query: Killer whales can be found in only one ocean.

pos: Killer whale The killer whale or orca ( Orcinus orca ) is a toothed whale belonging to the oceanic dolphin family , of which it is the largest member . Killer whales have a diverse diet , although individual populations often specialize in particular types of prey . Some feed exclusively on fish , while others hunt marine mammals such as seals and dolphins . They have been known to attack baleen whale calves , and even adult whales . Killer whales are apex predators , as there is no animal that preys on them . Killer whales are considered a cosmopolitan species , and can be found in each of the world 's oceans in a variety of marine environments , from Arctic and Antarctic regions to tropical seas .   Killer whales are highly social ; some populations are composed of matrilineal family groups ( pods ) which are the most stable of any animal species . Their sophisticated hunting techniques and vocal behaviours , which are often specific to a particular group and passed across generations , have been described as manifestations of animal culture .   The International Union for Conservation of Nature currently assesses the orca 's conservation status as data deficient because of the likelihood that two or more killer whale types are separate species . Some local populations are considered threatened or endangered due to prey depletion , habitat loss , pollution ( by PCBs ) , capture for marine mammal parks , and conflicts with human fisheries . In late 2005 , the Southern Resident Killer Whales , the population that inhabits British Columbia and Washington state waters , were placed on the U.S. Endangered Species list .   Wild killer whales are not considered a threat to humans , but there have been cases of captive orcas killing or injuring their handlers at marine theme parks . Killer whales feature strongly in the mythologies of indigenous cultures , with their reputation ranging from being the souls of humans to merciless killers .

neg: Spotted dolphin Spotted dolphin refers to either one of two closely related dolphin species , being :   Atlantic spotted dolphin , Stenella frontalis  pantropical spotted dolphin , Stenella attenuata   While the pantropical spotted dolphin can be found around the world 's oceans where a tropical or subtropical climate exists , the Atlantic spotted dolphin can only be found in the Atlantic Ocean .   Category : Oceanic dolphins

neg: Coral reef fish Coral reef fish are fish which live amongst or in close relation to coral reefs . Coral reefs form complex ecosystems with tremendous biodiversity . Among the myriad inhabitants , the fish stand out as colourful and interesting to watch . Hundreds of species can exist in a small area of a healthy reef , many of them hidden or well camouflaged . Reef fish have developed many ingenious specialisations adapted to survival on the reefs .   Coral reefs occupy less than one percent of the surface area of the world oceans , but still they provide a home for 25 percent of all marine fish species . Reef habitats are a sharp contrast to the open water habitats that make up the other 99 % of the world oceans .   However , loss and degradation of coral reef habitat , increasing pollution , and overfishing including the use of destructive fishing practices , are threatening the survival of the coral reefs and the associated reef fish .

neg: Humboldt Current The Humboldt Current System ( HCS ) , also called the Peru Current , is a major Eastern Boundary Upwelling Ecosystem that flows north along the western coast of South America . It is an eastern boundary current flowing in the direction of the equator , and extend 500-1 ,000 kilometers offshore . The Humboldt Current is named after the Prussian naturalist Alexander von Humboldt . In 1846 , von Humboldt reported measurements of the cold-water current in his book Cosmos .   The current extends from the southern Chile ( ~ 45 'S ) to northern Peru ( ~ 4 'S ) where cold , upwelled waters intersect warm tropical waters to form the Equatorial Front . Sea surface temperatures off the coast of Peru , around 5 'S , reach temperatures as low as 16 ' C . This is highly uncharacteristic of tropical waters , as most other regions have temperatures measuring above 25 ' C. Upwelling brings nutrients to the surface , which support phytoplankton and ultimately increase biological productivity .   Upwelling within the current is not uniform across the entire system . Three notable upwelling subsystems are produced by this current : i ) seasonal upwelling in Chile , ii ) upwelling `` shadow '' that is less productive , but still large in northern Chile and Southern Peru , and iii ) year-round upwelling in Peru .   The Humboldt Current is considered a Class I , highly productive ( > 300 gC/m2-yr ) , ecosystem . It is the most productive eastern boundary current system . It accounts for roughly 18-20 % of the total worldwide marine fish catch . The species are mostly pelagic : sardines , anchovies and jack mackerel . The system 's high productivity supports other important fishery resources as well as marine mammals ( eared seals and cetaceans ) and seabirds . The cold , nutrient-rich water brought to the surface by upwelling drives the system 's extraordinary productivity.Periodically , the upwelling that drives the system 's productivity is disrupted by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation ( ENSO ) event . When this occurs , fish abundance and distribution are significantly affected , often leading to stock crashes and cascading social and economic impacts . These events have led to sequential changes , where sardines and anchovies have replaced each other periodically as the dominant species in the ecosystem . These species changes can have negative consequences for the fishing industry and the economies of the countries that fish the system .   The Humboldt has a considerable cooling influence on the climate of Chile , Peru and Ecuador . It is also largely responsible for the aridity of Atacama Desert in northern Chile and coastal areas of Peru and also of the aridity of southern Ecuador . Marine air is cooled by the current and thus is not conducive to generating precipitation ( although clouds and fog are produced ) .

neg: Great hammerhead The great hammerhead ( Sphyrna mokarran ) is the largest species of hammerhead shark , belonging to the family Sphyrnidae , attaining a maximum length of 6.1 m . It is found in tropical and warm temperate waters worldwide , inhabiting coastal areas and the continental shelf . The great hammerhead can be distinguished from other hammerheads by the shape of its `` hammer '' ( called the `` cephalofoil '' ) , which is wide with an almost straight front margin , and by its tall , sickle-shaped first dorsal fin . A solitary , strong-swimming apex predator , the great hammerhead feeds on a wide variety of prey ranging from crustaceans and cephalopods , to bony fish , to smaller sharks . Observations of this species in the wild suggest that the cephalofoil functions to immobilize stingrays , a favored prey . This species has a viviparous mode of reproduction , bearing litters of up to 55 pups every two years .   Although potentially dangerous , the great hammerhead rarely attacks humans . It sometimes behaves inquisitively toward divers and should be treated with respect . This shark is heavily fished for its large fins , which are extremely valuable on the Asian market as the main ingredient of shark fin soup . As a result , great hammerhead populations are declining substantially worldwide , and it has been assessed as Endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) .

neg: Drift ice Drift ice is any sea ice other than fast ice , the latter being attached ( `` fastened '' ) to the shoreline or other fixed objects ( shoals , grounded icebergs , etc. ) . Drift ice is carried along by winds and sea currents , hence its name . When drift ice is driven together into a large single mass ( > 70 % coverage ) , it is called pack ice . Wind and currents can pile up that ice to form ridges up to several metres in height . These represent a challenge for icebreakers and offshore structures operating in cold oceans and seas .   Drift ice consists of floes , individual pieces of sea ice 20 m or more across . There are names for various floe sizes : small -- 20 m to 100 m ; medium -- 100 m to 500 m ; big -- 500 m to 2000 m ; vast -- 2 km to 10 km ; and giant -- more than 10 km .   Seasonal ice drift in the Sea of Okhotsk by the northern coast of Hokkaidō , Japan has become a tourist attraction of this area with harsh climate , and is one of the 100 Soundscapes of Japan . The Sea of Okhotsk is the southernmost area in the Northern hemisphere where drift ice may be observed .   Drift ice affects :  Security of navigation  Climatic impact ( see Polar ice packs )  Geological impact  Biosphere influence ( see Ecology of sea ice )   The two major ice packs are the Arctic ice pack and the Antarctic ice pack . The most important areas of pack ice are the polar ice packs formed from seawater in the Earth 's polar regions : the Arctic ice pack of the Arctic Ocean and the Antarctic ice pack of the Southern Ocean . Polar packs significantly change their size during seasonal changes of the year . Because of vast amounts of water added to or removed from the oceans and atmosphere , the behavior of polar ice packs has a significant impact on global changes in climate .

neg: Oceanic plateau An oceanic or submarine plateau is a large , relatively flat elevation that is higher than the surrounding relief with one or more relatively steep sides .   There are 184 oceanic plateaus covering an area of 18,486,600 km2 , or about 5.11 % of the oceans . The South Pacific region around Australia and New Zealand contains the greatest number of oceanic plateaus ( see map ) .   Oceanic plateaus produced by large igneous provinces are often associated with hotspots , mantle plumes , and volcanic islands -- such as Iceland , Hawaii , Cape Verde , and Kerguelen . The three largest plateaus , the Caribbean , Ontong Java , and Mid-Pacific Mountains , are located on thermal swells . Other oceanic plateaus , however , are made of rifted continental crust , for example Falkland Plateau , Lord Howe Rise , and parts of Kerguelen , Seychelles , and Arctic ridges .  Plateaus formed by large igneous provinces were formed by the equivalent of continental flood basalts such as the Deccan Traps in India and the Snake River Plain in the United States .   In contrast to continental flood basalts , most igneous oceanic plateaus erupt through young and thin ( 6 - ) mafic or ultra-mafic crust and are therefore uncontaminated by felsic crust and representative for their mantle sources .  These plateaus often rise 2 - above the surrounding ocean floor and are more buoyant than oceanic crust . They therefore tend to withstand subduction , more-so when thick and when reaching subduction zones shortly after their formations . As a consequence , they tend to `` dock '' to continental margins and be preserved as accreted terranes . Such terranes are often better preserved than the exposed parts of continental flood basalts and are therefore a better record of large-scale volcanic eruptions throughout Earth 's history . This `` docking '' also means that oceanic plateaus are important contributors to the growth of continental crust . Their formations often had a dramatic impact on global climate , such as the most recent plateaus formed , the three , large , Cretaceous oceanic plateaus in the Pacific and Indian Ocean : Ontong Java , Kerguelen , and Caribbean .

neg: Whalers Bay (Svalbard) Whaler 's Bay is a bay in Svalbard in the Arctic Ocean .   The former whaling grounds to the north of Nordaustlandet ( roughly ) , the second largest island of the Svalbard archipelago are called Whaler 's Bay and the bowhead whale has been abundant in this region .  The West Spitsbergen Current ( WSC ) transports salt and internal energy through Fram Strait into Whaler 's bay . Oceanographic field-studies suggest that the waters on the surface are mainly influenced by atmospheric cooling . Other studies claim that the warm temperature correlates with the sea ice extent in this area .

neg: Hudson Complex The Hudson Complex is a marine ecoregion in Canada , part of the Arctic marine realm .   The Hudson Complex includes Hudson Bay and smaller James Bay to the south , as well as the Foxe Basin , Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay . The Canadian mainland surrounds the Hudson Complex on the west and south , and Baffin Island on the north . Straits connect the Hudson Complex to other marine ecoregions to the northwest and east . A line connecting Cape Chidley , Resolution Island and Baffin Island serves as the western boundary of the ecoregion , where it transitions to the Northern Labrador marine ecoregion to the east . The Fury and Hecla Strait , between Baffin Island and the Melville Peninsula , is the transition to the Lancaster Sound marine ecoregion to the northwest .

neg: Maui's dolphin Maui 's dolphin or popoto ( Cephalorhynchus hectori maui ) is the world 's rarest and smallest known subspecies of dolphin .   They are a subspecies of the Hector 's dolphin . Maui 's dolphins are only found off the west coast of New Zealand 's North Island . Hector 's and Maui 's are New Zealand 's only endemic cetaceans . Maui 's dolphins are generally found close to shore in groups or pods of several dolphins . They are generally seen in water shallower than 20 m , but may also range further offshore .   The dolphin is threatened by set-netting and trawling . Based on estimates from 2012 , in May 2014 , the World Wildlife Fund in New Zealand launched `` The Last 55 '' campaign , calling for a full ban over what it believed is their entire range . The International Whaling Commission supports more fishing restrictions , but the New Zealand government has resisted the demands and questioned the reliability of the evidence presented to the IWC that Maui 's dolphins inhabit the areas they are said to inhabit . In June 2014 , the government decided to open up 3000 km2 of the West Coast North Island Marine Mammal Sanctuary -- the main habitat of the Maui 's dolphin -- for oil drilling . This amounts to one-quarter of the total sanctuary area . In May 2015 , estimates suggested that the population had declined to 43-47 individuals , of which only 10 were mature females .

neg: Ceratiidae Sea devils are the family of deep-sea anglerfish known as the Ceratiidae , from the Greek keras , `` horn '' , referring to the bioluminescent lure that projects from the fishes ' forehead .   They are among the most widespread of the anglerfishes , found in all oceans from the tropics to the Antarctic . They are large and elongated : females of the largest species , Krøyer 's deep sea angler fish , Ceratias holboelli , reach 1.2 m in length . Males , by contrast , are much smaller , reaching 14 cm , and , like other anglerfishes , spend much of their lives attached to a female after a free-living adolescent stage in which they are very small - at most 1.3 cm - and have sharp , beak-like , toothless jaws . One or more males attach themselves permanently to a female , eventually merging circulatory systems . As this genetic chimera matures , the male grows large testicles , while the rest of its body atrophies . Ceratioidea are the only creatures known to become chimeras as a normal part of their lifecycle .

neg: The Whaling Museum & Education Center The Whaling Museum & Education Center , formerly known as the The Whaling Museum , is a maritime museum located in Cold Spring Harbor , New York dedicated to exploring the local history and impact of the whaling industry , the maritime heritage of Long Island , and the relationship between people and the ocean .   The mission is to explore the ever-changing relationship between humans and whales through inquiry-based education and interpretation of artifacts that emphasize the cultural , scientific and environmental significance of Long Island and the Sea . We help members and visitors make informed decisions about our marine environment . The Museum serves 20,000 visitors annuallyand is accredited by the American Alliance of Museums . Located in a historic 19th century waterside village on the North Shore of Suffolk County , the Whaling Museum Society was founded in 1936 , with the Museum opening its front doors in 1942 . Current exhibit space is 2500 square feet , which includes an educational workshop . The Museum is the only facility in New York State open year-round which focuses on the prominent whaling history of the region and its meaningful applications in today 's world .   The museum holds about 6,000 documents and artifacts from Cold Spring Harbor and other Long Island whaling towns . Highlights of the collection include New York State 's only fully equipped 19th-century whaleboat with original gear and one of the most notable scrimshaw collections in the northeast .   Additional displays include whaling implements , ship 's gear , navigational aids , ship models and maritime art . The library and archival collection contains 2,800 primary and secondary volumes and manuscript material from the Cold Spring whaling fleet , ship 's logs , journals and business correspondence of the Cold Spring Whaling Company , family documents dealing with maritime commerce on Long Island , records of the Long Island coastwise trade under sail and records from the Cold Spring Harbor Customs House ( 1798 until 1908 ) .   The museum hosts educational events and exhibitions year-round , including films , lectures , performances , and special events , many of which creatively connect the subject of whaling to other subjects in art , science , and culture . The museum 's education department runs an extensive `` Museum to You '' program , as well as camp weeks during school breaks .

neg: Grenadiers (fish) Grenadiers or rattails are generally large , brown to black gadiform marine fish of the family Macrouridae . Found at great depths from the Arctic to Antarctic , members of this family are amongst the most abundant of the deep-sea fish .   The macrourids form a large and diverse family with 28 extant genera recognized ( well over half of the total species are contained in just three genera , Coelorinchus , Coryphaenoides , and Nezumia ) . They range in length from about 10 cm in Hymenogadus gracilis to 1.5 m in Albatrossia pectoralis . An important commercial fishery exists for the larger species , such as the giant grenadier and Coryphaenoides rupestris . The family as a whole may represent up to 15 % of the deep-sea fish population .   Typified by large heads with large mouths and eyes , grenadiers have slender bodies that taper greatly to very thin caudal peduncles or tails ( excluding one species with no tail fin ) : this rat-like tail explains the common name ` rattail ' and the family name Macrouridae , from the Greek makros meaning `` great '' and oura meaning `` tail '' . The first dorsal fin is small , high , and pointed ( and may be spinous ) ; the second dorsal fin runs along the rest of the back and merges with the tail and extensive anal fin . The scales are small .   As with many deep-living fish , the lateral line system in grenadiers is well-developed ; it is further aided by numerous chemoreceptors located on the head and lips and chemosensory barbels underneath the chin . Benthic species have gas bladders with unique muscles attached to them . The animals are thought to use these muscles to `` strum '' their gas bladders and produce sound , possibly playing a role in courtship and mate location . Light-producing organs , photophores , are present in some species ; they are located in the middle of the abdomen , just before the anus and underneath the skin .   Living at depths from 200 to , grenadiers are the most common benthic fish of the deep ( however , two genera are known to prefer the midwater ) . They may be solitary or may form large schools , as with the roundnose grenadiers . The benthic species are attracted to structural oases , such as hydrothermal vents , cold seeps , and shipwrecks . They are thought to be generalists , feeding on smaller fish , pelagic crustaceans such as shrimp , amphipods , cumaceans , and less often cephalopods and lanternfish . As well as being important apex predators in the benthic habitat , some species are also notable as scavengers .   As few rattail larvae have been recovered , little is known of their life histories . They are known to produce a large number ( over 100,000 ) of tiny ( 1 - in diameter ) eggs made buoyant by lipid droplets . The eggs are presumed to float up to the thermocline ( the interface between warmer surface waters and cold , deeper waters ) where they develop . The juveniles remain in shallower waters , gradually migrating to greater depths with age .   Spawning may or may not be tied to the seasons , depending on the species . At least one species , Coryphaenoides armatus , is thought to be semelparous ; that is , the adults die after spawning . Nonsemelparous species may live to 56 years or more . The macrourids , in general , are thought to have low resilience ; commercially exploited species may be overfished and this could soon lead to a collapse of their fisheries .

neg: Omura's whale Omura 's whale or the dwarf fin whale ( Balaenoptera omurai ) is a species of rorqual about which very little is known . Before its formal description , it was referred to as a small , `` dwarf '' or `` pygmy '' form of Bryde 's whale by various sources . The common name and specific epithet commemorate Japanese cetologist Hideo Omura .   The scientific description of this whale was made in Nature in 2003 by three Japanese scientists . They determined the existence of the species by analysing the morphology and mitochondrial DNA of nine individuals -- eight caught by Japanese research vessels in the late 1970s in the Indo-Pacific and an adult female collected in 1998 from Tsunoshima , an island in the Sea of Japan . Later , abundant genetic evidence confirmed Omura 's whale as a valid species and revealed it to be an early offshoot from the rorqual lineage , diverging much earlier than Bryde 's and sei whales . It is perhaps more closely related to its larger relative , the blue whale .   In the third edition of Mammal Species of the World , the `` species '' is relegated to being a synonym of Balaenoptera edeni . However , the authors note that this is subject to a revision of the genus . The database ITIS lists this as a valid taxon , noting a caveat on the disputed systematics of this species , Balaenoptera edeni and Balaenoptera brydei .

neg: Geography of Antarctica The geography of Antarctica is dominated by its south polar location and , thus , by ice . The Antarctic continent , located in the Earth 's southern hemisphere , is centered asymmetrically around the South Pole and largely south of the Antarctic Circle . It is washed by the Southern ( or Antarctic ) Ocean or , depending on definition , the southern Pacific , Atlantic , and Indian Oceans . It has an area of more than 14 million km ² .   Some 98 % of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet , the world 's largest ice sheet and also its largest reservoir of fresh water . Averaging at least 1.6 km thick , the ice is so massive that it has depressed the continental bedrock in some areas more than 2.5 km below sea level ; subglacial lakes of liquid water also occur ( e.g. , Lake Vostok ) . Ice shelves and rises populate the ice sheet on the periphery .

neg: Whale (disambiguation) A whale is a sea mammal .   Whale or The Whale may also refer to :

neg: Antarctic minke whale The Antarctic minke whale or southern minke whale ( Balaenoptera bonaerensis ) is a species of minke whale within the suborder of baleen whales . It is the second smallest rorqual after the common minke whale and the third smallest baleen whale . Although first scientifically described in the mid-19th century , it was not recognized as a distinct species until the 1990s . Once ignored by the whaling industry due to its small size and low oil yield , the Antarctic minke was able to avoid the fate of other baleen whales and maintained a large population into the 21st century , numbering in the hundreds of thousands . Surviving to become the most abundant baleen whale in the world , it is now one of the mainstays of the industry alongside its cosmopolitan counterpart the common minke . It is primarily restricted to the Southern Hemisphere ( although vagrants have been reported in the North Atlantic ) and feeds mainly on euphausiids .

neg: Archipelagic state An archipelagic state is any internationally recognized state or country that comprises a series of islands that form an archipelago . The term is defined by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in order to define what borders such states should be allowed to claim .   In various conferences , Fiji , Indonesia , Papua New Guinea , the Bahamas , and the Philippines are the five sovereign states that obtained approval in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea signed in Montego Bay , Jamaica on December 10 , 1982 and qualified as archipelagic states .   Archipelagic states are states that are composed of groups of islands forming a state as a single unit , with the islands and the waters within the baselines as internal waters . Under this concept ( `` archipelagic doctrine '' ) , an archipelago shall be regarded as a single unit , so that the waters around , between , and connecting the islands of the archipelago , irrespective of their breadth and dimensions , form part of the internal waters of the state , and are subject to its exclusive sovereignty .   The approval of the United Nations for the five sovereign states as archipelagic states respect existing agreements with other countries and shall recognize traditional fishing rights and other legitimate activities of the immediately adjacent neighboring countries in certain areas falling within archipelagic waters . The terms and conditions for the exercise of such rights and activities , including the nature , the extent and the areas to which they apply , shall , at the request of any of the countries concerned , be regulated by bilateral agreements between them . Such rights shall not be transferred to or shared with third countries or their nationals .

neg: Caribbean reef shark The Caribbean reef shark ( Carcharhinus perezii ) is a species of requiem shark , belonging to the family Carcharhinidae . It is found in the tropical waters of the western Atlantic Ocean from Florida to Brazil , and is the most commonly encountered reef shark in the Caribbean Sea . With a robust , streamlined body typical of the requiem sharks , this species is difficult to tell apart from other large members of its family such as the dusky shark ( C. obscurus ) and the silky shark ( C. falciformis ) . Distinguishing characteristics include dusky-colored fins without prominent markings , a short free rear tip on the second dorsal fin , and tooth shape and number .   Measuring up to 3 m long , the Caribbean reef shark is one of the largest apex predators in the reef ecosystem , feeding on a variety of fishes and cephalopods . They have been documented resting motionless on the sea bottom or inside caves , unusual behavior for an active-swimming shark . If threatened , it may perform a threat display in which it frequently changes direction and dips its pectoral fins . Like other requiem sharks , it is viviparous with females giving birth to 4 -- 6 young every other year . Caribbean reef sharks are of some importance to fisheries as a source of meat , leather , liver oil , and fishmeal , but recently they have become more valuable as an ecotourist attraction . In the Bahamas and elsewhere , bait is used to attract them to groups of divers in controversial `` shark feedings '' . This species is responsible for a small number of attacks on humans . The shark attacks usually happen in the spring/summer part of the year .

neg: Sea of Japan naming dispute A dispute exists over the international name for the body of water which is bordered by Japan , North Korea , Russia , and South Korea . In 1992 , objections to the name Sea of Japan were first raised by North Korea and South Korea at the Sixth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names . The Japanese government supports the use of the name `` Sea of Japan '' , while South Korea supports the name `` East Sea '' , and North Korea supports the name `` East Sea of Korea '' . Currently , most international maps and documents use either the name Sea of Japan ( or equivalent translation ) by itself , or include both the name Sea of Japan and East Sea , often with East Sea listed in parentheses or otherwise marked as a secondary name . The International Hydrographic Organization , the international governing body for the naming of bodies of water around the world , in 2012 decided not to change the current single name `` Sea of Japan '' rejecting South Korea 's request to use `` East Sea '' together with `` Sea of Japan '' .   The involved countries ( especially Japan and South Korea ) have advanced a variety of arguments to support their preferred name ( s ) . Many of the arguments revolve around determining when the name Sea of Japan became the common name . South Korea argues that historically the more common name was East Sea , Sea of Korea , or another similar variant . South Korea further argues that the name Sea of Japan did not become common until Korea was under Japanese rule , at which time it had no ability to influence international affairs . Japan argues that the name Sea of Japan has been the most common international name since at least the beginning of the 19th century , long before its annexation of Korea . Both sides have conducted studies of antiquarian maps , but the two countries have produced divergent research results . Additional arguments have been raised regarding the underlying geography of the sea as well as potential problems regarding the ambiguity of one name or the other .

neg: Pack hunter A pack hunter or social predator is a predator belonging to the animal kingdom which has evolved to hunt its prey by working together with other members of its species . Normally animals hunting in this way are closely related , and with the exceptions of humans and chimpanzees where only males normally hunt , all individuals in a family group will contribute to hunting . The most commonly known pack hunter is the gray wolf , the closest wild relative of all breeds of domesticated dog . Humans and their closest-living relatives chimpanzees are also pack hunters . Other pack hunting mammals include dolphins , lions , dwarf and banded mongooses and spotted hyenas . A number of avian social predators exist , including the Harris 's hawk , butcherbirds , three of four kookaburra species and many helmetshrikes . There are a few cold-blooded pack hunters including simple arthropods such as army ants , the yellow saddle goatfish and occasionally crocodiles .   There is a possibility that some non-avian theropod dinosaurs displayed pack behavior as well .   A social animal that always hunts , singly such as the domestic cat , is not a pack hunter .   Pack hunting is typically associated with cooperative breeding and its concentration in the Afrotropical Region is a reflection of this . Most pack hunters are found in the southern African savannas , with a notable absence in tropical rainforests and with the exception of the wolf and coyote , higher latitudes . It is thought that either on the ancient and poor soils of the southern African savanna it is not possible for individual predators to find adequate food , or that the environment 's inherent unpredictability due to ENSO or IOD events means that in very bad conditions it will not be possible to raise the young necessary to prevent declining populations from adult mortality . It is also argued that Africa 's very large area of continuous flat and open country , which was even more extensive while rainforest contracted during glacial periods of the Quaternary , may have helped encourage pack hunting to become much more common than on any other continent .   A shared pack hunting history is thought to be the main conduit through which humans have been able to form a mutual relationship with dogs ( that is , domestication ) , as both species are highly social and inter-dependent . Humans easily take over the dominance hierarchy of dogs as subordinates instinctively follow the `` alpha '' individual and dogs are accustomed to living very close together   When wolves hunt a Moose or Elk , it sometimes takes to deep water to avoid the pack . A wolf response to this behavior is that the pack rests with one or two wolves annoying the prey until it gets fatigued .


query: Clint Eastwood was in films.

pos: Gran Torino Gran Torino is a 2008 American drama film directed and produced by Clint Eastwood , who also starred in the film . The film co-stars Christopher Carley , Bee Vang and Ahney Her . This was Eastwood 's first starring role since 2004 's Million Dollar Baby . The film features a large Hmong American cast , as well as one of Eastwood 's younger sons , Scott . Eastwood 's oldest son , Kyle , provided the score . Gran Torino opened via a limited theatrical release in North America on December 12 , 2008 , and later to a worldwide release on January 9 , 2009 . Set in Detroit , Michigan , it is the first mainstream American film to feature Hmong Americans . Many Lao Hmong war refugees resettled in the U.S. following the communist takeover of Laos in 1975 .   The story follows Walt Kowalski , a recently widowed Korean War veteran alienated from his family and angry at the world . Walt 's young neighbor , Thao Vang Lor , is pressured by his cousin into stealing Walt 's prized 1972 Ford Gran Torino for his initiation into a gang . Walt thwarts the theft with his M1 Garand rifle and subsequently develops a relationship with the boy and his family .   Gran Torino was a critical and commercial success , grossing nearly $ 270 million worldwide ( making it Eastwood 's second highest-grossing film to date ) . Within the Hmong community in the United States , the film received both praise and criticism .

pos: Pale Rider Pale Rider is a 1985 American western film produced and directed by Clint Eastwood , who also stars in the lead role . The title is a reference to the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse , as the rider of a pale horse is Death . The film , which took in nearly $ 41 million at the box office , became the highest grossing Western of the 1980s .

pos: Every Which Way but Loose (film) Every Which Way but Loose is a 1978 American adventure comedy film , released by Warner Brothers , produced by Robert Daley and directed by James Fargo . It stars Clint Eastwood in an uncharacteristic and offbeat comedy role , as Philo Beddoe , a trucker and brawler roaming the American West in search of a lost love while accompanied by his friend/manager , Orville , and his pet orangutan , Clyde . In the process Philo manages to cross a motley assortment of characters , including a pair of police officers and an entire motorcycle gang ( the `` Black Widows '' ) , who end up pursuing him for revenge .   Eastwood 's appearance in the film , after his string of spaghetti western and Dirty Harry roles , somewhat startled the film industry and he was reportedly advised against making it . Although it was panned by critics , the film went on to become an enormous success and became , along with its 1980 sequel Any Which Way You Can , two of the highest grossing Eastwood films . When adjusted for inflation , it still ranks as one of the top 200 highest-grossing films of all time .

pos: Heartbreak Ridge Heartbreak Ridge is a 1986 American Technicolor war film directed and produced by Clint Eastwood , who also starred in the film . The film also co-stars Mario Van Peebles , Marsha Mason , and Everett McGill . The film was released in the United States on December 5 , 1986 . The story involves the actions of a small group of U.S. Marines during the American invasion of Grenada in 1983 . A portion of the film was filmed on the island .   The title comes from the Battle of Heartbreak Ridge in the Korean War . The character played by Eastwood received the Medal of Honor for his actions in the U.S. Army there , even though he is now a U.S. Marine .   The film was the 1000th to be released in Dolby Stereo .

pos: Clint Eastwood Clinton Eastwood Jr. '' ' ( born May 31 , 1930 ) is an American actor , filmmaker , musician , and political figure . After achieving success in the Western TV series Rawhide , he rose to international fame with his role as the Man with No Name in Sergio Leone 's Dollars trilogy of spaghetti Westerns during the 1960s , and as antihero cop Harry Callahan in the five Dirty Harry films throughout the 1970s and 1980s . These roles , among others , have made Eastwood an enduring cultural icon of masculinity .   For his work in the Western film Unforgiven ( 1992 ) and the sports drama Million Dollar Baby ( 2004 ) , Eastwood won Academy Awards for Best Director and Best Picture , as well as receiving nominations for Best Actor . Eastwood 's greatest commercial successes have been the adventure comedy Every Which Way But Loose ( 1978 ) and its sequel , the action comedy Any Which Way You Can ( 1980 ) , after adjustment for inflation . Other popular films include the Western Hang 'Em High ( 1968 ) , the psychological thriller Play Misty for Me ( 1971 ) , the crime film Thunderbolt and Lightfoot ( 1974 ) , the Western The Outlaw Josey Wales ( 1976 ) , the prison film Escape from Alcatraz ( 1979 ) , the action film Firefox ( 1982 ) , the suspense thriller Tightrope ( 1984 ) , the Western Pale Rider ( 1985 ) , the war films Where Eagles Dare ( 1968 ) , Heartbreak Ridge ( 1986 ) , the action thriller In the Line of Fire ( 1993 ) , the romantic drama The Bridges of Madison County ( 1995 ) , and the drama Gran Torino ( 2008 ) .   In addition to directing many of his own star vehicles , Eastwood has also directed films in which he did not appear , such as the mystery drama Mystic River ( 2003 ) and the war film Letters from Iwo Jima ( 2006 ) , for which he received Academy Award nominations , and the drama Changeling ( 2008 ) . The war drama biopic American Sniper '' ( 2014 ) set box office records for the largest January release ever and was also the largest opening ever for an Eastwood film .   Eastwood received considerable critical praise in France for several films , including some that were not well received in the United States . Eastwood has been awarded two of France 's highest honors : in 1994 he became a recipient of the Commander of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres , and in 2007 he was awarded the Legion of Honour medal . In 2000 , Eastwood was awarded the Italian Venice Film Festival Golden Lion for lifetime achievement .   Since 1967 , Eastwood has run his own production company , Malpaso , which has produced all but four of his American films . Starting in 1986 , Eastwood served for two years as Mayor of Carmel-by-the-Sea , California , a non-partisan office .

pos: Escape from Alcatraz (film) Escape from Alcatraz is a 1979 American prison thriller film directed by Don Siegel . It is an adaptation of the 1963 non-fiction book of the same name by J. Campbell Bruce and dramatizes the 1962 prisoner escape from the maximum security prison on Alcatraz Island . The film stars Clint Eastwood , Jack Thibeau and Fred Ward as prisoners Frank Morris , Clarence Anglin and John Anglin . Allen West was played by Larry Hankin ; his character 's name was changed to Charley Butts . Patrick McGoohan portrays the suspicious , vindictive warden and Danny Glover appears in his film debut . Escape from Alcatraz marks the fifth and final collaboration between Siegel and Eastwood , following Coogan 's Bluff ( 1968 ) , Two Mules for Sister Sara ( 1970 ) , The Beguiled ( 1971 ) and Dirty Harry ( 1971 ) .

pos: Tightrope (film) Tightrope is a 1984 American suspense thriller produced by and starring Clint Eastwood and written and directed by Richard Tuggle .

pos: Thunderbolt and Lightfoot Thunderbolt and Lightfoot is a 1974 American crime film written and directed by Michael Cimino and starring Clint Eastwood , Jeff Bridges , George Kennedy , and Geoffrey Lewis .

pos: Hang 'Em High Hang 'Em High is a 1968 American DeLuxe Color revisionist Western film directed by Ted Post and produced and co-written by Leonard Freeman . It stars Clint Eastwood as Jed Cooper , an innocent man who survives a lynching ; Inger Stevens as a widow who helps him ; Ed Begley as the leader of the gang that lynched Cooper ; and Pat Hingle as the judge who hires him as a U.S. Marshal .   Hang 'Em High was the first production of the Malpaso Company , Eastwood 's production company .   Hingle portrays a fictional judge who mirrors Judge Isaac Parker , who was labeled the `` Hanging Judge '' due to the large number of men he sentenced to be executed during his service as District Judge of the Western District of Arkansas .   The film also depicts the dangers of serving as a U.S. marshal during that period , as many federal marshals were killed while serving under Parker . The fictional Fort Grant , base for operations for that district judge seat , is also a mirror of the factual Fort Smith , Arkansas , where Judge Parker 's court was located .

pos: In the Line of Fire In the Line of Fire is a 1993 American action thriller film , directed by Wolfgang Petersen and starring Clint Eastwood , John Malkovich and Rene Russo . Written by Jeff Maguire , the film is about a disillusioned and obsessed former CIA agent who attempts to assassinate the President of the United States and the Secret Service agent who tracks him . Eastwood 's character is the sole active-duty Secret Service agent remaining from the detail guarding John F. Kennedy in Dallas , Texas , at the time of his assassination in 1963 . The film also stars Dylan McDermott , Gary Cole , John Mahoney , and Fred Thompson .   The film was co-produced by Columbia Pictures and Castle Rock Entertainment , with Columbia handling distribution . Eastwood and Petersen also originally offered the role of Leary to Robert De Niro , who turned it down due to scheduling conflicts with A Bronx Tale . After In the Line of Fire , Eastwood directed every film he starred in , until 2012 's Trouble with the Curve .

pos: Play Misty for Me Play Misty for Me is a 1971 American psychological thriller film , directed by and starring Clint Eastwood , in his directorial debut . Jessica Walter and Donna Mills co-star . The original music score was composed by Dee Barton . In the film , Eastwood plays the role of a radio disc jockey being stalked by an obsessed female fan .   The film was a critical and financial success , with Walter earning praise for her first major film role .

pos: The Outlaw Josey Wales The Outlaw Josey Wales ' is a 1976 American revisionist Western DeLuxe Color and Panavision film set during and after the American Civil War . It was directed by and starred Clint Eastwood ( as the eponymous Josey Wales ) , with Chief Dan George , Sondra Locke , Sam Bottoms , and Geraldine Keams . The film tells the story of Josey Wales , a Missouri farmer whose family is murdered by Union militants during the Civil War . Driven to revenge , Wales joins a Confederate guerrilla band and fights in the Civil War . After the war , all the fighters in Wales ' group except for Wales surrender to Union officers , but they end up being massacred . Wales becomes an outlaw and is pursued by bounty hunters and Union soldiers .   The film was adapted by Sonia Chernus and Philip Kaufman from author Forrest Carter 's 1973 novel The Rebel Outlaw : Josey Wales ( republished , as shown in the movie 's opening credits , as Gone to Texas ) . The film was a commercial success , earning $ 31.8 million against a $ 3.7 million budget . In 1996 , the film was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress for being deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' .   Josey Wales was portrayed by Michael Parks in the film 's 1986 sequel , The Return of Josey Wales '' .

pos: Firefox (film) Firefox is a 1982 American DeLuxe Color techno-thriller film produced , directed by and starring Clint Eastwood in Panavision . It is based upon the 1977 novel of the same name by Craig Thomas .   Though the film was set in Russia , authentic filming locations were not possible due to the Cold War , forcing Eastwood 's and Fritz Manes 's Malpaso Company to rely on Vienna and other locations in Austria to double for many of the Eurasian story locations . The film was shot on a $ 21 million budget , the largest production budget ever for Malpaso . Of that amount , over $ 20 million was spent on special effects .

pos: Where Eagles Dare Where Eagles Dare is a British 1968 World War II action film starring Richard Burton , Clint Eastwood , Mary Ure , and Ingrid Pitt . It was directed by Brian G. Hutton and shot on location in Austria and Bavaria . Alistair MacLean wrote the novel of the same name and the screenplay at the same time . It was his first screenplay ; both film and book became commercial successes .   The film involved some of the top moviemaking professionals of the time and is considered a classic . Major contributors included Hollywood stuntman Yakima Canutt , who as second-unit director shot most of the action scenes ; British stuntman Alf Joint who doubled for Burton in such sequences as the fight on top of the cable car ; award-winning conductor and composer Ron Goodwin , who wrote the film score ; and future Oscar-nominee Arthur Ibbetson , who worked on its cinematography . The film is noted for the phrase `` Broadsword calling Danny Boy '' , used by Richard Burton several times throughout .

neg: Clint Eastwood at the 2012 Republican National Convention On Thursday , August 30 , 2012 , American actor and director Clint Eastwood gave a speech at the Republican National Convention . Eastwood had endorsed Mitt Romney for the 2012 United States presidential election earlier that month , and spent much of his speech 's running time on a largely improvised routine in which he addressed an empty chair that represented President Barack Obama . The speech , broadcast in a prime time slot , was viewed live by around 30 million Americans . It generated many responses and much discussion .

neg: Paint Your Wagon (film) Paint Your Wagon is a 1969 Western musical film starring Lee Marvin , Clint Eastwood , and Jean Seberg . The film was adapted by Paddy Chayefsky from the 1951 musical Paint Your Wagon by Lerner and Loewe . It is set in a mining camp in Gold Rush-era California . It was directed by Joshua Logan .

neg: The Law vs. Billy the Kid The Law vs. Billy the Kid is a 1954 Western film starring Scott Brady as Billy the Kid . It was directed by William Castle .

neg: Clint Eastwood bibliography A list of books and essays about Clint Eastwood :                      Eastwood  Category : Clint Eastwood

neg: Film series A film series ( also referred to as a film franchise ) is a collection of related films in succession that share the same fictional universe , or are marketed as a series .   Sometimes the work is conceived from the beginning as a multiple-film work , for example the Three Colours series , but in most cases the success of the original film inspires further films to be made . Individual sequels are relatively common , but are not always successful enough to spawn further installments .   The Marvel Cinematic Universe is the highest grossing film series in unadjusted US Dollar figures surpassing the Harry Potter , Star Wars , James Bond , and Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings series . However , `` Star Wars '' has the highest when adjusted for inflation .

neg: Rocky Rocky is a 1976 American sports drama film directed by John G. Avildsen and both written by and starring Sylvester Stallone . It tells the rags to riches American Dream story of Rocky Balboa , an uneducated but kind-hearted working class Italian-American boxer working in a meat warehouse and as a debt collector for a loan shark in the slums of Philadelphia . Rocky starts out as a small-time club fighter , and later gets a shot at the world heavyweight championship . The film also stars Talia Shire as Adrian , Burt Young as Adrian 's brother Paulie , Burgess Meredith as Rocky 's trainer Mickey Goldmill , and Carl Weathers as the champion , Apollo Creed .   The film , made on a budget of just over $ 1 million and shot in 28 days , was a sleeper hit ; it earned $ 225 million in global box office receipts , becoming the highest-grossing film of 1976 , and went on to win three Oscars , including Best Picture . The film received many positive reviews and turned Stallone into a major star . In 2006 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically or aesthetically significant '' . Rocky is considered to be one of the greatest sports films ever made and was ranked as the second-best in the genre , after Raging Bull , by the American Film Institute in 2008 .   The film has spawned six sequels : Rocky II ( 1979 ) , Rocky III ( 1982 ) , Rocky IV ( 1985 ) , Rocky V ( 1990 ) , Rocky Balboa ( 2006 ) and Creed ( 2015 ) . Stallone portrays Rocky in all six sequels , wrote the first five , and directed four ( Avildsen returned to direct Rocky V and Ryan Coogler directed Creed ) .

neg: List of Republic Pictures films This is a list of films produced and distributed by Republic Pictures . Republic Pictures was an American independent film production-distribution corporation with studio facilities , operating from 1935 through 1959 , and was best known for specializing in westerns , serials , and B films emphasizing mystery and action .

neg: Major film studio A major film studio is a production and film distributor that releases a substantial number of films annually and consistently commands a significant share of box office revenue in a given market . In the North American , Western , and global markets , the major film studios , often simply known as the majors , are commonly regarded as the six diversified media conglomerates whose various film production and distribution subsidiaries collectively command approximately 80 to 85 percent of U.S. and Canadian box office revenue . The term may also be applied more specifically to the primary motion picture business subsidiary of each respective conglomerate .   The `` Big Six '' majors , whose operations are based in or around the Los Angeles neighborhood of Hollywood , are all centered in film studios active during Hollywood 's Golden Age of the 1930s and 1940s . In three cases -- 20th Century Fox , Warner Bros. , and Paramount -- the studios were one of the `` Big Five '' majors during that era as well . In two cases -- Columbia and Universal -- the studios were also considered majors , but in the next tier down , part of the `` Little Three '' . In the sixth case , Walt Disney Studios was an independent production company during the Golden Age ; it was an important Hollywood entity , but not a major . Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , United Artists , and RKO were majors .   Today , Disney is the only member of the Big Six whose parent entity is still located near Los Angeles ( actually , on Disney 's studio lot and in the same building ) . The five others report to conglomerates headquartered in New York City , Philadelphia , and Tokyo . Of the Big Six , Paramount is the only one still based in Hollywood , and Paramount and Fox are the only ones still located within the Los Angeles city limits , while Disney and Warner Bros. are located in Burbank , Columbia in Culver City , and Universal in the unincorporated area of Universal City .   Most of today 's Big Six control subsidiaries with their own distribution networks that concentrate on arthouse pictures ( e.g. Fox Searchlight Pictures ) or genre films ( e.g. Sony 's Screen Gems ) ; several of these specialty units were shut down or sold off between 2008 and 2010 . The six major studios are contrasted with smaller production and/or distribution companies , which are known as independents or `` indies '' . The leading independent producer/distributors -- Lionsgate Films , The Weinstein Company , and former major studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer -- are sometimes referred to as `` mini-majors '' . From 1998 through 2005 , DreamWorks SKG commanded a large enough market share to arguably qualify it as a seventh major , despite its relatively small output . In 2006 , DreamWorks was acquired by Viacom , Paramount 's corporate parent . In late 2008 , DreamWorks once again became an independent production company ; its films were distributed by Disney 's Touchstone Pictures until 2016 , at which point distribution switched to Universal .   The Big Six major studios are today primarily backers and distributors of films whose actual production is largely handled by independent companies -- either long-running entities or ones created for and dedicated to the making of a specific film . The specialty divisions often simply acquire distribution rights to pictures in which the studio has had no prior involvement . While the majors still do a modicum of true production , their activities are focused more in the areas of development , financing , marketing , and merchandising . Those business functions are still usually performed in or near Los Angeles , even though the runaway production phenomenon means that most films are now mostly or completely shot on location at places outside Los Angeles .   Since the dawn of filmmaking , the U.S. major film studios have dominated both American cinema and the global film industry . U.S. studios have benefited from a strong first-mover advantage in that they were the first to industrialize filmmaking and master the art of mass-producing and distributing high-quality films with broad cross-cultural appeal . Today , the Big Six majors routinely distribute hundreds of films every year into all significant international markets ( that is , where discretionary income is high enough for consumers to afford to watch films ) . It is very rare , if not impossible , for a film to reach a broad international audience on multiple continents and in multiple languages without first being picked up by one of the majors for distribution .

neg: Golden Boot Awards The Golden Boot Awards is an American acknowledgment of achievement honoring actors , actresses , and crew members who have made significant contributions to the genre of Western television and movies . The award is sponsored and presented by the Motion Picture & Television Fund . Money raised at the award banquet is used to help finance various services offered by the Fund to those in the entertainment industry .   Actor Pat Buttram conceived the idea of the Golden Boot Award , and the first ones were presented in 1983 . The awards appear to have been discontinued since 2007 .

neg: BAFTA Award for Best Film The BAFTA Award for Best Film is given annually by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts and presented at the British Academy Film Awards . It has been given since the 1st BAFTA Awards , representing the best films of 1947 , but until 1969 it was called the BAFTA Award for Best Film From Any Source . It is possible for films from any country to be nominated , although British films are also recognised in the category BAFTA Award for Best British Film and ( since 1983 ) foreign-language films in BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language . As such , there have been multiple occasions of a film being nominated in two of these categories .   There has been one tie for the Best Film award when , in 1962 , Ballad of a Soldier tied with The Hustler for Best Film from any Source . Until 1981 , the award was given to the director , except in 1976 and 1977 , when it was given to the producers . From 1981 to 1985 , it was given solely to the producers , and then in 1986 , it was shared between the Director and Producer . In 1998 , it was once again given to only the producers .   In the following lists , the titles and names in bold with a dark grey background are the winners and recipients respectively ; those not in bold are the nominees . The years given are those in which the films under consideration were released , not the year of the ceremony , which always takes place the following year .

neg: List of action films of the 1960s This is chronological list of action films released before the 1970s . Often there may be considerable overlap particularly between action and other genres ( including horror , comedy , and science fiction films ) ; the list should attempt to document films which are more closely related to action , even if they bend genres .   Action films are generally considered a post-Classical Hollywood film genre . Additions to this category before the 1970s should be used sparingly , and films before the 1960s are not to be included .

neg: Acid Western Acid Western is a subgenre of the Western film that emerged in the 1960s and 1970s that combines the metaphorical ambitions of critically acclaimed Westerns , like Shane and The Searchers , with the excesses of the Spaghetti Westerns and the outlook of the 1960s counter-culture . Acid Westerns subvert many of the conventions of earlier Westerns to `` conjure up a crazed version of autodestructive white America at its most solipsistic , hankering after its own lost origins '' .

neg: B movie A B movie is a low-budget commercial movie , but one that is not an arthouse film . In its original usage , during the Golden Age of Hollywood , the term more precisely identified films intended for distribution as the less-publicized bottom half of a double feature . Although the U.S. production of movies intended as second features largely ceased by the end of the 1950s , the term B movie continues to be used in the broader sense it maintains today . In its post -- Golden Age usage , there is ambiguity on both sides of the definition : on the one hand , the primary interest of many inexpensive exploitation films is prurient ; on the other , many B movies display a high degree of craft and aesthetic ingenuity .   In either usage , most B movies represent a particular genre -- the Western was a Golden Age B movie staple , while low-budget science-fiction and horror films became more popular in the 1950s . Early B movies were often part of series in which the star repeatedly played the same character . Almost always shorter than the top-billed films they were paired with , many had running times of 70 minutes or less . The term connoted a general perception that B movies were inferior to the more handsomely budgeted headliners ; individual B films were often ignored by critics .   Latter-day B movies still sometimes inspire multiple sequels , but series are less common . As the average running time of top-of-the-line films increased , so did that of B pictures . In its current usage , the term has somewhat contradictory connotations : it may signal an opinion that a certain movie is ( a ) a genre film with minimal artistic ambitions or ( b ) a lively , energetic film uninhibited by the constraints imposed on more expensive projects and unburdened by the conventions of putatively `` serious '' independent film . The term is also now used loosely to refer to some higher-budgeted , mainstream films with exploitation-style content , usually in genres traditionally associated with the B movie .   From their beginnings to the present day , B movies have provided opportunities both for those coming up in the profession and others whose careers are waning . Celebrated filmmakers such as Anthony Mann and Jonathan Demme learned their craft in B movies . They are where actors such as John Wayne and Jack Nicholson first became established , and they have provided work for former A movie actors , such as Vincent Price and Karen Black . Some actors , such as Bela Lugosi , Eddie Constantine and Pam Grier , worked in B movies for most of their careers . The term B actor is sometimes used to refer to a performer who finds work primarily or exclusively in B pictures .

neg: Pony Express (film) Pony Express is a 1953 American western film directed by Jerry Hopper and starring Charlton Heston as Buffalo Bill , Forrest Tucker as Wild Bill Hickok , Jan Sterling as a Calamity Jane type character  and Rhonda Fleming that was filmed in Kanab , Utah . The story is largely based on the 1925 silent film The Pony Express and tells a highly fictionalized account ( e.g. Buffalo Bill was born in 1846 and would have been 14 at the time ) of the formation of the Pony Express rapid transcontinental mail delivery pioneers in 1860 's United States .

neg: Clint Mansell Clinton Darryl `` Clint '' Mansell ( -LSB- ˈmænsəl -RSB- born 7 January 1963 ) is an English musician , composer , and former lead singer of the band Pop Will Eat Itself .   After Pop Will Eat Itself disbanded in 1996 , Mansell was introduced to film scoring when director Darren Aronofsky hired him to score his debut film , Pi . Mansell then wrote the score for Aronofsky 's next film , Requiem for a Dream , which has been well received . The film 's primary composition `` Lux Aeterna '' has become extremely popular , appearing in a variety of advertisements , film trailers and YouTube videos being branded as Epic Music .   His notable film scores include Pi , The Fountain , Moon , Smokin ' Aces , Requiem for a Dream , The Wrestler , Doom , Black Swan , High-Rise and Ghost in the Shell .

neg: Art film An art film is typically a serious , independent film aimed at a niche market rather than a mass market audience . An art film is `` intended to be a serious artistic work , often experimental and not designed for mass appeal '' ; they are `` made primarily for aesthetic reasons rather than commercial profit '' , and they contain `` unconventional or highly symbolic content '' .   Film critics and film studies scholars typically define an art film as possessing `` formal qualities that mark them as different from mainstream Hollywood films '' , which can include , among other elements , a sense of social realism ; an emphasis on the authorial expressiveness of the director ; and a focus on the thoughts , dreams , or motivations of characters , as opposed to the unfolding of a clear , goal-driven story . Film scholar David Bordwell describes art cinema as `` a film genre , with its own distinct conventions '' .   Art film producers usually present their films at specialty theatres ( repertory cinemas , or , in the U.S. , `` arthouse cinemas '' ) and film festivals . The term art film is much more widely used in the United States , the UK and Australia than in Europe , where the term is more associated with `` auteur '' films and `` national cinema '' ( e.g. , German national cinema ) . Because they are aimed at small niche market audiences , they can rarely get the financial backing that will permit large production budgets , expensive special effects , costly celebrity actors , or huge advertising campaigns , as are used in widely released mainstream blockbuster films . Art film directors make up for these constraints by creating a different type of film , which typically uses lesser-known film actors ( or even amateur actors ) and modest sets to make films that focus much more on developing ideas or exploring new narrative techniques or film-making conventions .   A certain degree of experience and knowledge are required to fully understand or appreciate such films . One mid-1990s art film was called `` largely a cerebral experience '' that one enjoys `` because of what you know about film '' . This contrasts sharply with mainstream `` blockbuster '' films , which are geared more towards escapism and pure entertainment . For promotion , art films rely on the publicity generated from film critics ' reviews , discussion of their film by arts columnists , commentators and bloggers , and `` word-of-mouth '' promotion by audience members . Since art films have small initial investment costs , they only need to appeal to a small portion of the mainstream viewing audiences to become financially viable .

neg: Revenge of the Creature Revenge of the Creature ( also known as Return of the Creature and Return of the Creature from the Black Lagoon ) is the first sequel to Creature from the Black Lagoon , being the only 3-D film released in 1955 and the only 3-D sequel to a 3-D film released during `` the golden age of 3-D '' . Directed by Jack Arnold , the film stars John Agar and Lori Nelson . This was Clint Eastwood 's film debut .   Revenge of the Creature premiered in Denver on March 23 , 1955 and a 2-D sequel , The Creature Walks Among Us , followed it in 1956 .

neg: Left Handed Johnny West Left Handed Johnny West ( Johnny West il mancino , also known just as Johnny West ) is a 1965 Italian spaghetti western film directed by Gianfranco Parolini .

neg: The Gauntlet (film) The Gauntlet is a 1977 American action film directed by Clint Eastwood , starring Eastwood and Sondra Locke . The film 's supporting cast includes Pat Hingle , William Prince , Bill McKinney , and Mara Corday . Eastwood plays a down-and-out cop who falls in love with a prostitute ( Locke ) whom he is assigned to escort from Las Vegas to Phoenix in order for her to testify against the mob .

neg: World Film Company The World Film Company or World Film Corporation was an American film production and distribution company , organized in 1914 in Fort Lee , New Jersey .


query: Taiga is incapable of being part of the terrain of Kazakhstan.

pos: Kazakhstan Kazakhstan ( -LSB- USkæzækˈstæn , _ ˌkɑːzɑːkˈstɑːn -RSB- , -LSB- ˌkæzəkˈstɑːn , _ - ˈstæn -RSB- Қазақстан , tr . Qazaqstan , -LSB- qɑzɑqˈstɑn -RSB- ; Казахстан , tr . Kazakhstan ) , officially the Republic of Kazakhstan ( Қазақстан Республикасы , tr . Qazaqstan Respwblïkası ; Республика Казахстан , tr . Respublika Kazakhstan ) , is a transcontinental country in northern Central Asia and Eastern Europe . Kazakhstan is the world 's largest landlocked country , and the ninth largest in the world , with an area of 2,724,900 km ² . Kazakhstan is the dominant nation of Central Asia economically , generating 60 % of the region 's GDP , primarily through its oil/gas industry . It also has vast mineral resources .   Kazakhstan is officially a democratic , secular , unitary , constitutional republic with a diverse cultural heritage . Kazakhstan shares borders with Russia , China , Kyrgyzstan , Uzbekistan , and Turkmenistan , and also adjoins a large part of the Caspian Sea . The terrain of Kazakhstan includes flatlands , steppe , taiga , rock canyons , hills , deltas , snow-capped mountains , and deserts . Kazakhstan has an estimated 18 million people , Given its large land area , its population density is among the lowest , at less than 6 people per square kilometre ( 15 people per sq. mi . ) . The capital is Astana , where it was moved in 1997 from Almaty , the country 's largest city .   The territory of Kazakhstan has historically been inhabited by nomadic tribes . This changed in the 13th century , when Genghis Khan occupied the country as part of the Mongolian Empire . Following internal struggles among the conquerors , power eventually reverted to the nomads . By the 16th century , the Kazakh emerged as a distinct group , divided into three jüz ( ancestor branches occupying specific territories ) . The Russians began advancing into the Kazakh steppe in the 18th century , and by the mid-19th century , they nominally ruled all of Kazakhstan as part of the Russian Empire . Following the 1917 Russian Revolution , and subsequent civil war , the territory of Kazakhstan was reorganised several times . In 1936 , it was made the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic , part of the Soviet Union .   Kazakhstan was the last of the Soviet republics to declare independence during the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 . The current President , Nursultan Nazarbayev , has been leader of the country since then , and is characterised as authoritarian , with a government history of human rights abuses and suppression of political opposition . Kazakhstan has worked to develop its economy , especially its dominant hydrocarbon industry . Human Rights Watch says that `` Kazakhstan heavily restricts freedom of assembly , speech , and religion , '' and other human rights organisations regularly describe Kazakhstan 's human rights situation as poor .   Kazakhstan 's 131 ethnicities include Kazakhs ( 63 % of the population ) , Russians , Uzbeks , Ukrainians , Germans , Tatars , and Uyghurs . Islam is the religion of about 70 % of the population , with Christianity practised by 26 % ; Kazakhstan officially allows freedom of religion , but religious leaders who oppose the government are suppressed . The Kazakh language is the state language , and Russian has equal official status for all levels of administrative and institutional purposes .

neg: Kurmangazy oil field The Kurmangazy oil field is an offshore oil field located in the Kazakh section of the Caspian Sea on the maritime border between Russia and Kazakhstan , about 120 km west of the Buzachi Peninsula . It is expected to be the third largest oil field of Kazakhstan . The field is named after Kurmangazy Sagyrbayuly .

neg: Taiynsha District Taiynsha is a district of North Kazakhstan Region in northern Kazakhstan . The administrative center of the district is the town of Taiynsha . Population :

neg: Dzhendema Dzhendema or Djendema , meaning `` hell '' , applies to the South slope of Mount Botev , 2376 m above sea level , the highest peak in the Balkan mountain range in Bulgaria . It is also called the Southern Dzhendem . It was established as reserve on March 28 , 1953 . Djendema encompasses 42.2 km ² , and is the largest reserve in the mountain and the second largest reserve in Bulgaria . It is centred on a granite extrusion combined with limestone outcroppings to form a labyrinth of steep slopes ; deep , narrow gorges , massive rock cliffs , and huge waterfalls . Djendema Reserve shelters beech and fir forests and large meadows with unique sub-alpine grassy species and communities . Because of its specific geological and climatic conditions , the area is rich in endemic species and rare plants . One could take several days to cross Djendema .   There is also so called Northern Dzhendem or the Northern Djendem located on the north slope of Mount Botev . It was declared a Reserve on September 30 , 1983 . It has a total area of 16.1 km ² and is the highest reserve in the Balkan Ranges , encompassing a wild and inaccessible section of the central part of the mountain . The reserve includes the nearly vertical northern slopes , approximately 10 kilometres wide with an average height of 900 metres , looming rock tiers , short and steep watersheds , overhanging cliffs , rock bridges , jaded cornices , deep precipices , numerous waterfalls , as well as grassy terraces . At low altitudes , ancient beech and fir forests cover almost two-thirds of the steeply sloped Northern Djendem . It also contains sub-alpine grassy and forest habitats . Many rare wildlife species have found their last refuge in this impenetrable natural forest , which is home to an unusual community of Siberian juniper , myrtle-leaf rhododendron and blueberry , as well as the only known location of Urumov 's campion in the world . The Northern Djendem is home to the Balkan chamois ( alpine goat ) , brown bear , grey wolf , red deer , roe , golden eagle , peregrine falcon , and wallcreeper . The two Djendems are alpine objects for many climbers .

neg: Uyghurs in Kazakhstan Uyghurs in Kazakhstan form the country 's 7th-largest ethnic group , according to the 1999 census .

neg: Volga Upland The Volga Upland , also known as the Volga Uplands , Volga Plateau , Volga Hills , or Volga Plateau , ( Russian : Приволжская возвышенность - Privolzhskaya vozvyshennost ) is a vast region of East European Plain in European part of Russia that lies west of the Volga River and east of the Central Russian Upland . The uplands run for approximately 500 miles ( 804 km ) in a southwest-northeasterly direction from Volgograd to Kazan . The Tsimlyansk Reservoir lies at the southwestern end of the Volga Upland , with the Kuybyshev Reservoir at the northeastern end .   The landscape on the Volga Uplands is hilly , and several rivers has cut into it , such as the Khopyor , Medveditsa and the Sura . The Volga-Don Canal cuts through the lowlands between the Volga Uplands to the north and the adjacent Yergeni Hills to the south .   The uplands lie in the cool continental climate zone , characterised by large fluctuations in seasonal temperatures and generally little rainfall . Outside of the cities in the region , population density is generally between 28 and 129 inhabitants per square mile .   The Volga Uplands themselves is rather sparsely populated , but along its edges and in particular along the banks of the Volga there are several large cities , such as ( from north to south ) Kazan , Ulyanovsk , Saransk , Penza , Syzran , Saratov and Volgograd .

neg: Geography of Iran Geographically , Iran is located in West Asia and borders the Caspian Sea , Persian Gulf , and Gulf of Oman . Its mountains have helped to shape both the political and the economic history of the country for several centuries . The mountains enclose several broad basins , on which major agricultural and urban settlements are located . Until the 20th century , when major highways and railroads were constructed through the mountains to connect the population centers , these basins tended to be relatively isolated from one another .   Typically , one major town dominated each basin , and there were complex economic relationships between the town and the hundreds of villages that surrounded it . In the higher elevations of the mountains rimming the basins , tribally organized groups practiced transhumance , moving with their herds of sheep and goats between traditionally established summer and winter pastures . There are no major river systems in the country , and historically transportation was by means of caravans that followed routes traversing gaps and passes in the mountains . The mountains also impeded easy access to the Persian Gulf and the Caspian Sea .   With an area of 1648000 km2 , Iran ranks eighteenth in size among the countries of the world . Iran shares its northern borders with three post-Soviet states : Armenia , Azerbaijan , and Turkmenistan . These borders extend for more than 2000 km , including nearly 650 km of water along the southern shore of the Caspian Sea . Iran 's western borders are with Turkey in the north and Iraq in the south , terminating at the Arvand Rud .   The Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman littorals form the entire 1770 km southern border . To the east lie Afghanistan on the north and Pakistan on the far south . Iran 's diagonal distance from Azerbaijan in the northwest to Sistan and Baluchestan Province in the southeast is approximately 2333 km .

neg: Desert A desert is a barren area of land where little precipitation occurs and consequently living conditions are hostile for plant and animal life . The lack of vegetation exposes the unprotected surface of the ground to the processes of denudation . About one third of the land surface of the world is arid or semi-arid . This includes much of the polar regions where little precipitation occurs and which are sometimes called polar deserts or `` cold deserts '' . Deserts can be classified by the amount of precipitation that falls , by the temperature that prevails , by the causes of desertification or by their geographical location .   Deserts are formed by weathering processes as large variations in temperature between day and night put strains on the rocks which consequently break in pieces . Although rain seldom occurs in deserts , there are occasional downpours that can result in flash floods . Rain falling on hot rocks can cause them to shatter and the resulting fragments and rubble strewn over the desert floor is further eroded by the wind . This picks up particles of sand and dust and wafts them aloft in sand or dust storms . Wind-blown sand grains striking any solid object in their path can abrade the surface . Rocks are smoothed down , and the wind sorts sand into uniform deposits . The grains end up as level sheets of sand or are piled high in billowing sand dunes . Other deserts are flat , stony plains where all the fine material has been blown away and the surface consists of a mosaic of smooth stones . These areas are known as desert pavements and little further erosion takes place . Other desert features include rock outcrops , exposed bedrock and clays once deposited by flowing water . Temporary lakes may form and salt pans may be left when waters evaporate . There may be underground sources of water in the form of springs and seepages from aquifers . Where these are found , oases can occur .   Plants and animals living in the desert need special adaptations to survive in the harsh environment . Plants tend to be tough and wiry with small or no leaves , water-resistant cuticles and often spines to deter herbivory . Some annual plants germinate , bloom and die in the course of a few weeks after rainfall while other long-lived plants survive for years and have deep root systems able to tap underground moisture . Animals need to keep cool and find enough food and water to survive . Many are nocturnal and stay in the shade or underground during the heat of the day . They tend to be efficient at conserving water , extracting most of their needs from their food and concentrating their urine . Some animals remain in a state of dormancy for long periods , ready to become active again when the rare rains fall . They then reproduce rapidly while conditions are favorable before returning to dormancy .   People have struggled to live in deserts and the surrounding semi-arid lands for millennia . Nomads have moved their flocks and herds to wherever grazing is available and oases have provided opportunities for a more settled way of life . The cultivation of semi-arid regions encourages erosion of soil and is one of the causes of increased desertification . Desert farming is possible with the aid of irrigation and the Imperial Valley in California provides an example of how previously barren land can be made productive by the import of water from an outside source . Many trade routes have been forged across deserts , especially across the Sahara Desert , and traditionally were used by caravans of camels carrying salt , gold , ivory and other goods . Large numbers of slaves were also taken northwards across the Sahara . Some mineral extraction also takes place in deserts and the uninterrupted sunlight gives potential for the capture of large quantities of solar energy .

neg: Tyuratam Tyuratam ( Төретам , Töretam Тюратам ) is a station on the main Moscow to Tashkent railway , located in Kazakhstan . The name is a word in the Kazakh language and means `` Töre 's grave '' ; Töre , or more formally , Töre-Baba , was a noble , a descendant of Genghis Khan . Tyuratam is near the Baikonur Cosmodrome , a Russian - formerly Soviet - spaceport , and near the city of Baikonur ( formerly Leninsk ) , which was constructed to service the cosmodrome .   At a press conference for the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project , Jules Bergman of ABC News asked : `` Baykonur , if you 'll look on the coordinates , is 135 miles -LSB- 217 km -RSB- away or something . Tyuratam may only be a railhead , but it is the Tyuratam Launch Complex . They call it Baykonur , I know ... . I 'm going to call it Tyuratam . ABC is going to call it Tyuratam . SAC Strategic Air Command calls it Tyuratam . Can we once and for all straighten that out and arrive at a ... name for it , Tom ? ''   In the mid 1950s , the Soviet Union announced that space activities were being conducted from the Baykonur Cosmodrome , which was assumed to be near the city of Baykonur , in the Kazakh SSR . In reality , the launch facilities were located 400 km to the southwest at Tyuratam to obfuscate the west as to its true location .   It was this launch site that the CIA was trying to locate by systematically tracking over the major rail networks of the Soviet Union in Central Asia with U-2 spy planes . The site was discovered and photographed in 1957 . Francis Gary Powers was scheduled to overfly it on his ill-fated mission in 1960 , but either due to detecting the guidance radar of the defending SA-2 missile battery or cloud cover which prevented him from photographing the site , he avoided Tyuratam and was later shot down over the Ural mountains .

neg: Darkhad Valley The Darkhad valley is a large valley in northwestern Khövsgöl aimag , Mongolia . It is situated between the Ulaan Taiga and Khoridol Saridag ranges at an altitude of about 1600 m , about 160 km long and 40 km wide . The area is 4270 km ² . It was transferred from the People 's Republic of Tannu Tuva to the Mongolian People 's Republic in 1925 as a Soviet concession to the Mongolians , who had wanted to incorporate the territory of Tannu Uriankhai into their country .   The valley is rich in lakes and rivers , the biggest of which are Dood Tsagaan Lake and Shishged River , respectively . The area is notable for its natural beauty , but relatively remote and inaccessible even by Mongolian standards .   The Darkhad valley is divided between the Ulaan-Uul , Renchinlkhümbe , and Tsagaannuur sums . Inhabitants are mainly Darkhad ( whom the valley 's name derives from ) , and also some Tsaatan .

neg: Ustyurt Plateau The Ustyurt Plateau , also spelled Ust-Yurt , Ust-Urt and Usturt ( Üstirt , Turkmen : Üstyurt ) , is a central Asian plateau in Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan , lying between the Aral Sea and the Amu Darya ( river ) delta in the east and the Mangyshlak ( Tupqarghan ) Plateau and the Kara-Bogaz-Gol ( Garabogazköl ; an inlet of the Caspian Sea ) in the west . It extends roughly 200,000 km ² ( 77,000 square miles ) , with an average elevation of 150 meters ( about 500 feet ) , and consists primarily of stony desert . Its highest point rises to a maximum of 1,200 feet ( 365 m ) in the south-west .   The plateau 's semi-nomadic population raises sheep , goats , and camels . At its edges it drops steeply to the Aral Sea and the surrounding plain . Oil and natural-gas deposits lie west of the plateau . Asiatic cheetahs and Caspian tigers used to live there .   Kazakhstan created the Ustyurt Nature Reserve ( 223,300 hectares ) in July , 1984 in the south of Mangystausky district in Eralievsky region . It preserves rare fauna and flora such as the Afghan red sheep and the Saiga antelope . Among its features are Sherkala Mountain and the concretions found in the Torysh ( ` Valley of Balls ' ) near the town of Shetpe .

neg: Badzhgard The Badzhgard land or Bashkurd country - it mean Historical Bashkortostan , Historical Bashkiria , historical and geographical area in Volga and Ural , inhabited by the Bashkirs . At present , the territory is located Republic of Bashkortostan , Orenburg and Chelyabinsk oblast , the eastern part of the Republic of Tatarstan , the south-eastern part of Udmurtia , the southern part of the Perm Krai , the south-western part of the Sverdlovsk oblast , the western part of the Kurgan , the north-eastern part of Samara , the eastern part of the Saratov regions .   The historical , ethnographic , linguistic and other studies to refer to the territory in which at different periods of history settled different Bashkir tribes .   And synonymous and are older versions of the names of this territory : Bashgurd , Bashgird , Bashgird , Baskardiya , Bashgird , Fiyafi Bashkyrt/Barrens Bashkyrt , country Bashkir , country Bastarks , Bashkyrd , Bashdzhard , Bashkiria , Pascatir , Bashirdi etc. . The reference area titled `` Bashgurd '' is found in the Fazalallah Rashid ad-Din ( 14th century ) , `` Oghuz-name '' .   The most widespread Slavic name - Bashkiria , which is used in official documents , historical works , literary works , etc. .   The concept of `` historical Bashkortostan '' relates the concept of Greater Hungary ( Major Hungaria , Magna Hungaria ) - hypothetical homeland of ancient Hungarians - Magyars , referred to the 13th century Franciscan monk Giovanni da Plano Carpini in the statement of his journey . Her search takes 1230 years of the Hungarian Dominicans , most famous of which Friar Julian .

neg: Aktogay, East Kazakhstan Region Aktogay ( Ақтоғай , Aqtoğay , اقتوعاي -LSB- ɑqtu̯ʊʁɑj -RSB- ) is a town in Ayagoz District , East Kazakhstan Region of Kazakhstan and major railway hub of Turkestan-Siberian Railway .   Aktogay is located in Balkhash-Alakol lowlands , close to Balkhash lake . The Ayagoz river 's mouth is located nearby Aktogay . The climate is continental . Summer is hot +40 ° , winter is cold -40 ° . The distance to district center Ayagoz is 100 km , to the region center Ust-Kamenogorsk is 420 km , to Astana , the capital of Kazakhstan is 1250 km .   The major copper deposit is discovered close to Aktogay town . This is the fourth reserves of copper in the world . Aktogay Mine and copper extraction plant was completed there and the copper cathodes production started in 2011 . The capital cost account $ 1.5-2 billion and the production capacity is 100.000 tones per annum .  The city is about 30 km from Lake Balkhash .

neg: Satbayev Kazakh National Technical University Kazakh National Research Technical University ( Қазақ Ұлттық Техникалық Зерттеу Университет , Qazaq Ulttıq Texnïkalıq Zertteu Wnïversïtet , Казахский Национальный Технический Исследовательский Университет , Kazakhskiy Natsional ` nîy Tekhnicheskiy Issledovatel ` skiy Universitet ) named after Kanysh Satpayev is a leading technical university in Almaty , Kazakhstan .

neg: Tanami Desert The Tanami Desert is a desert in northern Australia situated in the Northern Territory and Western Australia .   It has a rocky terrain with small hills . The Tanami was the Northern Territory 's final frontier and was not fully explored by Australians of European descent until well into the twentieth century . It is traversed by the Tanami Track .   The name Tanami is thought to be a corruption of the Walpiri name for the area , `` Chanamee '' , meaning `` never die '' . This referred to certain rock holes in the desert which were said to never run dry .   Under the name Tanami , the desert is classified as an interim Australian bioregion , comprising 25997277 ha .

neg: Indus Valley Desert The Indus Valley Desert is an almost uninhabited desert ecoregion of northern Pakistan .

neg: Atacama Desert The Atacama Desert ( Desierto de Atacama ) is a plateau in South America , covering a 1000 km strip of land on the Pacific coast , west of the Andes mountains . It is the driest non-polar desert in the world . According to estimates , the Atacama Desert proper occupies 105000 km2 , or 128000 km2 if the barren lower slopes of the Andes are included . Most of the desert is composed of stony terrain , salt lakes ( salares ) , sand , and felsic lava that flows towards the Andes .   Geographically , the aridity of the Atacama is explained by it being situated between two mountain chains ( the Andes and the Chilean Coast Range ) of sufficient height to prevent moisture advection from either the Pacific or the Atlantic Oceans , a two-sided rain shadow .

neg: Terskey Alatau The Teskey Ala-Too or Terskey Ala-Too ( Тескей Ала-Тоосу , -LSB- teskéj ɑlɑtoːsú -RSB- ) is a mountain range in the Tian Shan mountains in Kyrgyzstan . It stretches south and southeast of Lake Issyk Kul , from the river Joon Aryk near Kochkor in the west to the far northeastern part of Kyrgyzstan . The length of the range is 354 km and the highest peak is Karakol Peak ( 5,216 m ) . Another high peak is Boris Yeltsin Peak ( 5,168 m ) .

neg: Kyzylarai Kyzylarai is a massif , a part of the Kazakh Melkosopochnik ( Kazakh Uplands ) , situated in Karaganda Region in Central Kazakhstan . The place is extremely rich in natural and historical sights . Begazy burial grounds ( Begazy-Dandybai culture of the Bronze Age ) are one of them . The highest point of Central Kazakhstan , Aksoran Mountain ( 1565 m ) is located in Kyzylarai . The world 's largest mountain sheep , the Argali , can be seen in the area .   Kyzylarai is located in the southern part of the Kazakh Uplands , north of Lake Balkhash .

neg: Illegal logging in Madagascar Illegal logging has been a problem in Madagascar for decades and is perpetuated by extreme poverty and government corruption . Often taking the form of selective logging , the trade has been driven by high international demand for expensive , fine-grained lumber such as rosewood and ebony . Historically , logging and exporting in Madagascar have been regulated by the Malagasy government , although the logging of rare hardwoods was explicitly banned from protected areas in 2000 . Since then , government orders and memos have intermittently alternated between permitting and banning exports of precious woods . The most commonly cited reason for permitting exports is to salvage valuable wood from cyclone damage , although this reasoning has come under heavy scrutiny . This oscillating availability of Malagasy rosewood and other precious woods has created a market of rising and falling prices , allowing traders or `` timber barons '' to stockpile illegally sourced logs during periodic bans and then flood the market when the trade windows open and prices are high .   The unsustainable exploitation of these tropical hardwoods , particularly rosewood from the SAVA Region , has escalated significantly since the start of the 2009 Malagasy political crisis . Thousands of poorly paid Malagasy loggers have flooded into the national parks -- especially in the northeast -- building roads , setting up logging camps , and cutting down even the most difficult to reach rosewood trees . Illegal activities are openly flaunted , armed militia have descended upon local villages , and a rosewood mafia easily bribe government officials , buying export permits with ease . These illegal operations are funded in part by advance payments for future shipments ( financed by Chinese expatriates and Chinese importers ) and by loans from large , international banks . Demand is fueled mostly by a growing Chinese middle class and their desire for exotic imperial-style furniture . European and American demand for high-end musical instruments and furniture have also played a role . However , public scrutiny has put significant pressure on shipping companies involved in the trade , and the United States is starting to enforce the Lacey Act by investigating companies with suspected involvement in the illegal trade of Malagasy precious woods .   Logging in Madagascar 's tropical rainforests has had many secondary effects , beyond the risk of depletion of rare , endemic trees . Habitat has been disturbed , illegal mining has begun , local people have turned in desperation to the forests for resources , and poaching of endangered wildlife has escalated . Lemurs , the most well-known faunal group from the island , have been captured for the exotic pet trade as well as killed for food . Even the most critically endangered species have been targeted , primarily to feed a growing demand for delicacy food in up-scale restaurants . The local villagers have also suffered as tourism has declined sharply or ceased almost entirely . Some have resorted to working as loggers for minimal pay , while others have spoken out against it , often receiving death threats from the rosewood mafia in return .

neg: Barren vegetation Barren vegetation describes an area of land where plant growth may be sparse , stunted , and/or contain limited biodiversity . Environmental conditions such as toxic or infertile soil , high winds , coastal salt-spray and climatic conditions are often key factors in poor plant growth and development . Barren vegetation can be categorized depending on the climate , geology and the geographic location of a specific area .  Pine Barrens , coastal barrens and serpentine barrens are some of the more distinct ecoregions for barren vegetation and are the most commonly researched by scientists . Often referred to as `` heathlands '' , barrens can be excellent environments for unique biological diversity and taxonomic compositions .