query: Samoa Joe has been a advocate for the TNA X Division five times.

pos: Samoa Joe Nuufolau Joel `` Joe '' Seanoa ( born March 17 , 1979 ) , better known by his ring name Samoa Joe , is an American professional wrestler currently signed to WWE and performing on the Raw brand . He was previously best known for his time with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) and Ring of Honor ( ROH ) .   Joe established himself in ROH from the promotion 's beginning in 2002 , holding the ROH World Championship for a record 21 months from May 2003 to December 2004 . Upon joining TNA in June 2005 , he embarked on an 19-month-long undefeated streak , and went on to hold the TNA World Heavyweight Championship once , the TNA X Division Championship five times , the TNA World Tag Team Championship twice , and the TNA Television Championship once ; completing the TNA Triple Crown and the TNA Grand Slam .   He also wrestled internationally and on the independent circuit for various promotions , winning several titles , including the GHC Tag Team Championship with Magnus in Pro Wrestling Noah , and he was an inaugural NWA Intercontinental Tag Team Champion with Keiji Sakoda in Pro Wrestling Zero1 . He left TNA in February 2015 , briefly competing again in ROH and the independent circuit .   Joe officially debuted in WWE 's developmental territory NXT in May 2015 , and signed a full-time contract with the company in June ; he went on to become the first ever two-time NXT Champion .

neg: List of current champions in Impact Wrestling Impact Wrestling is a professional wrestling promotion based in Nashville , Tennessee . Title reigns are either determined by professional wrestling matches or are awarded to a wrestler , as a result of the culmination of various scripted storylines . There are three active singles championships , one active tag team championship , and a championship for the female wrestlers . Six wrestlers hold the championships . The list includes the number of times the wrestler has held the title , the date and location of the win , and a description of the winning bout . The following is correct as of , .   At the top of Impact 's championship hierarchy is the Impact Wrestling World Heavyweight Championship . The championship is currently held by Lashley , who is in his fourth reign . He defeated Eddie Edwards in a 30 minute Iron Man match on January 8 , 2017 during the Impact Wrestling tapings ( which aired January 26 ) .   The secondary titles in Impact are the Impact Wrestling X Division Championship and the Impact Grand Championship .   Trevor Lee is the current X Division Champion in his second reign . He defeated DJZ in a Ladder match on January 8 , 2017 during the Impact Wrestling tapings ( airing January 26 )   The Impact Grand Championship was introduced at the August 13 , 2016 , taping . Moose is the current champion in his second reign . He defeated Drew Galloway on January 12 , 2017 , tapings of Impact Wrestling via split decision .   The Impact World Tag Team Championship is currently held by The Latin American Xchange ( Ortiz and Santana ) , who defeated Decay , Reno Scum and Laredo Kid and Garza Jr. in a four-way match on March 4 , 2017 , to fill the vacant titles after previous titleholders The Broken Hardys ( Matt Hardy and Jeff Hardy ) left the company on February 27 , 2017 .   A wrestler who has held all four of these titles is recognized to have won the Impact Grand Slam .   There is one championship contested for female wrestlers ( promoted by Impact as their Knockout division ) . Rosemary is the current champion in her first reign , having defeated Jade on October 9 , 2016 , to win the vacant title after previous champion Gail Kim vacated the title due to injury .

neg: Tito Ortiz Jacob Christopher `` Tito '' Ortiz ( / ˈtiːtoʊ ɔɹˈtiːz / born January 23 , 1975 ) is an American retired mixed martial artist . In the MMA world , he is known for his stint with the Ultimate Fighting Championship ( UFC ) , where he is a former Light Heavyweight Champion , having held the title from April 14 , 2000 to September 26 , 2003 . Along with fighters like Randy Couture and Chuck Liddell , he was one of the sports early stars . Ortiz ultimately became the biggest pay-per-view draw of 2006 for his fights with Liddell , Forrest Griffin , and Ken Shamrock .   Outside of his fighting career , Ortiz is the CEO of the Punishment Athletics MMA equipment and clothing line . He also owns an MMA training gym called Punishment Training Center , which is located in his hometown of Huntington Beach , California . On July 7 , 2012 , Ortiz became the ninth inductee into the UFC Hall of Fame .

neg: Final Resolution (2005) Final Resolution ( 2005 ) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) , which took place on January 16 , 2005 from the TNA Impact ! Zone in Orlando , Florida . It was the first annual event under the Final Resolution chronology . Nine matches were featured on the event 's card .   The main event was a standard wrestling match for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship , in which the champion , Jeff Jarrett , defeated the challenger , Monty Brown to retain the championship . The TNA X Division Championship was contested in an Ultimate X match , in which A.J. Styles defeated Chris Sabin and the champion , Petey Williams . The event 's undercard featured different varieties of matches . America 's Most Wanted ( Chris Harris and James Storm ) defeated Team Canada ( Bobby Roode and Eric Young ) for the NWA World Tag Team Championship on the undercard . Monty Brown defeated Diamond Dallas Page and Kevin Nash in a Three Way Elimination match to challenge Jeff Jarrett for the NWA Championship in the main event .   The professional wrestling section of the Canadian Online Explorer website rated the entire event an 8 out of 10 , which was higher than the 2006 event 's rating .

neg: John Cena John Felix Anthony Cena Jr. ( -LSB- ˈsiːnə -RSB- born April 23 , 1977 ) is an American professional wrestler , rapper , actor , and reality television show host . He is signed to WWE , where he performs on the SmackDown brand . Cena started his professional wrestling career in 1999 with Ultimate Pro Wrestling ( UPW ) and won the UPW Heavyweight Championship the following year . Cena signed a developmental contract with the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , later renamed to World Wrestling Entertainment , or simply WWE ) in 2001 , debuting on the WWE main roster in 2002 .   From a generic character in 2002 , Cena morphed into a rapper for the time period of 2002 -- 2004 , which earned him fame within the audience on SmackDown ! . Cena later transitioned to his current character , which he describes as a `` goody-two shoes Superman '' . However , Cena has been labeled as the `` most polarizing professional wrestler ever '' as his character has many supporters and many detractors , according to Jim Ross of Fox Sports , who also noted that Cena has been WWE 's franchise player for a long-time . In 2012 , IGN described Cena as WWE 's franchise player since 2005 and WWE credited Cena as being the `` face of WWE '' in 2015 since 2004 . Industry veterans John Layfield , Paul Heyman , and Kurt Angle have called Cena the greatest WWE star of all time .   Throughout his WWE career , Cena has won 25 championships , with 16 reigns as a world champion ( 13 times as WWE Champion and three times as WWE 's World Heavyweight Champion ) , an accomplishment only previously achieved by WWE Hall of Famer Ric Flair . He is also a five-time United States Champion , and four-time world tag team champion ( two World Tag Team and two WWE Tag Team ) . Furthermore , he is a Money in the Bank ladder match winner ( 2012 ) , a two-time Royal Rumble winner ( 2008 , 2013 ) , and a three-time Superstar of the Year Slammy Award winner ( 2009 , 2010 , 2012 ) . Cena has the fourth-highest number of combined days as WWE Champion , behind Bruno Sammartino , Bob Backlund , and Hulk Hogan . He has also headlined WWE 's flagship event , WrestleMania , on five different occasions ( WrestleManias 22 , 23 , XXVII , XXVIII , and 29 ) over the course of his career , as well as many others pay-per-view events . As of 2016 , John Cena is WWE 's highest-paid wrestler .   Outside of wrestling , Cena has released the rap album You Ca n't See Me , which debuted at No. 15 on the US Billboard 200 chart , and starred in the feature films The Marine ( 2006 ) , 12 Rounds ( 2009 ) , Legendary ( 2010 ) , The Reunion ( 2011 ) , Trainwreck ( 2015 ) , and Sisters ( 2015 ) . Cena has also made appearances on television shows including Manhunt , Deal or No Deal , MADtv , Saturday Night Live , Punk 'd , Psych , and Parks and Recreation . He was also a contestant on Fast Cars and Superstars : The Gillette Young Guns Celebrity Race , where he made it to the final round before being eliminated , placing third in the overall competition . Cena is also the host of American Grit on Fox . Cena is involved in numerous philanthropic causes ; most notably with the Make-A-Wish Foundation . He has granted the most wishes in Make-A-Wish history .

neg: Joe Silva Joe Silva is a former UFC matchmaker and a 2017 inductee into the UFC Hall of Fame .   Joe Silva began working for UFC in 1993 after answering an advertisement for fighters in Black Belt Magazine . During his role as matchmaker , he made each of the fights for the live events of UFC since prior to the purchase of the UFC by the Fertitta brothers in 2000 , under the ownership of SEG . His last official title was Vice-President of Talent Relations . As a part of his job , he both signed new and fired fighters from the UFC . Silva retired in September 2016 following the sale of UFC to WME-IMG , after selling his UFC shares to the new owner . His final event occurred on December 30 , 2016 . During his later career , the USA Today sports website MMA Junkie ran an article series `` Joe Silva 's Shoes '' that speculated on what fights Silva might make for upcoming UFC events . In 2017 , Silva was named an inductee into the UFC Hall of Fame .

neg: Chavo Guerrero Jr. Salvador `` Chavo '' Guerrero IV ( born October 20 , 1970 ) also known as Chavo Guerrero and Chavo Guerrero Jr. , is a third generation Mexican American professional wrestler , actor and member of the Guerrero wrestling family . He has also worked with World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment ( WWF/E ) , World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) , and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) .   As a singles wrestler , he is a one-time ECW Champion in WWE , and a six-time WCW/WWE Cruiserweight Champion . He has also achieved success in tag team wrestling , being a five-time world tag team champion -- winning the WWE Tag Team Championship twice with Eddie Guerrero as Los Guerreros , the WCW World Tag Team Championship once with Corporal Cajun as the Misfits in Action , and the TNA World Tag Team Championship twice with Hernandez . Between WCW , WWE , and TNA , Guerrero has held a dozen total championships .

neg: Bound for Glory (2016) Bound for Glory ( 2016 ) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) produced by Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) . It took place on October 2nd , 2016 at the Impact Zone in Orlando , Florida , the first time since the inaugural 2005 event to be held at the venue . It was the twelfth event in the Bound for Glory chronology , the second and last pay-per-view event of 2016 from TNA . It included the induction of Gail Kim into the TNA Hall of Fame , with Christy Hemme , Taryn Terrell and Awesome Kong returning to induct her . The event also featured the official TNA debut of Cody and Brandi Rhodes .   Eight matches , one of which was a match taped for TNA Xplosion , took place at the event . In the main event , Lashley defeated Ethan Carter III to retain the TNA World Heavyweight Championship , and The Hardys ( Broken Matt and Brother Nero ) defeated Decay ( Abyss and Crazzy Steve ) in The Great War to become the TNA World Tag Team Champions .

neg: Bobby Lashley Franklin Robert `` Bobby '' Lashley ( born July 16 , 1976 ) is an American professional wrestler , mixed martial artist , former collegiate amateur wrestler and former United States Army sergeant currently signed to both Bellator MMA , where he is undefeated through five heavyweight fights , and to Impact Wrestling , where he is the current Impact Wrestling World Heavyweight Champion in his fourth reign .   In TNA , along with his four reigns as TNA World Heavyweight Champion , Lashley is a one-time X Division Champion and one-time and final King of the Mountain Champion . He is also known for his time in World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) , where he is a two-time ECW World Champion and one-time United States Champion . Lashley is a six time world champion ( 2 ECW , 4 TNA ) the first Black/African American to win the ECW and the only to win the TNA , he currently serves as the face of Impact Wrestling .   Lashley attended Missouri Valley College , where he won three national college amateur wrestling championships , in 1996,1997 and 1998 , he was the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics ( NAIA ) National Wrestling Champion . He later joined the United States Army , where he continued to wrestle . He was training for the Olympics in 2004 , when he suffered a knee injury while doing business at a bank where a robbery broke out . The injury ended his Olympic plans , and he went into professional wrestling soon after .

neg: Stone Cold Steve Austin Steve Austin ( born Steven James Anderson on December 18 , 1964 , later Steven James Williams ) , better known by the ring name `` Stone Cold '' Steve Austin , is an American actor , media personality , producer , and retired professional wrestler who is signed to a Legends contract with WWE . Veteran pro wrestling journalist Wade Keller remarked that Austin is `` in every conversation for the greatest wrestling act of all time '' , as well as for `` the most profitable and the most influential '' .   He enjoyed a successful mid card career as `` Stunning '' Steve Austin in World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) and a stint as a main event performer in Extreme Championship Wrestling ( ECW ) during the early and mid 1990s , before signing with the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) in 1995 as The Ringmaster . Rebranded `` Stone Cold '' Steve Austin the following year , he gained significant mainstream popularity as a disrespectful , beer-drinking antihero who routinely defied the establishment and his boss , company chairman Vince McMahon . This persona of Austin 's became the `` poster boy '' of the Attitude Era , a boom period in WWF business in the latter 1990s and early 2000s . He also devised the long-standing `` What ? '' chant in pro wrestling . Several prominent industry figures , including McMahon , have declared Austin to be the biggest star in WWF/E history , while stressing that he surpassed the popularity of Hulk Hogan .   Austin held 19 championships throughout his wrestling career ; he is a six-time WWF Champion , a two-time WWF Intercontinental Champion , and a four-time WWF Tag Team Champion , thus making him the fifth Triple Crown Champion in WWE history , while also being a two-time WCW United States Heavyweight Champion , a two-time WCW World Television Champion , a one-time WCW World Tag Team Champion , and a one-time NWA World Tag Team Champion in WCW . He was also the winner of the 1996 King of the Ring tournament , as well as the 1997 , 1998 , and 2001 Royal Rumbles , making him the only three-time winner of the event . Furthermore , he was awarded the unsanctioned Million Dollar Championship by Ted DiBiase .   Austin has headlined multiple pay-per-view events for the WWF , including three WrestleManias ( XIV , XV , and X-Seven ) . He was forced to retire from in-ring competition in 2003 due to a series of knee injuries and a serious neck injury . Throughout the rest of 2003 and 2004 , he was featured as the Co-General Manager and `` Sheriff '' of Raw . Since 2005 , he has continued to make occasional appearances , and was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2009 by Vince McMahon . In 2011 , Austin returned to WWE to host the reboot of the reality series Tough Enough .

neg: Anoaʻi family The Anoaʻi family , originating from American Samoa , is a family of professional wrestlers . Family members have comprised several tag teams and stables within a variety of promotions . Famous members of the family include Rikishi , Yokozuna , Roman Reigns , The Usos , and Dwayne Johnson   In addition , Reverend Amituana'i Anoa'i and Peter Maivia were `` blood brothers '' , a connection that continued with Afa and Sika , who regard Peter as their uncle . Peter married Ofelia `` Lia '' Fuataga , who already had a daughter named Feagaimaleata ( Ata ) , whom he adopted and raised as his own . Ata married wrestler Rocky Johnson , and the couple became the parents of Dwayne Johnson , who wrestled under the names Rocky Maivia and The Rock , before establishing himself as an actor .

neg: Orlando Jordan Orlando Mason Jordan ( born April 21 , 1974 ) is an American-Australian semi-retired professional wrestler . He is best known for his tenure in World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) , where he was a one-time United States Champion . He is also known for his stint with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) .

neg: Ring of Honor Ring of Honor ( ROH ) is an American professional wrestling promotion , founded in 2002 by RF Video owner Rob Feinstein . From 2004 to 2011 , the promotion was under the ownership of Cary Silkin before being sold to the Sinclair Broadcast Group ( SBG ) , an American telecommunications company that operates the largest number of local television stations in the United States .   ROH holds TV tapings , pay-per-view events , live events , and Internet pay-per-view events throughout the United States and Canada . It has also held shows in the United Kingdom and Japan . Annual shows include the Anniversary Show , Supercard of Honor ( held annually during WrestleMania weekend ) , Best in the World , Global Wars , Death Before Dishonor , Glory By Honor , and Final Battle ( the last show of the calendar year and ROH 's marquee event ) .   ROH records all of its shows and sells them on DVD through mail order via its online store , and the DVDs have developed a fanbase for the promotion in the United States and beyond . In 2009 , ROH signed a television deal with HDNet , which aired shows every week until 2011 . As of September 2011 , ROH 's flagship broadcast Ring of Honor Wrestling has been syndicated by parent company Sinclair Broadcasting , and airs on Sinclair owned stations across the country . ROH is also broadcast on Samurai TV in Japan , and is the third-largest professional wrestling promotion in the United States , behind WWE and after Impact Wrestling .   On June 22 , 2014 , ROH had its first live pay-per-view broadcast , Best in the World , from Nashville , Tennessee . It was followed-up on December 7 with their biggest show of the year Final Battle , from Terminal 5 in New York City . Their next pay-per-view aired March 1 , 2015 , which was their 13th Anniversary Show , from Las Vegas , Nevada .

neg: List of WWE United States Champions The WWE United States Championship is a professional wrestling championship contested in the American promotion WWE on the SmackDown brand . It was originally known as the NWA United States Heavyweight Championship and began as a regional championship created by and defended in Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling , run by Jim Crockett , Jr. . Harley Race became the inaugural champion on the title 's introduction on January 1 , 1975 . Turner Broadcasting bought the company in November 1988 and renamed it World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) after its primary television program .   In March 2001 , the then-WWF bought selected assets of WCW . This resulted in the WCW United States Heavyweight Championship becoming a championship for the WWF , who referred to it as the WCW United States Championship . At Survivor Series in November 2001 , the WCW United States and WWF Intercontental Championships were unified , resulting in the United States Championship being deactivated . In July 2003 , the title was reactivated as the WWE United States Championship . As a result of the 2017 WWE Superstar Shake-up , it is exclusively contested on the SmackDown brand .   The championship is contested in professional wrestling matches , in which participants execute scripted finishes rather than contend in direct competition . Some reigns were held by champions using a ring name , while others used their real name . As of , , the current champion is Kevin Owens , who is in his second reign .   Overall , there have been 83 different champions . Ric Flair holds the record for having the most reigns at six , while John Cena holds the record for most reigns under the WWE banner at five . Lex Luger holds the record for longest reign , with his third reign lasting a total of 523 days , while Dean Ambrose holds the longest reign under the WWE banner , at 351 days ( overall the third longest in the title 's history ) . Only two men , Lex Luger and Rick Rude , have held the championship for a continuous reign of one year ( 365 days ) or more .

neg: CMLL Mini-Estrellas tournaments The Mexican professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) has held a number of tournaments for their Mini-Estrella division since it was founded in 1992 , some recurring and others a one off tournament held for a special event . Being professional wrestling tournaments , it they are not won legitimately ; they are instead won via predetermined outcomes to the matches that is kept secret from the general public . The Mini-Estrella division has been featured in a Ruleta de la Muerte ( Spanish for `` Roulette of Death '' ) tournament . A Ruleta de la Muerte tournament is a tournament in which tag teams face off in a single elimination tournament , but unlike traditional tournaments it is the losing team that advances in the tournament . The team that loses the tag team match final must immediately wrestle against each other in a Lucha de Apuestas match , where either their mask or their hair is on the line . In 2010 CMLL held a Mini-Estrella focused Torneo Bicentenario , celebrating the 200th anniversary of Mexico 's independence , a tournament where the winning Mini-Estrella would be `` Promoted '' to the regular sized male division and compete on equal footing in CMLL . The movement from Mini-Estrella to `` Regular '' competitor is rare in Lucha Libre , but not without precedent as CMLL themselves held such a match in 1997 , but this marked the first time a Mini-Estrella was openly promoted to the regular division without changing their ring persona or moving to a different wrestling promotion .

neg: Lockdown (2005) Lockdown ( 2005 ) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by the Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) promotion , which took place on April 24 , 2005 , at the TNA Impact ! Zone in Orlando , Florida . It was the first event under the Lockdown chronology and the fourth event in the 2005 TNA PPV schedule . Eight professional wrestling matches and one pre-show match were featured on the event 's card . Every match took place inside a six sided steel structure known as the Six Sides of Steel . As a result , Lockdown was the first-ever all steel cage event held in professional wrestling .   The main event was for a NWA World Heavyweight Championship match at TNA 's Hard Justice PPV event between A.J. Styles and Abyss . Styles won the match , thus earning his title shot against then-champion Jeff Jarrett at Hard Justice . TNA held the first-ever Lethal Lockdown match during the event . It pitted Team Nash ( Diamond Dallas Page , Sean Waltman , and B.G. James ) against Team Jarrett ( Jeff Jarrett , Monty Brown , and The Outlaw ) , which Team Nash won . Kevin Nash was originally supposed to take part in the match but was removed due to sickness and was replaced with James . The TNA X Division Championship defense by Christopher Daniels against Elix Skipper was another highly promoted match for the event . Daniels won the bout and successfully retained the title . Jeff Hardy versus Raven in a Six Sides of Steel Tables match was featured on the card , which Hardy won .   This event marked the introduction of the Lethal Lockdown and Xscape matches , which became annually held matches at future Lockdown events . During the event , Chris Candido received an injury during his tag team match with Lance Hoyt against Apolo and Sonny Siaki , which later led to Candido 's death from a blood clot as a result of surgery for the injury . Jason Clevett of the professional wrestling section of the Canadian Online Explorer rated the event a 6 out of 10 , two marks lower than the 2006 event 's ranking by Chris Sokol .

neg: Suicide (wrestling) Suicide is a professional wrestling persona , used by multiple professional wrestlers . Suicide first appeared as a fictional character from the video game TNA Impact ! . In December 2008 , the Suicide character was introduced on television as a real-life wrestler in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( now Impact Wrestling ) . Originally portrayed by Frankie Kazarian , Christopher Daniels held the role for a time in early 2009 and went on to win the X Division Championship . In June 2010 , Kiyoshi became the third man to use the gimmick . In October 2010 , the gimmick was dropped , but made a brief return in January 2011 , once again being portrayed by Christopher Daniels , before being dropped once again in April 2011 . Suicide returned to television in May 2013 portrayed by T.J. Perkins . Austin Aries wrestled under the Suicide gimmick for one day and won the TNA X Division Championship on the episode of Impact Wrestling which aired on June 27 , 2013 . Suicide was `` revealed '' to be TJ Perkins on the June 30 , 2013 , episode of Impact Wrestling . His ring name was changed to Manik , using a slightly altered version of the Suicide ring-gear , with new music . Perkins remains the only man to have wrestled under the Manik persona . The Suicide persona returned in July 2016 for TNA One Night Only X-Travaganza 2016 , portrayed by Jonathan Gresham . In March 2017 , Caleb Konley became the most recent wrestler behind the mask .

neg: Taka Michinoku ( born October 26 , 1973 ) , better known by his ring name Taka Michinoku ( with his first name usually stylized in all capital letters ) , is a Japanese professional wrestler and former mixed martial artist . Michinoku is known in North America for his work for the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) where he had the first ever WWF Light Heavyweight Championship reign recognized by the North-American promotion . Michinoku is the founder and promoter of Kaientai Dojo , where he also wrestles . He is also a regular for New Japan Pro Wrestling .   Having held championship titles in Japan , North America , Mexico and Europe , Yoshida is known for his long title reigns . He held the FMW Independent World Junior Heavyweight Title for a combined duration of more than 15 months , the WWF Light Heavyweight Title for a then record-setting 10 months and the WEW Six-Man Tag Team Title for almost a year . Yoshida has held the World Junior Heavyweight Championship , Michinoku Pro Tohoku Junior Heavyweight Championship and Kaientai Dojo Strongest-K Championship simultaneously for almost 10 months . During his reign , he has defended his titles against both AJPW and independent circuit talent to increase his base of opponents , and thus has increased the reach of the World Junior Heavyweight Championship , which was closed off to outside competition in the late 1980s and throughout the 1990s .

neg: BRACE BRACE ( formerly known as Brace For War ) is an Australian mixed martial arts ( MMA ) promotion . BRACE was founded in 2005 by Kya Pate . In an interview with MMA Kanvas Kya Pate detailed what it is like to be the promoter of Australian MMA .   Since 2009 BRACE has staged 33 events in 8 cities over 4 Australian States . After following the standard MMA format , in 2014 BRACE changed to an elimination tournament format based on the style of AFL , NRL , A-League soccer . 8 Fighters per division compete in knock out elimination rounds all aiming to reach an end of season Grand Final event .   BRACE Follows the Unified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts .

neg: NWA New England X Division Championship The NWA New England X Division Championship was the primary professional wrestling `` X Division '' title in the Century Wrestling Alliance . It was one of the later titles introduced to NWA New England after joining the National Wrestling Alliance in January 1998 . It was originally won by Cameron Matthews after defeating Shawn Styles , Gina Marie and Psycho in a three-way match in Sanford , Maine on June 19 , 2004 . The title was defended only a short time , mostly in Sanford but also in other parts of New England , until Jason Rumble won the X Division and Cruiserweight titles in a five-way match at the 2006 Tony Rumble Memorial Show on November 25 , 2006 , and remained inactive until the CWA withdrew from the NWA on March 10 , 2007 .

neg: Avengers vs. X-Men Avengers vs. X-Men ( abbreviated AvX and AvsX ) is a 2012 crossover event that was featured in comic books published by Marvel Comics . The event , consisting of an eponymous limited series and numerous tie-in books , involves the return of the Phoenix Force and the subsequent war between the Avengers and the X-Men . The 12-issue twice-monthly series was first published in April 2012 , and features a storyline by Jason Aaron , Brian Michael Bendis , Ed Brubaker , Jonathan Hickman and Matt Fraction , with a rotating team of artists including John Romita , Jr. , Olivier Coipel and Adam Kubert .   The event was preceded by the four-issue limited series Avengers : X-Sanction by Jeph Loeb and Ed McGuinness and Avengers vs. X-Men # 0 . Avengers vs. X-Men also ties into the limited series AVX : VS , described as `` the fight book '' which expands upon many of the one-on-one battles featured in the main series , the digital series ; Avengers vs. X-Men : Infinite , and into a number of ongoing series including Avengers , Avengers Academy , New Avengers , Secret Avengers , Uncanny X-Men , Wolverine and the X-Men and X-Men : Legacy . The event was succeeded by the limited series AvX : Consequences .   Despite receiving mixed reviews from critics , Avengers vs. X-Men was a commercial success that topped the comic-book sales charts from April to October 2012 . The repercussions of the storyline resulted in the new status quos of the Marvel Universe presented in the company 's Marvel NOW ! relaunch initiative .


query: English language isn't influenced by Romance languages.

pos: Middle English Middle English ( ME ) is collectively the varieties of the English language spoken after the Norman Conquest ( 1066 ) until the late 15th century ; scholarly opinion varies but the Oxford English Dictionary specifies the period of 1150 to 1500 . This stage of the development of the English language roughly followed the High to the Late Middle Ages .   Middle English developed out of Late Old English , seeing many dramatic changes in its grammar , pronunciation and orthography . Writing customs during Middle English times varied widely , but by the end of the period , about 1470 , aided by the invention of the printing press , a standard based on the London dialect ( Chancery Standard ) had become established . This largely forms the basis for Modern English spelling , although pronunciation has changed considerably since that time . Middle English was succeeded in England by the era of Early Modern English , which lasted until about 1650 . By that time , a variant of the Northumbrian dialect ( prevalent in northern England and spoken in southeast Scotland ) was developing into the Scots language .   During the Middle English period many Old English grammatical features were simplified or disappeared . Noun , adjective and verb inflections were simplified , a process that included the reduction ( and eventual elimination ) of most grammatical case distinctions . Middle English also saw a mass adoption of Norman French vocabulary , especially in areas such as politics , law , the arts , religion and other courtly language . Everyday English vocabulary remained mostly Germanic , with Old Norse influence becoming apparent . Significant changes in pronunciation took place , especially for long vowels and diphthongs , which in the later Middle English period began to undergo the Great Vowel Shift .   Little survives of early Middle English literature , most likely due to the Norman domination and the prestige that came with writing in French rather than English . During the 14th century , a new style of literature emerged with the works of notable writers such as John Wycliffe and Geoffrey Chaucer , whose Canterbury Tales remains the most studied and read work of the period . Poets wrote both in the vernacular and courtly English .   It is popularly believed that William Shakespeare wrote in Middle English , but he actually wrote in Early Modern English .

pos: English language English -LSB- ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ -RSB- is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and is now the global lingua franca . Named after the Angles , one of the Germanic tribes that migrated to England , it ultimately derives its name from the Anglia ( Angeln ) peninsula in the Baltic Sea . It is closely related to the Frisian languages , but its vocabulary has been significantly influenced by other Germanic languages , as well as by Latin and Romance languages , particularly French .   English is either the official language or one of the official languages in almost 60 sovereign states . It is the most commonly spoken language in the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada , Australia , Ireland , and New Zealand , and is widely spoken in some areas of the Caribbean , Africa , and South Asia . It is the third most common native language in the world , after Mandarin and Spanish . It is the most widely learned second language and an official language of the United Nations , of the European Union , and of many other world and regional international organisations . It is the most widely spoken Germanic language , accounting for at least 70 % of speakers of this Indo-European branch .   English has developed over the course of more than 1,400 years . The earliest forms of English , a set of Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the fifth century , are called Old English . Middle English began in the late 11th century with the Norman conquest of England , and was a period in which the language was influenced by French . Early Modern English began in the late 15th century with the introduction of the printing press to London and the King James Bible , and the start of the Great Vowel Shift . Through the worldwide influence of the British Empire , modern English spread around the world from the 17th to mid-20th centuries . Through all types of printed and electronic media , as well as the emergence of the United States as a global superpower , English has become the leading language of international discourse and the lingua franca in many regions and in professional contexts such as science , navigation , and law .   Modern English grammar is the result of a gradual change from a typical Indo-European dependent marking pattern with a rich inflectional morphology and relatively free word order , to a mostly analytic pattern with little inflection , a fairly fixed SVO word order and a complex syntax . Modern English relies more on auxiliary verbs and word order for the expression of complex tenses , aspect and mood , as well as passive constructions , interrogatives and some negation . Despite noticeable variation among the accents and dialects of English used in different countries and regions -- in terms of phonetics and phonology , and sometimes also vocabulary , grammar and spelling -- English-speakers from around the world are able to communicate with one another with relative ease .

pos: French language French ( le français -LSB- lə fʁɑ̃sɛ -RSB- or la langue française -LSB- la lɑ̃ɡ fʁɑ̃sɛz -RSB- ) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family . It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire , as did all Romance languages . French has evolved from Gallo-Romance , the spoken Latin in Gaul , and more specifically in Northern Gaul . Its closest relatives are the other langues d'oïl -- languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium , which French ( Francien ) has largely supplanted . French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by the ( Germanic ) Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders . Today , owing to France 's past overseas expansion , there are numerous French-based creole languages , most notably Haitian Creole . A French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as `` Francophone '' in both English and French .   French is an official language in 29 countries , most of which are members of la francophonie , the community of French-speaking countries . It is spoken as a first language ( in descending order of the highest number ) in France , the Canadian provinces of Quebec and New Brunswick , the region of Wallonia in Belgium , western Switzerland , Monaco , certain other regions of Canada and the United States , and by various communities elsewhere . In 2015 , approximately 40 % of the francophone population ( including L2 and partial speakers ) lived in Europe , 35 % in sub-Saharan Africa , 15 % in North Africa and the Middle East , 8 % in the Americas , and 1 % in Asia and Oceania .   French is the fourth-most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union . Of Europeans who speak other languages natively , approximately one-fifth are able to speak French as a second language . As a result of French and Belgian colonialism from the 17th and 18th century onward , French was introduced to new territories in the Americas , Africa and Asia . Most second-language speakers reside in Francophone Africa , in particular Gabon , Algeria , Mauritius , Senegal and Ivory Coast . In 2015 , French was estimated to have 77 to 110 million native speakers , and 190 million secondary speakers . Approximately 274 million people are able to speak the language . According to a demographic projection led by the Université Laval and the Réseau Démographie de l'Agence universitaire de la francophonie , total French speakers will number approximately 500 million people in 2025 and 650 million people by 2050 . The Organisation internationale de la Francophonie estimates 700 million by 2050 , 80 % of whom will be in Africa .   French has a long history as an international language of literature , and scientific some standards and is a second language of many international organisations including the United Nations , the European Union , NATO , the WTO , the International Olympic Committee , and the ICRC . In 2011 , Bloomberg Businessweek ranked French the third most useful language for business , after English and Standard Mandarin Chinese .

neg: Anglo-Americans Anglo-Americans or Anglos are people who are inhabitants of Anglo-America and are referred to as English Americans and/or an English Canadians . It typically refers to an English-speaking American in distinction to Spanish speakers in the Southwestern states and in Mexico ; German speakers ( Amish ) in North Dakota , Ohio , and Pennsylvania ; and French speakers in Canada , New England and Louisiana . This usage originated in the discussion of the history of English-speaking people of the United States and the Spanish-speaking people residing in the western United States during the Mexican -- American War .

neg: English English may refer to :   Something of , from , or related to the country of England  English people , an ethnic group of people native to England  English national identity , an identity and common culture  English language  English studies , the study of English language and literature  English language in England , a variant of the English language  List of dialects of the English language

neg: Anglo-Indian (disambiguation) Anglo-Indian is a term used to refer to a community of people of mixed British and Indian ancestry . Historically , these people were called `` Eurasian '' and `` Anglo-Indian '' meant people of European descent born in India .   Anglo-Indian may also refer to language topics such as :  Indian English  Regional differences and dialects in Indian English  Hinglish  Indian English literature  List of English words of Indian origin  List of English words of Persian origin   Anglo-Indian may also refer to :  Anglo-Indian Wars  India -- United Kingdom relations  Anglo-Indian Canadian  Anglo-Indian cuisine

neg: English in computing The English language is sometimes described as the lingua franca of computing . In comparison to other sciences , where Latin and Greek are the principal sources of vocabulary , computer science borrows more extensively from English . Due to the technical limitations of early computers , and the lack of international standards on the Internet , computer users were limited to using English and the Latin alphabet . However , this historical limitation is less present today . Most software products are localized in numerous languages and the use of the Unicode character encoding has resolved problems with non-Latin alphabets . Some limitations have only been changed recently , such as with domain names , which previously allowed only ASCII characters .

neg: Literature of England The literature of England is literature written in what is now England , or by English writers . It consists mainly of English literature - i.e. literature written in the English language - but there are important examples of literature from England written in other languages .

neg: Foreign language influences in English The core of English language descends from Old English , the language brought with the Angles , Saxon and Jutish settlers to what was to be called England in and after the 500s . The bulk of the language in spoken and written texts is from this source . As a statistical rule , around 70 % of words in any text are Anglo-Saxon . Moreover , the grammar is largely Anglo-Saxon .   While some new words enter English as slang , most do n't . Some words are adopted from other languages ; some are mixtures of existing words ( portmanteau words ) , and some are new creations made of roots from dead languages : e.g. thanatopsis .

neg: List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names The following is a partial list of adjectival forms of place names in English and their demonymic equivalents , which denote the people or the inhabitants of these places .   Note : Demonyms are given in plural forms . Singular forms simply remove the final 's ' or , in the case of - ese endings , are the same as the plural forms .  The ending - men has feminine equivalent - women ( e.g. an Irishman and a Scotswoman ) . The French terminations - ois / ais serve as both the singular and plural masculine ; adding ` e ' ( - oise / aise ) makes them singular feminine ; ` es ' ( - oises / aises ) makes them plural feminine . The Spanish termination '' - o '' usually denotes the masculine and is normally changed to feminine by replacing the '' - o '' with '' - a '' . The plural forms are usually '' - os '' and '' - as '' respectively .   Adjectives ending - ish can be used as collective demonyms ( e.g. the English , the Cornish ) . So can those ending in - ch / - tch ( e.g. the French , the Dutch ) provided they are pronounced with a ` ch ' sound ( e.g. , the adjective Czech does not qualify ) .   Where an adjective is a link , the link is to the language or dialect of the same name . ( Reference : Ethnologue , Languages of the World )   Many place-name adjectives and many demonyms refer also to various other things , sometimes with and sometimes without one or more additional words . ( Sometimes , the use of one or more additional words is optional . ) Notable examples are cheeses , cat breeds , dog breeds , and horse breeds . ( See List of words derived from toponyms . )  __ TOC __

neg: Culture of the United Kingdom The culture of the United Kingdom is influenced by the UK 's history as a developed island country , a liberal democracy and a major power ; its predominantly Christian religious life ; and its composition of four countries -- England , Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland -- each of which has distinct customs , cultures and symbolism . The wider culture of Europe has also influenced British culture , and Humanism , Protestantism and representative democracy developed from broader Western culture .   British literature , music , cinema , art , theatre , comedy , media , television , philosophy , architecture and education are important aspects of British culture . The United Kingdom is also prominent in science and technology , producing world-leading scientists ( e.g. Isaac Newton and Charles Darwin ) and inventions . Sport is an important part of British culture ; numerous sports originated in the country , including football . The UK has been described as a `` cultural superpower '' , and London has been described as a world cultural capital .   The Industrial Revolution , which started in the UK , had a profound effect on the socio-economic and cultural conditions of the world . As a result of the British Empire , significant British influence can be observed in the language , law , culture and institutions of a geographically wide assortment of countries , including Australia , Canada , India , the Republic of Ireland , New Zealand , Nigeria , Pakistan , South Africa , the United States and English speaking Caribbean nations . These states are sometimes collectively known as the Anglosphere , and are among Britain 's closest allies . In turn the empire also influenced British culture , particularly British cuisine .   The cultures of England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland are diverse and have varying degrees of overlap and distinctiveness .

neg: English-language radio English-language radio refers to radio stations that broadcast primarily in the English language and are located in countries where English is not an official language or majority language . Often referred to as `` English-speaking radio '' or `` Expat radio '' the broadcasts enables expats , vacationers and travelers to listen to radio in their native language while traveling abroad . The idea is that stations broadcast in English to popular holiday destinations such as Pattaya or the French Riviera or places with high expat communities . English language broadcasting also takes the form of military-backed radio such as the American Forces Network . However English-language radio based in foreign countries has to now compete with the introduction of internet radio and satellite technology that has increased listener 's access to English-language radio based in `` home '' counties .

neg: Germanic substrate hypothesis The Germanic substrate hypothesis is an attempt to explain the distinctive nature of the Germanic languages within the context of the Indo-European language family . It postulates that the elements of the common Germanic vocabulary and syntactical forms , which do not seem to have cognates in other Indo-European languages , suggest that Proto-Germanic may have been either a creole or contact language that subsumed a non-Indo-European substrate language , or a hybrid of two quite different Indo-European languages , from the Centum and Satem types respectively .   The non-Indo-European substrate theory was first proposed by Sigmund Feist in 1932 , who estimated that roughly a third of Proto-Germanic lexical items came from a non-Indo-European substrate and that the supposed reduction of the Proto-Germanic inflectional system was the result of pidginization with that substrate . Which culture or cultures may have contributed the substrate material is an ongoing subject of academic debate and study . Notable candidates for possible substrate culture ( s ) are the Maglemosian and Funnelbeaker culture but also older cultures of northern Europe like the Hamburgian or even the LRJ ( Lincombian-Ranisian-Jerzmanowician ) .   Against the theories regarding substrata , a profound sound change in the Germanic languages known as Grimm 's law has been put forward as evidence for the Germanic languages being non-substratic and having mutated of their own accord , away from other branches of Indo-European . Grimm 's law affected all of the stops that were inherited from Proto-Indo-European . The Germanic languages also share common innovations in grammar as well as in phonology : The Germanic verb has been extensively remodelled , showing fewer grammatical moods , and markedly fewer inflections for the passive voice .

neg: Philadelphia English Philadelphia English is a variety or dialect of American English native to Philadelphia and extending into Philadelphia 's suburbs in the Delaware Valley and South Jersey . The Philadelphia accent is one of the best-studied , as Philadelphia 's University of Pennsylvania is the home institution of pioneering sociolinguist William Labov . Philadelphia English shares some distinct features with New York City English and Midland American English , although it is still its own very distinct dialect . However , the closest relative of the Philadelphia accent of the mid-twentieth century is the Baltimore accent , both of which constitute what Labov describes as a single `` Mid-Atlantic '' regional dialect .   According to linguist Barbara Johnstone , migration patterns and geography affected the dialect 's development , which was especially influenced by immigrants from Northern England , Scotland , and Northern Ireland . The accent is commonly found within the Irish American and Italian American working class neighborhoods .

neg: Lexical diffusion In historical linguistics , lexical diffusion is both a phenomenon and a theory . The phenomenon is that by which a phoneme is modified in a subset of the lexicon , and spreads gradually to other lexical items . For example , in English , -LSB- / uː / -RSB- has changed to -LSB- / ʊ / -RSB- in good and hood but not in food ; some dialects have it in hoof and/or roof but others do not ; in flood and blood it happened early enough that the words were affected by the change of -LSB- / ʊ / -RSB- to -LSB- / ʌ / -RSB- , which is now no longer productive .   The related theory , proposed by William Wang in 1969 , is that all sound changes originate in a single word or a small group of words and then spread to other words with a similar phonological make-up , but may not spread to all words in which they potentially could apply . The theory of lexical diffusion stands in contrast to the Neogrammarian hypothesis that a given sound change applies simultaneously to all words in which its context is found .   Mainstream historical linguists reject Wang 's hypothesis , continuing to adhere to Neogrammarian exceptionlessness . For example , Pulleyblank regards the theoretical formulation of lexical diffusion as presented by Hsieh in Wang 1977 as `` so manifestly at odds with any realistic picture of how dialects are inter-related and how innovations spread spatially through a language as to make them totally untenable '' ( 1982 : 408 ) .   Referring to one of Wang 's touchstones of lexical diffusion , Egerod dismisses his theory as a sleight of hand :   there is no `` massive split '' involved , but an error of methodology in accounting for tones . Cháozhōu like other languages in China or outside of China has a complicated history with migration waves , loans and analogical formation . The conscientious historical linguist has to account for these before he resorts to a deus ex machina '' ( 1981 : 173 ) .   Mazaudon & Lowe conclude a robust critique of lexical diffusion in a similar vein , remarking that `` a detailed study of the history of the language can disentangle the reflexes from different sources , and it is not necessary to renounce the principle of regular change for the sake of such cases '' ( 1994 : 11 ) .   William Labov , in Principles of Linguistic Change , takes the position that there are two types of sound changes : regular sound change ( respecting the Neogrammarian hypothesis ) and lexical diffusion . Labov lists a typology , according to which certain phenomena are typically or exclusively regular ( example , vowel quality changes ) , while others ( example , metathesis , or vowel shortening ) tend to follow a lexical diffusion pattern .   Paul Kiparsky , in the Handbook of Phonology ( Goldsmith editor ) , argues that under a proper definition of analogy as optimization , lexical diffusion is not a type of sound change . Instead , Kiparsky claims it is similar to leveling , in that it is a non-proportional type of analogy .

neg: List of adjectival and demonymic forms for countries and nations The following is a list of adjectival forms of countries and nations in English and their demonymic equivalents . A country adjective describes something as being from that country , for example , `` Italian cuisine '' is `` cuisine of Italy '' . A country demonym denotes the people or the inhabitants of or from there , for example , `` Germans '' are people of or from Germany .  Note : Demonyms are given in plural forms . Singular forms simply remove the final 's ' or , in the case of - ese endings , are the same as the plural forms .  The ending - men has feminine equivalent - women ( e.g. an Irishman and a Scotswoman ) . The French terminations - ois / ais serve as both the singular and plural masculine ; adding ` e ' ( - oise / aise ) makes them singular feminine ; ` es ' ( - oises / aises ) makes them plural feminine . The Spanish and Portuguese terminations '' - o '' usually denotes the masculine and is normally changed to feminine by dropping the '' - o '' and adding '' - a '' . The plural forms are usually '' - os '' and '' - as '' respectively .   Adjectives ending in - ish can be used as collective demonyms ( e.g. the English , the Cornish ) . So can those ending in - ch / - tch ( e.g. the French , the Dutch ) provided they are pronounced with a ` ch ' sound ( e.g. the adjective Czech does not qualify ) .   Many place-name adjectives and many demonyms refer also to various other things , sometimes with and sometimes without one or more additional words . ( Sometimes , the use of one or more additional words is optional . ) Notable examples are cuisines , cheeses , cat breeds , dog breeds , and horse breeds . ( See List of words derived from toponyms . )   Note - in cases where two or more adjectival forms are given , there is often a subtle difference in usage between the two . This is particularly the case with Central Asian countries where one form tends to relate to the nation and the other often relates to the predominant ethnic group ( e.g. , Uzbek is primarily an ethnicity , Uzbekistani relates to citizens of Uzbekistan ) .   In addition , several countries have a large number of sub-names for their citizens in the form of nicknames for people of certain different areas ; these are usually related to something typical of the area . In Puerto Rico for example , people who come from the town of Bayamon are referred to as `` Cowboy ( s ) '' or `` Cowgirl ( s ) '' ; those from Caguas are referred to as `` Criollo ( s ) '' or `` Criolla ( s ) '' . Except in cases such as Spain , in which sub-names have been used interchangeably by others , sub-names belonging to some areas in a country are not listed here .

neg: English writing style An English writing style is a way of using the English language .   The style of a piece of writing is the way in which features of the language are used to convey meaning , typically but not always within the constraints of more widely accepted conventions of usage , grammar , and speling .   An individual 's writing style may be a very personal thing . Organizations that employ writers or commission written work from individuals may require that writers conform to a standardized style defined by the organization . This allows a consistent readability of composite works produced by many authors , and promotes usability of , for example , references to other cited works .   In many kinds of professional writing aiming for effective transfer of information , adherence to a standardised style of writing helps readers make sense of what the writer is presenting . Many standardised styles are documented in style guides . Some styles are more widely used , others restricted to a particular journal . Adherence to no particular style is also a style in its own right ; some may think it undesirable , others not .

neg: Spanish language Spanish ( castellano ) -- is a Romance language that originated in the Castile region of Spain , with hundreds of millions of native speakers around the world . It is usually considered the world 's second-most spoken native language after Mandarin Chinese . It is one of the few languages to use inverted question and exclamation marks ( ¿ and ¡ , respectively ) .   Spanish is a part of the Ibero-Romance group of languages , which evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in Iberia after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century . The oldest Latin texts which show traces of Spanish come from mid-northern Iberia in the 9th century , and the first systematic written use of the language happened in Toledo , then capital of the Kingdom of Castile , in the 13th century . Beginning in the early 16th century , Spanish was taken to the colonies of the Spanish Empire , most notably to the Americas , as well as territories in Africa , Oceania and the Philippines .   Around 75 % of modern Spanish is derived from Latin . Greek has also contributed substantially to Spanish vocabulary , especially through Latin , on which it had a great impact .   Spanish vocabulary has been in contact from an early date with Arabic , having developed during the Al-Andalus era in the Iberian Peninsula . With around 8 % of its vocabulary being Arabic in origin , this language is the second most important influence after Latin . It has also been influenced by Basque as well as by neighboring Ibero-Romance languages . It also adopted words from non-Iberian languages such as Gothic language from the Visigoths in which many Spanish names and surnames have a Visigothic origin . It has absorbed vocabulary from other languages , particularly the Romance languages French , Italian , Occitan , and Sardinian , as well as from Nahuatl , Quechua , and other indigenous languages of the Americas .   Spanish is one of the six official languages of the United Nations . It is also used as an official language by the European Union , the Organization of American States , the Union of South American Nations , the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States and by many other international organizations .

neg: List of adjectivals and demonyms for subcontinental regions The following is a list of adjectival forms of subcontinental regions in English and their demonymic equivalents , which denote the people or the inhabitants of these subcontinental regions .   Note : Demonyms are given in plural forms . Singular forms simply remove the final 's ' or , in the case of - ese endings , are the same as the plural forms .  The ending - men has feminine equivalent - women ( e.g. an Irishman and a Scotswoman ) . The French terminations - ois / ais serve as both the singular and plural masculine ; adding ` e ' ( - oise / aise ) makes them singular feminine ; ` es ' ( - oises / aises ) makes them plural feminine . The Spanish termination '' - o '' usually denotes the masculine and is normally changed to feminine by dropping the '' - o '' and adding '' - a '' . The plural forms are usually '' - os '' and '' - as '' respectively .   Adjectives ending - ish can be used as collective demonyms ( e.g. the English , the Cornish ) . So can those ending in - ch / - tch ( e.g. the French , the Dutch ) provided they are pronounced with a ` ch ' sound ( e.g. the adjective Czech does not qualify ) .   Where an adjective is a link , the link is to the language or dialect of the same name . ( Reference : Ethnologue , Languages of the World )   Many place-name adjectives and many demonyms refer also to various other things , sometimes with and sometimes without one or more additional words . ( Sometimes , the use of one or more additional words is optional . ) Notable examples are cheeses , cat breeds , dog breeds , and horse breeds . ( See List of words derived from toponyms . )   Where an adjective is a link , the link is to the language or dialect of the same name .

neg: Romanian language Romanian ( obsolete spellings Rumanian , Roumanian ; autonym : limba română , or лимба ромынэ in Moldovan Cyrillic , -LSB- ˈlimba roˈmɨnə -RSB- , `` the Romanian language '' , or românește , lit . `` in Romanian '' ) is a Romance language spoken by around 24 million people as a native language , primarily in Romania and Moldova , and by another 4 million people as a second language . It has official status in Romania and the Republic of Moldova . It is one of the official languages of the European Union and the Latin Union .   Romanian is a part of the Balkan-Romance group that evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin separated from the Western Romance during the 5th -- 8th centuries . To distinguish it within that group in comparative linguistics it is called Daco-Romanian as opposed to its closest relatives , Aromanian , Megleno-Romanian , and Istro-Romanian .   During Soviet times -- and to some extent even today -- Romanian was called Moldovan in the Republic of Moldova , although the Constitutional Court ruled in 2013 that `` the official language of the republic is Romanian '' .   Romanian speakers are scattered across many other countries , notably Australia , Italy , Spain , Ukraine , Bulgaria , the United States , Canada , Brazil , Mexico , Argentina , Greece , Turkey , Russia , Portugal , the United Kingdom , Cyprus , France and Germany .

neg: Business English Business English is a part of English for specific purposes and can be considered a specialism within English language learning and teaching . Many non-native English speakers study the subject with the goal of doing business with English-speaking countries , or with companies located outside the English-speaking world but which nonetheless use English as a shared language or lingua franca . Much of the English communication that takes place within business circles all over the world occurs between non-native speakers . In cases such as these , the object of the exercise is efficient and effective communication . The strict rules of grammar are in such cases sometimes ignored , when , for example , a stressed negotiator 's only goal is to reach an agreement as quickly as possible . ( See linguist Braj Kachru 's theory of the `` expanding circle '' . )   Business English means different things to different people . For some , it focuses on vocabulary and topics used in the worlds of business , trade , finance , and international relations . For others it refers to the communication skills used in the workplace , and focuses on the language and skills needed for typical business communication such as presentations , negotiations , meetings , small talk , socializing , correspondence , report writing , and a systematic approach . In both of these cases it can be taught to native speakers of English , for example , high school students preparing to enter the job market .   Business English is a variant of international English . One can study it at a college or university . Institutes around the world have courses or modules in BE available , which can lead to a degree in the subject .

neg: Languages of Nigeria There are over 521 languages that have been spoken in Nigeria ( at least 9 of them are now extinct ) . The official language of Nigeria , English , the former colonial language , was chosen to facilitate the cultural and linguistic unity of the country . Communication in the English language is much more popular in the country 's urban communities than it is in the rural areas ( comprising about three quarters of the country 's population ) .   The other major languages are Hausa , Igbo , Yoruba , Urhobo , Ibibio , Edo , Fulfulde , and Kanuri . Nigeria 's linguistic diversity is a microcosm of Africa as a whole , encompassing three major African languages families : Afroasiatic , Nilo-Saharan , and Niger -- Congo . Nigeria also has several as-yet unclassified languages , such as Cen Tuum , which may represent a relic of an even greater diversity prior to the spread of the current language families .

neg: History of the Dutch language Dutch is a West Germanic language , that originated from the Old Frankish dialects .   Among the words with which Dutch has enriched the English vocabulary are : brandy , coleslaw , cookie , cruiser , dock , easel , freight , landscape , spook , stoop , and yacht . Dutch is noteworthy as the language of an outstanding literature , but it also became important as the tongue of an enterprising people , who , though comparatively few in number , made their mark on the world community through trade and empire . Dutch is also among some of the earliest recorded languages of Europe . Countries that have Dutch as an official language are Belgium , the Netherlands , Suriname , Aruba and Curacao .


query: Prisoner was set in the Manchester Detention Centre.

pos: Prisoner (TV series) Prisoner is an Australian soap opera set in the Wentworth Detention Centre , a fictional women 's prison . In the United States and United Kingdom it was known as Prisoner : Cell Block H , with the same title and Caged Women in Canada . The series , produced by the Reg Grundy Organisation , aired on Network Ten for 692 episodes between 27 February 1979 and 11 December 1986 . Originally , it was planned as a 16-part series .   The show was inspired by the British television drama Within These Walls , which was moderately successful in Australia . Due to an injunction requested by UK-based ATV , which considered the title too similar to their The Prisoner , overseas broadcasters had to change the series ' name . In March 2012 it was announced that Prisoner would be `` reimagined '' on Foxtel in a new version , Wentworth .

neg: Death row Death row is a special section of a prison in the United States that houses inmates who are awaiting execution after being sentenced to death for the conviction of a capital crime . The US is the only Western country that still applies the death penalty for capital crimes . Thirty-one of its 50 states and the federal government authorize this penalty . But by 2016 , sixteen of these states and the federal government had a formal or `` de facto '' moratorium , due in large part to questions about the death penalty itself or the use of lethal injection as a method of execution .   `` Death row '' is a term also used figuratively to describe the state of awaiting execution ( `` being on death row '' ) , even in places where no special facility or separate unit for condemned inmates exists . After a person is found guilty of a capital offense , the judge will give the jury the option of imposing a death sentence or life imprisonment without the possibility of parole ( LWOP ) . It is up to a jury to decide whether to give the death sentence ; this usually has to be a unanimous decision . If sentenced to death , a convict will remain on death row during appeal and habeas corpus procedures , which can take years . Since 1973 and later , with an increasing number of persons being freed since 1993 , some 157 persons as of January 2017 have been exonerated on appeal and released from death row . Wrongful convictions have been proven based on DNA evidence , informants retracting testimony or being proven false , prosecutorial misconduct , racial bias in jury selection , and other constitutional issues .

neg: National Prison Radio National Prison Radio ( NPR ) is the world 's first national radio station for prisoners. ; It is run by the Prison Radio Association ( PRA ) , a charity , in partnership with Her Majesty 's Prison Service and the National Offender Management Service ( NOMS ) . It broadcasts 24 hours a day , seven days a week to prisoners in over 100 establishments across England and Wales . Prisoners receive the service as an audio channel via in-cell TV systems . It is available to over 80,000 prisoners .   It aims to reduce re-offending by engaging prisoners in education and discussion , helping people in custody to develop strategies for dealing with the issues led them to prison . The station 's programmes are presented and produced by serving prisoners working alongside the PRA 's staff of professional radio producers . Content supports NOMS ' objective to reduce re-offending by providing information vital for progressing successfully through a prison sentence . It promotes educational opportunities , discussion of issues related to crime and justice , as well as messages and requests from prisoners ' families and friends .   National Prison Radio aims to help prisoners face up to the effects their actions have had on themselves , their families , victims and society as a whole , encouraging them to see prison as a place of positive change . It offers positive peer influence directly to prisoners in their cells , in a way that no other intervention can .

neg: Peter Chester Peter Chester ( born Peter Speakman 1954 in Blackpool , Lancashire ) is an English convicted murderer and paedophile who launched a campaign for prisoners to be given the right to vote .

neg: Darling Downs Correctional Centre Darling Downs Correctional Centre was an Australian prison facility in Toowoomba , Queensland , Australia .

neg: Prisoner suicide Prisoner suicide is suicide by an inmate in a prison . Prisons in the United Kingdom had a sharp rise in suicides between 1972 and 1987 , with hanging being the most common suicide method . A study found that 47 % of the deaths in Finnish prisons were suicides . Large percentages of those who commit suicide in prison do so after having recently received mental health services . The suicide rate in U.S. federal prisons is lower than the average suicide rate among the general population . Pretrial detainees tend to have higher rates of suicide than other inmates , and suicides occur most commonly in isolation cells . The most common time for suicides to occur is in the early morning hours . Suicidal inmates are sometimes put on suicide watch . In the United States , liability can arise if jail and prison officials demonstrate deliberate indifference toward a prisoner 's suicidal tendencies , as suicidal inmates are regarded as being in need of medical care .

neg: Giving Victims a Voice Giving Victims a Voice is a report published in January 2013 , relating to allegations of sexual abuse made against English DJ and BBC Television presenter Jimmy Savile ( 1926 -- 2011 ) as part of the Operation Yewtree criminal investigation . It was initiated as a result of publicity surrounding the Jimmy Savile sexual abuse scandal . The Metropolitan Police Service ( MPS ) and the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children ( NSPCC ) jointly produced this report . It marked the end of investigations made under the operation regarding Savile alone .   The scandal resulted in hundreds of alleged victims of Savile and other abusers approaching the police and the NSPCC . Their claims were investigated and formed the basis of the report , which found that Savile 's alleged offences were committed across England and Scotland , in hospitals , prison facilities , schools and BBC premises . Offences were reported between 1955 and 2009 , totalling 214 alleged offences across 28 police forces . The most frequent alleged offending coincided with Savile 's peak celebrity status . Numbers of alleged victims totalled 450 , of whom 328 were minors at the time . They were aged between 8 and 47 years , majority being 1316 .   The Director of Public Prosecutions ( DPP ) described the report as marking a `` watershed moment '' and apologised for `` shortcomings '' in the handling of prior abuse claims . The report 's publication resulted in some highlighting what could be systemic failure because of the number of complainants and institutions identified , but others criticised it for treating allegations as facts . The DPP 's Principal Legal Advisor concluded that Savile could have been prosecuted for offences against at least three victims during his lifetime . After the report , investigations were further initiated in other hospitals . Ex-Metropolitan Police Commissioner Peter Spindler ( who had previously led Operation Yewtree ) estimated that there may be many more victims who had not come forward .

neg: Death of Ben Zygier Ben Zygier was an Australian-Israeli citizen who was a veteran of the Israel Defense Forces and allegedly an agent of Mossad . He was imprisoned in Ayalon Prison , Ramla , Israel and died in custody in 2010 , reportedly by hanging himself in a maximum-security cell designed to be suicide-proof . Prisoner X , Mr. X and Mister X were placeholder names for him while he was being held in strict secrecy for unspecified crimes .   The Israeli government has acknowledged that a prisoner held under a pseudonym died in custody and confirmed the prisoner 's identity as Ben Zygier . Before an Australian Broadcasting Corporation investigation identified Zygier in February 2013 , little was known about him . Until that report aired , Israeli media were subject to a media blackout .

neg: Military prison A military prison is a prison operated by the military . Military prisons are used variously to house prisoners of war , unlawful combatants , those whose freedom is deemed a national security risk by the military or national authorities , and members of the military found guilty of a serious crime . Thus , military prisons are of two types : penal , for punishing and attempting to reform criminals within the military , and confinement-oriented , where captured enemy combatants are confined for military reasons until hostilities cease .

neg: Metropolitan Correctional Center, New York The Metropolitan Correctional Center , New York ( MCC New York ) is a United States federal administrative prison in Manhattan , New York which holds male and female prisoners of all security levels . It is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons , a division of the United States Department of Justice .   Most prisoners held at MCC New York have pending cases in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York . MCC New York also holds prisoners serving brief sentences .   The Los Angeles Times stated that the prison is often referred to as the `` Guantanamo of New York '' , and The New York Times stated that its administrative segregation units had severe security measures .

neg: Imprisonment for public protection In England and Wales , the imprisonment for public protection ( IPP ) sentence was a form of indeterminate sentence introduced by s. 225 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 ( with effect from 2005 ) and abolished in 2012 . It was intended to protect the public against criminals whose crimes were not serious enough to merit a normal life sentence but who were regarded as too dangerous to be released when the term of their original sentence had expired . It is composed of a punitive `` tariff '' intended to be proportionate to the gravity of the crime committed and an indeterminate period which commences after the expiration of the tariff and lasts until the Parole Board judges the prisoner no longer poses a risk to the public and is fit to be released . The equivalent for under-18s was called detention for public protection , introduced by s. 226 of the 2003 Act . The sentences came into effect on 4 April 2005 .   Although there is no limit to how long prisoners can be detained under IPPs , and some may never be released , they may be released on review ; an IPP sentence is not a sentence of life imprisonment with a whole-life tariff .   In 2007 the Queen 's Bench Division of the High Court ruled that the continued incarceration of prisoners serving IPPs after tariff expiry where the prisons lack the facilities and courses required to assess their suitability for release was unlawful , bringing up concern that many dangerous offenders would be freed . In 2010 a joint report by the chief inspectors of prisons and probation concluded that IPP sentences were unsustainable with UK prison overcrowding .   In 2012 the IPP sentence for new cases was abolished by the Legal Aid , Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act , although over 6,000 prison inmates remained imprisoned for public protection ; over 4,600 remained . Three-quarters of them had completed their minimum term , and about 400 had served five times the minimum . The government 's policy was that IPP prisoners should remain in prison until it is deemed that the risks they pose if released are manageable .

neg: HM Prison Usk HM Prison Usk is a Category C men 's prison , located in Maryport Street in Usk , Monmouthshire , Wales . The prison is operated by Her Majesty 's Prison Service , and jointly managed with the nearby HMP Prescoed .

neg: Crossroads Correctional Center '' for the private prison in Montana , see Crossroads Correctional Facility   Crossroads Correctional Center ( CRCC ) is a Missouri Department of Corrections state prison for men located in Cameron , DeKalb County , Missouri , United States . ( The town of Cameron straddles DeKalb and Clinton Counties . ) According to the official Official Manual State of Missouri the facility has a capacity of 1440 maximum security prisoners .   The facility opened in 1997 and is immediately adjacent to the Western Missouri Correctional Center , which opened in 1988 . Crossroads was the first Missouri prison to install a perimeter electric fence with a lethal charge .   Among the inmates of Crossroads are the kidnapper Michael J. Devlin from Kirkwood , Missouri , serving three life sentences , and the serial killer Lorenzo Gilyard .

neg: Cornealious Michael Anderson III Cornealious Michael `` Mike '' Anderson III ( born c. 1977 ) was convicted of armed robbery in 2000 and sentenced to 13 years in the Missouri state prison system . Shortly after his conviction he was released on bail pending the outcome of an appeal of his conviction . In May 2002 , his appeal was rejected but , due to a clerical error , his bond was not revoked when a warrant was issued for his arrest . It was unclear why he was not arrested and imprisoned to serve his 13-year sentence , but , apparently due to clerical errors and miscommunication , the Missouri Department of Corrections thought he was already in prison . The error was only discovered when he was scheduled to be released from prison in 2013 . On July 25 , 2013 he was arrested and required to serve his 13-year sentence . The case stirred controversy when investigative articles were written by Jessica Lussenhop in the Riverfront Times newspaper and when his case was covered nationally in the United States in an episode of This American Life . By April 2014 , his case began receiving extensive national and international attention . These articles and episode raised the question of whether he should be returned to prison 13 years after his conviction especially since the victim of his crime did not believe he should be in prison . Anderson 's attorney filed several appeals and petitions for his release from prison , and on May 5 , 2014 Anderson was released from prison . In 2014 , he was arrested for another crime , but subsequent videotape evidence showed that he could not have committed the crime and charges were dropped with an apology by Circuit Attorney Jennifer M. Joyce .

neg: Murder of Olive Balchin Olive Balchin ( c. 1906 -- 20 October 1946 ) was a British murder victim whose body was found near a bomb site in Manchester , England . The murder weapon , a bloodstained hammer , was found nearby . After a lengthy investigation , police were given a description of a man who purchased a hammer from a local shopkeeper , which was similar to the description that eyewitnesses provided of a man last seen in the company of Balchin on the night of her murder . Based on this information , police questioned Walter Graham Rowland , a man who had been convicted in 1934 of murdering his two-year-old child . His death sentence for that crime had been commuted after serving eight years , due to the onset of World War II and the need for able-bodied men .   A forensic examination of Rowland 's clothes showed bloodstains matching Balchin 's blood type as well as dust particles and plant debris traced to the bomb site . Police arrested Rowland for her murder , and he was convicted and held at Strangeways Prison .   While Rowland was in prison awaiting execution , a prisoner at Walton Jail in Liverpool , David J. Ware , made unprompted three confessions to the crime - first in writing to the governor of the prison , then to police , and finally to Rowland 's lawyer . The confession was quickly followed by a retraction wherein Ware admitted to confessing because he wanted to appear `` swank , '' and said that he had obtained details of the murder from newspapers he read in prison . There were also questions as to Ware 's mental state , as he had been discharged from the British Army in 1943 after a diagnosis of manic depressive psychosis . Additionally , unlike Rowland , there was no forensic evidence found that tied Ware to the murder scene .   Despite the retraction , Rowland 's lawyer argued for his conviction to be overturned on appeal because of Ware 's confession . The motion failed and Rowland was hanged on 27 February 1947 . A Home Office inquiry determined that Ware had made a false confession , and therefore found no impropriety with regards to the conviction .   In 1951 , Ware attacked a woman with a hammer , and was found guilty of attempted murder . He was deemed not criminally responsible due to insanity and was committed to Broadmoor Hospital . This attack , coupled with his prior confession to the Balchin murder , led some in Britain to believe that Rowland had been falsely convicted and was the victim of a miscarriage of justice . The matter is still occasionally raised in debates about the death penalty and wrongful convictions in Britain .

neg: Bathurst Correctional Complex Bathurst Correctional Complex , an Australian medium security prison for males , is located in Bathurst , New South Wales , 3 km west of the central business district . The facility is operated by Corrective Services NSW , an agency of the Department of Attorney General and Justice , of the Government of New South Wales . The Complex accepts felons charged and convicted under New South Wales and/or Commonwealth legislation and serves as a reception prison for Western New South Wales . A minimum-security cellblock , known as X Wing , is located outside the walls of the main part of the gaol . It also detains males on remand : in 2005 , over 20 % of Australia 's prisoners were on remand .   In 2014 it was reported that between seven and ten female offenders were being housed in the Complex each week .   The current structure incorporates a massive , hand-carved sandstone gate and façade that was opened in 1888 based on designs by the colonial architect , James Barnet . The Complex came to national prominence during the 1970s due to a series of riots by inmates protesting over living conditions .

neg: Christopher Simcox Christopher Simcox ( 10 December 1909 -- 1981 ) was an English double murderer , notable and perhaps unique in being twice sentenced to death , and twice reprieved .   Simcox , a maintenance fitter by trade , lived in Smethwick in the West Midlands of England . He was divorced by his first wife for cruelty .   Simcox murdered his second wife in 1948 , and was sentenced to death at Stafford Assizes . However , in April 1948 the House of Commons had passed Sydney Silverman 's amendment to the then current Criminal Justice Bill to suspend capital punishment for murder for five years . The House of Lords overturned the amendment later in the year , but in the intervening period the Home Secretary , James Chuter Ede had announced that he would reprieve all condemned prisoners until the law was settled . Between March and October 1948 26 persons , including Simcox , were thereby reprieved . Simcox served 10 years in jail , before being released on licence .   He was married , for the third time , in 1962 to Ruby Irene . In 1963 he threatened his wife with an air-pistol , but was put on probation . His wife subsequently left him , with the help of relatives . On 11 November 1963 Simcox , armed with a rifle , went in search of his wife . He shot her sister , Mrs Hilda Payton , fatally through the head , before pursuing his wife to her brother 's house . There he shot them both , but they survived . Simcox then turned the gun on himself , shooting himself twice through the body , but he also survived .   In February 1964 Simcox was again tried at Stafford Assizes , and sentenced to death by Mr Justice Finnemore . The Homicide Act 1957 had restricted capital murder to a limited class of crimes , including murder with a firearm , and a second murder committed on a different occasion from the first . Simcox was eligible to be hanged on both grounds .   The wording of Simcox 's sentences of death was slightly different on the two occasions . In 1948 he was sentenced `` to be hanged by the neck until you are dead '' , while in 1964 he was sentenced `` to suffer death in the manner authorised by law '' . This change in language was provided in the 1957 Act ; the old language was considered anachronistic , as since the 1870s Britain had employed the `` long-drop '' method of hanging , which was held to cause near-instantaneous death .   Simcox 's date of execution was set for Tuesday 17 March 1964 at Winson Green Prison , Birmingham . However , his lawyers petitioned the Home Secretary , Henry Brooke , on the grounds that Simcox was still severely injured from his self-inflicted wounds , could not walk , and would probably have to be hanged in a wheelchair . There was no precedent for postponing an execution until a prisoner was fit enough to be hanged , and there was a history of reprieving prisoners whose executions might result in an unseemly spectacle owing to existing injuries or infirmity . On 14 March 1964 Brooke announced that Simcox had been reprieved , the sentence of death automatically being replaced by life imprisonment ; at that time there was no provision for attaching special conditions to such a sentence , meaning that one day Simcox might be released again , albeit on licence .   Five months later , the last-ever hangings in Britain took place , and in 1965 the death penalty was , in practice , abolished for murder .   In 1969 Simcox 's wife divorced him , and the civil judge in that case took the unusual step of recommending that Simcox never be released .   Simcox died in Portsmouth in early 1981 , aged 71 . It is currently not known whether he was still a prisoner at the time of his death .

neg: HM Prison Shepton Mallet HMP Shepton Mallet , sometimes known as Cornhill , is a former prison located in Shepton Mallet , Somerset , England . When it closed in 2013 , it was the United Kingdom 's oldest operating prison , and had been since the closure of HMP Lancaster Castle in 2011 . Before closure Shepton Mallet was a Category C Lifer Prison holding 189 prisoners . The prison building is grade II * listed . Its closure was announced in January 2013 .

neg: Oklahoma State Penitentiary The Oklahoma State Penitentiary , nicknamed `` Big Mac '' , is a prison of the Oklahoma Department of Corrections located in McAlester , Oklahoma , on 1556 acre . Opened in 1908 with 50 inmates in makeshift facilities , today the prison holds more than 750 male offenders , the vast majority of which are maximum-security inmates .

neg: Lanesboro Correctional Institution Lanesboro Correctional Institution is a state men 's prison in Polkton , North Carolina , first opened in January , 2004 and operated by the North Carolina Department of Public Safety Adult Corrections . As one of the state 's four largest prisons , the official capacity is 1,800 prisoners . The facility houses medium - and close-security inmates .   As of March 2012 Lanesboro was one of six state prisons put on lockdown to squelch gang fights and coordinated gang activity .   As of May 2016 , state corrections officials announced that the Lanesboro facility would be merged with the adjacent Brown Creek Correctional Institution , which is to be converted from medium to minimum security . The move is meant to address staffing challenges and the `` checkered pasts '' of both facilities .   Due to the merger with Brown Creek Correctional the minimum Camp formally known as Anson Correctional will be sitting empty . The new minimum camp will be used as a prototype for the states largest work release camp and also processing camp for CRV youth .

neg: Leavenworth Detention Center The Leavenworth Detention Center is a privately run maximum-security federal prison located in Leavenworth , Kansas . The facility is owned and operated by the Corrections Corporation of America under contract with the United States Marshals Service .   When originally constructed as a 460-bed private prison , it was the first correctional facility under direct contract with a U.S. federal agency . In May 2008 the facility underwent its fourth expansion to increase capacity to 1,126 inmates . It holds both male and female prisoners .