query: William McKinley was a United States citizen.

pos: William McKinley William McKinley Jr. ( January 29 , 1843 -- September 14 , 1901 ) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 25th President of the United States from March 4 , 1897 until his assassination in September 1901 , six months into his second term . McKinley led the nation to victory in the Spanish -- American War , raised protective tariffs to promote American industry , and maintained the nation on the gold standard in a rejection of inflationary proposals .   McKinley was the last president to have served in the American Civil War , and the only one to have started the war as an enlisted soldier , beginning as a private in the Union Army and ending as a brevet major . After the war , he settled in Canton , Ohio , where he practiced law and married Ida Saxton . In 1876 , he was elected to Congress , where he became the Republican Party 's expert on the protective tariff , which he promised would bring prosperity . His 1890 McKinley Tariff was highly controversial ; which together with a Democratic redistricting aimed at gerrymandering him out of office , led to his defeat in the Democratic landslide of 1890 . He was elected Ohio 's governor in 1891 and 1893 , steering a moderate course between capital and labor interests . With the aid of his close adviser Mark Hanna , he secured the Republican nomination for president in 1896 , amid a deep economic depression . He defeated his Democratic rival , William Jennings Bryan , after a front-porch campaign in which he advocated `` sound money '' ( the gold standard unless altered by international agreement ) and promised that high tariffs would restore prosperity .   Rapid economic growth marked McKinley 's presidency . He promoted the 1897 Dingley Tariff to protect manufacturers and factory workers from foreign competition , and in 1900 , he secured the passage of the Gold Standard Act . McKinley hoped to persuade Spain to grant independence to rebellious Cuba without conflict , but when negotiation failed , he led the nation into the Spanish -- American War of 1898 ; the U.S. victory was quick and decisive . As part of the peace settlement , Spain turned over to the United States its main overseas colonies of Puerto Rico , Guam , and the Philippines ; Cuba was promised independence , but at that time remained under the control of the U.S. Army . The United States annexed the independent Republic of Hawaii in 1898 and it became a U.S. territory .   Historians regard McKinley 's 1896 victory as a realigning election , in which the political stalemate of the post -- Civil War era gave way to the Republican-dominated Fourth Party System , which began with the Progressive Era . McKinley defeated Bryan again in the 1900 presidential election , in a campaign focused on imperialism , protectionism , and free silver . However , his legacy was quickly cut short when he was shot on September 6 , 1901 by Leon Czolgosz , a second-generation Polish-American with anarchist leanings ; McKinley died eight days later , and was succeeded by his Vice President Theodore Roosevelt . As an innovator of American interventionism and pro-business sentiment , McKinley 's presidency is generally considered above average , though his universally positive public perception was soon overshadowed by Roosevelt .

neg: Inauguration of Franklin Pierce The inauguration of Franklin Pierce as the 14th President of the United States was held on Friday , March 4 , 1853 on the East Portico at the United States Capitol in Washington , D.C. . The inauguration marked the commencement of Franklin Pierce 's only four-year term as President and William R. King 's only term as Vice President . Chief Justice Roger B. Taney administered the presidential oath of office . Pierce affirmed the oath of office rather than swear it , and was also the first president to recite his inaugural address from memory .   Ill with tuberculosis , King was in Cuba in an effort to recover in the warmer climate , and was not able to be in Washington to take his oath of office on March 4 . By a Special Act of Congress , he was allowed to take the oath outside the United States , and was sworn in on March 24 , 1853 . He is the only vice president to be sworn in in a foreign country . King died days into his term , and the office remained vacant for the balance of it . ( Prior to ratification of the Twenty-fifth Amendment in 1967 , no constitutional provision existed for filling an intra-term vacancy in the vice presidency . )

neg: List of Presidents of the United States who were Freemasons Of the 44 people who have been President of the United States , roughly one-third ( 14 , or by some counts 15 * ) were Freemasons . Along with the presidents listed below , Lyndon Johnson had been initiated into the 1st Degree of Freemasonry ( an `` Entered Apprentice '' ) but did not advance any further and did not become a full member of his lodge , Ronald Reagan was made an honorary Freemason , and Bill Clinton as a youth was a member of the Order of DeMolay .   * - Because of LBJ 's initiation into the fraternal organization , many lists of Freemason Presidents include him , with a total of 15 .   ( It can also be noted that some historians state that David Rice Atchison , member of Platte Lodge No. 56 , Mo , served as `` Ex-officio president '' for one day : March 4 , 1849 . )

neg: Texas annexation The Texas annexation was the 1845 incorporation of the Republic of Texas into the United States of America , which was admitted to the Union as the 28th state on December 29 , 1845 .   The Republic of Texas declared independence from the Republic of Mexico on March 2 , 1836 . At the time the vast majority of the Texian population favored the annexation of the Republic by the United States . The leadership of both major American political parties , the Democrats and the Whigs , opposed the introduction of Texas , a vast slave-holding region , into the volatile political climate of the pro- and anti-slavery sectional controversies in Congress . Moreover , they wished to avoid a war with Mexico , whose government refused to acknowledge the sovereignty of its rebellious northern province . With Texas 's economic fortunes declining by the early 1840s , the President of the Texas Republic , Sam Houston , arranged talks with Mexico to explore the possibility of securing official recognition of independence , with Great Britain mediating .   In 1843 , U.S. President John Tyler , unaligned with any political party , decided independently to pursue the annexation of Texas in a bid to gain a base of popular support for another four years in office . His official motivation was to outmaneuver suspected diplomatic efforts by the British government for emancipation of slaves in Texas , which would undermine slavery in the United States . Through secret negotiations with the Houston administration , Tyler secured a treaty of annexation in April 1844 . When the documents were submitted to the US Senate for ratification , the details of the terms of annexation became public and the question of acquiring Texas took center stage in the presidential election of 1844 .  Pro-Texas-annexation southern Democratic delegates denied their anti-annexation leader Martin Van Buren the nomination at their party 's convention in May 1844 . In alliance with pro-expansion northern Democratic colleagues , they secured the nomination of James K. Polk , who ran on a pro-Texas Manifest Destiny platform .   In June 1844 , the Senate , with its Whig majority , soundly rejected the Tyler -- Texas treaty . The pro-annexation Democrat Polk narrowly defeated anti-annexation Whig Henry Clay in the November 1844 presidential election . In December 1844 , lame-duck President Tyler called on Congress to pass his treaty by simple majorities in each house . The Democratic-dominated House of Representatives complied with his request by passing an amended bill expanding on the pro-slavery provisions of the Tyler treaty . The Senate narrowly passed a compromise version of the House bill ( by the vote of the minority Democrats and several southern Whigs ) , designed to provide the incoming President-elect Polk the options of immediate annexation of Texas or new talks to revise the annexation terms of the House-amended bill .   On March 1 , 1845 , President Tyler signed the annexation bill , and on March 3 ( his last day in office ) , he forwarded the House version to Texas , offering immediate annexation ( which preempted Polk ) . When Polk took office the next day , he encouraged Texas to accept the Tyler offer . Texas ratified the agreement with popular approval from Texans . The bill was signed by Polk on December 29 , 1845 , accepting Texas as the 28th state of the Union . Texas formally relinquished its sovereignty to the United States on February 19 , 1846 .

neg: Dawes Act The Dawes Act of 1887 ( also known as the General Allotment Act or the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 ) ,  adopted by Congress in 1887 , authorized the President of the United States to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians . Those who accepted allotments and lived separately from the tribe would be granted United States citizenship . The Dawes Act was amended in 1891 , in 1898 by the Curtis Act , and again in 1906 by the Burke Act .   The Act was named for its creator , Senator Henry Laurens Dawes of Massachusetts . The objectives of the Dawes Act were to lift the Native Americans out of poverty , to stimulate assimilation of them into mainstream American society , and to transfer lands under Indian control to white settlers . Individual household ownership of land and subsistence farming on the European-American model was seen as an essential step . The act provided that the government would classify as `` excess '' those Indian reservation lands remaining after allotments , and sell those lands on the open market , allowing purchase and settlement by non-Native Americans .   The Dawes Commission , set up under an Indian Office appropriation bill in 1893 , was created to try to persuade the Five Civilized Tribes to agree to allotment plans . ( They had been excluded from the Dawes Act by their treaties . ) This commission registered the members of the Five Civilized Tribes on what became known as the Dawes Rolls .   The Curtis Act of 1898 amended the Dawes Act to extend its provisions to the Five Civilized Tribes ; it required abolition of their governments , allotment of communal lands to people registered as tribal members , and sale of lands declared surplus , as well as dissolving tribal courts . This completed the extinguishment of tribal land titles in Indian Territory , preparing it to be admitted to the Union as the state of Oklahoma .   During the ensuing decades , the Five Civilized Tribes lost 90 million acres of former communal lands , which were sold to non-Natives . In addition , many individuals , unfamiliar with land ownership , became the target of speculators and criminals , were stuck with allotments that were too small for profitable farming , and lost their household lands . Tribe members also suffered from the breakdown of the social structure of the tribes .   During the Great Depression , the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration supported passage on June 18 , 1934 of the US Indian Reorganization Act ( also known as the Wheeler-Howard Law ) . It ended land allotment and created a `` New Deal '' for Indians , renewing their rights to reorganize and form their self-governments .

neg: United States–Central America Treaty The United States -- Central America Treaty ( formally , the Treaty of Peace , Amity , Commerce , and Navigation between the United States of America and the Federal Republic of Central America ) is an 1825 treaty between the United States and the Federal Republic of Central America . It was the second bilateral U.S. treaty concluded with a sovereign state in the Americas .   The treaty was concluded on 5 December 1825 in Washington , D.C. by U.S. Secretary of State Henry Clay and Central American ambassador Antonio José Cañas . The treaty was ratified by both countries and it entered into force on 2 August 1826 when ratifications were exchanged in Guatemala City .   The treaty was patterned after the 1824 Anderson -- Gual Treaty between the U.S. and Gran Colombia . Like the Anderson -- Gual Treaty , the 1825 treaty granted reciprocal most-favored-nation trading status . The articles of the treaty that addressed commercial and navigation matters expired after 12 years . When the Federal Republic of Central America formally ceased to exist in 1847 , the treaty lost its legal force .

neg: Taft Commission The Taft Commission , also known as Second Philippine Commission ( Filipino : Ikalawang Komisyon ng Pilipinas ) was established by United States President William McKinley on March 16 , 1900 following the recommendations of the First Philippine Commission . The Second Commission was at first the sole legislative body of the Philippines , then known as the Philippine Islands under the sovereign control of the United States , while still under the Philippine -- American War . After the passage of the Philippine Organic Act in 1902 , the Commission functioned as a House of bicameral legislature until it was supplanted in 1916 by an elected legislature established in 1916 by the Philippine Autonomy Act .   William Howard Taft was the first head of the Philippine Commission , a post he filled between March 16 , 1900 and July 4 , 1901 , after which the commission head also became the Civil Governor of the Philippines . He held the post until January 31 , 1904 after he was appointed as the Secretary of War by Pres. Theodore Roosevelt . The Philippine Commission was subsequently headed by a number of persons , but is often mentioned informally and collectively as the `` Taft Commission '' .

neg: William Howard Taft III William Howard Taft III ( August 7 , 1915 -- February 23 , 1991 ) was an American diplomat who served as United States Ambassador to Ireland from 1953 to 1957 , and was a grandson of President William Howard Taft and First Lady Helen Louise `` Nellie '' Taft .

neg: Rafael Nieto Abeillé Rafael Nieto Abeillé , born in Cuba and educated in Spain , while serving as a prosecutor in Matanzas , Cuba , was appointed in 1896 as a trial judge in San Juan , Puerto Rico . Months later , he was appointed as a prosecutor before Puerto Rico 's highest appellate court before being appointed as a magistrate on the court in 1898 .   In July 1899 , under United States rule , military governor Davis appointed him as Puerto Rico 's Attorney General , a post that he held until April 1900 . A speaker of the English language , he helped improve communications between Davis and the legal profession . After the 1900 Foraker Act went into effect , President William McKinley on June 5 appointed him as Associate Justice of the new Supreme Court of Puerto Rico . However , he resigned nine months later , on February 26 , 1901 , to return to his native Cuba to serve in that country 's court system until his death on January 10 , 1916 .

neg: Cultural assimilation of Native Americans The cultural assimilation of Native Americans was an assimilation effort by the United States to transform Native American culture to European -- American culture between the years of 1790 -- 1920 . George Washington and Henry Knox were first to propose , in an American context , the cultural transformation of Native Americans . They formulated a policy to encourage the `` civilizing '' process . With increased waves of immigration from Europe , there was growing public support for education to encourage a standard set of cultural values and practices to be held in common by the majority of citizens . Education was viewed as the primary method in the acculturation process for minorities .   Americanization policies were based on the idea that when indigenous people learned United States ( American ) customs and values , they would be able to merge tribal traditions with American culture and peacefully join the majority of the society . After the end of the Indian Wars , in the late 19th and early 20th centuries , the government outlawed the practice of traditional religious ceremonies . It established Native American boarding schools which children were required to attend . In these schools they were forced to speak English , study standard subjects , attend church , and leave tribal traditions behind .   The Dawes Act of 1887 , which allotted tribal lands in severalty to individuals , was seen as a way to create individual homesteads for Native Americans . Land allotments were made in exchange for Native Americans ' becoming US citizens and giving up some forms of tribal self-government and institutions . It resulted in the transfer of an estimated total of 93 e6acre from Native American control . Most was sold to individuals or given out free through the Homestead law , or given directly to Indians as individuals . The Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 was also part of Americanization policy ; it gave full citizenship to all Indians living on reservations . The leading opponent of forced assimilation was John Collier , who directed the federal Office of Indian Affairs from 1933 to 1945 , and tried to reverse many of the established policies .

neg: Mutual Defense Assistance Act The Mutual Defense Assistance Act was a United States Act of Congress signed by President Harry S. Truman on 6 October 1949 . For US Foreign policy , it was the first U.S. military foreign aid legislation of the Cold War era , and initially to Europe . The Act followed Truman 's signing of the Economic Cooperation Act ( the Marshall Plan ) , on April 3 , 1948 , which provided non-military , economic reconstruction and development aid to Europe . The Act was reauthorized in 1950 , but in 1951 , it and the Economic Cooperation Act were succeeded by the Mutual Security Act , and its newly created independent agency , the Mutual Security Administration , to supervise all foreign aid programs , including both military assistance programs and non-military , economic assistance programs that bolstered the defense capability of U.S. allies .   About the same time , the Mutual Defense Assistance Control Act of 1951 , also known or referred to as the Battle Act , ( 65 Stat . 644 ; 22 U.S.C. 1611 et seq. ) was also passed ; it banned U.S. assistance to countries doing business with the Soviet Union and was so-named after its sponsor , Representative Laurie C. Battle of Alabama . Strong motivation for this ` control ' act also came from export control concerns , following their tightening by the Export control Act of 1949 over Soviet advances ; export controls were used for both domestic policy and later as an instrument of foreign policy . This is exemplified by the restrictions on export of certain strategic or military items to the Soviet bloc or to other countries which it felt , if permitted , would be detrimental to the foreign policy program of the US . This latter motive became so strong that it brought legislation directing the President to enlist the cooperation of other nations in enacting controls on trade with the Soviet block to parallel those of the United States . The benefits of the various economic and military aid programs were to be withheld from non-cooperating nations . The act covered a wide range of materials needed for the production of weapons , and was especially focused on anything that could aid atomic weapons research and construction .   As the Cold War developed , these acts were part of the American policy of containment of Communism . They importantly provided defense assistance to any ally that might be attacked by the Soviet Union or one of its allies , while other programs provided non-military economic assistance . In Asia the programs expanded with the newly established Maoist People 's Republic of China , and other areas , with the development of specific country missions , including ones in Austria ( 1947 -- 50 ) , China ( 1946 -- 48 ) , Ireland ( 1948 -- 51 ) , and Trieste ( 1947 -- 52 ) .

neg: Philippines–United States relations Philippines -- United States relations ( Filipino : Ugnayang Pilipinas at Estados Unidos ) are bilateral relations between the United States of America and its former colony , the Republic of the Philippines . The relationship between the United States and the Philippines has historically been strong and has been described as a Special Relationship . The current Philippine president Rodrigo Duterte , however , is supportive of a foreign policy that is less dependent on the United States , favoring one that prioritizes closer relations with China instead . The Philippines is one of the oldest Asian partners of the U.S. and a strategically major non-NATO ally . The United States was consistently ranked as one of the Philippines ' favorite nations in the world , with 90 % of Filipinos viewing the U.S. and 91 % viewing Americans favorably in 2002 , 90 % of Filipinos viewing U.S. influence positively in 2011 , 85 % of Filipinos viewing the U.S. and Americans favorably in 2013 , and 92 % of Filipinos viewing the U.S. favorably in 2015 , and 89 % having confidence in United States president , Barack Obama in 2014 , making the Philippines the most pro-American country in the world . On October 20 , 2016 , the President of the Philippines announced a `` separation '' from the US , both militarily and economically , in favor of alliances with China and Russia .   This article discusses Philippine -- American relations after Philippine independence from the United States in 1946 , while the article History of the Philippines ( 1898 -- 1946 ) describes the history of the Philippines during American colonial rule .

neg: United States Senate The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which , along with the United States House of Representatives , the lower chamber , composes the legislature of the United States of America .   The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The Senate is composed of senators who represent each of the several states , with each state being equally represented by two senators , regardless of their population , serving staggered terms of six years ; with fifty states presently in the Union , there are 100 U.S. Senators . From 1789 until 1913 , Senators were appointed by legislatures of the states they represented ; following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913 , they are now popularly elected . The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol , in Washington , D.C.   As the upper house , the Senate has several powers of advice and consent which are unique to it ; these include the ratification of treaties , the confirmation of Cabinet secretaries , Supreme Court justices , federal judges , other federal executive officials , flag officers , regulatory officials , ambassadors , and other federal uniformed officers . In addition to these , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for Vice President , the duty befalls upon the Senate to elect one of the top two recipients of electors for that office . It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House . The Senate is widely considered both a more deliberative and more prestigious body than the House of Representatives due to its longer terms , smaller size , and statewide constituencies , which historically led to a more collegial and less partisan atmosphere .   The presiding officer of the Senate is the Vice President of the United States , who is President of the Senate ; in their absence , the President Pro Tempore , who is customarily the senior member of the controlling party , presides over the Senate . In the early 20th century , the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began , although they are not constitutional officers .

neg: Whitelaw Reid Whitelaw Reid ( October 27 , 1837 -- December 15 , 1912 ) was an American politician and newspaper editor , as well as the author of a popular history of Ohio in the Civil War .   After assisting Horace Greeley as editor of the powerful Republican newspaper , the New York Tribune , Reid purchased the paper after Greeley 's death in 1872 and controlled it until his own death . The circulation grew to about 60,000 a day , but the weekly edition became less important . He invested heavily in new technology , such as the Hoe rotary printing press and the linotype machine , but bitterly fought against the unionized workers for control of his shop .   As a famous voice of the Republican Party , he was honored with appointments as ambassador to France and Great Britain , as well as numerous other honorific positions . Reid served as the party 's nominee for Vice President of the United States in the 1892 election . In 1898 , President William McKinley appointed him to the American commission that negotiated peace with Spain after the Spanish -- American War .

neg: 1893 State of the Union Address The 1893 State of the Union Address was written on December 4 , 1893 , by Grover Cleveland , the 24th United States President , to both houses of Congress . It was his fifth address , and his fifth year in office . He said , `` It is believed that under the recent amendment of the act extending the time for registration the Chinese laborers thereto entitled who desire to reside in this country will now avail themselves of the renewed privilege thus afforded of establishing by lawful procedure their right to remain , and that thereby the necessity of enforced deportation may to a great degree be avoided . ''

neg: Presidency of William McKinley The presidency of William McKinley began on March 4 , 1897 at noon Eastern Standard Time , when William McKinley was inaugurated as President of the United States , and ended on September 14 , 1901 , upon his assassination and death , days into his second term . McKinley , a Republican , was succeeded by Vice President Theodore Roosevelt .   The 25th United States president , he took office following the 1896 presidential election , in which he defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan , after a front-porch campaign in which he advocated `` sound money '' , promised that high tariffs would restore prosperity , and denounced Bryan 's radicalism and class warfare . He defeated Bryan again in the 1900 presidential election , in a campaign focused on imperialism , protectionism , and free silver . McKinley 's presidency marked the beginning of an era in American political history from the mid -- 1890s to 1932 that was generally dominated by the Republican Party .   McKinley led the nation to victory in the Spanish -- American War , took ownership of Hawaii , the Philippines and Puerto Rico , restored prosperity , promoted pluralism among all groups , raised protective tariffs to promote American industry , and maintained the nation on the gold standard in a rejection of inflationary proposals . Rapid economic growth marked his presidency . He promoted the 1897 Dingley Tariff to protect manufacturers and factory workers from foreign competition , and in 1900 , he secured the passage of the Gold Standard Act . McKinley hoped to persuade Spain to grant independence to rebellious Cuba without conflict , but when negotiation failed , he led the nation in the Spanish -- American War of 1898 ; the U.S. victory was quick and decisive . As part of the peace settlement , Spain turned over to the United States its main overseas colonies of Puerto Rico , Guam , and the Philippines ; Cuba was promised independence , but for a time remained under the control of the U.S. Army . The United States annexed the independent Republic of Hawaii in 1898 and it became a U.S. territory . As an innovator of American interventionism and pro-business sentiment , McKinley 's presidency is generally ranked above average . Historian Lewis L. Gould argues that McKinley was effective in domestic and foreign affairs and was `` the first modern president '' :

neg: Wendell Willkie Wendell Lewis Willkie ( born Lewis Wendell Willkie ; February 18 , 1892 -- October 8 , 1944 ) was an American lawyer and corporate executive , and the 1940 Republican nominee for President . Willkie appealed to many convention delegates as the Republican field 's only interventionist : although the U.S. remained neutral prior to Pearl Harbor , he favored greater U.S. involvement in World War II to support Britain and other Allies . His Democratic opponent , incumbent President Franklin D. Roosevelt , won the 1940 election with about 55 % of the popular vote and took the electoral college vote by a wide margin .   Willkie was born in Indiana in 1892 ; both his parents were lawyers , and he also became one . He served in World War I but was not sent to France until the final days of the war , and saw no action . Willkie settled in Akron , Ohio , where he was initially employed by Firestone , but left for a law firm , becoming one of the leaders of the Akron bar . Much of his work was representing electric utilities , and in 1929 Willkie accepted a job in New York City as counsel for Commonwealth & Southern Corporation ( C&S ) , a utility holding company . He was rapidly promoted , and became corporate president in 1933 . Roosevelt was sworn in as U.S. president soon after Willkie became head of C&S , and announced plans for a Tennessee Valley Authority ( TVA ) that would supply power in competition with C&S . Between 1933 and 1939 , Willkie fought against the TVA before Congress , in the courts , and before the public . He was ultimately unsuccessful , but sold C&S 's property for a good price , and gained public esteem .   A longtime Democratic activist , Willkie changed his party registration to Republican in late 1939 . He did not run in the 1940 presidential primaries , but positioned himself as an acceptable choice for a deadlocked convention . He sought backing from uncommitted delegates , while his supporters -- many youthful -- enthusiastically promoted his candidacy . As German forces under Hitler rampaged through western Europe in 1940 , many Republicans did not wish to nominate an isolationist like Thomas E. Dewey , and turned to Willkie , who was nominated on the sixth ballot over Ohio Senator Robert A. Taft . Willkie 's support for aid to Britain removed it as a major factor in his race against Roosevelt , and Willkie also backed the president on a peacetime draft . Both men took more isolationist positions towards the end of the race . Roosevelt won an unprecedented third term , taking 38 of the 48 states .   After the election , Willkie made two wartime foreign trips as Roosevelt 's informal envoy , and as nominal leader of the Republican Party gave the president his full support . This angered many conservatives , especially as Willkie increasingly advocated liberal or internationalist causes . Willkie ran for the Republican nomination in 1944 , but bowed out after a disastrous showing in the Wisconsin primary in April . He and Roosevelt discussed the possibility of forming , after the war , a liberal political party , but Willkie died in October 1944 before the idea could bear fruit . Willkie is remembered for giving Roosevelt vital political assistance in 1940 , which allowed the president to aid Britain in its time of crisis .

neg: William McKendree Springer William McKendree Springer ( May 30 , 1836 -- December 4 , 1903 ) was a United States Representative from Illinois .  He was born near New Lebanon , Sullivan County , Indiana , May 30 , 1836 ; moved to Jacksonville , Illinois , with his parents in 1848 ; attended the public schools in New Lebanon and Jacksonville and the Illinois College at Jacksonville where he was a member of Phi Alpha Literary Society ; graduated from Indiana University in 1858 ; studied law ; was admitted to the bar in 1859 and practiced in Lincoln , Illinois and Springfield , Illinois ; was secretary of the State constitutional convention in 1862 at the young age of 26 and briefly served as assistant secretary of the state 's senate ; traveled in Europe 1868-1871 ; was member of the Illinois House of Representatives in 1871 and 1872 ; elected as a Democrat to the Forty-fourth and to the nine succeeding Congresses ( March 4 , 1875 -- March 3 , 1895 ) . During his service in Congress he was involved in the investigation of election frauds during the Hayes-Tilden campaign . He was chairman , Committee on Expenditures in the Department of State ( Forty-fourth and Forty-fifth Congresses ) , Committee on Elections ( Forty-sixth Congress ) , Committee on Expenditures in the Department of Justice ( Forty-eighth Congress ) , Committee on Claims ( Forty-ninth Congress ) , Committee on Territories ( Fiftieth Congress ) , Committee on Ways and Means ( Fifty-second Congress ) , Committee on Banking and Currency ( Fifty-third Congress ) . While on the Committee on Territories Springer framed the bills that organized Oklahoma Territory and also created a federal judicial system for the Indian Territory . Springer created an Amendment as a `` rider '' to the Indian Appropriations Act for 1890 . The Springer Amendment began the process of placing the Unassigned Lands of Indian Territory within the federal public domain and open to homesteaders . He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1894 to the Fifty-fourth Congress . He again resumed the practice of law in Washington , D.C. , in 1895 . He was appointed by President Grover Cleveland as a United States judge for the northern district of Indian Territory and chief justice of the United States Court of Appeals of Indian Territory .   In 1900 Springer left his judicial post to establish law offices in both Chicago and Washington , D.C. . He also worked for the National Livestock Association as their lobbyist , where he became exposed to the Kiowa reserve grasslands .   Though the Springer Amendment helped to open up Indian lands to homesteaders , in 1901 William Springer was hired by two Kiowa Indians ( later to include numerous other Indians from the KCA tribes ) from the Kiowa , Comanche , Apache Reservation to represent them in what became the court case of Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock , 187 U.S. 553 ( 1903 ) . Springer had aided in the writing of a memorial to the President protesting the 1900 Act that resulted from the Jerome Agreement between the Indians from the Kiowa , Comanche , and Apache Reservation and the members of the Jerome Commission . In the Jerome Agreement the tribes of the KCA Reservation ceded most of their lands to the United States who would then open it up for allotment to white settlers . Lone Wolf asserted and Springer argued on his behalf in court that 1 . ) The Kiowa , Comanche , and Apache Indians were fraudulently induced to sign the Jerome Agreement and those that did sign did not fully understand its provisions vastly because , like Lone Wolf , most of the Indians did not speak English and relied on interpreters . 2 . ) The Jerome Agreement was not signed by three-fourths of the adult male members of the tribes as required by the Medicine Lodge Treaty . Lone Wolf alleged that the total number of Indian males exceeded the number claimed by the Indian Agent and that the census of 1900 showed there were 639 adult male members of the KCA tribes on the reservation . Thus the Jerome Agreement was twenty-three signatures short of the required amount . 3 . ) The KCA 's had protested the agreement from the beginning . 4 . ) The version that was ratified by Congress had been significantly altered and amended and the changes made had not been submitted to the KCA for their approval . Springer argued for Lone Wolf that Congress should not be able to unilaterally alter the provisions of the agreement without the Indians ' consent and thus the Act should be rejected .   On July 22 , 1901 Springer , who was also aided by attorneys Hays McMeehan , William C. Reeves , and Charles Porter Johnson , filed for a temporary restraining order and a permanent injunction halting the cession and the opening of surplus lands after the members of the KCA tribes had been given their individual allotments . The request for the restraining order was denied by Judge Clinton F. Irwin . Springer and his colleagues appeal to The Supreme Court for the District of Columbia where on June 21 , 1901 Justice A. C. Bradley denied the KCA 's application for a temporary injunction .  Springer appealed the District Court 's decision to the Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia where the decision in the lower courts was upheld on December 4 , 1901 , by Chief Justice Alvey .   Finally , Springer , now aided by attorney Hampton Carson who was hired by the Indian Rights Association , appealed to the United States Supreme Court and where once again he was unsuccessful in his appeal . On January 5 , 1903 , in a unanimous decision , the Court affirmed the Court of Appeals and upheld the Congressional action . The Court rejected the Indians ' argument that Congress ' action was a taking under the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment . Justice Edward D. White described the Indians as the wards of the nation and matters involving Indian lands were the sole jurisdiction of Congress . Congress therefore had the power to abrogate the provisions of an Indian treaty , including the two million acre change . Justice John M. Harlan concurred in the judgment . This case maintained that the federal government had always had plenary power over tribes and could unilaterally abrogate Indian treaty rights despite the protests of the tribes .   Springer unsuccessfully challenged the federal income tax levied during the Civil War in the case of Springer v. United States .   William Springer died on December 4 , 1903 ; and was buried in Oak Ridge Cemetery , Springfield , Illinois .  Bibliography : Dictionary of American Biography .

neg: United States presidential election in Wisconsin, 1900 The 1900 United States presidential election in Wisconsin was held on November 6 , 1900 . Wisconsin voters chose twelve electors to the Electoral College , who voted for President and Vice President .   Republican Party candidate William McKinley won the state with 60 % of the popular vote , winning Wisconsin 's twelve electoral votes .

neg: Robert A. Taft Robert Alphonso Taft ( September 8 , 1889 -- July 31 , 1953 ) was a conservative American politician , statesman , and presidential hopeful who served as a United States Senator from Ohio from 1939 until his death in 1953 . A member of the Republican Taft political family , he was the elder son of William Howard Taft ( the 27th President of the United States and 10th Chief Justice of the United States ) .   Taft was the Senate 's main opponent of Franklin Roosevelt 's New Deal domestic policies .   After the president 's death , Taft successfully led the conservative coalition 's efforts to curb the power of labor unions . Taft was a leading advocate of non-interventionism in foreign policy . He failed in his quests to win the Republican Party 's presidential nomination in 1940 , 1948 , and 1952 . Throughout that period he battled New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey ( leader of the moderate `` Eastern Establishment '' ) for control of the party . Taft 's biographer , James T. Patterson , portrayed Taft as honest , conscientious , courageous , dignified , and highly intelligent but also faulted Taft 's competitiveness , lack of public-relations skills , and extreme partisanship . A 1957 Senate committee named Taft as one of America 's five greatest senators , along with Henry Clay , Daniel Webster , John C. Calhoun , and Robert M. La Follette , Sr. .


query: On average, Antarctica has the highest average elevation of all the continents.

pos: Antarctica Antarctica ( UK English -LSB- ænˈtɑːktɪkə -RSB- or -LSB- ænˈtɑːtɪkə -RSB- , US English -LSB- æntˈɑːrktɪkə -RSB- ) is Earth 's southernmost continent . It contains the geographic South Pole and is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere , almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle , and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean . At 14000000 km2 , it is the fifth-largest continent . For comparison , Antarctica is nearly twice the size of Australia . About 98 % of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages 1.9 km in thickness , which extends to all but the northernmost reaches of the Antarctic Peninsula .   Antarctica , on average , is the coldest , driest , and windiest continent , and has the highest average elevation of all the continents . Antarctica is a desert , with annual precipitation of only 200 mm ( 8 in ) along the coast and far less inland . The temperature in Antarctica has reached − 89.2 ° C ( − 128.6 ° F ) , though the average for the third quarter ( the coldest part of the year ) is − 63 ° C ( − 81 ° F ) . Anywhere from 1,000 to 5,000 people reside throughout the year at the research stations scattered across the continent . Organisms native to Antarctica include many types of algae , bacteria , fungi , plants , protista , and certain animals , such as mites , nematodes , penguins , seals and tardigrades . Vegetation , where it occurs , is tundra .   Although myths and speculation about a Terra Australis ( `` Southern Land '' ) date back to antiquity , Antarctica is noted as the last region on Earth in recorded history to be discovered and colonised by humans , being only first sighted in 1820 by the Russian expedition of Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev on Vostok and Mirny , who sighted the Fimbul ice shelf . The continent , however , remained largely neglected for the rest of the 19th century because of its hostile environment , lack of easily accessible resources , and isolation . In 1895 , the first confirmed landing was conducted by a team of Norwegians .   Antarctica is a de facto condominium , governed by parties to the Antarctic Treaty System that have consulting status . Twelve countries signed the Antarctic Treaty in 1959 , and thirty-eight have signed it since then . The treaty prohibits military activities and mineral mining , prohibits nuclear explosions and nuclear waste disposal , supports scientific research , and protects the continent 's ecozone . Ongoing experiments are conducted by more than 4,000 scientists from many nations .

neg: Antarctic Circumpolar Current The Antarctic Circumpolar Current ( ACC ) is an ocean current that flows clockwise from west to east around Antarctica . An alternative name for the ACC is the West Wind Drift . The ACC is the dominant circulation feature of the Southern Ocean and has a mean transport of 100-150 Sverdrups ( Sv , million m ³ / s ) , making it the largest ocean current . More recent research even puts this number at over 173 Sv . The current is circumpolar due to the lack of any landmass connecting with Antarctica and this keeps warm ocean waters away from Antarctica , enabling that continent to maintain its huge ice sheet .   Associated with the Circumpolar Current is the Antarctic Convergence , where the cold Antarctic waters meet the warmer waters of the subantarctic , creating a zone of upwelling nutrients . These nurture high levels of phytoplankton with associated copepods and krill , and resultant foodchains supporting fish , whales , seals , penguins , albatrosses and a wealth of other species .   The ACC has been known to sailors for centuries ; it greatly speeds up any travel from west to east , but makes sailing extremely difficult from east to west ; though this is mostly due to the prevailing westerly winds . The circumstances preceding the mutiny on the Bounty and Jack London 's story `` Make Westing '' poignantly illustrated the difficulty it caused for mariners seeking to round Cape Horn on the clipper ship route between New York and California . The clipper route , which is the fastest sailing route around the world , follows the ACC around three continental capes -- Cape Agulhas ( Africa ) , South East Cape ( Australia ) and Cape Horn ( South America ) .   The current creates the Ross and Weddell gyres .

neg: Extreme points of the Antarctic This is a list of the extreme points of the Antarctic , the points of Antarctic and subantarctic lands that are farther to the south than any other location classified by continent and country . Geographical position and distance to the South Pole .

neg: Circumpolar deep water Circumpolar Deep Water ( CDW ) is a designation given to the water mass in the Pacific and Indian oceans that essentially characterizes a mixing of other water masses in the region . A distinguishing characteristic is the water is not formed at the surface , but rather by a blending of other water masses , including the North Atlantic Deep Water ( NADW ) , the Antarctic Bottom Water ( AABW ) , and the Pacific Intermediate Water Masses .   CDW , the greatest volume water mass in the SO , is a mixture of North Atlantic Deep Water ( NADW ) , Antarctic Bottom Water ( AABW ) , and Antarctic Intermediate Water ( AAIW ) , as well as recirculated deep water from the Indian and Pacific Oceans ( e.g. , Wüst 1935 ; Callahan 1972 ; Georgi 1981 ; Mantyla and Reid 1983 ; Charles and Fairbanks 1992 ; You 2000 )   Because the Circumpolar Deep Water is a mix of other water masses , its TS profile is simply the point where the TS lines of the other water masses converge . TS diagrams refer to temperature and salinity profiles , which are one of the major ways water masses are distinguished from each other . The convergence of the TS lines thus proves the mixing of the other water masses .  Circumpolar deep water is between 1 and 2 degrees Celsius and has a salinity between 34.62 and 34.73 practical salinity units .    In recent decades , hundreds of glaciers draining the Antarctic Peninsula ( 63 ° to 70 ° S ) have undergone systematic and progressive change . These changes are widely attributed to rapid increases in regional surface air temperature , but it is now clear that this can not be the sole driver . A strong correspondence has been discovered between mid-depth ocean temperatures and glacier-front changes along the approximately 1000-kilometer western coastline . In the south , glaciers that terminate in warm Circumpolar Deep Water have undergone considerable retreat , whereas those in the far northwest , which terminate in cooler waters , have not . Furthermore , a mid-ocean warming since the 1990s in the south is coincident with widespread acceleration of glacier retreat . The conclusion is that changes in ocean-induced melting are the primary cause of retreat for glaciers in this region .

neg: List of glaciers of Chile The glaciers of Chile cover 2.7 % ( 20,188 km2 ) of the land area of the country , excluding Antártica Chilena , and have a considerable impact on its landscape and water supply . By surface 80 % of South America 's glaciers lie in Chile . Glaciers develop in the Andes of Chile from 27 ˚S southwards and in a very few places north of 18 ° 30 'S in the extreme north of the country : in between they are absent because of extreme aridity , though rock glaciers formed from permafrost are common . The largest glaciers of Chile are the Northern and Southern Patagonian Ice Fields . From a latitude of 47 ° S and south some glaciers reach sea level .   Apart from height and latitude , the settings of Chilean glaciers depend on precipitation patterns ; in this sense two different regions exist : the Dry Andes and the Wet Andes .

neg: List of the highest major summits of Colorado The following sortable table comprises the 117 highest mountain peaks of the U.S. State of Colorado with at least 3000 m of elevation and at least 500 m of topographic prominence .   Topographic elevation is the vertical distance above the reference geoid , a mathematical model of the Earth 's sea level as an equipotential gravitational surface . The topographic prominence of a summit is the elevation difference between that summit and the highest or key col to a higher summit . The topographic isolation of a summit is the minimum great-circle distance to a point of equal elevation .   This article defines a significant summit as a summit with at least 100 m of topographic prominence , and a major summit as a summit with at least 500 m of topographic prominence . An ultra-prominent summit is a summit with at least 1500 m of topographic prominence . There are three ultra-prominent summits in Colorado .   All elevations in this article include an elevation adjustment from the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 ( NGVD 29 ) to the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 ( NAVD 88 ) . For further information , please see this United States National Geodetic Survey note .   If an elevation or prominence is calculated as a range of values , the arithmetic mean is shown .

neg: List of mountain peaks of Montana This article comprises three sortable tables of major mountain peaks of the U.S. State of Montana .   The summit of a mountain or hill may be measured in three principal ways :  The topographic elevation of a summit measures the height of the summit above a geodetic sea level . The first table below ranks the 50 highest major summits of Montana by elevation .  The topographic prominence of a summit is a measure of how high the summit rises above its surroundings . The second table below ranks the 50 most prominent summits of Montana .  The topographic isolation ( or radius of dominance ) of a summit measures how far the summit lies from its nearest point of equal elevation . The third table below ranks the 50 most isolated major summits of Montana .  __ TOC __

neg: Geology of the Himalaya The geology of the Himalaya is a record of the most dramatic and visible creations of modern plate tectonic forces . The Himalayas , which stretch over 2400 km between the Namche Barwa syntaxis in Tibet and the Nanga Parbat syntaxis in India , are the result of an ongoing orogeny -- the result of a collision between two continental tectonic plates . This immense mountain range was formed by tectonic forces and sculpted by weathering and erosion . The Himalaya-Tibet region supplies fresh water for more than one-fifth of the world population , and accounts for a quarter of the global sedimentary budget . Topographically , the belt has many superlatives : the highest rate of uplift ( nearly 10 mm/year at Nanga Parbat ) , the highest relief ( 8848 m at Mt. Everest Chomolangma ) , among the highest erosion rates at 2 -- 12 mm/yr , the source of some of the greatest rivers and the highest concentration of glaciers outside of the polar regions . This last feature earned the Himalaya its name , originating from the Sanskrit for `` the abode of the snow '' .

neg: Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration The Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration was an era which began at the end of the 19th century , and ended after the First World War ; the Shackleton -- Rowett Expedition of 1921 -- 22 is often cited by historians as the dividing line between the `` Heroic '' and `` Mechanical '' ages . During the Heroic Age period the Antarctic continent became the focus of international efforts that resulted in intensive scientific and geographical exploration , in which 17 major Antarctic expeditions were launched from ten countries . The common factor in these expeditions was the limited nature of the resources available to them before advances in transport and communication technologies revolutionized the work of exploration . This meant that each expedition became a feat of endurance that tested , and sometimes exceeded its personnel 's physical and mental limits . The `` heroic '' label , bestowed later , recognized the adversities which had to be overcome by these pioneers , some of whom did not survive the experience ; during this period 19 expedition members died .   During the course of these expeditions the geographical and magnetic poles were both reached . The achievement of being first to the geographical South Pole was a primary object in some expeditions , and was the sole rationale for Roald Amundsen 's venture . However , this was not the only aspect of polar exploration during this time ; other expeditions worked with defined objectives in different areas of the continent . As a result of all this activity , much of the continent 's coastline was discovered and mapped , and significant areas of its interior were explored . The expeditions also generated large quantities of scientific data and specimens across a wide range of scientific disciplines , the examination and analysis of which would keep the world 's scientific communities busy for decades .

neg: Antarctic ice sheet The Antarctic ice sheet is one of the two polar ice caps of the Earth . It covers about 98 % of the Antarctic continent and is the largest single mass of ice on Earth . It covers an area of almost 14 e6km2 and contains 26.5 e6km3 of ice . Approximately 61 percent of all fresh water on the Earth is held in the Antarctic ice sheet , an amount equivalent to about 58 m of sea-level rise . In East Antarctica , the ice sheet rests on a major land mass , but in West Antarctica the bed can extend to more than 2,500 m below sea level . Much of the land in this area would be seabed if the ice sheet were not there .   In contrast to the melting of the Arctic sea ice , sea ice around Antarctica was expanding . The reasons for this are not fully understood , but suggestions include the climatic effects on ocean and atmospheric circulation of the ozone hole , and/or cooler ocean surface temperatures as the warming deep waters melt the ice shelves .

neg: List of mountain peaks of Washington This article comprises three sortable tables of major mountain peaks of the U.S. State of Washington .   The summit of a mountain or hill may be measured in three principal ways :  The topographic elevation of a summit measures the height of the summit above a geodetic sea level . The first table below ranks the 50 highest major summits of Washington by elevation .  The topographic prominence of a summit is a measure of how high the summit rises above its surroundings . The second table below ranks the 50 most prominent summits of Washington .  The topographic isolation ( or radius of dominance ) of a summit measures how far the summit lies from its nearest point of equal elevation . The third table below ranks the 50 most isolated major summits of Washington .  __ TOC __

neg: Continental Divide of the Americas The Continental Divide of the Americas ( also known as the Great Divide , the Continental Gulf of Division , or merely the Continental Divide ) is the principal , and largely mountainous , hydrological divide of the Americas . The Continental Divide extends from the Bering Strait to the Strait of Magellan , and separates the watersheds that drain into the Pacific Ocean from ( 1 ) those river systems that drain into the Atlantic Ocean ( including those that drain into the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea ) , and ( 2 ) along the northernmost reaches of the Divide , those river systems that drain into the Arctic Ocean .   Though there are many other hydrological divides in the Americas , the Great Divide is by far the most prominent of these because it tends to follow a line of high peaks along the main ranges of the Rocky Mountains and Andes , at a generally much higher elevation than the other hydrological divisions .  __ TOC __

neg: South Asia South Asia or Southern Asia is a term used to represent the southern region of the Asian continent , which comprises the sub-Himalayan SAARC countries and , for some authorities , adjoining countries to the west and east . Topographically , it is dominated by the Indian Plate , which rises above sea level as Nepal and northern parts of India situated south of the Himalayas and the Hindu Kush . South Asia is bounded on the south by the Indian Ocean and on land ( clockwise , from west ) by West Asia , Central Asia , East Asia , and Southeast Asia .   The current territories of Afghanistan , Bangladesh , Bhutan , Maldives , Nepal , India , Pakistan , and Sri Lanka form the countries of South Asia . The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) is an economic cooperation organisation in the region which was established in 1985 and includes all eight nations comprising South Asia .   South Asia covers about 5.1 million km2 ( 1.9 million mi2 ) , which is 11.51 % of the Asian continent or 3.4 % of the world 's land surface area . The population of South Asia is about 1.749 billion or about one fourth of the world 's population , making it both the most populous and the most densely populated geographical region in the world . Overall , it accounts for about 39.49 % of Asia 's population ( or over 24 % of the world 's population ) and is home to a vast array of peoples .   In 2010 , South Asia had the world 's largest population of Hindus , Jains and Sikhs . There are 507 million Muslims as well as over 35 million Christians and 25 million Buddhists in South Asia .

neg: Seven Summits The Seven Summits are the highest mountains of each of the seven continents . Summiting all of them is regarded as a mountaineering challenge , first achieved on April 30 , 1985 by Richard Bass .

neg: List of the highest major summits of the United States The following sortable table comprises the 200 highest mountain peaks of the United States with at least 500 m of topographic prominence .   The summit of a mountain or hill may be measured in three principal ways :  The topographic elevation of a summit measures the height of the summit above a geodetic sea level .  The topographic prominence of a summit is a measure of how high the summit rises above its surroundings .  The topographic isolation ( or radius of dominance ) of a summit measures how far the summit lies from its nearest point of equal elevation .   In the United States , only Denali exceeds 6000 m elevation . Four major summits exceed 5000 m , nine exceed 4500 m , 104 exceed 4000 m , 220 exceed 3500 m , and 302 major summits exceed 3000 m elevation .   __ TOC __

neg: List of the major 3000-meter summits of the United States The following sortable table comprises the 302 mountain peaks of the United States with at least 3000 m of topographic elevation and at least 500 m of topographic prominence .   The summit of a mountain or hill may be measured in three principal ways :  The topographic elevation of a summit measures the height of the summit above a geodetic sea level .  The topographic prominence of a summit is a measure of how high the summit rises above its surroundings .  The topographic isolation ( or radius of dominance ) of a summit measures how far the summit lies from its nearest point of equal elevation .   In the United States , only Denali exceeds 6000 m elevation . Four major summits exceed 5000 m , nine exceed 4500 m , 104 major summits exceed 4000 m , 220 exceed 3500 m , and the following 302 major summits exceed 3000 m elevation .   __ TOC __

neg: British Overseas Territories The 14 British Overseas Territories ( BOT ) are territories under the jurisdiction and sovereignty of the United Kingdom . They are the parts of the British Empire that have not been granted independence or have voted to remain British territories . These territories do not form part of the United Kingdom and , with the exception of Gibraltar , are not part of the European Union . Most of the inhabited territories are internally self-governing , with the UK retaining responsibility for defence and foreign relations . The rest are either uninhabited or have a transitory population of military or scientific personnel . They share the British monarch ( Elizabeth II ) as head of state .   The term `` British Overseas Territory '' was introduced by the British Overseas Territories Act 2002 , replacing the term British Dependent Territory , introduced by the British Nationality Act 1981 . Prior to 1 January 1983 , the territories were officially referred to as British Crown Colonies . With the exceptions of the British Antarctic Territory and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ( which host only officials and research station staff ) and the British Indian Ocean Territory ( used as a military base ) , the Territories retain permanent civilian populations . Permanent residency for the 7,000 or so civilians living in the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia is limited to citizens of the Republic of Cyprus .   Collectively , the Territories encompass a population of about 250,000 people and a land area of about 667018 sqmi . The vast majority of this land area , 660000 sqmi , constitutes the almost uninhabited British Antarctic Territory , while the largest territory by population , Bermuda , accounts for almost a quarter of the total BOT population . At the other end of the scale , three territories have no civilian population ; the Antarctic territory , the British Indian Ocean Territory ( from which the Chagos Islanders were controversially removed ) and South Georgia . Pitcairn Islands , settled by the survivors of the Mutiny on the Bounty , is the smallest settled territory with 49 inhabitants , while the smallest by land area is Gibraltar on the southern tip of the Iberian peninsula . The United Kingdom participates in the Antarctic Treaty System and , as part of a mutual agreement , the British Antarctic Territory is recognised by four of the other sovereign nations making claims to Antarctic territory .   Although the Crown dependencies of Jersey , Guernsey and the Isle of Man are also under the sovereignty of the British monarch , they are in a different constitutional relationship with the United Kingdom . The British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies are themselves distinct from the Commonwealth realms , a group of 15 independent countries ( and the United Kingdom ) which each also have Elizabeth II as their reigning monarch , and from the Commonwealth of Nations , a voluntary association of 52 countries mostly with historic links to the British Empire ( which also includes all Commonwealth realms ) .   the Minister responsible for the Territories excluding the Falkland Islands , Gibraltar and the Sovereign Base Areas is Baroness Anelay , Minister of State for the Commonwealth and the UN . The other three territories are the responsibility of Sir Alan Duncan MP , Minister of State for Europe and the Americas .

neg: Mount Waterhouse (Antarctica) Mount Waterhouse is a mountain rising above 1800 m , at the north west extreme of the All-Blacks Nunataks , west of the Churchill Mountains . Named in honor of Emma Waterhouse , Environmental Manager with Antarctica New Zealand from 1993 - 2001 . First trip to ice 1987 . Emma played a key role in the development of New Zealand systems to implement the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty and its Act .   Category : Mountains of Oates Land

neg: Maritime Continent Maritime Continent is the name given primarily by meteorologists and oceanographers to the region of Southeast Asia which comprises , amongst other countries , Indonesia , Philippines and Papua New Guinea . Located between the Indian and Pacific Oceans , it is situated within a warm ocean region known as the Tropical Warm Pool .   The maritime continent consists of many islands , peninsulas and shallow seas . The region is significant in meteorology because it is considered the most important energy source region in the entire global circulation system owing to a number of coincident factors , the most significant being geographic location and topography , both of which contribute to the development of the Tropical Warm Pool , which is the warmest large area of ocean on Earth .   Coined by Colin Ramage in 1968 , the name combines the terms maritime and continent normally used as opposites in the description of climate . Maritime air is humid , and continental air is dry .   In the Southeast Asia region , land masses and bodies of water are , roughly-speaking , evenly distributed . Moreover , the land masses are characterized by high mountains , and the seas are among the warmest on the earth . This produces a widespread area of diurnal thunderstorms which pump huge quantities of moisture and heat high up into the atmosphere which in turn feeds the upper level winds which circle the globe .

neg: Australian Plate The Australian Plate is a major tectonic plate in the eastern and , largely , in the southern hemispheres . Originally a part of the ancient continent of Gondwana , Australia remained connected to India and Antarctica until approximately when India broke away and began moving north . Australia and Antarctica began rifting and completely separated roughly The Australian plate later fused with the adjacent Indian Plate beneath the Indian Ocean to form a single Indo-Australian Plate . However , recent studies suggest that the two plates have once again split apart and have been separate plates for at least 3 million years and likely longer . The Australian plate includes the continent of Australia , including Tasmania , as well portions of New Guinea , New Zealand , and the Indian Ocean basin .

neg: Antarctica Marathon The Antarctica Marathon may have been the first for-profit sporting event held in Antarctica , on January 28 , 1995 . The event is now held every year in late February or early March . The 42.195 km race is held on King George Island , the largest of the South Shetland Islands just off the Antarctic Peninsula . There is also a half-marathon held at the same time . The start and finish is at Bellingshausen Station ( the Russian base ) , and the course passes the Artigas Base ( Uruguayan ) , the Frei Base ( Chilean ) and the Great Wall Base ( Chinese ) . The course follows a gravel road that connects the bases .   The first marathon held in Antarctica may have been near the American research base , McMurdo Station , in January 1995 . The annual marathon is free and is open to employees and grantees of the United States Antarctic Program , United States Air Force personnel on duty at McMurdo Station , as well as Kiwis from New Zealand 's nearby research station , Scott Base . Many participants run the full marathon . However , a half marathon option is available . Some participants elect to ski the course . In January 2015 , McMurdo Station hosted possibly the first known Ultra Marathon over 30 miles on the continent .   The South Pole has also witnessed runners braving conditions to complete a full 26.2 mile race . Both for-profit and free events have been held outside the Amundsen -- Scott South Pole Station . The South Pole is possibly the first known location of an Ultra Marathon on the continent , when defining an Ultra as anything over 26.2 miles .


query: Dracula was only a film.

pos: Dracula Dracula is an 1897 Gothic horror novel by Irish author Bram Stoker . It introduced the famous character Count Dracula and established many conventions of subsequent vampire fantasy . The novel tells the story of Dracula 's attempt to move from Transylvania to England so that he may find new blood and spread the undead curse , and of the battle between Dracula and a small group of men and women led by Professor Abraham Van Helsing .   Dracula has been assigned to many literary genres including vampire literature , horror fiction , the gothic novel , and invasion literature . The novel has spawned numerous theatrical , film , and television interpretations .

pos: Count Dracula Count Dracula is the title character of Bram Stoker 's 1897 gothic horror novel Dracula . He is considered to be both the prototypical and the archetypal vampire in subsequent works of fiction . He is also depicted in the novel to be the origin of werewolf legends . Some aspects of the character are believed to have been inspired by the 15th-century Wallachian Prince Vlad III the Impaler , who was also known as Dracula . Other character aspects have been added or altered in subsequent popular fictional works . The character has subsequently appeared frequently in popular culture , from films to animated media to breakfast cereals .

neg: Son of Frankenstein Son of Frankenstein is a 1939 horror monster film , the third film in Universal Studios ' Frankenstein series and the last to feature Boris Karloff as the Monster . It is also the first to feature Bela Lugosi as Ygor . The picture is a sequel to James Whale 's Bride of Frankenstein . It is directed by Rowland V. Lee and stars Basil Rathbone , Boris Karloff and Béla Lugosi .   The film was a reaction to the very popular re-releases of Dracula with Lugosi and Frankenstein with Karloff as a double-feature in 1938 . Universal 's declining horror output was revitalized with the enormously successful Son of Frankenstein , in which the studio cast both Karloff and Lugosi .

neg: Damned in Venice Damned in Venice ( Nero veneziano , literally `` Venetian Black '' ) is an Italian horror film directed in 1978 by Ugo Liberatore .

neg: Dr. Terror's Gallery of Horrors Dr. Terror 's Gallery of Horrors is a low-budget 1967 colour scope anthology film by David L. Hewitt from stories by Russ Jones . The film includes footage from Roger Corman 's Edgar Allan Poe adaptations . The similarity of its title to Amicus Productions ' hit Dr. Terror 's House of Horrors led to numerous enforced title changes , including Return from the Past , The Blood Suckers , Alien Massacre , and most commonly Gallery of Horror ( on-screen ) and Gallery of Horrors ( on packaging ) . It has also been released as The Witch 's Clock , after the first story , and the only one to feature star John Carradine , who hosts the interstitial segments . It also stars Lon Chaney Jr. , Rochelle Hudson , Roger Gentry and Vic McGee . The other stories include `` King Vampire , '' `` Monster Raid , '' `` Spark of Life , '' and `` Count Alucard , '' which is credited as `` Count Dracula . '' In the latter story , Jonathan Harker ( one of several roles played by Gentry ) is revealed , in a humorous twist , to be a werewolf .

neg: A Spectre Haunts Europe A Spectre Haunts Europe ( -LSB- Призрак бродит по Европе , Prizrak brodit po Evrope -RSB- ) is a 1923 Soviet silent horror film directed by Vladimir Gardin . It was made by the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic 's production company VUFKU . It is based on Edgar Allan Poe 's story The Masque of the Red Death . The film features a massacre on the Odessa Steps which may have served as an inspiration for the more famous scene in Sergei Eisenstein 's Battleship Potemkin .   The film 's sets were designed by the art director Vladimir Yegorov .

neg: Dracula Unleashed Dracula Unleashed is a 1993 video game created by ICOM Simulations and published by Viacom New Media for the Sega CD , Apple Macintosh and DOS platforms .   It was one of the earliest titles to make heavy use of full-motion video as an integral part of the gameplay . Other contemporary titles utilizing full-motion video include Night Trap , Sewer Shark and Sherlock Holmes : Consulting Detective .

neg: The Hound of the Baskervilles (1959 film) The Hound of the Baskervilles is a 1959 British gothic horror and mystery film , directed by Terence Fisher and produced by Hammer Film Productions . It is based on the novel of the same name by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle . It stars Peter Cushing as Sherlock Holmes , Sir Christopher Lee as Sir Henry Baskerville and André Morell as Doctor Watson .   It is the first film adaptation of the novel to be filmed in colour . It is one of the most critically acclaimed films in Hammer Film Productions ' history .

neg: Vampire (2011 film) Vampire is a 2011 dramatic horror-thriller film that was directed and written by Shunji Iwai . It was first released on January 22 , 2011 at the Sundance Film Festival and is the first film he has directed in English . The movie stars Kevin Zegers as a teacher who believes himself to be a blood-drinking vampire .

neg: The Legend of the 7 Golden Vampires The Legend of the 7 Golden Vampires is a 1974 horror film produced by Hammer Studios and Shaw Brothers Studio . It is the ninth and final film in the Hammer Dracula series . It was released in North America in an edited version as The Seven Brothers Meet Dracula , and alternatively known as The Seven Brothers and Their One Sister Meet Dracula . The film is notable for having an actor other than Christopher Lee portray Count Dracula in the Hammer Dracula series ; before this film was made , Lee left the role of the Count . The role of Dracula is played by John Forbes-Robertson ( though the actor 's voice is dubbed by David de Keyser ) .

neg: The Satanic Rites of Dracula The Satanic Rites of Dracula is a 1973 horror film directed by Alan Gibson and produced by Hammer Film Productions . It is the eighth film in Hammer 's Dracula series , and the seventh and final one to feature Christopher Lee as Dracula . The film was also the third to unite Peter Cushing as Van Helsing with Lee , following Dracula ( 1958 ) and Dracula A.D. 1972 ( 1972 ) .

neg: The Boogeyman (1980 film) The Boogeyman ( released in the United Kingdom as The Bogey Man ) is a 1980 American supernatural horror film directed by Ulli Lommel and starring Suzanna Love , John Carradine , and Ron James . The movie 's title refers to the long-held superstition of boogeymen beings , and its plot concerns an adult brother and sister who are targeted by the ghost of their mother 's deceased boyfriend which has been freed from an imprisoned mirror .   The film has received mixed to negative critical reviews , with criticism mainly regarding the heavy similarities from earlier horror films such as Halloween , The Exorcist , and The Amityville Horror . However , the movie became successful enough commercially to make the film-makers eager to release sequels , resulting in the film being followed by Boogeyman II and Return of the Boogeyman .

neg: Castle of the Living Dead Castle of the Living Dead ( Il castello dei morti vivi ) is a 1964 Italian-French horror film directed by Warren Kiefer . The film is set in France in the late 19th century where a traveling circus visits the castle of the Count Drago ( Christopher Lee ) . Drago 's habit of experimenting on animals is revealed and the visitors are about to become unwilling participants before they are rescued by a dwarf .   Castle of the Living Dead has gone through several inconsistencies with its production since its release involving who had directed the film ranging from Kiefer to Riccardo Freda to fictional people such as Herbert Wise and Lorenzo Sabatini . Other production mysteries include the crew where Michael Reeves had been stated as the directing either all or parts of the film and whether or not Mario Bava had created special effects work on the picture .

neg: Tenebrae (film) Tenebrae ( also known as Tenebre ) is a 1982 English-language Italian giallo film written and directed by Dario Argento . The film stars Anthony Franciosa as American author Peter Neal , who -- while in Rome promoting his latest murder-mystery novel -- becomes embroiled in the search for a serial killer who may have been inspired to kill by the novel . John Saxon and Daria Nicolodi co-star as Neal 's agent and assistant ; Giuliano Gemma and Carola Stagnaro appear as detectives investigating the murders . John Steiner , Veronica Lario and Mirella D'Angelo also feature . The film has been described as exploring themes of dualism and sexual aberration , and has strong metafictional elements ; some commentators consider Tenebrae to be a direct reaction by Argento to criticism of his previous work , most especially his depictions of murders of beautiful women .   After Argento had experimented with pure supernatural horror with 1977 's Suspiria and 1980 's Inferno , Tenebrae represented the filmmaker 's return to the giallo horror subgenre , which he had helped popularize in the 1970s . Argento was inspired by a series of incidents which saw an obsessed fan telephone the director to criticise him for the damaging psychological effects of his previous work . The telephone calls culminated in death threats towards Argento , who channelled the experience into the writing of Tenebrae . The director also wanted to explore the senselessness of killings he had witnessed and heard about while staying in Los Angeles in 1980 , and his feeling at the time that true horror came from those who wanted `` to kill for nothing '' .   Shot on location in Rome and at Elios Studios , Tenebrae utilised mostly modern-looking locations and sets to help Argento realise his intent that the film reflect a near-future with a diminished population ; the director filmed none of the historical landmarks that usually featured in films set in Rome . Employing director of photography Luciano Tovoli , Argento also intended that the film simulate the stark , realistic lighting featured in television police shows at the time ; production designer Giuseppe Bassa created supporting environments that were cold and austere , with sharp angles and modernistic spaces . Several former members of Italian rock band Goblin provided Tenebraes music , a synth-heavy score inspired by rock and disco music .   Tenebrae was a modest success in Italy ; it reached theatres with little controversy after Argento made cuts to one of the most violent scenes . However , in the United Kingdom , it was added to the infamous list of `` video nasties '' and banned from sale until 1999 . The film 's theatrical distribution in the United States was delayed until 1984 , when it was released in a heavily censored version under the title Unsane . In its cut form , Tenebrae received a mostly negative critical reception , but the original , fully restored version later became widely available for reappraisal ; it is considered by some to be one of Argento 's best thrillers . The film critic and author Maitland McDonagh said that it was `` in many respects ... the finest film that Argento has ever made '' .

neg: Mongrel (film) Mongrel is a 1982 American horror film written and directed by Robert A. Burns . This is the only feature film Burns directed .

neg: Grave of the Vampire Grave of the Vampire is a 1972 American horror film directed by John Hayes .   The film is also known as Seed of Terror ( American reissue title ) .

neg: Dracula: The Dark Prince Dracula : The Dark Prince is a 2013 American fantasy horror film directed by Pearry Reginald Teo and written by Nicole Jones-Dion and Steven Paul . The film stars Luke Roberts , Jon Voight , Kelly Wenham and Ben Robson . The film was shot in Romania and released on 15 October 2013 .

neg: Night of the Demon Night of the Demon is a 1957 British horror film directed by Jacques Tourneur , starring Dana Andrews , Peggy Cummins and Niall MacGinnis . An adaptation of the M. R. James story `` Casting the Runes '' ( 1911 ) , the plot revolves around an American psychologist investigating a satanic cult suspected of more than one murder .   The film 's production was turbulent due to artistic differences between producer Hal E. Chester on one side and Tourneur and writer Charles Bennett on the other . Although the original plan was not to show a literal demon , producer Chester inserted a monster over the objections of the writer , the director , and lead actor Dana Andrews . To accelerate the pace , the film was trimmed down to 83 minutes ( and retitled Curse of the Demon ) in the US where it played the second half of a double feature bill with both The True Story of Lynn Stuart and The Revenge of Frankenstein ( 1958 ) .

neg: The Phantom of the Opera (1962 film) The Phantom of the Opera is a 1962 British horror film based on the novel by Gaston Leroux . The film was made by Hammer Film Productions .

neg: Gothic film The Gothic film is a film that is based on Gothic fiction or contains Gothic elements . Since various definite film genres -- including science fiction , film noir , thriller , and comedy -- have used Gothic elements , the Gothic film is challenging to define clearly as a genre . Gothic elements have also infused the horror film genre , contributing supernatural and nightmarish elements . To create a Gothic atmosphere , filmmakers have sought to create new camera tricks that challenge audiences ' perceptions . Gothic films also reflected contemporary issues . A New Companion to The Gothics Heidi Kaye said `` strong visuals , a focus on sexuality and an emphasis on audience response '' characterize Gothic films like they did the literary works . The Encyclopedia of the Gothic said the foundation of Gothic film was the combination of Gothic literature , stage melodrama , and German expressionism .   In The Cambridge Companion to Gothic Fiction , Misha Kavka says Gothic film is not an established genre , rather contributing Gothic images , plots , characters , and styles to films . These elements are often found in `` the broader category of horror '' . Kavka quotes William Patrick Day 's definition of the Gothic , '' -LSB- it -RSB- tantalizes us with fear , both as its subject and its effect ; its does so , however , not primarily through characters or plots or even language , but through spectacle '' . Cinema suits the Gothic definition in creating images that establish the spectacle .

neg: Dracula - Swing of Death Dracula - Swing of Death is a rock opera concept album released by Norwegian musicians , singer Jørn Lande and guitarist Trond Holter . It is based in the storyline of Bram Stoker 's Dracula .   The whole album was performed live on 1 May 2015 at the Karmoygeddon Festival in Norway , with all musicians who played on the record .

neg: The Devil (1972 film) Diabeł is a 1972 Polish historical film with elements of horror written and directed by Andrzej Żuławski . It was released in 1972 . At the time of its release it was banned by the Communist government in Poland .