query: NASA led the Apollo Moon landing missions in the 1960s.

pos: NASA The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA -LSB- ˈnæsə -RSB- ) is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program , as well as aeronautics and aerospace research .   President Dwight D. Eisenhower established NASA in 1958 with a distinctly civilian ( rather than military ) orientation encouraging peaceful applications in space science . The National Aeronautics and Space Act was passed on July 29 , 1958 , disestablishing NASA 's predecessor , the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ( NACA ) . The new agency became operational on October 1 , 1958 .   Since that time , most US space exploration efforts have been led by NASA , including the Apollo Moon landing missions , the Skylab space station , and later the Space Shuttle . Currently , NASA is supporting the International Space Station and is overseeing the development of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle , the Space Launch System and Commercial Crew vehicles . The agency is also responsible for the Launch Services Program ( LSP ) which provides oversight of launch operations and countdown management for unmanned NASA launches .   NASA science is focused on better understanding Earth through the Earth Observing System , advancing heliophysics through the efforts of the Science Mission Directorate 's Heliophysics Research Program , exploring bodies throughout the Solar System with advanced robotic spacecraft missions such as New Horizons , and researching astrophysics topics , such as the Big Bang , through the Great Observatories and associated programs . NASA shares data with various national and international organizations such as from the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite . Since 2011 , NASA has been criticized for low cost efficiency , achieving little results in return for high development costs .

neg: Luna E-1 No.3 Luna E-1 No. 3 , sometimes identified by NASA as Luna 1958C , was a Soviet spacecraft which was lost in a launch failure in 1958 . It was a 361 kg Luna E-1 spacecraft , the third of four to be launched , all of which were involved in launch failures . It was intended to impact the surface of the Moon , and in doing so become the first man-made object to reach its surface .   The spacecraft was intended to release 1 kg of sodium , in order to create a cloud of the metal which could be observed from Earth , allowing the spacecraft to be tracked . Prior to the release of information about its mission , NASA correctly identified that it had been an attempted Lunar impact mission .   Luna E-1 No. 3 was launched on 4 December 1958 atop a Luna 8K72 carrier rocket , flying from Site 1/5 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome . Two hundred and forty five seconds into the flight , a hydrogen peroxide pump seized up due to loss of lubrication , which caused the rocket 's core stage engines to fail .

neg: Space Shuttle design process See also Space Shuttle program - Conception and development   Even before the Project Apollo moon landing in 1969 , NASA began studies of space shuttle designs as early as October 1968 . The early studies were denoted `` Phase A '' , and in June 1970 , `` Phase B '' , which were more detailed and specific . The primary intended use of the space shuttle was supporting the future space station , ferrying a minimum crew of four and about 20000 lb of cargo , and able to be rapidly turned around for future flights .   Two designs emerged as front-runners . One was designed by engineers at the Manned Spaceflight Center , and championed especially by George Mueller . This was a two-stage system with delta-winged spacecraft , and generally complex . An attempt to re-simplify was made in the form of the DC-3 , designed by Maxime Faget , who had designed the Mercury capsule among other vehicles . Numerous offerings from a variety of commercial companies were also offered , but generally fell by the wayside as each NASA lab pushed for its own version .   All of this was taking place in the midst of other NASA teams proposing a wide variety of post-Apollo missions , a number of which would cost as much as Apollo or more . As each of these projects fought for funding , the NASA budget was at the same time being severely constrained . Three were eventually presented to Vice President Agnew in 1969 . The shuttle project rose to the top , largely due to tireless campaigning by its supporters . By 1970 the shuttle had been selected as the one major project for the short-term post-Apollo time frame .   When funding for the program came into question , there were concerns that the project might be cancelled . This led to an effort to interest the US Air Force in using the shuttle for their missions as well . The Air Force was mildly interested , but demanded a much larger vehicle , far larger than the original concepts . To lower the development costs of the resulting designs , boosters were added , a throw-away fuel tank was adopted , and many other changes made that greatly lowered the reusability and greatly added to vehicle and operational costs . With the Air Force 's approval , the system emerged in its operational form .

neg: The Case of the Missing Moon Rocks The Case of the Missing Moon Rocks is a non-fiction book by Joe Kloc , a former contributing editor for Seed Magazine . It describes the efforts of both Joseph Gutheinz , a NASA Office of Inspector General Senior Special Agent turned college professor and his students to locate and find up to 79 missing Apollo 11 and 17 moon rocks and plaques that the United States government gave away to 135 nations of the world , all 50 states and its territories .   It begins by telling the story of Operation Lunar Eclipse , the first successful sting operation to recover a piece of the moon brought back by American astronauts , a sting operation the professor led and went undercover in , while still an agent . The sting operation successfully recovered the Honduras Apollo 17 Goodwill Moon Rock that was in the possession of Florida businessman Alan H. Rosen . This operation was funded in part with the financial assistance of H. Ross Perot , billionaire and former Presidential candidate .   On October 1 , 2012 , Gutheinz gave a major speech on Operation Lunar Eclipse and the Moon Rock Project before the Engineering Colloquium at NASA 's Goddard Space Flight Center . The speech was entitled `` Finding the Missing Moon Rocks '' , and is preserved on a video at the Space Flight Center Library . In that speech Joe Gutheinz was critical of NASA and the U.S. Government for not turning over the Cyprus Apollo 17 Goodwill Moon Rock to Cyprus , which was also a major topic in Joe Kloc 's novel . On May 16 , 2013 news reports first broke that bowing from pressure from Cyprus the United States Government would give Cyprus its Apollo 17 Goodwill Moon Rock .

neg: Goddard Space Flight Center The Goddard Space Flight Center ( GSFC ) is a major NASA space research laboratory established on May 1 , 1959 as NASA 's first space flight center . GSFC employs approximately 10,000 civil servants and contractors , and is located approximately 6.5 mi northeast of Washington , D.C. in Greenbelt , Maryland , United States . GSFC , one of ten major NASA field centers , is named in recognition of Dr. Robert H. Goddard ( 1882 -- 1945 ) , the pioneer of modern rocket propulsion in the United States .   GSFC is the largest combined organization of scientists and engineers in the United States dedicated to increasing knowledge of the Earth , the Solar System , and the Universe via observations from space . GSFC is a major U.S. laboratory for developing and operating unmanned scientific spacecraft . GSFC conducts scientific investigation , development and operation of space systems , and development of related technologies . Goddard scientists can develop and support a mission , and Goddard engineers and technicians can design and build the spacecraft for that mission . Goddard scientist John C. Mather shared the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on COBE .   GSFC also operates two spaceflight tracking and data acquisition networks ( the Space Network and the Near Earth Network ) , develops and maintains advanced space and Earth science data information systems , and develops satellite systems for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) .   GSFC manages operations for many NASA and international missions including the Hubble Space Telescope ( HST ) , the Explorer program , the Discovery Program , the Earth Observing System ( EOS ) , INTEGRAL , MAVEN , OSIRIS-REx , the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory ( SOHO ) , the Solar Dynamics Observatory ( SDO ) , and Swift . Past missions managed by GSFC include the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer ( RXTE ) , Compton Gamma Ray Observatory , SMM , COBE , IUE , and ROSAT . Typically , unmanned earth observation missions and observatories in Earth orbit are managed by GSFC , while unmanned planetary missions are managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ) in Pasadena , California .

neg: Rescue Agreement The Agreement on the Rescue of Astronauts , the Return of Astronauts and the Return of Objects Launched into Outer Space , also referred to as the Rescue Agreement is an international agreement setting forth rights and obligations of states concerning the rescue of persons in space . The Agreement was created by a 19 December 1967 consensus vote in the United Nations General Assembly ( Resolution 2345 ( XXII ) ) . It came into force on 3 December 1968 . Its provisions elaborate on the rescue provisions in Article V of the 1967 Outer Space Treaty . Despite containing more specificity and detail than the rescue provision in Article V of the Outer Space Treaty , the Rescue Agreement still suffers from vague drafting and the possibility of differing interpretation .

neg: NASA Space Flight Medal The NASA Space Flight Medal is a decoration of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration . According to its statutes , it is awarded `` for significant achievement or service during individual participation as a civilian or military astronaut , pilot , mission specialist , payload specialist , or other space flight participant in a space flight mission . '' In practice , the medal is bestowed upon any astronaut ( US or foreign ) who flies aboard a United States space mission , and typically every subsequent flight is honored with an additional award .   Multiple awards of the decoration are annotated either by award stars or oak leaf clusters ( depending on the civilian or military status of the recipient and , if military , the branch of service ) . The NASA Space Flight Medal is also authorized for wear on active uniforms of the United States military and is worn after all military decorations .   For those who perform an act of gallantry or heroic action while engaged in a U.S. space mission , NASA also presents an award known as the Congressional Space Medal of Honor . This is separate award from the Medal of Honor which is a U.S. military decoration for extreme bravery .

neg: Max Launch Abort System The Max Launch Abort System ( MLAS ) was a proposed alternative to the Maxime Faget-invented `` tractor '' launch escape system ( LES ) that was planned for use by NASA for its Orion spacecraft in the event an Ares I malfunction during launch required an immediate abort .   Designed by NASA engineers and reported on the website NASASpaceFlight.com on December 6 , 2007 , the proposed MLAS used four existing Huntsville-built Thiokol solid-rocket motors ( built in 1988 ) placed at 90 ° intervals within the Orion 's bullet-shaped fairing . The fairing was originally designed to protect the Orion spacecraft from aerodynamic stresses during launch , and to provide an interface between the spacecraft 's crew module with the LES .   The MLAS was designed with the aim of reducing the height of the Orion/Ares I stack while also reducing weight and center-of-gravity issues of a traditional LES . The bullet-shaped MLAS was also expected to provide better aerodynamic qualities during the first two minutes of flight , reducing stresses when the vehicle encounters the `` max Q '' region of hypersonic flight . The MLAS was also expected to simplify production , as existing hardware would be employed .   There are several drawbacks to MLAS . First , the bullet-shaped protective cover would have to be modified and reinforced to allow for the use of the solid-rocket motors , something not needed with the LES , which bolts on top of the LIDS docking ring assembly . Second , the necessity to fire multiple motors ( LES uses one motor and multiple nozzles ) simultaneously for an abort decreases the theoretical reliability of the launch abort system by introducing more failure modes .   Like the existing LES , the MLAS would provide protection to the Orion spacecraft crew during the first minutes of flight , with the MLAS being jettisoned , along with the service module 's fairing panels , after the solid-rocket first stage was jettisoned . If implemented , the Orion/Ares I stack would have resembled the towerless Gemini-Titan stack used between 1965 -- 1966 , in which ejection seats were used as the primary form of escape for the astronauts who flew on the ten Gemini missions .   The MLAS concept was dropped with the transformation of the Crew Exploration Vehicle into the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle , and the switch of the launch vehicle from Ares I ( with its perennial underperformance ) to the Delta IV Heavy or Space Launch System .

neg: Criticism of the Space Shuttle program Criticism of the Space Shuttle program stemmed from claims that NASA 's Shuttle program failed to achieve its promised cost and utility goals , as well as design , cost , management , and safety issues . More specifically , it failed in the goal of reducing the cost of space access . Space Shuttle incremental per-pound launch costs ultimately turned out to be considerably higher than those of expendable launchers .   By 2011 , the incremental cost per flight of the Space Shuttle was estimated at $ 450 million , or $ 18,000 per kilogram ( approximately $ 8,000 per pound ) to low Earth orbit ( LEO ) . By comparison , Russian Proton expendable cargo launchers ( Atlas V rocket counterpart ) , still largely based on the design that dates back to 1965 , are said to cost as little as $ 110 million , or around $ 5,000 / kg ( approximately $ 2,300 per pound ) to LEO .   When all design and maintenance costs are taken into account , the final cost of the Space Shuttle program , averaged over all missions and adjusted for inflation , was estimated to come out to $ 1.5 billion per launch , or $ 60,000 / kg ( approximately $ 27,000 per pound ) to LEO . This should be contrasted with the originally envisioned costs of $ 118 per pound of payload in 1972 dollars ( approximately $ 657 per pound adjusting for inflation to 2013 ) .   It failed in the goal of achieving reliable access to space , partly due to multi-year interruptions in launches following Shuttle failures . NASA budget pressures caused by the chronically high NASA Space Shuttle program costs have eliminated NASA manned space flight beyond low earth orbit since Apollo , and severely curtailed use of unmanned probes . NASA 's promotion of and reliance on the Shuttle slowed domestic commercial expendable launch vehicle ( ELV ) programs until after the 1986 Challenger disaster .

neg: Canceled Apollo missions Several planned missions of the Apollo manned Moon landing program of the 1960s and 1970s were canceled for a variety of reasons , including changes in technical direction , the Apollo 1 fire , hardware delays , and budget limitations . Immediately after the program achieved its primary objective in July 1969 with Apollo 11 to land men on the Moon and return them safely , nine more landing missions were planned , but the last three , Apollo 18 , 19 and 20 , were canceled .

neg: NASA Exceptional Bravery Medal The NASA Exceptional Bravery Medal is a NASA award for exemplary and courageous handling of an emergency by an individual who , independent of personal danger , has acted to prevent the loss of human life or U.S. government property . The award is open to government and non-government employees .   The first two medals were awarded in 1969 to NASA engineers Bill B. McClure and Charles J. `` Jack '' Beverlin , who prevented the collapse and explosion of an Atlas rocket at great risk to their own lives . A feature on Mars was later named after them .   Exceptional Bravery Medals were also awarded to Herbert W. Grandy in 1970 , and to Paul D. Sebesta in 1974 . Subsequently , thirty eight workers at the Michoud Assembly Facility were awarded this medal for protecting the facility from flooding due to Hurricane Katrina in 2005 .

neg: Surveyor program The Surveyor program was a NASA program that , from June 1966 through January 1968 , sent seven robotic spacecraft to the surface of the Moon . Its primary goal was to demonstrate the feasibility of soft landings on the Moon . The Surveyor craft were the first American spacecraft to achieve soft landing on an extraterrestral body . The missions called for the craft to travel directly to the Moon on an impact trajectory , a journey that lasted 63 to 65 hours , and ended with a deceleration of just over three minutes to a soft landing . The program was implemented by NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ) to prepare for the Apollo program . JPL selected Hughes Aircraft to develop the spacecraft system . The total cost of the Surveyor program was officially $ 469 million .   Five of the Surveyor craft successfully soft-landed on the moon , including the first one . The other two failed : Surveyor 2 crashed at high velocity after a failed mid-course correction , and Surveyor 4 was lost to contact ( possibly exploding ) 2.5 minutes before its scheduled touch-down .   All seven spacecraft are still on the Moon ; none of the missions included returning them to Earth . Some parts of Surveyor 3 were returned to Earth by the crew of Apollo 12 , which landed near it in 1969 . The camera from this craft is on display at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington , DC .

neg: Apogee Books Apogee Books is an imprint of Canadian publishing house Collector 's Guide Publishing . The Apogee imprint began with `` Apollo 8 The NASA Mission Reports '' in November 1998 at the request of astronaut Buzz Aldrin , second man on the moon . The first publication by Apogee was printed to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the first manned flight around the moon . A limited edition print run of this Apollo 8 book led to Aldrin suggesting that the imprint continue with further anniversary publications .   In March 1999 Apogee published the book Apollo 9 - The NASA Mission Reports . Since that time Apogee has been the winner of the Space Frontier Foundation 's media award and has published almost 100 books on space flight . Almost all of the Apogee titles were packaged with CDROMs or DVDs which included what was , at the time , the first digital release of seminal NASA footage , including the first commercial release of the uncut television broadcast of the Apollo 11 moonwalk . Notable contributors to the Apogee series include Sir Arthur C. Clarke , Tom Hanks , Ron Howard , Buzz Aldrin , Harrison Schmitt , William Pogue , Wernher von Braun , David Lasser , Sy Liebergot , Guenter Wendt , Robert Zubrin , Wally Schirra , David R. Scott , Rick Tumlinson and Winston Scott . Apogee Books has performed contracted work with or for , Lockheed , Boeing , Energia , NASA , Imax , Space Frontier Foundation , The Mars Society and The National Space Society .   An offshoot of Apogee Books , publishing science fiction , began in 2005 . Apogee Science Fiction specializes in space-related historical science fiction . By 2007 titles had been published by Hugo Gernsback , Garrett P. Serviss , Wernher von Braun , and George Griffith .

neg: National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ( NACA ) was a U.S. federal agency founded on March 3 , 1915 , to undertake , promote , and institutionalize aeronautical research . On October 1 , 1958 , the agency was dissolved , and its assets and personnel transferred to the newly created National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) . NACA was pronounced as discrete letters , rather than as a whole word ( and after NASA first was established , its acronym was pronounced as discrete letters in the early years ) .   Among other advancements , NACA research and development produced the NACA duct , a type of air intake used in modern automotive applications , the NACA cowling , and several series of NACA airfoils which are still used in aircraft manufacturing .   During World War II , NACA was described as `` The Force Behind Our Air Supremacy '' due to its key role in producing working superchargers for high altitude bombers , and for producing the cutting-edge wing profiles for the North American P-51 Mustang . NACA was also key in developing the area rule that is used on all modern supersonic aircraft , and conducted the key compressibility research that enabled the Bell X-1 to break the sound barrier .

neg: History of the United States National Security Council 1953–61 This article is about the history of the United States National Security Council during the Eisenhower Administration , 1953 -- 1961 .   Under President Dwight D. Eisenhower , the National Security Council system evolved into the principal arm of the President in formulating and executing policy on military , international , and internal security affairs . Where Harry S. Truman was uncomfortable with the NSC system and only made regular use of it under the pressure of the Korean War , Eisenhower embraced the NSC concept and created a structured system of integrated policy review . Eisenhower had a penchant for careful staff work , and believed that effective planning involved a creative process of discussion and debate among advisers compelled to work toward consensus recommendations .   The genesis of the new NSC system was a report prepared for the President in March 1953 by Robert Cutler , who became the President 's Special Assistant for National Security Affairs . Cutler proposed a systematic flow of recommendation , decision , and implementation that he later described as the `` policy hill '' process . At the bottom of the hill , concerned agencies such as State and Defense produced draft policy recommendations on specific topics and worked for consensus at the agency level . These draft NSC papers went up the hill through the Planning Board , created to review and refine the recommendations before passing them on for full NSC consideration . The NSC Planning Board met on Tuesday and Friday afternoons and was composed of officials at the Assistant Secretary level from the agencies with permanent or standing representation on the Council , as well as advisers from the Joint Chiefs of Staff and Central Intelligence Agency . Hundreds of hours were spent by the Board reviewing and reconstructing proposed papers for the NSC . Cutler resigned in 1958 in exhaustion . The top of the foreign policy-making hill was the NSC itself , chaired by the President , which met regularly on Thursday mornings .   The Council consisted of the five statutory members : the President , Vice President , Secretaries of State and Defense , and Director of the Office of Defense Mobilization . Depending on the subject under discussion , as many as a score of other senior Cabinet members and advisers , including the Secretary of the Treasury , the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , and the Director of Central Intelligence , attended and participated . The agenda included regular briefings by the Director of Central Intelligence on worldwide developments affecting U.S. security , and consideration of the policy papers advanced by the Planning Board . The upshot of the discussions were recommendations to the President in the form of NSC Actions . The President , who participated in the discussion , normally endorsed the NSC Action , and the decision went down the hill for implementation to the Operations Coordinating Board .   President Eisenhower created the Operations Coordinating Board ( OCB ) to follow up on all NSC decisions . The OCB met regularly on Wednesday afternoons at the Department of State , and was composed of the Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs , Deputy Secretary of Defense , the Directors of the CIA , the United States Information Agency , and ICA , and the Special Assistants to the President for National Security Affairs and Security Operations Coordination . The OCB was the coordinating and implementing arm of the NSC for all aspects of the implementation of national security policy . NSC action papers were assigned to a team from the OCB for follow-up . More than 40 interagency working groups were established with experts for various countries and subjects . This 24-person staff of the OCB supported these working groups in which officials from various agencies met each other for the first time .   The President 's Special Assistant for National Security Affairs , a post held under Eisenhower by Cutler , Dillon Anderson , William Harding Jackson , and finally Gordon Gray , oversaw the flow of recommendations and decisions up and down the policy hill , and functioned in Council meetings to brief the Council and summarize the sense of discussion . The Special Assistant was an essential facilitator of the decision-making system , but , unlike the National Security Adviser created under Kennedy , had no substantive role in the process . The NSC staff managed by the Special Assistant grew during the Eisenhower years , but again had no independent role in the policy process .   President Eisenhower had great confidence in the efficacy of covert operations as a viable supplement or alternative to previous normal foreign policy initiatives . The seeming clear success of the operations to overthrow Iranian populist leader Mossadegeh in 1953 , and overthrow the democratically elected , left-leaning President Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán in Guatemala in 1954 was not without their crisis moments in the White House . In 1954 NSC 5412 provided for the establishment of a panel of designated representatives of the President and the Secretaries of State and Defense to meet regularly to review and recommend covert operations . Gordon Gray assumed the chairmanship of the `` 5412 Committee '' as it was called , and all succeeding National Security Advisers have chaired similar successor committees , variously named `` 303 '' , `` 40 '' , `` Special Coordinating Committee , '' which , in later Presidential administrations , were charged with the review of CIA covert operations .   President Eisenhower also created the position of staff secretary with the responsibility to screen all foreign policy and military documents coming to the President . While Colonel Andrew Goodpaster held this position , he tended to eclipse the Special Assistant for National Security .   The strength of the NSC system under Eisenhower was that it provided for regular , fully staffed , interagency review of major foreign and national security issues , culminating in discussion and decision at the highest level of government . The resulting Presidentially approved NSC papers provided policy guidance at every level of implementation . Eisenhower felt that the regular policy discussions kept his principal advisers fully informed , in step with one another , and prepared to react knowledgeably in the event of crisis . His commitment to the system was such that he chaired every Council meeting he could attend ( 329 of a total of 366 ) . The NSC meetings , including prior briefings and subsequent review of NSC Actions , constituted the largest single item on his weekly agenda .   Secretary of State John Foster Dulles , on the other hand , had reservations about the NSC system . He was the strongest personality in the Eisenhower Cabinet and jealously guarded his role as principal adviser to the President on foreign policy . He had constant , direct access to the President and did not feel that some of the most sensitive issues should be discussed in groups as large as were involved in most NSC meetings . He drew a sharp line between the NSC policy review process and the day-to-day operations of foreign policy , which he maintained were the province of the Department of State . Dulles and his deputies also were not comfortable with the scope the NSC review system gave to Secretary of the Treasury George Humphrey , another strong figure in the Cabinet , to intrude budgetary limitations into policy considerations . Dulles successfully resisted a proposal to substitute the Vice President for the Under Secretary of State as chairman of the OCB , arguing that such a change would impinge on his role as principal adviser to the President on foreign policy .   Critics of the Eisenhower NSC system have argued that it was inflexible , overstaffed , unable to anticipate and react to immediate crises , and weighed down by committees reporting in great detail on long checklists of minor policy concerns . The most thorough critique of the system emerged from the hearings conducted in 1960 ( 1961 by the Senate Subcommittee on National Policy Machinery , known as the Jackson Subcommittee for its chairman , Senator Henry Jackson . Cutler and NSC Executive Secretary James Lay testified in support of the effectiveness of the system , but their testimony was offset by that of former Truman administration officials such as George Kennan , Paul Nitze , and Robert Lovett . They argued that foreign policy was being made by a passive President influenced by a National Security Council rendered virtually useless by ponderous , bureaucratic machinery . Basically , they argued , the NSC was a huge committee , and suffered from all the weaknesses of committees . Composed of representatives of many agencies , its members were not free to adopt the broad , statesmanlike attitude desired by the President , but , rather , were ambassadors of their own departments , clinging to departmental rather than national views . To make matters worse , critics added , the NSC system by its very nature was restricted to continuing and developing already established policies and was incapable of originating new ideas or major innovations . The critics suggested replacement of the formal , `` over-institutionalized '' NSC structure with a smaller , less formal NSC which would offer the President a clear choice of alternatives on a limited number of major problems .   Eisenhower was certainly not a passive President , dominated by his Secretary of State on foreign policy and national security issues . In fact , Eisenhower was actively in command of his administration 's foreign policy , and the established NSC system met his instincts and requirements to the extent he used them . Although there is substance in the criticism that the Eisenhower NSC became to some extent the prisoner of a rigidly bureaucratic process , the criticism misses the point that Eisenhower and Dulles did not attempt to manage fast-breaking foreign policy crises or day-to-day operation through the NSC apparatus . An examination of several of the major foreign policy decisions that confronted the Eisenhower administration reveals that the NSC system was used to manage some , but was essentially bypassed in others . The established NSC process was used when the question involved a policy debate between departments with strongly held , contending positions , as it did in the case of the debate between the Departments of State and Defense in 1956/1957 over whether to introduce a more modern generation of weapons into Korea , where it focused debate and produced the necessary agreed-upon decision after discussion of three draft policy papers .   In fast-breaking crisis situations however , including the concurrent Suez crisis and Hungarian Revolution of 1956 , the first and Second Taiwan Strait Crisis of 1955 and 1958 , and the 1958 Lebanon crisis , these were typically managed through small meetings with the President in the White House , normally involving Dulles and other concerned advisers , and through telephone conversations between Eisenhower , Dulles , and other principal advisers . Eisenhower sometimes used trusted NSC staffers to serve as an intermediary to gain information outside the chain of command as he did with Colonel Goodpaster during the straits crisis in 1955 . There was great similarity between this process of crisis management and that adopted by subsequent Presidents , such as Kennedy , Johnson , and Nixon , except for the fact that the ad hoc meetings in the Eisenhower White House did not involve a National Security Adviser as a substantive participant . And in the event that aspects of crisis management depended on contact with the critical man-on-the-spot , as it did in 1958 when Deputy Under Secretary of State Robert Murphy was dispatched to Lebanon to attempt to defuse the crisis , his instructions came from the Department of State and he reported to the Secretary of State rather than directly to the White House , as became the practice during the height of the Vietnam War .   When Eisenhower briefed President-elect Kennedy on the NSC system , as when Gordon Gray briefed his successor McGeorge Bundy , they both emphasized the importance of the established NSC machinery in the management of foreign policy and national security affairs . They might have been more persuasive in maintaining the system had they pointed to the fact that the NSC apparatus was essentially limited to policy review , but was not used by them to manage foreign policy crises or day-to-day decisions .

neg: Venera The Venera ( , -LSB- vʲɪˈnʲɛrə -RSB- ) series space probes were developed by the Soviet Union between 1961 and 1984 to gather data from Venus , Venera being the Russian name for Venus . As with some of the Soviet Union 's other planetary probes , the later versions were launched in pairs with a second vehicle being launched soon after the first of the pair .   Ten probes from the Venera series successfully landed on Venus and transmitted data from the surface of Venus , including the two Vega program and Venera-Halley probes . In addition , thirteen Venera probes successfully transmitted data from the atmosphere of Venus .   Among the other results , probes of the series became the first human-made devices to enter the atmosphere of another planet ( Venera 4 on October 18 , 1967 ) , to make a soft landing on another planet ( Venera 7 on December 15 , 1970 ) , to return images from the planetary surface ( Venera 9 on June 8 , 1975 ) , and to perform high-resolution radar mapping studies of Venus ( Venera 15 on June 2 , 1983 ) . The later probes in the Venera series successfully carried out their mission , providing the first direct observations of the surface of Venus . Since the surface conditions on Venus are extreme , the probes only survived on the surface for durations varying between 23 minutes ( initial probes ) up to about two hours ( final probes ) .

neg: Lunar lander A Lunar lander or Moon lander is a kind of lander ( spacecraft ) designed to conduct a moon landing .   Examples of lunar landers or programs to design lunar landers include :  Lunar Lander ( space mission ) , an ESA mission to send an autonomous lander to the moon  Lunar Lander Challenge , a competition to produce VTVL vehicles with sufficient delta-v to fly from the Moon to orbit  Apollo Lunar Module , used for the 1969 -- 1972 human spaceflight program of the United States  LK Lander , designed for the human spaceflight program of the Soviet Union  Altair ( spacecraft ) , a proposed spacecraft previously known as the Lunar Surface Access Module  Luna programme , lander spacecraft used by the Soviet Union for robotic exploration of the Moon  Mighty Eagle lander ( previously called NASA Robotic Lunar Lander ) current NASA program for developing a new generation of small , autonomous lunar landers  Surveyor Program , lander spacecraft used by the United States for robotic exploration of the Moon  Project Morpheus , a NASA research and development program whose test bed may evolve into a 21st Century lunar lander  Taiwanese Lunar Lander Program , aiming to send a lander to Moon in 2018 as precursor to a lunar mining program .

neg: Apollo 9 Apollo 9 was the third manned mission in the United States Apollo space program and the first flight of the Command/Service Module ( CSM ) with the Lunar Module ( LM , pronounced `` lem '' ) . Its three-person crew , consisting of Commander James McDivitt , Command Module Pilot David Scott , and Lunar Module Pilot Rusty Schweickart , spent ten days in low Earth orbit testing several aspects critical to landing on the Moon , including the LM engines , backpack life support systems , navigation systems , and docking maneuvers . The mission was the second manned launch of a Saturn V rocket .   After launching on March 3 , 1969 , the crewmen performed the first manned flight of a LM , the first docking and extraction of a LM , two spacewalks ( EVA ) , and the second docking of two manned spacecraft -- two months after the Soviets performed a spacewalk crew transfer between Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 5 . The mission proved the LM worthy of manned spaceflight . Further tests on the Apollo 10 mission would prepare the LM for its ultimate goal , landing on the Moon . They returned to Earth on March 13 , 1969 .

neg: 1950s American automobile culture 1950s American automobile culture has had an enduring influence on the culture of the United States , as reflected in popular music , major trends from the 1950s and mainstream acceptance of the `` hot rod '' culture . The American manufacturing economy switched from producing war-related items to consumer goods at the end of World War II , and by the end of the 1950s , one in six working Americans were employed either directly or indirectly in the automotive industry . The United States became the world 's largest manufacturer of automobiles , and Henry Ford 's goal of 30 years earlier -- that any man with a good job should be able to afford an automobile -- was achieved . A new generation of service businesses focusing on customers with their automobiles sprang up during the decade , including drive-through or drive-in restaurants and more drive-in theaters ( cinemas ) .   The decade began with 25 million registered automobiles on the road , most of which predated World War II and were in poor condition ; no automobiles or parts were produced during the war owing to rationing and restrictions . By 1950 , most factories had made the transition to a consumer-based economy , and more than 8 million cars were produced that year alone . By 1958 , there were more than 67 million cars registered in the United States , more than twice the number at the start of the decade .   As part of the U.S. national defenses , to support military transport , the National Highway System was expanded with Interstate highways , beginning in 1955 , across many parts of the United States . The wider , multi-lane highways allowed traffic to move at faster speeds , with few or no stoplights on the way . The wide-open spaces along the highways became a basis for numerous billboards showing advertisements .   The dawning of the Space Age and Space Race were reflected in contemporary American automotive styling . Large tailfins , flowing designs reminiscent of rockets , and radio antennas that imitated Sputnik 1 were common , owing to the efforts of design pioneers such as Harley Earl .

neg: Space Launch Initiative The Space Launch Initiative ( SLI ) was a NASA and U.S. Department of Defense joint research and technology project to determine the requirements to meet all the nation 's hypersonics , space launch and space technology needs . The program began with the award of reusable launch vehicle study contracts in 2000 . In November 2002 it was evolved into the Orbital Space Plane Program and the Next Generation Launch Technology Program .   The primary goal of this research was to increase safety and reliability and to reduce overall costs associated with building , flying and maintaining the nation 's next generation of space launch vehicles . NASA anticipated that these advances would revitalize the nation 's space transportation capabilities , and dramatically improve NASA 's ability to conduct science and exploration missions in space . | This program was ended with the cancellation of the X-33 and X-34 and the conclusion of the X-43 programs . NASA changed its focus to Constellation Program .   The Space Launch Initiative Propulsion Office , managed by NASA 's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville , Ala. , sought to advance technologies and explore new avenues of space propulsion to develop safer , more reliable and affordable propulsion solutions . Four main engine candidates for a second generation reusable launch vehicle emerged , including two hydrogen-fueled ( COBRA , RS-83 , TR-106 ) and two kerosene-fueled ( RS-84 , TR-107 ) staged combustion engines .   California Poly Pomona 's Professor Steven Dobbs was the Lead Systems Engineer on the project , making significant use of the program as an example for failed systems engineering .

neg: Japan's space development Japan 's space exploration started in the mid-1950s as a research group led by Hideo Itokawa at the University of Tokyo . Rocket sizes increased gradually from less than 30 cm at the start of the project to over 15 m in the mid-1960s . The aim of the original research project was to launch a man-made satellite .   By the 1960s , two organizations , the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science ( ISAS ) and the National Space Development Agency of Japan ( NASDA ) , were developing their own rockets . After experiencing numerous failures in the 1990s and 2000s , ISAS and NASDA merged - along with the National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan ( NAL ) - to form the unified Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency ( JAXA ) in 2003 .


query: While she was in her career, Steffi Graf ranked No.1 in the world.

pos: Steffi Graf Stefanie Maria `` Steffi '' Graf ( -LSB- ˈʃtɛfiː ˈgʁa : f -RSB- ; born 14 June 1969 ) is a German former tennis player , who was ranked world No. 1 during her career . Graf won 22 Grand Slam singles titles . Her 22 singles titles put her second on the list of Major wins by a tennis player ( male or female ) since the introduction of the Open Era in 1968 and is third all-time behind Margaret Court ( 24 ) and Serena Williams ( 23 ) . In 1988 , she became the first and only tennis player ( male or female ) to achieve the Golden Slam by winning all four Grand Slam singles titles and the Olympic gold medal in the same calendar year . Furthermore , she is the only tennis player to have won each Grand Slam event at least four times .   Graf was ranked world No. 1 by the Women 's Tennis Association ( WTA ) for a record 377 total weeks -- the longest period for which any player , male or female , has held the number-one ranking since the WTA and the Association of Tennis Professionals began issuing rankings . She won 107 singles titles , which ranks her third on the WTA 's all-time list after Martina Navratilova ( 167 titles ) and Chris Evert ( 157 titles ) . She and Margaret Court are the only players , male or female , to win three grand slams in a calendar year five times ( 1988 , 1989 , 1993 , 1995 and 1996 ) .   Notable features of Graf 's game were her versatility across all playing surfaces , footwork and her powerful forehand drive . Graf won six French Open singles titles ( second to Evert ) , seven Wimbledon singles titles , four Australian Open titles , and five U.S. Open singles titles . She is the only singles player ( male or female ) to have achieved a Grand Slam since hard court was introduced as a surface at the US Open in 1978 . Consequently , Graf 's Grand Slam was achieved on grass , clay , and hard court while the previous five Grand Slams were decided on only grass and clay . Graf reached thirteen consecutive Grand Slam singles finals , from the 1987 French Open through to the 1990 French Open , winning nine of them . She won 5 consecutive Majors ( 1988 Australian Open to 1989 Australian Open ) , and seven Majors out of eight , in two calendar years ( 1988 Australian Open to 1989 US Open , except 1989 French Open ) . She reached a total of 31 Grand Slam singles finals .   Graf is regarded by some to be the greatest female tennis player of all time . Navratilova included Graf on her list of great players . In 1999 Billie Jean King said `` Steffi is definitely the greatest women 's tennis player of all time '' . In December 1999 , Graf was named the greatest female tennis player of the 20th century by a panel of experts assembled by the Associated Press . Tennis writer Steve Flink , in his book The Greatest Tennis Matches of the Twentieth Century , named her as the best female player of the 20th century . In March 2012 , Tennis Channel picked Graf as the greatest female tennis player ever in their list of 100 greatest tennis players of all time .   Graf retired in 1999 while she was ranked World No. 3 . She married former World No. 1 men 's tennis player Andre Agassi in October 2001 . The couple has two children -- Jaden Gil and Jaz Elle . Graf was inducted into the Tennis Hall of Fame in 2004 .

neg: Sparkassen Cup (tennis) The Sparkassen Cup is a defunct WTA Tour affiliated tennis tournament played from 1990 to 2003 . It was held in Leipzig in Germany and played on indoor carpet courts .   The inaugural event was held from 24 -- 30 September 1990 , shortly before the German reunification .   Steffi Graf won the first four titles and won the tournament again in 1998 to make her the most successful player at the event . Anke Huber , Jana Novotná and Kim Clijsters also won multiple singles titles at the event .

neg: Tsvetana Pironkova Tsvetana Pironkova ( Цветана Кирилова Пиронкова -LSB- tsvɛˈtana pirɔnˈkɔva -RSB- ) ( born 13 September 1987 ) is a Bulgarian tennis player and the current no. 1 Bulgarian in the WTA rankings . She is right-handed and plays with a two-handed backhand . Born in Plovdiv , Pironkova started playing tennis at the age of four on being introduced to the sport by her father , who later coached her . After playing at a junior level and winning Atlantic Cup , she made her senior international tournament debut in 2002 at the International Tennis Federation circuit . Early in her career , Pironkova won six international singles titles at the ITF circuit .   Pironkova made her WTA tour debut at the İstanbul Cup in 2005 , and achieved moderate success earlier in her career . That changed in 2010 , when she entered Wimbledon with a 1 -- 4 career record at the event , and went on reach the semifinals of the tournament , becoming the second Bulgarian tennis player in history to reach the semifinal stage of a Grand Slam in singles . She garnered wide recognition for her performance , and after her semifinal finish reached her highest WTA Singles ranking at no. 31 in September 2010 . Pironkova followed it up with a quarterfinal run at the event the following year , earning her the nickname `` The Wimbledon Darkhorse '' . She is also known defeating Venus Williams three times at Grand Slam tournaments , twice at Wimbledon .   Pironkova won her first WTA title at the 2014 Apia International , defeating three top-10 ranked players in a row . She defeated the world no. 2 Agnieszka Radwańska in the fourth round of the 2016 French Open , reaching her quarterfinal at a Grand Slam other than Wimbledon . In addition to this , Pironkova has a total of twelve wins over other top-10 ranked players to her name . She also holds the second longest active streak of the most consecutive Grand Slam appearances at 45 , only behind Jelena Jankovic . Pironkova has been recognized by The New York Times for her `` cerebral '' grass-court abilities and named one of the most beautiful women in sports by MSN .

neg: Hilde Krahwinkel Sperling Hildegard `` Hilde '' Krahwinkel Sperling ( -LSB- ˈhɪldəɡaʁt kʀaːvɪŋkl̩ -RSB- née Krahwinkel ; 26 March 1908 -- 7 March 1981 ) was a German tennis player who became a dual-citizen after marrying Dane Svend Sperling in December 1933 . She won three consecutive singles titles at the French Championships from 1935 to 1937 . Krahwinkel Sperling is generally regarded as the second-greatest female German tennis player in history , behind Steffi Graf . Sperling played a counterpunching game , predicated on speed , and wore down opponents . Helen Jacobs once wrote that Sperling was the third-best player she ever played , behind Helen Wills Moody and Suzanne Lenglen .

neg: Association of Tennis Professionals The Association of Tennis Professionals ( ATP ) was formed in September 1972 by Donald Dell , Bob Briner , Jack Kramer , and Cliff Drysdale to protect the interests of male professional tennis players . Drysdale became the first President . Since 1990 , the association has organized the worldwide tennis tour for men and linked the title of the tour with the organization 's name . In 1990 the organization was called the ATP Tour , which was renamed in 2001 as just ATP and the tour being called ATP Tour . In 2009 the name was changed again and is now known as the ATP World Tour . It is an evolution of the tour competitions previously known as Grand Prix tennis tournaments and World Championship Tennis ( WCT ) .   The ATP 's global headquarters are in London , United Kingdom . ATP Americas is based in Ponte Vedra Beach , United States ; ATP Europe is headquartered in Monaco ; and ATP International , which covers Africa , Asia and Australasia , is based in Sydney , Australia .   The counterpart organization in the women 's professional game is the Women 's Tennis Association ( WTA ) .

neg: 1989 Family Circle Cup – Singles Martina Navratilova was the defending champion but lost in the semifinals to Natasha Zvereva .   Steffi Graf won in the final 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 1 against Zvereva .

neg: Althea Gibson Althea Gibson ( August 25 , 1927 -- September 28 , 2003 ) was an American tennis player and professional golfer , and the first black athlete to cross the color line of international tennis . In 1956 , she became the first person of color to win a Grand Slam title ( the French Open ) . The following year she won both Wimbledon and the U.S. Nationals ( precursor of the U.S. Open ) , then won both again in 1958 , and was voted Female Athlete of the Year by the Associated Press in both years . In all , she won 11 Grand Slam tournaments , including six doubles titles , and was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame and the International Women 's Sports Hall of Fame . `` She is one of the greatest players who ever lived , '' said Robert Ryland , a tennis contemporary and former coach of Venus and Serena Williams . `` Martina could n't touch her . I think she 'd beat the Williams sisters . '' In the early 1960s she also became the first black player to compete on the women 's professional golf tour .   At a time when racism and prejudice were widespread in sports and in society , Gibson was often compared to Jackie Robinson . `` Her road to success was a challenging one , '' said Billie Jean King , `` but I never saw her back down . '' `` To anyone , she was an inspiration , because of what she was able to do at a time when it was enormously difficult to play tennis at all if you were black , '' said former New York City Mayor David Dinkins . `` I am honored to have followed in such great footsteps , '' wrote Venus Williams . `` Her accomplishments set the stage for my success , and through players like myself and Serena and many others to come , her legacy will live on . ''

neg: Records and achievements of Madonna American singer Madonna , throughout her career , spanning three decades , has obtained a remarkable series of statistical achievements , setting and breaking several world records with her participation in entrepreneurial activities , of acting and her performance in the musical scene for her videos , singles , albums , and tours .   Her first appearance in the Guinness Book of World Records was in 1986 with her third studio album , True Blue . Since then , she has earned multiple appearances , some 20 at least in February 2012 , including her insigne record title as the top-selling female recording artist of all time . Madonna 's commerciality has achieved scrutiny studies and analysis from different point of view in the academia world or by marketers , through her marketing strategies , controversies and reinvention , surpassing to others new or contemporary artists . In popular culture , many international artists have been called `` Madonna '' , many times , by their impact and success in their respective countries or genres . Also , her presence in popular culture , has been led to create world records about Madonna . Dubbed as the most successful and most influential female artist of all time , Madonna 's music is defined in several occasions , for changing contemporary music history for women 's , mainly rock , dance and pop scene .

neg: 2001 WTA Tour Championships The 2001 WTA Tour Championships , also known by its sponsored name Sanex Championships , was a women 's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Olympiahalle in Munich , Germany . It was the 31st edition of the year-end singles championships , the 26th edition of the year-end doubles championships , and was part of the 2001 WTA Tour . The tournament was held between 30 October and 4 November 2001 . Seventh-seeded Serena Williams won the singles event after Lindsay Davenport defaulted the final due to a knee injury she sustained in her semifinal match . Davenport 's semifinal win ensured her the No. 1 year-end ranking . Williams earned $ 500,000 first-prize money as well as 390 ranking points .   Venus Williams and Martina Hingis had qualified for the tournament but withdrew due to injuries while Monica Seles refused to play in Germany , the country where she was stabbed in 1993 .

neg: Rot-Weiss Tennis Club The Lawn Tennis Turnier Club Rot-Weiß ( red-white ) is a tennis club located in the Grunewald district of Berlin , Germany . The club was founded in 1897 , and has been the venue of the German Open WTA Tour tournament since 1979 . The club has 16 clay courts . A 7,000-seat stadium court was built in 1996 , and was named Steffi Graf Stadion in September 2004 . The club is located on Gottfried von Cramm Street , named after the German tennis legend and the man primarily responsible for reviving the Rot-Weiß club after world war II , Baron Gottfried von Cramm .

neg: Advanta Championships of Philadelphia The Advanta Championships of Philadelphia ( also long known as the Virginia Slims of Philadelphia ) was a WTA Tour professional tennis tournament for women played from 1971 through 2005 in Philadelphia , United States . The tournament was classified on the WTA Tour as a Tier I event from 1993 through 1995 . It was classified as a Tier II event in 1991 , 1992 , and from 1996 through 2005 . The tournament was played indoors , on carpet from 1991 through 2000 and on hard courts from 1971 through 1979 and from 2003 through 2005 .   Past singles champions include Conchita Martínez , Margaret Court , Chris Evert , Monica Seles , Steffi Graf , Martina Hingis , Lindsay Davenport , and Amélie Mauresmo .

neg: Sabine Lisicki Sabine Katharina Lisicki ( -LSB- zaˈbɪnə lɪˈzɪki -RSB- ; born 22 September 1989 ) is a German professional tennis player . She turned professional in 2006 and her breakthrough came in 2009 when she reached the quarterfinals of the Wimbledon Championships and won her first WTA title , the Family Circle Cup , against Caroline Wozniacki . In March 2010 , she suffered an ankle injury at the Indian Wells Masters that kept her out of competition for five months and saw her fall out of the top 200 .   Lisicki rebounded in 2011 and won the Aegon Classic before entering the Wimbledon Championships as a wildcard and going on to reach the semifinals , where she lost to Maria Sharapova . In doing so she became only the second woman in Wimbledon history to make it to the semifinals while entering the tournament as a wildcard . She followed that two months later by winning her third WTA tournament , the Texas Open . In 2012 , she achieved her highest career world ranking , 12th , and again reached the quarterfinals of Wimbledon . Again , in 2012 she suffered from another ankle injury that prevented her from having better results on tour . Lisicki reached the final of the 2013 Wimbledon Championships , losing to Marion Bartoli . The following year , she reached another quarterfinal at the 2014 Wimbledon Championships and won her first title in three years when she won the 2014 Hong Kong Tennis Open .   In doubles , Lisicki won the Porsche Tennis Grand Prix in 2011 with Samantha Stosur and in 2013 with Mona Barthel and the 2014 Sony Open with coach Martina Hingis . She also reached the doubles final at Wimbledon in 2011 with Stosur and came fourth in the mixed doubles event at the 2012 London Olympics with Christopher Kas .   Lisicki currently holds the world record for the fastest serve by a female tennis player . She clocked a 131.0 mph serve during her first-round encounter against Ana Ivanovic at the 2014 Bank of the West Classic . She also held the record for the most aces in a singles match , hitting 27 aces during her second-round encounter against Belinda Bencic at the 2015 Aegon Classic , until it was surpassed by Kristýna Plíšková at the 2016 Australian Open .

neg: 1987 Italian Open (tennis) The 1987 Italian Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Foro Italico in Rome in Italy that was part of the 1987 Nabisco Grand Prix and of 1987 Virginia Slims World Championship Series . The men 's tournament was held from 11 May through 17 May 1987 while the women 's tournament was held from 4 May through 10 May 1987 . Mats Wilander and Steffi Graf won the singles titles .

neg: Margaret Court career statistics This is a list of the main career statistics of Australian former tennis player Margaret Court . She won 64 Grand Slam events ( 24 singles , 19 doubles , 21 mixed doubles ) , which is a record for a male or female player . Her 24 Grand Slam singles titles and 21 in mixed doubles are also all-time records for both sexes . She achieved a career Grand Slam in singles , doubles , and mixed doubles . She is one of two women to have achieved the calendar year Grand Slam in singles in the Open Era ( alongside Steffi Graf ) , and is the only woman to have achieved the mixed doubles Grand Slam , which she did twice .   Court won more than half of the Grand Slam singles tournaments she played ( 24 of 47 ) . She won 192 singles titles before and after the Open Era , an all-time record . Her career singles win-loss record was 1,177-106 , for a winning percentage of 91.74 percent on all surfaces ( hard , clay , grass , carpet ) , is also an all-time record . She won at least 100 singles matches in 1965 ( 113-8 ) , 1968 ( 107-12 ) , 1969 ( 104-6 ) , 1970 ( 110-6 ) , and 1973 ( 108-6 ) . She won more than 80 percent of her singles matches against top 10 players ( 297-73 ) and was the year-end top ranked player seven times .

neg: Antonella Serra Zanetti Antonella Serra Zanetti ( born 25 July 1980 ; -LSB- antoˈnɛlla ˈsɛrra dzaˈnetti -RSB- ) is a retired professional female tennis player from Italy .   On 30 January 2006 Serra Zanetti achieved her career-high singles ranking : World No. 60 . On 8 May 2006 her career-high doubles ranking : World No. 47 . Serra Zanetti won 2 WTA doubles titles .

neg: 1995 Delray Beach Winter Championships – Singles Steffi Graf was the defending champion and won in the final 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 against Conchita Martínez .

neg: Elly Hakami Elly Hakami ( born August 25 , 1969 ) was an American professional tennis player from the mid-1980s until 1997 . Hakami is from Tiburon , California near San Francisco and makes her home there today . She was ranked world No. 32 in 1988 . In 1987 , when she was ranked No. 44 , she played in the third round of the US Open and was beaten by Gabriela Sabatini . They had a re-match in 1989 in the Miami Masters , in which Hakami also lost .   In 1987 Hakami played against the world 's highest ranking woman player , Martina Navratilova in Manhattan Beach , California . Although Hakami lost the match in straight sets , Navratilova said of Hakami , `` She 's a very good player . She seems to be very bright and she 's a lot better all-court player than I thought she would be . I thought she served well and she comes out tough . ''

neg: 1995 WTA Tour Championships The 1996 WTA Tour Championships , also known by its sponsored name Corel WTA Tour Championships , was a women 's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at Madison Square Garden in New York City , New York in the United States . It was the 24th edition of the season-ending singles championships and the 21st edition of the year-end doubles championships . The event was part of the 1995 WTA Tour and was held from November 13 and November 19 , 1995 . First-seeded Steffi Graf won the singles title , her fourth , and the accompanying $ 500,000 first-prize money .

neg: Angelina Gabueva Angelina Alexandrovna Gabueva ( Ангелина Александровна Габуева born 7 December 1988 in Vladikavkaz ) is a Russian tennis player .   Gabueva has won two singles and nine doubles titles on the ITF tour in her career . On 17 June 2013 , she reached her best singles ranking of world number 423 . On 12 August 2013 , she peaked at world number 241 in the doubles rankings .   Gabueva made her WTA tour debut at the 2006 Tashkent Open , partnering Diana Narzykulova in doubles , but lost her first round match against fellow Russians Anastasia Rodionova and Galina Voskoboeva .

neg: 1988 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Doubles The Women 's Doubles tournament at the 1988 Wimbledon Championships was held from 20 June to 4 July 1988 on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis in the district of Wimbledon in London , England . Steffi Graf and Gabriela Sabatini won the title , defeating Larisa Savchenko and Natasha Zvereva in the final .

neg: Camila Giorgi Camila Giorgi ( -LSB- kaˈmiːla ˈdʒordʒi -RSB- ; born 30 December 1991 ) is an Italian professional tennis player . She is right-handed and plays with a two-handed backhand . Born in Macerata , Italy to Argentinian father and Italian mother , Giorgi started playing tennis at the age of five at a local club . After playing at a junior level , she made her senior international tournament debut in 2006 at the International Tennis Federation circuit . After winning her first title at the ITF tour in 2009 , Giorgi made her WTA tour main draw debut at the 2011 Wimbledon Championships .   Giorgi went on reach the fourth round of 2012 Wimbledon Championships in just her second appearance at the tournament . Post her successful run at the championships , she made her Top-100 debut in WTA rankings . The following year Giorgi followed it up with a third round run at the Wimbledon Championships , and made her second Grand Slam fourth round at the 2013 US Open . Giorgi reached her WTA Tour event singles final at the 2013 BNP Paribas Katowice Open and won her first title at the 2015 Topshelf Open . She reached her best singles ranking of world number 30 in July 2015 .   Giorgi is known for her aggressive style of game and her powerful flat groundstrokes and is considered to be one of the hardest hitters of the ball on the tour . Her biggest professional wins have come at the 2013 US Open , 2014 BNP Paribas Open , and 2014 Aegon International , defeating former world no. 1 players Caroline Wozniacki , Maria Sharapova , and Victoria Azarenka , respectively . In addition to that , Giorgi has won more matches against Top-10 players than she has lost .


query: Supernatural has at least 12 episodes.

pos: Supernatural (U.S. TV series) Supernatural is an American fantasy horror television series created by Eric Kripke . It was first broadcast on September 13 , 2005 , on The WB , and subsequently became part of successor The CW 's lineup . Starring Jared Padalecki as Sam Winchester and Jensen Ackles as Dean Winchester , the series follows the two brothers as they hunt demons , ghosts , monsters , and other supernatural beings . The series is produced by Warner Bros. . Television , in association with Wonderland Sound and Vision . Along with Kripke , executive producers have been McG , Robert Singer , Phil Sgriccia , Sera Gamble , Jeremy Carver , John Shiban , Ben Edlund and Adam Glass . Former executive producer and director Kim Manners died of lung cancer during production of the fourth season .   The series is filmed in Vancouver , British Columbia and surrounding areas and was in development for nearly ten years , as creator Kripke spent several years unsuccessfully pitching it . The pilot was viewed by an estimated 5.69 million viewers , and the ratings of the first four episodes prompted The WB to pick up the series for a full season . Originally , Kripke planned the series for three seasons but later expanded it to five . The fifth season concluded the series ' main storyline , and Kripke departed the series as showrunner . The series has continued on for several more seasons with new showrunners , including Sera Gamble , Jeremy Carver , Robert Singer and Andrew Dabb . With its eleventh season , Supernatural became the longest-running American fantasy series . The series was renewed for a twelfth season , which aired from October 13 , 2016 , to May 18 , 2017 . On January 8 , 2017 , The CW renewed the show for a thirteenth season .

neg: Wynonna Earp (TV series) Wynonna Earp is a Canadian-American supernatural Western horror television series . Developed by Emily Andras , it is based on the comic book series by Beau Smith . Melanie Scrofano plays the series ' titular character .   Wynonna Earp premiered in the United States on Syfy on April 1 , 2016 , at 10 p.m. ET , and in Canada on CHCH-DT on April 4 , 2016 , at 9 p.m. ET .   On July 23 , 2016 , the renewal for a second season was announced at the Wynonna Earp panel at San Diego Comic-Con . Originally slated for ten episodes , the season was increased to 12 episodes in October 2016 .   In Canada , Wynonna Earp moved from CHCH-DT to Space effective April 15 , 2017 . In anticipation of the premiere of Season 2 , Space began airing Season 1 on the same date with a special double-episode series debut .   Season 2 will premiere simultaneously on Syfy and Space at 10 p.m. ET on June 9 , 2017 .

neg: Supernatural (Stereo MCs album) Supernatural is a 1990 album by Stereo MCs . The album is their second release . The US release is subtitled `` American Mix '' and has a different track list . In 1996 , Mixmag ranked the album at number 46 in its list of the `` Best Dance Albums of All Time '' .

neg: My Ghost Story My Ghost Story is an American television series on the paranormal , which premiered on July 17 , 2010 on the Biography Channel . The series features ghost stories told from a person 's own supposed experience with the supernatural . Each episode features claims of encounters at reportedly haunted locations all over the United States , as well as a few locations in other countries . A spin-off series My Ghost Story Asia premiered on the Biography Channel ( Asia ) on 16 August 2012 featuring stories from Singapore and Malaysia . The fifth season started on October 5 , 2012 on Fridays at 9/8 Central .  The sixth season which began on August 12 , 2013 aired on the Biography Channel , the original broadcast channel , but halfway through the season the broadcast channel was changed to the Lifetime Movie Network ( LMN ) .

neg: Buffy the Vampire Slayer (season 1) The first season of the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer premiered on March 10 , 1997 as a mid-season replacement on The WB and concluded its 12-episode season on June 2 , 1997 . The first season aired on Mondays at 9:00 pm ET .

neg: Cold Blooded (Grimm) `` Cold Blooded '' is the 7th episode of the supernatural drama television series Grimm of season 3 and the 51st overall , which premiered on December 13 , 2013 , on the cable network NBC . The episode was written by Thomas Ian Griffith , and was directed by Terrence O'Hara . The episode aired alongside the next episode , Twelve Days of Krampus .

neg: Quill (Grimm) `` Quill '' is the 4th episode of the supernatural drama television series Grimm of season 2 and the 26th overall , which premiered on September 3 , 2012 , on NBC . The episode was written by David Simkins , and was directed by David Straiton .

neg: Casualty (series 15) The fifteenth series of the British medical drama television series Casualty commenced airing in the United Kingdom on BBC One on 16 September 2000 and finished on 28 April 2001 .  It saw another increase , this time to 36 episodes , including two hour-long self-contained ` specials ' , Sympathy for the Devil ( episode 8 ) and Something from the Heart ( episode 23 ) , which were shown in addition to the regular Saturday night episodes .

neg: Reichenbach (Supernatural) `` Reichenbach '' is the second episode of the paranormal drama television series Supernaturals season 10 , and the 197th overall . The episode was written by Andrew Dabb and directed by Thomas J. Wright . It was first broadcast on October 14 , 2014 on The CW . In the episode , Sam escapes from his captor , who is holding a vendetta against Dean for something that happened 12 years ago while Crowley begins to lose control of Dean . Meanwhile , Hannah notices Castiel 's health and decides to ask Metatron for help .

neg: Headache (Grimm) `` Headache '' is the 21st episode of season 4 of the supernatural drama television series Grimm and the 87th episode overall , which premiered on May 8 , 2015 , on the cable network NBC . The episode was written by series creators David Greenwalt and Jim Kouf and was directed by Kouf , making his directional debut in the series .

neg: Saturday Night Live (season 12) The twelfth season of Saturday Night Live , an American sketch comedy series , originally aired in the United States on NBC between October 11 , 1986 , and May 23 , 1987 .

neg: Mad TV (season 12) The twelfth season of Mad TV , an American sketch comedy series , originally aired in the United States on the Fox Network between September 16 , 2006 , and May 19 , 2007 .

neg: The Bone Season The Bone Season is a supernatural dystopian novel by British writer Samantha Shannon and is her debut novel . The novel was published on 20 August 2013 by Bloomsbury Publishing and is the first of a seven book series . Film rights to Bone Season have been sold to Andy Serkis 's Imaginarium Studios . The Bone Season was also named the first book in NBC 's Today show 's monthly book club .   Of the novel , Shannon stated that she wondered what would happen if `` dystopia dealt with the supernatural '' and if there were a second Salem Witch Trials .

neg: Supernatural (season 2) The second season of Supernatural , an American fantasy horror television series created by Eric Kripke , premiered on September 28 , 2006 , and concluded on May 17 , 2007 , airing 22 episodes . The season focuses on protagonists Sam ( Jared Padalecki ) and Dean Winchester ( Jensen Ackles ) as they track down Azazel , the demon responsible for the deaths of their mother Mary and father John . They attempt to discover the demon 's plan for Sam and other psychic children -- young adults who were visited by Azazel as infants and given abilities , and whose mothers often then died in a fire . During their travels , they use their father 's journal to help them carry on the family business -- saving people and hunting supernatural creatures .   The season aired on Thursdays at 9:00 pm ET in the United States , and was the first season to air on The CW television network , a joint venture of The WB and UPN . The previous season was broadcast on The WB . It averaged only about 3.14 million American viewers , and was in danger of not being renewed . The cast and crew garnered many award nominations , but the episodes received mixed reviews from critics . While both the brotherly chemistry between the lead actors and the decision to finish the main storyline were praised , the formulaic structure of the episodes was criticized .   The season was internationally syndicated , airing in the United Kingdom on ITV , in Canada on Citytv and SPACE , and in Australia on Network Ten . It was released on DVD as a six-disc box set September 11 , 2007 , by Warner Home Video in Region 1 . Although the season was split into two separate releases in Region 2 , the complete set was released October 29 , 2007 , and in Region 4 October 3 , 2007 . The episodes are also available through digital retailers such as Apple 's iTunes Store , Microsoft 's Xbox Live Marketplace , and Amazon.com 's on-demand TV service .

neg: Friday Night Lights (season 3) The third season of the American serial drama television series Friday Night Lights began airing in the United States and Canada on October 1 , 2008 . It was the first season to be aired on DirecTV 's The 101 Network . The 13-episode season concluded on The 101 Network on January 14 , 2009 and then began its run on NBC two nights later , on January 16 , 2009 , and concluded its NBC run on April 10 , 2009 . The show was renewed for two more seasons in March 2009 , with both seasons airing in the same format as season 3 , containing 13 episodes each . The third season was released on DVD in region 1 on May 19 , 2009 .   The season continues to focus around the Dillon Panthers and the pressures faced on and off the field . This season also has four main characters leave the show by season 's end .

neg: Procedural drama A procedural drama is a genre of television programming which focuses on how crimes are solved or some other aspect of a law enforcement agency , legislative body , or court of law . Some dramas include a lab or conference room with high-tech or state-of-the-art equipment where the main characters meet to work out the problem . Shows usually have an episodic format that does not require the viewer to have seen previous episodes . Episodes typically have a self-contained , also referred to as stand-alone , plot that is introduced and resolved within the same episode .   The procedural format is popular around the world . In 2011 , the director of a TV consultancy said , `` The continuing trend is for procedurals because they use a predictable structure . '' Due to their stand-alone episodic nature , they are more accessible to new viewers than serials . Self-contained episodes also make it easier for viewers to return to a show if they have missed some episodes . In general , procedural dramas can usually be re-run with little concern for episode order .   Procedurals are often criticized for being formulaic . Procedurals are also generally less character-driven than serialized shows . However , some procedurals have more character emphasis than is typical of the format . Some may occasionally feature a storyline stretching over several episodes .   A popular variant is the police procedural .

neg: Degrassi (season 14) The fourteenth and final season of Degrassi , a Canadian serial teen drama television series , premiered on October 28 , 2014 . Although only four school years have passed in the story timeline since season six , season fourteen is set during the final weeks of the spring semester in the years it aired . Writers have been able to use a semi-floating timeline , so that the issues depicted are modern for their viewers . This season again depicts the lives of a group of high school freshmen , sophomores , juniors , seniors and graduates as they deal with some of the challenges and issues that teenagers face such as teenage pregnancy , dysfunctional families , sexism , arson , sexting , sexual identity , miscarriages , anxiety disorders , drug use , child abuse , abstinence , and gang violence .   The fourteenth season was announced on November 13 , 2013 . However , MTV Canada and TeenNick did not announce picking up the season until a month before the first episode was scheduled to air . Filming for the season commenced on April 11 , 2014 at Epitome Studios in Toronto . Filming continued into August , with a break before filming the final four episodes of the season in order to give Epitome the opportunity to start filming episodes for the first season of their new series . Filming for this season completed on October 6 , 2014 . On June 4 , 2015 , it was announced that Degrassi would no longer air on TeenNick or MTV Canada following the fourteenth season . However , on June 9 , 2015 , it was announced that Family Channel and Netflix had picked up the series and will air 20 new episodes in 2016 , renaming the show Degrassi : Next Class . This season featured the telenovela/soap opera format used in previous seasons , airing new episodes five days a week for the last two weeks of the season .

neg: Mystery and Imagination Mystery and Imagination is a British television anthology series of classic horror and supernatural dramas . Five series were broadcast from 1966 to 1970 by the ITV network and produced by ABC and ( later ) Thames Television .

neg: The Vampire Diaries The Vampire Diaries is an American supernatural drama television series developed by Kevin Williamson and Julie Plec , based on the popular book series of the same name written by L. J. Smith . The series premiered on The CW on September 10 , 2009 and concluded on March 10 , 2017 , airing 171 episodes over eight seasons .   The pilot episode attracted the largest audience for The CW of any series premiere since the network began in 2006 . The first season averaged 3.60 million viewers . It was the most-watched series on the network before being supplanted by Arrow . The show has received numerous award nominations , winning four People 's Choice Award and many Teen Choice Awards .   On April 26 , 2013 , The CW officially announced that the spin-off The Originals , which focuses on the Original family of vampires , had been ordered to series , and the show began airing during the 2013 -- 14 American television season .   On April 6 , 2015 , lead actress Nina Dobrev confirmed via Instagram that she and co-star Michael Trevino ( who plays Tyler Lockwood ) would be leaving the show after its sixth season . Dobrev returned to record a voiceover for the seventh-season finale . Trevino appeared as a guest star in season seven and returned for season 8 . On March 11 , 2016 , The CW renewed the series for an eighth season , but on July 23 , 2016 , announced that the eighth season , which would have 16 episodes , would be the show 's last . The final season began airing on October 21 , 2016 .

neg: Mythology of Teen Wolf The mythology of the MTV supernatural action drama series Teen Wolf follows a teenager named Scott McCall ( Tyler Posey ) , who is bitten by an Alpha werewolf and must cope with how it affects his life and the lives of those closest to him and Dylan O'Brien as `` Stiles '' Stilinski , Scott 's best friend . Most mythological elements in Teen Wolf relate to supernatural creatures and draws heavily from Greek mythology , Norse mythology , Japanese mythology , Aztec mythology , Native American beliefs and Celtic herbalism . The show has created its own unique mythos centered around shapeshifters and their connections to one-another throughout the world .

neg: Dexter (season 1) The first season of Dexter is an adaptation of Jeff Lindsay 's first novel in the Dexter series , Darkly Dreaming Dexter . Subsequent seasons have featured original storylines . This season aired from October 1 , 2006 to December 17 , 2006 , and follows Dexter 's investigation of `` The Ice Truck Killer '' . Introduced in the first episode , `` Dexter '' , this serial killer targets prostitutes and leaves their bodies severed and bloodless . At the same time , Dexter 's foster sister , Debra Morgan ( Jennifer Carpenter ) , a vice squad officer , aspires to work in the homicide department , and Dexter 's girlfriend , Rita Bennett ( Julie Benz ) , wants their relationship to be more intimate . Christian Camargo appears as Rudy Cooper and is a recurring character until the end of the season .   The show 's first season received generally favorable reviews from critics ; it was praised as `` bold , different and exciting , with a central character and performance that take your breath away '' by the New York Daily News . The Wall Street Journal saw `` the grotesqueries of Dexter '' as `` not something that can easily be dismissed with the old '' ` you do n't have to watch ' line '' , and concluded that `` We do have to live among the viewers who will be desensitized , or aroused , by this show '' . The aggregate site Metacritic scored the show 's first season at 77 out of 100 based on 27 critics reviews .   The season received high ratings for Showtime ; the pilot episode attracted more than a million viewers , giving the channel its highest ratings in nearly two years , while the finale `` Born Free '' drew an audience of 1.1 million viewers in the U.S. On average , the season was watched by two million viewers per episode during its original run when factoring in DVR viewers . Due to the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild strike and encouraged by the show 's critical success and high ratings on Showtime , CBS , a national terrestrial broadcast network , announced in December 2007 that it was considering airing an edited version of the first season of Dexter for free-to-air broadcast . It began to broadcast it on February 17 , 2008 , and thus , Dexter became the first program in 20 years to air on a broadcast network after being shown on a premium cable channel . During the show 's rerun on the CBS network in 2008 , the ratings were much higher , reaching 8.2 million viewers during its premiere February , giving the network its best rating in the 10 p.m. timeslot since December the previous year . During its 12-week run , it dropped to 7.1 million in early April , and to 6.6 million during the season 's finale on May 6 .


query: Rebecca Ferguson portrayed Elizabeth Woodville.

pos: Rebecca Ferguson Rebecca Louisa Ferguson Sundström ( born 19 October 1983 ) , known professionally as Rebecca Ferguson , is a Swedish actress . She is best known for her lead role as Elizabeth Woodville in The White Queen ( 2013 ) , which earned her a Golden Globe nomination , and her starring roles as Ilsa Faust in Mission : Impossible -- Rogue Nation ( 2015 ) and as Dr. Miranda North in Life ( 2017 ) . Ferguson is set to return in Mission : Impossible 6 ( 2018 ) .

neg: Margaret Judson Margaret Judson ( born 1987 ) is an American actress . A native of Arlington Heights , Illinois , she appeared on The Newsroom , an HBO drama .

neg: Promised Land (The Vampire Diaries) `` Promised Land '' is the 21st episode of the fifth season of the American series The Vampire Diaries and the series ' 110th episode overall . `` Promised Land '' was originally aired on May 8 , 2014 , on The CW . The episode was written by Rebecca Sonnenshine and directed by Michael Allowitz .

neg: Samantha Morton Samantha Jane Morton ( born 13 May 1977 ) is an English actress , screenwriter and director . She has received critical acclaim and numerous accolades throughout her career , including one BAFTA Award , one BIFA Award , one Golden Globe Award and has been nominated twice for an Academy Award and once for an Emmy Award . She has been described as one of the greatest actresses of her generation .   Brought up in Nottingham , Morton joined the Central Junior Television Workshop , and soon began her career in British television in 1991 . She guest-starred in Soldier Soldier and Cracker and appeared from 1995 to 1996 in the ITV series Band of Gold . She made the transition to film with lead roles in the dramas Emma ( 1996 ) , Jane Eyre ( 1997 ) and the well-received Under the Skin ( 1997 ) . The latter made director Woody Allen cast Morton in Sweet and Lowdown ( 1999 ) , which earned her nominations for the Academy Award and the Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress .   In the 2000s , Morton continued to draw critical praise for her performances in numerous arthouse and independent films . Her role in Morvern Callar ( 2002 ) garnered her the BIFA Award for Best Actress , and she received her second Academy Award nomination , this time in the Best Actress category , for In America ( 2003 ) . She also found mainstream success with the science fiction thriller Minority Report ( 2002 ) . For her role in 2006 's television biopic Longford , she received BAFTA and Emmy Award nominations and won the Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress -- Television Film . Morton starred in the dramas Control ( 2007 ) , Synecdoche , New York ( 2008 ) and The Messenger ( 2009 ) , and she made her directorial debut with the British television film The Unloved ( 2009 ) , winning the BAFTA Television Award for Best Single Drama .   Her most recent acting credits include the science fiction action film John Carter ( 2012 ) , the thriller Cosmopolis ( 2012 ) , the drama Decoding Annie Parker ( 2013 ) , the period film Miss Julie ( 2014 ) , the European limited series The Last Panthers ( 2015 ) and the film adaptation Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 ) .

neg: Rebecca Ferguson (disambiguation) Rebecca Ferguson ( born 1983 ) is a Swedish actress .   Rebecca Ferguson may also refer to :   Rebecca Ferguson ( singer ) ( born 1986 ) , English singer-songwriter  Rebecca Ferguson , camogie player in 2011 All-Ireland Colleges Camogie Championship

neg: Elizabeth Hartman Mary Elizabeth Hartman ( December 23 , 1943 -- June 10 , 1987 ) was an American actress , best known for her performance in the 1965 film A Patch of Blue , playing a blind girl named Selina D'Arcy , opposite Sidney Poitier , a role for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress and the Golden Globe Award . The next year , she appeared in Francis Ford Coppola 's You 're a Big Boy Now as Barbara Darling , for which she was nominated for another Golden Globe Award . On stage , she was best known for her interpretations of Laura Wingfield in The Glass Menagerie and Emily Webb in Our Town .

neg: Katherine Woodville Katherine Woodville may refer to :  Katherine Woodville ( actress ) ( 1938 -- 2013 ) , British film and television actress  Catherine Woodville , Duchess of Buckingham ( 1458 -- 1497 ) , English medieval noblewoman , sister of Elizabeth Woodville , the queen of Edward IV of England  Katherine Neville , Duchess of Norfolk ( 1397 -- 1483 ) , later Woodville , English courtier of royal descent

neg: Sarah Manners Sarah Manners ( born 25 August 1975 ) is an English actress , best known for her role as Joanna Helm in the BBC soap opera Doctors .

neg: Williamsburg (film) Williamsburg is a 2006 American independent film written , directed , and edited by Brad Saville , as a black and white feature length narrative comedy/drama that provides a satirical look at the lives of seven failing artists in Williamsburg , Brooklyn .

neg: Queen's Theatre, Hornchurch The Queen 's Theatre is a 500-seat producing theatre located in Hornchurch in the London Borough of Havering , east London .   The theatre opened in its current purpose-built site on Billet Lane , Hornchurch in 1975 .   From 1953 to 1975 the theatre had occupied a converted , and for some time derelict , cinema on Station Lane ( the site of the present Ripon House development ) that had been used for storage during the Second World War . The theatre originally opened in the coronation year of Queen Elizabeth II and its name reflects this . The opening production was See How They Run .   The building deteriorated and the London Borough of Havering built the new theatre . It was opened by Sir Peter Hall in April 1975 , with a production of Joseph and the Amazing Technicolour Dreamcoat .   Home to the original productions of the award-winning Return to the Forbidden Planet and Blood Brothers , performers such as Maggie Smith , Martin Shaw , Joan Plowright , Prunella Scales , Nigel Hawthorn , Carol Sloman , Lucy Benjamin , Gemma Salter , Bernard Cribbins , Conn O'Neill and theatre-makers and artists David Eldridge , Chris Bond , Bob Carlton , Bob Eaton , Glen Walford , Nichola McAuliffe , Tim Firth , Dan Murphy and Richard O'Brien the Queen 's Theatre , over its 60 plus year history , has built a track record in creating the best in live entertainment .   The theatre 's current artistic director is Douglas Rintoul who was appointed in 2015 . The theatre 's previous artistic directors include Bob Carlton , Marina Calderone and Bob Tomson .   The Queen 's Theatre produces over eights shows a year and has a vibrant learning and participatory programme engaging over 11,000 participants annually , enabling people to express themselves and their stories through the arts .   The Queen 's Theatre works with educational institutions , amateur theatre groups , professional arts groups and wellbeing organizations , but is also widely connected to the larger theatre landscape in the UK and abroad .   Current partnerships include co-productions with the New Wolsey Theatre Ipswich , Salisbury Playhouse , Watford Palace Theatre , Rifco , Sell a Door and The Grand Théâtre de Luxembourg .   Behind the scenes there is a carpentry workshop , scenic artists and a wardrobe department creating sets and costumes on-site .   The theatre was honoured with a visit from HM The Queen in 2003 , the theatre 's fiftieth anniversary , and in 2013 the theatre celebrated its Diamond Jubilee .   The Queen 's Theatre is a registered charity and receives regular funding from the London Borough of Havering and is an Arts Council of England National Portfolio Organisation .

neg: Louise Shaffer Louise Shaffer ( born July 5 , 1942 ) is an American actress , script writer , and author .

neg: Elizabeth "Harriot" Wilson Elizabeth Wilson ( 1762January 3 , 1786 ) was an American whose execution by hanging for the purported murder of her children in southeastern Pennsylvania during the immediate post-Revolutionary War period made her a folklore figure in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century . Although her responsibility for the children 's deaths had not been definitively established , the hanging was carried out and a pardon , granted by the state and entrusted to her brother , William , was not delivered in time to stop the execution . There was tremendous popular interest in her story , which quickly evolved into a tale of moral failing and divine redemption . Following his sister 's death , William became a recluse , popularly known as The Pennsylvania Hermit .   In some sources , William and Elizabeth are referred to as Amos Wilson and Harriot Wilson . However , the historical record leaves no doubt that the Hermit and his sister were named William and Elizabeth . The origin of these `` alternate '' names has never been fully explained .   Many key elements of the Wilsons ' saga are documented in the records of the Chester County Courts and the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania . However , the story quickly became a part of local folklore and was embellished by generations of storytellers . It is possible to note which elements of the tale are a part of the historical record and which might be considered suspect . However , `` the Wilson Story '' might best be considered historical fiction , as the popular tale incorporates elements of both , and even scholarly discussions of the events are at odds regarding certain details . The following is a synthesis of numerous , often conflicting sources and is best regarded as historical fiction .

neg: The Wet Season The Wet Season is a 2002 Canadian short film directed and written by Martha Ferguson , and produced by Laura Clunie . The Wet Season stars Ellen Page and Maury Chaykin , and follows Jocelyn , a young girl working at her uncle 's crying booths in the countryside , in a world where crying is forbidden in the cities . The film debuted on September 8 , 2002 , at the Montreal World Film Festival .

neg: Jean Smart Jean Elizabeth Smart ( born September 13 , 1951 ) is an American film , television , and stage actress . After beginning her career in regional theater in the Pacific Northwest , she appeared on Broadway as Marlene Dietrich in Piaf in 1981 . Smart was later cast in a lead role as Charlene Frazier Stillfield on the CBS sitcom Designing Women , which she played from 1986 to 1991 .   She was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for the 2000 Broadway revival of The Man Who Came to Dinner , and would go on to win two Emmy Awards for her role as Lana Gardener on the NBC sitcom Frasier ( 2000 -- 01 ) , and a third Emmy in 2008 for her role as Regina Newley on the ABC sitcom Samantha Who ? ( 2007 -- 09 ) .   Her film credits include The Brady Bunch Movie ( 1995 ) , Guinevere ( 1999 ) , Sweet Home Alabama ( 2002 ) , I Heart Huckabees ( 2004 ) , and The Accountant ( 2016 ) . Between 2006 and 2007 , she portrayed Martha Logan on the series 24 , and later starred as Floyd Gerhardt on Noah Hawley 's critically acclaimed FX series Fargo ( 2015 ) , which earned her a Critics ' Choice Television Award as well as an Emmy Award nomination . Since 2017 , she stars in the FX series Legion , also by Hawley .

neg: Stephanie March Stephanie Caroline March ( born ) is an American actress . She is best known for her role as Alexandra Cabot in the long-running NBC series , Law & Order : Special Victims Unit .

neg: Winter (TV series) Winter is an Australian mystery-drama-thriller television series which premiered on the Seven Network on 4 February 2015 , and concluded on 11 March 2015 . The series is a spin off of the 2014 telemovie , The Killing Field . It stars Rebecca Gibney and Peter O'Brien reprising their roles from the telemovie .

neg: Libby Tanner Elizabeth Tanner ( born 25 February 1970 ) is an Australian television actress best known for her role as Bronwyn Craig in the television series All Saints .

neg: Lou Beale Louise Ada `` Lou '' Beale ( also Medeemey in some spin-off media ) is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders , played by Anna Wing . She made her first on-screen appearance on 19 February 1985 and departed on 26 July 1988 , when the character was killed off . The character is played by Karen Meagher in the 1988 EastEnders special , CivvyStreet , set during the Second World War . She appeared in 232 episodes .   Lou Beale was the first EastEnders character to be created by series co-creator Tony Holland , taking the inspiration for some of the series ' earliest characters from his own London family and background .   Lou is the archetypal East End matriarch throughout EastEnders ' first three years . An intimidating force within the local community , she is the dowager of Albert Square 's central family , the Beales and Fowlers . Never afraid to speak her mind , and woe betide anyone who manages to get on her wrong side , Lou has the respect of her friends and family , even if they do find her a bit of a nuisance at times .

neg: Despite the Falling Snow (film) Despite the Falling Snow is a 2016 British Cold War espionage film directed by Shamim Sarif , adapted from her novel of the same name . Starring Rebecca Ferguson , Charles Dance , Oliver Jackson-Cohen , Antje Traue , Sam Reid , Anthony Head and Thure Lindhardt the film was released in the United Kingdom on April 15 , 2016 .

neg: Rebecca DiPietro Rebecca DiPietro ( born April 14 , 1979 ) is an American model , former professional wrestling valet and retired professional wrestler who is best known for her time as the backstage interviewer on WWE 's ECW brand .

neg: Rebecca de Pont Davies Rebecca de Pont Davies is a British mezzo-soprano who has performed with English National Opera and Welsh National Opera , and at the Teatro Real in Madrid and the Royal Opera House in Covent Garden , among others .   Davies was born and educated in Blackheath , and is the sister of the screenwriter William Davies and the television producer Michael Davies . She has been diagnosed with Graves ' disease . Davies went straight from school to the Guildhall School of Music and Drama where she completed the four year Associate of the Guildhall School of Music ( AGSM ) course and the two year Opera Course for which she was awarded a full scholarship before becoming a Company Artist for English National Opera . Here her roles included Ottavia in The Coronation of Poppea , Ulrica in A Masked Ball , Mistress Quickly in Falstaff , Annina in Der Rosenkavalier , Theatre Dresser/Schoolboy/Groom / Girl 's Mother in Lulu , Mrs Sedley and Auntie in Peter Grimes , Bronka in The Passenger , Marya in War and Peace and Ruth in the Mike Leigh production of The Pirates of Penzance .   Davies 's roles in other productions include Marchioness in La fille du régiment for Teatro Real in Madrid , Auntie in Peter Grimes for Deutsche Oper Berlin , Prakriti 's mother in the premiere of Wagner Dream for Dutch National Opera and later for Welsh National Opera ; Second Maid in Elektra for Dutch National Opera ; Witch in Hänsel und Gretel ; Herodias in Salome in Bielefeld ; Mrs Sedley in Peter Grimes for Deutsche Oper am Rhein and the Liceu in Barcelona ; Geneviève in Pelléas et Mélisande in Essen ; Jack 's Mother in Into the Woods ; Beroe in The Bassarids , Old Lady in Sunday in the Park with George , and Beggar Woman in Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street for Théâtre du Châtelet ; Mrs Sedley in Peter Grimes , Maddalena in Rigoletto and Klytämnestra in Elektra for Opera North ; French Mother in Death in Venice for the Glyndebourne Festival Opera ( filmed by the BBC ) ; Katisha in The Mikado in a co-production between Scottish Opera and the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company at the Theatre Royal , Glasgow ; Kabanicha in Káťa Kabanová for Teatro Regio in Turin and Auntie in Peter Grimes for Teatro Nacional de São Carlos in Lisbon .   Davies made her Royal Opera House début as Old Sister 2 in Babette 's Feast in the Linbury Studio Theatre , and for them has also sung Schwertleite in Die Walküre , Second Esquire in Parsifal , Aunt Kaye in the world premiere of Anna Nicole and Hostess of the Inn in Boris Godunov .   Davies 's performances in concert include Judith Weir 's The Consolations of Scholarship with the Lontano Ensemble , Manuel de Falla 's El amor brujo and Siete canciones populares españolas with the Symphony Nova Scotia and performances with the BBC Proms , London Sinfonietta , the BBC Symphony Orchestra and the Philharmonia Orchestra . Her recordings include Falstaff with English National Opera and String , Paper , Wood by Ronald Corp. .   Davies is married to the singer and writer Jessica Walker .