query: Babe Ruth career spanned 22 seasons.

pos: Babe Ruth George Herman `` Babe '' Ruth Jr. ( February 6 , 1895 -- August 16 , 1948 ) was an American professional baseball player whose career in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) spanned 22 seasons , from 1914 through 1935 . Nicknamed `` The Bambino '' and `` The Sultan of Swat '' , he began his MLB career as a stellar left-handed pitcher for the Boston Red Sox , but achieved his greatest fame as a slugging outfielder for the New York Yankees . Ruth established many MLB batting ( and some pitching ) records , including career home runs ( 714 ) , runs batted in ( RBIs ) ( 2,213 ) , bases on balls ( 2,062 ) , slugging percentage ( .6897 ) , and on-base plus slugging ( OPS ) ( 1.164 ) ; the latter two still stand today . Ruth is regarded as one of the greatest sports heroes in American culture and is considered by many to be the greatest baseball player of all time . In , Ruth was elected into the Baseball Hall of Fame as one of its `` first five '' inaugural members .   At age seven , Ruth was sent to St. Mary 's Industrial School for Boys , a reformatory where he learned life lessons and baseball skills from Brother Matthias Boutlier of the Christian Brothers , the school 's disciplinarian and a capable baseball player . In 1914 , Ruth was signed to play minor-league baseball for the Baltimore Orioles but was soon sold to the Red Sox . By 1916 , he had built a reputation as an outstanding pitcher who sometimes hit long home runs , a feat unusual for any player in the pre-1920 dead-ball era . Although Ruth twice won 23 games in a season as a pitcher and was a member of three World Series championship teams with Boston , he wanted to play every day and was allowed to convert to an outfielder . With regular playing time , he broke the MLB single-season home run record in 1919 .   After that season , Red Sox owner Harry Frazee sold Ruth to the Yankees amid controversy . The trade fueled Boston 's subsequent 86 year championship drought and popularized the `` Curse of the Bambino '' superstition . In his 15 years with New York , Ruth helped the Yankees win seven American League ( AL ) championships and four World Series championships . His big swing led to escalating home run totals that not only drew fans to the ballpark and boosted the sport 's popularity but also helped usher in the live-ball era of baseball , in which it evolved from a low-scoring game of strategy to a sport where the home run was a major factor . As part of the Yankees ' vaunted `` Murderer 's Row '' lineup of 1927 , Ruth hit 60 home runs , extending his MLB single-season record . He retired in 1935 after a short stint with the Boston Braves . During his career , Ruth led the AL in home runs during a season twelve times .   Ruth 's legendary power and charismatic personality made him a larger-than-life figure in the Roaring Twenties . During his career , he was the target of intense press and public attention for his baseball exploits and off-field penchants for drinking and womanizing . His often reckless lifestyle was tempered by his willingness to do good by visiting children at hospitals and orphanages . After his retirement as a player , he was denied a managerial job in baseball , most likely due to poor behavior during parts of his playing career . In his final years , Ruth made many public appearances , especially in support of American efforts in World War II . In 1946 , he became ill with cancer , and died two years later .

neg: Bobby Doerr Robert Pershing Doerr ( born April 7 , 1918 ) is a former Major League Baseball ( MLB ) second baseman and coach . He played his entire 14-year baseball career for the Boston Red Sox ( 1937 -- 51 ) . A nine-time all star , Doerr batted over .300 three times , drove in more than 100 runs six times , and set Red Sox team records in several statistical categories despite missing one season due to military service during World War II . Doerr is a member of the Baseball Hall of Fame .   After he retired as a player , Doerr served as a scout and a coach , including work with Carl Yastrzemski before his Triple Crown season . As of April 25 , 2017 , Doerr is the oldest living former major league player . He is also the last living person who played in the major leagues in the 1930s , and the oldest of only three living people who made their MLB debut before U.S. involvement in World War II , the other two being Chuck Stevens and Fred Caligiuri .

neg: Bill Abernathie William Edward `` Bill '' Abernathie ( January 30 , 1929 -- February 19 , 2006 ) was a professional baseball pitcher in the late 1940s and early 1950s .   Abernathie played high school baseball at Colton High School in Colton , California , and after graduating was signed by the Cleveland Indians in 1948 . He began his professional career that year with the Tucson Cowboys of the Arizona -- Texas League . In 35 games , he had a 17-14 win-loss record and a 4.63 earned run average ( ERA ) in 239 innings pitched . In 1949 , he spent the year with Tucson , and had a 19-8 record , a 5.04 ERA and 252 innings pitched in 37 games . The following year , he was promoted to the Dayton Indians , and had a 13-8 record and a 3.54 ERA in 30 games .   In 1951 , Abernathie spent the year with the Dallas Eagles , and had a 16-16 record and a 2.84 ERA in 37 games . After the season , the Indians purchased his contract and planned to have him compete for a roster spot in spring training . He did not win a roster spot during the spring , and spent 1952 with the Indianapolis Indians , and had an 11-9 record in 34 games for the team . After the season ended , he was promoted to the Indians roster . His only appearance came on September 28 in relief of Bob Chakales . He pitched the final two innings and allowed three runs , but got the save as the Indians won , 11-6 . Abernathie spent the following year with Indianapolis , and had a 4-9 record in 15 games . At the end of the 1953 season , Abernathie was traded to the Brooklyn Dodgers with cash for Rocky Nelson .   After playing in one game for the Montreal Royals in 1954 , Abernathie joined the United States Marine Corps , and served until mid-1956 when he went back to playing baseball and joined the San Francisco Seals . He had a 2.63 ERA for the Seals in 36 games in 1956 , then had a 13-2 record and a 4.65 ERA the following year over 45 games . He then spent the 1958 season with the Memphis Chickasaws , the Houston Buffaloes , the Salt Lake City Bees , and the Minneapolis Millers , retiring at the end of the season .

neg: Lonny Frey Linus Reinhard Frey -LSB- Junior -RSB- ( August 23 , 1910 -- September 13 , 2009 ) was an infielder in Major League Baseball who played from through for the Brooklyn Dodgers ( 1933 -- 1936 ) , Chicago Cubs ( 1937 , 1947 ) , Cincinnati Reds ( 1938 -- 1943 , 1946 ) , New York Yankees ( 1947 -- 1948 ) , and New York Giants ( 1948 ) . He was born in Saint Louis , Missouri .   Frey began his career as a switch hitter and continued to bat from both sides of the plate until the end of 1938 . Starting in 1939 , he batted exclusively from the left side of the plate . He started at shortstop with the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1933 and switched to second base after leading the National League in errors in 1935 ( 44 ) and 1936 ( 51 ) . Traded to the Chicago Cubs before the 1936 season he developed as a competent second baseman .   Frey enjoyed his best years with the Cincinnati Reds , helping them to reach two consecutive World Series in 1939 and 1940 , after hitting .291 with 11 home runs and 95 runs ( 1939 ) and leading the National League with 22 stolen bases ( 1940 ) while scoring 102 runs . Five days before the 1940 World Series against Detroit , Frey injured his foot when he dropped the iron lid of the dugout water cooler on it . Eddie Joost replaced him at second base for the series .   A three-time All-Star ( 1939 , 1941 , 1943 ) Frey also led the NL second basemen twice each in fielding percentage and double plays ( 1940 and 1943 ) . After missing two full seasons while serving in World War II , his career faded . In 1947 he divided his playing time between the Cubs and the New York Yankees , and he was a member of the Yankees team that won the 1947 World Series . He played his final game with the New York Giants in 1948 .   In a 14-season career , Frey was a .269 hitter with 61 home runs , 549 RBI , 848 runs , 105 stolen bases , and a .359 on-base percentage in 1,535 games played .   In 1961 Frey was inducted into the Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame , and in 1969 , as part of the franchise 's 100th anniversary , was selected the Reds all-time second baseman .   Frey died in Coeur d'Alene , Idaho , at the age of 99 . At the time of his death , he was recognized as the second-oldest living major league ballplayer , the oldest living All-Star , and the last living player to play for all three New York baseball teams in the 1930s and 1940s .

neg: Rex Cecil Rex Ralston Cecil ( October 8 , 1916 -- October 30 , 1966 ) was an American professional baseball player . The right-handed pitcher , a native of Lindsay , Oklahoma , had a 14-year pro career , including 18 games pitched , 16 as a starter , in Major League Baseball for the Boston Red Sox ( 1944 -- 1945 ) . Cecil batted left-handed , stood 6 ft tall and weighed 195 lb .   Cecil 's early pro career ( 1937 -- 1939 ; 1941 -- 1944 ) was based on the West Coast , especially in the Western International and Pacific Coast leagues . In , during the peak of the World War II manpower shortage , Cecil won 19 of 30 decisions , with a stellar 2.16 earned run average , for the PCL San Diego Padres and was acquired by the Red Sox .   Making his Major League debut on August 13 , 1944 , in relief against the eventual American League champion St. Louis Browns at Fenway Park , Cecil threw four scoreless innings and earned the victory when Baseball Hall of Fame second baseman Bobby Doerr hit a walk-off home run in the 13th inning . He then threw successive complete games as a starting pitcher , against the Detroit Tigers and Cleveland Indians , and split two decisions . During his rookie campaign for Boston , Cecil won four games , lost five and compiled a 5.11 earned run average .   In , Cecil began the year with the BoSox and was Boston 's Opening Day starting pitcher on April 17 against the New York Yankees at Yankee Stadium . Cecil lasted 6 innings and allowed eight runs -- although only two were earned , as he was victimized by three errors by first baseman Catfish Metkovich and made one miscue himself . New York won the game , 8 -- 4 . He started six more games during April and May , but in his seven 1945 starts he lost five , won two , and again compiled a high earned run average , at 5.20 . He then was demoted to Boston 's top farm team , the Louisville Colonels of the American Association , and spent the rest of his pro career in the minors .   In a two-season Major League career , Cecil posted a 6 -- 10 record with 63 strikeouts and a 5.18 ERA in 106 innings pitched , allowing 118 hits and 60 bases on balls . During his long minor league career , he won 161 games , including 21 games in his final pro season , 1953 , in the Class C Arizona -- Texas League .   Rex Cecil died in Long Beach , California , at the age of 50 .

neg: World Series The World Series is the annual championship series of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) in North America , contested since 1903 between the American League ( AL ) champion team and the National League ( NL ) champion team . The winner of the World Series championship is determined through a best-of-seven playoff , and the winning team is awarded the Commissioner 's Trophy . As the series is played in October ( and occasionally November ) , during the fall season in North America , it is often referred to as the Fall Classic .   Prior to 1969 , the team with the best regular season win-loss record in each league automatically advanced to the World Series ; since then each league has conducted a championship series ( ALCS and NLCS ) preceding the World Series to determine which teams will advance . As of 2016 , the World Series has been contested 112 times , with the AL winning 64 and the NL winning 48 .   The 2016 World Series took place between the Cleveland Indians and the Chicago Cubs . Seven games were played , with the Cubs victorious after game seven , played in Cleveland . The final score was 8 -- 7 ; the game went into extra innings after a tied score of 6 -- 6 . This was the third World Series won by the Cubs , as well as their first title since 1908 , a period of 108 years . With the Cubs ' record long title drought finally ended , the Indians ' championship dry spell of 68 years and counting -- the Indians last won the Series in 1948 -- is currently the longest-running Series title absence .   In the American League , the New York Yankees have played in 40 World Series and won 27 , the Philadelphia/Kansas City/Oakland Athletics have played in 14 and won 9 , and the Boston Red Sox have played in 12 and won 8 , including the first World Series . In the National League , the St. Louis Cardinals have appeared in 19 and won 11 , the New York/San Francisco Giants have played in 20 and won 8 , the Brooklyn/Los Angeles Dodgers have appeared in 18 and won 6 , and the Cincinnati Reds have appeared in 9 and won 5 .   As of 2016 , no team has won consecutive World Series championships since the New York Yankees in , , and -- the longest such drought in Major League Baseball history .

neg: Benny Zientara Benedict Joseph Zientara ( February 14 , 1918 -- April 16 , 1985 ) was a professional baseball infielder . He played all or part of four seasons in Major League Baseball ( 1941 , 1946 -- 48 ) , playing mainly as a second baseman for the Cincinnati Reds . Listed at , 165 lb. , he batted and threw right-handed .   A native of Chicago , Zientara was one of many major leaguers who saw his baseball career interrupted by a military stint during World War II . In parts of four seasons , he was a .254 hitter ( 230-for-906 ) with two home runs and 49 RBI in 278 games , including 106 runs , 29 doubles , five triples , and five stolen bases .   In 1958 , Zientara was manager for the minor league team the Olean Oilers . The Oilers played their home games at Bradner Stadium located in Olean , New York . Zientara led the team in its last year affiliated with the Philadelphia Phillies and playing in the New York -- Pennsylvania League . Zientara took the Oilers on a wild season , landing them in the playoffs . The team lost in the first round .   Zientara died in 1985 in Lake Elsinore , California , at the age of 67 . He was buried at the Riverside National Cemetery in Riverside , California .

neg: Elias Sports Bureau The Elias Sports Bureau ( ESB ) is a company providing historical and current statistical information for sports , especially for major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada .   In 1913 , Al Munro Elias and his brother Walter established the Al Munro Elias Bureau in New York City . At first they sold printed scorecards with baseball data directly to fans , until The Telegram daily newspaper purchased their weekly compilation of `` averages '' in 1916 . Elias was appointed official statistician of the National League and International League in 1919 with the American League and other minor leagues to follow .   In 1937 , the Elias brothers assumed publication of Charley White 's Record Book , the so-called Little Red Book , after the death of its originator . It became an official ( authorized ) source for major league records . In 1938 , the Bureau began producing the Pocket Cyclopedia of Major League Baseball , and for many years published the official Green Book , the National League 's annual summary .   After the Elias brothers died in the 1940s , the company was managed by Lester Goodman . Seymour Siwoff , who had worked for the Elias brothers as a high school student before serving his country in World War II and earning the Purple Heart , returned to become the company 's accountant . In 1952 , after Lester Goodman 's sudden death , Seymour Siwoff purchased the company from the widows of the Elias brothers . The new company was renamed Elias Sports Bureau to better fulfill Siwoff 's vision of incorporating all professional sports , and Siwoff took the company into the computer age .   Under Siwoff 's leadership for over 60 years and to the present , ESB has become the leading authority on sports statistics . Originally official statistician of Major League Baseball , Siwoff was able to add to this distinction the National Football League , the National Basketball Association , the National Hockey League , Major League Soccer , and the Arena Football League . More recently , ESB added pro-women 's basketball ( WNBA ) and pro-golf to its list of league clientele .   ESB also is a primary source of statistics for national newspapers , magazines and websites , as well as dozens of broadcasters of MLB , NBA and NHL telecasts . With Sporting News having phased out its record book publishing business during 2007 , The Elias Book of Baseball Records appears to be the sole hard-copy source of official baseball records . This book is available only through the company website .   Steve Hirdt , executive vice-president , added his skills as a sports writer . His first venture was writing for ESPN 's Page2 website for a brief time . Later , he moved to a column for ESPN The Magazine . The column is entitled `` Do the Math '' and focuses on sports statistics .

neg: Bob Blaylock Robert Edward Blaylock ( born June 28 , 1935 ) is an American former professional baseball player , a right-handed pitcher who played parts of two Major League Baseball seasons for the 1956 and 1959 St. Louis Cardinals . Blaylock batted right-handed , stood 6 ft tall and weighed 185 lb .   Blaylock spent his entire , ten-year professional career in the Cardinal organization after signing with the club following his Muldrow , Oklahoma , high school graduation . A hard thrower who led the 1958 American Association in strikeouts , Blaylock lost two fingers on his left ( non-pitching ) hand after a farm accident in his youth .   His first trial with the Cardinals came in after a hot start ( nine wins , four losses and an earned run average of 1.67 ) with the Rochester Red Wings of the International League . On July 22 , he made his Major League debut as a starting pitcher against the Brooklyn Dodgers at Busch Stadium ; he pitched five shutout innings against the defending world champions , but tired thereafter and surrendered five runs ( including home runs by Rube Walker and Duke Snider ) in 7 2/3 innings in a 5 -- 3 defeat . Wildness plagued Blaylock in his next start four days later against the Philadelphia Phillies , as he issued seven bases on balls in four innings pitched and was lifted with none out in the fifth frame . All told , Blaylock appeared in 14 games and 41 innings as a rookie ; while he struck out 39 batters , he walked 24 and gave up 45 hits . He dropped six of his seven decisions , with an earned run average of 6.37 .   Blaylock spent the next three seasons in minor league baseball before he was recalled in September . Blaylock appeared in three games , all against the Chicago Cubs , one as a starter . He was more effective than in 1956 , but lost his only decision . As a Major Leaguer , he appeared in 17 games and 50 innings , and yielded 53 hits and 27 bases on balls , with 42 strikeouts . His minor league career ended after the 1962 season , his fourth consecutive season with the Redbirds ' Double-A Tulsa Oilers affiliate in Blaylock 's home state of Oklahoma .   Bob Blaylock was one of three men with the same surname who played in the National League during the 1950s . Marv was a first baseman , mostly for the Phillies , who walked twice and grounded out against Bob Blaylock in his July 26 , 1956 , start . Gary Blaylock was also a right-handed pitcher for the Cardinals and an occasional teammate of Bob 's . The Blaylocks were not related .

neg: 1956 Major League Baseball season The 1956 Major League Baseball season was contested from April to October 1956 , featuring eight teams in the National League and eight teams in the American League . The 1956 World Series was a rematch of the previous year 's series between the New York Yankees and the Brooklyn Dodgers . The series is notable for Yankees pitcher Don Larsen 's perfect game in Game 5 .

neg: Gene Mauch Gene William Mauch ( November 18 , 1925 -- August 8 , 2005 ) was an American professional baseball player and manager . He played in Major League Baseball as a second baseman for the Brooklyn Dodgers ( 1944 , 1948 ) , Pittsburgh Pirates ( 1947 ) , Chicago Cubs ( 1948 -- 49 ) , Boston Braves ( 1950 -- 51 ) , St. Louis Cardinals ( 1952 ) and the Boston Red Sox ( 1956 -- 57 ) .   Mauch was best known for managing four teams from 1960 to 1987 . He is by far the winningest manager to have never won a league pennant ( breaking the record formerly held by Jimmy Dykes ) , three times coming within a single victory . He managed the Philadelphia Phillies ( 1960 -- 68 ) , Montreal Expos ( 1969 -- 75 , as their inaugural manager ) , Minnesota Twins ( 1976 -- 80 ) , and California Angels ( 1981 -- 82 , 1985 -- 87 ) . His 1,902 career victories ranked 8th in major league history when he retired , and his 3,942 total games ranked 4th . He gained a reputation for playing a distinctive `` small ball '' style , which emphasized defense , speed and base-to-base tactics on offense rather than power hitting .

neg: Doc Gautreau Walter Paul `` Doc '' Gautreau ( July 26 , 1901 -- August 23 , 1970 ) was an American professional baseball player , manager and scout . The native of Cambridge , Massachusetts , was a second baseman during his playing days . Also nicknamed `` Punk '' , he stood a diminutive 5 ft tall and weighed 129 lb , and threw and batted right-handed .   Gautreau attended The College of the Holy Cross in Worcester , Massachusetts , and the Crusaders went 92-8-1 during his tenure as the team 's second baseman . He played his first year of professional baseball in , making his debut in the Major Leagues that June as a member of the Philadelphia Athletics . After four games played and seven hitless at bats , his contract was sold to the Boston Braves of the National League in July . Gautreau 's batting then picked up , as he hit .267 for the Braves that season , and won a job as a part-time player in and . His tenure with the Braves was curtailed , however , when Boston obtained future Baseball Hall of Fame second baseman Rogers Hornsby for the 1928 campaign . Gautreau spent most of that season in the Class A Eastern League and made his final Major League appearance at the end of September . All told , he appeared in 261 games over four big-league seasons ( 1925 -- 1928 ) , and batted .257 with 207 hits and 40 stolen bases .   After leaving the Majors , Gautreau became a regular with the Montreal Royals of the International League , playing with them for five seasons , including two as playing manager . After his career in uniform , he scouted for the Braves in both Boston and Milwaukee , as well as with the Los Angeles/California Angels . He died in Salt Lake City , Utah , at age 69 .

neg: List of Major League Baseball annual home run leaders In baseball , a home run is scored when the ball is hit in such a way that the batter is able to circle all the bases ending at home plate , scoring himself and each runner who was already on base , with no errors by the defensive team on the play . The feat is typically achieved by hitting the ball over the outfield fence in fair territory without it first touching the ground , which results in an automatic home run . There is also the rarer inside-the-park home run , where the hitter circles the bases while the baseball is in play on the field . In Major League Baseball ( MLB ) , a player in each league wins the home run title each season by hitting the most home runs that year . Only home runs hit in a particular league count towards that league 's seasonal lead . Mark McGwire , for example , hit 58 home runs in 1997 , more than any other player that year . However , McGwire was traded from the American League 's ( AL ) Oakland Athletics to the National League 's ( NL ) St. Louis Cardinals midway through the season and his individual AL and NL home run totals ( 34 and 24 , respectively ) did not lead either league .   The first home run champion in the National League was George Hall ; in the league 's inaugural 1876 season , Hall hit five home runs for the short-lived National League Philadelphia Athletics . In 1901 , the American League was established and Hall of Fame second baseman Nap Lajoie led it with 14 home runs for the American League Philadelphia Athletics . Over the course of his 22-season career , Babe Ruth led the American League in home runs 12 times . Mike Schmidt and Ralph Kiner have the second and third most home run titles respectively , Schmidt with eight and Kiner with seven , all won in the National League . Kiner 's seven consecutive titles from 1946 to 1952 are also the most consecutive home run titles by any player . The most recent champions ( 2015 ) are Chris Davis with 47 home runs in the American League , and Nolan Arenado and Bryce Harper tied with 42 in the National League .   Ruth set the Major League Baseball single-season home run record four times , first at 29 ( 1919 ) , then 54 ( 1920 ) , 59 ( 1921 ) , and finally 60 ( 1927 ) . Ruth 's 1920 and 1921 seasons are tied for the widest margin of victory for a home run champion as he topped the next highest total by 35 home runs in each season . The single season mark of 60 stood for over 30 years until Roger Maris hit 61 home runs in 1961 . Maris ' mark was in turn broken by both Mark McGwire and Sammy Sosa during the 1998 home run record chase , with McGwire ultimately setting the mark at 70 . Barry Bonds , who also has the most career home runs , set the current single season record of 73 in 2001 . The 1998 and 2001 seasons each had 4 players hit 50 or more home runs -- Greg Vaughn , Ken Griffey , Jr. , Sosa , and McGwire in 1998 and Alex Rodriguez , Luis Gonzalez , Sosa , and Bonds in 2001 . A player has hit 50 or more home runs 42 times . Of these feats , 25 occurred since 1990 . The lowest home run total to ever lead a major league was four , a feat achieved in the NL by Lip Pike in 1877 and Paul Hines in 1878 .

neg: Jimmy Ring James Joseph `` Jimmy '' Ring ( February 15 , 1895 , Brooklyn , New York -- July 6 , 1965 , Queens , New York ) was a starting pitcher in Major League Baseball who played for the Cincinnati Reds ( 1917 -- 1920 ) , Philadelphia Phillies ( 1921 -- 1925 , 1928 ) , New York Giants ( 1926 ) and St. Louis Cardinals ( 1927 ) . Ring batted and threw right-handed .   Ring was used sparingly by the Cincinnati Reds from 1917 to 1918 . He won 10 games in 1919 , and beat Ed Cicotte and the Chicago White Sox in Game Four of the World Series on a five-hit , 2 -- 0 shutout . He pitched again in Game Six , losing after allowing one run in five innings of relief . The next year he won 17 games , and was sent to the Philadelphia Phillies at the end of the season along with Greasy Neale in the same trade that brought Eppa Rixey to Cincinnati .   From 1921 to 1925 Ring averaged 12.8 wins per season , with a career-high 18 wins in 1923 . Then , he was traded by the Phillies to the New York Giants before the 1927 season . After an 11 -- 10 mark with the Giants , he was sent to the St. Louis Cardinals along with Frankie Frisch in exchange for Rogers Hornsby .   Ring failed to win a game for St. Louis in 1927 . He appeared in 13 games and had a 0 -- 4 record . In 1928 , his last major league season , he returned to the Phillies and had a 4 -- 17 mark in 35 appearances .   In a 12-season career , Ring posted a 118 -- 149 record with 835 strikeouts and a 4.12 ERA in 2354-1/3 innings pitched .   Jimmy Ring died in Queens , New York , aged 70 .

neg: The Victory Season The Victory Season : The End of World War II and the Birth of Baseball 's Golden Age is a 2013 book written by Robert Weintraub whose previous work includes the New York Times best-seller The House That Ruth Built .

neg: Jay Porter J. W. `` Jay '' Porter ( born January 17 , 1933 , in Shawnee , Oklahoma ) is a former Major League Baseball player who played for the St. Louis Browns ( 1952 ) , Detroit Tigers ( 1955 -- 1957 ) , Cleveland Indians ( 1958 ) , Washington Senators ( 1959 ) , and St. Louis Cardinals ( 1959 ) . Porter played in 229 major league games , 91 as a catcher , 62 as an outfielder , 16 as a first baseman , and 3 at third base . He was a career .228 hitter who had his best season in 1957 when he hit .250 in 58 games for the Detroit Tigers .   Porter was signed as an 18-year-old `` bonus baby '' in 1951 . Bobby Mattick was scouting Porter , when he noticed another prospect , Frank Robinson . Mattick wound up signing both Porter and Robinson , `` with Porter signing for a much higher bonus . '' John Eisenberg , `` From 33rd Street to Camden Yards '' ( McGraw-Hill 2001 ) , p. 161 . Despite the early promise , Porter played in only 33 games for the St. Louis Browns in 1952 .   On December 4 , 1952 , Porter was traded by the Browns with Owen Friend and Bob Nieman to the Tigers for Virgil Trucks ( who threw two no-hitters in 1952 ) , Hal White , and Johnny Groth . Porter did not make it to the Tigers ' big league team until 1955 and played only 92 games for the Tigers from 1955 -- 1957 .   Though he never became a starter in Detroit , he was selected by Sports Illustrated in October 2006 as one of the `` 10 Greatest Characters in Detroit Tigers History '' , along with Mark Fidrych , Norm Cash , Boots Poffenberger , and Herbie Redmond .   Porter 's favorite meal was `` two dozen ( eggs ) over light '' , which he would eat all at once . This became a `` favorite meal '' when his teammates encouraged him to compete against the world 's champion for eating the most eggs in one sitting and Porter began his `` training . '' A date was set for the contest ; however , the current world champion failed to show .   On February 18 , 1958 , the Tigers traded Porter to the Cleveland Indians with Hal Woodeshick for Jim Hegan and Hank Aguirre . Porter learned of the trade while driving to Spring Training . Porter drove from his home in Oregon , down the West Coast , stopping in Tucson , Arizona to visit friends in the Indians training camp . When he was an hour outside Lakeland , Porter heard on the car radio that he had been traded to the Indians , made a U-turn and headed back to Arizona . Van Dusen , Ewald & Hawkins , `` The Detroit Tigers Encyclopedia ( Sports Publishing 2003 ) , p. 94 .   While playing for Cleveland , Porter had the task of catching for knuckleballer Hoyt Wilhelm . Porter was reportedly so baffled by Wilhelm 's knuckleball that he used a first baseman 's glove .   After his playing career , he served as a minor league manager in the Montreal Expos organization ( including a stint with the West Palm Beach Expos in 1970 ) . Porter also managed the Montreal Expos ' entry in the 1969 Florida Instructional League .   Porter is the youngest living former member of the St. Louis Browns .

neg: Murderers' Row Murderers ' Row were the baseball teams of the New York Yankees in the late 1920s , widely considered one of the best teams in history . The nickname is in particular describing the first six hitters in the 1927 team lineup : Earle Combs , Mark Koenig , Babe Ruth , Lou Gehrig , Bob Meusel , and Tony Lazzeri .

neg: 1990 Oakland Athletics season The Oakland Athletics ' 1990 season was their 23rd in Oakland , California . It was also the 90th season in franchise history . The team finished first in the American League West with a record of 103-59 .   The Athletics ' 1990 campaign ranks among the organization 's finest . Oakland , in winning 103 games , led the league outright in wins for a third consecutive season ; they remained the last major North American team to accomplish this until 2017 , when the feat was matched by the nearby Golden State Warriors of the NBA . The Athletics benefited from stellar performances in all areas of the game . The team 's offense was led by eventual Hall-of-Famer Rickey Henderson . Henderson finished the season with 65 stolen bases , 28 home runs , and a .325 batting average ; for his efforts , he took home the 1990 American League MVP Award . The Athletics also benefited from strong performances by superstars Mark McGwire and Jose Canseco . The pair clubbed 39 and 37 home runs , respectively ; in doing so , they drove in a combined total of 209 runs . Over the course of the season , the team added to an already strong offense ; the additions of recent All-Stars Willie Randolph , Willie McGee , and Harold Baines further widened the gap between the Athletics and the rest of the league . Established veterans ( such as Carney Lansford , Terry Steinbach , Dave Henderson , and Mike Gallego ) and promising young players ( mainly Walt Weiss and Mike Bordick ) rounded out arguably the deepest roster in all of Major League Baseball . Eight of the Athletics ' nine main postseason starters ( R. Henderson , McGwire , Canseco , McGee , Steinbach , Randolph , Baines , and Lansford ) played in at least one All-Star Game between 1988 and 1990 .   The Athletics pitching staff , in many regards , had an even stronger campaign . The starting rotation was led by veteran Bob Welch . Welch would finish the season with both an MLB-leading 27 wins and a 2.95 ERA ; this performance was strong enough to net the 1990 Cy Young Award . Welch , as of 2014 , remains the last MLB pitcher to win at least 25 games in a season . Fellow starter Dave Stewart , winner of 22 games , finished in a tie ( with Pittsburgh starter Doug Drabek ) for the second-most wins in MLB . 1989 All-Star Mike Moore , 1991 All-Star Scott Sanderson , and longtime Athletic Curt Young rounded out the American League 's top rotation . The Athletics ' bullpen was led by superstar closer Dennis Eckersley , who posted a microscopic 0.61 ERA while recording 48 saves . As a team , the Athletics allowed only 570 runs ( the fewest in the American League by a wide margin ) .   The Athletics easily won the American League West for a third consecutive season . They swept the Boston Red Sox , four games to none , in that year 's American League Championship series ; in doing so , they won a third consecutive American League pennant . The Athletics entered the 1990 World Series as heavy favorites . Despite this , however , they were themselves swept by the Cincinnati Reds . The Athletics have not reached the World Series since .

neg: Ruth Lessing Ruth Elizabeth Lessing -LSB- Tex -RSB- ( August 15 , 1925 -- October 26 , 2000 ) was a female catcher who played from through in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League . Listed at , 128 lb. , she batted and threw right-handed .   Ruth Lessing has been considered as one of the best defensive catchers in All-American Girls Professional Baseball League history . Respected for her solid skills behind home plate , including a strong and accurate arm , Lessing also was renowned for her fiery and competitive spirit . She played over 100 games during four straight seasons , was selected to the All-Star Team three consecutive years , and set several all-time , single-season records before suffering a career-ending shoulder injury that forced her to retire prematurely . Known for her fiery demeanor , she was once fined $ 100 for punching an umpire after he made a call she disapproved . In response , a collection taken up by fanatics netted more than $ 2000 . She paid the fine and gave the rest of the money to charity . Lessing said she was not proud of what she had done and wrote the umpire a letter of apology . Both later became close friends .   A native of San Antonio , Texas , Lessing was a standout athlete at Jefferson High School . She was spotted in the early 1940s by a scout from the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League . Then in 1944 , at the age of 18 , she graduated and immediately joined the Minneapolis Millerettes , an expansion AAGPBL team managed by former big leaguer Bubber Jonnard . In her rookie season Lessing shared catching duties with Pepper Paire .   In 1944 Lessing hit a .177 batting average in 57 games for Minneapolis , scoring 13 runs while driving in 27 more . She posted a single-season , career-high with 22 stolen bases , and ten of her 35 hits were doubles . Playing their home games at Nicollet Park , the Millerettes could not compete with the local Minneapolis Millers . In addition , Minneapolis was far from the other five cities in the league , forcing the Millerettes spent most of the season on the road . As a result , the team finished last in both halves of the season with a compiled 45 -- 72 record , being replaced in 1945 by the Fort Wayne Daisies .   Lessing became a regular with Fort Wayne in 1945 , appearing in 110 games and setting an all-time single season record for a catcher with a .982 fielding average . She also hit .123 with 32 runs and 21 RBI , while the Daisies , with Bill Wambsganss at the helm , had a strong season debut , going 62 -- 47 and finishing four and a half games behind first-place Rockford Peaches . During the playoffs , Fort Wayne disposed of the Racine Belles in the first round , three to one games , but struggled to Rockford in the final round , four-to-one .   In 1946 Lessing joined the Grand Rapids Chicks , playing for them for the rest of her career . As a member of the Chicks , she solidified her position as one of the best backstops around . In her first year with the team , she led all catchers with 141 assists , which also is an all-time record . Besides this , Lessing improved her offensive numbers with a .215 average , 43 runs and 35 RBI , and was selected to the All-Star Team . Managed by Johnny Rawlings , Grand Rapids finished 71 -- 41 and advanced to the playoffs , only to be beaten by Rockford in the first round , three-to-two .   Lessing became one of two hundred players to attend the first AAGPBL spring training outside the United States , which was held in 1947 in Cuba at the Gran Stadium de La Habana . With deliveries changing from underhand ( or , underarm ; compare pitching in softball ) to sidearm in that season , the work of Lessing behind the plate was an instrumental part of the success for the pitching staff . She caught splendidly , giving her pitchers confidence and stability by calling the game and instigating defensive plays on the field . Lessing also contributed with her bat , hitting .205 with 24 runs and 42 RBI in 111 games , while earning a second selection to the All-Star Team . The Chicks went 65 -- 47 and made the playoffs for the second consecutive year . In the first round , the team defeated the South Bend Blue Sox in five games , and won the Championship Title behind Mildred Earp , who pitched a 1 -- 0 shutout against the Belles in decisive Game 7 .   In 1948 Lessing set another all-time record , appearing in 125 games behind the plate in the regular season . She also posted career-numbers in hits ( 86 ) , runs ( 43 ) and RBI ( 36 ) , while hitting a .206 average and making her third and last All-Star Team , helping the Chicks win the Eastern Section with a 77 -- 47 record . In the postseason , Grand Rapids defeated South Bend in five games but was swept by Fort Wayne in three games during the second round . Unfortunately , just 44 games into the 1949 season , Lessing suffered a career-ending shoulder injury . At the time , she was hitting .233 ( 28-for-120 ) with nine runs and nine RBI .   Once her playing days were gone , Lessing returned to San Antonio , where she took a job at the Kelly Air Force Base . In 1991 , she served as a technical adviser for filmmaker Penny Marshall during the shooting of her film A League of Their Own , which brought many of the real players began to earn a rebirth of celebrity with the first season of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League . Lessing , like many AAGPBL players , were relatively unknown until the Marshall 's film was exhibited for the first time . After that , the AAGPBL Players Association reunions became formal annual events in 1998 .   Ruth Lessing died of cancer in her homeland of San Antonio at the age of 75 . In 2006 , she was awarded a posthumous induction into the Texas Baseball Hall of Fame . She is also part of the AAGPBL permanent display at the Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum at Cooperstown , New York , opened in , which is dedicated to the entire league rather than any individual player .

neg: List of St. Louis Cardinals no-hitters The St. Louis Cardinals are a Major League Baseball franchise based in St. Louis Missouri . They play in the National League Central division . Also known in their early years as the `` St. Louis Brown Stockings '' ( 1882 ) , `` St. Louis Browns '' ( 1883 -- 98 ) , and `` St. Louis Perfectos '' ( 1899 ) , pitchers for the Cardinals have thrown 10 no-hitters in franchise history . A no-hitter is officially recognized by Major League Baseball only `` when a pitcher ( or pitchers ) retires each batter on the opposing team during the entire course of a game , which consists of at least nine innings '' . No-hitters of less than nine complete innings were previously recognized by the league as official ; however , several rule alterations in 1991 changed the rule to its current form . A no-hitter is rare enough that one team in Major League Baseball has never had a pitcher accomplish the feat . A perfect game , a special subcategory of no-hitter , has yet to be thrown in Cardinals history . As defined by Major League Baseball , `` in a perfect game , no batter reaches any base during the course of the game . ''   Ted Breitenstein threw the first no-hitter in Cardinals franchise history on his first major league start on October 4 , 1891 when the team was known as the `` St. Louis Browns '' ; the most recent no-hitter was thrown by Bud Smith on September 3 , 2001 .   Two left-handed pitchers have thrown no-hitters in franchise history , while seven were by right-handers . Four no-hitters were thrown at home and six on the road , whilst all ten have been pitched against different opponents . The Cardinals have thrown one no-hitter in April , one in June , one in July , two in August , four in September , and one in October . The longest interval between no-hitters was between the games pitched by Breitenstein and Jesse Haines , encompassing 32 years , 9 months , and 13 days from October 4 , 1891 till August 17 , 1924 . Conversely , the shortest interval between no-hitters was between the games pitched by Jiménez and Smith , encompassing merely 2 years , 2 months , and 9 days from June 25 , 1999 till September 3 , 2001 .   In none of their ten no-hitters did the Cardinals allow any runs via errors , walks , hit batters or uncaught third strikes . The most baserunners allowed in a no-hitter was by Ray Washburn ( in 1968 ) , who allowed five . Of the ten no-hitters , two have been won by a score of 2 -- 0 , 3 -- 0 , and 5 -- 0 , more common than any other results . The largest margin of victory in a no-hitter was an 11 -- 0 win by Bob Gibson in 1971 . The smallest margin of victory was a 1 -- 0 win by Jiménez in 2001 .   The umpire is also an integral part of any no-hitter . The task of the umpire in a baseball game is to make any decision `` which involves judgment , such as , but not limited to , whether a batted ball is fair or foul , whether a pitch is a strike or a ball , or whether a runner is safe or out ... -LSB- the umpire 's judgment on such matters -RSB- is final . '' Part of the duties of the umpire making calls at home plate includes defining the strike zone , which `` is defined as that area over homeplate ( sic ) the upper limit of which is a horizontal line at the midpoint between the top of the shoulders and the top of the uniform pants , and the lower level is a line at the hollow beneath the kneecap . '' These calls define every baseball game and are therefore integral to the completion of any no-hitter . Eight different umpires presided over each of the franchise 's ten no-hitters .   The manager is another integral part of any no-hitter . The tasks of the manager is to determine the starting rotation as well as batting order and defensive lineup every game . Managers choosing the right pitcher and right defensive lineup at a right game at a right place at a right time would contribute to a no-hitter . Eight different managers have led to the franchise 's ten no-hitters .

neg: Curt Davis `` Curt Davis '' was also a pseudonym used by Jack Kirby .   Curtis Benton Davis ( September 7 , 1903 -- October 12 , 1965 ) was a Major League Baseball pitcher . On October 2 , 1933 he was drafted by the Philadelphia Phillies from the Pacific Coast League San Francisco Seals in the 1933 rule V draft . He played for the Phillies ( 1934 -- 36 ) , Chicago Cubs ( 1935 -- 37 ) , St. Louis Cardinals ( 1938 -- 40 ) , and Brooklyn Dodgers ( 1940 -- 46 ) . The right-hander was a native of Greenfield , Missouri .   Even though Davis did n't pitch in the major leagues until he was 30 , he still managed to have a 13-season National League career . He had quite a list of accomplishments , including winning 19 games as a rookie , 22 wins in 1939 , eleven double-digit victory seasons , twice a NL All-Star , and pitching in the 1941 World Series . He had excellent control , leading the league in BB/9IP in 1938 and 1941 , and finishing in the top ten in that category ten times .   Other top ten rankings for Davis include wins ( 4 times ) , winning percentage ( 4 times ) , ERA ( 4 times ) , H/9IP ( 3 times ) , WHIP ( 5 times ) , shutouts ( 5 times ) , saves ( 5 times ) , games finished ( 1 time ) , and oldest player ( 5 times ) .   Career totals for 429 games pitched include a 158 -- 131 record , 281 games started , 141 complete games , 24 shutouts , 111 games finished , 33 saves , and an ERA of 3.42 in 2325 innings pitched .   After pitching one game in the 1946 season ( April 28 ) , he was released by Brooklyn three days later .   Davis died at the age of 62 in Covina , California .


query: Kato Kaelin gained fame during the 1994 O.J. Simpson trial.

pos: Kato Kaelin Brian Gerard `` Kato '' Kaelin ( -LSB- ˈkeɪtoʊ_ˈkeɪlɪn -RSB- born March 9 , 1959 ) is an American radio and television personality who gained fame as a witness during the 1994 -- 95 murder trial of O. J. Simpson .

neg: Sunshine in the Courtroom Act The Sunshine in the Courtroom Act is a bill to allow the broadcasting of U.S. District Court and U.S. Court of Appeals proceedings . The name of the bill is an apparent reference to Louis Brandeis ' remark that `` sunshine is the best disinfectant '' for ill-doings . The proposed act relates to Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 53 , which states , `` Except as otherwise provided by a statute or these rules , the court must not permit the taking of photographs in the courtroom during judicial proceedings or the broadcasting of judicial proceedings from the courtroom . ''   The bill was introduced in 2005 , 2007 , 2008 , and 2009 . The 2009 bill was approved by the Senate Judiciary Committee . The Senate version is S. 657 , and the House version is H.R. 3054 . In 2009 , the Judicial Council of the 9th Circuit expressed interest in televising certain proceedings .   In Congressional testimony , Ted Poe stated : When I was Assistant District Attorney , I spent my career trying criminal cases , and based on my experiences , I actually feel the cameras in the courtroom benefit a defendant . A public trial ensures fairness . That is the purpose of a public trial . It ensures professionalism by the lawyers and the judge , and a camera in the courtroom protects the defendant 's right to a public trial . Poe also opined that lawyers play to the jury , not to the camera , and that jurors stated they liked the camera inside the courtroom because they wanted the public to know what they heard `` instead of waiting to hear a 30-second sound bite from a newscaster who may or may not have the facts correct . '' Judge John R. Tunheim opposed the bill , stating that it could deny some defendants a fair trial ; e.g. a defendant corporation might forgo its right to a trial because it does not want its president to be cross-examined on television . He also expressed concern that televising trials could increase the incidence of threats against federal judges .

neg: Omega Trust Omega Trust was a fraudulent US investment scheme in Illinois .   Clyde D. Hood is a former electrician from Mattoon , Illinois . In 1994 Hood formed Omega Trust and Trading Limited and began to lecture to church groups . He said that the Lord had given him a mission . He claimed that he was one of the international traders who could make secret multimillion-dollar deals to benefit humanitarian programs through debentures and `` prime bank notes '' in foreign banks . Hood asked for an investment of $ 100 and promised a payout of $ 5,100 within 275 days . He wanted the money delivered wrapped in aluminum foil and via Federal Express because U.S. federal government was trying to block the trades through the United States Postal Service . Therefore the scheme should remain secret . Thousands of people from USA and overseas sent money .   The program stopped accepting new investors in 1995 . By that time , Hood had received more than $ 10 million . He began to present number of excuses as to why investors had not been paid , blaming administrative costs , problems with foreign banks and international financial conflicts . When some people still wanted to join , Hood and accomplices claimed that they could sell share units of people who had wanted to leave the program . The estimated total amount of money was $ 20 million .   In addition , Hood began new investment schemes named Alpha and Destiny and obtained more money from those who had invested to Omega . With the money Hood and his associates bought land and businesses in Mattoon , gave no-interest loans and made trips to Europe . Some of the money also went to finance businesses of other Hood associates like construction contractor Chris Engel .   Engel later cooperated with the police and let them tape a phone conversation with Hood . Hood lawyer Steve Ryan was also later removed from the case when he was subpoenaed as a witness and for possible collusion .   Clyde Hood and his 18 associates were indicted in 2000 . Some of them pleaded guilty or were convicted of multiple counts of fraud , mail fraud , money laundering and filing a false tax return ( see ) .   On April 10 , 2001 , Hood pleaded guilty to mail or wire fraud conspiracy , money laundering conspiracy , and filing a false tax return .   On January 24 , 2002 Hood was sentenced to prison for 14 years and was fined $ 5,000 . Five of his associates were convicted of active participation of the scheme and were ordered to make restitution . Thirteen associates were convicted of money laundering . Three hundred fifty-five victims received restitution from forfeited Omega Trust funds to the total of $ 1,697,310.00 .   The Omega Trust still lives on in the Internet as a supposed global poverty relief program ( see NESARA ) .   Hood is imprisoned at the `` Federal Medical Center Devens , '' north of Worcester , Massachusetts , and was scheduled for release in November 2012 .   Category : Fraud in the United States  Category : Crimes in Illinois

neg: Treehouse of Horror IV `` Treehouse of Horror IV '' is the fifth episode of The Simpsons ' fifth season and the fourth episode in the Treehouse of Horror series of Halloween specials . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on October 28 , 1993 , and features three short stories called `` The Devil and Homer Simpson '' , `` Terror at 5 1/2 Feet '' , and `` Bart Simpson 's Dracula '' . The episode was directed by David Silverman and co-written by Conan O'Brien , Bill Oakley , Josh Weinstein , Greg Daniels , Dan McGrath , and Bill Canterbury .   In `` The Devil and Homer Simpson '' , Homer Simpson announces he would sell his soul for a doughnut , and the Devil appears to make a deal with Homer . Homer tries to outsmart the Devil by not finishing the doughnut but eventually eats it and is sent to Hell . A trial is held between Homer and the Devil to determine the rightful owner of Homer 's soul . In `` Terror at 5 1/2 Feet '' , while riding the bus to school , Bart Simpson believes he sees a gremlin taking apart the bus piece by piece . Nobody sees it except for Bart , so he tries to remove it on his own . In `` Bart Simpson 's Dracula '' , Mr. Burns is a vampire and Bart falls victim to his bite . Lisa and the rest of the family go to Burns ' castle to kill Burns so Bart can return to normal .   As with the rest of the Halloween specials , the episode is considered non-canon and falls outside of the show 's regular continuity . The episode makes cultural references to television series such as The Twilight Zone , Night Gallery , and Peanuts . References are also made to films such as Bram Stoker 's Dracula and The Lost Boys . Since airing , the episode has received mostly positive reviews from television critics . It acquired a Nielsen rating of 14.5 , and was the highest-rated show on the Fox network the week it aired .

neg: Zama and Shibuya shootings The Zama and Shibuya shootings were the double spree shootings in Japan on July 29 , 1965 by , which left one police officer dead and 17 people injured , at the conclusion of which he was captured by police officers . Katagiri was later executed .   Katagiri was born in Setagaya , Tokyo and reportedly loved guns . On July 29 , 1965 , he shot dead one policeman and injured another with a rifle in Zama , Kanagawa Prefecture . He stole a handgun and hijacked four cars . In Shibuya , Tokyo , he entered a gun shop near the Shibuya fire station and took four hostages , which resulted in a gun battle with the police . About 5,000 people , including Norio Nagayama , witnessed the gunfight , during which he injured 16 people . One hostage attacked him and police officers eventually captured him .   Katagiri was sentenced to death and was executed on July 21 , 1972 .

neg: Heller v. New York Heller v. New York , was a United States Supreme Court decision which upheld that states could make laws limiting the distribution of obscene material , provided that these laws were consistent with the Miller test for obscene material established by the Supreme Court in Miller v. California , 413 U.S. 15 ( 1973 ) . Heller was initially convicted for showing a sexually explicit film in the movie theater which he owned , under New York Penal Law § 235.0 which stated that and individual `` is guilty of obscenity when , knowing its content and character , he 1 . Promotes , or possesses with intent to promote , any obscene material ; or 2 . Produces , presents or directs an obscene performance or participates in a portion thereof which is obscene or which contributes to its obscenity . ''   Heller appealed this ruling to the supreme court , claiming that his first amendment rights had been violated due to the broad nature of New York 's obscenity laws . The defendant also claimed that his 14th amendment rights had been violated due to the fact the film was seized prior to him receiving a hearing of any kind . The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Heller in a 5-4 decision , with the majority decision delivered by Justice Burger . The Court found the procedure by which the film was seized to be constitutional , but ruled in favor of Heller in order to afford New York a chance to bring their obscenity laws in line with the guidelines established by the Supreme Court in Miller v. California . The Dissenting opinions were written by Justice Douglas as well as Justice Brennan , the latter of which was joined by Justice Stewart and Justice Marshall . These dissenting opinions argued that the obscenity laws that Heller was convicted under were themselves unconstitutional and thus the seizure of the film was unconstitutional . This case was one of several cases that the Burger court ruled on concerning obscenity laws in the early 1970s .

neg: False light False light is a legal term that refers to a tort concerning privacy that is similar to the tort of defamation . The privacy laws in the United States include a non-public person 's right to protection from publicity which puts the person in a false light to the public . That right is balanced against the First Amendment right of free speech .   False light differs from defamation primarily in being intended `` to protect the plaintiff 's mental or emotional well-being '' , rather than to protect a plaintiff 's reputation as is the case with the tort of defamation and in being about the impression created rather than being about veracity . If a publication of information is false , then a tort of defamation might have occurred . If that communication is not technically false but is still misleading , then a tort of false light might have occurred .  False light privacy claims often arise under the same facts as defamation cases , and therefore not all states recognize false light actions . There is a subtle difference in the way courts view the legal theories -- false light cases are about damage to a person 's personal feelings or dignity , whereas defamation is about damage to a person 's reputation .   The specific elements of the tort of false light vary considerably , even among those jurisdictions which do recognize this Tort . Generally , these elements consist of the following :  A publication by the Defendant about the Plaintiff ;  made with actual malice ( very similar to that type required by New York Times v. Sullivan in `` Defamation '' cases ) ;  which places the Plaintiff in a false light ; AND  that would be highly offensive ( i.e. , embarrassing to reasonable persons ) .   Some U.S. state courts have ruled that false light lawsuits brought under their states ' laws must be rewritten as defamation lawsuits ; these courts generally base their opinion on the premises that a ) any publication or statement giving rise to a false-light claim will also give rise to a defamation claim , such that the set of statements creating false light is necessarily , although not by definition , entirely within the set of statements constituting defamation ; and b ) the standard of what would be `` highly offensive '' or `` embarrassing '' to a reasonable person is much more difficult to apply than is the state 's standard for defamation , such that the potential penalties for violating the former standard would have an unconstitutional or otherwise unacceptable chilling effect on the media . However , `` most states do allow false light claims to be brought , even where a defamation claim would suffice . '' Roughly two-thirds of states do not recognize the false light claim . The states that do recognize it will not allow a plaintiff to maintain suit for both false light and defamation .

neg: Jared Lee Loughner Jared Lee Loughner ( -LSB- ˈlɒfnɚ -RSB- born September 10 , 1988 ) is an American mass murderer who pleaded guilty to 19 charges of murder and attempted murder in connection with the January 8 , 2011 Tucson shooting , in which he shot and severely injured U.S. Representative Gabrielle Giffords , his target , and killed six people , including Chief U.S. District Court Judge John Roll , as well as a nine-year-old bystander , Christina-Taylor Green . Loughner shot and injured a total of 13 people , while one man was injured while subduing him .   Acquaintances said that Loughner 's personality had changed markedly in the years prior to the shooting , a period when he was also abusing alcohol and drugs . He had been suspended from Pima Community College in September 2010 because of his bizarre behavior and disruptions in classes and the library . After his arrest , two medical evaluations diagnosed him with paranoid schizophrenia and incompetent to stand trial . He was medicated while in jail as part of his treatment . He was again judged incompetent in May 2012 .   In August 2012 , Loughner was judged competent to stand trial , and at the hearing , he pleaded guilty to 19 counts . In November 2012 , he was sentenced to life plus 140 years in federal prison .

neg: L.A. Law L.A. Law is an American television legal drama series that ran for eight seasons on NBC , from September 15 , 1986 , to May 19 , 1994 .   Created by Steven Bochco and Terry Louise Fisher , it contained many of Bochco 's trademark features including an ensemble cast , large number of parallel storylines , social drama , and off-the-wall humor . It reflected the social and cultural ideologies of the 1980s and early 1990s , and many of the cases featured on the show dealt with hot-topic issues such as capital punishment , abortion , racism , gay rights , homophobia , sexual harassment , AIDS , and domestic violence . The series often also reflected social tensions between the wealthy senior lawyer protagonists and their less well-paid junior staff .   In addition to its main cast , L.A. Law was also well known for featuring then relatively unknown actors and actresses in guest starring roles , who later went on to greater success in film and television including : Don Cheadle , Jeffrey Tambor , Kathy Bates , David Schwimmer , Jay O. Sanders , James Avery , Gates McFadden , Bryan Cranston , C.C.H. Pounder , Kevin Spacey , Richard Schiff , Carrie-Anne Moss , William H. Macy , Stephen Root , Christian Slater , and Lucy Liu . Several episodes of the show also included celebrities such as Vanna White , Buddy Hackett and Mamie Van Doren appearing as themselves in cameo roles .   The show was popular with audiences and critics , and won 15 Emmy Awards throughout its run , four of which were for Outstanding Drama Series .

neg: Albert Burstein Albert Burstein ( born November 22 , 1922 ) is an American Democratic Party politician , who served five terms in the New Jersey General Assembly , where he represented the 37th Legislative District . He served as Majority Leader of the Assembly . In June 2004 , Burstein was appointed to serve on the New Jersey Election Law Enforcement Commission .   Burstein was born to Julius and Hannah Burstein on November 22 , 1922 in Jersey City , New Jersey , where he graduated from Henry Snyder High School . He went on to receive his undergraduate degree from Columbia College , Columbia University and his law degree from Columbia Law School . A resident of Tenafly , New Jersey , Burstein has been a partner in the law firm of Herten , Burstein , Sheridan , Cevasco , Bottinelli , Litt , & Harz , L.L.C. . He served as chair of the New Jersey State Commission of Investigation Review Committee , chair of the New Jersey Law Revision Commission , chair of the Bergen County IIB South District Ethics Committee as well as serving as a member of the New Jersey Law Journal editorial board .   In the Assembly , Burstein sponsored legislation that included a major revision to New Jersey 's election law , as well as the Gubernatorial Public Financing Law of 1974 . Burstein served as chair of the Education Committee , and as a member of the Election Law Revision Committee , the Capital Budgeting and Planning Commission , and the Public Employees Relations Study Commission .   In what The New York Times described as a `` surprising victory '' , Nicholas S. Mastorelli of Secaucus , New Jersey won the Democratic primary in June 1978 for the nomination to run for the house seat of Harold C. Hollenbeck in New Jersey 's 9th congressional district . While Burstein won in the Bergen County area , Mastorelli 's edge came from large margins in the Hudson County , New Jersey portion of the district .   Burstein is the recipient of numerous awards from his more than 60-year career as a practicing attorney in N.J. , including `` Lawyer of the Year '' from the Committee on Professionalism in 1999 and the Daniel J. O'Hern Professional Award from the New Jersey Bar Association in 2006 .   On Veterans Day , November 11 , 2010 , Burstein received the Chevalier of the Legion of Honor for his bravery on the battlefield as a soldier fighting the Germans on French territory during World War II . Burstein is also the recipient of the Bronze Star for his service in World War II .

neg: Harmelin v. Michigan Harmelin v. Michigan , 501 U.S. 957 ( 1991 ) , was a case decided by the Supreme Court of the United States under the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution . The Court ruled that the Eighth Amendment 's Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause allowed a state to impose a life sentence without the possibility of parole for the possession of 672 grams of cocaine .   The Court 's narrow ruling left a major question of Eighth Amendment law unresolved . Since the Court 's decision in Gregg v. Georgia , 428 U.S. 153 ( 1976 ) , the Court had incorporated a detailed proportionality analysis into the cruel and unusual punishment analysis required in capital cases . The defendant in Harmelin directly asked the Court to extend the reach of that analysis to noncapital cases such as his . Although five Justices agreed that Harmelin 's sentence was not unconstitutionally cruel and unusual , six Justices agreed that the Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause bore some kind of proportionality analysis . Yet among those six , three supported a proportionality principle that is highly deferential to legislative judgments , while three others supported a more searching proportionality analysis that would have struck down Michigan 's mandatory life-without-parole sentence for possessing more than 650 grams of cocaine .   The State of Michigan was represented by Richard Thompson and Michael Modelski . Thompson 's other credits include serving as a prosecutor of Dr. Jack Kevorkian . Various state attorneys general , as well as the United States Solicitor General , filed amicus curiae briefs on behalf of the State of Michigan . The Court-appointed counsel for Harmelin , the ACLU and a group of criminal defense attorneys filed briefs in support of the defendant 's position .

neg: Kenneth McGriff Kenneth `` Supreme '' McGriff ( born September 19 , 1960 ) is a convicted American drug trafficker and organized crime figure .   McGriff came to prominence in the early 1980s when he formed his own crack distributing organization which he called the Supreme Team based in the South Jamaica section of Queens , New York . Under McGriff 's leadership , the gang 's numbers swelled to the hundreds and came to control the crack cocaine trade in the Baisley Park Houses , the neighborhood where McGriff was raised .   In 1987 , McGriff was arrested following a joint state and federal investigation and in 1989 pleaded guilty to engaging in a Continuing Criminal Enterprise . He was sentenced to 12 years incarceration . McGriff was released from prison on parole in early 1994 after serving approximately seven years of his sentence . He was sent back to prison on parole violations by year 's end , and served another 2 1/2 years ' incarceration before being released in 1997 .   McGriff is alleged to have had a hand in the 2002 murder of Run D.M.C. member Jam Master Jay , and was convicted of ordering the 2001 killing of Mobb Deep affiliate E-Moneybags ( real name Eric Smith ) . Federal authorities also accused him in connection with the attempted murder of 50 Cent . Persistent rumors suggest that McGriff felt 50 Cent had exposed too much of the drug kingpin in Jamaica , Queens and others involved in the drug trade through the lyrics of his song `` Ghetto Qu ` ran '' released in 2000 .   On February 1 , 2007 McGriff was convicted of murder-for-hire at a Federal court in the Eastern District of New York on charges that he paid $ 50,000 to have two rivals ( Eric Smith and `` Big Nose '' Troy Singleton ) gunned down in 2001 . The jury deliberated for five days before finding McGriff guilty of murder conspiracy and drug trafficking . On February 9 , 2007 , the same jury sentenced McGriff to life in prison . Throughout this case he was defended by a court-appointed attorney because nearly all of his assets had been seized .   McGriff began serving his life sentence at ADX Florence , the federal supermax prison in Colorado , but in 2011 was transferred to the United States Penitentiary , Lee , a high-security federal prison in Pennington Gap , Virginia .

neg: International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh) The International Crimes Tribunal ( Bangladesh ) ( ICT of Bangladesh ) is a domestic war crimes tribunal in Bangladesh set up in 2009 to investigate and prosecute suspects for the genocide committed in 1971 by the Pakistan Army and their local collaborators , Razakars , Al-Badr and Al-Shams during the Bangladesh Liberation War . During the 2008 general election , the Awami League ( AL ) pledged to establish the tribunals in response to long-standing calls for trying war criminals . The first indictments were issued in 2010 . However , the main perpetrators of the war crimes , the Pakistan soldiers , remained out of the reach of the courts .   The government set up the tribunal after the Awami League won the general election in December 2008 with a more than two-thirds majority in parliament . The War Crimes Fact Finding Committee , tasked to investigate and find evidence , completed its report in 2008 , identifying 1,600 suspects . Prior to the formation of the ICT , the United Nations Development Programme offered assistance in 2009 on the tribunal 's formation . In 2009 , the parliament amended the 1973 act that authorised such a tribunal to update it .   By 2012 , nine leaders of Jamaat-e-Islami , the largest Islamist party in the nation , and two of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party , had been indicted as suspects in war crimes . Three leaders of Jamaat were the first tried ; each were convicted of several charges of war crimes . The first person convicted was Abul Kalam Azad , tried in absentia as he had left the country ; he was sentenced to death in January 2013 .   The ICT initially received some offers of international assistance . In 2009 , the UN offered its expertise , expressing an interest in helping Bangladesh avoid the problems other countries faced in similar trials . The EU has passed three resolutions supporting the trials and Jean Lambert has said `` she expected that the trial would conform to the highest standard possible . ''   However , since the beginning of the trials several human rights organisations and international legal figures have raised objections to the court proceedings . Human Rights Watch , which initially supported the establishment of the tribunal , have criticised it for issues of fairness and transparency , as well as reported harassment of lawyers and witnesses representing the accused . Bianca Karim and Tirza Theunissen have written that the international community have voiced concerns that the trial will not be transparent or impartial .   Jamaat-e-Islami supporters and their student wing , Bangladesh Islami Chhatra Shibir , called a general strike nationwide on 4 December 2012 , which erupted in violence . The group demanded the tribunal be scrapped permanently and their leaders be released immediately .   Annual public opinion polls regularly rank the war-crimes trials ranked among the top three `` positive steps that the government has taken '' , though the issue is not considered among the top ten most pressing issues facing the country . Polling in 2013 by AC Nielsen found that more than two-thirds of Bangladeshis characterise the ICT as `` unfair '' or `` very unfair '' , though 86 % support its implementation .   In February 2013 , Abdul Quader Molla , Assistant Secretary General of Jamaat , was the first person sentenced to death by the ICT who was not convicted in absentia . Initially , Molla was sentenced to life imprisonment , but demonstrations , including the 2013 Shahbag protests in Dhaka , lead to a new punishment .

neg: The Temptations of Jean-Claude Killy `` The Temptations of Jean-Claude Killy '' is an article published in the premiere issue of Scanlan 's Monthly in March 1970 , written by Hunter S. Thompson .   The subject of the article is Jean-Claude Killy , the alpine skiing champion who , in the 1968 Winter Olympics , became the second alpine skier ever to win three gold medals in a single olympic games . By the time of the article Killy , then 26 , was retired from skiing and had embarked on the next phase of his career -- endorsements .   Thompson 's article follows Killy around the United States during his marketing tour for the Chevrolet automotive company . As he attends automotive shows , holds press conferences , and makes appearances for television ( all in conjunction with fellow Chevrolet spokesman , O.J. Simpson ) Thompson chronicles the newly flush world of celebrity sports endorsements . Though endorsement by a sports figure was not an entirely new concept , the world-wide magnitude of Killy 's stardom made his Chevrolet contract something of a fascination for Thompson .   The article 's focus on the relative depths of the new pitch-man status obtained by Killy so shortly after the incredible heights he had achieved develops through acerbic descriptions of the settings Killy finds himself in , the automotive executives that profit by him , and the fans and onlookers who make him such a valuable spokesman . Through it all , Killy 's focus on his own enormous profit is a source of worry to Thompson . The trend he sees developing is one of larger-than-life stars -- athletes of the highest physical standards who have achieved feats unimaginable by normal people -- demeaning themselves and their accomplishments by agreeing to shill for a few extra dollars . An enormous sports fan himself , Thompson is distraught by this turn of events and wonders that Killy was never quite sure `` why I was embarrassed for him in those scenes . ''   Thompson compares Killy to F. Scott Fitzgerald 's Gatsby : although , unlike that character , Killy 's dollars are earned honestly , the author concludes while watching Killy 's selling of himself that `` nothing in his narrow , high-powered experience can allow him to understand how I can watch his act and say that it looks , to me , like a very hard dollar -- maybe the hardest . ''   The article was later included in Thompson 's collection The Great Shark Hunt ( 1979 ) .

neg: Pohl trial The Pohl trial against the Nazi German administration of the `` Final Solution '' ( also known as the WVHA Trial and officially The United States of America vs. Oswald Pohl , et al ) was the fourth of the twelve trials for war crimes that the United States authorities held in their occupation zone in Germany in Nuremberg after the end of World War II . The twelve trials were all held before U.S. military courts , not before the International Military Tribunal , although both courts presided in the same rooms at the Palace of Justice . They are known collectively as the `` Subsequent Nuremberg Trials '' or more formally , as the `` Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals '' ( NMT ) .   In the Pohl case , SS-Obergruppenführer Oswald Pohl and 17 other SS officers employed by the SS Main Economic and Administrative Office ( abbreviated in German as SS-WVHA ) , were tried for war crimes and crimes against humanity committed during the time of the Nazi regime . The main charge against them was their active involvement in and administration of the `` Final Solution '' . The WVHA was the Nazi government office that ran the concentration and extermination camps . It also handled the procurement for the Waffen SS and , as of 1942 , the administration of the SS-Totenkopfverbände .   The judges in this case , heard before Military Tribunal II , were Robert M. Toms ( presiding judge ) , Fitzroy Donald Phillips , Michael A. Musmanno , and John J. Speight as an alternate judge . The Chief of Counsel for the Prosecution was Telford Taylor ; James M. McHaney and Jack W. Robbins were the principal prosecutors . The indictment was presented on January 13 , 1947 ; the trial began on April 8 , and sentences were handed down on November 3 , 1947 . Four persons , including Oswald Pohl , were sentenced to death by hanging . Three were acquitted . The others received sentences of imprisonment between 10 years and lifetime .   At the request of the judges , the court reconvened on July 14 , 1948 to consider additional material presented by the defense . On August 11 , 1948 , the tribunal issued its final sentences , confirming most of its earlier sentences , but slightly reducing some of the prison sentences and changing the death sentence of Georg Lörner into a sentence of life imprisonment .

neg: Manolo Rivera Morales Manuel Rivera Morales ( aka `` Manolo '' , `` El Olimpico '' , `` Mr. Apuntenlo '' ) ( 1923 -- May 25 , 2000 ) ( in Spanish ) was a Puerto Rican sportscaster , radio announcer and marketing sales executive . Rivera Morales is considered by many to be the best sportscaster in Puerto Rican history . `` The achievements of ` El Olimpico ' ( The Olympic ) have given him national and international regard and have left huge prints in our hearts . '' ( Puerto Rican Legislature , Law # 228 , 1998 )   Rivera Morales was born in Trujillo Alto on May 14 , 1923 . He was inducted in the Hall of Fame for Puerto Rican Sports on November 22 , 1992 . In 1998 the Government of Puerto Rico honored Rivera by naming a main highway after him : PR-181 Road , `` Expreso Manuel Rivera Morales '' , also known as `` El Expreso de Trujillo Alto '' ( Trujillo Alto Expressway ) .   Manuel Rivera Morales gained nationwide fame in Puerto Rico during the 1960s , 1970s and 1980s , when he covered BSN basketball games live , first on radio , and later on television , for various broadcasters ( most famously WAPA-TV ) , along other famous Puerto Rican sportscasters such as Johnny Flores Monge , Rafael Bracero and Fufi Santori . Rivera Morales became a cultural icon in Puerto Rico : His phrases , many of which he invented , were commonly repeated by many Puerto Ricans and became part of colloquial Puerto Rican dialogue .   When he accompanied the Puerto Rican team that played the 1964 Olympic Games in Tokyo to broadcast the games through radio , his style was so colorful and attracted so much attention that a local Japanese newspaper covered him . In Japan , he was also recognized with a medal as `` The World 's Best and Most Dramatic Narrator '' . He started as an Olympic sportscaster in the 1960 Olympics held in Rome and continued during the following games : 1964 Tokyo , 1968 Mexico , 1972 Munich y 1976 Montreal . Due to this vast Olympic experience , he was nicknamed `` El Olimpico '' ( The Olympic ) . He also was a narrator for the Pan-American Games and for the famous `` Roller Derby '' television show ( Puerto Rico 's Spanish version ) .   Morales was also recognized for giving nicknames to some of Puerto Rico 's basketball players . José Ortiz , for example , was nicknamed `` El Concorde '' by Rivera Morales . Mario Morales became `` El Quijote '' ( was better known by his nickname than by his real name ) , José Sosa `` El Galgo '' ( The Greyhound ) , Angel `` Cachorro '' Santiago `` El Orgullo del Caserio '' ( The Pride of the Housing Projects ) , Hector `` El Mago '' Blondet ( The Magician ) , Rolando Frazier `` El Principe '' ( The Prince ) , Mario Butler `` El Expreso Panameño '' ( The Panamanian Express ) , Ruben Rodriguez `` Sharp Shooter '' , and Martín Ansa got the nickname `` El Señor '' from Morales .   During the 1970s and 1980s , local laws established that boxing fights held in Puerto Rico could not be transmitted live on television ; this to encourage fans to pay tickets to see the fights live . They were , however , transmitted live by radio , and Rivera Morales also became a well-known boxing commentator on the Puerto Rican radio stations .   Some phrases popularized by Manuel Rivera Morales include :   - '' ¡ Apuntenlo !! '' ( score it !! ) - His trademark phrase , and a reminder to the radio crew 's scorer to write down the latest successful two-point basket .   - '' ¡ Manos Arriba !! Manos Arriba ! '' ( Hands up ! Hands up ! ) After a three-point shot had been made , alluding to the gesture that basketball referees do after a three-point basket .   - '' ¡ Que juego señores ... que juego ! '' ( What a great game gentlemen ... what a great game . )   - '' ¡ Me va a poner a gozar ... y me puso a gozar ! '' ( He 's going to make me enjoy ... he made me enjoy . ) Referring to a dunk .   - `` Yo lo conozco ... va a tirar ... '' ( I know him ... he 's going to shoot . ) Anticipating a play .   - '' ¡ Miralooooooooo ! '' ( Look at him . ) Anticipating a basket .   - '' ¡ Ayúdanos , divina Pastora , a salir de aqui con vida ! '' ( Help us , `` Divine Shepherdess '' , to get out of here alive !! ) A religious imploration used by him in a playfull tone when a basketball game was close enough for the visiting team to steal a win during the closing minutes .   - `` Wonderful !! ''   - '' ¡ Sensacional ! '' ( Sensational ) He 'd say this after an impressive play .   - `` Mi abuela decía : ' ¡ Son de goma , Manolo , son de goma ! ' '' ( My grandma used to say : `` they 're made out of rubber , Manolo , they 're made out of rubber '' ! ) - Said after a player fell dramatically and recuperated quickly .   - '' ¡ Wes ... Wes ... Wes ... WES !! '' - Whenever local ( and later international ) player Wesley Correa charged to the basket .   - '' ¡ Este juego es no apto para cardiacos ! '' ( This game is not suitable for cardiac patients ! ) - Said during close games , particularly those that ended up in overtime ( at a particular one that had five OT 's he almost had a cardiac incident himself ) .

neg: Gerardo Flores Gerardo Flores ( born 1986 ) of Lufkin , Texas , was convicted in 2005 of two counts of capital murder for giving his girlfriend , who was carrying twins , an at-home abortion the previous year . Prosecutors chose not to seek the death penalty , and so he was sentenced automatically to life in prison without the possibility of parole for 40 years . The conviction and sentence were denounced as the most draconian punishment for abortion in America in decades .   His girlfriend , Erica Basoria , was sixteen years old and five months pregnant at the time . She was unable to get an abortion , so after her own attempts to induce miscarriage failed she called upon Flores to try stepping on her midsection . A week later she miscarried . Under Texas law a woman can not be charged with causing the deaths of her own fetuses , so Flores alone stood trial .

neg: Jerome Silberstein Jerome D. Silberstein , owner of Silberstein , Awad & Miklos ( Born May 27 , 1924 , Deceased February 20 , 2005 at Stony Brook hospital in Stony Brook , New York ) Silberstein , Awad & Miklos won the largest verdict of the year in 2002 in Nassau County . The 35 million dollar verdict was against hospital and pediatric neurology for negligent diagnosis and treatment of enzyme disorder . Silberstein is renowned for the 1986 `` Personal Best '' case against Dr. Dumbroff , which turned into a class action suit for about 100 injured by Dumbroff , who operated with his non-physician wife and chauffeur .   In 1987 , the Dumbroff case resulted in record-setting settlement . Silberstein was a trial attorney for the Public Service Mutual Insurance Company and in a ten year time frame never lost a single case . Some of his great legal victories were : Gallo , Fusfeld , & Baez . These cases were great victories for the client , the firm and the New York Bar Association . Each set historical precedents . The New York Law Journal named Jerome D. Silberstein 's prior firm , Reichenbaum & Silberstein , as one of the five big winners in medical malpractice suits against the city in December 1987 . Reichenbaum & Silberstein , having settled a case for $ 2.6 million , was second of the five top firms listed . Silberstein graduated from Brooklyn Law in 1950 and was a trial lawyer for 50 years .   He also represented The Dental Society . In February 1967 , Silberstein won one of the largest cases in Nassau history for one , Arthur Lebowitz , who was run down and left with two fractured legs . Silberstein said , `` Lebowitz was once an avid skier who would never again be able to indulge in the social and athletic activities that composed a substantial part of his life prior to the accident . '' The verdict was for 500K ( an astronomical verdict for 1967 ) in damages to Mr. Lebowitz .

neg: Christopher Peterson (serial killer) Obadyah Ben-Yisrayl ( born Christopher Dwayne Peterson January 20 , 1969 ) is an American man found guilty of committing four murders and acquitted on three other murder charges related to the `` Shotgun Killer '' spree in Indiana from October 30 , 1990 to December 18 , 1990 .   The murders took place in a number of jurisdictions , and Peterson faced a number of trials in different venues . Peterson had initially confessed and then recanted . He was acquitted in two trials for three of the murders and found guilty of four murders in two subsequent trials . Initially sentenced to death for those murders , his death sentence was commuted in 2004 . Ronald J. Harris was also charged and found guilty in two of the murders .   The incident is controversial for a number of reasons such as Peterson is African American , while the initial descriptions of the suspect of the murders was described as white ; Peterson had been illegally arrested for committing another crime which impacted the use of evidence in the `` Shotgun Killer '' spree trials because it was deemed improperly collected ; Peterson 's initial confession was recanted under claims of duress ; the trials with all-white juries came to different conclusions than juries which included people of other races ; and in the final case to go to trial , the judge over-ruled the jury 's decision not to impose the death penalty .

neg: Pan Am Flight 830 Pan Am Flight 830 was a flight from Narita International Airport in Tokyo , Japan to Honolulu International Airport in Hawaii . On August 11 , 1982 , the Boeing 747-121 serving the flight , nicknamed `` Clipper Ocean Rover '' was en route to Hawaii when the airplane was damaged by a bomb that had been placed on board . Despite the damage to the aircraft , Captain James E. ( Skipper ) O'Halloran III was able to land in Honolulu safely .   At the time of the explosion , the aircraft was approximately 225 kilometers northwest of Hawaii , cruising at 36000 ft with 270 passengers and 15 crew on board . The bomb , which had been placed under a seat cushion , killed 16-year-old Toru Ozawa , a Japanese national . The blast also injured 16 other people ( including Ozawa 's parents ) and caused damage to the floor and ceiling . The aircraft remained airborne and made an emergency landing in Honolulu .   The bomb was placed by Mohammed Rashed , a Jordanian linked to the 15 May Organization . In 1988 , he was arrested in Greece , tried , convicted of murder and sentenced to fifteen years in prison . He was paroled in 1996 after serving eight years . He was later extradited to the US from Egypt in 1998 to stand trial . In 2006 , as part of a plea bargain agreement he was sentenced to a further seven years in federal prison . As per his agreement with US prosecutors in providing information about other terrorist plots he was released from prison in March 2013 but still remained in a federal immigration detention facility in upstate New York awaiting deportation .   Abu Ibrahim was also indicted in the bombing of Pam Am Flight 830 and in 2009 was placed on the FBI 's most wanted list . On November 24 , 2009 , the Department of State announced that it was offering a reward of up to $ 5M for Abu Ibrahim , now about 73 years old . The previous reward of $ 200,000 had produced no results .   The aircraft was later put back in service by Pan American World Airways and remained in operation for various carriers through the early 1990s . It served as a prop for the 1996 film Executive Decision for the fictional Oceanic Airlines .

neg: Death row Death row is a special section of a prison in the United States that houses inmates who are awaiting execution after being sentenced to death for the conviction of a capital crime . The US is the only Western country that still applies the death penalty for capital crimes . Thirty-one of its 50 states and the federal government authorize this penalty . But by 2016 , sixteen of these states and the federal government had a formal or `` de facto '' moratorium , due in large part to questions about the death penalty itself or the use of lethal injection as a method of execution .   `` Death row '' is a term also used figuratively to describe the state of awaiting execution ( `` being on death row '' ) , even in places where no special facility or separate unit for condemned inmates exists . After a person is found guilty of a capital offense , the judge will give the jury the option of imposing a death sentence or life imprisonment without the possibility of parole ( LWOP ) . It is up to a jury to decide whether to give the death sentence ; this usually has to be a unanimous decision . If sentenced to death , a convict will remain on death row during appeal and habeas corpus procedures , which can take years . Since 1973 and later , with an increasing number of persons being freed since 1993 , some 157 persons as of January 2017 have been exonerated on appeal and released from death row . Wrongful convictions have been proven based on DNA evidence , informants retracting testimony or being proven false , prosecutorial misconduct , racial bias in jury selection , and other constitutional issues .