query: Raccoons live in mountainous regions.

pos: Raccoon The raccoon ( -LSB- rəˈkuːn -RSB- or -LSB- USræˈkuːn -RSB- , Procyon lotor ) , sometimes spelled racoon , also known as the common raccoon , North American raccoon , northern raccoon and colloquially as coon , is a medium-sized mammal native to North America . The raccoon is the largest of the procyonid family , having a body length of 40 to and a body weight of 3.5 to . Its grayish coat mostly consists of dense underfur which insulates it against cold weather . Two of the raccoon 's most distinctive features are its extremely dexterous front paws and its facial mask , which are themes in the mythology of several Native American ethnic groups . Raccoons are noted for their intelligence , with studies showing that they are able to remember the solution to tasks for up to three years . The diet of the omnivorous raccoon , which is usually nocturnal , consists of about 40 % invertebrates , 33 % plant foods , and 27 % vertebrates .   The original habitats of the raccoon are deciduous and mixed forests , but due to their adaptability they have extended their range to mountainous areas , coastal marshes , and urban areas , where some homeowners consider them to be pests . As a result of escapes and deliberate introductions in the mid-20th century , raccoons are now also distributed across mainland Europe , Caucasia , and Japan .   Though previously thought to be solitary , there is now evidence that raccoons engage in gender-specific social behavior . Related females often share a common area , while unrelated males live together in groups of up to four animals to maintain their positions against foreign males during the mating season , and other potential invaders . Home range sizes vary anywhere from 3 ha for females in cities to 5000 ha for males in prairies . After a gestation period of about 65 days , two to five young , known as `` kits '' , are born in spring . The kits are subsequently raised by their mother until dispersal in late fall . Although captive raccoons have been known to live over 20 years , their life expectancy in the wild is only 1.8 to 3.1 years . In many areas , hunting and vehicular injury are the two most common causes of death .

neg: Říp Mountain Říp Mountain ( hora Říp , -LSB- ˈɦora ˈr̝iːp -RSB- ) , also known as Říp Hill , is a 459 m solitary hill rising up from the central Bohemian flatland where , according to legend , the first Czechs settled . Říp is located 20 km south-east of Litoměřice , Czech Republic .   Geologically , Říp is the erosional remnant of a Late Oligocene volcano and is composed of basalt nephelites containing olivine granules , amphibole , leucite and -- among others -- magnetite , so a local magnetic anomaly can even be observed there by the compass . The hill was bare until 1879 when Mořic Lobkowitz had it planted with trees . Today , almost all of the mountain is covered by an oak-and-hornbeam forest with some maple , pine ash , and linden trees . Some rare thermophile plants can be found at the few tree-less places on the top of the hill , such as Gagea bohemica and Iris pumila .   Říp , being visible from great distance , has always been an important orientation point in the Bohemian scenery and has attracted attention since the oldest times . The name of the mountain is of pre-Slavic origin and probably comes from the Germanic stem * rīp - which means `` an elevation , a hill '' .

neg: Rocky Mountain ponderosa pine forest The Rocky Mountain ponderosa pine forest is a forest plant community at an elevation of 2100 - in the Rocky Mountains , in the U.S. state of Colorado . It is an important temperate coniferous forest ecoregion , including some endemic wildlife and grass species that are only found in this ponderosa pine ( Pinus ponderosa ) habitat .

neg: Taiga Taiga ( -LSB- ˈtaɪɡə -RSB- -LSB- тайга́ , p = tɐjˈɡa -RSB- from Turkic ) also known as boreal forest or snow forest , is a biome characterized by coniferous forests consisting mostly of pines , spruces and larches .   The taiga is the world 's largest biome apart from the oceans . In North America it covers most of inland Canada and Alaska as well as parts of the extreme northern continental United States ( northern Minnesota through the Upper Peninsula of Michigan to Upstate New York and northern New England ) , where it is known as the Northwoods or `` North woods '' . In Eurasia , it covers most of Sweden , Finland , much of Norway , some of the Scottish Highlands , some lowland/coastal areas of Iceland , much of Russia from Karelia in the west to the Pacific Ocean ( including much of Siberia ) , and areas of northern Kazakhstan , northern Mongolia , and northern Japan ( on the island of Hokkaidō ) . However , the main tree species , the length of the growing season and summer temperatures vary . For example , the taiga of North America mostly consists of spruces ; Scandinavian and Finnish taiga consists of a mix of spruce , pines and birch ; Russian taiga has spruces , pines and larches depending on the region , while the Eastern Siberian taiga is a vast larch forest .   A different use of the term taiga is often encountered in the English language , with `` boreal forest '' used in the United States and Canada to refer to only the more southerly part of the biome , while `` taiga '' is used to describe the more barren areas of the northernmost part of the biome approaching the tree line and the tundra biome . Hoffman ( 1958 ) discusses the origin of this differential use in North America and why it is an inappropriate differentiation of the Russian term . Although at high elevations taiga grades into alpine tundra through Krummholz , it is not exclusively an alpine biome ; and unlike subalpine forest , much of taiga is lowlands .

neg: Bivouac Mountain Encyclopedia The Canadian Mountain Encyclopedia is an organization based in Vancouver , British Columbia founded in 1995 to provide information on Canada 's mountains , backroads and trails . It is aimed at hikers and mountaineers , a similar audience to the Canadian Alpine Journal or a guidebook . The articles are supported by a GIS database and mapping system . The organization maintains a structured database of mountains for all Canada with access trails and backroads . The online reference database has about 30,000 mountains , 4000 backroads and 3000 trails .   The initial core of the website was the mountain , road and trail databases . In 2009 , a project was begun to upgrade the road and trail database , taking advantage of the newer air photos currently available via Google Earth . This has resulted in numerous corrections to previous data based on government maps . Roads and trails were classified and color coded according to their current conditions reported by about 7000 road bulletins written by eye witness users of the roads .   In October 2000 , a major project involving about 30 volunteer editors was begun to catalog every Canadian and US mountain . The initial scope was to catalog every peak over 300 meters of topographic prominence . The source of the data in Canada was the 1:50,000 series National Topographic Series maps , and in the United States , the USGS maps . In British Columbia the source was the TRIM data published by British Columbia Basemap . The catalog involved charting and cataloging many peaks without official name . Many of these peaks had `` standing names '' in the previous authoritative guidebooks such as Climber 's Guide to the Rocky Mountains of Canada , first published in 1921 , and `` A Guide to Climbing and Hiking in Southwestern British Columbia '' published in 1986 by Bruce Fairley , and these were adopted by Canadian Mountain Encyclopedia . Previously uncharted peaks were assigned letter codes , geographic names and provisional names . The first phase of the cataloging was completed in 2003 and from then on , a steady trickle of updates were made as errors were reported . In 2012 , a major project was begun to systematically recheck every peak , now plotted on the newer mapping systems of the website .

neg: Shawangunk Ridge The Shawangunk Ridge -LSB- ˈʃɑːwəŋɡʌŋk -RSB- , also known as the Shawangunk Mountains or The Gunks , is a ridge of bedrock in Ulster County , Sullivan County and Orange County in the state of New York , extending from the northernmost point of New Jersey to the Catskill Mountains . Shawangunk Ridge is the continuation of the long , easternmost ridge of the Appalachian Mountains ; the ridge is known as Kittatinny Mountain in New Jersey , and as Blue Mountain as it continues through Pennsylvania . This ridge constitutes the western border of the Great Appalachian Valley .   The ridgetop , which widens considerably at its northern end , has many public and private protected areas and is not heavily populated . Its only settlement of consequence is unincorporated Cragsmoor . In the past , the ridge was chiefly noted for mining and logging and a boom-era of huckleberry picking . Fires were regularly set to burn away the undergrowth and stimulate new growth of huckleberry bushes .   Today the ridge has become known for its outdoor recreation , most notably as one of the major rock climbing areas of North America . Also known for its biodiversity and scenic character , the ridge has been designated by The Nature Conservancy as a significant area for its conservation programs .

neg: Pirin The Pirin Mountains ( Пирин , Όρβηλος , Orbelos , `` snow-white mountain '' ) are a mountain range in southwestern Bulgaria , with Vihren ( 2,914 m high ) the highest peak , situated at . The range extends about 40 km northwest-southeast , and about 25 km wide . Most of the range is protected in the Pirin National Park . The mountain is named after Perun ( Cyrillic : Перун ) , the highest god of the Slavic pantheon and the god of thunder and lightning .   To the north Pirin is separated from Bulgaria 's highest mountain range , the Rila Mountains , by the Predel saddle , while to the south it reaches the Slavyanka mountain . To the west is located the valley of the Struma and to the east of the Mesta Rivers . Pirin is noted for its rich flora and fauna . Much of the area is forested , with the best conifer woods in Bulgaria , holding important populations of the Balkan endemic species Macedonian pine , Bosnian pine and Bulgarian fir . Animals include the wolf and the brown bear .   The town of Bansko , an important tourism and winter sports centre , is situated on the northeast slopes of the Pirin Mountains . The town of Razlog lies in Razlog Valley between Pirin Mountains to the south and the Rila Mountains to the north .

neg: Upper Kiamichi River Wilderness The Upper Kiamichi River Wilderness is located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma . Created by an act of Congress in 1988 , the wilderness covers an area of 9,754 acres ( 39.47 km2 ) . Contained within Ouachita National Forest , the wilderness is managed by the U.S. Forest Service .   The wilderness has both Pine Mountain and Rich Mountain which are two long mountain ridges that rise to over 2,600 feet ( 792 m ) above sea level . Several streams and waterfalls flow off the ridges creating the headwaters of the Kiamichi River . Beech trees , usually found much farther north , along with pine and dense stands of oak dominate the forest . Black bears can be found in the wilderness , along with White-tailed deer , bobcat , skunk and Pheasant .   About 7 miles ( 11.3 km ) of the Ouachita National Recreation Trail pass through the wilderness allowing hikers access to the highest mountain ridges in eastern Oklahoma .   U.S. Wilderness Areas do not allow motorized or mechanized vehicles , including bicycles . Although camping and fishing are usually allowed with a proper permit , no roads or buildings are constructed and there is also no logging or mining , in compliance with the 1964 Wilderness Act . Wilderness areas within National Forests and Bureau of Land Management areas also allow hunting in season .

neg: Royle's mountain vole Royle 's mountain vole ( Alticola roylei ) is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae .  It is found in China , Nepal and India .

neg: Pocono Mountains The Pocono Mountains , commonly referred to as the Poconos , is a geographical , geological , and cultural region in Northeastern Pennsylvania , United States . The Poconos are an upland of the larger Allegheny Plateau . Forming a 2400 sqmi escarpment overlooking the Delaware River and Delaware Water Gap to the east , the mountains are bordered on the north by Lake Wallenpaupack , on the west by the Wyoming Valley and the Coal Region , and to the south by the Lehigh Valley . It comes from the Munsee word Pokawachne , which means `` Creek Between Two Hills . '' Much of the Poconos region lies within the Greater New York-Newark , NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area . The wooded hills and valleys have long been a popular recreation area , accessible within a two-hour drive to millions of metropolitan area residents , with many communities having resort hotels with fishing , hunting , skiing , and other sports facilities .

neg: Trogloxene Trogloxenes , also called cave guests , are animal species which live close to caves or at the very entrance of the cave , but can not live exclusively in a cave . This group consists of both extant animals , such as raccoons , rats , foxes and bears , opiliones ( a.k.a. Daddy-Long-Legs ) and extinct animals like cave bears , cave lions , cave leopards , and cave hyenas . Indications trusted by geologists and archaeologists combine to show that these animals lived there in the latter part , at least , of the third interglacial epoch , and on through the fourth and last glacial advance , when , although central Europe was free from an ice cap , an almost Arctic climate prevailed , with much rain . This is what is known as the Upper Paleolithic , when humanity was represented by the Neanderthals .   During the Upper Paleolithic , many carnivores gradually adapted by increased fur and resorting far more than previously to the shelter of caves . The cave bear ( Ursus spelaeus ) was the most habitual in its use of caves , and occupied caves before humans began to do so .

neg: Habitat A habitat is an ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by a particular species of animal , plant , or other type of organism . The term typically refers to the zone in which the organism lives and where it can find food , shelter , protection and mates for reproduction . It is the natural environment in which an organism lives , or the physical environment that surrounds a species population .   A habitat is made up of physical factors such as soil , moisture , range of temperature , and light intensity as well as biotic factors such as the availability of food and the presence or absence of predators . Every organism has certain habitat needs for the conditions in which it will thrive , but some are tolerant of wide variations while others are very specific in their requirements . A habitat is not necessarily a geographical area , it can be the interior of a stem , a rotten log , a rock or a clump of moss , and for a parasitic organism it is the body of its host , part of the host 's body such as the digestive tract , or a single cell within the host 's body .   Habitat types include polar , temperate , subtropical and tropical . The terrestrial vegetation type may be forest , steppe , grassland , semi-arid or desert . Fresh water habitats include marshes , streams , rivers , lakes , ponds and estuaries , and marine habitats include salt marshes , the coast , the intertidal zone , reefs , bays , the open sea , the sea bed , deep water and submarine vents .   Habitats change over time . This may be due to a violent event such as the eruption of a volcano , an earthquake , a tsunami , a wildfire or a change in oceanic currents ; or the change may be more gradual over millennia with alterations in the climate , as ice sheets and glaciers advance and retreat , and as different weather patterns bring changes of precipitation and solar radiation . Other changes come as a direct result of human activities ; deforestation , the ploughing of ancient grasslands , the diversion and damming of rivers , the draining of marshland and the dredging of the seabed . The introduction of alien species can have a devastating effect on native wildlife , through increased predation , through competition for resources or through the introduction of pests and diseases to which the native species have no immunity .

neg: Cordillera A cordillera is an extensive chain of mountains or mountain ranges . The term is a borrowing from Spanish , in which it has the same meaning . The Spanish word originates from cordilla , a diminutive of `` cuerda '' , or `` rope '' . It is most commonly used in the field of physical geography .   The term is particularly applied to the various ranges of the Andes of South America , and less frequently to other mountain ranges in the `` ridge '' which rims the Pacific Ocean . In Colombia and Venezuela the cordilleras are named according to their position : Cordillera Occidental , Central , and Oriental . Various local names identify the cordilleras in Ecuador , Peru , Bolivia , Chile , and Argentina .   Mountain ranges of this type have a complex structure , usually the result of folding and faulting accompanied by volcanic activity . In South America the ranges include numerous volcanic peaks . ( Though not itself a volcano , Argentina 's Mt. Aconcagua , at 22,834 feet ( 6,960 metres ) high , is the highest point in the Western Hemisphere . The Andes cordillera has Ojos del Salado , the highest active volcano in the world , and second highest point in the Western Hemisphere .   A number of the volcanoes have been active in historic times . Aside from the volcanic peaks , the crests include many narrow ridges , some of which reach into the zone of permanent snow . Between the ranges there are numerous inhabited valleys , basins , and low plateaux with a wide range of elevations .

neg: Low Beskids The Low Beskids or Lower Beskids ( Beskid Niski , Nízke Beskydy ) , are one of the Beskids mountain ranges in the Outer Eastern Carpathians in southeastern Poland and northeastern Slovakia . Is a hilly region in Prešov Region , Sanok County and Jasło County , between Busov , Ondavská vrchovina , Laborecká vrchovina , Beskydské predhorie in Slovakia , Beskid Sądecki , Pogórze Bukowskie and Bieszczady near the river Wisłoka , Wisłok and Osława in Poland .  The mountain has two separate summits , one of 1,002 ( Busov ) and one of 997 metres ( Lackowa ) .  The Low Beskids separating the East from the Western Carpathians .   Original flora and fauna was preserved because of the area 's remoteness . The mountain range is covered with beech forests . The area is protected by Magurski National Park and Jaśliski Park Krajobrazowy .  Animals living in this reserve are , amongst others , black storks , deers and wolves .

neg: Chiradzulu Mountain Chiradzulu Mountain is located approximately 20 km to the north-east of Blantyre , Malawi 's main commercial centre . The administrative district of Chiradzulu in southern Malawi was named after this mountain . Chiradzulu Mountain rises to a peak of 1,773 m above seal level and is the third highest mountain peak in southern Malawi . It comes third after Mulanje Mountain , whose famous Sapitwa peak rises to 3,002 m above sea level ; and Zomba Mountain , which rises to 2,085 m above sea level at its peak .   The origins of the name `` Chiradzulu '' are murky and can be traced back to an old myth supposedly derived from hunters who had forgotten to bring home the tail of a leopard they had killed on a hunting expedition . In ancient local folklore among some of the people who lived at the foot of the mountain , the tail of a leopard was considered to have magical powers and no hunter worth his name would kill a leopard and forget to bring the sought-after trophy home as an essential ingredient for a magical ritual which gave chiefs and notable tribesmen their mythical powers . On realising their foolish lapse of memory the morning after their hunting expedition , the band of hunters reorganised and retraced their steps to the place up in the mountain where they had had their kill . The foolish hunters never made it back home and no one ever heard of them after their disappearance that fateful morning . This was not unusual in those times , for , according to folklore , the mountain was full of ghosts which sometimes exacted vengeance on wayward humans who ventured too far off the beaten track into the thick of the then rich forest jungle by making them mysteriously disappear from the world of mortals , only to be reincarnated as ghosts themselves .   Folklore has it that it is the above episode which gave birth to the name `` Chiradzulu '' , a corruption of two Nyanja words , `` mchira '' and `` wadzulo '' . `` Mchira '' literally means `` a tail '' , and `` wadzulo '' translates to `` yesterday 's '' . So `` Chiradzulu '' literally means `` Yesterday 's Tail '' , a reference to the fate of the men who vanished into the jungle to collect the leopard 's tail they had forgotten to carry home with them after the previous day 's hunting expedition .   Chiradzulu Mountain rises imperiously from the valley below its southern silhouette and can be viewed by Zomba-bound motorists along the Blantyre-Zomba Road , from as far away as Mapanga . Its massive form looms larger as motorists approach Njuli . It cuts a picturesque backdrop to the east of the Blantyre-Zomba Road as motorists cruise past Njuli , aiming to perhaps stop and catch their breath at Namadzi , an intriguing town by a river of the same name on the Zomba District border . From this vantage point , motorists can , on a clear day , look back to catch one last silhouetted view of Chiradzulu Mountain as it lumbers tantalisingly further to the south-east .   The form of the mountain takes on a curious appearance when viewed at a distance from its southern silhouette . It has the appearance of a huge , overweight man laughing , with its peak forming the head and the rest of its form below , forming the laboured shape of a legless , bloated man . This curious shape has earned the mountain the nickname of `` Man Mountain '' by tourists . Whilst there are no doubt mythological explanations among the surrounding tribal peoples as to how the mountain acquired its shape , geomorphology would suggest that this is the product of millennia of faulting activity coupled by the chiselling effects of wind erosion on the bare rock outcrops . One would also add that it is the tantalising effects of visual illusion from a distance which completes the picture .   The mountain is actually divided into two parts , each with its own peak . Lisawo - which is the peak motorists view as they drive along the Blantyre-Zomba Road - is a younger sister to the mightier peak described above , which is simply called Chiradzulu . A winding road , a sight-seer 's boon , runs between these two peaks . This road joins the villages to the north of the mountain , an area generally referred to as Mpama , with the villages on the foot of the mountain to its south , an area referred to variously as Malika or Lisawo . Midway through the course of its descent up the mountain , the road cuts through a plateaux-like plain between the two peaks , on which the British colonial government established an administrative settlement housing offices , a tourist information centre , and staff accommodation . It is from here that the author used to procure his supplies of `` gondolosi '' and `` kajaliasi '' ( two potent aphrodisiacs ! ) from one of the sons of the chief resident forest ranger , a Mr Likharu !   Chiradzulu Mountain was for a long time home to a variety of wildlife , including lions , hyenas , foxes , jackals , baboons , monkeys , antelope , wild pigs , and the fabled leopards . Due to overpopulation and poor wildlife conservation practices , some of these species , especially the big cats , have disappeared from the mountain or are at near-extinction levels . There is no doubt that even the potent `` gondolosi '' and `` kajaliasi '' herbs have now been over-consumed to extinction !   Category : Mountains of Malawi

neg: Laurentian Mountains The Laurentian Mountains ( French : Laurentides ) are a mountain range in southern Quebec , Canada , north of the St. Lawrence River and Ottawa River , rising to a highest point of 1166 m at Mont Raoul Blanchard , northeast of Quebec City in the Reserve Faunique des Laurentides . The Gatineau , L'Assomption , Lièvre , Montmorency , Nord and St. Maurice rivers rise in lakes in this mountain range .   Across the U.S. border to the south , the Adirondack Mountains in New York State , though sometimes mistakenly included with the Appalachian Mountains , are an extension of the Laurentians .   Although Laurentides is one of Quebec 's official regions , the mountain range of the same name runs through four other regions : Capitale-Nationale , Outaouais , Lanaudière , and Mauricie . Extending into central Ontario , the foothills of the Laurentian range are known as the Opeongo Hills , or the Madawaska Highlands .   The Laurentian Mountain range is one of the oldest mountain ranges in the world . It contains rocks deposited before the Cambrian Period 540 million years ago . The Laurentians are the central part of the Grenville orogeny dating back to around a billion years .

neg: Sciuromorpha The term Sciuromorpha has referred to numerous groups of rodents , but the only family common to all variations is the Sciuridae , the squirrels . Most definitions also include the mountain beaver .   Traditionally , the term has been defined on the basis of the shape of the infraorbital canal . A sciuromorphous zygomasseteric system is characterized by attachment of the lateral masseter muscle along the side of the rostrum . Unlike hystricomorphous and myomorphous rodents , the medial masseter muscle does not pass through the infraorbital canal . Among extant rodents , only the families Sciuridae , Castoridae , Heteromyidae , and Geomyidae are truly sciuromorphous . Some authorities would exclude the Geomyidae and Heteromyidae from that list due to the attachment of the medial masseter directly behind the zygomatic arch .   Carleton and Musser ( 2005 ) redefined the rodent suborders on morphological and molecular grounds . They defined the Sciuromorpha as including three families , Sciuridae , Aplodontiidae , and Gliridae . Of these , only the Sciuridae are truly sciuromorphous . The Aplodontiidae are protrogomorphous and the Gliridae are myomorphous . The connection between Aplodontiidae and Sciuridae has been proposed numerous times in the past . The two families have been united into a common infraorder ( Sciurida ) or superfamily ( Sciuroidea ) . It has long been suggested that dormice ( Gliridae ) are not particularly related to the Myomorpha , and their zygomasseteric structure has been termed `` pseudomyomorphy '' . The connection between squirrels and dormice has been almost exclusively suggested through genetic studies , and to a lesser degree via the fossil rodent Reithroparamys .

neg: Pack hunter A pack hunter or social predator is a predator belonging to the animal kingdom which has evolved to hunt its prey by working together with other members of its species . Normally animals hunting in this way are closely related , and with the exceptions of humans and chimpanzees where only males normally hunt , all individuals in a family group will contribute to hunting . The most commonly known pack hunter is the gray wolf , the closest wild relative of all breeds of domesticated dog . Humans and their closest-living relatives chimpanzees are also pack hunters . Other pack hunting mammals include dolphins , lions , dwarf and banded mongooses and spotted hyenas . A number of avian social predators exist , including the Harris 's hawk , butcherbirds , three of four kookaburra species and many helmetshrikes . There are a few cold-blooded pack hunters including simple arthropods such as army ants , the yellow saddle goatfish and occasionally crocodiles .   There is a possibility that some non-avian theropod dinosaurs displayed pack behavior as well .   A social animal that always hunts , singly such as the domestic cat , is not a pack hunter .   Pack hunting is typically associated with cooperative breeding and its concentration in the Afrotropical Region is a reflection of this . Most pack hunters are found in the southern African savannas , with a notable absence in tropical rainforests and with the exception of the wolf and coyote , higher latitudes . It is thought that either on the ancient and poor soils of the southern African savanna it is not possible for individual predators to find adequate food , or that the environment 's inherent unpredictability due to ENSO or IOD events means that in very bad conditions it will not be possible to raise the young necessary to prevent declining populations from adult mortality . It is also argued that Africa 's very large area of continuous flat and open country , which was even more extensive while rainforest contracted during glacial periods of the Quaternary , may have helped encourage pack hunting to become much more common than on any other continent .   A shared pack hunting history is thought to be the main conduit through which humans have been able to form a mutual relationship with dogs ( that is , domestication ) , as both species are highly social and inter-dependent . Humans easily take over the dominance hierarchy of dogs as subordinates instinctively follow the `` alpha '' individual and dogs are accustomed to living very close together   When wolves hunt a Moose or Elk , it sometimes takes to deep water to avoid the pack . A wolf response to this behavior is that the pack rests with one or two wolves annoying the prey until it gets fatigued .

neg: Wallkill Valley The Wallkill Valley is a broad valley extending through southeastern New York and northwestern New Jersey . It is composed of rolling hills , plains , and swamps ( including the Black Dirt Region ) surrounding the Wallkill River . The valley is a subdivision of the larger Hudson Valley , bound to the west by the Shawangunk Ridge/Kittatinny Mountains and to the east by the Marlboro Mountains and New York -- New Jersey Highlands . The northern Wallkill Valley is sometimes associated with the greater Catskills region , although it is geographically separated from the Catskill Mountains by the Shawangunk Ridge and Rondout Valley . In a broader sense , the Wallkill Valley is part of the Ridge-and-Valley physiographic province of the Appalachian Mountains , while the Catskills further to the north and west are part of the Appalachian Plateau .

neg: Primate A primate ( -LSB- ˈpraɪmeɪt -RSB- ) is a mammal of the order Primates ( Latin : `` prime , first rank '' ) . In taxonomy , primates include two distinct lineages , strepsirrhines and haplorhines . Primates arose from ancestors that lived in the trees of tropical forests ; many primate characteristics represent adaptations to life in this challenging three-dimensional environment . Most primate species remain at least partly arboreal .   With the exception of humans , who inhabit every continent , most primates live in tropical or subtropical regions of the Americas , Africa and Asia . They range in size from Madame Berthe 's mouse lemur , which weighs only 30 g , to the eastern gorilla , weighing over 200 kg ; that is , without taking into account the weight of particular human individuals , reaching up to 635 kg . Based on fossil evidence , the earliest known true primates , represented by the genus Teilhardina , date to 55.8 million years old . An early close primate relative known from abundant remains is the Late Paleocene Plesiadapis , c. 55 -- 58 million years old . Molecular clock studies suggest that the primate branch may be even older , originating near the Cretaceous -- Paleogene boundary or around 63 -- 74 mya .   The order Primates was traditionally divided into two main groupings : prosimians and anthropoids ( simians ) . Prosimians have characteristics more like those of the earliest primates , and include the lemurs of Madagascar , lorisoids , and tarsiers . Simians include monkeys , apes and hominins . More recently , taxonomists have preferred to split primates into the suborder Strepsirrhini , or wet-nosed primates , consisting of non-tarsier prosimians , and the suborder Haplorhini , or dry-nosed primates , consisting of tarsiers and the simians .   Simians are divided into two groups : catarrhine ( narrow-nosed ) monkeys and apes of Africa and Southeast Asia and platyrrhine ( `` flat-nosed '' ) or New World monkeys of South and Middle America . Catarrhines consist of Old World monkeys ( such as baboons and macaques ) , gibbons and great apes ; New World monkeys include the capuchin , howler and squirrel monkeys . Humans are the only extant catarrhines to have spread successfully outside of Africa , South Asia , and East Asia , although fossil evidence shows many other species were formerly present in Europe . New primate species are still being discovered . More than 25 species were taxonomically described in the decade of the 2000s and eleven have been described since 2010 .   Considered generalist mammals , primates exhibit a wide range of characteristics . Some primates ( including some great apes and baboons ) are primarily terrestrial rather than arboreal , but all species possess adaptations for climbing trees . Locomotion techniques used include leaping from tree to tree , walking on two or four limbs , knuckle-walking , and swinging between branches of trees ( brachiation ) .   Primates are characterized by large brains relative to other mammals , as well as an increased reliance on stereoscopic vision at the expense of smell , the dominant sensory system in most mammals . These features are more developed in monkeys and apes and noticeably less so in lorises and lemurs . Three-color vision has developed in some primates . Most also have opposable thumbs and some have prehensile tails . Many species are sexually dimorphic ; differences include body mass , canine tooth size , and coloration . Primates have slower rates of development than other similarly sized mammals and reach maturity later , but have longer lifespans . Depending on the species , adults may live in solitude , in mated pairs , or in groups of up to hundreds of members .

neg: Mountain reedbuck The mountain reedbuck ( Redunca fulvorufula ) is an antelope found in mountainous areas of much of sub-Saharan Africa .


query: Elisabeth Sladen starred in television roles.

pos: Elisabeth Sladen Elisabeth Clara Heath-Sladen ( 1 February 1946 -- 19 April 2011 ) was an English actress best known for her role as Sarah Jane Smith in the British television series Doctor Who . She was a regular cast member from 1973 to 1976 , alongside both Jon Pertwee and Tom Baker , and reprised the role many times in subsequent decades , both on Doctor Who and its spin-offs , K-9 and Company and The Sarah Jane Adventures .   Sladen was interested in ballet and theatre from childhood , and began to appear on stage in the mid-1960s , although more often as a stage manager at this time . She moved to London in 1970 and an appearance in the police drama Z-Cars led to her being selected for a part in Doctor Who . She stayed as a regular cast member alongside Pertwee and Baker until 1976 . She subsequently starred in other roles on both television and radio , before semi-retiring to bring up a family in the mid-1980s .   She returned to the public eye in the 2000s with more Doctor Who related appearances , which culminated in taking a regular lead role in The Sarah Jane Adventures . The show earned the Royal Television Society 2010 award for Best Children 's Drama . She also made regular guest appearances on the main television series , and provided voice-over commentaries for its releases to DVD .   Sladen died of cancer on 19 April 2011 . Her death made national and international news headlines , and major television stations and newspapers paid her tribute .

pos: The Sarah Jane Adventures The Sarah Jane Adventures is a British science fiction television programme , that was produced by BBC Cymru Wales for CBBC , created by Russell T Davies starring Elisabeth Sladen . The programme is a spin-off of the long-running BBC science fiction programme Doctor Who and is aimed at a younger audience than Doctor Who . It focuses on the adventures of Sarah Jane Smith , an investigative journalist who , as a young woman , had numerous adventures across time and space .   The series debuted on BBC One with a 60-minute special , `` Invasion of the Bane '' , on 1 January 2007 , and broadcast through to 2011 . It was nominated for a British Academy Children 's Award in 2008 in the Drama category , and for a BAFTA Cymru in 2009 in the Children 's Drama category . The programme won a Royal Television Society 2010 award for Best Children 's Drama .

pos: Doctor Who Doctor Who is a British science-fiction television programme produced by the BBC since 1963 . The programme depicts the adventures of a Time Lord called `` The Doctor '' , an extraterrestrial being from the planet Gallifrey . He explores the universe in a time-travelling space ship called the TARDIS . Its exterior appears as a blue British police box , which was a common sight in Britain in 1963 when the series first aired . Accompanied by a number of companions , the Doctor combats a variety of foes , while working to save civilisations and help people in need .   The show is a significant part of British popular culture , and elsewhere it has gained a cult following . It has influenced generations of British television professionals , many of whom grew up watching the series . The programme originally ran from 1963 to 1989 . There was an unsuccessful attempt to revive regular production in 1996 with a backdoor pilot , in the form of a television film titled Doctor Who . The programme was relaunched in 2005 , and since then has been produced in-house by BBC Wales in Cardiff . Doctor Who has also spawned numerous spin-offs , including comic books , films , novels , audio dramas , and the television series Torchwood ( 2006 -- 2011 ) , The Sarah Jane Adventures ( 2007 -- 2011 ) , K-9 ( 2009 -- 2010 ) , and Class '' ( 2016-present ) , and has been the subject of many parodies and references in popular culture .   Twelve actors have headlined the series as the Doctor . The transition from one actor to another is written into the plot of the show with the concept of regeneration into a new incarnation -- an idea introduced in 1966 to allow the show to continue after the departure of original lead William Hartnell who was becoming very ill at the time . The concept is that this is a Time Lord trait through which the character of the Doctor takes on a new body and personality to recover from a severe injury or anything that would otherwise kill a normal person . Each actor 's portrayal differs , but all represent stages in the life of the same character and form a single narrative . The time-travelling feature of the plot means that different incarnations of the Doctor occasionally meet . The current lead , Peter Capaldi , took on the role after Matt Smith 's exit in the 2013 Christmas special `` The Time of the Doctor '' . In 2017 , Capaldi confirmed he would be leaving at the end of the tenth series , with his final appearance being the 2017 Christmas Special .

neg: What the Butler Saw (The Avengers) `` What the Butler Saw '' is the twenty-second episode of the fourth series of the 1960s cult British spy-fi television series The Avengers , starring Patrick Macnee and Diana Rigg . It originally aired on ABC on 25 February 1966 . The episode was directed by Bill Bain and written by Philip Levene .

neg: Elizabeth Estensen Elizabeth `` Liz '' Estensen ( born 10 August 1949 ) is an English actress , mainly known for work in the popular television dramas The Liver Birds and Emmerdale . She was born in Stockton-on-Tees , County Durham , and her surname comes from her Norwegian grandad .

neg: The Town of No Return The Town of No Return is the first episode of the fourth series of the 1960s cult British spy-fi television series The Avengers , starring Patrick Macnee and Diana Rigg on her Avengers debut , and guest starring Alan MacNaughton , Patrick Newell , Terence Alexander . It was first aired on ABC on 28 September 1965 . The episode was directed by Roy Ward Baker , and written and produced by Brian Clemens .

neg: Pride and Prejudice (1958 TV series) Pride and Prejudice is a 1958 British television adaptation of the novel of the same name , which aired on the BBC . Cast included Alan Badel , Pamela Binns , Jane Downs , Susan Lyall Grant , Marian Spencer , Vivienne Martin , Hugh Sinclair , William Squire , Joan Carol , Jeanne Elvin , Colin Jeavons , Barbara New , and Greta Watson . Six half-hour episodes were produced , presumably aired live ( since that was usually the case with BBC drama of the era ) , and telerecorded for overseas broadcast . All six episodes are believed to be lost .  The designer was Stephen Bundy , adaptation by Cedric Wallis and the producer was Barbara Burnham .

neg: The Practice (1985 TV series) The Practice was a 1985 British television soap opera produced for ITV by Granada Television , which aired for two series in 1985 and 1986 . The series was first introduced as a twice-weekly medical drama in January 1985 , becoming Granada 's second regular networked soap opera along with Coronation Street , with the idea being that its hard-hitting storylines would be a competitor with the BBC 's EastEnders which started airing the following month . The Practice was set in a GP 's surgery in the fictional Manchester suburb of Castlehulme and had an initial run of 34 episodes airing for 30 minutes in an early evening slot on Friday and Sunday evenings throughout the Winter and Spring of 1985 . However , the series did not perform as well as had been hoped and it disappeared from screens in May 1985 . It returned for a second run of 13 one-hour episodes between May and August 1986 , this time airing in a 9pm slot on Friday evenings . After series two ended no further episodes were made .

neg: ITV Sunday Night Theatre ITV Sunday Night Theatre , originally titled ITV Saturday Night Theatre , is a UK television anthology series screened on ITV , and produced by London Weekend Television ( LWT ) . Some episodes were produced with Kestrel Productions .   Around 200 episodes aired on ITV from 1969-1974 , including productions of the plays Long Day 's Journey into Night by Eugene O'Neill , A Doll 's House by Henrik Ibsen , and Arms and the Man by George Bernard Shaw . Other episodes included adaptions of the works of William Shakespeare , James Joyce , Wilkie Collins , Simon Gray , Sam Shepard , Israel Horovitz , Arthur Miller , August Strindberg , J.B. Priestley , Lanford Wilson , and John Mortimer .   Among its directors were Michael Lindsay-Hogg , Anthony Page , Mike Newell , Fielder Cook , Ted Kotcheff , Peter Wood , and Vivian Matalon .   The actors involved included Helen Mirren , Laurence Olivier , Sean Connery , Anthony Hopkins , Michael Caine , Paul Scofield , George C. Scott , Laurence Harvey , Ralph Richardson , Diana Rigg , Trevor Howard , Glenda Jackson , Diane Cilento , Alec Guinness , Jane Asher , Martin Sheen , Colleen Dewhurst , Jean Marsh , Shelley Winters , Ian Holm , Richard Chamberlain , Edith Evans , John Gielgud , Shirley Knight , Ian McKellen , George Sanders and Margaret Whiting .

neg: Mary and Martha (film) Mary and Martha is a 2013 British-American television film starring Hilary Swank and Brenda Blethyn , and directed by Phillip Noyce . Based on a screenplay by Richard Curtis , it was produced by Working Title Television , in association with the BBC and NBCUniversal . The film had its UK premiere on March 1 , 2013 on the BBC and premiered in the US on HBO on April 20 , 2013 . based on a true story .

neg: Veronica Doran Veronica Doran ( born 17 May 1948 ) is a British character actress who remains best known for her 18-month stint as Marion Willis in the ITV soap opera , Coronation Street . She appeared in the series from 1982 to 1983 .

neg: North & South (TV serial) North & South is a British television drama serial , produced by the BBC and originally broadcast in four episodes on BBC One in November and December 2004 . It follows the story of Margaret Hale ( Daniela Denby-Ashe ) , a young woman from southern England who has to move to the North after her father decides to leave the clergy . The family struggles to adjust itself to the industrial town 's customs , especially after meeting the Thorntons , a proud family of cotton mill owners who seem to despise their social inferiors . The story explores the issues of class and gender , as Margaret 's sympathy for the town mill workers clashes with her growing attraction to John Thornton ( Richard Armitage ) .   The serial is based on the 1855 Victorian novel North and South by Elizabeth Gaskell and takes place in the years surrounding the Great Exhibition of 1851 . It was adapted for television by Sandy Welch and directed by Brian Percival .

neg: Queen of Hearts (TV play) Queen of Hearts is a television play , written by Paula Milne , directed by Tim King , and produced by Brenda Reid . It was first shown BBC2 on Sunday 11 August 1985 , and on repeated 28 August 1985 .

neg: Country House Sunday Country House Sunday was a British television series presented by Lynda Bellingham . The programme saw the actress and her team travel to some of Britain 's largest and grandest stately homes . It was produced to Twofour .   The show aired on Sunday mornings on ITV at 8.25 am . The series began on 21 April 2013 and ended on 8 September 2013 , lasting for 21 episodes .

neg: Slade discography The discography of Slade , an English rock band , consists of fifteen studio albums , fifty seven singles , four live albums , and twelve compilation albums .

neg: Threads Threads is a 1984 British television drama jointly produced by the BBC , Nine Network and Western-World Television Inc. . Written by Barry Hines and directed by Mick Jackson , it is a docudrama account of nuclear war and its effects on the city of Sheffield in Northern England . The plot centres on two families as a confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union erupts . As the nuclear exchange between NATO and the Warsaw Pact begins , the film depicts the medical , economic , social and environmental consequences of nuclear war .   Shot on a budget of # 250,000 -- 350,000 , the film was the first of its kind to depict a nuclear winter . Certain reviewers nominated Threads as the `` film which comes closest to representing the full horror of nuclear war and its aftermath , as well as the catastrophic impact that the event would have on human culture '' . It has been compared to the earlier programme The War Game produced in Britain in the 1960s and its contemporary The Day After , a 1983 ABC television film depicting a similar scenario in the United States . It was nominated for seven BAFTA awards in 1985 and won for Best Single Drama , Best Design , Best Film Cameraman and Best Film Editor .

neg: Prime Suspect Prime Suspect is a British police procedural television drama series . It stars Helen Mirren as Jane Tennison , one of the first female Detective Chief Inspectors in Greater London 's Metropolitan Police Service , as she rises to rank of Detective Superintendent whilst confronting the institutionalised sexism that exists within her job .

neg: Faith (TV series) Faith is a two-part British thriller political drama written by Simon Burke , first broadcast on ITV between 7 and 8 September 1994 . The programme stars Michael Gambon as Peter John Moreton , Susannah Harker as Holly Moreton and John Hannah as Nick Simon . The programme was broadcast over two nights for Thursdays . Faith was released on DVD in United States on 8 November 2005 by Koch Vision .

neg: The Intruder (TV series) The Intruder was a British drama series made by Granada Television for the ITV network and was broadcast on Sundays from 2 January to 20 February 1972 . There were eight episodes made , all of them running 25 minutes .   The series was based on the children 's book of this same name by John Rowe Townsend , published in 1970 . The novel was well received , and won numerous awards , it was adapted for television in 1971 , before being shown on television the following year .

neg: New Faces, Old Hands `` New Faces , Old Hands is the first episode of a series of the BBC sitcom Porridge . It first aired on 5 September 1974 . In this episode , Norman Stanley Fletcher , Lennie Godber and Cyril Heslop arrive at Slade Prison .

neg: Philip Levene Philip Levene ( 9 June 1926 -- 25 March 1973 ) was an English television writer , actor , and producer . He used to work at the morgue before becoming a writer . Levene wrote nineteen episodes of the 1960s British television series The Avengers and served as script consultant for the series in 1968 -- 69 . In 1967 and 1968 he created TV series Sanctuary and The First Lady .   He also contributed to British television series The Flying Doctor , The Invisible Man , Quatermass II and films The Firechasers and Deadly Strangers .

neg: Shine TV (UK) Shine TV ( formerly Shine Limited ) is a British media production company and part of the Shine Group with offices in London and Manchester .   Shine Limited was founded in March 2001 by Elisabeth Murdoch , daughter of News Corporation CEO Rupert Murdoch . The company was 80 % owned by Elisabeth Murdoch , 15 % by Lord Alli , and 5 % by BSkyB , which signed a deal guaranteeing to buy an agreed amount of Shine programming for two years .   Shine TV is also a supplier of franchise television to broadcasters around the globe including the BBC , Channel Five , Channel 4 , HBO , and the RTL Group .   In 2006 Shine acquired Kudos Film and Television , Princess Productions and Dragonfly Film and Television Productions to create the Shine Group , although they still operate as four separate entities . In October 2014 , 21st Century Fox and Apollo Global Management announced the planned merger of Shine Group with Endemol and Core Media Group . This was finalised in 2015 .

neg: Sarah Jane Smith: Comeback Sarah Jane Smith : Comeback is a Big Finish Productions audio drama based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who . It stars Elisabeth Sladen reprising her role as Sarah Jane Smith .


query: Cambodia, in 1970, had a coup.

pos: Cambodia Cambodia ( -LSB- kæmˈboʊdiə -RSB- កម ព ជ , or Kampuchea -LSB- kɑmpuˈciə -RSB- ) , officially known as the Kingdom of Cambodia ( ព រ រ ជ ណ ចក រកម ព ជ , Preăh Réachéanachâk Kâmpŭchéa , -LSB- ˈprĕəh riəciənaːˈcɑk kɑmpuˈciə -RSB- ) , is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia . It is 181035 km2 in area , bordered by Thailand to the northwest , Laos to the northeast , Vietnam to the east , and the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest .   Cambodia has a population of over 15 million . The official religion is Theravada Buddhism , practiced by approximately 95 percent of the population . The country 's minority groups include Vietnamese , Chinese , Chams , and 30 hill tribes . The capital and largest city is Phnom Penh , the political , economic , and cultural centre of Cambodia . The kingdom is a constitutional monarchy with Norodom Sihamoni , a monarch chosen by the Royal Throne Council , as head of state . The head of government is Hun Sen , who is currently the longest serving non-royal leader in South East Asia and has ruled Cambodia for over 25 years .   In 802 AD , Jayavarman II declared himself king , uniting the warring Khmer princes of Chenla under the name `` Kambuja '' . This marked the beginning of the Khmer Empire which flourished for over 600 years , allowing successive kings to control and exert influence over much of Southeast Asia and accumulate immense power and wealth . The Indianized kingdom built monumental temples including Angkor Wat , now a World Heritage Site , and facilitated the spread of first Hinduism , then Buddhism to much of Southeast Asia . After the fall of Angkor to Ayutthaya in the 15th century , a reduced and weakened Cambodia was then ruled as a vassal state by its neighbours . In 1863 Cambodia became a protectorate of France which doubled the size of the country by reclaiming the north and west from Thailand .   Cambodia gained independence in 1953 . The Vietnam War extended into the country with the US bombing of Cambodia from 1969 until 1973 . Following the Cambodian coup of 1970 , the deposed king gave his support to his former enemies , the Khmer Rouge . The Khmer Rouge emerged as a major power , taking Phnom Penh in 1975 and later carrying out the Cambodian Genocide from 1975 until 1979 , when they were ousted by Vietnam and the Vietnamese-backed People 's Republic of Kampuchea in the Cambodian -- Vietnamese War ( 1979 -- 91 ) . Following the 1991 Paris Peace Accords , Cambodia was governed briefly by a United Nations mission ( 1992 -- 93 ) . The UN withdrew after holding elections in which around 90 percent of the registered voters cast ballots . The 1997 coup placed power solely in the hands of Prime Minister Hun Sen and the Cambodian People 's Party , who remain in power .   The country faces numerous challenges . Important sociopolitical issues includes widespread poverty , pervasive corruption , lack of political freedoms , low human development , and a high rate of hunger . Cambodia has been described by Human Rights Watch 's Southeast Asian Director , David Roberts , as a `` vaguely communist free-market state with a relatively authoritarian coalition ruling over a superficial democracy . '' While per capita income remains low compared to most neighbouring countries , Cambodia has one of the fastest growing economies in Asia with growth averaging 6 percent over the last decade . Agriculture remains the dominant economic sector , with strong growth in textiles , construction , garments , and tourism leading to increased foreign investment and international trade . Cambodia scored dismally in an annual index ( 2015 ) ranking the rule of law in 102 countries , placing 99th overall and the worst in the region .   Cambodia also faces environmental destruction as an imminent problem . The most severe activity in this regard is considered to be the countrywide deforestation , which also involves national parks and wildlife sanctuaries . Overall , environmental destruction in Cambodia comprise many different activities , including illegal logging , poaching of endangered and endemic species , and destruction of important wildlife habitats from large scale construction projects and agricultural businesses . The degrading activities involve the local population , Cambodian businesses and political authorities , as well as foreign criminal syndicates and many transnational corporations from all over the world .

neg: Khmer People's National Liberation Front The Khmer People 's National Liberation Front ( KPNLF ) was a political front organized in 1979 in opposition to the Vietnamese-installed People 's Republic of Kampuchea ( PRK ) regime in Cambodia . The 200,000 Vietnamese troops supporting the PRK , as well as Khmer Rouge defectors , had ousted the brutal Democratic Kampuchea regime of Pol Pot , and were initially welcomed by the majority of Cambodians as liberators . Some Khmer , though , recalled the two countries ' historical rivalry and feared that the Vietnamese would attempt to subjugate the country , and began to oppose their military presence . Members of the KPNLF supported this view .

neg: Thanom Kittikachorn Field Marshal Thanom Kittikachorn ( Thai ถนอม กิตติขจร , -LSB- tʰànɔ̌ːm kìttìkʰat͡ɕɔ̌ːn -RSB- ; 11 August 1911 -- 16 June 2004 ) was a military dictator of Thailand . A staunch anti-communist , Thanom oversaw a decade of military rule in Thailand from 1963 to 1973 , until public protests which exploded into violence forced him to step down . His return from exile in 1976 sparked protests which led to a massacre of demonstrators , followed by a military coup .

neg: 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état The 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état ( often simply the Czech coup ) ( Únor 1948 , Február 1948 , both meaning `` February 1948 '' ) -- in Marxist historiography known as `` Victorious February '' ( Vítězný únor , Víťazný február ) -- was an event late that February in which the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia , with Soviet backing , assumed undisputed control over the government of Czechoslovakia , marking the onset of four decades of communist rule in the country .   The coup 's significance extended well beyond the country 's boundaries as it was a clear marker along the already well-advanced road to full-fledged Cold War . The event alarmed Western countries and helped spur quick adoption of the Marshall Plan , the creation of a state in West Germany , vigorous measures to keep communists out of power in France and especially Italy , and steps toward mutual security that would , in little over a year , result in the establishment of NATO and the definitive drawing of the Iron Curtain until the Revolutions of 1989 .

neg: 8888 Uprising The 8888 Nationwide Popular Pro-Democracy Protests ( MLCTS : hrac le : lum :) also known as the People Power Uprising , the People 's Democracy Movement , and the 1988 Uprising , was a series of nationwide demonstrations , marches , protests , and civil unrest in Burma ( Myanmar ) that peaked in August 1988 . Key events occurred on 8 August 1988 , and therefore it is known as the 8888 Uprising . The protests began as a student movement and was organized largely by university students at the Rangoon Arts and Sciences University and the Rangoon Institute of Technology ( RIT ) .   Since 1962 , the country had been ruled by the Burma Socialist Programme Party regime as a one-party state , headed by General Ne Win . The catastrophic Burmese Way to Socialism had turned Burma into one of the world 's most impoverished countries . Many firms in the formal sector of the economy were nationalized and the government combined Soviet-style central planning , although the process was rather ineffective , with Buddhist and superstitious beliefs .   The 8888 uprising was started by students in Yangon ( Rangoon ) on 8 August 1988 . Student protests spread throughout the country . Hundreds of thousands of ochre-robed monks , children , university students , housewives , doctors and people from all walks of life demonstrated against the regime . The uprising ended on 18 September , after a bloody military coup by the State Law and Order Restoration Council ( SLORC ) . Thousands of deaths have been attributed to the military during this uprising , while authorities in Myanmar put the figure at around 350 people killed .   During the crisis , Aung San Suu Kyi emerged as a national icon . When the military junta arranged an election in 1990 , her party , the National League for Democracy , won 80 % of the seats in the government ( 392 out of 492 ) . But the military junta suppressed everything that could have developed from these democratic achievements . Part of the strategy was to place Aung San Suu Kyi under house arrest . The State Law and Order Restoration Council would be a cosmetic change from the Burma Socialist Programme Party . Suu Kyi 's house arrest would be lifted no earlier than in 2010 when worldwide attention for her peaked again during the making of the biographical film The Lady .

neg: Mayaguez incident The Mayaguez incident took place between the Democratic Kampuchea and the United States from May 12 -- 15 , 1975 , less than a month after the Khmer Rouge took control of the capital Phnom Penh ousting the U.S. backed Khmer Republic . It was the last official battle of the Vietnam War . The names of the Americans killed , as well as those of three U.S. Marines who were left behind on the island of Koh Tang after the battle and were subsequently executed by the Khmer Rouge , are the last names on the Vietnam Veterans Memorial . The merchant ship 's crew , whose seizure at sea had prompted the U.S. attack , had been released in good health , unknown to the U.S. Marines or the U.S. command of the operation before they attacked . Nevertheless , the Marines boarded and recaptured the ship anchored offshore a Cambodian island , finding it empty .

neg: Politics of Indonesia The Politics of Indonesia take place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic , whereby the President of Indonesia is both head of state and head of government , and of a multi-party system . Executive power is exercised by the government . Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two People 's Representative Councils . The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature .   The 1945 constitution provided for a limited separation of executive , legislative and judicial power . The governmental system has been described as `` presidential with parliamentary characteristics . '' Following the Indonesian riots of May 1998 and the resignation of President Suharto , several political reforms were set in motion via amendments to the Constitution of Indonesia , which resulted in changes to all branches of government .

neg: Democratic Republic of the Congo presidential election, 1970 Presidential elections were held in the Democratic Republic of the Congo on 1 November 1970 . The only candidate was Joseph Mobutu , who had taken power in a military coup five years earlier . The elections took the format of a `` yes '' or `` no '' vote for Mobutu 's candidacy , with the results showing he won more `` yes '' votes than the number of registered voters , even though voting was not compulsory .

neg: 1971 in Cambodia The following lists events that happened during 1971 in Cambodia .

neg: Higher Institute of National Defence The Higher Institute of National Defence was an organ of the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea , then of the Khmer Rouge remnants in 1990s , with an advisory role on military issues . It was established in 1985 .   When Pol Pot left the leadership of the Party of Democratic Kampuchea and of the National Army of Democratic Kampuchea in 1985 for age limits , he was appointed Director of the newly established Higher Institute of National Defence , apparently a facade position , but actually a very powerful one , since the Institute 's role was to sum up the experiences of the guerrilla resistance and to advise the Government and the Army on the new course of actions . Moreover , since Pol Pot was the recognised communist leader of Cambodia his influence did not vanish , and for instance , he was able to order the arrest and execution of former NADK Supreme Commander Son Sen in 1997 .   The Higher Institute ceased to exist with the dissolution of the Khmer Rouge in 1998 , but probably its functions were over since Pol Pot 's arrest and show trial in 1997 .   Category : Guerrilla organizations  Category : Khmer Rouge  Category : Military wings of political parties  Category : Military history of Cambodia

neg: Sihanoukism Sihanoukism ( ស ហន ន យម Sihanouk Niyum ) is a Cambodian political ideology referring to Norodom Sihanouk 's style of leadership , particularly in the 1950s . Sihanoukist political parties include the Sangkum Reastr Niyum , FUNCINPEC , and the most recent Community of Royalist People 's Party . On 30 June 2006 , in a letter to Sisowath Thomico , Sihanouk urged FUNCINPEC and other parties not to use in their writings or statements `` Sihanoukism '' and `` Sihanoukist '' .

neg: Chinese Cambodian Chinese Cambodians are Cambodian people of Chinese or partial Chinese descent . The Khmer term Khmer kat Chen is used for people of mixed Cambodian & Chinese descent while Khmer Chen can mean Cambodian born citizens of Chinese ancestry ( Khmer is the majority ethnic group of Cambodia and Chen means `` Chinese '' in the Khmer language ) . During the late 1960s and early 1970s , they were the largest ethnic minority in Cambodia ; there were an estimated 425,000 . However , by 1984 , there were only 61,400 Cambodians of Chinese ancestry left . This has been attributed to a combination of warfare , economic stagnation , Khmer Rouge , and emigration . There are , however , tens of thousands of mixed Chinese and Khmer ancestry .   Despite their relatively small population , Chinese Cambodians are over represented in some of the most visible aspects of Cambodian society , often leading to feelings ranging from resentment to outright discrimination by `` pure '' Khmers . Chinese Cambodians play leading roles in the Cambodian business sector as well as within Cambodia 's political scene . Chinese Cambodians also have a considerable presence in the Cambodian economy and are estimated to own a vast share of it . Many Chinese Cambodians are particularly influential in the Cambodian banking sector where money-lending and shopkeeping enterprises are prevalent . Of particular note is China 's economic role in the country which encouraged Sino-Khmer businessmen to reestablish their past businesses which were once suppressed by the Khmer Rouge .

neg: Cornell Paper A Preliminary Analysis of the October 1 , 1965 , Coup in Indonesia , more commonly known as the `` Cornell Paper '' , is an academic publication detailing the events of an abortive coup d'état attempt by the self-proclaimed September 30 Movement , produced on January 10 , 1966 . The study was written by Benedict Anderson and Ruth McVey , with the help of Frederick Bunnell , using information from various Indonesian news sources . At the time of writing , the three were members of Cornell University 's network of graduate students and scholars on Southeast Asia .   In their work , Anderson and McVey theorized that neither the Communist Party of Indonesia ( PKI ) nor President Sukarno took part in organizing the operation ; instead , they became the victims . On the basis of the material available , they proposed that the coup was indeed an `` internal Army affair '' as was claimed by the September 30 Movement to remove members of the Indonesian Army General Staff who allegedly worked with the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency . By the end of the following week , the movement had been crushed by forces of Major General Suharto , who was charged with the sole responsibility of restoring order . Several alternatives to their theory were also presented and disputed , including the official government account that the PKI had masterminded the coup attempt .   Although the paper was intended to be kept confidential , information on its existence was eventually leaked in a March 5 , 1966 , article by The Washington Post journalist Joseph Kraft . Cornell turned down requests to access the paper , and its contents became subject to misinterpretation and forgery . Requests made to the Indonesian government to supplement the study with additional documents pertaining to the incident were not fulfilled , and the paper was finally published in 1971 without any additional material . Since its publication , the `` Cornell Paper '' has been subject to further analysis and revision .

neg: General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam The General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam ( Tổng Bí thư Ban Chấp hành Trung ương Đảng Cộng sản Việt Nam ) , known as First Secretary ( Bí thư Thứ nhất ) from 1951 to 1976 , is the highest office within the Communist Party of Vietnam . The General Secretaryship was the second-highest office within the party when Hô Chí Minh was Chairman , a post which existed from 1951 to 1969 . The general secretary is also the Secretary of the Central Military Commission , the leading Party organ on military affairs . For a period in its history , the position of general secretary has been synonymous with leader of Vietnam . The current general secretary is Nguyễn Phú Trọng , and he is ranked first in the Political Bureau .   Trần Phú , one of the founding members of the Indochinese Communist Party , was the party 's first general secretary . A year after being elected , he was sentenced to prison by the French authorities because of anti-French activities . He died in prison the same year . Trần 's de facto successor was Lê Hồng Phong who led the party through the office of General Secretary of the Overseas Executive Committee ( OEC ) . The OEC general secretary led the party because the Central Committee had been all but annihilated . Hà Huy Tập , the third general secretary , was removed from his post in March 1938 , and was arrested by the authorities in May . Nguyễn Văn Cừ , the fourth general secretary , was arrested by the authorities in June 1940 , and executed by shooting on 25 May 1941 . He was succeeded by Trường Chinh in May 1941 . An article in Nhân Dân on 25 March 1951 described Trường 's role as the `` builder and commander '' of the revolution , while Hô Chí Minh was referred to as `` the soul of the Vietnamese revolution and the VIetnamese resistance '' . Trường was demoted as First Secretary in 1956 because of his role in the `` bloody Land Reform campaign '' . Hô took over the office of First Secretary , but quickly appointed Lê Duẩn acting First Secretary . Lê was elected general secretary in 1960 , and was the second only to Hô until the latter 's death on 2 September 1969 .   From 2 September 1969 until his death on 10 July 1986 , Lê was the undisputed leader of Vietnam . He died two months before the next National Party Congress , and was succeeded by Trường , the former general secretary who had served as the second-most powerful politician in Vietnam since Hô 's death . Trường was demoted from his post at the 6th National Party Congress , and was succeeded by Nguyễn Văn Linh . The Western press called Linh `` Vietnam 's Gorbachev '' because of his reformist policies . Linh resigned because of bad health in 1991 , and Đỗ Mười was appointed to the general secretaryship by the 7th National Congress . Mười ruled until 1997 , when he was ousted from power by the reformist-wing of the party . Lê Khả Phiêu was Mười 's successor , and he was elected as a compromise candidate . Phiêu was ousted in 2001 , before the 10th National Party Congress , when the Central Committee overturned a decision of the Politburo ; a majority in the Central Committee voted to remove Phiêu as general secretary . Nông Đức Mạnh succeeded Phiêu , and Manh came to be considered a moderniser . Manh was also the first general secretary with a university degree . Manh retired in 2011 , and Nguyễn Phú Trọng succeeded him , and he now is considered the most powerful political figure in Vietnam .   The General Secretary presides over the work of the Central Committee , the Political Bureau , the Secretariat , and chairs meetings with key leaders ( Working Regulation of the Central Committee , 2011 ) .

neg: MONATIO MONATIO , short for Mouvement National ( French for `` National Movement '' ) was a short-lived , supposedly nationalist , political faction in Cambodia . The exact nature of the group is still obscure . On April 17 , 1975 , as the revolutionary forces came closer to the capital , this group took out a motor-cavalcade on the streets of Phnom Penh welcoming the arrival of the Khmer Rouge guerrillas . According to François Ponchaud 's eye-witness report , the group consisted of a handful of soldiers , dressed in black uniforms , accompanied by a number of students . He claims MONATIO was led by Hem Keth Dara ( the whole group in turn manipulated by Lon Non , brother of deposed Lon Nol ) . The Khmer Rouge regime later claimed that MONATIO had been a CIA conspiracy against the revolutionary government .   A movie on the events of 1975 , called MONATIO , has been made by Norodom Sihanouk . According to the movie , the communist forces were hardly pleased to be welcomed by MONATIO , and the MONATIO militias were captured and executed .

neg: Khmer Rouge The Khmer Rouge ( -LSB- kəˈmɛər_ˈruːʒ -RSB- , -LSB- kmɛʁ ʁuʒ -RSB- , `` Red Khmers '' ; ខ ម រក រហម Khmer Kror-Horm ) was the name given to the followers of the Communist Party of Kampuchea in Cambodia . It was formed in 1968 as an offshoot of the Vietnam People 's Army from North Vietnam , and allied with North Vietnam , the Viet Cong , and the Pathet Lao during the Vietnam War against the anti-communist forces from 1968 to 1975 . The Khmer Rouge emerged victorious in the Cambodian Civil War , overthrew the military dictatorship of the Khmer Republic and installed their own government Democratic Kampuchea in 1975 , led by Pol Pot , Nuon Chea , Ieng Sary , Son Sen , and Khieu Samphan . This was followed by the Cambodian genocide from year 1975 until year 1979 , when the Khmer Rouge was finally removed from power by Vietnam in the Cambodian -- Vietnamese War . The military power of the Khmer Rouge organization was not broken however , and a long era of guerrilla warfare involving large swaths of the Cambodian countryside began . Many different military factions were involved in the guerrilla war era and it ended around 1994 .   The Khmer Rouge organization is remembered especially for orchestrating the Cambodian genocide , which resulted from the enforcement of its social engineering policies . Its attempts at agricultural reform led to widespread famine , while its insistence on absolute self-sufficiency , even in the supply of medicine , led to the death of thousands from treatable diseases such as malaria . Arbitrary executions and torture carried out by its cadres against perceived subversive elements , or during purges of its own ranks between 1975 and 1978 , are considered to have constituted genocide .   The governments-in-exile ( including the Khmer Rouge ) held onto Cambodia 's UN seat ( with considerable international support ) until 1993 , when the monarchy was restored and the country underwent a name change to the Kingdom of Cambodia . A year later , thousands of Khmer Rouge guerrillas surrendered themselves in a government amnesty . In 1996 , a new political party , the Democratic National Union Movement , was formed by Ieng Sary , who was granted amnesty for his role as the deputy leader of the Khmer Rouge . The organization ( Khmer Rouge ) was largely dissolved by the mid-1990s , and finally surrendered completely in 1999 . In 2014 , two Khmer Rouge leaders , Nuon Chea and Khieu Samphan , were jailed for life by a UN-backed court , which found them guilty of crimes against humanity and responsible for the deaths of up to 2 million Cambodians ( Khmer ) , nearly a quarter of the country 's then population , during the `` Killing Fields '' era between 1975 -- 1979 .

neg: Alexandre Banza Lieutenant Colonel Alexandre Banza ( 10 October 1932 -- 12 April 1969 ) was a military officer and politician in the Central African Republic . Born in Carnot , Ubangi-Shari , Banza served with the French Army during the First Indochina War before joining the Central African Republic armed forces . As commander of the Camp Kassaï military base in 1965 , Banza helped Jean-Bédel Bokassa overthrow the government of President David Dacko . Bokassa rewarded Banza by appointing him as minister of state and minister of finance in the new government . Banza quickly established the new regime 's reputation abroad and forged diplomatic relations with other countries . In 1967 , Bokassa and his protégé had a major argument over the president 's extravagances . In April 1968 , Bokassa removed Banza as minister of finance . Recognizing Bokassa 's attempts to undermine him , Banza made a number of remarks highly critical of the president 's handling of the government . Bokassa responded by abolishing the minister of state position .   Banza soon decided to stage a coup d'état . He confided in a few military officers , who he hoped would support his attempt to gain power . One of his confidants , Jean-Claude Mandaba , contacted the president and informed him of the date of the coup , 9 April 1969 . Hours before he was going to execute his bid for power , Banza was ambushed by Mandaba and taken directly to Bokassa . Bokassa nearly beat Banza to death before Mandaba suggested that Banza be put on trial for appearance 's sake . On 12 April , Banza presented his case to a military tribunal , which quickly sentenced him to death by firing squad . He was reportedly taken to an open field , where he was executed and buried in an unmarked grave . Alternate circumstances of Banza 's death have been reported in Time and Le Monde . In the aftermath of the failed coup , Banza 's family , mistress and close associates were all arrested and either sent to jail or deported . With Banza eliminated , Bokassa spent extravagantly and surrounded himself with adulators .

neg: Little Cambodia The term Little Cambodia ( or Cambodia Town ) refers to an ethnic enclave of people from the country of Cambodia .   Cambodian presence in the West traces back to the French colonisation of Cambodia from the 1860s to mid-1950s , in which a number of Cambodians migrated to France as students or workers . This group formed the basis of the Cambodian population in France .   While some were able to flee to France shortly after the Khmer Rouge took over in 1975 , most Cambodians left their country after the regime in the 1980s , with most arriving in the United States ( specifically to Long Beach , California ; Lowell , Massachusetts and the New York City borough of the Bronx ) , as well as France ( specifically to Paris and the surrounding Île-de-France region ) .

neg: Provisional Government of National Union and National Salvation of Cambodia The Provisional Government of National Union and National Salvation of Cambodia ( PGNUNSC ) was an Internationally unrecognized and ostensibly provisional government set up by the Khmer Rouge on July 11 , 1994 in opposition to the established Kingdom of Cambodia . Its Prime Minister was Khieu Samphan ( who was also head of the armed forces ) and its Deputy Prime Minister ( in charge also of foreign affairs ) was Son Sen. It was staffed by members of the Cambodian National Unity Party . Areas it controlled included Pailin ( the capital of the provisional government ) and Preah Vihear ( where it was based . ) The Khmer Rouge radio station was also known as the `` Radio of the Provisional Government of National Union and National Salvation of Cambodia . '' Other ministers included Chan Youran , Mak Ben , In Sopheap , Kor Bun Heng , Pich Cheang and Chuon Choeun .   In August 1996 senior Khmer Rouge official Ieng Sary defected from the KR with two armed divisions and the formation of his own party , the Democratic National Union Movement , which in turn encouraged more defections from the KR as Pol Pot ordered the assassinations of Son Sen ( which was successful ) and Ta Mok ( which was not . ) In mid-June 1997 Khieu Samphan ( who had by now founded the Khmer National Solidarity Party ) denounced Pol Pot and began discussing demobilization and a return to civilian life .   With Pol Pot 's death in April 1998 and widespread sentiment within the Khmer Rouge for an end to an almost 20-year conflict , Khieu Samphan and Ta Mok dissolved the provisional government on June 22 , 1998 .

neg: Human rights in Cambodia The human rights situation in Cambodia is facing growing criticisms both within the country and an increasingly alarmed international community . After a series of flagrant violation against basic human rights a feeling of incertitude regarding the direction the country is emerging , sometimes comparing the situation to a newborn Burma .   In its report on Cambodia , Human Rights Watch stated that `` Authorities continue to ban or disperse most public demonstrations . Politicians and journalists critical of the government face violence and intimidation and are barred from equal access to the broadcast media . In addition , the judiciary remains weak and subject to political influence . Trafficking of women and children for sexual exploitation through networks protected or backed by police or government officials is rampant . The government continues to turn a blind eye to fraudulent confiscation of farmers ' land , illegal logging , and widespread plundering of natural resources . ''   The current state of the country could be described as a semblance of pluralistic democracy . In July 2004 , the royalist opposition party FUNCINPEC formed a coalition government with the Cambodian People Party ( CPP ) after a political deadlock of more than a year . More recently , Sam Rainsy Party ( SRP ) members have been targeted for criminal prosecutions , after seeing the parliamentarian immunity of several SRP members lifted by a criticized closed-door hand vote with members of the parliament .

neg: March 1949 Syrian coup d'état The March 1949 Syrian coup d'état was a bloodless coup d'état that took place on 30 March , and was the first military coup in modern Syrian history which overthrew the country 's democratically elected government . It was led by the Syrian Army chief of staff at the time , Husni al-Za ` im , who became President of Syria on 11 April 1949 . Among the officers that assisted al-Za ` im 's takeover were Adib al-Shishakli and Sami al-Hinnawi , both of whom would later also become military leaders of the country . The then president , Shukri al-Quwatli , was accused of purchasing inferior arms for the Syrian Army and of poor leadership . He was briefly imprisoned , but then released into exile in Egypt . Syria 's legislature , then called the House of Representatives , was dissolved . al-Za ` im also imprisoned many political leaders , such as Munir al-Ajlani , whom he accused of conspiring to overthrow the republic .   As recounted by the British military attaché in Syria , Za'im began plotting a coup two years in advance , starting in March 1947 . On March 29 , 1949 , chief of staff Za'im provided four of his senior officers with instructions outlining their roles in the coup ; the officers were told to wait until midnight to view the instructions , and to do so in complete privacy . The coup commenced at 2:30 a.m. on March 30 , and proved to be `` a masterpiece of military planning , bloodless apart from the deaths of three bodyguards attached to a government minister . '' Quwatli , ill with `` a gastric ulcer and heart complaint , '' was arrested in hospital by one of six military units that ferreted through Damascus , systematically capturing key government buildings . The Syrian national anthem , and a message from Za'im announcing the change in government , began playing over the radio near dawn .   There are `` highly controversial '' allegations that the American legation in Syria -- headed by James Hugh Keeley , Jr. -- and Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) engineered the coup . Assistant military attaché ( and undercover CIA officer ) Stephen J. Meade , who became intimately acquainted with Colonel Za'im several weeks prior to the coup and was considered Za'im 's `` principal Western confidant '' during Za'im 's brief time in power , has been described as the coup 's architect -- along with the CIA 's Damascus station chief , Miles Copeland Jr. . Copeland later authored several books with `` extraordinarily detailed accounts of CIA operations in , among other countries , Syria , Egypt , and Iran , '' considered `` one of the most revelatory set of writings by a former U.S. intelligence officer ever published . '' However , Copeland 's memoirs have a strong literary quality and contain many embellishments , making it difficult to gauge the historical accuracy of the events he describes . Moreover , Copeland 's account of the Syrian coup in his 1989 autobiography The Game Player : Confessions of the CIA 's Original Political Operative contradicts the earlier version presented in his 1969 The Game of Nations : The Amorality of Power Politics .   In The Game of Nations , Copeland suggested that Syria -- as the first former colony in the Arab world to achieve complete political independence from Europe -- was perceived in Washington as a test case for America 's `` capacity for exerting a democratizing influence on Arab countries . '' According to Copeland , the CIA attempted to `` police '' the July 1947 Syrian national elections , which were marred by fraud , sectarianism , and interference by neighboring Iraq and Transjordan . When these elections `` produced a weak , minority government '' under Quwatli -- the stability of which was called into question by Syria 's defeat in the 1948 Arab -- Israeli War -- Keeley and other U.S. officials became concerned `` that Syria was on the verge of complete collapse , '' which could have empowered the Syrian Communist Party or other `` radicals '' ( such as the Ba'ath Party and the Muslim Brotherhood ) . As a result , Keeley became amenable to a military coup `` as a way of safeguarding ... the long-term prospects of democracy in the country . '' At Keeley 's behest , Copeland wrote , Meade `` systematically developed a friendship with Za'im ... suggested to him the idea of a coup d'état , advised him how to go about it , and guided him through the intricate preparations in laying the groundwork for it . ''   Available evidence , however , suggests that Za'im was in little need of prodding from the U.S. Recall that , per the British military attaché , Za'im had been contemplating a coup since March 1947 -- over a year before he was introduced to Meade on November 30 , 1948 . Shortly before the coup , Za'im tried to win Western sympathy by producing a list of individuals , including Keeley , that were supposedly `` communist assassination targets , '' but U.S. officials were skeptical . While Za'im directly informed Meade of the upcoming coup on March 3 and March 7 , the U.S. was not the only foreign power apprised : Za'im notified British officials around the same time . In his conversations with Meade , Za'im outlined his progressive political program for Syria ( including land reform ) as well as the communist threat , concluding '' -LSB- there is -RSB- only way to start the Syrian people along the road to progress and democracy : With the whip . '' Za'im struck a different tone in conversations with the British , citing his desire to establish friendlier ties with Britain 's major allies in the area -- Iraq and Transjordan . In The Game Player , Copeland provided new details on the American assistance to Za'im 's plan , expounding that Meade identified specific installations that had to be captured to ensure the coup 's success . However , Copeland also acknowledged that Za'im had initiated the plot on his own : `` It was Husni 's show all the way . '' Douglas Little notes that U.S. assistant secretary of state George C. McGhee visited Damascus in March , `` ostensibly to discuss resettling Palestinian refugees but possibly to authorize U.S. support for Za'im . '' In contrast , Andrew Rathmell describes this hypothesis as `` purely speculative . ''   An overarching US policy objective in Syria at the time was allowing the construction of the Trans-Arabian Pipeline , which had been held up in the Syrian parliament . Za'im approved the `` Tapline '' project on May 16 .   Armistice talks with Israel to end hostilities of the 1948 war started in April 1949 , after armistice agreements had already been concluded by the other Arab countries . On 20 July 1949 Syria signed the Israel-Syria Armistice Agreement to formally end hostilities along their border . Under the agreement , Syria withdrew its forces from most of the territories of the former Mandate Palestine that it controlled west of the international border , which became a demilitarized zone . In 1948 , there were approximately 30,000 Jews in Syria . Following the coup , the Za'im administration permitted the emigration of large numbers of Syrian Jews , and 5,000 left for Israel .   Prime Minister Muhsin al-Barazi was given the task of conducting secret negotiations with Israel for a peace treaty between the two countries , and to discuss a possible summit between Israeli Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion and al-Zaim . The talks reached advanced levels and Israeli Foreign Minister Moshe Sharett contacted al-Barazi on 6 August 1949 to discuss a date for formal peace talks .   Al-Za ` im inspired rebellion among his officers by betraying Antoun Saadeh , the founder and president of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party ( SSNP ) . Saadeh had pledged to set up a friendly government in Lebanon , but on 8 July al-Za ` im abducted Saadeh and handed him over to the Lebanese authorities , who tried him for treason and executed him on the same day .   Al-Za ` im 's short-lived presidency ended on 14 August 1949 in a military coup staged by Sami al-Hinnawi , along with several other SSNP officers , who promptly executed al-Za ` im and al-Barazi , and installed Hashim al-Atassi as president . Another military coup took place in December , the third of that year , this time led by Adib Shishakli , who kept al-Atassi as president until 3 December 1951 . al-Hinnawi was murdered on 31 October 1950 by Hersho al-Barazi , a cousin of Muhsin al-Barazi .


query: Dead Man Down stars Dominic Cooper.

pos: Dead Man Down Dead Man Down is an 2013 American neo-noir crime thriller film written by J.H. Wyman and directed by Danish director Niels Arden Oplev . The film stars Colin Farrell , Noomi Rapace , Dominic Cooper , and Terrence Howard , and was released on March 8 , 2013 . Dead Man Down was Oplev 's first film since The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2009 ) , also starring Rapace and scored by Jacob Groth .

neg: Ralph Cooper Ralph Cooper ( January 16 , 1908 -- August 4 , 1992 ) , was an American actor , screenwriter , dancer and choreographer . Cooper is best known as the original master of ceremonies and founder of amateur night at the Apollo Theater in Harlem , New York City in 1935 . He wrote , produced , directed and acted in ten motion pictures . Titles include , `` Duke Is Tops , '' `` Dark Manhattan , '' `` Gangsters on the Loose '' and `` Gang War . ''

neg: Assault on Wall Street Assault on Wall Street ( also known as Attack on Wall Street and formerly known as Bailout : The Age of Greed ) is a 2013 action thriller film written and directed by Uwe Boll , and starring Dominic Purcell . The film stars Purcell as a security guard who struggles to pay for his wife 's medical bills and loses his investments in the 2007 -- 08 financial crisis , prompting a shooting spree on Wall Street after his wife takes her own life .

neg: Hitman (1997 film) Hitman is a 1997 action film directed by R. Dani and Roberto Roarke , starring Danny O'Meara , Todd Edwards , and Phil Novak .

neg: David Cooper David Cooper may refer to :

neg: Robb Cullen Robert `` Robb '' Cullen ( born June 22 , 1965 in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ) is an American film and television writer , actor and producer . He usually works with his brother , writer Mark Cullen .   Robb , along with his brother Mark , has created multiple prime-time TV series -- Hitz for UPN , Lucky for FX , Gary The Rat for Spike TV and Heist for NBC . The Cullen brothers co-created and executive produced Back in the Game on ABC , as well as Mr. Robinson for NBC . They have also written and produced pilots for Fox , NBC , ABC , HBO and Showtime .   Cullen was nominated for a Primetime Emmy in 2003 in the category of `` Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series '' for the pilot episode of Lucky .   The Cullen brothers wrote the screenplay for the 2010 Kevin Smith film Cop Out starring Bruce Willis , Tracy Morgan , Seann William Scott , Adam Brody and Kevin Pollak .   In 2010 , it was reported that the Cullen brothers had written a screenplay for the re-make of the movie Uptown Saturday Night for Will Smith and his Overbrook Entertainment .

neg: Officer Down Officer Down is a 2013 American action thriller film , directed by Brian A. Miller .

neg: The Man-Eater (film) The Man-Eater ( La donna lupo , also known as Maneater ) is a 1999 Italian erotic drama film written and directed by Aurelio Grimaldi .

neg: Trust (2010 film) Trust is a 2010 American drama thriller film directed by David Schwimmer and based on a screenplay by Andy Bellin and Robert Festinger , and an uncredited story by Schwimmer . It stars Viola Davis , Clive Owen , Catherine Keener , Jason Clarke , and Liana Liberato .   The film is about a teenage girl who becomes a victim of sexual abuse when she befriends a man on the Internet .

neg: Dominic Marsh Dominic Marsh '' ' is an English actor

neg: Adam G. Simon Adam Gregory Simon ( born March 13 , 1977 ) is an American actor and writer . He started his professional career as an actor in theatre with roles in the early 2000s and then made his television and film debut . Simon is the writer of Man Down , a post-apocalyptic thriller directed by Dito Montiel which stars Shia LaBeouf , Kate Mara , Gary Oldman , Jai Courtney and Clifton Collins , Jr. . .   Simon is also the writer of Synapse , a film where he also makes his theatrical acting debut . Directed by veteran music video director Kenlon Clark . Synapse stars Sophina Brown , Henry Simmons , Joshua Alba and Simon himself . Synapse is the first theatrical content produced by Los Angeles Center Studios and Hollywood Locations .

neg: The Bleeding (film) The Bleeding is a 2009 action-horror film directed by Charlie Picerni and starring Michael Matthias , Vinnie Jones , DMX , and Michael Madsen .

neg: Garry Cooper Garry Cooper is an English actor .   He was born in Hull , East Riding of Yorkshire on 2 June 1955 , to Terry and Nora Cooper . He has one daughter , Ruby , from his first marriage and is engaged to writer Harriet Vyner . After moving to London to study at Drama Centre at the age of 16 , Garry 's first professional role was as one of the brothers in Joseph and his Technicoloured Dreamcoat . In 1979 Garry appeared in the cult film Quadrophenia as Peter ( Leslie Ash 's boyfriend ) . He has also appeared in a number of well-known TV serials including Taggart , Heartbeat , The Bill , Casualty and Where the Heart Is .   He currently lives in Ryedale , North Yorkshire .

neg: Bringing Out the Dead Bringing Out the Dead is a 1999 American drama film directed by Martin Scorsese , written by Paul Schrader , based on the novel by Joe Connelly and starring Nicolas Cage , Patricia Arquette , John Goodman , Ving Rhames , and Tom Sizemore .   Though a flop at the box office , the film received very positive reviews from critics and was also the last North American title to be released on LaserDisc .

neg: Thomas Henty Thomas Henty ( 19January 195613August 1988 ) was an English actor , and the son of the magician and prop comedian Tommy Cooper .   Born Thomas John Cooper , he attended Sutton Court Primary School in Chiswick and Latymer Upper School , Hammersmith . He went on to appear alongside his famous father in an episode of the Thames Television variety series London Night Out in 1979 , as well as in four episodes of the series Cooper 's Half Hour in 1980 , also for Thames . He also acted as occasional stage manager to his father , and was backstage when Cooper died in front of a live television audience at Her Majesty 's Theatre on 15April 1984 .   In addition to his work with his father , Henty was an actor in his own right . His desire to make his own mark in the field was behind his decision to adopt his mother 's maiden name . In an archive interview with the television personality Frank Bough , included in the ITV documentary The Unforgettable Tommy Cooper ( 2001 ) , Henty explained that he did not want people in the acting profession to know that he was Cooper 's son , presumably because he was fearful of claims of nepotism . Henty made appearances in episodes of the popular British television series Robin of Sherwood ( 1984 ) and Just Good Friends ( 1986 ) , as well as the British film Bellman and True ( 1987 ) .   His role in Bellman and True was his last . In 1988 Henty 's marriage collapsed after seven years . Just six weeks later he died suddenly on 13 August 1988 , aged just 32 , of haemophilia , following complications caused by liver failure . Doctors had attempted to pump seventy pints of new blood into his body , but the blood failed to clot and after three days his mother took the decision to have his life support machine switched off , just four years after his well-known father Tommy Cooper died . He left a six-year-old son , Tam Henty ( born in 1982 ) .

neg: Tough to Kill Tough to Kill ( Duri a morire ) is a 1978 Italian action film shot in the Dominican Republic written and directed by Joe D'Amato and starring Luc Merenda and Donald O'Brien .

neg: Natasha Cooper Natasha J. Cooper ( born 1951 in Kensington , London ) is an English crime fiction writer .

neg: Deadman Apocalypse Deadman Apocalypse is a 2016 science fiction film .

neg: The Last Man (2002 film) The Last Man is a 2000 film by Harry Ralston starring David Arnott , Jeri Ryan and Dan Montgomery .

neg: Copkiller Copkiller or Copkiller ( l'assassino dei poliziotti ) , also known as Corrupt and The Order of Death , is a 1983 Italian crime thriller film directed by Roberto Faenza and starring Harvey Keitel and musician John Lydon , the singer for the bands Sex Pistols and Public Image Ltd. . It is based on Hugh Fleetwood 's novel The Order of Death , which was set to be the original title of the production . Fleetwood also adapted and wrote the screenplay with Faenza and Ennio de Concini . The music was composed by Ennio Morricone .   According to IMDb it was filmed in 1981 and released in 1983 in Italy and 1984 in United States . It is Lydon 's only starring role in film to date .

neg: Until Death Until Death is a 2007 American action film directed by Simon Fellows , and starring Jean-Claude Van Damme and Gary Beadle . The film was released on direct-to-DVD in the United States on April 24 , 2007 . Jean-Claude Van Damme plays Anthony Stowe , a dirty police detective hooked on heroin whom everybody hates . After being shot in a gunfight he falls into a coma . Months later he recovers and decides to use his second chance at life .