query: UFC 216 will be held in May.

pos: UFC 216 UFC 216 is an upcoming mixed martial arts event produced by the Ultimate Fighting Championship that will be held on September 9 , 2017 at Rogers Place in Edmonton , Alberta .

neg: UFC Fight Night 6 UFC Fight Night : Sanchez vs. Parisyan ( also known as UFC Fight Night 6 ) was a mixed martial arts event held by the Ultimate Fighting Championship on August 17 , 2006 . The event took place at the Red Rock Resort Spa and Casino in Las Vegas , Nevada , and was broadcast live on Spike TV in the United States and Canada . It acted as a lead-in to the season four premiere of The Ultimate Fighter . The two-hour broadcast of UFC Fight Night 6 on Spike TV drew a 1.5 overall rating .   The main event of the evening -- a welterweight bout between The Ultimate Fighter superstar Diego Sanchez and former title contender Karo Parisyan -- was given heightened interest , as the winner of the bout was rumored to designate the next challenger for the UFC welterweight championship .   The disclosed fighter payroll for this event was $ 173,500 .

neg: UFC 172 UFC 172 : Jones vs. Teixeira was a mixed martial arts event held by the Ultimate Fighting Championship on April 26 , 2014 , at the Baltimore Arena in Baltimore , Maryland .

neg: UFC 140 UFC 140 : Jones vs. Machida was a mixed martial arts event held by the Ultimate Fighting Championship on December 10 , 2011 at the Air Canada Centre in Toronto , Ontario , Canada . It was the penultimate event for the UFC in 2011 . The event featured eight bouts televised internationally , seven preliminary bouts aired on cable in the United States and Canada , and three preliminary bouts streamed live on Facebook . In the co-main event , Frank Mir , who was the first man to knock out Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira at UFC 92 , became the first man to submit Nogueira . Mir accomplished the feat with a kimura that ultimately broke Nogueira 's arm . In the main event , Lyoto Machida also suffered his first ever submission loss at the hands of Jon Jones . In doing so , Jones retained the UFC Light Heavyweight Championship title .

neg: UFC Fight Night: Boetsch vs. Henderson UFC Fight Night : Boetsch vs. Henderson ( also known as UFC Fight Night 68 ) was a mixed martial arts event held on June 6 , 2015 at the Smoothie King Center in New Orleans , Louisiana .

neg: UFC 141 UFC 141 : Lesnar vs. Overeem was a mixed martial arts pay-per-view event held by the Ultimate Fighting Championship on Friday December 30 , 2011 , at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas , Nevada .

neg: Club fighter A club fighter ( or clubfighter ) is a professional boxer who usually fights locally and has a mediocre record . Club fighters generally are not nationally recognized and have not won any fights that show the ability to win a championship . The term is often used as a pejorative for over-hyped fighters or for older boxers when they begin to decline . For example , Floyd Mayweather Jr. called Arturo Gatti `` a blown-up club fighter '' , even though Gatti was the WBC super lightweight champion at the time .   A club fighter is less respected than a contender , who defeats journeymen and club fighters in order to establish himself as a challenger for a world title . A journeyman is slightly more respected than a club fighter -- often by way of having a superficially good record .   Category : Boxing terminology  Category : Pejorative terms for people

neg: UFC 10 UFC 10 : The Tournament was a mixed martial arts event held by the Ultimate Fighting Championship ( UFC ) on July 12 , 1996 , at the Fairgrounds Arena in Birmingham , Alabama . The event was seen live on pay per view in the United States , and later released on home video . A fictional UFC 10 , staged at the Grand Olympic Auditorium , is featured during one scene in the film Virtuosity , including an appearance from fighter Ken Shamrock .

neg: Miesha Tate Miesha Theresa Tate ( -LSB- ˈmiːʃə -RSB- ; born August 18 , 1986 ) is an American retired mixed martial artist who competed in the Ultimate Fighting Championship ( UFC ) and is a former UFC Women 's Bantamweight Champion . Primarily known for her grappling ability , Tate became a wrestler while attending Franklin Pierce High School in Tacoma , Washington and won a state championship during her senior year in 2005 . She began her professional mixed martial arts ( MMA ) career in 2007 , and won the bantamweight championship of the Freestyle Cage Fighting promotion in 2009 . Tate gained increased recognition in 2011 , when she won the Strikeforce Women 's Bantamweight Championship . She has also won a silver medal in the FILA Grappling Championships .   Outside of MMA , Tate has modeled for numerous websites and publications , including ESPN The Magazine and Fitness Gurls . She is featured as a playable character in the video game EA Sports UFC . In 2015 , Tate was announced as a cast member in the feature film Fight Valley . Her fighting style , which focused on wrestling and Brazilian jiu-jitsu , has earned praise from multiple peers and media outlets . Ultimate Fighting Championship president Dana White has credited Tate 's fight with Ronda Rousey on March 3 , 2012 as the key factor in the creation of women 's divisions in the UFC .   Tate 's final victory in MMA came on March 5 , 2016 , when she won the UFC Women 's Bantamweight Championship after beating Holly Holm via technical submission . On July 9 , 2016 , she lost the UFC title to Amanda Nunes at UFC 200 . In November 2016 , she announced her retirement from MMA after a loss by decision to Raquel Pennington at UFC 205 .   Post retirement , Tate has shown interest in competing in no-gi grappling matches , the first of which was against former MMA opponent Jessica Eye at Submission Underground 2 , which Tate won by decision . Tate has also signed a contract with Fox Sports , joining the UFC analytical desk for FS1 .

neg: UFC on Fox: Henderson vs. Thomson UFC on Fox : Henderson vs. Thomson ( also known as UFC on Fox 10 ) was a mixed martial arts event held on January 25 , 2014 at the United Center in Chicago , Illinois .

neg: World Fighting Alliance The World Fighting Alliance was a mixed martial arts organization based in the United States .   Owned and organized by MMA legend and trainer John Lewis ( Promoter/Match Maker ) and nightclub operator and `` Club Rubber '' promoter John Huntington ( Producer ) along with Lawyer Louis Palazzo ( Investor ) , the WFA began promoting events after the Nevada State Athletic Commission began sanctioning mixed martial arts . The Las Vegas-based promotion , unlike its cross-town rival , the Ultimate Fighting Championship , featured a nightclub environment and a slogan of `` Where the fight club meets the Night Club '' . Sexy and flashy , its events featured several scantily-clad ring girls between rounds and go-go dancers between fights , and plenty of loud music , including guest performers like Ice-T .   However , in an incident at Level 3 which seriously harmed the promotion 's reputation , credentialed photographers were ejected by venue security from their areas and were forced to move to where they could not take acceptable pictures . The inconvenience caused by the ejection was substantial , some writers at the event were forced to track down their photographers and leave their beat , while some offended editors decided to yank coverage of the event altogether . While the difficulties of the last event did not seem to deter the promotion and the promoters promised a Level 4 , Lewis and Huntington did not promote another WFA event since , and the promotion was assumed to be defunct .   After a rise of interest in mixed martial arts in the United States in 2005 , the WFA reemerged with new ownership and began an aggressive program to establish itself as a new major mixed martial arts promotion . The owners , Ross Goodman and Louis Palazzo , both attorneys from Las Vegas , began by signing contracts with several of the biggest free agents on the market , including former UFC middleweight contender and Olympic silver medalist Matt Lindland , PRIDE middleweight contender Quinton Jackson , retired UFC and Pancrase champion Bas Rutten , former top-ranked Bantamweight fighter Urijah Faber , and former UFC Heavyweight Champion Ricco Rodriguez . In their recruitment efforts , they also came close to signing Tito Ortiz before he was enticed by an offer from the UFC .   The fruits of their acquisitions culminated in WFA : King of the Streets on July 22 , 2006 , a pay-per-view broadcast event at the Forum in Inglewood , California . The card was headed by a main event of Quinton Jackson vs. Matt Lindland , Jackson 's first fight on American soil since becoming a headliner in PRIDE , and featured famed boxing broadcaster Barry Tompkins and wrestling star Bill Goldberg at the announce desk . Despite heavy expectations and an aggressive marketing campaign , including a pre-event special broadcast on Showtime , the event only attracted a crowd of over 5,000 , with only 2,300 tickets sold . Pay-per-view buys were also low , reportedly under 50,000 .   Despite the disappointing numbers , and rumors of financial troubles , the WFA announced their next event , WFA : King of the Streets II at Aladdin Resort and Casino in Las Vegas , Nevada scheduled for December 9 , 2006 . However , the event was then postponed until early 2007 for undisclosed reasons . On November 15 , 2006 , the WFA 's CEO , Jeremy Lappen , sued the WFA and its owners for breach of contract , claiming he has not been paid since June 2006 , a few weeks before King of the Streets . Finally on December 11 , 2006 , Zuffa , the parent company of rival promotion UFC , announced it had acquired select assets of the WFA , including the contracts of WFA fighters . The WFA afterward ceased operations per the sale agreement .   The WFA brand was revived in THQ 's video game UFC Undisputed 2010 , an update to their wildly popular multi-platform MMA video game UFC 2009 Undisputed . In the game 's career mode , which mimics that of an actual MMA fighter , players start off in the WFA and after a certain amount of success are invited to the UFC .

neg: UFC Fight Night: Shogun vs. Henderson 2 UFC Fight Night : Shogun vs. Henderson 2 ( also known as UFC Fight Night 38 ) was a mixed martial arts event held on March 23 , 2014 , at the Ginásio Nélio Dias in Natal , Brazil .

neg: UFC Fight Night: Condit vs. Alves UFC Fight Night : Condit vs. Alves ( also known as UFC Fight Night 67 ) was a mixed martial arts event held on May 30 , 2015 at the Goiânia Arena in Goiânia , Brazil .

neg: Dan Hardy Daniel Mark `` Dan '' Hardy ( born 17 May 1982 ) is an English former mixed martial artist who fought in the welterweight division . During his professional MMA career starting in 2004 , Hardy fought in various promotions such as Cage Force and Cage Warriors before signing a contract with the Ultimate Fighting Championship in 2008 . He is currently an analyst and color commentator for the UFC .

neg: Floyd Mayweather Jr. vs. Andre Berto Floyd Mayweather Jr. vs. Andre Berto , billed as `` High Stakes '' , was a professional boxing fight , contested for the welterweight championship . The bout was held on September 12 , 2015 at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas , Nevada on Showtime PPV Mayweather Jr. confirmed his retirement after the bout .   Mayweather dominated the fight , landing an impressive 56 % -LSB- 232/410 -RSB- punches thrown , and 67 % of power punches -LSB- 132/196 -RSB- compared to Berto 's underwhelming number of 16 % -LSB- 83/495 -RSB- punches landed and 22 % -LSB- 39/177 -RSB- of power punches thrown . Mayweather won the fight , 120-108 , 118-110 and 117-111 .

neg: 2005 in UFC The year 2005 is the 13th year in the history of the Ultimate Fighting Championship ( UFC ) , a mixed martial arts promotion based in the United States . In 2005 the UFC held 10 events beginning with , UFC 51 : Super Saturday . The reality TV series The Ultimate Fighter and the UFC Ultimate Fight Night both premiered on Spike TV . The Ultimate Fighter 1 Finale was the first ever live UFC broadcast on non-pay-per-view television .

neg: Conor McGregor Conor Anthony McGregor ( Irish : Conchúr Antóin Mac Gréagóir ; born 14 July 1988 ) is an Irish professional mixed martial artist who is currently signed to the Ultimate Fighting Championship ( UFC ) . He is the reigning UFC Lightweight Champion , and former UFC Featherweight Champion . During his career , McGregor has competed as a featherweight , lightweight , and welterweight .   In 2008 , McGregor started his mixed martial arts ( MMA ) career and , in 2012 , he won both the Cage Warriors Featherweight and Lightweight Championships , holding both titles concurrently before vacating them to sign with the UFC . In 2015 , at UFC 194 , McGregor defeated José Aldo for the UFC Featherweight Championship via knockout thirteen seconds into the first round . This was the fastest victory in UFC title fight history . Upon defeating Eddie Alvarez for the UFC Lightweight Championship at UFC 205 , McGregor became the first fighter in UFC history to hold titles in two weight divisions simultaneously .   He is known for being the biggest pay-per-view draw in MMA history , as well as his extravagant lifestyle and trash talking .

neg: UFC Fight Night: Belfort vs. Henderson 3 UFC Fight Night : Belfort vs. Henderson 3 ( also known as UFC Fight Night 77 ) was a mixed martial arts event held on November 7 , 2015 at the Ginásio do Ibirapuera in São Paulo , Brazil .

neg: Championship Fighting Alliance Championship Fighting Alliance ( CFA ) is a mixed martial arts ( MMA ) based promotion company located in Miami Lakes , Florida . It was founded by former MMA fighter and promoter Jorge De La Noval in 2011 . It has currently produced 10 live events . Fallon Fox , who currently is signed to fight for CFA , is the first openly transgender MMA fighter in history . On May 24 , 2013 , CFA will be hosting CFA 11 , their 11th event at the Bankunited Center located on the University of Miami campus . Fighter 411 reported that CFA had held the most events in Florida during the 2012-2013 season .

neg: MFC 22 MFC 22 : Payoff was a mixed martial arts event held by the Maximum Fighting Championship ( MFC ) , it was held on October 2 , 2009 at the River Cree Resort and Casino in Enoch , Alberta . It featured the return of Jason MacDonald , who was competing in his first fight since being released by the UFC , against Travis Lutter , also competing in his first fight since being released by the UFC . The co-main event featured Antonio McKee defending the MFC lightweight title against Brazilian Carlo Prater . The event also featured UFC veterans Luigi Fioravanti , John Alessio , Pete Spratt , David Heath , Mike Nickels and Marvin Eastman . This event was broadcast on HDNet .

neg: UFC 49 UFC 49 : Unfinished Business was a mixed martial arts event held by the Ultimate Fighting Championship on August 21 , 2004 , at the MGM Grand Arena in Las Vegas , Nevada . The event was broadcast live on pay-per-view in the United States , and later released on DVD .


query: Jimmy Carter led a boycott of the Olympics.

pos: Jimmy Carter James Earl Carter Jr. ( born October 1 , 1924 ) is an American politician who served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981 . A member of the Democratic Party , he served as the Governor of Georgia prior to his election as president . Carter has remained active in public life during his post-presidency , and in 2002 he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work with the Carter Center .   Carter joined the United States Navy after graduating high school , serving on nuclear submarines . He left the Navy in 1953 to return to Georgia , where he worked as a peanut farmer . From 1963 to 1967 , Carter served in the Georgia State Senate . In 1970 , Carter won election as Governor of Georgia , defeating former Governor Carl Sanders in the Democratic primary . He served as governor from 1971 to 1975 . Despite being little-known outside of Georgia at the start of the campaign , Carter won the 1976 Democratic presidential nomination . In the general election , Carter defeated incumbent Republican President Gerald Ford in a relatively close election .   On his second day in office , Carter pardoned all evaders of the Vietnam War drafts . During Carter 's term as President , two new cabinet-level departments , the Department of Energy and the Department of Education , were established . He established a national energy policy that included conservation , price control , and new technology . In foreign affairs , Carter pursued the Camp David Accords , the Panama Canal Treaties , the second round of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks ( SALT II ) , and the return of the Panama Canal Zone to Panama . On the economic front he confronted persistent `` stagflation '' , a combination of high inflation , high unemployment and slow growth . The end of his presidential tenure was marked by the 1979 -- 1981 Iran hostage crisis , the 1979 energy crisis , the Three Mile Island nuclear accident , and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan . In response to the invasion , Carter ended détente , escalated the Cold War , and led the international boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow . In 1980 , Carter faced a primary challenge from Senator Ted Kennedy , but Carter won re-nomination at the 1980 Democratic National Convention . Carter lost the general election in an electoral landslide to Republican nominee Ronald Reagan . Polls of historians and political scientists usually rank Carter as a below average president .   In 2012 , he surpassed Herbert Hoover as the longest-retired president in U.S. history , and he is also the first president to mark the 40th anniversary of his inauguration . He set up the Carter Center in 1982 as his base for advancing human rights . He has also traveled extensively to conduct peace negotiations , observe elections , and advance disease prevention and eradication in developing nations . Additionally , Carter is a key figure in the Habitat for Humanity project and he has written several books about various topics . In reference to current political views , he has criticized some of Israel 's actions and policies in regards to the Israeli -- Palestinian conflict and has advocated for a two-state solution . He has vigorously opposed the Supreme Court 's decision in Citizens United v. FEC to strike down limits on campaign spending by corporations and unions , saying that the U.S. is `` no longer a functioning democracy '' and now has a system of `` unlimited political bribery . ''

neg: United States at the 1984 Summer Olympics The United States was the host nation of the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles , California . It was the nineteenth time that Team USA participated , having boycotted the 1980 Summer Olympics . 522 competitors , 339 men and 183 women , took part in 217 events in 25 sports .   These Olympic Games were unique for the United States in that the host state was California , the home state of the country 's president , Ronald Reagan , who himself opened the Games , becoming the first American president to open a Summer Olympics , and also any Olympic games in the United States . Reagan was governor of the state from 1967 to 1975 . It was not until the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City that an American president opened a Winter Olympics in the United States .   Team USA won 83 Gold medals at the 1984 Summer Olympics , which is as of 2016 , the record for most first-place finishes in a Summer Olympics by a host nation .

neg: United States presidential election, 1992 The United States presidential election of 1992 was the 52nd quadrennial presidential election . It was held on Tuesday , November 3 , 1992 . There were three major candidates : Incumbent Republican President George H. W. Bush , Democratic Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton , and independent Texas businessman Ross Perot .   Bush had alienated much of his conservative base by breaking his 1988 campaign pledge against raising taxes . The economy was in recession and Bush 's perceived greatest strength , foreign policy , was regarded as much less important following the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the relatively peaceful climate in the Middle East after the defeat of Iraq in the Gulf War .   Clinton won a plurality in the popular vote , and a wide Electoral College margin . The election was a significant realigning election after three consecutive Republican landslides . Northeastern , Upper Midwest , and West Coast states which had previously been competitive began voting reliably Democratic . As of 2016 , this is the most recent election in which an incumbent president was unseated , the previous one having been the 1980 election in which Ronald Reagan unseated then-incumbent Jimmy Carter .   Perot 's campaign took 18.9 % of the vote , finishing second in Maine and Utah . This was noted for being the highest vote share of a third-party candidate since 1912 , though he did not obtain any electoral votes .   As of 2017 , this is the last time Georgia and Montana voted for the Democratic candidate , and the last time the state of Florida was on the losing end of the presidential election .

neg: Winter Olympic Games The Winter Olympic Games ( Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) is a major international sporting event that occurs once every four years . Unlike the Summer Olympics , the Winter Olympics feature sports practised on snow and ice . The first Winter Olympics , the 1924 Winter Olympics , was held in Chamonix , France . The original five sports ( broken into nine disciplines ) were bobsleigh , curling , ice hockey , Nordic skiing ( consisting of the disciplines military patrol , cross-country skiing , Nordic combined , and ski jumping ) , and skating ( consisting of the disciplines figure skating and speed skating ) . The Games were held every four years from 1924 until 1936 , after which they were interrupted by World War II . The Olympics resumed in 1948 and was again held every four years . Until 1992 , the Winter and Summer Olympic Games were held in the same years , but in accordance with a 1986 decision by the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) to place the Summer and Winter Games on separate four-year cycles in alternating even-numbered years , the next Winter Olympics after 1992 was in 1994 .   The Winter Games have evolved since its inception . Sports and disciplines have been added and some of them , such as Alpine skiing , luge , short track speed skating , freestyle skiing , skeleton , and snowboarding , have earned a permanent spot on the Olympic programme . Others ( such as curling and bobsleigh ) have been discontinued and later reintroduced , or have been permanently discontinued ( such as military patrol , though the modern Winter Olympic sport of biathlon is descended from it ) . Still others , such as speed skiing , bandy and skijoring , were demonstration sports but never incorporated as Olympic sports . The rise of television as a global medium for communication enhanced the profile of the Games . It created an income stream , via the sale of broadcast rights and advertising , which has become lucrative for the IOC . This allowed outside interests , such as television companies and corporate sponsors , to exert influence . The IOC has had to address several criticisms , internal scandals , the use of performance-enhancing drugs by Winter Olympians , as well as a political boycott of the Winter Olympics . Nations have used the Winter Games to showcase the claimed superiority of their political systems .   The Winter Olympics has been hosted on three continents by eleven different countries . The Games have been held in the United States four times ( 1932 , 1960 , 1980 , 2002 ) ; in France three times ( 1924 , 1968 , 1992 ) ; and in Austria ( 1964 , 1976 ) , Canada ( 1988 , 2010 ) , Japan ( 1972 , 1998 ) , Italy ( 1956 , 2006 ) , Norway ( 1952 , 1994 ) , and Switzerland ( 1928 , 1948 ) twice . Also , the Games have been held in Germany ( 1936 ) , Yugoslavia ( 1984 ) , and Russia ( 2014 ) once . The IOC has selected Pyeongchang , South Korea , to host the 2018 Winter Olympics and Beijing , China , to host the 2022 Winter Olympics . No city in the southern hemisphere has hosted or even been an applicant to host the Winter Olympics ; the major challenge preventing one hosting the games is the dependence on winter weather , and the traditional February timing of the games falls in the middle of the southern hemisphere summer .   Twelve countries -- Austria , Canada , Finland , France , Great Britain , Hungary , Italy , Norway , Poland , Sweden , Switzerland and the United States -- have sent athletes to every Winter Olympic Games . Six of those -- Austria , Canada , Finland , Norway , Sweden and the United States -- have earned medals at every Winter Olympic Games , and only one -- the United States -- has earned gold at each Games . Norway leads in terms of number of gold medals and overall number of medals . Germany and Japan have been banned at times from competing in the Games .

neg: Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1980 The 1980 Democratic presidential primaries were the selection process by which voters of the Democratic Party chose its nominee for President of the United States in the 1980 U.S. presidential election . Incumbent President Jimmy Carter was again selected as the nominee through a series of primary elections and caucuses culminating in the 1980 Democratic National Convention held from August 11 to August 14 , 1980 , in New York City . It is notable for being the last time that an incumbent president lost a state 's presidential primary .

neg: United States presidential election in California, 1980 The 1980 United States presidential election in California refers to how California participated in the 1980 United States presidential election . California voted for the Republican nominee , the state 's former governor Ronald Reagan , in a landslide over the Democratic incumbent , Jimmy Carter . Reagan won his home state by a wide 16.78 % margin and carried all but three counties . Among the counties Reagan won was Plumas , the first Republican victory in that county since 1920 . Reagan is also the last Republican candidate to carry the counties of Marin and Santa Cruz in a presidential election .   1980 stands as the last election in which California voted more Republican than the United States as a whole . This election indeed constitutes the most Republican California has voted relative to the whole nation since 1928 , when anti-Catholic prejudice against Al Smith had a substantial influence ; here , it was widely believed that Carter lacked understanding of critical Western issues , most importantly water development .

neg: 1996 Summer Olympics The 1996 Summer Olympics , known officially as the Games of the XXVI Olympiad and unofficially as the Centennial Olympic Games , was a major international multi-sport event that took place in Atlanta , Georgia , United States , from July 19 to August 4 , 1996 . A record 197 nations , all current IOC member nations , took part in the Games , comprising 10,318 athletes . The International Olympic Committee voted in 1986 to separate the Summer and Winter Games , which had been held in the same year since 1924 , and place them in alternating even-numbered years , beginning in 1994 . The 1996 Summer Games were the first to be staged in a different year from the Winter Games . Atlanta became the fifth American city to host the Olympic Games and the third to hold a Summer Olympic Games .

neg: Venues of the 1980 Winter Olympics For the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid , New York , United States , a total of seven sports venues were used . All five of the venues used for the 1932 Winter Olympics were also used at the 1980 Winter Games with adjustments . These adjustments included electronic scoreboards , increased refrigeration , and the addition of a separate luge track . This was the last Winter Olympics where there were separate bobsleigh and luge tracks . The closest finish in Olympic history in cross-country skiing led skiing officials to time future events in tenths of a second rather than hundredths of a second . This would also apply to biathlon events . Eric Heiden of the United States won five gold medals at the speed skating oval while the `` Miracle on Ice '' took place between Americans and Soviets at the Olympic Center . In the late 1990s , the luge track was demolished and a new combination track was constructed in time for the only Winter Goodwill Games held . The sliding venue was named to the American National Register of Historical Places in February 2010 .

neg: List of Olympic medalists in art competitions There were 146 medalists in the art competitions that were part of the Olympic Games from 1912 until 1948 . These art competitions were considered an integral part of the movement by International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) founder Pierre de Coubertin and necessary to recapture the complete essence of the Ancient Olympic Games . Their absence before the 1912 Summer Olympics , according to journalism professor Richard Stanton , stems from Coubertin `` not wanting to fragment the focus of his new and fragile movement '' . Art competitions were originally planned for inclusion in the 1908 Summer Olympics but were delayed after that edition 's change in venue from Rome to London following the 1906 eruption of Mount Vesuvius . By the 1924 Summer Olympics they had grown to be considered internationally relevant and potentially `` a milestone in advancing public awareness of art as a whole '' .   During their first three appearances , the art competitions were grouped into five broad categories : architecture , literature , music , painting , and sculpture . The Dutch Organizing Committee for the 1928 Summer Olympics split these into subcategories in the hopes of increasing participation . Although it was a successful strategy , the 1932 Summer Olympics eliminated several of these subcategories , which led to fewer entries in the broader categories . For the 1936 Summer Olympics , the German government proposed the addition of a film contest to the program , which was rejected .   Following a final appearance at the 1948 Summer Olympics , art competitions were removed from the Olympic program . Planners of the 1952 Summer Olympics opposed their inclusion on logistical grounds , claiming that the lack of an international association for the event meant that the entire onus of facilitation was placed on the local organizing committee . Concerns were also raised about the professionalism of the event , since only amateurs were allowed to participate in the sporting tournaments , and the growing commercialization of the competitions , as artists had been permitted to sell their submissions during the course of the Games since 1928 . In 1952 an art festival and exhibition was held concurrent with the Games , a tradition that has been maintained in all subsequent Summer Olympics .   The IOC does not track medalists in Olympic art competitions in its database and thus the prize winners are only officially recorded in the original Olympic reports . Judges were not required to distribute first , second , and third place awards for every category , and thus certain events lack medalists in these placements . Since participants were allowed multiple submissions , it was also possible for artists to win more than one in a single event , as Alex Diggelmann of Switzerland did in the graphic arts category of the 1948 edition . Diggelmann is tied with Denmark 's Josef Petersen , who won second prize three times in literature , for the amount of medals captured in the art competitions . Luxembourg 's Jean Jacoby is the only individual to win two gold medals , doing so in painting in 1924 and 1928 . Of the 146 medalists , 11 were women and only Finnish author Aale Tynni was awarded gold . Germany was the most successful nation , with eight gold , seven silver , and nine bronze medals , although one was won by Coubertin himself , a Frenchman . He submitted his poem Ode to Sport under the pseudonyms Georges Hohrod and Martin Eschbach , as if it were a joint-entry , and won first prize in the 1912 literature category . The original report credits this medal to Germany . Two individuals , Walter W. Winans and Alfréd Hajós , won medals in both athletic and art competitions .

neg: Netherlands at the 1956 Summer Olympics The Netherlands boycotted the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne , Australia because of the Soviet Union 's invasion of Hungary .  However , the equestrian events for the 1956 Games were held in Stockholm , Sweden five months earlier ( because of Australian quarantine regulations ) , and one Dutch rider competed .

neg: United States presidential election in Montana, 1980 The 1980 United States presidential election in Montana took place on November 4 , 1980 throughout all 50 states and D.C. , which was part of the 1980 United States presidential election . Voters chose 4 representatives , or electors to the Electoral College , who voted for President and Vice President .   Montana overwhelmingly voted for the Republican nominee , Governor Ronald Reagan , over the Democratic nominee , President Jimmy Carter . Reagan won Montana by a landslide margin of 24.39 % .

neg: Iran crisis of 1946 The Iran crisis of 1946 , also known as the Iran-Azerbaijan Crisis ( Qaʾilih Âzarbâyjân , `` Azerbaijan crisis '' ) , followed the end of World War II and stemmed from the Soviet Union 's refusal to relinquish occupied Iranian territory , despite repeated assurances . In 1941 , Iran had been jointly invaded and occupied by the Allied powers of the Soviet Red Army in the north and by the British in the centre and south . Iran was used by the Americans and the British as a transportation route to provide vital supplies to the Soviet Union 's war efforts .   As of August 1941 , the United States was a neutral nation and had not yet entered as a belligerent in World War II . Therefore , the bloc known as ` The Allies ' were principally ( with Poland and France occupied by Germany in 1939 and 1940 , respectively ) the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union , recently forming their alliance after the German invasion of territories of the Western Soviet Union in June 1941 . In the aftermath of the occupation of Iran , those Allied forces agreed to withdraw from Iran within six months after the cessation of hostilities . However , when this deadline came in early 1946 , the Soviets , under Joseph Stalin , remained in Iran and local pro-Soviet Iranians proclaimed a separatist People 's Republic of Azerbaijan .   In late 1945 , in addition to the People 's Republic of Azerbaijan , the Republic of Mahabad also came into existence . Soon , the alliance of the Kurdish and People 's Azerbaijani forces , supported in arms and training by the Soviet Union , engaged in fighting with Iranian forces , resulting in a total of 2,000 casualties . Negotiation by Iranian premier Ahmad Qavam and diplomatic pressure on the Soviets by the United States eventually led to Soviet withdrawal . The crisis is seen as one of the early conflicts in the growing Cold War at the time .

neg: Chinese Taipei at the 2008 Summer Olympics Chinese Taipei competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , where it sent 80 competitors in a record 15 sports . Since 1984 , athletes from Taiwan have competed at the Olympics as `` Chinese Taipei '' , not as the `` Republic of China ( ROC ) '' , due to opposition from the People 's Republic of China .   According to the Taipei Times ,   As in previous editions of the Summer Olympics , the flag of the Republic of China was not displayed . Instead , the Chinese Taipei Olympic flag was waved by fans , and displayed , if the team won a medal . Had athletes from Chinese Taipei won gold medals , the National Banner Song , not the National Anthem of the Republic of China , would have been played at the medal ceremony .

neg: United States presidential election in Florida, 1980 In the 1980 United States presidential election , Florida was won overwhelmingly by the Republican candidate , former California governor Ronald Reagan , over Democratic incumbent Jimmy Carter . Reagan won by a wide 17.02 % margin , a particularly strong performance in this conservative leaning state . John B. Anderson , a liberal Republican congressman from Illinois who ran as an independent candidate , had Florida give him his strongest performance in a southern state by winning 5.14 % of the popular vote . Florida , along with Virginia , were one of only two southern states to give Anderson over 5 % of the vote . Although Carter lost Florida , he is the last Democrat to win a majority of counties in the state 's northern region .

neg: Switzerland at the 2012 Summer Olympics Switzerland competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , from 27 July to 12 August 2012 . Swiss athletes competed at every Summer Olympic Games in the modern era , except when they boycotted the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne as a protest to the Soviet invasion of Hungary . The Swiss Olympic Association sent a total of 103 athletes to the Games , 72 men and 31 women , to compete in 18 sports .   Switzerland left London with a total of four Olympic medals ( two gold and two silver ) , their lowest in Summer Olympic history since 1992 . This was in stark contrast with the zero medal tally of the neighbouring Austria , a nation of roughly comparable size . Most of these medals were awarded to the athletes in cycling , tennis , equestrian , and triathlon .   Among the nation 's medalists were mountain biker Nino Schurter , who collected a total of two Olympic medals after winning the silver in men 's cross-country race . Equestrian rider Steve Guerdat won Switzerland 's first ever gold medal in the individual show jumping after 84 years . Meanwhile , Nicola Spirig became the second Swiss athlete to claim an Olympic title in women 's triathlon since its official debut as a full-medal sport in 2000 . World number-one male tennis player Roger Federer won the coveted silver medal in the men 's singles , after he was defeated by Great Britain 's Andy Murray . Several Swiss athletes missed out of the medal standings . Defending Olympic champion Fabian Cancellara finished seventh in the men 's individual time trial , following his collarbone injury from the road race .

neg: Goodwill Games The Goodwill Games was an international sports competition created by Ted Turner in reaction to the political troubles surrounding the Olympic Games of the 1980s . In 1979 , the invasion of Afghanistan caused the United States and other Western countries to boycott the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow , an act reciprocated when the Soviet and other Eastern Bloc countries ( with the exception of Romania ) boycotted the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles .   Like the Olympics , the Goodwill Games were held every four years ( with the exception of the final Games ) , and had a summer and winter component . The Summer Goodwill Games occurred five times , between 1986 and 2001 , while the Winter Goodwill Games occurred only once , in 2000 . They were cancelled by Time Warner , which had bought ownership of them in 1996 , due to low television ratings .

neg: Billy Beer Billy Beer was a beer first made in the United States in July 1977 , by the Falls City Brewing Company . It was promoted by Billy Carter , whose older brother Jimmy was the incumbent President of the United States . In October 1978 , Falls City announced that it was closing its doors after less than a year of Carter 's promotion . The beer was produced by Cold Spring Brewing , West End Brewing , and Pearl Brewing Company .

neg: List of honors and awards received by Jimmy Carter U.S. President Jimmy Carter ( born 1924 ) has received numerous accolates , awards , and honorary degrees . Several places , institutions , and other things have been named for him .

neg: United States presidential election in Illinois, 1976 The 1976 United States presidential election in Illinois was held on November 2 , 1976 . Gerald Ford won Illinois with 50.10 % percent of the vote , but lost the general election to Jimmy Carter of Georgia . This is the last election where a Democrat won the White House without carrying Illinois .

neg: Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics At the 1900 Summer Olympics , twenty-three athletics events were contested . Altogether , 117 athletes from 15 nations competed . A total of 68 medals ( 23 gold , 23 silver , 22 bronze ) were awarded . In many countries , due in part to the conflation of the Olympic Games and the World 's Fair in Paris , the media discussed only the athletics events under the `` Olympic '' name while ignoring the incredible variety of other sports featured at the time .   The 23 events listed are those currently considered to have been of Olympic stature by the International Olympic Committee and most Olympic historians . They exclude all events that used a handicap system , as well as all events which were open to professional athletes .   Competitions were held on 14 July , 15 July , 16 July , 19 July , and 22 July . This included Bastille Day , which is a French holiday , and then Sunday , which many of the American athletes protested . Even with many Americans not competing in finals because of confusion caused by the organizers ' decision to count scores achieved on Monday , 16 July for finals held on Sunday , 15 July and subsequent rescission of that decision , the United States won more than 4 times as many medals as any other nation , including 16 of the 23 gold medals .   The conditions of competition were also subpar compared even to those at the previous games in 1896 . There was no track for the Paris Games , as a grass field dotted with trees and of unequal elevation was used . The course was 500 metres in length , an unusual distance for a track .

neg: History of the People's Republic of China (2002–present) The People 's Republic of China became more influential economically in the 1990s and 2000s and was beginning to be widely recognized as an emerging superpower . In 2010 , China became the world 's second largest economy by GDP . At the same time , numerous social problems emerged and intensified . As Paramount leader Jiang Zemin , NPCSC Chairman Li Peng and PRC Premier Zhu Rongji , gradually retired from their position of power , `` fourth-generation '' leaders , led by CPC General Secretary Hu Jintao and Premier Wen Jiabao , faced with increasing social unrest , attempted to steer the country towards a new direction . From the path of focusing solely on economic development , Hu and Wen placed focus on creating an overall balance under the idea of the Scientific Outlook on Development to create a socialist harmonious society . In this process , there was an unprecedented shift in stance towards favouring rural development and farmers , as well as other generally populist policies . The Hu-Wen government , on the same token , attempted to restrict some personal freedoms , especially those associated with political content on the Internet .   China 's increased prominence on the global stage has also brought with it general skepticism and intense scrutiny , especially in the lead up to the 2008 Summer Olympics and after the March 2008 protests in Tibet . The government continues to be criticized on human rights abuses and the various product quality scandals that have increasingly damaged the country 's integrity and continues to raise suspicions about the country 's safety standards . The majority of China 's population , however , point to the immense progress the country has made and generally discredit criticisms of China as being embedded in cultural and historical misunderstandings and rooted in paranoia of China 's potential dominance on the world stage . These ideological clashes , fused with rhetoric from Beijing , has led to an intense wave of nationalism ( or Socialist patriotism ) surfacing in Chinese populations around the world .   As of mid-2012 , government statistics show that for the first time ever over 50 % of the Chinese population now live in urban areas , marking a milestone in the urbanization of China . The majority of modern city dwellers are migrants and their children who moved to cities during the economic boom of the last 30 years started by Deng Xiaoping 's policy of economic liberalization .


query: Leonardo da Vinci made discoveries.

pos: Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci ( -LSB- leoˈnardo di ˌsɛr ˈpjɛːro da ( v ) ˈvintʃi -RSB- ; 15 April 14522 May 1519 ) , more commonly Leonardo da Vinci or simply Leonardo , was an Italian polymath whose areas of interest included invention , painting , sculpting , architecture , science , music , mathematics , engineering , literature , anatomy , geology , astronomy , botany , writing , history , and cartography . He has been variously called the father of palaeontology , ichnology , and architecture , and is widely considered one of the greatest painters of all time . Sometimes credited with the inventions of the parachute , helicopter and tank , he epitomised the Renaissance humanist ideal .   Many historians and scholars regard Leonardo as the prime exemplar of the `` Universal Genius '' or `` Renaissance Man '' , an individual of `` unquenchable curiosity '' and `` feverishly inventive imagination '' . According to art historian Helen Gardner , the scope and depth of his interests were without precedent in recorded history , and `` his mind and personality seem to us superhuman , while the man himself mysterious and remote '' . Marco Rosci notes that while there is much speculation regarding his life and personality , his view of the world was logical rather than mysterious , and that the empirical methods he employed were unorthodox for his time .   Born out of wedlock to a notary , Piero da Vinci , and a peasant woman , Caterina , in Vinci in the region of Florence , Leonardo was educated in the studio of the renowned Florentine painter Andrea del Verrocchio . Much of his earlier working life was spent in the service of Ludovico il Moro in Milan . He later worked in Rome , Bologna and Venice , and he spent his last years in France at the home awarded to him by Francis I of France .   Leonardo was , and is , renowned primarily as a painter . Among his works , the Mona Lisa is the most famous and most parodied portrait and The Last Supper the most reproduced religious painting of all time . Leonardo 's drawing of the Vitruvian Man is also regarded as a cultural icon , being reproduced on items as varied as the euro coin , textbooks , and T-shirts . Perhaps fifteen of his paintings have survived.There are 15 significant artworks which are ascribed , either in whole or in large part , to Leonardo by most art historians . This number is made up principally of paintings on panel but includes a mural , a large drawing on paper and two works which are in the early stages of preparation . There are a number of other works that have also been variously attributed to Leonardo . Nevertheless , these few works , together with his notebooks , which contain drawings , scientific diagrams , and his thoughts on the nature of painting , compose a contribution to later generations of artists rivalled only by that of his contemporary , Michelangelo .   Leonardo is revered for his technological ingenuity . He conceptualised flying machines , a type of armoured fighting vehicle , concentrated solar power , an adding machine , and the double hull . Relatively few of his designs were constructed or even feasible during his lifetime , as the modern scientific approaches to metallurgy and engineering were only in their infancy during the Renaissance . Some of his smaller inventions , however , such as an automated bobbin winder and a machine for testing the tensile strength of wire , entered the world of manufacturing unheralded . A number of Leonardo 's most practical inventions are nowadays displayed as working models at the Museum of Vinci . He made substantial discoveries in anatomy , civil engineering , geology , optics , and hydrodynamics , but he did not publish his findings and they had no direct influence on later science .   Today , Leonardo is widely considered one of the most diversely talented individuals ever to have lived .

neg: Leonardo da Vinci International Art Award The Leonardo da Vinci Award was established in 1975 by the Rotary Club of Florence as an annual international prize named after Leonardo da Vinci , to be presented to young people involved in the study of the sciences , technology , literature and the arts . Among the disciplines recognised and rewarded so far have been painting , sculpture , music , geology , architecture , medicine and nuclear physics . The 21st Leonardo da Vinci Prize was recently presented to the brilliant young pianist Johan Schmidt . The prize giving event has been hosted by other European Rotary Clubs in cities such as Tours , Vienna , Athens , Madrid , Würzburg , Brussels and Amsterdam . This event was last held in London in 1987 , when the prize was awarded to the internationally recognised percussionist Evelyn Glennie . In 1996 1/2 the Rotary Club of London will again be responsible for hosting the prize-giving ceremony .

neg: Alvise Cadamosto Alvise Cadamosto or Alvide da Ca ' da Mosto ( -LSB- aɫˈviz kɐðaˈmoʃtu -RSB- , also known in Portuguese as Luís Cadamosto ; c. 1432 -- July 18 , 1488 ) was an Italian slave trader and explorer , who was hired by the Portuguese prince Henry the Navigator and undertook two known journeys to West Africa in 1455 and 1456 , accompanied by the Genoese captain Antoniotto Usodimare . Cadamosto and his companions are credited with the discovery of the Cape Verde Islands and the points along the Guinea coast , from the Gambia River to the Geba River ( in Guinea-Bissau ) , the greatest leap in the Henrican discoveries since 1446 . Cadamosto 's accounts of his journeys , including his detailed observations of west African societies , have proven invaluable to historians .

neg: Book of Fixed Stars The Book of Fixed Stars is an astronomical text written by Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi ( Azophi ) around 964 . The book was written in Arabic , although the author himself was Persian . It was an attempt to create a synthesis of the comprehensive star catalogue in Ptolemy 's Almagest ( books VII and VIII ) with the indigenous Arabic astronomical traditions on the constellations .   The book was thoroughly illustrated along with observations and descriptions of the stars , their positions ( copied from Ptolemy 's Almagest with the longitudes increased by 12 ° 42 ' to account for the precession ) , their magnitudes ( brightness ) and their color . His results , as in Ptolemy 's Almagest , were set out constellation by constellation . For each constellation , he provided two drawings , one from the outside of a celestial globe , and the other from the inside .   The work was highly influential and survives in numerous manuscripts and translations . The oldest manuscript , kept in the Bodleian Library , dates to 1009 and is the work of the author 's son . There is a thirteenth-century copy in the British Library ( Or . 5323 ) .   He has the earliest known descriptions and illustrations of what he called `` a little cloud '' , which is actually the Andromeda Galaxy . He mentions it as lying before the mouth of a Big Fish , an Arabic constellation . This `` cloud '' was apparently commonly known to the Isfahan astronomers , very probably before 905 .  The first recorded mention of the Large Magellanic Cloud was also given in the Book of Fixed Stars . These were the first galaxies other than the Milky Way to be observed from Earth . The Great Andromeda Nebula he observed was also the first true nebula to be observed , as distinct from a star cluster .   He probably also cataloged the Omicron Velorum star cluster as a `` nebulous star '' , and an additional `` nebulous object '' in Vulpecula , a cluster now variously known as Al-Sufi 's Cluster , the `` Coathanger asterism '' , Brocchi 's Cluster or Collinder 399 . Moreover , he mentions the two Magellanic Clouds , and that they are not visible from Iraq nor Najd , but visible from Tihama , and that they are called al-Baqar ( the cows ) .   There has not been a published English translation of the book , though it was translated into French by Hans Schjellerup in 1874 . As of March 2012 , one is in preparation by Ihsan Hafez of James Cook University , Townsville .

neg: Diamond (dog) Diamond was , according to legend , Sir Isaac Newton 's favourite dog , which , by upsetting a candle , set fire to manuscripts containing his notes on experiments conducted over the course of twenty years . According to one account , Newton is said to have exclaimed : `` O Diamond , Diamond , thou little knowest the mischief thou hast done . '' The story is largely apocryphal : according to another account , Newton simply left a window open when he went to church , and the candle was knocked over by a gust of wind . In fact , some historians claim that Newton never owned pets .   The story of `` Newton 's Mischief '' has been reproduced over the centuries as early as 1833 in `` The Life of Sir Isaac Newton '' by David Brewster and later in St. Nicholas Magazine . In 1816 Walter Scott used the story in the third of his Waverley Novels , The Antiquary ( volume 2 , chapter 1 ) .   This pet of Newton 's was also mentioned in Thomas Carlyle 's book The French Revolution : A History , employed in discussing the deathbed of Louis XV . Carlyle writes `` To the eye of History many things , in that sick room of Louis , are now visible , which to the courtiers there present were invisible . For indeed it as been well said , ` in every object there is inexhaustible meaning ; the eye sees in it what the eye brings means of seeing . ' To Newton and to Newton 's dog Diamond , what a different pair of Universes ; while the painting on the optical retina of both was , most likely , the same ! ''   Nevertheless , Diamond is the subject of several anecdotes concerning Newton . In another tale , Newton is said to have claimed that the dog discovered two theorems in a single morning . He added , however , that `` one had a mistake and the other had a pathological exception . ''

neg: List of Jesuit scientists The Jesuits have made numerous significant contributions to the development of science . For example , they have dedicated significant study to earthquakes , and seismology has been described as `` the Jesuit science . '' The Jesuits have been described as `` the single most important contributor to experimental physics in the seventeenth century . '' According to Jonathan Wright in his book God 's Soldiers , by the eighteenth century the Jesuits had `` contributed to the development of pendulum clocks , pantographs , barometers , reflecting telescopes and microscopes , to scientific fields as various as magnetism , optics and electricity . They observed , in some cases before anyone else , the colored bands on Jupiter 's surface , the Andromeda nebula and Saturn 's rings . They theorized about the circulation of the blood ( independently of Harvey ) , the theoretical possibility of flight , the way the moon affected the tides , and the wave-like nature of light . ''   The Jesuit China missions of the 16th and 17th centuries introduced Western science and astronomy , then undergoing its own revolution , to China . One modern historian writes that in late Ming courts , the Jesuits were `` regarded as impressive especially for their knowledge of astronomy , calendar-making , mathematics , hydraulics , and geography . '' The Society of Jesus introduced , according to Thomas Woods , `` a substantial body of scientific knowledge and a vast array of mental tools for understanding the physical universe , including the Euclidean geometry that made planetary motion comprehensible . '' Another expert quoted by Woods said the scientific revolution brought by the Jesuits coincided with a time when science was at a very low level in China .   This is a list of Jesuit scientists , who contributed somehow to science . Members of the Society of Jesus have a historical and occasionally controversial role in the history of science . These are Jesuits who were notable scientists and were not required to be of any significance in discussing the relationship between religion and science . Also , included are fictional characters of Jesuit scientists in literature as well as historical people . It is chronologically arranged by date of death .

neg: Early Islamic philosophy Early Islamic philosophy or classical Islamic philosophy is a period of intense philosophical development beginning in the 2nd century AH of the Islamic calendar ( early 9th century CE ) and lasting until the 6th century AH ( late 12th century CE ) . The period is known as the Islamic Golden Age , and the achievements of this period had a crucial influence in the development of modern philosophy and science ; for Renaissance Europe , the influence represented `` one of the largest technology transfers in world history . '' . This period starts with al-Kindi in the 9th century and ends with Averroes ( Ibn Rushd ) at the end of 12th century . The death of Averroes effectively marks the end of a particular discipline of Islamic philosophy usually called the Peripatetic Arabic School , and philosophical activity declined significantly in Western Islamic countries , namely in Islamic Spain and North Africa , though it persisted for much longer in the Eastern countries , in particular Persia and India where several schools of philosophy continued to flourish : Avicennism , Illuminationist philosophy , Mystical philosophy , and Transcendent theosophy .   Some of the significant achievements of early Muslim philosophers included the development of a strict science of citation , the isnad or `` backing '' ; the development of a method of open inquiry to disprove claims , the ijtihad , which could be generally applied to many types of questions ( although which to apply it to is an ethical question ) ; the willingness to both accept and challenge authority within the same process ; recognition that science and philosophy are both subordinate to morality , and that moral choices are prior to any investigation or concern with either ; the separation of theology ( kalam ) and law ( shariah ) during the early Abbasid period , a precursor to secularism ; the distinction between religion and philosophy , marking the beginning of secular thought ; the beginning of a peer review process ; early ideas on evolution ; the beginnings of the scientific method , an important contribution to the philosophy of science ; the introduction of temporal modal logic and inductive logic ; the beginning of social philosophy , including the formulation of theories on social cohesion and social conflict ; the beginning of the philosophy of history ; the development of the philosophical novel and the concepts of empiricism and tabula rasa ; and distinguishing between essence and existence .   Saadia Gaon , David ben Merwan al-Mukkamas , Maimonides , and Thomas Aquinas , were influenced by the Mutazilite work , particularly Avicennism and Averroism , and the Renaissance and the use of empirical methods were inspired at least in part by Arabic translations of Greek , Jewish , Persian and Egyptian works translated into Latin during the Renaissance of the 12th century , and taken during the Reconquista in 1492 .   Early Islamic philosophy can be divided into clear sets of influences , branches , schools , and fields , as described below .

neg: Muisca art This article describes the art produced by the Muisca . The Muisca established one of the four grand civilisations of the pre-Columbian Americas on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense in present-day central Colombia . Their various forms of art have been described in detail and include pottery , textiles , body art , hieroglyphs and rock art . While their architecture was modest compared to the Inca , Aztec and Maya civilisations , the Muisca are best known for their skilled goldworking . The Museo del Oro in the Colombian capital Bogotá houses the biggest collection of golden objects in the world , from various Colombian cultures including the Muisca .   The first art in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes goes back several millennia . Although this predates the Muisca civilisation , whose onset is commonly set at 800 AD , nevertheless , some of these styles persevered through the ages .   During the preceramic era , the people of the highlands produced petrographs and petroglyphs representing their deities , the abundant flora and fauna of the area , abstract motives and anthropomorphic or anthropo-zoomorphic elements . The self-sufficient sedentary agricultural society developed into a culture based on ceramics and the extraction of salt in the Herrera Period , usually defined as 800 BC to 800 AD . During this time , the oldest existing form of constructed art was erected ; the archaeoastronomical site called El Infiernito ( `` The Little Hell '' ) by the catholic Spanish conquistadors . The Herrera Period also marked the widespread use of pottery and textiles and the start of what would become the main motive for the Spanish conquest ; the skilled fine goldworking . The golden age of Muisca metallurgy is represented in the Muisca raft , considered the masterpiece of this technology and depicts the initiation ritual of the new zipa of Bacatá , the southern part of the Muisca Confederation . This ceremony , performed by xeques ( priests ) and caciques wearing feathered golden crowns and accompanied by music and dance , took place on a raft in Lake Guatavita , in the northern part of the flat Bogotá savanna . Accounts of such ceremonies created the legend of El Dorado among the Spanish , leading them on a decade-long quest for this mythical place .   The rich art elaborated by the Muisca has inspired modern artists and designers in their creativity . Muisca motives are represented as murals , in clothing and as objects found all over the former Muisca territories as well as in animated clips and video games . The art of the indigenous inhabitants of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense is well studied by many different researchers who published their work right from the beginning of colonial times . The conquistador who made first contact with the Muisca , Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada , wrote in his memoires about a skilled and well-organised civilisation of traders and farmers . Friar Pedro Simón described the relation between art and the religion and later contributions in the analysis of the various artforms have been made by Alexander von Humboldt , Joaquín Acosta and Liborio Zerda in the 19th century , Miguel Triana , Eliécer Silva Celis and Sylvia M. Broadbent in the 20th century and modern research is dominated by the work of Carl Henrik Langebaek Rueda , Javier Ocampo López and many others .

neg: Multiple discovery The concept of multiple discovery ( also known as simultaneous invention ) is the hypothesis that most scientific discoveries and inventions are made independently and more or less simultaneously by multiple scientists and inventors . The concept of multiple discovery opposes a traditional view -- the `` heroic theory '' of invention and discovery .

neg: Portuguese inventions The Portuguese inventions are the inventions created by people born in Portugal ( continent or overseas ) or whose nationality is Portuguese . These inventions were created mainly during the age of Portuguese Discoveries , but as well , during modernity .   Relying on trade secret explains , in part , the difficulty often experienced by researchers in documenting Portuguese inventions , as many are not described in patent documents , or other technical documents . On the other hand , there are cases , like some types of swords , where the inventions themselves or the underlying documents were lost , having been destroyed , for example , during the French invasions . There are as well documentation and objects of Portuguese origin in private collections or museums outside of Portugal .

neg: Madonna del Granduca The Madonna del Granduca is a Madonna painting by the Italian renaissance artist Raphael . It was probably painted in 1505 , shortly after Raphael had arrived in Florence . The influence of Leonardo da Vinci , whose works he got to know there , can be seen in the use of sfumato . The painting belonged to Ferdinand III , Grand Duke of Tuscany , from whom it got its name .

neg: Dome A dome ( from Latin : domus ) is an architectural element that resembles the hollow upper half of a sphere . The precise definition has been a matter of controversy . There are also a wide variety of forms and specialized terms to describe them . A dome can rest upon a rotunda or drum , and can be supported by columns or piers that transition to the dome through squinches or pendentives . A lantern may cover an oculus and may itself have another dome .   Domes have a long architectural lineage that extends back into prehistory and they have been constructed from mud , snow , stone , wood , brick , concrete , metal , glass , and plastic over the centuries . The symbolism associated with domes includes mortuary , celestial , and governmental traditions that have likewise developed over time .   Domes have been found from early Mesopotamia , which may explain the form 's spread . They are found in Persian , Hellenistic , Roman , and Chinese architecture in the Ancient world , as well as among a number of contemporary indigenous building traditions . They were popular in Byzantine and medieval Islamic architecture , and there are numerous examples from Western Europe in the Middle Ages . The Renaissance style spread from Italy in the Early modern period . Advancements in mathematics , materials , and production techniques since that time resulted in new dome types . The domes of the modern world can be found over religious buildings , legislative chambers , sports stadiums , and a variety of functional structures .

neg: L.H.O.O.Q. L.H.O.O.Q. ( -LSB- ɛl aʃ o o ky -RSB- ) is a work of art by Marcel Duchamp . First conceived in 1919 , the work is one of what Duchamp referred to as readymades , or more specifically a rectified ready-made . The readymade involves taking mundane , often utilitarian objects not generally considered to be art and transforming them , by adding to them , changing them , or ( as in the case of his most famous work Fountain ) simply renaming them and placing them in a gallery setting . In L.H.O.O.Q. the objet trouvé ( `` found object '' ) is a cheap postcard reproduction of Leonardo da Vinci 's Mona Lisa onto which Duchamp drew a moustache and beard in pencil and appended the title .

neg: Old master print An old master print is a work of art produced by a printing process within the Western tradition . The term remains current in the art trade , and there is no easy alternative in English to distinguish the works of `` fine art '' produced in printmaking from the vast range of decorative , utilitarian and popular prints that grew rapidly alongside the artistic print from the 15th century onwards . Fifteenth-century prints are sufficiently rare that they are classed as old master prints even if they are of crude or merely workmanlike artistic quality . A date of about 1830 is usually taken as marking the end of the period whose prints are covered by this term .   The main techniques used , in order of their introduction , are woodcut , engraving , etching , mezzotint and aquatint , although there are others . Different techniques are often combined in a single print . With rare exceptions printed on textiles , such as silk , or on vellum , old master prints are printed on paper . This article is concerned with the artistic , historical and social aspects of the subject ; the article on printmaking summarizes the techniques used in making old master prints , from a modern perspective .   Many great European artists , such as Albrecht Dürer , Rembrandt , and Francisco Goya , were dedicated printmakers . In their own day , their international reputations largely came from their prints , which were spread far more widely than their paintings . Influences between artists were also mainly transmitted beyond a single city by prints ( and sometimes drawings ) , for the same reason . Prints therefore are frequently brought up in detailed analyses of individual paintings in art history . Today , thanks to colour photo reproductions , and public galleries , their paintings are much better known , whilst their prints are only rarely exhibited , for conservation reasons . But some museum print rooms allow visitors to see their collection , sometimes only by appointment .

neg: Scientific theory A scientific theory is an explanation of some aspect of the natural world that can , in accordance with the scientific method , be repeatedly tested , using a predefined protocol of observations and experiments . Established scientific theories have withstood rigorous scrutiny and are a comprehensive form of scientific knowledge .   It is important to note that the definition of a `` scientific theory '' ( often ambiguously contracted to `` theory '' for the sake of brevity , including in this page ) as used in the disciplines of science is significantly different from the common vernacular usage of the word `` theory '' . Per NAS 2008 : `` The formal scientific definition of theory is quite different from the everyday meaning of the word . It refers to a comprehensive explanation of some aspect of nature that is supported by a vast body of evidence . '' In everyday non-scientific speech , `` theory '' can imply that something is an unsubstantiated and speculative guess , conjecture , idea , or , hypothesis ; such a usage is the opposite of the word `` theory '' in science . These different usages are comparable to the differing , and often opposing , usages of the term `` prediction '' in science versus `` prediction '' in vernacular speech , denoting a mere hope .   The strength of a scientific theory is related to the diversity of phenomena it can explain . As additional scientific evidence is gathered , a scientific theory may be rejected or modified if it does not fit the new empirical findings ; in such circumstances , a more accurate theory is then desired . In certain cases , the less-accurate unmodified scientific theory can still be treated as a theory if it is useful ( due to its sheer simplicity ) as an approximation under specific conditions ( e.g. , Newton 's laws of motion as an approximation to special relativity at velocities that are small relative to the speed of light ) .   Scientific theories are testable and make falsifiable predictions . They describe the causal elements responsible for a particular natural phenomenon , and are used to explain and predict aspects of the physical universe or specific areas of inquiry ( e.g. , electricity , chemistry , astronomy ) . Scientists use theories as a foundation to gain further scientific knowledge , as well as to accomplish goals such as inventing technology or curing disease .   As with other forms of scientific knowledge , scientific theories are both deductive and inductive in nature and aim for predictive power and explanatory capability .   Paleontologist , evolutionary biologist , and science historian Stephen Jay Gould said , `` ... facts and theories are different things , not rungs in a hierarchy of increasing certainty . Facts are the world ′ s data . Theories are structures of ideas that explain and interpret facts . ''

neg: Rasa Renaissance Rasa Renaissance is a movement in the art of painting that makes evocation of rasas the prime aim in the creation and appreciation of a work of art . Rasa is the quality of emotional fulfilment that a work of art produces through the personalities , their expression and the situation presented in a painting . Rasa is a Sanskrit word that denotes the quality of emotional fulfilment that a work of art brings about . Rasa Theory is a theory of aesthetic criticism that has been prevalent in appreciation of literary works in Sanskrit language for millenniums ( see Indian aesthetic ) .  The idea of Rasa Renaissance has evolved in the last quarter of the twentieth century in the domain of painting as a countermovement to abstract and conceptual art . Rasa Renaissance is led by artist , philosopher and Sanskrit scholar Dr. Mumbiram of India ( Ph.D Berkeley California ) . In the twentieth century the art of painting progressively became dissociated from depiction of personalities in real world situations . It concerned itself with exploration of forms and colours for their own sake . It became more or less an exercise in clever intellectual sophistication . Art of Rasa Renaissance presupposes personalities in various situations and in various emotional states as central to a work of art .

neg: Royal Library of Turin The Royal Library of Turin ( Biblioteca Reale di Torino ) is located under the porticoes on the ground floor of the Royal Palace ( today a World Heritage Site ) in the north-west Italian city of Turin . At the time of the library 's foundation around 1840 , Turin was the capital of the Kingdom of Sardinia and the library was fitted out by Pelagio Palagi on the initiative of the King of Sardinia Carlo Alberto in order to hold the rare manuscripts that had been collected by the House of Savoy for many years . The king also increased the collection by 2000 drawings by famous artists , including Leonardo da Vinci . In 1893 , during the reign of Umberto I of Savoy as King of Italy , the collection of Leonardo da Vinci drawings was added to by a Russian collector who donated Codex on the Flight of Birds . Further works by Leonardo held by the library include his well-known self-portrait , his study for the angel in the first version of his Virgin of the Rocks , and his study for the angel in Verrocchio 's The Baptism of Christ .

neg: Giotto Giotto di Bondone ( 1266/7 -- January 8 , 1337 ) , known mononymously as Giotto ( -LSB- ˈdʒɔtto -RSB- ) and Latinized as Giottus , was an Italian painter and architect from Florence in the late Middle Ages . He is generally considered the first in a line of great artists who contributed to the Renaissance .   Giotto 's contemporary , the banker and chronicler Giovanni Villani , wrote that Giotto was `` the most sovereign master of painting in his time , who drew all his figures and their postures according to nature '' and also of his publicly recognized `` talent and excellence '' . ''

neg: Art Nouveau furniture Furniture created in the Art Nouveau style was prominent from the late 19th century to the advent of the First World War . Unlike furniture made by the British Arts and Crafts movement , from which it emerged in stylistic respects , most Art Nouveau furniture was produced in factories by normal manufacturing techniques , which led to tensions with Arts and Crafts figures in England , who criticised continental Art Nouveau furniture for not being '' ` honestly ' constructed . It also tended to be expensive , as a fine finish , usually polished or varnished , was regarded as essential , and continental designs were usually very complex , with curving shapes that were expensive to make . It by no means entirely replaced other styles of furniture , which continued to be popular , with Art Nouveau styles largely restricted to an expensive `` art furniture '' category . The style was named for Siegfried Bing 's Maison de l'Art Nouveau gallery and shop in Paris , which opened in 1895 , and in France and Belgium furniture designers took up the style with more enthusiasm than those of most countries .   Several notable designers were architects who designed furniture for specific buildings they had also designed , a way of working inherited from the Arts and Crafts movement ; these include Charles Rennie Mackintosh , Antoni Gaudí , Hector Guimard and Victor Horta . Mackintosh 's furniture was relatively austere and geometrical , marked by elongated dimensions and right-angles . Continental designs were much more elaborate , often using curved shapes both in the basic shapes of the piece , and in applied decorative motifs . In many ways the old vocabulary and techniques of classic French 18th-century Rococo furniture were re-interpreted in a new style . Luxury veneers were used in the furniture of leading cabinetmakers Georges de Feure and others .   Alphonse Mucha produced a few designs , but was little involved with production . The École de Nancy ( School of Nancy in France ) , the Wiener Werkstätte in Vienna and the Deutscher Werkbund were groupings including many designers of Art Nouveau furniture . The Exposition Universelle de Paris in 1900 was an important showcase for designers , and the Prima Esposizione Internazionale d'Arte Decorativa Moderna at Turin in 1902 heavily featured the work of furniture designer Carlo Bugatti of Milan .

neg: Cave of Altamira The Cave of Altamira ( Cueva de Altamira -LSB- ˈku̯e.βa ðe al.ta.ˈmi.ɾa -RSB- ) located near the historic town Santillana del Mar in Cantabria , Spain , is renowned for its numerous parietal cave paintings featuring charcoal drawings and polychrome paintings of contemporary local fauna and human hands , created between 18,500 and 14,000 years ago during the Upper Paleolithic by Paleo human settlers . The earliest paintings in the cave were executed around 35,600 years ago .   Altamira was the first European cave for which prehistoric origin of the paintings was suggested and promoted by Marcelino Sanz de Sautuola . He published his research with the support of Juan Vilanova y Piera in 1880 to public acclaim . Nonetheless a bitter public controversy among experts ensued and continued until 1902 , as reports of similar findings of prehistoric paintings in the region had accumulated and evidence could no longer be rejected .   Altamira is located in the Franco-Cantabrian region and declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO as the central element of the Cave of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain .

neg: Renaissance art Renaissance art is the painting , sculpture and decorative arts of that period of European history known as the Renaissance , emerging as a distinct style in Italy in about 1400 , in parallel with developments which occurred in philosophy , literature , music and science . The Renaissance art , perceived as the noblest of ancient traditions , took as its foundation the art of Classical antiquity , but transformed that tradition by absorbing recent developments in the art of Northern Europe and by applying contemporary scientific knowledge . Renaissance art , with Renaissance Humanist philosophy , spread throughout Europe , affecting both artists and their patrons with the development of new techniques and new artistic sensibilities . Renaissance art marks the transition of Europe from the medieval period to the Early Modern age .   In many parts of Europe , Early Renaissance art was created in parallel with Late Medieval art .   The influences upon the development of Renaissance men and women in the early 15th century are those that also affected Philosophy , Literature , Architecture , Theology , Science , Government and other aspects of society . The following list presents a summary , dealt with more fully in the main articles that are cited above .  Classical texts , lost to European scholars for centuries , became available . These included Philosophy , Prose , Poetry , Drama , Science , a thesis on the Arts and Early Christian Theology .  Simultaneously , Europe gained access to advanced mathematics which had its provenance in the works of Islamic scholars .  The advent of movable type printing in the 15th century meant that ideas could be disseminated easily , and an increasing number of books were written for a broad public .  The establishment of the Medici Bank and the subsequent trade it generated brought unprecedented wealth to a single Italian city , Florence .  Cosimo de ' Medici set a new standard for patronage of the arts , not associated with the church or monarchy .  Humanist philosophy meant that man 's relationship with humanity , the universe and with God was no longer the exclusive province of the Church .  A revived interest in the Classics brought about the first archaeological study of Roman remains by the architect Brunelleschi and sculptor Donatello . The revival of a style of architecture based on classical precedents inspired a corresponding classicism in painting and sculpture , which manifested itself as early as the 1420s in the paintings of Masaccio and Uccello .  The improvement of oil paint and developments in oil-painting technique by Dutch artists such as Jan van Eyck , Rogier van der Weyden and Hugo van der Goes led to its adoption in Italy from about 1475 and had ultimately lasting effects on painting practices , worldwide .  The serendipitous presence within the region of Florence in the early 15th century of certain individuals of artistic genius , most notably Masaccio , Brunelleschi , Ghiberti , Piero della Francesca , Donatello and Michelozzo formed an ethos out of which sprang the great masters of the High Renaissance , as well as supporting and encouraging many lesser artists to achieve work of extraordinary quality .  A similar heritage of artistic achievement occurred in Venice through the talented Bellini family , their influential inlaw Mantegna , Giorgione , Titian and Tintoretto .  The publication of two treatises by Leone Battista Alberti , De Pitura ( On Painting ) , 1435 , and De re aedificatoria ( Ten Books on Architecture ) , 1452 .