query: Bill Gates was the largest individual shareholder of Microsoft.

pos: Bill Gates William Henry Gates III ( born October 28 , 1955 ) is the co-founder of Microsoft and is an American business magnate , investor , author and philanthropist .   In 1975 , Gates and Paul Allen co-founded Microsoft , which became the world 's largest PC software company . During his career at Microsoft , Gates held the positions of chairman , CEO and chief software architect , while also being the largest individual shareholder until May 2014 . Gates stepped down as chief executive officer of Microsoft in January 2000 , but he remained as chairman and created the position of chief software architect for himself . In June 2006 , Gates announced that he would be transitioning from full-time work at Microsoft to part-time work and full-time work at the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation . He gradually transferred his duties to Ray Ozzie and Craig Mundie . He stepped down as chairman of Microsoft in February 2014 , taking on a new post as technology adviser to support the then newly appointed CEO Satya Nadella .   Gates is one of the best-known entrepreneurs of the personal computer revolution . He has been criticized for his business tactics , which have been considered anti-competitive , an opinion that has in some cases been upheld by numerous court rulings . Later in his career , Gates pursued a number of philanthropic endeavors , donating large amounts of money to various charitable organizations and scientific research programs through the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation , established in 2000 .   Since 1987 , Gates has been included in the Forbes list of the world 's wealthiest people . Gates is the richest person in the world , with an estimated net worth of US$ 88.5 billion . In 2009 , Gates and Warren Buffett founded The Giving Pledge , whereby they and other billionaires pledge to give at least half of their wealth to philanthropy .

neg: Mark Malamud Mark Malamud ( born 1960 ) is the Principal and Manager of Busymonster LLC , a consultancy company focused on advanced user interface and design .   During his 10-year tenure at Microsoft , Mr. Malamud became the company 's first User Interface Architect , leading design teams in the Advanced Windows , Consumer , Systems , and Research groups .   In addition to designing the fundamental conceptual , user , and interaction models for Windows 95 and future versions of Windows NT , Mr. Malamud also pursued future user interface abstractions . Some of his work involved creating psychosocial models of users to improve the interaction between people and machines . Mr. Malamud produced Bill Gates ' groundbreaking demo , `` Information at Your Fingertips , '' which was shown at Fall Comdex in 1990 .   Before joining Microsoft , Mr. Malamud contributed his expertise to a variety of trade magazines and educational publications . He has created several award-winning educational adventure games for Scholastic Books , and he has worked on various multimedia projects , including Nam June Paik 's `` Good Morning , Mr. Orwell '' for WNET in New York .   Mr. Malamud studied at Brown University where he received his A.B. in psychology . He holds over 200 major patents in the area of user interface and has been named as an inventor on over 600 US patents and numerous patents pending .   Mark Malamud has participated in several Intellectual Ventures ' invention sessions relating to user interface , human-technology interaction , information processing , and health informatics . He is on the List of prolific inventors with over 200 patents , and in 2012 he was the 8th most-prolific inventor of US patents .

neg: Corporate law Corporate law ( also `` company '' or `` corporations '' law ) is the practice or study of how shareholders , directors , employees , creditors , and other stakeholders such as consumers , the community , and the environment interact with one another . Corporate law is a part of a broader companies law ( or law of business associations ) . Other types of business associations can include partnerships ( in the UK governed by the Partnership Act 1890 ) , or trusts ( like a pension fund ) , or companies limited by guarantee ( like some community organizations or charities ) . Under corporate law , corporations of all sizes have separate legal personality , with limited or unlimited liability for its shareholders . Shareholders control the company through a board of directors which , in turn , typically delegates control of the corporation 's day-to-day operations to a full-time executive . Corporate law deals with firms that are incorporated or registered under the corporate or company law of a sovereign state or their subnational states . The four defining characteristics of the modern corporation are :   Separate legal personality of the corporation ( access to tort and contract law in a manner similar to a person )  Limited liability of the shareholders ( a shareholder 's personal liability is limited to the value of their shares in the corporation )  Shares ( if the corporation is a public company , the shares are traded on a stock exchange )  Delegated management ; the board of directors delegates day-to-day management of the company to executives   In many developed countries outside of the English speaking world , company boards are appointed as representatives of both shareholders and employees to `` codetermine '' company strategy . Corporate law is often divided into corporate governance ( which concerns the various power relations within a corporation ) and corporate finance ( which concerns the rules on how capital is used ) .

neg: Peter Klein (CFO) Peter Klein is an American businessman mostly known for holding the Chief Financial Officer position at Microsoft Corporation . In April 18 , 2013 , Microsoft announced Klein would be leaving the company at the end of Microsoft 's current fiscal year .   He started at Microsoft in 2002 as the CFO of Microsoft 's Server & Tools Business Group . He then served as the corporate vice president and CFO of Microsoft 's Business Division ( MBD ) , overseeing the financial performance of the division which includes the Microsoft Office System , Unified Communications , Microsoft Business Solutions , among others . In 2009 , he was appointed the company 's CFO , a position he held for 4 years , before resigning in 2013 . He was succeeded by Amy Hood .   Klein holds a bachelor 's degree from Yale University and a Master of Business Administration from the University of Washington .

neg: IBM Research IBM Research is IBM 's research and development division . It is the largest industrial research organization in the world , with twelve labs on six continents .   The roots of today 's IBM Research began with the 1945 opening of the Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory at Columbia University . This was the first IBM laboratory devoted to pure science and later expanded into additional IBM Research locations in Westchester County , New York starting in the 1950s , including the Thomas J. Watson Research Center in 1961 .   IBM employees have garnered six Nobel Prizes , six Turing Awards , 20 inductees into the U.S. National Inventors Hall of Fame , 19 National Medals of Technology , five National Medals of Science and three Kavli Prizes .   As of 2016 , the company held the record for most patents generated by a business for 24 consecutive years .

neg: IKEA IKEA ( -LSB- aɪˈkiːə -RSB- or -LSB- ɪˈkiːə -RSB- Swedish ) , is a multinational group , headquartered in the Netherlands , that designs and sells , kitchen appliances and home accessories . It has been the world 's largest furniture retailer since at least 2008 . Founded in Sweden in 1943 by then-17-year-old Ingvar Kamprad , who was listed by Forbes Magazine ( in its 2 November , 2015 issue ) as one of the ten richest people in the world and the owner of a more than 40 billion dollar fortune , the company 's name is an acronym that consists of the initials of Ingvar Kamprad ( name of founder ) , Elmtaryd ( the farm where he grew up ) , and Agunnaryd ( his hometown in Småland , southern Sweden ) . The company is known for its modernist designs for various types of appliances and furniture , and its interior design work is often associated with an eco-friendly simplicity . In addition , the firm is known for its attention to cost control , operational details , and continuous product development , corporate attributes that allowed IKEA to lower its prices by an average of two to three percent over the decade to 2010 during a period of global expansion . The IKEA group has a complex corporate structure , which the European Union has alleged was designed to avoid over 1 billion Euros in tax payments over the 2009-2014 period . It is controlled by several foundations based in the Netherlands , Luxembourg and Liechtenstein .   As of December 2016 , IKEA owns and operates 392 stores in 48 countries . In fiscal year 2016 , $ 36.4 billion worth of goods were sold , a total that represented a 7.6 percent increase over 2015 . The IKEA website contains about 12,000 products and is the closest representation of the entire IKEA range . There were over 2.1 billion visitors to IKEA 's websites in the year from September 2015 to August 2016 . The company is responsible for approximately 1 % of world commercial-product wood consumption , making it one of the largest users of wood in the retail sector .

neg: Burger King Burger King ( BK ) is an American global chain of hamburger fast food restaurants . Headquartered in the unincorporated area of Miami-Dade County , Florida , the company was founded in 1953 as InstaBurger King , a Jacksonville , Florida-based restaurant chain . After Insta-Burger King ran into financial difficulties in 1954 , its two Miami-based franchisees David Edgerton and James McLamore purchased the company and renamed it `` Burger King '' . Over the next half-century , the company would change hands four times , with its third set of owners , a partnership of TPG Capital , Bain Capital , and Goldman Sachs Capital Partners , taking it public in 2002 . In late 2010 , 3G Capital of Brazil acquired a majority stake in the company , in a deal valued at US$ 3.26 billion . The new owners promptly initiated a restructuring of the company to reverse its fortunes . 3G , along with partner Berkshire Hathaway , eventually merged the company with the Canadian-based doughnut chain Tim Hortons , under the auspices of a new Canadian-based parent company named Restaurant Brands International .   The 1970s were the `` Golden Age '' of the company 's advertising , but beginning in the early-1980s , Burger King advertising began losing focus . A series of less successful advertising campaigns created by a procession of advertising agencies continued for the next two decades . In 2003 , Burger King hired the Miami-based advertising agency Crispin Porter + Bogusky ( CP+B ) , who completely reorganized its advertising with a series of new campaigns centered on a redesigned Burger King character nicknamed `` The King '' , accompanied by a new online presence . While highly successful , some of CP+B 's commercials were derided for perceived sexism or cultural insensitivity . Burger King 's new owner , 3G Capital , later terminated the relationship with CP+B in 2011 and moved its advertising to McGarryBowen , to begin a new product-oriented campaign with expanded demographic targeting .   Burger King 's menu has expanded from a basic offering of burgers , French fries , sodas , and milkshakes to a larger and more diverse set of products . In 1957 , the `` Whopper '' became the first major addition to the menu , and it has become Burger King 's signature product since . Conversely , BK has introduced many products , which failed to catch hold in the marketplace . Some of these failures in the United States have seen success in foreign markets , where BK has also tailored its menu for regional tastes . From 2002 to 2010 , Burger King aggressively targeted the 18 -- 34 male demographic with larger products that often carried correspondingly large amounts of unhealthy fats and trans-fats . This tactic would eventually damage the company 's financial underpinnings , and cast a negative pall on its earnings . Beginning in 2011 , the company began to move away from its previous male-oriented menu and introduce new menu items , product reformulations and packaging , as part of its current owner 3G Capital 's restructuring plans of the company .   As of December 31 , 2016 , Burger King reported it had 15,738 outlets in 100 countries . Of these , 47.5 % are in the United States and 99.5 % are privately owned and operated , with its new owners moving to an almost entirely franchised model in 2013 . BK has historically used several variations of franchising to expand its operations . The manner in which the company licenses its franchisees varies depending on the region , with some regional franchises , known as master franchises , responsible for selling franchise sub-licenses on the company 's behalf . Burger King 's relationship with its franchises has not always been harmonious . Occasional spats between the two have caused numerous issues , and in several instances , the company 's and its licensees ' relations have degenerated into precedent-setting court cases . Burger King 's Australian franchise Hungry Jack 's is the only franchise to operate under a different name , due to a trademark dispute and a series of legal cases between the two .

neg: Robert Gates Robert Michael `` Bob '' Gates ( born September 25 , 1943 ) is an American statesman , scholar , and university president who served as the 22nd United States Secretary of Defense from 2006 to 2011 . Gates initially began his career serving as an officer in the United States Air Force but was quickly recruited by the CIA . Gates served for 26 years in the Central Intelligence Agency and the National Security Council , and was Director of Central Intelligence under President George H. W. Bush . After leaving the CIA , Gates became president of Texas A&M University and was a member of several corporate boards . Gates served as a member of the Iraq Study Group , the bipartisan commission co-chaired by James A. Baker III and Lee H. Hamilton , that studied the lessons of the Iraq War .   Gates was nominated by Republican President George W. Bush as Secretary of Defense after the 2006 election , replacing Donald Rumsfeld . He was confirmed with bipartisan support . In a 2007 profile written by former National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski , Time named Gates one of the year 's most influential people . In 2008 , Gates was named one of America 's Best Leaders by U.S. News & World Report . He continued to serve as Secretary of Defense in President Barack Obama 's administration . He retired in 2011 . `` He 'll be remembered for making us aware of the danger of over-reliance on military intervention as an instrument of American foreign policy , '' said former Senator David L. Boren . Gates was presented the Presidential Medal of Freedom , the nation 's highest civilian award , by President Obama during his retirement ceremony . According to a Washington Post book review , he is `` widely considered the best defense secretary of the post-World War II era '' .   Since leaving the Obama Administration , Gates has been elected President of the Boy Scouts of America , served as Chancellor of the College of William & Mary , and served as a member on several corporate boards .

neg: Sergey Brin Sergey Mikhaylovich Brin ( Серге́й Миха́йлович Брин born August 21 , 1973 ) is a Russian American computer scientist , internet entrepreneur , and philanthropist . Together with Larry Page , he co-founded Google . Brin is the President of Google 's parent company Alphabet Inc. .   , Brin is the 13th richest person in the world , with an estimated net worth of US$ 39.8 billion .   Brin immigrated to the United States with his family from the Soviet Union at the age of 6 . He earned his bachelor 's degree at the University of Maryland , following in his father 's and grandfather 's footsteps by studying mathematics , as well as computer science . After graduation , he moved to Stanford University to acquire a PhD in computer science . There he met Page , with whom he later became friends . They crammed their dormitory room with inexpensive computers and applied Brin 's data mining system to build a web search engine . The program became popular at Stanford , and they suspended their PhD studies to start up Google in a rented garage .   The Economist referred to Brin as an `` Enlightenment Man '' , and as someone who believes that `` knowledge is always good , and certainly always better than ignorance '' , a philosophy that is summed up by Google 's mission statement , `` Organize the world 's information and make it universally accessible and useful , '' and unofficial yet sometimes controversial motto , `` Do n't be evil '' .

neg: Scott Oki Scott D. Oki ( born October 5 , 1948 in Seattle , Washington ) is a former senior vice-president of sales and marketing for Microsoft who conceived and built Microsoft 's international operations . Oki also played a crucial role in Microsoft 's rapid domestic growth during the 1980s .   Born to a Japanese-American family , Oki attended the University of Washington , but left after 18 months to join the Air Force . While in the service he took courses at the University of Colorado . After he left the service in 1974 , he went on to receive a BA in accounting and information systems and earned an MBA the following year . After holding several computer-related jobs , Oki went to work for Microsoft in 1982 .   Oki built Microsoft 's international operations , and within two years it was more profitable than Microsoft 's domestic operation . Bill Gates then made him Vice President of Domestic Operation , and within five years , the company 's sales rose from $ 100 million to $ 1 billion . One of Oki 's major contributions to Microsoft 's success during that time was convincing Bill Gates and the board of directors to center product development and marketing efforts on Windows instead of OS/2 . By the time he retired Oki was overseeing 3,000 employees .   When Oki retired in 1992 , he reportedly cashed in stock options estimated at $ 100 million . He now runs the non-profit Oki Foundation , owns several golf courses , and serves on dozens of advisory boards and boards of directors for both for-profit and non-profit companies . Oki is the Co-Chair of the United Way of King County Campaign Board and Co-Chair of the Million Dollar Roundtable , Founder and Chairman of the Japanese American Chamber of Commerce , Founder and Co-President of the Chief Seattle Council Boy Scout Foundation , Co-Founder of Sounders For Kids , Co-Founder of America 's Foundation for Chess , Co-Founder of SeeYourImpact.org and Co-Founder of Social Venture Partners . He is a past-President of the Board of Regents for the University of Washington and a past Chair of Seattle Children 's Hospital Foundation . Scott also serves on the national boards for United Way of America , Boys & Girls Clubs of America , Japanese American National Museum , and the U.S. Ski and Snowboard Team Foundation . Scott Oki is a member of the National Executive Board of the Boy Scouts of America , the organization 's governing body .   Oki Golf   In 1994 , Scott Oki purchased The Golf Club at Echo Falls in Snohomish , Washington . This initial acquisition was the preliminary step toward building what eventually became a unique portfolio of golf properties known collectively as Oki Golf . This collection has grown to include nine properties comprising eleven championship golf courses , both public and private , spread throughout the Puget Sound . In addition to The Golf Club at Echo Falls , the Oki Golf portfolio also includes Indian Summer Golf & Country Club in Olympia , Washington ( private ) , The Plateau Club in Sammamish , Washington ( private ) , and The Woodlands and The Links courses ( formerly Meriwood and Vicwood -- both public ) at The Golf Club at Hawks Prairie in Lacey , Washington . The flagship courses in Oki Golf 's celebrated collection are located at The Golf Club at Newcastle in Newcastle , WA . Two additional golf properties were added to the group in December 2005 . Washington National Golf Club ( public ) in Auburn , WA , and Trophy Lake Golf & Casting ( public ) in Port Orchard , WA . ( source : okigolf.com ) In the winter of 2007 , Oki Golf added Harbour Pointe ( public ) in Mukilteo , Washington . An additional property - Trilogy Golf Course ( public ) - was purchased in 2008 and has since been renamed to The Golf Club at Redmond Ridge .   During October , 2016 , Oki sold eight of his golf courses for $ 137 million dollars to Chinese based HNA Holdings . Ownership of commercial real property by foreign businesses is prohibited in China .

neg: Philadelphia Society The Philadelphia Society is a membership organization the purpose of which is `` to sponsor the interchange of ideas through discussion and writing , in the interest of deepening the intellectual foundation of a free and ordered society , and of broadening the understanding of its basic principles and traditions '' . The membership of the Society tends to be composed of persons holding conservative or libertarian political views , and many of those associated with the Society have exercised considerable influence over the development of the conservative movement in the United States .   It was founded in 1964 by Donald Lipsett in conjunction with Bill Buckley , Milton Friedman , Frank Meyer , and Ed Feulner , and the former Presidents of the Society include Henry Regnery , Edwin J. Feulner , Russell Kirk , Mel Bradford , Forrest McDonald , T. Kenneth Cribb , M. Stanton Evans , Ellis Sandoz , Edwin Meese , Claes G. Ryn , Midge Decter , Roger Ream , Steven F. Hayward , Lee Edwards , William F. Buckley , and George H. Nash .   Notable speakers at past meetings of the Society have included Larry Arnhart , Andrew Bacevich , Wendell Berry , Robert Bork , Mel Bradford , Warren T. Brookes , William F. Buckley , Vladimir Bukovsky , Ronald Coase , T. Kenneth Cribb , Midge Decter , M. Stanton Evans , Edwin J. Feulner , Milton Friedman , George Gilder , Victor Davis Hanson , William Hague , S. I. Hayakawa , Friedrich von Hayek , Henry Hazlitt , W.H. Hutt , Herman Kahn , Russell Kirk , Irving Kristol , Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn , Forrest McDonald , Edwin Meese , Frank Meyer , Charles Murray , Robert Nisbet , Michael Novak , Richard Pipes , Norman Podhoretz , Henry Regnery , William A. Rusher , Paul Ryan , Ellis Sandoz , Shelby Steele , George J. Stigler , Terry Teachout , Edward H. Teller , and Eric Voegelin .

neg: MS-DOS MS-DOS ( -LSB- ˌɛmɛsˈdɒs -RSB- ; acronym for Microsoft Disk Operating System ) is a discontinued operating system for x86-based personal computers mostly developed by Microsoft . Collectively , MS-DOS , its rebranding as IBM PC DOS , and some operating systems attempting to be compatible with MS-DOS , are sometimes referred to as `` DOS '' ( which is also the generic acronym for disk operating system ) . MS-DOS was the main operating system for IBM PC compatible personal computers during the 1980s and the early 1990s , when it was gradually superseded by operating systems offering a graphical user interface ( GUI ) , in various generations of the graphical Microsoft Windows operating system .   MS-DOS resulted from a request in 1981 by IBM for an operating system to use in its IBM PC range of personal computers . Microsoft quickly bought the rights to 86-DOS from Seattle Computer Products , and began work on modifying it to meet IBM 's specification . IBM licensed and released it in August 1981 as PC DOS 1.0 for use in their PCs . Although MS-DOS and PC DOS were initially developed in parallel by Microsoft and IBM , the two products diverged after twelve years , in 1993 , with recognizable differences in compatibility , syntax , and capabilities .   During its life , several competing products were released for the x86 platform , and MS-DOS went through eight versions , until development ceased in 2000 . Initially MS-DOS was targeted at Intel 8086 processors running on computer hardware using floppy disks to store and access not only the operating system , but application software and user data as well . Progressive version releases delivered support for other mass storage media in ever greater sizes and formats , along with added feature support for newer processors and rapidly evolving computer architectures . Ultimately it was the key product in Microsoft 's growth from a programming languages company to a diverse software development firm , providing the company with essential revenue and marketing resources . It was also the underlying basic operating system on which early versions of Windows ran as a GUI . It is a flexible operating system , and consumes negligible installation space .

neg: Division (business) A division of a business , sometimes called a business sector , is one of the parts into which a business , organization or company is divided . The divisions are distinct parts of that business . If these divisions are all part of the same company , then that company is legally responsible for all of the obligations and debts of the divisions . However , in a large organization , various parts of the business may be run by different subsidiaries , and a business division may include one or many subsidiaries . Each subsidiary is a separate legal entity owned by the primary business or by another subsidiary in the hierarchy . Often a division operates under a separate name and is the equivalent of a corporation or limited liability company obtaining a fictitious name or `` doing business as '' certificate and operating a business under that fictitious name . Companies often set up business units to operate in divisions prior to the legal formation of subsidiaries .   Generally , only an `` entity '' , e.g. a corporation , public limited company ( plc ) or limited liability company , etc. would have a `` division '' ; an individual operating in this manner would simply be `` operating under a fictitious name '' .   An example of this would be to look at Hewlett Packard ( HP ) , the computer and printer company . HP has several divisions , with the printer division , that makes laser and inkjet printers , being the largest and most profitable division . The divisions of HP , like the Printing & Multifunction division , the Handheld Devices ( includes the old calculator ) division , the Servers division ( mini and mainframe computers ) , etc. , all use the HP brand name . But , Compaq ( a part of HP since 2002 ) , operates as a subsidiary , using the Compaq brand name .   Mack Trucks continues to run itself separately , but is a wholly owned subsidiary of AB Volvo . Volvo Trucks also sells trucks under the Volvo name . Within Mack , there is a division named Mack de Venezuela C.A. that does final assembly and sells trucks in South America .   Another less obvious example is that Google Video is a division of Google , and is part of the same corporate entity . But the YouTube video service is a subsidiary of Google because it remains operated as YouTube , LLC , a separate business entity even though it is owned by Google .

neg: Risto Siilasmaa Risto Kalevi Siilasmaa ( born 17 April 1966 in Finland ) is the Chairman , founder and former CEO of F-Secure Corporation ( formerly Data Fellows ) , an anti-virus and computer security software company based in Helsinki , Finland . He is also the biggest shareholder of F-Secure , owning around 40 % of the company . A member of Nokia 's Board of Directors since 2008 , he has been its Chairman from 2012 onwards , as well as Nokia 's interim CEO from 3 September 2013 to 29 April 2014 .   After being appointed chairman of Nokia in mid-2012 , he has led the company in one of the most successful corporate transformations ever . Through three transactions that he negotiated - the purchase of complete ownership of NSN , the sale of the handset business to Microsoft and the recently announced acquisition of Alcatel-Lucent - Nokia has transformed from a bankruptcy candidate to a successful global technology leader . This is reflected in Nokia 's value which has gone up fivefold over roughly two years . Even more revealingly , the enterprise value has grown from a low of only less than 1.5 billion euros soon after Siilasmaa started as chairman to well over 20 billion euros in early 2015 .   The transformation of Nokia has also included Siilasmaa renewing the board and the management . Actually , only the company CFO Timo Ihamuotila is left from the previous phase of the company . Siilasmaa has often stated that all the atoms in Nokia have been changed but the spirit of the 150-year-old company live on .   Siilasmaa is also well known as a business angel , investing in several technology startups such as Frosmo , Enevo and Wolt , and serving in their boards of directors . In his investing , he has stated that he is sometimes `` motivated by soft values , not maximum returns . ''

neg: Mojave Experiment The Mojave Experiment is an advertising campaign by Microsoft for the Windows Vista . The campaign was part of Microsoft 's efforts to change what it felt was an unfair negative consumer perception of the operating system . Mojave spanned a series of advertisements that consisted of individuals being shown a demonstration of Windows Vista by Microsoft ; however , the operating system was rebranded in disguise as a new version of Windows codenamed `` Mojave '' ; a fact not revealed during the demonstration .   Prior to the demonstration , participants generally gave a negative assessment of Windows Vista . In contrast , reviews for `` Mojave '' were positive , with participants stating that they intended to use or purchase the operating system for themselves ; the same participants were astonished when they were told that `` Mojave '' was Windows Vista . The campaign implied that negative consumer perception was largely the result of preconceived notions about the operating system .

neg: The Vanguard Group The Vanguard Group is an American investment management company based in Malvern , Pennsylvania with over $ 4 trillion in assets under management . It is the largest provider of mutual funds and the second-largest provider of exchange-traded funds ( ETFs ) in the world after BlackRock 's iShares . In addition to mutual funds and ETFs , Vanguard offers brokerage services , variable and fixed annuities , educational account services , financial planning , asset management , and trust services .   Founder and former chairman John C. Bogle is credited with the creation of the first index fund available to individual investors and has been a proponent of and a major enabler of low-cost investing by individuals . Vanguard is structured as a mutual company ; it is owned by funds managed by the company , and is therefore owned by its customers . Vanguard offers two classes of most of its funds : investor shares and admiral shares . Admiral shares have slightly lower expense ratios but require a higher minimum investment .

neg: Moore's law Moore 's law ( -LSB- mɔərz.ˈlɔː -RSB- ) is the observation that the number of transistors in a dense integrated circuit doubles approximately every two years . The observation is named after Gordon Moore , the co-founder of Fairchild Semiconductor and Intel , whose 1965 paper described a doubling every year in the number of components per integrated circuit , and projected this rate of growth would continue for at least another decade . In 1975 , looking forward to the next decade , he revised the forecast to doubling every two years . The period is often quoted as 18 months because of Intel executive David House , who predicted that chip performance would double every 18 months ( being a combination of the effect of more transistors and the transistors being faster ) .   Moore 's prediction proved accurate for several decades , and has been used in the semiconductor industry to guide long-term planning and to set targets for research and development .  Advancements in digital electronics are strongly linked to Moore 's law : quality-adjusted microprocessor prices , memory capacity , sensors and even the number and size of pixels in digital cameras . Digital electronics has contributed to world economic growth in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries .  Moore 's law describes a driving force of technological and social change , productivity , and economic growth .   Moore 's law is an observation or projection and not a physical or natural law . Although the rate held steady from 1975 until around 2012 , the rate was faster during the first decade . In general , it is not logically sound to extrapolate from the historical growth rate into the indefinite future . For example , the 2010 update to the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors , predicted that growth would slow around 2013 , and in 2015 Gordon Moore foresaw that the rate of progress would reach saturation : `` I see Moore 's law dying here in the next decade or so . ''   Intel stated in 2015 that the pace of advancement has slowed , starting at the 22 nm feature width around 2012 , and continuing at 14 nm . Brian Krzanich , CEO of Intel , announced that `` our cadence today is closer to two and a half years than two . '' This is scheduled to hold through the 10 nm width in late 2017 . He cited Moore 's 1975 revision as a precedent for the current deceleration , which results from technical challenges and is `` a natural part of the history of Moore 's law . ''   However , in April 2016 , Intel CEO Brian Krzanich stated that `` In my 34 years in the semiconductor industry , I have witnessed the advertised death of Moore 's Law no less than four times . As we progress from 14 nanometer technology to 10 nanometer and plan for 7 nanometer and 5 nanometer and even beyond , our plans are proof that Moore 's Law is alive and well '' . In January 2017 , he declared that `` I 've heard the death of Moore 's law more times than anything else in my career , '' Krzanich said . `` And I 'm here today to really show you and tell you that Moore 's Law is alive and well and flourishing . ''   Today hardware has to be designed in a multi-core manner to keep up with Moore 's law . In turn , this also means that software has to be written in a multi-threaded manner to take full advantage of the hardware .

neg: List of largest Chinese companies This article lists the largest companies in China in terms of their revenue , net profit and total assets , according to the American business magazines Fortune and Forbes . In 2014 , Fortune '' 's Global 500 list of the world 's largest corporations included 95 Chinese companies , with combined revenues of US$ 5.8 trillion . That same year , Forbes '' reported that five of the world 's ten largest public companies were Chinese , including the world 's largest bank by total assets , the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China . Many of China 's largest companies are state-owned enterprises , due to the significant presence of the governing Chinese Communist Party in the national economy .

neg: United Kingdom company law The United Kingdom company law regulates corporations formed under the Companies Act 2006 . Also governed by the Insolvency Act 1986 , the UK Corporate Governance Code , European Union Directives and court cases , the company is the primary legal vehicle to organise and run business . Tracing their modern history to the late Industrial Revolution , public companies now employ more people and generate more of wealth in the United Kingdom economy than any other form of organisation . The United Kingdom was the first country to draft modern corporation statutes , where through a simple registration procedure any investors could incorporate , limit liability to their commercial creditors in the event of business insolvency , and where management was delegated to a centralised board of directors . An influential model within Europe , the Commonwealth and as an international standard setter , UK law has always given people broad freedom to design the internal company rules , so long as the mandatory minimum rights of investors under its legislation are complied with .   Company law , or corporate law , can be broken down into two main fields . Corporate governance in the UK mediates the rights and duties among shareholders , employees , creditors and directors . Since the board of directors habitually possesses the power to manage the business under a company constitution , a central theme is what mechanisms exist to ensure directors ' accountability . UK law is `` shareholder friendly '' in that shareholders , to the exclusion of employees , typically exercise sole voting rights in the general meeting . The general meeting holds a series of minimum rights to change the company constitution , issue resolutions and remove members of the board . In turn , directors owe a set of duties to their companies . Directors must carry out their responsibilities with competence , in good faith and undivided loyalty to the enterprise . If the mechanisms of voting do not prove enough , particularly for minority shareholders , directors ' duties and other member rights may be vindicated in court . Of central importance in public and listed companies is the securities market , typified by the London Stock Exchange . Through the Takeover Code the UK strongly protects the right of shareholders to be treated equally and freely trade their shares .   Corporate finance concerns the two money raising options for limited companies . Equity finance involves the traditional method of issuing shares to build up a company 's capital . Shares can contain any rights the company and purchaser wish to contract for , but generally grant the right to participate in dividends after a company earns profits and the right to vote in company affairs . A purchaser of shares is helped to make an informed decision directly by prospectus requirements of full disclosure , and indirectly through restrictions on financial assistance by companies for purchase of their own shares . Debt finance means getting loans , usually for the price of a fixed annual interest repayment . Sophisticated lenders , such as banks typically contract for a security interest over the assets of a company , so that in the event of default on loan repayments they may seize the company 's property directly to satisfy debts . Creditors are also , to some extent , protected by courts ' power to set aside unfair transactions before a company goes under , or recoup money from negligent directors engaged in wrongful trading . If a company is unable to pay its debts as they fall due , UK insolvency law requires an administrator to attempt a rescue of the company ( if the company itself has the assets to pay for this ) . If rescue proves impossible , a company 's life ends when its assets are liquidated , distributed to creditors and the company is struck off the register . If a company becomes insolvent with no assets it can be wound up by a creditor , for a fee ( not that common ) , or more commonly by the tax creditor ( HMRC ) .

neg: Major film studio A major film studio is a production and film distributor that releases a substantial number of films annually and consistently commands a significant share of box office revenue in a given market . In the North American , Western , and global markets , the major film studios , often simply known as the majors , are commonly regarded as the six diversified media conglomerates whose various film production and distribution subsidiaries collectively command approximately 80 to 85 percent of U.S. and Canadian box office revenue . The term may also be applied more specifically to the primary motion picture business subsidiary of each respective conglomerate .   The `` Big Six '' majors , whose operations are based in or around the Los Angeles neighborhood of Hollywood , are all centered in film studios active during Hollywood 's Golden Age of the 1930s and 1940s . In three cases -- 20th Century Fox , Warner Bros. , and Paramount -- the studios were one of the `` Big Five '' majors during that era as well . In two cases -- Columbia and Universal -- the studios were also considered majors , but in the next tier down , part of the `` Little Three '' . In the sixth case , Walt Disney Studios was an independent production company during the Golden Age ; it was an important Hollywood entity , but not a major . Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , United Artists , and RKO were majors .   Today , Disney is the only member of the Big Six whose parent entity is still located near Los Angeles ( actually , on Disney 's studio lot and in the same building ) . The five others report to conglomerates headquartered in New York City , Philadelphia , and Tokyo . Of the Big Six , Paramount is the only one still based in Hollywood , and Paramount and Fox are the only ones still located within the Los Angeles city limits , while Disney and Warner Bros. are located in Burbank , Columbia in Culver City , and Universal in the unincorporated area of Universal City .   Most of today 's Big Six control subsidiaries with their own distribution networks that concentrate on arthouse pictures ( e.g. Fox Searchlight Pictures ) or genre films ( e.g. Sony 's Screen Gems ) ; several of these specialty units were shut down or sold off between 2008 and 2010 . The six major studios are contrasted with smaller production and/or distribution companies , which are known as independents or `` indies '' . The leading independent producer/distributors -- Lionsgate Films , The Weinstein Company , and former major studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer -- are sometimes referred to as `` mini-majors '' . From 1998 through 2005 , DreamWorks SKG commanded a large enough market share to arguably qualify it as a seventh major , despite its relatively small output . In 2006 , DreamWorks was acquired by Viacom , Paramount 's corporate parent . In late 2008 , DreamWorks once again became an independent production company ; its films were distributed by Disney 's Touchstone Pictures until 2016 , at which point distribution switched to Universal .   The Big Six major studios are today primarily backers and distributors of films whose actual production is largely handled by independent companies -- either long-running entities or ones created for and dedicated to the making of a specific film . The specialty divisions often simply acquire distribution rights to pictures in which the studio has had no prior involvement . While the majors still do a modicum of true production , their activities are focused more in the areas of development , financing , marketing , and merchandising . Those business functions are still usually performed in or near Los Angeles , even though the runaway production phenomenon means that most films are now mostly or completely shot on location at places outside Los Angeles .   Since the dawn of filmmaking , the U.S. major film studios have dominated both American cinema and the global film industry . U.S. studios have benefited from a strong first-mover advantage in that they were the first to industrialize filmmaking and master the art of mass-producing and distributing high-quality films with broad cross-cultural appeal . Today , the Big Six majors routinely distribute hundreds of films every year into all significant international markets ( that is , where discretionary income is high enough for consumers to afford to watch films ) . It is very rare , if not impossible , for a film to reach a broad international audience on multiple continents and in multiple languages without first being picked up by one of the majors for distribution .

neg: Core International Core International , Inc. commonly known as Core , was a multinational computer and technology corporation headquartered in Boca Raton , Florida , United States .   The company is now part of Sony and no longer exists as stand-alone identity . The company was founded in 1979 by Hal Prewitt as a technology firm to develop , market and support computer related products and services . They were best known for supporting IBM 's first business microcomputers such as the 5100 , 5110 and 5120 . With the introduction of the IBM PC and PC AT , the company provided an extensive line of disk drives , backup and personal computer products . Core became very well known as a leading industry developer of disk array and computer data storage .   Many of Core 's products were the first of their kind , had no direct competition and were widely regarded for their superior performance and reliability . Users and the computer press raved about Core 's products . Infoworld described Core 's ATplus `` is built like a Sherman tank , offering exceptional performance and reliability . '' PC Magazine called them `` Workhorses of Performance Computing '' and `` High-quality construction . . breaks the speed barrier for access times '' and asked `` Will other manufactures follow suit ? ''   Core was known for their advertising and perhaps produced a few of the PC Industry 's greatest promotions . The 1985 and 1986 rebate and recall Ad for IBM PC AT hard disk drives . So successful and controversial , there was a rumor it was a topic at an IBM board of directors meeting . And the time where they gave away a free IBM PC AT when purchasing one of Core 's ATplus 72 MB drives .   Core remained a private company solely owned by Prewitt until 1993 when purchased by Aiwa , which was a wholly owned subsidiary of Sony .


query: The phalanx may be deployed for killing.

pos: Phalanx The phalanx ( φάλαγξ plural phalanxes or phalanges , φάλαγγες , phalanges ) was a rectangular mass military formation , usually composed entirely of heavy infantry armed -RSB- s , pikes , sarissas , or similar weapons . The term is particularly ( and originally ) used to describe the use of this formation in Ancient Greek warfare , although the ancient Greek writers used it to also describe any massed infantry formation , regardless of its equipment , as does Arrian in his Array against the Alans when he refers to his legions . In Greek texts , the phalanx may be deployed for battle , on the march , even camped , thus describing the mass of infantry or cavalry that would deploy in line during battle . They marched forward as one entity . The word phalanx is derived from the Greek word phalangos , meaning finger .   The term itself , as used today , does not refer to a distinctive military unit or division ( e.g. , the Roman legion or the contemporary Western-type battalion ) , but to the general formation of an army 's troops . Thus a phalanx does not have a standard combat strength or composition but includes the total number of infantry , which is or will be deployed in action in a single phalanx formation .   Many spear-armed troops historically fought in what might be termed phalanx-like formations . The word has come into use in common English to describe `` a group of people standing , or moving forward closely together '' ; c.f. `` a phalanx of police '' .   This article focuses on the use of the military phalanx formation in Ancient Greece , the Hellenistic world , and other ancient states heavily influenced by Greek civilization .

neg: Decapitation strike A decapitation strike is a military strategy aimed at removing the leadership or command and control of a hostile government or group . The strategy of shattering or defeating an enemy by eliminating its military and political leadership has long been utilized in warfare .

neg: Chemical weapons in World War I Although the use of toxic chemicals as weapons dates back thousands of years , the first large scale use of chemical weapons was during World War I . They were primarily used to demoralize , injure , and kill entrenched defenders , against whom the indiscriminate and generally very slow-moving or static nature of gas clouds would be most effective . The types of weapons employed ranged from disabling chemicals , such as tear gas , to lethal agents like phosgene , chlorine , and mustard gas . This chemical warfare was a major component of the first global war and first total war of the 20th century . The killing capacity of gas was limited , with only about 90 thousand fatalities from a total of some 1.2 million casualties caused by gas attacks . Gas was unlike most other weapons of the period because it was possible to develop effective countermeasures , such as gas masks . In the later stages of the war , as the use of gas increased , its overall effectiveness diminished . The widespread use of these agents of chemical warfare , and wartime advances in the composition of high explosives , gave rise to an occasionally expressed view of World War I as `` the chemist 's war '' and also the era where `` weapons of mass destruction '' were created .   The use of poison gas performed by all major belligerents throughout World War I constituted war crimes as its use violated the 1899 Hague Declaration Concerning Asphyxiating Gases and the 1907 Hague Convention on Land Warfare , which prohibited the use of `` poison or poisoned weapons '' in warfare .

neg: Sling (weapon) A sling is a projectile weapon typically used to throw a blunt projectile such as a stone , clay , or lead `` sling-bullet '' . It is also known as the shepherd 's sling . Someone who specialises in using slings is called a slinger .   A sling has a small cradle or pouch in the middle of two lengths of cord . The sling stone is placed in the pouch . The middle finger or thumb is placed through a loop on the end of one cord , and a tab at the end of the other cord is placed between the thumb and forefinger . The sling is swung in an arc , and the tab released at a precise moment . This frees the projectile to fly to the target . The sling essentially works by extending the length of a human arm , thus allowing stones to be thrown much farther than they could be by hand .   The sling is inexpensive and easy to build . It has historically been used for hunting game and in combat . Film exists of Spanish Civil War combatants using slings to throw grenades over buildings into enemy positions on the opposite street . Today the sling is of interest as a wilderness survival tool and an improvised weapon .

neg: Sniper A sniper is a marksman or qualified specialist who operates alone , in a pair , or with a sniper team to maintain close visual contact with the enemy and shoot enemies from concealed positions or distances exceeding the detection capabilities of enemy personnel . Snipers typically have highly-selective or specialized training and use crew-served high-precision/special application rifles and optics , and often have sophisticated communication assets to feed valuable combat information back to their units or military bases .   Most sniper teams operate independently , with little combat asset support from their parent units ; their job is to deliver discriminatory , highly-accurate rifle fire against enemy targets that can not be engaged successfully by the regular rifleman because of range , size , location , fleeting nature , or visibility . Sniping requires the development of basic infantry skills to a high degree of skill . A sniper 's training incorporates a wide variety of subjects designed to increase value as a force multiplier and to ensure battlefield survival . Sniping requires learning and repetitively practicing these skills until mastered . A sniper must be highly trained in long range rifle marksmanship and field craft skills to ensure maximum effective engagements with minimum risk .   In addition to marksmanship and long range shooting , military snipers are trained in a variety of techniques : detection , stalking , and target range estimation methods , camouflage , field craft , infiltration , special reconnaissance and observation , surveillance and target acquisition .

neg: Scaffold (execution site) A scaffold ( échafaud , Schafott ) is a raised , stage-like site for public executions .   The beheading was practiced in public places . The `` public spectacle '' character of the execution was meant to deter the people from committing crimes , and demonstrate the authority of the Government , while simultaneously acting as a form of entertainment for the masses . For this purpose , the scaffold was often higher than a podium setup , and was therefore also called scaffold .   Initially , beheading by an executioner was usually performed with a sword , axe , or hatchet . Later , executions were performed with a guillotine instead .

neg: Roman army mutiny in 342 BC Several ancient authors have written descriptions of a Roman army mutiny in 342 BC.The Romans customarily dated events by noting which consuls held office that year , the mutiny took place in the year in which Quintus Servilius Ahala , for the third time , and Gaius Marcius Rutilus , for the fourth time , were consuls . When converted to the western calendar using the traditional Varronian chronology this year becomes 342 BC . However modern historians have shown that the Varronian chronology dates the mutiny four years too early due to inclusion of unhistorical `` dictator years '' . Despite this known inaccuracy , the Varronian chronology remains in use by convention also in current academic literature . Forsythe ( 2005 ) , pp. 369-370 According to the most well-known version , the mutiny originated in a group of Roman garrison soldiers wintering in Campania to protect the cities there against the Samnites . Subverted by the luxurious living of the Campanians , these soldiers conspired to take over their host cities . When the conspiracy was discovered , the conspirators formed a rebel army and marched against Rome . They were met by an army commanded by Marcus Valerius Corvus who had been nominated dictator to solve the crisis . Rather than do battle , Corvus managed to end the mutiny by peaceful means . All the mutineers received amnesty for their part in the rebellion and a series of laws were passed to address their political grievances .   All preserved accounts of the mutiny were however written several hundred years after the events they describe . Modern historians have found many elements in the classical accounts resembling the civil strife of the Late Republic which they consider anachronistic to the Roman Republic of the late 4th century BC . Some even believe the mutiny to be entirely invented by writers wishing to provide a context for the important political reforms they knew had been legislated in 342 BC .

neg: Front (military) A military front or battlefront is a contested armed frontier between opposing forces . It can be a local or tactical front , or it can range to a theater . A typical front was the Western Front in France and Belgium in World War I.   The term `` home front '' has been used to denote conditions in the civilian sector of a country at war , including those involved in the production of matériel .  Both the Soviet and Polish Armies used the term `` front '' to mean an army group during the Polish-Soviet War and World War II . The equivalent of the term established in the header was the `` Theater of military operations '' .  The term `` front line city '' was used by the Germans during their long retreat from Moscow/Stalingrad to refer to metropolitan centres that had become disputed by the two combatants . Designation of a city as such resulted in administrative changes ( largely the imposition of martial law ) . In the film Downfall , the term was briefly referenced .  The term `` transferred to the front '' is often used by soldiers or personnel when their position has been changed from other activities .

neg: Push of pike The push of pike was a particular feature of late medieval and Early Modern warfare that occurred when two opposing columns of pikemen ( often Swiss mercenaries or Landsknechte ) met and became locked in position along a front of interleaved pikes . During push of pike , opposing blocks of pikemen would advance with their pikes `` charged '' horizontally at shoulder level to jab at one another until bodily contact was made . The two sides would then push physically until one or other of them gave way . The push of pike would continue until one of the opposing formations routed or fled , which would generally lead to massive casualties . Each man pressed on the one in front , and so sometimes the formations would crush against each other and many pikemen would have to fight in closer melee combat . The Italians referred to this as ` Bad War ' after seeing Swiss pikemen become locked in thick combat , where because both formations refused to back down both sides lost huge numbers of men in the bloody melee . Rodeleros along with the Doppelsöldner were used in order to break push of pike engagements . The push of pike played an important role in the English civil war as one-third of the infantry consisted of pikemen . Pikemen often cut down the lengths of their pikes in order to make them more manageable . This habit had on many occasions disastrous consequences as the side with the longest pikes had the advantage during push of pike .

neg: Tactical formation A tactical formation ( or order ) is the arrangement or deployment of moving military forces such as infantry , cavalry , AFVs , military aircraft , or naval vessels . Formations were found in tribal societies such as the `` pua rere '' of the Māori , and ancient or medieval formations which include shield walls ( skjaldborg in Old Norse ) , phalanxes ( lines of battle in close order ) , Testudo formation and skirmishers .  Tactical formations include :  Column  Line  Square  Wedge and inverted wedge  Echelon  Vee  Staggered column  Coil  Herringbone   A vanguard is the forward element of a column formation , and the rear-guard is the rear-most element of the column formation .  In naval use only `` van '' and `` rear '' are applied to a formation of ships sailing in column .   Examples of military aircraft tactical formations are the Vic formation , echelon , the combat box , and the finger-four ( also known as the `` fluid four . '' )   A tactical formation is not to be confused with military organization or the table of organization and equipment ( TOE ) .

neg: Theatrical jousting Coined in the late 20th century by American stunt performer Kent Shelton , the term theatrical jousting refers to a form of live entertainment in which a medieval jousting tournament is recreated in conjunction with a scripted performance .  Alternative terms are `` jousting reenactment '' or `` choreographed jousting '' .   The Hanlon-Lees Action Theater is credited with developing the theatrical joust format in 1979 ; its first appearance was at the New York Renaissance Faire in Tuxedo , New York .  This type of performance has become very popular at various renaissance fairs by the early 2000s .   Typically a three-act affair , the theatrical joust consists of  a display of skill ;  a mock battle which results in a verbal challenge ;  an armed joust on horseback , often `` to the death . ''   A variety of colorful characters , either villainous or heroic , give the audience ( which is usually divided into sectors based upon the number of `` knights '' ) a particular person to root for or against .   As the show must be repeated on a daily or weekly basis , all fights are carefully choreographed and rehearsed .  Horses must be trained to withstand such peculiarities as the clatter of steel weaponry , the occurrence of a rider being knocked from the saddle , and the roar of large crowds . Special makeup and/or property effects are often incorporated into the performance to provide the illusion of violent death or shattering equipment .

neg: Military macho-violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Military-macho violence is a militarized view of masculinity that associates manliness with the excessive use of aggression , force and violence . Weapons are used as status symbols and to acquire social and economic hierarchy by employing power over unarmed civilians . Soldiers who exude any qualities deemed to be feminine are seen as weak and often end up being attacked and ostracized .   Many societies , such as the Democratic Republic of Congo generally place the means of violence -- military training , and weapons -- in the hands of men , while promoting a direct link between the idea of a real man and the practice of dominance and violence .

neg: Muleta A muleta is a stick with a red cloth hanging from it that is used in the final third ( tercio de muleta or de muerte ) of a bullfight . It is different from the cape used by the matador earlier in the fight ( capote de brega ) .   The muleta obscures the sword , and as in his earlier work with the cape , the bullfighter uses it to attract the bull in a series of passes , demonstrating his control over it . The red color of the muleta is actually unnecessary , though , as bulls are dichromatic , meaning neither the cape nor the muleta color can be accurately discerned by the bull . The color is retained merely for tradition .   There are a number of distinct styles of pass , each with its own name . With the cape , for instance , the verónica is a pass in which the matador slowly swings the cape away from the charging bull while keeping his feet in the same position . The faena is the final series of passes before the kill , in which the matador uses the muleta to manoeuvre the bull into a position to stab it between the shoulders , cutting the aorta . If this fails he must then cut the bull 's spinal cord with a second sword , killing it instantly . The task of killing the bull is given to the matador alone ; his title means literally `` killer '' .

neg: Homicide in Spain Homicide , according to the Spanish Criminal Code 1995 is a crime which contravenes the legal right to `` independent human life '' . It is found in article 138 which states : `` He who kills another will be punished , as a defendant of homicide , with a prison sentence of ten to fifteen years '' .   The main legal concept in article 138 is bad faith . It may be present in any form , whether direct or indirect . The active subject ( he who kills ) as well as the passive subject ( he who is killed ) are universal , meaning that either can be any person , regardless of the circumstances .   Homicide committed by grave recklessness is covered in article 142 , which includes both reckless homicide by weapons or motor vehicles and homicide caused by professional recklessness . It states :   `` 1 . He who by grave recklessness causes the death of another will be punished , as a defendant of reckless homicide , with a prison sentence of one to four years .   2 . When the reckless homicide is committed using a motor vehicle , a motorcycle or a firearm , the defendant will also be deprived of his right to drive motor vehicles or motorcycles or the right to possess and carry arms for one to six years .   3 . When the homicide is committed by professional recklessness , the defendant will also be prohibited from exercising his profession or office for a period of three to six years . ''   Homicide by minor recklessness is covered in article 621.2 of the Criminal Code :  `` 2 . Those who by minor recklessness cause the death of another person will be punished with a fine of one to two months '' .   It is necessary to indicate that in Spanish law , involuntary homicide is not regulated ; in the majority of cases the law that will be applied will be somewhere between homicide and the criminal concept which is involved .   Other specific concepts , such as parricide and uxoricide also do not exist , since in Spanish criminal law the punishment is founded in the violation of the legal right and not the fact of killing one particular person or another . For these cases , the circumstances of kinship , found in article 23 , could be used as aggravating .

neg: Police use of firearms in the United Kingdom The United Kingdom is made up of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales ( which make up Great Britain ) , and Northern Ireland . In Northern Ireland , all police officers carry firearms . In the rest of the United Kingdom , the majority of police officers do not carry firearms ; that duty is instead carried out by specially-trained firearms officers . This originates from the formation of the Metropolitan Police Service in the 19th century , when police were not armed , partly to counter public fears and objections over armed enforcers as this had been previously seen due to the British Army maintaining order when needed . The arming of police in Great Britain is a perennial topic of debate .   However , the Police Service of Northern Ireland ( formerly the Royal Ulster Constabulary ) , Northern Ireland Security Guard Service , Ministry of Defence Police , Civil Nuclear Constabulary , Belfast Harbour Police , Belfast International Airport Constabulary , and most of the Specialist Operations units of the Metropolitan Police are all issued firearms as a matter of routine . Every force also has a Force firearms unit , with armed response vehicles .   In relation to specialist firearms officers , in the year 2011 -- 12 , there were 6,756 Authorised Firearms Officers , 12,550 police operations in which firearms were authorised throughout England and Wales and five incidents where conventional firearms were used .   The vast majority of officers are instead issued with other items for personal defence , such as speedcuffs , extendable `` ASP '' batons , and incapacitant sprays such as PAVA or CS spray . While not firearms , incapacitant sprays are subject to some of the same rules and regulations as a projectile firing firearm under Section 5 ( b ) of the Firearms Act 1968 .   Since 2004 , police forces have increasingly been issuing Tasers to Authorised Firearms Officers for use against armed assailants . Tasers are considered by the authorities to be a non-lethal alternative to firearms .

neg: Strategikon of Maurice The Strategikon or Strategicon is a manual of war traditionally regarded as written in the late 6th century and usually attributed to the Byzantine Emperor Maurice . It is moreover a practical manual , `` a rather modest elementary handbook '' in the words of its introduction , `` for those devoting themselves to generalship '' . This book gives a general guide , handbook , of the Byzantine military 's strategies . `` The Strategikon is written in a very straightforward and generally uncomplicated Greek . The translation has tried to render this in the same kind of English '' .   The Strategikon may have been written in an effort to codify the military reforms brought about by the soldier-emperor Maurice . There is debate in academic circles as to the true author of the Strategikon . Maurice may have only commissioned it ; perhaps his brother Peter , or another general of his court , was the true author . The dating is also debated . If it was written in the 6th century , the Strategikon may have been produced to codify the experience of the Balkan and Persian campaigns , or the campaigns may have been carried out in compliance with the manual . However , starting in the late 19th century , some historians have argued for a later date in the eighth or ninth century , on philological or technological grounds . In any case , it is considered one of the most important military texts of the medieval years , along with the 10th century military treatises attributed to the Byzantine emperors Leo VI ( Tactica ) and Nicephorus Phocas ( De velitatione and Praecepta Militaria ) ; Leo 's Tactica in particular drew heavily from the Strategikon .   The text consists of 12 chapters , or `` books '' , on various aspects of the tactics employed by the Byzantine military of the 6th and 7th century A.D. . It is primarily focused on cavalry tactics and formations , yet it also elaborates on matters of infantry , sieges , baggage trains , drilling and marching . Each book has a general topic to be discussed , and each book goes into great detail even separating each book further into subsections and including maps . These maps are not large an extravagant but more symbols to show positions and a standard design of the formations the Byzantine military used at this time . Books seven and eight contain practical advice to the General in the form of instructions and maxims . The eleventh book has ethnographic interest , with its portrayal of various Byzantine enemies ( Franks , Lombards , Avars , Turks , and Slavs ) . The Strategikon also belongs to Byzantine legal literature , since it contains a list of military infractions and their suitable penalties .

neg: Grand Battery Grand Battery ( Grande Batterie , meaning big or great battery ) was a French artillery tactic of the Napoleonic wars . It involved massing all available batteries into a single large , temporary one , and concentrating the firepower of their guns at a single point in the enemy 's lines .   Substituting volume of fire for accuracy , rate of fire and rapid movement , it was rarely used in the wars ' early years . But as the quality of artillery crews and their horses declined , it was employed more frequently during later ( post 1808 ) campaigns .   The Grand Battery was often concentrated against the enemy 's center . An early example of this is at Austerlitz in 1805 , when Napoleon ordered a `` roar of thunder '' before the main assault upon the Pratzen Heights , which split the coalition 's lines in half . Other notable uses of the tactic include : Alexandre-Antoine Hureau de Sénarmont 's aggressive use of his guns at the battle of Friedland ( 1807 ) , which was a major factor that won the battle , or the battle of Wagram in 1809 , where a grand battery successfully halted an Austrian counterattack . At Borodino in 1812 , it was again used to break a counterattack , but it failed to break the strong Russian positions and earthworks in the center along the Rayevski Redoubt . At the Battle of Lützen ( 1813 ) , it did succeed in breaking the Russo-Prussian center , ahead of the main assault by the Imperial guard . Finally , in 1815 at Waterloo , the famous opening barrage of the Grande Batterie failed to break the center of Wellington 's Anglo-allied army due to his judicious deployment of most of his forces behind the reverse slopes of the rolling hillside and the fact that the ground was still wet and muddy , preventing the usual effects of the bouncing cannonballs .   Nearly half a century later , in 1863 on the third day of the Battle of Gettysburg , Robert E. Lee , formed a Grand Battery of his own in a desperate attempt to weaken the Union center in advance of Pickett 's Charge . But the artillery overshot most of their targets and had to cease fire due to a lack of ammunition .

neg: List of Indian massacres In the history of the European colonization of North America , an atrocity termed `` Indian massacre '' is a specific incident wherein a group of people ( military , mob or other ) deliberately kill a significant number of relatively defenseless or innocent people -- usually civilian noncombatants or to the summary execution of prisoners-of-war . The term refers to the killings of Euro-Americans by Native Americans ( Indians ) as well as to killings of Native Americans by Euro-Americans and/or by other Native Americans .

neg: Royal Phalanx The Royal Phalanx was a military body composed of veteran officers of the Greek War of Independence , established on 18 September 1835 . The Phalanx entailed military garrison duties , but mostly it was an honorific appointment , and a means to sustain veteran soldiers who had no other means of upkeep .

neg: History of infantry Although the term infantry dates from the 15th century , the foot troops of the previous eras in history who fought with a variety of weapons before the introduction of the firearms are also referred to as infantry . During the Ancient and Middle Ages Infantry were categorized by the types of weapons and armour they used , such as heavy , medium , and light infantry . Since the introduction of firearms , classifications have changed initially to reflect their formations on the battlefield as line infantry , and later to reflect modes of transport and type of tactics used by specific units as Mechanized infantry or airborne infantry .   The word infantry was borrowed into other Romance languages from the Latin infantem , originally `` a youth '' who as an infante , a `` foot soldier '' who served in groups composed of those soldiers who were too-inexperienced or too low in rank for membership to the cavalry . As a meaning for an organised type of combat troops , the word dates to 1579 in the French infantrie and Spanish infanteria . However , in military history it has become a common English term to apply to troops from earlier historical periods .   With the notable exception of the Mongol Empire , infantry has represented the largest component in most armies of the past , and the present . While the specific weapons have varied , the common factor is that these soldiers have relied on their feet for tactical movements , but since the introduction of the rail and motor transport have been operationally transported behind the front-lines , and have made use of strategic airlift with the introduction of aircraft into warfare .   During Ancient history , infantry was essentially an armed mob , fighting in loosely organized opposing lines , under the vocal direction of individual commanders in the immediate vicinity of the troops ' hearing range . However , the benefits of uniform , equipment , weaponry and , above all , training led to the development of formations able to carry out pre-arranged tactical maneuvers in the heat of battle .   Since that time , infantry organization has focused on finding a balance between heavily armed formations that emphasise firepower and ability to withstand direct assaults , and more lightly armed but also more mobile units able to manoeuvre around the battlefield faster , to exploit tactical opportunities . Mobility , armament , and protection have been the three competing primary factors that complement and compete in the balanced approach to development of infantry doctrine throughout history .

neg: Walking your fire Walking your fire is a tactical targeting technique in which a weapon is fired and the result is observed for the purpose of applying a correction factor , to put the next round closer to the target . The practice may involve rapid-fire weapons such as machine guns , indirect-fire weapons such as mortars and some other types of artillery , and it may be applied to successive aerial bombing runs .   It may be implemented by a single individual . The weapon operator ( gunner ) fires one or more rounds of ammunition , and the impact point is noted , either by an observer or by the gunner . The aiming point of the weapon is adjusted , and the process is repeated as necessary . Small caliber automatic weapons , either belt or magazine fed , may include a small amount of tracer ammunition ( usually 5 % or less ) in with regular munitions , to facilitate the process under low-light conditions .   The main role of an artillery observer is to assist friendly artillery in accurately attacking a target . The observer will communicate instructions to the friendly forces to adjust their fire , `` walking '' it onto the target . Similarly , a forward air controller will help friendly air units adjust their aim in subsequent airstrikes .   The name results from the fact that the sequence of rounds striking near the target appear to be walking toward the target . It contrasts with the aimed shots of semi-automatic ( or bolt action , single-shot , etc. ) fire , in which the first shot is placed on target through the use of a targeting device , which may be as simple as iron sights , or as sophisticated as smart-bomb technology .