query: Princess Margaret had a bout of pneumonia.

pos: Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon Princess Margaret , Countess of Snowdon , ( Margaret Rose ; 21 August 1930 -- 9 February 2002 ) was the younger daughter of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth of the United Kingdom and the only sibling of Queen Elizabeth II .   Margaret spent much of her childhood in the company of her older sister and parents . Her life changed dramatically in 1936 , when her paternal uncle , King Edward VIII , abdicated to marry a divorcée , Wallis Simpson . Margaret 's father became King , and her older sister became heir presumptive , with Margaret second in line to the throne . During World War II , the two sisters stayed at Windsor Castle , despite suggestions to evacuate them to Canada . During the war years , Margaret was considered too young to perform any official duties and instead continued her education .   After the war , Margaret fell in love with Group Captain Peter Townsend . In 1952 , Margaret 's father died , her sister became Queen , and Townsend divorced his first wife . Early the following year , he proposed to Margaret . Many in the government believed he would be an unsuitable husband for the Queen 's 22-year-old sister , and the Church of England refused to countenance a marriage to a divorced man . Margaret eventually abandoned her plans with him and in 1960 , she accepted the proposal of the photographer Antony Armstrong-Jones , who was created Earl of Snowdon by the Queen . The couple had two children . They divorced in 1978 .   Margaret was often viewed as a controversial member of the British royal family . Her divorce earned her negative publicity , and she was romantically associated with several men . Her health gradually deteriorated in the final two decades of her life . A heavy smoker for most of her adult life , she had a lung operation in 1985 , a bout of pneumonia in 1993 , and at least three strokes between 1998 and 2001 . She died at King Edward VII Hospital on 9 February 2002 .

neg: 1952 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Economic Conference The 1952 Commonwealth Prime Ministers ' Economic Conference was an emergency Meeting of the Heads of Government of the Commonwealth of Nations . It was called by the British government of Sir Winston Churchill and held in the United Kingdom in December 1952 as a follow-up to a Commonwealth Finance Minister 's conference held in January 1952 . The conference was held in the context of British economic and military decline and the United States ' surging role in the world .   The principal topic of the conference was the convertibility and liquidity of Pound sterling into American dollars and British concerns that non-sterling Commonwealth countries were building up sterling balances for the purpose of conversion into American dollars , the future of the Pound sterling area , and the alleviation of Commonwealth trade restrictions and imperial preference , particularly in the light of the surging American economy and the desire of Commonwealth countries such as Australia for American investment in order for economic development to occur against British concerns that American economic dominance threatened Britain 's economic position . This discussion was necessary as the Commonwealth , with the exception of Canada , had a common pool of gold and dollar reserves . Little was accomplished in the economic discussion with the final communique being described as an `` agreement in platitudes '' .   British concerns at being excluded from the ANZUS military treaty between Australia , New Zealand and the United States were also a topic and were addressed by a communique issued by the prime ministers supporting Britain 's demand for a voice in ANZUS .   In addition , Commonwealth prime ministers , after months of discussion on whether the newly ascended Queen Elizabeth II should have a uniform Royal Styles and Titles throughout the Commonwealth or whether realms should adopt their own styles and titles , it was agreed that each member of the Commonwealth `` should use for its own purposes a form of the Royal Style and Titles which suits its own particular circumstances but retains a substantial element which is common to all '' and agreed to pass appropriate legislation in their respective parliaments . The prime ministers also agreed to proclaim the new Queen , Elizabeth II , Head of the Commonwealth in succession of her late father , George VI .

neg: Queen Elizabeth University Hospital The Queen Elizabeth University Hospital ( QEUH ) is a 1,677 bed acute hospital located in Govan in the south-west of Glasgow , Scotland . The hospital is built on the site of the former Southern General Hospital and opened at the end of April 2015 . The hospital comprises a newly built 1,109 bed adult hospital , a 256-bed children 's hospital and two major Emergency Departments , one for adults and one for children in addition to buildings retained from the former hospital . There is also an Immediate Assessment Unit for local GPs and out-of-hours services , to send patients directly , without having to be processed through the Emergency Department .   The retained buildings include maternity services , the Institute of Neurological Sciences and the Langlands Unit for medicine of the elderly and rehabilitation . The facility is operated by NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde .   While some parts of the Queen Elizabeth University Hospital have their own distinct identity and dedicated specialist staff , such as the Royal Hospital for Children , each is completely integrated with linkages for patient transfer , diagnostic services , emergency care and even a rapid access lift from the emergency helicopter pad on the roof of the adult hospital . For example , the new children 's hospital is not only linked to the adult hospital but also both the adult and children 's hospitals are linked to the redeveloped maternity building and to the Neurosciences Institute .   The hospital hosts services relocated from the Western Infirmary , the Victoria Infirmary including the Mansion House facility , some services from Royal Infirmary and a range of inpatient services from Gartnavel Hospital , Glasgow . In addition , the Royal Hospital for Sick Children , Glasgow , previously based at Yorkhill , was moved to a new building adjoining the adult hospital and renamed the `` Royal Hospital for Children , Glasgow '' .   It is the largest hospital campus in Europe .

neg: Prince Alfred of Great Britain The Prince Alfred ( 22 September 1780 -- 20 August 1782 ) was a member of the British Royal Family as the 14th child and 9th son of King George III and his queen consort Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz . Alfred became ill after his inoculation against the smallpox virus ; his early death at the age of nearly two , along with the demise of his brother Prince Octavius six months later , was a shock to their parents . In his later bouts of madness King George would have imagined conversations with both of his youngest sons .

neg: Margaret of Parma Margaret of Parma ( ; 28 December 1522 -- 18 January 1586 ) was Governor of the Netherlands from 1559 to 1567 and from 1578 to 1582 . She was the illegitimate daughter of the then 22-year-old Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and Johanna Maria van der Gheynst . She was a Duchess of Florence and a Duchess of Parma and Piacenza by marriage .

neg: Princess Margarita of Greece and Denmark Princess Margarita of Greece and Denmark ( Πριγκίπισσα Μαργαρίτα της Ελλάδας και Δανίας 18 April 1905 -- 24 April 1981 ) was the eldest child and daughter of Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark and Princess Alice of Battenberg . She was the first great-great-grandchild of Queen Victoria , and the eldest sister of Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh .

neg: Royal Buckinghamshire Hospital | Name = The Royal Buckinghamshire Hospital  | Org/Group = Buckinghamshire Hospitals  | Image = RoyalBucksEntrance.jpg  | Caption =  | Logo =  | Location = Aylesbury ,  | Region = Buckinghamshire  | State = England  | Country = UK  | HealthCare = Private  | Type = Specialist  | Speciality = Spinal cord injury , Stroke , Acquired Brain Injury  | Emergency = No  | Affiliation =  | Beds = 10  | Founded = 1832  | Closed =  | Website = http://www.royalbucks.co.uk  | Wiki-Links =  | -RCB- -RCB-   The Royal Buckinghamshire Hospital ( colloquially called the Royal Bucks ) is a hospital founded in 1832 in response to the cholera epidemic that swept across England at that time . It is situated in Aylesbury , Buckinghamshire . The construction was based on the design of a stately home to help dissociate the assumption at the time that hospitals were a place of death .

neg: William Montagu, 1st Earl of Salisbury William Montagu , alias de Montacute , 1st Earl of Salisbury , 3rd Baron Montagu , King of Mann ( 1301 -- 30 January 1344 ) was an English nobleman and loyal servant of King Edward III .   The son of William Montagu , 2nd Baron Montagu , he entered the royal household at an early age and became a close companion of the young Prince Edward . The relationship continued after Edward was crowned king following the deposition of Edward II in 1327 . In 1330 , Montagu was one of Edward 's main accomplices in the coup against Roger Mortimer , who until then had been acting as the king 's protector .   In the following years Montagu served the king in various capacities , primarily in the Scottish Wars . He was richly rewarded , and among other things received the lordship of the Isle of Man . In 1337 , he was created Earl of Salisbury , and given an annual income of 1000 marks to go with the title . He served on the Continent in the early years of the Hundred Years ' War , but in 1340 he was captured by the French , and in return for his freedom had to promise never to fight in France again . Salisbury died of wounds suffered at a tournament early in 1344 .   Legend has it that Montagu 's wife Catherine was raped by Edward III , but this story is almost certainly French propaganda . William and Catherine had six children , most of whom married into the nobility . Modern historians have called William Montague Edward 's `` most intimate personal friend '' and `` the chief influence behind the throne from Mortimer 's downfall in 1330 until his own death in 1344 . ''

neg: Black Death in England The Black Death was a pneumonic plague pandemic , which reached England in June 1348 , and died down by December 1349 . It was the first and most severe manifestation of the Second Pandemic , caused by Yersinia pestis bacteria . The term `` Black Death '' was not used until the late 17th Century .   Originating in China , it spread west along the trade routes across Europe and arrived on the British Isles from the English province of Gascony . The plague seems to have been spread by flea-infected rats , as well as individuals who had been infected on the continent . Rats were the reservoir hosts of the Y. pestis bacteria and the Oriental rat flea was the primary vector .   The first known case in England was a seaman who arrived at Weymouth , Dorset , from Gascony in June 1348 . By autumn , the plague had reached London , and by summer 1349 it covered the entire country , before dying down by December . Low estimates of mortality in the early twentieth century have been revised upwards due to re-examination of data and new information , and a figure of 40 -- 60 % of the population is widely accepted .   The English government handled the crisis well , and the country did not experience the extreme reactions that were seen elsewhere in Europe . The most immediate consequence was a halt to the campaigns of the Hundred Years ' War . In the long term , the decrease in population caused a shortage of labour , with subsequent rise in wages , resisted by the landowners , which caused deep resentment among the lower classes . The Peasants ' Revolt of 1381 was largely a result of this resentment , and even though the rebellion was suppressed , in the long term serfdom was ended in England . The Black Death also affected artistic and cultural efforts , and may have helped advance the use of the vernacular .   In 1361 -- 62 the plague returned to England , this time causing the death of around 20 % of the population . After this the plague continued to return intermittently throughout the 14th and 15th centuries , in local or national outbreaks . From this point on its effect became less severe , and one of the last outbreaks of the plague in England was the Great Plague of London in 1665 -- 66 .

neg: Anne, Queen of Great Britain Anne ( 6 February 1665 -- 1 August 1714 ) became Queen of England , Scotland and Ireland on 8 March 1702 . On 1 May 1707 , under the Acts of Union , two of her realms , the kingdoms of England and Scotland , united as a single sovereign state known as Great Britain . She continued to reign as Queen of Great Britain and Ireland until her death .   Anne was born in the reign of her uncle Charles II , who had no legitimate children . Her father , James , was first in line to the throne . His suspected Roman Catholicism was unpopular in England , and on Charles 's instructions Anne was raised as an Anglican . Three years after he succeeded Charles , James was deposed in the `` Glorious Revolution '' of 1688 . Anne 's Dutch Protestant brother-in-law and cousin William III became joint monarch with his wife , Anne 's elder sister Mary II . Although the sisters had been close , disagreements over Anne 's finances , status and choice of acquaintances arose shortly after Mary 's accession and they became estranged . William and Mary had no children . After Mary 's death in 1694 , William continued as sole monarch until he was succeeded by Anne upon his death in 1702 .   As queen , Anne favoured moderate Tory politicians , who were more likely to share her Anglican religious views than their opponents , the Whigs . The Whigs grew more powerful during the course of the War of the Spanish Succession , until in 1710 Anne dismissed many of them from office . Her close friendship with Sarah Churchill , Duchess of Marlborough , turned sour as the result of political differences .   Anne was plagued by ill health throughout her life . From her thirties onwards , she grew increasingly lame and obese . Despite seventeen pregnancies by her husband , Prince George of Denmark , she died without any surviving children and was the last monarch of the House of Stuart . Under the terms of the Act of Settlement 1701 , she was succeeded by her second cousin George I of the House of Hanover , who was a descendant of the Stuarts through his maternal grandmother , Elizabeth , a daughter of James VI and I.

neg: Royal Brompton Hospital Royal Brompton Hospital is the largest specialist heart and lung centre in the United Kingdom ( UK ) .   The hospital is part of Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust , which includes Royal Brompton Hospital in Chelsea and Harefield Hospital near Uxbridge . Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust is the largest specialist heart and lung centre in the UK and among the largest in Europe .   Diana , Princess of Wales ( 1961-1997 ) used to visit patients at the hospital often .

neg: Elizabeth Somerset, Duchess of Beaufort Elizabeth Somerset , Duchess of Beaufort ( née Berkeley ; 9 April 1799 ) was born in Stoke Gifford in Gloucestershire to John Symes Berkeley and Elizabeth Norborne . Her younger brother was Norborne , Lord Botetourt .   On 1 May 1740 she married Charles Noel Somerset , 4th Duke of Beaufort , younger son of Henry Somerset , 2nd Duke of Beaufort and his second wife Rachel Noel . They had six children :  Lady Anne Somerset ( 11 March 1741 -- 18 May 1763 , aged 22 ) , married Charles Compton , 7th Earl of Northampton on 13 September 1759 and had issue  Lady Elizabeth Somerset ( 12 March 1742 -- 7 May 1760 , aged 18 )  Henry Somerset , 5th Duke of Beaufort ( 16 October 1744 -- 11 October 1803 , aged 58 )  Lady Rachel Somerset ( August 1746 -- May 1747 ) ( died an infant )  Lady Henrietta Somerset ( 26 April 1748 -- 24 July 1770 , aged 22 ) , married Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn , 4th Baronet on 6 April 1769 , no issue .  Lady Mary Isabella Somerset ( 1 August 1756 -- 2 September 1831 , aged 75 ) , married Charles Manners , 4th Duke of Rutland on 26 December 1775 and had issue   A stone obelisk to the memory of her daughter Elizabeth is located in Stoke Park , Bristol . It is engraved with the Latin inscription :   ELIZABETHA SOMERSET  CAROLI DUCIS BEAUFORT FILIA SECUNDA HIC OBIIT VII  MAII MDCCLX  RESTITUTUM ANNO MMIV   This translates as ` Elizabeth Somerset , second daughter of Charles Duke of Beaufort , died here 7 May 1760 . Restored in the year 2004 ' .

neg: Public health funeral Public health funerals are funerals in the United Kingdom paid for by the local authority , where the relatives are either unwilling or unable to pay , or where no relatives can be found .   Public health funerals are governed by the Public Health ( Control of Disease ) Act 1984 . Such funerals are commonly termed `` state funerals '' , `` contract funerals '' , `` public assistance funerals '' , `` Pauper 's funerals '' or `` welfare funerals '' .   While there is no recourse to recover costs from relatives who refuse to pay for a public health funeral , local authorities are able to recover the costs of such a funeral from the estate of a deceased person where this is possible . The Guardian has reported that the average cost of a public health funeral is # 950 .   The term `` state funeral '' is also used in the UK in a different context to describe the funerals of monarchs or other distinguished figures . For this usage see State funerals in the United Kingdom .   For `` paupers ' funerals '' under the English Poor Laws see Pauper 's funeral .

neg: Henry Pitt-Rivers, 5th Baron Rivers Henry Peter Pitt-Rivers , 5th Baron Rivers ( 7 April 1849 -- 17 March 1867 ) was a British nobleman . He died at a young age of the lung disease from which his three older brothers had also suffered .   Henry was the youngest of four sons born to George Pitt-Rivers , 4th Baron Rivers and his wife Lady Susan , all of whom suffered from a chronic lung disease . He was born on 7 April 1849 and baptized on 30 April at St George 's , Hanover Square . After the death of his brother Granville in 1855 , the family felt it was best to separate Henry , who was as yet less affected than his remaining brother William , from the family , and he was raised for several years by Sydney Osborne and his wife . William died in 1859 , so when their father died on 28 April 1866 , Henry succeeded to the title and estates . His disease had progressed upon him , however , and he died on 17 March 1867 at Torquay of `` congestion of the lungs '' . He was buried on 23 March at Steepleton Iwerne , and was succeeded in his title and estates by his uncle , Lt-Col . Horace Pitt .

neg: Princess Amelia of Great Britain Princess Amelia of Great Britain ( Amelia Sophia Eleanor ; 10 June 1711 ( New Style ) -- 31 October 1786 ) was the second daughter of George II of Great Britain .

neg: Sarah Villiers, Countess of Jersey Sarah Sophia Child Villiers , Countess of Jersey ( 4 March 1785 -- 26 January 1867 ) , was an English noblewoman , and through her marriage a member of the Villiers family . She was the eldest daughter of John Fane , 10th Earl of Westmorland , and Sarah Anne Child . Her mother was the only child of Robert Child , the principal shareholder in the banking firm Child & Co. . Under the terms of his will , the Countess of Jersey was the primary legatee , and she not only inherited Osterley Park but became senior partner of the bank . Her husband , George Villiers , added the surname Child by royal licence .   Lady Jersey married George Child Villiers , 5th Earl of Jersey , on 23 May 1804 , in the drawing room of her house in Berkeley Square . Her husband 's mother , Frances Villiers , Countess of Jersey ( also Lady Jersey ) , was one of the more notorious mistresses of King George IV when he was Prince of Wales . Her sister Maria married John Ponsonby , Viscount Duncannon , later the 4th Earl of Bessborough , a brother of Lady Caroline Lamb . Her own affairs , though conducted discreetly , were said to be numerous : Henry John Temple , 3rd Viscount Palmerston , was thought to be one of her lovers . When asked why he had never fought a duel to preserve his wife 's reputation , Lord Jersey dryly replied that this would require him to fight every man in London .   Lady Jersey was one of the patronesses of Almack 's , the most exclusive social club in London , and a leader of the ton during the Regency era . She was immortalized as Zenobia in Disraeli 's novel Endymion . Caroline Lamb ridiculed her in Glenarvon : in revenge Lady Jersey had her barred from Almack 's , the ultimate social disgrace . This , however , was unusual since she was notable for acts of kindness and generosity ; and she was eventually persuaded to remove the ban .   In politics she was a Tory , although she lacked the passion for politics shown by her cousin Harriet Arbuthnot . On hearing that the Duke of Wellington had fallen from power in 1830 , she burst into tears in public . She reportedly `` moved heaven and earth '' against the Reform Act 1832 .   Lady Jersey was known by the nickname Silence ; the nickname was ironic since , famously , she almost never stopped talking .   She is a recurring character in the Regency novels of Georgette Heyer , where she is presented as eccentric and unpredictable , but highly intelligent and observant , and capable of kindness and generosity .   She died at No. 38 , Berkeley Square , Middlesex now London .

neg: Marlborough: His Life and Times Marlborough : His Life and Times is a panegyric biography written by Winston Churchill about John Churchill , 1st Duke of Marlborough . Churchill was a lineal descendant of the duke .   The book comprises four volumes , the first of which appeared in October 1933 ( 557 pages , 200,000 words ) with subsequent volumes in 1934 , 1936 and 1938 . The publisher was George G Harrup , who in 1929 agreed an advance of # 10,000 for the publishing rights , topping the offer made by Churchill 's customary publishers , Thornton Butterworth . The American publisher , Scribner 's , paid # 5000 advance for United States publishing rights . At that time Churchill envisaged writing 180,000 to 250,000 words to be published in no more than two volumes . Cumulative sales of the first volume were 17,000 copies , 15,000 for the second and 10,000 for the third and fourth , which was a respectable though not exceptional performance for such a work .   Churchill had conceived the idea of writing the book by 1929 , when the conservative defeat in the general election meant that he was no longer a government minister , giving him both spare time and the loss of his ministerial salary . His first act in preparing the book was to employ Maurice Ashley part-time for a  salary of # 300 per year to carry out research about Marlborough . Ashley later produced his own biography of Marlborough , in 1939 . Churchill , with other assistants , worked on and published a number of different historical books while work on Marlborough was proceeding . Churchill turned seriously to writing Marlborough after Easter 1932 , following pressure from his publishers . His initial draft was passed to Edward Marsh , who had been his private secretary while a government minister , with instructions to look out for repetitions , boring passages or clumsy sentences . He wrote over 300 letters requesting information or opinions about the work in progress .   In the preface to volume one , Churchill writes '' `` It is my hope to recall this great shade from the past , and not only invest him with his panoply , but make him living and intimate to modern eyes . ''   Churchill was sceptical of the claim that Marlborough had at 17 or 18 years of age became the lover of the King 's mistress but accepted that he did so somewhat later , at 20 . In 1675 , however , he met the 15-year-old Sarah Jennings , married her and lived with contentedly for the remainder of their lives . They were of comparable social status , but neither had any significant money . Churchill saw similarities between his ancestor and himself .

neg: Maria Anna of Savoy, Duchess of Chablais Maria Anna of Savoy ( Maria Anna Carlota Gabriela ; 17 December 1757 -- 11 October 1824 ) was a Princess of Savoy by birth and Duchess of Chablais by her marriage to her uncle .   Born at the Royal Palace of Turin , she was the sixth child of Prince Victor Amadeus , Duke of Savoy and , since 1773 , King of Sardinia , by his wife , Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain , as daughter of Philip V.   Maria Anna was the fourth but third surviving daughter of her parents . Her two older sisters were the future `` grand daughters in law '' of Louis XV of France , Princess Maria Giuseppina , who married the future Louis XVIII of France in 1771 and Princess Maria Teresa , who married the future Charles X of France in 1773 . Their younger surviving sister , Maria Carolina , married Anthony of Saxony .   Three of her brothers were the last three Kings of Sardinia from the senior line of the House of Savoy : the future Charles Emmanuel IV , Victor Emmanuel I and Charles Felix . After the death of the last one in 1831 without issue , the throne passed to Charles Albert , Prince of Carignano and next legitimate male heir .

neg: Princess Margaret Stakes | -RCB-   The Princess Margaret Stakes is a Group 3 flat horse race in Great Britain open to two-year-old fillies . It is run at Ascot over a distance of 6 furlongs ( 1,207 metres ) , and it is scheduled to take place each year in July .   The event is named after Princess Margaret , the younger daughter of King George VI . It was established in 1946 , and the inaugural running was won by Orum Blaze . For a period it was classed at Listed level , and it was promoted to Group 3 status in 1986 .   The Princess Margaret Stakes is usually held at the same meeting as the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes but was run a week later in 2012 .

neg: Charles, Prince of Wales Charles , Prince of Wales ( Charles Philip Arthur George ; born 14 November 1948 ) is the eldest child and heir apparent of Queen Elizabeth II . Known alternatively in South West England as Duke of Cornwall and in Scotland as Duke of Rothesay , he is the longest-serving heir apparent in British history , having held the position since 1952 . He is also the oldest person to be next in line to the throne since Sophia of Hanover ( the heir presumptive to Queen Anne ) , who died in 1714 at the age of 83 .   Charles was born at Buckingham Palace as the first grandchild of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth . He was educated at Cheam and Gordonstoun Schools , which his father , Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh , had attended as a child , as well as the Timbertop campus of Geelong Grammar School in Victoria , Australia . After earning a bachelor of arts degree from Trinity College , Cambridge , Charles served in the Royal Navy from 1971 to 1976 .   In 1981 , he married Lady Diana Spencer and they had two sons : Prince William ( born 1982 ) later to become Duke of Cambridge , and Prince Harry ( born 1984 ) . In 1996 , the couple divorced , following well-publicised extramarital affairs . Diana died in a car crash in Paris the following year . In 2005 , Charles married Camilla Parker Bowles .   Charles 's interests encompass a range of humanitarian and social issues : he founded The Prince 's Trust in 1976 , sponsors The Prince 's Charities , and is patron of numerous other charitable and arts organisations . Charles has long championed organic farming for which he established the Duchy Home Farm , run by the Duchy of Cornwall , which produces ingredients for the Duchy Originals brand which he founded in 1990 . Charles has sought to raise world awareness of the dangers facing the natural environment , such as climate change . As an environmentalist , he has received numerous awards and recognition from environmental groups around the world . His support for alternative medicine , including homeopathy , has been criticised by some in the medical community . He has been outspoken on the role of architecture in society and the conservation of historic buildings . Subsequently , Charles created Poundbury , an experimental new town based on his theories , in Dorset in 1993 . He has authored a number of books , including A Vision of Britain : A Personal View of Architecture in 1989 and the children 's book The Old Man of Lochnagar in 1980 .

neg: Margaret Island Margaret Island ( Margit-sziget -LSB- ˈmɒrɡit ˈsigɛt -RSB- , Margareteninsel , Kızadası ) is a 2.5 km long island , 500 m wide , ( 0.965 km2 in area ) in the middle of the Danube in central Budapest , Hungary . The island is mostly covered by landscape parks , and is a popular recreational area . Its medieval ruins are reminders of its importance in the Middle Ages as a religious centre . The island spans the area between the Margaret Bridge ( south ) and the Árpád Bridge ( north ) . Before the 14th century the island was called Insula leporum ( Island of Rabbits ) . Administratively Margaret Island used to belong to the 13th district until 2013 . Now it is directly under the control of the city .   Today 's appearance was developed through the connection of three separate islands , the Festő ( Painter ) , the Fürdő ( Bath ) and the Nyulak ( Rabbits ) , during the end of the 19th century , to control the flow of the Danube . Originally , the island was 102.5 metres above sea level , but now has been built up to 104.85 metres above sea level to control flooding .


query: Land Rover makes the Range Rover Sport.

pos: Land Rover Land Rover is a car brand that specialises in four-wheel-drive vehicles , owned by British multinational car manufacturer Jaguar Land Rover , which has been owned by India 's Tata Motors since 2008 . The Land Rover is regarded as a British icon , and was granted a Royal Warrant by King George VI in 1951 .   The Land Rover name was originally used by the Rover Company for the Land Rover Series , launched in 1948 . It developed into a brand encompassing a range of four-wheel-drive models , including the Defender , Discovery , Freelander , Range Rover , Range Rover Sport , and Range Rover Evoque . Land Rovers are currently assembled in the company 's Halewood and Solihull plants , with research and development taking place at the Gaydon and Whitley engineering centres . Land Rover sold 194,000 vehicles worldwide in 2009 .   In September 2013 , Jaguar Land Rover announced plans to open a # 100 million ( US$ 160 million ) research and development centre in the University of Warwick , Coventry to create a next generation of vehicle technologies . The carmaker said around 1,000 academics and engineers would work there and that construction would start in 2014 .

neg: MG Sports and Racing Europe MG Sports and Racing Europe Limited was a British automotive company based in Eardiston , Tenbury Wells in Worcestershire . The company was founded by William Riley , who acquired assets of the MG Sport and Racing subsidiary of MG Rover Group after its demise , with the intention of restarting production of the MG XPower SV sportscar , renamed MG XPower WR . The company was registered on 29 January 2007 .   In December 2009 , it was reported in the press that no new cars had been manufactured by MG Sports and Racing Europe since its founding , and that employment tribunal proceedings had been initiated by two employees for non-payment of wages . Riley was also arrested by police in 2009 on suspicion of theft of an XPower WR car previously sold to a Canadian businessman who had been working on behalf of the company . The Police charges against Mr William Riley were dropped and he was awarded damages against the police . The case brought by two former employees is under investigation with court cases against both employees for attempting to obtain money for work not carried out .   Riley 's use of the `` MG '' trademark resulted in a legal dispute with Nanjing Automobile ( Group ) Corporation , which had also acquired assets of the defunct MG Rover Group . This case was won by Nanjing in February 2010 . Consequently , the company name was changed to Sports and Racing Europe Ltd. in March 2010 .

neg: Ford DEW platform The Ford DEW platform ( or DEW98 ) is Ford Motor Company 's midsized rear-wheel drive automobile platform . The D/E nomenclature was meant to express an intermediate size between D - and E-class vehicles , while the W denoted a worldwide platform . The platform was developed by both Ford and Jaguar engineers , and debuted in the Lincoln LS sedan .   Ford 's use of the platform ended in 2006 , but Jaguar continued to use DEW98 after Jaguar was sold to Tata Motors in 2008 . Jaguar 's use of the platform ended in 2015 , with the introduction of the second-generation XF model , built on the Jaguar iQ -LSB- Al -RSB- modular platform .   A less-expensive variant known as DEW Lite was originally to be used for the 2005 Ford Mustang , but the platform was significantly redesigned to become the Ford D2C platform , instead .

neg: MG Cars MG ( Morris Garage ) is an English automotive marque registered by the now defunct MG Car Company Limited , a British sports car manufacturer begun in the 1920s as a sales promotion sideline within W R Morris 's Oxford city retail sales and service business by the business 's manager , Cecil Kimber . Best known for its two-seat open sports cars , MG also produced saloons and coupés . Kimber was an employee of William Morris .   The MG business was Morris 's personal property until 1 July 1935 when he sold MG to his holding company , Morris Motors Limited , restructuring his holdings before issuing ( preference ) shares in Morris Motors to the public in 1936 . MG underwent many changes in ownership starting with Morris merging with Austin in The British Motor Corporation Limited in 1952 . MG became the MG Division of BMC in 1967 and so a component of the 1968 merger that created British Leyland Motor Corporation . By the start of 2000 MG was part of the MG Rover Group which entered receivership in 2005 and the assets and the MG brand were purchased by Nanjing Automobile Group ( which merged into SAIC in 2008 ) for 53 million . Production restarted in 2007 in China , and later at Longbridge plant in the UK under the current manufacturer MG Motor . The first all-new model from MG in the UK for 16 years , the MG 6 , was officially launched on 26 June 2011 .

neg: MG ZS The MG ZS is a sports family car that was built by MG from 2001 until 2005 . The ZS is essentially a tuned version of the Rover 45 ( which was launched in 1999 ) . The 45 in turn is a facelifted version of the Rover 400 which was launched in hatchback form in 1995 and saloon form in 1996 . The earlier version of the 400 ( Rover 400 Mk 1 ) was significantly different to the Mk 2 model . The 45 ( Mk 1 ) had no parts based on the Mk 1 400 .

neg: Mitsubishi Freeca The Mitsubishi Freeca is a compact MPV and compact SUV designed by Mitsubishi Motors and China Motor Corporation for the Asian market , and built in Taiwan , China and the Philippines , where it is known as the Mitsubishi Adventure . It was first released on September 11 , 1997 , and the 50,000 th Adventure was manufactured in the Philippines plant in March 2005 . In the Philippines , the Adventure was given major redesigns in 2001 and then 2004 , then a minor facelift in late 2009 .   The vehicle is also known as the Mitsubishi Kuda in Indonesia where `` Kuda '' means Horse in Indonesian and where it was locally manufactured until 2005 , and Mitsubishi Jolie in Vietnam . The model name `` Freeca '' is coined from `` free '' and `` ca '' , the Taiwanese for vehicle . The Chinese factory also manufactures badge engineered Freecas for the South African market , which were locally assembled in Cape Town as the Africar Landio and Africar Jockey .

neg: Light Car Company The Light Car Company was a British manufacturer of automobiles .

neg: Zolfe Orange The Zolfe Orange is a car announced at the Autosport show in January 2006 built by Zolfe in Redditch , Worcestershire , United Kingdom .   The car has a spaceframe chassis and composite body , with rear-drive . As shown originally the car had a Suzuki motor cycle engine but it was decided to lengthen the wheelbase for greater practicality and production cars have either a Mazda engine or a 2.3-litre Ford Duratec engine in various states of tune up to 300 bhp . The transmission is based on that from a Mazda MX5 . A production rate of 30 cars a year is hoped for . A special feature of the car is its very low weight of under 700 kg .   For production cars the name was changed to the Zolfe GTC4 . Four variants are offered : the Sprintz is the basic road car ; the Speedz is intended for track use and has a six speed gearbox and limited slip differential ; the Sportz is a road going version of the Speedz with a liitle extra comfort and the Zolfster will be an open version of the car .

neg: J-segment J-segment is a car classification defined by European Commission as the segment of the sport utility cars ( including off-road vehicles ) . It is increasing in volume year by year in Europe ; in early 2015 , it became the second most popular segment ( behind the C-segment and overtaking the B-segment ) with 21.6 % market share .   These cars come in a huge variety of sizes . As SUVs have developed in body style over the years , crossovers are also starting to emerge , a common combination being a hatchback and SUV . They have also gained popularity over the years with celebrities , encouraging large luxury vehicles with an emphasis on comfort , space and a high-ride position . Off-road vehicles also fit into this segment .   Typical J-segment vehicles include the BMW X5 , Land Rover Discovery , Mercedes-Benz M-Class , Porsche Cayenne , Range Rover Sport , Volkswagen Touareg , Volvo XC90 .

neg: Mitsubishi Space Star The Mitsubishi Space Star is a multi-purpose vehicle ( MPV ) produced by the Japanese manufacturer Mitsubishi from 1998 to 2005 . It was built at the NedCar factory in the Netherlands and was primarily sold in the European markets .   In 2013 , Mitsubishi began selling the sixth generation Mirage supermini under the Space Star name in parts of Europe , owing to legal rights relating to the use of the Mirage nameplate .

neg: MG 3 The MG 3 is a budget supermini car produced by the Chinese automotive company SAIC . The first generation , marketed as the MG 3 SW , is based on the British made Rover Streetwise , which itself was similar to the Rover 25 , while the second generation , introduced in 2011 , is marketed simply as the MG 3 and is based heavily on the Skoda Fabia platform . It is the most popular Chinese car currently on sale in the United Kingdom .

neg: Rover Group The Rover Group plc was the name given in 1986 to the British vehicle manufacturer BL ( formerly British Leyland ) , which had been state-owned company since 1975 . It initially included the Austin Rover Group car business ( comprising the Austin , Rover , Mini and MG marques ) , Land Rover Group , Freight Rover vans and Leyland Trucks .   The Rover Group was owned by British Aerospace ( BAe ) from 1988 to 1994 , when BAe sold the remaining car business to the German company BMW . The group was further broken up in 2000 , when Ford acquired the Land Rover division , with the Rover and MG marques continuing with the much smaller MG Rover Group until 2005 . Ownership of the original Rover Group marques is currently split between BMW ( Germany ) , SAIC ( China ) , and Tata Motors ( India ) .

neg: Dellow Dellow cars were made in a factory at Alvechurch , near Birmingham , England between 1949 and 1956 .   Dellow Motors Ltd was started by Ken Delingpole and Ron Lowe to produce road-going sports cars for the enthusiast to use in trials , rallies and hill-climbs .   A small number of very early cars used Austin 7 chassis as per Ron Lowe 's special , FUY 374 . The other prototypes included OP 3835 owned by Earl `` Mick '' Heighway , HAB 245 ( Eric Penn ) CAB 282 ( Lewis Tracey ) and EDE 384 ( Merrick ) . From 1950 , with scrap Austin 7 's in short supply , an 1172cc Ford 10 engine was utilised in an A-frame chassis with a very light tubular steel framework welded to the chassis and panelled in aluminium , early cars having no doors . The chassis frames were made partly from government surplus chrome-molybdenum rocket tubes , the rockets being RP3 types as used by Hawker Typhoon and Bristol Beaufighter aircraft .   The design emphasis was on light weight and a rearward weight bias for trials . Many sporting awards were won by drivers of Dellow cars in the early 1950s , not only in trials but also in other events such as driving tests and hillclimbs . Dellows also took overall honours in the MCC organised Daily Express National Rally and the Circuit of Ireland Rally .  Dellow drivers often shone in other forms of motor sport , Tony Marsh from Kinver went on to become RAC Hill Climb Champion on no less than 6 occasions . Peter Collins from Kidderminster , later drove for HWM , BRM and Vanwall , then for Ferrari .   Dellow styling was created by Lionel Evans at his Radpanels coachbuilding business in Kidderminster . The car evolved through several variants known as Mk I to Mk V. Early cars had the Ford beam front axle with transverse spring and short Panhard rod , quarter elliptics at the rear and Andre Hartford friction dampers all round . The Ford torque-tube was suitably shortened and the vast majority of cars used the 3-speed Ford gearbox but a very small number of cars ( KOX 300 being one of them ) were produced to customer order with a 4 speed gearbox , from the 10M series Morris .   The Ford E93A engines were mildly tuned and many used twin SU 's on a cast alloy ` Dellow ' manifold . However , as an option the factory also offered the car with a Wade-Ventor ( Roots type ) supercharger installation .  The MkII saw the introduction of a new and much more robust rear chassis section with coil springs , separate telescopic shock absorbers and a Panhard rod . This stiffer chassis allowed doors to become an optional fitting .  The Mk V version was derived from the `` Lightweight '' Dellow ( WRF 81 ) constructed by Tony Marsh for speed events in 1954 . It saw coil springs introduced at the front ( over telescopic dampers ) although still with a one-piece Ford beam axle .  About 300 Dellows in total are believed to have been constructed .   A new company , Dellow Engineering , based in Oldbury near Birmingham produced a Mk VI - often incorrectly quoted as having a glass fibre body , it too was in fact built with alloy panelling . Very few Mk VI 's were made .

neg: Mercedes-Benz G-Class The Mercedes-Benz G-Class , sometimes called G-Wagen ( short for Geländewagen , `` cross country vehicle '' ) , is a mid-size four-wheel drive luxury SUV manufactured by Magna Steyr ( formerly Steyr-Daimler-Puch ) in Austria and sold by Mercedes-Benz . In certain markets , it has been sold under the Puch name as Puch G . The G-wagen is characterized by its boxy styling and body-on-frame construction . It uses three fully locking differentials , one of the few vehicles to have such a feature . Despite the introduction of an intended replacement , the unibody SUV Mercedes-Benz GL-Class in 2006 , the G-Class is still in production and is one of the longest produced Mercedes-Benz in Daimler 's history , with a span of 35 years . Only the Unimog surpasses it .   The G-class was developed as a military vehicle from a suggestion by the Shah of Iran ( at the time a significant Mercedes shareholder ) to Mercedes and offered as a civilian version in 1979 . In this role it is sometimes referred to as the `` Wolf '' and LAPV Enok . The Peugeot P4 is a variant made under license , with a Peugeot engine and different parts .   It was not available from Mercedes-Benz in the United States until 2002 , although this was preceded by a grey-market where even basic models commanded six-figure prices in the 1990s . It was launched in 2002 as the Mercedes-Benz G500 with a V-8 gas engine and achieved 3114 sales that year . This eventually tapered down to some sub-1000 sales years , however , in the 2010s sales began to increase again surpassing 3000 in 2014 and in 2015 it sold more than in its launch year , with 3616 sold that year . In 2016 this increased to 3950 in the United States . Canada saw a similar increase , which , although is a smaller market saw sales increase from 127 in 2012 to over 400 in 2016 .

neg: Mahindra Scorpio Getaway The Mahindra Scorpio Getaway is slotted in the pick-up truck segment or the lifestyle SUV segment and Mahindra knows this segment is at nascent stage in India , it wants to be the leader in this niche segment . The Getaway is a new category creating offering from the Scorpio stable . The new lifestyle product is based on the Scorpio platform and sports a grand deck that can carry various equipment and gear as per your lifestyle needs . It exudes ruggedness and style and is an extension of the go-getting persona of young Indians who do not shy of flaunting their success & lifestyle . The new Scorpio Getaway packs the DNA of the Scorpio into a lifestyle SUV . This vehicle complements the lifestyle of a growing breed of young adventurous Indians who work hard and play hard .  They refuse to compromise on luxury and style , requiring a vehicle that can take them and their gear around in comfort as per their lifestyle needs . The Scorpio Getaway is available in 2WD and 4WD options and comes in 4 attractive colours . It pumps its power from its 2600cc common-rail diesel engine ( CRDe ) .   M&M has not compromised on the safety aspect of the vehicle as well . The globally certified safety features include crash protecting crumple zones , child lock , collapsible steering and side intrusion beams . Also , the tubeless tires , voice assist system and remote locking / unlocking of the vehicle are the additional safety features .   The Mahindra Scorpio Getaway is essentially the second vehicle launched by Mahindra on the Mahindra Scorpio platform . Available in a 4-door trim and both 4X4 and 4X2 wheel drive configurations , it falls in the life-style pick up truck class , a class that has not seen good response in markets like India . This vehicle with similar features is also available in markets like South Africa and Australia ( as Mahindra Pik-Up ) where it is also available in a 2-door version . Prices range upward of 6,99,000 Indian Rupees .   This vehicle faces competition in the form of Mahindra 's own comparatively lower model `` Mahindra Bolero Camper '' and the Tata TL .   In the Australian and New Zealand markets the Mahindra Scorpio Getaway has been launched as the Mahindra Pik-Up in 2014 . The oceanic version uses a 2.2 L -LSB- mHawk -RSB- diesel engine delivering 88 kW@4000rpm and 280 Nm@1800rpm .

neg: Triumph TR3 The Triumph TR3 is a British sports car produced between 1955 and 1962 by the Standard-Triumph Motor Company of Coventry , England . A traditional roadster , the TR3 is an evolution of the company 's earlier TR2 model , with greater power and improved braking . Updated variants , popularly but unofficially known as the `` TR3A '' and `` TR3B '' , entered production in 1957 and 1962 respectively . The TR3 was succeeded by the Michelotti-styled , mechanically similar Triumph TR4 .   The rugged ` sidescreen ' TR , so named for its employment of removable plexiglass side curtains , was a sales and motorsport success . With approximately 74,800 TR3s sold across all variants , the model was the company 's third best seller , behind the TR7 ( 111,500 units ) and TR6 ( 94,500 units ) models . The Triumph was campaigned in races , hill climbs , and rallies across Europe and North America , with several outright , team , and class victories to its credit .

neg: Buick Buick ( -LSB- ` bjuː.ɪk -RSB- ) , formally the Buick Motor Division , is an upscale automobile brand of the American manufacturer General Motors ( GM ) . For much of its existence in the North American market , Buick has been marketed as a premium automobile brand , selling luxury vehicles positioned above GM 's mainstream brands , e.g. Chevrolet , while below the flagship luxury Cadillac division . Buick-branded vehicles are also known for reliability , ranking high for reliability in Consumer Reports ' brand reliability rankings .   Buick has the distinction of being the oldest active American marque of automobile , and was the company that established General Motors in 1908 . Before the establishment of General Motors , GM founder William C. Durant had served as Buick 's general manager and major investor . Buick also has the distinction of being the first automobile maker in the world to equip its cars with overhead valve engines , which it did starting in 1904 .   In 2015 , Buick sold 1,231,941 vehicles , a record for the brand . The main market is in China , where 80 % of Buick-branded automobiles are sold . Buicks are also sold in the United States , Canada , and Mexico . Since restructuring in 2009 , GM has also started to share technology , vehicles and development between Buick and GM 's European Opel division .

neg: Reliant Reliant was a British car manufacturer . The company was traditionally based at Tamworth in Staffordshire .   Reliant was mainly known for producing the 3-wheeled Reliant Robin , ( in spite of the fact most people erroneously refer to them as `` Robin Reliant '' ) but in fact produced a variety of different vehicles during a production run of over 60 years , including popular sports cars , convertibles and commercial vehicles . Around 1 to 2 million Reliant vehicles were produced , and were sold in at least 9 countries . For a period from the 1970s to the 1990s , Reliant was the UK 's biggest British-owned car manufacturer .   Reliant Motor Company LTD is now a dormant company and the only part that still exists is Reliant partsworld which produce spares for Reliant vehicles and the Tempest sports car manufactured in Malvern .

neg: Jaguar XJR Jaguar XJR is a nameplate used by Jaguar Cars for several line of vehicles :  Jaguar XJR Sportscars , a line of Group C race cars .  Several high performance versions of the company 's flagship XJ saloons .   XJR

neg: Rover Scout Rover Scouts , Rovers , Rover Scouting or Rovering is a service program associated with Scouting for young men , and in many countries , women into their early 20s . A group of Rovers is called a ` Rover Crew ' .   The Rover program was originated by The Boy Scouts Association in the United Kingdom in 1918 to provide a program for young men who had grown up beyond the age range of the Boy Scouts . It was quickly adopted by many other national Scouting organizations .   Many Scouting organisations , including The Scout Association , no longer include a Rover program . Some have replaced it with other programs while others , including Traditional Scouting organizations maintain the original program .

neg: Holden Colorado The Holden Colorado utility vehicle ( pickup truck ) and similar Holden Colorado 7 sport utility vehicle ( SUV ) are sold in Australasia by Holden . Introduced in 2008 to replace the Holden Rodeo , the Colorado is built by Isuzu and is in its second generation .   Colorado  Category : Cars introduced in 2008


query: Tardigrade are extremophilic.

pos: Tardigrade Tardigrades ( -LSB- ˈtɑrdᵻˌgreɪd -RSB- also known as water bears , space bears , or moss piglets ) are water-dwelling , eight-legged , segmented micro-animals . They were first discovered by the German zoologist Johann August Ephraim Goeze in 1773 . The name Tardigrada ( meaning `` slow stepper '' ) was given three years later by the Italian biologist Lazzaro Spallanzani . They have been found everywhere from mountaintops to the deep sea , mud volcanoes , and from tropical rain forests to the Antarctic .   Tardigrades are one of the most resilient animals known : they can survive extreme conditions that would be rapidly fatal to nearly all other known life forms . They can withstand temperature ranges from 1 K ( close to absolute zero ) to about 420 K for several minutes , pressures about six times greater than those found in the deepest ocean trenches , ionizing radiation at doses hundreds of times higher than the lethal dose for a human , and the vacuum of outer space . They can go without food or water for more than 30 years , drying out to the point where they are 3 % or less water , only to rehydrate , forage , and reproduce . Tardigrades living in harsh conditions undergo an annual process of cyclomorphosis .   They are not considered extremophilic because they are not adapted to exploit these conditions . This means that their chances of dying increase the longer they are exposed to the extreme environments , whereas true extremophiles thrive in a physically or geochemically extreme environment that would harm most other organisms .   Usually , tardigrades are about 0.5 mm long when they are fully grown . They are short and plump with four pairs of legs , each with four to eight claws also known as `` disks '' . The first three pairs of legs are directed ventrolaterally and are the primary means of locomotion , while the fourth pair is directed posteriorly on the terminal segment of the trunk and is used primarily for grasping the substrate . Tardigrades are prevalent in mosses and lichens and feed on plant cells , algae , and small invertebrates . When collected , they may be viewed under a very low-power microscope , making them accessible to students and amateur scientists .   Tardigrades form the phylum Tardigrada , part of the superphylum Ecdysozoa . It is an ancient group , with fossils dating from 530 million years ago , in the Cambrian period . About 1,150 species of tardigrades have been described . Tardigrades can be found throughout the world , from the Himalayas ( above 6000 m ) , to the deep sea ( below 4000 m ) and from the polar regions to the equator .

neg: Ceratopsia Ceratopsia or Ceratopia ' ( -LSB- ˌsɛrəˈtɒpsiə -RSB- or -LSB- ˌsɛrəˈtoʊpiə -RSB- Greek : `` horned faces '' ) is a group of herbivorous , beaked dinosaurs that thrived in what are now North America , Europe , and Asia , during the Cretaceous Period , although ancestral forms lived earlier , in the Jurassic . The earliest known ceratopsian , Yinlong downsi , lived between 161.2 and 155.7 million years ago . The last ceratopsian species , Triceratops prorsus , became extinct during the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event , .   Early members of the ceratopsian group , such as Psittacosaurus , were small bipedal animals . Later members , including ceratopsids like Centrosaurus and Triceratops , became very large quadrupeds and developed elaborate facial horns and frills extending over the neck . While these frills might have served to protect the vulnerable neck from predators , they may also have been used for display , thermoregulation , the attachment of large neck and chewing muscles or some combination of the above . Ceratopsians ranged in size from 1 meter ( 3 ft ) and 23 kilograms ( 50 lb ) to over 9 meters ( 30 ft ) and 9,100 kg ( 20,100 lb ) . Triceratops is by far the best-known ceratopsian to the general public . It is traditional for ceratopsian genus names to end in '' - ceratops '' , although this is not always the case . One of the first named genera was Ceratops itself , which lent its name to the group , although it is considered a nomen dubium '' today as its fossil remains have no distinguishing characteristics that are not also found in other ceratopsians .

neg: Eurypterid Eurypterids ( sea scorpions ) are an extinct group of arthropods related to arachnids that include the largest known arthropods to have ever lived . They are members of the extinct order Eurypterida ( Chelicerata ) ; which is the most diverse Paleozoic chelicerate order in terms of species . The name Eurypterida comes from the Greek words eury - ( meaning `` broad '' or `` wide '' ) and pteron ( meaning `` wing '' ) . This name was chosen due to the pair of wide swimming appendages on the first fossil eurypterids discovered . The largest , such as Jaekelopterus , reached 2.5 m in length , but most species were less than 20 cm . They were formidable predators that thrived in warm shallow water , in both seas and lakes , from the mid Ordovician to late Permian .   Although informally called `` sea scorpions '' , only the earliest ones were marine ( later ones lived in brackish or freshwater ) , and they were not true scorpions . According to theory , the move from the sea to fresh water had probably occurred by the Pennsylvanian subperiod . Eurypterids are believed to have undergone ecdysis , making their significance in ecosystems difficult to assess , because it can be difficult to tell a fossil moult from a true fossil carcass . They became extinct during the Permian -- Triassic extinction event or sometime before the event . Their fossils have a near global distribution .   About two dozen families of eurypterids are known . Perhaps the best-known genus of eurypterid is Eurypterus , of which around 16 fossil species are known . The genus Eurypterus was described in 1825 by James Ellsworth De Kay , a zoologist . He recognized the arthropod nature of the first-ever described eurypterid specimen , found by Dr. S. L. Mitchill . In 1984 , that species , Eurypterus remipes was named the state fossil of New York .   Pentecopterus decorahensis , which lived as early as 467.3 million years ago , is the oldest described eurypterid ; with an estimated length of 1.83 m , it has been described as `` the first real big predator '' .

neg: Reptiles (M. C. Escher) Reptiles is a lithograph print by the Dutch artist M. C. Escher first printed in March 1943 .   It depicts a desk upon which is a 2D drawing of a tessellated pattern of reptiles and hexagons . The reptiles at one edge of the drawing emerge into three dimensional reality , come to life and appear to crawl over a series of symbolic objects ( a book on nature , a geometers triangle , a three dimensional/pentagonal dodecahedron , a pewter bowl containing a box of matches and a box of cigarettes ) to eventually re-enter the drawing at its opposite edge . Other objects on the desk that may also be symbolic are a potted cactus and yucca , a ceramic flask with a cork stopper next to a small glass of liquid , a book of JOB cigarette rolling papers , and an open handwritten note book of many pages . Although only the size of small lizards , the reptiles have protruding crocodile-like fangs , and the one atop the dodecahedron has a dragon-like puff of smoke billowing from its nostrils .   Like many of Escher 's works , the meaning of the imagery is enigmatic . There are , however , a number of scholarly interpretations of the work . One is that the lizard represents man , emerging from pure concept in two dimensions , becoming a three dimensional being , groping through life acquiring knowledge and wisdom , arriving at deep understanding of science and sacred geometric principals and the alchemical/spiritual nature of reality and existence , and finally descending to reunion with the realm of pure concept . In this theory the objects around the edge of the drawing are signals of the stages of emergence ( cactus , biological life ) , the beginning of the fire-quest for knowledge ( rolling papers ) , contemplation and distillation ( a jug and partially consumed glass of spirits ) , deep study , understanding and wisdom ( the open well-used notebook ) , and re-integration ( matches and cigarettes symbolizing controlled/civilized fire that nonetheless consumes and returns the physical to the abstract ) .   Once a woman telephoned Escher and told him that she thought the image was a `` striking illustration of reincarnation '' . Another anecdote revolves around the small book on the desk with the letters JOB printed on it . Many people believed it to represent the biblical Book of Job . This is understandable since the reptilian animal matches the description of the extinct creature `` Leviathan '' in chapter 41 . The identity of the creature is difficult to determine as the book of Job is the oldest book in the Bible . Some say it may be Sarcosuchus . This ancient crocodyliform was discovered in Niger , Africa , which is near the proposed location of Uz , where the events of Job took place . The most likely interpretation of the small book in this work is that it is a book of JOB brand cigarette rolling papers that references the book in the Bible . It is uniquely coincidental how both the cigarette paper and Leviathan are related to fire .

neg: Globidonta Globidonta is a clade of alligatoroids that includes alligators , caimans , and closely related extinct forms . It is defined as a stem-based clade including Alligator mississippiensis ( the American Alligator ) and all forms more closely related to it than to Diplocynodon . The group 's fossil range extends back into the Late Cretaceous with early alligatoroids such as Albertochampsa and Brachychampsa . Extinct globidontans were particularly common in North America and Eurasia , and their modern range also includes South America . The oldest known globidontan is Acynodon from France , which is also the most basal .   Basal globidontans are characterized by their blunt snouts and bulbous teeth . Modern globidontans have flattened snouts and more conical teeth , and are seen as more generalized than earlier globidontans . Generalized forms are usually expected to be ancestral to more specialized forms rather than descendants of them , so it is unusual for basal members of the group to appear specialized . This seems to conflict with the `` Law of the Unspecialized '' first proposed by Edward Drinker Cope in 1894 . Under the Law of the Unspecialized , morphological change is always directed toward specialization , and specialized forms can never become `` unspecialized '' again . This pattern of change , while not seen in globidontans , can be observed in basal members of Alligatoroidea and Crocodyloidea .   Flat-snouted globidontans occurred two times in the evolution of the clade : once in caimans and once in alligators . Alligator sinensis , the Chinese Alligator , has a snout that is somewhat blunt and could be considered specialized . However , its snout is not nearly as blunt as those of more basal globidontans such as Albertachampsa .   If the last common ancestor of Diplocynodon and globidontans was more like Diplocynodon , it would have had a generalized snout shape . It is also possible that the generalized form of Diplocynodon may also have arisen from a specialized blunt-snouted ancestor . Baryphracta , a diplocynodontine closely related to Diplocynondon , has a blunt snout and may have been similar in appearance to such an ancestor .

neg: Ensifera Ensifera is a suborder of the order Orthoptera , including insects in the families Gryllidae ( true crickets ) , Prophalangopsidae ( grigs ) , Stenopelmatidae ( Jerusalem crickets , king crickets , tree and giant wetas ) , Gryllacrididae ( leaf-rolling and raspy crickets ) , Cooloolidae ( cooloola monsters ) , Rhaphidophoridae ( cave and camel crickets ) , Schizodactylidae ( dune or splay-footed crickets ) and Tettigoniidae ( bush crickets or katydids ) . The Tettigoniidae are sometimes known as the long-horned grasshoppers to distinguish them from the other suborder of Orthoptera , the Caelifera or short-horned grasshoppers . Ensifera is believed to be a more ancient group than Caelifera , with its origins in the Carboniferous period , the split having occurred at the end of the Permian period .   `` Ensifer '' means `` sword bearer '' in Latin , and refers to the typically elongated and blade-like ovipositor of the females .

neg: Gammarus Gammarus is an amphipod crustacean genus in the family Gammaridae . It contains more than 200 described species , making it one of the most speciose genera of crustaceans . Different species have different optimal conditions , particularly in terms of salinity , and different tolerances ; Gammarus pulex , for instance , is a purely freshwater species , while Gammarus locusta is estuarine , only living where the salinity is greater than 25 ‰ .   Species of Gammarus are the typical `` scuds '' of North America and range widely throughout the Holarctic . A considerable number are also found southwards into the Northern Hemisphere tropics , particularly in Southeast Asia .   The following species are included :   Gammarus abscisus G. Karaman , 1973  Gammarus abstrusus Hou , Platvoet & Li , 2006  Gammarus acalceolatus Pinkster , 1970  Gammarus accolae G. Karaman , 1973  Gammarus accretus Hou & Li , 2002  Gammarus acherondytes Hubricht & Mackins , 1940  Gammarus aequicauda ( Martynov , 1931 )  Gammarus agrarius G. Karaman , 1973  Gammarus albimanus G. Karaman , 1968  Gammarus alsaticus Van Straelen , 1924 †  Gammarus anatoliensis Schellenberg , 1937  Gammarus angulatus ( Martynov , 1930 )  Gammarus angusticoxalis Martynov , 1935  Gammarus annandalei ( Monod , 1924 )  Gammarus annulatus Smith , 1873  Gammarus anodon Stock , Mirzajani , Vonk , Naderi & Kiabi , 1998  Gammarus aoculus Hou & Li , 2003  Gammarus araxenius Derzhavin , 1938  Gammarus arduus G. Karaman , 1975  Gammarus argaeus Vávra , 1905  Gammarus bakhteyaricus Khalayi-Pirbalanty & Sari , 2004  Gammarus balcanicus Schaferna , 1922  Gammarus barnaulensis Schellenberg , 1937  Gammarus baysali Özbek et al. , 2013  Gammarus belli G. Karaman , 1984  Gammarus bergi Martynov , 1930  Gammarus birsteini Karaman & Pinkster , 1977  Gammarus bosniacus Schäferna , 1922  Gammarus bousfieldi Cole & Minckley , 1961  Gammarus brevicornis ( Martynov , 1935 )  Gammarus brevipodus Hou , Li & Platvoet , 2004  Gammarus breviramus Bousfield & Elwood , 1971  Gammarus bucharensis Martynov , 1935  Gammarus caparti Petre-Stroobants , 1981  Gammarus caucasicus Martynov , 1932  Gammarus caudisetus Viviani , 1805  Gammarus chaohuensis Hou & Li , 2002  Gammarus chevreuxi Sexton , 1913  Gammarus chimkenti G. Karaman , 1984  Gammarus chostensis Martynov , 1932  Gammarus cohabitus Hosinger , Shafer , Fong & Culver , 2008  Gammarus comosus Hou , Li & Gao , 2005  Gammarus craspedotrichus Hou & Li , 2002  Gammarus crenulatus G. S. Karaman & Pinkster , 1977  Gammarus crinicaudatus Stock , Mirzajani , Vonk , Naderi & Kiabi , 1998  Gammarus crinicornis Stock , 1966  Gammarus crispus Martynov , 1932  Gammarus curvativus Hou & Li , 2003  Gammarus dabanus Tachteew & Mekhanikova , 2000  Gammarus daiberi Bousfield , 1969  Gammarus decorosus Meng , Hou & Li , 2003  Gammarus denticulatus Hou , Li & Morino , 2002  Gammarus desperatus Cole , 1981  Gammarus dorsosetosus Mateus & Mateus , 1990  Gammarus duebeni Liljeborg , 1852  Gammarus dulensis S. Karaman , 1929  Gammarus edwardsi Bate , 1862  Gammarus effultus G. Karaman , 1975  Gammarus electrus Hou & Li , 2003  Gammarus elevatus Hou , Li & Morino , 2002  Gammarus elvirae Iannilli & Ruffo , 2002  Gammarus emeiensis Hou , Li & Koenemann , 2002  Gammarus fasciatus Say , 1818  Gammarus finmarchicus Dahl , 1938  Gammarus flabellifera Stimpson , 1856  Gammarus fluviatilis Milne-Edwards , 1840 †  Gammarus fontinalis Costa , 1883  Gammarus fossarum Koch , 1836  Gammarus frater Karaman & Pinkster , 1977  Gammarus frigidus Hou & Li , 2004  Gammarus galgosensis Lee & Kim , 2004  Gammarus galgosensis Lee & Kim , 1980  Gammarus gauthieri ( S. Karaman , 1935 )  Gammarus glabratus Hou & Li , 2003  Gammarus goedmakersae G. S. Karaman & Pinkster , 1977  Gammarus gracilis Martynov , 1935  Gammarus gregoryi Tattersall , 1924  Gammarus halilicae G. Karaman , 1969  Gammarus hegmatanensis Hekmatara , Sari & Baladehi , 2011  Gammarus hirsutus Martynov , 1935  Gammarus hongyuanensis Barnard & Dai , 1988  Gammarus hoonsooi Lee , 1986  Gammarus hyalelloides Cole , 1976  Gammarus ibericus Margalef , 1951  Gammarus inaequicauda Stock , 1966  Gammarus inberbus Karaman & Pinkster , 1977  Gammarus inopinatus Mateus & Mateus , 1990  Gammarus insensibilis Stock , 1966  Gammarus italicus Goedmakers & Pinkster , 1977  Gammarus izmirensis Özbek , 2007  Gammarus jacksoni Morino & Whitman , 1995  Gammarus jaspidus Hou & Li , 2004  Gammarus jenneri Bynum & Fox , 1977  Gammarus kamtschaticus Tzvetkova , 1972  Gammarus kasymovi Aliev , 1997  Gammarus katagani Özbek , 2012  Gammarus kesanensis Özbek & Camur-Elipek , 2010  Gammarus kesslerianus Martynov , 1931  Gammarus kischineffensis Schellenberg , 1937  Gammarus komareki ( Schaferna , 1922 )  Gammarus korbuensis Martynov , 1930  Gammarus koshovi Bazikalova , 1946  Gammarus kyonggiensis Lee & Seo , 1990  Gammarus laborifer Karaman & Pinkster , 1977  Gammarus lacustris G. O. Sars , 1864  Gammarus lasaensis Barnard & Dai , 1988  Gammarus laticoxalis Karaman & Pinkster , 1977  Gammarus lawrencianus Bousfield , 1956  Gammarus lecroyae Thoma & Heard , 2009  Gammarus ledoyeri G. Karaman , 1987  Gammarus lepoliensis Jazdzewski & Konopacka , 1989  Gammarus lichuanensis Hou & Li , 2002  Gammarus limnaeus S. I. smith , 1874  Gammarus lobifer Stock , Mirzajani , Vonk , Naderi & Kiabi , 1998  Gammarus locusta ( Linnaeus , 1758 )  Gammarus longipedis Karaman & Pinkster , 1987  Gammarus longisaeta Lee & Seo , 1992  Gammarus lophacanthus Hou & Li , 2002  Gammarus lordeganensis Khalayi-Pirbalanty & Sari , 2004  Gammarus lychnidensis Schellenberg , 1943  Gammarus macedonicus G. Karaman , 1976  Gammarus madidus Hou & Li , 2005  Gammarus marmouchensis Fadil , 2006  Gammarus maroccanus Fadil & Dakki , 2001  Gammarus martensi Hou & Li , 2004  Gammarus matienus Derzhavin , 1938  Gammarus miae Mateus & Mateus , 1990  Gammarus microps Pinkster & Goedmakers , 1975  Gammarus minus Say , 1818  Gammarus mladeni Karaman & Pinkster , 1977  Gammarus monospeliensis Pinkster , 1972  Gammarus montanus Hou , Li & Platvoet , 2004  Gammarus mucronatus Say , 1818  Gammarus murarius Hou & Li , 2004  Gammarus nekkensis Uchida , 1935  Gammarus ninglangensis Hou & Li , 2003  Gammarus nipponensis Uéno , 1940  Gammarus nox Stock , 1995  Gammarus nudus Martynov , 1931  Gammarus obnixus Karaman & Pinkster , 1977  Gammarus obruki Özbek , 2012  Gammarus oceanicus Segerstråle , 1947  Gammarus ocellatus Martynov , 1930  Gammarus ochridensis ( Schäferna , 1926 )  Gammarus odaensis Lee & Kim , 1980  Gammarus odettae Mateus & Mateus , 1990  Gammarus oeningensis Heer , 1865 †  Gammarus orinos Pinkster & Schol , 1984  Gammarus oronticus Alouf , 1979  Gammarus osellai Karaman & Pinkster , 1977  Gammarus pageti Mateus & Mateus , 1990  Gammarus palustris Bousfield , 1969  Gammarus parechiniformis G. Karaman , 1977  Gammarus paricrenatus Stock , Mirzajani , Vonk , Naderi & Kiabi , 1998  Gammarus parthicus Stock , Mirzajani , Vonk , Naderi & Kiabi , 1998  Gammarus paucispinus Hou & Li , 2002  Gammarus pavlovici  Gammarus pavo Karaman & Pinkster , 1977  Gammarus paynei Delong , 1992  Gammarus pecos Cole & Bousfield , 1970  Gammarus pellucidus Gurjanova , 1930  Gammarus pexus Hou & Li , 2005  Gammarus platvoeti Hou & Li , 2003  Gammarus pljakici G. Karaman , 1964  Gammarus plumipes Mateus & Mateus , 1990  Gammarus praecyrius Derzhavin , 1941 †  Gammarus preciosus Wang , Hou & Li , 2009  Gammarus pretzmanni Mateus & Mateus , 1990  Gammarus proiectus Stock , Mirzajani , Vonk , Naderi & Kiabi , 1998  Gammarus pseudoanatoliensis Karaman & Pinkster , 1987  Gammarus pseudolimnaeus Bousfield , 1958  Gammarus pseudosyriacus Karaman & Pinkster , 1977  Gammarus pulex Linnaeus , 1758  Gammarus qiani Hou & Li , 2002  Gammarus rambouseki S. Karaman , 1931  Gammarus retzi Maikovsky , 1941 †  Gammarus rifatlensis Fadil , 2006  Gammarus riparius Hou & Li , 2002  Gammarus roeselii Gervais , 1835  Gammarus rouxi Pinkster & Goedmakers , 1975  Gammarus salemaai G. Karaman , 1985  Gammarus salinus Spooner , 1947  Gammarus sepidannus Zamanpoore , Poeckl , Grabowski & Schiemer , 2009  Gammarus setosus Dementieva , 1931  Gammarus shanxiensis Barnard & Dai , 1988  Gammarus shenmuensis Hou & Li , 2004  Gammarus sichuanensis Hou , Li & Zheng , 2002  Gammarus sinuolatus Hou & Li , 2004  Gammarus sirvannus Hekmatara , Sari & Baladehi , 2011  Gammarus sketi G. Karaman , 1989  Gammarus sobaegensis G. Karaman , 1984  Gammarus solidus G. Karaman , 1977  Gammarus songirdaki G. Karaman , 1984  Gammarus soyoensis Lee & Kim , 1980  Gammarus spelaeus Martynov , 1931  Gammarus spinipalmus ( Chen , 1939 )  Gammarus spooneri G. Karaman , 1991  Gammarus stagnarius Hou , Li & Morino , 2002  Gammarus stalagmiticus Hou & Li , 2005  Gammarus stankokaramani G. Karaman , 1976  Gammarus stojicevici ( S. Karaman , 1929 )  Gammarus stupendus Pinkster , 1983  Gammarus subtypicus Stock , 1966  Gammarus suifunensis Martynov , 1925  Gammarus syriacus Chevreux , 1895  Gammarus takesensis Hou , Li & Platvoet , 2004  Gammarus taliensis Shen , 1954  Gammarus tauricus Martynov , 1931  Gammarus teletzkensis Martynov , 1930  Gammarus tigrinus Sexton , 1939  Gammarus topkarai Özbek & Balik , 2009  Gammarus translucidus Hou , Li & Li , 2004  Gammarus troglophilus Hubricht & Mackins , 1940  Gammarus truncatus Martynov , 1930  Gammarus turanus Martynov , 1935  Gammarus uludagi G. S. Karaman , 1975  Gammarus unguiserratus Costa , 1853  Gammarus ustaoglui Özbek & Guloglu , 2005  Gammarus varsoviensis Jazdzewski , 1975  Gammarus vignai Pinkster & Karaman , 1978  Gammarus wangbangensis Lee & Seo , 1990  Gammarus wautieri Roux , 1967  Gammarus wilkitzkii Birula , 1897  Gammarus xiangfengensis Hou & Li , 2002  Gammarus zaddachi Sexton , 1912  Gammarus zagrosensis Zamanpoore , Poeckl , Grabowski & Schiemer , 2009  Gammarus zeongogensis Lee & Kim , 1980

neg: Ceratiidae Sea devils are the family of deep-sea anglerfish known as the Ceratiidae , from the Greek keras , `` horn '' , referring to the bioluminescent lure that projects from the fishes ' forehead .   They are among the most widespread of the anglerfishes , found in all oceans from the tropics to the Antarctic . They are large and elongated : females of the largest species , Krøyer 's deep sea angler fish , Ceratias holboelli , reach 1.2 m in length . Males , by contrast , are much smaller , reaching 14 cm , and , like other anglerfishes , spend much of their lives attached to a female after a free-living adolescent stage in which they are very small - at most 1.3 cm - and have sharp , beak-like , toothless jaws . One or more males attach themselves permanently to a female , eventually merging circulatory systems . As this genetic chimera matures , the male grows large testicles , while the rest of its body atrophies . Ceratioidea are the only creatures known to become chimeras as a normal part of their lifecycle .

neg: Flying frog A flying frog ( also called a gliding frog ) is a frog that has the ability to achieve gliding flight . That is , it can descend at an angle of less than 45 ° relative to the horizontal . Other ( non-flying ) arboreal frogs can also descend vertically , but only at angles greater than 45 ° , which is referred to as parachuting .   Gliding flight has evolved independently among 3,400 species of frogs from both New World ( Hylidae ) and Old World ( Rhacophoridae ) families . This parallel evolution is seen as an adaptation to their life in trees , high above the ground . Characteristics of the Old World species include `` enlarged hands and feet , full webbing between all fingers and toes , lateral skin flaps on the arms and legs , and reduced weight per snout-vent length '' . These morphological changes contribute to the flying frog 's aerodynamic abilities .   Alfred Russel Wallace made one of the earliest reports of a flying frog . The species he observed was later described by George Albert Boulenger as Rhacophorus nigropalmatus .   Flying frogs includes members of the following genera :  Ecnomiohyla ( Hylidae )  Polypedates ( Rhacophoridae )  Rhacophorus ( Rhacophoridae )

neg: Ampharetidae Ampharetidae are a family of terebellid `` bristle worm '' ( class Polychaeta ) . As such , they belong to the order Canalipalpata , one of the three main clades of polychaetes . They appear to be most closely related to the peculiar alvinellids ( Alvinellidae ) which inhabit the deep sea , and somewhat less closely to the well-known trumpet worms ( Pectinariidae ) . These three appear to form one of the main clades of terebellids .   Almost all are ( like polychaetes in general ) marine organisms ; some inhabit brackish or freshwater though . Most are smallish deposit feeders which frequently live in small tubes they build from mud or similar substrate , or burrow in the sand .   The Ampharetidae are divided into three subfamilies : the large Ampharetinae , the much smaller Melinninae , and the monotypic Uschakovinae . Also , there are some ampharetid genera incertae sedis or in a quite basal position :  Aryandes  Pavelius  Rytocephalus

neg: Hermaphrodite In biology , a hermaphrodite is an organism that has reproductive organs normally associated with both male and female sexes . Many taxonomic groups of animals ( mostly invertebrates ) do not have separate sexes . In these groups , hermaphroditism is a normal condition , enabling a form of sexual reproduction in which either partner can act as the `` female '' or `` male '' . For example , the great majority of tunicates , pulmonate snails , opisthobranch snails and slugs are hermaphrodites . Hermaphroditism is also found in some fish species and to a lesser degree in other vertebrates . Most plants are also hermaphrodites .   Historically , the term hermaphrodite has also been used to describe ambiguous genitalia and gonadal mosaicism in individuals of gonochoristic species , especially human beings . The word intersex has come into preferred usage for humans , since the word hermaphrodite is considered to be misleading and stigmatizing , as well as `` scientifically specious and clinically problematic '' .   A rough estimate of the number of hermaphroditic animal species is 65,000 . Since the estimated total number of animal species is 8.6 million , the percentage of animal species that are hermaphroditic is about 0.7 % . Arthropods are the phylum with the largest number of species . Most hermaphroditic species exhibit some degree of self-fertilization . The distribution of self-fertilization rates among animals is similar to that of plants , suggesting that similar processes are operating to direct the evolution of selfing in animals and plants .

neg: Monitor lizard The monitor lizards are large lizards in the genus Varanus . They are native to Africa , Asia and Oceania , but are now found also in the Americas as an invasive species . A total of 79 species are currently recognized .   Monitor lizards have long necks , powerful tails and claws , and well-developed limbs . The adult length of extant species ranges from 20 cm in some species , to over 3 m in the case of the Komodo dragon , though the extinct varanid known as megalania ( Varanus priscus ) may have been capable of reaching lengths of more than 7 m. Most monitor species are terrestrial , but arboreal and semiaquatic monitors are also known . While most monitor lizards are carnivorous , eating eggs , smaller reptiles , fish , birds and small mammals , some also eat fruit and vegetation , depending on where they live .

neg: Niche microdifferentiation Niche Microdifferentiation is the process a species undergoes to reach genetic diversity within that species ; it is the process by which an ecotype is created . This process is regulated by various environmental influences whether they be morphological , spatial , and/or temporal . This means that a trait of one organism in one area is not advantageous for the same species in a different location : `` the trait that alters the environment in a manner that is favorable to growth tends to be reinforced and this positive feedback can further , to a certain extent , modify the selection pressure on itself '' . For example , a species of moth which is white and lives in an area where tree bark is stripped and tree color is white will more easily survive than a white moth in a different location where trees are moss-covered and green . This leads to adaptations that allow the species to exist in a slightly different environment . Organisms within the same species can undergo phenotypic and genotypic changes due to niche microdifferentiation . Conspecific organisms can vary in color , size , diet , behavior , and morphology due to differences in environmental pressures . Related topics include epigenetics , niche differentiation , and evolutionary biology .

neg: Mollusc shell The mollusc ( or molluskOften spelled mollusk shell in the USA ; the spelling `` mollusc '' are preferred by ) shell is typically a calcareous exoskeleton which encloses , supports and protects the soft parts of an animal in the phylum Mollusca , which includes snails , clams , tusk shells , and several other classes . Not all shelled molluscs live in the sea ; many live on the land and in freshwater .   The ancestral mollusc is thought to have had a shell , but this has subsequently been lost or reduced on some families , such as the squid , octopus , and some smaller groups such as the caudofoveata and solenogastres , and the highly derived Xenoturbella . Today , over 100,000 living species bear a shell ; there is some dispute as to whether these shell-bearing molluscs form a monophyletic group ( conchifera ) or whether shell-less molluscs are interleaved into their family tree .   Malacology , the scientific study of molluscs as living organisms , has a branch devoted to the study of shells , and this is called conchology -- although these terms used to be , and to a minor extent still are , used interchangeably , even by scientists ( this is more common in Europe ) .   Within some species of molluscs , there is often a wide degree of variation in the exact shape , pattern , ornamentation , and color of the shell .

neg: Gastropoda The Gastropoda or gastropods , more commonly known as snails and slugs , are a large taxonomic class within the phylum Mollusca . The class Gastropoda includes snails and slugs of all kinds and all sizes from microscopic to large . There are many thousands of species of sea snails and sea slugs , as well as freshwater snails , freshwater limpets , land snails and land slugs .   The class Gastropoda contains a vast total of named species , second only to the insects in overall number . The fossil history of this class goes back to the Late Cambrian . There are 611 families of gastropods known , of which 202 are extinct and appear only in the fossil record .   Gastropoda ( previously known as univalves and sometimes spelled `` Gasteropoda '' ) are a major part of the phylum Mollusca , and are the most highly diversified class in the phylum , with 65,000 to 80,000 living snail and slug species . The anatomy , behavior , feeding , and reproductive adaptations of gastropods vary significantly from one clade or group to another . Therefore , it is difficult to state many generalities for all gastropods .   The class Gastropoda has an extraordinary diversification of habitats . Representatives live in gardens , woodland , deserts , and on mountains ; in small ditches , great rivers and lakes ; in estuaries , mudflats , the rocky intertidal , the sandy subtidal , in the abyssal depths of the oceans including the hydrothermal vents , and numerous other ecological niches , including parasitic ones .   Although the name `` snail '' can be , and often is , applied to all the members of this class , commonly this word means only those species with an external shell big enough that the soft parts can withdraw completely into it . Those gastropods without a shell , and those with only a very reduced or internal shell , are usually known as slugs ; those with a shell into which they can not withdraw are termed limpets .   The marine shelled species of gastropod include edible species such as abalone , conches , periwinkles , whelks , and numerous other sea snails that produce seashells that are coiled in the adult stage -- though in some , the coiling may not be very visible , for example in cowries . In a number of families of species , such as all the various limpets , the shell is coiled only in the larval stage , and is a simple conical structure after that .

neg: Ammotrechidae Ammotrechidae are a family of solifuges distributed in the Americas and the Caribbean Islands . They include 22 described genera and at least 83 species . Members of this family can be distinguished from members of other families by the absence of claws on tarsi of leg I , tarsal segmentation 1-2-2 - ( 2-4 ) , pedipalps with pairs of lateroventral spines , and by males having an immovable flagellum on the mesal face of each chelicerum . The propeltidium of Ammotrechidae is recurved .   The common names used for Ammotrechidae are curve-faced solifugid and sand runner . Ammotrechidae live in arid regions , such as dune and rocky habitats . They are carnivores which feed mainly on other invertebrates . Ammotrechidae have relatively high metabolic rates , which allow them to be voracious predators . They feed by masticating their prey and sucking out the liquids . They are preyed upon by other vertebrates . Species of Ammotrechidae are found to be cannibalistic . Males and females dig shallow burrows for protection and nesting .   The species that are found in North America are found in the South to Southwest and are rarely longer than two inches . Though they can be pests , they are considered beneficial because they feed on `` scorpions , spiders and termites . ''

neg: Predator trap A predator trap is a natural hazard such as a tar pit . Predators would become attracted to struggling animals that have become entrapped in viscous or glutinous material , such as a heavy sedimentary deposit or tar and , in the process , become entrapped themselves . More predators , scavengers , insects and birds become attracted to this mounting accumulation of carrion , until a wide variety of animals are caught and ultimately killed by the hazard . This may happen many times over . Typically , the number of lured predators will greatly outnumber the prey , thus providing the name .   A famous example is the La Brea Tar Pits site . The Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry may yet prove to be a further example , although still nowadays it is debated if it 's a predator trap or not . The Gobi Desert dinosaur death traps may have been sauropod footprints that have been filled with a mixture of thick mud & sandstone in the former wetland .

neg: Pack hunter A pack hunter or social predator is a predator belonging to the animal kingdom which has evolved to hunt its prey by working together with other members of its species . Normally animals hunting in this way are closely related , and with the exceptions of humans and chimpanzees where only males normally hunt , all individuals in a family group will contribute to hunting . The most commonly known pack hunter is the gray wolf , the closest wild relative of all breeds of domesticated dog . Humans and their closest-living relatives chimpanzees are also pack hunters . Other pack hunting mammals include dolphins , lions , dwarf and banded mongooses and spotted hyenas . A number of avian social predators exist , including the Harris 's hawk , butcherbirds , three of four kookaburra species and many helmetshrikes . There are a few cold-blooded pack hunters including simple arthropods such as army ants , the yellow saddle goatfish and occasionally crocodiles .   There is a possibility that some non-avian theropod dinosaurs displayed pack behavior as well .   A social animal that always hunts , singly such as the domestic cat , is not a pack hunter .   Pack hunting is typically associated with cooperative breeding and its concentration in the Afrotropical Region is a reflection of this . Most pack hunters are found in the southern African savannas , with a notable absence in tropical rainforests and with the exception of the wolf and coyote , higher latitudes . It is thought that either on the ancient and poor soils of the southern African savanna it is not possible for individual predators to find adequate food , or that the environment 's inherent unpredictability due to ENSO or IOD events means that in very bad conditions it will not be possible to raise the young necessary to prevent declining populations from adult mortality . It is also argued that Africa 's very large area of continuous flat and open country , which was even more extensive while rainforest contracted during glacial periods of the Quaternary , may have helped encourage pack hunting to become much more common than on any other continent .   A shared pack hunting history is thought to be the main conduit through which humans have been able to form a mutual relationship with dogs ( that is , domestication ) , as both species are highly social and inter-dependent . Humans easily take over the dominance hierarchy of dogs as subordinates instinctively follow the `` alpha '' individual and dogs are accustomed to living very close together   When wolves hunt a Moose or Elk , it sometimes takes to deep water to avoid the pack . A wolf response to this behavior is that the pack rests with one or two wolves annoying the prey until it gets fatigued .

neg: Ecdysozoa Ecdysozoa -LSB- ˌɛkdɪsoʊ-ˈzoʊə -RSB- is a group of protostome animals , including Arthropoda ( insects , chelicerata , crustaceans , and myriapods ) , Nematoda , and several smaller phyla . They were first defined by Aguinaldo et al. in 1997 , based mainly on phylogenetic trees constructed using 18S ribosomal RNA genes . A large study in 2008 by Dunn et al. strongly supported the Ecdysozoa as a clade , that is , a group consisting of a common ancestor and all its descendants .   The group is also supported by morphological characters , and includes all animals that shed their exoskeleton ( see ecdysis ) .   The group was initially contested by a significant minority of biologists . Some argued for groupings based on more traditional taxonomic techniques , while others contested the interpretation of the molecular data .

neg: Eretmorhipis Eretmorhipis ( meaning `` oar fan '' from the Greek ερετμον ( `` oar '' ) and ῥιπίς ( `` fan '' ) ) is an extinct genus of hupehsuchian marine reptile from the Early Triassic of China . It is currently known from two specimens that were discovered in an exposure of the Jialingjiang Formation in Yuan ` an County , Hubei and referred to the newly named species Eretmorhipis carrolldongi in 2015 . One of those specimens , the holotype WGSC V26020 , had been known since 1991 and consists of the entire skeleton excluding the skull . The second specimen , IVPP V4070 , is an impression of the right side of the back half of the skeleton , as well as part of the right forelimb . Eretmorhipis is unique among hupehsuchians in having manual and pedal digits that radiate in a fan-like shape . Like other hupehsuchians it has three overlapping layers of armor-like osteoderms over its spine , but the osteoderms of the uppermost layer are significantly larger than they are in other hupehsuchians , each spanning the length of four vertebrae . These upper-layer osteoderms are also widely spaced . The torso of Eretmorhipis is elongate and encased in a bony tube formed from thickened ribs and gastralia , similar to the bony tube of the hupehsuchian Parahupehsuchus but less extensive . The authors of the 2015 paper that named Eretmorhipis performed a phylogenetic analysis and found that it was one of the most derived hupehsuchians , forming a clade that they called Parahupehsuchinae with Parahupehsuchus and an unnamed polydactylus hupehsuchian . Below is a cladogram from their analysis :

neg: Hypoathroid The term hypoathroid ( Ancient Greek hypo - , `` under '' + - athroid , `` gathered together '' ) is used to describe the arrangement of ganglia in the nervous system of molluscs . In the hypoathroid state , the pleural ganglia of the `` chest '' and the pedal ganglia of the `` feet '' lie close to each other more or less underneath the gut , and they communicate with the cerebral ganglia via long connectives . It is a condition that is characteristic of the Archaeogastropoda clade , and represents one end of a three-part spectrum of such arrangements , the other two being the dystenoid system in which the pleural and cerebral ganglia are closer together but still distinctly separate , and the epiathroid condition in which the pleural , pedal , and cerebral ganglia all lie close together ( characteristic , for example , of the Mesogastropoda and Neogastropoda . The centralization of the nervous system generally is considered evidence of an evolutionary advancement among molluscs , while the more diffuse condition is viewed as a sign of evolutionary proximity to the hypothetical `` archimollusc '' ancestor of all molluscs .