query: George W. Bush's brother is a private citizen.

pos: George W. Bush George Walker Bush ( born July 6 , 1946 ) is an American politician who served as the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009 . He was also the 46th Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000 . After graduating from Yale University in 1968 and Harvard Business School in 1975 , he worked in the oil industry . Bush married Laura Welch in 1977 and ran unsuccessfully for the House of Representatives shortly thereafter . He later co-owned the Texas Rangers baseball team before defeating Ann Richards in the 1994 Texas gubernatorial election . Bush was elected president in 2000 after a close and controversial win over Democratic rival Al Gore , becoming the fourth president to be elected while receiving fewer popular votes than his opponent .   From a prominent political family , he is the eldest son of Barbara and George H. W. Bush , the 41st President of the United States , making him only the second president to assume the nation 's highest office after his father , following the lead of John Quincy Adams . His brother , Jeb Bush , a former Governor of Florida , was a candidate for the Republican presidential nomination in the 2016 presidential election . His paternal grandfather , Prescott Bush , was a United States Senator from Connecticut .   The September 11 terrorist attacks occurred eight months into Bush 's first term as president . Bush responded with what became known as the Bush Doctrine : launching a `` War on Terror '' , an international military campaign that included the war in Afghanistan in 2001 and the Iraq War in 2003 . He also promoted policies on the economy , health care , education , Social Security reform , and amending the Constitution to prohibit same-sex marriage . He signed into law broad tax cuts , the Patriot Act , the No Child Left Behind Act , the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act , Medicare prescription drug benefits for seniors , and funding for the AIDS relief program known as PEPFAR . His tenure included national debates on immigration , Social Security , electronic surveillance , and torture .   In the 2004 Presidential race , Bush defeated Democratic Senator John Kerry in another relatively close election . After his re-election , Bush received increasingly heated criticism from across the political spectrum for his handling of the Iraq War , Hurricane Katrina , and other challenges . Amid this criticism , the Democratic Party regained control of Congress in the 2006 elections . In December 2007 , the United States entered its longest post-World War II recession , often referred to as the `` Great Recession '' , prompting the Bush administration to obtain congressional passage of multiple economic programs intended to preserve the country 's financial system . Nationally , Bush was both one of the most popular and unpopular presidents in history , having received the highest recorded presidential approval ratings in the wake of the September 11 attacks , as well as one of the lowest approval ratings during the 2008 financial crisis .   Bush left office in 2009 , returning to Texas where he purchased a home in Crawford . He wrote a memoir , Decision Points . His presidential library was opened in 2013 . His presidency has been ranked among the worst in historians ' polls published in the late 2000s and 2010s .

pos: Barbara Bush Barbara Bush ( née Pierce ; born June 8 , 1925 ) is the wife of George H. W. Bush , the 41st President of the United States , and served as First Lady of the United States from 1989 to 1993 . She is the mother of George W. Bush , the 43rd President , and Jeb Bush , the 43rd Governor of Florida . She served as the Second Lady of the United States from 1981 to 1989 .   Barbara Pierce was born in Flushing , New York . She attended Milton Public School from 1931 to 1937 , and Rye Country Day School from 1937-1940 . She graduated from Ashley Hall School in Charleston , South Carolina . She met George Herbert Walker Bush at age 16 , and the two married in Rye , New York in 1945 , while he was on leave during his deployment as a Naval officer in World War II . While George was attending Yale University at age 22 , Barbara and George were living in New Haven , Connecticut and had their first son , George Walker Bush , on July 6 , 1946 . ( Thus , her first son , the eventual 43rd President of the United States , was the first Connecticut native to assume that office . George W. would eventually return to his hometown of New Haven in 1964 to attend Yale like his father did . ) They had six children together . The Bush family soon moved to Midland , Texas , where their second son , Jeb was born in , on February 11 , 1953 ; as George Bush entered political life , she raised their children .   While First Lady of the United States , Barbara Bush worked to advance the cause of universal literacy , and founded the Barbara Bush Foundation for Family Literacy .

neg: James Wood Bush James Wood Bush ( -- April 24 , 1906 ) was an American Union Navy sailor of British and Native Hawaiian descent . One of the `` Hawaiʻi Sons of the Civil War '' , he was among a group of more than one hundred documented Native Hawaiian and Hawaii-born combatants who fought in the American Civil War while the Kingdom of Hawaii was still an independent nation .   Enlisting in the Union Navy in 1864 , he served as sailor aboard the USS Vandalia and the captured Confederate vessel USS Beauregard , maintaining the blockade of the ports of the Confederacy . He was discharged from service in 1865 after receiving an injury , which developed into a chronic condition in later life . Unable to immediately return home , the impoverished Bush took more than a decade to return to Hawaii , journeying through New England and much of the Pacific . Back in Hawaii , he worked as a government tax collector and road supervisor for the island of Kauai , where he settled down . In later life he converted to Mormonism and became an active member of the Hawaiian Mission . After the annexation of Hawaii to the United States , Bush was recognized for his service and granted a government pension in 1905 for the injuries he received in the Navy . He died at his home on Kauai , on April 24 , 1906 .   For a period of time after the end of the war , the legacy and contributions of Bush and other documented Hawaiian participants in the American Civil War were largely forgotten except in the private circles of descendants and historians . However , there has been a revival of interest in recent years , especially through the work and efforts of his great grandniece Edna Bush Ellis and others in the Hawaiian community . In 2010 , the `` Hawaiʻi Sons of the Civil War '' were commemorated with a bronze plaque erected along the memorial pathway at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific in Honolulu .

neg: James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy The James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy , also known as the Baker Institute , is an American think tank on the campus of Rice University in Houston , Texas . Founded in 1993 , it functions as a nonpartisan center for public policy research . According to the 2015 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report ( Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program , University of Pennsylvania ) , the institute is No. 18 ( of 60 ) in the `` Top Think Tanks in the United States '' and No. 4 ( of 45 ) of the `` Best University Affiliated Thanks '' . Its Center for Energy Studies is ranked No. 2 ( of 55 ) among the world 's energy - and resource-policy think tanks , according to the Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program 's 2015 Index Report . It is named for James A. Baker , III , former United States secretary of state and secretary of the Treasury . The institute 's director Edward P. Djerejian is the former United States ambassador to Israel and Syria and assistant secretary of state for Near Eastern Affairs . The institute 's board of advisors include William Barnett ( Chair ) , Colin Powell , Madeleine Albright and Rice University 's President David Leebron .   The institute employs scholars and researchers from a variety of backgrounds . Its current research includes centers for different areas : The Center for the Middle East , The McNair Center for Entrepreneurship and Innovation , The Mexico Center , and The Center for Energy Studies . Other programs include China Studies , Drug Policy , Health Policy Forum , International Economics , Latin America Initiative , Politics and Elections , Religion and Public Policy , Space Policy , Science and Technology , and Tax and Expenditure Policy . The institute is a sponsoring organization for the Iraq Study Group . It is supported mainly by donor contributions .

neg: S. Eugene Poteat S. Eugene Poteat ( born 1930 ) is a retired senior Central Intelligence Agency executive . He was awarded the CIA 's Intelligence Medal of Merit and the National Reconnaissance Office Meritorious Civilian Award . He was President of AFIO - the Association of Former Intelligence Officers for fifteen years , retiring in 2014 , and appointed AFIO 's President-emeritus in 2015 . He previously served on the Board of Advisors of the International Spy Museum . He is currently Professor Emeritus at the Institute of World Politics in Washington , D.C. , teaching a course on `` Technology , Intelligence , Security , and Statecraft '' .   He graduated from The Citadel ( military college ) with a B.S. in Electrical Engineering in 1957 , and holds a master 's degree in Statecraft and National Security Affairs with a specialization in Intelligence Studies from the Institute of World Politics in Washington , D.C. , and was awarded a LL.D . in 2010 for his service to intelligence education and to the profession . He has also taken postdoc courses in foreign policy , national security , and intelligence at Cambridge University .   After college he worked for Bell Telephone Laboratories in New Jersey and Cape Canaveral .   He joined the CIA in 1960 , and worked there for 30 years , also serving abroad in London and Scandinavia .   He was a participant in the Gulf of Tonkin Incident .  In the Fall of 1999 , he wrote that he was asked in early August 1964 to determine if the radar operator 's report showed a real torpedo boat attack or an imagined one . He asked for further details on time , weather and surface conditions . No further details were forthcoming . In the end he concluded that there were no torpedo boats on the night in question , and that the White House was interested only in confirmation of an attack , not that there was no such attack .   He was a program manager for the sensors on the Lockheed U-2 and the Lockheed A-12 OXCART .   He has written about intelligence problems in the AFIO newsletter , its Intelligencer Journal and for `` The Guide to the Study of Intelligence '' . He was written about in Wired Magazine , and in a book about CIA science and technology .   He received an honorary doctorate from the Institute of World Politics in Washington , DC in 2010 .   He is a 32nd degree Freemason , a member of the Dorchester Lodge No. 369 of North Charleston , South Carolina , and a member of the Scottish Rite Bodies of Charleston .

neg: El Mashad v. Bush El Mashad v. Bush ( Civil Action No. 2005-0270 ) is a writ of habeas corpus filed on behalf of several Guantanamo detainees , including Sherif el-Mashad , Adel Fattouh Aly Ahmed Algazzar and Alladeen .   Prior to 1997 , Egyptian Sharif Fathi el-Mashad was living in Italy . In 1997 , el-Mashad moved to Afghanistan to trade in clothing , but subsequently became involved in the ongoing Afghanistan civil war by joining `` Islamic charities operating in Afghanistan . '' In late December 2001 , U.S. forces arrested 27-year-old el-Mashad as he was seeking to leave Afghanistan for neighboring Pakistan . El-Mashad 's family then received a letter from the International Committee of the Red Cross informing them that el-Mashad was being held at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp . In December 2003 , Ambassador to Egypt David Welch indicated that the Guantanamo Bay detention camp was holding no more than five Egyptians .   In June 2004 , the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the right of hundreds of prisoners detained without charges to challenge their detentions in U.S. courts . Subsequently , detainees Sharif el-Mashad , Ayman Matrafi , Fadel Reda el-Wakili , Adel Fathi Ali , el-Gazzar and Ahmed Habib at the U.S. Naval base in Guantanamo , Cuba were categorized among the `` least dangerous '' detainees at the prison . Each had Egyptian nationality , with Ahmed Habib additionally having Australian nationality . In August 2004 , the Egyptian human rights group Human Rights Association for Assistance to Prisoners ( HRAAP ) requested that Ambassador Welch provide `` the truth on the fate of Sharif Fathi el-Mashad and the precise reasons for his continued detention '' and to allow HRAAP 's lawyers to visit the detainee . In November of that same year , Egypt asked the United States to return these five Egyptian detainees to Egypt .   In June 2006 , the United States Department of Defense reported that three captives died in custody . The Department of Defense stated the three men committed suicide . At that time , lawyer-client communications between detainees and their counsel were governed by a protective order that sought to balance attorney access to their detainee clients with an eye to protecting national security interests .  Camp authorities called the deaths `` an act of asymmetric warfare '' , and suspected plans had been coordinated by the captive 's attorneys -- so they seized all the captives ' documents , including the captives ' copies of their habeas documents . The Department of Justice reported the seizure of the habeas documents .   The Military Commissions Act of 2006 mandated that Guantanamo captives were no longer entitled to access the US civil justice system , so all outstanding habeas corpus petitions were stayed . In July 2008 , the United States Supreme Court ruled , in Boumediene v. Bush , that the Military Commissions Act could not remove the right for Guantanamo captives to access the US Federal Court system . And all previous Guantanamo captives ' habeas petitions were eligible to be re-instated .  The judges considering the captives ' habeas petitions would be considering whether the evidence used to compile the allegations the men and boys were enemy combatants justified a classification of `` enemy combatant '' .   On 9 September 2008 , Zachary Katznelson filed a `` Notice of Joinder in Petitioners ' Response to Respondents ' Request for Relief from Scheduling Order '' with regard to Mohammed Abdulmalik in Civil Action No. 05-cv-764 , 05-cv-1504 , 05-cv-2349 , 05-cv-748 , 04-cv-2215 , 05-1457 , 05-cv-270 , 08-cv-1440 , 05-cv-2386 ( CKK , RMC , GK , JR , RBW ) .  Katznelson wrote :   On 12 September 2008 , Zachary Katznelson filed a `` Memorandum of Understanding Regarding Access to Classified National Security Information '' in Civil Action No. 05-cv-764 , 05-cv-1504 , 05-cv-2349 , 05-cv-748 , 04-cv-2215 , 05-1457 , 05-cv-270 , 08-cv-1440 , 05-cv-2386 ( CKK , RMC , GK , JR , RBW ) .

neg: Philadelphia Society The Philadelphia Society is a membership organization the purpose of which is `` to sponsor the interchange of ideas through discussion and writing , in the interest of deepening the intellectual foundation of a free and ordered society , and of broadening the understanding of its basic principles and traditions '' . The membership of the Society tends to be composed of persons holding conservative or libertarian political views , and many of those associated with the Society have exercised considerable influence over the development of the conservative movement in the United States .   It was founded in 1964 by Donald Lipsett in conjunction with Bill Buckley , Milton Friedman , Frank Meyer , and Ed Feulner , and the former Presidents of the Society include Henry Regnery , Edwin J. Feulner , Russell Kirk , Mel Bradford , Forrest McDonald , T. Kenneth Cribb , M. Stanton Evans , Ellis Sandoz , Edwin Meese , Claes G. Ryn , Midge Decter , Roger Ream , Steven F. Hayward , Lee Edwards , William F. Buckley , and George H. Nash .   Notable speakers at past meetings of the Society have included Larry Arnhart , Andrew Bacevich , Wendell Berry , Robert Bork , Mel Bradford , Warren T. Brookes , William F. Buckley , Vladimir Bukovsky , Ronald Coase , T. Kenneth Cribb , Midge Decter , M. Stanton Evans , Edwin J. Feulner , Milton Friedman , George Gilder , Victor Davis Hanson , William Hague , S. I. Hayakawa , Friedrich von Hayek , Henry Hazlitt , W.H. Hutt , Herman Kahn , Russell Kirk , Irving Kristol , Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn , Forrest McDonald , Edwin Meese , Frank Meyer , Charles Murray , Robert Nisbet , Michael Novak , Richard Pipes , Norman Podhoretz , Henry Regnery , William A. Rusher , Paul Ryan , Ellis Sandoz , Shelby Steele , George J. Stigler , Terry Teachout , Edward H. Teller , and Eric Voegelin .

neg: Elliott School of International Affairs The Elliott School of International Affairs at the George Washington University ( GWU ) is a professional school of international relations founded in 1898 as the School of Comparative Jurisprudence and Diplomacy . It is located in the heart of Washington , D.C. , the capital city of the United States , at the university 's Foggy Bottom campus .   As a leading professional school of international affairs , the Elliott School offers undergraduate and graduate degrees with majors covering a range of global issues and world regions . It is a full member of the Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs , a grouping of the world 's foremost academic institutions in the field of international relations .   The school is located opposite to the U.S. State Department 's headquarters , the Harry S Truman Building . Additionally , it is blocks from the International Monetary Fund ( which is on GWU 's campus ) , the World Bank , and the White House . More than 2,100 undergraduates and 750 graduate students attend the Elliott School , making it the largest school of international affairs in the United States .   Ambassador Reuben E. Brigety II , former U.S. Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs and ambassador to the African Union , serves as the Dean of the Elliott School , formally assuming the position in October 2015 . His predecessor , Michael E. Brown had served as the Dean since June 2005 . Brown , who founded and directed the Center for Peace and Security Studies at Georgetown University , has a background in international security , conflict and conflict resolution , and U.S. foreign and defense policy .

neg: George Despot George Joseph Despot ( January 28 , 1927 -- February 14 , 1991 ) was a businessman in his native Shreveport and a pioneer in the establishment of a competitive Republican Party in the U.S. state of Louisiana . He was the state Republican chairman from 1978 to 1985 . His leadership began when the state party was so small that there was a standing joke that the Louisiana GOP could operate from a phone booth , few of which still exist , though the Republicans became the majority party in Louisiana by 2012 .   Despot was born to George G. Despot ( 1898-1969 ) and Katherine `` Katie '' Despot ( 1901-1977 ) . The Despots were Roman Catholics and Croatian ; they came to the United States under an `` Old World '' arranged marriage . There were trials in the home , with more than one separation .   George Despot 's younger daughter , Rebecca A. Despot ( born 1961 ) , reflected on her paternal grandparents : `` My grandfather and his brother had a restaurant in Shreveport called `` the Columbia , '' -LSB- which was -RSB- open twenty-four hours a day . ... It became the businessman 's hangout in town . When -LSB- one sees -RSB- old pictures of Shreveport , there are always pictures of the Columbia . They sent Daddy to school when he was three because they did not know -LSB- that -RSB- they were not supposed to send him so early . ''   For a time , young George Despot attended a Catholic high school in New Orleans . Despot graduated from the University of Notre Dame in South Bend , Indiana , and Louisiana State University Law Center in Baton Rouge .   Despot earned his living in the oil and natural gas business as the owner of Despot Explorations , Inc. .

neg: Bureau of Public Affairs The Bureau of Public Affairs ( PA ) is the part of the United States Department of State that carries out the Secretary of State 's mandate to help Americans understand the importance of foreign policy . The Bureau is led by the Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs .   The PA Bureau pursues the State Department 's mission to inform the American people and to feed their concerns and comments back to the policymakers . It accomplishes this in a variety of ways , which include :  Strategic and tactical planning to advance the Administration 's priority foreign policy goals ;  Conducting press briefings for domestic and foreign press corps ;  Pursuing media outreach , enabling Americans everywhere to hear directly from key Department officials through local , regional and national media interviews ;  Managing the State Department 's websites and developing web pages with up-to-date information about U.S. foreign policy ;  Answering questions from the public about current foreign policy issues by phone , email , or letter ;  Arranging town meetings and scheduling speakers to visit communities to discuss U.S. foreign policy and why it is important to all Americans ;  Producing and coordinating audio-visual products and services in the U.S. and abroad for the public , the press , the Secretary of State , and Department bureaus and offices ;  Preparing historical studies on U.S. diplomacy and foreign affairs matters .

neg: India (cat) __ NOTOC __   India `` Willie '' Bush ( July 13 , 1990 -- January 4 , 2009 ) was a black cat owned by former U.S. President George W. Bush and First Lady Laura Bush . She lived with the Bush family for almost two decades .   The Bushes acquired India , an all-black , female American Shorthair , as a kitten in late 1991 or 1992 when their twin daughters Barbara and Jenna Bush were nine years old . India remained with George and Laura Bush once their daughters left for college . The cat moved with the Bushes to the White House from the Texas Governor 's Mansion in Austin in early 2001 following Bush 's inauguration as President .   Despite living at the White House with the First Family , India had been largely overshadowed in the media by two of the Bushes ' more famous Scottish terriers , Barney and Miss Beazley . However , she 's seen in the `` Barneycam '' videos produced by the White House staff around Christmas time , her first being Where in the White House is Miss Beazley ? , where she was referred to as `` Willie '' . The dogs received significantly more media attention from the White House press corps during the Bush presidency .   The Bush family cat made an appearance in the March 2008 Architectural Digest , as `` Willie '' , in the East Sitting Hall of the White House .   India died at the White House on January 4 , 2009 , at the age of 18 . In a statement to the press regarding India 's death , a spokesperson for First Lady noted that the family was deeply saddened by their cat 's death , and went on to say India was a beloved member of the Bush family for almost two decades . She will be greatly missed .

neg: School of Foreign Service The Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service ( commonly abbreviated as SFS ) is a school of international affairs within Georgetown University in Washington , D.C. . Recognized as one of the world 's leading international relations schools , SFS is sometimes referred to as the `` West Point of the U.S. diplomatic corps '' due to the large number of SFS graduates who end up being diplomats . Founded in 1919 , SFS predates the U.S. Foreign Service by six years .   Despite its reputation for producing top diplomats , SFS is not exclusively a diplomatic academy and its graduates go on to have careers in a diverse set of private and government sectors . The school 's most notable alumni include U.S. President Bill Clinton , CIA Director George Tenet , King Felipe VI of Spain , and U.S. Secretary of State Alexander Haig , among others .   The School of Foreign Service was established in 1919 by a Jesuit priest Edmund A. Walsh . The main purpose of the school 's founding was to prepare Americans for various international professions in the wake of expanding U.S. involvement in world affairs after World War I. Today , SFS hosts a student body of approximately 2,100 from 80 nations each year . It offers an undergraduate program based in the liberal arts , which leads to the Bachelor of Science in Foreign Service degree , as well as eight interdisciplinary graduate programs . Its faculty include many distinguished figures in international affairs , such as former U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright , former President of Poland Aleksander Kwaśniewski , and former Prime Minister of Spain José María Aznar .

neg: Edward Nixon Edward Calvert Nixon ( born May 3 , 1930 ) is an American entrepreneur and the youngest and last surviving brother of former United States President Richard Nixon . He coauthored his memoir , The Nixons : A Family Portrait , with Karen L. Olson . The book was published in 2009 .

neg: Doe v. Bush Doe v. Bush , 323 F. 3d 133 ( 1st Cir . 2003 ) , was a court case challenging the constitutionality of the 2003 invasion of Iraq . The case was dismissed , since the plaintiffs failed `` to raise a sufficiently clear constitutional issue . '' The Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002 was challenged by `` a coalition of U.S. soldiers , parents of U.S. soldiers , and members of Congress '' prior to the invasion to stop it from happening . They claimed that an invasion of Iraq would be illegal . Judge Lynch wrote of their argument , `` They base this argument on two theories . They argue that Congress and the President are in collision -- that the President is about to act in violation of the October Resolution . They also argue that Congress and the President are in collusion -- that Congress has handed over to the President its exclusive power to declare war . ''   The case was dismissed on February 24 , 2003 by Judge Joseph Tauro of the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts . The petitioners appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit . On March 13 , a three-judge panel affirmed the decision to dismiss the complaint . The opinion was written by Judge Sandra Lea Lynch :   An extreme case might arise , for example , if Congress gave absolute discretion to the President to start a war at his or her will ... Plaintiffs ' objection to the October Resolution does not , of course , involve any such claim . Nor does it involve a situation where the President acts without any apparent congressional authorization , or against congressional opposition ... To the contrary , Congress has been deeply involved in significant debate , activity , and authorization connected to our relations with Iraq for over a decade , under three different presidents of both major political parties , and during periods when each party has controlled Congress .   Lynch also cited Massachusetts v. Laird 451 F. 2d 26 ( 1st Cir . 1971 ) , which similarly found that the Vietnam War was constitutional . Lynch concluded that the Judiciary could not intervene , because there was not a fully developed conflict between the President and Congress at that time . On March 17 , the plaintiffs filed for a rehearing . Their petition was denied the next day . Iraq was invaded on March 20 .

neg: Richard Nixon Foundation The Richard Nixon Foundation is a not-for-profit organization based at the Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum in Yorba Linda , California . It was founded in the late 1980s by Richard Nixon , 37th President of the United States , and served as the governing body of the Nixon Library for nearly twenty years . Today it operates the Nixon Library in conjunction with the National Archives and Records Administration , which is an entity of the federal government of the United States , in addition to undertaking charitable and education-based activities .   The Nixon Foundation founded , controlled and operated the Nixon Library from the library 's dedication on July 19 , 1990 until July 11 , 2007 , at which the Foundation invited the National Archives to take control . The two entities signed a joint operating agreement which allowed the library to become officially known as the Richard Nixon Presidential Library , welcoming it into the national system of presidential libraries . This move allowed President Nixon 's White House documents to be moved to his library in Yorba Linda .   The Nixon Foundation is governed by a Board of Directors , led by former Nixon White House Director of Presidential Advance Ronald H. Walker . The board includes President Nixon 's daughters Tricia Nixon Cox and Julie Nixon Eisenhower , his brother Edward Nixon , former Ambassador George Argyros former California Governor Pete Wilson , and longest-serving Vietnam War POW Everett Alvarez , Jr. . The Foundation 's President and CEO is William Baribault .   The Foundation has hosted United States presidents , first ladies and several vice presidents . Also hosted have been public affairs commentators such as Bill O'Reilly , academics such as Doris Kearns Goodwin , and Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer .   The library includes `` Meet the Presidents , '' in which presidential impersonators speak to several hundred school-aged children . To commemorate the 10th anniversary of the September 11 , 2001 attacks , the Nixon Foundation brought 16 tons of warped steel from the World Trade Center and a damaged , first-responder FDNY firetruck to the Nixon Library for viewing .   Before the National Archives took over its management , the Nixon Library had been accused by several media outlets of glossing over Nixon 's 1974 resignation with `` whitewashed '' exhibits . In 2007 , the National Archives removed the 17 year old Watergate exhibit and , after three years , the new exhibit was scheduled to open in July 2010 . The Nixon Foundation objected to the proposed exhibit , because the Nixon Foundation was not consulted in the way that other presidential foundations had been consulted with similar situations . The Foundation filed a 158 page memorandum to the Assistant Archivist for Presidential Libraries expressing their dissatisfaction and NARA stated a committee would review the objection but gave no timeline for when that process would be concluded . The exhibit opened on March 31 , 2011 .

neg: Robert Mosbacher, Jr. Robert Adam Mosbacher , Jr. ( born May 29 , 1951 ) is an American businessman , founder of BizCorps , and the former head of the Overseas Private Investment Corporation ( OPIC ) , a U.S. government agency established to promote economic development by working with the private sector . Nominated by U.S. President George W. Bush , Mosbacher was sworn in as the ninth president and chief executive officer of OPIC in October 2005 . His father , Robert Mosbacher , Sr. , was the 28th Secretary of Commerce . His uncle was Emil Mosbacher , a two-time America 's Cup Winner and former Chief of Protocol for President Richard Nixon .

neg: Otto Reich Otto Juan Reich ( born October 16 , 1945 ) , is an American former senior official in the administrations of Presidents Ronald Reagan , George H. W. Bush , and George W. Bush . Among other positions held , he has been the President 's Special Envoy for the Western Hemisphere ; Assistant Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere Affairs ; United States Ambassador to Venezuela ; and Assistant Administrator of the US Agency for International Development , a recess appointment . In 2003 , Bush appointed him US Special Envoy to the Western Hemisphere . Since leaving the White House in 2004 , he has headed his own international consulting firm , Otto Reich Associates , LLC , based in Washington , D.C. .   During the Nicaraguan Revolution , Reich was in charge of the U.S. Office of Public Diplomacy for Latin America and the Caribbean , which was involved in lobbying efforts for the contras .   In July 2012 , Reich received the Walter Judd Freedom Award , which is awarded yearly by the Fund for American Studies to recognize `` individuals who have advanced the cause of freedom in the United States and abroad , are devoted to the preservation and expansion of freedom , influential in world and national affairs , and are outspoken voices against tyranny and oppression , while embodying the characteristics of self-sacrifice and patriotism . ''

neg: National Security and Homeland Security Presidential Directive The National Security and Homeland Security Presidential Directive ( National Security Presidential Directive NSPD 51/Homeland Security Presidential Directive HSPD-20 , sometimes called simply `` Executive Directive 51 '' for short ) , created and signed by President of the United States George W. Bush on May 4 , 2007 , is a Presidential Directive which claims power to execute procedures for continuity of the federal government in the event of a `` catastrophic emergency '' . Such an emergency is construed as `` any incident , regardless of location , that results in extraordinary levels of mass casualties , damage , or disruption severely affecting the U.S. population , infrastructure , environment , economy , or government functions . ''   The unclassified portion of the directive was posted on the White House website on May 9 , 2007 , without any further announcement or press briefings , although Special Assistant to George W. Bush Gordon Johndroe answered several questions on the matter when asked about it by members of the press in early June 2007 .

neg: Houston Club The Houston Club is a private social club located in Houston , Texas . As of January 2013 the club is housed on 910 Louisiana Street in the Shell building in Downtown Houston . The club members are a part of Houston 's business , civic , cultural , and financial communities . Members include business leaders , cultural leaders , consuls general , doctors , entrepreneurs , governors , mayors , and presidents . Notable members include former President of the United States George H. W. Bush and James Baker . Maggie Galehouse of the Houston Chronicle said , `` In its heyday - the mid-1950s to the mid-1980s - the Houston Club was the power broker club in the city . ''

neg: Dan Quayle James Danforth `` Dan '' Quayle ( born February 4 , 1947 ) is an American politician and lawyer . He was the 44th Vice President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 under President George H. W. Bush . He was also a U.S. Representative ( 1977 -- 81 ) and U.S. Senator ( 1981 -- 89 ) from the state of Indiana .   A native of Indianapolis , Indiana , Quayle spent most of his childhood living in Paradise Valley , Arizona , a suburb of Phoenix . He married Marilyn Tucker in 1972 and obtained his J.D. from the Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law in 1974 . He practiced law in Huntington , Indiana , with his wife before his election to the United States House of Representatives in 1976 , aged 29 . In 1980 Quayle won election to the Senate .   In 1988 , Vice President George H. W. Bush , the Republican Party nominee for the presidency , chose Quayle as his vice presidential running mate . The Bush/Quayle ticket won the 1988 election over Democrats Michael Dukakis and Lloyd Bentsen .   As vice president , Quayle made official visits to 47 countries and was appointed chairman of the National Space Council . He secured re-nomination for vice-president in 1992 , but Democrat Bill Clinton and his vice presidential running mate , Al Gore , defeated the Bush/Quayle ticket .   In 1994 , Quayle published his memoir entitled Standing Firm but declined to run for public office in this time period because he was suffering from phlebitis . He sought the Republican presidential nomination in 2000 , but withdrew and supported George W. Bush . In 2016 , he endorsed Jeb Bush and after that he supported Donald Trump for president . Quayle and his wife reside in Paradise Valley , Arizona .   Quayle is the chairman of global investments at Cerberus Capital Management .

neg: James Baker James Addison `` Jim '' Baker III ( born April 28 , 1930 ) is an American attorney and statesman . He served as White House Chief of Staff and United States Secretary of the Treasury under President Ronald Reagan , and as U.S. Secretary of State and White House Chief of Staff under President George H. W. Bush . As Secretary of State , he helped oversee U.S. foreign policy during the end of the Cold War and dissolution of the Soviet Union , as well as during the Gulf War .   He is the namesake of the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy at Rice University .

neg: Private bank Private banks are the banks owned by either the individual or a general partner ( s ) with limited partner ( s ) . Private banks are not incorporated . In any such case , the creditors can look to both the `` entirety of the bank 's assets '' as well as the entirety of the sole-proprietor 's / general-partners ' assets .   These banks have a long tradition in Switzerland , dating back to at least the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes ( 1685 ) . Private banks also have a long tradition in the UK where C. Hoare & Co. has been in business since 1672 .   There were many private banks in Europe , but most have now become incorporated companies , so the term is rarely true any more . Today , the term `` private bank '' can also refer to the financial institution specializing in financial advice and services for high-net-worth individuals ( private banking ) .   `` Private banks '' can also refer to non-government owned banks in general , in contrast to government-owned ( or nationalized ) banks , which were prevalent in communist , socialist and some social democratic states in the 20th century .


query: Sweden maintains a social democracy system.

pos: Sweden Sweden ( Konungariket Sverige ) , is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe . It borders Norway to the west and Finland to the east , and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund . At 450295 km2 , Sweden is the third-largest country in the European Union by area , with a total population of 10.0 million . Sweden consequently has a low population density of 22 PD/km2 , with the highest concentration in the southern half of the country . Approximately 85 % of the population lives in urban areas .   Germanic peoples have inhabited Sweden since prehistoric times , emerging into history as the Geats/G ötar and Swedes/Svear and constituting the sea peoples known as the Norsemen . Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural , while the north is heavily forested . Sweden is part of the geographical area of Fennoscandia . The climate is in general very mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence , that in spite of this still retains warm continental summers . Today , Sweden is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy , with a monarch as head of state . The capital city is Stockholm , which is also the most populous city in the country . Legislative power is vested in the 349-member unicameral Riksdag . Executive power is exercised by the government chaired by the prime minister . Sweden is a unitary state , currently divided into 21 counties and 290 municipalities .   Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages . In the 17th century , it expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire , which became one of the great powers of Europe until the early 18th century . Swedish territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were gradually lost during the 18th and 19th centuries , ending with the annexation of present-day Finland by Russia in 1809 . The last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814 , when Norway was militarily forced into personal union . Since then , Sweden has been at peace , maintaining an official policy of neutrality in foreign affairs . The union with Norway was peacefully dissolved in 1905 , leading to Sweden 's current borders . Though Sweden was formally neutral through both world wars , Sweden engaged in humanitarian efforts , such as taking in refugees from German-occupied Europe .   After the end of the Cold War , Sweden joined the European Union on 1 January 1995 , but declined NATO membership , as well as Eurozone membership following a referendum . It is also a member of the United Nations , the Nordic Council , Council of Europe , the World Trade Organization and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) . Sweden maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens . It has the world 's eighth-highest per capita income and ranks highly in numerous metrics of national performance , including quality of life , health , education , protection of civil liberties , economic competitiveness , equality , prosperity and human development .

neg: Stockholm City Theatre Stockholm City Theatre ( Stockholms stadsteater ) is Sweden 's most popular theatre stage . It was created in 1956 but the first performance was delayed until 1960 . It had not yet been decided at that point where in the city the theatre would lie so the Folkets hus building at Norra Bantorget , with a temporary stage , became the first solution . However , this `` temporary solution '' lasted for nearly thirty years until the autumn of 1990 , when all activity finally moved to the present location at Sergels torg .   Stockholm City Theatre is situated in the heart of Stockholm , in the building commonly known as Kulturhuset , the large lighted glass building at Sergels torg ( Sergel 's Square ) , near the Sergel fountain and the Stockholm City roundabout . Kulturhuset is one of Stockholm 's most popular public buildings and , besides the theatre , also includes small cafés , book shops , a bar and a restaurant , a library , various exhibitions , public debates , lectures , book signings , a small medieval museum , and workshops .   The theatre is Sweden 's most popular stage and the theatre with the highest bookings , as well as the constant `` competitor '' in Stockholm to the Royal Dramatic Theatre . Stockholm City Theatre produces 30-40 productions each year on nine stages . In 2005 there were 450,000 visitors , a relatively high rate considering a population of 9 million .   Popular Swedish actors of the Stockholm City Theatre ensemble include Helena Bergström , Göran Ragnerstam , Ingvar Hirdwall , Sven Wollter , Ann Petrén , Anna-Maria Hallgarn and Jakob Eklund .

neg: List of Christian democratic parties __ NOTOC __   Christian democratic parties are those political parties that seek to apply Christian principles to public policy . The underlying Christian democracy movement emerged in 19th-century Europe , largely under the influence of Catholic social teaching , and it continues to be influential in Europe and Latin America , though in a number of countries its Christian ethos has been diluted by secularisation . In practice , Christian democracy often advocates centre-right positions on cultural , social , and moral issues and social market economic policies . In Europe , where their opponents have traditionally been secularist socialists , Christian democratic parties are moderately conservative overall , whereas in the very different cultural and political environment of Latin America they tend to lean to the left . It is the dominant centre-right political movement in Europe .

neg: Swedish general election, 1917 General elections were held in Sweden between 1 and 16 September 1917 . The Swedish Social Democratic Party remained the largest party , winning 86 of the 230 seats in the Second Chamber of the Riksdag . As a result the Rightist Prime Minister Carl Swartz resigned the premiership and was replaced by Liberal leader Nils Edén .

neg: Geography of Sweden Sweden is a country in Northern Europe on the Scandinavian Peninsula . It borders Norway to the west ; Finland to the northeast ; and the Baltic Sea and Gulf of Bothnia to the east and south .   Sweden has a long coastline on the eastern side and the Scandinavian mountain chain ( Skanderna ) on the western border , a range that separates Sweden from Norway . It has maritime borders with Denmark , Germany , Poland , Russia , Lithuania , Latvia and Estonia , and it is also linked to Denmark ( southwest ) by the Öresund Bridge .  At 450295 km2 , Sweden is the 56th largest country in the world . It is the fifth largest in Europe and the largest in Northern Europe .

neg: Social Democratic Party (Bolivia) The Social Democratic Party ( Spanish : Partido Social Demócrata , PSD ) was a conservative , small and elitist , but influential Bolivian political party formed by middle-class intellectuals .   The Social Democratic Party was founded in 1944 by younger , conservative Bolivians committed to modernization and the technological and technocratic strategies they believed necessary to achieve it .   Led by Luis Adolfo Siles Salinas ( Hernán Siles Zuazo 's half-brother ) , Roberto Arce , Manfredo Kempf Mercado , Gastón Arduz Eguia , Alberto Crespo Gutiérrez , Tomás Guillermo Elio , and Mario Estenssoro , the party embraced developmentalist , nominally Christian-Democratic principles .   For the 1947 general elections the Party allied with the Liberal Party and Revolutionary Left Party and backed Liberal Luis Femando Guachalla as the coalition 's presidential candidate .   For the 1951 general elections the PSD allied with the Republican Socialist Unity Party and backed PURS ' presidential candidate Gabriel Gosalvez .   During the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement regime ( 1952 -- 1964 ) , the Social Democratic Party was a minor force , allied electorally with the Bolivian Socialist Falange . It was generally regarded as an ideological relic of the prerevolutionary period , surviving only because its leaders were relatively young .   After Víctor Paz Estenssoro 's overthrow in 1964 , the Social Democratic Party obtained a new lease on life and cooperated with the military regime of General René Barrientos Ortuño . Their influence no doubt was stimulated by the growing prominence of `` technocrats '' in the military dictatorships of Brazil and Argentina .  For the 1966 general elections PSD allied with the Revolutionary Left Party , Authentic Revolutionary Party and Popular Christian Movement and backed Barrientos as the coalition 's presidential candidate . The PSD 's leader , Luis Adolfo Siles Salinas was chosen as vice-presidential candidate .   The PSD withdrew support Barrientos in 1968 , but returned to a pro-government stance , when René Barrientos Ortuño died in a helicopter crash on 27 April 1969 and Siles Salinas became president , serving with conspicuous dedication and honesty for five months until overthrown by General Alfredo Ovando Candía .   In succeeding years , the Social Democratic Party became inactive after that , although Luis Adolfo Siles Salinas continued to pursue his presidential ambitions .

neg: Swedish Church Law 1686 The Swedish Church Law 1686 ( Swedish : `` Kyrkio-Lag och Ordning '' ) was a Swedish law which ( with some alterations ) regulated the relationship between the state and the church in Sweden from 1686 until the Swedish Church Law 1992 , as well as in Finland ( earlier a Swedish province ) until 1870 . It replaced the previous Swedish Church Ordinance 1571 .   During the reign of Charles X Gustav of Sweden , two suggestions were put forward to replace the Swedish Church Ordinance 1571 : one by Olaus Laurelius , and one by Erik Emporagrius . In 1663 , an investigation to change the law was formally issued , and in 1682 , the two suggestions were merged . A commission was issued to process it , and in 1686 , the new law was accepted .   The Swedish Church Law 1686 abolished Canon law . The state , represented by the monarch , by then the king of an absolute monarchy , was the head of the Church and thus had final say in matters of the Church , but there was to be no political administration or political bureaucracy between the monarch and the bishops of the Church .   Among the notable reforms introduced was husförhör and Parish register . Henceforth , the parish vicar of every parish of the nation was obliged to conduct a husförhör ( Household Interview ) , an annual survey of the religious knowledge of every household in the parish to ensure all parishioners ' knowledge of the bible and Luther 's Small Catechism . A consequence of this was the need for every parishioner , regardless of age and sex , to know how to read , as it would be necessary to read the bible and the catechism to pass the annual survey.Since the predecessor law from 1571 , children 's schools for reading , writing and counting had already been an obligation in the cities , but this law resulted in the need for every village and rural community to organise basic schooling for their children , normally by paying a läromäster ( schoolmaster ) or läromoster ( schoolmarm ) to hold lessons in the local vicarage , and from this point forward , illiteracy was close to eradicated in Sweden .   This law was in force until 1888 . Furthermore , all parish vicars were also forced by law to keep a parish register and note every birth , baptismal and death in the parish .   The 1686 Swedish Church Law was amended several times during the 18th century and 19th century , but it lay the foundation of the organisation of the Swedish Church until the new law of 1992 . In the Grand Duchy of Finland , earlier a Swedish province , the law applied until the reformed church law of 1867 ( in effect in 1870 ) .  __ NOTOC __

neg: Minister for Justice (Sweden) The Minister for Justice ( justitieminister ) is the justice minister of Sweden and head of the Ministry of Justice . The current Minister for Justice is Morgan Johansson of the Social Democratic Party .

neg: State socialism State socialism is a classification for any socialist political and economic perspective advocating state ownership of the means of production either as a temporary measure in the transition from capitalism to socialism , or as characteristic of socialism itself . It is often used interchangeably with state capitalism in reference to the economic systems of Marxist -- Leninist states such as the Soviet Union to highlight the role of state planning in these economies , with the critics of said system referring to it more commonly as `` state capitalism '' . Libertarian and democratic socialists claim that these states had only a limited number of socialist characteristics . However , Marxists-Leninists maintain that workers in the Soviet Union and other Marxist-Leninist states had genuine control over the means of production through institutions such as trade unions .   State socialism is held in contrast with libertarian socialism , which rejects the view that socialism can be constructed by using existing state institutions or by governmental policies . By contrast , proponents of state socialism claim that the state , through practical considerations of governing , must play at least a temporary part in building socialism . It is possible to conceive of a democratic state that owns the means of production but is internally organized in a participatory , cooperative fashion , thereby achieving both social ownership of productive property and workplace democracy in day-to-day operations .

neg: The Estates The Estates or the States ( États , Landstände , Staten ) was the assembly of the representatives of the estates of the realm , the divisions of society in feudal times , called together for purposes of deliberation , legislation or taxation . A meeting of the estates that covered an entire kingdom was called an estates general .   In many states , the first estate comprised the clergymen , the second estate the nobility , and the third estate the commoners ( bourgeoisie , artisans and peasants ) . The actual representation of these three estates in the assembly could vary from country to country . Bourgeoisie , peasants and people with no estate from birth were separated in Sweden and Finland as late as in 1905 .   In some countries , the parliament kept the same name when its feudal organization was replaced with a more modern kind of representation , like census or universal suffrage . In Sweden , the Riksdag of the Estates was replaced with the Riksdag in 1866 .

neg: Medborgarplatsen Medborgarplatsen ( literally Citizen Square ) is one of the largest squares in Stockholm . It is located on Södermalm and is often colloquially referred to as `` Medis '' . The square was once called Södra Bantorget ( Southern Railway Square ) , but was changed to Medborgarplatsen in 1940 .   The square is a common place for demonstrations . On May Day , the Left Party usually start their parade from there , and are accompanied by other smaller leftist and communist parties as they walk to Kungsträdgården . In 2001 , Hammarby celebrated its first victory in the Allsvenskan in front of about 35,000 supporters in the square .  Medborgarplatsen is also where Anna Lindh , the Swedish Minister for Foreign Affairs , held her last public speech before she was murdered on September 10 , 2003 . In 2004 , a memorial monument to Anna Lindh was erected at the square .   Near the square is a metro station of the same name . The station was opened as an underground tram station in 1933 , and was converted for the new metro system in 1950 as one of the first stations on the network . The original exits did not open onto the square , but to the nearby street Folkungagatan . In 1995 , another exit was built in Björns Trädgård park , which is across Götgatan from Medborgarplatsen .   Medborgarplatsen has a small ice-skating rink which is turned into a terrace with benches in the summer . On one corner of the square there is a substantial public library , and diagonally across on another corner the 17th century Lillienhoff Palace .

neg: History of democracy A democracy is a political system , or a system of decision-making within an institution or organization , in which all members have an equal share of power . Modern democracies are characterized by two capabilities that differentiate them fundamentally from earlier forms of government : the capacity to intervene in their own societies and the recognition of their sovereignty by an international legalistic framework of similarly sovereign states . -LSB- 2 -RSB- Democratic government is commonly juxtaposed with oligarchic and monarchic systems , which are rule by a minority and a sole monarch respectively .   Democracy in its earliest forms is generally associated with the efforts of the ancient Greeks and Romans , who were themselves considered the founders of Western civilization by the 18th century intellectuals who attempted to leverage these early democratic experiments into a new template for post-monarchical political organization . The extent to which these 18th century democratic revivalists succeeded in turning the democratic ideals of the ancient Greeks and Romans into the dominant political institution of the next 300 years is hardly debatable , even if the moral justifications they often employed might be . Nevertheless , the critical historical juncture catalyzed by the resurrection of democratic ideals and institutions fundamentally transformed the ensuing centuries and has dominated the international landscape since the dismantling of the final vestige of empire following the end of the Second World War .   Modern representative democracies attempt to bridge the gulf between the Hobbesian ` state of nature ' and the grip of authoritarianism through ` social contracts ' that enshrine the rights of the citizens , curtail the power of the state , and grant agency through the right to vote .

neg: Croats of Sweden The Croats of Sweden ( Sverigekroater ) today number approximately 28,000 . They mostly follow Catholicism , but a small minority that have been living in Sweden for generations have converted to Evangelicalism . They mostly live in Stockholm , the capital city , and in Malmö , in Rosengård district . The most successful football club of Croats of Sweden is NK Croatia Malmö , that played in 1988 the Swedish 2nd League , declared in 1989 with title `` Best Immigrant Club of Europe '' , winner of Malmö Mästerskap four times ( 1988 , 1989 , 1991 and 2016 ) . Zlatan Ibrahimović , a half-Croat , can be considered a Croat of Sweden , because his mother is a Croat .

neg: Religion in Sweden Lutheran Christianity is officially the largest religion in Sweden , with 6.1 million Swedish citizens being members of the Church of Sweden . The high membership figure is mainly due to the fact that until 1996 all newborn children with at least one parent being a member of the church were also made members . Other Christian Churches include the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church . Islam is the second largest religion in Sweden , practiced by 5 % of the population . The rest of the population are either irreligious or members of other religious groups .   Sweden was Christianized from Norse paganism during a long period , not final until the 1130s . Since the 16th century , Sweden has been predominantly Lutheran . From the Protestant Reformation in the 1530s until 2000 , the Lutheran Church of Sweden ( Svenska kyrkan ) was the state church . As of 2016 , 61.2 % of Swedish citizens are members of the Church of Sweden , compared to over 95 % in 1970 , and 83 % in 2000 .   Despite that , religion in Sweden plays a limited role compared to the European average , and even many church members participate in religious activities for only cultural reasons , and do not believe in Christianity . Atheism and agnosticism are widespread in Swedish society . In a Eurobarometer Poll in 2010 , just 18 % of Swedish citizens responded that `` they believe there is a god '' , although a further 45 % answered that `` they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force '' . In a 2009 Gallup poll , 17 % answered yes to the question `` Is religion an important part of your daily life ? '' . A survey found that only 15 % of Church of Sweden members actually believe in Jesus , while another 15 % identified as atheists , and a quarter as agnostic . Less than 4 % of the Church of Sweden membership attends public worship during an average week ; about 2 % are regular attendees . Some scholars consider the nation to be a place where religion is regarded with `` benign indifference '' .   The history of the Jews in Sweden can be traced back to the 17th century , and there are about 20,000 ethnic Jews in Sweden today , of whom about 7,000 belong to a Jewish religious congregation . Because of immigration in the latter part of the 20th century , there is today a sizeable minority of Muslims ( 5 % of population ) and Roman Catholics ( 2 % ) .

neg: Christian Social Party (Switzerland) The Christian Social Party ( CSP ) ( German : Christlich-soziale Partei ; French : Parti chrétien-social ) is a political party in Switzerland . The CSP is more social democratic than the Christian Democratic People 's Party of Switzerland ( CVP ) . With the moderate Christian left as its background , the CSP commits itself to social democratic and environmentalist political solutions . The core principles of the CSP contain , among others `` solidarity with the socially and economically disadvantaged and the preservation of the environment . ''   The party should not be confused with the Christian Social Party of Obwalden , which is affiliated with the Christian Democratic People 's Party and holds a seat in the National Council .

neg: Finnish parliamentary election, 1987 Parliamentary elections were held in Finland on 15 and 16 March 1987 .   The results saw a rightwards shift in Finnish politics , although it was uncertain how far , because the voter turnout -- at a comparatively low 75 % -- hurt the left more than the right and had a variable impact . The centre-right National Coalition Party ( KOK ) increased its vote share by only 1 % yet gained nine seats in the Eduskunta , almost overtaking the Social Democratic Party ( SDP ) as the largest party . The SDP vote share dropped by 3 % , with 100,000 fewer votes , yet they lost only one seat due to the way their votes were distributed across the country . The Centre Party 's vote share remained stable and it gained two new seats . The Greens , who had registered a significant gain in the 1984 municipal elections gained two seats , far fewer than expected . Weakened perhaps from its membership in the long-lived government , the Finnish Rural Party ( SMP ) lost more than one-third of its support and almost half of its seats .

neg: European social model The European social model is a common vision many European states have for a society that combines economic growth with high living standards and good working conditions . Historian Tony Judt has argued that the European social model `` binds Europe together '' in contrast to the ` American way of life ' .   European states do not all use a single social model , but welfare states in Europe do share several broad characteristics . These generally include a commitment to full employment , social protections for all citizens , social inclusion , and democracy . Examples common among European countries include universal health care , free higher education , strong labor protections and regulations , and generous welfare programs in areas such as unemployment insurance , retirement pensions , and public housing . The Treaty of the European Community set out several social objectives : promotion of employment , improved living and working conditions ... proper social protection , dialogue between management and labour , the development of human resources with a view to lasting high employment and the combating of exclusion . Because different European states focus on different aspects of the model , it has been argued that there are four distinct social models in Europe -- the Nordic , British , Mediterranean and the Continental .   The general outlines of a European social model emerged during the post-war boom . Tony Judt lists a number of causes : the abandonment of protectionism , the baby boom , cheap energy , and a desire to catch up with living standards enjoyed in the United States . The European social model also enjoyed a low degree of external competition as the Soviet bloc , China and India were not yet integrated into the global economy . In recent years , it has become common to question whether the European social model is sustainable in the face of low birthrates , globalisation , Europeanisation and an ageing population .

neg: Democratic and Social Centre Democratic and Social Centre may refer to :   Democratic and Social Center - People 's Party ( Portuguese : Centro Democrático e Social - Partido Popular ) , a Portuguese centre-right political party , with an ideological foundation on Christian democracy , Conservatism and Classical liberalism , founded on 19 July 1974 .  Centre of Social Democrats , a French Christian-democratic and centrist party , which existed from 1976 to 1995 .  Democratic and Social Centre ( Spain ) , a Spanish moderate , social democratic and centrist political party , which was founded in 1982 .

neg: Swedish general election, 1982 General elections were held in Sweden on 19 September 1982 . They saw the return of the Swedish Social Democratic Party to power after six years in opposition , the longest period in opposition by the Social Democrats since the 1910s . The center-right coalition of Thorbjörn Fälldin had earlier suffered a loss upon the breakup of the government in 1981 , the year before the election , when the rightist Moderate Party chose to withdraw from the government , protesting against the centrist tax policies of the Fälldin government . After regaining power , socialist leader Olof Palme succeeded in being elected Prime Minister again , having earlier held power between 1969 and 1976 . He would retain this position successfully until his assassination in 1986 .

neg: Swedish general election, 1932 General elections were held in Sweden on 17 and 18 September 1932 . The Swedish Social Democratic Party remained the largest party , winning 104 of the 230 seats in the Second Chamber of the Riksdag . The party returned to government after six years in opposition , marking the beginning of 44 years of near-uninterrupted rule ( the only exception was three months in 1936 ) .

neg: Socialist democracy Socialist democracy can refer to mainly two things ; ( 1 ) any of several political parties . Groups using this name tend to have a connection to the reunified Fourth International , reflecting its distinctive position on socialist democracy and ( 2 ) a form of democracy espoused by parties espousing communism or political groups who supports socialist one-party states .  Alternative 1  Socialist Democracy ( Australia )  Socialist Democracy ( Brazil )  Socialist Democracy ( Ireland )  Socialist Democracy Group ( England )  Socialist Democracy Party ( Canada )  Socialist Democracy Party ( Turkey )  Alternative 2  Dictatorship of the proletariat  Democratic centralism  Democratic socialism   Category : Political party disambiguation pages  Category : Democracy


query: Shakira is from Colombia.

pos: Barranquilla Barranquilla ( -LSB- baraŋˈkiʝa -RSB- ) is a city and municipality located in northern Colombia . It is the only major city in South America that was populated before its formal foundation . Barranquilla is located near the Caribbean Sea . The city is located in the Atlántico Department , of which it is the capital . Barranquilla is the largest city and port in the northern Caribbean Coast region of Colombia , with a population of 2,370,753 in its metropolitan area , which makes it Colombia 's fourth most populous city after Bogotá , Medellín and Cali .   Barranquilla lies strategically next to the delta of the Magdalena River , 7.5 km ( originally 25 km before rapid urban growth ) from its mouth at the Caribbean Sea , serving as port for river and maritime transportation within Colombia . It is also the main industrial , shopping , educational and cultural centre of the Caribbean Region of Colombia . The city is the core of the Metropolitan Area of Barranquilla , which also includes the municipalities of Soledad , Galapa , Malambo , and Puerto Colombia .   Barranquilla was legally established as a town on April 7 , 1813 , although it dated from at least 1629 . It grew into an important port , serving as a haven for immigrants from Europe , especially during and immediately following World War I and World War II , when waves of additional immigrants from the Middle East and Asia arrived . Barranquilla became Colombia 's principal port , and with its level of industrialization and modernity earned the city the nickname Colombia 's Golden Gate ( Spanish : La Puerta de Oro de Colombia ) . In the 1940s , Barranquilla was the second largest city in Colombia and one of the most modern cities in the Caribbean and in South America , while later , local administrations , due to widespread corruption in their ranks , brought about a decline in the standard of living . As government investment increased in other Colombian cities , Barranquilla 's national position was eclipsed .   The city is home to one of the most important folk and cultural festivals of Colombia , the Carnival of Barranquilla , which was declared a National Cultural Heritage by the Congress of Colombia in 2001 and recognized by UNESCO in 2003 .  Ernesto Cortissoz International Airport , built in Barranquilla in 1919 , was the first airport in South America . The city is served by domestic and international flights .

pos: Shakira Shakira Isabel Mebarak Ripoll ( -LSB- ( t ) ʃaˈkiɾa isaˈβel meβaˈɾak riˈpol -RSB- ; -LSB- langʃəˈki : rə -RSB- born 2 February 1977 ) is a Colombian singer , songwriter , dancer , and record producer . Born and raised in Barranquilla , she began performing in school , demonstrating Latin American , Arabic , and rock and roll influences and belly dancing abilities . Shakira 's first studio albums , Magia and Peligro , failed to attain commercial success in the 1990s ; however , she rose to prominence in Latin America with her major-label debut , Pies Descalzos ( 1996 ) , and her fourth album , Dónde Están los Ladrones ? ( 1998 ) .   Shakira entered the English-language market with her fifth album , Laundry Service . Its lead single , `` Whenever , Wherever '' , became one of the most successful singles of 2002 . Her success was solidified with her sixth and seventh albums Fijación Oral , Volumen Uno and Oral Fixation , Volume Two ( 2005 ) , the latter of which spawned one of the best-selling songs of the 21st century , `` Hips Do n't Lie '' . Shakira 's eighth and ninth albums , She Wolf ( 2009 ) and Sale el Sol ( 2010 ) , received critical praise . Her official song for the 2010 FIFA World Cup , `` Waka Waka ( This Time for Africa ) '' , became the biggest-selling World Cup song of all time . With over 1.3 billion views , it is one of the most-watched music videos on YouTube . Shakira served as a coach on the fourth and sixth seasons of the American version of The Voice in 2013 and 2014 , respectively . Her tenth album , Shakira ( 2014 ) , is preceded by its lead single , `` Ca n't Remember to Forget You '' .   Shakira has won many awards , including five MTV Video Music Awards , two Grammy Awards , eight Latin Grammy Awards , seven Billboard Music Awards , 28 Billboard Latin Music Awards and has been Golden Globe-nominated . She has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , and has sold between 70 and 125 million records worldwide ( depending on the source ) , making her the best selling South American singer and one of the best selling Latin artists of all time . She carries out well-known philanthropic activities through charity work most notably through her Pies Descalzos Foundation . In 2014 , she was listed as the 58th most powerful woman in the world by Forbes .

neg: Kidnappings in Colombia Kidnappings in Colombia refers to the practice of kidnapping in the Republic of Colombia . This criminal practice was first introduced in modern Colombian history during the early 1970s by the guerrilla movements and , later , also by criminal groups . With the release of Colombian presidential candidate Ingrid Betancourt on July 2 , 2008 this practice gained worldwide notoriety .   Guerrilla groups like the M-19 , the FARC , ELN among others widely exploited this practice . To counter these paramilitary groups also adopted this method to intimidate adversaries . Drug cartels like the Medellín Cartel also used this practice to intimidate politicians who were trying to approve in congress an extradition treaty with the United States , and also used in drug cartel wars . Regular criminal organizations also kidnap and sell persons of interest to guerrilla groups .   Police in Colombia say the number of people kidnapped has fallen 92 % since 2000 . Common criminals are now the perpetrators of the overwhelming majority of kidnappings .

neg: Mari Sano Mari Sano ( Aichi , Seto , born 17 June 1968 ) is a Japanese multimedia artist living in Mexico and Argentina . Besides music she is known for playing the charango , the ocarina and percussion , is a composer , photographer , producer of artistic encounters and Aozorakobo record , produced three albums `` From Beginning '' ( 1996 ) , `` Latin Park '' ( 1999 ) , `` Friendship Musical '' ( 2008 ) with her compositions she got numerous awards and cultural recognition in music , photography and as a solo performer .   In her childhood , she lived in Mexico ( 1972 -- 1976 ) , Argentina ( 1978 -- 1982 ) and Spain ( 1989 -- 1992 ) , absorbing the Hispanic culture . Since 1998 she was living in Argentina . Expresses `` Life of Hummingbird '' on stage , was created from the Deer Dance ( Ritual dancing celebrated by the Yaqui Indians and Mayos ) and entitled `` Charango dancing / Dance of the hummingbird '' It was during her experience in Mexico , in 1972 , that the author Mari Sano knew the choreographer Amalia Hernández , with the folk dancing . Mari Sano introduced this dance elements to her own invention , as strumming the charango with specific sounds that she used in her choreography . More than a show is a musical evening , whose protagonists are the charango and dancing . As you can see her picture on the back of the stage as part of the scenery , are images of nature and journalistic .   Her creation with a strong singularity has reached the stages around the world : Argentina , Japan , Taiwan , Colombia , Ecuador , Venezuela , Costa Rica , Spain , Mexico and Cuba . It was sponsored by the Ministry of Culture and embassies of Argentina , Mexico , Ecuador and Japan , in recognition of the important work in promoting activities that contribute to enriching the cultural and friendship in the world .   She was invited at concerts , record material and cultural events by artists from Latin America ( Symphony Orchestra of Venezuela , Eduardo Bergara Leumann , Liliana Belfiore , Jaime Torres , Carmina Cannavino , Horacio Lopez , Franco Luciani , Nuria Martinez , Eloisa Lopez , National Choir House of Ecuadorian Culture ) and numerous rock bands , Celtic and Circus ( the Zurda , Violent Past , the Pakidermos , Axouxeres ) . She collaborated in music and production of various artistic projects : the documentary film Visions of Hiroshima , Zamba del Loro Mario and dancing show .

neg: Día Especial `` Día Especial '' ( Special Day ) is a Latin pop ballad performed by Colombian singer Shakira from her album Fijación Oral Vol . 1 . The song is about how a day is made special from forgiveness . `` Día Especial '' is not an official single to Fijación Oral Vol . 1 , but was popular around the time of the album 's release , peaking at number 26 on the US Billboard Latin Pop Songs . Gustavo Cerati was the lyricist for the track with Shakira and Luis Fernando Ochoa as co-writers for the music . The English version is entitled `` The Day and the Time '' and features on the album Oral Fixation Vol . 2 .

neg: Rock al Parque Rock al Parque is a rock music festival which , since 1995 , has taken place in Bogotá , Colombia . Entry to the festival is free of charge . In 2004 , 400,000 people took part in the event . It is considered the largest rock festival in Colombia and one of the most important in Latin America , arguably the largest free rock festival in the continent . It has ska , punk , hardcore , metal , and other genres included in its program .

neg: Champeta Champeta is a genre of folk music and dance originating in the Atlantic coastal regions of Colombia .   Champeta originated among inhabitants of African descent of the Colombian cities of Cartagena de Indias and Barranquilla , and was linked with the culture of the Palenque of San Basilio district . It shows influences of musical genres from Euro-African colonial settlements and from the continent of Africa .

neg: Ricardo Chará Ricardo Chará Lerma ( born 24 May 1990 ) is a Colombian footballer , currently free agent .

neg: LGBT in Colombia The initialism LGBT is used to refer collectively to lesbian , gay , bisexual , and transgender ( LGBT ) people and members of the specific group and to the community ( subculture ) that surrounds them . This can include rights advocates , artists , authors , etc. .   In spite of considerable de jure legal protection for the LGBT community in Colombia ( see LGBT rights in Colombia ) , LGBT individuals are often subject to controversy regarding acceptance ( transgender individuals , in particular ) .

neg: Beautiful Liar `` Beautiful Liar '' is a song recorded by American singer Beyoncé and Colombian singer Shakira . It was written by Beyoncé , Amanda Ghost , Ian Dench , and Stargate members Mikkel S. Eriksen and Tor Erik Hermansen , and produced by Stargate and Beyoncé for the re-release of Beyoncé 's second solo album , B'Day ( 2006 ) . The mixing of the song was done by Gustavo Celis . `` Beautiful Liar '' was released on March 14 , 2007 , by Columbia Records as the first single from the deluxe edition of the album . A Spanish and English mixed version of the song was produced and titled `` Bello Embustero '' .   `` Beautiful Liar '' is a mid-tempo song ; musically , it is a melding of Shakira 's Latin and Middle Eastern styles with Beyoncé 's contemporary hip hop and R&B styles . Its theme is female empowerment ; two female protagonists sing about being charmed by the same man , but instead of fighting over him , both ladies agree that he is not worth their time . The song was well received by music critics , who praised generally Beyoncé 's and Shakira 's collaboration . `` Beautiful Liar '' was nominated for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals at the 50th Grammy Awards and the Spanish version was nominated for Record of the Year at the Latin Grammy Awards of 2007 . It won an Ivor Novello Awards for Best-Selling British Song in 2008 .   `` Beautiful Liar '' was commercially successful . It peaked at number three on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and experienced the largest upward movement on that chart until 2008 . The song peaked at number one in many European countries , including France , Germany , Hungary , Ireland , Italy , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Switzerland , and the United Kingdom . Its accompanying music video was directed by Jake Nava , incorporates belly dancing moves . `` Beautiful Liar '' won the Most Earthshattering Collaboration award at the 2007 MTV Video Music Award . The song was included on Beyoncé 's set list during her 2007 The Beyoncé Experience world tour .

neg: Colombia's Next Top Model Colombia 's Next Top Model is a Colombian reality television series , based on Tyra Banks ' America 's Next Top Model . It is the third franchise in Latin America after Brazil 's Next Top Model and Mexico 's Next Top Model . The series began to air on Caracol TV on January 8 , 2013 .   The series features a group of young women who compete for the title of `` Colombia 's Next Top Model '' and a chance to begin their career in the modeling industry .   The second season aired on January 13 , 2014 . Carolina Cruz was introduced as the new image of the contest and Franklin Ramos remained as the tutor . On the other hand , Kika Rocha and Catalina Aristizábal remained part of the team as judges and Mauricio Vélez entered the show as a replacement of Raúl Higuera who was no longer part of the team for season 2 .

neg: Los Premios 40 Principales for Best Latin Artist The Premios 40 Principales for Best Latin Artist is an honor presented annually at Los Premios 40 Principales , a ceremony that recognizes excellence in music , organised by Spain 's top music radio Los 40 Principales . The award was first seen in 2007 , separated from the Best International Artist category .   Shakira is the most awarded artist in this category , being a four-time winner . Juanes follows her with two awards . In 2013 , Ricky Martin became the first non-Colombian artist to notch the award .

neg: No Creo `` No Creo '' is a song written and performed by the Colombian singer-songwriter Shakira . The song was released as the fourth single from her multi-platinum album Dónde Están los Ladrones ? ( 1998 ) and later from her acoustic performance of the song on the MTV show Unplugged ( 2000 ) . In the song , the singer expresses how she believes in nothing and nobody except her lover . The song references popular socially accepted or non-accepted norms such as herself , luck , Karl Marx , Jean-Paul Sartre , Mars and Venus , and Brian Weiss .

neg: Loca (Shakira song) `` Loca '' ( `` Crazy '' ) is a song by Colombian singer-songwriter Shakira , taken from her seventh studio album , Sale el Sol ( 2010 ) . It was released by Epic Records as the lead single from the album . The Spanish-language version features Dominican rapper El Cata , and was released on 10 September 2010 , while the English-language version features British rapper Dizzee Rascal , and was released on 13 September 2010 . It was written and produced by Shakira , with additional songwriting from Edward Bello , Armando Pérez , and Dylan Mills . The song is a Latin pop and merengue track that lyrically describes Shakira 's eccentric infatuation with a man . In August 2014 , a senior US district judge found `` Loca '' to have been indirectly plagiarised from `` Loca con su Tiguere '' , a mid-1990s song composed by Dominican songwriter Ramon `` Arias '' Vasquez . The case was dismissed in August 2015 after it was found that Vasquez had fabricated the evidence he had presented in court .   Upon its release , `` Loca '' received generally favourable reviews from music critics , who complimented the inclusion of merengue music on the recording . The English version of the song became a worldwide commercial success and peaked inside the top five of the record charts of countries including Austria , Belgium , France , Hungary and Italy . The Spanish version peaked atop the charts of Spain and Switzerland , and became a hit on the Latin record charts in the United States , topping the Billboard Hot Latin Songs , Latin Pop Airplay , and Tropical Songs charts . `` Loca '' received record certifications in various countries around the world , including a diamond certification in Colombia and multi-platinum certifications in Italy , Mexico , and Spain .   Its accompanying music video was filmed in Barcelona , Spain in August 2010 , and was released the following month . It features Shakira interacting with a beach crowd , and dancing in front of the sea wearing a golden bikini . It generated a favourable response from critics , many of whom praised its concept for matching the vibe of the song . For additional promotion , Shakira performed `` Loca '' on several television shows and on her The Sun Comes Out World Tour .

neg: San Cayetano, Cundinamarca San Cayetano is a municipality and town of Colombia in the department of Cundinamarca .

neg: Coffee from Colombia Coffee from Colombia ( feat . Snoop Dogg ) is the eleventh studio album by Azerbaijani singer-songwriter-diva Aygün Kazımova , released on April 21 , 2014 , by DMC .

neg: Dagua Dagua ( -LSB- ˈdaɣwa -RSB- ) is a town and municipality located in the Department of Valle del Cauca , Colombia .

neg: Postage stamps and postal history of Cundinamarca Cundinamarca is a department of Colombia , one of the original nine states of the `` United States of Colombia '' .   As with the other states , Cundinamarca once had the right to issue its own postage stamps , and it issued stamps with the state 's coat of arms , starting in 1870 and ending in 1904 . Many of these are still readily available . There is one rarity , the 2-real provisional stamp from 1883 , although there is some doubt as to whether it was sold to the public , since no used copies are known to exist . Likewise , authentic uses of any Cundinamarca stamp on cover are not often seen .

neg: Itagüí Itagüí ( -LSB- itaˈɣwi -RSB- ) is a city of Colombia , located in the south of the Aburrá Valley in the Antioquia Department . It is part of The Metropolitan Area of the Aburrá Valley .

neg: Valledupar Valledupar is a city and municipality in northeastern Colombia . It is the capital of Cesar Department . Its name , Valle de Upar ( Valley of Upar ) , was established in honor of the Amerindian cacique who ruled the valley ; Cacique Upar . The city lies between the mountains of Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and the Serranía del Perijá to the borders of the Guatapurí and Cesar rivers .   Valledupar is an important agricultural , cattle raising , coal mining and agro-industrial center for the region between the Departments of Cesar and southern municipalities of La Guajira Department , formerly known as the Padilla Province . Valledupar is notable as the cradle of vallenato music , representative of the Colombian culture . The city hosts the Vallenato Legend Festival .   During the 1980s , 1990s and early 2000s , the city suffered during the Colombian Armed Conflict , with numerous kidnappings , thousands of people forced out and failure to control crime .   Valledupar has one of Colombia 's most modern maximum security prisons .

neg: She Wolf She Wolf ( Loba ) is the eighth studio album by Colombian singer-songwriter Shakira . It was released on 9 October 2009 , by Epic Records and Sony Music Latin . As executive producers , Shakira and Amanda Ghost enlisted collaborators including The Neptunes , John Hill , Wyclef Jean , Lukas Burton , Future Cut , Jerry Duplessis and Timbaland . Musically , the record shifts from her traditional Latin pop and pop rock musical styles , instead exploring electropop , with influences of folk and world music . The lyrical themes of the album mostly focus on love and relationships and were based on the conversations Shakira had with her friends .   She Wolf reached number one on the charts of Argentina , Ireland , Italy , Mexico and Switzerland . It also charted inside the top five in Spain , Germany and the United Kingdom . It debuted at number fifteen on the Billboard 200 . She Wolf was certified double-platinum in Colombia and Mexico , platinum in Italy and Spain , and gold in numerous countries including France and the United Kingdom .   The album was supported by four singles . Its lead single , `` She Wolf '' , along with its Spanish-language version `` Loba '' , which reached the top ten in several countries . `` Did It Again '' ( along with its Spanish-language version `` Lo Hecho Está Hecho '' ) was released worldwide as the second single , except in the United States , where its release was substituted by `` Give It Up to Me '' . The fourth single was `` Gypsy '' , along with its Spanish-language version `` Gitana '' . Shakira embarked on The Sun Comes Out World Tour in late-2010 to promote She Wolf .

neg: Santa Marta Santa Marta , officially Distrito Turístico , Cultural e Histórico de Santa Marta ( `` Touristic , Cultural and Historic District of Santa Marta '' ) , is a city in Colombia . It is the capital of the department of Magdalena and fourth largest urban city of the Caribbean Region of Colombia , after Barranquilla , Cartagena , and Soledad . Founded on July 29 , 1525 , by the Spanish conquistador Rodrigo de Bastidas , it was the first Spanish settlement in Colombia , and is the oldest surviving city in that country , and second oldest in South America . This city is situated on a bay of the same name and as such , is a prime tourist destination .