query: Walt Whitman worked as a teacher.

pos: Walt Whitman Walter `` Walt '' Whitman ( -LSB- ˈhwɪtmən -RSB- May 31 , 1819 -- March 26 , 1892 ) was an American poet , essayist , and journalist . A humanist , he was a part of the transition between transcendentalism and realism , incorporating both views in his works . Whitman is among the most influential poets in the American canon , often called the father of free verse . His work was very controversial in its time , particularly his poetry collection Leaves of Grass , which was described as obscene for its overt sexuality .   Born in Huntington on Long Island , Whitman worked as a journalist , a teacher , a government clerk , and -- in addition to publishing his poetry -- was a volunteer nurse during the American Civil War . Early in his career , he also produced a temperance novel , Franklin Evans ( 1842 ) . Whitman 's major work , Leaves of Grass , was first published in 1855 with his own money . The work was an attempt at reaching out to the common person with an American epic . He continued expanding and revising it until his death in 1892 . After a stroke towards the end of his life , he moved to Camden , New Jersey , where his health further declined . When he died at age 72 , his funeral became a public spectacle .

neg: Lecture A lecture ( from the French ` lecture ' , meaning ` reading ' -LSB- process -RSB- ) is an oral presentation intended to present information or teach people about a particular subject , for example by a university or college teacher . Lectures are used to convey critical information , history , background , theories , and equations . A politician 's speech , a minister 's sermon , or even a businessman 's sales presentation may be similar in form to a lecture . Usually the lecturer will stand at the front of the room and recite information relevant to the lecture 's content .   Though lectures are much criticised as a teaching method , universities have not yet found practical alternative teaching methods for the large majority of their courses . Critics point out that lecturing is mainly a one-way method of communication that does not involve significant audience participation but relies upon passive learning . Therefore , lecturing is often contrasted to active learning . Lectures delivered by talented speakers can be highly stimulating ; at the very least , lectures have survived in academia as a quick , cheap , and efficient way of introducing large numbers of students to a particular field of study .   Lectures have a significant role outside the classroom , as well . Academic and scientific awards routinely include a lecture as part of the honor , and academic conferences often center on `` keynote addresses '' , i.e. , lectures . The public lecture has a long history in the sciences and in social movements . Union halls , for instance , historically have hosted numerous free and public lectures on a wide variety of matters . Similarly , churches , community centers , libraries , museums , and other organizations have hosted lectures in furtherance of their missions or their constituents ' interests . Lectures represent a continuation of oral tradition in contrast to textual communication in books and other media . Lectures may be considered a type of grey literature .

neg: Whitman Authorized Editions The Whitman Authorized Editions ( 1941-1947 ) were published by the Whitman Publishing Company of Racine , Wisconsin . Each of the books featured a popular film actress ' name in the title and her image on the dust jacket . While the Whitman Authorized Editions are not a series , each book features a fictional analogue of a '40s era teenage star as the protagonist of a mystery story . Stars featured in the series included Deanna Durbin , Bonita Granville , Judy Garland , Ginger Rogers , Betty Grable , and Ann Sheridan . Critics have remarked on the similarity in tone and story structure between the Whitman Authorized Editions and the Nancy Drew series .

neg: The Underground History of American Education The Underground History of American Education : A Schoolteacher 's Intimate Investigation Into the Problem of Modern Schooling ( ISBN 0-945700-05-9 , pbk . ISBN 0-945700-04-0 ) is a critique of the United States education system by John Taylor Gatto .   A former teacher , Gatto left the classroom the same year he was named New York State Teacher of the Year . He announced his decision in a letter titled `` I Quit , I Think '' .   Using anecdotes gathered from thirty years of teaching , alongside documentation , Gatto presents his view of modern compulsion schooling as opposed to genuine education , describing a `` conflict between systems which offer physical safety and certainty at the cost of suppressing free will , and those which offer liberty at the price of constant risk '' .   Gatto argues that educational strategies promoted by government and industry leaders for over a century included the creation of a system that keeps real power in the hands of very few people .   From the book 's Introduction :  '' ... Underground History is n't a history proper , but a collection of materials toward a history , embedded in a personal essay analyzing why mass compulsion schooling is unreformable . The history I have unearthed is important to our understanding ; it 's a good start , I believe , but much remains undone . ''   '' ... what I 'm trying to describe -LSB- is -RSB- that what has happened to our schools was inherent in the original design for a planned economy and a planned society laid down so proudly at the end of the nineteenth century . ''   Russ Kick offers this in summary :  `` In other words , the captains of industry and government explicitly wanted an educational system that would maintain social order by teaching us just enough to get by but not enough so that we could think for ourselves , question the sociopolitical order , or communicate articulately . ''   The book was read from 2006-2007 for the Unwelcome Guests radio show .   The second edition of the book is expected to be released in November , 2015 , with a foreword by Ron Paul .

neg: American Indian boarding schools Native American boarding schools were established in the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries to educate and assimilate Native American children and youths according to Euro-American standards . These boarding schools were first established by Christian missionaries of various denominations , who often started schools on reservations and founded boarding schools to provide opportunities for children who did not have colonial schools nearby , especially in the lightly populated areas of the West . The government paid religious orders to provide education to Native American children on reservations . In the late 19th and early 20th centuries , the Bureau of Indian Affairs ( BIA ) founded additional boarding schools based on the assimilation model of the Carlisle Indian Industrial School off-reservation .   Children were typically immersed in European-American culture through appearance changes with haircuts , were forbidden to speak their native languages , and traditional names were replaced by new European-American names ( to both `` civilize '' and `` Christianize '' ) . The experience of the schools was often harsh , especially for the younger children who were forcibly separated from their families . In numerous ways , they were encouraged or forced to abandon their Native American identities and cultures . Investigations of the later twentieth century have revealed many documented cases of sexual , manual , physical and mental abuse occurring at these schools .   Since those years , tribal nations have increasingly insisted on community-based schools and have also founded numerous tribal colleges and universities . Community schools have also been supported by the federal government through the BIA and legislation . The largest boarding schools have closed . By 2007 , most of the schools had been closed down and the number of Native American children in boarding schools had declined to 9,500 . In this same period , more Native Americans live in urban environments and having to accommodate to majority culture .

neg: Francis James Child Francis James Child ( February 1 , 1825 -- September 11 , 1896 ) was an American scholar , educator , and folklorist , best known today for his collection of English and Scottish ballads now known as the Child Ballads . Child was Boylston professor of rhetoric and oratory at Harvard University , where he produced influential editions of English poetry . In 1876 he was named Harvard 's first Professor of English , a position which allowed him to focus on academic research . It was during this time that he began work on the Child Ballads .   The Child Ballads were published in five volumes between 1882 and 1898 . While Child was primarily a literary scholar with little interest in the music of the ballads , his work became a major contribution to the study of English-language folk music . </blockquote>

neg: W. Dean Eastman W. Dean Eastman is a nationally recognized educator and writer who was born in Lawrence , Massachusetts on February 22 , 1948 , the son of Weston D. and Harriet Eastman . Eastman attended the Andover , MA Public Schools and , while a student at Andover High School , was a member of the Latin Club , a library assistant , won third place in the science fair , and won 8 athletic letters in football , indoor track , and outdoor track . In his senior year , Andover High won the Massachusetts All-Class Track and Field Championship . Eastman placed in the 200-meter dash and was a member of the 800-meter relay team that placed second . His classmates at Andover High included Tonight Show host Jay Leno and Emmy-Award winning soap opera writer Lorraine Broderick .   Eastman attended Drake University from 1966-1970 . He was a member of the Bulldog Track team as a freshman . Eastman graduated from Drake in 1970 with a BSE in Social Science .   Eastman received an MSE and Certificate of Advanced Graduate Study at Springfield College ( 1976 , 1977 ) . In 2000 he received an ALM degree with a concentration in Government from Harvard University . His thesis topic was `` The Influence of Immigration on the Development of Civic Education in the United States from 1880-1925 '' . Eastman is a recipient of Harvard University 's Derek Bok Prize for Public Service . He is an elected fellow at both the Massachusetts Historical Society and Colonial Society of Massachusetts , and served an eight-year term as one of eight members of Adams Family Papers Administration Committee from 2005-2013 . He also served on the boards of the Public Broadcasting System ( PBS ) , the National Teacher Source Advisory Group from 2004-2005 , and the Massachusetts Civil Liberties Union Education Steering Committee from 1990-2010 . Eastman has been selected for Who 's Who in the World and Who 's Who in America in every year from 2000-2015 .

neg: Tradition and the Individual Talent `` Tradition and the Individual Talent '' ( 1919 ) is an essay written by poet and literary critic T. S. Eliot . The essay was first published in The Egoist ( 1919 ) and later in Eliot 's first book of criticism , `` The Sacred Wood '' ( 1920 ) . The essay is also available in Eliot 's `` Selected Prose '' and `` Selected Essays '' . ''   While Eliot is most often known for his poetry , he also contributed to the field of literary criticism . In this dual role , he acted as poet-critic , comparable to Sir Philip Sidney and Samuel Taylor Coleridge . `` Tradition and the Individual Talent '' is one of the more well known works that Eliot produced in his critic capacity . It formulates Eliot 's influential conception of the relationship between the poet and the literary tradition which precedes them .

neg: The Washington, Jefferson & Madison Institute The Washington , Jefferson & Madison Institute is a non-profit Virginia corporation based in Charlottesville , Virginia , founded by J. David Gowdy . The Institute 's charter is `` To Perpetuate the Study of the Teachings and Examples of the Founders of the Republic '' and its mission is to `` To instill within educators and students of the rising generation a greater understanding of and appreciation for the Founding Fathers and the Founding Documents of the United States of America . '' Its maxims are `` Virtue , Liberty & Knowledge . ''  The Washington , Jefferson & Madison Institute holds seminars for secondary school teachers who teach U.S. Government , Civics , and U.S. History , and civic groups . Seminars are held at Prospect Hill . In 2012 , Tony Williams was hired as program director of the Institute . Mr. Williams , who resides in Williamsburg , Virginia , is a teacher and the author of four books on the American Founding , including `` America 's Beginnings : The Dramatic Events that Shaped a Nation 's Character '' ( Rowman & Littlefield , 2010 ) .

neg: Carlisle Indian Industrial School The United States Indian Industrial School in Carlisle , Pennsylvania , generally known as Carlisle Indian Industrial School , was the flagship Indian boarding school in the United States from 1879 through 1918 . All of the school property , known as the Carlisle Barracks , is now a part of the U.S. Army War College .   Founded in 1879 by Captain Richard Henry Pratt under authority of the US federal government , Carlisle was the first federally funded off-reservation Indian boarding school . It was founded on the principle that Native Americans were the equals of European-Americans , and that Native American children immersed in mainstream Euro-American culture would learn skills to advance in society . In this period , many people believed that Amerindians , a population that was numerically declining , were a vanishing race whose only hope for survival was rapid assimilation to American culture .   After witnessing the initial success of the Indian students at Hampton Normal and Agricultural School , General Richard Henry Pratt decided to establish the first all Indian school , Carlisle , in 1879 . Carlisle was built out of a former military barracks . Like Hampton , upon arrival at Carlisle students ' hair were cut and names were changed . However , '' -LSB- u -RSB- nlike Hampton , whose purpose was to return assimilated educated Indians to their people , Carlisle meant to turn the school into the ultimate Americanizer '' . At Carlisle , Pratt attempted to `` Kill the Indian : Save the Man '' through any means necessary . Beyond a typical military regimen , Pratt was known to use corporal punishment on students who exhibited Native behaviors to help students become only dependent on themselves .   Carlisle became the model for 26 Bureau of Indian Affairs boarding schools in 15 states and territories , and hundreds of private boarding schools sponsored by religious denominations . It has been designated a National Historic Landmark . From 1879 until 1918 , over 10,000 Native American children from 140 tribes attended Carlisle ; however , according to one source , only 158 students graduated . Tribes with the largest number of students included the Lakota , Ojibwe , Seneca , Oneida , Cherokee , Apache , Cheyenne , and Alaska Native . The Carlisle Indian School exemplified Progressive Era values . Some Native Americans believed Carlisle provided an excellent education .   Carlisle and similar schools have been controversial because many Native Americans say that these forced children to leave their families at young ages , and to give up their own cultures , languages , religion and even their names , doing psychological damage to generations . Since the 1970s , Native American nations have taken back control of the education of their children and started their own schools and colleges .

neg: William Bramwell Powell William Bramwell Powell ( December 22 , 1836 -- February 6 , 1904 ) was an American educator , author and superintendent of schools .

neg: Frederic George Young Frederic George Young ( sometimes spelled Frederick ) ( 1858-1929 ) was an educator in the U.S. state of Oregon . He was born in Wisconsin on June 3 , 1858 , and after graduating from Johns Hopkins University in 1886 , he taught in Wisconsin and South Dakota . He moved to Portland in 1890 , and served as principal at its high school and as president of Albany College before being appointed professor of economics and history at the University of Oregon in 1895 . He was a founding officer of the Oregon Historical Society in 1898 , and as editor of its Oregon Historical Quarterly from its founding in 1900 through the December 1928 issue . He served on the Oregon Commission for the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition . He was dean of Oregon 's School of Sociology from 1919 until his death .

neg: Ann Stanford Ann Stanford ( November 25 , 1916 -- July 12 , 1987 ) was an American poet .   She graduated from Stanford University in 1938 Phi Beta Kappa , and University of California , Los Angeles , with an M.A. in journalism in 1958 , an M.A. in English in 1961 , and a Ph.D. in English and American literature in 1962 .   Stanford married Roland Arthur White , an architect , in 1942 , and they had three daughters and one son .   When she died in 1987 , at the age of seventy , Ann Stanford was at the apex of a long and distinguished career as a poet , translator , editor , scholar and teacher . Over a period of forty years , she had written eight volumes of poetry , two verse plays , and a book-length study of the Puritan poet Anne Bradstreet . She had also translated the classic Sanskrit text The Bhagavad Gita and edited The Women Poets in English , an anthology that gathered , for the first time , hundreds of years of poetry by women . Her poems had appeared regularly in the most prestigious journals and magazines -- the New Yorker , The Atlantic , Poetry , The New Republic , The Southern Review -- and had been widely honored .   From 1962 to 1987 , she taught at California State University , Northridge .   She was a founding member of the Associated Writing Programs .  Since 1988 , a poetry prize has been awarded in her name .

neg: Boston Lyceum The Boston Lyceum ( est. 1829 ) of Boston , Massachusetts was a civic association dedicated to popular education in the form of `` lectures , discussions , ... declamation , '' and writing contests . It began `` in Chauncy Hall on 25 June 1829 . On 13 August 1829 it formed its classes and made provisions for lectures and debates . '' Annual members ' `` exhibitions '' of elocution took place in various venues around town , such as the Masonic Temple ( 1832 ) , Tremont Hall ( 1839 ) and the Odeon ( 1840 ) . Leaders included George Bancroft , Timothy Claxton , James T. Fields , Abbott Lawrence , William H. Prescott , William D. Ticknor , and Amasa Walker . Among the many lecturers : Nehemiah Adams , J.A. Bolles , David Paul Brown , Rufus Choate , William M. Cornell , C.C. Emerson , James Pollard Espy , Edward Everett , Dr. Grigg , George S. Hillard , Oliver Wendell Holmes , Dr. C.T. Jackson , N. Jones , Rev. John Pierpont , Edgar Allan Poe , John Osborne Sargent , William H. Simmons , Charles Sumner , B.B. Thatcher , Henry Theodore Tuckerman , Amasa Walker , and E.M.P. Wells .

neg: American poetry american ' poetry '' ' , the poetry of the United States , arose first as efforts by colonists to add their voices to English poetry in the 17th century , well before the constitutional unification of the thirteen colonies ( although before this unification , a strong oral tradition often likened to poetry existed among Native American societies ) . Unsurprisingly , most of the early colonists ' work relied on contemporary British models of poetic form , diction , and theme . However , in the 19th century , a distinctive American idiom began to emerge . By the later part of that century , when Walt Whitman was winning an enthusiastic audience abroad , poets from the United States had begun to take their place at the forefront of the English-language avant-garde '' .   The history of American poetry is not easy to know . Much of the American poetry published between 1910 and 1945 remains lost in the pages of small circulation political periodicals , particularly the ones on the far left , destroyed by librarians during the 1950s McCarthy era . The received narrative of Modernism proposes that Ezra Pound and T. S. Eliot were perhaps the most influential modernist English-language poets in the period during World War I . But this narrative leaves out African American and women poets who were published and read widely in the first half of the twentieth century . By the 1960s , the young poets of the British Poetry Revival looked to their American contemporaries and predecessors as models for the kind of poetry they wanted to write . Toward the end of the millennium , consideration of American poetry had diversified , as scholars placed an increased emphasis on poetry by women , African Americans , Hispanics , Chicanos and other cultural groupings .

neg: Superintendent of Public Instruction of Wisconsin The Superintendent of Public Instruction , sometimes referred to as the State Superintendent of Schools , is a constitutional office within the executive branch of the Wisconsin state government , and acts as the executive head of the Department of Public Instruction . The superintendent is elected by the people of Wisconsin in a nonpartisan statewide ballot during the Spring primary of the same odd-numbered years that voters select members of the Supreme Court of Wisconsin . The superintendent serves a term of office of four years . The incumbent is Tony Evers . Superintendents have been elected in non-partisan elections since 1902 ; before that , superintendents were elected by party like other state executive officers .

neg: Praxis test A Praxis test is one of a series of American teacher certification exams written and administered by the Educational Testing Service . Various Praxis tests are usually required before , during , and after teacher training courses in the U.S.   In order to be a teacher in most states in the US , the Praxis test is required . It usually consists of two separate tests , Praxis 1 and 2 . In some states , alternative teacher certification programs allow prospective educators to obtain licensure without taking Praxis tests .   The Praxis I , or Pre-Professional Skills Test ( PPST ) , consisted of three exams : reading , writing , and mathematics . On September 1 , 2014 , ETS transitioned to the Praxis `` CASE '' or `` Core Academic Skills for Educators '' which also consists of reading , writing , and mathematics exams . These sections can be taken as a combined test or separately . In most colleges and universities , a passing score must be earned for admission to teacher education . In most states , a passing score must be earned before the teacher education graduate can apply for his or her teaching license or certificate .   The Praxis II assessments cover many different subject areas . Each state requires a different combination of Praxis II exams for certification . In many states , these include a content knowledge and a pedagogy exam . In some states , students must pass these exams before being accepted into the student teaching component of the program . Many states use the Praxis II tests as a way to determine highly qualified teachers status under the No Child Left Behind Act . The Praxis II School Counseling specialty exam is used by some states as a licensure requirement to practice professional school counseling .   It replaced the National Teacher Examination ( NTE ) , also administered by ETS .

neg: Union School (Fort Washington, Pennsylvania) The Union School is a historic building located at 516-518 Bethlehem Pike in the Fort Washington section of Whitemarsh Township , Pennsylvania , in the United States . Built in 1773 , the Union School was one of the very earliest public schools in Pennsylvania , and the first that did not discriminate based on social position or religious preference . The building is sometimes referred to as the `` cradle of free education . '' It was one of the earliest public school in Pennsylvania .   As part of his will , local Quaker businessman Samuel Morris stipulated that a sum of money from his estate be set for the building of a school and a teacher 's salary . The school was to provide for free education for all within a 1 1/2 - mile radius of Hope Lodge , his country mansion . After Morris ' death in 1770 , his brother Joshua had the school built .   The original section was built in 1773 , and is a 2 1/2 - story building measuring 23 feet wide by 48 feet long . The school and attached schoolmaster 's house are constructed of fieldstone portions of which are covered in painted stucco .   In 1792 , the Union School was incorporated as the Union School in Whitemarsh . The school was in continuous use from 1773 until 1936 , except for a brief period in 1873 when it served as a lyceum . The trust fund established by Samuel Morris remains in existence today , supporting education in the townships of Whitpain , Whitemarsh and Upper Dublin in Pennsylvania .   The Union School has been listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places since 1980 .   Today , the Union School building is a privately owned residence . However , the museum of the Fort Washington Historical Society in the Clifton House contains a replica of the school room .

neg: Eliot family (America) For the British noble family of St Germans , Cornwall , see Earl of St Germans   The Eliot family is the American branch of one of several British families to hold this surname . This branch is based in Boston but originated in East Coker , Yeovil , Somerset . It is one of the Boston Brahmins , a bourgeois family , whose ancestors had become wealthy and held sway over the American education system . All are the descendants of two men named Andrew Eliot , father and son , who emigrated from East Coker to Beverly , Massachusetts between 1668 and 1670 . The elder Andrew ( 1627-March 1 , 1703/04 ) served the town and colony in a number of positions and in 1692 was chosen as a juror in the Salem witch trials . His son Andrew ( 1651-September 12 , 1688 ) married Mercy Shattuck in 1680 in Beverly and died by drowning after falling off a ship .   The ranks include several college presidents , one Nobel prize winner , and presidents of American professional associations . Charles W. Eliot transformed Harvard from a college to a research institution , a model which many American universities have followed . William Greenleaf Eliot co-founded Washington University in St. Louis in 1853 and Thomas H. Eliot was chancellor of that institution from 1962-71 ; William Greenleaf Eliot 's son Thomas Lamb Eliot went further west and was a seminal figure in the founding of Reed College in Portland , Oregon in 1911 . The poet T. S. Eliot moved to England and his ashes were interred in East Coker , England . He wanted to be laid to rest in the original birthplace of his first American ancestor and other Eliot ancestors .   Another branch of the American Eliot family descend from Rev. John Eliot of Roxbury , Massachusetts , known as the `` Apostle to the Indians . '' His son , John Eliot , Jr. , was the first pastor of the First Church of Christ in Newton . In turn , John Eliot Jr. 's son , Joseph Eliot , became a pastor in Guilford , Connecticut , and later fathered Jared Eliot , another pastor as well as agricultural writer .

neg: Charles Townsend Copeland Charles Townsend Copeland ( April 27 , 1860 -- July 24 , 1952 ) was a professor , poet , and writer . He spent much of his time as a mentor in Boston , Massachusetts , specifically at Harvard University , and also worked as a part-time theater critic . Known as `` Copey '' by many of his peers and admirers , he became known for his Harvard poetry readings in the 1930s . In her autobiography , The Story of My Life , Helen Keller paid high praise to Copley as an instructor .

neg: Emerson College (UK) Emerson College was founded in 1962 by Francis Edmunds . It is now situated on Pixton Hill , Forest Row in East Sussex , UK.It was named after Ralph Waldo Emerson.American poet and transcendentalist . For the past 50 years there has been an international community of students , teachers , and researches living and studying on the site inspired by the philosophy and teachings of Rudolf Steiner - which he called Anthroposophy . A new book on the history of Emerson College has also been recently published .   The Flow Design research Group at the college collaborated with Imperial College and the Royal Brompton Hospital on a study of blood flow in the heart .


query: International Relations includes demography.

pos: International relations International relations ( IR ) or international affairs , depending on academic institution , is either a field of political science , an interdisciplinary academic field similar to global studies , or an entirely independent academic discipline in which students take a variety of internationally focused courses in social science and humanities disciplines . In both cases , the field studies relationships between political entities ( polities ) such as states , sovereign states , empires , inter-governmental organizations ( IGOs ) , international non-governmental organizations ( INs ) , non-governmental organizations ( NGOs ) , and multinational corporations ( MNCs ) , and the wider world-systems produced by this interaction . International relations is an academic and a public policy field , and so can be positive and normative , because it analyzes and formulates the foreign policy of a given State .   As political activity , international relations dates from the time of the Greek historian Thucydides ( c. 460 -- 395 BC ) , and , in the early 20th century , became a discrete academic field ( No. 5901 in the 4-digit UNESCO Nomenclature ) within political science . In practice International Relations and International Affairs forms a separate academic program or field from Political Science , and the courses taught therein are highly interdisciplinary .   For example , international relations draws from the fields of : technology and engineering , economics , communication studies , history , international law , demography , philosophy , geography , social work , sociology , anthropology , criminology , psychology , gender studies , cultural studies , culturology , and diplomacy . The scope of international relations comprehends globalization , diplomatic relations , state sovereignty , international security , ecological sustainability , nuclear proliferation , nationalism , economic development , global finance , as well as terrorism and organized crime , human security , foreign interventionism , and human rights , as well , as , more recently , comparative religion .

neg: Demographics of Togo The demographics of Togo include ethnicity , population density , age , education level , health , economic status and religious affiliation .

neg: Vital statistics (government records) Vital statistics are statistics on live births , deaths , foetal deaths , marriages and divorces . The most common way of collecting information on these events is through civil registration , an administrative system used by governments to record vital events which occur in their populations ( see Box 1 ) . Efforts to improve the quality of vital statistics will therefore be closely related to the development of civil registration systems in countries .   Box 1 . United Nations Definitions of Vital Statistics and Civil Registration Systems  A vital statistics system is defined by the United Nations `` as the total process of ( a ) collecting information by civil registration or enumeration on the frequency or occurrence of specified and defined vital events , as well as relevant characteristics of the events themselves and the person or persons concerned , and ( b ) compiling , processing , analyzing , evaluating , presenting , and disseminating these data in statistical form '' ( UN , 2001 ) .  Civil registration , as defined by the United Nations , is the '' continuous , permanent , compulsory , and universal recording of the occurrence and characteristics of vital events ( livebirths , deaths , fetal deaths , marriages , and divorces ) and other civil status events pertaining to the population as provided by decree , law or regulation , in accordance with the legal requirements in each country . ''   The origin of vital statistics begins as early as 1869 and death by social class was recorded in England beginning in 1921 .   While the number of births and deaths can be obtained by enumeration at certain points in time ( e.g. censuses and surveys ) , civil registration collects this information on a continuous basis and is the only source that provides individuals with a legal document . For instance , the importance of birth registration as the first legal recognition of the child is emphasized in Article 7 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child which states that `` the child shall be registered immediately after birth and shall have the right from birth to a name , the right to acquire a nationality and , as far as possible , the right to know and be cared for by his or her parents '' . United Nations Children 's Fund ( UNICEF ) and a number of non-governmental organizations ( Plan International , Save the Children Fund , World Vision , etc. ) have particularly promoted the human rights aspects of registration , while the United Nations Statistics Division ( UNSD ) , United Nations Population Fund ( UNFPA ) and World Health Organization ( WHO ) have focused more on the statistical aspects of civil registration .   Countries which are signatories to the Convention on the Rights of the Child are therefore expected to set up systems to register the births of all children . Non-registration of a child can have negative consequences on the wider enjoyment of a child 's fundamental rights to benefits such as identity , inheritance , education , health and other social services . Birth registration is also part of a broader strategy to ensure that children are less vulnerable to abuse and exploitation , especially if separated from their parents . In the absence of a functioning birth registration system , it is difficult to see how a country can enforce age-related legal concerns such as schooling , child labour , juvenile justice , early marriage , sexual exploitation and military recruitment . Recent natural disasters and calamities have also demonstrated the utility of a birth certificate for reuniting lost children with their families .   Many civil registration systems also collect information on causes of death . Statistics based on these death records are of particular importance in public health for identifying the magnitude and distribution of major disease problems , and are essential for the design , implementation , monitoring , and assessment of health programmes and policies .   Toronto scientist , professor Prabhat Jha argues that inexpensive recording of vital statistics in developing countries is the most effective means to improve global health and has outlined 5 options for expanding Cause of Death reporting .   `` Despite the importance of tracking causes of death and the tradition since 1893 of standardisation of definitions and coding for causes of death in the International Classification of Diseases and Injuries ( ICD ) , global assessments of causes of death are a major analytical challenge . Vital registration systems that include medical certification of the cause of death captured about 18.8 million deaths of an estimated annual total of 51.7 million deaths in 2005 , which is the latest year for which the largest number of countries reported deaths from a vital registration system . Even for these deaths , the comparability of findings on the leading causes of death is affected by variation in certification skills among physicians , the diagnostic and pathological data available at the time of completing a death certificate , variations in medical culture in choosing the underlying cause , and legal and institutional frameworks for governing mortality reporting . For the remaining deaths that are not medically certified , many different data sources and diagnostic approaches must be used from surveillance systems , demographic research sites , surveys , censuses , disease registries , and police records to construct a consolidated picture of causes of death in various populations . Because of the variety of data sources and their associated biases , causes of death assessments are inherently uncertain and subject to vigorous debate . '' Lozano et all . Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 . The Lancet , V. 380 , Dec 2012 `` www.thelancet.com Vol 380 December 15/22/29 , 2012 '' .   The agency responsible for overseeing this system in the United States is the National Center for Health Statistics , a division of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) . Vital statistics for the US can be found here   The agency responsible for overseeing this system in the United Kingdom is the Office for National Statistics . Vital statistics for the UK can be found here

neg: History of democracy A democracy is a political system , or a system of decision-making within an institution or organization , in which all members have an equal share of power . Modern democracies are characterized by two capabilities that differentiate them fundamentally from earlier forms of government : the capacity to intervene in their own societies and the recognition of their sovereignty by an international legalistic framework of similarly sovereign states . -LSB- 2 -RSB- Democratic government is commonly juxtaposed with oligarchic and monarchic systems , which are rule by a minority and a sole monarch respectively .   Democracy in its earliest forms is generally associated with the efforts of the ancient Greeks and Romans , who were themselves considered the founders of Western civilization by the 18th century intellectuals who attempted to leverage these early democratic experiments into a new template for post-monarchical political organization . The extent to which these 18th century democratic revivalists succeeded in turning the democratic ideals of the ancient Greeks and Romans into the dominant political institution of the next 300 years is hardly debatable , even if the moral justifications they often employed might be . Nevertheless , the critical historical juncture catalyzed by the resurrection of democratic ideals and institutions fundamentally transformed the ensuing centuries and has dominated the international landscape since the dismantling of the final vestige of empire following the end of the Second World War .   Modern representative democracies attempt to bridge the gulf between the Hobbesian ` state of nature ' and the grip of authoritarianism through ` social contracts ' that enshrine the rights of the citizens , curtail the power of the state , and grant agency through the right to vote .

neg: Human migration Human migration is the movement by people from one place to another with the intentions of settling , permanently in the new location . The movement is often over long distances and from one country to another , but internal migration is also possible ; indeed , this is the dominant form globally . Migration may be individuals , family units or in large groups .   Nomadic movements are normally not regarded as migrations as there is no intention to settle in the new place and because the movement is generally seasonal . Only a few nomadic people have retained this form of lifestyle in modern times . Also , the temporary movement of people for the purpose of travel , tourism , pilgrimages , or the commute is not regarded as migration , in the absence of an intention to live and settle in the visited places .

neg: Racial violence in Australia Various examples of violence have been attributed to racial factors during the recorded history of Australia since white settlement , and a level of intertribal rivalry and violence among Indigenous Australians pre-dates the arrival of white settlers from Britain in 1788 .   During the period of British colonisation , various incidents of inter-racial tension and competition for land and resources between Europeans and Indigenous peoples involved violence , becoming a factor in the decline of indigenous populations during the 19th century . Incidents of racial violence between settler communities followed the large scale multi-ethnic immigration of the Australian goldrushes of the mid-19th century - notably white miners targeting Chinese miners - which contributed to the development of the White Australia Policy which preferenced British and `` white '' immigration to Australia for some decades . The policy resulted in a largely racially homogenous population by the mid-20th century .   Australia 's large scale , Post-World War Two , multi-ethnic immigration program has seen Australia develop into one of the most ethnically diverse nations , with relatively little racial violence , and in which incitement to racial violence is a crime . Nevertheless , incidents and examples of violence between the various ethnicities of modern Australia have continued to be attributed to racial motivations up to the present time .

neg: Medieval demography Medieval demography is the study of human demography in Europe and the Mediterranean during the Middle Ages . It estimates and seeks to explain the number of people who were alive during the Medieval period , population trends , life expectancy , family structure , and related issues . Demography is considered a crucial element of historical change throughout the Middle Ages .   The population of Europe remained at a low level in the Early Middle Ages , boomed during the High Middle Ages and reached a peak around 1300 , then a number of calamities caused a steep decline , the nature of which historians have debated . Population levels began to recover around the late 15th century , gaining momentum in the early 16th century .   The science of medieval demography relies on various lines of evidence , such as administrative records , wills and other types of records , archaeological field data , economic data , and written histories . Because the data are often incomplete and/or ambiguous , there can be significant disagreement among medieval demographers .

neg: Democracy Ranking Democracy Ranking is an independent initiative , whose organization ( point of contact , the ″ Democracy Ranking Association ″ ) is located primarily in Vienna , Austria . Democracy Ranking produces an annual global ranking of democracies . The applied conceptual formula , which measures the quality of democracy , integrates freedom and other characteristics of the political system with the performance of non-political dimensions ( gender , economy , knowledge , health , and environment ) . Democracy Ranking has emphasized a broader understanding of democracy , creating a conceptual link between politics and the output and performance of society . The Democracy Ranking has compared several-year intervals , delivering ranking results , which show how ranking positions and score levels have developed recently . Referring to that information , a Democracy Improvement Ranking has been regularly released .

neg: World Economy and International Relations World Economy and International Relations is the flagship journal of the IMEMO Institute in Moscow published from 1957 . It is available at practically all the major research libraries of the world , dealing with Russian and East European affairs .   The open access version of OCLC WorldCat lists as of January 7 , 2009 , the following holdings for the title under the Russian catalogue entry :   Australia 4  Canada 3  UK 7  USA 95   The transcription World Economy and International Relations alone yields currently 656 global book publications , quoting from the journal on Google Book Search .

neg: Foreign policy A country 's foreign policy , also called foreign relations or foreign affairs - policy , consists of self-interest strategies chosen by the state to safeguard its national interests and to achieve goals within its international relations milieu . The approaches are strategically employed to interact with other countries . The study of such strategies is called foreign policy analysis . In recent times , due to the deepening level of globalization and transnational activities , the states will also have to interact with non-state actors . The aforementioned interaction is evaluated and monitored in attempts to maximize benefits of multilateral international cooperation . Since the national interests are paramount , foreign policies are designed by the government through high-level decision making processes . National interests accomplishment can occur as a result of peaceful cooperation with other nations , or through exploitation . Usually , creating foreign policy is the job of the head of government and the foreign minister ( or equivalent ) . In some countries the legislature also has considerable effects . Foreign policies of countries have varying rates of change and scopes of intent , which can be affected by factors that change the perceived national interests or even affect the stability of the country itself . The foreign policy of one country can have profound and lasting impact on many other countries and on the course of international relations as a whole , such as the Monroe Doctrine conflicting with the mercantilist policies of 19th-century European countries and the goals of independence of newly formed Central American and South American countries .

neg: Policy studies Policy studies is the combination of policy analysis and program evaluation . It `` involves systematically studying the nature , causes , and effects of alternative public policies , with particular emphasis on determining the policies that will achieve given goals . ''   Policy Studies also examines the conflicts and conflict resolution that arise from the making of policies in civil society , the private sector , or more commonly , in the public sector ( e.g. government ) .   It is frequently focused on the public sector but is equally applicable to other kinds of organizations ( e.g. , the not-for-profit sector ) . Some policy study experts graduate from public policy schools with public policy degrees . Alternatively , experts may have backgrounds in policy analysis , program evaluation , sociology , psychology , philosophy , economics , anthropology , geography , law , political science , social work , environmental planning and public administration .   Traditionally , the field of policy studies focused on domestic policy , with the notable exceptions of foreign and defense policies . However , the wave of economic globalization , which ensued in the late 20th and early 21st centuries , created a need for a subset of policy studies that focuses on global governance , especially as it relates to issues that transcend national borders such as climate change , terrorism , nuclear proliferation , and economic development . This subset of policy studies , which is often referred to as international policy studies , typically requires mastery of a second language and attention to cross-cultural issues in order to address national and cultural biases . For example , the Monterey Institute of International Studies at Middlebury College offers Master of Arts programs that focus exclusively on international policy through a mix of interdisciplinary and cross-cultural analysis called the `` Monterey Way '' .

neg: Political sociology Contemporary political sociology involves , but is not limited to , the study of the relations between state , society , and citizens . Where a typical research question in political sociology might have been `` Why do so few American or European citizens choose to vote ? '' or even `` What difference does it make if women get elected ? '' , political sociologists also now ask : `` How is the body a site of power ? '' , `` How are emotions relevant to global poverty ? '' , or `` What difference does knowledge make to democracy ? ''

neg: Societal security Societal security is a concept developed by the Copenhagen School of security studies that refers to ` the ability of a society to persist in its essential character under changing conditions and possible or actual threats ' .   The end of the Cold War prompted scholars to rethink the paradigm of security independently from the state and the military . In Europe , the collapse of the Soviet Union led to the emergence of new states and sustained efforts to pursue the European Union ( EU ) integration . The new order called for a ( re ) conceptualisation of Europe and European security , which challenged classic understandings of security , as something that took place between states . The move towards an EU security was , thus , closely articulated around questions of EU identity , free movement of people and borders .  The concept of societal security , developed by scholars associated with the Copenhagen Peace Research Institute , is situated within this context . Societal security relates to : `` the ability of a society to persist in its essential character under changing conditions and possible or actual threats . ''   In ` Identity , Migration , and the New Security Agenda in Europe ' , Wæver notes the emergence of different conceptions of the nation-state , and further establishes a distinction between Western and Eastern Europe . In the West , a `` decoupling of state and nation '' takes place , as Member States , by seeking more integration , accept to relinquish some of their sovereignty . This move towards a `` post-sovereign '' nation-state is due to `` internationalisation and Europeanization '' processes , as international institutions assume increased influence over domestic affairs . Subsequently , communities , perceiving their identities to be threatened by this integration , can no longer call upon the state to protect them . A duality occurs between the security needs of the state and of society , where `` state security has sovereignty as its ultimate criterion , and societal security has identity '' . In the East , the emergence of new states , formed after the dismantlement of the Soviet Union , leads to more traditional attempts at merging the nation and the state ; thus , conflicts arise when the coupling can not be done ( i.e. Yugoslavia ) .   In ` Security : a new framework for analysis ' , Buzan et al. formalise their broader understanding of security by introducing five sectors , each governed by `` distinctive characteristics and dynamics '' , and conceptualised around particular referent objects and actors ( i.e. military , environmental , economic , societal and political ) . Societal security is about the survival of a community as a cohesive unit ; its referent object is '' large scale collective identities that can function independent of the state . ''  Societal insecurities arise when `` a society fears it would not be able to live as itself '' , and stem from :  migration : the influx of people will `` overrun or dilute '' a group 's identity e.g. the need to define Britishness ;  vertical competition : the integration of a group within a broader organisation e.g. euroscepticism with regards to EU integration , national-separatist claims ; and ,  horizontal competition : group is forced to integrate more influential identities within their own e.g. France 's cultural exception defending itself against American influences .   Societal security is not tied to a territory , as is state security , e.g. Kurds , where security matters of state and society widely diverge and enter into conflict .   Societal security in sociological viewpoint is :   Regarding security as an `` independent phenomenon '' :   So , societal security is n't threat , no opportunity . But it is a center and base , upon it the reliability and certainty of collective life could be gained .   Rereading of security from `` social '' perspective :   It means that security is based on collective life , the life of common people , instead of looking at differences and insisting on disagreement between groups and states that is key factor in determining threats and distinguish friend and foe .   Viewing security as `` social phenomenon '' :   Hence , societal security does n't need military weapons and soft power solutions . In other words , societal security does n't integrate with power and remain by converting links to social capitals .   Finally , threats and opportunities could be considered as deterrent or impeller factors .   So the final goal of societal security is comfort and understanding the beauty of collective life -- not an interest for government , not eliminating enemies , not confronting a threat for nation .

neg: Institut national d'études démographiques The French Institute for Demographic Studies ( INED ) is a French research institute specialized in demography and population studies in general .

neg: Epidemiological transition In demography and medical geography , epidemiological transition is a phase of development witnessed by a sudden and stark increase in population growth rates brought by medical innovation in disease or sickness therapy and treatment , followed by a re-leveling of population growth from subsequent declines in fertility rates . `` Epidemiological transition '' accounts for the replacement of infectious diseases by chronic diseases over time due to expanded public health and sanitation . This theory was originally posited by Abdel Omran in 1971 .  http://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-2-1996/volume-2-issue-1/article2.html

neg: Demographics of France The demography of France is monitored by the Institut national d'études démographiques ( INED ) and the Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques ( INSEE ) . As of the 1 January 2017 , almost 67 million people lived in the French Republic ( 66,991,000 ) , including all the five overseas departments ( 2,132,000 ) , but excluding the overseas collectivities and territories ( 604,000 ) . 64,859,000 of these lived in Metropolitan France , the part of France located in Europe .   In March 2017 the population of France officially reached the 67 million mark . The 66 million mark was reached in the beginning of 2014 .   Between the years 2010 and 2017 the population of France grew from 64,613 million to 66,991 million or with about 2,4 million people for a span of 7 years , making France one of the fastest growing countries in Europe . The population of France is growing with 1 million people every 3 years . For an average annual growth of 340,000 people , or a grow rate of +0,6 % .   France was historically Europe 's most populous nation . During the Middle Ages , more than one quarter of Europe 's total population was French ; by the 17th century , this had decreased slightly to one fifth . By the beginning of the 20th century , other European nations , such as Germany and Russia , had caught up with and overtaken it . However , the country 's population sharply increased with the baby boom following World War II .   According to INSEE , since 2004 , 200,000 immigrants entered annually into the country . One out of two was born in Europe and one in three in Africa . Between 2009 and 2012 , the number of Europeans entering France increased sharply ( + 12 % per year on average ) .   The national birth rate , after dropping for a time , began to rebound in the 1990s and currently the country 's fertility rate is close to the replacement level . According to a 2006 INSEE study , `` The natural increase is close to 300,000 people , a level that has not been reached in more than thirty years . ''   Among the 802,000 newborns in metropolitan France in 2010 , 80.1 % had two French parents , 13.3 % had one French parent , and 6.6 % had two non-French parents . For the same year , 27.3 % of newborns in metropolitan France had at least one foreign-born parent and 23.9 % had at least one parent born outside of Europe ( parents born in overseas territories are considered as born in France ) . Between 2006 and 2008 , about 40 % of newborns in France had one foreign-born grandparent ( 11 % born in another European country , 16 % born in the Maghreb and 12 % born in another region of the world ) .   Racial and ethnic censuses have been banned by the French government since 1978 , since the term `` race '' in France invokes associations with Nazi Germany .

neg: New international division of labour In economics , the new international division of labor ( NIDL ) is an outcome of globalization . The term was coined by theorists seeking to explain the spatial shift of manufacturing industries from advanced capitalist countries to developing countries -- an ongoing geographic reorganization of production , which finds its origins in ideas about a global division of labor . It is a spatial division of labor which occurs when the process of production is no longer confined to national economies . Under the `` old '' international division of labor , until around 1970 , underdeveloped areas were incorporated into the world economy principally as suppliers of minerals and agricultural commodities . However , as developing economies are merged into the world economy , more production takes place in these economies .   This has led to a trend of transference , or what is also known as the `` global industrial shift '' , in which production processes are relocated from developed countries ( such as the US , European countries , and Japan ) to developing countries in Asia ( such as China , Vietnam , and India ) and Latin America . This is because companies search for the cheapest locations to manufacture and assemble components , so low-cost labor-intensive parts of the manufacturing process are shifted to the developing world where costs are substantially lower . Companies do so by taking advantage of transportation and communications technology , as well as fragmentation and locational flexibility of production . From 1953 to the late 1990s , the industrialized economies ' share of world manufacturing output declined from 95 % to 77 % , and the developing economies ' share more than quadrupled from 5 % to 23 % .   The resultant division of labor across continents closely follows the North -- South socio-economic and political divide , wherein the North -- with one quarter of the world population -- controls four fifths of the world income , while the South -- with three quarters of the world population -- has access to one fifth of the world income .

neg: Refugee women and children Refugee camps serve as microcosms of poverty-stricken societies . While on a much smaller scale than an entire country , many of the same problems that plague the developing world also affect refugee camps and their inhabitants , and they are exacerbated by the close quarters , new environment , boredom , and lack of social order that often characterizes refugee camps . Specifically , women and children face many of the same issues in refugee camps as they do in urban slums and rural villages . While specific problems vary , broad issues such as inequality and abuse are seen universally .

neg: International Studies Association The International Studies Association ( ISA ) is a professional association for scholars , practitioners and graduate students in the field of international studies . Founded in 1959 , ISA now has over 7,000 members in 110 countries and is the most respected and widely known scholarly association in this field . Endeavoring to create communities of scholars dedicated to international studies , ISA is divided into 6 geographic subdivisions ( Regions ) , 29 thematic groups ( Sections ) and 4 Caucuses which provide opportunities to exchange ideas and research with local colleagues and within specific subject areas . ISA publishes leading journals in the field of international studies and the annual convention routinely draws over 6,500 attendees .   ISA publishes six academic journals ( International Studies Quarterly , International Studies Review , International Studies Perspectives , Foreign Policy Analysis , International Political Sociology , Journal of Global Security Studies , co-sponsors a seventh ( International Interactions ) , publishes a comprehensive compendium of international studies and maintains a variety of online resources for the international academic community .   It is a US association with headquarters in Storrs , Connecticut .

neg: American upper class The American upper class is a social group consisting of the people who have the highest social rank and who are usually rich . People of this social class are socioeconomically distinguishable from other classes by its greater influence , power , and wealth . The American upper class is composed of members born into this class , called members of Old money ; as well as those who have acquired their wealth and influence within their own generation , called the Nouveau riche . In a CNBC Millionaire Survey it can be observed that a majority of millionaires polled , representing the wealthiest 10 percent of Americans , described themselves as middle class ( 44 % ) or upper middle class ( 40 % ) .   `` The study of attitudes is reasonably easy -LSB- ... -RSB- it 's concluded that for roughly 70 % of the population -- the lower 70 % on the wealth/income scale -- they have no influence on policy whatsoever . They 're effectively disenfranchised . As you move up the wealth/income ladder , you get a little bit more influence on policy . When you get to the top , which is maybe a tenth of one percent , people essentially get what they want , i.e. they determine the policy . So the proper term for that is not democracy ; it 's plutocracy . '' -- Noam Chomsky .   Many Politicians , heirs to fortunes , top business executives , CEOs , successful venture capitalists , those born into high society , and some celebrities may be considered members of this class . Some prominent and high-rung professionals may also be included if they attain great influence and wealth . The main distinguishing feature of this class , which is estimated to constitute roughly 1 % of the population , is the source of income . While the vast majority of people and households derive their income from wages or salaries , those in the upper class derive their income from investments and capital gains . Estimates for the size of this group commonly vary from 1 % to 2 % , while some surveys have indicated that as many as 6 % of Americans identify as `` upper class . '' Sociologist Leonard Beeghley sees wealth as the only significant distinguishing feature of this class and , therefore , refers to this group simply as `` the rich . ''   Sociologists such as W. Lloyd Warner , William Thompson and Joseph Hickey recognize prestige differences between members of the upper class . Established families , prominent professionals and politicians may be deemed to have more prestige than some entertainment celebrities who in turn may have more prestige than the members of local elites . Yet , contemporary sociologists argue that all members of the upper class share such great wealth , influence and assets as their main source of income as to be recognized as members of the same social class . As great financial fortune is the main distinguishing feature of this class , sociologist Leonard Beeghley at the University of Florida identifies all `` rich '' households , those with incomes in the top 1 % or so , as upper class .   In 1998 , Bob Herbert of The New York Times referred to modern American plutocrats as `` The Donor Class '' ( list of top donors ) and defined the class , for the first time , as `` a tiny group -- just one-quarter of 1 percent of the population -- and it is not representative of the rest of the nation . But its money buys plenty of access . ''

neg: Baby boomers Baby boomers are the demographic cohort following the Silent Generation . There are no precise dates when the cohort birth years start and end . Typically , they range from the early-to-mid 1940s and end from 1960 to 1964 . Increased birth rates were observed during the post -- World War II baby boom making the baby boomers a relatively large demographic cohort .   The term `` baby boomer '' is also used in a cultural context , so it is difficult to achieve broad consensus of a precise date definition . Different people , organizations , and scholars have varying opinions on who is a baby boomer , both technically and culturally . Ascribing universal attributes to such a generation is difficult , and some believe it is inherently impossible , but many have attempted to determine their cultural similarities and historical impact , and the term has thus gained widespread popular usage .   Baby boomers are associated with a rejection or redefinition of traditional values . Many commentators , however , have disputed the extent of that rejection , noting the widespread continuity of values with older and younger generations . In Europe and North America , boomers are widely associated with privilege , as many grew up in a time of widespread government subsidies in post-war housing and education , and increasing affluence .   As a group , baby boomers were the wealthiest , most active , and most physically fit generation up to the era in which they arrived , and were amongst the first to grow up genuinely expecting the world to improve with time . They were also the generation that received peak levels of income ; they could therefore reap the benefits of abundant levels of food , apparel , retirement programs , and sometimes even `` midlife crisis '' products . The increased consumerism for this generation has been regularly criticized as excessive .   One feature of the boomers was that they have tended to think of themselves as a special generation , very different from those that had come before . In the 1960s , as the relatively large numbers of young people became teenagers and young adults , they , and those around them , created a very specific rhetoric around their cohort , and the changes they were bringing about . This rhetoric had an important impact in the self perceptions of the boomers , as well as their tendency to define the world in terms of generations , which was a relatively new phenomenon . The baby boom has been described variously as a `` shockwave '' and as `` the pig in the python . ''   The term `` Generation Jones '' is sometimes used to describe those born between 1954 and 1965 . The term is typically used to refer to the later years of the Baby boomer cohort ( 1954-1960 ) and the early years of Generation X ( 1961-1965 ) .


query: Colm Feore is best known for his roles.

pos: Colm Feore Colm Feore ( born August 22 , 1958 ) is an American-Canadian stage , film and television actor best known for his roles as First Gentleman Henry Taylor on the television series , 24 and as Lord Marshal Zhylaw in The Chronicles of Riddick .

neg: 11th Irish Film & Television Awards The 11th Irish Film & Television Awards took place on Saturday 5 April 2014 in Dublin . The nominations were announced on 27 February 2014 . The Awards Ceremony took place at the DoubleTree by Hilton Burlington Road Dublin , and was broadcast on RTÉ One at 9.45 pm .  The Annual Irish Film & Television Awards are the highlight of Ireland 's entertainment and cultural calendar celebrating the very best of Irish screen talent across film and television . Guests in attendance included Michael Fassbender , Colin Farrell , Jamie Dornan , Steve Coogan , Will Forte , Jeremy Irons , Fionnula Flanagan , Brendan Gleeson , Neil Jordan , Amy Huberman , Colm Meaney , Jack Reynor , Killian Scott , Eva Birthistle , Victoria Smurfit and Outstanding Contribution Honorary Award Winner President Michael D Higgins .   Simon Delaney and Laura Whitmore co-hosted the event .   The President of Ireland , Michael D. Higgins , received an honorary award in recognition of his outstanding contribution to the Irish film and television industry .   The big winners on the night were the films Calvary , Byzantium and Philomena which all picked up three awards each . Calvary took the highest accolade , Best Film , along with Best Actor for Brendan Gleeson and Best Script for its writer-director John Michael McDonagh . Touching true story Philomena won the award for Best International Film and Actress ( for Judi Dench ) along with Costume Design for Consolata Boyle . Philomena Lee , whose true life story inspired the film was in attendance at the Ceremony . Vampire horror Byzantium 's awards included the prestigious Best Director for Neil Jordan , Best Actress for Saoirse Ronan and Makeup & Hair .

neg: Sean Caffrey Sean Caffrey ( born 15 April 1940 , Belfast , Northern Ireland -- died 25 April 2013 ) was an actor from Northern Ireland .   He is best remembered for his performances on television in such series as Coronation Street , Z-Cars , Sutherland 's Law , Oil Strike North , Survivors , Doctor Who ( in the serial Horror of Fang Rock ) , The Professionals , Minder , Bergerac , Children of the North and Edge of Darkness . His film career included roles in I Was Happy Here ( 1966 ) , Lindsay Shonteff 's Run with the Wind ( 1966 ) , the Hammer films The Viking Queen ( 1967 ) and When Dinosaurs Ruled the Earth ( 1970 ) , The Human Factor ( 1979 ) , Harry 's Game ( 1982 ) , Ascendancy ( 1983 ) , Curse of the Pink Panther ( 1983 ) , Resurrection Man ( 1998 ) , Crossmaheart ( 1998 ) and Divorcing Jack ( 1998 ) .   As well as acting he also worked as a set designer and writer , having authored the play Nora Surrender ( 1989 ) .

neg: The Age of the Medici The Age of the Medici , originally released in Italy as L'età di Cosimo de Medici ( The Age of Cosimo de Medici ) , is a 1973 3-part TV series about the Renaissance in Florence , directed by Roberto Rossellini . The series was shot in English in the hope of securing a North American release , which it failed to achieve , and was later dubbed into Italian and shown on state television . The films are : Cosimo de Medici , The Power of Cosimo and Leon Battista Alberti : Humanism . It is Fred Ward 's debut role .   Like several other TV series directed by Rossellini during the 1970s , The Age of the Medici is a form of docudrama , in which historical information is communicated via dramatized conversations between figures from history , and between ordinary people . They are unabashedly `` teaching films . '' As Dave Kehr explains , `` The dialogue is bluntly didactic , with characters telling one another things they would already know entirely for the benefit of the audience ... . Rossellini is n't asking his viewers to identify with his characters or become caught up in their personal dramas ... Instead he creates a detached perspective . '' Each scene plays out in a single long take , with the camera slowly moving and zooming to create different framings of the action , or , as Kehr puts it , `` to close in on details or investigate relationships '' .   When the films debuted in New York 's Public Theater in 1973 , New York Times movie critic Vincent Canby noted that while not difficult , the austere style of the films , `` as well as Rossellini 's total lack of concern for what might be called performance , take some getting used to . Yet once you 've grasped the method and the rhythm of the films , they are a ravishingly beautiful experience '' :   The actors make few attempts to act . They recite as they walk about magnificent locations , sounding and looking like ferociously gifted dress-extras . The talk has been rather flatly dubbed into English so that it 's not always possible to tell who is speaking.Forget these problems , though . The film is about what is being said and what you can see around and behind these figures . When you connect with The Age of the Medici , it has the effect of reducing every other film you 've seen recently to the status of an ornament .

neg: Noel Ferrier Noel Ferrier AM ( 20 December 193016 October 1997 ) was an Australian television personality , comedian , stage and film actor , raconteur and theatrical producer . He had an extensive theatre career which spanned over fifty years .

neg: Colm McCarthy Colm McCarthy may refer to :  Colm McCarthy ( director ) , film director  Colm McCarthy ( economist ) , economist at University College Dublin , who gave his name to the McCarthy Report

neg: Jack Deam Jack Deam ( born Ian Deam , 29 June 1972 in Oldham , Lancashire ) is an English actor . He used his grandfather 's name for his stage name . His most notable performance is of the pyromaniac Marty Fisher , who has Tourette syndrome , in Channel 4 's comedy drama series , Shameless .   In 1990 , Deam appeared in the Granada TV Soap Opera Families a show about two families one from Cheshire , the other in Australia , notably alongside the then not so well known Jude Law .   In 1992 he appeared in a few episodes of Heartbeat as Alan Maskell . He also appeared in the TV mini series `` The life and times of Henry Pratt '' . He played the lead role as older Henry Pratt , little Henry Pratt was played by Andrew Nicholson and young Henry Pratt played by Bryan Dick .   In 1993 he played Vinnie , a young soldier for the King 's Fusiliers in the award winning British drama Soldier Soldier . He later joined the cast of Clocking Off , written by Paul Abbott .   In 1996 he briefly appeared as a policeman in Jimmy McGovern 's one-off drama for ITV Hillsborough , based on the 1989 Hillsborough disaster .   In 1999 he appeared in an episode of Queer As Folk , as a Doctor Who obsessed fan , and had a one-night stand with Vince , one of the protagonists , before taking the role of Toyah Battersby 's ( Georgia Taylor ) rapist Phil Simmonds on the long-running ITV soap opera Coronation Street in 2000 .   In January 2007 he took part in The Afternoon Play , a daytime BBC drama series consisting of short stories .  Deam is now playing the part of a policeman in DCI Banks .   He played Walter in the 2011 TV Series 32 Brinkburn Street . 2014 sees Deam in a play called Blindsided , by Simon Stephens , at the Royal Exchange , Manchester , alongside ex-Coronation Street Julie Hesmondhalgh ( Hayley Cropper ) .   Appeared in New Tricks as a suspect in a cold case enquired .   From 2016 onwards Deam appears as Inspector Mallory in the fourth series of the BBC series Father Brown .

neg: Film director A film director is a person who directs the making of a film . Generally , a film director controls a film 's artistic and dramatic aspects and visualizes the screenplay ( or script ) while guiding the technical crew and actors in the fulfillment of that vision . The director has a key role in choosing the cast members , production design , and the creative aspects of filmmaking . Under European Union law , the director is viewed as the author of the film .   The film director gives direction to the cast and crew and creates an overall vision through which a film eventually becomes realized , or noticed . Directors need to be able to mediate differences in creative visions and stay within the boundaries of the film 's budget . There are many pathways to becoming a film director . Some film directors started as screenwriters , cinematographers , film editors or actors . Other film directors have attended a film school . Directors use different approaches . Some outline a general plotline and let the actors improvise dialogue , while others control every aspect , and demand that the actors and crew follow instructions precisely . Some directors also write their own screenplays or collaborate on screenplays with long-standing writing partners . Some directors edit or appear in their films , or compose the music score for their films .

neg: Hugh Grant Hugh John Mungo Grant ( born 9 September 1960 ) is an English actor and film producer . Grant has received a Golden Globe , a BAFTA , and an Honorary César for his work . His films have earned more than US$ 2.4 billion from 25 theatrical releases worldwide . Grant first received attention after earning the Volpi Cup for his performance in James Ivory 's Maurice ( 1987 ) but achieved international success after appearing in the Richard Curtis-scripted Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ) . Grant used this breakthrough role as a frequent cinematic persona during the 1990s , delivering comic performances in films such as Mickey Blue Eyes ( 1999 ) and Notting Hill ( 1999 ) . One of the best known figures in 1990s British popular culture , Grant was in a high-profile relationship with Elizabeth Hurley , which was the focus of much attention in the British and international media .   By the turn of the 21st century , Grant had established himself as a leading man , skilled with a satirical comic talent . Grant has expanded his oeuvre with critically acclaimed turns as a cad in Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 2001 ) , About a Boy ( 2002 ) , and American Dreamz ( 2006 ) . Grant later played against type with multiple cameo roles in the epic sci-fi drama film , Cloud Atlas ( 2012 ) . He 's also known for appearing in period pieces such as The Remains of the Day ( 1993 ) , Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) and Florence Foster Jenkins ( 2016 ) .   Within the film industry , Grant is cited as an anti-star who approaches his roles like a character actor , and attempts to make his acting appear spontaneous . Hallmarks of his comic skills include a nonchalant touch of irony/sarcasm and studied physical mannerisms , as well as his precisely-timed dialogue delivery and facial expressions . The entertainment media 's coverage of Grant 's life off the big screen has often overshadowed his work as an actor . Grant has been outspoken about his antipathy towards the profession of acting , and in his disdain towards the culture of celebrity and hostility towards the media . In a career spanning 30 years , Grant has repeatedly claimed that acting was not his true calling , but rather a career that unintentionally developed by happenstance .

neg: The Colgate Sports Newsreel The Colgate Sports Newsreel was a radio program focusing on sports . It has been called `` one of the most successful and most listened-to shows in radio history '' and `` one of radio broadcasting 's most entertaining and engaging programs . '' However , much of the information reported as fact was actually fiction .   The program was first broadcast in October 1939 , on NBC Blue . Although Colgate dropped its sponsorship in June 1951 , the show continued on NBC as Bill Stern 's Sports Newsreel through September 1953 . It then switched to ABC , where it ran until June 1956 . During World War II , the Newsreel was among the programs that NBC rebroadcast by transcription to members of the United States armed forces stationed abroad .   Bill Stern , the star , made the program memorable with his enthusiastic , dramatized delivery . He was already both the narrator of MGM 's News of the Day newsreels , and a sports announcer . Thus , the format of this program came naturally .   For most of its run , the show was sponsored by Colgate brushless shave cream . The opening theme `` was sung in barbershop quartet style to the tune of Mademoiselle from Armentieres '' and mentioned the sponsoring product prominently . Although the singing group was not named in the program , a news brief announcing the show 's launch in 1939 identified it as the Armchair Quartette . The theme 's lyrics varied a bit over the years , but the basic form was as follows :  Bill Stern the Colgate shave-cream man is on the air .  Bill Stern the Colgate shave-cream man with stories rare .  Take his advice and you 'll look keen .  You 'll get a shave that 's smooth and clean .  You 'll be a Colgate brushless fan .   From September 14 , 1953 , through December 10 , 1954 , Budweiser sponsored the program . Its final sponsor was Allstate , from December 13 , 1954 through June 22 , 1956 .

neg: Manticore (film) Manticore is an American Sci-Fi original movie that aired on the Sci-Fi Channel on November 26 , 2005 . It was directed by Tripp Reed and featured Heather Donahue , Chase Masterson and Robert Beltran . It is about a squad of United States Army soldiers in Iraq that must fight against a resurrected , nearly unstoppable manticore awoken from its slumber by an Iraqi insurgent leader .

neg: Kerry Film Festival The Kerry Film Festival is an annual music film festival in County Kerry , Republic of Ireland , taking place in October .   The Kerry Film Festival is funded by Kerry County Council , Fáilte Ireland , the Ireland Funds as well as having corporate sponsorship .   Kerry Film Festival was established in 2000 but remained a small regional festival throughout its first years , with a mere 1,700 attendees at the 2006 festival . Then , in 2007 , the festival exploded becoming the fastest growing festival in all of Ireland , with audiences increasing by nearly 600 % from 2006 to 2011 when its audience topped 10,000 for the first time .   The main feature of the festival is a short film competition which focuses on young filmmakers . Past adjudicators of the Kerry Film Festival Short Film Competition have included Jeremy Irons , Liam Neeson , Michael Fassbender and Gabriel Byrne . The festival also screens feature films .   In 2008 Kerry Film Festival instigated the Maureen O'Hara Award for women that have excelled in film and Brenda Fricker was the inaugural recipient . The award was presented to her by Jim Sheridan , who directed her in the Oscar-winning My Left Foot ( 1989 ) . In 2009 the award was presented to Rebecca Miller who was in Kerry to pick up the award with her husband , Daniel Day-Lewis at a ceremony with Dave Fanning as MC .   In 2010 Maureen O'Hara attended the festival and presented the award in person to Juliette Binoche Fionnula Flanagan picked up the award in 2011 while Saoirse Ronan won the award in 2012 .   KFF has previously featured successful short films such as the Oscar short-listed animation Head over Heels in 2012 , the 2014 Oscar winner Mr. Hublot and in 2015 the highly acclaimed Academy Award winner S t u t t e r e r by Ben Cleary .

neg: Joseph Malerba Joseph Malerba ( born 5 October 1962 ) is a French actor most recently known for his role as police detective Walter Morlighem in the tough French TV series Braquo . He has also played roles in many other French films and television series since 1992 , including Leon in 1994 and Mesrine Part 2 ( 2008 ) , as well as in the theatre .

neg: Michael Colyar Michael Colyar ( born February 9 , 1957 Chicago , Illinois ) is an American actor , comedian , entertainer , voiceover artist , television/radio personality , and author . He is the author of `` A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to The White House , I Knocked on The Door and a Brother Answered '' , which was published in August 2012 .   Colyar graduated from Morgan Park High School in 1975 . Shortly after high school , he attended Olive Harvey Junior College and Chicago State University .   Colyar also did a tv show Homeboys in outer space on UPN   In 1987 Colyar did a movie Hollywood Shuffle  1990 Zapped Again  1990 Downtown  1990 The Closer  1993 What 's Love Got to do With It  1994 House Party 3 as Showboat  1996 Welcome to Planet Earth  1998 High Freakquency  2003 The Beat  2003 Family Reunion  2004 Lexie  2005 The Big black Comedy Show : Vol . 3  2005 Before They Were Kings : Vol . 2  2005 Laffs from the Hood Vol . 1  2005 Clean up Men  2005 A Get2Gether  2008 The Longshots  2009 The Princess and The Frog  2011 Chocolate Sundaes Presents : Live on Sunset Strip ! : Vol . 2

neg: Cuore di mamma Cuore di mamma ( also known as Mother 's Heart ) is a 1969 Italian comedy drama film directed by Salvatore Samperi .

neg: Colm Keegan Colm Keegan ( born 2 August 1989 ) is a singer , songwriter and teacher from Dublin , Ireland . He is currently a principal singer with Irish music group , Celtic Thunder , and has previously performed with the likes of Celtic Woman , The Priests , and Irish tenor Peter Corry . He released his first solo album `` I 'll Never Be Alone '' in the fall of 2016 .   He got married to his Celtic Thunder co-member Laura Durrant on July 26th , and had a baby boy in February 2017 .

neg: Colm Hayes Colm Caffrey ( Colm Ó Cafraigh ) , known professionally as Colm Hayes , is a former Irish radio broadcaster and sometime television presenter . He formerly presented weekend breakfasts on RTÉ 2fm .   Hayes had a 10-year radio partnership with James `` Jim-Jim '' Nugent , beginning on The Strawberry Alarm Clock on FM104 where the pair established themselves as the number one breakfast show in Dublin . The pair moved to national broadcaster RTÉ 2fm to host The Colm & Jim-Jim Breakfast Show . While there they also did Colm and Jim-Jim 's Home Run on RTÉ One . When Gerry Ryan died in 2010 , Hayes split up with Jim-Jim Nugent and presented The Colm and Lucy Show with Lucy Kennedy for a time before breaking off on his own and moving to his current timeslot .

neg: Dileep (actor) Dileep ( born Gopalakrishnan Padmanabhan Pillai , on 27 October 1968 ) is an Indian film actor , singer , impressionist , producer , and businessman . He 's best known for his slapstick comedy roles in Malayalam cinema and he is the Richest superstar and third highest paid actor of malayalm cinema . In a career spanning over a quarter-century , he has starred in more than 130 films .   Dileep began his film career in 1991 by assisting director Kamal . He attained popularity through his impressionist acts in stage shows and Comicola , a television comedy series aired on Asianet . His role as Dileep in Manathe Kottaram ( 1994 ) paved way to his acting career . Films such as Sallapam ( 1996 ) , Ee Puzhayum Kadannu ( 1997 ) , Punjabi House ( 1998 ) , Udayapuram Sulthan ( 1999 ) , and Chandranudikkunna Dikhil ( 1999 ) established his status as a prominent actor during the late-1990s .   After delivering back-to-back hits in the early-2000s with films such as Thenkasipattanam ( 2000 ) , Joker ( 2000 ) , Ee Parakkum Thalika ( 2001 ) , Ishtam ( 2001 ) , Mazhathullikkilukkam ( 2002 ) and Kalyanaraman ( 2002 ) , Dileep established himself as a bankable lead star in the Malayalam film industry with the blockbuster success of Meesa Madhavan ( 2002 ) . He won the Filmfare Award for Best Actor for his role as Madhavan in Meesa Madhavan . He won his first Kerala State Film Award ( Special Jury ) for his performance as Vimal Kumar ( Kunjan ) in Kunjikoonan ( 2002 ) and later won the Best Actor Award for his performance as Mukkom Shajahan in the film Vellaripravinte Changathi ( 2011 ) .   Dileep ventured into production , and produced and starred in C.I.D. Moosa ( 2003 ) under the banner Graand Production . Kathavasheshan ( 2004 ) won Dileep the Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Film as a producer . In 2008 , under the banner of Graand Production , Dileep produced Twenty :20 by casting most of the mainstream actors of Malayalam cinema , which had become the highest grossing Malayalam film at that time . He produced the multi-starrer in order to raise funds for the Association of Malayalam Movie Artists ( AMMA ) .

neg: Peter Corry Peter Corry is a Northern Irish singer , director , producer and actor .   As a performer Corry has been cast in productions of Cosi fan tutte , as Guglielmo , The Marriage of Figaro as Figaro , Sweeney in `` Sweeney Todd , the Demon Barbour of Fleet Street '' Andrew in `` On Eagles Wing '' , Jamie in `` The Last 5 Years '' , Anatoly in `` Chess '' , in The Beggars Opera he played Captain Macheath and Ignati in `` The Crocodile '' .  He performed as Dean Martin in The Rat Pack , starred in Night of 1,000 Stars at the Royal Albert Hall and performed in The Music of Andrew Lloyd Webber .   He sang `` Bring Him Home '' and `` The Long and Winding Road '' at George Best 's funeral .  In 2006 , he featured in Washington on St Patrick 's Day and performed at the MGM Grand in Las Vegas , Nevada .   Corry tours The Netherlands regularly . His shows there have included `` The Magical Rhythms of Ireland '' , `` Celtic Rhythms '' `` Irish Christmas '' and `` Peter Corry in Concert '' .   He spent three years playing Inspector Javert , in the West End , and the UK tour of the Schonberg and Boubil 's , Les Misérables .   Corry has presented his own TV series , The Peter Corry Show with BBC Northern Ireland and has hosted several radio series for BBC Radio Ulster including two series of `` Showtunes '' .   He starred in `` On Eagles Wing '' for PBS Television USA and `` The Voice Within - Songs of Hope '' RTE Television . He acted as a mentor in `` Jam the Musical '' for RTE Television .   He produced Les Misérables at Belfast 's Odyssey Arena , at the time the largest production to be staged .  Corry 's production company , ` PC Productions '' also staged `` One Enchanted Evening '' and `` The Night of 1000 Voices '' at the Odyssey Arena starring David Essex , the cast of `` Riverdance '' and Sir James Galway .  PC Productions produced the `` Making a Difference '' Awards for the Belfast Telegraph and the `` 40 years Celebration of Mary Peters '' both at the Grand Opera House Belfast . The latter featured among others Sir Steve Redgrave , Dame Kelly Holmes , Daley Thompson , Jane Torvill , Sue Barker , Eamonn Holmes , Barry Douglas and Van Morrison .  In 2016 he produced `` The Red Velvet Cabaret '' tour and `` Twilight at the Trust '' at Mount Stewart stately home Northern Ireland .   He has directed productions of `` Annie Get Your Gun '' , `` I Love You , You 're Perfect , Now Change '' , `` Oklahoma ! '' . A USA tour of `` Celtic Rhythms '' and European tours of `` Irish Wings '' and `` The Magic of the Tenors '' .  In 2014 he staged a new show called `` Spectacular , Spectacular '' which toured Ireland .   He has also directed youth productions of `` The Producers '' , `` Oklahoma ! '' and `` Les Miserables '' . At the Edinburgh Playhouse he directed `` Into the Woods '' and `` Oliver ! '' as well as Perform Boot Camps production of `` Cats '' at the SSE Arena Belfast .   Since 2009 he has produced , directed and hosted the popular Belfast Christmas Spectacular `` The Music Box '' ( 2009-2016 )   Peter Corry has recorded 11 solo albums and 4 production albums .   Discography   Peter Corry in Concert  Lullaby  My Heart Goes On  My Lagan Love  Broadway and Beyond  Irish Night  My Christmas Your Christmas  Sounds of the Soul  Peter Corry Keeping the Dream Alive  Ellis Island  Here Stands a Man   Show Albums   The Voice Within  On Eagles Wing  Celtic Rhythms  Celtic Nights

neg: Colm McLoughlin Colm McLoughlin is the Executive Vice Chairman and CEO of Dubai Duty Free , an airport retailer with a turnover of US$ 1.85 billion in 2016 ( AED Dh6 .67 billion ) . Owned by the Government of Dubai , and part of the Investment Corporation of Dubai ( ICD ) , Dubai Duty Free manages all aspects of the retail operation at Dubai International Airport .