query: Henrietta Maria of France was queen consort of England, Scotland, and Ireland.

pos: Henrietta Maria of France Henrietta Maria of France ( Henriette Marie 25 November 1609 -- 10 September 1669 ) was queen consort of England , Scotland , and Ireland as the wife of King Charles I . She was mother of his two immediate successors , Charles II and James II .   Her Roman Catholicism made her unpopular in England , and also prohibited her from being crowned in an Anglican service ; therefore she never had a coronation . She began to immerse herself in national affairs as civil war loomed on the horizon , and was compelled to seek refuge in France in 1644 , following the birth of her youngest daughter , Henrietta , during the height of the First English Civil War . The execution of King Charles in 1649 left her impoverished . She settled in Paris , and then returned to England after the Restoration of her eldest son , Charles , to the throne . In 1665 , she moved back to Paris , where she died four years later .   The North American Province of Maryland was named in her honour , and the name was carried over into the current U.S. state of Maryland .

neg: Margaret of Burgundy Margaret of Burgundy may refer to :   ( 1100-63 ) , wife of Guigues IV of Albon  Margaret of Burgundy , Queen of Sicily ( 1250 -- 1308 ) , daughter of Odo of Burgundy , wife of Charles I of Naples and Sicily  Margaret of Burgundy , Queen of France ( 1290 -- 1315 ) , daughter of Robert II , Duke of Burgundy , wife of Louis X of France , mother of Joan II of Navarre  Margaret I , Countess of Burgundy ( 1310 -- 1382 ) , niece of Margaret of Burgundy , Queen of France , daughter of Philip V of France and Joan II , Countess of Burgundy  Margaret III , Countess of Flanders ( 1350 -- 1405 ) , granddaughter of Margaret I , Countess of Burgundy , wife of Philip the Bold , Duke of Burgundy  Margaret of Bavaria ( 1363 -- 1423 ) , sister-in-law of Margaret of Burgundy , Duchess of Bavaria ; wife of John II , Duke of Burgundy  Margaret of Burgundy , Duchess of Bavaria ( 1374 -- 1441 ) , daughter of Margaret III , Countess of Flanders , countess of Holland and Hainaut , wife of William VI , Count of Holland  Margaret of Burgundy , Dauphine of France ( 1393 -- 1441 ) , daughter of Margaret of Bavaria , wife of Louis , Dauphin of France & Arthur de Richemont , future Duke of Brittany  Margaret of York ( 1446 -- 1503 ) , Duchess of Burgundy as third wife of Charles the Bold  Archduchess Margaret of Austria , Duchess of Savoy ( 1480 -- 1530 ) , daughter of Mary , Duchess of Burgundy , and Maximilian I , Holy Roman Emperor  Marguerite of Burgundy , Countess of Savoy ( 1192 -- 1243 ) , wife of Amadeus IV , Count of Savoy

neg: Antoinette de Bourbon Antoinette de Bourbon ( 25 December 1493 -- 22 January 1583 ) was a French noblewoman of the House of Bourbon . She was the wife of Claude de Lorraine , Duke of Guise . Through her eldest daughter , Mary of Guise , Queen consort of King James V of Scotland , she was the maternal grandmother of Mary , Queen of Scots .

neg: Absence of King William Act 1689 The Absence of King William Act 1689 ( 2 Will . & Mar. c. 6 ) was an Act of the Parliament of England which stated that Queen Mary II was to govern England whenever her husband , King William III , was absent from England . ( It did not apply to Scotland or Ireland . )   The Act was passed because , following the Glorious Revolution , the Bill of Rights had enacted that although William and Mary were to reign as joint monarchs ( with Mary as a queen regnant , not a mere consort ) , William alone was to exercise the actual power of government . However William intended to travel to Ireland , and so another Act was necessary to provide for the administration of the kingdom while he was abroad .   The Act declared that `` whensoever and as often as it shall happen that his said Majestie shall be absent or continue out of this Realme of England It shall and may be lawfull for the Queens Majestie to exercise and administer the Regall Power and Government of the Kingdome of England Dominion of Wales and Towne of Berwicke-upon-Tweede and the Plantations and Territories thereunto belonging in the Names of both their Majestyes for such time onely dureing their joynt Lives as his said Majestie shall be absent or continue out of this Realme of England any thing in the said Act -LSB- the Bill of Rights -RSB- to the contrary notwithstanding '' .

neg: Wars of the Roses The Wars of the Roses were a series of wars for control of the throne of England fought between supporters of two rival branches of the royal House of Plantagenet : the House of Lancaster ( associated with a red rose ) , and the House of York ( whose symbol was a white rose ) . The conflict lasted through many sporadic episodes between 1455 and 1487 ; however , there was fighting before and after this period between the houses . The power struggle ignited around social and financial troubles following the Hundred Years ' War , combined with the mental infirmity and weak rule of Henry VI which revived interest in Richard of York 's claim to the throne . Historians disagree about whether the Wars of the Roses were caused by the structural problems of bastard feudalism or Henry VI 's ineffectiveness as king .   With the Duke of York 's death , the claim transferred to his heir , Edward , who later became the first Yorkist king of England , as Edward IV . His son reigned for 86 days as Edward V , but Parliament then decided that Edward and his brother Richard were illegitimate and offered the crown to Edward IV 's younger brother , who became Richard III . The two young princes disappeared within the confines of the Tower of London .   The final victory went to a claimant of the Lancastrian party , Henry Tudor , Earl of Richmond , who defeated the last Yorkist king , Richard III , at the Battle of Bosworth Field . After assuming the throne as Henry VII , he married Elizabeth of York , the eldest daughter and heir of Edward IV , thereby uniting the two claims . The House of Tudor ruled the Kingdom of England until 1603 , with the death of Elizabeth I , granddaughter of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York .

neg: Dauphin of France The Dauphin of France ( -LSB- pronˈdɔːfᵻn -RSB- , also -LSB- ˈdəufæn -RSB- and -LSB- douˈfæn -RSB- Dauphin de France , -LSB- dofɛ̃ -RSB- ) -- strictly The Dauphin of Viennois ( Dauphin de Viennois ) -- was the title given to the heir apparent to the throne of France from 1350 to 1791 and 1824 to 1830 . The word is French for dolphin , as a reference to the depiction of the animal on their coat of arms .

neg: Eleanor of England, Countess of Bar Eleanor of England ( 18 June 1269 -- 29 August 1298 ) was an English princess , the eldest surviving daughter of King Edward I of England and his first wife , Queen Eleanor of Castile .   What evidence exists for her early years suggests that while her parents were absent on Crusade between 1270 and 1274 , she became very close to her paternal grandmother , Eleanor of Provence , with whom she continued to spend a good deal of time . She was also close to her sickly brother Henry . On one Pentecost Eve , Henry and Eleanor were given two partridges for their dinner , for a special treat .   For a long period Eleanor was betrothed to King Alfonso III of Aragon . Alfonso 's parents were under papal interdict , however , because of their claims to the throne of Sicily , which were contrary to the papal donation of the Sicilian throne to Charles I of Naples , and despite the Aragonese ruler 's repeated pleas that Edward I send his daughter to them for marriage , Edward refused to send her as long as the interdict remained in place . In 1282 he declined one such request by saying that his wife and mother felt the girl , who had just turned 13 , was too young to be married , and that they wanted to wait another two years before sending her to Aragon . Alfonso died before the marriage could take place .   Eleanor subsequently married the French nobleman , Henry III , Count of Bar on September 20 , 1293 , and had two children :   Edward I , Count of Bar  Joan   According to Kenneth Panton , Eleanor is credited with a daughter called Eleanor ( b. 1285 ) , who supposedly married a Welshman named Llywelyn ap Owain .   She was buried in Westminster Abbey .

neg: Margaret of Austria, Queen of Spain Margaret of Austria ( 25 December 1584 -- 3 October 1611 ) was Queen consort of Spain and Portugal by her marriage to King Philip III and II .

neg: Maria Anna of Savoy, Duchess of Chablais Maria Anna of Savoy ( Maria Anna Carlota Gabriela ; 17 December 1757 -- 11 October 1824 ) was a Princess of Savoy by birth and Duchess of Chablais by her marriage to her uncle .   Born at the Royal Palace of Turin , she was the sixth child of Prince Victor Amadeus , Duke of Savoy and , since 1773 , King of Sardinia , by his wife , Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain , as daughter of Philip V.   Maria Anna was the fourth but third surviving daughter of her parents . Her two older sisters were the future `` grand daughters in law '' of Louis XV of France , Princess Maria Giuseppina , who married the future Louis XVIII of France in 1771 and Princess Maria Teresa , who married the future Charles X of France in 1773 . Their younger surviving sister , Maria Carolina , married Anthony of Saxony .   Three of her brothers were the last three Kings of Sardinia from the senior line of the House of Savoy : the future Charles Emmanuel IV , Victor Emmanuel I and Charles Felix . After the death of the last one in 1831 without issue , the throne passed to Charles Albert , Prince of Carignano and next legitimate male heir .

neg: List of Swedish consorts This is a list of Swedish queens consort and spouses of Swedish monarchs and regents . The list covers a large time span and the role of a consort has changed much over the centuries . The first Swedish consorts are spoken of in legends . The consorts until c. 1000 are often semi-legendary , as are the monarchs . Between the 14th and 16th century , during periods of de facto Swedish independence from the formal union with Denmark , the Swedish regents did not have the title of king or queen , nor did the spouses of kings have the title of queen consort , although they had the equivalent position . Due to unions with Finland , Denmark and Norway , many of the Swedish consorts were also consorts of monarchs of these countries . Consorts listed during the period of 1380 -- 1520 were in fact also consorts to monarchs of Denmark . The consorts listed during the period of 1814-1905 were also consorts to monarchs of Norway . Finland was from the Middle Ages a part of Sweden , and although there was no official title , such as `` Queen Consort of Finland '' , from the 16th century until the year of 1809 , the queen consort of Sweden also held the title `` Grand Princess of Finland . ''   Sweden has had three female monarchs , and one of the consorts listed below is a male .

neg: Carlota Joaquina of Spain Doña Carlota Joaquina of Spain ( Carlota Joaquina de Borbón y Borbón-Parma ; 25 April 1775 -- 7 January 1830 ) was a Queen consort of Portugal as wife of John VI , Infanta of Spain , Infanta consort of Portugal , Princess consort of Brazil , Princess regent consort of Portugal and Queen consort of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and Algarves . She was the eldest daughter and surviving child of King Charles IV of Spain and his wife Maria Luisa of Parma .

neg: Mary of Guise Mary of Guise ( Marie de Guise 22 November 1515 -- 11 June 1560 ) was Queen of Scots from 1538 to 1542 as the second wife of King James V . She was the mother of Mary , Queen of Scots , and served as Regent of Scotland in her daughter 's name from 1554 to 1560 . A native of Lorraine , she was a member of the powerful House of Guise , which played a prominent role in 16th-century French politics . Her main goal was a close alliance between the powerful French Catholic nation and smaller Scotland , which she wanted to be Catholic and independent of England . She failed , and at her death the Protestants took control of Scotland , with her own grandson achieving the Union of the Crowns a few decades later .

neg: Jadwiga of Poland Jadwiga ( -LSB- jadˈvʲiɡa -RSB- ) , also known as Hedwig ( Hedvig 1373/4 -- 17 July 1399 ) , reigned as the first female monarch of the Kingdom of Poland from 16 October 1384 until her death . She was the youngest daughter of Louis the Great , King of Hungary and Poland , and his wife Elizabeth of Bosnia . Jadwiga was a member of the Capetian House of Anjou , but had more close ancestors among the Polish Piasts . She was canonized in the Roman Catholic Church in 1997 .   Her marriage to William of Austria was planned in 1375 and she lived in Vienna between 1378 and 1380 . Jadwiga and William were allegedly regarded as her father 's favoured successors in Hungary after her eldest sister Catherine 's death in 1379 , since the Polish noblemen had paid homage to Louis ' second daughter , Mary , and Mary 's fiancé , Sigismund of Luxemburg , that same year . However , Louis died and Mary was crowned `` King of Hungary '' on the demand of her mother in 1382 . Sigismund of Luxemburg tried to seize Poland , but the Polish noblemen countered that they would only obey a daughter of King Louis if she settled in their country . Queen Elizabeth then nominated Jadwiga to reign in Poland , but did not send her to Kraków to be crowned . During the interregnum , Siemowit IV , Duke of Masovia , became a candidate for the Polish throne . The nobles of Greater Poland especially favoured him , proposing he marry Jadwiga . However , the noblemen of Lesser Poland opposed his election and persuaded Queen Elizabeth to send Jadwiga to Poland .   Jadwiga was crowned `` king '' in Kraków on 16 October 1384 . Her crowning either reflected the Polish lords ' opposition to her intended future husband , William , adopting the royal title without a further Act or only emphasized that she was a queen regnant . With her mother 's consent , Jadwiga 's advisors opened negotiations with Jogaila , Grand Duke of Lithuania , who was still a heathen , about his marriage to Jadwiga . Jogaila signed the Union of Krewo , promising to convert to Roman Catholicism and to promote his ` pagan ' subjects ' conversion . Meanwhile , William of Habsburg hurried to Kraków to demand the consummation of his pre-arranged marriage with Jadwiga , but the Polish lords expelled him in late August 1385 . Jogaila , who received the baptismal name Władysław , married Jadwiga on 15 February 1386 . Legend says that she had only agreed to marry him after long prayers , seeking divine inspiration .   Władysław-Jogaila was crowned king on 4 March . As her co-ruler , Władysław closely cooperated with his wife . After rebellious lords had imprisoned her mother and sister , she marched into Ruthenia , which had been under Hungarian rule , and persuaded most local inhabitants to become subjects of the Polish Crown without resistance . She acted as mediator between her husband 's quarreling kinsmen , and between Poland and the Teutonic Knights . After her sister Mary died in 1395 , Jadwiga and Władysław-Jogaila laid claim to Hungary against the widowed Sigismund of Luxemburg , but the Hungarian lords did not support them .

neg: Archduchess Maria Henrietta of Austria Archduchess Maria Henrietta , full German name : Maria Henrietta Caroline Gabriele , Erzherzogin von Österreich ( 10 January 1883 , Preßburg , Austria -- Hungary -- 2 September 1956 , Mariazell , Austria ) was a member of the Teschen branch of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine and an Archduchess of Austria and Princess of Bohemia , Hungary , and Tuscany by birth . Through her marriage to Prince Gottfried Maximilian of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst , Maria Henrietta became a member of the house of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst .

neg: Bowes-Lyon Bowes-Lyon is a Scottish family descended from or related to George Bowes of Gibside and Streatlam Castle ( 1701-1760 ) , a County Durham landowner and politician , through John Bowes , 9th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne , chief of the Clan Lyon . Following the marriage in 1767 of the 9th Earl ( John Lyon ) to rich heiress Mary Eleanor Bowes , the family name was changed to Bowes by Act of Parliament . The 10th Earl changed the name to Lyon-Bowes and the 13th Earl , Claude , changed the order to Bowes-Lyon .   Notable members of the family include :  Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother , born Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon , mother of Elizabeth II  Claude Bowes-Lyon , 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne , ( 1855 -- 1944 ) was a landowner , and the father of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother .  John Lyon , Lord of Glamis , ( c. 1340 -- 82 ) , was Chamberlain of Scotland between 1377 and 1382 .  Mary Bowes , Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne ( 1749 -- 1800 ) , known as `` The Unhappy Countess '' , was an 18th-century British heiress , notorious for her licentious lifestyle , who was married at one time to the 9th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne .  Michael Bowes-Lyon , 18th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne ( 1957 -- 2016 )  Patrick Bowes-Lyon ( 1863 -- 1946 ) , younger brother of the 14th Earl , winner of the 1887 Wimbledon doubles .  Princess Anne of Denmark , born Anne Ferelith Fenella Bowes-Lyon ( 1917 -- 80 ) , was the mother of royal photographer Patrick Anson , 5th Earl of Lichfield , and a first cousin of Elizabeth II .

neg: Anne, Queen of Great Britain Anne ( 6 February 1665 -- 1 August 1714 ) became Queen of England , Scotland and Ireland on 8 March 1702 . On 1 May 1707 , under the Acts of Union , two of her realms , the kingdoms of England and Scotland , united as a single sovereign state known as Great Britain . She continued to reign as Queen of Great Britain and Ireland until her death .   Anne was born in the reign of her uncle Charles II , who had no legitimate children . Her father , James , was first in line to the throne . His suspected Roman Catholicism was unpopular in England , and on Charles 's instructions Anne was raised as an Anglican . Three years after he succeeded Charles , James was deposed in the `` Glorious Revolution '' of 1688 . Anne 's Dutch Protestant brother-in-law and cousin William III became joint monarch with his wife , Anne 's elder sister Mary II . Although the sisters had been close , disagreements over Anne 's finances , status and choice of acquaintances arose shortly after Mary 's accession and they became estranged . William and Mary had no children . After Mary 's death in 1694 , William continued as sole monarch until he was succeeded by Anne upon his death in 1702 .   As queen , Anne favoured moderate Tory politicians , who were more likely to share her Anglican religious views than their opponents , the Whigs . The Whigs grew more powerful during the course of the War of the Spanish Succession , until in 1710 Anne dismissed many of them from office . Her close friendship with Sarah Churchill , Duchess of Marlborough , turned sour as the result of political differences .   Anne was plagued by ill health throughout her life . From her thirties onwards , she grew increasingly lame and obese . Despite seventeen pregnancies by her husband , Prince George of Denmark , she died without any surviving children and was the last monarch of the House of Stuart . Under the terms of the Act of Settlement 1701 , she was succeeded by her second cousin George I of the House of Hanover , who was a descendant of the Stuarts through his maternal grandmother , Elizabeth , a daughter of James VI and I.

neg: Maria Josepha Amalia of Saxony Maria Josepha Amalia of Saxony ( Maria Josepha Amalia Beatrix Xaveria Vincentia Aloysia Franziska de Paula Franziska de Chantal Anna Apollonia Johanna Nepomucena Walburga Theresia Ambrosia ; 6 December 1803 -- 18 May 1829 ) was Queen consort of Spain as the wife of King Ferdinand VII of Spain . She was the youngest daughter of Prince Maximilian of Saxony ( 1759 -- 1838 ) and his first wife , Princess Carolina of Parma ( 1770 -- 1804 ) , daughter of Duke Ferdinand of Parma . She was a member of the house of Wettin .

neg: Hundred Years' War The Hundred Years ' War was a series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 by the House of Plantagenet , rulers of the Kingdom of England , against the House of Valois , rulers of the Kingdom of France , over the succession of the French throne . Each side drew many allies into the war . It was one of the most notable conflicts of the Middle Ages , in which five generations of kings from two rival dynasties fought for the throne of the largest kingdom in Western Europe . The war marked both the height of chivalry and its subsequent decline , and the development of strong national identities in both countries .   After the Norman Conquest , the kings of England were vassals of the kings of France for their possessions in France . The French kings had endeavored , over the centuries , to reduce these possessions , to the effect that only Gascony was left to the English . The confiscation or threat of confiscating this duchy had been part of French policy to check the growth of English power , particularly whenever the English were at war with the Kingdom of Scotland , an ally of France .   Through his mother , Isabella of France , Edward III of England was the grandson of Philip IV of France and nephew of Charles IV of France , the last king of the senior line of the House of Capet . In 1316 , a principle was established denying women succession to the French throne . When Charles IV died in 1328 , Isabella , unable to claim the French throne for herself , claimed it for her son . The French rejected the claim , maintaining that Isabella could not transmit a right that she did not possess . For about nine years ( 1328 -- 1337 ) , the English had accepted the Valois succession to the French throne , but the interference of the French king , Philip VI , in Edward III 's war against Scotland permitted Edward III to reassert his claim to the French throne . Several overwhelming English victories in the war -- especially at Crecy , Poitiers , and Agincourt -- raised the prospects of an ultimate English triumph . However , the greater resources of the French monarchy precluded a complete conquest . Starting in 1429 , decisive French victories at Orléans , Patay , Formigny , and Castillon concluded the war in favour of France , with England permanently losing most of its major possessions on the continent .   Historians commonly divide the war into three phases separated by truces : the Edwardian Era War ( 1337 -- 1360 ) ; the Caroline War ( 1369 -- 1389 ) ; and the Lancastrian War ( 1415 -- 1453 ) . Local conflicts in neighbouring areas , which were contemporarily related to the war , including the War of the Breton Succession ( 1341 -- 1364 ) , the Castilian Civil War ( 1366 -- 1369 ) , the War of the Two Peters ( 1356 -- 1375 ) in Aragon , and the 1383 -- 85 Crisis in Portugal , were availed by the parties to advance their agendas . Later historians adopted the term `` Hundred Years ' War '' as a historiography periodization to encompass all of these events , thus constructing the longest military conflict in European history .   The war owes its historical significance to multiple factors . By its end , feudal armies had been largely replaced by professional troops , and aristocratic dominance had yielded to a democratisation of the manpower and weapons of armies . Although primarily a dynastic conflict , the war gave impetus to ideas of French and English nationalism . The wider introduction of weapons and tactics supplanted the feudal armies where heavy cavalry had dominated , and artillery became important . The war precipitated the creation of the first standing armies in Western Europe since the time of the Western Roman Empire and thus helping to change their role in warfare . With respect to the belligerents , in France , civil wars , deadly epidemics , famines , and bandit free-companies of mercenaries reduced the population drastically . English political forces over time came to oppose the costly venture . The dissatisfaction of English nobles , resulting from the loss of their continental landholdings , became a factor leading to the civil wars known as the Wars of the Roses ( 1455 -- 1487 ) .

neg: Louis I, Cardinal of Guise Louis de Lorraine ( 21 October 1527 , Joinville , Champagne -- 29 March 1578 , Paris ) was the fourth son of Claude , Duke of Guise and Antoinette de Bourbon , and the younger brother of Charles of Guise , Cardinal of Lorraine , and Mary of Guise , queen consort of King James V of Scotland . He was the nephew of Cardinal Jean de Lorraine . He is sometimes known as the cardinal de Guise .   He was made Bishop of Troyes on 11 May 1545 , at the age of 18 , a position he had to hold as administrator until he reached the canonical age of 27 ; he was transferred to the see of Albi on 27 June 1550 . He was created cardinal by Pope Julius III on 22 December 1553 . He received the archbishopric of Sens on 9 May 1561 but resigned it in 1562 to Cardinal de Pellevée . On 5 October 1568 he was made Bishop of Metz . He crowned Henry III of France at Reims on 13 February 1575 .   Unlike his brother Charles , he does not seem to have played a leading role in the intrigues of his family . His illegitimate daughter Anne d'Arne married Charles von Janowitz in 1572 .   His nephew was Louis II , Cardinal of Guise ( made cardinal , 1578 ) . His great-nephew was Louis III , Cardinal of Guise ( made cardinal , 1615 ) . Louis was also an uncle of Mary , Queen of Scots .

neg: Joan II of Navarre Joan II ( Jeanne 28 January 1312 -- 6 October 1349 ) was Queen of Navarre from 1328 until her death . She was the only surviving child of Louis X of France , King of France and Navarre , and Margaret of Burgundy . Joan 's paternity was dubious because her mother was involved in a scandal , but Louis X declared her his legitimate daughter before he died in 1316 . However , the French lords were opposed to the idea of a female monarch and elected Louis X 's brother , Philip V , king . The Navarrese noblemen also did homage to Philip . Joan 's maternal grandmother , Agnes of France , Duchess of Burgundy , and uncle , Odo IV of Burgundy , made attempts to secure the counties of Champagne and Brie ( which had been the patrimony of Louis X 's mother , Joan I of Navarre ) to Joan , but the French royal troops defeated her supporters . After Philip V married his daughter to Odo and granted him two counties as her dowry , Odo renounced Joan 's claim to Champagne and Brie in exchange for a compensation in March 1318 . Joan married Philip of Évreux , who was also a member of the French royal family .   Philip V was succeeded by his brother , Charles IV , in both France and Navarre in 1322 , but most Navarrese lords refused to swear loyalty to him . After Charles IV died in 1328 , the Navarrese expelled the French governor and declared Joan the rightful monarch of Navarre . In France , Philip of Valois was crowned king . He concluded an agreement with Joan and her husband , who renounced Joan 's claims to Champagne and Brie in exchange for three counties , while Philip acknowledged their right to Navarre . Joan and her husband were together crowned in Pamplona Cathedral on 5 March 1329 .   The royal couple closely cooperated during their joint reign , but Philip of Évreux was more active . However , they mostly lived in their French domains . Navarre was then administered by governors during their absence .

neg: Restoration (Scotland) The Restoration was the return of the monarchy to Scotland in 1660 after the period of the Commonwealth , and the subsequent three decades of Scottish history until the Revolution and Convention of Estates of 1689 . It was part of a wider Restoration in the British Isles that included the return of the Stuart dynasty to the thrones of England and Ireland in the person of Charles II .   As military commander of the Commonwealth 's largest armed force , George Monck , governor-general in Scotland , was instrumental in the restoration of Charles II , who was proclaimed king in Edinburgh on 14 May 1660 . There was a general pardon for offences during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms , but four individuals were excepted and executed . Under the eventual political settlement Scotland regained its independent system of law , parliament and kirk , but also regained the Lords of the Articles and bishops , and it now had a king who did not visit the country and ruled largely without reference to Parliament through a series of commissioners . These began with the Earl of Middleton and ended with the King 's brother and heir , James , Duke of York . The restoration of the Scottish Episcopacy led to a series of conflicts between Presbyterians and the Bishops of the Episcopalian establishment , culminating in the persecution of The Killing Time .   Charles died in 1685 and his brother the Duke of York succeeded him as James VII of Scotland and II of England . He survived attempted rebellions , but alienated much of the political nation by his Catholicism and policies . When William of Orange of the Netherlands , James ' Protestant son-in-law , invaded England in 1688 , James fled and William and his wife took over the throne as William II and Mary II . William called a Scottish Convention , which was dominated by the Presbyterians . It offered William and Mary the crown , and after the defeat of James ' supporters the bishops were abolished and a Presbyterian system reinstated in the kirk .   The economic conditions of the period were generally favourable , although the restoration of Scottish independence reinstated the economic border with England and English tariffs . The restoration of the monarchy also saw the restoration of the nobility to political power , although they may have exercised their power with more caution . It also saw the rise of the lairds , who continued to gain new local political powers . There was an attempt to restore the theatre to Scotland , which had suffered from the lack of a court and the hostility of the kirk . The Restoration saw the introduction of a style of country house among the Scottish nobility that encouraged a move towards a more leisure-oriented architecture . As in England , sculpture was dominated by foreign professionals . Scotland produced some notable artists and was also visited by many important continental artists . The period between 1679 and 1689 saw the foundation of many institutions that would be important in Scottish cultural and intellectual life .


query: Following was directed by director Christopher Nolan.

pos: Following Following is a 1998 British neo-noir crime drama film written and directed by Christopher Nolan . It tells the story of a young man who follows strangers around the streets of London and is drawn into a criminal underworld when he fails to keep his distance .   As Christopher Nolan 's debut feature , it was designed to be as inexpensive as possible to make . Scenes were heavily rehearsed so that just one or two takes were needed to economise on 16mm film stock , the production 's greatest expense ; and for which Nolan was paying from his salary . Unable to afford expensive professional lighting equipment , Nolan mostly used available light . Along with writing , directing , and photographing the film , Nolan also helped in editing and production .

pos: Christopher Nolan Christopher Edward Nolan ( -LSB- ˈnoʊlən -RSB- born 30 July 1970 ) is an English-American film director , screenwriter and producer . He is one of the highest-grossing directors in history , and among the most successful and acclaimed filmmakers of the 21st century .   Having made his directorial debut with Following ( 1998 ) , Nolan gained considerable attention for his second feature , Memento ( 2000 ) , for which he received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay . The acclaim garnered by his independent films gave Nolan the opportunity to make the big-budget thriller Insomnia ( 2002 ) and the mystery drama The Prestige ( 2006 ) . He found further popular and critical success with The Dark Knight Trilogy ( 2005 -- 2012 ) ; Inception ( 2010 ) , for which he received a second Original Screenplay nomination and one for the Academy Award for Best Picture ; and Interstellar ( 2014 ) . His nine films have grossed over US$ 4.2 billion worldwide and garnered a total of 26 Oscar nominations and seven wins . Nolan has co-written several of his films with his younger brother , Jonathan , and runs the production company Syncopy Inc. with his wife , Emma Thomas .   Nolan 's films are rooted in philosophical , sociological and ethical concepts , exploring human morality , the construction of time , and the malleable nature of memory and personal identity . His body of work is permeated by materialistic perspectives , labyrinthine plots , nonlinear storytelling , practical special effects , and analogous relationships between visual language and narrative elements .

neg: The Four Musketeers (1974 film) The Four Musketeers ( also known as The Four Musketeers : Milady 's Revenge ) is a 1974 Richard Lester film that serves as a sequel to his The Three Musketeers , and covers the second half of Dumas ' 1844 novel The Three Musketeers .   During production on The Three Musketeers , the producers realized that the project was so lengthy that they would not be able to complete it as initially intended -- as a roadshow epic with intermission -- and still achieve their announced release date . The decision was therefore made to split the project into two films , and thus the two halves were released as The Three Musketeers and The Four Musketeers some six months apart . Most of the actors were incensed that their work on the long shoot was used to make an entirely separate film , while they were only being paid for the work of one . Lawsuits were filed on behalf of those contributing to the film to gain the salaries and benefits associated with a second film that was not mentioned in the original contracts . All SAG actors ' contracts now have what is known as the `` Salkind clause '' , which stipulates how many films are being made .   Fifteen years after completion of The Four Musketeers , much of the cast and crew reassembled to film The Return of the Musketeers ( 1989 ) , loosely based on Dumas ' Twenty Years After ( 1845 ) .

neg: E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial is a 1982 American science fiction fantasy film co-produced and directed by Steven Spielberg , and written by Melissa Mathison . It features special effects by Carlo Rambaldi and Dennis Muren , and stars Henry Thomas , Dee Wallace , Robert MacNaughton , Drew Barrymore , Peter Coyote and Pat Welsh . It tells the story of Elliott ( Thomas ) , a lonely boy who befriends an extraterrestrial , dubbed `` E.T. '' , who is stranded on Earth . He and his siblings help it return home while attempting to keep it hidden from their mother and the government .   The concept was based on an imaginary friend Spielberg created after his parents ' divorce in 1960 . In 1980 , Spielberg met Mathison and developed a new story from the stalled sci-fi horror film project Night Skies . It was shot from September to December 1981 in California on a budget of US$ 10.5 million . Unlike most films , it was shot in rough chronological order , to facilitate convincing emotional performances from the young cast .   Released on June 11 , 1982 by Universal Pictures , E.T was an immediate blockbuster , surpassing Star Wars to become the highest-grossing film of all time -- a record it held for eleven years until Jurassic Park , another Spielberg-directed film , surpassed it in 1993 . It is the highest-grossing film of the 1980s . Widely regarded as one of the greatest films of all time , critics acclaimed it as a timeless story of friendship , and it ranks as the greatest science fiction film ever made in a Rotten Tomatoes survey . In 1994 , it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . It was re-released in 1985 , and then again in 2002 to celebrate its 20th anniversary , with altered shots and additional scenes .

neg: Cinema of Sri Lanka Sri Lankan cinema encompasses the films made in Sri Lanka . It is a fledgling industry that has struggled to find a footing since its inauguration in 1947 with Kadawunu Poronduwa produced by S.M. Nayagam of Chitra Kala Movietone . Sri Lankan films are usually made in the Sinhalese language , the language of the majority Sinhala people .   In the first nine years most films were made in South India and followed the conventions of Indian cinema . Studio shooting was the norm , with Indian style sets erected in film studios . Even though it is popularly held that Rekava , made in 1956 by pioneer director Lester James Peries , was the first Sinhala film to be shot completely out of studio , it was really the film `` Gambada Sundari '' , made in 1950 which was the first film shot outside studios . It was also the first Sri Lankan film where , like in `` Rekawa '' , the dialog was recorded on the spot . This was because the film was shot on 16mm , using an Auricon sound-on-film camera which recorded the sound on the 16mm film optically , unlike in the case of where the sound was recorded on a Kinevox 35mm magnetic recorder . The film was later ` blown-up ' to 35mm and was screened in Colombo in 1950 .   Though `` Rekawa '' was acclaimed by local and international critics , the film failed to find an audience in the country and was a box office failure . Films continued to follow formulaic storylines borrowed from India up through the early 1960s despite such efforts as Sandesaya and Kurulu Bedda .   In 1964 , Lester James Peries again contributed to the development of Sri Lankan cinema with Gamperaliya which was the first Sinhala film to feature no songs and like Rekava shot completely outside the studio . It garnered massive praise for portraying Sinhala culture in a realistic manner and was hailed by critics and audiences alike . The producer Anton Wicremasinghe was awarded the Silver Peacock at the New Delhi International Film Festival for Gamperaliya . Following this breakthrough , several artistic Sinhala films were made in the late-1960s including Sath Samudura by professor Siri Gunasinghe , ably supported by exquisite cinematography by Dr.D.B . Nihalsinghe .   During the 1970s several talents came to the forefront while commercial cinema continued to steal storylines and plots from Indian films . These include Dr. D.B. Nihalsingha with `` Weilkatara '' - Sri Lanka 's first film in Cinemascope ratio wide screen in 1972 ; Vasantha Obeysekera who followed up his well-received debut Ves Gatho with a slew of successful films culminating with Palangetiyo in 1979 . Another major director who stepped forward during this time is Dharmasena Pathiraja who examined the tensions of city youth in such works as Bambaru Awith and Ahas Gauwa . Artist and poet Mahagama Sekera 's sole film Thun Man Handiya is also an important film in Sri Lankan cinema released in 1970 . Sumitra Peries , the wife of Lester James Peries , also struck out during the 1970s with work that looked at the conflicting roles of women in society . Her work include Gehenu Lamai and Ganga Addara .   Over the next few decades , artists such as Tissa Abeysekara , Dr. D.B. Nihalsingha , Udayakantha Warnasooriya , H.D.Premaratne , Ashoka Handagama , Prasanna Vithanage and Vimukthi Jayasundara have attempted to breathe new life into the industry . Nihalsingha was an accomplished cinematographer as well as an editor : so his films has an input which was special and brought a viewpoint to all his films , most of which focused on the exploited women .   Vithanage 's film Purahanda Kaluwara is widely considered one of the best movies made in Sri Lanka as is Jayasundara 's Sulanga Enu Pinisa which won the coveted Camera d'Or for best first film at the 2005 Cannes Film Festival .   During Sri Lankan Civil War several films have begun to tackle gritty subjects such as family relationships , abortion and results of the conflict between the military and Tamil Tiger rebels in the north . Director Asoka Handagama especially has drawn criticism for pursuing such material in his work .   In the recent years high budget films like Aloko Udapadi , Aba ( film ) and Maharaja Gemunu based on Sinhalese epic historical stories gain huge success .

neg: Alien (film) Alien is a 1979 British-American science-fiction horror film directed by Ridley Scott , and starring Sigourney Weaver , Tom Skerritt , Veronica Cartwright , Harry Dean Stanton , John Hurt , Ian Holm and Yaphet Kotto . The film 's title refers to a highly aggressive extraterrestrial creature that stalks and kills the crew of a spaceship . Dan O'Bannon wrote the screenplay from a story he wrote with Ronald Shusett , drawing influence from previous works of science fiction and horror . The film was produced by Gordon Carroll , David Giler and Walter Hill through their Brandywine Productions and distributed by 20th Century Fox . Giler and Hill made revisions and additions to the script . Shusett was executive producer . The eponymous Alien and its accompanying elements were designed by Swiss artist H. R. Giger , while concept artists Ron Cobb and Chris Foss designed the human aspects of the film . Alien launched the Alien franchise and is chronologically the first of the main series , with the prequel series set in an earlier timeframe .   Alien received both critical acclaim and box office success , receiving an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects , Saturn Awards for Best Science Fiction Film , Best Direction for Scott , and Best Supporting Actress for Cartwright , and a Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , along with numerous other award nominations . It has remained highly praised in subsequent decades , being considered one of the greatest films of all time . In 2002 , the film was deemed `` culturally , historically or aesthetically significant '' by the Library of Congress and was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry . In 2008 , it was ranked as the seventh-best film in the science fiction genre by the American Film Institute , and as the 33rd greatest film of all time by Empire magazine .   The success of Alien spawned a media franchise of novels , comic books , video games , and toys . It also launched Weaver 's acting career by providing her with her first lead role , and the story of her character Ellen Ripley 's encounters with the Alien creatures became the thematic thread that ran through the sequels Aliens ( 1986 ) , Alien 3 ( 1992 ) and Alien : Resurrection ( 1997 ) . , a crossover with the Predator franchise produced the Alien vs. Predator series , which includes Alien vs. Predator ( 2004 ) and Aliens vs. Predator : Requiem ( 2007 ) , and also a prequel series of films , which includes Prometheus ( 2012 ) and Alien : Covenant ( 2017 ) .

neg: Following (song) `` Following '' is a song by American pop band The Bangles . The acoustic ballad carries vocals by Michael Steele , who composed the song . In 1987 Following was the fifth and final single released off their album Different Light ( 1986 ) .

neg: BAFTA Award for Best Film The BAFTA Award for Best Film is given annually by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts and presented at the British Academy Film Awards . It has been given since the 1st BAFTA Awards , representing the best films of 1947 , but until 1969 it was called the BAFTA Award for Best Film From Any Source . It is possible for films from any country to be nominated , although British films are also recognised in the category BAFTA Award for Best British Film and ( since 1983 ) foreign-language films in BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language . As such , there have been multiple occasions of a film being nominated in two of these categories .   There has been one tie for the Best Film award when , in 1962 , Ballad of a Soldier tied with The Hustler for Best Film from any Source . Until 1981 , the award was given to the director , except in 1976 and 1977 , when it was given to the producers . From 1981 to 1985 , it was given solely to the producers , and then in 1986 , it was shared between the Director and Producer . In 1998 , it was once again given to only the producers .   In the following lists , the titles and names in bold with a dark grey background are the winners and recipients respectively ; those not in bold are the nominees . The years given are those in which the films under consideration were released , not the year of the ceremony , which always takes place the following year .

neg: Threads Threads is a 1984 British television drama jointly produced by the BBC , Nine Network and Western-World Television Inc. . Written by Barry Hines and directed by Mick Jackson , it is a docudrama account of nuclear war and its effects on the city of Sheffield in Northern England . The plot centres on two families as a confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union erupts . As the nuclear exchange between NATO and the Warsaw Pact begins , the film depicts the medical , economic , social and environmental consequences of nuclear war .   Shot on a budget of # 250,000 -- 350,000 , the film was the first of its kind to depict a nuclear winter . Certain reviewers nominated Threads as the `` film which comes closest to representing the full horror of nuclear war and its aftermath , as well as the catastrophic impact that the event would have on human culture '' . It has been compared to the earlier programme The War Game produced in Britain in the 1960s and its contemporary The Day After , a 1983 ABC television film depicting a similar scenario in the United States . It was nominated for seven BAFTA awards in 1985 and won for Best Single Drama , Best Design , Best Film Cameraman and Best Film Editor .

neg: 28 Weeks Later 28 Weeks Later is a 2007 British science fiction horror film , structured as a sequel to the critically and commercially successful 2002 film 28 Days Later . 28 Weeks Later was co-written and directed by Juan Carlos Fresnadillo , with Danny Boyle and Alex Garland , director and writer of 28 Days Later respectively , now acting as executive producers . It was released in the United Kingdom and United States on 11 May 2007 . The plot depicts the efforts of NATO military forces to salvage a safe zone in London following the events in 28 Days Later , the consequence of two young siblings breaking protocol to find their infected mother , and the resulting reintroduction of the highly contagious virus to the safe zone .

neg: Houston Film Critics Society Awards 2010 The 4th Houston Film Critics Society Awards were presented on December 18 , 2010 . These awards for `` extraordinary accomplishment in film '' are presented annually by the Houston Film Critics Society ( HFCS ) based in Houston , Texas . The organization , founded in 2007 , includes 22 film critics for print , radio , television , and internet publications in the greater Houston area . The awards are co-sponsored by the Houston Film Commission , Southwest Alternate Media Project , Women in Film and Television/Houston , WorldFest , and the Houston Cinema Arts Society .   The nominations for the 2010 awards were announced on December 12 , 2010 . Eligible films do not need to have played or opened in a Houston film theater prior to the nomination deadline , merely made available to the HFCS membership at a screening or on DVD . Along with the 13 `` best of '' category awards , this year also saw the introduction of a new category for `` Worst Movies of the Year '' . The Social Network , True Grit , and 127 Hours each received six nominations , all including the Best Picture , Actor , Direction , and Original Score categories .   The Social Network was the HFCS 's most awarded film of 2010 taking top honors in the Best Picture , Best Director ( David Fincher ) , Best Actor ( Jesse Eisenberg ) , and Best Screenplay ( Aaron Sorkin ) categories . Inception was the only other film to garner multiple awards , winning both the Best Original Score ( Hans Zimmer ) and Best Cinematography ( Wally Pfister ) prizes . The other acting awards went to Natalie Portman as Best Actress for Black Swan , Hailee Steinfeld as Best Supporting Actress for True Grit , and Christian Bale as Best Supporting Actor for The Fighter . The remaining film honors went to Toy Story 3 as Best Animated Film , Restrepo as Best Documentary , and The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo as Best Foreign Language Film . `` We Are Sex Bob-Omb '' by Beck from Scott Pilgrim vs. the World was named the Best Original Song . The HFCS 's first-ever award for `` Worst Picture '' was given to Jonah Hex starring Josh Brolin .   In addition to the category awards , the HFCS presented their annual Lifetime Achievement Award to Sissy Spacek and its Humanitarian Award to George Clooney . Clooney was selected for `` selflessly using his celebrity for greater good '' . The HFCS award for Outstanding Achievement in Cinema awards were presented to Charles Dove , director of the Rice University Media Center , and Hector Luna , the founder and editor of C-47 Houston .

neg: Tenebrae (film) Tenebrae ( also known as Tenebre ) is a 1982 English-language Italian giallo film written and directed by Dario Argento . The film stars Anthony Franciosa as American author Peter Neal , who -- while in Rome promoting his latest murder-mystery novel -- becomes embroiled in the search for a serial killer who may have been inspired to kill by the novel . John Saxon and Daria Nicolodi co-star as Neal 's agent and assistant ; Giuliano Gemma and Carola Stagnaro appear as detectives investigating the murders . John Steiner , Veronica Lario and Mirella D'Angelo also feature . The film has been described as exploring themes of dualism and sexual aberration , and has strong metafictional elements ; some commentators consider Tenebrae to be a direct reaction by Argento to criticism of his previous work , most especially his depictions of murders of beautiful women .   After Argento had experimented with pure supernatural horror with 1977 's Suspiria and 1980 's Inferno , Tenebrae represented the filmmaker 's return to the giallo horror subgenre , which he had helped popularize in the 1970s . Argento was inspired by a series of incidents which saw an obsessed fan telephone the director to criticise him for the damaging psychological effects of his previous work . The telephone calls culminated in death threats towards Argento , who channelled the experience into the writing of Tenebrae . The director also wanted to explore the senselessness of killings he had witnessed and heard about while staying in Los Angeles in 1980 , and his feeling at the time that true horror came from those who wanted `` to kill for nothing '' .   Shot on location in Rome and at Elios Studios , Tenebrae utilised mostly modern-looking locations and sets to help Argento realise his intent that the film reflect a near-future with a diminished population ; the director filmed none of the historical landmarks that usually featured in films set in Rome . Employing director of photography Luciano Tovoli , Argento also intended that the film simulate the stark , realistic lighting featured in television police shows at the time ; production designer Giuseppe Bassa created supporting environments that were cold and austere , with sharp angles and modernistic spaces . Several former members of Italian rock band Goblin provided Tenebraes music , a synth-heavy score inspired by rock and disco music .   Tenebrae was a modest success in Italy ; it reached theatres with little controversy after Argento made cuts to one of the most violent scenes . However , in the United Kingdom , it was added to the infamous list of `` video nasties '' and banned from sale until 1999 . The film 's theatrical distribution in the United States was delayed until 1984 , when it was released in a heavily censored version under the title Unsane . In its cut form , Tenebrae received a mostly negative critical reception , but the original , fully restored version later became widely available for reappraisal ; it is considered by some to be one of Argento 's best thrillers . The film critic and author Maitland McDonagh said that it was `` in many respects ... the finest film that Argento has ever made '' .

neg: List of accolades received by 127 Hours 127 Hours is a 2010 British independent biographical adventure film directed by Danny Boyle . It stars James Franco in the principal role as real-life mountain climber Aron Ralston , whose hand was trapped under a boulder in a Utah ravine for more than five days in April 2003 . Adapted from Ralston 's autobiography Between a Rock and a Hard Place , 127 Hourss screenplay was written by Boyle and Simon Beaufoy . Distributors Fox Searchlight and Pathé gave the feature limited releases in the United States and United Kingdom on 5 November 2010 and 7 January 2011 , respectively . It grossed # 35.8 million at the box office by the end of its worldwide theatrical run . Rotten Tomatoes , a review aggregator surveyed 215 reviews and judged 93 % to be positive .  Additionally , 127 Hours appeared on more than two dozen movie reviewers ' Top Ten lists for the best movies of 2010 .   The film has received honors for its direction , music , cinematography and writing , as well as for the lead performance by Franco . At the 68th Golden Globe Awards ceremony , 127 Hours earned three nominations : for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama , Best Original Score and Best Screenplay . The picture was nominated in nine Satellite Award categories , including direction , score , sound , original song and visual effects . It also received nine nominations from the Broadcast Film Critics Association . The 64th British Academy Film Awards nominated it for eight of their awards , including Best Director , Best Editing , Best Music and Best Sound . Additionally , 127 Hours was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Film , but lost to The King 's Speech . It performed similarly at the 83rd Academy Awards , where it was nominated in six categories : Best Actor , Best Adapted Screenplay , Best Film Editing , Best Original Score , Best Original Song ( for `` If I Rise '' ) and Best Picture , but lost respectively in all categories to The King 's Speech , The Social Network , and Toy Story 3 .   Franco was named Best Actor by the New York Film Critics Online and 2010 Independent Spirit Awards . He also received recognition from the Screen Actors Guild , at their 17th annual ceremony . Franco 's arm amputation scene towards the end of 127 Hours was nominated at the viewer-voted 2011 MTV Movie Awards . Boyle 's and Beaufoy 's efforts on the movie 's script earned them nominations from the Writers Guild of America and Evening Standard British Film Awards . Along with producer Christian Colson , Boyle garnered another nomination , this time from the Producers Guild of America . The Detroit Film Critics Society honored Boyle as Best Director . Suttirat Larlarb 's input on the movie 's production design earned her one nomination from the Art Directors Guild . The film 's cinematography garnered nominations at the 2010 Houston Film Critics Awards and the 2010 San Diego Film Critics Society Awards . The American Film Institute listed 127 Hours as one of the ten best movies of 2010 .

neg: After (novel) After is a young adult novel written by Francine Prose . It was first published in 2003 , and the nearby school shooting is reminiscent of the Columbine High School massacre in 1999 .   After a school shooting 50 miles away , the new grief and crisis counselor ( Dr. Willner ) attempts to control the students ' lives , using the recent tragedy as an excuse for increasingly restricting their lives . The school gradually is controlled by the grip of the administration , and students who do not comply with the new rules disappear , never to be seen again .   Its plot is reminiscent of Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell .   Similarities include the normalization of propaganda and surveillance with the telescreens in 1984 and the TVs on school buses spouting so called educational content that turns out to be blatantly false . These novels also touch on brainwashing , with the nightly emails sent to parents that convince them to send their children away to reform camps from which they never return .   In contrast , After takes place during the reforms , showing how they were allowed to happen , while 1984 only shows the aftermath and its inevitability . The ending of After also shows the main character ( Tom Bishop ) escaping his town with his friends and family , a much lighter closing than 1984 .   Described in the New York Times Book Review as a `` rich parable '' , this novel questions the line that must be drawn when freedom is more important than safety .

neg: List of awards and nominations received by Christopher Nolan This is a list of awards and nominations received by filmmaker Christopher Nolan .

neg: Following (disambiguation) Following is a 1998 British neo-noir film directed by Christopher Nolan . Following may also refer to :   Cult following , a group of fans who are highly dedicated to a specific area of pop culture

neg: Set piece In film production , a set piece is a scene or sequence of scenes whose execution requires serious logistical planning and considerable expenditure of money . The term set piece is often used more broadly to describe any important dramatic or comedic highpoint in a film or story , particularly those that provide some kind of dramatic payoff , resolution , or transition . Thus the term is often used to describe any scenes that are so essential to a film that they can not be edited out or skipped in the shooting schedule without seriously damaging the integrity of the finished product . Often , screenplays are written around a list of such set pieces , particularly in high-budget `` event movies '' .   Set pieces are very often planned meticulously using storyboards , screentests , and rehearsals , in contrast to smaller scenes where the director and actors may be more improvisational . Each action requires the combined efforts of different departments : set builders , physical effects , and special visual effects . On most films , different groups of people will work on different set pieces individually since they can take a long time to prepare before shooting . For example , the car chase in The Matrix Reloaded took months to prepare and cost $ 30 million , including $ 5 million to build the freeway set .

neg: Art film An art film is typically a serious , independent film aimed at a niche market rather than a mass market audience . An art film is `` intended to be a serious artistic work , often experimental and not designed for mass appeal '' ; they are `` made primarily for aesthetic reasons rather than commercial profit '' , and they contain `` unconventional or highly symbolic content '' .   Film critics and film studies scholars typically define an art film as possessing `` formal qualities that mark them as different from mainstream Hollywood films '' , which can include , among other elements , a sense of social realism ; an emphasis on the authorial expressiveness of the director ; and a focus on the thoughts , dreams , or motivations of characters , as opposed to the unfolding of a clear , goal-driven story . Film scholar David Bordwell describes art cinema as `` a film genre , with its own distinct conventions '' .   Art film producers usually present their films at specialty theatres ( repertory cinemas , or , in the U.S. , `` arthouse cinemas '' ) and film festivals . The term art film is much more widely used in the United States , the UK and Australia than in Europe , where the term is more associated with `` auteur '' films and `` national cinema '' ( e.g. , German national cinema ) . Because they are aimed at small niche market audiences , they can rarely get the financial backing that will permit large production budgets , expensive special effects , costly celebrity actors , or huge advertising campaigns , as are used in widely released mainstream blockbuster films . Art film directors make up for these constraints by creating a different type of film , which typically uses lesser-known film actors ( or even amateur actors ) and modest sets to make films that focus much more on developing ideas or exploring new narrative techniques or film-making conventions .   A certain degree of experience and knowledge are required to fully understand or appreciate such films . One mid-1990s art film was called `` largely a cerebral experience '' that one enjoys `` because of what you know about film '' . This contrasts sharply with mainstream `` blockbuster '' films , which are geared more towards escapism and pure entertainment . For promotion , art films rely on the publicity generated from film critics ' reviews , discussion of their film by arts columnists , commentators and bloggers , and `` word-of-mouth '' promotion by audience members . Since art films have small initial investment costs , they only need to appeal to a small portion of the mainstream viewing audiences to become financially viable .

neg: Kerry Film Festival The Kerry Film Festival is an annual music film festival in County Kerry , Republic of Ireland , taking place in October .   The Kerry Film Festival is funded by Kerry County Council , Fáilte Ireland , the Ireland Funds as well as having corporate sponsorship .   Kerry Film Festival was established in 2000 but remained a small regional festival throughout its first years , with a mere 1,700 attendees at the 2006 festival . Then , in 2007 , the festival exploded becoming the fastest growing festival in all of Ireland , with audiences increasing by nearly 600 % from 2006 to 2011 when its audience topped 10,000 for the first time .   The main feature of the festival is a short film competition which focuses on young filmmakers . Past adjudicators of the Kerry Film Festival Short Film Competition have included Jeremy Irons , Liam Neeson , Michael Fassbender and Gabriel Byrne . The festival also screens feature films .   In 2008 Kerry Film Festival instigated the Maureen O'Hara Award for women that have excelled in film and Brenda Fricker was the inaugural recipient . The award was presented to her by Jim Sheridan , who directed her in the Oscar-winning My Left Foot ( 1989 ) . In 2009 the award was presented to Rebecca Miller who was in Kerry to pick up the award with her husband , Daniel Day-Lewis at a ceremony with Dave Fanning as MC .   In 2010 Maureen O'Hara attended the festival and presented the award in person to Juliette Binoche Fionnula Flanagan picked up the award in 2011 while Saoirse Ronan won the award in 2012 .   KFF has previously featured successful short films such as the Oscar short-listed animation Head over Heels in 2012 , the 2014 Oscar winner Mr. Hublot and in 2015 the highly acclaimed Academy Award winner S t u t t e r e r by Ben Cleary .

neg: Tom Hardy Edward Thomas Hardy  ( born 15 September 1977 ) is an English actor and producer . His motion picture debut was in Ridley Scott 's 2001 action film Black Hawk Down . Hardy 's other notable films include the science fiction film Star Trek : Nemesis ( 2002 ) , the crime film RocknRolla ( 2008 ) , biographical psychological drama Bronson ( 2008 ) , sports drama Warrior ( 2011 ) , Cold War espionage film Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy ( 2011 ) , crime drama Lawless ( 2012 ) , drama Locke ( 2013 ) , mobster film The Drop ( 2014 ) , and the biographical western thriller The Revenant ( 2015 ) , for which he received an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor . He portrayed `` Mad '' Max Rockatansky in the post-apocalyptic film Mad Max : Fury Road ( 2015 ) , and both of the Kray twins in the crime thriller Legend ( 2015 ) . He has appeared in three Christopher Nolan films : the science fiction thriller Inception ( 2010 ) , portrayed Bane in the superhero film The Dark Knight Rises ( 2012 ) , and the action-thriller Dunkirk ( 2017 ) based on the British evacuation in World War II .   Hardy 's television roles include the HBO war drama miniseries Band of Brothers ( 2001 ) , the BBC historical drama miniseries The Virgin Queen ( 2005 ) , ITV 's Wuthering Heights ( 2008 ) , the Sky 1 drama series The Take ( 2009 ) , and the BBC historical crime drama television series Peaky Blinders ( 2013 ) . He created , co-produced and took the lead in the eight-part historical fiction series Taboo ( 2017 ) on BBC One and FX .   Hardy has performed on both British and American stages . He was nominated for the Laurence Olivier Award for Most Promising Newcomer for his role as Skank in the 2003 production of In Arabia We 'd All Be Kings , and was awarded the 2003 London Evening Standard Theatre Award for Outstanding Newcomer for his performances in both In Arabia We 'd All be Kings and for his role as Luca in Blood . He starred in the 2007 production of The Man of Mode and received positive reviews for his role in the 2010 Philip Seymour Hoffman-directed play The Long Red Road .

neg: Joel Schumacher Joel T. Schumacher ( born August 29 , 1939 ) is an American film director , screenwriter , and producer .   Schumacher rose to fame after directing hit films of his decade St. Elmo 's Fire ( 1985 ) , The Lost Boys ( 1987 ) and Flatliners ( 1990 ) . He later went on to direct John Grisham adaptations The Client ( 1994 ) and A Time to Kill ( 1996 ) . His films Falling Down ( 1993 ) and 8mm ( 1999 ) were competed for Palme d'Or and Golden Bear respectively .   In 1993 , he signed on to direct the next installments of Batman film series . Schumacher-directed Batman films Batman Forever ( 1995 ) and particularly Batman & Robin ( 1997 ) received negative reactions from both public and critics . After Batman films , Schumacher pulled back from blockbusters and returned to making minimalist films such as Tigerland ( 2000 ) and Phone Booth ( 2002 ) , both earning positive reviews . He also directed The Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 ) , The Number 23 ( 2007 ) and several episodes of House of Cards .   Known for casting young actors , Schumacher helped actors like Colin Farrell , Kiefer Sutherland , and Matthew McConaughey to launch careers .

neg: The Dark Knight (film) The Dark Knight is a 2008 superhero film directed , co-produced , and co-written by Christopher Nolan . Featuring the DC Comics character Batman , the film is the second part of Nolan 's The Dark Knight Trilogy and a sequel to 2005 's Batman Begins , starring an ensemble cast including Christian Bale , Michael Caine , Heath Ledger , Gary Oldman , Aaron Eckhart , Maggie Gyllenhaal and Morgan Freeman . In the film , Bruce Wayne/Batman ( Bale ) , James Gordon ( Oldman ) and Harvey Dent ( Eckhart ) form an alliance to dismantle organized crime in Gotham City , but are menaced by a criminal mastermind known as the Joker ( Ledger ) who seeks to undermine Batman 's influence and create chaos .   Nolan 's inspiration for the film was the Joker 's comic book debut in 1940 , the 1988 graphic novel The Killing Joke , and the 1996 series The Long Halloween , which retold Two-Face 's origin . The nickname `` the Dark Knight '' was first applied to Batman in Batman # 1 ( 1940 ) , in a story written by Bill Finger . The Dark Knight was filmed primarily in Chicago , as well as in several other locations in the United States , the United Kingdom , and Hong Kong . Nolan used IMAX 70 mm film cameras to film some sequences , including the Joker 's first appearance in the film . The film is dedicated to the memory of Ledger , who died on January 22 , 2008 , some months after the completed filming and six months before the film 's release , from a toxic combination of prescription drugs , leading to intense attention from the press and movie-going public . Warner Bros. initially created a viral marketing campaign for The Dark Knight , developing promotional websites and trailers highlighting screenshots of Ledger as the Joker .   A co-production of the United States and the United Kingdom , The Dark Knight was released on July 16 , 2008 in Australia , on July 18 , 2008 , in North America , and on July 25 , 2008 , in the United Kingdom . Considered by film critics to be one of the best films of the 2000s and one of the best superhero films ever , the film received highly positive reviews and set numerous records during its theatrical run . The Dark Knight appeared on more critics ' top ten lists ( 287 ) than any other film of 2008 with the exception of WALL-E , and more critics ( 77 ) named The Dark Knight the best film of 2008 than any other film released that year . With over $ 1 billion in revenue worldwide , it is the 29th-highest-grossing film of all time , unadjusted for inflation . The film received eight Academy Award nominations ; it won the award for Best Sound Editing and Ledger was posthumously awarded Best Supporting Actor . The Dark Knight Rises , the final film in the trilogy , was released on July 20 , 2012 .