query: Jeffrey Dahmer was a serial killer.

pos: Jeffrey Dahmer Jeffrey Lionel Dahmer ( May 21 , 1960 -- November 28 , 1994 ) , also known as the Milwaukee Cannibal , was an American serial killer and sex offender , who committed the rape , murder , and dismemberment of seventeen men and boys between 1978 and 1991 . Many of his later murders involved necrophilia , cannibalism , and the permanent preservation of body parts -- typically all or part of the skeletal structure .   Although diagnosed with borderline personality disorder , schizotypal personality disorder , and a psychotic disorder , Dahmer was found to be legally sane at his trial . Convicted of fifteen of the sixteen murders he had committed in Wisconsin , Dahmer was sentenced to fifteen terms of life imprisonment on February 15 , 1992 . He was later sentenced to a sixteenth term of life imprisonment for an additional homicide committed in Ohio in 1978 .   On November 28 , 1994 , Dahmer was beaten to death by Christopher Scarver , a fellow inmate at the Columbia Correctional Institution .

neg: Doodler The Doodler , also known as the Black Doodler , is an unidentified serial killer believed responsible for 14 slayings and three assaults of men in the gay community of San Francisco , California , between January 1974 and September 1975 . The nickname was given due to the perpetrator 's habit of sketching his victims prior to their sexual encounters and murders by stabbing . The perpetrator met his victims at gay nightclubs , bars and restaurants .

neg: Hart D. Fisher Hart D. Fisher is an American horror crime author , comics book writer and publisher best known for creating a Jeffrey Dahmer comic book .

neg: John Smith (murderer) John David Smith III ( born 1951 ) is an American murderer convicted of killing his first wife and also believed to have murdered his second . Skull fragments found in a locker owned by him belong to a third , unidentified , woman , and a photograph found in his possession of an unidentified woman is the basis of an ongoing `` Jane Doe '' inquiry .   He is the subject of the television movie Murder on Pleasant Drive , an episode of Cold Case Files and the books Stranger in my Bed by Michael Fleeman and My Sister Is Missing : Bringing a Killer to Justice '' by Sherrie Gladden-Davis . The case was also featured on Medical Detectives , Forensic Files season 9 , episode 19 : Deadly Matrimony , and Who The Bleep Did I Marry season 2 , episode 5 : The Third Mrs. Smith .   Smith married Janice Hartman ( b. 2 March 1951 ) on June 30 , 1970 when they were both 19 . The marriage was troubled ; Janice 's brother said that Smith was abusive from the first . Hartman left Smith in 1974 and returned to Ohio intending to divorce him . A few days later she disappeared .   Soon after , Smith 's brother Michael observed him building a narrow box which he claimed was for Janice 's belongings . In 1979 their grandfather discovered the box and called Michael , who found inside it a dismembered corpse with rainbow hair which he believed to be Janice Hartman . He told John , who took the box away .   Smith married his second wife Betty Fran Gladden Smith , in March 1990 . While confined to her home by an injury , she disappeared from West Windsor Township , New Jersey on October 4 , 1991 .   Michael Smith kept his secret until 1999 , when told the FBI about the box . Inquiries with law enforcement officials in Ohio and Indiana produced the box and remains , which had been found in 1980 by highway workers in an Indiana field .   Smith was arrested in October 2000 in Escondido , California , where he was living with his third wife . He was convicted in July 2001 of the murder of Janice Hartman and sentenced to 15 years to life in prison . His first parole date was in 2011 . He unsuccessfully appealed his conviction in 2002 . The family of Janice Hartman sought civil damages against Smith 's grandfather and brother for their alleged involvement in covering up Smith 's crime for over twenty years , but the claims were unsuccessful . Smith remains incarcerated at Marion Correctional Institution .

neg: Child sexual abuse Child sexual abuse or child molestation is a form of child abuse in which an adult or older adolescent uses a child for sexual stimulation . Forms of child sexual abuse include engaging in sexual activities with a child ( whether by asking or pressuring , or by other means ) , indecent exposure ( of the genitals , female nipples , etc. ) , child grooming , or using a child to produce child pornography .   Child sexual abuse can occur in a variety of settings , including home , school , or work ( in places where child labor is common ) . Child marriage is one of the main forms of child sexual abuse ; UNICEF has stated that child marriage `` represents perhaps the most prevalent form of sexual abuse and exploitation of girls '' . The effects of child sexual abuse can include depression , post-traumatic stress disorder , anxiety , complex post-traumatic stress disorder , propensity to further victimization in adulthood , and physical injury to the child , among other problems . Sexual abuse by a family member is a form of incest and can result in more serious and long-term psychological trauma , especially in the case of parental incest .   The global prevalence of child sexual abuse has been estimated at 19.7 % for females and 7.9 % for males . Most sexual abuse offenders are acquainted with their victims ; approximately 30 % are relatives of the child , most often brothers , fathers , uncles , or cousins ; around 60 % are other acquaintances , such as `` friends '' of the family , babysitters , or neighbors ; strangers are the offenders in approximately 10 % of child sexual abuse cases . Most child sexual abuse is committed by men ; studies on female child molesters show that women commit 14 % to 40 % of offenses reported against boys and 6 % of offenses reported against girls .   The word pedophile is commonly applied indiscriminately to anyone who sexually abuses a child , but child sexual offenders are not pedophiles unless they have a strong sexual interest in prepubescent children . Under the law , child sexual abuse is often used as an umbrella term describing criminal and civil offenses in which an adult engages in sexual activity with a minor or exploits a minor for the purpose of sexual gratification . The American Psychological Association states that `` children can not consent to sexual activity with adults '' , and condemns any such action by an adult : `` An adult who engages in sexual activity with a child is performing a criminal and immoral act which never can be considered normal or socially acceptable behavior . ''

neg: Christopher Peterson (serial killer) Obadyah Ben-Yisrayl ( born Christopher Dwayne Peterson January 20 , 1969 ) is an American man found guilty of committing four murders and acquitted on three other murder charges related to the `` Shotgun Killer '' spree in Indiana from October 30 , 1990 to December 18 , 1990 .   The murders took place in a number of jurisdictions , and Peterson faced a number of trials in different venues . Peterson had initially confessed and then recanted . He was acquitted in two trials for three of the murders and found guilty of four murders in two subsequent trials . Initially sentenced to death for those murders , his death sentence was commuted in 2004 . Ronald J. Harris was also charged and found guilty in two of the murders .   The incident is controversial for a number of reasons such as Peterson is African American , while the initial descriptions of the suspect of the murders was described as white ; Peterson had been illegally arrested for committing another crime which impacted the use of evidence in the `` Shotgun Killer '' spree trials because it was deemed improperly collected ; Peterson 's initial confession was recanted under claims of duress ; the trials with all-white juries came to different conclusions than juries which included people of other races ; and in the final case to go to trial , the judge over-ruled the jury 's decision not to impose the death penalty .

neg: Duquesne Spy Ring The Duquesne Spy Ring is the largest espionage case in United States history that ended in convictions . A total of 33 members of a German espionage network headed by Frederick `` Fritz '' Joubert Duquesne were convicted after a lengthy investigation by the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) . Of those indicted , 19 pleaded guilty . The remaining 14 were brought to jury trial in Federal District Court , Brooklyn , New York , on September 3 , 1941 ; all were found guilty on December 13 , 1941 . On January 2 , 1942 , the group was sentenced to serve a total of over 300 years in prison .   The agents who formed the Duquesne Ring were placed in key jobs in the United States to get information that could be used in the event of war and to carry out acts of sabotage : one opened a restaurant and used his position to get information from his customers ; another worked on an airline so that he could report Allied ships that were crossing the Atlantic Ocean ; others worked as delivery people so they could deliver secret messages alongside mundane ones .   William G. Sebold , who had been blackmailed into becoming a spy for Germany , became a double agent and helped the FBI gather evidence . For nearly two years , the FBI ran a shortwave radio station in New York for the ring . They learned what information Germany was sending its spies in the United States and controlled what was sent to Germany . Sebold 's success as a counterespionage agent was demonstrated by the successful prosecution of the German agents .   One German spymaster later commented the ring 's roundup delivered `` the death blow '' to their espionage efforts in the United States . FBI director J. Edgar Hoover called his concerted FBI swoop on Duquesne 's ring the greatest spy roundup in U.S. history .   The 1945 film The House on 92nd Street was a thinly disguised version of the Duquesne Spy Ring saga of 1941 .

neg: Joseph Paul Franklin Joseph Paul Franklin ( born James Clayton Vaughn , Jr. ; April 13 , 1950 -- November 20 , 2013 ) was an American serial killer who gained notoriety for numerous murders in the late 1970s and early 1980s . His killing spree was the subject of a fictional novel entitled Hunter by white supremacist William Luther Pierce . Pierce said of Franklin that `` he saw his duty as a white man and did what a responsible son of his race must do . ''   He was convicted of several murders , and received six life sentences , as well as the death sentence . He confessed to the attempted murders of two prominent men : the magazine publisher Larry Flynt in 1978 and Vernon Jordan , Jr. , the civil rights activist , in 1980 . Both survived their injuries , but Flynt was left permanently paralyzed from the waist down . Franklin was not convicted in either of those cases . Because Franklin repeatedly changed his accounts of some crimes , and was not charged in some cases in which he was suspected , officials can not determine the full extent of his crimes . His claims of racial motivation were offset by a defense expert witness who testified in 1997 that Franklin was a paranoid schizophrenic who was not fit to stand trial .   Franklin was on death row for 15 years awaiting execution in the state of Missouri for the 1977 murder of Gerald Gordon . He was executed by lethal injection on November 20 , 2013 .

neg: Miami cannibal attack On May 26 , 2012 , a naked male assailant named Rudy Eugene attacked and gruesomely maimed homeless man Ronald Poppo underneath a tram bridge crossing the MacArthur Causeway in Miami , Florida , making headlines across the world . During the 18-minute filmed encounter Eugene erroneously and erratically accused Poppo of stealing his Bible , then beat him unconscious , removed Poppo 's pants , and bit and chewed the flesh off most of his face above the beard , including his left eye . This rendered Poppo permanently blind in both eyes and grossly disfigured his face . Due to the incident 's bizarrely grotesque nature and subsequent worldwide media coverage , Eugene came to be dubbed the `` Miami Zombie '' and the `` Causeway Cannibal '' . The attack ended when Eugene was fatally shot by a Miami PD officer after failing to respond to commands instructing him to stop , and reportedly even snarled at police .   Although friends and family interviewed immediately afterward filled in details of Eugene 's life , the reason for the attack remains unclear due to Eugene 's death . Eugene , 31 , was employed at a car wash at the time and was a divorced former high school football player with a series of petty criminal arrests from age 16 until most recently in 2009 . Poppo , 65 , a graduate of Manhattan 's prestigious Stuyvesant High School , was homeless and had long been presumed dead by his estranged family . While police sources speculated that the use of a legal recreational synthetic stimulant party drug such as `` bath salts '' ( which have a notorious reputation for the psychotic effects of the drug on some individuals ) might have been a contributing factor , experts expressed doubt about this hypothesis , since toxicology reports were only able to identify cannabis/marijuana in Eugene 's system , leaving the ultimate cause of his behavior unknown .

neg: Death row Death row is a special section of a prison in the United States that houses inmates who are awaiting execution after being sentenced to death for the conviction of a capital crime . The US is the only Western country that still applies the death penalty for capital crimes . Thirty-one of its 50 states and the federal government authorize this penalty . But by 2016 , sixteen of these states and the federal government had a formal or `` de facto '' moratorium , due in large part to questions about the death penalty itself or the use of lethal injection as a method of execution .   `` Death row '' is a term also used figuratively to describe the state of awaiting execution ( `` being on death row '' ) , even in places where no special facility or separate unit for condemned inmates exists . After a person is found guilty of a capital offense , the judge will give the jury the option of imposing a death sentence or life imprisonment without the possibility of parole ( LWOP ) . It is up to a jury to decide whether to give the death sentence ; this usually has to be a unanimous decision . If sentenced to death , a convict will remain on death row during appeal and habeas corpus procedures , which can take years . Since 1973 and later , with an increasing number of persons being freed since 1993 , some 157 persons as of January 2017 have been exonerated on appeal and released from death row . Wrongful convictions have been proven based on DNA evidence , informants retracting testimony or being proven false , prosecutorial misconduct , racial bias in jury selection , and other constitutional issues .

neg: Blood Stained: When No One Comes Looking Blood Stained : When No One Comes Looking is an official biography of serial killer David Edward Maust . It was released on January 6 , 2009 . Written by author Dory Maust who is of no relation to David , the book 's main point of contention is why David murdered five boys and violently assaulted twelve others . The author provides clear and concise detail into the workings of a killer 's mind and what society can do as a whole to prevent such future tragedies from happening . This book is based on David 's autobiography he penned before he died in 2006 and supported by a host of legal reports , interviews and confidential films .

neg: My Friend Dahmer (film) My Friend Dahmer is a 2017 American film directed by Marc Meyers and based on the graphic novel of the same name by Derf . It premiered at the 2017 Tribeca Film Festival .

neg: National Missing and Unidentified Persons System National Missing and Unidentified Persons System , abbreviated as NamUs , is a clearing house for missing persons and unidentified decedent records in the United States , a part of the Department of Justice . NamUs also provides free DNA testing and other forensic services , such as anthropology and odontology assistance .   In 2005 , the National Institute of Justice assembled for a national strategy meeting regarding missing persons in the United States ; they called the meeting `` Identifying the Missing Summit . '' Forensic scientists , policymakers , victim advocates and law enforcement officials discussed the challenges and strategies for solving missing person cases and identifying unidentified decedent cases . From there the Deputy Attorney General created a task force , The National Missing Persons Task Force , and encouraged the U.S Department of Justice to find prominent tools that will help solve these cases . NamUs was created , subsequently .   The NamUs database was created in three phases ; in Phase III , released in 2009 , the system became fully searchable and open to the public .   Through NamUs , users will have access to three databases : Unidentified Persons database , Missing Persons database and an UnClaimed Persons database .   In the database users can search by state , date last seen , circumstances , physical/medical characteristics , clothing and accessories , sex , ethnicity , race and more , in order to locate or search for a potential match or personal profile . Each missing person and unidentified person have their own four digit code number . If a potential match is found , users can notify and submit the potential match to case managers , local law enforcement agencies or NamUs regional administrators . If a potential match has been ruled out it will appear on the unidentified person 's profile , under the section `` exclusions . ''   The issue of unidentified remains in the United States has been coined `` the Nation 's Silent Mass Disaster . '' There are approximately 40,000 unidentified human remains that have been buried or cremated before being identified . Furthering the problem of identification , in 2004 , less than half of the nation 's medical examiner 's offices had policies for retaining DNA , x-rays , or fingerprints of unidentified persons . Another issue that has left remains unidentified has been the reporting of missing persons . Those who go missing over the 18 are not required to be reported - reporting them is voluntary . Consequently , there has been a low rate of reported adult cases through NCIC ( the National Crime Information Center ) . Ultimately NamUs is working together with the public and national level databases to incorporate the records of missing persons and meet the challenges of non-reporting .   Currently , there have been 16,080 missing person cases on file through NamUs . , 60.46 % , or 9,723 of them remain open and unsolved . Of the closed cases , 665 , or 10.46 % , have been closed through the aid of the NamUs database .   Furthermore , there have been 10,714 unidentified persons cases on filed through NamUs . , 88.66 % , or 9,500 , remain open and unidentified . Of the closed cases , 285 , or 23.495 , have been closed through the aid of the NamUs database .

neg: Carlos Blacker Carlos Paton ( ` C.P. ' ) Blacker GM MC FRCP ( 8 December 1895 -- 21 April 1975 ) was an eminent war hero , psychiatrist and eugenicist who worked with R.A. Fisher and Lionel Penrose .  Blacker was educated at Eton and Oxford where he attained distinction in biology under the tutelage of Julian Huxley . He served with the Coldstream Guards during World War I and was twice mentioned in dispatches and awarded the Military Cross , for action in which he was involved in on 15 September 1916 . Twelve months previously he had lost his only sibling , a brother Robin , at Loos . Robin had also been an officer in the Coldstream Guards . C.P felt that war was dysgenic because it killed people who tended to be above the physical average and deterred thoughtful people from parenthood . He was deeply shaken by his war experience and in coming to terms with it and the loss of his brother and many of his contemporaries acknowledged a debt to Freud 's writings which stimulated in him an interest in psychiatry .   Qualifying in medicine in 1925 , Blacker became a registrar in Guy 's Hospital 's psychiatric department for three years and continued his study at the Maudsley Hospital . He later became a part-time member of its teaching staff and was later the first chairman of the newly-established Simon Population Trust .   In 1943 , on active service , Blacker was awarded the George Medal . The official citation read :   From 1931 to 1952 , Blacker was secretary of the Eugenics Society and he gave it a new focus on birth control and population planning . . His appointment as Secretary was `` not without some misgivings of -LSB- Leonard -RSB- Darwin , its chairman . The differences in outlook , aspirations and in judgement of these two men during their partnership in office in the Eugenics Society led to tensions which have been ably traced by Richard Soloway . Two prominent issues here were Darwin 's reluctance to endorse Blacker 's deep-rooted conviction that research and provision of contraception should be a major feature in the Eugenic Society 's strategy to reduce the fecundity of the lower , less able classes and his disagreement with Blacker 's aspiration to redirect more of the Eugenic Society 's effort from education and propaganda to research and promotion of contraception . ''   Ann Thetis Blacker ( 1927 -- 2006 ) , the painter and singer , was a daughter of Carlos Blacker .

neg: William Gillette, America's Sherlock Holmes William Gillette , America 's Sherlock Holmes , by Henry Zecher , is the first full and in-depth biography of William Hooker Gillette ( 1853 -- 1937 ) , the American actor , playwright and stage-manager of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries who is best remembered today for portraying Sherlock Holmes .   Gillette was among the first American playwrights to offer tightly-knit and well-constructed plays , Bronson Howard , Steele MacKaye and James Herne being the others , but his most significant contributions to the theater were in devising realistic stage settings and special sound and lighting effects , and , as an actor , in putting forth what he called The Illusion of the First Time . His portrayal of Holmes helped create the modern image of the detective . His use of the deerstalker cap ( which first appeared in some Strand Magazine illustrations by Sidney Paget ) and the curved pipe became synonymous with the character . And it was in his play , not in Arthur Conan Doyle 's stories , that Holmes first said `` This is elementary , my dear fellow , '' which subsequently became `` Elementary , my dear Watson '' . Gillette assumed the role onstage more than 1,300 times over thirty years , starred in a silent motion picture based on his Holmes play , and voiced the character twice on radio .   The author is a graduate of the University of Maryland School of Journalism , Class of 1971 . He was an award-winning sports writer and sports editor of the Delaware State News in Dover , Delaware , before embarking on a career in Federal government human resources . He has worked as a free-lance writer for many years and published a number of magazine articles , two of them of historical importance . One was an evaluation of German Reformer Martin Luther 's impact on the English Bible , and the other was the first analysis from a biblical and historical point of view of the Ipuwer Papyrus , first claimed by Immanuel Velikovsky and subsequently by others to have been an Egyptian version of the plagues on Egypt described in the Old Testament Book of Exodus .   This is Zecher 's first book . It contains 585 pages of text and is profusely illustrated with more than ninety images , nearly all of them containing two to four and , in two cases , six individual photographs . It contains a bibliography of Gillette 's writings , a list of his plays subsequently made into motion pictures , a list of his patents , a list of audio/visual recordings of his voice , and 97 pages of Endnotes .

neg: Criminal Mind Criminal Mind may refer to :   `` Criminal Mind '' ( Lukas Graham song ) , 2012 song by Danish band Lukas Graham  `` Criminal Mind '' , a song on the album The Crack by The Ruts  Criminal Mind , an album by the band Gone  `` Criminal Mind '' , a song on the album Blue Streak  `` Criminal Mind '' , a song on the album Wolfpack Muzik Vol . 2 by The Pack  `` Criminal mind '' , a song on the album The Boyfriend by Danny Wilde  `` A Criminal Mind '' , a song by Lawrence Gowan  `` A Criminal Mind '' , an episode of the television show Snoops  Criminal Minds , a television show  Criminology , and the concepts of mens rea , offender profiling , and forensic psychology  `` Enter The Criminal Mind '' , a song on the album Revenge on Society by Blood for Blood  `` Into the Mind of a Killer '' , an article about criminal psychopathy  `` The Criminal Mind '' , an episode of the television show Lockup  `` The World 's Greatest Criminal Mind '' , a song from The Great Mouse Detective and once again on The Adventures of Connor Mclaughlin  The Criminal Personality , Volumes I , II & III ( 1976 , 1977 , 1986 ) and Inside the Criminal Mind ( 1984 ) , books by Stanton Samenow

neg: The Process Church of The Final Judgment The Process , or in full , The Process Church of the Final Judgment , commonly known by non-members as the Process Church , was a religious group that flourished in the 1960s and 1970s , founded by the English couple Mary Ann and Robert de Grimston ( originally Mary Ann MacLean and Robert Moor ) . Originally headquartered in London , it had developed as a splinter group from Scientology , so that they were declared `` suppressive persons '' by L. Ron Hubbard in December 1965 . In 1966 , members of the group underwent a social implosion and moved to Xtul on Mexico 's Yucatan peninsula , where they developed `` processean '' theology ( which differs from , and is unrelated to process theology ) . They later established a base of operations in the United States in New Orleans .   They were often viewed as Satanic on the grounds that they worshiped both Christ and Satan . Their belief was that Satan would become reconciled to Christ , and they would come together at the end of the world to judge humanity , Christ to judge and Satan to execute judgment . Vincent Bugliosi , the prosecutor of the Charles Manson family trial , comments in his book Helter Skelter that Manson may have borrowed philosophically from the Process Church , and that representatives of the Church visited him in jail after his arrest . According to one of those representatives , the purpose of the visit was to question Manson about whether he had ever had any contact with Church members or ever received any literature about the Church . The group published an article about Manson and the jail visit in the The Process magazine 's special `` Death '' edition .   In April 1974 , Robert de Grimston was removed by the Council of Masters as Teacher . They renounced The Unity , his exposition of the above-noted doctrines , and most of his other teachings . De Grimston attempted to restart the Process Church several times , but he could never replace his original following . Following de Grimston 's removal , the group underwent a significant change in orientation and renamed itself the Foundation -- Church of the Millennium . Many of the same believers left to follow Gilles Deleuze 's Anti-Oedipal movement . In 1978 , the Foundation was renamed the Foundation Faith of the Millennium and in 1993 the Foundation Faith of God . The organization eventually became Best Friends Animal Sanctuary in Kanab , UT , later renamed Best Friends Animal Society .   A detailed account of the history of and life within the Process Church as told by a participant-observer is contained in William S. Bainbridge 's book Satan 's Power . ( He employed a pseudonym for the name of the group , referring to it as `` The Power '' , and disguised the names of people to preserve their identities , a procedure used for sociological studies of living groups to ensure privacy . )

neg: Human pathogen A human pathogen is a pathogen ( microbe or microorganism such as a virus , bacterium , prion , or fungus ) that causes disease in humans .   The human physiological defense against common pathogens ( such as Pneumocystis ) is mainly the responsibility of the immune system with help by some of the body 's normal flora and fauna . However , if the immune system or `` good '' microbiota are damaged in any way ( such as by chemotherapy , human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) , or antibiotics being taken to kill other pathogens ) , pathogenic bacteria that were being held at bay can proliferate and cause harm to the host . Such cases are called opportunistic infections .   Some pathogens ( such as the bacterium Yersinia pestis , which may have caused the Black Plague , the Variola virus , and the malaria protozoa ) have been responsible for massive numbers of casualties and have had numerous effects on afflicted groups . Of particular note in modern times is HIV , which is known to have infected several million humans globally , along with the influenza virus . Today , while many medical advances have been made to safeguard against infection by pathogens , through the use of vaccination , antibiotics , and fungicide , pathogens continue to threaten human life . Social advances such as food safety , hygiene , and water treatment have reduced the threat from some pathogens .

neg: FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives by year, 1958 In 1958 , the United States FBI , under Director J. Edgar Hoover , continued for a ninth year to maintain a public list of the people it regarded as the Ten Most Wanted Fugitives .   As 1958 opened , the FBI had gone for a full ten months through the end of the prior year without being able to add a single fugitive to the top Ten list . The reason for the paucity of new fugitives is that by March of the prior year , the list of Ten Fugitives had become entirely populated by the most difficult captures , all ten of whom still remained at large , up through the first three months of 1958 :   1950 # 4 ( eight years ) , Henry Randolph Mitchell , process was dismissed July 18 , 1958  1950 # 14 ( eight years ) , Frederick J. Tenuto , remained still at large  1952 # 36 ( six years ) , James Eddie Diggs , remained still at large  1954 # 78 ( four years ) , David Daniel Keegan , remained still at large  1955 # 83 ( three years ) , Flenoy Payne , arrested March 11 , 1958  1955 # 87 ( three years ) , Daniel William O'Connor , apprehended December 26 , 1958  1956 # 97 ( two years ) , Eugene Francis Newman , remained still at large  1956 # 98 ( two years ) , Carmine DiBiase , surrendered August 28 , 1958  1957 # 99 ( one year ) , Ben Golden McCollum , arrested March 7 , 1958  1957 # 102 ( one year ) , George Edward Cole , remained still at large   But that situation was soon to change , as the FBI began one of its most productive years ever in 1958 , in terms of removing long-timers from the top Ten list . In all , a full half of the list , five long-time Fugitives , were removed from the list during 1958 .   Also notable in 1958 , the longest wanted Fugitive , Henry Randolph Mitchell , # 4 from the original list of Ten published in 1950 , after eight years at large , became the first Top Tenner to ever be removed for reason other than capture or death . Mitchell became one of a series of longstanding top Ten Fugitives whose time on the list simply outlived their initial criteria for having been listed . In the case of Mitchell , his charges were finally dropped by a court in 1958 , and so the FBI also dropped him from the top Ten list with the justification that his `` process was dismissed . '' In many of the subsequent such removals , a top Ten Fugitive remained a fugitive from justice , yet was simply removed from the FBI top Ten list when the FBI determined that the original criteria were no longer being met for the top Ten listing .   With the removal of so many long-time top ten fugitives in 1958 , the FBI once again began a series of turnover of many new Fugitives , adding a full half dozen new names to the list by year end .

neg: Extermination camp The German extermination camps or death camps and killing centers were designed and built by Nazi Germany during World War II ( 1939 -- 45 ) to systematically kill millions of Jews , Slavs , Communists , and others whom the Nazis considered `` Untermenschen '' , primarily by gassing , but also in mass executions and through extreme work under starvation conditions .   The idea of mass extermination with the use of stationary facilities built exclusively for that purpose was a result of earlier Nazi experimentation with the chemically manufactured poison gas during the secretive Action T4 euthanasia programme against Germans with mental and physical disabilities . The technology was adapted , expanded and applied in wartime to unsuspecting victims of many ethnic and national groups ; the Jews however were the primary targets accounting for over 90 percent of the extermination camp death toll . This genocide of the Jewish people of Europe was the Third Reich 's `` Final Solution to the Jewish question '' . It is now collectively known as the Holocaust .   Extermination camps were also set up by the fascist Ustaše regime of the Independent State of Croatia allied with Germany , carrying out genocidal policy between 1941 and 1945 against Serbs , Jews , Roma and its Croat and Muslim political opponents .

neg: Delusional disorder Delusional disorder is a mental illness in which the patient presents with delusions , but with no accompanying prominent hallucinations , thought disorder , mood disorder , or significant flattening of affect . Delusions are a specific symptom of psychosis . Delusions can be `` bizarre '' or `` non-bizarre '' in content ; non-bizarre delusions are fixed false beliefs that involve situations that could potentially occur in real life , such as being followed or poisoned . Apart from their delusions , people with delusional disorder may continue to socialize and function in a normal manner and their behavior does not necessarily generally seem odd . However , the preoccupation with delusional ideas can be disruptive to their overall lives . For the diagnosis to be made , auditory and visual hallucinations can not be prominent , though olfactory or tactile hallucinations related to the content of the delusion may be present .   To be diagnosed with a delusional disorder , the delusion ( s ) can not be due to the effects of a drug , medication , or general medical condition , and delusional disorder can not be diagnosed in an individual previously properly diagnosed with schizophrenia . A person with delusional disorder may be high functioning in daily life . Recent and comprehensive metaanalyses of scientific studies point to an association between a deterioration in aspects of IQ in psychotic patients , in particular perceptual reasoning .   According to German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin , patients with delusional disorder remain coherent , sensible and reasonable . The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM ) defines six subtypes of the disorder characterized as erotomanic ( believes that someone is in love with them ) , grandiose ( believes that they are the greatest , strongest , fastest , richest , and/or most intelligent person ever ) , jealous ( believes that the love partner is cheating on them ) , persecutory ( delusions that the person or someone to whom the person is close is being malevolently treated in some way ) , somatic ( believes that they have a disease or medical condition ) , and mixed , i.e. , having features of more than one subtype . Delusions also occur as symptoms of many other mental disorders , especially the other psychotic disorders .   The DSM-IV , and psychologists , generally agree that personal beliefs should be evaluated with great respect to cultural and religious differences , since some cultures have widely accepted beliefs that may be considered delusional in other cultures .


query: Prussian Academy of Sciences was established in Berlin.

pos: Prussian Academy of Sciences The Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences ( Königlich-Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften ) was an academy established in Berlin , Germany on 11 July 1700 , four years after the Akademie der Künste , or `` Arts Academy , '' to which `` Berlin Academy '' may also refer . In the 18th century , it was a French-language institution , and its most active members were Huguenots who had fled religious persecution in France .

neg: Saxon Academy of Sciences The Saxon Academy of Sciences in Leipzig ( Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig ) is an institute which was founded in 1846 under the name Royal Saxon Society for the Sciences .

neg: Karl Wilhelm Ludwig Heyse Karl Wilhelm Ludwig Heyse ( 15 October 1797 in Oldenburg -- 25 November 1855 in Berlin ) was a German philologist , son of Johann Christian August Heyse , father of the novelist Paul Johann Ludwig von Heyse , born at Oldenburg .   He received his early education at gymnasiums in Oldenburg and Nordhausen , and from 1812 to 1815 , studied at a private institute in Vevey , Switzerland . After briefly serving as a tutor to the youngest son of Wilhelm von Humboldt , he enrolled in classes at the University of Berlin ( 1816 ) . Here , he studied philology under Philipp August Böckh . From 1819 to 1827 , he was a private tutor to the family of banker Abraham Mendelssohn Bartholdy ( including Felix Mendelssohn ) .   In 1827 he received his habilitation at the University of Berlin , where in 1829 , he became an associate professor . At Berlin , he lectured on Greek and Latin literature , the philosophy of language and general linguistics .   After his father 's death ( 1829 ) , he revised a number of the elder Heyse 's works , including the fifth edition of `` Theoretisch-praktischer deutscher Grammatik '' with the title , `` Ausführliches Lehrbuch der deutschen Sprache '' ( volume 1 , 1838 ; volume 2 , 1849 ) . He also edited the tenth edition of his father 's `` Theoretisch-praktischer deutscher Schulgrammatik '' ( 1832 ) . The three-volume `` Handwörterbuch der deutschen Sprache '' ( 1833-1849 ) , although prepared by the elder Heyse , was essentially his own work . Among his original writings was `` System der Sprachwissenschaft '' , a book edited and published in 1856 by Heymann Steinthal .

neg: Adolf Ernst Adolf Ernst ( Primkenau , Silesia , Kingdom of Prussia , ( today Przemków , Poland ) October 6 , 1832 - Caracas , Venezuela , August 12 , 1899 ) was a Prussian-born scientist . Ernst settled in Venezuela in 1861 , where he taught at the Central University of Venezuela . He became the most important scientist in the country during the second half of the 19th century and was a key figure in the creation of the Museum of Natural Science and the National Library of Venezuela , where he also served as its director .   He developed important scientific works in this country . Also , as a university professor , he had a marked influence on generations of scientists from the second half of the nineteenth century in Venezuela .   He is regarded as the founder of the Venezuelan positivist school .

neg: Academy for German Law The Academy for German Law ( Akademie für deutsches Recht ) was an institute founded in 1933 in Nazi Germany on the initiative of Hans Frank . After 11 July 1934 , it was a public corporation of the Reich . It was financed largely by business donations . The academy 's members were prominent representatives of politics , business and academia , including Hermann Göring , Joseph Goebbels , Carl Bosch , Friedrich Flick , Carl Schmitt , and Hans Carl Nipperdey ; its presidents were Hans Frank ( 1933 -- 1943 ) and Otto Georg Thierack ( 1942 -- 1945 ) .   Frank 's original goal for the academy -- influence on National Socialist legislation -- did not prevail because the ministerial bureaucracies successfully defended their prerogatives . The academy developed extensive representative and publishing activities . By holding attractive international congresses , it contributed to the reputation of the Third Reich . Its committees attempted to develop the foundations for a new NS law ( Volk Law Code ) .

neg: Leibniz Institute for Science and Mathematics Education at the University of Kiel The Leibniz Institute for Science and Mathematics Education at the University of Kiel ( IPN ) is a scientific institute in the field of Education Research as well as the Didactic method of Natural science in Germany . It is a member of the Leibniz Association and located in Kiel , Germany . Although it is not part of the University of Kiel , the two maintain a strong relationship .   The institute was founded in 1966 by physicist Karl Hecht ( with participation of Werner Krobel ) , who remained director until 1970 .

neg: Heidelberg University Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences The Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences is one of twelve faculties at the University of Heidelberg . It comprises the Institute of Inorganic Chemistry , Institute of Organic Chemistry , Institute of Physical Chemistry , Institute of Geography , Institute of Geology and Paleontology , Institute of Mineralogy , and the Institute of Environmental Geochemistry .  Chemistry was established as a separate discipline at the University of Heidelberg in 1817 with Leopold Gmelin being appointed ordinary professor of chemistry and medicine . 1895 is considered to be the date of foundation of Geography at the University of Heidelberg as it was from this year on that lectures in physical and mathematical geography were held on a regular basis . In 1899 the first professorship in geography was established , filled by Alfred Hettner .

neg: Lebedev Physical Institute The Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences ( LPI RAS ) ( in Физи́ческий институ́т имени П.Н.Ле́бедева Российской академии наук , situated in Moscow , is one of the leading Russian research institutes specializing in physics . It is also one of the oldest research institutions in Russia : its history dates back to a collection of physics equipment established by Peter the Great in the Kunstkamera of Saint Petersburg in 1714 . The institute was established in its present shape in 1934 by academician Sergey Vavilov . It moved to Moscow and was named after a prominent Russian physicist Pyotr Lebedev the same year . It is also known as Lebedev Institute of Physics or just Lebedev Institute . In Russian it is often referred to by the acronym FIAN standing for `` Physical Institute of the Academy of Sciences '' .   The wide range of the research activities includes : laser technology , dark matter structure , nanostructures , superconductivity , cosmic rays , and gamma-astronomy . The institute developed a technique of crystallizing cubic zirconia ( which was called Fianit in Russia , named after FIAN ) .

neg: Swiss Academies of Arts and Sciences The Swiss Academies of Arts and Sciences is a Swiss organization that supports and networks the sciences at a regional , national and international level . They are designated by the Federal Act to Promote Research and Innovation to promote research together with the Swiss National Science Foundation .   The Swiss Academies of Arts and Sciences is an association of four distinct Swiss academies of different kinds :  Swiss Academy of Natural Sciences ( SCNAT ) ;  Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences ( SAMW ) ;  Swiss Academy of Humanities and Social Sciences ( SAGW ) ;  Swiss Academy of Engineering Sciences ( SATW ) .

neg: King in Prussia King in Prussia was a title used by the Electors of Brandenburg from 1701 to 1772 . Subsequently , they used the title King of Prussia .   The House of Hohenzollern ruled Brandenburg as Prince-Electors , and were subjects of the Holy Roman Emperor . Since 1618 , the Electors of Brandenburg had also ruled the Duchy of Prussia , which lay outside of the empire , in a personal union . The dual state was known as Brandenburg-Prussia . The Duchy of Prussia was originally a fief that the dukes held of the King of Poland , of whom they were vassals , until the Treaties of Labiau ( 1656 ) and Bromberg ( 1657 ) , with which Frederick William , the Great Elector , had achieved full sovereignty from the Polish Crown . In 1701 Elector Frederick III wanted to show his greatness by adopting the title king .   In return for Hohenzollern assistance in the War of the Spanish Succession and support for the Habsburg candidate in the subsequent election , Emperor Leopold I allowed Frederick to crown himself `` King in Prussia '' .   Legally , Frederick was only an elector in his domains within the borders of the empire ; he was only king in his former duchy . Even though Brandenburg was still legally part of the empire and ruled in personal union with Prussia , it soon came to be treated as a de facto part of Prussia .   On 17 January 1701 , Frederick dedicated the royal coat of arms , the Prussian black eagle with the motto `` suum cuique '' imprinted . On 18 January , he crowned himself and his wife Sophie Charlotte in a baroque ceremony in Königsberg Castle .   Even so , Frederick 's move was controversial , and only became widely accepted after the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 . The title `` King of Prussia '' implied lordship over the entire Prussian region , not simply the former Duchy of Prussia , now Kingdom of Prussia , and the assumption of such a title by the Hohenzollern margraves would have threatened neighboring Poland ; because the province of Royal Prussia was part of the Kingdom of Poland , the Kings of Poland titled themselves Kings of Prussia until 1742 .   Throughout the 18th century the power of the Kings in Prussia continued to increase . They were victorious over the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy in the three Silesian Wars , greatly increasing their power through the acquisition of Silesia . King Frederick II adopted the title King of Prussia in 1772 , the same year he annexed most of Royal Prussia in the First Partition of Poland . The kings of Prussia continued to be Electors of Brandenburg until the empire 's dissolution in 1806 . Brandenburg was then made a province of the Kingdom of Prussia , Berlin officially gaining the status of capital of the Kingdom .

neg: Prussian Army The Royal Prussian Army ( Königlich Preußische Armee ) served as the army of the Kingdom of Prussia . It became vital to the development of Brandenburg-Prussia as a European power .   The Prussian Army had its roots in the core mercenary forces of Brandenburg during the Thirty Years ' War of 1618-1648 . Elector Frederick William developed it into a viable standing army , while King Frederick William I of Prussia dramatically increased its size and improved its doctrines . King Frederick the Great , a formidable battle commander , led the disciplined Prussian troops to victory during the 18th-century Silesian Wars and greatly increased the prestige of the Kingdom of Prussia .   The army had become outdated by the beginning of the Napoleonic Wars , and France defeated Prussia in the War of the Fourth Coalition . However , under the leadership of Gerhard von Scharnhorst , Prussian reformers began modernizing the Prussian Army , which contributed greatly to the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte during the War of the Sixth Coalition . Conservatives halted some of the reforms , however , and the Prussian Army subsequently became a bulwark of the conservative Prussian government .   In the 19th century the Prussian Army fought successful wars against Denmark , Austria and France , allowing Prussia to unify Germany and to establish the German Empire in 1871 . The Prussian Army formed the core of the Imperial German Army , which was replaced by the Reichswehr after World War I.

neg: Helmholtz Institute Jena The Helmholtz Institute Jena was founded as an outstation of the GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung on June 25 , 2009 and is located on the campus of the Friedrich Schiller University ( FSU ) in the city of Jena , Germany . Its purpose is to unite the research activities of the FSU in the fields of high intensity laser physics and x-ray spectroscopy with the expertise of the Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron ( DESY ) , GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf in the fields of accelerator physics , laser physics and x-ray technology .  The research profile of the Helmholtz Institute Jena is focused on the physics occurring at the border between conventional particle-acceleration technology and the fast-evolving field of laser-induced particle acceleration . ( e.g. wakefield accelerator ) . It is concerned with advancing these new laser-induced accelerator concepts , as well as with the production and investigation of intense photon and particle beams , including their interaction with matter . Therefore the main activities of the institute are emphasized on the development of high intensity lasers , new concepts for laser-driven particle acceleration , x-ray spectroscopy and strong-field quantum electrodynamics , as well as on the physics of hot dense plasmas . Apart from that the Helmholtz Institute Jena aims to contribute to the further development of the research facilities at the Helmholtz center GSI , especially the future project FAIR ( Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research ) , and DESY with the free-electron laser ( FEL ) photon sources FLASH and XFEL ( European XFEL ) .  In cooperation with the FSU Jena a completely diode-pumped laser system of the high energy petawatt class ( HEPW ) with the POLARIS laser is realized in the building of the Helmholtz Institute Jena . First measurements are done since 2008 . Due to the missing last amplifier stage the pulse strength of 1 PW could n't be reached yet .  The graduate school `` Research School for Advanced Photon Science '' ( RS-APS ) was established at the Helmholtz Institute Jena in July 2012 . The RS-APS supports up to 25 PhD students and provides a structured graduation program in cooperation with facilities of the FSU Jena and the Helmholtz Graduate School for Hadron and Ion Research ( HGS-HIRe ) .

neg: Grand Ducal Institute Grand Ducal Institute is the national academy of Luxembourg , and is based in Luxembourg City in the south of the country .   The Institute incorporates six subsections , each dedicated to a separate field of academic research :   History ( Section Historique ) , established in 1868  Linguistics , ethnology , and onomastics ( Section de Linguistic , d'Ethnologie , et d'Onomastique ) , established in 1935  Natural sciences , physics , and mathematics ( Section des Sciences Naturelles , Physiques , Mathématiques ) , established in 1868  Medicine ( Sciences médicales ) , established in 1868  The arts and literature ( Section des Arts et Lettres ) , established in 1962  Philosophy , law , and political science ( Section des Sciences Morales et Politiques ) , established in 1966

neg: Kassel University Library The Universitätsbibliothek Kassel ( or Kassel University Library ) is a library located in the city of Kassel , Germany . Composed of the collections of the former Landesbibliothek ( state library ) and Murhardsche Bibliothek der Stadt Kassel ( Murhard Library of the City of Kassel ) as well as that of the Kassel University library , amongst the library 's holdings is the manuscript of the 9th-century German poem , the Hildebrandslied .   The first component of the library , the Landesbibliothek , evolved from the collection of the Kassel Court Library of the Landgraves of Hesse , and was officially made a `` state library '' with the Hesse Constitution of 1831 . Its collection was housed at the Fridericianum , continental Europe 's first public museum , and specialized in the fields of history , philology , archaeology , art , geography , theology , and law .   The second component library , the Murhardsche Bibliothek der Stadt Kassel long served as the city 's second research library . Founded in 1845 by the brothers Friedrich and Karl Murhard , sons of an old Hessian merchant dynasty , it specialized in political science , economics , and pedagogy .   The third component library comprised the holdings of Kassel University , founded in it modern incarnation in 1970 .   The three libraries were merged into a single system in 1976 .

neg: Military Academy of the German Armed Forces The Military Academy of the German Armed Forces ( Führungsakademie der Bundeswehr , FüAkBw ) is the General Staff College ( Senior Military Academe ) of the German armed forces , the Bundeswehr , established in 1957 as the successor of the Prussian Military Academy , founded in 1810 . Since 1958 it is located in Hamburg . Its motto is `` Mens agitat molem '' , `` Mind moves Matter '' .

neg: Berliner Singakademie Berliner Singakademie may refer to :   Berliner Singakademie ( East Berlin ) , a musical society founded in East Berlin in 1963  Sing-Akademie zu Berlin , or Berliner Singakademie , a musical society founded in Berlin in 1791

neg: Gustav Siewerth Academy The Gustav Siewerth Academy ( GSA ) is a private university based in Weilheim-Bierbronnen in Baden-Wuerttemberg , Germany , dedicated to promote a Christian world view . The university became recognized as an institution of higher education in Germany in 1988 . However , that recognition is disputed . The Academy is named after philosopher and pedagogue Gustav Siewerth and with only 13 students in 2012-13 , was the smallest state-recognized institution of higher education in Germany .   The Academy was created to counteract the neo-Marxism views of the Frankfurt School of Theodor W. Adorno and Max Horkheimer . The Academy was founded as a `` breeding ground of the truth '' by Alma von Stockhausen , previously Professor of Philosophy at the University of Education Freiburg . She is vice rector of the Academy . Remigius Bäumer , the founding principal of the academy , served as the church historian .

neg: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego University of Silesia Press ( Pol . Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego ) was founded in 1968 as the Publishing Department of the University of Silesia , concurrently with the foundation of the University of Silesia in Katowice . On 1 September 1975 it was transformed into a full fledged publishing house .   University of Silesia Press publishes academic works in all of the disciplines of scholarship and science represented by the academic faculty of the University of Silesia in Katowice . The USP publications include peer-refereed monographs , collective volumes as well as periodicals . Since 2013 , all of the USP print publications are simultaneously made available as e-books . The USP book series and perioducals , a significant number of which feature in the evaluation lists of the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education and are indexed in Polish and international repositories and databases ( such as Central and Eastern European Online Library , Index Copernicus , CEJSH , BazHum , ERIH PLUS , and others ) . The USP journals are made available to the reading public as open access periodicals ( the so called `` gold path '' ) in accordance with the recommendation of the European Commission of 17 July 2012 on access to and preservation of scientific information . A part of the overall body of the USP publications are habilitationschrifts ( i.e. `` tenure books '' ) as well as doctoral dissertations recommended by the Ph.D. committees at the University of Silesia in Katowice .   A separate field of the USP publishing activity are coursebooks and teaching materials for students , including students of extramural programs and students of Polish as a foreign language .   The publications of the University of Silesia Press have received numerous awards and honorary mentions ; among Authors publishing with the USP there are leading experts in a variety of areas of research .   On average , the annual production of the University of Silesia Press amounts to 150-170 titles , with the total volume of ca. 2700 printed sheets per year .   Since February 2017 , the University of Silesia Press is led by Beata Klyta , serving as its acting director .

neg: Corps Hannovera Göttingen thumb | Bismarck 1836   The Corps Hannovera Göttingen is one of the oldest German Student Corps , a Studentenverbindung or student corporation founded on January 18 , 1809 at the Georg August University of Göttingen by students like Georg Kloss . The name was chosen because the founders had their home residences in the Kingdom of Hanover . As a corps it is a founder member ( 1848 ) of the Kösener Senioren-Convents-Verband ( KSCV ) , the oldest governing body of such student associations in both Germany and Austria .   Hannovera commits itself still to the principles of academic fencing as well as the common principles of tolerance and democracy shared by all Corps of the KSCV . Its members wear red and blue couleur ( red cap and tricoloured sash ) on official occasions . Hannovera 's Latin motto is Nunquam retrorsum , fortes adiuvat fortuna ! ( engl : Never backward , fortune favours the bold ) .   Corps Hannovera officially regards the 18th of January 1809 as its founding date though it can be proved that there were similar gatherings of Hanoverian students in Göttingen as far back as 1735 .   Corps Hannovera is also a founding member and stringent follower of the `` blaues Prinzip '' or blue principle ( along with fellow cartel Corps Teutonia Marburg and Lusatia Leipzig ) . The blue principle is a social principle which consists of the promotion of gentlemanly conduct and social behaviour in general . Flowing from these ideals Corps Hannovera host several social events in their club house ( Corpshaus ) which are generally regarded as some of the most coveted and exclusive social occasions in Göttingen .  The most famous member of Hannovera was Otto von Bismarck , who probably had the `` wildest '' time of his life in the course of his studies at Göttingen university , where , owing to his excessive boisterousness , he was forced to live outside the town walls and was once placed under arrest for a period of ten days in the university jail ( in German : Karzer ) .   Other famous members of Corps Hanovera Göttingen were general Friedrich Balduin von Gagern , the leader of the liberal opposition in the Reichstag , Rudolf von Bennigsen and the German economist Wilhelm Roscher . Furthermore , poet Ernst Schulze , botanist Heinrich Wendland , surgeon Louis Stromeyer , geologist Otto Volger , fisheries expert Walther Herwig , the Imperial German ambassador to China and Japan Alfons Mumm von Schwarzenstein and Wolfgang Kapp .   The Corps has some members from the United Kingdom and the United States . One of them was the later physician Mitchell Campbell King from South Carolina , who belonged to the circle of Bismarcks American friends in Göttingen .  During his stay at Göttingen 1856 John Pierpont Morgan joined the Corps , but was not a full fledged member since he wanted to avoid a smite . Others have worked in the US and Canada like surgeon Hinrich Bitter-Suermann .

neg: Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences The Institute of Philosophy was founded as the Institute of Scientific Philosophy in 1921 by Gustav Shpet , who was its first director until 1923 . The philosophy department of the University of Moscow had been disbanded in the summer of 1921 , however philosophers such as Semyon Frank and Ivan Ilyin attempted to set up temporary courses at the new institute . However , the Bolsheviks soon put a stop to this and Frank and Ilyin where amongst the deportees sent into exile on the philosophers ' ships . Shpet 's name was put forward for deportation but Anatoli Lunacharsky , the People 's Commissar for Education , intervened and he was allowed to remain in Russia .

neg: Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology The Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology ( Max-Planck-Institut für Infektionsbiologie ) is a research institute of the Max Planck Society located in Berlin . The institute was founded 1993 near the Charité hospital in Berlin on the campus of the Humboldt University of Berlin in Berlin-Mitte .  The Institute commenced its operation in a provisional laboratory facility and a small group of scientists that has greatly expanded over the years , and relocated to an especially built facility in summer 2000 . The new facility is located in the heart of Berlin on the historical Charité medical campus , where Robert Koch and Emil Behring had made their important discoveries paving the field of infection research , in close proximity to the Parliament house and the newly constructed government offices . The choice of the location was to support the goal of the Institute to research infectious diseases in close collaboration with universities and clinical units .  The Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science is an independent , non-profit research organization that primarily promotes and supports research at its own institutes


query: Tennis players use rackets.

pos: Tennis Tennis is a racket sport that can be played individually against a single opponent ( singles ) or between two teams of two players each ( doubles ) . Each player uses a tennis racket that is strung with cord to strike a hollow rubber ball covered with felt over or around a net and into the opponent 's court . The object of the game is to play the ball in such a way that the opponent is not able to play a valid return . The player who is unable to return the ball will not gain a point , while the opposite player will .   Tennis is an Olympic sport and is played at all levels of society and at all ages . The sport can be played by anyone who can hold a racket , including wheelchair users . The modern game of tennis originated in Birmingham , England , in the late 19th century as `` lawn tennis '' . It had close connections both to various field ( `` lawn '' ) games such as croquet and bowls as well as to the older racket sport of real tennis . During most of the 19th century , in fact , the term `` tennis '' referred to real tennis , not lawn tennis : for example , in Disraeli 's novel Sybil ( 1845 ) , Lord Eugene De Vere announces that he will `` go down to Hampton Court and play tennis . ''   The rules of tennis have changed little since the 1890s . Two exceptions are that from 1908 to 1961 the server had to keep one foot on the ground at all times , and the adoption of the tiebreak in the 1970s . A recent addition to professional tennis has been the adoption of electronic review technology coupled with a point challenge system , which allows a player to contest the line call of a point , a system known as Hawk-Eye .   Tennis is played by millions of recreational players and is also a popular worldwide spectator sport . The four Grand Slam tournaments ( also referred to as the `` Majors '' ) are especially popular : the Australian Open played on hard courts , the French Open played on red clay courts , Wimbledon played on grass courts , and the US Open played also on hard courts .

neg: Tsvetana Pironkova Tsvetana Pironkova ( Цветана Кирилова Пиронкова -LSB- tsvɛˈtana pirɔnˈkɔva -RSB- ) ( born 13 September 1987 ) is a Bulgarian tennis player and the current no. 1 Bulgarian in the WTA rankings . She is right-handed and plays with a two-handed backhand . Born in Plovdiv , Pironkova started playing tennis at the age of four on being introduced to the sport by her father , who later coached her . After playing at a junior level and winning Atlantic Cup , she made her senior international tournament debut in 2002 at the International Tennis Federation circuit . Early in her career , Pironkova won six international singles titles at the ITF circuit .   Pironkova made her WTA tour debut at the İstanbul Cup in 2005 , and achieved moderate success earlier in her career . That changed in 2010 , when she entered Wimbledon with a 1 -- 4 career record at the event , and went on reach the semifinals of the tournament , becoming the second Bulgarian tennis player in history to reach the semifinal stage of a Grand Slam in singles . She garnered wide recognition for her performance , and after her semifinal finish reached her highest WTA Singles ranking at no. 31 in September 2010 . Pironkova followed it up with a quarterfinal run at the event the following year , earning her the nickname `` The Wimbledon Darkhorse '' . She is also known defeating Venus Williams three times at Grand Slam tournaments , twice at Wimbledon .   Pironkova won her first WTA title at the 2014 Apia International , defeating three top-10 ranked players in a row . She defeated the world no. 2 Agnieszka Radwańska in the fourth round of the 2016 French Open , reaching her quarterfinal at a Grand Slam other than Wimbledon . In addition to this , Pironkova has a total of twelve wins over other top-10 ranked players to her name . She also holds the second longest active streak of the most consecutive Grand Slam appearances at 45 , only behind Jelena Jankovic . Pironkova has been recognized by The New York Times for her `` cerebral '' grass-court abilities and named one of the most beautiful women in sports by MSN .

neg: Tennis in Italy Tennis in Italy is the 6th sport , with 1,298,000 persons , by number of practitioners .

neg: 1878 Wimbledon Championship The 1878 Wimbledon Championships took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon , London , United Kingdom . The tournament ran from 15 July until 20 July . It was the 2nd staging of the Wimbledon Championships , and the first Grand Slam tennis event of 1878 . There were 34 competitors , excluding Spencer Gore who as champion was not required to participate until the best of the challengers had won the All comers ' final . The winner of the All Comers ' final was Frank Hadow , a planter from Ceylon who was on leave in Britain . He defeated L. R. Erskine , a friend of the family who had enticed him to participate in the championship , in straight sets 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 . On 18 July 1878 Hadow defeated reigning champion Spencer Gore in three sets , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 1 , 9 -- 7 before a crowd of about 700 spectators . Hadow effectively introduced the tactic of lobbing to counter Gore 's volleying game .   The height of the net was reduced from 5 ft at the posts and 3 ft in the middle to 4 ft at the posts and 3 ft in the middle . The distance of the service line from the net was reduced from 26 ft to 22 ft. A.T. Myers was the first player to serve over hand .

neg: Unmatched Unmatched is a documentary about tennis players Martina Navratilova and Chris Evert , their decades-long on-court rivalry and lifelong friendship , created for ESPN 's 30 for 30 documentary series . Evert and Navratilova met in 80 matches , 60 finals and 14 grand slam finals with Navratilova sporting a 43-37 advantage .   The film was shot over three days in Amagansett , New York in October 2009 . Unmatched was awarded the 2011 Gracie Award for `` Outstanding Producer - News/Non-fiction '' .   Navratilova was sometimes described as the lesbian tennis player from a communist country : `` As one of the first openly gay sports figures , she has spent much of her career overcoming prejudices and stereotypes , giving up millions of dollars in endorsements and sponsorships as a result of her insistence on living a life of integrity and honesty . '' Evert was described as the all-American girl next door . Today Navratilova is often cited as the greatest tennis player of all-time ; she has won 167 singles titles , 177 doubles championships titles and 59 Grand Slam titles , she has been inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame , was the WTA 's `` Tour Player of the Year '' seven times , was declared one of the `` Top Forty Athletes of All-time '' by Sports Illustrated and was named `` Female Athlete of the Year '' by the Associated Press . Navratilova has served as AARP 's Health and Fitness Ambassador and is also involved with the LGBT movement , The Rainbow Card ® and Rainbow Endowment . Evert on the other hand reached more Grand Slam singles finals than any player , she has been president of the Women 's Tennis Association and in 2005 she was named fourth on the list of the 40 Greatest Players of the Tennis Era by TENNIS Magazine . Evert won 157 singles championships , 29 doubles titles and she won 18 Grand Slam singles championships and three doubles titles .   Hannah Storm said of the rivalry : `` Just think about the dynamic of competing against your best friend . They would practice together , eat lunch together , then go out and play in the final and then make travel plans to go to the next tournament . ''   In describing their rivalry and its effect on their tennis careers , Navratilova said : `` I do n't think either of us would have lasted as long without the other . '' Evert said : `` It gave us inspiration and a lot of incentive to work harder and try to continue to improve . ''

neg: Tennis (magazine) Tennis is an American sports magazine owned by the Sinclair Broadcast Group . There are 8 issues per year covering the world of tennis . The tennis.com website is an offshoot of the magazine and still part of the same media company .

neg: Pam Teeguarden Pam Teeguarden ( born April 17 , 1951 ) is a former American professional tennis player in the 1970s and 1980s , ranked in the top 20 from 1970 -- 1975 , according to John Dolan 's Women 's Tennis Ultimate Guide , prior to computer rankings . She won two Grand Slam Doubles Titles and was a quarter finalist in singles at the U.S. Open and The French Open . Her father Jerry , a well known coach , helped Margaret Court win the coveted Grand Slam ( all four Grand Slam titles in one year ) in 1970 and Virginia Wade to her 1977 Wimbledon triumph . Teeguarden was voted the `` Most Watchable Player '' based on play and appearance by a group of Madison Avenue advertising executives or `` Mad Men '' while playing at the US Open . Teeguarden played in 19 consecutive US Opens , holding the record until Chris Evert played in 20 . She wore the first all black outfit in the history of tennis in 1975 at The Bridgestone Doubles Championships in Tokyo , starting a trend that is still popular today . Teeguarden was the first woman tennis player signed by Nike . She played on the victorious Los Angeles Strings Team Tennis team in 1981 and won the Team Tennis Mixed Doubles Division with Tom Gullikson in 1977 ; they were also runners-up in the league that year .   Teeguarden won two grand slam titles :   US Open Mixed in 1974 ( with Geoff Masters )  French Open in 1977 ( with Regina Maršíková )   Among Teeguarden 's doubles titles are the Canadian Open Doubles , the Swedish Open Doubles , the Austrian Open Doubles , the Argentinian Open Doubles , the Women 's Games Doubles in Salt Lake City , and the Virginia Slims of Tucson Doubles .

neg: Types of tennis match Traditionally , tennis is played between two people in a singles match , or two pairs in a doubles match .

neg: Top Spin 4 Top Spin 4 is a tennis video game developed by 2K Czech and published by 2K Sports released on the PlayStation 3 , Wii , and Xbox 360 consoles . The game features licensed professional players , venues and equipment with professional players like Roger Federer , Rafael Nadal , Novak Djokovic , Andy Murray , Pete Sampras and Andre Agassi . The game was released on March 15 , 2011 in America , and was released on March 18 in UK/Europe . A downloadable demo was released on March 1 for the PS3 and Xbox 360 . The PS3 version supports the PlayStation Move and is also compatible in 3D . The Xbox 360 version does not support the Kinect but is 3D compatible .

neg: List of Grand Slam mixed doubles champions While many mixed doubles tennis players have won at least one title in each of the four Majors , a career slam , only one mixed doubles team has won the coveted `` Grand Slam '' , all four titles in a single calendar year , Margaret Court and Ken Fletcher in 1963 . Margaret Court and Owen Davidson also won an individual `` Grand Slam '' with different partners .   List of Mixed Doubles Grand Slam tournament champions in tennis :

neg: Super World Court is a tennis arcade game which had been released by Namco in 1992 only in Japan ; it runs on Namco NA-1 hardware , and as the name suggests , it is the sequel to Pro Tennis : World Court which was released four years earlier . It is also the second of the company 's two Japan-exclusive games to feature the Federal Bureau of Investigation 's `` Winners Do n't Use Drugs '' screen in its attract sequence ( as the first was Exvania ) , and at the start of the game , players must select either `` singles '' ( 1P vs CPU/2P ) or `` doubles '' ( 1P & CPU/2P vs 3P/CPU & 4P/CPU ) - they will then have to select one of sixteen new players ( seven male , six female , and three animal/robot , as none of the original 's players survived the transition from 5121 to 4096 colours ) and select one of the four new courts ( USA hard , France clay , GB grass , and Namco funny , the last of which must be the equivalent of Japan ) . The players must then decide whether they want their match to be one or three sets long ; the company 's signature character , Pac-Man , also makes a cameo appearance upon the Namco court ( in fact , there are five of him in the screenshot to the right , playing the parts of ball boys , and if the players hit the two on the sides of the court , who pick up the ball when it hits the net , they will fly across the court while shouting `` NO ! '' , but will reappear on the other side of it the next time a point is scored , and this also applies to the regular ball boys on the other courts ) . Also , whenever a player scores a point , the text `` NICE SHOT '' will appear under a portrait of their chosen player , and there 's also a timer that counts down from a maximum of 360 seconds ( depending on how the cabinet has been set ) in the top-right corner of the screen ; if it has run out by the time a set has been won , the players will have to insert another coin within ten seconds if they wish to continue playing , because if they do not , the losing player ( or team , if three or four players ) shall immediately forfeit the game .

neg: 2014 Stan Wawrinka tennis season The 2014 Stan Wawrinka tennis season began at the Chennai Open , where he won the title for the second time in his career . This was followed by victory at the Australian Open , where he defeated defending champion Novak Djokovic in the quarterfinals , followed by victory over world no. 1 Rafael Nadal in the final , to win his first ever Grand Slam title , launching him to a career-high no. 3 in the world , and the Swiss no. 1 ( ahead of Roger Federer ) for the first time in his career . Additionally , he won his first Masters 1000 title , defeating compatriot Federer in the final after coming back from a set down . During the first half of the season , Wawrinka went a perfect 6 -- 0 against top-10 opponents , including wins against three of the `` Big Four '' ( Djokovic , Nadal , and Federer ) . He also reached the semifinals of the ATP World Tour Finals for the second time in a row and finished the year helping Switzerland win their first Davis Cup .   He was defending champion in Oeiras , but withdrew before the tournament began .

neg: Grand Slam Cup The Grand Slam Cup was a tennis tournament held annually at the Olympiahalle in Munich in Germany from 1990 through 1999 . The event was organized by the International Tennis Federation ( ITF ) , which invited the best-performing players in the year 's Grand Slam events to compete in the Grand Slam Cup .   The tournament was created in 1990 and was played on indoor carpet courts . From 1990 to 1996 , it was held in December but was moved to the middle of autumn from 1997 to 1999 . From 1990 to 1997 the tournament was limited to male players . A women 's Cup was added in 1998 and was held simultaneously with the men 's Cup .   Throughout its existence , the Grand Slam Cup was famous for paying out the highest prize money of any tournament in tennis . The winner for the first three years of the Cup received US$ 2 million in prize money , which dipped to $ 1.625 million in 1993 , rose to $ 1.875 million in 1996 and back to $ 2 million in 1997 before falling to $ 1.3 million in 1998 . If the Cup was won by a player who had also won a Grand Slam event that year they received a bonus of $ 1 million . Prize money for the winner of the two women 's Cups was fixed at $ 800,000 .   The Cup was not recognized by the Association of Tennis Professionals ( ATP ) for the course of its run , and participants did not receive points in the ATP computer rankings nor have it credited as an official career title . Following the discontinuation of the Cup in 1999 , the ATP decided to give the event full recognition and added it to players ' lists of official titles .   A compromise between the ITF and the ATP was announced on December 9 , 1999 which merged the Cup with the ATP Tour World Championship , the ATP 's year-end tournament also held annually in Germany , giving birth to the ATP World Tour Finals , an official tour event .   A direct result of the merging of the two competitions can still be seen in the qualification rules for the ATP World Tour Finals , which included one notable difference from those of the ATP Tour World Championship . The Tour World Championship was meant to include the top eight players on the ATP computer rankings at the end of a season , even though this could mean the exclusion of a Grand Slam champion who had not been able to earn sufficient ranking points in the rest of the year . Present Finals rules ensure the participation of a Grand Slam champion who is unable to earn a top eight ranking at the end of the season and automatic qualification for the top seven players in the computer rankings . The eighth ranked player , however , qualifies only if all Grand Slam singles champions are among the top eight . Any Grand Slam event champion who is not in the top eight but is still in the top twenty is included to the detriment of the eighth ranked player . This situation occurred at the 2004 Tennis Masters Cup , where Andre Agassi , the 8th ranked player in the ATP Champions Race , was excluded from the event in favor of Gastón Gaudio , who had won that year 's French Open but was ranked 10th at the end of the year .   Pete Sampras was the most successful player at this event winning two titles out of three final appearances .

neg: 2002 Davis Cup The 2002 Davis Cup was the 91st edition of the most important tournament between nations in men 's tennis . A total of 130 nations participated in the tournament . In the final , Russia defeated France at the Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy in Paris , France , on 29 November - 1 December , giving Russia their first title .   This is the only time in the history of the competition that a two-set deficit has been turned around in a live fifth rubber of a Final .

neg: Adeline Robinson Adeline King Robinson ( 22 March 1865 -- 18 December 1943 ) was an American female tennis player who was active during the 1880s and 1890s .   She was born in New York , the daughter of stockbroker Beverly Robinson and Eliza Gracie King . She was educated at private schools in New York City and in France .   Robinson mainly played at the Staten Island Cricket and Baseball Club and in New York tournaments . In September 1887 she won the doubles event at the New York Lawn Tennis Club open tournament with Miss Clark . In October she won the singles title at the Hastings-on-Hudson tournament after defeating Ellen Roosevelt in the final .   Robinson competed in the women 's singles event at the 1888 National Championships , played in June at the Philadelphia Cricket Club . She defeated Augusta Roberts in the first round in straight sets and won her second round match against Ellen Roosevelt before losing in the semifinal to eventual champion Bertha Townsend after failing to convert a matchpoint . She was described by tennis champion Henry Slocum in 1889 as `` the most skillful exponent of lawn tennis to be found among the women of America . '' .   After rheumatism cut short her tennis career Robinson took up golf and played for the Richmond County Country Club . She was the defending champion at the 1898 Harbor Hill Golf Club tournament and competed at the W.M.G.A. tournament in 1900 .   In the late 1890s she began giving dancing lessons to children which she continued to do until about 1939 .

neg: Ball A ball is a round object ( usually spherical but sometimes ovoid ) with various uses . It is used in ball games , where the play of the game follows the state of the ball as it is hit , kicked or thrown by players . Balls can also be used for simpler activities , such as catch , marbles and juggling . Balls made from hard-wearing materials are used in engineering applications to provide very low friction bearings , known as ball bearings . Black-powder weapons use stone and metal balls as projectiles .   Although many types of balls are today made from rubber , this form was unknown outside the Americas until after the voyages of Columbus . The Spanish were the first Europeans to see bouncing rubber balls ( albeit solid and not inflated ) which were employed most notably in the Mesoamerican ballgame . Balls used in various sports in other parts of the world prior to Columbus were made from other materials such as animal bladders or skins , stuffed with various materials .   As balls are one of the most familiar spherical objects to humans , the word `` ball '' is used to refer to , or to describe , anything spherical or near-spherical .

neg: List of The Prince of Tennis chapters The chapters of The Prince of Tennis manga series are written and illustrated by Takeshi Konomi , and were serialized in Japan 's manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump from July 1999 to March 2008 . A sequel to the series entitled New Prince of Tennis began serialization in Japan in the monthly magazine Jump Square on March 4 , 2009 . The story centers around a cocky tennis prodigy named Ryoma Echizen , who , upon his father 's urging , enrolls in a private middle school called Seishun Academy ( `` Seigaku '' for short ) , which , besides being famous for its strong tennis team , is his father 's alma mater . The storyline of the first manga series revolves around Seigaku striving to become the National middle school tennis champions , while the sequel takes place several months after their National victory .   The Prince of Tennis manga spans a total of 379 chapters ( 380 if chapter `` 0 '' is included ) , which have been collected into 42 tankōbon volumes . Shueisha distributed these volumes in Japan , with the first volume being released on January 7 , 2000 , and the last on June 4 , 2008 . Each of the chapters are referred to as a `` Genius '' , with the exception of chapters 245 to 247 which are primarily referred to as the `` Wild '' chapters since they are told from a different character 's point of view . The sequel 's chapters are each referred to as a `` Golden Age '' . Three official fan books were also released by Shueisha , as well as one illustration book . Kenichi Sakura created a short tribute manga entitled The Prince of Afterschool , which began serialization in Jump Square in November 2008 .   The series has been adapted into several forms of other media including an 178 episode anime series directed by Takayuki Hamana that aired from October 2001 to March 2005 , and a series of subsequent OVAs released onto several DVDs . The anime , combined with the OVAs , roughly covers the storyline of the first manga series . It also spawned an ongoing series of musicals , as well as two featured films : one original animated film and the other being a live-action which loosely follows the events of the first eighteen volumes .   Viz Media licensed the series and distributes an English version of the manga in North America under the Shonen Jump imprint . The first English language volume was released on May 19 , 2004 , and as of May 5 , 2009 , Viz has released a total of thirty-one volumes , with the next expected to be released in July . The English anime adaptation debuted in North America as streaming media on Toonami Jetstream on July 14 , 2006 .

neg: 1927 Wimbledon Championships The 1927 Wimbledon Championships took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon , London , United Kingdom . The tournament ran from 20 June until 2 July . It was the 47th staging of the Wimbledon Championships , and the third Grand Slam tennis event of 1927 .   This was the first Wimbledon Championships where the draw used a merit-based seeding of ranked players to prevent the top players from meeting each other in the early rounds . Eight players were seeded in both the men 's and women 's singles and four pairs in the double . The seeding was done according to the ranking of the players in their own countries . René Lacoste and Helen Wills were the first no. 1 seeded singles players . Since the 1924 Championships a seeding based on nationality was used to prevent nominated players from the same nationality to meet before the later rounds .   Another innovation that year was the installation of a microphone and loudspeakers on the centre court to broadcast the calls of the umpire . A special footfault judge was introduced for the centre court and court no. 1 .

neg: French Open The French Open , often referred to as Roland-Garros ( -LSB- ʁɔlɑ̃ ɡaʁɔs -RSB- ) , is a major tennis tournament held over two weeks between late May and early June at the Stade Roland-Garros in Paris , France . Named after the French aviator Roland Garros , it is the premier clay court tennis championship event in the world and the second of four annual Grand Slam tournaments , the other three being the Australian Open , Wimbledon and the US Open . Roland Garros is currently the only major held on clay , and it is the zenith of the spring clay court season . Because of the seven rounds needed for a championship , the slow-playing surface and the best-of-five-set men 's singles matches ( without a tiebreak in the final set ) , the event is widely considered to be the most physically demanding tennis tournament in the world .

neg: Althea Gibson Althea Gibson ( August 25 , 1927 -- September 28 , 2003 ) was an American tennis player and professional golfer , and the first black athlete to cross the color line of international tennis . In 1956 , she became the first person of color to win a Grand Slam title ( the French Open ) . The following year she won both Wimbledon and the U.S. Nationals ( precursor of the U.S. Open ) , then won both again in 1958 , and was voted Female Athlete of the Year by the Associated Press in both years . In all , she won 11 Grand Slam tournaments , including six doubles titles , and was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame and the International Women 's Sports Hall of Fame . `` She is one of the greatest players who ever lived , '' said Robert Ryland , a tennis contemporary and former coach of Venus and Serena Williams . `` Martina could n't touch her . I think she 'd beat the Williams sisters . '' In the early 1960s she also became the first black player to compete on the women 's professional golf tour .   At a time when racism and prejudice were widespread in sports and in society , Gibson was often compared to Jackie Robinson . `` Her road to success was a challenging one , '' said Billie Jean King , `` but I never saw her back down . '' `` To anyone , she was an inspiration , because of what she was able to do at a time when it was enormously difficult to play tennis at all if you were black , '' said former New York City Mayor David Dinkins . `` I am honored to have followed in such great footsteps , '' wrote Venus Williams . `` Her accomplishments set the stage for my success , and through players like myself and Serena and many others to come , her legacy will live on . ''

neg: Jahial Parmly Paret Jahial `` John '' Parmly Paret ( October 3 , 1870 -- November 24 , 1952 ) was a tennis player and writer from the United States .   Paret won the All-Comers final , but finished runner-up to Malcolm Whitman in the Challenge Round of the U.S. National Championships men 's singles event , in 1899 . He also reached the quarterfinals in 1897 . Parmly Paret became the author or several books about tennis technique and strategy , including Lawn Tennis : its Past , Present , and Future ( 1904 ) , Methods and Players of Modern Lawn Tennis ( 1915 ) and Mechanics of the Game of Lawn Tennis ( 1926 ) .