend these provisions for their reigns by Order in Council . The act does not imply any legal change on the nature of the estate 's ownership , but is simply a benchmark by which the sovereign grant is set as a grant by Parliament .

neg: James Lonsdale (painter) James Lonsdale ( 16 May 1777 Lancaster -- 17 January 1839 London ) was a fashionable and prolific English portrait painter who exhibited some 138 works at the Royal Academy between 1802 and 1838 , and was one of the founders of the Society of British Artists . His work was influenced and overshadowed by his more successful contemporary Sir Thomas Lawrence ( 1769 -- 1830 ) . Lonsdale was a pupil of George Romney ( 1734 -- 1802 ) .   Lonsdale , who started off as a pattern designer at Margerison and Glover 's print-works in Catterall , was encouraged as an artist by the Lancaster architect Richard Threlfall , of whom he exhibited a portrait in 1809 . Lord Archibald , impressed by the quality of his painting and drawing , invited him to Ashton Hall . Here he met two of Lord Archibald 's daughters , Lady Anne Hamilton and Lady Susan , the Countess of Dunmore . Feeling that his future would hold more promise in the city , he moved to London , becoming a favourite pupil of Romney 's , accompanying him abroad on several occasions . He enrolled in the Royal Academy Schools on 23 October 1801 . Lonsdale married a Lancastrian , Miss Thornton , and set up a residence in Southgate . The marriage produced three sons who became portrait painter , the second was James John Lonsdale , recorder of Folkestone , and the last a surgeon .   Highly respected , his growing list of clients enabled him to purchase John Opie 's studio at 8 Berners Street in the City of Westminster , where he remained until his death . After settling into his new studio he made the acquaintance of the Duke of Norfolk , who commissioned him to do a large historical painting of King John and the Magna Carta , which later was rendered in stained glass in Arundel Castle . Besides the Duke of Norfolk , his sitters included the Duke of Sussex , the Grand Duke Nicholas , the Archibald Douglas-Hamilton , 9th Duke of Hamilton and the Marquess of Downshire . In 1820 the Lord Mayor of London commissioned him to do a portrait of Queen Caroline , after which he was appointed her official portrait painter . Through the Duke of Norfolk he was introduced to the Beefsteak Club , where he met with the most distinguished persons of the time .  His portraits reflected accurate details of his sitters that may have been regarded as unflattering .

neg: George IV of the United Kingdom George IV ( George Augustus Frederick ; 12 August 1762 -- 26 June 1830 ) was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of Hanover following the death of his father , George III , on 29 January 1820 , until his own death ten years later . From 1811 until his accession , he served as Prince Regent during his father 's final mental illness .   George IV led an extravagant lifestyle that contributed to the fashions of the Regency era . He was a patron of new forms of leisure , style and taste . He commissioned John Nash to build the Royal Pavilion in Brighton and remodel Buckingham Palace , and Sir Jeffry Wyattville to rebuild Windsor Castle .   His charm and culture earned him the title `` the first gentleman of England '' , but his poor relationship with both his father and his wife , Caroline of Brunswick , and his dissolute way of life , earned him the contempt of the people and dimmed the prestige of the monarchy . He even forbade Caroline to attend his coronation and asked the government to introduce the unpopular Pains and Penalties Bill in a desperate , unsuccessful attempt to divorce her .   For most of George 's regency and reign , Lord Liverpool controlled the government as Prime Minister , with little help from George . His ministers found his behaviour selfish , unreliable and irresponsible . At all times he was much under the influence of favourites . Taxpayers were angry at his wasteful spending at a time when Britons were fighting in the Napoleonic Wars . He did not provide national leadership in time of crisis , nor act as a role model for his people . Liverpool 's government presided over Britain 's ultimate victory , negotiated the peace settlement , and attempted to deal with the social and economic malaise that followed . After Liverpool 's retirement , George was forced to accept Catholic emancipation despite opposing it . His only child , Princess Charlotte , died before him in 1817 and so he was succeeded by his younger brother , William .

neg: Marlborough: His Life and Times Marlborough : His Life and Times is a panegyric biography written by Winston Churchill about John Churchill , 1st Duke of Marlborough . Churchill was a lineal descendant of the duke .   The book comprises four volumes , the first of which appeared in October 1933 ( 557 pages , 200,000 words ) with subsequent volumes in 1934 , 1936 and 1938 . The publisher was George G Harrup , who in 1929 agreed an advance of # 10,000 for the publishing rights , topping the offer made by Churchill 's customary publishers , Thornton Butterworth . The American publisher , Scribner 's , paid # 5000 advance for United States publishing rights . At that time Churchill envisaged writing 180,000 to 250,000 words to be published in no more than two volumes . Cumulative sales of the first volume were 17,000 copies , 15,000 for the second and 10,000 for the third and fourth , which was a respectable though not exceptional performance for such a work .   Churchill had conceived the idea of writing the book by 1929 , when the conservative defeat in the general election meant that he was no longer a government minister , giving him both spare time and the loss of his ministerial salary . His first act in preparing the book was to employ Maurice Ashley part-time for a  salary of # 300 per year to carry out research about Marlborough . Ashley later produced his own biography of Marlborough , in 1939 . Churchill , with other assistants , worked on and published a number of different historical books while work on Marlborough was proceeding . Churchill turned seriously to writing Marlborough after Easter 1932 , following pressure from his publishers . His initial draft was passed to Edward Marsh , who had been his private secretary while a government minister , with instructions to look out for repetitions , boring passages or clumsy sentences . He wrote over 300 letters requesting information or opinions about the work in progress .   In the preface to volume one , Churchill writes '' `` It is my hope to recall this great shade from the past , and not only invest him with his panoply , but make him living and intimate to modern eyes . ''   Churchill was sceptical of the claim that Marlborough had at 17 or 18 years of age became the lover of the King 's mistress but accepted that he did so somewhat later , at 20 . In 1675 , however , he met the 15-year-old Sarah Jennings , married her and lived with contentedly for the remainder of their lives . They were of comparable social status , but neither had any significant money . Churchill saw similarities between his ancestor and himself .

neg: Beetham Tower, Manchester Beetham Tower ( also known as the Hilton Tower ) is a landmark 47-storey mixed-use skyscraper in Manchester , England . Completed in 2006 , it is named after its developers , the Beetham Organisation , and was designed by SimpsonHaugh and Partners . The development occupies a sliver of land at the top of Deansgate , hence its elongated plan and was proposed in July 2003 with construction starting a year later . At a height of 554 ft , it is the tallest building in the United Kingdom outside London and 10th tallest building in the United Kingdom . It has been described by the Financial Times as `` the UK 's only proper skyscraper outside London '' . Consequently , it is the tallest building in Manchester however construction commenced in July 2016 on Tower 1 at Owen Street which will surpass the Beetham Tower as the tallest building in Manchester when completed in 2019 with a height of 659 ft.   As a result of the elongated floor plan , the structure is one of the thinnest skyscrapers in the world with a height to width ratio of 10:1 on the east-west façade but is noticeably wider on the north-south façade . A blade structure on the south side of the building acts as a façade overrun accentuating its slim form and doubles as a lightning rod . The skyscraper is visible from ten English counties on a clear day . The top-floor penthouse offers views of Greater Manchester , the Cheshire Plain , the Pennines , the Peak District and Snowdonia . The tower is known for emitting a loud unintentional hum or howl in windy weather , believed to emanate from the glass ` blade ' atop the building . The hum has been recorded as a B below middle C and can be heard over large parts of the locality .   Architectural response to the skyscraper is polarised and interpretations vary . The cantilever bears the load of the north façade symbolically representing the historical strength and revival of post-industrial Manchester following economic decline in the 1980s and the 1996 Manchester bombing . Some questioned its dominant appearance over the city -- particularly over listed buildings with one author going as far to say the skyscraper instantly `` torpedoed '' any possibility of Manchester becoming a UNESCO World Heritage city - a status Manchester was previously on the United Kingdom shortlist for due its industrial past . Others feel its dramatic appearance and peculiarity is reflective of Manchester and that the Beetham Tower symbolises Manchester 's reinvention as a post-industrial city . Nevertheless , it has received praise and was awarded the best tall building in the world in 2007 by the Council for Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat .


query: Frank Sinatra received critical acclaim for his performance in The Manchurian Candidate.

pos: Frank Sinatra Francis Albert Sinatra ( -LSB- sᵻˈnɑːtrə -RSB- -LSB- siˈnaːtra -RSB- ; December 12 , 1915 -- May 14 , 1998 ) was an American singer , actor , and producer who was one of the most popular and influential musical artists of the 20th century . He is one of the best-selling music artists of all time , having sold more than 150 million records worldwide . Born in Hoboken , New Jersey , to Italian immigrants , Sinatra began his musical career in the swing era with bandleaders Harry James and Tommy Dorsey . Sinatra found success as a solo artist after he signed with Columbia Records in 1943 , becoming the idol of the `` bobby soxers '' . He released his debut album , The Voice of Frank Sinatra , in 1946 . Sinatra 's professional career had stalled by the early 1950s , and he turned to Las Vegas , where he became one of its best known performers as part of the Rat Pack . His career was reborn in 1953 with the success of From Here to Eternity , with his performance subsequently winning an Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor . Sinatra released several critically lauded albums , including In the Wee Small Hours ( 1955 ) , Songs for Swingin ' Lovers ! ( 1956 ) , Come Fly with Me ( 1958 ) , Only the Lonely ( 1958 ) and Nice 'n' Easy ( 1960 ) .   Sinatra left Capitol in 1960 to start his own record label , Reprise Records , and released a string of successful albums . In 1965 , he recorded the retrospective September of My Years , starred in the Emmy-winning television special Frank Sinatra : A Man and His Music , and released the tracks `` Strangers in the Night '' and `` My Way '' . After releasing Sinatra at the Sands , recorded at the Sands Hotel and Casino in Vegas with frequent collaborator Count Basie in early 1966 , the following year he recorded one of his most famous collaborations with Tom Jobim , the album Francis Albert Sinatra & Antonio Carlos Jobim . It was followed by 1968 's collaboration with Duke Ellington . Sinatra retired for the first time in 1971 , but came out of retirement two years later and recorded several albums and resumed performing at Caesars Palace , and reached success in 1980 with `` New York , New York '' . Using his Las Vegas shows as a home base , he toured both within the United States and internationally until a short time before his death in 1998 .   Sinatra forged a highly successful career as a film actor . After winning an Academy Award for From Here to Eternity , he starred in The Man with the Golden Arm ( 1955 ) , and received critical acclaim for his performance in The Manchurian Candidate ( 1962 ) . He appeared in various musicals such as On the Town ( 1949 ) , Guys and Dolls ( 1955 ) , High Society ( 1956 ) , and Pal Joey ( 1957 ) , winning another Golden Globe for the latter . Toward the end of his career , he became associated with playing detectives , including the title character in Tony Rome ( 1967 ) . Sinatra would later receive the Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award in 1971 . On television , The Frank Sinatra Show began on ABC in 1950 , and he continued to make appearances on television throughout the 1950s and 1960s . Sinatra was also heavily involved with politics from the mid-1940s , and actively campaigned for presidents such as Harry S. Truman , John F. Kennedy and Ronald Reagan , though before Kennedy 's death Sinatra 's alleged Mafia connections led to his being snubbed .   While Sinatra never formally learned how to read music , he had an impressive understanding of it , and he worked very hard from a young age to improve his abilities in all aspects of music . A perfectionist , renowned for his dress sense and performing presence , he always insisted on recording live with his band . His bright blue eyes earned him the popular nickname `` Ol' Blue Eyes '' . Sinatra led a colorful personal life , and was often involved in turbulent affairs with women , such as with his second wife Ava Gardner . He went on to marry Mia Farrow in 1966 and Barbara Marx in 1976 . Sinatra had several violent confrontations , usually with journalists he felt had crossed him , or work bosses with whom he had disagreements . He was honored at the Kennedy Center Honors in 1983 , was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Ronald Reagan in 1985 , and the Congressional Gold Medal in 1997 . Sinatra was also the recipient of eleven Grammy Awards , including the Grammy Trustees Award , Grammy Legend Award and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award . After his death , American music critic Robert Christgau called him `` the greatest singer of the 20th century '' , and he continues to be seen as an iconic figure .

neg: Joe's Garage Joe 's Garage is a three-part rock opera recorded by American musician Frank Zappa in 1979 . Originally released as two separate studio albums on Zappa Records , the project was later remastered and reissued as a triple album box set , Joe 's Garage , Acts I , II & III , in 1987 . The LPs initially received mixed to positive reviews , with critics praising its innovative and original music , but criticizing the scatological , sexual and profane nature of the lyrics . Since its original release , Joe 's Garage has been reappraised in a better light by some critics .   Zappa self-deprecatingly described the album as a `` stupid little story about how the government is going to do away with music . '' The story is told by a character identified as the `` Central Scrutinizer '' narrating the story of Joe , an average adolescent male who forms a garage rock band , has unsatisfying relationships with women , gives all of his money to a government assisted and insincere religion , explores sexual activities with appliances , and is imprisoned . After being released from prison into a dystopian society in which music itself has been criminalized , he lapses into insanity .   The album encompasses a large spectrum of musical styles , while its lyrics often feature satirical or humorous commentary on American society and politics . It addresses themes of individualism , free will , censorship , the music industry and human sexuality , while criticizing government and religion , and satirizing Catholicism and Scientology . Joe 's Garage is noted for its use of xenochrony , a recording technique that takes guitar solos from older live recordings and overdubs them onto new studio recordings . All of the guitar solos on the album are xenochronous except for `` Crew Slut '' and `` Watermelon in Easter Hay '' , a signature song that Zappa has described as the best song on the album , and according to his son Dweezil , the best guitar solo his father ever played .

neg: Frank Sinatra with the Red Norvo Quintet: Live in Australia, 1959 With the Red Norvo Quintet : Live in Australia , 1959 is a live album by American singer Frank Sinatra , recorded in 1959 but released in 1997 .   These tapes were recorded during two stops on Sinatra 's brief Australian tour of 1959 , during which he was backed by the quintet of jazz vibraphonist Red Norvo . It is considered one of the wildest performances he has ever recorded , as he exhibits great freedom in his lyric choice , often switching and twisting entire phrases . For example , just as Sinatra begins `` I 've Got You Under My Skin '' , a woman in the audience screams . He responds between lyrics with `` Get your hand off that broad ! ''

neg: Less Than Zero (song) `` Less Than Zero '' is the eighth track on Elvis Costello 's debut album My Aim Is True , and the first Costello single that Stiff Records released .   The song expressed Costello 's anger after seeing former British Union of Fascists leader Oswald Mosley interviewed on television attempting to deny his racist past . In the liner notes to the Rhino edition of the album , Costello writes :   The song therefore fits in with a number of others on early Costello albums that deal with themes of fascism and totalitarianism , which also include `` Night Rally '' from This Year 's Model and `` Goon Squad '' from Armed Forces . In this case , a racist and totalitarian movement is seen in terms of sub rosa teenage sex : `` Turn up the TV ... Even your mother wo n't detect it/So your father wo n't know . ''   Allmusic critic Mark Deming describes the melody as `` slow , slinky -LSB- and -RSB- sinister . '' Deming also suggests that the melody shows some reggae influences , even though the rhythm does not incorporate reggae syncopations . Deming describes the song as `` controversial , audacious , and highly effective '' as well as `` a truly remarkable debut . ''   On his first visit to the United States , Costello found that American audiences did n't understand the song , writing in his 2015 autobiography , Unfaithful Music and Disappearing Ink , `` I 'm not sure if anyone in Cleveland has ever heard of Oswald Mosley or gave a damn about him when we played `` Less Than Zero '' that night . It was just some rock and roll music with a fashionable-sounding title '' . Later , he substantially rewrote the lyrics to refer to Lee Harvey Oswald . This was a reference to the common misconception among American fans that this was the `` Mr. Oswald '' referred to in the original lyrics . This version is usually referred to as the `` Dallas version '' and is available as a bonus track on the My Aim is True reissue , and a live version can be found on Live at the El Mocambo .   The song later provided US author Bret Easton Ellis with the title of his debut novel .   The song was also involved in Costello 's infamous performance on Saturday Night Live on 17 December 1977 . Following pressure from his record company to play the song on the show , Costello began to play the song , but he stopped after only a few bars , saying that `` there 's no reason to do this song here . '' He then launched into an unannounced performance of `` Radio Radio '' , a song he had promised not to play . As a result , he was banned from the show until 1989 . In 2015 , Costello wrote of having seen the Saturday Night Live appearance as an opportunity equivalent to The Beatles ' first live US television performance on -LSB- -LSB- The Ed Sullivan Show -RSB- : '' -LSB- ... -RSB- Columbia insisted that the second song should be `` Less Than Zero '' . The song had already proven to be obscure to many American ears and if this was supposed to be our I Want to Hold Your Hand moment , I thought the song was too low-key '' . He had then come up with the plan to switch songs , inspired by a live performance on the BBC 's The Lulu Show in 1969 in which Jimi Hendrix had scrapped a performance of Hey Joe after a few bars to instead play an impromptu tribute to Cream , who had broken up just days before .   `` Less Than Zero '' appears on the first Stiff Records compilation ; A Bunch of Stiff Records , whilst the B-side , `` Radio Sweetheart '' , appears on their second ; Hits Greatest Stiffs .

neg: Cultural impact of Elvis Presley Since the beginning of his career , Elvis Presley has had an extensive cultural impact . According to Rolling Stone , `` it was Elvis who made rock 'n' roll the international language of pop . '' Rolling Stone encyclopedia of Rock and Roll describes Presley as `` an American music giant of the 20th century who single-handedly changed the course of music and culture in the mid-1950s . '' His recordings , dance moves , attitude and clothing came to be seen as embodiments of rock and roll . His music was heavily influenced by African-American blues , Christian gospel , and Southern country . In a list of the greatest English language singers , as compiled by Q Magazine , Presley was ranked first , and second in the list of greatest singers of 20th century by BBC Radio .   Presley sang both hard driving rockabilly , rock and roll dance songs and ballads , laying a commercial foundation upon which other rock musicians would build their careers . African-American performers like Big Joe Turner , Wynonie Harris and Fats Domino came to national prominence after Presley 's acceptance among mass audiences of White American adults . Singers like Jerry Lee Lewis , the Everly Brothers , Chuck Berry , Bo Diddley , Little Richard , Buddy Holly , Johnny Cash , Roy Orbison and others immediately followed in his wake . John Lennon later observed , `` Before Elvis , there was nothing . ''   During the post-WWII economic boom of the 1950s , many parents were able to give their teenage children much higher weekly allowances , signaling a shift in the buying power and purchasing habits of American teens . During the 1940s bobby soxers had idolized Frank Sinatra , but the buyers of his records were mostly between the ages of eighteen and twenty-two . Presley triggered a lot of demand for his records by near-teens and early teens aged ten and up . Along with Presley 's `` ducktail '' haircut , the demand for black slacks and loose , open-necked shirts resulted in new lines of clothing for teenage boys whereas a girl might get a pink portable 45 rpm record player for her bedroom . Meanwhile , American teenagers began buying newly available portable transistor radios and listened to rock 'n' roll on them ( helping to propel that fledgling industry from an estimated 100,000 units sold in 1955 to 5,000,000 units by the end of 1958 ) . Teens were asserting more independence and Presley became a national symbol of their parents ' consternation .   Presley 's impact on the American youth consumer market was noted on the front page of The Wall Street Journal on December 31 , 1956 when business journalist Louis M. Kohlmeier wrote , `` Elvis Presley today is a business , '' and reported on the singer 's record and merchandise sales . Half a century later , historian Ian Brailsford ( University of Auckland , New Zealand ) commented , `` The phenomenal success of Elvis Presley in 1956 convinced many doubters of the financial opportunities existing in the youth market . ''

neg: Martini In The Morning Martini In The Morning is an internet radio station based in Los Angeles . Martini in the Morning , often shortened to `` MITM '' to resemble traditional radio station call letters , was created when Los Angeles radio station Fabulous 690 XETRA ( originally Fabulous 570 KLAC ) was sold in February 2006 , to become a Spanish language station .   Brad ` Martini ' Chambers who created the new , more contemporary `` Adult Standards '' format for his then employers , Clear Channel Radio is the Program Director and principal host along with ` Mother ' Miriam Garfield . The station broadcasts 24 hours a day and is based in Studio City , Ca . Their broadcast format is similar to what is commonly referred to as `` Adult Standards '' , featuring Jazz Standards , primarily songs from what is often referred to as `` The Great American Songbook '' . The station is active in promoting the genre that the `` Great American Songbook '' represents and ensuring this musical genre does not disappear from the air . There were once hundreds of American radio stations programming similar music . There are now fewer than 200 , and many of those are a mix of `` Great American Songbook '' tunes with a larger percentage of more current `` Adult Contemporary '' music .   Martini in the Morning features music written by the likes of Hoagy Carmichael , Cole Porter , Irving Berlin , Rodgers and Hart , Rodgers and Hammerstein , Johnny Mercer , Henry Mancini , Jimmy McHugh , Dorothy Fields , Fats Waller , Jerome Kern , Sammy Cahn , Jimmy Van Heusen , and many others , performed by the historical greats like Ella Fitzgerald , Frank Sinatra , Dean Martin , Sammy Davis Jr. , Billie Holiday , Bobby Darin , Dinah Washington as well as the more modern `` crooners '' like Steve Tyrell , Tony Bennett , Diana Krall , Michael Bublé , Michael Feinstein , and established pop/rock and R&B artists crossing over into the genre , such as Sting , Paul McCartney , Rod Stewart , Queen Latifah , Lady Gaga and others .   The station is available on-line through various means , using iTunes ( Golden Oldies ) , mobile apps including TuneIn Radio , StreamS HiFi , Reciva , vTuner , Radio Loyalty and others available through the App Store or Marketplace , or you can connect directly via internet address : http://martiniinthemorning.com or watch live in studio on-line during the stations 's `` Morning Show '' 6:00 AM -- 10:00 AM Pacific time at http://www.martiniinthemorning.com/martinivision.html or via Ustream.tv - http://ustream.tv/mitm .

neg: A Hard Day's Night (film) A Hard Day 's Night is a 1964 British musical comedy film directed by Richard Lester and starring the Beatles -- John Lennon , Paul McCartney , George Harrison , and Ringo Starr -- during the height of Beatlemania . It was written by Alun Owen and originally released by United Artists . The film portrays several days in the lives of the group .   The film was a financial and critical success . Time magazine rated it as one of the all-time great 100 films . British critic Leslie Halliwell described it as a `` comic fantasia with music ; an enormous commercial success with the director trying every cinematic gag in the book '' and awarded it a full four stars . The film is credited as being one of the most influential of all musical films , inspiring numerous spy films , the Monkees ' television show and pop music videos .

neg: (I'd Like to Get You on a) Slow Boat to China '' ( I 'd Like to Get You on a ) Slow Boat to China '' is a popular song by Frank Loesser , published in 1948 .   The song is a well-known pop standard , recorded by many artists , including a duet between Rosemary Clooney and Bing Crosby ( for their album Fancy Meeting You Here ( 1958 ) ) , Ella Fitzgerald , Joni James , Jimmy Buffett , Fats Domino and Liza Minnelli .   In the UK , the biggest hit version was recorded by Emile Ford and the Checkmates peaking at # 3 in the official singles chart in 1960 .   Bette Midler and Barry Manilow recorded the song for Midler 's album Bette Midler Sings the Rosemary Clooney Songbook ( 2003 ) .   Miss Piggy performed the song with actor Roger Moore an episode of The Muppet Show .   Paul McCartney sang this song to honor Frank Loesser .

neg: Not as a Stranger Not as a Stranger is a 1955 Drama film produced and directed by Stanley Kramer based on the 1954 novel of the same name by Morton Thompson . The romantic melodrama novel was widely popular , topping that year 's list of bestselling novels in the United States .   The film was Kramer 's directorial debut and featured Olivia de Havilland and Robert Mitchum in the lead roles , backed by a stellar supporting cast including Frank Sinatra , Gloria Grahame , Broderick Crawford , Charles Bickford , Lon Chaney , Jr. , Harry Morgan , and Lee Marvin . The film was released by United Artists .   Sinatra had catapulted back into the limelight as the result of a supporting role for a film from a similarly popular novel , From Here to Eternity , two years earlier . Initially a minor box office success , Not as a Stranger is seldom seen today , never receiving widespread distribution on home video . It was first released on DVD in 1992 .

neg: 26th Academy Awards The 26th Academy Awards honored the best in films of 1953 .   The second national telecast of the Awards show drew an estimated 43 million viewers . Shirley Booth , appearing in a play in Philadelphia , presented the Best Actor award through a live broadcast cut-in , and privately received the winner 's name over the telephone from co-host Donald O'Connor . ( Actor Fredric March co-hosted from New York City . ) Gary Cooper filmed his presentation of the Best Actress award in advance on a set in Mexico , with O'Connor announcing the winner 's name .   All the major winners in this year were black-and-white films . The big winner was Fred Zinnemann 's From Here to Eternity , with thirteen nominations and eight awards including Best Picture , Best Supporting Actor , Best Supporting Actress , Best Director , Best Screenplay ( Daniel Taradash ) , Best Cinematography ( Burnett Guffey ) , Best Sound , and Best Film Editing . All five of its major actors and actresses were nominated , with secondary players Donna Reed and Frank Sinatra taking home Oscars . The candid film was based on James Jones ' controversial , best-selling novel about Army life on a Hawaiian ( Oahu ) military base just prior to the Pearl Harbor attack and World War II , illustrating the conflict between an individualistic private ( Montgomery Clift ) and rigid institutional authority ( exemplified by the Army ) . Its achievement of eight awards matched the then record held by Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) . The record would be tied again the following year by On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) . Walt Disney won four awards , which remains the record for the most Oscars won in the same year .   William Holden 's speech for Best Actor for his role in Stalag 17 was simply `` Thank You '' , making it one of the shortest speeches ever ; the TV broadcast had a strict cutoff time which forced Holden 's quick remarks . The frustrated Holden personally paid for advertisements in the Hollywood trade publications to thank everyone he wanted to on Oscar night . He also remarked that he felt that either Burt Lancaster or Montgomery Clift should have won the Best Actor Oscar for From Here to Eternity , instead of him .

neg: Lew Irwin Lew Irwin has been a Los Angeles-based journalist for more than 50 years . He was the original anchor/reporter at KABC-TV from 1957 -- 1962 and the news director of Los Angeles radio stations KPOL , KRLA , KDAY , and KNX-FM . While at KRLA in the late 1960s , he created The Credibility Gap , a 15-minute news program , broadcast every three hours , that integrated topical satire and music with the news . He also has interviewed Presidents Harry Truman , John Kennedy , Lyndon Johnson , Dwight Eisenhower , and Ronald Reagan , as well as such show business personalities as The Beatles , the Rolling Stones , Frank Sinatra , David Bowie , Peter Sellers , Jack Nicholson , Dick Clark and Elvis Presley . He is the author of Sinatra , a Life Remembered , a coffee table book about Frank Sinatra and since 1992 has been the publisher/editor of the daily entertainment industry digest Studio Briefing .

neg: Reprise Musical Repertory Theatre Reprise Musical Repertory Theatre is a series of four 12 '' long playing vinyl albums recorded in Los Angeles in 1963 . The four albums were sold through mail order as a box set in 1963 , then released separately to retail in 1964 . They were conceived and produced by Frank Sinatra . Morris Stoloff was the musical director and the A&R Director was Sonny Burke .   The four discs feature the scores of four popular Broadway musicals of the time , namely Finian 's Rainbow ( 1947 ) , Kiss Me , Kate ( 1948 ) , South Pacific ( 1949 ) and Guys and Dolls ( 1950 ) .   The `` Guys and Dolls '' album was issued on CD in 1992 when the musical itself was enjoying a revival . All the albums were re-released in a box set on September 26 , 2000 .

neg: Together Again Tour The Diamond Jubilee World is the concert tour by American recording artist , Frank Sinatra , with Dean Martin and Sammy Davis Jr. . .

neg: The Capitol Years (1990 Frank Sinatra album) The Capitol Years is a 1990 compilation album of the U.S. singer Frank Sinatra .   Released to coincide with Sinatra 's 75th birthday , this three-disc set has an abundance of classic Sinatra performances from his career with Capitol Records , which spanned the years 1953 to 1961 .

neg: Higher and Higher (film) Higher and Higher is a 1944 musical film starring Michèle Morgan , Jack Haley , and Frank Sinatra ( in his film debut ) , loosely based on a 1940 Broadway musical written by Gladys Hurlbut and Joshua Logan . The film version , written by Jay Dratler and Ralph Spence with additional dialogue by William Bowers and Howard Harris , diverges significantly from its source .   The film has songs by Jimmy McHugh ( music ) and Harold Adamson ( lyrics ) , as well as one song by Rodgers and Hart , `` Disgustingly Rich , '' that remains from the stage production .

neg: A Night at the Met A Night at the Met is the third official album release by Robin Williams on August 9 , 1986 . It features segments recorded live at Metropolitan Opera House in New York City . The album won the 1988 Grammy Award for Best Comedy Performance Single or Album , Spoken or Musical .   The album was released the year before Williams ' critically acclaimed performance in the motion picture Good Morning , Vietnam ( 1987 ) . He had been shifting his focus from stand-up comedy to film making for several years , and A Night at the Met would be one of his last major concerts during the 1980s . The show is a mix of Williams ' quick-witted humor and voice work , with rants on the topics of drugs , sex , world affairs , and parenting . References to the events and people of the 1980s are mentioned heavily throughout ; U.S. President Ronald Reagan , Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi , and President of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev are central to many of the jokes .

neg: Frank Sinatra Jr. Francis Wayne `` Frank '' Sinatra ( January 10 , 1944 -- March 16 , 2016 ) , professionally known as Frank Sinatra Jr. , was an American singer , songwriter , and conductor .   He was the son of singer and actor Frank Sinatra and his first wife , Nancy Barbato Sinatra ; the younger brother of singer and actress Nancy Sinatra ; and older brother of television producer Tina Sinatra .

neg: All My Tomorrows (song) `` All My Tomorrows '' is a 1959 ballad with lyrics by Sammy Cahn and music by Jimmy van Heusen . The song was expressly written as a Frank Sinatra vehicle . It was introduced in the film A Hole in the Head where Sinatra sings it in the opening credits .   Sinatra later featured `` All My Tomorrows '' on his 1961 album All the Way . Sinatra re-recorded it for his 1969 album My Way , in a new arrangement which Charles L. Granata considers to be superior to the original , and which AllMusic calls `` lush and aching '' . Rolling Stone describes the song as `` the poignant monologue of a man determined to turn his life around '' .

neg: Von Ryan's Express Von Ryan 's Express is a World War II adventure film , released in 1965 , about a group of Allied prisoners of war who conduct a daring escape by hijacking a freight train and fleeing through German-occupied Italy to Switzerland . It stars Frank Sinatra and Trevor Howard , and is based on the novel by David Westheimer . It was directed by Mark Robson . The film changes several aspects of the novel , most notably the ending , which is considerably more upbeat in the book . It became one of Frank Sinatra 's most successful films .

neg: Twentieth Century (film) Twentieth Century is a 1934 American pre-Code screwball comedy film . Much of the film is set on the 20th Century Limited train as it travels from Chicago to New York City . The film was directed by Howard Hawks , stars John Barrymore and Carole Lombard , and features Walter Connolly , Roscoe Karns and Edgar Kennedy . Ben Hecht and Charles MacArthur adapted their Broadway play of the same name -- itself based on the unproduced play Napoleon of Broadway by Charles Bruce Millholland -- with uncredited contributions from Gene Fowler and Preston Sturges .   Along with Frank Capra 's It Happened One Night , also released in 1934 ( which amazingly has exactly the same music over the opening titles ) , Twentieth Century is considered to be a prototype for the screwball comedy . `` Howard Hawks ' rapid-fire romantic comedy established the essential ingredients of the screwball -- a dizzy dame , a charming but befuddled hero , dazzling dialogue and a dash of slapstick . '' Its success propelled Lombard into the front ranks of film comediennes . The film was added to the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress in 2011 .

neg: Frank Sinatra Christmas Collection The Frank Sinatra Christmas Collection is a 2004 Christmas album from Frank Sinatra . The selection of tracks on the album spans Sinatra 's career from 1957 to 1991 and includes four previously unavailable tracks -- two previously unreleased on CD and two previously unreleased in any format -- the latter the last Christmas carol Sinatra recorded .


query: At least one type of film is a division of Davis Entertainment.

pos: Davis Entertainment Davis Entertainment is an American independent film production company , founded by John Davis in 1984 .   Davis 's three divisions -- - feature film , independent film , and television - -- develop and produce film and television projects for the major studios , independent distributors , networks and cable broadcasters . The Company has enjoyed a long-standing first-look production deal at 20th Century Fox , though also produces projects for all studios and mini-majors .

neg: List of British films of 2013 The British film industry produced over five hundred feature films in 2013 . This article fully lists all non-pornographic films , including short films , that had a release date in that year and which were at least partly made by the United Kingdom . It does not include films first released in previous years that had release dates in 2013 .   Also included is an overview of the major events in British film , including film festivals and awards ceremonies , as well as lists of those films that were particularly well received , both critically and financially . The year was particularly notable for a number of low budget and independent horror films , such as In Fear , Devil 's Pass , Dementamania and Stalled .

neg: Animation studio An animation studio is a company producing animated media . The broadest such companies conceive of products to produce , own the physical equipment for production , employ operators for that equipment , and hold a major stake in the sales or rentals of the media produced . They also own rights over merchandising and creative rights for characters created/held by the company , much like authors holding copyrights . In some early cases , they also held patent rights over methods of animation used in certain studios that were used for boosting productivity . Overall , they are business concerns and can function as such in legal terms .   Currently there are about 201 animation studios dedicated to the production and distribution of animated films that are active . Few are actual production house where as others are corporate entities . Many of these animation studios help with the fulfillment of animation works for big brand names and have carried out outsourced projects including Nemo .

neg: Mill Creek Entertainment Mill Creek Entertainment is an American home video company founded in 2002 by Ian Warfield , Robert Zakheim and Scott Moss in Minnetonka , Minnesota .   The Mill Creek Entertainment catalog draws from over 12,000 hours of owned and licensed content , including contemporary and classic feature films , as well as television , animations , documentary , special interest , family entertainment and fitness content . The company 's licensing partnerships with major studios include Buena Vista Home Entertainment , Sony Pictures Home Entertainment , NBCUniversal , and Warner Home Video .   The company is known for its multi-film DVD collections , which draw heavily ( but not exclusively ) from material in the public domain in the United States . The company also produces its own original documentary programming , including the National Parks Explorer Series , Up from Slavery , Gangster Empire : Rise of the Mob , The Ultimate Civil War Series , America 's Serial Killers , and The Decade You Were Born series . Mill Creek acquired the library of Crown International Pictures from now defunct Navarre Corporation subsidiary BCI Home Entertainment .   On April 23 , 2012 , Mill Creek announced that they had signed a home video distribution deal with Sony Pictures Home Entertainment , acquiring the rights to distribute 250 films from the Sony Pictures catalog on DVD and Blu-ray .  On August 27 , Mill Creek announced that they had signed a long term distribution deal with Sony Pictures Home Entertainment to distribute an additional 665 films and 54 TV series from the Sony Pictures library .

neg: Digital movie camera Digital movie cameras for digital cinematography are digital video cameras that capture digitally rather than the historically used movie camera , which shoots on film stock . Different digital movie cameras output a variety of different acquisition formats . Cameras designed for domestic use have also been used for some low-budget independent productions .   Since the beginning of the 2010s , digital movie cameras have become the dominant type of camera in the motion picture industry .

neg: Walt Disney Studios Walt Disney Studios may refer to :   Walt Disney Studios ( division ) , the Walt Disney Company 's Studio Entertainment unit , which includes Disney 's motion picture studios , music labels , theatrical production company , and distribution companies .  Walt Disney Studios ( Burbank ) , complex in Burbank , California , built in 1939 , which serves as the corporate headquarters for The Walt Disney Company . It is also a functioning film studio and hosts production facilities for Disney 's various entertainment businesses  Walt Disney Animation Studios , the company 's main animation division . Animated films are released under the Walt Disney Pictures label  Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures , the primary theatrical film distributor of Disney films in the USA and abroad  Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment , the primary home media distributor of Disney films in the USA and abroad

neg: Children's film A children 's film , or family film , is a film genre that contains children or relates to them in the context of home and family . Children 's films are made specifically for children and not necessarily for the general audience , while family films are made for a wider appeal with a general audience in mind . Children 's films come in several major forms like realism , fantasy , adventure , animation , war , musicals , and literary adaptations .

neg: Major film studio A major film studio is a production and film distributor that releases a substantial number of films annually and consistently commands a significant share of box office revenue in a given market . In the North American , Western , and global markets , the major film studios , often simply known as the majors , are commonly regarded as the six diversified media conglomerates whose various film production and distribution subsidiaries collectively command approximately 80 to 85 percent of U.S. and Canadian box office revenue . The term may also be applied more specifically to the primary motion picture business subsidiary of each respective conglomerate .   The `` Big Six '' majors , whose operations are based in or around the Los Angeles neighborhood of Hollywood , are all centered in film studios active during Hollywood 's Golden Age of the 1930s and 1940s . In three cases -- 20th Century Fox , Warner Bros. , and Paramount -- the studios were one of the `` Big Five '' majors during that era as well . In two cases -- Columbia and Universal -- the studios were also considered majors , but in the next tier down , part of the `` Little Three '' . In the sixth case , Walt Disney Studios was an independent production company during the Golden Age ; it was an important Hollywood entity , but not a major . Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , United Artists , and RKO were majors .   Today , Disney is the only member of the Big Six whose parent entity is still located near Los Angeles ( actually , on Disney 's studio lot and in the same building ) . The five others report to conglomerates headquartered in New York City , Philadelphia , and Tokyo . Of the Big Six , Paramount is the only one still based in Hollywood , and Paramount and Fox are the only ones still located within the Los Angeles city limits , while Disney and Warner Bros. are located in Burbank , Columbia in Culver City , and Universal in the unincorporated area of Universal City .   Most of today 's Big Six control subsidiaries with their own distribution networks that concentrate on arthouse pictures ( e.g. Fox Searchlight Pictures ) or genre films ( e.g. Sony 's Screen Gems ) ; several of these specialty units were shut down or sold off between 2008 and 2010 . The six major studios are contrasted with smaller production and/or distribution companies , which are known as independents or `` indies '' . The leading independent producer/distributors -- Lionsgate Films , The Weinstein Company , and former major studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer -- are sometimes referred to as `` mini-majors '' . From 1998 through 2005 , DreamWorks SKG commanded a large enough market share to arguably qualify it as a seventh major , despite its relatively small output . In 2006 , DreamWorks was acquired by Viacom , Paramount 's corporate parent . In late 2008 , DreamWorks once again became an independent production company ; its films were distributed by Disney 's Touchstone Pictures until 2016 , at which point distribution switched to Universal .   The Big Six major studios are today primarily backers and distributors of films whose actual production is largely handled by independent companies -- either long-running entities or ones created for and dedicated to the making of a specific film . The specialty divisions often simply acquire distribution rights to pictures in which the studio has had no prior involvement . While the majors still do a modicum of true production , their activities are focused more in the areas of development , financing , marketing , and merchandising . Those business functions are still usually performed in or near Los Angeles , even though the runaway production phenomenon means that most films are now mostly or completely shot on location at places outside Los Angeles .   Since the dawn of filmmaking , the U.S. major film studios have dominated both American cinema and the global film industry . U.S. studios have benefited from a strong first-mover advantage in that they were the first to industrialize filmmaking and master the art of mass-producing and distributing high-quality films with broad cross-cultural appeal . Today , the Big Six majors routinely distribute hundreds of films every year into all significant international markets ( that is , where discretionary income is high enough for consumers to afford to watch films ) . It is very rare , if not impossible , for a film to reach a broad international audience on multiple continents and in multiple languages without first being picked up by one of the majors for distribution .

neg: Film director A film director is a person who directs the making of a film . Generally , a film director controls a film 's artistic and dramatic aspects and visualizes the screenplay ( or script ) while guiding the technical crew and actors in the fulfillment of that vision . The director has a key role in choosing the cast members , production design , and the creative aspects of filmmaking . Under European Union law , the director is viewed as the author of the film .   The film director gives direction to the cast and crew and creates an overall vision through which a film eventually becomes realized , or noticed . Directors need to be able to mediate differences in creative visions and stay within the boundaries of the film 's budget . There are many pathways to becoming a film director . Some film directors started as screenwriters , cinematographers , film editors or actors . Other film directors have attended a film school . Directors use different approaches . Some outline a general plotline and let the actors improvise dialogue , while others control every aspect , and demand that the actors and crew follow instructions precisely . Some directors also write their own screenplays or collaborate on screenplays with long-standing writing partners . Some directors edit or appear in their films , or compose the music score for their films .

neg: Adult animation Adult animation , adult cartoon , or mature animation is any type of animation work that is mainly targeted towards adults and sometimes also teenagers , acting as a contrast to most animated films and TV series being aimed at children . Works in this genre may be considered adult for any number of reasons . They may be noted for using risqué themes , graphic violence , profane language , sexuality , or dark humor . Works in this genre may explore philosophical , political , or social issues . Some productions are noted for sophisticated and/or experimental storytelling and animation techniques .   Before the enforcement of the Hays Code , some cartoon shorts contained humor that was aimed at adult audience members rather than children . Following the introduction of the Motion Picture Association of America film rating system , independent animation producers attempted to establish an alternative to mainstream animation . Initially , few animation studios in the United States attempted to produce animation for adult audiences , but later examples of animation produced for adults would gain mainstream attention and success .

neg: Enoki Films is a producer of anime based in the Enoki Building in Shinjuku , Tokyo .   Enoki Films also had a North American division , established in 1986 , headquartered in the Encino area of Los Angeles , California , United States called Enoki Films USA , Inc. . Enoki Films USA acted as a middle-man between Japanese companies and American licensees such as 4Kids Entertainment and Saban . In May 2007 it was announced that their content would also be provided as video on demand by Internet startup ReelTime.com ( worldwide except Japan ) .   As of 2002 Enoki licenses anime but sub-licenses its licenses to various distributors instead of distributing them directly . Anime News Network wrote that `` They generally only license TV shows that they hope to also license to TV broadcasters such as Cartoon Network , ABC Family and Fox Kids . ''   Some of the anime productions that were listed on Enoki 's website are under alternate names and may list characters under different names as well . In many cases , when sub-licensed to anime home video companies , the original titles and character names have been restored . Enoki 's translations of episode titles and scenarios may also be different than what may be on the official release .   If Enoki 's series ' had a separate movie or direct-to-video production , it is usually not licensed by Enoki , and the film or direct-to-video production may be licensed to a separate company than the series ( as is the case with the Slayers movies and OVAs and the Utena movie ) .   As of 2016 , Enoki Films ' North American division is now defunct , since it bought its operations to an end in 2010 .

neg: Camelot Entertainment Group Camelot Entertainment Group , Inc. ( `` CMGR '' ) , is a public company based in Irvine , California with three subsidiaries : Camelot Films , Camelot Distribution Group , including DarKnight Pictures , and Camelot Studio Group . Camelot is in the process of rebuilding its production and distribution subsidiaries as it continues to work on its Studio Group developments . As of February 1 , 2017 , Camelot is working toward filing a new S-1 Registration Statement in order to regain its fully reporting status and resume trading . The company has not traded since July 23 , 2013 , when it was unable to complete its annual and quarterly filing requirements due to lack of funding . In the interim , the company has divested itself of most of the titles it was representing for distribution as part of an overall restructuring . In addition to divesting the film library acquired in 2010 , the company has now worked through most of the prior legal issues that arose from the acquisition of the library and is now in a position to move forward with its S-1 Registration . Going forward , Camelot will focus on acquiring and producing content through its Camelot Films subsidiary , direct to consumer ( `` DTC '' ) digital distribution domestically as it rebuilds its foreign sales operations through its Camelot Distribution Group subsidiary , and the launch of its long planned Camelot Studio Group facility .

neg: Lionsgate Home Entertainment Lionsgate Home Entertainment ( formerly Lions Gate Films Home Entertainment and Lions Gate Home Entertainment ) is the home video distribution arm of Lionsgate .

neg: Sony Pictures Mobile Sony Pictures Mobile is a mobile entertainment licenser and publisher specialising in branded interactive games and personalisation products , which are available for download via mobile devices through Sony Pictures Mobile 's distribution relationships with wireless providers and networks worldwide .   Sony Pictures Mobile is a division of Sony Pictures Digital and a Sony Pictures Entertainment company . Sony Pictures Entertainment is part of Sony Entertainment Inc. a Sony company .

neg: Digital intermediate Digital intermediate ( typically abbreviated to DI ) is a motion picture finishing process which classically involves digitizing a motion picture and manipulating the color and other image characteristics . It often replaces or augments the photochemical timing process and is usually the final creative adjustment to a movie before distribution in theaters . It is distinguished from the telecine process in which film is scanned and color is manipulated early in the process to facilitate editing . However the lines between telecine and DI are continually blurred and are often executed on the same hardware by colorists of the same background . These two steps are typically part of the overall color management process in a motion picture at different points in time . A digital intermediate is also customarily done at higher resolution and with greater color fidelity than telecine transfers .   Although originally used to describe a process that started with film scanning and ended with film recording , digital intermediate is also used to describe color correction and color grading and even final mastering when a digital camera is used as the image source and/or when the final movie is not output to film . This is due to recent advances in digital cinematography and digital projection technologies that strive to match film origination and film projection .   In traditional photochemical film finishing , an intermediate is produced by exposing film to the original camera negative . The intermediate is then used to mass-produce the films that get distributed to theaters . Color grading is done by varying the amount of red , green , and blue light used to expose the intermediate . This seeks to be able to replace or augment the photochemical approach to creating this intermediate .   The digital intermediate process uses digital tools to color grade , which allows for much finer control of individual colors and areas of the image , and allows for the adjustment of image structure ( grain , sharpness , etc. ) . The intermediate for film reproduction can then be produced by means of a film recorder . The physical intermediate film that is a result of the recording process is sometimes also called a digital intermediate , and is usually recorded to internegative ( IN ) stock , which is inherently finer-grain than camera negative ( OCN ) .   One of the key technical achievements that made the transition to DI possible was the use of the 3D look-up tables ( aka `` 3D LUTs '' ) , which could be used to mimic how the digital image would look once it was printed onto release print stock . This removed a large amount of skilled guesswork from the film-making process , and allowed greater freedom in the colour grading process while reducing risk .   The digital master is often used as a source for a DCI-compliant distribution of the motion picture for digital projection . For archival purposes , the digital master created during the Digital Intermediate process can still be recorded to very stable high dynamic range yellow-cyan-magenta ( YCM ) separations on black-and-white film with an expected 100-year or longer life . This archival format , long used in the industry prior to the invention of DI , still provides an archival medium that is independent of changes in digital data recording technologies and file formats that might otherwise render digitally archived material unreadable in the long term .

neg: Discount theater Discount theaters , also known as dollar theatres , dollar movies , second-run theatres , and sub-run theatres , are movie theaters that show motion pictures for reduced prices after the films leave first-run theatres . Originally , they would receive 35mm films after they had been shown already at first run theaters ; therefore the film quality would be lower because the film was worn by dozens of showings , and the audience for the film would be reduced since it had been released weeks or months before .   At the time , VHS was just rising as an affordable home video technology . Consequently , budget-conscious film-goers might wait for a film to hit the local dollar house instead of paying more money to see the film first-run .   As the 21st century dawned , a pair of factors conspired to drive many discount theatres out of business : 1 ) an oversupply of American movie screens caused by ambitious overbuilding allowed films to stay longer in the first-run theatres , and 2 ) the delay between theatrical release and VHS or DVD release continued to shrink . This latter factor convinced many moviegoers that it was simply not worth the money , hassle , and possible encounters with noisy fellow patrons and sticky floors , meaning dollar theatres could be in the twilight of their existence .

neg: List of Criterion Collection UK releases This is a list of Criterion Collection Blu-ray titles released in U.K. , distributed by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment .   The Criterion Collection is a video distribution company which specializes in licensing and selling `` important classic and contemporary films '' in `` editions that offer the highest technical quality and award-winning , original supplements . '' Janus Films and the Voyager Company established The Criterion Collection in 1984 as a privately held company concentrating upon the North American home video market . In March 2016 , Criterion announced that due to a distribution partnership with Sony Pictures Home Entertainment select Criterion Collection titles would be launching in U.K. as Blu-ray editions , starting on April 18 , 2016 .   So far all the released titles have been films that have already been released in US by Criterion Collection , or that have received simultaneous releases in the US and U.K. . So far all the released titles have been identical to their US counterparts apart from region coding ( A in the US and B in U.K. ) .

neg: Movietone Records Movietone Records was a budget records subsidiary of 20th Century Fox 's record division , which issued 29 albums starting in 1965 and ending in 1967 . Most or all of these were reissues of albums that had appeared earlier on the 20th Century Fox label . Artists featured on these albums included Shirley Temple , Al Martino , Lena Horne , Art Tatum , Marilyn Monroe , and Sylvia Sims .   The name `` Movietone '' had been used by Fox Film Corporation since 1926 , when it was coined by William Fox to name the process he had bought for putting sound on film for `` talkies '' . By the time the 1965 incarnation of the record label came along , Fox had issued some 78s on the Fox Movietone label decades earlier , but these were not commercial issues , as far as is known . `` Movietone '' was also the name Fox gave to its TV and newsreel coverage .

neg: Film poster A film poster is a poster used to promote and advertise a film . Studios often print several posters that vary in size and content for various domestic and international markets . They normally contain an image with text . Today 's posters often feature photographs of the main actors . Prior to the 1990s , illustrations instead of photos were far more common . The text on film posters usually contains the film title in large lettering and often the names of the main actors . It may also include a tagline , the name of the director , names of characters , the release date , etc. .   Film posters are displayed inside and on the outside of movie theaters , and elsewhere on the street or in shops . The same images appear in the film exhibitor 's pressbook and may also be used on websites , DVD ( and historically VHS ) packaging , flyers , advertisements in newspapers and magazines , etc. .   Film posters have been used since the earliest public exhibitions of film . They began as outside placards listing the programme of ( short ) films to be shown inside the hall or movie theater . By the early 1900s , they began to feature illustrations of a film scene or an array of overlaid images from several scenes . Other posters have used artistic interpretations of a scene or even the theme of the film , represented in a wide variety of artistic styles .

neg: Midwest Independent Film Festival The Midwest Independent Film Festival is the nation 's only film festival solely dedicated to the Midwest filmmaker . Only films from the eight-state Midwest region of Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Michigan , Minnesota , Missouri , Ohio and Wisconsin are considered for screening . This film festival is also unique in that it is held throughout the year , presenting audiences with the finest independent films from the Midwest every first Tuesday of the month .   The Midwest Independent Film Festival prides itself on showcasing emerging directors , powerful artistic visions , and strong cinematic stories . These exceptional films combine with an exciting social atmosphere and a state-of-the-art screening venue to create one of the premier festivals in the Midwest .   The Midwest Independent Film Festival is hosted every first Tuesday of the month at Chicago 's Landmark Century Centre Cinema of Landmark Theatres . Sponsors include Resolution Digital Studios , Zacuto , Fletcher Chicago , Orbit Media Studios , O'Connor Casting , Flashpoint The Academy of Media Arts and Sciences , Zipcar , The Chicago Film Office , The Illinois Film Office , Zaroban Design , Crunch Fitness , Getty Images , Screen Magazine and Kodak .   This festival is sometimes referred to as `` The Midwest Film Festival , '' `` The Midwest Indie , '' or simply `` The Midwest . ''

neg: California Film Awards The California Film Awards is a film awards ceremony that offers awards in the categories of Best Picture , Actor , Actress , Cinematography , Directing , First-Time Directors , Editing , Screenplay , Animation , Art Design , Music Videos , Short Films , Experimental Films , Student Films , California Films , Foreign Films , Documentaries and Feature Narratives . Only independent films are eligible .