query: Vincent van Gogh is from Amsterdam.

pos: Amsterdam Amsterdam ( -LSB- ˈæmstərdæm , _ ˌæmstərˈdæm -RSB- -LSB- ɑmstərˈdɑm -RSB- ) is the capital and most populous municipality of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . Its status as the capital is mandated by the Constitution of the Netherlands , although it is not the seat of the government , which is The Hague . Amsterdam has a population of 851,373 within the city proper , 1,351,587 in the urban area , and 2,410,960 in the Amsterdam metropolitan area . The city is located in the province of North Holland in the west of the country . The metropolitan area comprises much of the northern part of the Randstad , one of the larger conurbations in Europe , with a population of approximately 7 million .   Amsterdam 's name derives from Amstelredamme , indicative of the city 's origin around a dam in the river Amstel . Originating as a small fishing village in the late 12th century , Amsterdam became one of the most important ports in the world during the Dutch Golden Age ( 17th century ) , a result of its innovative developments in trade . During that time , the city was the leading centre for finance and diamonds . In the 19th and 20th centuries the city expanded , and many new neighborhoods and suburbs were planned and built . The 17th-century canals of Amsterdam and the 19 -- 20th century Defence Line of Amsterdam are on the UNESCO World Heritage List . Since the annexation of municipality Sloten in 1921 by the municipality of Amsterdam , the oldest historic part of the city lies in Sloten ( 9th century ) .   As the commercial capital of the Netherlands and one of the top financial centres in Europe , Amsterdam is considered an alpha world city by the Globalization and World Cities ( GaWC ) study group . The city is also the cultural capital of the Netherlands . Many large Dutch institutions have their headquarters there , and seven of the world 's 500 largest companies , including Philips and ING , are based in the city . In 2012 , Amsterdam was ranked the second best city to live in by the Economist Intelligence Unit ( EIU ) and 12th globally on quality of living for environment and infrastructure by Mercer . The city was ranked 3rd in innovation by Australian innovation agency 2thinknow in their Innovation Cities Index 2009 . The Amsterdam seaport to this day remains the second in the country , and the fifth largest seaport in Europe .   Famous Amsterdam residents include the diarist Anne Frank , artists Rembrandt van Rijn and Vincent van Gogh , and philosopher Baruch Spinoza .   The Amsterdam Stock Exchange , the oldest stock exchange in the world , is located in the city center . Amsterdam 's main attractions , including its historic canals , the Rijksmuseum , the Van Gogh Museum , Stedelijk Museum , Hermitage Amsterdam , Anne Frank House , Amsterdam Museum , its red-light district , and its many cannabis coffee shops draw more than 5 million international visitors annually .

neg: Mimara Museum The Mimara Museum ( Muzej Mimara ) is an art museum in the city of Zagreb , Croatia . It is situated at the Roosevelt Square , housing the collection by Wiltrud and Ante Topić Mimara . Its full official name is the Art Collection of Ante and Wiltrud Topić Mimara .   According to Thomas Hoving , `` Topic Mimara 's hoard of masterpieces are 95 percent fakes produced by him and his hired forgers . ''   Of the total of 3,700 varied works of art , more than 1,500 exhibits constitute permanent holdings , dating from the prehistoric period up to the 20th century . Some of the most famous exhibits include works by Lorenzetti , Giorgione , Veronese , Canaletto , 60 paintings by the Dutch masters Van Goyen , Ruisdael , 50 works by the Flemish masters Van der Weyden , Bosch , Rubens , Van Dyck , more than 30 by the Spanish masters Velázquez , Murillo , Goya , some 20 paintings by the German masters Holbein , Liebermann , Leibl , some 30 paintings by the English painters Gainsborough , Turner , Bonington and more than 120 paintings by the French masters Georges de La Tour , Boucher , Chardin , Delacroix , Corot , Manet , Renoir , Degas . The drawings collection holds some 200 drawings by Bronzino , Guardi , Claude Lorrain , Le Brun , Oudry , Greuze , Géricault , and Friesz .  The museum was opened in 1987 . The building itself originates from the 19th century , its conversion to a museum overseen by a Zagreb architect Kuno Waidmann ; originally it served as a gymnasium .

neg: Arles: View from the Wheat Fields Arles : View from the Wheat Fields ( also known as Wheat Field with Sheaves and Arles in the Background ) was painted by Vincent van Gogh in June , 1888 , among a number of paintings he made of wheat fields that summer . It is currently displayed at the Musee Rodin in Paris , France .

neg: Blauwe Theehuis The Blauwe Theehuis ( `` Blue Tea House '' ) is a 1930s Modernist pavilion in the Vondelpark in Amsterdam , the capital city of the Netherlands . It is a ring-shaped building , somewhat reminiscent of a flying saucer . Originally a tea house , it is in use as a café and restaurant , surrounded by outside seating . The Blauwe Theehuis is also used for theatre performances , festivals , weddings , and other events . The building has rijksmonument ( national monument ) status .   The building was constructed out of concrete , steel and glass . It consists of two circular floors stacked on top of each other , with a circular roof as the third `` saucer '' . The octagonally shaped ground floor is topped by a 12-sided top floor which originally served as residence of the proprietor . A staircase on the outside of the building provides access to the top floor . The roof edges and balustrades and the 12 pillars supporting the top floor are painted blue .

neg: Van Gogh (disambiguation) Vincent van Gogh ( 1853 -- 1890 ) was a Post-Impressionist Dutch painter   Van Gogh or Van Gogh may also refer to :

neg: Dutch Americans Dutch Americans are Americans of Dutch descent whose ancestors came from The Netherlands in the recent or distant past . Whether intentional or not , they usually maintain connections with their Dutch heritage , by having , for example , a Dutch surname or belonging to a Dutch community group . Dutch settlement in the Americas started in 1613 with New Amsterdam , which was exchanged with the British for the current Suriname at the treaty of Breda ( 1667 ) and renamed New York City . The British split the Dutch colony of New Netherlands into two pieces , and named them New York and New Jersey . Further waves of immigration occurred in the 19th and 20th centuries .   According to the 2013 American Community Survey , an estimated 4.5 million Americans claim total or partial Dutch heritage . Today the majority of the Dutch Americans live in Michigan , California , Montana , Minnesota , New York , Wisconsin , Idaho , Utah , Iowa , Ohio , West Virginia , and Pennsylvania .

neg: List of works by Vincent van Gogh List of works by Vincent van Gogh is an incomplete list of paintings and other works by the Dutch artist Vincent van Gogh ( 1853 -- 1890 ) .  Little appreciated during his lifetime , his fame grew in the years after his death . According to the legend van Gogh sold only one painting , The Red Vineyard , bought for 400 Francs by the painter and art collector Anna Boch . Today , he is widely regarded as one of history 's greatest painters and an important contributor to the foundations of modern art . Van Gogh did not begin painting until his late twenties , and most of his best-known works were produced during his final two years . He produced more than 2,000 artworks , consisting of around 900 paintings and 1,100 drawings and sketches . In 2013 Sunset at Montmajour became the first full-sized Van Gogh painting to be newly confirmed since 1928 .   Today , many of his pieces -- including his numerous self portraits , landscapes , portraits and sunflowers -- are among the world 's most recognizable and expensive works of art . On March 30 , 1987 , Irises was sold for a record US$ 53.9 million at Sotheby 's ; on May 15 , 1990 , his Portrait of Dr. Gachet was sold for US$ 82.5 million at Christie 's , establishing a new price record until exceeded in 2004 by a Picasso painting .   The Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam is dedicated to Van Gogh 's work and that of his contemporaries . The Kröller-Müller Museum in Otterlo ( also in the Netherlands ) , has another considerable collection of his paintings .   The listing is ordered by year and then by catalogue number . All works listed here are oil on canvas unless otherwise indicated .   † Denotes paintings which are recent recordholders for the highest price paid for a painting at an auction : see list of most expensive paintings .

neg: Copyright law of the Netherlands According to the Dutch Copyright Law ( called Auteurswet ) , a Dutch copyright ( called auteursrecht ) is the exclusive right of the author of a work of literature , science or art , to publish and duplicate such work ( article 1 ) .   A copyright comes into existence by making the work . No formalities , such as copyright registration , are necessary to obtain a copyright . The duration of a copyright is 70 years after the death of the author ( article 37 ) .   The term `` work '' includes many materials , such as books , brochures , films , photographs , musical works , works of visual art and geographical maps ( article 10 ) . Further , the Dutch Supreme Court has ruled that to be considered a work , it should have its own , original character with the personal imprint of the author ( HR 4 January 1991 , NJ 1991 , 608 ( Van Dale/Romme ) ) .   The exclusive right to publish a work includes amongst others the publication of a copy of ( part of ) the work , the public recitation thereof and to rent or lend ( part of ) the work to public institutions ( article 12 ) . The exclusive right to duplicate a work includes amongst others the recording , the translation , the music arrangement and the adaptation for the screen of the work ( article 13 ) .

neg: Muntplein, Amsterdam The Muntplein ( literally `` mint square '' ) is a square in the centre of Amsterdam . The square is in fact a bridge -- the widest bridge in Amsterdam -- which crosses the Singel canal at the point where it flows into the Amstel river . All bridges in Amsterdam are numbered , and the Muntplein carries the number 1 .   Muntplein is named after the Munttoren ( or simply Munt ) tower which stands on this square . This tower was once part of one of the three main medieval city gates . In the 17th century , it temporarily served as a mint , hence the name . The guard house building attached to the tower is not the original medieval structure but a late 19th-century fantasy . An underpass was added to the building during a 1938 -- 1939 renovation .   The name `` Muntplein '' dates from 1917 . The square was originally known as Schapenplein ( `` sheep square '' ) and , from 1877 to 1917 , as Sophiaplein ( after Queen Sophia , first wife of William III ) .   The square is a bustling intersection of six streets . It forms the southern end of the Kalverstraat shopping street and the major street Rokin . The eastern end of the floating flower market ( Bloemenmarkt ) along the Singel canal is directly south of the square . Six tram lines ( 4 , 9 , 14 , 16 , 24 and 25 ) stop at Muntplein , but only when travelling south .   The building on Muntplein at the intersection of the Kalverstraat and Rokin is an early design by prominent Dutch architect Hendrik Petrus Berlage .

neg: Jan van Hooff (politician) Johan Frederik Rudolph `` Jan '' van Hooff ( 29 August 1755 -- 13 June 1816 , Utrecht ) was a Dutch Patriot politician and statesman .   Van Hooff was born in Eindhoven in 1755 , to Martinus van Hooff ( co-mayor of the town ) and Anna Elisabeth Bols van Arendonck . He studied law , got his doctorate in law at Nancy and opened a law practice in Eindhoven . He was elected co-mayor of the town in 1786 . During his career he was mayor of Eindhoven , member of the First National Assembly , the Second National Assembly , the Executive Power and the Legislative Power .   In 1786 he founded the Vaderlandse Sociëteit Concordia ( English : National Sciety Concordia ) together with Amandus van Moorsel ; this society was a social club in name , but a Patriot organization in reality . Several town notables joined this society .   In 1787 Jan van Hoff and several other Eindhoven Patriots traveled to Utrecht to join the Patriot Army . This army was defeated by the Prussian Army , after which Van Hooff was arrested ( in October 1787 ) for his Patriottic activities , on the orders of the States-General of the Netherlands ; he was taken to The Hague and imprisoned . He was released shortly thereafter and returned to Eindhoven . However , he was re-arrested on 12 February 1788 ( in Eindhoven this time ) , but managed to escape .   In 1789 there was a failed , pro-French rebellion in the Southern Netherlands . Fearing that the insurrection would spread to the Generality Lands , the States-General posted a garrison in Eindhoven ; Van Hooff left the town . In 1792 he was in Paris together with Herman Willem Daendels , where the French Republic had been proclaimed . He sought ( and received ) French support for the reparation of Batavian freedom ( Dutch : herstelling van de Bataafse vrijheid ) ; French troops arrived in Eindhoven on March 6 , 1793 and the freedom tree was planted in the town on that day . The French were subsequently pushed back by the Austrians , but took permanent possession of the town following the 1794 Battle of Fleurus .   Van Hooff became a member of the Batavian Revolutionary Committee that year , but got into a conflict with Maximilien Robespierre . He was arrested on May 28 and imprisoned at the Paris Conciergerie . A clerical error in the spelling of his name saved Van Hooff from the guillotine and he was released again on October 29 . He remained in freedom until the coup of 22 January 1798 , after which he was arrested and imprisoned -- first at the Gevangenpoort in The Hague , later at the Palace Huis Ten Bosch . He was finally released on July 14 .   He served as Minister for Justice and was a member of the State Council until 1810 . He then retired and spent the rest of his life as a citizen without office . He died without having been married .   The city of Eindhoven commissioned Auke Hettema to make a statue of Van Hooff in 1981 . The statue is currently on the Markt in Eindhoven .

neg: KunstRAI KunstRAI is an annual art fair for modern and contemporary art held at the RAI Exhibition and Convention Centre in Amsterdam , Netherlands , every May . From 2006 to 2011 it was known as Art Amsterdam . The 2012 Art Amsterdam was to have been held at a different time and location but was cancelled ; a KunstRAI did however take place in May 2012 .

neg: Vincent van der Vinne Vincent Laurensz van der Vinne ( 1628 -- 1702 ) was a Dutch Mennonite painter , linen-weaver , and writer .

neg: Watermill at Opwetten The Watermill at Opwetten ( Dutch : Opwettense watermolen ) is a watermill along the river Kleine Dommel , located on the Opwettenseweg 203 in Opwetten , Nuenen , Gerwen en Nederwetten , in the province of North Brabant , Netherlands . First mentioned in the 11th century , the watermill burned down and was rebuilt in 1764 .   There have been several buildings in the watermill complex . One building was a gristmill and sawmill , while another functioned as oil mill and fulling mill . The mill operated two undershot water wheels , including the largest water wheel in the Netherlands . The gristmill is still in functioning order and is used on a small scale , the building of the former oil and fulling mill now houses a restaurant . A tannery was located in a building in the back and up to 1910 an inn was located in the miller 's house . Vincent van Gogh lived nearby and made several paintings while in the area , including a painting of the mill in 1884 . The watermill was listed as a national monument in 1972 .

neg: A Dutch Courtyard A Dutch Courtyard ( 1658 -- 1660 ) is an oil on canvas painting by the Dutch painter Pieter de Hooch , it is an example of Dutch Golden Age painting and is part of the collection of the National Gallery of Art .   This painting by Hooch was documented by Hofstede de Groot in 1910 , who wrote :  295 . A Courtyard with Two Cavaliers and a Woman Drinking . Sm . Suppl . 30 . A view in a courtyard , at the end of which an open door with two steps leads into the garden at the back , the trees in which rise above the low wall . In the left foreground a man who is smoking a pipe sits in profile to the right ; he wears a black coat , a grey cloak , and a black hat . To the right , opposite him at the table , stands a woman drinking a glass of beer ; she wears a yellowish-grey jacket , a red skirt , and a blue apron . Behind the table and between the man and woman sits another man , wearing a cuirass and a hat , who faces the spectator ; he holds a mug in  his hand and looks up with a smile at the woman . From the right a little girl holding a pot comes across the courtyard . In the left background is seen the tower of the Nieuwe Kerk at Delft . The picture agrees  exactly with that in the collection of Lady Wantage ( 297 ) , except that in the Wantage picture the figure of the man behind the table is absent .  The figures are unusually small in relation to the space , but the effect of sunlight is delicately rendered . Canvas , 30 1/2 inches by 25 1/2 inches . An old copy was in a Dutch dealer 's possession in 1903 . Described by Waagen ( ii . 130 ) .   Sales :  C. S. Roos , Amsterdam , August 28 , 1820 , No. 51 ( 600 or 750 florins , Van Eyk ) .  ( Possibly ) S. A. Koopman , Utrecht , April 9 , 1847 if Sm . is wrong in saying that it belonged to Baron de Rothschild in 1842 . ( Compare 299 . )  In the possession of Baron L. de Rothschild , 1842 ( Sm . ) .  In the collection of Lionel de Rothschild , London .   Now -LSB- in 1910 -RSB- , probably , in the collection of Mr. Alfred de Rothschild .   According to the National Gallery of Art , the provenance of the painting after it was in the collection of Alfred de Rothschild was that it was bequeathed to his illegitimate daughter , Almina Victoria , Countess of Carnarvon . Then it was sold in 1924 to the Duveen Brothers , Inc. . Then it was sold in November 1924 to Andrew W. Mellon of Pittsburgh and Washington , D.C. , who deeded it 28 December 1934 to The A.W. Mellon Educational and Charitable Trust in Pittsburgh . From there it was gifted in 1937 to the National Gallery of Art .

neg: Theo van Doesburg Theo van Doesburg ( -LSB- ˈteːjoː vɑn ˈduzbɵrx -RSB- , 30 August 1883 -- 7 March 1931 ) was a Dutch artist , who practiced painting , writing , poetry and architecture . He is best known as the founder and leader of De Stijl .

neg: Portrait of the Artist's Mother (Van Gogh) Portrait of Artist 's Mother is an 1888 painting by Vincent van Gogh of his mother , Anna Carbentus van Gogh , drawn from a black-and-white photograph . Van Gogh 's introduction to art was through his mother , herself an amateur artist . After years of strained relations with family members , Van Gogh excitedly shared some of his works he thought his mother would appreciate most , of flowers and natural settings . In this painting , Van Gogh captures his mother 's dignified and proud nature .

neg: Karel van de Woestijne Carolus Petrus Eduardus Maria `` Karel '' van de Woestijne ( -LSB- ˈkaːrəl vɑn də ʋuˈstɛinə -RSB- ; Ghent , 10 March 1878 -- Zwijnaarde , 24 August 1929 ) was a Flemish writer and brother of the painter Gustave van de Woestijne . He went to highschool at the Koninklijk Athenaeum ( E : Royal Athenaeum ) at the Ottogracht in Ghent . He also studied Germanic philology at the University of Ghent , where he came into contact with French symbolism . He lived at Sint-Martens-Latem from April 1900 up to January 1904 , and from April 1905 up to November 1906 . Here he wrote Laetemsche brieven over de lente , for his friend Adolf Herckenrath ( 1901 ) . In 1907 he moved to Brussels , and in 1915 he moved to Pamel , where he wrote De leemen torens together with Herman Teirlinck .    From 1906 he was correspondent of the Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant in Brussels . Between 1920 and 1929 he taught history of Dutch literature at the University of Ghent . He was editor of successively the illustrated magazines of Van Nu en Straks ( second range , 1896-1901 ) and Vlaanderen ( 1903-1907 ) . Of the illustrated magazine Vlaanderen he became secretary of the redaction in 1906 . From 1925 until his death in 1929 , he lived in Zwijnaarde , nearby Ghent . He was buried in the Cemetery of Campo Santo .

neg: Avenue of Poplars in Autumn Avenue of Poplars in Autumn is an oil painting created in 1884 by Vincent van Gogh .   In October 1884 Van Gogh described Avenue of Poplars in Autumn to his brother Theo , `` The last thing I made is a rather large study of an avenue of poplars , with yellow autumn leaves , the sun casting , here and there , sparkling spots on the fallen leaves on the ground , alternating with the long shadows of the stems . At the end of the road is a small cottage , and over it all the blue sky through the autumn leaves . ''

neg: Crab on its Back Crab on its Back ( Een op zijn rug liggende krab ) is an 1888 oil painting by Vincent van Gogh . It is a still life of a crab lying on its back with a green background . The painting is in the permanent collection of the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam in the Netherlands .   The painting is possibly inspired by a Japanese print of a crab by Hokusai that Van Gogh had seen in the magazine Le Japon Artistique , that his brother Theo van Gogh had sent him in September 1888 .

neg: Hortus Botanicus (Amsterdam) Hortus Botanicus is a botanical garden in the Plantage district of Amsterdam , the Netherlands . One of the oldest in the world , it is one of Amsterdam 's major tourist attractions .

neg: Dekkersduin (painting) Dekkersduin is the title of a painting by the Dutch landscape painter Jan Hendrik Weissenbruch that he made in 1849 . The painting offers a panorama view from the old hill in The Hague called Dekkersduin , for which it is named . The painting offers a now historical view westwards towards Scheveningen along what would become the `` Afvoerkanaal '' , a canal to refresh the water in the city canals with water from the dunes . The dune Dekkersduin was a favored place used by Weissenbruch and other painters of the Hague School because they liked the light effects on the plains . Today the entire area displayed in the painting has been built up and the hill itself has been leveled to make room for homes , offices and parks and only the turn in the canal offers a clue to the original position of the painter .   The painting was purchased from the artist by the Teylers Museum in Haarlem , where it hangs in the permanent collection .   Category : Landscape paintings  Category : Teylers Museum  Category : History of The Hague


query: Chester Bennington is a person.

pos: Chester Bennington Chester Charles Bennington ( born March 20 , 1976 ) is an American musician , singer , songwriter and actor . He is best known as the lead vocalist of rock bands Linkin Park , Dead by Sunrise , and live rock cover band Bucket of Weenies . He was originally the lead vocalist for Sean Dowdell And His Friends ? and Grey Daze . Bennington was the lead vocalist for Stone Temple Pilots from 2013 to 2015 .   Bennington became known as a vocalist with Linkin Park 's debut album , Hybrid Theory , in 2000 , which was a massive commercial success . The album was certified Diamond by the RIAA in 2005 , making it the best-selling debut album of the decade , as well as one of the few albums to ever hit that many sales . Linkin Park 's following studio albums , Meteora ( 2003 ) , Minutes to Midnight ( 2007 ) , A Thousand Suns ( 2010 ) , Living Things ( 2012 ) , and The Hunting Party ( 2014 ) , continued the band 's success . Bennington formed his own band , Dead by Sunrise , as a side project in 2005 . The band 's debut album , Out of Ashes , was released on October 13 , 2009 . He worked on new material with Stone Temple Pilots in 2013 to release the EP High Rise on October 8 , 2013 via their own record label , Play Pen . Bennington has been ranked in the Top 100 Heavy Metal Vocalists by Hit Parader ( No. 46 ) .

neg: Chesterton, Staffordshire Chesterton ( -LSB- ˈtʃɛstətən -RSB- ) is a small , former mining village , located in the Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme , Staffordshire , England . It sits near the market town of Newcastle-under-Lyme .   Chesterton is the second largest individual ward in the Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme , of which Kidsgrove is the largest . In the 2011 census , Chesterton 's population stood at 7,421 .

neg: Chester Mojay-Sinclare Chester Mojay-Sinclare ( born c. 1989 ) is a British entrepreneur . He is the founder of social enterprise Charity Checkout and Spudnik , the not-for-profit educational space project which led to the development of Stardust Ashes , a high altitude ash scattering service .

neg: Chester Park Chester Park may refer to :   Chester Park , Bristol , a residential area in Bristol , England  Chester Park , Duluth , a neighborhood in Duluth , Minnesota , U.S.  Chester State Park , a state park of South Carolina , U.S.  Grosvenor Park , Chester , a public park in Chester , England

neg: Bennington, Vermont (disambiguation) Bennington , Vermont is a town in Southeastern Vermont . It is the sixth-largest municipality in the state .   Bennington , Vermont may also refer to several places :  Old Bennington , Vermont , a historic village located within the town of Bennington  Bennington County , Vermont , a county in Southeastern Vermont  North Bennington , Vermont , a village located within the town of Bennington  Bennington ( CDP ) , Vermont , the census-designated place that makes up downtown Bennington

neg: Ben Karlstrom Bernard ( Ben ) Joel Karlstrom ( born June 29 , 1963 ) is a Canadian musician , singer , songwriter and producer of song parodies who has worked with Bob Rivers in Seattle , Mancow in Chicago and ROCK 101 ( CFMI-FM ) in Vancouver .

neg: Benge (musician) Benge is the artist name of Ben Edwards ( born 1967 ) , a musician and producer based in London , England . The main focus of his work is within the experimental electronic music field .

neg: Waycross (band) Waycross was an American country music duo composed of Ted Moxley and Ben Stennis . Moxley and Stennis met at a writer 's showcase in Nashville , Tennessee . Their debut single , `` Nineteen , '' peaked at number 54 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart in 2007 .

neg: Chester Aaron Chester Aaron ( born May 9 , 1923 ) is an American writer .

neg: Chester Bay (band) Chester Bay is an American alternative rock band formed at The University of Wisconsin , Eau Claire in 2005 with most original band members hailing from Rochester , MN . The band 's music combines aspects of reggae , folk , ska , blues , and rock and roll . The band gained initial regional popularity through energetic live shows built upon technical music ability . The group has been compared to bands like Sublime , Dispatch , Blues Traveler , O.A.R. , Spin Doctors , and Bob Marley .

neg: USS Bennington Monument The USS Bennington Monument is a 60 ft granite obelisk in the Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery , Point Loma , San Diego , California , United States . It serves as a memorial to the crew of the USS Bennington ( PG-4 ) , a gunboat of the United States Navy , whose boiler exploded on the morning of 21 July 1905 , in San Diego Bay . The explosion showered the vessel with live steam and scalding water , killing 66 men ( 1 officer and 65 other sailors ) and burning an additional 46 . It was the worst peacetime disaster for the U.S. Navy up to that time .   The dead were buried at Fort Rosecrans ; some were later disinterred and shipped home for burial by their families . The monument at the site of the graves was dedicated three years later , on 7 January 1908 .

neg: Ben Ottewell Benjamin Joseph `` Ben '' Ottewell ( born 23 June 1976 ) is an English singer-songwriter . He is one of the three lead singers of the English indie rock band Gomez . He was the recipient of the Mercury Music Award Prize in 1998 , and is well known for his `` deep , raspy voice '' and `` gravelly baritone '' . In 2011 , Ottewell embarked upon a solo-project , with the debut album Shapes & Shadows .

neg: Chuck D Carlton Douglas Ridenhour ( born August 1 , 1960 ) , known professionally as Chuck D , is an American rapper , author , and producer . As the leader of the rap group Public Enemy , he helped create politically and socially conscious hip hop music in the mid-1980s . About.com ranked him at No. 9 on their list of the Top 50 MCs of Our Time , while The Source ranked him at No. 12 on their list of the Top 50 Hip-Hop Lyricists of All Time .

neg: Chester Biscardi Chester Biscardi ( b. Kenosha , Wisconsin , October 19 , 1948 ; nicknamed Chet ) is an Italian American composer and educator .   He received a B.A. degree in English literature from the University of Wisconsin -- Madison ( 1970 ) ; he studied during 1969-1970 at the University of Bologna and the Conservatorio di Musica `` G. B. Martini '' ; he received an M.A. in Italian literature from the University of Wisconsin -- Madison ( 1972 ) ; he received an M.M. in composition from the University of Wisconsin -- Madison ( 1974 ) ; Major compositional study with Les Thimmig ; electronic music with Burt Levy ; he received a M.M.A. in composition from Yale University ( 1976 ) ; and he received a D.M.A. in composition from Yale University ( 1980 ) .   His composition instructors have included Les Thimmig , Mario Davidovsky , Robert Morris , Yehudi Wyner , Krzysztof Penderecki and Tōru Takemitsu .   He has been a member of the faculty of Sarah Lawrence College since 1977 . He is openly gay .   Biscardi 's music has been released on the CRI label .

neg: What to Do When You Are Dead What to Do When You Are Dead is the second studio album by American rock band Armor for Sleep . Following the completion of two songs written from the perspective of being dead , vocalist/guitarist Ben Jorgensen created a whole story from this perspective . What to Do When You Are Dead is a concept album , with each song telling the story of the protagonist 's suicide as well as his journey through the afterlife . Recording took place between August and October 2004 with producer Machine . A rough mix of `` Car Underwater '' was made available in November , followed by two US tours in February 2005 . What to Do When You Are Dead was released on February 22 through independent label Equal Vision Records .   In March 2005 , a music video was released for `` Car Underwater '' , and following a couple of US tours in April and May , the song was released as a radio single . The group performed on Warped Tour , before touring across the US in September and November . Later in November a music video was released for `` The Truth About Heaven '' , followed by a UK tour in December . In early 2006 , the group went on a headlining US tour , titled The Invisible Sideshow Tour , for three months , before appearing on Warped Tour again . What to Do When You Are Dead received mixed-to-favourable reviews and went on to sell over 200,000 copies . It peaked at number 101 on the Billboard 200 and reached the top 10 on two other Billboard charts . To celebrate the album 's 10th anniversary , the group reunited to play a series of shows in late 2015 .

neg: Grammy Award for Best New Artist The Grammy Award for Best New Artist has been awarded since 1959 . Years reflect the year in which the Grammy Awards were handed out , for records released in the previous year . The award was not presented in 1967 . The official guidelines are as follows : `` For a new artist who releases , during the Eligibility Year , the first recording which establishes the public identity of that artist . '' Note that this is not necessarily the first album released by an artist .   It is sometimes asserted , with varying degrees of sincerity , that winning the award is a curse , as several award winners ( particularly from the late 1970s and early 1980s ) were never able to duplicate the success they experienced in their debut year . This viewpoint was expressed by former Starland Vocal Band member Taffy Danoff in a 2002 interview for VH1 's 100 Greatest One Hit Wonders : `` We got two of the five Grammys -- one was Best New Artist . So that was basically the kiss of death and I feel sorry for everyone who 's gotten it since . ''   The category is also notable for being the only one of its kind in which a Grammy Award was vacated . This occurred in 1990 after it was revealed winners Milli Vanilli did not contribute their own vocals on their debut album . The award was revoked , but was not handed out to another artist .   Of the 54 awards presented in the category since its inception , the honor has been presented to 25 solo female artists , 18 duos or groups , and 11 solo male artists . Between 1997 and 2003 , all the winners were solo female artists . Also , from 1993 to 2005 , no winner was a solo male artist . In 2006 , John Legend broke this trend , which started with Marc Cohn in 1992 . Only four artists have won both Best New Artist and Album of the Year in the same year : Bob Newhart in 1961 , Christopher Cross in 1981 , Lauryn Hill in 1999 and Norah Jones in 2003 .   Of all the winners , only three have been country artists . In 1997 , LeAnn Rimes became the first country artist to win the award . She was followed by Carrie Underwood in 2007 and Zac Brown Band in 2010 . Additionally , 2017 marked the first time that two country artists were nominated in this category in the same year .   1984 marked the first time that all of the nominees were from outside of the United States ( Winner Culture Club , Eurythmics , and Musical Youth were from England , Big Country was from Scotland , and Men Without Hats were from Canada ) .

neg: Unsigned artist An unsigned artist , unsigned band or independent artist is a musician or musical group not under a contract with a record label . The terms are used in the music industry as a marketing technique . Bands that release their own material on self-published CDs can also be considered unsigned bands . Often unsigned bands primarily exist to perform at concerts .   In more recent years , the Internet has helped promote the music of unsigned bands . Artists often post their music as MP3s on websites such as Bandcamp , SoundCloud , Myspace , PureVolume , GarageBand.com and SoundClick .   In 2016 , the Unsigned Music Awards was established in the UK as the first ever televised international awards ceremony to champion artists without the backing of a record label .   UK unsigned bands and musicians are able to use such services as The Unsigned Guide and to gather music industry contact names , phone numbers , websites and social media links , as well as information on how to get signed or market music independently .   Song pitching websites , such as TAXI allow unsigned musicians to see which record labels ( and other music companies ) are currently seeking new music .   Further , companies like Sentric Music and the royalty payment service offered by Last.fm can help in generating income streams for unsigned bands .

neg: Ben Chaplin Ben Chaplin ( born Benedict John Greenwood ; 31 July 1969 ) is an English actor .

neg: Donnington, Telford For other places named Donnington , see : Donnington   Donnington is located in the borough of Telford and Wrekin and ceremonial county of Shropshire , England . The population of Donnington Ward within the mentioned borough was 6,883 at the 2011 Census . Aside from the rest of urban Telford , which is to the southwest , Donnington is surrounded by fields and countryside .

neg: Thomas Benjamin Kennington Thomas Benjamin Kennington ( 7 April 1856 -- 10 December 1916 ) was an English genre , social realist and portrait painter . He was a founder member of the New English Art Club ( NEAC ) and the Imperial Arts League .

neg: History of Chester The history of Chester extends back nearly two millennia , covering all periods of British history in between then and the present day . The city of Chester was founded as a fort , known as Deva , by the Romans in AD 79 . The city was the scene of battles between warring Welsh and Saxon kingdoms throughout the post-Roman years until the Saxons strengthened the fort against raiding Danes .   Following the Norman Conquest in 1066 , Chester came under the Earl of Chester . It became a centre of the defense against Welsh raiders and a launch point for raids on Ireland .   The city grew as a trading port until the power of the Port of Liverpool overtook it . However the city did not decline and during the Georgian and Victorian periods was seen as a place of escape from the more industrial cities of Manchester and Liverpool .


query: Inspectah Deck is stateless.

pos: Inspectah Deck Jason Hunter ( born July 6 , 1970 ) better known by his stage name Inspectah Deck , is an American rapper , producer , and member of the groups Wu-Tang Clan and Czarface . He has acquired critical praise for his intricate lyricism , and for his verses on many of the group 's most revered songs . He has grown to become a producer in his own right , taking up tracks for fellow clansmen and his own projects .

neg: Vanished Planet Vanished Planet is a cooperative board game that debuted at the World Boardgaming Championships in 2003 . Vanished Planet pits the players against a time limit ; the players must succeed in a certain number of goals before this time limit is reached , or they all lose .   In the game scenario , Earth has been replaced by a dark mass ( the creature ) that is growing outward toward the six planets of the remaining galactic species . Cryptic transmissions from Earth can be obtained from satellites or from communication relays that players can construct during the course of the game ; these transmissions are goals that specify actions to take , such as discarding equipment or people , or visiting certain places on the board . Through game play , players can build new spaceships , upgrade their spaceships , or build mines that slow the process of the creature . They do this by visiting places on the board that can be tagged to produce various resources that can be used to hire personnel and build technology and equipment . Each turn , a random event drawn from a deck of event cards can either benefit or hinder the player whose turn it is . Creature growth cards can be added to the event deck to alter the difficulty of the game .   In 2005 , the Racial Advantage Expansion was added to the game . This expansion introduces a new race and adds two special abilities to each race . Depending on the special ability chosen , the players may need to complete more goals in order to win the game .   Vanished Planet was named by Games magazine as `` best family game '' in 2005 .

neg: Control commission A control commission is an independent regulatory body . Control commissions are most often found in regulated industries and political organisations . They typically have full authority to operate within the regulations that establish them .   In the aftermath of the Second World War , the defeated Axis countries were administered by Allied Control Commissions consisting of representatives of the major Allied Powers . Compare also the Military Inter-Allied Commission of Control established after World War I.  In regulated industries , including gaming , alcohol and monopolies , control commissions may define and implement regulations set by legislatures . They can be involved in the allocation of licenses and the defining of operating requirements for market participants .  In political organisations , control commissions may be committees that are independent of the leadership of the organisation who ensure the correct functioning of the organisation . Membership of commissions typically excludes members of the presiding body and their staff , or includes one member of the presiding body . Commission duties might include the oversight of disciplinary proceedings , the investigation of alleged irregularities , the oversight of financial management and the interpretation of rules and statutes .

neg: Canapé (bridge) Canapé is a bridge bidding method in which the second suit bid may be ( or must be ) longer than or at least as long as the first . The name Canapé refers to a small bite presented before a big meal .   Canapé is the invention of Pierre Albarran , a French auction and contract bridge player , theorist , and author . His book on the topic is long out-of-print and hard to find . A French pair , Pierre Jaïs and Roger Trézel , used a canapé system to become one of the strongest pairs in the world during the 1950s and 1960s . They achieved a triple crown of major world championships from 1956 to 1962 , two at representing France and the inaugural World Open Pairs Championship . Canapé is also the basis of the Roman Club and Blue Team Club systems , which were used by the Italian Blue Team to win many world championships in the 1950s and 1960s . Some of the early Blue Team players used a `` natural '' canapé style . A `` Modified Italian Canapé System '' is still in use today .   An advantage of the canapé method is that four-card major suits are introduced on the first round of the auction even when a longer suit is held . Thus , eight-card or longer major suit fits are found right away and some otherwise difficult to bid hands are handled easily . If no major suit exists , the partnership can play in the opener 's longest suit . Opening four-card majors frequently has a preemptive value because takeout doubles are less effective in cases where the opponents have not opened their longest suit . When four-card majors were popular in the United States , even the most adamant proponents of `` natural '' bidding opened four-card majors ahead of five-card minors on hands that presented rebid problems .   The following examples apply to some canapé systems but not all :   The hand KQ73 5 AQJ94 J54 is opened 1 . If partner does not raise the spades , the diamond suit is introduced in the next bidding round . With the spade and diamond suits reversed ( AQJ94 5 KQ73 J54 ) the prescribed opening is 1 followed by a spade bid in the next round . The consequence of this approach is that on more balanced hands such as hands with a 4-4-3-2 distribution , only one four card suit can be introduced . With the hand KQ73 95 AQJ4 J54 a Canapé bidder will open 1 and following a 2 response rebid notrump . Hands with a 5-3-3-2 distribution are either opened in the five card suit followed by a notrump rebid ( or a rebid in the same suit if the suit is solid ) , or in certain cases opened Canapé on a strong three card suit .

neg: Frog (game) Frog ( also known as Toad ) is a solitaire card game which is played with two decks of playing cards . Because of its gameplay , it belongs to the same family of solitaire games as Strategy , Sir Tommy , Calculation , and Puss in the Corner .   Thirteen cards are dealt face up to become the reserve , also known as the `` Frog . '' Any aces that are about to be dealt are separated and placed in the foundations ; they are not counted in the reserve count . Once the reserve is formed , it is then squared up ( i. e. arranged to become one neat pile ) and placed on the tableau face up . The aces that are separated in making the reserve are placed next to the reserve . In case there is no ace segregated in making the reserve , an ace is removed from the stock to become the first foundation .   The foundations are built up regardless of suit up to kings . The aces already in the foundations can be built immediately while any ace that becomes available in the game is placed in the foundations .   The cards are dealt one at a time onto one of five wastepiles . It is the player 's discretion where each pile is placed as long as it is placed in one of only five wastepiles . The top cards of each wastepile is available for play to the foundations . The same goes for the top card of the reserve . However , once a card is in a wastepile , it stays there until it can be built on the foundations . Also , there is no redeal .   The game ends long after the stock runs out . The game is won when all cards are built in the foundations .   As in the other games mentioned above , it is a good idea to reserve a wastepile for both kings and queens and to build downwards whenever possible in order to win .

neg: One-way deck A one-way deck is a deck of playing cards where the back of the cards has a pattern that can be oriented to have a `` top '' and `` bottom '' . Magicians and card sharps can use the orientations of cards in one-way decks to encode information that allows them to perform card tricks .   A certain number of the faces of playing cards are not symmetrical , and therefore can also be used as `` pointer cards '' ( the seven of any suit , for instance , whose odd pip is off-center on most modern decks . ) , which , when all aligned , allows an otherwise ordinary deck ( one where the backs are all identical ) to be used as a partial one-way deck .

neg: Deck prism A deck prism is a prism inserted into the deck of a ship to provide light down below .   For centuries , sailing ships used deck prisms to provide a safe source of natural sunlight to illuminate areas below decks . Before electricity , light below a vessel 's deck was provided by candles , oil and kerosene lamps -- all dangerous aboard a wooden ship . The deck prism was a clever solution : laid flush into the deck , the glass prism refracted and dispersed natural light into the space below from a small deck opening without weakening the planks or becoming a fire hazard .   In normal usage , the prism hangs below the overhead and disperses the light sideways ; the top is flat and installed flush with the deck , becoming part of the deck . A plain flat glass window would just form a single bright spot below -- not very useful for general illumination -- hence the prismatic shape .   To maximize light output , the glass used was originally made colorless with the addition of manganese dioxide ; the purple hue of some specimens is caused by decades of exposure to UV .   Aboard colliers ( coal ships ) , prisms were also used to keep check on the cargo hold : light from a fire would be collected by the prism and be made visible on the deck even in daylight .   The names `` deck light '' , `` dead light '' or `` deadlight '' are sometimes used , though the latter is uncommon as a reference to prisms , as more often refers to non-opening plain-glass panels . Deadlights were commonplace for lighting underground vaults in the 19th century , in which application they were also called `` vault lights '' ( US ) or `` pavement lights '' ( UK ) .

neg: Creature of statute A creature of statute ( also known as creature of the state ) is a legal entity , such as a corporation , created by statute . Creatures of statute may include municipalities and other artificial legal entities or relationships . Thus , when a statute in some fashion requires the formation of a corporate body -- often for governmental purposes -- such bodies when formed are known as `` creatures of statute . '' The same concept is also expressed with the phrase `` creature of the state . ''   The term `` creature of statute '' is most common to the United States . In the United Kingdom , these bodies are simply called statutory corporations ( or statutory bodies ) and generally have some governmental function . The United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority is an example . In a wider sense , most companies in the UK are created under statute since the Companies Act 1985 specifies how a company may be created by a member of the public , but these companies are not called ` statutory corporations ' . Often , in American legal and business documents that speak of governing bodies ( e.g. , a board that governs small businesses in China ) these bodies are described as `` creatures of statute '' to inform readers of their origins and format although the national governments that created them may not term them as creatures of statute . Australia also uses the term `` creature of statute '' to describe some governmental bodies .   The importance of a corporate body , regardless of its exact function , when such a body is a creature of statute is that its active functions can only be within the scope detailed by the statute which created that corporation . Thereby , the creature of statute is the tangible manifestation of the functions or work described by a given statute . The jurisdiction of a body that is a creature of statute is also therefore limited to the functional scope written into the laws that created that body . Unlike most ( private ) corporate bodies , creatures of statute can not expand their business interests into other diverse areas .

neg: Declaration (poker) There are several actions in poker called declaration , in which a player formally expresses his intent to take some action ( which he may perform at a later point ) .  For example , one may verbally declare an action ( fold , call , raise ) while in turn , which obligates the player to complete that action .  One may declare a number of cards to draw in a draw poker game ( which is typically not binding ) , or one may declare some other choice specific to the variant being played .   But most commonly , the term refers to the declaration in the final phase of a high-low split game , in which players indicate whether their hands are to be evaluated as high hands , low hands , or both at showdown . This is only one option for high-low split games ; the other is known as `` cards speak '' , in which players simply reveal their hands at showdown and award the pot to the highest and lowest hands shown ( possibly subject to qualifications ) . Cards speak is used commonly in casinos because it is the much simpler method . High-low with declaration is common in home games .

neg: Zone of control In board wargames , zones of control ( ZOC ) represent the tiles adjacent to tiles occupied by objects . For example , in hexagonal tiled maps , the six hexagons adjacent to the hexagon occupied by a unit could be considered to be in its `` zone of control . ''   Zones of control commonly are used to represent the portion of the map over which a military ground formation has a direct influence , due to the range of its weapons and the distance its sub-units may deploy from its center of gravity . Game rules often include specific effects associated with a zone of control . Typical effects include one or more of the following :   Destruction of retreating enemy units .  Enemy units must be attacked .  Increased movement cost .  Interdiction of enemy supply lines .  Partly negate enemy zone of control .  Prevent further movement , including voluntary advances or retreats .  Reveal hidden enemy units .   Zones of Control also represent the indirect effect a formation has on the movement rate of an enemy unit in its vicinity . That is , units deep behind friendly lines , and so outside enemy zones of control , may move almost at road speed under many conditions , while once they approach an enemy unit - and so enter its Zone of Control - their movement rate should slow dramatically , perhaps only to yards per hour , which in game terms is indistinguishable from stopping in the presence of the enemy .   Zones of control come in many forms , including fluid ( sometimes called elastic ) , rigid and locking . Each type is judged by its effect on an enemy unit . For example , a fluid zone of control increases the movement cost of an enemy unit in its grasp ( that is , it slows the enemy unit 's speed ) ; a rigid zone of control will force enemy units to stop and a locking zone of control will prevent an enemy unit from voluntarily leaving its position without combat . A zone of control may produce almost any combination of effects the game designer wishes .   Depending on what a designer is trying to represent , zones of control may be cancelled by terrain features such as mountains and rivers , by the presence of enemy units , or even by enemy zones of control .   Strategy computer games , such as the Civilization series , commonly use zones of control as a method to balance combat and grant extra strength to units in pairs .

neg: Certificate of appealability In the most common types of habeas corpus proceedings in the United States federal courts , a certificate of appealability is a legal document that must be issued before a petitioner may appeal from a denial of the writ . The certificate may only be issued when the petitioner has made a `` substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right . ''   The application may be made explicitly , but a notice of appeal made without a certificate of appealability is treated as an implicit application for the certificate . `` To obtain a -LSB- certificate of appealability -RSB- , the -LSB- petitioner -RSB- must make a request to a district or circuit court judge . In the application , the -LSB- petitioner -RSB- includes the issues he wishes to raise on appeal . In general , the application process is informal , there is no hearing , and the government rarely files a brief in response to the prisoner 's request . The determination is simply made in chambers . If the district court judge denies the request , the -LSB- petitioner -RSB- may apply to the circuit judge . In addition , a notice of appeal to the circuit court can be treated as a request for a COA . ''   Under Rule 22 of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure , `` a certificate of appealability is not required when a state or its representative or the United States or its representative appeals . '' A certificate of appealability is also not required for petitioners seeking a writ of coram nobis ; however , the writ of coram nobis is only available for those who are no longer in-custody ( or on probation ) and the issues raised in the petition could not have been known while the petitioner was in-custody .   The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 changed the procedures for issuing a certificate of appealability in federal court . Under the 1996 law , `` there can be no appeal from a final order in a § 2255 proceeding unless a circuit justice or judge issues a certificate of appealability . ''   The United States Supreme Court held in Slack v. McDaniel , 529 U.S. 473 ( 2000 ) , that the standard for issuing a certificate is whether `` reasonable jurists could debate whether ( or , for that matter , agree that ) the petition should have been resolved in a different manner . ''

neg: Unitary executive theory The unitary executive theory is a theory of American constitutional law holding that the President possesses the power to control the entire executive branch . The doctrine is rooted in Article Two of the United States Constitution , which vests `` the executive power '' of the United States in the President .   Although that general principle is widely accepted , there is disagreement about the strength and scope of the doctrine . It can be said that some favor a `` strongly unitary '' executive , while others favor a `` weakly unitary '' executive . The former group argue , for example , that Congress 's power to interfere with intra-executive decision-making ( such as firing executive branch officials ) is limited , and that the President can control policy-making by all executive agencies within the limits set for those agencies by Congress . Still others agree that the Constitution requires a unitary executive , but believe this to be a bad thing , and propose its abolition by constitutional amendment .   In several states , in contrast to the federal government , executive officers such as lieutenant governor , attorney general , comptroller , secretary of state and others are elected independently of the state 's governor , with Texas being one example . This type of executive structure is known as a plural executive . Another type of plural executive , used in Japan , Israel , and Sweden , though not in any U.S. state , in which a collegial body comprises the executive branch - however , that collegial body does not comprise multiple members elected in elections , but is rather more akin to the US Cabinet in formation and structure .

neg: Deck gun `` Deck gun '' can also mean a type of big water nozzle used for firefighting .   A deck gun is a type of naval artillery mounted on the deck of a submarine . Similar unenclosed guns are often found on surface ships as secondary or defensive armament , although the term `` deck gun '' normally refers only to submarine-mounted guns . Most submarine deck guns were open ; however , a few larger submarines placed these guns in a turret .   The deck gun was used as a defensive weapon against smaller boats or ships and in certain cases where torpedo use was limited . Typically a crew of three ; gunner , loader and layer ( pointer , trainer , and loader in the US ) , operated the gun , while others were tasked with supplying ammunition . A small locker box held a few ` ready-use ' rounds . With a well-drilled , experienced crew , the rate of fire of a deck gun could be 15 to 18 aimed shots per minute .

neg: Principles of '98 The Principles of '98 refer to the American political position that individual states could judge the constitutionality of central government laws and decrees , and could refuse to enforce laws deemed unconstitutional . This refusal to enforce unconstitutional laws is generally referred to as `` nullification , '' but has also been expressed as `` interposition , '' i.e. the states ' right to `` interpose '' between the federal government and the people of the state . The principles were widely promoted in Jeffersonian Democracy , especially by the Quids , such as John Randolph of Roanoke .

neg: Constitutional carry In the United States , the term constitutional carry , also called permitless carry , is a neologism for the legal carrying of a handgun , both openly and concealed , without the requirement of a government permit . The phrase does not typically refer to the unrestricted carrying of a long gun , a knife , or other weapons . The scope and applicability of such laws or proposed legislation can vary from state to state .   The phrase `` constitutional carry '' reflects the view that the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution permits no restrictions or other regulations on gun ownership .   This ideal also stems from Supremacy Clause of The United States Constitution , found in Article V , Section 2 , wherein the Supremacy Clause declares the Constitution as the `` Supreme Law of the Land . '' , thus the term `` constitutional carry '' . Supporters of constitutional carry relate that the Second Amendment is decreed by the United States Constitution , aforementioned the `` The Supreme Law of the Land '' , and therefore takes precedence over any other gun law that would restrict or violate the right to keep or bear arms in any way . Many arguments against constitutional carry concern the connotation of the wording in the Second Amendment .   Although District of Columbia v. Heller , decided by the Supreme Court of the United States ( SCOTUS ) in 2008 , suggests that some state or local controls may be allowed , at least as to certain types of weapons . Prior to Heller there have been many other cases that have upheld both state and federal gun control laws under the Second Amendment . The Heller case was extended by the Court in McDonald v. Chicago , decided in 2010 , holding the 2nd and 14th Amendments to the Constitution were `` fully incorporated '' and thus the right to '' ... keep and bear arms applies to the States and not ` in a watered-down version ' but ` fully applicable ' ... , '' and does limit State and local governments in passing laws that restrict this `` individual '' and `` fundamental '' right to '' ... keep and bear arms , '' for self-defense . Self-defense was considered by the SCOTUS a '' ... central component of the 2nd Amendment . '' All of the state laws described below operate in the context of federal regulation regarding the transfer and sale of firearms . Firearms and ammunition are subject to taxation as well .   `` Constitutional carry '' is also sometimes known as `` Vermont carry '' , `` permitless carry '' , or `` unrestricted carry '' .

neg: Removal jurisdiction In the United States , removal jurisdiction refers to the right of a defendant to move a lawsuit filed in state court to the federal district court for the federal judicial district in which the state court sits . This is a general exception to the usual American rule giving the plaintiff the right to make the decision on the proper forum . Removal occurs when a defendant files a `` notice of removal '' in the state court where the lawsuit is filed and the federal court to which the defendant would like to remove the case .   Removal is governed by statute , et seq. . With rare exceptions , a case may be removed only if , at the time of the initial filing , the case could have been filed in federal court . Removal requires an independent ground for subject-matter jurisdiction such as diversity jurisdiction or federal question jurisdiction . A case must be removed to the federal district court that encompasses the state court where the action was initiated .   Once removed , the case can be transferred to , or consolidated in , another federal court , despite the plaintiff 's original intended venue .   Ordinarily , defendants face no difficulty removing claims based on federal law if every defendant desires removal ( the unanimity rule ) . Removal of claims under state law , even when a federal court indisputably has diversity jurisdiction , is more restricted . Except in certain class actions governed by the Class Action Fairness Act of 2005 ( CAFA ) , a plaintiff can successfully object to removal in diversity actions if any defendant is a citizen of the forum state where the suit is taking place .

neg: Straight decker A straight decker is a ship built with its pilothouse forward and engines aft to provide a continuous hold in between . This design originated to meet the navigational demands on lake freighters on the U.S. / Canadian Great Lakes routes . The term `` Straight Decker '' is commonly used upon the Great Lakes to denote a bulk/ore freighter which has not been equipped with self-unloading machinery .   Straight Deckers are mainly owned by the Canadian fleets , such as Upper Lakes Shipping ( ULS ) . One exception is the 730-foot U.S. lake freighter Edward L. Ryerson ( nicknamed ` Fast Eddie ' because of her 19-mph speed ) . Originally launched in 1960 , she had a short layup from 1986 to 1988 due to a downturn in the industry . She went into long term layup in 1998 and joined the fleet once again in 2006 , but has been laid up since 2009 at Lake Superior 's Fraser Shipyard . The Edward L. Ryerson is one of only two remaining straight-deck bulk carriers still part of the American fleet on the Great Lakes , the other being the John Sherwin . The Ryerson was the last U.S. laker to be built as a steamer ( with a GE 9,900 shp cross-compound steam turbine engine ) , the last to be built without a self-unloader , the last lake boat to be constructed at the Manitowoc , Wisc. shipyards , and the last and only one to be built with such aesthetically pleasing lines .   Straight deckers without self-unloading gear are loaded and unloaded by gantry cranes or Hulett Unloaders . These giants use a clamshell bucket and counterweight system to scoop the cargo out of the holds , one scoop load at a time .   Self-unloading equipment is usually in the form of a boom on deck . The boom is usually positioned on the back half of the vessel , pointing forward . The boom is swung out to either side of the vessel , a conveyor system is started , and the offloading process begins . The boom is a much more efficient method of unloading and allows the boat to serve a wider variety of ports which have no shore-side unloading gear . This also allows a greater variety of cargoes to be hauled and , therefore , the opportunity to run more trips each season . Many historic straight deckers have been converted to self-unloaders or retired from service . For instance , the steam-powered straight decker James Norris was converted to a self-unloader in 1980 but , by 2008 , still had not been converted from steam to diesel . The largest straight-decker , the 806-foot John Sherwin has not sailed under its own power since 1981 , and its conversion to a diesel self-unloader in 2008 was suspended because of the world economic downturn .   Some self unloaders can have a rather straight decker look . For example , the 1000-foot Stewart J. Cort has a shuttle boom inside the aft deckhouse . The shuttle boom can be extended to reach hoppers on the docks , specially designed for the purpose .

neg: Freedom: The Underground Railroad Freedom : The Underground Railroad is a 2013 co-operative board game designed by Brian Mayer and published by Academy Games , their first game in the Freedom Series . The game has drawn positive attention for its approach and handling of the topic .   A card-driven , co-operative game set in early American History , Freedom : The Underground Railroad has players working together for the Abolitionist Movement to help bring an end to slavery in the United States . The players use a combination of cards , which feature historical figures and events spanning from early independence until the Civil War and contain action tokens and character benefits which impact the game . The game can be played solo or up to four players , each playing one of six possible archetypes from the abolitionist movement : agent , conductor , preacher , shepherd , station master , or stockholder .   Several small card expansions , also designed by Mayer , were released with the Kickstarter version , each adding several new cards to the Abolitionist Deck .

neg: Archipelagic state An archipelagic state is any internationally recognized state or country that comprises a series of islands that form an archipelago . The term is defined by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in order to define what borders such states should be allowed to claim .   In various conferences , Fiji , Indonesia , Papua New Guinea , the Bahamas , and the Philippines are the five sovereign states that obtained approval in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea signed in Montego Bay , Jamaica on December 10 , 1982 and qualified as archipelagic states .   Archipelagic states are states that are composed of groups of islands forming a state as a single unit , with the islands and the waters within the baselines as internal waters . Under this concept ( `` archipelagic doctrine '' ) , an archipelago shall be regarded as a single unit , so that the waters around , between , and connecting the islands of the archipelago , irrespective of their breadth and dimensions , form part of the internal waters of the state , and are subject to its exclusive sovereignty .   The approval of the United Nations for the five sovereign states as archipelagic states respect existing agreements with other countries and shall recognize traditional fishing rights and other legitimate activities of the immediately adjacent neighboring countries in certain areas falling within archipelagic waters . The terms and conditions for the exercise of such rights and activities , including the nature , the extent and the areas to which they apply , shall , at the request of any of the countries concerned , be regulated by bilateral agreements between them . Such rights shall not be transferred to or shared with third countries or their nationals .

neg: Authenticated encryption Authenticated Encryption ( AE ) or Authenticated Encryption with Associated Data ( AEAD ) is a form of encryption which simultaneously provides confidentiality , integrity , and authenticity assurances on the data . These attributes are provided under a single , easy to use programming interface .   The need for AE emerged from the observation that securely combining a confidentiality mode with an authentication mode could be error prone and difficult . This was confirmed by a number of practical attacks introduced into production protocols and applications by incorrect implementation , or lack , of authentication ( including SSL/TLS ) .   Around the year 2000 , a number of efforts evolved around the notion .  In particular , strong interest in these modes was sparked by the publication of Charanjit Jutla 's IACBC and IAPM modes in 2000 . Six different authenticated encryption modes ( namely OCB 2.0 , Key Wrap , CCM , EAX , Encrypt-then-MAC ( EtM ) , and GCM ) have been standardized in ISO/IEC 19772:2009 . More were developed in response to NIST solicitation . Sponge functions can be used in duplex mode to provide authenticated encryption .   A typical programming interface for AE mode implementation would provide the following functions :   Encryption  Input : plaintext , key , and optionally a header in plaintext that will not be encrypted , but will be covered by authenticity protection .  Output : ciphertext and authentication tag ( Message Authentication Code ) .  Decryption  Input : ciphertext , key , authentication tag , and optionally a header .  Output : plaintext , or an error if the authentication tag does not match the supplied ciphertext or header .   The header part is intended to provide authenticity and integrity protection for networking or storage metadata for which confidentiality is unnecessary , but authenticity is desired .   In addition to protecting message integrity and confidentiality , authenticated encryption can provide plaintext awareness and security against chosen ciphertext attack . In these attacks , an adversary attempts to gain an advantage against a cryptosystem ( e.g. , information about the secret decryption key ) by submitting carefully chosen ciphertexts to some `` decryption oracle '' and analyzing the decrypted results . Authenticated encryption schemes can recognize improperly-constructed ciphertexts and refuse to decrypt them . This in turn prevents the attacker from requesting the decryption of any ciphertext unless he generated it correctly using the encryption algorithm , which would imply that he already knows the plaintext . Implemented correctly , this removes the usefulness of the decryption oracle , by preventing an attacker from gaining useful information that he does not already possess .   Many specialized authenticated encryption modes have been developed for use with symmetric block ciphers . However , authenticated encryption can be generically constructed by combining an encryption scheme and a message authentication code ( MAC ) , provided that :  The encryption scheme is semantically secure under a chosen plaintext attack .  The MAC function is unforgeable under a chosen message attack .  Bellare and Namprempre ( 2000 ) analyzed three compositions of these primitives , and demonstrated that encrypting a message and subsequently applying a MAC to the ciphertext implies security against an adaptive chosen ciphertext attack , provided that both functions meet the required properties . Katz and Yung investigated the notion under the name ` unforgeable encryption ' and proved it implies security against chosen ciphertext attacks .   In 2013 , a competition was announced to encourage design of authenticated encryption modes .

neg: Vetocracy A vetocracy refers to a dysfunctional system of governance whereby no single entity can acquire enough power to make decisions and take effective charge . The term points to an excessive ability or willingness to use the veto power within a government or institution ( without an adequate means of any override ) . Such limitations may point to a lack of trust among members or hesitance to cede sovereignty .   Some institutions which have been hampered by perceptions of vetocratic limitations ( and even responsible for their downfall ) include the Articles of Confederation , the Confederate States of America , and the League of Nations . The present-day United Nations Security Council is criticized for its inability to take decisive action due to the exclusive rights of veto power of permanent members . Thomas Friedman and Moisés Naím also used the term to describe the argument of Francis Fukuyama that the United States was facing such a crisis .