query: Dwight D. Eisenhower was a prime minister.

pos: Dwight D. Eisenhower Dwight David `` Ike '' Eisenhower ( -LSB- ˈaɪzənˌhaʊ.ər -RSB- ; October 14 , 1890 -- March 28 , 1969 ) was an American politician and Army general who served as the 34th President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 . He was a five-star general in the United States Army during World War II and served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Forces in Europe . He was responsible for planning and supervising the invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in 1942 -- 43 and the successful invasion of France and Germany in 1944 -- 45 from the Western Front .   Eisenhower was born in Denison , Texas , and raised in Kansas in a large family of mostly Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry by parents with a strong religious background . His mother was born a Lutheran , married as a River Brethren and later converted to Jehovah 's Witnesses . Eisenhower did not belong to any denomination until he was President . He graduated from West Point in 1915 and later married Mamie Doud , with whom he had two sons . During World War I , he was denied a request to serve in Europe , instead commanding a unit training tank crews . Following the war , he served under several notable generals , and was promoted to the rank of brigadier general in 1941 . After the U.S. entered World War II , Eisenhower oversaw the successful invasions of North Africa and Sicily before supervising the invasions of France and Germany . After the war , Eisenhower served as Army Chief of Staff and then in an uncomfortable role as president of Columbia University . In 1951 -- 52 , he served as the first Supreme Commander of NATO .   Eisenhower entered the 1952 presidential race as a Republican , in order to block the foreign policies of Senator Robert A. Taft . He won two landslide elections , becoming the first Republican winner to do so since 1928 . Eisenhower 's main goals in office were to contain the expansion of the Soviet Union and reduce federal deficits . In 1953 , he threatened the use of nuclear weapons until China agreed to terms regarding POWs in the Korean War . An armistice ended the stalemated conflict . His New Look policy of nuclear deterrence prioritized inexpensive nuclear weapons while reducing funding for expensive Army divisions . He continued Truman 's policy of recognizing the Republic of China as the legitimate government of China , and he won congressional approval of the Formosa Resolution . His administration provided major aid to help the French fight off Vietnamese Communists in the First Indochina War . After the French left he gave strong financial support to the new state of South Vietnam . He supported local military coups against hostile governments in Iran and Guatemala . During the Suez Crisis of 1956 , Eisenhower condemned the Israeli , British and French invasion of Egypt , and forced them to withdraw . He also condemned the Soviet invasion during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 but took no action . After the Soviet Union launched Sputnik in 1957 , Eisenhower authorized the establishment of NASA , which led to the space race . During the Syrian Crisis of 1957 he approved a CIA-MI6 plan to stage fake border incidents as an excuse for an invasion by Syria 's pro-western neighbours . He deployed 15,000 soldiers during the 1958 Lebanon crisis . Near the end of his term , his efforts to set up a summit meeting with the Soviets collapsed when an American spy plane was shot down over Russia .   On the domestic front , Eisenhower was a moderate conservative who continued New Deal agencies and expanded Social Security . He covertly opposed Joseph McCarthy and contributed to the end of McCarthyism by openly invoking executive privilege . Eisenhower was reluctant to support civil rights but signed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 and sent Army troops to enforce federal court orders that integrated schools in Little Rock , Arkansas . His largest program was the Interstate Highway System . He promoted the establishment of strong science education via the National Defense Education Act . Eisenhower 's two terms saw widespread economic prosperity except for a minor recession in 1958 . In his farewell address to the nation , Eisenhower expressed his concerns about the dangers of massive military spending , particularly deficit spending and government contracts to private military manufacturers . Voted Gallup 's most admired man twelve times , he achieved widespread popular esteem both in and out of office . Since the late 20th century , consensus among Western scholars has consistently held Eisenhower as one of the greatest U.S. Presidents .

neg: Prime Minister of India The Prime Minister of India ( Hindi : भारत के प्रधानमन्त्री , Bhārat kē Pradhānamantrī ) is the head of government and leader of the executive branch of the Government of India . The Prime Minister is also the chief adviser to the President of India and head of the Council of Ministers . They can be a member of any of the two houses of Parliament ( the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha ) , but has to be the leader of the political party , having a majority in the Lok Sabha .   The Prime Minister is the senior member of cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system . The Prime Minister selects and can dismiss other members of the cabinet ; allocates posts to members within the Government ; is the presiding member and chairman of the cabinet .   The federal or union cabinet headed by the Prime Minister is appointed by the President of India to assist the latter in the administration of the affairs of the executive . Union cabinet is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha as per Article 75 ( 3 ) . The Prime Minister shall always enjoy the confidence of Lok Sabha and shall resign if they are unable to prove majority when instructed by the President .

neg: Draft Eisenhower movement The Draft Eisenhower movement was the first successful political draft of the 20th century to take a private citizen to the Oval Office . It was a widespread American grassroots political movement that eventually persuaded Dwight D. Eisenhower to run for President . The movement culminated in the 1952 presidential election in which Eisenhower won the Republican nomination and defeated Democrat Adlai Stevenson to become the 34th President of the United States .

neg: Edgar N. Eisenhower Edgar N. Eisenhower ( 19 January 1889 -- 12 July 1971 ) was a lawyer , and an older brother of President Dwight D. Eisenhower . He was born in Hope , Kansas and graduated from the University of Michigan in 1914 . He began practicing law in 1915 in Tacoma , Washington and was known as a `` shoot from the hip ultraconservative . ''   According to his nephew John Eisenhower , Edgar Eisenhower `` considered President ( Franklin ) Roosevelt a work of the devil , '' and `` tried to talk John out of a career in the military , '' saying that he `` should forgo any ideas of becoming a ` professional killer ' and go to law school at his expense , later to join his law office . ' ''

neg: Eisenhower High School (Yakima, Washington) Dwight David Eisenhower High School ( -LSB- ˌaɪzᵻnˈhaʊ.ər -RSB- ) is located in Yakima , Washington , United States . It is named after U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower . It is one of four high schools in the Yakima School District , the others being Davis High School , Stanton Academy and O.I.C. Alternative . Students of Eisenhower and other schools refer to the school as Ike .

neg: Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt The presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt began on March 4 , 1933 , when he was inaugurated as the 32nd President of the United States , and ended upon his death on April 12 , 1945 , a span of ( 4422 days ) . Roosevelt assumed the presidency in the midst of the Great Depression . Starting with his landslide victory over Republican President Herbert Hoover in the 1932 election . He won a record four presidential terms , and became a central figure in world affairs during World War II . His program for relief , recovery and reform , known as the New Deal , involved a great expansion of the role of the federal government in the economy . Under his steady leadership , the Democratic Party built a `` New Deal Coalition '' of labor unions , big city machines , white ethnics , African Americans , and rural white Southerners , that would significantly realign American politics for the next several decades in the Fifth Party System and also define modern American liberalism .   During his first hundred days in office , Roosevelt spearheaded unprecedented major legislation and issued a profusion of executive orders that instituted the New Deal -- a variety of programs designed to produce relief ( government jobs for the unemployed ) , recovery ( economic growth ) , and reform ( through regulation of Wall Street , banks and transportation ) . He created numerous programs to support the unemployed and farmers , and to encourage labor union growth while more closely regulating business and high finance . The repeal of Prohibition in 1933 added to his popularity , helping him win re-election by a landslide in 1936 . The economy improved rapidly from 1933 to 1937 , but then relapsed into a deep recession in 1937 -- 38 . The bipartisan Conservative Coalition that formed in 1937 prevented his attempted packing of the Supreme Court , and blocked most of his legislative proposals , aside from the Fair Labor Standards Act . When the war began and unemployment largely became a non-issue , conservatives in Congress repealed the two major relief programs , the WPA and CCC , but kept most of the regulations on business . Along with several smaller programs , major surviving programs from the New Deal include the Securities and Exchange Commission , the Wagner Act , the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation , and Social Security .   A potential worldwide war loomed after 1937 , with the Japanese invasion of China and the aggression of Nazi Germany , which invaded Poland in September 1939 . Roosevelt remained officially neutral but gave strong diplomatic and financial support to China , the United Kingdom , Free France , and the Soviet Union via initiatives such as the Lend-Lease programs . Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7 , 1941 , Roosevelt sought and obtained a declaration of war upon Japan . A few days later , he sought and obtained a declaration of war upon the other major Axis powers , Germany and Italy . Assisted by his top aide Harry Hopkins , and with very strong national support , he worked closely with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill , Soviet leader Joseph Stalin , and Chinese Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek in leading the Allies during World War II . He supervised the mobilization of the U.S. economy to support the war effort , and the war saw the end of the massive unemployment that characterized the Great Depression . Roosevelt sought to desegregate the federal workforce with the Fair Employment Practice Committee , but he also controversially ordered the internment of 100,000 Japanese American civilians . As an active military leader , Roosevelt implemented a war strategy on two fronts that ended in the defeat of the Axis Powers and the development of the world 's first nuclear bomb . Though he died months before the end of the war , his work on the post-war order shaped the new United Nations and the Bretton Woods international financial system . Roosevelt 's health seriously declined during the war years , and he died three months into his fourth term . He was succeeded by Vice President Harry S. Truman . It was on Roosevelt 's watch that the Democratic Party was returned to dominance , prosperity returned , and two great military enemies were destroyed .   Scholars , historians and the public typically rank Roosevelt alongside Abraham Lincoln and George Washington as one of the three greatest U.S. Presidents .

neg: Special Relationship The Special Relationship is the unofficial term for the exceptionally close political , diplomatic , cultural , economic , military and historical relations between the United Kingdom and the United States . It was used in a 1946 speech by Winston Churchill . Although both the United Kingdom and United States have close relationships with many other nations , the level of cooperation between them in economic activity , trade and commerce , military planning , execution of military operations , nuclear weapons technology , and intelligence sharing has been described as `` unparalleled '' among major powers .   The United Kingdom and United States have been close allies in numerous military and political conflicts throughout the 20th and 21st centuries including World War I , World War II , the Korean War , the Cold War , the Gulf War , and the War on Terror .

neg: Harold Caccia, Baron Caccia Harold Anthony Caccia , Baron Caccia ( 21 December 1905 Pachmarhi , India -- 31 October 1990 Builth Wells , Wales ) was a British diplomat .   He was educated at Eton College and Trinity College , Oxford and won a Blue at rugby union , playing at centre for Oxford in The Varsity Match in 1926 . He played cricket for Oxfordshire in the Minor Counties Championship between 1928 and 1938 . In 1932 he married Anne Catherine Barstow , daughter of George Lewis Barstow and Enid Lillian Lawrence .   Caccia entered the diplomatic service in 1929 and was posted to Peking ( Beijing ) and then to Athens and London where , in 1936 , he became assistant private secretary to Anthony Eden . He was back in Athens early in World War II , but was then attached to the staff of Harold Macmillan , Britain 's representative at Allied headquarters in North Africa . The Greek civil war once again saw him in that country , and by 1945 his services earned him recognition on the Birthday Honours List .   Caccia was Ambassador to Austria from 1951 to 1954 , and from 1956 to 1961 Ambassador to the United States . He was sent to Washington to repair relations badly damaged by the Suez crisis of 1956 . The breakdown in mutual confidence arose when Britain and France joined an Israeli invasion of Egypt and sent military forces to capture the Suez Canal , which had been nationalized by President Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt . In the years that followed , he was instrumental in restoring and nurturing the `` special relationship '' between London and Washington .   In 1961 , he became Permanent Under-Secretary of State , an office he held until 1965 . He was Provost of Eton 1965-78 and President of MCC in 1973-74 .   He was knighted in 1950 , and was created a life peer with the title Baron Caccia , of Abernant in the County of Breconshire , on 11 May 1965 . Caccia was appointed a Bailiff Grand Cross of the Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem , a Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order and a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George .

neg: Foreign policy of the Stephen Harper government The Conservative Party Government of Canada led by Prime Minister Stephen Harper moved away from the multilateral and internationalist policies of the Liberal Party , and reduced Canada 's emphasis on the United Nations , which was seen as dominated by corrupt dictatorships . In parallel , Harper sought to strengthen cooperation with the US , particularly in the era of mass terrorism and instability . As part of this policy , his government continued and expanded Canada 's participation in the US-led anti-terror campaign in Afghanistan , which began following al Qaida 's mass attacks on September 11 , 2001 , and in the Iraq conflict that began under President George W. Bush in March 2003 . In addition , under the Harper governments and through the actions of Foreign Affairs Ministers Peter MacKay and John Baird , Canada developed a leadership position in developing a principled alternative to the United Nations , involving the participation of the world 's open and democratic countries .

neg: 1952 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Economic Conference The 1952 Commonwealth Prime Ministers ' Economic Conference was an emergency Meeting of the Heads of Government of the Commonwealth of Nations . It was called by the British government of Sir Winston Churchill and held in the United Kingdom in December 1952 as a follow-up to a Commonwealth Finance Minister 's conference held in January 1952 . The conference was held in the context of British economic and military decline and the United States ' surging role in the world .   The principal topic of the conference was the convertibility and liquidity of Pound sterling into American dollars and British concerns that non-sterling Commonwealth countries were building up sterling balances for the purpose of conversion into American dollars , the future of the Pound sterling area , and the alleviation of Commonwealth trade restrictions and imperial preference , particularly in the light of the surging American economy and the desire of Commonwealth countries such as Australia for American investment in order for economic development to occur against British concerns that American economic dominance threatened Britain 's economic position . This discussion was necessary as the Commonwealth , with the exception of Canada , had a common pool of gold and dollar reserves . Little was accomplished in the economic discussion with the final communique being described as an `` agreement in platitudes '' .   British concerns at being excluded from the ANZUS military treaty between Australia , New Zealand and the United States were also a topic and were addressed by a communique issued by the prime ministers supporting Britain 's demand for a voice in ANZUS .   In addition , Commonwealth prime ministers , after months of discussion on whether the newly ascended Queen Elizabeth II should have a uniform Royal Styles and Titles throughout the Commonwealth or whether realms should adopt their own styles and titles , it was agreed that each member of the Commonwealth `` should use for its own purposes a form of the Royal Style and Titles which suits its own particular circumstances but retains a substantial element which is common to all '' and agreed to pass appropriate legislation in their respective parliaments . The prime ministers also agreed to proclaim the new Queen , Elizabeth II , Head of the Commonwealth in succession of her late father , George VI .

neg: One-nation conservatism One-nation conservatism ( also known as one-nationism , or Tory democracy ) is a form of British political conservatism that views society as organic and values paternalism and pragmatism . The phrase `` One-nation Tory '' originated with Benjamin Disraeli ( 1804 -- 1881 ) , who served as the chief Conservative spokesman and became Prime Minister in February 1868 . He devised it to appeal to working-class men as a solution to worsening divisions in society through introducing factory and health Acts , as well as greater protection for workers .   As a political philosophy , one-nation conservatism reflects the belief that societies exist and develop organically , and that members within them have obligations towards each other . There is particular emphasis on the paternalistic obligation of those who are privileged and wealthy to the poorer parts of society .   The ideology featured heavily during Disraeli 's terms in government , during which considerable social reforms were passed . Towards the end of the 19th century , the party moved away from paternalism in favour of free market capitalism , but fears of extremism during the interwar period caused the revival of one-nation conservatism . The philosophy continued to be held by the Conservative party throughout the post-war consensus , influencing the decision to maintain Labour government keynesian intervention in the economy , forming a welfare state and National Health Service . Later years saw the rise of the New Right , which attributed the country 's social and economic troubles to one-nation conservatism . David Cameron , former leader of the Conservative Party , named Disraeli as his favourite Conservative and some commentators and MPs have suggested that Cameron 's ideology contains an element of one-nationism . Other commentators have questioned the degree to which Cameron and his coalition have embodied One-Nation Conservatism , instead locating them in the intellectual tradition of Thatcherism . In 2016 , Cameron 's successor , Theresa May , referred to herself as a one-nation conservative in her first speech as prime minister and outlined her focus on social justice .

neg: Peacemakers: The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 and Its Attempt to End War Peacemakers : The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 and Its Attempt to End War ( 2001 ) is a historical narrative about the events of the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 . It was written by the Canadian historian Margaret MacMillan with a foreword by American diplomat Richard Holbrooke . The book has also been published under the titles Paris 1919 : Six Months That Changed the World and Peacemakers : Six Months That Changed the World .   Peacemakers describes the six months of negotiations that took place in Paris , France following World War I . The book focuses on the `` Big Three '' , photographed together on its cover ( left to right ) : Prime Minister David Lloyd George of the United Kingdom , Premier Georges Clemenceau of France , and President Woodrow Wilson of the United States .   The book argues that the conditions imposed on Germany in the Treaty of Versailles did not lead to the rise of Adolf Hitler , asking the question : Was the Great War `` an unmitigated catastrophe in a sea of mud '' , or `` about something '' , and concluding `` It is condescending and wrong to think they were hoodwinked . ''   British World War I Prime Minister David Lloyd George is the author 's great-grandfather .

neg: 2012 British cabinet reshuffle British prime minister David Cameron conducted the first major reshuffle of his coalition government on 4 September 2012 . The reshuffle , nearly two and a half years after the government was sworn in , was highly anticipated , and eschewed the trend of annual reshuffles which had become common under the governments of the 1990s and 2000s . As a result , many ministers had been in place not just since the government was elected in 2010 , but had covered the portfolio in Cameron 's shadow cabinet or even earlier ; Andrew Lansley had covered the health brief since 2004 , when Michael Howard led the Conservatives in opposition .   Despite this , Cameron 's room to manoeuvre was limited by his coalition agreement with Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg 's Liberal Democrats , which guaranteed the minority party seats in government , and Clegg the right to select his ministers . Further , Cameron 's personal aversion to reshuffles and belief that ministers were most effective when given time at a department led to him viewing many cabinet members , including the holders of the Great Offices of State , as immovable .   The reshuffle , which was criticised by the opposition for resulting in a cabinet with only four female members out of twenty-two , ultimately shifted Cameron 's government significantly to the right on business , justice , and the environment , and rid the government of perceived weaknesses , while maintaining stability at the top . In an official statement , Number 10 stated that the impetus for the reshuffle was the fact that after more than two years , the government was `` at the delivery phase '' and that ministers had `` been appointed with that in mind '' .

neg: Combined Shipping Adjustment Board The Combined Shipping Adjustment Board or Combined Shipping Board was a joint American-British war agency 1942-45 nominally in charge of commercial shipping . It proved ineffective as much more powerful boards , such as the Combined Munitions Assignments Board , ignored it . The U.S. Army and Navy controlled most shipping and refused to share responsibility with the Board as did the powerful War Shipping Administration . For practical purposes the agency was inactive by spring 1943 .   President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill set it up in January 1942 with a 6-point mandate :  1 . In principle the shipping resources of the two countries will be deemed to be pooled . The fullest information will be interchanged .  2 . Owing to the military and physical facts of the situation around the British Isles , the entire movement of shipping now under the control of Great Britain will continue to be directed by the Ministry of War Transport .  3 . Similarly , the appropriate authority in the United States will continue to direct the movements and allocations of U.S. shipping or shipping of other Powers under U.S. control .  4 . In order to adjust and concert in one harmonious policy the work of the British Ministry of War Transport and the shipping authorities of the U.S. Government , there wilt be established forthwith in Washington a Combined Shipping Adjustment Board consisting of a representative of the United States and a representative of the British Government who will represent and act under the instructions of the British Minister of War Transport .  5 . A similar Adjustment Board will be set up in London consisting of the Minister of War Transport and a representative of the U.S. Government .  6 . In both cases the executive power will be exercised solely by the appropriate shipping agency in Washington and by the Minister of War Transport in London .

neg: Yalta Conference The Yalta Conference , sometimes called the Crimea conference and code named the Argonaut Conference , held from February 4 to 11 , 1945 , was the World War II meeting of the heads of government of the United States , the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union for the purpose of discussing Europe 's postwar reorganization . The three states were represented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt , Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Premier Joseph Stalin , respectively . The conference convened in the Livadia Palace near Yalta in Crimea , Soviet Union .   The goal of the conference was to shape a post-war peace that represented not just a collective security order but a plan to give self-determination to the liberated peoples of post-Nazi Europe .   The meeting was intended mainly to discuss the re-establishment of the nations of war-torn Europe . Within a few years , with the Cold War dividing the continent , Yalta became a subject of intense controversy . To a degree , it has remained controversial .   Yalta was the second of three wartime conferences among the Big Three . It had been preceded by the Tehran Conference in 1943 , and was followed by the Potsdam Conference in July 1945 , which was attended by Stalin , Churchill ( who was replaced halfway through by the newly elected British Prime Minister Clement Attlee ) and Harry S. Truman , Roosevelt 's successor .

neg: Mutual Defense Assistance Act The Mutual Defense Assistance Act was a United States Act of Congress signed by President Harry S. Truman on 6 October 1949 . For US Foreign policy , it was the first U.S. military foreign aid legislation of the Cold War era , and initially to Europe . The Act followed Truman 's signing of the Economic Cooperation Act ( the Marshall Plan ) , on April 3 , 1948 , which provided non-military , economic reconstruction and development aid to Europe . The Act was reauthorized in 1950 , but in 1951 , it and the Economic Cooperation Act were succeeded by the Mutual Security Act , and its newly created independent agency , the Mutual Security Administration , to supervise all foreign aid programs , including both military assistance programs and non-military , economic assistance programs that bolstered the defense capability of U.S. allies .   About the same time , the Mutual Defense Assistance Control Act of 1951 , also known or referred to as the Battle Act , ( 65 Stat . 644 ; 22 U.S.C. 1611 et seq. ) was also passed ; it banned U.S. assistance to countries doing business with the Soviet Union and was so-named after its sponsor , Representative Laurie C. Battle of Alabama . Strong motivation for this ` control ' act also came from export control concerns , following their tightening by the Export control Act of 1949 over Soviet advances ; export controls were used for both domestic policy and later as an instrument of foreign policy . This is exemplified by the restrictions on export of certain strategic or military items to the Soviet bloc or to other countries which it felt , if permitted , would be detrimental to the foreign policy program of the US . This latter motive became so strong that it brought legislation directing the President to enlist the cooperation of other nations in enacting controls on trade with the Soviet block to parallel those of the United States . The benefits of the various economic and military aid programs were to be withheld from non-cooperating nations . The act covered a wide range of materials needed for the production of weapons , and was especially focused on anything that could aid atomic weapons research and construction .   As the Cold War developed , these acts were part of the American policy of containment of Communism . They importantly provided defense assistance to any ally that might be attacked by the Soviet Union or one of its allies , while other programs provided non-military economic assistance . In Asia the programs expanded with the newly established Maoist People 's Republic of China , and other areas , with the development of specific country missions , including ones in Austria ( 1947 -- 50 ) , China ( 1946 -- 48 ) , Ireland ( 1948 -- 51 ) , and Trieste ( 1947 -- 52 ) .

neg: Prime Minister of Pakistan The Prime Minister of Pakistan ( -LSB- -- , -LSB- ʋəˈziːr-ˌeː ˈɑː.zəm -RSB- ; lit . `` Grand Vizier '' ) , is the head of government of Pakistan and designated as the `` chief executive of the Republic '' . The Prime Minister leads the executive branch of the government , oversees the economic growth , heads the Council of Common Interests as well as the Cabinet , and is vested with the command authority over the nuclear arsenals .   This position places its holder in leadership of the nation and in control over all matters of internal and foreign policy . The incumbent Prime Minister is Nawaz Sharif -- a presiding figure of the conservative Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) . The Prime Minister is elected by the members of the National Assembly and therefore is usually the leader of the majority party in the parliament . The Constitution of Pakistan vests the executive powers in the Prime Minister who is responsible for appointing the Cabinet as well as running the executive branch , taking and authorising executive decisions , appointments and recommendations that require executive confirmation of the Prime Minister .   Constitutionally , the Prime Minister serves as the chief adviser to President of Pakistan on critical matters and plays an influential role in appointment in each branch and the military leadership as well as ensuring the control of the military through chairman joint chiefs . Powers of the Prime Minister have significantly grown with a delicate system of the check and balance by each branch . The position was absent during years of 1960 -- 73 and 1977-85 due to imposed martial law . In each of these periods , the military junta led by the President had the powers of the Prime Minister .

neg: Pick the Winner Pick the Winner is the title of a half-hour American political television series about the 1952 and 1956 election contests for President of the United States between Dwight D. Eisenhower and Adlai Stevenson . Both versions of the show were moderated by Walter Cronkite .

neg: Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston Henry John Temple , 3rd Viscount Palmerston , ( 20 October 1784 -- 18 October 1865 ) was a British statesman who served twice as Prime Minister in the mid-19th century . For most of 1830 to 1865 he dominated British foreign policy when Britain was at the height of her power . Popularly nicknamed `` Pam '' and `` The Mongoose '' , he was in government office almost continuously from 1807 until his death in 1865 , beginning his parliamentary career as a Tory , switching to the Whigs in 1830 , and concluding it as the first Prime Minister of the newly-formed Liberal Party from 1859 .   He succeeded to his father 's Irish peerage in 1802 . He became a Tory MP in 1807 , and was made Secretary at War in 1809 , responsible for the finances of the army . He held the job until 1828 , entering the cabinet in 1827 when George Canning became Prime Minister . Less than a year later he resigned with other Canningites .   In opposition he switched his focus to foreign policy , and he was Foreign Secretary ( 1830-4 , 1835 -- 41 and 1846 -- 51 ) when the Whigs were in power , dealing with a succession of crises in Europe and beyond . Some of his aggressive actions , now sometimes termed liberal interventionist , were highly controversial at the time , and remain so today . In 1852 he became Home Secretary in Aberdeen 's coalition government , the Peelites having insisted on Russell getting the Foreign Office . He passed various social reforms but opposed electoral ones . When public discontent over the Crimean War brought the government down in 1855 , Palmerston was found to be , despite the Queen 's distrust of him , the only Prime Minister who could sustain a majority in Parliament . He had two periods in office , 1855 -- 1858 and 1859 -- 1865 , before dying at almost 81 , a few months after winning a general election with an increased majority . He remains , to date , the last Prime Minister to die in office .   Historians consider him one of the greatest foreign secretaries , for his handling of great crises , his commitment to the balance of power that made Britain the deciding voice in many controversies , his analytic skills , and his commitment to British interests . His policies regarding India , Italy , Belgium and Spain had long-term impact , while his policies toward France , the Ottoman Empire , and the United States proved more ephemeral . He was a master of public opinion , achieved by stroking British nationalism . His weaknesses include mishandling of personal relations , and long-standing disagreements with the Queen over the royal role in determining foreign policy .   Palmerston built a strong popular following among the British electorate , by promoting himself , British nationalism , and a sense of patriotism . He assiduously fostered the press , which gave him very favourable coverage . Queen Victoria and most of the political leadership distrusted him , but his popular strength prevailed .

neg: Politics (magazine 1944–1949) politics was a journal founded and edited by Dwight Macdonald from 1944 to 1949 .   Macdonald had previously been editor at Partisan Review from 1937 to 1943 , but after falling out with its publishers , quit to start politics as a rival publication , first on a monthly basis and then as a quarterly .   politics published essays on politics and culture and included among its contributors James Agee , John Berryman , Bruno Bettelheim , Paul Goodman , C. Wright Mills , Mary McCarthy , Marianne Moore , Irving Howe , Daniel Bell , Hannah Arendt .   The journal reflected Macdonald 's interest in European culture . He used politics to introduce US readers to the thinking of the French philosopher Simone Weil , publishing several articles by her , including `` A Poem of Force '' , her reflections on the Iliad . He also printed work by Albert Camus . Another European , the Italian political and literary critic Nicola Chiaromonte , was also given space in the journal .   politics was also Macdonald 's vehicle for his repeated and energetic attacks against Henry Wallace and his Progressive Party campaign for President .   In a letter to Philip Rahv at the end of December 1943 , George Orwell mentioned that Macdonald had written asking him to contribute to his forthcoming journal . Orwell had replied telling him he might `` do something ` cultural ' '' but not ` political ' as he was already writing his `` London Letters '' to Partisan Review .   In his `` As I Please '' article for the 16 June 1944 issue of Tribune , George Orwell recommended politics . He stated that he disagreed with its policy but admired `` its combination of highbrow political analysis with intelligent literary criticism . '' He went on to add that there were no monthly or quarterly magazines in England `` to come up to '' the American ones , of which there were several .   Macdonald , in an editorial comment for the November 1944 issue of politics referred to a letter from Orwell which cast interesting light on the ` russification ' of English political thought over the last two years . Orwell had read the May issue 's review of Harold Laski 's Faith , Reason and Civilisation and mentioned that the Manchester Evening News , the evening edition of the Manchester Guardian , had refused to print his own review because of its anti-Stalin implications . Despite considering the book `` pernicious tripe '' , Orwell had praised the author for being `` aware that the USSR is the real dynamo of the Socialist movement in this country and everywhere else . '' , but criticized him for shutting his eyes to `` purges , liquidations '' , etc. . Macdonald pointed out that the fact that such a review should be considered `` too hot '' shows how much the feats of the Red Army had misled the English public opinion about Russia . He added that the `` English liberal press had been far more honest about the Moscow Trials than our own liberal journals '' and that Trotsky had been able to write in the Guardian .

neg: History of the United States National Security Council 1953–61 This article is about the history of the United States National Security Council during the Eisenhower Administration , 1953 -- 1961 .   Under President Dwight D. Eisenhower , the National Security Council system evolved into the principal arm of the President in formulating and executing policy on military , international , and internal security affairs . Where Harry S. Truman was uncomfortable with the NSC system and only made regular use of it under the pressure of the Korean War , Eisenhower embraced the NSC concept and created a structured system of integrated policy review . Eisenhower had a penchant for careful staff work , and believed that effective planning involved a creative process of discussion and debate among advisers compelled to work toward consensus recommendations .   The genesis of the new NSC system was a report prepared for the President in March 1953 by Robert Cutler , who became the President 's Special Assistant for National Security Affairs . Cutler proposed a systematic flow of recommendation , decision , and implementation that he later described as the `` policy hill '' process . At the bottom of the hill , concerned agencies such as State and Defense produced draft policy recommendations on specific topics and worked for consensus at the agency level . These draft NSC papers went up the hill through the Planning Board , created to review and refine the recommendations before passing them on for full NSC consideration . The NSC Planning Board met on Tuesday and Friday afternoons and was composed of officials at the Assistant Secretary level from the agencies with permanent or standing representation on the Council , as well as advisers from the Joint Chiefs of Staff and Central Intelligence Agency . Hundreds of hours were spent by the Board reviewing and reconstructing proposed papers for the NSC . Cutler resigned in 1958 in exhaustion . The top of the foreign policy-making hill was the NSC itself , chaired by the President , which met regularly on Thursday mornings .   The Council consisted of the five statutory members : the President , Vice President , Secretaries of State and Defense , and Director of the Office of Defense Mobilization . Depending on the subject under discussion , as many as a score of other senior Cabinet members and advisers , including the Secretary of the Treasury , the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , and the Director of Central Intelligence , attended and participated . The agenda included regular briefings by the Director of Central Intelligence on worldwide developments affecting U.S. security , and consideration of the policy papers advanced by the Planning Board . The upshot of the discussions were recommendations to the President in the form of NSC Actions . The President , who participated in the discussion , normally endorsed the NSC Action , and the decision went down the hill for implementation to the Operations Coordinating Board .   President Eisenhower created the Operations Coordinating Board ( OCB ) to follow up on all NSC decisions . The OCB met regularly on Wednesday afternoons at the Department of State , and was composed of the Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs , Deputy Secretary of Defense , the Directors of the CIA , the United States Information Agency , and ICA , and the Special Assistants to the President for National Security Affairs and Security Operations Coordination . The OCB was the coordinating and implementing arm of the NSC for all aspects of the implementation of national security policy . NSC action papers were assigned to a team from the OCB for follow-up . More than 40 interagency working groups were established with experts for various countries and subjects . This 24-person staff of the OCB supported these working groups in which officials from various agencies met each other for the first time .   The President 's Special Assistant for National Security Affairs , a post held under Eisenhower by Cutler , Dillon Anderson , William Harding Jackson , and finally Gordon Gray , oversaw the flow of recommendations and decisions up and down the policy hill , and functioned in Council meetings to brief the Council and summarize the sense of discussion . The Special Assistant was an essential facilitator of the decision-making system , but , unlike the National Security Adviser created under Kennedy , had no substantive role in the process . The NSC staff managed by the Special Assistant grew during the Eisenhower years , but again had no independent role in the policy process .   President Eisenhower had great confidence in the efficacy of covert operations as a viable supplement or alternative to previous normal foreign policy initiatives . The seeming clear success of the operations to overthrow Iranian populist leader Mossadegeh in 1953 , and overthrow the democratically elected , left-leaning President Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán in Guatemala in 1954 was not without their crisis moments in the White House . In 1954 NSC 5412 provided for the establishment of a panel of designated representatives of the President and the Secretaries of State and Defense to meet regularly to review and recommend covert operations . Gordon Gray assumed the chairmanship of the `` 5412 Committee '' as it was called , and all succeeding National Security Advisers have chaired similar successor committees , variously named `` 303 '' , `` 40 '' , `` Special Coordinating Committee , '' which , in later Presidential administrations , were charged with the review of CIA covert operations .   President Eisenhower also created the position of staff secretary with the responsibility to screen all foreign policy and military documents coming to the President . While Colonel Andrew Goodpaster held this position , he tended to eclipse the Special Assistant for National Security .   The strength of the NSC system under Eisenhower was that it provided for regular , fully staffed , interagency review of major foreign and national security issues , culminating in discussion and decision at the highest level of government . The resulting Presidentially approved NSC papers provided policy guidance at every level of implementation . Eisenhower felt that the regular policy discussions kept his principal advisers fully informed , in step with one another , and prepared to react knowledgeably in the event of crisis . His commitment to the system was such that he chaired every Council meeting he could attend ( 329 of a total of 366 ) . The NSC meetings , including prior briefings and subsequent review of NSC Actions , constituted the largest single item on his weekly agenda .   Secretary of State John Foster Dulles , on the other hand , had reservations about the NSC system . He was the strongest personality in the Eisenhower Cabinet and jealously guarded his role as principal adviser to the President on foreign policy . He had constant , direct access to the President and did not feel that some of the most sensitive issues should be discussed in groups as large as were involved in most NSC meetings . He drew a sharp line between the NSC policy review process and the day-to-day operations of foreign policy , which he maintained were the province of the Department of State . Dulles and his deputies also were not comfortable with the scope the NSC review system gave to Secretary of the Treasury George Humphrey , another strong figure in the Cabinet , to intrude budgetary limitations into policy considerations . Dulles successfully resisted a proposal to substitute the Vice President for the Under Secretary of State as chairman of the OCB , arguing that such a change would impinge on his role as principal adviser to the President on foreign policy .   Critics of the Eisenhower NSC system have argued that it was inflexible , overstaffed , unable to anticipate and react to immediate crises , and weighed down by committees reporting in great detail on long checklists of minor policy concerns . The most thorough critique of the system emerged from the hearings conducted in 1960 ( 1961 by the Senate Subcommittee on National Policy Machinery , known as the Jackson Subcommittee for its chairman , Senator Henry Jackson . Cutler and NSC Executive Secretary James Lay testified in support of the effectiveness of the system , but their testimony was offset by that of former Truman administration officials such as George Kennan , Paul Nitze , and Robert Lovett . They argued that foreign policy was being made by a passive President influenced by a National Security Council rendered virtually useless by ponderous , bureaucratic machinery . Basically , they argued , the NSC was a huge committee , and suffered from all the weaknesses of committees . Composed of representatives of many agencies , its members were not free to adopt the broad , statesmanlike attitude desired by the President , but , rather , were ambassadors of their own departments , clinging to departmental rather than national views . To make matters worse , critics added , the NSC system by its very nature was restricted to continuing and developing already established policies and was incapable of originating new ideas or major innovations . The critics suggested replacement of the formal , `` over-institutionalized '' NSC structure with a smaller , less formal NSC which would offer the President a clear choice of alternatives on a limited number of major problems .   Eisenhower was certainly not a passive President , dominated by his Secretary of State on foreign policy and national security issues . In fact , Eisenhower was actively in command of his administration 's foreign policy , and the established NSC system met his instincts and requirements to the extent he used them . Although there is substance in the criticism that the Eisenhower NSC became to some extent the prisoner of a rigidly bureaucratic process , the criticism misses the point that Eisenhower and Dulles did not attempt to manage fast-breaking foreign policy crises or day-to-day operation through the NSC apparatus . An examination of several of the major foreign policy decisions that confronted the Eisenhower administration reveals that the NSC system was used to manage some , but was essentially bypassed in others . The established NSC process was used when the question involved a policy debate between departments with strongly held , contending positions , as it did in the case of the debate between the Departments of State and Defense in 1956/1957 over whether to introduce a more modern generation of weapons into Korea , where it focused debate and produced the necessary agreed-upon decision after discussion of three draft policy papers .   In fast-breaking crisis situations however , including the concurrent Suez crisis and Hungarian Revolution of 1956 , the first and Second Taiwan Strait Crisis of 1955 and 1958 , and the 1958 Lebanon crisis , these were typically managed through small meetings with the President in the White House , normally involving Dulles and other concerned advisers , and through telephone conversations between Eisenhower , Dulles , and other principal advisers . Eisenhower sometimes used trusted NSC staffers to serve as an intermediary to gain information outside the chain of command as he did with Colonel Goodpaster during the straits crisis in 1955 . There was great similarity between this process of crisis management and that adopted by subsequent Presidents , such as Kennedy , Johnson , and Nixon , except for the fact that the ad hoc meetings in the Eisenhower White House did not involve a National Security Adviser as a substantive participant . And in the event that aspects of crisis management depended on contact with the critical man-on-the-spot , as it did in 1958 when Deputy Under Secretary of State Robert Murphy was dispatched to Lebanon to attempt to defuse the crisis , his instructions came from the Department of State and he reported to the Secretary of State rather than directly to the White House , as became the practice during the height of the Vietnam War .   When Eisenhower briefed President-elect Kennedy on the NSC system , as when Gordon Gray briefed his successor McGeorge Bundy , they both emphasized the importance of the established NSC machinery in the management of foreign policy and national security affairs . They might have been more persuasive in maintaining the system had they pointed to the fact that the NSC apparatus was essentially limited to policy review , but was not used by them to manage foreign policy crises or day-to-day decisions .


query: A Thousand Suns is Linkin Park's fourth song.

pos: A Thousand Suns A Thousand Suns is the fourth studio album by American rock band Linkin Park . It was released on September 8 , 2010 , by Warner Bros. . Records . The album was written by the band and was produced by Linkin Park vocalist Mike Shinoda and Rick Rubin , who worked together to produce the band 's previous studio album Minutes to Midnight ( 2007 ) . Recording sessions for A Thousand Suns took place at NRG Recording Studios in North Hollywood , California from 2008 until early 2010 .   A Thousand Suns is a multi-concept album dealing with human fears such as nuclear warfare . The band has said the album is a drastic departure from their previous work ; they experimented on different and new sounds . Shinoda told MTV the album references numerous social issues and blends human ideas with technology . The title is a reference to Hindu Sanskrit scripture , a line of which was first popularized in 1945 by J. Robert Oppenheimer , who described the atomic bomb as being `` as bright as a thousand suns '' . It also appears in a line from the first single of the album , `` The Catalyst '' .   `` The Catalyst '' was sent to radio and released to digital music retailers on August 2 , 2010 . `` The Catalyst '' peaked at the Billboard Alternative Songs and Rock Songs charts . Three more singles were released to promote the album : `` Waiting for the End '' , `` Burning in the Skies '' and `` Iridescent '' . `` The Catalyst '' and `` Waiting for the End '' were certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . Linkin Park promoted the album through the A Thousand Suns World Tour from October 2010 to September 2011 .   Upon release , the album polarized critics and fans . The band 's fanbase divided over their new sound , splitting them into `` love-it versus hate-it groups '' according to one reviewer . Despite this , the album has been a commercial success , debuting at number one on over ten charts . It was certified gold by the RIAA in February 2011 . By June 2014 , it had sold over 960,000 copies in the United States according to Nielsen SoundScan .

neg: Walking Contradiction `` Walking Contradiction '' is a song by American punk rock band Green Day . It was released as the fourth and final single from their fourth album , Insomniac and is the closing track on the album . The song reached number 21 on the Modern Rock Tracks in August 1996 .

neg: No Pleasantries No Pleasantries is the debut album of American post-grunge band U.P.O. Released on May 30 , 2000 , the album broke U.P.O. into the mainstream rock scene and was their most successful release . It was made available on iTunes on September 22 , 2004 .   In promotion of No Pleasantries , U.P.O. toured throughout 2000 with popular acts such as Linkin Park , Nickelback , Godsmack , and 3 Doors Down . July saw the group joining Slipknot , Slayer , and Metallica on the Tattoo the Earth Tour . U.P.O. played two more shows in 2001 before their brief hiatus .

neg: Somewhere Between Heaven and Hell Somewhere Between Heaven and Hell is the fourth studio album by the American punk rock band Social Distortion , released on February 11 , 1992 . Following up on the surprise success of their breakthrough singles `` Ball and Chain '' and `` Story of My Life '' , Somewhere Between Heaven and Hell became a popular album and received positive reviews from music critics . It also spawned their highest-charting single `` Bad Luck '' , which peaked at number 2 on the Modern Rock Tracks chart .   Somewhere Between Heaven and Hell was the one of the best-selling albums of Social Distortion 's recording career , achieving gold sales certification in the United States by 2000 , and by 1996 , the album had sold 296,000 copies . It peaked at number 76 on the US Billboard 200 and topped the Heatseekers chart , and was also Social Distortion 's last to feature drummer Christopher Reece , who left the band in 1994 .   The cover art features Ness mid-jump , while playing one of his Gibson Les Pauls .

neg: Lies Greed Misery `` Lies Greed Misery '' is a song by American rock band Linkin Park . It is the fourth track from their fifth studio album , Living Things . It has entered the UK Rock Singles Charts at number 26 , although it has n't been released as a single . The song was written by the band and produced by co-lead vocalist Mike Shinoda and Rick Rubin . `` Lies Greed Misery '' was used as a promotional single and was the reward for a scavenger hunt contest run by Linkin Park . It was used in the promotion of Medal of Honor : Warfighter and got its premier in the multiplayer trailer for the game . Its working title was `` Piledriver '' and later `` Breaking Point '' .

neg: Andrea Parkins Andrea Parkins is an American composer , sound artist , performer and improvisational musician based in New York . She is known for her inventive explorations on the electric accordion , generative sound processing , and arrangements of objects and sound . Parkins received a BFA from Tufts University and MFA from Mason Gross School of the Arts , Rutgers University .   Parkins 's work is influenced by the compositional strategies of John Cage and Fluxus and pays homage to musique concrète and 1970s analog synth . Parkins often incorporates electronically processed accordion , customized sound processing , live tape manipulation , analog effects boxes , laptop electronics , acoustic piano , sampling , and amplified objects . Her method and sound were characterized by LA Weekly as : `` The big , varied , confidently conceived abstractions Parkins yanks from her squeezebox , laptop , effects devices and maybe piano -- cloudy and cranky one minute , surgically sharp the next . '' With an unconventional approach to instruments , Parkins `` fragments the instrument 's traditional vocabulary and expands its capabilities with electronics and extended techniques . ''   Recently Andrea Parkins has been developing a series of interactive sound and image works inspired by the structures of Rube Goldberg 's circuitous machines . Describing this organizational approach Stephen Bezan remarked : `` the individual sounds manipulated by Parkins seem to interact and influence the outcome of the other , crafting a goal-oriented structure based on timbre , not harmony or rhythm . This approach transcends the inherent cacophony of the material and reveals a genuinely organic , even playful quality to her work . '' Parkins has described her Rube Goldberg approach as a means for examining slippages between object and meaning . She observed : `` An important conceptual thread running through these pieces is the discovery and expression of metaphors for the slippage and tension between object and meaning that occurs through the passage of time . '' Describing her intentions , Parkins noted : `` As both a sonic and visual artist , I try to build and layer idiosyncratic systems and structures that point to these shifts in meaning . ''   Andrea Parkins has toured and exhibited internationally and has been presented at the Whitney Museum of American Art , The Kitchen , Experimental Intermedia , and Diapason Gallery for Sound and Intermedia . She has collaborated with musicians such as Nels Cline , Jim Black , Ellery Eskelin , David Watson , David Fenech , Fred Frith , Thomas Lehn , Günter Müller , and Otomo Yoshihide and choreographers Olive Bieringa and Otto Ramstad from the BodyCartography Project . Parkins has been the recipient of various grants , awards , and residencies including Meet the Composer , New York State Council for the Arts , Harvestworks Media Art Center , in New York City , Frei und Hanseastadt Hamburg Kulturbehoerde , in Germany , and CESTA in the Czech Republic .

neg: The Trouble with the Truth (album) The Trouble with the Truth is the eighth album by country music artist Patty Loveless . It peaked at number 10 on the Billboard Top Country albums charts , and number 86 on the Pop charts . It was certified Platinum for shipments of over 1,000,000 copies in the U.S. . The singles `` Lonely Too Long '' and `` You Can Feel Bad '' both made number 1 on the Hot Country Songs charts ; `` She Drew a Broken Heart '' hit number 4 . `` A Thousand Times a Day '' and the Title Track both made Top 20 hitting number 13 and 15 respectively .   `` Tear-Stained Letter '' is a cover of a song which was originally recorded by British singer Richard Thompson , and again in 1988 by country singer Jo-El Sonnier , whose version was a Top Ten country hit . Additionally , `` A Thousand Times a Day '' was previously cut by George Jones on his 1993 album High-Tech Redneck .

neg: 2007 in downloadable songs for the Rock Band series The Rock Band series of music video games supports downloadable songs for the Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 , and Wii versions through the consoles ' respective online services . Users can download songs on a track-by-track basis , with many of the tracks also offered as part of a `` song pack '' or complete album at a discounted rate . These packs are available for the Wii only on Rock Band 3 . Most downloadable songs are playable within every game mode , including the Band World Tour career mode . All downloadable songs released before October 26 , 2010 are cross-compatible between Rock Band , Rock Band 2 and Rock Band 3 , while those after only work with Rock Band 3 . Certain songs deemed `` suitable for all ages '' by Harmonix are also available for use in Lego Rock Band .   The Wii version of Rock Band does not support downloadable content , but Rock Band 2 and Rock Band 3 do , with DLC first made available in January 2009 . Songs from the back catalogue of downloadable content were released for the Wii weekly in an effort by Harmonix to provide Wii players with every previously available song .   Following the release of Rock Band 4 for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One , all previously purchased downloadable content for Rock Band 3 and earlier is forward compatible ( with the exception of any downloadable content purchased for The Beatles : Rock Band ) within the same system family at no additional cost .   32 downloadable Rock Band songs were released in 2007 , 15 of which appeared alongside the launch of Rock Band on November 20 , including song packs for Queens of the Stone Age , Metallica , and The Police .

neg: The Looking Glass (song) `` The Looking Glass '' is a song by the American progressive metal band Dream Theater , from their 2013 self-titled album . It was released as a single on February 3 , 2014 . Musically , the song is a tribute to Rush , one of Dream Theater 's biggest influences .   The song was included in the setlist on Dream Theater 's Along for the Ride Tour , and is featured on the live album Breaking the Fourth Wall .

neg: Petrified/Remember the Name `` Petrified/Remember the Name '' is a double single by American hip hop artist Fort Minor , the side project of rock band Linkin Park 's co-lead vocalist Mike Shinoda . It is the first single from his 2005 album The Rising Tied , released on October 3 , 2005 .

neg: A Thousand Nights A Thousand Nights may refer to :   A Thousand Nights ( novel ) , a 2015 novel by E.K. Johnston  A Thousand Nights ( album ) , a 2008 album by Melanie Doane  A Thousand Nights ( song ) , a song by Maria Arredondo

neg: The National Anthem (Radiohead song) `` The National Anthem '' is a song by English rock band Radiohead , and the third track from their fourth studio album Kid A ( 2000 ) . The song is moored to a repetitive bassline , has a processed electronic production and develops in a direction influenced by jazz . It has been played frequently at Radiohead concerts since the release of Kid A in 2000 .

neg: Party (Beyoncé song) `` Party '' is a song recorded by American singer Beyoncé for her fourth studio album , 4 ( 2011 ) . It features guest vocals from American rapper André 3000 and uncredited vocals from Kanye West , and was released by Columbia Records as the fourth single from 4 on August 30 , 2011 . The song was written by Kanye West , Jeff Bhasker and Beyoncé , with the production being handled by Beyoncé and West and was co-produced by Bhasker . A midtempo R&B song , `` Party '' exhibits elements of the 1980s funk and soul music , and samples the 1985 song `` La Di Da Di '' , written by Dexter Mills , Douglas Davis and Ricky Walters . It recalls the work of New Edition and Prince , among others . Built on a 808-retro beat , multi-tracked harmonies , and a smooth groove , the song 's instrumentation includes slow-bouncing synthesizers , keyboard tones , and drums . Lyrically , `` Party '' gives ode to political themes such as feminism and sexual empowerment . In his rap verses , André 3000 references milk and gets philosophical about his own career . `` Party '' was nominated for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration at the 54th Grammy Awards .   The song reached number 50 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart . It debuted on the US Hot R&B / Hip-Hop Songs chart in July 2011 , and peaked at number 2 on the chart for three consecutive weeks . Following the release of 4 , `` Party '' charted at number 19 on the South Korea Gaon International Singles Chart . `` Party '' was part of Beyoncé 's set list for her 4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé and the Revel Presents : Beyoncé Live residency shows .

neg: The Use of Ashes The Use Of Ashes was the fourth album made by American psychedelic folk group Pearls Before Swine , and the second on Reprise Records after their move from ESP-Disk .   After recording the album These Things Too , the other original founding members of Pearls Before Swine had all left , and leader Tom Rapp and his then wife Elisabeth moved to her home country of the Netherlands ( travelling on the maiden voyage of the QE2 liner ) to live for several months near Utrecht . Most of the songs on The Use Of Ashes were written there . They were recorded back in Nashville in March 1970 , with some of the city 's top session musicians , many of whom formed the basis of the band Area Code 615 .   Many of Rapp 's admirers regard this , and particularly the first side of the original LP ( tracks 1 through 5 ) , as the finest and most consistent of all his albums .   The opening track , `` The Jeweler '' , with its refrain of `` He knows the use of ashes / He worships God with ashes '' , came to him when he saw his wife cleaning a piece of jewelry with a paste made from ashes , and is generally regarded as one of his finest and most poetic songs . A version was later recorded by This Mortal Coil . The next track , `` From the Movie of the Same Name '' is largely instrumental , featuring David Briggs ' harpsichord and , like all the tracks , is beautifully and sensitively arranged . `` Rocket Man '' is based on the Ray Bradbury story `` The Rocket Man '' ( in his book `` The Illustrated Man '' ) about an astronaut and father burning up in space , but also draws on Rapp 's difficult relationship with his own father and the fact that , in his teens , he lived near Cape Canaveral in Florida . The song itself inspired Bernie Taupin 's lyrics on Elton John 's hit of the same title . Another highlight , `` Song About A Rose '' , again shows Rapp 's ability to convey metaphysical thoughts within an artfully arranged song , with the lyrics `` And even God can only guess why or where or when or if the answers all belong / And you and I we sing our song about a rose / Or perhaps the shadow of a rose '' .   A different texture is provided by the jazzy `` Tell Me Why , '' shimmering with vibraphone beneath Rapp 's whimsical lines .   The song `` Riegal '' was inspired by reading a newspaper article on the wartime sinking of a prison ship , the MS Rigel , when up to 4,000 prisoners drowned . Later histories suggest the number may have been out by 1,000 odd souls , but the sinking remains one of the worst maritime disasters ever and the song is an evocation of the perils of going down to the sea in ships . Rapp does not apportion blame , indeed the lyric gives credit to the German , but probably not Nazi , captain who apparently saved many lives by grounding his ship . Rapp 's juxtaposition of stark imagery reveals that while Pearls Before Swine might not have continued the more bombastic direction set about on their earlier protest songs `` Uncle John '' or `` Drop Out , '' they maintained social and political relevance . The final track , `` When The War Began '' , contains an equally potent message on the futility of war .   Additional material from the Nashville sessions was released on the next Pearls Before Swine album , City of Gold .   The sleeve design shows a late 15th century French or Flemish tapestry , `` The Hunt of the Unicorn : vi , The unicorn is brought to the castle '' , from the Metropolitan Museum of Art . It shows three huntsmen bringing down a unicorn with spears and swords . The sleeve continued the group 's approach of using classic art on their album covers , started with their debut album One Nation Underground .   A single , `` The Jeweler '' / `` Rocket Man '' ( Reprise 0949 ) , was issued from the album .   In 2003 The Use Of Ashes was finally issued on compact disc as part of the Jewels Were the Stars compendium , anthologizing Pearls Before Swine 's Reprise Records output . It was again reissued , with These Things Too '' , as a two-on-one CD by Floating World Records in 2011 .   A Dutch group formed in 1988 out of the rock band Mekanik Commando took the name `` The Use Of Ashes '' , inspired directly by the Pearls Before Swine album .

neg: Miho Komatsu 4 ~ A thousand feelings ~ is the fourth studio album by Miho Komatsu . It was released on 7 March 2001 . The album includes 3 previously released singles . The album reached # 9 in its first week with 40,990 copies sold . The lbum charted for 5 weeks and sold 63,920 copies in total . This is last album to reach top 10 on the Oricon charts .

neg: 4th Avenue Jones 4th Avenue Jones ( originally 4th Avenue Jones ' and sometimes credited as 4th Ave. Jones ' ) was an American alternative hip hop band based in Los Angeles , California . The band was conceived by Ahmad Ali Lewis , popularly known as Ahmad . The band 's name comes from the popular idiom `` Keeping up with the Joneses '' and the street in South Central Los Angeles where they began their rehearsals .

neg: Heaven's Drive `` Heaven 's Drive '' is the sixteenth single by L'Arc-en-Ciel , released on April 21 , 1999 . The single sold over 634,000 copies in the first week of release . It topped the Oricon chart for two weeks and sold over one million copies . The band performed the song at the 50th Kōhaku Uta Gassen .   The length of its b-side `` Metropolis ~ Android Goes to Sleep Mix ~ '' is 9 minutes 59 seconds . The song `` Metropolis '' was originally included in the single `` Winter Fall '' as the b-side .

neg: Panopticon (album) Panopticon is the third full-length album by Los Angeles , California based post-metal band ISIS , released by Ipecac Recordings in 2004 . The album 's title is derived from philosopher Jeremy Bentham 's panopticon prison ideal and philosopher/historian Michel Foucault 's later allegorical appropriation of the concept . The liner notes also include quotes from technology writer Howard Rheingold and futurist Alex Steffen ; as a concept album , Panopticon '' 's focus is on the proliferation of surveillance technologies throughout modern society and the government 's role in that spread .   Critical response to Panopticon was generally very warm ; as it followed 2002 's critically acclaimed Oceanic , many reviewers were quick to hold the two in comparison . The consensus was that Panopticon represented a progression , of sorts . The album 's sound continued Isis ' departure from the strictures of sludge and metal -- which had been the hallmarks of their earlier material -- and continued along the trajectory of post-metal , achieved by heightened use of melody and clean vocals .   On April 29 , 2014 a deluxe version of Panopticon '' , remastered by Mika Jussila , was released by Ipecac Recordings . It contains extra music in the transitions to and from `` Wills Dissolve , '' adding 10 seconds to the overall running time of the album .

neg: A Thousand Miles `` A Thousand Miles '' ( originally titled `` Interlude '' ) is the debut single written and recorded by American pop singer Vanessa Carlton . Produced by Curtis Schweitzer and Ron Fair , the song was released as the lead single for Carlton 's album Be Not Nobody ( 2002 ) . Her signature song , it became Carlton 's breakthrough hit and one of the most popular songs of the year . To date , it remains Carlton 's biggest hit in the United States , and her only single to reach the top ten of the Billboard Hot 100 . Due to its success , it was featured on the 2002 US compilation album Now That 's What I Call Music ! 10 .   The song had widespread success worldwide , reaching number one in Australia , where it was most successful , the top five in the United States and Ireland , and the top ten in the United Kingdom , France , Italy and the Netherlands .   It has been covered by numerous artists including Icarus the Owl , Victoria Justice , David Archuleta , Terry Crews and the Glee Cast , and has been sampled by T.I. and Cheryl Cole .

neg: A Thousand Hearts A Thousands Hearts is the fifth solo album by Irish folksinger Cara Dillon . A Thousand Hearts features more traditional production and arrangements than her first three albums . The album contains traditional songs ( including two sung in Irish Gaelic ) as well as two modern covers , `` Shotgun Down the Avalanche '' by Shawn Colvin and `` River Run '' . The album was produced by Sam Lakeman , Dillon 's musical partner and husband .   `` Shotgun Down the Avalanche '' and `` Bright Morning Star '' were recorded for the Transatlantic Sessions 6 in 2013 . In August 2014 , `` Bright Morning Star '' became the first folk track to be included on a NOW That 's What I Call Chill compilation ; it appeared with songs by Maroon 5 , Ed Sheeran , Coldplay , and Ellie Goulding .

neg: Hooked (Great White album) Hooked is the fifth full-length studio album by the American hard rock band Great White , released in 1991 . Though lacking a recognizable hit single and not commercially as successful as ... Twice Shy , it still managed to peak at No. 18 on the Billboard 200 album chart and it was critically well received . The album was certified Gold in April 1991 . The original album cover art was photographed by famous fashion photographer John Scarpati and featured a nude female model being hoisted out of the sea by a large hook . This cover was judged too risque by the label and replaced by art director Hugh Syme shortly after the initial pressing with an alternative cover that had the hook still below the sea level and the model partially submerged , so that only her head and arms were visible .   The song `` Desert Moon '' was a minor hit and , in February 2003 , was the band 's live opening song during which pyrotechnics ignited The Station nightclub fire , killing 100 people , including ( then ) Great White lead guitarist Ty Longley . The band stopped performing the song live for years afterwards .   The initial Japanese pressing retained the original cover , and added a bonus CD entitled Live in New York , recorded at Electric Lady Studios on May 31 , 1991 .


query: Twitter is based in San Francisco and has more than 25 offices around the world.

pos: Twitter Twitter ( -LSB- ˈtwɪtər -RSB- ) is an online news and social networking service where users post and interact with messages , `` tweets '' , restricted to 140 characters . Registered users can post tweets , but those who are unregistered can only read them . Users access Twitter through its website interface , SMS or a mobile device app . Twitter Inc. is based in San Francisco , California , United States , and has more than 25 offices around the world .   Twitter was created in March 2006 by Jack Dorsey , Noah Glass , Biz Stone , and Evan Williams and launched in July . The service rapidly gained worldwide popularity . In 2012 , more than 100 million users posted 340 million tweets a day , and the service handled an average of 1.6 billion search queries per day . In 2013 , it was one of the ten most-visited websites and has been described as `` the SMS of the Internet '' . As of 2016 , Twitter had more than 319 million monthly active users . On the day of the 2016 U.S. presidential election , Twitter proved to be the largest source of breaking news , with 40 million election-related tweets sent by 10 p.m. ( Eastern Time ) that day .

neg: Talkdesk Talkdesk is a cloud-based contact center software provider . Its headquarters are in San Francisco , with offices in both Lisbon and Porto , Portugal .

neg: Socialbakers Socialbakers is a global social media analytics company offering a marketing software-as-a-service platform called Socialbakers Solutions that delivers data analytics and social media management for thousands of companies of all sizes for marketing on Facebook , Instagram , Twitter , YouTube , LinkedIn , Google + , VK and Pinterest .   Socialbakers was founded in 2008 and has offices in Prague , London , San Francisco , New York City , Plzeň , Split , Singapore , Sydney , Paris , Munich , São Paulo , Mexico City , Dubai and Istanbul , with over 300 employees globally .

neg: WeeWorld WeeWorld is a game and messaging content company based in Glasgow , Scotland , with offices in London and Boston , USA . The company is the creator of WeeWorld.com , a social network targeted towards teens and tweens . The company is also well known for its brand of instant messaging and chat-based avatars , WeeMees . Which the company has released on a variety of digital platforms and services . Approximately 182 million WeeMees have been created worldwide . WeeWorld is currently funded by Accel Partners and Benchmark Capital .

neg: If(we) if ( we ) is a social and mobile technology company based in San Francisco , CA . and owned by MeetMe . It was originally known as Tagged Inc. and owns and operates social networks Tagged.com and Hi5.com and animated iOS messaging app Nod .   The company operates as an incubator of new social technology and apps seeking to find the next big thing . The firm has been ranked the # 3 Best Place to Work in the Bay Area for medium size companies and has 140 employees .

neg: List of companies based in San Francisco The following is a list of companies based in San Francisco , California . Fortune 500 rankings are indicated in parentheses , based on the list of the Fortune 500 companies in 2008 .

neg: Nixon Peabody Nixon Peabody LLP is a Global 100 law firm , with more than 700 attorneys collaborating across major practice areas in cities across the U.S. , Europe and Asia . The firm 's 16 office locations include : Boston , New York City , Washington , D.C. , Chicago , San Francisco , Los Angeles , Palo Alto , Shanghai , Hong Kong , London , Albany , Buffalo , Long Island , Manchester , Rochester , and Providence . The firm ranks # 67 on Vault 's top 100 law firms and # 75 on the American Lawyer 100 .   Clients include emerging and middle-market businesses , national and multinational corporations , financial institutions , public entities , educational and not-for-profit institutions , and individuals . The firm represents clients such as JetBlue , Constellation Brands , Corning Incorporated , and Gannett Co. , among others . Additionally , the firm has represented parties in the financing of new stadiums for the Mets and Yankees . The firm has nearly thirty teams that focus on specific industries or areas of law .   Nixon ranked 66th on Fortune Magazine 's Best Companies to Work for in 2008 , the third time the firm has appeared on the list . Boston Business Journal has similarly ranked its Boston office as one of the best places to work in Massachusetts . Wired has described the firm as having `` a progressive mentality .

neg: Francisco Partners Francisco Partners is an American private equity firm focused exclusively on investments in technology and technology-enabled services businesses . Francisco Partners Management LLC was founded in August 1999 and is headquartered in San Francisco and maintains an additional office in London . Since inception , the firm has raised approximately $ 10 billion in committed capital across four funds and has built an investment portfolio including over 70 companies .

neg: Zorpia Zorpia is a social networking service , popular in China . Zorpia is one of the few international social networks with a Chinese Internet Content Provider license . The social networking site reports 2 million unique users per month and a total worldwide user base of 26 million . Jeffrey Ng is the company 's founder and CEO of Zorpia . The privately funded company is based in Hong Kong and has 30 employees . Zorpia has been accused of spamming misleading messages on behalf of people to their address books without their consent or knowledge as a way of acquiring email addresses . In 2012 , PandoDaily wrote that Zorpia `` has a dreadful spamming problem that it needs to fix fast . ''

neg: NewsWhip NewsWhip is a technology company which tracks and predicts the spread of stories on social networks .   As of July 2014 , the company 's technology tracked the spread of stories on Facebook , Twitter , LinkedIn and Pinterest , including content published in 12 languages : English , French , German , Portuguese , Spanish , Flemish , Estonian , Finnish , Swedish , and Italian . The company provides content discovery and monitoring services to news companies , blogs , PR firms , marketers and other media producers .

neg: Snap Inc. Snap Inc. is an American technology and social media company , founded on September 16 , 2011 by Evan Spiegel and Bobby Murphy and based in Venice , Los Angeles . It has three products : Snapchat , Spectacles , and Bitmoji . The company was originally named Snapchat Inc. upon its inception , but it was rebranded on September 24 , 2016 as Snap Inc. in order to include the Spectacles product under a single company .

neg: Jobandtalent Jobandtalent is a job marketplace based in Madrid , with offices in London , Bogota and Mexico City . The company was founded in 2009 by Felipe Navio and Juan Urdiales . Jobandtalent matches professionals with relevant job opportunities using an algorithm . Jobandtalent has over 10 million registered users and around 450,000 new users join each month .

neg: TIBCO Software TIBCO ( The Information Bus Company ) Software Inc. is an American company that provides integration , analytics and events processing software for companies to use on-premises or as part of cloud computing environments . The software manages information , decisions , processes and applications for over customers .   It has headquarters in Palo Alto , California , and offices in North America , Europe , Asia , the Middle East , Africa and South America .   Clients include AirFrance/KLM , Conway , ING , Marks and Spencer , Nielsen , Shell , University of Chicago Medicine , Western Union

neg: T-Platforms T-Platforms is a Russian supercomputer company .   Founded in 2002 , T-Platforms Group is headquartered in Moscow , Russia with regional offices in Hanover , Germany , Hong Kong , China and Taipei , Taiwan . The company has implemented more than 300 integrated projects , six of which were included in the Top500 list of the world 's most powerful supercomputers . T-Platforms owns patents on a number of supercomputer technologies and electronic components . T-Platforms ' solutions are used for fundamental and applied research in various fields of science , including life sciences , physics , chemistry and mathematics , as well as for calculation-intensive tasks in engineering , computer graphics and many other disciplines . In 2011 , HPCWire named Vsevolod Opanasenko , CEO of T-Platforms , one of 12 most famous and respected people of the global HPC community .   In November 2011 , the 33,072 processor Lomonosov supercomputer in Moscow developed by T-Platforms ranked number 18 in the world , and the fastest in Russia . It placed 3rd in Europe . In October 2012 , T-Platforms delivered its first supercomputer in the US to the State University of New York at Stony Brook ( SBU ) .   T-Platforms is part of the plan of the Russian government to focus on larger supercomputers by 2020 .   In April 2013 , the United States Department of Commerce added T-Platforms to their `` list of organizations and individuals acting contrary to the national security or foreign policy interests of the United States '' , preventing the company from buying computer chips produced anywhere in the world if the factories producing them use American technology . The decision was based on US concerns that T-Platforms work includes `` the development of computer systems for military end-users , and the production of computers for nuclear research '' .   T-Platforms was delisted from the list in December 2013/January 2014 , after removal request from the company   The main competitor is RSC Group .

neg: Many-to-many The many-to-many communication paradigm is one of three major Internet computing paradigms , characterized by multiple users contributing and receiving information , with the information elements often interlinked across different websites . Developments such as file sharing , blogs , Wikis , and tagging are media forms that reflect this paradigm ; these contrast with both the one-to-one ( characterized by e-mail , FTP , and Telnet ) and one-to-many ( characterized by websites ) paradigms .   With the evolution to the full `` many-to-many '' computing paradigm , people can input and receive information to and from the Internet ; they will be able to connect and communicate dynamically within a flexibly formed scope ; there will be no artificial boundary between information and communication tools , and the definition of `` many '' will go well beyond people to include entities such as organizations , products , processes , events , and concepts .

neg: Financial District, San Francisco The Financial District is a neighborhood in San Francisco , California , that serves as its main central business district . It is home to the city 's largest concentration of corporate headquarters , law firms , insurance companies , real estate firms , banks , savings and loans , and other financial institutions . All six San Francisco Fortune 500 companies -- McKesson , Wells Fargo , PG&E , Gap , Charles Schwab , and Salesforce.com -- are located in the district .   The area is marked by the cluster of high-rise towers in the triangular area east of Kearny Street , south of Washington Street , west of the Embarcadero that rings the waterfront , and north of Market Street . The city 's tallest buildings , including 555 California Street and the Transamerica Pyramid , and many other tall buildings , such as 101 California Street and 345 California Street are located there . Montgomery Street ( sometimes called `` Wall Street of the West '' ) is the traditional heart of the district .   Since the 1980s , restrictions on high rise construction have shifted new development to the adjacent South of Market area surrounding the Transbay Transit Center . This area is sometimes called the South Financial District by real estate developers , or simply included as part of the Financial District itself .

neg: Tweet Tweet may refer to :   Tweet ( bird call ) , a type of bird vocalization  `` Tweet '' , a message sent using Twitter

neg: Benchmark Email Benchmark Email is an international internet-based service provider of email marketing to business clients based in Los Alamitos , CA . The company was founded by Curt and Denise Keller in 2004 .   Benchmark Email provides service in creating , sending , and tracking HTML-based emails . The company offers various free and paid editions . In overall quality of services , the company was rated second only to iContact by TopTenReviews and is a member of Returnpath.net , and the Email Sender & Provider Coalition industry consortiums .   Expansion into international markets has been pursued by the company , translating the software from English into Spanish , French , German , Chinese , Japanese , Portuguese , and Italian and establishing offices in the Philippines , Japan , China , India , Spain , Taiwan and Italy among several other countries . Recently , the website was also launched in French .

neg: Novanet Novanet is a multinational cloud communications company headquartered in San Francisco , California . Novanet services include a WebRTC-enabled Cloud Contact Center Solution and Optimized VoIP for small-to-medium size and enterprises across the globe . Novanet recently exhibited their WebRTC Enabled Cloud Contact Center

neg: Uber (company) Infobox company  | name = Uber Technologies Inc. .  | logo = Uber logo.svg  | type = Privately held company  | founders =  | hq_location = San Francisco , California  | area_served = Worldwide , 570 cities  | key_people =   Uber Technologies Inc. is a transportation network company headquartered in San Francisco , California , United States , operating in 570 cities worldwide . It develops , markets and operates the Uber car transportation and food delivery mobile apps . Uber drivers use their own cars , although drivers can rent a car to drive with Uber .   The name `` Uber '' is a reference to the common ( and somewhat slangy ) word `` uber '' , meaning `` topmost '' or `` super '' , and having its origins in the German word über , meaning `` above '' .   Uber has been a pioneer in the sharing economy and the changes in industries as a result of the sharing economy have been referred to as `` Uberification '' or `` Uberisation '' . Uber has also been the subject of protests and legal actions .

neg: Clixtr Clixtr Inc. is a startup company based in San Francisco , California .  Clixtr is a location-based service photo sharing platform which allows its users to create geo-tagged events and upload mobile photos to those events in real time . Multiple users are able to upload their photos to one event . Because Clixtr uses the iPhone GPS , Clixtr users create instant , location-aware , group photo albums which nearby users can contribute their own photos to .