query: Dysphonia can be characterized by hoarse or breathy vocal qualities.

pos: Dysphonia Dysphonia , one common form of which is referred to as hoarse voice , refers to dysfunction in the ability to produce voice . For voice to be classified as `` dysphonic '' , abnormalities must be present in one or more vocal parameters : pitch , loudness , quality , or variability . Perceptually , dysphonia can be characterised by hoarse , breathy , harsh , or rough vocal qualities , but some kind of phonation remains .   Current prevalence rates suggest that dysphonia is higher in females and the elderly , however , it can be found in both sexes and across the lifespan . Furthermore , certain occupational groups , such as teachers and singers , may be at increased risk for developing dysphonia .   Dysphonia can be categorized into two broad main types : organic and functional . The type of dysphonia is dependent on the cause of the pathology . While the causes of dysphonia can be divided into five basic categories , all of them result in an interruption of the ability of the vocal folds to vibrate normally during exhalation , which affects the voice . The assessment and diagnosis of dysphonia is done by a multidisciplinary team , and involves the use of a variety of subjective and objective measures , which look at both the quality of the voice as well as the physical state of the larynx.Multiple treatments have been developed to address organic and functional causes of dysphonia . Dysphonia can be targeted through direct therapy , indirect therapy , medical treatments , and surgery . Functional dysphonias may be treated through direct and indirect voice therapies , whereas surgeries are recommended for chronic , organic dysphonias .

neg: Bogart–Bacall syndrome Bogart -- Bacall syndrome ( BBS ) is a voice disorder that is caused by abuse or overuse of the vocal cords .   People who speak or sing outside their normal vocal range can develop BBS ; symptoms are chiefly an unnaturally deep or rough voice , or dysphonia , and vocal fatigue . The people most commonly afflicted are those who speak in a low-pitched voice , particularly if they have poor breath and vocal control . The syndrome can affect both men and women .   In 1988 an article was published , describing a discrete type of vocal dysfunction which results in men sounding like Humphrey Bogart and women sounding like Lauren Bacall . BBS is now the medical term for an ongoing hoarseness that often afflicts actors , singers or TV/radio voice workers who routinely speak in a very low pitch .   Treatment usually involves voice therapy by a speech language pathologist .

neg: Lateral release (phonetics) In phonetics , a lateral release is the release of a plosive consonant into a lateral consonant . Such sounds are transcribed in the IPA with a superscript , for example as -LSB- -LSB- tˡ -RSB- -RSB- in English spotless -LSB- -LSB- ˈspɒtˡlɨs -RSB- -RSB- . In English words such as middle in which , historically , the tongue made separate contacts with the alveolar ridge for the -LSB- / d / -RSB- and -LSB- / l / -RSB- , -LSB- -LSB- ˈmɪdəl -RSB- -RSB- , many speakers today make only one tongue contact . That is , the -LSB- / d / -RSB- is laterally released directly into the -LSB- / l / -RSB- : -LSB- -LSB- ˈmɪdˡl̩ -RSB- -RSB- . While this is a minor phonetic detail in English ( in fact , it is commonly transcribed as having no audible release : -LSB- -LSB- ˈspɒt̚lɨs -RSB- -RSB- , -LSB- -LSB- ˈmɪd̚l̩ -RSB- -RSB- ) , it may be more important in other languages .   In most languages ( as in English ) , laterally-released plosives are straightforwardly analyzed as biphonemic clusters whose second element is -LSB- / l / -RSB- . For certain languages , however , it is sometimes claimed that laterally-released consonants are unitary phonemes . According to Peter Ladefoged and Ian Maddieson , the choice between one or another analysis is purely based on phonological convenience -- there is no actual acoustic or articulatory difference between one language 's `` laterally-released plosive '' and another language 's biphonemic cluster .

neg: Voice (grammar) In grammar , the voice of a verb , also called diathesis -LSB- daɪˈæθəsɪs -RSB- and ( rarely ) the gender of a verb , describes the relationship between the action ( or state ) that the verb expresses and the participants identified by its arguments ( subject , object , etc. ) . When the subject is the agent or doer of the action , the verb is in the active voice . When the subject is the patient , target or undergoer of the action , the verb is said to be in the passive voice .   For example , in the sentence :   The cat ate the mouse .   the verb `` ate '' is in the active voice . However , in the sentence :   The mouse was eaten by the cat .   the verbal phrase `` was eaten '' is passive .   In the sentence :   The hunter killed the bear .   the verb `` killed '' is in the active voice , and the doer of the action is the `` hunter '' .  A passive version of the sentence is :   The bear was killed by the hunter .   where the verbal phrase `` was killed '' is followed by the word `` by '' and then by the doer `` hunter '' .   In a transformation from an active-voice clause to an equivalent passive-voice construction , the subject and the direct object switch grammatical roles . The direct object gets promoted to subject , and the subject demoted to an ( optional ) complement . In the first example above , the mouse serves as the direct object in the active-voice version , but becomes the subject in the passive version . The subject of the active-voice version , the cat , becomes part of a prepositional phrase in the passive version of the sentence , and can be left out entirely .

neg: Homophony In music , homophony ( -LSB- həˈmɒfəni , _ hoʊ - , _ - ˈmɒfni -RSB- Greek : ὁμόφωνος , homóphōnos , from ὁμός , homós , `` same '' and φωνή , phōnē , `` sound , tone '' ) is a texture in which a primary part is supported by one or more additional strands that flesh out the harmony and often provide rhythmic contrast . This differentiation of roles contrasts with equal-voice polyphony ( in which similar lines move with rhythmic and melodic independence to form an even texture ) and monophony ( in which all parts move in unison or octaves ) . Historically , homophony and its differentiated roles for parts emerged in tandem with tonality , which gave distinct harmonic functions to the soprano , bass and inner voices .   A homophonic texture may be homorhythmic , which means that all parts have the same rhythm . Chorale texture is another variant of homophony . The most common type of homophony is melody-dominated homophony , in which one voice , often the highest , plays a distinct melody , and the accompanying voices work together to articulate an underlying harmony .   Initially , in Ancient Greece , homophony indicated music in which a single melody is performed by two or more voices in unison or octaves , i.e. monophony with multiple voices . Homophony as a term first appeared in English with Charles Burney in 1776 , emphasizing the concord of harmonized melody .

neg: Aprosodia Aprosodia is a neurological condition characterized by the inability of a person to properly convey or interpret emotional prosody . Prosody in language refers to the ranges of rhythm , pitch , stress , intonation , etc. . These neurological deficits can be the result of damage of some form to the non-dominant hemisphere areas of language production . The prevalence of aprosodias in individuals is currently unknown , as testing for aprosodia secondary to other brain injury is only a recent occurrence .

neg: Vowel chart vowels   In phonetics , a vowel is a sound in spoken language , with two competing definitions . In the more common phonetic definition , a vowel is a sound pronounced with an open vocal tract , so that the tongue does not touch the lips , teeth , or roof of the mouth , such as the English `` ah '' ɑː or `` oh '' oʊ . There is no build-up of air pressure at any point above the glottis . This contrasts with consonants , such as the English `` sh '' -LSB- -LSB- ʃː -RSB- -RSB- , which have a constriction or closure at some point along the vocal tract . In the other , phonological definition , a vowel is defined as syllabic , the sound that forms the peak of a syllable . A phonetically equivalent but non-syllabic sound is a semivowel .   In oral languages , phonetic vowels normally form the peak ( nucleus ) of many to all syllables , whereas consonants form the onset and ( in languages that have them ) coda . Some languages allow other sounds to form the nucleus of a syllable , such as the syllabic ( i.e. , vocalic ) l in the English word table -LSB- -LSB- ˈtʰeɪb.l̩ -RSB- -RSB- ( when not considered to have a weak vowel sound : -LSB- -LSB- ˈtʰeɪb.əl -RSB- -RSB- ) or the syllabic r in the Serbo-Croatian word vrt -LSB- -LSB- vr̩t -RSB- -RSB- `` garden '' .   The word vowel comes from the Latin word vocalis , meaning `` vocal '' ( `` relating to voice '' ) . In English , the word vowel is commonly used to mean both vowel sounds and the written symbols that represent them .   These letters are vowels in English : A , E , I , O , U , and sometimes Y and W in two words .

neg: Prenasalized consonant Prenasalized consonants are phonetic sequences of a nasal and an obstruent ( or occasionally a non-nasal sonorant such as -LSB- -LSB- ɺ -RSB- -RSB- ) that behave phonologically like single consonants . The primary reason for considering these to be single consonants , rather than clusters as in English finger or member , lies in their behavior ; however , there may also be phonetic correlates which distinguish prenasalized consonants from clusters . Because of the additional difficulty in both articulation and timing , prenasalized fricatives and sonorants are not as common as prenasalized stops or affricates , and the presence of the former implies the latter .   In most languages , when a prenasalized consonant is described as `` voiceless '' , it is only the oral portion that is voiceless , while the nasal portion is modally voiced . Thus a language may have `` voiced '' -LSB- -LSB- ᵐb ⁿd ᵑɡ -RSB- -RSB- and `` voiceless '' -LSB- -LSB- ᵐp ⁿt ᵑk -RSB- -RSB- . However , in some Southern Min ( incl . Taiwanese ) dialects , voiced stops are preceded by voiceless prenasalization : -LSB- -LSB- ᵐ̥b ⁿ̥d ⁿ̥ɺ ᵑ̊ɡ -RSB- -RSB- .   Prenasalized stops may be distinguished from post-stopped nasals ( orally released nasals ) , such as the -LSB- / mᵇ nᵈ ɲᶡ ŋᶢ / -RSB- of Acehnese and similar sounds ( including voiceless -LSB- / mᵖ / -RSB- etc. ) in many dialects of Chinese . ( Though at least in the Chinese case , in some dialects the nasalization continues in diminished degree through to the vowel , indicating that the consonant is partially denasalized rather than actually having an oral release . ) No language is known to contrast the two types of consonant , which are distinguished primarily by a difference in timing ( brief nasal followed by longer stop vs longer nasal followed by brief stop ) , nor are any expected to .

neg: Hearing aid A hearing aid or deaf aid is a device designed to improve hearing . Hearing aids are classified as medical devices in most countries , and regulated by the respective regulations . Small audio amplifiers such as PSAPs or other plain sound reinforcing systems can not be sold as `` hearing aids '' .   Earlier devices , such as ear trumpets or ear horns , were passive amplification cones designed to gather sound energy and direct it into the ear canal . Modern devices are computerised electroacoustic systems that transform environmental sound to make it more intelligible or comfortable , according to audiometrical and cognitive rules . Such sound processing can be considerable , such as highlighting a spatial region , shifting frequencies , cancelling noise and wind , or highlighting voice .   Modern hearing aids require configuration to match the hearing loss , physical features , and lifestyle of the wearer . This process is called `` fitting '' and is performed by audiologists . The amount of benefit a hearing aid delivers depends in large part on the quality of its fitting . Devices similar to hearing aids include the bone anchored hearing aid , and cochlear implant .

neg: Glottalic consonant A glottalic consonant is a consonant produced with some important contribution ( a movement , a closure ) of the glottis ( the opening that leads from the nose and mouth cavities into the larynx and the lungs ) .   Glottalic sounds may involve motion of the larynx upward or downward , producing an egressive or ingressive glottalic airstream mechanism respectively . An egressive glottalic airstream produces ejective consonants , while an ingressive glottalic airstream produces implosive consonants . Ejectives are almost always voiceless stops ( plosives ) or affricates , while implosives are almost always voiced stops .   However , when a sound is said to be glottalized , this is not normally what is meant . Rather , glottalization implies that a normal pulmonic airstream is interrupted by closure of the glottis . Sonorants ( including vowels ) may be glottalized in this fashion . There are two ways this is represented in the IPA : ( a ) the same way as ejectives , with an apostrophe ; or , ( b ) more properly with the under-tilde for creaky voice . For example , the Yapese word for sick with a glottalized m could be transcribed as either -LSB- -LSB- mʼaar -RSB- or -LSB- m̰aar -RSB- -RSB- . ( In some typefaces , the apostrophe would occur above the em . ) When an obstruent is glottalized but still uses a pulmonic airstream , it may be written etc. .   When glottalic consonants of different types are present in a language , they tend to form a single phonological class . However , a language that has one kind of glottalized consonant is not particularly likely to have other kinds . For example , languages in the Americas which have both ejectives and glottalized sonorants may reflect an areal feature rather than an inherent feature common to the sounds in question . Since none of the three types are very common , languages containing more than one type are relatively rare .

neg: Vowel reduction In phonetics , vowel reduction is any of various changes in the acoustic quality of vowels , which are related to changes in stress , sonority , duration , loudness , articulation , or position in the word ( e.g. for Creek language ) , and which are perceived as `` weakening '' . It most often makes the vowels shorter as well .   Such a vowel may be called reduced or weak . In contrast , an unreduced vowel may be described as full or strong .

neg: Dramatic soprano A dramatic soprano is a type of operatic soprano with a powerful , rich , emotive voice that can sing over , or cut through , a full orchestra . Thicker vocal folds in dramatic voices usually ( but not always ) mean less agility than lighter voices but a sustained , fuller sound . Usually this voice has a lower tessitura than other sopranos , and a darker timbre . They are often used for heroic , often long-suffering , tragic women of opera . Dramatic sopranos have a range from approximately low A ( A3 ) to `` high C '' ( C6 ) . Some dramatic sopranos , known as Wagnerian sopranos , have an exceptionally big voice that can assert itself over a large orchestra ( of more than 80 or even 100 pieces ) . These voices are substantial , often denser in tone , extremely powerful and , ideally , evenly balanced throughout the vocal registers . Wagnerian sopranos usually play mythic heroines . Successful Wagnerian sopranos are rare and often Wagnerian roles are performed by Italianate dramatic sopranos .

neg: Heart murmur Heart murmurs are heart sounds produced when blood flows across one of the heart valves that are loud enough to be heard with a stethoscope .   There are two types of murmurs . A functional murmur or `` physiologic murmur '' is a heart murmur that is primarily due to physiologic conditions outside the heart . Other types of murmurs are due to structural defects in the heart itself . Functional murmurs are benign ( an `` innocent murmur '' ) .   Murmurs may also be the result of various problems , such as narrowing or leaking of valves , or the presence of abnormal passages through which blood flows in or near the heart . Such murmurs , known as pathologic murmurs , should be evaluated by an expert .   Heart murmurs are most frequently categorized by timing , into systolic heart murmurs and diastolic heart murmurs , differing in the part of the heartbeat on which they can be heard . However , continuous murmurs can not be directly placed into either category .

neg: Audiology and hearing health professionals in Brazil Despite having the largest economy in South America or Central America , Brazil is still considered a developing country due to its low gross domestic product , or GDP , per capita , low living standards , high infant mortality rate and other factors . `` With regard to hearing health , the Brazilian government established the national policy for giving attention to hearing health in 2004 , in which the Ministry of Health , considering the social magnitude of hearing impairment in the Brazilian population and its consequences , presented the proposal to structure a network of services set up by regions and in hierarchy that aims to be implemented in all federative units of Brazil , with integrated actions to promote ear health , hearing impairment prevention , treatment and rehabilitation organized and managed by the National Health System , Sistema U ´ nico de Saude ( SUS ) , in Portuguese , '' writes Bevilacqua et al. ( 2010 )   In Brazil , audiology grew out of the field of ear nose and throat ( ENT ) medical field . According to Bevilacqua et al. ( 2008 ) , the majority of audiologists in Brazil work at private institutions , including private medical practices and dedicated speech and hearing clinics . They are also employed in public institutions , such as community clinics , elementary schools , colleges , and universities . Audiologists perform diagnostic evaluations of auditory and vestibular disorders , select and fit hearing aids , and provide aural rehabilitation . They may also assist with workers ' health programs , dispense hearing aids , and aural rehabilitation in the public sector .

neg: Squawk (sound) Squawks or short wheezes are brief `` squeaky '' sounds that are also referred to as squeaks . Their waveforms show a sinusoidal pattern with a duration 10 to 100 ms and a frequency between 200 and 800 Hz . Many birds have made sounds which are onomatopoeically described as `` squawk '' . Squawks have been described in bird fancier 's disease and other forms of hypersensitivity pneumonitis . They are also heard in a variety of conditions in which alveolitis is present . In one study they were found in 10 % of patients with pneumonia .

neg: Telecommunications device for the deaf A telecommunications device for the deaf ( TDD ) is a teleprinter , an electronic device for text communication over a telephone line , that is designed for use by persons with hearing or speech difficulties . Other names for the device include teletypewriter ( TTY ) , textphone ( common in Europe ) , and minicom ( United Kingdom ) .   The typical TDD is a device about the size of a typewriter or laptop computer with a QWERTY keyboard and small screen that uses an LED , LCD , or VFD screen to display typed text electronically . In addition , TDDs commonly have a small spool of paper on which text is also printedold versions of the device had only a printer and no screen . The text is transmitted live , via a telephone line , to a compatible device , i.e. one that uses a similar communication protocol .   Special telephone services have been developed to carry the TDD functionality even further . In certain countries there are systems in place so that a deaf person can communicate with a hearing person on an ordinary voice phone using a human relay operator . There are also `` carry-over '' services , enabling people who can hear but can not speak ( `` hearing carry-over , '' a.k.a. `` HCO '' ) , or people who can not hear but are able to speak ( `` voice carry-over , '' a.k.a. `` VCO '' ) to use the telephone .   The term TDD is sometimes discouraged because people who are deaf are increasingly using mainstream devices and technologies to carry out most of their communication . The devices described here were developed for use on the partially-analog Public Switched Telephone Network ( PSTN ) . They do not work well on the new internet protocol ( IP ) networks . Thus as society increasingly moves toward IP based telecommunication , the telecommunication devices used by people who are deaf will not be TDDs . In the US for example , the use of the term TDD is discouraged to avoid confusion with these partly-analog devices being referred to as TTYs .   Teletype Corporation , of Skokie , Illinois , made page printers for text , notably for news wire services and telegrams , but these used standards different from those for deaf communication , and although in quite widespread use , were technically incompatible . Furthermore , these were sometimes referred to by the `` TTY '' initialism , short for `` Teletype '' . When computers had keyboard input mechanisms and page printer output , before CRT terminals came into use , Teletypes were the most widely used devices . They were called `` console typewriters '' . ( Telex used similar equipment , but was a separate international communication network . )

neg: Spelling pronunciation A spelling pronunciation is the pronunciation of a word according to its spelling , at odds with a standard or traditional pronunciation . Words spelled with silent letters ( e.g. island , knife ) , or traditionally pronounced with reduced vowels or omitted consonants ( e.g. cupboard , Worcester ) , may be subject to a spelling pronunciation .   If a word 's spelling was standardized prior to sound changes that produced its `` traditional '' pronunciation , a spelling pronunciation may reflect an even older pronunciation . This is often the case with compound words ( e.g. waistcoat , cupboard , forehead ) . It is also the case for many words with silent letters ( e.g. often ) , though not all -- silent letters are sometimes added for etymological reasons , to reflect a word 's spelling in its language of origin ( e.g. victual , rhyming with little but derived from Late Latin victualia ) . Some silent letters were added on the basis of erroneous etymologies , as in the cases of the words island and scythe .   Spelling pronunciations are generally considered incorrect next to the traditionally accepted , and usually more widespread , pronunciation . If a spelling pronunciation persists and becomes more common , it may eventually join the existing form as equally acceptable ( for example waistcoat and often ) , or even become the dominant pronunciation ( as with forehead and falcon ) . If a rare word is more often encountered in writing than in speech , the spelling pronunciation may be assumed by most , while the traditional pronunciation is maintained only by older or educated individuals .

neg: Auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder ( ANSD ) is a specific form of hearing loss defined by the presence of normal or near-normal Otoacoustic Emissions ( OAEs ) but the absence of normal Middle Ear Reflexes and severely abnormal or completely absent auditory brainstem response ( ABRs ) .   Individuals presenting with this recently recognised hearing loss appear to display sporadic windows of hearing and not . Very few ( 1 in 14 ) will go on to develop normal speech and language but with poor speech perception in background noise and in others , no speech perception and therefore language development is possible .   The condition was originally termed Auditory neuropathy ( AN ) and in 2001 as Auditory Neuropathy / Auditory Dys-synchrony ( AN/AD ) ( to include those cases where no true Neuropathy was apparent ) . In 2008 at a meeting convened at Lake Como in Italy ( Guidelines Development  Conference on the Identification and Management  of Infants with Auditory Neuropathy , International  Newborn Hearing Screening Conference , Como , Italy ,  June 19 -- 21 , 2008 ) , a group of leading authorities on the condition reached a consensus and renamed it as Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder .

neg: Squillo Squillo is a technical term for the resonant , trumpet-like sound in the voices of opera singers . It is also commonly called `` singer 's formant '' , `` ring '' , `` ping '' , `` core '' , and other terms . Squillo enables an essentially lyric tone to be heard over thick orchestrations , e.g. in late Verdi , Puccini and Strauss operas . Achieving a proper amount of squillo in any performing context is imperative : too much and the tone veers towards the shrill ; too little and the purpose of the squillo can not be achieved .   Squillo is easily recognizable by a distinctive brilliant , ringing quality in the timbre of the voice . This perception is caused by the presence of a peak in the 2 - 5 kHz frequency range , to which the human ear is particularly sensitive . The amplification of these particular harmonics is believed to be a result of a narrowing of the Aryepiglottic fold just above the larynx . Voices with naturally acquired squillo , i.e. having naturally strong higher formants , are especially prized in opera because they allow a singer to maintain certain lyric qualities e.g. limpid high notes , and consistency of tone throughout the range etc. even in dramatic singing . Voices with squillo are also easier to record .   Uses of the squillo includes :  projecting a small timbre e.g. Alfredo Kraus , Juan Diego Flórez  underscoring a dramatically important passage e.g. No , non voglio morir in Sola , perduta abbandonata from Puccini 's Manon Lescaut  singing through a thickly textured orchestration , e.g. the final bars of Libera me from Verdi 's Requiem , in which a soprano has to compete against a tutti orchestra and full chorus  supporting a pianissimo note floated over an orchestra ( which also demands a secure breath control ) e.g. Montserrat Caballé  supporting a long trill  simulating a scream without compromising the timbre , especially in a verismic opera ; however it is not unheard that a bona fide scream be used in operatic setting , e.g. Tosca 's final jump in Tosca  giving an impression of ` youth ' to an aged voice , mainly via a cultivation of the head register , ref . Section IX Meine Gesangskunst , by Lilli Lehmann ; best exemplified vocally by Mirella Freni   Famous singers who personify this technique include Leontyne Price , Mariella Devia , Renata Tebaldi , Giuseppe di Stefano , Jussi Björling and Luciano Pavarotti . Certain dramatic singers may also employ squillo as opposed to volume over the course of a performance , for example Birgit Nilsson .   Squillo may also refer , in current Italian :  when the grammatical gender is masculine ( uno squillo ) word for `` ring '' ( as in `` telephone ring '' ) , currently a slang term for missed call  to form a verb a word `` squillare '' which means `` to ring '' or `` to blare ''

neg: Dysphagia Dysphagia is the medical term for the symptom of difficulty in swallowing . Although classified under `` symptoms and signs '' in ICD-10 , the term is sometimes used as a condition in its own right . People with dysphagia are sometimes unaware of having it .   The word is derived from the Greek dys meaning bad or disordered , and the root phag - meaning `` eat '' . It may be a sensation that suggests difficulty in the passage of solids or liquids from the mouth to the stomach , a lack of pharyngeal sensation , or various other inadequacies of the swallowing mechanism . Dysphagia is distinguished from other symptoms including odynophagia , which is defined as painful swallowing , and globus , which is the sensation of a lump in the throat . A person can have dysphagia without odynophagia ( dysfunction without pain ) , odynophagia without dysphagia ( pain without dysfunction ) , or both together . A psychogenic dysphagia is known as phagophobia .

neg: Pulmonary aspiration Pulmonary aspiration is the entry of material ( such as pharyngeal secretions , food or drink , or stomach contents ) from the oropharynx or gastrointestinal tract into the larynx ( voice box ) and lower respiratory tract ( the portions of the respiratory system from the trachea -- i.e. , windpipe -- to the lungs ) . A person may either inhale the material , or it may be delivered into the tracheobronchial tree during positive pressure ventilation . When pulmonary aspiration occurs during eating and drinking , the aspirated material is often colloquially referred to as `` going down the wrong pipe . ''   Consequences of pulmonary aspiration range from no injury at all , to chemical pneumonitis or pneumonia , to death within minutes from asphyxiation . These consequences depend in part on the volume , chemical composition , particle size , presence or absence of infectious agents , and underlying health status of the person . In healthy people , aspiration of small quantities of material is common and rarely results in disease or injury . People with significant underlying disease or injury , especially hospitalized patients , are at greater risk for developing respiratory complications following pulmonary aspiration because of certain factors such as depressed level of consciousness and impaired airway defenses ( gag reflex and/or respiratory tract antimicrobial defense system ) . As the lumen of the right main bronchus is more vertical and of slightly wider diameter than that of the left , aspirated material is more likely to end up in this bronchus or one of its subsequent bifurcation .   About 3.6 million cases of pulmonary aspiration or foreign body in the airway occurred in 2013 .


query: Aaron Carter was born in 1997.

pos: Aaron Carter Aaron Charles Carter ( born December 7 , 1987 ) is an American singer . He came to fame as a pop and hip hop singer in the late 1990s , establishing himself as a star among pre-teen and teenage audiences during the early 2000s with his four studio albums .   Born in Tampa , Florida , Carter began performing at age seven and released his self-titled debut album in 1997 . His second album Aaron 's Party ( Come Get It ) ( 2000 ) sold three million copies in the United States , and Carter began making guest appearances on Nickelodeon and touring with the Backstreet Boys shortly after the record 's release . Carter 's next album , Oh Aaron , also went platinum , and the musician released his most recent studio album , Another Earthquake ! , in 2002 , followed by his 2003 Most Requested Hits collection . He has since appeared on Dancing With the Stars , the Broadway play The Fantasticks , and made several one-off performances . In 2014 , he announced that he would begin releasing new music and began by releasing a single featuring rapper Pat SoLo , `` Ooh Wee '' , which first became available as a free download with purchase on his web store . Carter released a single , Fool 's Gold , on April 1 , 2016 and an EP titled LøVë on February 10 , 2017 .

neg: Chris Carter (actor) Chris Carter is a Canadian actor and screenwriter .

neg: Yannick Carter Yannick Carter ( born February 2 , 1984 ) is a former professional Canadian football linebacker . He was drafted in the third round of the 2007 CFL Draft by the Saskatchewan Roughriders . Carter also played 4 seasons with the Hamilton Tiger-Cats . He played CIS Football at Wilfrid Laurier .

neg: Fever One Carter `` Fever One '' McGlasson is a b-boy and DJ originally from Seattle , Washington who relocated to New York City in 1997 and eventually joined the world-famous Rock Steady Crew . He is most well known for his ` gunzblazin ' style which he developed while studying with his mentors Icey Ice and Lil ' Lep of the New York City Breakers .

neg: Carter Finally Gets It Carter Finally Gets It is a 2009 young adult novel by Brent Crawford . The novel follows the misadventures of William Carter , who suffers from ADD as he enters his first year of high school . He must face bullies , rejection , and going to the same school as his sister . It wo n't be easy , especially when his friends start having more fun than him . But he makes it through eventually .

neg: Adam Marcus (director) Adam Marcus ( born 1968 ) is an American film director , writer and actor .   Marcus was born in Westport , Connecticut and attended Staples High School . He started his career at the age of fifteen , when he co-created the Westport Theatreworks Theatrical Company where he directed and produced over fifty shows in seven years . He then attended New York University where he won the coveted Best Picture Award at the Student Academy Awards in 1990 for his film , '' ... so you like this girl '' . In 1991 , Marcus was called out to Los Angeles by filmmaker Sean S. Cunningham ( the director of the original Friday the 13th ) to work on producing and directing features . That same year , he co-produced Johnny Zombie ( retitled My Boyfriend 's Back ) for Cunningham and Disney Studios .   In 1993 , Marcus wrote the story for and directed the ninth film in the Friday the 13th series , Jason Goes to Hell : The Final Friday for New Line . He was 23 at the time and the youngest director ever hired by the studio . The three million dollar feature went on to gross over eighteen million domestically and became one of New Line Video 's largest releases ever .   Marcus and his writing partner Debra Sullivan then turned their attention to screenwriting for Paramount ( the adaptation of James Patterson 's Virgin , later titled Cradle and All ) and Fox ( the original Black Autumn ) . In 1995 , Marcus created the theater company Damn Skippy Theatreworks in L.A. . In the Summer and Fall of 1998 Marcus directed the independently financed feature film comedy , Let It Snow ( aka Snow Days ) . The picture marked the return of Bernadette Peters in a feature film after an eight-year absence from film work . The film screened at the Independent Feature Film Market ( IFFM ) in New York City where it was singled out as the most successful film at the market by Variety , Time Out IndieWire . Let It Snow had its world premiere at the American Film Institute 's Los Angeles International Film Festival ( AFI 's LAIFF ) in competition in the New Visions Category ; the film won awards at the festival for Best New Writer and Best Editing . The film then went on to be an official selection of Sundance 2000 in the American Spectrum section where it was given two extra screenings and sold out all seven of its showings . Then came the New York/Avignon film festival and the Deauville festival in France , where the film received critical acclaim . Let It Snow received positive reviews from Variety , The Hollywood Reporter , Ai n't It Cool News , The New York Times , and The Gore Score as well as a number of other publications worldwide .   Marcus then turned to television , where he sold several series to Bright/Kauffman/Crane Productions , Imagine Television , NBC , Fox and The WB . In 2008 , Marcus directed the feature film Conspiracy for Sony Pictures , which he co-wrote with Debra Sullivan . The film was shot in Santa Fe , New Mexico with Val Kilmer , Jennifer Esposito and Gary Cole .   Marcus completed the pilot presentation Fitz and Slade and is currently co-writing , directing and serving as executive producer on the web series Connected .   In 2013 Marcus co-wrote the reboot of The Texas Chainsaw Massacre series , Texas Chainsaw 3D with partner Sullivan and Stephen Susco , which was the first number-one box office film in North America of the year . He co-wrote with Sullivan the feature film Cabin Fever : Outbreak and is directing and co-writing The Plantation , an adaptation of Val Lewton 's RKO classic I Walked with a Zombie .   Adam 's script for Momentum ( aka Gravity ) , co-written by Sullivan , began production in South Africa starting January 2014 . The film was the directorial debut of Stephen Campanelli and stars Morgan Freeman , James Purefoy and Olga Kurylenko . The film premiered at the Fantasia International Film Festival in 2015 .   Marcus is the brother of Young Artist Award-nominated actor Kipp Marcus . Marcus attended NYU 's Tisch School of the Arts .

neg: Lonzo Ball Lonzo Anderson Ball ( born October 27 , 1997 ) is an American basketball player . He played college basketball for one season with the UCLA Bruins , earning consensus first-team All-American honors before declaring for the 2017 NBA draft .   As a high school senior at Chino Hills High School in 2016 , Ball was awarded multiple national high school player of the year honors , and led his team to an undefeated record , as well as a national championship . As a college freshman in 2016 -- 17 , he led the nation in assists and broke the UCLA record for most assists in a season . He also won the Wayman Tisdale Award as the top freshman in the nation .

neg: Carter Jackson Carter Jackson is an actor based in New York City .

neg: Aaron Gillespie (cricketer) Aaron Gillespie ( born 13 March 1997 ) is an Irish cricketer . He made his List A debut for North West Warriors in the 2017 Inter-Provincial Cup on 29 May 2017 . Prior to his List A debut , he was part of Ireland 's squad for the 2016 Under-19 Cricket World Cup . He made his first-class debut for North West Warriors in the 2017 Inter-Provincial Championship on 30 May 2017 .

neg: Aaron Eckhart Aaron Edward Eckhart ( born March 12 , 1968 ) is an American film and stage actor . Born in Cupertino , California , he moved to the UK at age 13 , when his father relocated the family . Several years later , he began his acting career by performing in school plays , before moving to Sydney , Australia for his high school senior year . He left high school without graduating , but earned a diploma through an adult education course , and graduated from Brigham Young University ( BYU ) in 1994 with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in film . For much of the mid-1990s , he lived in New York City as a struggling , unemployed actor .   As an undergraduate at BYU , Eckhart met director and writer Neil LaBute , who cast him in several of his own original plays . Five years later Eckhart made a debut as an unctuous , sociopathic ladies ' man in LaBute 's black comedy film In the Company of Men ( 1997 ) . Under LaBute 's guidance he worked in the director 's films Your Friends & Neighbors ( 1998 ) , Nurse Betty ( 2000 ) , and Possession ( 2002 ) .   Eckhart gained wide recognition as George in Steven Soderbergh 's critically acclaimed film Erin Brockovich ( 2000 ) , and in 2006 received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actor for his portrayal of Nick Naylor in Thank You for Smoking . Another mainstream breakout occurred in 2008 when he starred in the blockbuster Batman film The Dark Knight as District Attorney Harvey Dent . Other key roles include The Pledge ( 2001 ) , The Core ( 2003 ) , Rabbit Hole ( 2010 ) Battle : Los Angeles ( 2011 ) , Olympus Has Fallen ( 2013 ) , I , Frankenstein ( 2014 ) , Olympus '' ' sequel , London Has Fallen and Sully '' ( both 2016 ) .

neg: Drew Carter Christopher Drew Carter ( born September 5 , 1981 ) is a former American football wide receiver of the National Football League . He was originally drafted by the Carolina Panthers in the fifth round of the 2004 NFL Draft . He played college football at Ohio State .   He also played for the Oakland Raiders .

neg: Aaron Michael Metchik Aaron Michael Metchik ( born April 22 , 1980 ) , also credited as Aaron Metchik , is an American actor , writer , and director , known for his role as Steven Floyd Torkelson on The Torkelsons .

neg: Oh Aaron Oh Aaron is American teen pop singer Aaron Carter 's third studio album , released in the summer of 2001 . The album features three collaborations with No Secrets and his older brother , Nick Carter . Although not as successful as his second album , it found success in the U.S. , peaking at # 7 and was certified Platinum by the RIAA making this Aaron 's second top 10 album and second platinum-selling album . This album was also his second album that was released under Jive Records .   Oh Aaron was accompanied by a concert DVD of the same name , which was released on March 26 , 2002 , and included footage of his 2001 concert in Baton Rouge , Louisiana , as well as music videos and interviews .   Play Along Toys also created an Aaron Carter action figure in conjunction with the album 's release .

neg: Aaron Davis (basketball) Aaron Alexander Davis ( born May 30 , 1979 ) is an American basketball player . He played collegiately for Faulkner State Community College in 1997 -- 98 .

neg: Arden Hayes Arden Hayes ( born January 30 , 2008 ) is an American child prodigy . From Southern California , he became known at age 5 for his knowledge of American and geopolitics . Reciting Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address , and being able to identify the countries of the world and name the capitals of each .   His interest in American presidents was sparked by Arden 's learning that he shares a birthday with former United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt .   On May 4 , 2013 , Arden was featured in an article and video in the Los Angeles Times . This spurred many additional newspaper articles and blogs and Arden appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! on July 2 , 2013 , to demonstrate his knowledge regarding U.S. presidents . On November 5 , 2013 , Arden again appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! , and displayed his knowledge of the nations of the world and their capitals and rejected a free Sony Xperia Tablet Z because he preferred the Apple iPad and would rather wait until Christmas to receive it . He appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! for the third time on April 2 , 2014 , and showed his interest and knowledge about chemical elements in the periodic table . He appeared on the show again on November 23 , 2015 , when he won a shut-out victory against the cast of Star Wars : The Force Awakens in a Star Wars trivia contest .

neg: Chandler Park Academy Chandler Park Academy is a charter school in Harper Woods , Michigan . Founded in 1997 , it is a college preparatory elementary , middle , and high school offering grades K-12 .   The student body is 98.89 % African American and 80 % of students qualify for free/reduced price lunch . The student/teacher ratio is 25:1 .   Chandler Park Academy rates lower than most nearby public schools based on test scores according to greatschools.net , although their fall 2006 MEAP and National Merit scores were higher than the State of Michigan targets .   The Chandler Park boys middle school track team won the championship for the 3rd time in a row . Derrick Walton Jr. attended this school along with other athletes such as C'sonte York , Andre Turner , Robert Kelly , and David Barks .

neg: Carter (supercomputer) Carter is a supercomputer installed at Purdue University in the fall of 2011 in a partnership with Intel . The high-performance computing cluster is operated by Information Technology at Purdue ( ITaP ) , the university 's central information technology organization . ITaP also operates clusters named Steele built in 2008 , Coates built in 2009 , Rossmann built in 2010 , and Hansen built in the summer of 2011 . Carter was the fastest campus supercomputer in the U.S. outside a national center when built . It was one of the first clusters to employ Intel 's second generation Xenon E-5 `` Sandy Bridge '' processor and ranked 54th on the November 2011 TOP500 list , making it Purdue 's first Top 100-ranked research computing system .

neg: Aaron Chimbel Aaron Chimbel ( born May 5 , 1979 in Shawnee Mission , Kansas ) is an American broadcast journalist .   Currently , he teaches journalism at Texas Christian University .   He was the MoJo or Mobile Journalist for the website of WFAA-TV in Dallas , TX , wfaa.com . He joined WFAA as its first digital field reporter in February 2006 . He was among the first of a new breed of journalists producing original multi-media content for a television station 's website .   Before joining WFAA , Aaron was a reporter for KWTX-TV based in Killeen , TX covering Fort Hood , Killeen , Temple and surrounding areas . Previously he was a producer at Texas Cable News ( TXCN ) in Dallas . He was also a co-producer for the documentary Soldier of God ( 2003 ) .   Aaron graduated from Texas Christian University in 2002 and the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism a year later , with a master of science degree .

neg: Aaron Riley Aaron Matthew Riley ( born December 9 , 1980 ) is a retired American mixed martial artist who most recently competed in the Lightweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship . A professional competitor from 1997-2013 , he has also formerly competed in PRIDE , the IFL , Shooto , and BodogFIGHT . Aside from mixed martial arts , Riley has also competed in professional boxing .

neg: Carter & Cone Carter & Cone Type Inc. is a digital type foundry that produces and markets the typefaces of type designer Matthew Carter . The foundry was founded in 1992 by Carter and Cherie Cone and is based in Cambridge , Massachusetts . Cone , who lives in California , manages the business aspects of the foundry .   According to the Type Directors Club , `` Carter & Cone have produced types on commission for Apple , Microsoft ( the screen fonts Verdana and Georgia ) , Time , Newsweek , Wired , U.S. News & World Report , Sports Illustrated , The Washington Post , and the Walker Art Center . ''   In 1981 , Carter and Cone were two of the four founders of Bitstream , a digital type foundry , also based in Cambridge , Massachusetts .

neg: Kade Stewart Kade Stewart ( born 16 January 1997 ) is an Australian rules footballer in the Australian Football League , currently with the Hawthorn Football Club .


query: Pierce Brosnan failed to be in the remake of The Thomas Crown Affair.

pos: Pierce Brosnan Pierce Brendan Brosnan , OBE ( born 16 May 1953 ) is an Irish actor , film producer , and activist who after leaving comprehensive school at age 16 , began training in commercial illustration . He then went on to train at the Drama Centre in London for three years . Following a stage acting career he rose to popularity in the television series Remington Steele ( 1982 -- 87 ) , which blended the genres of romantic comedy , drama , and detective procedural . After the conclusion of Remington Steele , Brosnan appeared in films such as the Cold War spy film The Fourth Protocol ( 1987 ) and the comedy Mrs. Doubtfire ( 1993 ) .   In 1994 , Brosnan became the fifth actor to portray secret agent James Bond in the Eon Productions film series , starring in four films from 1995 to 2002 ( GoldenEye , Tomorrow Never Dies , The World Is Not Enough and Die Another Day ) . He lent his likeness for Bond in the video games James Bond 007 : Nightfire and James Bond 007 : Everything or Nothing , providing his voice for the latter . During this period , he also took the lead in other films including the epic disaster adventure film Dante 's Peak ( 1997 ) and the remake of the heist film The Thomas Crown Affair ( 1999 ) . Since leaving the role of Bond , he has starred in such films as the musical/romantic comedy Mamma Mia ! ( 2008 ) , the Roman Polanski-directed political thriller The Ghost Writer ( 2010 ) and the action spy thriller The November Man ( 2014 ) .   In 1996 , along with Beau St. Clair , Brosnan formed Irish DreamTime , a Los Angeles-based production company . In later years , he has become known for his charitable work and environmental activism . He was married to Australian actress Cassandra Harris from 1980 until her death in 1991 . He married American journalist and author Keely Shaye Smith in 2001 , and became an American citizen in 2004 , holding dual citizenship in the United States and Ireland . He has earned two Golden Globe Award nominations , first for the television miniseries Nancy Astor ( 1982 ) and next for the dark comedy film The Matador ( 2005 ) .

neg: The Heist (1989 film) The Heist is a 1989 HBO made-for-TV movie , starring Pierce Brosnan .

neg: Caboblanco Caboblanco ( 1980 ) is an American drama film directed by J. Lee Thompson , starring Charles Bronson , Dominique Sanda and Jason Robards . The film has often been described as a remake of Casablanca .   The movie marks the third collaboration between Bronson and director J. Lee Thompson ( following 1976 's St. Ives and 1977 's The White Buffalo ) .

neg: The Woman He Loved The Woman He Loved is a 1988 HTV romantic drama television about the abdication of Edward VIII . Directed by Charles Jarrott , it stars Anthony Andrews , Jane Seymour and Olivia de Havilland . Jane Seymour was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Miniseries or Television Film at the 46th Golden Globe Awards and Olivia de Havilland was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie . Costume designer Robin Fraser-Paye was also nominated for Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Costume Design for a Miniseries or a Special .  It was partly shot at Shirenewton Hall in Monmouthshire .

neg: Paul Temple Returns Paul Temple Returns is a 1952 British crime film directed by Maclean Rogers and starring John Bentley , Patricia Dainton and Peter Gawthorne . Known in the U.S. as Bombay Waterfront , it was the fourth and last in the series of Paul Temple films , although the character was revived for the BBC television series Paul Temple in 1969 .

neg: A Connecticut Yankee (film) A Connecticut Yankee is a 1931 American Pre-Code film adaptation of Mark Twain 's 1889 novel , A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur 's Court . It was directed by David Butler to a script by William M. Conselman , Owen Davis , and Jack Moffitt . It was produced by Fox Film Corporation ( later 20th Century Fox ) , who had earlier produced the 1921 silent adaptation of the novel , A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur 's Court . A Connecticut Yankee is the first sound film adaptation of Twain 's novel .   As in The Wizard of Oz , many of the actors in the film play more than one role , a character in the real world and one in the dream world . The film stars Will Rogers as Hank Martin , an American accidental time traveler who finds himself in Camelot back in the days of King Arthur ( William Farnum , a Fox star for many years ) . Myrna Loy and Brandon Hurst play the evil Morgan le Fay and Merlin , who must be overcome by Hank 's modern technical knowledge , while Maureen O'Sullivan plays Alisande .   Fox was likely inspired to produce A Connecticut Yankee based on the success of the 1921 silent film . The 1931 version was likewise successful , and was re-released in 1936 . It is unrelated to the 1927 musical also titled A Connecticut Yankee .   The hero 's name was changed from Hank Morgan to Hank Martin , possibly because the original name sounded too similar to that of actor Frank Morgan .   A trailer for the film exists at the Library of Congress .

neg: The Verdict The Verdict is a 1982 American courtroom drama film starring Paul Newman , Charlotte Rampling , Jack Warden , James Mason , Milo O'Shea and Lindsay Crouse . The film , which was directed by Sidney Lumet , was adapted by David Mamet from the novel by Barry Reed . It is about a down-on-his-luck alcoholic lawyer who takes a medical malpractice case to improve his own situation , but discovers along the way that he is doing the right thing .   The Verdict garnered critical acclaim and box office success . The film was nominated for five Academy Awards , including Best Actor in a Leading Role ( Paul Newman ) , Best Actor in a Supporting Role ( James Mason ) , Best Director ( Sidney Lumet ) , Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay ( David Mamet ) .

neg: Marion Davies Marion Cecilia Davies ( née Douras January 3 , 1897 -- September 22 , 1961 ) was an American film actress , producer , screenwriter , and philanthropist .   Davies was already building a solid reputation as a film comedian when newspaper tycoon William Randolph Hearst , with whom she had begun a romantic relationship , took over management of her career . Hearst financed Davies ' pictures , promoted her heavily through his newspapers and Hearst Newsreels , and pressured studios to cast her in historical dramas for which she was ill-suited . For this reason , Davies is better remembered today as Hearst 's mistress and the hostess of many lavish events for the Hollywood elite . In particular , her name is linked with the 1924 scandal aboard Hearst 's yacht when one of his guests , film producer Thomas Ince , died .   In the film Citizen Kane ( 1941 ) , the title character 's second wife -- an untalented singer whom he tries to promote -- was widely assumed to be based on Davies . But many commentators , including Citizen Kane writer/director Orson Welles himself , have defended Davies ' record as a gifted actress , to whom Hearst 's patronage did more harm than good . She retired from the screen in 1937 , choosing to devote herself to Hearst and charitable work .   In Hearst 's declining years , Davies provided financial as well as emotional support until his death in 1951 . She married for the first time eleven weeks after his death , a marriage which lasted until Davies died of stomach cancer in 1961 at the age of 64 .

neg: Max Dugan Returns Max Dugan Returns is a 1983 American comedy-drama film starring Jason Robards as Max Dugan , Marsha Mason as his daughter Nora , Donald Sutherland , Kiefer Sutherland , and Matthew Broderick , the latter two actors each in their first film appearances . This would be the last Neil Simon film to be directed by Herbert Ross , as well as the last of his films starring Mason ( Simon 's wife at the time ) .

neg: The Rains Came The Rains Came is a 1939 20th Century Fox film based on an American novel by Louis Bromfield ( published in June 1937 by Harper & Brothers ) . The film was directed by Clarence Brown and stars Tyrone Power , Myrna Loy , George Brent , Brenda Joyce , Nigel Bruce , and Maria Ouspenskaya .   A remake of the film was released in 1955 under the name The Rains of Ranchipur .

neg: Not as a Stranger Not as a Stranger is a 1955 Drama film produced and directed by Stanley Kramer based on the 1954 novel of the same name by Morton Thompson . The romantic melodrama novel was widely popular , topping that year 's list of bestselling novels in the United States .   The film was Kramer 's directorial debut and featured Olivia de Havilland and Robert Mitchum in the lead roles , backed by a stellar supporting cast including Frank Sinatra , Gloria Grahame , Broderick Crawford , Charles Bickford , Lon Chaney , Jr. , Harry Morgan , and Lee Marvin . The film was released by United Artists .   Sinatra had catapulted back into the limelight as the result of a supporting role for a film from a similarly popular novel , From Here to Eternity , two years earlier . Initially a minor box office success , Not as a Stranger is seldom seen today , never receiving widespread distribution on home video . It was first released on DVD in 1992 .

neg: Edmond (film) Edmond is a 2005 American drama film directed by Stuart Gordon and starring William H. Macy , based on the 1982 play Edmond by David Mamet . Mamet also wrote the screenplay for the film . Edmond features Julia Stiles , Rebecca Pidgeon , Denise Richards , Mena Suvari , Joe Mantegna , Bai Ling , Jeffrey Combs , Dylan Walsh and George Wendt in supporting roles . It was screened at several film festivals from September 2005 to May 2006 , and had a limited release on July 14 , 2006 .

neg: Denis Cannan Denis Cannan ( 14 May 1919 -- 25 September 2011 ) was a British dramatist , playwright and script writer . Born Denis Pullein-Thompson , the son of Captain Harold J. Pullein-Thompson and novelist Joanna Cannan , he changed his name by deed poll in 1964 . His younger sisters were Josephine , Diana and Christine Pullein-Thompson .   Born in Oxford , he was educated at Eton College . After attending Eton he worked as an actor , before joining the Queen 's Royal Regiment of West Surrey when the Second World War broke out , rising to the rank of captain and being mentioned in dispatches .   He was married to Joan Ross in 1946 ; the couple had two sons and a daughter . The marriage was dissolved , and he later remarried , to Rose Evansky in 1965   Denis Cannan became a successful playwright and screenwriter . Apart from the plays listed below , he has written several screenplays for television and radio , also adaptions for television series . With Christopher Fry he adapted The Beggar 's Opera for the 1953 film starring Laurence Olivier .

neg: Remake A remake is a film or television series that is based on an earlier work and tells the same , or a very similar , story .

neg: Tomorrow Never Dies Tomorrow Never Dies ( 1997 ) is the eighteenth spy film in the James Bond series , and the second to star Pierce Brosnan as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond . Directed by Roger Spottiswoode , with the screenplay written by Bruce Feirstein , the film follows Bond as he attempts to stop Elliot Carver , a power-mad media mogul , from engineering world events to initiate World War III .   The film was produced by Michael G. Wilson and Barbara Broccoli , and was the first James Bond film made after the death of producer Albert R. Broccoli , to whom the movie pays tribute in the end credits . Filming locations included France , Thailand , Germany , Mexico and the United Kingdom . Tomorrow Never Dies performed well at the box office and earned a Golden Globe nomination despite mixed reviews . While its performance at the domestic box office surpassed that of its predecessor , GoldenEye , it was the only Pierce Brosnan Bond film not to open at number one at the box office , as it opened the same day as Titanic , but instead at number two .

neg: Mrs. Fitzherbert Mrs. Fitzherbert , also known as Princess Fitz and A Court Secret , is a rarely seen 1947 British historical drama film directed by Montgomery Tully and starring Peter Graves , Joyce Howard and Leslie Banks . It depicts the relationship between George IV and Maria Fitzherbert .

neg: A Dream of Kings (film) A Dream of Kings is a 1969 drama film directed by Daniel Mann , adapted from the novel of the same name by Harry Mark Petrakis .   It stars Anthony Quinn and Irene Papas . It was nominated for an award at the 1970 Laurel Awards . It was also the final film for Inger Stevens , who committed suicide two months after the film 's release , and the first for Radames Pera , who played young Caine on the TV show Kung Fu .

neg: On Trial (1939 film) On Trial is a 1939 drama film directed by Terry O. Morse and produced and distributed by Warner Bros. . It is based on the 1914 Broadway play by Elmer Rice . Warners had previously filmed Rice 's play in 1928 as an early talkie , also called On Trial , and , earlier , in 1917 , Essanay Studios had made a silent version with the same title .

neg: The Romance of Sleepy Hollow The Romance of Sleepy Hollow is a 1923 New Zealand film written and directed by Henry J. Makepeace , and produced and shot in Auckland . The film is now lost , with a poster the only surviving material . The poster says it is `` A Bright Sparkling Comedy-Drama in Four Reels ... . The first to be produced in New Zealand , '' and it was to open at `` The Grand '' theatre in central Auckland opposite the G.P.O. on 22 August 1924 .   Sam Edwards says it may have been a melodrama set in Auckland , as the poster says `` Maoriland Pictures presents Francis X. Bouzaid of Onehunga and June Phillips of Dominion Road '' supported by four other local couples . It was shot on 35 mm , silent , and black & white . The film had been submitted to the censor in November 1923 , who required the removal of some 900 feet ( around 15 minutes ) . This reduced it from 5700 feet to 4800 feet or about 80 minutes . Nothing now remains of the film apart from the poster .

neg: An Unfinished Affair An Unfinished Affair is a 1996 American television film directed by Rod Hardy . The film originally premiered on ABC and is now frequently aired on Lifetime .

neg: The Great Moment (1944 film) The Great Moment is a 1944 biographical film written and directed by Preston Sturges . Based on the book Triumph Over Pain ( 1940 ) by René Fülöp-Miller , it tells the story of Dr. William Thomas Green Morton , a 19th-century Boston dentist who discovered the use of ether for general anesthesia . The film stars Joel McCrea and Betty Field , and features Harry Carey , William Demarest , Franklin Pangborn and Porter Hall .   The movie was filmed in 1942 but not released for over two years , and the released version differed from what Preston Sturges had wished , although he publicly accepted the film as his own . Paramount Pictures disliked the film Sturges had made , and pulled it from his control , re-titled and re-edited it , in the process making it ( especially in the early segment ) more confusing for the audience to understand . The studio 's released version was marketed in a way that made it appear to be one of Sturges ' comedies . The film was not well received by the critics or the public , and marked the end of a sustained run of success for Sturges , who had already left Paramount by the time the film was released .   Although rarely seen today , the film is worth viewing for its flashback structure -- comparable in some ways to Citizen Kane , which was influenced by the earlier film The Power and the Glory , for which Sturges wrote the screenplay -- and for its irreverent and subtly satirical tone , unusual for a time when most Hollywood biopics were over-inflated and sentimental . In 2003 a medical-dental historian in a lengthy analysis of the movie and its history -- which cited its flashback structure , timeless subject , injections of humor , and `` un-Pasteur-like '' treatment of its protagonist , while adhering reasonably well to the historical record -- concluded that `` The Great Moment may now be due for a general reevaluation by movie historians and critics who , like most folks , have never felt much affection for dentists past and present . ''


query: Turkey became an associate member of an organization.

pos: Turkey Turkey ( Türkiye Cumhuriyeti -LSB- ˈtyɾcije d͡ʒumˈhuɾijeti -RSB- ) , is a transcontinental country in Eurasia , mainly in Anatolia in Western Asia , with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe . Turkey is a democratic , secular , unitary , parliamentary republic with a diverse cultural heritage . Turkey is bordered by eight countries : Greece and Bulgaria to the northwest ; Georgia to the northeast ; Armenia , the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan and Iran to the east ; Iraq and Syria to the south . The country is encircled by seas on three sides : the Aegean Sea is to the west , the Black Sea to the north , and the Mediterranean Sea to the south . The Bosphorus , the Sea of Marmara , and the Dardanelles , which together form the Turkish Straits , divide Thrace and Anatolia ; they also separate Europe and Asia . Ankara is the capital while Istanbul is the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Approximately 70-80 % of the country 's citizens identify themselves as ethnic Turks . Other ethnic groups include legally recognised ( Armenians , Greeks , Jews ) and unrecognised ( Kurds , Arabs , Circassians , Albanians , Bosniaks , Georgians , etc. ) minorities . Kurds are the largest ethnic minority group , making up approximately 20 % of the population .   The area of Turkey has been inhabited since the Paleolithic by various ancient Anatolian civilisations , as well as Assyrians , Greeks , Thracians , Phrygians , Urartians and Armenians . After Alexander the Great 's conquest , the area was Hellenized , a process which continued under the Roman Empire and its transition into the Byzantine Empire . The Seljuk Turks began migrating into the area in the 11th century , starting the process of Turkification , which was accelerated by the Seljuk victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 . The Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243 , when it disintegrated into small Turkish beyliks .   In the mid-14th century the Ottomans started uniting Anatolia and created an empire encompassing much of Southeast Europe , West Asia and North Africa , becoming a major power in Eurasia and Africa during the early modern period . The empire reached the peak of its power in the 16th century , especially during the reign ( 1520 -- 1566 ) of Suleiman the Magnificent . It remained powerful and influential for two more centuries , until important setbacks in the 17th and 18th century forced it to cede strategic territories in Europe , signalling the loss of its former military strength and wealth . After the 1913 Ottoman coup d'état which effectively put the country under the control of the Three Pashas the Ottoman Empire decided to join the Central Powers during World War I which were ultimately defeated by the Allied Powers . During the war , the Ottoman government committed genocides against its Armenian , Assyrian and Pontic Greek citizens .   Following the war , the conglomeration of territories and peoples that formerly comprised the Ottoman Empire was partitioned into several new states . The Turkish War of Independence ( 1919 -- 1922 ) , initiated by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and his colleagues against the occupying Allies , resulted in the abolition of monarchy in 1922 and the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923 , with Atatürk as its first president . Atatürk enacted numerous reforms , many of which incorporated various aspects of Western thought , philosophy , and customs into the new form of Turkish government .   Turkey is a charter member of the UN , an early member of NATO , and a founding member of the OECD , OSCE , OIC and G-20 . After becoming one of the first members of the Council of Europe in 1949 , Turkey became an associate member of the EEC in 1963 , joined the EU Customs Union in 1995 and started accession negotiations with the European Union in 2005 . Turkey 's growing economy and diplomatic initiatives have led to its recognition as a regional power while its location has given it geopolitical and strategic importance throughout history .   Turkey 's current administration headed by president Tayyip Erdoğan has reversed many of the country 's earlier reforms which had been in place since the founding of the modern republic of Turkey , such as Freedom of the Press , a Legislative System of Checks and Balances , and a set of standards for secularism in government , as first enacted by Atatürk .

pos: European Economic Community The European Economic Community ( EEC ) was a regional organisation which aimed to bring about economic integration among its member states . It was created by the Treaty of Rome of 1957 . Upon the formation of the European Union ( EU ) in 1993 , the EEC was incorporated and renamed as the European Community ( EC ) . In 2009 the EC 's institutions were absorbed into the EU 's wider framework and the community ceased to exist .   The Community 's initial aim was to bring about economic integration , including a common market and customs union , among its six founding members : Belgium , France , Italy , Luxembourg , the Netherlands and West Germany . It gained a common set of institutions along with the European Coal and Steel Community ( ECSC ) and the European Atomic Energy Community ( EURATOM ) as one of the European Communities under the 1965 Merger Treaty ( Treaty of Brussels ) . In 1993 , a complete single market was achieved , known as the internal market , which allowed for the free movement of goods , capital , services , and people within the EEC . In 1994 , the internal market was formalised by the EEA agreement . This agreement also extended the internal market to include most of the member states of the European Free Trade Association , forming the European Economic Area covering 15 countries .   Upon the entry into force of the Maastricht Treaty in 1993 , the EEC was renamed the European Community to reflect that it covered a wider range than economic policy . This was also when the three European Communities , including the EC , were collectively made to constitute the first of the three pillars of the European Union , which the treaty also founded . The EC existed in this form until it was abolished by the 2009 Treaty of Lisbon , which incorporated the EC 's institutions into the EU 's wider framework and provided that the EU would `` replace and succeed the European Community '' .   The EEC was also known as the Common Market in the English-speaking countries and sometimes referred to as the European Community even before it was officially renamed as such in 1993 .

neg: Order of the State of Republic of Turkey The Order of the State of Republic of Turkey ( Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devlet Nişanı ) is the highest state order awarded to foreign nationals by the President of the Republic of Turkey .   The Order of the State is conferred by the President , upon the decision of the Council of Ministers , to the Heads of State and presidents in recognition of their contributions for enhancing the amicable relations between their respective countries and Turkey .

neg: Australia–Turkey relations Australia -- Turkey relations are foreign relations between the Commonwealth of Australia and the Republic of Turkey . Diplomatic relations between the two countries were established in 1967 . Australia has had an embassy in Ankara since 1968 , a consulate-general in Istanbul and a consulate in Çanakkale . Turkey has had an embassy in Canberra since 1967 and two consulates-general in Melbourne and Sydney .   The first encounter of Turkey and Australia was on the battlefields of Çanakkale , the scene of a fierce but , at the same time , gentlemanly war . This has created a bond of mutual respect , admiration and friendship . The historical bond between the two countries constitutes a strong foundation to further strengthen and deepen their relations in every fields . The warm sentiments between Turkish and Australian nations were best voiced in the message of the Great Leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk , which was sent to the Australian and New Zealander mothers in 1934 and is as follows :  `` Those heroes that shed their blood and lost their lives ... you are now lying in the soil of a friendly country . Therefore rest in peace . There is no difference between the Johnnies and the Mehmets where they lie side by side here in this country of ours ... You the mothers who sent their sons from far away countries , wipe away your tears . Your sons are now lying in our bosom and are in peace . Having lost their lives on this land they have become our sons as well . ''   The Çanakkale Battles are commemorated every year in Çanakkale on 24 -- 25 April with a wide participation from Australia .   There are no contentious issues between Turkey and Australia . The Turkish community living in Australia constitutes a bridge of friendship between the two countries .

neg: Marrakesh Agreement The Marrakesh Agreement , manifested by the Marrakesh Declaration , was an agreement signed in Marrakesh , Morocco , by 124 nations on 15 April 1994 , marking the culmination of the 12-year-long Uruguay Round and establishing the World Trade Organization , which officially came into being on January 1 , 1995 .   The agreement developed out of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ( GATT ) , supplemented by a number of other agreements on issues including trade in services , sanitary and phytosanitary measures , trade-related aspects of intellectual property and technical barriers to trade . It also established a new , more efficient and legally binding means of dispute resolution . The various agreements which make up the Marrakesh Agreement combine as an indivisible whole ; no entity can be party to any one agreement without being party to them all .

neg: India–Turkey relations India -- Turkey relations refer to foreign relations between India and Turkey . Since the establishment of diplomatic relations between India and Turkey in 1948 , political and bilateral relations have been usually characterised by warmth and cordiality . India and Turkey are both secular democracies , based on ethnic , religious and linguistic plurality . India has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate -- general in Istanbul . Turkey has an embassy in New Delhi and a consulate-general in Mumbai . As of 2015 , the bilateral trade between India & Turkey stood at US$ 6.26 billion & is heavily tilted in India 's favour .

neg: Turkey Travel Centre The Turkey Travel Center ( TTC ) is an Australian - Turkish partnership , with offices based in Istanbul , Turkey and Melbourne , Australia . The travel company operates a variety of private and group tours throughout Turkey and Greece . In 2013 and 2014 , their achievements included Certificate of Excellence winner from Trip Advisor .  They are a full member of TURSAB ( Association of Turkish Travel Agents ) , registered under the membership name of Mysia Travel and number of 6192 . Their tours are also listed on the official website of the Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism .  Their staff-training program features heavily on the intimate knowledge of Turkey , including the culture and traditions . Turkey Travel Center also operate a 24-hour , seven days a week telephone line to ensure their customers can access them at all times . The last two years have seen the Turkey Travel Center , launch themselves on social media platforms , such as Facebook , to accommodate easy communication with their clients .

neg: Minister of Foreign Affairs (Turkey) The Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey is the government minister who heads the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and is a member of the Cabinet of Turkey . The minister is responsible for overseeing the international relations of the government , though specific relations involving Turkey 's accession negotiations with the European Union are handled by the Ministry of European Union Affairs .   The office was established in 1920 during the Turkish War of Independence , after which Bekir Sami Kunduh became the first Minister to hold the office . The incumbent officeholder is Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu , who took office on 24 November 2015 after Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu formed his third government .

neg: Croatia–United States relations Croatia -- United States relations refer to the bilateral relationship between Croatia and the United States . Diplomatic relations among two countries were established on April 7 , 1992 following Croatia 's independence from SFR Yugoslavia .   Croatia has an embassy in Washington D.C. , general consulates in Chicago , Los Angeles , New York City , and consulates in Anchorage , Kansas City , Pittsburgh , Seattle and Houston . The US has an embassy in Zagreb .   American engagement in Croatia is aimed at fostering a democratic , secure , and market-oriented society that will be a strong US partner in Euro-Atlantic institutions . Bilateral relations between the two countries are described as very strong .   Croatian diaspora in the US is one of the largest in the world with an estimate of more than 1.2 million members . Most of the Croats live in Chicago ( ~ 150,000 ) , New York City , New Jersey and Connecticut ( ~ 80,000 ) , St. Louis ( ~ 40,000 ) , San Pedro ( ~ 35,000 ) , Detroit ( ~ 7,000 ) and San Jose ( ~ 5,000 ) . The National Federation of Croatian Americans is the main organization that brings together Croats in the US .   Both countries are members of UN , NATO , Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council , Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe , International Monetary Fund , World Bank and World Trade Organization . In addition , Croatia is an observer to the Organization of American States .

neg: Foreign relations of Moldova After achieving independence from the Soviet Union , the Republic of Moldova established relations with other European countries . A course for European Union integration and neutrality define the country 's foreign policy guidelines .   In 1995 , the country became the first post-Soviet state admitted to the Council of Europe . In addition to its participation in NATO 's Partnership for Peace program , Moldova is a member state of the United Nations , the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe ( OSCE ) , the North Atlantic Cooperation Council , the World Trade Organization , the International Monetary Fund , the World Bank , the Francophonie and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development .   In 2005 , Moldova and EU established an action plan that sought to improve the collaboration between the two neighboring structures . After the War of Transnistria , Moldova sought a peaceful resolution to the conflict in the Transnistria region by working with Romania , Ukraine , and Russia , calling for international mediation , and cooperating with the OSCE and UN fact-finding and observer missions .

neg: Mustafa Aydın Aydin Mustafa is a Turkish Professor of International Relations . He is the Rector of Kadir Has University , Istanbul , and the President of the International Relations Council ( UIK ) of Turkey . He is also Co-Coordinator of the International Commission on the Black Sea .   He was Head of the Department of International Relations at the TOBB University of Economics and Technology ; Director of International Policy Research Institute ( TEPAV-IPRI ) of Ankara ; member of the Economy and Foreign Policy Study Group of the President 's Office ; Board Member of the strategic research centers of both the Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Turkish Armed Forces ; Deputy Chairperson of the International Commission of Eminent Persons on the Caucasus and Caspian ( 2007 ) ; Alexander S. Onassis Fellow at the University of Athens ( 2003 ) ; Research Fellow at the EU Institute for Security Studies , Paris ( 2003 ) ; Fulbright Scholar at the JFK School of Government , Harvard University ( 2002 ) ; and UNESCO Fellow at the Richardson Institute for Peace Studies , UK ( 1999 ) .

neg: Règlement Organique (Mount Lebanon) The Règlement Organique ( `` Organic Regulation '' ) was a series of international conventions , between 1860 and 1864 , between the Ottoman Empire and the European Powers , which led to the creation of the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate .   The 1860 Lebanon conflict led France to intervene and stop the massacre after Ottoman troops had been aiding Islamic forces by either direct support or by disarming Christian forces . France , led by Napoleon III , recalled its ancient role as protector of Christians in the Ottoman Empire which was established in a treaty in 1523 . Following the massacre and an international outcry , the Ottoman Empire agreed on 3 August 1860 to the dispatch of up to 12,000 European soldiers to reestablish order . The region of Syria was then part of the Ottoman Empire . The agreement was further formalized in a convention on 5 September 1860 with Austria , Great Britain , France , Prussia and Russia . France was to supply half of that number , and other countries were to send supplementary forces as needed . The agreement was signed in Paris on 5 September 1860 .   An important consequence of the French expedition was the establishment of the autonomy of the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate from Syria , with the nomination by the Sultan of an Armenian Christian Governor from Constantinople named Daud Pasha on 9 June 1861 . On the same day , through a further agreement , termed the Beyoglu Protocol , signed between the Ottoman Empire and the European Powers in Beyoğlu , Istanbul , gave that agreement international recognition . The protocol was introduced initially for a period of three years .   In September 1864 , a further convention was signed , which confirmed the permanent character of the statute and made minor changes to it . An additional Maronite district was formed and the council under the governor was reorganised ( it now had twelve members-four Maronites , three Druzes , three Greek Orthodoxes and Greek Uniates , one Sunnite and one Shi'a ) . The Règlement Organique of Lebanon remained in that form up till 1914 .

neg: Sweden–Turkey relations Swedish -- Turkish relations are foreign relations between Sweden and Turkey .   Sweden has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate -- general in Istanbul . Turkey has an embassy in Stockholm .

neg: Faculty of Political Science, Ankara University The Faculty of Political Science of the University of Ankara ( Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi , more simply known as `` SBF '' ) is the oldest faculty of social science in Turkey , being the successor of the `` Mekteb-i Mülkiye '' ( also known as the `` Mülkiye '' ) which was established in Istanbul on February 12 , 1859 , under the reign of Sultan Abdulaziz , then moved to Ankara in 1936 under a new name , and was incorporated to Ankara University on April 3 , 1950 , under its current name . The Faculty of Political Science provides higher education in the fields of Political Science , Public Finance , Economics , Public Administration , Labor Economics , Business Administration and International Relations .  It is considered to be one of the most influential institutes in the political life of Turkey .

neg: Ukraine–European Union relations Relations between Ukraine and the European Union ( EU ) are currently shaped through the European Neighbourhood Policy ( ENP ) , a foreign policy instrument of the EU designed for the countries it borders .  The EU is seeking an increasingly close relationship with Ukraine , going beyond co-operation , to gradual economic integration and deepening of political co-operation . Ukraine is a priority partner within the ENP .   In 2012 , the EU initialled deals on free trade and political association with Ukraine ; however , EU leaders stated that these agreements would not be ratified unless Ukraine addresses concerns over a `` stark deterioration of democracy and the rule of law '' , including the imprisonment of Yulia Tymoshenko and Yuriy Lutsenko in 2011 and 2012 . Deadlines were set for Ukraine to carry out the required changes to its justice and electoral systems in order to enable the formal signing of their agreements with the EU in Vilnius on 29 November 2013 . But although the then Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych had urged the Ukrainian parliament to adopt laws so that Ukraine could meet the EU 's criteria , the Ukrainian government suspended preparations for signing the association agreement on 21 November 2013 . Yanukovych still attended the aforementioned EU summit in Vilnius on 28 -- 29 November 2013 where the association agreement was originally planned to be signed but it was not . The decision to put off signing the association agreement led to pro-EU Euromaidan movement . These led to the removal of Yanukovych and his government by parliament after the 2014 Ukrainian revolution in February 2014 . Since then , Ukraine has been striving towards integration into the European Union whilst the eastern part of the county has been engaged in pro-Russian unrest , opposing the Euromaidan movement .   The political part of the Association Agreement was signed on 21 March 2014 by the new Prime Minister , Arseniy Yatsenyuk . Meanwhile , the EU has attempted to stabilize Ukraine by freezing assets of allegedly corrupt Russians and Ukrainians and by granting financial aid to Ukraine . The economic part of the Ukraine -- European Union Association Agreement was signed on 27 June 2014 by the new President , Petro Poroshenko , who described this as Ukraine 's `` first but most decisive step '' towards EU membership . Poroshenko also set 2020 as a target for an EU membership application . On January 1 , 2016 , Ukraine joined the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area with the EU .

neg: AgroEurasia The AgroEurasia International Agriculture Fair ( Avrasya Tarim ) is one of the largest agricultural exhibitions in Eurasia . Since 2006 , it has been held in December in the Tuyap Fair and Congress Center in Istanbul , Turkey . With an exhibition area of roughly 40000 m2 , an average of 350 company and company representatives participating and over 45,000 visitors from about 40 different countries , it is a meeting place for the Eurasian agricultural sector . In 2011 over 3,000 international visitors from 34 countries attended : Afghanistan , Albania , Azerbaijan , Belarus , Bosnia Herzegovina , Bulgaria , Canada , Croatia , Denmark , Finland , France , Georgia , Greece , Hungary , Iraq , Iran , Israel , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Kosovo , Libya , Macedonia , Moldova , Russia , Sudan , Saudi Arabia , Syria , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , Ukraine , and Uzbekistan .   The exhibition is organised by TÜYAP Fairs and Exhibitions Inc. in cooperation with the Turkish Ministry of Agriculture , the Union of Turkish Chambers of Agriculture , and the Turkish Association of Agricultural Machinery Manufacturers ( TARMAKBİR ) . The fair is supported by the İstanbul Directorate of Urban Agriculture , the Union of İstanbul Chambers of Agriculture and the Oilseeds & Agricultural Sales Cooperatives Union of Thrace .

neg: UCLG MEWA United Cities and Local Governments Middle East and West Asia Section ( UCLG-MEWA ) is one of nine regional sections of United Cities and Local Governments , with headquarters in Istanbul .   The International Union of Local Authorities , Section for the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East Region ( IULA-EMME ) was the predecessor of UCLG-MEWA . It was established in Turkey in 1987 as one of the regional sections of International Union of Local Authorities ( IULA ) . IULA-EMME changed into UCLG-MEWA in 2004 , in parallel with the creation and restructuring of the UCLG World Organization .   Since its establishment , UCLG-MEWA continues its activities for cities and local governments from its Istanbul headquarters , serving its principles of democracy , human rights , local self-government , international solidarity , accountability and transparency , and sustainable development .   Activities include :  Participating in the governing organs and the working groups of the UCLG World Organization  Supporting global programs and campaigns conducted or supported by the UCLG World Organization ( such as GOLD , Alliance of Civilizations , Millennium Development Goals and Climate Change )  Contributing to local government-related components of global meetings involving the active presence of the UCLG World Organization ( such as the World Water Forum and Alliance of Civilizations Forum )  Serving its members through activities including cooperation and collaboration , exchange of experience and ideas , training and capacity building programs , information and documentation , and project development  Involving and partnering with its members and supporting the localization process of sustainable development with City Councils after Turkey Local Agenda 21 Program .  Preparing publications and documents concerning local authorities , and supporting the preparation of such publications by its members .

neg: Turkish Cultural Center Turkish Cultural Center ( TCC ) is dedicated to promoting Turkish Culture in the vein of the Gülen movement in the United States . Building , increasing and fostering a strong and lasting friendship by promoting a better understanding that is based on mutual respect between the individuals of the United States of America and those of Turkish background and/or origin . Introducing , promoting and informing the people in the United States with the Turkish history and culture by bringing people together in an open dialog .  TCC is a non-profit organization which operates under the Council of Turkic American Associations ( CTAA ) umbrella organization .

neg: Immigration to Turkey Since the 19th century , an exodus by the large portion of Turkish ( Turkic ) and Muslim peoples ( who are termed `` Muhacir '' under a general definition ) from the Balkans ( Balkan Turks , Albanians , Bosniaks , Pomaks ) , Caucasus ( Abkhazians , Ajarians , ` Circassians ' , Chechens ) , Crimea ( Crimean Tatar diaspora ) , Crete ( Cretan Turks ) , took refuge in present-day Turkey and moulded the country 's fundamental features .   Trends of immigration towards Turkey continue to this day , although the motives are more varied and are usually in line with the patterns of global immigration movements -- Turkey , for example , receives many economic migrants from nearby countries such as Armenia , the Republic of Moldova , Georgia , Iran , and Azerbaijan , but also from Central Asia .

neg: Corruption in Turkey Corruption in Turkey is an issue affecting the accession of Turkey to the European Union . In 2014 , Turkey was ranked 64th of 175 countries on Transparency International 's Corruption Perceptions Index .   The 1998 Türkbank scandal led to a no-confidence vote and the resignation of Prime Minister Mesut Yılmaz . Although Yılmaz was investigated by Parliament , a five-year statute of limitations prevented further action . On 17 December 2013 , the sons of three Turkish ministers and many prominent businesspeople were arrested and accused of corruption .

neg: WELMEC WELMEC is a body set up to promote European cooperation in the field of legal metrology . WELMEC members are drawn from the national authorities responsible for legal metrology in European Union ( EU ) and European Free Trade Association ( EFTA ) member states .   WELMEC state their mission as being `` to develop and maintain mutual acceptance among its members and to maintain effective cooperation to achieve a harmonised and consistent approach to the societies needs for legal metrology and for the benefit of all stakeholders including consumers and businesses . ''   WELMEC was established in 1990 , at a meeting in Bern , Switzerland , and was originally the acronym for the `` Western European Legal Metrology Cooperation '' . WELMEC has 30 members and 7 associate members . Today , although the name is still WELMEC , as the European Union extended its membership outside Western Europe , so did WELMEC , the organisation 's membership encompassing EU member states , EFTA members and aspiring EU members : one of the aims of WELMEC being the provision of assistance to aspiring EU members in aligning their legal metrology process with those of the EU .   As of 2013 , WELMEC 's principal activities cantered on the operation of the EU Nonautomatic Weighing Instruments Directive ( NAWI - EU directive 2009/23/EC ) and the implementation of the EU Measuring Instruments Directive ( MID - EU directive ( 2004/22/EC ) . The organisation 's working parties , which map onto various aspects of these two directives , are :  WG 2 Directive Implementation ( 2009/23/EC )  WG 4 General Aspects of legal metrology  WG 5 Metrological supervision  WG 6 Prepackages  WG 7 Software  WG 8 Measuring Instruments Directive  WG 10 Measuring equipment for liquids other than water  WG 11 Utility meters

neg: Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement The Ukraine -- European Union Association Agreement is a European Union Association Agreement between the European Union ( EU ) , Euratom , Ukraine and the EU 's 28 member states ( which are separate parties in addition to the EU and Euratom ) . It establishes a political and economic association between the parties . The agreement has not entered into force , but parts are applied provisionally . The parties committed to co-operate and converge economic policy , legislation , and regulation across a broad range of areas , including equal rights for workers , steps towards visa-free movement of people , the exchange of information and staff in the area of justice , the modernisation of Ukraine 's energy infrastructure , and access to the European Investment Bank . The parties committed to regular summit meetings , and meetings among ministers , other officials , and experts . The agreement furthermore establishes a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area between the parties .   The agreement commits Ukraine to economic , judicial , and financial reforms to converge its policies and legislation to those of the European Union . Ukraine commits to gradually conform to EU technical and consumer standards . The EU agrees to provide Ukraine with political and financial support , access to research and knowledge , and preferential access to EU markets . The agreement commits both parties to promote a gradual convergence toward the EU 's Common Security and Defence Policy and European Defence Agency policies .   The agreement comes after more than two decades in which both parties sought to establish closer ties with each other . On the one hand , the European Union wants to ensure that its imports of grain and natural gas from Ukraine , as well as its exports of goods to Ukraine , are not threatened by instability in the region , believing that instability could eventually be reduced through sociopolitical and economic reforms in Ukraine . Ukraine , on the other hand , wants to increase its exports by benefiting from free trade with the European Union while attracting desirable external investments , as well as establishing closer ties with a sociopolitical entity to which many Ukrainians feel strong cultural connection . Western Ukraine is found to be generally more enthusiastic about EU membership than Eastern Ukraine .   The political provisions of the treaty were signed on 21 March 2014 after a series of events that had stalled its ratification culminated in a revolution in Ukraine and overthrow of the then incumbent President of Ukraine , Viktor Yanukovych . This ousting was sparked by Yanukovych 's refusal to sign the agreement . Russia , Ukraine 's second largest trading partner , instead presented an association with the existing Customs Union of Russia , Belarus , and Kazakhstan as an alternative . After 21 March 2014 matters relating to trade integration were temporarily set aside ( awaiting the results of the 25 May 2014 Ukrainian presidential elections ) until the European Union and the new Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko signed the economic part of the Ukraine -- European Union Association Agreement on 27 June 2014 , and described this as Ukraine 's `` first but most decisive step '' towards EU membership .   As of January 2016 the Agreement has been applied provisionally ( Titles III , V , VI and VII , and the related Annexes and Protocols have been provisionally applied since 1 November 2014 , while Title IV has been applied from 1 January 2016 ) . , as far as the provisions concern EU competences . Provisions shall formally come into force upon ratification of the Agreement by all signatories .