query: Usain Bolt has competed in a sprint race in track and field in world competitions.

pos: Usain Bolt Usain St Leo Bolt , OJ , CD ( -LSB- ˈjuːseɪn -RSB- born 21 August 1986 ) is a Jamaican sprinter . He is the first person to hold both the 100 metres and 200 metres world records since fully automatic time became mandatory . He also holds the world record as a part of the 4 × 100 metres relay . He is the reigning world and Olympic champion in these three events . Due to his unprecedented dominance and achievements in sprint competition , he is widely considered to be the greatest sprinter of all time .   An eight-time Olympic gold medalist , Bolt won the 100 m , 200 m and 4 × 100 m relay at three consecutive Olympic Games , although he subsequently lost one of the gold medals ( as well as the world record set therein ) nine years after the fact due to teammate Nesta Carter 's disqualification for doping offences . He gained worldwide popularity for his double sprint victory at the 2008 Beijing Olympics in world record times . Bolt is the only sprinter to win Olympic 100 m and 200 m titles at three consecutive olympics ( 2008 , 2012 and 2016 ) , a feat referred to as the `` triple double . ''   An eleven-time World Champion , he won consecutive World Championship 100 m , 200 m and 4 × 100 metres relay gold medals from 2009 to 2015 , with the exception of a 100 m false start in 2011 . He is the most successful athlete of the World Championships and was the first athlete to win three titles in both the 100 m and 200 m at the competition .   Bolt improved upon his first 100 m world record of 9.69 with 9.58 seconds in 2009 -- the biggest improvement since the start of electronic timing . He has twice broken the 200 metres world record , setting 19.30 in 2008 and 19.19 in 2009 . He has helped Jamaica to three 4 × 100 metres relay world records , with the current record being 36.84 seconds set in 2012 . Bolt 's most successful event is the 200 m , with three Olympic and four World titles . The 2008 Olympics was his international debut over 100 m ; he had earlier won numerous 200 m medals ( including 2007 World Championship silver ) and holds the world under-20 and world under-18 records for the event .   His achievements as a sprinter have earned him the media nickname `` Lightning Bolt '' , and his awards include the IAAF World Athlete of the Year , Track & Field Athlete of the Year , and Laureus World Sportsman of the Year ( four times ) . Bolt has stated that he intends to retire from athletics after the 2017 World Championships .

neg: Nilson André Nilson de Oliveira André ( born 30 January 1986 ) is a Brazilian track and field athlete who competes in the 100 metres and 200 metres events . He is the reigning South American champion in the 100 m and the 4 × 100 metres relay . He also won medals at the Military World Games in 2011 .   Born in Duque de Caxias , Rio de Janeiro , he began sprinting as a schoolchild . His first international competitions came in 2003 and he won the a gold medal at the South American Junior Athletics Championships with the 4 × 100 metres relay team . He was a finalist in both the 100 m and 200 m at the 2003 World Youth Championships in Athletics . He won a second relay gold at the 2005 South American Junior Championships . André ran a personal best of 10.47 seconds at the Brazilian Championships in 2006 , but failed to match this at the 2006 South American Games , being eliminated in the heats .   He further improved his 100 m and 200 m times in 2007 ( running 10.35 and 20.77 seconds respectively ) , and also won his first senior medal at the 2007 South American Championships in Athletics , where he anchored home to victory the Brazilian 4 × 100 metres relay team of Sandro Viana , Vicente de Lima and Basílio de Morães . The following year , he took advantage of the altitude of the Julia Iriarte meeting in Cochabamba to run personal bests of 10.22 and 20.67 seconds . He won the 100 m title at the 2006 South American U23 Athletics Championships and also won the 200 m bronze medal . The highlights of his 2009 season came at the World Military Track and Field Championships , where he was a 200 m semi-finalist and won gold in the relay .   The Grande Premio Brasil Caixa de Atletismo in 2010 saw André produce personal bests of 10.21 and 20.61 seconds in the sprints , then at the 2010 Ibero-American Championships he won a 100/200 m sprint double . At the Troféu Brasil de Atletismo national event , was runner-up over 100 m and third in the 200 m. Although he did not improve upon his placings at the national event in 2011 , he had a career breakthrough : he won his first individual medal at continental level at the 2011 South American Championships in Athletics , taking the 100 m gold medal , then won a second gold with the Brazilian relay team . He also reached the podium twice at the 2011 Military World Games , winning the bronze in the 100 m and gold in the relay for the host nation in Rio de Janeiro .

neg: 1984 United States Olympic Trials (track and field) The 1984 United States Olympic Trials for track and field were held at Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum in Los Angeles , California , the same venue as would host the 1984 Olympics a month and a half later . Organised by The Athletics Congress ( TAC ) , the nine-day competition lasted from June 16 until June 24 . The national championships in track and field for the United States was a separate event that year , held a week earlier in San Jose , California . The Women 's Marathon Olympic Trials were held on May 12 in Olympia , Washington . The Men 's Marathon Trials were in Buffalo , New York on May 26 .   The results of the event determined qualification for the United States at the 1984 Summer Olympics .   This meet had two of the closest finishes . In the Women 's 100 meters hurdles , the second , third and fourth-place finishers had the same time to the 100th of a second , with winner Kim Turner just one 100th ahead . Stephanie Hightower was the odd person out , not selected to the Olympic team . 28 years later at the 2012 Trials , Hightower as President of USATF had to administer over another similar tie in the Women 's 100 meters between Allyson Felix and Jeneba Tarmoh that could not be separated by photo finish pictures . The other close finish was in the Men 's 800 meters , where Earl Jones and Johnny Gray both received the same time of 1:43.74 to share the American Record from the same race . And .17 behind them John Marshall and James Robinson also received the same time for the last qualifying place after Robinson kicked past the field and looked to have edged past Marshall , Robinson relaxed at the line while Marshall made one last lean to get the edge and take the final spot on the Olympic team .

neg: 2011 World Championships in Athletics – Men's 4 × 100 metres relay The Men 's 4 × 100 metres relay event at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics was held at the Daegu Stadium on 4 September .   USA won the first semi-final with deliberate handoffs , setting the world leader . France followed them into the final . The second semi-final was won by Trinidad and Tobago , ahead of the favored Jamaica team . Saint Kitts and Nevis set their national record in making the time qualifier in third . The third semi-final was much closer as Great Britain led Poland , with Italy making the final time qualifier .   In the final , Nesta Carter put Jamaica out into the lead , but Justin Gatlin ran down Michael Frater to put the USA even with Jamaica . On the third leg , Yohan Blake again edged Jamaica into the lead . Going into the final handoff , Darvis Patton of USA clipped Britain 's Harry Aikines-Aryeetey and fell into a forward roll . American anchor Walter Dix never saw the baton and the British team also did not finish the race . In addition , Patton 's fall seriously impeded Richard Thompson , Trinidad and Tobago 's anchor , which caused his team to finish last .  Meanwhile Usain Bolt took the baton and pulled away . Jamaica bettered their own World Record to finish in a time of 37.04 .  It was the only world record to be set at the championships . France finished second with Saint Kitts and Nevis third .

neg: Athletics at the 1908 Summer Olympics At the 1908 Summer Olympics held in London , England , 26 athletics events were contested , all for men only . A total of 79 medals ( 27 gold , 27 silver , 25 bronze ) were awarded .   Each nation was allowed to enter up to 12 competitors in most of the events . In the team races ( the medley relay and the 3 mile team race ) , each nation entered one team . The medley relay was run by four athletes , with four alternates allowed . In the 3 mile team race , five athletes from each nation ran with only three counting .   The competition was restricted to amateurs , and was held under the rules of the Amateur Athletic Association . These rules included a prohibition on any interference with other runners ( a rule that played an important part in the 400 metres ) .

neg: Obea Moore William Obea Moore ( born January 10 , 1979 ) is a former American sprinter . Particularly excelling in the 400 metres , Moore holds the World Youth Best in this event . He was expected to be the next great American quarter miler , to follow Michael Johnson as Olympic champion , but never lived up to the expectations .   Starting as an eight-year-old , running for the Los Angeles Jets youth club under coach James Robertson , Moore went on to set American youth records in the Bantam ( 9 -- 10 ) , the Midget ( 11 -- 12 ) , the Youth ( 13 -- 14 ) , and the Intermediate division ( 15 -- 16 ) -- some of which are still standing -- , adding the 200 metres record in the Intermediate division , and was part of the 4 × 400 metres relay team in the Youth division .   Moore ran for John Muir High School in Pasadena , California , though his mother arranged for him to continue to run under Robinson . His freshman year , his team won the CIF California State Meet 4x400 relay . In 1995 , his sophomore year , Moore won the 400 , beating future World Champion , Tyree Washington by a half a second . He was also second in the 200 and again anchored his team to winning the relay in remarkable come from behind fashion . Later in the season , he represented the United States at the 1995 Pan American Junior Athletics Championships in Santiago , Chile , where he set the still standing World Youth Best in the 400 metres at 45.14 .   And the following year Moore won both the 400 , 200 and anchored the relay to the state meet record . At major relay events around the country , including the Penn Relays , Moore became a trackside legend as one of the best , a high school junior being clocked doing 45 second laps . He was Track and Field News `` High School Athlete of the Year '' in 1996 .   With high expectations of having a chance to be the first high school athlete to qualify for the Olympics since Dwayne Evans and Lam Jones in 1976 , Moore qualified for the 1996 U.S. Olympic Trials . Those dreams were dashed by a 7th place finish in the semi-finals . Later in 1996 , Moore won the World Junior Championships in Sydney , Australia under cool conditions . Moore expected many better things to come .   Moore looked at 1997 , his senior year of high school , as the chance to set records out of sight . Instead , he suffered a minor injury early in the season . Still focused on setting records , Moore ignored the problem and continued to press . Some have also suggested Moore lost focus . However , the effects of expectations and celebrity certainly were a factor on the 17 year old 's life . Moore aspired to go to nearby powerhouse University of Southern California , but his SAT and then ACT scores left him .1 point away from eligibility . In order to improve his academic standing Moore went first to Pasadena City College , then Long Beach City College . Further attempts took him across the continent to Morehouse College Moore spent his time in injury rehabilitation . His heart and aspirations were still in Southern California . He left Morehose a year later . The following year , Moore ended up at Life University , an NAIA college . After a successful and healthy fall training season , he entered the Pomona Pitzer Invitational , a tune up meet before the Mt. SAC Relays . Facing serious competition from people with marks equivalent to Moore 's high school junior accomplishments , Moore pulled out of the race at the last minute .  `` He could n't go to the line , '' recalls then Life University head coach Mark Spino . `` If he just was even around , people had such high expectations of him , it was hard for him to start anyplace and very hard for him to have intermediary goals . ''   The psychological effects from this event led to a crushing stigma about high level racing . He next moved to Wallace State Community College where Moore regained eligibility and ran impressively in practice . But when he went to the first Indoor meet of the season again the psychological pressure got to him , scratching from the race 10 minutes before the gun . Moore eventually disappeared from the college . Back in California , Moore has made repeated starts at regaining form , seeking help from his youth coach Robinson and others . After showing flashes of his original brilliance .   `` I 'm just hoping and praying he does get the stability , because people all across the country are still pulling for him and want him to be successful , '' Robertson says . `` I 'm at a loss what to do . But I believe inside he 's a great kid , he 's always been a great kid , he 's always done everything that I 've asked him to do on the track ''   `` One thing I know for sure , if he really wanted to , he could still be the greatest quartermiler in the world today -- just off of talent . Every time I worked with him , what I did see was that the talent is still there . If he really worked and did what he needs to do , in my mind , there 's still nobody better . All these guys I see going around the track today would n't have a chance of beating him if he really did what he was supposed to do . ''   Currently , Obea Moore resides in Los Angeles , California . He owns Sirius Body and Wellness where he trains youth and adults full time in track and fitness . He enjoys giving back to the community . In his spare time , he has perfected cooking healthy gourmet dishes and has become quite the culinary savant .   In 2014 he began talks with a writer to tell his story in the form of a biography/training manual to inspire others , scheduled to be released in late 2015 .

neg: Strength athletics in the United States Strength athletics in the United States refers to the various strongman events throughout United States and North America in the sport of strength athletics in association with the World 's Strongest Man ( `` WSM '' ) contest . America has both an amateur and a professional sanctioning body .

neg: Sprint kayak Sprint kayak is a sport held on calm water . The paddler is seated , facing forward , and uses a double-bladed paddle pulling the blade through the water on alternate sides to propel the boat forward . Kayak sprint has been in every summer olympics since it debuted at the 1936 Summer Olympics . Racing is governed by the International Canoe Federation .

neg: United States National Track Championships The United States National Track Championships are held annually . Organized by USA Cycling , they are competitions of various track cycling disciplines in age and gender categories .   The championships have evolved over the years to include more events for men and women . A scratch race was introduced in 2002 , as well as a women 's keirin . The men 's madison had been held for over a century before a women 's madison was first introduced in 2009 .

neg: Track & Field News Track & Field News is an American monthly sports magazine founded in 1948 by brothers Bert Nelson and Cordner Nelson , focused on the world of track and field .   The magazine provides coverage of athletics in the U.S.A. from the high school to national level as well as covering the sport on an international bases . The magazine has given itself the motto of `` The Bible of the Sport '' .   E. Garry Hill is the magazine 's editor and Sieg Lindstrom is the managing editor . Ed Fox is publisher and Janet Vitu is executive publisher .   Each year , the magazine produces world and US rankings of top track & field athletes , selected by the magazine 's editors along with an international team of experts .   Many of the standard abbreviations used throughout the sport , like WR = World Record ; WJR = World Junior Record ; AR = American Record , started as print saving abbreviations in the magazine .

neg: Richard Browne (athletics) Richard Browne ( born July 9 , 1991 in Jackson , Mississippi ) is a United States sprint runner . In 2007 an accident sent him through a plate glass window , which resulted in an arterial bleed that caused his right leg to be permanently damaged . In 2010 , after 14 surgical operations , his leg was amputated . `` I was 16 years old in the prime of my life . I go through a window one day and from that point on my life is changed forever . '' https://www.paralympic.org/Athletes/Biographies; https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324188604578541543175004524 . He competes in the T44 class . He attended Morehouse College in Atlanta , Georgia .   At the 2012 Paralympic Games , he won a Silver Medal in the 100m event .  In July 2013 at the 2013 IPC Athletics World Championships at the Stade du Rhône in Lyon he broke Jonnie Peacock 's world record when he recorded a time of 10.83 in the T44 100m semi-finals . He subsequently broke the T44 100m world record with a time of 10.75 in the 2013 Paralympic Anniversary Games in London . On April 18 , 2014 Browne broke the T44 200m World Record , 21.91 ( +1.4 ) at the Mt. Sac Relays in Los Angeles , CA . He is also the world record holder over the T44 60m with an official time of 6.99 ran the Emory Crossplex Invitational in Birmingham , AL on January 28 , 2013 In 2013 Browne became the first T44 sprinter in history to compete in a world class able body field when he ran at the 2013 Millrose Games in New York , NY . An equipment failure forced him to pull out of the race 10m before the finish line . In 2014 he again lined up in an international able body 60m field at the Meeting De Mondeville in France .

neg: Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics At the 1900 Summer Olympics , twenty-three athletics events were contested . Altogether , 117 athletes from 15 nations competed . A total of 68 medals ( 23 gold , 23 silver , 22 bronze ) were awarded . In many countries , due in part to the conflation of the Olympic Games and the World 's Fair in Paris , the media discussed only the athletics events under the `` Olympic '' name while ignoring the incredible variety of other sports featured at the time .   The 23 events listed are those currently considered to have been of Olympic stature by the International Olympic Committee and most Olympic historians . They exclude all events that used a handicap system , as well as all events which were open to professional athletes .   Competitions were held on 14 July , 15 July , 16 July , 19 July , and 22 July . This included Bastille Day , which is a French holiday , and then Sunday , which many of the American athletes protested . Even with many Americans not competing in finals because of confusion caused by the organizers ' decision to count scores achieved on Monday , 16 July for finals held on Sunday , 15 July and subsequent rescission of that decision , the United States won more than 4 times as many medals as any other nation , including 16 of the 23 gold medals .   The conditions of competition were also subpar compared even to those at the previous games in 1896 . There was no track for the Paris Games , as a grass field dotted with trees and of unequal elevation was used . The course was 500 metres in length , an unusual distance for a track .

neg: Combined track and field events Combined events are competitions in which athletes participate in a number of track and field events , earning points for their performance in each event , which adds to a total points score . Outdoors , the most common combined events are the men 's decathlon and the women 's heptathlon . Due to stadium limitations , indoor combined events competition have a reduced number of events , resulting in the men 's heptathlon and the women 's pentathlon . Athletes are allocated points based on an international-standard points scoring system , such as the decathlon scoring table . Other longer combined events do exist , such as the icosathlon ( double decathlon ) for men and the tetradecathlon for women . Indoors , both men and women compete in the tetradecathlon , with slightly different events to the women 's outdoor version .

neg: World championship A world championship is generally an international sports competition open to elite competitors from across the world , representing their nations , and winning such an event will be considered the highest or near highest achievement in the sport or contest .   The title is usually awarded through a combination of specific contests or , less commonly , ranking systems ( e.g. the ICC Test Championship ) , or a combination of the two ( e.g. World Triathlon Championships in Triathlon ) . This determines a ` world champion ' , who or which is commonly considered the best nation , team , individual ( or other entity ) in the world in a particular field , although the vagaries of sport ensure that the competitor recognised at the best in an event is not always the ` world champion ' ( see Underdog ) .   Certain sports do not have a world championship . Instead , they may organise a world cup competition , or they may organize both , for example cycling ( UCI World Championships and UCI World Cups ) ) . Often , the use of the term cup or championship in this sense is just a choice of words . Some sports have multiple champions because of multiple organizations , such as boxing , mixed martial arts and wrestling .   Certain sports do not have a world championship or a world cup as such , but may have one or several world champions . Professional boxing , for example , has several world champions at different weights , but each one of them is decided by a `` title fight '' , not a tournament .   A certain number of sports hold world championships or world cups which are overshadowed , in terms of prestige , by the same events in the Olympic Games , the most prestigious multi-sports event .   Still other sports may or may not have a true world championship but may designate the winners of a domestic competition to be `` world champions . '' This is especially true of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada ; world cups and championships exist in all of the major sports , but the domestic U.S. and Canadian leagues are generally recognized as the world professional championships or the equivalent of a world club championship . ( In American football , although an IFAF World Championship exists , the United States is so far above and beyond the other nations it faces that the winner of the U.S.-based Super Bowl , a competition limited to the 32 teams in the National Football League , is commonly recognized as the world champion . )   Finally , certain professional sports do not have a world championship or world cup , but rather hold a series of events recognised as the elite level in their field ( e.g. tennis has a series of four Grand Slam events recognised as the pinnacle of the game , in addition to key team events , world tour finals and the Olympic Games , but no world championship or world cup ) .

neg: Biathlon at the 1988 Winter Olympics – Sprint The Men 's 10 kilometre sprint biathlon competition at the 1988 Winter Olympics was held on 23 February , at Canmore Nordic Centre . Competitors raced over three loops of the skiing course , shooting two times , once prone and once standing . Each miss was penalized by requiring the competitor to race over an 150 metre penalty loop .

neg: Athletics at the Gymnasiade Athletics is one of the core sports on the programme for the Gymnasiade , an international multi-sport event organised by the International School Sport Federation ( ISF ) . It has featured at all editions of the competition since 1976 . An athletics competition was held the same year as the inaugural 1974 Gymnasiade , but was held separately at a different location . The event , contested by youth athletes under eighteen years old , was used as a reference point by the International Association of Athletics Federations ( IAAF ) when organising its first IAAF World Youth Championships in Athletics in 1999 .

neg: 2010 IAAF Diamond League The 2010 IAAF Diamond League was the first edition of the Diamond League , an annual series of fourteen one-day track and field meetings . The series began on 14 May in Doha , Qatar and ended on 27 August in Brussels , Belgium .   Superseding the European-centred IAAF Golden League , the Diamond League was the IAAF 's first intercontinental series of one-day track and field meetings . Expanding upon the idea of the former Golden League jackpot , there were 32 separate Diamond Races , involving 16 men 's and 16 women 's track and field events -- each of the events featured seven times only over the course of the fourteen meetings of the 2010 Diamond League , and the best athlete in each event won a Diamond Trophy . The total available prize money for the series was US$ 6.63 million .   For infrastructure reasons the men 's and women 's hammer throw events were not included in the IAAF Diamond League . For this reason the IAAF created a Hammer Throw challenge .   For the first time , some of the world 's foremost track and field athletes were centrally contracted to an athletics meeting series . For the 2010 series the contracted athletes -- called Diamond League Ambassadors -- included figures such as Usain Bolt , Kenenisa Bekele , Yelena Isinbayeva and Blanka Vlašić .   Prior to the series , former World Champion Steve Cram stated that he believed that , through greater television exposure , and mutual responsibility between the IAAF and promoters , the 2010 Diamond League would raise the profile of the sport of athletics .

neg: Igor Zhelezovski Igor Nikolayevich Zhelezovski or Ihar Mikalayevich Zhalazoŭski ( Игорь Николаевич Железовский Ігар Мікалаевіч Жалязоўскі born 1 July 1963 ) is a former speed skater , considered to be one of the best sprinters ever . His imposing physical appearance resulted in the nicknames `` Igor the Terrible '' and `` The bear from Minsk '' . Originally competing for the Soviet Union , then for the Commonwealth of Independent States , and finally for Belarus , he became World Sprint Champion a record number of six times , a record still unequalled . In Soviet times , he trained at Armed Forces sports society in Minsk .   Igor Zhelezovski won silver at the World Junior Allround Championships in 1982 . Specialising in the sprint , he became World Sprint Champion in 1985 , 1986 , 1989 , 1991 , 1992 and 1993 . He finished eighth in the 1987 edition , having just recovered from an illness , and decided to skip the 1988 edition in favour of preparing for the Winter Olympics in Calgary that same year . These , however , turned out to be a disappointment for him , finishing sixth on the 500 m , `` only '' third on his favourite 1000 m , and fourth on the 1500 m . The remaining two World Sprint Championships he participated in , in 1990 and 1994 , he finished third and sixth , respectively .   His final two seasons , after the dissolution of the Soviet Union , Zhelezovski skated for Belarus . After ending his skating career in 1994 , Zhelezovski became president of the skating union of Belarus , a position he held for several years .

neg: Mark Jelks Mark Elliott Jelks ( born April 10 , 1984 ) is an American track and field athlete who specializes in the 100-meter dash . He has a personal best of 9.99 seconds for the event and represented the United States at the 2007 World Championships in Athletics . In 2014 , Jelks made a change in eligibility in order to represent Nigeria internationally . He represented his new country at the 2014 Commonwealth Games .   He also competes in the 60-meter dash and won the national title at the 2009 USA Indoor Track and Field Championships with a personal record of 6.51 seconds . He received a two-year doping suspension in 2010 after failing to inform the United States Anti-Doping Agency of his location on three occasions .

neg: International Track & Field International Track & Field is a 3D update of Konami 's Track & Field series , in which up to four players compete in eleven different Olympic events . The game was released for the PlayStation and the arcades in 1996 . The arcade version was released only in Japan as Hyper Athlete . In 2008 the game was released on PlayStation Network . All six events from the first game , 1983 's Track & Field , are included , but only three events ( swimming , pole vault and triple jump ) are taken from the sequel , Hyper Sports . International Track & Field uses the three-button control system of its predecessors ( two run buttons and one action button per player ) and the eleven disciplines can be attempted in any order . The available events are :  100m Sprint  Long Jump  Shot Put  100m Free style  110m Hurdle  High Jump  Hammer  Triple Jump  Javelin  Pole Vault  Discus

neg: Motocross des Nations The Motocross des Nations is an annual team motocross race , where riders representing their country meet at what is billed as the `` Olympics of Motocross '' . The event has been staged since 1947 , where the team of Bill Nicholson , Fred Rist and Bob Ray , representing Great Britain , took home the Chamberlain Trophy for the first time .   The event as it stands today is an amalgamation of three separate events , the original Motocross des Nations , raced with 500cc motorcycles , the Trophée des Nations , raced with 250cc motorcycles , and the Coupe des Nations , for 125cc motorcycles . Before 1984 , the three events were held in different locations on different weekends , whereafter they were combined into a single event with one rider per class .   The scoring for the event works on the position system , i.e. first place is awarded one point , second place two , etc. . Each class ( currently MXGP , MX2 and Open ) races twice , each time against one of other two classes , for a total of three races . The worst score of three races is dropped , and the lowest combined score wins .   The event 's name has been officially anglicised ( as Motocross of Nations `` MXON '' ) since 2004 , when Youthstream was awarded promotional rights for the World Motocross Grand Prix , although the general moniker Des Nations or MXDN is still very much in use .   Historically Great Britain dominated the early years , before the competition became more fierce . With the rise of motocross in North America from the 1970s , the USA embarked on a famous winning streak , lasting 13 years from 1981 to 1993 .


query: The main successor to the internet was the ARPANET.

pos: Internet The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite ( TCP/IP ) to link devices worldwide . It is a network of networks that consists of private , public , academic , business , and government networks of local to global scope , linked by a broad array of electronic , wireless , and optical networking technologies . The Internet carries an extensive range of information resources and services , such as the inter-linked hypertext documents and applications of the World Wide Web ( WWW ) , electronic mail , telephony , and file sharing .   The origins of the Internet date back to research commissioned by the United States federal government in the 1960s to build robust , fault-tolerant communication via computer networks . The primary precursor network , the ARPANET , initially served as a backbone for interconnection of regional academic and military networks in the 1980s . The funding of the National Science Foundation Network as a new backbone in the 1980s , as well as private funding for other commercial extensions , led to worldwide participation in the development of new networking technologies , and the merger of many networks . The linking of commercial networks and enterprises by the early 1990s marks the beginning of the transition to the modern Internet , and generated a sustained exponential growth as generations of institutional , personal , and mobile computers were connected to the network . Although the Internet was widely used by academia since the 1980s , the commercialization incorporated its services and technologies into virtually every aspect of modern life .   Internet use grew rapidly in the West from the mid-1990s and from the late 1990s in the developing world . In the two decades since then , Internet use has grown 100-times , measured for the period of one year , to over one third of the world population . Most traditional communications media , including telephony , radio , television , paper mail and newspapers are being reshaped or redefined by the Internet , giving birth to new services such as email , Internet telephony , Internet television , online music , digital newspapers , and video streaming websites . Newspaper , book , and other print publishing are adapting to website technology , or are reshaped into blogging , web feeds and online news aggregators . The Internet has enabled and accelerated new forms of personal interactions through instant messaging , Internet forums , and social networking . Online shopping has grown exponentially both for major retailers and small businesses and entrepreneurs , as it enables firms to extend their `` brick and mortar '' presence to serve a larger market or even sell goods and services entirely online . Business-to-business and financial services on the Internet affect supply chains across entire industries .   The Internet has no centralized governance in either technological implementation or policies for access and usage ; each constituent network sets its own policies . Only the overreaching definitions of the two principal name spaces in the Internet , the Internet Protocol address space and the Domain Name System ( DNS ) , are directed by a maintainer organization , the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ( ICANN ) . The technical underpinning and standardization of the core protocols is an activity of the Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF ) , a non-profit organization of loosely affiliated international participants that anyone may associate with by contributing technical expertise .

neg: 6bone The 6bone was a testbed for Internet Protocol version 6 ; it was an outgrowth of the IETF IPng project that created the IPv6 protocols intended to eventually replace the current Internet network layer protocols known as IPv4 . The 6bone was started outside the official IETF process at the March 1996 IETF meetings , and became a worldwide informal collaborative project , with eventual oversight from the `` NGtrans '' ( IPv6 Transition ) Working Group of the IETF .   The original mission of the 6bone was to establish a network to foster the development , testing , and deployment of IPv6 using a model to be based upon the experiences from the Mbone , hence the name `` 6bone '' .   The 6bone started as a virtual network ( using IPv6 over IPv4 tunneling/encapsulation ) operating over the IPv4-based Internet to support IPv6 transport , and slowly added native links specifically for IPv6 transport . Although the initial 6bone focus was on testing of standards and implementations , the eventual focus became more on testing of transition and operational procedures , as well as actual IPv6 network usage .   The 6bone operated under the IPv6 Testing Address Allocation ( see ) , which specified the 3FFE : : / 16 IPv6 prefix for 6bone testing purposes .   At its peak in mid-2003 , over 150 6bone top level 3FFE : : / 16 network prefixes were routed , interconnecting over 1000 sites in more than 50 countries . When it became obvious that the availability of IPv6 top level production prefixes was assured , and that commercial and private IPv6 networks were being operated outside the 6bone using these prefixes , a plan was developed to phase out the 6bone ( see ) .   The phaseout plan called for a halt to new 6bone prefix allocations on 1 January 2004 and the complete cessation of 6bone operation and routing over the 6bone testing prefixes on 6 June 2006 . Addresses within the 6bone testing prefix have now reverted to the IANA .

neg: Temporal Key Integrity Protocol Temporal Key Integrity Protocol or TKIP -LSB- tiːˈkɪp -RSB- was a stopgap security protocol used in the IEEE 802.11 wireless networking standard . TKIP was designed by the IEEE 802.11 i task group and the Wi-Fi Alliance as an interim solution to replace WEP without requiring the replacement of legacy hardware . This was necessary because the breaking of WEP had left Wi-Fi networks without viable link-layer security , and a solution was required for already deployed hardware . However , TKIP itself is no longer considered secure , and was deprecated in the 2012 revision of the 802.11 standard .

neg: Newbridge Networks Newbridge Networks was an Ottawa , Ontario , Canada company founded by Welsh-Canadian entrepreneur Sir Terry Matthews . It was founded in 1986 to create data and voice networking products after Matthews was forced out of his original company Mitel . According to Matthews , he saw that data networking would grow far faster than voice networking , and he had wanted to take Mitel in much the same direction , but the ` risk-averse ' British Telecom dominated Mitel board refused and effectively ousted him . The name Newbridge Networks comes from Sir Terry Matthews ' home town of Newbridge in south Wales .   Newbridge quickly became a major market player in this area using the voice switching and software engineering expertise that was prevalent in the Ottawa area .   The company initially had innovative channelbank products , which allowed telcos with existing wiring to offer a wide variety of new services . Newbridge also offered ( for the time ) the industry 's most innovative network management ( 46020 NMS ) and ISDN TAP 3500 , RS-232C 3600 Mainstreet PC 4601A and ACC `` river '' routers ( Congo/Amazon/Tigris etc. ) , including distributed star-topology routing through both proprietary software over the unused facilities ' data links in optical hardware and telco switches .   Starting in 1992 the company became increasingly focused upon and well known for its family of ATM products such as the MainStreet 36150 and MainStreeXpress 36170 ( later renamed Alcatel 7470 ) .   Newbridge later absorbed some routing technology that had been abandoned by Tandem Computers , with the purchase of Ungermann-Bass and entered the pure data networking market with a traditional routing and switching product . This was in addition to its internally developed ViViD product line , which was a network-wide distributed routing product ( ridge or routing bridge -- bridges with a centralized routing server ) .   Newbridge had 30 % ownership of affiliate West End Systems Corp. , which was headquartered in Kanata , Ontario , with R&D facilities in Arnprior , Ontartio .   Newbridge was purchased and absorbed by Alcatel in late February 2000 for over $ 7 billion in stock . With this transaction , Matthews became the single largest shareholder in Alcatel .

neg: Autonomic Network Architecture The Autonomic Network Architecture Project aims at exploring novel ways of organizing and using networks beyond legacy Internet technology . The ultimate goal is to design and develop a novel autonomic networking architecture that enables flexible , dynamic , and fully autonomous formation of network nodes as well as whole networks . Universities and research institutes from Europe and Northern America are participating in this project .   The resulting autonomic network architecture will allow dynamic adaptation and re-organisation of the network according to the working , economical and social needs of the users . This is expected to be especially challenging in a mobile context where new resources become available dynamically , administrative domains change frequently , and the economic models may vary .

neg: Switching circuit theory Switching circuit theory is the mathematical study of the properties of networks of idealized switches . Such networks may be strictly combinational logic , in which their output state is only a function of the present state of their inputs ; or may also contain sequential elements , where the present state depends on the present state and past states ; in that sense , sequential circuits are said to include `` memory '' of past states . An important class of sequential circuits are state machines . Switching circuit theory is applicable to the design of telephone systems , computers , and similar systems . Switching circuit theory provided the mathematical foundations and tools for digital system design in almost all areas of modern technology .   From 1934 to 1936 , NEC engineer Akira Nakashima published a series of papers showing that the two-valued Boolean algebra , which he discovered independently , can describe the operation of switching circuits . His work was later cited and elaborated on in Claude Shannon 's seminal 1938 paper `` A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits '' . The principles of Boolean algebra are applied to switches , providing mathematical tools for analysis and synthesis of any switching system .   Ideal switches are considered as having only two exclusive states , for example , open or closed . In some analysis , the state of a switch can be considered to have no influence on the output of the system and is designated as a `` do n't care '' state . In complex networks it is necessary to also account for the finite switching time of physical switches ; where two or more different paths in a network may affect the output , these delays may result in a `` logic hazard '' or `` race condition '' where the output state changes due to the different propagation times through the network .

neg: Link Access Procedure for Modems Link Access Procedure for Modems ( LAPM ) is part of the V. 42 error correction protocol for modems .   LAPM is an error control protocol defined in ITU-T recommendations V. 42 . Like many data link layer protocols , it is a variant of HDLC . Like the Microcom Networking Protocols that preceded it , LAPM uses cyclic redundancy checking ( CRC ) and retransmission of corrupted data ( ARQ ) to ensure data reliability .   Error control protocols such as LAPM use frames of variable lengths , each beginning with a header and ending with a frame check sequence trailer ( a cyclic redundancy check ) . Correctly received packets are acknowledged , and unacknowledged packets are automatically retransmitted ( ARQ ) .   The larger the payload included in each frame , the smaller the relative cost of transmitting the header and trailer bits . Usually LAPM adds only about 5 percent framing overhead . This is a noticeable improvement over the fixed 25 % overhead of start and stop bits required by direct asynchronous serial communication , but obviously such large frames impose a cost in the form of communication latency .   LAPM has an optional Selective reject ( SREJ ) functionality which allows it to resend only the corrupted frames , providing faster recovery from an error .   The ITU-T V. 42 LAPM procedure is considered more robust than the Microcom Networking Protocols ( MNP ) that preceded it , and has a more sophisticated and powerful data compression option in V. 42bis , allowing much greater data throughput .   V. 42bis added a string compression algorithm called BTLZ ( British Telecom Lempel Ziv ) , in which frequently occurring strings of characters are replaced by code words . The `` dictionary '' of strings is dynamically maintained during transmission and keeps track of changes in the data ; new strings are added and old strings are deleted . As the data may not always be compressible ( for example encrypted or pre-compressed data ) the modem has the ability to switch between compressed and uncompressed modes of operation . Compression performance is continually monitored and , if no compression is obtained , the modem transmits the data in uncompressed form . Even while in uncompressed mode , the modem monitors the characteristics of the data and switches compression back on as soon as some benefit can be achieved .

neg: Convergence (routing) Convergence is the state of a set of routers that have the same topological information about the internetwork in which they operate . For a set of routers to have converged , they must have collected all available topology information from each other via the implemented routing protocol , the information they gathered must not contradict any other router 's topology information in the set , and it must reflect the real state of the network . In other words : In a converged network all routers `` agree '' on what the network topology looks like .   Convergence is an important notion for a set of routers that engage in dynamic routing . All Interior Gateway Protocols rely on convergence to function properly . To have converged it is the normal state of an operational autonomous system . The Exterior Gateway Routing Protocol BGP typically never converges because the Internet is too big for changes to be communicated fast enough .

neg: Personal area network A personal area network ( PAN ) is a computer network used for data transmission amongst devices such as computers , telephones , tablets and personal digital assistants . PANs can be used for communication amongst the personal devices themselves ( interpersonal communication ) , or for connecting to a higher level network and the Internet ( an uplink ) where one `` master '' device takes up the role as internet router .   A wireless personal area network ( WPAN ) is a low-powered PAN carried over a short-distance wireless network technology such as :  INSTEON  IrDA  Wireless USB  Bluetooth  Z-Wave  ZigBee  Body Area Network  The reach of a WPAN varies from a few centimeters to a few meters . A PAN may also be carried over wired computer buses such as USB and FireWire .   Although a ( secured ) Wi-Fi tethering connection could be used by only one single user it is not considered to be a PAN .

neg: Telecommunication Telecommunication is the transmission of signs , signals , messages , words , writings , images and sounds or intelligence of any nature by wire , radio , optical or other electromagnetic systems . Telecommunication occurs when the exchange of information between communication participants includes the use of technology . It is transmitted either electrically over physical media , such as cables , or via electromagnetic radiation . Such transmission paths are often divided into communication channels which afford the advantages of multiplexing . The term is often used in its plural form , telecommunications , because it involves many different technologies .   Early means of communicating over a distance included visual signals , such as beacons , smoke signals , semaphore telegraphs , signal flags , and optical heliographs . Other examples of pre-modern long-distance communication included audio messages such as coded drumbeats , lung-blown horns , and loud whistles . 20th and 21st century technologies for long-distance communication usually involve electrical and electromagnetic technologies , such as telegraph , telephone , and teleprinter , networks , radio , microwave transmission , fiber optics , and communications satellites .   A revolution in wireless communication began in the first decade of the 20th century with the pioneering developments in radio communications by Guglielmo Marconi , who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1909 . Other notable pioneering inventors and developers in the field of electrical and electronic telecommunications include Charles Wheatstone and Samuel Morse ( inventors of the telegraph ) , Alexander Graham Bell ( inventor of the telephone ) , Edwin Armstrong and Lee de Forest ( inventors of radio ) , as well as Vladimir K. Zworykin , John Logie Baird and Philo Farnsworth ( some of the inventors of television ) .

neg: IEEE 802.1X IEEE 802.1 X is an IEEE Standard for port-based Network Access Control ( PNAC ) . It is part of the IEEE 802.1 group of networking protocols . It provides an authentication mechanism to devices wishing to attach to a LAN or WLAN .   IEEE 802.1 X defines the encapsulation of the Extensible Authentication Protocol ( EAP ) over IEEE 802 , which is known as `` EAP over LAN '' or EAPOL . EAPOL was originally designed for IEEE 802.3 Ethernet in 802.1X-2001 , but was clarified to suit other IEEE 802 LAN technologies such as IEEE 802.11 wireless and Fiber Distributed Data Interface ( ISO 9314-2 ) in 802.1X-2004 . The EAPOL protocol was also modified for use with IEEE 802.1 AE ( `` MACsec '' ) and IEEE 802.1 AR ( Secure Device Identity , DevID ) in 802.1X-2010 to support service identification and optional point to point encryption over the local LAN segment .

neg: List of defunct network processor companies During the dot-com/internet bubble of the late 1990s and early 2000 , the proliferation of many dot-com start-up companies created a secondary bubble in the telecommunications/computer networking infrastructure and telecommunications service provider markets . Venture capital and high tech companies rushed to build next generation infrastructure equipment for the expected explosion of internet traffic .  As part of that investment fever , Network processors were seen as a method of dealing with the desire for  more network services and the ever increasing data-rates of communication networks .   It has been estimated that dozens of start-up companies were created in the race to build the processors that would be a component of the next generation telecommunications equipment . Once the internet investment bubble burst , the telecom network upgrade cycle was deferred for years ( perhaps for a decade ) . As a result , the majority of these new companies went bankrupt .   As of 2007 , the only companies that are shipping network processors in sizeable volumes are Cisco Systems , Marvell , Freescale , Cavium Networks and AMCC .

neg: Many-to-many The many-to-many communication paradigm is one of three major Internet computing paradigms , characterized by multiple users contributing and receiving information , with the information elements often interlinked across different websites . Developments such as file sharing , blogs , Wikis , and tagging are media forms that reflect this paradigm ; these contrast with both the one-to-one ( characterized by e-mail , FTP , and Telnet ) and one-to-many ( characterized by websites ) paradigms .   With the evolution to the full `` many-to-many '' computing paradigm , people can input and receive information to and from the Internet ; they will be able to connect and communicate dynamically within a flexibly formed scope ; there will be no artificial boundary between information and communication tools , and the definition of `` many '' will go well beyond people to include entities such as organizations , products , processes , events , and concepts .

neg: Acorn Computers Acorn Computers Ltd. was a British computer company established in Cambridge , England , in 1978 . The company produced a number of computers which were especially popular in the UK , including the Acorn Electron and the Acorn Archimedes . Acorn 's BBC Micro computer dominated the UK educational computer market during the 1980s . It is more known for its computer than for its other products .   Though the company was broken up into several independent operations in 1998 , its legacy includes the development of reduced instruction set computing ( RISC ) personal computers . One of its operating systems , , continues to be developed by RISC OS Open . Some of Acorn 's former subsidiaries lived on : ARM Holdings technology is dominant in the mobile phone and personal digital assistant ( PDA ) microprocessor market .   Acorn is sometimes referred to as the `` British Apple '' and has been compared to Fairchild Semiconductor for being a catalyst for start-ups . In 2010 , the company was listed by David Meyer in ZDNet as number nine in a feature of top ten fallen `` Dead IT giants '' . Many British IT professionals gained their early experiences on Acorns , which were often more technically advanced than commercially successful US hardware .

neg: Wireless Internet service provider A wireless Internet service provider ( WISP ) is an Internet service provider with a network based on wireless networking . Technology may include commonplace Wi-Fi wireless mesh networking , or proprietary equipment designed to operate over open 900 MHz , 2.4 GHz , 4.9 , 5 , 24 , and 60 GHz bands or licensed frequencies in the UHF band ( including the MMDS frequency band ) , LMDS , and other bands from 6Ghz to 80Ghz .   In the US , the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) released Report and Order , FCC 05-56 in 2005 that revised the FCC 's rules to open the 3650 MHz band for terrestrial wireless broadband operations . On November 14 , 2007 the Commission released Public Notice ( DA 07-4605 ) in which the Wireless Telecommunications Bureau announced the start date for licensing and registration process for the 3650-3700 MHz band .   As of July 2015 , there are over 1,280 fixed wireless broadband providers operating in the US covering 51 % of the US population .

neg: Internet transit Internet transit is the service of allowing network traffic to cross or `` transit '' a computer network , usually used to connect a smaller Internet service provider ( ISP ) to the larger Internet . Technically , it consists of two bundled services :  The advertisement of customer routes to other ISPs , thereby soliciting inbound traffic toward the customer from them  The advertisement of other ISPs ' routes ( usually but not necessarily in the form of a default route or a full set of routes to all of the destinations on the Internet ) to the ISP 's customer , thereby soliciting outbound traffic from the customer towards these networks .   In the 1970s and early 1980s-era Internet , the assumption was made that all networks would provide full transit for one another . In the modern private-sector Internet , two forms of interconnect agreements exist between Internet networks : transit , and peering . Transit is distinct from peering , in which only traffic between the two ISPs and their downstream customers is exchanged and neither ISP can see upstream routes over the peering connection . A transit free network uses only peering ; a network that uses only unpaid peering and connects to the whole Internet is considered a Tier 1 network . In the 1990s , the network access point concept provided one form of transit .   The transit service is typically priced per megabit per second per month , and customers are often required to commit to a minimum volume of bandwidth , and usually to a minimum term of service as well . Some transit agreements provide `` service-level agreements '' which purport to offer money-back guarantees of performance between the customer 's Internet connection and specific points on the Internet , typically major Internet exchange points within a continental geography such as North America . These service level agreements still provide only best-effort delivery since they do not guarantee service the other half of the way , from the Internet exchange point to the final destination .

neg: Telecommunications industry The telecommunications industry within the sector of information and communication technology is made up of all Telecommunications/Telephone companies and internet service providers and plays the crucial role in the evolution of mobile communications and the information society .   Traditional telephone calls continue to be the industry 's biggest revenue generator , but thanks to advances in network technology , Telecom today is less about voice and increasingly about text ( messaging , email ) and images ( e.g. video streaming ) .  High-speed internet access for computer-based data applications such as broadband information services and interactive entertainment , is pervasive . Digital Subscriber Line ( DSL ) is the main broadband telecom technology . The fastest growth comes from ( value-added ) services delivered over mobile networks .   Insight Research projects that telecommunications services revenue worldwide will grow from $ 2.2 trillion in 2015 to $ 2.4 trillion in 2019 .

neg: Utility computing Utility computing , or The Computer Utility , is a service provisioning model in which a service provider makes computing resources and infrastructure management available to the customer as needed , and charges them for specific usage rather than a flat rate . Like other types of on-demand computing ( such as grid computing ) , the utility model seeks to maximize the efficient use of resources and/or minimize associated costs . Utility is the packaging of computing resources , such as computation , storage and services , as a metered service . This model has the advantage of a low or no initial cost to acquire computer resources ; instead , computational resources are essentially rented .   This repackaging of computing services became the foundation of the shift to `` on demand '' computing , software as a service and cloud computing models that further propagated the idea of computing , application and network as a service .   There was some initial skepticism about such a significant shift . However , the new model of computing caught on and eventually became mainstream .   IBM , HP and Microsoft were early leaders in the new field of utility computing , with their business units and researchers working on the architecture , payment and development challenges of the new computing model . Google , Amazon and others started to take the lead in 2008 , as they established their own utility services for computing , storage and applications .   Utility computing can support grid computing which has the characteristic of very large computations or sudden peaks in demand which are supported via a large number of computers .   `` Utility computing '' has usually envisioned some form of virtualization so that the amount of storage or computing power available is considerably larger than that of a single time-sharing computer . Multiple servers are used on the `` back end '' to make this possible . These might be a dedicated computer cluster specifically built for the purpose of being rented out , or even an under-utilized supercomputer . The technique of running a single calculation on multiple computers is known as distributed computing .   The term `` grid computing '' is often used to describe a particular form of distributed computing , where the supporting nodes are geographically distributed or cross administrative domains . To provide utility computing services , a company can `` bundle '' the resources of members of the public for sale , who might be paid with a portion of the revenue from clients .   One model , common among volunteer computing applications , is for a central server to dispense tasks to participating nodes , on the behest of approved end-users ( in the commercial case , the paying customers ) . Another model , sometimes called the Virtual Organization ( VO ) , is more decentralized , with organizations buying and selling computing resources as needed or as they go idle .   The definition of `` utility computing '' is sometimes extended to specialized tasks , such as web services .

neg: DSM CC Digital storage media command and control ( DSM-CC ) is a toolkit for developing control channels associated with MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 streams . It is defined in part 6 of the MPEG-2 standard ( Extensions for DSM-CC ) and uses a client/server model connected via an underlying network ( carried via the MPEG-2 multiplex or independently if needed ) .   DSM-CC may be used for controlling the video reception , providing features normally found on Video Cassette Recorders ( VCR ) ( fast-forward , rewind , pause , etc. ) . It may also be used for a wide variety of other purposes including packet data transport . It is defined by a series of weighty standards , principally MPEG-2 ISO/IEC 13818-6 ( part 6 of the MPEG-2 standard ) .   DSM-CC may work in conjunction with next generation packet networks , working alongside such internet protocols as RSVP , RTSP , RTP and SCP . Although DSM-CC is usually associated with video delivery ( via satellite or terrestrially ) and with interactive content , it is also used among audio servers and clients . The architecture describes three main parts of the system : the client , the server , and the session resource manager ( SRM ) . The server provides content and other services to the client , and both are `` clients '' of the SRM . The SRM allocates and manages network resources ( such as channels , bandwidth , and network addresses . ) By combining server and client components together onto the same platforms , peer-to-peer content access and delivery systems can be constructed .   These specifications include numerous implementation options . For example , MPEG-2 video can be encoded in different ways , and a DSM-CC system can be constructed to include or exclude certain features and interfaces . Normally , an outside specification will define a profile of specific options , allowing systems built using common profiles to interoperate .   DSM-CC defines or extends five distinct protocols :   User-User Allows remote access by the client to objects on the server . The User-User specification goes beyond the definition of specific server object classes to define classes local to the client , as well as some of the interaction with other parts of the system . The distributed object model is based on CORBA . Objects are accessed using the internet inter-ORB protocol ( IIOP ) , with some optional extensions . Two subsets , `` core '' and `` extended '' , are defined . In the model , some clients may also load content onto the server .   User-Network There are two parts to this protocol : Session and Resource . This protocol is used between the client and SRM , and between the server and SRM . The U-N Session protocol is used to establish sessions with the network , associated with resources which are allocated and released using the U-N Resource protocol .   MPEG transport profiles The specification provides profiles to the standard MPEG transport protocol ( defined by ISO/IEC 13818-1 ) to allow transmission of event , synchronization , download , and other information in the MPEG transport stream .   Download Several variations of this protocol allow transfer of content from server to client , either within the MPEG transport stream or on a separate ( presumably high-speed ) channel . Flow-controlled download allows the download operations to be negotiated and controlled by the client . A variation of download is an autonomous `` data carousel '' on the server which repeatedly downloads information ; the download carousel client waits for the information without initiating the transfer . An extension to the data carousel is the `` object carousel '' , which presents downloaded information as objects compatible with the objects defined by the User-User API . ( The choice of download or IIOP protocols is embedded in the object 's IOR , so the means of access is transparent to the client application . )   Switched Digital Broadcast-Channel Change Protocol ( SDB/CCP ) Enables a client to remotely switch from channel to channel in a broadcast environment . Used to attach a client to a continuous-feed session ( CFS ) or other broadcast feed . Sometimes used in pay-per-view .   An implementation does not always need all of these protocols . Almost all implementations in the real world use a subset .

neg: Network search engine Computer networks are connected together to form larger networks such as campus networks , corporate networks , or the Internet . Routers are network devices that may be used to connect these networks ( e.g. , a home network connected to the network of an Internet service provider ) . When a router interconnects many networks or handles much network traffic , it may become a bottleneck and cause network congestion ( i.e. , traffic loss ) .   A number of techniques have been developed to prevent such problems . One of them is the network search engine ( NSE ) , also known as network search element . This special-purpose device helps a router perform one of its core and repeated functions very fast : address lookup . Besides routing , NSE-based address lookup is also used to keep track of network service usage for billing purposes , or to look up patterns of information in the data passing through the network for security reasons .   Network search engines are often available as ASIC chips to be interfaced with the network processor of the router . Content-addressable memory and Trie are two techniques commonly used when implementing NSEs .

neg: Teleprinter A teleprinter ( teletypewriter , Teletype or TTY ) is an electromechanical typewriter that can be used to send and receive typed messages from point to point and point-to-multipoint over various types of communications channels . They were adapted to provide a user interface to early mainframe computers and minicomputers , sending typed data to the computer and printing the response . Some models could also be used to create punched tape for data storage ( either from typed input or from data received from a remote source ) and to read back such tape for local printing or transmission .   Teleprinters could use a variety of different communication media . These included a simple pair of wires , dedicated non-switched telephone circuits ( leased lines ) , switched networks that operated similarly to the public telephone network ( telex ) , and radio and microwave links ( telex-on-radio or TOR ) . A teleprinter attached to a modem could also communicate through standard switched public telephone lines . This latter configuration was often used to connect teleprinters to remote computers , particularly in time-sharing environments .   Teleprinters have largely been replaced by fully electronic computer terminals which usually use a computer monitor instead of a printer ( though the term `` TTY '' is still occasionally used to refer to them , such as in Unix systems ) . Teleprinters are still widely used in the aviation industry ( AFTN and airline teletype system ) , and variations called Telecommunications Devices for the Deaf ( TDDs ) are used by the hearing impaired for typed communications over ordinary telephone lines .


query: Sarrainodu is an action movie.

pos: Sarrainodu Sarrainodu ( The Right Person ) is a 2016 Indian Telugu-language action-masala film written and directed by Boyapati Srinu . Produced by Allu Aravind under the Geetha Arts banner , it features Allu Arjun , Aadhi Pinisetty , Rakul Preet Singh and Catherine Tresa in the lead roles while Srikanth appears in a supporting role . S. Thaman composed the film 's score and soundtrack . Rishi Punjabi is the cinematographer . The film had a theatrical release on 22 April 2016 , received mixed reviews . The film was dubbed in Hindi and released under the same title in 2017 .

neg: Arundhati (2009 film) Arundhati is a 2009 Indian Telugu dark fantasy film directed by Kodi Ramakrishna and written by Chintapalli Ramana , starring Anushka Shetty , Sonu Sood , Arjan Bajwa and Sayaji Shinde . The film was released on 16 January 2009 to positive reviews and emerged as a commercial success , also became second highest grossing Telugu film of all-time . Owing to its success , it was later dubbed into Tamil and Malayalam with the same title and in Oriya as Mantrasakti . The movie was also dubbed in Hindi as ArundhatiEk Anokhi Kahani by Sumeet Arts . It is remade in Bengali as Arundhati starring Koel Mallick .

neg: Alluri Seetarama Raju (film) Alluri Seetarama Raju is a 1974 Telugu biographical historical film based on the life of Alluri Sitarama Raju , an Indian revolutionary who is known for his role in `` Rampa Rebellion '' of 1922 -- 24 , and tribal leader Gam Malludora during the Indian independence movement in the Madras Presidency . Raju with a band of tribal leaders and other sympathizers fought against the British Raj . The film is produced by Padmalaya Studios , as the 100th film of Ghattamaneni Krishna .   Scripted by Maharadhi Tripuraneni , the film was directed by V. Ramachandra Rao , as South India 's first Cinemascope film . The film won the National Film Award for Best Lyrics for revolutionary compositions rendered by Srirangam Srinivasa Rao . The film won the Nandi Award for Best Feature Film , and was screened at the International Film Festival of India in the mainstream section , and Tashkent Film Festival . The film was the highest grossing Telugu film for that year .   The film was screened retrospective on August 16 , 2016 at the Independence Day Film Festival jointly presented by the Indian Directorate of Film Festivals and Ministry of Defense , commemorating 70th Indian Independence Day .

neg: Mafia Sasi Mafia Sasi , aka Sasidharan , is an Indian athlete and stuntman mainly in Malayalam movies . He has performed stunts in all South Indian languages for more than 1000 films . He performed stunts in the movie Mafia , which became a super hit , and he subsequently adopted the name Mafia Sasi . He has acted in a few movies as well .

neg: Cinema of India The cinema of India consists of films produced across India . Cinema as a medium has gained immense popularity in the country and as many as 1,600 films in various languages of India are produced annually . Indian films have also come to be followed throughout South Asia , the Greater Middle East , Southeast Asia and other countries . Dadasaheb Phalke is known as the `` father of Indian cinema '' . The Dadasaheb Phalke Award , for lifetime contribution to cinema , was instituted in his honour , by the Government of India in 1969 , and is the most prestigious and coveted award in Indian cinema .   In the 20th century , Indian cinema , along with the Hollywood and Chinese film industries , became a global enterprise . As of 2013 , in terms of annual film output , India ranks first , followed by Nollywood , Hollywood and China . In 2012 , India produced 1,602 feature films . The Indian film industry reached overall revenues of $ 1.86 billion ( 93 billion ) in 2011 . This is projected to rise to $ 3 billion ( 200 billion ) in 2016 . In 2015 , India had a total box office gross of , the fourth largest in the world outside North America . Enhanced technology paved the way for upgrading from established cinematic norms of delivering product , altering the manner in which content reached the target audience . Biopics like Dangal and CGI-laden epics like Baahubali emerged as transnational blockbusters grossing over $ 200 million each in early 21st century . Indian cinema found markets in over 90 countries where films from India are screened . The Indian government extended film delegations to foreign countries such as the United States of America and Japan while the country 's Film Producers Guild sent similar missions through Europe .   The provision of 100 % foreign direct investment has made the Indian film market attractive for foreign enterprises such as 20th Century Fox , Sony Pictures , Walt Disney Pictures and Warner Bros. . Indian enterprises such as AVM Productions , Prasad 's Group , Sun Pictures , PVP Cinemas , Zee , UTV , Suresh Productions , Eros Films , Ayngaran International , Pyramid Saimira , Aascar Films and Adlabs also participated in producing and distributing films . Tax incentives to multiplexes have aided the multiplex boom in India . By 2003 as many as 30 film production companies had been listed in the National Stock Exchange of India , making the commercial presence of the medium felt .   The South Indian film industry defines the four film cultures of South India as a single entity . They are the Telugu , the Tamil , the Malayalam and the Kannada industries . Although developed independently over a long period , gross exchange of film performers and technicians as well as globalisation helped to shape this new identity .   The Indian diaspora consists of millions of Indians overseas for which films are made available both through media such as DVDs and by screening of films in their country of residence wherever commercially feasible . These earnings , accounting for some 12 % of the revenue generated by a mainstream film , contribute substantially to the overall revenue of Indian cinema , the net worth of which was found to be 1.3 billion in 2000 . Music in Indian cinema is another substantial revenue generator with the music rights alone accounting for 4 -- 5 % of the net revenues generated by a film in India .

neg: Donga Ramudu (1988 film) Donga Ramudu is a 1988 Telugu Action film , produced Chalasani Gopi by on Gopi Art Pictures banner and directed by K. Raghavendra Rao . Starring Nandamuri Balakrishna , Radha in the lead roles and music composed by Chakravarthy .

neg: Agent Vinod (1977 film) Agent Vinod is a 1977 Hindi action Spy film directed by Deepak Bahry . The film stars Mahendra Sandhu as a dashing Indian secret agent and Jagdeep as a comic side-kick . This movie turned out to be a surprise hit . Its title was reused in the 2012 Hindi film of the same name , however it is n't a remake .

neg: B. Saroja Devi B. Saroja Devi is an Indian actress , who has acted in Kannada , Tamil , Telugu and Hindi movies . One of the most successful female leads in the history of Indian cinema , she acted in around 200 films over six decades . She is known by the epithets `` Abinaya Saraswathi '' ( Saraswati of acting ) in Kannada and `` Kannadathu Paingili '' ( Kannada 's Parrot ) in Tamil   At the age of 17 , Saroja Devi got her big break with her debut movie itself , that 's the Kannada film Mahakavi Kalidasa ( 1955 ) . In Telugu cinema , she made her debut with Panduranga Mahatyam ( 1959 ) , and starred in a number of successful films until the late 1970s . The Tamil film Nadodi Mannan ( 1958 ) made her one of the top actresses in Tamil cinema . After her marriage in 1967 , she continued to be second in demand actress in Tamil films till 1974 , but she continued to be one of the top actresses in Telugu and Kannada cinema from 1958 until the 1980s . She also starred in Hindi films until the mid-1960s , starting with Paigham ( 1959 ) .   She played the lead heroine in 161 consecutive films in 29 years between 1955 and 1984 . Saroja Devi received the Padma Sri , the fourth-highest civilian honour , in 1969 and Padma Bhushan , third highest civilian award , in 1992 from the Government of India , honourary doctorate from Bangalore University and Kalaimamani award from Tamil nadu .

neg: Ram Gopal Varma Ram Gopal Varma is an Indian film director , screenwriter and producer , known for his works in Telugu cinema , Bollywood , and television . Influenced by Russian-American playwright Ayn Rand , and European authors Friedrich Nietzsche , James Hadley Chase and Frederick Forsyth , Varma directed films across multiple genres , including parallel cinema and docudrama noted for their gritty realism , technical finesse , and craft .   Varma has garnered the National Film Award for scripting the political crime drama , Shool ( 1999 ) . In 2004 , He was featured in the BBC World series Bollywood Bosses . In 2006 , Grady Hendrix of Film Comment , published by the Film Society of Lincoln Center , New York City cited Varma as `` Bombay 's Most Successful Maverick '' for his works on experimental films . Varma is regarded as the fountain head of new age Indian cinema .   Varma is known for presenting the Indian Political Trilogy , and the Indian Gangster Trilogy , film critic Rajeev Masand has labeled the series as one of the `` most influential movies of Hindi cinema .  The first installment of the trilogy , Satya , was also listed in CNN-IBN 's 100 greatest Indian films of all time . Varma 's recent avant-garde works include hits such as the alternate history , Rakta Charitra ( 2010 ) , the dramatized re-enactment of 2008 Mumbai attacks in The Attacks of 26/11 ( 2013 ) , a horror fiction , Ice Cream shot with Flowcam Technology ( 2014 ) , a slasher film , Anukshanam ( 2014 ) , Killing Veerappan ( 2016 ) , a documentary drama , and Vangaveeti ( 2016 ) a biographical `` based on true events '' .   Starting his career as a civil engineer , he made an entry into Telugu cinema , with the path-breaking crime thriller , Siva ( 1989 ) screened at the 13th International Film Festival of India , and has garnered Varma , the state Nandi Awards for Best direction , Best first film of a director , and the Filmfare Award for Best Film -- Telugu . Siva explores the concepts of student exploitation by anti-social behavior and the impact of crowd psychology . Subsequently , the film was included in CNN-IBN 's list of 100 greatest Indian films of all time . He then experimented with the Neo-noir , Kshana Kshanam ( 1991 ) screened at the Ann Arbor Film Festival , the sleeper hit won him another Nandi Award for Best Direction , and the Nandi Award for Best Screenplay Writer . The 1993 political drama , Gaayam received six state Nandi Awards . In 1999 , He directed Prema Katha for which he received his third Nandi Award for Best Director .

neg: Dishoom Dishoom is a 2016 Indian action comedy film written and directed by Rohit Dhawan . The film stars John Abraham , Varun Dhawan and Jacqueline Fernandez with Saqib Saleem and Akshaye Khanna in supporting roles . The film 's score is composed by Abhijit Vaghani and the film 's musical numbers were composed by Pritam Chakraborty . The film was released worldwide on 29 July 2016 .

neg: Salim (film) Salim is a 2014 Indian Tamil action thriller film directed by N. V. Nirmal Kumar , who was an associate to Bharathi Raja . It stars Vijay Antony and Aksha Pardasany . Produced by Studio 9 , Sri Green Productions and Vijay Antony Film Corporation , the film is a sequel to Vijay Antony 's debut film Naan ( 2012 ) . The film was released on 29 August 2014 .

neg: Theri (film) Theri ( Spark ) is a 2016 Indian Tamil-language action thriller film written and directed by Atlee and produced by Kalaipuli S. Thanu . The film features Vijay , Samantha Ruth Prabhu and Amy Jackson in the lead roles , while Mahendran , Prabhu and Raadhika Sarathkumar amongst others form an ensemble cast . Featuring music composed by G. V. Prakash Kumar and cinematography handled by George C. Williams .   The film had a worldwide release on 14 April 2016 . It has been dubbed into Telugu and was released as Policeodu ( Police Man ) on 15 April 2016 , however , the title was later on altered to Police .

neg: Vijaypath Vijaypath ( Path of Victory ) is a 1994 Bollywood action drama film starring Ajay Devgan , Tabu and Danny Denzongpa .   The film was one of the hits of 1994 in India mainly due to its soundtrack composed by Anu Malik which became an instant superhit . Divya Bharti was originally meant to be the female lead but was replaced by Tabu after her death .

neg: Chandiya (film) Chandiya is a 1965 Sri Lankan action movie directed by Titus Thotawatte . In the country , it was the first of its genre to not borrow from Indian cinema .

neg: Jaihind 2 Jaihind 2 in Tamil , Abhimanyu in Kannada is a 2014 Indian bilingual action-masala film produced and directed by Arjun . A sequel to the Tamil film Jai Hind . The film focuses on India becoming a superpower as dreamt by A. P. J. Abdul Kalam and tries to tackle the issues in the education system . The film released on 7 November 2014 . This movie is dubbed in Hindi as `` Arjun ka badla '' .

neg: Kadal (2013 film) Kadal ( The Sea ) is a 2013 Indian Tamil crime-drama film co-written , co-produced and directed by Mani Ratnam . The film features debutantes Gautham Karthik , son of actor Karthik , and Thulasi Nair , daughter of Radha , in the lead roles , with Arjun Sarja and Aravind Swamy in supporting roles . The music was composed by A. R. Rahman . The film revolves around life of Christian fishermen who instill the fact that how faith can sometimes lead to the triumph of humanity . The film was dubbed into Telugu as Kadali . The film was released worldwide on 1 February 2013 in both the versions .

neg: Force (2014 film) Force is a Bengali action drama film directed by Raja Chanda and produced under the banners of Essel Vision Productions and NIdeas Creations & Productions Pvt Ltd.The film features actors Prosenjit Chatterjee and Arpita Pal in the lead roles . It is an unofficial remake of 2013 Tamil movie Haridas ( 2013 film ) .

neg: List of accolades received by Enthiran Enthiran ( Robot ) is a 2010 Indian Tamil-language science fiction film directed by S. Shankar and produced by Kalanithi Maran . Shankar wrote the screenplay and co-wrote the dialogues with Sujatha Rangarajan and Madhan Karky . The film stars Rajinikanth and Aishwarya Rai in the lead roles with Danny Denzongpa , Santhanam , and Karunas playing supporting roles . The musical score was composed by A. R. Rahman while the cinematography , visual effects , editing , and art direction were handled by R. Rathnavelu , V. Srinivas Mohan , Anthony , and Sabu Cyril respectively . The film 's story revolves around a scientist 's struggle to control his creation , an android robot whose software is upgraded to give it the ability to comprehend and generate human emotions . The plan backfires when the robot falls in love with the scientist 's fiancée and is further manipulated by a rival scientist to bring destruction to all who stand in its way . The film was dubbed into Hindi as Robot .   Produced on an estimated budget of 1.32 billion , Enthiran was released on 1 October 2010 and yielded a revenue of 1.79 billion according to a report by the Sun TV Network . The film garnered awards and nominations in several categories , with particular praise for its cinematography , visual effects , art direction , costume design , and Rajinikanth 's performance . As of 2017 , the film has won 24 awards from 37 nominations .   At the 58th National Film Awards ceremony , Enthiran won two awards for Best Special Effects ( Mohan ) and Best Production Design ( Cyril ) . The film was nominated in nine categories at the 58th Filmfare Awards South , winning Best Cinematographer ( Rathnavelu ) , Best Art Director ( Cyril ) , and Best Costume Design ( Manish Malhotra ) . At the 5th Vijay Awards , the film was nominated in fourteen categories and won in seven , including Best Villain and Favourite Hero ( Rajinikanth ) , Favourite Film ( Maran ) , and Favourite Director ( Shankar ) . Enthiran won three awards at the 12th IIFA Awards under the Best Special Effects , Best Art Direction , and Best Makeup categories . Among other wins , the film received three Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards , two Screen Awards and Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards each , one Mirchi Music Award , and a special award at the 24th Tokyo International Film Festival .

neg: Paayum Puli (2015 film) Paayum Puli ( Pouncing Tiger ) is a 2015 Indian Tamil action dramtic thriller film written and directed by Suseenthiran starring Vishal and Kajal Aggarwal in the lead roles and Samuthirakani , Soori and Aishwarya Dutta in supporting roles . The film was produced by Vendhar Movies and distributed by Escape Artists Motion Pictures . Set in the backdrop of Madurai , Paayum Puli features Vishal as an undercover police officer named Jayaseelan .   Music for the film was composed by D. Imman . The cinematography was led by Velraj and the editing by Anthony . Principal photography commenced on 4 March 2015 and lasted for four months . Paayum Puli was shot predominantly in and around Chennai and other parts of Tamil Nadu in 75 working days . The film , along with its Telugu dubbed version titled Jayasurya , was released on 4 September 2015 worldwide . The film has also been dubbed into Hindi as Main Hoon Rakshak .

neg: Rathavara Rathaavara is an 2015 Indian Kannada action thriller film written and directed by Chandrashekar Bandiyappa and produced by Dharmashree Manjunath . It stars Sri Murali and Rachita Ram in the lead roles . The supporting cast features P. Ravi Shankar , Chikkanna , Sadhu Kokila and Charan Raj among others . The film 's music is composed by Dharma Vish and cinematography is by Bhuvan Gowda of Ugramm fame .   The principal photography of the film bega  n in December 2014 at locations such as Bangalore , Mysore , Mangalore and Gadag . The film is expected to release before December 2015 .


query: Jawbreaker (film) stars an Italian-born American actress, film producer, director and singer.

pos: Rose McGowan Rose Arianna McGowan ( born September 5 , 1973 ) is an Italian-born American actress , film producer , director and singer . She is best known for playing Paige Matthews in The WB supernatural drama series Charmed from 2001 to 2006 .   She made her film debut in the 1992 comedy Encino Man , where she played a small role . Her performance as Amy Blue in the 1995 dark comedy film The Doom Generation brought her wider attention , and received an Independent Spirit Award nomination . McGowan then appeared in the 1996 hit horror film Scream and starred alongside Ben Affleck in the 1997 coming-of-age feature Going All the Way . Later , she appeared in several Hollywood films , including Devil in the Flesh ( 1998 ) , Jawbreaker ( 1999 ) , Ready to Rumble ( 2000 ) , Monkeybone ( 2001 ) and The Black Dahlia ( 2006 ) . In 2005 , McGowan played Ann-Margret alongside Jonathan Rhys Meyers as Elvis Presley in the CBS miniseries Elvis . In 2007 , she starred in Planet Terror , part of the double-feature film directed by Robert Rodriguez and Quentin Tarantino , Grindhouse . The following year , she starred in the crime thriller film Fifty Dead Men Walking .   In 1996 , McGowan was the cover model for the Henry Mancini tribute album Shots in the Dark ; and she was the face of American clothing company Bebe from 1998 to 1999 . She has also appeared on numerous magazine covers , including Seventeen , Interview , Maxim , GQ , Entertainment Weekly and Rolling Stone .

pos: Jawbreaker (film) Jawbreaker is a 1999 American black comedy film written and directed by Darren Stein . The film stars Rose McGowan , Rebecca Gayheart , Julie Benz , and Judy Greer as girls in an exclusive clique in their high school . Charlotte Ayanna has a non-speaking cameo role as a murdered prom queen . The film was inspired by the film Heathers , and is often compared to it , particularly the plot involving a popular female clique , and the ostensibly accidental killing of one of its members .   Of his concept for the film , Stein has stated `` The jawbreaker just came to represent the duality of the poppy sweetness of the girls , of high school and of youth , versus the whole idea that this thing could break your jaw '' . The film was released on February 19 , 1999 and was a critical and financial failure , although it has come to gain a cult following . Similarities have been drawn between Jawbreaker and the 2004 film Mean Girls .

neg: Tony Visconti Anthony Edward `` Tony '' Visconti ( born April 24 , 1944 ) is an American record producer , musician and singer . Since the late 1960s , he has worked with an array of performers . His lengthiest involvement with any artist is with David Bowie : intermittently from Bowie 's second album in 1969 to the 2016 release Blackstar , Visconti produced and occasionally performed on many of Bowie 's albums .

neg: Lisanne Falk Lisanne Falk ( born c. 1965 ) is an American actress and film producer .

neg: Luciana Turina Luciana Turina ( born 13 August 1946 ) is an Italian singer , actress and television personality .

neg: Bianca Biasi Bianca Biasi ( born 13 May 1979 ) is an Australian producer , director , actress and author .

neg: Gia Mantegna Gina `` Gia '' Cristine Mantegna ( born April 17 , 1990 ) is an American actress .

neg: Isabella Biagini Isabella Biagini ( born 19 December 1943 ) is an Italian actress and showgirl .

neg: Julie St. Claire Julie St. Claire ( born Juliette Marie Capone ; June 10 , 1970 ) , is an American actress , director and producer .

neg: Leslie Mills Leslie Mills is an American singer , songwriter , record producer , and actress .

neg: Nancy Castiglione Nancy Castiglione ( born Nancy Jane Castiglione on February 24 , 1981 in Canada ) is a half Italian and half Filipina actress and singer in the Philippines .

neg: Marla Landi Marla Landi ( born Marcella Teresa Scarafina in 1933 , Turin , Italy ) is an Italian-born British film actress .

neg: Anna Mazzamauro Anna Mazzamauro ( born 1 December 1938 ) is an Italian actress , comedian and television personality .

neg: Francesca Neri Francesca Neri ( born 10 February 1964 ) is an Italian actress , and daughter of retired actress Rosalba Neri .   Neri was born in Trento , and has twice received the Silver Ribbon Award for Best Actress from the Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists , for Pensavo fosse amore invece era un calesse , directed by Massimo Troisi ( 1991 ) and Carne trémula ( Live Flesh ) ( 1997 ) .   She has also received three nominations for the David di Donatello Award ( Italy 's equivalent of the Oscar ) , as Best Actress in Il dolce rumore della vita and Io amo Andrea ( both 1999 ) and as Best Supporting Actress for La felicità non costa niente ( 2003 ) .   Other notable films include her three films in Spain : Live Flesh ( 1997 , by Pedro Almodóvar ) , ¡ Dispara ! ( Outrage , 1993 , by Carlos Saura ) , both with her own voice speaking Spanish , and sex drama film Las edades de Lulú ( The Ages of Lulu , 1990 , by Bigas Luna , where she 's dubbed into Spanish ) .   After years of highly acclaimed work in Europe , she first received widespread notice in America when she played the role of Allegra , wife of the Inspector Rinaldo Pazzi in the Hollywood blockbuster , Hannibal in 2001 . In 2002 , she played the Colombian wife of Claudio Perrini , and co-starred alongside Arnold Schwarzenegger in Collateral Damage .   Neri has one son , Rocco ( born 1999 ) , with actor Claudio Amendola .

neg: Simona Izzo Simona Izzo ( born 22 April 1953 ) is an Italian director , screenwriter , actress and voice actress .

neg: Gabriella Pession Gabriella Pession is an American-born Italian actress .

neg: Annabella Sciorra Annabella Gloria Philomena Sciorra ( -LSB- ˈʃoʊrə -RSB- , ; born March 29 , 1960 ) is an Italian-American actress . Her film roles include Cadillac Man ( 1990 ) , Jungle Fever ( 1991 ) , The Hand That Rocks the Cradle ( 1992 ) , Cop Land ( 1997 ) and What Dreams May Come ( 1998 ) . She was nominated for a 2001 Emmy Award for playing Gloria Trillo in The Sopranos ( 2001 -- 04 ) .

neg: Mitchell Altieri Mitchell Altieri is an American film director , producer and writer .

neg: Lorenza Indovina Lorenza Indovina ( born 5 October 1966 ) is an Italian actress .

neg: Libby Titus Elizabeth `` Libby '' Titus ( nee Jurist ; born July 6 , 1947 ) is an American singer , songwriter , actor , and concert producer .

neg: Grazia Di Michele Grazia Di Michele ( born 9 October 1955 ) is an Italian singer-songwriter .

neg: Julie Ann Emery Julie Ann Emery ( born January 16 , 1975 ) is an American actress .