query: WWI is also known as the Third World War.

pos: World War I World War I ( WWI or WW1 ) , also known as the First World War , the Great War , or the War to End All Wars , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . More than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans , were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history . Over nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a result of the war ( including the victims of a number of genocides ) , a casualty rate exacerbated by the belligerents ' technological and industrial sophistication , and the tactical stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare . It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history , and paved the way for major political changes , including revolutions in many of the nations involved and to WWII twenty-one years later .   The war drew in all the world 's economic great powers , assembled in two opposing alliances : the Allies ( based on the Triple Entente of the Russian Empire , the French Third Republic , and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ) versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary . Although Italy was a member of the Triple Alliance alongside Germany and Austria-Hungary , it did not join the Central Powers , as Austria-Hungary had taken the offensive against the terms of the alliance . These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war : Italy , Japan and the United States joined the Allies , while the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers .   The trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria , heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary , by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914 . This set off a diplomatic crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia , and entangled international alliances formed over the previous decades were invoked . Within weeks , the major powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world .   On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July , the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia . Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise , and when this was refused , declared war on Russia on 1 August . Being outnumbered on the eastern front , Russia urged its Triple Entente ally France to open up a second front in the west . Back in 1870 , the Franco-Prussian war had ended the Second French Empire and ceded the provinces of Alsace-Lorraine to a unified Germany . Bitterness over their defeat and the determinance to retake Alsace-Lorraine made the acceptance of Russia 's plea for help an easy choice so France began full mobilisation on 1 August and on 3 August , Germany declared war on France . The border between France and Germany was heavily fortified on both sides so according to the Schlieffen Plan , Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France from the north , leading the United Kingdom to declare war on Germany on 4 August due to their violation of Belgian neutrality . After the German march on Paris was halted in the Battle of the Marne , what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition , with a trench line that changed little until 1917 . On the Eastern Front , the Russian army led a successful campaign against the Austro-Hungarians , but the Germans stopped its invasion of East Prussia in the battles of Tannenberg and the Masurian Lakes . In November 1914 , the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers , opening fronts in the Caucasus , Mesopotamia and the Sinai . In 1915 , Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers ; Romania joined the Allies in 1916 , as did the United States in 1917 .   The Russian government collapsed in March 1917 , and a revolution in November followed by a further military defeat brought the Russians to terms with the Central Powers via the Treaty of Brest Litovsk , which granted the Germans a significant victory . After a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918 , the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives . On 4 November 1918 , the Austro-Hungarian empire agreed to an armistice , and Germany , which had its own trouble with revolutionaries , agreed to an armistice on 11 November 1918 , ending the war in victory for the Allies .   By the end of the war or soon after , the German Empire , Russian Empire , Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire ceased to exist . National borders were redrawn , with several independent nations restored or created , and Germany 's colonies were parceled out among the victors . During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 , the Big Four ( Britain , France , the United States and Italy ) imposed their terms in a series of treaties . The League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict . This effort failed , and economic depression , renewed nationalism , weakened successor states , and feelings of humiliation ( particularly in Germany ) eventually contributed to the start of World War II .

neg: Hindenburg Line The Hindenburg Line ( Siegfriedstellung or Siegfried Position ) was a German defensive position of World War I , built during the winter of 1916 -- 1917 on the Western Front , from Arras to Laffaux , near Soissons on the Aisne . In 1916 , the German offensive at the Battle of Verdun had been a costly failure . The Anglo-French offensive at the Battle of the Somme had forced a defensive battle on the Germans , leaving the western armies ( Westheer ) exhausted . On the Eastern Front , the Brusilov Offensive had inflicted huge losses on the Austro-Hungarian armies in Russia and forced the Germans to take over more of the front . The declaration of war by Romania had placed additional strain on the German army and war economy . Construction of the Hindenburg Line in France was begun by the Germans in September 1916 , to make a retirement from the Somme front possible , to counter an anticipated increase in the power of Anglo-French attacks in 1917 .   The shorter defensive position behind the Noyon Salient was built to economise on manpower , contain an Allied breakthrough and make possible a deliberate withdrawal to prepared positions . By destroying the infrastructure and demolishing civilian buildings in the salient before a withdrawal , the Germans could dislocate Franco-British offensive preparations , by forcing them to advance into a wasteland . The British and French armies would need about eight weeks to rebuild roads , bridges and railways in the abandoned area before they could attack . A shorter Western Front could be held with fewer troops and by incorporating the lessons of defensive battle on the Somme , the importance of troop dispersal , reverse-slope positions , defence in depth and camouflage , German infantry casualties could be reduced . While the German army recuperated from the losses of 1916 , protected by the Hindenburg Line and similar defensive positions on the rest of the Western Front , a return to unrestricted submarine warfare and a strategic bombing offensive against Britain were planned .   By the beginning of 1917 , the strategic outlook for the Germans made a retirement inevitable . German divisions on the Western Front numbered 25 January 1917 , reducing the German manpower shortage but not by enough to contemplate an offensive . Greater output of explosives , ammunition and weapons by German industry to provide the means to counter the Allied Materialschlacht ( battle of equipment ) was attempted in the Hindenburg Programme of August 1916 . Production did not sufficiently increase over the winter , with only 60 percent of the programme expected to be fulfilled by the summer of 1917 . The German Friedensangebot ( peace initiative ) of December 1916 , had been rejected by the Entente and the Auxiliary Service Law of December 1916 , intended to further mobilise the civilian economy , had failed to supply the expected additional labour for war production .   The retirement to the Hindenburg Line took place as part of the Alberich Bewegung ( Operation Alberich or Alberich Manoeuvre ) from after local withdrawals on the Somme had been forced on the 1st Army in January and February , by British attacks up the Ancre valley . News of the demolitions and the deplorable state of French civilians left behind , were serious blows to German prestige in neutral countries . Labour was transferred south in February 1917 , to work on the Hundingstellung , from La Fère to Rethel and on the forward positions on the Aisne front , which the Germans knew were due to be attacked by the French armies . Divisions released by Operation Alberich and other reinforcements , increased the number of divisions on the Aisne front to early April . The Hindenburg Line was attacked several times in 1917 , notably at St. Quentin , Bullecourt , the Aisne and Cambrai and was broken in September 1918 , during the Hundred Days Offensive .

neg: Movement Against War and Fascism The Movement Against War and Fascism ( MAWF ) was founded in Australia in 1933 , as an Australian chapter of the World Movement Against War established in 1932 by the Comintern . The international movement was instigated by Willi Münzenberg the German Comintern leader who founded a multitude of front organisations in his quest to spread the word and power of International Communism . The Australian movement set out to attract `` fellow-travellers '' and pacifists , and was relatively independent of the international organisation .   MAWF organised political rallies and protests and issued the magazine War ! What For ? ( February 1934 - May 1936 ) , later World Peace ( June 1936 - June 1939 ) , to expose the development of fascism in Europe in the 1930s - particularly in Germany and Italy , and during the Spanish Civil War - while promoting the cause of Communism . The movement disbanded in 1939 .   The movement instigated the events which led to the attempted exclusion of Egon Kisch from Australia in late 1934 and early 1935 . During the 1936 to 1939 Spanish Civil War , the MAWF played a prominent role in publicising stories from the front and condemned democratic governments for failing to come to the aid of the elected socialist government while fascist governments were supporting the right-wing rebels led by General Francisco Franco .   The organisation continued to criticise democratic governments , including that led by Joseph Lyons in Australia , for anti-free speech and anti-Communist policies , which some historians have argued weakened its otherwise prescient message about the escalating threat posed by fascism and Nazism . Indeed , the main debate between historians with an interest in the MAWF has been a preoccupation about the extent to which it was first and foremost a Communist front organisation .   Australian members included Mary Wren whose communist sympathies ran in stark contrast to her father John Wren 's conservative Catholicism , Hugo Throssell , and federal Labor politician Maurice Blackburn , who was expelled from the ALP in 1937 for his membership of the MAWF . Secretary and editor of the MAWF magazine , James Normington Rawling , was a dominating figure in the organisation 's policies and messages until the organisation folded with the onset of World War in late 1939 . Rawling was expelled from the Communist Party for unorthodox views and became a prominent anti-Communist .

neg: The war to end war `` The war to end war '' ( sometimes called `` The war to end all wars '' ) was a term for the First World War of 1914 -- 1918 . Originally idealistic , it is now used mainly sardonically .

neg: 1910s The 1910s ( pronounced `` nineteen-tens '' , also abbreviated as the `` teens '' ) was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1 , 1910 , and ended on December 31 , 1919 . The 1910s represented the culmination of European militarism which had its beginnings during the second half of the 19th century . The conservative lifestyles during the first half of the decade , as well as the legacy of military alliances , was forever changed by the assassination , on June 28 , 1914 , of Archduke Franz Ferdinand , the heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne . The murder triggered a chain of events in which , within 33 days , World War I broke out in Europe on August 1 , 1914 . The conflict dragged on until a truce was declared on November 11 , 1918 , leading to the controversial , one-sided Treaty of Versailles , which was signed on June 28 , 1919 .   The war 's end triggered the abdication of various monarchies and the collapse of five of the last modern empires of Russia , Germany , China , Ottoman Turkey and Austria-Hungary , with the latter splintered into Austria , Hungary , southern Poland ( who acquired most of their land in a war with Soviet Russia ) , Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia , as well as the unification of Romania with Transylvania and Moldavia . However , each of these states ( with the possible exception of Yugoslavia ) had large German and Hungarian minorities , there creating some unexpected problems that would be brought to light in the next two decades . ( See Dissolution of Austro-Hungarian Empire : Successor States for better description of composition of names of successor countries/states following the splinter . )   The decade was also a period of revolution in a number of countries . The Mexican Revolution spearheaded the trend in November 1910 , which led to the ousting of dictator Porfirio Diaz , developing into a violent civil war that dragged on until mid-1920 , not long after a new Mexican Constitution was signed and ratified . Russia also had a similar fate , since World War I led to a collapse in morale as well as to economic chaos . This atmosphere encouraged the establishment of Bolshevism , which was later renamed as communism . Like the Mexican Revolution , the Russian Revolution of 1917 , known as the October Revolution , immediately turned to Russian Civil War that dragged until approximately late 1922 .   Much of the music in these years was ballroom-themed . Many of the fashionable restaurants were equipped with dance floors . Prohibition in the United States began January 16 , 1919 , with the ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution .

neg: List of First World War Victoria Cross recipients The Victoria Cross ( VC ) was awarded 628 times to 627 recipients for action in the First World War ( 1914 -- 1918 ) . The Victoria Cross is a military decoration awarded for valour `` in the face of the enemy '' to members of armed forces of some Commonwealth countries and previous British Empire territories . It takes precedence over all other Orders , decorations and medals ; it may be awarded to a person of any rank in any service and to civilians under military command . The award was officially constituted when Queen Victoria issued a warrant under the Royal sign-manual on 29 January 1856 that was gazetted on 5 February 1856 . The order was backdated to 1854 to recognise acts of valour during the Crimean War . The first awards ceremony was held on 26 June 1857 , where Queen Victoria invested 62 of the 111 Crimean recipients in a ceremony in Hyde Park .   The First World War , also known as the Great War and in the United States as World War I , was a global military conflict that embroiled most of the world 's great powers , assembled in two opposing alliances : the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance . More than 70 million military personnel were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history . The main combatants descended into a state of total war , directing their entire scientific and industrial capabilities into the war effort . Over 15 million people were killed , making it one of the deadliest conflicts in history . The proximate cause of war was the assassination on 28 June 1914 of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria . Soon after , a system of alliances were activated that would see Europe at war . The Western Front saw the largest concentration of Commonwealth troops with soldiers occupying sectors of the line from the North Sea to the Orne River .   On 1 July 1916 , the first day of the Battle of the Somme , the British Army endured the bloodiest day in its history , suffering 57,470 casualties and 19,240 dead ; nine Victoria Crosses were awarded for action on that day . Most of the casualties occurred in the first hour of the attack . The entire Somme offensive cost the British Army almost half a million men . The war was not just fought on land ; the First World War saw major naval battles as well as the first large-scale use of military aircraft . The war at sea was mainly characterised by the efforts of the Allied Powers in blockading the Central Powers by sea . In return , the Central Powers attempted to break that blockade and establish an effective blockade of the British Isles and France with U-boats and raiders . The largest naval battle of the First World War was the Battle of Jutland which was the only full-scale clash of battleships in that war . Four Victoria Crosses were awarded for action at Jutland . The war in the air saw 19 VCs being awarded to airmen . The First World War saw significant interest in flying aces , including the German Manfred von Richthofen -- also known as The Red Baron -- as well as British aces such as Albert Ball , Mick Mannock and Billy Bishop , who were all Victoria Cross recipients . Hostilities ended on 11 November 1918 with the signing of the Armistice Treaty in the Compiègne Forest , but the war was not officially over until the various peace treaties were signed in 1919 . By the war 's end , four major imperial powers -- Germany , Russia , Austria-Hungary , and the Ottoman Empire -- had been militarily and politically defeated , and the latter two ceased to exist as autonomous entities . Of the 60 million European soldiers who were mobilised from 1914 -- 1918 , 8 million were killed , 7 million were permanently disabled , and 15 million were seriously injured .   During the war , Britain called on its dominions and colonies , which provided invaluable military , financial and material support . The armies of the Dominions provided over 2.5 million men as well as many thousands of volunteers from the Crown colonies . The largest number of men came from the Indian sub continent , Canada , Australia and New Zealand . The Indian Contingent consisted of over 130,000 men in various capabilities and served primarily in France and Belgium . Over 9000 of them died and 11 of them were awarded the VC . The Australian Imperial Force ( AIF ) began forming on 15 August 1914 and remained a volunteer force for the entire war . Throughout the four years of conflict , 331,814 volunteers from Australia were sent overseas with 63 VCs awarded ; nine of these were given for the Gallipoli Campaign . Eleven members of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force ( NZEF ) were awarded the Victoria Cross . The Canadian Expeditionary Force ( CEF ) saw over 600,000 enlistments throughout its four-year history with 71 VCs awarded . At the outbreak of the hostilities , Newfoundland was a separate dominion and 2 soldiers from Newfoundland were awarded the Victoria Cross .   The 628 awards of the Victoria Cross given for action during the First World War account for almost half the 1356 Victoria Crosses awarded throughout its history ; in comparison the Second World War saw 181 medals awarded . Noel Godfrey Chavasse was awarded the Victoria Cross and Bar , for two separate actions in the First World War on the battlefields of Mametz and Passchendaele . He died from wounds received in the second action . Arthur Martin-Leake received a Bar to his Victoria Cross for action in the First World War ; he had been awarded his first Victoria Cross for action in the Second Boer War .   Of the 627 recipients 159 were awarded posthumously .

neg: Evacuations of civilians in Britain during World War II The evacuation of civilians in Britain during the Second World War was designed to protect civilians in Britain , particularly children , from the risks associated with aerial bombing of cities by moving them to areas thought to be less at risk . Operation Pied Piper , which began on 1 September 1939 , officially relocated more than 3.5 million people . Further waves of official evacuation and re-evacuation occurred on the south and east coasts in June 1940 , when a seaborne invasion was expected , and from affected cities after the Blitz began in September 1940 . There were also official evacuations from the UK to other parts of the British Empire , and many non-official evacuations within and from the UK . Other mass movements of civilians included British citizens arriving from the Channel Islands , and displaced people arriving from continental Europe .   The Government Evacuation Scheme was developed during summer 1938 by the Anderson Committee and implemented by the Ministry of Health . The country was divided into zones , classified as either `` evacuation '' , `` neutral '' , or `` reception '' , with priority evacuees being moved from the major urban centres and billeted on the available private housing in more rural areas . Each zone covered roughly a third of the population , although several urban areas later bombed had not been classified for evacuation . In early 1939 , the reception areas compiled lists of available housing . Space for a couple of thousand people was found , and the government also constructed camps which provided a few thousand additional spaces .   In summer 1939 , the government began to publicise its plan through the local authorities . They had overestimated demand : only half of all school-aged children were moved from the urban areas instead of the expected 80 % . There was enormous regional variation : as few as 15 % of the children were evacuated from some urban areas , while over 60 % of children were evacuated in Manchester and Belfast and Liverpool . The refusal of the central government to spend large sums on preparation also reduced the effectiveness of the plan . In the event over 1,474,000 people were evacuated .

neg: Third camp Not to be confused with Third Position or Third Way  The third camp , also known as third camp socialism or third camp Trotskyism , is a branch of socialism which aims to oppose both capitalism and Stalinism , by supporting the organised working class as a `` third camp '' .   The term arose early during the Second World War , and refers to the idea of two `` imperialist camps '' competing to dominate the world : one led by the United Kingdom and France and supported by the United States , and the other led by Nazi Germany and supported by Fascist Italy .

neg: Art and World War II War is a common theme in art and has inspired great works of art . Throughout history , most representations of war depict military achievements and often show significant battle scenes . However , in the 19th century a `` turn '' in the visual representation of war became noticeable . Artists started to show the disastrous aspects of war instead of its glorified events and protagonists . Such a perspective is best exemplified by Goya 's series , The Disasters of War ( 1810-1820 , first published in 1863 ) , and Otto Dix 's portfolio , Der Krieg ( published in 1924 ) . During World War II , both traditions are present . For instance , Paul Nash 's Battle of Britain ( 1941 ) represents a scene of aerial combat between British and German fighters over the English Channel . On the other hand , André Fougeron 's Street of Paris ( 1943 ) focuses on the impact of war and occupation on civilians .   In connection to World War II , the relations between art and war can be articulated around two main issues . First , art ( and , more generally , culture ) found itself at the centre of an ideological war . Second , during World War II , many artists found themselves in the most difficult conditions ( in an occupied country , in internment camps , in death camps ) and their works are a testimony to a powerful `` urge to create '' . Such creative impulse can be interpreted as the expression of self-preservation , a survival instinct in critical times .

neg: The Blitz The Blitz , from the German word Blitzkrieg meaning ` lightning war ' , was the name used by the British press to describe the heavy air raids carried out over Britain in 1940 and 1941 , during the Second World War .   The German air offensive was concentrated , aimed at the direct bombing of industrial targets and civilian centres which began with heavy raids on London during the latter phase of the battle for air superiority over the United Kingdom which became known as the Battle of Britain . By September 1940 the Luftwaffe had failed to gain air superiority . The German air fleets ( Luftflotten ) were ordered to attack London , thereby drawing RAF Fighter Command into a battle of annihilation . Adolf Hitler and commander-in-chief of the Luftwaffe ( German Air Force ) Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring , sanctioned the change in emphasis on 6 September 1940 .   From 7 September 1940 , just over a year into the war , London was systematically bombed by the Luftwaffe for 56 out of the following 57 days and nights . On 15 September 1940 , a large daylight attack against London was repulsed with significant German losses . Thereafter , the Luftwaffe gradually decreased daylight operations in favour of nocturnal attacks , to avoid RAF defences . The Blitz became a fundamental night bombing campaign after October 1940 .   Ports and industrial centres outside London were also attacked . The main Atlantic sea port of Liverpool was bombed . The North Sea port of Hull , a convenient and easily found target or secondary target for bombers unable to locate their primary targets , was subjected to raids in the Hull Blitz during the war . Other ports including Bristol , Cardiff , Portsmouth , Plymouth , Southampton and Swansea were also bombed , as were the industrial cities of Birmingham , Belfast , Coventry , Glasgow , Manchester and Sheffield . More than one million London houses were destroyed or damaged and more than 40,000 civilians were killed , almost half of them in the capital .   By May 1941 , the threat of an invasion of Britain had ended , and Hitler 's attention turned to Operation Barbarossa , the invasion of the Soviet Union . The bombing failed to demoralise the British into surrender or significantly damage the war economy . The eight months of bombing never seriously hampered British production and the war industries continued to operate and expand . The German offensive 's greatest effect was forcing the dispersal of aircraft production and parts . British wartime studies concluded that cities generally took 10 to 15 days to recover when hit severely but exceptions like Birmingham took three months .   The German air offensive failed for several reasons . In particular , the Luftwaffe High Command ( Oberkommando der Luftwaffe , OKL ) did not develop a methodical strategy for destroying British war industry : German effort was diverted and dispersed against several sets of industries instead of maintaining pressure on any of them . Discussions in OKL revolved around tactics rather than strategy . Poor intelligence on British industry and economic efficiency was also a factor .

neg: 1914–1918 Inter-Allied Victory medal (France) The 1914 -- 1918 Inter-Allied Victory medal ( `` Médaille Interalliée de la Victoire 1914 -- 1918 '' ) was a French commemorative medal established 20 July 1922 . It was awarded to all soldiers who served three months , consecutive or not , between 2 August 1914 and 11 November 1918 in the war zone . It was also awarded to civilian nurses , aliens ( civilian or military ) who served directly under French command , Marshals and generals who had a command for at least three months , prisoners of war from Alsace and Lorraine ( region ) . Article 10 of the establishing law states : `` The award of the medal is also acquired by military members who were killed by the enemy or died from wounds of war and those who died of disease or injury incurred in service . ''

neg: Third Way In politics , the Third Way is a position akin to centrism that tries to reconcile right-wing and left-wing politics by advocating a varying synthesis of right-wing economic and left-wing social policies . The Third Way was created as a serious re-evaluation of political policies within various centre-left progressive movements in response to international doubt regarding the economic viability of the state ; economic interventionist policies that had previously been popularized by Keynesianism and contrasted with the corresponding rise of popularity for economic liberalism and the New Right . The Third Way is promoted by some social democratic and social liberal movements .   Major Third Way social democratic proponent Tony Blair claimed that the socialism he advocated was different from traditional conceptions of socialism . Blair said `` My kind of socialism is a set of values notions of social justice ... Socialism as a rigid form of economic determinism has ended , and rightly '' . Blair referred to it as `` social-ism '' that involves politics that recognized individuals as socially interdependent , and advocated social justice , social cohesion , equal worth of each citizen , and equal opportunity . Third Way social democratic theorist Anthony Giddens has said that the Third Way rejects the traditional conception of socialism , and instead accepts the conception of socialism as conceived of by Anthony Crosland as an ethical doctrine that views social democratic governments as having achieved a viable ethical socialism by removing the unjust elements of capitalism by providing social welfare and other policies , and that contemporary socialism has outgrown the Marxian claim for the need of the abolition of capitalism . Blair in 2009 publicly declared support for a `` new capitalism '' .   It supports the pursuit of greater egalitarianism in society through action to increase the distribution of skills , capacities , and productive endowments , while rejecting income redistribution as the means to achieve this . It emphasizes commitment to balanced budgets , providing equal opportunity combined with an emphasis on personal responsibility , decentralization of government power to the lowest level possible , encouragement of public-private partnerships , improving labour supply , investment in human development , protection of social capital , and protection of the environment .   The Third Way has been criticized by some conservatives and libertarians who advocate laissez-faire capitalism . It has also been heavily criticized by many social democrats , democratic socialists , anarchists and communists in particular as a betrayal of left-wing values . Specific definitions of Third Way policies may differ between Europe and America .

neg: Great Retreat The Great Retreat , also known as the Retreat from Mons , is the name given to the long withdrawal to the River Marne , in August and September 1914 , by the British Expeditionary Force ( BEF ) and the French Fifth Army , Allied forces on the Western Front in World War I , after their defeat by the Imperial German armies at the Battle of Charleroi ( 21 August ) and the Battle of Mons ( 23 August ) . A counter-offensive by the Fifth Army , with some assistance from the BEF at the First Battle of Guise ( Battle of St. Quentin failed to end the German advance and the Franco-British retreat continued to and beyond the Marne . From the First Battle of the Marne ended the Allied retreat and forced the German armies to retire towards the Aisne river and fight the First Battle of the Aisne Reciprocal attempts to outflank the opposing armies to the north followed , known as the Race to the Sea

neg: Race to the Sea The Race to the Sea took place from about 1914 , after the Battle of the Frontiers ( 7 August -- 13 September ) and the German advance into France , which had been stopped at the First Battle of the Marne and was followed by the First Battle of the Aisne a Franco-British counter-offensive . The term described reciprocal attempts by the Franco-British and German armies to envelop the northern flank of the opposing army through Picardy , Artois and Flanders , rather than an attempt to advance northwards to the sea . The `` race '' ended on the North Sea coast of Belgium around 19 October , when the last open area from Dixmude to the North Sea was occupied by Belgian troops , who had been withdrawn from the Siege of Antwerp ( 28 September -- 10 October ) . The outflanking attempts had resulted in a number of encounter battles but neither side was able to gain a decisive victory .   After the opposing forces had reached the North Sea , both tried to conduct offensives , leading to the mutually costly and indecisive Battle of the Yser ( 16 October -- 2 November ) and the First Battle of Ypres ( 19 October -- 22 November ) . After mid-November , local operations were carried out by both sides and preparations were made to take the offensive in the spring of 1915 . Erich von Falkenhayn , Chief of the German General Staff ( Oberste Heeresleitung ) since 14 September , concluded that a decisive victory could not be achieved on the Western Front and that it was equally unlikely in the east . Falkenhayn abandoned Vernichtunsstrategie ( strategy of annihilation ) and attempted to create the conditions for peace with one of Germany 's enemies , by Ermattungsstrategie ( strategy of exhaustion ) , to enable Germany to concentrate its resources decisively to defeat the remaining opponents .   Over the winter lull , the French army established the theoretical basis of offensive trench warfare , originating many of the methods which became standard for the rest of the war . Infiltration tactics were developed , in which dispersed formations of infantry were followed by nettoyeurs de tranchée ( trench cleaners ) , to capture strong-points that had been by-passed . Artillery observation from aircraft and creeping barrages , were first used systematically in the Second Battle of Artois Falkenhayn issued memoranda on 1915 , to govern defensive battle on the Western Front , in which the existing front line was to be fortified and to be held indefinitely with small numbers of troops , to enable more divisions to be sent to the Eastern Front . New defences were to be built behind the front line to contain a breakthrough until the position was restored by counter-attacks . The Westheer began the huge task of building field fortifications , which were not complete until the autumn of 1915 .

neg: France France ( -LSB- fʁɑ̃s -RSB- ) , officially the French Republic ( -LSB- ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz -RSB- ) , is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . The European , or metropolitan , area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . France spans 643801 km2 and had a total population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017 . It is a unitary semi-presidential republic with the capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban centres include Marseille , Lyon , Lille , Nice , Toulouse and Bordeaux .   During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome , which held Gaul until 486 , when the Germanic Franks conquered the region and formed the Kingdom of France . France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , with its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337 to 1453 ) strengthening state-building and political centralisation . During the Renaissance , French culture flourished and a global colonial empire was established , which by the 20th century would be the second largest in the world . The 16th century was dominated by religious civil wars between Catholics and Protestants ( Huguenots ) . France became Europe 's dominant cultural , political , and military power under Louis XIV . In the late 18th century , the French Revolution overthrew the absolute monarchy , established one of modern history 's earliest republics , and saw the drafting of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen , which expresses the nation 's ideals to this day .   In the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire , whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe . Following the collapse of the Empire , France endured a tumultuous succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870 . France was a major participant in the First World War , from which it emerged victorious , and was one of the Allied Powers in the Second World War , but came under occupation by the Axis Powers in 1940 . Following liberation in 1944 , a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War . The Fifth Republic , led by Charles de Gaulle , was formed in 1958 and remains to this day . Algeria and nearly all the other colonies became independent in the 1960s and typically retained close economic and military connections with France .   France has long been a global centre of art , science , and philosophy . It hosts Europe 's fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually , the most of any country in the world . France is a developed country with the world 's sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity . In terms of aggregate household wealth , it ranks fourth in the world . France performs well in international rankings of education , health care , life expectancy , and human development . France remains a great power in the world , being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state . It is a leading member state of the European Union and the Eurozone . It is also a member of the Group of 7 , North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) , Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) , and La Francophonie .

neg: Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War The Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War was a three volume set of books , based on the wartime work of the Historical Section of the General Staff . The Canadian Army had a dedicated set of officers in the Second World War who studied and recorded various facets of wartime history for posterity .   During the war , Colonel C.P. Stacey headed the overseas effort of chronicling the history of the army , and produced a large number of reports . These reports , known as `` CMHQ Reports '' are largely available in electronic form from the Directorate of History and Heritage .   Some historical information was also compiled in book form during the war , and some introductory volumes were released soon after the war .   Canada 's Battle In Normandy was released in 1946 . Authored by Colonel Stacey , the book was a 159-page look at Canada 's experiences in the Battle of Normandy from the perspective of the Canadian Army .   In 1948 , The Canadian Army 1939-1945 : A Historical Summary was published . The book was described in Stacey 's own words in his autobiography , A Date With History :   The first of the three volume Official History did not appear in print until 1955 at the earliest . This was not unusual , in as an Official History of the First World War had also been many years in coming . Though the first of a projected eight volumes by Colonel Duguid first saw print in 1938 , 20 years after the Armistice , the remaining 7 volumes were never completed . G.W.L. Nicholson published a one-volume Official History in 1964 . The Royal Canadian Air Force 's official Second World War history was not published until the 1990s . In Stacey 's words :

neg: German–Soviet Axis talks In October and November 1940 , German -- Soviet Axis talks occurred concerning the Soviet Union 's potential entry as a fourth Axis Power in World War II . The negotiations , which occurred during the era of the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact and the German-Soviet Commercial Agreement , included a two-day Berlin conference between Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov , Adolf Hitler and German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop , followed by both countries trading written proposed agreements . After two days of negotiations from 12 to 14 November 1940 , Germany presented the Soviets with a draft written Axis pact agreement defining the world spheres of influence of the four proposed Axis powers ( Japan , Germany , Soviet Union , Italy ) . Hitler , Ribbentrop and Molotov tried to set German and Soviet spheres of influence ; Hitler encouraged Molotov to look south to Iran and eventually India while preserving German access to Finland 's resources , and to remove Soviet influence in the Balkans . Molotov remained firm , seeking to remove German troops from Finland and gain a warm water port in the Balkans . Soviet foreign policy calculations were predicated by the idea that the war would be a long - term struggle and therefore German claims that Britain would be defeated swiftly were treated with scepticism . In addition Stalin sought to remain influential in Bulgaria and Yugoslavia . These factors resulted in Molotov taking a firm line . According to a Columbia University academical source , on 25 November 1940 , the Soviets presented a Stalin-drafted written counterproposal where they would accept the four power pact , but it included Soviet rights to Bulgaria and a world sphere of influence centered on the area around modern Iraq and Iran . Germany did not respond , leaving the negotiations unresolved . Regarding the counterproposal , Hitler remarked to his top military chiefs that Stalin `` demands more and more '' , `` he 's a cold-blooded blackmailer '' and that `` a German victory has become unbearable for Russia '' so that `` she must be brought to her knees as soon as possible . '' Germany ended the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact in June 1941 by invading the Soviet Union .

neg: Battle of the Menin Road Ridge The Battle of the Menin Road Ridge , sometimes called `` Battle of the Menin Road '' , was the third British general attack of the Third Battle of Ypres in the First World War . The battle took place from 1917 , in the Ypres Salient in Flanders on the Western Front . During the pause in British and French general attacks between late August and 20 September , the British changed some infantry tactics , adopting the leap-frog method of advance , where waves of infantry stopped once they reached their objective and consolidated the ground , while other waves passed through the objective to attack the next one and the earlier waves became the tactical reserve . General adoption of the method was made possible when more artillery was brought into the salient , by increasing the number of aircraft involved in close air support and by specialising the tasks of air defence , contact-patrol , counter-attack patrol , artillery observation and ground-attack .   In early September , optimism increased among German commanders that the Flanders offensive had been defeated and several divisions and air units were transferred elsewhere . Drier weather and extensive road repairs made it much easier for the British to move vast amounts of supplies forward from the original front line . Visibility increased except for frequent ground fog around dawn , which helped conceal British infantry during the attack , before clearing to expose German troop movements to British observation and attack . The British infantry succeeded in capturing most of their objectives and then holding them against German counter-attacks , inflicting many casualties on the local German defenders and Eingreif divisions sent to reinforce them by massed artillery and small-arms fire . German defences on the Gheluvelt Plateau , which had been retained or quickly recaptured in July and August were lost and the British began a run of success which lasted into early October .

neg: Strategic depth Strategic depth is a term in military literature that broadly refers to the distances between the front lines or battle sectors and the combatants ' industrial core areas , capital cities , heartlands , and other key centers of population or military production . The key precepts any military commander must consider when dealing with strategic depth are how vulnerable these assets are to a quick , preemptive attack or to a methodical offensive and whether a country can withdraw into its own territory , absorb an initial thrust , and allow the subsequent offensive to culminate short of its goal and far from its source of power .   Commanders must be able to plan for both eventualities , and have measures and resources in place on both tactical and strategic levels to counter any and all stages of a minor or major enemy attack . These measures do not need to be limited to purely military assets , either -- the ability to reinforce civilian infrastructure or make it flexible enough to withstand or evade assault is very valuable in times of war . The issue was the trade-off between space and time as witnessed by Germany 's failure to defeat the Soviet Union in 1942 . In the face of a German invasion , the Soviet military retreating from occupied Poland in June 1941 to the outskirts of Moscow in December 1941 allowed the Soviet Union to move its industrial base to the east of the Ural Mountains . Thus the industries that had been moved could build the resources needed for the Soviet counter-attack .

neg: North West Europe Campaign The North West Europe Campaign was the name given by the British Commonwealth armed forces to the two land campaigns they fought on the Western Front during World War II .   In Commonwealth military history , `` North-West Europe '' refers to land , air and sea campaigns and operations in , over or near Belgium , Denmark , France , Germany , Luxembourg , Netherlands , Norway and the United Kingdom during World War II . It includes many more specific campaigns and/or battle honours .   The North-West Europe Campaign of 1940 , was part of the Battle of France , and was restricted to the Belgium and the French Channel ports . During this campaign , the French Army was responsible for the rest of the Western Front from Luxembourg to Switzerland , much of which was defended by the Maginot Line . The first campaign ended for the British forces with the defeat of the British Expeditionary Force ( BEF ) and its evacuation from the beaches of Dunkirk .   Between 1940 and 1944 , the Allied armies conducted coastal raids in German-Occupied Europe , the largest of which was the Dieppe raid of 1942 .   British Commonwealth air force units who served over Occupied Europe , between the fall of France and D-Day were awarded the battle honour `` Fortress Europe 1940 -- 1944 . ''   The North-West Europe Campaign of 1944 -- 1945 , was fought by the British Second Army and First Canadian Army  as elements of the British 21st Army Group . The campaign started with the landings in Normandy and ended on 4 May 1945 with Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery taking the German military surrender of all German forces in the Netherlands , north west Germany and Denmark on Lüneburg Heath , ( situated between the cities of Hamburg , Hanover and Bremen ) . As with the first campaign the British Commonwealth forces were on the northern flank of the Western Front . The Twelfth United States Army Group , was to their immediate south , further south still was the Sixth United States Army Group , ( that was also known as the Southern Group of Armies as the French First Army was a constituent part )

neg: Third Battle of Krithia The Third Battle of Krithia ( Turkish : Kirte ) , fought on the Gallipoli peninsula during World War I , was the final in a series of Allied attacks against the Ottoman defences aimed at capturing the original objectives of 25 April 1915 . The previous failures in the first and second battles resulted in a less ambitious plan being developed for the attack , but the outcome was another costly failure for the Allies . The allied aim was , as always to facilitate the capture of Alçı Tepe ( Achi Baba ) which commanded most of the peninsula .


query: Tom Felton is a person.

pos: Draco Malfoy Draco Lucius Malfoy is a character in J. K. Rowling 's Harry Potter series . He is a student in Harry Potter 's year belonging in the Slytherin house . He is frequently accompanied by his two cronies , Vincent Crabbe and Gregory Goyle , who act as henchmen . Draco is characterised as a cowardly bully who manipulates and hurts people to get what he wants ; nevertheless , he is a cunning user of magic . He was played by Tom Felton in the Harry Potter film series .

pos: Louis T. Leonowens Louis Thomas Gunnis Leonowens ( 25 October 1856 -- 17 February 1919 ) was a British subject who was the basis of a major character in the 1944 novel Anna and the King of Siam , as well as other fictional works based on it ( see below ) . He was the son of Anna Leonowens , famous as a tutor of King Chulalongkorn of Siam ( Thailand ) . Leonowens later served as an officer with the Siamese Royal Cavalry and founded a Thai trading company that still bears his name , Louis T. Leonowens Ltd. .

pos: Tom Felton Thomas Andrew `` Tom '' Felton ( born 22 September 1987 ) is an English actor . Felton began appearing in commercials when he was eight years old for companies such as Commercial Union and Barclaycard . He made his screen debut in the role of Peagreen Clock in The Borrowers ( 1997 ) and he portrayed Louis T. Leonowens in Anna and the King ( 1999 ) . He rose to prominence for his role as Draco Malfoy in the film adaptions of the best-selling Harry Potter fantasy novels by J.K. Rowling . His performances in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 won him two consecutive MTV Movie Awards for Best Villain in 2010 and 2011 .   Following the conclusion of the series in 2011 , Felton appeared in the 2011 film Rise of the Planet of the Apes , a reboot of the Planet of the Apes series . He had roles in the minor films From the Rough ( 2011 ) and The Apparition ( 2012 ) , starred as James Ashford in the critically acclaimed period drama film Belle ( 2013 ) , followed by roles in In Secret ( 2014 ) and Against the Sun ( 2014 ) . Felton 's 2016 films include the epic biblical drama Risen , alongside Joseph Fiennes , and the period biopic A United Kingdom , alongside David Oyelowo and Rosamund Pike . He portrays Julian Albert / Doctor Alchemy on The Flash .

neg: Felton, Northumberland Felton is a village in north Northumberland in North East England . Felton is situated about 10 mi south of Alnwick and 9 mi north of Morpeth . The nearest city , Newcastle upon Tyne is 24 mi south of the village and the Scottish border is about an hour away . At the last UK Census in 2011 , Felton had a population of 932 , down from 952 in 2001 .   There are two bridges crossing the River Coquet . The oldest dates to around the 15th Century , while the other was built in 1926 . The older bridge is closed to traffic , and is often used for village events including carol singing at Christmas .   Felton has a close community centred on events in the village , spread across the calendar . Every summer Felton has a fair and a fun run around the village , whilst a pantomime was performed in the village hall for the ninth time this year .   Felton has two shops ; a newsagent , artisan bakery and restaurant , and the other a post office and village store . It also has a hairdresser and doctors surgery . The Village magazine , The Bridge , was first published a few years ago , and is delivered to the villagers bimonthly . Church of St Michael and All Angels is a Grade I listed building .

neg: Tom Thurlow Thomas Michael Thurlow ( born 11 December 1989 ) is a British entrepreneur , best known for epi-culture , a children 's book company which specialises in signed first editions . He studied at Cheltenham Bournside School and Sixth Form Centre and started his business after his sister asked him to go to Chepstow for a JK Rowling book signing as she could not make it . In 2006 Thurlow was listed in the Mail on Sunday 's Top 5 UK Young Entrepreneurs .   Thurlow appeared in ITV1 's 2007 reality business show Tycoon , and was the first participant to be dismissed .   In December 2007 Thurlow was caught up in The Golden Compass furore and claimed to have received death threats from extremist American Catholics for selling the Philip Pullman books through his book company epi-culture .   In summer 2008 , Thurlow presented Big Brother : On The Streets , a spin-off of Big Brother broadcast on E4 's website .   In an interview with Entertainment Focus ( an online showbiz site ) Tom revealed his new online shows for 2008 which consisted of Meet The Freshers for the social networking site Bebo and a new companion show called MTV 's Tom Takes On : The Hills for MTV .   In 2012 , Thurlow created a series of dating sites , ` ShagAtUni.com ' and ` ShagAGamer.com ' , aimed at the adult market . Of ` ShagAtUni ' , The Daily Mail wrote `` The seedy site advertises itself as a space for students to have sex without ` the strings attached with dating ' '' . Website PCGamesN.com was critical of ` ShagAGamer.com ' , writing '' ... there is absolutely nothing wrong with the core concept behind Shag a Gamer , but there is something wrong when your dating website appears to be populated by fake or illegitimate users who repeatedly send out the same messages verbatim . It is wrong to give the impression that your dating website 's userbase is made up entirely of gamers when it 's in fact a portal to a generic dating database . It 's wrong to have such an obtuse and unfriendly unsubscription process . '' . After these claims , the site publicly published its ` Customer Charter ' which refuted all of these claims by PCGamesN .

neg: Raymond Felton Raymond Bernard Felton , Jr. ( born June 26 , 1984 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Los Angeles Clippers of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . Felton played college basketball at the University of North Carolina under head coach Roy Williams . At North Carolina , Felton led the Tar Heels to a national championship before declaring for the NBA draft . Felton was drafted 5th overall in the 2005 NBA draft . Over his career , Felton has been a member of the Charlotte Bobcats , New York Knicks ( twice ) , Denver Nuggets , Dallas Mavericks and Portland Trail Blazers . He plays the point guard position .

neg: Tom's Restaurant Tom 's Restaurant is a diner located at 2880 Broadway ( on the corner of West 112th Street ) in the Morningside Heights neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City . Frequented by students and faculty of nearby Columbia University , it has been owned and operated by the Greek-American family of Minas Zoulis since the 1940s .   Tom 's Restaurant was the locale that inspired Suzanne Vega 's 1982 song `` Tom 's Diner . '' Later , its exterior was used as a stand-in for the fictional Monk 's Café in the television sitcom Seinfeld , where comedian Jerry Seinfeld 's eponymous character and his friends regularly gathered to eat . The interior shown on the television show , however , looked very little like the real `` Tom 's '' , as indoor scenes were filmed on a set in Los Angeles .   Early Seinfeld episodes showed the entire neon sign ; later , the `` Tom 's '' portion was cropped out , showing only the `` RESTAURANT '' wraparound . Even though the interior and exterior have undergone minor remodeling since the show , the distinctive sign has remained the same . Tom 's is featured in Kramer 's Reality Tour conducted by Kenny Kramer .   Senator John McCain often ate at Tom 's when he visited his daughter Meghan when she was a student at Columbia .   Tom 's exterior has been seen on television before , in the 1978 The Bionic Woman episode `` Long Live the King '' at around the 27 minute mark of the DVD release .

neg: Verna Felton Verna Felton ( July 20 , 1890December 14 , 1966 ) was an American character actress who was best known for providing many female voices in numerous Disney animated films , as well as voicing Fred Flintstone 's mother-in-law Pearl Slaghoople for Hanna-Barbera 's The Flintstones .   She also had roles in live-action films , however , she was most active in radio programs . She was known for her husky voice and no-nonsense attitude . Two of her most famous roles were as Mrs. Day , the protective and domineering mother , who was always looking after her son Dennis Day and trying to boss around Jack Benny on The Jack Benny Program and as Hilda Crocker on the sitcom December Bride .

neg: Tom May Thomas or Tom May may refer to :

neg: Martin Felton Martin Felton is a former association football player who represented New Zealand at international level .   Felton played two official A-international matches for the New Zealand in 1984 , both against Pacific minnows Fiji , the first a 2 -- 1 win on 18 October , the second two days later a 1 -- 1 draw on 20 October 1984 .

neg: Tim Sexton Tim Sexton is an American producer , music supervisor , and environmental entrepreneur . Noted for events and initiatives which integrate pop culture and social activism , he produced the No Nukes and Live 8 concerts , and was an architect of `` Feel the Power , '' the precursor to Rock the Vote . He is the principal of the Make Good Group , a company he founded in 2003 to advise corporate clients on sustainability , social responsibility , and brand strategy . Go Green , the environmental program Sexton designed for the Philadelphia Eagles , is considered a model of sustainability .   Sexton served as the music supervisor for dozens of films , including Madonna 's Desperately Seeking Susan , and Rush , which featured Eric Clapton 's Grammy Award-winning `` Tears in Heaven . ''

neg: Thomas Tennison Thomas Tennison ( 1707 -- 27 March 1779 ) was an Irish politician and judge . He served as Prime Serjeant and as a judge of the Court of Common Pleas . He also sat in the Irish House of Commons as member for Dunleer .   He was born in Dillonstown , County Louth , son of Henry Tennison , Member of Parliament for Louth and grandson of Richard Tennison ( 1642-1705 ) , Bishop of Meath ; his mother was Anne Moore of County Fermanagh , who was a cousin of the Earl of Drogheda . His father was a wealthy landowner of scholarly tastes , who was part of the Dublin intellectual circle which revolved around Esther Johnson , the beloved Stella of Jonathan Swift ; Henry and Swift had been friends at Trinity College , Dublin . Henry died when his son was only two years old , and Anne had died the previous year . Thomas and his sister Mary were probably raised by relatives , most likely by their uncle Richard Tennison junior , MP for Dunleer , who founded the County Monaghan branch of the family .   He married the heiress Dorothy Upton , daughter of Thomas Upton , Member of Parliament for Antrim , and cousin of the first Baron Templetown , by his wife Sarah Rowley of Derry . They had one son , Richard , who predeceased his father by 20 years , leaving at least one daughter but no son , so Thomas 's estate passed at his death to his nephew Dixie Coddington , the son of his sister Mary , who married Nicholas Coddington .   He went to school in Dublin and matriculated from the University of Dublin in 1725 . He entered Middle Temple in 1726 and was called to the Irish Bar in 1728 . He acted as a Commissioner for Revenue appeals and became Prime Serjeant in 1759 . Two years later he was appointed to the Court of Common Pleas . He died in Dundalk in 1779 , while on assize .   He represented Dunleer in the Parliament of Ireland from 1728 to 1760 and from April to December 1761 . As a politician he was noted for a style of oratory which was `` warm , if not always clear '' ; in private life he was noted as a connoisseur of wine .

neg: Tom Liston Tom Liston is a senior analyst for the Washington , D.C.-based network security consulting firm , InGuardians , Inc. .   He is the author of the first network tarpit , the open source LaBrea . He was a finalist for eWeek and PC Magazine 's `` Innovations In Infrastructure '' ( i3 ) award in 2002 for LaBrea . He is one of the handlers at the SANS Institute 's Internet Storm Center , where he deals with developing security issues and authors a series of articles under the title `` Follow the Bouncing Malware . ''   Liston is also , with Ed Skoudis , co-author of the second edition of the network security book Counter Hack Reloaded : A Step-by-Step Guide to Computer Attacks and Effective Defenses .

neg: Leon Felton Leon Felton is a Rhodesian/Australian professional rugby league footballer of the 2000s playing at club level for Canterbury Bulldogs , St. Helens , Warrington Wolves ( Heritage № 1020 ) , and Leigh Centurions as a , or .

neg: Tom Robinson Thomas Giles `` Tom '' Robinson ( born 1 June 1950 ) is a British singer-songwriter , bassist , radio presenter and long-time LGBT rights activist , best known for the hits `` Glad to Be Gay '' , `` 2-4-6-8 Motorway '' , and `` Do n't Take No for an Answer '' , with his Tom Robinson Band . He later peaked at No. 6 in the UK Singles Chart with his solo single `` War Baby '' .

neg: Felt Felt is a textile material that is produced by matting , condensing and pressing fibers together . Felt can be made of natural fibers such as wool , or from synthetic fibers such as petroleum-based acrylic or acrylonitrile or wood pulp-based rayon . Blended fibers are also common .

neg: Thomas Tomkinson Thomas Tomkinson ( 1631 -- 1710 ) was an English Muggletonian writer born at Ilam , near Dovedale , in Staffordshire . His parents , Richard and Ann , farmed at Sladehouse and Thomas took over the business as a yeoman farmer even while his father was alive . His faith was initially Presbyterian but in 1661 he read a book by Laurence Clarkson ( presumably The Lost Sheep Found ) and became attracted to Muggletonianism . Earlier , in February 1652 , he had had a revelatory experience similar to the one Lodowicke Muggleton reported in 1650 but without any experience of the direct voice of God which had come to John Reeve and which was the foundation experience of Muggletonianism . Since John Reeve died in 1658 , these dates mean that Tomkinson was one of the first prominent Muggletonian personalities not to have known Reeve personally .

neg: Tom Austin (politician) Thomas Leslie `` Tom '' Austin ( 24 September 1923 -- 1 June 2002 ) was an Australian politician .   He was born in Melbourne to Leslie Albert Austin , a farmer , and Nora Bradfute Cunningham . After attending Geelong Grammar School , he served in the Royal Australian Navy from 1941 to 1945 as a sub-lieutenant . On his return he was a woolclasser from 1946 to 1947 , when he became a sharefarmer . He settled in Darlington in 1950 . In 1972 he was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly as the Liberal member for Hampden , shifting to Ripon in 1976 . He was appointed Minister for Public Works and Minister for Property and Services in 1978 , moving to the Agriculture portfolio in 1980 . Following the defeat of the Coalition in 1982 he was Opposition Spokesman for Agriculture , becoming Shadow Minister for Sport , Recreation and Racing in 1990 ; he was also Deputy Leader of the Opposition from 1985 to 1987 . He resigned his seat in 1992 and became Chairman of the Victorian Dairy Industry Authority , a position he held until 2000 . Austin died in Melbourne in 2002 .

neg: Tom Shone Tom Shone is an American film critic and writer . He was the Sunday Times film critic from 1994 to 1999 and has written for Vogue , Slate , the New Yorker , the New York Times and The Guardian ' . Blog : http://tomshone.blogspot.com/   He is the author of Blockbuster : How Hollywood Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Summer , published in 2004 by Simon & Schuster , ISBN 0-7432-6838-5 . The book is an analysis of the Hollywood blockbuster phenomenon driven chiefly by Steven Spielberg and George Lucas in the 1970s , based on interviews with these and other film-makers . ( `` The film book of the year ... . enthralling ... groundbreaking , '' The Daily Telegraph ) Shone 's first novel , In the Rooms '' ( `` A sweet and savvy page-turner '' -- Gary Shteyngart ) was published in the U.K. by Hutchinson on July 2 , 2009 and in the U.S. by St Martin 's Press in 2011 .

neg: Felt, Oklahoma Felt is a small unincorporated community and census-designated place ( CDP ) in Cimarron County , Oklahoma , United States . As of the 2010 census it had a population of 93 . It was named for C.F.W. Felt of the Santa Fe Railroad . Nearby is the Cedar Breaks Archeological District . The community is served by a post office ( established July 16 , 1926 ) and a school .   Felt is located in southwestern Cimarron County , near the western end of the Oklahoma Panhandle . U.S. Routes 56 , 64 , and 412 pass through the community , leading northeast 20 mi to Boise City , the Cimarron County seat , and southwest 24 mi to Clayton , New Mexico .

neg: Thomas Tomlin Thomas Tomlin may refer to :   Thomas Tomlin , Baron Tomlin  Tommy Tomlin

neg: Felton, Queensland Felton is a locality in the Toowoomba Region of the Darling Downs in southern Queensland , Australia . At the 2011 Australian Census Felton and surrounds recorded a population of 244 .   Hodgson Creek flows across the area and forms part of the southwest boundary . Mount Rolleston and Mount Perkins are both in Felton .

neg: Cyril Toman Cyril Toman was a political activist in Northern Ireland .   Toman attended Queen 's University Belfast , where he joined the Labour Club , and also the Belfast Willowfield branch of the Northern Ireland Labour Party ( NILP ) . He visited the Soviet Union as the group 's representative in 1964 . In 1965 - 66 , he edited the Labour Club 's Impact journal , and was the Chair of the Literific Society debating society . He also became Chair of the NILP Young Socialists , and joined the revolutionary socialist Irish Workers ' Group .   On leaving university , Toman became a schoolteacher in Newtownards . He joined the Young Socialist Alliance , and became a prominent leader of People 's Democracy , whose other members included Michael Farrell and Eamonn McCann , contemporaries of his at university . Through the Alliance , he and Farrell were the main promoters of the Belfast to Derry march in 1968 which culminated in the Burntollet Bridge incident .   Toman stood for People 's Democracy in Mid Armagh at the Northern Ireland general election , 1969 , where he took 27.7 % of the vote .   In 1969 , he was an organiser of a civil rights march from Belfast to Dublin . At the border customs post , he presented two books which had been condemned by the Roman Catholic Church , The Ginger Man and The Girl With Green Eyes , the first of which was then banned in the Republic of Ireland , to challenge that state 's censorship laws . This proved controversial within the movement ; Toman was also criticised for organising the march badly . Following Bloody Sunday ( 1972 ) , he visited Armagh and Dublin to raise support before travelling to attempt to defend Free Derry . Once there , he spoke at public meetings to `` keep up morale '' .   Toman later joined Sinn Féin , and he stood unsuccessfully for the organisation in South Down at the 1982 Northern Ireland Assembly election . He later moved to Australia .


query: Josh Homme had nothing to do with Queens of the Stone Age.

pos: Josh Homme Joshua Michael Homme ( -LSB- ˈhɒm.i -RSB- ; born May 17 , 1973 ) is an American singer , songwriter , musician , record producer , and actor . He is the founder and only continuous member of the rock band Queens of the Stone Age , in which he sings and plays guitar , as well as occasionally playing piano , drums , and bass . He also serves as the band 's primary songwriter .   Homme was formerly a guitarist and founder of the stoner rock band Kyuss . He co-founded and occasionally performs with Eagles of Death Metal , playing drums and bass for their studio recordings , and produces a musical improv series with other musicians , mostly from the Palm Desert Scene , known as The Desert Sessions . In 2009 , he formed a new project called Them Crooked Vultures with Dave Grohl and John Paul Jones , who released their debut album that same year . In 2016 , he released Post Pop Depression , an album with Iggy Pop . He has been involved with numerous other projects , including Arctic Monkeys and Biffy Clyro .

neg: Kyuss discography The following is a comprehensive discography of Kyuss , a Southern California-based stoner/desert rock band , active between 1988 and 1995 , and again since their reunion in 2010 ( as Kyuss Lives ! ) . During their initial seven-year run , Kyuss had four full-length studio albums , one compilation album , one split album , seven singles , and four music videos . They also released one EP under the name Sons of Kyuss . This list does not include material performed by members or former members of Kyuss that was recorded with Queens of the Stone Age , Slo Burn , Unida , Hermano , Yawning Man , Mondo Generator , Brant Bjork and the Bros , Eagles of Death Metal , and Fu Manchu .

neg: Hunx and His Punx Hunx and His Punx is an American punk band from San Francisco , California .   Hunx , real name Seth Bogart , started the band in 2008 after years of performing in a gay pop group called Gravy Train !!!! The group 's sound has been compared to girl groups and is a mix of punk and bubblegum music . The band played its first national tour of the United States alongside Jay Reatard and Nobunny in 2009 . The band officially released its debut singles compilation album Gay Singles in 2010 on True Panther Sounds in the US and Born Bad in France . Hunx used to co-own ` Down At Lulu 's ' , a hair salon in Oakland , California , but sold it in 2011 .   In January 2010 , Hunx began a tour featuring an all-girl backing band . The new line-up has been identified on the tour and in new songs such as `` Lovers Lane '' as Hunx and His Punkettes .   In March 2010 , the band played in a tribute concert for the recently deceased Jay Reatard . In May 2010 , LensCrafters began airing a commercial featuring a short audio clip of `` Gimmie Gimmie Back Your Love . '' In October 2010 , Hunx and His Punx signed to Hardly Art . The band 's debut album for the label , Too Young to Be in Love , was released in April 2011 . It was produced in New York City by Ivan Julian of Richard Hell and The Voidoids .   In June 2011 , Hunx announced that they would be playing their last show with the `` Punkettes '' due to Hunx and His Punx guitarists Amy Blaustein and Michelle Santamaria quitting . He then moved to Los Angeles .   In February 2012 , Hunx released a solo album titled Hairdresser Blues on Hardly Art . In 2016 , he released his second solo album Seth Bogart under his birth name on Burger , featuring collaborations from Kathleen Hanna and Tavi Gevinson .   Hunx and His Punx now consists of Seth Bogart , Shannon Shaw and Erin Emslie . They released Street Punk in 2013 and toured with a new guitarist Nik Johnson . In 2014 they released a greatest hits for their Japan Leg of Street Punk tour .   Seth Bogart has since opened his own clothing line called Wacky Wacko that has been seen on some of his idols Miley Cyrus and Kathleen Hanna .

neg: Josh Ritter (album) Josh Ritter is the debut album by American singer-songwriter Josh Ritter . It was self-released in 1999 .   Humorous folk-inspired songs such as `` Hotel Song '' and `` Stuck to You '' evoke comparisons to John Prine , while ballads `` Letter from Omaha '' and `` Leaves and Kings '' seem inspired by Leonard Cohen and Bob Dylan , whom Ritter frequently cites as influences .   Three versions of this album have been pressed ; a digipak in 1999 , followed by a jewel case package in 1999 , then a digipak again in 2008 . Superficially the 1999 and 2008 digipaks are similar , but the interior artwork and disc art differ among all three versions .

neg: Josh Lord Josh Lord ( born 1972 ) started his career as an independent Australian artist in 1992 , influenced by cultural movements and art genres including pop art , Dada and Surrealism . His paintings are a mix of all those styles and movements .

neg: Beautiful Nowhere Beautiful Nowhere is the second studio album by singer-songwriter Josh Clayton-Felt , though it was marketed and released under his birth name Josh Clayton .

neg: Courtney Love Courtney Michelle Love ( born Courtney Michelle Harrison ; born July 9 , 1964 ) is an American singer , actress , writer , and visual artist . Prolific in the punk and grunge scenes of the 1990s , Love has enjoyed a career that spans four decades . She rose to prominence as the frontwoman of the alternative rock band Hole , which she formed in 1989 . Love has drawn public attention for her uninhibited live performances and confrontational lyrics , as well as her highly publicized personal life following her marriage to Kurt Cobain .   The daughter of Hank Harrison and psychotherapist Linda Carroll , Love had an itinerant early life . She spent her formative years in San Francisco and Portland , Oregon , where she was in a series of short-lived bands before being cast in two films by British director Alex Cox . After forming Hole in 1989 , she received substantial attention from underground rock press for the group 's debut album , produced by Kim Gordon . Hole 's second release , Live Through This ( 1994 ) , gave her high-profile renown with critical accolades and multi-platinum sales . In 1995 , Love returned to acting , earning a Golden Globe Award nomination for her performance as Althea Leasure in Miloš Forman 's The People vs. Larry Flynt ( 1996 ) , which established her as a mainstream actress . The following year , she saw further mainstream success with the release of Hole 's third album , Celebrity Skin ( 1998 ) , which was nominated for multiple Grammy Awards .   Love continued to work as an actress into the early 2000s , appearing in big-budget pictures such as Man on the Moon ( 1999 ) and Trapped ( 2002 ) , before releasing her first solo album , America 's Sweetheart , in 2004 . The next few years were marked by publicity surrounding Love 's legal troubles and drug addiction , which resulted in a mandatory lockdown rehabilitation sentence in 2005 while she was in the process of writing a second planned solo album . That project became Nobody 's Daughter , which was released in 2010 as a Hole album but without any other members of the original lineup . Between 2014 and 2015 , she released two solo singles and returned to acting in the network series Sons of Anarchy and Empire .   Love has also had endeavors in writing , co-creating and co-authoring three volumes of a manga , Princess Ai , between 2004 and 2006 , as well as a memoir , Dirty Blonde : The Diaries of Courtney Love ( 2006 ) . In 2012 , she premiered an exhibit of mixed media visual art titled And She 's Not Even Pretty .

neg: Clutch discography The discography of Clutch , an American rock band , consists of eleven studio albums , five live albums , three compilation albums , five extended plays , ten singles , and two video albums .   Clutch was formed in 1991 by vocalist Neil Fallon , guitarist Tim Sult , bassist Dan Maines and drummer Jean-Paul Gaster . The group debuted with Pitchfork , an EP released in October that same year . The band built a local following through constant gigging and released their second EP Passive Restraints through Earache ) . Clutch was signed by the East West Records label and released their full-length debut Transnational Speedway League . A self-titled album appeared two years later , which afforded the band some mainstream exposure .   Clutch then signed with major label Columbia for 1998 's The Elephant Riders , but released 1999 's Jam Room on their own River Road Records label .   In 2001 the band signed with Atlantic for the release of Pure Rock Fury , which included guest appearances from members of Spirit Caravan and Sixty Watt Shaman .   Their sixth album , Blast Tyrant , appeared three years later and was the first through DRT Entertainment , followed by Robot Hive/Exodus in 2005 , which featured the first lineup change since the early 1990s ; the addition of organist Mick Schauer . 2007 saw the release of From Beale Street to Oblivion , and in the next year their first video , entitled Full Fathom Five : Video Field Recordings , which was accompanied by a CD version Full Fathom Five : Audio Field Recordings .   In 2009 , Clutch released Strange Cousins from the West on their own label , Weathermaker Music . The band was once again a four-piece , without Schauer in the line-up .   In 2013 , they released their tenth studio album Earth Rocker again through Weathermaker , their highest charting record in the US at the time . It peaked at # 15 on the Billboard 200 chart .   In 2015 , they released Psychic Warfare on Weathermaker , peaking at # 11 on the Billboard 200 . That same year , they also released a compilation album , La Curandera , exclusively on pink vinyl , as part of the Ten Bands , One Cause campaign for breast cancer awareness .

neg: Quote Unquote Records Quote Unquote Records is a donation-based online independent record label , founded and run by Bomb the Music Industry ! and The Arrogant Sons of Bitches frontman Jeff Rosenstock . The label is an example of Rosenstock 's DIY ideals . Many of the label 's artists have personal connections , and all of the music released by the label is available as a free download from its website , along with an array of lyrics and photos . In fact , the label does not sell any material of any kind , and the website 's headline bills the label as `` The First Ever Donation Based Record Label '' .   Rosenstock explains the modest success of Quote Unquote Records by stating , `` The donations that come in are not huge , but since we do n't spend that much money they pile up . '' Most donations are more than the $ 5 suggestion . During October 2008 , the Quote Unquote Records web site was shut down over alleged copyright infringement in publishing its own songs ; however , the site was quickly restored .

neg: Rock for Kids Rock For Kids is a nonprofit organization based in Chicago , Illinois . Honorary board members include Martin Atkins of Invisible Records , Andrew Bird , Jon Langford , Johnny Marr of Modest Mouse and the Smiths , Nan Warshaw co-owner of Bloodshot Records and Joe Shanahan owner of Metro Chicago .

neg: Rob Stoner Robert David Rothstein ( April 20 , 1948 , Manhattan , New York City , NY ) , better known as Rob Stoner , is an American multi-instrumental musician .

neg: Condition Hüman Condition Hüman is the fifteenth studio album by American progressive heavy metal band Queensrÿche . It was released on October 2 , 2015 through Century Media . It is the second studio album recorded with vocalist Todd La Torre , after Geoff Tate was fired from the band and gave up the rights to the name after a two-year lawsuit regarding the rights to the Queensrÿche brand was amicably settled .   The album 's first single , `` Arrow of Time , '' became available for streaming on July 20 , 2015 , the day the album 's title and release date were announced . It was recorded in early 2015 at Uberbeatz Studios in Washington and produced by Chris `` Zeuss '' Harris .

neg: Epic Records Epic Records is an American record label owned by Sony Music Entertainment , a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America , Inc. . Epic was founded predominantly as a jazz and classical music label in 1953 . It later expanded its scope to include a more diverse range of musical genres , including pop , R&B , rock and hip hop . Historically , the label has housed popular acts such as Michael Jackson , Cheap Trick , Shakira , Celine Dion , ABBA , Anastacia , Boston , Dave Clark Five , Gloria Estefan , Pearl Jam and Sly & the Family Stone .   Along with Columbia and RCA Records , Epic is one of Sony Music Entertainment 's three main record labels . Artists currently signed to Epic as of 2017 include Fiona Apple , Sara Bareilles , Mariah Carey , Keyshia Cole , Future , Fifth Harmony , Jennifer Hudson , Zara Larsson , Jennifer Lopez , Outkast , Ozzy Osbourne , Judas Priest , Busta Rhymes , Rick Ross , Sade , 21 Savage , Travis Scott and Meghan Trainor .

neg: Josh Groban Joshua `` Josh '' Winslow Groban ( born February 27 , 1981 ) is an American singer , songwriter , actor , and record producer . His first four solo albums have been certified multi-platinum , and he was charted in 2007 as the number-one best selling artist in the United States , with over 22.3 million records in the nation . As of 2012 , he has sold over 25 million records worldwide . Now in 2017 it is more than 35 million .   Groban originally studied acting , but moved to singing as his voice developed . Groban attended the Los Angeles County High School for the Arts , a free public school on the campus of California State University , Los Angeles , where students receive a conservatory-style education .   David Foster called Groban to stand in for an ailing Andrea Bocelli to rehearse a duet , `` The Prayer '' , with Celine Dion at the rehearsal for the 1998 Grammy Awards . Rosie O'Donnell immediately invited him to appear on her talk show . Foster asked him to sing at the California Governor 's Gray Davis ' 1999 inauguration . He was cast on Ally McBeal by the show 's creator , David E. Kelley , performing `` You 're Still You '' for the 2001 season 4 finale .

neg: Joshua Ray Josh `` Joshua Ray '' Gooch ( born January 16 , 1991 ) is an American guitarist , songwriter and music producer . Joshua is the lead guitarist for Shania Twain . Joshua has also toured with Koshi Inaba of B ' z and blues artist Beth Hart . He has recorded with producers Ross Hogarth , Don Gehman , and Johnny Sandlin . Joshua is managed by Robert M. Knight .

neg: Vista Chino Vista Chino is an American rock band , formed in 2010 by vocalist John Garcia , drummer Brant Bjork and bassist Nick Oliveri , all previously members of Kyuss ( active 1987-1995 ) , along with guitarist Bruno Fevery .   The band formed under the name Kyuss Lives ! as a short-lived venture touring the music of the original Kyuss , with a line-up excluding Josh Homme . In 2012 , the band announced plans to continue touring indefinitely and begin work on a studio album using the Kyuss Lives ! moniker . However , a lawsuit by fellow Kyuss members Josh Homme and Scott Reeder prohibited use of the Kyuss Lives ! moniker for recordings , prompting the band to rename themselves Vista Chino . After a tour and one album , Peace , Vista Chino became inactive in 2014 when Garcia and Bjork supported solo releases .

neg: Q2K Q2K is the seventh studio album by progressive metal band Queensrÿche , released on 14 September 1999 . It was the only Queensrÿche studio album to feature guitarist Kelly Gray , who , in the early 1980s , was in a band called Myth with vocalist Geoff Tate . `` Breakdown '' was released as the first single off Q2K . `` The Right Side of My Mind '' was released as the band 's first music video since the album Promised Land and has had occasional airplay on VH1 Classic , which also premiered it in a special co-hosted by Geoff Tate .   On August 29 , 2006 , Rhino Entertainment released an expanded & remastered edition of Q2K which included four bonus tracks . In Canada , the album was released by Anthem Records .   Two songs `` Discipline '' and `` Monologue '' still remain unreleased after Q2K sessions .

neg: Nothingman `` Nothingman '' is a song by the American rock band Pearl Jam . Featuring lyrics written by vocalist Eddie Vedder and music by bassist Jeff Ament , `` Nothingman '' is the fifth track on the band 's third studio album , Vitalogy ( 1994 ) . The song was included on Pearl Jam 's 2004 greatest hits album , Rearviewmirror ( Greatest Hits 1991 -- 2003 ) .

neg: Rated R (Queens of the Stone Age album) Rated R ( also called R or Rated X on vinyl ) is the second studio album by American rock band Queens of the Stone Age , released on June 6 , 2000 on Interscope Records . Rated R was a critical and commercial success and became the band 's breakthrough album . It peaked at number 16 on the Top Heatseekers and reached high positions on charts worldwide . The album has been certified gold in the United Kingdom . Three singles were released from it : `` The Lost Art of Keeping a Secret '' , `` Feel Good Hit of the Summer '' and `` Monsters in the Parasol '' , with the first helping Queens of the Stone Age reach mainstream popularity .   Rated R is the band 's first album to feature bass guitarist Nick Oliveri and vocalist Mark Lanegan .

neg: Guru Josh Paul Walden ( 6 June 1964 -- 28 December 2015 ) , commonly known as Guru Josh , was a Jersey musician , active in the British post-acid house scene , best known for his début single `` Infinity '' , initially released in 1989 on Walden 's record label , Infinity Records . The song was re-released in 1990 by BMG Records , and re-release in 2008 by Darren Bailie who then created the Guru Josh Project .

neg: Josh Weston Chad Jason Hull ( January 20 , 1973 -- December 16 , 2012 ) , better known as Josh Weston , was an American pornographic actor who appeared in gay pornographic films and magazines .