query: July 6 is Sylvester Stallone's birthday.

pos: Sylvester Stallone Michael Sylvester Gardenzio Stallone ( -LSB- stəˈloʊn -RSB- -LSB- stalˈloːne -RSB- ; born July 6 , 1946 ) is an American actor , filmmaker , and screenwriter . He is well known for his Hollywood action roles , including boxer Rocky Balboa , the title character of the Rocky series ' seven films from 1976 to 2015 ; soldier John Rambo from the four Rambo films , released between 1982 and 2008 ; and Barney Ross in the three The Expendables films from 2010 to 2014 . He wrote or co-wrote most of the 14 films in all three franchises , and directed many of the films .   Stallone 's film Rocky was inducted into the National Film Registry as well as having its film props placed in the Smithsonian Museum . Stallone 's use of the front entrance to the Philadelphia Museum of Art in the Rocky series led the area to be nicknamed the Rocky Steps . Philadelphia has a statue of his Rocky character placed permanently near the museum . It was announced on December 7 , 2010 that Stallone was voted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in the non-participant category .   In 1977 , Stallone was nominated for two Academy Awards for Rocky , Best Original Screenplay and Best Actor . He became the third man in history to receive these two nominations for the same film , after Charles Chaplin and Orson Welles . He received critical raves , as well as his first Golden Globe Award win and third Academy Award nomination , for reprising the role of Rocky Balboa in Ryan Coogler 's 2015 film Creed .

neg: Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country is a 1991 American science fiction film released by Paramount Pictures . It is the sixth feature film based on Star Trek , and a sequel to the 1966 -- 1969 Star Trek television series . Taking place after the events of Star Trek V : The Final Frontier , it is the last film featuring the entire cast of the original series . After the destruction of the Klingon moon Praxis leads the Klingon Empire to pursue peace with their long-time adversary the Federation , the crew of the USS Enterprise must race against unseen conspirators with a militaristic agenda .   The sixth film in the series was initially planned as a prequel to the original series , with younger actors portraying the crew of the Enterprise while attending Starfleet Academy , but the idea was discarded because of negative reaction from the original cast and the fans . Faced with producing a new film in time for Star Trek 's 25th anniversary , Nicholas Meyer , the director of Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan , and Denny Martin Flinn wrote a script based on a suggestion from Leonard Nimoy about what would happen if `` the Wall came down in space '' , touching on the contemporary events of the Cold War .   Principal photography took place between April and September 1991 . The production budget was smaller than anticipated because of the critical and commercial disappointment of The Final Frontier . Because of a lack of sound stage space on the Paramount lot , many scenes were filmed around Hollywood . Meyer and cinematographer Hiro Narita aimed for a darker and more dramatic mood , subtly altering sets originally used for the television series Star Trek : The Next Generation . Producer Steven-Charles Jaffe led a second unit that filmed on an Alaskan glacier that stood in for a Klingon gulag . Cliff Eidelman produced the film 's score , which is intentionally darker than previous Star Trek offerings .   The film was released in North America on December 6 , 1991 . The Undiscovered Country garnered positive reviews , with publications praising the lighthearted acting and facetious references . The film performed strongly at the box office . It posted the largest opening weekend gross of the series before going on to earn $ 96,888,996 worldwide . The film earned two Academy Award nominations , for Best Makeup and Best Sound Effects , and is the only Star Trek movie to win the Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film . A special collectors ' edition DVD version of the film was released in 2004 , to which Meyer had made minor alterations . Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry died shortly before the movie 's premiere , just days after viewing the film . The film marked the final appearance together of the original series ' cast .

neg: 52nd Academy Awards The 52nd Academy Awards were presented April 14 , 1980 , at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles . The ceremonies were presided over by Johnny Carson who , in noting the long duration of the production , joked that President Jimmy Carter was working hard for their `` release '' from the ceremonies , a clear reference to the Iranian hostage crisis .   Among the nominees for Best Supporting Actor were 8 year-old Justin Henry -- the youngest Best Supporting Actor nominee ever -- and 79-year-old Melvyn Douglas . This was the largest age difference between two competing actors in Oscar history until 2013 . Ironically , their age difference was partially the reason why Douglas did not attend the Oscars that night , despite winning the award . Henry was nominated for Kramer vs. Kramer , which out of its eight other nominations , finished with five awards , including Best Picture , Best Director for Robert Benton , and Best Actor for Dustin Hoffman .

neg: Sixth Family Sixth Family is a term used to refer to a ( usually Italian-American or Italian-Canadian ) crime family or criminal organization that has become powerful or notable enough to rise to a level comparable or close to that of the Five Families of the New York City Italian-American Mafia . The implications of the term may vary depending on context ; a criminal organization deemed a `` Sixth Family '' may rival the Five Families or , alternatively , work closely enough with the Five Families that it appears to be a peer or near coequal of the families .

neg: The Endless Summer The Endless Summer is a seminal 1966 surf movie ( the initial release was in 1964 , world-wide release was 1966 ) .   Filmmaker/narrator Bruce Brown follows two surfers , Mike Hynson and Robert August , on a surfing trip around the world . Despite the balmy climate of their native California , cold ocean currents make local beaches inhospitable during the winter . They travel to the coasts of Australia , New Zealand , Tahiti , Hawaii , Senegal , Ghana , Nigeria and South Africa in a quest for new surf spots and introduce locals to the sport . Other important surfers of the time , such as Miki Dora , Phil Edwards and Butch Van Artsdalen also appear .   Its title comes from the idea , expressed at both the beginning and end of the film , that if one had enough time and money it would be possible to follow the summer up and down the world ( northern to southern hemisphere and back ) , making it endless . The concept of the film was born through the suggestion of a travel agent to Bruce Brown during the planning stages of the film . The travel agent suggested that the flight from Los Angeles to Cape Town , South Africa and back would cost $ 50 more than a trip circumnavigating the world . After which , Bruce came up with the idea of following the summer season by traveling up and down the world .   The narrative presentation eases from the stiff and formal documentary of the 1950s and early 1960s to a more casual and fun-loving personal style filled with sly humor . The surf rock soundtrack to the film was provided by The Sandals . The `` Theme to the Endless Summer '' was written by Gaston Georis and John Blakeley of the Sandals . It has become one of the best known film themes in the surf movie genre .   When the movie was first shown , it encouraged many surfers to go abroad , giving birth to the `` surf-and-travel '' culture , with prizes for finding `` uncrowded surf '' , meeting new people and riding the perfect wave . It also introduced the sport , which had become popular outside of Hawaii and the Polynesian Islands in places like California and Australia , to a broader audience . In addition , it set the style for later surf-and-travel movies , including Momentum , ( These Are ) Better Days , and Thicker Than Water .

neg: Toy Story (franchise) Toy Story is a computer animated film series and Disney media franchise that began with the original 1995 film , Toy Story , produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures . The franchise is based on the anthropomorphic concept that all toys , unknown to humans , are secretly alive , and the films focus on a diverse group of toys that feature a classic cowboy , Sheriff Woody , and modern spaceman , Buzz Lightyear . The group unexpectedly embark on adventures that challenge and change them .   The first two films of the franchise were directed by John Lasseter , and the third by Lee Unkrich , who acted as the co-director of the second film ( together with Lasseter and Ash Brannon ) . Lasseter will return to direct the upcoming fourth film .   All three films , produced on a total budget of $ 320 million , have grossed more than $ 1.9 billion worldwide . Each film set box office records , with the third included in the top 15 all time worldwide films . Critics have given all three films extremely positive reviews . Special Blu-ray and DVD editions of Toy Story and Toy Story 2 were released on March 23 , 2010 . They were also re-released in theaters as a Disney Digital 3-D `` double feature '' for at least two weeks in October 2009 .   The series is the 24th highest-grossing franchise worldwide , the fifth highest-grossing animated franchise ( behind Shrek , Ice Age , Despicable Me and Madagascar ) , and is among the most critically acclaimed trilogies of all time . On November 1 , 2011 , all three Toy Story films were released in Disney Blu-ray 3D as a trilogy pack and as individual films .

neg: Set piece In film production , a set piece is a scene or sequence of scenes whose execution requires serious logistical planning and considerable expenditure of money . The term set piece is often used more broadly to describe any important dramatic or comedic highpoint in a film or story , particularly those that provide some kind of dramatic payoff , resolution , or transition . Thus the term is often used to describe any scenes that are so essential to a film that they can not be edited out or skipped in the shooting schedule without seriously damaging the integrity of the finished product . Often , screenplays are written around a list of such set pieces , particularly in high-budget `` event movies '' .   Set pieces are very often planned meticulously using storyboards , screentests , and rehearsals , in contrast to smaller scenes where the director and actors may be more improvisational . Each action requires the combined efforts of different departments : set builders , physical effects , and special visual effects . On most films , different groups of people will work on different set pieces individually since they can take a long time to prepare before shooting . For example , the car chase in The Matrix Reloaded took months to prepare and cost $ 30 million , including $ 5 million to build the freeway set .

neg: Mr. Six Mr. Six is an advertising character , first featured in a 2004 -- 05 advertising campaign by the theme park chain Six Flags . Appearing as a bald , wrinkled , aged , and seemingly decrepit man wearing a tuxedo and thick-framed glasses , he is usually shown stepping off a bus and then revealing himself to be not decrepit when he invites stressed and over-worked people to Six Flags by performing a frenetic dance to an instrumental version of the Vengaboys song `` We Like to Party '' .

neg: Rodney Rowland Rodney G. Rowland ( born February 20 , 1964 ) is an American actor . He is credited as Rod Rowland in more recent productions , given his predilection to being called Rod . Rowland 's most noted appearances to date were as 1st Lieutenant Cooper Hawkes in 1995 's Space : Above and Beyond and P. Wiley in The 6th Day , starring Arnold Schwarzenegger .

neg: The Stall `` The Stall '' is the 76th episode of the NBC sitcom Seinfeld . It is the 12th episode of the fifth season , and first aired on January 6 , 1994 .

neg: The Fast and the Furious (2001 film) The Fast and the Furious is a 2001 American-German action crime film directed by Rob Cohen , produced by Neal H. Moritz and written by Gary Scott Thompson and David Ayer . It is the first installment in the The Fast and the Furious franchise . The film stars Vin Diesel , Paul Walker , Michelle Rodriguez , Jordana Brewster , Rick Yune , Chad Lindberg , Johnny Strong , and Matt Schulze . The film follows undercover cop Brian O'Conner , who is tasked with stopping a group of unknown hijackers using high-performance racecars to hijack 18-wheelers .   Inspiration for the film was sought through a Vibe magazine article titled `` Racer X '' , which detailed the illegal street racing circuit operating within New York City . Filming locations include New York City and New England , with a majority of the film being shot in southern California . The Fast and the Furious was released on June 22 , 2001 , grossing over $ 207 million worldwide from an estimated $ 38 million budget . It was later re-released on June 22 , 2016 , to celebrate its 15th anniversary . It has a 53 % approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes , which called it `` sleek and shiny on the surface '' in its critical consensus . The Fast and the Furious launched a franchise of sequels , starting with 2 Fast 2 Furious in 2003 , followed by The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift in 2006 , Fast & Furious in 2009 , Fast Five in 2011 , Fast & Furious 6 in 2013 , Furious 7 in 2015 , and The Fate of the Furious in 2017 .

neg: Festa della Repubblica Festa della Repubblica ( -LSB- ˈfɛsta della reˈpubblika -RSB- in English , Republic Day ) is the Italian National Day and Republic Day , which is celebrated on 2 June each year . The day commemorates the institutional referendum held by universal suffrage in 1946 , in which the Italian people were called to the polls to decide on the form of government , following the Second World War and the fall of Fascism . With 12,717,923 votes for a republic and 10,719,284 for the monarchy , the male descendants of the House of Savoy were sent into exile . To commemorate it , a grand military parade is held in central Rome , presided over by the President of the Italian Republic in his role as Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces . The Prime Minister , formally known as the President of the Council of Ministers , and other high officers of state also attend . There are important celebrations in all the Italian embassies and foreign heads of state are invited . Even though the main parade is in Rome , many Italian cities celebrate the day as well .   Prior to the foundation of the Republic , the Italian national day was the first Sunday in June , anniversary of the granting of the Statuto Albertino . From 1977 to 1999 , due to economic reasons , this was the date of the celebrations for the 1946 foundation of the republic . The 2 June date became official in 2000 . The parade was held in Turin in 1961 to mark the centennial year of Italian unification .

neg: Film series A film series ( also referred to as a film franchise ) is a collection of related films in succession that share the same fictional universe , or are marketed as a series .   Sometimes the work is conceived from the beginning as a multiple-film work , for example the Three Colours series , but in most cases the success of the original film inspires further films to be made . Individual sequels are relatively common , but are not always successful enough to spawn further installments .   The Marvel Cinematic Universe is the highest grossing film series in unadjusted US Dollar figures surpassing the Harry Potter , Star Wars , James Bond , and Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings series . However , `` Star Wars '' has the highest when adjusted for inflation .

neg: 6th Saturn Awards The 6th Saturn Awards was the sixth ceremony in which media properties and personalities related to the science fiction , fantasy and horror which were released in the year 1977 were awarded by the Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy and Horror Films . The ceremony was held on February 24 of 1979 .

neg: B movie A B movie is a low-budget commercial movie , but one that is not an arthouse film . In its original usage , during the Golden Age of Hollywood , the term more precisely identified films intended for distribution as the less-publicized bottom half of a double feature . Although the U.S. production of movies intended as second features largely ceased by the end of the 1950s , the term B movie continues to be used in the broader sense it maintains today . In its post -- Golden Age usage , there is ambiguity on both sides of the definition : on the one hand , the primary interest of many inexpensive exploitation films is prurient ; on the other , many B movies display a high degree of craft and aesthetic ingenuity .   In either usage , most B movies represent a particular genre -- the Western was a Golden Age B movie staple , while low-budget science-fiction and horror films became more popular in the 1950s . Early B movies were often part of series in which the star repeatedly played the same character . Almost always shorter than the top-billed films they were paired with , many had running times of 70 minutes or less . The term connoted a general perception that B movies were inferior to the more handsomely budgeted headliners ; individual B films were often ignored by critics .   Latter-day B movies still sometimes inspire multiple sequels , but series are less common . As the average running time of top-of-the-line films increased , so did that of B pictures . In its current usage , the term has somewhat contradictory connotations : it may signal an opinion that a certain movie is ( a ) a genre film with minimal artistic ambitions or ( b ) a lively , energetic film uninhibited by the constraints imposed on more expensive projects and unburdened by the conventions of putatively `` serious '' independent film . The term is also now used loosely to refer to some higher-budgeted , mainstream films with exploitation-style content , usually in genres traditionally associated with the B movie .   From their beginnings to the present day , B movies have provided opportunities both for those coming up in the profession and others whose careers are waning . Celebrated filmmakers such as Anthony Mann and Jonathan Demme learned their craft in B movies . They are where actors such as John Wayne and Jack Nicholson first became established , and they have provided work for former A movie actors , such as Vincent Price and Karen Black . Some actors , such as Bela Lugosi , Eddie Constantine and Pam Grier , worked in B movies for most of their careers . The term B actor is sometimes used to refer to a performer who finds work primarily or exclusively in B pictures .

neg: Eisner Award The Will Eisner Comic Industry Awards , commonly shortened to the Eisner Awards , are prizes given for creative achievement in American comic books , sometimes referred to as the Comics Industry 's equivalent of the Oscar Awards . They are named in honor of the pioneering writer and artist Will Eisner , who was a regular participant in the award ceremony until his death in 2005 . The Eisner Awards include the Comic Industry 's Hall of Fame .   The nominations in each category are generated by a five-member panel , then voted on by comic book professionals and presented at the annual San Diego Comic-Con International convention held in July , usually on a Friday .

neg: Chili Weather Chili Weather is a 1963 Merrie Melodies cartoon starring Sylvester and Speedy Gonzales .

neg: Clubber Lang James `` Clubber '' Lang is a fictional character created by Sylvester Stallone for the film Rocky III , which was released in 1982 . Lang serves as the main antagonist of the film and was portrayed by Mr. T.   Lang is a professional boxer fighting out of Chicago , Illinois and a one-time world heavyweight champion , having taken the title from Rocky Balboa only to lose it back to Balboa in his next fight . The character is very loosely based on a combination of Sonny Liston , Larry Holmes and George Foreman .

neg: Rocky Rocky is a 1976 American sports drama film directed by John G. Avildsen and both written by and starring Sylvester Stallone . It tells the rags to riches American Dream story of Rocky Balboa , an uneducated but kind-hearted working class Italian-American boxer working in a meat warehouse and as a debt collector for a loan shark in the slums of Philadelphia . Rocky starts out as a small-time club fighter , and later gets a shot at the world heavyweight championship . The film also stars Talia Shire as Adrian , Burt Young as Adrian 's brother Paulie , Burgess Meredith as Rocky 's trainer Mickey Goldmill , and Carl Weathers as the champion , Apollo Creed .   The film , made on a budget of just over $ 1 million and shot in 28 days , was a sleeper hit ; it earned $ 225 million in global box office receipts , becoming the highest-grossing film of 1976 , and went on to win three Oscars , including Best Picture . The film received many positive reviews and turned Stallone into a major star . In 2006 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically or aesthetically significant '' . Rocky is considered to be one of the greatest sports films ever made and was ranked as the second-best in the genre , after Raging Bull , by the American Film Institute in 2008 .   The film has spawned six sequels : Rocky II ( 1979 ) , Rocky III ( 1982 ) , Rocky IV ( 1985 ) , Rocky V ( 1990 ) , Rocky Balboa ( 2006 ) and Creed ( 2015 ) . Stallone portrays Rocky in all six sequels , wrote the first five , and directed four ( Avildsen returned to direct Rocky V and Ryan Coogler directed Creed ) .

neg: Canned Film Festival The Canned Film Festival is a comedy-based motion picture television series that was nationally syndicated during the late night hours in the United States for a single season in the summer of 1986 . With only a one-letter difference in the spelling , the name is an intentional play on the name for the Cannes Film Festival , the annual world-renowned film-screening celebration in Cannes , France . Not to be confused with the latter , the Canned Film Festival featured B movies as the centerpiece for each television episode , and was composed of short vignettes interwoven throughout the films . Boasting the tagline `` late night with the best of the worst '' , the series was promoted and sponsored by the Dr Pepper Company , whose then-tagline `` out-of-the-ordinary '' echoed the show 's collection of odd and strange movies . The series was created by Young & Rubicam , developed for television by Chelsea Communications , and distributed by LBS Communications .   Although similar in style to the successful Mystery Science Theater 3000 series that aired a few years later , the Canned Film Festival differed in that its comedy scenes occurred strictly during the commercial intermissions instead of adding peanut gallery type satire during the actual run of the movies . In addition , the script , although comedic in nature , often reflected upon the serious contextual and cultural subjects contained in the featured movies , sometimes providing historical insight into their production . An example is seen during the episode featuring Project Moonbase , where female spaceship commanders were discussed as an accurate future prediction by the 1950s era movie , as were cordless telephones and big screen televisions . The featured B movies of the series were not full-length , and edited to fit the show 's approximately two-hour timeframe per episode .


query: Gregor Clegane is a character from a novel by Brandon Sanderson.

pos: Gregor Clegane Ser Gregor Clegane , nicknamed The Mountain , is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin , and its television adaptation Game of Thrones . He is a retainer to House Lannister . An enormous man , he is well known for his size , prowess in battle and cruelty .   Introduced in 1996 's A Game of Thrones , Gregor is the older brother of Sandor Clegane , from the fictional kingdom of Westeros . He subsequently appeared in Martin 's A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) , A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) and in A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) as Ser Robert Strong .   Ser Gregor Clegane is a huge knight and the elder brother of Sandor Clegane . Called `` The Mountain That Rides '' , he is known for his incredibly cruel nature and uncontrollable temper . His size and strength make him a fearsome warrior , and he has earned a reputation for cruelty and brutality . He is able to wield a two-handed sword one handed . When they were children , Gregor shoved Sandor 's face into a brazier , gruesomely scarring him .   Gregor Clegane is portrayed by Conan Stevens in season one , by Ian Whyte in season two , and by Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson in seasons four , five , and six in the HBO television adaptation .

neg: Fool (novel) Fool is the eleventh novel by Christopher Moore , released on February 10 , 2009 .   The novel takes its premise from the plot of Shakespeare 's play King Lear , narrated from the perspective of the character of the Fool , whose name is Pocket .   In the course of the novel are references to other Shakespeare plays , ranging from short quotations to whole characters -- most notably the three witches from Macbeth . While the style of Fool is directed at an American audience , the author incorporates at times Shakespearean vocabulary , archaic syntax , and modern British slang , and obscure cultural terms relating to medieval life , which are explained in footnotes . In addition , Moore invents humorous British-style place-names for fictitious locations in the story .   This novel was followed by a sequel , The Serpent of Venice , released in 2014 , which combines characters and plot elements from Shakespeare 's The Merchant of Venice and Othello , and Poe 's The Cask of Amontillado , while keeping the perspective of Pocket .

neg: A Wizard of Earthsea A Wizard of Earthsea is a young adult fantasy novel written by the American author Ursula K. Le Guin , first published by the small press Parnassus in 1968 . The novel received highly positive reviews , initially as a work for children , and later among a general audience as well .   Set in the fictional archipelago of Earthsea , the story centers around a young mage named Ged , born in a village on the island Gont . Displaying great power while still a boy , he joins the school of wizardry , where his prickly nature drives him into conflict with one of his fellows . During a magical duel , Ged 's spell goes awry and releases a shadow creature that attacks him . The novel follows his journey as he seeks to be free of the creature .   The book has often been described as a Bildungsroman or coming of age story , as it explores Ged 's process of learning to cope with power and come to terms with death . The novel also carries Taoist themes about a fundamental balance in the universe of Earthsea , which wizards are supposed to maintain , closely tied to the idea that language and names have power to affect the material world and alter this balance . Although the structure of the story is similar to that of a traditional epic , critics also described it as subverting this genre in many ways , such as by making the protagonist dark-skinned , in comparison to more typical white-skinned heroes .   A Wizard of Earthsea is widely regarded as a classic of fantasy and young-adult literature and was one of the final recipients of the Lewis Carroll Shelf Award . The book was widely influential within the genre of fantasy ; Margaret Atwood , for instance , called A Wizard of Earthsea one of the `` wellsprings '' of fantasy literature . Le Guin would later write five subsequent books that , together with A Wizard of Earthsea , are referred to as the Earthsea Cycle : The Tombs of Atuan ( 1971 ) , The Farthest Shore ( 1972 ) , Tehanu ( 1990 ) , The Other Wind ( 2001 ) , and Tales from Earthsea ( 2001 ) . George Slusser has described the series as a `` work of high style and imagination '' .

neg: Old Kingdom (book series) The Old Kingdom , or Abhorsen in North America , is a fantasy fiction series written by Australian author Garth Nix . It originated in 1995 with the novel Sabriel and has continued in the novels Lirael ( 2001 ) and Abhorsen ( 2003 ) , the novella The Creature in the Case ( 2005 ) , and other short fiction . In Australia an omnibus edition comprising three novels and one novella was titled The Old Kingdom Chronicles ( 2009 , Allen & Unwin ( Australia ) ) . U.S. omnibus editions have been titled The Abhorsen Trilogy ( 2003 ) and The Abhorsen Chronicles ( 2009 ) . ISFDB catalogues the entire continuing series as `` The Old Kingdom / Abhorsen '' . The series continues with the prequel novel Clariel ( 2014 ) . The latest installment of the series , Goldenhand , was released in October 2016 .

neg: Jasper Fforde Jasper Fforde ( born 11 January 1961 ) is a British novelist . Fforde 's first novel , The Eyre Affair , was published in 2001 . Fforde is mainly known for his Thursday Next novels , although he has written two books in the loosely connected Nursery Crime series and has begun two more independent series , The Last Dragonslayer and Shades of Grey .   Fforde 's books are noted for their profusion of literary allusions and wordplay , tightly scripted plots , and playfulness with the conventions of traditional genres . His works usually contain elements of metafiction , parody , and fantasy .

neg: The Emperor's Soul The Emperor 's Soul is a fantasy novella written by American author Brandon Sanderson . It was first published in November 2012 by Tachyon Publications . It won the 2013 Hugo Award for best novella . The novella was also included in the 2016 Arcanum Unbounded : The Cosmere Collection .

neg: Southern Ontario Gothic Southern Ontario Gothic is a subgenre of the Gothic novel genre and a feature of Canadian literature that comes from Southern Ontario . This region includes Toronto , Southern Ontario 's major industrial cities ( Windsor , London , Hamilton , St. Thomas , Oshawa , St. Catharines ) , and the surrounding countryside . While the genre may also feature other areas of Ontario , Canada , and the world as narrative locales , this region provides the core settings .   The term was first used in Graeme Gibson 's Eleven Canadian Novelists ( 1972 ) to recognize an existing tendency to apply aspects of the Gothic novel to writing based in and around Southern Ontario . In an interview with Timothy Findley , Gibson commented that Findley 's novel The Last of the Crazy People shared similarities with the American Southern Gothic genre , to which Findley replied , '' ... sure , it 's Southern Gothic : Southern Ontario Gothic . ''   Notable writers of this subgenre include Alice Munro , Margaret Atwood , Robertson Davies , Jane Urquhart , Marian Engel , James Reaney and Barbara Gowdy .   Like the Southern Gothic of American writers such as William Faulkner , Flannery O'Connor and Eudora Welty , Southern Ontario Gothic analyzes and critiques social conditions such as race , gender , religion and politics , but in a Southern Ontario context . Southern Ontario Gothic is generally characterized by a stern realism set against the dour small-town Protestant morality stereotypical of the region , and often has underlying themes of moral hypocrisy . Actions and people that act against humanity , logic , and morality all are portrayed unfavourably , and one or more characters may be suffering from some form of mental illness . In a review of Alice Munro 's Dear Life for Quill & Quire , literary critic James Grainger writes that `` Violence , illness , and reputations ruined by a single indiscretion are accepted in Munro 's secretive , repressed communities as a kind of levelling mechanism , rough justice for those who dare to strive for something finer . ''   The Gothic novel has traditionally examined the role of evil in the human soul , and has incorporated dark or horrific imagery to create the desired setting . Some ( but not all ) writers of Southern Ontario Gothic use supernatural or magic realist elements ; a few deviate from realism entirely , in the manner of the fantastical gothic novel . Virtually all dwell to a certain extent upon the grotesque .   Notable works of the genre include Davies ' Deptford Trilogy , Findley 's Headhunter , Atwood 's Alias Grace and The Blind Assassin , and Munro 's Selected Stories .   The genre has been criticised as having `` little or nothing to distinguish it from everyday , garden-variety type realism . ''

neg: Song of the Gargoyle The Song of the Gargoyle is a 1991 book for young readers by Zilpha Keatley Snyder . Set in the middle ages , it tells the story of a young boy named Tymmon who lives with his father Komus , the court jester of Austerneve . When Komus is abducted by an anonymous man with a Black Helmet , thirteen-year-old Tymmon is able to escape Black Helmet and leaves the castle grounds to seek refuge in the Sombrous Forest , a forbidden place occupied by wolves and magical beings . Most wonderfully , Tymmon is adopted by a gargoyle named Troff -- a creature with the loyalty of a dog and the fearsome powers of an enchanted being .   After a season surviving in the forest , Tymmon longs to rescue his father and to find a way to avenge him , as a knight would . But Tymmon is a commoner , and he burns with anger at his father , who threw away a noble heritage to become a lowly jester . Tymmon had to watch his childhood playmate turn away from him to become a squire and train for the knighthood Tymmon can never know .   When Tymmon realizes that Troff can pose as a dog , he and Troff leave the forest together . As they travel , Tymmon sees the poverty and suffering of peasants ravaged by feudalistic greed . In the city he discovers that with his talent for music and joking , inherited from his father , he and Troff can make people happy . Beyond that , performing enables him to communicate with people from all walks of life .   Of Song of the Gargolye , Zilpha Keatley Snyder says , `` High among the periods that inspired my childhood dreamscapes were the middle ages . Not a very specific or historic middle ages , actually , so much as a fantasy world peopled by beautiful princesses and -- most especially -- by noble knights . I especially liked the knights . No doubt due , at least in part , to the fact that they rode horses . ( I was also enamored of cowboys . ) However , when I grew older and less romantic , I began to look at my hardware-clad heroes from a more critical point of view . Knights , I discovered , were often a pretty cruel and bloodthirsty bunch , not to mention ignorant and superstitious ... So when I got around to setting a story in their time , I cast about for a hero or two with a better odor . And the result was Tymmon and his father , Komus . And Troff ? Just another tribute to the memory of various more-or-less miraculous four-legged friends . ''   Category : American children 's novels  Category :1991 American novels

neg: Lewis Carroll: A Biography Lewis Carroll : A Biography is a 1995 biography of author Lewis Carroll by Morton N. Cohen , first published by Knopf , later by Macmillan . It is generally considered to be the definitive scholarly work on Carroll 's ( real name Charles Lutwidge Dodgson ) life . Cohen 's approach is mainly chronological , with some chapters grouped by theme , such as those on Carroll 's religion , his love of little girls , and his guilty feelings . Cohen , a Carroll scholar for 30 years , opts to use Dodgson 's first name , Charles , throughout the work , because it `` seems most appropriate in a book dealing with the intimacy of his life '' .   The book generally assumes that Carroll 's love of little girls was not just emotional but sexual -- that he was a paedophile , albeit a suppressed one . In the book Cohen writes :  `` We can not know to what extent sexual urges lay behind Charles 's preference for drawing and photographing children in the nude . He contended that the preference was entirely aesthetic . But given his emotional attachment to children as well as his aesthetic appreciation of their forms , his assertion that his interest was strictly artistic is naïve . He probably felt more than he dared acknowledge , even to himself . ''  While attributing the source of Carroll 's chaotic emotional life to his sexual urges , Cohen opined that they were also responsible for his creative works .   Karoline Leach in In the Shadow of the Dreamchild ( 1999 ) writes that Cohen and previous biographers misunderstood the norms and customs of the Victorian era , and that Carroll 's adulation of children was not sexual but a reflection of the romanticisation of the child prevalent in that era . Contrariwise , a website set up by opponents ( including Leach ) of the tradition Carroll image , reports that while Cohen acknowledges the paedophilic nature of Carroll 's image , he `` Inexplicably he lists the numbers of intimate woman-friends that Dodgson had through his life , yet still concludes that his existence revolved exclusively around friendships with small girls ! ''   Jo Elwyn Jones and J. Francis Gladstone in The Alice Companion : A Guide to Lewis Carroll 's Alice Books ( 1998 ) criticises the book for what they say is a poor treatment of Carroll 's involvement in controversies at the University of Oxford . Megan Harlan in Entertainment Weekly writes that `` This beautifully written bio never shies away from the house-of-mirrors complexity of its subject . '' An issue of Victorian Studies reported that there were issues with inconsistent references . Miles Edward Friend compares Cohen 's handling of the material to Carroll 's boat trips with the children , saying , `` With Cohen at the tiller , we are deftly guided through the flow of Carroll 's life . '' Ronald Warwick in Times Higher Education criticises Cohen 's interpretation of Carroll 's relationship with his archdeacon father ; his `` insecure grasp of 19th-century ecclesiastical history '' ; his prose , which Warwich called cliched ; and his choice to use Dodgson 's first name , which Warwick said was not used even by Dodgson 's most intimate male friends .

neg: The Handmaid's Tale The Handmaid 's Tale is a 1985 dystopian novel by Canadian author Margaret Atwood . Set in a near-future New England , in a totalitarian theocracy that has overthrown the United States government , the novel explores themes of women in subjugation and the various means by which they gain individualism and independence . The novel 's title echoes the component parts of Geoffrey Chaucer 's The Canterbury Tales , which comprises a series of connected stories ( `` The Merchant 's Tale '' , `` The Parson 's Tale '' , etc. ) .   The Handmaid 's Tale won the 1985 Governor General 's Award and the first Arthur C. Clarke Award in 1987 ; it was also nominated for the 1986 Nebula Award , the 1986 Booker Prize , and the 1987 Prometheus Award . The book has been adapted into a film ( 1990 ) , an opera ( 2000 ) , a TV series ( 2017 ) , and other media .

neg: Novel in Scotland The novel in Scotland includes all long prose fiction published in Scotland and by Scottish authors since the development of the literary format in the eighteenth century . The novel was soon a major element of Scottish literary and critical life . Tobias Smollett 's picaresque novels , such as The Adventures of Roderick Random and The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle mean that he is often seen as Scotland 's first novelist . Other Scots who contributed to the development of the novel in the eighteenth century include Henry Mackenzie and John Moore .   There was a tradition of moral and domestic fiction in the early nineteenth century that included the work of Elizabeth Hamilton , Mary Brunton and Christian Johnstone . The outstanding literary figure of the early nineteenth century was Walter Scott , whose Waverley is often called the first historical novel . He had a major worldwide influence . His success led to a publishing boom in Scotland . Major figures that benefited included James Hogg , John Galt , John Gibson Lockhart , John Wilson and Susan Ferrier . In the mid-nineteenth century major literary figures that contributed to the development of the novel included David Macbeth Moir , John Stuart Blackie , William Edmondstoune Aytoun and Margaret Oliphant . In the late nineteenth century , a number of Scottish-born authors achieved international reputations , including Robert Louis Stevenson and Arthur Conan Doyle , whose Sherlock Holmes stories helped found the tradition of detective fiction . In the last two decades of the century the `` kailyard school '' ( cabbage patch ) depicted Scotland in a rural and nostalgic fashion , often seen as a `` failure of nerve '' in dealing with the rapid changes that had swept across Scotland in the industrial revolution . Figures associated with the movement include Ian Maclaren , S. R. Crockett and J. M. Barrie , best known for his creation of Peter Pan , which helped develop the genre of fantasy , as did the work of George MacDonald .   Among the most important novels of the early twentieth century was The House with the Green Shutters by George Douglas Brown , which broke with the Kailyard tradition . John Buchan played a major role in the creation of the modern thriller with The Thirty-Nine Steps and Greenmantle . The Scottish literary Renaissance attempted to introduce modernism into art and create of a distinctive national literature . It increasingly focused on the novel . Major figures included Neil Gunn , George Blake , A. J. Cronin , Eric Linklater and Lewis Grassic Gibbon . There were also a large number of female authors associated with the movement , who included Catherine Carswell , Willa Muir , Nan Shepherd and Naomi Mitchison . Many major Scottish post-war novelists , such as Robin Jenkins , Jessie Kesson , Muriel Spark , Alexander Trocchi and James Kennaway spent most of their lives outside Scotland , but often dealt with Scottish themes . Successful mass-market works included the action novels of Alistair MacLean and the historical fiction of Dorothy Dunnett . A younger generation of novelists that emerged in the 1960s and 1970s included Allan Massie , Shena Mackay and Alan Spence . Working class identity continued to be explored by Archie Hind , Alan Sharp , George Friel and William McIlvanney .   From the 1980s Scottish literature enjoyed another major revival , with figures including Alasdair Gray , James Kelman , Irvine Welsh , Alan Warner , Janice Galloway , A. L. Kennedy , Iain Banks , Candia McWilliam , Frank Kuppner and Andrew O'Hagan . In genre fiction Iain Banks , writing as Iain M. Banks , produced ground-breaking science fiction and Scottish crime fiction has been a major area of growth with the success of novelists including Frederic Lindsay , Quintin Jardine , Val McDermid , Denise Mina , Christopher Brookmyre , and particularly Ian Rankin and his Inspector Rebus novels . The most successful author of Scottish origins in recent years has been J. K. Rowling , author of the Harry Potter series .

neg: Sansa Stark Sansa Stark is a fictional character created by American author George R. R. Martin . She is a prominent character in Martin 's award-winning A Song of Ice and Fire series .   Introduced in 1996 's A Game of Thrones , Sansa is the eldest daughter and second child of Lord Eddard Stark and his wife Lady Catelyn Stark . She subsequently appeared in the following three novels , A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) , A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) and A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) . While absent from the fifth novel A Dance with Dragons as the books are separated geographically , Sansa is confirmed to return in the forthcoming next book in the series , The Winds of Winter .   In HBO 's adaptation of the series , Game of Thrones , Sansa Stark is played by Sophie Turner . The character has received critical acclaim , being praised as the 4th greatest character in the series by Rolling Stone . She and the rest of the cast were nominated for Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series in 2012 , 2014 , 2015 and 2016 .

neg: Libertarian science fiction Libertarian science fiction is a subgenre of science fiction that focuses on the politics and social order implied by libertarian philosophies with an emphasis on individualism and private ownership of the means of production -- and in some cases , no state whatsoever .   As a category , libertarian fiction is unusual because the vast majority of its authors are self-identified as science fiction authors . This contrasts with the authors of much other social criticism who are largely academic or mainstream novelists who tend to dismiss any genre classification . The identification between libertarianism and science fiction is so strong that the U.S. Libertarian Party often has representatives at science fiction conventions and one of the highest profile authors currently in the subgenre of libertarian science fiction , L. Neil Smith , was the Arizona Libertarian Party 's 2000 candidate for the President of the United States .   As a genre , it can be seen as growing out of the 1930s and 1940s when the science-fiction pulp magazines were reaching their peak at the same time as fascism and communism . While this environment gave rise to dystopian novels such as George Orwell 's Nineteen Eighty-Four , in the pulps , this influence more often give rise to speculations about societies ( or sub-groups ) arising in direct opposition to `` totalitarianism . ''   Ayn Rand 's novel Atlas Shrugged is a strong ( perhaps the strongest ) influence with an anti-socialist attitude and an individualist ethic that echoes throughout the genre .  Of more direct relevance to the science fiction end of this genre is Robert A. Heinlein 's The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress , which is highly regarded even by non-libertarian science fiction readers . An award for libertarian science fiction , the Prometheus Award , is given out every year . Some winners of the award identify as libertarians ( e.g. , L. Neil Smith , Victor Koman , Brad Linaweaver ) , while others do not ( Terry Pratchett , Charles Stross ) .   Some other prominent libertarian science fiction authors include S. Andrew Swann and Michael Z. Williamson .

neg: The Renegades of Pern The Renegades of Pern is a science fiction novel by the American-Irish author Anne McCaffrey . It was the tenth book published in the Dragonriders of Pern series by Anne or her son Todd McCaffrey . It was first published in 1989 .   Like Nerilka 's Story , The Renegades of Pern is a departure from the normal perspective for the dragonrider books , presenting a parallel viewpoint , this time running concurrent with the original trilogy ; the book begins at the time of Dragonflight and ends a little after the ending of The White Dragon . It tells several stories , tied together by the figure of Thella , renegade sister of Larad ( Lord Holder of Telgar Hold ) . The exploration of the Southern Continent and discovery of ancient human relics there ( including the activities of Piemur and Menolly from the Harper Hall trilogy ) also figure in the novel , which ends where All the Weyrs of Pern begins .

neg: Robotech (novels) In 1987 , the Robotech animated series was adapted into novel form by authors James Luceno and Brian Daley and published by Del Rey Books . Having previously collaborated on the animated series Galaxy Rangers , the pair 's Robotech novels were released under the unified pseudonym of `` Jack McKinney '' . Using fictitious epigraphs in the style of Dune , McKinney 's novels escaped the limitations inherent in the dubbed cartoon and fleshed out its chronology in greater detail ; most significantly , by adapting the storyline of the aborted sequel project , `` The Sentinels '' . The entire series lasted for twenty-one books , the first fifteen of which were later collected into five three-book omnibus compilations in the early 1990s .   The original twelve novels were written to a tight twelve-month deadline , so that the books could be released one per month . Under this deadline , Daley and Luceno divided the Robotech timeline into twelve segments and worked on different segments simultaneously ( i.e. Daley wrote Book 1 while Luceno wrote Book 2 ) , then traded completed manuscripts for revision and style adjustments . As part of the research project , they watched the TV series many times , and consulted heavily with Carl Macek .   The first two omnibus collections , comprising the entirety of the `` Macross Saga '' , were reissued in 2003 to tie in with the release of the Robotech : Battlecry video game . Then , in 2007 , the next two omnibus collections , covering the remainder of the television series , were re-released as tie-ins to the animated movie , Robotech : The Shadow Chronicles . However , a revision of the Robotech timeline made by Harmony Gold alongside the release of the movie caused some continuity clashes with the McKinney novels , which were relegated to a `` secondary '' position in Robotech canon . To work around this , the Southern Cross and Invid Invasion collections contain new appendices written by Robotech fan Jonathan L. Switzer correcting any newborn mistakes .

neg: House of Telcontar In the fictional universe of J. R. R. Tolkien , the House of Telcontar , previously the House of Elendil , is the Royal House of the Reunited Kingdom of Arnor and Gondor . The House was founded by Aragorn II during the War of the Ring , who was the last surviving Heir of Elendil , and took the throne under the name Elessar .   The name of the House finds its origin in Quenya , one of the Elvish languages . During the War of the Ring , Peregrin Took , a companion of Aragorn 's in The Fellowship of the Ring , became a member of the elite Citadel Guard at Minas Tirith , capital of Gondor . When Lord Aragorn entered the city , Peregrin persisted in familiarly referring to Aragorn by the nickname he had garnered as a Ranger of the North : `` Strider '' , even in front of foreign dignitaries such as King Éomer of Rohan . Aragorn was amused , and decided that the name of the lineage he founded would be `` Telcontar '' , which translates as `` Strider '' in Quenya . Members of the House of Telcontar are referred to as the `` Telcóntari '' ( Striders ) , the plural of Telcontar in Quenya .   Aragorn then took the royal name `` Elessar '' ( translated as Elfstone in Quenya ) .   With Queen Arwen , King Elessar reigned for 120 years , before finally surrendering his life . This long reign is attributed to Elessar 's descent from the Men of Númenor , who are blessed with long life ( he was 88 when he took the throne ) . He rebuilt the old capital Annúminas in Arnor and later ruled from this northern capital , although the old capital Minas Tirith was still of great political importance .   Elessar had one known son , Eldarion , and an unspecified number of daughters . King Elessar was buried with great honour in Minas Tirith . King Eldarion ( his name meaning `` from the Elves '' in reference to his mother Arwen ) was `` full ripe for kingship '' at the time , and ruled for an unspecified amount of time well into the Fourth Age of Men . Little is known of Eldarion , save that he left heirs to continue the House of Telcontar after him .

neg: Snow-Walker Snow-Walker is a trilogy written by author Catherine Fisher . The book is presumably set in the Dark Ages of a fictional region in Scandinavia , as the story often heavily refers to Norse mythology . The story is mainly about the sorceress Gudrun , who rules the Jarl 's people through fear ; the power struggle between her and her son , her very reflection and one weakness ; and the small , motley band of outlaws who join him in the fight to restore the land to its rightful leader .

neg: A Book of Giants A Book of Giants is a 1963 anthology of 13 fairy tales from Europe that have been collected and retold by Ruth Manning-Sanders . It is one in a long series of such anthologies by Manning-Sanders . It was the first anthology to receive the familiar `` A Book of ... '' title that Manning-Sanders would become notable for .   This book was first published in the United Kingdom in 1962 , by Methuen & Co. Ltd. . It has been used in schools as a study aid .   Some of the tales from this book are also included in A Choice of Magic ( 1971 ) by Manning-Sanders . And some of the tales from this book are included in Folk and Fairy Tales ( 1978 ) by Manning-Sanders .   And in the foreword , Manning-Sanders discusses the long-ago roots of tales about giants : `` The stories in this book are very old , and they come from many countries . We do n't know who first told the story of Jack and the Beanstalk ; but it has always been a favourite , and it used to be hawked around England in those little stitched-together pamphlets , called chapbooks , which travelling pedlars sold to the countryfolk for a penny or two each . ''   The author adds : `` You will notice that the giants , wherever they come from , have one thing in common : they are all very stupid , and the way to overcome them is to use your wits . ''

neg: Dragon Harper Dragon Harper is a science fiction novel by the American-Irish author Anne McCaffrey and her son Todd McCaffrey , part of the Dragonriders of Pern series that she initiated in 1967 . Published forty years later , it was the twenty-first in the series .   Dragon Harper and the previous novels Dragon 's Kin and Dragon 's Fire feature Kindan as a boy and young man , about 500 years after landing on Pern ( 500 AL ) . They were the first collaborations by mother and son .

neg: The Cloister and the Hearth The Cloister and the Hearth ( 1861 ) is a historical novel by the English author Charles Reade . Set in the 15th century , it relates the story revolving about the travels of a young scribe and illuminator , Gerard Eliassoen , through several European countries . The Cloister and the Hearth often describes the events , people and their practices in minute detail . Its main theme is the struggle between man 's obligations to family and to Church .

neg: The Gray Man (novel) The Gray Man is the debut novel by Mark Greaney , first published in 2009 by Jove Books . It is also the first novel to feature the Gray Man , freelance assassin and former CIA operative Court Gentry .   The novel follows Gentry on a mission across Europe to rescue his handler , Sir Donald Fitzroy , and his family in Normandy , France from Lloyd , a member of a massive English corporation who wants Gentry terminated in order to shepherd a billion dollar deal for oil interests in Nigeria , where its president in turn wants Gentry dead for the assassination of his brother .   The novel is the first in a series involving the fictional character The Gray Man . A movie adaptation is currently underway , with Christopher McQuarrie attached to direct .


query: The final battle of the Wars of the Roses was a battle.

pos: Battle of Bosworth Field The Battle of Bosworth Field ( or Battle of Bosworth ) was the last significant battle of the Wars of the Roses , the civil war between the Houses of Lancaster and York that raged across England in the latter half of the 15th century . Fought on 22 August 1485 , the battle was won by the Lancastrians . Their leader Henry Tudor , Earl of Richmond , by his victory became the first English monarch of the Tudor dynasty . His opponent , Richard III , the last king of the House of York , was killed in the battle . Historians consider Bosworth Field to mark the end of the Plantagenet dynasty , making it a defining moment of English and Welsh history .   Richard 's reign began in 1483 . At the request of his brother Edward IV , Richard was acting as Lord Protector for his son Edward V. Richard had Parliament declare Edward V illegitimate and ineligible for the throne , and took it for himself . Richard lost popularity when the boy and his younger brother disappeared after he incarcerated them in the Tower of London , and his support was further eroded by the popular belief that he was implicated in the death of his wife . Across the English Channel in Brittany , Henry Tudor , a descendant of the greatly diminished House of Lancaster , seized on Richard 's difficulties so that he could challenge his claim to the throne . Henry 's first attempt to invade England was frustrated by a storm in 1483 , but on his second attempt he arrived unopposed on 7 August 1485 on the southwest coast of Wales . Marching inland , Henry gathered support as he made for London . Richard mustered his troops and intercepted Henry 's army south of Market Bosworth in Leicestershire . Thomas , Lord Stanley , and Sir William Stanley brought a force to the battlefield , but held back while they decided which side it would be more advantageous to support .   Richard divided his army , which outnumbered Henry 's , into three groups ( or `` battles '' ) . One was assigned to the Duke of Norfolk and another to the Earl of Northumberland . Henry kept most of his force together and placed it under the command of the experienced Earl of Oxford . Richard 's vanguard , commanded by Norfolk , attacked but struggled against Oxford 's men , and some of Norfolk 's troops fled the field . Northumberland took no action when signalled to assist his king , so Richard gambled everything on a charge across the battlefield to kill Henry and end the fight . Seeing the king 's knights separated from his army , the Stanleys intervened ; Sir William led his men to Henry 's aid , surrounding and killing Richard . After the battle Henry was crowned king below an oak tree in nearby Stoke Golding , now a residential garden .   Henry hired chroniclers to portray his reign favourably ; the Battle of Bosworth was popularised to represent the Tudor dynasty as the start of a new age . From the 15th to the 18th centuries the battle was glamorised as a victory of good over evil . The climax of William Shakespeare 's play Richard III provides a focal point for critics in later film adaptations . The exact site of the battle is disputed because of the lack of conclusive data , and memorials have been erected at different locations . In 1974 the Bosworth Battlefield Heritage Centre was built on a site that has since been challenged by several scholars and historians . In October 2009 a team of researchers , who had performed geological surveys and archaeological digs in the area from 2003 , suggested a location two miles ( 3.2 km ) southwest of Ambion Hill .

pos: Wars of the Roses The Wars of the Roses were a series of wars for control of the throne of England fought between supporters of two rival branches of the royal House of Plantagenet : the House of Lancaster ( associated with a red rose ) , and the House of York ( whose symbol was a white rose ) . The conflict lasted through many sporadic episodes between 1455 and 1487 ; however , there was fighting before and after this period between the houses . The power struggle ignited around social and financial troubles following the Hundred Years ' War , combined with the mental infirmity and weak rule of Henry VI which revived interest in Richard of York 's claim to the throne . Historians disagree about whether the Wars of the Roses were caused by the structural problems of bastard feudalism or Henry VI 's ineffectiveness as king .   With the Duke of York 's death , the claim transferred to his heir , Edward , who later became the first Yorkist king of England , as Edward IV . His son reigned for 86 days as Edward V , but Parliament then decided that Edward and his brother Richard were illegitimate and offered the crown to Edward IV 's younger brother , who became Richard III . The two young princes disappeared within the confines of the Tower of London .   The final victory went to a claimant of the Lancastrian party , Henry Tudor , Earl of Richmond , who defeated the last Yorkist king , Richard III , at the Battle of Bosworth Field . After assuming the throne as Henry VII , he married Elizabeth of York , the eldest daughter and heir of Edward IV , thereby uniting the two claims . The House of Tudor ruled the Kingdom of England until 1603 , with the death of Elizabeth I , granddaughter of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York .

neg: Battle of Roche-au-Moine The Battle of Roche-au-Moine was a battle between the Kingdom of France and the Kingdom of England in 1214 . When John besieged the castle , he retreated after he was refused support from Angevin nobles .

neg: Battle of the Menin Road Ridge The Battle of the Menin Road Ridge , sometimes called `` Battle of the Menin Road '' , was the third British general attack of the Third Battle of Ypres in the First World War . The battle took place from 1917 , in the Ypres Salient in Flanders on the Western Front . During the pause in British and French general attacks between late August and 20 September , the British changed some infantry tactics , adopting the leap-frog method of advance , where waves of infantry stopped once they reached their objective and consolidated the ground , while other waves passed through the objective to attack the next one and the earlier waves became the tactical reserve . General adoption of the method was made possible when more artillery was brought into the salient , by increasing the number of aircraft involved in close air support and by specialising the tasks of air defence , contact-patrol , counter-attack patrol , artillery observation and ground-attack .   In early September , optimism increased among German commanders that the Flanders offensive had been defeated and several divisions and air units were transferred elsewhere . Drier weather and extensive road repairs made it much easier for the British to move vast amounts of supplies forward from the original front line . Visibility increased except for frequent ground fog around dawn , which helped conceal British infantry during the attack , before clearing to expose German troop movements to British observation and attack . The British infantry succeeded in capturing most of their objectives and then holding them against German counter-attacks , inflicting many casualties on the local German defenders and Eingreif divisions sent to reinforce them by massed artillery and small-arms fire . German defences on the Gheluvelt Plateau , which had been retained or quickly recaptured in July and August were lost and the British began a run of success which lasted into early October .

neg: Battle of Wilkomierz The Battle of Vilkmergė ( see other names ) took place on September 1 , 1435 near Ukmergė ( which was named Vilkmergė at the time ) in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . With the help of military units from the Kingdom of Poland , the forces of Grand Duke Sigismund Kęstutaitis soundly defeated Švitrigaila and his Livonian allies . The battle was a decisive engagement of the Lithuanian Civil War ( 1432 -- 38 ) . Švitrigaila lost most of his supporters and withdrew to southern Grand Duchy ; he was slowly pushed out and eventually made peace . The damage inflicted upon the Livonian Order has been compared to the damage of Battle of Grunwald upon the Teutonic Order . It was fundamentally weakened and ceased to play a major role in Lithuanian affairs . The battle can be seen as the final engagement of the Lithuanian Crusade .

neg: Remonstrances The Remonstrances ( sometimes written in the original Anglo-Norman : Monstraunces ) were a set of complaints presented by a group of nobles in 1297 , against the government of King Edward I of England . Foremost among the nobles were Roger Bigod , Earl of Norfolk , Marshal of England , and Humphrey de Bohun , Earl of Hereford , Constable of England .   The complaints had their background in the heavy burden of taxation caused by King Edward 's extensive warfare in the mid-1290s . In 1297 Edward was planning a campaign to protect his possessions in Flanders , and it was the opinion of many that this war was unnecessary and risky , in a time when the situation in both Wales and Scotland was threatening . Both Bohun and Bigod refused to serve in the campaign , claiming it was unclear where the expedition was going . Bigod argued in parliament that the earls ' military obligation only extended to service alongside the king ; if the king intended to sail to Flanders , he could not send his subjects to Gascony . The king nevertheless went on with the planned campaign , and demanded a grant of taxation from his subjects . This became the opposition 's main grievance , since they claimed the tax was not raised in the proper manner . Rather than seeking the consent of the community of the realm in parliament , the king had been granted the tax by a small number of his closest supporters . As the king was on the coast preparing for the expedition , Bigod and Bohun turned up at the Exchequer demanding a stop to the collection of the tax , and at the same time presented the Remonstrances .   The document was drawn up not only as a complaint by the two earls , but on behalf of the entire community of the nation . It claimed that the king had driven his subjects to poverty by excessive taxes . Objections against the planned campaign in Flanders were raised , as well as the king 's failure to uphold the Magna Carta . In addition to the political , financial and constitutional issues , both earls had personal grievances against the king . Bohun had been poorly treated by Edward during a feud with the Earl of Gloucester a few years earlier . Bigod , meanwhile , had been engaged in a long-running dispute over debts he owed to the crown . As the king left for the Continent , the nation seemed to be on the brink of civil war . What brought the issue to a conclusion was the English defeat to the Scots at the Battle of Stirling Bridge . This united the country against a common enemy ; Edward promised to address the grievances , while Bigod and Bohun agreed to serve on a campaign in Scotland . As a sign of good will , the king signed the Confirmatio cartaruma confirmation of Magna Carta .

neg: Second Cornish uprising of 1497 The Second Cornish uprising is the name given to the Cornish uprising of September 1497 when the pretender to the throne Perkin Warbeck landed at Whitesand Bay , near Land 's End , on 7 September with just 120 men in two ships .   Warbeck had seen the potential of the Cornish unrest in the 1st Cornish Rebellion of 1497 even though the Cornish had been defeated at the Battle of Blackheath on 17 June 1497 . Warbeck proclaimed that he would put a stop to extortionate taxes levied to help fight a war against Scotland and was warmly welcomed in Cornwall . His wife , Lady Catharine , was left in the safety of St Michael 's Mount and when he decided to attack Exeter his supporters declared him ` Richard IV ' on Bodmin Moor . Most of the Cornish gentry supported Warbeck 's cause after their setback previously in June of that year and on 17 September a Cornish army some 6,000 strong entered Exeter , where the walls were badly damaged , before advancing on Taunton .   Henry VII sent his chief general , Giles , Lord Daubeney , to attack the Cornish and when Warbeck heard that the King 's scouts were at Glastonbury he panicked and deserted his army . Warbeck was captured at Beaulieu Abbey in Hampshire , where he surrendered . Henry VII reached Taunton on 4 October 1497 , where he received the surrender of the remaining Cornish army . The ringleaders were executed and others fined an enormous total of # 13,000 . ` King Richard ' was imprisoned , first , at Taunton , then in London , where he was ` paraded through the streets on horseback amid much hooting and derision of the citizens ' .  On 23 November 1499 Warbeck was drawn on a hurdle from the Tower to Tyburn , London , where he read out a ` confession ' and was hanged .

neg: Battle of Tipton Green The Battle of Tipton Green was an engagement in the First English Civil War in the area of Tipton Green , about one mile from Dudley Castle . The battle occurred in June 1644 , when Royalist troops arrived from Worcester to break the Earl of Denbigh 's siege of the castle . The battle resulted in a Royalist victory .   It is commemorated by a plaque on Malthouse Stables , a building that occupies part of the area on which the battle occurred .

neg: Battle of Bayonne The Battle of Bayonne of 14 April 1814 was a sortie by General Thouvenot 's French garrison of Bayonne during the siege of that city conducted by Allied forces under Lieutenant General John Hope . The battle was the last of the Peninsular War and occurred as news of Napoleon 's abdication was beginning to reach the opposing forces .   While the Siege of Bayonne was largely illusory , with French and British soldiers fraternizing and exchanging goods and letters , the fighting of 14 April involved heavy hand-to-hand combat in which Lieut-Gen Hope was captured with two of his staff , 276 men and a gun , before reinforcements stabilized the Allied positions .   With Thouvenot occupying stronger positions at the conclusion of his sortie , the siege continued . On 17 April , the main French body under Marshal Soult signed an armistice with Wellington ; Thouvenot would continue to resist until direct orders from Soult compelled him to observe the ceasefire .

neg: Sir John Clay Sir John Clay was a combatant in the Wars of the Roses who fought on the Yorkist side in the Battle of Tewkesbury , fought on 4 May 1471 . King Edward IV of England knighted him , and his coat of arms depicts three lions facing another and engaging in a quarrel .

neg: Battle of Burton Bridge (1322) The 1322 Battle of Burton Bridge was fought between Thomas , 2nd Earl of Lancaster and his cousin Edward II of England during the Despenser War . Edward 's army was proceeding northwards to engage Lancaster , having defeated his Marcher Lord allies in Wales . Lancaster fortified the bridge at Burton upon Trent , an important crossing of the River Trent , in an attempt to prevent the King from proceeding . Edward arrived at nearby Cauldwell on 7 March 1322 and intended to use the ford at Walton-on-Trent to cross the river and outflank Lancaster . Edward was delayed for three days by floodwaters , during which time some of his force was deployed opposite Lancaster 's men at the bridge .   On 10 March 1322 Edward 's main force crossed the river at Walton and proceeded to the south side of Burton . Lancaster moved his men outside the town , intending to face the King in open battle , but withdrew northwards when he saw that he was heavily outnumbered . Lancaster was pursued closely by the King 's men and eventually captured at the Battle of Boroughbridge ; he was later executed on the King 's orders . Lancaster 's defeat removed the immediate threat to Edward 's rule , but the King continued to prove unpopular with his barons , and in 1327 was forced to abdicate the throne in favour of his son Edward III .

neg: War of Saint-Sardos The War of Saint-Sardos was a short war fought between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France in 1324 . The war was a clear defeat for the English , and led indirectly to the overthrowing of Edward II of England . The war can also be seen as one of the precursors of the Hundred Years ' War .

neg: Hundred Years' War The Hundred Years ' War was a series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 by the House of Plantagenet , rulers of the Kingdom of England , against the House of Valois , rulers of the Kingdom of France , over the succession of the French throne . Each side drew many allies into the war . It was one of the most notable conflicts of the Middle Ages , in which five generations of kings from two rival dynasties fought for the throne of the largest kingdom in Western Europe . The war marked both the height of chivalry and its subsequent decline , and the development of strong national identities in both countries .   After the Norman Conquest , the kings of England were vassals of the kings of France for their possessions in France . The French kings had endeavored , over the centuries , to reduce these possessions , to the effect that only Gascony was left to the English . The confiscation or threat of confiscating this duchy had been part of French policy to check the growth of English power , particularly whenever the English were at war with the Kingdom of Scotland , an ally of France .   Through his mother , Isabella of France , Edward III of England was the grandson of Philip IV of France and nephew of Charles IV of France , the last king of the senior line of the House of Capet . In 1316 , a principle was established denying women succession to the French throne . When Charles IV died in 1328 , Isabella , unable to claim the French throne for herself , claimed it for her son . The French rejected the claim , maintaining that Isabella could not transmit a right that she did not possess . For about nine years ( 1328 -- 1337 ) , the English had accepted the Valois succession to the French throne , but the interference of the French king , Philip VI , in Edward III 's war against Scotland permitted Edward III to reassert his claim to the French throne . Several overwhelming English victories in the war -- especially at Crecy , Poitiers , and Agincourt -- raised the prospects of an ultimate English triumph . However , the greater resources of the French monarchy precluded a complete conquest . Starting in 1429 , decisive French victories at Orléans , Patay , Formigny , and Castillon concluded the war in favour of France , with England permanently losing most of its major possessions on the continent .   Historians commonly divide the war into three phases separated by truces : the Edwardian Era War ( 1337 -- 1360 ) ; the Caroline War ( 1369 -- 1389 ) ; and the Lancastrian War ( 1415 -- 1453 ) . Local conflicts in neighbouring areas , which were contemporarily related to the war , including the War of the Breton Succession ( 1341 -- 1364 ) , the Castilian Civil War ( 1366 -- 1369 ) , the War of the Two Peters ( 1356 -- 1375 ) in Aragon , and the 1383 -- 85 Crisis in Portugal , were availed by the parties to advance their agendas . Later historians adopted the term `` Hundred Years ' War '' as a historiography periodization to encompass all of these events , thus constructing the longest military conflict in European history .   The war owes its historical significance to multiple factors . By its end , feudal armies had been largely replaced by professional troops , and aristocratic dominance had yielded to a democratisation of the manpower and weapons of armies . Although primarily a dynastic conflict , the war gave impetus to ideas of French and English nationalism . The wider introduction of weapons and tactics supplanted the feudal armies where heavy cavalry had dominated , and artillery became important . The war precipitated the creation of the first standing armies in Western Europe since the time of the Western Roman Empire and thus helping to change their role in warfare . With respect to the belligerents , in France , civil wars , deadly epidemics , famines , and bandit free-companies of mercenaries reduced the population drastically . English political forces over time came to oppose the costly venture . The dissatisfaction of English nobles , resulting from the loss of their continental landholdings , became a factor leading to the civil wars known as the Wars of the Roses ( 1455 -- 1487 ) .

neg: Henry V of England Henry V ( 9 August 1386 -- 31 August 1422 ) was King of England from 1413 until his death at the age of 36 in 1422 . He was the second English monarch who came from the House of Lancaster .   After military experience fighting the Welsh during the revolt of Owain Glyndŵr , and against the powerful aristocratic Percys of Northumberland at the Battle of Shrewsbury , Henry came into political conflict with his father , whose health was increasingly precarious from 1405 onward . After his father 's death in 1413 , Henry assumed control of the country and embarked on war with France in the ongoing Hundred Years ' War ( 1337 -- 1453 ) between the two nations . His military successes culminated in his famous victory at the Battle of Agincourt ( 1415 ) and saw him come close to conquering France . After months of negotiation with Charles VI of France , the Treaty of Troyes ( 1420 ) recognised Henry V as regent and heir apparent to the French throne , and he was subsequently married to Charles 's daughter , Catherine of Valois ( 1401 -- 37 ) . Following Henry V 's sudden and unexpected death in France two years later , he was succeeded by his infant son , who reigned as Henry VI ( 1422 -- 61 , 1470 -- 71 ) .

neg: List of First World War Victoria Cross recipients The Victoria Cross ( VC ) was awarded 628 times to 627 recipients for action in the First World War ( 1914 -- 1918 ) . The Victoria Cross is a military decoration awarded for valour `` in the face of the enemy '' to members of armed forces of some Commonwealth countries and previous British Empire territories . It takes precedence over all other Orders , decorations and medals ; it may be awarded to a person of any rank in any service and to civilians under military command . The award was officially constituted when Queen Victoria issued a warrant under the Royal sign-manual on 29 January 1856 that was gazetted on 5 February 1856 . The order was backdated to 1854 to recognise acts of valour during the Crimean War . The first awards ceremony was held on 26 June 1857 , where Queen Victoria invested 62 of the 111 Crimean recipients in a ceremony in Hyde Park .   The First World War , also known as the Great War and in the United States as World War I , was a global military conflict that embroiled most of the world 's great powers , assembled in two opposing alliances : the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance . More than 70 million military personnel were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history . The main combatants descended into a state of total war , directing their entire scientific and industrial capabilities into the war effort . Over 15 million people were killed , making it one of the deadliest conflicts in history . The proximate cause of war was the assassination on 28 June 1914 of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria . Soon after , a system of alliances were activated that would see Europe at war . The Western Front saw the largest concentration of Commonwealth troops with soldiers occupying sectors of the line from the North Sea to the Orne River .   On 1 July 1916 , the first day of the Battle of the Somme , the British Army endured the bloodiest day in its history , suffering 57,470 casualties and 19,240 dead ; nine Victoria Crosses were awarded for action on that day . Most of the casualties occurred in the first hour of the attack . The entire Somme offensive cost the British Army almost half a million men . The war was not just fought on land ; the First World War saw major naval battles as well as the first large-scale use of military aircraft . The war at sea was mainly characterised by the efforts of the Allied Powers in blockading the Central Powers by sea . In return , the Central Powers attempted to break that blockade and establish an effective blockade of the British Isles and France with U-boats and raiders . The largest naval battle of the First World War was the Battle of Jutland which was the only full-scale clash of battleships in that war . Four Victoria Crosses were awarded for action at Jutland . The war in the air saw 19 VCs being awarded to airmen . The First World War saw significant interest in flying aces , including the German Manfred von Richthofen -- also known as The Red Baron -- as well as British aces such as Albert Ball , Mick Mannock and Billy Bishop , who were all Victoria Cross recipients . Hostilities ended on 11 November 1918 with the signing of the Armistice Treaty in the Compiègne Forest , but the war was not officially over until the various peace treaties were signed in 1919 . By the war 's end , four major imperial powers -- Germany , Russia , Austria-Hungary , and the Ottoman Empire -- had been militarily and politically defeated , and the latter two ceased to exist as autonomous entities . Of the 60 million European soldiers who were mobilised from 1914 -- 1918 , 8 million were killed , 7 million were permanently disabled , and 15 million were seriously injured .   During the war , Britain called on its dominions and colonies , which provided invaluable military , financial and material support . The armies of the Dominions provided over 2.5 million men as well as many thousands of volunteers from the Crown colonies . The largest number of men came from the Indian sub continent , Canada , Australia and New Zealand . The Indian Contingent consisted of over 130,000 men in various capabilities and served primarily in France and Belgium . Over 9000 of them died and 11 of them were awarded the VC . The Australian Imperial Force ( AIF ) began forming on 15 August 1914 and remained a volunteer force for the entire war . Throughout the four years of conflict , 331,814 volunteers from Australia were sent overseas with 63 VCs awarded ; nine of these were given for the Gallipoli Campaign . Eleven members of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force ( NZEF ) were awarded the Victoria Cross . The Canadian Expeditionary Force ( CEF ) saw over 600,000 enlistments throughout its four-year history with 71 VCs awarded . At the outbreak of the hostilities , Newfoundland was a separate dominion and 2 soldiers from Newfoundland were awarded the Victoria Cross .   The 628 awards of the Victoria Cross given for action during the First World War account for almost half the 1356 Victoria Crosses awarded throughout its history ; in comparison the Second World War saw 181 medals awarded . Noel Godfrey Chavasse was awarded the Victoria Cross and Bar , for two separate actions in the First World War on the battlefields of Mametz and Passchendaele . He died from wounds received in the second action . Arthur Martin-Leake received a Bar to his Victoria Cross for action in the First World War ; he had been awarded his first Victoria Cross for action in the Second Boer War .   Of the 627 recipients 159 were awarded posthumously .

neg: Battle of Carham The Battle of Carham ( c. 1018 ) ( also referred to as the Battle of Coldstream ) was fought between the Kingdom of Scotland and the Northumbrians at Carham on Tweed . ` Uhtred , son of Waldef , earl of the Northumbrians , fought the combined forces of Máel Coluim ( II ) mac Cináeda ( Malcolm son of Cyneth , king of Scots ) and Owain the Bald ( King of Strathclyde ) . Their combined forces defeated Earl Uhtred 's forces determining the eastern border of Scotland at the River Tweed .   Written Records of the Battle   Sources for the battle are scarce . Those that do mention the battle often include it in a survey of other events . The English sources only briefly discuss the battle . Three of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle manuscripts ( C , D , and E ) record the events leading to the conflict :   `` Then -LSB- Atheling Edmund and Earl Uhtred -RSB- led an army into Staffordshire and into Shropshire and to Chester , and they ravaged on their side and Cnut on his side . He then went out through Buckinghamshire into Bedfordshire , from there to Huntingdonshire , and so into Northamptionshire , long the fen to Stamford , and then into Lincolnshire ; then from there to Nottinghamshire and so into Northumbria towards York . ''   Mael Coluin and Owain grouped together `` near Caddonlea ( Selkirkshire ) -LSB- ... -RSB- where the Wedale road from Alba met the Tweeddale road from Strathclyde , lay at the northern edge of Ettick Forest ( roughly corresponding with to Selkirkshire in extent ) which formed a march ( an underdeveloped and sparsely populated border zone ) between Cumbria and Northumbria . '' Uhtred 's forces intercepted them before they crossed Cheviot . This interception meant that he did not have enough time to gather enough troops . Another source , De obsessione Dunelmi ( `` On the Siege of Durham '' ) , places the battle under the 1018 annul listing Uhtred as the Northumbrian army .   The Dating Controversy   Symeon of Durham ( 12th Century ) , using dependable Northumbrian materials , records in Historia Dunelmensis Ecclesie places the battle in 1018 ( `` without mention of Uhtred '' ) . Frank Stenton proposed and some scholars maintain that astronomical events referred to in accounts of the battle actually indicate 1016 . Symeon 's record of a comet 's visibility during the battle correlates with astronomical evidence from August 1018 . Stenton also contended that the death of Earl Uhtred in 1016 voids the argument for 1018 . Three versions of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle ( C , D , and E ) reference the death of Uhtred in the 1016 annul :   `` When Uhtred learned this , he left his ravaging and hastened north-wards , and submitted then out of necessity , and with him all the Northumbrians and he gave hostages ; and nevertheless he was killed with him Thurketel , Nafena 's son ; and then after that the king ( Cnut ) appointed Eric for the Northumbrians , as their earl , just as Uhtred had been ; and then turned him southward by another route keeping to the west and the whole army then reached the ships before Easter . ''   Stenton and C. Plummer argue that the earlier date of the battle used the 1016 annual 's inclusion of Uhtred 's death . Durham argues and Woolf supports that the mention is an aside from the scribe recording in 1018 or 1019 . De Obsessione Dunelmi ( c. 1165 ) supports Durham 's theory that the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle scribe is discussing the more recent death of Uhtred as it places his death following the events outlined in the English source under the 1018 annul .   Significance   The battle 's significance is a matter of controversy , especially in regard to the region of Lothian . Scottish historians claim Lothian was won for Scotland at Carham and that Scotland 's borders were expanded as a result ; Marjorie O. Anderson argues that the English king Edgar the Peaceful granted Lothian to Cináed ( II ) mac Maíl Coluim , King of Scots , in 973 . In English sources , the Battle of Carham is not given any special significance . Still others , such as G.W.S. Barrow hold , that `` What English annalists recorded as the ` cession ' of Lothian was ... the recognition by a powerful but extremely remote south-country king of a long-standing fait accompli . ''   The Scot 's possession of what now constitutes the south-east of Scotland seems to have been recognized by kings of England , even when kings such as Cnut and William the Conqueror invaded , as they did not seek permanent control of the area .   Aftermath   After the battle of Carham , much of present-day Scotland was under the control of the King of Scots , although Norsemen still held sway in Ross , Caithness , Sutherland , and The Isles . The Lords of Galloway remained semi-independent . Scotland or Scotia referred to what constitutes present-day Scotland north of the Forth and Clyde ; it was not until the time of King Dabíd ( I ) mac Maíl Choluim that people in the south-east of the kingdom began to think of themselves as Scots . In his own charters ( e.g. to St Cuthbert 's in Edinburgh ) , he continued to refer to the men of Lothian as English . Woolf asserts that `` the likelihood is that these are under representative glimpses of a much longer conflict which escaped he detailed gaze of our chroniclers because far more interesting things were happening in Southumbria and Ireland at the time . ''   The Carham 1018 Society   The Scotland-based society 's mission statement is `` to investigate , raise awareness , and commemorate the Battle of Carham . '' The society 's website provides dates for `` public meetings , commemorative events , and future plans '' as well as excerpts from articles and archaeological findings pertaining to the battle .

neg: Battle of Champtoceaux The Battle of Champtoceaux , often called the Battle of l'Humeau , was the opening action of the 23-year-long War of the Breton Succession , a dynastic conflict in Brittany which became inevitably embroiled in the Hundred Years War between England and France . This battle should have decided the war at a stroke , as John of Montfort , the leader of one faction , was made prisoner . However his wife , Joanna of Flanders , and young son John escaped imprisonment . Their escape and continued support from his ally , England , allowed continued resistance to flourish and eventually turn the tide .

neg: Anglo-Scottish Wars The Anglo-Scottish Wars were a series of wars fought between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland following the Wars of Scottish Independence in the 14th century , and ended by the Union of the Crowns in 1603 , wherein England and Scotland entered a personal union .   After the Wars of Scottish Independence , England and Scotland fought several times during the 14th , 15th and 16th centuries . In most cases , one country attempted to take advantage of weakness or instability in the other . For example , James II of Scotland attempted to regain Berwick during the Wars of the Roses in England .

neg: Robin of Redesdale Robin of Redesdale , sometimes called `` Robin Mend-All '' , was the leader of an insurrection against King Edward IV of England . His true identity is unknown , but it is thought he could have been either Sir John Conyers of Hornby ( d. 1490 ) or his brother Sir William Conyers of Marske ( d. 1469 ) , or even both . Whoever he was , the power behind his rebellion was Richard Neville , 16th Earl of Warwick ( `` Warwick the Kingmaker '' ) .   During April 1469 , the rebellion was raised in the north of England . The rebels were defeated in April by John Neville , Earl of Northumberland , but further troops were raised and the rebels openly denounced the government of Edward IV , demanding that he remove his wife 's family , the Woodvilles , from positions of power .   On 26 July , the rebel army met and defeated Edward 's army ( commanded by William Herbert , Earl of Pembroke ) at the Battle of Edgecote Moor . Although they were victorious , Robin himself was reported to have died in the battle , hence his identification with William Conyers who was killed at Edgecote . However , his mantle was temporarily assumed by someone else , apparently Sir John Conyers , when Warwick raised a further rebellion early in 1470 . This second `` Robin of Redesdale '' submitted to Edward IV in March 1470 .

neg: Siege of Oxford The Siege of Oxford refers to the English Civil War military campaigns waged to besiege the Royalist controlled city of Oxford , involving three short engagements over twenty-five months , which ended with a Parliamentarian victory in June 1646 .   The first engagement was in May 1644 , during which King Charles I escaped , thus preventing a formal siege . The second , in May 1645 , had barely started when Sir Thomas Fairfax was given orders to stop and pursue the King to Naseby instead . The last siege began in May 1646 and was a formal siege of some three months ; but the war was obviously over and negotiation , rather than fighting , took precedence . Being careful not to inflict too much damage on the city , Fairfax even sent in food to the King 's second son , James , and was happy to conclude the siege with an honourable agreement before any further escalation occurred .

neg: The Battlefields of England The Battlefields of England was a work of non-fiction by A. H. Burne first published in 1950 by Methuen . A sequel , More Battlefield of England , followed in 1952 . In 1996 the two works were combined under `` The Battlefields of England '' title .   The book explores battlefields in respect of the following battles :  Caradoc 's Last Fight AD 51  The Battle of Mount Badon AD 500  The Battle of Deorham AD 577  Wansdyke and the Battle of Ellandun AD 825  The Battle of Ashdown 8 January 871  The Battle of Ethandun AD 878  The Battle of Brunanburh AD 937  The Battle of Maldon August 991  The Battle of Assingdon 18 October 1016  The Battle of Stamford Bridge 25 September 1066  The Battle of Hastings 14 October 1066  The Battle of the Standard , or Northallerton : 22 August 1138  The Battle of Lewes 14 May 1264 )  The Battle of Evesham 4 August 1265 )  The Battle of Neville 's Cross 17 October 1346  The Battle of Otterburn 19 August 1388  The Battle of Shrewsbury 21 July 1403  The First Battle of St. Albans 22 May 1455  The Battle of Blore Heath 23 September 1459  The Second Battle of St. Albans 17 February  The Battle of Towton 29 March 1461  The Battle of Barnet 14 April 1471  The Battle of Tewkesbury 14 May 1471  The Battle of Bosworth 22 August 1485  The Battle of Stoke Field 16 June 1487  The Battle of Flodden 9 September 1513  The Battle of Edgehill 22 October 1642  The Battle of Lansdown 5 July 1643  The Battle of Roundway Down 13 July 1643  The First Battle of Newbury 20 October 1643  The Battle of Cheriton 29 March 1644  The Battle of Marston Moor 2 July 1644  The Second Battle of Newbury 28 October 1644  The Battle of Naseby 14 June 1645  The Battle of Langport 10 July 1645  The Battle of Worcester 3 September 1651  The Battle of Sedgemoor 6 July 1685

neg: Cock Beck Cock Beck is a stream in the outlying areas of East Leeds , West Yorkshire , England , which runs from its source due to a runoff north-west of Whinmoor , skirting east of Swarcliffe and Manston ( where a public house has been named ` The Cock Beck ' ) , past Pendas Fields , Scholes , Barwick-in-Elmet , Aberford , Towton , Stutton , and Tadcaster , where it flows into the River Wharfe .   It is a tributary of the River Wharfe , and also known as the River Cock or Cock River . The name ` cock ' may refer to a mature salmon , as it was a spawning ground for salmon and trout . Industrial pollution reduced the fish stock , but it has been recovering in the 21st century , aided by work from the Environment Agency . In places the beck was relatively narrow , but too deep to cross unaided ; a feature which can still be seen today at many points . John Ogilby 's 1675 map indicates the major crossing for the Cock was sited along the Tadcaster-Ferrybridge road .   In the aftermath of the 1461 Battle of Towton remnants of the Lancastrian forces fleeing the victorious Yorkists were forced to try to cross the Cock Beck , having already disposed of most of their arms . Many drowned in the Beck , and soon the survivors were reported to be crossing the Cock Beck on bridges of their fallen comrades .   During the English Civil War , the Royalists defeated the Parliamentarians under Sir Thomas Fairfax at the Battle of Seacroft Moor in 1643 . The ensuing massacre of the Parliamentarians is said to have been of such magnitude that the beck ran crimson with blood .   Cock Beck is identified as a likely site of the Battle of the Winwaed on 15 November 655 , a decisive victory of Oswiu of Bernicia over King Penda of Mercia .