query: Ireland is a place on Earth.

pos: Ireland Ireland ( -LSB- ˈaɪərlənd -RSB- Éire -LSB- ˈeːɾʲə -RSB- ; Ulster-Scots : Airlann -LSB- - scoˈɑːrlən -RSB- ) is an island in the North Atlantic . It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel , the Irish Sea , and St George 's Channel . Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles , the third-largest in Europe , and the twentieth-largest on Earth .   Politically , Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland ( officially named Ireland ) , which covers five-sixths of the island , and Northern Ireland , which is part of the United Kingdom , in the northeast of the island . In 2011 , the population of Ireland was about 6.4 million , ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain . Just under 4.6 million live in the Republic of Ireland and just over 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland .   The island 's geography comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain , with several navigable rivers extending inland . The island has lush vegetation , a product of its mild but changeable climate which avoids extremes in temperature . Thick woodlands covered the island until the Middle Ages . As of 2013 , the amount of land that is wooded in Ireland is about 11 % of the total , compared with a European average of 35 % . There are twenty-six extant mammal species native to Ireland . The Irish climate is very moderate and classified as oceanic . As a result , winters are milder than expected for such a northerly area . However , summers are cooler than those in Continental Europe . Rainfall and cloud cover are abundant .   The earliest evidence of human presence in Ireland is dated at 10,500 BC . Gaelic Ireland had emerged by the 1st century CE . The island was Christianised from the 5th century onward . Following the Norman invasion in the 12th century , England claimed sovereignty over Ireland . However , English rule did not extend over the whole island until the 16th -- 17th century Tudor conquest , which led to colonisation by settlers from Britain . In the 1690s , a system of Protestant English rule was designed to materially disadvantage the Catholic majority and Protestant dissenters , and was extended during the 18th century . With the Acts of Union in 1801 , Ireland became a part of the United Kingdom . A war of independence in the early 20th century was followed by the partition of the island , creating the Irish Free State , which became increasingly sovereign over the following decades , and Northern Ireland , which remained a part of the United Kingdom . Northern Ireland saw much civil unrest from the late 1960s until the 1990s . This subsided following a political agreement in 1998 . In 1973 the Republic of Ireland joined the European Economic Community while the United Kingdom , and Northern Ireland , as part of it , did the same .   Irish culture has had a significant influence on other cultures , especially in the fields of literature . Alongside mainstream Western culture , a strong indigenous culture exists , as expressed through Gaelic games , Irish music , and the Irish language . The culture of the island also shares many features with that of Great Britain , including the English language , and sports such as association football , rugby , horse racing , and golf .

pos: Europe Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia . Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north , the Atlantic Ocean to the west , and the Mediterranean Sea to the south . The eastern boundary with Asia is a historical and cultural construct , as there is no clear physical and geographical separation between them ; Europe is generally considered as separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains , the Ural River , the Caspian and Black Seas , and the waterways of the Turkish Straits . Yet the non-oceanic borders of Europe -- a concept dating back to classical antiquity -- are arbitrary . The primarily physiographic term `` continent '' as applied to Europe also incorporates cultural and political elements whose discontinuities are not always reflected by the continent 's current overland boundaries .   Europe covers about 10,180,000 km2 , or 2 % of the Earth 's surface ( 6.8 % of land area ) . Politically , Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which the Russian Federation is the largest and most populous , spanning 39 % of the continent and comprising 15 % of its population .  Europe had a total population of about 740 million ( about 11 % of world population ) .   The European climate is largely affected by warm Atlantic currents that temper winters and summers on much of the continent , even at latitudes along which the climate in Asia and North America is severe . Further from the sea , seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast .   Europe , in particular ancient Greece , was the birthplace of Western civilization . The fall of the Western Roman Empire , during the migration period , marked the end of ancient history and the beginning of an era known as the Middle Ages . Renaissance humanism , exploration , art , and science led to the modern era . From the Age of Discovery onwards , Europe played a predominant role in global affairs . Between the 16th and 20th centuries , European powers controlled at various times the Americas , most of Africa , Oceania , and the majority of Asia .   The Industrial Revolution , which began in Great Britain at the end of the 18th century , gave rise to radical economic , cultural , and social change in Western Europe , and eventually the wider world . Both world wars took place for the most part in Europe , contributing to a decline in Western European dominance in world affairs by the mid-20th century as the Soviet Union and the United States took prominence . During the Cold War , Europe was divided along the Iron Curtain between NATO in the west and the Warsaw Pact in the east , until the revolutions of 1989 and fall of the Berlin Wall .   In 1955 , the Council of Europe was formed following a speech by Sir Winston Churchill , with the idea of unifying Europe to achieve common goals . It includes all states except for Belarus , Kazakhstan and Vatican City . Further European integration by some states led to the formation of the European Union , a separate political entity that lies between a confederation and a federation . The EU originated in Western Europe but has been expanding eastward since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 . The currency of most countries of the European Union , the euro , is the most commonly used among Europeans ; and the EU 's Schengen Area abolishes border and immigration controls among most of its member states . The European Anthem is `` Ode to Joy '' and states celebrate peace and unity on Europe Day .

pos: Atlantic Ocean The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world 's oceans with a total area of about 106,460,000 km2 . It covers approximately 20 percent of the Earth 's surface and about 29 percent of its water surface area . It separates the `` Old World '' from the `` New World '' .   The Atlantic Ocean occupies an elongated , S-shaped basin extending longitudinally between Eurasia and Africa to the east , and the Americas to the west . As one component of the interconnected global ocean , it is connected in the north to the Arctic Ocean , to the Pacific Ocean in the southwest , the Indian Ocean in the southeast , and the Southern Ocean in the south ( other definitions describe the Atlantic as extending southward to Antarctica ) . The Equatorial Counter Current subdivides it into the North Atlantic Ocean and South Atlantic Ocean at about 8 ° N.   Scientific explorations of the Atlantic include the Challenger expedition , the German Meteor expedition , Columbia University 's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and the United States Navy Hydrographic Office .

neg: Protohistory of Ireland Ireland can be said to have had a protohistorical period , when , in prehistory , the literate cultures of Greece and Rome began to take notice of it , and a further proto-literate period of ogham epigraphy , before the early historical period began in the 5th century . Attempts have been made to reconstruct the political developments of this period by reference to early medieval Irish genealogical texts .

neg: Irish population analysis The population of the Island of Ireland in 2016 was approximately 6.6 million comprising 4.75 million in the Republic of Ireland with another 1.85 million in Northern Ireland . Although this is a significant growth over recent years , it is still some way below the record high of the early 1840s .   Between 1780 and 1840 , Ireland experienced rapid population growth , rising from about 3 million in 1780 to over 8 million by 1840 . In 1841 , the population of the area now covering the Republic of Ireland was over 6.5 million people . The subsequent Great Famine and the emigration it caused had a dramatic effect , so that by 1871 , the 26-county population had dropped by over a third to four million , and by 1926 had reduced further to three million . It held firm around three million until the early 1970s , when the population began to rise again . Future predictions are for the population to continue to rise until 2031 when it is predicted to be just over five million . The Republic of Ireland is one of the few remaining developed economies to have growth of this scale .   Below are some statistics to illustrate the rise , fall and rise again of the population since 1841 . The statistics also illustrate a massive population shift from the west to the east of the country and increasing urbanisation . Counties such as Mayo , Roscommon , Donegal and Leitrim have become depopulated while counties surrounding Dublin including Wicklow , Kildare , Louth and Meath have seen rapid population growth in recent years .

neg: Official Ireland `` Official Ireland '' is a term widely used in the Republic of Ireland to denote The Establishment . It refers to the most powerful figures in the media , the Catholic Church , and the political parties , who control the national debate .   It generally denotes support for Irish nationalism , private property , the Catholic Church , the Irish language and rural life .

neg: List of settlements on the island of Ireland by population This is a list of the 25 largest towns and cities on the island of Ireland by population . It therefore includes towns and cities in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland . The population figures listed are for the urban area centered around each settlement excluding areas that fall within the boundary of another town or city . The figures for Northern Ireland towns are based on the 2011 Northern Ireland Census , while the figures for towns in the Republic are based on the 2006 Census of Ireland , and cities in the Republic of Ireland are based on the 2016 Census of Ireland .

neg: Dublin Airport Dublin Airport , ( Aerfort Bhaile Átha Cliath ) , is an international airport serving Dublin , the capital city of Ireland . It is operated by DAA ( formerly Dublin Airport Authority ) . The airport is located 5.4 nmi north of Dublin in Collinstown , Fingal . In 2016 , 27.9 million passengers passed through the airport , making it the airport 's busiest year on record . It is the 16th busiest airport in Europe , and is also the busiest of the state 's airports by total passenger traffic . It has the greatest traffic levels on the island of Ireland , followed by Belfast International Airport , County Antrim .   The airport has an extensive short and medium haul network , served by an array of carriers , as well as some intercontinental routes focused in the Middle East and North America . It serves as the headquarters of Ireland 's flag carrier -- Aer Lingus , regional airline Stobart Air , Europe 's largest low-cost carrier -- Ryanair , and ASL Airlines Ireland , together with another two airlines , CityJet and Norwegian Air International .   United States border preclearance services are available at the airport for U.S.-bound passengers . Shannon Airport is the only other airport in Europe to offer this facility .

neg: Message to the Free Nations of the World In 1919 the First Dáil of the Irish Republic issued a Message to the Free Nations of the World ( Scéal ó Dháil Éireann chum Saor-Náisiún an Domhain , Appel aux Nations ) . The message was approved by Dáil Éireann on 21 January 1919 . It asked nations to recognise Ireland as a separate nation , free from British rule . It was adopted in three languages : Irish , English and French .   Little attention was paid to it by the free nations as World War I was ending . An Armistice had been signed , but the war technically ended with the Treaty of Versailles which was signed in June 1919 . Britain assured its fellow-victors that the situation in Ireland would be dealt with under the new principles of self-determination , and so significant Irish support in America was negated by President Wilson who would not recognise the sovereignty of the Irish Republic . The British solution was enacted in 1920 as the Government of Ireland Act 1920 . The Irish Republic was not recognised by any other state .

neg: List of Irish counties by population This is a list of counties of Ireland ordered by population . Counties in the Republic of Ireland are shown in normal type , while those in Northern Ireland are listed in italic type . Non-traditional administrative counties are indicated by a cream-coloured background .   For a more detailed analysis of current and historical Irish populations in the Republic of Ireland , see Irish population analysis . The population of the six counties of Northern Ireland as of 2011 is 1,810,863 which would mean a total population on the island of Ireland as of 2016 of approximately 6,568,839   Data source/age ( as-of July 2016 ) :  Taken from latest Census Data for Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland .  Population data for counties in the Republic of Ireland is based on preliminary data from census 2016 .  Population data for counties in Northern Ireland is based on census 2011 .  The previous census for the Republic of Ireland was taken in 2011 , the previous census for Northern Ireland was taken in 2001 .  Density : Based on census 2016   -RCB- 5.7 %  | -  | align = right | 2  | Antrim  | align = right | 618,108  | align = right | 202.9  | Ulster  | 1.8 %  | -  | align = right | 3  | Cork  | align = right | 542,196  | align = right | 72.3  | Munster  | 4.5 %  | -  | align = right | 4  | Down  | align = right | 531,665  | align = right | 215.6  | Ulster  | 8.7 %  | - style = `` background : #f 5f5d3 ; ''  | align = right | -  | Fingal  | align = right | 296,214  | align = right | 651.6  | Leinster  | 8.1 %  | - style = `` background : #f 5f5d3 ; ''  | align = right | -  | South Dublin  | align = right | 278,749  | align = right | 1,251.5  | Leinster  | 5.1 %  | -  | align = right | 5  | Galway  | align = right | 258,552  | align = right | 42.0  | Connacht  | 3.2 %  | -  | align = right | 6  | Londonderry  | align = right | 247,132  | align = right | 119.1  | Ulster  | 4.8 %  | -  | align = right | 7  | Kildare  | align = right | 222,130  | align = right | 131.0  | Leinster  | 5.6 %  | - style = `` background : #f 5f5d3 ; ''  | align = right | -  | Dún Laoghaire -- Rathdown  | align = right | 217,274  | align = right | 1,706.7  | Leinster  | 5.3 %  | -  | align = right | 8  | Limerick  | align = right | 195,175  | align = right | 70.8  | Munster  | 1.8 %  | -  | align = right | 9  | Meath  | align = right | 194,942  | align = right | 83.2  | Leinster  | 5.9 %  | -  | align = right | 10  | Tyrone  | align = right | 179,000  | align = right | 54.5  | Ulster  | 8.4 %  | -  | align = right | 11  | Armagh  | align = right | 174,792  | align = right | 131.8  | Ulster  | 7.3 %  | -  | align = right | 12  | Tipperary  | align = right | 160,441  | align = right | 37.2  | Munster  | 1.1 %  | -  | align = right | 13  | Donegal  | align = right | 158,755  | align = right | 32.6  | Ulster  | -1.5 %  | -  | align = right | 14  | Wexford  | align = right | 149,605  | align = right | 63.2  | Leinster  | 2.9 %  | -  | align = right | 15  | Kerry  | align = right | 147,554  | align = right | 30.7  | Munster  | 1.4 %  | -  | align = right | 16  | Wicklow  | align = right | 142,332  | align = right | 70.2  | Leinster  | 4.2 %  | -  | align = right | 17  | Mayo  | align = right | 130,425  | align = right | 23.3  | Connacht  | -0.2 %  | -  | align = right | 18  | Louth  | align = right | 128,375  | align = right | 155.4  | Leinster  | 4.5 %  | -  | align = right | 19  | Clare  | align = right | 118,627  | align = right | 34.4  | Munster  | 1.2 %  | -  | align = right | 20  | Waterford  | align = right | 116,401  | align = right | 62.7  | Munster  | 2.3 %  | -  | align = right | 21  | Kilkenny  | align = right | 99,118  | align = right | 47.8  | Leinster  | 3.9 %  | -  | align = right | 22  | Westmeath  | align = right | 88,396  | align = right | 48.0  | Leinster  | 2.6 %  | -  | align = right | 23  | Laois  | align = right | 84,732  | align = right | 49.3  | Leinster  | 5.2 %  | -  | align = right | 24  | Offaly  | align = right | 78,003  | align = right | 38.9  | Leinster  | 1.7 %  | -  | align = right | 25  | Cavan  | align = right | 76,092  | align = right | 39.3  | Ulster  | 4.0 %  | -  | align = right | 26  | Sligo  | align = right | 65,357  | align = right | 35.5  | Connacht  | -0.1 %  | -  | align = right | 27  | Roscommon  | align = right | 64,436  | align = right | 25.3  | Connacht  | 0.6 %  | -  | align = right | 28  | Fermanagh  | align = right | 61,170  | align = right | 36.1  | Ulster  | 6.3 %  | -  | align = right | 29  | Monaghan  | align = right | 61,273  | align = right | 47.3  | Ulster  | 1.3 %  | -  | align = right | 30  | Carlow  | align = right | 56,875  | align = right | 63.4  | Leinster  | 4.1 %  | -  | align = right | 31  | Longford  | align = right | 40,810  | align = right | 37.4  | Leinster  | 4.6 %  | -  | align = right | 32  | Leitrim  | align = right | 31,972  | align = right | 20.1  | Connacht  | 0.5 %  | -  | align = right |  | Average  | align = right | 205,276  | align = right |  |  |  | -  | Total  | Ireland  | align = right | 6,568,839  | align = right | 77.8  |  |  | -RCB-

neg: Cicolluis Cicolluis or Cicoluis ( also known as Cicollus , Cicolus , Cicollui , and Cichol ) is a god in Celtic mythology worshiped by the ancient Gaulish peoples and having a parallel in Ireland . The name is Gaulish and means `` All-Breast '' or `` Great-Breasted '' and is probably used to signify strength . In the Gallo-Roman religion , Cicolluis is thought to be a common epithet for Gaulish Mars . A Latin dedicatory inscription from Narbonne ( which was in the far south of Gaul ) , France , bears the words MARTI CICOLLUI ET LITAVI ( `` Mars Cicolluis and Litavis '' ) . , `` Mars Cicolluis '' has dedications in Xanten , Germany , and Aignay-le-Duc ( where his consort is given as Litavis ) and Mâlain ( where his consorts are given as Litavis and Bellona , Roman goddess and personification of war ) of the Côte-d'Or , France . `` Cicolluis '' is named alone ( not as an epithet of Mars ) in an inscription at Chassey , Côte-d'Or , Franche-Comté , France , and a partial inscription from Ruffey-lès-Echirey , Côte-d'Or , France , may be dedicated to Cicolluis . In Windisch , Switzerland , he is known as `` Cicollus , '' and in Dijon , Côte-d'Or , France , he is known as `` Mars Cicoluis . ''   Cicolluis may also be compared to Cichol or Cíocal Gricenchos , the earliest-mentioned leader of the Fomorians or Fomóiri ( the semi-divine initial inhabitants of Ireland ) in Irish mythology . According to the seventeenth-century Irish historian Seathrún Céitinn ( also known by the English name Geoffrey Keating ) , Cichol arrived in Ireland with fifty men and fifty women on six boats a hundred years after the Flood . There , his people lived on fish and fowl for two hundred years until Partholón and his people ( who brought the plough and oxen ) invaded and defeated the Fomorians in the Battle of Magh Ithe .   Cicolluis 's name is most likely derived from the reconstructed proto-Celtic roots * k-kƒ ( `` breast , '' but also yields the insular Celtic words for `` meat , '' such as Irish cich -LSB- `` flesh '' -RSB- ) , Welsh cig -LSB- `` meat/flesh '' -RSB- and * olyo - ( `` all , '' `` whole , '' or `` every '' ) ; this leads to the translation `` All-Breast '' or `` Great-Breasted . '' This likely epithet for strength might relate with Cichol as leader of the Fomorians . Therefore , Cicolluis may have been identified with the warrior aspect of Roman Mars and may have been a protective deity .

neg: Canada–Ireland relations Canada -- Ireland relations are those between Canada and Republic of Ireland . Canada and Ireland enjoy friendly relations , the importance of which centres on the history of Irish migration to Canada and the two countries ' shared history as parts of the British Empire . Approximately 4.5 million Canadians claimed to have Irish ancestors ( approximately 14 % of Canada 's population ) . Both nations are mutual members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development , United Nations and the World Trade Organization .

neg: Kingdom of Great Britain The United Kingdom of Great Britain , officially Great Britain , was a sovereign state in western Europe from 1 May 1707 to 31 December 1800 . The state came into being following the Treaty of Union in 1706 , ratified by the Acts of Union 1707 , which united the kingdoms of England and Scotland to form a single kingdom encompassing the whole island of Great Britain and its outlying islands . It did not include Ireland , which remained a separate realm . The unitary state was governed by a single parliament and government that was based in Westminster . The former kingdoms had been in personal union since James VI , King of Scots , became King of England and King of Ireland in 1603 following the death of Queen Elizabeth I , bringing about a `` Union of the Crowns '' . Also after the accession of George I to the throne of Great Britain in 1714 , the kingdom was in a personal union with the Electorate of Hanover .   The early years of the unified kingdom were marked by Jacobite risings which ended in defeat for the Stuart cause at Culloden in 1746 . Later on in 1763 , victory in the Seven Years ' War led to the dominance of the British Empire , which was to become the foremost global power for over a century and later grew to become the largest empire in history .   On 1 January 1801 , the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland were merged to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . In 1922 , five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the United Kingdom and the state was renamed the `` United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland '' -- a title it has retained to date .

neg: Irish Americans Irish Americans ( Gael-Mheiriceánaigh ) are an ethnic group comprising Americans who have full or partial ancestry from Ireland , especially those who identify with that ancestry , along with their cultural characteristics . About 33.3 million Americans -- 10.5 % of the total population -- reported Irish ancestry in the 2013 American Community Survey conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau . This compares with a population of 6.4 million on the island of Ireland . Three million people separately identified as Scots-Irish , whose ancestors were Ulster Scots who emigrated from Ireland to the United States .

neg: Owey Island Owey Island is an island of the Atlantic Ocean belonging to County Donegal , Ireland .

neg: Mag Mell In Irish mythology , Mag Mell ( modern spelling : Magh Meall , meaning `` plain of joy '' ) was a mythical realm achievable through death and/or glory . Unlike the underworld in some mythologies , Mag Mell was a pleasurable paradise , identified as either an island far to the west of Ireland or a kingdom beneath the ocean . However , Mag Mell was similar to the fields of Elysium in Greek mythology , and like the fields of Elysium , was accessible only to a select few . Furthermore , Mag Mell , like the numerous other mystical islands said to be off the coast of Ireland , was never explicitly stated in any surviving mythological account to be an afterlife . Rather , it is usually portrayed as a paradisal location populated by deities , which is occasionally visited by some adventurous mortals . In its island guise it was visited by various Irish heroes and monks forming the basis of the Adventure Myth or `` echtrae '' as defined by Myles Dillon in his book Early Irish Literature . This otherworld is a place where sickness and death do not exist . It is a place of eternal youth and beauty . Here , music , strength , life and all pleasurable pursuits come together in a single place . Here happiness lasts forever , no one wants for food or drink . It is the Irish equivalent of the Greek Elysium or the Valhalla of the Norse .   Legends say its ruler is the Fomorian King Tethra , or more frequently Manannan mac Lir . Mag Mell 's allure extended from the pagan era to Christian times . In later stories , the realm is less an afterlife destination than an Earthly Paradise which adventurers could reach by traveling west from Ireland , often blown off course by providential tempests while on an inspired mission . They typically explore many other fantastic islands before reaching their destination and returning home ( or sailing on ) . Among these voyagers are St. Brendan , Bran mac Febal ( see The Voyage of Bran ) , and Mael Dúin .   Irish monks , being celebrated sailors , doubtless inspired such stories and were inspired by them . They reached and colonized any number of faraway islands , and St. Brendan is even speculated to have reached the New World a thousand years before Columbus .

neg: Continental Europe Continental Europe , also referred to as mainland Europe , or , by Europeans , simply the Continent , is the continuous continent of Europe , excluding surrounding islands .   The most common definition of continental Europe excludes continental islands , encompassing the Greek Islands , Cyprus , Malta , Sicily , Sardinia , Corsica , the Balearic Islands , Ireland , Great Britain , the Isle of Man , the Channel Islands , Novaya Zemlya and the Danish archipelago , as well as nearby oceanic islands , including the Canary Islands , Madeira , the Azores , Iceland , the Faroe Islands , and Svalbard .   The Scandinavian peninsula is sometimes also excluded , as even though it is technically part of `` mainland Europe '' , the de facto connections to the rest of the continent are across the Baltic Sea or North Sea ( rather than via the lengthy land route that involves travelling to the north of the peninsula where it meets Finland , and then south through north-east Europe ) .   The notion of Europe as a geopolitical or cultural term is centred on core Europe ( Kerneuropa ) , the continental territory of the historical Carolingian Empire and the core of Latin Christendom , corresponding to modern France , Italy , Germany ( or German-speaking Europe ) and the Benelux states ( historical Austrasia ) . This historical core of `` Carolingian Europe '' was consciously invoked in the 1950s as the historical ethno-cultural basis for the prospective European integration ( see also Multi-speed Europe ) .

neg: List of places in Ireland This is a list of places in Ireland .

neg: Met Éireann Met Éireann ( -LSB- mʲɛtʲ ˈeːrʲən̪ˠ -RSB- , meaning `` Met of Ireland '' ) is the national meteorological service in Ireland , part of the Department of Housing , Planning , Community and Local Government .

neg: Ireland's Eye Ireland 's Eye is a small uninhabited island off the coast of County Dublin , Ireland , situated directly north of Howth Harbour . The island is easily reached by regular tourist boats . The island is currently part of the county of Fingal , for administrative purposes , but was at one time part of the city of Dublin .

neg: Loígis Loígis -LSB- ˈloiɣʲisʲ -RSB- was a kingdom in medieval Ireland that existed into the 16th century .

neg: The Ireland That We Dreamed Of `` On Language & the Irish Nation '' , was the title of a radio address made by Éamon de Valera , then Taoiseach of Ireland , on Raidió Éireann on St. Patrick 's Day ( 17 March ) 1943 . It is often called The Ireland that we dreamed of , a phrase which is used within it , or the `` comely maidens '' ' speech , a misquotation . The speech marked the 50th anniversary of the foundation of the Gaelic League ( Conradh na Gaeilge ) , a group promoting Irish culture and the Irish language . In the most frequently quoted passage of the speech , de Valera set out his vision of an ideal Ireland :   De Valera had made an annual radio speech on St Patrick 's Day since coming to power after the 1932 election . At the time the 1943 speech was made , the Second World War was raging and the threat of German invasion ( Operation Green ) or British re-occupation ( Plan W ) was very real .   The 1943 speech in later years has been critiqued and often derided as archetypal of de Valera 's traditionalist view of an isolationist , agricultural land where women held a traditional role . The phrase most commonly cited in this regard is the misquotation `` comely maidens dancing at the crossroads '' . The speech in fact made no mention of crossroads dances , a rural tradition then dying out . Although de Valera actually said `` happy maidens '' in the broadcast , the phrase was `` comely maidens '' in the prepared text sent in advance to the newspapers , printed in the following day 's Irish Press , and reprinted in Maurice Moynihan 's 1980 anthology . It was a double LP record of speeches from the RTÉ archives , released in 1982 on the centenary of his birth , which brought the correct wording back to public notice .   In 2007 , J. J. Lee and Diarmaid Ferriter argued for a reappraisal of the speech in the light of the Celtic Tiger consumption bubble and the Moriarty Tribunal revelations of corruption by 1980s Taoiseach Charles Haughey . Lee suggested de Valera 's `` Victorian language '' gave his vision an antiquated tone that hid the continuing relevance of much of its vision . Ferriter called it `` the most famous broadcast by any Irish politician of the twentieth century '' .

neg: Demographics of Sri Lanka This article is about the demographic features of the population of Sri Lanka , including population density , ethnicity , education level , health of the populace , economic status , religious affiliations and other aspects of the population .   Sri Lanka is an island in the Indian Ocean also called Ceylon and many other names . It is about the size of Ireland . It is about 28 kilometres ( 18 mi . ) off the south-eastern coast of India with a population of about 20 million . Density is highest in the south west where Colombo , the country 's main port and industrial center , is located . The net population growth is about 0.7 % . Sri Lanka is ethnically , linguistically , and religiously diverse .


query: G-Dragon is North Korean.

pos: G-Dragon Kwon Ji-yong ( ; born August 18 , 1988 ) , better known by his stage name G-Dragon , is a South Korean rapper , singer-songwriter , record producer , and fashion icon . After six years as a trainee under the record label YG Entertainment , G-Dragon rose to fame in the mid-2000s as one of two rappers in the South Korean hip hop boy band Big Bang . Despite initial lukewarm receptions , the group became one of the best-selling digital group of all-time in Asia and one of the best-selling boy bands in the world .   G-Dragon debuted as a solo artist with the release of Heartbreaker in 2009 . The album was a commercial success and earned the Mnet Asian Music Awards for Album of the Year , while the single of the same name became a number-one hit . G-Dragon later formed a duo with fellow Big Bang member T.O.P to record and release the album GD & TOP ( 2010 ) , which contained the top-five hits `` High High '' , `` Oh Yeah '' , and `` Knock Out '' on the Gaon Digital Chart , while the album peaked at number-one . His first EP One of a Kind ( 2012 ) was critically acclaimed and yielded `` One of a Kind '' , `` Crayon '' , and the number-one `` That XX '' , earning Record of the Year at the 22nd Seoul Music Awards . The EP became the highest-selling album by a Korean soloist since his own Heartbreaker . In 2013 , he embarked on his first worldwide tour as a solo artist , which included a four-dome tour in Japan , making him the first Korean soloist to do a dome tour . G-Dragon was awarded Artist of the Year at the 15th Mnet Asian Music Awards following the success of his second studio album Coup d'Etat ( 2013 ) , in addition to the awards of World 's Best Entertainer and World 's Best Album at the 2014 World Music Awards .   Recognized as one of the most influential leaders in music and fashion in his country and labelled as an `` K-pop icon '' , G-Dragon was named by Forbes the most influential person under 30 in Asia 's entertainment and sports . Producing not only for his band but also for his and his bandmates ' solo releases , G-Dragon has written 22 number one songs .

neg: Kwang-hyok Kwang-hyok , also spelled Gwang-hyeok , is a Korean masculine given name . Its meaning differs based on the hanja used to write each syllable of the name . There are 13 hanja with the reading `` kwang '' and nine hanja with the reading `` hyok '' on the South Korean government 's official list of hanja which may be registered for use in given names .   People with this name include :  Kim Kwang-hyok ( born 1985 ) , North Korean football player  Ri Kwang-hyok ( born 1987 ) , North Korean football player  Kim Kwang-hyok ( athlete ) ( born 1988 ) , North Korean long distance runner  Lee Gwang-hyeok ( born 1995 ) , South Korean football midfielder ( K-League )

neg: Death and state funeral of Kim Jong-il The death of Kim Jong-il was reported by North Korean state television news on 19 December 2011 . The presenter Ri Chun-hee announced that he had died on 17 December at 8:30 am of a massive heart attack while travelling by train to an area outside Pyongyang . Reportedly , he had received medical treatment for cardiac and cerebrovascular diseases . During the trip though , he was said to have had an advanced acute myocardial infarction , complicated with a serious heart shock . However , it was reported by South Korean media in December 2012 that he had died in a fit of rage over construction faults at a crucial power plant project .   His son Kim Jong-un was announced as North Korea 's next leader with the title of `` The Great Successor '' during the same newscast . Jong-il 's funeral was held on 28 December in Pyongyang , with a mourning period lasting until the following day .

neg: Chasu Ch ` asu ( 차수 , hanja 次帥 ) is a superior military rank of North Korea , often translated as vice-marshal . The rank is senior to that of daejang ( general ) and junior to that of wonsu ( marshal ) . The rank is seldom bestowed upon the professional military , and appears to be rather a combined political-military position .   The insignia for a chasu is superimposing a North Korean national crest upon a marshal 's insignia star in the shoulder epaulette . Formerly , insignia for such rank holders was the emblem of North Korea until the present insignia was released in 1985 .   The rank is often transliterated as ch ` asu , showing the difference with the Korean word for embroidery , usually transliterated as chasu ( : wikt : 자수 ) .

neg: North Korea–Norway relations North Korea -- Norway relations refers to the current and historical relationship between Norway and the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea ( DPRK ) , commonly known as North Korea . Neither country maintains an embassy in the other , although North Korea formerly had an embassy in the Norwegian capital Oslo . The Norwegian ambassador in Seoul is also accredited to North Korea , as is the North Korean one in Stockholm to Norway .

neg: Glorantha Glorantha is a fantasy world created by Greg Stafford . It was first introduced in the board game White Bear and Red Moon ( 1975 ) by Chaosium , and thereafter in a number of other board , roleplaying and computer games , including RuneQuest and HeroQuest , as well as several works of fiction and the computer strategy game King of Dragon Pass . The Gloranthan world is characterised by its complex use of mythology , heavily influenced by the universalist approaches of Joseph Campbell and Mircea Eliade , its Howardian ethos , its long and distinctive history as a setting for role-playing games , its community development and expansion , and ( unusual among early American fantasy role-playing games ) its relative lack of Tolkienesque influence .   Stafford began imagining Glorantha in 1966 as a way to deepen his own understanding of mythology . He founded the company Chaosium to publish the board wargame White Bear and Red Moon in 1974 ( other sources say 1975 ) , which was set in Glorantha . Chaosium later published other games in the setting , including the critically acclaimed RuneQuest . Various later editions of RuneQuest , the narrative role-playing game HeroQuest ( the first edition of which was published as Hero Wars ) , and the video game King of Dragon Pass were also set in Glorantha , as were several prominent fan efforts . Stafford has also explored the Gloranthan setting in the fantasy novel King of Sartar and a number of unfinished works published under the collective name of `` the Stafford Library '' .   In Glorantha , magic operates from the everyday level of prayers and charms to the creation and maintenance of the world . Heroes make their way in the world , and may also venture into metaphysical realms to gain knowledge and power , at the risk of body and soul . In the more recent material competing magical outlooks , such as theism , shamanism and mysticism , exist to explain the world . Within each metaphysical system , adherents may also compete - such as when theistic worshipers of rival gods battle each other . The world is flat , with a dome-like sky , and it has been shaped in large and small ways by the mythic actions of the gods . The ` historical ' world of Glorantha is in a more or less fallen state , having recovered only partially from a universal battle against Chaos in the mythic Godtime .   Humans are the dominant race , but other sentient beings abound . Some , such as the mystic dragonewts , are unique to Glorantha . Familiar nonhuman races , such as elves and dwarves , are distinct from their common , Tolkienesque portrayals .

neg: Frente Tricolor The official Suwon Samsung Bluewings supporters group is called FRENTE TRICOLOR .   In the late 1995 , the `` GRAND BLEU '' was organised as the supporter club of the Bluewings . Originally , the name of the supporters club was `` CyberWings '' , but it changed its name to the current name a few years later . With their two general mottos , The First & The Best and 우리가 가면 길이 된다 ( English : Our path becomes the true path ) , the GRAND BLEU has now grown as the largest and the most influential supporters ' groups in the K-League . The FRENTE TRICOLOR website claims that there are more than 30,000 members who has been registered to the website by 2008 , and about 3,000 to 6,000 supporters visit the Big Bird 's North side regularly in almost every matches , with the exception of boycotts which only happened in early 2006 . The GRAND BLEU sometimes show performances in matches using various equipments such as flares , smoke bombs , flags and card displays .   The famous Red Devils , Korea Republic national football team supporters club also started with a lot of its members from the GRAND BLEU . One of the most popular chants of the Red Devils , the `` Daehan Minguk '' chant , was from the GRAND BLEU chant .

neg: Korea General Machinery Trading Corporation The Korea General Machinery Trading Corporation is a North Korean machine company . It is headquartered in the Tongdaewon District near the capital , Pyongyang .   The company imports steel , chemical raw stock , and machine tools . It produces machine tools , metal parts , gears , electric motors , generators , hydroelectric generators , pumps , valves , mining equipment , rolling stock and other machinery .

neg: National Defence Commission The National Defence Commission of the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea ( NDC ) was defined by the 1998 constitution as `` the highest guiding organ of the military and the managing organ of military matters '' . The Chairman of the National Defence Commission controls the armed forces and , in this state where the military dominated , was the most powerful position in the country and was held by Kim Jong-il up until his death . Per the 2016 Constitution , the commission was replaced by the State Affairs Commission .

neg: Goyang Goyang ( Goyang-si ; -LSB- ko.jaŋ -RSB- ) is a city in Gyeonggi-do in the north of South Korea . It is part of the Seoul Capital Area , making Goyang one of Seoul 's satellite cities . It is one of the largest cities in the Seoul Capital Area , with a population of just over 1 million . The city is the site of the Ilsan New Town , a planned city surrounding the Ilsandong-gu and Ilsanseo-gu districts of Goyang .   Several institutions of higher learning are located in Goyang . These include Agricultural Cooperative College , Korea Aerospace University , and Transnational Law and Business University .   In sports , the city was home to the K League Challenge football team Goyang Zaicro FC until its disbandment in 2016 . The Challengers League football team Goyang Citizen FC and the Korean Basketball League team Goyang Orion Orions are based in the city .

neg: 2006 North Korean missile test Two rounds of North Korean missile tests were conducted on July 5 , 2006 . The Democratic People 's Republic of Korea ( DPRK or North Korea ) reportedly fired at least seven separate missiles . These included one long-range Taepodong-2 missile and short-range Scud derived missiles including the enlarged Nodong missile . The Taepodong-2 was estimated by United States intelligence agencies as having a potential range reaching as far as Alaska , the missile reached a distance of about 250 miles from northern California .   North Korea made its first public acknowledgement of the tests on July 6 , through its foreign ministry , describing them as `` successful '' and part of `` regular military drills to strengthen self-defense , '' insisting that it had the legal right to do so . The country warned of `` stronger physical actions '' if it were put under pressure by the international community . On July 8 , CNN reported that the U.S. had deployed the USS Mustin , a guided missile destroyer , to the Japanese port of Yokosuka , home of the U.S. Navy 's Seventh Fleet . A spokeswoman said that the deployment was not related to the test-firings , and it had been previously planned .

neg: Songun Songun is the `` military first '' policy of North Korea , prioritizing the Korean People 's Army in the affairs of state and allocation of resources . `` Military first '' as a principle guides political and economic life in North Korea , with `` military-first politics '' dominating the political system ; `` a line of military-first economic construction '' acting as an economic system ; and `` military-first ideology '' serving as the guiding ideology .   Songun elevates the Korean People 's Army within North Korea as an organization and as a state function , granting it the primary position in the North Korean government and society . It guides domestic policy and international interactions . It is the framework for the government , designating the military as the `` supreme repository of power '' . The North Korean government grants the Korean People 's Army the highest economic and resource-allocation priority and positions it as the model for society to emulate . Songun is also the ideological concept behind a shift in policies since 1994 which emphasize the people 's military over all other aspects of state and society .

neg: Goguryeo Goguryeo ( ; -LSB- ko.ɡu.ɾjʌ -RSB- , 37 BCE -- 668 CE ) , originally named Goryeo ( ; -LSB- ko.ɾjʌ -RSB- ) , was a Korean kingdom located in the northern and central parts of the Korean Peninsula and the southern and central parts of inner and outer Manchuria . Goguryeo was an active participant in the power struggle for control of the Korean peninsula and was also associated with the foreign affairs of neighboring polities in China and Japan .   The Samguk Sagi , a 12th-century text from Goryeo , indicates that Goguryeo was founded in 37 BCE by Jumong , a prince from Buyeo , who was enthroned as Dongmyeong . There is archaeological and textual evidence from Chinese geographic monographs that suggests that Goguryeo may have been in existence since the second century BCE around the fall of Gojoseon , an earlier kingdom which also occupied southern Manchuria and the northern Korean Peninsula .   Goguryeo was a powerful empire and one of the great powers in East Asia , until it was defeated by a Silla -- Tang alliance in 668 after prolonged exhaustion and internal strife caused by the death of Yeon Gaesomun . After its fall , its territory was divided among the states of Later Silla , Balhae and Tang China .   The name Goryeo , a shortened form of Goguryeo , was adopted as the official name in the 5th century , and is the origin of the English name `` Korea '' .

neg: Dragon Computer & Communication Dragon Computer & Communication , widely known as Dragon in Indonesia , is the first and biggest hardware distribution company in Indonesia . Dragon is located on Jakarta , Java , Indonesia . Some of notable brand that is distributed under Dragon flag in Indonesia include , but not limited to , ACER , ASUS , Inktec , Elevo , Lite-ON and Edimax .

neg: Timeline of the Gwangmu Reform The following is a timeline of the Gwangmu Reform , which was a reforms for modernize Korea from the late 19th century to the early 20th century . Although many people have the notion that this period was marked with the fight for power between Heungseon Daewongun ( 흥선대원군 , 興宣大院君 - King Gojong 's father ) and Queen Min ( King Gojong 's wife ) , it was rather the era of great changes relevant to modernisation after the harsh oppressive years during the `` Regency '' of King Gojong 's father . This reform also was one of the most successful for modernising in a short period of time during Korean history . Although the reform was mostly centred on the time period after the proclamation of the Korean Empire , it includes a number of other previous events that are closely related to the reform .

neg: Guro District, Seoul Guro District ( Guro-gu ) is a district of Seoul , South Korea , which was separated from Yeongdeungpo District on April 1 , 1980 . Located in the southwestern part of the city , where besides Yangcheon District and Geumcheon District Guro District has an important position as a transport link which contains railroads , land routes from the rest of Seoul to the south of the country . The Gyeongbu and Gyeongin railway lines connect Seoul to Busan and Incheon . In addition , Seoul Metropolitan Subway lines 1 , 2 , and 7 , and major highways intersect in Guro District .   The name Guro originates from the legend that nine ( gu ) old men ( Korean : ro ) enjoyed longevity in the district .   A digital industrial complex is located in Guro District . The Guro Digital Industrial Complex , which played a leading industrial role mainly with textile manufacturing , dressmaking and other labour-intensive industries in 1967 , has been rapidly changed into an IT industrial complex . This complex played a pivotal role in the economic growth of the South Korea 's development era , referred to as the `` Miracle on the Han River '' , and also contributed 10 percent of national export in the 1970s .   Twenty-one percent of the total area of Guro District is a restricted zone to be used as a greenbelt with the only arboretum in Seoul . The zone is changing into a lively district as large labour-intensive factories are moving from the area and the council is developing what it terms its four zones .   An `` e-government '' system based on this hosted the international e-participation forum on February 7 -- 9 , 2007 , with the participation of more than thirty-seven countries . The forum was launched with the theme `` Promoting Democracy and Regional Development '' and twenty-five mayors including André Santini ( Issy-les-Moulineaux , France ) , Kevin Foy ( Chapel Hill , US ) , Apirak Kosayothin ( Bangkok , Thailand ) , Uvais Mohamed Emthiyas ( Colombo , Sri Lanka ) , and world experts such as Dr William H. Dutton ( Director of Oxford Internet Institute at the University of Oxford , UK ) and Dr Ari-Veiko Anttiroiko ( professor at the University of Tampere , Finland ) participated in the forum . The Guro Declaration , adopted during the forum , aims to set up a portal site for e-government development and to establish a concrete project in order to bridge the digital divide among the world 's cities . This practice has been recognised for providing a new important step in the development of e-democracy .   The e-participation forum was a key factor for Guro to play the leading role in bridging the digital divide among cities , to provide I.T. enterprises located in Guro Digital Industrial Complex the opportunity to launch into the international market , to improve its image and become a global leader to concrete e-democracy .

neg: MiG Alley `` MiG Alley '' was the name given by United Nations ( UN ) pilots to the northwestern portion of North Korea , where the Yalu River empties into the Yellow Sea . During the Korean War , it was the site of numerous dogfights between UN fighter pilots and their opponents from North Korea ( including some unofficially crewed by Soviet airmen ) and the People 's Republic of China . Soviet-built Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 were the aircraft used during most of the conflict , and the area 's nickname was derived from them . It was the site of the first large-scale jet-vs-jet air battles , with the North American F-86 Sabre .

neg: Niliria `` Niliria '' is a song by K-pop musician G-Dragon , featuring American recording artist Missy Elliott from G-Dragon 's second studio album , Coup d'Etat ( 2013 ) . To date , it remains as one of the six songs from the album to enter the top ten on South Korea 's Gaon Singles Chart . On 2 December 2013 , the song ranked number 32 on Complex 's The 50 Best Songs of 2013 .

neg: Cho Ki-chon Cho Ki-chon ( 조기천 6 November 1913 -- 31 July 1951 ) was a Russian-born North Korean poet . He is regarded as `` a founding father of North Korean poetry '' whose distinct Soviet-influenced style of lyrical epic poetry in the socialist realist genre became an important feature of North Korean literature . He was nicknamed `` Korea 's Mayakovsky '' after the writer whose works had had an influence on him and which implied his breaking from the literature of the old society and his commitment to communist values . After a remark made by Kim Jong-il on his 2001 visit to Russia , North Korean media has referred to Cho as the `` Pushkin of Korea '' .   Cho was dispatched by the Soviet authorities to liberated Korea when the Red Army entered in 1945 . By that time , he had substantial experience with Soviet literature and literature administration . The Soviets hoped that Cho would shape the cultural institutions of the new state based on the Soviet model . For the Soviets , the move was successful and Cho did not only that but also significantly developed socialist realism as it would become the driving force of North Korean literature and arts .   Cho offered some of the earliest contributions to Kim Il-sung 's cult of personality . His most famous work is Mt. Paektu ( 1947 ) , a lyrical epic praising Kim Il-sung 's guerrilla activities and promoting him as a suitable leader for the new North Korean state . Other notable works by Cho include , a seemingly non-political love poem which was later adapted as a popular song that is known in both North and South Korea .   During the Korean War , Cho wrote wartime propaganda poems . He died during the war in an American bombing raid . He and his works are still renowned in North Korean society .

neg: North Korea–Serbia relations The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea had established diplomatic relations on October 30 , 1948 . Relations had been very close during the time of Josip Broz Tito and Kim Il-sung . Both leaders had taken a neutral stance during the Sino-Soviet split and maintained friendly relations with both the Soviet Union and China . Both Serbia and North Korea are members of the Non-Aligned Movement . Yugoslavia , of which Serbia was a part , was one of the movement 's founding members . Both countries closed their embassies in each other 's capitals in October and November 2001 , respectively , for financial reasons . Nevertheless , they continue to enjoy a close relationship . The Serbian Embassy to North Korea is accredited from Beijing , China , and the North Korean embassy to Serbia is accredited from Sofia , Bulgaria .

neg: Foreign Languages Publishing House The Foreign Languages Publishing House is the central North Korean publishing bureau of foreign-language documents , located in the Potonggang-guyok of Pyongyang , North Korea . It employs a small group of foreigners to revise translations of North Korean texts so as to make those texts suitable for foreign-language publication .   Foreign Languages Publishing House maintains the Naenara web portal .   Foreign Languages Publishing House has a sports team in the Paektusan Prize civil servants games .


query: Spain is non-contiguous with Morocco.

pos: Spain Spain ( España -LSB- esˈpaɲa -RSB- ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( -LSB- Reino de España , links = no -RSB- ) , is a sovereign state located on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe , with two large archipelagoes , the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea and the Canary Islands off the North African Atlantic coast , two cities Ceuta and Melilla in the North African mainland and several small islands in the Alboran Sea near the Moroccan coast . Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . It is the only European country to have a border with an African country ( Morocco ) and its African territory accounts for nearly 5 % of its population , mostly in the Canary Islands but also in Ceuta and Melilla .   With an area of 505990 km2 , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Bilbao and Málaga .   Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Span or Spania . In the Middle Ages , the area was conquered by Germanic tribes and later by the Moors . Spain emerged as a unified country in the 15th century , following the marriage of the Catholic Monarchs and the completion of the eight centuries-long reconquest , or Reconquista from the Moors in 1492 . In the early modern period , Spain became one of history 's first global colonial empires , leaving a vast cultural and linguistic legacy that includes over 500 million Spanish speakers , making Spanish the world 's second most spoken first language , after Mandarin Chinese .   Spain is a democracy organised in the form of a parliamentary government under a constitutional monarchy . It is a middle power and a major developed country with the world 's fourteenth largest economy by nominal GDP and sixteenth largest by purchasing power parity . It is a member of the United Nations ( UN ) , the European Union ( EU ) , the Eurozone , the Council of Europe ( CoE ) , the Organization of Ibero-American States ( OEI ) , the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) , the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) and many other international organisations .

neg: Spanish Netherlands Spanish Netherlands ( Países Bajos españoles Spaanse Nederlanden ) ; Pays-Bas espagnols ) was the collective name of States of the Holy Roman Empire in the Low Countries , held in personal union by the Spanish Crown ( also called Habsburg Spain ) from 1581 to 1714 . This region comprised most of modern Belgium and Luxembourg , as well as parts of northern France and western Germany . The capital was Brussels .   The Imperial fiefs of the former Burgundian Netherlands had been inherited by the Austrian House of Habsburg from the extinct House of Valois-Burgundy upon the death of Mary of Burgundy in 1482 . The Seventeen Provinces formed the core of the Habsburg Netherlands which passed to the Spanish Habsburgs upon the abdication of Emperor Charles V in 1556 . When part of the Netherlands separated to form the autonomous Dutch Republic in 1581 , the remainder of the area stayed under Spanish rule until the War of the Spanish Succession .

neg: Cercanías Cercanías ( -LSB- θerkaˈni.as -RSB- ) is the name given to the commuter rail systems of Spain 's major metropolitan areas . In the Valencian Community , the term is replaced by Rodalia ( -LSB- roðaˈli.a -RSB- ) , while the designation Aldiriak ( -LSB- aldiɾiak -RSB- ) is used in the Basque Country . In Catalonia ( where the main administrator is the regional government ) , it is commonly known as Rodalies ( -LSB- ruðəˈli.əs -RSB- ) .   Operated by the national rail company Renfe Operadora , Cercanías are in the process of being transferred to the regional autonomous governments . The former Rodalies Barcelona was handed over to the Catalan Government and renamed `` Rodalies de Catalunya '' .   There are currently twelve Cercanías systems in Spain ( including the distinct Rodalies system in Catalonia ) : Asturias , Bilbao , Cádiz , Catalonia , Madrid , Málaga , Murcia/Alicante , Santander , San Sebastián , Seville , Valencia , and Zaragoza . It is well linked to Metro systems in Madrid , Barcelona , Bilbao and Valencia .   The Madrid Cercanîas network was the target of the 2004 Madrid train bombings . The attacks , which killed 191 people in Santa Eugenia , El Pozo and Atocha stations , were the bloodiest terrorist actions in Spain to date .

neg: Europa Point Europa Point ( Spanish and Llanito : Punta de Europa or Punta Europa ) , is the southernmost point of Gibraltar ( the Southeast most point of the Iberian Peninsula being Punta de Tarifa 25 km southwest of Gibraltar ) . At the end of the Rock of Gibraltar , the area is flat and occupied by such features as a playing field and a few buildings . On a clear day , views of North Africa can be seen across the Strait of Gibraltar including Ceuta and the Rif Mountains of Morocco ; as well as the Bay of Gibraltar and the Spanish towns along its shores . It is accessed from the old town by Europa Road .

neg: North Africa North Africa is the term given to a group of Mediterranean countries situated in the northern-most region of the African continent . The term `` North Africa '' has no single accepted definition . It is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of Morocco in the west , to the Suez Canal and the Red Sea in the east . Others have limited it to the countries of Morocco , Algeria , and Tunisia , a region known by the French during colonial times as `` Afrique du Nord '' and by the Arabs as the Maghreb ( `` West '' ) .   The most commonly accepted definition includes Morocco , Algeria , and Tunisia , as well as Libya and Egypt , It should be noted however that the term `` North Africa '' , when commonly used in North Africa and the Middle East , often refers only to the countries of the Maghreb and Libya . Egypt , due to its greater Middle Eastern associations , is typically viewed separately . The countries of North Africa share a common ethnic , cultural and linguistic identity that is unique to this region .   North west Africa has been inhabited by Berbers since the beginning of recorded history , while the eastern part of North Africa has been home to the Egyptians . Following the Muslim conquest in the seventh century C.E. , the region underwent a process of Arabization and Islamization that has defined its cultural landscape ever since .   The distinction between North Africa and much of Sub-Saharan Africa is historically and ecologically significant because of the effective barrier created by the Sahara Desert for much of modern history . From 3500 BC , following the abrupt desertification of the Sahara due to gradual changes in the Earth 's orbit , this barrier has culturally separated the North from the rest of the continent . As the seafaring civilizations of the Phoenicians , Greeks , Romans , Muslims and others facilitated communication and migration across the Mediterranean Sea , the cultures of North Africa became much more closely tied to Southwestern Asia and Europe than Sub-Saharan Africa . The Islamic influence in the area is also significant , and North Africa is a major part of the Muslim world .   Some researchers have postulated that North Africa rather than East Africa served as the exit point for the modern humans who first trekked out of the continent in the Out of Africa migration .

neg: Socialist Party of Majorca The Socialist Party of Majorca ( Partit Socialista de Mallorca , ( PSM ) ; -LSB- pərˈtit sosiəˈɫistə ðə məˈʎɔrcə -RSB- ) is a political party in Majorca , Spain . The PSM defines itself as socialist , environmentalist , and Catalan nationalist , from a Majorcan point of view .   PSM emerged from a split in the Socialist Party of the Islands in December 1977 . Unlike most of the other Spanish socialist parties , PSM refused to join the Spanish Socialist Workers ' Party ( PSOE ) .   It advocates the self-determination and the freedom of the Balearic Islands , with social justice , to increase the identity and the self-government of the archipelago . It also calls for a closer relationship with the other Catalan Countries , now forbidden to be achieved in a confederation of three Spanish autonomous communities by the Spanish constitution ( art. 145 ) . Therefore , its political ascription is a Majorcan political party , regionalist or progressive-stateless nationalist , environmental , socialist and democratic .   In 1989 it strengthened an alliance with other progressive and nationalist parties of Minorca and Ibiza , Partit Socialista de Menorca ( Socialist Party of Minorca ) and l'Entesa Nacionalista Ecologista de Eivissa ( Environmental and Nacionalist Agreement of Ibiza ) , gathering together other local progressive and nationalist parties . The name of the alliance was PSM-Entesa Nacionalista ( PSM-Nationalist Agreement ) . Its representation in the autonomous parliament was between 7 % and 15 % of the votes .   Usually as an opposition party , PSM belonged in the Majorca Government from 1995 until 2003 and from 2007 until 2011 , and in the Balearic Islands Government from 1999 until 2003 and from 2007 until 2011 . In both governments , with other progressive Spanish parties .   In the 2004 Spanish general elections , PSM was in a coalition in the Balearic Islands electoral district with United Left-Esquerra Unida , Balearic Islands ' Green Party-Els Verds de les Illes Balears , and Republican Left of Catalonia , as the Balearic Island 's Progressive coalition ( Progressistes per les Illes Balears ) This coalition obtained 40,289 votes ( 12 % ) . However , no representation in the Spanish central parliament was obtained .   In 2007 , this coalition was enlarged , making up the new coalition `` Majorca 's Bloc '' ( Bloc per Mallorca ) with the same allies of the former Balearic Island 's Progressive coalition . The coalition got 4 MPs ( 14 % ) in the Balearic Parliament ( 2 of them PSM ) . After negotiations , PSM and the other Bloc 's parties , decided to enter in the autonomous government , with PSOE and Majorcan Union ( liberal regionalists ) , leaving the People 's Party ( conservatives ) in the opposition .   In 2008 , the party decided to change their allies for the Spanish general elections . Its allies were then Majorcan Union , Republican Left of Catalonia and Entesa per Mallorca ( former PSM members ) . The coalition United Left-Esquerra Unida refused to include them in its electoral lists . However 29 % of the members wanted to follow the former alliance with Esquerra Unida and the Green Party . Most of them were members of the PSM-Left Nationalist Youth ( Joves d'Esquerra Nacionalista-PSM ) . With less than 30,000 votes , no representation in the Spanish central parliament was obtained .   In 2011 , the Bloc broke and the party decided to form an electoral coalition with IniciativaVerds ( a new party formed by the Green party and former United Left members ) and Entesa per Mallorca ( former PSM members ) for the autonomic elections . The coalition got 36,149 votes and 4 seats at the Parliament . Later that year , the coalition was enlarged by the addition of the new Spanish-wide ecologist party EQUO and participated at the general election of that year . The coalition managed to get 31,378 votes , just 10,000 votes lesser than the minimum needed to get a seat at the Congress of Deputies .   In 2008 , PSM became a full member of the European Free Alliance ( EFA ) .

neg: Bay of Cádiz The Bay of Cádiz is a body of water in the province of Cádiz , Spain , adjacent to the southwestern coast of the Iberian Peninsula .   The Bay of Cádiz adjoins the Gulf of Cádiz , a larger body of water which is in the same area but further offshore .

neg: Punta de Tarifa Punta de Tarifa ( Point Tarifa , Point Marroqui ) is the southernmost point of the Iberian Peninsula and continental Europe . It is located in the province of Cádiz and the autonomous community of Andalusia on the Atlantic end of the Straits of Gibraltar . The coast of Morocco can be seen from this point .   The point is the southeastern tip of the former island , known as Isla de Tarifa or Isla de Las Palomas , located offshore and connected to the mainland by a causeway . The island was occupied by a military installation between the 1930s and 2001 .   The name of Tarifa , both for the island and for the municipality , originates from Tarif ibn Malik , who in 710 started here the Islamic conquest of Spain .

neg: Rivas-Vaciamadrid Rivas-Vaciamadrid ( -LSB- ˈribas baθiamaˈðɾið -RSB- , -LSB- ˈribas baθiamaˈðɾiθ , - ˈðɾi -RSB- ) is the 15th most populated city in the Community of Madrid , Spain . It belongs to the Madrid metropolitan area and is located just 15 km from central Madrid , to the south-east . In the southern part of the municipality , the Manzanares river flows into the Jarama , which is part of the Lower Manzanares and Jarama Rivers Regional Park . Almost three quarters of the municipality form part of the park , making it an important ecological centre with numerous lakes and various species of wildlife and fauna .   It has been one of the fastest growing municipalities in Spain in recent years , growing from 500 inhabitants in the 1980s to its current figure of 84,000 . It is bordered to the north by Madrid and San Fernando de Henares , to the south by Arganda del Rey and San Martín de la Vega , to the east by Mejorada del Campo and Velilla de San Antonio , and to the west by Getafe and Madrid ( the district of Villa de Vallecas . )   Rivas-Vaciamadrid municipality is the seventh richest in Spain , according to a 2014 list , and has the fourth lowest rate of population in risk of poverty , among municipalities with more than 50,000 inhabitants . It is the most populated city in Spain governed by United Left .

neg: Portuñol Portuñol ( Spanish spelling ) or Portunhol ( Portuguese spelling ) is the name often given to any unsystematic mixture of Portuguese with Spanish . The word is a portmanteau of the words Portugués / Português ( `` Portuguese '' ) and Español / Espanhol ( `` Spanish '' ) .   Portuñol , or Portunhol , is a lingua franca , or simplified mixture of the two languages , that allows speakers of either Spanish or Portuguese who are not proficient in the other language to communicate with one another . When speakers of one of the languages attempt to speak the other language , there is often interference from the native language , which causes the phenomenon of code-switching to occur . It is possible to conduct a moderately fluent conversation in this way because Portuguese and Spanish are closely related Romance languages . They have almost identical syntactic structures , as well as overlapping lexicons due to cognates , which means that a single macro-grammar is produced when the two mix . The phrase en el hueco de la noite longa e langue illustrates a code-switch between the Spanish article la and the Portuguese noun noite . This example reveals the grammatical possibilities of code-switching between the two languages .   Language contact between Spanish and Portuguese is the result of sustained contact between the two languages in border communities and multilingual trade environments . Such regions include the border regions between Portugal and Spain in the Iberian Peninsula , as well as the ones between Brazil , whose official language is Portuguese , and most of its neighboring countries , such as Uruguay and Paraguay , whose official languages are Spanish . Because Portuñol is a spontaneous register resulting from the occasional mixing of Spanish and Portuguese , it is highly diverse ; there is no one dialect or standard of Portuñol . There does , however , tend to be a stronger presence of Spanish in Portuñol .   In recent years , Portuñol has begun to appear in realms other than everyday speech . It has become a literary medium , especially in Uruguay and Brazil . María Jesus Fernández García describes it as a linguistic recreation of the actual language . However , she goes on to say that the literature only occasionally provides a true representation of Portuñol , and that authors often choose to select only some of the features that are characteristic of Portuñol . One important literary work written in Portuñol is Mar paraguayo by Brazilian author Wilson Bueno . The following passage shows the mixing of Spanish and Portuguese in his novel .   The appearance of Portuñol has prompted two opposing opinions or attitudes towards its existence . On the one hand , it is viewed as the product of laziness among speakers unwilling to learn a different language . On the other hand , it is seen as the logical product of globalization . As far as the future of Portuñol is concerned , according to Francisco A. Marcos-Marín , it is too difficult to evaluate possible repercussions that Portuñol could have on future linguistic maps because it is not easy to separate linguistic tendencies that are merely in style and those that are permanent .

neg: Sahara International Film Festival The Sahara International Film Festival , also known as FiSahara , is an annual event which takes place in the Sahrawi refugee camps , at the South West corner of Algeria , near the border with Western Sahara . It is the only film festival in the world taking place in a refugee camp . The first three years the festival was held alternately in the Wilaya of Smara , Wilaya of Ausserd and Wilaya of El Aaiun , but since 2007 the FiSahara had stayed in the Wilaya of Dakhla . The event is backed by the Polisario Front , but largely organised and funded by donors from Spain , the former colonial power in Western Sahara , attracting support from Spanish film celebrities as Penélope Cruz , Javier Bardem and Pedro Almodóvar . This Festival is an initiative to bring film as an entertainment and cultural form to the thousands of Sahrawis whose community has lived for more than thirty years in relative isolation in the Algerian desert , being the only film festival in the world taking place in a refugee camp .  The first festival was in large part organised by Peruvian film director Javier Corcuera .   The festival has the two-fold aim of providing cultural entertainment and educational opportunities to refugees , and of raising awareness of the plight of the Sahrawi people , who have been exiled from their native Western Sahara for more than three decades . Western Sahara , `` Africa 's last colony , '' was given to Morocco and Mauritania by the Spanish when they withdrew in 1976 . The Moroccans subsequently annexed the entire territory in 1979 , in defiance of a ruling from the International Court of Justice . A sixteen-year war ensued between the Moroccans and the native Sahrawi independence movement , the Polisario Front . Under the terms of a 1991 UN ceasefire agreement , a referendum for self-determination was promised , but has been blocked by Morocco . In the meantime an estimated 165,000 refugees continue to live in four large camps in the inhospitable Algerian desert .   Home to around 30,000 refugees , Dakhla is the most remote of the camps , located 175 km away from the nearest city , Tindouf . It has no electricity or paved roads and is dependent on outside supplies of food and water .   Musicians like Fermín Muguruza , Manu Chao , Macaco , Iván Ferreiro , El Chojin or Tomasito had also performed in concerts during the festival .   In 2010 , a twinning agreement was signed between the FiSahara and the San Sebastian Human Rights Film Festival .

neg: Castilians Castilians ( Spanish : castellanos ) are certain inhabitants in regions of central Spain including at least the eastern part of Castile and León , the northern and eastern parts of Castile-La Mancha , and the Madrid community , who are the source of the Spanish language ( Castilian ) among other aspects of cultural identity . However , not all people in the regions of the medieval Kingdom of Castile think of themselves as Castilian . For this reason , the exact limits of what Castile is today are disputed . As an ethnicity , they are most commonly associated with the sparsely populated inner plateau of the Iberian peninsula , which is split in two by the Sistema Central mountain range and Northern or `` Old Castile '' from southern or `` New Castile '' , the latter being somewhat closer in terms of culture and dialect to southern regions of Spain such as Andalusia , Extremadura and Murcia .   Through the Reconquista and other conquests in the Middle Ages , the Kingdom of Castile ( later Crown of Castile ) spread over a large part of the Iberian Peninsula , especially towards the southern Spanish regions . After this , since the 15th century , through the Spanish colonization of the Americas , the Castilians also spread over the New World , bringing with them not only their language , but also elements of their culture and traditions .

neg: On External Transition It is the book gathering Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo 's welcoming speech in the Spanish Royal Academy of Moral and Political Sciences from the session that took place the 16th of November of 2005 .   Calvo-Sotelo makes a distinction between internal and external transition , about which he had already spoken previously in Living memory of the Spanish transition and Papers of an unemployed person , and now he focuses on the latter one .   After the praising from Antonio Garrigues Díaz-Cañabate , his predecessor as chairman , Calvo-Sotelo looks into the past to put that external transition into perspective , and he makes an `` anthology of neutralities '' of Spain and its milestones being the Franco-Prussian war from 1870 , the Great War from 1914 ( `` we were obsessively neutral with a resignation neutrality '' ) and World War II .   That long history of Spanish neutrality has its turning point in 1953 , due to the Agreements with United States , and it is a first step towards `` anchoring Spain to the Western world '' .   Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo 's essay gets livelier when it approaches transition `` because the writer has also been an actor and a witness of the facts he recounts '' . Who started the transition while being in the government `` were , on politics , little more than fishermen from Galilee . And the same happened with PSOE , the opposition . '' For that reason , `` the Transition , the whole Transition , but specially the external Transition , unavoidably had a lot of improvisation . '' In such a way that `` it was necessary to start the external Transition sailing through an unknown ocean , without any reference nautical charts and with only one clear path : integrating Spain in the international forums in which it was not admitted when these were constituted due to the non-democratic nature of the previous Regime . ''   `` The entry in the Common Market '' and `` The Atlantic controversy '' are the most densely biographical chapters of this dissertation , since Calvo-Soltelo was the man to whom `` corresponded the unique duty of forming the negotiating team of our membership '' and Calvo-Sotelo was , as the President of the Government , who pushed for and achieved the admission of Spain into the NATO .   After remembering the long and hard process of the negotiations , he concludes saying `` that Spain was not received with generosity by its community neighbours . '' And he quotes two key characters from this story : Alberto Ullastres , `` who had masterfully negotiated '' the Preferential Agreement from 1970 ; and Raimundo Bassols , `` true architect of our entry into the Common Market . ''   He also documents through his papers `` the uncertain topic of the secular Spanish-French friendship . ''   He narrates first-hand the fact that he considers `` the kernel of the External transition , the hinge on which the new Spanish external policy would turn '' , which would be , the entry into NATO . He analyses the position of UCD , of Adolfo Suárez and of Marcelino Oreja , and examines the historic evolution of PSOE 's international doctrine -- from Rodolfo Llopis ' time to Felipe González 's - and the volatility of the Spanish public opinion . He also speaks about the attitude of U.S.A. ( `` the renewal of the Agreements of 1953 without the NATO were the short-sighted American intentions when I came to the Presidency '' ) and of the U.S.S.R ( Letter from Leonidas Breznev , that he diplomatically returned to him ) .   The book is closed with a chapter entitled by him `` The transition revisited '' , where he states how nowadays it is considered a problem and how unpleasant it feels to `` unravel Penelope 's shroud that never got to be finished , '' while he is an advocate of `` revisiting the Transition without destroying it '' .   He finishes with a few lines on the new Europe that must be illuminated , a hard duty because `` France does not accept that they have to lock down with two keys De Gaulle 's tomb . ''   During his answering speech , Salustiano del Campo says : `` The pithy speech we just heard insists on subjects Calvo-Sotelo has previously dealt with in one or several of his previous works , but he does it giving new ideas and , especially , suggesting new considerations . ''   Marcelino Oreja finds this essay `` a masterpiece on the external transition and it displays the efforts made to put Spain in the place it belongs to . ''   Historians Pablo Pérez and Jorge Lafuente think about this book by Calvo-Sotelo that `` he synthesized his ideas on the history of the Spanish external relationships using his usual sententious , elegant and frequently ironic style . His central idea must be summarized saying that Spain abdicated the performance of a role in the international panorama since the times of King Carlos III and it did not get that role back until the Transition , and specially until its entry into the NATO in 1982 and into the European Community in 1986 -LSB- ... -RSB- Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo , one of the men who used more energy on this , is a clear example of to what extent the Transition was an Enterprise that united continuity and change , and not only on the terms of the 20th Century , or of dictatorship and democracy , but in wider terms ; in the terms of the strategic position of our country in the international board . The intellectual depth of Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo 's political plan , his direct knowledge on the European reality , his familiarity with our history , probably were the causes that made him had a sight covering a wider range and made him move to a higher plane of political tactics focused on taking and keeping power on a short term . ''   This is the last book by Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo . Nevertheless , according to his own confessions , `` I have at home drawers full of unpublished pages : from the first ones written on a typewriter ( a tampon Yost ) , from sixty years ago , until the last ones typed on the computer . My wife ( who will outlive me , as is the norm ) may get some money publishing , in many years , those that are more impertinent and politically incorrect and , among others , a long string of satirical sonnets , perfectly measured and more wrongly intended , which my friend ( poet Muñoz Rojas ) correctly calls skills . ''

neg: Spanish general election, 2016 The 2016 Spanish general election was held on Sunday , 26 June 2016 , to elect the 12th Cortes Generales of the Kingdom of Spain . All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election , as well as 208 of 266 seats in the Senate .   No party had secured a majority in the 2015 election , resulting in the most fragmented parliament since 1977 . Ensuing negotiations failed to produce a stable governing coalition , paving the way for a repeat election on 26 June . The political deadlock marked the first time that a Spanish election was triggered due to failure in the government formation process . Ahead of the election , Podemos and United Left ( IU ) joined forces to form the Unidos Podemos alliance , along with several other minor left-wing parties . Opinion polling going into the election predicted a growing polarisation between this alliance and the People 's Party ( PP ) , which would be fighting to maintain first place nationally .   In the end , the alliance suffered a surprise decline in votes and vote share compared to the previous election , while the PP increased its number of votes and seats . The Spanish Socialist Workers ' Party ( PSOE ) , while clinging on to second place , kept losing votes and seats and scored a new historical low . Albert Rivera 's Citizens ( C 's ) suffered from the electoral system and fell to 32 seats . Voter turnout was the lowest since the transition to democracy in 1975 , as just 66.5 % of the electorate cast a ballot . Overall , a potential PP -- C 's bloc secured 6 more seats than before , but remained short of an overall majority . With the political deadlock settling in , commentators suggested that a new , third election could be eventually needed .   Electoral setbacks for the PSOE in the Basque and Galician regional elections held on 25 September 2016 unleashed a party crisis which led to Pedro Sánchez 's ouster as leader on 1 October . An interim party leadership was appointed , which chose to abstain to allow government formation and prevent a third general election . As a result , Mariano Rajoy was re-elected as Prime Minister for a second term in office on 29 October amid public outcry and protest at PSOE 's U-turn , which was also met with opposition from within the party -- 15 MPs eventually not complying with the party 's directive and voting against Rajoy nonetheless .

neg: Granada War The Granada War ( Guerra de Granada ) was a series of military campaigns between 1482 and 1492 , during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs ( los Reyes Católicos ) Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon , against the Nasrid dynasty 's Emirate of Granada . It ended with the defeat of Granada and its annexation by Castile , ending all Islamic rule on the Iberian peninsula ( al-Andalus ) .   The ten-year war was not a continuous effort , but a series of seasonal campaigns launched in spring and broken off in winter . The Granadans were crippled by internal conflict and civil war , while the Christians were generally unified . The war also saw the effective use of artillery by the Christians to rapidly conquer towns that would otherwise have required a long siege . On January 2 , 1492 Muhammad XII of Granada ( King Boabdil ) surrendered the Emirate of Granada , the city of Granada , and the Alhambra palace to the Castilian forces .   The war was a joint project between Isabella 's Crown of Castile and Ferdinand 's Crown of Aragon . The bulk of the troops and funds for the war came from Castile , and Granada was annexed into Castile 's lands . The Crown of Aragon was less important : apart from the presence of King Ferdinand himself , Aragon provided naval collaboration , guns , and some financial loans . Aristocrats were offered the allure of new lands , while Ferdinand and Isabella centralized and consolidated power . The aftermath of the war saw the end of convivencia ( `` live and let live '' ) between religions In the Iberian peninsula : the Jews were forced to convert to Christianity or be exiled in 1492 , and by 1501 , all of Granada 's Muslims were obliged to either convert to Christianity , become slaves , or be exiled ; by 1526 this prohibition spread to the rest of Spain . `` New Christians '' ( conversos ) came to be accused of crypto-Islam and crypto-Judaism . Spain would go on to model its national aspirations as the guardian of Christianity and Catholicism . The fall of the Alhambra is still celebrated every year by the City Council of Granada , and the Granada War is considered in traditional Spanish historiography as the final war of the Reconquista . At the same time , and uniquely in the `` Reconquista '' , the Granada War itself is never called `` the reconquest of Granada '' '' , but rather `` the conquest of Granada '' . Granada had never been Christian before the `` reconquista '' .

neg: Assembly of Córdoba (1919) The Assembly of Córdoba ( also 1919 Assembly of Córdoba , etc. ; Spanish : Asamblea de Córdoba de 1919 ) was an autonomist assembly of the Junta Liberalista de Andalucía ( an outgrowth of the Andalusian nationalist Centros Andaluces ) , which advocated the abolition of centralized political power in Spain and the creation instead of a Spanish Federation . It took place January 1 , 1919 .   The assembly adopted a federalist manifesto dubbed the Manifiesto de la Nacionalidad ( `` Manifesto of Nationality '' ) , which proclaimed the necessity that Andalusia constitute an autonomous democracy ( `` democracia autónoma '' ) and the arrival of the `` supreme hour in which the definitive end of the old Spain '' would be achieved '' ( `` la hora suprema en que habrá de consumarse definitivamente el acabamiento de la vieja España '' ) . The authors of the manifesto , among them Blas Infante and Lasso de la Vega , took as a point of reference the Constitution of Antequera adopted by the Federalist Assembly at Antequera in 1883 and the Assembly of Ronda ( 1918 ) , which had proclaimed Andalusia as a `` national reality '' ( `` realidad nacional '' ) and `` a country '' ( `` una patria '' ) .   The present Statute of Autonomy of the current autonomous community of Andalusia ( adopted 2007 ) refers to this manifesto to justify the expression `` realidad nacional '' , which appears in its preamble .

neg: Plazas de soberanía The plazas de soberanía ( -LSB- ˈplaθaz ðe soβeɾaˈni.a -RSB- , literally `` places of sovereignty '' ) are the Spanish sovereign territories in North Africa . These are separate pieces of land scattered along the Mediterranean coast bordering Morocco . The name refers to the fact that these territories have been a part of Spain since the formation of the modern Spanish State ( 1492 -- 1556 ) , and are distinguished from African territories obtained by Spain during the 19th and 20th century .   Historically , a distinction was made between the so-called `` major sovereign territories '' , comprising the cities of Ceuta and Melilla , and the `` minor sovereign territories '' , referring to a number of smaller enclaves and islands along the coast . In the present , the term refers mainly to the latter .

neg: Italy–Tunisia Delimitation Agreement The Italy -- Tunisia Delimitation Agreement is a 1971 treaty between Italy and Tunisia in which the two countries agreed to delimit a maritime boundary between them in the continental shelf .   The treaty was signed in Tunis on 20 August 1971 . The text of the treaty sets out a complex boundary in the Strait of Sicily representing a modified equidistant line between Sicily and Tunisia . The boundary terminates just short of an equidistant line between Malta and the Italian Pelagie Islands . The treaty created a 13-nautical-mile ( radial distance ) semi-enclave around the Italian island of Pantelleria . Another semi-exclave was created comprising overlapping 13-nautical-mile arcs around the Italian islands of Linosa and Lampedusa that also intersect a 12 nmi zone around Lampione . Both semi-enclaves intersect Italian waters at the equidistant line but are otherwise surrounded by Tunisian waters . The westernmost point of the boundary line forms a maritime tripoint with Algeria .   On 23 January 1975 , the countries by agreement added supplemental minutes to the treaty , including a map of the boundary and 32 individual coordinate points that define it . It came into force on 6 December 1978 after it was ratified by both countries .   The full name of the treaty is Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Tunisia and the Government of the Italian Republic concerning the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between the two Countries .

neg: Continental Europe Continental Europe , also referred to as mainland Europe , or , by Europeans , simply the Continent , is the continuous continent of Europe , excluding surrounding islands .   The most common definition of continental Europe excludes continental islands , encompassing the Greek Islands , Cyprus , Malta , Sicily , Sardinia , Corsica , the Balearic Islands , Ireland , Great Britain , the Isle of Man , the Channel Islands , Novaya Zemlya and the Danish archipelago , as well as nearby oceanic islands , including the Canary Islands , Madeira , the Azores , Iceland , the Faroe Islands , and Svalbard .   The Scandinavian peninsula is sometimes also excluded , as even though it is technically part of `` mainland Europe '' , the de facto connections to the rest of the continent are across the Baltic Sea or North Sea ( rather than via the lengthy land route that involves travelling to the north of the peninsula where it meets Finland , and then south through north-east Europe ) .   The notion of Europe as a geopolitical or cultural term is centred on core Europe ( Kerneuropa ) , the continental territory of the historical Carolingian Empire and the core of Latin Christendom , corresponding to modern France , Italy , Germany ( or German-speaking Europe ) and the Benelux states ( historical Austrasia ) . This historical core of `` Carolingian Europe '' was consciously invoked in the 1950s as the historical ethno-cultural basis for the prospective European integration ( see also Multi-speed Europe ) .

neg: Province of Girona Girona ( -LSB- ʒiˈɾonə -RSB- , Gerona Gérone ) is a province of Spain , in the northeastern part of the autonomous community of Catalonia . It is bordered on the northwest by the province of Lleida , on the southwest by the province of Barcelona , on the north by France , and on the east by the Mediterranean Sea .   The population of the province in 2016 was 739,607 . Its capital and largest city is Girona , with an urban area ( including the neighbouring municipalities of Salt , Sarrià de Ter and Vilablareix ) representing , with a total population of 144,709 , 19.2 % of the population . The Girona area acts as an industrial , commercial and service hub for a significant part of the province .

neg: Estoria de España The Estoria de España , also known in the 1906 edition of Ramón Menéndez Pidal as the Primera Crónica General , is a history book written on the initiative of Alfonso X of Castile `` El Sabio '' ( `` the Wise '' ) , who was actively involved in the editing . It is believed to be the first extended history of Spain in Old Spanish , a West Iberian Romance language that forms part of the lineage from Vulgar Latin to modern Spanish . Many prior works were consulted in constructing this history .   The book narrates a history beginning in Biblical and legendary origins and continues  through the history of Castile under Fernando III of Castile . In the style of chronicles of its time , it begins by retelling the stories of remote origins found in the Bible . From the time of Moses onward , the mix begins to include Greek sources on ancient history . However , as the story continues , the details become increasingly detailed , especially from the Germanic invasions to the time of Alfonso 's father Fernando III .   The work is divided into four large parts . The first includes a history of Ancient Rome : the medieval European monarchs considered themselves heirs to the Roman Empire . The second tells the history of the barbarian and Gothic kings , treated as antecedents within the Iberian Peninsula . The third is a history of the Kingdom of Asturias from which the Reconquista ( the Christian reconquest of Iberia from Muslim rule ) began . The fourth and final part is a history of the Kingdoms of León and Castile .