query: Hillary Clinton served as Secretary of State.

pos: Hillary Clinton Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton ( -LSB- ˈhɪləri_daɪˈæn_ˈrɒdəm_ˈklɪntən -RSB- born October 26 , 1947 ) is an American politician who was the 67th United States Secretary of State from 2009 to 2013 , U.S. Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009 , First Lady of the United States from 1993 to 2001 , and the Democratic Party 's nominee for President of the United States in the 2016 election .   Born in Chicago , Illinois , and raised in the Chicago suburb of Park Ridge , Clinton graduated from Wellesley College in 1969 , and earned a J.D. from Yale Law School in 1973 . After serving as a congressional legal counsel , she moved to Arkansas and married Bill Clinton in 1975 . In 1977 , she co-founded Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families . She was appointed the first female chair of the Legal Services Corporation in 1978 and became the first female partner at Rose Law Firm the following year . As First Lady of Arkansas , she led a task force whose recommendations helped reform Arkansas 's public schools .   As First Lady of the United States , Clinton was an advocate for gender equality and healthcare reform . Her relationship with her husband came under public speculation during the Lewinsky scandal , forcing her to issue a statement reaffirming her commitment to the marriage . Clinton was elected in 2000 as the first female senator from New York . She was re-elected to the Senate in 2006 . Running for president in 2008 , she won far more delegates than any previous female candidate , but lost the Democratic nomination to Barack Obama .   As Secretary of State in the Obama administration from 2009 to 2013 , Clinton responded to the Arab Spring , during which she advocated the U.S. military intervention in Libya . She helped organize a diplomatic isolation and international sanctions regime against Iran , in an effort to force curtailment of that country 's nuclear program ; this would eventually lead to the multinational Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action agreement in 2015 . Leaving office after Obama 's first term , she wrote her fifth book and undertook speaking engagements .   Clinton made a second presidential run in 2016 . She received the most votes and primary delegates in the 2016 Democratic primaries , and formally accepted her party 's nomination for President of the United States on July 28 , 2016 with vice presidential running mate Senator Tim Kaine . She became the first female candidate to be nominated for president by a major U.S. political party . Despite winning a plurality of the national popular vote , Clinton lost the Electoral College and the presidency to her Republican opponent Donald Trump . Following her loss , in 2017 she decided to focus on being a self-described `` activist citizen '' .

neg: GLIFAA GLIFAA ( formerly Gays and Lesbians in Foreign Affairs Agencies ) is the officially recognized organization representing lesbian , gay , bisexual and transgender etc. ( LGBT + ) personnel and their families in the United States Department of State , U.S. Agency for International Development ( USAID ) , Foreign Commercial Service , Foreign Agricultural Service , and other agencies and entities working in foreign affairs in the U.S. Government . The acronym comes from its original name , Gays and Lesbians in Foreign Affairs Agencies . As of 2014 , the organization goes by GLIFAA and uses the slogan `` LGBT + pride in foreign affairs agencies '' to underscore its inclusive composition . GLIFAA was founded in 1992 by fewer than a dozen employees who faced official harassment and potential loss of their jobs simply because of their sexual orientation . The organization has grown to hundreds of Foreign Service , Civil Service , and contract personnel and their families serving in Washington , throughout the U.S. , and at U.S. embassies and missions around the world . Members also include retirees and straight allies in government agencies , while other supporters are affiliate members .   Among other accomplishments , GLIFAA succeeded in pressing for the issuance of a non-discrimination policy by Secretary of State Warren Christopher in 1993 , and worked with the U.S. Administration , the management of government agencies , and other employee associations to eliminate barriers for obtaining security clearances and create and implement non-discrimination policies with regard to entry and employment in the U.S. Foreign Service and Civil Service . In addition , the organization worked to improve the situation for the partners of LGBT U.S. Foreign Service personnel serving overseas . GLIFAA met with Secretaries of State Colin Powell , Condoleezza Rice , and Hillary Clinton .

neg: Assistant Secretary of State for Arms Control, Verification, and Compliance The Assistant Secretary of State for Arms Control , Verification and Compliance is the head of the Bureau of Arms Control , Verification and Compliance . The position was created on December 12 , 1999 by Secretary Albright as the Assistant Secretary of State for Verification and Compliance . The Bureau became fully operational on February 1 , 2000 . Within the Department , the Assistant Secretary is responsible for all matters relating to the supervision of verification and compliance with international arms control , nonproliferation , and disarmament agreements .   The Assistant Secretary advises the Secretary of State and the Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security/Senior Adviser to the President and the Secretary of State for Arms Control , Nonproliferation and Disarmament on the appropriate uses of the `` Key Verification Assets Fund , '' and manages the fund .   The Assistant Secretary is also responsible for the President 's Annual Report to Congress on Adherence to and Compliance with Arms Control Agreements , for Verifiability Assessments for all international arms control and nonproliferation agreements , and for specialized compliance reports required by U.S. Senate Resolutions of ratification , such as the Chemical Weapons Convention .

neg: Madam Secretary (book) Madam Secretary : A Memoir is the autobiography of United States Secretary of State Madeleine Albright , published in 2003 . It covers both her life and the eight years she spent in the Clinton administration , first as United States Ambassador to the United Nations and then as head of the State Department . The book 's title reflects the term of address for a female governmental secretary . Madam Secretary appeared on The New York Times Best Seller list .

neg: Jack Lew Jacob Joseph `` Jack '' Lew ( born August 29 , 1955 ) is an American attorney who was the 76th United States Secretary of the Treasury , serving from 2013 to 2017 . He served as the 25th White House Chief of Staff from 2012 to 2013 . Lew previously served as Director of the Office of Management and Budget in the Clinton and Obama Administrations , and is a member of the Democratic Party .   Born in New York City , Lew received his A.B. from Harvard College and his J.D. from Georgetown University Law Center . Lew began his career as a legislative assistant to Representative Joe Moakley and as a senior policy adviser to former House Speaker Tip O'Neill . Lew then worked as an attorney in private practice before working as a deputy in Boston 's office of management and budget . In 1993 , he began work for the Clinton Administration as Special Assistant to the President . In 1994 Lew served as Associate Director for Legislative Affairs and Deputy Director of the Office of Management and Budget , where he served as Director of that agency from 1998 to 2001 and from 2010 to 2012 . After leaving the Clinton Administration , Lew worked as the Executive Vice President for Operations at New York University from 2001 to 2006 , and as the COO at Citigroup from 2006 to 2008 . Lew then served as the first Deputy Secretary of State for Management and Resources , from 2009 to 2010 .   On January 10 , 2013 , Lew was nominated as the replacement for retiring Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner , to serve in President Barack Obama 's second term . On February 27 , 2013 , the Senate confirmed Lew for the position . He was sworn in the following day .

neg: United State of Women Summit The United State of Women Summit was a summit held in Washington , D.C. focused on gender equality in the United States . The summit was hosted by the White House , the U.S. Department of State , the U.S. Department of Labor , and the Aspen Institute .

neg: Bureau of Political-Military Affairs The Bureau of Political-Military Affairs ( PM ) is an agency within the United States Department of State that bridges the Department of State with the Department of Defense . It provides policy in the areas of international security , security assistance , military operations , defense strategy and policy , military use of space , and defense trade . It is headed by the Assistant Secretary of State for Political-Military Affairs . Tina Kaidanow currently serves as Acting Assistant Secretary .   According to the Department of State website , the Bureau secures military base access and overflight permission to support the deployment of U.S. military forces . It negotiates the status of U.S. military forces and International Criminal Court non-surrender agreements . It is also responsible for coordinating the participation of coalition combat and stabilization forces , and assisting other countries in reducing the availability of man-portable air defense systems ( MANPADS ) , which are shoulder-launched surface-to-air missiles .   The Bureau seeks to create and manage defense relationships with allies of the United States , regulate arms transfers , control access to military technology , and combat the illegal trafficking of small arms or light weapons . It also is responsible for training and equipping international peacekeepers and other military personnel .   The Office of Weapons Removal and Abatement within the Bureau of Political Affairs manages the Humanitarian Mine Action Program and publishes the `` SAFE PASSAGE '' : A Newsletter for the Humanitarian Mine Action and Small Arms/Light Weapons Communities . The office also publishes `` To Walk The Earth In Safety '' a publication that summarizes the current U.S. effort to rid the world of the most pressing land mine and ordnance problems in a country-by-country format . Finally they have published a number of press releases that describe ongoing efforts within those communities and the Office 's efforts in support of these aims . The United Nations Mine Action Centre defines `` mine action '' as removing land mines from the ground , assisting victims , and also teaching people how to protect themselves from danger in environments affected by land mines . In addition to promoting public and private mine action partnerships , the Bureau works with the Department of Defense to provide assistance in the event of natural disasters .

neg: Emmy Ruiz Emmy Ruiz is an American political strategist and political staffer . She most recently served as the Colorado State Director for Hillary Clinton 's 2016 presidential campaign .

neg: Podesta emails In March 2016 , the personal Gmail account of John Podesta , a former White House chief of staff and the chairman of Hillary Clinton 's 2016 U.S. presidential campaign , was compromised in a data breach , and a collection of his emails , many of which were work-related , were stolen . Cybersecurity researchers as well as the United States government attributed responsibility for the breach , which was accomplished via a spear-phishing attack , to the hacking group Fancy Bear , affiliated with Russian intelligence services .   Some or all of the Podesta emails were subsequently obtained by WikiLeaks , which published over 20,000 pages of emails , allegedly from Podesta , in October and November 2016 . Podesta and the Clinton campaign have declined to authenticate the emails . Cybersecurity experts interviewed by PolitiFact believe the majority of emails are probably unaltered , while stating it is possible that the hackers inserted at least some doctored or fabricated emails into the collection . An investigation by U.S. intelligence agencies reported that the files obtained by WikiLeaks during the U.S. election contained no `` evident forgeries . ''

neg: Hillary: The Movie Hillary : The Movie is a 2008 political documentary about United States Senator and presidential candidate Hillary Clinton . It was produced by the conservative non-profit organization Citizens United . The film was scheduled to be offered as video-on-demand on cable TV right before the Democratic primaries in January 2008 , but as `` electioneering communication '' to do so was illegal under the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act which was enforced by the Federal Election Commission . The producers went to U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia to get a declaration that they could show their movie and promotional ads for it despite BCRA . This case was titled Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission and its final decision at the U.S. Supreme Court resulted in a major change in campaign finance law .   The documentary interviewed various conservative figures such as Dick Morris and Ann Coulter and reviewed various scandals in which Hillary Clinton purportedly participated , such as the White House travel office controversy , White House FBI files controversy , Whitewater controversy , and cattle futures controversy . The factual finding of the three-judge district court was that there was `` no reasonable interpretation -LSB- of the movie -RSB- other than as an appeal to vote against Senator Clinton '' , thus making it `` electioneering communication '' . The Supreme Court did not change that decision , but applied the strict scrutiny test for the First Amendment of the Constitution and said corporations could not be banned from making electioneering communications .

neg: Bill Clinton presidential campaign Bill Clinton , the 42nd President of the United States , has successfully run for president twice :   * Bill Clinton presidential campaign , 1992  Bill Clinton presidential campaign , 1996

neg: Elizabeth Littlefield Elizabeth L. Littlefield was the President and CEO of the Overseas Private Investment Corporation ( OPIC ) , the U.S. Government 's development finance agency . She was nominated to the Under Secretary-level position by President Barack Obama on November 19 , 2009 and was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on June 24 , 2010 . She was sworn into office on October 1 , 2010 by U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton .   During her tenure at OPIC , Littlefield emphasized the development role and contributions of the Agency . Investments increased markedly in Sub-Saharan Africa ( 250 percent from 2009 to 2015 ) , in renewable resources , and microfinance , which topped $ 1 billion in 2016 . The Agency also launched or expanded several impact investing initiatives to engage a wider range of socially responsible enterprises and co-investors in the developing nations . OPIC 's financing for private sector project is central to President Obama 's signature Power Africa initiative , and in 2015 the Agency achieved its first-stage Power Africa target of $ 1.5 billion in financing .   Littlefield was appointed by President Obama to serve as a member of the White House Global Development Council and the President 's Export Council . She was presented in 2012 with the U.S. State Department 's Distinguished Service Award , the highest award in the Foreign Service , by then U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton .

neg: New World Foundation The New World Foundation is a liberal foundation , based in New York . It supports organizations that work on behalf of civil rights and that seek to encourage participation of citizens in American democracy . It was founded in 1954 by Anita McCormick Blaine , a prominent member of the McCormick family and an heiress to industrialist Cyrus Hall McCormick and a supporter of Henry Wallace 's 1948 presidential campaign . Its initial funding of about $ 20 million was noted for progress towards education , ethics , peace , and public health .   In its mission statement , the New World Foundation stated as of 2009 :  We see the strengths of progressive ideals and committed activists , who every day are inventing democracy and extending its boundaries . But we also know the strength of reaction , inaction , and injustice in blocking democracy 's advance . Our work and our tradition is to tip the balance , to add resources to the side of justice , to widen the channels for participation , and to ensure that another generation will see by example how they can make a difference .   During the early 1960s , the New World Foundation 's goal was to aid education and promote better intergroup and international relations . During the early 1970s , the Foundation supported various civil rights and community projects . Hillary Clinton , whom Marian Wright Edelman had mentored , was on the board from 1982 to 1988 , and was its chair for some of that time , including 1987 . During that time , the Foundation gave money to a variety of organizations active in civil rights and other New Left causes , including the Christic Institute , Grassroots International , Committee in Solidarity with the People of El Salvador ( CISPES ) , FAIR , and the National Lawyers Guild . By the early 1990s , the foundation was giving money to a Silicon Valley group fighting consequences of computer industry toxins , all the while undergoing criticism for being invested in the likes of Louisiana Pacific , Nike , and Philip Morris .

neg: Condoleezza Rice's tenure as Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice served as United States Secretary of State under George W. Bush . She was preceded by Colin Powell and followed by Hillary Clinton . As secretary of state she traveled widely and initiated many diplomatic efforts on behalf of the Bush administration .

neg: 1996 State of the Union Address The 1996 State of the Union address was given by President Bill Clinton to a joint session of the 104th United States Congress on January 23 , 1996 . The speech was the last State of the Union address of President Clinton 's first term . This speech occurred shortly after the federal government shutdown of 1995 and 1996 which had resulted from disagreements on the 1996 United States federal budget .   President Clinton discussed the economy and declared that `` the era of big government is over , '' and continued , `` but we can not go back to the time when our citizens were left to fend for themselves . We must go forward as one America , one nation working together , to meet the challenges we face together . Self-reliance and teamwork are not opposing virtues -- we must have both . '' The president discussed welfare reform , the V-chip , education , community policing , crime and the environment . The president also discussed foreign relations and the federal budget .   The Republican Party response was delivered by Senator Bob Dole of Kansas . He stated that '' -LSB- President Clinton -RSB- is the chief obstacle to a balanced budget and the balanced budget amendment ... . While the President 's words speak of change , his deeds are a contradiction . President Clinton claims to embrace the future while clinging to the policies of the past . ''   Donna Shalala , the Secretary of Health and Human Services , served as the designated survivor .

neg: Saturday Night Live parodies of Hillary Clinton The sketch comedy television show Saturday Night Live ( SNL ) has for almost three decades aired a number of sketches parodying Hillary Clinton , from her time as First Lady , and during both her unsuccessful presidential campaigns in 2008 and 2016 .   A total of nine different performers have played Hillary Clinton on SNL . The array of SNL cast members portraying Clinton has included Jan Hooks , Janeane Garofalo , Vanessa Bayer , Ana Gasteyer , Amy Poehler , and Kate McKinnon . Guest stars playing Clinton have included Drew Barrymore and Rachel Dratch . One sketch even featured Miley Cyrus in a guest appearance as Clinton , rapping : `` What 's up y' all ? I 'm like Hillary Clint , and I wan na be president one day . ''

neg: List of Hillary Clinton presidential campaign political endorsements, 2016 This is a list of notable individual politicians and political organizations who have publicly indicated support for Hillary Clinton in the 2016 United States presidential election .   Public officials serving below the state level and all other individuals and entities are listed only if they have a separate stand-alone article or are otherwise clearly notable .   Those who indicated their support after Hillary Clinton 's presumptive nomination on June 11 are denoted with an asterisk .

neg: Debbie Wasserman Schultz Deborah Wasserman Schultz -LSB- ˈwɑːsərmən_ˈʃʌlts -RSB- ( born September 27 , 1966 ) is an American politician . She is the U.S. Representative for . She is a member of the Democratic Party and was a former chairperson for the Democratic National Committee .   Wasserman Schultz previously served in the Florida House of Representatives and the Florida Senate , and was a national campaign co-chair for Hillary Clinton 's unsuccessful 2008 run for president . She is the first Jewish congresswoman elected from Florida . Her district covers parts of Broward and Miami-Dade Counties , including Fort Lauderdale and Miami Beach .   Wasserman Schultz was elected chairperson of the Democratic National Committee in May 2011 , replacing Virginia Senator Tim Kaine . On July 24 , 2016 , Wasserman Schultz announced her resignation from her position after Wikileaks released a collection of hacked emails indicating that Wasserman Schultz and other members of the DNC staff showed bias against the presidential campaign of Senator Bernie Sanders in favor of Hillary Clinton 's campaign . Her resignation was finalized on July 28 following the 2016 Democratic National Convention . She was subsequently appointed honorary chair of the Clinton campaign 's `` 50 state program '' . -LSB- 73 -RSB-

neg: Counselor of the United States Department of State The Counselor of the United States Department of State is a position within the United States Department of State that serves the Secretary of State as a special advisor and consultant on major problems of foreign policy and who provides guidance to the appropriate bureaus with respect to such matters . The Counselor conducts special international negotiations and consultations , and also undertakes special assignments from time to time , as directed by the Secretary . Currently , the Counselor holds under law a rank equivalent to that of Under Secretary of State .   The Secretary of State created the position of Counselor for the Department of State in 1909 as part of a general Department reorganization . In 1912 , the position became a Presidential appointment . Between 1913 and 1919 , the Counselor served as the Department 's second-ranking officer , assuming the role previously exercised by the Assistant Secretary of State . In 1919 , the newly created position of Under Secretary of State subsumed the duties of the Counselor . An Act of Congress , May 18 , 1937 , re-established the position of Counselor of the Department of State . Between 1961 and 1965 , the Counselor also served as the Chairman of the Policy Planning Council . On April 30 , 1994 , the title was changed to Under Secretary of State for Global Affairs when Counselor Timothy E. Wirth was appointed to that position , but another Counselor was appointed in 1997 .   The most recent Counselor was Ambassador Kristie A. Kenney , who served from February 12 , 2016 to February 17 , 2017 .

neg: The Clinton Centre The Clinton Centre is situated on the site of the Remembrance Day bombing on 8 November 1987 in Enniskillen , County Fermanagh , Northern Ireland when the Provisional Irish Republican Army killed 12 and injured 63 with a time bomb . Former President of the United States of America Bill Clinton gave his name to the facility in dedication to peace and prosperity in Ireland and around the world and has visited the site three times along with his wife , Hillary Clinton .   The Centre houses a fully equipped conference floor , a restaurant , internet cafe and Art Gallery .   Hostelling International Northern Ireland withdrew from operating The Bridges Youth Hostel within the Clinton Centre in December 2012 .

neg: Nuclear Posture Review The Nuclear Posture Review is a process `` to determine what the role of nuclear weapons in U.S. security strategy should be . ''   The first NPR of 2002 was the second of these quadrennial reviews of United States nuclear forces undertaken by the United States Department of Defense . The first took place in 1994 . The final report is National Security Classified and submitted to the Congress of the United States .   The 2002 Nuclear Posture Review also included components requiring the `` Pentagon to draft contingency plans for the use of nuclear weapons against at least seven countries , naming not only Russia and the `` axis of evil '' -- Iraq , Iran , and North Korea -- but also China , Libya and Syria . ''   President Barack Obama 's 2010 Nuclear Posture Review was preceded by high expectations because of his 2009 speech in Prague , Czech Republic where he prominently outlined a vision of a world without nuclear weapons . His NPR was hoped by observers to make concrete moves toward this goal . The finished 2010 policy renounces development of any new nuclear weapons such as the bunker-busters proposed by the Bush administration , and for the first time rules out a nuclear attack against non-nuclear-weapon states who are in compliance with the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty . This rule pointedly excludes Iran and North Korea .   As part of the implementation of the 2010 Nuclear Posture Review , the U.S. Government is reviewing its nuclear deterrence requirements and nuclear plans to ensure that they are aligned to address today 's threats . Rose Gottemoeller , U.S. Acting Undersecretary of State for Arms Control and International Security , said in early June 2012 that the United States was considering what forces the United States needed to maintain for strategic stability and deterrence , including extended deterrence and assurance to U.S. Allies and partners . Based on this analysis the United States would develop proposals for potential further reductions in its nuclear stockpile .


query: Russ has a song.

pos: Losin Control `` Losin Control '' is a song by American rapper Russ . It was released on his SoundCloud page on November 9 , 2015 . Russ included this song on his debut studio album There 's Really a Wolf . The song was mixed , mastered , engineered , produced , written , and performed by Russ .

pos: Russ (rapper) Russ Vitale ( born September 26 , 1992 ) , known by his stage name and mononym Russ , is an American hip hop recording artist , singer-songwriter and record producer . He is known for his singles `` What They Want '' and `` Losin Control '' , which peaked respectively at number 83 and 63 on the US Billboard Hot 100 . He is part of the Diemon Crew , a rap group . His first studio album There 's Really A Wolf was released on May 5 , 2017 .

neg: Taly and Russ Johnson Taly and Russ Johnson are visual artists . Their work is a mixture of video , photography , collage and book art . Taly is a Film and TV graduate of New York University , was born in Israel and has directed and produced several short narrative films . Russ is a Detroit native and a Cooper Union graduate . During his college years he worked as an assistant to video artist Ira Schneider , painters Richard Hambleton and Yvonne Jacquette , and photographer Rudy Burckhardt . Later he worked with the non-profit video art organization Raindance Foundation , curated the TV show `` Night Light TV '' and has been showing media art since 1984 .   Taly and Russ met in New York in 1988 and worked together producing multi-media music shows with the performance group The Leisure Class . As a team , they continue to produce collage , video art , photography and artist books . They married in May 1992 .   Their videos have been shown in festivals and galleries in New York ; Linz , Austria ; Novi Sad , Yugoslavia ; Tel Aviv , Israel , as well as McMurdo Station in Antarctica   `` We strive to capture , share and expose the unseen and overlooked , to find joy in the banal . With video we can discover a point in the pointlessness of everyday life . '' Taly has said .   The pair is best known for their brief abstract videos including the ghostly tribute to Nam June Paik `` Nam June Paik 's Fingerprints '' that was finished on the eve of Paik 's death and presented in the Vienna Short Film Festival as an installation in 2006 .

neg: Hit FM (Russia) Hit FM ( in Russian : Хит FM ) is a private radio station chain in Russia founded on 30 May 1997 . It is owned by `` Russkaia Mediagrouppa '' holding .   Initially it started with broadacsts to the Moscow region on 107.4 FM , it now covers around 600 of the big Russian cities , as well as online and satellite ( via Eutelsat W7 and Tricolor TV ) . It also has stations in Moldova , Ukraine , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan .   Hit FM broadcasts mainly contemporary hits ( rock , RnB , electronic music ) .

neg: The One That You Love `` The One That You Love '' is a popular song written by Graham Russell and sung by Australian soft rock band Air Supply that reached number one in the United States in 1981 . It topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart on July 25 , 1981 , and remained there for one week , becoming the band 's only number one hit . In Canada , it knocked the Stars on 45 medley off the top spot and stayed there for five weeks .   `` The One That You Love '' also peaked at number two for five weeks on the Adult Contemporary chart , behind `` I Do n't Need You '' by Kenny Rogers . It became an RIAA gold record .

neg: Russ DeSalvo Russ DeSalvo is an American producer , arranger , songwriter , and guitarist .   DeSalvo works with Celine Dion , Lionel Richie ( DeSalvo played guitar and synthesizer on the Definitive Collection CD ) , Laura Pausini , and Kyle Archer ( guitar on the Addin ' Somethin' In CD ) . In April 2006 , DeSalvo and British singer/songwriter Natascha Sohl released a single entitled `` Naked , '' material that they wrote and recorded .   DeSalvo was the composer of , and the writer of `` Real Life '' and `` Feels Like Love '' on , Barbie Diaries ( 2006 ) , an animated movie .

neg: I'm a Drifter `` I 'm a Drifter '' is a song written and sung by Bobby Goldsboro , which he released in 1969 . The song spent 10 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , peaking at No. 46 , while reaching No. 14 on Billboard 's Easy Listening chart , No. 22 of Billboard 's Hot Country Singles chart , No. 44 on the Cash Box Top 100 , No. 36 on Canada 's RPM 100 , and No. 9 on RPM 's Adult Contemporary chart .

neg: A Little Bit `` A Little Bit '' is a song recorded by American recording artist Jessica Simpson . It was written by Kara DioGuardi , Steve Morales and David Siegel , and was produced by Morales along with Ric Wake . The song was released as the second and final single from Simpson 's second studio album Irresistible ( 2001 ) , on October 29 , 2001 through Columbia Records . Musically , the song is a mid-tempo dance-pop song and the lyrics speak about the protagonist wanting changes in a relationship she is in .   The song received mostly positive reviews from music critics ; most of them appreciated the song 's production . It failed to chart in the United States , but reached number sixty-two on Australian Singles Chart . An accompanying music video , directed by Hype Williams , shows Simpson dancing on a futuristic dance floor , along with her backup dancers . Simpson performed the song on her DreamChaser Tour ( 2001 ) , the 2001 Jingle Bell Bash and a few televised shows .   `` A Little Bit '' was covered by Welsh singer Rosie Ribbons for her unreleased album Misbehaving . Her version was released as a single through Telstar Records and peaked at number nineteen on the UK Singles Chart . The single was promoted through a promotional music video , which shows Ribbons performing dance routines with her dancers , and live performances on various televised appearances like CD : UK and Top of the Pops and Smile .

neg: Skitch Henderson Lyle Russel `` Skitch '' Henderson ( January 27 , 1918 -- November 1 , 2005 ) was a pianist , conductor , and composer . His nickname `` Skitch '' came from his ability to `` re-sketch '' a song in a different key .

neg: Where Are We Runnin'? `` Where Are We Runnin ' ? '' is the lead single produced , written , arranged and performed by Lenny Kravitz from his album Baptism , released on April 10 , 2004 . The lyrics were written by Kravitz , and the music also by Kravitz in collaboration with Craig Ross .   The song is playable on the 2009 music video game Guitar Hero On Tour : Modern Hits .   Where Are We Runnin ' ? is used in the opening credits for the German TV series Heldt .

neg: Thanks for the Memory `` Thanks for the Memory '' ( 1938 ) is a popular song , with music composed by Ralph Rainger and lyrics by Leo Robin . It was introduced in the 1938 film The Big Broadcast of 1938 by Bob Hope and Shirley Ross , and recorded by Shep Fields and His Orchestra with vocals by Bob Goday . Dorothy Lamour 's solo recording of the song was also popular , and has led to many mistakenly believing over the years that it was she , and Hope , who sang the tune in the film ( in which Lamour also appeared ) .   In the film , Ross and Hope 's characters are a divorced couple who encounter each other aboard a ship . Near the film 's end they poignantly sing one of the many versions of this song , recalling the ups and downs of their relationship ( then they decide to get back together ) .   The song won the Academy Award for Best Original Song , and became Hope 's signature tune , with many different lyrics adapted to any situation . In 2004 it finished # 63 on AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema .   The song is often regarded as a companion piece to `` Two Sleepy People '' , written in September 1938 by Hoagy Carmichael with lyrics by Frank Loesser , also performed by Bob Hope and Shirley Ross in the movie Thanks for the Memory which appeared in 1939 , taking its title from the success of the song .

neg: Little Green Apples `` Little Green Apples '' is a song written by Bobby Russell . Originally written for and released by American recording artist Roger Miller in 1968 , it also was released as a single by American recording artists Patti Page and O. C. Smith in separate occasions that same year . Miller 's version became a Top 40 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and on the UK Singles Chart , while Page 's version became her last Hot 100 entry and Smith 's version became a No. 2 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . The song earned Russell two Grammy Awards for Song of the Year and Best Country Song . In 2013 , `` Little Green Apples '' was covered by English recording artist Robbie Williams featuring American recording artist Kelly Clarkson , which became a top 40 hit in Mexico .

neg: Russian chanson Russian chanson ( -LSB- Русский шансон , r = Russkiy shanson , -RSB- from French `` chanson '' ) is a neologism for a musical genre covering a range of Russian songs , including city romance songs , author song performed by singer-songwriters , and Blatnaya Pesnya or `` criminals ' songs '' that are based on the themes of the urban underclass and the criminal underworld .

neg: Rockin' the Oldies Rockin ' the Oldies was the fifth album of rock and roll music by Bill Haley and His Comets . Produced by Milt Gabler , the album was released by Decca Records in 1957 . It was the first of three `` themed albums '' that Haley recorded for Decca . On this occasion the album consisted of re-recordings of popular standards , some dating back 30 years or more , but rearranged in a rock and roll style . For example , Haley 's version of Larry Clinton 's `` The Dipsy Doodle '' included new lyrics referring to Haley 's past hits , `` Shake , Rattle and Roll '' and `` See You Later Alligator '' . The album did not produce any hit singles .   The recording sessions that produced this album are notable for not including Haley 's usual saxophone player , Rudy Pompilli . Sidelined by illness , his place was taken by Frankie Scott . One song originally recorded for this album , `` Rock Lomond '' was held over until the later compilation release Rockin ' the Joint .

neg: Carnival of Rust (song) `` Carnival of Rust '' is the first single and the title track of the Carnival of Rust album by the Finnish rock band Poets of the Fall . It was released in Finland on 22 March 2006 and in Germany on 1 December 2006 . The single contains two versions of the track and a live recording of the song `` Do n't Mess With Me '' from the band 's first album Signs of Life . The track was recorded on 15 July 2005 at Rockperry Festival in Vaasa , Finland .   The song has gained a significant amount of success by immediately hitting the number one on YleX 's Most Wanted and staying on top of the list for four months ( for now ) . The song reached number 2 in the official Finnish single charts as well as the most wanted song of 2006 on YleX and was # 1 in overall sales/radio/video / disco play list according to the Finnish music book Sisältää Hitin and # 1 in the radio play list on Rumba 's 50 Hits list .

neg: Barry Manilow Live Barry Manilow Live is the fifth album by the singer-songwriter Barry Manilow . The album was released in 1977 , and it scored quadruple platinum .   Manilow also was among 1977 Special Tony Award winners Lily Tomlin , Diana Ross , National Theatre For the Deaf and Equity Library Theatre honored with the award that year . He received it for Barry Manilow on Broadway , his 12-day stay at the Uris Theatre from December 21 , 1976 to January 2 , 1977 , where this live album was recorded .   The album is known for giving the first commercial release to Manilow 's VSM ( `` Very Strange Medley '' ) . Before the performance Manilow refers to this as a medley of songs that he included in his act against the values of his `` artsy fartsy friends '' . It is a medley of commercial jingles Manilow was involved with , either as a writer or performer , before he became a chart star . The products/companies these promoted include Kentucky Fried Chicken , State Farm , Stridex , Band-Aid , Bowlene , Dr. Pepper , Pepsi and McDonald 's .   When first released on compact disc , dialogue and all movements to `` Beautiful Music '' were omitted for it all to fit on one disc , however the 2006 compact disc re-release restores all dialogue and songs , in addition to reordering the track listing to accommodate for the added bonus tracks .

neg: Savin' Me `` Savin ' Me '' is a song written by Canadian band Nickelback . It was released as the third major single from their fifth studio album , All the Right Reasons ( 2005 ) . The song reached number two on the Canadian Singles Chart , became another top ten hit for the band in New Zealand , peaking at number nine , and peaked at number nineteen on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart . It is one of the band 's few videos in which they are not shown performing . It was featured in the closing credits to the film The Condemned as well as in the commercials for the third season of Battlestar Galactica and the second season of Prison Break . It was also the title theme for the TV series Surgery Saved My Life .

neg: Hoops (The Rubens song) `` Hoops '' is a song released by Australian alternative rock group , The Rubens . It was the second single released from their second studio album of the same name .   The track was voted in at number 1 on the Triple J Hottest 100 , 2015 .   Band member Sam Margin said '' ` Hoops ' came as we were getting mixes on what we thought was the finished album . We kept writing just for something to keep us occupied , but when this one came up we felt it had to be on the album . It 's about being in a relationship with someone who does damaging things to keep you close , when really their actions are pointless because you love them despite it all . ''

neg: Tomorrow (song from Annie) `` Tomorrow '' is a song from the musical Annie , with music by Charles Strouse and lyrics by Martin Charnin , published in 1977 . The number was originally written as `` The Way We Live Now '' for the 1970 short film Replay , with both music and lyrics by Strouse .

neg: Leningrad (song) `` Leningrad '' is a 1989 song written and performed by American singer and songwriter Billy Joel . The song was originally released on his album Storm Front on the Columbia Records label , and went on to be released as a single . It was also released on his Greatest Hits , Vol . 3 compilation . The song title is derived from the former name of St. Petersburg , Russia ( see Leningrad ) .

neg: Ross (1983 album) Ross is a 1983 album by the American entertainer Diana Ross , her third released on the RCA label . It was released shortly before Ross gave a pair of free concerts in New York 's Central Park . The album reached # 32 on the US charts , # 14 on the US R&B charts and # 44 in the UK . It has never been reissued as a digital download . The album 's highest international chart position was in Sweden , where it reached # 7 .   Five of the eight tracks were produced by Gary Katz , two by Ray Parker Jr and one by Ross . The album 's first single , `` Pieces of Ice '' , peaked at # 31 on the US charts . Subsequent singles `` Up Front '' ( US R&B # 60 , UK # 79 ) and `` Let 's Go Up '' ( US # 77 ) were also minor hits . `` Up Front '' was remixed by Jolley & Swain for its European release . The album 's final US sales were slightly higher than 250,000 copies .   The album was remastered and re-released in September 2014 by Funky Town Grooves , as an `` Expanded Edition '' with bonus material .

neg: Russka (novel) Russka is a historical novel by Edward Rutherfurd , published in 1991 by Crown Publishers . It quickly became a New York Times bestseller .


query: Prometheus is not a film.

pos: Prometheus (2012 film) Prometheus ( -LSB- prəˈmiːθiəs -RSB- ) is a 2012 science fiction film directed by Ridley Scott , written by Jon Spaihts and Damon Lindelof and starring Noomi Rapace , Michael Fassbender , Guy Pearce , Idris Elba , Logan Marshall-Green and Charlize Theron . It is set in the late 21st century and centers on the crew of the spaceship Prometheus as it follows a star map discovered among the artifacts of several ancient Earth cultures . Seeking the origins of humanity , the crew arrives on a distant world and discovers a threat that could cause the extinction of the human species .   Development of the film began in the early 2000s as a fifth installment in the Alien franchise . Scott and director James Cameron developed ideas for a film that would serve as a prequel to Scott 's 1979 science-fiction horror film Alien . By 2003 , the development of Alien vs. Predator took precedence , and the project remained dormant until 2009 when Scott again showed interest . Spaihts wrote a script for a prequel to the events of the Alien films , but Scott opted for a different direction to avoid repeating cues from those films . In late 2010 , Lindelof joined the project to rewrite Spaihts 's script , and he and Scott developed a story that precedes the story of Alien but is not directly connected to that franchise . According to Scott , although the film shares `` strands of Aliens DNA , so to speak '' , and takes place in the same universe , Prometheus explores its own mythology and ideas .   Prometheus entered production in April 2010 , with extensive design phases during which the technology and creatures that the film required were developed . Principal photography began in March 2011 , with an estimated US$ 120 -- 130 million budget . The project was shot using 3D cameras throughout , almost entirely on practical sets , and on location in England , Iceland , Spain , and Scotland . It was promoted with a marketing campaign that included viral activities on the web . Three videos featuring the film 's leading actors in character , which expanded on elements of the fictional universe , were released and met with a generally positive reception and awards .   Prometheus was released on June 1 , 2012 , in the United Kingdom and on June 8 , 2012 , in North America . The film received praise for the aesthetic design and the acting , especially Fassbender 's performance as the android David , while plot elements that remained unresolved or predictable were the main source of criticism . The film grossed over $ 403 million worldwide . A sequel , Alien : Covenant , was released in the U.S. on May 19 , 2017 .

neg: BAFTA Award for Best Film The BAFTA Award for Best Film is given annually by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts and presented at the British Academy Film Awards . It has been given since the 1st BAFTA Awards , representing the best films of 1947 , but until 1969 it was called the BAFTA Award for Best Film From Any Source . It is possible for films from any country to be nominated , although British films are also recognised in the category BAFTA Award for Best British Film and ( since 1983 ) foreign-language films in BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language . As such , there have been multiple occasions of a film being nominated in two of these categories .   There has been one tie for the Best Film award when , in 1962 , Ballad of a Soldier tied with The Hustler for Best Film from any Source . Until 1981 , the award was given to the director , except in 1976 and 1977 , when it was given to the producers . From 1981 to 1985 , it was given solely to the producers , and then in 1986 , it was shared between the Director and Producer . In 1998 , it was once again given to only the producers .   In the following lists , the titles and names in bold with a dark grey background are the winners and recipients respectively ; those not in bold are the nominees . The years given are those in which the films under consideration were released , not the year of the ceremony , which always takes place the following year .

neg: The Transcendental Temptation The Transcendental Temptation : A Critique of Religion and the Paranormal is a non-fiction book by Paul Kurtz . The book was published by Prometheus Books in 1986 , a company founded by Kurtz in 1969 , but which has published numerous book on skepticism and secular humanism by many authors .

neg: Genre Genre ( -LSB- ˈʒɒ̃rə -RSB- , -LSB- ˈʒɒnrə -RSB- or -LSB- ˈdʒɒnrə -RSB- from French genre -LSB- ʒɑ̃ʁ -RSB- , `` kind '' or `` sort '' , from Latin genus ( stem gener - ) , Greek γένος , génos ) is any form or type of communication in any mode ( written , spoken , digital , artistic , etc. ) with socially-agreed upon conventions developed over time . Genre is most popularly known as a category of literature , music , or other forms of art or entertainment , whether written or spoken , audio or visual , based on some set of stylistic criteria , yet genres can be aesthetic , rhetorical , communicative , or functional . Genres form by conventions that change over time as new genres are invented and the use of old ones is discontinued . Often , works fit into multiple genres by way of borrowing and recombining these conventions . Stand alone texts , works , or pieces of communication may have individual styles , but genres are amalgams of these texts based on agreed upon or socially inferred conventions . Some genres may be rigid with strictly adhered to guidelines while others may be very flexible .   Genre began as an absolute classification system for ancient Greek literature . Poetry , prose , and performance each had a specific and calculated style that related to the theme of the story . Speech patterns for comedy would not be appropriate for tragedy , and even actors were restricted to their genre under the assumption that a type of person could tell one type of story best .  In later periods genres proliferated and developed in response to changes in audiences and creators . Genre became a dynamic tool to help the public make sense out of unpredictable art . Because art is often a response to a social state , in that people write/paint/sing / dance about what they know about , the use of genre as a tool must be able to adapt to changing meanings .   Genre suffers from the same ills of any classification system . Genre is to be reassessed and scrutinized and to weigh works on their unique merit . It has been suggested that genres resonate with people because of the familiarity , the shorthand communication , as well as the tendency of genres to shift with public mores and to reflect the zeitgeist . While the genre of storytelling has been relegated as lesser form of art because of the heavily borrowed nature of the conventions , admiration has grown . Proponents argue that the genius of an effective genre piece is in the variation , recombination , and evolution of the codes .

neg: Entertainment Entertainment is a form of activity that holds the attention and interest of an audience , or gives pleasure and delight . It can be an idea or a task , but is more likely to be one of the activities or events that have developed over thousands of years specifically for the purpose of keeping an audience 's attention . Although people 's attention is held by different things , because individuals have different preferences in entertainment , most forms are recognisable and familiar . Storytelling , music , drama , dance , and different kinds of performance exist in all cultures , were supported in royal courts , developed into sophisticated forms and over time became available to all citizens . The process has been accelerated in modern times by an entertainment industry that records and sells entertainment products . Entertainment evolves and can be adapted to suit any scale , ranging from an individual who chooses a private entertainment from a now enormous array of pre-recorded products ; to a banquet adapted for two ; to any size or type of party , with appropriate music and dance ; to performances intended for thousands ; and even for a global audience .   The experience of being entertained has come to be strongly associated with amusement , so that one common understanding of the idea is fun and laughter , although many entertainments have a serious purpose . This may be the case in the various forms of ceremony , celebration , religious festival , or satire for example . Hence , there is the possibility that what appears as entertainment may also be a means of achieving insight or intellectual growth .   An important aspect of entertainment is the audience , which turns a private recreation or leisure activity into entertainment . The audience may have a passive role , as in the case of persons watching a play , opera , television show , or film ; or the audience role may be active , as in the case of games , where the participant/audience roles may be routinely reversed . Entertainment can be public or private , involving formal , scripted performance , as in the case of theatre or concerts ; or unscripted and spontaneous , as in the case of children 's games . Most forms of entertainment have persisted over many centuries , evolving due to changes in culture , technology , and fashion . Films and video games , for example , although they use newer media , continue to tell stories , present drama , and play music . Festivals devoted to music , film , or dance allow audiences to be entertained over a number of consecutive days .   Some activities that were once considered entertaining , particularly public punishments , have been removed from the public arena . Others , such as fencing or archery , once necessary skills for some , have become serious sports and even professions for the participants , at the same time developing into entertainment with wider appeal for bigger audiences . In the same way , other necessary skills , such as cooking , have developed into performances among professionals , staged as global competitions and then broadcast for entertainment . What entertainment is for one group or individual may be regarded as work by another .   The familiar forms of entertainment have the capacity to cross over different media and have demonstrated a seemingly unlimited potential for creative remix . This has ensured the continuity and longevity of many themes , images , and structures .

neg: Prometheus (opera) Prometheus is an operatic ` Szenisches Oratorium ' ( ` scenic oratorio ' ) in five scenes by Rudolf Wagner-Régeny , with a German libretto by the composer after Aeschylus .

neg: Promethians The Promethians are a fictional race of aliens featured in the Rifts role-playing game from Palladium Books . They reside in an intergalactic region of space known as the Three Galaxies , which is located in an extradimensional universe . Promethians first appeared in Rifts Dimension Book Two : Phase World , authored by C. J. Carella and published December 1994 .

neg: Clash of the Titans (franchise) Clash of the Titans is a British -- American fantasy action media franchise based on characters and myths of Ancient Greek mythology . The first film , Clash of the Titans , was released in 1981 with a remake made in 2010 . The remake spawned a sequel , Wrath of the Titans , in 2012 .

neg: Participatory cinema Participatory cinema tries to involve a film 's community in the process of making movies , rather than interaction being left to cinema viewers at the end of the process . The organizers of participatory cinema open up cinema showings and the cinema production process for non professionals .   Where classic film production focuses on the final product , participatory cinema focuses on the process of making movies and its meaning on the participators .   Participatory documentaries include RiP ! : A Remix Manifesto .   Participatory feature films include projects like A Swarm of Angels , Iron Sky or The Cosmonaut .   Participatory film platforms and communities include A Swarm of Angels , Open Source Cinema , Sanctuary , The Cosmonaut and Wreck-A-Movie

neg: Libertarian science fiction Libertarian science fiction is a subgenre of science fiction that focuses on the politics and social order implied by libertarian philosophies with an emphasis on individualism and private ownership of the means of production -- and in some cases , no state whatsoever .   As a category , libertarian fiction is unusual because the vast majority of its authors are self-identified as science fiction authors . This contrasts with the authors of much other social criticism who are largely academic or mainstream novelists who tend to dismiss any genre classification . The identification between libertarianism and science fiction is so strong that the U.S. Libertarian Party often has representatives at science fiction conventions and one of the highest profile authors currently in the subgenre of libertarian science fiction , L. Neil Smith , was the Arizona Libertarian Party 's 2000 candidate for the President of the United States .   As a genre , it can be seen as growing out of the 1930s and 1940s when the science-fiction pulp magazines were reaching their peak at the same time as fascism and communism . While this environment gave rise to dystopian novels such as George Orwell 's Nineteen Eighty-Four , in the pulps , this influence more often give rise to speculations about societies ( or sub-groups ) arising in direct opposition to `` totalitarianism . ''   Ayn Rand 's novel Atlas Shrugged is a strong ( perhaps the strongest ) influence with an anti-socialist attitude and an individualist ethic that echoes throughout the genre .  Of more direct relevance to the science fiction end of this genre is Robert A. Heinlein 's The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress , which is highly regarded even by non-libertarian science fiction readers . An award for libertarian science fiction , the Prometheus Award , is given out every year . Some winners of the award identify as libertarians ( e.g. , L. Neil Smith , Victor Koman , Brad Linaweaver ) , while others do not ( Terry Pratchett , Charles Stross ) .   Some other prominent libertarian science fiction authors include S. Andrew Swann and Michael Z. Williamson .

neg: Tenebrae (film) Tenebrae ( also known as Tenebre ) is a 1982 English-language Italian giallo film written and directed by Dario Argento . The film stars Anthony Franciosa as American author Peter Neal , who -- while in Rome promoting his latest murder-mystery novel -- becomes embroiled in the search for a serial killer who may have been inspired to kill by the novel . John Saxon and Daria Nicolodi co-star as Neal 's agent and assistant ; Giuliano Gemma and Carola Stagnaro appear as detectives investigating the murders . John Steiner , Veronica Lario and Mirella D'Angelo also feature . The film has been described as exploring themes of dualism and sexual aberration , and has strong metafictional elements ; some commentators consider Tenebrae to be a direct reaction by Argento to criticism of his previous work , most especially his depictions of murders of beautiful women .   After Argento had experimented with pure supernatural horror with 1977 's Suspiria and 1980 's Inferno , Tenebrae represented the filmmaker 's return to the giallo horror subgenre , which he had helped popularize in the 1970s . Argento was inspired by a series of incidents which saw an obsessed fan telephone the director to criticise him for the damaging psychological effects of his previous work . The telephone calls culminated in death threats towards Argento , who channelled the experience into the writing of Tenebrae . The director also wanted to explore the senselessness of killings he had witnessed and heard about while staying in Los Angeles in 1980 , and his feeling at the time that true horror came from those who wanted `` to kill for nothing '' .   Shot on location in Rome and at Elios Studios , Tenebrae utilised mostly modern-looking locations and sets to help Argento realise his intent that the film reflect a near-future with a diminished population ; the director filmed none of the historical landmarks that usually featured in films set in Rome . Employing director of photography Luciano Tovoli , Argento also intended that the film simulate the stark , realistic lighting featured in television police shows at the time ; production designer Giuseppe Bassa created supporting environments that were cold and austere , with sharp angles and modernistic spaces . Several former members of Italian rock band Goblin provided Tenebraes music , a synth-heavy score inspired by rock and disco music .   Tenebrae was a modest success in Italy ; it reached theatres with little controversy after Argento made cuts to one of the most violent scenes . However , in the United Kingdom , it was added to the infamous list of `` video nasties '' and banned from sale until 1999 . The film 's theatrical distribution in the United States was delayed until 1984 , when it was released in a heavily censored version under the title Unsane . In its cut form , Tenebrae received a mostly negative critical reception , but the original , fully restored version later became widely available for reappraisal ; it is considered by some to be one of Argento 's best thrillers . The film critic and author Maitland McDonagh said that it was `` in many respects ... the finest film that Argento has ever made '' .

neg: Stargate fandom Stargate fandom is a community of people actively interested in the military science fiction film Stargate and the television shows Stargate SG-1 ( SG1 ) , Stargate Infinity ( SGI ) , Stargate Atlantis ( SGA ) , Stargate Universe ( SGU ) and their spin offs . The first franchise release , Stargate ( 1994 ) spawned four television series successors , four movies ( two in production ) , a plethora of merchandise , and a massive franchise collectively known as the Stargate ( owned by Metro -- Goldwyn -- Mayer and aired by Syfy , which now owns television properties they previously held with Carolco Pictures ) .   Thanks to Stargate fandom , the franchise has spawned other media including books , television series , video games , comic books and audiobooks . These supplements to the film and series trilogies comprise another universe than the series and the film , and have resulted in significant development of the series ' fictional universe . These media kept the franchise going in the interim between the film and series trilogies . In 2008 , Stargate : The Ark of Truth and Continuum was released direct-to-DVD , which in total grossed over 21 million in the United States . In 2002 , the franchise 's first animated series , Stargate Infinity , was released as an introduction to the Expanded Universe . In 2004 , Stargate Atlantis was released as a spin off from Stargate SG-1 and a new Stargate spin-off series entitled Stargate Universe was released in the fall of 2009 .

neg: Alien (film) Alien is a 1979 British-American science-fiction horror film directed by Ridley Scott , and starring Sigourney Weaver , Tom Skerritt , Veronica Cartwright , Harry Dean Stanton , John Hurt , Ian Holm and Yaphet Kotto . The film 's title refers to a highly aggressive extraterrestrial creature that stalks and kills the crew of a spaceship . Dan O'Bannon wrote the screenplay from a story he wrote with Ronald Shusett , drawing influence from previous works of science fiction and horror . The film was produced by Gordon Carroll , David Giler and Walter Hill through their Brandywine Productions and distributed by 20th Century Fox . Giler and Hill made revisions and additions to the script . Shusett was executive producer . The eponymous Alien and its accompanying elements were designed by Swiss artist H. R. Giger , while concept artists Ron Cobb and Chris Foss designed the human aspects of the film . Alien launched the Alien franchise and is chronologically the first of the main series , with the prequel series set in an earlier timeframe .   Alien received both critical acclaim and box office success , receiving an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects , Saturn Awards for Best Science Fiction Film , Best Direction for Scott , and Best Supporting Actress for Cartwright , and a Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , along with numerous other award nominations . It has remained highly praised in subsequent decades , being considered one of the greatest films of all time . In 2002 , the film was deemed `` culturally , historically or aesthetically significant '' by the Library of Congress and was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry . In 2008 , it was ranked as the seventh-best film in the science fiction genre by the American Film Institute , and as the 33rd greatest film of all time by Empire magazine .   The success of Alien spawned a media franchise of novels , comic books , video games , and toys . It also launched Weaver 's acting career by providing her with her first lead role , and the story of her character Ellen Ripley 's encounters with the Alien creatures became the thematic thread that ran through the sequels Aliens ( 1986 ) , Alien 3 ( 1992 ) and Alien : Resurrection ( 1997 ) . , a crossover with the Predator franchise produced the Alien vs. Predator series , which includes Alien vs. Predator ( 2004 ) and Aliens vs. Predator : Requiem ( 2007 ) , and also a prequel series of films , which includes Prometheus ( 2012 ) and Alien : Covenant ( 2017 ) .

neg: Prometheus Bound Prometheus Bound ( Προμηθεὺς Δεσμώτης , Promētheus Desmōtēs ) is an Ancient Greek tragedy . In antiquity , it was attributed to Aeschylus , but now is considered by some scholars to be the work of another hand , and perhaps one as late as c. 430 BC . Despite these doubts of authorship , the play 's designation as Aeschylean has remained conventional . The tragedy is based on the myth of Prometheus , a Titan who defies the gods and gives fire to mankind , acts for which he is subjected to perpetual punishment .

neg: The Greek Myths The Greek Myths ( 1955 ) is a mythography , a compendium of Greek mythology , with comments and analyses , by the poet and writer Robert Graves , normally published in two volumes , though there are abridged editions that present the myths only .   Each myth is presented in the voice of a narrator writing under the Antonines , such as Plutarch or Pausanias , with citations of the classical sources . The literary quality of these retellings is generally praised .   Each myth is followed by Graves 's interpretation of its origin and significance , following his theories on a prehistoric Matriarchal religion as presented in his book White Goddess and elsewhere . These theories and his etymologies are generally rejected by classical scholars , but Graves dismissed such criticism , arguing that by definition classical scholars lack `` the poetic capacity to forensically examine mythology '' .

neg: Breakthrough Performance Award The Breakthrough Performance Award is presented by the Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy and Horror Films , in conjunction with their annual Saturn Award ceremony .

neg: Groundhog Day (film) Groundhog Day is a 1993 American fantasy-comedy film directed by Harold Ramis , starring Bill Murray , Andie MacDowell , and Chris Elliott . It was written by Ramis and Danny Rubin , based on a story by Rubin . Murray plays Phil Connors , an arrogant Pittsburgh TV weatherman who , during an assignment covering the annual Groundhog Day event in Punxsutawney , Pennsylvania , finds himself caught in a time loop , repeating the same day again and again . After indulging in hedonism and committing suicide numerous times , he begins to re-examine his life and priorities .   On its release , Groundhog Day was a modest success and garnered generally positive reviews . It gained stronger appreciation among critics and film historians over time , and is now often listed among the best comedy films ever . It further entered into the public consciousness , where the term `` Groundhog Day '' can represent a situation that seems to repeat over and over in government and military arenas , as well as influencing other entertainment . In 2006 , the film was added to the United States National Film Registry as being deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . A stage musical version of the film premiered in 2016 .

neg: On Directing Film On Directing Film is a non-fiction book by American playwright and filmmaker David Mamet ( ISBN 0-670-83033-X ) published in 1991 .

neg: Motion Picture Association of America film rating system The Motion Picture Association of America ( MPAA ) film rating system is used in the United States and its territories to rate a film 's suitability for certain audiences based on its content . The MPAA rating system is a voluntary scheme that is not enforced by law ; films can be exhibited without a rating , although many theaters refuse to exhibit non-rated or NC-17 rated films . Non-members of MPAA may also submit films for rating . Other media , such as television programs and video games , is rated by other entities such as the ESRB and the TV Parental Guidelines .   The MPAA rating system is one of various motion picture rating systems that are used to help parents decide what films are appropriate for their children . It is administered by the Classification & Ratings Administration ( CARA ) , an independent division of the MPAA .

neg: Art film An art film is typically a serious , independent film aimed at a niche market rather than a mass market audience . An art film is `` intended to be a serious artistic work , often experimental and not designed for mass appeal '' ; they are `` made primarily for aesthetic reasons rather than commercial profit '' , and they contain `` unconventional or highly symbolic content '' .   Film critics and film studies scholars typically define an art film as possessing `` formal qualities that mark them as different from mainstream Hollywood films '' , which can include , among other elements , a sense of social realism ; an emphasis on the authorial expressiveness of the director ; and a focus on the thoughts , dreams , or motivations of characters , as opposed to the unfolding of a clear , goal-driven story . Film scholar David Bordwell describes art cinema as `` a film genre , with its own distinct conventions '' .   Art film producers usually present their films at specialty theatres ( repertory cinemas , or , in the U.S. , `` arthouse cinemas '' ) and film festivals . The term art film is much more widely used in the United States , the UK and Australia than in Europe , where the term is more associated with `` auteur '' films and `` national cinema '' ( e.g. , German national cinema ) . Because they are aimed at small niche market audiences , they can rarely get the financial backing that will permit large production budgets , expensive special effects , costly celebrity actors , or huge advertising campaigns , as are used in widely released mainstream blockbuster films . Art film directors make up for these constraints by creating a different type of film , which typically uses lesser-known film actors ( or even amateur actors ) and modest sets to make films that focus much more on developing ideas or exploring new narrative techniques or film-making conventions .   A certain degree of experience and knowledge are required to fully understand or appreciate such films . One mid-1990s art film was called `` largely a cerebral experience '' that one enjoys `` because of what you know about film '' . This contrasts sharply with mainstream `` blockbuster '' films , which are geared more towards escapism and pure entertainment . For promotion , art films rely on the publicity generated from film critics ' reviews , discussion of their film by arts columnists , commentators and bloggers , and `` word-of-mouth '' promotion by audience members . Since art films have small initial investment costs , they only need to appeal to a small portion of the mainstream viewing audiences to become financially viable .

neg: Fact checking Fact checking is the act of checking factual assertions in non-fictional text in order to determine the veracity and correctness of the factual statements in the text . This may be done either before ( ante hoc ) or after ( post hoc ) the text has been published or otherwise disseminated .   Ante hoc fact-checking ( fact checking before dissemination ) aims to remove errors and allow text to proceed to dissemination ( or to rejection if it fails confirmations or other criteria ) . Post hoc fact-checking is most often followed by a written report of inaccuracies , sometimes with a visual metric from the checking organization ( e.g. , Pinocchios from The Washington Post Fact Checker , or TRUTH-O-METER ratings from PolitiFact ) . Several organizations are devoted to post hoc fact-checking , such as FactCheck.org and PolitiFact .


query: Paleogene is a geologic period that spans 46 million years.

pos: Paleogene The Paleogene ( -LSB- pronˈpæliːədʒiːn -RSB- or -LSB- ˈpeɪliːədʒiːn -RSB- also spelled Palaeogene or Palæogene ; informally Lower Tertiary ) is a geologic period and system that spans 43 million years from the end of the Cretaceous Period million years ago ( Mya ) to the beginning of the Neogene Period Mya . It is the beginning of the Cenozoic Era of the present Phanerozoic Eon . The Paleogene is most notable for being the time during which mammals diversified from relatively small , simple forms into a large group of diverse animals in the wake of the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event that ended the preceding Cretaceous Period .   This period consists of the Paleocene , Eocene and Oligocene epochs . The end of the Paleocene ( 55.5 / 54.8 Mya ) was marked by the Paleocene -- Eocene Thermal Maximum , one of the most significant periods of global change during the Cenozoic , which upset oceanic and atmospheric circulation and led to the extinction of numerous deep-sea benthic foraminifera and on land , a major turnover in mammals . The terms ` Paleogene System ' ( formal ) and ` lower Tertiary System ' ( informal ) are applied to the rocks deposited during the ` Paleogene Period ' . The somewhat confusing terminology seems to be due to attempts to deal with the comparatively fine subdivisions of time possible in the relatively recent geologic past , for which more details are preserved . By dividing the Tertiary Period into two periods instead of directly into five epochs , the periods are more closely comparable to the duration of ` periods ' of the preceding Mesozoic and Paleozoic Eras .

neg: Paleogenetics Paleogenetics is the study of the past through the examination of preserved genetic material from the remains of ancient organisms . Emile Zuckerkandl and the physical chemist Linus Carl Pauling introduced the term `` paleogenetics '' in 1963 , in reference to the examination of possible applications in the reconstruction of past polypeptide sequences . The first sequence of an ancient DNA , isolated from a museum specimen of the extinct quagga , was published in 1984 by a team led by Allan Wilson .   Paleogeneticists do not recreate actual organisms , but piece together ancient DNA sequences using various analytical methods . In many ways , an organism 's genetics are `` the only direct witnesses of extinct species and of evolutionary events '' .

neg: Sternberg Formation The Sternberg Formation is a geologic formation in Germany . It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period .

neg: Ordovician–Silurian extinction events The Ordovician -- Silurian extinction events , when combined , are the second-largest of the five major extinction events in Earth 's history in terms of percentage of genera that became extinct . This event greatly affected marine communities , which caused the disappearance of one third of all brachiopod and bryozoan families , as well as numerous groups of conodonts , trilobites , and graptolites . The Ordovician-Silurian extinction occurred during the Hirnantian stage of the Ordovician Period and the subsequent Rhuddanian stage of the Silurian Period . The last event is dated in the interval of 455 -- 430 Ma ago , i.e. , lasting from the Middle Ordovician to Early Silurian , thus including the extinction period . This event was the first of the big five Phanerozoic events and was the first to significantly affect animal-based communities .   Almost all major taxonomic groups were affected during this extinction event . Extinction was global during this period , eliminating 49-60 % of marine genera and nearly 85 % of marine species .   Brachiopods , bivalves , echinoderms , bryozoans and corals were particularly affected . Prior to the late Ordovician cooling , temperatures were relatively warm and it is the suddenness of the climate changes and the elimination of habitats due to sea-level fall that are believed to have precipitated the extinctions . The falling sea level disrupted or eliminated habitats along the continental shelves . Evidence for the glaciation was found through deposits in the Sahara Desert . A combination of lowering of sea level and glacially driven cooling were likely driving agents for the Ordovician mass extinction .

neg: Inglis Formation The Inglis Formation is a geologic formation in Florida . It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period .

neg: Geology of South Wales South Wales is an area with many features of outstanding interest to geologists , who have for long used the area for University field trips .   This varied and accessible region has provided a written record of geological interest that dates to the 12th century , when Giraldus Cambrensis noted pyritous shales near Newport . Some of the first published representations of fossils were of fossil plants from coal measures near Neath ( Gibson late 17th century ) . The British geologists Adam Sedgwick and Roderick Murchison did fundamentally important work in South Wales on Old Red Sandstone and the underlying rocks . The first volume of memoirs ( 1846 ) published by the Geological Survey contained a conspectus of the geology of South Wales that set a template for all future work .   Significant discoveries continue to be made . For instance , in Carmarthenshire , in the late 70s , John Cope detected a small area of Precambrian and Cambrian rocks . Other parts of South Wales , however , have not seen a Geological Survey officer since the mid-19th century . The geology of south Wales was central to the massive contribution Wales made to the Industrial Revolution .   Several successive periods are represented , including all of the Palaeozoic periods . Pembrokeshire has outcrops of both Precambrian and Cambrian ( 542-488 million years ago ) rocks . A notable feature of the Ordovician system ( 488-444 million years old ) is a major subsidence area , or basin , which later filled with substantial thicknesses of mostly sandy and muddy sediment . The line of the shallower continental shelf area , to the south-east , ran approximately from the Long Mynd ( in Shropshire ) to Haverfordwest in Pembrokeshire . Some volcanic action also occurred . This thick sedimentary deposition continued into the Silurian period ( 444-416 million years old ) . Silurian volcanicity led to production of lavas at localised sites such as Skomer Island .   Silurian rocks are widely distributed in south Wales and are well displayed on the Cardiganshire coast . The Silurian and earlier rocks were folded , faulted , and distorted several times , notably during the late Ordovician , and late Silurian , by which time the area had begun to rise above sea level as mountain ranges were uplifted to the north-west . This was caused by the collision of a proto-North America ( `` Laurentia '' ) and the present southern Britain ( `` Eastern Avalonia '' ) . The intervening sea , the Iapetus Ocean , closed as a result of plate tectonic movements , similar to those that now close the Mediterranean Sea between Europe and Africa .   The succeeding Devonian period ( 416-359 million years ago ) saw mostly alluvial deposits ( `` Old Red Sandstone '' ) , which were interrupted by major uplift . Following this , the land subsided again in the Carboniferous period ( 359-299 million years ago ) . In the early Carboniferous period , limestones were deposited on a continental shelf , which deepened towards the south where there was a major sea area . During earth movements caused by the approach of a continent from the south , sea shallowing led to thick alluvial and coastal plain sediments ( see below ) containing economic developments of coal . Carboniferous Limestone outcrops occur in south Pembrokeshire , the Gower Peninsula , the Vale of Glamorgan and around the edge of the coalfield .   At the end of the Carboniferous , during Permian ( 299-251 my ago ) time , Wales is thought to have been a landmass . Only in late Triassic ( 251-200 my ago ) times did deposition return , with coarse-grained screes forming around a series of low but rugged hills . Continuing deposition led to the formation of the early Jurassic deposits of mudstones and muddy limestones ( the `` Lias '' ) . Deposits later than this are almost completely absent , although the Chalk sea probably covered most of Wales between 100 and 66 million years ago . Any such later deposits have been eroded away .   One of the geological rarities of south Wales is the coastline of St Brides Major at Ogmore-by-Sea and Southerndown . Its cliffs are composed partly of earliest Jurassic Sutton stone , a rare freestone that is a marginal or coastal deposit derived in part from erosion of carboniferous limestone . Sutton stone has always been highly regarded : as well as being used in construction throughout the Vale of Glamorgan , it was also shipped over the Bristol Channel to North Devon and North Cornwall , which are both deficient in limestone .   A major geological feature of the Upper Carboniferous rocks in south Wales is the south Wales coalfield . The rocks comprising this important area were laid down during the later Carboniferous . This sedimentary succession includes a sequence with a thickness of more than 1800 m in the west . The coal measures were laid down on a low-lying waterlogged plain with peat mires immediately south of an ancient and persistent geological feature known as the Wales-London-Brabant High . Burial converted the peat deposits to thinner coal seams . Later earth movements distorted the coal-bearing strata , and the difficulty of mining led to premature closure of many mines on economic grounds , especially in Pembrokeshire where seams were squeezed completely out of shape .

neg: Radiometric dating Radiometric dating or radioactive dating is a technique used to date materials such as rocks or carbon , in which trace radioactive impurities were selectively incorporated when they were formed . The method compares the abundance of a naturally occurring radioactive isotope within the material to the abundance of its decay products , which form at a known constant rate of decay . The use of radiometric dating was first published in 1907 by Bertram Boltwood and is now the principal source of information about the absolute age of rocks and other geological features , including the age of fossilized life forms or the age of the Earth itself , and can also be used to date a wide range of natural and man-made materials .   Together with stratigraphic principles , radiometric dating methods are used in geochronology to establish the geological time scale . Among the best-known techniques are radiocarbon dating , potassium-argon dating and uranium-lead dating . By allowing the establishment of geological timescales , it provides a significant source of information about the ages of fossils and the deduced rates of evolutionary change . Radiometric dating is also used to date archaeological materials , including ancient artifacts .   Different methods of radiometric dating vary in the timescale over which they are accurate and the materials to which they can be applied .

neg: List of European dinosaurs Dinosaurs evolved partway through the Triassic period of the Mesozoic era , around 230 Ma ( million years ago ) . At that time , the earth had one supercontinental landmass , called Pangaea , of which Europe was a part . So it remained throughout the Triassic . By the start of the Jurassic period , some 30 million years later , the supercontinent began to split into Laurasia and Gondwana . The largest inlet from Panthalassa , the superocean that surrounded Pangaea , was called the Tethys Ocean , and as this inlet cut deeper into the supercontinent , much of Europe was flooded .   By the Cretaceous , from 145 to 66 million years ago , the continents were beginning to approach their present shapes , but not their present positions , and Europe remained tropical . At times , it was a chain of island-microcontinents including Baltica and Iberia .   Europe is relatively rich in fossils from the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary , and much of what is known about European dinosaurs dates from this time . As the timeline below illustrates , there are substantial gaps in our knowledge from the rest of the Mesozoic . The absence of dinosaur genera from this time is because few fossils have been discovered , and almost certainly not because Europe contained few types of dinosaur -- except , perhaps , immediately after the Triassic -- Jurassic extinction event .

neg: Early Paleo-Eskimo The Early Paleoeskimo is one of three distinct periods of human occupation recognized by archaeologists in the eastern North American Arctic , the others being the Late Paleoeskimo and the Thule . Dates for these occupations vary according to specific geographic region and cultural historical perspective , but it is generally agreed that the first , the Early Paleoeskimo , spans roughly 4500 Before Present ( BP ) to 28-2300 BP .

neg: Clayton Formation The Clayton Formation is a geologic formation in Illinois . It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period .

neg: Proterozoic The Proterozoic ( -LSB- pronˌproʊtərəˈzoʊɪk , _ prɔː - , _ - trə - -RSB- ) is a geological eon representing the time just before the proliferation of complex life on Earth . The name Proterozoic comes from Greek and means `` earlier life '' , the Greek root protero - , means `` former , earlier '' and zoic - , means `` animal , living being '' . The Proterozoic Eon extended from to ( million years ago ) , and is the most recent part of the Precambrian Supereon . It is subdivided into three geologic eras ( from oldest to youngest ) : the Paleoproterozoic , Mesoproterozoic , and Neoproterozoic .   The well-identified events of this eon were the transition to an oxygenated atmosphere during the Paleoproterozoic ; several glaciations , which produced the hypothesized Snowball Earth during the Cryogenian Period in the late Neoproterozoic Era ; and the Ediacaran Period ( 635 to 541 Ma ) which is characterized by the evolution of abundant soft-bodied multicellular organisms and provides us with the first obvious fossil evidence of life on earth .

neg: Paleopathology Paleopathology , also spelled palaeopathology , is the study of ancient diseases . Studying pathologies , these abnormalities in biologic individuals and systems , may be intrinsic to the system itself ( examples : autoimmune disorders or traumatic arthritis ) or caused by an extrinsic factor ( examples : viruses or lead poisoning from pipes ) . Any living organism can have a pathology . Studies have historically focused on humans , but there is no evidence that humans are more prone to pathologies than any other animal .   Paleopathology is an interdisciplinary science . The majority of the work has historically been done by anthropologists studying diseases in ancient cultures . Medically trained professionals have also made substantial contributions , especially in modern comparative studies . Paleontologists have sporadically contributed to the field , focusing on non-avian dinosaurs and Cenozoic mammals .

neg: Devonian (disambiguation) Devonian is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic Era . This may also refer to :

neg: Group (stratigraphy) A group in stratigraphy is a lithostratigraphic unit , a part of the geologic record or rock column that consists of defined rock strata . Groups are generally divided into individual formations . Groups may sometimes be divided into `` subgroups '' and are themselves sometimes grouped into `` supergroups '' .   Some well known groups of northwestern Europe have in the past also been used as units for chronostratigraphy and geochronology . These are the Rotliegend , Zechstein ( both of Permian age ) , Buntsandstein , Muschelkalk , Keuper ( Triassic in age ) , Lias , Dogger and Malm ( Jurassic in age ) groups . Because of the confusion this causes , the official geologic timescale of the ICS does not contain any of these names any longer .

neg: Sadler effect The Sadler effect describes variation in apparent sediment accumulation rates and bed thicknesses back through time inherent to the geological sedimentary record . Peter Sadler analysed what structure you would expect in a stratigraphic section under the hypothesis that bigger geological events - episodes of deposition , erosion , and the gaps between those events - are rarer . He showed that under these conditions it is inevitable that , on average , thinner stratigraphic sections , which cover shorter amounts of time , record faster accumulation rates than thicker sections , which record longer amounts of time .   The effect equivalently states that more ancient packages of sediment in the stratigraphic record will record slower sedimentation rates stretched over longer periods of time . For instance , it explains the fact that in general , the more ancient geological periods of the Phanerozoic are longer than the more recent ones ; i.e. , the periods of the Palaeozoic are much longer than those in the Cenozoic . Conversely , it also explains that the maximum sediment accumulation rates seen in the Cambrian at the start of the Phanerozoic are almost two orders of magnitude lower than those observed in the Quaternary , at its end .   The Sadler effect provides a powerful framework for understanding how information extracted from any given stratigraphic section differs from what should be expected under constant conditions - that is , it provides a null hypothesis for analysing stratigraphy . It also provides techniques to estimate the completeness of a given stratigraphic section on a given timescale . Sections are less complete at shorter timescales , which means that at sufficiently short timescales and for some purposes , some sedimentary successions may contain essentially no useful information .   For example , the Sadler effect has since been used to investigate whether apparent increases in global sedimentation rates across the last 5 Ma are real ; how we might read the record of sediments deposited on continental margins ; to interpret fluvial processes such as river avulsion ; and to understand what information , and which processes at what timescales , can be preserved in sediments .

neg: Arikareean The Arikareean North American Stage on the geologic timescale is the North American faunal stage according to the North American Land Mammal Ages chronology ( NALMA ) , typically set from 30,600,000 to 20,800,000 years BP , a period of . It is usually considered to overlap the Oligocene and Miocene epochs . The Arikareean is preceded by the Whitneyan and followed by the Hemingfordian NALMA stages .   The Arikareean can be further divided into the substages of :  late Late Arikareean : Lower boundary source , base of Geringian ( approximate )  early Late Arikareean : base of Geringian ( approximate ) . Upper boundary source : base of Hemingfordian ( approximate ) .  late Early Arikareean : Lower boundary source of base of Geringian ( approximate ) . Upper boundary source of base of Hemingfordian ( approximate ) .  early Early Arikareean ( shares lower boundary ) : Upper boundary source of base of Hemingfordian ( approximate ) .

neg: Asselian In the geologic timescale , the Asselian is the earliest geochronologic age or lowermost chronostratigraphic stage of the Permian . It is a subdivision of the Cisuralian epoch or series . The Asselian lasted between and million years ago ( Ma ) . It was preceded by the Gzhelian ( the latest or uppermost subdivision in the Carboniferous ) and followed by the Sakmarian .

neg: Pamunkey Group The Pamunkey Group is a geologic group in Virginia . It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period .

neg: Chronology of the universe The chronology of the universe describes the history and future of the universe according to Big Bang cosmology .  The metric expansion of space is estimated to have begun 13.8 billion years ago .  For the purposes of this summary , it is convenient to divide the chronology of the universe into four parts :   The very early universe , from the Planck epoch until the cosmic inflation , or the first picosecond of cosmic time ; this period is the domain of active theoretical research , currently beyond the grasp of most experiments in particle physics .  The early universe , from the Quark epoch to the Photon epoch , or the first 380,000 years of cosmic time , when the familiar forces and elementary particles have emerged but the universe remains in the state of a plasma , followed by the `` Dark Ages '' , from 380,000 years to about 150 million years during which the universe was transparent but no large-scale structures had yet formed .  The period of large-scale structure formation , including stellar evolution , galaxy formation and evolution and the formation of galaxy clusters and superclusters , from about 150 million years to present , and prospectively until about 100 billion years of cosmic time ; The thin disk of our galaxy began to form at about 5 billion years . The solar system formed at about 4.6 billion years ago , with the earliest traces of life on Earth emerging by about 3.5 billion years ago .  The far future , after cessation of stellar formation , with various scenarios for the ultimate fate of the universe .

neg: Tertiary Tertiary is the former term for the geologic period from 65 million to 2.58 million years ago , a time span that lies between the superseded Secondary period and the Quaternary . The Tertiary is no longer recognized as a formal unit by the International Commission on Stratigraphy , but the word is still widely used . The traditional span of the Tertiary has been divided between the Paleogene and Neogene Periods and extends to the first stage of the Pleistocene Epoch , the Gelasian stage .   The period began with the demise of the non-avian dinosaurs in the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event , at the start of the Cenozoic Era , and extended to the beginning of the Quaternary glaciation at the end of the Pliocene Epoch .

neg: Illinoian (stage) The Illinoian Stage is the name used by Quaternary geologists in North America to designate the period c. 191,000 to c. 130,000 years ago , during the middle Pleistocene , when sediments comprising the Illinoian Glacial Lobe were deposited . It precedes the Sangamonian stage and follows the Pre-Illinoian Stage in North America . The Illinoian Stage is defined as the period of geologic time during which the glacial tills and outwash , which comprise the bulk of the Glasford Formation , accumulated to create the Illinoian Glacial Lobe .