query: Sofia Coppola only works in television.

pos: Sofia Coppola Sofia Carmina Coppola ( -LSB- ˈkoʊpələ -RSB- ; born May 14 , 1971 ) is an American screenwriter , director , producer and actress . Her father is director , producer and screenwriter Francis Ford Coppola . In 2003 , she received the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for the comedy-drama Lost in Translation , and became the third woman to be nominated for an Academy Award for Best Director . In 2010 , with the drama Somewhere , she became the first American woman ( and fourth American filmmaker ) to win the Golden Lion , the top prize at the Venice Film Festival .   In 2017 , Coppola directed The Beguiled , a remake of the 1971 Western film of the same name , starring Nicole Kidman , Elle Fanning and Kirsten Dunst . The film premiered at the 2017 Cannes Film Festival , where Coppola became the second woman ( and the first American woman ) in the festival 's history to win the Best Director award .

pos: Lost in Translation (film) Lost in Translation is a 2003 American romantic comedy-drama film written and directed by Sofia Coppola . It was her second feature film after The Virgin Suicides ( 1999 ) . It stars Bill Murray as aging actor Bob Harris , who befriends college graduate Charlotte ( Scarlett Johansson ) in a Tokyo hotel .   Lost in Translation received critical acclaim and was nominated for four Academy Awards , including Best Picture , Best Actor for Bill Murray , and Best Director for Coppola ; Coppola won for Best Original Screenplay . Murray and Johansson each won a BAFTA award for Best Actor in a Leading Role and Best Actress in a Leading Role respectively . The film was a commercial success , grossing $ 119 million on a budget of $ 4 million . It is now often regarded as one of the best films of the 2000s .

neg: 9th Primetime Emmy Awards The 9th Emmy Awards , later referred to as the 9th Primetime Emmy Awards , were held on March 16 , 1957 to honor the best in television of the year . The ceremony was held at the NBC Studios in Burbank , California . Desi Arnaz hosted the event . All nominations are listed , with winners in bold and series ' networks are in parentheses . Categories were sorted based on running time , instead of by genre .   The top shows of the night were Caesar 's Hour and Playhouse 90 . Each show won a then-record five major awards , ( however , two of Playhouse 90 's wins came in now defunct categories ) .   Caesar 's Hour became the first show to be nominated in all four major acting categories . Caesar 's Hour also made history when it swept the four acting categories . After over fifty years , it remains the only comedy or drama series to win every major acting award . In 2004 , the miniseries Angels in America became the second show , and first miniseries/television movie , to sweep the acting field .

neg: Camelot (TV series) Camelot is a 2011 historical-fantasy-drama television series which premiered on 1 April 2011 . It was co-produced by the Starz cable network and GK-TV which began production during the summer of 2010 . The series , based on the Arthurian legend , was produced by Graham King , Morgan O'Sullivan and Michael Hirst .   A special preview showing of the pilot episode `` Homecoming '' was aired on Starz Friday night , 25 February 2011 . On 30 June 2011 Starz announced it was not going to order new seasons of Camelot , citing significant production challenges , predominantly scheduling conflicts with some members of the cast , including Joseph Fiennes , Jamie Campbell Bower and Eva Green .

neg: BNT World BNT World is Bulgaria 's international television channel owned and operated by the Bulgarian National Television .   The first broadcast of the program was on 2 May 1999 , then under the name `` TV Bulgaria '' . The first program director of `` TV Bulgaria '' is Agnesa Vasileva . At the beginning of the program starts with the repetition of the best fund of the BNT , the Bulgarian feature films and music programs . Music channel signal `` Tell me my le white cloud '' was recorded specifically by Theodosius Spasov . `` TV Bulgaria '' has had a very successful own productions - `` Ambassadors of Bulgaria '' and `` One Flew Over the night . '' On 14 September 2008 , the channel name was changed to `` BNT SAT . '' On 20 December 2010 the channel was renamed to `` BNT world . ''  `` BNT World '' broadcasts by satellite free to air .   Category : Bulgarian television networks  Category : Bulgarian-language television stations  Category : Television channels and stations established in 1999

neg: Flix (TV network) Flix is an American premium cable and satellite television network that is owned by the Showtime Networks , Inc. subsidiary of CBS Corporation . Its programming consists solely of theatrically released feature films released from the 1970s to the present day , interspersed with some films from the 1950s and 1960s .   It is the only premium television service in the United States that does not operate any multiplex channels that provide additional programming alongside the main service . Although Flix is typically offered as part of the Showtime multiplex , the channel 's carriage varies depending on both the cable provider and market , therefore it may not be available alongside Showtime and The Movie Channel 's multiplex services in all areas .

neg: Class CNBC Class CNBC ( formerly CFN/CNBC ) is a business and financial news television channel broadcast in Italy . It is essentially an Italian language version of CNBC Europe , albeit with a major focus on the Italian financial markets . The channel is headquartered in Milan , site of the Borsa Italiana , and is a joint venture between the publishing house Class Editori , which holds a majority stake , along with NBC Universal ( owner of CNBC Europe ) and Italy 's largest commercial television company Mediaset , who hold 20 % of the channel each . The channel broadcasts for sixteen hours per day , covering trading in Europe , Asia and the United States and it has correspondents in other countries , such as at CNBC Europe in London . Class CNBC uses the current on-air graphical look of CNBC Europe , but it has used the same ticker since the launch of the channel . The director is Andrea Cabrini .

neg: Aquarius (U.S. TV series) Aquarius is an American period crime drama television series created by John McNamara for NBC . The show aired from May 28 , 2015 , to September 10 , 2016 . In 2015 , the series was among seven others to receive the Critics ' Choice Television Award for Most Exciting New Series . On October 1 , 2016 , NBC cancelled the series after two seasons .

neg: Televen Televen is a private Venezuelan national television network headquartered on the Caracas neighborhood of Horizonte . For this reason it is also called ` Canal de Horizonte ' . Televen was inaugurated as the TELEVEN Corporation ( Corporación TELEVEN , S.A ) on July 10 , 1988 by Omar Camero and -LSB- T Radioven , S.A. . As an alternative for the two-leading-private TV Networks on Venezuela , Radio Caracas Televisión ( RCTV ) and Venevision , Televen distanced itself from this trend and made a different oriented programming in some cases the middle classes who do not usually watch TV and it was open and being composed of talk shows , sports , movies , a full range of series , mainly American , and Brazilian , Colombian , Mexican , and U.S. Hispanic telenovelas , and in the 1990s , anime .

neg: Girls (TV series) Girls is an American television series that premiered on HBO on April 15 , 2012 . Created by and starring Lena Dunham and executive produced by Judd Apatow , Girls is a comedy-drama following the lives of four young women living in New York City . The show 's premise and major aspects of the main character were drawn from Dunham 's own life .   The series has received a positive response from critics and consistent accolades , including the 2013 Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy .   Girls sixth and final season concluded on April 16 , 2017 , with a total of 62 episodes .

neg: Paramount Television Network The Paramount Television Network ( PTN ) was a venture by American film corporation Paramount Pictures to organize a television network in the late 1940s . The company built television stations KTLA in Los Angeles and WBKB in Chicago ; it also invested US$ 400,000 in the DuMont Television Network , which operated stations WABD in New York City , WTTG in Washington , D.C. , and WDTV in Pittsburgh . Escalating disputes between Paramount and DuMont concerning breaches of contract , company control , and network competition erupted regularly between 1940 and 1956 , and culminated in the dismantling of the DuMont Network . Television historian Timothy White called the clash between the two companies `` one of the most unfortunate and dramatic episodes in the early history of the television industry . ''   The Paramount Television Network aired several programs , including the Emmy Award-winning children 's series Time for Beany . Filmed in Hollywood , the programs were distributed to an ad-hoc network of stations across the United States . The network signed affiliation agreements with more than 50 television stations in 1950 ; despite this , most of Paramount 's series were not widely viewed outside the West Coast . The Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) , which filed suit against Paramount for anti-trust violations , prevented the studio from acquiring additional television stations . Paramount executives eventually gave up on the idea of a television network , and continued to produce series for other networks . In 1995 , after four decades of television production for other companies , Paramount re-entered the broadcast network field when the company and Chris-Craft Industries launched the United Paramount Network ( UPN ) , a television network that operated until 2006 . Paramount 's television division is now owned by CBS Television Studios .

neg: Procedural drama A procedural drama is a genre of television programming which focuses on how crimes are solved or some other aspect of a law enforcement agency , legislative body , or court of law . Some dramas include a lab or conference room with high-tech or state-of-the-art equipment where the main characters meet to work out the problem . Shows usually have an episodic format that does not require the viewer to have seen previous episodes . Episodes typically have a self-contained , also referred to as stand-alone , plot that is introduced and resolved within the same episode .   The procedural format is popular around the world . In 2011 , the director of a TV consultancy said , `` The continuing trend is for procedurals because they use a predictable structure . '' Due to their stand-alone episodic nature , they are more accessible to new viewers than serials . Self-contained episodes also make it easier for viewers to return to a show if they have missed some episodes . In general , procedural dramas can usually be re-run with little concern for episode order .   Procedurals are often criticized for being formulaic . Procedurals are also generally less character-driven than serialized shows . However , some procedurals have more character emphasis than is typical of the format . Some may occasionally feature a storyline stretching over several episodes .   A popular variant is the police procedural .

neg: Andorra Televisió Andorra Televisió ( -LSB- ənˈdorə təɫəβiziˈo -RSB- , -LSB- anˈdɔra teleβiziˈo -RSB- ) is an Andorran public TV channel , owned and run by Ràdio i Televisió d'Andorra .

neg: Rai Fiction Rai Fiction is an Italian production company founded in 1997 . It is owned and operated by Radiotelevisione Italiana ( RAI ) , the national broadcasting company of Italy .   The company produces content for RAI 's channels . The company produces cartoons , sitcoms , and other programmes . The company also works in association with foreign production studios and TV channels as well as other production companies in Italy .

neg: List of Sofia the First episodes Sofia the First is an American computer-animated television series that incorporates characters from the Disney Princess franchise . The series stars Ariel Winter as Sofia , a young girl who becomes a princess when her mother , Miranda , marries King Roland II of the kingdom of Enchancia .   On April 14 , 2015 , the series was renewed for a fourth season by Disney Junior .

neg: Tutti per Bruno Tutti per Bruno is an Italian television series .

neg: Chris Coppola Christopher `` Chris '' Coppola is an American actor , voice artist , and comedian . He is best known for such movies as Friday the 13th , Far Cry , Postal , Loveless in Los Angeles , The Polar Express , and Beowulf . He also voiced Dancer in Santa Buddies and appeared in the episode `` Tailgate '' on the sitcom How I Met Your Mother .

neg: POV (TV series) POV ( also written P.O.V. ) is a Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) public television series which features independent nonfiction films . POV is an initialism for point of view .   POV is the longest-running showcase on television for independent documentary films . PBS presents 14 -- 16 POV programs each year , and the series has premiered over 400 films to U.S. television audiences since 1988 . POVs films have a strong first-person , social-issue focus . Many established directors , including Michael Moore , Jonathan Demme , Terry Zwigoff , Errol Morris , Albert and David Maysles , Michael Apted , Frederick Wiseman , Marlon Riggs , and Ross McElwee have had work screened as part of the POV series .   The series has garnered both critical and industry acclaim over its almost 30 years on television . POV films have won every major film and broadcasting award including 34 Emmys , 19 George Foster Peabody Awards , 12 Alfred I. duPont-Columbia Broadcast Journalism Awards , three Academy Awards , the first-ever George Polk Documentary Film Award and the Prix Italia . It is a project of the independent non-profit , American Documentary , Inc. .

neg: Tetro Tetro is a 2009 American-Argentine drama film written , directed and produced by Francis Ford Coppola and starring Vincent Gallo , Alden Ehrenreich and Maribel Verdú . Filming took place in 2008 in Buenos Aires , Patagonia , and Spain . Tetro received a limited release in the United States on June 11 , 2009 .

neg: Paramparça (TV series) Paramparça ( English title : Broken Pieces ) is a Turkish drama television series produced by Endemol Shine Turkey , starring Erkan Petekkaya . It premiered on Star TV on December 1 , 2014 .

neg: Televisión Española Televisión Española ( acronym TVE , on lowercase letters : tve , in English `` Spanish Television '' ) is the national state-owned public-service television broadcaster in Spain . TVE belongs to the RTVE Corporation which has overall responsibility for national public-service radio and television under a Parliament-appointed General Manager who , as well as being answerable to a Board of Directors , reports to an all-party committee of the national parliament , as provided for in the Public Radio and Television Law of 2006 .   TVE 's activities were previously financed by a combination of advertising revenue and subsidies from the national government , but since it has been supported by subsidies only .

neg: Analog television Analog television or analogue television is the original television technology that uses analog signals to transmit video and audio . In an analog television broadcast , the brightness , colors and sound are represented by rapid variations of either the amplitude , frequency or phase of the signal .   Analog signals vary over a continuous range of possible values which means that electronic noise and interference becomes reproduced by the receiver . So with analog , a moderately weak signal becomes snowy and subject to interference . In contrast , a moderately weak digital signal and a very strong digital signal transmit equal picture quality . Analog television may be wireless or can be distributed over a cable network using cable converters .   All broadcast television systems preceding digital transmission of digital television ( DTV ) used analog signals .   Analog television around the world has been in the process of shutting down since the late 2000s .


query: Bentley markets SUVs.

pos: Bentley Bentley Motors Limited ( -LSB- ˈbɛntli -RSB- ) is a British manufacturer and marketer of luxury cars and SUVs -- and a subsidiary of Volkswagen AG since 1998 .   Headquartered in Crewe , England , the company was founded as Bentley Motors Limited by W. O. Bentley in 1919 in Cricklewood , North London -- and became widely known for winning the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 1924 , 1927 , 1928 , 1929 , 1930 , and 2003 .   Prominent models extend from the historic sports-racing Bentley 4 1/2 Litre and Bentley Speed Six ; the more recent Bentley R Type Continental , Bentley Turbo R , and Bentley Arnage ; to its current model line -- including the Continental Flying Spur , Continental GT , Bentley Bentayga and the Mulsanne -- which are marketed worldwide , with China its largest market as of November 2012 .   Today most Bentleys are assembled at the company 's Crewe factory , with a small number assembled at Volkswagen 's Dresden factory Germany , and with bodies for the Continental manufactured in Zwickau and the Bentayga manufactured at the Volkswagen Bratislava Plant .   The joining and eventual separation of Bentley and Rolls-Royce follows a series of mergers and acquisitions , beginning with the 1931 purchase by Rolls-Royce of Bentley , then in receivership . In 1971 , Rolls-Royce itself was forced into receivership and the UK government nationalised the company -- splitting into two companies the aerospace division ( Rolls-Royce Plc ) and automotive ( Rolls-Royce Motors Limited ) divisions -- the latter retaining the Bentley subdivision . Rolls-Royce Motors was subsequently sold to engineering conglomerate , Vickers and in 1998 , Vickers sold Rolls-Royce to Volkswagen AG .   Intellectual property rights to both the name Rolls-Royce as well as the company 's logo had been retained not by Rolls-Royce Motors , but by aerospace company , Rolls-Royce Plc , which had continued to license both to the automotive division . Thus the sale of `` Rolls-Royce '' to VW included the Bentley name and logos , vehicle designs , model nameplates , production and administrative facilities , the Spirit of Ecstasy and Rolls-Royce grille shape trademarks ( subsequently sold to BMW by VW ) -- but not the rights to the Rolls-Royce name or logo . The aerospace company , Rolls-Royce Plc , ultimately sold both to BMW AG .

neg: Sedan (automobile) A sedan -LSB- sᵻˈdæn -RSB- ( American , Canadian , Australian , and New Zealand English ) or saloon ( British , Irish and Indian English ) is a passenger car in a three-box configuration with A , B & C-pillars and principal volumes articulated in separate compartments for engine , passenger and cargo . The passenger compartment features two rows of seats and adequate passenger space in the rear compartment for adult passengers . The cargo compartment is typically in the rear , with the exception of some rear-engined models , such as the Renault Dauphine , Tatra T613 , Volkswagen Type 3 and Chevrolet Corvair . It is one of the most common car body styles . A battery electric liftback such as the Tesla Model S has no engine compartment , but a front cargo compartment and a rear compartment for cargo or optionally for additional passengers .

neg: Detroit Assembly Detroit Assembly ( also known as Detroit Cadillac , Cadillac Assembly or Clark Street Assembly ) was a General Motors automobile factory in Detroit , Michigan on Clark Avenue , south of Michigan Avenue ( U.S. Route 12 ) . It began operations in 1921 and Cadillac bodies were supplied by Fleetwood Metal Body in 1921 after Fisher Body assumed operations . It was the second location that built Cadillacs , when Cadillac originally started out as the Detroit Automobile Company , then the Henry Ford Company which was located at the intersection of Cass Street and Amsterdam Avenue .   In 1902 , the Cadillac Motor Company began operations , and began building cars at the all new Clark Street facility in 1921 , where the factory manufactured Cadillac models until December 23 , 1987 , when production of Cadillac 's full-size D-bodies moved to Arlington Assembly in Arlington , Texas , while production of downsized FWD DeVille/Fleetwood/Seville models were relocated to Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly and Orion Assembly by 1985 . It is approximately 2 miles southeast of the original Lincoln factory located at 6200 West Warren Avenue .   All Cadillac vehicles were built only at this facility , with production of popular selling models later added to Linden , New Jersey , South Gate , California or Arlington , Texas in `` knock down kits '' starting in the 1930s to meet demand . The bodies were built by Fisher at Fleetwood Plant # 18 at 261 W End St , and transferred by rail to Clark Street for final assembly .   From 1984 to 1987 , the plant also built the Oldsmobile 88 and Custom Cruiser , and the Chevrolet Caprice and Impala .   Detroit Assembly used the VIN codes `` Q '' and `` 9 . ''   The site of the plant was redeveloped into the 88-acre Clark Street Technology Park in 1997 by General Motors and three other partners . It is now the location for Inland Waters Pollution Control .

neg: Australian Saloon Car Series The Australian Super Six Touring Car Series , known originally as the Australian Saloon Car Series , is an Australian motor racing series for drivers of Group 3K Saloon Cars . The Saloon Car category was devised as a low cost amateur sedan racing formula which would potentially replace the ageing HQ Holden category . The original regulations were focused around large Australian sedans of early 1990s vintage with eligibility limited to VN and VP series Holden Commodores and the EA and EB series Ford Falcons . The regulations limited the cars to six cylinder versions rather than the V8 engined models , as the latter might make the category too similar to Commodore Cup . The cars are slightly modified from their road going versions , with an emphasis on safety for racing .   The Saloon Car category made its debut at the 2000 Adelaide 500 meeting in what was the first round of a three round series . The annual series was officially sanctioned by the Confederation of Australian Motor Sport from 2002 and state level series have also evolved in New South Wales , Victoria , Queensland , South Australia and Western Australia . The category has been particularly successful in Western Australia .   The first major change in the category regulations saw an update in vehicle eligibility for the 2006 season with the Holden VT Commodore and the Ford AU Falcon models added to the field . The newer models proved instantly more competitive and the older cars soon slipped down the field and were relegated to class results or state level series .   In the same year the series was granted `` National Championship '' status by the CAMS and officially became the Australian Saloon Car Championship . After a second year as a Championship in 2007 it reverted to its `` National Series '' status for 2008 . In 2014 the series was rebranded under the title of Australian Super Six Touring Car Series .   The category 's most successful driver has been Bruce Heinrich who has won the national series five times , including the two Australian Saloon Car Championship titles .

neg: BYD S6 BYD S6 is the first SUV model independently designed and manufactured by the China 's Shenzhen-based battery , PV and auto maker , BYD Company Ltd. . BYD S6 was shown at the Guangzhou Auto Show in late 2010 and since May 6 , 2011 when this model was first officially sold in Changsha , China , it has witnessed a vibrant growth in sales thanks to its attractive SUV exterior design and overall performance in electronic equipment and safety etc. . It became the best selling China domestic SUV in sales volume by reaching 15,000 units in December , 2011 , being awarded as `` Fastest Seller SUV '' and has been named China 's `` SUV of the Year '' according to the Annual Ranking of Chinese Automobiles -- the highest honor in the China Automotive Industry .

neg: J-segment J-segment is a car classification defined by European Commission as the segment of the sport utility cars ( including off-road vehicles ) . It is increasing in volume year by year in Europe ; in early 2015 , it became the second most popular segment ( behind the C-segment and overtaking the B-segment ) with 21.6 % market share .   These cars come in a huge variety of sizes . As SUVs have developed in body style over the years , crossovers are also starting to emerge , a common combination being a hatchback and SUV . They have also gained popularity over the years with celebrities , encouraging large luxury vehicles with an emphasis on comfort , space and a high-ride position . Off-road vehicles also fit into this segment .   Typical J-segment vehicles include the BMW X5 , Land Rover Discovery , Mercedes-Benz M-Class , Porsche Cayenne , Range Rover Sport , Volkswagen Touareg , Volvo XC90 .

neg: 1950s American automobile culture 1950s American automobile culture has had an enduring influence on the culture of the United States , as reflected in popular music , major trends from the 1950s and mainstream acceptance of the `` hot rod '' culture . The American manufacturing economy switched from producing war-related items to consumer goods at the end of World War II , and by the end of the 1950s , one in six working Americans were employed either directly or indirectly in the automotive industry . The United States became the world 's largest manufacturer of automobiles , and Henry Ford 's goal of 30 years earlier -- that any man with a good job should be able to afford an automobile -- was achieved . A new generation of service businesses focusing on customers with their automobiles sprang up during the decade , including drive-through or drive-in restaurants and more drive-in theaters ( cinemas ) .   The decade began with 25 million registered automobiles on the road , most of which predated World War II and were in poor condition ; no automobiles or parts were produced during the war owing to rationing and restrictions . By 1950 , most factories had made the transition to a consumer-based economy , and more than 8 million cars were produced that year alone . By 1958 , there were more than 67 million cars registered in the United States , more than twice the number at the start of the decade .   As part of the U.S. national defenses , to support military transport , the National Highway System was expanded with Interstate highways , beginning in 1955 , across many parts of the United States . The wider , multi-lane highways allowed traffic to move at faster speeds , with few or no stoplights on the way . The wide-open spaces along the highways became a basis for numerous billboards showing advertisements .   The dawning of the Space Age and Space Race were reflected in contemporary American automotive styling . Large tailfins , flowing designs reminiscent of rockets , and radio antennas that imitated Sputnik 1 were common , owing to the efforts of design pioneers such as Harley Earl .

neg: Jeep Wagoneer Jeep Wagoneer are a station wagon ( later described as a sport utility vehicle - SUV ) marque of Jeep vehicles , with several models marketed for the 1963 to 1993 model years .   Various versions of the Wagoneer were manufactured in the US and other nations by Kaiser Motors ( 1962 − 1971 ) , then American Motors ( 1971 − 1987 ) , and lastly by Chrysler ( 1987 − 1993 ) .

neg: Pontiac LeMans The Pontiac LeMans -LSB- ləˈmɑːnz -RSB- was a model name that was applied to subcompact - and intermediate-sized automobiles marketed by Pontiac from 1962 to 1981 ( 1983 in Canada ) . Manufactured in five generations , the LeMans line was replaced by the downsized Pontiac Bonneville for the 1982 model year and later resurrected from 1988 to 1993 as a badge-engineered version of the Daewoo LeMans car manufactured by Daewoo in South Korea .

neg: Hyundai Santa Fe The Hyundai Santa Fe is a sport utility vehicle ( SUV ) produced by the South Korean manufacturer Hyundai since 2000 . It is named after the city of Santa Fe , New Mexico , and was introduced for the 2001 model year as Hyundai 's first SUV , released at the same time as the Ford Escape and Pontiac Aztek . The Santa Fe was a milestone in the company 's restructuring program of the late 1990s because , despite receiving criticism from journalists for its obscure looks , the SUV was a hit with American buyers . The SUV was so popular that at times , Hyundai had trouble supplying the demand . The Santa Fe quickly became Hyundai 's best seller and contributed to Hyundai 's success in the United States . As of 2007 , the Santa Fe falls between the slightly smaller compact crossover Tucson and the larger , yet related luxury crossover SUV Veracruz ( which replaced the Terracan ) .   The second generation Hyundai Santa Fe was awarded 2008 Consumer Reports `` top pick '' and was among the top 10 vehicles for 2008 unveiled in the magazine 's issue . The magazine 's annual ratings , based on road tests and predicted safety and reliability , are considered highly influential among consumers .   In 2012 , the third generation Santa Fe became available in two versions ( regular and extended versions ) , with the ( five-seater ) Sport in September 2012 and the extended long wheel base model which replaced the Veracruz , available at showrooms in November 2012 .

neg: Chevrolet Impala The Chevrolet Impala -LSB- Evr@'lei_Im'pael@,_-'pa:l@ -RSB- ) is a full-size car built by Chevrolet for model years 1958 to 1985 , 1994 to 1996 , and 2000 to present . The Chevrolet Impala derived its name from the African antelope of the same name .   The Impala was Chevrolet 's most expensive passenger model through 1965 , and had become the best-selling automobile in the United States .   For its debut in 1958 , the Impala was distinguished from other models by its symmetrical triple taillights , which returned from 1960 to 1996 . The Caprice was introduced as a top-line Impala Sport Sedan for model year 1965 , later becoming a separate series positioned above the Impala in 1966 , which , in turn , remained above the Bel Air and the Biscayne . The Impala continued as Chevrolet 's most popular full-size model through the mid-1980s . Between 1994 and 1996 , the Impala was revised as a 5.7-liter V8 -- powered version of the Caprice Classic sedan .   In 2000 , the Impala was reintroduced again as a mainstream front-wheel drive Hi-Mid sedan . As of February 2014 , the 2014 Impala ranked number one among Affordable Large Cars in U.S. News & World Report 's rankings . When the current tenth generation of the Impala was introduced for the 2014 model year , the ninth generation was rebadged as the Impala Limited and sold only to fleet customers through 2016 . As of the 2015 model year , both versions are sold in the United States and Canada , with the current-generation Impala also sold in the Middle East , the People Republic of China , and South Korea .

neg: Ford Transcontinental The Ford Transcontinental is a heavy goods vehicle tractor and rigid unit that was manufactured between 1975 and 1984 by Ford Europe in the Netherlands and Britain . A total of 8735 units were produced , 8231 in Amsterdam and another 504 at the Foden VAP in Sandbach , Cheshire UK .   Assembled almost entirely from bought in OEM component parts ( e.g. , cab shell from Berliet , engine from Cummins , transmission from Eaton ) it was introduced to fill a perceived gap in the market in anticipation of the relaxation of weight restrictions on HGVs , and as such had a very strong chassis and heavy duty suspension . The Berliet KB 2400 cab was also used by Renault for their R-series .   Recognizable by its high cab , it was an extremely advanced vehicle for its time offering a high standard of driver comfort and a high power output for its time , courtesy of the well proven 14 litre Cummins engine with typical outputs of 290-350 HP . The engines were originally of the Cummins NTC generation , but were gradually updated to the new `` big-cam '' ( NTE ) generation - a process completed by 1979 . Also , the Ford Transcontinental is noted for having oil and water meters on the dashboard , another example of the unit being ahead of its time .   Sales did not live up to expectations , mainly because the tractor unit with its heavy duty construction was too heavy for the 32 ton weight limit in the UK at the time , although it was a popular vehicle with drivers , particularly those who were engaged on long distance continental work . The model was updated continuously , with much work carried out to lighten the heavy chassis .   Today the Transcontinental is a particularly rare vehicle , much in favour with collectors of vintage commercials , although a few do remain in revenue earning service throughout Europe .

neg: Audi A8 The Audi A8 is a four-door , full-size , luxury sedan manufactured and marketed by the German automaker Audi since 1994 . Succeeding the Audi V8 , and now in its third generation , the A8 has been offered with both front - or permanent all-wheel drive -- and in short - and long-wheelbase variants . The first two generations employed the Volkswagen Group D platform , with the current generation deriving from the MLB platform . After the original model 's 1994 release , Audi released the second generation in late 2002 , and the third and current iteration in late 2009 .   Notable for being the first mass-market car with an aluminium chassis , all A8 models have used this construction method co-developed with Alcoa and marketed as the Audi Space Frame .   A mechanically-upgraded , high-performance version of the A8 debuted in 1996 as the Audi S8 . Produced exclusively at Audi 's Neckarsulm plant , unlike the donor A8 model , the S8 has been available only in short-wheelbase form and is fitted standard with Audi 's quattro all-wheel drive system .

neg: Saviem The Société Anonyme de Véhicules Industriels et d'Equipements Mécaniques ( -LSB- sɔsjete də vɛikyl ɛ̃dystʁijɛl e dəkipəmɑ̃ mekanik -RSB- ) , commonly known by the acronym Saviem ( -LSB- savjɛ̃ -RSB- ) , was a French manufacturer of trucks and buses/coaches part of the Renault group , headquartered in Suresnes . The company was established in 1955 by merging Renault heavy vehicle operations with Somua and Latil and disappeared in 1978 when was merged with former rival Berliet to form Renault Véhicules Industriels .   The company initially had various factories for vehicle production around France ( mainly at the Paris area ) which came from its predecessors and Chausson , but it soon centred assembly on Blainville-sur-Orne ( trucks ) and Annonay ( buses and coaches ) . Saviem formed partnerships with other manufacturers , leading to technology-sharing agreements .

neg: Van A van is a type of road vehicle used for transporting goods or people . Depending on the type of van it can be bigger or smaller than a truck and SUV , and bigger than a common car . There is some varying in the scope of the word across the different English-speaking countries . The smallest vans , microvans , are used for transporting either goods or people in tiny quantities . Mini MPVs , Compact MPVs , and MPVs are all small vans usually used for transporting people in small quantities . Larger vans with passenger seats are used for institutional purposes , such as transporting students . Larger vans with only front seats are often used for business purposes , to carry goods and equipment . Specially-equipped vans are used by television stations as mobile studios . Postal services and courier companies use large step vans to deliver packages .

neg: Ashton-Evans The Ashton-Evans was an English car manufactured in Birmingham from 1919 to 1928 by Joseph Evans & Co of Liverpool Street Mills an engineering company who also made railway locomotives and aircraft parts . In 1919 a new company Ashton-Evans Motors Ltd was formed . The cars were designed by E Bailey who had been with Sunbeam and later J. Bedford .   The first car of the marque designed by E Bailey was described as `` a three-wheeler with four wheels '' and had a rear track of only 8 in to avoid the need for a differential . The rear axlw was suspended by a quarter ellitic spring fastened to the tubular chassis at the front and resting on a metal plate on the top of the rear axle which was located by the use of a torque tube and two rods . It is not certain if any of these cars were sold .   In 1920 Mr Ashton-Evans decided to find out what his customers wanted in an `` owner driver 's ideal '' car and invited opinions . From the response he worked out that the car should have a four-cylinder water cooled engine not exceeding 12 taxable hp and be silent , vibrationless , easy to start and powerful . Gear changing should be silent and without the need to double declutch . There should be room for three people on the front seat . To meet this specification J Bedford designed a new car which became the Ashton 10.5 model , the Ashton-Evans name being temporarily dropped . This had a normal rear axle . Most cars featured - litre , 4-cylinder Coventry Simplex engines and three-speed constant-mesh gearboxes with selection made by dog clutches . Some of the early cars might have had two-cylinder engines . Two - and four-seat open bodies were available .   Production of cars was slow and probably not profitable and in 1923 a single model , the 11/16 was made and the name returned to Ashton-Evans . A fire in 1924 badly hit production and car production was temporarily suspended in 1927 but never resumed .   As many as 250 might have been made .

neg: List of sport utility vehicles This page lists sports utility vehicles currently in production ( as of 2013 ) as well as past models . The list includes crossover SUVs , Mini SUVs , Compact SUVs and other similar vehicles . Also includes hybrid , luxury , sport or tuned , military , electric and fuel cell versions . Due to confusion , Sport Utility Trucks are also in this list .   Note : Many of the vehicles ( both current and past ) are related to other vehicles in the list . A vehicle listed as a ` past model ' may still be in production in an updated form under a different name , it may be listed under that name in the ` currently in production ' section . Also , some vehicles are sold under different marques in different geographical locations , therefore some vehicles may be listed more than once but usually link to the same page . Different states may also classify vehicles differently . What may be considered an SUV in one state , may not in another state . Example ; The Chevrolet Nafees is known as the Chevrolet Zeeyan in Russia and Brazil , and in Australia and New Zealand , it is marketed by GM Holden ( Holden Trax ) . Some images provided below may be pictures of outdated models .

neg: BMW xDrive BMW xDrive is the marketing name for the all-wheel drive system found on the BMW X1 , X3 , X4 , X5 , and X6 crossover sport activity vehicles . It is also optional on the 1 Series ( 2012 -- present ) , 2 series ( 2015-present ) , 3 Series ( 2000 -- present ) , 4 Series ( 2014 ) , 5 Series ( 2005 -- present ) , 6 Series ( 2012 -- present ) , and 7 Series ( 2010 -- present ) .

neg: Chrysler Sebring The Chrysler Sebring ( -LSB- ˈsiːbrɪŋ -RSB- ) is a line of mid-size luxury automobiles that was sold from 1995 through 2010 by Chrysler . Three generations of convertibles , two generations of sedans , and two generations of coupes were produced . Although the coupe shared the same name and some styling cues , it was mechanically unrelated to the other Sebring models .   The Sebring line was introduced in 1995 with the Chrysler Sebring coupe . It was the replacement for the Chrysler LeBaron coupe . In 1996 the convertible was introduced , replacing its LeBaron counterpart as well . For 2001 , both body styles were redesigned and a sedan version was now offered . The sedan replaced the Chrysler Cirrus . The coupe was discontinued after 2005 with no replacement model planned .   The redesigned sedan was introduced for 2007 , but the convertible version was not introduced until 2008 . This generation added a couple new options including all-wheel drive on sedan models and a hardtop option for the convertible . All Sebring models were replaced by the Chrysler 200 for the 2011 model year .   __ TOC __

neg: Automobile handling Automobile handling and vehicle handling are descriptions of the way a wheeled vehicle responds and reacts to the inputs of a driver , as well as how it moves along a track or road . It is commonly judged by how a vehicle performs particularly during cornering , acceleration , and braking as well as on the vehicle 's directional stability when moving in steady state condition .   In the automotive industry , handling and braking are the major components of a vehicle 's `` active '' safety , as well as its ability to perform in Auto Racing . The maximum lateral acceleration is sometimes discussed separately as `` road holding '' . ( This discussion is directed at road vehicles with at least three wheels , but some of it may apply to other ground vehicles ) . Automobiles driven on public roads whose engineering requirements emphasize handling over comfort and passenger space are named sports cars .

neg: Rover Group The Rover Group plc was the name given in 1986 to the British vehicle manufacturer BL ( formerly British Leyland ) , which had been state-owned company since 1975 . It initially included the Austin Rover Group car business ( comprising the Austin , Rover , Mini and MG marques ) , Land Rover Group , Freight Rover vans and Leyland Trucks .   The Rover Group was owned by British Aerospace ( BAe ) from 1988 to 1994 , when BAe sold the remaining car business to the German company BMW . The group was further broken up in 2000 , when Ford acquired the Land Rover division , with the Rover and MG marques continuing with the much smaller MG Rover Group until 2005 . Ownership of the original Rover Group marques is currently split between BMW ( Germany ) , SAIC ( China ) , and Tata Motors ( India ) .


query: New England is the site of the Salem witch trials.

pos: New England New England is a geographical region comprising six states of the northeast United States : Connecticut , Maine , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , Rhode Island , and Vermont . It is bordered by the state of New York to the west and south , and the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Quebec to the northeast and north , respectively . The Atlantic Ocean is to the east and southeast , and Long Island Sound is to the south . Boston , the capital of Massachusetts , is New England 's largest city . The largest metropolitan area is Greater Boston , which also includes Worcester ( the second-largest city in both Massachusetts and New England ) , Manchester ( the largest city in New Hampshire ) , and Providence ( the capital and largest city of Rhode Island ) , with nearly a third of the entire region 's population .   In 1620 , Puritan Separatist Pilgrims from England first settled in the region , forming the Plymouth Colony , the second successful English settlement in the Americas , following the Jamestown Settlement in Virginia founded in 1607 . Ten years later , more Puritans settled north of Plymouth Colony in Boston , thus forming Massachusetts Bay Colony . Over the next 126 years , people in the region fought in four French and Indian Wars , until the British and their Iroquois allies defeated the French and their Algonquin allies in North America . In 1692 , the town of Salem , Massachusetts and surrounding areas experienced one of the most infamous cases of mass hysteria in the history of the Western Hemisphere , the Salem witch trials . In the late 18th century , political leaders from the New England Colonies known as the Sons of Liberty initiated resistance to Britain 's efforts to impose new taxes without the consent of the colonists . The Boston Tea Party was a protest to which Britain responded with a series of punitive laws stripping Massachusetts of self-government , which were termed the `` Intolerable Acts '' by the colonists . The confrontation led to the first battles of the American Revolutionary War in 1775 , and the expulsion of the British authorities from the region in spring 1776 .   The region played a prominent role in the movement to abolish slavery in the United States , and was the first region of the U.S. transformed by the Industrial Revolution , centered on the Blackstone and Merrimack river valleys .   The physical geography of New England is diverse for such a small area ; southeastern New England is covered by a narrow coastal plain , while the western and northern regions are dominated by the rolling hills and worn-down peaks of the northern end of the Appalachian Mountains . With the Atlantic fall line lying so close to the coast , numerous industrial cities were able to take advantage of water power along the numerous rivers , such as the Connecticut River , which bisects the region from north to south .   Each state is principally subdivided into small incorporated municipalities known as towns , many of which are governed by town meetings . The only unincorporated areas in the region exist in the sparsely populated northern regions of Maine , New Hampshire , and Vermont . The region is one of the U.S. Census Bureau 's nine regional divisions and the only multi-state region with clear , consistent boundaries . It maintains a strong sense of cultural identity , although the terms of this identity are often contrasted , combining Puritanism with liberalism , agrarian life with industry , and isolation with immigration .

pos: Salem witch trials The Salem witch trials were a series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts between February 1692 and May 1693 . The trials resulted in the executions of twenty people , fourteen of them women , and all but one by hanging . Five others ( including two infant children ) died in prison .   Twelve other women had previously been executed in Massachusetts and Connecticut during the 17th century . Despite being generally known as the Salem Witch Trials , the preliminary hearings in 1692 were conducted in several towns : Salem Village ( now Danvers ) , Salem Town , Ipswich , and Andover . The most infamous trials were conducted by the Court of Oyer and Terminer in 1692 in Salem Town .   The episode is one of Colonial America 's most notorious cases of mass hysteria . It has been used in political rhetoric and popular literature as a vivid cautionary tale about the dangers of isolationism , religious extremism , false accusations , and lapses in due process . It was not unique , but a Colonial American example of the much broader phenomenon of witch trials in the early modern period , which took place also in Europe . Many historians consider the lasting effects of the trials to have been highly influential in subsequent United States history . According to historian George Lincoln Burr , `` the Salem witchcraft was the rock on which the theocracy shattered . ''   At the 300th anniversary events in 1992 to commemorate the victims of the trials , a park was dedicated in Salem and a memorial in Danvers . In November 2001 , the Massachusetts legislature passed an act exonerating all of those convicted and listing them by name , including some persons left out of earlier actions . In January 2016 , the University of Virginia announced its Gallows Hill Project team had determined the execution site in Salem , where the nineteen `` witches '' had been hanged . The city owns the site and is planning a memorial to the victims .

neg: Historical United States Census totals for Piscataquis County, Maine This article shows U.S. Census totals for Piscataquis County , Maine , broken down by municipality , from 1900 to 2000 .   There are two types of incorporated municipalities in Maine , towns and cities . The tables in the New England Historical U.S. Census Totals series differentiate between towns and cities ; however , there have never been any cities in Piscataquis County .   Most areas of New England are entirely divided into incorporated municipalities , with no unincorporated territory . In the three northern New England states , however , some unincorporated territory does exist , generally in areas that are very sparsely populated . Maine contains significantly more unincorporated territory than the other states , with the bulk of it in interior and northern counties , including Piscataquis County .   Some unincorporated territory in Maine is organized into a third type of town-level municipality unique to Maine , called a plantation ( considered to be `` organized '' , but not incorporated ) , while some is entirely unorganized . Due to the large extent of unorganized territory in Piscataquis County , separate sections with detailed historical census totals for such areas follows the main tables below . For any census , adding up the totals for each town-level municipality , including any plantations or unorganized entities , should yield the county total .   For more information on the New England municipal system , see New England town .

neg: Aristopia Aristopia : A Romance-History of the New World is an 1895 utopian novel by Castello Holford , considered the first novel-length alternate history in English ( and among the earliest alternate histories in general ) .   Though part of the major wave utopian and dystopian literature that distinguished the final decades of the nineteenth century , Holford 's book reverses the normal stance of utopian projection : instead of imagining a better society at a future time or in a far-off place , he supposes that the founding of the United States occurred under different conditions and follows its development forward to a superior society in his own day .   In Aristopia ( Greek for `` the best place '' ) , Ralph Morton , an early settler in Virginia , discovers a reef made of solid gold . He cannily uses his wealth to build a planned society , based on the Utopia of Sir Thomas More , with innovations and adaptations of his own . In Aristopia , all the land is owned by the government , and only leased to businesses and private citizens . Large-scale trade is also monoplized by the state , and inherited wealth is limited . Morton welcomes productive refugees from European conflicts -- Huguenots , Irish fugitives from Cromwell 's wars , and northern Italian and Swiss artisans .   The colony prospers , buys more land from the Indians , and spreads westward . Morton dies at the age of 100 ; his descendants and successors carry his policies forward .   The Aristopians support the American Revolution , and on their own initiative conquer Canada . Aristopia comes to dominate the new nation , eventually ruling all of North America north of Mexico .   Holford loads his description of Aristopia with satirical remedies for what he saw as contemporary problems and circumstances . In Aristopian jurisprudence , for example , the Court for Assessing the Value of Abstract Words and Phrases polices the language to prevent abuses ; it is the largest and busiest function in the Palace of Justice .   The English playwright Henry Arthur Jones was taken with the idea of Aristopia , and used it in his own polemical writings , as in his `` The Tax-Wise Men of Aristopia '' and his My Dear Wells .   Holford was not the first writer in English to employ the term `` Aristopia . '' The eighteenth-century freethinker John Fransham ( 1730 -- 1810 ) left a posthumous manuscript titled Memorablilia Classica , which contains a piece called `` The Code of Aristopia , or Scheme for a Perfect Government . ''

neg: Saltonstall family The Saltonstall family is a Boston Brahmin family from the U.S. state of Massachusetts , notable for having had a family member attend Harvard University from every generation since Nathaniel Saltonstall -- later one of the more principled judges at the Salem Witch Trials -- graduated in 1659 . This legacy was abruptly ended by Preacher showrunner Ephron `` Sam '' Saltonstall Catlin in 1989 . The family originated in Yorkshire , England , where the name was sometimes spelled Saltingstall . The name originates from the hamlet of Saltonstall in Halifax , West Yorkshire . The meaning is derived from Sal-ton-stall in Old English . The translation being `` Farm in the willows '' . Notable members of the family include :  Richard Saltonstall ( mayor ) , mayor of London  Sir Richard Saltonstall , colonist with the Winthrop Fleet , nephew of the above  Nathaniel Saltonstall , judge at Salem Witch Trials  Gurdon Saltonstall , his son , governor of Connecticut  Dudley Saltonstall , Commander at Penobscot Expedition  Leverett Saltonstall I , U.S. Representative in 1830s  Leverett Saltonstall II , his son , Collector of the Port of Boston ( 1885 -- 1889 )  Leverett A. Saltonstall , Governor of Massachusetts ( 1939 -- 1945 ) , US Senator ( 1945 -- 1967 )  William G. Saltonstall , principal , Phillips Exeter Academy , 1946 -- 1963  William L. Saltonstall , politician  John L. Saltonstall , Jr. , politician

neg: Flag of New England There is no official Flag of New England . Consequently , `` the Flag of New England '' can refer to any number of historical and modern banners used to represent Massachusetts , the New England Colonies , or the six states in the New England region of the northeastern United States . There are some variations , but common designs include a plain colored field ( usually red ) with a pine tree in the canton . Pinus strobus , the eastern white pine , is the most common symbol of New England and most often represents that tree 's former importance in shipbuilding and New England maritime culture .

neg: Geology of New England New England is a region in the North Eastern United States consisting of the states Rhode Island , Connecticut , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , Vermont , and Maine . Most of New England consists geologically of volcanic island arcs that accreted onto the eastern edge of the Laurentian Craton in prehistoric times . Much of the bedrock found in New England is heavily metamorphosed due to the numerous mountain building events that occurred in the region . The most recent rock layers are glacial conglomerates .

neg: Transportation in New England Transportation in New England encompasses the region 's rail and highway networks , seaports , and airports . New England has one of the United States ' oldest intercity transportation systems , which remain important to the region 's economy . It is also home to the continent 's first subway system . The densely populated area has many cities and towns connected by rail and road , and the larger cities each have commercial airports with daily flights to destinations outside of the region .

neg: Eliot family (America) For the British noble family of St Germans , Cornwall , see Earl of St Germans   The Eliot family is the American branch of one of several British families to hold this surname . This branch is based in Boston but originated in East Coker , Yeovil , Somerset . It is one of the Boston Brahmins , a bourgeois family , whose ancestors had become wealthy and held sway over the American education system . All are the descendants of two men named Andrew Eliot , father and son , who emigrated from East Coker to Beverly , Massachusetts between 1668 and 1670 . The elder Andrew ( 1627-March 1 , 1703/04 ) served the town and colony in a number of positions and in 1692 was chosen as a juror in the Salem witch trials . His son Andrew ( 1651-September 12 , 1688 ) married Mercy Shattuck in 1680 in Beverly and died by drowning after falling off a ship .   The ranks include several college presidents , one Nobel prize winner , and presidents of American professional associations . Charles W. Eliot transformed Harvard from a college to a research institution , a model which many American universities have followed . William Greenleaf Eliot co-founded Washington University in St. Louis in 1853 and Thomas H. Eliot was chancellor of that institution from 1962-71 ; William Greenleaf Eliot 's son Thomas Lamb Eliot went further west and was a seminal figure in the founding of Reed College in Portland , Oregon in 1911 . The poet T. S. Eliot moved to England and his ashes were interred in East Coker , England . He wanted to be laid to rest in the original birthplace of his first American ancestor and other Eliot ancestors .   Another branch of the American Eliot family descend from Rev. John Eliot of Roxbury , Massachusetts , known as the `` Apostle to the Indians . '' His son , John Eliot , Jr. , was the first pastor of the First Church of Christ in Newton . In turn , John Eliot Jr. 's son , Joseph Eliot , became a pastor in Guilford , Connecticut , and later fathered Jared Eliot , another pastor as well as agricultural writer .

neg: Boston martyrs The Boston martyrs is the name given in Quaker tradition to the three English members of the Society of Friends , Marmaduke Stephenson , William Robinson and Mary Dyer , and to the Friend William Leddra of Barbados , who were condemned to death and executed by public hanging for their religious beliefs under the legislature of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1659 , 1660 and 1661 . Several other Friends lay under sentence of death at Boston in the same period , but had their punishments commuted to that of being whipped out of the colony from town to town .   `` The hanging of Mary Dyer on the Boston gallows in 1660 marked the beginning of the end of the Puritan theocracy and New England independence from English rule . In 1661 King Charles II explicitly forbade Massachusetts from executing anyone for professing Quakerism . In 1684 England revoked the Massachusetts charter , sent over a royal governor to enforce English laws in 1686 , and in 1689 passed a broad Toleration act . ''

neg: European witchcraft Belief in and practice of witchcraft in Europe can be traced to classical antiquity and has continuous history during the Middle Ages , culminating in the Early Modern witch hunts and giving rise to the fairy tale and popular culture `` witch '' stock character of modern times , as well as to the concept of the `` modern witch '' in Wicca and related movements of contemporary witchcraft .   The topic is a complex amalgamation of the practices of folk healers , folk magic , ancient belief in sorcery in pagan Europe , Christian views on heresy , medieval and early modern practice of ceremonial magic and simple fiction in folklore and literature .

neg: Sarah Good Sarah Good ( , 1653 -- , 1692 ) was one of the first three women to be accused of witchcraft in the Salem witch trials , which occurred in 1692 in colonial Massachusetts .

neg: New England Puritan culture and recreation The Puritan culture of the New England colonies of the seventeenth century was influenced by Calvinist Theology , which believed in a `` just , almighty God '' and a lifestyle that consisted of pious , consecrated actions . The Puritans participated in their own forms of recreational activity , including visual arts , literature , and music . The Puritans were educated and literate , and their culture was broadly based in the arts and languages .

neg: History of Springfield, Massachusetts The history of Springfield , Massachusetts ( est. 1636 ) springs in large part from its favorable geography , situated on a steep bluff overlooking the Connecticut River 's confluence with three tributaries . It was an ancient Indian crossroad for two major trade routes : Boston-to-Albany and New York City-to-Montreal . Springfield also sits on some of the northeastern United States ' most fertile soil .   Springfield was founded in 1636 as Agawam , the northernmost settlement of the Connecticut Colony . The settlement defected from Connecticut after four years , however , later joining forces with the coastal Massachusetts Bay Colony . The town changed its name to Springfield , and changed the political boundaries among what later became New England States .   Springfield flourished as a trading post and agricultural center until 1675 's King Philip 's War , when a coalition of Indians laid siege to Springfield and later burned it to the ground . Its prosperity waned for the next hundred years but , in 1777 , United States Revolutionary War leaders made it a National Armory to store weapons , and in 1795 it began manufacturing muskets .   Until 1968 , the Armory made small arms . Its first American muskets ( 1794 ) were followed by the famous Springfield rifle and the revolutionary M1 Garand and M14s . The Springfield Armory attracted generations of skilled laborers to the city , making it the United States ' longtime center for precision manufacturing ( comparable to a Silicon Valley of the Industrial Revolution ) . The Armory 's near-capture during Shays Rebellion of 1787 was among the troubles that prompted the U.S. Constitutional Convention later that year .   Innovations in the 19th and 20th centuries include the first American English dictionary ( 1805 , Noah Webster ) , the first use of interchangeable parts and the assembly line in manufacturing ( 1819 , Thomas Blanchard ) , the first American horseless car ( 1825 , again Thomas Blanchard ) , vulcanized rubber ( 1844 , Charles Goodyear ) , the first American gasoline-powered car ( 1893 , Duryea Brothers ) , the first American motorcycle company ( 1901 , `` Indian '' ) , an early commercial radio station ( 1921 , WBZ , and most famously , the world 's third-most-popular sport of basketball ( 1891 , Dr. James Naismith ) .   Throughout the latter half of the 20th century , Springfield endured a protracted decline , accelerated by the decommission of the Springfield Armory in 1969 . Springfield became increasingly like the declining , second tier Northeastern U.S. cities from which it had long been set apart . During the 1980s and 1990s , Springfield developed a new reputation for crime , political corruption , and cronyism . Seeking to overcome its downgrade , the city undertook several large ( but unfinished ) projects , including a $ 1 billion high-speed rail ( New Haven-Hartford-Springfield high-speed rail ) , a proposed $ 1 billion MGM Casino , and others .

neg: Atlantic Northeast The Atlantic Northeast is a region of North America , which includes the US states of Connecticut , Massachusetts , Rhode Island , New Hampshire , Vermont , and Maine , as well as the Canadian Maritimes .   The Atlantic Northeast region is noted for its cultural unity , stark climate , landscape of dense forests , and a shared economic history in the exploitation of logging and the regional fishery . Further uniting this area is the `` Gray Zone '' which is an area of land and sea which is claimed by both Canada and the United States . It is located off the coasts of New Brunswick and Maine . The only land within this area are two islands , Machias Seal Island and North Rock . The `` Gray Zone '' is one of four areas between the two countries whose sovereignty is still in dispute , but is the only one of the disputed areas containing land . In 1979 , both countries filed a joint application to the International Court of Justice to avoid having the dispute settled when oceanic boundaries in the area were set for mineral and fishing rights . Canadians have had a continuous presence in the area since 1832 when a lighthouse was built .   Since the Atlantic Northeast is such a large region , it is home to many different types of wildlife , sports teams , and geographical locations . The Atlantic Northeast is home to the Boston Celtics , Boston Bruins , New England Patriots , Halifax Hurricanes , Boston Red Sox and many more . It also includes many notable species including the Bald Eagle , Atlantic Salmon , and the Swamp Pink . Lastly , the Atlantic Northeast includes many geographical places of interest including the Northeast Canyons and Seamounts Marine National Monument and Salem , Massachusetts , home of the Salem Witch Trials .   Though cross-border connections are widely acknowledged , the area has rarely been given a single name . `` Atlantic Northeast '' is a term that has been used most prominently in discussions of regional folk culture , another name that is used is Atlantica . ''   These names are often tied to various proposals for greater economic or political integration of the region

neg: Wilmot Redd Wilmot Redd ( a.k.a. Wilmot Read and Wilmot Reed ) ( early 17th century - September 22 , 1692 ) was one of the victims of the Salem witch trials of 1692 . She was born in Marblehead , Massachusetts , and executed by hanging on September 22 , 1692 . Her husband was Samuel Redd , a fisherman . She was known for her irritability , but she was given little serious attention and , to her neighbors , was `` probably more bitch than witch . ''   Redd was apprehended on May 28 , 1692 , by local constable James Smith . The warrant was signed by Magistrates Jonathan Corwin and John Hathorne . The charge brought against her was one of having `` committed sundry acts of witchcraft on bodys of Mary Walcott & Mercy Lewis and others in Salem Village to their great hurt . ''   A preliminary examination took place on May 31 , 1692 , at Nathan Ingersoll 's house in Salem Village . This was Redd 's first meeting with the children she allegedly bewitched . They promptly fell into fits , and when asked what she thought ailed them , Redd said , `` I can not tell . '' Urged to give an opinion , she stated , `` My opinion is they are in a sad condition . ''   Indicted as a witch , Redd was accused of `` detestable arts called Witchcraft and Sorceries wickedly , mallitiously -LSB- sic -RSB- and felloniously used , practiced & exercised at the Towne of Salem . ''

neg: Freedom suit Freedom suits were lawsuits in the Thirteen Colonies and the United States filed by enslaved people against slaveholders to assert claims to freedom , often based on descent from a free maternal ancestor , or time held as a resident in a free state or territory .   The right to petition for freedom descended from English common law and allowed people to challenge their enslavement or indenture . Petitioners challenged slavery both directly and indirectly , even if slaveholders generally viewed such petitions as a means to uphold rather than undermine slavery . Beginning with the colonies in North America , legislatures enacted slave laws that created a legal basis for `` just subjection ; '' these were adopted or updated by the state and territorial legislatures that superseded them after the United States gained independence . These codes also enabled enslaved persons to sue for freedom based on wrongful enslavement .   While some cases were tried during the colonial period , the majority of petitions for freedom were heard during the antebellum period in the border or the Southern United States . After the American Revolution , most northern states abolished slavery and were considered `` free . '' The United States Congress prohibited slavery in some newly established territories , and some new states were admitted to the union as free states . The rise in travel and migration of masters with slaves between free and slave states resulted in conditions that gave rise to slaves suing for freedom . Many free states had residency limits for masters who brought slaves into their territory ; after that time , the slave would be considered free . Some slaves sued for wrongful enslavement after being held in a free state .   Other grounds for suit were that the person was freeborn and illegally held in slavery , or that the person was illegally held because of being descended from a freeborn woman in the maternal line . The principle of partus sequitur ventrem , first incorporated into English colonial slavery law by a 1662 statute in Virginia , established that children 's status was that of the mother . It was adopted into law by other English colonies , and the states of the United States .   In Saint Louis , Missouri records of nearly 300 petition cases have been found that were filed between 1807 and 1860 , and in Washington , D.C. nearly 500 petition cases were filed in the same period . A large portion of cases , as much as one-third , either never went to trial or were settled out of court . In the early nineteenth century in St. Louis and in Washington , D.C. , nearly half of the attorneys at the bar may have acted as counsel for slave petitions . In Missouri , the courts assigned an attorney to the petitioner if it accepted a freedom suit for hearing ; some of the top attorneys in St. Louis defended slaves . After the 1830s , the number of petition cases gradually declined . But from 1800 to 1830 , most of the bar in these cities tried a petition case .   Before the end of the eighteenth century , some southern states began to make petitioning for freedom more difficult . Maryland , for example , in 1796 required that county courts serve as the court of original jurisdiction , rather than the General Court of the Western Shore , an appellate court . The county courts clearly would be more favorable to the interests and views of the local planters against whom these suits were often filed . The legislature also banned those with antislavery sympathies from serving on juries in freedom suits . Virginia passed a similar law on jury composition in 1798 .   But , for a few decades , courts in slave states such as Louisiana , Mississippi , and Missouri often respected the precedent of `` once free , always free '' established by free states . Until the late 1850s , they ruled that slaves who had been held in free states maintained their freedom even if brought back into slave states . Until the Civil War brought an end to slavery , thousands of freedom suits were tried in state courts across the country , with some slaves petitioning as high as the Supreme Court .

neg: Abigail Hobbs Abigail Hobbs was a girl of about 14 to 16 years old when she was arrested for witchcraft on April 18 , 1692 along with Giles Corey , Mary Warren , and Bridget Bishop . Prior to living in Salem Village ( now Danvers , Massachusetts ) , she and her family had lived in Casco , Maine , the frontier of the Massachusetts Bay Colony , during a time when there were many attacks by the Wabanaki Native Americans . Her father William and stepmother , Deliverance Hobbs , were also both charged with witchcraft .   During her multiple examinations by local magistrates between April and June 1692 , Abigail confessed and accused others of witchcraft , including John Proctor . At her trial in September , she pleaded guilty to both indictments against her , one for afflicting Mercy Lewis and another for covenanting with the Devil . In her examination on April 20 , 1692 , Abigail Hobbs accused George Burroughs , the previous minister of Salem , of being a witch . With the naming of Minister Burroughs , a well-respected member of the community , many accusations came forth and climbed up the social hierarchy .   Governor William Phips granted the Hobbs family a reprieve in January 1693 , after Chief Magistrate William Stoughton had signed the warrant for her execution . In 1710 , her father , William Hobbs , petitioned the General Court to compensate him for # 40 expenses that the family 's imprisonment cost him but said he was willing to accept # 10 , which the court granted him in 1712 . She was among those named in the Act for Reversal of Attainder by the Massachusetts Great and General Court , October 17 , 1711 .

neg: A Community of Witches A Community of Witches : Contemporary Neo-Paganism and Witchcraft in the United States is a sociological study of the Wiccan and wider Pagan community in the Northeastern United States . It was written by American sociologist Helen A. Berger of the West Chester University of Pennsylvania and first published in 1999 by the University of South Carolina Press . It was released as a part of a series of academic books entitled Studies in Comparative Religion , edited by Frederick M. Denny , a religious studies scholar at the University of Chicago .   Berger became interested in studying the Wiccan and Pagan movement in 1986 , when she presented a lecture on the subject at the Boston Public Library . Subsequently becoming acquainted with members of the New England Pagan community , she undertook fieldwork in both a local Wiccan coven , the Circle of Light , and a wider Pagan organisation , the EarthSpirit Community ( ESC ) . In total , Berger underwent 11 years of fieldwork among the Pagan community . Along with ESC founder Andras Corban Arthen , Berger also undertook a `` Pagan Census '' survey of the U.S. in the mid-1990s to obtain more data on the country 's Pagan community .   A Community of Witches is based on interviews with more than a hundred practicing Wiccans and Pagans , study of the pre-existing literature on the subject and a national survey of the Pagan community in the U.S. . In her work , Berger interprets Wicca as a religion of late modernity , as opposed to postmodernity , and subsequently examines it using the theories of sociologists Anthony Giddens and James A. Beckford . Themes covered include Pagan conceptions of the self , the role of covens and the wider Pagan community , the place of children in the movement and the increasing routinization of Wicca through the foundation of organised churches and clergy .   Academic reviewers were mostly positive , but several raised concerns over Berger 's incorrect use of terminology . Reviewers noted the study 's importance in developing Pagan studies as an academic discipline and helping further the wider sociological investigation into new religious movements in the United States . In the years following the study 's publication , Berger continued to investigate the Pagan community , focusing her interest on the popularity of Wicca among teenagers .

neg: Margaret Scott (Salem witch trials) Margaret Scott ( née Stephenson , ca. 1615 - ) was found guilty of witchcraft during the Salem witch trials and was executed by hanging on September 22 , 1692 . She was part of the last group to be executed , which also included Mary Eastey , Martha Corey , Ann Pudeator , Samuel Wardwell , Mary Parker , Alice Parker , and Wilmot Redd . She was the only accused person from Rowley to be executed . As a lower-class , long-term widow , having lost several children in infancy , she was a prototypical witch candidate . When her husband , Benjamin , died , he left a very small estate and she , being unable to remarry , was reduced to begging , which invited resentment and suspicion . In this manner , her circumstances were comparable to fellow victim , Sarah Good .

neg: I, Tituba: Black Witch of Salem Moi , Tituba , Sorciere ... Noire de Salem ( 1986 ) ( also known as I , Tituba , Black Witch of Salem ) is a French novel by Maryse Condé . It won the French Grand Prix award for women 's literature .   The novel was translated into English in 1992 by Richard Philcox and published under the title above . The English translation includes a foreword by activist Angela Davis , who calls the book an `` historical novel about the black witch of Salem '' . While related to the Salem witch trials , Conde 's novel is a work of fiction , including Tituba 's race .