query: Diego Costa was born in October.

pos: Diego Costa Diego da Silva Costa ( -LSB- ˈdjeɣo ða ˈsilβa ˈkosta -RSB- , -LSB- ˈdʒjeɡu dɐ ˈsiwvɐ ˈkɔstɐ -RSB- ; born 7 October 1988 ) , is a professional footballer who plays as a striker for English club Chelsea and the Spain national team . He has been described by pundits as a talented striker whose main attributes are his physicality , goalscoring and ability to keep possession . Costa has been criticised and punished for several confrontations with opponents .   He began his career with Braga and Penafiel in Portugal , and was signed by Atlético Madrid in 2007 . He was loaned back to Braga , and then to Celta de Vigo and Albacete before being sold to Real Valladolid in 2009 . He returned to Atlético the following season and went on to play a key role in their attack , scoring 27 goals as they won the league title in 2014 , and then joined Chelsea for # 32 million . He scored 21 goals in his first season in England , winning the Premier League and League Cup .   Internationally , Costa played twice for his native Brazil in 2013 , but later declared his desire to represent Spain , having been granted Spanish citizenship in September 2013 . He made his debut for his adopted nation in March 2014 , and represented them at the 2014 FIFA World Cup .

neg: Santiago Dittborn Santiago Dittborn Martínez-Conde ( born October 30 , 1992 ) is a Chilean footballer . Dittborn played as a midfielder for San Marcos de Arica .

neg: Diego Giaretta Diego da Silva Giaretta , commonly known as Diego Giaretta ( born November 27 , 1983 ) , born in Cascavel is a Brazilian footballer , as left back and center back .

neg: San Diego Polo Club San Diego Polo Club is a polo club in situated Rancho Santa Fe in San Diego , California . The club was founded in 1986 . The San Diego Polo Club has one of the longest playing seasons in the country , offering polo from May - November , 5 world-class polo fields , exercise track , stables for more than 400 horses , an indoor arena and thriving polo school .  The 2011 summer season open to the public runs June 12 - October 2 . Polo lessons are offered May - November .   In the off season , the fields are used by lacrosse and soccer teams .

neg: Bruno Sarpa Costa Bruno Sarpa Costa ( born October 29 , 1984 ) is a Brazilian football player .

neg: Talamanca (canton) Talamanca is the fourth canton in the province of Limón in Costa Rica . It is the largest of Costa Rica 's 81 cantons , covering an area of 2809.93 km2 , and has a population of 32,555 . The county is composed of four districts ( see graphic below ) , with its capital city , Bribrí , located in the Bratsi district . Talamanca houses the largest indigenous population in the country ( at 11,062 , or 34 % of the county 's population ) , which is composed principally of the Bribri and Cabécar groups ( who in turn represent two of Costa Rica 's eight distinct indigenous groups ) .   Eight-eight percent of Talamanca 's territory is protected . Fifty-five percent of this land falls under the Chiripó , Amistad , and Cahuita National Parks ; 31 % covers Talamanca 's four indigenous reserves ( Kekoldi , Talamanca Bribrí , Talamanca Cabécar , and Telire ) ; and 2 % belongs to the Refugio de Vida Silvestre Gandoca Manzanillo national `` reserve '' ( a major tortoise breeding ground ) .   The Costa Rican government is highly aggressive ( albeit a bit slow to act ) in its protection of these lands . On July 27 , 2011 , for example , the Ministerio de Ambiente , Energía y Telecomunicaciones ( Minaet ) carried out the demolition of two hotels ( Las Palmas and Suerre ) , due to their occupation of 4 hectares of land within the Refugio de Vida Silvestre Gandoca Manzanillo . This demolition was the culmination of events starting in 1993 , when Minaet revoked these hotels ' permission of occupation .   The county suffers from pervasive poverty . As of 2009 , its human-development index is the lowest-ranked of all Costa Rican cantons . While its most recent infant mortality rate is 12.89 % ( 2009 ) , it was as high as 22.5 % ( 2003 ) , and stayed above 15 % between 2003 and 2007 . As of 2010 , 52.3 % of Talamanca inhabitants have access to sanitation ( either piped or septic tank ) , and 75.2 % are connected to electricity .   Talamanca contains one of Costa Rica 's three official border-crossing points ( Sixaola-Guabito ) . The county is noted for its beautiful beaches , especially in Cahuita and Puerto Viejo ( Old Harbor ) , which are popular tourist locations .

neg: Gran Premio Jockey Club (Uruguay) The Gran Premio Jockey Club is a Group I flat race for three-year-olds , run over a distance of 2000 metres every October in Maroñas racetrack in Montevideo , Uruguay . It is the second leg of the Uruguayan Triple Crown for three year-olds .

neg: Murder of Lorenzo González Cacho Lorenzo Ahmed González Cacho ( November 29 , 2001 -- March 9 , 2010 ) was an eight-year-old Puerto Rican boy that was murdered in his home in Dorado , Puerto Rico on March 9 , 2010 . At the time of his death , his mother , Ana Cacho , and two sisters were at the house .   The case has gained notoriety in the island for the discrepancies and irregularities surrounding the evidence and testimonies about it , which initially led to the boy 's mother along with three other males to be labeled potential suspects by the island 's Secretary of Justice at the time Guillermo Somoza . However , on March 9 , 2015 , on the 5th year anniversary of the murder , the Puerto Rico Justice Department announced that the mother along with the three men , were no longer suspects .   The Department of Justice confirmed on March 7 , 2016 that charges be filed for the crime of first degree murder against Luis Gustavo Rivera Seijo , better known as `` El Manco '' , for the child 's death . On April 28 , 2016 charges against Rivera Seijo were dropped due to total lack of evidence ( DNA , fingerprints , etc. ) that could prove the presence of Rivera Seijo in Cacho 's residence . On June 7 , 2016 , in a trial on appeal , the charges against Rivera Seijo were dropped again due to total lack of evidence ( DNA , fingerprints , etc. ) that could prove the presence of Rivera Seijo in Cacho 's residence .

neg: Luís Miguel da Costa Lobo Luís Miguel da Costa Lobo ( born 9 October 1979 ) , known as Luís Miguel , is a Portuguese retired footballer who played mainly as a forward .

neg: Fábio Costa Fabio Costa ( born 27 November 1977 in Camaçari , Bahia ) is a former Brazilian goalkeeper .

neg: Álvaro Saborío Álvaro Alberto Saborío Chacón ( -LSB- ˈalβaɾo saβoˈɾi.o -RSB- ; born 25 March 1982 ) is a retired Costa Rican footballer , who last played as a forward for Saprissa in Costa Rican Primera División .   A full international for Costa Rica since 2002 , Saborío has over 100 caps and 35 goals for the nation , whom he represented at five CONCACAF Gold Cups , in addition to one tournament each at the Olympics , FIFA World Cup and Copa América .

neg: Cosculluela José Fernando Cosculluela Suárez ( born October 15 , 1980 ) , also known artistically as Cosculluela , is a Puerto Rican singer and songwriter .

neg: Diego Leonardo Martínez Diego Leonardo Martínez ( born August 9 , 1984 in Comandante Nicanor Otamendi ( Buenos Aires ) , Argentina ) is an Argentine footballer who playing for Atlanta of the Primera B Metropolitana in Argentine .

neg: Diego Dionatas Dos Santos Oliveira Diego Dionatas Dos Santos or simply Diego ( born May 5 , 1986 in Valparaíso ) , is a Brazilian Goalkeeper , who is currently playing for the Brazilian team Desportivo Brasil .

neg: San Vito (Costa Rica) San Vito ( -LSB- san bito -RSB- ) , originally named San Vito de Java , is the capital of the Coto Brus district of Puntarenas Province , Costa Rica . It is located about 271 km southeast of the capital San José , and close to the Panama border .   The city is located on a high plateau with very irregular topography , at an altitude of 996 m above sea level in the foothills of the Talamanca Mountain Range . The narrow and fast-flowing Java River traverses the outskirts of San Vito from northeast to southeast .   San Vito was founded in 1952 , since when it has become an important centre in Costa Rica 's Brunca region .   The area of the district is 14237 km ² , with an estimated population of 14,839 inhabitants as of 2011 . Of these , around 5,000 live in the city .

neg: Economy of Costa Rica The economy of Costa Rica it is very stable and has evolved from an economy that depended solely on tourism , agriculture , to one more diverse , based on electronics exports , medical manufacturing and IT services .   According to a study conducted by ADEN Business School ( which included 18 other countries in the region ) , Costa Rica is the fourth most competitive country in Latin America in 2012 and is part of a block of countries rated as having a `` very good competitive level , with advances and developments in infrastructure , technology and macroeconomic stability '' . The nation scored a 71.8 out of 100 on a study which measured competitiveness based on 10 criteria . Compared to the 2011 rank , Costa Rica went up by one position ( from 5th to 4th ) .   The CIA World Factbook states that Costa Rica 's Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) per capita is US$ 12,900 ( 2013 est. ) ; the reported GDP summed in 2012 to US$ 45.1 bn with a population of 4,805,000 . The World Bank General Government Public Sector Debt ( PSDGG ) statistics showed a linear rise from US$ 8bn in 2009 to US$ 18bn in 2014 , which translates to a growth rate of 12 % . The Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos is charged with measuring other economic performance measures . Poverty has remained around 15-20 % for nearly 20 years , and the strong social safety net that had been put into place by the government has eroded due to increased financial constraints on government expenditures .   According to the CIA World Factbook , foreign investors remain attracted by the country 's political stability and relatively high education levels , as well as the incentives offered in the free-trade zones . Costa Rica has attracted one of the highest levels of foreign direct investment per capita in Latin America . However , many business impediments remain such as high levels of bureaucracy , legal uncertainty due to overlapping and at times conflicting responsibilities between agencies , difficulty of enforcing contracts , and weak investor protection .  Inflation rose to 22.5 % in 1995 , dropped to 11.1 % in 1997 , 12 % in 1998 , 11 % in 1999 and 13 % in 2008 . Measures taken by the Central Bank have reduced inflation substantially to 4.3 % in 2009 , and a projected 5.8 % for 2010 . Curbing inflation , reducing the deficit , and improving public sector efficiency through an anti-corruption drive , remain key challenges to the government . Previous political resistance to privatization had stalled liberalization efforts . However , after the signing of CAFTA , Costa Rica is now open to competition with its Central American partners in its insurance and telecommunications markets .   Costa Rica 's economy emerged from recession in 1997 and has shown strong aggregate growth since then . After 6.2 % growth in 1997 , GDP grew a substantial 8.3 % in 1999 , led by exports . Costa Rica had a US$ 6.64 bn trade deficit in 2013 , on exports of US$ 11.48 bn and imports of US$ 18.13 bn . Hybrid electronic circuits was the leading durable export category in 2013 , followed by pineapple , banana , medical equipment , medical bioproducts , and coffee , juices , prosthetics , and surgery tools ; these categories added up to over 50 % of exports . Miscellaneous circuits including telephones and miscellaneous petroleum products added to just under 25 % of imports .   The strength in the nontraditional export and tourism sector is masking a relatively lackluster performance by traditional sectors , including agriculture . The central government deficit decreased to 3.2 % of GDP in 1999 , down from 3.3 % from the year before . On a consolidated basis , including Central Bank losses and parastatal enterprise profits , the public sector deficit was 2.3 % of GDP . Costa Rica had a formal line of credit with the World Bank valued at US$ 947M in April 2014 , of which US$ 645M had been accessed and US$ 600M remained outstanding .

neg: Go, Diego, Go! Go , Diego , Go ! is an American animated educational interactive children 's television program that originally aired on the Nickelodeon children 's cable network in the United States and produced by Nickelodeon Animation Studio . Created and executive produced by Chris Gifford and Valerie Walsh , the series is a spin-off of Dora the Explorer and follows Dora 's cousin Diego , an 8-year-old boy whose adventures frequently involve rescuing animals and protecting their environment .   The series , which aired for five seasons , consisting of 75 episodes , premiered at 8:00 p.m. on Tuesday , September 6 , 2005 and concluded on Friday September 16 , 2011 . During the series ' lifespan , the program also aired on the CBS broadcast network as part of its Saturday morning Nick Jr. on CBS children 's programming block in 2006 .   The series received favorable reviews from critics and garnered particular acclaim for its portrayal of a bilingual Latino lead character , earning a total of four NAACP Image Award nominations for `` Outstanding Children 's Program '' from 2008 -- 2012 , as well as earning Imagen Award and Young Artist Award nominations for Jake T. Austin for his role as the voice of Diego .


query: Ocean's Eight is a sequel to the Ocean's Trilogy.

pos: Ocean's Eight Ocean 's Eight ( stylized as Ocean 's 8 ) is an upcoming American heist comedy film directed by Gary Ross from a script by Ross and co-writer Olivia Milch . It is both a sequel and an all-female spin-off of the Ocean 's Trilogy , and will be released on June 8 , 2018 , by Warner Bros. . Pictures . Principal photography on the film began on October 25 , 2016 , in New York City .

neg: Octuple scull An octuple scull ( abbreviated 8X ) is a racing shell or a rowing boat used in the sport of competitive rowing . The octuple is directed by a coxswain and propelled by eight rowers who move the boat by sculling with two oars , one in each hand . Like a coxed eight , an octuple is typically 65.2 ft long and weighs 211.2 lb .   Racing boats ( often called `` shells '' ) are long , narrow , and broadly semi-circular in cross-section in order to reduce drag to a minimum . They usually have a fin towards the rear , to help prevent roll and yaw . Originally made from wood , shells are now almost always made from a composite material ( usually carbon-fibre reinforced plastic ) for strength and weight advantages . The riggers in sculling apply the forces symmetrically to each side of the boat .   When there are eight rowers in a boat , each with only one sweep oar and rowing on opposite sides , the combination is referred to as a `` coxed eight . '' In sweep oared racing the rigging means the forces are staggered alternately along the boat . The symmetrical forces in sculling make the boat more efficient and so the octuple scull is faster than the coxed eight .

neg: Oceania (The Smashing Pumpkins album) Oceania is the eighth studio album by American alternative rock band The Smashing Pumpkins , released on June 19 , 2012 through EMI , Reprise Records and Martha 's Music . Produced by Billy Corgan and Bjorn Thorsrud , the album is part of the band 's ongoing 44-song box set , Teargarden by Kaleidyscope .  As of September 2012 , Oceania has sold over 102,000 copies in the US .   A live performance of the album , Oceania : Live in NYC , was released on September 24 , 2013 .

neg: Star Ocean: Till the End of Time is the third main game in the Star Ocean series . The game was developed by tri-Ace and published by Square Enix for the PlayStation 2 console . It was released in Japan , North America , and the PAL territories . The original Japanese release date was in February 2003 by Enix , its penultimate release before its merger to become Square Enix . It was re-released in 2004 as a two-disc Director 's Cut version with bonus features such as new characters and dungeons . The North American and European versions are based on the Director 's Cut version . Till the End of Time takes place four hundred years after the events of Star Ocean : The Second Story .   Star Ocean : Till the End of Time was released as a PS2 Classic for the PlayStation 4 on March 31 , 2017 in Japan and May 23 , 2017 in North America and Europe .

neg: Water mass An oceanographic water mass is identifiable body of water with a common formation history which has physical properties distinct from surrounding water . Properties include temperature , salinity , chemical - isotopic ratios , and other physical quantities .   Water masses are generally distinguished not only by their respective tracers ( see above ) but also by their location in the Worlds ' oceans . Water masses are also distinguished by their vertical position , so that there are surface water masses , intermediate water masses and deep water masses . Common water masses in the world ocean are : Antarctic Bottom Water ( AABW ) , North Atlantic Deep Water ( NADW ) , Circumpolar Deep Water ( CDW ) , Antarctic Intermediate Water ( AAIW ) , Subantarctic Mode Water ( SAMW ) , Arctic Intermediate Water ( AIW ) , the central waters of various oceanic basins , and various ocean surface waters .

neg: Northern North Sea basin The North Sea is part of the Atlantic Ocean in northern Europe . It is located between Norway and Denmark in the east , Scotland and England in the west , Germany , the Netherlands , Belgium and France in the south .   The geology of the North Sea describes the geological features such as channels , trenches , and ridges today and the geological history , plate tectonics , geological events that created them .   A geological basin is a large low-lying area or depression . It is often below sea level . Depressions are typically formed by tectonic processes acting on the lithosphere , providing `` accommodation space '' for sediment to be preserved . Basins are formed in a variety of tectonic settings : extensional , compressional , strike-slip and intraplate .   Geological basins are one of the most common places which collect sediment . The type of rocks which form there tell about the palaeoclimate of the continent . The geology is of interest to oil prospectors , hydrologists and palaeontologists . Exploration in the North Sea was initiated in May 1964 when the first well was spudded and the area has now become one of the most prolific hydrocarbon provinces in the world . Total recoverable reserves found to date , including adjacent land areas , amount to over 100 billion barrels of oil and natural gas .   Geologically speaking , the North Sea is divided into four main basins : Northern , Moray Firth , Central , and Southern . Each has a long and complex geologic history with unique structural and stratigraphic developments driven by tectonic events over the last 400 Million years . The northern North Sea Paleorift system , including the Viking and Sogn graben , is an approximately 150-200 km wide zone of extended upper crust with preserved strata from pre-Triassic to Tertiary . It is bounded by the Shetland Platform to the west and the Norwegian mainland to the east .

neg: The Legend of Heroes III: Song of the Ocean The Legend of Heroes III : Song of the Ocean , known as in Japan is a role-playing video game originally developed by Nihon Falcom Corporation . It is the fifth game in The Legend of Heroes series , and the third and final title in the `` Gagharv Trilogy . '' It was originally released for Microsoft Windows in 1999 and was remade for PlayStation Portable in 2006 .

neg: P8 Group The P8 Group brings together senior leaders from some of the world 's largest public pension funds to develop actions relating to global issues and particularly climate change . It is an initiative of the Cambridge Programme for Sustainability Leadership ( CPSL ) and HRH Prince of Wales 's Business and Environment Programme ( BEP ) supported by the Environmental Capital Group ( ECG ) and the Nand & Jeet Khemka Foundation .   The P8 Group involves ten leading global pension funds and sovereign wealth funds , including representatives from Europe , Asia , Australasia and North America . They represent over $ 3 trillion of investment capital and as pension funds have an inherently long term focus .   In November 2007 the first P8 Summit was held . This brought together leaders from eight of the world 's largest public pension funds with key experts including Vice President Al Gore and HRH Prince of Wales . The P8 Summit was a critical start in getting pension funds to lead in the move toward a low carbon economy . Participants agreed to continue working together to address climate change , both within their organizations and as a group to influence policy and markets .   The group , at this point 10 pension funds , met again in July 2008 to further develop their strategy . At this meeting HRH Prince of Wales welcomed their continued `` determination to put substantial money into investments that address climate change . ''   This organisation has now disbanded , and was replaced in 2010 by the P80 Group Foundation .

neg: Sea of Japan naming dispute A dispute exists over the international name for the body of water which is bordered by Japan , North Korea , Russia , and South Korea . In 1992 , objections to the name Sea of Japan were first raised by North Korea and South Korea at the Sixth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names . The Japanese government supports the use of the name `` Sea of Japan '' , while South Korea supports the name `` East Sea '' , and North Korea supports the name `` East Sea of Korea '' . Currently , most international maps and documents use either the name Sea of Japan ( or equivalent translation ) by itself , or include both the name Sea of Japan and East Sea , often with East Sea listed in parentheses or otherwise marked as a secondary name . The International Hydrographic Organization , the international governing body for the naming of bodies of water around the world , in 2012 decided not to change the current single name `` Sea of Japan '' rejecting South Korea 's request to use `` East Sea '' together with `` Sea of Japan '' .   The involved countries ( especially Japan and South Korea ) have advanced a variety of arguments to support their preferred name ( s ) . Many of the arguments revolve around determining when the name Sea of Japan became the common name . South Korea argues that historically the more common name was East Sea , Sea of Korea , or another similar variant . South Korea further argues that the name Sea of Japan did not become common until Korea was under Japanese rule , at which time it had no ability to influence international affairs . Japan argues that the name Sea of Japan has been the most common international name since at least the beginning of the 19th century , long before its annexation of Korea . Both sides have conducted studies of antiquarian maps , but the two countries have produced divergent research results . Additional arguments have been raised regarding the underlying geography of the sea as well as potential problems regarding the ambiguity of one name or the other .

neg: Ocean Institute The Ocean Institute is an ocean education organization located in Dana Point , California . Founded as the Orange County Marine Institute in 1977 , it offers ocean science and maritime history programs for K-12 students and their teachers . Over 100,000 students and 8,000 teachers from Orange County and the surrounding counties participate yearly in immersion-style programs in the Institute 's oceanfront labs and abroad .   The Institute is open to the general public on weekdays , 10 a.m. -- 4 p.m. , and weekends , 10 a.m. - 3 p.m. ; visitors can see marine animals and ocean-themed exhibits .   Moored at the Institute is its 70-foot marine science research vessel , the R/V Sea Explorer , used for student programs and to take visitors on trips to see marine wildlife , including whale watching on weekends . The Institute also partners with the Lazy-W Ranch , a camp located in the Cleveland National Forest where students study the ecosystem and California history . It provides outreach programs via a mobile laboratory provided by the `` Ocean in Motion '' van and distance learning via video conference .

neg: Impacts of ocean acidification on the Great Barrier Reef Ocean acidification threatens the Great Barrier Reef by reducing the viability and strength of coral reefs . The Great Barrier Reef , considered one of the seven natural wonders of the world and a biodiversity hotspot , is located in Australia . Similar to other coral reefs , it is experiencing degradation due to ocean acidification . Ocean acidification results from a rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide , which is taken up by the ocean . This process can increase sea surface temperature , decrease aragonite , and lower the pH of the ocean .   Calcifying organisms are under risk , due to the resulting lack of aragonite in the water and the decreasing pH. This decreased health of coral reefs , particularly the Great Barrier Reef , can result in reduced biodiversity . Organisms can become stressed due to ocean acidification and the disappearance of healthy coral reefs , such as the Great Barrier Reef , is a loss of habitat for several taxa .

neg: Histoire(s) du cinéma Histoire ( s ) du cinéma ( -LSB- is.twaʁ dy si.ne.ma -RSB- ) is an 8-part video project begun by Jean-Luc Godard in the late 1980s and completed in 1998 . The longest , at 266 minutes , and one of the most complex of Godard 's films , Histoire ( s ) du cinéma is an examination of the history of the concept of cinema and how it relates to the 20th century ; in this sense , it can also be considered a critique of the 20th century and how it perceives itself . The project is considered by many the most important work of the late period of Godard 's career .   Histoire ( s ) du cinéma is always referred to by its French title , because of the word play it implies : histoire means both `` history '' and `` story , '' and the s in parentheses gives the possibility of a plural . Therefore , the phrase Histoire ( s ) du cinéma simultaneously means The History of Cinema , Histories of Cinema , The Story of Cinema and Stories of Cinema . Similar double or triple meanings , as well as puns , are a recurring motif throughout Histoire ( s ) and much of Godard 's work .   The film was screened out of competition at the 1988 Cannes Film Festival . Nine years later , it was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1997 Festival .   The soundtrack was released as a 5-CD boxed set on the ECM record label .

neg: Oceansize Oceansize were an English rock band from Manchester , formed in 1998 . The band consisted of Mike Vennart ( vocals , guitar ) , Steve Durose ( guitar , backing vocals ) , Richard `` Gambler '' Ingram ( guitar , keyboards ) , Mark Heron ( drums ) and Jon Ellis ( bass guitar ) for the majority of its career , with Steve Hodson replacing Ellis on bass guitar in 2006 .   The band released four studio albums , in addition to a number of minor EPs and singles , displaying a wide array of influences from several genres including post-rock , math rock , psychedelic rock , space rock , and post-hardcore . Following a twelve-year career , Oceansize announced their split in February 2011 , with the members moving on to different projects .

neg: Titanic II (film) Titanic II ( also entitled Titanic 2 ) is a 2010 low-budget disaster film written , directed by , and starring Shane Van Dyke and distributed by The Asylum . Despite this title , the film is not a sequel to the 1997 film by James Cameron , although movie website Dread Central has suggested the film may be a mockbuster of it . It was released direct-to-TV in Australia on August 7 , 2010 . It premiered on Syfy on Sky in the UK and Ireland on August 9 . It was released on August 25 in the United States . The film is set on a fictional replica Titanic that sets off exactly 100 years after the original ship 's maiden voyage to perform the reverse route , but global warming and the forces of nature cause history to repeat itself on the same night , only on a more disastrous and deadly scale .

neg: British Overseas Territories The 14 British Overseas Territories ( BOT ) are territories under the jurisdiction and sovereignty of the United Kingdom . They are the parts of the British Empire that have not been granted independence or have voted to remain British territories . These territories do not form part of the United Kingdom and , with the exception of Gibraltar , are not part of the European Union . Most of the inhabited territories are internally self-governing , with the UK retaining responsibility for defence and foreign relations . The rest are either uninhabited or have a transitory population of military or scientific personnel . They share the British monarch ( Elizabeth II ) as head of state .   The term `` British Overseas Territory '' was introduced by the British Overseas Territories Act 2002 , replacing the term British Dependent Territory , introduced by the British Nationality Act 1981 . Prior to 1 January 1983 , the territories were officially referred to as British Crown Colonies . With the exceptions of the British Antarctic Territory and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ( which host only officials and research station staff ) and the British Indian Ocean Territory ( used as a military base ) , the Territories retain permanent civilian populations . Permanent residency for the 7,000 or so civilians living in the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia is limited to citizens of the Republic of Cyprus .   Collectively , the Territories encompass a population of about 250,000 people and a land area of about 667018 sqmi . The vast majority of this land area , 660000 sqmi , constitutes the almost uninhabited British Antarctic Territory , while the largest territory by population , Bermuda , accounts for almost a quarter of the total BOT population . At the other end of the scale , three territories have no civilian population ; the Antarctic territory , the British Indian Ocean Territory ( from which the Chagos Islanders were controversially removed ) and South Georgia . Pitcairn Islands , settled by the survivors of the Mutiny on the Bounty , is the smallest settled territory with 49 inhabitants , while the smallest by land area is Gibraltar on the southern tip of the Iberian peninsula . The United Kingdom participates in the Antarctic Treaty System and , as part of a mutual agreement , the British Antarctic Territory is recognised by four of the other sovereign nations making claims to Antarctic territory .   Although the Crown dependencies of Jersey , Guernsey and the Isle of Man are also under the sovereignty of the British monarch , they are in a different constitutional relationship with the United Kingdom . The British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies are themselves distinct from the Commonwealth realms , a group of 15 independent countries ( and the United Kingdom ) which each also have Elizabeth II as their reigning monarch , and from the Commonwealth of Nations , a voluntary association of 52 countries mostly with historic links to the British Empire ( which also includes all Commonwealth realms ) .   the Minister responsible for the Territories excluding the Falkland Islands , Gibraltar and the Sovereign Base Areas is Baroness Anelay , Minister of State for the Commonwealth and the UN . The other three territories are the responsibility of Sir Alan Duncan MP , Minister of State for Europe and the Americas .

neg: Ocean Drive (New Jersey) Ocean Drive is a series of local roads in southern New Jersey , connecting Atlantic City to Cape May along barrier islands on the Atlantic Ocean . It consists of several roads and includes all five toll bridges owned by the Cape May County Bridge Commission .

neg: Film series A film series ( also referred to as a film franchise ) is a collection of related films in succession that share the same fictional universe , or are marketed as a series .   Sometimes the work is conceived from the beginning as a multiple-film work , for example the Three Colours series , but in most cases the success of the original film inspires further films to be made . Individual sequels are relatively common , but are not always successful enough to spawn further installments .   The Marvel Cinematic Universe is the highest grossing film series in unadjusted US Dollar figures surpassing the Harry Potter , Star Wars , James Bond , and Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings series . However , `` Star Wars '' has the highest when adjusted for inflation .

neg: The Endless Summer The Endless Summer is a seminal 1966 surf movie ( the initial release was in 1964 , world-wide release was 1966 ) .   Filmmaker/narrator Bruce Brown follows two surfers , Mike Hynson and Robert August , on a surfing trip around the world . Despite the balmy climate of their native California , cold ocean currents make local beaches inhospitable during the winter . They travel to the coasts of Australia , New Zealand , Tahiti , Hawaii , Senegal , Ghana , Nigeria and South Africa in a quest for new surf spots and introduce locals to the sport . Other important surfers of the time , such as Miki Dora , Phil Edwards and Butch Van Artsdalen also appear .   Its title comes from the idea , expressed at both the beginning and end of the film , that if one had enough time and money it would be possible to follow the summer up and down the world ( northern to southern hemisphere and back ) , making it endless . The concept of the film was born through the suggestion of a travel agent to Bruce Brown during the planning stages of the film . The travel agent suggested that the flight from Los Angeles to Cape Town , South Africa and back would cost $ 50 more than a trip circumnavigating the world . After which , Bruce came up with the idea of following the summer season by traveling up and down the world .   The narrative presentation eases from the stiff and formal documentary of the 1950s and early 1960s to a more casual and fun-loving personal style filled with sly humor . The surf rock soundtrack to the film was provided by The Sandals . The `` Theme to the Endless Summer '' was written by Gaston Georis and John Blakeley of the Sandals . It has become one of the best known film themes in the surf movie genre .   When the movie was first shown , it encouraged many surfers to go abroad , giving birth to the `` surf-and-travel '' culture , with prizes for finding `` uncrowded surf '' , meeting new people and riding the perfect wave . It also introduced the sport , which had become popular outside of Hawaii and the Polynesian Islands in places like California and Australia , to a broader audience . In addition , it set the style for later surf-and-travel movies , including Momentum , ( These Are ) Better Days , and Thicker Than Water .

neg: Many Waters Many Waters is a 1986 novel by Madeleine L'Engle , part of the author 's Time Quartet ( also known as the Time Quintet ) . The title is taken from the Song of Solomon 8:7 : `` Many waters can not quench love , neither can the floods drown it . If a man were to give all his wealth for love , it would be utterly scorned . ''   The principal characters of the story are Sandy and Dennys Murry , twin brothers who are , ironically , somewhat out of place ( they are `` normal '' ) in the context of the multifarious and eccentric Murry family from A Wrinkle in Time . The action of the story follows that of A Wind in the Door but precedes the climactic , apocalyptic event in A Swiftly Tilting Planet .

neg: Ocean City Ocean City may refer to one of several places in the United States :  Ocean City , Maryland , a prominent beach resort town in the mid-Atlantic region .  Ocean City , New Jersey , a family-oriented seaside resort town near Atlantic City .  Ocean City , Florida , a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Okaloosa County .  Ocean City , Washington , a sparsely populated CDP along the Pacific Coast .

neg: THUMS Islands The THUMS Islands or Astronaut Islands are a set of four artificial islands in San Pedro Bay off the coast of Long Beach , California . They were built in 1965 to tap into the East Wilmington Oil Field . The landscaping and sound walls were designed to camouflage the operation and reduce noise , and they are the only decorated oil islands in the United States .   After a 1964 court case that gave the state of California mineral rights to the area , the islands were built at an estimated cost of $ 22 million in 1965 , the islands were operated by THUMS , a consortium named after the parent companies who bid for the island contract : Texaco , Humble ( now Exxon ) , Union Oil , Mobil , and Shell . The rim of the islands are made of 640,000 tons of boulders from Catalina Island , and the islands were then filled with 3.2 million cubic yards of dredged material from the bay . The islands contain significant landscaping , a waterfall , and tall structures concealing the drilling rigs , including one known as The Condo and mistaken for `` a ritzy hotel '' by those on land . The structures are lit in colored lights at night . The aesthetic mitigation cost $ 10 million at time of construction , and was overseen by theme park architect Joseph Linesch . They were described by a Los Angeles Times writer as `` part Disney , part Jetsons , part Swiss Family Robinson '' .   In 1975 , the state of California and the city of Long Beach sued the THUMS oil companies for artificially depressing oil prices . A federal jury cleared Exxon of all charges , and the other four oil companies settled out of court for `` hundreds of millions of dollars '' .   The islands and operation were purchased by Occidental Petroleum in 2000 .   Since 1967 , they have been known as the Astronaut Islands , having been renamed in honor of four American astronauts who lost their lives in the service of NASA . Island Freeman ( Theodore C. `` Ted '' Freeman ) is named for the first astronaut to perish in active duty ( piloting a T-38 Talon jet trainer ) . Island Grissom ( Virgil I. `` Gus '' Grissom ) , Island White ( Edward H. White II ) , and Island Chaffee ( Roger B. Chaffee ) are named after the Apollo 1 astronauts ( launch pad accident ) .   A peak of 148495 oilbbl/d were produced in 1969 . 300 Moilbbl of oil were pumped from THUMS by 1974 , the 500 millionth barrel of crude oil was pumped in 1980 . By 1992 , the pumping volume was 44444 oilbbl of oil per day through the water injection method of oil recovery , producing low-grade crude oil . By April 2002 , the 900 millionth barrel of oil was pumped . The pumped oil contained 20 % water in 1965 , and by 1994 it was 92 % water .   Island Grissom is the closest to land , containing waterfalls and more sculptured screens than the other islands . The screens and decorations also serve to deter the public from swimming to the islands ( trespassers are subject to arrest ) .   Island Freeman is the largest of the islands , at 12 acre .


query: The United Kingdom includes Scotland.

pos: United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK ) or Britain , is a sovereign country in western Europe . Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign statethe Republic of Ireland.Although Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state , two of its Overseas Territories also share land borders with other sovereign countries . Gibraltar shares a border with Spain , while the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia share borders with the Republic of Cyprus , the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus and the UN buffer zone separating the two Cypriot polities . Apart from this land border , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to its east , the English Channel to its south and the Celtic Sea to its south-south-west , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland . With an area of 242500 km2 , the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe . It is also the 21st-most populous country , with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants . Together , this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union ( EU ) .   The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance . The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 6 February 1952 . The capital of the United Kingdom and its largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million , the fourth-largest in Europe and second-largest in the European Union . Other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the conurbations centred on Birmingham , Leeds , Glasgow , Liverpool and Manchester . The United Kingdom consists of four countries -- England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland . The last three have devolved administrations , each with varying powers , based in their capitals , Edinburgh , Cardiff and Belfast , respectively . The nearby Isle of Man , Bailiwick of Guernsey and Bailiwick of Jersey are not part of the United Kingdom , being Crown dependencies with the British Government responsible for defence and international representation .   The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time . Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 . A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain , which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922 , leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.The Anglo-Irish Treaty was signed on 6 December 1921 to resolve the Irish War of Independence . When it took effect one year later , it established the Irish Free State as a separate dominion within the Commonwealth . The UK 's current name was adopted to reflect the change . There are fourteen British Overseas Territories . These are the remnants of the British Empire which , at its height in the 1920s , encompassed almost a quarter of the world 's land mass and was the largest empire in history . British influence can be observed in the language , culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies .   The United Kingdom is a developed country and has the world 's fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest economy by purchasing power parity . The UK is considered to have a high-income economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index , ranking 16th in the world . It was the world 's first industrialised country and the world 's foremost power during the 19th and early 20th centuries . The UK remains a great power with considerable economic , cultural , military , scientific and political influence internationally . It is a recognised nuclear weapons state and is seventh in military expenditure in the world . The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 . It has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor , the European Economic Community ( EEC ) , since 1973 . However , on 23 June 2016 , a national referendum on the UK 's membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave , and its exit from the EU is currently being negotiated . The UK is also a member of the Commonwealth of Nations , the Council of Europe , the G7 finance ministers , the G7 forum , the G20 , NATO , the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , and the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) .

neg: Scottish nationalism Scottish nationalism promotes the idea that the Scottish people form a cohesive nation and national identity and is closely linked to the cause of Scottish home rule and Scottish independence , the ideology of the Scottish National Party , the party forming the Scottish Government . It is often described as a form of civic nationalism rather than ethnic nationalism .   The Acts of Union merged the independent kingdoms of Scotland and England into Great Britain in 1707 , but a separate legal system and distinct Scottish institutions continued to exist .   Linguistic independence was an important part of the twentieth century Scottish Renaissance , associated with the nationalist impetus provided by Hugh MacDiarmid .

neg: Unionism in England In England , Unionism is a political ideology which favours the continuation of some form of political union between England and the other countries of the United Kingdom ( Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland ) . It is part of the wider British unionist movement and is closely linked to the notion of Britishness . Unionism in England is characterised by both opposition to England 's independence as a separate state and the belief that Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland should continue to be constituent countries of the Union .

neg: Legal education in the United Kingdom Legal education in the United Kingdom is divided between the common law system of England and Wales and Northern Ireland , and that of Scotland , which uses a hybrid of common law and civil law .   Dundee and Strathclyde , both in Scotland , are the only universities in the UK to offer a dual-qualifying degree . Dundee also offers a choice of either English/Northern Irish or Scots law separate LL.B . degrees . Aberdeen offers a `` Law with English Law '' course which qualifies you in both Scots Law and English Law .

neg: Scottish cringe The Scottish cringe is a cultural cringe relating to Scotland , and claimed to exist by politicians and commentators .   These cultural commentators claim that a sense of cultural inferiority is felt by many Scots , particularly in relation to a perceived dominance of English or anglocentric British culture , partly due to the importance of London , within the United Kingdom , and consequently a sense of Scottish resentment and underachievement . The cringe is said to manifest as feelings of low self-worth and embarrassment felt by Scottish people in response to overt expressions of Scottish cultural identity and heritage such as the Lowland Scots and Scottish Gaelic languages , and the kilt ( see Tartanry ) .   Former First Minister of Scotland Jack McConnell suggested in 2004 that the `` Scottish cringe '' included opposition to free-market capitalism and alleged that the cringe meant people felt `` enterprise was even something to be ashamed of or embarrassed by '' .

neg: Politics of Wales Politics in Wales forms a distinctive polity in the wider politics of the United Kingdom , with Wales as one of the four constituent countries of the United Kingdom ( UK ) .   Constitutionally , the United Kingdom is de jure a unitary state with one sovereign parliament and government . However , under a system of devolution ( or home rule ) adopted in the late 1990s three of the four constituent parts of the United Kingdom , Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland , voted for limited self-government , subject to the ability of the UK Parliament in Westminster , nominally at will , to amend , change , broaden or abolish the national governmental systems . As such the National Assembly for Wales ( Cynulliad Cenedlaethol Cymru ) is not de jure sovereign .   Executive power in the United Kingdom is vested in the Queen-in-Council , while legislative power is vested in the Queen-in-Parliament ( the Crown and the Parliament of the United Kingdom at Westminster in London ) . The Government of Wales Act 1998 established devolution in Wales , and certain executive and legislative powers have been constitutionally delegated to the National Assembly for Wales . The scope of these powers was further widened by the Government of Wales Act 2006 .

neg: Country definitives Country definitives , formerly known as regional postage stamps of Great Britain are the postage stamps issued for regions of the United Kingdom , reflecting the regional identity of the various countries and islands of the British isles .   Postage stamps were first issued by Great Britain in May 1840 and were valid throughout the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until 1922 and in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland thereafter .   In 1958 , special regional issues were introduced , with the Channel Islands , Isle of Man , Northern Ireland , Scotland and Wales receiving their own special issues . The designs used the same portrait as the Wildings , but were specially designed to incorporate the symbols of each of the home nations and Crown dependencies .   Northern Ireland , Scotland , Wales and Isle of Man regional stamps were changed to the Machins on decimalisation , with the relevant emblems shown in the top left hand corner . They were replaced between 1999 and 2000 with new designs for the four home nations .   While generally sold at post offices in their respective areas , all were valid throughout the UK and , until they became postally independent , the Crown Dependencies .

neg: Old Royal High School The Old Royal High School , also known as New Parliament House , is a 19th-century neoclassical building on Calton Hill in the city of Edinburgh . The building was constructed for the use of the city 's Royal High School , and gained its current name as a result of a proposal in the 1970s for it to house a devolved Scottish Assembly .   After the Old Royal High School was vacated in 1968 , the building became available and was refurbished to accommodate a new devolved legislature for Scotland . However , the 1979 devolution referendum failed to provide sufficient backing for a devolved assembly . Its debating chamber was later used for meetings of the Scottish Grand Committee , the committee of Members of Parliament in the United Kingdom House of Commons with constituencies in Scotland .   Subsequently , the building has been used as offices for departments of Edinburgh City Council , including The Duke of Edinburgh 's Award unit and the Sports and Outdoor Education unit .   With the passage of the Scotland Act 1998 and the introduction of Scottish devolution in 1999 , the Old Royal High School was again mooted as a potential home for the new Scottish Parliament . Eventually , however , the Scotland Office decided to site the new legislature in a purpose-built structure in the Holyrood area of the Canongate . A number of uses have been suggested for the building , including a home for a Scottish National Photography Centre . As of 2015 , Edinburgh City Council - the building 's current owners - have initiated a project to lease the building to be used as a luxury hotel .   Edinburgh 's original Parliament House is in the Old Town just off the Royal Mile and currently houses the Court of Session . These were the buildings of the former Parliament of Scotland which existed before the formation of the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707 and the foundation of a British Parliament sitting at London 's Palace of Westminster .

neg: Scottish Reform Act 1832 The Scottish Reform Act 1832 was an Act of Parliament that introduced wide-ranging changes to the election laws of Scotland . The act was passed at approximately the same time as the Reform Act 1832 , which applied to England and Wales . The chief architects of the act were Francis Jeffrey and Henry Cockburn . It was subsequently given the official short title of the Representation of the People ( Scotland ) Act 1832 .   The act did not substantially change the method in which the Scottish counties elected members of Parliament . As a general rule the counties each continued to elect one member . However , before the Act six small counties elected an MP only in alternate Parliaments . This arrangement was ended , but a different solution was adopted for each pair of counties . Clackmannanshire and Kinross-shire became a single constituency . Buteshire and Caithness-shire were given a separate MP in every Parliament . Cromartyshire and Nairnshire were each united with a different neighbouring county , to form Ross and Cromarty , and Elginshire and Nairnshire .   Edinburgh and Glasgow now had two MPs ; Aberdeen , Dundee , Greenock , Paisley and Perth one each . The remaining burghs combined in districts to elect 18 MPs , much as before ; but now individual votes were added up among burghs across the constituency -- in the past the MP had been elected at a meeting of representatives from each burgh . Boundary changes meant that a burgh for parliamentary elections might not have the same boundaries as the burgh for other purposes .   The effect of the Reform Act was considerable . Before 1832 the Scottish Parliamentary electorate had been about 5,000 adult males . Following the passing of the Act , the number of Scottish MP 's increased from 45 to 53 and the franchise increased by an even greater proportion , growing from under 5,000 of the 2,300,000 population to 65,000 voters ( now covering householders of # 10 value in the burghs and property owners of # 10 or tenants of # 50 rental in the country seats ) .

neg: Highland (council area) Highland ( A ' Ghàidhealtachd -LSB- kɛːəlˠ̪t̪əxk -RSB- ) is a council area in the Scottish Highlands and is the largest local government area in the United Kingdom . It shares borders with the council areas of Aberdeenshire , Argyll and Bute , Moray and Perth and Kinross . Their councils , and those of Angus and Stirling , also have areas of the Scottish Highlands within their administrative boundaries . The Highland area covers most of the mainland and inner-Hebridean parts of the historic counties of Inverness-shire and Ross and Cromarty , all of Caithness , Nairnshire and Sutherland and small parts of Argyll and Moray .

neg: British Overseas Territories The 14 British Overseas Territories ( BOT ) are territories under the jurisdiction and sovereignty of the United Kingdom . They are the parts of the British Empire that have not been granted independence or have voted to remain British territories . These territories do not form part of the United Kingdom and , with the exception of Gibraltar , are not part of the European Union . Most of the inhabited territories are internally self-governing , with the UK retaining responsibility for defence and foreign relations . The rest are either uninhabited or have a transitory population of military or scientific personnel . They share the British monarch ( Elizabeth II ) as head of state .   The term `` British Overseas Territory '' was introduced by the British Overseas Territories Act 2002 , replacing the term British Dependent Territory , introduced by the British Nationality Act 1981 . Prior to 1 January 1983 , the territories were officially referred to as British Crown Colonies . With the exceptions of the British Antarctic Territory and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ( which host only officials and research station staff ) and the British Indian Ocean Territory ( used as a military base ) , the Territories retain permanent civilian populations . Permanent residency for the 7,000 or so civilians living in the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia is limited to citizens of the Republic of Cyprus .   Collectively , the Territories encompass a population of about 250,000 people and a land area of about 667018 sqmi . The vast majority of this land area , 660000 sqmi , constitutes the almost uninhabited British Antarctic Territory , while the largest territory by population , Bermuda , accounts for almost a quarter of the total BOT population . At the other end of the scale , three territories have no civilian population ; the Antarctic territory , the British Indian Ocean Territory ( from which the Chagos Islanders were controversially removed ) and South Georgia . Pitcairn Islands , settled by the survivors of the Mutiny on the Bounty , is the smallest settled territory with 49 inhabitants , while the smallest by land area is Gibraltar on the southern tip of the Iberian peninsula . The United Kingdom participates in the Antarctic Treaty System and , as part of a mutual agreement , the British Antarctic Territory is recognised by four of the other sovereign nations making claims to Antarctic territory .   Although the Crown dependencies of Jersey , Guernsey and the Isle of Man are also under the sovereignty of the British monarch , they are in a different constitutional relationship with the United Kingdom . The British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies are themselves distinct from the Commonwealth realms , a group of 15 independent countries ( and the United Kingdom ) which each also have Elizabeth II as their reigning monarch , and from the Commonwealth of Nations , a voluntary association of 52 countries mostly with historic links to the British Empire ( which also includes all Commonwealth realms ) .   the Minister responsible for the Territories excluding the Falkland Islands , Gibraltar and the Sovereign Base Areas is Baroness Anelay , Minister of State for the Commonwealth and the UN . The other three territories are the responsibility of Sir Alan Duncan MP , Minister of State for Europe and the Americas .

neg: Lieutenancy areas of Scotland The lieutenancy areas of Scotland ( Lieutenancy auries o Scotland ) are the areas used for the ceremonial lord-lieutenants , the monarch 's representatives , in Scotland . The lord-lieutenants ' titles chosen by the monarch and her legal advisers are mainly based on placenames of the traditional counties of Scotland . In 1794 permanent lieutenancies were established by Royal Warrant . By the Militia Act 1797 ( 37 Geo .3 , C. 103 ) , the lieutenants appointed `` for the Counties , Stewartries , Cities , and Places '' were given powers to raise and command County Militia Units .   While in their lieutenancies , lord lieutenants are among the few individuals in Scotland officially permitted to fly a banner of the Royal Arms of Scotland , the `` Lion Rampant '' as it is more commonly known .   Lieutenancy areas are different from the current local government council areas and their committee areas . They also differ from other subdivisions of Scotland including sheriffdoms and former regions and districts .   The Lord Provosts of Aberdeen , Dundee , Edinburgh , and Glasgow also act ex officio as lord-lieutenants . This is a unique right in the United Kingdom : all other lord-lieutenants are appointed by the monarch , rather than being elected politicians .

neg: West Lothian question The West Lothian question , also known as the English question , refers to whether MPs from Northern Ireland , Scotland and Wales , sitting in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom , should be able to vote on matters that affect only England , while MPs from England are unable to vote on matters that have been devolved to the Northern Ireland Assembly , the Scottish Parliament and the Welsh Assembly . The term `` West Lothian question '' was coined by Enoch Powell MP in 1977 after Tam Dalyell , the Labour MP for the Scottish constituency of West Lothian , raised the matter repeatedly in House of Commons debates on devolution .   In 2011 the Government of the United Kingdom set up a commission to examine the question . The Commission on the consequences of devolution for the House of Commons , chaired by former Clerk of the House of Commons Sir William McKay , published a report in 2013 which proposed various procedural changes , including that legislation which affects only England should require the support of a majority of MPs representing English constituencies ( `` English votes for English laws '' ) . Following the election of a Conservative government in the 2015 general election , new parliamentary procedures and a Legislative Grand Committee were enacted .

neg: Culture of the United Kingdom The culture of the United Kingdom is influenced by the UK 's history as a developed island country , a liberal democracy and a major power ; its predominantly Christian religious life ; and its composition of four countries -- England , Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland -- each of which has distinct customs , cultures and symbolism . The wider culture of Europe has also influenced British culture , and Humanism , Protestantism and representative democracy developed from broader Western culture .   British literature , music , cinema , art , theatre , comedy , media , television , philosophy , architecture and education are important aspects of British culture . The United Kingdom is also prominent in science and technology , producing world-leading scientists ( e.g. Isaac Newton and Charles Darwin ) and inventions . Sport is an important part of British culture ; numerous sports originated in the country , including football . The UK has been described as a `` cultural superpower '' , and London has been described as a world cultural capital .   The Industrial Revolution , which started in the UK , had a profound effect on the socio-economic and cultural conditions of the world . As a result of the British Empire , significant British influence can be observed in the language , law , culture and institutions of a geographically wide assortment of countries , including Australia , Canada , India , the Republic of Ireland , New Zealand , Nigeria , Pakistan , South Africa , the United States and English speaking Caribbean nations . These states are sometimes collectively known as the Anglosphere , and are among Britain 's closest allies . In turn the empire also influenced British culture , particularly British cuisine .   The cultures of England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland are diverse and have varying degrees of overlap and distinctiveness .

neg: Special Relationship The Special Relationship is the unofficial term for the exceptionally close political , diplomatic , cultural , economic , military and historical relations between the United Kingdom and the United States . It was used in a 1946 speech by Winston Churchill . Although both the United Kingdom and United States have close relationships with many other nations , the level of cooperation between them in economic activity , trade and commerce , military planning , execution of military operations , nuclear weapons technology , and intelligence sharing has been described as `` unparalleled '' among major powers .   The United Kingdom and United States have been close allies in numerous military and political conflicts throughout the 20th and 21st centuries including World War I , World War II , the Korean War , the Cold War , the Gulf War , and the War on Terror .

neg: Police (Scotland) Act 1967 The Police ( Scotland ) Act 1967 ( c. 77 ) is an Act of the United Kingdom Parliament which until 2013 had provided a framework for territorial police forces in Scotland to operate within . The Police and Fire Reform ( Scotland ) Act 2012 , passed by the Scottish Parliament set out arrangements for organisations to replace those set out in the 1967 Act .   The 1967 Act did not generally apply to any police force operating in Scotland whose jurisdiction is not defined by either local authority boundaries or by the national boundary of Scotland ; certain individual sections deal with the necessary exercise of some police powers by specified non-Scottish or all-United Kingdom forces .   All Justice matters are devolved to the Scottish Government under the Scotland Act 1998 , however , and Scotland has ( and always has had ) its own civil and criminal legal systems quite separate and distinct from those in England and Wales .   The Act lead to the repeal of Police ( Scotland ) Act 1956 with the exception of s. 37 .

neg: List of Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, 1980–99 This is a complete list of Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for the years 1980 -- 1999 . Note that the first parliament of the United Kingdom was held in 1801 ; parliaments between 1707 and 1800 were either parliaments of Great Britain or of Ireland ) . For Acts passed up until 1707 see List of Acts of the Parliament of England and List of Acts of the Parliament of Scotland . For Acts passed from 1707 to 1800 see List of Acts of the Parliament of Great Britain . See also the List of Acts of the Parliament of Ireland .   For Acts of the devolved parliaments and assemblies in the United Kingdom , see the List of Acts of the Scottish Parliament from 1999 , the List of Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly , and the List of Acts and Measures of the National Assembly for Wales ; see also the List of Acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland .   The number shown after each Act 's title is its chapter number . Acts passed before 1963 are cited using this number , preceded by the year ( s ) of the reign during which the relevant parliamentary session was held ; thus the Union with Ireland Act 1800 is cited as `` 39 & 40 Geo . 3 c. 67 '' , meaning the 67th Act passed during the session that started in the 39th year of the reign of George III and which finished in the 40th year of that reign . Note that the modern convention is to use Arabic numerals in citations ( thus `` 41 Geo . 3 '' rather than `` 41 Geo . III '' ) . Note also that Acts of the last session of the Parliament of Great Britain and the first session of the Parliament of the United Kingdom are both cited as `` 41 Geo . 3 '' . Acts passed from 1963 onwards are simply cited by calendar year and chapter number .  __ NOTOC __

neg: Scottish Lowlands The Lowlands ( the Lallans or the Lawlands ; a ' Ghalldachd , `` the place of the foreigner '' ) are a cultural and historic region of Scotland .   The Lowlands is not an official geographical or administrative area of the country . There are two main topographic regions : the Midland Valley ( or Central Lowlands ) and the Southern Uplands . The term `` Lowlands '' mainly refers to the Midland Valley . However , in normal usage it refers to those parts of Scotland not in the Highlands ( or Gàidhealtachd ) . The boundary is usually considered to be a line between Stonehaven and Helensburgh ( on the Firth of Clyde ) . The Lowlands lie south and east of the line . Note that some parts of the Lowlands ( such as the Southern Uplands ) are not physically `` low , '' Merrick for example reaching 2,766 feet , while some areas indisputably in the Highlands ( such as Islay ) are low-lying .   In geological terms , the dividing line between Lowlands and Highlands is the Highland Boundary Fault . There was also a legally defined Highland Line in the post-Culloden years , part of the measures taken to suppress Gaelic culture .   For other purposes , the boundary varies ; but if the Boundary Fault is used , then the traditional Scottish counties entirely in the Lowlands are : Ayrshire , Berwickshire , Clackmannanshire , Dumfriesshire , East Lothian , Fife , Kinross-shire , Kirkcudbrightshire , Lanarkshire , Mid-Lothian , Peeblesshire , Renfrewshire , Roxburghshire , Selkirkshire , West Lothian and Wigtownshire .   Traditional Scottish counties which straddle the Boundary fault include Angus , Dunbartonshire , Stirlingshire , Perthshire , Kincardineshire , Aberdeenshire , Banffshire and Moray .   Geographically , Scotland is divided into three distinct areas : the Highlands , the Central plain ( Central Belt ) , and the Southern Uplands . The Lowlands cover roughly the latter two . The northeast plain is also `` low-land , '' both geographically and culturally , but in some contexts may be grouped together with the Highlands .   The term Lowlands is sometimes used in a more restricted sense to refer specifically to the Midland Valley . Much of this area , which has a characteristic structure of sedimentary rocks with coal deposits , lies within the basins of the Rivers Forth and Clyde . Historically , this valley has been the most agriculturally productive region of Scotland . During the 19th and early 20th centuries , coal deposits promoted concentrated industrial activity and urbanization in the Midland Valley , where 80 percent of the population of Scotland now live . While coal mining and heavy industry have declined in the region , it remains at the centre of the Scottish economy , with electronics and computer manufacture and service sectors such as telecommunications , computer software , and finance .   The southernmost counties of Scotland , nearest the border with England , are also known as the Borders . They are sometimes considered separately from the rest of the Lowlands . Many ancestors of the Scotch-Irish , as they are known in the United States , or Ulster-Scots , originated from the lowlands and borders region before migrating to the Ulster Plantation in the 17th century and later the American frontier , many prior to the American Revolution .   The term Scottish Lowlands is used with reference to the Scots language in contrast to the Scottish Gaelic spoken in the Highlands , Scottish history and the Scottish clan system , as well as in family history and genealogy .

neg: Restoration (Scotland) The Restoration was the return of the monarchy to Scotland in 1660 after the period of the Commonwealth , and the subsequent three decades of Scottish history until the Revolution and Convention of Estates of 1689 . It was part of a wider Restoration in the British Isles that included the return of the Stuart dynasty to the thrones of England and Ireland in the person of Charles II .   As military commander of the Commonwealth 's largest armed force , George Monck , governor-general in Scotland , was instrumental in the restoration of Charles II , who was proclaimed king in Edinburgh on 14 May 1660 . There was a general pardon for offences during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms , but four individuals were excepted and executed . Under the eventual political settlement Scotland regained its independent system of law , parliament and kirk , but also regained the Lords of the Articles and bishops , and it now had a king who did not visit the country and ruled largely without reference to Parliament through a series of commissioners . These began with the Earl of Middleton and ended with the King 's brother and heir , James , Duke of York . The restoration of the Scottish Episcopacy led to a series of conflicts between Presbyterians and the Bishops of the Episcopalian establishment , culminating in the persecution of The Killing Time .   Charles died in 1685 and his brother the Duke of York succeeded him as James VII of Scotland and II of England . He survived attempted rebellions , but alienated much of the political nation by his Catholicism and policies . When William of Orange of the Netherlands , James ' Protestant son-in-law , invaded England in 1688 , James fled and William and his wife took over the throne as William II and Mary II . William called a Scottish Convention , which was dominated by the Presbyterians . It offered William and Mary the crown , and after the defeat of James ' supporters the bishops were abolished and a Presbyterian system reinstated in the kirk .   The economic conditions of the period were generally favourable , although the restoration of Scottish independence reinstated the economic border with England and English tariffs . The restoration of the monarchy also saw the restoration of the nobility to political power , although they may have exercised their power with more caution . It also saw the rise of the lairds , who continued to gain new local political powers . There was an attempt to restore the theatre to Scotland , which had suffered from the lack of a court and the hostility of the kirk . The Restoration saw the introduction of a style of country house among the Scottish nobility that encouraged a move towards a more leisure-oriented architecture . As in England , sculpture was dominated by foreign professionals . Scotland produced some notable artists and was also visited by many important continental artists . The period between 1679 and 1689 saw the foundation of many institutions that would be important in Scottish cultural and intellectual life .

neg: Kingdom of Great Britain The United Kingdom of Great Britain , officially Great Britain , was a sovereign state in western Europe from 1 May 1707 to 31 December 1800 . The state came into being following the Treaty of Union in 1706 , ratified by the Acts of Union 1707 , which united the kingdoms of England and Scotland to form a single kingdom encompassing the whole island of Great Britain and its outlying islands . It did not include Ireland , which remained a separate realm . The unitary state was governed by a single parliament and government that was based in Westminster . The former kingdoms had been in personal union since James VI , King of Scots , became King of England and King of Ireland in 1603 following the death of Queen Elizabeth I , bringing about a `` Union of the Crowns '' . Also after the accession of George I to the throne of Great Britain in 1714 , the kingdom was in a personal union with the Electorate of Hanover .   The early years of the unified kingdom were marked by Jacobite risings which ended in defeat for the Stuart cause at Culloden in 1746 . Later on in 1763 , victory in the Seven Years ' War led to the dominance of the British Empire , which was to become the foremost global power for over a century and later grew to become the largest empire in history .   On 1 January 1801 , the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland were merged to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . In 1922 , five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the United Kingdom and the state was renamed the `` United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland '' -- a title it has retained to date .

neg: Scottish Independence Referendum Act 2013 The Scottish Independence Referendum Act 2013 is an Act of the Scottish Parliament , which was passed on 14 November 2013 and came into force on 18 December . Together with the Scottish Independence Referendum ( Franchise ) Act 2013 , it enabled the Scottish independence referendum , 2014 . This followed an agreement between the Scottish and the United Kingdom governments to make an exception to the Scottish devolution scheme , which ordinarily reserves constitutional matters to Westminster .   The bill was introduced in the Scottish Parliament on 21 March 2013 by Nicola Sturgeon MSP ,  with backing from the Referendum ( Scotland ) Bill Committee . The Scottish National Party , as the ruling party in Scotland and led by the then First Minister of Scotland Alex Salmond , ensured that the bill was passed .   The pair of acts provided that there would be a vote in Scotland on whether Scotland would become independent from the rest of the United Kingdom . There would be a simple yes or no question : `` Do you agree that Scotland should be an independent country ? '' The vote would take place on 18 September 2014 . With some exceptions , all European Union ( EU ) or Commonwealth citizens resident in Scotland and aged 16 or over could vote , a total of almost 4.3 million people . People of Scottish descent living outside Scotland would not be able to vote .