query: Gregor Clegane is the eldest brother of Sandor Clegane.

pos: Gregor Clegane Ser Gregor Clegane , nicknamed The Mountain , is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin , and its television adaptation Game of Thrones . He is a retainer to House Lannister . An enormous man , he is well known for his size , prowess in battle and cruelty .   Introduced in 1996 's A Game of Thrones , Gregor is the older brother of Sandor Clegane , from the fictional kingdom of Westeros . He subsequently appeared in Martin 's A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) , A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) and in A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) as Ser Robert Strong .   Ser Gregor Clegane is a huge knight and the elder brother of Sandor Clegane . Called `` The Mountain That Rides '' , he is known for his incredibly cruel nature and uncontrollable temper . His size and strength make him a fearsome warrior , and he has earned a reputation for cruelty and brutality . He is able to wield a two-handed sword one handed . When they were children , Gregor shoved Sandor 's face into a brazier , gruesomely scarring him .   Gregor Clegane is portrayed by Conan Stevens in season one , by Ian Whyte in season two , and by Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson in seasons four , five , and six in the HBO television adaptation .

neg: Inheritance Cycle The Inheritance Cycle is a young adult tetralogy of epic fantasy novels written by American author Christopher Paolini . Set in the fictional world of Alagaësia ( -LSB- æləˈɡeɪziə -RSB- ) , the novels focus on the adventures of a teenage boy named Eragon and his dragon , Saphira , as they struggle to overthrow the evil king Galbatorix . The series was originally intended to be a trilogy ( named the `` Inheritance Trilogy '' ) until Paolini announced on October 30 , 2007 , while working on the third novel , that he believed the story was too complex to conclude in just three books .   The book series as a whole received mostly mixed to negative reviews by critics , but has gained both popularity and commercial success . The first book in the series , Eragon , was originally self-published by Paolini in 2001 , and subsequently re-published by Alfred A. Knopf Books for Young Readers on June 25 , 2003 . The second book in the series , Eldest , was published by Knopf on August 23 , 2005 . Both were New York Times bestsellers . The third book in the series , Brisingr , was published by Knopf on September 20 , 2008 . The fourth and final book in the series , Inheritance , was published by Knopf on November 8 , 2011 . The series has sold 33.5 million copies worldwide .   In 2006 , a feature film was released based on the first book in the cycle , Eragon , starring Ed Speleers , Jeremy Irons , John Malkovich and Djimon Hounsou . The film received generally negative reviews and closed as the 13th highest grossing fantasy-live action film within the United States .

neg: Körmendy Körmendy in the Hungarian language , due to its form and implied meaning , is understood to be a family name . Literally it means : a person or family of or originating or associated with the place called Körmend , now one of the smaller townships in Western Hungary , near the Austrian border .   It is evident in some public records that the same family name may have been spelled `` Körmendi '' as compared to `` Körmendy '' . It is generally understood in the Hungarian tradition that the use of the form `` Körmendy '' is an entitlement of some sort due to the formerly official title of nobility , received as granted in a traditional European meaning and process . The `` Körmendi '' name , form or usage , may mean in some cases , simply a spelling variation due to whatever reasons , but in some other cases `` Körmendi '' may be just an adopted name , not entitled to the `` Körmendy '' form of spelling .   There seem to exist many people in the world with these family names , however to this writer at this point it may be highly speculative to guess how many of these may be related at any distance , or whether there are one or more greater families covered by all these names . On the other hand , as an example , this writer has information of a document and public record granting the nobility title to a `` Körmendy Márton '' and his descendants ( and the same to a companion by a different name ) by `` King Ferdinánd I '' of Hungary , in the year 1549 . This above cited record also refers to an official transcript of another record of the same subject , originating in `` Szentmarja '' of Bács Vármegye , formerly part of the Hungarian Kingdom , ( now called Szabadka in Hungarian , and is now part of modern Serbia ) . This later transcript was sent to the Hungarian National Museum and is deposited under `` Aldányi Antal , LXI 1549 január 5 . ''   The above cited granting of nobility to said `` Körmendy Márton '' and his descendants is due to , according to the contents of the cited document ( s ) , a certain incident of his heroic behavior during the Hungarian defensive wars against the Turkish invaders . The said heroic act occurred in a battle at the Hungarian town Győr , rescuing some Christians from the Turks . Along with the title of nobility this `` Körmendy Márton '' and his descendants were granted the right to use a certain coat of arms , described in detail within the above said letter of grant of nobility ( nemeslevél in Hungarian ) .   These records at least provide a glimpse into the background and history connected with the name ( s ) Körmendy .

neg: List of Kings of Mide In medieval Ireland , the Kings of Mide were of the Clann Cholmáin , a branch of the Uí Néill . Several were High Kings of Ireland . After the collapse of the kingdom in the 12th century its dynasty , the Ua Mael Sechlainn or Ó Melaghlins , were forced west and settled on the east bank of the Shannon . Bearers of the name were still noted as among the Gaelic nobility until as late as the 1690s , though they had lost any real power long before .   The Kingdom of Mide itself seems to have existed as a kingdom ( though of varying sizes ) since at least the early historic era . Its name means `` middle '' , denoting the fact that it was situated in the very centre of Ireland in what is now County Westmeath , parts of north County Offaly , south County Longford and western County Meath . Its early kings may have been of the Dál Messin Corb - whose sept , the Uí Garrchon , were Kings of Leinster . However , from the late 400 's onwards they were driven away from their original homeland in modern County Kildare and over the Wicklow Mountains by the Ui Néill , whose sept , the Clann Cholmáin , took their place .

neg: House of Dunkeld The House of Dunkeld , in Scottish Gaelic Dùn Chailleann ( meaning Fort of the Caledonii or of the Caledonians ) , is a historiographical and genealogical construct to illustrate the clear succession of Scottish kings from 1034 to 1040 and from 1058 to 1290 . The line is also variously referred to by historians as `` The Canmores '' , and `` MacMalcolm '' .   It is dynastically sort of a continuation to Cenél nGabráin of Dál Riata , `` race of Fergus '' , as `` house '' an originally Celtic concept to express one of the two rivalling leader clans of early medieval Scotland , whose founding father is king Fergus Mor of Dalriada . This Ferguside royal clan had rivalled the crown ( of Dalriada , then that of Alba ) against the Cenél Loairn , the later House of Moray for the preceding four or more centuries . The Cenél nGabráin were represented by the so-called House of Alpin before Dunkeld .   Sir Iain Moncreiffe made the case that Crínán of Dunkeld actually belonged to a Scottish sept of Irish Cenél Conaill royal dynasty , a branch of the Uí Néill . This of course would not exclude his descendants from also being a ( female line ) continuation of the Cenél nGabráin through Bethóc .   Genealogically the Dunkeld dynasty is based on Duncan I of Scotland being of a different agnatic clan to his predecessor and maternal grandfather Malcolm II of Scotland . However , sociohistorically , the reign of Duncan 's son Malcolm III of Scotland , which happens to coincide with the start of the centuries-long period of strong influence from the southern neighbour , the Kingdom of England , has been seen as a more important place to start .

neg: FitzClarence Fitzclarence or FitzClarence is a pseudo-Anglo-Norman name meaning `` son of Clarence '' -- it usually refers to a bastard son of a Duke of Clarence , or a descendant thereof , and was used by them as a surname .   The FitzClarence family was an illegitimate branch of the House of Hanover . Prince William , Duke of Clarence , and future king William IV of the United Kingdom , had at least ten children with his mistress Dorothea Jordan , all of whom took the surname FitzClarence . All of them were also granted by their father the rank of a marquess ' younger sons or daughters .   The Duke of Clarence 's eldest surviving illegitimate child , George FitzClarence ( 1794 -- 1842 ) , was created Earl of Munster in 1831 and his male-line was continued until the death of Anthony FitzClarence , 7th Earl of Munster in 2000 . Two of Lord Munster 's brothers , Frederick and Augustus ( a priest ) , had issue that were also part of the family . Five daughters of William IV and Dorothy Jordan were married to nobles or prominent military figures , including William Hay , 18th Earl of Erroll , Lucius Cary , 10th Viscount Falkland , and Admiral Lord John Hallyburton . Only one , Mary , had no children .   The 10 children of Prince William , Duke of Clarence , future King of Great Britain and his mistress , Dorothy Jordan , and their descendants :  George FitzClarence ( 1794 -- 1842 ) and his grandson :  Charles FitzClarence ( 1865 -- 1914 )  Henry FitzClarence ( 1795 -- 1817 )  Sophia FitzClarence ( 1796 -- 1837 )  Mary FitzClarence ( 1798 -- 1864 )  Frederick FitzClarence ( 1799 -- 1854 )  Elizabeth FitzClarence ( 1801 -- 1856 )  Adolphus FitzClarence ( rear admiral ) ( 1802 -- 1856 ) ( no issue )  Augusta FitzClarence ( 1803 -- 1865 )  Augustus FitzClarence ( 1805 -- 1854 )  Amelia FitzClarence ( 1807 -- 1858 )  William FitzClarence , 2nd Earl of Munster ( 1824 -- 1901 )  Geoffrey FitzClarence , 3rd Earl of Munster ( 1859 -- 1902 )  Aubrey FitzClarence , 4th Earl of Munster ( 1862 -- 1928 )  Geoffrey FitzClarence , 5th Earl of Munster ( 1906 -- 1975 )  Edward FitzClarence , 6th Earl of Munster ( 1899 -- 1983 )  Anthony FitzClarence , 7th Earl of Munster ( 1926 -- 2000 )    Category : House of Hanover  Category : Noble families of the United Kingdom  Category : William IV of the United Kingdom  Category : Norman-language surnames !

neg: McHenry Brothers The McHenry Brothers are Edward Alexander McHenry ( born August 25 , 1983 ) and Rory Patrick McHenry ( born 14 July 1987 ) , siblings known professionally as the McHenry Brothers , are award winning British film directors and screen writers .

neg: House of Grey The House of Grey is an ancient noble English family originating from Creully in Normandy . Its name , initially having been difficult to comprehend in the English language , was variously transliterated as Grey , Grai , Greye , Gray , etc. .   In the Middle Ages , the Grey family was first ennobled as Barons Grey of Codnor , of Ruthyn and of Wilton ( later being elevated as viscounts , earls , marquesses and dukes ) .

neg: Cabra Castle Cabra Castle is the name given to two castles , one now ruined , the other now used as an impressive luxury hotel . They are near the hamlet of Cabra , which is very near Kingscourt ( Irish : Dún a ' Rí ) in south-east County Cavan , Ireland .   The current Cabra Castle ( located just off the R179 , known locally as the Carrickmacross Road ) was constructed in a mixture of the `` neo-Norman-style '' and the `` Gothick-style '' in the first decade of the 19th-century . Much of the exterior is in a form of what might be described as the `` neo-Norman-style '' , while the interior is mainly `` Gothick '' ( as opposed to the later neo-Gothic styles ) . This structure was originally called Cormey ( or Cormy ) Castle , after the local townland where it was built . It was constructed for the Foster family , a local `` Ascendancy '' family . However , the cost of building the new country house effectively bankrupted the Foster family . So , in 1813 , shortly after the new Cormey Castle had been completed , the Fosters sold their new country house to their much wealthier neighbours , the Pratt dynasty , who were another local ` Ascendancy ' family .   The aristocratic Pratt family lived just across the Carrickmacross Road at the original Cabra House ( also sometimes known as Cabra Castle ) on the Cabra Estate , the family 's huge country estate . The Pratt family had owned the Cabra Estate since 1699 . In 1813 , Colonel Joseph Pratt added the new Cormey Castle and much of the Fosters ' Cormey Estate to his own Cabra Estate . Cormey Castle replaced the original Cabra House as the chief `` seat '' of the Pratt dynasty in County Cavan . Around 1820 , the Pratt family renamed Cormey Castle as Cabra Castle , the name it retains to this day .   The ruins of the original Cabra House , or Cabra Castle , can be seen on a slight height near the Wishing Well in what is now Dún a ' Rí Forest Park , formerly part of the Cabra Estate . The forest park is now owned by Coillte , the Irish Government 's forestry company .   Major Mervyn Pratt owned Cabra Castle and the Cabra Estate from 1927 until his death in December 1950 . The Major , however , mainly lived at Enniscoe , another country estate that the Pratt family had owned since the 1860s near Crossmolina in County Mayo . He was succeeded by his nephew , Tan Sri Dr. Mervyn Sheppard , a long-serving civil servant with the British Colonial Service in Malaya , who was the last member of the Pratt dynasty to own Cabra Castle . Due to the mounting costs of running the castle and running what remained of the Cabra Estate , he sold the country house to a local Catholic family , the Brennans , in 1964 . The Brennan family turned the castle into a hotel , which it remained up until they sold it in 1986 to a Mr. Mansour , a senior politician and businessman from the Emirate of Abu Dhabi in the U.A.E. Mansour closed the hotel with the intention of turning Cabra Castle back into a private country house once more . However , he never actually got round to restoring the castle as a private residence or restoring it to its former glory .   In 1991 , Mansour sold Cabra Castle to the Corscadden family , who run a number of hotels . They restored the castle and turned it into a luxury four-star hotel , reopening it as such in the early 1990s . It continues to be owned by the Corscadden family , and the castle remains a luxury hotel . The castle is very close to County Cavan 's border with both County Monaghan and , in particular , County Meath . About a hundred acres of land now makes up the surrounding demesne ( or park ) of Cabra Castle .

neg: Stephen, son of Tekesh Stephen , son of Tekesh ( Tekes fia István died after 1280 ) was a Hungarian distinguished nobleman , who served as voivode of Transylvania in 1280 , during the reign of Ladislaus IV of Hungary .   His father was Tekesh , son of Nicholas , who served as ispán ( comes ) of Sáros County for several times . Stephen had two brothers , John and Ladislaus . He had five sons and a daughter from unidentified wife . His name is mentioned by contemporary records since 1267 . He supported junior king Stephen at first , however later became a partisan of Béla IV of Hungary , as a result he lost his political influence when Stephen V ascended the throne in 1270 .   Following the coronation of Ladislaus IV , Stephen was appointed ispán of Bereg County in 1273 . He also became head of the Patak ispánate , a royal estate ( 1273 -- 1282 ) and master of the chariots ( szekérnagy maior plaustrorum ) , holding the latter office until 1275 . He served as ispán of Torna County in 1277 . The Szádvár Castle , centre of the county was donated by Ladislaus IV to the sons of Tekesh and later confirmed by Andrew III of Hungary . During that time Stephen held the title of `` perpetual count '' .   Stephen served as ban of Kucsó in 1279 . He functioned as voivode of Transylvania for a short time in 1280 . Perhaps he was a strong supporter of Finta Aba . Stephen built up a dominant power along with his brothers in North-East Hungary ( Torna and Sáros Counties ) .

neg: Jocelyn Jocelyn is a surname and first name . It is a unisex ( male/female ) name . Variants include Josalyn , Jocilyn , Joscelyn , Joscelin , Josceline , Joseline , Jocelin , Jocelyne , Jocelynne , Jocelynn , Joslin , Joslyn , Joclyn , Joselyn , Joselyne , ` Jocylen and Josslyn ; people who have this name may find it is often misspelled by others . The name may derive from Josselin , a locality in Brittany , France , and was introduced to England after the Norman Conquest . It may also derive from the Germanic name Gauzlin , also spelled Gozlin or Goslin . It is Latinized as Iudocus or Judocus , from Breton Iodoc , diminutive of iudh ( `` lord '' ) .   In French , the spelling `` Jocelyn '' is exclusively male . The female counterpart is spelled `` Jocelyne '' .   The Irish name Oisdealbh is sometimes erroneously attributed to a translation of Jocelyn , to Gaelicize Jocelyn de Angulo 's given name . In fact , MacOisdealbhaigh is the Gaelic translation of his brother Hostilo ( or Hostilio ) de Angulo 's given name . It is Hostilo 's descendants who would bear the surname Mac Oisdealbhaigh ( son of Oisdealbh or Hostilo ) . The surname would later be anglicized to Costello , Costelloe , and Costellow .

neg: The Sands Family This is about the family band . For coverage of solo careers of some band members , see Tommy Sands and Colum Sands  The Sands Family is a Northern Irish musical family band originating from Mayobridge , County Down , Northern Ireland . Their repertoire largely consists of their own compositions as well as traditional Irish songs . The band is considered one of the most influential folk groups . It showcases the famous Northern Irish folk singer-songwriter Tommy Sands as lead singer and songwriter and his brothers Ben Sands , Colum Sands and Eugene Sands and sister Anne Sands . Eugene was killed in a car accident in 1975 and the formation became a 4-member band . Tommy , Colum and Ben Sands have also successful solo careers as singers and musicians .   The Sands came from a very musical and artistic family . Their parents both came from families of singers , musicians and storytellers and encouraged a love of Irish culture and tradition in their seven children , Mary , the eldest , Hugh , Ben , Tommy , Colum , Eugene and Anne . Their father Mick Sands known to all as ` The Chief ' ) and six other uncles played the fiddle . Their mother Bridie Connolly , was an accordionist , and the daughter of the ` Burren poet ' , Owen Connolly , and her mother was related to the Brontë family .   The Sands family grew up in farm on the Ryan Road , a townland of Ryan , near Mayobridge . Their Céilidh house on the Ryan Road , in the foothills of the Mourne Mountains was a focal point for Catholic and Protestant neighbours from nearby farms to enjoy music and craic .   The Sands Family started public performing in local halls and pubs , then they won a ` Folk Group ' contest in `` Old Shieling Hotel '' in Raheny , Dublin . This led to booking in New York in early 1971 followed by further tours in the USA and Canada . They also performed a Saint Patrick 's Day concert appearance in Carnegie Hall . Their almost 4-decade touring career includes regular tours throughout continental Europe , especially Germany , as well as the UK and Ireland . One notable highlight was performing in Moscow 's Luzhniki ` Olympic ' Stadium . Since the early 2000s however , the Sands Family have restricted touring to an annual tour of Germany and Ireland .

neg: Stephen James Joyce Stephen James Joyce ( born 15 February 1932 ) is the grandson of James Joyce and the controversial executor of Joyce 's estate . He was born in France , the son of James Joyce 's son , Giorgio , and Helen Joyce , née Kastor . Stephen attended Harvard University , graduating in 1958 . At Harvard , he once roomed with Paul Matisse , grandson of French impressionist painter Henri Matisse , and with Sadruddin Aga Khan . Thereafter , he worked for the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development on African development . He retired from the OECD in 1991 to focus on managing his grandfather 's estate . He and his wife , Solange Raythchine Joyce , live in the Île de Ré in France . They have no children ; Stephen is James Joyce 's sole living descendant .   Stephen Joyce and Seán Sweeney are the joint trustees of the Estate of James Joyce . He has taken an active role in all legal matters relating to Joyce 's works . He has brought numerous lawsuits or threats of legal action against scholars , biographers , and artists attempting to quote from Joyce 's literary work or personal correspondence .   In 2004 , Joyce threatened legal action against the Irish government when the Rejoyce Dublin 2004 festival proposed public reading of excerpts of Ulysses on Bloomsday . In 1988 Stephen Joyce destroyed a collection of letters written by Lucia Joyce , his aunt . In 1989 he forced Brenda Maddox to delete a postscript concerning Lucia from her biography Nora : The Real Life of Molly Bloom . After 1995 Stephen announced no permissions would be granted to quote from his grandfather 's work . Libraries holding letters by Joyce were unable to show them without permission . Versions of his work online were disallowed . Stephen claimed to be protecting his grandfather 's and his family 's reputation , but would sometimes grant permission to use material in exchange for fees that were often `` extortionate '' .   On 13 January 2011 , on the 70th anniversary of Joyce 's death , all of his works entered the public domain in much of the world . In the US however , some of Joyce 's work remains protected by copyright . Prior to this , in 2007 , Joyce 's hold on the estate had already been delimited by a fair use suit brought by Carol Loeb Schloss and the Stanford Law School Center for Internet and Society 's Fair Use Project .   When the Central Bank of Ireland issued a ten euro James Joyce commemorative coin on 10 April 2013 , Stephen Joyce described the coin and the circumstances of its issue as `` one of the greatest insults to the Joyce family that has ever been perpetrated in Ireland '' . He complained of a lack of consultation over the coin ; he objected to an error in a Joycean quotation inscribed on the coin ; he was upset by the design of the portrait of the writer on the coin , calling it `` the most unlikely likeness of Joyce ever produced '' ; and he described as highly insensitive and offensive the decision to issue the coin on the anniversary of the death of his grandmother , Nora Joyce , who died in 1951 .

neg: Pegarty Long Pegarty Long ( born August 17 , 1940 in New York City , New York ) is a film producer and director , best known for the campy horror movie An Irish Vampire in Hollywood ( 2007 ) and the experimental film Incision ( 1999 ) . She runs Raven Productions ( in Venice , CA ) , a production company for film and literature , whose catalogue includes these poetry books : `` The Prose and Poetry of John Thomas , `` The Collected Poems of Philomene Long , '' `` Memoirs of a Nun on Fire , '' and `` Bukowski in the Bathtub , '' about Charles Bukowski Pegarty lives in Venice , California .   She is the twin sister of the poet Philomene Long .   Reviews of An Irish Vampire in Hollywood  Winner Best Film Score The International Moondance Film Festival .  `` Utterly fantastic ! Most cinema is boring . This film is different , creative and artistic . Better than Batman ! '' - Peter McCarthy , Producer-Director `` Repo Man '' , `` Sid & Nancy '' , `` Floundering '' `` Death and Taxes '' .  `` I was very taken with the film , by its poetic sensibility and often arresting images and by the narrative permutations you brought to the vampire genre . Conjuring up a vivid and indelible world , you present an Ireland admittedly a `` tad '' darker than say John Ford in The Quiet Man but no less evocative . '' - Robert Dawson , Award-Winning Movie Titleler ` The Doors '' , `` Point Break '' , `` Gladiator '' , `` X Men '' .  `` The Irish Vampire Goes West '' , is the first Irish vampire film . '' - Kim Newman The Irish Journal of Gothic and Horror Studies  `` Art / vampire . Pegarty Long has discovered a new genre . Reminds one a bit , stylistically , of the German expressionists , especially NOSEFERATU . '' - Peter Belsito , Founder Filmfinders , Producer `` Tarkowsky : Time Within Time '' .  `` A beautifully shot film . `` Irish Vampire '' brought back my evenings in the underground cinema of the 60s . Too bad it 's not still with us , because then you have a camp cult classic on your hands . - Wanda Coleman , Award-Winning Poet , Writer `` Mad Dog Black Lady , `` A War of Eyes and Other Stories '' .  `` Timelessly classical . '' - Jeanne Collachia , Director , Editor , Producer `` Bread and Salt '' .

neg: Uí Ímair The Uí ( h ) Ímair -LSB- iː ˈiːvˠaɾʲ -RSB- , or Dynasty of Ivar , were a royal Norse dynasty members of which ruled much of the Irish Sea region , the Kingdom of Dublin , the western coast of Scotland , including the Hebrides and some part of Northern England , from the mid 9th century .   The dynasty lost control of York in the mid 10th century , but reigned over the other domains at variously disputed times , depending on which rulers may be counted among their descendants . This has proved a difficult question for scholars to determine , because reliable pedigrees do not survive . Additionally , for between three and four decades , the Uí Ímair were probably overkings of the Kingdom of Scotland itself , distinct from the Kingdom of Strathclyde , of which they may also have been overkings , and later briefly the Irish province of Munster , dominated from Waterford , and later still , briefly the English kingdom of Mercia . In the west of Ireland , the Uí Ímair also supplied at least two kings of Limerick , from which they may have attempted to conquer Munster again .   On the female side , two members are styled Queens of Ireland in the Irish annals ( they were also Queen of Mide and Queen of Munster , respectively ) , while another was Queen of Leinster ( and Osraige ) . In the Norse sources , another was Queen consort of Norway . Finally , another may have been Queen of Brega . The name Uí Ímair in Old Irish means `` grandchildren '' or descendants of Ivar , but the dynasty includes its progenitor and his sons . The Irish annals describe Ivar as the brother of Amlaíb Conung and of Auisle , and the Annals of Ulster record his obituary under the year 873 , reading : Imhar , rex Nordmannorum totius Hibernie & Brittanie , uitam finiuit -LSB- `` Ivar , king of all the Norse of Ireland and Britain , ended his life '' -RSB- . Probably the senior leader of the Great Heathen Army , Ivar may thus have become the inspiration for the legendary Ivar the Boneless ( fl . 865-860 ) , son of Ragnar Lodbrok . In any event , Uí Ímair dynasts may also have exercised power as overkings of East Anglia during their career in Britain .   Alex Woolf points out it would be a mistake to view the lordship as a `` unitary empire '' ; it was , rather , a collection of lordships ruled by the same kindred , with only varying degrees of unity depending on the political circumstances of the moment and the charisma of individual leaders . Especially in the early period , a great portion of the dynasty 's wealth , probably the majority , came from the international slave trade , both as slavers themselves and from the taxation of it , for which they were infamous in their time . In this role they star as the principal antagonists in the early 12th-century Irish epic political tract The War of the Irish with the Foreigners , although the account is exaggerated .   One of the greatest dynasties of the Viking Age , the Uí Ímair were at their height the most fearsome and wide-reaching power in the British Isles and perhaps beyond . However , unlike the contemporary Rurikids in the East they ultimately failed to make any long-lasting territorial gains of significance and are considered a strategic failure , despite their considerable economic and political influence .

neg: Lough Gowna Lough Gowna is a fresh water lake which is the uppermost lake on the River Erne . It is located on the border between County Longford and County Cavan , with the largest part of the lake being in County Longford .   Lough Gowna is a moraine-dammed lake formed at the end of the last glaciation , and owes its complex indented shape to the underlying drumlin landscape . This results in a large number of bays and inlets on the lake , often connected by narrow channels . The river Erne enters the system in a western direction into the easternmost part of the lake ( locally known as Derries Lough ) and exits northward through County Cavan . However , the damming caused by the moraines that gave rise to the lake result in large bodies of water to the north-west and south-west which form the bulk of the area of the lake . A number of other small rivers also flow into the lake . The county border runs through the north-western part of the lake , and then turns eastwards , with the western and southern parts of the lake being in Longford and the north-eastern parts being in Cavan .   The north-western and south-western portions of the lake are connected by a narrow channel at Dernaferst ( a townland on the western ( Longford ) shore of the lake , but which is in County Cavan ) . The northern and eastern shores of the lake are surrounded by peat bog , with areas of planted woodland along the southern shores of the lake in former demesnes in the townlands of Derrycassan and Culray . The lake is considered to be an important site for wintering wildfowl .   The lake contains one large island in the south-western part , Inchmore ( Inis Mór in Irish , meaning `` Big island '' ) , which was the site of a monastery founded in the sixth century by Saint Colmcille . The monastery was raided by the Vikings in 804 , being burned and looted . During the twelfth century , the abbey conformed to Augustinian rules and remained there until the dissolution of the monasteries by Henry VIII in 1543 . The site was still used as a graveyard by the local population until the early years of the twentieth century . The remains of the abbey are still to be seen on the island . A fifteenth-century tower bell , reputedly from the monastery , was recovered in the nineteenth century and now hangs in the Roman Catholic church in the nearby village of Aughnacliffe .   Lough Gowna is an important centre for coarse fishing and the shape of the lake , with wooded peninsulas interspersed with bays and inlets , make it attractive for tourism . There are picnic sites at Dernaferst and at Dring ( at the southernmost point of the lake ) .   The name of the lake comes from a legend about a supernatural calf which escaped from a well in the townland of Rathcor ( south of the lake ) and raced northward with a stream of water from the well following it and flooding the area now making up the lake .   The lake gives its name to the village of Loch Gowna , on the north-eastern shore of the lake in County Cavan . The original name of the village was Scrabby ( Screabach in Irish ) , and gave its name to the townland and parish in which it is located . However , in 1950 , after a plebiscite of the villagers , the name was officially changed to Loch Gowna . The village serves as a service centre for tourism , with hotel accommodation and sizeable numbers of holiday homes in the area .   Other parishes adjacent to the lake are Colmcille on the western and southern shores of the lake , Mullinalaghta on the eastern shore , and Dromard in the extreme north-west , all in County Longford ; and Mullahoran in the extreme east where the Erne enters the lake , in County Cavan .

neg: Aidhne Aidhne , also known as Uí Fhiachrach Aidhne , Maigh Aidhne / Maigh nAidhne ( `` Plain ( of ) Aidhne '' ) , was the territory of the Uí Fiachrach Aidhne , a tuath ( tribal kingdom ) located in the south of what is now County Galway in the south of Connacht , Ireland . Aidhne is coextensive with the present diocese of Kilmacduagh . The territory of Aidhne is bounded on the west by Loch Lurgain ( Galway Bay ) and the barony of Burren in County Clare in the province of Munster . County Clare also bounds Aidhne on its south and south-east side . Aidhne is bounded on the east by the low mountains of Sliabh Echtghe / Slieve Aughty , which separate Uí Fhiachrach Aidhne from the territory of Uí Mhaine in eastern County Galway . On the north-east Aidhne is bounded by the plains of Uí Mhaine and on the north by Maigh Mucruimhe ( the area around Athenry ) . On the north-west Aidhne is bounded by the parish of Meadhraighe / Maree ( Ballynacourty ) which is in the territory of Uí Bhriúin Seola .   In placename lore the kingdom took its name from the mythological Aidhne , one of the ten daughters of Partholon by his first wife , Topha . Aidhne was married to Breac .   In a later age , a branch of the Fir Bolg made Aidhne their home . Dubhaltach Mac Fhirbhisigh 's Book of Genealogies states that the Tuath mhac nUmhoir -LSB- settled in -RSB- in Dál gCais and in Uí Fhiachrach of Aidhne . Their leader is given as Conall Caol , son of Aonghus mac Úmhór . Connall was killed at the Battle of Maigh Mucruimhe in 195 AD , and his body brought back to Aidhne where it was interred at a leacht called Carn Connell ( itself the site of a major battle some centuries later ) .   The territory of Uí Fhiachrach Aidhne is coextensive with the diocese of Cill Mhic Dhuach / Kilmacduagh , which contains the civil parishes of Kinvarradoorus , Killinny , Killeenavarra , Drumacoo , Kilcolgan , Ardrahan , Stradbally , Killeeneen , Killeely , Killora , Killogilleen , Kilchreest , Isertkelly , Killinan , Kilthomas , Kilbeacanty , Beagh , Kilmacduagh , Kiltartan . The diocese of Kilmacduagh contains the present Catholic parishes of Kinvara , Ballinderreen , Gort , Ardrahan , Craughwell , Beagh , Kilbeacanty , Kilthomas ( Peterswell ) , Clarinbridge , Kilchreest .

neg: Richard de Clare, Steward of Forest of Essex Richard de Clare ( after 1281 -- 10 May 1318 ) 1st Lord Clare was the son of Thomas de Clare , Lord of Thomond and Juliana FitzGerald .   A descendant of Strongbow , he succeeded his older brother , Gilbert , in 1308 as Lord of Thomond . In 1309 , and then again between 1312 and 1316 , he was sheriff of Cork . Forced to put down a number of rebellions , he was eventually killed while commanding his forces at the Battle of Dysert O'Dea near what is now Ennis , County Clare . According to legend , the day before his death , Richard de Clare beheld a woman dressed in white on the river 's edge washing bloody clothing and armor . When he asked whose clothes they were , she replied , `` yours , '' and then vanished . This woman was believed to be a banshee foretelling his death the next day when he lay dead with his clothes caked in blood on the battlefield of Dysert O'Dea ( Lewis Spence , The Magical Arts in Celtic Britain 81 ( 1999 ) ) .   Richard was succeeded by his son Thomas , who was born in 1318 and died three years later . A series of inquisitions post mortem that were held following a writ issued on 10 April 1321 established that Thomas ' heirs were his father 's sisters ; Margaret , the wife of Bartholomew de Badlesmere and Maud , the wife of Sir Robert de Welle . As well as stewardship of the Forest of Essex , Thomas ' estate included numerous properties in Ireland .

neg: Tadhg Tadhg ( alternative spellings include Tadgh and Tadg ) ( -LSB- teɪɡ -RSB- , -LSB- tiːɡ -RSB- or -LSB- taɪɡ -RSB- ) , is an Irish and Scottish Gaelic masculine name that was very common when the Gaelic languages predominated , to the extent that it is a synecdoche for Irish Gaelic man . The name signifies `` poet '' or `` philosopher '' . This was also the name of many Gaelic Irish kings from the 10th to the 16th centuries , particularly in Connacht and Munster . Tadhg is most common in south-west Ireland , particularly in County Cork and County Kerry .   The name has enjoyed a surge in popularity recently ; in 2005 it was the 69th most common name for baby boys and in 2010 the 40th , according to the Central Statistics Office in Ireland . In the form `` Taig '' the name is used as a term of derogatory abuse for an Irish Catholic .

neg: House of Telcontar In the fictional universe of J. R. R. Tolkien , the House of Telcontar , previously the House of Elendil , is the Royal House of the Reunited Kingdom of Arnor and Gondor . The House was founded by Aragorn II during the War of the Ring , who was the last surviving Heir of Elendil , and took the throne under the name Elessar .   The name of the House finds its origin in Quenya , one of the Elvish languages . During the War of the Ring , Peregrin Took , a companion of Aragorn 's in The Fellowship of the Ring , became a member of the elite Citadel Guard at Minas Tirith , capital of Gondor . When Lord Aragorn entered the city , Peregrin persisted in familiarly referring to Aragorn by the nickname he had garnered as a Ranger of the North : `` Strider '' , even in front of foreign dignitaries such as King Éomer of Rohan . Aragorn was amused , and decided that the name of the lineage he founded would be `` Telcontar '' , which translates as `` Strider '' in Quenya . Members of the House of Telcontar are referred to as the `` Telcóntari '' ( Striders ) , the plural of Telcontar in Quenya .   Aragorn then took the royal name `` Elessar '' ( translated as Elfstone in Quenya ) .   With Queen Arwen , King Elessar reigned for 120 years , before finally surrendering his life . This long reign is attributed to Elessar 's descent from the Men of Númenor , who are blessed with long life ( he was 88 when he took the throne ) . He rebuilt the old capital Annúminas in Arnor and later ruled from this northern capital , although the old capital Minas Tirith was still of great political importance .   Elessar had one known son , Eldarion , and an unspecified number of daughters . King Elessar was buried with great honour in Minas Tirith . King Eldarion ( his name meaning `` from the Elves '' in reference to his mother Arwen ) was `` full ripe for kingship '' at the time , and ruled for an unspecified amount of time well into the Fourth Age of Men . Little is known of Eldarion , save that he left heirs to continue the House of Telcontar after him .

neg: Ó Siochfhradha brothers Pádraig Ó Siochfhradha ( 1883 -- 1964 ) and Mícheál Ó Siochfhradha ( 1900 -- 1986 ) , were brothers who were writers , teachers and Irish language storytellers , from County Kerry , Ireland .   Category : Sibling duos  Category :1883 births  Category :1900 births  Category :1964 deaths  Category :1986 deaths   ga :P ádraig Ó Siochfhradha


query: Hisense failed to acquire the right to sell televisions in the Americas.

pos: Hisense Hisense Co. , Ltd. . is a Chinese multinational white goods and electronics manufacturer headquartered in Qingdao , Shandong province , China . It is a state-owned enterprise with publicly traded subsidiaries .   Hisense has two publicly traded companies , Hisense Electric Co Ltd , which is listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange and Hisense Kelon Electrical Holdings Co Ltd , which is listed on the Shenzhen and Hong Kong stock exchanges and a number of other subsidiaries .   Hisense has 13 manufacturing facilities in China ( located in the provinces/cities of : Guangdong , Guizhou , Huzhou , Jiangsu , Liaoning , Linyi , Shandong , Sichuan , Yangzhou , Yingkou , Xinjiang , Zibo and the municipality of Beijing ) and several outside of China , namely in Hungary , South Africa , Egypt , Algeria , France and Mexico .   Hisense retails products under several brand names . These include Combine , Kelon and Ronshen , etc. . Hisense is also an OEM , so some of the products it makes are sold to other manufacturers and carry a brand name not related to Hisense . In 2015 it acquired the right to sell televisions in the Americas using the brand name of former Japanese firm Sharp . It also makes televisions under its own name as of 2013 .

neg: TeleVideo TeleVideo Corporation is a U.S. company that achieved its peak of success in the early 1980s producing computer terminals . TeleVideo was founded in 1979 by K. Philip Hwang , a Utah State University graduate born in North Korea who had run a business producing CRT monitors for arcade games since 1975 . The company was headquartered in San Jose , California .   TeleVideo 's terminal protocol was popular in the early days of microcomputers and was widely supported by applications as well as terminal emulators ( often referred to as `` TeleVideo 925 emulation '' ) .   TeleVideo also built CP/M-compatible 8-bit desktop and portable personal computers based on the Z80 processor . Up to sixteen of these machines could be connected to proprietary multi-user systems through serial interfaces .  In April , 1983 , TeleVideo introduced an MS-DOS 2.0 compatible personal computer based on the Intel 8088 . This was introduced as the Model TS-1603 and included 128 KB RAM ( expandable up to 256 KB ) , integrated monitor , modem and keyboard . The Model TS-1603 ran both TeleVideo PC DOS 2.0 and CP/M -86 1.1 .   The company later turned to manufacturing Windows compatible Thin client computers , but eventually sold this business line to Neoware in October 2005 . The latter was subsequently taken over by Hewlett-Packard in 2007 .   On March 14 , 2006 , TeleVideo , Inc. filed a voluntary petition for reorganization under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code .    After more than 35 years in business and with millions of terminals sold worldwide TeleVideo discontinued the manufacturing and sales of all terminal products as of September 30 , 2011 .

neg: Mundo de juguete Mundo de Juguete ( Toy World ) is a telenovela produced in Mexico by Televisa in 1974 . It is a remake of telenovela Papá Corazón ( Argentina , 1973 ) .   This telenovela holds the record for having the second longest run ever for a Latin American telenovela , with a total of 605 episodes ( 1974 -- 1977 ) . Most telenovelas run for an average of six to eight months ; the shortest ones run about four months , and the longest up to a year . Many `` Mundo de Juguete '' fans believe that either all or some of the tapes and film from the telenovela were lost when Televisa collapsed during the 1985 earthquake . Televisa has been secretive regarding which tapes were lost during that earthquake , so there is no way of confirming this . However , such claims can be disputed , considering that the Telenovela has been repeated on television several times after 1985 . During the nineties , it was repeated on Mexico City Canal 9 ( now Galavision ) . For a period of time , it was also shown on Unicable ( a Televisa Networks cable channel ) or on Telenovelas ( a channel also belonging to Televisa Networks specializing on reruns of old telenovelas )  Televisa remade the telenovela in 2000 , and called it `` Carita de Angel '' .

neg: Internet television in Australia Internet television in Australia is the digital distribution of movies and television content via the Internet . In Australia , Internet television is provided by five major pay-per-view providers , in addition to several niche television streaming services . Australia 's five major free-to-air television networks all offer catch up TV of previously broadcast content to watch via the Internet or via podcasts - drawing on both domestic and foreign content . A feature of Internet television is that a user can view TV or video on demand . Some distributors provide content as downloads , whiles other streaming media ; the main difference being that with downloads the end-user must have storage capacity for the content on their device and must wait for the download to be completed before the content can be viewed , while streamed content can be viewed almost immediately , but is not stored for a later second viewing .   Whether downloaded or streamed , video files over the Internet are usually metered in Australia , with most ISPs setting download quotas which can limit the downloads that a subscriber can make without incurring additional costs . ISPs also provide plans with unlimited downloads . Some ISPs offer downloads on a quota-free basis for partnered television services , which is also known as `` unmetered '' content .

neg: Your World Awards The Premios Tu Mundo ( Spanish for `` Your World Awards '' ) is an annual award presented by American television network Telemundo . The awards celebrates the achievements of Hispanics and Latinos in the media including TV shows , movies , music , fashion , and sports . The awards were established in 2012 .

neg: List of former DuMont Television Network affiliates This is a partial list of affiliate stations of the DuMont Television Network , which operated in the United States from 1946 to 1956 . At its peak in 1954 , DuMont was affiliated with around 200 TV stations . In its later years , DuMont was carried mostly on poorly watched UHF channels or had only secondary affiliations on VHF stations . The DuMont affiliation ending dates listed here are somewhat tentative in several cases ; DuMont ended most operations on April 1 , 1955 , and honored network commitments until August 1956 .   Many stations in the early years of television affiliated with more than one network . There were not enough local stations in most cities for each of the four major networks to have an affiliate , leading to the four networks ( as well as a number of smaller networks ) to fight for air time . Local TV stations were free to `` cherry-pick '' which programs they would broadcast . Many of DuMont 's `` affiliates '' carried very little DuMont programming , choosing to air one or two more popular programs ( such as Life Is Worth Living , which was aired by 169 stations during the 1953 -- 1954 season ) and/or sports programming on the weekends . Few stations carried the full DuMont program line-up .   DuMont 's advertising revenues depended on being able to be viewed nationwide . As a result , the company made affiliation agreements which have been described as `` a crazy patchwork of deals '' . In many cities , DuMont was affiliated with more than one TV station in order to get more of its programming cleared for broadcast . No definitive list of affiliated stations from 1946 to 1956 exists , and many sources contradict one another .   DuMont 's owned-and-operated stations are highlighted in yellow . The Paramount owned-and-operated stations , which did n't carry DuMont programs but were ruled DuMont O&O s by the FCC , are shown in pink .

neg: His TV His TV ( , aTV3 ) is a television channel produced by Asia Television which broadcast from December 31 , 2007 , till April 1 , 2009 . It was founded by American Dan Moramarco . After he sold the company to Chinese investors , the channel closed .

neg: Analog television Analog television or analogue television is the original television technology that uses analog signals to transmit video and audio . In an analog television broadcast , the brightness , colors and sound are represented by rapid variations of either the amplitude , frequency or phase of the signal .   Analog signals vary over a continuous range of possible values which means that electronic noise and interference becomes reproduced by the receiver . So with analog , a moderately weak signal becomes snowy and subject to interference . In contrast , a moderately weak digital signal and a very strong digital signal transmit equal picture quality . Analog television may be wireless or can be distributed over a cable network using cable converters .   All broadcast television systems preceding digital transmission of digital television ( DTV ) used analog signals .   Analog television around the world has been in the process of shutting down since the late 2000s .

neg: Intelsat 34 INTELSAT 34 or IS-34 is communications satellite built on Space Systems/Loral 's 1300-series satellite platform . The satellite broadcasts television to homes in Brazil , distributes video programming for companies like HBO and Fox across Latin America , and beams Internet broadband services to travelers aboard airplanes and ships crossing the North Atlantic Ocean .   Intelsat 34 , unlike its predecessor , does not include the UHF-band that Intelsat had been unable to sell to its intended customer , the U.S. Department of Defense .

neg: Canal+ (Spanish satellite broadcasting company) Canal + was a Spanish satellite broadcasting platform . It was previously known as Digital + since its launch in 2003 , and recently since 2011 as Canal + , being named after its main premium channel .   Formed on July 23 , 2003 as a result of the equal merger of Via Digital ( owned by Telefónica ) and Canal Satélite Digital ( owned by Sociedad de Television Canal Plus , S.A. ) , it was the largest pay-TV broadcaster in Spain .   The company used to be a subdivision of PRISA TV with shares held by Mediaset Espana and Telefónica . In October 2011 , Digital + changed its name to Canal + .

neg: Retro (TV channel) For the US channel with a similar name , see Retro Television Network .   Retro was a Latin American cable television network with classic programming that included movies and popular classic TV Series . It was owned by Turner Broadcasting System Latin America , a unit of Time Warner . Its headquarters were located in Buenos Aires , Argentina .   On March 25 , 2009 Turner Broadcasting System announced the replacement of Retro by a Latin American version of the channel truTV , also owned by Turner Broadcasting System . Most of the programming from Retro is still being aired on TCM Classic Entertainment .   On April 1 , 2009 at 5:30 pm Buenos Aires time , the channel aired its last show , the Robotech episode `` Symphony of Light '' . Retro was replaced by truTV at 6pm .   In some countries of Latin America , some cable television companies opted to replace Retro with TCM Classic Entertainment instead of truTV .

neg: RTP Internacional RTP Internacional ( abbreviated as RTPi ) is the international television service of Rádio e Televisão de Portugal , the Portuguese public broadcaster . It shows a mix of programming from RTP 's domestic channels , together with special Contacto programmes aimed at Portuguese migrant communities in Europe , Africa , South America and North America , as well as Macao and East Timor .   It first started broadcasting via satellite in Europe in 1992 . It soon expanded into Africa , where it reached audiences in Portuguese-speaking countries , as well as Canada , United States , Brazil and into Asia . It is also available on the Internet , via a subscription to the service JumpTV or with Octoshape .   In 1998 , RTPi ceased terrestrial broadcasting to Portuguese-speaking countries in Africa , and was replaced by a new separate service , called RTP África , which was available as a terrestrial TV service in some countries , as well as being available via satellite , but RTPi continues to broadcast in Angola and Mozambique . RTPi is carried by satellite television services across Africa in various countries such as South Africa , Namibia or Zimbabwe .   RTPi programming is also retransmitted by Teledifusão de Macau ( TdM ) in Macao , and by Televisão Timor Leste ( TVTL ) in East Timor , together with local broadcasts . In March 2005 it began ` time-shifting ' its programming , with three separate schedules for the Americas , Europe , and Asia , so that viewers in different time zones could watch programmes at more convenient times .   RTP Internacional is available across all of North America for free via Galaxy 19 and Intelsat-805 . It is also available as a pay service via Dish Network in the United States and Rogers Cable and NexTV ( IPTV Platform ) in Canada .   For years , the channel was carried in Australia and New Zealand via UBI World TV . In 2013 , RTP Internacional returned to these countries via Luso Vision , which focuses on Portuguese , Brazilian and Chilean programming .

neg: Televisión Española Televisión Española ( acronym TVE , on lowercase letters : tve , in English `` Spanish Television '' ) is the national state-owned public-service television broadcaster in Spain . TVE belongs to the RTVE Corporation which has overall responsibility for national public-service radio and television under a Parliament-appointed General Manager who , as well as being answerable to a Board of Directors , reports to an all-party committee of the national parliament , as provided for in the Public Radio and Television Law of 2006 .   TVE 's activities were previously financed by a combination of advertising revenue and subsidies from the national government , but since it has been supported by subsidies only .

neg: Televen Televen is a private Venezuelan national television network headquartered on the Caracas neighborhood of Horizonte . For this reason it is also called ` Canal de Horizonte ' . Televen was inaugurated as the TELEVEN Corporation ( Corporación TELEVEN , S.A ) on July 10 , 1988 by Omar Camero and -LSB- T Radioven , S.A. . As an alternative for the two-leading-private TV Networks on Venezuela , Radio Caracas Televisión ( RCTV ) and Venevision , Televen distanced itself from this trend and made a different oriented programming in some cases the middle classes who do not usually watch TV and it was open and being composed of talk shows , sports , movies , a full range of series , mainly American , and Brazilian , Colombian , Mexican , and U.S. Hispanic telenovelas , and in the 1990s , anime .

neg: Zenith Electronics Zenith Electronics LLC is an American brand of consumer electronics owned by South Korean company LG Electronics . It was previously an American company , a manufacturer of radio and television receivers and other consumer electronics , and was headquartered in Glenview , Illinois . After a series of layoffs , the consolidated headquarters moved to Lincolnshire , Illinois . For many years , their famous slogan was `` The quality goes in before the name goes on . '' LG Electronics acquired a controlling share of Zenith in 1995 ; Zenith became a wholly owned subsidiary in 1999 . Zenith was the inventor of subscription television and the modern remote control , and the first to develop High-definition television ( HDTV ) in North America .   Zenith-branded products are sold in North America , Germany , Thailand ( to 1983 ) , Cambodia , Laos , Vietnam , India and Myanmar .

neg: A&E (Spain and Portugal) A&E is a Spanish and Portuguese basic cable and satellite television channel that features reality television programming produced by A&E USA , owned by The History Channel Iberia joint venture between A&E Networks and AMC Networks International Iberia . It has feeds in Spanish available in Spain , and feeds in Portuguese available in Portugal and Africa .

neg: Combo television unit A Combo television unit , or a TV/VCR combo , sometimes known as a televideo , is a television with either a VCR or a DVD player built into a single unit . These converged devices have the advantages ( compared to a separate TV and VCR ) of saving space and increasing portability . Such units entered the market during the mid-to-late 1980s when VCRs had become ubiquitous household devices . By this time , the VHS format had become standard ; thus the vast majority of TV/VCR combos are VHS-based .   Most combo units have RCA connecters on the front and/or back to connect a home video game console or a camcorder . Some units also have a headphone jack to watch media without disturbing others .   Though nearly all TV/VCR combination sets have monaural ( mono ) sound though with stereo soundtrack compatibility , there are a large number of TV/VCR combos with a stereo TV tuner , but a mono VCR ( some may even include a mono sound input alongside a composite video input . Some models from Panasonic also included an FM tuner . A major exception to this convention is TV/DVD combos , which can have a stereo VCR included in the unit ( i.e. a TV/VCR/DVD combo ) . One of the major drawbacks of a TV/DVD/VCR combo is that the integrated VCR can sometimes activate the CSS programming on the DVD player portion , making it impossible to watch DVDs on the unit .   Modern televisions tend to be mostly solid state machines , while VCRs require mechanical manipulation of VHS tape and require occasional servicing . For this reason , it is not uncommon for the VCR component to cease functioning or to become unreliable years before a similar fate befalls the television component . This leaves users with only `` half '' of the set in operation and a more expensive repair or replacement .   As late as 2006 , flat-panel TVs with integrated DVD players appeared on the market , and integrated TV/DVD sets started overtaking the TV/VCR market . This is due to both the low price and overwhelming availability of DVDs and more compact form factor , as opposed to the increasingly rare video cassettes and near-extinction of cathode ray tube displays in the consumer market .

neg: TuVisión TuVisión was an American Spanish-language broadcasting network , which is owned by Pappas Telecasting . TuVisión is a portmanteau of tu ( your ) and televisión . During the latter part of 2007 , Pappas hired Moelis & Company to develop long-term objectives to identify which television assets it should retain . In 2008 , several affiliates filed for Chapter 11 protection . and TuVisión ceased broadcasting in 2009 .

neg: The Baseball Network The Baseball Network was a short-lived television broadcasting joint venture between ABC , NBC and Major League Baseball . Under the arrangement , beginning in the 1994 season , the league produced its own in-house telecasts of games , which were then brokered to air on ABC and NBC . This was perhaps most evident by the copyright beds shown at the end of the telecasts , which stated `` The proceeding program has been paid for by the office of The Commissioner of Baseball '' . The Baseball Network was the first television network in the United States to be owned by a professional sports league .   The package included coverage of games in primetime on selected nights throughout the regular season ( under the branding Baseball Night in America ) , along with coverage of the postseason and the World Series . Unlike previous broadcasting arrangements with the league , there was no national `` game of the week '' during the regular season ; these would be replaced by multiple weekly regional telecasts on certain nights of the week . Additionally , The Baseball Network had exclusive coverage windows ; no other broadcaster could televise MLB games during the same night that The Baseball Network was televising games .   The arrangement did not last long ; due to the effects of a players ' strike on the remainder of the 1994 season , and poor reception from fans and critics over how the coverage was implemented , The Baseball Network would be disbanded after the 1995 season . While NBC would maintain rights to certain games , the growing Fox network became the league 's new national broadcast partner beginning in 1996 , with its then-parent company News Corporation eventually purchasing the Los Angeles Dodgers .

neg: American Heiress American Heiress is a telenovela which debuted on March 13 , 2007 at 8 p.m. ET/7 p.m. CT on the American television network MyNetworkTV . This romantic melodrama tells the story of a roughneck pilot and a pampered heiress who survive a plane crash . The show was produced by Twentieth Television , based on the 2004 TV Azteca series La Heredera ( `` The Heiress '' ) .   Heiress was the last series produced for MyNetworkTV 's original all-telenovela format . When the network dropped the serial after the July 18 , 2007 broadcast , most episodes were left unaired . 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment has not announced plans to release this series on DVD and/or Blu-ray . All 65 episodes aired overseas .

neg: Radiotjänst i Kiruna Radiotjänst i Kiruna AB ( literally , `` Radio Service in Kiruna '' ) is Sweden 's TV licensing body . It is a private corporation , formed in 1988 and based in Kiruna , and upon its formation took over the administration and handling of TV licences from the state-owned telecommunications company Televerket . The company is a subsidiary of the three Swedish public service broadcasters Sveriges Television , Sveriges Radio and Sveriges Utbildningsradio . Under Swedish law everyone who owns a television receiver is required to pay the license fee , currently 2076 kronor ( $ 220 ) per year ( 2014 ) . The fee is collected by Radiotjänst but administered by Swedish government office Swedish National Debt Office ( Riksgäldskontoret ) by means of a special account , the so-called `` rundradiokontot '' .   This fee previously applied to any household with a TV-receiver ; even if the device was not used to view television . Even if a household had no way to receive a TV broadcast , but owned a device which could theoretically receive a signal ( if said signal was present ) it was still required to pay the fee .   Radiotjänst claimed that the current regulation for TV tax included any device that could theoretically be configured to receive a streamed video signal since at least one channel of Swedish public service TV was on the net in its entirety , but this interpretation was struck down by the Supreme Administrative Court of Sweden on June 13 , 2014 .   Radiotjänst employs around 120 people , most of whom are located in Kiruna . On top of this several hundred licensing inspectors stationed around the country . And additional inspectors are employed on freelance basis . The TV-license collects around 7 000 million SEK a year ( roughly 800 million EUR ) . The cost of running Radiotjänst amounts to 146 million SEK ( 2014 ) .


query: England was inhabited by humans.

pos: England England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west . The Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain ( which lies in the North Atlantic ) in its centre and south ; and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly , and the Isle of Wight .   The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , one of the Germanic tribes who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law -- the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world -- developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation .   England 's terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there are uplands in the north ( for example , the mountainous Lake District , and the Pennines ) and in the southwest ( for example , Dartmoor and the Cotswolds ) . The capital is London , which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union.According to the European Statistical Agency , London is the largest Larger Urban Zone in the EU , a measure of metropolitan area which comprises a city 's urban core as well as its surrounding commuting zone . London 's municipal population is also the largest in the EU . England 's population of over 53 million comprises 84 % of the population of the United Kingdom , largely concentrated around London , the South East , and conurbations in the Midlands , the North West , the North East , and Yorkshire , which each developed as major industrial regions during the 19th century .   The Kingdom of England -- which after 1535 included Wales -- ceased being a separate sovereign state on 1 May 1707 , when the Acts of Union put into effect the terms agreed in the Treaty of Union the previous year , resulting in a political union with the Kingdom of Scotland to create the Kingdom of Great Britain . In 1801 , Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland .

neg: Geology of South Wales South Wales is an area with many features of outstanding interest to geologists , who have for long used the area for University field trips .   This varied and accessible region has provided a written record of geological interest that dates to the 12th century , when Giraldus Cambrensis noted pyritous shales near Newport . Some of the first published representations of fossils were of fossil plants from coal measures near Neath ( Gibson late 17th century ) . The British geologists Adam Sedgwick and Roderick Murchison did fundamentally important work in South Wales on Old Red Sandstone and the underlying rocks . The first volume of memoirs ( 1846 ) published by the Geological Survey contained a conspectus of the geology of South Wales that set a template for all future work .   Significant discoveries continue to be made . For instance , in Carmarthenshire , in the late 70s , John Cope detected a small area of Precambrian and Cambrian rocks . Other parts of South Wales , however , have not seen a Geological Survey officer since the mid-19th century . The geology of south Wales was central to the massive contribution Wales made to the Industrial Revolution .   Several successive periods are represented , including all of the Palaeozoic periods . Pembrokeshire has outcrops of both Precambrian and Cambrian ( 542-488 million years ago ) rocks . A notable feature of the Ordovician system ( 488-444 million years old ) is a major subsidence area , or basin , which later filled with substantial thicknesses of mostly sandy and muddy sediment . The line of the shallower continental shelf area , to the south-east , ran approximately from the Long Mynd ( in Shropshire ) to Haverfordwest in Pembrokeshire . Some volcanic action also occurred . This thick sedimentary deposition continued into the Silurian period ( 444-416 million years old ) . Silurian volcanicity led to production of lavas at localised sites such as Skomer Island .   Silurian rocks are widely distributed in south Wales and are well displayed on the Cardiganshire coast . The Silurian and earlier rocks were folded , faulted , and distorted several times , notably during the late Ordovician , and late Silurian , by which time the area had begun to rise above sea level as mountain ranges were uplifted to the north-west . This was caused by the collision of a proto-North America ( `` Laurentia '' ) and the present southern Britain ( `` Eastern Avalonia '' ) . The intervening sea , the Iapetus Ocean , closed as a result of plate tectonic movements , similar to those that now close the Mediterranean Sea between Europe and Africa .   The succeeding Devonian period ( 416-359 million years ago ) saw mostly alluvial deposits ( `` Old Red Sandstone '' ) , which were interrupted by major uplift . Following this , the land subsided again in the Carboniferous period ( 359-299 million years ago ) . In the early Carboniferous period , limestones were deposited on a continental shelf , which deepened towards the south where there was a major sea area . During earth movements caused by the approach of a continent from the south , sea shallowing led to thick alluvial and coastal plain sediments ( see below ) containing economic developments of coal . Carboniferous Limestone outcrops occur in south Pembrokeshire , the Gower Peninsula , the Vale of Glamorgan and around the edge of the coalfield .   At the end of the Carboniferous , during Permian ( 299-251 my ago ) time , Wales is thought to have been a landmass . Only in late Triassic ( 251-200 my ago ) times did deposition return , with coarse-grained screes forming around a series of low but rugged hills . Continuing deposition led to the formation of the early Jurassic deposits of mudstones and muddy limestones ( the `` Lias '' ) . Deposits later than this are almost completely absent , although the Chalk sea probably covered most of Wales between 100 and 66 million years ago . Any such later deposits have been eroded away .   One of the geological rarities of south Wales is the coastline of St Brides Major at Ogmore-by-Sea and Southerndown . Its cliffs are composed partly of earliest Jurassic Sutton stone , a rare freestone that is a marginal or coastal deposit derived in part from erosion of carboniferous limestone . Sutton stone has always been highly regarded : as well as being used in construction throughout the Vale of Glamorgan , it was also shipped over the Bristol Channel to North Devon and North Cornwall , which are both deficient in limestone .   A major geological feature of the Upper Carboniferous rocks in south Wales is the south Wales coalfield . The rocks comprising this important area were laid down during the later Carboniferous . This sedimentary succession includes a sequence with a thickness of more than 1800 m in the west . The coal measures were laid down on a low-lying waterlogged plain with peat mires immediately south of an ancient and persistent geological feature known as the Wales-London-Brabant High . Burial converted the peat deposits to thinner coal seams . Later earth movements distorted the coal-bearing strata , and the difficulty of mining led to premature closure of many mines on economic grounds , especially in Pembrokeshire where seams were squeezed completely out of shape .

neg: Angles The Angles ( Anglii ) were one of the main Germanic peoples who settled in Great Britain in the post-Roman period . They founded several of the kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon England , and their name is the root of the name England . The name comes from the district of Angeln , an area located on the Baltic shore of what is now Schleswig-Holstein .

neg: Anglo-Saxon weaponry Many different weapons were created and used in Anglo-Saxon England between the fifth and eleventh centuries . Spears were the most common weapon , and were used for piercing and throwing ( in which case the spear would be called a javelin ) . Other commonplace weapons included the sword , axe , and knife -- bows and arrows , as well as slings , were not frequently used by the Anglo-Saxons . For defensive purposes , the shield was the most common item used by warriors , although mail and helmets were sometimes used .   Weapons also had symbolic value for the Anglo-Saxons , apparently having strong connections to gender and social status . Weapons were commonly included as grave goods in the early Anglo-Saxon burials . The vast majority of these weapons were buried in male graves , but there were some exceptions . In a non-funerary context , weapons were occasionally deposited in the ground or near rivers . However , the establishment of a literate Christian clergy in Anglo-Saxon England resulted in the production of several textual sources which describe weapons and their usage in battle . Some of these literary sources include the poems Beowulf and The Battle of Maldon .

neg: Church of England The Church of England ( C of E ) is the state church of England . The Archbishop of Canterbury ( currently Justin Welby ) is the most senior cleric , although the monarch is the supreme governor . The Church of England is also the mother church of the international Anglican Communion . It dates its establishment as a national church to the 6th-century Gregorian mission to Kent led by Augustine of Canterbury .   The English church renounced papal authority when Henry VIII failed to secure an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon in the 1530s . The English Reformation accelerated under Edward VI 's regents before a brief restoration of papal authority under Queen Mary I and King Philip . The Act of Supremacy 1558 renewed the breach and the Elizabethan Settlement charted a course whereby the English church was to be both Catholic and Reformed :  Catholic in that it views itself as a part of the universal church of Jesus Christ in unbroken continuity with the early apostolic church . This is expressed in its emphasis on the teachings of the early Church Fathers , as formalised in the Apostles ' , Nicene , and Athanasian creeds .  Reformed in that it has been shaped by some of the doctrinal principles of the 16th-century Protestant Reformation , in particular in the Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion and the Book of Common Prayer .   In the earlier phase of the English Reformation there were both Catholic martyrs and radical Protestant martyrs . The later phases saw the Penal Laws punish Roman Catholic and nonconforming Protestants . In the 17th century , political and religious disputes raised the Puritan and Presbyterian faction to control of the church , but this ended with the Restoration . Papal recognition of George III in 1766 led to greater religious tolerance .   Since the English Reformation , the Church of England has used a liturgy in English . The church contains several doctrinal strands , the main three known as Anglo-Catholic , Evangelical and Broad Church . Tensions between theological conservatives and progressives find expression in debates over the ordination of women and homosexuality . The church includes both liberal and conservative clergy and members .   The governing structure of the church is based on dioceses , each presided over by a bishop . Within each diocese are local parishes . The General Synod of the Church of England is the legislative body for the church and comprises bishops , other clergy and laity . Its measures must be approved by both Houses of Parliament .

neg: First English Civil War The First English Civil War ( 1642 -- 1646 ) began the series of three wars known as the English Civil War ( or `` Wars '' ) . `` The English Civil War '' was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations that took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 until 1651 , and includes the Second English Civil War ( 1648 -- 1649 ) and the Third English Civil War ( 1649 -- 1651 ) .

neg: Hundred Years' War The Hundred Years ' War was a series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 by the House of Plantagenet , rulers of the Kingdom of England , against the House of Valois , rulers of the Kingdom of France , over the succession of the French throne . Each side drew many allies into the war . It was one of the most notable conflicts of the Middle Ages , in which five generations of kings from two rival dynasties fought for the throne of the largest kingdom in Western Europe . The war marked both the height of chivalry and its subsequent decline , and the development of strong national identities in both countries .   After the Norman Conquest , the kings of England were vassals of the kings of France for their possessions in France . The French kings had endeavored , over the centuries , to reduce these possessions , to the effect that only Gascony was left to the English . The confiscation or threat of confiscating this duchy had been part of French policy to check the growth of English power , particularly whenever the English were at war with the Kingdom of Scotland , an ally of France .   Through his mother , Isabella of France , Edward III of England was the grandson of Philip IV of France and nephew of Charles IV of France , the last king of the senior line of the House of Capet . In 1316 , a principle was established denying women succession to the French throne . When Charles IV died in 1328 , Isabella , unable to claim the French throne for herself , claimed it for her son . The French rejected the claim , maintaining that Isabella could not transmit a right that she did not possess . For about nine years ( 1328 -- 1337 ) , the English had accepted the Valois succession to the French throne , but the interference of the French king , Philip VI , in Edward III 's war against Scotland permitted Edward III to reassert his claim to the French throne . Several overwhelming English victories in the war -- especially at Crecy , Poitiers , and Agincourt -- raised the prospects of an ultimate English triumph . However , the greater resources of the French monarchy precluded a complete conquest . Starting in 1429 , decisive French victories at Orléans , Patay , Formigny , and Castillon concluded the war in favour of France , with England permanently losing most of its major possessions on the continent .   Historians commonly divide the war into three phases separated by truces : the Edwardian Era War ( 1337 -- 1360 ) ; the Caroline War ( 1369 -- 1389 ) ; and the Lancastrian War ( 1415 -- 1453 ) . Local conflicts in neighbouring areas , which were contemporarily related to the war , including the War of the Breton Succession ( 1341 -- 1364 ) , the Castilian Civil War ( 1366 -- 1369 ) , the War of the Two Peters ( 1356 -- 1375 ) in Aragon , and the 1383 -- 85 Crisis in Portugal , were availed by the parties to advance their agendas . Later historians adopted the term `` Hundred Years ' War '' as a historiography periodization to encompass all of these events , thus constructing the longest military conflict in European history .   The war owes its historical significance to multiple factors . By its end , feudal armies had been largely replaced by professional troops , and aristocratic dominance had yielded to a democratisation of the manpower and weapons of armies . Although primarily a dynastic conflict , the war gave impetus to ideas of French and English nationalism . The wider introduction of weapons and tactics supplanted the feudal armies where heavy cavalry had dominated , and artillery became important . The war precipitated the creation of the first standing armies in Western Europe since the time of the Western Roman Empire and thus helping to change their role in warfare . With respect to the belligerents , in France , civil wars , deadly epidemics , famines , and bandit free-companies of mercenaries reduced the population drastically . English political forces over time came to oppose the costly venture . The dissatisfaction of English nobles , resulting from the loss of their continental landholdings , became a factor leading to the civil wars known as the Wars of the Roses ( 1455 -- 1487 ) .

neg: Geography of London London is the largest urban area and capital city of the United Kingdom , located in southeastern Great Britain . The London region covers an area of 1579 km2 , and had a population of 7,172,036 in 2001 and a population density of 4,542 people per square kilometre . A larger area , referred to as the London Metropolitan Region or the London Metropolitan Agglomeration covers an area of 8382 km2 , and had a population of 12,653,500 and a population density of 1,510 people per square kilometre . London is a port on the Thames ( see main article Port of London ) , a navigable river . The river has had a major influence on the development of the city . London began on the Thames ' north bank and for a long time the main focus of the city remained on the north side of the Thames . For many centuries London Bridge was the only bridge in or close to the city . When more bridges were built in the 18th century , the city expanded in all directions as the mostly flat or gently rolling countryside presented no obstacle to growth .

neg: Barton Beds Barton Beds ( now the Barton Group ) is the name given to a series of grey and brown clays , with layers of sand , of Upper Eocene age ( around 40 million years old ) , which are found in the Hampshire Basin of southern England . They are particularly well exposed in the cliffs at Barton-on-Sea , which is the world type locality for the Barton Beds , and lends its name to the Bartonian age of the Eocene epoch . The clay is abundant in fossils , especially molluscs .   The beds are found in the Hampshire Basin , and are well exposed in the cliffs of Barton , Hordle , and on the Isle of Wight . The cliffs at Barton are the world type locality for the Barton Beds . The beds consist of grey , greenish and brown clays with bands of sand and have long been well known for the abundance and excellent preservation of their fossils . More than 500 species have been recorded , of which , over half are molluscs , including numerous turret shells and lamellibranchs . Sharks teeth are common , and the beds have yielded remains of corals , fishes , mammals , reptiles , and birds . Plant fossils are also abundant . In the 1840s fossils were found in the `` crocodile bed '' at Hordle cliff , which belonged to an extinct species of alligator , which was subsequently named Diplocynodon hantoniensis , after the county of Hampshire ( Hantonia being a Latinization based on the Anglo-Saxon name Hantescire ) . Above the highly fossiliferous Barton Clay , there is a sandy series with few fossils ; these are the Headon Hill or Barton Sands . Today , the Barton Beds are rather poorly exposed in many sections due to coastal protection works .   The Barton Beds are of Upper Eocene age , and the area was covered with an inland sea , and the temperature was higher than at the present day . The term `` Bartonian '' was introduced by Karl Mayer-Eymar in 1857 for the continental equivalents of the series .

neg: Literature of England The literature of England is literature written in what is now England , or by English writers . It consists mainly of English literature - i.e. literature written in the English language - but there are important examples of literature from England written in other languages .

neg: Plymouth Plymouth ( -LSB- ˈplɪməθ -RSB- ) is a city on the south coast of Devon , England , about 37 mi south-west of Exeter and 190 mi west-south-west of London , between the mouths of the rivers Plym to the east and Tamar to the west where they join Plymouth Sound to form the boundary with Cornwall .   Plymouth 's early history extends to the Bronze Age , when a first settlement emerged at Mount Batten . This settlement continued as a trading post for the Roman Empire , until it was surpassed by the more prosperous village of Sutton founded in the ninth century , now called Plymouth . In 1620 , the Pilgrim Fathers departed Plymouth for the New World and established Plymouth Colony -- the second English settlement in what is now the United States of America . During the English Civil War the town was held by the Parliamentarians and was besieged between 1642 and 1646 .   Throughout the Industrial Revolution , Plymouth grew as a commercial shipping port , handling imports and passengers from the Americas , and exporting local minerals ( tin , copper , lime , china clay and arsenic ) while the neighbouring town of Devonport became a strategic Royal Naval shipbuilding and dockyard town . In 1914 three neighbouring independent towns , viz. , the county borough of Plymouth , the county borough of Devonport , and the urban district of East Stonehouse were merged to form a single County Borough . The combined town took the name of Plymouth which , in 1928 , achieved city status . The city 's naval importance later led to its targeting and partial destruction during World War II , an act known as the Plymouth Blitz . After the war the city centre was completely rebuilt and subsequent expansion led to the incorporation of Plympton and Plymstock along with other outlying suburbs in 1967 .   The city is home to people , making it the 30th most populous built-up area in the United Kingdom and the second-largest city in the South West , after Bristol . It is governed locally by Plymouth City Council and is represented nationally by three MPs . Plymouth 's economy remains strongly influenced by shipbuilding and seafaring including ferry links to Brittany ( Roscoff and St Malo ) and Spain ( Santander ) , but has tended toward a service-based economy since the 1990s . It has the largest operational naval base in Western Europe -- HMNB Devonport and is home to Plymouth University .

neg: British Overseas Territories The 14 British Overseas Territories ( BOT ) are territories under the jurisdiction and sovereignty of the United Kingdom . They are the parts of the British Empire that have not been granted independence or have voted to remain British territories . These territories do not form part of the United Kingdom and , with the exception of Gibraltar , are not part of the European Union . Most of the inhabited territories are internally self-governing , with the UK retaining responsibility for defence and foreign relations . The rest are either uninhabited or have a transitory population of military or scientific personnel . They share the British monarch ( Elizabeth II ) as head of state .   The term `` British Overseas Territory '' was introduced by the British Overseas Territories Act 2002 , replacing the term British Dependent Territory , introduced by the British Nationality Act 1981 . Prior to 1 January 1983 , the territories were officially referred to as British Crown Colonies . With the exceptions of the British Antarctic Territory and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ( which host only officials and research station staff ) and the British Indian Ocean Territory ( used as a military base ) , the Territories retain permanent civilian populations . Permanent residency for the 7,000 or so civilians living in the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia is limited to citizens of the Republic of Cyprus .   Collectively , the Territories encompass a population of about 250,000 people and a land area of about 667018 sqmi . The vast majority of this land area , 660000 sqmi , constitutes the almost uninhabited British Antarctic Territory , while the largest territory by population , Bermuda , accounts for almost a quarter of the total BOT population . At the other end of the scale , three territories have no civilian population ; the Antarctic territory , the British Indian Ocean Territory ( from which the Chagos Islanders were controversially removed ) and South Georgia . Pitcairn Islands , settled by the survivors of the Mutiny on the Bounty , is the smallest settled territory with 49 inhabitants , while the smallest by land area is Gibraltar on the southern tip of the Iberian peninsula . The United Kingdom participates in the Antarctic Treaty System and , as part of a mutual agreement , the British Antarctic Territory is recognised by four of the other sovereign nations making claims to Antarctic territory .   Although the Crown dependencies of Jersey , Guernsey and the Isle of Man are also under the sovereignty of the British monarch , they are in a different constitutional relationship with the United Kingdom . The British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies are themselves distinct from the Commonwealth realms , a group of 15 independent countries ( and the United Kingdom ) which each also have Elizabeth II as their reigning monarch , and from the Commonwealth of Nations , a voluntary association of 52 countries mostly with historic links to the British Empire ( which also includes all Commonwealth realms ) .   the Minister responsible for the Territories excluding the Falkland Islands , Gibraltar and the Sovereign Base Areas is Baroness Anelay , Minister of State for the Commonwealth and the UN . The other three territories are the responsibility of Sir Alan Duncan MP , Minister of State for Europe and the Americas .

neg: Kingdom of Sussex Sussex ( -LSB- ˈsʌsɪks -RSB- Sūþseaxna rīce , `` kingdom of the South Saxons '' ) was a Saxon colony and later independent kingdom of the Saxons , on the south coast of England .   The South Saxons were ruled by the kings of Sussex .

neg: Culture of New England The culture of New England comprises a shared heritage and culture primarily shaped by its indigenous peoples , early English colonists , and waves of immigration from Europe , Asia , Africa , and the Americas . In contrast to other American regions , many of New England 's earliest Puritan settlers came from eastern England , contributing to New England 's distinctive accents , foods , customs , and social structures .

neg: History of education in England The history of education in England can be documented to the Anglo-Saxons ' settlement of England . During the Middle Ages , schools were established to teach Latin grammar to the sons of the aristocracy , as part of preparation also for the entry of some into the clergy and religious orders . The church preserved literacy and learning during this period , and education was closely tied to the religious vocation , in order to read the Bible and related documents . Apprenticeship was the main way for youths to enter practical occupations . Two universities were established in affiliation with the church : the University of Oxford , followed by the University of Cambridge , both related closely to training for clergy . A reformed system of `` free grammar schools '' was established in the reign of Edward VI .   The Protestant Reformation had a major influence on education and literacy in England , as it encouraged the reading of the Bible in the vernacular of the people . ( Formerly , the Bible was printed only in Latin , the official language of the Catholic Church . ) Counties in the east of England , which had frequent interaction with the Low Countries , where the Reformation movement had flourished , developed a higher rate of literacy in the early years of the Reformation than did other areas of England .   In the 19th century the Church of England sponsored most formal education until the government established free , compulsory education towards the end of that century . University College London was established as the first secular college in England , open to students of all religions ( or none , ) followed by King 's College London ; the two institutions formed the University of London . Durham University was also established in the early nineteenth century . Towards the end of the century , the `` redbrick '' universities , new public universities , were founded .   The 1944 Education Act established the Tripartite System of grammar schools and secondary modern schools . The school leaving age was raised to 16 in 1972 .

neg: Puritans The Puritans were a group of English Reformed Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who sought to `` purify '' the Church of England from its `` Catholic '' practices , maintaining that the Church of England was only partially reformed .

neg: Bristol slave trade Bristol is a city in the South West of England , on the River Avon which flows into the Severn Estuary . Because of Bristol 's position on the River Avon , it has been an important location for marine trade for centuries . The city 's involvement with the slave trade peaked between 1730 and 1745 , when it became the leading slaving port .   Bristol used its position on the Avon to trade all types of goods . Bristol 's port was the second largest in England after London . Countries that Bristol traded with included France , Spain , Ireland , Portugal , and North Africa 's Barbary Coast . Bristol 's main export was woollen cloth . Other exports included coal , lead , and animal hides . Imports into Bristol included wine , grain , slate , timber , and olive oil . Trading with the various colonies in the Caribbean and North America began to flourish during the Interregnum of Oliver Cromwell ( 1649 -- 1660 ) .   The Royal African Company , a London-based trading company , had control over all trade between countries in Britain and Africa before the year 1698 At this time , only ships owned by the Royal African Company could trade for anything , including slaves . Slaves were increasingly an important commodity at the time , since the British colonization in the Caribbean and the Americas in the 17th century . The Society of Merchant Venturers , an organization of elite merchants in Bristol , wanted to commence participation in the African slave trade , and after much pressure from them and other interested parties in and around Britain , the Royal African Company 's control over the slave trade was broken in 1698 .   As soon as the monopoly was broken , what is thought to have been the first `` legitimate '' Bristol slave ship , the Beginning , owned by Stephen Barker , purchased a cargo of enslaved Africans and delivered them to the Caribbean . Some average slave prices were # 20 , # 50 , or # 100 . In her will of 1693 , Jane Bridges , Widow of Leigh Upon Mendip bequeathes her interest of # 130 in this very ship to her grandson Thomas Bridges and indicates that the vessel was owned by the City of Bristol . Business boomed ; however , due to the over-crowding and harsh conditions on the ships , it is estimated that approximately half of each cargo of slaves did not survive the trip across the Atlantic .   The triangular trade was a route taken by slave merchants during the years 1697 and 1807 . The areas covered by the triangular trade was England , North West Africa and finally The Caribbean . Profits of 50-100 % were made during the 18th century . Over 500,000 slaves were brought into slavery by these ships , representing one-fifth of the British slave trade during this time .

neg: Culture of the United Kingdom The culture of the United Kingdom is influenced by the UK 's history as a developed island country , a liberal democracy and a major power ; its predominantly Christian religious life ; and its composition of four countries -- England , Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland -- each of which has distinct customs , cultures and symbolism . The wider culture of Europe has also influenced British culture , and Humanism , Protestantism and representative democracy developed from broader Western culture .   British literature , music , cinema , art , theatre , comedy , media , television , philosophy , architecture and education are important aspects of British culture . The United Kingdom is also prominent in science and technology , producing world-leading scientists ( e.g. Isaac Newton and Charles Darwin ) and inventions . Sport is an important part of British culture ; numerous sports originated in the country , including football . The UK has been described as a `` cultural superpower '' , and London has been described as a world cultural capital .   The Industrial Revolution , which started in the UK , had a profound effect on the socio-economic and cultural conditions of the world . As a result of the British Empire , significant British influence can be observed in the language , law , culture and institutions of a geographically wide assortment of countries , including Australia , Canada , India , the Republic of Ireland , New Zealand , Nigeria , Pakistan , South Africa , the United States and English speaking Caribbean nations . These states are sometimes collectively known as the Anglosphere , and are among Britain 's closest allies . In turn the empire also influenced British culture , particularly British cuisine .   The cultures of England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland are diverse and have varying degrees of overlap and distinctiveness .

neg: Kingdom of East Anglia The Kingdom of the East Angles ( Ēast Engla Rīce Regnum Orientalium Anglorum ) , today known as the Kingdom of East Anglia , was a small independent kingdom of the Angles comprising what are now the English counties of Norfolk and Suffolk and perhaps the eastern part of the Fens . The kingdom formed in the 6th century in the wake of the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain . It was ruled by the Wuffingas in the 7th and 8th centuries , but fell to Mercia in 794 , and was conquered by the Danes in 869 , forming part of the Danelaw . It was conquered by Edward the Elder and incorporated into the Kingdom of England in 918 .

neg: History of Chester The history of Chester extends back nearly two millennia , covering all periods of British history in between then and the present day . The city of Chester was founded as a fort , known as Deva , by the Romans in AD 79 . The city was the scene of battles between warring Welsh and Saxon kingdoms throughout the post-Roman years until the Saxons strengthened the fort against raiding Danes .   Following the Norman Conquest in 1066 , Chester came under the Earl of Chester . It became a centre of the defense against Welsh raiders and a launch point for raids on Ireland .   The city grew as a trading port until the power of the Port of Liverpool overtook it . However the city did not decline and during the Georgian and Victorian periods was seen as a place of escape from the more industrial cities of Manchester and Liverpool .

neg: Old English literature Old English literature or Anglo-Saxon literature , encompasses literature written in Old English , in Anglo-Saxon England from the 7th century to the decades after the Norman Conquest of 1066 . `` Cædmon 's Hymn '' , composed in the 7th century , according to Bede , is often considered the oldest extant poem in English , whereas the later poem , The Grave is one of the final poems written in Old English , and presents a transitional text between Old and Middle English . The Peterborough Chronicle can also be considered a late-period text , continuing into the 12th century .   The poem Beowulf , which often begins the traditional canon of English literature , is the most famous work of Old English literature . The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle has also proven significant for historical study , preserving a chronology of early English history .   In descending order of quantity , Old English literature consists of : sermons and saints ' lives ; biblical translations ; translated Latin works of the early Church Fathers ; Anglo-Saxon chronicles and narrative history works ; laws , wills and other legal works ; practical works on grammar , medicine , geography ; and poetry . In all there are over 400 surviving manuscripts from the period , of which about 189 are considered `` major '' .   Besides Old English literature , Anglo-Saxons wrote a number of Anglo-Latin works .