query: Nina Simone was from America.

pos: Nina Simone Nina Simone ( -LSB- ˈniːnə_sᵻˈmoʊn -RSB- born Eunice Kathleen Waymon ; February 21 , 1933 -- April 21 , 2003 ) was an American singer , songwriter , pianist , arranger , and activist in the Civil Rights Movement . Simone employed a broad range of musical styles including classical , jazz , blues , folk , R&B , gospel , and pop .   Born in North Carolina , the sixth child of a preacher , Waymon aspired to be a concert pianist . With the help of a few supporters in her hometown of Tryon , North Carolina , she enrolled in the Juilliard School of Music in New York .   Waymon then applied for a scholarship to study at the prestigious Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia , where she was denied despite a well-received audition . Waymon became fully convinced this rejection had been entirely due to her race , a statement that has been a matter of controversy . Years later , two days before her death , the Curtis Institute of Music bestowed on her an honorary degree .   To make a living , Eunice Waymon changed her name to `` Nina Simone '' . The change related to her need to disguise herself from family members , having chosen to play `` the devil 's music '' or `` cocktail piano '' at a nightclub in Atlantic City . She was told in the nightclub that she would have to sing to her own accompaniment , and this effectively launched her career as a jazz vocalist .   Simone recorded more than 40 albums , mostly between 1958 , when she made her debut with Little Girl Blue , and 1974 . She had a hit in the United States in 1958 with `` I Loves You , Porgy '' .   Simone 's musical style fused gospel and pop with classical music , in particular Johann Sebastian Bach , and accompanied expressive , jazz-like singing in her contralto voice .

neg: Nina Zivancevic Nina Živančević ( born 1957 ) is a Serbian-born poet , playwright , fiction writer , translator , scholar , performer , curator and art critic . She apprenticed as a young poet with Allen Ginsberg and has gone on to work in various capacities as both a writer and scholar of experimental , underground and avant-garde literature .

neg: Mina (singer) Anna Maria Quaini ( born 25 March 1940 ) , known as Mina Mazzini or simply Mina , is an Italian singer . She was a staple of television variety shows and a dominant figure in Italian pop music from the 1960s to the mid-1970s , known for her three-octave vocal range , the agility of her soprano voice , and her image as an emancipated woman .   In performance , Mina combined several modern styles with traditional Italian melodies and swing music , which made her the most versatile pop singer in Italian music . Mina dominated the country 's charts for fifteen years and reached an unsurpassed level of popularity . She has scored 79 albums and 71 singles on the Italian charts .   Mina 's TV appearances in 1959 were the first for a female rock and roll singer in Italy . Her loud syncopated singing earned her the nickname Queen of Screamers . The public also labeled her the Tiger of Cremona for her wild gestures and body shakes . When she turned to light pop tunes , Mina 's chart-toppers in West Germany in 1962 and Japan in 1964 earned her the title of the best international artist in these countries . Mina 's more refined sensual manner was introduced in 1960 with Gino Paoli 's ballad `` This World We Love In '' , which charted on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1961 .   Mina was banned from TV and radio in 1963 because her pregnancy and relationship with a married actor did not accord with the dominant Catholic and bourgeois morals . After the ban , the public broadcasting service RAI tried to continue to prohibit her songs , which were forthright in dealing with subjects such as religion , smoking and sex . Mina 's cool act combined sex appeal with public smoking , dyed blonde hair , and shaved eyebrows to create a `` bad girl '' image .   Mina 's voice has distinctive timbre and great power . Her main themes are anguished love stories performed in high dramatic tones . The singer combined classic Italian pop with elements of blues , R&B and soul music during the late 1960s , especially when she worked in collaboration with the singer-songwriter Lucio Battisti . Top Italian songwriters created material with large vocal ranges and unusual chord progressions to showcase her singing skills , particularly `` Brava '' by Bruno Canfora ( 1965 ) and the pseudo-serial `` Se telefonando '' by Ennio Morricone ( 1966 ) . The latter song was covered by several performers abroad . Shirley Bassey carried Mina 's ballad `` Grande grande grande '' to charts in the U.S. , U.K. , and other English-speaking countries in 1973 . Mina 's easy listening duet `` Parole parole '' was turned into a worldwide hit by Dalida and Alain Delon in 1974 . Mina gave up public appearances in 1978 but has continued to release popular albums on a yearly basis to the present day .

neg: New Orleans soul New Orleans soul is a musical style derived from the soul music which has a large influence of the Gospel ( music ) . New Orleans soul has ingredients of pop music and soul and is influenced by boogie-woogie style . The songs always are accompanied by a piano and a saxophone . Guitars are rare in this genre . It was popularized in the postwar era in the town of Crescent .   This genus stands out in its use of simple pop structures and Rock rhythms that have become very influenced by the `` second line '' and `` parade '' hits common to the city . The Caribbean music and Latin music from the 60 , that earned a great importance in the city , also inspired to this genre of Soul to develop more exotic rhythms . Are also normal midtempo rhythms . The musicians give more importance to the music and sound that to the letter , which sometimes makes no sense . The choir is always feminine , with the participation of one or two women in it .

neg: Simone Sello Simone Sello ( born July 4 , 1968 ) is an Italian born guitarist , music producer , songwriter and music journalist . He is known for his work with the Sanremo Festival Orchestra , Chicanery , Billy Sheehan , Aaron Carter , Disney , Hannah Montana , Vasco Rossi , Amber Lily , and Warren Cuccurullo , both as a producer and guitarist ; and as a journalist for the magazines Chitarre , Strumenti Musicali , Accordo and Ganzo . He is an owner of music production companies RedRum Productions , Session Recording and MusicDemoProducer.com , with each company oriented towards a distinct clientele . RedRum Productions is geared towards contemporary music production for artists , film and TV ; Session Recording mostly caters to projects outside the Los Angeles area , and MusicDemoProducer.com aims to bring a simplified approach to professional music production to any user , over the web .   His musical upbringing is based on classical violin studies , as well as watching and hearing his father play guitar , but he never took a formal guitar lesson , in spite of his career as a guitar player .  His influences include major classical and jazz composers and performers , ( Bach , Ravel , Miles Davis , Weather Report ) , pop and rock acts ( The Beatles , David Bowie , Pink Floyd , Metallica , Lucio Battisti ) , and experimental artists ( Luciano Berio , Brian Eno , Terje Rypdal , Klaus Schulze ) .   Equally interested in performing , composing and producing music , Simone started getting hired to play guitar for recording sessions and live performances by artists in his hometown Rome when he was 17 years old , and eventually became known on a national level . While building a long list of musical collaborations , he started writing articles for magazines , thus achieving a different kind of exposure , still in the music field .   At the age of 29 , he moved to Los Angeles to push his musician and journalist careers , by joining a big international scene .

neg: Ear Candy (Helen Reddy album) Ear Candy is the title of the tenth album release by Australian-American pop singer Helen Reddy : released May 1977 by Capitol Records , the album included a modern take on the doo-wop genre ( `` Long Distance Love '' ) , a Cajun number that gave the Melbourne native her first and only appearance on Billboard magazine 's Country chart ( `` Laissez les Bontemps Rouler '' ) , and a dark self-parody on which Reddy proclaims : `` I do n't take no shit from nobody '' ( `` Baby , I 'm a Star '' - not to be confused with the Prince song of the same name ) . Unprecedented for a Helen Reddy album , half of the songs recorded for Ear Candy were co-written by Reddy herself , including the second single : `` The Happy Girls '' , Reddy 's first self-penned A-side single since `` I am Woman '' : however it was the first single : a remake of the 1964 Cilla Black hit `` You 're My World '' , which would afford Reddy a final Top 40 hit .  __ TOC __

neg: Freddie Lee Peterkin Freddie Lee Peterkin , also known as Freddie Lee , is a published author , singer -- songwriter , actor and ordained interdenominational Minister , born in Pahokee , Florida . He is known for his gritty power soul vocals reminiscent of Bobby Womack . He has become an artist of public note through his 2008 independent release of the Soul and Gospel album Beyond Comprehension under the recording name of Freddie Lee . He made his prime time acting debut as `` DJ Freddie Murphy '' on Channel 4 's T4 Stars & Strikes and as a character in BBC2 's Grumpy Guide to Work in 2011 . He was also the voice for Bewiser Owl in the Bewiser Insurance TV commercial in 2012 and 2013 . He established himself in the live entertainment industry with his choreographed costume Soul Tribute stage productions for theatres and resorts in 1991 . These critically acclaimed shows include The Sounds of the Four Tops , The Sounds of the Drifters and The Sounds of the Temptations .   Freddie Lee Peterkin is also a member of Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity , Delta Psi Chapter a Fraternity known for members such as Martin Luther King . This historic organization was the first inter-collegiate Greek-letter organization established for Black college students founded on December 4 , 1906 . Peterkin was responsible for composing many Delta Psi Chapter fraternity anthems such as ' I Know I 've Been Changed ' written in 1985 while he was pledging . He was also a dancer and choreographer of the Delta Psi Chapter 's ` Step Shows ' . Stepping ( African-American ) or step-dancing is a form of percussive dance in which the participant 's entire body is used as an instrument to produce complex rhythms and sounds through a mixture of footsteps , spoken word , and hand claps and a strong part of Black Greek Letter Fraternities .   Peterkin is the son of migrant workers originally from Georgia who came to Florida to pick crops for a living . He is of African and Seminole Indian heritage . His stepfather , James Elijah Jr. , was the lead vocalist of the 1960s and 1970s gospel group , The Royal Lights . His sister Breyona Elijah is part of the gospel group James Smith & Nu Birth and they are both cousins of Gospel group Damali . His mother Bernice Bell is also a singer and as a child won a competition to write a song for Joe Tex , for which she was awarded concert tickets and a chance to meet her idol . Joe Tex went on to have a major hit with the song but Bernice remained uncredited . Bernice Bell has been more recently recognized for her charity work and ran youth programs in Pahokee 's Padgett Island Community Center for 17 years and donating hot meals to Pahokee 's underprivileged children . The community center was recently renamed `` The Bernice Bell Community Center '' .

neg: Clef Club of Jazz and Performing Arts The Philadelphia Clef Club of Jazz and Performing Arts , INC. ( PCC ) is an American trade union . It was founded in 1966 by members of Musicians ' Protective Union Local # 274 , American Federation of Musicians ( A F of M ) . Local # 274 was chartered in 1935 as a separate Black local because Black musicians were denied membership in the racially segregated Local # 77 . Local # 274 enjoyed its autonomy for more than 36 years . It was the longest surviving independent Black Musicians ' Union in the United States , of the more than fifty chartered in major cities .   Local # 274 and PCC 's social unit are integral parts of the history of JAZZ in Philadelphia . They evolved out of the struggle of Black musicians for political , economic , and cultural recognition during Philadelphia 's overt segregation period . Local # 274 's membership rolls included JAZZ greats like John Coltrane , Dizzy Gillespie , Shirley Scott , Lee Morgan , `` Philly '' Joe Jones , Grover Washington Jr. , the Heath Brothers , and Nina Simone to name a few .

neg: Jeannette Thurber Jeanette Thurber ( also known as Jeannette Meyers Thurber , January 29 , 1850 , in Delhi , New York -- January 2 , 1946 in Bronxville , New York ) was amongst the first major patrons of classical music in the United States . Thurber established the National Conservatory of Music of America in 1885 -- the first of its kind and an endeavor that some say ushered in the first orchestral music with a distinctively American sound . But in a very radical stance for the day , Thurber championed the rights of women , people of color and the handicapped to attend her school , sometimes on full scholarship . This was 1885 -- not too long after the Civil War -- and her school was racially integrated , promoted women , and had an inclusive stance toward the handicapped .   Thurber founded the school in part because of her belief that a nation should cultivate its own unique music -- an unusual stance when the prevailing attitude was that all cultured art , especially orchestral music , came from Germany or Italy . While running the school , she sponsored competitions for American musicians to develop American music .   `` The National Conservatory of Music of America was the outstanding institution for professional musical preparation in the United States for some 25 years or more . At its height in the 1890s it boasted a faculty of international renown ... and initiated a course of studies whose features became a basis for the curriculum now taken for granted in the colleges and conservatories of this country . Its achievements resulted from the endeavors of a single visionary : Jeanette M Thurber , a wealthy , idealistic New Yorker who devoted most of her life to the school ... Although her innovative design for the Conservatory was influential in shaping the course of American music for the 20th century , Mrs. Thurber and her school have slipped into undeserved obscurity . ''

neg: Johnny Desmond Johnny Desmond ( November 14 , 1919 -- September 6 , 1985 ) , born Giovanni Alfredo De Simone , was an American popular music singer .

neg: American Music Award for Favorite Soul/R&B Female Artist The American Music Award for Favorite Soul/R & B Female Artist has been awarded since 1974 .   Years reflect the year during which the American Music Awards were presented , for works released in the previous year ( until 2003 onward , when awards were handed out on November of the same year ) .   The all-time winner in this category is Rihanna with 6 wins .

neg: Simone Philip Kamel Simone Philip Kamel ( born June 16 , 1966 ) is an Egyptian singer , that throughout the 1990s was famous for her soprano voice . Her most famous songs include '' مش نظرة وابتسامة '' ( Not just a look and a smile ) , '' تاكسي '' ( Taxi ) , '' خاف مني '' ( Be afraid of Me ) , '' مبسوطة '' ( Happy ) , '' تاني تاني '' ( Again again ) , '' مرسي '' ( Thank you ) , '' ساعتى مش مظبوطة '' ( My watch is not accurate ) , '' كازانوفا '' ( Casanova ) , '' بتكلم جد '' ( I 'm talking seriously ) . She also released a Greek/Arabic song called `` Munawar '' for the Greek-Egyptian Friendship Festival .

neg: Non-Hispanic whites Non-Hispanic whites or whites not of Hispanic or Latino origin or `` Anglo '' '' ' , '' are people in the United States who , as defined by the Census Bureau , are considered racially white and are not of Hispanic or Latino origin/ethnicity . Non-Hispanic whites are a subcategory of white Americans , the other being white Hispanic and Latino Americans .   Although generally all nations in Europe have contributed to the white population through emigration to Northern America in the last few centuries , the majority of non-Hispanic whites trace their origins to Northwestern Europe while other major sources originate in Southern and Eastern Europe ; German , Irish , and English ancestries are the most common .   In the United States , this population was first derived from English ( and , to a lesser degree , French ) settlement of the Americas , as well as settlement by other Europeans such as the Germans and Dutch that began in the 17th century ( see History of the United States ) . Continued growth since the early 19th century is attributed to sustained very high birth rates alongside relatively low death rates among settlers and natives alike as well as periodically massive immigration from European countries , especially Germany , Ireland , England , Spain , Greece , Sweden and Norway , as well as Poland , Russia , and many more countries . In 2011 , for the first time in U.S. history , non-Hispanic whites accounted for under half of the births in the country , with 49.6 % of total births . At 197.2 million in 2012 , non-Hispanic whites comprise 62.8 % of the total U.S. population .

neg: Niña La Niña ( Spanish for The Girl ) was one of the three Spanish ships used by Italian explorer Christopher Columbus in his first voyage to the West Indies in 1492 . As was tradition for Spanish ships of the day , she bore a female saint 's name , Santa Clara . However , she was commonly referred to by her nickname , La Niña , which was probably a pun on the name of her owner , Juan Niño of Moguer . She was a standard caravel-type vessel .   The other ships of the Columbus expedition were the caravel-type and the carrack-type . Niña was by far Columbus 's favorite . She was originally lateen sail rigged caravela latina , but she was re-rigged as caravela redonda at Las Palmas , in the Canary Islands , with square sails for better ocean performance . There is no authentic documentation on the specifics of Niñas design , although Michele de Cuneo , who accompanied Columbus on his second voyage , mentioned that Niña was `` about 60 toneladas '' ( 60 tons ) , which may indicate a medium-sized caravel of around 50 ft in length on deck . Often said to have had three masts , there is some evidence she may have had four masts .   Niña , like Pinta and Santa María , was a smaller trade ship built to sail the Mediterranean sea , not the open ocean . It was greatly surpassed in size by ships like of the Hanseatic League , built in 1462 , 51 m in length , and the English carrack , built during the period 1420 -- 1439 , 66.4 m in length and weighing between 1,400 tons and 2,750 tons .

neg: Pescara Jazz Pescara Jazz is the name of an international jazz festival that takes place every year in July at Pescara , Italy .   When it started in 1969 it was the first Italian summer festival dedicated to jazz music , and it is one of the most important in Europe . In 2009 the 37th edition of the festival to place . It has been going on continuously since 1981 , with a five year hiatus .   The festival has hosted all the greatest names of jazz music : Pescara 's audience have had the pleasure to listen at the music of , among others , Philly Joe Jones , Larry Vuckovich , Duke Ellington , Miles Davis , Ella Fitzgerald , Louis Armstrong , Sarah Vaughan , Charles Mingus , Woody Herman , Oscar Peterson , Dave Brubeck , Chet Baker , Wayne Shorter until the most recent performances of Natalie Cole , Chick Corea , Keith Jarrett , Herbie Hancock , Pat Metheny , Stan Getz . Furthermore , through the years , Pescara jazz festival has welcomed different musical styles , seeking to explore the work of musicians of great appeal but also with a high quality , as Paco de Lucia , Burt Bacharach , Joan Baez , Bob Dylan , Al Jarreau , Caetano Veloso , James Taylor , Ástor Piazzolla , Gary Burton .

neg: Simone Egeriis Simone Egeriis ( born January 28 , 1992 ) , better known as simply Simone , is a Danish pop singer . She was born and raised in Slagelse , Denmark . She is known in Denmark for winning the Danish TV talent show Scenen er din ( ` The Stage is Yours ' ) in the category Junior Singing . She has since released three studio albums - her debut was called Vindens Farver or Colours of the Wind , the song from Disney 's Pocahontas , with which she won Scenen er Din . She also plays the violin and the piano .

neg: Nina Bouraoui Yasmina `` Nina '' Bouraoui ( Ar : نينا بو راوي , born 1967 ) is a French novelist and song-writer born in Rennes , Ille-et-Vilaine , of an Algerian father and a French mother . She spent the first fourteen years of her life in Algiers , then Zürich and Abu Dhabi . She now lives in Paris .   Her novels are mostly written in the first person and , with the exception of Avant les hommes ( Before the Men ) , have been said by the author to be works of `` auto-fiction '' . This is even the case for Le Bal des Murènes ( The ball of moray eels ) , which , like Avant les hommes , has a male narrator . Since writing her first novel in 1991 , Bouraoui has affirmed the influence of Marguerite Duras in her work , although the life narratives and works many other artists are also to be found in her novels ( and songs ) . This is particularly true of Mes Mauvaises Pensées ( My Bad Thoughts ) which bears the imprint of Hervé Guibert , Annie Ernaux , David Lynch , Eileen Gray , and Violette Leduc amongst others . Questions of identity , desire , memory , writing , childhood and celebrity culture are some of the major themes of her work .

neg: Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance The Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance ( previously called Best Rhythm and Blues Solo Vocal Performance , Female ) was an honor presented at the Grammy Awards , a ceremony established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards , to female recording artists for quality R&B songs . Awards in several categories are distributed annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States to `` honor artistic achievement , technical proficiency and overall excellence in the recording industry , without regard to album sales or chart position . ''   According to the category description guide for the 52nd Grammy Awards , the award was presented to artists that performed `` newly recorded solo R&B vocal performances '' . Solo numbers by members of an established group were not eligible for the award as `` separate entries from the duo or group performances . '' Albums were also considered for the accolade until 1992 .   As a part of the major overhaul of Grammy categories , the award was discontinued in 2011 . The Female R&B Vocal Performance category , Male R&B Vocal Performance category and all duo/group vocal performances in the R&B category shifted to the Best R&B Performance category in 2012 .   The award for the Best Female R&B Vocal Performance was first presented to Aretha Franklin at the 10th Grammy Awards ceremony in 1968 for the song `` Respect '' . Franklin received the most wins with eleven , followed by Anita Baker with five . Franklin also holds the record for the most nominations with twenty-three , while Chaka Khan is second with eight nominations . Fantasia Barrino became the final recipient of the award , when her song `` Bittersweet '' won the award in 2011 . The award was presented to artists from the United States each year .

neg: America (Deuce song) `` America '' is the second studio-release single from American artist Deuce and is a politically themed song with a stronger metal influence than some of Deuce 's other music . It was released on January 10 , 2012 , a week earlier than originally planned due to a leak of the full music video in late December 2011 . The song is the third track on Deuce 's debut album titled Nine Lives . As of April 2012 , `` America '' had sold 36,000 copies , making it the most commercially successful single of the album . This single , along with `` Let 's Get It Crackin ' '' , was featured as part of a fan-based remix contest held by Deuce and Five Seven Music titled `` Deuce REMIXXXED ''   On July 3 , 2012 a single was released for Independence Day which was called the `` America ( n ) Pride '' , which contained `` America '' , two remixes , and the music video on iTunes .

neg: When It's Sleepy Time Down South `` When It 's Sleepy Time Down South '' , also known as `` Sleepy Time Down South '' , is a 1931 jazz song written by Clarence Muse , Leon René and Otis René . It was sung in the movie Safe in Hell by Nina Mae McKinney , and became the signature song of Louis Armstrong , who recorded it almost a hundred times during his career . The song is now considered a jazz standard .  Al Hirt released a version on his 1963 album , Our Man in New Orleans , and Harry James released a version on his 1972 album Mr. Trumpet ( Longines Symphonette Society SYS 5459/LS 217C/LS 217U ) .   Bing Crosby recorded the song in 1975 for his album A Southern Memoir .   The lyrics concern the Great Migration in the United States , the movement of African Americans from the South to cities in the North , with the singer talking about the `` dear old Southland ... where I belong '' , and contain many racial stereotypes . Armstrong 's popularity among African-American audiences dropped because of the song , but at the same time it helped the trumpeter to make his fan base broader . There is a 1942 film short of the song where Armstrong and others played slaves and farm workers .

neg: Turbulent Indigo Turbulent Indigo is the fifteenth album by Canadian singer-songwriter Joni Mitchell . Released in 1994 , it won a Grammy Award for Pop Album of the Year . John Milward , writing for Rolling Stone , wrote that it was Mitchell 's `` best album since the mid - '70s '' .   The album marked her return to Warner Music ( formerly WEA ) distribution after her previous album , Night Ride Home , was distributed by MCA for its then-newly purchased subsidiary Geffen Records ( which , prior to the sale to MCA , had distributed through WEA ) .   The album takes inspiration from the Dutch artist Vincent van Gogh for Mitchell 's self-portrait on the cover . The song `` Turbulent Indigo '' references Van Gogh , while the song `` Magdalene Laundries '' recounts the sufferings of Irish women once consigned to Magdalen Asylums run by the Roman Catholic Church and made to work in the asylum 's laundries . The song `` Not to Blame '' was rumored to be about Mitchell 's singer-songwriting colleague Jackson Browne who was alleged to have beaten his girlfriend , actress Daryl Hannah ; Mitchell denies this . . The song `` Sex Kills '' referenced a number of late 20th century topical issues , including violence , AIDS , global warming and consumerism .   , the album has sold 311,000 copies in the US .


query: Radioactive received at least two nominations.

pos: Radioactive (Imagine Dragons song) `` Radioactive '' is a song by American rock band Imagine Dragons for their major-label debut EP Continued Silence and later on their debut studio album , Night Visions ( 2012 ) , as the opening track . `` Radioactive '' was first sent to modern rock radio on October 29 , 2012 , and released to contemporary radio on April 9 , 2013 . Musically , `` Radioactive '' is an electronic rock and alternative rock song with elements of dubstep and contains cryptic lyrics about apocalyptic and revolutionist themes .   The song received positive reviews from critics , who praised the production , lyrics , and vocals , calling it a highlight on the album . Due to heavy rotation on various commercials and trailers , the song became a sleeper hit , peaking at number three on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and becoming the band 's first top 10 single as well as being the third best selling song in that country . It also broke the record for slowest ascension to the top 5 in chart history and currently holds the record for most weeks spent on the Billboard Hot 100 at 87 weeks . The song has also reached number one in Sweden and in the top 20 in several countries including Australia , Canada , New Zealand and the United Kingdom , becoming Imagine Dragons ' most successful single to date . It has since been certified ten times platinum in the USA , making it the one of the best selling singles of all time .   `` Radioactive '' received two Grammy Awards nominations for Record of the Year and Best Rock Performance , winning the latter . This was Imagine Dragons ' first time being nominated . During the broadcast , they presented a remix of the song with their Interscope label-mate , rapper Kendrick Lamar . The remix was later released for purchase on iTunes .

neg: Radio Activa RadioActiva ( in English : RadioActive ) is a Chilean radio station located at 92.5 MHz of the FM dial in Santiago de Chile . It also transmits for all the country in its network of repeaters , in the channel 660 ( with D-Box ) of the cable operator VTR and via internet in the rest of the country and the world ; Also has its application for mobile devices .

neg: BAFTA Award for Best Film The BAFTA Award for Best Film is given annually by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts and presented at the British Academy Film Awards . It has been given since the 1st BAFTA Awards , representing the best films of 1947 , but until 1969 it was called the BAFTA Award for Best Film From Any Source . It is possible for films from any country to be nominated , although British films are also recognised in the category BAFTA Award for Best British Film and ( since 1983 ) foreign-language films in BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language . As such , there have been multiple occasions of a film being nominated in two of these categories .   There has been one tie for the Best Film award when , in 1962 , Ballad of a Soldier tied with The Hustler for Best Film from any Source . Until 1981 , the award was given to the director , except in 1976 and 1977 , when it was given to the producers . From 1981 to 1985 , it was given solely to the producers , and then in 1986 , it was shared between the Director and Producer . In 1998 , it was once again given to only the producers .   In the following lists , the titles and names in bold with a dark grey background are the winners and recipients respectively ; those not in bold are the nominees . The years given are those in which the films under consideration were released , not the year of the ceremony , which always takes place the following year .

neg: Atomic Dog `` Atomic Dog '' is a song by George Clinton from his 1982 album Computer Games . The track was released as a single in December 1982 and became the P-Funk collective 's last to reach # 1 on the U.S. R&B Chart . The single failed to chart on the Billboard Hot 100 although it has attained a level of stature since then , partly due to its having been sampled in several hip hop songs .

neg: Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Direction The Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Direction is awarded to one television series or special each year .   In the following list , the first titles listed in gold are the winners ; those not in gold are nominees , which are listed in alphabetical order . The years given are those in which the ceremonies took place .   __ TOC __

neg: Nuclear option The nuclear option is a parliamentary procedure that allows the United States Senate to override a rule or precedent by a simple majority of 51 votes , instead of by a supermajority of 60 votes . The option is invoked by the presiding officer of the body ruling that the validity of a Senate rule or precedent is a constitutional question . The issue is immediately put to the full Senate , which decides by majority vote . The procedure thus allows the Senate to decide any issue by majority vote , regardless of existing procedural rules , such as current Senate rules specifying that ending a filibuster requires the consent of 60 senators ( out of 100 ) for legislation , and 67 for amending a Senate rule . The term `` nuclear option '' is an analogy to nuclear weapons being the most extreme option in warfare .   The nuclear option has only been used in practice twice -- in 2013 and 2017 , however the threat to use it dates back at least to 1917 , in opinions related to reform of the Senate 's filibuster rules . Subsequently , an opinion written by Vice President Richard Nixon in 1957 concluded that the U.S. Constitution grants the presiding officer the authority to override existing Senate rules . The option was used to make further rule changes in 1975 . In November 2013 , Senate Democrats used the nuclear option to eliminate filibusters on executive branch nominations and federal judicial appointments other than those to the Supreme Court . On April 6 , 2017 , Senate Republicans used the nuclear option to eliminate the exception for Supreme Court nominees , after the nomination of Neil Gorsuch failed to meet the requirement of 60 votes for ending the debate .   Before November 2013 , Senate rules required a three-fifths vote of the `` duly chosen and sworn '' members of the Senate -- ( usually 60 votes ) to end debate on a bill , nomination or other proposal ; they also require a two-thirds vote ( `` present and voting '' -- 67 or more votes ) to end debate on a change to the Senate rules . Those rules effectively allowed a minority of the Senate to block a bill or nomination through the technique of the filibuster . This had resulted in a de facto requirement that a nomination have the support of 60 Senators to pass , rather than a majority of 51 . A three-fifths vote is still required to end debates on legislation . Before April 2017 , Senate rules required a three-fifths vote to confirm nominations for Supreme Court nominees .   Under the new nuclear option proceedings , the majority leader and presiding officer , guided by parliamentary experts , go through a series of choreographed steps in which the leader suggests a change to the rules , the presiding officer challenges him , and then the leader calls a second vote on a rules change , which requires only 51 votes . This effectively ends what had become a 60-vote requirement for confirmation of a Supreme Court nominee or the passage of legislation .

neg: Production and Decay of Strange Particles `` Production and Decay of Strange Particles '' is an episode of the original The Outer Limits television show . It first aired on 20 April 1964 , during the first season .   The plot involves workers at a nuclear research plant wearing radiation suits , who are taken over by some odd glowing substance that fills their suits and causes them to act as puppets of the force inside .   Mentioned in the episode are many modern physics concepts such as neutrinos , antimatter , quasi-stellar objects ( at that time just discovered and perhaps mentioned here in TV fiction for the first time ) and subatomic particles with the property of `` strangeness '' ( a perhaps unfortunately named quantum property of matter which had been chosen a few years before by physicists , despite objection at the time that it was no more `` strange '' or odd than any other property of subatomic particles ) . The episode name is close to that of an actual Physical Review paper of 1956 , titled `` Cloud-Chamber Study of the Production and Decay of Strange Particles . ''

neg: Houston Film Critics Society Awards 2010 The 4th Houston Film Critics Society Awards were presented on December 18 , 2010 . These awards for `` extraordinary accomplishment in film '' are presented annually by the Houston Film Critics Society ( HFCS ) based in Houston , Texas . The organization , founded in 2007 , includes 22 film critics for print , radio , television , and internet publications in the greater Houston area . The awards are co-sponsored by the Houston Film Commission , Southwest Alternate Media Project , Women in Film and Television/Houston , WorldFest , and the Houston Cinema Arts Society .   The nominations for the 2010 awards were announced on December 12 , 2010 . Eligible films do not need to have played or opened in a Houston film theater prior to the nomination deadline , merely made available to the HFCS membership at a screening or on DVD . Along with the 13 `` best of '' category awards , this year also saw the introduction of a new category for `` Worst Movies of the Year '' . The Social Network , True Grit , and 127 Hours each received six nominations , all including the Best Picture , Actor , Direction , and Original Score categories .   The Social Network was the HFCS 's most awarded film of 2010 taking top honors in the Best Picture , Best Director ( David Fincher ) , Best Actor ( Jesse Eisenberg ) , and Best Screenplay ( Aaron Sorkin ) categories . Inception was the only other film to garner multiple awards , winning both the Best Original Score ( Hans Zimmer ) and Best Cinematography ( Wally Pfister ) prizes . The other acting awards went to Natalie Portman as Best Actress for Black Swan , Hailee Steinfeld as Best Supporting Actress for True Grit , and Christian Bale as Best Supporting Actor for The Fighter . The remaining film honors went to Toy Story 3 as Best Animated Film , Restrepo as Best Documentary , and The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo as Best Foreign Language Film . `` We Are Sex Bob-Omb '' by Beck from Scott Pilgrim vs. the World was named the Best Original Song . The HFCS 's first-ever award for `` Worst Picture '' was given to Jonah Hex starring Josh Brolin .   In addition to the category awards , the HFCS presented their annual Lifetime Achievement Award to Sissy Spacek and its Humanitarian Award to George Clooney . Clooney was selected for `` selflessly using his celebrity for greater good '' . The HFCS award for Outstanding Achievement in Cinema awards were presented to Charles Dove , director of the Rice University Media Center , and Hector Luna , the founder and editor of C-47 Houston .

neg: 38th Saturn Awards The 38th Saturn Awards , honoring the best in science fiction , fantasy and horror film and television in 2011 , were held on July 26 , 2012 in Burbank , California . The awards are presented by the Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy and Horror Films .   The six Best Film Award categories were respectively won by Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( Science Fiction ) , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( Fantasy ) , The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( Horror or Thriller ) , Mission : Impossible -- Ghost Protocol ( Action or Adventure ) , The Skin I Live In ( International ) and Puss in Boots ( Animated ) . Rise of the Planet of the Apes and Super 8 led the winners with three each .   In the television categories , Breaking Bad won three of its six nominations , including Best Syndicated/Cable Television Series . Fringe , The Walking Dead and Teen Wolf won the other Best Series Awards .   Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 became the first Harry Potter film to win Best Fantasy Film , for which the seven previous Harry Potter films were nominated , and only the second film of the series to win a Saturn Award , following The Philosopher 's Stone which won Best Costume in 2001 . Mission : Impossible -- Ghost Protocol also became the first Mission : Impossible film to win Best Action or Adventure Film , following the nominations of the first and third installments .

neg: 20th Satellite Awards The 20th Satellite Awards is an award ceremony honoring the year 's outstanding performers , films , and television shows , presented by the International Press Academy . It took place on February 21 , 2016 .   The nominations were announced on December 1 , 2015 . The film The Martian leads all nominees with nine , including Best Film .

neg: Threads Threads is a 1984 British television drama jointly produced by the BBC , Nine Network and Western-World Television Inc. . Written by Barry Hines and directed by Mick Jackson , it is a docudrama account of nuclear war and its effects on the city of Sheffield in Northern England . The plot centres on two families as a confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union erupts . As the nuclear exchange between NATO and the Warsaw Pact begins , the film depicts the medical , economic , social and environmental consequences of nuclear war .   Shot on a budget of # 250,000 -- 350,000 , the film was the first of its kind to depict a nuclear winter . Certain reviewers nominated Threads as the `` film which comes closest to representing the full horror of nuclear war and its aftermath , as well as the catastrophic impact that the event would have on human culture '' . It has been compared to the earlier programme The War Game produced in Britain in the 1960s and its contemporary The Day After , a 1983 ABC television film depicting a similar scenario in the United States . It was nominated for seven BAFTA awards in 1985 and won for Best Single Drama , Best Design , Best Film Cameraman and Best Film Editor .

neg: Iranium Iranium is a 2011 documentary film by director Alex Traiman , Written and Distributed by Clarion Fund .   Featuring footage with Iranian leaders and interviews with 25 leading politicians , dissidents , and researchers , the film discusses the Iranian nuclear program , Middle East policy , terrorism , and nuclear proliferation . Beginning with the Islamic revolution , the film documents the creation of the Iranian nuclear program and development of weapons of mass destruction .   The film discusses Iranian foreign policy and Iran -- United States relations , including the Iran hostage crisis and the 1979 Iranian Revolution and takeover by Ayatollah Khomeini to what it refers to as `` the brutal nature of the Iranian regime to its own citizens , and the Iranian people 's desire to rejoin the international community . ''   The film is produced by the Clarion Fund . It was produced by the same team that produced Obsession : Radical Islam 's War Against the West and The Third Jihad . Iranian actress and Academy Award nominee Shohreh Aghdashloo narrates the film .   Pre-release screenings have been held or are scheduled to be held at organizations such as the Hudson Institute , David Horowitz Freedom Center , and Heritage Foundation .  The film premiered at select AMC theaters and community centers throughout the United States on February 8 .

neg: Academy Award for Best Animated Feature The Academy Awards are given each year by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS or the Academy ) for the best films and achievements of the previous year . The Academy Award for Best Animated Feature is given each year for animated films . An animated feature is defined by the Academy as a film with a running time of more than 40 minutes in which characters ' performances are created using a frame-by-frame technique , a significant number of the major characters are animated , and animation figures in no less than 75 percent of the running time . The Academy Award for Best Animated Feature was first given for films made in 2001 .   Through the 89th Academy Awards , presented in 2017 , Academy Award nominations in this category were made by the Academy 's animation section ; effective with the 2018 awards , all Academy members will be eligible to vote on nominations . The entire AMPAS membership has been eligible to choose the winner since the award 's inception . If there are sixteen or more films submitted for the category , the winner is voted from a shortlist of five films , which has happened six times , otherwise there will only be three films on the shortlist . Additionally , eight eligible animated features must have been theatrically released in Los Angeles County within the calendar year for this category to be activated .   Animated films can be nominated for other categories , but have rarely been so ; Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) was the first animated film ever nominated for Best Picture . Up ( 2009 ) and Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) also received Best Picture nominations after the Academy expanded the number of nominees .   Waltz with Bashir ( 2008 ) is the only animated film ever nominated for Best Foreign Language Film ( though it did not receive a nomination for Best Animated Feature ) . The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) and Kubo and the Two Strings ( 2016 ) are the only two animated films to ever be nominated for Best Visual Effects .

neg: 25th Academy Awards The 25th Academy Awards ceremony was held on March 19 , 1953 . It took place at the RKO Pantages Theatre in Hollywood , California , and the NBC International Theatre in New York City .   It was the first Academy Awards ceremony to be televised , and the first ceremony to be held in Hollywood and New York City simultaneously . It was also the only year that the New York ceremonies were to be held in the NBC International Theatre on Columbus Circle , which was shortly thereafter demolished and replaced by the New York Coliseum convention center .   A major upset occurred in the category of Best Picture . The heavily favored High Noon lost to Cecil B. DeMille 's The Greatest Show on Earth , eventually considered among the worst films to have won the Academy Award for Best Picture . The American film magazine Premiere placed the movie on its list of the 10 worst Oscar winners and the British film magazine Empire rated it # 3 on their list of the 10 worst Oscar winners . It has the lowest spot on Rotten Tomatoes ' list of the 81 films to win Best Picture . Of all the films nominated for the Oscar this year , only High Noon and Singin ' in the Rain would show up 46 years later on the American Film Institute list of the greatest American films of the 20th Century . For a film that only received two nominations , Singin ' in the Rain went on to be named as the greatest American musical film of all time and in the 2007 American Film Institute updated list as the fifth greatest American film of all time , while High Noon was ranked twenty-seventh on the same 2007 list , as well .   The Bad and the Beautiful won five awards , the most wins ever for a film not nominated for Best Picture . It was also the second Academy Awards in which a film not nominated for Best Picture received the most awards of the evening , excluding years where there were ties for the most wins . The only other film to do this was The Thief of Bagdad at the 13th Academy Awards ; as of the 87th Academy Awards , it has not happened since .   Until Spotlight won only Best Picture and Best Original Screenplay at the 88th Academy Awards , this was the last year in which the Best Picture winner won just two Oscars . It was also the second of three years to date in which two films not nominated for Best Picture received more nominations than the winner ( The Bad and the Beautiful and Hans Christian Andersen , both with six ) . This occurred again at the 79th Academy Awards .   Shirley Booth also became the last person to win an Oscar in a Leading Role to be born in the 19th century . She also holds the distinction of being the first woman in her 50s to win the award , at the age of 54 ( the second woman in her 50s to win , Julianne Moore , was 54 when awarded at the 87th Academy Awards ) .   John Ford 's fourth win for Best Director set a record for the most wins in this category that remains unmatched to this day .   For the first time since the introduction of Supporting Actor and Actress awards in 1936 , Best Picture , Best Director , and all four acting Oscars went to six different films . This has happened only three times since , at the 29th Academy Awards for 1956 , the 78th for 2005 , and the 85th for 2012 .

neg: Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock/Metal Performance The Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock/Metal Performance was an award presented at the 2012 and 2013 Grammy Awards , a ceremony that was established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards . According to the 54th Grammy Awards description guide it was designed for solo , duo/groups or collaborative ( vocal or instrumental ) hard rock or metal recordings and was limited to singles or tracks only .   The award was first presented in 2012 , after a major restructuring of Grammy categories . It combined the previous categories Best Hard Rock Performance and Best Metal Performance . The restructuring was a result of the Recording Academy 's wish to decrease the list of categories and awards . However , the Recording Academy announced in June 2013 that the category would split in 2014 , returning the Best Metal Performance category and recognizing quality hard rock performances in the Best Rock Performance category . According to the Academy , `` it was determined that metal has a very distinctive sound , and hard rock more closely aligns with rock and can exist comfortably as one end of the rock spectrum . ''

neg: Technetium Technetium is a chemical element with symbol Tc and atomic number 43 . It is the lightest element whose isotopes are all radioactive ; none are stable . Nearly all technetium is produced synthetically , and only minute amounts are found in the Earth 's crust . Naturally occurring technetium is a spontaneous fission product in uranium ore or the product of neutron capture in molybdenum ores . The chemical properties of this silvery gray , crystalline transition metal are intermediate between rhenium and manganese .   Many of technetium 's properties were predicted by Dmitri Mendeleev before the element was discovered . Mendeleev noted a gap in his periodic table and gave the undiscovered element the provisional name ekamanganese ( Em ) . In 1937 , technetium ( specifically the technetium-97 isotope ) became the first predominantly artificial element to be produced , hence its name ( from the Greek τεχνητός , meaning `` artificial '' , + - ium #Suffix ) .   Its short-lived gamma ray-emitting nuclear isomer -- technetium-99m -- is used in nuclear medicine for a wide variety of diagnostic tests . Technetium-99 is used as a gamma-ray-free source of beta particles . Long-lived technetium isotopes produced commercially are by-products of fission of uranium-235 in nuclear reactors and are extracted from nuclear fuel rods . Because no isotope of technetium has a half-life longer than 4.2 million years ( technetium-98 ) , the 1952 detection of technetium in red giants , which are billions of years old , helped to prove that stars can produce heavier elements .

neg: Purge (2012 film) Purge ( Puhdistus ) is a 2012 Finnish drama film directed by Antti Jokinen , based on the novel of the same name by Sofi Oksanen . The film was selected as the Finnish entry for the Best Foreign Language Oscar at the 85th Academy Awards , but it did not make it to the final shortlist . At the 2013 Jussi Award , the film received eight nominations , including Best Film , Best Direction and Best Costume Design . It won Best Actress for Birn , Best Supporting Actress for Liisi Tandefelt , along with Best Cinematography , Best Sound Design and Best Make-Up Design . Birn was also nominated for the Satellite Award for Best Actress .

neg: Radon Radon is a chemical element with symbol Rn and atomic number 86 . It is a radioactive , colorless , odorless , tasteless noble gas . It occurs naturally as an intermediate step in the normal radioactive decay chains through which thorium and uranium slowly decay into lead ; radon , itself , is a decay product of radium . Its most stable isotope , 222Rn , has a half-life of 3.8 days . Since thorium and uranium are two of the most common radioactive elements on Earth , and since their isotopes have very long half-lives , on the order of billions of years , radon will be present in nature long into the future in spite of its short half-life as it is continually being regenerated .   Unlike all the other intermediate elements in the aforementioned decay chains , radon is , under normal conditions , gaseous and easily inhaled . Radon gas is a health hazard . It is often the single largest contributor to an individual 's background radiation dose , but due to local differences in geology , the level of the radon-gas hazard differs from location to location . Despite its short lifetime , radon gas from natural sources can accumulate in buildings , especially , due to its high density , in low areas such as basements and crawl spaces . Radon can also occur in ground water -- for example , in some spring waters and hot springs .   Epidemiological studies have shown a clear link between breathing high concentrations of radon and incidence of lung cancer . Radon is a contaminant that affects indoor air quality worldwide . According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency , radon is the second most frequent cause of lung cancer , after cigarette smoking , causing 21,000 lung cancer deaths per year in the United States . About 2,900 of these deaths occur among people who have never smoked . While radon is the second most frequent cause of lung cancer , it is the number one cause among non-smokers , according to EPA estimates . As radon itself decays , it produces other radioactive elements called radon daughters ( also known as radon progeny ) or decay products . Unlike the gaseous radon itself , radon daughters are solids and stick to surfaces , such as dust particles in the air . If such contaminated dust is inhaled , these particles can also cause lung cancer .

neg: Japan Academy Prize for Outstanding Foreign Language Film Every year since its inception , the Japanese Academy has recognized an outstanding foreign film . The year that any given film is nominated is not based on the film 's domestic release date but rather on the date it is released in Japan . As delays of over four months are not uncommon , many films are nominated in Japan the following year after their release to the Japanese market ( i.e. Million Dollar Baby won the American Academy Award for Best Picture for films made in 2004 , but the Japanese award , based on its localized release date , is for 2005 ) . In fact , not one of the five films nominated for the 2007 Academy Award for Best Picture had been released in Japan by February 15 , 2008 , the date of the Japan Academy Prize Ceremony . Although the 2007 recipient of this award , Letters from Iwo Jima , a film almost entirely in Japanese , would not seem to meet the qualification of a `` Foreign Language Film '' , the actual Japanese title of the award , 最優秀外国作品賞 makes no mention of language . It would be more accurately translated as `` Best Foreign Production '' .   2017 - Sully  The Martian  Zootopia  Star Wars : The Force Awakens  The Revenant  2016 - American Sniper  Kingsman : The Secret Service  Mad Max : Fury Road  Spectre  Whiplash  2015 - Frozen  Interstellar  Jersey Boys  Fury  Godzilla  2014 - Les Misérables  3 Idiots  Captain Phillips  Django Unchained  Gravity  2013 - The Intouchables  Argo  The Dark Knight Rises  The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo  Skyfall  2012 - The King 's Speech  Rise of the Planet of the Apes  Moneyball  The Social Network  Black Swan  2011 - Avatar  Inception  Toy Story 3  Invictus  The Hurt Locker  2010 - Gran Torino  Slumdog Millionaire  Changeling  The Wrestler  Red Cliff Part II  2009 - The Dark Knight  The Bucket List  No Country for Old Men  Lust , Caution  Red Cliff Part I  2008 - Letters from Iwo Jima  Dreamgirls  Babel  Hairspray  The Bourne Ultimatum  2007 - Flags of Our Fathers  Crash  Hotel Rwanda  Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest  The Da Vinci Code  2006 - Million Dollar Baby  Cinderella Man  Charlie and the Chocolate Factory  The Phantom of the Opera  Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith  2005 - The Last Samurai  The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King  Mystic River  Seabiscuit  Troy  2004 - The Pianist  Chicago  The Hours  The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers  Yeopgijeogin geunyeo  2003 - Monster 's Ball  Gangs of New York  Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets  I Am Sam  The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring  2002 - Billy Elliot  Artificial Intelligence : AI  Chocolat  Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone  Postmen in the Mountains  2001 - Dancer in the Dark  American Beauty  Gladiator  The Green Mile  Swiri  2000 - The Sixth Sense  Elizabeth  The Matrix  Shakespeare in Love  La Vita è bella  1999 - L.A. Confidential  Armageddon  As Good as It Gets  Good Will Hunting  Saving Private Ryan  1998 - Titanic The English Patient Shine Air Force One Seven Years in Tibet1997 - Il Postino Independence Day Mission : Impossible Se7en 12 Monkeys1996 - The Shawshank Redemption  Apollo 13  The Bridges of Madison County  Forrest Gump  Léon  1995 - Schindler 's List  The Piano  Pulp Fiction  Speed  True Lies  1994 - Jurassic Park  Cliffhanger  The Fugitive  Heaven & Earth  Unforgiven  1993 - JFK  The Lover  Basic Instinct  The Bodyguard  A League of Their Own  1992 - Dances with Wolves  Awakenings  Nikita  The Silence of the Lambs  Terminator 2 : Judgment Day  1991 - Field of Dreams  Die Hard 2  Ghost  Cinema Paradiso  Total Recall  1990 - Die Hard  Black Rain  Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade  Major League  Rain Man  1989 - The Last Emperor  Fatal Attraction  Full Metal Jacket  Moonstruck  Wall Street  1988 - Platoon  Hannah and Her Sisters  Stand By Me  Top Gun  The Untouchables  1987 - Back to the Future  Aliens  A Chorus Line  The Color Purple  Out of Africa  1986 - Amadeus  The Cotton Club  The Killing Fields  A Passage to India  Witness  1985 - Once Upon a Time in America  Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom  The Natural  The Right Stuff  Terms of Endearment  1984 - An Officer and a Gentleman  The Woman Next DoorFlashdanceGandhiSophie 's Choice1983 - E.T. the Extra-TerrestrialDas BootChariots of FireOn Golden PondRocky III1982 - Die BlechtrommelBeing ThereThe Elephant ManOrdinary PeopleLes Uns et les Autres1981 - Kramer vs. KramerAll That JazzApocalypse NowManhattanTess1980 - The Deer HunterThe Tree of Wooden ClogsBig WednesdayThe ChampThe Travelling Players1979 - Conversation PieceClose Encounters of the Third KindThe Goodbye GirlStar Wars Episode IV : A New HopeThe Turning Point1978 - RockyThe Fire WithinNetworkSlap ShotVoyage of the Damned ''

neg: Spontaneous fission Spontaneous fission ( SF ) is a form of radioactive decay that is found only in very heavy chemical elements . The nuclear binding energy of the elements reaches its maximum at an atomic mass number of about 58 ; spontaneous breakdown into smaller nuclei and a few isolated nuclear particles becomes possible at greater atomic mass numbers .   Because of constraints in forming the daughter fission-product nuclei , spontaneous fission into known nuclides becomes theoretically possible ( that is , energetically possible ) for some atomic nuclei with atomic masses greater than 92 atomic mass units ( amu ) , with the probability of spontaneous fission increasing as the atomic mass increases above this value .

neg: Radioactive decay Radioactive decay ( also known as nuclear decay or radioactivity ) is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy ( in terms of mass in its rest frame ) by emitting radiation , such as an alpha particle , beta particle with neutrino or only a neutrino in the case of electron capture , gamma ray , or electron in the case of Internal conversion . A material containing such unstable nuclei is considered radioactive . Certain highly excited short-lived nuclear states can decay through neutron emission , or more rarely , proton emission .   Radioactive decay is a stochastic ( i.e. random ) process at the level of single atoms , in that , according to quantum theory , it is impossible to predict when a particular atom will decay , regardless of how long the atom has existed . However , for a collection of atoms , the collection 's expected decay rate is characterized in terms of their measured decay constants or half-lives . This is the basis of radiometric dating . The half-lives of radioactive atoms have no known upper limit , spanning a time range of over 55 orders of magnitude , from nearly instantaneous to far longer than the age of the universe .   A radioactive nucleus with zero spin can have no defined orientation , and hence emits the total momentum of its decay products isotropically ( all directions and without bias ) . If there are multiple particles produced during a single decay , as in beta decay , their relative angular distribution , or spin directions may not be isotropic . Decay products from a nucleus with spin may be distributed non-isotropically with respect to that spin direction , either because of an external influence such as an electromagnetic field , or because the nucleus was produced in a dynamic process that constrained the direction of its spin . Such a parent process could be a previous decay , or a nuclear reaction.See Wu experiment among other counterexamples when the decaying atom is influenced by external factors .   The decaying nucleus is called the parent radionuclide ( or parent radioisotopeRadionuclide is the more correct term , but radioisotope is also used . The difference between isotope and nuclide is explained at Isotope #Isotope vs. nuclide . ) , and the process produces at least one daughter nuclide . Except for gamma decay or internal conversion from a nuclear excited state , the decay is a nuclear transmutation resulting in a daughter containing a different number of protons or neutrons ( or both ) . When the number of protons changes , an atom of a different chemical element is created .   The first decay processes to be discovered were alpha decay , beta decay , and gamma decay . Alpha decay occurs when the nucleus ejects an alpha particle ( helium nucleus ) . This is the most common process of emitting nucleons , but highly excited nuclei can eject single nucleons , or in the case of cluster decay , specific light nuclei of other elements . Beta decay occurs when the nucleus emits an electron or positron and a neutrino , in a process that changes a proton to a neutron or the converse . Highly excited neutron-rich nuclei , formed as the product of other types of decay , occasionally lose energy by way of neutron emission , resulting in a change from one isotope to another of the same element . The nucleus may capture an orbiting electron , causing a proton to convert into a neutron in a process called electron capture . All of these processes result in a well-defined nuclear transmutation .   By contrast , there are radioactive decay processes that do not result in a nuclear transmutation . The energy of an excited nucleus may be emitted as a gamma ray in a process called gamma decay , or that energy may be lost when the nucleus interacts with an orbital electron causing its ejection from the atom , in a process called internal conversion .   Another type of radioactive decay results in products that vary , appearing as two or more `` fragments '' of the original nucleus with a range of possible masses . This decay , called spontaneous fission , happens when a large unstable nucleus spontaneously splits into two ( or occasionally three ) smaller daughter nuclei , and generally leads to the emission of gamma rays , neutrons , or other particles from those products .   For a summary table showing the number of stable and radioactive nuclides in each category , see radionuclide . There are 29 naturally occurring chemical elements on Earth that are radioactive . They are those that contain 34 radionuclides that date before the time of formation of the solar system , and are known as primordial nuclides . Well-known examples are uranium and thorium , but also included are naturally occurring long-lived radioisotopes , such as potassium-40 . Another 50 or so shorter-lived radionuclides , such as radium and radon , found on Earth , are the products of decay chains that began with the primordial nuclides , or are the product of ongoing cosmogenic processes , such as the production of carbon-14 from nitrogen-14 in the atmosphere by cosmic rays . Radionuclides may also be produced artificially in particle accelerators or nuclear reactors , resulting in 650 of these with half-lives of over an hour , and several thousand more with even shorter half-lives . -LSB- See here for a list of these sorted by half life . -RSB-