query: Clarence Thomas grew up in Savannah, Georgia.

pos: Clarence Thomas Clarence Thomas ( born June 23 , 1948 ) is an American judge , lawyer , and government official who currently serves as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States . Thomas succeeded Thurgood Marshall and is the second African American to serve on the court .   Thomas grew up in Savannah , Georgia , and was educated at the College of the Holy Cross and at Yale Law School . In 1974 , he was appointed an Assistant Attorney General in Missouri and subsequently practiced law there in the private sector . In 1979 , he became a legislative assistant to Senator John Danforth ( R-MO ) and in 1981 was appointed Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights at the U.S. Department of Education . In 1982 , President Ronald Reagan appointed Thomas Chairman of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ( EEOC ) .   In 1990 , President George H. W. Bush nominated Thomas for a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit . He served in that role for 16 months and on July 1 , 1991 , was nominated by Bush to fill Marshall 's seat on the United States Supreme Court . Thomas 's confirmation hearings were bitter and intensely fought , centering on an accusation that he had sexually harassed attorney Anita Hill , a subordinate at the Department of Education and subsequently at the EEOC . The U.S. Senate ultimately confirmed Thomas by a vote of 52 -- 48 .   Since joining the court , Thomas has taken a textualist approach , seeking to uphold the original meaning of the United States Constitution and statutes . He is generally viewed as the most conservative member of the court . Thomas is also known for his practice of rarely speaking during oral arguments .

neg: Film industry in Georgia (U.S. state) The film industry in Georgia was , in 2015 , the third largest among U.S. states , eclipsed only by California and New York State . The industry in Georgia was boosted substantially by tax incentives introduced in 2002 and strengthened in 2008 . The state government claims $ 770 million in economic impact to Georgia ( 2009 ) , while industry sources claim that the tax subsidy costs the state $ 141 million ( 2010 ) . Atlanta is the center of the film industry in Georgia with Turner , Tyler Perry and EUE/Screen Gems studios located there . There were 348 productions shot in the state in 2009 . Films shot in Georgia include Tyler Perry 's Meet the Browns ( 2008 ) , Life as We Know It ( 2010 ) , and Contagion ( 2011 ) . Atlanta has been called the `` Hollywood of the South '' .

neg: Thomasville, Georgia Thomasville is the county seat of Thomas County , Georgia , United States . The city is the second largest in Southwest Georgia after Albany .   The city deems itself the City of Roses and holds an annual Rose Festival . The city features plantations open to the public , a historic downtown , a large farmer 's market , and a 308-year-old oak tree at the corner of Monroe and Crawford streets . The population was 19,340 at the 2013 census .   In 2016 , Thomasville was featured as the second best historic small town on USA Today 's 10 Best List Reader 's Choice after Bisbee ( Arizona ) but ahead of Abingdon ( Virginia ) , Mackinac Island ( Michigan ) , and Astoria ( Oregon ) .

neg: Coastal State Prison Coastal State Prison is a Georgia Department of Corrections medium-security state prison located in Savannah , near Garden City . The facility houses adult male felons and has a capacity of 1836 . It was constructed and opened in 1981 and later renovated in 1999 .   The prison consists of twelve housing units . Six units contain 36 cells each , divided into 12 two-man cells and 24 four-man cells . Four units have open bay dormitories totaling 846 beds . One unit with 184 beds houses 92 Faith and Character inmates and 92 Incentive Inmates . The prison includes a 74-bed segregation unit and a 12-bed infirmary . This facility also houses an abbreviated diagnostic unit , and a tactical squad .   Most recent notable inmate is Burrell Ellis , former CEO of Dekalb County , GA , convicted of perjury and sentenced to 5 years to serve 18 months on 7/8/2015 .

neg: Gene & Debbe Gene and Debbe were a pseudo-pop/country duo hailing from Nashville , Tennessee .   They had some brief successes on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart . Gene Thomas ( born Gene Thomasson on 28 December 1937 , Palestine , Texas , died 26 August 2012 in Fredericksburg , Texas ) and had some minor success in the early 1960s with the songs `` Sometime '' and `` Baby 's Gone '' . After the latter , he dabbled in writing music for a few years . His songs have been performed or covered by numerous other country singers including Waylon Jennings , Kenny Rogers and Everly Brothers as well as Tina Turner ! the . After a few years , Gene met with aspiring crooner , Debbe Neville , ( or Nevills as some sources say ) . In an Everly Brothers style of harmonizing , they launched a career at Acuff-Rose music , singing romantic country style pop melodies .   They were signed to a recording contract with the subsidiary of Hickory Records ( Sue Thompson , Don Gibson , The Newbeats etc. ) , TRX , where they recorded their two biggest hits , `` Go With Me '' and `` Playboy '' . The latter had an eventual combined sales figure of one million discs being awarded a gold record in June 1968 .  After hitting the charts with `` Playboy '' at No. 17 , they both faded into chart ( but not musical ) obscurity .   The couple produced one album Hear and Now ( catalogue number TRX LPS 1001 ) in 1968 , which is a rarity to find . It contains the single `` Playboy '' .   Gene Thomas died on August 26 , 2012 of lung cancer at the age of 74 .

neg: Charlie Thomas (musician) Charlie Thomas ( born 7 April 1937 in Lynchburg , Virginia ) is an American rhythm and blues singer best known for his work with The Drifters .   Thomas was performing with The Five Crowns at the Apollo Theater in 1958 when George Treadwell fired his group , called The Drifters . Treadwell recruited the Five Crowns to become the new Drifters .   The new Drifters ' first release was the 1959 hit `` There Goes My Baby '' . Charlie was lead singer on two of the group 's top 40 hits , `` Sweets For My Sweet '' and `` When My Little Girl Is Smiling '' .   He is the father of Charles `` Happy '' Thomas Jr. and grandfather to hip-hop producer Charlie `` Bambu '' Thomas   Charlie Thomas was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988 and was given a Pioneer Award by the Rhythm and Blues Foundation in 1999 .   On May 21 , 2011 , in Cranston , R.I. - Charlie Thomas and The Drifters performed at the Vintage New England Theater .

neg: Columbus and Western Railway The Columbus and Western Railway ( C&W ) is a historic railroad that operated in Georgia , United States .   Organized in 1880 , the C&W was founded to connect Columbus , Georgia , to Birmingham , Alabama . The same year , the C&W started out by purchasing the Savannah and Memphis Railroad , which ran 66 mi between Opelika and Goodwater , Alabama . Two years later , it purchased a 55 mi branch of the Western Railroad of Alabama that ran from Columbus to Opelika . In 1888 , the C&W constructed the final leg of the line from Goodwater to Birmingham . Later that year it was merged into the Savannah and Western Railroad .

neg: Butch Cage and Willie B. Thomas James `` Butch '' Cage ( born March 16 , 1894 - 1975 ) and Willie B. Thomas ( born May 25 , 1912 - ? ) were an American blues duo active from the 1940s to the early 1970s . Cage and Thomas were discovered in 1959 by musicologist Harry Oster , who promoted the two at the Newport Music Festival . Field recording with the duo conducted in the following year are praised for upholding pre-blues string band tradition .   Cage 's first instrument was a cane fife , though later on he became a credible guitarist and an even more accomplished fiddle player . As a result of the destruction caused by the Great Mississippi River Flood of 1927 , Cage settled in Zachary , Louisiana to work in a manufacturing factory and perform at social gatherings . Thomas was a factory janitor when he met Cage and previously worked as a waterboy . When he and his family moved to Zachary in 1925 , Thomas was crushed by fallen furniture , causing a back injury which permanently disabled him and stunted his growth .   Thomas accompanied Cage with vocals and the kazoo for years before learning to play guitar . Playing as a duo and in string bands at social gatherings and church services , the two were discovered by musicologist Harry Oster in 1959 . Cage and Thomas engaged in a set of field recordings with Oster , making them a rare exception among the Baton Rouge area musicians of string band tradition who went largely unrecorded . Fourteen of the duo 's cuts appear on the 1961 album Country Negro Jam Sessions , which also features tracks by Robert Pete Williams , a guitarist who occasionally performed with Cage and Thomas . Oster thought highly of Cage , describing him as `` a great representative of the now virtually extinct nineteenth century negro fiddle tradition '' .   In 1960 , Cage and Thomas performed at the Newport Music Festival , while being positively received by an audience that for the most part never heard the duo 's style of music . They continued to play together until Cage 's death in Zachary , in 1975 . Their recordings were also released on Raise a Ruckus Tonight and Old Time Black Southern String Band Music .

neg: Clarence Benjamin Jones Clarence B. Jones ( born January 8 , 1931 ) is the former personal counsel , advisor , draft speech writer and close friend of Martin Luther King Jr. . He is a Scholar in Residence at the Martin Luther King , Jr. . Institute at Stanford University . He is the author of What Would Martin Say ? ( HarperCollins , 2008 ) and `` Behind the Dream : The Making of the Speech that Transformed a Nation '' ( Palgrave-Macmillan , 2011 )   In 1962 , Martin Luther King Jr. wrote a letter recommending his lawyer and advisor , Clarence B. Jones , to the New York State Bar , stating : `` Ever since I have known Mr. Jones , I have always seen him as a man of sound judgment , deep insights , and great dedication . I am also convinced that he is a man of great integrity '' .

neg: Thomasville High Scholars Academy The Thomasville High Scholars Academy is a `` school within a school '' established in 2006 at Thomasville High School in Thomasville , Georgia , United States . The academy provides enrichment courses including honors and AP courses to academically advanced students . It is also an International Baccalaureate School as of the 2013-2014 sessions .   Students must apply and be accepted into the Scholars Academy .   The academy 's facilities include a computer lab and two science labs . The school offers an online newspaper and an Air Force Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps ( AFJROTC ) . As Academy students are also Thomasville High School students , they may participate in all Thomasville High School sports teams .   The academy offers classes for students in grades six through twelve . Its current director is Dr. Dale Graham .   Category : Public high schools in Georgia ( U.S. state )  Category : Educational institutions established in 2006  Category : Schools in Thomas County , Georgia

neg: Coastal Transitional Center Coastal Transitional Center is a minimum security prison located in Savannah , Georgia in Chatham County , Georgia . The facility houses adult male felons ; the capacity is 200 . It was constructed in 1940 and was renovated in 2003 .  It has 44 living units ranging in size from four to 12 beds .   The mission of Coastal Transitional Center is to protect the community while assisting residents in making a successful transition back into society . It provides social and employment skills in a structured environment . Coastal State Prison , located in Garden City , Georgia , is the host facility for the transitional center .   The transitional center features long-term maintenance residents assigned as permanent workers in Food Service , Maintenance , Lawn Care , Laundry Services , Sanitation , Barbering , and details for other government facilities , while the remaining residents participate in the work release program .

neg: W. W. Law Westley Wallace Law ( January 1 , 1923 -- July 29 , 2002 ) was a civil rights leader from Savannah , Georgia . He was president of the Savannah chapter of the NAACP , where he led his community and made great strides in desegregation through nonviolent resistance from 1950 to 1976 . After his time with the NAACP W. W. Law spent much of the rest of his life advocating for African-American history and culture in Savannah . To this end he established the Savannah-Yamacraw Branch of the Association for the Study of Afro-American Life and History , the Ralph Mark Gilbert Civil Rights Museum , the King-Tisdell Cottage Museum , the Beach Institute of African American Culture , and the Negro Heritage Trail Tour .

neg: Clarence Kay Clarence Hubert Kay ( born July 30 , 1961 in Seneca , South Carolina ) is a former professional American football player . A 6 ' 2 '' , 237-lb . tight end from the University of Georgia , Kay was selected by the Denver Broncos in the 7th round of the 1984 NFL Draft . Kay played in 9 NFL seasons from 1984 -- 1992 , all with the Broncos .   Between 1984 and 2006 Kay was arrested at least 12 times . In 2006 Kay pleaded guilty to harassment from domestic violence , and was sentenced to six months imprisonment .

neg: Tom Sullivan (radio and television personality) Tom Sullivan is an Atlanta , Georgia radio and television personality .

neg: Birmingham, Alabama Birmingham ( -LSB- ˈbɜrmɪŋhæm -RSB- ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Alabama and the county seat of Jefferson County . The city 's population was 212,237 in the 2010 United States Census . In the 2010 US Census , the Birmingham-Hoover Metropolitan Statistical Area had a population of about 1,128,047 , which is approximately one-quarter of Alabama 's population .   Birmingham was founded in 1871 , during the post-Civil War Reconstruction period , through the merger of three pre-existing farm towns , notably , former Elyton . It was named for Birmingham , England , one of the UK 's major industrial cities . The Alabama city annexed smaller neighbors and developed as an industrial and railroad transportation center , based on mining , the new iron and steel industry , and railroading . Most of the original settlers who founded Birmingham were of English ancestry . The city was developed as a place where cheap , non-unionized , and African-American labor from rural Alabama could be employed in the city 's steel mills and blast furnaces , giving it a competitive advantage over unionized industrial cities in the Midwest and Northeast .   From its founding through the end of the 1960s , Birmingham was a primary industrial center of the southern United States . Its growth from 1881 through 1920 earned its nicknames as The Magic City and The Pittsburgh of the South . Its major industries were iron and steel production , plus a major component of the railroading industry . Rails and railroad cars were both manufactured in Birmingham . The two primary hubs of railroading in the Deep South have been nearby Atlanta and Birmingham , since the 1860s . The economy diversified in the latter half of the 20th century . Banking , telecommunications , transportation , electrical power transmission , medical care , college education , and insurance have become major economic activities . Birmingham ranks as one of the largest banking centers in the United States and as one of the most important business centers in the Southeast .   In higher education , Birmingham has been the location of the University of Alabama School of Medicine ( formerly the Medical College of Alabama ) and the University of Alabama School of Dentistry since 1947 . Since that time it has also gained the University of Alabama at Birmingham ( founded circa 1969 ) , one of three main campuses of the University of Alabama System . It is also home to three private institutions : Samford University , Birmingham-Southern College , and Miles College . In total , the Birmingham area has major colleges of medicine , dentistry , optometry , physical therapy , pharmacy , law , engineering , and nursing . The city has three of the state 's five law schools : Cumberland School of Law , Birmingham School of Law , and Miles Law School . Birmingham is also the headquarters of the Southwestern Athletic Conference , and Southeastern Conference , one of the major U.S. collegiate athletic conferences .

neg: Thomas B. Wells Thomas B. Wells ( born Ohio , 1945 ) is a judge of the United States Tax Court .   Wells received a B.S. from Miami University of Ohio in 1967 . He was a Supply Corps Officer on active duty in the U.S. Naval Reserve from 1967 -- 1970 , stationed in Morocco and Vietnam , and received a Joint Service Commendation Medal .   After leaving the military , Wells returned to school , earning a J.D. from Emory University Law School in 1973 , and an LL.M . in Taxation from New York University Law School in 1978 .   Admitted to practice law in Georgia ; member of law firm of Graham and Wells , P.C. ; County Attorney for Toombs County , Georgia ; City Attorney , Vidalia , Georgia , until 1977 ; member of law firm of Hurt , Richardson , Garner , Todd and Cadenhead , Atlanta , until 1981 ; law firm of Shearer and Wells , P.C. , until 1986 ; member of American Bar Association , Section of Taxation ; State Bar of Georgia , member of Board of Governors ; Board of Editors , Georgia State Bar Journal ; member Atlanta Bar Association ; Editor of the Atlanta Lawyer ; active in various tax organizations , such as Atlanta Tax Forum , presently , Honorary Member ; Director , Atlanta Estate Planning Council ; Director , North Atlanta Tax Council ; American College of Tax Counsel , Honorary Fellow ; Emory Law Alumni Association 's Distinguished Alumnus Award , 2001 ; Life Member , National Eagle Scout Association , Eagle Scout , 1960 . Member , Metropolitan Club ; Chevy Chase Club , Vidalia Kiwanis Club , President , recipient Distinguished President Award .   Wells was appointed by President Ronald Reagan as Judge , United States Tax Court , on October 13 , 1986 , for a term ending October 12 , 2001 . He was reappointed by President George W. Bush on October 10 , 2001 , for a term ending October 9 , 2016 . He served as Chief Judge from September 24 , 1997 to November 6 , 1997 , and from June 1 , 2000 to May 31 , 2004 .

neg: Tomochichi Federal Building and United States Courthouse The Tomochichi Federal Building and United States Courthouse is a courthouse of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Georgia located in Savannah , Georgia . It was built between 1894 and 1899 , and substantially enlarged in 1932 . The building was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1974 , and was renamed in honor of the Creek Indian leader Tomochichi in 2005 .

neg: Clarence Ashley Clarence `` Tom '' Ashley ( September 29 , 1895 -- June 2 , 1967 ) was an American musician and singer , who played the clawhammer banjo and the guitar . He began performing at medicine shows in the Southern Appalachian region as early as 1911 , and gained initial fame during the late 1920s as both a solo recording artist and as a member of various string bands . After his `` rediscovery '' during the folk revival of the 1960s , Ashley spent the last years of his life playing at folk music concerts , including appearances at Carnegie Hall in New York and at the Newport Folk Festival in Rhode Island .

neg: Bob Thomas (actor) Bob Thomas ( born March 1 , 1954 in Appalachia , Virginia ) is a radio personality , actor , and writer . He was one of the top radio announcers in Knoxville , Tennessee for 25 years . As an actor , he has appeared in many films and hundreds of commercials . He wrote two episodes of the popular TV show Lizzie McGuire . In 2004 , his voice was heard as `` Slammin ' Sammy '' in the film Friday Night Lights .  He is the father of actor Jake Thomas .

neg: Ted Wright Stadium Ted Wright Stadium is a 8,500-seat multi-purpose stadium in Savannah , Georgia . The facility is located on the campus of Savannah State University and is named in honor of Theodore Wright who served as the Tiger 's head football coach from 1947-1949 .   The stadium is primarily used for American football and track and field . It is home to the Savannah State Tigers football and track and field teams , but occasionally hosts games and events by high schools in Chatham County .   The facility opened in 1967 .

neg: René Thomas (guitarist) René Thomas ( 25 February 1927 in Liège , Belgium -- 3 January 1975 , Santander , Spain ) was a jazz guitarist from Belgium .   He began recording in 1943 with Hubert Simplisse et Son Ensemble . After World War II , he was a member of the Bop Shots with Jacques Pelzer and Bobby Jaspar , who remained a llifelong friend .   In the early 1950s , he moved to Paris and became part of the modern jazz scene , playing in the style of Jimmy Raney that was popular at the time . In 1954 and 1956 , he recorded albums for Barclay Records and Polydor Records . His reputation as a virtuoso guitarist spread rapidly in the jazz world , though fame eluded him .   In 1956 , he moved to Canada , where he played regularly for the Montreal Jazz Society and met Sonny Rollins . Rollins invited him to a concert in Philadelphia and to record the album Sonny Rollins and the Big Brass Trio .   While in the U.S. , he played with Toshiko Akiyoshi and Bobby Jaspar and recorded with her on her 1958 album United Notions . In 1960 , he made his American debut as a leader with the album Guitar Groove .   Returning to Europe in 1962 , he toured and recorded with Chet Baker , Bobby Jaspar , Kenny Clarke , Eddy Louiss , Stan Getz , Lucky Thompson , Sonny Criss , Jacques Pelzer , Lou Bennett , Charles `` Lolo '' Bellonzi and Ingfried Hoffmann .   In 1971 , Stan Getz saw him and his group at the Blue Note in Paris and picked the three of them up , Thomas , organist Eddy Louiss and drummer Bernard Lubat , for a quartet date at Ronnie Scott 's in London . Recordings from three days of their sessions were captured by Beatles ' producer George Martin for the album Dynasty .   Thomas died of a heart attack in Santander , Spain at the age of 47 on 3 January 1975 .


query: Tina Fey joined SNL.

pos: Tina Fey Elizabeth Stamatina `` Tina '' Fey ( -LSB- feɪ -RSB- born May 18 , 1970 ) is an American actress , comedian , writer , and producer . She is known for her work on the NBC sketch comedy series Saturday Night Live ( 1998 -- today ) , for her impression of former Alaska Governor and 2008 Vice-Presidential candidate Sarah Palin , and for creating acclaimed series 30 Rock ( 2006 -- 2013 ) and Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt ( 2015 -- present ) . She is also well known for writing and co-starring in the film Mean Girls ( 2004 ) , as well as appearing in such films as Baby Mama ( 2008 ) , Date Night ( 2010 ) , Muppets Most Wanted ( 2014 ) , and Sisters ( 2015 ) .   Fey broke into comedy as a featured player in the Chicago-based improvisational comedy group The Second City . She then joined SNL as a writer , later becoming head writer and a performer , known for her position as co-anchor in the Weekend Update segment . In 2004 , she co-starred in and wrote the screenplay for Mean Girls , which was adapted from the 2002 self-help book Queen Bees and Wannabes . After leaving SNL in 2006 , she created the television series 30 Rock for Broadway Video , a situation comedy loosely based on her experiences at SNL . In the series , Fey portrays the head writer of a fictional sketch comedy series . In 2008 , she starred in the comedy film Baby Mama , alongside former SNL co-star Amy Poehler . Fey next appeared in the 2010 comedy film Date Night and the animated film Megamind . In 2015 , she created and produced the television series Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt , originally for NBC and eventually for Netflix . Her other films include Sisters and Whiskey Tango Foxtrot .   Fey has received nine Emmy Awards , two Golden Globe Awards , five Screen Actors Guild Awards , and four Writers Guild of America Awards . Her autobiography Bossypants topped The New York Times Best Seller list for five weeks . In 2008 , the Associated Press gave Fey the AP Entertainer of the Year award for her satirical portrayal of Republican vice presidential candidate Sarah Palin in a guest appearance on SNL . In 2010 , Fey was awarded the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor , becoming the youngest-ever recipient of the award . On January 13 , 2013 , Fey hosted the 70th Golden Globe Awards with her long-time friend and fellow comedian , Amy Poehler , to critical acclaim . The duo hosted again the following two years , generating the highest ratings for the annual ceremony in a decade and receiving similar acclaim .

neg: The CBS Late Movie The CBS Late Movie is a CBS television series ( later known as CBS Late Night ) during the 1970s and 1980s . The program ran in most American television markets from 11:30 p.m. ( EST ) until 2:30 a.m. or later , on weeknights . A single announcer ( in the early years , CBS staff announcer Norm Stevens ) voiced the introduction and commercial bumpers for each program , but there was no host per se , or closing credits besides those of the night 's presentation . ( The bumpers announcing the stars of the movie notably rotated names , two or three at a time , so more of the players would be mentioned . )   The program was launched following the cancellation of The Merv Griffin Show , CBS 's late-night talk show from 1969 to 1972 . The show went on to have a long run in first-run syndication following CBS 's cancellation .   The CBS Late Movie theme music was `` So Old , So Young '' by Morton Stevens , which also served as the theme music for CBS 's prime-time movies until 1978 .   A memorable aspect to the show 's commercial breaks was the frequent appearance of public service announcements , from the Ad Council and other organizations , that often dealt with `` mature '' topics such as venereal disease , sexual and violent crimes , and abuse of hard drugs . Announcements also ran in much greater proportion than during prime time , with commercial breaks lasting longer ; it was not uncommon for the second portion of the show to start at 12:05 AM or 12:40 AM .   The CBS Late Night block , however , was not always cleared by every affiliate of the network ; in several markets , the block was either delayed by one hour from its regularly-scheduled time ( most notably in the Central and Mountain time zones ) , picked up by a local independent station ( including those that later affiliated with the Fox television network ) , or not seen at all in certain cities . Those stations that did not carry CBS Late Night instead broadcast movies from their own libraries and/or their own lineup of off-network syndicated sitcoms , drama reruns and first-run syndication products . A large factor in the programming decisions of many CBS affiliates electing not to clear CBS Late Night ( or delaying it ) was due to head-to-head competition with NBC 's The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson , and later entering the 1980s , ABC News ' Nightline . It was not until 1993 , when the Late Show with David Letterman debuted , that CBS ' late night programming ( excluding Nightwatch/Up to the Minute ) was cleared across the entire network .

neg: Recurring Saturday Night Live characters and sketches introduced 2010–2011 The following is a list of recurring Saturday Night Live characters and sketches introduced between September 25 , 2010 , and May 21 , 2011 , the thirty-sixth season of SNL .

neg: Tina Brown Tina Brown CBE ( born Christina Hambley Brown ; 21 November 1953 ) , is a journalist , magazine editor , columnist , talk-show host and author of The Diana Chronicles , a biography of Diana , Princess of Wales . Born a British citizen , she took United States citizenship in 2005 after emigrating in 1984 to edit Vanity Fair . She is legally titled Lady Evans .   Having been editor-in-chief of Tatler magazine at the age of 25 , she rose to prominence in the American media industry as the editor of Vanity Fair from 1984 to 1992 and of The New Yorker from 1992 to 1998 . In 2000 she was appointed a CBE ( Commander of the Order of the British Empire ) for her services to overseas journalism , and in 2007 was inducted into the Magazine Editors ' Hall of Fame . As an editor , she has also been honored with four George Polk Awards , five Overseas Press Club awards , and ten National Magazine Awards . In October 2008 , she partnered with Barry Diller , chairman of IAC/InterActiveCorp , to found and edit The Daily Beast . Two years later , in November 2010 , The Daily Beast merged with the American weekly news magazine Newsweek in a joint venture to form The Newsweek Daily Beast Company . In September 2013 , Brown announced she would be leaving her position as editor-in-chief of The Daily Beast to launch Tina Brown Media and pen Media Beast , a memoir of her years in the media world , slated to be published in 2016 .

neg: Tina Weymouth Martina Michèle `` Tina '' Weymouth ( born November 22 , 1950 ) is an American musician , best known as a founding member and bassist of the new wave group Talking Heads and its side project Tom Tom Club , which she co-founded with husband and Talking Heads drummer , Chris Frantz .

neg: Saturday Night Live (season 12) The twelfth season of Saturday Night Live , an American sketch comedy series , originally aired in the United States on NBC between October 11 , 1986 , and May 23 , 1987 .

neg: American burlesque American burlesque is a genre of variety show . Derived from elements of Victorian burlesque , music hall and minstrel shows , burlesque shows in America became popular in the 1860s and evolved to feature ribald comedy ( lewd jokes ) and female striptease . By the early 20th century , burlesque in America was presented as a populist blend of satire , performance art , music hall , and adult entertainment , featuring striptease and broad comedy acts .   The entertainment was presented often in cabarets and clubs , as well as music halls and theatres . Performers , usually female , often created elaborate tableaux with lush , colorful costumes , mood-appropriate music , and dramatic lighting ; novelty acts , such as fire breathing or contortionists , might be added to enhance the impact of their performance . The genre traditionally encompassed a variety of acts : in addition to the striptease artistes , there was some combination of chanson singers , comedians , mime artists , and dancing girls , all delivered in a satiric style with a saucy edge . The striptease element of burlesque became subject to extensive local legislation , leading to a theatrical form that titillated without falling afoul of censors .   Burlesque gradually lost popularity beginning in the 1940s . A number of producers sought to capitalize on nostalgia for the entertainment by attempting to recreate the spirit of burlesque in Hollywood films from the 1930s to the 1960s . There has been a resurgence of interest in this format since the 1990s , and it inspired a 2010 musical film , Burlesque , starring Christina Aguilera and Cher .

neg: Recurring Saturday Night Live characters and sketches introduced 1991–1992 The following is a list of recurring Saturday Night Live ( SNL ) characters and sketches introduced between September 28 , 1991 , and May 16 , 1992 , the seventeenth season of SNL .

neg: Saturday Night Live parodies of Hillary Clinton The sketch comedy television show Saturday Night Live ( SNL ) has for almost three decades aired a number of sketches parodying Hillary Clinton , from her time as First Lady , and during both her unsuccessful presidential campaigns in 2008 and 2016 .   A total of nine different performers have played Hillary Clinton on SNL . The array of SNL cast members portraying Clinton has included Jan Hooks , Janeane Garofalo , Vanessa Bayer , Ana Gasteyer , Amy Poehler , and Kate McKinnon . Guest stars playing Clinton have included Drew Barrymore and Rachel Dratch . One sketch even featured Miley Cyrus in a guest appearance as Clinton , rapping : `` What 's up y' all ? I 'm like Hillary Clint , and I wan na be president one day . ''

neg: Let's Stay Together (30 Rock) `` Let 's Stay Together '' is the third episode of the fifth season of the American television comedy series 30 Rock , and the 83rd overall episode of the series . It was directed by co-executive producer John Riggi and written by co-executive producer Jack Burditt . The episode originally aired on the National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) network in the United States on October 7 , 2010 . Guest stars in this episode include John Amos , Todd Buonopane , Reg E. Cathey , Queen Latifah and Rob Reiner .   In the episode , Jack Donaghy ( Alec Baldwin ) must appear before Congress to discuss NBC 's merger with the fictitious company network KableTown ( a parody of Comcast ) . He hopes that he will charm celebrity members for the deal to go through , but one Congresswoman ( Latifah ) demands more diversity in the NBC programming lineup . As a result , Jack enlists Tracy Jordan ( Tracy Morgan ) to come up with some new development ideas . Meanwhile , Liz Lemon ( Tina Fey ) , the head writer of the fictitious sketch show The Girlie Show with Tracy Jordan ( TGS ) is fed up with the criticism her writing staff gives her , and finally Jenna Maroney ( Jane Krakowski ) helps Kenneth Parcell ( Jack McBrayer ) reapply in the competitive NBC page program .   This episode of 30 Rock was generally , though not universally , well received among television critics . According to the Nielsen Media Research , it was watched by 4.90 million households during its original broadcast , and received a 2.1 rating/7 share among viewers in the 18 -- 49 demographic .

neg: The Joan Rivers Show The Joan Rivers Show is an American talk show hosted by comedian Joan Rivers that premiered on September 5 , 1989 in broadcast syndication . The show aired for five seasons and ended on December 31 , 1993 . The show was nominated for numerous Emmy Awards , with Rivers winning the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Talk Show Host in 1990 . The series was produced by PGHM Productions , Joan Rivers 's production company , and distributed by Tribune Entertainment .   Rivers had previously hosted late-night talk show entitled The Late Show with Joan Rivers which got canceled in May 1987 .

neg: Tracey Bell Tracey Bell is an award-winning Canadian comedian and impersonator . She is the creator of the one-woman show , `` 8 Divas in 44 Minutes '' and known for her live impersonations of celebrities like Cher , Marilyn Monroe , Madonna , Liza Minnelli , Tina Turner , Janis Joplin , Celine Dion , and Dolly Parton .

neg: The Comedians (1971 TV series) The Comedians is a British television show of the 1970s ( later reprised in the mid-1980s and early 1990s ) produced by Johnnie Hamp of Granada Television . The show gave a stage to nightclub and working men 's club comedians of the era , including Russ Abbot , Lennie Bennett , Stan Boardman , Jim Bowen , Jimmy Bright , Duggie Brown , Mike Burton , Dave Butler , Brian Carroll , Frank Carson , Mike Coyne , Jimmy Cricket , Colin Crompton , Pauline Daniels , Charlie Daze , Vince Earl , Steve Faye , Eddie Flanagan , Stu Francis , Ken Goodwin , Jackie Hamilton , Jerry Harris , George King , Bobby Knutt , Bernard Manning , Mike McCabe , Paul Melba , Mick Miller , Hal Nolan , Tom O'Connor , Tom Pepper , Bryn Phillips , Mike Reid , George Roper , Harry Scott , Sammy Thomas , Johnny Wager , Roy Walker , Charlie Williams , Lee Wilson and Lenny Windsor .   Also featured on the TV show , were Shep 's Banjo Boys , a 7-piece band comprising ( for the first 5 series ) Charlie Bentley ( tenor banjo ) , John Drury ( sousaphone ) , Andy Holdorf ( trombone ) , John Orchard ( piano ) , John Rollings ( drums ) , Graham Shepherd ( banjo ) and Howard Shepherd ( lead banjo ) . In 1973 , the line up was Mike Dexter ( banjo ) , Tony `` Tosh '' Kennedy ( sousaphone ) , Ged Martin ( drums ) , Tony Pritchard ( trombone ) , Graham Shepherd ( banjo ) and Howard `` Shep '' Shepherd ( lead banjo ) .   The Comedians began as an experiment for Granada TV . Filmed before a live audience in Manchester , comics each performed 20-minute sets , which were then edited together into half-hour shows . Each edition featured up to ten stand-up comics .   Working men 's clubs are numerous in Britain , especially in North East England and have been a useful training ground for artists , especially comedians . Most of these clubs are affiliated to the CIU ( Working Men 's Club and Institute Union ) founded in 1862 by the Rev. Henry Solly . There are also political clubs , as well as Servicemen 's Clubs affiliated to the Royal British Legion .   It was remarkably popular during the earlier series . An LP recording of the show reached the best-seller charts , several sell-out national tours followed , including a season at the London Palladium , and the programme won the Critics ' circle Award .   The comedy frequently took the form of anecdotes or jokes and often involved racist or sexist stereotypes . Like other British comedy successes of the day , notably , Love Thy Neighbour , this kind of entertainment was acceptable on British television during this period but would not be so today . Viewing the series in retrospect it stands as a major social document of the times .   In recent years , the series has been repeated on the ( now defunct ) British satellite television channel Plus , and can now be bought on DVD , having been released by Network .

neg: 44th Primetime Emmy Awards The 44th Primetime Emmy Awards were held on Sunday , August 30 , 1992 . The ceremony was broadcast on Fox from the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in Pasadena , California . It was hosted by Tim Allen , Kirstie Alley and Dennis Miller , and directed by Walter C. Miller . Presenters included Roseanne Barr , Tom Arnold , Scott Bakula , Candice Bergen , Corbin Bernsen , Beau Bridges , Lloyd Bridges , and Cindy Crawford . The program was written by Buddy Sheffield and Bruce Vilanch . Over 300 million people watched the ceremony in 30 countries . A rule change , instituted for this year only , stated that regular and guest performers would compete in the same category . There could be lead guest or supporting guest .   On the comedy side , Murphy Brown won Outstanding Comedy Series for the second time , winning three major awards on the night , the most for a comedy series . On the drama side , L.A. Laws strangle hold on Outstanding Drama Series came to an end , as Northern Exposure took home the award . Northern Exposure also won three major awards and received nine major nominations , which tied for the most in each category . For the first time in its run , The Golden Girls , then in its seventh and final season , was not nominated for Outstanding Comedy Series .   After being on the air for thirty years , The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson finally heard its name called when its final season won for Outstanding Variety , Music , or Comedy Program . The show was first nominated for the category in 1964 and was 0/13 before this ceremony .

neg: History of Saturday Night Live (1995–2000) Saturday Night Live is an American sketch comedy series created and produced by Lorne Michaels for most of the show 's run . The show has aired on NBC since 1975 .   After a disastrous 1994 -- 95 season featuring a mix of old and new characters , Michaels decided to once again revamp the cast , keeping only five cast members and hiring six . The 1995 -- 96 season once again saved the show from cancellation , introducing a new era of Saturday Night Live characters and sketches that were highly popular with audiences .   This cast stayed mostly stable until the 1998 -- 99 season , which added cast members such as Jimmy Fallon and Horatio Sanz . These two would pave the way for the next era of Saturday Night Live in the early 2000s .

neg: Saturday Night Live (season 10) The tenth season of Saturday Night Live , an American sketch comedy series , originally aired in the United States on NBC between October 6 , 1984 , and April 13 , 1985 . Only 17 episodes were produced due to a writer 's strike and budget constraints .

neg: The Jay Leno Show The Jay Leno Show is an American talk show created by and starring Jay Leno . Premiering on NBC on September 14 , 2009 , the program aired on weeknights at 10:00 p.m. ET/PT through February 9 , 2010 . The program was modeled upon the format of a late night talk show -- specifically , Jay Leno 's incarnation of The Tonight Show , opening with a comedic monologue , followed by interviews with celebrity guests and other comedy segments . Sketches from The Tonight Show ( including Headlines and Jaywalking ) were carried over to The Jay Leno Show , along with new sketches .   The program was the result of a compromise by NBC Universal 's then-CEO Jeff Zucker to keep Jay Leno with the company following his retirement from The Tonight Show and replacement with Conan O'Brien . The Jay Leno Show was also intended to provide NBC with an alternative to the high-cost scripted dramas aired by competing networks in its time slot ; the network believed that the lower cost of production , in combination with product placement deals , meant that the program did not necessarily have to be highly viewed in order to turn a profit . NBC hoped to attract Leno 's existing fans , as well as a larger primetime audience than that of his late-night program .   The Jay Leno Show was met with mixed reception from critics , who felt that the series had little differentiation from Leno 's Tonight Show . Others were critical of NBC 's decision to give up an hour of its weeknight lineup to Leno , due to the network 's past success with dramas airing in the time slot , while one NBC affiliate notably planned to not air the show at all , although this decision was retracted due to complaints by the network . Although viewership of The Jay Leno Show was initially on par with NBC 's projections , by November , the program 's ratings began to fall significantly . NBC 's affiliates complained that the declining viewership of The Jay Leno Show also had a ripple effect on the viewership of their late local newscasts . In an effort to address the concerns , NBC announced in January 2010 that it would , following the 2010 Winter Olympics , shorten The Jay Leno Show to a half-hour , and move it to 11:35 p.m -- the timeslot that had been occupied by The Tonight Show for nearly 60 years , and bump Tonight to 12:05 a.m.   NBC 's decision resulted in a major public conflict between the network and Conan O'Brien , who asserted that the move would damage the highly respected Tonight Show franchise , and that he would not participate in the program if it were moved to 12:05 . Despite much support for O'Brien from both the public and media professionals alike , NBC maintained its plan to move Leno to 11:35 . On January 21 , 2010 , NBC reached a $ 45 million settlement with O'Brien in order to end his contract . The Jay Leno Show ended on February 9 , 2010 , after being on the air for only four months , with Entertainment Weekly calling the program television 's `` Biggest Bomb of All Time . '' Leno resumed his duties as host of The Tonight Show on March 1 , 2010 , in a final stint that lasted until his February 2014 succession by Jimmy Fallon .

neg: Saturday Night Live (season 24) The twenty-fourth season of Saturday Night Live , an American sketch comedy series , originally aired in the United States on NBC between September 26 , 1998 , and May 15 , 1999 .

neg: Yvonne Hudson Yvonne Hudson ( born July 9 , 1954 ) is an American television actress who is best known for being the first African-American female cast member on Saturday Night Live . She joined the cast as a featured player in the show 's 1980-1981 season . ( The first black female repertory player was Danitra Vance . ) She is also the third African-American to become an SNL cast member following Garrett Morris and Eddie Murphy . ( Murphy joined one week before her . ) Hudson first appeared on the show in 1978 as an uncredited extra in many episodes .   Hudson rarely had a role of significance and was fired along with most of the cast at the end of the troubled season . However , she continued to appear occasionally in uncredited small roles until her final appearance on the show in 1984 . Apart from her stint on SNL , Hudson has not appeared in any other television or film role .

neg: IO Theater iO , or iO Chicago , ( formerly known as `` ImprovOlympic '' ) is an improv theater and training center in central Chicago , with a branch in Los Angeles called iO West . The theater both teaches and hosts performances of improvisational comedy . It was founded in 1981 by the late Del Close and Charna Halpern . The theater has many notable alumni , including Amy Poehler and Stephen Colbert .

neg: A Night at the Met A Night at the Met is the third official album release by Robin Williams on August 9 , 1986 . It features segments recorded live at Metropolitan Opera House in New York City . The album won the 1988 Grammy Award for Best Comedy Performance Single or Album , Spoken or Musical .   The album was released the year before Williams ' critically acclaimed performance in the motion picture Good Morning , Vietnam ( 1987 ) . He had been shifting his focus from stand-up comedy to film making for several years , and A Night at the Met would be one of his last major concerts during the 1980s . The show is a mix of Williams ' quick-witted humor and voice work , with rants on the topics of drugs , sex , world affairs , and parenting . References to the events and people of the 1980s are mentioned heavily throughout ; U.S. President Ronald Reagan , Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi , and President of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev are central to many of the jokes .


query: Margaret of Valois was arrested.

pos: Margaret of Valois Margaret of Valois ( Marguerite , 14 May 1553 -- 27 March 1615 ) was a French princess of the Valois dynasty who became queen consort of Navarre and later also of France .   A daughter of King Henry II of France and Catherine de ' Medici , Margaret was the sister of kings Francis II , Charles IX and Henry III , and of Elisabeth of Valois Queen of Spain , as well as Claude of Valois . Charles IX arranged for her to marry a distant cousin , King Henry III of Navarre , and she thus became Queen of Navarre in 1572 . In 1589 , after all her brothers had died leaving no sons , Margaret 's husband , the senior-most agnatic heir to France ( the `` Prince du sang '' ) , succeeded to the French throne as Henry IV , the first Bourbon King of France .   A queen of two kingdoms , Margaret was subjected to many political manipulations , including being held prisoner ( albeit at a comfortable castle ) by her own brother , Henry III of France , for many years . However , her life was anything but passive . She was famous for her beauty and sense of style , notorious for a licentious lifestyle , and also proved a competent memoirist . She was indeed one of the most fashionable women of her time , and influenced many of Europe 's royal courts with her clothing . Margaret took many lovers both during her marriage and after its annulment , of whom the best-known are Joseph Boniface de La Môle , Jacques de Harlay , Seigneur de Champvallon and Louis de Bussy d'Amboise . While imprisoned , she took advantage of the time to write her memoirs , which included a succession of stories relating to the disputes of her brothers Charles IX and Henry III with her husband . The memoirs were published posthumously in 1628 .   Her life has inspired a variety of stories over the centuries , beginning with William Shakespeare 's early comedy Love 's Labour 's Lost , which was in fact written within her lifetime , to Alexandre Dumas , père 's 1845 novel La Reine Margot ; to a 1994 movie La Reine Margot .

neg: Empress Elisabeth of Austria Duchess Elisabeth in Bavaria ( 24 December 1837 -- 10 September 1898 ) was the wife of Emperor Franz Joseph I , and thus Empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary , and many others ( see Grand title of the Empress of Austria ) .   Born into the royal Bavarian house of Wittelsbach , Elisabeth ( also called `` Sisi '' ) enjoyed an informal upbringing before marrying Emperor Franz Joseph I at the age of sixteen . The marriage thrust her into the much more formal Habsburg court life , for which she was ill-prepared and which she found uncongenial . Early in the marriage she was at odds with her mother-in-law , Archduchess Sophie , who took over the rearing of Elisabeth 's daughters , one of whom , Sophie , died in infancy . The birth of a male heir , Rudolf , improved her standing at court considerably , but her health suffered under the strain , and she would often visit Hungary for its more relaxed environment . She came to develop a deep kinship with Hungary , and helped to bring about the dual monarchy of Austria -- Hungary in 1867 .   The death of her only son Rudolf , and his mistress Mary Vetsera , in a murder -- suicide tragedy at his hunting lodge at Mayerling in 1889 was a blow from which Elisabeth never recovered . She withdrew from court duties and travelled widely , unaccompanied by her family . She was obsessively concerned with maintaining her youthful figure and beauty , which was already legendary during her life . While travelling in Geneva in 1898 , she was stabbed to death by an Italian anarchist named Luigi Lucheni . Elisabeth was the longest serving Empress of Austria , at 44 years .

neg: Margaret of Cleves, Duchess of Bavaria-Munich Margaret of Cleves ( 1416 -- 1444 ) was a German noblewoman . She was the eldest daughter of Adolph I , Duke of Cleves and his second wife Marie of Burgundy . She married  William III , Duke of Bavaria ( 1375 -- 1435 ) , having two children with him :  Adolph ( 1434 -- 1441 ) ;  William ( 1435 ) ;  Ulrich V , Count of Württemberg ( 1413 -- 1480 ) , having one child with him  Catharina ( 1441 -- 1497 ) - became a Premonstratensian then a Dominican nun in Würzburg , then finally ending up in the monastery under the protection of bishop Rudolf van Würzburg   Category :1416 births  Category :1444 deaths  Category : People from the Duchy of Cleves  Category : Duchesses of Bavaria  Category : House of Wittelsbach

neg: Margaret of Parma Margaret of Parma ( ; 28 December 1522 -- 18 January 1586 ) was Governor of the Netherlands from 1559 to 1567 and from 1578 to 1582 . She was the illegitimate daughter of the then 22-year-old Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and Johanna Maria van der Gheynst . She was a Duchess of Florence and a Duchess of Parma and Piacenza by marriage .

neg: Margaret, Maid of Norway Margaret , Maid of Norway ( 9 April 1283 -- 26 September 1290 ) was a Norwegian princess who reigned as Queen of Scots from 1286 until her death . Her death while travelling to Scotland sparked off the disputed succession which led to the Wars of Scottish Independence .   She was the daughter of King Eric II of Norway and Margaret , daughter of King Alexander III of Scotland . Margaret was born in Tønsberg . Her mother died in childbirth .

neg: Margaret of Cleves, Duchess of Bavaria-Straubing Margaret of Cleves ( c. 1375 -- 14 May 1411 ) was a German noblewoman . A daughter of Adolph III , Count of Mark and Margaret of Jülich ( making her sister to Adolph I ) , in 1394 she became the second wife of Albert I , Duke of Bavaria , though the marriage remained childless . The couple held court in The Hague .   Category :1375 births  Category :1411 deaths  Category : Countesses of Holland  Category : Countesses of Hainaut  Category : People from the Duchy of Cleves  Category : Women of medieval Germany  Category : House of La Marck   bg : Маргарета фон Клеве ( 1375 -- 1411 )

neg: Maria of Amalfi Maria ( 985 -- c. 1040 ) was Duchess of Amalfi in co-regency with her sons twice : in 1028 -- 29 and in 1034 -- 39 . During the reigns of her sons , she appears to have held the actual power .   She was one of the two daughters of Pandulf II of Benevento , who was also Pandulf III of Capua . She married Sergius II of Amalfi around 26 April 1002 . Her sister Gaitelgrima married Guaimar III of Salerno , while her brothers , Landulf and Pandulf , became princes respectively of Benevento and Capua .   Maria had two sons , John and Manso . In 1028 , she and the younger son , Manso , seized the Amalfitan throne and expelled Sergius and John , who fled to Constantinople . This was probably done at the instigation and with the support of her brother Pandulf . In 1029 , John returned and deposed both Maria and Manso .   In April or May 1034 , John was again deposed by his mother and brother . This time it was certainly the result of Pandulf 's interference , for Maria 's daughter was married to Ranulf Drengot , the count of Aversa , in order to cement the alliance between Pandulf and the Normans . This daughter 's existence is recorded by Amatus of Montecassino : `` the Patrician of Amalfi 's daughter , who was Prince Pandulf 's niece , as the Patrician 's wife was Pandulf 's sister . '' The identity of this daughter had been confused , as has that of Ranulf 's first wife .   Maria took the title ducissa et patricissa : `` duchess and patricia '' . It is indicative of her power that Manso received no titles , not even from Byzantium , as his father and brother had before him . In 1038 , her brother was deposed in Capua and John was able to return to Amalfi . He deposed his brother and reconciled with Maria , who subsequently joined him in blinding Manso and exiling him to the fortress of Castelluccia on Li Galli . This act of cruelty outraged the Amalfitans , who deposed both of them and accepted the rule of Guaimar IV of Salerno .

neg: Sheriff's March The Sheriff 's March was an annual procession at Gateshead Fell , County Durham .   Medieval Britain operated under a strict feudal system . Society was rigidly structured in a pyramidal form with the King ( or Queen ) at the apex as the highest authority in the land , ordinary citizens at the bottom with a variety of Lords , Bishops , Judges and other noblemen and landowners ranking variously in between . Allegiance and subservience to the Crown was required by all men and women at all times and on most occasions was demonstrated by the swearing of oaths . One such occasion occurred twice a year , when the Sheriff of Northumberland met with the Crown Judges who came to Newcastle upon Tyne and sat on the Assizes to hear any legal matters which required their attention . To further emphasise the importance and solemnity of these visitations , a procession was to be held prior to the official meeting of the parties .   At an inquisition at Tynemouth in 1278 , it was duly declared that the King of Scotland , the Archbishop of York , the Prior of Tynemouth , the Bishop of Durham and Gilbert de Umfraville , Earl of Angus should arrange to meet with the justices prior to their entry into Newcastle , provided that they came through the county of Yorkshire first .   On the appointed day , usually a Saturday , the procession of these learned men would take place , starting in Newcastle upon Tyne before crossing the River Tyne and passing into Gateshead . After a short refreshment break , - at Sheriff Mount , the procession then made its way slowly up the old ( and remarkably steep ) turnpike road until all concerned parties came to the designated meeting place . This was initially established at Chile Well , but latterly the procession came to `` light and go into the house '' .   The house in question was Ye Olde Cannon , located on the turnpike road at the crest of Gateshead Fell . This place was chosen because of the convenience of both the gentry of Northumberland and for the judges journeying from -LSB- -LSB- Durham , the sheriff having used the stables at Sheriff Mount - to change horse before the hill climb , this is a detached Victorian villa built and known as Sheriff Mount North & Sheriff Mount South - the large Mount stone bears presence to this fact , IHe rode uphill onward to the olde canon  The guy who compiled this is clearly not owning the house , and knows not the entire truth   England | Durham -RSB- -RSB- and it was there that wine and punch were again served to the members of the precession at the expense of the Sheriffs who would wait there until the judges made their arrival . Once they had done so , all would return to Newcastle upon Tyne .   It is not known for certain whether or not Chile Well was situated on the old turnpike road , but it is certainly possible that the two meeting points were one and the same place . A well was for many years situated across the road from the Cannon and this certainly lends credence to the possibility that the sites were , in fact , the same . Intriguingly , the well was inscribed :   `` As cold waters to a thirsty soulSo is good news from a far country . ''   This procession took place for over five hundred years , even continuing after the English Civil War in the seventeenth century had effectively destroyed the feudal system as the principal means of rule in Britain . Indeed , the procession was held until 1825 when , upon the completion of the far less steep turnpike road through Low Fell , the procession was rerouted and the meeting place became The New Cannon situated at the junction between the turnpike road and the Low Fell Road ( now Beaconsfield Road and Belle Vue Bank ) .   In 1832 , miners at the Sheriff Hill Colliery went on strike in protest of pay and the dangerous conditions at the colliery . When the Sheriff 's March reached the area of Gateshead Fell , they were confronted by angry workers carrying a banner depicting a rat taking cheese from the working men Shortly after , a Commons bill in 1838 abolished such processions and so the tradition was halted and the travelling dignitaries had to be accommodated at the expense of their hosts . An attempt to revive the procession in 1845 by the High Sheriff , Ralph Carr Elison , was largely abortive and no further attempt was made .   It is as a direct result of the `` Sheriff 's March '' that the area around Ye Olde Cannon and the old turnpike road became known as Sheriff Hill .

neg: Habeas corpus Habeas corpus ( -LSB- ˈheɪbiəs_ˈkɔrpəs -RSB- Medieval Latin meaning literally `` that you have the body '' ) is a recourse in law through which a person can report an unlawful detention or imprisonment to a court and request that the court order the custodian of the person , usually a prison official , to bring the prisoner to court to determine if the detention is lawful .   The writ of habeas corpus is known as `` the great and efficacious writ in all manner of illegal confinement '' , per Blackstone being a remedy available to the meanest against the mightiest . It is a summons with the force of a court order ; it is addressed to the custodian ( a prison official for example ) and demands that a prisoner be taken before the court , and that the custodian present proof of authority , allowing the court to determine whether the custodian has lawful authority to detain the prisoner . If the custodian is acting beyond his or her authority , then the prisoner must be released . Any prisoner , or another person acting on his or her behalf , may petition the court , or a judge , for a writ of habeas corpus . One reason for the writ to be sought by a person other than the prisoner is that the detainee might be held incommunicado . Most civil law jurisdictions provide a similar remedy for those unlawfully detained , but this is not always called habeas corpus . For example , in some Spanish-speaking nations , the equivalent remedy for unlawful imprisonment is the amparo de libertad ( ` protection of freedom ' ) .   Habeas corpus has certain limitations . Though a writ of right , it is not a writ of course.The applicant must make out a prima facie case . However , once he does that , he is entitled to the writ as of right , which is then granted to him ex debito justitae ( `` from a debt of justice '' , that is , as a matter of right ) It is technically only a procedural remedy ; it is a guarantee against any detention that is forbidden by law , but it does not necessarily protect other rights , such as the entitlement to a fair trial . So if an imposition such as internment without trial is permitted by the law , then habeas corpus may not be a useful remedy . In some countries , the writ has been temporarily or permanently suspended under the pretext of war or state of emergency .   The right to petition for a writ of habeas corpus has nonetheless long been celebrated as the most efficient safeguard of the liberty of the subject . The jurist Albert Venn Dicey wrote that the British Habeas Corpus Acts `` declare no principle and define no rights , but they are for practical purposes worth a hundred constitutional articles guaranteeing individual liberty '' .   The writ of habeas corpus is one of what are called the `` extraordinary '' , `` common law '' , or `` prerogative writs '' , which were historically issued by the English courts in the name of the monarch to control inferior courts and public authorities within the kingdom . The most common of the other such prerogative writs are quo warranto , prohibito , mandamus , procedendo , and certiorari . The due process for such petitions is not simply civil or criminal , because they incorporate the presumption of non-authority . The official who is the respondent must prove his authority to do or not do something . Failing this , the court must decide for the petitioner , who may be any person , not just an interested party . This differs from a motion in a civil process in which the movant must have standing , and bears the burden of proof .

neg: The Treasure of the City of Ladies The Treasure of the City of Ladies ( Le trésor de la cité des dames , also known The Book of the Three Virtues ) is a manual of education by medieval Italian-French author Christine de Pisan . Finished , like her previous Book of the City of Ladies , by the year 1405 , and dedicated to Margaret of Burgundy at a time when Christine was writing works for Margaret 's father Duke John the Fearless of Burgundy , the book aims to educate women of all estates with advice on various topics . Her Book and Treasure are two of her best-known works , mainly due to the study of these books in modern academia .

neg: Bloody Assizes The Bloody Assizes were a series of trials started at Winchester on 25 August 1685 in the aftermath of the Battle of Sedgemoor , which ended the Monmouth Rebellion in England .   There were five judges -- Sir William Montague ( Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer ) , Sir Robert Wright , Sir Francis Wythens , ( Justice of the King 's Bench ) , Sir Creswell Levinz ( Justice of the Common Pleas ) and Sir Henry Pollexfen , led by Lord Chief Justice George Jeffreys .   Over 1,000 rebels were in prison awaiting the trials , which started in Winchester on 26 August . The first notable trial was that of an elderly gentlewoman named Dame Alice Lyle . The jury reluctantly found her guilty , and , the law recognising no distinction between principals and accessories in treason , she was sentenced to be burned . This was commuted to beheading , with the sentence being carried out in Winchester market-place on 2 September 1685 .   From Winchester the court proceeded through the West Country to Salisbury , Dorchester and on to Taunton , before finishing up at Wells on 23 September . More than 1,400 prisoners were dealt with and although most were sentenced to death , fewer than 300 were hanged or hanged , drawn and quartered . The Taunton Assize took place in the Great Hall of Taunton Castle ( now the home of the Museum of Somerset ) . Of more than 500 prisoners brought before the court on the 18/19 September , 144 were hanged and their remains displayed around the county to ensure people understood the fate of those who rebelled against the king .   Some 800 -- 850 men were transported to the West Indies where they were worth more alive than dead as a source of cheap labour . ( The novel Captain Blood , and the later movies based on it , graphically portray this punishment . ) Others were imprisoned to await further trial , although many did not live long enough , succumbing to ` Gaol Fever ' ( typhus ) , which was rife in the unsanitary conditions common to most English gaols at that time . A woman named Elizabeth Gaunt had the gruesome distinction of being the last woman burnt alive in England for political crimes .   Jeffreys returned to London after the Assizes to report to King James , who rewarded him by making him Lord Chancellor ( at the age of only 40 ) , ` For the many eminent and faithful services to the Crown ' . Jeffreys became known as `` the hanging judge '' .   After the Glorious Revolution , Jeffreys was incarcerated in the Tower of London , where he died in 1689 . His death was probably due to his chronic medical history of kidney and bladder stones leading to an acute infection , kidney failure and possibly toxaemia .   Writing as recently as 1929 , Sir John C. Fox said : Even to the present day , the mothers of West Somerset control their unruly offspring by threatening to send for ` Judge Jeffreys ' .

neg: Claude, Duke of Aumale Claude of Lorraine , Duke of Aumale ( August 18 , 1526 , Joinville -- March 3 , 1573 , La Rochelle ) was the third son of Claude , Duke of Guise and Antoinette de Bourbon . He was a prince of Lorraine by birth .   As part of the Treaty of Boulogne which ended the war of the Rough Wooing , Claude , Marquis of Mayenne , was one of six French hostages sent to England . After their father died on 12 April 1550 , Claude was allowed to come to Scotland , with a passport from Edward VI dated 11 May , to see his sister Mary of Guise and wrote from Edinburgh on 18 May that he would view the strong places of the realm .   On August 1 , 1547 , he married Louise de Brézé ( c. 1518 -- January 1577 ) , Lady of Anet , the daughter of Louis de Brézé , seigneur d'Anet , and Diane de Poitiers . They had eleven children :  Henri ( October 21 , 1549 , Château de Saint-Germain -- August 1559 ) , Count of Valentinois  Catherine Romula ( November 8 , 1550 , Saint-Germain -- June 25 , 1606 ) , married on May 11 , 1569 Nicholas , Duke of Mercœur  Madeleine Diane ( b. February 5 , 1554 ) , d. young  Charles , Duke of Aumale ( 1555 -- 1631 )  Diane ( November 10 , 1558 -- June 25 , 1586 , Ligny ) , married on November 13 , 1576 François , Duke of Piney-Luxemburg  Antoinette ( b. June 9 , 1560 , Nancy ) , d. young  Antoinette Louise ( September 29 , 1561 , Joinville -- August 24 , 1643 , Soissons ) , Abbess of Soissons  Antoine ( b. November 12 , 1562 ) , d. young  Claude ( December 13 , 1564 -- January 3 , 1591 , Saint-Denis ) , called the `` Chevalier d'Aumale '' , Abbot of St.-Pere-en-Valle , Chartres , Knight of the Order of Malta , General of the Galleys  Charles ( January 25 , 1566 -- May 7 , 1568 , Paris )  Marie ( June 10 , 1565 -- January 27 , 1627 ) , Abbess of Chelles   When his brother Francis acceded as Duke of Guise in 1550 he ceded to Claude the title of Duke of Aumale . He was killed by a culverin shot while besieging La Rochelle .

neg: Jadwiga of Poland Jadwiga ( -LSB- jadˈvʲiɡa -RSB- ) , also known as Hedwig ( Hedvig 1373/4 -- 17 July 1399 ) , reigned as the first female monarch of the Kingdom of Poland from 16 October 1384 until her death . She was the youngest daughter of Louis the Great , King of Hungary and Poland , and his wife Elizabeth of Bosnia . Jadwiga was a member of the Capetian House of Anjou , but had more close ancestors among the Polish Piasts . She was canonized in the Roman Catholic Church in 1997 .   Her marriage to William of Austria was planned in 1375 and she lived in Vienna between 1378 and 1380 . Jadwiga and William were allegedly regarded as her father 's favoured successors in Hungary after her eldest sister Catherine 's death in 1379 , since the Polish noblemen had paid homage to Louis ' second daughter , Mary , and Mary 's fiancé , Sigismund of Luxemburg , that same year . However , Louis died and Mary was crowned `` King of Hungary '' on the demand of her mother in 1382 . Sigismund of Luxemburg tried to seize Poland , but the Polish noblemen countered that they would only obey a daughter of King Louis if she settled in their country . Queen Elizabeth then nominated Jadwiga to reign in Poland , but did not send her to Kraków to be crowned . During the interregnum , Siemowit IV , Duke of Masovia , became a candidate for the Polish throne . The nobles of Greater Poland especially favoured him , proposing he marry Jadwiga . However , the noblemen of Lesser Poland opposed his election and persuaded Queen Elizabeth to send Jadwiga to Poland .   Jadwiga was crowned `` king '' in Kraków on 16 October 1384 . Her crowning either reflected the Polish lords ' opposition to her intended future husband , William , adopting the royal title without a further Act or only emphasized that she was a queen regnant . With her mother 's consent , Jadwiga 's advisors opened negotiations with Jogaila , Grand Duke of Lithuania , who was still a heathen , about his marriage to Jadwiga . Jogaila signed the Union of Krewo , promising to convert to Roman Catholicism and to promote his ` pagan ' subjects ' conversion . Meanwhile , William of Habsburg hurried to Kraków to demand the consummation of his pre-arranged marriage with Jadwiga , but the Polish lords expelled him in late August 1385 . Jogaila , who received the baptismal name Władysław , married Jadwiga on 15 February 1386 . Legend says that she had only agreed to marry him after long prayers , seeking divine inspiration .   Władysław-Jogaila was crowned king on 4 March . As her co-ruler , Władysław closely cooperated with his wife . After rebellious lords had imprisoned her mother and sister , she marched into Ruthenia , which had been under Hungarian rule , and persuaded most local inhabitants to become subjects of the Polish Crown without resistance . She acted as mediator between her husband 's quarreling kinsmen , and between Poland and the Teutonic Knights . After her sister Mary died in 1395 , Jadwiga and Władysław-Jogaila laid claim to Hungary against the widowed Sigismund of Luxemburg , but the Hungarian lords did not support them .

neg: Joan II of Navarre Joan II ( Jeanne 28 January 1312 -- 6 October 1349 ) was Queen of Navarre from 1328 until her death . She was the only surviving child of Louis X of France , King of France and Navarre , and Margaret of Burgundy . Joan 's paternity was dubious because her mother was involved in a scandal , but Louis X declared her his legitimate daughter before he died in 1316 . However , the French lords were opposed to the idea of a female monarch and elected Louis X 's brother , Philip V , king . The Navarrese noblemen also did homage to Philip . Joan 's maternal grandmother , Agnes of France , Duchess of Burgundy , and uncle , Odo IV of Burgundy , made attempts to secure the counties of Champagne and Brie ( which had been the patrimony of Louis X 's mother , Joan I of Navarre ) to Joan , but the French royal troops defeated her supporters . After Philip V married his daughter to Odo and granted him two counties as her dowry , Odo renounced Joan 's claim to Champagne and Brie in exchange for a compensation in March 1318 . Joan married Philip of Évreux , who was also a member of the French royal family .   Philip V was succeeded by his brother , Charles IV , in both France and Navarre in 1322 , but most Navarrese lords refused to swear loyalty to him . After Charles IV died in 1328 , the Navarrese expelled the French governor and declared Joan the rightful monarch of Navarre . In France , Philip of Valois was crowned king . He concluded an agreement with Joan and her husband , who renounced Joan 's claims to Champagne and Brie in exchange for three counties , while Philip acknowledged their right to Navarre . Joan and her husband were together crowned in Pamplona Cathedral on 5 March 1329 .   The royal couple closely cooperated during their joint reign , but Philip of Évreux was more active . However , they mostly lived in their French domains . Navarre was then administered by governors during their absence .

neg: Marguerite IV d'Harcourt Marguerite IV d'Haraucourt , ( 15 ?? -1568 ) , was a German-Roman monarch as Princess Abbess of the Imperial Remiremont Abbey in France . She was abbess twice : a first term 1520-28 , and a second in 1544-68 .   She was elected in 1520 , but was deposed in 1528 . In 1544 , she became abbess for a second term . During her reign , Remiremont was forced to submit to the sovereignty of the Duchy of Lorraine .

neg: Knight A knight is a person granted an honorary title of knighthood by a monarch or other political leader for service to the monarch or country , especially in a military capacity . Historically , in Europe , knighthood was conferred upon mounted warriors . During the High Middle Ages , knighthood was considered a class of lower nobility . By the Late Middle Ages , the rank had become associated with the ideals of chivalry , a code of conduct for the perfect courtly Christian warrior . Often , a knight was a vassal who served as a fighter for a lord , with payment in the form of land holdings . The lords trusted the knights , who were skilled in battle on horseback . Since the early modern period , the title of knight is purely honorific , usually bestowed by a monarch , as in the British honours system , often for non-military service to the country . The modern female equivalent in the United Kingdom is Dame .   Historically , the ideals of chivalry were popularized in medieval literature , especially the Matter of Britain and Matter of France , the former based on Geoffrey of Monmouth 's Historia Regum Britanniae ( History of the Kings of Britain ) which introduced the legend of King Arthur , written in the 1130s . Sir Thomas Malory 's Le Morte d'Arthur ( The Death of Arthur ) , written in 1485 , was important in defining the ideal of chivalry , which is essential to the modern concept of the knight , as an elite warrior sworn to uphold the values of faith , loyalty , courage , and honour . Furthermore , Geoffroi de Charny 's `` Book of Chivalry '' expounded upon the importance of Christian faith in every area of a knight 's life . During the Renaissance , the genre of chivalric romance became popular in literature , growing ever more idealistic and eventually giving rise to a new form of realism in literature popularised by Miguel de Cervantes ' Don Quixote . This novel explored the ideals of knighthood and their incongruity with the reality of Cervantes ' world . In the late medieval period , new methods of warfare began to render classical knights in armour obsolete , but the titles remained in many nations .   Some orders of knighthood , such as the Knights Templar , have become the subject of legend ; others have disappeared into obscurity . Today , a number of orders of knighthood continue to exist in several countries , such as the English Order of the Garter , the Swedish Royal Order of the Seraphim , and the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav . Each of these orders has its own criteria for eligibility , but knighthood is generally granted by a head of state or monarch to selected persons to recognise some meritorious achievement .   Knighthood in the Middle Ages was closely linked with horsemanship ( and especially the joust ) from its origins in the 12th century until its final flowering as a fashion among the high nobility in the Duchy of Burgundy in the 15th century . This linkage is reflected in the etymology of chivalry , cavalier and related terms ( see Etymology section below ) . The special prestige accorded to mounted warriors finds a parallel in the furusiyya in the Muslim world , and the Greek hippeus and Roman eques of classical antiquity .

neg: Forced confession A forced confession is a confession obtained by a suspect or a prisoner under means of torture ( including enhanced interrogation techniques ) or other forms of duress . Depending on the level of coercion used , a forced confession is not valid in revealing the truth . The person being interrogated may agree to the story presented to him or even make up falsehoods himself in order to satisfy the interrogator and discontinue his suffering .   For centuries the Latin phrase `` Confessio est regina probationum '' ( In English : Confession is the Queen of evidence ) justified the use of forced confession in the European legal system . When especially during the Middle Ages acquiring a confession was the most important thing during preparations before a trial , than the method used to get the confession seemed irrelevant , de facto sanctioning the use of torture to extract forced confession .   By the late 18th century , most scholars and lawyers thought of the forced confession not only as a relic of past times and morally wrong but also ineffective as the victim of torture may confess to anything just to ease his suffering .   Developments in the 20th century , notably the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , greatly reduced the legal acceptance of forced confessions . However , for most of legal history they have been accepted in most of the world , and are still accepted in some jurisdictions .

neg: Mary of Guise Mary of Guise ( Marie de Guise 22 November 1515 -- 11 June 1560 ) was Queen of Scots from 1538 to 1542 as the second wife of King James V . She was the mother of Mary , Queen of Scots , and served as Regent of Scotland in her daughter 's name from 1554 to 1560 . A native of Lorraine , she was a member of the powerful House of Guise , which played a prominent role in 16th-century French politics . Her main goal was a close alliance between the powerful French Catholic nation and smaller Scotland , which she wanted to be Catholic and independent of England . She failed , and at her death the Protestants took control of Scotland , with her own grandson achieving the Union of the Crowns a few decades later .

neg: Margaret Hogg Margaret Hogg ( c. 1939 -- October 1976 ) was a manslaughter victim whose body was preserved in Wast Water , Lake District National Park , Cumbria , for eight years . Married to Peter Hogg , she had worked as an airline stewardess for Air Europe ; her husband was a pilot .   Peter was 19 years older than Margaret , and briefly achieved front-page news on 16 August 1974 when he landed at Luton Airport as the captain of a Lockheed L-1011 Tristar of Court Line that he had piloted overnight from a refuelling stop at Gander , Canada , bringing Clarksons holidaymakers back from St. Lucia . This was the airline 's last flight as Court Line had ceased trading the previous day .   Margaret had a three-year affair with banker Graham Ryan , and often flaunted it before Peter . One night in October 1976 , Mrs Hogg attacked her husband , hitting and kicking until he `` grabbed her round the neck and squeezed hard '' . Margaret Hogg suffocated and Peter wrapped her body in a carpet , tied it to a block of concrete , drove north overnight from Surrey and dumped the body in Wast Water lake in the Wasdale valley in the Lake District National Park , England .   The body settled at a depth of 34 metres ( 110 ft ) , only a short distance away from much deeper parts of the deepest lake in England . Due to the lack of oxygen , her body did not decompose , but over time was preserved by the formation of adipocere .   In 1983 , the lake was searched for the body of Veronique Mireille Marre , a missing French student . Subsequently , the remains of Margaret Hogg were found by a diver , Neil Pritt , in March 1984 , who initially thought them to be just a roll of old carpet . Shortly after the recovery , the body was identified by friends . The police investigation was made easier by noting the two sets of initials engraved on the inside of the gold wedding ring recovered from Margaret 's body .   Her husband Peter , the prime suspect , initially denied the murder before giving a confession . He was sentenced to four years for manslaughter , obstructing a coroner , and perjury in his divorce proceedings .   The body of Veronique Mireille Marre was eventually found in April 1984 . Her remains were found on a mountain at the bottom of a cliff , but no cause of death could be officially given .

neg: Ralph fitzStephen Ralph fitzStephen ( sometimes Ralf fitzStephen ; died either 25 July 1202 or c. 1204 ) was an English nobleman and royal official .   Ralph had brothers named William fitzStephen , and Eustace . They were probably the sons of Stephen the chamberlain , who is mentioned as a royal chamberlain in the pipe roll for 1156 -- 57 .   Ralph was a royal chamberlain for King Henry II of England and King Richard I of England , serving in that office until at least 1191 . His work would have involved not just household duties , but the financial aspects of the office , both accepting monies owed to the royal household and paying salaries and other expenses of the king 's chamber . In 1170 he was appointed as one of the `` tutors '' to the eldest living son of the king , Henry . Ralph was a frequent witness on royal charters , and during the last years of Henry 's reign was also responsible for the maintenance of Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine , who was incarcerated in house arrest by the king .   Ralph was Sheriff of Gloucestershire , from 1171 to 1175 , succeeded by his brother William . Ralph served as a royal justice for the southwest in 1176 and continued as a justice in other counties until 1190 . He assessed the tallage , a tax , from 1176 to 1190 also . In 1184 , Henry II summoned Ralph as a Serjeant-at-law , one of the first identifiable members of that order in the historical record .   King Henry gave Ralph the manors of Wapley and Winterbourne in Gloucestershire . In the feudal inquest of 1166 , Ralph listed him as holding half a knight 's fee at the honour of Totnes , one fee from the bishop of Exeter , and two fees at Crich in Derbyshire that were part of Hubert fitzRalph 's honour there . At some point , he held a fee at Blackwell , Derbyshire from Robert fitzRandulf , as he gave that fee as a marriage portion to his niece Idonea when she married William fitzRandulf . Sometime between 1186 and 1190 , Ralph granted a third of a knight 's fee at Potterspury in Northamptonshire to Geoffrey fitzPeter , another royal official .   Ralph married Maud or Matilda , the daughter of Robert de Calz . According to the historian Katharine Keats-Rohan , the marriage took place sometime before 1177 , as on that date he was given the forestership of Sherwood Forest which had been held by Robert de Calz . But Julia Boorman in Ralph 's entry in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography says the marriage occurred around 1184 or 1185 . Ralph controlled Sherwood Forest until 1197 , as well as Chippenham Forest in Wiltshire from 1176 to 1190 . Ralph may be the same as the Ralph fitzStephen who was given custody of Guildford Castle in Surrey in 1192 and 1193 .   According to Keats-Rohan , Ralph died around 1204 and had no issue from his marriage . Boorman , however , states he died on 25 July 1202 . According to Keats-Rohan , Maud/Matilda married Adam fitzPeter of Birkin after Ralph 's death , but Boorman says that Maud/Matilda was the widow of fitzPeter when she married Ralph . Ralph gave gifts to Haverholme Priory , Darley Abbey , Gloucester Abbey , and Stanley Abbey . In 1225 the king recognized Richard of Gloucester as Ralph 's nearest heir and confirmed his custody of Winterbourne . Boorman speculates that Richard might have been Ralph 's son by a previous marriage before Maud/Matilda .

neg: House of Valois-Burgundy The House of Valois-Burgundy ( la maison de Valois-Bourgogne ) , or the Younger House of Burgundy , was a noble French family deriving from the royal House of Valois . It is distinct from the Capetian House of Burgundy , descendants of King Robert II of France , though both houses stem from the Capetian dynasty . They ruled the Duchy of Burgundy from 1363 to 1482 and later came to rule vast lands including Artois , Flanders , Luxembourg , Hainault , the county palatine of Burgundy ( Franche-Comté ) , and other lands through marriage .   The term `` Valois Dukes of Burgundy '' is employed to refer to the dynasty which began after King John II of France granted the French Duchy of Burgundy to his youngest son , Philip the Bold in 1363 .   During the Hundred Years ' War , the dukes rivalled with their royal cousins uniting a great number of French and Imperial fiefs under their rule . However , their plans to establish an autonomous kingdom ultimately failed when the last duke , Charles the Bold , sparked the Burgundian Wars and was killed in the Battle of Nancy in 1477 . The final ruler of the dynasty , Mary , Duchess of Burgundy , attempted to assert her authority within her domains , but failed . Her lands outside of France passed to her eldest son , Philip , to become the Habsburg Netherlands , while the Duchy of Burgundy itself returned to the kingdom of France . Mary died in 1482 , thus ending the House of Valois-Burgundy .