query: Miranda Cosgrove is an American actress.

pos: Miranda Cosgrove Miranda Taylor Cosgrove ( born May 14 , 1993 ) is an American actress , singer and songwriter .   Her career began at the age of 3 with several television commercial appearances . Cosgrove 's film debut came in 2003 , when she appeared as Summer Hathaway in School of Rock . She appeared in a number of minor television roles over several years before coming to prominence as Megan Parker on the Nickelodeon television series Drake & Josh .   In 2007 , she landed the role of Carly Shay , the lead character on the Nickelodeon teen sitcom iCarly , on which she starred until 2012 . As of May 2010 , Cosgrove earned $ 180,000 per episode of iCarly , making her the second-highest-paid child star on television , and in 2012 was listed in the Guinness World Records as the highest paid child actress . Cosgrove also voiced Margo in the animated film Despicable Me ( 2010 ) and its 2013 sequel . That year , Cosgrove was cast in an NBC television pilot titled Girlfriend in a Coma , which did n't materialize after Christina Ricci left the production . In 2016 , she starred on the short-lived NBC sitcom Crowded .   In music , Cosgrove debuted with iCarly ( 2008 ) , a soundtrack album for the series in which she performs four songs . In 2009 , she released her debut extended play , About You Now . Cosgrove 's debut studio album , Sparks Fly , was released in April 2010 , followed by her second extended play , High Maintenance , the following year . The EP 's lead single , `` Dancing Crazy '' , written by Avril Lavigne , debuted at number 40 on the US Billboard Adult Pop Songs and peaked at number 100 on the Billboard Hot 100 .

neg: List of awards and nominations received by Lin-Manuel Miranda The following is a list of awards and nominations received by American playwright , composer , and performer Lin-Manuel Miranda . Among his numerous accolades , Miranda has won a Pulitzer Prize , three Tony Awards , two Grammys , an Emmy , and has been nominated for an Academy Award . He additionally was the recipient of a MacArthur Fellowship in 2015 . In 2016 , Time magazine included him in its annual Time 100 as one of the `` Most Influential People in the World '' and he received a star on the Puerto Rico Walk of Fame .

neg: Silver Linings Playbook Silver Linings Playbook is a 2012 American romantic comedy-drama film written and directed by David O. Russell . It was adapted from the novel The Silver Linings Playbook , by Matthew Quick . The film stars Bradley Cooper and Jennifer Lawrence , with Robert De Niro , Jacki Weaver , Chris Tucker , Anupam Kher , and Julia Stiles in supporting roles .   Cooper plays Patrick `` Pat '' Solitano , Jr. , a man with bipolar disorder who is released from a psychiatric hospital and moves back in with his parents , played by Robert De Niro and Jacki Weaver . Determined to win back his estranged wife , Pat meets recently widowed Tiffany Maxwell , portrayed by Jennifer Lawrence , who offers to help him get his wife back if he enters a dance competition with her . The two become closer as they train and Pat , his father , and Tiffany examine their relationships with each other as they cope with their problems .   Silver Linings Playbook premiered at the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival on September 8 , 2012 , and was released in the United States on November 16 , 2012 . The film opened to major critical success and earned numerous accolades . It received eight Academy Award nominations , including Best Picture , Best Director , Best Adapted Screenplay . It became the first film since 1981 's Reds to be Oscar-nominated for the four acting categories and the first since 2004 's Million Dollar Baby to be nominated for the Big Five Oscars , with Lawrence winning the Academy Award for Best Actress . It also achieved four Golden Globe Award nominations , with Lawrence winning Best Actress ; three BAFTA nominations , with Russell winning for Best Adapted Screenplay ; four Screen Actors Guild nominations ; and five Independent Spirit Award nominations , winning in four categories , including Best Film . The film was a success at the box office , grossing over $ 236 million worldwide , more than eleven times its budget .

neg: American burlesque American burlesque is a genre of variety show . Derived from elements of Victorian burlesque , music hall and minstrel shows , burlesque shows in America became popular in the 1860s and evolved to feature ribald comedy ( lewd jokes ) and female striptease . By the early 20th century , burlesque in America was presented as a populist blend of satire , performance art , music hall , and adult entertainment , featuring striptease and broad comedy acts .   The entertainment was presented often in cabarets and clubs , as well as music halls and theatres . Performers , usually female , often created elaborate tableaux with lush , colorful costumes , mood-appropriate music , and dramatic lighting ; novelty acts , such as fire breathing or contortionists , might be added to enhance the impact of their performance . The genre traditionally encompassed a variety of acts : in addition to the striptease artistes , there was some combination of chanson singers , comedians , mime artists , and dancing girls , all delivered in a satiric style with a saucy edge . The striptease element of burlesque became subject to extensive local legislation , leading to a theatrical form that titillated without falling afoul of censors .   Burlesque gradually lost popularity beginning in the 1940s . A number of producers sought to capitalize on nostalgia for the entertainment by attempting to recreate the spirit of burlesque in Hollywood films from the 1930s to the 1960s . There has been a resurgence of interest in this format since the 1990s , and it inspired a 2010 musical film , Burlesque , starring Christina Aguilera and Cher .

neg: Miranda Harcourt Miranda Catherine Millais Harcourt ( born 1962 ) is a New Zealand actress and acting coach . She is the daughter of actress Dame Kate Harcourt .   Harcourt 's acting career began playing boy character on Radio New Zealand in the early 1970s . She is best known for her role as `` Gemma '' in the 1980s TV drama series Gloss . Harcourt spent three years acting on the show , and her character was so despicable that people spat at and insulted Harcourt in public . Harcourt received a nomination in the 1989 Film and TV Awards for best actress for the role .   Harcourt has starred in countless productions across New Zealand and in Australia . The exhaustive and comprehensive list can be found at Theatre Aotearoa Database .

neg: Goodfellas Goodfellas ( stylized as GoodFellas ) is a 1990 American crime film directed by Martin Scorsese . It is an adaptation of the 1986 non-fiction book Wiseguy by Nicholas Pileggi , who co-wrote the screenplay with Scorsese . The film narrates the rise and fall of mob associate Henry Hill and his friends over a period from 1955 to 1980 .   Scorsese initially named the film Wise Guy and postponed making it ; later , he and Pileggi changed the name to Goodfellas . To prepare for their roles in the film , Robert De Niro , Joe Pesci , and Ray Liotta often spoke with Pileggi , who shared research material left over from writing the book . According to Pesci , improvisation and ad-libbing came out of rehearsals wherein Scorsese gave the actors freedom to do whatever they wanted . The director made transcripts of these sessions , took the lines he liked best , and put them into a revised script , which the cast worked from during principal photography .   Made on a budget of $ 25 million , Goodfellas grossed $ 46.8 million . It received positive reviews from critics and was nominated for six Academy Awards , including Best Picture and Best Director , with Pesci winning Best Actor in a Supporting Role . The film won five awards from the British Academy of Film and Television Arts , including Best Film and Best Director . Additionally , Goodfellas was named the year 's best film by various critics ' groups .   Goodfellas is widely regarded as one of the greatest films in the crime genre . In 2000 , it was deemed `` culturally , historically , and aesthetically significant '' and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the United States Library of Congress . Its content and style have been emulated in numerous other films and television shows .

neg: House of Fears House of Fears is a 2007 horror film , directed by Ryan Little . It stars Corri English , Sandra McCoy , Michael J. Pagan , Corey Sevier and Alice Greczyn . The film was released Direct-to-DVD on April 27 , 2009 in the UK . The DVD release in the United States was distributed by Your Indie Films . The movie features a cameo from American actor Jared Padalecki .

neg: Samantha Morton Samantha Jane Morton ( born 13 May 1977 ) is an English actress , screenwriter and director . She has received critical acclaim and numerous accolades throughout her career , including one BAFTA Award , one BIFA Award , one Golden Globe Award and has been nominated twice for an Academy Award and once for an Emmy Award . She has been described as one of the greatest actresses of her generation .   Brought up in Nottingham , Morton joined the Central Junior Television Workshop , and soon began her career in British television in 1991 . She guest-starred in Soldier Soldier and Cracker and appeared from 1995 to 1996 in the ITV series Band of Gold . She made the transition to film with lead roles in the dramas Emma ( 1996 ) , Jane Eyre ( 1997 ) and the well-received Under the Skin ( 1997 ) . The latter made director Woody Allen cast Morton in Sweet and Lowdown ( 1999 ) , which earned her nominations for the Academy Award and the Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress .   In the 2000s , Morton continued to draw critical praise for her performances in numerous arthouse and independent films . Her role in Morvern Callar ( 2002 ) garnered her the BIFA Award for Best Actress , and she received her second Academy Award nomination , this time in the Best Actress category , for In America ( 2003 ) . She also found mainstream success with the science fiction thriller Minority Report ( 2002 ) . For her role in 2006 's television biopic Longford , she received BAFTA and Emmy Award nominations and won the Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress -- Television Film . Morton starred in the dramas Control ( 2007 ) , Synecdoche , New York ( 2008 ) and The Messenger ( 2009 ) , and she made her directorial debut with the British television film The Unloved ( 2009 ) , winning the BAFTA Television Award for Best Single Drama .   Her most recent acting credits include the science fiction action film John Carter ( 2012 ) , the thriller Cosmopolis ( 2012 ) , the drama Decoding Annie Parker ( 2013 ) , the period film Miss Julie ( 2014 ) , the European limited series The Last Panthers ( 2015 ) and the film adaptation Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 ) .

neg: Susan Ursitti Susan Ursitti is an American actress .

neg: Enchanted (film) Enchanted is a 2007 American live-action/animated musical fantasy romantic comedy film , produced by Walt Disney Pictures with New York Academy Barry Sonnenfeld and Josephson Entertainment . Written by Bill Kelly and directed by Kevin Lima , the film stars Amy Adams , Patrick Dempsey , James Marsden , Timothy Spall , Idina Menzel , Rachel Covey , and Susan Sarandon . The plot focuses on Giselle , an archetypal Disney Princess , who is forced from her traditional animated world of Andalasia into the live-action world of New York City . Enchanted was the first Disney film to be distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures , instead of Buena Vista Pictures Distribution .   The film is both a homage to , and a self-parody of , Disney 's animated features , making numerous references to Disney 's past works through the combination of live-action filmmaking , traditional animation , and computer-generated imagery . It marks the return of traditional animation to a Disney feature film after the company 's decision to move entirely to computer animation in 2004 . Composer Alan Menken and lyricist Stephen Schwartz , who had written songs for previous Disney films , produced the songs of Enchanted , with Menken also composing its score .   The animation sequences were produced at James Baxter Animation in Pasadena . Filming of the live action segments took place around New York City . It premiered on October 20 , 2007 , at the London Film Festival before its wide release on November 21 , 2007 , in the United States . Enchanted was well-received critically , established Adams as a leading lady , and earned more than $ 340 million worldwide at the box office . It won three Saturn Awards , including Best Fantasy Film and Best Actress for Adams . Enchanted also received two nominations at the 65th Golden Globe Awards and three Best Original Song nominations at the 80th Academy Awards .

neg: Desperate Housewives Desperate Housewives is an American television comedy-drama and mystery series created by Marc Cherry , and produced by ABC Studios and Cherry Productions . It originally aired for eight seasons on ABC , from October 3 , 2004 to May 13 , 2012 . Executive producer Cherry served as showrunner . Other executive producers since the fourth season included Bob Daily , George W. Perkins , John Pardee , Joey Murphy , David Grossman , and Larry Shaw .   Set on Wisteria Lane , a street in the fictional town of Fairview in the fictional Eagle State , Desperate Housewives follows the lives of a group of women as seen through the eyes of their late friend and neighbor who committed suicide in the pilot episode . The storyline covers 13 years of the women 's lives over eight seasons , set between the years 2004 -- 2008 , and later 2013 -- 2017 ( the story arc includes a five-year passage of time , as well as flashbacks ranging from the 1980s to the 2020s ) . They work through domestic struggles and family life , while facing the secrets , crimes and mysteries hidden behind the doors of their -- on the surface -- beautiful and seemingly perfect suburban neighborhood .   The series features an ensemble cast , headed by Teri Hatcher as Susan Mayer , Felicity Huffman as Lynette Scavo , Marcia Cross as Bree Van de Kamp , and Eva Longoria as Gabrielle Solis . Brenda Strong narrates the series as the late Mary Alice Young , appearing sporadically in flashbacks or dream sequences .   Desperate Housewives was well received by viewers and critics alike . It won multiple Primetime Emmy , Golden Globe and Screen Actors Guild Awards . From the 2004 -- 05 through the 2008 -- 09 television seasons , its first five seasons were rated amongst the top ten most-watched series . In 2007 , it was reported to be the most popular show in its demographic worldwide , with an audience of approximately 120 million and was also reported as the third most watched television series in a study of ratings in twenty countries . In 2012 , it remained the most-watched comedy series internationally based on data from Eurodata TV Worldwide , which measured ratings across five continents ; it has held this position since 2006 . Moreover , it was the third highest revenue earning series for 2010 , with $ 2.74 million per half an hour . The show was ranked at number fifty-six on Entertainment Weekly `` New TV Classics '' list .   In 2011 , it was confirmed that Desperate Housewives would conclude after its eighth season ; the series finale aired on May 13 , 2012 . By the end of the series , it had surpassed Charmed as the longest running hour-long television series featuring all female leads by two episodes .

neg: On Lexington & 52nd Street `` On Lexington & 52nd Street '' ( also `` Lexington & 52nd Street '' ) is an original song introduced in the seventh episode of the first season of the musical TV series Smash , entitled `` The Workshop '' . The song is written by Marc Shaiman and Scott Wittman , but in the show 's universe , it is written by the songwriting team of Tom Levitt ( Christian Borle ) and Julia Houston ( Debra Messing ) for their Marilyn Monroe musical Bombshell .   In `` The Workshop '' , Michael Swift ( Will Chase ) , playing Joe DiMaggio , performs the song as DiMaggio breaks up with his wife Monroe , while Michael is simultaneously breaking up with Julia .   The song was originally released as a single from iTunes and Amazon.com 's MP3 story and is currently a track on the cast album Bombshell .

neg: Chandra Wilson Chandra Danette Wilson ( born August 27 , 1969 ) is an American actress , known for her role as Dr. Miranda Bailey in the ABC television drama Grey 's Anatomy since 2005 , for which she has been nominated for the Emmy for Best Supporting Actress four times . She made her New York stage debut in 1991 and began to land guest spots on a variety of prime-time television shows . She made her first film appearance in the 1993 film Philadelphia .

neg: Kristen Wiig Kristen Carroll Wiig ( -LSB- ˈwɪɡ -RSB- born August 22 , 1973 ) is an American actress , comedian , writer , and producer . She is known for her work on the NBC sketch comedy series Saturday Night Live ( 2005 -- 12 ) , and such films as Bridesmaids , The Martian , and Ghostbusters .   Wiig was born in Canandaigua , New York , and raised in Lancaster , Pennsylvania , and Rochester , New York . Wiig attended the University of Arizona , where she majored in Fine Art . She later relocated to Los Angeles , where she broke into comedy as a member of the improvisational comedy troupe The Groundlings and made her television debut in 2003 . Wiig joined the cast of Saturday Night Live in 2005 and the following year she co-starred in the Christmas comedy film Unaccompanied Minors . After appearing in a series of supporting roles in comedy films such as Adventureland , Whip It , and Paul , she starred in and co-wrote the screenplay for Bridesmaids , which was both critically and commercially successful .   Wiig received seven consecutive Emmy Awards nominations and has been nominated for an Annie Award for Voice Acting in a Feature Production for her work on Despicable Me 2 . In 2012 , Bridesmaids earned her a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actress -- Musical or Comedy , as well as nominations for the Academy Award and BAFTA for Best Original Screenplay and a SAG Award nomination for Outstanding Performance by a Cast . She was also nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie for her role as Cynthia Morehouse in the miniseries The Spoils of Babylon .

neg: Gia Mantegna Gina `` Gia '' Cristine Mantegna ( born April 17 , 1990 ) is an American actress .

neg: Career Girls Murders The `` Career Girls Murders '' was the name given by the media to the killings of Emily Hoffert and Janice Wylie in their apartment on the Upper East Side of Manhattan on August 28 , 1963 . George Whitmore , Jr. , was accused of this and other crimes but later cleared .   The actions of the police department led Whitmore to be improperly accused of this and other crimes , including the murder of Minnie Edmonds and the attempted rape and assault of Elba Borrero . Whitmore was wrongfully incarcerated for 1,216 days -- from his arrest on April 24 , 1964 , until his release on bond on July 13 , 1966 , and from the revocation of his bond on February 28 , 1972 -- until his exoneration on April 10 , 1973 , when , after what author T.J. English called , in his book The Savage City , `` a numbing cycle of trials , convictions , convictions overturned , retrials , and appeals '' , Whitmore was cleared of all charges and set free . Whitmore 's treatment by the authorities has been cited as an example that led the US Supreme Court to issue the guidelines known as the Miranda rights . The Supreme Court cited Mr. Whitmore 's case as `` the most conspicuous example '' of police coercion in the country when it issued its 1966 ruling establishing a set of protections for suspects , including the right to remain silent , in Miranda v. Arizona .

neg: Miranda Otto Miranda Otto ( born 16 December 1967 ) is an Australian actress . The daughter of actors Barry and Lindsay Otto , and the sister of actress Gracie Otto , Brisbane-born Miranda began her acting career at age 18 in 1986 , and has appeared in a variety of independent and major studio films . Otto made her major film debut in Emma 's War , in which she played a teenager who moves to Australia 's bush country during World War II .   After a decade of critically acclaimed roles in Australian films , Otto gained Hollywood 's attention during the 1990s after appearing in supporting roles in the films The Thin Red Line and What Lies Beneath . She played Éowyn in Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings ( film series ) '' The Lord of the Rings The two Towers and The return of the king .

neg: List of accolades received by Gone Girl (film) Gone Girl is a 2014 psychological thriller film directed by David Fincher , and produced by Leslie Dixon , Bruna Papandrea , Arnon Milchan , Reese Witherspoon , Ceán Chaffin , and Joshua Donen . The screenplay was adapted by Gillian Flynn from her eponymous 2012 novel . Set in Missouri , United States , the film stars Ben Affleck as Nick Dunne , a writer who becomes the prime suspect in the mysterious disappearance of his wife Amy , played by Rosamund Pike . Neil Patrick Harris and Tyler Perry feature in supporting roles . The score was composed by Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross .   Gone Girl premiered at the New York Film Festival on September 26 , 2014 , before 20th Century Fox gave the film a wide release at over 3,000 theaters in the United States and Canada on October 3 . It grossed over $ 368 million on a production budget of $ 61 million . As of June 2016 , Gone Girl is Fincher 's highest-grossing film . Rotten Tomatoes , a review aggregator , surveyed 295 reviews and judged 88 % to be positive .   Gone Girl garnered awards and nominations in a variety of categories with particular praise for its direction , Pike 's lead acting performance , Flynn 's screenplay , and its score . At the 87th Academy Awards , Pike received a nomination for Best Actress . The film received four nominations at the 72nd Golden Globe Awards : Best Director for Fincher , Best Actress in a Drama for Pike , Best Screenplay for Flynn , and Best Original Score . Pike won the Empire Award for Best Actress , and garnered nominations in the same category at the 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards and 68th British Academy Film Awards ( BAFTAs ) . She also received the Breakthrough Performance Award from the Palm Springs International Film Festival . Flynn was nominated at the BAFTAs , as well as the Writers Guild of America Awards . The National Board of Review included the film in their list of top ten films of the year .

neg: Houston Film Critics Society Awards 2010 The 4th Houston Film Critics Society Awards were presented on December 18 , 2010 . These awards for `` extraordinary accomplishment in film '' are presented annually by the Houston Film Critics Society ( HFCS ) based in Houston , Texas . The organization , founded in 2007 , includes 22 film critics for print , radio , television , and internet publications in the greater Houston area . The awards are co-sponsored by the Houston Film Commission , Southwest Alternate Media Project , Women in Film and Television/Houston , WorldFest , and the Houston Cinema Arts Society .   The nominations for the 2010 awards were announced on December 12 , 2010 . Eligible films do not need to have played or opened in a Houston film theater prior to the nomination deadline , merely made available to the HFCS membership at a screening or on DVD . Along with the 13 `` best of '' category awards , this year also saw the introduction of a new category for `` Worst Movies of the Year '' . The Social Network , True Grit , and 127 Hours each received six nominations , all including the Best Picture , Actor , Direction , and Original Score categories .   The Social Network was the HFCS 's most awarded film of 2010 taking top honors in the Best Picture , Best Director ( David Fincher ) , Best Actor ( Jesse Eisenberg ) , and Best Screenplay ( Aaron Sorkin ) categories . Inception was the only other film to garner multiple awards , winning both the Best Original Score ( Hans Zimmer ) and Best Cinematography ( Wally Pfister ) prizes . The other acting awards went to Natalie Portman as Best Actress for Black Swan , Hailee Steinfeld as Best Supporting Actress for True Grit , and Christian Bale as Best Supporting Actor for The Fighter . The remaining film honors went to Toy Story 3 as Best Animated Film , Restrepo as Best Documentary , and The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo as Best Foreign Language Film . `` We Are Sex Bob-Omb '' by Beck from Scott Pilgrim vs. the World was named the Best Original Song . The HFCS 's first-ever award for `` Worst Picture '' was given to Jonah Hex starring Josh Brolin .   In addition to the category awards , the HFCS presented their annual Lifetime Achievement Award to Sissy Spacek and its Humanitarian Award to George Clooney . Clooney was selected for `` selflessly using his celebrity for greater good '' . The HFCS award for Outstanding Achievement in Cinema awards were presented to Charles Dove , director of the Rice University Media Center , and Hector Luna , the founder and editor of C-47 Houston .

neg: Susan Powell (Miss America) Susan Carol Powell ( born March 24 , 1959 ) is an American actress , singer , and television personality . A native of Elk City , Oklahoma , Powell began her career as a successful beauty pageant contestant , winning the Miss Oklahoma pageant in 1980 and proceeded to the Miss America crown for the year 1981 . A coloratura soprano , she has performed in musical theater and on opera stages around the world . In 1993 , Powell embarked on a new television career , becoming the co-host of Discovery Channel 's Home Matters home and garden program in 1993 .

neg: Laurie Lea Schaefer Laurel Lea Schaefer ( born May 21,1949 in Bexley , Ohio , U.S. ) was Miss America 1972 . A native of Bexley , Ohio , Schaefer received a Bachelor of Fine Arts Degree from Ohio University in June 1971 . Three months later she won the Miss America Pageant .   After Miss America , Laurel effectively parlayed her theatre arts and music degree into an extensive and varied entertainment career . Her training afforded her opportunities as a leading lady to notables such as : Howard Keel , John Davidson , Peter Marshall , Ed Ames , Joe Namath , Giorgio Tozzi , and Gorden MacRae . This reflect such productions as ; `` The Music Man '' , `` The Sound of Music '' , `` Camelot '' , `` South Pacific '' , `` Showboat '' , `` My Fair Lady '' , `` Oklahoma '' , `` Hello Dolly '' , `` Carousel '' , `` The King and I '' , `` Guys and Dolls '' , `` Anything Goes '' , `` Under the Yum-Yum Tree '' , `` Star-Spangled Girl '' , and `` Plaza Suite '' .   Laurel 's television work includes a recurring role on `` Falcon Crest '' and guest starring roles on `` Matlock '' , `` L.A. Law '' , `` Quantum Leap '' , `` Love Boat '' , `` Three 's Company '' , `` Rockford Files '' . She is often recognized for her work in TV commercials and for a short time , she represented Campbell 's soup .   Laurel 's vocal career saw her performing the National Anthem at the Inaugural Concert for President Richard M. Nixon , headlining the Miss America USO Tour to Viet Nam and Thailand , entertaining on cruises with a one-woman show and touring `` Capturing the Heart of Gershwin '' Anniversary Concert where she received critical acclaim for vocal solos ranging from swing to blues to light opera .   For twenty-five years Laurel has worked as a commercial casting director and is owner of Creative Casting Services and is also a well-respected nationwide talent scout . In 1974 Laurel established Schaefer Consultants where she serves as a personal imaging and entertainment career consultant . Laurel is a published author and is highly sought after as a keynote speaker , corporate spokesperson , and infomercial host and media presenter .   Miss Schaefer is the recipient of many awards including The American Academy of Achievement - Gold Plate Award , Outstanding Alumni Award ( Ohio University ) , Tom Dooley Humanitarian Award , New Jersey and Ohio `` Woman of the Year '' Award , Ohio Governor 's Award , Bexley Alumni Association-Significant Achievement Award , President 's Award for Leadership from Zonta International and a listing in Who 's Who .


query: Southport hosts an annual air show.

pos: Southport Southport ( -LSB- ˈsaʊθpɔrt -RSB- ) is a large seaside town in Merseyside , England . At the 2001 census , it had a population of 90,336 , making it the eleventh most populous settlement in North West England .   Southport lies on the Irish Sea coast and is fringed to the north by the Ribble estuary . The town is 16.7 mi north of Liverpool and 14.8 mi southwest of Preston .   Historically part of Lancashire , the town was founded in 1792 when William Sutton , an innkeeper from Churchtown , built a bathing house at what now is the south end of Lord Street . At that time , the area , known as South Hawes , was sparsely populated and dominated by sand dunes . At the turn of the 19th century , the area became popular with tourists due to the easy access from the nearby Leeds and Liverpool Canal . The rapid growth of Southport largely coincided with the Industrial Revolution and the Victorian era . Town attractions include Southport Pier with its Southport Pier Tramway , the second longest seaside pleasure pier in the British Isles and Lord Street , an elegant tree-lined shopping street , once home of Napoleon III of France .   Extensive sand dunes stretch for several miles between Birkdale and Woodvale to the south of the town . The Ainsdale sand dunes have been designated as a national nature reserve and a Ramsar site . Local fauna include the Natterjack toad and the Sand lizard . The town contains examples of Victorian architecture and town planning , on Lord Street and elsewhere . A particular feature of the town is the extensive tree planting . This was one of the conditions required by the Hesketh family when they made land available for development in the 19th century . Hesketh Park at the northern end of the town is named after them , having been built on land donated by Rev. Charles Hesketh .   Southport today is still one of the most popular seaside resorts in the UK . It hosts various events , including an annual air show on and over the beach , and the largest independent flower show in the UK , in Victoria Park . The town is at the centre of England 's Golf Coast and has hosted the Open Championship at the Royal Birkdale Golf Club .

neg: Simpang Airport Sempang Airport is an airport in Kuala Lumpur . It is also known as TUDM Kuala Lumpur , Old Airport , Sungai Besi Airport or Sempang Air Force Base .   It served as the main airport for Kuala Lumpur from 1952 to 1965 under the name Kuala Lumpur International Airport , until the main airport was moved to Subang International Airport . It was the first airport to serve Kuala Lumpur and currently remains as the only airport to be located within the boundaries of Kuala Lumpur Federal Territory .   Formerly known as RAF Kuala Lumpur , today it is used by the Royal Malaysian Air Force ( Tentera Udara DiRaja Malaysia ) , Royal Malaysian Police Air Wing , and the air unit of the Malaysian Fire and Rescue Department .   The Royal Selangor Flying Club ( Kelab Penerbangan Di-Raja Selangor ) also flies from Sempang Airport . The four Cessna 172N Skyhawk aircraft belonging to the club are based at this airport .   The airport was supposed to be demolished to make way for a housing estate , but that plan was cancelled and the airport is still used for air force flights . There had been non-fatal accidents before , involving single engine airplanes , at the surrounding roads and flyovers which are usually very busy during rush hours .   The airport also houses the TUDM Museum , which is the only aviation museum in Malaysia . There is no entrance fee , and there are a total of 18 aircraft at the museum , including a de Havilland Tiger Moth and one of the few surviving Scottish Aviation Twin Pioneers . Some of the aircraft are accessible , like the de Havilland Dove .

neg: Marshside, Merseyside Marshside is a suburb of the town of Southport , Merseyside , England .  It is part of the ancient parish of North Meols and was formerly a detached settlement , on the northern fringe of what is now Southport .   Marshside 's most notable features are neighbours : the SSSI and nature reserve on the opposite side of Marine Drive . The sandwinning plant closed in early 2007 . Whilst operational , it extracted thousands of tonnes of Southport sand per year for use in industry . The nature reserve is managed by the RSPB and provides food and accommodation to many native and migratory birds .   Marshside 's traditional industry was shrimping , and the practice still continues to a diminished degree today .   Marshside has four schools : Marshside Primary School , St Patrick 's Primary School , Larkfield Primary School ( between Larkfield Lane and Preston New Road ) and Stanley High School ( on Fleetwood Road ) . The last of these is the largest , with around 800 pupils between the ages of 11 and 16 .   Marshside has surprisingly few pubs ( compared with neighbouring Churchtown ) , possibly in part due to the strong tradition of Methodism in the former village . However , there is the Shrimper on Fylde Road ( next to the The Co-operative Food ) . The Shrimper is a food-serving pub and part of a large chain . A notable feature is a fish & chip shop built on to the back of the building in the car park , although this is no longer operational , but that has been replaced with a new fish and chip shop , otherwise known as Fylde Fish Bar next to The Co-operative Food and Fylde Road Pharmacy .   St Patrick 's Parish Club on Marshside Road is another establishment licensed to serve alcohol . Situated at the back of the old church , the members club is open throughout the week . The only other place to serve alcohol in Marshside is the Fleetwood Hesketh Sports & Social Club , on Fylde Road . Built on land acquired from the Meols Hall estate in Churchtown , this private members club has various sports teams including football , cricket , crown green and indoor bowls , darts , and snooker .   Marshside is also home to the only brass band in Southport .   The main modern industry in Marshside is situated on the estate behind the Shrimper pub , housed in a number of metal-clad buildings . There is a bakery and a publisher 's warehouse amongst others .

neg: Portsmouth Portsmouth ( -LSB- ˈpɔrtsməθ -RSB- ) is a port city in Hampshire , England , mainly on Portsea Island , 70 mi south-west of London and 19 mi south-east of Southampton . It is the United Kingdom 's only island city and has a population of 205,400 . The city forms part of the South Hampshire built-up area , which also covers Southampton and the towns of Havant , Waterlooville , Eastleigh , Fareham , and Gosport .   The city 's history can be traced to Roman times . A significant naval port for centuries , Portsmouth has the world 's oldest dry dock and was England 's first line of defence during the French invasion in 1545 . Special Palmerston Forts were built in 1859 in anticipation of another invasion from continental Europe . By the early-19th century , Portsmouth was the most heavily fortified city in the world , and was considered `` the world 's greatest naval port '' at the height of the British Empire throughout Pax Britannica . The world 's first mass production line was set up in the city , making it the most industrialised site in the world . During the Second World War , the city was a pivotal embarkation point for the D-Day landings and was bombed extensively in the Portsmouth Blitz , which resulted in the deaths of 930 people . In 1982 , a large proportion of the task force dispatched to liberate the Falkland Islands deployed from the city 's naval base . Her Majesty 's Yacht Britannia left the city to oversee the transfer of Hong Kong in 1997 , which marked for many the end of the empire .   Portsmouth is one of the world 's best known ports . HMNB Portsmouth is considered to be the home of the Royal Navy and is home to two-thirds of the UK 's surface fleet . The city is home to some famous ships , including HMS Warrior , the Tudor carrack Mary Rose and Horatio Nelson 's flagship , HMS Victory ( the world 's oldest naval ship still in commission ) . The former HMS Vernon naval shore establishment has been redeveloped as a retail park known as Gunwharf Quays . Portsmouth is among the few British cities with two cathedrals : the Anglican Cathedral of St Thomas and the Roman Catholic Cathedral of St John the Evangelist . The waterfront and Portsmouth Harbour are dominated by the Spinnaker Tower , one of the United Kingdom 's tallest structures at 560 feet . Nearby Southsea is a seaside resort with a pier amusement park and medieval castle .   Portsmouth F.C. , the city 's professional football club , play their home games at Fratton Park . The city has several mainline railway stations that connect to London Waterloo amongst other lines in southern England . Portsmouth International Port is a commercial cruise ship and ferry port for international destinations . The port is the second busiest in the United Kingdom after Dover , handling around three million passengers a year . The city formerly had its own airport , Portsmouth Airport , until its closure in 1973 . The University of Portsmouth enrols 23,000 students and is ranked among the world 's best modern universities . Portsmouth is also the birthplace of author Charles Dickens and engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel .

neg: Listed buildings in Crawley __ NOTOC __   There are 102 listed buildings and structures in the English borough of Crawley , West Sussex . The Borough of Crawley is based on the town of the same name , located approximately halfway between London and Brighton . Although Crawley expanded substantially after World War II when it was designated a New Town by an Act of Parliament , many older buildings remain .   In England , a building or structure is defined as `` listed '' when it is placed on a statutory register of buildings of `` special architectural or historic interest '' by the Secretary of State for Culture , Media and Sport , a Government department , in accordance with the Planning ( Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas ) Act 1990 . English Heritage , a non-departmental public body , acts as an agency of this department to administer the process and advise the department on relevant issues . There are three grades of listing status : Grade I , defined as being of `` exceptional interest '' ; Grade II * , `` particularly important buildings of more than special interest '' ; and Grade II , used for buildings of `` special interest '' .   Crawley has three buildings of Grade I status , 12 listed at Grade II * and 87 of Grade II status . The three Grade I buildings are all places of worship , and churches and farmhouses feature frequently in the list . Other structures given recognition by English Heritage include a signal box , a watermill , and the Beehive -- a `` revolutionary '' purpose-built circular building which was the original passenger terminal at Gatwick Airport and the world 's first fully integrated airport terminal .   The design of the New Town was based on a series of self-contained residential neighbourhoods around a town centre with commercial and civic buildings . There are now 13 neighbourhoods in the town . Pound Hill and Ifield , old villages absorbed by the postwar development , have 28 and 24 listed buildings respectively . Northgate , which has 18 , includes much of the town centre and the old High Street . Langley Green , in which there are 15 listed buildings , is the largest neighbourhood with a large semi-rural hinterland . Elsewhere , there are six listed buildings in West Green , two each in Bewbush and Southgate , and one in each of Broadfield , Gossops Green , Maidenbower , Three Bridges and Tilgate . Furnace Green is the only neighbourhood with no listed buildings .   Crawley Borough Council maintains a list of all listed buildings . Last updated in 2008 , some of its information supersedes the older information carried by English Heritage 's online archive , Images of England , which was compiled in February 2001 . This identifies 95 listed buildings in the borough . An early-19th-century house called Charlwood Park , listed at Grade II on 11 November 1966 , was originally within the parish of Charlwood in the county of Surrey . The Local Government Act 1972 , which moved parts of Surrey ( including Lowfield Heath and Gatwick Airport ) from Surrey into West Sussex , also moved this house into West Sussex and the Borough of Crawley . It was subsequently demolished , but is still shown in the Images of England archive .

neg: Chelsea College of Aeronautical and Automobile Engineering The Chelsea College of Aeronautical and Automobile Engineering was an independent and private educational organisation established in 1924 by its principal , S C H Roberts as the Automobile Engineering College . It was formally expanded to include aeronautical engineering in 1931 in association with Brooklands School of Flying .   A separate institution named The College of Aeronautical Engineering was established while the Automobile Engineering College was evacuated to Wimbledon Park after the destruction of the Chelsea premises by enemy action . In 1946 the institutions were united as The College of Aeronautical and Automobile Engineering . They returned to new premises at 102 Sydney Street SW3 in 1952 .   When Stanley Coryton Hugh Roberts ( known as `` C H '' ) died in September 1957 there were more than 400 students training at his institution in Chelsea . C H also founded the British School of Motoring .   In the 1980s it amalgamated with West Sussex College of Design and Worthing Technical College to form Northbrook College retaining its premises at Shoreham Airport , in Shoreham-by-Sea .

neg: Farnborough Airport Farnborough Airport or TAG London Farnborough Airport ( previously called RAE Farnborough , ICAO Code EGUF ) is an operational business/executive general aviation airport in Farnborough , Rushmoor , Hampshire , England . The 310 ha airport covers about 8 % of Rushmoor 's land area .   Farnborough Aerodrome has a CAA Ordinary Licence ( Number P864 ) that allows flights for the public transport of passengers or for flying instruction as authorised by the licensee ( TAG Farnborough Airport Limited ) .   The first powered flight in Britain was at Farnborough on 5 October 1908 , when Samuel Cody took off in his British Army Aeroplane No 1 .   The airfield is the home of the Farnborough Airshow which is held in even numbered years . It is also home to the Air Accidents Investigation Branch , part of the Department for Transport .

neg: Wycombe Air Park Wycombe Air Park , also known as Booker Airfield , is an operational general aviation aerodrome located in Booker , Buckinghamshire , 2.4 NM south-west of High Wycombe , England . Wycombe air park celebrate its 50th year of opening on 25 April 2015 . The airfield opened in 1941 as RAF Booker and was primarily involved in training during World War II , remaining a military establishment until 1965 .   Wycombe Air Park ( Booker Airport ) has a CAA Ordinary Licence ( Number P523 ) that allows flights for the public transport of passengers or for flying instruction as authorised by the licensee ( Airways Aero Associations Limited ) .   It has over 90,000 movements per annum , many of which are training circuits over the local area . The films ` Those Magnificent Men in their Flying Machines ' , along with ` Aces High ' were filmed here .

neg: Bathtub racing Bathtub racing started in Nanaimo , British Columbia and involves the use of a bathtub boat . The idea was conceived to showcase Nanaimo to the world , with the first races beginning with the `` Nanaimo to Vancouver Great International World Championship Bathtub Race '' in 1967 .   Frank Ney , Nanaimo 's mayor at the time , was one of the largest supporters and promoters of the annual race from its establishment until his death in 1992 , and was an avid participant . He would regularly dress as a pirate and tour the town and surrounding communities .   Until the 1990s , the race was held as a part of Vancouver 's annual Sea Festival , ( aka Sea Fest ) , when tubbers raced from Nanaimo to Vancouver 's Kitsilano Beach . With the demise of the Vancouver Marine Festival in the mid-1990s , the race now involves a course beginning in Nanaimo Harbour and ending at Departure Bay also in Nanaimo . The race is held the last weekend of July every year .   Other cities , like Auckland 's North Shore with its Englefield Bathtub Derby , and Bremerton , Washington with the US-Canadian Friendship race now hold bathtub races , but the Nanaimo event continues to be the most widely known .

neg: London Borough of Croydon The London Borough of Croydon is a London borough in south London , England and is part of Outer London . It covers an area of 87 km2 and is the largest London borough by population . It is the southernmost borough of London . At its centre is the historic town of Croydon from which the borough takes its name . Croydon is mentioned in Domesday Book , and from a small market town has expanded into one of the most populous areas on the fringe of London . Croydon is the civic centre of the borough . The borough is now one of London 's leading business , financial and cultural centres , and its influence in entertainment and the arts contribute to its status as a major metropolitan centre .   Formed in 1965 from the Coulsdon and Purley Urban District and the County Borough of Croydon , the local authority Croydon London Borough Council , is now part of the local government association for Greater London , London Councils . The economic strength of Croydon dates back mainly to Croydon Airport which was a major factor in the development of Croydon as a business centre . Once London 's main airport for all international flights to and from the capital , it was closed on 30 September 1959 due to the lack of expansion space needed for an airport to serve the growing city . It is now a Grade II listed building and tourist attraction . Croydon Council and its predecessor Croydon Corporation unsuccessfully applied for city status in 1954 , 2000 , 2002 and 2012 . The area is currently going through a large regeneration project called Croydon Vision 2020 which is predicted to attract more businesses and tourists to the area as well as backing Croydon 's bid to become London 's Third City ( after ` The City ' and Westminster ) . Croydon is mostly urban , though there are large suburban and rural uplands in the south . Since 2003 Croydon has been certified as a Fairtrade borough by the Fairtrade Foundation . It was the first London Borough to have Fairtrade status which is awarded on certain criteria .   The area is one of the hearts of culture in London and the South East of England . Institutions such as the major arts and entertainment centre Fairfield Halls add to the vibrancy of the borough . However , its famous fringe theatre `` the Warehouse Theatre '' was put under administration in 2012 when the council withdrew its funding and the building itself was demolished in 2013 . The Croydon Clocktower was opened by Queen Elizabeth II in 1994 as an arts venue featuring a library , the independent David Lean Cinema ( closed by the council in 2011 after 16 years of operating , but now partially reopened on a part-time and volunteers basis ) and museum . From 2000 to 2010 , Croydon staged an annual summer festival celebrating the area 's black and Indian cultural diversity , with audiences reaching over 50,000 people . An internet radio station , Croydon Radio , is run by local people for the area . The borough is also home to its own local TV station , Croydon TV . Premier League football club Crystal Palace F.C. play at Selhurst Park in South Norwood , a stadium they have been based in since 1924 . Other landmarks in the borough include Addington Palace , an 18th-century mansion which became the official second residence of six archbishops , Shirley Windmill , one of the few surviving large windmills in Greater London built in the 1850s , and the BRIT School , a creative arts institute run by the BRIT Trust which has produced artists such as Adele , Amy Winehouse and Leona Lewis .

neg: National Air Transportation Association Founded in 1940 , the National Air Transportation Association ( NATA ) is the public policy group that represents the interests of the general aviation business community before the Congress and federal , state and local government agencies . NATA represents nearly 2,300 aviation businesses .   NATA 's member companies provide a broad range of services to general aviation , the airlines and the military . They also directly serve the traveling public by providing fuel , on-demand air charter , aircraft rental , storage , and flight training . Other services include aircraft maintenance , parts sales , and line support as well as business aircraft or fractional ownership fleet management . NATA member companies also provide airline baggage and cargo handling services .   In addition to giving the association 's constituents a voice in Washington , D.C. , NATA membership offers a number of ancillary benefits including its annual Aviation Business & Legislative Conference , Congressional Reception and Air Charter Summit and its highly regarded Safety 1st Professional Line Service Training ( PLST ) program . Considered the industry standard in line service training program , the PLST program has instructed over 16,000 line service specialists in safe aircraft handling procedures .

neg: Dune FM Dune FM was an Independent Local Radio station serving Southport , Sefton and surrounding areas between 1997 and 2012 .

neg: Solway Aviation Museum The Solway Aviation Museum is an independently run aircraft museum located at Carlisle Lake District Airport in Cumbria .

neg: Hesketh Park Hesketh Park may refer to :   Hesketh Park , Southport , a public park in Southport , Merseyside  Hesketh Park railway station , a former railway station in Southport , Merseyside  Hesketh Park ( cricket ground ) , in Dartford , Kent

neg: Light fighter Light fighters are fighter aircraft towards the low end of the practical range of weight , cost , and complexity over which fighters are fielded . The term lightweight fighter is more commonly used in the modern literature , and by example tends to imply somewhat more capable aircraft than light fighters at the very low end of the practical weight range , but the terms overlap and are sometimes used interchangeably . Whatever term is used , the concept is to be on the generally lower half of the practical range , but still with carefully selected competitive features , in order to project highly effective force per unit of budget via an efficient design . As well designed lightweight fighters have proven able to match or beat heavier aircraft plane for plane for many missions , and to significantly excel them in budgetary efficiency , light/lightweight fighters have proven to be a strategically valuable concept . Attempting to scale this efficiency to still lower cost , some manufacturers have in recent years adopted the term `` light fighter '' to also refer to light primarily air-to-ground attack aircraft , some of which are modified trainer designs .   A key design goal of light/lightweight fighter design is to satisfy standard air-to-air fighter effectiveness requirements . These criteria in order of importance are the ability to benefit from the element of surprise , to have numerical superiority in the air , to have superior maneuverability , and to possess suitable weapon systems effectiveness . Light fighters typically achieve a surprise advantage over larger aircraft due to smaller visual and radar signatures , which is important since in the majority of air-to-air kills the element of surprise is dominant . Their comparative lower cost and higher reliability also allows greater numbers per budget . Finally , while a single engine light fighter would typically only carry about half the weapons load of a heavy twin engine fighter , its surprise and maneuverability advantages often allow it to gain positional advantage to make better use of those weapons .   The light fighter concept first arose in the period between World War I and World War II . Examples include several RAF fighter designs from the pre-World War II ( WWII ) era , and their French counterparts , known as `` Jockey '' aircraft . None of these very light fighters enjoyed success into World War II , as they were too hampered in performance . Similar to the meaning of lightweight fighter today , during World War II the term `` small fighter '' was used to describe a single engine aircraft of competitive performance , range , and armament load , but with no unnecessary weight and cost . Examples of this style of very successful fighter include the Japanese A6M Zero , British Supermarine Spitfire , German Messerschmitt Bf 109 , American P-51 Mustang , and Soviet Yakovlev Yak-3 .   After World War II fighter design moved into the jet era , and many jet fighters basically followed the successful World War II formula of highly efficient mostly single engine designs that tended to be about half the weight and cost of twin engine heavy fighters . Prominent early examples include the English Folland Gnat , the American F-86 Sabre and Northrop F-5 , the Soviet Mikoyan MiG-15 and Mikoyan MiG-21 , the French Mirage III , and the Swedish Saab Draken . More modern lightweight fighters with competitive air-to-air capability ( supersonic aircraft with afterburning engines and modern missile armament ) include the American F-16 , Swedish JAS 39 Gripen , Indian HAL Tejas , Korean FA-50 , Japanese Mitsubishi F-2 , Chinese Chengdu J-10 , and Pakistani/Chinese CAC/PAC JF-17 Thunder . The high practical and budgetary effectiveness of modern light fighters for many missions is why the U.S. Air Force adopted both the F-15 and F-16 in a `` hi/lo '' strategy of both an outstanding but expensive heavy fighter and a lower cost but also outstanding lightweight fighter . The investment to maintain a competitive modern lightweight fighter air force is approximately $ 90M to $ 130M ( 2013 dollars ) per plane over a 20-year service life , which is approximately half the cost of heavy fighters , so understanding fighter aircraft design trade-offs and combat effectiveness is of national level strategic importance .

neg: Airmanship Airmanship is skill and knowledge applied to aerial navigation , similar to seamanship in maritime navigation . Airmanship covers a broad range of desirable behaviors and abilities in an aviator . It is not simply a measure of skill or technique , but also a measure of a pilot 's awareness of the aircraft , the environment in which it operates , and of his own capabilities .   Airmanship can be defined as :  A sound acquaintance with the principles of flight ,  The ability to operate an airplane with competence and precision both on the ground and in the air , and  The exercise of sound judgment that results in optimal operational safety and efficiency .   The three fundamental principles of expert airmanship are skill , proficiency , and the discipline to apply them in a safe and efficient manner .  Discipline is the foundation of airmanship .  The complexity of the aviation environment demands a foundation of solid airmanship , and a healthy , positive approach to combating pilot error .   The actions of Captain Alfred C. Haynes and the crew of United Airlines Flight 232 are often cited as an exemplar of good airmanship . They were able to maintain control of their crippled McDonnell Douglas DC-10 , bringing it to a survivable `` controlled crash '' in Sioux City , Iowa , after a complete loss of all flight controls following an engine failure in July 1989 . They did this by improvising a control scheme on the spot using differential thrust on the two working engines . Captain Haynes credited his Crew Resource Management training as one of the key factors that saved his own life , and many others .   The U.S. National Transportation Safety Board occasionally cites poor airmanship as a contributing factor in its determination of probable cause in aviation accidents , although it is implicit in many of the pilot error causes it often uses . For example , in its report on the December 1 , 1993 fatal crash of Northwest Airlink Flight 5719 , the Board determined the `` failure of the company management to adequately address the previously identified deficiencies in airmanship '' was a contributing factor .  More recently , in the February 2 , 2005 business jet accident at Teterboro Airport , NTSB investigator Steve Demko , speaking about the probable cause , said determining an aircraft 's weight and balance before takeoff is `` basic airmanship , '' a `` Flying 101 type of thing . ''  And in the 2006 New York City plane crash that killed New York Yankees pitcher Cory Lidle , the NTSB cited `` inadequate judgement , planning and airmanship '' in its probable cause determination .   A `` failure of airmanship '' was also cited by U.S. Military Authorities in the Tarnak Farm incident in Afghanistan , where the pilot of a U.S. F-16 Fighting Falcon mistakenly targeted a 250-kilogram laser-guided bomb on Canadian troops in April 2003 , killing four of them . Airmanship covers operation of the aircraft and all its systems , so in military usage , this includes the weapons systems of combat aircraft .

neg: RAF Regiment The Royal Air Force Regiment ( RAF Regt ) is part of the Royal Air Force and functions as a specialist airfield defence corps founded by Royal Warrant in 1942 .   The RAF Regiment is trained in CBRN ( chemical , biological , radiological and nuclear ) defence , and equipped with advanced vehicles and detection measures . RAF Regiment instructors are responsible for training all Royal Air Force personnel in basic force protection such as first aid , weapon handling and CBRN skills .   The regiment and its members are known within the RAF as `` The Regiment '' , `` Rock Apes '' or `` Rocks '' . After a 32-week trainee gunner course , its members are trained and equipped to prevent a successful enemy attack in the first instance ; minimise the damage caused by a successful attack ; and ensure that air operations can continue without delay in the aftermath of an attack . RAF Regiment squadrons use aggressive defence tactics whereby they actively seek out infiltrators in a large area surrounding airfields .

neg: Airpark A residential airpark ( also spelled air park ) is also referred to as a `` fly-in community '' . The word can also refer to a community specifically designed around an airport where the residents each would own their own airplane which they park in their hangar usually attached to the home or integrated into their home . The residential airpark or fly-in community features one or more runways with homes adjacent to the runway . Many fly-in communities feature a variety of amenities , such as golf course , equestrian facilities and more . Residential airparks or fly-in communities are usually privately owned and restricted to use by the property owners and their invited guests . Most do not include commercial operations or businesses . The communities have also become a niche real estate market , with some firms dedicated solely to these developments .   The Living With Your Plane Association estimates that there are at least 426 residential airparks in the United States . Florida is estimated to have 52 airparks , followed by Washington with 50 , California with 28 , and Oregon with 23 .

neg: Southport Leagues Club The Southport Leagues Club is a rugby league club based in Southport , Queensland , Australia.The primary charter of SLCL is the promotion of Rugby League within the Gold Coast community and the operation of a profitable sporting club that reinvests in Rugby League and the local community .

neg: Lytham St Annes Lytham St Annes ( -LSB- ˈlɪðəm_sənt_ˈænz -RSB- ) is a conurbation in the Fylde district of Lancashire , England . The neighbouring towns of Lytham and St. Annes-on-the-Sea ( nearly always abbreviated to St Annes ) have grown together and now form a seaside resort . The towns are situated on the Fylde coast , south of Blackpool at the point where the coastline turns east to form the estuary of the River Ribble leading inland to Preston . St Annes is situated on the northern side of the turning and , like Blackpool , overlooks the Irish Sea , whereas Lytham is on the eastern side and overlooks the Ribble Estuary . The population of Lytham St Annes taken at the 2011 census was 42,954 .   Lytham St Annes is internationally renowned for golf and has four courses and links , the most notable being the Royal Lytham & St Annes Golf Club , one of the host courses for the Open Championship , also known as the `` British Open '' , which has been a competition course since first hosting the Open in 1926 . Approximately once every ten years , the coming of The Open -- a major sporting event -- brings a major influx of visitors , including the world 's media , into a fairly peaceful community . Lytham St Annes is considered to be a wealthy area with residents ' earnings among the highest in the North of England .

neg: Western Australian Centenary Air Race __ NOTOC __   The Western Australian Centenary Air Race ( also known as the East-West Air Race ) was a 2450 mi air race held in 1929 from Sydney to Perth to commemorate the Western Australia Centenary .   The # 1000 handicap winner was Horrie Miller and the # 300 fastest overall time prize was won by Briton Major Hereward de Havilland ( 22 hours 50 minutes 23 seconds ) , who flew the course solo , the only competitor to do so , in a modified de Havilland Gipsy Moth .   Determining results in the handicap event was found to be a difficult task , with type of machine , weather conditions , wind direction and strength of wind for each half day 's hop , supplemented by times of starting being taken into consideration .   700 people had turned out at Kalgoorlie to see the competitors off on the final leg of the race . Victorian C.D. Pratt and his co-pilot J.R. Guthrie were both seriously injured when their Gipsy Moth Corio crashed near Baandee , 230 km East of Perth . Weather conditions after leaving Tammin were said to be atrocious , with at least one forced landing and one crash .   The 17 teams left from Mascot in Sydney on 29 September 1929 and 14 managed to finish at Maylands Aerodrome on Sunday 7 October .


query: Tokyo was formerly known by another name.

pos: Tokyo Tokyo ( -LSB- toːkjoː -RSB- , -LSB- langˈtoʊki.oʊ -RSB- ) , officially Tokyo Metropolis , is the capital of Japan and one of its 47 prefectures . The Greater Tokyo Area is the most populous metropolitan area in the world . It is the seat of the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese government . Tokyo is in the Kantō region on the southeastern side of the main island Honshu and includes the Izu Islands and Ogasawara Islands . Formerly known as Edo , it has been the de facto seat of government since 1603 when Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu made the city his headquarters . It officially became the capital after Emperor Meiji moved his seat to the city from the old capital of Kyoto in 1868 ; at that time Edo was renamed Tokyo . Tokyo Metropolis was formed in 1943 from the merger of the former and the .   Tokyo is often referred to as a city , but is officially known and governed as a `` metropolitan prefecture '' , which differs from and combines elements of a city and a prefecture , a characteristic unique to Tokyo . The Tokyo metropolitan government administers the 23 Special Wards of Tokyo ( each governed as an individual city ) , which cover the area that was the City of Tokyo before it merged and became the metropolitan prefecture in 1943 . The metropolitan government also administers 39 municipalities in the western part of the prefecture and the two outlying island chains . The population of the special wards is over 9 million people , with the total population of the prefecture exceeding 13 million . The prefecture is part of the world 's most populous metropolitan area with upwards of 37.8 million people and the world 's largest urban agglomeration economy . The city hosts 51 of the Fortune Global 500 companies , the highest number of any city in the world . Tokyo ranked third in the International Financial Centres Development IndexEdit . The city is also home to various television networks such as Fuji TV , Tokyo MX , TV Tokyo , TV Asahi , Nippon Television , NHK and the Tokyo Broadcasting System .   Tokyo ranked first in the Global Economic Power Index and fourth in the Global Cities Index . The city is considered an alpha + world city -- as listed by the GaWC 's 2008 inventory -- and in 2014 , Tokyo was ranked first in the `` Best overall experience '' category of TripAdvisor '' 's World City Survey ( the city also ranked first in the following categories : `` helpfulness of locals '' , `` nightlife '' , `` shopping '' , `` local public transportation '' and `` cleanliness of streets '' ) . In 2015 , Tokyo was ranked as the 11th most expensive city for expatriates , according to the Mercer consulting firm , and also the world 's 11th most expensive city , according to the Economist Intelligence Unit 's cost-of-living survey . In 2015 , Tokyo was named the Most Liveable City in the world by the magazine Monocle '' . The Michelin Guide has awarded Tokyo by far the most Michelin stars of any city in the world .  Tokyo ranked first in the world in the Safe Cities Index . The 2016 edition of QS Best Student Cities ranked Tokyo as the 3rd-best city in the world to be a university student . Tokyo hosted the 1964 Summer Olympics , the 1979 G-7 summit , the 1986 G-7 summit , and the 1993 G-7 summit , and will host the 2020 Summer Olympics and the 2020 Summer Paralympics .

neg: Tokyo University of Science , formerly `` Science University of Tokyo '' or TUS , informally or simply is a private research university located in Shinjuku , Tokyo , Japan .

neg: Festivals in Tokyo Tokyo holds many festivals ( matsuri ) throughout the year . Major Shinto shrine festivals include the Sanno Festival at Hie Shrine , and the Sanja Festival at Asakusa Shrine . The Kanda Matsuri in Tokyo is held every two years in May . The festival features a parade with elaborately decorated floats and thousands of people .   More secular and seasonal festivals include cherry blossom , or sakura , viewing parties in the spring where thousands gather in parks such as Ueno Park , Inokashira Park , and the Shinjuku Gyoen National Garden for picnics under the cherry trees . In the summer annual firework and dance festivals such as the Sumida River fireworks festival on the last Saturday of July , and the Kōenji Awa Odori dance festival on the last weekend in August attract millions of viewers .

neg: Tourism in Tokyo Tourism in Tokyo is a major industry . In 2006 , 4.81 million foreigners and 420 million Japanese visits to Tokyo were made ; the economic value of these visits totaled 9.4 trillion yen according to the government of Tokyo . Many tourists visit the various downtowns , stores , and entertainment districts throughout the neighborhoods of the special wards of Tokyo ; particularly school children on class trips , a visit to Tokyo Tower is de rigueur .   Cultural offerings include both omnipresent Japanese pop culture and associated districts such as Shibuya and Harajuku , subcultural attractions such as Studio Ghibli anime center , as well as museums like the Tokyo National Museum , which houses 37 % of the country 's artwork national treasures ( 87/233 ) . No buildings in Tokyo are World heritage sites and only the Jizo Hall of Shofuku-ji , a suburban temple , is a National treasure . Other popular attractions include the Imperial Palace , Meiji Shrine , and Sensō-ji , a popular temple . Finally , many tourists , particularly foreign tourists , visit Tsukiji Fish Market , as the time-zone difference leads to foreign visitors waking up very early local time .   Access to Tokyo is provided by airports including Narita Airport , Tokyo International Airport ( Haneda , providing primarily domestic service ) , and the Shinkansen . Major hotel districts include Shinjuku and Tokyo Bay , although there are some hotels in many more districts .

neg: Asukayama Park is a public park in Kita , Tokyo , Japan .

neg: Wa (Japan) Japanese is the oldest recorded name of Japan . Chinese , Korean , and Japanese scribes regularly wrote Wa or Yamato `` Japan '' with the Chinese character 倭 until the 8th century , when the Japanese replaced it with 和 `` harmony , peace , balance . ''

neg: Shirokane is a district of Minato , Tokyo , Japan . Currently it consists of six chōme . According to Minato , as of November 1 , 2007 , the population in the neighborhood is 14,840 . The postal code is 108-0072 . The term Shirokane narrowly refers to Shirokane 1-chōme to Shirokane 6-chōme , but is sometimes used to include the larger neighborhood formerly known as , which encompasses part of Shirokanedai and Takanawa as well as Shirokane . This article deals with the place in the narrow definition .

neg: Tanashi, Tokyo was a city located in the western portion of Tokyo Metropolis , Japan .  Tanashi means the land without rice . Because of the area 's elevation relative to the Tamagawa River , traditional irrigation and rice farming was impossible . Hence , the area was named Tanashi .  At the time of its merger , the city had an estimated population of 78,165 and a density of 11,495 persons per km ² . The total area was 6.8 km ² .   The area of modern Tanashi prospered during the Edo period as a post station on the Ome Kaido and Tokorozawa Kaido , and was part of ancient Musashi Province . After the Meiji Restoration it came under the jurisdiction of the short-lived prefectures of Shinagawa ( 1868 ) and Irima ( 1871 ) , before becoming part of Kanagawa in 1872 . During the early Meiji period ( 1878 ) cadastral reform , it became the town of Tanashi within Kitatama District in Kanagawa . The entire district was transferred to the administrative control of Tokyo Metropolis in 1893 . Tanashi was connected to central Tokyo by train from 1927 . Tanashi was elevated to city status in 1967 .   On January 21 , 2001 , Tanashi was merged with the neighboring city of Hoya to create the city of Nishi-Tōkyō , and thus Tanashi thus no longer exists as an independent municipality .   Category : Populated places disestablished in 2001  Category : Dissolved municipalities of Tokyo

neg: Ōkura Bakufu ( also called is the name given in Japan to the first government of the shogun Minamoto no Yoritomo . The name is that of the location in Kamakura , Kanagawa Prefecture , where Yoritomo 's palace used to stand . Ōkura is defined as the area between the Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gū , Asaina Pass , the Namerigawa ( Nameri River ) and the Zen temple of Zuisen-ji . Yoritomo 's palace complex extended approximately from the Mutsuura Kaidō to the site of his tomb , and from the Nishi Mikado River ( or Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gū ) to the Higashi Mikado River ( about 800 meters by 600 meters ) . A black stone stele marks the center of the area where Yoritomo 's government offices used to stand and carries the following words :   820 years ago , in 1180 , Minamoto no Yoritomo built his mansion here . Having consolidated his power , he ruled from this mansion , and his government was therefore called the Ōkura Bakufu . He was succeeded by his sons Yoriie and Sanetomo , and this place remained the seat of the government for 46 years until 1225 , when his wife Hōjō Masako died . It was then transferred to .  Erected in March 1917 by the Kamakura-machi Seinendan -LSB- Young People 's Association -RSB-   In 1213 , when Wada Yoshimori rebelled against the Hōjō regents in the so-called Wada Kassen , his son Asahina Yoshihide stormed into the Ōkura Bakufu and burnrf it to the ground . It was later rebuilt .   Many powerful Gokenin had their mansions in Ōkura , which was therefore one of the most important parts of medieval Kamakura . The palace gave rise to the names of at least two other Kamakura neighborhoods , Nishi Mikado and Higashi Mikado , which mean respectively `` Western Gate '' and `` East Gate '' . The area now called used to be called Higashi Mikado , and the name is still sometimes used . Kita Mikado still exists as well , but does not constitute a chō .

neg: Mass media in Saitama Prefecture This article lists and describes the features of mass media based in Saitama Prefecture of Japan . Most are based in the capital and most populous city Saitama City 's Urawa ward . Unless mentioned otherwise the language is  Japanese .   Like other parts of Kantō region incorporating the Greater Tokyo Area , media based in Tokyo dominate the attention of the residents . Tokyo 's major radio and television stations are licensed to cover the whole Kantō region . See Japanese media for them . They have larger readership or rates than the locally based media .

neg: Fukuoka–Kitakyushu is the most common name given to the region comprising the metropolitan areas of the cities of Fukuoka and Kitakyushu in Fukuoka Prefecture , Japan and in between . Alternate names are many , including Kitakyushu-Fukuoka Greater Metropolitan Region , Northern Part of Kyushu Greater Metropolitan Region   One reason for complications in naming is because the whole region itself was once referred to as `` Kitakyushu '' , which had become ambiguous after the city merger in 1963 which created the city by the same name .   These cities may be referred to separately , but often are lumped together since they are close and lie in the same prefecture . Furthermore , their economic spheres , infrastructure , and transport links overlap . Note that the metro areas include the tip of Honshu island ( Shimonoseki on Honshu is a significant suburb of Kitakyushu ) , as well as the northern part of Kyushu . The definition of Northern Kyushu is not a superset of Fukuoka -- Kitakyushu ; among the ways it differs : it generally does not include any cities on Honshu island .

neg: Tokyo Dome City , referred to as Big Egg City before January 1 , 2000 , is an entertainment complex in Bunkyo , Tokyo , Japan .   It includes the world 's largest roofed baseball stadium known as Tokyo Dome ( nicknamed `` Big Egg '' ) , an amusement park known as Tokyo Dome City Attractions ( formerly Kōrakuen Yūenchi ) , and Korakuen Hall . In May 2003 , a spa resort known as LaQua opened for business near Tokyo Dome City Attractions . It also hosts character shows for Toei Company 's Toei Superheroes , including the Kamen Rider and Super Sentai series .   The Tokyo Dome City contains the Tokyo Dome Hotel , a 43-story hotel that is easily visible from the street and from the Tokyo Subway Suidobashi Station , which is only two blocks away .

neg: Togoshi-Ginza Station is a station in southeast Tokyo .

neg: Tokyo Christian University is a private university in Inzai , Chiba , Japan , offering an undergraduate liberal arts degree in both Japanese and English .   The English-degree program is administered under the `` Asian Christian Theological Studies Program for English Speakers '' ( ACTS-ES ) , which integrates the liberal arts with Bible studies and theology , academic preparation with practical experience , the English language with Japanese studies , and the world 's cultures with Japan and Asia . All courses are offered in English , though two years of Japanese language study is required , and advanced students have the option of doing some coursework entirely in Japanese together with Japanese undergraduates . Students who meet advanced requirements may obtain a minor in Japanese Studies . International students and Japanese students are not segregated , as often happens at Japanese universities , but live together in on-campus dorms .   TCU 's history spans 125 years of Japan 's 140-year Protestant history . The university emerged from a merger of three Christian schools . The oldest , founded in 1881 in Yokohama , focused on women 's education at a time when Japan offered women few opportunities for higher education . In 1949 Tokyo Christian Theological Seminary came into existence , and 1950 saw the establishment of the Japan Domei Institute . The Domei Institute later offered both a three - and a four-year course , achieving accreditation as a junior college . These three schools merged in 1979 , with the goal of upgrading the junior college into a university while maintaining the seminary as a distinct graduate program with its own identity .   In 1989 , the merged school moved to its present location in Chiba New Town , a part of the greater Tokyo metropolitan area . Having achieved the approval of the Japanese Ministry of Education , the transition from the junior college to the university took place between 1990 and 1993 . The university admitted its first group of students in 1990 , when the junior college graduated its final class . In 1993 , the university gained full recognition from the Japanese Ministry of Education , and it continues in this status until today .

neg: Tokyo Heliport is a heliport in Kōtō , Tokyo , Japan , mainly used for flights in the Greater Tokyo Area . It is used by both government organizations and private companies .

neg: Hibiya Park is a park in Chiyoda City , Tokyo , Japan . It covers an area of 161,636.66 m2 between the east gardens of the Imperial Palace to the north , the Shinbashi district to the southeast and the Kasumigaseki government district to the west .   The land was occupied by the estates of the Mōri clan and Nabeshima clan during the Edo period , and was used for army maneuvers during the Meiji period . It was converted to a park and opened to the public on June 1 , 1903 .   On September 5 , 1905 the park was the scene of the Hibiya Incendiary Incident a major city-wide riot that erupted in protest of the terms of the Treaty of Portsmouth which ended the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 .   The park is famous for the , a brick building built in Gothic style in 1929 , which once housed the Domei Tsushin state wire service and its postwar successors Kyodo News and Jiji Press .   The park is also known for its open-air concert venue , , and for its tennis courts ( for which reservations are hotly contested due to their proximity to the financial and government districts ) .

neg: Mainland Japan is a term to distinguish the area of Japan from its outlying territories . It was an official term in the pre-war period , distinguishing Japan and the colonies in East Asia . After the end of World War II , the term became uncommon , but still is used as an unofficial term to distinguish the area of Japan from Okinawa or Hokkaidō .   The literal Japanese meaning might best be translated as inner Japan or inner lands . The term `` mainland '' is an inaccurate translation because mainland is usually the continental part of a region , as opposed to the islands .   It is also somewhat confusing as Mainland Japan is defined to consist of several major islands ( Hokkaidō , Honshū , Kyūshū , Shikoku ) and many minor ones . The term mainland Japan is also sometimes used to translate Honshū , the largest island , though naichi not .

neg: Taishō period The , or Taishō era , is a period in the history of Japan dating from July 30 , 1912 , to December 25 , 1926 , coinciding with the reign of the Emperor Taishō . The new emperor was a sickly man , which prompted the shift in political power from the old oligarchic group of elder statesmen ( or genrō ) to the Imperial Diet of Japan and the democratic parties . Thus , the era is considered the time of the liberal movement known as the `` Taishō democracy '' in Japan ; it is usually distinguished from the preceding chaotic Meiji period and the following militarism-driven first part of the Shōwa period .

neg: Musashino, Tokyo right | 270px | thumb | Inokashira Park  is a city located in the western portion of Tokyo Metropolis , in the central Kantō region of Japan . , the city had an estimated population of 143,868 and a population density of 13,090 persons per km ² . Its total area was 10.98 sqkm .

neg: Niigata, Niigata is the capital and the most populous city of Niigata Prefecture , Japan . It lies on the northwest coast of Honshu , the largest island of Japan , in the Chūbu region and faces the Sea of Japan and Sado Island .   , the city had an estimated population of 807,450 and a population density of 1,110 persons per km ² . The total area is 726.45 sqkm . Greater Niigata , Niigata Metropolitan Employment Area , has a GDP of US$ 43.3 billion as of 2010 .   With a long history as a port town , Niigata became a free port following the Meiji Restoration . Niigata 's city government was established in 1889 . Mergers with nearby municipalities in 2005 allowed the city 's population to jump to 810,000 . The annexation of the surrounding area has also given the city the greatest rice paddy field acreage in Japan . On April 1 , 2007 , it became the first government-designated city on the Japan Sea coast of Honshu .

neg: Hokkaido dialects The , commonly called , originate in relatively recent settlement from mainland Japan . The greater part of Hokkaidō was settled from a mix of areas , especially the Tōhoku and Hokuriku regions , from the Meiji period onwards , so that various Japanese dialects became mixed together on Hokkaidō .   The relationship of Hokkaidō dialect to the rest of Japanese -- and whether there even is a coherent Hokkaidō dialect -- are the subject of debate . Shibata ( 2003 ) mentions three theories :  Inland varieties are part of the Kantō dialect , while coastal varieties are part of the Tōhoku dialect  There is a single Hokkaidō dialect , which is a distinct branch of Eastern Japanese  There is a Hokkaidō dialect , but it descends from Niigata dialect ( one of the Tōkai -- Tōsan dialects ) , a transitional form with Western Japanese features .   Tōhoku influence is strongest in coastal areas , especially on the Oshima Peninsula in the south , where the local variety is commonly called . The urban dialect of Sapporo is quite close to Standard Japanese . Western features may have been brought by merchants from Kansai and Hokuriku following the Kitamaebune ( `` northern-bound ships '' ) trading route .   Also spoken on Hokkaidō is the Ainu language , which was in wide use there before Japanese settlement and still has a few elderly speakers .