query: Ted Kaczynski attempt to remove his lawyers that the court assigned him.

pos: Ted Kaczynski Theodore John Kaczynski ( -LSB- kəˈzɪnski -RSB- born May 22 , 1942 ) , also known as the `` Unabomber '' , is an American serial killer , domestic terrorist , and self-professed anarchist . A mathematical prodigy , he abandoned a promising academic career in 1969 , then between 1978 and 1995 killed three people , and injured 23 others , in a nationwide bombing campaign targeting people involved with modern technology . In conjunction with this campaign he issued a wide-ranging social critique opposing industrialization and modern technology , and advancing a nature-centered form of anarchism .   Kaczynski was born and raised in Evergreen Park , Illinois . While growing up in Evergreen Park he was a child prodigy , excelling academically from an early age . Kaczynski was accepted into Harvard University at the age of 16 , where he earned an undergraduate degree . He subsequently earned a PhD in mathematics from the University of Michigan . He became an assistant professor at the University of California , Berkeley in 1967 at age 25 . He resigned two years later .   As a Harvard undergraduate , Kaczynski was among twenty-two students who were research subjects in ethically questionable experiments conducted by psychology professor Henry Murray from late 1959 to early 1962 .   In 1971 , he moved to a remote cabin without electricity or running water in Lincoln , Montana , where he lived as a recluse while learning survival skills in an attempt to become self-sufficient . Seventeen years after beginning his mail bomb campaign , Kaczynski sent a letter to The New York Times on April 24 , 1995 and promised `` to desist from terrorism '' if the Times or The Washington Post published his manifesto , Industrial Society and Its Future ( the `` Unabomber Manifesto '' ) , in which he argued that his bombings were extreme but necessary to attract attention to the erosion of human freedom necessitated by modern technologies requiring large-scale organization .   The Unabomber was the target of one of the Federal Bureau of Investigation 's costliest investigations . Before Kaczynski 's identity was known , the FBI used the title `` UNABOM '' ( UNiversity & Airline BOMber ) to refer to his case , which resulted in the media calling him the Unabomber . The FBI ( as well as Attorney General Janet Reno ) pushed for the publication of Kaczynski 's `` Manifesto '' , which led to his sister-in-law , and then his brother , recognizing Kaczynski 's style of writing and beliefs from the manifesto , and tipping off the FBI . Kaczynski tried unsuccessfully to dismiss his court-appointed lawyers because they wanted to plead insanity in order to avoid the death penalty , as Kaczynski did not believe he was insane . When it became clear that his pending trial would entail national television exposure for Kaczynski , the court entered a plea agreement , under which he pleaded guilty and was sentenced to life in prison with no possibility of parole . He has been designated a `` domestic terrorist '' by the FBI . Some anarcho-primitivist authors , such as John Zerzan and John Moore , have come to his defense , while also holding some reservations about his actions and ideas .

neg: Pohl trial The Pohl trial against the Nazi German administration of the `` Final Solution '' ( also known as the WVHA Trial and officially The United States of America vs. Oswald Pohl , et al ) was the fourth of the twelve trials for war crimes that the United States authorities held in their occupation zone in Germany in Nuremberg after the end of World War II . The twelve trials were all held before U.S. military courts , not before the International Military Tribunal , although both courts presided in the same rooms at the Palace of Justice . They are known collectively as the `` Subsequent Nuremberg Trials '' or more formally , as the `` Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals '' ( NMT ) .   In the Pohl case , SS-Obergruppenführer Oswald Pohl and 17 other SS officers employed by the SS Main Economic and Administrative Office ( abbreviated in German as SS-WVHA ) , were tried for war crimes and crimes against humanity committed during the time of the Nazi regime . The main charge against them was their active involvement in and administration of the `` Final Solution '' . The WVHA was the Nazi government office that ran the concentration and extermination camps . It also handled the procurement for the Waffen SS and , as of 1942 , the administration of the SS-Totenkopfverbände .   The judges in this case , heard before Military Tribunal II , were Robert M. Toms ( presiding judge ) , Fitzroy Donald Phillips , Michael A. Musmanno , and John J. Speight as an alternate judge . The Chief of Counsel for the Prosecution was Telford Taylor ; James M. McHaney and Jack W. Robbins were the principal prosecutors . The indictment was presented on January 13 , 1947 ; the trial began on April 8 , and sentences were handed down on November 3 , 1947 . Four persons , including Oswald Pohl , were sentenced to death by hanging . Three were acquitted . The others received sentences of imprisonment between 10 years and lifetime .   At the request of the judges , the court reconvened on July 14 , 1948 to consider additional material presented by the defense . On August 11 , 1948 , the tribunal issued its final sentences , confirming most of its earlier sentences , but slightly reducing some of the prison sentences and changing the death sentence of Georg Lörner into a sentence of life imprisonment .

neg: Kasey Warner Kasey Warner is a former United States Attorney in the state of West Virginia . He is one of the U.S. attorneys who were fired by the Bush administration under a clause of the PATRIOT Act ( see Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy ) .

neg: Thomas Fleener Thomas Fleener is a military officer and lawyer . Fleener , a major in the United States Army Reserve , has been appointed to serve as a defense lawyer in the Guantanamo military commissions . He has been appointed to serve as the defense lawyer for Ali Hamza Ahmed Sulayman al Bahlul .   In his civilian capacity , Major Fleener is an attorney in his own law firm in Wyoming . A former Federal Public Defender , MAJ Fleener continues to serve in the Reserves as a Judge Advocate with the 22d Legal Support Organization , Trial Defense Service , defending soldiers accused of misconduct . He is a member of the bars of Iowa and Wyoming . Prior to becoming a Federal Public Defender , Major Fleener served on active duty as an Army Judge Advocate for nearly eight years in both the United States and Europe . Prior to attending college and law school in Arkansas , Major Fleener also served on active duty as an enlisted soldier .   Though Al Bahlul has consistently insisted that he wants to represent himself or be represented by a Yemeni attorney , the United States Defense Department 's Office of Military Commissions ruled that military defense counsel must represent defendants according to military commission rules .   Fleener understands Al Bahlul 's wish to defend himself , agrees he should have that right , and said that forcing counsel upon the defendant `` may give the appearance to the outside world that I am here not to serve as Mr. al Bahlul 's attorney , rather simply to add some air of legitimacy to an otherwise wholly illegitimate process . ''   In his January 12 , 2006 diary entry Human Rights First observer Avi Cover quoted Fleener : `` For four years they would n't let detainees have lawyers ; now they 're shoving one down his throat . ''   Fleener and the question whether detainees should be able to represent themselves were featured in the October 2007 issue of the Yale Law Journal in an article by Matthew Bloom entitled : `` I Did Not Come Here To Defend Myself '' :  Responding to War on Terror Detainees ' Attempts To Dismiss Counsel and Boycott the Trial . He was profiled in the August 2007 edition of GQ magazine in an article titled , `` The Defense Will Not Rest . ''   After two years of appearances before the Guantanamo military commissions , Fleener returned to civilian practice , and in 2008 opened a private criminal defense law firm in Laramie , Wyoming . Fleener is a highly regarded and sought after guest lecturer .

neg: California Code of Civil Procedure The California Code of Civil Procedure ( commonly abbreviated to Code Civ . Proc . in formal legal citations or just CCP in treatises and other less formal contexts ) was enacted by the California State Legislature in March 1872 as the general codification of the law of civil procedure in the U.S. state of California , along with the three other original California Codes . It contains most California statutes that govern the filing and litigation of lawsuits in the Superior Courts of California , as well as legal notices that must be given in a variety of circumstances . It also includes statutes of limitations that control the period of time during which a lawsuit must be commenced . It also contained some statutes governing the legal profession , but those were later relocated into the Business and Professions Code .   Originally , the CCP was the codification of the Practice Act of 1851 , as amended and revised . In turn , the Practice Act had been modeled after the New York Code of Civil Procedure of 1850 , which was largely drafted by the law reformer David Dudley Field II . Hence , California is considered to be a `` Field Code '' state .   The CCP also partially codified the law of evidence , but in 1965 , the evidentiary provisions were repealed and replaced by the new California Evidence Code , which unlike the CCP , was deliberately intended to displace and supersede the common law of evidence .   Like the 28 other California Codes , the CCP is frequently amended by the Legislature . Unlike most other states , California never followed the federal trend towards transferring authority over procedural law to the courts through statutes like the federal Rules Enabling Act . Instead , the California Rules of Court ( CRC ) cover only relatively minor matters such as the formatting of court papers and case management rules implementing the Trial Court Delay Reduction Act of 1986 .   Nearly all important procedural provisions ( i.e. , the ones that can make or break a case ) continue to exist in the form of CCP sections . As a result , whenever the Judicial Council of California identifies a major defect in California civil procedure , it can not fix it by promulgating a new court rule , but must instead lobby the Legislature and Governor to amend the CCP .   Today , the CCP is comprehensive only with regard to trial court procedure . As a result of a bill pushed through the Legislature at the suggestion of Chief Justice Phil S. Gibson in 1941 , appellate procedure in California is governed primarily by the CRC .   As a Field Code state , California continues to subscribe to the `` primary right '' or `` ultimate fact '' theory of pleading ( also known as `` fact pleading '' ) which has been traditionally followed by Field Code states . This means that California adheres to an arcane distinction between what constitutes pleading of a mere `` fact , '' versus an `` ultimate fact , '' versus a `` conclusion of law . '' Also , California is one of two states , along with Virginia , which uses the demurrer as the primary pre-answer attack on the complaint . Most states and the federal courts have switched to modern `` notice pleading '' and use the motion to dismiss for failure to state a cause of action instead of the demurrer .

neg: Missouri Court of Appeals The Missouri Court of Appeals is the intermediate appellate court for the state of Missouri . The court handles most of the appeals from the Missouri Circuit Courts . The court is divided into three geographic districts : Eastern ( based in St. Louis ) , Western ( based in Kansas City ) , and Southern ( based in Springfield ) . For example , appeals taken from trials in St. Louis County will go to the Eastern District , and appeals taken from trials in Jackson County ( Kansas City ) will go to the Western District .   After a case is decided in the Court of Appeals , the losing party may chose to accept the result , or to appeal further to the Supreme Court of Missouri . In most appeals , the Supreme Court of Missouri may , and often does , reject an appeal from the Court of Appeals ( called `` discretionary jurisdiction '' ) . Historically , less than ten percent of the appeals heard by the Missouri Court of Appeals are transferred to the Supreme Court . Thus , for the vast majority of appeals , the Court of Appeals decision is final .

neg: United States v. Vampire Nation United States v. Vampire Nation , 451 F. 3d 189 , is a 2006 decision of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit regarding the Federal Sentencing Guidelines and asset forfeiture . A three-judge panel unanimously affirmed the conviction and sentence of Frederick Banks , a Pittsburgh man , on numerous felony charges resulting from fraudulent schemes carried out over the Internet . The case takes its title , which has been singled out as memorable and included among lists of amusingly titled cases , from one of Banks ' aliases , an electronic music group of which he was the sole regular member . He had filed the appeal under that name while representing himself .   Banks had been offering discounted versions of Microsoft software online under different names as an Amazon.com reseller . His products were either pirated or deficient , costing some customers thousands of dollars , and eventually one complained to the FBI , who arrested Banks after a short investigation . At trial a jury convicted him of mail fraud , criminal copyright infringement and several other charges .   The judge sentenced Banks to five years in prison , varying the sentence upward by three months from the maximum range specified by the sentencing guidelines . An in personam criminal forfeiture judgment was also entered against him . Banks appealed to the Third Circuit , citing those among seven possible grounds for reversing the conviction . Foremost among them , he argued that notice of the possibility of variance was required prior to the sentencing and that the district court lacked the statutory authority to order the criminal forfeiture .   Judge Franklin Van Antwerpen wrote for the panel , which ruled for the government on all the issues . Other circuits had ruled on the variance issue , and he joined four of them in holding that Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 32 ( h ) , which required a court to notify lawyers in advance of a contemplated departure , did not impose the same requirement on a variance . The forfeiture was likewise permitted since the mail fraud statute provided for civil forfeiture and , while it explicitly provided for criminal forfeiture only in cases where a financial institution was victimized , he did not find that Congress intended to limit it only to those cases via `` a chain of cross-references . ''

neg: Watts v. Indiana Watts v. Indiana , , was a United States Supreme Court case in which Justice Robert Jackson famously opined , `` To bring in a lawyer means a real peril to solution of the crime because , under our adversary system , he deems that his sole duty is to protect his client -- guilty or innocent -- and that , in such a capacity , he owes no duty whatever to help society solve its crime problem . Under this conception of criminal procedure , any lawyer worth his salt will tell the suspect in no uncertain terms to make no statement to police under any circumstances . ''   In this case , a defendant was subjected to rigorous interrogation methods , including being forced to sleep on the floor , resulting in a confession to having committed murder . The Supreme Court ruled that the confession was involuntary and reversed his conviction .   Category : United States Supreme Court cases  Category :1949 in United States case law  Category : United States Supreme Court cases of the Stone Court  Category : United States criminal procedure case law

neg: Edward Fadeley Edward Norman Fadeley ( December 13 , 1929 -- August 30 , 2015 ) was an American attorney and politician in the state of Oregon , United States . He was the 88th Associate Justice of the Oregon Supreme Court . Previously he served in both the Oregon House of Representatives and the Oregon State Senate , serving one session as President of the Oregon Senate . In later years he faced allegations of sexual harassment and was reprimanded for legal ethics violations .

neg: Manitoba Court of Appeal The Manitoba Court of Appeal ( Cour d'appel du Manitoba ) is the highest Court of Appeal in the Canadian province of Manitoba . It was established in 1906 . It is located in the Old Law Courts building at 408 York Avenue in Winnipeg , the capital city of Manitoba . It hears criminal , civil and family law cases , as well as appeals from various administrative boards and tribunals .   Pursuant to The Court of Appeal Act , the court consists of a Chief Justice and seven other judges . The Chief Justice is responsible for the judicial functions of the court , including direction over sittings of the court and the assignment of judicial duties .   Most cases are heard by a panel of three justices . A single justice presides over matters heard in '' chambers '' , usually interlocutory matters or applications for leave to appeal . Proceedings before the court are governed by the Court of Appeal Rules .   As a `` Superior Court '' under section 96 of the Constitution Act , 1867 , Court of Appeal judges are appointed by the Governor-General of Canada ( in practical terms , the Prime Minister of Canada ) . Appointees must be members of the Manitoba bar , but need not have had previous experience as a judge . However , appointees almost always have some experience as a judge , usually on the Manitoba Court of Queen 's Bench .

neg: Removal jurisdiction In the United States , removal jurisdiction refers to the right of a defendant to move a lawsuit filed in state court to the federal district court for the federal judicial district in which the state court sits . This is a general exception to the usual American rule giving the plaintiff the right to make the decision on the proper forum . Removal occurs when a defendant files a `` notice of removal '' in the state court where the lawsuit is filed and the federal court to which the defendant would like to remove the case .   Removal is governed by statute , et seq. . With rare exceptions , a case may be removed only if , at the time of the initial filing , the case could have been filed in federal court . Removal requires an independent ground for subject-matter jurisdiction such as diversity jurisdiction or federal question jurisdiction . A case must be removed to the federal district court that encompasses the state court where the action was initiated .   Once removed , the case can be transferred to , or consolidated in , another federal court , despite the plaintiff 's original intended venue .   Ordinarily , defendants face no difficulty removing claims based on federal law if every defendant desires removal ( the unanimity rule ) . Removal of claims under state law , even when a federal court indisputably has diversity jurisdiction , is more restricted . Except in certain class actions governed by the Class Action Fairness Act of 2005 ( CAFA ) , a plaintiff can successfully object to removal in diversity actions if any defendant is a citizen of the forum state where the suit is taking place .

neg: Harland Braun Harland W. Braun ( born September 21 , 1942 ) is a Los Angeles , California criminal defense attorney . His cases have included successfully defending John Landis and his co-defendant George Folsey , Jr. in the Twilight Zone manslaughter trial , defending Rep. Bobbi Fiedler against bribery charges , successfully defending state criminal charges against one of the officers charged in the Rodney King beating who was convicted in the subsequent federal trial , and defending several officers in the Rampart scandal . Braun withdrew himself from representing Robert Blake at his murder trial when Blake gave a television interview against his advice . Other celebrity clients have included Roseanne Barr , Gary Busey , Chris Farley , Lane Garrison , and Dennis Rodman .   Braun attended UCLA and UCLA Law School , and worked in the district attorney 's office before becoming a solo practitioner in 1973 .   Braun is known for outspoken and flippant remarks in defense of his clients , such as calling the heavy boot an officer wore while kicking King a `` ballet slipper . '' `` Any high-profile client is going to be tried in the press , '' Braun says . `` You can only neutralize the prosecution in the press . To say you 're not going to try it in the press is like saying you 're not going to show up the first day of trial , because the trial starts the first day the prosecution starts leaking evidence . ''

neg: James Yates (jurist) James A. Yates is an American lawyer and former judge from New York . He had been appointed general counsel to the Governor of New York , David Paterson , in 2008 , but Yates ultimately decided to remain a judge instead . The appointment had come as a surprise , as the two are not close associates .   Yates received an A.B. from Princeton University in 1967 and a J.D. from Rutgers School of Law in 1973 . He began his career as an attorney with the Legal Aid Society in New York City in 1973 , and was one of the founders of the New York State Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers , an organization whose mission is to `` ensure justice and due process for persons accused of crimes or other misconduct . '' He went on to serve as counsel to the New York State Assembly Majority Leader from 1987 to 1989 , and to the Speaker of the Assembly from 1989 to 1992 . Yates taught as an adjunct professor on the faculty of the New York Law School from 1997 to 2004 , the New York University School of Law from 1989 to 1993 , the Queens College City University of New York School of Law from 1986 to 1991 , the Cardozo School of Law from 1985 to 1986 , and the Pace University School of Law in 1984 .   In 1992 , Yates was appointed to the New York State Court of Claims by Governor Mario Cuomo , and served until 1998 , when he was elected to a fourteen-year term to the state 's highest trial court , the New York State Supreme Court , in New York County . On the bench , Yates was known as a liberal , and former New York City prosecutor Daniel Alonso noted that his `` appointment may signal Governor Paterson 's intention to adopt a progressive criminal justice agenda . '' He is now Chief Counsel to the Speaker of the New York State Assembly .

neg: Seymour Karminski Sir Seymour Edward Karminski , PC ( 28 September 1902 -- 29 October 1974 ) was a British judge .   The son of a German-born bank manager . Karminski was educated at Rugby School and Christ Church , Oxford , where he took a First in History in 1923 . He was called to the bar by the Inner Temple in 1925 , and took silk in 1945 . During World War II , he joined the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve in 1940 , where he reached the rank of Lieutenant Commander .   In 1951 , he was appointed to the High Court and assigned to the Probate , Divorce and Admiralty Division , and received the customary knighthood . At the time , he was one of the two Jewish judges on the High Court bench , the other being Sir Lionel Cohen . In 1967 , Karminski was sworn in the Privy Council . He was made a Lord Justice of Appeal in 1969 , and served until 1973 .   Karminski was elected Bencher of the Inner Temple in 1951 , Reader in 1971 , and Treasurer in 1973 .

neg: Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy On December 7 , 2006 , the George W. Bush administration 's Department of Justice ordered the unprecedented midterm dismissal of seven United States Attorneys . Congressional investigations focused on whether the Department of Justice and the White House were using the U.S. Attorney positions for political advantage . Allegations were that some of the attorneys were targeted for dismissal to impede investigations of Republican politicians or that some were targeted for their failure to initiate investigations that would damage Democratic politicians or hamper Democratic-leaning voters .  The U.S. attorneys were replaced with interim appointees , under provisions in the 2005 USA PATRIOT Act reauthorization .   A subsequent report by the Justice Department Inspector General in October 2008 found that the process used to fire the first seven attorneys and two others dismissed around the same time was `` arbitrary '' , `` fundamentally flawed '' , and `` raised doubts about the integrity of Department prosecution decisions '' . In July 2010 , the Department of Justice prosecutors closed the two-year investigation without filing charges after determining that the firing was inappropriately political , but not criminal , saying `` Evidence did not demonstrate that any prosecutable criminal offense was committed with regard to the removal of David Iglesias . The investigative team also determined that the evidence did not warrant expanding the scope of the investigation beyond the removal of Iglesias . ''

neg: Theodore S. Weiss Theodore S. `` Ted '' Weiss ( September 17 , 1927 -- September 14 , 1992 ) was a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives from New York serving from 1977 until his death from heart failure in New York City in 1992 .   Weiss was born in Gáva , Hungary and emigrated to the United States in 1938 as his family fled the Nazi invasion of Hungary . He grew up in Perth Amboy , New Jersey . Weiss served in the United States Army from 1946 until 1947 . He graduated from Syracuse University in 1951 , earning a law degree from Syracuse University College of Law in 1952 . In 1953 , Weiss became a naturalized citizen of the United States . Between 1955 and 1959 , he served as assistant New York County , New York ( Manhattan ) district attorney , before leaving the position to return to private practice .   From 1962 until 1976 , Weiss was a member of the New York City Council . He was a delegate to the 1972 Democratic National Convention . Weiss was elected to Congress in 1976 , representing most of Manhattan 's West Side , and served from January 3 , 1977 , until his death . Weiss was known for his avid support of liberal causes , including civil rights , open government , and the arts . He served on the House Committee on Banking , Finance , and Urban Affairs , the House Committee on Government Operations , and the House Committee on Foreign Affairs . In 1985 Weiss headed a committee that found 90 percent of the twenty to thirty thousand new drugs used on farm animals had not been approved by the FDA in violation of the Federal Food , Drug , and Cosmetic Act . They also found that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) failed to remove several drugs already known to be carcinogens .   Weiss died three days before the state 's Democratic primary election . Due to the Congressman 's ailing health , five Democrats appeared on the ballot to challenge him . Nonetheless , Weiss posthumously won the primary by a huge margin . State Assemblyman Jerry Nadler was named to replace Weiss on the ballot and was handily elected in November ; Nadler still holds the seat .   The Ted Weiss Federal Building in Lower Manhattan , adjacent to the African Burial Ground National Monument , has been named in Weiss ' honor .

neg: Afroyim v. Rusk Afroyim v. Rusk , , is a major United States Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled that citizens of the United States may not be deprived of their citizenship involuntarily . The U.S. government had attempted to revoke the citizenship of Beys Afroyim , a man born in Poland , because he had cast a vote in an Israeli election after becoming a naturalized U.S. citizen . The Supreme Court decided that Afroyim 's right to retain his citizenship was guaranteed by the Citizenship Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution . In so doing , the Court struck down a federal law mandating loss of U.S. citizenship for voting in a foreign election -- thereby overruling one of its own precedents , Perez v. Brownell ( 1958 ) , in which it had upheld loss of citizenship under similar circumstances less than a decade earlier .   The Afroyim decision opened the way for a wider acceptance of dual ( or multiple ) citizenship in United States law . The Bancroft Treaties -- a series of agreements between the United States and other nations which had sought to limit dual citizenship following naturalization -- were eventually abandoned after the Carter administration concluded that Afroyim and other Supreme Court decisions had rendered them unenforceable .   The impact of Afroyim v. Rusk was narrowed by a later case , Rogers v. Bellei ( 1971 ) , in which the Court determined that the Fourteenth Amendment safeguarded citizenship only when a person was born or naturalized in the United States , and that Congress retained authority to regulate the citizenship status of a person who was born outside the United States to an American parent . However , the specific law at issue in Rogers v. Bellei -- a requirement for a minimum period of U.S. residence that Bellei had failed to satisfy -- was repealed by Congress in 1978 . As a consequence of revised policies adopted in 1990 by the United States Department of State , it is now ( in the words of one expert ) `` virtually impossible to lose American citizenship without formally and expressly renouncing it . ''

neg: Judiciary Act of 1802 The United States Judiciary Act of 1802 ( 2 Stat . 156 ) was a Federal statute , enacted on April 29 , 1802 , to reorganize the federal court system . It restored some elements of the Judiciary Act of 1801 , which had been adopted by the Federalist majority in the previous Congress , but was repealed by the Democratic-Republican majority earlier in 1802 .   The Act restructured the circuit courts into six circuits , and assigned one Supreme Court justice to each circuit . Unlike the 1801 Act , no new circuit judgeships were created , so the justices were faced with having to return to the practice of `` riding circuit '' to hold court in each district within their circuit , along with the local district judge , during the majority of the year . No circuit courts were created for the judicial districts of Kentucky , Tennessee , Maine , or the territories , although the 1801 Act would have done so .   Since the circuit courts were now to consist of only two judges , the Act permitted them to certify to the Supreme Court any question of law on which the two could not agree . Also , the district judge was not permitted to hear appeals of his own decisions , so appeals from the district courts were decided by the circuit justice alone . But the most important part of the Act was the provision that a quorum of only one judge was needed to convene a circuit court . As a result , Supreme Court justices could often rely on district court judges to convene circuit courts . With circuit riding largely optional , Supreme Court justices were no longer saddled with what they had previously felt was a tremendous burden . The Act 's flexibility proved crucial to the demise of circuit riding , which essentially disappeared by 1840 .   The Act also created additional district courts by dividing the District of North Carolina into the districts of Albemarle , Cape Fear , and Pamptico , and by dividing the District of Tennessee into the Eastern and Western Districts of Tennessee . No new judgeships were created for these courts ; however , the district judges in North Carolina and Tennessee had to hold court in each district within their state , and the North Carolina judge also had to sit on the circuit court ( which , however , continued to sit for the state as a whole , not in the separate district court districts ) .   The Act established a United States District Court for the District of Columbia , although this court is not the direct predecessor of today 's court bearing the same name .

neg: James E. Baker James E. Baker ( born March 25 , 1960 ) is the former Chief Judge to the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces . He was appointed to the Court on September 19 , 2000 and became its Chief Judge upon the expiration of Andrew S. Effron 's term in September , 2011 . On June 22 , 2016 , President Barack Obama appointed Judge Baker to the Public Interest Declassification Board .   Judge Baker was born in New Haven , Connecticut and grew up in Cambridge , Massachusetts . He graduated from Yale College in 1982 and Yale Law School in 1990 . Following college he served in the Marine Corps as an Infantry officer . He resigned from the Reserves as an Infantry officer upon joining the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces . Judge Baker has also served as a legislative aide and Acting Chief of Staff to Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan .   In the Office of the Legal Advisor , U.S. Department of State , he provided legal advice on law enforcement , intelligence , and counter-terrorism issues and served as counsel to delegations to various environmental negotiations . Judge Baker 's civil service also includes posts as Deputy Legal Advisor to the National Security Council ( 1994-1997 ) and as Counsel to the President 's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board and Intelligence Oversight Board ( 1993 ) . From 1997 to 2000 , he was Special Assistant to the President and Legal Advisor to the National Security Council ( NSC ) . At the NSC , Judge Baker advised the President , the National Security Advisor and the National Security Council staff on national security law .   Judge Baker is the recipient of the 1999 Colonel Nelson Drew Award . That award , the NSC 's highest honor , recognizes `` distinguished contributions to the formation of peaceful , cooperative relationships between states , and U.S. security policy for global peace . '' He is also a recipient of the `` Director 's Award '' , given by the Director of Central Intelligence as recognition for `` superior contributions in the fields of intelligence and national security '' . In 2009 , the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College awarded Judge Baker the honorary degree of Master of Military Art and Science .   In addition to numerous articles , Judge Baker is the author of In the Common Defense : National Security Law for Perilous Times and , with Michael Reisman , Regulating Covert Action . He is a member of the American Bar Association 's Standing Committee on Law and National Security , as well as the Editorial Board of the Journal of National Security Law & Policy . He regularly teaches at Georgetown University Law Center and the University of Iowa College of Law , and has also taught at Yale Law School and the University of Pittsburgh School of Law .

neg: Hill and Barlow Hill & Barlow was a law firm in Boston , Massachusetts that was dissolved in 2002 . Founded in 1895 , the firm had been one of the city 's oldest and most elite firms , and was also the 12th largest in Boston at the time of its dissolution , employing 145 lawyers . The firm was founded by Arthur Hill , known for defending the anarchists Sacco and Vanzetti . Hill & Barlow was dissolved when approximately one third of the firm , mostly the real estate group , left , eventually joining Piper Rudnick ( now DLA Piper ) in 2003 . ( A group representing authors and movie producers were the first to leave for Fish & Richardson . ) Remaining attorneys reported feeling `` blindsided '' by the unexpected upheaval , but those departing felt that the planned restructuring was coming too late .   Notable former employees include :   Robert Mueller , director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation ;  Michael S. Greco , President of the American Bar Association , the Massachusetts Bar Association , the New England Bar Association , and the New England Bar Foundation ;  former Massachusetts governors Endicott Peabody , Michael Dukakis and William Weld ;  Deval Patrick , the first African American Governor of Massachusetts and former U.S. assistant attorney general for Civil Rights under Bill Clinton ;  former Massachusetts State Senator Jarrett Barrios ;  Joseph D. Steinfield , Prince Lobel Tye LLP  Gael , Mahony , Holland & Knight  Federal Judge Reginald C. Lindsay , U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts ( 1993 ) ;  Jane Schacter , currently a professor at Stanford Law School and former assistant attorney general , Massachusetts ;  Paul R. McDaniel , professor of law at the University of Florida Levin College of Law ;  James R. Repetti , professor of law at Boston College Law School ;  John A. E. Pottow , professor of law at the University of Michigan Law School .  Michael Weisman , adjunct professor of law at Yale Law School and attorney for Marie Evans in Evans v. Lorillard Tobacco which resulted in an $ 152 million jury verdict .  Robert Bone , professor of law at The University of Texas School of Law .  David A. Hoffman , Lecturer on Law at Harvard Law School and founder of Boston Law Collaborative , LLC  John C. P. Goldberg , professor of law at Harvard Law School  Huyen Pham , professor of law at Texas A&M Law School  Thomas Main , professor of law at UNLV William S. Boyd School of Law

neg: Strike for cause Strike for cause ( also referred to as challenge for cause or removal for cause ) is a method of eliminating potential members from a jury panel in the United States .   During the jury selection process , after voir dire , opposing attorneys may request removal of any juror who does not appear capable of rendering a fair and impartial verdict , in either determining guilt or innocence and/or a suitable punishment . An example would be a potential juror in a murder case , where the sentencing options include the death penalty and a lesser sentence ( such as life without parole ) , who states that s/he `` would sentence a defendant to death if found guilty '' ; such a statement may indicate the person 's unwillingness to fairly consider a life without parole sentence .   Unlike a peremptory challenge ( the number of which are limited by the court during voir dire , and unless a Batson challenge is raised the challenge is automatically granted ) there is no limit to the number of strikes for cause that attorneys on either side of a case can be granted . However , also unlike a peremptory challenge , a strike for cause must state a specific reason ( in the example above , the reason would be the juror 's bias against a non-death penalty sentence ) and be granted by the trial judge ; often both attorneys and sometimes the judge will question the juror being challenged .   If one attorney moves to strike a juror for cause but the judge rejects the motion , the attorney may still use a peremptory challenge ( if s/he has any remaining ) to strike the juror , and on appeal may raise a claim that the motion should have been granted but , because it was not , the attorney had to either use a peremptory challenge or seat a biased juror .


query: Shawn Mendes is a musician who records music.

pos: Handwritten (Shawn Mendes album) Handwritten is the debut studio album by Canadian singer Shawn Mendes , and was released on April 14 , 2015 by Island . It debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 119,000 album-equivalent units , of which 106,000 copies were pure album sales . The album includes `` Stitches '' , which reached top 5 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number one on the UK Singles Chart , while its reissue features the US top 20 single `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' .

pos: Shawn Mendes Shawn Peter Raul Mendes ( -LSB- ˈmɛndɛz -RSB- , -LSB- ˈmẽdɨʃ -RSB- ; born August 8 , 1998 ) is a Canadian singer and songwriter . He attracted a following in 2013 , when he began posting song covers on the video sharing application Vine . The following year , he caught the attention of artist managers Andrew Gertler and Island Records A&R Ziggy Chareton , which led to him signing a deal with the record label . Mendes went on to release an EP and his debut studio album Handwritten , whose single `` Stitches '' reached the top 10 in the US and Canada , and number one in the UK . His sophomore album , Illuminate ( 2016 ) , was preceded by the single `` Treat You Better '' . Both albums debuted atop the US Billboard 200 .

pos: Illuminate (Shawn Mendes album) Illuminate is the second studio album by Canadian singer and songwriter Shawn Mendes . It was released on September 23 , 2016 , through Island Records and Universal Music Group . The album debuted atop the US Billboard 200 . It will be supported by the Illuminate World Tour , set to begin in March 2017 .

neg: Unsigned artist An unsigned artist , unsigned band or independent artist is a musician or musical group not under a contract with a record label . The terms are used in the music industry as a marketing technique . Bands that release their own material on self-published CDs can also be considered unsigned bands . Often unsigned bands primarily exist to perform at concerts .   In more recent years , the Internet has helped promote the music of unsigned bands . Artists often post their music as MP3s on websites such as Bandcamp , SoundCloud , Myspace , PureVolume , GarageBand.com and SoundClick .   In 2016 , the Unsigned Music Awards was established in the UK as the first ever televised international awards ceremony to champion artists without the backing of a record label .   UK unsigned bands and musicians are able to use such services as The Unsigned Guide and to gather music industry contact names , phone numbers , websites and social media links , as well as information on how to get signed or market music independently .   Song pitching websites , such as TAXI allow unsigned musicians to see which record labels ( and other music companies ) are currently seeking new music .   Further , companies like Sentric Music and the royalty payment service offered by Last.fm can help in generating income streams for unsigned bands .

neg: Mas que Nada `` Mas , que Nada ! '' ( -LSB- mas ki ˈnadɐ -RSB- ) is a song written and originally performed by Jorge Ben Jor on his debut album , which in a later cover version became the signature song of Sérgio Mendes . It was voted by the Brazilian edition of Rolling Stone as the 5th greatest Brazilian song . It was inducted to the Latin Grammy Hall of Fame in 2013 .

neg: Characteristics of progressive rock Progressive rock is a term that refers to a musical style . The term was originally referred to as `` classical rock '' ( in which a band performed together with an orchestra ) , but the term 's use has expanded in recent years to include other fusions of music styles including jazz fusion , metal and folk rock musics . The term does not refer to one particular music style but to an approach that combines elements of diverse styles . Jerry Ewing , editor of Prog Magazine , explains that `` Prog is not just a sound , it 's a mindset . '' Dream Theater guitarist John Petrucci outlines that Progressive rock is defined by its very lack of stylistic boundaries . The advent of the concept album , plus the genre 's roots in psychedelia , led albums and performances to be viewed as combined presentations of music , lyrics , and visuals .   Bands abandoned the short pop single in favor of instrumentation and compositional techniques more frequently associated with jazz or classical music as part of an effort to give rock music the same level of musical sophistication and critical respect . Progressive rock abandons the danceable beat that defines earlier rock styles and is more likely than other types of popular music to experiment with compositional structure , instrumentation , harmony and rhythm , or lyrical content . It may demand more effort on the part of the listener than other types of music .   Musicians in progressive rock typically display a high degree of instrumental skill , although this is not always the case . Virtuoso instrumental skills are so closely associated with progressive rock that authors such as Bill Martin consider it as a defining element and exclude bands such as Pink Floyd from consideration . It is not uncommon for musicians to have received a higher-than-average level of formal training . Players from the genre frequently appear in readers ' polls of publications that cater to musicians .

neg: Shawn Chrystopher Shawn Chrystopher Garrett , II ( born July 22 , 1986 ) better known by his stage name Shawn Chrystopher , is an American rapper and music producer . He first gained major attention with the release of his debut mixtape `` I.W.G. : I Wear Glasses '' in 2008 , which was sponsored by urban-clothing powerhouse LRG . Chrystopher also worked with artist Timbaland , Yelawolf , MANN , XV , Mike Posner , Big Sean , N.O.R.E. , Owl City , Dom Kennedy and many other artists spanning a handful of different genres .   Shawn released three albums in 2014 ; the first one , Summerlove , was released for free on LiveMixtapes on August 12 , 2014 . For the new music , Shawn worked with GRAMMY Award winning producer Timbaland , who executive produced his debut commercial album `` The Lovestory LP '' that dropped on July 23 , 2013 via Shawn 's label Honour ROLE Music , LLC .

neg: Xscape (album) Xscape is the second posthumous album of previously unreleased tracks by American singer Michael Jackson . It is his eighth album released through Epic Records , and it was released on May 13 , 2014 by Epic Records and MJJ Music . It is the fifth album released by Sony and Motown since Jackson 's death in June 2009 . L.A. Reid , chairman of Epic Records , curated and served as executive producer for the album enlisting Timbaland to lead a team of record producers , including StarGate , Jerome `` J-Roc '' Harmon , John McClain , and Rodney Jerkins , to remix and contemporize the eight selected tracks . Jerkins produced the title song and is the only original song producer to work on the final productions .   Xscape was promoted across the Sony group of companies ; Sony Mobile used a snippet of `` Slave to the Rhythm '' in their advertising campaign for the Xperia Z2 mobile phone . `` Love Never Felt So Good '' was announced as the official lead single to premiere on May 1 , 2014 . The deluxe edition of the album includes all of the songs in their original forms as well as one bonus track and two videos .

neg: Demo (music) A demo ( from `` demonstration '' ) is a song or group of songs recorded for limited circulation or reference use rather than for general public release . A demo is a way for a musician to approximate their ideas in a fixed format , such as cassette tape , compact disc , or digital audio files , and to thereby pass along those ideas to record labels , record producers , or to other artists .   Musicians often use demos as quick sketches to share with bandmates or arrangers or simply for personal reference during the songwriting process ; in other cases a songwriter might make a demo to send to artists in hopes of having the song professionally recorded , or a music publisher may need a simple recording for publishing or copyright purposes .

neg: Backing vocalist Backing vocalists are singers who provide vocal harmony with the lead vocalist or other backing vocalists . In some cases , a backing singer may sing alone as a lead-in to the main vocalist 's entry or to sing a counter-melody . Backing vocalists are used in a broad range of popular music , traditional music and world music styles .   Solo artists may employ professional backing vocalists in studio recording sessions as well as during concerts . In many rock and metal bands ( e.g. , the power trio ) , the musicians doing backup vocals also play instruments , such as guitar , electric bass , drums , or keyboards . In Latin or Afro-Cuban groups , backup singers may play percussion instruments or shakers while singing . In some pop and hip-hop groups and in musical theater , the backup singers may be required to perform elaborately choreographed dance routines while they sing through headset microphones .   The style of singing used by backup singers varies according to the type of song and the genre of music the band plays . In pop and country songs , backup vocalists may perform vocal harmony parts to support the lead vocalist . In hardcore punk or rockabilly , other band members who play instruments may sing or shout backup vocals during the chorus ( refrain ) section of the songs .

neg: Hip-O Records Hip-O Records is a record label that specializes in reissues and compilations . It is part of Universal Music Group . Established in 1996 , the label has distributed releases from ` out of style ' genres such as disco and early hip-hop music as well as publishing film soundtracks . The label 's name is a pun on the name ` hippo ' .

neg: Universal Music Publishing Group Universal Music Publishing Group ( UMPG ) is a North American music publishing company and is part of the Universal Music Group , a subsidiary of Vivendi Group . It was formerly known as MCA Music Publishing until its mother company Seagram was dismantled .   Universal Music Publishing is the world 's second largest music publishing company , behind Sony/ATV Music Publishing .

neg: Interscope Geffen A&M Records Interscope Geffen A&M Records ( also known as IGA Records ) is an American record company . Its parent company is the Universal Music Group , a subsidiary of Paris-based media conglomerate Vivendi S.A.

neg: The Roots discography The discography of The Roots , an American hip hop band , consists of fourteen solo studio albums , three collaborative studio albums , three compilation albums , two extended plays , and two live albums . The Roots began performing in 1989 as The Square Roots with rapper Black Thought and drummer Questlove . Rapper Malik B. , and bassist Leonard Hubbard joined the band in 1991 . Over its history , Questlove and Black Thought have always remained with The Roots while their lineup of backing musicians has changed .   In 1993 , The Roots debuted with independently released album Organix , and signed to DGC Records ( later MCA Records ) that same year . The Roots ' debuted on Geffen with Do You Want More ?!!!??! , an album that was unique in hip hop for using no sampling , and being embraced more by fans of alternative rock than fans of hip hop . Do You Want More ?!!!??! peaked at only number 104 on the Billboard 200 chart in the US . Illadelph Halflife , the third album by the Roots , peaked at number twenty-one on the Billboard 200 . In 1999 , The Roots ' fourth album Things Fall Apart became the band 's biggest success . The album was certified gold in the US , and its single `` You Got Me '' peaked at number thirty-nine on the Billboard Hot 100 , and number nineteen on the Hot Rap Tracks chart . `` You Got Me '' won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group in 2000 . In 2002 , The Roots released Phrenology , which contained the band 's second single to chart on the Hot 100 . `` Break You Off '' , which featured Musiq Soulchild , peaked at number ninety-nine .   The Roots founded the company Okayplayer , and released The Tipping Point in 2004 . In 2006 , The Roots signed to Def Jam , and released Game Theory under Def Jam and Rising Down in 2008 ; the band 's album How I Got Over was released in 2010 . The Roots released two live concert albums , the first being The Roots Come Alive in 2000 , and the next The Roots Present in 2005 . In 2009 , The Roots became the house band for the late-night show Late Night with Jimmy Fallon .

neg: I Know What You Did Last Summer (song) `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' is a song by Canadian singer Shawn Mendes and Cuban-American singer Camila Cabello . It was released as the lead single from his 2015 revisited version of his debut studio album , Handwritten ( 2015 ) via Island Records on November 18 , 2015 . It reached the top 20 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and on the Canadian Hot 100 . Mendes and Cabello promoted the song with several televised performances , including on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon and at the 2016 People 's Choice Awards .

neg: Maroon music Maroon Music is a genre involving people of African descent that were not born on the continent creating songs in an African language ( as opposed to their first language ) . It is named after the Maroon ( people ) , African refugees who escaped from slavery in the Americas and formed independent settlements . Just as the Maroon people created their own societies in lands foreign to them in attempts to retain their freedom , Maroon music is an attempt by African American artists to reacquire their Mother tongue through writing music in an indigenous African language . Maroon Music subject matter centers around stories about Maroon leaders and other historic freedom fighters of African descent , Maroon groups , peace , unity , and righteousness .   In the intro to Maroon music artist , Adetokunbo 's first album `` Maroon Music '' the history of the genre is explained :   `` African refugees that escaped slavery in the Americas and formed independent settlements were called Maroons . The term can also be applied to their descendants . The same root word also gives us the English verb `` to maroon '' .   When runaway slaves banded together and subsisted independently they were called Maroons . On the Caribbean islands , runaway slaves formed bands and on some islands formed armed camps . Maroon communities faced great odds to survive against oppressive attackers , obtain food for subsistence living , and to reproduce and increase their numbers .  There is much variety among Maroon cultural groups because of differences in history , geography , African nationality , and the culture of indigenous people throughout the Western hemisphere .   Maroon settlements sometimes developed creole languages by mixing European tongues with their original African languages . Other times the Maroons would adopt the local European language as a common tongue , for members of the community frequently spoke a variety of Mother Tongues .   What you are about to hear is a family 's journey to reacquire their Mother Tongue through song . Their goal is to reacquire that which was lost in the Middle Passage . Let this music , Maroon Music , serve as their testament to freedom in a world that has nothing but contempt for the self liberated . ''   Maroon music is less concerned with the perfection and fluency of speech of the African language but more with the exercise of learning and improving communication , while providing subtitles and written keys in English so that others will understand the message attempting to be conveyed by the artist . As pidgin English is noted as `` is a simplified version of a language that develops as a means of communication between two or more groups that do not have a language in common Pidgin , Maroon music employs the pidginization or Creolization of African languages as a simplified means for African Americans to communicate with indigenous Africans . For this reason , key 's and subtitles in Maroon Music videos are an essential component for conveying intended meaning to both indigenous Africans and those born abroad .   The Maroons are a number of diverse peoples in the Caribbean , South America , North America and Central America , the descendants of escaped slaves . The Seminole music tradition of the United States is an example , as are numerous communities in Jamaica , Suriname and French Guiana .   The Surinamese , Guyanese , and French Guianan escaped slaves managed to hide in the dense jungles of the area , and formed communities like the Aluku , Saramaka and Ndjuka . Their traditional sung stories are called mato , and there is also a kind of popular Maroon music called aleke . Traditional dances include awasa , a women 's social dance .   The Jamaican Maroons are known for instruments like the abeng , a kind of horn .

neg: Word Records Word Records is a Christian faith-based entertainment company based in Nashville , Tennessee . It is owned by Curb Records and is a part of Word Entertainment .

neg: Geffen Records Geffen Records is an American major record label , owned by Universal Music Group , which operates as one third of the Interscope Geffen A&M Records label . On March 23 , 2017 , Billboard.com announced the label was relaunching with longtime A&R Neil Jacobson as President , who reports to John Janick , CEO and chairman of Interscope Geffen A&M Records .

neg: Indie hip-hop Indie hip hop ( short for independent hip hop ) is hip hop that primarily exists in the independent underground music scene .   The term underground hip hop may be used to describe both indie hip hop ( which is defined by its artists being unsigned or signed to independent record labels , rather than major record labels ) as well as alternative hip hop ( which is defined by music that diverges from mainstream hip hop music such as Gangsta rap . )   As the term `` indie hip hop '' is indicative of the musicians making the music rather than the music itself , it is not strictly a genre but rather covers a range of styles with clearly discernable hip hop characteristics .   Like indie rock artists , many indie hip hop artists place a premium on maintaining complete control of their music and careers , releasing albums on independent record labels ( sometimes their own ) and relying on touring , word-of-mouth , and air play on independent or college radio stations for promotion . Some of its more popular artists , however , may end up moving to major labels , though often on favorable terms won by their prior independent success .   Independent hip hop labels include Babygrande Records , Definitive Jux , Nature Sounds Records and Strange Famous Records . Notable indie hip hop artists include 7L & Esoteric , Bronze Nazareth , Chief Kamachi , Lord Jamar , Mr. Lif , Jedi Mind Tricks , OuterSpace , The Perceptionists , WMR Music Group and The Society of Invisibles .

neg: Shawn Jones (musician) Shawn Jones ( born 1976 in Oklahoma City , Oklahoma ) , is an American singer-songwriter and the founding member of the indie rock group The Lovely Sparrows .

neg: Americana Americana are artifacts , or a collection of artifacts , related to the history , geography , folklore and cultural heritage of the United States . Many kinds of material fall within the definition of Americana : paintings , prints and drawings ; license plates or entire vehicles , household objects , tools and weapons ; flags , plaques and statues , and so on . Patriotism and nostalgia play defining roles in the subject . The things involved need not be old , but need to have the appropriate associations . The Atlantic described the term as `` slang for the comforting , middle-class ephemera at your average antique store -- things like needle-pointed pillows , Civil War daguerreotypes , and engraved silverware sets . '' The term may be used to describe the theme of a museum or collection , or of goods for sale .   The term can also be used to describe studies of American culture , especially studies based in other countries . Americana music is contemporary music that incorporates elements of various American roots music styles , including country , roots-rock , folk , bluegrass and blues , resulting in a distinctive roots-oriented sound .

neg: Stillness Stillness '' is the final album by Sérgio Mendes and the Brasil '66 band . Following this album , Mendes renamed his group Brasil ' 77 .

neg: Music store A music store or musical instrument store is a retail business that sells musical instruments and related equipment and accessories . In United States and Canada , most music stores in the 2010s sell a range of electric instruments ( e.g. , electric guitars ) , instrument amplifiers ( e.g. , guitar amplifiers ) ; electronic instruments ( e.g. , synthesizers ) ; drum kits ( including drums , cymbals and percussion instruments ) and acoustic classical , concert band and jazz musical instruments such as saxophones , trumpets and violins . In addition , stores typically sell ( and sometimes rent ) the sound reinforcement system and PA system gear used in live concert performances and the sound recording equipment used to record music , such as microphones and digital recorders .   In the 2010s , music stores can be `` bricks and mortar '' stores ( either individual small businesses or chain stores , which may be a regional or national chain ) ; online musical instrument stores , which consist of a website describing the merchandise , various online payment systems , and shipping or delivery systems ; or hybrid stores that have both `` bricks and mortar '' stores and an online store . Some `` bricks and mortar '' music stores also provide services for a fee , such as music lessons , musical instrument repair and guitar amplifier repair .


query: Charlie Rubin refused a writing job on In Living Color.

pos: Charlie Rubin Charlie Rubin is an American television comedy writer , producer , and humorist .   He has written for National Lampoon , The Carol Burnett Show , In Living Color , The Jon Stewart Show , Saturday Night Live , Seinfeld , and Law & Order : Criminal Intent .   Charlie attended Horace Mann School in Riverdale , New York and then Williams College , from which he graduated in 1972 . While at Williams , Charlie , along with his friend , Mitchell Rapoport , founded The Williams Advocate . He also produced an original musical called `` Sizzle '' with William Finn at the Adams Memorial Theater . It was the first original musical to be mounted at Williams College since Stephen Sondheim attended over 20 years earlier .   Charlie is currently working on a screen adaptation of Veeck -- As In Wreck : The Autobiography of Bill Veeck . He is also a professor at NYU 's Tisch School of the Arts in the Rita & Burton Goldberg Department of Dramatic Writing , where he teaches writing for television .   He married writer Susan Shapiro on July 27 , 1996 .

neg: Alan Smithee Alan Smithee ( also Allen Smithee ) is an official pseudonym used by film directors who wish to disown a project . Coined in 1968 and used until it was formally discontinued in 2000 , it was the sole pseudonym used by members of the Directors Guild of America ( DGA ) when a director , dissatisfied with the final product , proved to the satisfaction of a guild panel that he or she had not been able to exercise creative control over a film . The director was also required by guild rules not to discuss the circumstances leading to the move or even to acknowledge being the project 's director .

neg: Jeff Ross Jeffrey Ross Lifschultz ( born September 13 , 1965 ) , known professionally as Jeff Ross , is an American stand-up comedian , writer , and actor . His skill in doing high-profile celebrity roasts and his appearances in Comedy Central 's Roasts , have led him to be dubbed `` The Roastmaster General . '' He has appeared in various film , television , and cartoon projects . He has made appearances at events for U.S. soldiers and directed a documentary film covering his experiences touring U.S. bases in Iraq .

neg: Rysher Entertainment Rysher Entertainment was the owner of television and film programming content , primarily distributed around the world by CBS Television Distribution and Paramount Pictures . Select rights are also distributed by Warner Bros. , Universal , Lionsgate , Fox , Columbia Pictures , MGM and other entertainment distribution companies worldwide .   The company has its roots in Bing Crosby Productions ( `` BCP '' ) . Its namesake , actor-singer Bing Crosby , founded BCP in 1949 , and was best known for producing the sitcom Hogan 's Heroes and the medical drama Ben Casey -- in succeeding years , BCP was acquired by Cox Broadcasting .   In 1993 , Cox acquired Rysher Entertainment . Rysher , founded in April 1991 by Keith Samples , had been established as an independently owned company whose original sole product had been the distribution of NBC 's series Saved By The Bell . In 1993 , and later distribution of another NBC series California Dreams in 1994 , Rysher merged with Al Masini 's Television Program Enterprises to form Rysher TPE , its alternate name used from 1993 to 1995 . Through Rysher TPE , they produced and distributed shows such as Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous ( renamed Lifestyles with Robin Leach and Shari Belafonte for its final season ) and Star Search . Later , they produced and distributed George & Alana , which ran for one season in 1995 .  The company was shut down in 1999 and the library was acquired by Viacom who folded it into both the film and television division of Paramount .   Rysher 's library , today distributed by CBS Television Distribution ( CTD ) and Paramount Pictures ( for TV series and films , respectively ) , includes television and feature film classics such as Hogan 's Heroes ( whose partial rights are held by CBS ) , Ben Casey , and Walking Tall , as well as more recent programs and films including Nash Bridges ( 1999 -- 2001 episodes are produced by Paramount Network Television ) , Highlander : The Series , The Opposite of Sex ( with Sony Pictures Classics ) , Kingpin and Big Night .   Rysher also distributes internationally through CTD several of HBO 's award-winning titles including Arli $ $ , Oz and Sex and the City .   Rysher also produced House Arrest and Zeus and Roxanne , both of which were released by MGM and distributed by HBO Home Video for home release .

neg: Born Free (Kid Rock album) Born Free is American artist Kid Rock 's eighth studio album . It released on November 16 , 2010 with the title track being its lead single . The album is a rock and roll collaboration produced by Rick Rubin featuring several high profile artists such as T.I. , Sheryl Crow , and Bob Seger . This is Kid Rock 's first album not to feature a Parental Advisory sticker and his first all-country album . Kid Rock described it as `` very organic blues-based rock and roll '' . Cable network TBS used the title track , `` Born Free '' , for its coverage of the 2010 Major League Baseball postseason . It was announced on June 16 , 2011 that Born Free was certified Platinum by the RIAA for shipments in excess of one million copies . This gives Kid Rock his sixth Platinum album certification in the US . A Michigan only promotion was released with the album . It was a 4-song EP called `` Racing Father Time '' .

neg: Jon Bokenkamp Jon Bokenkamp is an American writer and producer best known for his role in writing the screenplay for Taking Lives , The Call , and creating the NBC series The Blacklist along with The Blacklist : Redemption .   Bokenkamp was encouraged to enter a script writing competition by friend and fellow Nebraskan , Todd Nelson , creator of the Nebraska Coast Connection . After winning the competition , Jon landed an agent and his first paid assignment , rewriting a horror film for Exorcist director Billy Friedkin .   Success allowed Bokenkamp to return to his hometown where he earned the 2013 Hub Freedom Award for his work restoring the historic World Theater in downtown Kearney , Nebraska .

neg: Ron Carlivati Ronald David `` Ron '' Carlivati ( born November 25 , 1968 ) is an American screenwriter . He is best known for his tenures as head writer on the ABC Daytime soap operas One Life to Live and General Hospital .

neg: Barry Manilow Live Barry Manilow Live is the fifth album by the singer-songwriter Barry Manilow . The album was released in 1977 , and it scored quadruple platinum .   Manilow also was among 1977 Special Tony Award winners Lily Tomlin , Diana Ross , National Theatre For the Deaf and Equity Library Theatre honored with the award that year . He received it for Barry Manilow on Broadway , his 12-day stay at the Uris Theatre from December 21 , 1976 to January 2 , 1977 , where this live album was recorded .   The album is known for giving the first commercial release to Manilow 's VSM ( `` Very Strange Medley '' ) . Before the performance Manilow refers to this as a medley of songs that he included in his act against the values of his `` artsy fartsy friends '' . It is a medley of commercial jingles Manilow was involved with , either as a writer or performer , before he became a chart star . The products/companies these promoted include Kentucky Fried Chicken , State Farm , Stridex , Band-Aid , Bowlene , Dr. Pepper , Pepsi and McDonald 's .   When first released on compact disc , dialogue and all movements to `` Beautiful Music '' were omitted for it all to fit on one disc , however the 2006 compact disc re-release restores all dialogue and songs , in addition to reordering the track listing to accommodate for the added bonus tracks .

neg: Aaron Spelling Aaron Spelling ( April 22 , 1923 -- June 23 , 2006 ) was an American film and television producer . Some of his successes include the TV programs Charlie 's Angels ( 1976 -- 81 ) , The Love Boat ( 1977 -- 86 ) , Dynasty ( 1981 -- 89 ) , and Beverly Hills , 90210 ( 1990 -- 2000 ) .   As of 2009 , Spelling , through his eponymous production company Spelling Television , holds the record as the most prolific television writer and producer in US television history , with 218 producer and executive producer credits . Forbes ranked him the 11th top-earning deceased celebrity in 2009 .

neg: Nowhere Men Nowhere Men is a comic book series written by Eric Stephenson . The first six issues were drawn by Nate Bellegarde , colored by Jordie Bellaire , lettered by Fonografix ( Steven Finch ) , and published by Image Comics .  As of issue 7 , Dave Taylor has replaced Nate Bellegarde , who no longer is part of the creative team . Emi Lenox also joined up , providing short comics about Monica Strange , one of the characters of Nowhere Men .   The series centers on a fictional world where a group of four scientists , long since gone their own ways , have had huge cultural influences in a way similar to that of The Beatles in our world . It 's loosely based on the story of the British Invasion , especially how The Beatles stood out . The promotional tagline , `` Science is the new Rock-N-Roll '' , exemplifies this .   The name is derived primarily from the fact that things just seem to come out of nowhere for the scientists , although there are other plot points that the name is based on as well . It was also influenced by the Beatles song `` Nowhere Man '' .   Nowhere Men was nominated for four Eisner Awards in 2014 , of which it won one : Jordie Bellaire won the award for Best Colorist for her work on several titles , including Nowhere Men .   As of March 2016 , nine issues have been published , the first six of which form the completed first arc . The seventh , eighth and ninth issue are part of the second arc , which started in January 2016 after a two-year delay and was scheduled to be completed in June 2016 .

neg: Fans4Writers Fans4Writers is a fan activist movement which supported the striking writers of the WGA during the 2007 Writers Guild of America strike . The organization was not associated with the WGA , and indeed was notable for its unprecedented show of solidarity by individuals who were neither directly involved in contract negotiations , nor had a financial stake in the outcome .   While the group was first proposed by fans of Joss Whedon , it came to embrace more than 40 self-identified fandoms . They called themselves `` fans of TV shows and movies , fans of actors , fans of directors , fans of producers , crew and everyone involved in the team effort of crafting wonder . But most of all we are fans of writers , because they are where the wonder begins . They write the words we remember , they create the characters we love , they think up the lines that stay with us forever . As supporters of the people behind the scenes , who develop and write the stories that have meant so much to so many , we wanted to do something tangible to show them that we support the Writers Guild of America strike . ''   Fans4Writers solicitied financial support for its activities , which included bringing food to picket lines and skywriting messages of support at the Rose Bowl . Money left over after the strike was contributed to the WGA Strike Fund .   The organization stated its support for `` the writers in their fight for fair treatment and equitable pay ... with our thoughts , with food deliveries , with money , and we will pick up signs and march with them until a resolution is found . We do it in appreciation , and because it 's right . ''   The Internet-based fan movement received some online press coverage ancillary to the strike itself , and Brenda Lawhorn , Fans4writers ' Campaign Coordinator , was interviewed on Public Radio International 's Fair Game .   However , WGA member and Battlestar Galactica writer Jane Espenson was quoted on fan involvement :  `` I 'm not sure that -LSB- fan involvement -RSB- , which is so clear on the Internet , is being made as clear as it could be in the mainstream press ... it 's the stuff with the mainstream , grassroots fans who come out in amazing numbers and send us food on the picket lines every day ... that 's a bigger part of our everyday strike experience than the involvement of the movie stars . ''   The organization 's existence and activities highlighted one of the main sticking points in the contract negotiations -- the significance of the Internet and other `` new media '' distribution channels . The fan involvement in the strike could also be seen as an outgrowth of trends in which the audience had become more vocal as consumers of entertainment . Striking writers closed the circle by soliciting fan action on their behalf and specifically referring those upset at the loss of their favorite programs to the Fans4writers website , alongside the WGA 's own strike site , in order to register their sentiments and become involved .   Successful use of the internet to organize `` save our show '' campaigns had garnered significant attention , as when supporters of Jericho inundated CBS with grievances in protest of the program 's cancellation . This and other similar fan-organized publicity stunts on behalf of television shows appeared to have inspired WGA strikers themselves to undertake a similar campaign of sending pencils to the CEOs of the media conglomerates in a position to influence the Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers .   Fans4Writers received designation as Yahoo.com 's Site of the Day on November 21 , 2007 .

neg: Stanley Rubin Stanley Creamer Rubin ( October 8 , 1917 -- March 2 , 2014 ) was an American screenwriter and film and television producer born in New York City . He was the recipient of the Television Academy 's first Emmy in 1949 for writing and producing ( in collaboration ) an adaptation of Guy de Maupassant 's `` The Necklace '' for the NBC TV series Your Show Time .

neg: Robert Kaufman Robert Kaufman ( March 22 , 1931 -- November 21 , 1991 ) was an American screenwriter , film producer and television writer known for such films and series as Getting Straight , Love at First Bite , She 's Out of Control , Divorce American Style , The Cool Ones , Freebie and the Bean , How to Beat the High Co $ t of Living , The Monkees , and The Ugliest Girl in Town .

neg: Reds (film) Reds is a 1981 American epic drama film co-written , produced and directed by Warren Beatty . The picture centers on the life and career of John Reed , the journalist and writer who chronicled the Russian Revolution in his book Ten Days That Shook the World . Beatty stars in the lead role alongside Diane Keaton as Louise Bryant and Jack Nicholson as Eugene O'Neill .   The supporting cast includes Edward Herrmann , Jerzy Kosinski , Paul Sorvino , Maureen Stapleton , Gene Hackman , Ramon Bieri , Nicolas Coster and M. Emmet Walsh . The film also features , as `` witnesses , '' interviews with the 98-year-old radical educator and peace activist Scott Nearing , author Dorothy Frooks , reporter and author George Seldes , civil liberties advocate Roger Baldwin , and the American writer Henry Miller , among others .   Beatty was awarded the Academy Award for Best Director and the film was nominated for Best Picture , but lost to Chariots of Fire . Beatty , Keaton , Nicholson and Stapleton were nominated for Best Actor , Best Actress , Best Supporting Actor and Best Supporting Actress , respectively . Stapleton was the only one of the four to win . Beatty was also nominated , along with co-writer Trevor Griffiths , for Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay , but lost to Chariots of Fire . Beatty became the third person to be nominated for Academy Awards in the categories Best Actor , Director and Original Screenplay for a film nominated for Best Picture .   In June 2008 , the American Film Institute revealed its `` Ten Top Ten '' -- the best ten films in ten `` classic '' American film genres -- after polling over 1,500 people from the creative community . Reds was acknowledged as the ninth best film in the epic genre .

neg: Susan Harris Susan Harris ( born October 28 , 1940 ) is an American television comedy writer and producer .   Harris created numerous TV series : Fay , Soap , Loves Me , Loves Me Not , Benson , It Takes Two , The Golden Girls , Empty Nest , Nurses , Good & Evil , The Golden Palace and The Secret Lives of Men .  She also wrote or co-wrote all of the episodes of Soap . Her most successful show was The Golden Girls . Harris married television producer Paul Junger Witt on September 18 , 1983 ; he co-produced all the shows she created . She was married from 1965 to 1969 to actor Berkeley Harris , and is the mother of Sam Harris . The first script Harris sold was Then Came Bronson . She then wrote for Love , American Style , All in the Family , The Partridge Family and the TV adaptation of Neil Simon 's Barefoot in the Park . Her abortion episode for the Bea Arthur-starring series Maude in the 1970s won Harris the Humanitas Prize . She would later work with Arthur again in the 1980s when Arthur took one of the lead roles in The Golden Girls .   Harris had the symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome , which affected her ability to participate in the production of The Golden Girls . In an episode of that show titled `` Sick and Tired '' ( 1989 ) , Harris wrote some of her struggles into the storyline where Arthur 's character Dorothy was diagnosed with chronic fatigue syndrome . It later turned out Harris had an adrenal issue , but she wrote the episode as `` my revenge script for all the people out there who had a disease like that . ''   Harris formed the production company Witt/Thomas/Harris Productions with Paul Junger Witt and Tony Thomas . She was honored with the Writers ' Guild 's Paddy Chayefsky Award in 2005 and inducted into the Television Academy Hall of Fame in 2011 .

neg: Ross LaManna Ross LaManna is an American screenwriter and author . He is best known for creating the Rush Hour series starring Jackie Chan and Chris Tucker .   His first novel , Acid Test , was published in the U.S. and Canada by Ballantine Books . The geopolitical thriller was chosen as an Amazon.com `` Penzler Pick '' and as The Mysterious Bookshop 's selection for `` Best First Fiction '' . It was published in several foreign territories and as an audiobook .   He attended the University of Southern California in Los Angeles , graduating cum laude with a Bachelor of Arts in screenwriting , and also holds a Master of Arts from Arizona State University in dramatic writing .   He began in the entertainment industry working on international legal affairs at the independent studio Embassy Pictures . Columbia Pictures purchased a speculative script he had written while at Embassy , and soon thereafter he was hired by United Artists under a two-picture writing deal . Carolco Pictures later hired him under a unique , two-year `` in-house screenwriter '' arrangement , where he worked on a number of their projects . He has written original screenplays , adaptations or rewrites for Fox , Disney , Paramount , Columbia , Universal , HBO Films and many independent companies .   As of June , 2013 , he is Chairman of the Undergraduate and Graduate Film Departments at the Art Center College of Design in Pasadena , California , and also on the Board of Directors for the United States Air Force Entertainment Liaison Office . At Art Center , he brought in a number of notable filmmakers as part-time instructors , including the cinematographer Affonso Beato , ASC , the storyboard artist Tim Burgard , the director/producer Jeremiah Chechik , the cinematographer Allen Daviau , ASC , the screenwriter Doug Eboch , the director David Kellogg , the composer Dennis McCarthy , the title designer Dan Perri , the director/producer Richard Pearce , the entertainment attorney Lee Rosenbaum , the writer/director Bobby Roth , the director/actor Mark Rydell , the producer/director John Suits , the director Ron Underwood and the editor Billy Weber .

neg: The Theater Offensive The Theater Offensive is a Boston-based theatrical organization dedicated to the production of queer works . The Theater Offensive was founded in 1989 by Abraham Rybeck `` to present the diversity of lesbian , gay , bisexual , and transgender lives in art so bold it breaks through personal isolation , challenges the status quo , and builds thriving communities . '' The Theater Offensive mounts and produces festivals and individual productions by national and local queer performers , and also serves as a development environment for new theatrical work . In addition , The Theater Offensive works to build community through education , outreach , and political activism .   The Theater Offensive has expanded throughout its history . The True Colors OUT Youth Theater troupe concentrates on producing dramatical works produced by young , queer artists . Up until the summer of 2008 , its `` A Street Theater Named Desire '' , a guerrilla AIDS activist theater troupe , enters gay cruising grounds and presents performances that promote safe sex and AIDS education .   The Theater Offensive produces an annual Out on the Edge Festival of Queer Theater , which showcases new performing arts works by queer artists from around the world . It has been held each fall since its inception in 1992 .   True Colors : Out Youth Theater , a program of The Theater Offensive and the country 's largest and longest-running lesbian , gay , bisexual , transgender and queer ( LGBTQ ) youth theater program , received the 2016 National Arts and Humanities Youth Program Award from First Lady Michelle Obama , for its effectiveness in promoting learning and life skills in young people through the arts by engaging them in creative youth development programming . The National Arts and Humanities Youth Program Award is the nation 's highest honor for youth arts programs , and True Colors , which was established in 1994 , is the first LGBTQ organization in history to receive this award .

neg: My So-Called Career in Hollywood My So-Called Career in Hollywood is a darkly comedic `` roman à clé '' autobiography of an ill-fated TV writer named E. Klass , who tried - unsuccessfully - to sell a TV script in Hollywood for more than four decades , without every achieving success throughout his entire ` so-called ' career . The book chronicles Ellery 's relentless efforts to break into the industry , and his long-time relationship with his small-time , literary agent , as E. details his exploits working on - and being fired from - such classic TV shows as Lost in Space ( 1965 -- 68 ) , Land of the Giants ( 1968 -- 70 ) , Gilligan 's Island , The Andy Griffith Show , and The Partridge Family to name a few , and while the character of E.Klass may be fictitious , his accounts detailed in the book are all based on true fact , making this book a rare inside look at television production of that era . My So-Called Career in Hollywood , published in 2005 , was in fact written by Hollywood actor/screenwriter Timothy Williams.Published in October 2005 .

neg: Charlie Kadau Charlie Kadau , is an American comedy writer and editor . Along with his writing partner , Joe Raiola , Kadau has been a member of the editorial staff of Mad magazine since 1985 and currently holds the title of Senior Editor .

neg: Charlie Manna Charlie Manna ( October 6 , 1920 -- November 9 , 1971 ) was an Italian American standup comedian , active in the 1960s . He was a New York resident , who stated that he came from the Bronx , and who had studied opera for five years before turning to comedy . He first appeared at the Green Mansions resort , in the Adirondacks near the Catskills resort area . He appeared on many theatrical and television variety shows of the era , including the Sunday Night At The London Palladium , The Ed Sullivan Show , The Tonight Show , The Steve Allen Show , Jackie Gleason 's Stage Show , the Jack Paar Show , Perry Como 's Kraft Music Hall and The Garry Moore Show . He performed at local venues like the Radio City Music Hall , the Bon Soir supper club , the Blue Angel , the Copacabana and Montreal 's El Morocco . He appeared in theatrical performances , including Michael Stewart 's Shoestring '57 and Hermione Gingold 's Sticks and Stones .   He was well known for conceptual homor , based on incongruity , such as the routine in which an astronaut balks at being launched until someone finds his box of crayons , containing `` a green , an orange and two blacks '' ; as well using his musical training in a routine , such as `` Alcatraz - the Musical , '' and `` La Bonanza , '' a parody of an opera based on a popular TV Western , which he performed on The Johnny Cash Show .   Veteran comedian Phyllis Diller credited Manna with helping improve her standup routine when she was starting in the business , `` It was at New York 's Bon Soir nightclub during the early sixties that the comic Charlie Manna gave me the greatest advice about how to get on : quickly tell five of your hottest jokes and then run with them . Get the audience laughing for real , do n't make it a phony deal . '' Manna was quoted as saying , `` There are two varieties of comedy : funny and not funny . ''   He recorded two comedy albums in performance at clubs . The first was ' ` Manna Live !! ; the second was Manna Overboard !! '' , ( Decca Records , 1961 ) , produced by Michael Ross , written by Ross and Bruce Howard , recorded at the Village Vanguard , New York .   He died in 1971 from cancer at age 51 .

neg: Due to Lack of Interest, Tomorrow Has Been Canceled Due to Lack of Interest , Tomorrow Has Been Canceled is a 1969 book by Irene Kampen , an account of her return to school at the University of Wisconsin -- Madison after 25 years , and how she learned to adapt to the student culture of the late 1960s . While it is listed as non-fiction , Kampen included fictionalized students and other characters in the book .   The expression is also the title of the last track of the 1968 jazz record `` America the Beautiful '' by arranger Gary McFarland , and is a line in the Kaiser Chiefs song `` Ruby '' . It was also used as the title of a 1971 BBC Horizon documentary on predictions of ecological disaster , focusing on the work of Paul Ehrlich .   The book is also referenced in the film The Last of England ( 1987 ) , directed and written by Derek Jarman .