query: Reese Witherspoon is actively involved in advocacy organizations.

pos: Reese Witherspoon Laura Jeanne Reese Witherspoon ( -LSB- ˈriːs_ˈwɪðərspuːn -RSB- born March 22 , 1976 ) is an American actress , producer , and entrepreneur . Born in New Orleans and raised in Tennessee , she began her career as a child actress , making her professional screen debut in The Man in the Moon ( 1991 ) , for which she was nominated for a Young Artist Award . Following breakout roles in Desperate Choices : To Save My Child ( 1992 ) and Jack the Bear , she starred in the comedy-drama Pleasantville ( 1998 ) , for which she won the Young Hollywood Award for Breakthrough Performance . Her leading role of Tracy Flick in Election ( 1999 ) was nominated for a Golden Globe Award .   Witherspoon 's breakthrough role was playing Elle Woods in the 2001 film Legally Blonde , for which she received her second Golden Globe nomination . The following year , she starred in the romantic comedy Sweet Home Alabama , which emerged as her biggest live-action commercial success . In 2005 , she portrayed June Carter in Walk the Line , which earned her the Academy Award , Golden Globe Award , BAFTA Award , Screen Actors Guild Award , and Critics Choice Award for Best Actress . Other notable films of hers include Legally Blonde 2 : Red , White & Blonde ( 2003 ) , Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2009 ) , Water for Elephants ( 2011 ) , and Sing ( 2016 ) . In 2014 , Witherspoon produced the thriller Gone Girl and received critical acclaim for portraying Cheryl Strayed in Wild , for which she earned her second Academy Award nomination for Best Actress and a fourth Golden Globe nomination . In 2017 , she produced and starred in the HBO drama series Big Little Lies .   Witherspoon owns a production company , Pacific Standard , and she is actively involved in children 's and women 's advocacy organizations . She serves on the board of the Children 's Defense Fund ( CDF ) and was named Global Ambassador of Avon Products in 2007 , serving as honorary chair of the charitable Avon Foundation . She received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2010 .

neg: International POPs Elimination Network The International POPs Elimination Network ( IPEN ) is a global network of NGOs dedicated to the common aim of eliminating persistent organic pollutants .   IPEN is composed of public interest non-governmental organizations who support a common platform for the global elimination of POPs . The Participating Organizations ( POs ) of IPEN are those NGOs which have endorsed the POPs Elimination Platform and/or the Stockholm Declaration . Because the network is primarily engaged in facilitating information exchange and in supporting activities of its constituents , and because the purpose of the network does not include developing network-wide-policy statements , strategies , or action plans , a formal decision-making process for the network can be simple , flexible , and largely administrative in nature . ( IPEN 2005 )   The International POPs Elimination Network ( IPEN ) is a global network of more than 600 public interest non-governmental organizations working together for the elimination of persistent organic pollutants , on an expedited yet socially equitable basis . This mission includes achieving a world in which all chemicals are produced and used in ways that eliminate significant adverse effects on human health and the environment , and where persistent organic pollutants ( POPs ) and chemicals of equivalent concern no longer pollute our local and global environments , and no longer contaminate our communities , our food , our bodies , or the bodies of our children and future generations .

neg: Home Recording Rights Coalition The Home Recording Rights Coalition is a non-profit advocacy organization in the U.S. , whose mission is to protect the rights of consumers to view , listen to , and record radio and television broadcasts .   Founded in 1981 in response to the Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios , Inc. case , the group has more recently urged the U.S. Congress and Federal Communications Commission to prevent for-profit corporations and their trade organizations ( like the MPAA and RIAA ) from eroding or even destroying the private , in-home fair use of new digital audio and video technologies , such as DTV , HDTV , DAB , DVD and others .

neg: End Human Trafficking Now The End Human Trafficking Now ( EHTN ) campaign was founded in 2006 in an attempt at uniting the business world in combatting human trafficking and modern slavery .   The campaign grew out of the `` Roundtable of the Business Community against Human Trafficking '' , a meeting held on 23 January 2006 in Athens , Greece , and organized under the auspices of the Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs . The aim was to bring together business leaders and CEOs from the private sector , representatives of non-governmental organizations ( NGOs ) , international organizations , and governments to share their expertise , find a common stance , and develop measures to counter human trafficking . The meeting was cosponsored by prominent international organizations in the fight against human trafficking : the International Organization for Migration ( IOM ) , the United Nations Development Fund for Women ( UNIFEM ) , the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime ( UNODC ) , the World Bank and the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces ( DCAF ) . Notable attendants included Queen Sylvia of Sweden , Queen Sabika of Bahrain , former UN Secretary General Boutros Boutros-Ghali , Interpol Secretary General Ronald Noble and French composer Jean Michel Jarre .   From the gathering emerged a set of ethical principles against human trafficking , which became known as the Athens Ethical Principles . All signatories declare zero tolerance for dealing with businesses which benefit from human trafficking and promise to   Explicitly demonstrate the position of zero tolerance towards trafficking in human beings , especially women and children for sexual exploitation .  Contribute to prevention of trafficking in human beings including awareness-raising campaigns and education .  Develop a corporate strategy for an anti-trafficking policy which will permeate all our activities .  Ensure that our personnel fully comply with our anti-trafficking policy .  Encourage business partners , including suppliers , to apply ethical principles against human trafficking .  In an effort to increase enforcement it is necessary to call on governments to initiate a process of revision of laws and regulations that are directly or indirectly related to enhancing anti-trafficking policies .  Report and share information on best practices .   The first company to sign up to the principles was Manpower Inc. , whose president of corporate affairs and government affairs is also the president of the board of EHTN .   As of 2012 , over 12,500 corporations have signed the Principles .

neg: UniteWomen.org UniteWomen.org is a national non-partisan 501 ( c ) 3 tax exempt non-profit organization with a mission of ending inequality for women that stems from prejudice and discrimination and to defend and advance the human and civil rights of women and girls . The organization was formed in Michigan in February 2012 . It developed in response to the War on Women , a series of legislative actions in the United States which negatively affect women .   The group has organized several marches , including a march in Jackson , Mississippi , to oppose `` 32 bills introduced this session restricting women 's access to health care '' and a nationwide march on April 28 , 2012 that took place in major cities across the United States . The group has been endorsed by American Association of University Women , National Latina Institute for Reproductive Health , the The Coalition of Labor Union Women and The Coffee Party USA . The march in April 2012 was promoted by Barbara Hannah Grufferman   Karen Teegarden , President of UniteWomen.org , appeared on The Authentic Woman , along with National Organization for Women President , Terry O'Neill . The two women 's rights leaders were interviewed by radio host , Shannon Fisher , about The State of Women 's Rights in America .   The organization was a partner in the Suffrage Centennial Celebration in 2013 , which was a week of events in Washington leading up to a reenactment of the Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913 Other partners in the Suffrage Centennial Celebration were the National Women 's History Museum , Sewall-Belmont House & Museum , the Smithsonian 's National Museum of American History , the Newseum , American Association of University Women , Daughters of the American Revolution , Delta Sigma Theta , the National Archives , the Turning Point Suffragist Memorial , the National Press Club , and The George Washington University Lisner Auditorium .   UniteWomen.org 's `` Unite Against Rape '' campaign raised public awareness of the issues of rape , human trafficking and violence against women . An array of legislators , journalists and celebrities participated in the campaign , including U.S. Senators Mark Warner and Tim Kaine ; comedians Roseanne Barr , Margaret Cho , Annabelle Gurwitch and Lois Bromfield ; social justice advocate Sandra Fluke ; Philadelphia Eagles defensive tackle , Ronnie Cameron , musician Courtney Love ; social and political commentators Meghan McCain , Alexandria Goddard ( the Steubenville blogger ) , Leslie Salzillo , Kimberley A. Johnson and Tanya Tatum ; XoJane writers and editors Jane Pratt , Mandy Stadtmiller , Alison Freer , Marci Robin and Julia Allison ; actors Yuri Lowenthal , Pia Glenn and Sharon Gardner ; celebrity artist Tormented Sugar ; writers Herman Williams , III , Pat Bertram , Michele Rolle and Toni Morrison ; executive director of the Military Rape Crisis Center , Panayiota Bertzikis ; and celebrity relationship experts Dr. Gilda Carle and Dr. Sheri Meyers . The campaign was co-founded by UniteWomen.org executive committee members Renee Davis , Karen Teegarden , Shannon Fisher and Sarah Warfield Chamberlin . The team also partnered with Rape , Abuse & Incest National Network for a national RAINN Day campaign to raise awareness of sexual assault on college campuses .

neg: National Center for Voluntary Action The National Center for Voluntary Action was an independent , private , non-profit organization that existed in the 1970s , and then extended on in merged forms , that sought to encourage volunteerism on the part of American citizens and organizations , assist in program development for voluntary efforts , and sought to make voluntary action an important force in American society .   The organization had its origins in 1969 , the first year of the Nixon administration , when the Cabinet Committee on Voluntary Action was put into place . Led by United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development George W. Romney , a study performed by this committee found a need for a national , non-governmental organization .   Hence came the National Center for Voluntary Action , created in 1970 by executive order of the president . At its first meeting on February 20 , 1970 , Romney stressed the value of voluntary action as the `` fourth way '' of solving problems ( along with the federal government , state and local government , and private industry ) . In April 1970 , Henry Ford II became the organization 's first chair and Bud Wilkinson its first president .   The organization launched a nationwide effort to develop Voluntary Action Centers ( previously known as Volunteer Bureaus ) as local volunteer centers to help people meet their needs through actions of volunteers . A heart-shaped logo was devised for the Voluntary Action Centers and used nationwide . It operated an information bank known as Clearinghouse . By October 1971 , Voluntary Action Centers had been established in 32 communities , with 30 more underway and 250 other communities having expressed interest .   Wilkinson left in August 1970 . Lenore Romney , George 's wife , became a director of the organization , and a member of its executive committee by 1971 , and vice president by 1973 . Ford departed in 1972 , and W. Clement Stone , who was the treasurer , became acting chair .   In 1973 , as he left the Nixon administration , George Romney became chair and CEO of the National Center for Voluntary Action .   In 1976 , the organization sponsored a national Congress on Volunteerism and Citizenship in conjunction with the United States Bicentennial of that year .   In 1979 , the National Center for Voluntary Action merged with another organization , the Colorado-based National Information Center on Volunteerism ( which had been in existence since 1970 , and as the National Information Center on Volunteers in Courts , since 1967 ) , and together became a new organization , VOLUNTEER : The National Center for Citizen Involvement . Romney remained as head of the new organization . The organization simplified its name to VOLUNTEER : The National Center in 1984 and to the National Volunteer Center in 1990 . Romney remained as chair of these organizations throughout this time .   In 1991 , the organization merged into the Points of Light Foundation , which had been created in 1990 under the aegis of President George H.W. Bush . The merged organization also became known during the 2000s as the Points of Light Foundation and Volunteer Center National Network . That organization then in 2007 merged with the Atlanta-based Hands On Network to become the Points of Light Institute .

neg: Women Against Pornography Women Against Pornography ( WAP ) was a radical feminist activist group based out of New York City that had an influential force in the anti-pornography movement of the late 1970s and the 1980s .   WAP was the most well known feminist anti-pornography group out of many that were active throughout the United States and the anglophone world , primarily from the late 1970s through the early 1990s . After previous failed attempts to start a broad feminist anti-pornography group in New York City , WAP was finally established in 1978 . WAP quickly drew widespread support for its anti-pornography campaign , and in late 1979 held a March on Times Square that included over 5000 supporters . Through their march as well as other means of activism , WAP was able to bring in unexpected financial support from the Mayor 's office , theater owners , and other parties with an interest in the gentrification of Times Square .   WAP became known because of their anti-pornography informational tours of sex shops and pornographic theaters held in Times Square . In the 1980s , WAP began to focus more on lobbying and legislative efforts against pornography , particularly in support of civil-rights-oriented antipornography legislation . They were also active in testifying before the Meese Commission and some of their advocacy of a civil-rights based anti-pornography model found its way into the final recommendations of the commission . In the late 1980s , the leadership of WAP changed their focus again , this time more on the issue of international sex trafficking , which led to the founding of the Coalition Against Trafficking in Women . In the 1990s WAP became less active and eventually faded out of existence in the mid '90s .   The positions of Women Against Pornography were controversial . Civil liberties advocates opposed WAP and similar groups , holding that the legislative approaches WAP advocated amounted to censorship . Sex-positive feminists held that feminist campaigns against pornography were misdirected and ultimately threatened sexual freedoms and free speech rights in a way that would be detrimental toward women and sexual minorities . In addition to this , WAP faced conflict with sex-positive feminists , particularly in the events surrounding the 1982 Barnard Conference . These events were battles in what became known as the Feminist Sex Wars of the late 1970s and 1980s .

neg: Transpartisan Transpartisanship represents an emerging school of political thought which accepts the validity of truths across a range of political perspectives and seeks to synthesize them into an inclusive , pragmatic container beyond typical political dualities . It is distinct from bipartisanship , which aims to negotiate between `` right '' and `` left , '' resulting in a dualistic perspective , and nonpartisanship , which tends to avoid political affiliation altogether .   Transpartisanship is a movement to support and advance a common ground - or `` new center '' - that already exists in U.S. politics , emerging periodically into public view in the form of `` unusual coalitions '' of progressives and conservatives around issues ranging from war and the military budget to corporate power and the surveillance state .   The movement builds on methods of facilitated dialogue , deliberation and conflict resolution .   Current examples of transpartisan initiatives include Transpartisan Center , TheSolution.org , Reuniting America , Transpartisan Alliance , and Liberty Coalition .   Transpartisanship is an emerging field that advocates pragmatic and effective solutions to social and political problems , transcending and including preexisting political ideologies . Transpartisanship encompasses the idea that all systems are inextricably interconnected , and that successful outcomes can best be reached through inclusive , genuine , and respectful cooperation . Transpartisan democracy , in part , seeks to reintegrate the public 's voice in identifying , debating , and shaping governmental policies , while continuing to protect the sovereignty of the individual .  The term `` Transpartisanship '' has emerged to provide a meaningful alternative to `` Bipartisanship , '' and `` Nonpartisanship . '' Bipartisanship limits the dialogue process to two political viewpoints or entities , striving for compromise solutions . Nonpartisanship , on the other hand , tends to deny the existence of differing viewpoints in exchange for cooperation . Both the bipartisan and nonpartisan approaches can discount the multiplicity of viewpoints that exist , which often results in incomplete and therefore unsuccessful outcomes . In contrast to these , transpartisanship recognizes the existence and validity of many points of view , and advocates a constructive dialogue aimed at arriving at creative , integrated , and therefore , breakthrough solutions that meet the needs of all present .   Transpartisan gatherings have resulted not only in surprisingly civil conversations noted by mainstream media but also in shifts from traditional ideological stances by some participants .   A close relative of transpartisanship is Integral politics . A transpartisan approach to policy would necessarily include individual and collective , as well as subjective and objective , perspective . Furthermore , similar to Integral theory , transpartisanship places politics in a developmental context , viewing democracy and prosperity not as static attainments , but rather emergent properties along a continuum of developmental stages .

neg: ASIFA-Hollywood ASIFA-Hollywood , an American non-profit organization in Los Angeles , California , United States , is a branch member of the `` Association Internationale du Film d'Animation '' or `` ASIFA '' ( the International Animated Film Association ) . Its purpose is to promote the art of film animation in a variety of ways , including its own archive and an annual awards presentation , the Annie Awards . It is also known as the International Animated Film Society .   Many branches of ASIFA exist throughout the world ; in the US there are chapters in San Francisco , New York City , Atlanta , Seattle , Washington , the Detroit area , and others , while internationally , organizations exist in Annecy , France , in Italy , and Japan . ASIFA also sponsors several animation film festivals throughout the world , including the ASIFA-Hollywood Student Animation Festival .   ASIFA-Hollywood has the largest membership internationally of all other chapters , largely because the most popular cartoons ever produced were by studios and animation professionals located in the city of Burbank , which is also the location of the ASIFA-Hollywood Animation Center . It includes a virtual archive , museum , library and research facility , containing the ASIFA-Hollywood Animation Archive Project .

neg: New World Foundation The New World Foundation is a liberal foundation , based in New York . It supports organizations that work on behalf of civil rights and that seek to encourage participation of citizens in American democracy . It was founded in 1954 by Anita McCormick Blaine , a prominent member of the McCormick family and an heiress to industrialist Cyrus Hall McCormick and a supporter of Henry Wallace 's 1948 presidential campaign . Its initial funding of about $ 20 million was noted for progress towards education , ethics , peace , and public health .   In its mission statement , the New World Foundation stated as of 2009 :  We see the strengths of progressive ideals and committed activists , who every day are inventing democracy and extending its boundaries . But we also know the strength of reaction , inaction , and injustice in blocking democracy 's advance . Our work and our tradition is to tip the balance , to add resources to the side of justice , to widen the channels for participation , and to ensure that another generation will see by example how they can make a difference .   During the early 1960s , the New World Foundation 's goal was to aid education and promote better intergroup and international relations . During the early 1970s , the Foundation supported various civil rights and community projects . Hillary Clinton , whom Marian Wright Edelman had mentored , was on the board from 1982 to 1988 , and was its chair for some of that time , including 1987 . During that time , the Foundation gave money to a variety of organizations active in civil rights and other New Left causes , including the Christic Institute , Grassroots International , Committee in Solidarity with the People of El Salvador ( CISPES ) , FAIR , and the National Lawyers Guild . By the early 1990s , the foundation was giving money to a Silicon Valley group fighting consequences of computer industry toxins , all the while undergoing criticism for being invested in the likes of Louisiana Pacific , Nike , and Philip Morris .

neg: Human milk banking in North America A human milk bank is `` a service which collects , screens , processes , and dispenses by prescription human milk donated by nursing mothers who are not biologically related to the recipient infant '' . As of March 2014 , there are 18 milk banks in North America that are members of the Human Milk Bank Association of North America ( HMBANA ) . They are usually housed in hospitals , although some are free standing . Members of HMBANA 's follow the annually revised `` Guidelines for the Establishment and Operation of a Donor Human Milk Bank . '' The guidelines were developed with the Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) and include protocols for soliciting donors , collecting , processing and distributing the milk . Some of these protocols are described below .   According to a joint statement by the World Health Organization ( WHO ) and United Nations Children 's Fund ( UNICEF ) : `` The best food for a baby who can not be breastfed is milk expressed from the mother 's breast or from another healthy mother . The best food for any baby whose own mother 's milk is not available is the breastmilk of another healthy mother '' ( UNICEF , p. 48 ) . `` Where it is not possible for the biological mother to breast feed , the first alternative , if available , should be the use of human milk from other sources . Human milk banks should be made available in appropriate situations '' ( Wight , 2001 ) .

neg: Habitat International Coalition Habitat International Coalition ( HIC ) is an independent , nonprofit alliance with hundreds of organizations and individuals , which has been working in housing and human settlements for more than 30 years . The Coalition comprises social movements , community-based organizations , support groups and academics . The strength of the Coalition is based on its worldwide membership ( it has members in 117 nations in five continents ) and on the fact that it brings together a range of civil society groups . Dedicated to advocacy and support for the poor , solidarity networking , popular mobilization , debate and analysis , HIC works to unite civil society in a shared commitment to ensuring sustainable habitat and a livable planet for all . Its work focuses on defending and implementing the human rights linked to housing and habitat ; i.e. , land , housing , clean water , sanitation , a healthy environment , access to public goods and services ( e.g. , health , education , transport and recreation ; access to livelihood and social protection , pluralism and the preservation of social , natural , historic and cultural patrimony .   Since the ’80 HIC has been developing special capacities seeking gender equality , in a balanced articulation between reflection and action on different issues : the rights ' approach , the right to the city , the social production of habitat , women and habitat and the sustainable habitat .   HIC specific work on the right to the city seeks to deepen the analysis and the actions on the proposal of building more just cities worldwide . HIC has been committed since decades in the creation of a theoretical and practical framework for the right to the city . The Coalition articulates and accompanies social movements and organizations in their struggle to achieve the realization of all human rights to ensure the collective well-being of inhabitants ; the democratic management and the social function of the city . HIC is also aware of the global challenges facing worldwide on climate change and food sovereignty and the obvious impacts on the cities : the Coalition works on broaden exchanges between urban and rural movements .   HIC 'S work on social production of habitat seeks to derive practical lessons from the compilation , exchange and analysis of `` people 's processes '' in initiating , designing , building and maintaining local environments . These experiences , which build upon local social resources and demonstrate local social reliance and ingenuity , generate and promote methods and strategies that then can be shared and replicated across regions . Each region has given rise to diverse and specific examples of struggles and efforts that emphasize distinct circumstances and priorities to construct people-centred livelihoods . In order to strengthen people 's process for access and provision of land and shelter , lessons learned to date show a need to :  understand what sustains the people 's process on land , housing and habitat/settlements development , in urban and rural areas ,  understand what are the forces , both external and internal , that strengthen or weaken peoples ' processes , including political and economic forces that have a bearing on people 's processes , and in particular the dynamics of the informal and formal land markets ;  envision alternative ways to develop cities and other human settlements , evolving a bottom-up perspective on human settlement development without destroying livelihoods , assets and material achievements of the poor , while , quite to the contrary , supporting and nurturing livelihoods , assets and settlements of the poor , and their integration into the city ;  articulate and support the people 's processes through policies and actions for both government and nongovernmental organizations ;  develop more flexible design-based , knowledge-based and service-based housing policies and outputs with the objective of realizing the human right to adequate housing and equitable land use .

neg: Voluntary association A voluntary group or union ( also sometimes called a voluntary organization , common-interest association , association , or society ) is a group of individuals who enter into an agreement , usually as volunteers , to form a body ( or organization ) to accomplish a purpose . Common examples include trade associations , trade unions , learned societies , professional associations , and environmental groups .   Membership is not necessarily voluntary : in order for particular associations to function correctly they might need to be mandatory or at least strongly encouraged , as is common with many teachers unions in the US . Because of this , some people use the term common-interest association to describe groups which form out of a common interest , although this term is not widely used or understood .   Voluntary associations may be incorporated or unincorporated ; for example , in the US , unions gained additional powers by incorporating . In the UK , the terms Voluntary Association or Voluntary Organisation cover every type of group from a small local Residents ' Association to large Associations ( often Registered Charities ) with multimillion-pound turnover that run large-scale business operations ( often providing some kind of public service as subcontractors to government departments or local authorities ) .

neg: Animal Protection Institute The Animal Protection Institute ( API ) was a national , nonprofit animal advocacy organization based in Sacramento , California that in 2007 , as part of its affiliation with the Born Free Foundation , was renamed Born Free USA . Founded in 1968 , API 's mission was to advocate for the protection of animals from cruelty and exploitation . API 's slogan was `` Saving Animals Is Our Reason for Being '' .   API was founded by Belton P. Mouras and Kenneth E. Guerrero , both former employees of the Humane Society of the United States .   API 's primary campaign areas included animals used in entertainment , captive exotic animals , companion animals , compassionate consumerism , farmed animals , and wildlife protection .   API achieved significant results in working with state and local legislatures to pass laws restricting the private possession of exotic animals such as lions , tigers , bears , and other dangerous animals . The organization attempted to get bills passed in North and South Carolina banning venomous snakes and other exotic animals .   API also provided `` hands-on '' care for animals at its API Primate Sanctuary , located in Dilley , Texas , where more than 500 primates , many of whom were rescued from abusive situations in laboratories , roadside zoos , and private possession , live in as natural an environment as possible with minimal human interference .

neg: National Fish Habitat Partnership The National Fish Habitat Partnership ( NFHP ) is an attempt to conserve ( protect , restore , enhance ) freshwater , estuarine and marine waterways and fisheries in the United States . The National Fish Habitat Partnership was established as the National Fish Habitat Action Plan in 2006 . The National Partnership is the umbrella for 20 Fish Habitat Partnerships established across the country that focus on regions , species or systems ( example : Reservoirs ) .   The Partnership has brought together fisheries professionals and other partners with a shared interest in restoring waterways and fisheries in the United States . This partnership is diverse and focused on achieving national awareness and obtaining resources for conserving fish habitats .   There are a variety of on-the-ground projects that are coordinated through the Action Plan every year . However the Action Plan has a yearly initiative , called 10 `` Waters to Watch '' that focuses on 10 conservation projects through partnerships under NFHP .   These waters represent a snapshot of this year 's voluntary habitat conservation efforts in progress . These and other locally driven conservation projects are prioritized and implemented by regional Fish Habitat Partnerships that have formed throughout the country to implement the National Fish Habitat Action Plan . The objective of the Action Plan is to conserve freshwater , estuarine and marine habitats essential to the many fish and wildlife species that call these areas home .   The fish habitat partnerships , under the National Partnership , are composed of local and regional community groups , non-profit organizations , watershed groups , Native American tribes , local , state and federal agencies , and individuals all working to implement the National Fish Habitat Action Plan . Examples of conservation actions include planting stream-side vegetation important to sustaining the health of riparian and aquatic plants and animals , protecting and restoring fish passage and other voluntary measures that help avoid and minimize negative effects that could result from industrial and agriculture practices and livestock .   The 10 `` Waters to Watch '' are representative of freshwater to marine habitats across the country including rivers , lakes , reservoirs and estuaries that benefit through the conservation efforts of these Fish Habitat Partnerships formed under the Action Plan -- a bold initiative implemented in 2006 to avoid and reverse persistent declines in our nation 's aquatic habitats .   The initial Action Plan 's 10 `` Waters to Watch '' list was unveiled in 2007 . Since 2006 , the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has provided $ 16 million to support 341 on-the-ground Action Plan projects in 46 states , leveraging $ 40 million in partner match , to address the priorities of Fish Habitat Partnerships . Additional funds have been provided by several other State and Federal agencies and conservation organizations .

neg: Heidelberg Appeal The Heidelberg Appeal , authored by Michel Salomon and signed by a large number of scientists , is a statement decrying `` an irrational ideology which is opposed to scientific and industrial progress , and impedes economic and social development . '' Issued to coincide with the opening of the United Nations-sponsored Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 , the Appeal stated that its signers :   `` share the objectives of the ` Earth Summit ' '' but advised `` the authorities in charge of our planet 's destiny against decisions which are supported by pseudo-scientific arguments or false and non-relevant data . ... The greatest evils which stalk our Earth are ignorance and oppression , and not Science , Technology and Industry . ''   It was carefully worded to be directed generally at underfunded and poorly conducted science , rather than specifically at climate change . This allowed it to be promoted and exploited by a number of different industries by using this in the context of their own pollution defenses . In fact , the Appeal was created and promoted by a group of industry associations with polluting problems ( including chemical , energy , and mining concerns ) : the tobacco industry was involved , but in this case it was not the primary driving force . At that time the tobacco industry was focussed on trying to change the scientific standards for Good Epidemiology Practice ( GEP )   A version of the Heidelberg Appeal was published in the June 1 , 1992 , Wall Street Journal over the signatures of 46 prominent scientists and other intellectuals . It has subsequently been endorsed by some 4,000 scientists , including 72 Nobel Prize winners . The Appeal was for an anthropocentric assessment of the world 's resources and a utilitarian as opposed to abolitionist approach to hazardous substances used or created by technology . It targeted as irrational , by implication , if not explicitly , both a vision of a `` Natural State '' with intrinsic rights to impede the activities of man , and hysterical fears of environmental poisons , disproportionate to the threat and dismissive of their associated benefits .   The Heidelberg Appeal has been enthusiastically embraced by critics of the environmental movement such as S. Fred Singer of the Science and Environmental Policy Project . Conservative think tanks frequently cite the Heidelberg Appeal as proof that scientists reject the theory of global warming as well as a host of other environmental health risks associated with modern science and industry . Its name has subsequently been adopted by the Heidelberg Appeal Nederland Foundation , which was founded in 1993 and disputes health risks related to nitrates in foods and antibiotic-resistant bacteria . The Heidelberg Appeal was promoted in 1993 by the International Center for a Scientific Ecology , a group set up by Michael Salomon `` that was considered important in Philip Morris ' plans to create a group in Europe similar to The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition ( TASSC ) '' .   Parts of the Heidelberg Appeal endorse environmental concerns , such as a sentence that states , `` We fully subscribe to the objectives of a scientific ecology for a universe whose resources must be taken stock of , monitored and preserved . '' Its 72 Nobel laureates include 49 who also signed the `` World Scientists ' Warning to Humanity '' , which was circulated that same year by the Union of Concerned Scientists ( UCS ) and attracted the majority of the world 's living Nobel laureates in science along with some 1,700 other leading scientists . In contrast with the vagueness of the Heidelberg Appeal , the `` World Scientists ' Warning '' is a very explicit environmental manifesto , stating that `` human beings and the natural world are on a collision course '' and citing ozone depletion , global climate change , air pollution , groundwater depletion , deforestation , overfishing , and species extinction among the trends that threaten to `` so alter the living world that it will be unable to sustain life in the manner that we know . ''   Moreover the Heidelberg Appeal has been , if not specifically misrepresented , at least broadly interpreted out of context , for example , by The National Center for Public Policy which asserts `` The appeal warns industrialized nations that no compelling scientific consensus exists to justify mandatory greenhouse gas emissions cuts . '' Although the Heidelberg Appeal may be open to such an interpretation , it is not what the document said , as the text below shows .   1994 Jun 16 Matt Winokur then sends to a list of PM organisers a note saying :   APCo ( the old spelling of APCO Worldwide ) is completing its evaluation of a Symposium for Europe in the fall . They have forwarded the draft Guiding Scientific Principles ( or GEP ) which would constitute the outcome of such a meeting .   They are on the right track but the language is too vague . ( Tom ) Borelli and ( Richard ) Carchman will review and tighten . Obviously , any output from the symposium must be supportive of GEP . So the bottom line for both the GEP resolution and GEP Symposium must be in synch . Burson ( Marsteller ) has begun its feasibility review based on a more explicit understanding that GEP is what we are interested in promoting .   I gather from Jim -LSB- Lindheim of B-M -RSB- that there may have been a misunderstanding as to whether or not Burson was to have proceeded with the review prior to the presentation of a `` joint '' proposal -LSB- APCO and B-M -RSB- . I was aware that Burson began and take responsibility for allowing them to proceed . If you do n't want to pay for it then I will . But the intelligence obtained from their interviews with potential coalition sponsors as well as information about analogous efforts by existing groups , e.g. , Heidelberg , will be critical to the development of a comprehensive Burson/APCo proposal .  -LSB- Note : after a territory battle , Philip Morris had suggested that rivals APCO and B-M present this as a joint proposal -RSB-   The Burson research is necessary now in order to tell us whether it is possible or efficient to try to develop an enduring -LSB- ` Sound Science ' -RSB- coalition following on from the symposium . Possible , in that there may prove to be an insufficient amount of interest in the corporate sector for such a movement . Efficient , in that there may already exist analogous groups which we could use without going to the effort of starting one from scratch .   And we need to be careful not to step on unseen toes . For example , Bruce Ames is part of TASSC and Heidelberg . Do we need/want him on a third group in Europe ?   Thus the benefit in having Burson complete the study now , is that what they learn will be factored into both the content of the symposium AND inform us as to what options are available after the symposium concludes . If we only want a one off event , that 's our decision . But I would think we 'd at least want a mechanism to be able to tap the participants to later on endorse the GEP resolution in the appropriate EU institutions .   The Burson research will also turn up corporate interest in GEP in general which may help us identify allies regardless of whether we do either a symposium or create a coalition . The presentation therefore at the next TF mtg. will be a single proposal for PM prepared jointly by Burson and APCo . And I 've asked Margery -LSB- Krause of APCO -RSB- and Jim -LSB- Lindheim of B-M -RSB- to come themselves , as well as any other support staff they may wish to have accompany them .

neg: Treatment Advocacy Center The Treatment Advocacy Center is a national U.S. nonprofit organization dedicated to eliminating legal and other barriers to the timely and effective treatment of severe mental illness . The organization promotes laws , policies and practices for the delivery of psychiatric care and supports the development of innovative treatments for and research into the causes of severe and persistent mental illnesses , such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder . Among the organization 's principal activities are promoting the passage and implementation of assisted outpatient treatment ( AOT ) laws and progressive civil commitment laws and standards in individual states .

neg: Election (1999 film) Election is a 1999 American black comedy-drama film directed and written by Alexander Payne and adapted by him and Jim Taylor from Tom Perrotta 's 1998 novel of the same title . The plot revolves around a high school election and satirizes both suburban high school life and politics . The film stars Matthew Broderick as Jim McAllister , a popular high school social studies teacher in suburban Omaha , Nebraska , and Reese Witherspoon as Tracy Flick , around the time of the school 's student body election . When Tracy qualifies to run for class president , McAllister believes she does not deserve the title and tries his best to stop her from winning .   Although a box office bomb , Election received critical acclaim . The film received an Academy Award nomination for Best Adapted Screenplay , a Golden Globe nomination for Witherspoon in the Best Actress category , and the Independent Spirit Award for Best Film in 1999 .

neg: Anti-nuclear groups in the United States More than eighty anti-nuclear groups are operating , or have operated , in the United States . These include : Abalone Alliance , Clamshell Alliance , Greenpeace USA , Institute for Energy and Environmental Research , Musicians United for Safe Energy , Nevada Desert Experience , Nuclear Control Institute , Nuclear Information and Resource Service , Public Citizen Energy Program , Shad Alliance , and the Sierra Club . These are direct action , environmental , health , and public interest organizations who oppose nuclear weapons and/or nuclear power . In 1992 , the chairman of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission said that `` his agency had been pushed in the right direction on safety issues because of the pleas and protests of nuclear watchdog groups '' .   Some of the most influential groups in the anti-nuclear movement have had members who included Nobel Laureates ( e.g. , Linus Pauling and Hermann Joseph Muller ) . These scientists have belonged primarily to two groups : the Federation of American Scientists , and the Committee for Nuclear Responsibility .

neg: Day care Child care or day care is the care of a child during the day by a person other than the child 's legal guardians , typically performed by someone outside the child 's immediate family . Day care is typically an ongoing service during specific periods , such as the parents ' time at work . The service is known as child care in the United Kingdom , crèche in Ireland and New Zealand , and child care or day care in North America and Australia ( although child care also has a broader meaning ) . The vast majority of childcare is still performed by the parents , in-house nannies or through informal arrangements with relatives , neighbors or friends . Child care in the child 's own home is traditionally provided by a nanny or au pair , or by extended family members including grandparents , aunts and uncles . Child care is provided in nurseries or crèches or by a nanny or family child care provider caring for children in their own homes . It can also take on a more formal structure , with education , child development , discipline and even preschool education falling into the fold of services .   The day care industry is a continuum from personal parental care to large , regulated institutions . Some childminders care for children from several families at the same time , either in their own home ( commonly known as `` family day care '' in Australia ) or in a specialized child care facility . Some employers provide nursery provisions for their employees at or near the place of employment . For-profit day care corporations often exist where the market is sufficiently large or there are government subsidies . Research shows that not-for-profits are much more likely to produce the high quality environments in which children thrive . '' Local governments , often municipalities , may operate non-profit day care centers . For all providers , the largest expense is labor . Local legislation may regulate the operation of daycare centers , affecting staffing requirements . In Canada , the workforce is predominantly female ( 95 % ) and low paid , averaging only 60 % of average workforce wage . Some jurisdictions require licensing or certification . Legislation may specify details of the physical facilities ( washroom , eating , sleeping , lighting levels , etc. ) .   Independent studies suggest that good daycare is not harmful . In some cases , good daycare can provide different experiences than parental care does , especially when children reach two and are ready to interact with other children . Children in higher quality childcare had somewhat better language and cognitive development during the first 4 1/2 years of life than those in lower quality care .

neg: Civil rights movements Civil rights movements are a worldwide series of political movements for equality before the law , that peaked in the 1960s . In many situations they have been characterized by nonviolent protests , or have taken the form of campaigns of civil resistance aimed at achieving change through nonviolent forms of resistance . In some situations , they have been accompanied , or followed , by civil unrest and armed rebellion . The process has been long and tenuous in many countries , and many of these movements did not , or have yet to , fully achieve their goals , although the efforts of these movements have led to improvements in the legal rights of some previously oppressed groups of people , in some places .   The main aim of the successful Civil Rights Movement and other social movements for civil rights included ensuring that the rights of all people were and are equally protected by the law . These include but are not limited to the rights of minorities , women 's rights , and LGBT rights .


query: Time Lords' space/time travel machines are called TARDISes.

pos: Time Lord The Time Lords are a fictional , ancient extraterrestrial people in the British science fiction television series Doctor Who , of which the series ' protagonist , the Doctor , is a member . Time Lords are so named for their command of time travel technology and their non-linear perception of time . Originally they were described as a powerful and wise race from the planet Gallifrey , from which the Doctor was a renegade ; details beyond this were very limited for the first decade of the series . They later became integral to many episodes and stories as their role in the fictional universe developed . For the first eight years after the series resumed in 2005 , the Time Lords were said to have been destroyed at some point between the original series ' cancellation in 1989 and the show 's revival during the fictional Last Great Time War . In 2013 , the 50th anniversary special `` The Day of the Doctor '' concerned this supposed destruction and their eventual survival .   They developed a culture of custodianship and time-related technologies based on this perception which includes strictly controlled space/time travel machines ( known as `` TARDISes '' ) and monitoring devices to travel through time and to prevent time from being subverted or abused -- although actual action was described as rare in practice due to their traditional policy of strict non-interference and neutrality . They can act to manipulate timelines of a wide range of events and individuals , so long as they do not cross back into their own timeline . Over subsequent episodes their history , their development of time manipulation , and their internal politics were touched upon , with Time Lord society portrayed as a stagnated ceremony-bound oligarchy and their past having descended into myth and legend . The Doctor became at times an ally , being appointed their president during his fourth incarnation and assisting them on many occasions .

neg: Space opera Space opera is a subgenre of science fiction that emphasizes space warfare , melodramatic adventure , interplanetary battles , as well as chivalric romance , and often risk-taking . Set mainly or entirely in outer space , it usually involves conflict between opponents possessing advanced abilities , futuristic weapons , and other sophisticated technology . The term has no relation to music but is instead a play on the terms `` soap opera '' and `` horse opera '' , the latter of which was coined during the 1930s to indicate clichéd and formulaic Western movies . Space operas emerged in the 1930s and they continue to be produced in literature , film , comics , and video games .   Notable space opera novels include the Foundation series ( 1942 -- 1999 ) by Isaac Asimov , the Lensman series ( 1948-1954 ) by E. E. Smith and the Ender 's Game series ( 1985 -- present ) by Orson Scott Card . An early notable space opera film was Flash Gordon ( 1936 -- present ) created by Alex Raymond . In the late 1970s , the Star Wars franchise ( 1977 -- present ) created by George Lucas brought a great deal of attention to the subgenre .

neg: The Trial of a Time Lord The Trial of a Time Lord is a 14-part science fiction serial in the British science fiction television series Doctor Who . The serial , produced as the show 's twenty-third season , aired in weekly episodes from 6 September to 6 December 1986 . The only Doctor Who presentation of its kind , it contains four adventures : The Mysterious Planet , Mindwarp , Terror of the Vervoids , and The Ultimate Foe -- Colin Baker 's final story .   The idea for the serial stemmed from several production changes to Doctor Who , such as reduced screen time for the season and a request from BBC controller Michael Grade that the series contain less violence and more humour . Several problems occurred during production , including the death of scriptwriter Robert Holmes , and the resignation of script editor Eric Saward . This was the last serial to star Colin Baker because he was dismissed from the role when it ended .

neg: Chris Cwej Christopher Rodonanté Cwej , usually just known as Chris Cwej , is a fictional character from the Virgin New Adventures range of spin-offs based on the BBC science fiction television series Doctor Who . His surname should technically be pronounced `` Shvay '' , but he pronounces it `` Kwedge '' rather than keep correcting people .   His first appearance was in the novel Original Sin by Andy Lane , with his adjudicator partner Roz Forrester . Adjudicators are the police force of 30th century Earth , which was at that time divided into the Overcity and the Undercity . Chris was born in 2954 to a family who lived in the lower levels of the Overcity . Chris 's father , Volsted Kornbluth Cwej , was also an adjudicator . Chris 's father was fairly old when Chris was born , having retired from the Adjudicators the previous year , 2953 , after 48 years of service , and he is well over 70 years old when the young Chris meets the Doctor .   Chris 's grandfather died when Chris was only five , and Chris cried when he saw his grandfather being put into a coffin . A more distant ancestor , possibly a great grandfather was Nathaniel Cwej . Even further back , there was a Cwej involved with the founding of the Adjudicators , and the family have had a long association with the Adjudicators ever since . Chris 's accent sounds American , although his home would once have been considered a part of England , and his surname may have a Germanic/Saxon derivation .   Chris is tall , blonde and muscular , and when he first met the Seventh Doctor and Bernice , he had had a `` body bepple '' ( bodily alteration ) which made him look like a teddy bear .   He and Roz were investigating a murder case in Undercity in the year 2975 when they encountered the Doctor and Bernice . They helped the Doctor defeat his old enemy Tobias Vaughn , who had been manipulating human advancement since the 20th century . Having realise the extent of corruption in the Earth Empire and the Adjudicators , Chris and Roz chose to leave in the TARDIS .   Chris and Roz travelled with the Doctor for many adventures . In this eventful period , Chris fathered two daughters : Jasmine Surprise Cwej-Hutchings with Ishtar Hutchings , and iKrissi with Dep of the People . After Roz 's death in battle , Chris continued to travel with the Doctor for a short time , but the event had a profound effect on him . During the events of Eternity Weeps , the Doctor 's former companion Liz Shaw contracted a deadly virus and begged Chris to kill her , however he was unable to do it . This and the subsequent death of millions of people from the virus caused Chris to question himself and first consider quitting the TARDIS . It took the apparent death of the Doctor in Japan to make him put aside his doubts and help protect the people of the local village from the local warlord , who wanted an alien device in their possession . The Doctor and Chris then travelled to the Doctor 's home planet of Gallifrey , where the Doctor faced members of his House and many dark secrets were revealed . After this , Chris decided to travel alone using a time ring given to him by Romana .   The book which depicts Chris 's sexual encounter with a gay man , Damaged Goods , was written by future executive producer of the series Russell T Davies , whose works often include gay themes . Much like Davies ' later introduction to the series proper , Jack Harkness , Cwej opines that sexuality is not an issue where he comes from .

neg: List of Doctor Who vehicles This is a list of fictional vehicles in the Doctor Who media franchise .

neg: Culture of the United Kingdom The culture of the United Kingdom is influenced by the UK 's history as a developed island country , a liberal democracy and a major power ; its predominantly Christian religious life ; and its composition of four countries -- England , Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland -- each of which has distinct customs , cultures and symbolism . The wider culture of Europe has also influenced British culture , and Humanism , Protestantism and representative democracy developed from broader Western culture .   British literature , music , cinema , art , theatre , comedy , media , television , philosophy , architecture and education are important aspects of British culture . The United Kingdom is also prominent in science and technology , producing world-leading scientists ( e.g. Isaac Newton and Charles Darwin ) and inventions . Sport is an important part of British culture ; numerous sports originated in the country , including football . The UK has been described as a `` cultural superpower '' , and London has been described as a world cultural capital .   The Industrial Revolution , which started in the UK , had a profound effect on the socio-economic and cultural conditions of the world . As a result of the British Empire , significant British influence can be observed in the language , law , culture and institutions of a geographically wide assortment of countries , including Australia , Canada , India , the Republic of Ireland , New Zealand , Nigeria , Pakistan , South Africa , the United States and English speaking Caribbean nations . These states are sometimes collectively known as the Anglosphere , and are among Britain 's closest allies . In turn the empire also influenced British culture , particularly British cuisine .   The cultures of England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland are diverse and have varying degrees of overlap and distinctiveness .

neg: History of UNIT UNIT ( UNified Intelligence Taskforce , formerly United Nations Intelligence Taskforce ) is a fictional military organisation from the British science fiction television series Doctor Who . Operating under the auspices of the United Nations , its purpose is to investigate and combat paranormal and extraterrestrial threats to the Earth .   As is common in long-running series whose back-stories are not mapped out in advance , and which are also the product of many different writers over the course of years , the fictional history of UNIT has seen retroactive changes which have caused some continuity problems .

neg: Technological unemployment Technological unemployment is the loss of jobs caused by technological change . Such change typically includes the introduction of labour-saving `` mechanical-muscle '' machines or more efficient `` mechanical-mind '' processes ( automation ) . Just as horses employed as prime movers were gradually made obsolete by the automobile , humans ' jobs have also been affected throughout modern history . Historical examples include artisan weavers reduced to poverty after the introduction of mechanised looms . During World War II , Alan Turing 's Bombe machine compressed and decoded thousands of man-years worth of encrypted data in a matter of hours . A contemporary example of technological unemployment is the displacement of retail cashiers by self-service tills .   That technological change can cause short-term job losses is widely accepted . The view that it can lead to lasting increases in unemployment has long been controversial . Participants in the technological unemployment debates can be broadly divided into optimists and pessimists . Optimists agree that innovation may be disruptive to jobs in the short term , yet hold that various compensation effects ensure there is never a long-term negative impact on jobs . Whereas pessimists contend that at least in some circumstances , new technologies can lead to a lasting decline in the total number of workers in employment . The phrase `` technological unemployment '' was popularised by John Maynard Keynes in the 1930s . Yet the issue of machines displacing human labour has been discussed since at least Aristotle 's time .   Prior to the 18th century both the elite and common people would generally take the pessimistic view on technological unemployment , at least in cases where the issue arose . Due to generally low unemployment in much of pre-modern history , the topic was rarely a prominent concern . In the 18th century fears over the impact of machinery on jobs intensified with the growth of mass unemployment , especially in Great Britain which was then at the forefront of the Industrial Revolution . Yet some economic thinkers began to argue against these fears , claiming that overall innovation would not have negative effects on jobs . These arguments were formalised in the early 19th century by the classical economists . During the second half of the 19th century , it became increasingly apparent that technological progress was benefiting all sections of society , including the working class . Concerns over the negative impact of innovation diminished . The term `` Luddite fallacy '' was coined to describe the thinking that innovation would have lasting harmful effects on employment .   The view that technology is unlikely to lead to long term unemployment has been repeatedly challenged by a minority of economists . In the early 1800s these included Ricardo himself . There were dozens of economists warning about technological unemployment during brief intensifications of the debate that spiked in the 1930s and 1960s . Especially in Europe , there were further warnings in the closing two decades of the twentieth century , as commentators noted an enduring rise in unemployment suffered by many industrialised nations since the 1970s . Yet a clear majority of both professional economists and the interested general public held the optimistic view through most of the 20th century .   In the second decade of the 21st century , a number of studies have been released suggesting that technological unemployment may be increasing worldwide . Further increases are forecast for the years to come . While many economists and commentators still argue such fears are unfounded , as was widely accepted for most of the previous two centuries , concern over technological unemployment is growing once again . A report in Wired in 2017 quotes knowledgeable people such as economist Gene Sperling and management professor Andrew McAfee on the idea that handling existing and impending job loss to automation is a `` significant issue '' . Regarding a recent claim by a political appointee that automation is not `` going to have any kind of big effect on the economy for the next 50 or 100 years , '' says McAfee , `` I do n't talk to anyone in the field who believes that . '' Innovations like Watson have the potential to render humans obsolete with the professional , white-collar , low-skilled , creative fields , and other `` mental jobs '' .

neg: Hyperdrive Hyperdrive is a name given to certain methods of traveling faster-than-light ( FTL ) in science fiction . Related concepts are jump drive and warp drive .

neg: E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial is a 1982 American science fiction fantasy film co-produced and directed by Steven Spielberg , and written by Melissa Mathison . It features special effects by Carlo Rambaldi and Dennis Muren , and stars Henry Thomas , Dee Wallace , Robert MacNaughton , Drew Barrymore , Peter Coyote and Pat Welsh . It tells the story of Elliott ( Thomas ) , a lonely boy who befriends an extraterrestrial , dubbed `` E.T. '' , who is stranded on Earth . He and his siblings help it return home while attempting to keep it hidden from their mother and the government .   The concept was based on an imaginary friend Spielberg created after his parents ' divorce in 1960 . In 1980 , Spielberg met Mathison and developed a new story from the stalled sci-fi horror film project Night Skies . It was shot from September to December 1981 in California on a budget of US$ 10.5 million . Unlike most films , it was shot in rough chronological order , to facilitate convincing emotional performances from the young cast .   Released on June 11 , 1982 by Universal Pictures , E.T was an immediate blockbuster , surpassing Star Wars to become the highest-grossing film of all time -- a record it held for eleven years until Jurassic Park , another Spielberg-directed film , surpassed it in 1993 . It is the highest-grossing film of the 1980s . Widely regarded as one of the greatest films of all time , critics acclaimed it as a timeless story of friendship , and it ranks as the greatest science fiction film ever made in a Rotten Tomatoes survey . In 1994 , it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . It was re-released in 1985 , and then again in 2002 to celebrate its 20th anniversary , with altered shots and additional scenes .

neg: Tenth Doctor The Tenth Doctor is an incarnation of the Doctor , the protagonist of the BBC science fiction television programme Doctor Who , who is played by David Tennant in three series as well as nine specials . As with previous incarnations of the Doctor , the character has also appeared in other Doctor Who spin-offs . In the programme 's narrative , the Doctor is a centuries-old Time Lord alien from the planet Gallifrey who travels in time in his TARDIS , frequently with companions . When the Doctor is critically injured beyond medical repair , he can regenerate his body ; in doing so , his physical appearance and personality change , and a new actor assumes the role . Tennant 's portrayal of the Doctor is of an outwardly charismatic and charming adventurer whose likable and easygoing attitude can quickly turn to righteous fury when provoked .   This incarnation 's companions include working class shop assistant Rose Tyler ( Billie Piper ) , medical student Martha Jones ( Freema Agyeman ) , and fiery temp worker Donna Noble ( Catherine Tate ) . He eventually parts ways with them all by the end of the 2008 series finale , `` Journey 's End '' , after which he attempts to travel alone for the duration of the 2008 -- 2010 specials before being accompanied by Donna Noble 's grandfather Wilfred Mott on his final adventure in The End of Time .   In November 2013 , Tennant 's Doctor was voted `` The UK 's favourite Doctor '' in a survey held by the Radio Times magazine .

neg: Face of Boe The Face of Boe is a fictional character in the British science fiction television series Doctor Who . Not portrayed on-screen by an actor , the Face of Boe is a wholly mechanical effect , resembling a gigantic human-like head with a weathered face and in place of hair , numerous tendrils which terminate in round pod-like structures . Typically this is encased in a clear sealed container and mounted on a movable pedestal base . The Face merely grunted during his appearance in `` The End of the World '' , communicated telepathically in `` New Earth '' and `` Gridlock '' , and spoke for the first and last time in the latter , and was voiced by Struan Rodger . It is stated in `` New Earth '' that he is thought to be millions of years old ( billions , at least according to `` Gridlock '' ) ; however , when this was suggested to him , he responded with a leading question concerning the impossibility of such an age . It was suggested in `` Last of the Time Lords '' that the Face of Boe is a future Jack Harkness .

neg: Cyberman The Cybermen are a fictional race of cyborgs who are among the most persistent enemies of the Doctor in the British science fiction television programme , Doctor Who . Within the context of the series , the Cybermen were originally a wholly organic species of humanoids originating on Earth 's twin planet Mondas that began to implant more and more artificial parts into their bodies as a means of self-preservation . This led to the race becoming coldly logical and calculating , with every emotion deleted from their minds .   They were created by Dr. Kit Pedler ( the unofficial scientific advisor to the show ) and story editor Gerry Davis in 1966 , first appearing in the serial The Tenth Planet . They were featured numerous times , up until the show 's cancellation .   Following the 2005 revival of the show , the Cybermen returned with a new origin story in a parallel universe , in the 2006 series ' two-parter `` Rise of the Cybermen '' and `` The Age of Steel '' , and have been recurring villains again ever since . A further redesign took place in the 2013 episode `` Nightmare in Silver '' , showing technologically advanced Cybermen , the result of a merge between the Mondasian and Parallel universe Cybermen , depicted as being able to instantly upgrade themselves to fix flaws and weaknesses .   The species also appeared in the Doctor Who spin-off Torchwood in its fourth episode , `` Cyberwoman '' ( 2006 ) . Cybermen have also appeared in installments of the 2010 Doctor Who video game series The Adventure Games .

neg: Doctor Who Doctor Who is a British science-fiction television programme produced by the BBC since 1963 . The programme depicts the adventures of a Time Lord called `` The Doctor '' , an extraterrestrial being from the planet Gallifrey . He explores the universe in a time-travelling space ship called the TARDIS . Its exterior appears as a blue British police box , which was a common sight in Britain in 1963 when the series first aired . Accompanied by a number of companions , the Doctor combats a variety of foes , while working to save civilisations and help people in need .   The show is a significant part of British popular culture , and elsewhere it has gained a cult following . It has influenced generations of British television professionals , many of whom grew up watching the series . The programme originally ran from 1963 to 1989 . There was an unsuccessful attempt to revive regular production in 1996 with a backdoor pilot , in the form of a television film titled Doctor Who . The programme was relaunched in 2005 , and since then has been produced in-house by BBC Wales in Cardiff . Doctor Who has also spawned numerous spin-offs , including comic books , films , novels , audio dramas , and the television series Torchwood ( 2006 -- 2011 ) , The Sarah Jane Adventures ( 2007 -- 2011 ) , K-9 ( 2009 -- 2010 ) , and Class '' ( 2016-present ) , and has been the subject of many parodies and references in popular culture .   Twelve actors have headlined the series as the Doctor . The transition from one actor to another is written into the plot of the show with the concept of regeneration into a new incarnation -- an idea introduced in 1966 to allow the show to continue after the departure of original lead William Hartnell who was becoming very ill at the time . The concept is that this is a Time Lord trait through which the character of the Doctor takes on a new body and personality to recover from a severe injury or anything that would otherwise kill a normal person . Each actor 's portrayal differs , but all represent stages in the life of the same character and form a single narrative . The time-travelling feature of the plot means that different incarnations of the Doctor occasionally meet . The current lead , Peter Capaldi , took on the role after Matt Smith 's exit in the 2013 Christmas special `` The Time of the Doctor '' . In 2017 , Capaldi confirmed he would be leaving at the end of the tenth series , with his final appearance being the 2017 Christmas Special .

neg: Time Masters Time Masters may refer to   The Time Masters , a science fiction novel by Wilson Tucker  Time Masters , a 1995 novel by Gary Blackwood  Les Maîtres du temps , a Franco-Hungarian animated science fiction film  Time Masters , a DC Comics series by Lewis Shiner , Bob Wayne , and Art Thibert  Time Masters ( game show ) , a 1996-98 Australian kids game show for Seven Network

neg: The Long Game `` The Long Game '' is the seventh episode of the first series of the British science fiction television programme Doctor Who that was first broadcast on 7 May 2005 on BBC One . It was written by executive producer Russell T Davies and directed by Brian Grant .   In the episode , alien time traveller the Doctor ( Christopher Eccleston ) and his companion Rose Tyler ( Billie Piper ) , having been joined by near-future genius Adam Mitchell ( Bruno Langley ) , land on Satellite 5 in the far future . Satellite 5 is a space station that broadcasts news across the entire human empire . However , the Doctor notices that the station is suspicious : there are no aliens , and those who are promoted to Floor 500 seem to disappear . The Doctor and Rose discover that the Editor ( Simon Pegg ) and an alien are controlling the rest of humanity by way of the press . Meanwhile , Adam makes a mistake that forces the Doctor and Rose to take him home .   The concept of `` The Long Game '' was originally submitted by Davies to the Doctor Who script office in the 1980s . Davies had also been interested in doing a storyline about a failed companion . In addition , critics have pointed out that the story is a satire on the media . Production for the episode took place in November and December 2004 , with some location filming in Coryton , Cardiff . `` The Long Game '' was watched by 8.01 million viewers in the UK and received generally mixed reviews from critics .

neg: A Rebel in Time A Rebel in Time ( also published as Rebel in Time ) is a 1983 science fiction novel by Harry Harrison .

neg: The KLF discography This discography lists the key British and notable international releases of The KLF and the other pseudonyms of Bill Drummond and Jimmy Cauty . It also details the other releases on their independent record label , KLF Communications , by KLF-spinoff Disco 2000 and Space ( Cauty 's solo work ) . In the United Kingdom -- their home country -- Drummond and Cauty released six albums and a wide array of 12 '' singles on KLF Communications . In other territories their material was typically issued under licence by local labels .   Although the duo 's early works as The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu ( The JAMs ) aroused media interest , with many singles being awarded `` single of the week '' by various music publications , Drummond and Cauty neither sought nor found mainstream chart success until the release of The Timelords ' million-selling DIY release `` Doctorin ' the Tardis '' in May 1988 . The KLF 's single `` Kylie Said to Jason '' , from The White Room soundtrack , was designed for chart success , but failed to reach the UK Top 100 . However , The KLF achieved international chart success with the string of pop-house singles that began with `` What Time Is Love ? ( Live at Trancentral ) '' , and they became the internationally highest-selling singles band of 1991 .   Note that this is a not a complete list ; compilation appearances of otherwise available tracks , bootleg recordings , and certain very limited edition remix and promotional singles have been excluded .

neg: Tom Baker (English actor) Thomas Stewart `` Tom '' Baker ( born 20 January 1934 ) is an English actor . He is known for his portrayal of the fourth incarnation of the Doctor in the science fiction series Doctor Who from 1974 to 1981 , a longer tenure than any other actor , and for the narration of the comedy series Little Britain . Baker 's voice , which has been described as `` sonorous '' , was voted the fourth-most recognisable in the UK .   At the age of 15 Baker began study as a monk . However , he gradually lost his vocation and at 21 he left monastic life and undertook National Service in the Royal Army Medical Corps . On leaving the army , he joined the Merchant Navy and then became an actor , joining the Royal National Theatre Company under Laurence Olivier .   Baker was in his thirties when his professional acting career began , and his first major film role was as Grigori Rasputin in Nicholas and Alexandra in 1971 , when he was 37 . He went on to play the villainous Prince Koura in The Golden Voyage of Sinbad in 1973 , which led to his casting in Doctor Who . During his period as its star , the series was distinguished by high viewing figures and many stories which became regarded as classics . He remains one of the most instantly recognisable incarnations of the character . He continued to win regular roles in TV later in his career , most notably in the series Medics and Monarch of the Glen . In addition to performing acting roles , Baker has narrated commercials , video games , audiobooks and television series .   In a poll for the BBC Homes and Antiques magazine in January 2006 , Baker was voted the world 's fourth-most eccentric star . He was beaten by Björk , Chris Eubank and David Icke . Married three times , the second to Doctor Who co-star Lalla Ward , Baker has two sons from his first marriage .

neg: The Impossible Planet `` The Impossible Planet '' is the eighth episode of the second series of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who , first broadcast on 3 June 2006 . It is the first part of a two-part story , followed by `` The Satan Pit '' . The TARDIS lands in a base on a planet orbiting a black hole , an allegedly impossible situation that stumps even the Doctor . The base crew are drilling towards a mysterious subterranean power source , to claim the power that keeps the planet in orbit for the good of the Human Empire . However , an ancient evil is down there too , and it is awakened .

neg: Space Corps (Star Corps) Space Corps , also colloquially referred to as the Star Corps ( Red Dwarf 1996 Log Book ) , Space Federation ( `` Back in the Red , Part Three '' ) and the Star Fleet ( Last Human and `` Back to Earth , Part Two '' ) , is the umbrella organization which regulated all interplanetary and interstellar space flight to and from Earth , from the British science fiction sitcom Red Dwarf . They were responsible for the creation of spaceships , the colonisation of the Galaxy , and the introduction of holograms , GELFs and artificial intelligences such as mechanoids and Simulants throughout the Galaxy . The Space Corps is somewhat analogous to Star Trek 's Starfleet and is responsible for the administrative organisation of all space travel in the Red Dwarf Universe .