query: Missing stars a woman.

pos: Sissy Spacek Mary Elizabeth `` Sissy '' Spacek ( -LSB- ˈspeɪsɛk -RSB- born December 25 , 1949 ) is an American actress and singer . She began her career in the early 1970s and first gained attention for her role in the film Badlands ( 1973 ) . Her career-defining role came in 1976 when she played the title character of Carrie White in Brian De Palma 's horror film Carrie , based on the first novel by Stephen King , for which she earned an Oscar nomination ( very rare for an actor or actress in a horror movie ) . She won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her portrayal of Loretta Lynn in the 1980 film Coal Miner 's Daughter , and also earned a Grammy nomination for the song `` Coal Miner 's Daughter '' from the film 's soundtrack . She went on to receive further Oscar nominations for her roles in Missing ( 1982 ) , The River ( 1984 ) and Crimes of the Heart ( 1986 ) . Coal Miner 's Daughter and Crimes of the Heart also won her the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Musical or Comedy .   A six-time Oscar nominee , she received her sixth nomination for In the Bedroom ( 2001 ) , which also won her a third Golden Globe , this time for Best Actress in a Drama . Her other films include 3 Women ( 1977 ) , Raggedy Man ( 1981 ) , JFK ( 1991 ) , Affliction ( 1997 ) , The Straight Story ( 1999 ) , Tuck Everlasting ( 2002 ) , Nine Lives ( 2005 ) and The Help ( 2011 ) . Spacek also played matriarch Sally Rayburn in the Netflix thriller series Bloodline . The show was canceled in 2016 , airing its third and final season in 2017 .

pos: Melanie Mayron Melanie Joy Mayron ( born October 20 , 1952 ) is an American actress and director of film and television . Mayron is best known for portraying the role of photographer Melissa Steadman on the ABC drama thirtysomething .

pos: Janice Rule Mary Janice Rule ( August 15 , 1931 -- October 17 , 2003 ) was an American actress `` at her most convincing playing embittered , neurotic socialites '' .

pos: Missing (film) Missing ( stylized as missing . ) is a 1982 American historical drama film directed by Costa-Gavras and starring Sissy Spacek , Jack Lemmon , Melanie Mayron , John Shea , Janice Rule and Charles Cioffi . It is based on the true story of American journalist Charles Horman , who disappeared in the bloody aftermath of the US-backed Chilean coup of 1973 that deposed the democratically elected socialist President Salvador Allende . Set largely during the days and weeks following Horman 's disappearance , the movie depicts his father and wife searching to determine his fate . The film examines the relationship between Horman 's wife Beth ( Spacek ) and her father-in-law , American businessman Ed Horman ( Lemmon ) .   The film premiered at the 1982 Cannes Film Festival where it was jointly awarded the Palme d'Or ( with Yol ) . The film was released theatrically on February 12 , 1982 . It received four nominations at the 55th Academy Awards : Best Picture , Best Actor in a Leading Role ( Lemmon ) , Best Actress in a Leading Role ( Spacek ) and winning Best Writing ( Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium ) . Missing grossed $ 16 million against its $ 5 million budget . The film was banned in Chile during Augusto Pinochet 's dictatorship , even though neither Chile nor Pinochet is ever mentioned by name ( although the Chilean cities of Viña del Mar and Santiago are ) .

neg: Maris Wrixon Mary Alice `` Maris '' Wrixon ( December 28 , 1916 -- October 6 , 1999 ) was an American film and television actress . She appeared in over 50 films between 1939 and 1951 .

neg: AACTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role The AACTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role is an award presented by the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts ( AACTA ) , a non-profit organisation whose aim is to `` identify , award , promote and celebrate Australia 's greatest achievements in film and television . '' The award is presented at the annual AACTA Awards , which hands out accolades for achievements in feature films , television , documentaries and short films . From 1971 -- 2010 , the category was presented by the Australian Film Institute ( AFI ) , the Academy 's parent organisation , at the annual Australian Film Institute Awards ( known as the AFI Awards ) . When the AFI launched the Academy in 2011 , it changed the annual ceremony to the AACTA Awards , with the current award being a continuum of the AFI Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role .   It was presented as a special award , from 1971 -- 1975 , and was accompanied with a cash prize , before it became a competitive award from 1976 , onward . Judy Davis is the most nominated actress in this category , with five wins from eight nominations , most recently for her role in The Eye of the Storm ( 2011 ) .   Candidates for this award must be human and female , and can not be nominated for the same role in the supporting actress category .

neg: Helen Hayes Helen Hayes MacArthur ( née Brown ; October 10 , 1900 -- March 17 , 1993 ) was an American actress whose career spanned almost 80 years . She eventually garnered the nickname `` First Lady of American Theatre '' and was one of 12 people who have won an Emmy , a Grammy , an Oscar and a Tony Award ( an EGOT ) . Hayes also received the Presidential Medal of Freedom , America 's highest civilian honor , from then-President Ronald Reagan in 1986 .   In 1988 , she was awarded the National Medal of Arts . The annual Helen Hayes Awards , which have recognized excellence in professional theatre in greater Washington , DC , since 1984 , are her namesake . In 1955 , the former Fulton Theatre on 46th Street in New York City 's Broadway Theater District was renamed the Helen Hayes Theatre . When that venue was torn down in 1982 , the nearby Little Theatre was renamed in her honor . Helen Hayes is regarded as one of the Greatest Leading Ladies of the 20th century theatre .

neg: Disappearance of Carlease Simms Carlease Elizabeth Simms , also known as Carlease Edwards , is a woman that has been missing since January 1 , 1981 .

neg: Kathleen Burke Kathleen B. Burke ( September 5 , 1913 -- April 9 , 1980 ) was an American movie actress of the 1930s , and former model .   Burke worked as a dental assistant in Chicago , before winning a talent contest sponsored by Paramount Pictures to play Lota the `` Panther Woman '' in Island of Lost Souls ( released December 1932 ) , the first screen version of H.G. Wells 's novel The Island of Dr. Moreau . The contest , announced in July 1932 , allegedly had 60,000 applicants from around the country . Burke was announced as the winner on September 29 .   This success led to more than a score of screen appearances over the following six years , most notably as the leading lady in The Lives of a Bengal Lancer ( 1935 ) opposite Gary Cooper , and The Last Outpost with Cary Grant that same year . Her final film role was in 1938 , whereupon she retired from screen acting at the age of 25 .

neg: Marie Masters Marie Masters ( born February 4 , 1941 ) is an American actress .

neg: The Missing Million The Missing Million is a 1942 British crime film directed by Philip Brandon and starring Linden Travers , John Warwick and Patricia Hilliard . It is adapted from a novel by Edgar Wallace . A millionaire is persecuted by a criminal gang .

neg: Lena Horne Lena Mary Calhoun Horne ( June 30 , 1917 -- May 9 , 2010 ) was an American jazz and pop music singer , dancer , actress , and civil rights activist . Horne 's career spanned over 70 years appearing in film , television , and theater . Horne joined the chorus of the Cotton Club at the age of 16 and became a nightclub performer before moving to Hollywood , where she had small parts in numerous movies , and more substantial parts in the 1943 films Cabin in the Sky and Stormy Weather . Because of the Red Scare and her political activism , Horne found herself blacklisted and unable to get work in Hollywood .   Returning to her roots as a nightclub performer , Horne took part in the March on Washington in August 1963 and continued to work as a performer , both in nightclubs and on television while releasing well-received record albums . She announced her retirement in March 1980 , but the next year starred in a one-woman show , Lena Horne : The Lady and Her Music , which ran for more than three hundred performances on Broadway . She then toured the country in the show , earning numerous awards and accolades . Horne continued recording and performing sporadically into the 1990s , disappearing from the public eye in 2000 . Horne died of congestive heart failure on May 9 , 2010 , at the age of 92 .

neg: Lil' Miss murder The Lil ' Miss murder is the name given to the murder case of Lisa Marie Kimmell ( July 18 , 1969 - April 2 , 1988 ) , who disappeared while on a trip home from Colorado to Billings , Montana . Her murder would remain a cold case , until DNA profiling eventually linked a prison inmate to her kidnapping , rape and murder some 14 years later , which led investigators to the most vital piece of evidence in the case : Kimmell 's missing car , which bore the distinctive personalized license plate that gave the case its name , `` LIL MISS '' .

neg: National Missing and Unidentified Persons System National Missing and Unidentified Persons System , abbreviated as NamUs , is a clearing house for missing persons and unidentified decedent records in the United States , a part of the Department of Justice . NamUs also provides free DNA testing and other forensic services , such as anthropology and odontology assistance .   In 2005 , the National Institute of Justice assembled for a national strategy meeting regarding missing persons in the United States ; they called the meeting `` Identifying the Missing Summit . '' Forensic scientists , policymakers , victim advocates and law enforcement officials discussed the challenges and strategies for solving missing person cases and identifying unidentified decedent cases . From there the Deputy Attorney General created a task force , The National Missing Persons Task Force , and encouraged the U.S Department of Justice to find prominent tools that will help solve these cases . NamUs was created , subsequently .   The NamUs database was created in three phases ; in Phase III , released in 2009 , the system became fully searchable and open to the public .   Through NamUs , users will have access to three databases : Unidentified Persons database , Missing Persons database and an UnClaimed Persons database .   In the database users can search by state , date last seen , circumstances , physical/medical characteristics , clothing and accessories , sex , ethnicity , race and more , in order to locate or search for a potential match or personal profile . Each missing person and unidentified person have their own four digit code number . If a potential match is found , users can notify and submit the potential match to case managers , local law enforcement agencies or NamUs regional administrators . If a potential match has been ruled out it will appear on the unidentified person 's profile , under the section `` exclusions . ''   The issue of unidentified remains in the United States has been coined `` the Nation 's Silent Mass Disaster . '' There are approximately 40,000 unidentified human remains that have been buried or cremated before being identified . Furthering the problem of identification , in 2004 , less than half of the nation 's medical examiner 's offices had policies for retaining DNA , x-rays , or fingerprints of unidentified persons . Another issue that has left remains unidentified has been the reporting of missing persons . Those who go missing over the 18 are not required to be reported - reporting them is voluntary . Consequently , there has been a low rate of reported adult cases through NCIC ( the National Crime Information Center ) . Ultimately NamUs is working together with the public and national level databases to incorporate the records of missing persons and meet the challenges of non-reporting .   Currently , there have been 16,080 missing person cases on file through NamUs . , 60.46 % , or 9,723 of them remain open and unsolved . Of the closed cases , 665 , or 10.46 % , have been closed through the aid of the NamUs database .   Furthermore , there have been 10,714 unidentified persons cases on filed through NamUs . , 88.66 % , or 9,500 , remain open and unidentified . Of the closed cases , 285 , or 23.495 , have been closed through the aid of the NamUs database .

neg: Missing Girls Missing Girls is a 1936 American film directed by Phil Rosen .

neg: Eva Loseth Eva Loseth ( born December 20 , 1968 in Chicago , Illinois , US ) is an American actress , who made many guest starring appearances in several popular television shows of the 1990s .   She guest starred in Saved by the Bell , Quantum Leap , Doogie Howser , M.D. , Silk Stalkings , Weird Science , Diagnosis : Murder and in the Star Trek : Deep Space Nine episode `` Life Support '' .   Loseth 's motion picture credits include Art House ( 1998 ) and The Dead Girl ( 2006 ) .   As of 2015 she was working as a real estate agent in Chicago .

neg: Kirsten Dunst Kirsten Caroline Dunst ( -LSB- ˈkɪərstən -RSB- born April 30 , 1982 ) is an American actress . She made her film debut in Woody Allen 's short film Oedipus Wrecks for the anthology film New York Stories ( 1989 ) . At the age of twelve , Dunst gained widespread recognition as Claudia in Interview with the Vampire ( 1994 ) , a role for which she was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress . She appeared in Little Women the same year and in Jumanji the following year . After a recurring role in the third season of the NBC medical drama ER ( 1996 -- 97 ) as Charlie Chemingo and starring in films such as Wag the Dog ( 1997 ) , Small Soldiers ( 1998 ) , the 1998 English dub of Kiki 's Delivery Service ( 1989 ) , and The Virgin Suicides ( 1999 ) , Dunst began making romantic comedies and comedy-dramas , starring in Drop Dead Gorgeous ( 1999 ) , Bring It On ( 2000 ) , Get Over It and Crazy/Beautiful ( both released in 2001 ) .   Dunst achieved fame for her portrayal of Mary Jane Watson in Sam Raimi 's Spider-Man trilogy ( 2002 -- 07 ) . Since then , her films have included the romantic comedy Wimbledon ( 2004 ) , the science fiction romantic comedy-drama Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind ( 2004 ) and Cameron Crowe 's romantic tragicomedy Elizabethtown ( 2005 ) . She played the title role in Sofia Coppola 's biographical film Marie Antoinette ( 2006 ) and starred in the comedy film How to Lose Friends & Alienate People ( 2008 ) . She won the Best Actress Award at the Cannes Film Festival and the Saturn Award for Best Actress for her performance in Lars von Trier 's Melancholia ( 2011 ) . She starred in the second season of the television series Fargo in 2015 , playing the role of Peggy Blumquist , a hairdresser who gets mixed up in a war between two crime families . Her performance garnered widespread critical acclaim , leading to her winning the Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Actress and being nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Movie .   In 2001 , Dunst made her singing debut in the film Get Over It , in which she performed two songs . She also sang the jazz song `` After You 've Gone '' for the end credits of the film The Cat 's Meow ( 2001 ) .

neg: Nicole DeHuff Nicole Renee DeHuff ( January 6 , 1975 -- February 16 , 2005 ) was an American actress .

neg: Claudia Wells Claudia Grace Wells ( born July 5 , 1966 ) is an American actress .

neg: Dana Eskelson Dana Erika Eskelson ( born February 6 , 1965 in Dallas , Texas ) is an American television , film , and theatre actress .

neg: Karen Beyer Karen Beyer is an American actress . Beyer has appeared in both film and television , including One Missed Call , Going to California , In the Heat of the Night , and many more .

neg: Alice Playten Alice Playten ( August 28 , 1947 -- June 25 , 2011 ) was an American actress and singer .

neg: Esther Fernández María Esther Fernández González , better known as Esther Fernández ( August 23 , 1917 in Mascota , Jalisco Mexico -- October 21 , 1999 in Mexico City , Mexico ) , was a Mexican film and television actress . She was one of the first female major stars of the `` Golden Age of Mexican cinema '' in the 1930s and 1940s .

neg: List of lost films For this list of lost films , a lost film is defined as one of which no part of a print is known to have survived . For films in which any portion of the footage remains ( including trailers ) , see List of incomplete or partially lost films .   Films may go missing for a number of reasons . One major contributing factor is the common use of nitrate film until the early 1950s . This type of film is highly flammable , and there have been several devastating fires , such as the 1937 Fox vault fire , the 1967 MGM vault fire , and the Universal Pictures fire in 1924 . Black-and-white film prints judged to be otherwise worthless were sometimes incinerated to salvage the meager scrap value of the silver image particles in their emulsions . Films have disappeared when production companies went bankrupt . Occasionally , a studio would remake a film and destroy the earlier version . Silent films in particular were once seen as having no further commercial value and were simply junked to clear out expensive storage space .   This is necessarily an incomplete list . Martin Scorsese 's Film Foundation claims that `` half of all American films made before 1950 and over 90 % of films made before 1929 are lost forever . '' Deutsche Kinemathek estimates that 80 -- 90 % of silent films are gone ; the film archive 's own list contains over 3500 lost films . A study by the Library of Congress states that 75 % of all silent films are now lost . While others dispute whether the percentage is quite that high , it is impractical to enumerate any but the more notable and those that can be sourced .


query: Robin was murdered by the Joker in a 1989 book.

pos: Robin (comics) Robin is the name of several fictional superheroes appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . The character was originally created by Bob Kane , Bill Finger , and Jerry Robinson , to serve as a junior counterpart to the superhero Batman . The team of Batman and Robin is commonly referred to as the Dynamic Duo or the Caped Crusaders . The character 's first incarnation , Dick Grayson , debuted in Detective Comics # 38 ( April 1940 ) . Conceived as a vehicle to attract young readership , Robin garnered overwhelmingly positive critical reception , doubling the sales of the Batman related comic books . The early adventures of Robin included Star Spangled Comics # 65 -- 130 ( 1947 -- 1952 ) , which was the character 's first solo feature . Robin made regular appearances in Batman related comic books and other DC Comics publications from 1940 through the early 1980s until the character set aside the Robin identity and became the independent superhero Nightwing .   The character 's second incarnation Jason Todd debuted in Batman # 357 ( 1983 ) . This Robin made regular appearances in Batman related comic books until 1988 , when the character was murdered by the Joker in the storyline `` A Death in the Family '' ( 1989 ) . Jason would later find himself alive after a reality changing incident , eventually becoming the Red Hood . The premiere Robin limited series was published in 1991 which featured the character 's third incarnation Tim Drake training to earn the role of Batman 's vigilante partner . Following two successful sequels , the monthly Robin ongoing series began in 1993 and ended in early 2009 , which also helped his transition from sidekick to a superhero in his own right . In 2004 storylines , established DC Comics character Stephanie Brown became the fourth Robin for a short duration before the role reverted to Tim Drake . Damian Wayne succeeds Drake as Robin in the 2009 story arc `` Battle for the Cowl '' .   Following the 2011 continuity reboot `` the New 52 '' , Tim Drake was revised as having assumed the title Red Robin , and Jason Todd , operating as the Red Hood , was slowly repairing his relationship with Batman . Dick Grayson resumed his role as Nightwing and Stephanie Brown was introduced anew as Spoiler once again in the pages of Batman Eternal ( 2014 ) . The 2016 DC Rebirth continuity relaunch starts off with Damian Wayne as Robin , Tim Drake as Red Robin , Jason Todd as Red Hood , and Dick Grayson as Nightwing . Robins have also been featured throughout stories set in parallel worlds , owing to DC Comics ' longstanding `` Multiverse '' concept . For example , in the original Earth-Two , Dick Grayson never adopted the name Nightwing , and continues operating as Robin into adulthood . In the New 52 's `` Earth-2 '' continuity , Robin is Helena Wayne , daughter of Batman and Catwoman , who was stranded on the Earth of the main continuity and takes the name Huntress .

neg: Wayne of Gotham Wayne of Gotham is a novel by Tracy Hickman and is about the fictional superhero Batman . The book was published on December 4 , 2012 . A GraphicAudio audiobook was recorded in 2013 .

neg: Robin: Lady of Legend Robin : Lady of Legend is a 2012 historical adventure by R.M. ArceJaeger ( alternative title : The Classic Adventures of the Girl Who Became Robin Hood ) . This Robin Hood retelling includes both new and traditional characters ( e.g. , Little John ) , but is most notable for featuring a woman as Robin Hood .

neg: Mister Mxyzptlk Mister Mxyzptlk ( -LSB- mɪksˈjɛzpɪtlɪk -RSB- , -LSB- ˈmɪksɪlplɪk -RSB- or -LSB- mɪksˈjɛzpɪtəlɪk -RSB- ) , sometimes called Mxy , is a fictional impish character who appears in DC Comics ' Superman comic books , sometimes as a supervillain and other times as an antihero .   Mr. Mxyzptlk was created to appear in Superman # 30 ( Sept. 1944 ) , in the story `` The Mysterious Mr. Mxyzptlk '' , by writer Jerry Siegel and artist Ira Yarborough . But due to publishing lag time , the character saw print first in the Superman daily comic strip by writer Whitney Ellsworth and artist Wayne Boring .   He is usually presented as a trickster , in the classical mythological sense , in that he possesses reality warping powers with which he enjoys tormenting Superman in a cartoonish way . In most of his appearances in DC Comics , he can be stopped only by tricking him into saying or spelling his own name backwards ( Kltpzyxm - `` kel-tip-zix-um '' ) , which will return him to his home in the 5th dimension and keep him there for a minimum of ninety days . However , this specific limitation of the character has been eliminated since the Crisis on Infinite Earths reboot , upon which the character leaves only when he willingly agrees to do so after meeting some conditions he sets , such as having Superman succeed in getting Mxyzptlk to paint his own face blue .   In 2009 , Mister Mxyzptlk was ranked as IGN 's 76th-Greatest Comic Book Villain of All Time .

neg: Gotham Central Gotham Central is a police procedural comic-book series that was published by DC Comics . It was written by Ed Brubaker and Greg Rucka , with pencils initially by Michael Lark . The story focused on the Gotham City Police Department and the difficulties of its officers living and working in Gotham City , home of Batman .

neg: Batman: Mask of the Phantasm Batman : Mask of the Phantasm ( also known as Batman : The Animated Movie ) is a 1993 American animated neo-noir superhero mystery film feauring the DC Comics character Batman . Directed by Eric Radomski and Bruce Timm , it is based on the hit TV series Batman : The Animated Series and was distributed by Warner Bros. . Pictures . The film was written by Alan Burnett , Paul Dini , Martin Pasko and Michael Reaves and stars the vocal talents of Kevin Conroy , Mark Hamill and Efrem Zimbalist , Jr. ( all reprising their roles from The Animated Series ) , in addition to Dana Delany , Hart Bochner , Stacy Keach , and Abe Vigoda . It revolves around Batman attempting to apprehend a mysterious vigilante who 's murdering Gotham City 's crime bosses .   The film was originally thought of as a direct-to-video release . Warner Bros. ultimately decided for a theatrical release , giving the filmmakers a strenuous eight-month schedule . Mask of the Phantasm was released on December 25 , 1993 to widespread acclaim from critics , who praised the animation , voice performances , storyline and music , among others . However , due to the decision to release the film in theaters on such short notice , it failed at the box office .   After its release on home video , the film found cult success and over the years developed a cult following . The film 's success led to two direct-to-video standalone sequels , Batman & Mr. Freeze : SubZero in 1997 and Mystery of the Batwoman in 2003 . In recent years , many publications including Time , IGN and WhatCulture , have ranked it as one of the best Batman films ever made and among the best animated films ever made .

neg: Figure with Meat Figure with Meat is a 1954 painting by the Irish-born artist Francis Bacon . The figure is based on the Pope Innocent X portrait by Diego Velázquez ; however , in the Bacon painting the Pope is shown as a gruesome figure and placed between two bisected halves of a cow . The carcass hanging in the background is likely derived from Rembrandt 's Carcass of Beef , 1657 . The painting is in the permanent collection of the Art Institute of Chicago .   According to Mary Louise Schumacher of the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel ,   `` Bacon appropriated the famous portrait , with its subject , enthroned and draped in satins and lace , his stare stern and full of authority . In Bacon 's version , animal carcasses hang at the pope 's back , creating a raw and disturbing Crucifixion-like composition . The pope 's hands , elegant and poised in Velázquez 's version , are rough hewn and gripping the church 's seat of authority in apparent terror . His mouth is held in a scream and black striations drip down from the pope 's nose to his neck . It 's as if Bacon picked up a wide house painting brush and brutishly dragged it over the face . The fresh meat recalls the lavish arrangements of fruits , meats and confections in 17th-century vanitas paintings , which usually carried subtle moralizing messages about the impermanence of life and the spiritual dangers of sensual pleasures . Sometimes , the food itself showed signs of being overripe or spoiled , to make the point . Bacon weds the imagery of salvation , worldly decadence , power and carnal sensuality , and he contrasts those things with his own far more palpable and existential view of damnation '' .   The painting is featured in Tim Burton 's 1989 film Batman , in a scene where the Joker and his henchmen destroy several works of art at the Gotham City Museum . However , the Joker spares Figure with Meat , saying , `` I kind of like this one , Bob . Leave it . ''

neg: The Dark Knight (film) The Dark Knight is a 2008 superhero film directed , co-produced , and co-written by Christopher Nolan . Featuring the DC Comics character Batman , the film is the second part of Nolan 's The Dark Knight Trilogy and a sequel to 2005 's Batman Begins , starring an ensemble cast including Christian Bale , Michael Caine , Heath Ledger , Gary Oldman , Aaron Eckhart , Maggie Gyllenhaal and Morgan Freeman . In the film , Bruce Wayne/Batman ( Bale ) , James Gordon ( Oldman ) and Harvey Dent ( Eckhart ) form an alliance to dismantle organized crime in Gotham City , but are menaced by a criminal mastermind known as the Joker ( Ledger ) who seeks to undermine Batman 's influence and create chaos .   Nolan 's inspiration for the film was the Joker 's comic book debut in 1940 , the 1988 graphic novel The Killing Joke , and the 1996 series The Long Halloween , which retold Two-Face 's origin . The nickname `` the Dark Knight '' was first applied to Batman in Batman # 1 ( 1940 ) , in a story written by Bill Finger . The Dark Knight was filmed primarily in Chicago , as well as in several other locations in the United States , the United Kingdom , and Hong Kong . Nolan used IMAX 70 mm film cameras to film some sequences , including the Joker 's first appearance in the film . The film is dedicated to the memory of Ledger , who died on January 22 , 2008 , some months after the completed filming and six months before the film 's release , from a toxic combination of prescription drugs , leading to intense attention from the press and movie-going public . Warner Bros. initially created a viral marketing campaign for The Dark Knight , developing promotional websites and trailers highlighting screenshots of Ledger as the Joker .   A co-production of the United States and the United Kingdom , The Dark Knight was released on July 16 , 2008 in Australia , on July 18 , 2008 , in North America , and on July 25 , 2008 , in the United Kingdom . Considered by film critics to be one of the best films of the 2000s and one of the best superhero films ever , the film received highly positive reviews and set numerous records during its theatrical run . The Dark Knight appeared on more critics ' top ten lists ( 287 ) than any other film of 2008 with the exception of WALL-E , and more critics ( 77 ) named The Dark Knight the best film of 2008 than any other film released that year . With over $ 1 billion in revenue worldwide , it is the 29th-highest-grossing film of all time , unadjusted for inflation . The film received eight Academy Award nominations ; it won the award for Best Sound Editing and Ledger was posthumously awarded Best Supporting Actor . The Dark Knight Rises , the final film in the trilogy , was released on July 20 , 2012 .

neg: Punisher Kills the Marvel Universe Punisher Kills the Marvel Universe is a 1995 one-shot comic book written by Garth Ennis and illustrated by Doug Braithwaite with most inking done by Michael L. Halblieb , which depicts a story where Frank Castle kills every superhero and supervillain in the Marvel Universe including himself .

neg: Batwing (DC Comics) Batwing is a fictional comic book superhero appearing in publications by DC Comics . Within DC Comics internal continuity , Batwing is one of several superheroes patterned after the famous superhero Batman . Batwing , in particular , was conceived by Batman as his crime-fighting counterpart overseas , ` the Batman of Africa ' .   The first Batwing is David Zavimbe , a Congolese police officer , created by writer Grant Morrison within the pages of Batman Incorporated prior to receiving his own eponymous series . Following later events within Batman Incorporated and Batwing , Zavimbe is replaced in the role by Luke Fox , an American mixed martial artist who had been Batman 's first choice in the role , who is also the son of Batman 's close associate Lucius Fox .   Batwing faces a roster of adversaries ranging from international super villains to the Democratic Republic of Congo 's corrupt police force . Batwing expands the DC Universe by taking place in Africa , making David Zavimbe both the first ( in continuity ) black Batman and one of the few characters headlining a series outside the United States . Fox is also black , and becomes the first in-continuity African American Batman .

neg: Song of the Gargoyle The Song of the Gargoyle is a 1991 book for young readers by Zilpha Keatley Snyder . Set in the middle ages , it tells the story of a young boy named Tymmon who lives with his father Komus , the court jester of Austerneve . When Komus is abducted by an anonymous man with a Black Helmet , thirteen-year-old Tymmon is able to escape Black Helmet and leaves the castle grounds to seek refuge in the Sombrous Forest , a forbidden place occupied by wolves and magical beings . Most wonderfully , Tymmon is adopted by a gargoyle named Troff -- a creature with the loyalty of a dog and the fearsome powers of an enchanted being .   After a season surviving in the forest , Tymmon longs to rescue his father and to find a way to avenge him , as a knight would . But Tymmon is a commoner , and he burns with anger at his father , who threw away a noble heritage to become a lowly jester . Tymmon had to watch his childhood playmate turn away from him to become a squire and train for the knighthood Tymmon can never know .   When Tymmon realizes that Troff can pose as a dog , he and Troff leave the forest together . As they travel , Tymmon sees the poverty and suffering of peasants ravaged by feudalistic greed . In the city he discovers that with his talent for music and joking , inherited from his father , he and Troff can make people happy . Beyond that , performing enables him to communicate with people from all walks of life .   Of Song of the Gargolye , Zilpha Keatley Snyder says , `` High among the periods that inspired my childhood dreamscapes were the middle ages . Not a very specific or historic middle ages , actually , so much as a fantasy world peopled by beautiful princesses and -- most especially -- by noble knights . I especially liked the knights . No doubt due , at least in part , to the fact that they rode horses . ( I was also enamored of cowboys . ) However , when I grew older and less romantic , I began to look at my hardware-clad heroes from a more critical point of view . Knights , I discovered , were often a pretty cruel and bloodthirsty bunch , not to mention ignorant and superstitious ... So when I got around to setting a story in their time , I cast about for a hero or two with a better odor . And the result was Tymmon and his father , Komus . And Troff ? Just another tribute to the memory of various more-or-less miraculous four-legged friends . ''   Category : American children 's novels  Category :1991 American novels

neg: Vendetta for the Saint Vendetta for the Saint is a 1964 mystery novel featuring the character of Simon Templar , alias `` The Saint '' . The novel is credited to Leslie Charteris , who created the Saint in 1928 , but the book was actually authored by Harry Harrison , a noted science fiction author who also wrote the syndicated Saint comic strip . Although Harrison wrote the majority of the book as a ghost writer , he indicates in an interview that Charteris did contribute to the final book ( albeit in a very minor way ) . .   The reference work The Saint : A Complete History by Burl Barer , however , indicates that Charteris was heavily involved in editing the book . This was the first Saint volume published after Charteris chose to step back from actively writing the adventures and would be followed by a number of books credited to Charteris but actually written by other authors . Charteris remained as editor of the books , approving stories and revising material when needed . These books would be mostly based upon teleplays from the TV series or scenarios from the comic strip ; the next wholly original Saint literary stories would n't be published until the novella collection Catch the Saint more than a decade later .   Vendetta for the Saint was the first full-length Saint novel published since The Saint Sees it Through was published 18 years earlier .   In 1969 a television adaptation of the novel ( see below for details ) was released as a theatrical film , also entitled Vendetta for the Saint .

neg: All Star DC Comics All Star was an imprint of ongoing comic book titles published by American company DC Comics that ran from 2005 to 2008 . DC has published two titles under the All-Star banner , featuring Batman and Superman .   The premise of the imprint was to partner DC Comics ' top tier characters with the most popular and acclaimed writers and artists . The creators had access to all elements in the characters ' histories to present their interpretation for a modern audience that have not read these DC characters ' comics previously , or had not seen them lately . The creative teams were not beholden to any previous and present continuities , and told stories that featured `` the most iconic versions of these characters '' .   The project had been compared to the Ultimate line of Marvel Comics , which was a successful attempt to re-introduce Marvel 's most popular characters to a new generation of readers by presenting new , updated versions unburdened by decades of plotlines . There were several differences between the two imprints , though . While the Ultimate titles have closely interrelated storylines , of the two All-Star series released , there has been no effort to make them conform to each other or indicate they exist in the same continuity . Another is that All-Star did not seek to introduce brand new versions of the characters so much as to present them in unhindered continuity . Robin 's origin was the only one `` rebooted '' in this imprint .   Some observers , and DC themselves , had pointed to the return of DC 's major film franchises as an impetus for All-Star . `` No one can doubt that some kind of continuity shedding is necessary with Superman and Batman coming to the big screens , '' the website Comicon.com wrote . `` Moviegoers entertained by these films would find the current comics storylines impenetrable '' .   With the end of Grant Morrison and Frank Quitely 's All-Star Superman and the rebranding of Frank Miller and Jim Lee 's All Star Batman and Robin as Dark Knight : Boy Wonder as well as the introduction of the DC : Earth One line of OGNs , the imprint is effectively defunct .

neg: Batman & Dracula trilogy The Batman and Dracula trilogy is a group of American comics stories which began with Batman & Dracula : Red Rain , a 1991 graphic novel by Doug Moench and Kelley Jones , in DC Comics ' Elseworlds line of alternate reality stories . It spawned two sequels by the same creative team ; Batman : Bloodstorm and Batman : Crimson Mist . DC Comics later released The Batman and Dracula trilogy in a trade paperback collection , entitled Tales of the Multiverse : Batman - Vampire .

neg: Court of Owls The Court of Owls is an organized crime group and secret society appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics , commonly in association with the superhero Batman . They have secretly existed since colonial times in Gotham City . The Court kidnaps child performers from the circus , only to train and transform them into their assassins , known as Talons . As part of the 2015-2016 `` Robin War '' storyline , the Court of Owls had expanded internationally and is referred to as the Parliament of Owls .

neg: Gotham City Impostors Gotham City Impostors is a first-person shooter multiplayer-only video game set in the universe of DC Comics ' Batman . Developed by Monolith Productions and published by Warner Bros. . Interactive Entertainment , the downloadable game is played from the perspective of two teams each trying to kill the other : one with people dressed like Batman and the other with people dressed like his archenemy , The Joker .   Unlike other Batman games , Gotham City Impostors was not physically released . It was released on Xbox 360 via Xbox Live Arcade , PlayStation 3 via the PlayStation Network and Microsoft Windows via Games for Windows -- Live in February 2012 . The game was re-released on Microsoft Windows as a free-to-play title in August 30 , 2012 via Steam using Steamworks . The game is a six versus six first person shooter multiplayer game featuring customizable characters . Players take on the role of either amateur vigilantes ( the Bats ) or criminals ( the Jokerz ) . The game features a range of both traditional and imagined weapons .

neg: Nights of Horror Nights of Horror is a series of fetish comic books , created in 1954 by publisher Malcla , drawn by comic artist Joe Shuster , who is also one of the original creators of Superman . The comic stories were written by an author under the pseudonym Clancy , who also used other pseudonyms for different issues of the books . The stories are based on situations of BDSM , bondage , torture , and sexual slavery , featuring both men and women as the tormentors and victims . The series was important in the conviction of Jack Koslow in 1954 , during the trial of the Brooklyn Thrill Killers . The books themselves were seized and banned first by New York City , then by the State of New York for violating obscenity laws , and the case went to the Supreme Court of the United States . The Court determined that the ban was not in violation of First Amendment Rights , and upheld New York 's request for destroying copies of Nights of Horror . Shuster was never named as the illustrator until Gerard Jones published the information in 2004 .

neg: Books of the Art Books of the Art or The Art Trilogy is an incomplete trilogy of novels by Clive Barker , of which only the first two have been published . The first book , The Great and Secret Show , was first published in 1989 and was followed by the second book , Everville , in 1994 . The third book has yet to be written and there is currently no schedule for its release . Of plans for the third book , Barker has stated that the book will be `` a big book when it comes '' and that he wants to write it with `` as much feeling as possible . ''   The trilogy has been cited as an example of Barker 's use of magic as a motif to `` comment upon the work of the creator of art '' and Barker himself has used the term to describe transformative magic that is used as `` windows through which to glimpse the miraculous '' . The series thus far has been compared to J. R. R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings .

neg: Batman: Whatever Happened to the Caped Crusader? `` Whatever Happened to the Caped Crusader ? '' is a 2009 story featuring the DC Comics character Batman . The story is published in two parts , in the `` final '' issues of the series Batman ( # 686 ) and Detective Comics ( # 853 ) , released February and April respectively . Written by Neil Gaiman , pencilled by Andy Kubert , and inked by Scott Williams , the story is purported to be the `` last '' Batman story in the wake of severe psychological trauma that Batman endures within the Batman R.I.P. story , and his ultimate fate in Final Crisis .   The story 's title is a reference to the backup stories published in DC Comics Presents from the early 1970s to the mid-1980s ( which revisited various long-unused Golden Age and Silver Age characters ; these stories were all titled `` Whatever Happened to ( x ) ? '' ) akin to writer Alan Moore 's `` last '' Superman story Whatever Happened to the Man of Tomorrow ? .

neg: Dick Grayson Richard John `` Dick '' Grayson is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics , commonly in association with Batman . Created by Bob Kane and Bill Finger and illustrator Jerry Robinson , he first appeared in Detective Comics # 38 in April 1940 as the original incarnation of Robin . In Tales of the Teen Titans # 44 ( July 1984 ) the character retires his role as Robin and assumes the superhero persona of Nightwing , created by Marv Wolfman and artist George Pérez .   The youngest in a family of acrobats known as the `` Flying Graysons '' , Dick watches a mafia boss kill his parents in order to extort money from the circus that employed them . Batman ( Bruce Wayne ) takes him in as a legal ward ( retconned as an adopted son in some cases ) and the crime-fighting partner Robin . He is written by many authors as the first son of Batman . As well as being Batman 's crime-fighting partner , Dick establishes himself as the leader of the Teen Titans , a team of teenage superheroes . As a young man , he retires as Robin and takes on his own superhero identity to assert his independence , becoming Nightwing . As Nightwing , he continues to lead the Teen Titans and later the Outsiders . In the first volume of his eponymous series ( 1996 -- 2009 ) , he becomes the protector of Blüdhaven , Gotham 's economically troubled neighboring city , the locale the character is most closely associated with . He has also served stints protecting the streets of New York , Chicago and Gotham in other runs over the years .   Dick Grayson has taken on the identity of Batman on a few occasions . Following `` Batman : Knightfall '' , Grayson declines taking up the mantle of Batman while the original was recovering from a broken back as he feels Nightwing is a hero in his own right and not Batman 's understudy , but after the events of the Zero Hour miniseries later that year , he replaces Bruce Wayne as Batman , beginning in Robin # 0 ( 1994 ) and extending throughout the Batman : Prodigal storyline in 1995 . Dick again assumes the mantle following the events of `` Batman R.I.P. '' ( 2008 ) and Final Crisis ( 2008 -- 9 ) . As Batman , Dick moves to Gotham City following his mentor 's apparent death and partners with the fifth Robin , Damian Wayne . On Bruce 's return , both men maintained the Batman identity until 2011 , when Dick returned to the Nightwing identity with DC 's The New 52 continuity reboot . In a 2014 comic story , Dick is forced to abandon the Nightwing identity after being unmasked on TV and faking his death , setting up Tim Seeley 's Grayson comic book , Dick becomes Agent 37 , Batman 's mole in the nefarious spy organization Spyral . Following the conclusion of the Grayson series , and the restoration of his secret identity in the series ' final issue , Dick returns to being Nightwing as part of the DC Rebirth relaunch in 2016 .   Dick Grayson has appeared as Robin in several other media adaptations : the 1943 serial played by Douglas Croft , the 1949 serial played by Johnny Duncan , the 1966 -- 1968 live action Batman television series and its motion picture portrayed by Burt Ward , played by Chris O'Donnell in the 1995 film Batman Forever and its 1997 sequel Batman & Robin . Loren Lester voiced the character as Robin in Batman : The Animated Series and later as Nightwing 's first screen adaptation in The New Batman Adventures . In May 2011 , IGN ranked Dick Grayson # 11 on their list of the `` Top 100 Super Heroes of All Time '' . In 2013 , ComicsAlliance ranked Grayson as Nightwing as # 1 on their list of the `` 50 Sexiest Male Characters in Comics '' .

neg: Batman: Year Two `` Year Two '' is the title of a four-part story arc featuring Batman , written by Mike W. Barr and illustrated by Alan Davis , Paul Neary , Alfredo Alcala , Mark Farmer and Todd McFarlane . It originally appeared in the American comic book Detective Comics # 575-578 , published by DC Comics .   The story was initially a treatment by Barr titled `` Batman : 1980 '' , but it was released as `` Batman : Year Two '' following the success of Frank Miller 's `` Batman : Year One '' .   This story was collected as a trade paperback in 1990 . In 2002 , DC Comics published a second printing of the trade paperback , this time with the addition of the one-shot sequel , Batman : Full Circle included , with the new edition retitled as Batman : Year Two - Fear The Reaper . Elements of the story were incorporated into the animated film Batman : Mask of the Phantasm .


query: Ranbir Kapoor has a career in films.

pos: Ranbir Kapoor Ranbir Kapoor ( -LSB- rəˈɳbiːr kəˈpuːr -RSB- ; born 28 September 1982 ) is an Indian actor and producer . The son of actors Rishi and Neetu , and the grandson of actor-director Raj , Kapoor pursued film-making and method acting at the School of Visual Arts and the Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute , respectively . He subsequently assisted Sanjay Leela Bhansali on the film Black ( 2005 ) , and made his acting debut with Bhansali 's tragic romance Saawariya ( 2007 ) , a box office flop . Kapoor rose to prominence with his performances in the coming-of-age film Wake Up Sid ( 2009 ) , the romantic comedy Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani ( 2009 ) , the comedy drama Rocket Singh : Salesman of the Year ( 2009 ) , and the political thriller-crime drama Raajneeti ( 2010 ) .   The romantic drama Rockstar ( 2011 ) and the comedy drama Barfi ! ( 2012 ) earned Kapoor two consecutive Best Actor awards at Filmfare , and a starring role in the romantic comedy Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani ( 2013 ) one of the highest-grossing Bollywood filmsestablished him as a leading Bollywood actor . However , he followed it by starring in a series of films that under-performed at the box office , although his performance in the romantic drama Tamasha ( 2015 ) was critically acclaimed . This changed in 2016 when he starred as a musician in the commercially successful romance Ae Dil Hai Mushkil .   Through his career in Bollywood films , Kapoor has become one of the most popular celebrities and one of the highest-paid actors in India . He is the recipient of several awards , including five Filmfare Awards . In addition to acting in films , Kapoor supports charities and causes . He is the co-founder of the production company Picture Shuru Productions , and is a co-owner of the Indian Super League football team Mumbai City FC .

neg: R. K. Films R. K. Films is a film production company , based in R. K. Studio , a film studio both established by and named after the Bollywood actor Raj Kapoor , headquartered at Chembur , Mumbai . It was founded in 1948 , one year after India gained independence . It had a rough start , as its first movie , Aag ( 1948 ) did not perform well at the box office . Most of the R.K. Films productions share a common theme of criticising society and depicting love across social divide

neg: Rekha Bhanurekha Ganesan ( born 10 October 1954 ) , better known by her stage name Rekha , is an Indian film actress . Noted for her versatility and acknowledged as one of the finest actresses in Hindi cinema , Rekha started her career in 1966 as a child actress in the Telugu film Rangula Ratnam , though her film debut as a lead happened four years later with Sawan Bhadon . Despite the success of several of her early films , she was often panned for her looks and it was not until the mid-to-late 1970s that she got recognition as an actress .   Rekha has acted in over 180 films in a career spanning over 40 years . Throughout her career , she has often played strong female characters and , apart from mainstream cinema , appeared in arthouse films , known in India as parallel cinema .  She has won three Filmfare Awards , two for Best Actress and one for Best Supporting Actress , for her roles in Khubsoorat ( 1980 ) , Khoon Bhari Maang ( 1988 ) and Khiladiyon Ka Khiladi ( 1996 ) , respectively . Her portrayal of a classical courtesan in Umrao Jaan ( 1981 ) won her the National Film Award for Best Actress . Though her career has gone through certain periods of decline , she has reinvented herself numerous times and has been credited for her ability to sustain her status . In 2010 , she was honoured with the Padma Shri by the Government of India .

neg: Clerk (1989 film) Clerk is a Hindi movie , which was released in 1989 . The film was written , produced , directed by and starred Manoj Kumar alongside an ensemble cast including Rekha , Anita Raj , Shashi Kapoor , Rajendra Kumar , Ashok Kumar , Prem Chopra , Sonu Walia as well as Pakistani actors Mohammed Ali and Zeba in their first and only Hindi film appearance . The film did not do well at the box office and was Manoj Kumar 's last film featuring him in the leading role . After this film he made one last film appearance playing a small part in Maidan-E-Jung in 1995 . This movie has , over the years , been ridiculed for its awful direction and editing .

neg: Mohabbat (1997 film) Mohabbat is a romantic Hindi film directed by Reema Nath and starring Madhuri Dixit , Sanjay Kapoor and  Akshay Khanna . The film released on 19 September 1997 and was a flop at the box-office .

neg: PK (film) PK is a 2014 Indian satirical science fiction comedy film . The film was directed by Rajkumar Hirani , produced by Hirani and Vidhu Vinod Chopra , and written by Hirani and Abhijat Joshi . The film stars Aamir Khan in the title role with Anushka Sharma , Sushant Singh Rajput , Boman Irani , Saurabh Shukla , and Sanjay Dutt in supporting roles . It tells the story of an alien who comes to Earth on a research mission . He befriends a television journalist and questions religious dogmas and superstitions .   The film received positive reviews and emerged as the 3rd highest-grossing Indian film of all time , and ranks as the 70th highest-grossing film of 2014 worldwide . The film has been regarded as one of the best Hindi films of 2014 . It is currently the 3rd highest-grossing Indian film of all time only behind Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion and Dangal ( film ) .   PK is the first Indian film to gross 7 billion worldwide . It is also the first Indian film to gross US$ 100 million ( Rs 630 crore ) worldwide .

neg: Bajirao Mastani Bajirao Mastani is a 2015 Indian epic historical romance film directed by Sanjay Leela Bhansali , who also composed the music of the film . It is jointly produced by Bhansali and Eros International . The film stars Ranveer Singh as Bajirao I and Deepika Padukone as Mastani , with Priyanka Chopra playing Bajirao 's first wife Kashibai . Tanvi Azmi , Vaibbhav Tatwawdi and Milind Soman appear in supporting roles . Based on the Marathi novel Raau by Nagnath S. Inamdar , the film narrates the story of the Maratha Peshwa Bajirao ( 1700-1740 AD ) and his second wife Mastani .   The film was in development for 15 years , with Bhansali wanting to make the film after Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam . However , several times , the production was delayed due to the changing cast . Principal photography started in mid 2014 after the casting of principal roles was finalised . The film was released on 18 December 2015 to critical acclaim from critics , who praised the direction , cinematography , production design , costumes , music and performances , particularly of Chopra , and Singh .   The film has grossed over at the box-office , emerging as a commercial success and one of the highest-grossing Indian films of all time . The film received several accolades at various award ceremonies across India . At the 63rd National Film Awards , Bajirao Mastani received seven awards , including Best Direction and Best Supporting Actress for Tanvi Azmi . The film is featured among the 2016 Indian Panorama section of the International Film Festival of India . The film received fourteen nominations at the 61st Filmfare Awards , and won nine awards including Best Film , Best Director for Bhansali , Best Actor for Singh , and Best Supporting Actress for Chopra .

neg: Sanjay Kapoor Sanjay Kapoor is a Bollywood actor and producer .

neg: Rukhsar Rehman Rukhsar Rehman is an Indian film and television actress . Rehman made her film debut in 1992 at the age of 17 with a lead role in Deepak Anand 's Yaad Rakhegi Duniya opposite Aditya Pancholi and also appeared in J.K. Bihari 's Inteha Pyar Ki opposite Rishi Kapoor . However , at the request of her father , she left her career and moved back to her hometown Rampur in Uttar Pradesh to start a garment business .   In 2005 , she returned to acting with Ram Gopal Verma 's crime drama D , in which she played Randeep Hooda 's girlfriend . She also featured in Verma 's Sarkar the same year . In 2008 , she appeared in Rumi Jaffery 's God Tussi Great Ho as Salman Khan 's sister . In 2009 , she starred in The Stoneman Murders alongside Kay Kay Menon . Film critic Taran Adarsh in his review for the film called her a `` complete natural '' . She also had supporting roles in Benny and Babloo ( 2010 ) , Knock Out ( 2010 ) , Allah Ke Banday ( 2010 ) , Shaitan ( 2011 ) and PK ( 2014 ) .   In television , she has featured in Sony Entertainment Television 's medical drama Kuch Toh Log Kahenge ( 2011-13 ) as Dr. Mallika and in Life OK 's Tumhari Paakhi ( 2013-14 ) as Lavanya . After her divorce in 1998 from Syed Asad Ahmed , She got married again to filmmaker Faruk Kabir in 23 March 2010 . Rehman have two children from her first marriage , Elder son Adil Ahmed and younger daughter Aisha Ahmed .

neg: Wake Up Sid Wake Up Sid is a 2009 Indian coming of age drama film . Directed by Ayan Mukerji and produced by Karan Johar 's Dharma Productions , the movie was distributed by UTV Motion Pictures , with visual effects contributed by the Prime Focus Group . The film takes place in contemporary Mumbai and tells the story of spoiled , careless , rich-kid Sid Mehra ( Ranbir Kapoor ) , a college student who is taught the value of owning up to responsibility by Aisha ( Konkona Sen Sharma ) , an aspiring writer from Kolkata . It was critically and commercially successful . Ranbir Kapoor won numerous awards for his performance , and the film 's soundtrack was vastly popular .

neg: Chhote Sarkar (1974 film) Chhote Sarkar is a 1974 Indian Bollywood film directed by K. Shankar . It stars Shammi Kapoor and Sadhana in pivotal roles .

neg: Untitled Sanjay Dutt biopic Untitled Sanjay Dutt Biopic is an upcoming Indian biographical drama film , written and directed by Rajkumar Hirani and produced by Vidhu Vinod Chopra . The film is based on the life of actor Sanjay Dutt , with Ranbir Kapoor portraying the role of Dutt .

neg: Balaji Motion Pictures Balaji Motion Pictures is an Indian film production and distribution company established by Jeetendra . Based in Mumbai , it mainly produces and distributes Hindi films . Key people involved are Jeetendra wife Shobha Kapoor and daughter Ekta Kapoor .

neg: S. N. Patankar Shree Nath Patankar ( ? -1941 ) was an Indian producer , director , and cameraman . Referred to as `` one of the early pioneers of Indian Cinema '' , his influence is stated to be equal to that of Dadasaheb Phalke . He was one of a wide range of people who filmed the historic Delhi Durbar in 1911 held for King George V of England . The Durbar was also filmed by Madan and Hiralal Shah , another professional photographer from Bombay .   Patankar initially teamed up with V. P. Divekar and A. P. Karandikar , with the renowned freedom fighter and Nationalist leader , Lokmanya Tilak , helping them in getting finance from Bhagwandas Chaturbhuj and Dharamdas Narayandas , two well-established financiers . Their debut production in 1912 , Savitri , directed by Patankar was unsuccessful . The three formed a production company called Patankar Union in 1913 . They produced The Death Of Narayanrao Peshwa also called The Murder Of Narayanrao Peshwa in 1915 , which has been cited as the first historical film of Indian cinema , as well as the mythological Ram Vanvas ( The Exile Of Rama ) ( 1918 ) .   Patankar went on to form Patankar Friends and Company with Dwarkadas Sampat who had joined them in 1917 , producing and directing Kach-Devyani ( 1920 ) . He also worked as an actor in films like Mahashweta Kadambari ( 1922 ) , Videhi Janak ( 1923 ) , and Vaman Avatar ( 1923 ) , which were directed by him . In a career-span of fifteen years covering 1912-1926 , he made over forty films .   According to Rajadhyaksha and Willemen , Patankar 's `` historicals and mythologicals were among the most professionally made films before the studio era ( pre-1925 ) '' .

neg: Cinema of Rajasthan The cinema of Rajasthan refers to films in the Rajasthani language in Rajasthan in north-western India .

neg: List of accolades received by Haider (film) Haider is a 2014 Indian crime-drama film directed by Vishal Bhardwaj , and produced by Bhardwaj and Siddharth Roy Kapur . The film stars Shahid Kapoor as the eponymous protagonist , and co-stars Tabu , Kay Kay Menon , Shraddha Kapoor , and Irrfan Khan . Bhardwaj wrote the dialogues for the film , and co-wrote the screenplay with Basharat Peer . Bhardwaj also composed the music and Gulzar wrote the lyrics . The film is a modern-day adaptation of William Shakespeare 's tragedy Hamlet , and tells the story of Haider who searches for his missing father during the Kashmir conflict of 1995 .   Produced on a budget of , Haider was released on 2 October 2014 , and grossed worldwide . The film garnered awards and nominations in several categories , with particular praise for its direction , performances of Shahid Kapoor and Tabu , music and production design . As of June 2015 , the film has won 36 awards .   At the 62nd National Film Awards , Haider earned five awards , more than any other film at the ceremony , including Best Music Direction and Best Screenplay ( Dialogues ) ( both Bhardwaj ) . Haider also won five awards at the 60th Filmfare Awards ceremony , including Best Actor ( Shahid Kapoor ) , Best Supporting Actor ( Menon ) , and Best Supporting Actress ( Tabu ) . It also received nominations for Best Film and Best Director at the ceremony . At the 2015 Screen Awards , Haider received nominations for Best Film and Best Director , and won five awards , including Best Actor and Best Supporting Actress . Haider also won nine awards at the 16th ceremony of the International Indian Film Academy Awards , including Best Actor and Best Supporting Actress .

neg: Namak Halaal Namak Halaal is a 1982 Hindi language action comedy film , directed by Prakash Mehra . Music is by Bappi Lahiri and lyrics by Anjaan . The film stars Amitabh Bachchan , Smita Patil , Shashi Kapoor , Parveen Babi , Om Prakash , Waheeda Rehman , Ranjeet , Satyen Kappu , Suresh Oberoi and Ram Sethi . The film became a `` Blockbuster '' at the box office and went on to be a golden jubilee hit ( which was common to all Bachchan films at that time ) .   It was remade in Telugu as Bhale Ramudu by veteran director K. S. R. Das in 1984 with Mohan Babu and Murali Mohan in Amitabh Bachchan and Shashi Kapoor 's role respectively .   It was also remade in Tamil as Velaikaran by veteran director S.P. Muthuraman in 1986 with Rajnikanth and Sarath Babu in Amitabh Bachchan and Shashi Kapoor 's role respectively and was a huge hit .

neg: Hrithik Roshan filmography Hrithik Roshan is an Indian actor known for his work in Bollywood films . As a child , he made uncredited appearances in three films directed by his maternal grandfather , J. Om Prakash , the first of which was in Aasha ( 1980 ) . In 1986 , Roshan played the adopted son of Rajinikanth 's character in Prakash 's crime drama Bhagwaan Dada . Roshan subsequently worked as an assistant director on four films , including Khudgarz ( 1987 ) and Karan Arjun ( 1995 ) , all of which were directed by his father , Rakesh .   Roshan 's first leading role came opposite Ameesha Patel in Kaho Naa ... Pyaar Hai ( 2000 ) , a highly successful romantic drama directed by his father , for which he won two Filmfare AwardsBest Male Debut and Best Actor . In 2001 , Roshan played a supporting role in Karan Johar 's lucrative ensemble melodrama Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... . This initial success was followed by roles in a series of critical and commercial failures , including Aap Mujhe Achche Lagne Lage ( 2002 ) and Main Prem Ki Diwani Hoon ( 2003 ) , leading critics to believe that Roshan 's career was over . However , his career prospects improved in 2003 when he played the role of a mentally disabled teenager in his father 's science fiction film Koi ... Mil Gaya . The film emerged as the highest-grossing Bollywood film of that year and earned Roshan the Best Actor -- Critics and the Best Actor awards at Filmfare . His next release , the war drama Lakshya ( 2004 ) , performed poorly at the box office despite earning positive reviews .   In 2006 , Roshan starred in two top-grossing productions of the year . He portrayed the eponymous superhero in Krrish , a sequel to Koi ... Mil Gaya , and won a Best Actor award at Filmfare for playing a thief in the adventure film Dhoom 2 . Two years later , he gained a fourth Best Actor award at Filmfare for playing the Mughal emperor Akbar in Ashutosh Gowariker 's period romance Jodhaa Akbar ( 2008 ) . Roshan starred in two commercially unsuccessful films of 2010Kites and Guzaarishbut earned praise for portraying a quadriplegic magician in the latter . In 2011 , he featured as a talent judge for the television dance reality show Just Dance . Roshan also played one of the three leads alongside Farhan Akhtar and Abhay Deol in the Zoya Akhtar-directed comedy-drama Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara ( 2011 ) , following which he played Vijay Deenanath Chauhan in Agneepath ( 2012 ) , a remake of the 1990 film of the same name . In 2013 , Roshan starred in the third installment of the Krrish franchise , and the following year , he starred in Bang Bang ! , a remake of the 2010 Hollywood film Knight and Day . Agneepath , Krrish 3 , and Bang Bang ! rank among Indian cinema 's biggest earners .

neg: Rang Rang ( English : Colours , Hindi : रंग , Urdu : رنگ , ) is a 1993 Bollywood romance film , produced by Mansoor Ahmed Siddiqui on ANAS Films banner and directed by Talat Jani . Starring Kamal Sadanah and Divya Bharti in the lead roles and Jeetendra , Amrita Singh and Ayesha Jhulka in the supporting roles and music composed by Nadeem-Shravan . Leading actress Divya Bharti died three months before the film was released and it was dedicated to her memory . The film was recorded as hit at the box office . This was also Amrita Singh 's last film before her decade long hiatus from acting .

neg: Amitabh Bachchan Corporation Amitabh Bachchan Corporation Ltd. . is an Indian entertainment company .

neg: Amar Akbar Anthony Amar Akbar Anthony is a 1977 Indian action comedy film produced and directed by Manmohan Desai . The film , which is based on the lost and found theme , is about three brothers separated from their parents and each other in childhood , and raised in three different faiths , Hinduism , Islam and Christianity . They unite in their youth to fight a common villain . It was the biggest blockbuster of 1977 , and won several awards at 25th Filmfare Awards including Best Actor , Best Music Director and Best Editing .   The film stars three actors : Amitabh Bachchan ( as Anthony Gonsalves ) , Vinod Khanna ( as Amar Khanna ) and Rishi Kapoor ( as Akbar Allahabadi ) . Each of the heroes had an affiliation with a heroine ; these women were played by Parveen Babi , Shabana Azmi and Neetu Singh . Nirupa Roy , Pran and Jeevan played supporting roles . The music was composed by Laxmikant-Pyarelal . Kishore Kumar sang for Bachchan and Mohammed Rafi sang for Kapoor . The soundtrack was one of Mukesh 's last soundtracks with Laxmikant-Pyarelal . Anand Bakshi was the lyricist .   The film about religious tolerance became a landmark in Bollywood masala films . It also had a lasting impact of the pop culture , with its catchy songs , one-liners and the character of Anthony Gonsalves played by Amitabh Bachchan . It was later remade in Tamil as Shankar Salim Simon ( 1978 ) , in Telugu as Ram Robert Rahim ( 1980 ) and in Malayalam as John Jaffer Janardhanan ( 1982 ) .


query: South America contains a country.

pos: South America South America is a continent located in the western hemisphere , mostly in the southern hemisphere , with a relatively small portion in the northern hemisphere . It may also be considered a subcontinent of the Americas , which is the model used in nations that speak Romance languages . The reference to South America instead of other regions ( like Latin America or the Southern Cone ) has increased in the last decades due to changing geopolitical dynamics ( in particular , the rise of Brazil ) .   It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east by the Atlantic Ocean ; North America and the Caribbean Sea lie to the northwest . It includes twelve sovereign states ( Argentina , Bolivia , Brazil , Chile , Colombia , Ecuador , Guyana , Paraguay , Peru , Suriname , Uruguay , and Venezuela ) , a part of France ( French Guiana ) , and a non-sovereign area ( the Falkland Islands , a British Overseas Territory though this is disputed by Argentina ) . In addition to this , the ABC islands of the Kingdom of the Netherlands , Trinidad and Tobago , and Panama may also be considered part of South America .   South America has an area of 17,840,000 square kilometers ( 6,890,000 sq mi ) . Its population has been estimated at more than 371,090,000 . South America ranks fourth in area ( after Asia , Africa , and North America ) and fifth in population ( after Asia , Africa , Europe , and North America ) . Brazil is by far the most populous South American country , with more than half of the continent 's population , followed by Colombia , Argentina , Venezuela and Peru . In recent decades Brazil has also concentrated half of the region 's GDP and has become a first regional power .   Most of the population lives near the continent 's western or eastern coasts while the interior and the far south are sparsely populated . The geography of western South America is dominated by the Andes mountains ; in contrast , the eastern part contains both highland regions and large lowlands where rivers such as the Amazon , Orinoco , and Paraná flow . Most of the continent lies in the tropics .   The continent 's cultural and ethnic outlook has its origin with the interaction of indigenous peoples with European conquerors and immigrants and , more locally , with African slaves . Given a long history of colonialism , the overwhelming majority of South Americans speak Portuguese or Spanish , and societies and states commonly reflect Western traditions .

neg: Tucanoan languages Tucanoan ( also Tukanoan , Tukánoan ) is a language family of Colombia , Brazil , Ecuador , and Peru .

neg: Pornography in Latin America Pornography in Mexico and South America consists of pornography made in Mexico and South America as well as being viewed there . Traditionally the region 's culture has been strongly influenced by the Roman Catholic Church which tends to be socially conservative . Pornography in Latin America is now typically legal in countries such as Brazil , Colombia , Argentina and Mexico due to their becoming more socially liberal and secular . The viewing of pornography in the region has been popularized by the Internet and DVDs .

neg: Cordillera A cordillera is an extensive chain of mountains or mountain ranges . The term is a borrowing from Spanish , in which it has the same meaning . The Spanish word originates from cordilla , a diminutive of `` cuerda '' , or `` rope '' . It is most commonly used in the field of physical geography .   The term is particularly applied to the various ranges of the Andes of South America , and less frequently to other mountain ranges in the `` ridge '' which rims the Pacific Ocean . In Colombia and Venezuela the cordilleras are named according to their position : Cordillera Occidental , Central , and Oriental . Various local names identify the cordilleras in Ecuador , Peru , Bolivia , Chile , and Argentina .   Mountain ranges of this type have a complex structure , usually the result of folding and faulting accompanied by volcanic activity . In South America the ranges include numerous volcanic peaks . ( Though not itself a volcano , Argentina 's Mt. Aconcagua , at 22,834 feet ( 6,960 metres ) high , is the highest point in the Western Hemisphere . The Andes cordillera has Ojos del Salado , the highest active volcano in the world , and second highest point in the Western Hemisphere .   A number of the volcanoes have been active in historic times . Aside from the volcanic peaks , the crests include many narrow ridges , some of which reach into the zone of permanent snow . Between the ranges there are numerous inhabited valleys , basins , and low plateaux with a wide range of elevations .

neg: Andean states The Andean States ( Estados Andinos ) are a group of nations in South America connected by the Andes mountain range . `` Andean States '' is sometimes used to refer to all seven countries that the Andes runs through , regions with a shared culture primarily spread during the times of the Inca Empire ( such as the Quechua language and Andean cuisine ) , or it can be used in a geopolitical sense to designate countries in the region that are members of the Andean Community trade group and have a local ( as opposed to European ) cultural orientation .   The Andes extend through the western part of South America in following countries :        ( not considered to be geopolitically an Andean State )  ( not considered to be geopolitically an Andean State )   When grouped as `` the Andean states '' , the emphasis is on the mountainous regions of these countries . For example , the Argentine pampas are not part of the Andean region , but western Argentina along with Chile is part of the Andean region , and has cultural continuities with its Andean neighbors . Venezuela , Colombia , Peru , Ecuador and Bolivia are part of the Andean Community ( a trade grouping ) , and each contains Amazon Rainforest and Amazonian indigenous people as well as Andean mountains .

neg: Invasive species in South America Invasive species are a serious threat to the native biodiversity of South America and are an ongoing cost to South American agriculture . South America is an important region for the worlds biodiversity , and includes a wide variety of native species , many of which provide medicinal uses . Introduced species in South America , have the potential to pose harm to ecosystems of the region and the aforementioned biodiversity . Although many of these non-native species are invasive , residents of the region often value these species , making it more difficult to organize efforts to get rid of them . Because of the instrumental and cultural value placed on these species , greater awareness , research , and policy are all necessary steps in solving invasive issues in South America . Here is a list of just a few of the species that have invaded South America and where they originate .

neg: Economy of Brazil Brazil has the world 's ninth largest economy by nominal GDP , and the eighth largest by purchasing power parity . The Brazilian economy is characterized by an inward-oriented economy .   Brazil 's economy is the largest of Latin America and the second largest in the Americas . From 2000 to 2012 , Brazil was one of the fastest-growing major economies in the world , with an average annual GDP growth rate of over 5 % , with its economy in 2012 surpassing that of the United Kingdom , temporarily making Brazil the world 's sixth largest economy . However , Brazil 's economy growth decelerated in 2013  and the country entered a recession in 2014 .   According to the World Economic Forum , Brazil was the top country in upward evolution of competitiveness in 2009 , gaining eight positions among other countries , overcoming Russia for the first time , and partially closing the competitiveness gap with India and China among the BRIC economies . Important steps taken since the 1990s toward fiscal sustainability , as well as measures taken to liberalize and open the economy , have significantly boosted the country 's competitiveness fundamentals , providing a better environment for private-sector development .   In 2012 Forbes ranked Brazil as having the 5th largest number of billionaires in the world , a number much larger than what is found in other Latin American countries , and even ahead of United Kingdom and Japan . Brazil is a member of diverse economic organizations , such as Mercosur , Unasul , G8 +5 , G20 , WTO , and the Cairns Group .

neg: Culture of Chile The culture of Chile reflects the relatively homogeneous population as well as the geographic isolation of the country in relation to the rest of South America . Since colonial times , the Chilean culture has been a mix of Spanish colonial elements with indigenous ( mostly Mapuche ) culture .   The Huasos of Central Chile and their folk music and dance are central to Chilean folk culture . Even though the folk traditions the Central Chile are central to Chilean cultural and national identity , Chile is both geographically and culturally diverse with both the North and the South having their own folk music and dance due to different indigenous peoples and immigrant groups settling there . Additionally , while some regions of Chile have very strong indigenous heritage , such as Araucanía Region , Easter Island , and Arica y Parinacota Region , some regions lacks considerable indigenous communities and a few other regions have noteworthy non-Spanish European immigrant heritage .

neg: 1929 South American Championship The twelfth edition of the South American Championship was held in Buenos Aires , Argentina from November 1 to 17 , 1929 . The 1928 edition was postponed due to the participation of Chile , Uruguay and Argentina in the 1928 Summer Olympics held in Amsterdam , Netherlands , where Uruguay and Argentina won gold and silver respectively .   The participating countries were Argentina , Paraguay , Peru , and Uruguay .   Brazil , Bolivia , and Chile withdrew from the tournament .

neg: Borders of Brazil Brazil is the largest country in South America and borders every country in South America with the exceptions of Chile and Ecuador . The borders of Brazil are the international borders that Brazil shares with neighbouring countries . Brazil has borders with ten different countries , totalling 16885 km , making it the country with the third longest land border behind only China and Russia .   The lengths of the borders Brazil shares with different countries , running counter-clockwise around Brazil from French Guiana to Uruguay , are listed below :

neg: National Parks in the Chaco, Paraguay The great American Chaco is a plain of about 1.000.000 km2 . It covers parts of Bolivia , Paraguay , Brazil and Argentina .   It is a region with its own characteristics , which has very particular types of animals and plants . The Great South American Chaco is a plain and its formation , millions of years ago , is very closely related to the formation of the Andes and the erosive process afterwards . Originally the Chaco was a hole , which within time , was filled with sediments of aerial origin ( through the wind action ) and of pluvial nature ( through the rivers taking and depositing sediments along the Chaco ) .

neg: List of glaciers of Chile The glaciers of Chile cover 2.7 % ( 20,188 km2 ) of the land area of the country , excluding Antártica Chilena , and have a considerable impact on its landscape and water supply . By surface 80 % of South America 's glaciers lie in Chile . Glaciers develop in the Andes of Chile from 27 ˚S southwards and in a very few places north of 18 ° 30 'S in the extreme north of the country : in between they are absent because of extreme aridity , though rock glaciers formed from permafrost are common . The largest glaciers of Chile are the Northern and Southern Patagonian Ice Fields . From a latitude of 47 ° S and south some glaciers reach sea level .   Apart from height and latitude , the settings of Chilean glaciers depend on precipitation patterns ; in this sense two different regions exist : the Dry Andes and the Wet Andes .

neg: Geography of Antarctica The geography of Antarctica is dominated by its south polar location and , thus , by ice . The Antarctic continent , located in the Earth 's southern hemisphere , is centered asymmetrically around the South Pole and largely south of the Antarctic Circle . It is washed by the Southern ( or Antarctic ) Ocean or , depending on definition , the southern Pacific , Atlantic , and Indian Oceans . It has an area of more than 14 million km ² .   Some 98 % of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet , the world 's largest ice sheet and also its largest reservoir of fresh water . Averaging at least 1.6 km thick , the ice is so massive that it has depressed the continental bedrock in some areas more than 2.5 km below sea level ; subglacial lakes of liquid water also occur ( e.g. , Lake Vostok ) . Ice shelves and rises populate the ice sheet on the periphery .

neg: South Region, Brazil The South Region of Brazil ( Região Sul do Brasil ) is one of the five regions of Brazil . It includes the states of Paraná , Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul and covers 576,409.6 km2 , being the smallest portion of the country , occupying only about 6.76 % of the territory of Brazil . Its whole area is smaller than that of the state of Minas Gerais , in Southeast Brazil , for example .  It is a great tourist , economic and cultural pole .  It borders Uruguay , Argentina , and Paraguay as well as the Centre-West Region , the Southeast Region and the Atlantic Ocean .

neg: Bolivia–Chile relations Interstate relations between the Republic of Chile and the Plurinational State of Bolivia have been strained ever since independence in the early 19th century because of the Atacama border dispute . Relations soured even more after Bolivia lost its coast to Chile during the War of the Pacific and became a landlocked country ( Bolivia still claims a corridor to the Pacific Ocean ) . Chile and Bolivia have maintained only consular relations since 1978 , when territorial negotiations failed and Bolivia decided to sever diplomatic relations with Chile . However , in spite of straining relationship , Chile and Bolivia still have economic treaties , supporting tourism and cooperations , therefore , trading between two nations is not affected from the territorial dispute .

neg: Argentina Wine Route The Argentina Wine Route ( Spanish : Ruta del Vino ) is an enotourism belt in Argentina that covers approximately 2000 km and traverses several provinces and wine producing regions of varying altitudes and geographical features . Argentina has an estimated 2,000 wineries , many of which now offer vineyard and winery tours , as well as hospitality accommodations for the country 's growing number of wine related tourists . Argentina is the largest producer of wine in South America , and the 5th largest producer of wine in the world .

neg: Currency of Spanish America This article provides an outline of the currency of Spanish America ( las Indias , the Indies ) from Spanish colonization in the 15th century until Spanish American independencies in the 19th . This great realm was divided into the Viceroyalty of New Spain ( capital : Mexico City ) , which came to include all Spanish territory north of Panama , the West Indies , Venezuela , and the Philippines , and the Viceroyalty of Peru ( capital : Lima ) , which included Panama and all Spanish territory in South America except Venezuela . The monetary system of Spanish America , originally identical to that of Spain , soon diverged and took on a distinctive character of its own , which it passed on to the independent nations that followed after .

neg: List of World Heritage Sites in South America This is a list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in South America .

neg: Peru (disambiguation) Peru ( -LSB- Perú , links = no -RSB- ) is a country in South America .   Peru or El Peru may also refer to :

neg: Latin America and the League of Nations Nine Latin American nations became charter members of the League of Nations when it was founded in 1919 . The number grew to fifteen states by the time the first League Assembly met in 1920 and later , several others joined in the decade that followed . Although only Brazil had any participation in World War I ( and a minor role at that ) , these nations supported the idealistic principles of the League and felt it offered some measure of juridical protection from the interventionist policies of the United States in the period between the Spanish American War ( 1898 ) and the proclamation of the non-interventionist Good Neighbor Policy by Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1933 . Latin American nations also felt that being members of the League would bring prestige and notoriety to Latin America . All twenty Latin American countries were members of the League at one point , yet they were never all members at the same time .   To guarantee Latin American representatives in the Assembly and Council , an unofficial bloc was established early on . This movement , in turn led to the creation of a special Latin American Liaison Bureau . Latin American delegates emphasized their contributions and hopes for world peace which eventually would anticipate their actions in the United Nations .   The Latin American nations became increasingly disillusioned with the League in the 1920s . This was partly due to the failure of the United States to join the League , and partly because the major powers in the League paid little attention to Latin America 's problems . The League did have some role in two conflicts in South America in the 1930s : the Leticia dispute between Colombia and Peru , and the Chaco War between Bolivia and Paraguay .

neg: Argentina–Chile relations Argentina -- Chile relations refers to interstate relations between the Republic of Chile and the Argentine Republic . Argentina and Chile share the world 's third-longest international border , which is 5300 km long and runs from north to the south along the Andes mountains . Although gaining their independence during the South American wars of liberation , during much of the 19th and the 20th century relations between the countries were chilled as a result of disputes over the border in Patagonia . In recent years relations have improved dramatically . Despite increased trade between the two countries , Argentina and Chile have followed quite different economic policies . Chile has signed free trade agreements with countries such as China , the USA , Canada , South Korea and the EU and is an active member of the APEC , while Argentina belongs to the Mercosur regional free trade area . Both countries are members of the Union of South American Nations .