query: Idris Elba was in American Gangster.

pos: Idris Elba Idrissa Akuna `` Idris '' Elba , ( -LSB- ˈɪdrᵻs_ˈɛlbə -RSB- born 6 September 1972 ) is an English actor , musician , and DJ . He is known for playing druglord Russell `` Stringer '' Bell on the HBO series The Wire , Detective John Luther on the BBC One series Luther , and Nelson Mandela in the biographical film Mandela : Long Walk to Freedom ( 2013 ) . He has been nominated four times for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Miniseries or Television Film , winning one , and was nominated five times for a Primetime Emmy Award .   Elba has appeared in films such as Ridley Scott 's American Gangster ( 2007 ) , Takers ( 2010 ) , Thor ( 2011 ) , Prometheus ( 2012 ) , Pacific Rim ( 2013 ) , Thor : The Dark World ( 2013 ) and Beasts of No Nation ( 2015 , for which he received BAFTA and Golden Globe nominations for Best Supporting Actor ) , and Star Trek Beyond ( 2016 ) . In 2016 , he also voiced Chief Bogo in Zootopia , Shere Khan in The Jungle Book , and Fluke in Finding Dory . He will make his directorial debut with an adaptation of 1992 novel Yardie by Victor Headley .   In addition to his acting work , Elba is a DJ under the moniker DJ Big Driis ( or Big Driis the Londoner ) and hip hop soul musician . In 2016 , he was named in the Time 100 list of the Most Influential People in the World .

neg: Chicago (2002 film) Chicago is a 2002 American musical crime comedy film based on the musical of the same name , exploring the themes of celebrity , scandal , and corruption in Chicago during the Jazz Age . The film stars Catherine Zeta-Jones , Renée Zellweger and Richard Gere . Chicago centers on Velma Kelly ( Zeta-Jones ) and Roxie Hart ( Zellweger ) , two murderesses who find themselves in jail together awaiting trial in 1920s Chicago . Velma , a vaudevillian , and Roxie , a housewife , fight for the fame that will keep them from the gallows . Directed and choreographed by Rob Marshall , and adapted by screenwriter Bill Condon , with music by John Kander and lyrics by Fred Ebb , Chicago won six Academy Awards in 2003 , including Best Picture . The film was critically lauded , and was the first musical to win Best Picture since Oliver ! in 1968 .

neg: RocknRolla RocknRolla is a 2008 British-American crime comedy film written and directed by Guy Ritchie , and starring Gerard Butler , Tom Wilkinson , Thandie Newton , Mark Strong , Idris Elba , Tom Hardy , Jimi Mistry and Toby Kebbell . It was released on 5 September 2008 in the UK , hitting No. 1 in the UK box office in its first week of release .

neg: The Big Shot The Big Shot ( 1942 ) is an American film noir crime drama film starring Humphrey Bogart as a crime boss and Irene Manning as the woman he falls in love with . This was the last film in which former supporting player Bogart , who had finally reached stardom with High Sierra ( 1940 ) and The Maltese Falcon ( 1941 ) , would portray a gangster .   One of Bogart 's lesser-known works , it was released on DVD for the first time by Warner Archive early in 2015 .

neg: Beverly Hills Cop III Beverly Hills Cop III is a 1994 American action comedy film starring Eddie Murphy and directed by John Landis , who had previously worked with Murphy on Trading Places and Coming to America . It is the third film in the Beverly Hills Cop trilogy , and a sequel to Beverly Hills Cop II .   Murphy again plays Detroit cop Axel Foley , who once again returns to Beverly Hills , California , to stop a gang of counterfeiters who are responsible for the death of his boss . Foley teams up with his friend , Beverly Hills detective Billy Rosewood ( Judge Reinhold ) , and his investigation leads him to an amusement park known as Wonder World . The film features a number of cameo appearances by well-known film personalities , including Robert B. Sherman , Arthur Hiller , John Singleton , Joe Dante , special effects legend Ray Harryhausen , and George Lucas as a ride patron .   Beverly Hills Cop III was released on May 25 , 1994 and grossed $ 42 million in the United States , and over $ 77 million in the foreign box office . The film was considered by critics and Murphy himself as the weakest film in the series .

neg: Danny Boy (singer) Danny Boy Steward ( born October 31 , 1977 ) is a Chicago native known by his stage name Danny Boy or DB . He is a contemporary African-American soul singer originally signed for a five-year run with Death Row Records by Suge Knight . He made his debut on 1994 's Murder Was the Case soundtrack with the R&B charter Come When I Call ( Produced by DJ Quik ) . In 1995 , he released his first single entitled Slip N Slide ( Produced by Reggie Moore and co-produced by DeVante Swing ) with then unknown artist Ginuwine singing the chorus . The video was shot in Cabo , and also features scenes with 2Pac , Snoop Dogg , Nate Dogg and Tha Dogg Pound . Danny is best known for singing the choruses of the 2Pac songs `` I Ai n't Mad at Cha '' , `` What ' z Ya Phone # '' , `` Picture Me Rollin ' '' and `` Heaven Ai n't Hard 2 Find '' on All Eyez on Me , as well as `` Toss It Up '' on The Don Killuminati : The 7 Day Theory . He had recorded several albums ' worth of music while on Death Row Records , but none were released during his time there .   Danny Boy also made an appearance on Tha Row 's soundtrack to Eddie Griffin 's Dysfunktional Family movie and also appeared on American Idol , but was disqualified due to continued internet promotion by his former label . He is currently working on some projects for his own label `` Eclectic Soul Music Group '' and resides in the suburbs of Atlanta , Georgia . On April 20 , 2010 Death Row Records , under new management , finally released Danny Boy 's 1996 debut album It 's About Time featuring production by DJ Quik & DeVante Swing .

neg: Gran Torino Gran Torino is a 2008 American drama film directed and produced by Clint Eastwood , who also starred in the film . The film co-stars Christopher Carley , Bee Vang and Ahney Her . This was Eastwood 's first starring role since 2004 's Million Dollar Baby . The film features a large Hmong American cast , as well as one of Eastwood 's younger sons , Scott . Eastwood 's oldest son , Kyle , provided the score . Gran Torino opened via a limited theatrical release in North America on December 12 , 2008 , and later to a worldwide release on January 9 , 2009 . Set in Detroit , Michigan , it is the first mainstream American film to feature Hmong Americans . Many Lao Hmong war refugees resettled in the U.S. following the communist takeover of Laos in 1975 .   The story follows Walt Kowalski , a recently widowed Korean War veteran alienated from his family and angry at the world . Walt 's young neighbor , Thao Vang Lor , is pressured by his cousin into stealing Walt 's prized 1972 Ford Gran Torino for his initiation into a gang . Walt thwarts the theft with his M1 Garand rifle and subsequently develops a relationship with the boy and his family .   Gran Torino was a critical and commercial success , grossing nearly $ 270 million worldwide ( making it Eastwood 's second highest-grossing film to date ) . Within the Hmong community in the United States , the film received both praise and criticism .

neg: Bastille Day (film) Bastille Day ( released as The Take in North America and on international home release ) is a 2016 action film directed and co-written by James Watkins . It is a Luxembourgian , French and American venture produced by Anonymous Content , Vendôme Pictures , TF1 Films Production and StudioCanal . The film stars Idris Elba , Richard Madden , Charlotte Le Bon , Eriq Ebouaney and José Garcia . The film was released in the United Kingdom on 22 April 2016 and 13 July 2016 in France , and on 18 November 2016 in the United States .

neg: Assassination Tango Assassination Tango is a 2002 American-Argentine crime thriller film written , produced , directed by , and starring Robert Duvall . Other actors include Rubén Blades , Kathy Baker and Duvall 's Argentine wife , Luciana Pedraza . Francis Ford Coppola was one of the executive producers .   The film centers on the life of a hitman who travels to Argentina for a job , as well as his discovery of Argentine tango and his relationship with a woman living there . The film is considered a `` labour of love '' of Duvall , a self-confessed tango addict . Most of the film was shot in Buenos Aires , and some scenes at the beginning and end of the story were filmed in Coney Island , Brooklyn .

neg: The Making of the Mob: Chicago The Making of the Mob : Chicago is an American television miniseries , and the second season of The Making of the Mob , based on the iconic Chicago gangster Al Capone and his rise and fall in the Chicago Mafia . It is produced by Stephen David and premiered on July 11 , 2016 , on AMC in eight parts .

neg: American Dream, Global Nightmare American Dream , Global Nightmare is a book by Ziauddin Sardar and Merryl Wyn Davies ( Icon Books , 2004 ) .   This book presents the neoconservative ideology of Pax Americana as ten laws .  Law 1 : Fear is essential .  Law 2 : Escape is the reason for being .  Law 3 : Ignorance is bliss .  Law 4 : America is the idea of nation .  Law 5 : Democratisation of everything is the essence of America .  Law 6 : American democracy has the right to be imperial and express itself through Empire .  Law 7 : Cinema is the engine of Empire .  Law 8 : Celebrity is the common currency of Empire .  Law 9 : War is a necessity .  Law 10 : American tradition and history are universal narratives applicable across all time and space .

neg: American Recordings (record label) American Recordings is a Los Angeles-based record label headed by record producer Rick Rubin . Formerly known as Def American Recordings , the label has been home to Slayer , the Black Crowes , ZZ Top , Danzig , Trouble , Tom Petty , Johnny Cash , The Mother Hips , and System of a Down , among others .

neg: Devil's Knot (film) Devil 's Knot is a 2013 American biographical crime film directed by Atom Egoyan . The film is based on a true story as told in Mara Leveritt 's 2002 book of the same name , concerning three teenagers known as the West Memphis Three , who were convicted of killing three young boys during the Satanic ritual abuse panic . They were subsequently sentenced to death ( Echols ) and life imprisonment ( Baldwin and Misskelley ) . Produced by Elizabeth Fowler , Richard Saperstein , Clark Peterson , Christopher Woodrow , and Paul Harris Boardman , the film stars Colin Firth , Reese Witherspoon , Mireille Enos , Dane DeHaan , Kevin Durand , Bruce Greenwood , Stephen Moyer , Elias Koteas , Amy Ryan , and Alessandro Nivola .   The film premiered at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival on September 8 , 2013 , followed by a wider release later that year . The film had a limited release in Canadian theaters on January 24 , 2014 , and was released in U.S. theaters and video on demand services on May 9 , 2014 .

neg: The Combined (Group) The Combined or Big Seven Group , was a criminal organization headed by organized crime figures on the East Coast of the United States during Prohibition serving as the predecessor to the alleged National Crime Syndicate of the 1930s . The organization consisted of seven Jewish , Italian , and Irish American gangs on the east coast .   Following the reform movements and police crackdown on street gangs and other criminals , the criminal underworld entered a `` slow period '' in the years during and after the First World War . While the older political bosses were able to get their former criminal associates work as bouncers and work in vice districts such as gambling dens and brothels , they began to disassociate themselves from their former criminal alliances .   Following the announcement of the Volstead Act in 1919 , many in the underworld readily entered into bootlegging as gang wars broke out in major cities across the country . As the struggle to gain dominance over the industry continued into the early 1920s , with shootouts and bombings commonplace , a group emerged to resolve the constant warfare which was costing everyone money . Originally intended to serve as a centralized office for the purposes of ordering bootleg liquor to be equally distributed , the group would also reduce costs among bootleggers for supplies and , without worrying about rival bootleggers , enable independent bootleggers to focus on protecting their shipments from freelance hijackers .   Although the concept of the organization differed between Arnold Rothstein and Johnny Torrio , both Charles `` Lucky '' Luciano and Meyer Lansky were major supporters by 1927 . Its original members included Enoch `` Nucky '' Johnson , Abner `` Longy '' Zwillman of New Jersey , Moe Dalitz of Cleveland , Waxey Gordon and Harry `` Nig '' Rosen of Philadelphia and Danny Walsh of Providence . Other members included the Bug and Meyer Mob as `` enforcers '' and the semi-retired Johnny Torrio who remained in an advisory capacity regarding organizational advice .   As the violence of the bootleg wars died down in the mid-Atlantic area , others requested membership including Dutch Schultz of Manhattan , Charles `` King '' Solomon of Boston . Al Capone also expressed interest in joining the organization ; however his gang war with the North Side Gang prevented him from doing so .   Despite the death of Rothstein that same year , and the subsequent pushing aside or deaths of several gang leaders , the remaining members of the Seven Group were successful in establishing its authority and served as the basis for the Atlantic City Conference in 1929 .   Category : Organized crime groups

neg: Baby Face Nelson (film) Baby Face Nelson is a 1957 film noir crime film based on the real-life 1930s gangster , directed by Don Siegel , co-written by Daniel Mainwaring -- who also wrote the screenplay for Siegel 's 1956 sci-fi thriller Invasion of the Body Snatchers -- and starring Mickey Rooney , Carolyn Jones , Cedric Hardwicke , Leo Gordon , Anthony Caruso , Jack Elam and John Hoyt .

neg: Kenneth McGriff Kenneth `` Supreme '' McGriff ( born September 19 , 1960 ) is a convicted American drug trafficker and organized crime figure .   McGriff came to prominence in the early 1980s when he formed his own crack distributing organization which he called the Supreme Team based in the South Jamaica section of Queens , New York . Under McGriff 's leadership , the gang 's numbers swelled to the hundreds and came to control the crack cocaine trade in the Baisley Park Houses , the neighborhood where McGriff was raised .   In 1987 , McGriff was arrested following a joint state and federal investigation and in 1989 pleaded guilty to engaging in a Continuing Criminal Enterprise . He was sentenced to 12 years incarceration . McGriff was released from prison on parole in early 1994 after serving approximately seven years of his sentence . He was sent back to prison on parole violations by year 's end , and served another 2 1/2 years ' incarceration before being released in 1997 .   McGriff is alleged to have had a hand in the 2002 murder of Run D.M.C. member Jam Master Jay , and was convicted of ordering the 2001 killing of Mobb Deep affiliate E-Moneybags ( real name Eric Smith ) . Federal authorities also accused him in connection with the attempted murder of 50 Cent . Persistent rumors suggest that McGriff felt 50 Cent had exposed too much of the drug kingpin in Jamaica , Queens and others involved in the drug trade through the lyrics of his song `` Ghetto Qu ` ran '' released in 2000 .   On February 1 , 2007 McGriff was convicted of murder-for-hire at a Federal court in the Eastern District of New York on charges that he paid $ 50,000 to have two rivals ( Eric Smith and `` Big Nose '' Troy Singleton ) gunned down in 2001 . The jury deliberated for five days before finding McGriff guilty of murder conspiracy and drug trafficking . On February 9 , 2007 , the same jury sentenced McGriff to life in prison . Throughout this case he was defended by a court-appointed attorney because nearly all of his assets had been seized .   McGriff began serving his life sentence at ADX Florence , the federal supermax prison in Colorado , but in 2011 was transferred to the United States Penitentiary , Lee , a high-security federal prison in Pennington Gap , Virginia .

neg: A Simple Plan (film) A Simple Plan is a 1998 American neo-noir crime thriller film adapted by Scott B. Smith from his 1993 novel of the same name . Directed by Sam Raimi , the film stars Bill Paxton , Billy Bob Thornton and Bridget Fonda . Set in rural Minnesota , the story follows Hank Mitchell ( Paxton ) and his brother Jacob ( Thornton ) , who , along with Jacob 's friend Lou ( Brent Briscoe ) , discover a crashed plane containing $ 4.4 million in cash . The three men go to great lengths to keep the money a secret but begin to doubt each other 's trust , resulting in lies , deceit and murder .   Development of the film began in 1993 before the novel was published . Mike Nichols purchased the film rights , and the project was picked up by an independent film studio , Savoy Pictures . After Nichols stepped down , the film adaptation became mired in development hell ; during the troubled pre-production , Ben Stiller and John Dahl turned down opportunities to direct the film . After Savoy closed in November 1995 , the project was sold to Paramount Pictures . John Boorman was hired to direct , but scheduling conflicts led to his replacement by Raimi . Principal photography began in January 1998 and concluded in March after 55 days ; filming took place in Wisconsin and Minnesota . The score was produced and composed by Danny Elfman .   A Simple Plan premiered at the 1998 Toronto International Film Festival , where it was met with critical acclaim . The film 's appearance at the festival preceded a limited release in the United States on December 11 , 1998 , followed by a general release in North America on January 22 , 1999 . It underperformed at the North American box office , grossing $ 16.3 million on a $ 17 million production budget . Reviewers praised various aspects of the film 's production , including the storytelling , performances and Raimi 's direction . A Simple Plan earned multiple awards and nominations , among them two Academy Award nominations for Best Supporting Actor ( Thornton ) and Best Adapted Screenplay ( Smith ) .

neg: Morris Rudensky Morris `` Red '' Rudensky ( born Macy Motle Friedman ; August 16 , 1898 -- April 21 , 1988 ) was an American prohibition-era gangster , prominent cat burglar and safe-cracker . Later in his life he became an author as well as a spokesman and security consultant for several companies .

neg: Shooting Gallery (film) Shooting Gallery ( a.k.a. Pool Hall Prophets ) is a 2005 film directed by Keoni Waxman starring Freddie Prinze , Jr. . The plot consists of a young hustler ( Prinze ) who meets his match in a veteran pool player and small-time gangster ( Ving Rhames ) .

neg: Gangsters (song) Gangsters is the debut single by the Special A.K.A. ( The Specials ) .

neg: American Gigolo American Gigolo is a 1980 American romantic crime film written and directed by Paul Schrader , and starring Richard Gere , Lauren Hutton , Hector Elizondo , Nina Van Pallandt and Bill Duke . It tells the story of Julian Kaye , a high-price male escort in Los Angeles who becomes romantically involved with a prominent politician 's wife while simultaneously becoming the prime suspect in a murder case .   The film is notable for establishing Gere as a leading man , and was one of the first mainstream Hollywood films to include frontal male nudity from its main star . It is also notable for its accompanying soundtrack , composed by Giorgio Moroder and featuring the number-one hit single `` Call Me '' by Blondie .   Schrader considers it one of four similar films , which he calls `` double bookends '' : Taxi Driver , bookended by Light Sleeper , and American Gigolo bookended by The Walker .


query: The Nintendo Switch is a console.

pos: Nintendo Switch The Nintendo Switch is the seventh major home video game console developed by Nintendo . Known in development by its codename NX , it was unveiled in October 2016 and was released worldwide on March 3 , 2017 . Nintendo considers the Switch a `` hybrid '' console ; it is designed primarily as a home console , with the main unit inserted onto a docking station to connect to a television . Alternatively , it can be removed from the dock and used similarly to a tablet computer through its LCD touchscreen , or placed in a standalone tabletop mode visible to several players . The Switch uses Joy-Con wireless controllers , which include standard buttons and a directional joystick for user input , motion sensing , and high-definition tactile feedback . The Joy-Con can attach to both sides of the console to support handheld-style play , connect to a Grip accessory to provide a traditional home console gamepad form , or be used individually in the hand like the Wii Remote and supporting local multiplayer modes . The Switch 's software supports online gaming through standard Internet connectivity , as well as local wireless ad hoc connectivity with other Switch consoles . Switch games and software are available on both physical flash ROM cartridges and digital distribution , and does not use region locking .   The concept of the Switch came about as Nintendo 's reaction to several quarters of financial losses into 2014 , attributed to poor sales of its previous console , the Wii U , and market competition from mobile gaming . Then-Nintendo president Satoru Iwata pushed the company towards mobile gaming and novel hardware . The Switch 's design is aimed at a wider demographic of video game players through the multiple modes of use , while retaining Nintendo 's hardware uniqueness and innovation . Nintendo opted to use more standard electronic components , such as a chipset based on Nvidia 's Tegra line , to make development for the console easier for programmers and more compatible with existing game engines . As the Wii U had struggled to gain external support leaving it with a weak software library , Nintendo preemptively sought the support of many third-party developers and publishers to help build out the Switch 's game library alongside Nintendo 's own first-party titles , including many independent video game studios . Prior to launch , Nintendo had announced that over 100 titles were in development by 70 developers .   The console shipped over 2.74 million units in the first month of its launch , exceeding Nintendo 's initial projection of 2 million units , and making it the fastest-selling home console in its history . Switch sales were highly tied to the critically acclaimed The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild , released alongside the console 's launch worldwide .

neg: Super Smash Bros. Super Smash Bros. is a series of crossover fighting games published by Nintendo , that primarily features characters from franchises established on its systems . All five games have been directed by Masahiro Sakurai .   The gameplay objective differs from that of traditional fighters by aiming to knock opponents off of the stage instead of depleting life bars . The original Super Smash Bros. , released in 1999 for the Nintendo 64 , had a small budget and was originally a Japan-only release , but its domestic success led to a worldwide release . The series achieved even greater success with the release of Super Smash Bros. . Melee , which was released in 2001 for the GameCube and became the best-selling game on that system . A third installment , Super Smash Bros. . Brawl , was released in 2008 for the Wii . Although HAL Laboratory has been the developer of the first two titles , the third game was developed through the collaboration of several companies . The fourth and fifth installments , Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U , were released in 2014 for the Nintendo 3DS and Wii U , respectively . The 3DS installment was the first series title to be released on a handheld platform .   The series features many characters from Nintendo 's most popular franchises , including Mario , Fox McCloud , Link , Kirby , Samus Aran and Pikachu . The original Super Smash Bros. had 12 playable characters , and the roster count has risen to 26 characters in Melee , 39 in Brawl , and 58 in 3DS/Wii U ( seven of which are downloadable ) . Some characters are able to transform into different forms that have different styles of play and sets of moves . The games also feature non-playable Nintendo characters , like Ridley and Petey Piranha . In Brawl , two third-party characters were added , Solid Snake and Sonic the Hedgehog . Additional third-party characters Mega Man , Pac-Man , Ryu , Cloud Strife and Bayonetta appeared in 3DS and Wii U , while Solid Snake was removed from the line-up .   Every title in the series has been well received by critics , with much praise given to the multiplayer mode experience . The Super Smash Bros. games have spawned a large competitive community and have been featured in several high-profile gaming tournaments .

neg: List of Xbox games compatible with Xbox 360 This is a list of Xbox games that are compatible with the console 's successor , the Xbox 360 . Microsoft ceased adding titles to the list in November 2007 , so the list is considered final . As of April 2010 , original Xbox games no longer can be played online via the Xbox Live service , as it was ended for the original Xbox console . However , online multiplayer still is possible through third-party LAN Tunneling programs that manipulate System Link , such as XLink Kai . Downloadable content for these titles is not available via Xbox Live . This includes the Xbox Originals downloaded on the Xbox 360 and any Xbox game running on the Xbox 360 .

neg: Kororinpa is a video game for Nintendo 's Wii video game console . It was released in Japan on December 2 , 2006 as a launch title for the Wii , then in Europe on February 23 , 2007 and North America on March 20 , 2007 .

neg: Custom Robo Arena Custom Robo Arena , known in Japan as , is a science fiction action role playing game for the Nintendo DS . It is the fifth title in the Custom Robo series . The name was announced on May 9 , 2006 at the E3 convention , and released in Japan on October 19 , 2006 , then later in the United States on March 19 , 2007 . Later , on May 25 , 2007 , it became the first ( and only , so far ) Custom Robo title released in Europe , and on September 20 , 2007 , it also became the first ( and only , so far ) title of the series released in Australia .   In the game , the player participates in Custom Robo tournaments and tries to earn money to buy parts to use to improve their robo . The game is the first in the series that features two-player mode with the Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection including voice chat , Multi-Card play , and DS Download Play . Custom Robo Arena also uses a `` Rivals '' list .

neg: Input device In computing , an input device is a ( piece of computer hardware equipment ) used to provide data and control signals to an information processing system such as a computer or information appliance . Examples of input devices include keyboards , mouse , scanners , digital cameras and joysticks .   Many input devices can   modality of input ( e.g. mechanical motion , audio , visual , etc. . )  whether the input is discrete ( e.g. pressing of key ) or continuous ( e.g. a mouse 's position , though digitized into a discrete quantity , is fast enough to be considered continuous )  the number of degrees of freedom involved ( e.g. two-dimensional traditional mice , or three-dimensional navigators designed for CAD applications )   Pointing devices , which are input devices used to specify a position in space , can further be classified according to :   Whether the input is direct or indirect . With direct input , the input space coincides with the display space , i.e. pointing is done in the space where visual feedback or the pointer appears . Touchscreens and light pens involve direct input . Examples involving indirect input include the mouse and trackball .  Whether the positional information is absolute ( e.g. on a touch screen ) or relative ( e.g. with a mouse that can be lifted and repositioned )   Direct input is almost necessarily absolute , but indirect input may be either absolute or relative . For example , digitizing graphics tablets that do not have an embedded screen involve indirect input and sense absolute positions and are often run in an absolute input mode , but they may also be set up to simulate a relative input mode like that of a touchpad , where the stylus or puck can be lifted and repositioned .

neg: NES Four Score The NES Four Score is a multitap accessory created by Nintendo in 1990 for the Nintendo Entertainment System . Select games can utilize it to enable up to four-player gameplay . The NES Four Score is similar to the previously introduced NES Satellite , a device that allows four players to connect to the NES and extends the range using infrared wireless communication .   Prior to the advent of multitap support on NES , the NES games which support more than two players , require the players to pair up and then alternate turns while sharing the same pair of NES controllers . Some games that originally feature support for more than two players , such as some arcade games , support only two simultaneous players in their NES versions .   On the NES Four Score , there is an option to switch between two-player and four-player modes , and there are turbo A and B buttons that give any of the connected controllers a rapid fire boost . The NES Four Score can also be used as a controller extension cable because the wire which leads from the accessory to the NES is several feet in length .

neg: Nintendo Nintendo Co. , Ltd. is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto , Japan . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization . Founded on 23 September 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi , it originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels . The word Nintendo can be roughly translated from Japanese to English as `` leave luck to heaven '' .   Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo then developed into a video game company in the 1970s , ultimately becoming one of the most influential in the industry and Japan 's third most-valuable company with a market value of over $ 85 billion . From 1992 until 2016 , Nintendo was also the majority shareholder of Major League Baseball 's Seattle Mariners .   , Nintendo has cumulative sales of over 670.43 million hardware units and 4.23 billion software units . The company has created and released some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , and Pokémon .

neg: Music video game A music video game , also commonly known as a music game , is a video game where the gameplay is meaningfully and often almost entirely oriented around the player 's interactions with a musical score or individual songs . Music video games may take a variety of forms and are often grouped with puzzle games due to their common use of `` rhythmically generated puzzles '' .   Strong support for the convergence of live music and video games is evident with the success of the Video Games Live concert series . Emergent games for live concert performance , `` game-scores '' , augment traditional western music notation with the dramatic elements of animation , interactivity , graphic elements and aleatoric principles ( Anigraphical Music ) . The concept of incorporating game theory and music is not new and can be traced back to Musikalisches Würfelspiel .   Music video games are distinct from purely audio games ( e.g. the 1997 Sega Saturn release Real Sound : Kaze no Regret ) in that they feature a visual feedback , to lead the player through the game 's soundtrack , although eidetic music games can fall under both categories .

neg: Game controller A game controller is a device used with games or entertainment systems to provide input to a video game , typically to control an object or character in the game . A controller is usually connected to a game console or computer by means of a wire or cord , although , since the mid-2000s , wireless controllers have become widespread . Input devices that have been classified as game controllers include keyboards , mouses , gamepads , joysticks , etc. . Special purpose devices , such as steering wheels for driving games and light guns for shooting games , are also game controllers .   Game controllers have been designed and improved over the years to be as user friendly as possible . The Microsoft Xbox controller , with its shoulder triggers that mimic actual triggers such as those found on guns , has become popular for shooting games . Some controllers are designed to be deliberately best for one type of game , such as steering wheels for driving games , or dance pads for dancing games .   One of the first video game controllers was a simple dial and single button , used to control the game Tennis for Two . Controllers have since evolved to include directional pads , multiple buttons , analog sticks , joysticks , motion detection , touch screens and a plethora of other features .

neg: Sonic Generations Sonic Generations is a platform video game developed by Sonic Team and published by Sega for PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows . The Nintendo 3DS version of the game was developed by Dimps . The game commemorates the 20th anniversary of the Sonic the Hedgehog series , and was released in North America , Europe and Australia in November 2011 , and in Japan the following month . In 2012 , the game was made available for digital download on the PlayStation Network and Xbox 360 Games on Demand services , as well as on the Nintendo eShop the following year .   Sonic Generations follows Sonic and his sidekick Miles `` Tails '' Prower , who team with their past selves as they attempt to restore the space-time continuum after it is torn apart by an entity known as the Time Eater . The game features two gameplay modes : `` Classic '' , which plays from a 2.5 D side-scrolling perspective like that of the original Sega Genesis Sonic games , and `` Modern '' , 3D levels similar to those found in Sonic Unleashed and Sonic Colors . Each location and boss in the game is one previously seen in an earlier entry in the series , with the game including numerous other references to past titles in the series .   The console versions of Sonic Generations received positive reviews from critics , who praised its graphics , gameplay , and homages to past Sonic games , although criticism was directed at the game 's short length and occasional framerate issues ; the 3DS version received a more mixed reception . The game was also a commercial success , selling over 1.85 million copies across all platforms by May 2012 .

neg: IPod Touch The iPod Touch ( stylized and marketed as iPod touch ) is an iOS-based all-purpose handheld PC designed and marketed by Apple Inc. with a user interface that is touchscreen-based . It can be used as a music and video player , digital camera , handheld game device , and personal digital assistant ( PDA ) . It connects to the Internet only through Wi-Fi base stations , does not use cellular network data , and is therefore not a smartphone , though it has a similar design to the iPhone and is often referred to as the `` iPhone without a phone '' . Furthermore , it does not fit in Apple 's iPhone accessories such as their leather cases . As of May 2013 , 100 million iPod Touch units had been sold . It is also the most popular iPod model .   iPod touch models are sold by storage space and color , with all models of the same generation typically offering otherwise identical features , processors , and performance , in addition to available operating system upgrades ; an exception was the fifth generation , as the low-end ( 16 GB ) model was initially sold without a rear-facing camera . The current iPod touch is the sixth-generation model , released on July 15 , 2015 .

neg: TurboGrafx-16 The TurboGrafx-16 Entertainment SuperSystem , known in Japan and France as the , is a home video game console jointly developed by Hudson Soft and NEC Home Electronics , released in Japan on October 30 , 1987 and in the United States on August 29 , 1989 . It also had a limited release in the United Kingdom and Spain in 1990 , known as simply TurboGrafx and based on the American model , whilst the Japanese model was imported and distributed in France in 1989 . It was the first console released in the 16-bit era , albeit still utilizing an 8-bit CPU . Originally intended to compete with the Nintendo Entertainment System ( NES ) , it ended up competing with the Sega Genesis , and later on the Super Nintendo Entertainment System ( SNES ) .   The TurboGrafx-16 has an 8-bit CPU , a 16-bit video color encoder , and a 16-bit video display controller . The GPUs are capable of displaying 482 colors simultaneously , out of 512 . With dimensions of just 14 cm × 14 cm × 3.8 cm ( 5.5 in × 5.5 in × 1.5 in ) , the Japanese PC Engine is the smallest major home game console ever made . Games were stored on a HuCard cartridge , or in CD-ROM optical format with the TurboGrafx-CD add-on .   The TurboGrafx-16 failed to break into the North American market and sold poorly , which has been blamed on inferior marketing . However in Japan the PC Engine was very successful , where it gained strong third-party support and outsold the Famicom at its 1987 debut , eventually becoming the Super Famicom 's main rival . Lots of revisions - at least 17 distinct models - were made , such as portable versions and a CD-ROM add-on . A short lived successor , PC Engine SuperGrafx , failed to break through and was quickly discontinued . The entire series was succeeded by the PC-FX in 1994 , only released in Japan .

neg: Switching circuit theory Switching circuit theory is the mathematical study of the properties of networks of idealized switches . Such networks may be strictly combinational logic , in which their output state is only a function of the present state of their inputs ; or may also contain sequential elements , where the present state depends on the present state and past states ; in that sense , sequential circuits are said to include `` memory '' of past states . An important class of sequential circuits are state machines . Switching circuit theory is applicable to the design of telephone systems , computers , and similar systems . Switching circuit theory provided the mathematical foundations and tools for digital system design in almost all areas of modern technology .   From 1934 to 1936 , NEC engineer Akira Nakashima published a series of papers showing that the two-valued Boolean algebra , which he discovered independently , can describe the operation of switching circuits . His work was later cited and elaborated on in Claude Shannon 's seminal 1938 paper `` A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits '' . The principles of Boolean algebra are applied to switches , providing mathematical tools for analysis and synthesis of any switching system .   Ideal switches are considered as having only two exclusive states , for example , open or closed . In some analysis , the state of a switch can be considered to have no influence on the output of the system and is designated as a `` do n't care '' state . In complex networks it is necessary to also account for the finite switching time of physical switches ; where two or more different paths in a network may affect the output , these delays may result in a `` logic hazard '' or `` race condition '' where the output state changes due to the different propagation times through the network .

neg: List of Wii games on Wii U eShop This is a list of current and upcoming Wii games that are available on Wii U for download from the Nintendo eShop . These games utilize the backward compatibility of Wii U with Wii games in order to run , albeit do not need to explicitly access Wii Mode . Games that can be played with the Classic Controller can also be played using the Wii U GamePad as a controller instead . The download variants can also support any save files created on or transferred to the Wii U from any respective disc variant of the same title . Although similar to Virtual Console titles in some ways , these games are not technically part of Virtual Console as they run on native hardware rather than by emulation , and are not branded as such either , albeit only Nintendo of America had since started branding these re-releases as `` Wii Virtual Console '' titles .   The games are sorted by title . To sort by other columns , click the corresponding icon in the header row .

neg: Neo Geo , stylised as NEO ・ GEO , also written as NEOGEO , is a family of video game hardware developed by SNK . On the market from 1990 to 2004 , the brand originated with the release of an arcade system , the Neo Geo MVS and its home console counterpart , the Neo Geo AES . Both the arcade system and console were powerful for the time and the AES allows for perfect compatibility of games released for the MVS . However , the high price point for both the AES console and its games prevented it from directly competing with its contemporaries , the Sega Mega Drive ( Genesis ) , Super NES ( Super Famicom ) , and Turbo-Grafx 16 ( PC Engine ) . However the MVS arcade became very successful in stores in Japan and North America .   Years later , SNK would release the Neo Geo CD , a more cost effective console with games released on compact discs . The console was met with limited success , due in part to its slow CD-ROM drive . In an attempt to compete with increasingly popular 3D games , SNK released the Hyper Neo Geo 64 arcade system in 1997 as the successor to its aging MVS . The system did not fare well and only a few games were released for it . A planned home console based on the hardware was never released . SNK later extended the brand by releasing two handheld consoles , the Neo Geo Pocket , and later Neo Geo Pocket Color , which briefly competed with Nintendo 's Game Boy . Soon after their release , SNK encountered various legal and financial issues - however the original Neo Geo MVS and AES continued getting new games under new ownership until officially being discontinued in 2004 , ending the brand .   Regardless of the failure of later Neo Geo hardware , games for the original MVS and AES have been well received . The system spawned several long-running and critically acclaimed series , mostly 2D fighters , including Fatal Fury , Art of Fighting , Samurai Shodown and The King of Fighters , as well as popular games in other genres such as the Metal Slug and Baseball Stars series . In December 2012 , SNK Playmore released a handheld console based on the original AES , the Neo Geo X . As of March 1997 , the Neo Geo had sold 980,000 units worldwide . The Neo Geo Pocket Color also has been given praise for multiple innovations , and a very substantial library , despite its short life .

neg: List of Nintendo products This is a list of products published by Nintendo . It includes toys , arcade games and video games published by Nintendo .

neg: Kirby Super Star Kirby Super Star , known as Kirby 's Fun Pak in Europe and in Japan , is a 1996 platforming video game developed by HAL Laboratory and published by Nintendo for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System video game console . It was first released in Japan on March 21 , 1996 , in North America on September 20 , 1996 , and in Europe on January 23 , 1997 . Kirby Super Stars box art states that the game features eight games in one cartridge . Most of these games are platforming-oriented , while some are mini-games . The game was later released for the Wii Virtual Console in Japan in October 2009 and in North America and Europe in May 2010 while the Wii U Virtual Console version was released in Japan on May 1 , 2013 and in North America and Europe on May 23 , 2013 , although the Wii U Europe users get the North American version instead . An enhanced remake titled Kirby Super Star Ultra '' '' ' was released for the Nintendo DS in 2008 .

neg: Digital Transmission Content Protection Digital Transmission Content Protection ( DTCP ) is a digital rights management ( DRM ) technology that restrict digital home technologies including DVD players and televisions by encrypting interconnections between devices . This permits the distribution of content through other devices such as personal computers or portable media players , if they also implement the DTCP standards . DTCP has also been referred to as `` 5C '' content protection , a reference to the five companies that created DTCP ; Hitachi , Intel , Matsushita , Sony , and Toshiba .   The standard was originally proposed in February 1998 , when the five companies presented the system to the Copy Protection Technical Working Group ( CPTWG ) , an ad hoc body organized to evaluate DRM technologies . The five companies subsequently established the Digital Transmission Licensing Administrator ( DTLA ) in June 1998 to simplify licensing procedures and promote acceptance of the DTCP method by content providers , electronics manufacturers , and broadcast service providers . They also released the 5C Digital Transmission Content Protection White Paper describing the system . The paper specifies Hitachi 's M6 cipher as the baseline encryption system , which was already in widespread use in the Japanese cable industry .   At the time , FireWire was widely regarded as the up-and-coming standard for interconnecting media devices , although this has not been widely adopted in the decade following . More recently there appears to be a move to using TCP/IP carried on high-speed ethernet and WiFi connections to replace FireWire and similar systems , a move epitomized by the Apple TV . The DTCP standard has branched out to cover a variety of media types to respond to these industry changes , and now supports USB , IP , WiFi , Bluetooth and MOST ( a media standard for automotive platforms ) in addition to FireWire .   DTCP specification is proprietary and is only disseminated to members , who agree to the DTLA agreements ( some fees need to be paid to even get the specification ) . An `` informational version '' of the specification , omitting some critical details of the implementation , is freely available .

neg: Forward compatibility Forward compatibility is a design characteristic that allows a system to accept input intended for a later version of itself . The concept can be applied to entire systems , electrical interfaces , telecommunication signals , data communication protocols , file formats , and computer programming languages . A standard supports forward compatibility if a product that complies with earlier versions can `` gracefully '' process input designed for later versions of the standard ; the ability of a system to select known input and ignore unknown input also depends on whether the new standard is backward compatible .   The objective for forward compatible technology is for old devices to recognise when data has been generated for new devices .   Forward compatibility is not the same as extensibility . A forward compatible design can process at least some of the data from a future version of itself . An extensible design makes upgrading easy . An example of both design ideas can be found in web browsers . At any point in time , a current browser is forward compatible if it gracefully accepts a newer version of HTML . Whereas how easily the browser code can be upgraded to process the newer HTML determines how extensible it is .

neg: Portable media player A portable media player ( PMP ) or digital audio player ( DAP ) is a portable consumer electronics device capable of storing and playing digital media such as audio , images , and video files . The data is typically stored on a CD , DVD , flash memory , microdrive , or hard drive . Most portable media players are equipped with a 3.5 mm headphone jack , which users can plug headphones into , or connect to a boombox or hifi system . In contrast , analog portable audio players play music from non-digital media that use analog signal storage , such as cassette tapes or vinyl records .   Often mobile digital audio players are marketed and sold as `` portable MP3 players '' , even if they also support other file formats and media types . Increasing sales of smartphones and tablet computers have led to a decline in sales of portable media players , leading to some devices being phased out , though flagship devices like the Apple iPod and Sony Walkman are still in production . Portable DVD players are still manufactured by brands across the world .   This article focuses on portable devices that have the main function of playing media .


query: The World Science Festival is headquartered in the United States.

pos: World Science Festival The World Science Festival is an annual science festival produced by the World Science Foundation , a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non-profit organization headquartered in New York City .   The foundation 's mission is to cultivate a general public informed by science , inspired by its wonder , convinced of its value , and prepared to engage with its implications for the future .

neg: Green Car Congress Green Car Congress ( GCC ) is a newsfeed website dedicated to provide the latest information and news about energy options , technologies , products , issues and policies related to sustainable mobility and access to its content is provided free of charge . GCC reports daily any relevant development around the world regarding alternative vehicles and powertrains , clean and alternative fuels , alternative sources of clean energy , technologies to curb greenhouse gas emissions which accelerate global warming resulting in climate change , and related policies and sustainability issues in general . Green Car Congress editorial goal is `` to support our transition from primary dependence on fossil fuels to self-reliance on clean , healthy , sustainable , harmonious alternative energies . '' GCC target audience comprises members of every segment of the energy and transportation markets , including industry , government , academia and the public , and readers are allowed to comment on the materials posted blog style .   Green Car Congress is linked or recommended as an external resource for news and issues regarding sustainable mobility by newspapers , academic centers , and several environmental group sites such as The New York Times , the Illinois Sustainable Technology Center at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology , the Oregon Department of Transportation , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , the Electric Drive Transportation Association , TreeHugger , Bioenergy Wiki , Greenedia , and ScienceBlips .

neg: /r/science / r/science is an Internet forum on Reddit where the community of participants discuss science topics . A popular feature of the forum is `` Ask me Anything '' ( AMA ) public discussions . As of 2014 , / r/science attracted 30,000-100 ,000 visitors per day , making it the largest community-managed science forum and an attractive place to host discussions .

neg: Ciudad de las Ideas (conference) La Ciudad de las Ideas ( CDI ) is a conference created by Andrés Roemer , to empower citizens and present innovative ideas in science , technology , art , design , politics , education , culture , business , entertainment and other areas of knowledge . CDI created a 21-minute format to encourage debate . Daniel Dennett called it the '' brain Olympics . ''   CDI speakers have included Nobel Prize winners Jerome Isaac Friedman , Mario J. Molina , Jody Williams , Daniel Kahneman and Paul Krugman ; researchers Robert Sapolsky , Steven Pinker , Eduard Punset , Clotaire Rapaille , Tim Berners-Lee , David Buss , Richard Dawkins , Michael Shermer , Craig Venter and Randi Zuckerberg ; and Oscar nominees Adame Pesapane ( PES ) and Oliver Stone .   Since 2008 , up to 3,600 attendees have gathered every November in the center of Puebla .   The head and curator of CDI is Andrés Roemer , partner of the NGO Poder Civico A.C. , together with Ricardo Salinas Pliego , President and CEO of Grupo Salinas . The thematic approach of the curator of the speakers is as follows : `` Scholars/Policy and Makers '' ( leading academics and public policy makers ) , `` Mex-I-Can '' ( talented Mexicans ) , `` W-Under18 '' ( children and young people ) , Debates , Art , Emotional , Technology , Artistic Interventions , and Entertainment .   The festival has been promoted in Azteca Trece and Proyecto 40 and on the event 's website , social media , and through a science bookstore located at the festival site .   Since June 9 , 2008 , over 231 festival speakers have had their presentations published online . Fifty percent of the audience are between 16 and 25 years old .

neg: Creative Science Foundation The Creative Science Foundation ( CSf ) is a non-profit organization , established on the 4th of November 2011 in London , England , that advocates a synergetic relationship between creative arts ( e.g. writing , films , art , dance etc. ) and sciences ( e.g. engineering , business , socio-political etc. ) as a means to fostering innovation . It is best known for its use of Science Fiction Prototyping as an ideation , communication and prototyping tool for product innovation . The foundation 's main modus-operandi are the organisation or sponsorship of vacation-schools , workshops , seminars , conferences , journals , publications and projects .

neg: Environmental science Environmental science is an interdisciplinary academic field that integrates physical , biological and information sciences ( including ecology , biology , physics , chemistry , zoology , mineralogy , oceanology , limnology , soil science , geology , atmospheric science , and geodesy ) to the study of the environment , and the solution of environmental problems . Environmental science emerged from the fields of natural history and medicine during the Enlightenment . Today it provides an integrated , quantitative , and interdisciplinary approach to the study of environmental systems .   Related areas of study include environmental studies and environmental engineering . Environmental studies incorporates more of the social sciences for understanding human relationships , perceptions and policies towards the environment . Environmental engineering focuses on design and technology for improving environmental quality in every aspect .   Environmental scientists work on subjects like the understanding of earth processes , evaluating alternative energy systems , pollution control and mitigation , natural resource management , and the effects of global climate change . Environmental issues almost always include an interaction of physical , chemical , and biological processes . Environmental scientists bring a systems approach to the analysis of environmental problems . Key elements of an effective environmental scientist include the ability to relate space , and time relationships as well as quantitative analysis .   Environmental science came alive as a substantive , active field of scientific investigation in the 1960s and 1970s driven by ( a ) the need for a multi-disciplinary approach to analyze complex environmental problems , ( b ) the arrival of substantive environmental laws requiring specific environmental protocols of investigation and ( c ) the growing public awareness of a need for action in addressing environmental problems . Events that spurred this development included the publication of Rachel Carson 's landmark environmental book Silent Spring along with major environmental issues becoming very public , such as the 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill , and the Cuyahoga River of Cleveland , Ohio , `` catching fire '' ( also in 1969 ) , and helped increase the visibility of environmental issues and create this new field of study .

neg: International Divine Science Association The International Divine Science Association was founded in 1892 in San Francisco , California by religious leader and author Malinda Cramer . The association was `` founded for the promulgation of Divine Science , the God idea of perfect unity , harmony and wholeness , associated together in a unity of spirit , for the healing of nations , and the general good of humanity . ''   The International Divine Science Association hosted several New Thought Congresses through the 1890s . The association was a loose coalition of Divine Science leaders and centers across the United States , and is credited as the first of several umbrella organizations created at the turn of the 20th century for the New Thought movement .

neg: Science Olympiad Science Olympiad is an American team competition in which students compete in ` events ' pertaining to various scientific disciplines , including earth science , biology , chemistry , physics , and engineering . Over 7,300 middle school and high school teams from 50 U.S. states compete each year , but only 49 states host competitions , with the exception being Vermont . U.S. territories do not compete . There are multiple levels of competition : invitational , regional , state , and national . Some states or private groups offer ` invitational ' tournaments as practice for regional and state competitions . Teams which excel at the regional competitions advance to the state level , and then to the national level . Winners later receive several kinds of awards from medals to trophies and plaques . The program for Elementary-age students is less common and consistent . Schools have flexibility to implement the program to meet their needs . Some communities host competitive Elementary tournaments .   Science Olympiad is not associated with the International Science Olympiads , which follow a completely different format and set of rules .

neg: Kansas evolution hearings The Kansas evolution hearings were a series of hearings held in Topeka , Kansas , United States from May 5 to May 12 , 2005 by the Kansas State Board of Education and its State Board Science Hearing Committee to change how evolution and the origin of life would be taught in the state 's public high school science classes . The hearings were arranged by the Board of Education with the intent of introducing intelligent design into science classes via the Teach the Controversy method .   The hearings raised the issues of creation and evolution in public education and were attended by all the major participants in the intelligent design movement but were ultimately boycotted by the scientific community over concern of lending credibility to the claim , made by proponents of intelligent design , that evolution is purportedly the subject of wide dispute within the scientific and science education communities .   The Discovery Institute , hub of the intelligent design movement , played a central role in starting the hearings by promoting its Critical Analysis of Evolution lesson plan which the Kansas State Board of Education eventually adopted over objections of the State Board Science Hearing Committee , and campaigning on behalf of conservative Republican candidates for the Board .   Local science advocacy group Kansas Citizens for Science organized a boycott of the hearings by mainstream scientists , who accused it of being a kangaroo court and argued that their participation would lend an undeserved air of legitimacy to the hearings .   Kansas Board of Education member Kathy Martin declared at the beginning of the hearings , `` Evolution has been proven false . ID ( Intelligent Design ) is science-based and strong in facts . '' At their conclusion she proclaimed that evolution is `` an unproven , often disproven '' theory . `` ID has theological implications . ID is not strictly Christian , but it is theistic , '' asserted Martin .   The scientific community rejects teaching intelligent design as science ; a leading example being the United States National Academy of Sciences , which issued a policy statement saying `` Creationism , intelligent design , and other claims of supernatural intervention in the origin of life or of species are not science because they are not testable by the methods of science . '' ( See also List of scientific societies explicitly rejecting intelligent design )   On February 13 , 2007 , the Board voted 6 to 4 to reject the amended science standards enacted in 2005 .

neg: National Algae Association The National Algae Association is a United States non-profit algae production trade organization for commercially minded algae researchers , algae producers and equipment companies .   Created in January 2008 and headquartered in Houston , Texas , the association seeks to coordinate research and development efforts for commercial algal fuel applications . It also hosts conferences for the presentation of scientific papers on algal fuel .

neg: Science Laureates of the United States Act of 2013 The Science Laureates of the United States Act of 2013 is a bill that would create the position of Science Laureate of the United States , meant to be similar to the United States Poet Laureate . The Science Laureate would spend their term traveling around the country promoting science and research to students and the general public . The bill was introduced into the United States House of Representatives during the 113th United States Congress .

neg: Festival of Britain The Festival of Britain was a national exhibition and fair that reached millions of visitors throughout the United Kingdom in the summer of 1951 . Historian Kenneth O. Morgan says the Festival was a `` triumphant success '' as people :  flocked to the South Bank site , to wander around the Dome of Discovery , gaze at the Skylon , and generally enjoy a festival of national celebration . Up and down the land , lesser festivals enlisted much civic and voluntary enthusiasm . A people curbed by years of total war and half-crushed by austerity and gloom , showed that it had not lost the capacity for enjoying itself ... Above all , the Festival made a spectacular setting as a showpiece for the inventiveness and genius of British scientists and technologists .   Labour cabinet member Herbert Morrison was the prime mover ; in 1947 he started with the original plan to celebrate the centennial of the Great Exhibition of 1851 . However it was not to be another World Fair , for international themes were absent , as was the British Commonwealth . Instead the 1951 festival focused entirely on Britain and its achievements ; it was funded chiefly by the government , with a budget of # 12 million . The Labour government was losing support and so the implicit goal of the festival was to give the people a feeling of successful recovery from the war 's devastation , as well as promoting British science , technology , industrial design , architecture and the arts .   The Festival 's centrepiece was in London on the South Bank of the Thames . There were events in Poplar ( Architecture ) , Battersea ( The Festival Pleasure Gardens ) , South Kensington ( Science ) and Glasgow ( Industrial Power ) . Festival celebrations took place in Cardiff , Stratford-upon-Avon , Bath , Perth , Bournemouth , York , Aldeburgh , Inverness , Cheltenham , Oxford , Norwich , Canterbury and elsewhere and there were touring exhibitions by land and sea .   The Festival became a `` beacon for change '' that proved immensely popular with thousands of elite visitors and millions of popular ones . It helped reshape British arts , crafts , designs and sports for a generation . Journalist Harry Hopkins highlights the widespread impact of the `` Festival style '' . They called it `` Contemporary '' . It was :  clean , bright and new ... . It caught hold quickly and spread first across London and then across England ... In an island hitherto largely given up to gravy browns and dull greens , `` Contemporary '' boldly espoused strong primary colors .

neg: Concord Consortium The Concord Consortium was founded in 1994 as an educational research and development organization to create large-scale improvements in K-14 teaching and learning through technology .   The company conducts research on improving science , math and engineering education with the use of technology . It developed the Vernier Software & Technology probeware for classrooms and mobile computers , created modeling software for genetics and molecular education , and developed a Web-based high school .   Located in Concord , Massachusetts , and Emeryville , California , the Concord Consortium employs 30 software engineers , scientists , education developers and other staff . President and CEO Chad Dorsey has led the organization since 2008 , following the longtime tenure of founder Robert F. Tinker . The Concord Consortium is overseen by a 10-member Board of Directors that includes educators and business people . The organization works in partnership with universities , museums and other educational organizations , including Tufts University , New York Hall of Science , University of Illinois at Chicago , McGraw-Hill Education and National Geographic Society . The Concord Consortium is supported primarily by grants from the National Science Foundation ( NSF ) , the U.S. Department of Education ( DOE ) , the Noyce Foundation and Google.org .

neg: Dow Chemical Company The Dow Chemical Company , commonly referred to as Dow , is an American multinational chemical corporation headquartered in Midland , Michigan , United States . As of 2007 , it is the second-largest chemical manufacturer in the world by revenue ( after BASF ) and as of February 2009 , the third-largest chemical company in the world by market capitalization ( after BASF and DuPont ) . It ranked second in the world by chemical production in 2014 .   Dow manufactures plastics , chemicals , and agricultural products . With a presence in about 160 countries , it employs about 54,000 people worldwide . The company has seven different major operating segments , with a wide variety of products made by each one . Dow 's 2012 sales totaled approximately $ 57 billion .  Dow has been called the `` chemical companies ' chemical company '' in that most of its sales are to other industries rather than end-users . Dow sells directly to end-users primarily in the human and animal health and consumer products markets .   Dow is a member of the American Chemistry Council . The company tagline is `` Solutionism '' .

neg: Science Research Associates SRA or Science Research Associates Inc. is a Chicago-based publisher of educational materials and schoolroom reading comprehension products .

neg: World Film Company The World Film Company or World Film Corporation was an American film production and distribution company , organized in 1914 in Fort Lee , New Jersey .

neg: Anti-nuclear groups in the United States More than eighty anti-nuclear groups are operating , or have operated , in the United States . These include : Abalone Alliance , Clamshell Alliance , Greenpeace USA , Institute for Energy and Environmental Research , Musicians United for Safe Energy , Nevada Desert Experience , Nuclear Control Institute , Nuclear Information and Resource Service , Public Citizen Energy Program , Shad Alliance , and the Sierra Club . These are direct action , environmental , health , and public interest organizations who oppose nuclear weapons and/or nuclear power . In 1992 , the chairman of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission said that `` his agency had been pushed in the right direction on safety issues because of the pleas and protests of nuclear watchdog groups '' .   Some of the most influential groups in the anti-nuclear movement have had members who included Nobel Laureates ( e.g. , Linus Pauling and Hermann Joseph Muller ) . These scientists have belonged primarily to two groups : the Federation of American Scientists , and the Committee for Nuclear Responsibility .

neg: Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics Science , technology , engineering and mathematics ( STEM , previously SMET ) is a term that refers to the academic disciplines of science , technology , engineering and mathematics . The term is typically used when addressing education policy and curriculum choices in schools to improve competitiveness in science and technology development . It has implications for workforce development , national security concerns and immigration policy .   The acronym arose in common use shortly after an interagency meeting on science education held at the US National Science Foundation chaired by the then NSF director Rita Colwell . A director from the Office of Science division of Workforce Development for Teachers and Scientists , Peter Faletra , suggested the change from the older acronym METS to STEM . Colwell , expressing some dislike for the older acronym , responded by suggesting NSF to institute the change . One of the first NSF projects to use the acronym was STEMTEC , the Science , Technology , Engineering and Math Teacher Education Collaborative at the University of Massachusetts Amherst , which was funded in 1998 .

neg: Esri Esri ( -LSB- ˈɛzriː -RSB- , a.k.a. Environmental Systems Research Institute ) is an international supplier of geographic information system ( GIS ) software , web GIS and geodatabase management applications . The company is headquartered in Redlands , California .   The company was founded as Environmental Systems Research Institute in 1969 as a land-use consulting firm . Esri products ( particularly ArcGIS Desktop ) have 40.7 % of the global market share . In 2014 , Esri had approximately a 43 percent share of the GIS software market worldwide , more than any other vendor .   The company has 10 regional offices in the U.S. and a network of 80 + international distributors , with about a million users in 200 countries . The firm has 3,200 employees in the U.S. , and is still privately held by the founders . In 2006 , revenues were about $ 660 million . In a 2016 Investor 's Business Daily article , Esri 's annual revenues were indicated to be $ 1.1 Billion , from 300,000 customers ( $ 4000/customer/year ) .   The company hosts an annual International User 's Conference , which was first held on the Redlands campus in 1981 with 16 attendees . The User 's Conference has been held in San Diego at the San Diego Convention Center since 1997 . An estimated 15,000 users from 131 countries attended in 2012 .

neg: World Academy of Art and Science The World Academy of Art and Science ( WAAS ) is an international non-governmental scientific organization , a world network of more than 700 individual fellows from more than 80 countries . Fellows are elected for distinguished accomplishments in the sciences , arts and the humanities with an inter-disciplinary and trans-disciplinary approach with an outstanding record of public service and are committed to addressing the pressing social problems confronting humanity today . The Academy strives to promote the growth of knowledge , enhance public awareness of the social consequences and policy implications of that growth , and provide `` leadership in thought that leads to action '' . The spirit of the academy can be expressed in the words of Albert Einstein `` The creations of our mind shall be a blessing and not a curse to mankind '' .

neg: Center for the Study of Science and Religion The Center for the Study of Science and Religion ( CSSR ) is a center inside The Earth Institute at Columbia University . It `` was founded in the summer of 1999 as a forum for the examination of issues that lie at the boundary of these two complementary ways of comprehending the world and our place in it . By examining the intersections that cross over the boundaries between one or another science and one or another religion , the CSSR hopes to stimulate dialogue and encourage understanding . '' The founder and director of CSSR is Robert Pollack , Professor of Biological Sciences and Adjunct Professor of Science and Religion at Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York and also Adjunct Professor of Religion at Columbia University .   Questions currently being addressed by CSSR include :  Development and equitable sharing of water resources between nations in the Jordan River Valley , with Upmanu Lall  Long term women 's health effects of human egg harvesting , with Wendy Chavkin  American slavery and memory , with Patricia J. Williams   CSSR offers courses , varying in length and content , for undergraduates , graduate students , clergy , and professional students .   CSSR sponsors one major symposium about every two years , and four or more guest lectures each semester . CSSR symposia have included :   Mind and Reality , February 25 & 26 , 2005  Love and its Obstacles , November 7 , 2004  Destructive Emotions : Neuroscience , Psychology and Buddhism , January 28 , 2003  A Colloquium on the Centennial of William James 's The Varieties of Religious Experience , March 24 & 25 , 2002   CSSR and Columbia University Press oversee publication of the Columbia Series in Science and Religion .