query: Nicki Minaj released 3 audio publications between 2007 and 2009.

pos: Nicki Minaj Onika Tanya Maraj ( born December 8 , 1982 ) , known professionally as Nicki Minaj ( -LSB- langpronnɪkɪ_mɪ ` nɑːdʒ -RSB- ) , is a Trinidadian-born American rapper , singer , songwriter and model . Born in Saint James , Trinidad and Tobago ( a district of Trinidad 's capital Port of Spain ) and raised in South Jamaica , Queens , New York , Minaj earned public attention after releasing three mixtapes between 2007 and 2009 . She has been signed to Young Money Entertainment since 2009 .   Minaj 's first and second studio albums , Pink Friday ( 2010 ) and Pink Friday : Roman Reloaded ( 2012 ) , both peaked at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200 and produced the successful singles `` Super Bass '' and `` Starships '' , respectively . In 2010 , Minaj became the first female solo artist to have seven singles simultaneously charting on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 . Her third studio album , The Pinkprint ( 2014 ) , was preceded by its second single , `` Anaconda '' , which peaked at number two on the Hot 100 and is her highest-charting single in the U.S. to date . Minaj made her film debut in the 2012 animated film Ice Age : Continental Drift , followed by supporting roles in The Other Woman ( 2014 ) and Barbershop : The Next Cut ( 2016 ) . In 2013 , she was a judge on the twelfth season of American Idol .   Minaj was the first female artist included on MTV 's Annual Hottest MC List , with a New York Times editor saying that some consider her to be `` the most influential female rapper of all time '' . In 2016 , Minaj was included on the annual Time 100 list of the most influential people in the world . Her rapping is distinctive for its fast flow and the use of alter egos and accents , primarily British cockney . Early in her career , Minaj was known for her colorful costumes and wigs . She has the most Billboard Hot 100 entries for a female artist in the chart 's history , while being ninth overall . Minaj has received ten Grammy nominations throughout her career , and has won six American Music Awards , eleven BET Awards , three MTV Video Music Awards , four Billboard Music Awards , and was the recipient of Billboards Women in Music 2011 Rising Star award . She has endorsed Adidas , MAC Cosmetics and Pepsi . She has sold 20 million singles as a lead artist , and 60 million singles as a featured artist worldwide .

pos: Mixtape A mixtape ( also mix-tape or mix tape ) is a home-made compilation of music ( typically copyrighted songs taken from other sources ) recorded in a specific order , traditionally onto a cassette tape , though later replaced by CD or MP3 playlist formats . The songs can be sequential , or by beatmatching the songs and creating overlaps and fades between the end of one song and the beginning of another the tape may become a seamless whole . Compilations may include a selection of favorite songs , or music linked by theme or mood , perhaps tailored to the tape 's intended recipient .   Writing in 2004 , essayist Geoffrey O'Brien called the personal mix tape `` perhaps the most widely practiced American art form '' .   `` Mixtape '' is also used in hip hop to describe certain types of recordings , typically self-produced and independently released albums that are issued free of charge to gain publicity and/or circumvent possible copyright infringement .

neg: The Abattoir Blues Tour The Abattoir Blues Tour is the second live album by Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds , released on January 29 , 2007 . The deluxe release includes two audio CDs and two DVDs .

neg: Swizz Beatz discography The discography of Swizz Beatz , an American hip hop record producer and recording artist , consists of one studio album , one compilation album , one mixtape , thirty-nine singles ( including thirty-one as a featured artist ) , three promotional singles and thirty-three music videos .

neg: Double album A double album ( or double record ) is an audio album which spans two units of the primary medium in which it is sold , typically records and compact discs . A double album is usually though not always released as such , because the recording is longer than the capacity of the medium . Recording artists often think of double albums as comprising a single piece artistically ; however , there are exceptions such as John Lennon 's Some Time in New York City and Pink Floyd 's Ummagumma ( both examples of one studio record and one live album packaged together ) and OutKast 's Speakerboxxx/The Love Below ( effectively two solo albums , one by each member of the duo ) . A classic example of this idea is Works ( Volume One ) by Emerson Lake and Palmer , where side one was Keith Emerson , two Greg Lake , three Carl Palmer while side four was by the entire group .   Since the advent of the compact disc , albums are sometimes released with a bonus disc featuring additional material as a supplement to the main album , with live tracks , studio out-takes , cut songs , or older unreleased material . One innovation is the accompaniment of a CD with a DVD of related material , such as video related to the album or DVD-Audio versions of the same recordings . These could be regarded as a new form of double album ; some such discs were also released on a two-sided format called DualDisc . Due to the limitations of the gramophone record , many albums primarily released on the format were under 40 minutes long . This has led to record labels re-releasing two of these albums on one CD , thus making a double album .   The same principles apply to the triple album , which comprises three units . Packages with more units than three are often packaged as a box set .

neg: Hit the Lights (Japan Edition) Hit the Lights ( Japan Edition ) is the second compilation album by British R&B singer Jay Sean . The album was released in Japan on 18 January 2012 by Cash Money Records . The album features guest appearances from Nicki Minaj , Lil Wayne , Tyga and Birdman .

neg: The Ultimate Collection (Chihiro Onitsuka album) The Ultimate Collection ( stylized as the ultimate collection ) is the first compilation album by Japanese singer-songwriter Chihiro Onitsuka , released in 2004 . It came out months after the artist terminated the contracts with record label and management office .   All the 15 tracks on the album was digitally remastered by Ted Jensen . Selection of the songs was supervised by Takefumi Haketa , Onitsuka 's previous musical collaborator who produced all her materials released under EMI . The performer has not authorized this retrospective album , however , omitting the release from the discography page on her present official website which launched in 2007 .   The Ultimate Collection debuted at the number-three on the Japanese Oricon chart and remained there for 23 weeks . The album was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of Japan upon its release , for shipments of over 250,000 copies .   The front cover of the compilation was picked out from the photo session which was taken for her cancelled fourth studio album supposed to have been released in March 2004 . Along with the album , a DVD collection composed of 17 music videos entitled The Complete Clips was issued simultaneously .

neg: You Fat Bastard You Fat Bastard is a 2 CD anthology by British electronic rock artists Carter USM . It was released on 15 October 2007 .

neg: Ai discography The discography of Japanese contemporary R&B singer and rapper Ai consists of ten studio albums , four compilation albums , one live album , one mix tape , ten video albums and numerous solo and collaboration singles .   Ai debuted as a musician through BMG Japan in 2000 , though which she released a single album , My Name Is Ai . In 2002 , Ai switched labels to DefJam Japan , a subsidiary of Universal Music Japan , and released her second studio album in 2003 , Original Ai . In 2005 , Ai released the ballad `` Story '' , which became one of the most digitally successful songs of all time in Japan , becoming 3 × Million certified for ringtones and Million for downloads to cellphones .   Ai remained with Universal until 2010 , releasing seven studio albums with the label . Ai signed to EMI Music Japan in June 2011 , and released the album Independent ( 2012 ) , led by the single `` Happiness '' . In September 2012 , Universal Music Group purchased EMI Music , leading Ai to return to Universal as an artist under the newly created EMI Records Japan sub-label .

neg: Bloody Radio Bloody Radio is a studio album by American hip hop group Grayskul . It was released on Rhymesayers Entertainment in 2007 .

neg: Audible Inc. Audible Inc. is a seller and producer of spoken audio entertainment , information , and educational programming on the Internet . Audible sells digital audiobooks , radio and TV programs , and audio versions of magazines and newspapers . Through its production arm , Audible Studios , Audible has also become the world 's largest producer of downloadable audiobooks . Audible 's content is only accessible through special proprietary closed software , including unauthorized-playback prevention by means of an Audible user name and password .   On January 31 , 2008 Amazon.com announced it would buy Audible for about 300 million USD . The deal closed in March 2008 and Audible became a subsidiary of Amazon . The company is based in Newark , New Jersey 's 1 Washington Park high rise office building . Audible is the United States ' largest audio book producer and retailer .

neg: Leon Thomas III discography The discography of American singer Leon Thomas III consists of two mixtapes albums , two singles , one promotional , four music video and one other album appearance .

neg: Tina! Tina ! is a compilation album from American rock singer Tina Turner . The album was released September 30 , 2008 by Capitol Records in North America and October 17 , 2008 in Germany ( the album was released as an `` import '' in other regions ) . The album was later expanded to a three-disc set , released in Europe to coincide with the European leg of her tour . The Platinum Collection was released on February 23 , 2009 .

neg: Radio 1 Podcasts BBC Radio 1 regularly releases six podcasts . The selection has grown over time , originally forming part of the BBC 's podcast trial . In November 2005 , short clips ( typically 30 seconds ) of commercially available music began to be used within some shows , after the BBC negotiated a deal with rights holders .

neg: Machine Gun Kelly discography The discography of American recording artist Machine Gun Kelly consists of three studio albums , one extended play , ten mixtapes , and eleven singles ( including two as a featured artist ) .

neg: Songs of Mass Destruction Songs of Mass Destruction is the fourth studio album by Annie Lennox , released on 1 October 2007 . It was her first album of new material since 2003 's Bare .

neg: Now That's What I Call Reggae Now That 's What I Call Reggae or Now Reggae is a triple-disc compilation album released in the United Kingdom on 25 June 2012 .

neg: Nick Records Nick Records ( also known as Nickelodeon Records or Nick Music ) is the record label for the children 's television channel Nickelodeon . The label featured new and emerging young musical artists , `` triple threat '' singers who would also act and dance on the network 's series , and soundtrack and compilations based on Nickelodeon TV shows .

neg: The Voice (Mike Jones album) The Voice is the second studio album by American rapper Mike Jones . It was released on April 28 , 2009 . Production was handled by several producers , including Jim Jonsin , Mr. Collipark , J.R. Rotem and Big E , among others .   The album has sold 25,000 copies in its first week , debuting at number 12 on the US Billboard 200 on April 22 , 2009 . As of February 1 , 2014 , the album has sold 200,000 copies in the United States .

neg: Nicki Richards Nicki Richards ( born Honolulu , Hawaii , United States on March 24 ) is an American singer , songwriter , producer and actress based in Manhattan , New York City . She is also known as a backing singer for a number of renowned artists and on a big number of studio recordings . Her father was a high-ranking African-American naval officer and her mother , Donna Blackmon , a talented singer . Nicki 's brother , Philip Richards is a singer / musician in his own right and collaborated with her in her works .   Nicki Richards had her first public appearances in commercials when she was only 5 . She had her break when she won the Grand Prize on the singing competition Star Search . She consequently recorded and performed for the past several years with Madonna , ( including Confessions Tour , Sticky & Sweet Tour , MDNA Tour and Rebel Heart Tour ) , Mariah Carey , Whitney Houston , Mick Jagger , Michael Jackson , Tina Turner , Gloria Estefan , Celine Dion , Stevie Wonder , Linda Ronstadt , Mary J. Blige , Missy Elliott , Lenny Kravitz , Anastacia , Bette Midler , Maxi Priest , Al Green , The Cover Girls and many more .   In 1991 , she released her own debut album Naked ( To the World ) on Atlantic Records written and co-produced by her after being signed to a deal by the legendary Ahmet Ertegun . She followed that up with Nicki in 2008 .   She had her acting debut in 1999 in Colorz of Rage directed by Dale Resteghini and in Chicago as part of a female ensemble and in two musical comedies by Robert Klein . She also took part in a number of theater productions Cy Coleman 's Like Jazz in Los Angeles , Jim Steinman 's Over The Top on the East Coast , and the Penumbra Theatre Company 's `` Spunk '' by Zora Neale Hurston and `` Beehive '' both in the Minneapolis/St . Paul area .   She performed on the PBS television show `` Between the Lions '' , a puppet educational show . She has also appeared on a number of commercials ( Burger King , Coca Cola and Colgate ) .

neg: Vila (album) Vila ( trans . Fairy ) is the third studio album by Bosniak recording artist Emina Jahović , which was released on 21 May 2009 , by PGP RTS . Because Jahović signed a contract with PGP RTS she was banned on RTV Pink , a famous Serbian TV network that supports artists from City Records which released Emina 's first two albums .

neg: The Blueprint 3 The Blueprint 3 is the eleventh studio album by American rapper Jay Z , released September 8 , 2009 , on Roc Nation , through distribution from Atlantic Records . It is the final installment in The Blueprint trilogy , preceded by The Blueprint ( 2001 ) and The Blueprint2 : The Gift & The Curse ( 2002 ) . Production for the album took place during 2008 to 2009 at several recording studios and was handled by Kanye West , No I.D. , The Neptunes , Jeff Bhasker , Al Shux , Jerome `` J-Roc '' Harmon , The Inkredibles , Swizz Beatz , and Timbaland . This is the only album in the Blueprint trilogy , as well as the first album since Vol . 3 ... Life and Times of S. Carter ( 1999 ) , not to feature production from Just Blaze .   The album debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart , selling 476,000 copies in its first week . It became Jay-Z 's eleventh US number-one album , breaking the record he had previously shared with Elvis Presley , and produced five singles that achieved chart success . Upon its release , The Blueprint 3 received generally positive reviews from music critics .


query: Vikram runs an association.

pos: Vikram (actor) Kennedy John Victor , known professionally as Vikram or Chiyaan Vikram , is an Indian film actor who predominantly appears in Tamil language films and has won seven Filmfare Awards as well as one National Film Award and Tamil Nadu State Film Award amongst other recognitions and was awarded an Honorary Doctorate by the People 's University of Milan in May 2011 .   He made his debut in the 1990 film En Kadhal Kanmani , which was followed by a series of small-budget Tamil , Malayalam and Telugu films in the 1990s , many of which went unnoticed . However , the success of Bala 's tragedy film Sethu ( 1999 ) , in which Vikram appeared as a rogue turned lover , started Vikram 's successful career as an actor . In the early 2000s , Vikram appeared in a series of masala films , with Dhill ( 2001 ) , Gemini ( 2002 ) , Dhool ( 2003 ) and Saamy ( 2003 ) becoming commercially successful ventures . During the period , Vikram also appeared in diverse roles and received critical acclaim for his performance as a blind villager in Kasi and a Robin Hood-esque figure in Samurai . In 2003 , Vikram 's performance as a gravedigger with autism spectrum disorders in Bala 's Pithamagan saw him win the National Film Award for Best Actor , with his character only speaking a couple of lines of dialogue in the entire film . His appearance as an idealistic lawyer with multiple personality disorder in Shankar 's blockbuster Anniyan ( 2005 ) also won critical acclaim , as did his appearance as a superhero in Kanthaswamy ( 2009 ) . Vikram 's portrayal of Veeraiya , a tribal leader inspired by the Ramayana character Ravana , in Mani Ratnam 's Raavanan saw him secure further accolades , as did his appearance as a mentally challenged adult with the maturity of a six-year-old boy in Deiva Thirumagal ( 2011 ) . He consequently appeared in multiple get-ups as a bodybuilder and a crippled hunchback , losing up to 35 kilograms for sequences , during the making of Shankar 's romantic thriller I ( 2015 ) and won rave reviews from critics for his performance . It is currently the fourth highest-grossing Tamil film of all time .   Vikram has promoted various social causes and appeared as the Youth Envoy for the United Nations Human Settlements Programme in 2011 . He has been a brand ambassador of Sanjeevani Trust and a school for special children , Vidya Sudha , which he stayed at during the making of Deiva Thirumagal as well as having long-term associations with the Kasi Eye Care and running his own welfare association through the Vikram Foundation . In 2016 , he produced and directed the video to the flood relief anthem , Spirit of Chennai , as a tribute to the city 's volunteers following the -LSB- -LSB- 2015 South Indian floods -RSB-

neg: Indian National Association The Indian National Association also known as Indian Association was the first avowed nationalist organization founded in British India by Surendranath Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose in 1876 . The objectives of this Association were `` promoting by every legitimate means the political , intellectual and material advancement of the people '' . The Association attracted educated Indians and civic leaders from all parts of the country , and became an important forum for India 's aspirations for independence . It later merged with the Indian National Congress .

neg: Vigil India Movement Vigil India Movement ( Vigil India ) is a non-governmental organisation based in Bangalore working in the field of human rights in India . Founded in 1977 , by Rev. Dr. M.A. Thomas , who also founded the Ecumenical Christian Centre in Bangalore in 1963 and Association of Christian Institutes for Social Concern in Asia .   In 1998 , Vigil India launched The Institute of Human Rights with Mr. Justice M.N. Venkatachaliah , former Chief Justice of India and former Chairman of the National Human Rights Commission . The Institute is a training programme for human rights activists , `` training trainers '' for grass roots education in human rights .   The organisation awards the Rev. M.A. Thomas National Human Rights Award annually .   The recipients since 1993 include :  Swami Agnivesh , 2006  Teesta Setalvad , 2004  Harsh Mander , 2002  Medha Patkar , 1999  Justice V. R. Krishna Iyer , 1998  Ravi Nair , 1997

neg: Dalit Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry The Dalit Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry ( DICCI ) is an Indian association that promotes business enterprises for Dalits .  It was founded in 2005 by Milind Kamble . The association is responsible to inculcate the spirit of entrepreneurship between the dalit youths Some of the key members of DICCI are Kalpana Saroj , Chandra Bhan Prasad and Rajesh Saraiya .

neg: Association for Democratic Reforms The Association for Democratic Reforms ( ADR ) is a non-partisan , non-governmental organization which works in the area of electoral and political reforms . Along with National Election Watch ( NEW ) , which is a conglomeration of over 1200 organizations across the country , ADR aims at bringing transparency and accountability in Indian politics and reducing the influence of money and muscle power in elections .

neg: Indian Defence Review Indian Defence Review ( IDR ) , the brainchild of former captain of the Indian Army , was launched on January 1 , 1986 as a logical continuum to Lancer established in 1979 , the first Indian publishing house dedicated to put forward the military experience and point of view .   Under the professional stewardship of its first two editors , Lt Gen Mathew Thomas ( 1986 ) and Maj Gen Afsir Karim ( 1993 ) , both distinguished paratroopers , IDR began public engagement and national debate on military and security issues , which received immediate attention of the defence establishment , policy makers and national leadership in India .   Continuing in this strong tradition and creating a niche , IDR publisher and its third editor , Capt Bharat Verma ( 1998 ) , succeeded in placing the national security challenges `` front and centre '' of the public debate . The reigns of this reputed Journal have passed into the hands of Lt Gen JS Bajwa ( Retired ) consequent to the sad and untimely demise of Capt Bharat Verma in July 2014 .   With the launch of web version of the Journal , www.indiandefencereview.com in 2006 , IDR became India 's preeminent public publication on foreign policy and national security issues .   The result of the spade work done by these three military officers in the private sector , for the first time brought the concerns of national security issues through a private forum in independent India to the national centre-stage .   IDR remains a highly reliable , unbiased and unique source for government and defence officials , strategic planners , analysts , journalists and the general public on contemporary geo-political and geo-strategic issues presented by cerebral professionals .   In addition , IDR extensively covers foreign policy , aerospace trends , naval affairs , army force development , and internal security and the defence industry . The Journal is a trusted , independent and comprehensive source of critical information and insight that is necessary for public debate and civil discourse on matters related to India 's sovereignty , national integrity , security and defence . When important national security and defence issues arise , IDR is not only part of the conversation but also shapes the national debate .   IDR brings together leading experts ( military , government and academia ) who provide the highest quality of well considered , timely and authoritative expert analysis of current national and international events , emerging trends relating to security and defence , historical analysis and strategic forecasting and offer realistic , practical and pragmatic solutions and policy options that help address security and defence challenges impacting India .   IDR writers have made deep inroads into national security and defence debate once considered to be the preserve of the establishment in New Delhi , which in the past only relied and depended on analysis imported from foreign publications .   IDR , the country 's premium and most prestigious journal , won accolades including `` India 's best known military publication '' and `` the most impressive , useful and independent publication '' and remains the `` most quoted '' . Considered a ` policy making journal , ' IDR is recommended reading by the Army , Navy , and the Air Force headquarters for officers .   Today , IDR is acknowledged as one of the top journals in the defence sector , is available in `` print '' as well as `` on-line '' and interacts with the social media .

neg: Vikramōrvaśīyam Vikramōrvaśīyam ( , meaning Urvashi Won by Valour ) is a five-act Sanskrit play by ancient Indian poet Kalidasa who flourished in the 4th Century CE , on the Vedic love story of king Pururavas and an Apsara , a celestial nymph named Urvashi .   As per the tradition , while the basic plot has taken elements from the sources such as the Samvada Sukta of the Rigveda , Mahabharata and others , Kalidasa has made significant adaptations to make the presentation more appealing while establishing his prowess as a playwright .   Vikramorvashiyam is the second of the three plays written by Kalidasa , the first being Mālavikāgnimitram and the third being the celebrated Abhijñānaśākuntalam .   According to one theory , `` Vikram '' in the title alludes to Kalidasa 's patron king Vikramaditya ; however , there is no evidence for this . It simply means `` Valour '' .

neg: Hema Malini Hema Malini ( `` Hema Malini Chakravarty '' ) ( born 16 October 1948 , Ammankudi ( Orathanadu ) , Tamil Nadu , India ) is an Indian actress , director , producer , dancer and politician . 1963 she made acting debut in Tamil film `` Ithu Sathiyam '' as a dancer resp . supporting actress . Malini first acted in main role in Sapno Ka Saudagar ( 1968 ) , and went on to feature in numerous Bollywood films , primarily as the lead actress . In most of her films , she starred opposite her husband ; Dharmendra and with Rajesh Khanna and Dev Anand . Malini was initially promoted as the `` Dream Girl '' , and in 1977 starred in a film of the same name . She has played both comic and dramatic roles , as well as being a dancer . She has appeared in more than 150 films .   During her career , Malini received eleven nominations for the Filmfare Award for Best Actress , winning the award in 1972 . In 2000 , Malini won the Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award and also the Padma Shri , the fourth-highest civilian honour awarded by the Government of India . In 2012 , the Sir Padampat Singhania University conferred an Honorary Doctorate on Malini in recognition of her contribution to Indian cinema . Malini served as chairperson of the National Film Development Corporation . In 2006 , Malini received Sopori Academy of Music And Performing Arts ( SaMaPa ) Vitasta award from Bhajan Sopori in Delhi for her contribution and service to Indian culture and dance . In 2013 , she received the NTR National Award from Government of Andhra Pradesh for her contribution to Indian cinema .   From 2003 to 2009 , Malini was elected to the Rajya Sabha , the upper House of parliament , as a representative of the Bharatiya Janata Party . In 2014 , Malini was elected to the Lok Sabha . Malini has been involved with charitable and social ventures . Currently , Malini is also a life member of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness ( ISKCON ) . She was the top and successful actress of her time . She has been praised by critics for dancing and acting

neg: National Association of the Deaf (India) The National Association of the Deaf ( N.A.D. India ) is an organization for the deaf in India founded in 2005 . The goal of N.A.D. is the organization and education India 's deaf population . The N.A.D. promotes the use of Indian Sign Language . The N.A.D. currently has over 2,500 members . In January 2007 , the N.A.D. was able to coordinate with the Linguistic Department of Jawahar Lal Nehru University Delhi , the launch of The Association of Sign Language Interpreters .   Unlike the National Association of the Deaf ( United States ) , the N.A.D. is not affiliated with the World Federation of the Deaf ( WFD ) . However , another organization , `` All India Federation of the Deaf '' is affiliated with WDF .

neg: Karnataka Legislative Assembly The Karnataka Legislative Assembly is the lower house of the bicameral legislature of Karnataka state in southern India . Karnataka is one of the seven states in India , where the state legislature is bicameral , comprising two houses . The two houses are the Vidhana Sabha ( lower house ) and the Vidhana Parishat ( upper house ) .   The members of the Vidhana Sabha are directly elected by people through adult franchise . The members of the Vidhana Parishat are elected indirectly by members of local bodies , teachers and graduates .   There are 75 members of the Vidhana Parishat . Members of the Vidhana Parishat or Legislative Council normally have a term of six years , and are generally known as MLCs .   There are 224 members of the Vidhana Sabha or the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka state . One member is a representative of the Anglo-Indian community nominated by the Governor of Karnataka . The state of Karnataka is divided into 225 constituencies used to elect the Legislative assembly .   Each constituency elects one member of the assembly . Members are popularly known as MLAs . The assembly is elected using the simple plurality or `` first past the post '' electoral system . The elections are conducted by the Election Commission of India .   The normal term of the members lasts for five years . In case of death , resignation or disqualification of a member , a by-election is conducted for constituency represented by the member . The party which wins the most seats becomes the ruling party .   In the 2013 elections , the Indian National Congress ( INC ) won a majority of seats , with 122 out of 224 MLAs . On 10 May 2013 , K. Siddaramaiah was chosen as Chief Minister and CLP leader by the MLAs . He was sworn in on 13 May 2013 .

neg: List of Padma Vibhushan award recipients The Padma Vibhushan is the second highest civilian award of the Republic of India . Instituted on 2 January 1954 , the award is given for the `` exceptional and distinguished service '' , without distinction of race , occupation , position , or sex . The Padma Vibhushan award recipients are announced every year on Republic Day and registered in The Gazette of Indiaa publication released weekly by the Department of Publication , Ministry of Urban Development used for official government notices . The conferral of the award is not considered official without its publication in the Gazette . Recipients whose awards have been revoked or restored , both of which require the authority of the President , are also registered in the Gazette and are required to surrender their medals when their names are struck from the register . , none of the conferments of Padma Vibhushan have been revoked or restored . The recommendations are received from all the state and the union territory governments , the Ministries of the Government , the Bharat Ratna and previous Padma Vibhushan award recipients , the Institutes of Excellence , the Ministers , the Chief Ministers and the Governors of State , and the Members of Parliament including private individuals . The recommendations received during 1 May and 15 September of every year are submitted to the Padma Awards Committee , constituted by the Prime Minister . The committee recommendations are later submitted to the Prime Minister and the President for the further approval .   When instituted in 1954 , the Padma Vibhushan was classified as `` Pahela Warg '' ( Class I ) under the three-tier Padma Vibhushan awards ; preceded by the Bharat Ratna , the highest civilian award , and followed by `` Dusra Warg '' ( Class II ) , and `` Tisra Warg '' ( Class III ) . On 15 January 1955 , the Padma Vibhushan was reclassified into three different awards ; the Padma Vibhushan , the highest of the three , followed by the Padma Bhushan and the Padma Shri . The criteria includes `` exceptional and distinguished service in any field including service rendered by Government servants '' but excluding those working with the Public sector undertakings with the exception of doctors and scientists . The 1954 statutes did not allow posthumous awards but this was subsequently modified in the January 1955 statute . The award , along with other personal civil honours , was briefly suspended twice in its history ; for the first time in July 1977 when Morarji Desai was sworn in as the fourth Prime Minister . The suspension was rescinded on 25 January 1980 , after Indira Gandhi became the Prime Minister . The civilian awards were suspended again in mid-1992 , when two Public-Interest Litigations were filed in the High Courts questioning the civilian awards being `` Titles '' per an interpretation of Article 18 ( 1 ) of the Constitution . The awards were reintroduced by the Supreme Court in December 1995 , following the conclusion of the litigation .   The recipients receive a Sanad ( certificate ) signed by the President and a medal with no monetary grant associated with the award . The decoration is a circular-shaped toned bronze medallion 1 +3 / 4 inch in diameter and 1/8 inch thick . The centrally placed pattern made of outer lines of a square of 1 +3 / 16 inch side is embossed with a knob embossed within each of the outer angles of the pattern . A raised circular space of diameter 1 +1 / 16 inch is placed at the centre of the decoration . A centrally located lotus flower is embossed on the obverse side of the medal and the text `` Padma '' written in Devanagari script is placed above and the text `` Vibhushan '' is placed below the lotus . The Emblem of India is placed in the centre of the reverse side with the national motto , `` Satyameva Jayate '' ( Truth alone triumphs ) in Devanagari Script , inscribed on the lower edge . The rim , the edges and all embossing on either side is of white gold with the text `` Padma Vibhushan '' of silver gilt . The medal is suspended by a pink riband 1 +1 / 4 inch in width . It is ranked fourth in the order of precedence of wearing of medals and decorations .   The first recipients of the Padma Vibhushan were Satyendra Nath Bose , Nandalal Bose , Zakir Husain , Balasaheb Gangadhar Kher , V. K. Krishna Menon , and Jigme Dorji Wangchuck , who were honoured in 1954 . , the award has been bestowed on 300 individuals , including twelve posthumous and nineteen non-citizen recipients . Some of the recipients have refused or returned their awards ; Vilayat Khan , Swami Ranganathananda , and Manikonda Chalapathi Rau refused the award ; the family members of Lakshmi Chand Jain ( 2011 ) and Sharad Anantrao Joshi ( 2016 ) declined their posthumous conferments , and 1986 recipient Baba Amte returned his honour in 1991 . Most recently on 25 January 2017 , the award has been bestowed upon seven recipients ; Murli Manohar Joshi , Sharad Pawar , Udupi Ramachandra Rao , Jaggi Vasudev , K. J. Yesudas and posthumously on Sunder Lal Patwa and P. A. Sangma .

neg: Vikram Thakor Vikram Thakor is Indian film actor , musician and singer . He is known for his work in Gujarati cinema .

neg: Self Employed Women's Association Self-Employed Women 's Association ( SEWA ) , meaning `` service '' in several Indian languages , is a trade union based in Ahmedabad , India that promotes the rights of low-income , independently-employed female workers . With over 2 million participating women , SEWA is the largest organization of informal workers in the world and largest non-profit in India ( Chen et . al. 2015 ) . Self-employed women are defined as those who do not receive a salary like that of formally-employed workers and therefore have a more precarious income and life . SEWA is framed around the goal of full employment in which a women secures for her family : income , food , health care , child care , and shelter . The principles behind accomplishing these goals are struggle and development , meaning negotiating with stakeholders and providing services , respectively .   SEWA was founded in 1972 by Gandhian and civil rights leader Ela Bhatt as a branch of Textile Labour Association ( TLA ) , a labour union founded by Gandhi in 1918 . The organization grew very quickly , with 30,000 members in 1996 , to 318,527 in 2000 , to 1,919,676 in 2013 . Contemporaneous with this uptick in members is a change in India 's economy and society . Liberalizing the economy to foreign trade in 1991 caused a huge migration of rural inhabitants to Indian cities that then forced urban dwellers into informal occupations . Since the financial crisis of 2008 , over 90 % of India 's working population is in the informal sector ( Shakuntala 2015 ) ; yet 94 % of working women in 2009 worked in the informal sector ( Bhatt 2009 ) . India 's history and modern culture of female subjugation also contributes to this disparity because traditional gender roles exclude women from regular , secure forms of labour .

neg: Punjabis The Punjabis ( Punjabi : , ਪ ਜਾਬੀ ) , or Punjabi people , are an ethno-linguistic group associated with the Punjab , who speak Punjabi , an Indo-Aryan language . Punjab literally means the land of five waters ( Persian : panj ( `` five '' ) āb ( `` waters '' ) . The name of the region was introduced by the Greeksas Pentapotamia , which was later translated into Persian by the Turko-Persian conquerors of South Asia and more formally popularised during the Mughal Empire . Punjab is often referred to as the breadbasket in both Pakistan and India .   The coalescence of the various tribes , castes and the inhabitants of the Punjab into a broader common `` Punjabi '' identity initiated from the onset of the 18th century CE . Prior to that the sense and perception of a common `` Punjabi '' ethno-cultural identity and community did not exist , even though the majority of the various communities of the Punjab had long shared linguistic , cultural and racial commonalities .   Traditionally , Punjabi identity is primarily linguistic , geographical and cultural . Its identity is independent of historical origin or religion , and refers to those who reside in the Punjab region , or associate with its population , and those who consider the Punjabi language their mother tongue . Integration and assimilation are important parts of Punjabi culture , since Punjabi identity is not based solely on tribal connections . More or less all Punjabis share the same cultural background .   Historically , the Punjabi people were a heterogeneous group and were subdivided into a number of clans called biradari ( literally meaning `` brotherhood '' ) or tribes , with each person bound to a clan . However , Punjabi identity also included those who did not belong to any of the historical tribes . With the passage of time , tribal structures are coming to an end and are being replaced with a more cohesive and holistic society , as community building and group cohesiveness form the new pillars of Punjabi society .

neg: Vikram Dhillon Vikram Dhillon ( born September 5 , 1973 ) is an Indo-Canadian film producer , director , actor and a former VJ .

neg: Rajasthan Cricket Association The Rajasthan Cricket Association ( RCA ) , headquartered in Jaipur , administers the game of cricket in the Indian state of Rajasthan .   It officiates over the state level cricket in Rajasthan and the Rajasthan cricket team . It selects the cricket team of the state of Rajasthan to play in Indian first class cricket namely Ranji Trophy and Duleep Trophy . Lalit Modi is the President of the RCA . The Rajasthan Cricket Association is officially recognized and affiliated to Board for Control of Cricket in India .

neg: Sahapedia Sahapedia is an open online multimedia knowledge resource -LSB- i -RSB- on the arts , cultures and histories of India ( and broadly , South Asia ) based on both curated and crowd-sourced content . ` Saha ' ( Sanskrit for ` together with ' ) , is an invitation to explore together the richness of the cultural landscape . On the Sahapedia portal people can read articles , watch videos , listen to interviews , and browse image galleries . Users can also explore historic sites and natural spaces through virtual walks , timelines and interactive maps . -LSB- ii -RSB- It is both a resource and a platform in that registered users may log into a personal work space from where they can submit material for curation and form communities of interest . It is also an online archive that hosts a library , cultural events calendar and news .  History  Sahapedia was registered as a not-for-profit Society in June 2011 under the Societies Act of 1860 . S. Ramadorai ( Former Vice Chairman , Tata Consultancy Services , and Chairman , National Skills Development Agency ) is the President and mentor of Sahapedia . Sudha Gopalakrishnan ( Founder Director , 2003 -- 07 , National Mission for Manuscripts , Government of India and UNESCO-empanelled expert on intangible cultural heritage ) is the Vice President and Executive Director of Sahapedia .   The organization is guided by a panel of advisors who are eminent scholars and experts . Since the inception of the project in 2010 , a qualified team of researchers and designers based in New Delhi has been working to develop Sahapedia . The team has established the conceptual , design and legal framework of the project . Sahapedia has had an active online presence for the last three years , and it has received positive feedback from users . Based on this , information architecture and development experts worked together to build Sahapedia 's unique technology platform , which was launched on April 23 , 2016 . -LSB- i -RSB-  Vision  Sahapedia 's goals are to inform , educate and act . It aims to foster knowledge , encourage engagement and generate action towards understanding and revitalising the diverse aspects of Indian culture . It envisions itself as an open resource which facilitates conversations between scholars and students , artists and enthusiasts , and serves as a platform for independent researchers and collectors . The encyclopedia seeks to make the best use of the digital medium 's potential for cross-referencing across domains and subjects , encouraging non-linear exploration that illuminates new connections and new ramifications . It also integrates activities and services including research , documentation , digitisation and conservation . -LSB- i -RSB-  Mission  The organization is working on areas like developing a digital library ( monographs , out-of-print scholarly work , old journals , unpublished reports ) ; linking with online archives of texts , recordings , translation ; curating material that makes tourism more meaningful , creating resources for education responsive to local histories and needs , developing scholarly resources ( editing online journals , teaching old scripts online ) , and making the best use of digital interactives to explain formal techniques in fields such as music , architecture , textile , etc. . The idea is to create ` a movement for engaging with culture , as the collective legacy of people , by encouraging local documentation and upload on Sahapedia . ' -LSB- i -RSB-  Work  The core of Sahapedia is the encyclopedia that addresses ten domains : the areas covered come under the categories of Knowledge Traditions , Visual and Material Arts , Performing Arts , Literature and Languages , Practices and Rituals , Histories , Institutions , People , and Natural Environment . The research and editorial team identify subjects for the encyclopaedia , visit libraries and consult experts to arrive at an outline for its treatment , write to scholars for articles or request them for interviews , go on field visits for documentation and compile links to online resources and suggestions for further reading . Sahapedia also works with affiliates who are experts in their field and can curate modules that cover various aspects of a particular subject .   Ongoing Projects   Oral history : Documents interactions with artists , scholars and practitioners . The project also records performances , events , activities , lectures , demonstrations and seminars .   Library : Makes available archival material relating to history , literature , music and the performing arts under the Creative Share-alike License .   Built heritage : Documents heritage sites and spaces in India with a view to covering both academic studies and experiential accounts .   Maps project : Encourages people to participate in the cultural mapping of India and South Asia by marking cultural sites , forms , practices and events in their areas .   Heritage education : It has partnered in the Heritage Education efforts of the Central Board of Secondary Education involving 12,900 schools , by creating an interactive web resource for children on the CBSE website . -LSB- i -RSB- Besides , the collaboratively-created encyclopedia database will be available as an offline tool for distance and rural education .   Institutional collaborations : Sahapedia is in partnership with numerous national and international organisations with regard to specific projects . Collaborations have been forged with the Ministry of Culture , Rashtrapati Bhavan , Archaeological Survey of India , the Indian Institute of Advanced Studies , National School of Drama , the National Centre for the Performing Arts and the International Information Networking Centre for Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region , UNESCO . -LSB- ii -RSB-  External Links  Sahapedia.org , Official website   Youtube ,   Facebook ,   Twitter ,   Instagram

neg: Producers Guild Film Awards The Producers Guild Film Awards ( previously known as the Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Award ) is an accolade given by the Apsara Producers Guild to recognize excellence in Indian film and television . Originated by filmmaker and scholar Amit Khanna , the Star Guild Awards have been one of the major award events since 2004 . The 22-karat gold statuette was sculpted and designed by the jewellery brand Tanishq and was `` inspired by the rich heritage of one of India 's most treasured possessions - the Ajanta and Ellora Caves . '' Nominations for the awards come from selected members of the guild , with the full membership ( around 160 ) available to vote for the winners . The ballots cast by the guild members are then taken to a common venue for the final counting .

neg: Vikram (1986 Tamil film) Vikram is a 1986 Indian Tamil-language action-adventure film directed by Rajasekhar , starring Kamal Haasan , Sathyaraj , Amjad Khan , Ambika , Dimple Kapadia , Lizy , Charuhasan and Janagaraj . The First Indian movie to use computer for recording the songs

neg: S. Srikanta Sastri Sondekoppa Srikanta Sastri ( 5 November 1904 -- 10 May 1974 ) was an Indian historian , Indologist , and polyglot . He authored about 12 books , over two hundred articles , several monographs and book reviews over four decades in English , Kannada , Telugu and Sanskrit . To his credit are such works as `` Sources of Karnataka History '' , `` Geopolitics of India & Greater India '' , `` Bharatiya Samskruthi '' ( a compendium on Indian culture and tradition ) and `` Hoysala Vastushilpa '' ( a study of temple architecture of the Hoysala period in Karnataka ) . S. Srikanta Sastri was a polyglot well versed in fourteen languages spanning Greek , Latin , Pali , Prakrit , Sanskrit and German among others . He was Head of the Department of History & Indology at Maharaja College , University of Mysore between 1940 - 1960 . He was conferred the Kannada Literary Academy award in 1970 and was subsequently honoured by Governor of Karnataka Mohanlal Sukhadia in 1973 during mythic society diamond jubilee function . A Festschrift was brought forth and presented to him during his felicitation function in 1973 titled `` Srikanthika '' with articles on History and Indology by distinguished scholars . His work on Indus Valley Civilization and town planning at Harappa and Mohenjodaro were published in successive articles and drew considerable attention . His Research articles on The Aryan Invasion theory , the date of Adi Sankaracharya , Oswald Spengler 's view on Indian Culture , Jaina Epistemology , Proto-Vedic religion of Indus Valley Civilization and Evolution of the Gandaberunda insignia remain relevant today .   __ TOC __

neg: Bar association A bar association is a professional body of lawyers . Some bar associations are responsible for the regulation of the legal profession in their jurisdiction ; others are professional organizations dedicated to serving their members ; in many cases , they are both . In many Commonwealth jurisdictions , the bar association comprises lawyers who are qualified as barristers or advocates in particular , versus solicitors ( see bar council ) . Membership in bar associations may be mandatory or optional for practicing attorneys , depending on jurisdiction .


query: The World Bank Group's activities include roads, urban regeneration, and electricity.

pos: World Bank Group The World Bank Group ( WBG ) is a family of five international organizations that make leveraged loans to developing countries . It is the largest and most famous development bank in the world and is an observer at the United Nations Development Group . The bank is based in Washington , D.C. and provided around $ 61 billion in loans and assistance to `` developing '' and transition countries in the 2014 fiscal year . The bank 's stated mission is to achieve the twin goals of ending extreme poverty and building shared prosperity . Total lending as of 2015 for the last 10 years through Development Policy Financing was approximately $ 117 billion . Its five organizations are the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ( IBRD ) , the International Development Association ( IDA ) , the International Finance Corporation ( IFC ) , the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency ( MIGA ) and the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes ( ICSID ) .   The World Bank 's ( the IBRD and IDA 's ) activities are focused on developing countries , in fields such as human development ( e.g. education , health ) , agriculture and rural development ( e.g. irrigation and rural services ) , environmental protection ( e.g. pollution reduction , establishing and enforcing regulations ) , infrastructure ( e.g. roads , urban regeneration , and electricity ) , large industrial construction projects , and governance ( e.g. anti-corruption , legal institutions development ) . The IBRD and IDA provide loans at preferential rates to member countries , as well as grants to the poorest countries . Loans or grants for specific projects are often linked to wider policy changes in the sector or the country 's economy as a whole . For example , a loan to improve coastal environmental management may be linked to development of new environmental institutions at national and local levels and the implementation of new regulations to limit pollution , or not , such as in the World Bank financed constructions of paper mills along the Rio Uruguay in 2006 .   The World Bank has received various criticisms over the years and was tarnished by a scandal with the bank 's then President Paul Wolfowitz and his aide , Shaha Riza , in 2007 .

neg: Habitat International Coalition Habitat International Coalition ( HIC ) is an independent , nonprofit alliance with hundreds of organizations and individuals , which has been working in housing and human settlements for more than 30 years . The Coalition comprises social movements , community-based organizations , support groups and academics . The strength of the Coalition is based on its worldwide membership ( it has members in 117 nations in five continents ) and on the fact that it brings together a range of civil society groups . Dedicated to advocacy and support for the poor , solidarity networking , popular mobilization , debate and analysis , HIC works to unite civil society in a shared commitment to ensuring sustainable habitat and a livable planet for all . Its work focuses on defending and implementing the human rights linked to housing and habitat ; i.e. , land , housing , clean water , sanitation , a healthy environment , access to public goods and services ( e.g. , health , education , transport and recreation ; access to livelihood and social protection , pluralism and the preservation of social , natural , historic and cultural patrimony .   Since the ’80 HIC has been developing special capacities seeking gender equality , in a balanced articulation between reflection and action on different issues : the rights ' approach , the right to the city , the social production of habitat , women and habitat and the sustainable habitat .   HIC specific work on the right to the city seeks to deepen the analysis and the actions on the proposal of building more just cities worldwide . HIC has been committed since decades in the creation of a theoretical and practical framework for the right to the city . The Coalition articulates and accompanies social movements and organizations in their struggle to achieve the realization of all human rights to ensure the collective well-being of inhabitants ; the democratic management and the social function of the city . HIC is also aware of the global challenges facing worldwide on climate change and food sovereignty and the obvious impacts on the cities : the Coalition works on broaden exchanges between urban and rural movements .   HIC 'S work on social production of habitat seeks to derive practical lessons from the compilation , exchange and analysis of `` people 's processes '' in initiating , designing , building and maintaining local environments . These experiences , which build upon local social resources and demonstrate local social reliance and ingenuity , generate and promote methods and strategies that then can be shared and replicated across regions . Each region has given rise to diverse and specific examples of struggles and efforts that emphasize distinct circumstances and priorities to construct people-centred livelihoods . In order to strengthen people 's process for access and provision of land and shelter , lessons learned to date show a need to :  understand what sustains the people 's process on land , housing and habitat/settlements development , in urban and rural areas ,  understand what are the forces , both external and internal , that strengthen or weaken peoples ' processes , including political and economic forces that have a bearing on people 's processes , and in particular the dynamics of the informal and formal land markets ;  envision alternative ways to develop cities and other human settlements , evolving a bottom-up perspective on human settlement development without destroying livelihoods , assets and material achievements of the poor , while , quite to the contrary , supporting and nurturing livelihoods , assets and settlements of the poor , and their integration into the city ;  articulate and support the people 's processes through policies and actions for both government and nongovernmental organizations ;  develop more flexible design-based , knowledge-based and service-based housing policies and outputs with the objective of realizing the human right to adequate housing and equitable land use .

neg: Development trust Development Trusts are organisations operating in the United Kingdom that are :   community based , owned and led  engaged in the economic , environmental and social regeneration of a defined area or community  independent but seek to work in partnership with other private , voluntary , and public sector organisations  self-sufficient or aiming for self-sufficiency , and not for private profit .   There is no set form of legal structure , and a development trust may be registered as a company limited by guarantee , a community interest company , or an industrial and provident society . Many register as charities .   The activities undertaken by development trusts are various and include :   running the local shop and post office  developing play park and recreational facilities  managing a housing development  developing renewable energy projects such as wind farms  setting up training programmes .   They are informed by a belief that community regeneration that is achieved through community-owned enterprise is the way to build strong and sustainable communities .   There are over 500 development trusts throughout the UK , co-ordinated in England by the Development Trusts Association ( DTA ) . The mission of the DTA , which was established in 1993 , is `` to bring about a successful development trust in every community that wants one '' . In January 2011 the DTA announced that they were merging with the British Association of Settlements and Social Action Centres and that a new joint organisation would be called `` Locality '' and that a new organisation for Northern Ireland had been established , joining the existing sister organisations in Wales and Development Trusts Association Scotland .

neg: Council of Europe Development Bank The Council of Europe Development Bank ( CEB , Banque de Développement du Conseil de l'Europe ) dates from 1956 , when the Council of Europe established the Resettlement Fund for National Refugees and Over-Population in Europe as a Partial Agreement . In 1994 , it changed its name to the Council of Europe Social Development Fund , before becoming the Council of Europe Development Bank in 1999 .   Situated in Paris , the Bank is a separate legal entity and is autonomous in its decision-making . It has an excellent credit rating from Moody 's , Standard and Poor 's . and Fitch Ratings .   The original aim was to help refugees and other displaced persons after the Second World War . It later expanded its scope of activities to include assistance to disaster victims , help with job creation , and improve social infrastructure . Its aim today is to promote social cohesion in its member states .   The CEB acts as a development bank , granting loans to member states . In 2016 , its assets stood at 25.6 billion euros , which it uses to co-finance projects by means of loans of up to 40 % of the project cost .  The current governor is Rolf WENZEL , born in 1954 , of German nationality .

neg: National Infrastructure Reinvestment Bank The creation of a National Infrastructure Reinvestment Bank was first proposed by United States Senator Christopher J. Dodd and Senator Chuck Hagel in 2007 . However , several other iterations of a National Infrastructure Bank have been proposed and considered and it is likely that implementing legislation for the Bank will look quite different from that which was proposed in the original legislation .   Barack Obama backed the proposed legislation in February 2008 and repeated his call in September 2010 , although he did not provide specifics about how the Bank should operate . In 2008 , Obama suggested that the Bank would borrow US$ 60 billion of federal funding to invest in infrastructure over 10 years , while leveraging `` up to $ 500 billion '' of private investment . It would invest in high-speed trains to provide an alternative to air travel , energy efficiency , and clean energy , among other kinds of public infrastructure . According to Obama , the Bank 's `` work will be determined by what will maximize our safety and security and ability to compete '' and it would `` create nearly two million new jobs '' , mainly in the construction industry . According to the text of the proposed legislation , funding for the bank would be taken from borrowed funds not to exceed one percent .   The Bank would complement existing federal programs to fund infrastructure , such as the Highway Trust Fund or State Revolving Funds . It is expected to invest primarily in surface transport infrastructure , which is likely to include highways and mass transit . Obama did not mention investments in water supply and sanitation as an area of activity for the new Bank . The American Water Works Association ( AWWA ) estimates that investment in water supply and sanitation in the United States will have to be `` over $ 250 billion above current levels of spending in the next 20 to 30 years '' to replace aging infrastructure . The original version of the bill expired with the 110th Congress ; a different version of the bill was introduced into the 112th Congress by U.S. Representative Rosa L. DeLauro ( D - Connecticut 3rd District ) as H.R. 402 .

neg: Water resource management Water resource management is the activity of planning , developing , distributing and managing the optimum use of water resources . It is a sub-set of water cycle management . Ideally , water resource management planning has regard to all the competing demands for water and seeks to allocate water on an equitable basis to satisfy all uses and demands . As with other resource management , this is rarely possible in practice .

neg: Guro District, Seoul Guro District ( Guro-gu ) is a district of Seoul , South Korea , which was separated from Yeongdeungpo District on April 1 , 1980 . Located in the southwestern part of the city , where besides Yangcheon District and Geumcheon District Guro District has an important position as a transport link which contains railroads , land routes from the rest of Seoul to the south of the country . The Gyeongbu and Gyeongin railway lines connect Seoul to Busan and Incheon . In addition , Seoul Metropolitan Subway lines 1 , 2 , and 7 , and major highways intersect in Guro District .   The name Guro originates from the legend that nine ( gu ) old men ( Korean : ro ) enjoyed longevity in the district .   A digital industrial complex is located in Guro District . The Guro Digital Industrial Complex , which played a leading industrial role mainly with textile manufacturing , dressmaking and other labour-intensive industries in 1967 , has been rapidly changed into an IT industrial complex . This complex played a pivotal role in the economic growth of the South Korea 's development era , referred to as the `` Miracle on the Han River '' , and also contributed 10 percent of national export in the 1970s .   Twenty-one percent of the total area of Guro District is a restricted zone to be used as a greenbelt with the only arboretum in Seoul . The zone is changing into a lively district as large labour-intensive factories are moving from the area and the council is developing what it terms its four zones .   An `` e-government '' system based on this hosted the international e-participation forum on February 7 -- 9 , 2007 , with the participation of more than thirty-seven countries . The forum was launched with the theme `` Promoting Democracy and Regional Development '' and twenty-five mayors including André Santini ( Issy-les-Moulineaux , France ) , Kevin Foy ( Chapel Hill , US ) , Apirak Kosayothin ( Bangkok , Thailand ) , Uvais Mohamed Emthiyas ( Colombo , Sri Lanka ) , and world experts such as Dr William H. Dutton ( Director of Oxford Internet Institute at the University of Oxford , UK ) and Dr Ari-Veiko Anttiroiko ( professor at the University of Tampere , Finland ) participated in the forum . The Guro Declaration , adopted during the forum , aims to set up a portal site for e-government development and to establish a concrete project in order to bridge the digital divide among the world 's cities . This practice has been recognised for providing a new important step in the development of e-democracy .   The e-participation forum was a key factor for Guro to play the leading role in bridging the digital divide among cities , to provide I.T. enterprises located in Guro Digital Industrial Complex the opportunity to launch into the international market , to improve its image and become a global leader to concrete e-democracy .

neg: Global Roundtable on Climate Change The Global Roundtable on Climate Change , convened by the Earth Institute at Columbia University brought together representatives from corporations , research institutions , and government organizations to discuss the scientific consensus , economics , technology , and public policy issues associated with climate change . Following preliminary research and discussions , the group first met in 2005 and held a series of public and private meetings over the next five year .   The Roundtable had five objectives :   Improve global consensus on the science , technology , economics , and policy issues of anthropogenic climate change .  Review technology and policy proposals for mitigating climate change while meeting global energy demand .  Support research and prototypes of technologies and policies that address climate change .  Provide a forum for discussion , analysis , and exchange of ideas from the represented groups .  Support proposals and initiatives generated by the Roundtable 's discussions .   Participants in the Roundtable meetings : ABB , Air France , Alcan , Alcoa , Alliant Energy , Allianz , American Electric Power , BASF , Bayer , Calvert Group , China Renewable Energy Industry Association , Citigroup , Coalition of Rainforest Nations , Columbia University , Deutsche Telekom , DuPont , Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand , Endesa , Environmental Defense , Eskom , Eni , Exelon , Fairfield University , FPL Group , General Electric , Iberdrola , ING Group , Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , International Gas Union , Munich Re , National Grid , NRG Energy , Rainforest Alliance , Republic of Iceland , Ricoh , Suntech Power , Swiss Re , Vattenfall , Volvo , World Council on Churches , World Petroleum Council , and many others .   The Roundtable was funded by a grant from the Lenfest Foundation . Jeffrey Sachs , Director of the Earth Institute served as Chair . David L. Downie served as Director of the Global Roundtable on Climate Change before leaving the Earth Institute to join Fairfield University .   On February 20 , 2007 , the Roundtable released `` The Path to Climate Sustainability : A Joint Statement by the Global Roundtable on Climate Change '' . The Joint Statement outlines a post-Kyoto framework and has been endorsed by over 100 of the Roundtable participating corporations and organizations . The Statement outlines ways to effect change at the levels of policy and industry , particularly in regards to creating sustainable energy systems necessary for achieving economic growth .   In addition to its internal discussions , which were aimed at information exchange , education and consensus building , and development of the parthbreaking Joint Statement , Roundtable participants also participated in public forums . For example , David L. Downie organized two side-event panels during sessions of the global climate negotiations that featured presentations by Roundtable Participants , including himself , regarding how businesses and scientists were working together to lower greenhouse gas emissions . David L. Downie also discussed the Roundtable and related issues at other events during the climate negotiations and in other forums

neg: Ecovillage Ecovillages are traditional or intentional communities whose goal is to become more socially , culturally , economically and ecologically sustainable . Ecovillages are consciously designed through locally owned , participatory processes to regenerate and restore their social and natural environments . Most range from a population of 50 to 150 individuals , although some are smaller , and traditional ecovillages are often much larger . Larger ecovillages often exist as networks of smaller subcommunities . Certain ecovillages have grown by the addition of individuals , families , or other small groups who are not necessarily members settling on the periphery of the ecovillage and effectively participating in the ecovillage community .   Ecovillagers are united by shared ecological , social-economic and cultural-spiritual values . Concretely , ecovillagers seek alternatives to ecologically destructive electrical , water , transportation , and waste-treatment systems , as well as the larger social systems that mirror and support them . Many see the breakdown of traditional forms of community , wasteful consumerist lifestyles , the destruction of natural habitat , urban sprawl , factory farming , and over-reliance on fossil fuels as trends that must be changed to avert ecological disaster and create richer and more fulfilling ways of life .   Ecovillages offer small-scale communities with minimal ecological impact or regenerative impacts as an alternative . However , such communities often cooperate with peer villages in networks of their own ( see Global Ecovillage Network for an example ) . This model of collective action is similar to that of Ten Thousand Villages , which supports the fair trade of goods worldwide .

neg: Great Transition The Great Transition is a term used by the Global Scenario Group ( GSG ) to describe a vision of a just and sustainable global future . The term was originally used by Kenneth E. Boulding in The Meaning of the 20th Century -- The Great Transition ( 1964 ) , considered a hallmark conception of systems thinking and the shift from pre-modern to post-modern culture and the four possible courses of action that will allow humanity to successful journey the Great Transition . The elements of the Great Transition vision include egalitarian social and ecological values , increased human interconnectedness , improved quality of life , and a healthy planet , as well as an absence of poverty , war , and environmental destruction . The Great Transition concept has been adopted by numerous individuals and organizations in the sustainability sphere , most notably by Prime Minister of Bhutan Jigme Thinley , the New Economics Foundation , and the Capital Institute , and it was used as a major theme for the 2011 SmartCSOs conference on strategies for Civil Society Organisations in London .

neg: Policy studies Policy studies is the combination of policy analysis and program evaluation . It `` involves systematically studying the nature , causes , and effects of alternative public policies , with particular emphasis on determining the policies that will achieve given goals . ''   Policy Studies also examines the conflicts and conflict resolution that arise from the making of policies in civil society , the private sector , or more commonly , in the public sector ( e.g. government ) .   It is frequently focused on the public sector but is equally applicable to other kinds of organizations ( e.g. , the not-for-profit sector ) . Some policy study experts graduate from public policy schools with public policy degrees . Alternatively , experts may have backgrounds in policy analysis , program evaluation , sociology , psychology , philosophy , economics , anthropology , geography , law , political science , social work , environmental planning and public administration .   Traditionally , the field of policy studies focused on domestic policy , with the notable exceptions of foreign and defense policies . However , the wave of economic globalization , which ensued in the late 20th and early 21st centuries , created a need for a subset of policy studies that focuses on global governance , especially as it relates to issues that transcend national borders such as climate change , terrorism , nuclear proliferation , and economic development . This subset of policy studies , which is often referred to as international policy studies , typically requires mastery of a second language and attention to cross-cultural issues in order to address national and cultural biases . For example , the Monterey Institute of International Studies at Middlebury College offers Master of Arts programs that focus exclusively on international policy through a mix of interdisciplinary and cross-cultural analysis called the `` Monterey Way '' .

neg: Real estate development Real estate development , or property development , is a multifaceted business process , encompassing activities that range from the renovation and re-lease of existing buildings to the purchase of raw land and the sale of developed land or parcels to others . Real estate developers are the people and companies who coordinate all of these activities , converting ideas from paper to real property . Real estate development is different from construction , although many developers also manage the construction process .   Developers buy land , finance real estate deals , build or have builders build projects , create , imagine , control and orchestrate the process of development from the beginning to end . Developers usually take the greatest risk in the creation or renovation of real estate -- and receive the greatest rewards . Typically , developers purchase a tract of land , determine the marketing of the property , develop the building program and design , obtain the necessary public approval and financing , build the structures , and rent out , manage , and ultimately sell it .   Sometimes property developers will only undertake part of the process . For example , some developers source a property and get the plans and permits approved before selling the property with the plans and permits to a builder at a premium price . Alternatively , a developer that is also a builder may purchase a property with the plans and permits in place so that they do not have the risk of failing to obtain planning approval and can start construction on the development immediately .   Developers work with many different counterparts along each step of this process , including architects , city planners , engineers , surveyors , inspectors , contractors , lawyers , leasing agents , etc. . In the Town and Country Planning context in the United Kingdom , ` development ' is defined in the Town and Country Planning Act 1990 s55 .

neg: New Mobility Agenda The New Mobility Agenda is an international institution which , although a virtual and open collaborative project today , was originally set up by an international working group meeting at the Abbey de Royaumont near Paris in 1974 with the support of the Parisian OECD to challenge old ideas and practices in the field of urban transport through a long term collaborative program of information exchange , education and peer support . The Agenda today draws together the experience , expertise and support of more than four thousand individuals and groups worldwide in an open collaborative peer network . One of the original proponents of this approach , Professor Mikoto Usui then director of the OECD Development Centre , referred to it in the founding meeting at the `` Abbé de Royaumont as an `` invisible college '' . Drawing together the experience and expertise of more than four thousand individuals and groups worldwide , who are networked via a combination of websites , discussion groups and fora , and collaborative projects , the Agenda takes an approach to transportation planning , policy and practice that has gained considerable force over the last two decades -- provides a leading-edge alternative to earlier ( 20th century ) methods of looking at and providing mobility for people and goods in cities . The Agenda has received prestigious awards for its contributions , including the Stockholm Environment Challenge Prize ( 2000 ) and the World Technology Environment Award ( 2002 ) .   Like the sustainable transportation movement , to which it is closely related , it differs from previous methods ( which in fact still dominate planning , policy , investment and operations in most parts of the world ) in that it takes a global or broad systemic approach to the challenges of how to get around in cities , and is especially sensitive not only to pure transport efficiency ( which traditionally is interpreted in pure engineering terms as speed and volume of vehicle throughput ) but equally to matters of sustainable development , pollution and environmental impacts -- including matters relating to climate change , the reduction of Greenhouse gases , resource efficiency , energy conservation , public health , both personal and public economics , overall time savings , public spaces , and quality of life in communities , including relations between people in public spaces -- with particular attention to social justice and the unmet needs of women , children , and others with mobility or economic or health disadvantages which are not being properly served in our present mainly car-based systems and thinking , in which other forms of transport , including public transport , play only residual roles .

neg: Urban area An urban area is a human settlement with high population density and infrastructure of built environment . Urban areas are created through urbanization and are categorized by urban morphology as cities , towns , conurbations or suburbs . In urbanism , the term contrasts to rural areas such as villages and hamlets and in urban sociology or urban anthropology it contrasts with natural environment . The creation of early predecessors of urban areas during the urban revolution led to the creation of human civilization with modern urban planning , which along with other human activities such as exploitation of natural resources leads to human impact on the environment .   The world 's urban population in 1950 of just 746 million has increased to 3.9 billion in the decades since . In 2009 , the number of people living in urban areas ( 3.42 billion ) surpassed the number living in rural areas ( 3.41 billion ) and since then the world has become more urban than rural . This was the first time that the majority of the world 's population lived in a city . In 2014 there were 7.25 billion people living on the planet , of which the global urban population comprised 3.9 billion . The Population Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs at that time predicted the urban population would grow to 6.4 billion by 2050 , with 37 % of that growth to come from three countries : China , India and Nigeria .   Urban areas are created and further developed by the process of urbanization . Urban areas are measured for various purposes , including analyzing population density and urban sprawl .   Unlike an urban area , a metropolitan area includes not only the urban area , but also satellite cities plus intervening rural land that is socio-economically connected to the urban core city , typically by employment ties through commuting , with the urban core city being the primary labor market .

neg: Building Bridges Coalition The Building Bridges Coalition ( also referred to as the BBC ) is a project of The Brookings Institution 's Initiative on International Volunteering and Service . It is a consortium of international volunteering organizations , universities and colleges , corporations , and government agencies working collaboratively to increase the number of volunteers from 50,000 to 100,000 by 2010 . Sample members include Global Citizen Network , Partners of the Americas , Globe Aware , and Washington University .   The Coalition began in 2006 as one of three key components of the Brookings Institution 's Initiative on International Volunteering and Service . It currently comprises a coalition of more than 70 groups . These include corporations , non-governmental organizations , leading universities , and government agencies . All work in partnership to encourage more Americans to volunteer internationally .

neg: Street A street is a public thoroughfare ( usually paved ) in a built environment . It is a public parcel of land adjoining buildings in an urban context , on which people may freely assemble , interact , and move about . A street can be as simple as a level patch of dirt , but is more often paved with a hard , durable surface such as concrete , cobblestone or brick . Portions may also be smoothed with asphalt , embedded with rails , or otherwise prepared to accommodate non-pedestrian traffic .   Originally the word `` street '' simply meant a paved road ( Latin : `` via strata '' ) . The word `` street '' is still sometimes used colloquially as a synonym for `` road '' , for example in connection with the ancient Watling Street , but city residents and urban planners draw a crucial modern distinction : a road 's main function is transportation , while streets facilitate public interaction . Examples of streets include pedestrian streets , alleys , and city-centre streets too crowded for road vehicles to pass . Conversely , highways and motorways are types of roads , but few would refer to them as streets .

neg: Global Wind Energy Council The Global Wind Energy Council ( GWEC ) was established in 2005 to provide a credible and representative forum for the entire wind energy sector at an international level . GWEC 's mission is to ensure that wind power is established as one of the world 's leading energy sources , providing substantial environmental and economic benefits .   A new report launched by the Global Wind Energy Council predicts that , despite temporary supply chain difficulties , international wind markets are set to continue their strong growth . In 2006 , total installed wind power capacity increased by 25 % globally , generating some $ 18 billion ( US$ 23 billion ) worth of new generating equipment and bringing global wind power capacity up to more than 74GW . While the European Union is still the leading market in wind energy with over 48GW of installed capacity , other continents such as North America and Asia are developing quickly .

neg: List of country groupings This is a list of groupings of countries or of intergovernmental organisations , formal or informal , organisational or economic category .   African Union ( AU ) is a continental union consisting of all fifty-five countries on the African continent  Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC ) is a forum for 21 Pacific Rim member economies that promotes free trade throughout the Asia-Pacific region  Arab League , a regional organization of Arab countries in and around North Africa , the Horn of Africa and Arabia , Algeria , Bahrain , Comoros , Djibouti , Egypt , Iraq , Jordan , Kuwait , Lebanon , Libya , Mauritania , Morocco , Oman , Palestine , Qatar , Saudi Arabia , Somalia , Sudan , Syria , Tunisia , United Arab Emirates , Yemen , to draw closer the relations between member States and co-ordinate collaboration between them , to safeguard their independence and sovereignty , and to consider in a general way the affairs and interests of the Arab countries  ASEAN , The Association of Southeast Asian Nations , a regional organisation comprising ten Southeast Asian states  BASIC countries , four large newly industrialized countries , Brazil , South Africa , India , China , to act jointly on climate change and emissions reduction  Benelux Union is a politico-economic union of three neighbouring states in western Europe : Belgium , the Netherlands , and Luxembourg .  BRIC , Brazil , Russia , India and China , which are all deemed to be at a similar stage of newly advanced economic development  BRICS , Brazil , Russia , India , China and South Africa , leading developing or newly industrialized countries , and are distinguished by their large , sometimes fast-growing economies and significant influence on regional affairs  CIVETS , six emerging markets countries , Colombia , Indonesia , Vietnam , Egypt , Turkey and South Africa , a diverse and dynamic economy and a young , growing population  Commonwealth of Nations , fifty-two member states that are mostly former territories of the British Empire  Development Assistance Committee ( DAC ) , to discuss issues surrounding aid , development and poverty reduction in developing countries , the world 's major donor countries , Australia , European Union , Iceland , New Zealand , South Korea , Austria , Finland , Ireland , Norway , Spain , Belgium , France , Italy , Poland , Sweden , Canada , Germany , Japan , Portugal , Switzerland , Czech Republic , Greece , Luxembourg , Slovakia , United Kingdom , Denmark , Hungary , Netherlands , Slovenia , United States  Economic Cooperation Organisation ( ECO ) , Afghanistan , Azerbaijan , Iran , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyz , Pakistan , Tajikistan , Turkey , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan , a political and economic organization , a platform to discuss ways to improve development and promote trade and investment opportunities , the objective is to establish a single market for goods and services  EAEU , Eurasian Economic Union , an economic union of Belarus , Kazakhstan , Russia , Armenia , Kyrgyzstan  EU , The European Union , a political and economic union of twenty-eight member states that are located primarily in Europe  Four Asian Tigers , economies of Hong Kong , Singapore , South Korea , Taiwan , underwent rapid industrialization and maintained exceptionally high growth rates , now developed into advanced and high-income economies  G4 nations , Brazil , Germany , India , and Japan , four countries which support each other 's bids for permanent seats on the United Nations Security Council  Group of Eight ( G8 ) , Canada , France , Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , the United States , and Russia , the world 's major highly industrialized economies in countries that view themselves as democracies  G8 +5 , the G8 nations , plus the five leading emerging economies ( Brazil , China , India , Mexico , and South Africa )  G20 , or Group of Twenty , twenty major economies , Argentina , Australia , Brazil , Canada , China , European Union , France , Germany , India , Indonesia , Italy , Japan , South Korea , Mexico , Russia , Saudi Arabia , South Africa , Turkey , United Kingdom , United States , for studying , reviewing , and promoting high-level discussion of policy issues pertaining to the promotion of international financial stability  Group of 7 ( G7 ) , Canada , France , Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , and the United States , the seven major advanced economies as reported by the International Monetary Fund  Group of 77 ( G77 ) , a loose coalition of developing nations , designed to promote its members ' collective economic interests and create an enhanced joint negotiating capacity in the United Nations  Gulf Cooperation Council , Bahrain , Kuwait , Oman , Qatar , Saudi Arabia and the UAE . A regional intergovernmental political and economic union consisting of all Arab states of the Persian Gulf , except for Iraq .  IBSA Dialogue Forum , India , Brazil , South Africa , an international tripartite grouping for promoting international cooperation among these countries  Mercosur ( Southern Common Market ) , Argentina , Brazil , Paraguay , Uruguay , Venezuela , Bolivia , Chile , Peru , Colombia , Ecuador , Suriname , to promote free trade and the fluid movement of goods , people , and currency  MIKTA , an informal partnership between Mexico , Indonesia , Republic of Korea , Turkey , Australia , to support effective global governance  MINT , the economies of Mexico , Indonesia , Nigeria , and Turkey  NACAr , Norway , Australia , Canada , Argentina , countries characterized by middle to high income per capita , a low population density and a concentration of exports in natural resources  North American Free Trade Agreement , NAFTA is an agreement signed by Canada , Mexico , and the United States , creating a trilateral trade bloc in North America  Next Eleven ( Nll ) , Bangladesh , Egypt , Indonesia , Iran , Mexico , Nigeria , Pakistan , the Philippines , Turkey , South Korea and Vietnam -- identified as having a high potential of becoming , along with the BRICS countries , among the world 's largest economies in the 21st century  OECD , Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development , to stimulate economic progress and world trade , countries committed to democracy and the market economy , most OECD members are high-income economies with a very high Human Development Index ( HDI ) and are regarded as developed countries  OPEC , Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries , thirteen countries accounting for an estimated 42 percent of global oil production and 73 percent of the world 's proven oil reserves  P5 , permanent members of the United Nations Security Council , China , France , Russia , the United Kingdom , the United States  PIGS , the economies of the countries of Portugal , Italy and or Ireland , Greece , and Spain  United Nations ( UN ) , an intergovernmental organization to promote international co-operation , 193 member states .  VISTA ( Vietnam , Indonesia , South Africa , Turkey , Argentina ) is an emerging markets grouping proposed in 2006 by BRICs Economic Research Institute of Japan .

neg: The World Development Report 2011 The 2011 World Development Report : Conflict , Security and Development ( WDR ) is a document by the World Bank on the challenges organised violence poses to the advancement of less developed countries . The report finds that over the last 30 years poverty has been reduced for most of the world 's population - but this is not the case for the estimated 1.5 billion people living in countries blighted by on-going conflict . Not one low income country suffering from on-going violence has achieved a single Millennium Development Goal . Once mass violence takes root in a society , it can take a generation or more to restore stability .   Organised violence as defined by the report includes civil and inter-state war as well as the violence resulting from criminal activity , especially drug and human trafficking . The WDR does not address interpersonal and domestic violence , though it acknowledges they are also relevant to development .   The report finds that overall mass conflict has become less prevalent over recent decades , with the average number of worldwide battle deaths dropping from 164,000 per year in the 1980s to only 42,000 in the 2000s . But the 1.5 billion living in conflict wracked states have not benefited from this trend . A new form of mass violence plagues their countries , with cycles of political violence alternating with periods where as many or more die from criminal activity .   Despite the difficulties in overcoming a legacy of conflict , violence or authoritarian rule , several countries have made impressive progress including Chile , Colombia , Ghana , Indonesia , Mozambique , South Africa and Timor-Leste . The report offers lessons drawn from these past successes . The World Bank stress that their report does not proscribe standard fixes suitable for all , and that efforts to resolve conflicts should be nationally led from within affected countries . Workable solutions will have to be tailored to each set of individual circumstance . Yet the WDR does find that previous successful efforts share many common features , which are reflected in the report 's WDR framework .

neg: Bicycle poverty reduction Bicycle poverty reduction is the concept that access to bicycles and the transportation infrastructure to support them can dramatically reduce poverty . This has been demonstrated in various pilot projects in South Asia and Africa . Experiments done in Africa ( Uganda and Tanzania ) and Sri Lanka on hundreds of households have shown that a bicycle can increase the income of a poor family by as much as 35 % . Transport , if analyzed for the cost -- benefit analysis for rural poverty alleviation , has given one of the best returns in this regard . For example , road investments in India were a staggering 3 -- 10 times more effective than almost all other investments and subsidies in rural economy in the decade of the 1990s . What a road does at a macro level to increase transport , the bicycle supports at the micro level . The bicycle , in that sense , can be one of the best means to eradicate poverty in poor nations .

neg: Urban biosphere reserve An urban biosphere reserve is an attempt to apply the biosphere reserve concept to urban areas by the MAB Programme of UNESCO . Through urban planning and ecosystem management , an urban biosphere reserve is expected to support sustainable development and conservation . Brighton and Hove is bidding to become the world 's first urban biosphere reserve .   The need for urban biosphere reserves has arisen as the number of people living in the world 's cities has reached three billion , nearly half of the total population . By 2050 two-thirds of the total population will be living in the cities . The rapid expansion of the cities and of their populations pose a challenge for a viable global environment . Although some of the existing biosphere reserves include cities and towns , entirely urban-oriented biosphere reserves have yet to be included in the list .