query: New York City features Columbia University.

pos: New York City The City of New York , often called New York City or simply New York , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2016 population of 8,537,673 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 sqmi , New York City is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world . A global power city , New York City exerts a significant impact upon commerce , finance , media , art , fashion , research , technology , education , and entertainment , its fast pace defining the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world .   Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of New York State . The five boroughs -- Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island -- were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States , and as many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to more than 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the world 's largest foreign-born population of any city . By 2016 estimates , the New York City metropolitan region remains by a significant margin the most populous in the United States , as defined by both the Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA ) , 20.2 million residents , and the Combined Statistical Area ( CSA ) , 23.7 million residents . In 2013 , the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of nearly US$ 1.39 trillion . In 2012 , the CSA generated a GMP of over US$ 1.55 trillion . NYC 's MSA and CSA GDP are higher than the GDPs of all but 11 and 12 countries , respectively .   New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626 . The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother , the Duke of York . New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790 . It has been the country 's largest city since 1790 . The Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy . In the 21st century , New York has emerged as a global node of creativity and entrepreneurship , social tolerance , and environmental sustainability .   Many districts and landmarks in New York City have become well known , and the city received a record of nearly 60 million tourists in 2015 , hosting three of the world 's ten most visited tourist attractions in 2013 . Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world . Times Square , iconic as the world 's `` heart '' and its `` Crossroads '' , is the brightly illuminated hub of the Broadway Theater District , one of the world 's busiest pedestrian intersections , and a major center of the world 's entertainment industry . The names of many of the city 's bridges , tapered skyscrapers , and parks are known around the world . Anchored by Wall Street in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan , New York City has been called both the most economically powerful city and the leading financial center of the world , and the city is home to the world 's two largest stock exchanges by total market capitalization , the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ . Manhattan 's real estate market is among the most expensive in the world . Manhattan 's Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere , with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city . Providing continuous 24/7 service , the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide , with stations in operation . Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City , including Columbia University , New York University , and Rockefeller University , which have been ranked among the top 35 in the world .

neg: New York City mayoral elections The Mayor of the City of New York is elected in early November every four years and takes office at the beginning of the following year . The city , which elects the mayor as its chief executive , consists of the five boroughs ( Manhattan , The Bronx , Brooklyn , Queens and Staten Island ) , which consolidated to form `` Greater '' New York on January 1 , 1898 .   The consolidated city 's first mayor , Robert A. Van Wyck , was elected with other municipal officers in November 1897 . Mayoral elections had previously been held since 1834 by the City of Brooklyn and the smaller , unconsolidated City of New York ( Manhattan , later expanded into the Bronx ) .   The current mayor , now in his first term , is Bill de Blasio . He was elected on November 5 , 2013 , to a four-year term that began on January 1 , 2014 .

neg: University A university ( universitas , `` a whole '' , `` a corporation '' ) is an institution of higher ( or tertiary ) education and research which grants academic degrees in various academic disciplines . Universities typically provide undergraduate education and postgraduate education .   The word `` university '' is derived from the Latin universitas magistrorum et scholarium , which roughly means `` community of teachers and scholars . '' Universities were created in Italy and evolved from Cathedral schools for the clergy during the High Middle Ages .

neg: Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University The Department of Epidemiology , Columbia University is one of six departments at Columbia University 's Mailman School of Public Health , located on the Columbia University Medical Center campus in New York City . It offers five graduate degrees , several doctoral and post-doctoral training programs , and holds a summer institute . The department also hosts a symposium series on public health issues like HIV , screening , and autism ; a lecture series on current epidemiologic topics , publishes a quarterly newsletter and sponsors a public health website called the 2x2 Project .   The department 's research strengths include cancer epidemiology , HIV care and treatment , biologic and social determinants of population health , psychiatric epidemiology , epidemiology of injury , and applying methodologic approaches to look at epidemiology over the life course . The department is organized into six research areas , which are known as clusters .

neg: Lewisohn Hall Lewisohn Hall is a building on the Columbia University campus in Manhattan , New York .

neg: Centre Street (Manhattan) Centre Street runs north -- south in the New York City borough of Manhattan . Centre Street runs from Park Row , through Chinatown , and continues north to Spring Street , where it merges with Lafayette Street . North of Reade Street , Centre Street is northbound-only ( south of Reade Street , to the Brooklyn Bridge , Centre Street is two-way ) .   From Colonial times until the 19th century , it bordered the site of the Collect Pond , a body of fresh water that was the nascent city 's primary supply of drinking water , covering approximately 48 acres ( 194,000 m ² ) and running as deep as 50 feet ( 15 m ) . The pond was located just north of today 's Foley Square and just west of modern Chinatown . It has since been drained and converted into a city park .   In colloquial usage , `` Centre Street '' may refer to the several courts or government offices along the street in the vicinity of Foley Square . 1 Centre Street is the Manhattan Municipal Building , 40 Centre Street is the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse ( home of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit ) , 60 and 80 Centre Street are the civil division of the New York County Supreme Court , and 100 Centre Street is the criminal division of the New York County Supreme Court . That courthouse lent its address to a short-lived TV show of the same name . The courthouse is also home to the office of the Manhattan District Attorney , although its entrance is at 1 Hogan Place . 111 Centre Street is the New York City Civil Court . The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene is at 125 Worth Street , at the corner of Centre Street . Farther north , 240 Centre Street was the headquarters of the New York Police Department from 1909 until 1973 ; it is now residential . Additionally , the Museum of Chinese in America is located at 215 Centre Street , in Chinatown .

neg: Hostos Community College Eugenio María de Hostos Community College of The City University of New York is a community college in the City University of New York ( CUNY ) system located in the South Bronx , New York City . Hostos Community College was created by an act of the Board of Higher Education in 1968 in response to demands from the Hispanic/Puerto Rican community , which was urging for the establishment of a college to serve the people of the South Bronx . In 1970 , the college admitted its first class of 623 students at the site of a former tire factory . Several years later , the college moved to a larger site nearby at 149th Street and Grand Concourse .   Hostos is the first institution of higher education on the mainland to be named after a Puerto Rican , Eugenio María de Hostos , an educator , writer , and patriot . A large proportion ( approximately 60 percent ) of the student population is Hispanic , thus many of the courses at Hostos are offered in Spanish , and the college also provides extensive English and ESL instruction to students .   The Hostos Center for the Arts & Culture is a performing arts center contained within the college campus . It consists of a museum-grade art gallery , a 367-seat Repertory Theater , and a 900-seat Main Theater , presenting artists of national and international renown . It has been showcasing theater , dance and music artists for 33 years , with the mission `` to be a cultural force in the Bronx and throughout the New York metropolitan area . ''

neg: World Trade University World Trade University is a failed private university in British Columbia , Canada . Launched in 2001 , the university withdrew its application for degree-granting status in 2008 and `` has yet to open '' .   The university was created via a private member 's bill of the British Columbia government -- an act that the Confederation of University Faculty Associations of B.C. ( CUFABC ) is requesting be rescinded .   The British Columbia government `` erroneously '' described the university as a `` United Nations mechanism '' , and the university web site removed logos of the World Bank and the United Nations after those institutions denied that there were partnerships with the university . The university is located in a former military base , CFB Chilliwack , renovated at a cost of $ 1 million paid by the city .   An August 2008 article in the National Post concluded that the story of this institution `` reflected badly on the B.C. government . ''

neg: City-state A city-state is a sovereign state that consists of a city and its dependent territories . Historically , this included cities such as Rome , Athens , Carthage , and the Italian city-states during the Renaissance -- but today only a handful of sovereign city-states exist , with some disagreement as to which are city-states . A great deal of consensus exists that the term properly applies to Singapore , Monaco , and Vatican City .   A number of other small states share similar characteristics , and therefore are sometimes also cited as modern city-states . Namely , Qatar , Brunei , Kuwait , Bahrain , and Malta , which each have an urban center comprising a significant proportion of the population , though , all have several distinct settlements and a designated or de facto capital city . Occasionally , other small states with high population densities , such as San Marino , are also cited , despite lacking a large urban centre characteristic of traditional city-states .   Several non-sovereign cities enjoy a high degree of autonomy , and are sometimes considered city-states . Hong Kong and Macau , along with independent members of the United Arab Emirates , most notably Dubai and Abu Dhabi , are often cited as such .

neg: Hartley Hall Hartley Hall was the first official residence hall ( or dormitory ) constructed on the campus of Columbia University 's Morningside Heights campus , and currently houses undergraduate students from Columbia College as well as the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science . The building is named for Columbia alumnus Marcellus Hartley Dodge , who donated $ 300,000 for its construction shortly after his graduation . The building was meant as a memorial to his grandfather , Marcellus Hartley , the owner of Remington Arms , who died during Dodge 's sophomore year and who bequeathed him the family fortune . Dodge hoped to create `` the commencement of a true dormitory system '' at Columbia .   Construction began on Hartley Hall in 1904 and it opened in tandem with Livingston Hall in 1905 , welcoming students with its lobby of marble and oak . 200 students were housed in corridor-style rooms of various sizes . Lounges provided opportunities for social events such as teas with professors , although there was not yet an undergraduate dining hall on campus . Rooms of the period cost $ 3.30 per week , or $ 129 for the academic year , which , although more expensive than a roominghouse , ultimately allowed even poor students to afford bearth there . University President Nicholas Murray Butler , who presided over the hall 's opening , noted that `` in the interest of true democracy , '' rooms were arranged to allow `` the poorer student to live in the same building and the same entry with him who is better off , and so avoids the chasm between rich and poor living in separate buildings , of which there is so much complaint at Harvard . ''   Subsequently , the building became home , among others , to authors Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac , who noted its cockroach problem .   Overhauled during a 1980s renovation , the dorm is now organized into mostly two-story suites , where up to 15 students live in single and double rooms . The suites ' common space includes kitchens , bathrooms and living/dining areas . Along with neighboring Wallach Hall , it is currently part of the Living and Learning Center ( LLC ) , home to suite-style housing that intermingles all class levels and features interactive events designed to draw them together . An application process is required to obtain housing in either of the LLC dormitories . Hartley also houses Columbia 's undergraduate housing office . A small kosher deli used to be housed on the main floor . It was recently moved in 2007 to John Jay Hall .

neg: Payne Whitney Psychiatric Clinic At his death in 1927 , Payne Whitney bestowed the funds to build and endow the Payne Whitney Psychiatric Clinic ( PWC ) on the Upper East Side of Manhattan . An eight story free-standing hospital , it was immediately affiliated with Cornell University 's medical school ( now Weill Cornell Medical College or Weill Cornell Medicine ) and with the New York Hospital ( now New York -- Presbyterian Hospital ) , both of which are adjacent to PWC .   Payne Whitney was a large donor to the Hospital and Medical College , and it has been an issue of long speculation why he chose a psychiatric building to be his primary naming opportunity at New York-Cornell .   The poet Robert Lowell wrote of his hospitalization at Payne Whitney , Marilyn Monroe was hospitalized there in early 1961 , and Mary McCarthy based her book , The Group , on her inpatient experience . The poet James Schuyler wrote about his experiences there in the eleven-poem series `` The Payne Whitney Poems '' which appeared in the New York Review of Books , August 17 , 1978 issue . In Woody Allen 's 1979 film , Manhattan , a character named Caroline Payne Whitney Smith is featured in a comedy sketch , where she and her husband are considered `` normal folks , '' except for the fact that she is a catatonic .   The Payne Whitney building itself was torn down in the early 1990s to make way for an expansion of the New York-Presbyterian Hospital over the FDR Drive . Since that time , all clinical and research services at the two primary Cornell psychiatric campuses -- in Manhattan and in White Plains , New York -- have been named after Payne Whitney . The clinic also has an outpatient and Continuing Day Treatment Program in an off-campus building at East 61st Street and York Avenue on the Upper East Side of Manhattan .   Payne Whitney Clinic and Weill Cornell Medical College have been home to some of the most notable psychiatrists in the country . Currently-affiliated psychiatrists and psychologists include Jack Barchas , Robert Michels , Otto F. Kernberg , James Kocsis , George Makari , Michael Posner , William Breitbart , and Theodore Shapiro . Previously-affiliated psychiatrists include Arnold Cooper , Frederic Flach , Benjamin Spock , Gerald Klerman , Robert Millman , Louis Jolyon West , David Silbersweig , Harry Tiebout , Mary Jane Sherfey , Helen Singer Kaplan , Allen Frances , and Paul McHugh . Payne Whitney has also been the `` voluntary faculty '' home to Roy Schafer , Richard Isay , Gail Saltz , and Daniel Stern , and the recent home of such senior scholars as David A. Hamburg and Beatrix Hamburg .

neg: Lower Manhattan Lower Manhattan , also known as Downtown Manhattan , is the southernmost part of Manhattan , the central borough for business , culture , and government in the City of New York , which itself originated at the southern tip of Manhattan Island in 1624 .

neg: Sloane Hospital for Women The Sloane Hospital for Women is the obstetrics and gynecology service within New York-Presbyterian Hospital and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York City .   Sloane Maternity Hospital was founded in 1886 based upon a donation from William D. Sloane and his wife , Emily Thorn Vanderbilt , the granddaughter of Cornelius Vanderbilt , to Columbia P&S . It was located on the P&S campus in Midtown Manhattan at Amsterdam Avenue and 59th Street , serving as a teaching facility for P&S students , and opened its doors in early 1888 . It soon established a reputation for superior sanitary practices and low mortality rates ; it also linked obstetrics with gynecology , the first hospital in the country to do so . The facility changed its name to Sloane Hospital for Women in 1910 . In 1911 , a new surgical building was added , also funded by the Sloanes .   In 1925 , it became part of Presbyterian Hospital , which was operating in affiliation with P&S . During 1928 , it moved with the Hospital to its present location on 168th Street in the Washington Heights area of northern Manhattan . There it maintained its name while occupying several floors of the Presbyterian Hospital building . The Hospital is now part of NewYork-Presbyterian / Morgan Stanley Children 's Hospital still in use today .   In its role as both a research and clinical facility , the Sloane Hospital for Women has pioneered many advances in the field , including the Apgar score , the use of rhogam , and amniocentesis .   In February 1915 , an outbreak of typhoid occurred among twenty-five nurses and attendants in the hospital , two of whom later died . The outbreak was later traced to Typhoid Mary , who had violated an agreement she had made with the city not to return to the cooking profession . -LSB- CITATION NEEDED -RSB-   Notable people born at Sloane include National Geographic photographer Gordon Gahan and former First Lady of the United States Nancy Reagan .

neg: Central Park Central Park is an urban park in Manhattan , New York City . Central Park is the most visited urban park in the United States , with 40 million visitors in 2013 , and one of the most filmed locations in the world .   The park was established in 1857 on 778 acre of city-owned land . In 1858 , Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux , a landscape architect and an architect , respectively , won a design competition to improve and expand the park with a plan they titled the `` Greensward Plan '' . Construction began the same year and the park 's first area was opened to the public in the winter of 1858 . Construction continued during the American Civil War farther north , and was expanded to its current size of 843 acre in 1873 .   Central Park was designated a National Historic Landmark by the U.S. Department of the Interior in 1962 , which in April 2017 placed it on the tentative list for UNESCO World Heritage sites . The park , managed for decades by the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation , is currently managed by the Central Park Conservancy under contract with the municipal government in a public-private partnership . The Conservancy is a non-profit organization that contributes 75 percent of Central Park 's $ 65 million annual budget and is responsible for all basic care of the 843-acre park .

neg: Philolexian Society The Philolexian Society of Columbia University is one of the oldest college literary and debate societies in the United States , and the oldest student group at Columbia . Founded in 1802 , the Society aims to `` improve its members in Oratory , Composition and Forensic Discussion . '' The name Philolexia is Greek for `` love of discourse , '' and the society 's motto is the Latin word Surgam , meaning `` I shall rise . ''   Philolexian ( known to members as `` Philo , '' pronounced with a long `` i '' ) has been called the `` oldest thing at Columbia except the College itself , '' and it has been an integral part of Columbia from the beginning , providing the institution with everything from its colors , Philolexian Blue ( along with White , from her long-dispatched rival Peithologian Society ) , to some of its most solemn traditions and many of its most noted graduates .

neg: 200 Central Park South 200 Central Park South is a Modern-style building on the south side of Central Park in New York City , at the corner of 7th Avenue and Central Park South ( 59th Street ) . It is most notable for its curving facade , banded by balconies . Its exterior is beige brick and glass . It is across from a major pedestrian and vehicle entrance into Central Park , known as the `` Merchant 's Gate '' . This full service building was built post-war in 1963 by Bernard Spitzer and Melvin Lipman . It was designed by Wechsler & Schimenti . This building is highly recognizable in New York City photographs , most notably for its curved facade . The building is lined with terraces that taper in , then curve , and taper out as they wrap around the two faces of the building .   Morris Lapidus 's Fontainebleau Hotel ( 1954 )   `` The curved base of this 35-story modernist residential tower , built 1963 , allows more apartments to have park views . ''   The building 's design was explained by Robert A. M. Stern , Thomas Mellins and David Fishman in their book , New York 1960 , Architecture and Urbanism Between the Second World War and the Bicentennial , as `` a kind of aggressive , self-referential Modernism that had hitherto been largely absent from Manhattan . ''   As of 2016 it is a full-service residential co-op apartment building . This Midtown West building currently has 309 apartments spanning 34 floors . Amenities for its residents include a roof deck , elevator operators , maid service , valet , garage , and concierge . In 2016 , it is rated as the # 2 co-op building in Midtown , and # 13 in Manhattan , according to .   An interesting fact is that most passersby think it is a 21-story building , and are unaware of its tower , setback , which brings it up 14 more floors .   Spritzer reportedly got the idea for the famous curve from the curve drawn by a pencil thrown in frustration . Its tapered balconies have been said to give it a Barcelona feel .   It was built in 1963 , not 1965 , according to some websites .   Horsley asserts it resembles the Fontainebleau Hotel ( 1954 ) , in Miami , designed by Morris Lapidus .   Residents have included :  Raquel Welch  Dino De Laurentiis   Across Seventh Avenue is the New York Athletic Club .

neg: Washington Square Park Washington Square Park is a 9.75 acre public park in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan , New York City . One of the best known of New York City 's 1,900 public parks , it is a landmark as well as a meeting place and center for cultural activity . It is operated by the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation .   The Park is an open space , dominated by the Washington Square Arch at the northern gateway to the park , with a tradition of celebrating nonconformity . The Park 's fountain area has long been one of the city 's popular spots for residents and tourists . Most of the buildings surrounding the park now belong to New York University , but many have at one time served as homes and studios for artists . Some of the buildings have been built by NYU while others have been converted from their former uses into academic and residential buildings .  __ TOC __

neg: New York City ethnic enclaves Since its founding in 1625 by Dutch traders as New Amsterdam , New York City has been a major destination for immigrants of many nationalities who have formed ethnic enclaves , neighborhoods dominated by one ethnicity . Freed African American slaves also moved to New York City in the Great Migration and the later Second Great Migration and formed ethnic enclaves . These neighborhoods are set apart from the main city by differences such as food , goods for sale , or even language . Ethnic enclaves provide inhabitants security in work and social opportunities , but limit economic opportunities , do not encourage the development of English speaking , and keep immigrants in their own culture .   , 36 % of the population of New York City are immigrants .  African Americans , Haitian Americans , Jamaican Americans , Indo-Caribbean Americans , and Trinidadian Americans have all formed Caribbean ethnic enclaves in New York . Asian ethnic groups with enclaves in New York include Chinese Americans , Japanese Americans , Filipino Americans , Indian Americans , Indo-Caribbean Americans , Afghan Americans , Burmese Americans , Bangladeshi Americans , Nepalese Americans , Sri Lankan Americans , Bhutanese Americans , Thai Americans , Pakistani Americans , Indonesian Americans , Malaysian Americans , Taiwanese Americans , and Korean Americans . European ethnic groups with ethnic enclaves include Greek Americans , Irish Americans , Italian Americans , Albanian Americans , Jewish Americans , Polish Americans , and Russian Americans . Latin American groups with ethnic enclaves include Dominican Americans , Guyanese , Salvadoran American , Ecuadorian American , Mexican Americans , and Puerto Ricans . Middle Eastern ethnic groups that have formed ethnic enclaves include Palestinian Americans , Jordanian Americans , Egyptian Americans , Syrian Americans and Lebanese Americans . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world .

neg: Havemeyer Hall Havemeyer Hall is an historic academic building located in Columbia University in New York City .

neg: List of state universities in the United States In the United States , a state college or state university is one of the public colleges or universities funded by or associated with the state government . In some cases , these institutions of higher learning are part of a state university system , while in other cases they are not . Several U.S. territories also administer public colleges and universities . The U.S. federal government does not run colleges or universities except for the service academies , the Community College of the Air Force , the Naval Postgraduate School , the Air Force Institute of Technology , the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , military war colleges and staff colleges , and Haskell Indian Nations University . Additionally , Georgetown University , Gallaudet University , Howard University , and American University are private universities that are federally chartered . However , the federal government does make grants to state universities .   These state , as well as private , universities are accredited by different regional , not national , accreditation agencies , including the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools , the New England Association of Schools and Colleges , the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities , the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools , the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools , and the Western Association of Schools and Colleges , depending on which region of the United States the university is located in . These accreditation agencies ' approvals are critical to a university 's operations and public reputation . If a university loses accreditation or is not accredited in the first place , students will be reluctant to either continue or enroll at the school because the degree will be seen as being worthless . In a worst-case scenario , a university can shut down completely . The aforementioned agencies are all recognized by the United States Department of Education .   Most state universities receive at least part of their funding from the state , although many have substantial income from tuition and fees , endowment proceeds , donations ( such as from alumni or philanthropists ) , and revenue from royalties . State universities usually offer lower tuition costs to in-state residents . According to the College Board , public four-year colleges charge on average $ 7,605 per year in tuition and fees for full-time in-state students and $ 11,990 for out-of-state students .   In some states , e.g. Maryland , Tennessee , Indiana , and Washington , there is a campus designated as the `` flagship '' campus in the state 's university system , which generally is the most prestigious campus and the largest campus in student population , e.g. the University of Maryland College Park campus in the University System of Maryland , the Indiana University Bloomington campus in the Indiana University System , the University of Tennessee Knoxville campus in the University of Tennessee System , and the University of Washington 's Seattle campus in the University of Washington System .   However , in some other states , the state universities are treated as equal partners ; therefore there is no officially recognized flagship campus in the state 's university system .   There are a number of states that have more than one university system , e.g. California with 2 ; Colorado with 2 ; New York with 2 ; and Texas with 6 ( the most ) .   Notes :  As a general rule , schools are not alphabetized by their complete names , but rather by the names by which they are normally called . For example , in a list alphabetized by normal rules , `` Auburn University '' would precede `` University of Alabama , '' but the schools are virtually always referred to in popular conversation as `` Auburn '' and `` Alabama '' ( followed by a campus identifier if required by the context ) . Therefore , in this article , `` Alabama '' precedes `` Auburn '' .  The list includes some of the more common academic nicknames or acronyms used for certain colleges or universities , e.g. `` Ole Miss '' for the University of Mississippi , `` Idaho State '' for Idaho State University , or `` UNF '' for the University of North Florida , not the `` Rebels '' , `` Bengals '' , or `` Ospreys '' , respectively .  To minimize any confusion regarding acronyms , either the first school listed or the school that is more nationally known having an acronym the same as another has the acronym provided , e.g. San Diego State University has the acronym `` SDSU '' included because it is listed before South Dakota State University , and Arizona State University has the acronym `` ASU '' given because it is better known nationally than Alabama State . In addition , only acronyms that are unique are given , e.g. `` UW Tacoma '' for the University of Washington 's Tacoma campus or `` UNH '' for the University of New Hampshire .  The list also includes schools that grant first-professional doctorates only ( e.g. , medical schools , law schools , or veterinary schools ) that are independent of any other school in a state system .  To see a list of community colleges and technical centers in the United States that offer only associate 's degrees , visit the community colleges list .  To see a list of tribal colleges and universities in the United States , visit the tribal colleges and universities list .

neg: Oberlin Group The Oberlin Group is an `` informal consortium of the libraries of approximately 80 selective liberal arts colleges in the United States . The group developed as a result of conferences held in 1984-85 at Oberlin College when the presidents of 50 colleges met to discuss the role of science education .   Agnes Scott College ( GA )  Albion College ( MI )  Alma College ( MI )  Amherst College ( MA )  Augustana College ( IL )  Austin College ( TX )  Bard College ( NY )  Barnard College ( NY )  Bates College ( ME )  Beloit College ( WI )  Berea College ( KY )  Bowdoin College ( ME )  Bryn Mawr College ( PA )  Bucknell University ( PA )  Carleton College ( MN )  Claremont McKenna College ( CA )  Clark University ( MA )  Coe College ( IA )  Colby College ( ME )  Colgate University ( NY )  Colorado College ( CO )  Connecticut College ( CT )  Davidson College ( NC )  Denison University ( OH )  DePauw University ( IN )  Dickinson College ( PA )  Drew University ( NJ )  Earlham College ( IN )  Eckerd College ( FL )  Franklin & Marshall College ( PA )  Furman University ( SC )  Gettysburg College ( PA )  Grinnell College ( IA )  Gustavus Adolphus College ( MN )  Hamilton College ( NY )  Harvey Mudd College ( CA )  Haverford College ( PA )  College of the Holy Cross ( MA )  Hope College ( MI )  Kalamazoo College ( MI )  Kenyon College ( OH )  Knox College ( IL )  Lafayette College ( PA )  Lake Forest College ( IL )  Lawrence University ( WI )  Macalester College ( MN )  Manhattan College ( NY )  Middlebury College ( VT )  Mills College ( CA )  Morehouse College ( GA )  Mount Holyoke College ( MA )  Oberlin College ( OH )  Occidental College ( CA )  Ohio Wesleyan University ( OH )  Pitzer College ( CA )  Pomona College ( CA )  Randolph-Macon College ( VA )  Reed College ( OR )  Rhodes College ( TN )  Rollins College ( FL )  Sarah Lawrence College ( NY )  Scripps College ( CA )  Sewanee : The University of the South ( TN )  Simmons College ( MA )  Skidmore College ( NY )  Smith College ( MA )  Spelman College ( GA )  College of Saint Benedict and Saint John 's University ( MN )  St. Lawrence University ( NY )  St. Olaf College ( MN )  Swarthmore College ( PA )  Trinity College ( CT )  Trinity University ( TX )  Union College ( NY )  Vassar College ( NY )  Wabash College ( IN )  Washington and Lee University ( VA )  Wellesley College ( MA )  Wesleyan University ( CT )  Wheaton College ( MA )  Whitman College ( WA )  Whittier College ( CA )  Willamette University ( OR )  Williams College ( MA )  College of Wooster ( OH )


query: John Wayne Gacy Jr. was a serial killer.

pos: John Wayne Gacy John Wayne Gacy Jr. ( March 17 , 1942 -- May 10 , 1994 ) was an American serial killer and rapist . He sexually assaulted , tortured and murdered at least 33 teenage boys and young men between 1972 and 1978 in Cook County , Illinois ( a part of metropolitan Chicago ) .   All of Gacy 's known murders were committed inside his Norwood Park ranch house . His victims were typically lured to his address by force or deception , and all but one of his victims were murdered by either asphyxiation or strangulation with a makeshift tourniquet ; his first victim was stabbed to death . Gacy buried 26 of his victims in the crawl space of his home . Three other victims were buried elsewhere on his property , while the bodies of his last four known victims were discarded in the Des Plaines River .   Convicted of 33 murders , Gacy was sentenced to death on March 13 , 1980 for 12 of those killings . He spent 14 years on death row before he was finally executed by lethal injection at Stateville Correctional Center on May 10 , 1994 .   Gacy became known as the `` Killer Clown '' because of his charitable services at fundraising events , parades , and children 's parties where he would dress as `` Pogo the Clown '' , a character he devised himself .

neg: Fred Burke `` Fred `` Killer '' Burke ( May 29 , 1893 -- July 10 , 1940 ) was a Midwestern armed robber and contract killer responsible for many crimes during the Prohibition era . He is considered a prime suspect in the infamous St. Valentine 's Day Massacre of 1929 .

neg: David Berkowitz David Richard Berkowitz ( born Richard David Falco ; June 1 , 1953 ) , known also as the Son of Sam and the .44 Caliber Killer , is an American serial killer who was convicted of eight separate shooting attacks that began in New York City during the summer of 1976 . The crimes were perpetrated with a .44 caliber Bulldog revolver . He killed six people and wounded seven others by July 1977 . As the number of victims increased , Berkowitz eluded the biggest police manhunt in the history of New York City while leaving letters that mocked the police and promised further crimes , which were highly publicized by the press . The killing spree terrorized New Yorkers and achieved worldwide notoriety .   On the evening of August 10 , 1977 , Berkowitz was taken into custody by New York City police homicide detectives in front of his Yonkers apartment building , and he was subsequently indicted for eight shooting incidents . He confessed to all of them , and claimed to have been obeying the orders of a demon , manifested in the form of a dog `` Harvey '' who belonged to his neighbor `` Sam '' . Despite his explanation , Berkowitz was found mentally competent to stand trial . He pleaded guilty to second-degree murder and was incarcerated in state prison . In the course of further police investigation , Berkowitz was also implicated in many unsolved arsons in the city .   Intense coverage of the case by the media lent a kind of celebrity status to Berkowitz , and some observers noted that he seemed to enjoy it . In response , the New York State legislature enacted new legal statutes , known popularly as `` Son of Sam laws '' , designed to keep criminals from profiting financially from the publicity created by their crimes . Despite various amendments and legal challenges , the statutes have remained law in New York , and similar laws have been enacted in several other states .   Berkowitz has been imprisoned since his arrest and is serving six consecutive life sentences . During the mid-1990s , he amended his confession to claim that he had been a member of a violent Satanic cult that orchestrated the incidents as ritual murder . He remains the only person ever charged with the shootings , yet some law enforcement authorities have questioned whether Berkowitz 's claims are credible . A new investigation of the murders began during 1996 , but was suspended indefinitely after inconclusive findings .

neg: Joseph Paul Franklin Joseph Paul Franklin ( born James Clayton Vaughn , Jr. ; April 13 , 1950 -- November 20 , 2013 ) was an American serial killer who gained notoriety for numerous murders in the late 1970s and early 1980s . His killing spree was the subject of a fictional novel entitled Hunter by white supremacist William Luther Pierce . Pierce said of Franklin that `` he saw his duty as a white man and did what a responsible son of his race must do . ''   He was convicted of several murders , and received six life sentences , as well as the death sentence . He confessed to the attempted murders of two prominent men : the magazine publisher Larry Flynt in 1978 and Vernon Jordan , Jr. , the civil rights activist , in 1980 . Both survived their injuries , but Flynt was left permanently paralyzed from the waist down . Franklin was not convicted in either of those cases . Because Franklin repeatedly changed his accounts of some crimes , and was not charged in some cases in which he was suspected , officials can not determine the full extent of his crimes . His claims of racial motivation were offset by a defense expert witness who testified in 1997 that Franklin was a paranoid schizophrenic who was not fit to stand trial .   Franklin was on death row for 15 years awaiting execution in the state of Missouri for the 1977 murder of Gerald Gordon . He was executed by lethal injection on November 20 , 2013 .

neg: The Night Letter The Night Letter is a 1978 book by Paul Spike , with a double-layered structure : an anti-Nazi spy thriller on the background of the early part of the Second World War , and an exposure of cynical and machiavellian maneuverings in the American corridors of power .   The book belongs to the subgenre of secret history -- i.e. with a plot in which real historical figures play a substantial part , doing things which are the author 's invention but which supposedly ( for reasons given in the plot ) remained secret and did not come to the knowledge of the public .   In the book , a British doctor meets in 1936 with President Franklin D. Roosevelt , who is unaware that the doctor is a Nazi sympathizer . The visitor manages to secretly photograph the President in a compromising position with his secretary , Missy LeHand ( whom historians widely assume to have been indeed Roosevelt 's mistress ) .   By 1940 , senior Nazi leader Reinhard Heydrich possesses the picture and intends to use the photo for blackmail and prevent Roosevelt from running for a third term -- in the hope that whoever gets elected instead would be more likely to keep the US out of the Second World War .   The President must recover the photo before the Democratic Party Convention which is about to nominate him . What makes the situation more difficult is that Roosevelt also needs to bypass the FBI -- for apprehension that should the photo fall into the hands of J. Edgar Hoover , the FBI Director might use it for his own brand of blackmail . Instead , Roosevelt employs former FBI Agent Jackson , who had left the Bureau under a cloud and incurred Hoover 's personal enmity , and who is completely loyal to the President .   The bulk of the book follows Jackson 's chase after the photo , starting from Paris at the very eve of its fall to the Wehrmacht and concluding with a cataclysmic confrontation at a secret Michigan base of the `` Silver Shirts '' -- a murderous , power-mad American Fascist militia ( which truly existed , though not necessarily doing all that the book describes it as doing ) . The chase ends with a mixed result -- the Nazi agents have been killed or captured , but the negative did fall into the hands of the FBI who caught the scent of what was going on .   The book ends on a cynical note : Hoover meets the President at the White House , claims to have destroyed the negatives ( which is manifestly untrue ) and proceeds to imperiously demand the sacking of Jackson -- obviously he is under the impression that he now holds Roosevelt 's fate in his hand . Upon being shown this , the President presents a photo of his own , showing Hoover in a compromising position with a handsome young FBI agent . Roosevelt and Hoover would henceforth be tied to each other , `` like convicts in chain gang '' , each able to destroy the other but only at the cost of his own destruction .   Category :1978 books  Category : Corruption  Category : Secret histories  Category : Thriller novels

neg: The Temptations of Jean-Claude Killy `` The Temptations of Jean-Claude Killy '' is an article published in the premiere issue of Scanlan 's Monthly in March 1970 , written by Hunter S. Thompson .   The subject of the article is Jean-Claude Killy , the alpine skiing champion who , in the 1968 Winter Olympics , became the second alpine skier ever to win three gold medals in a single olympic games . By the time of the article Killy , then 26 , was retired from skiing and had embarked on the next phase of his career -- endorsements .   Thompson 's article follows Killy around the United States during his marketing tour for the Chevrolet automotive company . As he attends automotive shows , holds press conferences , and makes appearances for television ( all in conjunction with fellow Chevrolet spokesman , O.J. Simpson ) Thompson chronicles the newly flush world of celebrity sports endorsements . Though endorsement by a sports figure was not an entirely new concept , the world-wide magnitude of Killy 's stardom made his Chevrolet contract something of a fascination for Thompson .   The article 's focus on the relative depths of the new pitch-man status obtained by Killy so shortly after the incredible heights he had achieved develops through acerbic descriptions of the settings Killy finds himself in , the automotive executives that profit by him , and the fans and onlookers who make him such a valuable spokesman . Through it all , Killy 's focus on his own enormous profit is a source of worry to Thompson . The trend he sees developing is one of larger-than-life stars -- athletes of the highest physical standards who have achieved feats unimaginable by normal people -- demeaning themselves and their accomplishments by agreeing to shill for a few extra dollars . An enormous sports fan himself , Thompson is distraught by this turn of events and wonders that Killy was never quite sure `` why I was embarrassed for him in those scenes . ''   Thompson compares Killy to F. Scott Fitzgerald 's Gatsby : although , unlike that character , Killy 's dollars are earned honestly , the author concludes while watching Killy 's selling of himself that `` nothing in his narrow , high-powered experience can allow him to understand how I can watch his act and say that it looks , to me , like a very hard dollar -- maybe the hardest . ''   The article was later included in Thompson 's collection The Great Shark Hunt ( 1979 ) .

neg: Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 is a United States federal law providing funds to states that follow a series of federal protections , known as the `` core protections , '' on the care and treatment of youth in the justice system . The four `` core protections '' of the act are :   Deinstitutionalization of Status Offenders ( DSO ) -- the deinstitutionalization of status offenders and non-offenders requires that youth who are runaways , truants or curfew violators can not be detained in juvenile detention facilities or adult jails ;  `` Sight and Sound '' -- The `` Sight and Sound '' separation protection disallows contact between juvenile and adult offenders ( i.e. if juveniles are put in an adult jail or lock up under the limited circumstances the law allows for , they must be separated from adult inmates ) ;  `` Jail Removal '' -- The `` Jail Removal '' disallows the placement of youth in adult jails and lock ups except under very limited circumstances ;  Disproportionate Minority Confinement ( DMC ) -- The DMC provision requires states to address the issue of over-representation of youth of color in the justice system .   The `` DSO '' and `` Sight and Sound '' protections were part of the original law in 1974 . The `` Jail Removal '' provision was added in 1980 in response to finding youth incarcerated in adult facilities resulted in `` a high suicide rate , physical , mental , and sexual assault , inadequate care and programming , negative labeling , and exposure to serious offenders and mental patients . ''  The `` DMC '' requirement was added in the JJDPA in 1992 .   The compliance of states towards the requirements of the JJDP Act is monitored by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention . , the `` vast majority '' of participating states comply with the first three requirements and are making strides towards the fourth . . With the exception of Wyoming , all states participate in the program .

neg: Deliverance Deliverance is a 1972 American rural horror film produced and directed by John Boorman , and starring Jon Voight , Burt Reynolds , Ned Beatty and Ronny Cox , with the latter two making their feature film debuts . The film is based on the 1970 novel of the same name by American author James Dickey , who has a small role in the film as the Sheriff . The screenplay was written by Dickey and an uncredited Boorman . It was a critical success , earning three Academy Award nominations and five Golden Globe nominations .   Widely acclaimed as a landmark picture , the film is noted both for the music scene near the beginning , with one of the city men playing `` Dueling Banjos '' on guitar with a banjo-playing country boy , that sets the tone for what lies ahead -- a trip into unknown and potentially dangerous wilderness -- and for its visceral and notorious male rape scene . In 2008 , Deliverance was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' .

neg: Career Girls Murders The `` Career Girls Murders '' was the name given by the media to the killings of Emily Hoffert and Janice Wylie in their apartment on the Upper East Side of Manhattan on August 28 , 1963 . George Whitmore , Jr. , was accused of this and other crimes but later cleared .   The actions of the police department led Whitmore to be improperly accused of this and other crimes , including the murder of Minnie Edmonds and the attempted rape and assault of Elba Borrero . Whitmore was wrongfully incarcerated for 1,216 days -- from his arrest on April 24 , 1964 , until his release on bond on July 13 , 1966 , and from the revocation of his bond on February 28 , 1972 -- until his exoneration on April 10 , 1973 , when , after what author T.J. English called , in his book The Savage City , `` a numbing cycle of trials , convictions , convictions overturned , retrials , and appeals '' , Whitmore was cleared of all charges and set free . Whitmore 's treatment by the authorities has been cited as an example that led the US Supreme Court to issue the guidelines known as the Miranda rights . The Supreme Court cited Mr. Whitmore 's case as `` the most conspicuous example '' of police coercion in the country when it issued its 1966 ruling establishing a set of protections for suspects , including the right to remain silent , in Miranda v. Arizona .

neg: John C. Woods John Clarence Woods ( June 5 , 1911 -- July 21 , 1950 ) was a United States Army master sergeant who , with Joseph Malta , carried out the Nuremberg executions of ten former top leaders of the Third Reich on October 16 , 1946 , after they were sentenced to death at the Nuremberg Trials . Time magazine credited him with 347 executions to that date during a 15-year career . According to recent research , a number of 60 to 70 over a period of two years is more credible .   Born in Wichita , Kansas , Woods joined the US Navy on December 3 , 1929 , and went absent without leave within months . He was convicted at a general court martial and subsequently examined by a psychiatric board on April 23 , 1930 . He was diagnosed with `` Constitutional Psychopathic Inferiority without Psychosis '' , was found `` poor service material '' and discharged . Before being inducted into the United States Army in August 1943 , Woods was intermittently employed in construction as a laborer , and was working part-time at a feed-store in Eureka , Kansas , when he was registered for Selective Service in 1940 . He was married to a nurse , Hazel Woods , but had no children .   Before D-Day , American military executions by hanging in the European Theater of Operations occurred in England only and were performed by the civilian executioner Thomas Pierrepoint with assistance by Albert Pierrepoint and other British personnel . When in autumn of 1944 military executions by hanging were scheduled in France , the Army looked for a volunteer enlisted hangman and found Woods , who falsely claimed previous experience as assistant hangman in two cases in Texas and two in Oklahoma -- there is no evidence that the U.S. Army made any attempt to verify Woods ' claims . In fact , Woods had no documented pre-war experience as a hangman . Woods at that time was a private and a member of the 37th Engineer Combat Battalion . He was promoted to master sergeant and transferred to Paris Disciplinary Training Center . Woods performed as the primary executioner in the hangings of 34 American soldiers at various locations in France over 1944 -- 1945 , and assisted in at least three others . U.S. Army reports suggest that Woods participated in at least 11 bungled hangings of US soldiers between 1944 and 1946 .   Woods also participated in the execution of about forty-five war criminals at various locations which included Rheinbach , Bruchsal , Landsberg , and Nuremberg , however Donald E. Wilkes Jr. , a professor of law at the University of Georgia Law School , noted that many of the executed Nazis fell from the gallows with a drop insufficient to snap their necks , resulting in their death by suffocation that in some cases lasted several minutes .   After the Nuremberg executions , Woods stated :   While serving with the 7th Engineer Brigade in Eniwetok , Marshall Islands , on July 21 , 1950 , Woods was accidentally electrocuted while attempting to repair an engineer lighting set . He is buried in Toronto Township Cemetery , Toronto , Kansas .

neg: Gary Cooper filmography The filmography of Gary Cooper chronicles the film appearances of American actor Gary Cooper . After starting his career in 1925 as a film extra and stuntman , Cooper made his official cinematic debut in 1926 in the Samuel Goldwyn production The Winning of Barbara Worth . He went on to become a contract player with Paramount Pictures where he established himself as a popular leading man prior to the end of the silent film era .   Cooper 's future in the sound era was assured with the release of The Virginian ( 1929 ) , his first all-talkie film . For the next 32 years , he would be one of cinema 's top money-making stars . From 1936 to 1957 , Cooper ranked 18 times among the top ten box office attractions -- a record when he died in 1961 , and later surpassed only by John Wayne , who ranked among the top ten 25 times , Clint Eastwood ( 21 times ) and Tom Cruise ( 20 times ) .   Cooper was nominated for the Best Actor Academy Award five times and won twice , for Sergeant York ( 1942 ) and High Noon ( 1952 ) . The latter film boosted his popularity , resulting in him being the number one box office attraction in 1953 . Cooper received a third Academy Award -- an honorary one -- just prior to his death in 1961 . His final film , The Naked Edge , was released shortly after his death .   As of February 2008 , more than half of Gary Cooper 's feature films are available on DVD , while others not yet on home video are available for television broadcast . Unfortunately , at least two of his silent films -- Beau Sabreur ( 1928 ) and The Legion of the Condemned ( 1928 ) -- are now considered lost films . Another of his silent films , Wolf Song ( 1929 ) , was originally released as a part talkie , but survives only as a silent film . One of Cooper 's earliest talkies , Paramount on Parade ( 1930 ) , survives incomplete . The prints that are available for television are missing all but one of the film 's Technicolor scenes -- a partial restoration of these scenes was done by the UCLA Film Archives .   This filmography contains sections for Cooper 's work as an extra in the earliest part of his film career , his feature film appearances , his occasional appearances in short films , and a section for a compilation film . Due to its length ( 92 films ) , the listing of his feature films is divided in four sections . Cooper 's film roles are listed , as well as the names of each film 's director and co-stars . Cooper 's awards and nominations are also listed . Except where noted , all of his films were shot in 35mm black and white . All films released prior to Lilac Time ( 1928 ) are silent films and all from The Virginian ( 1929 ) onward are sound films . The films made during the silent-to-sound transition are noted as being either silent or sound films . As an addendum , Cooper 's handful of television appearances are also listed .

neg: Christopher Peterson (serial killer) Obadyah Ben-Yisrayl ( born Christopher Dwayne Peterson January 20 , 1969 ) is an American man found guilty of committing four murders and acquitted on three other murder charges related to the `` Shotgun Killer '' spree in Indiana from October 30 , 1990 to December 18 , 1990 .   The murders took place in a number of jurisdictions , and Peterson faced a number of trials in different venues . Peterson had initially confessed and then recanted . He was acquitted in two trials for three of the murders and found guilty of four murders in two subsequent trials . Initially sentenced to death for those murders , his death sentence was commuted in 2004 . Ronald J. Harris was also charged and found guilty in two of the murders .   The incident is controversial for a number of reasons such as Peterson is African American , while the initial descriptions of the suspect of the murders was described as white ; Peterson had been illegally arrested for committing another crime which impacted the use of evidence in the `` Shotgun Killer '' spree trials because it was deemed improperly collected ; Peterson 's initial confession was recanted under claims of duress ; the trials with all-white juries came to different conclusions than juries which included people of other races ; and in the final case to go to trial , the judge over-ruled the jury 's decision not to impose the death penalty .

neg: National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime The National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime ( NCAVC ) is a specialist FBI department . The NCAVC 's role is to coordinate investigative and operational support functions , criminological research , and training in order to provide assistance to federal , state , local , and foreign law enforcement agencies investigating unusual or repetitive violent crimes ( serial crimes ) .   The NCAVC also provides investigative support through expertise and consultation in non-violent matters such as national security , corruption , and white-collar crime investigations . President Reagan gave it the primary mission of ` identifying and tracking repeat killers , ' a term he used for serial killers .

neg: The Combined (Group) The Combined or Big Seven Group , was a criminal organization headed by organized crime figures on the East Coast of the United States during Prohibition serving as the predecessor to the alleged National Crime Syndicate of the 1930s . The organization consisted of seven Jewish , Italian , and Irish American gangs on the east coast .   Following the reform movements and police crackdown on street gangs and other criminals , the criminal underworld entered a `` slow period '' in the years during and after the First World War . While the older political bosses were able to get their former criminal associates work as bouncers and work in vice districts such as gambling dens and brothels , they began to disassociate themselves from their former criminal alliances .   Following the announcement of the Volstead Act in 1919 , many in the underworld readily entered into bootlegging as gang wars broke out in major cities across the country . As the struggle to gain dominance over the industry continued into the early 1920s , with shootouts and bombings commonplace , a group emerged to resolve the constant warfare which was costing everyone money . Originally intended to serve as a centralized office for the purposes of ordering bootleg liquor to be equally distributed , the group would also reduce costs among bootleggers for supplies and , without worrying about rival bootleggers , enable independent bootleggers to focus on protecting their shipments from freelance hijackers .   Although the concept of the organization differed between Arnold Rothstein and Johnny Torrio , both Charles `` Lucky '' Luciano and Meyer Lansky were major supporters by 1927 . Its original members included Enoch `` Nucky '' Johnson , Abner `` Longy '' Zwillman of New Jersey , Moe Dalitz of Cleveland , Waxey Gordon and Harry `` Nig '' Rosen of Philadelphia and Danny Walsh of Providence . Other members included the Bug and Meyer Mob as `` enforcers '' and the semi-retired Johnny Torrio who remained in an advisory capacity regarding organizational advice .   As the violence of the bootleg wars died down in the mid-Atlantic area , others requested membership including Dutch Schultz of Manhattan , Charles `` King '' Solomon of Boston . Al Capone also expressed interest in joining the organization ; however his gang war with the North Side Gang prevented him from doing so .   Despite the death of Rothstein that same year , and the subsequent pushing aside or deaths of several gang leaders , the remaining members of the Seven Group were successful in establishing its authority and served as the basis for the Atlantic City Conference in 1929 .   Category : Organized crime groups

neg: Johnny Briscoe Johnny Briscoe is an American man falsely convicted of rape and other crimes and subsequently exonerated by DNA evidence .

neg: Edward J. Adams Edward J. `` Eddie '' Adams ( 1887 -- November 22 , 1921 ) was a notorious American criminal and serial killer in the Midwest . He murdered seven people -- including three policemen -- during a period of around 14 months , and wounded at least a dozen others . At age 34 , Adams was surrounded and then killed by police in Wichita , Kansas .

neg: Organized crime in Minneapolis Organized crime in Minneapolis first attracted national attention in 1903 , when thug and mayor Doc Ames ( 1842-1911 ) was exposed by Lincoln Steffens in the book The Shame of the Cities . Steffens 's account and subsequent trials revealed a police department recruited from felons shaking down the Minneapolis underworld on the mayor 's behalf . Ames later fled the state , spending a short period as a fugitive before being arrested and extradited to Minnesota . He was convicted of receiving a bribe and sentenced to six years in prison . His sentence was later appealed and overturned .   In 1919 , the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution transformed American crime , shaping small-time hoodlums into major organized crime figures . In Minneapolis , the underworld was dominated by local gangs of the Irish mob , flanked by Jewish gangsters and by corrupt cops and politicians from the Republican , Democratic and Farmer-Labor Parties .   Romanian-Jewish immigrant Isadore Blumenfeld , alias Kid Cann ( 1900-1981 ) , was changed overnight from a nickel-and-dime pimp and bookmaker from Northside , Minneapolis , into a respected godfather with close ties to both the Chicago Outfit and the Genovese crime family . Assisted by his brothers Jacob and Harry , Kid Cann 's `` Minneapolis Combination '' dealt in bootleg booze , trucking distribution routes , illegal gambling and real estate deals throughout the American Sun Belt . He was the most notorious gangster in the city 's history .   Rival crime families were run by David Berman , Thomas W. Banks and `` Big Ed '' Morgan . These gangsters tended to cooperate on business and avoid turf wars by appealing to the mediation of the National Mafia Commission . In the process , Minneapolis became a major center of bootlegged booze , gambling , brothels and unbridled corruption .   Deuce Casper ( 1936-2003 ) was a Baldy Street Gang founder and boss . During Casper 's time in Minneapolis , more than 1,000 thugs roamed the streets from 1955 to 1975 , creating mayhem and fear among the citizens . Casper robbed banks , jewelry stores and armored cars , while his associates robbed commercial businesses and ran large drug-dealing operations .   The most notable Baldy was Perry `` The Scholar '' Millik ( 1944 -- 2003 ) , who ran commercial burglary rings and drug-manufacturing houses . He was involved in widespread real estate frauds and was the front man for real estate purchases for the infamous Alexander Brothers ( porn and prostitution kings ) .   Currently , the Capra/Patterson syndicate controls all nationally sanctioned crime activities in the Twin Cities . Gambling is their primary source of income , and they are working under the auspices of the Genoveses ( 2011 ) .   On the corner of 26th Street and 26th Avenue in South Minneapolis exists a historical location , called Hub of Hell , and was home to numerous saloons , bars , nightclubs , and a bowling alley that drew rowdy crowds of steel-workers , factory workers from the old Minneapolis Moline factory , thugs , gangsters , and brawling drunks .   These establishments included the stand-up drinking establishment of Pearsons , The Hexagon , Nibs , Duffy 's and the Stardust Bowling Alley . Here , corrupt cops mingled with their presumed rivals ( like Duffy 's bouncer , `` Mush '' ) . The neighborhood was infamous for its bloody brawls fought by colorful characters like Deuce Casper , Tommy `` The Bomber '' Ogdahl , and Perry `` The Scholar '' Millik , often for the entertainment of spectators to enjoy and keep the old General Hospital busy on weekends .   Prior to 1900 another location known as Hell 's Half Acre was located between 2nd and 3rd Avenues South and 8th and 9th Streets South and had the same rowdy reputation . In the 1890 History of the Fire and Police Departments of Minneapolis , it was described as a `` place of utter darkness , wailing and woe . Bloody frays were of nightly occurrence and not infrequently such weapons as hatchets , knives and even revolvers entered into the conflict . The alleys were literally strewn with empty beer kegs and whisky bottles and the latter were often used as missiles of warfare . As a usual thing Sundays were given up entirely to drinking and fighting , and family feuds were as numerous and bitter as those of Kentucky , though not as murderous . '' ( Pg . 280 )

neg: Raymond Lee Harvey Raymond Lee Harvey was an Ohio-born unemployed American drifter . He was arrested by the Secret Service after being found carrying a starter pistol with blank rounds , ten minutes before President Jimmy Carter was to give a speech at the Civic Center Mall in Los Angeles on May 5 , 1979 .   Although he had a history of mental illness , police investigated his claims that he was part of a four-man operation to assassinate the president . He claimed that he had been approached by three Latino men staying at the Alan Hotel who gave him the starter pistol , and asked him to shoot it into the ground to create a diversion , so they could then shoot the president from their hotel room during the distraction . According to Harvey , he fired seven blank rounds from the starter pistol on the hotel roof on the night of May 4 , to test how much noise it would make . He then spent the night in a room taken by one of the men , whom he knew as `` Julio '' , but who was later identified as a 21-year-old illegal Mexican alien who gave the name Osvaldo Espinoza Ortiz . At the time of his arrest , Harvey had eight spent rounds in his pocket , as well as 70 unspent blank rounds for the gun .   The names `` Lee Harvey '' and `` Osvaldo '' ( Osvaldo is the Spanish equivalent to `` Oswald '' ) drew comparisons to Lee Harvey Oswald , who assassinated President John F. Kennedy . This led conspiracy theorists to claim that the incident was set up to scare Carter into submission . Although originally dismissed as `` a tale spun by an intoxicated man , '' police investigating the claims found a room in the Alan Hotel rented under the name `` Umberto Camacho , '' the name of an alleged conspirator given by Ortiz , containing a shotgun case and three unspent rounds of ammunition . The occupant had checked out of the hotel room the day of the alleged assassination attempt .   Harvey was jailed on a $ 50,000 bond , given his transient status , and Ortiz was alternately reported as being held on a $ 100,000 bond as a material witness or held on a $ 50,000 bond being charged with burglary from a car . Charges against the pair were ultimately dismissed for a lack of evidence .   His age at the time of the event has been alternately given as 34 or 35 .

neg: The Mentally Ill The Mentally Ill were a punk band originating from Deerfield , Illinois in the late 1970s . Their legendary 1979 7 '' single Gacy 's Place named after notorious serial killer John Wayne Gacy , is considered by many to be one of the most unusual records of the early Chicago punk rock scene . They also released Sex Cells 7 '' and then dropped into obscurity .   The Mentally Ill reappeared during the 1990s to record a full-length album with Steve Albini . In 2004 , Jello Biafra released the Gacy 's Place sessions in their entirety with a collection of old demo tapes on his well-known record label Alternative Tentacles .   On November 24 , 2007 , 28 years after the release of Gacy 's Place 7 '' , The Mentally Ill played the You Were n't There afterparty at The Beat Kitchen Located at 2100 W. BELMONT AVE. CHICAGO , IL . It was the first time The Mentally Ill played live , and the reviews of their performance were almost all positive . The band opened the set with Tumor Boy and closed with an encore of Gacy 's Place . On May 23 , 2008 Mentally Ill performed at the three-day Totally Wired Festival Chicago -- this was their second performance . The Mentally Ill have played a few shows each year since their reunion gigs .

neg: John Smith (murderer) John David Smith III ( born 1951 ) is an American murderer convicted of killing his first wife and also believed to have murdered his second . Skull fragments found in a locker owned by him belong to a third , unidentified , woman , and a photograph found in his possession of an unidentified woman is the basis of an ongoing `` Jane Doe '' inquiry .   He is the subject of the television movie Murder on Pleasant Drive , an episode of Cold Case Files and the books Stranger in my Bed by Michael Fleeman and My Sister Is Missing : Bringing a Killer to Justice '' by Sherrie Gladden-Davis . The case was also featured on Medical Detectives , Forensic Files season 9 , episode 19 : Deadly Matrimony , and Who The Bleep Did I Marry season 2 , episode 5 : The Third Mrs. Smith .   Smith married Janice Hartman ( b. 2 March 1951 ) on June 30 , 1970 when they were both 19 . The marriage was troubled ; Janice 's brother said that Smith was abusive from the first . Hartman left Smith in 1974 and returned to Ohio intending to divorce him . A few days later she disappeared .   Soon after , Smith 's brother Michael observed him building a narrow box which he claimed was for Janice 's belongings . In 1979 their grandfather discovered the box and called Michael , who found inside it a dismembered corpse with rainbow hair which he believed to be Janice Hartman . He told John , who took the box away .   Smith married his second wife Betty Fran Gladden Smith , in March 1990 . While confined to her home by an injury , she disappeared from West Windsor Township , New Jersey on October 4 , 1991 .   Michael Smith kept his secret until 1999 , when told the FBI about the box . Inquiries with law enforcement officials in Ohio and Indiana produced the box and remains , which had been found in 1980 by highway workers in an Indiana field .   Smith was arrested in October 2000 in Escondido , California , where he was living with his third wife . He was convicted in July 2001 of the murder of Janice Hartman and sentenced to 15 years to life in prison . His first parole date was in 2011 . He unsuccessfully appealed his conviction in 2002 . The family of Janice Hartman sought civil damages against Smith 's grandfather and brother for their alleged involvement in covering up Smith 's crime for over twenty years , but the claims were unsuccessful . Smith remains incarcerated at Marion Correctional Institution .

neg: The Shootist The Shootist is a 1976 American western film directed by Don Siegel and starring John Wayne in his final film role . The film is based on a 1975 novel of the same name by Glendon Swarthout with a screenplay by Miles Hood Swarthout ( the son of the author ) and Scott Hale . The supporting cast includes Lauren Bacall , Ron Howard , James Stewart , Richard Boone , Hugh O'Brian , Harry Morgan , John Carradine , Sheree North , and Scatman Crothers .   In 1977 , The Shootist received an Academy Award nomination for Best Art Direction ( Robert F. Boyle , Arthur Jeph Parker ) , a BAFTA Film Award nomination for Best Actress ( Lauren Bacall ) , and a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor ( Ron Howard ) , as well as the National Board of Review Award as one of the Top Ten Films of 1976 . The movie also received widespread critical acclaim , garnering a 95 % positive rating on Rotten Tomatoes .


query: It was announced that Black Panther would be developed by Marvel Studios in 1928.

pos: Black Panther (film) Black Panther is an upcoming American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name . Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures , it is intended to be the eighteenth film installment of the Marvel Cinematic Universe . The film is directed by Ryan Coogler from a screenplay by himself and Joe Robert Cole , and stars Chadwick Boseman as T'Challa / Black Panther , alongside Michael B. Jordan , Lupita Nyong ` o , Danai Gurira , Martin Freeman , Daniel Kaluuya , Angela Bassett , Forest Whitaker , and Andy Serkis . In Black Panther , T'Challa returns home as king of Wakanda but finds his sovereignty challenged by a long-time adversary in a conflict that has global consequences .   Wesley Snipes first mentioned his intention to work on a Black Panther film in 1992 , with that project going through multiple iterations over the next decade but never coming to fruition . A Black Panther film was announced as one of the ten Marvel films that would be developed by Marvel Studios and distributed by Paramount Pictures in September 2005 , with Mark Bailey hired to write a script in January 2011 . Black Panther was officially announced in October 2014 , with Boseman appearing first in Captain America : Civil War . By the end of 2015 , Cole and Coogler had both joined the film , and additional cast members came on board beginning in May 2016 . Principal photography for the film took place from January to April 2017 , at EUE/Screen Gems Studios and Pinewood Atlanta Studios in the Atlanta metropolitan area , and Busan , South Korea .   Black Panther is set to be released in the United States on February 16 , 2018 , in IMAX .

neg: Doga Film Project Doga , a famous Indian Superhero appearing in Raj Comics is about to come on bollywood screens . Film  director Anurag Kashyap has recently expressed his interest in making such a movie , that will be the first Indian comic book superhero series which will have  a big screen adaptation . Kashyap , had previously stated that he wanted to make a film on Doga . Currently the project is in starting process but it has been stated that the ground work will be started very soon . His production company phantom Films and Sony International will take care of the project . Madhu Mantena of Phantom films has recently said that she is happy to back Anurag 's vision of Doga for the film . It has been said that Anurag and Madhu will be working closely with Sanjay Gupta and Manish Gupta of Raj Comics for this project .   Internationally the success of Marvel movies such as Iron Man and The Avengers have made this one of the most lucrative genres of film making .

neg: Blackheart Blackheart is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . The character is usually depicted as an adversary to the superhero Ghost Rider . Created by writer Ann Nocenti and artist John Romita , Jr. , Blackheart first appeared in Daredevil # 270 ( September 1989 ) . The character has also appeared in other media , such as the 2000 video game Marvel vs Capcom 2 , and in the 2007 film Ghost Rider , in which he was portrayed by actor Wes Bentley .

neg: Scarlet Witch Scarlet Witch ( Wanda Maximoff ) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . The character first appeared in X-Men # 4 ( March 1964 ) and was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby . The character has since starred in two self-titled limited series with husband the Vision , and has historically been depicted as a regular team member in superhero title The Avengers .   Scarlet Witch has the superhuman ability to alter reality in unspecific ways . In most depictions , she is a mutant , a human born with natural superhuman powers . Originally revealed to be the daughter of the Golden Age superhero Whizzer , it was later established she and her twin brother Quicksilver were the children of X-Men villain Magneto , and the half-siblings of his daughter Polaris . This parentage was their status quo until 2014 , when a further retcon revealed that she and Quicksilver were in fact non-mutants who had been kidnapped and experimented on by the High Evolutionary , and then misled to believe that Magneto was their father .   The character was ranked 97th in Wizard 's `` 200 Greatest Comic Book Characters of All Time '' list , 12th in IGN 's list of `` The Top 50 Avengers '' , and 14th in Comics Buyer 's Guide 's `` 100 Sexiest Women in Comics '' list . The character has appeared in other Marvel-endorsed products such as animated films ; arcade and video games ; television series and merchandise such as action figures and trading cards . Elizabeth Olsen portrays Scarlet Witch in the Marvel Cinematic Universe .

neg: Hellfire Club (comics) The Hellfire Club is a fictional society appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . The Hellfire Club often comes into confrontation with the mutant superhero team , the X-Men . Although the Club appears to merely be an international social club for wealthy elites , its clandestine Inner Circle seeks to influence world events , in accordance with their own agenda .   Created by the Uncanny X-Men writer/artist duo of Chris Claremont and John Byrne , they were heavily influenced by a 1966 episode of the British television series The Avengers ( `` A Touch of Brimstone '' ) . The name `` Hellfire Club '' in fact has a historical precedent , having been a popular name for gentlemen 's clubs in the 18th century . Additionally , the hierarchy of the Inner Circle is modeled on the pieces of a chess set , with Black and White sets of Kings , Queens , Bishops and Rooks .   The Hellfire Club and its Inner Circle were introduced in `` The Dark Phoenix Saga '' , attempting to subvert the X-Men 's Jean Grey . This incarnation , composed most notably of Black King Sebastian Shaw and White Queen Emma Frost , would remain prominent for many years . After their initial confrontations , the Hellfire Club and the X-Men settled into an uneasy alliance . This eventually changed as endless power struggles perpetuated a series of upheavals within the Inner Circle . The club has appeared in two X-Men animated series ( X-Men : The Animated Series and Wolverine and the X-Men ) , both times being renamed as simply The Inner Circle , due to the hesitations to use the word Hellfire in animated children series . Members of the Hellfire Club appeared in 2011 's X-Men : First Class as the main villains , led by Sebastian Shaw and Emma Frost .

neg: Shadowland (comics) `` Shadowland '' is a 2010 Marvel Comics storyline centering on Daredevil and other `` street-level '' superheroes in the Marvel Universe . The storyline started in the Daredevil comic and was expanded upon in the Shadowland five-issue mini series as well as four tie-in mini series , four one-shots , and two issues of Thunderbolts . The storyline was collected into seven individual hard cover and soft cover Trade paperbacks in 2011 .   The story chronicles Daredevils ' return to Hell 's Kitchen after he becomes the leader of the Hand Ninja clan . He builds a temple/prison in Hell 's Kitchen , the eponymous Shadowland . His methods get more extreme as he kills long-time adversary Bullseye . The change in attitude brings him and his ally White Tiger in conflict with a number of street level super-heroes such as Spider-Man , Luke Cage , Iron Fist , Moon Knight and more . The storyline also introduces a new Power Man to the Marvel Universe .   The heroes later realize that Daredevil has become possessed by the Beast of the Hand , which explains why Daredevil 's actions have become more and more extreme and erratic . The heroes are helped out by the Kingpin and Lady Bullseye as they try to preserve the Kingpin 's criminal empire . In the final moments of the story Iron Fist uses his mystical chi to heal Daredevil , releasing the demon inside him . In an act of sacrifice Daredevil kills himself before the Beast can take control of him again , breaking the spell the Beast had on Hell 's Kitchen . Afterwards his corpse disappears , apparently to be revived by Elektra at the conclusion of the event .

neg: Black (2008 film) Black is a 2008 French blaxploitation film directed by Pierre Laffargue .

neg: The New Avengers (comics) The New Avengers is a fictional team of superheroes appearing in comic books published by Marvel Comics . The title has been used for four American comic book series . The first two were written by Brian Michael Bendis and depicted a version of Marvel 's premiere superhero team , the Avengers . The third was written by Jonathan Hickman and depicted a group of characters called the Illuminati ( formerly introduced in New Avengers Vol . 1 # 7 -LSB- July 2005 -RSB- ) . The fourth is written by Al Ewing and depicts the former scientific terrorist group A.I.M. , reformed as `` Avengers Idea Mechanics '' , whose field team has appropriated the name `` New Avengers '' for itself .

neg: Film Booking Offices of America Film Booking Offices of America ( FBO ) , also known as FBO Pictures Corporation , was an American film studio of the silent era , a producer and distributor of mostly low-budget films . The business began in 1918 as Robertson-Cole ( U.S. ) , the American division of a British import -- export company and Robertson-Cole was formed by the English-born Harry F. Robertson and the American Rufus Sidman Cole . Robertson-Cole bought the Hallmark Exchanges ( formerly the Mutual Exchanges that became known as Exhibitors-Mutual Exchanges ) from Frank J. Hall in 1920 . Exhibitors-Mutual/Hallmark had distributed Robertson-Cole product , and acquiring the exchanges gave them the right to distribute their own films plus Hall 's product , with the exception of Charlie Chaplin reissues he had the rights to .   Robertson-Cole initiated movie production in the United States in 1920 . That year , it incorporated Robertson-Cole Studios , Inc. and bought 460 acres in Santa Monica , California to establish a studio . The property , which became known as the `` R.C. Ranch '' , enabled Robertson-Cole to centralize movie production , which previously had been scattered . The movie company had relied on equipment rentals to produce motion pictures . Two years later , a corporate reorganization led to the company 's new name , with FBO becoming the official name of the distributing operation and Robertson-Cole Pictures Corp. the name of the production operation . In 1923 , the studio contracted with Western actor Fred Thomson , who would soon emerge as one of Hollywood 's most popular stars . Thomson was just one of numerous screen cowboys with whom FBO became identified .   The studio , whose core market was America 's small towns , also put out many romantic melodramas , non-Western action pictures , and comedic shorts . In 1926 , financier Joseph P. Kennedy led a group that acquired the company . In June 1928 , using RCA Photophone technology , FBO became only the second Hollywood studio to release a feature-length `` talkie . '' A few months later , Kennedy and RCA chief David Sarnoff arranged the merger that created RKO , one of the major studios of Hollywood 's Golden Age .

neg: Chamber of Darkness Chamber of Darkness is a horror/fantasy anthology comic book published by American company Marvel Comics : under this and a subsequent name , it ran from 1969 to 1974 . It featured work by creators such as writer-editor Stan Lee , writers Gerry Conway and Archie Goodwin , and artists John Buscema , Johnny Craig , Jack Kirby , Tom Sutton , Barry Windsor-Smith ( as Barry Smith ) , and Bernie Wrightson . Stories were generally hosted by either of the characters Digger , a gravedigger , or Headstone P. Gravely , in undertaker garb , or by one of the artists or writers .   After the eighth issue , the title changed to Monsters on the Prowl , and the comic became almost exclusively a reprint book .

neg: Black Power movement The Black Power movement was a political movement to achieve a form of Black Power and the many philosophies it contains . The movement saw various forms of activism some violent and some peaceful , all hoping to achieve black empowerment . The Black Power movement also represented socialist movements , all with the general motivation of improving the standing of black people in society . Originated during the Civil Rights Movement , some doubted the philosophy of the movement begging for more radical action , taking influences from Malcolm X . The cornerstone of the movement was the Black Panther Party , a Black Power organization dedicated to socialism and the use of violence to achieve it . The Black Power movement developed in the criticisms of the Civil Rights Movement in the early 1960s , and over time and into the 1970s , the movement grew and became more violent . After years of violence , many left the movement and the police began arresting violent actors in the movement . The Black Power movement also spilled out into the Caribbean creating the Black Power Revolution .   Motivated by principles of community control , Black Power activists founded scores of institutions and services , including black-owned bookstores , food cooperatives , farms , media , printing presses , schools , clinics , and ambulance services .

neg: Hulk 2099 Hulk 2099 ( John Eisenhart ) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . The character was created by Gerard Jones and Dwayne Turner and first appeared in 2099 Unlimited # 1 . As with many other Marvel 2099 characters , Hulk 2099 was a futuristic re-imagining of the original Hulk .

neg: W'Kabi W'Kabi is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . W'Kabi will appear in the upcoming film Black Panther , portrayed by Daniel Kaluuya .

neg: Daredevil (Marvel Comics series) Daredevil is the name of several comic book titles featuring the character Daredevil and published by Marvel Comics , beginning with the original Daredevil comic book series which debuted in 1964 .   While Daredevil had been home to the work of comic-book artists such as Everett , Kirby , Wally Wood , John Romita Sr. , and Gene Colan , among others , Frank Miller 's influential tenure on the title in the early 1980s cemented the character as a popular and influential part of the Marvel Universe .

neg: Captain Marvel (Mar-Vell) Captain Marvel ( Mar-Vell ) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . The character was created by writer-editor Stan Lee and designed by artist Gene Colan and first appeared in Marvel Super-Heroes # 12 ( December 1967 ) .   The character debuted during the Silver Age of comic books and has made many appearances since then , including a self-titled series and the second volume of the Marvel Spotlight series . Captain Marvel was ranked 24th in IGN 's list of `` The Top 50 Avengers '' and has appeared in television series and video games .

neg: Batwing (DC Comics) Batwing is a fictional comic book superhero appearing in publications by DC Comics . Within DC Comics internal continuity , Batwing is one of several superheroes patterned after the famous superhero Batman . Batwing , in particular , was conceived by Batman as his crime-fighting counterpart overseas , ` the Batman of Africa ' .   The first Batwing is David Zavimbe , a Congolese police officer , created by writer Grant Morrison within the pages of Batman Incorporated prior to receiving his own eponymous series . Following later events within Batman Incorporated and Batwing , Zavimbe is replaced in the role by Luke Fox , an American mixed martial artist who had been Batman 's first choice in the role , who is also the son of Batman 's close associate Lucius Fox .   Batwing faces a roster of adversaries ranging from international super villains to the Democratic Republic of Congo 's corrupt police force . Batwing expands the DC Universe by taking place in Africa , making David Zavimbe both the first ( in continuity ) black Batman and one of the few characters headlining a series outside the United States . Fox is also black , and becomes the first in-continuity African American Batman .

neg: Gamer's Handbook of the Marvel Universe The Gamer 's Handbook of the Marvel Universe is a series of role-playing game supplements published by TSR beginning in 1988 for the Marvel Super Heroes role-playing game .

neg: The Air Circus The Air Circus is a 1928 American feature film directed by Howard Hawks and the first of his aviation films . The film is notable as the first aviation oriented film with dialogue .

neg: Captain Marvel (Marvel Comics) Captain Marvel is the name of several fictional superheroes appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . Most of these versions exist in Marvel 's main shared universe , known as the Marvel Universe .

neg: Features of the Marvel Universe The comic book stories published by Marvel Comics since the 1940s have featured several noteworthy concepts besides its fictional characters , such as unique places and artifacts . There follows a list of those features .

neg: BAD Girls, Inc. B.A.D. Girls , Inc. is a fictional group of female adventurers who all have had criminal records . The group first appeared in Captain America vol . 1 # 385 . Three of the group 's four members ( Asp , Black Mamba and Diamondback ) were previously members of the Serpent Society . They were teamed with Captain America on several occasions before disappearing for several years , during which time Black Mamba and Diamondback made solo appearances elsewhere .