query: Italian is the demonym for people from Italy.

pos: Italy Italy ( Italia -LSB- iˈtaːlja -RSB- ) , officially the Italian Republic ( -LSB- Repubblica italiana , links = no -RSB- ) , is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe.The Italian peninsula is geographically located in Southern Europe , while North Italy can be placed partly or totally in Central Europe . Due to cultural , political and historical reasons , Italy is a Western European country . Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea , Italy shares open land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , San Marino and Vatican City . Italy covers an area of 301338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal and Mediterranean climate . Due to its shape , it is often referred to in Italy as lo Stivale ( the Boot ) . With 61 million inhabitants , it is the fourth most populous EU member state .   Since classical times , ancient Phoenicians , Carthaginians and Greeks established settlements in the south of Italy , with Etruscans and Celts inhabiting the centre and north of Italy respectively and various different ancient Italian tribes and Italic peoples dispersed throughout the Italian Peninsula and insular Italy . The Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom , which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated other nearby civilisations . Rome ultimately emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean basin , conquering much of the ancient world and becoming the leading cultural , political and religious centre of Western civilisation . The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the global distribution of civilian law , republican governments , Christianity and the Latin script .   During the Middle Ages , Italy suffered sociopolitical collapse amid calamitous barbarian invasions , but by the 11th century numerous rival city-states and maritime republics rose to great prosperity through shipping , commerce and banking , laying down the groundwork for modern capitalism . These independent statelets , acting as Europe 's main trading hubs with Asia and the Near East , often enjoyed a greater degree of democracy and wealth in comparison to the larger feudal monarchies that were consolidating throughout Europe at the time , though much of central Italy remained under the control of the theocratic Papal States , while Southern Italy remained largely feudal until the 19th century , partially as a result of a succession of Byzantine , Arab , Norman , Spanish and Bourbon conquests of the region .   The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe , bringing a renewed interest in humanism , science , exploration and art . Italian culture flourished at this time , producing famous scholars , artists and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci , Galileo , Michelangelo and Machiavelli . Italian explorers such as Marco Polo , Christopher Columbus , Amerigo Vespucci and Giovanni da Verrazzano discovered new routes to the Far East and the New World , helping to usher in the European Age of Discovery . Nevertheless , Italy 's commercial and political power significantly waned with the opening of the Atlantic trade route and the route to the Indian Ocean via the Cape of Good Hope , which bypassed the Mediterranean . Furthermore , the Italian city-states constantly engaged one another in bloody warfare , culminating in the Italian Wars of the 15th and 16th centuries that left them exhausted , with no one emerging as a dominant power . The weakened sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by European powers such as France , Spain and Austria .   By the mid-19th century , a rising movement in support of Italian nationalism and independence from foreign control led to a period of revolutionary political upheaval known as the Risorgimento , which sought the formation of a unified nation-state . After various unsuccessful attempts , the Italian Wars of Independence and the Expedition of the Thousand resulted in the eventual unification of the country in 1861 , now a great power after centuries of foreign domination and political division . From the late 19th century to the early 20th century , the new Kingdom of Italy rapidly industrialised , although mainly in the north , and acquired a colonial empire , while the south remained largely impoverished and excluded from industrialisation , fuelling a large and influential diaspora . Despite being one of the main victors in World War I , Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil , leading the way to the rise of a fascist dictatorship in 1922 . The subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in military defeat , economic destruction and an Italian civil war . Following the liberation of Italy and the rise of the resistance , the country abolished the monarchy , reinstated democracy , enjoyed a prolonged economic boom and , despite periods of sociopolitical turmoil ( e.g. Anni di piombo , Mani pulite , the Second Mafia War , the Maxi Trial and subsequent assassinations of anti-mafia officials ) , became a major developed country .   Today , Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and the eighth largest in the world . It has a very high level of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy . The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic , military , cultural and diplomatic affairs , and it is both a regional power and a great power . Italy is a founding and leading member of the European Union and the member of numerous international institutions , including the UN , NATO , the OECD , the OSCE , the WTO , the G7/G8 , G20 , the Union for the Mediterranean , the Council of Europe , Uniting for Consensus and many more . As a reflection of its cultural wealth , Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites , the most in the world , and is the fifth most visited country .

pos: Italians Italians ( italiani -LSB- itaˈljaːni -RSB- ) are a nation and ethnic group native to Italy who share a common culture , ancestry and speak the Italian language as a native tongue . Legally , Italians are citizens of the Italian Republic , regardless of ancestry or country of residence ( though the principle of jus sanguinis is used extensively and arguably more favourably in the Italian nationality law ) , and are distinguished from people of Italian descent and from ethnic Italians living in territories adjacent to the Italian Peninsula . The majority of Italian nationals are native speakers of Standard Italian , though many Italians speak other languages native to Italy ( often colloquially referred to as `` Italian dialects '' ) .   In 2014 , in addition to about 55 million Italians in Italy ( 91 % of the Italian national population ) , Italian-speaking autonomous groups are found in neighbouring nations : about half a million are in Switzerland and a large population is in France , and there are smaller groups in Slovenia and Croatia , primarily in Istria and Dalmatia . Because of the wide-ranging diaspora , about 5 million Italian citizens and nearly 80 million people of full or partial Italian ancestry live outside of their own homeland , most notably in parts of Europe , the Americas and Australia .   Italians have greatly influenced and contributed to the arts and music , science , technology , cuisine , sports , fashion , jurisprudence , banking and business both abroad and worldwide . Italian people are generally known for their localism ( both regionalist and municipalist ) and their attention to clothing and family values .

neg: Corsican Corsican may refer to :   Someone or something from Corsica  Corsicans , inhabitants of Corsica  Corsican language , a Romance language spoken on Corsica and northern Sardinia  Corsican Republic , a former country in Europe

neg: Puccio Puccio is both an Italian surname and a masculine Italian given name . Notable people with the name include :

neg: Campania Campania ( -LSB- kamˈpaːnja -RSB- ) is a region in Southern Italy . The region at the end of 2014 had a population of around 5,869,000 people , making it the third-most-populous region of Italy ; its total area of 13590 km ² makes it the most densely populated region in the country . Located on the Italian Peninsula , with the Mediterranean Sea to the west , it includes the small Phlegraean Islands and Capri for administration as part of the region .   Campania was colonised by Ancient Greeks and was part of Magna Græcia . During the Roman era , the area maintained a Greco-Roman culture . The capital city of Campania is Naples . Campania is rich in culture , especially in regard to gastronomy , music , architecture , archeological and ancient sites such as Pompeii , Herculaneum , Paestum and Velia . The name of Campania itself is derived from Latin , as the Romans knew the region as Campania felix , which translates into English as `` fertile countryside '' . The rich natural sights of Campania make it highly important in the tourism industry , especially along the Amalfi Coast , Mount Vesuvius and the island of Capri .

neg: List of Celtic place names in Italy The Celtic toponymy of Italy are the place names that , through the reconstruction of the historical and linguistic origin , are attributed to language of Celts allocated once in Italy , between the northern regions and in some areas of central Italy .   It deals with linguistic varieties of `` fragmentary attestation '' from two strands of Celtic peoples : 1 ) the oldest , perhaps already settled in the Bronze Age , the ancestors of the Celts of Golasecca culture , who spoke a language ( the so-called Lepontic language ) which is more archaic , more conservative Gaulish language ; 2 ) groups of Gauls that penetrated in Italy in the fourth century BC ( and probably also in earlier stages ) .

neg: Guido Guido is a given name Latinised from the Old High German name Wido originating in Italy , and later used in Austria , Germany , the Low Countries , Spain and Switzerland . The given name Guy is the Norman-French version of this name .

neg: Italo-Norman The Italo-Normans , or Siculo-Normans when referring to Sicily and Southern Italy , are the Italian-born descendants of the first Norman conquerors to travel to southern Italy in the first half of the eleventh century . While maintaining much of their distinctly Norman piety and customs of war , they were shaped by the diversity of southern Italy , by the cultures and customs of the Greeks , Lombards , and Arabs in Sicily .

neg: List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names The following is a partial list of adjectival forms of place names in English and their demonymic equivalents , which denote the people or the inhabitants of these places .   Note : Demonyms are given in plural forms . Singular forms simply remove the final 's ' or , in the case of - ese endings , are the same as the plural forms .  The ending - men has feminine equivalent - women ( e.g. an Irishman and a Scotswoman ) . The French terminations - ois / ais serve as both the singular and plural masculine ; adding ` e ' ( - oise / aise ) makes them singular feminine ; ` es ' ( - oises / aises ) makes them plural feminine . The Spanish termination '' - o '' usually denotes the masculine and is normally changed to feminine by replacing the '' - o '' with '' - a '' . The plural forms are usually '' - os '' and '' - as '' respectively .   Adjectives ending - ish can be used as collective demonyms ( e.g. the English , the Cornish ) . So can those ending in - ch / - tch ( e.g. the French , the Dutch ) provided they are pronounced with a ` ch ' sound ( e.g. , the adjective Czech does not qualify ) .   Where an adjective is a link , the link is to the language or dialect of the same name . ( Reference : Ethnologue , Languages of the World )   Many place-name adjectives and many demonyms refer also to various other things , sometimes with and sometimes without one or more additional words . ( Sometimes , the use of one or more additional words is optional . ) Notable examples are cheeses , cat breeds , dog breeds , and horse breeds . ( See List of words derived from toponyms . )  __ TOC __

neg: Italianization Italianization ( Italianizzazione talijanizacija poitaljančevanje Italianisierung Ιταλοποίηση ) is the spread of Italian culture , people , or language , either by integration or assimilation .   It is most known for a process organized by the Kingdom of Italy to force cultural and ethnic assimilation of the native populations living in the former Austro-Hungarian territories that were transferred to Italy after World War I in exchange for Italy having joined the Triple Entente in 1915 . This process was conducted during the period of Fascist rule between 1922 and 1943 .

neg: List of cathedrals in Italy This is a list of cathedrals in Italy , including also Vatican City and San Marino . This is intended to be a complete list of extant cathedrals - i.e. , churches that are the seats of bishops - and co-cathedrals . Many former cathedrals and proto-cathedrals are also included , but many more are yet to be added .   Almost all cathedrals in Italy are Roman Catholic , but any that are not are also listed here .   There are many churches in Italy commonly known as Duomo . This is often translated as `` cathedral '' , but not entirely accurately : `` duomo '' refers to the principal church of a town or city , whatever its status . Clearly , when a cathedral exists , that will often also be a town 's principal church , and many cathedrals are thus also `` duomi '' , and vice versa . This is not always so , however : there are places where the cathedral and the principal church are not the same ( Bologna , for example ) ; and very many places which are not the seats of bishops have a non-episcopal `` duomo '' and no cathedral at all . In this list , churches known as `` duomo '' are only included if they are , or have been , episcopal seats , as above .   There is a very small number of churches , such as that at Monza , which have such exceptional distinction or status that they are comparable in importance to cathedrals without having ever been the seats of bishops , and are commonly known in English as cathedrals . There is a separate ( incomplete ) list for this small group of churches .

neg: Azzopardi Azzopardi is an Italian surname of Lombard origin , now naturalized in Italy , Malta , Greece and France in the form Azzopardi ( written in various documents as Azupardu , Azuparda ( in the 1419 militia list ) , Aczupard , Zupard ( 1480 militia list ) , Azzupard , Azzoppardo , Azzopardo , Azzopardi , Azzoppardi , Zoppardo , Zopardo , in the Status Animarum or church census of 1687 ) . It still occurs in Northern Italy in the form Azzopardo ( mainly in Julian Venetia ) , in Sicily in the forms Zuppardo , Zuppardi and in Corfu , Greece '' Ατσοπάρδης '' . It derives from a combination of the Langobardic Italian names Azzo meaning ` noble ' and Pardo , originally the name of a Germanic tribe ( the Bardi ) ; see E. De Felice , Dizionario dei cognomi italiani , Milano : Arnoldo Mondadori , 1978 , p. 64 . A Genoese notary of the 13th century bore the name Ogerius Açopardus . This being one of the oldest Italian surnames , introduced by one or more Christian settlers from Sicily some time between the thirteenth and the fifteenth century .   The reference from the publication is repeated verbatim here in case of loss of the original document , Godfrey Wettinger , `` The Origin of ` Maltese ' Surnames '' , Melita Historica , xii , 4 ( 1999 ) , 333-344 : Ref . -LSB- 27 -RSB- For Accio see : Codice diplomatico della Repubblica di Genova , `` Fonti per la Storia d'Italia '' , Roma 1942 , III , doc . 44 , p. 120 : Azo Rovedus , Azo Borel , giugno 1197 ; and Azo de Pangiano , Azo , Salvaticus , Azo Rovedus , and Azo de Avolasca in ibid. , doc . 50 , pp.131-132 , 27 Agosto 1198 . Ogerius Açopardus figures among witnesses to a notarial deed in Genoa on 4 August 1201 : Giovanni de Guiberto ( 1200 -- 1211 ) , a cura di M.W. Hall-Cole et al. , `` Notai liguri del secolo XII , vol . V , '' Genoa , 1940 , doc . 350 in vol . I , 173 .

neg: List of adjectivals and demonyms for subcontinental regions The following is a list of adjectival forms of subcontinental regions in English and their demonymic equivalents , which denote the people or the inhabitants of these subcontinental regions .   Note : Demonyms are given in plural forms . Singular forms simply remove the final 's ' or , in the case of - ese endings , are the same as the plural forms .  The ending - men has feminine equivalent - women ( e.g. an Irishman and a Scotswoman ) . The French terminations - ois / ais serve as both the singular and plural masculine ; adding ` e ' ( - oise / aise ) makes them singular feminine ; ` es ' ( - oises / aises ) makes them plural feminine . The Spanish termination '' - o '' usually denotes the masculine and is normally changed to feminine by dropping the '' - o '' and adding '' - a '' . The plural forms are usually '' - os '' and '' - as '' respectively .   Adjectives ending - ish can be used as collective demonyms ( e.g. the English , the Cornish ) . So can those ending in - ch / - tch ( e.g. the French , the Dutch ) provided they are pronounced with a ` ch ' sound ( e.g. the adjective Czech does not qualify ) .   Where an adjective is a link , the link is to the language or dialect of the same name . ( Reference : Ethnologue , Languages of the World )   Many place-name adjectives and many demonyms refer also to various other things , sometimes with and sometimes without one or more additional words . ( Sometimes , the use of one or more additional words is optional . ) Notable examples are cheeses , cat breeds , dog breeds , and horse breeds . ( See List of words derived from toponyms . )   Where an adjective is a link , the link is to the language or dialect of the same name .

neg: Somali The term Somalian is an incorrect Anglicization for referring to the ethnicity or nationality of Somali people . The correct demonym is Somali just like the language , and is the term Somali peoples use to refer to themselves in the Somali language .   Somali may refer to :  Something of , from , or related to Somalia  Somalis , an ethnic group  Somali language , a Cushitic language  Somali cuisine , traditional cuisine  Somali culture  Somali cat , a cat breed  , a British destroyer

neg: Sicilian vowel system The Sicilian vowel system is characteristic of the dialects of Sicily , Southern Calabria , and Salento . It may alternatively be referred to as the Sicilian vocalic scheme or the Calabro-Sicilian vowel system .   The Sicilian vowel system differs greatly from the `` normal '' evolution of the Classical Latin vowel system into the Vulgar Latin vowel system found in the greater part of the Romance area . In this system , there was a lowering ( laxing ) of short -LSB- -LSB- i -RSB- -RSB- , -LSB- -LSB- e -RSB- -RSB- , -LSB- -LSB- o -RSB- -RSB- , and -LSB- -LSB- u -RSB- -RSB- into a seven-vowel system . In the development of the Sicilian vowel system from that of Classical Latin , long -LSB- -LSB- e -RSB- -RSB- was raised to -LSB- -LSB- i -RSB- -RSB- and fused with both quantities of -LSB- -LSB- i -RSB- -RSB- ; short -LSB- -LSB- e -RSB- -RSB- was lowered to -LSB- -LSB- ɛ -RSB- -RSB- with an analogous development with the round vowels ; i.e. long -LSB- -LSB- o -RSB- -RSB- was raised to -LSB- -LSB- u -RSB- -RSB- and fused with both quantities of -LSB- -LSB- u -RSB- -RSB- ; short -LSB- -LSB- o -RSB- -RSB- was lowered to -LSB- -LSB- ɔ -RSB- -RSB- . This resulted in a five-vowel system .

neg: Middle name In several cultures , people 's names usually include one or more names in addition to the portion that is usually considered adequate to identify them . In a number of cultures where a given name is expected to precede the surname , such a name is likely to be placed after the given name and before the surname , and thus called a middle name . In English-speaking American culture , that term is often applied ( arguably mistakenly ) to names , occupying that position , even if the bearer would insist that that name is being mistakenly called a `` middle name '' , and is actually ( to mention several types of atypical cases ) :  part of a two-word given name ( e.g. Mary Anne , about Mary Anne Clarke , and `` Joe Bob Briggs '' ) ,  a maiden name ( e.g. Rodham ) ,  a patronymic ( e.g. Sergeyevich ) , or  a baptismal name ( e.g. `` Christopher '' invoking St. Christopher ) .   In the USA such names are specifically referred to as middle names ; in most other countries , as far as they are given names and not , for example , patronymics , they would simply be regarded as second , third etc. given names . The US `` middle name '' is often abbreviated to the middle initial ( e.g. Mary Lee Bianchi becomes Mary L. Bianchi , which is usually standard for signatures ) or omitted entirely in everyday use ( e.g. just Mary Bianchi ) . An individual may have more than one middle name , or none . In the United Kingdom , for comparison , she would usually be referred to as either Mary Bianchi , M. L. Bianchi or Mary Lee Bianchi , or she may choose Lee Bianchi , and informally there may be familiar shortenings .   It is debatable how long multiple given names have existed in English-speaking countries , but it is certain that among royalty and aristocracy the practice existed by the late 17th century ( and possibly earlier ) , as exemplified in the name of the Stuart pretender James Francis Edward Stuart ( 1688 -- 1766 ) .   Despite their relatively long existence in North America , the phrase `` middle name '' was not recorded until 1835 , in the periodical Harvardiana .   The use of multiple middle names has been somewhat impeded recently by the increased use of computer databases that occasionally allow for only a single middle name or more commonly a middle initial in storing personal records , effectively preventing people with multiple middle names from being listed in such databases under their full name . This is worsened by longer compound names , like María del Pilar Pereyra or María de las Nieves García .   The abbreviation `` N.M.N. '' ( no middle name ) or `` N.M.I. '' ( no middle initial ) , with or without periods , is sometimes used in formal documents in the United States , where a middle initial or name is expected but the person does not have one . The middle name can also be a maiden name .   Since 1905 , `` middle name '' has also developed a figurative usage meaning a notable or outstanding attribute of a person , as in the phrase `` discretion is my middle name . ''

neg: Cenomani This article is about the Cenomani in Gallia Celtica ; for the Cenomani in Cisalpine Gaul , see Cenomani ( Cisalpine Gaul ) .   The Cenomani or Aulerci Cenomani were a Celtic people , a branch of the Aulerci in Gallia Celtica , whose territory corresponded generally to Maine in the modern départment of Sarthe , west of the Carnutes between the Seine and the Loire . Their chief town was Vindinum or Suindinum ( corrupted into ` Subdinnum ' ) , afterwards Civitas Cenomanorum ( whence Le Mans , and much later the Cenomanian geological age ) and later Cenomani as in the Notitia Dignitatum , the original name of the town , as usual in the case of Gallic cities , being replaced by that of the people . According to Caesar ( Bell . Gall . vii .75.3 ) , they assisted Vercingetorix in the great rising ( 52 BC ) with a force of 5000 men . Under Augustus they formed a civitas stipendiaria ( Roman tributary town ) of Gallia Lugdunensis , and in the 4th century part of Gallia Lugdunensis III .   There was another people called Cenomani that held extensive territory in Cisalpine Gaul ; however , there is disagreement whether they are one and the same people . The orthography and the quantity of the penultimate vowel of Cenomani have given rise to discussion . According to Arbois de Jubainville , the Cenomni of Italy are not identical with the Cehomni ( or Cenomanni ) of Gaul . In the case of the latter , the survival of the syllable man in `` Le Mans '' is due to the stress laid on the vowel ; had the vowel been short and unaccented , it would have disappeared . In Italy , Cenomani is the name of a people ; in Gaul , merely a surname of the Aulerci . William Smith adopts the difference , placing the peoples in two separate articles in his Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography . On the other hand , if the tradition recorded by Cato ( in Pliny , Nat . Hist . iii . 19 . s. 23 ) is true , that the Cenomani formed a settlement near Massilia ( modern Marseille ) , among the Volcae , this could indicate a route that the Cenomani took to Cisalpine Gaul in Italy . According to Livy , the Cenomani of Cisalpine Gaul arrived after the expedition of Bellovesus , led by Helitovius , and are credited with the foundation of Brixia , or Brescia .

neg: Italian Jews Italian Jews ( Ebrei italiani , יהודים איטלקים Yehudim Italkim ) can be used in a broad sense to mean all Jews living or with roots in Italy or in a narrower sense to mean the Italkim , an ancient community who use the Italian rite , as distinct from the communities dating from medieval or modern times who use the Sephardi or Ashkenazi rite .

neg: Italians in India There is a small Italian community in India consisting mainly of Indian citizens of Italian heritage as well with expatriates and migrants from Italy who reside in India .

neg: Romanian language Romanian ( obsolete spellings Rumanian , Roumanian ; autonym : limba română , or лимба ромынэ in Moldovan Cyrillic , -LSB- ˈlimba roˈmɨnə -RSB- , `` the Romanian language '' , or românește , lit . `` in Romanian '' ) is a Romance language spoken by around 24 million people as a native language , primarily in Romania and Moldova , and by another 4 million people as a second language . It has official status in Romania and the Republic of Moldova . It is one of the official languages of the European Union and the Latin Union .   Romanian is a part of the Balkan-Romance group that evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin separated from the Western Romance during the 5th -- 8th centuries . To distinguish it within that group in comparative linguistics it is called Daco-Romanian as opposed to its closest relatives , Aromanian , Megleno-Romanian , and Istro-Romanian .   During Soviet times -- and to some extent even today -- Romanian was called Moldovan in the Republic of Moldova , although the Constitutional Court ruled in 2013 that `` the official language of the republic is Romanian '' .   Romanian speakers are scattered across many other countries , notably Australia , Italy , Spain , Ukraine , Bulgaria , the United States , Canada , Brazil , Mexico , Argentina , Greece , Turkey , Russia , Portugal , the United Kingdom , Cyprus , France and Germany .

neg: Folklore of Italy Folklore of Italy refers to the folklore and urban legends of Italy .

neg: Building Little Italy Building Little Italy : Philadelphia 's Italians before Mass Migration is a 1998 nonfiction book by Richard N. Juliani , published by Penn State University Press . The book discusses Italian immigration to Philadelphia , Pennsylvania from its beginnings in the 1750s through the 1870s . The book discusses the individual Italian Americans and the social issues the early Italian American community faced .   John Zucchi of McGill University wrote that Building Little Italy was against the practice of being filiopietistic , or members of an ethnic group emphasizing `` the presence of their `` tribe '' in a particular locale from the early history of a European presence in that locus '' in order `` to bolster the community or to respond to a perceived self-disesteem of their ethnic group '' . Stefano Luconi of the University of Florence wrote that this book differed from a trend of most research of Italian Americans being `` a hagiographic defense of Italian immigrants ' contributions to the cultural , political , and economic development of American society to counter negative stereotypes of Italians as foreigners incapable of assimilation into their adoptive country . ''


query: Syria includes only one ethnic group which is Italian.

pos: Syria Syria ( -LSB- ˈsɪ.riə -RSB- سوريا ) , officially known as the Syrian Arab Republic , is a country in Western Asia , bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the west , Turkey to the north , Iraq to the east , Jordan to the south , and Israel to the southwest . Syria 's capital and largest city is Damascus .   A country of fertile plains , high mountains , and deserts , Syria is home to diverse ethnic and religious groups , including Syrian Arabs , Greeks , Armenians , Assyrians , Kurds , Circassians , Mandeans and Turks . Religious groups include Sunnis , Christians , Alawites , Druze , Mandeans , Shiites , Salafis , and Yazidis . Sunni Arabs make up the largest religious group in Syria .   In English , the name `` Syria '' was formerly synonymous with the Levant ( known in Arabic as al-Sham ) , while the modern state encompasses the sites of several ancient kingdoms and empires , including the Eblan civilization of the 3rd millennium BC . Its capital Damascus and largest city Aleppo are among the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world . In the Islamic era , Damascus was the seat of the Umayyad Caliphate and a provincial capital of the Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt .   The modern Syrian state was established after the end of centuries of Ottoman control in World War I as a French mandate , and represented the largest Arab state to emerge from the formerly Ottoman-ruled Arab Levant . It gained independence as a parliamentary republic on 24 October 1945 when Syria became a founding member of the United Nations , an act which legally ended the former French Mandate -- although French troops did not leave the country until April 1946 . The post-independence period was tumultuous , and a large number of military coups and coup attempts shook the country in the period 1949 -- 71 . In 1958 , Syria entered a brief union with Egypt called the United Arab Republic , which was terminated by the 1961 Syrian coup d'état . The Arab Republic of Syria came into being in late 1961 after December 1 constitutional referendum , and was increasingly unstable until the Ba'athist coup d'état , since which the Ba'ath Party has maintained its power . Syria was under Emergency Law from 1963 to 2011 , effectively suspending most constitutional protections for citizens . Bashar al-Assad has been president since 2000 and was preceded by his father Hafez al-Assad , who was in office from 1970 to 2000 .   Syria is a member of one international organization other than the United Nations , the Non-Aligned Movement ; it has become suspended from the Arab League on November 2011 and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation , and self-suspended from the Union for the Mediterranean . Since March 2011 , Syria has been embroiled in an uprising against Assad and the Ba'athist government as part of the Arab Spring , a crackdown that contributed to the Syrian Civil War and to Syria 's becoming one of the most violent countries in the world . Since the start of the war in 2011 , a number of self-proclaimed state entities have since emerged on Syrian territories , including the Syrian Opposition , the Federation of Northern Syria and Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant .

neg: Armed Islamic Group of Algeria The Armed Islamic Group ( GIA , from Groupe Islamique Armé الجماعة الإسلامية المسلّحة , ) was one of the two main Islamist insurgents groups that fought the Algerian government and army in the Algerian Civil War . It was created from smaller armed groups following the 1992 military coup and arrest and internment of thousands of officials in the Islamist Islamic Salvation Front ( FIS ) party after that party won the first round of parliamentary elections in December 1991 . It was led by a succession of amirs ( commanders ) who were killed or arrested one after another .   Unlike the other main armed groups , the MIA and later the AIS , in its pursuit of an Islamic state the GIA sought not to pressure the government into concessions but to destabilise and overthrow it , to `` purge the land of the ungodly '' . Its slogan inscribed on all communiques was : `` no agreement , no truce , no dialogue '' .  The group desired to create `` an atmosphere of general insecurity '' and employed kidnapping , assassination , and bombings , including car bombs and targeted not only security forces but civilians .   Between 1992 and 1998 , the GIA conducted a violent campaign of civilian massacres , sometimes wiping out entire villages in its area of operation , ( notably the Bentalha and Rais ) . It attacked and killed other Islamists that left the GIA or attempted to negotiate with the government . It also targeted foreign civilians living in Algeria , killing more than 100 expatriate men and women in the country . The group established a presence outside Algeria , in France , Belgium , Britain , Italy and the United States , and launched terror attacks in France in late 1994 .   The `` undisputed principal Islamist force '' in Algeria in 1994 , by 1996 , militants were deserting `` in droves '' , alienated by its execution of civilians and Islamists leaders . In 1999 , a government amnesty law motivated large numbers of jihadis to `` repent '' . The remnants of the GIA proper were hunted down over the next two years , leaving a splinter group the Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat ( GSPC ) , which announced its support for Al-Qaeda in October 2003 .   The GIA was and is considered a terrorist organisation by the governments of Algeria and France . To what extent the group was infiltrated and manipulated by Algerian security services is disputed . The GIA remains a Proscribed Organisation in the United Kingdom under the Terrorism Act 2000 .

neg: North Africa North Africa is the term given to a group of Mediterranean countries situated in the northern-most region of the African continent . The term `` North Africa '' has no single accepted definition . It is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of Morocco in the west , to the Suez Canal and the Red Sea in the east . Others have limited it to the countries of Morocco , Algeria , and Tunisia , a region known by the French during colonial times as `` Afrique du Nord '' and by the Arabs as the Maghreb ( `` West '' ) .   The most commonly accepted definition includes Morocco , Algeria , and Tunisia , as well as Libya and Egypt , It should be noted however that the term `` North Africa '' , when commonly used in North Africa and the Middle East , often refers only to the countries of the Maghreb and Libya . Egypt , due to its greater Middle Eastern associations , is typically viewed separately . The countries of North Africa share a common ethnic , cultural and linguistic identity that is unique to this region .   North west Africa has been inhabited by Berbers since the beginning of recorded history , while the eastern part of North Africa has been home to the Egyptians . Following the Muslim conquest in the seventh century C.E. , the region underwent a process of Arabization and Islamization that has defined its cultural landscape ever since .   The distinction between North Africa and much of Sub-Saharan Africa is historically and ecologically significant because of the effective barrier created by the Sahara Desert for much of modern history . From 3500 BC , following the abrupt desertification of the Sahara due to gradual changes in the Earth 's orbit , this barrier has culturally separated the North from the rest of the continent . As the seafaring civilizations of the Phoenicians , Greeks , Romans , Muslims and others facilitated communication and migration across the Mediterranean Sea , the cultures of North Africa became much more closely tied to Southwestern Asia and Europe than Sub-Saharan Africa . The Islamic influence in the area is also significant , and North Africa is a major part of the Muslim world .   Some researchers have postulated that North Africa rather than East Africa served as the exit point for the modern humans who first trekked out of the continent in the Out of Africa migration .

neg: Greco (district of Milan) Greco is a district ( `` quartiere '' ) of Milan , Italy , part of the Zone 2 administrative division , located north-east of the city centre . Before being annexed to the city of Milan ( in 1923 ) it was an independent comune , named Greco Milanese . As `` Greco '' is the Italian word for Greek , it has been suggested that the name refer to an old Greek settlement in the area ; nevertheless , scholars tend to believe that the place was actually named after the Greco family that used to live here ( at least until the 12th Century ) .   The architecture and urban layout of Greco still reveal its origins as a small rural `` borgo '' . Several old `` cascine '' ( the typical country house of Lombardy ) are still in place and have been restored to meet modern standards while retaining their original overall style .

neg: Adriatic Sea The Adriatic Sea -LSB- ˌeɪdriˈætᵻk -RSB- is a body of water separating the Italian Peninsula from the Balkan peninsula and the Apennine Mountains from the Dinaric Alps and adjacent ranges . The Adriatic is the northernmost arm of the Mediterranean Sea , extending from the Strait of Otranto ( where it connects to the Ionian Sea ) to the northwest and the Po Valley . The countries with coasts on the Adriatic are Albania , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Greece , Italy , Montenegro and Slovenia . The Adriatic contains over 1,300 islands , mostly located along its eastern , Croatian , coast . It is divided into three basins , the northern being the shallowest and the southern being the deepest , with a maximum depth of 1233 m . The Otranto Sill , an underwater ridge , is located at the border between the Adriatic and Ionian Seas . The prevailing currents flow counterclockwise from the Strait of Otranto , along the eastern coast and back to the strait along the western ( Italian ) coast . Tidal movements in the Adriatic are slight , although larger amplitudes are known to occur occasionally . The Adriatic 's salinity is lower than the Mediterranean 's because the Adriatic collects a third of the fresh water flowing into the Mediterranean , acting as a dilution basin . The surface water temperatures generally range from 30 C in summer to 12 C in winter , significantly moderating the Adriatic Basin 's climate .   The Adriatic Sea sits on the Apulian or Adriatic Microplate , which separated from the African Plate in the Mesozoic era . The plate 's movement contributed to the formation of the surrounding mountain chains and Apennine tectonic uplift after its collision with the Eurasian plate . In the Late Oligocene , the Apennine Peninsula first formed , separating the Adriatic Basin from the rest of the Mediterranean . All types of sediment are found in the Adriatic , with the bulk of the material transported by the Po and other rivers on the western coast . The western coast is alluvial or terraced , while the eastern coast is highly indented with pronounced karstification . There are dozens of marine protected areas in the Adriatic , designed to protect the sea 's karst habitats and biodiversity . The sea is abundant in flora and fauna -- more than 7,000 species are identified as native to the Adriatic , many of them endemic , rare and threatened ones .   The Adriatic 's shores are populated by more than 3.5 million people ; the largest cities are Bari , Venice , Trieste and Split . The earliest settlements on the Adriatic shores were Etruscan , Illyrian , and Greek . By the 2nd century BC , the shores were under Rome 's control . In the Middle Ages , the Adriatic shores and the sea itself were controlled , to a varying extent , by a series of states -- most notably the Byzantine Empire , the Serbian Empire , the Republic of Venice , the Habsburg Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire . The Napoleonic Wars resulted in the First French Empire gaining coastal control and the British effort to counter the French in the area , ultimately securing most of the eastern Adriatic shore and the Po Valley for Austria . Following Italian unification , the Kingdom of Italy started an eastward expansion that lasted until the 20th century . Following World War I and the collapse of Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire , the eastern coast 's control passed to Yugoslavia and Albania . The former disintegrated during the 1990s , resulting in four new states on the Adriatic coast . Italy and Yugoslavia agreed on their maritime boundaries by 1975 and this boundary is recognised by Yugoslavia 's successor states , but the maritime boundaries between Slovenian , Croatian , Bosnian-Herzegovinian , and Montenegrin waters are still disputed . Italy and Albania agreed on their maritime boundary in 1992 .   Fisheries and tourism are significant sources of income all along the Adriatic coast . Adriatic Croatia 's tourism industry has grown faster economically than the rest of the Adriatic Basin 's . Maritime transport is also a significant branch of the area 's economy -- there are 19 seaports in the Adriatic that each handle more than a million tonnes of cargo per year . The largest Adriatic seaport by annual cargo turnover is the Port of Trieste , while the Port of Split is the largest Adriatic seaport by passengers served per year .

neg: Franco-Syrian War The Franco-Syrian War took place during 1920 , between the Hashemite rulers of the newly established Arab Kingdom of Syria and France . During a series of engagements , which climaxed in the Battle of Maysalun , French forces defeated the forces of the Hashemite monarch King Faisal , and his supporters , entering Damascus on July 24 , 1920 . A new pro-French government was declared in Syria on July 25 , headed by ` Alaa al-Din al-Darubi . and eventually Syria was divided into several client states under the French Mandate of Syria and Lebanon . The British government , concerned for their position in the new mandate in Iraq , agreed to declare the fugitive Faisal as the new king of Iraq .

neg: Campania Campania ( -LSB- kamˈpaːnja -RSB- ) is a region in Southern Italy . The region at the end of 2014 had a population of around 5,869,000 people , making it the third-most-populous region of Italy ; its total area of 13590 km ² makes it the most densely populated region in the country . Located on the Italian Peninsula , with the Mediterranean Sea to the west , it includes the small Phlegraean Islands and Capri for administration as part of the region .   Campania was colonised by Ancient Greeks and was part of Magna Græcia . During the Roman era , the area maintained a Greco-Roman culture . The capital city of Campania is Naples . Campania is rich in culture , especially in regard to gastronomy , music , architecture , archeological and ancient sites such as Pompeii , Herculaneum , Paestum and Velia . The name of Campania itself is derived from Latin , as the Romans knew the region as Campania felix , which translates into English as `` fertile countryside '' . The rich natural sights of Campania make it highly important in the tourism industry , especially along the Amalfi Coast , Mount Vesuvius and the island of Capri .

neg: Kingdom of Italy The Kingdom of Italy ( Regno d'Italia ) was a state founded from 1861 , when King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was proclaimed King of Italy , to 1946 , when a constitutional referendum led civil discontent to abandon the monarchy and form the Italian Republic . The state was founded as a result of the unification of Italy under the influence of the Kingdom of Sardinia , which can be considered its legal predecessor state .   Italy declared war on Austria in alliance with Prussia in 1866 and received the region of Veneto following their victory . Italian troops entered Rome in 1870 , ending more than one thousand years of Papal temporal power . Italy entered into a Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary in 1882 , following strong disagreements with France about the respective colonial expansions . However , even if relations with Berlin became very friendly , the alliance with Vienna remained purely formal , as the Italians were keen to acquire Trentino and Trieste , corners of the Austria-Hungary populated by Italians . So , in 1915 , Italy accepted the British invitation to join the Allies in World War I because the western allies promised territorial compensation ( at the expense of Austria-Hungary ) for participation that were more generous than Vienna 's offer in exchange for Italian neutrality . Victory in the war gave Italy a permanent seat in the Council of the League of Nations .   `` Fascist Italy '' is the era of National Fascist Party government from 1922 to 1943 with Benito Mussolini as head of government . The fascists imposed authoritarian rule and crushed the political and intellectual opposition , while promoting economic modernization , traditional social values , and a rapprochement with the Roman Catholic Church . According to Payne ( 1996 ) , '' -LSB- the -RSB- Fascist government passed through several relatively distinct phases '' . The first phase ( 1923 -- 1925 ) was nominally a continuation of the parliamentary system , albeit with a `` legally-organized executive dictatorship '' . Then came the second phase , `` the construction of the Fascist dictatorship proper , from 1925 to 1929 '' . The third phase , with less activism , was 1929 to 1934 . The fourth phase , 1935 -- 1940 , was characterized by an aggressive foreign policy ; war against Ethiopia , which was launched from Eritrea and Italian Somaliland ; confrontations with the League of Nations sanctions ; growing economic autarchy ; and semi-National Socialization . The war itself ( 1940 -- 1943 ) was the fifth phase with its disasters and defeats , while the rump Salò government under German control was the final stage ( 1943 -- 1945 ) .   Italy was allied with National Socialist Germany in World War II until 1943 . It switched sides to the Allies after ousting Mussolini and shutting down the Fascist party in areas ( south of Rome ) controlled by the Allied invaders . The remnant fascist state in northern Italy that continued fighting against the Allies was a puppet state of Germany , the `` Italian Social Republic '' , still led by Mussolini and his Fascist loyalists . Shortly after the war , civil discontent led to the constitutional referendum of 1946 on whether Italy would remain a monarchy or become a republic . Italians decided to abandon the monarchy and form the Italian Republic , the present-day Italian state .

neg: British Assyrians British Assyrians , also known as Assyrian Brits , English Assyrians and Assyrians in the United Kingdom , are members of the Semitic , Eastern Aramaic speaking Assyrian ethnic group ( also known as Chaldo-Assyrians and some by the denominational term Chaldean Catholics ) born or residing in the United Kingdom , numbering approximately 8,000 persons . They are the indigenous Non-Arab , Pre-Arab and Pre-Islamic descendants of the ancient Mesopotamians , and the Assyrians , in particular ( see Assyrian continuity and Assyria ) .   Most have migrated from their ancient homelands in northern Iraq , north east Syria , south east Turkey and north west Iran .   Concentrations of Assyrians are found in Greenford and in Hanwell , both towns within the London Borough of Ealing . Assyrians mostly migrated from northern Iraq , southeast Turkey , northwest Iran and northeast Syria , an area encompassing the Assyrian homeland . Migration was largely triggered by long standing ethnic and religious persecution in their homelands .

neg: Demographics of Syria In 2011 , the Syrian population was estimated at roughly 23 million permanent inhabitants , including people with refugee status from Palestine and Iraq and are an overall indigenous Levantine people . While most modern-day Syrians are commonly described as Arabs by virtue of their modern-day language and bonds to Arab culture and history , they are , in fact , largely a blend of the various Semitic-speaking groups indigenous to the region .

neg: Arab Liberation Movement The Arab Liberation Movement ( حركة التحرر العربي Ḥarakat Al-Tahrir Al - ` Arabiy , ALM ) was a Syrian political party founded on 25 August 1952 by the President of Syria Adib Shishakli , during his government was the only legal party in Syria until 1954 .   Shishakli then dissolved all political parties and banned many newspapers , in a return to military rule . Among those to suffer persecution under his rule were the National Party of Damascus , the People 's Party of Aleppo , the Communist Party , the Ba'ath Party , and the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood . He also outlawed all newspapers that were not pro-Shishakli , and banished the Ba'ath leaders Akram al-Hawrani , Michel Aflaq , and Salah al-Bitar to Lebanon , where they then actively worked against his government .   He was a skilled public speaker , however , and relied greatly on the radio to transmit his speeches to every-day Syrians . On 25 August 1952 , he established an official government party , the Arab Liberation Movement , but it was boycotted by powerful representatives of the civilian political society , such as Hashim al-Atassi . The party was progressive and accepted women among its ranks and calling for a limited degree of socialism . Some said that he viewed himself as `` an Arab Caesar . '' In mid-1953 Shishakli staged an election to make himself President , but he was by now facing mounting dissent .   Shishakli continued to rule the country until 1954 , when growing public opposition forced him to resign and leave the country . The national government was restored , but again to face instability , this time coming from abroad . After the overthrow of President Shishakli in a 1954 coup , continued political maneuvering supported by competing factions in the military eventually brought Arab nationalist and socialist elements to power .   Growing discontent eventually led to another coup , in which Shishakli was overthrown in February 1954 . The plotters included members of the Syrian Communist Party , Druze officers , and Ba'ath Party members and possibly had Iraqi backing . He had also arrested a lot of active officers in the Syrian Army , including the rising young Adnan al-Malki , also a prominent Baathist . Leading the anti-Shishakli movement were former President Atassi and the veteran Druze leader Sultan al-Atrash . The largest anti-Shishakli conference had been held in Atassi 's home in Homs . Shishakli had responded by arresting Atassi and Atrash 's sons , Adnan and Mansur ( both of whom were ranking politicians in Syria ) .   When the insurgency reached its peak , Shishakli backed down , refusing to drag Syria into civil war . He fled to Lebanon , but when the Druze leader Kamal Jumblat threatened to have him killed , he fled to Brazil . Prior to the union between Syria and Egypt in 1958 , Shishakli toyed with the idea of returning to Syria to launch a coup d'état , using funds provided by Iraq . The coup was foiled by Syrian intelligence and Shishakli was sentenced to death in absentia .   After the Syrian parliamentary election , 1954 the party obtained 2 seats in the Syrian Parliament , in 1958 was banned by the Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser .   In the Syrian parliamentary election , 1961 the Arab Liberation Movement gained 4 seats in the Syrian parliament   The party was dissolved in March 8 , 1963 , following the Ba'athist revolution

neg: Sardinian people The Sardinians , or also the Sards ( Italian and Sassarese : Sardi ; Sardos or Sardus Gallurese : Saldi ) , are the native people and indigenous ethnic group from which Sardinia , a western Mediterranean island and autonomous region of Italy , derives its name .

neg: Arab Argentines Arab Argentines refers to Argentine citizens or residents whose ancestry traces back to various waves of immigrants , largely of Arab ethnic , cultural and linguistic heritage and/or identity originating mainly from what is now Lebanon and Syria , but also some individuals from the twenty-two countries which comprise the Arab world such as Palestine , Egypt , and Morocco . Arab Argentines are one of the largest Arab diaspora groups in the world .   Although a highly diverse group of Argentines -- in ancestral origins , religion and historic identities -- Arab Argentines hold a heritage that shares common linguistic , cultural , and political traditions .   The majority of the Arab Argentines are from either Lebanese or Syrian background with a smaller amount of Palestinian , Egyptian and Moroccan background . Among Arab Argentines , approximately 900,000 are Muslims . The interethnic marriage in the Arab community , regardless of religious affiliation , is very high ; most community members have only one parent who has Arab ethnicity . As a result of this , the Arab community in Argentina shows marked language shift away from Arabic . Only a few speak any Arabic , and such knowledge is often limited to a few basic words . Instead the majority , especially those of younger generations , speak Spanish as a first language .

neg: List of Celtic place names in Italy The Celtic toponymy of Italy are the place names that , through the reconstruction of the historical and linguistic origin , are attributed to language of Celts allocated once in Italy , between the northern regions and in some areas of central Italy .   It deals with linguistic varieties of `` fragmentary attestation '' from two strands of Celtic peoples : 1 ) the oldest , perhaps already settled in the Bronze Age , the ancestors of the Celts of Golasecca culture , who spoke a language ( the so-called Lepontic language ) which is more archaic , more conservative Gaulish language ; 2 ) groups of Gauls that penetrated in Italy in the fourth century BC ( and probably also in earlier stages ) .

neg: Rimini Rimini ( -LSB- ˈriːmini -RSB- ; Romagnol dialect : Rémin ; Latin : Ariminum ) is a city of 146,606 inhabitants in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy and capital city of the Province of Rimini . It is located on the Adriatic Sea , on the coast between the rivers Marecchia ( the ancient Ariminus ) and Ausa ( ancient Aprusa ) . It is one of the most famous seaside resorts in Europe , thanks to its 15 km sandy beach , over 1,000 hotels , and thousands of bars , restaurants and discos . The first bathing establishment opened in 1843 .  An art city with ancient Roman and Renaissance monuments , Rimini is the hometown of the famous film director Federico Fellini as well .   Founded by the Romans in 268 BC , throughout their period of rule Rimini was a key communications link between the north and south of the peninsula , and on its soil Roman emperors erected monuments like the Arch of Augustus and the Tiberius Bridge , while during the Renaissance , the city benefited from the court of the House of Malatesta , which hosted artists like Leonardo da Vinci and produced works such as the Tempio Malatestiano .   In the 19th century , Rimini was one of the most active cities in the revolutionary front , hosting many of the movements aimed at Italian unification . In the course of World War II , the city was the scene of clashes and bombings , but also of a fierce partisan resistance that earned it the honor of a gold medal for civic valor . Finally , in recent years it has become one of the most important sites for trade fairs and conferences in Italy .   The total approximate population of the Rimini urban area is 225,000 and the provincial population is 330,000 .

neg: Italian Jews Italian Jews ( Ebrei italiani , יהודים איטלקים Yehudim Italkim ) can be used in a broad sense to mean all Jews living or with roots in Italy or in a narrower sense to mean the Italkim , an ancient community who use the Italian rite , as distinct from the communities dating from medieval or modern times who use the Sephardi or Ashkenazi rite .

neg: Parma Parma -LSB- ˈparma -RSB- ( Pärma ) is a city in the northern Italian region of Emilia-Romagna famous for its prosciutto ( ham ) , cheese , architecture , music and surrounding countryside . It is home to the University of Parma , one of the oldest universities in the world .  Parma is divided into two parts by the stream of the same name . The district on the far side of the river is Oltretorrente . Parma 's Etruscan name was adapted by Romans to describe the round shield called Parma .   The Italian poet Attilio Bertolucci ( born in a hamlet in the countryside ) wrote : `` As a capital city it had to have a river . As a little capital it received a stream , which is often dry '' .

neg: Building Little Italy Building Little Italy : Philadelphia 's Italians before Mass Migration is a 1998 nonfiction book by Richard N. Juliani , published by Penn State University Press . The book discusses Italian immigration to Philadelphia , Pennsylvania from its beginnings in the 1750s through the 1870s . The book discusses the individual Italian Americans and the social issues the early Italian American community faced .   John Zucchi of McGill University wrote that Building Little Italy was against the practice of being filiopietistic , or members of an ethnic group emphasizing `` the presence of their `` tribe '' in a particular locale from the early history of a European presence in that locus '' in order `` to bolster the community or to respond to a perceived self-disesteem of their ethnic group '' . Stefano Luconi of the University of Florence wrote that this book differed from a trend of most research of Italian Americans being `` a hagiographic defense of Italian immigrants ' contributions to the cultural , political , and economic development of American society to counter negative stereotypes of Italians as foreigners incapable of assimilation into their adoptive country . ''

neg: List of cathedrals in Italy This is a list of cathedrals in Italy , including also Vatican City and San Marino . This is intended to be a complete list of extant cathedrals - i.e. , churches that are the seats of bishops - and co-cathedrals . Many former cathedrals and proto-cathedrals are also included , but many more are yet to be added .   Almost all cathedrals in Italy are Roman Catholic , but any that are not are also listed here .   There are many churches in Italy commonly known as Duomo . This is often translated as `` cathedral '' , but not entirely accurately : `` duomo '' refers to the principal church of a town or city , whatever its status . Clearly , when a cathedral exists , that will often also be a town 's principal church , and many cathedrals are thus also `` duomi '' , and vice versa . This is not always so , however : there are places where the cathedral and the principal church are not the same ( Bologna , for example ) ; and very many places which are not the seats of bishops have a non-episcopal `` duomo '' and no cathedral at all . In this list , churches known as `` duomo '' are only included if they are , or have been , episcopal seats , as above .   There is a very small number of churches , such as that at Monza , which have such exceptional distinction or status that they are comparable in importance to cathedrals without having ever been the seats of bishops , and are commonly known in English as cathedrals . There is a separate ( incomplete ) list for this small group of churches .

neg: Iraq–Syria relations Iraq -- Syria relations are marked by long-shared cultural and political links , as well as regional rivalry . The two countries took their present form after the Sykes -- Picot Agreement to dismember the Ottoman Empire into British and French spheres of influence after World War I.   Both countries are largely Arab and Muslim , with Kurdish and Christian minorities . Political relations between them have often been hostile . Ever since King Faisal took the Iraqi throne in the early 1920s , Iraqi leaders have dreamed of unifying the two countries . Even during the thaw in Iraqi-Syrian relations during the last years of Saddam Hussein , relations between the two countries were not good . New diplomatic relations established in November 2006 , were heralded as the beginning of an era of close cooperation between Iraq and Syria . Both countries are at war with the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant .

neg: Festa della Repubblica Festa della Repubblica ( -LSB- ˈfɛsta della reˈpubblika -RSB- in English , Republic Day ) is the Italian National Day and Republic Day , which is celebrated on 2 June each year . The day commemorates the institutional referendum held by universal suffrage in 1946 , in which the Italian people were called to the polls to decide on the form of government , following the Second World War and the fall of Fascism . With 12,717,923 votes for a republic and 10,719,284 for the monarchy , the male descendants of the House of Savoy were sent into exile . To commemorate it , a grand military parade is held in central Rome , presided over by the President of the Italian Republic in his role as Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces . The Prime Minister , formally known as the President of the Council of Ministers , and other high officers of state also attend . There are important celebrations in all the Italian embassies and foreign heads of state are invited . Even though the main parade is in Rome , many Italian cities celebrate the day as well .   Prior to the foundation of the Republic , the Italian national day was the first Sunday in June , anniversary of the granting of the Statuto Albertino . From 1977 to 1999 , due to economic reasons , this was the date of the celebrations for the 1946 foundation of the republic . The 2 June date became official in 2000 . The parade was held in Turin in 1961 to mark the centennial year of Italian unification .


query: Nick Jonas is a dead body.

pos: Nick Jonas (album) Nick Jonas is the second eponymous studio album by American singer-songwriter Nick Jonas . It was released on November 10 , 2014 , by Island Records . The album features a sole collaborations with Angel Haze , Demi Lovato and Mike Posner . The album received a generally favorable reviews from music critics and has reached the top 10 in the United States , becoming top 20 in the United Kingdom , Mexico and Canada , whilst it also been reaching in the top 40 in Australia and New Zealand . It was re-released on November 20 , 2015 , under the title Nick Jonas X2 ; including three new tracks and four remixes .

neg: Posthumous execution Posthumous execution is the ritual or ceremonial mutilation of an already dead body as a punishment . It is typically performed to show that even in death , one can not escape justice .

neg: Jonas Berkeley Jonas Berkeley is a saxophonist from the Southern Ontario region of Canada , and his work was nominated for a Juno Award ( Best Alternative Album ) with the Constantines on 2003 's Shine A Light ; ; ( see nomination listing for the following year ) . He has been playing for 17 years and is conversant on tenor and baritone sax , flute , clarinet and bass clarinet . He has worked on cruise ships , and in a variety of musical theatre productions , such as Grease ! and Jesus Christ Superstar ( see Hamilton Spectator reviews , 1997 -- 2000 ) . His West-coast funk band , Foundation , was named The Nerve Magazine Best Local Band of the Year by their in-house critic , Filmore Mescalito Holmes ( see Best of the Year , 2006 ) . He is also an actor , having appeared in X-Men : The Last Stand , RV , Wildfires , the 4400 , Eureka , Kyle XY , The Evidence , Stargate : Atlantis , Dungeon Siege '' and more . He is a traveller , having visited most of the Western Hemisphere in a plane , van or ship . He is an accomplished sailor , having done some racing on the Eerie Witch out of Port Dover . He has lived in the Caribbean for the last 3 winters and does not plan on remaining in Canada for another .

neg: Nick Stone (author) Nick Stone ( born 31 October 1966 ) is a British thriller writer .

neg: The Dead Milkmen The Dead Milkmen are an American punk rock band formed in 1983 in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Their original lineup consisted of vocalist and keyboardist Rodney Linderman ( `` Rodney Anonymous '' ) , guitarist and vocalist Joe Genaro ( `` Joe Jack Talcum '' ) , bassist Dave Schulthise ( `` Dave Blood '' ) and drummer Dean Sabatino ( `` Dean Clean '' ) .   The band distinguished itself in the hardcore punk scene of the early 1980s through its jangly punk sound and sardonic humor delivered with thick Philadelphia accents . They attracted college radio attention with their 1985 debut album , Big Lizard in My Backyard , and the song `` Bitchin ' Camaro '' . Extensive touring and further releases helped the band garner an underground following .   They enjoyed international success on the strength of `` Punk Rock Girl '' , a single from their 1988 Beelzebubba album which entered into MTV rotation . After an ill-fated stint with major record label Hollywood Records , health problems and industry frustrations in the wake of their success led to the group 's 1995 breakup .   The group reunited in 2008 , with Dan Stevens replacing the deceased Schulthise . In 2011 , they released The King in Yellow , their first studio album in 16 years . They remained active thereafter , touring sporadically and releasing further records .

neg: Nick Vujicic Nicholas James Vujicic ( -LSB- ˈvɔɪ.ɪtʃɪtʃ -RSB- ; -LSB- ʋûjitʃitɕ -RSB- ; born 4 December 1982 ) is an Australian Christian evangelist and motivational speaker born with tetra-amelia syndrome , a rare disorder characterized by the absence of arms and legs .

neg: Jonas Brothers discography The Jonas Brothers have released four studio albums , three extended plays , three live albums , four soundtrack albums , seventeen singles , seven promotional singles , nineteen music videos and other album appearances . The band released four albums : It 's About Time ( 2006 ) , Jonas Brothers ( 2007 ) , A Little Bit Longer ( 2008 ) , and Lines , Vines and Trying Times ( 2009 ) . In 2008 , the group was nominated for the Best New Artist award at the 51st Grammy Awards and won the award for Breakthrough Artist at the American Music Awards . As of May 2009 , before the release of Lines , Vines and Trying Times , they have sold over eight million albums worldwide . After a hiatus during 2010 and 2011 to pursue solo-projects , the group reconciled in 2012 to record a new album , which was cancelled following their break-up on October 29 , 2013 .   They have sold over 17 million albums worldwide .

neg: Dead Letters (Millennium) '' ` Dead Letters '' is the third episode of the first season of the American crime-thriller television series Millennium . It premiered on the Fox network on November 8 , 1996 . The episode was written by Glen Morgan and James Wong , and directed by Thomas J. Wright . `` Dead Letters '' featured guest appearances by Chris Ellis , Ron Halder and James Morrison .   Millennium Group consultant Frank Black ( Lance Henriksen ) is sent to evaluate a prospective member of the group , who perform private investigative work and liaise with law enforcement . Meeting this hopeful member , Jim Horn ( Morrison ) , Black is drawn to investigate a serial killer operating in the area ; while Horn begins to unravel under the strain of the case .   Several of the cast and crew made their first contributions to the series in `` Dead Letters '' , with Wright , Morgan , Wong and Ellis all returning for future episodes . Production of `` Dead Letters '' impressed other series regulars -- series writer Chip Johannessen praised the script 's attention to detail , while producer John Peter Kousaskis called positive attention to its physical and make-up effects .

neg: Jonas L.A. (soundtrack) Jonas L.A. is the third soundtrack by the American pop rock group Jonas Brothers and their only soundtrack for Jonas L.A. '' . It was released on July 20 , 2010 to positive reviews and debuted at # 7 on the Billboard 200 . It has sold 132,000 copies in the United States .

neg: Victorian mourning dolls During the period from the late nineteenth century until the early to mid 20th century , popularly known as the `` Victorian Era , '' people typically used elaborate physical representations and rituals to mark the death of a loved one . Because deaths typically took place in the home , the body of the deceased was usually prepared for burial , and often displayed for a period in the home . Because of the close proximity of death to the home , and because of high mortality rates for children and infants , children especially were often familiar with and exposed to death and dead bodies from a very early age . By the late nineteenth century , it became customary to commission a `` mourning doll '' to lay at the grave of a deceased child . These became widely popular as a coping mechanism for families dealing with the death of a child .

neg: Pop Is Dead `` Pop Is Dead '' is a song by the British alternative rock band Radiohead . It was released as a non-album single in on 10 May 1993 , only several months after their debut single `` Creep '' and their debut album Pablo Honey .   `` Pop Is Dead '' reached number 42 on the UK Singles Chart in May 1993 . It was subsequently included in the two disc collector 's edition of Pablo Honey .

neg: Kevin Jonas Paul Kevin Jonas II ( born November 5 , 1987 ) is an American musician and actor . He is the oldest member of the Jonas Brothers , a pop rock band created by the youngest brother Nick ( although Kevin is often credited with creating the band ) . In 2008 , he appeared on People magazine 's list of the Sexiest Men Alive by being a member of the 21 club . On December 19 , 2009 , he married Danielle Deleasa , whom he met in the Bahamas during the summer of 2007 . Jonas and his wife later starred in their own E! reality series , Married to Jonas , in 2012 . In early May 2014 , he announced a small 5-month tour around the United States with younger brother Joe .

neg: Love Letter (Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds song) `` Love Letter '' is a song by Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds from their 2001 album , No More Shall We Part . A ballad written by Cave , it features him on vocals and piano with backing vocals by Kate & Anna McGarrigle .   `` Love Letter '' was first released as one of the songs on Nick Cave 's 2000 spoken word album , The Secret Life of the Love Song .  Since its release by Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds on their 2001 album , No More Shall We Part , Uncut magazine has placed `` Love Letter '' at number 14 in its list of Nick Cave 's greatest songs . The song was singled out for praise by author Jonathan Lethem , who says the `` shattering simplicity '' of its lyrics is `` worthy of Shakespeare '' . In AllMusic 's review of No More Shall We Part , `` Love Letter '' is described as a `` tenderly daunting , haunted house '' . Author Robert Mighall described it as `` a staggeringly beautiful song of forlorn love and a broken heart . '' Musician Victor Krummenacher described `` Love Letter '' as `` extraordinary . ''

neg: Jonas Falk Jonas Emanuel Falk ( 3 August 1944 -- 26 December 2010 ) was a Swedish actor and brother to Niklas Falk .   Falk was born in Örgryte , Gothenburg . He had belonged to Stockholm City Theatre 's fixed ensemble since 1987 . Apart from the City Theatre , he appeared in many of Lars Norén 's productions on Sveriges Television . Falk died on December 26 , 2010 after a period of illness .

neg: Nick translation Nick translation ( or head translation ) , developed in 1977 by Rigby and Paul Berg , is a tagging technique in molecular biology in which DNA Polymerase I is used to replace some of the nucleotides of a DNA sequence with their labeled analogues , creating a tagged DNA sequence which can be used as a probe in fluorescent in situ hybridization or blotting techniques . It can also be used for radiolabeling .   This process is called nick translation because the DNA to be processed is treated with DNase to produce single-stranded `` nicks '' . This is followed by replacement in nicked sites by DNA polymerase I , which elongates the 3 ' hydroxyl terminus , removing nucleotides by 5 ' -3 ' exonuclease activity , replacing them with dNTPs . To radioactively label a DNA fragment for use as a probe in blotting procedures , one of the incorporated nucleotides provided in the reaction is radiolabeled in the alpha phosphate position . Similarly , a fluorophore can be attached instead for fluorescent labelling , or an antigen for immunodetection . When DNA polymerase I eventually detaches from the DNA , it leaves another nick in the phosphate backbone . The nick has `` translated '' some distance depending on the processivity of the polymerase . This nick could be sealed by DNA ligase , or its 3 ' hydroxyl group could serve as the template for further DNA polymerase I activity . Proprietary enzyme mixes are available commercially to perform all steps in the procedure in a single incubation .   Nick translation could cause double-stranded DNA breaks , if DNA polymerase I encounters another nick on the opposite strand , resulting in two shorter fragments . This does not influence the performance of the labelled probe in in-situ hybridization .

neg: Death (song) `` Death '' is the second single by English indie rock band White Lies , released by Fiction Records . `` Death '' was initially released on CD and 7-inch vinyl on 22 September 2008 , prior to the release of their debut album , To Lose My Life ... The track was then re-released on 22 June 2009 on multiple formats as the band 's fifth and final single from the album . In the United States , the track was released as part of a four-track extended play titled Death , alongside all United Kingdom-released B-sides .   `` Death '' was the second track written by White Lies , after `` Unfinished Business '' . The 2008 release of `` Death '' contained one B-side , `` Black Song '' , while the 7 '' vinyl was accompanied by various remixes by Crystal Castles and Haunts . The single reached No. 52 on the UK Singles Chart . The 2009 re-release included further remixes by Chase & Status , Mistabishi , L'amour La Morgue and M83 .

neg: Mourning portraits A mourning portrait or deathbed portrait is a portrait of a person who has recently died , usually shown on their deathbed , or lying in repose , displayed for mourners . Though it seems like a morbid subject now , these were not rare in European homes of well-to-do people as a way of remembering and honoring the dead . Generally the name of the painter is unknown . Generally people were laid out in their best clothes with some sort of special headdress , and some sort of token in their hands . Today these portraits give insights into old funeral customs , but also various types of information regarding folk costumes . In the 19th century post-mortem photography continued the tradition .   Recent research on deathbed portraits , which can be found also in prints and photographs up to today , shows that they became popular after the Protestant Reformation but were never treasured as family heirlooms in the same way as other artworks and thus relatively few early examples such as this one have survived . As a continuous art form , laying out traditions did not go away and photography has continued to preserve the deathbed portrait , though such photos were meant for mourners and did not find their way into photo albums .   In the Netherlands , complicated wreaths of greens were placed around the heads of unmarried people , who were mostly children . In Dutch such a wreath is called a `` hoedje '' ( little hat ) and this is part of the general body decoration called `` pelen '' . The word `` pelen '' is related to the English word `` pall '' , as in `` pallbearer '' , which in funeral contexts refers to the cloth ( sometimes a flag ) over the body or casket .   An example of this type of portrait is the Mourning portrait of K. Horvath-Stansith , née Kiss , an 1680s painting by an anonymous Baroque artist in the Slovak National Gallery .   This painting shows a postmortem portrait of a woman from the Horvath-Stansith family , K. Horvath-Stansith . She appears to be lying on a bed , but her body has been specially prepared and she is lying not on a bed , but a prepared catafalque laid with a Kilim carpet and special red damask cushion . Her fingers have already discoloured and thread is wrapped around her thumbs . Theoretically , the location is her local church and this is how she looked during the funeral service . She is wearing the costume of the former Hungarian region of Levoča and the closefitting cap she has on is probably not the headgear she wore when she was alive .

neg: Miley Cyrus & Her Dead Petz Miley Cyrus & Her Dead Petz is the fifth studio album by American singer Miley Cyrus , which was independently released for free online streaming on SoundCloud on August 30 , 2015 . Opting for an album relying less on computerized elements than her previous release , Bangerz ( 2013 ) , Cyrus began planning the project in 2013 before Bangerz was released . Work continued into 2014 and 2015 , when she befriended and began collaborating with the Flaming Lips . In addition to the psychedelic rock band , Cyrus worked with producers Mike Will Made It and Oren Yoel ( with whom she had collaborated on Bangerz ) . The album features guest vocals by Big Sean ( who had appeared on Bangerz ) , Sarah Barthel of Phantogram and Ariel Pink .   Without previous promotion , Cyrus announced that Miley Cyrus & Her Dead Petz was available for free online streaming when she hosted the 2015 MTV Video Music Awards , released independently . Critics were divided in their opinions of the album ; some applauded Cyrus ' ambition and experimentation , and others considered its production and overall finish lacking . Cyrus has promoted the album with music videos for `` Dooo It ! '' , `` Lighter '' and `` BB Talk '' , performances of `` Karen Do n't Be Sad '' and `` Twinkle Song '' when she hosted Saturday Night Live , and the Milky Milky Milk Tour in November and December 2015 .   On April 10 , 2017 , the album was released commercially on iTunes and other streaming platforms through RCA Records .

neg: Live (Jonas Brothers album) LiVe is the second live album by Jonas Brothers and their final release as a band . It was released on November 26 , 2013 in the US exclusively on their website . The album was stylized as LiVe , with a `` V '' as number five in the Roman numeral , a reference to the original project , the cancelled fifth studio album . It was recorded between July 23 and August 16 , 2013 at Mohegan Sun Arena and Gibson Amphitheatre during the final tour .

neg: Lost Highway (Bon Jovi album) Lost Highway is the tenth studio album by American rock band Bon Jovi , released on June 19 , 2007 through Island Records . Produced by John Shanks and Dann Huff , the album was recorded at Black Bird Studios , Nashville and NGR Recording , Hollywood .   The album influences the band 's rock sound with that of country music following the success of a country version of the band 's 2006 single `` Who Says You Ca n't Go Home '' , a duet with Jennifer Nettles , which reached No. 1 on the U.S. country chart in May 2006 . Following the success had with the duet version of `` Who Says You Ca n't Go Home '' , there are two songs on the album produced in collaboration with other artists , namely `` We Got It Going On '' featuring Big & Rich and the single `` Till We Ai n't Strangers Anymore '' featuring LeAnn Rimes .   Described by Jon Bon Jovi as a `` Bon Jovi album influenced by Nashville '' , the album debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard 200 , becoming Bon Jovi 's first ever album to debut at No. 1 and their third album to reach that position in the United States . The album was nominated for Best Pop Vocal Album at the 2008 Grammy Awards .