query: A Nightmare on Elm Street was directed by Craven.

pos: A Nightmare on Elm Street A Nightmare on Elm Street is a 1984 American slasher film written and directed by Wes Craven , and the first film of the Nightmare on Elm Street franchise . The film stars Heather Langenkamp , John Saxon , Ronee Blakley , Amanda Wyss , Jsu Garcia , Robert Englund , and Johnny Depp in his feature film debut . The plot revolves around several teenagers who are stalked and killed in their dreams ( and thus killed in reality ) by Freddy Krueger . The teenagers are unaware of the cause of this strange phenomenon , but their parents hold a dark secret from long ago .   Craven filmed A Nightmare on Elm Street on an estimated budget of $ 1.8 million , a sum the film earned back during its first week . The film went on to gross over $ 25 million at the United States box office . A Nightmare on Elm Street was met with rave critical reviews and went on to make a very significant impact on the horror genre , spawning a franchise consisting of a line of sequels , a television series , a crossover with Friday the 13th , beyond various other works of imitation ; a remake of the same name was released in 2010 .   The film is credited with carrying on many tropes found in low-budget horror films of the 1970s and 1980s , originating in John Carpenter 's 1978 horror film Halloween , including the morality play that revolves around sexual promiscuity in teenagers resulting in their eventual death , leading to the term `` slasher film '' . Critics and film historians state that the film 's premise is the struggle to define the distinction between dreams and reality , manifested by the lives and dreams of the teens in the film . Critics today praise the film 's ability to transgress `` the boundaries between the imaginary and real '' , toying with audience perceptions .

neg: They (2002 film) They ( also known as Wes Craven Presents : They ) is a 2002 American supernatural horror film directed by Robert Harmon . The plot centers on a group of four adults named Julia Lund , Sam Burnside , Terry Alba , and Billy Parks and their experience with the phenomenon of night terrors and the impact they had on their lives as children and how they come back to haunt them as adults .   The film was produced by Ted Field , Tom Engleman , and Wes Craven who served as executive producer . The film stars Laura Regan , Ethan Embry , Dagmara Dominczyk , Jay Brazeau , and Marc Blucas . The title is a reference to the fact that the creatures are only referred to as `` They '' as their origins are ambiguous . The film was a box office bomb and had lukewarm reviews from critics .

neg: Carnival of Souls (1998 film) Carnival of Souls ( also billed as Wes Craven Presents ` Carnival of Souls ' ) is a 1998 horror film , a remake of Herk Harvey 's 1962 horror film of the same name , although it has very little in common with the story of the original . It stars Bobbie Phillips and comedian Larry Miller , and was directed by Adam Grossman and Ian Kessner . It was executive produced by Wes Craven . The tagline for the film was : `` Enter at your own risk ! Enter if you dare . ''

neg: E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial is a 1982 American science fiction fantasy film co-produced and directed by Steven Spielberg , and written by Melissa Mathison . It features special effects by Carlo Rambaldi and Dennis Muren , and stars Henry Thomas , Dee Wallace , Robert MacNaughton , Drew Barrymore , Peter Coyote and Pat Welsh . It tells the story of Elliott ( Thomas ) , a lonely boy who befriends an extraterrestrial , dubbed `` E.T. '' , who is stranded on Earth . He and his siblings help it return home while attempting to keep it hidden from their mother and the government .   The concept was based on an imaginary friend Spielberg created after his parents ' divorce in 1960 . In 1980 , Spielberg met Mathison and developed a new story from the stalled sci-fi horror film project Night Skies . It was shot from September to December 1981 in California on a budget of US$ 10.5 million . Unlike most films , it was shot in rough chronological order , to facilitate convincing emotional performances from the young cast .   Released on June 11 , 1982 by Universal Pictures , E.T was an immediate blockbuster , surpassing Star Wars to become the highest-grossing film of all time -- a record it held for eleven years until Jurassic Park , another Spielberg-directed film , surpassed it in 1993 . It is the highest-grossing film of the 1980s . Widely regarded as one of the greatest films of all time , critics acclaimed it as a timeless story of friendship , and it ranks as the greatest science fiction film ever made in a Rotten Tomatoes survey . In 1994 , it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . It was re-released in 1985 , and then again in 2002 to celebrate its 20th anniversary , with altered shots and additional scenes .

neg: Quiet Kill Quiet Kill , also known as Nightmare Boulevard , is a 2004 film directed by Mark Jones . It stars Corbin Bernsen and Claudia Christian .

neg: Jonathan Hensleigh Jonathan Blair Hensleigh ( born February 1959 ) is an American screenwriter and film director , working primarily in the action-adventure genre , best known for writing film such as Jumanji , Die Hard with a Vengeance , and Armageddon , as well as making his own directorial debut with the 2004 comic book action film The Punisher .

neg: The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (2003 film) The Texas Chainsaw Massacre is a 2003 American slasher film , and a remake of The Texas Chain Saw Massacre . The fifth entry in the Texas Chainsaw Massacre franchise , the film was directed by Marcus Nispel , written by Scott Kosar , and produced by Michael Bay . It was also co-produced by Kim Henkel and Tobe Hooper , co-creators of the original 1974 film .   TCM is the first of many horror remakes to come from Michael Bay 's Platinum Dunes production company which also released the remakes The Amityville Horror , The Hitcher , Friday the 13th , and A Nightmare on Elm Street . Though met with negative reception from critics , the film was well received by fans , and grossed $ 107 million worldwide above its $ 9.5 million budget , making it a strong financial success . A prequel was released in 2006 , titled The Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Beginning .

neg: Buster and Billie Buster and Billie ( 1974 ) is an American motion picture released by Columbia Pictures . The film was of the tragic romance/revenge film genres . It was directed by Daniel Petrie , whose credits include films such as Fort Apache , The Bronx ( 1981 ) .   In the title roles were future Airwolf star Jan-Michael Vincent as Buster , and Joan Goodfellow as Billie . In supporting roles , Buster and Billie also featured Pamela Sue Martin of Dynasty fame as Buster 's girlfriend Margie , and Robert Englund , who later shot to fame in the Nightmare on Elm Street film series as Freddy Kreuger , in a small role as Buster 's friend , Whitey .   This film is also notable as one of the earliest American mainstream movies to have male frontal nudity . Much of the movie was filmed in Metter , GA , Register , GA and surrounding areas . Townspeople were excited the movie was being filmed and were unaware of the movie 's risque plot or nudity .

neg: Michael Schultz Michael Schultz ( born November 10 , 1938 ) is an American director and producer of film and television .

neg: Southern Ontario Gothic Southern Ontario Gothic is a subgenre of the Gothic novel genre and a feature of Canadian literature that comes from Southern Ontario . This region includes Toronto , Southern Ontario 's major industrial cities ( Windsor , London , Hamilton , St. Thomas , Oshawa , St. Catharines ) , and the surrounding countryside . While the genre may also feature other areas of Ontario , Canada , and the world as narrative locales , this region provides the core settings .   The term was first used in Graeme Gibson 's Eleven Canadian Novelists ( 1972 ) to recognize an existing tendency to apply aspects of the Gothic novel to writing based in and around Southern Ontario . In an interview with Timothy Findley , Gibson commented that Findley 's novel The Last of the Crazy People shared similarities with the American Southern Gothic genre , to which Findley replied , '' ... sure , it 's Southern Gothic : Southern Ontario Gothic . ''   Notable writers of this subgenre include Alice Munro , Margaret Atwood , Robertson Davies , Jane Urquhart , Marian Engel , James Reaney and Barbara Gowdy .   Like the Southern Gothic of American writers such as William Faulkner , Flannery O'Connor and Eudora Welty , Southern Ontario Gothic analyzes and critiques social conditions such as race , gender , religion and politics , but in a Southern Ontario context . Southern Ontario Gothic is generally characterized by a stern realism set against the dour small-town Protestant morality stereotypical of the region , and often has underlying themes of moral hypocrisy . Actions and people that act against humanity , logic , and morality all are portrayed unfavourably , and one or more characters may be suffering from some form of mental illness . In a review of Alice Munro 's Dear Life for Quill & Quire , literary critic James Grainger writes that `` Violence , illness , and reputations ruined by a single indiscretion are accepted in Munro 's secretive , repressed communities as a kind of levelling mechanism , rough justice for those who dare to strive for something finer . ''   The Gothic novel has traditionally examined the role of evil in the human soul , and has incorporated dark or horrific imagery to create the desired setting . Some ( but not all ) writers of Southern Ontario Gothic use supernatural or magic realist elements ; a few deviate from realism entirely , in the manner of the fantastical gothic novel . Virtually all dwell to a certain extent upon the grotesque .   Notable works of the genre include Davies ' Deptford Trilogy , Findley 's Headhunter , Atwood 's Alias Grace and The Blind Assassin , and Munro 's Selected Stories .   The genre has been criticised as having `` little or nothing to distinguish it from everyday , garden-variety type realism . ''

neg: Film director A film director is a person who directs the making of a film . Generally , a film director controls a film 's artistic and dramatic aspects and visualizes the screenplay ( or script ) while guiding the technical crew and actors in the fulfillment of that vision . The director has a key role in choosing the cast members , production design , and the creative aspects of filmmaking . Under European Union law , the director is viewed as the author of the film .   The film director gives direction to the cast and crew and creates an overall vision through which a film eventually becomes realized , or noticed . Directors need to be able to mediate differences in creative visions and stay within the boundaries of the film 's budget . There are many pathways to becoming a film director . Some film directors started as screenwriters , cinematographers , film editors or actors . Other film directors have attended a film school . Directors use different approaches . Some outline a general plotline and let the actors improvise dialogue , while others control every aspect , and demand that the actors and crew follow instructions precisely . Some directors also write their own screenplays or collaborate on screenplays with long-standing writing partners . Some directors edit or appear in their films , or compose the music score for their films .

neg: Carnival of Souls Carnival of Souls is a 1962 American independent horror film starring Candace Hilligoss . The film was produced , co-written and directed by Herk Harvey for an estimated $ 33,000 . Carnival of Souls was Harvey 's only feature film , and did not gain widespread attention when originally released as a double feature with The Devil 's Messenger . Today , however , it is regarded as a cult classic . Its plot follows a young woman whose life is disturbed after a car accident , finding herself drawn to the pavilion of an abandoned carnival .   Set to an organ score by Gene Moore , Carnival of Souls relies more on atmosphere than on special effects to create a mood of unease and foreboding . The film has a large cult following and is occasionally screened at film and Halloween festivals . It has been cited as an important influence on the films of both David Lynch and George A. Romero .

neg: Martin (1978 film) Martin is a 1978 American horror film written and directed by George A. Romero .   Romero claims that Martin is the favorite of all his films . The film is also notable as the first collaboration between George Romero and special effects artist Tom Savini . While not prosecuted for obscenity , the film was seized and confiscated in the UK under Section 3 of the Obscene Publications Act 1959 during the video nasty panic .

neg: Nightmares (1980 film) Nightmares is a 1980 Australian horror film , directed by John D. Lamond . It is also known as Stage Fright . It was Gary Sweet 's feature film debut .

neg: Nightmare (1981 film) Nightmare ( also known as Nightmares in a Damaged Brain ) is a 1981 slasher film directed by Romano Scavolini . Nightmare gained instant notoriety among horror fans when it was banned in the UK as a video nasty and its distributor was sentenced to 18 months in prison for refusing to edit one second of violent footage . The film also garnered controversy for claiming in its press material that Tom Savini had provided the film 's special effects , which Savini vehemently denied .

neg: Black Sunday (1960 film) Black Sunday ( Italian : La maschera del demonio ) -- also known as The Mask of Satan and Revenge of the Vampire -- is a 1960 Italian gothic horror film directed by Mario Bava , from a screenplay by Ennio de Concini , Mario Serandrei and Marcello Coscia ( who was uncredited ) . The film stars Barbara Steele , John Richardson , Arturo Dominici and Ivo Garrani . It was Bava 's directorial debut , although he had completed several previous feature films without credit . Based very loosely on Nikolai Gogol 's short story `` Viy '' , the narrative concerns a witch who is put to death by her own brother , only to return 200 years later to seek revenge on her descendants .   By the social standards of the 1960s , Black Sunday was considered unusually gruesome , and was banned in the UK until 1968 because of its violence . In the U.S. , some of the gore was censored , in-house , by the distributor American International Pictures before its theatrical release to the country 's cinemas , where it was shown as a double feature with Roger Corman 's The Little Shop of Horrors . Despite the censorship , Black Sunday was a worldwide critical and box office success , and launched the careers of director Mario Bava and movie star Barbara Steele . In 2004 , one of its sequences was voted number 40 among the `` 100 Scariest Movie Moments '' by the Bravo TV network .

neg: Matt Craven Matthew John Crnkovich , known as Matt Craven ( born November 10 , 1956 ) is a Canadian actor .  He has appeared in over 40 films including Happy Birthday to Me , Jacob 's Ladder , K2 , A Few Good Men , The Juror , Assault on Precinct 13 , Disturbia , and X-Men : First Class .   Craven has also made several television appearances , most notably as Clayton Jarvis on the CBS series , NCIS , Officer Lenny Gayer on High Incident , Dr. Tim Lonner on L.A. Doctors , and Sheriff Fred Langston on the series , Resurrection .

neg: Edward Scissorhands Edward Scissorhands is a 1990 American romantic dark fantasy film directed by Tim Burton , produced by Denise Di Novi and Tim Burton , and written by Caroline Thompson from a story by Tim Burton and Caroline Thompson , starring Johnny Depp as an artificial man named Edward , an unfinished creation who has scissor blades instead of hands . The young man is taken in by a suburban family and falls in love with their teenage daughter Kim ( Winona Ryder ) . Additional roles were played by Dianne Wiest , Anthony Michael Hall , Kathy Baker , Vincent Price and Alan Arkin .   Burton conceived Edward Scissorhands from his childhood upbringing in suburban Burbank , California . During pre-production of Beetlejuice , Caroline Thompson was hired to adapt Burton 's story into a screenplay , and the film began development at 20th Century Fox , after Warner Bros. declined . Edward Scissorhands was then fast track after Burton 's critical and financial success with Batman . The majority of filming took place in Lakeland , Florida between March 10 and June 10 , 1990 . The film also marks the fourth collaboration between Burton and film score composer Danny Elfman . The leading role of Edward had been connected to several actors prior to Depp 's casting : a meeting between Burton and the preferred choice of the studio , Tom Cruise , was not fruitful , and Gary Oldman and Tom Hanks turned down the part . The character of The Inventor was devised specifically for Vincent Price , and would be his last major role . Edward 's scissor hands were created and designed by Stan Winston .   Edward Scissorhands was released to positive feedback from critics , and was a financial success . The film received numerous nominations at the Academy Awards , British Academy Film Awards , and the Saturn Awards , as well as winning the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation . Both Burton and Elfman consider Edward Scissorhands their most personal and favorite work .

neg: Freddy vs. Jason Freddy vs. Jason is a 2003 American slasher film directed by Ronny Yu and written by Damian Shannon and Mark Swift . The film is a crossover between the Friday the 13th and A Nightmare on Elm Street franchises and pits Jason Voorhees and Freddy Krueger against each other in the eleventh and eighth installments in their respective series . The film is also the last in both the Friday the 13th and Nightmare on Elm Street franchises before they were both rebooted .   In the film , Freddy ( Robert Englund ) has grown incapable of haunting people 's dreams as the citizens of Springwood , Ohio , have mostly forgotten about him . To regain his power , Freddy manipulates Jason ( Ken Kirzinger ) into resurrecting himself and traveling to Springwood to cause panic and fear , leading to rumors that Freddy has returned . However , while Jason succeeds in causing enough fear for Freddy to haunt the town again , Jason angers Freddy by depriving Krueger of his potential victims . This ultimately sends the two undying monsters into a violent conflict .   Freddy vs. Jason was released in the United States on August 15 , 2003 . It grossed $ 114 million , making it the highest-grossing film in the Friday the 13th series and the second-highest-grossing film in the Nightmare on Elm Street series . This film marked Englund 's final appearance to date as Freddy Krueger , and it was the first since Friday the 13th Part VI : Jason Lives not to feature Kane Hodder as Jason Voorhees .

neg: Gothic film The Gothic film is a film that is based on Gothic fiction or contains Gothic elements . Since various definite film genres -- including science fiction , film noir , thriller , and comedy -- have used Gothic elements , the Gothic film is challenging to define clearly as a genre . Gothic elements have also infused the horror film genre , contributing supernatural and nightmarish elements . To create a Gothic atmosphere , filmmakers have sought to create new camera tricks that challenge audiences ' perceptions . Gothic films also reflected contemporary issues . A New Companion to The Gothics Heidi Kaye said `` strong visuals , a focus on sexuality and an emphasis on audience response '' characterize Gothic films like they did the literary works . The Encyclopedia of the Gothic said the foundation of Gothic film was the combination of Gothic literature , stage melodrama , and German expressionism .   In The Cambridge Companion to Gothic Fiction , Misha Kavka says Gothic film is not an established genre , rather contributing Gothic images , plots , characters , and styles to films . These elements are often found in `` the broader category of horror '' . Kavka quotes William Patrick Day 's definition of the Gothic , '' -LSB- it -RSB- tantalizes us with fear , both as its subject and its effect ; its does so , however , not primarily through characters or plots or even language , but through spectacle '' . Cinema suits the Gothic definition in creating images that establish the spectacle .

neg: The Satanic Rites of Dracula The Satanic Rites of Dracula is a 1973 horror film directed by Alan Gibson and produced by Hammer Film Productions . It is the eighth film in Hammer 's Dracula series , and the seventh and final one to feature Christopher Lee as Dracula . The film was also the third to unite Peter Cushing as Van Helsing with Lee , following Dracula ( 1958 ) and Dracula A.D. 1972 ( 1972 ) .


query: Charlize Theron acted in The Burning Plain.

pos: The Burning Plain The Burning Plain is a 2008 drama film directed and written by Guillermo Arriaga , the screenwriter of Amores perros ( 2000 ) , 21 Grams ( 2003 ) , and Babel ( 2006 ) . The film stars Charlize Theron , Jennifer Lawrence , Kim Basinger and Joaquim de Almeida . In Arriaga 's directorial debut , he films a story that has multipart story strands woven together as in his previous screenplays . Filming of The Burning Plain began in New Mexico in November 2007 , and the film was released in late 2008 in various festivals , before a limited theatrical release in 2009 .

pos: Charlize Theron Charlize Theron ( -LSB- ʃɑːrˈliːz_ˈθɛrən -RSB- or -LSB- ʃɑrˈliːs_ˈθɛərən -RSB- ; -LSB- ʃarˈlis trɔn -RSB- ; born 7 August 1975 ) is a South African-American actress and film producer . She has starred in several Hollywood films , such as The Devil 's Advocate ( 1997 ) , Mighty Joe Young ( 1998 ) , The Cider House Rules ( 1999 ) , Monster ( 2003 ) , The Italian Job ( 2003 ) , Hancock ( 2008 ) , A Million Ways to Die in the West ( 2014 ) , Mad Max : Fury Road ( 2015 ) and The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) .   Theron received critical acclaim for her portrayal of serial killer Aileen Wuornos in Monster ( 2003 ) , for which she won the Academy Award , Silver Bear , Golden Globe Award and Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Actress among several other accolades , becoming the first South African to win an Academy Award in a major acting category . She received Academy Award and Golden Globe Award nominations for her performance in the sexual harassment-themed drama North Country in 2005 and a Golden Globe Award nomination for her performance in Jason Reitman 's 2011 film Young Adult .   Theron became a U.S. citizen in 2007 , while retaining her South African citizenship . In the late 2000s , she moved into the field of producing , both in television and film . In 2006 , she produced the documentary East of Havana . She had producing credits on the films The Burning Plain ( 2008 ) and Dark Places ( 2015 ) , both of which she starred in . In 2012 , she played Queen Ravenna in Snow White and the Huntsman and Meredith Vickers in Prometheus , both of which were box office successes . She reprised her role of Queen Ravenna in the 2016 follow-up film The Huntsman : Winter 's War . In 2016 , Time Magazine named her in the annual Time 100 most influential people list .

neg: The Beacon (film) The Beacon is a 2009 American horror/thriller film . It is the second film made by Sabbatical Pictures . It was later officially renamed Haunting at the Beacon . The film was shot in The Rogers Hotel in Waxahachie , Texas . The film 's theatrical debut is in seven cities in October 2009 . The film debuted at the 2009 Paranoia Film Festival where it won for Best Picture and Best Actress ( Teri Polo ) . It has been selected to be one of the films for the 2009 LA Femme Film Festival . The film was directed and written by Michael Stokes .

neg: Stonewall (2015 film) Stonewall is a 2015 American drama film directed by Roland Emmerich and written by Jon Robin Baitz . The film stars Jeremy Irvine , Ron Perlman , Jonathan Rhys Meyers , Joey King , Caleb Landry Jones , Matt Craven , Atticus Mitchell , and Mark Camacho . The film was released on September 25 , 2015 , by Roadside Attractions .   The drama is set in and around the 1969 Stonewall riots , the violent clash with police that kicked off the gay liberation movement in New York City .

neg: The Devil's Advocate (1997 film) The Devil 's Advocate ( marketed as Devil 's Advocate ) is a 1997 American supernatural drama thriller film based on Andrew Neiderman 's novel of the same name . It is directed by Taylor Hackford , and stars Keanu Reeves , Al Pacino and Charlize Theron .   The film 's title is a reference to the commonly used phrase `` devil 's advocate '' , and Pacino 's character is named after the author of Paradise Lost , John Milton . The movie has some minor allusions to Milton 's epic , such as the famous quotation `` Better to reign in Hell than serve in Heaven . ''

neg: Suzie (2009 film) Suzie is a 2009 French-Canadian drama film directed by and starring Micheline Lanctôt .

neg: Belle Étoile Belle Étoile is a 1938 French comedy drama film directed by Jacques de Baroncelli . It stars Michel Simon , Meg Lemonnier , and Jean-Pierre Aumont .

neg: Being Julia Being Julia is a 2004 comedy-drama film directed by István Szabó and starring Annette Bening and Jeremy Irons . The screenplay by Ronald Harwood is based on the novel Theatre ( 1937 ) by W. Somerset Maugham . The original film score was composed by Mychael Danna .

neg: Bouzeron AOC Bouzeron is an appellation d'origine contrôlée ( AOC ) for white wine produced in the French communes of Bouzeron and Chassey-le-Camp in the Côte Chalonnaise subregion of Burgundy . Bouzeron wine is produced from the grape variety Aligoté , and Bouzeron AOC is therefore the only communal-level Burgundy appellation for Aligoté-based wines . Other Aligoté wines from Burgundy are restricted to the regional appellation Bourgogne Aligoté AOC , and all other white Burgundy wines from communal appellations ( except Saint Bris AOC ) are Chardonnay-based ( although with Pinot blanc technically allowed as well ) .   The Bouzeron AOC was created in 1998 , and at this time replaced the Bourgogne Aligoté de Bouzeron AOC , which had been introduced in 1979 within the Bourgogne Aligoté AOC . There are no Premier Cru vineyards in the Bouzeron AOC . The move towards an own appellation for Bouzeron and its Aligoté was spearheaded by the efforts of Aubert de Villaine , co-owner of Domaine de la Romanee-Conti . Together with his wife Pamela de Villaine he owns Domaine A & P de Villaine in Bouzeron .

neg: Miles of Fire Miles of Fire/The Burning Miles ( Огненные вёрсты , translit . Ognennye versty ) is an early Red Western filmed by Samson Samsonov in 1957 . Often considered the earliest of the ` Red Westerns ' ( or ` Osterns ' ) , it was made before the term was coined . The film is a Russian civil war drama , focusing on the conflict between the Reds and the Whites .   One-time Mosfilm actor Samsonov had a versatile directorial career prior to The Burning Miles , fresh from an adaptation of Chekhov 's The Grasshopper that won two prizes at the Venice Film Festival . He was later awarded the title of ` People 's Artist of the USSR ' .

neg: Boiling Pot Boiling Pot is a 2015 American film directed by Omar Ashmawey and starring Louis Gossett Jr. , Danielle Fishel and Keith David .

neg: Heartburn (novel) Heartburn is an autobiographical novel based on Nora Ephron 's life story about her marriage to and divorce from Carl Bernstein , her second husband . Originally published in 1983 , the novel largely focuses on his affair with Margaret Jay , the daughter of former British Prime Minister James Callaghan . Ephron also wrote the screenplay for the film based on the novel starring Meryl Streep and Jack Nicholson .   The novel is a vivid depiction of the breakdown of a marriage . Its strong autobiographical content provides insight into one of the `` power couples '' of the late 1970s . It is Nora Ephron 's first published novel but in it she mentions subjects that she would go on to feature in future work such as When Harry Met Sally and Julie & Julia .   The narrator of the novel is Rachel Samstat , a food writer who is married to Mark Feldman , a political journalist . Rachel is a Jewish New Yorker who has moved to Washington , D.C. , to support her husband 's career . They have one son and Rachel is pregnant with their second child as the book begins . The book wittily describes the life of an upper middle class intellectual couple replete with neuroses -- Rachel is in group therapy , Mark agonizes over the mystifying disappearance of his socks . Threaded through the whole are recipes and anecdotes which drive the story along and humanize Samstat . In a New Yorker piece on novels that include recipes , Adam Gopnik writes , `` in Heartburn , the recipes serve both as a joke about what a food writer writing a novel would write and as a joke on novel-writing itself by someone who anticipates that she will not be treated as a ` real ' novelist . '' Rachel 's self-esteem takes a huge battering as Mark has an affair with Thelma Rice ( Margaret Jay ) and she takes her revenge by telling the Washington grapevine that Thelma has a venereal disease . The diamond engagement ring that is stolen from Rachel when she is at group therapy is pivotal to the plot . Remarkably she gets it back when the police catch the robber . The stone is loose in its setting and she takes it back to the `` family '' jeweler to get it fixed . Here she discovers that while she had been in the hospital giving birth , Mark had bought an expensive necklace for his lover Thelma . She sells the ring and the money enables her to go back to New York and start afresh .

neg: Sacrifice (2016 film) Sacrifice is a 2016 American thriller film that was written and directed by Peter A. Dowling , and starred Radha Mitchell and Rupert Graves . It was filmed in Ireland , Shetland , Scotland , and New York City . The film is based on the book Sacrifice by Sharon Bolton .

neg: Morris Chestnut Morris Lamont Chestnut , Jr. ( born January 1 , 1969 ) is an American actor . He first came to attention for his role in the 1991 film Boyz n the Hood . He has appeared in numerous feature films and on television series , including the starring role of pathologist Dr. Beaumont Rosewood , Jr. . in the Fox TV series Rosewood .

neg: Mount Carmel Forest Fire (2010) The Mount Carmel Forest Fire ( Hebrew : אסון הכרמל Ason HaKarmel , `` The Carmel Disaster '' ) was a deadly forest fire that started on Mount Carmel in northern Israel , just south of Haifa . The fire began at about 11:00 local time on 2 December 2010 , and spread quickly , consuming much of the Mediterranean forest covering the region . The fire claimed 44 lives , making it the deadliest in Israeli history . The dead were mostly Israel Prison Service officer cadets , as well as three senior police officers , among them the chief of Haifa 's police . More than 17,000 people were evacuated , including several villages in the vicinity of the fire , and there was considerable property and environmental damage .   The fire appeared to be caused by human activity near the Druze town of Isfiya . On 6 December a 14-year-old resident of the town told police that he had inadvertently started the fire with a nargila coal . The teen 's father argued that his son was witnessed in school at the time and could not have started the blaze .   The fire was followed by a wave of arsons throughout Israel and the West Bank . These fires , which initially created confusion regarding the source of the Carmel blaze , were all extinguished within a few hours of being lit . The motivation for the attacks was not immediately clear . Israeli police have referred to some of these fires as arson .   Government officials , including Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman , called on other countries to help assist in firefighting efforts , and the Israel Defense Forces mobilized troops for the same purpose . The fire was defeated on 5 December after raging for four days .

neg: Eaux d'Artifice Eaux d'artifice ( 1953 ) is a short experimental film by Kenneth Anger . The film was shot in the Villa d'Este in Tivoli , Italy . The film consists entirely of a woman dressed in eighteenth-century clothes who wanders amidst the garden fountains of the Villa d'Este ( `` a Hide and Seek in a night-time labyrinth '' ) to the sounds of Vivaldi 's `` Four Seasons '' , until she steps into a fountain and momentarily disappears . The actress , Carmilla Salvatorelli ( not `` Carmello '' ) , was `` a little midget '' Anger had met through Federico Fellini . Anger used a short actress to suggest a different sense of scale , whereby the monuments seemed bigger ( a technique he said was inspired by etchings of the gardens in the Villa d'Este by Giovanni Battista Piranesi ) .   The title , a play on words , is meant to suggest Feux d'artifice ( Fireworks ) , in obvious reference to Anger 's earlier 1947 work . Film critic Scott MacDonald has suggested that Fireworks was a film about the repression of ( the filmmaker 's ) gay sexuality in the United States , whereas Eaux d'Artifice `` suggests an explosion of pleasure and freedom . ''   In 1993 , this short film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' .

neg: Burning (album) Burning is the fourth album by the group Shooting Star . It was the final album with founding bassist Ron Verlin ( who departed the band in 1984 ) until 1991 's It 's Not Over .

neg: Chouans! Chouans ! is a 1988 French historical adventure film directed by Philippe de Broca and starring Sophie Marceau , Philippe Noiret , and Lambert Wilson . Based on the 1829 novel Les Chouans by Honoré de Balzac , the film is about a woman who must choose between two brothers on opposite sides of the French Civil War of 1793 . For her performance in the film , Sophie Marceau received the Cabourg Romantic Film Festival Award for Best Actress .

neg: Hocus Pocus (1993 film) Hocus Pocus is a 1993 American Halloween fantasy-comedy horror film directed by Kenny Ortega , starring Bette Midler , Kathy Najimy and Sarah Jessica Parker ; written by Neil Cuthbert and Mick Garris , and based on a story by Garris and David Kirschner . It follows the villainous trio of witches , who are inadvertently resurrected by a male teenager as a virgin in Salem , Massachusetts .   The film became a cult film , largely from annual airings on Disney Channel and Freeform ( formerly ABC Family ) .

neg: Burning Man (film) Burning Man is a 2011 Australian drama film written and directed by Jonathan Teplitzky .

neg: Open Fire (British film) Open Fire is a 1994 British television film made for ITV which debuted on that channel on 12 November 1994 . The film was written and directed by Paul Greengrass and concerns the 1982/83 police manhunt for David Martin , who escaped from custody following his arrest for shooting a police officer . It starred Rupert Graves as Martin , as well as Douglas Hodge and Kate Hardie .

neg: Fart lighting Fart lighting , also known as pyroflatulence or flatus ignition , is the practice of igniting the gases produced by human flatulence , often producing a flame of a blue hue , hence the act being known colloquially as a `` blue angel '' , `` blue dart '' , or in Australia , a `` blue flame '' . The fact that flatus is flammable , and the actual combustion of it through this practice , gives rise to much humorous derivation . Other colors of flame such as orange and yellow are possible with the color dependent on the mixture of gases formed in the colon . In order to `` fire fart '' , one must have a fart prepared in the anal cavity , and a lighter at the ready . Then they fart onto the lighter .   In 1999 author Jim Dawson observed that fart lighting has been a novelty practice primarily among young men or college students for decades , but is discouraged for its potential for causing injury . Such experiments typically occur on camping trips and in single-sex group residences , such as tree-houses , dormitories , or fraternity houses . With the advent of video sharing features online , hundreds of self-produced videos , both documentary as well as spoof , have been posted to sites such as YouTube . The people appearing in the videos are predominantly young males . In his book The Curse of the Self : Self-Awareness , Egotism , and the Quality of Human Life author Mark Richard Leary explains how a great deal of unhappiness is due to people 's inability to exert control over their thoughts and behavior and that `` stupid stunts '' , including lighting flatulence , were a way to make an impression and be included in group bonding or hazing .   Although there is little scientific discourse on the combustive properties of flatus , there are many anecdotal accounts of flatus ignition and the activity has increasingly found its way into popular culture with references in comic routines , movies , and television ; including cartoons . In Electric Don Quixote : The Definitive Story of Frank Zappa author Neil Slaven quotes Frank Zappa for calling fart lighting `` The manly art of fart-burning '' , and another book quotes the musician Kenny Williams for saying that it demonstrates `` compression , ignition , combustion and exhaust . ''   There have been documented cases of flatulence during surgery being inadvertently ignited causing patient injury and the risk of death .


query: International Relations includes communication.

pos: International relations International relations ( IR ) or international affairs , depending on academic institution , is either a field of political science , an interdisciplinary academic field similar to global studies , or an entirely independent academic discipline in which students take a variety of internationally focused courses in social science and humanities disciplines . In both cases , the field studies relationships between political entities ( polities ) such as states , sovereign states , empires , inter-governmental organizations ( IGOs ) , international non-governmental organizations ( INs ) , non-governmental organizations ( NGOs ) , and multinational corporations ( MNCs ) , and the wider world-systems produced by this interaction . International relations is an academic and a public policy field , and so can be positive and normative , because it analyzes and formulates the foreign policy of a given State .   As political activity , international relations dates from the time of the Greek historian Thucydides ( c. 460 -- 395 BC ) , and , in the early 20th century , became a discrete academic field ( No. 5901 in the 4-digit UNESCO Nomenclature ) within political science . In practice International Relations and International Affairs forms a separate academic program or field from Political Science , and the courses taught therein are highly interdisciplinary .   For example , international relations draws from the fields of : technology and engineering , economics , communication studies , history , international law , demography , philosophy , geography , social work , sociology , anthropology , criminology , psychology , gender studies , cultural studies , culturology , and diplomacy . The scope of international relations comprehends globalization , diplomatic relations , state sovereignty , international security , ecological sustainability , nuclear proliferation , nationalism , economic development , global finance , as well as terrorism and organized crime , human security , foreign interventionism , and human rights , as well , as , more recently , comparative religion .

neg: Language Language is the ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication , particularly the human ability to do so , and a language is any specific example of such a system . The scientific study of language is called linguistics . Questions concerning the philosophy of language , such as whether words can represent experience , have been debated since Gorgias and Plato in Ancient Greece . Thinkers such as Rousseau have argued that language originated from emotions while others like Kant have held that it originated from rational and logical thought . 20th-century philosophers such as Wittgenstein argued that philosophy is really the study of language . Major figures in linguistics include Ferdinand de Saussure and Noam Chomsky .   Estimates of the number of languages in the world vary between 5,000 and 7,000 . However , any precise estimate depends on a partly arbitrary distinction between languages and dialects . Natural languages are spoken or signed , but any language can be encoded into secondary media using auditory , visual , or tactile stimuli -- for example , in whistling , signed , or braille . This is because human language is modality-independent . Depending on philosophical perspectives regarding the definition of language and meaning , when used as a general concept , `` language '' may refer to the cognitive ability to learn and use systems of complex communication , or to describe the set of rules that makes up these systems , or the set of utterances that can be produced from those rules . All languages rely on the process of semiosis to relate signs to particular meanings . Oral , manual and tactile languages contain a phonological system that governs how symbols are used to form sequences known as words or morphemes , and a syntactic system that governs how words and morphemes are combined to form phrases and utterances .   Human language has the properties of productivity and displacement , and relies entirely on social convention and learning . Its complex structure affords a much wider range of expressions than any known system of animal communication . Language is thought to have originated when early hominins started gradually changing their primate communication systems , acquiring the ability to form a theory of other minds and a shared intentionality . This development is sometimes thought to have coincided with an increase in brain volume , and many linguists see the structures of language as having evolved to serve specific communicative and social functions . Language is processed in many different locations in the human brain , but especially in Broca 's and Wernicke 's areas . Humans acquire language through social interaction in early childhood , and children generally speak fluently when they are approximately three years old . The use of language is deeply entrenched in human culture . Therefore , in addition to its strictly communicative uses , language also has many social and cultural uses , such as signifying group identity , social stratification , as well as social grooming and entertainment .   Languages evolve and diversify over time , and the history of their evolution can be reconstructed by comparing modern languages to determine which traits their ancestral languages must have had in order for the later developmental stages to occur . A group of languages that descend from a common ancestor is known as a language family . The Indo-European family is the most widely spoken and includes languages as diverse as English , Russian and Hindi ; the Sino-Tibetan family , which includes Mandarin , Bodo and the other Chinese languages , and Tibetan ; the Afro-Asiatic family , which includes Arabic , Somali , and Hebrew ; the Bantu languages , which include Swahili , and Zulu , and hundreds of other languages spoken throughout Africa ; and the Malayo-Polynesian languages , which include Indonesian , Malay , Tagalog , and hundreds of other languages spoken throughout the Pacific . The languages of the Dravidian family that are spoken mostly in Southern India include Tamil and Telugu . Academic consensus holds that between 50 % and 90 % of languages spoken at the beginning of the 21st century will probably have become extinct by the year 2100 .

neg: Political socialization Political socialization is the `` process by which individuals learn and frequently internalize a political lens framing their perceptions of how power is arranged and how the world around them is ( and should be ) organized ; those perceptions , in turn , shape and define individuals ' definitions of who they are and how they should behave in the political and economic institutions in which they live . '' Political socialization also encompasses the way in which people acquire values and opinions that shape their political stance and ideology : it is a `` study of the developmental processes by which people of all ages and adolescents acquire political cognition , attitudes , and behaviors . '' It refers to a learning process by which norms and behaviors acceptable to a well running political system are transmitted from one generation to another . It is through the performance of this function that individuals are inducted into the political culture and their orientations towards political objects are formed . Schools , media , and the state have a major influence in this process .

neg: Guerrilla diplomacy Guerrilla diplomacy is both a method of diplomacy and an alternative approach to international relations designed for the globalization age .   Guerrilla diplomacy is situated at the far end of a diplomatic spectrum that features traditional diplomacy at one end and public diplomacy near the centre . Examples could include various activities undertaken by Sergio Vieira de Mello on behalf of the United Nations in Cambodia , former Yugoslavia and East Timor , 1991-2002 ; Ambassador Ken Taylor 's actions during the Iran hostage crisis of 1979 ; Swedish Diplomat Raoul Wallenberg 's efforts to save lives during World War II , and ; Canadian Fisheries Minister Brian Tobin 's public display , from a barge in the East River opposite UN headquarters , of undersized fishing nets seized from a Spanish trawler during the `` cod war '' in 1994 . Guerrilla diplomacy 's doctrine and methods have been articulated by Daryl Copeland , described by Jeremy Kinsman as a `` forceful agent of urgently needed change '' in a book published in 2009 by Lynne Rienner .

neg: Sources of international law International law is the name of a body of rules which regulate the conduct of the States in their relations with one another . Sources of international law include treaties , international customs , general principles of law as recognized by civilized nations , the decisions of national and lower courts , and scholarly writings . They are the materials and processes out of which the rules and principles regulating the international community are developed . They have been influenced by a range of political and legal theories .

neg: Harvard Department of Social Relations The Department of Social Relations for Interdisciplinary Social Science Studies , more commonly known as the `` Department of Social Relations '' was an interdisciplinary collaboration among three of the social science departments at Harvard University ( anthropology , psychology , and sociology ) beginning in 1946 . Originally , the program was headquartered in Emerson Hall at Harvard before moving to William James Hall in 1965 . While the name `` Social Relations '' is often associated with the program 's long-time chair and guiding spirit , sociologist Talcott Parsons , many major figures of mid-20th-century social science also numbered among the program 's faculty , including psychologists Gordon Allport ( personality and motivation ) , Jerome Bruner ( cognitive psychology and narrative analysis ) , Roger Brown ( social psychology and psycholinguistics ) , and Henry Murray ( personality ) ; anthropologists Clyde and Florence Kluckhohn ( value orientations ) , John and Beatrice Whiting ( cross-cultural child development ) , Evon Z. Vogt ( comparative religion ) ; and sociologist Alex Inkeles ( Soviet studies and national character ) . Many of its graduate students also went on to be major figures in U.S. social sciences during the latter part of the twentieth century ; their work tends towards strong interdisciplinary and cross-disciplinary approaches .   Allport and Boring discussed the origins of the department 's name in the April 1946 issue of the American Psychologist :  While -LSB- academic -RSB- departmental lines have remained rigid , there has been developing during the last decade , a synthesis of socio-cultural and psychological sciences which is widely recognized within the academic world in spite of the fact that there is no commonly accepted name to designate the synthesis . We propose that Harvard adopt , and thus help establish , the term Social Relations to characterize the emerging discipline which deals not only with the body of fact and theory traditionally recognized as the subject matter of sociology , but also with that portion of psychological science that treats the individual within the social system , and that portion of anthropological science that is particularly relevant to the social and cultural patterns of literate societies .   Social Relations sponsored or collaborated in a number of research studies characterized by explicit cross-cultural comparisons and multidisciplinary approaches to problems of policy or social theory . Major projects included the Six Cultures Study ( headed by John and Beatrice Whiting , an anthropological study of child development in six different cultures , including a New England Baptist community ; a Philippine barrio ; an Okinawan village ; an Indian village in Mexico ; a northern Indian caste group ; and a rural tribal group in Kenya ) ; a multidisciplinary analysis of Soviet culture and society , published in part as How the Soviet System Works ; and the Comparative Study of Values in Five Cultures during the 1950s , which examined five very different communities living in the same region of Texas : Zuni , Navajo , Mormon ( LDS ) , Spanish-American ( Mexican-American ) , and Texas Homesteaders .   The curriculum of the Harvard Social Relations had four inter-related components :  Sociology ;  Social Psychology ;  Social Anthropology ; and  Personality Theory .   The program disaggregated into its component departments around 1972 , though a certain interdisciplinarity remained throughout the 1970s .   A similar program at Yale , the Institute for Human Relations , also now disbanded , developed the Human Relations Area Files ( HRAF ) , a cross-cultural database for comparative research , administered by Carol and Melvin Ember .

neg: Discursive dominance The word discursive is closely related to the word discourse , which refers to `` communication of ideas '' . In a society there are competing discourses ( or narratives ) regarding anything and everything such as feminism , racism , casteism , communalism , regionalism , economic development , democracy , governance , etc. . These competing discourses struggle for dominance . Ultimately , one of the discourse emerges as dominant . This is known as discursive dominance . If none of the competing discourses manages to establish itself in the psyche of the people , it results in discord .   A dominant discourse is a winning discursive formation . It is the one that survives the widest range of criticisms in various forums and media .

neg: United States Strategic Communication According to the author Christopher Paul ( RAND ) , Strategic Communication is the `` coordinated actions , messages , images , and other forms of signaling or engagement intended to inform , influence , or persuade selected audiences in support of national objectives . '' There is often debate and discussion concerning what makes strategic communication . Regarding definition , psychological operations , public or civil affairs , information operations and public diplomacy are seemingly the least contested components of U.S. strategic communication . With those components , the most important factor that separates strategic communication from other types of communication is the synchronization and coordination of U.S. efforts . For example , in the National Strategy for Public Diplomacy and Strategic Communication , all strategic communication efforts activities should :   underscore our commitment to freedom , human rights and the dignity and equality of every human being ;  reach out to those who share our ideals ;  support those who struggle for freedom and democracy ; and  counter those who espouse ideologies of hate and oppression   Strategic communication can be a major tool against adversaries that threaten values supported by the United States . U.S. strategic communication promotes democratization and good governance . It proved vital in winning the Cold War . In the 21st Century , it is critical in countering the radical ideologies of the Islamic Republic of Iran , the Muslim Brotherhood , al - Qaeda and other extremist organizations .

neg: Special Relationship The Special Relationship is the unofficial term for the exceptionally close political , diplomatic , cultural , economic , military and historical relations between the United Kingdom and the United States . It was used in a 1946 speech by Winston Churchill . Although both the United Kingdom and United States have close relationships with many other nations , the level of cooperation between them in economic activity , trade and commerce , military planning , execution of military operations , nuclear weapons technology , and intelligence sharing has been described as `` unparalleled '' among major powers .   The United Kingdom and United States have been close allies in numerous military and political conflicts throughout the 20th and 21st centuries including World War I , World War II , the Korean War , the Cold War , the Gulf War , and the War on Terror .

neg: American University School of International Service The School of International Service ( SIS ) is American University 's school of advanced international study in the areas of international politics , international communication , international development , international economic relations , peace and conflict resolution , global environmental politics , and U.S. foreign policy .   The School of International Service was created when AU 's Hurst Anderson was urged by President Dwight D. Eisenhower to create a school of practitioners prepared for foreign policy beyond the U.S. -- Soviet rivalry . Since 1957 , SIS has prepared thousands of graduates to represent their country in the global arena by `` waging peace '' and employing the hallmarks of thoughtful diplomacy .   SIS is the largest school of international relations in the United States , enrolling more than 2,000 students from over 150 countries . The school makes extensive use of the academic and governmental resources offered by the university 's location in Washington , D.C.   Foreign Policy , in its 2015 rankings of top international affairs programs , ranked the school 's master 's and undergraduate programs as 8th - and 9th-best in the world , respectively . SIS is also consistently ranked in conjunction with American University 's School of Public Affairs as a leading program in the country by U.S. News & World Report 's college and university rankings . SIS is also a full member of The Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs .

neg: Foreign policy A country 's foreign policy , also called foreign relations or foreign affairs - policy , consists of self-interest strategies chosen by the state to safeguard its national interests and to achieve goals within its international relations milieu . The approaches are strategically employed to interact with other countries . The study of such strategies is called foreign policy analysis . In recent times , due to the deepening level of globalization and transnational activities , the states will also have to interact with non-state actors . The aforementioned interaction is evaluated and monitored in attempts to maximize benefits of multilateral international cooperation . Since the national interests are paramount , foreign policies are designed by the government through high-level decision making processes . National interests accomplishment can occur as a result of peaceful cooperation with other nations , or through exploitation . Usually , creating foreign policy is the job of the head of government and the foreign minister ( or equivalent ) . In some countries the legislature also has considerable effects . Foreign policies of countries have varying rates of change and scopes of intent , which can be affected by factors that change the perceived national interests or even affect the stability of the country itself . The foreign policy of one country can have profound and lasting impact on many other countries and on the course of international relations as a whole , such as the Monroe Doctrine conflicting with the mercantilist policies of 19th-century European countries and the goals of independence of newly formed Central American and South American countries .

neg: Political sociology Contemporary political sociology involves , but is not limited to , the study of the relations between state , society , and citizens . Where a typical research question in political sociology might have been `` Why do so few American or European citizens choose to vote ? '' or even `` What difference does it make if women get elected ? '' , political sociologists also now ask : `` How is the body a site of power ? '' , `` How are emotions relevant to global poverty ? '' , or `` What difference does knowledge make to democracy ? ''

neg: Telecommunications in China The People 's Republic of China possesses a diversified communications system that links all parts of the country by Internet , telephone , telegraph , radio , and television . The country is served by an extensive system of automatic telephone exchanges connected by modern networks of fiber-optic cable , coaxial cable , microwave radio relay , and a domestic satellite system ; cellular telephone service is widely available , expanding rapidly , and includes roaming service to foreign countries . Fiber to the x infrastructure has been expanded rapidly in recent years .

neg: Modern constructivism Modern constructivism also known as conventional constructivism is the mainstream variant of constructivism in international relations theory . It can be distinguished from post-modern constructivism . Modern constructivism has an epistemology indebted to positivism .

neg: Organizational communication Organizational communication is a subfield of the larger discipline of communication studies . Organizational communication , as a field , is the consideration , analysis , and criticism of the role of communication in organizational contexts . Its main function is to inform , persuade and promote goodwill . The flow of communication could be either formal or informal . Communication flowing through formal channels are downward , horizontal and upward whereas communication through informal channels are generally termed as grapevine .

neg: International Relations Council The International Relations Council ( IRC ) is a non-partisan organization which provides world affairs educational programming in Kansas City , Missouri . The IRC develops and maintains various programs to foster understanding of international affairs among the citizens of the greater Kansas City area . Programs emphasize the role of the informed and responsible citizen in the formulation , development and conduct of United States foreign policy . Since its founding , IRC has hosted many world leaders , including cabinet level officials , ambassadors , and leaders from business , media , politics , government , and education . Guests give lectures and presentations on international politics , economics , and social issues .

neg: Policy studies Policy studies is the combination of policy analysis and program evaluation . It `` involves systematically studying the nature , causes , and effects of alternative public policies , with particular emphasis on determining the policies that will achieve given goals . ''   Policy Studies also examines the conflicts and conflict resolution that arise from the making of policies in civil society , the private sector , or more commonly , in the public sector ( e.g. government ) .   It is frequently focused on the public sector but is equally applicable to other kinds of organizations ( e.g. , the not-for-profit sector ) . Some policy study experts graduate from public policy schools with public policy degrees . Alternatively , experts may have backgrounds in policy analysis , program evaluation , sociology , psychology , philosophy , economics , anthropology , geography , law , political science , social work , environmental planning and public administration .   Traditionally , the field of policy studies focused on domestic policy , with the notable exceptions of foreign and defense policies . However , the wave of economic globalization , which ensued in the late 20th and early 21st centuries , created a need for a subset of policy studies that focuses on global governance , especially as it relates to issues that transcend national borders such as climate change , terrorism , nuclear proliferation , and economic development . This subset of policy studies , which is often referred to as international policy studies , typically requires mastery of a second language and attention to cross-cultural issues in order to address national and cultural biases . For example , the Monterey Institute of International Studies at Middlebury College offers Master of Arts programs that focus exclusively on international policy through a mix of interdisciplinary and cross-cultural analysis called the `` Monterey Way '' .

neg: Telecommunication Telecommunication is the transmission of signs , signals , messages , words , writings , images and sounds or intelligence of any nature by wire , radio , optical or other electromagnetic systems . Telecommunication occurs when the exchange of information between communication participants includes the use of technology . It is transmitted either electrically over physical media , such as cables , or via electromagnetic radiation . Such transmission paths are often divided into communication channels which afford the advantages of multiplexing . The term is often used in its plural form , telecommunications , because it involves many different technologies .   Early means of communicating over a distance included visual signals , such as beacons , smoke signals , semaphore telegraphs , signal flags , and optical heliographs . Other examples of pre-modern long-distance communication included audio messages such as coded drumbeats , lung-blown horns , and loud whistles . 20th and 21st century technologies for long-distance communication usually involve electrical and electromagnetic technologies , such as telegraph , telephone , and teleprinter , networks , radio , microwave transmission , fiber optics , and communications satellites .   A revolution in wireless communication began in the first decade of the 20th century with the pioneering developments in radio communications by Guglielmo Marconi , who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1909 . Other notable pioneering inventors and developers in the field of electrical and electronic telecommunications include Charles Wheatstone and Samuel Morse ( inventors of the telegraph ) , Alexander Graham Bell ( inventor of the telephone ) , Edwin Armstrong and Lee de Forest ( inventors of radio ) , as well as Vladimir K. Zworykin , John Logie Baird and Philo Farnsworth ( some of the inventors of television ) .

neg: Public diplomacy In international relations , public diplomacy or people 's diplomacy , broadly speaking , is the communication with and dissemination of propaganda to foreign public to establish a dialogue designed to inform and influence . There is no one definition of public diplomacy , and it may be easier to describe than to define it , as definitions vary and continue to change over time . It is practiced through a variety of instruments and methods ranging from personal contact and media interviews to the Internet and educational exchanges .

neg: Interpersonal relationship An interpersonal relationship is a strong , deep , or close association or acquaintance between two or more people that may range in duration from brief to enduring . This association may be based on inference , love , solidarity , regular business interactions , or some other type of social commitment . Interpersonal relationships are formed in the context of social , cultural and other influences . The context can and may and perhaps will vary from family or kinship relations , friendship , marriage , relations with associates , work , clubs , neighborhoods , and places of worship . They may be regulated by law , custom , or mutual agreement , and are the basis of social groups and society as a whole .

neg: International trade theory International trade theory is a sub-field of economics which analyzes the patterns of international trade , its origins , and its welfare implications .


query: Jemaine Clement refuses to have anything to do with comedy.

pos: Jemaine Clement Jemaine Clement ( born 10 January 1974 ) is a New Zealand comedian , actor , voice actor , singer , writer , director , and multi-instrumentalist , known as one half of the musical comedy duo Flight of the Conchords along with Bret McKenzie .

neg: Jasper Carrott Jasper Carrott , OBE ( born Robert Norman Davis ; 14 March 1945 ) is an English comedian , actor , singer , television presenter , and personality .

neg: Fart lighting Fart lighting , also known as pyroflatulence or flatus ignition , is the practice of igniting the gases produced by human flatulence , often producing a flame of a blue hue , hence the act being known colloquially as a `` blue angel '' , `` blue dart '' , or in Australia , a `` blue flame '' . The fact that flatus is flammable , and the actual combustion of it through this practice , gives rise to much humorous derivation . Other colors of flame such as orange and yellow are possible with the color dependent on the mixture of gases formed in the colon . In order to `` fire fart '' , one must have a fart prepared in the anal cavity , and a lighter at the ready . Then they fart onto the lighter .   In 1999 author Jim Dawson observed that fart lighting has been a novelty practice primarily among young men or college students for decades , but is discouraged for its potential for causing injury . Such experiments typically occur on camping trips and in single-sex group residences , such as tree-houses , dormitories , or fraternity houses . With the advent of video sharing features online , hundreds of self-produced videos , both documentary as well as spoof , have been posted to sites such as YouTube . The people appearing in the videos are predominantly young males . In his book The Curse of the Self : Self-Awareness , Egotism , and the Quality of Human Life author Mark Richard Leary explains how a great deal of unhappiness is due to people 's inability to exert control over their thoughts and behavior and that `` stupid stunts '' , including lighting flatulence , were a way to make an impression and be included in group bonding or hazing .   Although there is little scientific discourse on the combustive properties of flatus , there are many anecdotal accounts of flatus ignition and the activity has increasingly found its way into popular culture with references in comic routines , movies , and television ; including cartoons . In Electric Don Quixote : The Definitive Story of Frank Zappa author Neil Slaven quotes Frank Zappa for calling fart lighting `` The manly art of fart-burning '' , and another book quotes the musician Kenny Williams for saying that it demonstrates `` compression , ignition , combustion and exhaust . ''   There have been documented cases of flatulence during surgery being inadvertently ignited causing patient injury and the risk of death .

neg: Funny or Die Funny or Die is a comedy video website and film/TV production company founded by Will Ferrell , Adam McKay and Chris Henchy . The website Funny Or Die contains exclusive material from a regular staff of in-house writers , producers , and directors , and occasionally from a number of famous contributors like Judd Apatow , James Franco , and Norm Macdonald . The production company makes TV shows like truTV 's Billy on the Street , Comedy Central 's @midnight , and Zach Galifianakis 's popular Emmy-winning web series Between Two Ferns .   Many videos on the site feature well-known actors ( examples include Steve Carell , Charlie Sheen , Ryan Gosling , Patrick Stewart , Daniel Radcliffe , Sophia Bush , Mila Kunis , AnnaSophia Robb , Hilary Duff , Adam West , James Van Der Beek , Jim Carrey , Ariel Winter , and Selena Gomez ) . Michael Kvamme , an aspiring young comedian , came up with a concept for a new kind of comedy site ; and the site was developed by Randy Adams .   Funny Or Die launched on April 12 , 2007 with the site 's first video , `` The Landlord '' . `` The Landlord '' has received over 84 million views and features Ferrell confronted by a swearing , beer-drinking two-year-old landlord . In June 2007 , they received venture capital funding from Sequoia Capital , and in June 2008 , they announced a partnership with HBO . On August 3 , 2016 , Funny or Die shut-down one of its California offices , reducing its headcount by 30 % to 95 employees , with the announcement coming just two month after the new CEO , Mike Farah , took office

neg: The Comedians (1971 TV series) The Comedians is a British television show of the 1970s ( later reprised in the mid-1980s and early 1990s ) produced by Johnnie Hamp of Granada Television . The show gave a stage to nightclub and working men 's club comedians of the era , including Russ Abbot , Lennie Bennett , Stan Boardman , Jim Bowen , Jimmy Bright , Duggie Brown , Mike Burton , Dave Butler , Brian Carroll , Frank Carson , Mike Coyne , Jimmy Cricket , Colin Crompton , Pauline Daniels , Charlie Daze , Vince Earl , Steve Faye , Eddie Flanagan , Stu Francis , Ken Goodwin , Jackie Hamilton , Jerry Harris , George King , Bobby Knutt , Bernard Manning , Mike McCabe , Paul Melba , Mick Miller , Hal Nolan , Tom O'Connor , Tom Pepper , Bryn Phillips , Mike Reid , George Roper , Harry Scott , Sammy Thomas , Johnny Wager , Roy Walker , Charlie Williams , Lee Wilson and Lenny Windsor .   Also featured on the TV show , were Shep 's Banjo Boys , a 7-piece band comprising ( for the first 5 series ) Charlie Bentley ( tenor banjo ) , John Drury ( sousaphone ) , Andy Holdorf ( trombone ) , John Orchard ( piano ) , John Rollings ( drums ) , Graham Shepherd ( banjo ) and Howard Shepherd ( lead banjo ) . In 1973 , the line up was Mike Dexter ( banjo ) , Tony `` Tosh '' Kennedy ( sousaphone ) , Ged Martin ( drums ) , Tony Pritchard ( trombone ) , Graham Shepherd ( banjo ) and Howard `` Shep '' Shepherd ( lead banjo ) .   The Comedians began as an experiment for Granada TV . Filmed before a live audience in Manchester , comics each performed 20-minute sets , which were then edited together into half-hour shows . Each edition featured up to ten stand-up comics .   Working men 's clubs are numerous in Britain , especially in North East England and have been a useful training ground for artists , especially comedians . Most of these clubs are affiliated to the CIU ( Working Men 's Club and Institute Union ) founded in 1862 by the Rev. Henry Solly . There are also political clubs , as well as Servicemen 's Clubs affiliated to the Royal British Legion .   It was remarkably popular during the earlier series . An LP recording of the show reached the best-seller charts , several sell-out national tours followed , including a season at the London Palladium , and the programme won the Critics ' circle Award .   The comedy frequently took the form of anecdotes or jokes and often involved racist or sexist stereotypes . Like other British comedy successes of the day , notably , Love Thy Neighbour , this kind of entertainment was acceptable on British television during this period but would not be so today . Viewing the series in retrospect it stands as a major social document of the times .   In recent years , the series has been repeated on the ( now defunct ) British satellite television channel Plus , and can now be bought on DVD , having been released by Network .

neg: Questionable Content Questionable Content ( abbreviated QC ) is a slice-of-life webcomic written and drawn by Jeph Jacques . It was launched on August 1 , 2003 . Jacques makes his living exclusively from QC merchandising and advertising , making him one of the few professional webcomic artists . By 2004 , Jacques was able to support himself and his then-fiancée based on income from merchandise and advertising sales . On July 11 , 2015 , the comic reached its 3000th strip .   The plot originally centered on Marten Reed , an indie rock aficionado ; his anthropomorphized personal computer Pintsize ; his roommate , Faye Whitaker ; their mutual friend , Dora Bianchi ; and their neighbor Hannelore Ellicott-Chatham . However , over time a supporting cast of characters has grown to include employees of the local coffee shop , neighbors , and androids . QC 's storytelling style combines romantic melodrama , situational comedy , and sexual humor , while considering questions of relationships , sexuality , dealing with emotional trauma , and , as of late , artificial intelligence and futurism .

neg: The Catherine Tate Show The Catherine Tate Show is a British television sketch comedy written by Catherine Tate and Aschlin Ditta . Tate also stars in all but one of the show 's sketches , which feature a wide range of characters . The Catherine Tate Show airs on BBC Two and is shown worldwide through the BBC . Collectively , the show has been nominated for six BAFTA Awards , two British Comedy Awards and an Emmy Award , and it has won two Royal Television Society Awards , two British Comedy Awards and a National Television Award since its debut in 2004 .

neg: Monty (TV series) Monty is an American sitcom that aired on Fox from January 11 to February 15 , 1994 . The series starred Henry Winkler as Monty Richardson , a loud , obnoxious conservative TV commentator . Richardson had also written a best-selling book titled I 'm Right . I 'm Right . I 'm Right . Shut Up . The series also starred Tom McGowan as his executive producer and David Schwimmer as his left-leaning son . Monty hoped to capitalize on the same family dynamic that made the television show All in the Family a success in the 1970s . However , the show was canceled after six episodes .

neg: BBC Entertainment BBC Entertainment is an international television channel broadcasting comedy , drama , light entertainment , reality and children 's programming ( some regions only ) from the BBC , Channel 4 and other UK production houses . The channel broadcasts regional versions to suit local demands and replaces BBC Prime . It is wholly owned by BBC Worldwide .

neg: Comedy Central Belgium Comedy Central is a Belgian television channel based on the American channel of the same name .  Comedy Central has been several years in Europe with broadcasters in the Netherlands , Germany , Sweden , Poland , Italy , United Kingdom and Hungary . The channel broadcasts mainly of Comedy , in the form of animation , series , movies and stand up shows . In Belgium , the channel started on Monday , January 20 , 2014 with the broadcast of a program block on the TMF channel , every day from 22 hours to 24 hours . The channel is available on cable , digital terrestrial and IPTV operators in Flanders . It airs between 10 pm and midnight on the channel of music channel TMF . As of November 1 , 2015 , it will broadcast 24 hours a day and therefore TMF will disappear .   Comedy Central is owned by Viacom International Media Networks Belgium . The sale is done by SBS Sales Belgium .

neg: Just for Laughs: Gags Just for Laughs : Gags ( in French , Juste pour rire : Gags ) is a Canadian silent comedy/hidden camera reality television show that is under the Just for Laughs brand . It is based on the similar American series Candid Camera .  The series is also on YouTube .  In December 26 , 2000 , JFL : Gags began airing on French Canadian network Canal D . In the following years , the show was picked up by TVA , CBC and The Comedy Network in Canada , BBC1 in the UK , TF1 in France and ABC and Telemundo in the United States ; the Canadian version ( unlike the ones produced for ABC ) aired in the United States in first-run syndication starting in the fall of 2015 and ended in February 2016 .   The series uses a hidden camera format , playing pranks on unsuspecting subjects while hidden cameras capture the subjects ' responses ; each episode presents multiple gags . While some segments have included brief dialogue , most do not contain any sound or dialogue ; the audio is replaced with sound effects , a laugh track , and public domain music . Most segments are filmed in Quebec City , Montreal and Vancouver , while some have been filmed in Mexico . British and Asian versions have been produced in the UK and Singapore , respectively . In 2011 the show spawned a spinoff , Just Kidding , which consists exclusively of kids playing pranks on adults .   With its silent format and no translation required , Just for Laughs : Gags has been purchased for use in over 100 countries throughout the world as well as in airports and by airlines . Reactions to the gags range from `` inane '' to cross-culturally funny . The same distributors also distribute Surprise Sur Prise , a similar show .   In March 2011 , Just for Laughs Gags entered into a partnership with Montreal-based , entertainment site , Videobash.com and now have their own devoted channel there . ( No video has been posted as of this writing . )

neg: Predicament Predicament is a 2010 comedy horror film based on the 1975 novel by Ronald Hugh Morrieson and starring Jemaine Clement of the musical comedy duo Flight of the Conchords plus Tim Finn of the Finn Brothers . Filmed in Hawera and Eltham in Taranaki , it was the last Morrieson novel to be adapted for cinema ; his other three novels were filmed in the 1980s .

neg: Comic Relief Comic Relief is an operating British charity , founded in 1985 by the comedy scriptwriter Richard Curtis and comedian Lenny Henry in response to famine in Ethiopia . The highlight of Comic Relief 's appeal is Red Nose Day , a biennial telethon held in March , alternating with sister project Sport Relief .   A prominent biennial event in British popular culture , Comic Relief is one of the two high-profile telethon events held in the United Kingdom , the other being Children in Need , held annually in November .

neg: Marcus Morris (publisher) The Reverend John Marcus Harston Morris OBE ( 25 April 1915 -- 16 March 1989 ) was an English Anglican priest who founded the Eagle comic in 1950 and was deputy chairman of the National Magazine Company .   Born in Preston , Lancashire , the son of a clergyman , Morris grew up in Southport . He attended Dean Close School in Cheltenham , before reading Classics at Brasenose College , Oxford University on an ecclesiastical scholarship , then theology at Wycliffe Hall . He was ordained deacon in Liverpool in 1939 , and priest in 1940 . Having been briefly engaged to model Rita Foyle , he married actress Jessica Dunning in 1941 , and they had four children , while Morris pursued `` an energetic and exotic love life on the side . ''   After a chaplaincy in the RAF and postings in Great Yarmouth , Norfolk and Weeley , Essex , he became vicar of St James ' Church , Birkdale , in 1945 , where he published a magazine , The Anvil , which contained illustrations and design by Frank Hampson , articles by C. S. Lewis , Harold MacMillan , Dorothy L. Sayers and Chad Varah , and short stories for children by Geoffrey Trease , and circulated far beyond his parish , although it did not sell well and put Morris in considerable debt .   In 1948 Morris and Chad Varah were part of a group of diocesan editors who formed the Society of Christian Publicity , which took over publishing The Anvil . At its inaugural meeting Morris spoke about the kinds of periodical the Church should be publishing , including a `` strip-cartoon magazine for children '' . In February 1949 He wrote an article for the Sunday Dispatch entitled `` Comics that bring Horror into the Nursery '' , in which he decried the violence and sensationalism of American crime and horror comics and their effects on British children , after which he and Hampson set out to produce a more wholesome , uplifting alternative . They devised a proposed strip for the Sunday Empire News called Lex Christian , about the adventures of a brave inner-city parson , but it fell through after the paper 's editor died . They turned their attention to creating a new weekly comic , entitled the Eagle . Hampson and fellow artist Harold Johns put together a series of dummies , and Morris , a gifted salesman , presented them to various publishers , of whom Hulton Press agreed to publish it . The first issue proper went on sale on 14 April 1950 . Morris and his family moved to Epsom , Surrey , in 1950 , and Hampson set up a studio on their house . In November 1951 Morris launched Girl , a girls ' counterpart to the Eagle , followed by Robin ( 1953 ) , for younger children , and Swift ( 1954 ) , for an audience younger than Eagle and Girl but older than Robin .   From 1954 to 1959 he was managing editor of Hultons ' Housewife magazine , and he was also appointed a member of the Hulton Press management committee . He left Hultons in 1959 when they were taken over by Odhams Press , joining the National Magazine Company , a subsidiary of the Hearst Corporation , as editorial director . However , he continued to write serials for the Eagle in the early 1960s , mostly on historical or religious subjects and often in collaboration with Guy Daniel , including `` The Golden Man '' , a biography of Sir Walter Raleigh drawn by Robert Ayton , and `` The Road of Courage '' , a retelling of the life of Christ illustrated by Hampson and Joan Porter .   He became managing director and editor-in-chief of the National Magazine Company in 1964 . He was responsible for launching the British edition of Cosmopolitan , created the distributor Comag in association with Condé Nast , and increased the circulation of his magazines at a time when the market was declining . He became deputy chairman in 1979 , received the OBE in 1983 , and retired in 1984 . In his later years he lived in Midford , Somerset , and died on 16 March 1989 at the King Edward VII Hospital for Officers , London . A memorial service was held at St. Bride 's , Fleet Street , where he had been honorary chaplain from 1952 to 1983 .

neg: Humour Humour ( British English ) or humor ( American English ; see spelling differences ) is the tendency of particular cognitive experiences to provoke laughter and provide amusement . The term derives from the humoral medicine of the ancient Greeks , which taught that the balance of fluids in the human body , known as humours ( Latin : humor , `` body fluid '' ) , controlled human health and emotion .   People of all ages and cultures respond to humour . Most people are able to experience humour -- be amused , smile or laugh at something funny -- and thus are considered to have a sense of humour . The hypothetical person lacking a sense of humour would likely find the behaviour inducing it to be inexplicable , strange , or even irrational . Though ultimately decided by personal taste , the extent to which a person finds something humorous depends on a host of variables , including geographical location , culture , maturity , level of education , intelligence and context . For example , young children may favour slapstick such as Punch and Judy puppet shows or the Tom and Jerry cartoons , whose physical nature makes it accessible to them . By contrast , more sophisticated forms of humour such as satire require an understanding of its social meaning and context , and thus tend to appeal to a more mature audience .

neg: Anything Goes Anything Goes is a musical with music and lyrics by Cole Porter . The original book was a collaborative effort by Guy Bolton and P.G. Wodehouse , heavily revised by the team of Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse . The story concerns madcap antics aboard an ocean liner bound from New York to London . Billy Crocker is a stowaway in love with heiress Hope Harcourt , who is engaged to Lord Evelyn Oakleigh . Nightclub singer Reno Sweeney and Public Enemy # 13 Moonface Martin aid Billy in his quest to win Hope . The musical introduced such songs as `` Anything Goes '' , `` You 're the Top '' , and `` I Get a Kick Out of You . ''   Since its 1934 debut at the Alvin Theatre ( now known as the Neil Simon Theatre ) on Broadway , the musical has been revived several times in the United States and Britain and has been filmed twice . The musical has long been a popular choice for school and community productions .

neg: Prop comedy Prop comedy is a comedy genre in which performers use humorous objects , or conventional objects in humorous ways . The stages and films term `` prop '' , an abbreviation of `` property '' , refers to any object an actor handles in the course of a performance . Though some form of prop comedy has likely existed as long as there have been comedians , the genre reached its zenith in the vaudeville era . The vaudeville team Olsen and Johnson used prop comedy extensively in their long running Broadway revue Hellzapoppin .   A prop comic is a comedian who uses prop comedy . Prop comics are sometimes looked down upon by other comedians , and the term is sometimes used derisively . However , some , such as Tommy Cooper , rose to critical acclaim as their props revolved around a gimmick ( such as Cooper 's magic ) and the comedian 's character around that gimmick .

neg: Gingerbeer (web community) Gingerbeer is a London-based virtual community for lesbian and bisexual women . The name `` Gingerbeer '' ( Cockney rhyming slang for `` queer '' ) refers to both the web site , and to the community which it supports . It is maintained and moderated entirely by a team of volunteers .   Gingerbeer was initially launched on January 1 , 2000 , and has undergone two subsequent relaunches , firstly on June 25 , 2001 , and later on November 11 , 2005 , following a major redesign . Gingerbeer became an official not-for-profit organisation in March 2004 , when it was registered as a limited company by guarantee .   The site 's main feature is a highly active messageboards forum , with over 2,000 registered members in May 2007 . In the eighteen months to the end of May 2007 , they had logged over 335,000 posts in over 5000 topics or discussion threads . One of the distinctive features of the messageboards is that they support an active calendar of social , cultural and sporting events across the UK , so that Gingerbeer exists as both a web community and a real life community .   Besides the messageboards , Gingerbeer offers listings of bars , clubs and community events , reviews , and a London guide . Gingerbeer has been recommended as a useful resource for lesbians by some travel guides .

neg: Jen Brister Jen ( Jennifer ) Brister ( born February 1975 ) , is a stand-up comedian from South London .   Brister studied theatre at Middlesex University , where she took a course in stand-up comedy in the mid 90s , the only course of its kind at the time in the UK . Other famous graduates include Alan Carr , Renton Skinner of the Dutch Elm Conservatoire and Shooting Stars and Clare Warde of the Runaway Lovers . Brister 's first gig was a showcase for the course , at the Kings Head in Crouch End .   Since then , she has performed in many London venues , including Comedy Camp , Banana Cabaret Comedy Store , The Kings Head , and ED Comedy , as well as hosting her own nights , including Hysterics at Shaun & Joe and CatFlap Comedy at the Player Bar , Soho .   She is also a comedy writer and has performed alongside Doug Faulkner & Clare Warde , as part of the comedy sketch group , The Loose Connection . They appeared regularly at the Hen & Chickens Theatre , Etcetera Theatre , Sketch Club and The Enterprise in the mid-2000s .   2006 : Brister appeared at the 2006 Edinburgh Festival Fringe with her show `` Me , My Mother and I. '' In Time Out , March 2006 , Jen stated '' ` It 's really an exploration of my relationship with my mum . It 's an analysis , as well , of where I am at this point in my life . I 'm 31 . I 'm single . I do n't own a house . Or a car . I do n't have kids . Or any solid financial security . At 31 , my mother had three children and a fourth on the way . She was married and she had a mortgage . ''   2007 - 2008 : She worked for BBC 6 Music as a stand in presenter and in 2008 took a show to Edinburgh called Reception with her comedy partner at the time Clare Warde .   2009 : Brister appeared at the Edinburgh Fringe again in 2009 doing a stand up show as well as appearing in a play called `` The One and The Many '' by Trevor Lock .

neg: Flight of the Conchords discography The discography of Flight of the Conchords , a New Zealand-based comedy band , consists of two studio albums , one live album , two compilation albums , one extended play ( EP ) and seven singles . Jemaine Clement and Bret McKenzie formed Flight of the Conchords in Wellington in 1998 . Their first release was the live album Folk the World Tour , which the duo self-released in 2002 . In 2006 , the band signed with American independent label Sub Pop ; they released the EP The Distant Future the following year , which reached number eight in New Zealand .   Clement and McKenzie began starring in the Flight of the Conchords TV series on HBO in June 2007 . After the conclusion of the first season of the show , the band 's self-titled debut full-length album was released in April 2008 , which topped the New Zealand Albums Chart and reached number three on the US Billboard 200 . Similarly , following the conclusion of the show 's second season , I Told You I Was Freaky was released in October 2009 , reaching the top ten in New Zealand and the top 20 in the US . The lead single from the album , `` Hurt Feelings '' , became the band 's first to chart when it reached number 36 on the New Zealand Singles Chart .   Flight of the Conchords returned in 2012 with the release of `` Feel Inside ( And Stuff Like That ) '' , a charity single recorded to benefit the New Zealand children 's charity Cure Kids . The single topped the New Zealand Singles Chart . The compilation album The Complete Collection , featuring The Distant Future , Flight of the Conchords , I Told You I Was Freaky and `` Pencils in the Wind '' , was released in 2013 .

neg: Mimi Maguire Katherine Harmonica Joy `` Mimi '' Tutton ( also Maguire ; born 4 October 1963 ) is a fictional character from the British Channel 4 comedy drama , Shameless . Mimi is the foul-mouthed , loud , brash and violent matriarch of the Maguire family . She is also a drug dealer on the Chatsworth Estate and is frequently seen selling drugs on the show . She is extremely violent and easily angered . She has `` headbutted '' several characters on the show including Lip Gallagher ( Jody Latham ) , Sue Garland ( Gillian Kearney ) , Cassie Western ( Moya Brady ) and even her own son , Shane ( Nicky Evans ) . Mimi is as hard as nails , and she can hold her own with men and women ; at one point during series 3 a whole riot squad is needed to restrain her after she attempts to free her daughter from incarceration at the police station . Mimi appeared in 111 episodes in total .   She is the wife of Paddy Maguire ( Sean Gilder ) and the mother of Mandy Maguire ( Samantha Siddall ) and the Maguire boys : Jamie ( Aaron McCusker ) , Shane , Micky ( Ciarán Griffiths ) , the late Fergal and the little-seen Joey ( Will Willoughby ) and Donny ( Clyve Bonelle ) , and the daughter of `` Nana '' Murphy . Her ex-boyfriend is also called Paddy . In Series 5 a more sensitive side to Mimi is introduced after her ex-boyfriend , Paddy , makes a crass comment about her weight . She describes herself as a `` bulimic who ca n't stand vomit '' . In the same series , she is shown attending anger management classes . In Series 6 , Mimi experiences some regret over her lack of education when her son Micky takes film classes . Mimi does most of his coursework for him , and when he decides the class is not for him , he allows Mimi to take his place .   Mimi is presented in the series as somewhat of a character who behaves in ways which are polar opposites . For example , she has no qualms about selling drugs to children and behaving in a violent manner . However , she also has maternal instincts and shows compassion for others . For example , when Chesney Karib ( Qasim Akhtar ) reacts badly after consuming drugs , she and Paddy care for Chesney by feeding him and ensuring that he recovers . Furthermore , when Chesney 's mother , Yvonne Karib ( Kelli Hollis ) accuses Mimi of being racist and intolerant , Mimi retorts by describing the large amount of racism that Paddy faced when he arrived in England from Ireland . Yvonne and Mimi realise that they share love for their own children and would do anything to ensure the happiness of their respective children . Lastly , Mimi is someone upon whom Libby Croker ( Pauline McLynn ) can depend when she seeks Mimi 's assistance .   The Maguire family 's drug dealing business comes to haunt them when Mimi 's beloved Paddy is abducted and forcibly addicted to heroin by the bereaved mother of one of their deceased customers . To make matters worse , she is arrested for an assault that her son Jamie carried out , though she openly wants to take the blame for the attack , claiming `` A mam 's got ta do what a mam 's got ta do '' . This is because she does not want to see her son go to jail again . At the end of series 6 , her beloved daughter Mandy is killed by the woman who got Paddy addicted to heroin . The strain of this loss causes Paddy and Mimi to split up .   In Series 7 , Mimi lives in The Jockey as the landlord and also has an affair with a friend of her son Micky called Billy Tutton ( Michael Taylor ) , until she finds out that he is only 14 years old , although he looks just as old as Micky . After the boy starts to blackmail Mimi into a secret relationship , Mimi tries to threaten him away from her , finally giving him a gun filled with blanks and daring him to shoot her . When he does , she pretends to be dead , and he flees Chatsworth .   Mimi attempts to join a local women 's group to feel better about herself , but they rebuff her attempts to appear in their risque charity calendar , and make her feel worthless . To add insult to injury , they ask Mimi to supply them with some party drugs to help loosen them up before the photoshoot . In revenge , Mimi gives them such a strong supply that they begin dancing around in their underwear and groping each other . Mimi sets up a pornographic website to display the shots .   Mimi gives birth to a newborn daughter , later named Cilla , at the end of Series 7 after complaining of stomach pains and nausea which scared her into believing she had started her menopause . Cilla was presumably fathered by her estranged husband Paddy . According to the Shameless website , Mimi will return to the Maguire house , with her baby daughter Cilla , in Series 8 . It is implied that she does not know who fathered Cilla because of her fling with the underage football star Billy .   Mimi returns to The Jockey with baby Cilla , marries Billy , where her full name is revealed , and lives happily ever after