query: Bal Gangadhar Tilak's birthday was July 21.

pos: Bal Gangadhar Tilak Bal Gangadhar Tilak ( or Lokmanya Tilak , ; 23 July 1856 -- 1 August 1920 ) , born as Keshav Gangadhar Tilak , was an Indian nationalist , teacher , social reformer , lawyer and an independence activist . He was the first leader of the Indian Independence Movement . The British colonial authorities called him `` Father of the Indian unrest . '' He was also conferred with the title of `` Lokmanya '' , which means `` accepted by the people ( as their leader ) '' .   Tilak was one of the first and strongest advocates of Swaraj ( `` self-rule '' ) and a strong radical in Indian consciousness . He is known for his quote in Marathi , '' स्वराज्य हा माझा जन्मसिद्ध हक्क आहे आणि तो मी मिळवणारच '' ( `` Swarajya is my birthright and I shall have it ! '' ) in India . He formed a close alliance with many Indian National Congress leaders including Bipin Chandra Pal , Lala Lajpat Rai , Aurobindo Ghose , V. O. Chidambaram Pillai and Muhammad Ali Jinnah .

neg: Shridhar Bhaskar Warnekar Dr. Shridhar Bhaskar Warnekar was Sanskrit scholar born in Nagpur , India , on 31 July 1918 . He wrote many Sanskrit poems and verses .   Most famous among them being `` ShriShivarajyodayam '' . This Mahakavya is prescribed by Union Public Service Commission of India in the syllabus of Sanskrit Literature paper kept for Civil service examination . This work , which won the Sahitya Akademi Award for Sanskrit in 1974 , is an epic poem in 68 cantos on the life and work of Shivaji .   Dr. Warnekar won a number of literary awards including Presidents Award , Kalidasa Puraskar , Birla foundation Saraswati Sammana , etc. and was invited by the State University of New York at New Paltz , USA to address their Sanskrit Seminar .   The title of Pradnya Bharati was conferred on him by Jagdguru Shri Shankarachrya .

neg: Sumatheendra R. Nadig Sumathendra Raghavendra Nadig ( born 1935 ) is an Indian professor and writer .   Nadig came upon the literary scene as a prominent modern poet in the 1960s . He was a close associate of Gopalakrishna Adiga , the leader of the modernist movement .   Nadig 's `` Dampatya Gita '' has been translated into English , Hindi , Bengali and other Indian languages . His other major poem , `` Panchabhut '' , is considered to be an important and original contribution to modern Indian literature . His poetic achievement has been acknowledged by great poets including Gopalakrishna Adiga , Pu . Ti . Narasimhachar , Ayyappa Panikar , Sitanshu Yashaschandra , Manohar Rai Sardesai , and G. S. Shivrudrappa ; writers including S. L. Bhyrappa and U. R. Anantha  Murthy ; and scholars including Kapila Vatsyayan and Sibnarayan Ray .   Nadig has two master 's degrees in English , one from Mysore University and the other from Temple University ( US ) . He also received a PhD in Kannada from Bangalore University and an honorary doctorate , `` Shabda Marthand '' , from Gurukul Kangri University , Hardwar .   He has received many awards , including the Karnataka Rajyothsava Prashsti , Dinakara Pratisthana Prashasti , V. M. Inamdar  Prashsti , and M.V.Si . Puraskara .   He was the Chairman of National Book Trust from 1996 to 1999 .   He is well known for his critical studies of Bendre , K.S. Narasimha Swamy and Adiga , and short stories and nursery rhymes , and translations from Bengali to Kannada , and from Kannada to English . He knows Kannada , English , Hindi , Marathi , Konkani , and Bengali .   `` Poetry makes strange things happen . I reach the society in me , and the society meets me in my poetry . ''  -- Sumatheendra Nadig

neg: Political history of Sri Aurobindo Aurobindo 's political career lasted only four years , from 1906 to 1910 . Though he had been active behind the scene surveying , organizing and supporting the nationalist cause , ever since his return to India , especially during his excursions to Bengal . This period of his activity from 1906-1910 saw a complete transformation of India 's political scene . Before Aurobindo began publishing his views , the Congress was an annual debating society whose rare victories had been instances of the empire taking a favourable view to its petitions . By the time Aurobindo left the field , the ideal of political independence had been firmly ingrained into the minds of people , and nineteen years later , it became the official raison d'être of the Congress .   This change was affected by the advent of the aggressive nationalist thought of Lokmanya Tilak who declared that swaraj was his birthright and Bipin Chandra Pal who demanded `` complete autonomy '' from Britain . However none went as far as Aurobindo in articulating the legitimacy and necessity of complete independence . He `` based his claim for freedom for India on the inherent right to freedom , not on any charge of misgovernment or oppression '' . He wrote :

neg: Kanker State Kanker State was one of the princely states of India during the period of the British Raj . Its last ruler signed the accession to the Indian Union in 1947 .   Kanker State was located north of Bastar State and , except for the valley of the Mahanadi in its eastern part , it consisted mostly of hills covered by forests in which teak ( Tectona grandis ) , sirsā ( Dalbergia latifolia ) , śāl ( Shorea robusta ) and bījāsāl ( Pterocarpus marsupium ) predominated . The state had 63,610 inhabitants in 1881 and 103,536 in 1901 , more than half of which were Gonds . Kanker town in Kanker District , Chhattisgarh , was the capital of the state and the see of the Raja 's residence . The languages spoken in the state were mainly Chhattisgarhi and Gondi .

neg: Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar (film) Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar is a 2000 Indian feature film in English language , directed by Jabbar Patel . It tells the story of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar , known mainly for his contributions in shaping the Constitution of India , as the chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Indian Constituent Assembly . The film was a project funded jointly by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment and the Government of Maharashtra . It was made at a budget of 8.95 crore . The production was managed by the government-owned National Film Development Corporation of India . The film was dubbed in nine Indian languages .   The role of Ambedkar was played by actor Mammootty : He won the National Film Award for Best Actor that year . Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar won the National Film Awards for Best feature film in English and Best Art Direction ( Nitin Chandrakant Desai ) in 1999 . The film was screened retrospective on August 15th 2016 at the Independence Day Film Festival jointly presented by the Indian Directorate of Film Festivals and Ministry of Defense , commemorating 70th Indian Independence Day .

neg: Makar Sankranti Makar Sankranti ( also known as Makara Sankranti or Maghi ) refers both to a specific solar day in the Hindu calendar and a Hindu festival in reverence to deity Surya ( sun ) that is observed in January every year . It marks the first day of sun 's transit into the Makara ( Capricorn ) , marking the end of the month with the winter solstice and the start of longer days .   Makar Sankranti is one of the few ancient Hindu festivals that has been observed according to solar cycles , while most festivals are set by the lunar cycle of the lunisolar Hindu calendar . Being a festival that celebrates the solar cycle , it almost always falls on the same Gregorian date every year ( January 14 ) , except in rare years when the date shifts by a day for that year , because of the complexity of earth-sun relative movement . The festivities associated with Makar Sankranti are known by various names such as Lohri by north Indian Hindus and Sikhs , Sukarat in central India , Bhogali Bihu by Assamese Hindus , and Pongal by Tamil and other south Indian Hindus .   Makar Sankranti is observed with social festivities such as colorful decorations , rural children going house to house , singing and asking for treats ( or pocket money ) , melas ( fair ) , dances , kite flying , bonfires and feast . The Magha Mela , according to Diana L. Eck -- a professor at Harvard University specializing in Indology , is mentioned in the Hindu epic , the Mahabharata , thus placing this festival to be around 2,000 years old . Many go to sacred rivers or lakes and bathe with thanksgiving to the sun . Every twelve years , the Hindus observe Makar Sankranti with one of the world 's largest mass pilgrimage , with an estimated 40 to 100 million people attending for the event . At this event , they say a prayer to the sun and bathe at the Prayaga confluence of the River Ganga and River Yamuna at the Kumbh Mela , a tradition attributed to Adi Shankara .

neg: Brajkishore Prasad Brajkishore Prasad ( 1877 -- 1946 ) was a lawyer inspired by Mohandas Gandhi during the Indian Independence Movement .   Born in a prominent Kayastha family in Shrinagar , Prasad took his early education in Chhapra and Patna before moving to Presidency College in Calcutta , where he completed his legal training . In between he married to Phool Devi . He set up a legal practise in Darbhanga and had two sons Vishwa Nath and Shiv Nath Prasad , more commonly known as SN Prasad , and two daughters , Prabhavati Devi and Vidyawati . Prabhavati Devi was married to Jayaprakash Narayan and Vidyawati to Mrityunjaya Prasad , son of Rajendra Prasad .   He met with Mahatma Gandhi in 1915 and was immediately taken in by him . He decided to get involved full-time in the freedom struggle and gave up his legal practice . He was instrumental in Gandhi taking up the Champaran and Kheda Satyagraha , in which Gandhi handpicked Rajendra Prasad and Anugrah Narayan Sinha along with him to successfully lead the movement . Gandhi was so impressed by Prasad 's dedication that he set aside a full chapter on him in his autobiographical book , The Story of My Experiments with Truth , called `` The Gentle Bihari '' .   He remained at the forefront of the freedom struggle in Bihar , and his collaboration with several colleagues was instrumental in the setting up of the Bihar Vidyapeeth . For the last ten years of his life he was severely infirmed , and died in 1946 .

neg: Guru Nanak Dev University Guru Nanak Dev University ( ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀ G.N.D.U. ) was established at Amritsar , India on November 24 , 1969 to commemorate Guru Nanak Dev 's birth quincentenary celebrations . Guru Nanak Dev University campus is spread over 500 acres ( 2 km ² ) near village of Kot Khalsa , nearly 8 km west of the Amritsar City on Amritsar - Lahore highway , next to Khalsa College , Amritsar . Recently , Guru Nanak Dev University has attained the highest status of University with Potential for Excellence ( UPE ) by the University Grants Commission ( UGC ) .   G.N.D.U. is both a residential and an affiliating university . In conceiving its future course , the objectives enshrined in the Act 1969 emphasized that the new university would make provision for imparting education and promoting research in the humanities , learned professions , sciences , especially of applied nature and technology . Studies and research on the life and teachings of Guru Nanak , in addition to working towards the promotion of Punjabi language and spreading education among educationally backward classes and communities were the other commitments .

neg: Tilka Manjhi Baba Tilka Manjhi ( or Jabra paharia ) was the first Adivasi leader who took up arms against the British in the 1784 , around 100 years before Mangal Pandey . He organized the Adivasis to form an armed group to fight against the resource grabbing and exploitation of British .

neg: Satya Narayan Gourisaria Satya Narayan Gourisaria is an Indian born British company secretary , gandhian and a former secretary of the India League , an Indian independence movement organization founded by V. K. Krishna Menon . He was born on 7 May 1929 at Dhanbad , in the Indian state of Bihar but shifted to East Bengal , then in erstwhile East Pakistan to return to India in 1948 , a year after the Indian independence . He did his college studies at Scottish Church College , Kolkata and migrated to United Kingdom in the 1950s to stay there for 61 years . A former company secretary at Douglas Fraser and Sons ( London ) Limited , Gourisaria has also held the directorship of the now defunct Ashoka Publications . During his stay in London , he is known to have assisted in cultural exchanges by hiring cinemas to show Indian films and bringing Indian film personalities to London for shows , a show by Lata Mangeshkar at the Royal Albert Hall in 1974 being a notable one . He returned to India in 2013 . He was honored by the Government of India , in 2000 , with the fourth highest Indian civilian award of Padma Shri .

neg: Nabadwip Nabadwip ( -LSB- ˌnæbəˈdwi :p -RSB- ) is a city under Municipal administration in the district of Nadia in West Bengal , ( India ) . It is seated on the western bank of the Bhagirathi river . The Bhagirathi river originally flowed down the west of Nabadwip in the past , forming a natural boundary between the districts of Bardhaman and Nadia . With time it has shifted its course to where it is at present , cutting the city off from the rest of the Nadia district . It is considered to have been founded in 1063 AD , which served as the old capital of the Sena dynasty . It was a center of learning and philosophy in medieval India and is still noted for its traditional Sanskrit schools . The Navya Nyaya school of logic reached its peak with the efforts of some well known contemporary philosophers of Nabadwip . The great Vaishnava saint , social reformer and an important figure of the Bhakti movement , Chaitanya Mahaprabhu ( 1486 -- 1533 ) was born here , for whose sake , this place has turned into an important center of pilgrimage for the Vaishnavs world wide as well as the Hindoos in general . Many devotees who adhere to the Gaudiya sect of Vaishnavism come to Nabadwip for pilgrimage on the auspicious occasion of the Birthday celebration of Shri Mahaprabhu on the Phalguni Purnima ( i.e. on the Full moon day of the March every year ) , and for various festivals in relation to Leelas of Shri Mahaprabhu like Sri Nabadwip-mandala Parikrama and other festivities like Dol yatra , Ras purnima Gaura-purnima .

neg: Telugu years TeluguTelugu year is the calendar year for the Telugu and Kannada speaking people of India . Each Yuga ( Era ) has a cycle of 60 years . Each year of Ugadi year has a specific name in Panchangam ( Astrnomical calendar ) based on astrological influences and the name of the year would represent the character of that year . The calendar includes 60 year names . Every 60 years one name cycle completes and the names repeat in the next cycle . For example , the Telugu name for 1954 is `` jaya '' , repeated in 2014 . Ugadi is the Telugu new year festival that comes in the spring season ( usually March or April ) .   The sixty Ugadi year names are as follows :   ( 1867,1927,1987 , 2047 ) Prabhava ప్రభవ  ( 1868,1928,1988 , 2048 ) Vibhava విభవ  ( 1869,1929,1989 , 2049 ) Sukla శుక్ల  ( 1870,1930,1990 , 2050 ) Pramodyuta ప్రమోద్యూత  ( 1871,1931,1991 , 2051 ) Prajothpatti ప్రజోత్పత్తి  ( 1872,1932,1992 , 2052 ) Aangeerasa ఆంగీరస  ( 1873,1933,1993 , 2053 ) Sreemukha శ్రీముఖ  ( 1874,1934,1994 , 2054 ) Bhāva భావ  ( 1875,1935,1995 , 2055 ) Yuva యువ  ( 1876,1936,1996 , 2056 ) Dhāta ధాత  ( 1877,1937,1997 , 2057 ) Īswara ఈశ్వర  ( 1878,1938,1998 , 2058 ) Bahudhānya బహుధాన్య  ( 1879,1939,1999 , 2059 ) Pramādhi ప్రమాధి  ( 1880,1940,2000 , 2060 ) Vikrama విక్రమ  ( 1881,1941,2001 , 2061 ) Vrisha వృష  ( 1882,1942,2002 , 2062 ) Chitrabhānu చిత్రభాను  ( 1883,1943,2003 , 2063 ) Svabhānu స్వభాను  ( 1884,1944,2004 , 2064 ) Tārana తారణ ( vaikan )  ( 1885,1945,2005 , 2065 ) Pārthiva పార్థివ  ( 1886,1946,2006 , 2066 ) Vyaya వ్యయ  ( 1887,1947,2007 , 2067 ) Sarvajita సర్వజిత  ( 1888,1948,2008 , 2068 ) Sarvadhāri సర్వధారి  ( 1889,1949,2009 , 2069 ) Virodhi విరోధి  ( 1890,1950,2010 , 2070 ) Vikruti వికృతి  ( 1891,1951,2011 , 2071 ) Khara ఖర  ( 1892,1952,2012 , 2072 ) Nandana నందన  ( 1893,1953,2013 , 2073 ) Vijaya విజయ  ( 1894,1954,2014 , 2074 ) Jaya జయ  ( 1895,1955,2015 , 2075 ) Manmadha మన్మధ  ( 1896,1956,2016 , 2076 ) Durmukhi దుర్ముఖి  ( 1897,1957,2017 , 2077 ) Hevalambi హేవళంబి  ( 1898,1958,2018 , 2078 ) Vilambi విళంబి  ( 1899,1959,2019 , 2079 ) Vikāri వికారి  ( 1900,1960,2020 , 2080 ) Sārvari శార్వరి  ( 1901,1961,2021 , 2081 ) Plava ప్లవ  ( 1902,1962,2022 , 2082 ) Subhakrita శుభకృత  ( 1903,1963,2023 , 2083 ) Sobhakrita శోభకృత  ( 1904,1964,2024 , 2084 ) Krodhi క్రోధి  ( 1905,1965,2025 , 2085 ) Viswāvasu విశ్వావసు  ( 1906,1966,2026 , 2086 ) Parābhava పరాభవ  ( 1907,1967,2027 , 2087 ) Plavanga ప్లవంగ  ( 1908,1968,2028 , 2088 ) Kīlaka కీలక  ( 1909,1969,2029 , 2089 ) Soumya సౌమ్య  ( 1910,1970,2030 , 2090 ) Sādhārana సాధారణ  ( 1911,1971,2031 , 2091 ) Virodhikrita విరోధికృత  ( 1912,1972,2032 , 2092 ) Paridhāvi పరిధావి  ( 1913,1973,2033 , 2093 ) Pramādeecha ప్రమాదీచ  ( 1914,1974,2034 , 2094 ) Ānanda ఆనంద  ( 1915,1975,2035 , 2095 ) Rākshasa రాక్షస  ( 1916,1976,2036 , 2096 ) Nala నల  ( 1917,1977,2037 , 2097 ) Pingala పింగళ  ( 1918,1978,2038 , 2098 ) Kālayukti కాళయుక్తి ( vamshidhar )  ( 1919,1979,2039 , 2099 ) Siddhārtha సిద్ధార్థ  ( 1920,1980,2040 , 2100 ) Roudri రౌద్రి ( Kalyani )  ( 1921,1981,2041 , 2101 ) Durmathi దుర్మతి  ( 1922,1982,2042 , 2102 ) Dundubhi దుందుభి  ( 1923,1983,2043 , 2103 ) Rudhirodgāri రుధిరోద్గారి  ( 1924,1984,2044 , 2104 ) Raktākshi రక్తాక్షి  ( 1925,1985,2045 , 2105 ) Krodhana క్రోధన  ( 1926,1986,2046 , 2106 ) Akshyaya అక్షయ   Significance :   In ancient days Yogis ( saints ) interact directly with god , according to that , they have given information related to our Indian Kalachakra ( time-cycle ) by considering Lord Shiva ( Destroyer of bad ) , Lord Vishnu ( Manager of good and bad ) , Lord Bharmha ( Creator of things ) and Goddess Shakthi ( Energy ) life 's span . Below is the Indian Kalachakra ( time-cycle ) :   60 years = Shashti Poorthi ( For Reference : Shashti Poorthi )   4,32,000 years = Kali yuga ( Age of vice ) ( For Reference : Kali Yuga )   8,64,000 years = Dwapar yuga ( For Reference : Dvapara Yuga )   12,96,000 years = Treta Yuga ( For Reference : Treta Yuga )   17,28,000 years = Sat Yuga or Krta Yuga or Krita Yuga ( For Reference : Satya Yuga )   Total 43,20,000 years = 1 Maha yuga ( Total 4 yugas . For Reference : Yuga )   71 Maha yugas = 1 Manvantara or Manuvantara or Manvanter ( For Reference : Manvantara )   14 Manvantara = 1 Kalpa ( For Reference : Kalpa ( aeon ) )   2 Kalpas = Lord Bhrama 1 day   2000 Kalpas = Lord Bhrama 's life span   200 Kalpas of Lord Vishnu = Lord Shiva 1 day   200 Kalpas of Lord Shiva = 1 eye blink of Lord Shakthi ( Energy ) .   For more information : Hindu units of time .

neg: Kalindi Charan Panigrahi Kalindi Charan Panigrahi ( 2 July 1901 -- 15 May 1991 ) was a noted Odia poet , novelist , story writer , dramatist , and essayist . He was one of the members of the Odia literary group Sabuja Goshthi ( the Green Group ) .  Influenced by the romantic thoughts of Rabindranath Tagore , during the thirties when the progressive Marxist movements was in full flow in Odia Literature , Kalindi Charana Panigrahi , the older brother of Bhagabati Charana Panigrahi , the founder of Marxist trend in Odisha , formed a group in 1920 called `` Sabuja Samiti '' , along with two of his writer friends Annada Shankar Ray and Baikuntha Patnaik . Perhaps it was the very short existed period in Odia Literature , and later submerged with either Gandhian thoughts or Marxian thoughts . Later Kalindi Charana Panigrahi wrote his famous novel Matira Manisha , being influenced by Gandhism . He was for a period , the editor of English Journals , Bhanja Pradipa and Mayurbhanja Chronicle .   His eldest daughter Nandini Satpathy was born in 1931 , who later went on to become the Chief Minister of Odisha .   His younger brother Bhagabati Charana Panigrahi was the founder of Communist Party in Odisha . Bhagabati 's great contribution for the Independence of India is underplayed in the history , because he was illegally imprisoned , and slow-poisoned by the British . His great grandson Suparno Satpathy is a noted writer , awarded social activist , and a young political leader .

neg: Ashutosh Mukherjee Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee , CSI originally spelt as Sir Asutosh Mookerjee ( 29 June 1864 -- 25 May 1924 ) was a prolific Bengali educator and the second Indian Vice-Chancellor of the University of Calcutta for four consecutive two-year terms ( 1906 -- 1914 ) and a fifth two-year term ( 1921 -- 23 ) . Perhaps the most emphatic figure of Indian education , he was a man of great personality , high self-respect , courage and towering administrative ability . He became the first student to be awarded a dual degree ( MA in Mathematics and Physics ) from Calcutta University and received the prestigious Premchand-Roychand scholarship .   Mukherjee was responsible for the foundation of the Bengal Technical Institute in 1906 and the College of Science of the Calcutta University in 1914 and also played a vital role in the founding of the University College of Law . The Calcutta Mathematical Society was also founded by Mukherjee in 1908 and he served as the president of the Society from 1908 to 1923 . He was also the president of the inaugural session of the Indian Science Congress in 1914 . The Ashutosh College was also founded under his stewardship in 1916 , when he was Vice-chancellor of University of Calcutta .   Ashutosh Mukherjee was knighted in 1911 for his contributions to education in India . He was often called `` Banglar Bagh '' meaning the `` Tiger of Bengal '' for his high self-esteem , courage , academic integrity and a general intransigent attitude towards the British Government . Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee died in 1924 at Patna , Bihar . His son Syama Prasad Mookerjee founded the Bharatiya Jana Sangh .

neg: Amir Chand Bombwal Amir Chand Bombwal ( 8 August 1893 -- 10 February 1972 ) was a journalist , a freedom fighter in the Indian independence movement , a Khudai Khidmatgar and a political leader of the Indian National Congress Party from Peshawar , North-West Frontier Province ( NWFP ) of British India . He was the founder , editor and publisher of a weekly newspaper called The Frontier Mail and a close associate of Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan .   Bombwal was the last editor of the short-lived Urdu-language Swarajya weekly newspaper , published between 1907 and 1911 by the Bharat Mata Society in Allahabad . This newspaper pursued a scathing campaign against British Raj rule , An active member of the Indian National Congress party , he was jailed for participation in the first Non-Cooperation Movement in 1921-23 .   Upon release from jail , he worked to rehabilitate the refugees and victims of the 1924 Kohat riots . Mahatma Gandhi commended him for the service he provided to the riot victims .   After the Partition of India , he was arrested without charges , along with Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan and Dr. Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan ( known as Dr. Khan Sahib ) by the founder of Pakistan , Mohammed Ali Jinnah who suspected them of undermining the accession of NWFP to Pakistan . They were jailed in Peshawar Central Jail and there was little hope for their release . Upon the death of Jinnah , Liaquat Ali Khan , who was on friendly terms with them , assumed the reins of power in Pakistan . Liaquat Ali Khan facilitated their release from jail , and transferred Bombwal to India in 1948 , where he arrived on a flight carrying the ceasefire delegation of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 from Pakistan .   After Partition , he settled down in Dehradun , India and continued to publish The Frontier Mail from there . He gave the Indian people a floor-to-ceiling height oil painting of Vithalbhai Patel that now hangs on right side of the dais in Central Hall of the Indian Parliament .   He died in Delhi of natural causes . Upon his death , fifteen trunks containing his documents were transferred to the National Archives of India .

neg: Poona Sarvajanik Sabha Poona Sarvajanik Sabha was founded by Mahadev Govind Ranade .  Pune Sarvajanik Sabha , , was a sociopolitical organisation in British India which started with the aim of working as a mediating body between the government and people of India and to popularise the peasants legal rights . It started as an elected body of 95 members elected by 6000 persons on April 2 , 1870 . The organisation was a precursor to the Indian National Congress which started with its first session from Maharashtra itself . The Pune Sarvajanik Sabha provided many of the prominent leaders of national stature to the Indian freedom struggle including Bal Gangadhar Tilak .  It was formed in 1870 by S. H. Chiplunkar , Ganesh Vasudeo Joshi , Mahadev Govind Ranade , et al. .   The ruler of the Aundh State , Bhawanrao Shriniwasrao Pant Pratinidhi was the first President of the organisation . Many eminent personalities such as Bal Gangadhar Tilak , Gopal Hari Deshmukh , Maharshi Annasaheb Patwardhan , etc. served as the Presidents of the organisation .   In 2016 , Meera Pavagi was elected as the first woman President of the organisation .

neg: Sri Prakasa Sri Prakasa ( 3 August 1890 -- 23 June 1971 ) was an Indian politician , freedom-fighter and administrator . He served as India 's first High Commissioner to Pakistan from 1947 to 1949 , Governor of Assam from 1949 to 1950 , Governor of Madras from 1952 to 1956 and Governor of Bombay from 1956 to 1962 .   Sri Prakasa was born in Varanasi in 1890 . In his early days , he participated in the Indian independence movement and was jailed . After India 's independence , he served as an administrator and cabinet minister . Sri Prakasa died in 1971 at the age of 80 .

neg: Social movement in India From the early 1970s new forms of social mobilisation began in India . They gained a variety of names such as social movement , people 's movement , popular movements etc. . These movements emerged and highlighted some of the major issues such as gender and environment .   One of the leading analyst and participant in social movements in India , Sanjay Sangvi , identified the major agendas of them as `` Movements of landless , unorganised labour in rural and urban areas , adivasis , dalits , displaced people , peasants , urban poor , small entrepreneurs and unemployed youth took up the issues of livelihood , opportunities , dignity and development . ''   Most well known movements in the country are Chipko movement , Save Silent Valley , Narmada Bachao Andolan , Koel Karo , Chhattisgarh Mukti Morcha , Jhola Aandolan chutmarika ( fighting polythene ) , Appiko movement , Save Kudremukh , Lok Satta Movement , Swadhyay Movement , Swatantra Sharad Joshi , Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha   These movements largely distanced themselves from political parties , or tried to cut across the ideologies of the political parties . Yet many of them rooted themselves or drew from ideologies of the Mahatma Gandhi , various shades environmentalisms or gender politics , or socialism .   The most recent of social movements is ` Campaign against corruption ' , April 2011 , led by a group of social activists - Anna Hazare , Arvind Kejriwal , Kiran Bedi , a Gandhian sits on , Sri Ram Burgula the heart of New Delhi , capital of India , for fast unto death , demanding enactment of the long pending Jan Lokpal Bill . This movement got support of general masses and media . This created a buzz when political leaders were denied sharing of dias with the social activists . This movement is a landmark in the constitutional history of independent India , which has forced government to include 5 non-official members in the Sri Ram Burgula Bill Drafting committee . Usually , only ministers are members of any legislation drafting committees . While enactment of the law and action by Sri Ram Burgula and Sri Ram Burgula ( ombudsmen ) will take some more time to be on actual ground , this movement has certainly made corruption a major social issue in India .   Some of the popular leaders of such movements are Sunderlal Bahuguna , Medha Patkar , Baba Amte , Vandana Shiva , Vijaypal Baghel , etc. .

neg: Cinema of India The cinema of India consists of films produced across India . Cinema as a medium has gained immense popularity in the country and as many as 1,600 films in various languages of India are produced annually . Indian films have also come to be followed throughout South Asia , the Greater Middle East , Southeast Asia and other countries . Dadasaheb Phalke is known as the `` father of Indian cinema '' . The Dadasaheb Phalke Award , for lifetime contribution to cinema , was instituted in his honour , by the Government of India in 1969 , and is the most prestigious and coveted award in Indian cinema .   In the 20th century , Indian cinema , along with the Hollywood and Chinese film industries , became a global enterprise . As of 2013 , in terms of annual film output , India ranks first , followed by Nollywood , Hollywood and China . In 2012 , India produced 1,602 feature films . The Indian film industry reached overall revenues of $ 1.86 billion ( 93 billion ) in 2011 . This is projected to rise to $ 3 billion ( 200 billion ) in 2016 . In 2015 , India had a total box office gross of , the fourth largest in the world outside North America . Enhanced technology paved the way for upgrading from established cinematic norms of delivering product , altering the manner in which content reached the target audience . Biopics like Dangal and CGI-laden epics like Baahubali emerged as transnational blockbusters grossing over $ 200 million each in early 21st century . Indian cinema found markets in over 90 countries where films from India are screened . The Indian government extended film delegations to foreign countries such as the United States of America and Japan while the country 's Film Producers Guild sent similar missions through Europe .   The provision of 100 % foreign direct investment has made the Indian film market attractive for foreign enterprises such as 20th Century Fox , Sony Pictures , Walt Disney Pictures and Warner Bros. . Indian enterprises such as AVM Productions , Prasad 's Group , Sun Pictures , PVP Cinemas , Zee , UTV , Suresh Productions , Eros Films , Ayngaran International , Pyramid Saimira , Aascar Films and Adlabs also participated in producing and distributing films . Tax incentives to multiplexes have aided the multiplex boom in India . By 2003 as many as 30 film production companies had been listed in the National Stock Exchange of India , making the commercial presence of the medium felt .   The South Indian film industry defines the four film cultures of South India as a single entity . They are the Telugu , the Tamil , the Malayalam and the Kannada industries . Although developed independently over a long period , gross exchange of film performers and technicians as well as globalisation helped to shape this new identity .   The Indian diaspora consists of millions of Indians overseas for which films are made available both through media such as DVDs and by screening of films in their country of residence wherever commercially feasible . These earnings , accounting for some 12 % of the revenue generated by a mainstream film , contribute substantially to the overall revenue of Indian cinema , the net worth of which was found to be 1.3 billion in 2000 . Music in Indian cinema is another substantial revenue generator with the music rights alone accounting for 4 -- 5 % of the net revenues generated by a film in India .


query: Roald Dahl's parents are full Chinese.

pos: Roald Dahl Roald Dahl ( -LSB- langpronˈroʊ.əld _ ˈdɑːl -RSB- , -LSB- ˈɾuːɑl dɑl -RSB- ; 13 September 1916 -- 23 November 1990 ) was a British novelist , short story writer , poet , screenwriter , and fighter pilot . His books have sold more than 250 million copies worldwide .   Born in Wales to Norwegian parents , Dahl served in the Royal Air Force during the Second World War , in which he became a flying ace and intelligence officer , rising to the rank of acting wing commander . He rose to prominence in the 1940s with works for both children and adults and he became one of the world 's best selling authors . He has been referred to as `` one of the greatest storytellers for children of the 20th century '' . His awards for contribution to literature include the 1983 World Fantasy Award for Life Achievement , and the British Book Awards ' Children 's Author of the Year in 1990 . In 2008 , The Times placed Dahl 16th on its list of `` The 50 greatest British writers since 1945 '' .   Dahl 's short stories are known for their unexpected endings and his children 's books for their unsentimental , macabre , often darkly comic mood , featuring villainous adult enemies of the child characters . His books champion the kind-hearted , and feature an underlying warm sentiment . Dahl 's works for children include James and the Giant Peach , Charlie and the Chocolate Factory , Matilda , The Witches , Fantastic Mr Fox , The BFG , The Twits and George 's Marvellous Medicine . His adult works include Tales of the Unexpected .

neg: The Family (Ba Jin novel) The Family ( 家 , pinyin : Jiā , Wade-Giles : Chia ) is a semi-autobiographical novel by Chinese author Ba Jin , the pen-name of Li Feigan ( 1904-2005 ) . His most famous novel , it chronicles inter-generational conflict between old ways and progressive aspirations in an upper-class family in the city of Chengdu , a prosperous but provincial city in the fertile Sichuan basin in the early 1920s following the New Culture Movement . The novel was wildly popular among China 's youth and established the author as a leading voice of his generation .   The novel was first serialized in 1931-2 and then released in a single volume in 1933 . The original title was Turbulent Stream ( 激流 Jīliú ) , but changed after Ba Jin released it as a single volume .

neg: Grand Ricci Le Grand Ricci ( or Grand dictionnaire Ricci de la langue chinoise , Simplified Chinese : 利氏汉法辞典 ; Traditional Chinese : 利氏漢法辭典 ; pinyin : Lìshì Hàn-Fǎ cídiǎn ; literally : `` Dictionnaire chinois-français Ricci '' ( 2001 ) , from the name of the 15th century Italian missionary , Matteo Ricci .   It is composed of seven volumes of more than 1,200 pages each , identifying 13,500 characters , and about 300,000 entries of terms and expressions . It is , therefore , the largest Chinese-French dictionary yet , and probably the largest dictionary of Chinese into a Western language .   It has become widely known since its publication in 2001 , Le Grand Ricci is the most comprehensive up-to-date dictionary of Chinese into a modern Western language . Though it covers the whole history of Chinese language development , most of the dictionary deals with early and imperial period Chinese language usage . `` It is difficult to imagine any scholar in Chinese studies who will not eagerly welcome this new digital incarnation of the Le Grand Ricci . Le Grand Ricci is to all purposes the most comprehensive bilingual dictionary of Chinese in the Western world . It covers three millennia of the Chinese language , from the Classics to the modern age , and is encyclopedic in its scope . The compilers were able to draw on the full range of French sinological expertise in completing the project . Since its publication Le Grand Ricci has established itself as an indispensable reference tool . Now available online , and easily searchable , its functionality has only further increased . `` Wilt L. Idema . Research Professor of Chinese Literature , HarvardOn the 11th of May , 2010 , the DVD version was presented for the first time at the Shanghai Museum . The resources of the Ricci dictionary are available on Android phones and tablets and Apple IOS via Pleco Software .

neg: Prince Rui (睿) Prince Rui of the First Rank ( Manchu : ; hošoi mergen cin wang ) , or simply Prince Rui , was the title of a princely peerage used in China during the Manchu-led Qing dynasty ( 1644 -- 1912 ) . It was also one of the 12 `` iron-cap '' princely peerages in the Qing dynasty , which meant that the title could be passed down without being downgraded .   The first bearer of the title was Dorgon ( 1612 -- 1650 ) , the 14th son of Nurhaci , the founder of the Qing dynasty . He was awarded the title in 1636 by his half-brother , Huangtaiji , who succeeded their father as the ruler of the Qing Empire . After Dorgon 's death , the Shunzhi Emperor abolished the Prince Rui peerage . In 1778 , the Qianlong Emperor not only restored the Prince Rui peerage , but also granted it `` iron-cap '' status . Chunying ( died 1800 ) , a sixth-generation descendant of Dorgon 's younger brother , Dodo , was selected to inherit the Prince Rui title . The title was passed down over 12 generations and held by eight persons .

neg: The Mildenhall Treasure The Mildenhall Treasure is a non-fiction work written by British author Roald Dahl .  Unlike his later work , the story is not children 's fiction .  It tells the story of the discovery in 1946 near Mildenhall in Suffolk of the Mildenhall Treasure , now held in the British Museum .

neg: Chinese garden The Chinese garden is a landscape garden style which has evolved over three thousand years . It includes both the vast gardens of the Chinese emperors and members of the imperial family , built for pleasure and to impress , and the more intimate gardens created by scholars , poets , former government officials , soldiers and merchants , made for reflection and escape from the outside world . They create an idealized miniature landscape , which is meant to express the harmony that should exist between man and nature .   A typical Chinese garden is enclosed by walls and includes one or more ponds , rock works , trees and flowers , and an assortment of halls and pavilions within the garden , connected by winding paths and zig-zag galleries . By moving from structure to structure , visitors can view a series of carefully composed scenes , unrolling like a scroll of landscape paintings.Records of the 21st conference of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee , describing Classical Chinese garden design and the gardens of Suzhou China .

neg: Asian-Scots Asian-Scots or Scottish Asians is a term used for people of South Asian ancestry who were born and/or raised in Scotland . Their parents or grandparents are normally South Asia immigrants . Many of them are academics , doctors , business owners and/or engineers .   In British usage , the term does not include East Asians , who are known by their respective national origins ( e.g. Chinese , Japanese , Malaysians and others ) or under the umbrella term `` Oriental '' . It also does not include western Asians , such as Turks .

neg: Chinese Chinese can refer to :  Something of , from , or related to China  Chinese people , people of Chinese nationality , or one of several Chinese ethnicities  Zhonghua minzu , the supra-ethnic Chinese nationality  Han Chinese , the dominant ethnic group in China , Singapore , and Taiwan  List of ethnic groups in China  Ethnic minorities in China , the non-Han Chinese population in China  Overseas Chinese , people of Chinese ancestry who live outside mainland China , Hong Kong , Macau , and Taiwan  Chinese language , a language or family of languages spoken by the Han Chinese in China  Standard Chinese , the standard form of the Chinese ( Mandarin ) language in mainland China , Taiwan and Singapore , and the variety most commonly taught as a foreign language  other varieties of Chinese  Written Chinese , the writing system of China  Chinese cuisine , styles of cooking originating from China  American Chinese cuisine  Chinese Peak ( California ) , a mountain  Chinese Peak ( Idaho ) , a mountain  `` Chinese Gordon '' , a nickname of Charles George Gordon ( 1833 -- 1885 ) , British military commander and administrator

neg: Zhuge Zhuge ( Chu-ko ; ) is a Chinese double surname . It is ranked 314th in Hundred Family Surnames . The surname has often been synonymous with wisdom in Chinese culture , due to the fame of Zhuge Liang .

neg: Ma's Illustrated Catalogue Of The Stamps Of China Ma 's Illustrated Catalogue of the Stamps of China or is a specialized catalogue of earlier Chinese stamps covering the periods from the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China . It provides the most comprehensive and systematic record of every stamp from the first Customs issue of 1878 to the Dah Tung print Postage Due stamp in 1947 . Ma 's Illustrated Catalogue differs from other stamp catalogues as it goes beyond a simple listing of stamps . Ma 's catalogue provides a wealth of philately related information of high historical significance that is much needed in the research and study of early Chinese stamps . Today many refer to this catalogue as simply '' 馬氏圖鑑 '' or '' 馬氏國郵圖鑑 '' .   The first edition was primarily sourced from hand written manuscripts edited by the late Ma Zung-Sung ( 馬潤叟 1872-1945 ) . His son , Ma Ren-Chuen ( 馬任全 1908-1988 ) , already a postal expert in Chinese stamps and like his father a philatelist , was inspired by his father 's unfinished wish to put together a comprehensive catalogue during the last four years of his life . After his father 's death in 1945 , and after extensive consultation with a number of Shanghai 's authoritative philatelic experts and philatelic literature collectors , he compiled and supplemented his father 's original manuscripts and then translated the entire work from traditional Chinese to English . The first edition was published with 661 black & white illustrations . The costs for typesetting , proofreading , printing , publishing , and distributing were self-funded by Ma alone . A small quantity of 1000 copies was printed by Shun Chang & Co. . , in Shanghai , China in June 1947 . For many years the catalogue was the most inclusive stamp catalogue ever published in China , and it was  the first and the only one printed in both Chinese and English texts together in one volume and exclusively published by a Chinese person . Stamp catalogues prior to Ma 's were all available only in English and were printed overseas by foreign stamp dealers , often including incomplete or contradicting information among the various catalogues . The catalogue had made it possible for universal sharing and education of early Chinese stamps by all collectors in China or overseas .

neg: A Manifesto for a Re-appraisal of Sinology and Reconstruction of Chinese Culture `` A Manifesto for a Re-appraisal of Sinology and Reconstruction of Chinese Culture '' ( 为中国文化敬告世界人士宣言 ; Wei Zhongguo Wenua Jinggao Shijie Renshi Xuanyan ; also translated as `` Declaration on Behalf of Chinese Culture Respectfully Announced to the People of the World '' ) is an essay originally published in China and Taiwan in 1958 . The essay 's collective authors included Carsun Chang ( Zhang Junmai ) , Tang Chun-I ( Tang Junyi ) , Mou Tsung-san ( Mou Zongsan ) , and Hsu Fo-kuan ( Xu Fuguan ) , all `` New Confucianism '' scholars and notable students of Xiong Shili .

neg: Hokkien profanity Hokkien is one of the largest language groups worldwide . Chinese dialects are languages in their own right , unlike dialects of Indo-European languages , and are not readily mutually intelligible . The main reason why they have not historically been accorded language status is that they have no extensive literary tradition apart from opera librettos . Many dialect words have not been assigned a standardised Chinese character to represent them . Thus , it is almost impossible to find these common expressions in any form of literature despite the popularity of their use in everyday life for hundreds , if not thousands , of years . Many regard Hokkien as having the highest frequency of crude expressions in daily conversation , a characteristic which lends it a unique flavour .

neg: Singaporean Chinese privilege Singaporean Chinese privilege ( or simply Chinese privilege within Singaporean contexts ) is a term used to describe the societal privileges that Chinese Singaporeans enjoy as compared to non-Chinese Singaporeans by virtue of their race . Similar to how white privilege operates in white-dominated societies , Chinese privilege can manifest as various benefits and advantages that may often go unnoticed by Chinese Singaporeans , such as the prevalence of Mandarin Chinese in the public sphere , access to better educational , political and employment opportunities , and widespread media representation of Chinese people .

neg: Imperial Clan Court The Imperial Clan Court or Court of the Imperial Clan ( Chinese : 宗人府 , p Zōngrén Fǔ , w Tsung-jen Fu ; Manchu : Uksun be Kadalara Yamun ) was an institution responsible for all matters pertaining to the imperial family under the Ming and Qing dynasties of imperial China .   Established in 1389 by the Hongwu Emperor , it was based on previous institutions like the `` Court of the Imperial Clan '' ( 宗正寺 , Zōngzhèng Sì ) of the Tang and Song dynasties and the `` Office of the Imperial Clan '' ( 太宗正院 , Tài Zōngzhèng Yuàn ) of the Yuan dynasty . Under the Ming dynasty , the Court was managed by the Ministry of Rites ; during the Qing , it was outside the regular bureaucracy . Under both dynasties , the Court was staffed by members of the imperial clan . Imperial clansmen who committed crimes were not tried through the regular legal system . Qing imperial clansmen were registered under the Eight Banners , but were still under the jurisdiction of the Imperial Clan Court . The Court used regular reports on births , marriages , and deaths to compile the genealogy of the imperial clan ( 玉牒 , Yùdié ) . The imperial genealogy was revised 28 times during the Qing dynasty .

neg: Officialdom Unmasked Officialdom Unmasked , is a late-Qing Chinese novel by Li Baojia ( Li Boyuan ) . The theme of the work is the disintegration of the late Qing dynasty civil service bureaucracy as it is deteriorating . The novel was translated to English in 2002 by T. L. Yang .   Donald Holoch , author of `` A Novel of Setting : The Bureaucrats '' , wrote that the novel is very long with a `` bewildering '' amount of content , and therefore he argues that discussing the novel is difficult . Officialdom Unmasked has over 600,000 Chinese characters . It has over 800 dramatis personæ and many episodes . Holoch wrote that the work `` integrates the decline of the state , the status of women , the bureaucratic personality , the role of imperialism , and the commercialization of human relations . ''

neg: Han Dong (writer) Han Dong ( ; born 17 May 1961 ) is a Chinese writer of essays , poetry , short stories and novels .   Dong was born in Nanjing but spent much of his childhood in the countryside , where his parents had been `` sent-down '' during the Cultural Revolution .

neg: Chinese Cambodian Chinese Cambodians are Cambodian people of Chinese or partial Chinese descent . The Khmer term Khmer kat Chen is used for people of mixed Cambodian & Chinese descent while Khmer Chen can mean Cambodian born citizens of Chinese ancestry ( Khmer is the majority ethnic group of Cambodia and Chen means `` Chinese '' in the Khmer language ) . During the late 1960s and early 1970s , they were the largest ethnic minority in Cambodia ; there were an estimated 425,000 . However , by 1984 , there were only 61,400 Cambodians of Chinese ancestry left . This has been attributed to a combination of warfare , economic stagnation , Khmer Rouge , and emigration . There are , however , tens of thousands of mixed Chinese and Khmer ancestry .   Despite their relatively small population , Chinese Cambodians are over represented in some of the most visible aspects of Cambodian society , often leading to feelings ranging from resentment to outright discrimination by `` pure '' Khmers . Chinese Cambodians play leading roles in the Cambodian business sector as well as within Cambodia 's political scene . Chinese Cambodians also have a considerable presence in the Cambodian economy and are estimated to own a vast share of it . Many Chinese Cambodians are particularly influential in the Cambodian banking sector where money-lending and shopkeeping enterprises are prevalent . Of particular note is China 's economic role in the country which encouraged Sino-Khmer businessmen to reestablish their past businesses which were once suppressed by the Khmer Rouge .

neg: Chinatown Family Chinatown Family is a 1948 novel by Lin Yutang set in New York City 's Chinatown of the 1920s and 1930s , concerning the experiences of the Fongs , a Chinese-American family in becoming successful by hard work and endurance in a sometimes less than welcoming America .

neg: Danny, the Champion of the World Danny , the Champion of the World is a 1975 children 's book by Roald Dahl . The plot centers on Danny , a  young English boy , and his father , William , who live in a Gypsy caravan fixing cars for a living and partake in poaching pheasants . It was first published in 1975 in the United States by Alfred A. Knopf , Inc. and in the United Kingdom by Jonathan Cape .   It was adapted into a made-for-TV movie in 1989 by Thames Television which starred Jeremy Irons . It is based on Dahl 's adult short story `` Champion of the World '' which first appeared in print in The New Yorker magazine , as did some of the other short stories that would later be reprinted as Kiss Kiss ( 1960 ) . Peter Serafinowicz provides the English language audiobook recording .

neg: Traditional Chinese characters Traditional Chinese characters ( ; Pinyin : ) are Chinese characters in any character set that does not contain newly created characters or character substitutions performed after 1946 . They are most commonly the characters in the standardized character sets of Taiwan , of Hong Kong and Macau or in the Kangxi Dictionary . The modern shapes of traditional Chinese characters first appeared with the emergence of the clerical script during the Han Dynasty , and have been more or less stable since the 5th century ( during the Southern and Northern Dynasties . )   The retronym `` traditional Chinese '' is used to contrast traditional characters with Simplified Chinese characters , a standardized character set introduced by the government of the People 's Republic of China on Mainland China in the 1950s . Traditional Chinese characters are currently used in Taiwan , Hong Kong , and Macau ; as well as in Overseas Chinese communities outside of Southeast Asia , although the number of printed materials in simplified characters is growing in Australia , the US and Canada , targeting or created by new arrivals from mainland China . Currently , a large number of overseas Chinese online newspapers allow users to switch between both sets . In contrast , simplified Chinese characters are used in mainland China , Singapore and Malaysia in official publications . The debate on traditional and simplified Chinese characters has been a long-running issue among Chinese communities .

neg: Chinese Americans Chinese Americans , which includes American-born Chinese , are Americans who have full or partial Chinese ancestry . Chinese Americans constitute one group of overseas Chinese and also a subgroup of East Asian Americans , which is further a subgroup of Asian Americans . Many Chinese Americans are immigrants along with their descendants from mainland China , Hong Kong , Macau , Taiwan , as well as from other regions that include large populations of the Chinese diaspora , especially Southeast Asia and some Western countries like Canada , United Kingdom , Australia , New Zealand , and Brazil .   The Chinese American community is the largest overseas Chinese community outside of Asia . It is also the third largest in the Chinese diaspora , behind the Chinese communities in Thailand and Malaysia . The Chinese American community comprises the largest ethnic group of Asian Americans , comprising 25.9 % of the Asian American population as of 2010 . Americans of Chinese descent , including those with partial Chinese ancestry constitute 1.2 % of the total U.S. population as of 2010 . According to the 2010 census , the Chinese American population numbered approximately 3.8 million . In 2010 , half of Chinese-born people living in the United States resided in the states of California and New York .


query: Instant film was thrown away by Polaroid.

pos: Instant film Instant film is a type of photographic film introduced by Polaroid to be used in an instant camera ( and , with accessory hardware , many other professional film cameras ) . The film contains the chemicals needed for developing and fixing the photograph , and the instant camera exposes and initiates the developing process after a photo has been taken .   In earlier Polaroid instant cameras the film is pulled through rollers which breaks open a pod containing a reagent that is spread between the exposed negative and receiving positive sheet . This film sandwich develops for some time after which the positive sheet is peeled away from the negative to reveal the developed photo . In 1972 , Polaroid introduced integral film , which incorporated timing and receiving layers to automatically develop and fix the photo without any intervention from the photographer .   Instant film is available in sizes from 24 x ( similar to 135 film ) up to 50.8 x size , with the most popular film sizes for consumer snapshots being approximately 83 x ( the image itself is smaller as it is surrounded by a border ) . Early instant film was distributed on rolls , but later and current films are supplied in packs of 8 or 10 sheets , and single sheet films for use in large format cameras with a compatible back .   Though the quality of integral instant film is not as good as conventional film , peel apart black and white film , and to a lesser extent color film approached the quality of traditional film types . Instant film was used where it was undesirable to have to wait for a roll of conventional film to be finished and processed , e.g. , documenting evidence in law enforcement , in health care and scientific applications , and producing photographs for passports and other identity documents , or simply for snapshots to be seen immediately . Some photographers use instant film for test shots , to see how a subject or setup looks before using conventional film for the final exposure . Instant film is also used by artists to achieve effects that are impossible to accomplish with traditional photography , by manipulating the emulsion during the developing process , or separating the image emulsion from the film base . Instant film has been supplanted for most purposes by digital photography , which allows the result to be viewed immediately on a display screen or printed with dye sublimation , inkjet , or laser home or professional printers .   Instant film is notable for having had a wider range of film speeds available than other negative films of the same era , having been produced in ISO 4 to ISO 20,000 . Current instant film formats typically have an ISO between 100 and 1000 .   Two companies manufacture instant film : Fujifilm ( Instax integral film ) and The Impossible Project for older Polaroid cameras ( 600 , SX-70 , Spectra and 8x10 ) .

neg: Canon FT QL The Canon FT QL is a 35mm single-lens reflex camera introduced by Canon of Japan in March 1966 . It has a Canon FL lens mount compatible with the large range of FL series lenses . The FT can also operate the later Canon FD series lenses in stop-down mode , but the earlier R series has a different lens aperture mechanism and can not be used , although the bayonet fitting is similar . The standard kit lenses were Canon 's 50mm f/1 .8 ; 50mm f/1 .4 and 58mm f/1 .2 , the body-only option was offered later .   FT QL was introduced in March 1966 , a year after the pellicle mirrored Canon Pellix . However it differs from the Pellix models , having a normal quick-return reflex mirror and offering stop-down TTL metering . The TTL metering is semi-spot in nature and works through a prism incorporated in the viewfinder condenser/screen assembly . The later Canon F-1 has a similar prism for metering in its removable screen . The Canon FT viewfinder screen is not user changeable . The pentaprism finder is fixed like the similar FX and FP models but unlike some earlier Canon R reflexes .   The cloth focal plane shutter has speeds from 1 sec to 1/1000 and B . The electronic flash sync . speed is 1/60 . A delayed action timer gives 8 -- 10 seconds delay , using the same front of body lever that actuates the stop-down metering . The mirror can be locked up for vibration reduction or for use with special FL lenses like the original 19mm f3 .5 wide angle which projects deeply into the body and would foul the mirror .   The QL designation was a reference to Canon 's ingenious and successful `` quick load '' system . A stainless steel sprung hinged device inside the rear door makes film loading simpler than competing cameras of the era .   An accessory device , the Canon Booster , worked only with the FT QL and Pellix QL . It is a plug-in device that sits on the accessory shoe and increases the metering sensitivity by a factor of 16 for measuring exposure in poor light . Its operation is somewhat clumsy and is best kept for tripod use .   The Canon FT is one of a series of three basically identical cameras released around this time . The first was the Canon FX which had a built-in meter , but no through-the-lens ( TTL ) metering , instead using a window on the camera body front . The later entry level FP has no built-in meter . The final model was the top of this sector , the FT QL . Canon offered this version to combat the growing popularity of the Pentax Spotmatic variants as well as the Topcon RE SLRs .   The FT QL and its sisters were an important step for Canon , leading to a number of improved versions such as the FTb and the full professional camera system the F-1 . FT QL production ended in 1972 after the FTb was introduced .

neg: Kinema Junpo , commonly called , is Japan 's oldest film magazine and began publication in July 1919 . It was first published three times a month , using the Japanese Jun system of dividing months into three parts , but the postwar Kinema Junpō has been published twice a month .   The magazine was founded by a group of four students , including Saburō Tanaka , at the Tokyo Institute of Technology ( Tokyo Technical High School at the time ) . In that first month , it was published three times on days with a `` 1 '' in them . These first three issues were printed on art paper and had four pages each . Kinejun initially specialized in covering foreign films , in part because its writers sided with the principles of the Pure Film Movement and strongly criticized Japanese cinema . It later expanded coverage to films released in Japan . While long emphasizing film criticism , it has also served as a trade journal , reporting on the film industry in Japan and announcing new films and trends .   After their building was destroyed in the Great Kantō earthquake in September 1923 , the Kinejun offices were moved to the city of Ashiya in the Hanshin area of Japan , though the main offices are now back in Tokyo .   The Kinema Junpo awards began in 1926 , and their 10 best list is considered iconic and prestigious .

neg: Definity (film recorder) Definity is a digital film recorder for motion picture applications , produced by CCG Digital Image Technology , the successor of Agfa-Gevaert 's film recorder division .   Launched at NAB in Las Vegas in 2004 , Definity marked a departure from previous , more analogue technologies of recording digital sequences onto motion picture film as it utilizes a monochrome high-resolution LCD panel . Before Definity 's launch , LCD technology was commonly regarded as unsuitable for film recording purposes , despite its great potential : Main problems were limitations in bit depth , temporary image retention ( TIR ) and insufficiently saturated colors .   Definity 's imaging unit exploits the sub-pixel structure of the LCD in order to record anamorphic `` CinemaScope '' material without loss of horizontal image information : When instead of the standard square pixels the device utilizes its native anamorphic pixels ( with an aspect of 3:1 ) , flat widescreen material with a typical aspect ratio of 2.36:1 is horizontal compressed on the LCD , thus arriving at a squeezed , 1.18:1 image required on-film without having to jettison vital image information .   Since 2010 CCG launched a new full LED backlight system to increase the contrast and Density range by using 4320 separate RGB LEDs , increasing speed and Contrast ratio .

neg: Film gate The film gate is the rectangular opening in the front of a motion picture camera where the film is exposed to light . The film gate can be seen by removing the lens and rotating the shutter out of the way . The film is held on a uniform plane at a calibrated distance in the gate by a pressure plate behind the film .   Occasionally , as the film passes through the gate , friction can cause small slivers of celluloid to break off and stick in the side of the opening . This debris is called hairs . A `` hair in the gate '' will remain in front of the film and create a dark line that sticks into the edge of the film frame as the camera is filming a shot . A hair can ruin the shot and is almost impossible to fix in post production without being removed digitally .   Because of the intractability of this problem the 1st Assistant Camera ( in the UK this position is known as focus puller ) will open the camera and examine the gate for hairs at the end of each shot . Normally the assistant director will call out `` check the gate '' when the director is ready to move on to the next shot . The crew will wait until the focus puller calls out `` gate is clean . '' If the gate is not clean , it will be cleaned with orangewood sticks and canned air and the crew will take the shot again . A good camera crew usually checks all cameras and magazines during equipment checkout with scratch tests using fogged film rolls -- this will catch out any possible scratch or hair problems caused by faulty equipment . However , a variety of other factors including environment , humidity , type of film stock , camera position , film ridging , and lacing can each be responsible for a `` hair in the gate '' . Generally , skilled crew and regularly inspected tested equipment make this a rare occurrence , and it is not unheard of for assistants to go for months without seeing one , even on large-scale shoots . The cinematographer Oliver Stapleton praised his assisting team on Casanova for not having a single hair or scratch for the whole shoot , even though large portions were shot on dusty exteriors .   Video cameras do not have this problem , as any malfunction to the sensor will render the entire system useless . The Arri D-20 and D-21 system , however , does have removable lenses and a rotating optical shutter , which means that the CMOS sensor can be exposed in much the same way as a film gate and thus needs to be kept assiduously clean .

neg: Postage stamp design error A postage stamp design error is a mistake made during the design phase of the postage stamp production process . Design errors most commonly occur as minor mistakes , such as a missing letter in the binomial name of an organism depicted on the stamp , but some have been major gaffes , such as a map appearing to lay claim to another country 's territory , or the depiction of the wrong person on the stamp .   A design error caught during the production process may disappear quietly , with copies of the error only getting into the public 's hands via unscrupulous employees ( these are therefore not considered `` real '' stamps ) . Design errors are often caught during the distribution process , when large numbers of postal workers are scrutinizing the new stamp ; although officials may elect to withdraw all the stamps at that point , it is very difficult to retrieve every one of them , and in these instances a few may end up being sold and used . The exact circumstance are important , because once the stamp is sold to a customer , whether or not against the postal service 's rules , it is considered to be legitimate .   The Legends of the West sheet was a particularly difficult case . Shortly before the release of this commemorative series ( and after sheets had already been sent to post offices and found their way into collectors ' hands ) , a claim was made that the image of Bill Pickett used for his stamp 's painting was actually an image of his brother Ben . The United States Postal Service decided to recall the stamps and re-issue them later with Pickett 's stamp based on an image known with certainty to be him . The USPS sold the entire run of erroneous stamps at face value by lottery .   Somewhat rarer is a design error that is first noticed by a member of the public . This usually happens within a few days of the stamp first going on sale , and usually ends up as the subject of newspaper articles . A recent example of this is the Maya Angelou stamp issued by the U.S. Postal Service on April 7 , 2015 . The stamp contains a quotation that had been frequently attributed to Ms. Angelou , but was really written by Joan Walsh Anglund . In this circumstance , the Postal Service was unaware of the real author until it was brought to their attention by The Washington Post .   The response of postal officials may include withdrawal of all the stamps , or simply the suspension of printing and distribution , pending revision and reprinting . If the stamps are withdrawn , then the ones already out there become instant rarities , as happened with the PRC 's `` All China is Red '' stamp of 1968 . The withdrawn stamps may be destroyed or overprinted if the design can be repaired that way .   Design errors occurring during chaotic times such as revolutions will simply become a topic of discussion for future philatelists . Similarly for errors occurring in highly technical aspects , such as the spelling of a scientific name of a plant or animal , and may not be noticed during the stamp 's period of use .

neg: 616 film 616 film was originally produced by Kodak in 1932 along with 620 film for the Kodak Six-16 camera . Seventy millimetres wide , the film produced 63.5 mm × 108 mm ( 2.5 '' × 4.25 '' ) negatives . It was the same format as that of 116 film but on a slimmer spool , for use in more compact cameras . The format was used in many other cameras such as the Kodak Brownie Junior and the Kodak Target SIX-16 . The first `` 6 '' in the name refers to the number of frames that could originally be exposed on a single roll of film . To avoid customer confusion , the name was not changed when this was increased to eight exposures . From the 30s on , 616 film became less and less popular , in favor of 120 and other film formats . The film was finally discontinued in 1984 , while 620 film was discontinued in 1995 .

neg: List of lost films For this list of lost films , a lost film is defined as one of which no part of a print is known to have survived . For films in which any portion of the footage remains ( including trailers ) , see List of incomplete or partially lost films .   Films may go missing for a number of reasons . One major contributing factor is the common use of nitrate film until the early 1950s . This type of film is highly flammable , and there have been several devastating fires , such as the 1937 Fox vault fire , the 1967 MGM vault fire , and the Universal Pictures fire in 1924 . Black-and-white film prints judged to be otherwise worthless were sometimes incinerated to salvage the meager scrap value of the silver image particles in their emulsions . Films have disappeared when production companies went bankrupt . Occasionally , a studio would remake a film and destroy the earlier version . Silent films in particular were once seen as having no further commercial value and were simply junked to clear out expensive storage space .   This is necessarily an incomplete list . Martin Scorsese 's Film Foundation claims that `` half of all American films made before 1950 and over 90 % of films made before 1929 are lost forever . '' Deutsche Kinemathek estimates that 80 -- 90 % of silent films are gone ; the film archive 's own list contains over 3500 lost films . A study by the Library of Congress states that 75 % of all silent films are now lost . While others dispute whether the percentage is quite that high , it is impractical to enumerate any but the more notable and those that can be sourced .

neg: Film poster A film poster is a poster used to promote and advertise a film . Studios often print several posters that vary in size and content for various domestic and international markets . They normally contain an image with text . Today 's posters often feature photographs of the main actors . Prior to the 1990s , illustrations instead of photos were far more common . The text on film posters usually contains the film title in large lettering and often the names of the main actors . It may also include a tagline , the name of the director , names of characters , the release date , etc. .   Film posters are displayed inside and on the outside of movie theaters , and elsewhere on the street or in shops . The same images appear in the film exhibitor 's pressbook and may also be used on websites , DVD ( and historically VHS ) packaging , flyers , advertisements in newspapers and magazines , etc. .   Film posters have been used since the earliest public exhibitions of film . They began as outside placards listing the programme of ( short ) films to be shown inside the hall or movie theater . By the early 1900s , they began to feature illustrations of a film scene or an array of overlaid images from several scenes . Other posters have used artistic interpretations of a scene or even the theme of the film , represented in a wide variety of artistic styles .

neg: Phantom India L'Inde fantôme : Reflexions sur un voyage is a 1969 French seven part television documentary miniseries about India , directed by Louis Malle . It was shown on BBC television as Phantom India .   Malle later said that the film was his most personal work and the one he was most proud of , it is widely regarded as the crowning achievement of his career . It was initially inspired by a two-month trip to India in late 1967 that Malle made on behalf of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs to present a selection of `` new French cinema '' throughout the country . Filming took place between January 5 , 1968 and May 1 , 1968 with a crew of two , a cameraman and a sound recordist . Malle arrived in India with no particular plans and financed the trip himself . The resulting 30 hours of footage was then edited down to the 363 minutes of Phantom India . The 105-minute-long Calcutta used the footage he had recorded over his three-week stay in that city . Phantom India was shown on French television and the BBC in the UK in 1969 . Many British Indians and the Indian Government felt that Malle had shown a one-sided portrait of India , focussing on the impoverished , rather than the developing , parts of the country . A diplomatic incident occurred when the Indian government asked the BBC to stop broadcasting the programme . The BBC refused and were briefly asked to leave their New Delhi bureau .

neg: Rolling shutter Rolling shutter is a method of image capture in which a still picture ( in a still camera ) or each frame of a video ( in a video camera ) is captured not by taking a snapshot of the entire scene at single instant in time but rather by scanning across the scene rapidly , either vertically or horizontally . In other words , not all parts of the image of the scene are recorded at exactly the same instant . ( Though , during playback , the entire image of the scene is displayed at once , as if it represents a single instant in time . ) This produces predictable distortions of fast-moving objects or rapid flashes of light . This is in contrast with `` global shutter '' in which the entire frame is captured at the same instant .   The `` rolling shutter '' can be either mechanical or electronic . The advantage of this method is that the image sensor can continue to gather photons during the acquisition process , thus effectively increasing sensitivity . It is found on many digital still and video cameras using CMOS sensors . The effect is most noticeable when imaging extreme conditions of motion or the fast flashing of light . While some CMOS sensors use a global shutter , the majority found in the consumer market use a rolling shutter .   CCDs ( charge-coupled devices ) are alternatives to CMOS sensors , which are generally more sensitive and more expensive . CCD-based cameras often use global shutters , which take a snapshot representing a single instant in time and therefore do not suffer from the motion artifacts caused by rolling shutters .

neg: Substitution splice The substitution splice is a cinematic special effect in which film makers achieve an appearance , disappearance , or transformation using a cut . It is sometimes also called the stop trick or the stop motion substitution , although the effect is achieved through film editing rather than by literally stopping the camera .   The pioneering French filmmaker Georges Méliès claimed to have accidentally developed substitution splicing while filming street traffic at the Place de l'Opéra in Paris . According to his story , his camera jammed and stopped ; by the time he had solved the difficulty , the traffic had moved on . When the film was screened , a man appeared to change into a woman , and an omnibus seemed to turn into a hearse . No evidence has emerged to support this story , which was probably entirely invented by Méliès . According to the film scholar Jacques Deslandes , it is more likely that Méliès discovered the substitution splice by carefully examining a print of the Edison Manufacturing Company 's 1895 film The Execution of Mary Queen of Scots , in which a primitive version of the trick appears . In any case , the substitution splice was both the first special effect Méliès perfected , and the most important in his body of work .   For some time , film theorists mistakenly believed that the camera was actually stopped for the effect , and then restarted ( hence the occasionally used term `` stop trick '' ) . However , later film historians such as Richard Abel and Elizabeth Ezra established that the effect was the result of Méliès 's careful frame matching during the editing process , creating a seamless match cut out of two separately staged shots . Indeed , Méliès often used substitution splicing not as an obvious special effect , but as an inconspicuous editing technique , matching and combining short takes into one apparently seamless longer shot . Substitution splicing could become even more seamless when the film was colored by hand , as many of Méliès 's films were ; the addition of painted color acts as a sleight of hand technique allowing the cuts to pass by unnoticed .   The substitution splice was the most popular cinematic special effect in early film fantasies , especially those that evolved from the stage tradition of the féerie . Segundo de Chomón is among the other filmmakers who used substitution splicing to create elaborate fantasy effects . D.W. Griffith 's 1909 film The Curtain Pole , starring Mack Sennett , used substitution splices for comedic effect . The transformations made possible by the substitution splice were so central to early fantasy films that , in France , such films were often described simply as scènes à transformation .   This technique is different from the stop motion technique , in which the entire shot is created frame by frame .

neg: Digital Collections Selection Criteria Digital Collections Selection Criteria are applied by organisations ( typically libraries ) creating a digital library which of their existing holdings and forthcoming acquisitions to digitize for inclusion .   A strategy with defined selection priorities for digitization is critical , and should consider both preservation and access . factors to consider are :  the value of materials ;  the condition of materials ;  use of materials ; and  material characteristics ensuring a high level of success .   For the Library of Congress , items of national interest were prime candidates both to improve access and reduce wear and tear on the physical copies .   In the early discussions about digitization of library materials the selection decisions were often proposed based on a desire for better access to that item 's content , and not on the condition or value of the original item . In 2001 , Paula De Stefano wrote that a use-based group of criteria was promising , as it is `` fundamental to collection development and is the common thread in all selection decisions '' . In practice , however , her study showed that most digital projects focused on special collections , which are generally not the most popular items in the overall collection .   The persistent risk of disappearing `` last copies '' . and the declines seen in the condition of national treasures , as exemplified by the 2005 Heritage Health Index Report on the State of America 's Collections provide the rationale for establishing priorities and balancing access with preservation needs . The transient nature of electronic information can contribute to a phenomenon called `` memory loss . '' This is a result of data extinctions as technologies become obsolete . There is also a drift away from original bibliographic contexts as time passes .   A 1998 Council on Library and Information Sources white paper identified the following comprehensive considerations for selection :  assessment of the intellectual and physical nature of the source materials ;  the number and location of current and potential users ;  the current and potential nature of use ;  the format and nature of the proposed digital product and how it will be described , delivered , and archived ;  how the proposed product relates to other digitization efforts ; and  projections of costs in relation to benefits .

neg: Agfacolor thumb | An Agfacolor slide dating from the early 1940s . While the colors themselves have held up well , damage visible includes dust and Newton 's rings.Agfacolor was the name of a series of color film products made by Agfa of Germany . The first Agfacolor , introduced in 1932 , was a film-based version of their Agfa-Farbenplatte ( Agfa color plate ) , a `` screen plate '' product similar to the French Autochrome . In late 1936 Agfa introduced Agfacolor Neu ( New Agfacolor ) , a pioneering color film of the general type still in use today . The new Agfacolor was originally a reversal film used for making `` slides '' , home movies and short documentaries . By 1939 it had also been adapted into a negative film and a print film for use by the German motion picture industry . After World War II , the Agfacolor brand was applied to several varieties of color negative film for still photography , in which the negatives were used to make color prints on paper . The reversal film was then marketed as Agfachrome .   Agfacolor Neu , called simply Agfacolor after its predecessor had been retired , was the German response to Technicolor and Kodachrome . Like Kodachrome , introduced by Eastman Kodak in 1935 , the new Agfacolor film was an `` integral tripack '' with three differently color-sensitized emulsion layers . Unlike Kodachrome , the corresponding color-forming dye couplers were made integral with each layer during manufacture , greatly simplifying the processing of the film : with Kodachrome , the dye couplers had to be introduced one at a time during a very complicated development procedure that required special equipment and could only be done at a Kodak processing plant .

neg: Canned Film Festival The Canned Film Festival is a comedy-based motion picture television series that was nationally syndicated during the late night hours in the United States for a single season in the summer of 1986 . With only a one-letter difference in the spelling , the name is an intentional play on the name for the Cannes Film Festival , the annual world-renowned film-screening celebration in Cannes , France . Not to be confused with the latter , the Canned Film Festival featured B movies as the centerpiece for each television episode , and was composed of short vignettes interwoven throughout the films . Boasting the tagline `` late night with the best of the worst '' , the series was promoted and sponsored by the Dr Pepper Company , whose then-tagline `` out-of-the-ordinary '' echoed the show 's collection of odd and strange movies . The series was created by Young & Rubicam , developed for television by Chelsea Communications , and distributed by LBS Communications .   Although similar in style to the successful Mystery Science Theater 3000 series that aired a few years later , the Canned Film Festival differed in that its comedy scenes occurred strictly during the commercial intermissions instead of adding peanut gallery type satire during the actual run of the movies . In addition , the script , although comedic in nature , often reflected upon the serious contextual and cultural subjects contained in the featured movies , sometimes providing historical insight into their production . An example is seen during the episode featuring Project Moonbase , where female spaceship commanders were discussed as an accurate future prediction by the 1950s era movie , as were cordless telephones and big screen televisions . The featured B movies of the series were not full-length , and edited to fit the show 's approximately two-hour timeframe per episode .

neg: Intermediate film system The intermediate film system was a television process in which motion picture film was processed almost immediately after it was exposed in a camera , then scanned by a television scanner , and transmitted over the air . This system was used principally in Britain and Germany where television cameras were not sensitive enough to use reflected light , but could transmit a suitable image when a bright light was shown through motion picture film directly into the camera lens . John Logie Baird began developing the process in 1932 , borrowing the idea of Georg Oskar Schubert from his licensees in Germany , where it was demonstrated by Fernseh AG in 1932 and used for broadcasting in 1934 . The BBC used Baird 's version of the process during the first three months of its then - `` high-definition '' television service from November 1936 through January 1937 , and German television used it during broadcasts of the 1936 Summer Olympics . In both cases , intermediate film cameras alternated with newly introduced direct television cameras .   The exposed film , either 35mm or 17.5 mm ( 35mm split in half , to save expense ) , travelled in a continuous band from the camera , usually atop a remote broadcast vehicle , into a machine that developed and fixed the image . The film was then run through a flying spot scanner ( so called because it moved a focused beam of light back and forth across the image ) , and electronically converted from a negative to a positive image . Depending on the equipment , the time from camera to scanner could be a minute or less . An optical soundtrack was recorded onto the film , between the perforations and the edge of the film , at the same time the image was taken to keep the sound and image in synchronization .   The intermediate film system , with its expensive film usage and relatively immobile cameras , did have the advantage that it left a filmed record of the programme which could be rerun at a different time , with a better image quality than the later kinescope films , which were shot from a video monitor .   Television tubes developed by Farnsworth and Zworykin in the United States , and by EMI in England , with much higher sensitivity to light , made the intermediate film system obsolete by 1937 . Film continued to be used for time-shifting and as a long-term storage until electronic video recorders were invented .

neg: Art film An art film is typically a serious , independent film aimed at a niche market rather than a mass market audience . An art film is `` intended to be a serious artistic work , often experimental and not designed for mass appeal '' ; they are `` made primarily for aesthetic reasons rather than commercial profit '' , and they contain `` unconventional or highly symbolic content '' .   Film critics and film studies scholars typically define an art film as possessing `` formal qualities that mark them as different from mainstream Hollywood films '' , which can include , among other elements , a sense of social realism ; an emphasis on the authorial expressiveness of the director ; and a focus on the thoughts , dreams , or motivations of characters , as opposed to the unfolding of a clear , goal-driven story . Film scholar David Bordwell describes art cinema as `` a film genre , with its own distinct conventions '' .   Art film producers usually present their films at specialty theatres ( repertory cinemas , or , in the U.S. , `` arthouse cinemas '' ) and film festivals . The term art film is much more widely used in the United States , the UK and Australia than in Europe , where the term is more associated with `` auteur '' films and `` national cinema '' ( e.g. , German national cinema ) . Because they are aimed at small niche market audiences , they can rarely get the financial backing that will permit large production budgets , expensive special effects , costly celebrity actors , or huge advertising campaigns , as are used in widely released mainstream blockbuster films . Art film directors make up for these constraints by creating a different type of film , which typically uses lesser-known film actors ( or even amateur actors ) and modest sets to make films that focus much more on developing ideas or exploring new narrative techniques or film-making conventions .   A certain degree of experience and knowledge are required to fully understand or appreciate such films . One mid-1990s art film was called `` largely a cerebral experience '' that one enjoys `` because of what you know about film '' . This contrasts sharply with mainstream `` blockbuster '' films , which are geared more towards escapism and pure entertainment . For promotion , art films rely on the publicity generated from film critics ' reviews , discussion of their film by arts columnists , commentators and bloggers , and `` word-of-mouth '' promotion by audience members . Since art films have small initial investment costs , they only need to appeal to a small portion of the mainstream viewing audiences to become financially viable .

neg: Digital intermediate Digital intermediate ( typically abbreviated to DI ) is a motion picture finishing process which classically involves digitizing a motion picture and manipulating the color and other image characteristics . It often replaces or augments the photochemical timing process and is usually the final creative adjustment to a movie before distribution in theaters . It is distinguished from the telecine process in which film is scanned and color is manipulated early in the process to facilitate editing . However the lines between telecine and DI are continually blurred and are often executed on the same hardware by colorists of the same background . These two steps are typically part of the overall color management process in a motion picture at different points in time . A digital intermediate is also customarily done at higher resolution and with greater color fidelity than telecine transfers .   Although originally used to describe a process that started with film scanning and ended with film recording , digital intermediate is also used to describe color correction and color grading and even final mastering when a digital camera is used as the image source and/or when the final movie is not output to film . This is due to recent advances in digital cinematography and digital projection technologies that strive to match film origination and film projection .   In traditional photochemical film finishing , an intermediate is produced by exposing film to the original camera negative . The intermediate is then used to mass-produce the films that get distributed to theaters . Color grading is done by varying the amount of red , green , and blue light used to expose the intermediate . This seeks to be able to replace or augment the photochemical approach to creating this intermediate .   The digital intermediate process uses digital tools to color grade , which allows for much finer control of individual colors and areas of the image , and allows for the adjustment of image structure ( grain , sharpness , etc. ) . The intermediate for film reproduction can then be produced by means of a film recorder . The physical intermediate film that is a result of the recording process is sometimes also called a digital intermediate , and is usually recorded to internegative ( IN ) stock , which is inherently finer-grain than camera negative ( OCN ) .   One of the key technical achievements that made the transition to DI possible was the use of the 3D look-up tables ( aka `` 3D LUTs '' ) , which could be used to mimic how the digital image would look once it was printed onto release print stock . This removed a large amount of skilled guesswork from the film-making process , and allowed greater freedom in the colour grading process while reducing risk .   The digital master is often used as a source for a DCI-compliant distribution of the motion picture for digital projection . For archival purposes , the digital master created during the Digital Intermediate process can still be recorded to very stable high dynamic range yellow-cyan-magenta ( YCM ) separations on black-and-white film with an expected 100-year or longer life . This archival format , long used in the industry prior to the invention of DI , still provides an archival medium that is independent of changes in digital data recording technologies and file formats that might otherwise render digitally archived material unreadable in the long term .

neg: Plastic recycling Plastic recycling is the process of recovering scrap or waste plastic and reprocessing the material into useful products . Since the vast majority of plastic is non-biodegradable , recycling is a part of global efforts to reduce plastic in the waste stream , especially the approximately eight million metric tonnes of waste plastic that enter the Earth 's ocean every year . This helps to reduce the high rates of plastic pollution .   Plastic recycling includes taking any type of plastic , sorting it into different polymers and then chipping it and then melting it down into pellets . After this stage , it can then be used to make items of any sort such as plastic chairs and tables . Soft Plastics are also recycled such as polyethylene film and bags . This closed-loop operation has taken place since the 1970s and has made the production of some plastic products amongst the most efficient operations today .   Compared with lucrative recycling of metal , and similar to the low value of glass , plastic polymers recycling is often more challenging because of low density and low value . There are also numerous technical hurdles to overcome when recycling plastic .   A macro molecule interacts with its environment along its entire length , so total energy involved in mixing it is largely due to the product side stoichiometry ( see enthalpy ) . Heating alone is not enough to dissolve such a large molecule , so plastics must often be of nearly identical composition to mix efficiently .   When different types of plastics are melted together , they tend to phase-separate , like oil and water , and set in these layers . The phase boundaries cause structural weakness in the resulting material , meaning that polymer blends are useful in only limited applications . The two most widely manufactured plastics , polypropylene and polyethylene behave this way , which limits their utility for recycling . Recently , the use of block copolymers as `` molecular stitches '' or `` macromolecular welding flux '' has been proposed to overcome the difficulties associated with phase separation during recycling .   Another barrier to recycling is the widespread use of dyes , fillers , and other additives in plastics . The polymer is generally too viscous to economically remove fillers , and would be damaged by many of the processes that could cheaply remove the added dyes . Additives are less widely used in beverage containers and plastic bags , allowing them to be recycled more often . Yet another barrier to removing large quantities of plastic from the waste stream and landfills is the fact that many common but small plastic items lack the universal triangle recycling symbol and accompanying number . An example is the billions of plastic utensils commonly distributed at fast food restaurants or sold for use at picnics .   The percentage of plastic that can be fully recycled , rather than downcycled or go to waste can be increased when manufacturers of packaged goods minimize mixing of packaging materials and eliminate contaminants . The Association of Plastics Recyclers have issued a Design Guide for Recyclability .   The use of biodegradable plastics is increasing .

neg: Early Abstractions Early Abstractions is a collection of seven short animated films created by Harry Everett Smith between 1939 and 1956 . Each film is between two and six minutes long , and is named according to the chronological order in which it was made . The collection includes Numbers 1 -- 5 , 7 , and 10 , while the missing Numbers 8 and 9 are presumed to have been lost .   The idea of the numbering was to suggest a coherent link between each individual film , and that they were to be treated not just on their own but as part of a larger body of work . Of the missing chapters , Number 6 was made up of three-dimensional optically printed abstractions ; Number 8 was a black and white collage of clippings taken from nineteenth century ladies wear catalogues and elocution books , and Number 9 was a color collage of biology books and nineteenth century temperance movement | posters . The remaining films show a gradual evolution in Smith 's technical complexity , with blunt abstraction rudimentary motion more prominent in the early shorts , in contrast to an allegoric dance of Tarot cards , and Buddhist and Cabalistic symbols .   Initially recorded with no sound , a medley of music by The Beatles was added retrospectively . Because the songs do not exactly sync up with each individual film , some critics have opined that this does not enhance the film , and recommend watching it in silence .   In 2006 , Early Abstractions was selected to the National Film Registry by the Librarian of Congress for its `` cultural , historical , or aesthetic significance '' . The Academy Film Archive preserved films 1 , 2 , and 3 of Abstractions .

neg: Drift ice Drift ice is any sea ice other than fast ice , the latter being attached ( `` fastened '' ) to the shoreline or other fixed objects ( shoals , grounded icebergs , etc. ) . Drift ice is carried along by winds and sea currents , hence its name . When drift ice is driven together into a large single mass ( > 70 % coverage ) , it is called pack ice . Wind and currents can pile up that ice to form ridges up to several metres in height . These represent a challenge for icebreakers and offshore structures operating in cold oceans and seas .   Drift ice consists of floes , individual pieces of sea ice 20 m or more across . There are names for various floe sizes : small -- 20 m to 100 m ; medium -- 100 m to 500 m ; big -- 500 m to 2000 m ; vast -- 2 km to 10 km ; and giant -- more than 10 km .   Seasonal ice drift in the Sea of Okhotsk by the northern coast of Hokkaidō , Japan has become a tourist attraction of this area with harsh climate , and is one of the 100 Soundscapes of Japan . The Sea of Okhotsk is the southernmost area in the Northern hemisphere where drift ice may be observed .   Drift ice affects :  Security of navigation  Climatic impact ( see Polar ice packs )  Geological impact  Biosphere influence ( see Ecology of sea ice )   The two major ice packs are the Arctic ice pack and the Antarctic ice pack . The most important areas of pack ice are the polar ice packs formed from seawater in the Earth 's polar regions : the Arctic ice pack of the Arctic Ocean and the Antarctic ice pack of the Southern Ocean . Polar packs significantly change their size during seasonal changes of the year . Because of vast amounts of water added to or removed from the oceans and atmosphere , the behavior of polar ice packs has a significant impact on global changes in climate .