query: Carrie Fisher's death was due to cardiac arrest.

pos: Carrie Fisher Carrie Frances Fisher ( October 21 , 1956 -- December 27 , 2016 ) was an American actress , writer and humorist who first became known for playing Princess Leia in the Star Wars film series . Her other film roles included Shampoo ( 1975 ) , The Blues Brothers ( 1980 ) , Hannah and Her Sisters ( 1986 ) , The ` Burbs ( 1989 ) , and When Harry Met Sally ... ( 1989 ) .   Fisher wrote several semi-autobiographical novels , including Postcards from the Edge and the screenplay for the film of the book , as well as an autobiographical one-woman play , and its non-fiction book , Wishful Drinking , based on the play . She worked on other writers ' screenplays as a script doctor . In later years , she earned praise for speaking publicly about her experiences with bipolar disorder and drug addiction .   The daughter of the singer Eddie Fisher and actress Debbie Reynolds , Fisher and her mother appear in Bright Lights : Starring Carrie Fisher and Debbie Reynolds , a 2016 documentary about their relationship . It premiered at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival . Fisher died of cardiac arrest on December 27 , 2016 , at age 60 , four days after experiencing a medical emergency during a transatlantic flight from London to Los Angeles . Her final film , Star Wars : The Last Jedi , is scheduled to be released on December 15 , 2017 .

neg: Sloane Hospital for Women The Sloane Hospital for Women is the obstetrics and gynecology service within New York-Presbyterian Hospital and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York City .   Sloane Maternity Hospital was founded in 1886 based upon a donation from William D. Sloane and his wife , Emily Thorn Vanderbilt , the granddaughter of Cornelius Vanderbilt , to Columbia P&S . It was located on the P&S campus in Midtown Manhattan at Amsterdam Avenue and 59th Street , serving as a teaching facility for P&S students , and opened its doors in early 1888 . It soon established a reputation for superior sanitary practices and low mortality rates ; it also linked obstetrics with gynecology , the first hospital in the country to do so . The facility changed its name to Sloane Hospital for Women in 1910 . In 1911 , a new surgical building was added , also funded by the Sloanes .   In 1925 , it became part of Presbyterian Hospital , which was operating in affiliation with P&S . During 1928 , it moved with the Hospital to its present location on 168th Street in the Washington Heights area of northern Manhattan . There it maintained its name while occupying several floors of the Presbyterian Hospital building . The Hospital is now part of NewYork-Presbyterian / Morgan Stanley Children 's Hospital still in use today .   In its role as both a research and clinical facility , the Sloane Hospital for Women has pioneered many advances in the field , including the Apgar score , the use of rhogam , and amniocentesis .   In February 1915 , an outbreak of typhoid occurred among twenty-five nurses and attendants in the hospital , two of whom later died . The outbreak was later traced to Typhoid Mary , who had violated an agreement she had made with the city not to return to the cooking profession . -LSB- CITATION NEEDED -RSB-   Notable people born at Sloane include National Geographic photographer Gordon Gahan and former First Lady of the United States Nancy Reagan .

neg: Payne Whitney Psychiatric Clinic At his death in 1927 , Payne Whitney bestowed the funds to build and endow the Payne Whitney Psychiatric Clinic ( PWC ) on the Upper East Side of Manhattan . An eight story free-standing hospital , it was immediately affiliated with Cornell University 's medical school ( now Weill Cornell Medical College or Weill Cornell Medicine ) and with the New York Hospital ( now New York -- Presbyterian Hospital ) , both of which are adjacent to PWC .   Payne Whitney was a large donor to the Hospital and Medical College , and it has been an issue of long speculation why he chose a psychiatric building to be his primary naming opportunity at New York-Cornell .   The poet Robert Lowell wrote of his hospitalization at Payne Whitney , Marilyn Monroe was hospitalized there in early 1961 , and Mary McCarthy based her book , The Group , on her inpatient experience . The poet James Schuyler wrote about his experiences there in the eleven-poem series `` The Payne Whitney Poems '' which appeared in the New York Review of Books , August 17 , 1978 issue . In Woody Allen 's 1979 film , Manhattan , a character named Caroline Payne Whitney Smith is featured in a comedy sketch , where she and her husband are considered `` normal folks , '' except for the fact that she is a catatonic .   The Payne Whitney building itself was torn down in the early 1990s to make way for an expansion of the New York-Presbyterian Hospital over the FDR Drive . Since that time , all clinical and research services at the two primary Cornell psychiatric campuses -- in Manhattan and in White Plains , New York -- have been named after Payne Whitney . The clinic also has an outpatient and Continuing Day Treatment Program in an off-campus building at East 61st Street and York Avenue on the Upper East Side of Manhattan .   Payne Whitney Clinic and Weill Cornell Medical College have been home to some of the most notable psychiatrists in the country . Currently-affiliated psychiatrists and psychologists include Jack Barchas , Robert Michels , Otto F. Kernberg , James Kocsis , George Makari , Michael Posner , William Breitbart , and Theodore Shapiro . Previously-affiliated psychiatrists include Arnold Cooper , Frederic Flach , Benjamin Spock , Gerald Klerman , Robert Millman , Louis Jolyon West , David Silbersweig , Harry Tiebout , Mary Jane Sherfey , Helen Singer Kaplan , Allen Frances , and Paul McHugh . Payne Whitney has also been the `` voluntary faculty '' home to Roy Schafer , Richard Isay , Gail Saltz , and Daniel Stern , and the recent home of such senior scholars as David A. Hamburg and Beatrix Hamburg .

neg: Donna Anthony Donna Anthony is a British woman from Somerset who was jailed in 1998 after being convicted of the murder of her two babies . She was cleared and freed after having spent more than six years in prison .   She was one of several women at the centre of high-profile cases where evidence given by the controversial paediatrician Professor Sir Roy Meadow led to convictions of mothers who reported more than one cot death .   Anthony 's daughter died in February 1996 , at the age of eleven months . Her four-month-old son died in March 1997 . In November 1998 , twenty-five-year-old Anthony was convicted of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment , following a trial in which it was suggested that she had smothered her son in order to get sympathy from her estranged husband . She made an unsuccessful appeal against her conviction in 2000 .   In January 2003 , the conviction of Sally Clark -- jailed for life for the murder of her two sons -- was quashed . In June that year , Trupti Patel was acquitted of murdering her babies . In December , Angela Cannings was cleared after spending more than a year in prison for the murder of her sons . The prosecution in all four cases had relied on evidence supplied by Sir Roy Meadow , who said that the chances of two babies dying of natural causes within the same family were one in 73 million . Meadow 's evidence was later discredited , and he was subsequently struck off by the General Medical Council ( though he was reinstated on appeal ) . Following the overturning of Angela Cannings 's conviction , twenty-eight cases , including that of Donna Anthony , were referred to the Criminal Cases Review Commission ( CCRC ) , and Anthony was freed in April 2005 .

neg: Cardiac arrest (disambiguation) Cardiac arrest is when the heart stops beating .   Cardiac Arrest may also refer to :   Cardiac Arrest ( film ) , a 1980 film  Cardiac Arrest ( TV series ) , BBC television drama about the British NHS in the 1990s  Cardiac Arrest ( album ) , the 1977 debut album by American band Cameo  `` Cardiac Arrest '' ( Madness song ) , 1981  `` Cardiac Arrest '' ( Teddybears song ) , 2011

neg: Requiem (Fisher novel) Requiem is a novel by the American writer A. E. Fisher set during the Great Depression in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . It tells the story of a week in the life of a family of six struggling to survive .

neg: Catastrophe (2015 TV series) Catastrophe is a British sitcom first broadcast on 19 January 2015 on Channel 4 . It stars Sharon Horgan as Sharon Morris and Rob Delaney as Rob Norris , who get together after she becomes pregnant following a brief affair while he is in the UK on business . Carrie Fisher , Ashley Jensen , and Mark Bonnar play supporting characters in the series .   The show was renewed for a second series in January 2015 and began broadcasting from 27 October 2015 , having been brought forward from its original schedule of early 2016 . In July 2016 , Catastrophe was renewed for a third and fourth series . The third series , which began broadcasting in the UK on 28 February 2017 , comprises 6 episodes -- which all became available in the Untied States on April 28 , 2017 , hosted by Amazon . The fourth series of the show is scheduled for 2018 .   For her performance in the show , Sharon Horgan was nominated for a 2016 British Academy Television Awards for Best Female Comedy Performance in 2016 . Both Horgan and Delaney won the BAFTA TV Award for Best Writer : Comedy . The show was nominated for a Peabody Award . In July 2016 , the show received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Writing For a Comedy Series , going to Horgan and Delaney .

neg: MET call The MET call ( Medical Emergency Team ) was designed at the Liverpool Hospital , Sydney , Australia in 1990 and has continued to develop and spread around the Western world as part of a Rapid Response System . The MET call is a hospital based system , designed for a nurse ( or other staff member ) to alert and call other staff for help when a patients vital signs have fallen outside set criteria . These criteria were designed around studies suggesting that certain vital sign ranges and symptoms occur before poor patient conditions which may lead to death ( For example , Chest pain , a raise in heart rate and an elevated blood pressure may indicate the patient may be about to have a heart attack ) . In the original model , the criteria also include `` and any patient you are seriously worried about '' , although this is not included in all hospitals despite some observational trials showing it is the most commonly used calling criteria in hospitals that use it .   MET calls may be triggered using vitals sign charts where patient observations breach certain parameters that represent severe deterioration . Triggers may relate to single parameter breaches ( such as an extremely low blood pressure or a very fast heart rate ) , or from a combination of less severe abnormal vital signs that are cumulatively scored to identify a patient at high risk . Such systems are called MEWS or modified early warning score systems . Vital sign charts are often color-coded to aid both the calculation of MEWS and those patient that need a MET call .   The MET call is generally made by a phone call ( e.g. to `` switch '' ) . On the ward it may be via an emergency button on the wall , which sounds a siren , and in some hospitals , a red light will begin flashing outside the patients room . Most staff are encouraged to attend and help as required .   Interventions and tests that the MET call may include : Oxygen ( via a mask ) , Blood glucose levels , CPAP ( Continuous positive airway pressure ) , X-ray , ECG , Vital signs , documentation and Spirometry .   Two to three trained professionals arrive at the room of the Emergency , and will work together with staff to assist the patient , as well as doctors , nurses and anyone who is able to help . Jobs are allocated including someone to record the nature of emergency and what they are doing to fix the problem .  Some patients may be transferred to ICU post MET .   Implementation of the MET system has been controversial . It generally requires ICU medical and nursing staff to move beyond their traditional boundaries of control . It implies extra work , although arguably reduces the workload of patients arriving in ICU . Studies such as the MERIT study have been inconclusive and a source of ongoing controversy . Apart from clinical care implications , the MET system represents a political change within the hospital hierarchy , as it empowers nurses on the ward to summon help from senior critical care medical staff , rather than the traditional route of moving up the medical hierarchy starting with the intern . This political dimension of the MET system is not commonly discussed in scientific literature , and is probably not recognised by most hospital staff , but may underlie much of the resistance to this intuitively appropriate system . Many institutions however already have ` Cardiac Arrest ' or ` Code Blue ' teams that are often activated by nursing staff . Utilising such a system earlier where rapid expert intervention may prevent continued decline culminating in arrest may be one way in which the team can be sold to a resistant medical hierarchy .

neg: Negligent homicide Negligent homicide is a criminal charge brought against a person who , through criminal negligence , allows another person to die .   Negligent homicide is a lesser included offense to first and second degree murder , in the sense that someone guilty of this offense can expect a more lenient sentence , often with imprisonment time comparable to manslaughter . U.S. states all define negligent homicide by statute . In some states , the offense includes the killing of a person while driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol .   Examples include the crash of Aeroperu Flight 603 near Lima , Peru . The accident was caused by a piece of duct tape that was accidentally left over the static ports ( on the bottom side of the fuselage ) after cleaning the aircraft , which led to the crash . Employee Eleuterio Chacaliaza left the tape on by accident and was charged with negligent homicide . Other times , an intentional killing may be negotiated down to the lesser charge as a compromised resolution of a murder case , as in the case of former UFC fighter Gerald Strebendt 's intentional shooting of an unarmed man after a traffic altercation .

neg: Vital statistics (government records) Vital statistics are statistics on live births , deaths , foetal deaths , marriages and divorces . The most common way of collecting information on these events is through civil registration , an administrative system used by governments to record vital events which occur in their populations ( see Box 1 ) . Efforts to improve the quality of vital statistics will therefore be closely related to the development of civil registration systems in countries .   Box 1 . United Nations Definitions of Vital Statistics and Civil Registration Systems  A vital statistics system is defined by the United Nations `` as the total process of ( a ) collecting information by civil registration or enumeration on the frequency or occurrence of specified and defined vital events , as well as relevant characteristics of the events themselves and the person or persons concerned , and ( b ) compiling , processing , analyzing , evaluating , presenting , and disseminating these data in statistical form '' ( UN , 2001 ) .  Civil registration , as defined by the United Nations , is the '' continuous , permanent , compulsory , and universal recording of the occurrence and characteristics of vital events ( livebirths , deaths , fetal deaths , marriages , and divorces ) and other civil status events pertaining to the population as provided by decree , law or regulation , in accordance with the legal requirements in each country . ''   The origin of vital statistics begins as early as 1869 and death by social class was recorded in England beginning in 1921 .   While the number of births and deaths can be obtained by enumeration at certain points in time ( e.g. censuses and surveys ) , civil registration collects this information on a continuous basis and is the only source that provides individuals with a legal document . For instance , the importance of birth registration as the first legal recognition of the child is emphasized in Article 7 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child which states that `` the child shall be registered immediately after birth and shall have the right from birth to a name , the right to acquire a nationality and , as far as possible , the right to know and be cared for by his or her parents '' . United Nations Children 's Fund ( UNICEF ) and a number of non-governmental organizations ( Plan International , Save the Children Fund , World Vision , etc. ) have particularly promoted the human rights aspects of registration , while the United Nations Statistics Division ( UNSD ) , United Nations Population Fund ( UNFPA ) and World Health Organization ( WHO ) have focused more on the statistical aspects of civil registration .   Countries which are signatories to the Convention on the Rights of the Child are therefore expected to set up systems to register the births of all children . Non-registration of a child can have negative consequences on the wider enjoyment of a child 's fundamental rights to benefits such as identity , inheritance , education , health and other social services . Birth registration is also part of a broader strategy to ensure that children are less vulnerable to abuse and exploitation , especially if separated from their parents . In the absence of a functioning birth registration system , it is difficult to see how a country can enforce age-related legal concerns such as schooling , child labour , juvenile justice , early marriage , sexual exploitation and military recruitment . Recent natural disasters and calamities have also demonstrated the utility of a birth certificate for reuniting lost children with their families .   Many civil registration systems also collect information on causes of death . Statistics based on these death records are of particular importance in public health for identifying the magnitude and distribution of major disease problems , and are essential for the design , implementation , monitoring , and assessment of health programmes and policies .   Toronto scientist , professor Prabhat Jha argues that inexpensive recording of vital statistics in developing countries is the most effective means to improve global health and has outlined 5 options for expanding Cause of Death reporting .   `` Despite the importance of tracking causes of death and the tradition since 1893 of standardisation of definitions and coding for causes of death in the International Classification of Diseases and Injuries ( ICD ) , global assessments of causes of death are a major analytical challenge . Vital registration systems that include medical certification of the cause of death captured about 18.8 million deaths of an estimated annual total of 51.7 million deaths in 2005 , which is the latest year for which the largest number of countries reported deaths from a vital registration system . Even for these deaths , the comparability of findings on the leading causes of death is affected by variation in certification skills among physicians , the diagnostic and pathological data available at the time of completing a death certificate , variations in medical culture in choosing the underlying cause , and legal and institutional frameworks for governing mortality reporting . For the remaining deaths that are not medically certified , many different data sources and diagnostic approaches must be used from surveillance systems , demographic research sites , surveys , censuses , disease registries , and police records to construct a consolidated picture of causes of death in various populations . Because of the variety of data sources and their associated biases , causes of death assessments are inherently uncertain and subject to vigorous debate . '' Lozano et all . Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 . The Lancet , V. 380 , Dec 2012 `` www.thelancet.com Vol 380 December 15/22/29 , 2012 '' .   The agency responsible for overseeing this system in the United States is the National Center for Health Statistics , a division of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) . Vital statistics for the US can be found here   The agency responsible for overseeing this system in the United Kingdom is the Office for National Statistics . Vital statistics for the UK can be found here

neg: CSF tap test The CSF tap test , sometimes lumbar tap test or Miller Fisher Test , is a medical test that is used to decide whether shunting of cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF ) would be helpful in a patient with suspected normal pressure hydrocephalus ( NPH ) . The test involves removing 30 mL of cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF ) through a lumbar puncture , after which cognitive function is clinically reassessed . The name `` Fisher test '' is after C. Miller Fisher , a Canadian neurologist working in Boston , Massachusetts , who described the test .   Clinical improvement showed a high predictive value for subsequent success with shunting . A `` negative '' test has a very low predictive accuracy , as many patients may improve after a shunt in spite of lack of improvement after CSF removal .

neg: Dana Delany Dana Welles Delany ( born March 13 , 1956 ) is an American film , stage , and television actress , producer , presenter , and health activist . Delany has been active in show business since the late 1970s . Following small roles early in her career , Delany garnered her first leading role in 1987 in the short-lived NBC sitcom Sweet Surrender and achieved wider fame in 1988 -- 1991 as Colleen McMurphy on the ABC television show China Beach , for which she won two Primetime Emmy Awards ( 1989 , 1992 ) . She received further recognition for her performances in the films Light Sleeper ( 1992 ) , Tombstone ( 1993 ) , Exit to Eden ( 1994 ) , The Margaret Sanger Story ( 1995 ) , Fly Away Home ( 1996 ) , True Women ( 1997 ) , and Wide Awake ( 1998 ) . Since the mid-1990s , Delany has served on the board of the Scleroderma Research Foundation .   In the 2000s , Delany returned to television with a string of short-lived television series beginning with Pasadena ( 2001 ) , Presidio Med ( 2002 -- 2003 ) , and Kidnapped ( 2006 -- 2007 ) . From 2007 to 2010 , Delany played Katherine Mayfair on the ABC series Desperate Housewives .   In the 2010s , from 2011 to 2013 , Delany played the lead role of Megan Hunt on the ABC drama series Body of Proof . In 2014 , she began her co-starring role as Crystal Harris in the Amazon drama series Hand of God , which has been ordered to full series by Amazon Studios in October 2014 .   Most recently , in 2015 , she had a recurring guest role in the short-lived FX sitcom The Comedians as Julie , the wife of Billy Crystal , playing a fictionalized version of himself . On July 23 , 2015 , the series was cancelled after one season .   Delany is also a voice actress . She played Lois Lane in the DC animated universe as well as in The Batman animated series . In an interview , she said she loves to play `` complicated characters '' .

neg: Endangerment Endangerment is a type of crime involving conduct that is wrongful and reckless or wanton , and likely to produce death or grievous bodily harm to another person . There are several kinds of endangerment , each of which is a criminal act that can be prosecuted in a court . In some U.S. states , such as Florida , substantially similar language is used for the crime of Culpable negligence .   The offense is intended to prohibit and therefore deter reckless or wanton conduct that wrongfully creates a substantial risk of death or serious injury to others .   Various laws specify several types of endangerment :   Child endangerment and animal endangerment : placing a child or animal in a potentially harmful situation , either through negligence or misconduct .  Reckless endangerment : A person commits the crime of reckless endangerment if the person recklessly engages in conduct which creates a substantial risk of serious physical injury to another person . `` Reckless '' conduct is conduct that exhibits a culpable disregard of foreseeable consequences to others from the act or omission involved . The accused need not intentionally cause a resulting harm . The ultimate question is whether , under all of the circumstances , the accused 's conduct was of that heedless nature that made it actually or imminently dangerous to the rights or safety of others .  Public endangerment is usually applied to crimes which place the public in some form of danger , although that danger can be more or less severe according to the crime . It is punished most frequently in Canada .   Endangerment can range from a misdemeanor to a felony . For example , the New York Penal Code § 120.20 defines reckless endangerment in the second degree ( class A misdemeanor ) as conduct that `` creates a substantial serious risk of injury to another person '' , and § 120.25 deals with reckless endangerment in the first degree ( class D felony ) , which is conduct that shows a `` depraved indifference to human life '' and `` creates a grave risk of death to another person '' . In addition , § 145.25 codifies reckless endangerment to property as a class B misdemeanor .

neg: Cryonics Cryonics ( from Greek κρύος kryos meaning ` cold ' ) is the low-temperature preservation ( usually at − 196 ° C ) of people who can not be sustained by contemporary medicine , with the hope that resuscitate and restoration to full health may be possible in the far future . Cryopreservation of humans is not reversible with present technology ; cryonicists hope that medical advances will someday allow cryopreserved people to be revived .   Cryonics is regarded with skepticism within the mainstream scientific community and is not part of normal medical practice . It is not known if it will ever be possible to revive a cryopreserved human being . Cryonics depends on beliefs that the cryonics patient has not experienced information-theoretic death . Such views are at the speculative edge of medicine .   Cryonics procedures can only begin after legal death , and cryonics `` patients '' are considered legally dead . Cryonics procedures ideally begin within minutes of cardiac arrest , and use cryoprotectants to prevent ice formation during cryopreservation . The first corpse to be cryopreserved was that of Dr. James Bedford in 1967 . As of 2014 , about 250 bodies were cryopreserved in the United States , and 1,500 people had made arrangements for cryopreservation after their legal death .

neg: List of women who died in childbirth This is a list of notable women , either famous themselves or closely associated with someone well known , who suffered maternal death as defined by the World Health Organization ( WHO ) :   `` the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy , irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy , from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental causes . ''   Note that this wording includes abortion , miscarriage , stillbirth , and ectopic pregnancy . Generally , there is a distinction between a direct maternal death that is the result of a complication of the pregnancy , delivery , or management of the two , and an indirect maternal death that is a pregnancy-related death in a woman with a pre-existing or newly developed health problem unrelated to pregnancy . Fatalities during but unrelated to a pregnancy are termed accidental , incidental , or non-obstetrical maternal deaths .   However , the WHO definition is only one of many ; other definitions may include accidental and incidental causes . Cases with `` incidental causes '' include deaths secondary to violence against women that may be related to the pregnancy and be affected by the socioeconomic and cultural environment . Also , it has been reported that about 10 % of maternal deaths may occur late , that is after 42 days after a termination or delivery ; thus , some definitions extend the period of observation to one year after the end of gestation .

neg: Ventricular tachycardia Ventricular tachycardia ( V-tach or VT ) is a type of regular and fast heart rate that arises from improper electrical activity in the ventricles of the heart . Although a few seconds may not result in problems , longer periods are dangerous . Short periods may occur without symptoms or present with lightheadedness , palpitations , or chest pain . Ventricular tachycardia may result in cardiac arrest and turn into ventricular fibrillation . Ventricular tachycardia is found initially in about 7 % of people in cardiac arrest .   Ventricular tachycardia can occur due to coronary heart disease , aortic stenosis , cardiomyopathy , electrolyte problems , or a heart attack . Diagnosis is by an electrocardiogram ( ECG ) showing a rate of greater than 120 bpm and at least three wide QRS complexes in a row . It is classified as non-sustained versus sustained based on whether or not it lasts less than or more than 30 seconds . The term `` ventricular tachycardias '' refers to the group of irregular heartbeats that includes ventricular tachycardia , ventricular fibrillation , and torsades de pointes .   In those who have a normal blood pressure and strong pulse , the antiarrhythmic medication procainamide may be used . Otherwise immediate cardioversion is recommended . In those in cardiac arrest due to ventricular tachycardia cardiopulmonary resuscitation ( CPR ) and defibrillation is recommended . Biphasic defibrillation may be better than monophasic . While waiting for a defibrillator , a precordial thump may be attempted in those on a heart monitor who are seen to go into an unstable ventricular tachycardia . In those with cardiac arrest due to ventricular tachycardia survival is about 45 % . An implantable cardiac defibrillator or medications such as calcium channel blockers or amiodarone may be used to prevent recurrence .

neg: Pacemaker failure Pacemaker failure is the inability of an implanted artificial pacemaker to perform its intended function of regulating the beating of the heart . A pacemaker uses electrical impulses delivered by electrodes in order to contract the heart muscles . Failure of a pacemaker is defined by the requirement of repeat surgical pacemaker-related procedures after the initial implantation . Most implanted pacemakers are dual chambered and have two leads , causing the implantation time to take longer because of this more complicated pacemaker system . These factors can contribute to an increased rate of complications which can lead to pacemaker failure .   Approximately 2.25 million pacemakers were implanted in the United States between 1990 and 2002 , and of those pacemakers , about 8,834 were removed from patients because of device malfunction most commonly connected to generator abnormalities . In the 1970 's , results of an Oregon study indicated that 10 % of implanted pacemakers failed within the first month . Another study found that more than half of pacemaker complications occurred during the first 3 months after implantation . Causes of pacemaker failure include lead related failure , unit malfunction , problems at the insertion site , failures related to exposure to high voltage electricity or high intensity microwaves , and a miscellaneous category ( one patient had ventricular tachycardia when using his electric razor and another patient had persistent pacing of the diaphragm muscle ) . Pacemaker malfunction has the ability to cause serious injury or death , but if detected early enough , patients can continue with their needed therapy once complications are resolved .

neg: Cardiovascular disease in China Cardiac disease in China is on the rise . Though incidences of heart disease have increased faster in the city than in the countryside , rural morbidity and mortality rates are now on the rise as well . Health statistics shows that the ischemic heart disease mortality rate in rural China has approximately doubled since 1988 .   Unlike in developed countries , there is no preventive or primary health care system in place to stop the rise of cardiac disease . The real extent of heart disease in rural China is unknown because statistics are fraught with error and bias due to difficulties in ascertaining cause of death in places where 90 % die without seeing a doctor . Therefore , there is a need to ascertain the real incidence and prevalence of heart disease and to develop adequate preventive and primary care in the Chinese countryside .

neg: George Lotrell Timanus George Lotrell Timanus ( January 31 , 1892 -- June 1981 ) was a physician who performed illegal abortions in the Baltimore/Washington , D.C. area from 1920 to 1951 .   Timanus and one other abortion provider performed an estimated 90 % criminal abortions in Baltimore .   In 1950 , Timanus used his criminal trial to challenge the abortion laws in the United States , as Aleck Bourne had done in the UK . However , his trial and that of another doctor , Edgar Keemer , were not understood as challenges by the public , and Timanus and Keemer did not recruit other doctors or patients to their cause in a way that might have built a movement or sparked national conversation . He was fined $ 5,000 , sentenced to six months in jail , and barred from further practice of medicine .   Timanus participated in the Planned Parenthood Conference on Abortion in America in 1955 . He gave a detailed breakdown of his patients , of whom he kept meticulous records , noting that of 5,200 women on whom he had performed abortions , only two had died . As Garrett Hardin noted , this 0.04 % rate , in the days before antibiotics , was not only far lower than the mortality rate for women carrying to term at the time , but still only half the maternal mortality rate a generation later . At the conference , Timanus also lamented that of the 353 doctors who referred patients to him -- some of them , Timanus claimed , with letters recommending abortion -- none stood up to testify for him when he was arrested .   Timanus asked referring doctors to make a written statement that the abortion was necessary because her life would otherwise be jeopardized .   The breakdown of Timanus ' patients was as follows :  Age 12 - 15 : 17  Age 16 - 20 : 688  Age 21 - 25 : 1,834  Age 26 - 30 : 1,268  Age 31 - 40 : 1,312  Age 41 + : 91  Single : 1,830  Married : 2,773  Widowed/Divorced/Separated : 607  Physicians : 7  Wives of physicians : 58  Nurses : 270   Mary Calderone , then Medical Director of Planned Parenthood Federation of America , noted that Timanus `` certainly seemed to be very competent and professional . ''

neg: Irving Fisher Irving Fisher ( February 27 , 1867 -- April 29 , 1947 ) was an American economist , statistician , inventor , and Progressive social campaigner . He was one of the earliest American neoclassical economists , though his later work on debt deflation has been embraced by the Post-Keynesian school . Joseph Schumpeter described him as `` the greatest economist the United States has ever produced '' , an assessment later repeated by James Tobin and Milton Friedman .   Fisher made important contributions to utility theory and general equilibrium . He was also a pioneer in the rigorous study of intertemporal choice in markets , which led him to develop a theory of capital and interest rates . His research on the quantity theory of money inaugurated the school of macroeconomic thought known as `` monetarism . '' Fisher was also a pioneer of econometrics , including the development of index numbers . Some concepts named after him include the Fisher equation , the Fisher hypothesis , the international Fisher effect , the Fisher separation theorem and Fisher market .   Fisher was perhaps the first celebrity economist , but his reputation during his lifetime was irreparably harmed by his public statements , just prior to the Wall Street Crash of 1929 , claiming that the stock market had reached `` a permanently high plateau '' . His subsequent theory of debt deflation as an explanation of the Great Depression , as well as his advocacy of full-reserve banking and alternative currencies , were largely ignored in favor of the work of John Maynard Keynes . Fisher 's reputation has since recovered in neoclassical economics , particularly after his work was rediscovered in the late 1950s , and more widely due to an increased interest in debt deflation after the late-2000s recession .   Having made numerous contributions to economic theory , he later became the foremost proponent of the full-reserve banking reform until his death . He was one of the authors of A Program for Monetary Reform where the general concepts of 100 % reserve system is outlined .

neg: List of accolades received by Star Wars: The Force Awakens Star Wars : The Force Awakens is a 2015 epic space opera film directed , co-produced , and co-written by J. J. Abrams . The seventh installment in the main Star Wars film series , and first of three in Star Wars sequel trilogy , it stars Harrison Ford , Mark Hamill , Carrie Fisher , Adam Driver , Daisy Ridley , John Boyega , Oscar Isaac , Lupita Nyong ` o , Andy Serkis , Domhnall Gleeson , Anthony Daniels , and Max von Sydow . The Force Awakens is set 30 years after Return of the Jedi ; it follows Rey , Finn , and Poe Dameron 's search for Luke Skywalker and their fight alongside the Resistance , led by veterans of the Rebel Alliance , against Kylo Ren and the First Order , a successor group to the Galactic Empire .   The Force Awakens was premiered by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures in Los Angeles on December 14 , and was released in United States and Canada on December 18 , 2015 . The Force Awakens opened across 14,300 theaters , breaking numerous box-office records and became the first film to earn more than $ 100 million worldwide in a single day . The film grossed a worldwide total of over $ 2 billion on a production budget of $ 306 million becoming the highest-grossing release of 2015 , and the fastest film to earn $ 1 billion worldwide , doing so in twelve-days . The Force Awakens became the third film in history to surpass $ 2 billion worldwide ( after Avatar ( 2009 ) and Titanic ( 1997 ) ) , doing so on its 53rd day of release .   Rotten Tomatoes , a review aggregator , surveyed 360 reviews and judged 92 percent to be positive . The Force Awakens garnered many awards and nominations in a variety of categories with particular praise for Abrams ' direction , its action sequences , visual effects , editing and Ridley 's and Boyega 's performances . Several awards held their nominations before the December release of The Force Awakens , making the film ineligible for the 73rd Golden Globe Awards and some other awards ceremonies . However , the film was added to the 21st Critics ' Choice Awards 's slate of best picture nominees after a special vote by the board of directors , and the announcement of the 2015 American Film Institute Awards was delayed until after the release of film , where it was named one of Top Ten Films of the year .   The Force Awakens received five nominations at the 88th Academy Awards as Best Original Score , Best Sound Editing , Best Sound Mixing , Best Film Editing and Best Visual Effects . The film garnered four nominations at 69th British Academy Film Awards , and won for Best Special Visual Effects and a special BAFTA Rising Star Award for John Boyega . At the 21st Empire Awards , the film received nine nominations and won five including Best Sci-Fi/Fantasy Film , and Best Director for J.J. Abrams . The Force Awakens became the most nominated film in Saturn Awards history with total of thirteen nominations at 42nd Saturn Awards and won eight including Best Science Fiction Film , Best Director and Best Special Effects . The film received seven nominations from the Visual Effects Society , winning four including Outstanding Visual Effects in an Effects Driven Feature Motion Picture . Star Wars : The Force Awakens received eleven nominations at MTV Movie Awards , the most for the ceremony and won three including Movie of the Year .


query: Where the Wild Things Are was released in the United States.

pos: Where the Wild Things Are (film) Where the Wild Things Are is a 2009 fantasy drama film directed by Spike Jonze . Written by Jonze and Dave Eggers , it is adapted from Maurice Sendak 's 1963 children 's book of the same name . It combines live-action , performers in costumes , animatronics , and computer-generated imagery ( CGI ) . The film stars Max Records and features the voices of James Gandolfini , Paul Dano , Lauren Ambrose , Forest Whitaker , Catherine O'Hara , and Chris Cooper . The film centers on a lonely eight-year-old boy named Max who sails away to an island inhabited by creatures known as the `` Wild Things , '' who declare Max their king .   In the early 1980s , Disney considered adapting the film as a blend of traditionally animated characters and computer-generated environments , but development did not go past a test film to see how the animation hybridizing would result . In 2001 , Universal Studios acquired rights to the book 's adaptation and initially attempted to develop a computer-animated adaptation with Disney animator Eric Goldberg , but the CGI concept was replaced with a live-action one in 2003 , and Goldberg was dropped for Spike Jonze . The film was co-produced by actor Tom Hanks through his production company Playtone and made on an estimated budget of $ 100 million . Where the Wild Things Are was a joint production between Australia , Germany , and the United States , and was filmed principally in Melbourne .   The film was released on October 16 , 2009 , in the United States , on December 3 in Australia , and on December 17 in Germany . The film was met with mostly positive reviews and appeared on many year-end top ten lists . The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray on March 2 , 2010 .

neg: Buck Wild Buck Wild is a zombie comedy horror film directed by Tyler Glodt , written by Glodt and producer Matthew Albrecht , and starring Albrecht , Jarrod Pistilli , Dru Lockwood , and Isaac Harrison as four friends who must faced zombies on their hunting trip in rural Texas . It premiered at the Dallas International Film Festival in April 2013 . The film was shot in 2011 in Goliad County , Texas , United States . Buck Wild won the Best of the Fest award at the Hill Country Film Festival in May 2013 .

neg: Girls Gone Wild (film) Girls Gone Wild was a 1929 American melodrama film produced and released by Fox Film Corporation . The film was controversial as an early example of the rising tide of violence and disrespect for the law that would become key themes in the 1930s .

neg: Rock & Rule Rock & Rule ( known as Ring of Power outside of North America ) is a 1983 Canadian adult animated musical science fiction fantasy film from the animation studio Nelvana , marking the first time the company has made an animated production for adults . It was produced and directed by the company 's founders , Michael Hirsh , Patrick Loubert , and Clive A. Smith . The film features the voices of Don Francks , Greg Salata , and Susan Roman . It was the studio 's first feature film and the first English language one produced entirely within Canada .   Centering on rock and roll music , the film includes songs by Cheap Trick , Chris Stein and Debbie Harry of the pop group Blondie , Lou Reed , Iggy Pop , and Earth , Wind & Fire . The story takes place in a post-apocalyptic United States populated by mutant humanoids . With John Halfpenny , Patrick Loubert , and Peter Sauder at the helm of its screenplay , Rock & Rule was a heavily derived spin-off of Nelvana 's earlier TV special from 1978 , The Devil and Daniel Mouse . Its distributor , MGM , acquired United Artists at the time and the new management team had no interest in it . As a result , it was never released in North America except for a limited release in Boston , Massachusetts . It received minor attention in Germany , where it was screened at a film festival . It was funded in part by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation , which had obtained the Canadian TV rights . A hard-to-find VHS was released at that time , followed by a laserdisc release . The film developed a cult following from repeated airings on HBO and Showtime and the circulation of bootleg VHS copies at comic book conventions booths ( with Ralph Bakshi named as director ) . In 2005 , Unearthed Films released a special 2-disc edition DVD of the film .

neg: Wild Bill (1995 film) Wild Bill is a 1995 Western film about the last days of legendary lawman Wild Bill Hickok . It stars Jeff Bridges , Ellen Barkin , John Hurt and Diane Lane .  The film was distributed by United Artists . It was written and directed by Walter Hill , with writing credits also going to Pete Dexter , author of the book Deadwood , and Thomas Babe , author of the play Fathers and Sons .

neg: Wild (company) Rudolf Wild & Co. is a UA company headquartered in Eppelheim , near Heidelberg , Germany .   The company produces natural ingredients for food products . WILD has around 2,500 employees in over 70 countries , 1,400 of whom are employed at the main plant in Eppelheim .  The company is based on three core businesses : the production of ingredients for the food and beverage industry , the construction of processing equipment and machinery ( WILD INDAG ) and the production and sale of its own brand products and end products . One of the latter , Capri Sun , is sold in over 100 countries .

neg: Stand Your Ground (Wild Horses album) Stand Your Ground is the second studio album by British rock band Wild Horses , co-produced with Kit Woolven at Good Earth and Maison Rouge Studios in London and released in May 1981 on EMI Records .   It was subsequently issued on CD in Japan in 1993 on Toshiba-EMI , and by the now defunct UK labels Zoom Club in 1999 and Krescendo Records in 2009 , respectively . The most recent re-issue came in February 2013 , courtesy of UK-based Rock Candy Records , and includes several bonus tracks not found on previous re-issues .

neg: Into the West (miniseries) Into the West is a 2005 miniseries produced by Steven Spielberg and DreamWorks , with six two-hour episodes ( including commercials ) . The series was first broadcast in the U.S. on Turner Network Television ( TNT ) on six Fridays starting on June 10 , 2005 . It was also shown in the UK on BBC2 and BBC HD from November 4 , 2006 , and in Canada on CBC Television . The series also aired in the U.S. on AMC during the summer ( June/July ) and fall ( autumn , September/October ) of 2012 .   The miniseries begins in the 1820s and is told mainly through the third person narration of Jacob Wheeler ( Matthew Settle ) and Loved By the Buffalo ( Joseph M. Marshall III ) , although episodes outside the direct observation of both protagonists are also shown . The plot follows the story of two families , one white American , one Native American , as their lives become mingled through the momentous events of American expansion . The story intertwines real and fictional characters and events spanning the period of expansion of the United States in the American West , from 1825 to 1890 .   The show has a large cast , with about 250 speaking parts . The series features well known performers including Josh Brolin , Gary Busey , Michael Spears , Tonantzin Carmelo , Skeet Ulrich , Garrett Wang , Steve Reevis , Rachael Leigh Cook , Wes Studi , Irene Bedard , Alan Tudyk , Christian Kane , Russell Means , Jay Tavare , David Midthunder , Keri Russell , Graham Greene , Zahn McClarnon , Tom Berenger , Gil Birmingham , David Paymer , Raoul Trujillo , Eric Schweig , Lance Henriksen , Simon R. Baker , Tyler Christopher , Tatanka Means , Tokala Clifford , Gordon Tootoosis , Sheila Tousey , and Will Patton .   It was filmed in Drumheller , Alberta and Santa Fe , New Mexico .

neg: The Wild Frontier (film) The Wild Frontier is a 1947 American Western film directed by Philip Ford and written by Albert DeMond . The film stars Allan Lane , Jack Holt , Eddy Waller , Pierre Watkin , John James and Roy Barcroft . The film was released on October 1 , 1947 , by Republic Pictures .

neg: Cirque du Soleil: Worlds Away Cirque du Soleil : Worlds Away is a 2012 American 3D family fantasy film directed by Andrew Adamson . The film premiered on October 20 , 2012 at the Tokyo International Film Festival , and was released theatrically in the United States on December 21 , 2012 . Distributed worldwide by Paramount Pictures on December 21 , 2012 , the film tells the story of a girl named Mia going to a traveling circus and falling in love with its main attraction , the Aerialist . After the Aerialist falls during his act , he and Mia are transported to another world where each encounter the different worlds of Cirque du Soleil through O , Mystère , Kà , Love , Zumanity , Viva Elvis and Criss Angel Believe . It stars Erica Linz and Igor Zaripov as the main characters and incorporates acts from some of the Cirque du Soleil shows that were running in Las Vegas in 2011 including O , Mystère , Kà , Love , and Viva Elvis .   The 3D used in the film was highly admired by critics on its Tokyo premiere . The Eels performed a song titled `` Calling for Your Love '' for the movie . The film incorporates acts from the seven Cirque du Soleil shows running in Las Vegasin 2011 : O , Mystère , Kà , Love , Zumanity , Viva Elvis and Criss Angel Believe . Each of the acts/performances was filmed on the stage of the theater in Las Vegas where the show is/was running : the acts from `` O '' at the `` O '' Theatre at the Bellagio , those from `` Ka '' at the Ka Theater at the MGM Grand , those from `` Love '' at the Love Theater at the Mirage , the act from `` Mystere '' at the Mystere Theater at Treasure Island , the act from `` Zumanity '' at the Zumanity Theater at the New York New York and the act from `` Viva Elvis '' at the Aria Theater . It was Reel FX 's first and only live action film .

neg: Wild Kingdom Wild Kingdom , sometimes known as Mutual of Omaha 's Wild Kingdom , is an American television show that features wildlife and nature . It was originally produced from 1963 until 1988 , and was revived in 2002 . The show 's second incarnation currently airs on Animal Planet in the U.S.

neg: Wild (2014 film) Wild is a 2014 American biographical survival drama film directed by Jean-Marc Vallée . The screenplay by Nick Hornby is based on Cheryl Strayed 's 2012 memoir Wild : From Lost to Found on the Pacific Crest Trail . The film stars Reese Witherspoon as Strayed , alongside Laura Dern ( as Strayed 's mother ) , with Thomas Sadoski , Michiel Huisman and Gaby Hoffmann among several others in supporting roles . The film premiered at the Telluride Film Festival on August 29 , 2014 , and was released theatrically on December 3 , 2014 , in North America .   Wild opened to positive critical reviews , with much praise going toward the performances of Reese Witherspoon and Laura Dern . Both actresses received Academy Award nominations for their performances , in the categories of Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress , respectively .

neg: Wild Boys Wild Boys is an Australian television period drama series that began airing on the Seven Network on 4 September 2011 . It is produced by Julie McGauran and Sarah Smith from Southern Star and John Holmes . The series is set in and around the fictional town of Hopetoun and principally filmed in Wilberforce on the Hawkesbury , Nelson , and Glenworth Valley on the New South Wales Central Coast . The series premiered in the UK on TCM UK on 3 March 2013 .   The series was not renewed for a second season due to low viewership .

neg: Wild Discovery Wild Discovery was a television series that aired on the Discovery Channel between 1995 and 2002 . It was an educational program in a documentary format showcasing animals as the main theme . The show featured a wide range of animals , in locations from around the world , including Brazil and the Serengeti .

neg: Wild in the Streets Wild in the Streets is a 1968 film featuring Christopher Jones , Hal Holbrook , and Shelley Winters . It was produced by American International Pictures and based on a short story by writer Robert Thom . The movie , described as both `` ludicrous '' and `` cautionary , '' was nominated for an Academy Award ( for best film editing ) and became a cult classic of the 1960s counterculture .

neg: New York: A Love Story New York : A Love Story is the debut studio album by American R&B singer Mack Wilds . It was released on September 30 , 2013 , by Louder Than Life and RED Distribution . The album features guest appearances from Method Man , Raekwon and Doug E. Fresh . The album was nominated for Best Urban Contemporary Album at the 56th Grammy Awards , which was held on January 26 , 2014 .

neg: Tomorrowland (film) Tomorrowland ( subtitled A World Beyond in some regions ) is a 2015 American science-fiction mystery adventure film directed and co-written by Brad Bird . Bird co-wrote the film 's screenplay with Damon Lindelof , from an original story treatment by Bird , Lindelof and Jeff Jensen . The film stars George Clooney , Hugh Laurie , Britt Robertson , Raffey Cassidy , Tim McGraw , Kathryn Hahn and Keegan-Michael Key . In the film , a disillusioned genius inventor and a teenage science enthusiast embark to an ambiguous alternate dimension known as `` Tomorrowland '' where their actions directly affect the world and themselves .   Walt Disney Pictures originally announced the film in June 2011 under the working title 1952 , and later retitled it to Tomorrowland , after the futuristic themed land found at Disney theme parks . In drafting their story , Bird and Lindelof took inspiration from the progressive cultural movements of the Space Age , as well as Walt Disney 's optimistic philosophy of the future , notably his conceptual vision for the planned community known as EPCOT . Principal photography began in August 2013 , with footage shot in British Columbia , Alberta , Florida , and Spain with second unit filming in France , California and the Bahamas .   Tomorrowland was released in conventional and IMAX formats on May 22 , 2015 , and was the first theatrical film to be released in Dolby Vision and Dolby Cinema . Upon its release , the film received mixed reviews from critics ; earning praise for its original premise , musical score , action , visuals , and themes , but criticism in regards to the screenplay 's uneven writing and tone . The film grossed $ 209 million worldwide against a total production and marketing cost of $ 330 million , losing Disney $ 120 -- 140 million .

neg: Things (film) Things is a 1989 Canadian direct-to-video independent exploitation horror film directed by Andrew Jordan , and written and produced by Jordan and Barry J. Gillis . Containing one of the earliest mainstream film roles of porn star Amber Lynn , this Z movie has a cult following of fans who call themselves `` Things-ites '' . The film has been considered to be one of the worst films of all time .

neg: Into the Wild (book) Into the Wild is a 1996 non-fiction book written by Jon Krakauer . It is an expansion of a 9,000-word article by Krakauer on Christopher McCandless titled `` Death of an Innocent '' , which appeared in the January 1993 issue of Outside . The book was adapted to film in 2007 , directed by Sean Penn with Emile Hirsch starring as McCandless . `` Into the Wild '' is an international bestseller which has been printed in 14 languages and 173 editions and formats . The book is widely used as high school and college reading curriculum . `` Into the Wild '' has been lauded by many reviewers but has also been described by Alaskan reporter , Craig Medred , as being `` something invented '' by its author .

neg: Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards 2014 The 20th Dallas -- Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards honoring the best in film for 2014 were announced on December 15 , 2014 . These awards `` recognizing extraordinary accomplishment in film '' are presented annually by the Dallas -- Fort Worth Film Critics Association ( DFWFCA ) , based in the Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex region of Texas . The organization , founded in 1990 , includes 30 film critics for print , radio , television , and internet publications based in north Texas . The Dallas -- Fort Worth Film Critics Association began presenting its annual awards list in 1993 .   Birdman was the DFWFCA 's most awarded film of 2014 , taking five top honors . Birdman won in Best Picture , Best Actor ( Michael Keaton ) , Best Director ( Alejandro G. Iñárritu ) , Best Cinematography ( Emmanuel Lubezki ) , and Best Screenplay ( Alejandro G. Iñárritu , Nicolás Giacobone , Alexander Dinelaris Jr. , and Armando Bo ) .   Another film , Boyhood , earned multiple 2014 honors from the DFWFCA . The coming-of-age tale received top honors in the Best Supporting Actress ( Patricia Arquette ) as well as being presented the Russell Smith Award as the `` best low-budget or cutting-edge independent film '' of the year . The award is named in honor of late Dallas Morning News film critic Russell Smith . Reese Witherspoon was named Best Actress for her role as Cheryl Strayed in Wild . The other films earning honors were Sweden 's Force Majeure for Best Foreign Language Film , Citizenfour as Best Documentary Film , and The Lego Movie for Best Animated Film .

neg: Lostwood Wilderness Lostwood Wilderness is a wilderness area located in the U.S. state of North Dakota . Created by an act of Congress in 1975 , the wilderness covers an area of 5,577 acres ( 22.56 km2 ) . Contained within Lostwood National Wildlife Refuge , the wilderness is managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service .   Designated to preserve a region well known for numerous lakes and mixed grass prairie , the wilderness ensures that the finest duck and waterfowl breeding region in North America remains wild and unimproved .   U.S. Wilderness Areas do not allow motorized or mechanized vehicles , including bicycles . Although camping and fishing are usually allowed with a proper permit , no roads or buildings are constructed and there is also no logging or mining , in compliance with the 1964 Wilderness Act . Wilderness areas within National Forests and Bureau of Land Management areas also allow hunting in season .


query: The 41st president of the United States was George H. W. Bush.

pos: George H. W. Bush George Herbert Walker Bush ( born June 12 , 1924 ) is an American politician who was the 41st President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 and the 43rd Vice President of the United States from 1981 to 1989 . A member of the Republican Party , he was previously a congressman , ambassador , and Director of Central Intelligence . He is the oldest living former President and Vice President . Since 2000 , Bush has often been referred to as `` George H. W. Bush '' , `` Bush 41 '' , `` Bush the Elder '' , or `` George Bush Senior '' to distinguish him from his eldest son , George W. Bush , who became the 43rd President of the United States after the 2000 election .   Bush was born in Milton , Massachusetts , to Prescott Bush and Dorothy Walker Bush . Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 , Bush postponed his university studies , enlisted in the U.S. Navy on his 18th birthday , and became the youngest aviator in the U.S. Navy at the time . He served until the end of the war , then attended Yale University . Graduating in 1948 , he moved his family to West Texas and entered the oil business , becoming a millionaire by the age of 40 . Bush became involved in politics soon after founding his own oil company , and he won election to the House of Representatives in 1966 . In 1971 , President Richard Nixon appointed Bush as Ambassador to the United Nations , and in 1973 , Bush became the Chairman of the Republican National Committee . The following year , President Gerald Ford appointed Bush as the ambassador to the People 's Republic of China , and later reassigned Bush to the position of Director of Central Intelligence . Bush ran for president in 1980 but was defeated in the Republican primary by Ronald Reagan . Reagan chose Bush as his running mate , and Bush became vice president after the Reagan -- Bush ticket won the 1980 election . During his eight-year tenure as vice president , Bush headed administration task forces on deregulation and fighting the `` War on Drugs '' .   In 1988 , Bush ran a successful campaign to succeed Reagan as President , defeating Democratic opponent Michael Dukakis . Foreign policy drove the Bush presidency : military operations were conducted in Panama and the Persian Gulf ; the Berlin Wall fell in 1989 , and the Soviet Union dissolved two years later . Though the agreement was not ratified until after he left office , Bush also signed the North American Free Trade Agreement , which created a trade bloc consisting of the United States , Canada , and Mexico . Domestically , Bush reneged on a 1988 campaign promise and , after a struggle with Congress , signed an increase in taxes that Congress had passed . In the wake of a weak recovery from an economic recession , along with continuing budget deficits and the diminution of foreign politics as a major issue in a post-Cold War political climate , he lost the 1992 presidential election to Democrat Bill Clinton .   Bush left office in 1993 . His presidential library was dedicated in 1997 , and he has been active -- often alongside Bill Clinton -- in various humanitarian activities . With George W. Bush 's victory in the 2000 presidential election , Bush and his son became the second father-son combination to serve as president , following John Adams and John Quincy Adams . Another member of the Bush family , Bush 's second son Jeb Bush , served as the 43rd Governor of Florida ( 1999 -- 2007 ) and sought the Republican presidential nomination in 2016 .

neg: Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt The presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt began on March 4 , 1933 , when he was inaugurated as the 32nd President of the United States , and ended upon his death on April 12 , 1945 , a span of ( 4422 days ) . Roosevelt assumed the presidency in the midst of the Great Depression . Starting with his landslide victory over Republican President Herbert Hoover in the 1932 election . He won a record four presidential terms , and became a central figure in world affairs during World War II . His program for relief , recovery and reform , known as the New Deal , involved a great expansion of the role of the federal government in the economy . Under his steady leadership , the Democratic Party built a `` New Deal Coalition '' of labor unions , big city machines , white ethnics , African Americans , and rural white Southerners , that would significantly realign American politics for the next several decades in the Fifth Party System and also define modern American liberalism .   During his first hundred days in office , Roosevelt spearheaded unprecedented major legislation and issued a profusion of executive orders that instituted the New Deal -- a variety of programs designed to produce relief ( government jobs for the unemployed ) , recovery ( economic growth ) , and reform ( through regulation of Wall Street , banks and transportation ) . He created numerous programs to support the unemployed and farmers , and to encourage labor union growth while more closely regulating business and high finance . The repeal of Prohibition in 1933 added to his popularity , helping him win re-election by a landslide in 1936 . The economy improved rapidly from 1933 to 1937 , but then relapsed into a deep recession in 1937 -- 38 . The bipartisan Conservative Coalition that formed in 1937 prevented his attempted packing of the Supreme Court , and blocked most of his legislative proposals , aside from the Fair Labor Standards Act . When the war began and unemployment largely became a non-issue , conservatives in Congress repealed the two major relief programs , the WPA and CCC , but kept most of the regulations on business . Along with several smaller programs , major surviving programs from the New Deal include the Securities and Exchange Commission , the Wagner Act , the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation , and Social Security .   A potential worldwide war loomed after 1937 , with the Japanese invasion of China and the aggression of Nazi Germany , which invaded Poland in September 1939 . Roosevelt remained officially neutral but gave strong diplomatic and financial support to China , the United Kingdom , Free France , and the Soviet Union via initiatives such as the Lend-Lease programs . Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7 , 1941 , Roosevelt sought and obtained a declaration of war upon Japan . A few days later , he sought and obtained a declaration of war upon the other major Axis powers , Germany and Italy . Assisted by his top aide Harry Hopkins , and with very strong national support , he worked closely with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill , Soviet leader Joseph Stalin , and Chinese Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek in leading the Allies during World War II . He supervised the mobilization of the U.S. economy to support the war effort , and the war saw the end of the massive unemployment that characterized the Great Depression . Roosevelt sought to desegregate the federal workforce with the Fair Employment Practice Committee , but he also controversially ordered the internment of 100,000 Japanese American civilians . As an active military leader , Roosevelt implemented a war strategy on two fronts that ended in the defeat of the Axis Powers and the development of the world 's first nuclear bomb . Though he died months before the end of the war , his work on the post-war order shaped the new United Nations and the Bretton Woods international financial system . Roosevelt 's health seriously declined during the war years , and he died three months into his fourth term . He was succeeded by Vice President Harry S. Truman . It was on Roosevelt 's watch that the Democratic Party was returned to dominance , prosperity returned , and two great military enemies were destroyed .   Scholars , historians and the public typically rank Roosevelt alongside Abraham Lincoln and George Washington as one of the three greatest U.S. Presidents .

neg: National Security and Homeland Security Presidential Directive The National Security and Homeland Security Presidential Directive ( National Security Presidential Directive NSPD 51/Homeland Security Presidential Directive HSPD-20 , sometimes called simply `` Executive Directive 51 '' for short ) , created and signed by President of the United States George W. Bush on May 4 , 2007 , is a Presidential Directive which claims power to execute procedures for continuity of the federal government in the event of a `` catastrophic emergency '' . Such an emergency is construed as `` any incident , regardless of location , that results in extraordinary levels of mass casualties , damage , or disruption severely affecting the U.S. population , infrastructure , environment , economy , or government functions . ''   The unclassified portion of the directive was posted on the White House website on May 9 , 2007 , without any further announcement or press briefings , although Special Assistant to George W. Bush Gordon Johndroe answered several questions on the matter when asked about it by members of the press in early June 2007 .

neg: United States House of Representatives elections, 2004 Elections to the United States House of Representatives for the 109th Congress were held on November 2 , 2004 . The House of Representatives has 435 seats . It coincided with the reelection of President George W. Bush . In the 108th Congress , Republicans held 227 seats , Democrats held 205 , with two Republican vacancies and one independent . As a result of this election , the 109th Congress began composed of 232 Republicans , 201 Democrats , one independent ( who caucuses with the Democrats ) , and one vacancy ( Democratic Representative Bob Matsui won reelection , but died on January 1 , 2005 , just three days before the beginning of the 109th Congress . ) . The Republicans thereby built up their House majority by 3 seats ( gaining 8 but losing 5 ) .   Democrats gained open seats in Colorado , South Dakota ( through a 2004 special election ) and New York and ousting incumbents in Georgia and Illinois . Republicans gained an open seat in Kentucky and ousted an incumbent in Indiana . A pair of seats in Louisiana swapped party control . Republicans gained several redistricted seats in Texas .   On the same date were the 2004 Presidential election , the 2004 Senate election , and many state gubernatorial elections .

neg: United States presidential election in Alaska, 2004 The 2004 United States presidential election in Alaska took place on November 2 , 2004 throughout all 50 states and D.C. , which was part of the 2004 presidential election . Voters chose 3 representatives , or electors to the Electoral College , who voted for President and Vice President .   Alaska was won by incumbent President George W. Bush by a 25.6 % margin of victory . Prior to the election , all 12 news organizations considered this a state Bush would win , or otherwise considered as a safe red state . It has voted for a Republican presidential nominee in every presidential election since statehood , except for 1964 .

neg: Bill Clinton presidential campaign Bill Clinton , the 42nd President of the United States , has successfully run for president twice :   * Bill Clinton presidential campaign , 1992  Bill Clinton presidential campaign , 1996

neg: New Democrats New Democrats , also called Centrist Democrats , Clinton Democrats or Moderate Democrats , are a relatively `` centrist '' ideological faction within the Democratic Party that emerged after the victory of Republican George H. W. Bush in the 1988 presidential election . Describing themselves as `` centrist '' , they are an economically conservative and `` Third Way '' faction which dominated the party for around 20 years , starting in the late 1980s after the US populace turned much further to the political right . They are represented by organizations such as the New Democrat Network and the New Democrat Coalition .

neg: George W. Bush George Walker Bush ( born July 6 , 1946 ) is an American politician who served as the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009 . He was also the 46th Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000 . After graduating from Yale University in 1968 and Harvard Business School in 1975 , he worked in the oil industry . Bush married Laura Welch in 1977 and ran unsuccessfully for the House of Representatives shortly thereafter . He later co-owned the Texas Rangers baseball team before defeating Ann Richards in the 1994 Texas gubernatorial election . Bush was elected president in 2000 after a close and controversial win over Democratic rival Al Gore , becoming the fourth president to be elected while receiving fewer popular votes than his opponent .   From a prominent political family , he is the eldest son of Barbara and George H. W. Bush , the 41st President of the United States , making him only the second president to assume the nation 's highest office after his father , following the lead of John Quincy Adams . His brother , Jeb Bush , a former Governor of Florida , was a candidate for the Republican presidential nomination in the 2016 presidential election . His paternal grandfather , Prescott Bush , was a United States Senator from Connecticut .   The September 11 terrorist attacks occurred eight months into Bush 's first term as president . Bush responded with what became known as the Bush Doctrine : launching a `` War on Terror '' , an international military campaign that included the war in Afghanistan in 2001 and the Iraq War in 2003 . He also promoted policies on the economy , health care , education , Social Security reform , and amending the Constitution to prohibit same-sex marriage . He signed into law broad tax cuts , the Patriot Act , the No Child Left Behind Act , the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act , Medicare prescription drug benefits for seniors , and funding for the AIDS relief program known as PEPFAR . His tenure included national debates on immigration , Social Security , electronic surveillance , and torture .   In the 2004 Presidential race , Bush defeated Democratic Senator John Kerry in another relatively close election . After his re-election , Bush received increasingly heated criticism from across the political spectrum for his handling of the Iraq War , Hurricane Katrina , and other challenges . Amid this criticism , the Democratic Party regained control of Congress in the 2006 elections . In December 2007 , the United States entered its longest post-World War II recession , often referred to as the `` Great Recession '' , prompting the Bush administration to obtain congressional passage of multiple economic programs intended to preserve the country 's financial system . Nationally , Bush was both one of the most popular and unpopular presidents in history , having received the highest recorded presidential approval ratings in the wake of the September 11 attacks , as well as one of the lowest approval ratings during the 2008 financial crisis .   Bush left office in 2009 , returning to Texas where he purchased a home in Crawford . He wrote a memoir , Decision Points . His presidential library was opened in 2013 . His presidency has been ranked among the worst in historians ' polls published in the late 2000s and 2010s .

neg: 1940 State of the Union Address The 1940 State of the Union Address was given by the 32nd President of the United States , Franklin D. Roosevelt , on January 3 , 1940 , to both houses of Congress . It was given right before the United States entered World War II . He said , `` You are well aware that dictatorships -- and the philosophy of force that justifies and accompanies dictatorships -- have originated in almost every case in the necessity for drastic action to improve internal conditions in places where democratic action for one reason or another has failed to respond to modern needs and modern demands . ''

neg: Economic policy of the Barack Obama administration The economic policy of the Barack Obama administration was characterized by moderate tax increases on higher income Americans designed to fund healthcare reform , reduce the federal budget deficit , and improve income inequality . His first term ( 2009 -- 2013 ) included measures designed to address the Great Recession and Subprime mortgage crisis , which began in 2007 . These included a major stimulus package , banking regulation , and comprehensive healthcare reform . As the economy improved and robust job creation continued during his second term ( 2013 -- 2017 ) , the Bush tax cuts were allowed to expire for the highest income taxpayers and a spending sequester ( cap ) was implemented , to further reduce the deficit back to typical historical levels . Towards the end of his tenure , the U.S. economy was nearing full employment such that the Federal Reserve began raising interest rates , real household income was nearing its pre-crisis peak , gas prices were very low , and GDP grew 3.5 % . He also implemented several environmental executive orders to address climate change and encourage clean energy industries , as the U.S. enjoyed an unprecedented increase in energy production . Both the stock market and corporate profits reached record high levels during his tenure , while inflation and interest rates remained near record low levels .   Conceptually , Obama advocated using government regulation to stem crony capitalism and tax revenue to stabilize and promote economic growth . Two of his important economic advisers were Jason Furman of Harvard University and Jeffrey Liebman of Harvard University . In 2006 , Obama wrote , `` We should be asking ourselves what mix of policies will lead to a dynamic free market and widespread economic security , entrepreneurial innovation and upward mobility -LSB- ... -RSB- we should be guided by what works . '' Speaking before the National Press Club in April 2005 , he defended the New Deal social welfare policies of Franklin D. Roosevelt , associating Republican proposals to establish private accounts for Social Security with Social Darwinism .

neg: United States presidential election in Mississippi, 2004 The 2004 United States presidential election in Mississippi took place on November 2 , 2004 throughout all 50 states and D.C. , which was part of the 2004 United States presidential election . Voters chose 6 representatives , or electors to the Electoral College , who voted for President and Vice President .   Mississippi was won by incumbent President George W. Bush by a 19.7 % margin of victory . Prior to the election , all 12 news organizations considered this a state Bush would win , or otherwise considered as a safe red state . Southern Democrat Jimmy Carter was the last Democrat to carry this state , in the 1976 election . U.S. President George W. Bush won here in 2004 carrying a majority of the counties and congressional districts .

neg: United States presidential election in Mississippi, 1988 The 1988 United States presidential election in Mississippi took place on November 8 , 1988 . All 50 states and the District of Columbia , were part of the 1988 United States presidential election . Mississippi voters chose 7 electors to the Electoral College , which selected the President and Vice President .   Mississippi was won by incumbent United States Vice President George H. W. Bush of Texas , who was running against Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis . Bush ran with Indiana Senator Dan Quayle as Vice President , and Dukakis ran with Texas Senator Lloyd Bentsen .   Mississippi weighed in for this election as 6 % more Republican than the national average .

neg: United States presidential election in Arizona, 2000 The 2000 United States presidential election in Arizona took place on November 7 , 2000 throughout all 50 states and D.C. , which was part of the 2000 United States presidential election . Voters chose 8 representatives , or electors to the Electoral College , who voted for President and Vice President .   Arizona was won by Governor George W. Bush by a 6.3 % margin of victory . Ralph Nader received 3 % , as all of the other candidates received a combined 1 % . Pre-election polling showed that Bush had a solid lead of Gore . Bush won all the congressional districts , except Arizona 's 2nd congressional district . The key for Bush 's victory was Maricopa County , which has by far the highest population in the state . Bush made history by winning Greenlee County . This thinly populated working class county , which has been dependent on copper mining as the basis for its economy , had voted Democratic in every election since Arizona achieved statehood from 1912 to 1996 , and now is a Republican stronghold in the 21st century .

neg: 2008 State of the Union Address The 2008 State of the Union address was a speech given by United States President George W. Bush on January 28 , 2008 , at 9:00 p.m. EST to a joint session of Congress . It was the last State of the Union Address of Bush 's presidency . The speech was delivered in the United States House of Representatives in the United States Capitol . Sitting behind the president were the presiding officers of the United States Senate , Vice President Dick Cheney , and the United States House of Representatives , House Speaker Nancy Pelosi .

neg: Robert Gates Robert Michael `` Bob '' Gates ( born September 25 , 1943 ) is an American statesman , scholar , and university president who served as the 22nd United States Secretary of Defense from 2006 to 2011 . Gates initially began his career serving as an officer in the United States Air Force but was quickly recruited by the CIA . Gates served for 26 years in the Central Intelligence Agency and the National Security Council , and was Director of Central Intelligence under President George H. W. Bush . After leaving the CIA , Gates became president of Texas A&M University and was a member of several corporate boards . Gates served as a member of the Iraq Study Group , the bipartisan commission co-chaired by James A. Baker III and Lee H. Hamilton , that studied the lessons of the Iraq War .   Gates was nominated by Republican President George W. Bush as Secretary of Defense after the 2006 election , replacing Donald Rumsfeld . He was confirmed with bipartisan support . In a 2007 profile written by former National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski , Time named Gates one of the year 's most influential people . In 2008 , Gates was named one of America 's Best Leaders by U.S. News & World Report . He continued to serve as Secretary of Defense in President Barack Obama 's administration . He retired in 2011 . `` He 'll be remembered for making us aware of the danger of over-reliance on military intervention as an instrument of American foreign policy , '' said former Senator David L. Boren . Gates was presented the Presidential Medal of Freedom , the nation 's highest civilian award , by President Obama during his retirement ceremony . According to a Washington Post book review , he is `` widely considered the best defense secretary of the post-World War II era '' .   Since leaving the Obama Administration , Gates has been elected President of the Boy Scouts of America , served as Chancellor of the College of William & Mary , and served as a member on several corporate boards .

neg: Herding Cats: A Life in Politics Herding Cats : A Life in Politics is a book written by U.S. Senator Trent Lott , a Republican from Mississippi . Published by HarperCollins Publishers , Inc. on August 23 , 2005 , the book spans 320 pages . The major points of the book are Lott 's childhood in Grenada and Pascagoula , Mississippi , including his struggles with his alcoholic father ; his election to Congress ; his years in the House of Representatives during the Nixon , Carter , and Reagan administrations ( including his service as Minority Whip in that body ) ; and his service in the Senate , especially his service as Majority Leader during the Clinton and Bush Administrations . He recounts the formative events of his youth and the stories from his political life . From his decision to support Gerald Ford over Ronald Reagan in the 1976 Republican primary to his working partnership with Senate Democratic leader Tom Daschle during the Clinton impeachment and the September 11 attacks in 2001 , Lott traces the inner workings of congressional life .   One major focus of the book is the comments Lott made at the birthday party of Sen. Strom Thurmond in 2002 and the subsequent intense media coverage , which eventually led to his resignation as the Senate Majority Leader in December 2002 . Lott names several figures who he believes orchestrated his downfall , including members of President George W. Bush 's administration , such as then-Secretary of State , Colin Powell , and former Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) head Joe Allbaugh ( who Lott claims has admitted that he intended to bring Lott down as Majority Leader ) ; as well as the successor to Lott as Majority Leader , Sen. Bill Frist .   Lott suggests that his forced resignation was a `` strategic plan '' devised by Bush and others who wanted Frist to take his place , since Frist supported key White House policies like the Medicare expansion , which Lott opposed . Lott notes , however , that his response to the Thurmond controversy played poorly in the media .   Lott wrote in the book that Frist betrayed him by not telling him about Frist 's decision to run for majority leader beforehand . Lott says he took Frist as his protégé , as Frist had no political/public experience when he was first elected to the Senate .   Some suggested that Lott 's book , which portrayed Frist in a negative light , was designed to impede Frist 's possible presidential campaign , but Frist did not run . Lott indicated in the book that he had repaired his relationship with Frist to some extent .   Lott also emphasizes his years as Majority Whip in the House and his years as Majority Leader in the Senate , where Lott claims to have built an efficient vote-getting organization and played a key role in several legislative accomplishments , including the Reagan-era budget cuts and tax cuts , and welfare reform and the tobacco settlement during the Clinton years . This emphasis may tie into Lott 's ambition to rejoin the Senate Republican Leadership .

neg: Electoral history of Dick Cheney Electoral history of Dick Cheney , 46th Vice President of the United States ( 2001 -- 2009 ) , 17th United States Secretary of Defense ( 1989 -- 1993 ) , United States Representative from Wyoming ( 1979 -- 1989 , including Minority Whip , 1989 ) and White House Chief of Staff ( 1975 -- 1977 )   Wyoming 's At-large congressional district , 1978 ( Republican primary ) :   Wyoming 's At-large congressional district , 1978 :   Wyoming 's At-large congressional district , 1980 :   Wyoming 's At-large congressional district , 1982 :   Wyoming 's At-large congressional district , 1984 :   Wyoming 's At-large congressional district , 1986 :   Wyoming 's At-large congressional district , 1988   United States Secretary of Defense , 1989 ( Confirmation in the United States Senate ) :  Yea -- 92  Nay -- 0  Not voting -- 8   2000 Republican National Convention ( Vice Presidential tally ) :  Dick Cheney -- 2,066 ( 100.00 % )   United States presidential election , 2000 :  George W. Bush/Dick Cheney ( R ) -- 50,460,110 ( 47.9 % ) and 271 electoral votes ( 30 states carried )  Al Gore/Joe Lieberman ( D ) -- 51,003,926 ( 48.4 % ) and 266 electoral votes ( 20 states and D.C. carried )  Abstaining -- 1 electoral vote ( Washington , D.C. faithless elector )  Ralph Nader/Winona LaDuke ( Green ) -- 2,883,105 ( 2.7 % )  Pat Buchanan/Ezola Foster ( Reform ) -- 449,225 ( 0.4 % )  Harry Browne/Art Olivier ( Libertarian ) -- 384,516 ( 0.4 % )  Howard Phillips/Curtis Frazier ( Constitution ) -- 98,022 ( 0.1 % )  John Hagelin/Nat Goldhaber ( Natural Law ) -- 83,702 ( 0.1 % )  Others -- 54,652 ( 0.1 % )   2004 Republican National Convention ( Vice Presidential tally ) :  Dick Cheney -- unamiously   United States presidential election , 2004 :  George W. Bush/Dick Cheney ( R ) ( inc. ) -- 62,040,610 ( 50.73 % ) and 286 electoral votes ( 31 states carried )  John Kerry/John Edwards ( D ) -- 59,028,444 ( 48.27 % ) and 251 electoral votes ( 19 states and D.C. carried )  John Edwards ( D ) -- 1 electoral vote ( Minnesota faithless elector )  Ralph Nader/Peter Camejo ( I ) -- 465,650 ( 0.38 % )  Michael Badnarik/Richard Campagna ( Libertarian ) -- 397,265 ( 0.32 % )  Michael Peroutka/Chuck Baldwin ( Constitution ) -- 143,630 ( 0.12 % )  David Cobb/Pat LaMarche ( Green ) -- 119,859 ( 0.096 % )

neg: United States Senate elections, 1990 The United States Senate elections , 1990 were held on Tuesday , November 6 , 1990 . The Democratic Party increased its majority with a net gain of one seat from the Republican Party . The election took place in the middle of President George H. W. Bush 's term , and , as with most other midterm elections , the party not holding the presidency gained seats in Congress .   Only one seat changed parties in this election , as Democrat Paul Wellstone defeated incumbent Republican Rudy Boschwitz ( R-MN ) . Democrats would gain a 57th seat after Harris Wofford won a 1991 special election to replace H. John Heinz III ( R-PA ) , who had died in a plane crash .

neg: Richard Nixon Foundation The Richard Nixon Foundation is a not-for-profit organization based at the Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum in Yorba Linda , California . It was founded in the late 1980s by Richard Nixon , 37th President of the United States , and served as the governing body of the Nixon Library for nearly twenty years . Today it operates the Nixon Library in conjunction with the National Archives and Records Administration , which is an entity of the federal government of the United States , in addition to undertaking charitable and education-based activities .   The Nixon Foundation founded , controlled and operated the Nixon Library from the library 's dedication on July 19 , 1990 until July 11 , 2007 , at which the Foundation invited the National Archives to take control . The two entities signed a joint operating agreement which allowed the library to become officially known as the Richard Nixon Presidential Library , welcoming it into the national system of presidential libraries . This move allowed President Nixon 's White House documents to be moved to his library in Yorba Linda .   The Nixon Foundation is governed by a Board of Directors , led by former Nixon White House Director of Presidential Advance Ronald H. Walker . The board includes President Nixon 's daughters Tricia Nixon Cox and Julie Nixon Eisenhower , his brother Edward Nixon , former Ambassador George Argyros former California Governor Pete Wilson , and longest-serving Vietnam War POW Everett Alvarez , Jr. . The Foundation 's President and CEO is William Baribault .   The Foundation has hosted United States presidents , first ladies and several vice presidents . Also hosted have been public affairs commentators such as Bill O'Reilly , academics such as Doris Kearns Goodwin , and Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer .   The library includes `` Meet the Presidents , '' in which presidential impersonators speak to several hundred school-aged children . To commemorate the 10th anniversary of the September 11 , 2001 attacks , the Nixon Foundation brought 16 tons of warped steel from the World Trade Center and a damaged , first-responder FDNY firetruck to the Nixon Library for viewing .   Before the National Archives took over its management , the Nixon Library had been accused by several media outlets of glossing over Nixon 's 1974 resignation with `` whitewashed '' exhibits . In 2007 , the National Archives removed the 17 year old Watergate exhibit and , after three years , the new exhibit was scheduled to open in July 2010 . The Nixon Foundation objected to the proposed exhibit , because the Nixon Foundation was not consulted in the way that other presidential foundations had been consulted with similar situations . The Foundation filed a 158 page memorandum to the Assistant Archivist for Presidential Libraries expressing their dissatisfaction and NARA stated a committee would review the objection but gave no timeline for when that process would be concluded . The exhibit opened on March 31 , 2011 .

neg: United States presidential election in New York, 1980 The 1980 United States presidential election in New York took place on November 4 , 1980 . All 50 states and The District of Columbia , were part of the 1980 United States presidential election . New York voters chose forty one electors to the Electoral College , which voted for President and Vice President .   New York was won by former California Governor Ronald Reagan , in a narrow victory against President of the United States Jimmy Carter , who failed to gain reelection against Reagan . Also in the running was Independent candidate Congressman John B. Anderson of Illinois , who ran in New York as the Liberal Party candidate .   Reagan won the state with a plurality of 46.66 % of the vote to Carter 's 43.99 % , a margin of 2.67 % . Anderson finished in third with 7.54 % .   New York 's election results reflect the Republican Party 's re-consolidation of base under what is popularly called the `` Reagan Revolution , '' which sounded various overwhelming conservative electoral victories across the United States throughout the 1980s - and most evidently against the relatively unpopular President Carter during the 1980 presidential election .   New York weighed in for this election as more Democratic than the national average by about 7 % .   This election is notable in that , while the highly populated regions of New York City , Buffalo , and Albany turned out for Carter , the election in the state was tipped by the majority of less-populated upstate counties , combined with heavily populated suburban counties around NYC , most of which were won by Reagan . Carter actually picked up plurality wins in 2 counties which he had lost in 1976 : Monroe County , home to the city of Rochester , and Niagara County .   A major contributing factor to Reagan 's victory over Carter was the relatively strong third party showing by independent candidate John B. Anderson , a former liberal Republican congressman who garnered 8 % of the vote in the State - twice the 4 % margin by which Carter had won New York in 1976 . Running on the ballot line of New York 's Liberal Party , Anderson attracted the votes of many liberals and moderates who normally leaned Democratic but were dissatisfied with the policies of the Carter Administration , thus splitting the left-leaning vote in New York State .   In the heavily populated , and very liberal , 5 boroughs of New York City , Carter still won overall , and Reagan made only modest gains in vote share over Gerald Ford 's 1976 showing of 33 % , taking 37 % in the city in 1980 . However , although still winning 4 out of 5 boroughs , Carter bled a massive amount of support in the city to Anderson , dropping from 66 % in 1976 to only 55 % in 1980 . Since Democratic victories in New York State in that era depended on running up massive margins in New York City to overcome the rest of the state 's Republican lean , the reduced margin in the city from vote-splitting would prove fatal to Carter 's chances of winning the state in 1980 . While Reagan only bled about 1 % of Republican base support in the state ( winning a plurality in a 3-way-race with 46.66 % while Gerald Ford had lost the state in a two-man race with 47.52 % in 1976 ) , Carter bled nearly 8 % of his 1976 support , falling from a 51.95 % majority win in 1976 to a losing 43.99 % in 1980 , most of those lost Democratic base votes going to Anderson instead .   This remains the last election in which a Republican presidential nominee has won Tompkins County in upstate New York , home to the college town of Ithaca , where Cornell University and Ithaca College are located . Reagan narrowly won the county with a plurality of 42 % to Carter 's 40 % , while Anderson took nearly 14 % , making it Anderson 's strongest county in the state . In 1984 , Tompkins County would vote against Reagan and in the following years it would become the most Democratic county in upstate New York , giving Barack Obama over 70 % of the vote in 2008 .

neg: United States presidential election, 1992 The United States presidential election of 1992 was the 52nd quadrennial presidential election . It was held on Tuesday , November 3 , 1992 . There were three major candidates : Incumbent Republican President George H. W. Bush , Democratic Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton , and independent Texas businessman Ross Perot .   Bush had alienated much of his conservative base by breaking his 1988 campaign pledge against raising taxes . The economy was in recession and Bush 's perceived greatest strength , foreign policy , was regarded as much less important following the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the relatively peaceful climate in the Middle East after the defeat of Iraq in the Gulf War .   Clinton won a plurality in the popular vote , and a wide Electoral College margin . The election was a significant realigning election after three consecutive Republican landslides . Northeastern , Upper Midwest , and West Coast states which had previously been competitive began voting reliably Democratic . As of 2016 , this is the most recent election in which an incumbent president was unseated , the previous one having been the 1980 election in which Ronald Reagan unseated then-incumbent Jimmy Carter .   Perot 's campaign took 18.9 % of the vote , finishing second in Maine and Utah . This was noted for being the highest vote share of a third-party candidate since 1912 , though he did not obtain any electoral votes .   As of 2017 , this is the last time Georgia and Montana voted for the Democratic candidate , and the last time the state of Florida was on the losing end of the presidential election .