query: Funny or Die produces @midnight.

pos: Funny or Die Funny or Die is a comedy video website and film/TV production company founded by Will Ferrell , Adam McKay and Chris Henchy . The website Funny Or Die contains exclusive material from a regular staff of in-house writers , producers , and directors , and occasionally from a number of famous contributors like Judd Apatow , James Franco , and Norm Macdonald . The production company makes TV shows like truTV 's Billy on the Street , Comedy Central 's @midnight , and Zach Galifianakis 's popular Emmy-winning web series Between Two Ferns .   Many videos on the site feature well-known actors ( examples include Steve Carell , Charlie Sheen , Ryan Gosling , Patrick Stewart , Daniel Radcliffe , Sophia Bush , Mila Kunis , AnnaSophia Robb , Hilary Duff , Adam West , James Van Der Beek , Jim Carrey , Ariel Winter , and Selena Gomez ) . Michael Kvamme , an aspiring young comedian , came up with a concept for a new kind of comedy site ; and the site was developed by Randy Adams .   Funny Or Die launched on April 12 , 2007 with the site 's first video , `` The Landlord '' . `` The Landlord '' has received over 84 million views and features Ferrell confronted by a swearing , beer-drinking two-year-old landlord . In June 2007 , they received venture capital funding from Sequoia Capital , and in June 2008 , they announced a partnership with HBO . On August 3 , 2016 , Funny or Die shut-down one of its California offices , reducing its headcount by 30 % to 95 employees , with the announcement coming just two month after the new CEO , Mike Farah , took office

neg: Drunk History Drunk History is an American television comedy series produced by Comedy Central , based on the Funny or Die web series created by Derek Waters and Jeremy Konner in 2007 . In each episode , an inebriated narrator , who is played by a comedian joined by host Waters , struggles to recount an event from history , while actors enact the narrator 's anecdotes and also lip sync the dialogue .   The series premiered on Comedy Central on July 9 , 2013 , and its second season premiered on July 1 , 2014 . Will Ferrell and Adam McKay are among the show 's executive producers .   In addition to creator Derek Waters and celebrity guest stars , the show 's additional characters are played by regulars Bennie Arthur , Tim Baltz , Mort Burke , Sarah Burns , Maria Blasucci , Craig Cackowski , Michael Cassady , Michael Coleman , Tymberlee Hill , Adam Nee , and Jeremy J. Tutson .   On January 13 , 2017 Comedy Central renewed the show for a fifth season , which is set to premiere later in 2017 .

neg: The Laff Stop The Laff Stop was a comedy club , with locations in Texas and California .   The Laff Stop originated in Newport Beach , California and featured comics such as Steve Martin , David Letterman , and Robin Williams . There were also Laff Stop clubs in Claremont , California and Austin , Texas ( which changed its name to Cap City Comedy Club in 1996 ) .   The most well known location , however , was in Houston , Texas . Open since 1977 , it was considered one of the most successful clubs through the 1990s and the heart of the Texas stand-up comedy scene . The club closed after Dec. 19 , 2009 performances were completed in a surprise announcement . The Houston Laff Stop changed locations a few times durings its existence , the last stop becoming an upstairs strip mall location at Waugh and the Allen Parkway . The previous location on West Gray Street is now a bar called Local Pour while the original Laff Stop location -- famous for being the launching pad of Bill Hicks , Sam Kinison , and others -- is now a dry cleaner at San Felipe and Shepherd . The club later served as a starting point and hometown club for such acts as Sean Rouse , Ralphie May , and Brett Butler   Albums and Videos recorded at the Laff Stop include :  Mitch Hedberg 's Strategic Grill Locations CD : recording of a performance at The Laff Stop comedy club in Houston , Texas from September 7 , 1999  Dane Cook 's Harmful If Swallowed CD/DVD  Joe Rogan 's I 'm Gon na Be Dead Someday ... CD  Doug Stanhope 's Sicko and Something to Take the Edge Off  Ron White 's Drunk in Public CD  Scott White 's Dirty White Boy CDs  Louis CK 's `` Live in Houston ''  Bill Hicks `` Sane Man ''  and many others .

neg: Midnight Oil (album) Midnight Oil is the debut album by Australian hard rock band Midnight Oil which was recorded in 1977 and released in November 1978 on the band 's independent Powderworks label . It reached the top 50 on the Australian Kent Music Report Albums Chart . The album was later distributed by CBS Records and issued as a CD . The LP has a blue cover , however , the CD has a black cover . Because of the blue cover , the former version is often referred to , by fans , as the `` blue album '' or `` the Blue Meanie '' . The lead single , `` Run By Night '' , became the band 's first minor hit in Australia and appeared on the Kent Music Report Singles Chart Top 100 . It also had a video clip .

neg: Dance or Die (Family Force 5 album) Dance or Die is the second studio album from the band Family Force 5 . It was produced by Joe Baldridge ( Beck , tobyMac ) and lead vocalist Solomon `` Soul Glow Activatur '' Olds . The album was released on August 19 , 2008 both in stores and via digital distribution . This is the band 's second full-length album release . However , it is the band 's first release on the Tooth & Nail Records label . The band was previously with Gotee Records . The record was leaked in its entirety on the internet on August 15 , 2008 . As of December 2009 the album has sold over 100,000 units . Dance or Die won Best Album at the 2008 Rock on Request Awards .

neg: Midnight Sun Brewing Company Midnight Sun Brewing Company is a brewery founded in Anchorage , Alaska , USA , in 1995 . It is one of over twenty breweries in the state , despite Alaska 's small population and preponderance of dry communities . The brewery moved to a new location in Anchorage in May 2009 ; it had previously shared a building on Arctic Boulevard with Knight 's Taxidermy , a business featured on the reality television program Mounted in Alaska . The company has won several awards for their beers , including medals from the Great American Beer Festival and the World Beer Cup . Currently , the brewery sells its beers in 12 oz cans , 5 gallon kegs , 22 oz bombers and 64 oz growlers .

neg: Midnight Memories Midnight Memories is the third studio album by British-Irish boy band One Direction , released on 25 November 2013 by Columbia Records , Syco Music and Sony Music . The album was described as having a `` slightly rockier tone '' than their previous efforts . It has become the fastest-selling album in Amazon UK 's history , breaking the record set by One Direction 's previous release , Take Me Home ( 2012 ) . The album debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 , making One Direction the first group in history to debut at number one in the US with their first three albums . The album was preceded by the release of the singles `` Best Song Ever '' and `` Story of My Life '' .   Upon the album 's release , Midnight Memories received mixed reviews from music critics . Many critics praised the lyrical depth and musical composition on the album , as well as the group 's level of involvement in the production process . However , others argued that the material was less memorable than their previous work and felt the themes were not as mature as expected . Despite being released five weeks before the year 's end , Midnight Memories nevertheless became the best-selling album of 2013 as listed by the IFPI , with sales of four million copies .

neg: Canned Film Festival The Canned Film Festival is a comedy-based motion picture television series that was nationally syndicated during the late night hours in the United States for a single season in the summer of 1986 . With only a one-letter difference in the spelling , the name is an intentional play on the name for the Cannes Film Festival , the annual world-renowned film-screening celebration in Cannes , France . Not to be confused with the latter , the Canned Film Festival featured B movies as the centerpiece for each television episode , and was composed of short vignettes interwoven throughout the films . Boasting the tagline `` late night with the best of the worst '' , the series was promoted and sponsored by the Dr Pepper Company , whose then-tagline `` out-of-the-ordinary '' echoed the show 's collection of odd and strange movies . The series was created by Young & Rubicam , developed for television by Chelsea Communications , and distributed by LBS Communications .   Although similar in style to the successful Mystery Science Theater 3000 series that aired a few years later , the Canned Film Festival differed in that its comedy scenes occurred strictly during the commercial intermissions instead of adding peanut gallery type satire during the actual run of the movies . In addition , the script , although comedic in nature , often reflected upon the serious contextual and cultural subjects contained in the featured movies , sometimes providing historical insight into their production . An example is seen during the episode featuring Project Moonbase , where female spaceship commanders were discussed as an accurate future prediction by the 1950s era movie , as were cordless telephones and big screen televisions . The featured B movies of the series were not full-length , and edited to fit the show 's approximately two-hour timeframe per episode .

neg: The Comedy The Comedy is a 2012 drama film directed and co-written by Rick Alverson , and starring Tim Heidecker . Supporting actors include Eric Wareheim ( Tim and Eric ) , James Murphy ( LCD Soundsystem ) , and Gregg Turkington ( better known as Neil Hamburger ) . The film was premiered at the 2012 Sundance Film Festival and screened within such festivals as Maryland Film Festival 2012 . The film was distributed by Tribeca Film and was slated for theatrical release on November 9 , 2012 and nationwide On Demand starting October 24 , 2012 .   Despite the title and use of comedians as actors , Sundance festival chief programmer Trevor Groth says that the film is not a comedy , but instead `` a provocation , a critique of a culture based at its core around irony and sarcasm and about ultimately how hollow that is . ''   The first ten minutes of the film was purposely leaked onto various torrent websites with an anti-piracy statement at the end of the video . The resulting publicity made the actual film the most pirated independent film of the year .

neg: Don Roy King Don Roy King is the director of Saturday Night Live , having assumed the role in 2006 . This work has earned him six Primetime Emmys ( in a row ) and ten nominations . He has also been nominated for eleven DGA ( Director 's Guild of America ) awards , which he won in 2014 , 2016 and 2017 . His other directing work includes Survivor ( including the live Survivor finales on CBS ) , The Early Show , and The Mike Douglas Show . He has directed morning shows at CBS and ABC .   Mr. King is also the creative director of Broadway Worldwide which brings theatrical events to theaters . The company has produced Smokey Joe 's Café ; Putting It Together with Carol Burnett ; Jekyll & Hyde ; and Memphis , all directed by Mr. King . He also directed a big screen taping of Broadway 's Romeo and Juliet with Orlando Bloom in 2013 .

neg: Midnight Spank Midnight Spank ( formerly ` G4 Late Nights ' and Barbed Wire Biscuit ) was the former name of a late-night block shown on G4 . This block was originally based on G4 's recent venture to Williams Street Studios , pioneers of the Adult Swim block on Cartoon Network . G4 Late Nights was made originally to offer the similar content like that of Adult Swim . The block offered syndicated content targeted towards the 18-25 male demographic . Midnight Spank aired mostly acquired programming , with occasional original programming .   Midnight Spank premiered on May 8 , 2006 at 12am on G4 . The block was discontinued by mid-2008 , and encores of G4 's primetime schedule aired in the timeslot .

neg: The Comedy Festival The Comedy Festival , formerly known as the US Comedy Arts Festival , was a comedy festival that ran from 1995 to 2008 . The festival included stand-up comedy performances , appearances by the casts of television shows , and has a film component called the Film Discovery Program .   The first 13 editions of the US Comedy Arts Festival were held annually at the Wheeler Opera House and other venues in Aspen , Colorado . Comedian Joe Rogan says the festival 's location at the time was for the `` Executives to ski '' . The primary sponsor of the festival was HBO , with co-sponsorship by Caesars Palace ( the primary venue ) , TBS , GEICO Insurance , Twix candy bars and Smirnoff Vodka . In-between , HBO had started a spin-off version simply named The Comedy Festival , which was held in Las Vegas , Nevada , since 2006 in collaboration with the Anschutz Entertainment Group . The Aspen event folded in 2007 once HBO exited the festival business , considering the expenditures too high . TBS picked up the Las Vegas event in 2008 , and organized a follow-up edition that year , also arranging for other comedy festivals in collaboration with Just For Laughs . In turn , Aspen replaced the festival with similar events , the Aspen RooftopComedy Festival and the Aspen Laff Festival .

neg: Live at the Beacon Theater Live at the Beacon Theater is the fourth full-length comedy special/concert film by comedian Louis C.K. . The special takes place at the Beacon Theatre in Manhattan , New York .   In contrast to his previous specials , which had been produced for broadcast and sale on physical media , Live at the Beacon Theater is sold directly from the comedian 's website for the cost of $ 5.00 USD and can be downloaded in 720p HD or streamed in browser . Also in contrast to his previous special , Hilarious , which was released for sale more than a year and a half after it was recorded , Live at the Beacon captures a performance from just a month before its release ( November 10 , 2011 ) . It later aired on the FX television channel . It later was made available in a Humble Bundle .   As stated in the end credits , the film was dedicated to comedian Patrice O'Neal , who died two weeks prior to its release . C.K. considered O'Neal one of his favorite comedians .   The film won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety , Music , or Comedy Special and received three other nominations .

neg: Humour Humour ( British English ) or humor ( American English ; see spelling differences ) is the tendency of particular cognitive experiences to provoke laughter and provide amusement . The term derives from the humoral medicine of the ancient Greeks , which taught that the balance of fluids in the human body , known as humours ( Latin : humor , `` body fluid '' ) , controlled human health and emotion .   People of all ages and cultures respond to humour . Most people are able to experience humour -- be amused , smile or laugh at something funny -- and thus are considered to have a sense of humour . The hypothetical person lacking a sense of humour would likely find the behaviour inducing it to be inexplicable , strange , or even irrational . Though ultimately decided by personal taste , the extent to which a person finds something humorous depends on a host of variables , including geographical location , culture , maturity , level of education , intelligence and context . For example , young children may favour slapstick such as Punch and Judy puppet shows or the Tom and Jerry cartoons , whose physical nature makes it accessible to them . By contrast , more sophisticated forms of humour such as satire require an understanding of its social meaning and context , and thus tend to appeal to a more mature audience .

neg: TV Funhouse Saturday TV Funhouse was the title of a recurring skit on NBC 's Saturday Night Live featuring cartoons created by SNL writer Robert Smigel .   It was also a spinoff series , TV Funhouse , that ran on Comedy Central . `` TV Funhouse '' frequently satirizes public figures and corporations , as well as featuring some cartoons exclusive to this skit . When featured in an episode of Saturday Night Live , it was listed in the theme song as `` A Cartoon by Robert Smigel . ''

neg: Midnight Madness and Beyond Midnight Madness and Beyond is the third album by UK82 Hardcore punk band GBH from Birmingham UK . It was released in August 1986 on the Rough Justice label ( the band 's first release for their new label , following the departure from Clay Records ) with catalogue number Just 2 . Recorded once again at Strawberry Studios in Stockport UK . It was later Re-released with additional tracks ( the `` Oh No It 's GBH Again '' EP ) in 2002 by leading Punk reissue label Captain Oi ! ( Ahoy CD 193 )

neg: Streamy Awards The Streamy Awards , often referred to as the Streamys , are presented annually by Dick Clark Productions and Tubefilter to recognize and honor excellence in online video , including directing , acting , producing , and writing . The formal ceremony at which the awards are presented takes place in Los Angeles , California . They were the first envelope-opening live-streamed award show .   The Streamy Awards were created by Executive Producers Drew Baldwin , Brady Brim-DeForest and Marc Hustvedt of Tubefilter and Joshua Cohen and Jamison Tilsner of Tilzy.tv .   The winners of awards in over 30 categories , including the Audience Choice and Visionary Award , were announced for the first time on March 28 , 2009 at the 1st Annual Streamy Awards . Winners of the 1st Annual Streamy Awards included individual recipients ( Best Male and Female Actor ) , and web series . Each year , certain awards are presented before the main ceremony at the Streamys Craft Awards .   The 2nd Annual Streamy Awards were hosted by actor/comedian Paul Scheer and streamed live online from the Orpheum Theatre ( Los Angeles , California ) on April 11 , 2010 . The production experienced technical problems as well as interruptions due to people streaking the stage and interrupting the presenters . This show incorporated an online live internet streaming broadcast . Due to poor reception and execution of the show , the IAWTV halted its production of the award ceremony and formed their own Web TV awards presentation .   Tubefilter joined Dick Clark productions to produce the 3rd Streamy Awards in 2013 .   The 5th Streamy Awards were broadcast live on VH1 on September 17 , 2015 .

neg: You Made It Weird with Pete Holmes You Made It Weird is a semi-weekly comedy interview podcast hosted by comedian Pete Holmes on the Nerdist network since October 25 , 2011 . The show originated under the premise that Holmes would ask his guest , usually a fellow comedian , about three `` weird '' things he knew about them , but the show has since evolved into a much more loose conversation about such complex topics as comedy , religion , and sexuality .   While initially focusing on interviews with comedians , an increasing number of guests from other fields have appeared on the show , including musicians , pastors , scientists , and authors . Many guests comment on Holmes ' unique laugh , which tends to be very loud and borderline obnoxious . Katie Levine is the producer of the podcast .   The show is usually recorded in-studio at the Nerdist studio at Meltdown Comics in Los Angeles , California . Since March 21 , 2012 , Holmes has recorded multiple live episodes of the podcast , in Austin at South by Southwest , New York , Bloomington , Chicago , Montreal , Quebec , San Francisco , Los Angeles at the LA Riot Festival , and Toronto at Just For Laughs . These have featured several guests rather than the usual one , and focus more on comedy rather than the in-depth discussion of a regular episode .

neg: Dobama's Night Kitchen Dobama Theatre had been presenting short plays following 8 pm `` mainstage '' productions for several seasons before artistic director Joyce Casey asked David Hansen to act as the producer of a series of late-night events geared specifically to audiences in their late-teens and twenties .   Called Dobama 's Night Kitchen , the title inspired by the 1970 Maurice Sendak children 's book , began in Fall , 1995 .   David Hansen 's three-year tenure as artistic director of the Night Kitchen was dedicated to three models of production ; the long-form improv , the collaboratively written script based around a single theme , and the new play written by a local ( Cleveland-based ) playwright .   Dobama 's Night Kitchen was the first Cleveland area theater to present long-form improv . These included the MTV inspired The Realistic World and the X-Files inspired One Step Beyond .   In 1997 Hansen produced his own play , The Vampyres . Dobama 's Night Kitchen also produced the first solo performance by Sarah Morton , The Eighth Wonder of the World .   In 1998 Dan Kilbane took over as artistic director and continued the previous trend of collaboratively written scripts , singly authored scripts by local playwrights and long-form improv . Highlights included Toni K. Thayer 's Angst :84 ( which was taken to the New York Fringe Festival ) , LUV ( SIC ) , and the Soap Scum improvised soap opera series .   Kilbane also began to introduce works not created by Cleveland-based playwrights , starting with Stupid Kids in 1999 and Mark Ravenhill 's Shopping and Fucking in Spring , 2002 , shortly before he concluded his four years as artistic director .   The project continued through 2006 under the artistic directorship of Adrienne Moon . During these four years , when the project was called simply `` The Night Kitchen '' , emphasis shifted away from experimental , new works by local theater artists , to works new to Cleveland by up and coming young playwrights like Stephen Belber ( Tape , The Death of Frank . )   In its present incarnation , Dobama 's Night Kitchen exists in name-only , to annually present the award-winning plays written by high school students for the Marilyn Bianchi Kids ' Playwriting Festival .

neg: Tomorrow (TV series) Tomorrow ( also known as The Tomorrow Show and , after 1980 , Tomorrow Coast to Coast ) was an American late-night television talk show hosted by Tom Snyder . The show aired on NBC from 1973 to 1982 and featured many prominent guests , including John Lennon ( in his last televised interview ) , Paul McCartney , `` Weird Al '' Yankovic ( in his first televised appearance ) , Ayn Rand , Jerry Garcia , the Grateful Dead , Public Image Ltd , Ken Kesey , Charles Manson , The Clash , KISS , Ramones , and U2 ( in their first American television appearance ) . Los Angeles news anchor Kelly Lange , a good friend of Snyder , was the regular substitute guest host .

neg: Late Night Late Night is shorthand for several different things :   Late night television , generally United States programming airing after 11:30 pm EST  Late-night talk show , the most common type of late night television in the United States  Late Night ( NBC ) , a long-running American late night television franchise  Late Night with David Letterman ( 1982 -- 93 )  Late Night with Conan O'Brien ( 1993 -- 2009 )  Late Night with Jimmy Fallon ( 2009 -- 14 )  Late Night with Seth Meyers ( 2014 -- present )  Late Nite is the name of a 1989 solo album by American guitarist Neal Schon  `` Late Night '' is a song by Syd Barrett , the final track on his album The Madcap Laughs  The Sims 3 : Late Night is an expansion pack for The Sims 3  Late night anime


query: Portugal is a state.

pos: Portugal Portugal ( Portuguese : -LSB- puɾtuˈɣaɫ -RSB- ) , officially the Portuguese Republic ( -LSB- República Portuguesa , links = no -RSB- ) ( Portuguese : -LSB- ʁɨ ` publikɐ puɾtu ' ɣezɐ -RSB- ) In recognized minority languages of Portugal :  República Pertuesa is a sovereign state located on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe . It is the westernmost country of mainland Europe . To the west and south it is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean and to the east and north by Spain . The Portugal -- Spain border is 1214 km long and considered the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union . The republic also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira , both autonomous regions with their own regional governments .   The territory of modern Portugal has been continuously settled , invaded and fought over since prehistoric times . The Pre-Celts , Celts , Carthaginians and Romans were followed by the invasions of the Visigothic and the Suebi Germanic peoples . Portugal as a country was born in the aftermath of the Christian Reconquista against the Moors who had invaded the Iberian Peninsula in 711 AD and occupied most of it ever since . Precipitated by the seminal event for its foundation , the Battle of São Mamede , where Portuguese forces led by Afonso Henriques defeated forces led by his mother Theresa of Portugal and her lover Fernão Peres de Trava , which established the nation 's sovereignty against rival neighbor kingdoms . Following São Mamede , the future king styled himself Prince of Portugal . He would be proclaimed King of Portugal in the Battle of Ourique in 1139 and was recognised as such by neighbouring kingdoms in 1143 .   In the 15th and 16th centuries , Portugal established the first global empire , becoming one of the world 's major economic , political and military powers . During this time , Portuguese explorers pioneered maritime exploration in the Age of Discovery , notably under royal patronage of Prince Henry the Navigator and King João II , with such notable discoveries as Bartolomeu Dias 's reach of the Cape of Good Hope ( 1488 ) , the Vasco da Gama 's sea route to India ( 1497 -- 98 ) and the discovery of Brazil ( 1500 ) . Portugal monopolized the spice trade during this time , and the Portuguese Empire expanded with military campaigns led in Asia . But the destruction of Lisbon in a 1755 earthquake , the country 's occupation during the Napoleonic Wars , the independence of Brazil ( 1822 ) , and the Liberal Wars ( 1828 -- 34 ) , all left Portugal crippled from war and diminished in its world power .   After the 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy , the democratic but unstable Portuguese First Republic was established , later being superseded by the Estado Novo right-wing authoritarian regime . Democracy was restored after the Portuguese Colonial War and the Carnation Revolution in 1974 . Shortly after , independence was granted to almost all its overseas territories . The handover of Macau to China in 1999 marked the end of the longest-lived colonial empire . Portugal has left a profound cultural and architectural influence across the globe and a legacy of over 250 million Portuguese speakers today .   Portugal is a developed country with a high-income advanced economy and a high living standard . It is the 5th most peaceful country in the world , maintaining a unitary semi-presidential republican form of government . It has the 18th highest Social Progress in the world , putting it ahead of other Western European countries like France , Spain and Italy . A founding member of NATO and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries , it is also a member of numerous other international organizations , including the United Nations , the European Union , the eurozone , and the OECD .   Portugal is a pioneer when it comes to drug decriminalization , as the nation decriminalized the possession of all drugs for personal use in 2001 .   LGBT rights in Portugal have improved substantially in the past two decades and are now among the best in the world . Moreover , after years of investment and cooperation , Portugal marked a climax on renewable energy worldwide in 2016 , when it was powered for 107 consecutive hours exclusively by wind , sun , and water , which advocates say further shows fossil fuels are indeed replaceable .

neg: Republic of Cabinda The Republic of Cabinda ( Ibinda : Kilansi kia cabinda ; República de Cabinda ) is an unrecognized state in southern Africa . The Front for the Liberation of the State of Cabinda-Exercito de Cabinda ( FLEC ) claims sovereignty from Angola and proclaimed the Republic of Cabinda as an independent country in 1975 . The government of this ( internationally not recognized ) entity operates in exile , with offices located in Paris , France and Pointe Noire , Congo-Brazzaville .   The 1885 Treaty of Simulambuco designated Cabinda a Portuguese protectorate known as the Portuguese Congo , which was administratively separate from Portuguese West Africa ( Angola ) . In the 20th century , Portugal decided to integrate Cabinda into Angola , giving it the status of a district of that `` overseas province '' . During the Portuguese Colonial War , FLEC fought for the independence of Cabinda from the Portuguese . Independence was proclaimed on 1 August 1975 , and FLEC formed a provisional government led by Henriques Tiago . Luiz Branque Franque was elected president .   In January 1975 , Angola 's three national liberation movements ( People 's Movement for the Liberation of Angola ( MPLA ) , National Liberation Front of Angola ( FNLA ) and National Union for the Total Independence of Angola ( UNITA ) ) met with the colonial power in Alvor , Portugal , to establish the modalities of the transition to independence . FLEC was not invited . The Alvor Agreement was signed , establishing Angolan independence and confirming Cabinda as part of Angola . After Angolan independence was declared in November 1975 , Cabinda was occupied by the forces of the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola ( MPLA ) , which had been present in Cabinda since the mid-1960s , sustaining an anti-colonial guerrilla war that was rather more efficient than the one run by FLEC .   For much of the 1970s and 1980s , FLEC fought a low-intensity guerrilla war , attacking the troops of what was by then the People 's Republic of Angola , led by the MPLA . FLEC 's tactics included attacking economic targets and kidnapping foreign employees working in the province 's oil and construction businesses . In July 2006 , after ceasefire negotiations , António Bento Bembe -- as president of the Cabindan Forum for Dialogue and Peace , vice-president and executive secretary of FLEC -- announced that the Cabindan separatist forces were ready to declare a ceasefire . A peace treaty was signed . FLEC-FAC from Paris contends Bembe had no authority or mandate to negotiate with the Angolans and that the only acceptable solution is total independence .

neg: House of Sousa The House of Sousa ( Casa de Sousa ) is a noble family of Portugal , descendants of the marriage of Martim Afonso Chichorro and Inês Lourenço de Sousa .   The House of Souza is one of the eldest and nobler houses of Portugal . Its origin starts with the Visigoth Kings and the name was first used in the 11th century , by Lord Egas Gomes de Sousa , heir to the house and to several royal lineages . There are three main lineages of this noble house , but we shall only focus on the one represented to left ( Sousa of Arronches ) .   The field of the shield is divided in four quarters ( quarterly or party per cross ) with the Royal Arms of Portugal in the first and fourth quarters , and the Ancient Arms of Sousa , a quartet of silver crescents ( Argent ) over a field of red ( Gules ) , in the second and third quarters . This grouping known as the Sousa of Arronches ( because of the title of Lords of Arronches ) , is still borne by many of the noble houses of Portugal , like the Dukes of Palmela .   The Head of the House of Sousa today is the Duke of Lafões . Some say that there is n't a single noble man ( or woman ) in Portugal that does not have the blood of the Sousas.The first recorded spelling of the family name is shown to be that of Garcia Homem de Sousa , which was dated 1420 , christened at Funchal , Portugal , during the reign of King John I of Portugal . Surnames became necessary when governments introduced personal taxation . In England this was known as Poll Tax . Throughout the centuries , surnames in every country have continued to `` develop '' often leading to astonishing variants of the original spelling . The House of Sousa played a significant role in the creation of the Portuguese Empire . Martim Afonso de Sousa was the first Governor of Brazil , Pedro Lopes de Sousa was the 1st Governor of Portuguese Ceylon and Thome de Sousa Arronches was a Captain of the Portuguese Navy in the Portuguese India Armadas .   The family motto ( Better to break than to bend ) .   Lords of the House of Sousa   D. Egas Gomes de Sousa ( 1035 - ? )  D. Mem Viegas de Sousa ( 1070 - 1130 )  D. Gonçalo Mendes de Sousa , `` the good '' ( 1120 -- 1190 )  D. Mendo de Sousa , `` the sousão '' ( 1140 - ? )  D. Constança Mendes de Sousa ( 1245 - Santarém , 1298 )  D. Martim Afonso Chichorro ( 1250-1313 )  D. Martim Afonso Chichorro II or Martin Afonso de Sousa Chichorro ( 1280 - ? )  D. Maria Pais Ribeira , 15ª Lady of House of Sousa * c. 1285  D. Vasco Martins de Sousa Chichorro ( 1320 - 1387 )  D. Lopo Dias de Sousa , Lord of Mafra , Ericeira and Enxara dos Cavaleiros * 1350  D. Afonso Vasques de Sousa ( 1370 )  Diogo Lopes de Sousa , 18º Lord of House of Sousa * c. 1380  D.Afonso Vasques de Sousa II ( 1400 ) ,  Álvaro de Sousa , Lord of Miranda e mayor of Arronches * c. 1410  D. Luis de Sousa Chichorro ( 1440 )  Diogo Lopes de Sousa * c. 1440  André de Sousa * c. 1465  D. Henrique de Sousa ( 1480 )  Manuel de Sousa , mayor of Arronches * c. 1495  André de Sousa , 23º Lord of House of Sousa * c. 1515  D. António de Sousa Chichorro ( 1520 )  Manuel de Sousa  D. Matias de Sousa ( 1550 )  Diogo Lopes de Sousa , 2nd Count of Miranda * c. 1595  D. Pedro de Sousa Chichorro  Henrique de Sousa Tavares , first Marquis of Arronches * 1626  D. Maria de Sousa e Mesquita  D. António Sousa Chíchorro balio `` ad honorem '' .  Mariana Luísa Francisca de Sousa Tavares Mascarenhas e Silva , 2nd Marquess of Arronches * 1672  Luísa Casimira de Sousa Nassau and Ligne , duchess of Lafões * 1694

neg: Póvoa de Varzim Póvoa de Varzim ( -LSB- ˈpɔvwɐ ðɨ vɐɾˈzĩ -RSB- , locally -LSB- -LSB- ˈpɔβwə ðɨ βəɾˈzĩŋ -RSB- -RSB- ) , also spelled Povoa de Varzim , is a Portuguese city in Northern Portugal and sub-region of Greater Porto . It sits in a sandy coastal plain , a cuspate foreland , halfway between the Minho and Douro rivers . The population of the municipality was 63,408 at the time of the 2011 census . According to the 2001 census , there were 63,470 inhabitants , with 42,396 living in the city proper . The city expanded , southwards , to Vila do Conde , and there are about 100,000 inhabitants in the urban area alone . It is the seventh-largest urban agglomeration in Portugal and the third largest in Northern Portugal .   Permanent settlement in Póvoa de Varzim dates back to around four to six thousand years ago ; around 900 BC , unrest in the region led to the establishment of Cividade de Terroso , a fortified city , which developed maritime trade routes with the civilizations of classical antiquity . Modern Póvoa de Varzim emerged after the conquest by the Roman Republic of the city by 138 BC , fishing and fish processing units soon developed , which turned out to be the foundations of the local economy . By the 11th century , the fish industry and fertile farmlands were the economic base of a feudal lordship and Varzim was fiercely disputed between the local overlords and the early Portuguese kings , which resulted in the establishment of the present day 's municipality in 1308 and being subdued to monastic power some years later . Póvoa de Varzim 's importance reemerged with the Age of Discovery due to its shipbuilders and merchants proficiency and wealth , who traded around the globe in complex trade routes . By the 17th century , the fish processing industry rebounded and , some time later , Póvoa became the dominant fishing port in northern Portugal .   Póvoa de Varzim has been a well-known beach resort for over three centuries , the most popular in Northern Portugal , which unfolded an influential literary culture and historical artistic patronage in music and theater . Casino da Póvoa is one of the few and prominent gambling venues in Portugal . Leisure and health benefits provided in large sandy beaches attracts national and international visitors . Póvoa de Varzim holds other landmarks , especially the traditional Junqueira shopping street , Garrett Theatre , the Ethnography and History Museum , Cividade de Terroso , the Medieval Rates Monastery , Baroque Matriz Church , city Hall and Portuguese vernacular architecture in Praça do Almada , and numerous Portuguese cuisine restaurants that make Póvoa de Varzim popular in all Northern Portugal , which started to attract an international following . Farol da Lapa , Farol de Regufe , the main breakwater of the Port of Póvoa de Varzim , Carvalhido and São Félix Hill are preferred for sightseeing . The city has significant textile and food industries . The town has retained a distinct cultural identity and ancient customs such as the writing system of siglas poveiras , the masseira farming technique and festivals .

neg: Court of Auditors (Portugal) The Portuguese Court of Audits ( Tribunal de Contas ) is the high-court in Portugal responsible for reviewing the legal issues on public expenditure and delivering judgement on those accounts relating to :  General Accounts of the State  accounts of the Autonomous Regions of the Azores and of Madeira  liability of financial offences

neg: XX Constitutional Government of Portugal The XX Constitutional Government of Portugal ( XX Governo Constitucional de Portugal ) had Pedro Passos Coelho ( PSD ) as the prime minister and lasted from 30 October 2015 to 26 November 2015 . It was the shortest-lived Portuguese national government since the Carnation Revolution .

neg: Foreign relations of Macau As a special administrative region ( SAR ) of the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , Macau 's diplomatic relations and defence are the responsibility of the Central People 's Government of the PRC . Except diplomatic relations and defence , nonetheless , Macau has retained considerable autonomy in all aspects , including economic and commercial relations , customs control .   According to Chapter VII of Macau 's basic law , Macau may , on its own , using the name Macau , China or Macao , China , maintain and develop relations and conclude and implement agreements with foreign states and regions and relevant international organisations in the appropriate fields , including the economic , trade , financial and monetary , shipping , communications , tourism , cultural , science and technology , and sports fields . In addition , Macau can participate in international organizations and conferences not limited to states .   The Macau government has maintained Macau Economic and Trade Representative Offices in Lisbon , Portugal and Brussels , Belgium .

neg: Polícia Judiciária The Polícia Judiciária ( PJ ; Judicial Police ) is the national criminal investigation police agency of Portugal , focused in fighting serious crimes , including homicides , kidnapping , organized crime , terrorism , illegal drug trade , corruption , cybercrime and financial crime . It is integrated into the Ministry of Justice , but operates under the supervision of the Public Ministry .   Several countries and territories that were once overseas provinces of Portugal maintain criminal investigation polices modeled after the Portuguese one , with some of them retaining also the name Polícia Judiciária . These are the cases of Cabo Verde , Guinea-Bissau and Macau .   The Polícia Judiciária Militar ( Military Judicial Police ) is a separate criminal investigation police agency that operates under the Ministry of National Defense . This agency is responsible for the investigation of military crimes and crimes committed among the Portuguese Armed Forces .

neg: The Portuguese language in Goa The Portuguese of Goa is refers to the Portuguese language spoken in Goa , India .

neg: Portugal International The Portugal Open in badminton is an international open held annually in Portugal since 1965 . It is currently a part of the European Badminton Circuit .

neg: Portuñol Portuñol ( Spanish spelling ) or Portunhol ( Portuguese spelling ) is the name often given to any unsystematic mixture of Portuguese with Spanish . The word is a portmanteau of the words Portugués / Português ( `` Portuguese '' ) and Español / Espanhol ( `` Spanish '' ) .   Portuñol , or Portunhol , is a lingua franca , or simplified mixture of the two languages , that allows speakers of either Spanish or Portuguese who are not proficient in the other language to communicate with one another . When speakers of one of the languages attempt to speak the other language , there is often interference from the native language , which causes the phenomenon of code-switching to occur . It is possible to conduct a moderately fluent conversation in this way because Portuguese and Spanish are closely related Romance languages . They have almost identical syntactic structures , as well as overlapping lexicons due to cognates , which means that a single macro-grammar is produced when the two mix . The phrase en el hueco de la noite longa e langue illustrates a code-switch between the Spanish article la and the Portuguese noun noite . This example reveals the grammatical possibilities of code-switching between the two languages .   Language contact between Spanish and Portuguese is the result of sustained contact between the two languages in border communities and multilingual trade environments . Such regions include the border regions between Portugal and Spain in the Iberian Peninsula , as well as the ones between Brazil , whose official language is Portuguese , and most of its neighboring countries , such as Uruguay and Paraguay , whose official languages are Spanish . Because Portuñol is a spontaneous register resulting from the occasional mixing of Spanish and Portuguese , it is highly diverse ; there is no one dialect or standard of Portuñol . There does , however , tend to be a stronger presence of Spanish in Portuñol .   In recent years , Portuñol has begun to appear in realms other than everyday speech . It has become a literary medium , especially in Uruguay and Brazil . María Jesus Fernández García describes it as a linguistic recreation of the actual language . However , she goes on to say that the literature only occasionally provides a true representation of Portuñol , and that authors often choose to select only some of the features that are characteristic of Portuñol . One important literary work written in Portuñol is Mar paraguayo by Brazilian author Wilson Bueno . The following passage shows the mixing of Spanish and Portuguese in his novel .   The appearance of Portuñol has prompted two opposing opinions or attitudes towards its existence . On the one hand , it is viewed as the product of laziness among speakers unwilling to learn a different language . On the other hand , it is seen as the logical product of globalization . As far as the future of Portuñol is concerned , according to Francisco A. Marcos-Marín , it is too difficult to evaluate possible repercussions that Portuñol could have on future linguistic maps because it is not easy to separate linguistic tendencies that are merely in style and those that are permanent .

neg: List of twin towns and sister cities in Portugal __ NOTOC __  This is a list of places in Portugal having standing links to local communities in other countries . In most cases , the association , especially when formalised by local government , is known as `` town twinning '' ( though other terms , such as `` partner towns '' or `` sister cities '' are sometimes used instead ) , and while most of the places included are towns , the list also comprises villages , cities , districts , counties , etc. with similar links .

neg: List of governors of Portuguese India The government of Portuguese India started in 1505 , six years after the discovery of the sea route to India by Vasco da Gama , with the nomination of the first Viceroy Francisco de Almeida , then settled at Kochi . Until 1752 , the name `` India '' included all Portuguese possessions in the Indian Ocean , from southern Africa to Southeast Asia , governed - either by a Viceroy or Governor - from its headquarters , established in Goa since 1510 . In 1752 Portuguese Mozambique got its own government and in 1844 the Portuguese Government of India stopped administering the territory of Portuguese Macau , Solor and Portuguese Timor , seeing itself thus confined to a reduced territorial entity in Malabar : Goa , Daman , Diu , Dadra and Nagar Haveli . Portuguese control ceased in the last two enclaves in 1954 , and finally ceased in the remaining three pockets in 1961 , when they were occupied by the Republic of India ( although Portugal only recognized the occupation after the Carnation Revolution in 1974 ) . This ended four and a half centuries of Portuguese rule in parts -- thought tiny -- of India .   It may be noted that during the term of the monarchy , the title of the head of the Portuguese government in India ranged from `` Governor '' to `` Viceroy '' . The title of viceroy would only be assigned to members of the nobility ; It was formally terminated in 1774 , although it has later been given sporadically to be decisively ended after 1835 ) , as shown below .

neg: Brazilians in Portugal Brazilians represent approximately 25 % of the foreign population in Portugal . Their legal status varies according to several and complex elements such as date of arrival and effective legalization processes available to them ( 1992 , 1996 , 2001 , 2003 ) , whether they are married to a national or they have Portuguese ( or other European ) ancestors , what their level of education and work experience is , etc. . Therefore , a large number of them are legal residents , others have authorization to stay ( autorizações de permanência ) , others , fewer , were able to legalized through the 2003 exceptional process and have working permits , and many others are still undocumented .

neg: A5 motorway (Portugal) The A5 is a 25 km motorway , located in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area , Portugal . It connects Lisbon with Cascais . The motorway is also known as Estoril Coast Motorway and it overlaps the Complementary Itinerary 15 ( IC15 ) .   The first section of the highway -- connecting the Duarte Pacheco Viaduct in the City of Lisbon with the National Stadium in the Oeiras Municipality -- was opened in 1944 , becoming the first motorway in Portugal and one of the first in the world . From 1945 to the early 1980s , it was officially designated National Road 7 ( N7 ) , when it became the A5 . The last section of the A5 was opened in 1991 .   Category : Motorways in Portugal  Category : Cascais

neg: Norte Region, Portugal Norte ( Região Norte , -LSB- ʁɨʒiˈɐ̃w ˈnɔɾtɨ -RSB- ; `` North Region '' ) is a region in the northern part of Portugal . It is a land of dense vegetation and profound historic and cultural wealth . Its capital is the city of Porto . The region has 3,689,173 inhabitants according to the 2011 census , and its area is 21,278 km ² ( density of 173 inhabitants per square kilometre ) . It is one of five regions of Mainland Portugal ( NUTS II subdivisions ) . Northern Portugal is a culturally varied region , thus historical rivalries between different neighbouring cities and towns are common , unlike other Portuguese regions where every city and town is culturally very similar .

neg: List of mountains in Portugal This is a list of the mountains in Portugal , including the mountains with more than 1400 meters of altitude and with , at least , 100 meters of topographic prominence .   Mountains and hills occupy most of the territory of Portugal . The highest Portuguese mountain is Mount Pico in the Azores islands , with 2351 m . The highest peak in Mainland Portugal is Torre in the Serra da Estrela range , with 1993 m.   Historically , during most of the 20th century , the Mount Tatamailau , in the former Portuguese Timor , with 2986 m , was the highest Portuguese mountain .

neg: Chinese people in Portugal Chinese people in Portugal ( Chinese : 葡萄牙華人 , Cantonese Yale : pòuh tòuh ngàh wàh yàhn ) form the country 's largest Asian community , but only the twelfth-largest foreign community overall . Despite forming only a small part of the overseas Chinese population in Europe , the Chinese community in Portugal is one of the continent 's oldest due to the country 's colonial and trade history Macau dating back to the 16th century .

neg: Politics of Portugal Politics in Portugal takes place in a framework of a semi-presidential representative democratic republic , whereby the Prime Minister of Portugal is the head of government . Portugal has a multi-party system . The President of Portugal is the executive head of state and has several significant political powers , which he exercises often . Executive power is exercised by the President and the Council of Ministers . Legislative power is vested in both the government and the Assembly of the Republic . The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature .   Since 1975 , the party system has been dominated by the social democratic Socialist Party and the liberal-conservative Social Democratic Party .

neg: Lisboa VR Lisboa , until 2009 named Estremadura , is a Portuguese wine region covering the same areas as the Estremadura region , and taking its name from the country 's capital . The region is classified as a Vinho Regional ( VR ) , a designation similar to a French vin de pays region . While the Beiras and Alentejo VRs are largest geographically , the Lisboa region is Portugal 's largest producer of wine by volume . The region stretches from Lisbon along the Atlantic coast to the Bairrada DOC .   In early 2009 , the region was renamed from Estremadura to Lisboa to avoid confusion with the Spanish wine region Extremadura and to capitalize on the internationally well-known name of the country 's capital .

neg: Judicial Studies Center The Judicial Studies Center ( Centro de Estudos Judiciários ) is the Portuguese State Department which provides training for future judges and prosecutors who will perform in courts of law . It also organizes courses for current judges , prosecutors and lawyers concerning matters which are deemed useful for their activity . It was founded in 1980 and admits graduates in law who are selected after passing written and oral examinations as well as a psychological interview .   Training involves classes at its facilities and practical experiment in courts of law , under the supervision of the Judicial Studies Center .   Its facilities are located in Lisbon , in a building which served as a jail until 1974 , for over 400 years . Formerly , it was the residence of part of the royal family and later it was the place where money was coined .


query: Luxembourg is a representative democracy with a constitutional monarch.

pos: Luxembourg Luxembourg -LSB- ˈlətsəbuərx -RSB- Luxemburg ) , officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg , is a landlocked country in western Europe . It is bordered by Belgium to the west and north , Germany to the east , and France to the south . Its capital , Luxembourg City , is , together with Brussels and Strasbourg , one of the three official capitals of the European Union and the seat of the European Court of Justice , the highest juridical authority in the EU . Its culture , people and languages are highly intertwined with its neighbours , making it essentially a mixture of French and Germanic cultures . This is emphasised by the three official languages , Luxembourgish , French , and German . The repeated invasions by its neighbor countries , especially in World War II , resulted in the country 's strong will for mediation between France and Germany and , among other things , led to the foundation of the European Union .   With an area of 2,586 km2 , it is one of the smallest sovereign states in Europe , about the same size as the US state of Rhode Island or the English county of Northamptonshire . In 2016 , Luxembourg had a population of 576 249 , which makes it one of the least-populous countries in Europe , but by far the one with the highest population growth rate . As a representative democracy with a constitutional monarch , it is headed by a Grand Duke , Henri , Grand Duke of Luxembourg , and is the world 's only remaining grand duchy . Luxembourg is a developed country , with an advanced economy and the world 's highest GDP ( PPP ) per capita , according to the United Nations in 2014 . The City of Luxembourg with its old quarters and fortifications was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994 due to the exceptional preservation of the vast fortifications and the old city .   The history of Luxembourg is considered to begin in 963 , when count Siegfried I acquired a rocky promontory and its Roman-era fortifications known as Lucilinburhuc , ′ little castle ′ , and the surrounding area from the Imperial Abbey of St. Maximin in nearby Trier .  Siegfried 's descendants increased their territory through marriage , war and vassal relations . At the end of the 13th century , the Counts of Luxembourg reigned over a considerable territory .   In 1308 , Henry VII , Count of Luxembourg became King of the Germans and Holy Roman Emperor . The House of Luxembourg produced four Holy Roman Emperors at the high time of the Middle Ages . In 1354 , Charles IV elevated the County to the Duchy of Luxembourg . Since Sigismund had no male heir , the Duchy became part of the Burgundian Circle and then one of the Seventeen Provinces of the Habsburg Netherlands .  Over the centuries , the City and Fortress of Luxembourg , of great strategic importance situated between the Kingdom of France and the Habsburg territories , was gradually built up to be one of the most reputed fortifications in Europe . After belonging to both the France of Louis XIV and the Austria of Maria Theresia , Luxembourg became part of the First French Republic and Empire under Napoleon .   The present-day state of Luxembourg first emerged at the Congress of Vienna in 1815 . The Grand-Duchy , with its powerful fortress , became an independent state under the personal possession of William I of the Netherlands with a Prussian garrison to guard the city against another invasion from France .   In 1839 , following the turmoil of the Belgian Revolution , the purely French-speaking part of Luxembourg was ceded to Belgium and the Luxembourgish-speaking part became what is the present state of Luxembourg .   The steel industry exploiting the Red Lands ' rich iron-ore grounds in the beginning of the 20th century drove the country 's industrialisation . ArcelorMittal , the world 's largest steel producer with headquarters in Luxembourg City , is still a reminder of these times . After the decline of the steel industry in the 1970s , the country focused on establishing itself as a global financial centre and developed into the banking hub it is reputed for . Since the beginning of the 21st century , its governments have focused on developing the country into a knowledge economy , with the founding of the University of Luxembourg and a national space programme , projecting the first involvement in a non-manned lunar expedition by 2020 .   Luxembourg is a founding member of the European Union , OECD , United Nations , NATO , and Benelux , reflecting its political consensus in favour of economic , political , and military integration . The city of Luxembourg , which is the country 's capital and largest city , is the seat of several institutions and agencies of the EU . Luxembourg served on the United Nations Security Council for the years 2013 and 2014 , which was a first in the country 's history . In 2016 Luxembourgish citizens had visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to 172 countries and territories , ranking the Luxembourgian passport 6th in the world , tied with countries such as Canada and Switzerland .

neg: Luxembourg general election, 2013 Early general elections were held in Luxembourg on 20 October 2013 . The elections were called after Prime Minister Jean-Claude Juncker , at the time the longest serving head of government in the European Union , announced his resignation over a spy scandal involving the Service de Renseignement de l'Etat ( SREL ) . The review found Juncker deficient in his control over the service .   The elections saw Juncker 's Christian Social People 's Party lose three seats , but remain the largest party in the Chamber of Deputies with 23 of the 60 seats .

neg: Crown dependencies The Crown dependencies are the Isle of Man in the Irish Sea , and the Bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey in the English Channel . They are independently administered jurisdictions , and do not form part of either the United Kingdom or the British Overseas Territories . They are self-governing possessions of the Crown ( defined uniquely in each jurisdiction ) . Internationally , the dependencies are considered `` territories for which the United Kingdom is responsible '' , rather than sovereign states . As a result , they are not member states of the Commonwealth of Nations . However , they do have relationships with the Commonwealth , the European Union , and other international organisations , and are members of the British -- Irish Council . They have their own teams in the Commonwealth Games . They are not part of the European Union ( EU ) , although they are within the EU 's customs area .   As the Crown dependencies are not sovereign states , the power to pass legislation affecting the islands ultimately rests with the government of the United Kingdom . However they each have their own legislative assemblies , with the power to legislate on many local matters with the assent of the Crown ( Privy Council , or in the case of the Isle of Man in certain circumstances the Lieutenant-Governor ) . In each case , the head of government is referred to as the Chief Minister .

neg: Luxembourg general election, 1945 General elections were held in Luxembourg on 21 October 1945 . They were the first elections held after the German occupation during World War II . As a result of the war , the political alliances of the interwar period had been ended . In their place were new parties ; the Christian Social People 's Party , the Luxembourg Socialist Workers ' Party , and the Patriotic and Democratic Group in place of the Party of the Right , Socialist Party , and Radical Liberal Party respectively . It is regarded as a realigning election , as the election established the party political order , with four established parties , that would be maintained until 1974 .   The conservatives remained the dominant faction , and the Christian Social People 's Party 's leader , Pierre Dupong , was invited to head another government . The election was also a success for both liberal and communist candidates , with both the Patriotic and Democratic Group and the Communist Party gaining four more seats than in the last election before the war . To restore political stability , Grand Duchess Charlotte asked Dupong to create a more broad-based coalition than the preceding Liberation Government . The resulting National Union Government would embrace all four political parties , and also include the solitary independent , guaranteeing the support of the whole Chamber of Deputies . The government remained in place until 1947 .

neg: Liberal democracy Liberal democracy is a liberal political ideology and a form of government in which representative democracy operates under the principles of classical liberalism . It is also called western democracy . It is characterised by fair , free , and competitive elections between multiple distinct political parties , a separation of powers into different branches of government , the rule of law in everyday life as part of an open society , and the equal protection of human rights , civil rights , civil liberties , and political freedoms for all people . To define the system in practice , liberal democracies often draw upon a constitution , either formally written or uncodified , to delineate the powers of government and enshrine the social contract . After a period of sustained expansion throughout the 20th century , liberal democracy became the predominant political system in the world .   A liberal democracy may take various constitutional forms : it may be a constitutional monarchy ( Australia , Belgium , Canada , Japan , Norway , Spain and the United Kingdom ) or a republic ( France , India , Ireland , the United States ) . It may have a parliamentary system ( Australia , India , Ireland , the United Kingdom ) , a presidential system ( Indonesia , the United States ) , or a semi-presidential system ( France ) .   Liberal democracies usually have universal suffrage , granting all adult citizens the right to vote regardless of race , gender or property ownership . Historically , however , some countries regarded as liberal democracies have had a more limited franchise , and some do not have secret ballots . There may also be qualifications such as voters being required to register before being allowed to vote . The decisions made through elections are made not by all of the citizens , but rather by those who choose to participate by voting .   The liberal democratic constitution defines the democratic character of the state . The purpose of a constitution is often seen as a limit on the authority of the government . Liberal democracy emphasises the separation of powers , an independent judiciary , and a system of checks and balances between branches of government . Liberal democracies are likely to emphasise the importance of the state being a Rechtsstaat , i.e. , a state that follows the principle of rule of law . Governmental authority is legitimately exercised only in accordance with written , publicly disclosed laws adopted and enforced in accordance with established procedure . Many democracies use federalism -- also known as vertical separation of powers -- in order to prevent abuse and increase public input by dividing governing powers between municipal , provincial and national governments ( e.g. , Germany where the federal government assumes the main legislative responsibilities and the federated Länder assume many executive tasks ) .

neg: History of democracy A democracy is a political system , or a system of decision-making within an institution or organization , in which all members have an equal share of power . Modern democracies are characterized by two capabilities that differentiate them fundamentally from earlier forms of government : the capacity to intervene in their own societies and the recognition of their sovereignty by an international legalistic framework of similarly sovereign states . -LSB- 2 -RSB- Democratic government is commonly juxtaposed with oligarchic and monarchic systems , which are rule by a minority and a sole monarch respectively .   Democracy in its earliest forms is generally associated with the efforts of the ancient Greeks and Romans , who were themselves considered the founders of Western civilization by the 18th century intellectuals who attempted to leverage these early democratic experiments into a new template for post-monarchical political organization . The extent to which these 18th century democratic revivalists succeeded in turning the democratic ideals of the ancient Greeks and Romans into the dominant political institution of the next 300 years is hardly debatable , even if the moral justifications they often employed might be . Nevertheless , the critical historical juncture catalyzed by the resurrection of democratic ideals and institutions fundamentally transformed the ensuing centuries and has dominated the international landscape since the dismantling of the final vestige of empire following the end of the Second World War .   Modern representative democracies attempt to bridge the gulf between the Hobbesian ` state of nature ' and the grip of authoritarianism through ` social contracts ' that enshrine the rights of the citizens , curtail the power of the state , and grant agency through the right to vote .

neg: Judiciary of Germany The judiciary of Germany is the system of courts that interprets and applies the law in Germany .   The German legal system is a civil law mostly based on a comprehensive compendium of statutes , as compared to the common law systems . In criminal and administrative law , Germany uses an inquisitorial system where the judges are actively involved in investigating the facts of the case , as compared to an adversarial system where the role of the judge is primarily that of an impartial referee between the prosecutor or plaintiff and the defendant .   In Germany , the independence of the judiciary is historically older than democracy . The organisation of courts is traditionally strong , and almost all federal and state actions are subject to judicial review .   Judges follow a distinct career path . At the end of their legal education at university , all law students must pass a state examination before they can continue on to an apprenticeship that provides them with broad training in the legal profession over two years . They then must pass a second state examination that qualifies them to practice law . At that point , the individual can choose either to be a lawyer or to enter the judiciary . Judicial candidates start working at courts immediately . However , they are subjected to a probationary period of up to five years before being appointed as judges for life .   The judicial system is established and governed by part IX of the Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland ( the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany ) . Article 92 of the Basic Law establishes the courts , and that states that `` the judicial power shall be vested in the judges ; it shall be exercised by the Federal Constitutional Court , by the federal courts provided for in this Basic Law , and by the courts of the Länder . ''

neg: Belgium Belgium ( -LSB- ˈbɛldʒəm -RSB- België -LSB- ˈbɛlɣijə -RSB- ; Belgique -LSB- bɛlʒik -RSB- ; Belgien -LSB- ˈbɛlɡi̯ən -RSB- ) , officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a sovereign state in Western Europe bordered by France , the Netherlands , Germany , Luxembourg , and the North Sea . It is a small , densely populated country which covers an area of 30528 km2 and has a population of about 11 million people . Straddling the cultural boundary between Germanic and Latin Europe , Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups : the Dutch-speaking , mostly Flemish community , which constitutes about 59 % of the population , and the French-speaking , mostly Walloon population , which comprises 41 % of all Belgians . Additionally , there is a small group of German-speakers who live in the East Cantons located around the High Fens area , and bordering Germany .   Historically , Belgium , the Netherlands and Luxembourg ( along with parts of Northern France and Western Germany ) were known as the Low Countries ; it once covered a somewhat larger area than the current Benelux group of states . The region was called Belgica in Latin , after the Roman province of Gallia Belgica . From the end of the Middle Ages until the 17th century , the area of Belgium was a prosperous and cosmopolitan centre of commerce and culture . From the 16th century until the Belgian Revolution in 1830 , when Belgium seceded from the Netherlands , the area of Belgium served as the battleground between many European powers , causing it to be dubbed the `` Battlefield of Europe , ''  a reputation strengthened by both world wars .   Today , Belgium is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance . It is divided into three regions and three communities , that exist next to each other . Its two largest regions are the Dutch-speaking region of Flanders in the north and the French-speaking southern region of Wallonia . The Brussels-Capital Region is an officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) enclave within the Flemish Region .  A German-speaking Community exists in eastern Wallonia .  Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments .   Belgium participated in the Industrial Revolution  and , during the course of the 20th century , possessed a number of colonies in Africa . The second half of the 20th century was marked by rising tensions between the Dutch-speaking and the French-speaking citizens fueled by differences in language and culture and the unequal economic development of Flanders and Wallonia . This continuing antagonism has led to several far-reaching reforms , resulting in a transition from a unitary to a federal arrangement during the period from 1970 to 1993 . Despite the reforms , tensions between the groups have remained , if not increased ; there is significant separatism particularly among the Flemish ; controversial language laws exist such as the municipalities with language facilities ; and the formation of a coalition government took 18 months following the June 2010 federal election , a world record . Belgium is one of the six founding countries of the European Union and hosts the official seats of the European Commission , Council of the European Union , and European Council , as well as a seat of the European Parliament in the country 's capital , Brussels . Belgium is also a founding member of the Eurozone , NATO , OECD and WTO , and a part of the trilateral Benelux Union . Its capital , Brussels , hosts several of the EU 's official seats as well as the headquarters of many major international organizations such as NATO.Belgium is a member of , or affiliated to , many international organizations , including ACCT , AfDB , AsDB , Australia Group , Benelux , BIS , CCC , CE , CERN , EAPC , EBRD , EIB , EMU , ESA , EU , FAO , G-10 , IAEA , IBRD , ICAO , ICC , ICRM , IDA , IDB , IEA , IFAD , IFC , IFRCS , IHO , ILO , IMF , IMO , IMSO , Intelsat , Interpol , IOC , IOM , ISO , ITU , MONUC ( observers ) , NATO , NEA , NSG , OAS ( observer ) , OECD , OPCW , OSCE , PCA , UN , UNCTAD , UNECE , UNESCO , UNHCR , UNIDO , UNMIK , UNMOGIP , UNRWA , UNTSO , UPU , WADB ( non-regional ) , WEU , WHO , WIPO , WMO , WTrO , ZC . Belgium is also a part of the Schengen Area . Belgium is a developed country , with an advanced high-income economy and is categorized as `` very high '' in the Human Development Index .

neg: Luxembourg general election, 1964 General elections were held in Luxembourg on 7 June 1964 . Despite receiving fewer votes than the Luxembourg Socialist Workers ' Party , the Christian Social People 's Party remained the largest party , winning 22 of the 56 seats in the Chamber of Deputies .

neg: List of Permanent Representatives of Luxembourg to NATO The Permanent Representative of Luxembourg to NATO is the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg 's foremost diplomatic representative at NATO , and head of Luxembourg 's diplomatic mission to the organisation .

neg: Luxembourgish Luxembourgish , Luxemburgish ( -LSB- ˈlʌksəmˌbɜːrɡᵻʃ -RSB- ) or Letzeburgesch ( -LSB- ˌlɛtsəbɜːrˈɡɛʃ , _ ˌlɛtsbɜːr - -RSB- or -LSB- ˈlɛtsəˌbɜːrɡᵻʃ , _ ˈlɛtsˌbɜːr - -RSB- ) ( Luxembourgish : Lëtzebuergesch ) is a West Germanic language that is spoken mainly in Luxembourg . Worldwide , about 390,000 people speak Luxembourgish . .   While it could be considered a standardized variety ( i.e. , a dialect with a written form ) of German , its official use in the state of Luxembourg and the existence of a separate regulatory body has removed Luxembourgish , at least in part , from the domain of the Dachsprache Standard German . Despite the lack of a sharp boundary between Luxembourgish and the neighboring German dialects , this has led several linguists ( from Luxembourg as well as Germany ) to regard it as a separate , yet closely related language .

neg: Human rights in Liechtenstein Liechtenstein , a multiparty constitutional monarchy with a unicameral parliament and a government chosen by the reigning prince at its direction , is a prosperous and free country that is generally considered to have an excellent human-rights record .

neg: Frankfurt Documents thumb | right | 200px | Members of the Frankfurt conference  Frankfurt Documents were a series of documents which were an important step on the way to the founding of the Federal Republic of Germany .   On July 1 , 1948 the representatives of the Western allied occupation forces handed over a number of documents to the prime ministers and two ruling mayors from the western zones of occupation , in which the recommendations were made , including establishing a West German state . The main problem of these recommendations was that they did not provide all-German solution , but only a West German state . The Frankfurt documents formed a working basis for the work on the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany . They were created at the London 6-Power Conference in early 1948 .   The handover took place in the IG Farben Building in Frankfurt am Main , and the documents took the name of this town . The military governors Lucius D. Clay ( United States ) , Marie-Pierre Koenig ( France ) and Sir Brian Robertson ( UK ) issued an order establishing a western German state . Present were Peter Altmeier ( Rhineland-Palatinate ) , Karl Arnold ( North Rhine-Westphalia ) , Lawrence Bock ( Württemberg-Hohenzollern ) , Max Brauer ( Hamburg ) , Hans Ehard ( Bavaria ) , Wilhelm Kaisen ( Bremen ) , Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf ( Lower Saxony ) , Hermann Lüdemann ( Schleswig-Holstein ) , Reinhold Maier ( Württemberg-Baden ) , Christian Stock ( Hessen ) and Leo Wohleb ( Baden ) .   A West German state was to be established under the following conditions :   There should be a constitutional convention ( German : Verfassunggebende Versammlung , literally , `` Constituent Assembly '' ) before September 1 , 1948 , to draft a constitution shaping a federal form of government , while maintaining the rights of people and the participating states .  This constitution should first be approved by the military governments , then a referendum in the countries to ratify the Constitution .  The respective simple majority in two thirds of eleven West German states should be sufficient for ratification . Constitutional amendments must be approved by the military governors .  The German foreign policy should continue to be controlled by the military governors in a minimum , as Ruhr questions , repairs , industrial and rights of the Allied forces .  The boundaries of each state should be reviewed and it should , if necessary , taking into account of traditional forms of new countries are created , none compared to the other should be too large or too small .   The Frankfurt Documents prompted the Prime Minister to hold Rittersturz Conference in Koblenz , on the resolutions that were passed .   Category : Political history of Germany  Category : Political conferences

neg: Esch-sur-Alzette Esch-sur-Alzette ( Esch-Uelzecht -LSB- ˈæʃ ˈuə̯lt͡səɕt -RSB- , Esch-an-der-Alzette or Esch-an-der-Alzig , Esch-sur-Alzette ) is a commune with town status in south-western Luxembourg . It is the country 's second `` city '' , and its second-most populous commune , with a population of 33,286 inhabitants .  It lies in the south-west of the country , on the border with France and in the valley of the Alzette , which flows through the town . The town is usually referred to as just Esch ; however , the full name distinguishes it from the village and commune of Esch-sur-Sûre which lies 45 km further north . The country 's capital , Luxembourg city , is roughly 15 km to the north-east .

neg: Luxembourg Palace The Luxembourg Palace ( Palais du Luxembourg , -LSB- pa.lɛ dy lyk.sɑ̃.buːʁ -RSB- ) is located at 15 rue de Vaugirard in the 6th arrondissement of Paris . It was originally built ( 1615 -- 1645 ) to the designs of the French architect Salomon de Brosse to be the royal residence of the regent Marie de ' Medici , mother of Louis XIII of France . After the Revolution it was refashioned ( 1799 -- 1805 ) by Jean Chalgrin into a legislative building and subsequently greatly enlarged and remodeled ( 1835 -- 1856 ) by Alphonse de Gisors . Since 1958 it has been the seat of the French Senate of the Fifth Republic .   Immediately west of the palace on the rue de Vaugirard is the Petit Luxembourg , now the residence of the Senate President ; and slightly further west , the Musée du Luxembourg , in the former orangery . On the south side of the palace , the formal Luxembourg Garden presents a 25-hectare green parterre of gravel and lawn populated with statues and large basins of water where children sail model boats .

neg: Assembly of the Republic (Portugal) The Assembly of the Republic ( Portuguese : Assembleia da República , -LSB- ɐsẽˈblɐjɐ dɐ ʁɛˈpublikɐ -RSB- ) is the Portuguese parliament .   According to the Portuguese Constitution , the unicameral Assembly `` is the representative assembly of all Portuguese citizens . '' The constitution names the assembly as one of the country 's organs of supreme authority .   It is located in a historical building in Lisbon , referred to as Palácio de São Bento ( Palace of Saint Benedict ) , the site of an old Benedictine monastery . The Palácio de São Bento has been the seat of the Portuguese parliaments since 1834 ( Cortes until 1910 , Congress from 1911 to 1926 and National Assembly from 1933 to 1974 ) .

neg: Conseil du Roi The Conseil du Roi ( -LSB- kɔ̃sɛj dy ʁwa -RSB- ; French for `` The King 's Council '' ) , also known as the is a general term for the administrative and governmental apparatus around the king of France during the Ancien Régime designed to prepare his decisions and give him advice . It should not be confused with the role and title of a `` Conseil du Roi '' , a type of public prosecutor in the French legal system at the same period .   One of the established principles of the French monarchy was that the king could not act without the advice of his council . Under Charles V , it was put forward that the king made decisions only after `` good and careful deliberation '' ( bonne et mûre délibération ) , and this principle was maintained by his successors ; the closing formula of royal acts `` le roi en son conseil '' expressed this deliberative aspect . Even during the period of French absolutism , the expression `` car tel est notre bon plaisir '' ( `` because such is our pleasure '' ) applied to royal decisions made with consultation .   The administration of the French state in the early modern period went through a long evolution , as a truly administrative apparatus -- relying on old nobility , newer chancellor nobility ( `` noblesse de robe '' ) and administrative professionals -- substituted the feudal clientel system . The exact divisions and names of these councils varied over time .

neg: Monarchy of the Netherlands The monarchy of the Netherlands is constitutional and as such , the role and position of the monarch are defined and limited by the constitution of the Netherlands . Consequently , a fairly large portion of the Dutch constitution is devoted to the monarch ; roughly a third of the constitution describes the succession , mechanisms of accession and abdication to the throne , the roles and responsibilities of the monarch and the formalities of communication between the States-General of the Netherlands and the role of the monarch in the creation of laws .   The Kingdom of the Netherlands has been an independent monarchy since 16 March 1815 , but its one-time sovereign provinces have intermittently been `` governed '' by members of the House of Orange-Nassau and the House of Nassau from 1559 to 1747 , since Philip II of Spain appointed William of Orange as stadtholder . William became the leader of the Dutch Revolt and the independent Dutch Republic . As stadtholder , he was followed by several of his descendants . In 1747 , the function of stadtholder became a hereditary position in all Provinces of the thus `` crowned '' Dutch Republic . The last stadtholder was William V. His son became the first king as William I.

neg: President of Germany The President of Germany , officially the President of the Federal Republic of Germany ( Bundespräsident der Bundesrepublik Deutschland ) , is the head of state of Germany .   Germany has a parliamentary system of government in which the Chancellor is the nation 's leading political figure and de facto chief executive . However , the President has a role which , while not an executive post , is more than ceremonial . Presidents have extensive discretion regarding the way they exercise their official duties . The President gives direction to general political and societal debates and has some important `` reserve powers '' in case of political instability ( such as those provided for by Article 81 of the Basic Law ) .  Under Article 59 ( 1 ) of the Basic Law ( German Constitution ) , the President represents the Federal Republic of Germany in matters of international law , concludes treaties with foreign states on its behalf and accredits diplomats . Furthermore , all federal laws must be signed by the President before they can come into effect , but usually he or she only vetoes a law that he/she believes to violate the constitution .   The President , by his or her actions and public appearances , represents the state itself , its existence , its legitimacy , and unity . The President 's office involves an integrative role and the control function of upholding the law and the constitution . It is a matter of political tradition -- not legal restrictions -- that the President generally does not comment routinely on issues in the news , particularly when there is some controversy among the political parties . This distance from day-to-day politics and daily governmental issues allows the President to be a source of clarification , to influence public debate , to voice criticism , offer suggestions and make proposals . In order to exercise this power , he/she traditionally acts above party politics .   The 12th and current officeholder is Frank-Walter Steinmeier who was elected on 12 February 2017 and started his first five-year-term on 19 March 2017 .

neg: Constitutional Party (Austria) The Constitutional Party ( Verfassungspartei ) , also known as the German-Liberal Party ( Deutschliberale Partei ) was the main representative of liberalism and national liberalism in the German-speaking parts of the Austro-Hungarian Empire during the 1860s and 70s .   It was a party of the German-speaking bourgeoisie , had anti-clerical positions and sought to defend the privileges of German-speakers vis-à-vis the rising national movements of the Slavic minorities in the Habsburg monarchy . It supported the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 , transforming the Austrian Empire into the Austro-Hungarian Dual monarchy and the 1867 December Constitution , which is why it received its name . Afterwards it became the strongest political group in the Imperial Council ( the parliament of the Cis-Leithanian , i.e. Austrian-dominated , part of the empire ) until 1879 .   It was weakened after the financial crisis of 1873 , which added to the rise of the more radical German nationalist movement . The Constitutional Party merged with the Progressive Club to form the `` United Left '' in 1881 , which fell apart again in 1885 splitting into the German-Austrian Club and the German Club . Former members of the Constitutional Party were later referred to as `` Old Liberals '' ( Altliberale ) .

neg: List of members of the Constituent Assembly of Luxembourg This is a list of members of the Constituent Assembly of Luxembourg . The Constituent Assembly was elected on 19 April 1848 to write a new constitution for Luxembourg .