query: An ESPN biography program rated Muhammad Ali as the third greatest athlete of the 20th century.

pos: SportsCentury SportsCentury is an ESPN biography program that reviews the people and athletic events that defined sports in North America throughout the 20th and 21st centuries . Using stock footage , on-camera interviews , and photographs of their athletic lives , who grew up .   In 1999 , ESPN counted down the Top 50 Athletes of the 20th Century , selected from North American athletes and voted on by a panel of sports journalists and observers , premiering a new biography highlighting each top athlete every week throughout the year . The episodes for the top two athletes , Michael Jordan and Babe Ruth , appeared on a special combined edition broadcast on Christmas Day on ABC . The top two names were announced in no particular order , and the final positioning was announced at the conclusion of the two episodes . An additional list of numbers 51-100 were announced on the ESPN SportsCentury website . Themed specials such as Greatest Games , Greatest Coaches , Greatest Dynasties , and Most Influential Individuals were premiered throughout the year , as well as six SportsCenter of the Decade programs .   After the initial run was complete , the episodes were rerun at various times on ESPN , ESPN2 and ESPN Classic . The original plan for the series was to expand to include # 51 through # 100 . Ultimately , the series featured just over half of the athletes from # 51 to # 100 , and instead expanded to include over 150 other athletes , coaches , owners , personalities , and notable moments in sports history . Acknowledgements were given to athletes that were notable for more recent accomplishments , even if they spent only a small part of their career in the 20th century ( e.g. , Tiger Woods , Tom Brady ) , or were recently deceased ( e.g. Pat Tillman , Dale Earnhardt ) . Special subsets of episodes were created revolving around a particular event , including athletes associated with the particular sport . They would typically air in the days leading up to those events . ( e.g. , Winter Olympics , golf majors , Indianapolis 500 , etc. . )   ESPN Classic began to feature the program with host , Chris Fowler , as the highlight of its weeknight prime-time programing , airing five nights a week . After cycling through the entire series several times , and after debuting several new episodes , it was removed as a nightly program . , reruns of the documentary series airs Monday through Friday at 4 p.m. Eastern time . The last original program was that of Shaquille O'Neal , which aired in November 2007 .

pos: Muhammad Ali Muhammad Ali ( -LSB- ɑːˈliː -RSB- born Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr. ; January 17 , 1942 -- June 3 , 2016 ) was an American professional boxer and activist . He is widely regarded as one of the most significant and celebrated sports figures of the 20th century . From early in his career , Ali was known as an inspiring , controversial , and polarizing figure both inside and outside the ring .   Cassius Clay was born and raised in Louisville , Kentucky , and began training as an amateur boxer when he was 12 years old . At age 18 , he won a gold medal in the light heavyweight division at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome and turned professional later that year . At age 22 in 1964 , he won the WBA , WBC , and lineal heavyweight titles from Sonny Liston in a big upset . Clay then converted to Islam and changed his name from Cassius Clay , which he called his `` slave name '' , to Muhammad Ali . He set an example of racial pride for African Americans and resistance to white domination during the Civil Rights Movement .   In 1966 , two years after winning the heavyweight title , Ali further antagonized the white establishment by refusing to be drafted into the U.S. military , citing his religious beliefs and opposition to American involvement in the Vietnam War . He was eventually arrested , found guilty of draft evasion charges , and stripped of his boxing titles . He successfully appealed the decision to the U.S. Supreme Court , which overturned his conviction in 1971 , by which time he had not fought for nearly four years and thereby lost a period of peak performance as an athlete . Ali 's actions as a conscientious objector to the war made him an icon for the larger counterculture generation .   Ali is regarded as one of the leading heavyweight boxers of the 20th century . He remains the only three-time lineal heavyweight champion , having won the title in 1964 , 1974 , and 1978 . Between February 25 and September 19 , 1964 , Ali reigned as the undisputed heavyweight champion . He is the only boxer to be named The Ring magazine Fighter of the Year six times . He was ranked as the greatest athlete of the 20th century by Sports Illustrated , the Sports Personality of the Century by the BBC , and the third greatest athlete of the 20th century by ESPN SportsCentury . Nicknamed `` The Greatest '' , he was involved in several historic boxing matches . Notable among these were the first Liston fight ; the `` Fight of the Century '' , `` Super Fight II '' , the `` Thrilla in Manila '' versus his rival Joe Frazier , and `` The Rumble in the Jungle '' versus George Foreman .   At a time when most fighters let their managers do the talking , Ali thrived in and indeed craved the spotlight , where he was often provocative and outlandish . He was known for trash talking , and often freestyled with rhyme schemes and spoken word poetry , both for his trash talking in boxing and as political poetry for his activism , anticipating elements of rap and hip hop music . As a musician , Ali recorded two spoken word albums and a rhythm and blues song , and received two Grammy Award nominations . As an actor , he performed in several films and a Broadway musical . Additionally , Ali wrote two autobiographies , one during and one after his boxing career .   As a Muslim , Ali was initially affiliated with Elijah Muhammad 's Nation of Islam ( NOI ) and advocated their black separatist ideology . He later disavowed the NOI , adhering initially to Sunni Islam and later to Sufism , and supporting racial integration , like his former mentor Malcolm X.   After retiring from boxing in 1981 , Ali devoted his life to religious and charitable work . In 1984 , Ali was diagnosed with Parkinson 's syndrome , which his doctors attributed to boxing-related brain injuries . As the condition worsened , Ali made limited public appearances and was cared for by his family until his death on June 3 , 2016 , in Scottsdale , Arizona .

neg: Third place playoff The match for third place , third place play-off , bronze medal game or consolation game is a single match that is included in many sporting knockout tournaments to decide which competitor or team will be credited with finishing third and fourth . The teams that compete in the third place playoff game are usually the two losing semi-finalists in a particular knockout tournament . Many tournaments use the third place playoff to determine who wins the bronze medal . In tournaments that do not award medals , a third place playoff is a classification match that serves little more than as a consolation to the losing semi-finalists . A consolation game also allows teams to play more than one game after having invested time , effort and money in the quest for a championship . In some tournaments , a third place playoff is necessary for seeding purposes if all four semi-finalists advance to another tournament .   Third place playoffs are subject to debate . Many sports tournaments do not have a third place playoff due to a lack of interest . It has been criticised by some who feel that the match serves little purpose , but others see this game as an occasion for the losing semi-finalists to salvage some pride . How seriously the competitors or teams take a third place playoff , may also be mixed : a heavily-favoured team that lost in an upset in the semi-final round may not have as much incentive to win as would a `` Cinderella '' team who was not expected to advance that far .

neg: Rocky III Rocky III is a 1982 American sports drama film written , directed by , and starring Sylvester Stallone . It is the third installment in the Rocky film series , and the second in the franchise to be directed by Stallone .   The movie features returning co-stars Carl Weathers , Burgess Meredith , Talia Shire and Burt Young . Rocky III also marks the film debuts of Mr. T as James `` Clubber '' Lang , and of professional wrestler Hulk Hogan as the supporting character `` Thunderlips '' .   Rocky III is the first installment in the series to be distributed by MGM/UA rather than United Artists alone . In 1980 , United Artists , who owned the rights to the Rocky films , made Heaven 's Gate , a film which cost $ 44 million and made only $ 3 million . In response , United Artists ' owner , Transamerica , sold United Artists to MGM , forming MGM/UA in 1981 .   The film 's main theme , `` Eye of the Tiger '' , was written by the group Survivor and became a smash hit single , topping the U.S. Billboard charts and received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Song .

neg: List of Men's Basketball Academic All-America Team Members of the Year List of Men 's Basketball Academic All-America Team Members of the Year is a list of the annual selection by the College Sports Information Directors of America and its Academic All-America sponsor of the individual athlete selected as the most outstanding of the annual Men 's Basketball Academic All-America selections . Between 1996 and 2011 , one winner each was chosen from both the College and University Divisions for all twelve Academic All-America teams including football . The Academic All-America program recognizes combined athletic and academic excellence of the nation 's top student-athletes . The University Division team included eligible participants from National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I member schools , while the College Division team included scholar-athletes from all of the following : NCAA Division II , NCAA Division III , National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics ( NAIA ) , Canadian universities and colleges and two-year schools .   Beginning in 2012 , COSIDA revamped its award structure . The University Division was renamed `` Division I '' . NCAA Divisions II and III now have their own separate All-Americans , while the College Division now consists only of non-NCAA institutions .   Currently , each team selects Academic All-District honorees in eight geographic districts across the United States and Canada . First team All-District honorees make the All-America team ballots . Currently , all twelve Academic All-American teams ( men 's and women 's basketball , men 's and women 's soccer , men 's and women 's track & field , men 's baseball , women 's softball , men 's American football , women 's volleyball and men 's and women 's at-large teams ) have four Academic All-Americans of the Year , one from each division . In each of the four divisions ( College , Division I , Division II , and Division III ) , one of the twelve sport-by-sport Academic All-Americans of the Year is selected as the Academic All-America Team Member of the Year for that division . The most recent men 's basketball player to receive the all-sports honor is John Coleman of Clarkson University in New York , who won the Division III award for 2015 .

neg: The Greatest Love of All `` The Greatest Love of All '' is a song written by composers Michael Masser ( music ) and Linda Creed ( lyrics ) . It was originally recorded in 1977 by American singer and guitarist George Benson , who made the song a substantial hit , peaking at number 2 on the R&B chart that year , the first R&B chart Top Ten hit for Arista Records . The song was written and recorded to be the main theme of the 1977 film The Greatest , a biopic of the boxer Muhammad Ali . Eight years after Benson 's original recording , the song became even more well known for a version by Whitney Houston , whose 1985 cover ( with the slightly amended title `` Greatest Love of All '' ) eventually topped the charts , peaking at number 1 in Australia , Canada , U.S. and on the R&B chart in 1986 .   The original recording by Benson was released in 1977 in the U.S. , Japan , France , Germany , New Zealand , Australia , Italy , Brazil , Netherlands , U.K. and in Thailand , on an extended play ( EP ) .

neg: Jewish athletics during the 20th century During the 20th century , specifically in the Interwar period , athletics became a point of social integration in Jewish communities throughout Europe . Specifically within German society , playing sports provided a chance for Jews to gain social standing and even notoriety for their accomplishments . Additionally , cheering for local area sports teams and clubs provided a common ( secular ) point of interest between Jews and non-Jews . While there are many instances of social integration and acceptance as a result of sports , antisemitism was common at sporting events in central Europe as well . Discrimination , provocation , and riots occurred at sporting events and in response to Jewish athletes , coaches , and managers . As such , the public perception of Jewish athletics was mixed , with notable examples of fame and antisemitism throughout the 20th century .

neg: 3v3 Soccer 3v3 Soccer is a variety of soccer played between two teams . Each team may only have 3 players on the field at a time ( hence providing the name , `` 3 v 3 '' , `` 3 versus 3 '' , or `` 3 on 3 '' ) . This style of soccer is more commonly referred to as a `` small-sided '' game , as compared to a full game with larger teams . The field used is smaller than a regulation soccer pitch , instead it typically is 30 yards wide by 40 yards long , although these dimensions vary quite a bit when the game is played indoors due to the varied styles and sizes of indoor pitches . It uses a much smaller goal than fullsided soccer . In most 3v3 there is no keeper , although one variant , 3v3 Micro Soccer , does use a keeper .   `` 3v3 Soccer '' is claimed to be the fastest growing form of soccer in the World . Its greatest popularity is in the United States , where hundreds , and perhaps thousands of Tournaments take place each year , however it is also now begun to catch on in many other countries . Nike helped to popularize it with its international Joga3 Joga Bonito Tour back in 2006 , in which teams qualified at local events around the World , culminating in a big 3v3 World Cup played in Brazil .   It is a much faster paced , and higher scoring game than traditional full sided soccer . The speed of the attack , the use of triangulation , and the strategies bring aspects of Hockey into the game . The quick shift from one end of the field to the other after a goal is scored , or upon loss of possession is reminiscent of Basketball . It requires the blending of individual skills with teamwork .   Its gain in popularity is largely because every member of the team gets equal playing time , and equal touches on the ball . All players on the field are a part of the play . Because of the speed of the game , and the fact that players are constantly in motion , there are frequent substitutions . A typical player may be rotated on six times or more in one game . There are no permanently assigned positions as there are in full sided soccer , giving each team member equal status and equal importance . This helps to develop individual skills .   Currently there are Four major tours in the United States , Colorado based Kick it 3v3 Soccer http://www.kickit3v3.com/ with their World Championship 's held at the ESPN Wide World Of Sports Complex in Florida , Utah based 3v3 Live , Florida based Challenge3v3 and 3v3 World Tour , a 3v3 soccer tour that offers a 3v3 ranking system . There is also a new California based US 3v3 Soccer is promoting 3v3 soccer throughout California and the West . Canada also finally has its own home grown tour attempting to promote 3v3 there . Ontario based Ultimate 3 on 3 Soccer is the first Canadian based 3v3 Soccer Tour .

neg: BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year The BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year is an award presented at the annual BBC Sports Personality of the Year award ceremony . The award is presented to a non-British sportsperson considered to have made the most substantial contribution to a sport in that year . The award was decided by a panel of over 30 sporting journalists . Each panellist voted for their top two choices ; their first preference was awarded two points , and their second preference was awarded one point . The winning sportsperson had the most total points . In the case of a points tie , the sportsperson chosen as first preference by the most panellists is the winner . If this is also a tie the award is shared . In 2015 the public voted for this award .   The Overseas Personality award was first presented in 1960 , six years after the BBC Sports Personality of the Year award was introduced . The first recipient of the award was Australian middle distance runner Herb Elliott . Since then , the award has been presented to 49 sportspersons . American boxer Muhammad Ali , Swiss tennis player Roger Federer and Jamaican sprinter Usain Bolt have each won the award three times , while Australian golfer Greg Norman won the award twice . The award has been shared on three occasions -- by Ron Clarke and Gary Player in 1965 , Eusébio and Garfield Sobers in 1966 , and Evander Holyfield and Michael Johnson in 1996 . The husband-and-wife skating duo of Oleg Protopopov and Ludmila Belousova are the only pair to have won the award , doing so in 1968 . Belousova was the first woman to become Overseas Personality -- she was also the oldest , aged 33 . George Moore is the oldest recipient of the award , winning in 1967 aged 44 . The youngest recipient of the award is Nadia Comăneci , who won in 1976 at age 15 . Boris Becker , who was 18 when he won in 1985 , is the youngest male to have won .   Twenty different countries have been represented by the award winners . United States sportspersons have won the award the most times , having had nineteen recipients , two of whom shared the award . Three cricketers have received the award -- Garfield Sobers of Barbados , Brian Lara of Trinidad and Tobago ( both of whom played for the West Indies cricket team ) , and Shane Warne of Australia . Thirteen sporting disciplines have been represented ; tennis has the highest representation , with fourteen recipients . The most recent recipient in 2016 was American gymnast Simone Biles .   Only one winner has ever been stripped of the award -- US cyclist Lance Armstrong , whose 2003 award was rescinded by the BBC following the UCI 's 2012 decision to strip Armstrong of his titles and ban him for life from the sport .

neg: Bill Kazmaier William Kazmaier ( born December 30 , 1953 ) is an American former world champion powerlifter , world champion strongman and professional wrestler . During the 1970s and 1980s , he set numerous powerlifting and strongman world records , and won two International Powerlifting Federation ( IPF ) World Championships and three World 's Strongest Man titles . In the 1980s , Kazmaier became famous for his claim to be `` the strongest man who ever lived '' by equaling and surpassing spectacular and versatile feats of strength of famous strongmen of the 20th century . He is widely considered to be one of the all-time greatest competitors in strength competitions .

neg: Three-peat Three-peat is a term used primarily in American sports to refer to winning three consecutive championships . The term , a portmanteau of the words three and repeat , originated with the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association , during their unsuccessful campaign for a third consecutive championship during the 1988 -- 89 season , having won the previous 2 NBA Finals in 1987 and 1988 against the Boston Celtics and Detroit Pistons , but were swept by the Pistons in the 1989 NBA Finals . The term is a registered trademark owned by Hardo Beers , the Lakers ' Hardo strength coach from 1981 -- 1990 , although it was coined by L.A. player Byron Scott immediately after their victorious championship defense against the Detroit Pistons in the 1988 NBA Finals .

neg: List of WBC world champions This is a list of WBC world champions , showing every world champion certificated by the World Boxing Council ( WBC ) . The WBC is one of the four major governing bodies in professional boxing , and certifies world champions in 10 different weight classes . In 1963 , the year of its foundation , the WBC inaugurated titles in all divisions with the exception of light flyweight , super flyweight , super bantamweight , super middleweight and cruiserweight , which were inaugurated in the subsequent decades . The most recent title inaugurated by the WBC is in the minimumweight ( also called strawweight ) division in 1987 .

neg: Religious views of Muhammad Ali Muhammad Ali evolved considerably in his religious and spiritual views throughout his life . Ali was introduced to the Nation of Islam in 1962 , and officially became a member of the organization shortly after his first bout with Liston . He converted to Sunni Islam after the death of the Nation 's leader , Elijah Muhammad , in 1975 , following which the organization 's leader Wallace D. Muhammad had aligned the ideology of the Nation with Sunni Islam . Around 2005 , Ali again converted , this time to Sufism .

neg: World championship A world championship is generally an international sports competition open to elite competitors from across the world , representing their nations , and winning such an event will be considered the highest or near highest achievement in the sport or contest .   The title is usually awarded through a combination of specific contests or , less commonly , ranking systems ( e.g. the ICC Test Championship ) , or a combination of the two ( e.g. World Triathlon Championships in Triathlon ) . This determines a ` world champion ' , who or which is commonly considered the best nation , team , individual ( or other entity ) in the world in a particular field , although the vagaries of sport ensure that the competitor recognised at the best in an event is not always the ` world champion ' ( see Underdog ) .   Certain sports do not have a world championship . Instead , they may organise a world cup competition , or they may organize both , for example cycling ( UCI World Championships and UCI World Cups ) ) . Often , the use of the term cup or championship in this sense is just a choice of words . Some sports have multiple champions because of multiple organizations , such as boxing , mixed martial arts and wrestling .   Certain sports do not have a world championship or a world cup as such , but may have one or several world champions . Professional boxing , for example , has several world champions at different weights , but each one of them is decided by a `` title fight '' , not a tournament .   A certain number of sports hold world championships or world cups which are overshadowed , in terms of prestige , by the same events in the Olympic Games , the most prestigious multi-sports event .   Still other sports may or may not have a true world championship but may designate the winners of a domestic competition to be `` world champions . '' This is especially true of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada ; world cups and championships exist in all of the major sports , but the domestic U.S. and Canadian leagues are generally recognized as the world professional championships or the equivalent of a world club championship . ( In American football , although an IFAF World Championship exists , the United States is so far above and beyond the other nations it faces that the winner of the U.S.-based Super Bowl , a competition limited to the 32 teams in the National Football League , is commonly recognized as the world champion . )   Finally , certain professional sports do not have a world championship or world cup , but rather hold a series of events recognised as the elite level in their field ( e.g. tennis has a series of four Grand Slam events recognised as the pinnacle of the game , in addition to key team events , world tour finals and the Olympic Games , but no world championship or world cup ) .

neg: Ali Baba (wrestler) Arteen Ekizian ( September 28 , 1901 -- November 16 , 1981 ) , better known by the ring name Ali Baba , was an Turkish professional wrestler and World Heavyweight Champion who was active in the early portion of the twentieth century .

neg: Jack Ryan (streetball player) Jack Ryan , aka `` Black Jack '' , aka `` Water '' , is an American streetball player from Brooklyn , New York . Ryan 's basketball exploits began at John Jay High School , where , as a senior , he averaged 26 ppg . Ryan later took his game to East 5th St. Park in Brooklyn , where he mastered the tricks and shots he became well known for . In his first season in a recreational league at West 4th , Ryan played one game against former Detroit Piston Phil Sellers and scored 44 points .   Ryan is most well known for his very proficient 3-point shooting . According to an article written by Bobbito Garcia about Ryan in Slam Magazine Streetball Special Collector 's Issue , Chris Mullin once described Jack as the best shooter he 'd ever seen who had n't played in the NBA . The article also states Peter Vecsey got Ryan a tryout with the New Jersey Nets in 1990 , but was the second-to-last man cut , ending Ryan 's NBA aspirations . In May 2003 Ryan was named as one of `` Slam Magazines Greatest Playground Ballers of All Time . '' Ryan further proved his mastery of the 3-point shot when he won the 2005 City Slam 3-Point Shooting Championships , which aired on ESPN . In a close final , Ryan edged out fellow streetball sharpshooter Deshun `` Father Time '' Jackson to take the title . https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EHijMfhV1jQ   Jack Ryan 's story was featured on the cover of the -LSB- New York Times -RSB- Sports section on December 3 , 2003 http://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/03/sports/basketball-a-hard-case-from-the-streets-makes-good.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm The article inspired the 2009 production of a moving documentary on his life story titled `` Release : The Jack Ryan Story '' https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=addkLMohZ1E . Ryan remains a popular video subject on YouTube , setting records and earning accolades -- while performing at NBA All Star weekend 2008 in New Orleans Ryan became a 3 time Guinness Record Holder .   Ryan continues to play basketball every day in leagues all around the US and playing in showcase tournaments ; but he truly fuels his passion for basketball with his company HoopWizard.com a one man show -- he is a sought after performer who travels worldwide entertaining at NBA & Collegiate Half Time shows , basketball camps , Bar/Bat Mitzvahs , Corporate events and numerous private celebrations for basketball fans of all ages . http://vimeo.com/39274310   Ryan is described as authentic & inspirational as he performs shooting demonstrations and spins nine balls at a time ! He serves as a powerful speaker for many Elementary and Middle School programs delivering a unique and interactive message to youth while entertaining with basketballs . Planners who seek fantastic performances featuring tremendous athletic skill , infectious smiles and superb basketball entertainment consistently contact Jack `` Blackjack '' Ryan for their events . See http://hoopwizard.com for more pictures and exciting videos !   JACK RYAN 'S FILM CREDITS AND BASKETBALL AWARDS :   2013 Complex.com : One of `` The 20 Greatest basketball players of all time not to make the NBA ''   2013 Complex.com : Named to the list of `` Top 25 Streetball Players of All Time ''   2011 At 50 years old led West 4th Summer league in scoring   2010 MTV : Band Of Ballers Champion   2010 Converse TV Commercial : `` Join The Procession '' with Julius Dr. J Erving   2009 `` Release : The Jack Ryan Story '' , Documentary by Aaron Bierman & Mitchell Tannen   2008 THREE-time Guinness Record Holder , achieved at NBA All Star Weekend in New Orleans :  Longest spin on toe , Longest spin on nose , Most free throws blind folded in a minute !   2005 ESPN : City Slam National 3-point Shooting Champion   2003 NY Times : Life story article , front page of sports section , written by Ira Berkow   2003 Slam magazine : Named `` One of the Greatest Playground Ballers of all time ''  1999 First white showman in Harlem Wizard history   1997 Became a member of the Harlem Wizards Entertainment Basketball , touring internationally   1990 Free agent with NJ Nets Basketball Team , was last cut at 29 years old   1980 Jack Ryan averaged 26 points as a Senior at John Jay High School Brooklyn , NY

neg: Ohio State Football All-Century Team The Ohio State Football All-Century Team was chosen in early 2000 by the Touchdown Club of Columbus . It was selected to honor the greatest Ohio State Buckeyes football players of the 20th century . No effort was made to distinguish a first team or second team , the organization instead choosing only to select an 80-man roster and a five-man coaching staff .   Members selected to the team were honored at a banquet on February 19 , 2000 . Living members of the team elected all-century captains and an all-century Most Valuable Player . As captains they chose Archie Griffin and Rex Kern on offense , and Chris Spielman and Jack Tatum on defense . Archie Griffin was selected as MVP .

neg: Roy Jones Jr. Roy Levesta Jones Jr. ( born January 16 , 1969 ) is an American professional boxer , boxing commentator , boxing trainer , rapper , and actor who holds dual American and Russian citizenship . He is a former six-time , four-weight world champion , having held titles at middleweight , super middleweight , light heavyweight , and heavyweight , and is the only boxer in history to start his professional career as a light middleweight and go on to win a heavyweight title . As an amateur he represented the United States at the 1988 Summer Olympics , winning a silver medal in the light middleweight division .   Jones , who is considered by many to be one of the best boxers of all time , pound for pound , left his mark in the sport 's history when he won the WBA heavyweight title in 2003 , becoming the first former middleweight champion to win a heavyweight title in 106 years . He also became the undisputed light heavyweight champion in 1999 , by unifying the WBA , WBC , and IBF titles . During his prime , Jones was known for possessing exceptional hand speed , athleticism , movement and reflexes .   The Boxing Writers Association of America ( BWAA ) named Jones as the Fighter of the Decade for the 1990s . He was also named Fighter of the Year for 2003 by the World Boxing Hall of Fame , and is a three-time winner of the Best Boxer ESPY Award ( 1996 , 2000 , and 2003 ) .

neg: The Soul of a Butterfly The Soul of a Butterfly is the autobiography of Muhammad Ali , born Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr. , a former heavyweight boxer who was a three time World Heavyweight Champion and is the greatest heavyweight of all time .   It is written in collaboration with his daughter , Hana Yasmeen Ali . It is not a comprehensive autobiography but a breakdown of the important events and experiences in his life ; this is suggested in the book 's subtitle , Reflections on Life 's Journey .   The book includes some of his and his daughter 's poetry , and snippets of Sufi thought .   A chapter of the book is written solely by his daughter , Hana , where she recounts an experience with her father , and goes on to reflect upon what she means to him and what she has learned from him .   A review in the New York Times describes the book as `` an elliptical , collagelike memoir that offered a philosophical look back at his life . ''

neg: J.H. McLaughlin James Hiram McLaughlin ( June 8 , 1844 -- September 11 , 1905 ) ( also known as Colonel J.H. McLaughlin or simply J.H. McLaughlin ) was a wrestling champion in the United States in the 19th century . He is generally considered the first American professional wrestling champion , and along with William Muldoon , was one of the two key people to establish and popularize professional wrestling in the United States . The 6-foot-1 McLaughlin weighed between 215 and 265 pounds , depending on whether he 'd kept himself in fighting shape . He was born in Oriskany , New York .   McLaughlin was known for his superior Irish-style `` collar-and-elbow '' standing skills , in which throwing an opponent was the aim . However , he also excelled at the rougher , undisciplined catch-as-catch-can style which was then prominent , and three opponents are known to have died as a result of wrestling McLaughlin .   Newspaper accounts of the time are sometimes exaggerated , and even in the late 19th century , numerous fans and reporters already regarded the burgeoning sport 's credibility with skepticism . However , contemporary reports of McLaughlin 's earnings , including the side bets that were commonly several multiples of his official pay , indicate that he was phenomenally well-compensated . Adjusting for inflation , it is possible that he was the highest-paid wrestler in history .   McLaughlin 's wrestling career began in earnest with a few matches just before the U.S. Civil War . His first was in 1859 against the irascible Hiram McKee . Though half McKee 's age , McLaughlin may have outweighed his opponent , who he successfully pinned . When McKee angrily demanded a rematch , McLaughlin lost his temper and threw McKee to the ground , fracturing McKee 's leg . McKee fought for the Union Army during the war , while continuing to pursue wrestling , which was a popular pastime among the troops . After defeating Louis Ainsworth in 1866 or 1867 , McLaughlin declared himself to be the collar-and-elbow champion of America . Even after losing a bout to Homer Lane in 1868 , the public still regarded McLaughlin 's claim to the title .   In March 1870 , a tournament was held , and is believed to have been wholly legitimate . McLaughlin emerged as the winner , and was awarded a belt with a gold buckle , which he would later put at stake in matches . In the tournament final , McLaughlin was safely ahead in a match against Barney Smith , but the referee declined to end the match . McLaughlin ended the match by either slamming Smith on his head or off the stage ( accounts differ ) , delivering an impact which led to Smith 's mental incapacitation and eventual death from cranial trauma . The remorseful McLaughlin gave his tournament winnings to Smith 's widow , saying `` I forgot I was so wicked strong . ''   McLaughlin successfully defended his golden belt for the next year , before announcing his retirement in mid-1871 . Despite remaining inactive for nearly four years , he was generally considered the reigning champion . His next match came in February 1875 , with a decisive win over Mike Whalen in which he collected $ 2,500 for the match itself , and another $ 15,000 by betting on himself , more than half a million dollars in today 's money . McLaughlin did not fight again for a year , winning a January 1876 rematch against Joe Benjamin , who he 'd beaten five years earlier . He fought several times that year , including two draws and a win against James H. Martin . But the year took its toll on McLaughlin 's opponents . Dutch Hogan died after wrestling McLaughlin , and Charles Meier was paralyzed . It was at this point that McLaughlin publicly declared his intention to restrict his future fights to collar-and-elbow rules , rather than the anything-goes style that led to those in-ring tragedies .   In December 1876 , McLaughlin injured his heel in an exhibition tune-up match , leaving him at a disadvantage for a title match against James Owens a few weeks later . That bout lasted more than five hours , with McLaughlin protecting his injured foot , and Owens being reluctant to press the advantage against the larger and stronger McLaughlin . Ultimately Owens won the title in two straight falls .   McLaughlin spent a few months healing before winning three matches in the spring , then retired again . McLaughlin gained a substantial amount of weight during his sabbatical , but was lured out of retirement in November 1878 against the formidable John McMahon . McLaughlin defeated McMahon in a rematch three weeks later , and a third contest the following March resulted in a draw .   Almost four years later , at the end of 1882 , McLaughlin beat Canadian champion Edras Lambert . In 1884 , he reentered the competition with a series of bouts . In January , he beat top star H.M. Dufur to capture his third collar-and-elbow championship . In March , he lost to Duncan C. Ross , then beat Ross three weeks later , then lost a rematch to Dufur three weeks after that . A month later , in June , he defeated Dufur for his fourth title , before relinquishing it to Dufur at the end of July . Wrestling reporter/historian Dave Meltzer believes the back-and-forth results and the shortened time between the matches suggests that the sequence and outcomes of these matches were most likely deliberately prearranged by the wrestlers to excite public interest , and maximize the payout . Four months later , McLaughlin split a pair of matches with William Muldoon in November and December . Muldoon won the rematch , and assumed McLaughlin 's spot as the nation 's preeminent wrestling star .   The second Muldoon match marked the effective end of McLaughlin 's professional career and title hopes . However , in 1901 , McLaughlin emerged in the Yukon territory as part of a threesome of wrestlers , travelling from town to town pretending to confront and challenge one another over the `` real '' championship . The other wrestlers , primarily future star Frank Gotch and Joe Carroll , used pseudonyms , but McLaughlin 's name was still a draw after forty years . Their alleged antipathy included the first high-profile `` three way '' match , in which McLaughlin , Gotch and Carroll wrestled one another in five different styles , purportedly to determine which of the three was the most versatile . Gotch would emerge the winner of these round robin challenges .   McLaughlin died four years later , aged 61 , on September 11 , 1905 , in Fairmont , Alaska .   He was an inductee into the Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame class of 2016 .

neg: 2001 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position -- who in turn are given the honorific `` All-America '' and typically referred to as `` All-American athletes '' , or simply `` All-Americans '' . Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit , the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media . Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889 .   The NCAA recognizes four different All-America selectors for the 2001 college baseball season : the American Baseball Coaches Association ( since 1947 ) , Baseball America ( since 1981 ) , Collegiate Baseball ( since 1991 ) , and the National Collegiate Baseball Writers Association ( since 2001 ) .

neg: List of National Basketball Association annual three-point field goals leaders In basketball , a three-point field goal ( also known as a `` three-pointer '' or `` 3-pointer '' ) is a field goal made from beyond the three-point line , a designated arc radiating from the basket . A successful attempt is worth three points , in contrast to the two points awarded for shots made inside the three-point line . The National Basketball Association 's ( NBA ) three-point shooting leader is the player who recorded the highest three-point field goals in a given season . The statistic was first recognized in the 1979 -- 80 season when the three-point line was first implemented that season .


query: Jane Eyre is based on the 1847 novel of the same name by Charlotte Bronte.

pos: Jane Eyre (2011 film) Jane Eyre is a 2011 British romantic drama film directed by Cary Fukunaga and starring Mia Wasikowska and Michael Fassbender . The screenplay is written by Moira Buffini based on the 1847 novel of the same name by Charlotte Brontë . The film was released on 11 March 2011 in the United States and 9 September in Great Britain and Ireland .

neg: List of Wuthering Heights references This is a list of cultural references to Wuthering Heights , which was Emily Brontë 's only novel , specifically in literature and music . It was first published in 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell , and a posthumous second edition was edited by her sister Charlotte . For adaptations of the novel , see List of Wuthering Heights adaptations .

neg: Jack Sheppard Jack Sheppard ( 4 March 1702 -- 16 November 1724 ) was a notorious English thief and gaol-breaker of early 18th-century London . Born into a poor family , he was apprenticed as a carpenter but took to theft and burglary in 1723 , with little more than a year of his training to complete . He was arrested and imprisoned five times in 1724 but escaped four times from prison , making him a notorious public figure , and wildly popular with the poorer classes . Ultimately , he was caught , convicted , and hanged at Tyburn , ending his brief criminal career after less than two years . The inability of the notorious `` Thief-Taker General '' Jonathan Wild to control Sheppard , and injuries suffered by Wild at the hands of Sheppard 's colleague , Joseph `` Blueskin '' Blake , led to Wild 's downfall .   Sheppard was as renowned for his attempts to escape from prison as he was for his crimes . An autobiographical `` Narrative '' , thought to have been ghostwritten by Daniel Defoe , was sold at his execution , quickly followed by popular plays . The character of Macheath in John Gay 's The Beggar 's Opera ( 1728 ) was based on Sheppard , keeping him in the limelight for over 100 years . He returned to the public consciousness around 1840 , when William Harrison Ainsworth wrote a novel entitled Jack Sheppard , with illustrations by George Cruikshank . The popularity of his tale , and the fear that others would be drawn to emulate his behaviour , led the authorities to refuse to license any plays in London with `` Jack Sheppard '' in the title for forty years .

neg: Lines Composed in a Wood on a Windy Day `` Lines Composed In A Wood On A Windy Day '' is a poem by Anne Brontë .

neg: The Midnight Bell The Midnight Bell is a gothic novel by Francis Lathom . It was one of the seven `` horrid novels '' lampooned by Jane Austen in her novel Northanger Abbey .  Dear creature ! How much I am obliged to you ; and when you have finished Udolpho , we will read the Italian together ; and I have made out a list of ten or twelve more of the same kind for you .   Have you , indeed ! How glad I am ! What are they all ?   I will read you their names directly ; here they are , in my pocketbook . Castle of Wolfenbach , Clermont , Mysterious Warnings , Necromancer of the Black Forest , Midnight Bell , Orphan of the Rhine , and Horrid Mysteries . Those will last us some time .   Yes , pretty well ; but are they all horrid , are you sure they are all horrid ?   -- Northanger Abbey , ch . 6  Subtitled `` A German Story , Founded On Incidents in Real Life '' it was first published in London by H. D. Symonds in 1798 . It concerns the quest of the hero , Alphonsus Cohenburg , to regain his estates and stolen identity after his parents are murdered by his villainous uncle . The young man becomes a soldier , then a miner before marrying his true love Lauretta only to see her kidnapped by bandits . The latter third is set in the quintessentially gothic Cohenburg castle and features tales of ghostly apparitions who turn out to be diabolical Roman Catholic priests , another common gothic trope . The Midnight Bell of the title calls the villainous monks to their dark meeting place .

neg: Jane Barker Jane Barker ( 1652-1732 ) was a popular English fiction writer , poet , and a staunch Jacobite . She went into self-imposed exile when James II fled England during the Glorious Revolution in 1688 . Her novels , The Amours of Bosvil and Galesia , also published as Love Intrigues ( 1713 ) , Exilius or The Banish 'd Roman ( 1715 ) , A Patchwork Screen for the Ladies ( 1723 ) , and The Lining of the Patchwork Screen for the Ladies ( 1726 ) were written after she returned to London in 1704 . Prior to and during her exile , she wrote a collection of poems justifying the value of feminine education and female single life , `` Poetical Recreations '' ( 1688 ) , and a group of political poems , `` A Collection of Poems Referring to the Times '' ( 1701 ) , which conveyed her anxiety about the political future of England .   Although not known for her letter writing , four extant letters are located in the British Library and within the Magdalen Manuscript at the Oxford Magdalen library , written between 1670-88 . Jane Barker was one of the first female authors to publish writings both in manuscript and print form , allowing modern scholars to study `` the passage of Barker 's poetry from coterie circles to larger , more impersonal communities of readers '' Never married , Jane Barker died quietly in 1732 .

neg: The Count of Monte Cristo (1998 miniseries) The Count of Monte Cristo ( a.k.a. Le Comte de Monte Cristo ) is a French-Italian four-part miniseries based on the 1844 novel The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexandre Dumas père .

neg: Bennet family The Bennet family are a fictional family of dwindling Hertfordshire landed gentry , created by English novelist Jane Austen . The family plays a central role in the novel Pride and Prejudice , since it is the one to which the protagonist , Elizabeth , belongs . The complex relationships between its various members influence the evolution of the plot .   In a society where marriage is the only possible future for a young girl of good family , the presence in the household of five girls to marry with no other advantage than their good looks can only be a source of concern . Yet the Bennet couple do not assume their role as educators : the mother repeatedly makes a spectacle of herself , incapable of realizing that her behaviour is more likely to put off any rich , eligible young man who noticed the oldest and most pretty of her daughters . All the while , the father , an indifferent husband , whose mocking gaze only makes things worse , since he has long-since given up on reining in her behaviour , more intent on ` enjoying the show ' than in correcting her behaviour , and the behaviour of his younger daughters , regardless of how negatively it affects his daughters ' chances of respectable matches .   These girls show very different behaviors according to the education they received or provided themselves : the two eldest daughters , Jane and Elizabeth , show irreproachable conduct and are appreciated by their father , while Mary , less physically attractive , displays intellectual and musical pretensions , and the two youngest are both left almost abandoned to run wild under the sloppy , careless supervision of their ineffectual mother .   Other members of the Bennets staged by Jane Austen are , on the one hand Mrs Bennet 's brother and sister -- Mr. Gardiner and Mrs. Philips , on the other hand the designated heir of Mr. Bennet 's estate , his distant paternal second cousin , the pompous and foolish Mr. William Collins . Mr. Gardiner and Mrs. Philips contribute significantly to the progress and outcome of the story , but at a level and in a different register reflecting their respective social belonging . Collins 's character serves as a link between the gentry of Hertfordshire , to which the Bennets belong , and the large property owners Lady Catherine de Bourgh and Mr. Darcy .   The legal , financial or emotional interests that unite or divide the members of the Bennet family allow Jane Austen to build a complex picture of society and to raise a number of societal issues specific to her time , particularly concerning girls ' education and legitimacy of certain behaviors .

neg: Wuthering Heights (2011 film) Wuthering Heights is a 2011 British romantic gothic , period drama film directed by Andrea Arnold and starring Kaya Scodelario as Catherine and James Howson as Heathcliff . The screenplay , written by Andrea Arnold and Olivia Hetreed , is based on Emily Brontë 's 1847 Wuthering Heights .

neg: Rejecting Jane `` Rejecting Jane '' is the title of a 2007 article by British author David Lassman . The article , which was published in Issue 28 of Jane Austen 's Regency World magazine , is a critique of the publishing industry through their inadvertent rejection of Jane Austen .

neg: Charlotte's Web Charlotte 's Web is a children 's novel by American author E. B. White and illustrated by Garth Williams ; it was published in October 15 , 1952 , by Harper & Brothers . The novel tells the story of a pig named Wilbur and his friendship with a barn spider named Charlotte . When Wilbur is in danger of being slaughtered by the farmer , Charlotte writes messages praising Wilbur ( such as `` Some Pig '' ) in her web in order to persuade the farmer to let him live .   Written in White 's dry , low-key manner , Charlotte 's Web is considered a classic of children 's literature , enjoyable to adults as well as children . The description of the experience of swinging on a rope swing at the farm is an often cited example of rhythm in writing , as the pace of the sentences reflects the motion of the swing . In 2000 , Publishers Weekly listed the book as the best-selling children 's paperback of all time .   Charlotte 's Web was adapted into an animated feature by Hanna-Barbera Productions and Sagittarius Productions in 1973 . Paramount released a direct-to-video sequel , Charlotte 's Web 2 : Wilbur 's Great Adventure , in the U.S. in 2003 ( Universal released the film internationally ) . A live-action film version of E. B. White 's original story was released in 2006 . A video game based on this adaption was also released in 2006 .

neg: Southern Ontario Gothic Southern Ontario Gothic is a subgenre of the Gothic novel genre and a feature of Canadian literature that comes from Southern Ontario . This region includes Toronto , Southern Ontario 's major industrial cities ( Windsor , London , Hamilton , St. Thomas , Oshawa , St. Catharines ) , and the surrounding countryside . While the genre may also feature other areas of Ontario , Canada , and the world as narrative locales , this region provides the core settings .   The term was first used in Graeme Gibson 's Eleven Canadian Novelists ( 1972 ) to recognize an existing tendency to apply aspects of the Gothic novel to writing based in and around Southern Ontario . In an interview with Timothy Findley , Gibson commented that Findley 's novel The Last of the Crazy People shared similarities with the American Southern Gothic genre , to which Findley replied , '' ... sure , it 's Southern Gothic : Southern Ontario Gothic . ''   Notable writers of this subgenre include Alice Munro , Margaret Atwood , Robertson Davies , Jane Urquhart , Marian Engel , James Reaney and Barbara Gowdy .   Like the Southern Gothic of American writers such as William Faulkner , Flannery O'Connor and Eudora Welty , Southern Ontario Gothic analyzes and critiques social conditions such as race , gender , religion and politics , but in a Southern Ontario context . Southern Ontario Gothic is generally characterized by a stern realism set against the dour small-town Protestant morality stereotypical of the region , and often has underlying themes of moral hypocrisy . Actions and people that act against humanity , logic , and morality all are portrayed unfavourably , and one or more characters may be suffering from some form of mental illness . In a review of Alice Munro 's Dear Life for Quill & Quire , literary critic James Grainger writes that `` Violence , illness , and reputations ruined by a single indiscretion are accepted in Munro 's secretive , repressed communities as a kind of levelling mechanism , rough justice for those who dare to strive for something finer . ''   The Gothic novel has traditionally examined the role of evil in the human soul , and has incorporated dark or horrific imagery to create the desired setting . Some ( but not all ) writers of Southern Ontario Gothic use supernatural or magic realist elements ; a few deviate from realism entirely , in the manner of the fantastical gothic novel . Virtually all dwell to a certain extent upon the grotesque .   Notable works of the genre include Davies ' Deptford Trilogy , Findley 's Headhunter , Atwood 's Alias Grace and The Blind Assassin , and Munro 's Selected Stories .   The genre has been criticised as having `` little or nothing to distinguish it from everyday , garden-variety type realism . ''

neg: Eyre family The Eyre family refers to the descendants of George Eyre and Mary Smith Eyre who comprised a political and business dynasty prominent in the Northeastern United States from the colonial era to the early 20th century . During the American Revolutionary War several members of the family served in key military and political positions , while the Eyre shipping company proved critical in the founding of the U.S. Navy .

neg: By Jeeves By Jeeves , originally Jeeves , is a 1975 musical by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Alan Ayckbourn , based on the novels of P. G. Wodehouse .   Jeeves is the original 1975 version , which opened on 22 April 1975 and closed on 24 May after 38 performances at Her Majesty 's Theatre , London . It is regarded as Andrew Lloyd Webber 's only real flop . By Jeeves is the rewritten 1996 version , which opened 1 May 1996 in London and due to success was extended to February 1997 , through three theatres . It premiered in the U.S. in 1996 and on Broadway in 2001 .

neg: Emmeline Emmeline , The Orphan of the Castle is the first novel written by English writer Charlotte Turner Smith ; it was published in 1788 . A Cinderella story in which the heroine stands outside the traditional economic structures of English society and ends up wealthy and happy , the novel is a fantasy . At the same time , it criticises the traditional marriage arrangements of the 18th century , which allowed women little choice and prioritised the needs of the family . Smith 's criticisms of marriage stemmed from her personal experience and several of the secondary characters are thinly veiled depictions of her family , a technique which both intrigued and repelled contemporary readers .   Emmeline comments on the 18th-century novel tradition , presenting reinterpretations of scenes from famous earlier works , such as Samuel Richardson 's Clarissa ( 1747 -- 48 ) . Moreover , the novel extends and develops the tradition of Gothic fiction . In combination with this , Smith 's style marks her as an early Romantic . Her characters learn about their identities from nature and her landscape descriptions are imbued with political messages about gender relations .   Smith had separated from her husband in 1787 and was forced to write to support herself and her children . She quickly began writing novels , which were profitable at the time . Emmeline was published a year later in 1788 ; the first edition sold out quickly . Smith 's novel was so successful that her publisher paid her more than he had initially promised . The novel was printed in the United States , translated into French , and issued several times during the 19th century .

neg: Jane Scott (theatre manager) Jane M. Scott ( 1779 -- 1839 ) was a British theatre manager , performer , and playwright .   With her father , John Scott ( 1752 -- 1838 ) , Jane developed the Sans Pareil Theatre ( later named the Adelphi ) , where they offered music and light shows . They gathered a theatrical company and by 1809 the theatre was licensed for musical entertainments , pantomime , and burletta .   Scott wrote more than fifty stage pieces in an array of genres : melodramas , pantomimes , farces , comic operettas , historical dramas , and adaptations , as well as translations .   The Sans Pareil was significant in the move towards `` free '' theatre and away from the monopolies that dominated licensed theatre at the time . Jacky Bratton credits Scott 's role in London theatre : `` She had her finger on the pulse of a new world of entertainment for all , and her management of the theatre she created is important for its responsive and intelligent reading of the new audiences and the provision of exciting work for them to enjoy . ''   Scott retired in 1819 and married John Davies Middleton ( 1790 -- 1867 ) . She lived in Surrey until her death , in 1839 , aged 59 or 60 , from breast cancer .

neg: Rebecca West Dame Cicely Isabel Fairfield DBE ( 21 December 1892 -- 15 March 1983 ) , known as Rebecca West , or Dame Rebecca West , was a British author , journalist , literary critic and travel writer . An author who wrote in many genres , West reviewed books for The Times , the New York Herald Tribune , the Sunday Telegraph , and the New Republic , and she was a correspondent for The Bookman . Her major works include Black Lamb and Grey Falcon ( 1941 ) , on the history and culture of Yugoslavia ; A Train of Powder ( 1955 ) , her coverage of the Nuremberg trials , published originally in The New Yorker ; The Meaning of Treason , later The New Meaning of Treason , a study of the trial of the British Fascist William Joyce and others ; The Return of the Soldier , a modernist World War I novel ; and the `` Aubrey trilogy '' of autobiographical novels , The Fountain Overflows , This Real Night , and Cousin Rosamund . Time called her `` indisputably the world 's number one woman writer '' in 1947 . She was made CBE in 1949 , and DBE in 1959 , in each case , the citation reads : `` writer and literary critic '' . She took the pseudonym `` Rebecca West '' from the rebellious young heroine in Rosmersholm by Henrik Ibsen .

neg: Waverley Novels The Waverley Novels is a long series of novels by Sir Walter Scott ( 1771 -- 1832 ) . For nearly a century , they were among the most popular and widely read novels in all of Europe .   Because Scott did not publicly acknowledge authorship until 1827 , the series takes its name from Waverley , the first novel of the series released in 1814 . The later books bore the words `` by the author of Waverley '' on their title pages .   The Tales of my Landlord sub-series was not advertised as `` by the author of Waverley '' and thus is not always included as part of the Waverley Novels series .

neg: Tait's Edinburgh Magazine Tait 's Edinburgh Magazine was a monthly periodical founded in 1832 . It was an important venue for liberal political views , as well as contemporary cultural and literary developments , in early-to-mid-nineteenth century Britain .   The magazine was founded by William Tait ( 1792 -- 1864 ) , the son of a builder and an inheritor of a large fortune . Tait was an `` independent radical '' in politics ; he strongly favored the Whig party . 1832 was a time of great political ferment , with the first Reform Bill the dominant subject of discourse . Tait 's periodical was intended as a `` Radical riposte '' to `` the politically revanchist but culturally avant-garde Blackwood 's Edinburgh Magazine . '' Tait 's welcomed many new and unknown writers like Robert Nicoll , as well as established voices like James Henry Leigh Hunt , and figures of future fame like Harriet Martineau and John Stuart Mill .   From 1833 on , Tait 's Magazine was a regular venue for the essays of Thomas De Quincey . De Quincey 's series of biographical essays on the Lake Poets ( later collected as Recollections of the Lake Poets ) were featured in Tait 's between 1834 and 1840 . Tait published a range of other selections by De Quincey , including , somewhat surprisingly , `` A Tory 's Account of Toryism , Whiggism and Radicalism '' ( December 1835 , January 1836 ) . That article , however , was supplied with many sarcastic footnotes disagreeing with its points -- `` objecting foot-notes from the pen , presumably , of Tait himself . ''   In 1834 Tait 's Magazine was combined with Johnstone 's Edinburgh Magazine , a liberal periodical started two years earlier by husband and wife John Johnstone and Christian Isobel Johnstone . She was an early feminist who wrote extensively for Tait 's in the following years , becoming the magazine 's `` chief contributor and director '' under William Tait himself . Christian Johnstone was `` the first woman to serve as paid editor of a major Victorian periodical , '' to which she brought `` fresh life and popularity . '' In the same year Alexander Bailey Richmond took the magazine 's London agents to court , for reviewing a work calling Richmond a government spy : the defence was successful .   Christian Johnstone died in 1857 ; Tait 's Magazine ceased publication in 1861 .

neg: Gerald Eades Bentley Gerald Eades Bentley ( September 15 , 1901 -- July 25 , 1994 ) was an American academic and literary scholar , best remembered for his seven-volume work , The Jacobean and Caroline Stage , published by Oxford University Press between 1941 and 1968 . That work , modeled on Edmund Kerchever Chambers ' classic four-volume The Elizabethan Stage , has itself become a standard and essential reference work on English Renaissance theatre .   Bentley was born in Brazil , Indiana , the son of a Methodist clergyman . Originally intending to be a creative writer , he changed his career to literary scholarship during his graduate studies . He earned his B.A. at DePauw University ( 1923 ) , his M.A. in English at the University of Illinois ( 1926 ) , and his Ph.D. at the University of London ( 1929 ) , studying under Allardyce Nicoll . Bentley taught at the University of Chicago from 1929 to 1945 before accepting a position as Murray Professor of English at Princeton University in 1945 , where he served until his retirement in 1970 . He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1975 .   In addition to his Jacobean and Caroline Stage , Bentley wrote a wide range of works on Shakespeare and other figures of the English Renaissance . His essay `` Shakespeare and the Blackfriars Theatre , '' originally published in the inaugural issue of the Shakespeare Survey in 1948 , has been widely reprinted . Bentley edited several works for modern editions , including Othello , and The Alchemist .   In his obituary , the New York Times noted that he raised a literary stir in 1956 when he edited and wrote the preface to a hitherto unknown 1577 text called The Arte of Angling in which he noted several passages that reminded him of Isaac Walton 's later The Compleat Angler . The Times quotes D. E. Rhodes , a British authority on fishing literature , who defended Walton , saying , `` It seems to me unjust to accuse Izaak Walton of plagiarism , because plagiarism did not exist in the 17th century . All authors of that and earlier ages read what they liked and used what they liked of it without acknowledgment . ''   Bentley was married first to Esther Felt , a significant colleague in his scholarly work , from 1927 until her death in 1961 . In 1965 , he married Ellen Voigt Stern , who died in 1990 . Bentley 's son and namesake from his first marriage , Gerald Eades Bentley Jr. , became a noted literary scholar in his own right , specializing in the career and works of William Blake . He spent most of his career at the University of Toronto .

neg: Nelly Dean Ellen `` Nelly '' Dean is a female character in Emily Brontë 's novel , Wuthering Heights . She is the main narrator for the story , and gives key eyewitness accounts as to what happens between the characters . Ellen is for the most part called `` Nelly '' by all characters .