query: Curse, Inc. has only ever been used by the game Kingdom Hearts.

pos: Curse, Inc. Curse , Inc. is an online game portal and network of gaming websites founded by Hubert Thieblot in 2006 . The company is headquartered in Huntsville , Alabama , and has offices in San Francisco , New York City , Los Angeles , Brighton , UK , and Berlin , Germany . Claiming to be the `` number one resource for core online gamers , '' Quantcast estimated monthly unique traffic in 2013 in excess of 30 million visitors . Curse has several primary functions , the most notable of which include an add-on and modification service called Curse Client for such games as World of Warcraft , Rift , The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim , Terraria , Kerbal Space Program , and Minecraft , a collection of over 1000 gaming wikis known as Gamepedia , and a Voice over IP ( VoIP ) service called Curse Voice .   Curse formerly sponsored a professional team , known collectively as Team Curse , that competed in League of Legends and Call of Duty '' , which in addition to various high-profile wins have garnered sponsorship from companies such as Nissan , Alienware , and Cooler Master . In January 2015 Team Curse merged with Team Liquid under the name of the latter organization .   While Curse initially offered modifications and add-ons alone through their Curse-Beta website , offerings have expanded to include Wiki services , the Curse client , CurseForge , CurseVoice , Union for Gamers , BukkitDev , and in-house content produced for YouTube .   On August 16 , 2016 , Curse announced that it had agreed to be acquired by Amazon.com Inc. via its subsidiary Twitch Interactive for an undisclosed amount .

neg: Hi Tech Expressions Hi Tech Expressions was an American video game publisher and developer headquartered in Lower Manhattan , New York City . The company was established in 1988 . During the course of its existence , the company published primarily juvenile-oriented games . While it published a few adolescent-oriented games including The Hunt for Red October and War in Middle Earth ( derived from the classic book The Lord of the Rings by J. R. R. Tolkien ) , it could not shake its reputation for publishing games marketed towards children . The company shut down in 1997 . It developed two games during its operation .

neg: Wrestle Kingdom (video game) is a licensed professional wrestling video game by Yuke 's , released in Japan for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 2 . The game combines the top stars of New Japan Pro Wrestling , All Japan Pro Wrestling , Pro Wrestling Noah , and freelancers .   The Xbox 360 version of the game was temporarily recalled in Japan due to it not saving properly to the system 's hard drive . A release event planned for the following two days after its release was cancelled .

neg: Shadow Keep Shadow Keep is a role-playing video game created in 1991 by Glenn Seemann , though an earlier version of the game existed in the early 1980s for the PET and TRS80 computers ( credits unknown ) . The black and white Macintosh game takes place in a fictional kingdom with the player beginning just outside the castle . The plot of the game involves recovering the Ankh stolen from the Temple of Life by the Evil One .   The main quest involves traveling to the Far Land through the Labyrinth to get the Black Sword to defeat the Evil One , though there are numerous side quests to obtain items that are instrumental in accomplishing this . The gameplay is non linear , with the player left to explore the large world . Unlike many modern games , it is possible to kill characters who are needed to advance the plotline . Any creature encountered in the game may be spoken to , though conversation attempts with hostile characters will be ignored .

neg: Mortal Kombat Mortal Kombat is a video game franchise originally developed by Midway Games ' Chicago studio in 1992 . Following Midway 's bankruptcy , the Mortal Kombat development team was acquired by Warner Bros. and turned into NetherRealm Studios . Warner Bros. . Interactive Entertainment currently owns the rights of the franchise and rebooted it in 2011 .   The development of the first game was originally based on an idea that Ed Boon and John Tobias had of making a video game starring Jean-Claude Van Damme , but as that idea fell through , a fantasy-horror themed fighting game titled Mortal Kombat was created instead . The original game has spawned many sequels and has spun a media franchise consisting of several action-adventure games , films ( animated and live-action with its own sequel ) , and television series ( animated and live-action ) . Other spin-offs include comic book series , a card game and a live-action tour . Along with Capcom 's Street Fighter and Bandai Namco 's Tekken , Mortal Kombat has become one of the most successful fighting franchises in the history of video games . , the franchise had generated $ 5 billion in revenue , making it one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time .   The series has a reputation for high levels of bloody violence , including , most notably , its Fatalities ( finishing moves , requiring a sequence of button inputs to perform ) . The Fatalities , in part , led to the creation of the ESRB video game rating system . The series name itself is also known for using the letter `` K '' in place of `` C '' for the hard C sound , thus intentionally misspelling the word `` combat '' , as well as other words with the hard C sound within later games in the series . Early games in the series were also noted for its realistic digitized sprites ( which differentiated it from its contemporaries ' hand-drawn sprites ) and an extensive use of palette swapping to create new characters .

neg: Pokémon (video game series) Pokémon is a series of video games developed by Game Freak and Creatures Inc. and published by Nintendo as part of the Pokémon media franchise . First released in 1996 in Japan for the Game Boy , the main series of role-playing video games ( RPGs ) has continued on each generation of Nintendo 's handhelds .   The games are commonly released in pairs -- each with slight variations -- with an enhanced remake of the games usually released a few years after the original versions . While the main series consists of role-playing games , spinoffs encompass other genres , such as action role-playing , puzzle , and digital pet games .   , more than 279 million Pokémon games have been sold worldwide , more than 200 million of which from the main series . This makes Pokémon the third best-selling video game franchise , behind Nintendo 's own Mario franchise and the Tetris series of block puzzle games . The franchise 's mascot is Pikachu .

neg: Realm of the Mad God Realm of the Mad God is a massively multiplayer online shooter video game created by Wild Shadow Studios ( acquired by Kabam in June 2012 , and later sold to Deca Games in July 2016 ) and Spry Fox . It was in public beta from January 2010 and the browser version launched on June 20 , 2011 . On February 20 , 2012 the game was made available on the digital distribution platform Steam for Microsoft Windows and OS X.   The game has been described as a `` massively-multiplayer cooperative bullet hell shooter '' with an 8 bit pixelated art style . Players control characters who have been transported to the realm of Oryx ( the titular Mad God ) to become food for his many minions and abominations , which the players must dispatch . Central to the design of the game is the fact that character death is permanent . Upon death , the player 's character is lost along with all carried equipment , although the player may store a number of items for safekeeping in a limited capacity vault away from danger . Different character choices in class also help make the game more diverse and help to support teamwork .   The game is free-to-play with optional in-game micro-transactions . Items which can be bought with optional transactions vary from high-level equipment , pets that provide aid to the player ( by attacking enemies , paralyzing enemies , healing the character , restoring the character 's magic points , and acting as a decoy ) , increased storage space , and aesthetic features such as skins , cloths and dyes .   This game client is written in Flash and can be played in-browser on the official site , on Kongregate , or it can be downloaded from the Google Chrome Web Store .

neg: List of Square Enix video game franchises Square Enix is a Japanese video game development and publishing company formed from the merger of video game developer Square and publisher Enix on April 1 , 2003 . The company is best known for its role-playing video game franchises , which include the Final Fantasy series , the Dragon Quest series , and the action role-playing Kingdom Hearts series . Since its inception , the company has developed or published hundreds of titles in various video game franchises on numerous gaming systems . Of its properties , the Final Fantasy franchise is the best-selling , with a total worldwide sales of over 110 million units . The Dragon Quest series has shipped over 66 million units worldwide and is one of the most popular video game series in Japan , while the Kingdom Hearts series has shipped over 22 million copies worldwide .   Square Enix has owned Taito , which continues to publish its own video games , since September 2005 , and acquired game publisher Eidos Interactive in April 2009 , which was merged with Square Enix 's European publishing wing and renamed as Square Enix Europe . This list includes franchises in which Square Enix , or its original components Square and Enix , or its subsidiaries , were the primary developer or publisher , even if the series was begun prior to the subsidiary 's acquisition . Franchises are defined as any set of interconnected media consisting of more than one release , and video game franchises are defined as franchises which were initially created as a video game or series of video games .   For a list of all individual games developed or published by Square Enix , see the list of Square Enix video games and mobile games . For games released before the merger , see the Square and Enix video games . For games released by Taito , both before and after the acquisition , see the list of Taito games , and for games published by Eidos prior to acquisition see the list of Eidos games .

neg: Kogado Studio is a Japanese video game studio which has released adventure , strategy , and bishōjo games for the MSX , MSX2 , PlayStation 2 and PC , including such titles as Symphonic Rain , Gadget Trial , Little Witch Parfait , and Tristia of the Deep-Blue Sea ( which has been made an original video animation ) , Power Dolls . The studio has a number of teams working together .

neg: God Eater (series) The franchise is a series of sci-fi action/adventure video games developed by Shift and published by Bandai Namco Entertainment , starting with the titular game released on February 4 , 2010 for the PlayStation Portable . Similar to the Monster Hunter franchise , it depicts the desperate battle between humanity and a race of omnivorous monsters in a futuristic post-apocalyptic world . The game currently has five games ( including three revamped games ) , several manga and light novel adaptations , soundtracks , and an anime adaptation .

neg: Curse A curse ( also called an imprecation , malediction , execration , malison , anathema , or commination ) is any expressed wish that some form of adversity or misfortune will befall or attach to some other entity : one or more persons , a place , or an object . In particular , `` curse '' may refer to such a wish or pronouncement made effective by a supernatural or spiritual power , such as a god or gods , a spirit , or a natural force , or else as a kind of spell by magic or witchcraft ; in the latter sense , a curse can also be called a hex or a jinx . In many belief systems , the curse itself ( or accompanying ritual ) is considered to have some causative force in the result . To reverse or eliminate a curse is sometimes called `` removal '' or `` breaking '' , and is often believed to require elaborate rituals or prayers .   The study of the forms of curses comprise a significant proportion of the study of both folk religion and folklore . The deliberate attempt to levy curses is often part of the practice of magic . In Hindu culture the Sage or Rishi is believed to have the power to bless and curse . Examples include the curse placed by Rishi Bhrigu on king Nahusha and the one placed by Rishi Devala .  Special names for specific types of curses can be found in various cultures :  African American hoodoo presents us with the jinx and crossed conditions , as well as a form of foot track magic which was used by Ramandeep , whereby cursed objects are laid in the paths of victims and activated when walked over .  Middle Eastern and Mediterranean culture is the source of the belief in the evil eye , which may be the result of envy but , more rarely , is said to be the result of a deliberate curse . In order to be protected from the evil eye , a protection item is made from dark blue circular glass , with a circle of white around the black dot in the middle , which is reminiscent of a human eye . The size of the protective eye item may vary .  German people , including the Pennsylvania Dutch speak in terms of hexing ( from the German word for witchcraft ) , and a common hex in days past was that laid by a stable-witch who caused milk cows to go dry and horses to go lame .

neg: Mighty No. 9 is an action-platform video game developed by Comcept , in conjunction with Inti Creates , and published by Deep Silver . The creation of the game was based on the online crowdfunding website Kickstarter and incorporated heavy input from the public . Mighty No. 9 closely resembles the early Mega Man series in both gameplay and character design , which project lead Keiji Inafune worked on , and is considered its spiritual successor .   The minimum Kickstarter goal for Mighty No. 9 was successfully funded after only two days of the creation of the campaign in September 2013 . However , several other features including additional stages , special modes and ports to other platforms were announced after additional `` stretch goals '' related to it were achieved , increasing the total funds obtained to over 400 % of the original goal . The game was originally scheduled to be released in April 2015 , but was delayed multiple times until it was eventually released for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One , and Wii U in June 2016 , OS X and Linux in August 2016 , with the PlayStation Vita , and Nintendo 3DS versions still in development .   Mighty No. 9 was highly anticipated after it was announced , but lengthy delays and Comcept 's decision to fund another project , Red Ash : The Indelible Legend , through Kickstarter were met with accusations of mismanagement . The game received generally negative reception from critics upon launch , with criticism being directed towards the game 's design , graphics , content , voice acting , and technical performance .

neg: Yu-Gi-Oh! The Falsebound Kingdom is the only GameCube game in the Yu-Gi-Oh ! series .   Yu-Gi-Oh ! The Falsebound Kingdom takes a different direction from the rest of the series , being more of a mix of real-time strategy and role-playing video game elements than the typical card battling games seen on other systems.The gameplay features a 3D battle stage including bonuses and improvements ( such as fortresses , weapons , etc. . )   It features most of the major characters from the anime and manga series as well as 177 monsters .

neg: List of Tales media The Tales series , known in Japan as the , is a franchise of fantasy Japanese role-playing video games published by Bandai Namco Games ( formerly Namco ) , and developed by its subsidiary , Namco Tales Studio ( formerly Wolf Team ) until 2011 and presently by Bandai Namco . First begun in 1995 with the development and release of Tales of Phantasia for the Super Famicom , the series currently spans fifteen main titles , multiple spin-off games and supplementary media in the form of manga series , anime series , and audio dramas .   While entries in the series generally stand independent of each other with different characters and stories , they are commonly linked by their gameplay , themes and high fantasy settings . Most of the main Tales games have been localized for North America and Europe , although almost all of the spinoff titles have not been released abroad . While generally seen as a niche series in English speaking regions , Tales is considered a high-profile property in Japan , just behind other series such as Final Fantasy and Dragon Quest . As of December 2013 , the series has sold 16 million units worldwide .

neg: List of Crystal Dynamics video games Crystal Dynamics is an American video game developer that was founded in 1992 by Judy Lang , Madaline Canepa and Dave Morris . Based in the San Francisco Bay Area , California , Crystal Dynamics was the first licensed developer for Panasonic 's original 3DO console , a gaming hardware platform founded by Kleiner Perkins . Their first release , Crash N Burn , was a launch game for the system and was included as a pack-in game with the console . The 3DO 's launch during the 1993 Christmas season was a commercial failure , severely damaging Crystal Dynamics ' software strategy . In 1994 , the company became a publisher for two new gaming platforms , the PlayStation and the Sega Saturn . The studio was acquired by Eidos Interactive , a British video game publisher , in 1998 . After Square Enix acquired Eidos in 2009 , Crystal Dynamics became a subsidiary of Square Enix .   Crystal Dynamics is best known for developing the Legacy of Kain and Gex series . Although the first Legacy of Kain video game was developed by Silicon Knights , Crystal Dynamics gained the rights to the franchise in 1998 and developed four sequels between 1999 and 2003 . In 2003 , the studio took over the development of the best-selling Tomb Raider franchise after its original developer , Core Design , failed to gain critical or commercial success with their later games . Crystal Dynamics ' first Tomb Raider game , Tomb Raider : Legend , became a commercial success with 4.5 million copies sold as of February 2009 . Its sequel , Tomb Raider : Underworld , sold 2.6 million copies and became the first game the studio developed for the PlayStation 3 . Since 2003 , the studio has focused development on the Tomb Raider franchise with the help of other studios such as Buzz Monkey Software and Nixxes Software . Crystal Dynamics has developed five games in the series , encompassing two reboots of the franchise .

neg: Evil Dead: Hail to the King Evil Dead : Hail to the King is a survival horror video game developed by Heavy Iron Studios and published by THQ released for the PlayStation , Dreamcast and Microsoft Windows .

neg: The Curse of Monkey Island The Curse of Monkey Island is an adventure game developed and published by LucasArts , and the third game in the Monkey Island series . It was released in and followed the successful games The Secret of Monkey Island and Monkey Island 2 : LeChuck 's Revenge . The game is the twelfth and last LucasArts game to use the SCUMM engine , which was extensively upgraded for its last outing before being replaced by the GrimE engine for the next game in the series , Escape from Monkey Island . The Curse of Monkey Island is the first Monkey Island game to include voice acting , and has a more cartoon-ish graphic style than the earlier games .   The game 's story centers on Guybrush Threepwood , a wannabe pirate who must lift a curse from his love Elaine Marley . As the story progresses , he must deal with a band of mysterious pirates , a rival stereotypical French buccaneer , a band of cutthroat smugglers , as well as his old nemesis LeChuck .

neg: Rangers Strike is a Japanese trading card game created by Carddas initially based upon Toei 's Super Sentai Series television franchise . It was released in 2006 in commemoration of the Super Sentai series ' 30th anniversary . The game was expanded with several expansion packs , such as collection in 2007 , featuring characters from the Kamen Rider Series television franchise , and the in 2008 featuring characters from the Metal Hero Series television franchise . The new expansions feature characters from the Super Sentai , Kamen Rider , and Metal Hero Series , and other TV series based on works by Shotaro Ishinomori ( Robocon , Kikaider , Inazuman , etc. ) .

neg: Hexage Hexage is a video game developer , based in the Czech Republic but registered in the United Kingdom . The company has produced multiple titles for mobile devices . A few of studio 's games have surpassed a million downloads . The most successful title is Reaper : Tale of a Pale Swordsman .   The company was founded in 2009 . It originally focused on mobile devices but in 2013 the company released its games for Windows . Reaper : Tale of a Pale Swordsman even became available on Steam as it succeeded on Steam Greenlight . The company also tried to release Radiant Defense on Steam before , and it got released as well .   Even though the company is based in the Czech Republic , it built an image of British company , since in 2009 it was impossible to release video games from the Czech Republic on Google Play . The company develops its games with its own devices . The soundtracks for all the games are by Kubatko

neg: Rule of Rose Rule of Rose is a survival horror video game developed by Punchline for the PlayStation 2 . It was first released in 2006 by Sony Computer Entertainment in Japan . After Sony Computer Entertainment 's American and European branch did not express interest in localizing the title , it was published later that year by Atlus USA in North America and by 505 Games in Europe . Set in England in 1930 , the plot revolves around a nineteen-year-old woman named Jennifer , who becomes trapped in a world ruled by young girls who have established a class hierarchy called the Red Crayon Aristocrats .   Development on Rule of Rose began after Punchline was asked by Sony Computer Entertainment to make a horror game . Punchline wanted to develop a `` new type of horror game '' with an emphasis on psychological horror . This decision led to the concept of childhood , specifically the `` mysterious and misunderstood '' nature of young girls . The team drew inspiration from the classic Brothers Grimm fairy tales for the narrative , and the Silent Hill series for graphics and art style . The entire score was produced by studio musicians in order to bring a human element to the game 's atmosphere .   Rule of Rose received significant controversy before release due to its use of violence and implied sexuality among some of its underage , female characters . Various European authorities condemned the game and called for its banning . The game was cancelled in the United Kingdom , despite the Video Standards Council calling the complaints `` nonsense . '' Rule of Rose received mixed reviews from many publications ; reactions to the story , music , and horror elements were almost universally positive , while the gameplay was panned . The game has been compared to Silent Hill and Haunting Ground , due to the psychological horror used throughout and because the main character is accompanied by a canine companion .

neg: Virtual Magic Kingdom Virtual Magic Kingdom , also known as VMK , was a massively multiplayer online game developed by Walt Disney Parks and Resorts and Sulake Corporation and published by The Walt Disney Company . It was a virtual representation of the Disneyland style theme parks , containing areas and minigames which were based on real park scenery and attractions . It was launched as part of the Happiest Celebration on Earth promotional campaign to commemorate fifty years of Disney theme parks .   The beta version opened publicly on May 23 , 2005 , with three virtual lands to explore : Main Street USA , Fantasyland , and Adventureland . This `` beta '' designation was removed on June 27 . The Tomorrowland game area was made available on October 5 , and Frontierland opened on December 12 . The rest of Tomorrowland opened on April 4 , 2006 , and New Orleans Square , the final land added , opened on January 8 , 2007 .   VMK initially launched as an attachment to the Disneyland 50th-anniversary celebration , without long-term intentions , but it gained popularity and eventually became a long-term venture on its own . The target audience of the game was children between the ages of 8 and 14 , although VMK was designed to be enjoyed by guests of all ages . Due to the young age of the game 's target users , it was patrolled by paid staff who watched out for inappropriate behavior and language . Because of the need for human monitors , the time that the game was open had to be limited ; it was open to the public daily between 7:00 am -- 10:00 pm PST ( 10:00 am -- 1:00 am EST , 3:00 pm -- 6:00 am UTC ) .   On May 21 , 2008 , the Virtual Magic Kingdom game was closed by Disney . Many fans asked Disney if VMK was going to reopen . This prompted Disney to post a message on the VMK homepage that the game was a promotion , and was closed , and that there were `` no plans '' to reopen VMK in any form . The VMK homepage now redirects to the main Disney games site .


query: Hong Kong keeps a separate economic system from China.

pos: Hong Kong Hong Kong , officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China , is an autonomous territory on the Pearl River Delta of China . Macau lies across the delta to the west , and the province of Guangdong borders the territory to the north . With a total land area of 1,106 km2 and a population of over 7.3 million of various nationalities , it ranks as the world 's fourth most densely populated sovereign state or territory .   After the First Opium War ( 1839 -- 42 ) , Hong Kong became a British colony with the perpetual cession of Hong Kong Island , followed by the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 and a 99-year lease of the New Territories from 1898 . Hong Kong was later occupied by Japan during World War II until British control resumed in 1945 . In the early 1980s , negotiations between the United Kingdom and China resulted in the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration , which paved way for the transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong in 1997 , when it became a special administrative region ( SAR ) of the Peoples Republic of China with a high degree of autonomy .   Under the principle of `` one country , two systems '' , Hong Kong maintains a separate political and economic system from China . Except in military defence and foreign affairs , Hong Kong maintains its independent executive , legislative and judiciary powers . In addition , Hong Kong develops relations directly with foreign states and international organisations in a broad range of `` appropriate fields '' .   Hong Kong is one of the world 's most significant financial centres , with the highest Financial Development Index score and consistently ranks as the world 's most competitive and freest economic entity . As the world 's 8th largest trading entity , its legal tender , the Hong Kong dollar , is the world 's 13th most traded currency . It 's also a member of the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC ) . Hong Kong 's tertiary sector dominated economy is characterised by simple taxation with a competitive level of corporate tax and supported by its independent judiciary system . However , while Hong Kong has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world , it suffers from severe income inequality .   Hong Kong is renowned for its deep natural harbour , which enables ready access by international cargo ships , and its impressive skyline , with a very high density of skyscrapers ; the territory boasts the second largest number of high rises of any city in the world . It has a very high Human Development Index ranking and the world 's longest life expectancy . Over 90 % of the population makes use of well-developed public transportation . Seasonal air pollution with origins from neighbouring industrial areas of Mainland China , which adopts loose emissions standards , has resulted in a high level of atmospheric particulates .

neg: Exit-Entry Permit for Travelling to and from Hong Kong and Macau The Exit-Entry Permit for Travelling to and from Hong Kong and Macau , colloquially known as a Two-way Permit or EEP ( Exit-Entry Permit ) is issued to Chinese nationals with residency in Mainland China as a travel document for the sole purpose to travel the Chinese Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau . The Bureau of Exit and Entry Administration of the Chinese Ministry of Public Security is responsible for the issuing of Two-way Permits and exit endorsements .   Due to the `` One country , two systems '' policy , Hong Kong , Macau and Mainland Chinese residents who are Chinese citizens can not use their Chinese , Hong Kong , or Macau passports to enter their respective territories , even though those passports are considered legal valid travel document . The Two-way Permit is the sole travel document for personal visit , family reunion , business , and other non-government purposes to and from the two Chinese Special Administrative Regions . Exceptions are Mainland residents who are transiting to or from a third country or region , as they can use their Chinese passports when entering Hong Kong or Macau for a stay of seven days .

neg: Healthcare in Hong Kong Hong Kong 's medical infrastructure consists of a mixed medical economy , with 11 private hospitals and 42 public hospitals . Hong Kong has high standards of medical practice . It has contributed to the development of liver transplantation , being the first in the world to carry out an adult to adult live donor liver transplant in 1993 . There are also polyclinics that offer primary care services , including dentistry .   A study published in 2016 found that around 8 % of the population had avoided seeing a doctor because they could n't afford it .

neg: China International Fund China International Fund ( CIF ) is a Chinese-owned group of Hong Kong investors that describes its major businesses as including `` large-scale national reconstruction projects and infrastructure construction in developing countries '' . The CIF and its associated companies in Hong Kong and Singapore invested upwards of $ US 20 billion mainly in unstable African dictatorships . They have made agreements with the Angolan and Guinean governments to explore for various resources in those countries . These agreements will result in billions of dollars of money being invested in the two countries . The Company is under the suspicion of being a state-owned company because `` key personnel have ties to Chinese state-owned enterprises and government agencies . ''

neg: Hong Kong national football team The Hong Kong national football team , represents Hong Kong in international association football competitions such as the FIFA World Cup , AFC Asian Cup and East Asian Football Championship . The team is represented and supervised by the Hong Kong Football Association , the governing body for football in Hong Kong . Although usually known as simply Hong Kong , the EAFF refer to the team as Hong Kong , China .   The team had been representing Hong Kong in international football events before 1997 when Hong Kong was a colony of the United Kingdom . It continues to represent Hong Kong even after Hong Kong was handed over to the People 's Republic of China by the United Kingdom and became a special administrative region of the People 's Republic of China in 1997 . This team is a separate team from the national team of the People 's Republic of China , as the Basic Law and the principle of `` One country , two systems '' allows Hong Kong to maintain its own representative teams in international sports competitions . In Hong Kong , the Hong Kong football team is colloquially referred as the `` Hong Kong team '' ( Chinese : 香港隊 ) , while the Chinese national team is referred as the `` national team '' ( Chinese : 國家隊 ) .

neg: City-state A city-state is a sovereign state that consists of a city and its dependent territories . Historically , this included cities such as Rome , Athens , Carthage , and the Italian city-states during the Renaissance -- but today only a handful of sovereign city-states exist , with some disagreement as to which are city-states . A great deal of consensus exists that the term properly applies to Singapore , Monaco , and Vatican City .   A number of other small states share similar characteristics , and therefore are sometimes also cited as modern city-states . Namely , Qatar , Brunei , Kuwait , Bahrain , and Malta , which each have an urban center comprising a significant proportion of the population , though , all have several distinct settlements and a designated or de facto capital city . Occasionally , other small states with high population densities , such as San Marino , are also cited , despite lacking a large urban centre characteristic of traditional city-states .   Several non-sovereign cities enjoy a high degree of autonomy , and are sometimes considered city-states . Hong Kong and Macau , along with independent members of the United Arab Emirates , most notably Dubai and Abu Dhabi , are often cited as such .

neg: Taxation in Hong Kong Under Article 108 of the Basic Law of Hong Kong , the taxation system in Hong Kong is independent of , and different from , the taxation system in mainland China . In addition , under Article 106 of the Hong Kong Basic Law , Hong Kong enjoys independent public finance , and no tax revenue is handed over to the Central Government in China . The taxation system in Hong Kong is generally considered to be simple , transparent and straightforward among jurisdictions in the world . Taxes are collected through the Inland Revenue Department ( IRD ) .   Since the Common Law System is applied in Hong Kong , judgements by the Courts and Boards of Review in tax law cases are resorted to assist the interpretation of taxation rules and concepts . Furthermore , the Inland Revenue Department also issues Departmental Interpretation and Practice Notes ( DIPNs ) from time to time to clarify and elaborate on the tax rules and to smoothen the tax collection process .   Taxes collected in Hong Kong can be generally classified as :  Direct tax -- including Salaries Tax , Property Tax and Profits Tax ; the guiding statue is Inland Revenue Ordinance ( Cap 112 ) ;  Indirect tax -- including Stamps Duty , Betting Duty , Estate Duty ( abolished on 11 February 2006 ) and others .   In the fiscal year 2013/14 , Profits tax , an income tax on corporations constituted the largest source of tax collected by the government , followed by Salaries Tax , an income tax on individuals .

neg: Mainland Affairs Council The Mainland Affairs Council ( MAC ) is a cabinet-level administrative agency under the Executive Yuan of the Republic of China . The MAC is responsible for the planning , development , and implementation of policies between the Republic of China on Taiwan and the People 's Republic of China which administers mainland China , Hong Kong and Macau . The MAC counterpart body by the PRC is the Taiwan Affairs Office . Both states officially claim each other 's territory , however the Republic of China controls only Taiwan and surrounding islands , and therefore is usually known as `` Taiwan '' , sometimes referred to as the `` Free Area '' of the Republic of China by the Constitution of the Republic of China . The People 's Republic of China controls mainland China as well as Hong Kong , Macau , Hainan , and other islands and is therefore usually known simply as `` China '' .   The Mainland Affairs Council is administered by a cabinet level Minister . The current Minister is Katharine Chang .   The council plays an important role in setting policy and development of relations with mainland China and advising the central government . The agency funds and indirectly administers the Straits Exchange Foundation which is the official intermediary with the PRC .

neg: United Kingdom company law The United Kingdom company law regulates corporations formed under the Companies Act 2006 . Also governed by the Insolvency Act 1986 , the UK Corporate Governance Code , European Union Directives and court cases , the company is the primary legal vehicle to organise and run business . Tracing their modern history to the late Industrial Revolution , public companies now employ more people and generate more of wealth in the United Kingdom economy than any other form of organisation . The United Kingdom was the first country to draft modern corporation statutes , where through a simple registration procedure any investors could incorporate , limit liability to their commercial creditors in the event of business insolvency , and where management was delegated to a centralised board of directors . An influential model within Europe , the Commonwealth and as an international standard setter , UK law has always given people broad freedom to design the internal company rules , so long as the mandatory minimum rights of investors under its legislation are complied with .   Company law , or corporate law , can be broken down into two main fields . Corporate governance in the UK mediates the rights and duties among shareholders , employees , creditors and directors . Since the board of directors habitually possesses the power to manage the business under a company constitution , a central theme is what mechanisms exist to ensure directors ' accountability . UK law is `` shareholder friendly '' in that shareholders , to the exclusion of employees , typically exercise sole voting rights in the general meeting . The general meeting holds a series of minimum rights to change the company constitution , issue resolutions and remove members of the board . In turn , directors owe a set of duties to their companies . Directors must carry out their responsibilities with competence , in good faith and undivided loyalty to the enterprise . If the mechanisms of voting do not prove enough , particularly for minority shareholders , directors ' duties and other member rights may be vindicated in court . Of central importance in public and listed companies is the securities market , typified by the London Stock Exchange . Through the Takeover Code the UK strongly protects the right of shareholders to be treated equally and freely trade their shares .   Corporate finance concerns the two money raising options for limited companies . Equity finance involves the traditional method of issuing shares to build up a company 's capital . Shares can contain any rights the company and purchaser wish to contract for , but generally grant the right to participate in dividends after a company earns profits and the right to vote in company affairs . A purchaser of shares is helped to make an informed decision directly by prospectus requirements of full disclosure , and indirectly through restrictions on financial assistance by companies for purchase of their own shares . Debt finance means getting loans , usually for the price of a fixed annual interest repayment . Sophisticated lenders , such as banks typically contract for a security interest over the assets of a company , so that in the event of default on loan repayments they may seize the company 's property directly to satisfy debts . Creditors are also , to some extent , protected by courts ' power to set aside unfair transactions before a company goes under , or recoup money from negligent directors engaged in wrongful trading . If a company is unable to pay its debts as they fall due , UK insolvency law requires an administrator to attempt a rescue of the company ( if the company itself has the assets to pay for this ) . If rescue proves impossible , a company 's life ends when its assets are liquidated , distributed to creditors and the company is struck off the register . If a company becomes insolvent with no assets it can be wound up by a creditor , for a fee ( not that common ) , or more commonly by the tax creditor ( HMRC ) .

neg: Foreign relations of Macau As a special administrative region ( SAR ) of the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , Macau 's diplomatic relations and defence are the responsibility of the Central People 's Government of the PRC . Except diplomatic relations and defence , nonetheless , Macau has retained considerable autonomy in all aspects , including economic and commercial relations , customs control .   According to Chapter VII of Macau 's basic law , Macau may , on its own , using the name Macau , China or Macao , China , maintain and develop relations and conclude and implement agreements with foreign states and regions and relevant international organisations in the appropriate fields , including the economic , trade , financial and monetary , shipping , communications , tourism , cultural , science and technology , and sports fields . In addition , Macau can participate in international organizations and conferences not limited to states .   The Macau government has maintained Macau Economic and Trade Representative Offices in Lisbon , Portugal and Brussels , Belgium .

neg: Foreign relations of Hong Kong Under the Basic Law , the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region is exclusively in charge of its internal affairs and external relations , whilst the Government of the People 's Republic of China is responsible for its foreign affairs and defence . As a separate customs territory , Hong Kong maintains and develops relations with foreign states and regions , and plays an active role in such international organisations as World Trade Organization ( WTO ) and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC ) in its own right under the name of Hong Kong , China .

neg: City Telecom (Hong Kong) City Telecom ( H.K. ) Limited ( CTI , ) was established in 1992 . It is a provider of residential and corporate fixed network and international telecommunications services in Hong Kong , currently the second largest provider of broadband internet in the country . CTI played a significant role in liberalizing the international telecommunications market monopoly in Hong Kong since their launch of services .   CTI 's wholly owned subsidiary , Hong Kong Broadband Network Limited ( `` HKBN '' ) , is a major fixed telecom network services operator , providing the world 's fastest residential 1 Gbit/s , 200Mbit/s , 100Mbit/s , 50Mbit/s and 25Mbit/s broadband Internet access , telephony , IP-TV and corporate data services with their self-built Metro Ethernet IP network , which is the largest alternative end-to-end network in Hong Kong . Since their establishment , the Group has aggressively marketed itself and its services to capitalize on the growth and deregulation of the Hong Kong telecommunications market . HKBN is the first ISP to deploy Fibre-To-The-Home ( FTTH ) in the local residential market in September 2007 while the other competitors still predominately use copper wires for their last mile .   City Telecom was listed on The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited ( Stock Code : 1137 ) in August 1997 with an ADR Listing on the Nasdaq National Market ( Ticker Symbol : CTEL ) in the US in November 1999 . In addition to the operations in Hong Kong , the Group also has branch offices in Canada and Guangzhou .   The Group had the strongest turnover growth since FY2000 , with the consolidated turnover grew by 14.2 % year-on-year to HK$ 1,303.0 million for the year ended 31 August 2008 . This solid growth was primarily contributed by their increase in Fixed Telecommunications Network Service business ( FTNS ) of 23.8 % to HK$ 1,011.0 million . Besides , the Group 's profits attributable to their shareholders increased by 333.2 % to HK$ 125.2 million with basic earnings per share reaching HK$ 19.7 cents .

neg: Hong Kong Cantonese Hong Kong Cantonese is a dialect of the Cantonese language commonly spoken in Hong Kong , as well as Macau . Although the Hong Kong people largely identify this variant of Chinese with the term `` Cantonese '' , a variety of publications in Mainland China describe the variant as Hong Kong speech .   There are slight differences between the pronunciation used in Hong Kong Cantonese and that of the Cantonese spoken in the neighbouring Chinese province of Guangdong , where Cantonese ( based on the Guangzhou dialect ) is a main lingua franca .   Over the years , Hong Kong Cantonese has also absorbed foreign terminology and developed a large set of Hong Kong-specific terms . These differences from the Guangzhou dialect are the result of British rule between 1841 and 1997 , as well as the closure of the Hong Kong-China border immediately after the establishment of the People 's Republic of China in 1949 .

neg: Steve Tsang Steve Tsang is a political scientist and historian whose expertise includes politics and governance in China , Taiwan and Hong Kong , the foreign and security policies of China and Taiwan , and peace and security in East Asia .   Born in Hong Kong , Tsang received a B.A. at the University of Hong Kong in 1981 and D.Phil at St Antony 's College , Oxford in 1986 . He is a professor of contemporary Chinese studies at the University of Nottingham , and served as Head of the School of Contemporary Chinese Studies at the University of Nottingham ( 2014 -- 2016 ) and Director of the China Policy Institute ( 2011-2014 ) . In September 2016 , the School of Oriental and African Studies ( SOAS ) announced the appointment of Professor Tsang as Professor of Chinese Studies and the new Director of the SOAS China Institute , effective 1 December 2016 . Before joining the University of Nottingham , he spent his career at the University of Oxford , where among other positions , he served as Director of the Pluscarden Programme for the Study of Global Terrorism and Intelligence ( 2005 -- 2011 ) , Dean of St Antony 's College ( 2002 , 1996 -- 98 ) , Director of the Taiwan Studies Programme ( 2001 -- 2011 ) , Director of the Asian Studies Centre ( 1997 -- 2003 ) , and Director of the Oxford University Hong Kong Project ( 1987 -- 1994 ) .   Tsang is the author of A Modern History of Hong Kong ( 2004 ) , which the last British Hong Kong governor Chris Patten described as `` authoritative and well-researched '' . He is also the author of Governing Hong Kong : Administrative Officers from the 19th Century to the Hand-over of China , 1862-1997 ( London : I.B. Tauris , 2007 ) ; The Cold War 's Odd Couple : The Unintended Partnership between the Republic of China and the United Kingdom , 1950-1958 ( London : I.B. Tauris , 2006 ) ; Hong Kong : An Appointment with China ( London : I.B. Tauris , 1997 ) ; Democracy Shelved : Great Britain , China and Attempts at Constitutional Reform in Hong Kong ( Oxford University Press , 1998 ) . He is the author of numerous articles in refereed journals , including most recently `` Chiang Kai-shek 's ` secret deal ' at Xian and the start of the Sino-Japanese War '' ; `` The U.S. Military and American Commitment to Taiwan 's Security '' ; `` Ma Ying-jeou 's re-election : implications for Taiwan and East Asia '' , and `` Consultative Leninism : China 's new political framework '' .   Tsang is an associate fellow at Chatham House , Associate Editor of Palgrave Communication ( 2014 -- ) , Editor of the Nottingham China Policy Institute Series for Palgrave Macmillan ( 2011 -- ) , and serves on the Editorial Advisory Board for several academic journals . He regularly contributes to public debates on issues related to the politics , history , and development of East Asia , particularly China , Hong Kong , and Taiwan . He is a frequent commentator in print media and on television and radio , particularly the BBC , where he has appeared on Newsnight , BBC News at Ten , World News , BBC News , News 24 , The Talk Show , Today , PM , Newshour , What If , and various World Service programmes in English , Mandarin , and Cantonese . His op-ed contributions have appeared in The New York Times , Foreign Policy magazine , Jane 's Intelligence Review , Time , Wall Street Journal , Forbes , South China Morning Post , China Daily , Taipei Times , The Straits Times , The Globe and Mail , Chicago Tribune , and the New Statesman amongst others . He has provided expert opinions to parliamentary committees in the British House of Commons , the European Parliament , and the United States Congress .   His wife is English writer Rhiannon Jenkins Tsang . They studied at Oxford University but did not meet until years later in a seminar on the 1997 Hong Kong Handover .

neg: Historical GDP of China This article includes a list of China 's historical gross domestic product ( GDP ) values , the market value of all final goods and services produced by a nation in a given year . The GDP dollar estimates presented here are either calculated at market or government official exchange rates ( nominal ) , or derived from purchasing power parity ( PPP ) calculations . This article also includes historical GDP growth .   In 1985 , the State Council of China ( SCC ) approved the establishment of a SNA ( System of National Accounting ) , using GDP to measure the national economy . China started to study and then implement a new system of national economic accounting . In 1986 , as the first citizen of the People 's Republic of China to receive a Ph.D. in economics from an overseas country , Dr. Fengbo Zhang headed Chinese Macroeconomic Research - the key research project of the seventh Five-Year Plan of China , as well as completing and publishing the Chinese GDP data according to China 's own research and calculations . A summary of the above events has been included in the book `` Chinese Macroeconomic Structure and Policy '' ( June 1988 ) edited by Fengbo Zhang , and collectively authored by the Research Center of the SCC . This is the first GDP data which was published by China .   The research utilized the World Bank 's method as a reference , and made numerous appropriate adjustments based on China 's national condition . The GDP also has been converted to USD based data by utilizing the moving average exchange rate . The research systematically completed China 's GDP and GDP per capita from 1952 to 1986 and analyzed growth rate , the change and contribution rates of each component . The research also included international comparisons . Additionally , the research compared MPS and SNA , looking at the results from the two systems from analyzing Chinese economy . This achievement created the foundation for China GDP research .   The SCC issued `` The notice regarding implementation of System of National Accounting '' in August 1992 , the Western SNA system officially is introduced to China , replaced Soviet Union 's MPS system , Western economic indicator GDP became China 's most important economic indicator . Based on Dr. Fengbo Zhang 's research , in 1997 , the National Bureau of Statistics of China ( NBS ) , in collaboration with Hitotsubashi University of Japan , re-estimated China 's GDP Data from 1952 up to 1995 based on the SNA principal . In 2016 , the 2008 SNA was formally brought into use .   When comparing Fengbo Zhang 's GDP measurement in the 1980s and the GDP in 1997 by the NBS and Japan 's cooperative research , the two are found to be very consistent ; the deviation rate each year is very slight , between only 0.1 % and 7 % . During this period , there were many data adjustments , with weighting factors undergoing significant changes along with each years comparable price amendments , statistical method significant changes result in the substantial deviation . Even with science and technology as advanced as it is today , the single item survey is allowed at least ± 3 % , or a total of 6 % deviation . Despite the extremely difficult conditions of a destroyed economy , blank theory , a lack of data , and simple methods in 1980s , there is so little deviation for such a long period of time and the comprehensiveness of the national economic indicator , indicates that the research conducted by Fengbo Zhang with the support of the extensive group he trained is extremely rigorous , and their result very precise . Xie Fuzhan , former Director , and Ma Jiantang , current Director of the NBS , both participated in Dr. Fengbo Zhang 's research project in the 1980s , as assistant researcher and graduate student , respectively , of the Research Center of the SCC .

neg: Chinese economic reform The Chinese economic reform refers to the program of economic reforms termed `` Socialism with Chinese characteristics '' in the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) that was started in December 1978 by reformists within the Communist Party of China , led by Deng Xiaoping .   China had one of the world 's largest and most advanced economies prior to the nineteenth century . In the 18th century , Adam Smith claimed China had long been one of the richest , that is , one of the most fertile , best cultivated , most industrious , most prosperous and most urbanized countries in the world . The economy stagnated beginning in the 16th century and even declined in absolute terms in the nineteenth and much of the twentieth century , with a brief recovery in the 1930s .   Economic reforms introducing market principles began in 1978 and were carried out in two stages . The first stage , in the late 1970s and early 1980s , involved the decollectivization of agriculture , the opening up of the country to foreign investment , and permission for entrepreneurs to start businesses . However , most industry remained state-owned . The second stage of reform , in the late 1980s and 1990s , involved the privatization and contracting out of much state-owned industry and the lifting of price controls , protectionist policies , and regulations , although state monopolies in sectors such as banking and petroleum remained . The private sector grew remarkably , accounting for as much as 70 percent of China gross domestic product by 2005 . From 1978 until 2013 , unprecedented growth occurred , with the economy increasing by 9.5 % a year . The conservative Hu-Wen Administration more heavily regulated and controlled the economy after 2005 , reversing some reforms .   The success of China 's economic policies and the manner of their implementation has resulted in immense changes in Chinese society . Large-scale government planning programs alongside market characteristics have greatly decreased poverty , while incomes and income inequality have increased , leading to a backlash led by the New Left . In the academic scene , scholars have debated the reason for the success of the Chinese `` dual-track '' economy , and have compared them to attempts to reform socialism in the Eastern Bloc and the Soviet Union ; as well as the growth of other developing economies .

neg: List of political parties in China The People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) is formally a multi-party state under the leadership of the Communist Party of China ( CPC ) in a United Front similar to the popular fronts of former Communist-era Eastern European countries such as the National Front of Democratic Germany .   Under the one country , two systems scheme , the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau , which were previously colonies of European powers , operate under a different political system to the rest of the PRC . Currently , both Hong Kong and Macau possess multi-party systems .

neg: Chief Secretary, Singapore The Chief Secretary , Singapore , known as the Colonial Secretary , Singapore , before 1955 , and the Colonial Secretary , Straits Settlements , before 1946 , was a high ranking government civil position in colonial Singapore ( the Straits Settlements before 1946 ) between 1867 and 1959 . It was second only to the Governor of Singapore ( formerly the Governor of the Straits Settlements ) in the colonial government .   The Straits Settlements , which mainly comprised Singapore , Penang and Malacca , became a crown colony in 1867 . The position of the Colonial Secretary ( CS ) was subsequently created with a view to replacing the Resident Councillor in Singapore . During the Second World War , the position was vacant and suspended following the downfall of the Malay Peninsula into the hands of the Japanese invaders . In 1946 , Singapore parted from Penang and Malacca , forming itself into a crown colony , so the jurisdiction of CS was reduced to Singapore only . The name `` Colonial Secretary '' was later changed to `` Chief Secretary '' in 1955 when the crown colony adopted the Rendel Constitution . Having been in existence for 92 years , the position was abolished in 1959 with the complete introduction of internal self-rule for Singapore .   Being the head of the CS 's Office , the CS was an ex-officio member of both the Executive and Legislative Councils , and at the same time the head of the Colonial Secretariat from 1867 to 1955 . When Singapore adopted its new constitution in 1955 , although the Colonial Secretariat was abolished , the CS remained an ex-officio member of the Council of Ministers and the Legislative Assembly . The workplace of CS was located at Empress Place Building while Sri Temasek , which was next to the Government House ( Istana ) , was the official residence of the CS .

neg: Hong Kong–Indonesia relations Hong Kong -- Indonesia relations are bilateral relations between Hong Kong and Indonesia .

neg: Distinct society Distinct society ( in la société distincte ) is a political term especially used during constitutional debate in Canada , in the second half of the 1980s and in the early 1990s , and present in the two failed constitutional amendments , the Meech Lake Accord and the Charlottetown Accord . `` Distinct society '' refers to the uniqueness of the province of Quebec within Canada , although here the meaning of `` unique '' is vague and controversial .

neg: Patent law in Hong Kong The patent law in Hong Kong is based on the Hong Kong Patents Ordinance of 27 June 1997 , as last amended on 22 February 2008 . The Hong Kong patent system is independent from the patent system in the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , in that a `` patent granted for Hong Kong SAR takes effect in Hong Kong only and does not provide for protection in the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) '' .   Two types of patents for inventions are available in Hong Kong , the so-called `` standard patent '' and the `` short-term patent '' :   A standard patent in Hong Kong can be based on a European patent application designating to United Kingdom , or a patent application in the PRC or the United Kingdom ( UK ) . The standard patent is independent from the original foreign patent ( i.e. , from the Chinese patent , the European patent , or the UK patent ) .  Short-term patents are also available . Such patents have a maximum term of eight years from the filing date . The short-term patents are subject to a formality examination only , not to a substantive examination on the patentability of the invention .


query: There is original content on YouTube.

pos: YouTube YouTube is an American video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno , California . The service was created by three former PayPal employees -- Chad Hurley , Steve Chen , and Jawed Karim -- in February 2005 . Google bought the site in November 2006 for US$ 1.65 billion ; YouTube now operates as one of Google 's subsidiaries . The site allows users to upload , view , rate , share , add to favorites , report and comment on videos , subscribe to other users , and it makes use of WebM , H. 264/MPEG -4 AVC , and Adobe Flash Video technology to display a wide variety of user-generated and corporate media videos . Available content includes video clips , TV show clips , music videos , short and documentary films , audio recordings , movie trailers and other content such as video blogging , short original videos , and educational videos .   Most of the content on YouTube has been uploaded by individuals , but media corporations including CBS , the BBC , Vevo , and Hulu offer some of their material via YouTube as part of the YouTube partnership program . Unregistered users can only watch videos on the site , while registered users are permitted to upload an unlimited number of videos and add comments to videos . Videos deemed potentially offensive are available only to registered users affirming themselves to be at least 18 years old .   YouTube earns advertising revenue from Google AdSense , a program which targets ads according to site content and audience . The vast majority of its videos are free to view , but there are exceptions , including subscription-based premium channels , film rentals , as well as YouTube Red , a subscription service offering ad-free access to the website and access to exclusive content made in partnership with existing users . , there are more than 400 hours of content uploaded to YouTube each minute , and one billion hours of content is watched on YouTube every day . , the website is ranked as the second most popular site in the world by Alexa Internet , a web traffic analysis company .

neg: List of most liked YouTube videos __ FORCETOC __   This list of most liked YouTube videos contains the top 40 videos with the most likes of all time , as derived from YouTube charts . The like count is taken directly from the page of the video itself . YouTube implemented a like and dislike button on these pages in March 2010 , part of a major redesign of the site . This served as a replacement for their five-star rating system ; YouTube 's designers found the previous system ineffective because the options to rate a video between two and four stars were rarely selected . Of the 40 videos in this list , 35 also appear in the list of most viewed YouTube videos and 15 appear in the list of most disliked YouTube videos . All videos in this list are music videos .   The music video for LMFAO 's song `` Party Rock Anthem '' stood as the most liked video on YouTube in 2012 , with 1.56 million likes , until the video for Psy 's `` Gangnam Style '' surpassed it in September that year , yielding more than 1.57 million likes . Following this accomplishment , `` Gangnam Style '' entered the Guinness World Records book as the most liked video on YouTube and on the Internet as of 2012 . Psy 's video remained the most liked on YouTube for nearly four years until August 27 , 2016 , when Wiz Khalifa 's `` See You Again '' featuring Charlie Puth surpassed it with 11.21 million likes . Currently , among the videos that meet the criteria for making the list , `` Faded '' by Alan Walker holds the highest like to dislike ratio . As of June 2017 , only 3 non-music videos are in the 100 most liked videos list , including videos by PewDiePie , whinderssonnunes and YouTube Spotlight .   As of June 2017 , Justin Bieber and Taylor Swift each have three videos in the top 40 . Katy Perry , Eminem , Fifth Harmony , Twenty One Pilots and Ed Sheeran each have two of their videos in the top 40 .

neg: Internet television in Australia Internet television in Australia is the digital distribution of movies and television content via the Internet . In Australia , Internet television is provided by five major pay-per-view providers , in addition to several niche television streaming services . Australia 's five major free-to-air television networks all offer catch up TV of previously broadcast content to watch via the Internet or via podcasts - drawing on both domestic and foreign content . A feature of Internet television is that a user can view TV or video on demand . Some distributors provide content as downloads , whiles other streaming media ; the main difference being that with downloads the end-user must have storage capacity for the content on their device and must wait for the download to be completed before the content can be viewed , while streamed content can be viewed almost immediately , but is not stored for a later second viewing .   Whether downloaded or streamed , video files over the Internet are usually metered in Australia , with most ISPs setting download quotas which can limit the downloads that a subscriber can make without incurring additional costs . ISPs also provide plans with unlimited downloads . Some ISPs offer downloads on a quota-free basis for partnered television services , which is also known as `` unmetered '' content .

neg: Joost Joost -LSB- ˈdʒuːst -RSB- was an Internet TV service , created by Niklas Zennström and Janus Friis ( founders of Skype and Kazaa ) . During 2007-2008 Joost used peer-to-peer TV ( P2PTV ) technology to distribute content to their Mozilla-based desktop player ; in late 2008 this was migrated to use a Flash-based Web player instead .   Joost began development in 2006 . Working under the code name `` The Venice Project '' , Zennström and Friis assembled teams of some 150 software developers in about six cities around the world , including New York City , London , Leiden and Toulouse . According to Zennström at a 25 July 2007 press conference about Skype held in Tallinn , Estonia , Joost had signed up more than a million beta testers , and its launch was scheduled for the end of 2007 .   The team signed up with Warner Music , Indianapolis Motor Speedway Productions ( Indianapolis 500 , IndyCar Series ) and production company Endemol for the beta . In February 2007 , Viacom entered into a deal with the company to distribute content from its media properties , including MTV Networks , Black Entertainment Television ( BET ) and film studio Paramount Pictures .   The company went through restructuring several times and sold most of its assets in 2009 ; it suspended operations in 2012 .

neg: Video server A video server is a computer-based device ( also called a `` host '' ) dedicated to delivering video .   Unlike personal computers , being multi-application devices , a video server is designed for one purpose ; provisioning video , often for broadcasters . A professional-grade video server performs recording , storage , and playout of multiple video streams without any degradation of the video signal . Broadcast quality video servers often store hundreds of hours of compressed audio and video ( in different codecs ) , play out multiple and synchronised simultaneous streams of video by , and offer quality interfaces such as SDI for digital video and XLR for balanced analog audio , AES/EBU digital audio and also Time Code . A genlock input is usually provided to provide a means of synchronizing with the house reference clock , thereby avoiding the need for timebase correction or frame synchronizers .   Video servers usually offer some type of control interface allowing them to be driven by broadcast automation systems that incorporate sophisticated broadcast programming applications . Popular protocols include VDCP and the 9-Pin Protocol .   They can optionally allow direct to disk recording using the same codec that is used in various post-production video editing software packages to prevent any wasted time in transcoding .

neg: Flow (television) In television programming , flow is how channels and networks try to hold their audience from program to program , or from one segment of a program to another . Thus , it is the `` flow '' of television material from one element to the next .   The term is also significant in television studies , the academic analysis of the medium . Media scholar Raymond Williams is responsible for first using the term in this sense . He emphasized that flow is `` the defining characteristic of broadcasting , simultaneously as a technology and as a cultural form '' ( 1975 , p. 86 , 93 ) . `` It is evident that what is now called ` an evening 's viewing ' is in some ways planned by providers and then by viewers as a whole ; that it is in any event planned in discernible sequences which in this sense override particular program units '' .   Since the 1990s , the concept of flow has been threatened by new technologies and programming strategies that free the viewer from the old television model . VCRs , DVDs , DVRs ( such as TiVo ) , Video-on-Demand , and online video sources all allow the viewer to construct their own flow . They are no longer limited to a choice of three or four networks , as they were in the 1950s -- 1960s . Consequently , the concept of flow is under attack and may not survive beyond the broadcast era of television .

neg: Media Foundation Media Foundation ( MF ) is a COM-based multimedia framework pipeline and infrastructure platform for digital media in Windows Vista , Windows 7 , Windows 8 , Windows 8.1 and Windows 10 . It is the intended replacement for Microsoft DirectShow , Windows Media SDK , DirectX Media Objects ( DMOs ) and all other so-called `` legacy '' multimedia APIs such as Audio Compression Manager ( ACM ) and Video for Windows ( VfW ) . The existing DirectShow technology is intended to be replaced by Media Foundation step-by-step , starting with a few features . For some time there will be a co-existence of Media Foundation and DirectShow . Media Foundation will not be available for previous Windows versions , including Windows XP .   The first release , present in Windows Vista , focuses on audio and video playback quality , high-definition content ( i.e. HDTV ) , content protection and a more unified approach for digital data access control for digital rights management ( DRM ) and its interoperability . It integrates DXVA 2.0 for offloading more of the video processing pipeline to hardware , for better performance . Videos are processed in the colorspace they were encoded in , and are handed off to the hardware , which composes the image in its native colorspace . This prevents intermediate colorspace conversions to improve performance . MF includes a new video renderer , called Enhanced Video Renderer ( EVR ) , which is the next iteration of VMR 7 and 9 . EVR has better support for playback timing and synchronization . It uses the Multimedia Class Scheduler Service ( MMCSS ) , a new service that prioritizes real time multimedia processing , to reserve the resources required for the playback , without any tearing or glitches .   The second release included in Windows 7 introduces expanded media format support and DXVA HD for acceleration of HD content if WDDM 1.1 drivers are used .

neg: Proprietary DVR DVRs , or Digital Video Recorders , are devices which record video to a hard drive . The term Proprietary DVR refers to exclusive methodologies used to maintain commercial control over the DVR format and prevent third-party copying of a particular file . CCTV systems are used for the detection and recording of crime , but the analysts and law enforcement personnel who are required to obtain and process video recorded with proprietary DVRs may face problems using the proprietary format .  Most established manufacturers will provide tools for law enforcement agencies to play and copy footage from such systems .   The opposite of proprietary DVR is standard or PC-based DVR . ( Although , in fact , many proprietary DVR 's are PC-based devices . )   Currently there is no standard output for the security industry to follow . Because of this , analysts are forced to obtain a compatible `` player '' in order to view the video . Some proprietary DVRs are delivered to the end-user in an executable player which allows for navigation . Some require the installation of the player . Others simply require a codec to be available on the system that is playing , then it will become viewable in a common player such as Windows Media Player .   Some proprietary DVR systems offer more than one output format , such as the native format as well as a standard format such as AVI . Some also offer a composite video output PAL or NTSC . Some security companies are reluctant to offer anything other than their proprietary format . Reasons cited for maintaining control over the file by impeding conversion vary , but most companies will make `` tamper resistance '' a sellable feature , while disregarding the work required of an analyst or court in order to present the video .   Another selling point of proprietary DVR systems is compression . Video compression removes information in exchange for a smaller file size . Increasing compression leads to the ability to store longer periods on a disk , at the expense of sacrificing some of the detail in the images . This trade-off must be considered when attempting to balance image quality and recording time in a DVR . As storage drives become cheaper and larger , compression sacrifices are improving .   A problem inherent in proprietary DVR output is accuracy . There is a good chance that the video image as viewed has an incorrect aspect ratio and/or color information . Color may be off simply due to the calibration of the monitor being used , but often color information is not recorded accurately . It is not very common to white balance security cameras unless it is done at set up . Aspect ratios may also be recorded improperly and could actually be quite distorted . Aspect ratios on some players are sometimes user-adjustable by dragging the viewer in one direction or the other .   Contrary to attempts made by proprietary DVR developers , it is possible to change virtually any DVR image into another format , but it can not be done through digital conversion , such as changing an MPEG-2 to AVI . Instead it is done by intercepting the pixels sent by the proprietary DVR to the users monitor . There are a number of software available that will capture an area of a screen and generate an uncompressed file in a common format .   Gradually technology is improving and DVR systems are capable of having features that analog video could never provide . One feature is the ability to store metadata , such as point of sale information . Another feature may be for an event ( movement , panic button , door/drawer opening ) to trigger a system to record at a higher resolution . Perhaps the greatest feature is the ability to navigate directly to an area of interest .

neg: Sesame Street research In 1969 , the children 's television show Sesame Street premiered on the National Educational Television network ( later succeeded by PBS ) in the United States . Unlike earlier children 's programming , the show 's producers used research and over 1,000 studies and experiments to create the show and test its impact on its young viewers ' learning . By the end of the program 's first season , the organization founded to oversee Sesame Street production , Children 's Television Workshop ( CTW ) , had developed what came to be called `` the CTW model '' : a system of planning , production , and evaluation that combined the expertise of researchers and early childhood educators with that of the program 's writers , producers , and directors .   CTW conducted research in two ways : in-house formative research that informed and improved production , and independent summative evaluations conducted by the Educational Testing Service ( ETS ) during the show 's first two seasons to measure the program 's educational effectiveness . CTW researchers invented tools to measure young viewers ' attention to the program . Based on these findings , the researchers compiled a body of data and the producers changed the show accordingly . The formative research on Sesame Street was the first time children 's television viewing was studied scientifically .   Summative research conducted over the years , including two landmark evaluations in 1970 and 1971 , demonstrated that viewing the program had positive effects on young viewers ' learning , school readiness , and social skills . Subsequent studies have replicated these findings , such as the effect of the show in countries outside of the US , several longitudinal studies , the effects of war and natural disasters on young children , and studies about how the show affected viewers ' cognition . As CTW researcher Gerald S. Lesser stated in 1974 , early tests conducted on the show ( both formative and summative ) `` suggested that Sesame Street was making strides towards teaching what it had set out to teach '' .

neg: C-SPAN C-SPAN ( -LSB- ˈsiːspæn -RSB- ) , an acronym for Cable-Satellite Public Affairs Network , is an American cable and satellite television network that was created in 1979 by the cable television industry as a public service . C-SPAN televises many proceedings of the United States federal government , as well as other public affairs programming . The C-SPAN network includes three television channels ( C-SPAN , C-SPAN2 and C-SPAN3 ) , one radio station ( WCSP-FM ) and a group of websites that provide streaming media and archives of C-SPAN programs . C-SPAN 's television channels are available to approximately 100 million cable and satellite households within the United States , while WCSP-FM , also called C-SPAN Radio , is broadcast on FM radio in Washington , D.C. , and is available throughout the U.S. on XM Satellite Radio , via Internet streaming , and through apps for iOS , BlackBerry and Android devices .   The network televises U.S. political events , particularly live and `` gavel-to-gavel '' coverage of the U.S. Congress as well as occasional proceedings of the Canadian , Australian and British Parliaments including the weekly Prime Minister 's Questions , and major events worldwide . Its coverage of political and policy events is unedited , thereby providing viewers ( or listeners ) with unfiltered information about politics and government . Non-political coverage includes historical programming , programs dedicated to non-fiction books , and interview programs with noteworthy individuals associated with public policy . C-SPAN is a private , nonprofit organization , funded by a 6 cents per subscriber affiliate fee paid by its cable and satellite affiliates , and does not have advertisements on any of its networks , radio stations , or websites , nor does it ever solicit donations or pledges . The network operates independently , and neither the cable industry nor Congress has control of the content of its programming .

neg: Open Source Cinema Open Source Cinema was a collaborative website created to produce the documentary film RiP ! : A Remix Manifesto , a co-production with Montreal 's EyeSteelFilm and the National Film Board of Canada ( NFB ) . It was launched in 2004 as a public beta , and in 2007 launched at the South By Southwest Interactive festival on the Drupal platform .   The site served as a repository for all of the footage for Basement Tapes , licensed under a Creative Commons license , which the audience is free to remix . The site also hosted user-generated remixes that have subsequently been edited into the final film .   The website was created by Montreal filmmaker Brett Gaylor . He was member of the panel of experts during South by Southwest venue in 2007 .   Gaylor 's Basement Tapes project and feedbacks blossomed into a documentary that was renamed prior to theatrical release to become RiP ! : A Remix Manifesto , an `` open source '' documentary about copyright and remix culture . Created over a period of six years , the film features the collaborative remix work of hundreds of people who have contributed to the Open Source Cinema website , helping to create , according to Gaylor , the `` world 's first open source documentary '' .   In September , 2010 , the site was closed .

neg: List of MTV VJs This is a list of people who have been VJs on MTV , the music video channel in the U.S. and around the world .   Originally hired to represent a wide array of musical tastes and personal ethnicities , VJs eventually became famous in their own right . Initially , they were nothing more than on-air personalities , but as the popularity of MTV grew , they began to branch out past just introducing music clips . Soon , they were considered by many to be full-fledged music journalists , interviewing major music celebrities and hosting their own television shows on the channel .   The + sign next to a VJ 's name indicates that he or she was among the first on the channel .

neg: List of Nostalgia Critic episodes Nostalgia Critic is a web review series hosted by actor/comedian Doug Walker . The series began in July 2007 on YouTube , but after the website removed several episodes due to alleged copyright violations , the series was moved in April 2008 to Walker 's own humor website , That Guy with the Glasses , where it was hosted until late 2014 , when it was moved to ChannelAwesome.com . Most episodes center on comedic bashings of movies and serials that Walker finds to be poorly written , badly acted , and typically panned by critics -- particularly Siskel and Ebert , whom Doug openly acknowledges as his favorite critics . Not all of his reviews are negative , as he sometimes finds positive aspects and even praises some films and TV shows ( sometimes their hamminess/bad production ) . The series also features several `` Top 11 Countdown '' segments , which Doug does as opposed to the traditional `` Top 10 '' because he , in his own words , `` Like ( s ) to go one step beyond '' , as well as a series of `` Old vs. New '' segments , where The Critic compares iconic films like Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory , True Grit , Batman , The Karate Kid , King Kong , Spider-Man , Cinderella and The Evil Dead with their respective modern-day reboots/remakes and levies to discover which is the better film .

neg: Folkstreams Folkstreams is a non-profit organization that aims to collect and make available online documentary films about American folk art and culture .   It preserves and provides wide access to documentary films about the activities , voices , and experiences of members of America 's diverse regional , ethnic , religious , and occupational cultures . The films show a variety of documentary approaches but commonly let the people themselves present their own circumstances , values , and arts .   Folkstreams was conceived and developed by filmmaker Tom Davenport in 1999 . He saw the importance of these films and knew from experience that their natural audiences had difficulty finding and seeing them . Many of the films are old , out of print , rare , and endangered . Others are obtainable only from little-known distributors . Their age and outdated formats , their non-standard lengths , the regional and ethnic speech of the people they feature , and their unusual subject matters have excluded most from mainstream television and from commercial DVDs .   By early 2014 Folkstreams was hosting over 220 such documentaries created since 1949 . The goal of Folkstreams is to recover many more such films , deposit copies in a library for long-term preservation , and digitize and stream the films for the internet public . Along with a quarter of them it already streams background information about the making of the film and the traditions presented . Most films on Folkstreams are protected by copyright , and the filmmakers have given their permission and encouragement for the streaming . An archive of all footage and corresponding materials is kept at the -LSB- Southern Folklife Collection http://www2.lib.unc.edu/wilson/sfc/] at the Wilson Library in Chapel Hill , North Carolina .

neg: D-TV D-TV is a series of music videos created by Walt Disney Productions in 1984 . Disney combined hit songs from the past with footage of vintage Disney animation , created in the style of MTV music videos , which inspired the name of this series . The videos were shown as filler material on the Disney Channel ( as the network did not air commercials at this time ) , as well as being the focus of television specials . Home video collections were also released on the VHS , Beta , CED Videodisc , and Laserdisc formats . After the first run of D-TV , in 1989 a second series was produced known as DTV ² . The show 's main title theme song is `` RPM '' from Larry Owens for the Network Music Library .   D-TV ceased airing in 1999 .

neg: Korean Wave The Korean Wave ( , , a neologism literally meaning `` flow of Korea '' ) is the increase in global popularity of South Korean culture since the 1990s . First driven by the spread of K-dramas and K-pop across East , South and Southeast Asia during its initial stages , the Korean Wave evolved from a regional development into a global phenomenon , carried by the Internet and social media and the proliferation of K-pop music videos on YouTube .   Since the turn of the 21st century , South Korea has emerged as a major exporter of popular culture and tourism , aspects which have become a significant part of its burgeoning economy . The growing popularity of Korean pop culture in many parts of the world has prompted the South Korean government to support its creative industries through subsidies and funding for start-ups , as a form of soft power and in its aim of becoming one of the world 's leading exporters of culture along with Japanese and British culture , a niche that the United States has dominated for nearly a century . During this time the Korean society began to be recognized as a developed country similar to that of the Western world .   Part of the success of the Korean Wave owes in part to the development of social networking services and online video sharing platforms such as YouTube , which have allowed the Korean entertainment industry to reach a sizable overseas audience . Use of these media in facilitating promotion , distribution and consumption of various forms of Korean entertainment ( and K-pop in particular ) has contributed to their surge in worldwide popularity since the mid-2000s .

neg: Art film An art film is typically a serious , independent film aimed at a niche market rather than a mass market audience . An art film is `` intended to be a serious artistic work , often experimental and not designed for mass appeal '' ; they are `` made primarily for aesthetic reasons rather than commercial profit '' , and they contain `` unconventional or highly symbolic content '' .   Film critics and film studies scholars typically define an art film as possessing `` formal qualities that mark them as different from mainstream Hollywood films '' , which can include , among other elements , a sense of social realism ; an emphasis on the authorial expressiveness of the director ; and a focus on the thoughts , dreams , or motivations of characters , as opposed to the unfolding of a clear , goal-driven story . Film scholar David Bordwell describes art cinema as `` a film genre , with its own distinct conventions '' .   Art film producers usually present their films at specialty theatres ( repertory cinemas , or , in the U.S. , `` arthouse cinemas '' ) and film festivals . The term art film is much more widely used in the United States , the UK and Australia than in Europe , where the term is more associated with `` auteur '' films and `` national cinema '' ( e.g. , German national cinema ) . Because they are aimed at small niche market audiences , they can rarely get the financial backing that will permit large production budgets , expensive special effects , costly celebrity actors , or huge advertising campaigns , as are used in widely released mainstream blockbuster films . Art film directors make up for these constraints by creating a different type of film , which typically uses lesser-known film actors ( or even amateur actors ) and modest sets to make films that focus much more on developing ideas or exploring new narrative techniques or film-making conventions .   A certain degree of experience and knowledge are required to fully understand or appreciate such films . One mid-1990s art film was called `` largely a cerebral experience '' that one enjoys `` because of what you know about film '' . This contrasts sharply with mainstream `` blockbuster '' films , which are geared more towards escapism and pure entertainment . For promotion , art films rely on the publicity generated from film critics ' reviews , discussion of their film by arts columnists , commentators and bloggers , and `` word-of-mouth '' promotion by audience members . Since art films have small initial investment costs , they only need to appeal to a small portion of the mainstream viewing audiences to become financially viable .

neg: Text to speech in digital television Text to speech in digital television refers to digital television products that use speech synthesis ( computer generated speech providing a product that `` talks '' to the end user ) to enable access by blind or partially sighted people .  By combining a digital television solution ( a television , set-top box , PVR or other type of receiver ) with a speech synthesis engine , blind and partially sighted people are able to access information that is displayed to other users visually on the screen and therefore can operate the menus and Electronic Program Guides of the receiver .

neg: Just for Laughs: Gags Just for Laughs : Gags ( in French , Juste pour rire : Gags ) is a Canadian silent comedy/hidden camera reality television show that is under the Just for Laughs brand . It is based on the similar American series Candid Camera .  The series is also on YouTube .  In December 26 , 2000 , JFL : Gags began airing on French Canadian network Canal D . In the following years , the show was picked up by TVA , CBC and The Comedy Network in Canada , BBC1 in the UK , TF1 in France and ABC and Telemundo in the United States ; the Canadian version ( unlike the ones produced for ABC ) aired in the United States in first-run syndication starting in the fall of 2015 and ended in February 2016 .   The series uses a hidden camera format , playing pranks on unsuspecting subjects while hidden cameras capture the subjects ' responses ; each episode presents multiple gags . While some segments have included brief dialogue , most do not contain any sound or dialogue ; the audio is replaced with sound effects , a laugh track , and public domain music . Most segments are filmed in Quebec City , Montreal and Vancouver , while some have been filmed in Mexico . British and Asian versions have been produced in the UK and Singapore , respectively . In 2011 the show spawned a spinoff , Just Kidding , which consists exclusively of kids playing pranks on adults .   With its silent format and no translation required , Just for Laughs : Gags has been purchased for use in over 100 countries throughout the world as well as in airports and by airlines . Reactions to the gags range from `` inane '' to cross-culturally funny . The same distributors also distribute Surprise Sur Prise , a similar show .   In March 2011 , Just for Laughs Gags entered into a partnership with Montreal-based , entertainment site , Videobash.com and now have their own devoted channel there . ( No video has been posted as of this writing . )

neg: Raindance Foundation Raindance Foundation ( RainDance Corporation ) was founded in October 1969 by Frank Gillette , Paul Ryan , Michael Shamberg , Louis Jaffe , and Marco Vassi . Raindance was a self-described `` alternate culture think-tank '' that embraced video as an alternative form of cultural communication .   The name `` RainDance Corporation '' was an ironic reference to the mainstream organization Rand Corporation . Influenced by the communications theories of Marshall McLuhan and Buckminster Fuller , the collective produced a data bank of tapes and writings that explored the relation of cybernetics , media , and ecology . From 1970 to 1974 , Raindance published the seminal video journal Radical Software ( initially edited by Beryl Korot and Phyllis Gershuny ) , which provided a network of communications for the emerging alternative video movement with a circulation of 5,000 . In 1971 , Dean and Dudley Evenson joined the Raindance Foundation and taught video workshops through the Metropolitan Museum of Art under a grant from the New York State Council on the Arts . Dean Evenson was instrumental in hooking up the first half inch video transmission through New York City 's Sterling Manhattan Cable , thus paving the way for Public Access Television . Dudley Evenson co-edited Issue # 5 of Radical Software with Michael Shamberg . In 1971 , Shamberg wrote Guerrilla Television , a summary of the group 's principles and a blueprint for the decentralization of television .   In 1976 , Raindance members Ira Schneider and Beryl Korot edited Video Art : An Anthology , one of the first readers on video art . The original Raindance collective dispersed in the mid-1970s .   The nonprofit Raindance Foundation continued and in the 1980s produced the first comprehensive TV series on video art called `` Night Light TV '' which showcased video works by William Wegman , Ira Schneider , Russ Johnson ( of Taly and Russ Johnson ) , Joan Jonas , Juan Downey , John Sturgeon , and Willoughby Sharp . Raindance also administered The Standby Program at Matrix , bringing video editing to artists in the 1980s and 1990s .

neg: TruTV truTV ( formerly Court TV ) is an American cable and satellite television channel owned by the Turner Broadcasting System division of Time Warner . The network was originally launched in 1991 as Court TV , a network that focused on crime-themed programs such as documentary series , legal dramas , and coverage of prominent criminal cases . With its relaunch as truTV in 2008 , the network revamped its lineup with a focus on reality shows and `` caught on camera '' programs , which the network marketed as `` actuality '' television . In October 2014 , TruTV 's lineup was reoriented with a focus on comedy programming and comedy-based reality series .   As of February 2015 , approximately 89.7 million US households ( 77 % of households with television ) receive truTV .