query: The number of new cases of shingles per year is about 2 per 1,000 among healthy individuals.

pos: Shingles Shingles , also known as herpes zoster , is a viral disease characterized by a painful skin rash with blisters in a localized area . Typically the rash occurs in a single stripe either on the left or right of the body or face . Two to four days before the rash occurs there may be tingling or local pain in the area . Otherwise there are typically few symptoms . The rash usually heals within two to four weeks ; however , some people develop ongoing nerve pain which can last for months or years , a condition called postherpetic neuralgia . In those with poor immune function the rash may occur widely . If the rash involves the eye , vision loss may occur .   Shingles is due to a reactivation of varicella zoster virus ( VZV ) within a person 's body . Chickenpox is due to an initial infection with VZV . Once chickenpox has resolved , the virus may remain inactive in nerve cells . When it reactivates it travels from the nerve body to the endings in the skin producing blisters . Risk factors for reactivation include old age , poor immune function , and having had chickenpox before 18 months of age . How the virus remains in the body or subsequently re-activates is not well understood . Exposure to the virus in the blisters can cause chickenpox in someone who has not had it before but will not trigger shingles . Diagnosis is typically based on a person 's signs and symptoms . Varicella zoster virus is not the same as herpes simplex virus ; however , they belong to the same family of viruses .   The shingles vaccine decreases the chance of shingles by about half in those between the ages of 50 and 80 . It also decreases rates of postherpetic neuralgia , and if an outbreak occurs , its severity . After 80 the vaccine is still effective , just less so . It contains the same material as the varicella vaccine , just at a higher dose . If shingles develops , antiviral medications such as aciclovir can reduce the severity and duration of disease if started within 72 hours of the appearance of the rash . Evidence does not show a significant effect of antivirals or steroids on rates of postherpetic neuralgia . Paracetamol , NSAIDs , or opioids may be used to help with the acute pain .   It is estimated that about a third of people develop shingles at some point in their life . While more common among older people , children may also get the disease . The number of new cases per year ranges from 1.2 -- 3.4 per 1,000 among healthy individuals to 3.9 -- 11.8 per 1,000 among those older than 65 years of age . About half of those living to age 85 will have at least one attack , and less than 5 % will have more than one attack . The disease has been recognized since ancient times .

neg: Workplace wellness Workplace wellness is any workplace health promotion activity or organizational policy designed to support healthy behavior in the workplace and to improve health outcomes . Known as ` corporate wellbeing ' outside the US , workplace wellness often comprises activities such as health education , medical screenings , weight management programs , on-site fitness programs or facilities . These programs can be classified as primary , secondary , or tertiary health programs , depending on the goal of the specific program . Primary prevention programs usually target a fairly healthy employee population , and encourage them to more frequently engage in health behaviors that will encourage ongoing good health . Example of primary prevention programs include stress management , and exercise and healthy eating promotion . Secondary prevention programs are targeted at reducing behavior that is considered a risk factor for poor health . Examples of such programs include smoking cessation programs and screenings for high blood pressure or other cardiovascular disease related risk factors . Tertiary health programs address existing health problems , and aim to help control or reduce symptoms , or to help slow the progression of a disease or condition . Such programs might encourage employees to better adhere to specific medication or self-managed care guidelines . Workplace wellness programs can be categorized as primary , secondary , or tertiary prevention efforts , or an employer can implement programs that have elements of multiple types of prevention .   The lifestyles of people in the workforce are important both for the sake of their own health and for the sake of their employer 's productivity . Companies often subsidize these programs in the hope that they will save companies money in the long run by improving health , morale and productivity , although there is some controversy about evidence for the levels of return on investment .   Other examples of workplace wellness organizational policies include allowing flex-time for exercise , providing on-site kitchen and eating areas , offering healthy food options in vending machines , holding `` walk and talk '' meetings , and offering financial and other incentives for participation . In recent years , workplace wellness has been expanded from single health promotion interventions to create a more overall healthy environment including , for example standards of building and interior design to promote physical activity . This expansion is largely been in part to creating greater access and leadership support from leaders in the participating companies .   The following information comes from the Kaiser Family Foundation Summary of Findings from 2016 in order to provide current information about employer-sponsored health benefits , the Kaiser Family Foundation ( Kaiser ) and the Health Research & Educational Trust ( HRET ) conduct an annual survey of private and nonfederal public employers with three or more workers .   Many employers offer wellness or health promotion programs to help employees improve their health and avoid unhealthy behaviors . Both small and large firms offer a program in at least one of these areas : smoking cessation ; weight management ; behavioral or lifestyle coaching . 46 % of small firms and 83 % of large firms offer these . 3 % percent of small firms and 16 % of large firms reported collecting health information from employees through wearable devices like a Fitbit or Apple Watch . 42 % of large firms with one of these health and wellness programs offered employees a financial incentive to participate in or complete the program . Among most large firms with an incentive for completing wellness programs , incentives include : lower premium contributions or cost sharing ( 34 % of firms ) ; cash , contributions to health-related savings accounts , or merchandise ( 76 % of firms ) ; some other type of incentive ( 14 % of firms ) . Some firms separate financial incentives for different programs and some others have incentives that require participation in more than one type of program ( e.g. , completing an assessment and participating in a health promotion activity ) .   There are various types of Wellness Programs offered in firms . Biometric screening programs can help identify cardiovascular risk factors in clients . Larger firms or businesses tend to facilitate more incidences of biometric screening programs . This can be in part to the amount of leadership support that is encouraged by company leaders and then received by employees

neg: Progressive symmetric erythrokeratodermia Progressive symmetric erythrokeratodermia ( also known as `` Erythrokeratodermia progressiva symmetrica '' ) is a rare , autosomal dominant skin condition that manifests soon after birth with erythematous , hyperkeratotic plaques that are symmetrically distributed on the extremities , buttocks , and face , but sparing the trunk . No other clinical symptoms nor mental or physical signs are usually associated with the condition .   Skin plaques start to appear as reddened areas of inflammation , thus often leading to the mistaken diagnosis of Atopic Dermatitis . Following inflammation , the red areas start keratinization , eventually forming the definitive plaques that appear brownish , dry and scaled . Following quite a precise temporal pattern of evolution , the keratinized plaques last for weeks or months , eventually leading to periods of desquamation that leads to the uncovering of `` normal '' skin . Then , a new cycle usually begins , leaving a variable number of days of delay between the cycles .   Though environmental causes are not well understood , it seems clear that factors like sun exposure , wind and air conditioning add to the degree of skin inflammation that sets the start of a new cycle .   Definitive treatment does not exist at the moment . Palliative treatment are intended to alleviate the itching that often accompanies the skin inflammation and to moisture the dry skin to prevent excessive dryness and scaling of the plaques .

neg: Human pathogen A human pathogen is a pathogen ( microbe or microorganism such as a virus , bacterium , prion , or fungus ) that causes disease in humans .   The human physiological defense against common pathogens ( such as Pneumocystis ) is mainly the responsibility of the immune system with help by some of the body 's normal flora and fauna . However , if the immune system or `` good '' microbiota are damaged in any way ( such as by chemotherapy , human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) , or antibiotics being taken to kill other pathogens ) , pathogenic bacteria that were being held at bay can proliferate and cause harm to the host . Such cases are called opportunistic infections .   Some pathogens ( such as the bacterium Yersinia pestis , which may have caused the Black Plague , the Variola virus , and the malaria protozoa ) have been responsible for massive numbers of casualties and have had numerous effects on afflicted groups . Of particular note in modern times is HIV , which is known to have infected several million humans globally , along with the influenza virus . Today , while many medical advances have been made to safeguard against infection by pathogens , through the use of vaccination , antibiotics , and fungicide , pathogens continue to threaten human life . Social advances such as food safety , hygiene , and water treatment have reduced the threat from some pathogens .

neg: Home care Home care ( also referred to as domiciliary care , social care , or in-home care ) is supportive care provided in the home . Care may be provided by licensed healthcare professionals who provide medical treatment needs or by professional caregivers who provide daily assistance to ensure the activities of daily living ( ADLs ) are met . In-home medical care is often and more accurately referred to as `` home health care '' or formal care . Often , the term home health care is used to distinguish it from non-medical care , custodial care , or private-duty care which refers to assistance and services provided by persons who are not nurses , doctors , or other licensed medical personnel . For terminally ill patients , home care may include hospice care . For patients recovering from surgery or illness , home care may include rehabilitative therapies .   Home health services help adults , seniors , and pediatric clients who are recovering after a hospital or facility stay , or need additional support to remain safely at home and avoid unnecessary hospitalization . These Medicare-certified services may include short-term nursing , rehabilitative , therapeutic , and assistive home health care . This care is provided by registered nurses ( RNs ) , licensed practical nurses ( LPN 's ) , physical therapists ( PTs ) , occupational therapists ( OTs ) , speech language pathologists ( SLPs ) , home health aides ( HHAs ) and medical social workers ( MSWs ) as a limited number of up to one hour visits , addressed primarily through the Medicare Home Health benefit .   The largest segment of home care consists of licensed and unlicensed non-medical personnel , including caregivers who assist the individual . Care assistants may help the individual with daily tasks such as bathing , eating , cleaning the home and preparing meals . Caregivers work to support the needs of individuals who require such assistance . These services help the client to stay at home versus living in a facility . Non-medical home care is paid for by the individual or family . The term `` private-duty '' refers to the private pay nature of these relationships . Home care ( non-medical ) has traditionally been privately funded as opposed to home health care which is task-based and government or insurance funded .   These traditional differences in home care services are changing as the average age of the population has risen . Individuals typically desire to remain independent and use home care services to maintain their existing lifestyle . Government and Insurance providers are beginning to fund this level of care as an alternative to facility care . In-Home Care is often a lower cost solution to long-term care facilities .

neg: Porphyria Porphyria is a group of diseases in which substances called porphyrins build up , affecting the skin or nervous system . The types that affect the nervous system are also known as acute porphyria . Symptoms of acute porphyria include abdominal pain , chest pain , vomiting , confusion , constipation , fever , and seizures . These symptoms typically come and go with attacks that last for days to weeks . Attacks may be triggered by alcohol , smoking , stress , or certain medications . If the skin is affected , blisters or itching may occur with sunlight exposure .   The disease is usually inherited from a person 's parents and is due to a mutation in one of the genes that make heme . Some types are autosomal dominant and others are autosomal recessive . One type , porphyria cutanea tarda , may also be due to increased iron in the liver , hepatitis C , alcohol , or HIV/AIDS . The underlying mechanism results in a decrease in the amount of heme produced and a build-up of substances involved in making heme . Porphyrias may also be classified by whether the liver or the bone marrow is affected . Diagnosis is typically by blood , urine , and stool tests . Genetic testing may be done to determine the specific mutation .   Treatment depends on the type of porphyria and a person 's symptoms . The treatment of porphyria of the skin generally involves the avoidance of sunlight . The treatment for acute porphyria may involve giving intravenous heme or a glucose solution . Rarely a liver transplant may be carried out .   The frequency of porphyria is unclear . It is estimated that it affects 1 to 100 per 50,000 people . Rates vary around the world . Porphyria cutanea tarda is believed to be the most common type . The disease was described at least as early as 370 BC by Hippocrates . The underlying mechanism was first described by Felix Hoppe-Seyler in 1871 . The name porphyria is from the Greek πορφύρα , porphyra , meaning `` purple '' , a reference to the color of the urine that may occur during an attack .

neg: W-shingling In natural language processing a w-shingling is a set of unique `` shingles '' ( n-grams , contiguous subsequences of tokens in a document ) that can be used to gauge the similarity of two documents . The w denotes the number of tokens in each shingle in the set .   The document , `` a rose is a rose is a rose '' can be tokenized as follows :   ( a , rose , is , a , rose , is , a , rose )   The set of all contiguous sequences of 4 tokens ( 4-grams ) is   -LCB- ( a , rose , is , a ) , ( rose , is , a , rose ) , ( is , a , rose , is ) , ( a , rose , is , a ) , ( rose , is , a , rose ) -RCB- = -LCB- ( a , rose , is , a ) , ( rose , is , a , rose ) , ( is , a , rose , is ) -RCB-

neg: Screening (medicine) Screening , in medicine , is a strategy used in a population to identify the possible presence of an as-yet-undiagnosed disease in individuals without signs or symptoms . This can include individuals with pre-symptomatic or unrecognized symptomatic disease . As such , screening tests are somewhat unusual in that they are performed on persons apparently in good health .   Screening interventions are designed to identify disease in a community early , thus enabling earlier intervention and management in the hope to reduce mortality and suffering from a disease . Although screening may lead to an earlier diagnosis , not all screening tests have been shown to benefit the person being screened ; overdiagnosis , misdiagnosis , and creating a false sense of security are some potential adverse effects of screening . For these reasons , a test used in a screening program , especially for a disease with low incidence , must have good sensitivity in addition to acceptable specificity .   Several types of screening exist : universal screening involves screening of all individuals in a certain category ( for example , all children of a certain age ) . Case finding involves screening a smaller group of people based on the presence of risk factors ( for example , because a family member has been diagnosed with a hereditary disease ) . Screening interventions are not designed to be diagnostic , and often have significant rates of both false positive and false negative results .

neg: American Academy of Health Behavior The American Academy of Health Behavior was founded on April 1 , 1997 to `` transform the health promotion and health education field from a teaching - and service-centered profession to one with a stronger research foundation in which discovery would be valued as a means of improving practice and enhancing public health . The origination of the Academy was based on the belief that the future growth and evolution of the health promotion and health education fields rested on a strong commitment to conducting and disseminating quality research . ''   The inspiration for American Academy of Health Behavior came from Dr. Elbert D. Glover and evolved from a vision he had for more than 2 decades to create an academy of health behavior scholars . He was a trained health educator and as a university professor experienced that academic health educators often were less respected ( and less rewarded ) on university campuses than their peers in other academic disciplines . Further , he believed that this `` lesser respect '' emanated from a perception that in many research-intensive and doctoral degree-granting institutions , health education research often lacked `` centrality '' with respect to the mission of the university compared to the research carried out in other disciplines .   Founding Members  On April 1 , 1997 while serving as a professor at the West Virginia University School of Medicine , Glover identified 34 researchers from throughout the United States with whom he shared his vision and a draft of proposed organizational bylaws . Ultimately , 32 individuals accepted the invitation and formed the body of Founding Members of The Academy . The Founding Members are presented in the chronological order in which they agreed to be named founding members of The Academy .   Elbert D. Glover ( Founder )   Founding Members  Chudley E. Werch  Mark B. Dignan  Terri Mulkins Manning  David R. Black  Robert F. Valois  Mark J. Kittleson  Cheryl J. Rainey  Kenneth R. McLeroy  Robert J. McDermott  David F. Duncan  Scott J. Leischow  James H. Price  James M. Eddy  Michael Young  Ray Tricker  Robert M. Weiler  John P. Foreyt  Ian M. Newman  Min Qi Wang  Thomas W. O'Rourke  Beverly S. Mahoney  Mohammad R. Torabi  Stuart W. Fors  Robert S. Gold  Molly T. Laflin  Paul D. Sarvela  Melody P. Noland  Mary S. Sutherland  Cheryl L. Perry  Lawrence W. Green  Rick A. Petosa  Nicholas K. Iammarino   Glover believed that by forming a solid member base of like-minded prolific researchers , these well-known and widely respected scholars would attract other researchers to The Academy . Several of newly committed founding members were skeptical about the likely acceptance and success of a new professional association focused principally on the research enterprise . As enticements , he subsidized the Founding Members ' first 2 years of organizational dues , including a subscription to the American Journal of Health Behavior , which he designated in the bylaws as The Academy 's official professional journal . At that time , the American Journal of Health Behavior had been in existence for over 2 decades and owned by Glover . The Journal was well respected and a venue for publishing quality health-behavior research . He reasoned that by naming the Journal the official publication of The Academy the organization would gain immediate visibility and credibility . The 2 entities flourished in their coexistence , however , after several years of coexistence and by mutual agreement , eventually parted ways and no longer partake in a relationship .   Charter Members  After recruiting The Academy 's Founders , he opened up the organization for membership to other qualified applicants . Each of the 18 persons who joined during the subsequent year was given the designation of Charter Member . The Charter Members became the backbone of the organization , earning themselves a deserved special status in The Academy inasmuch as they were the first dues-paying members . These Charter Members are listed they joined The Academy .   1 . Dennis L. Thombs  2 . Ansa Ojanlatva  3 . Gregory H. Frazer  4 . Patricia D. Mail  5 . Raymond L. Goldsteen  6 . Eugene C. Fitzhugh  7 . Lynda B. Ransdell  8 . Randall L. Cottrell  9 . Mark . G. Wilson  10 . Michael W. Felts  11 . Patricia C. Dunn  12 . John P. Sciacca  13 . Mary A. Nies  14 . Susan K. Telljohann  15 . Jennie J. Kronenfeld  16 . Karen D. Liller  17 . Stephen B. Thomas   Conceptual Foundations  Establishment of The Academy set in motion a new direction for the field that was grounded in a distinctive set of conceptual underpinnings . The first of these principles was the establishment of a meritocracy that acknowledged the competitive nature of the research environment , challenged members to produce quality research , and recognized outstanding research contributions . The second belief was that advancement of evidence-based practice would be more likely to occur if nurtured by a professional organization that explicitly identified research as its primary focus . The third tenet recognized a need for a forum to review and evaluate research being conducted so as to improve its quality and dissemination . The fourth underpinning was the desire to overcome partisan , protective agendas of traditional disciplines by stimulating multidisciplinary research and learning . Finally , The Academy was established to inform and educate scholars about the latest in research innovations as well as to inspire a commitment to high-quality investigation among emerging researchers and students in doctoral education programs . By acknowledging and pledging commitment to these philosophies , The Academy began to secure its unique niche among professional organizations .   Official Seal  To represent its underpinnings as a professional society , The Academy adopted the lamp of learning ( the intellectual source of light ) as the central focus of its official seal . The lamp is arched by a banner containing The Academy motto that Founding Member Dr Robert M. Weiler proposed . It reads : `` Mores Scientia Sanitas '' ( Behavior-Knowledge-Health ) . The lamp is underscored by 2 laurel branches , symbolic of conquest ( i.e. , of knowledge ) ; a series of 5-pointed stars , which from heraldry represents knightly rank and is an ideogram for seeking out that which is mystic ; and finally , the year of The Academy 's founding , 1997 .   Initial Board of Directors  The Board was described as a `` worker bee '' group inasmuch as there was no true executive director , no history , and no previous modus operandi . In addition to Dr Glover , members of the Founding Board included Dr David R. Black , Dr James M. Eddy , Dr Nicholas K. Iammarino , Dr Mark J. Kittleson , Dr Molly T. Laflin , Dr Terri Mulkins Manning , Dr Robert J. McDermott , Dr Mohammad R. Torabi , Dr Robert M. Weiler , and Dr Chudley E. `` Chad '' Werch . Of the initial 11 board members , 6 went on to become Presidents of the Academy ( Glover , Werch , McDermott , Torabi , Black and Laflin ) and one Executive Director ( Manning ) .   Minimum Membership Qualifications  The Academy was the first of its type to require that applicants meet certain minimum qualifications related to research prowess . To be a Qualified Member , applicants needed to : ( 1 ) provide evidence of scientific training beyond the undergraduate level ; and ( 2 ) have authored or coauthored at least 10 data-based papers ( quantitative or qualitative ) published in national or international journals that regularly report the findings of original health behavior , health education , or health promotion research . Moreover , the membership criteria fulfilled another of The Academy 's basic tenets -- that of being a meritocracy . The category of Affiliate Member was open to new professionals and doctoral students holding or working toward a doctoral degree who demonstrated evidence of scientific training beyond the undergraduate level and had at least 2 refereed data-based papers ( quantitative or qualitative ) published in national or international journals . Requiring data-based publications even of new researchers made an emphatically powerful and proactive statement about the importance that The Academy attached to research as well as serving as a segue later on for mentoring of Affiliate Members by Qualified Members .   Uniqueness of The Academy  In addition to a commitment to both research and a meritocracy , The Academy was unique in other ways . Most national organizations attract large numbers of members consequently ; necessitate meetings to be held in large that had attracted 10,000 or more attendees and necessitated that these meetings be held primarily in large cities such as New York ; Chicago ; Los Angeles ; San Francisco ; Boston ; New Orleans ; Washington , DC ; and the like . Moreover , active participants in these conferences rarely had opportunity to enjoy the venue in which their conference took place and , as often as not , became overwhelmed by the size of the meeting and the chaos of the metropolitan location . Glover saw the advantages of having a small scientific meeting and pledged that The Academy would leverage this advantage to host its scientific meetings in `` unique and unusual '' settings -- locations that did not require space for thousands , but rather , for 125-150 participants . From its inception , the Founding Members never envisioned The Academy as needing to become a large organization in order to thrive , nor did they become aggressive in soliciting members . The Academy 's mission was to promote and disseminate high-quality research and be a home for persons conducting rigorous health-behavior investigative studies . The absence of great concern about organizational size opened the door to the distinctive elements of exceptional hotels and venues of quaint hospitality and other unique features .   In addition to the unique and unusual features of the locations for the scientific meetings , it was determined that the scientific program itself would be entirely plenary rather than diluted into multiple concurrent sessions . Moreover , some of the most renowned researchers available were recruited as speakers yearly for each session . Whereas the emphasis of the plenary sessions of the first several scientific meetings was to expose attendees to examples of rigorously conducted , cutting-edge research and a diverse set of presenters and topics , meeting organizers gradually began to plan around specific themes and is the basis for current conferences .   The philosophy guiding the program plan was that a portion of each day would be free for persons to participate in optional workshops , meet informally around professional interests , or disdain professional affairs for a period of the day to return in the early evening for structured social activity concurrent with scientific poster presentations . Thus , the overscheduling that occurs in many conferences was avoided , and the opportunity to enjoy the comforts and attractions of the host site with professional colleges is encouraged .   Emergence of The Academy  Everyone in the health education field did not uniformly embrace the emergence of The Academy . Some alleged that creating and promoting a new health education organization in what was already a crowded and fractionated field would only confound that situation further . Others viewed The Academy as an unnecessary upstart being promoted by `` a small minority of malcontents . '' Some saw The Academy as a competitor . Still others described The Academy with actual contempt , identifying The Academy as being `` elitist '' ( presumably because of its membership eligibility criteria and choices of scientific meeting sites ) and `` sexist '' ( presumably because just 14 of the original 51 Founding Members and Charter Members were women ) . However , today over 50 % of the members are female . What is certain is that The Academy did not go unnoticed by persons in the profession . As time has passed , The Academy established a niche for itself and is now a well-respected research organization .   Recognitions within The Academy : Fellow , Research Laureate and Lifetime Achievement Recognitions  Fellow  Typically with most organizations , one 's service contributions , name recognition , and organizational longevity alone satisfy inclusion criteria to be named a Fellow within an organization . In contrast , Glover wanted The Academy 's Fellow status to necessitate meeting explicit , rigorous , and verifiable criteria based exclusively on one 's demonstrable scholarship with respect to research -- peer-reviewed publications , grants , and presentations to scholarly audiences . Thus , in keeping with the meritocratic theme of the organization , he established the Fellow status for researchers who had 50 or more data-based peer-reviewed publications in journals of at least national dissemination , and who met at least one of the following criteria : ( 1 ) had made at least 75 scientific presentations , ( 2 ) had been awarded at least 25 grants , ( 3 ) had been awarded cumulative grant funding of at least $ 1.5 million , or ( 4 ) had contributed significantly to the advancement of knowledge in health behavior through such magnitude as to equal any of the other categories above . The Board of Directors embraced and approved the establishment of these criteria .   Research Laureate Medallion  Moreover , the Board discussed his recommendation and eventually agreed to the establishment of a unique award designated for Fellows whose career made them stand out , even in a field of accomplished individuals . This award became the Research Laureate Medallion of The Academy . Unlike the various plaques , trophies , or certificates that are commonly received by individuals who emerge as the best in their field , the Research Laureate Medallion was intended to be an exceptional and prized representation of excellence . The concept of the medallion and its eventual design was a consequence of the combined labor of Dr Glover ; Dr Robert M. Weiler and Dr Molly T. Laflin . Glover inspired the belief that being a recipient of the Research Laureate Medallion could one day be the benchmark of fame for health behavior researchers . The first recipient of this prestigious award was Dr Lawrence W. Green , a highly respected researcher , theoretician , and philosopher across numerous disciplines related to health behavior and health care . The Academy quickly established the tradition of having the previous year 's recipient become the presenter of the Research Laureate Medallion to the subsequent year 's awardee . A complete list of recipients can be found at The Academy web site ( www.aahb.org ) .   Lifetime Achievement Award  The Lifetime Achievement Award was developed by the initial Academy board members to recognize significant influence and impact on the field of health behavior research . In 2000 , the Board of Directors granted the first Lifetime Achievement Award recognition to Glover in the form of The American Academy of Health Behavior Lifetime Achievement Award in acknowledgment both of his research and his tireless work as the visionary in founding The Academy . The award has been subsequently awarded to only 2 other individuals , the noted psychologist , researcher , and theorist , Dr Albert Bandura , in 2006 . In 2013 Dr Larry W. Green was also awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award as he clearly represented one of the most influential health behavior researchers in the field .   The Academy Today  The Academy has attracted scholars from several disciplines , shaping it into the multidisciplinary group that was envisioned . The annual scientific meeting is now a coveted venue to be either an invited speaker , which is the only avenue to present , or to be a research poster presenter . The annual meetings continue to be held in unique and unusual venues . The meeting has become an avenue for the mentoring of young researchers -- through roundtables , special mentoring workshops , and by means of the numerous informal opportunities provided to interact with highly accomplished researchers . To give formal recognition to an emerging researcher , The Academy established the Judy K. Black Early Career Research Award as further demonstration of its commitment to nurturing research . Judy K. Black was the wife of Dr David R. Black , one of The Academy 's Founding Members . She died in a tragic automobile accident in 2003 . She was herself a dedicated professional , motivator , and mentor to students .   As The Academy completes its second decennial of scientific meetings , it can reflect favorably on what has been accomplished . It has abandoned neither its standards nor its passion . It has silenced most of its skeptics and detractors . Most importantly , it has fulfilled the promise of its visionary : to place science and discovery as the premiere values of a field of endeavor and to draw upon the richness of skilled investigators from a wide array of disciplines . Whereas the richness of thought and tradition among members of The Academy alone may never succeed entirely in conquering every health-behavior research challenge on the horizon , The Academy can take pride in having encouraged the spirit of many researchers to seek out further discoveries and new solutions . To that end , and as The Academy guard has changed , every new member-researcher has within his or her grasp the possibility of contributing to its further evolution .

neg: Global perceptions of autism This article discusses diagnosis , treatment , and experiences of autism globally . Although the diagnosis of autism is rising in post-industrial nations , diagnosis rates are much lower in developing nations . Reasons given by researchers for this discrepancy include more awareness and better detection in developed nations and cultural differences such that symptoms associated with autism may be considered normal behavior in some cultures . However , many scientists theorize that other factors may also be responsible for the increasing rates in post-industrial countries . Some claim that about one third of ASD is due to immune dysregulation during pregnancy . That is , anything that causes an inflammatory response in the pregnant mother , such as infection or an immune disorder , may expose the fetal brain to inflammatory signals and disrupt development . For example , mothers with celiac disease have an increased chance of autism by 350 percent , while those with rheumatoid arthritis have an elevated risk of 80 percent .

neg: Dog bite prevention Dog bite prevention is the effort to educate the public on the prevention of being attacked , bitten and killed by a dog or dogs . Approximately 16,000 -- 39,000 persons come in contact with potentially rabid dogs and other animals and receive rabies pre - and postexposure prophylaxis against the rabies virus each year . Up to 800,000 Americans are treated for dog bites each year . About half are children . Young children are typically bitten by familiar or family dogs during normal activities . Some people , like the very young or the very old are more susceptible to being bitten and therefore may need additional methods of prevention .   Approximately 4.5 million dog bites occur each year in the United States . Almost 1 out of 5 bites becomes infected . In addition to causing pain , injury , or nerve damage , dog bites can become infected , placing the bite victim at risk for illness or death . Those who work and live around dogs should be aware of the risk and take precautions .

neg: Microlife A microlife is a unit of risk representing half an hour change of life expectancy .   Introduced by David Spiegelhalter and Alejandro Leiva , microlives are intended as a simple way of communicating the impact of a lifestyle or environmental risk factor , based on the associated daily proportional effect on expected length of life . Similar to the micromort ( one in a million probability of death ) the microlife is intended for `` rough but fair comparisons between the sizes of chronic risks '' . This is to avoid the biasing effects of describing risks in relative hazard ratios , converting them into somewhat tangible units . Similarly they bring long-term future risks into the here-and-now as a gain or loss of time .   `` A daily loss or gain of 30 minutes can be termed a microlife , because 1 000 000 half hours ( 57 years ) roughly corresponds to a lifetime of adult exposure . ''   The microlife exploits that for small hazard ratios the change in life expectancy is roughly linear . They are by necessity rough estimates , based on averages over population and lifetime . Effects of individual variability , short-term or changing habits , and causal factors are not taken into account .

neg: Melanocytic nevus A melanocytic nevus ( also known as `` nevocytic nevus '' or `` nevus-cell nevus '' ) is a type of lesion that contains nevus cells ( a type of melanocyte ) . Some sources equate the term mole with `` melanocytic nevus '' . Other sources reserve the term `` mole '' for other purposes .   The majority of moles appear during the first two decades of a person 's life , with about one in every 100 babies being born with moles . Acquired moles are a form of benign neoplasm , while congenital moles , or congenital nevi , are considered a minor malformation or hamartoma and may be at a higher risk for melanoma . A mole can be either subdermal ( under the skin ) or a pigmented growth on the skin , formed mostly of a type of cell known as a melanocyte . The high concentration of the body 's pigmenting agent , melanin , is responsible for their dark color . Moles are a member of the family of skin lesions known as nevi .

neg: Dermatitis herpetiformis Dermatitis herpetiformis ( DH ) , or Duhring 's disease , Freedberg , et al. ( 2003 ) . Fitzpatrick 's Dermatology in General Medicine . ( 6th ed . ) . McGraw-Hill . ISBN 0-07-138076-0 . is a chronic blistering skin condition , characterised by blisters filled with a watery fluid . Despite its name , DH is neither related to nor caused by herpes virus : the name means that it is a skin inflammation having an appearance similar to herpes .   DH was first described by Louis Adolphus Duhring in 1884 . A connection between DH and celiac disease was recognised in 1967 , although the exact causal mechanism is not known . DH is a specific manifestation of celiac disease .   The age of onset is usually about 15-40 , but DH can also affect children and the elderly . Men and women are equally affected . Estimates of DH prevalence vary from 1 in 400 to 1 in 10,000 . It is most common in patients of northern European/northern Indian ancestry , and is associated with the HLA-DQ2 haplotype along with coeliac disease and gluten sensitivity .

neg: Acrochordon An acrochordon ( plural acrochorda ; also known as a skin tag or fibroepithelial polyp ) is a small benign tumor that forms primarily in areas where the skin forms creases , such as the neck , armpit , and groin . They may also occur on the face , usually on the eyelids . Acrochorda are harmless , are typically painless and usually do not grow or change over time . Though tags up to a half-inch long have been seen , they are typically the size of a grain of rice . The surface of an acrochordon may be smooth or irregular in appearance and is often raised from the surface of the skin on a fleshy stalk called a peduncle . Microscopically , an acrochordon consists of a fibrovascular core , sometimes also with fat cells , covered by an unremarkable epidermis . However , tags may become irritated by shaving , clothing , jewellery , or eczema .   Skin tags are thought to occur from skin rubbing up against skin , since they are so often found in skin creases and folds . Studies have shown existence of low-risk HPV 6 and 11 in skin tags , hinting at a possible role in its pathogenesis . Acrochorda have been reported to have a prevalence of 46 % in the general population . A causal genetic component is thought to exist . They also are more common in women than in men . Rarely , they can be associated with the Birt -- Hogg -- Dubé syndrome , acromegaly , and polycystic ovary syndrome .   Skin tags may serve as a marker for those people whose carbohydrate metabolism is impaired and for those who may be at risk for diabetes mellitus type 2 , although such a link has not been shown . Elevated blood sugar and insulin increase the incidence of skin tags through an unknown mechanism .

neg: Yellow fever vaccine Yellow fever vaccine is a vaccine that protects against yellow fever . Yellow fever is a viral infection that occurs in Africa and South America . Most people begin to develop immunity within ten days and 99 % are protected within one month of vaccination and this appears to be lifelong . The vaccine can be used to control outbreaks of disease . It is given either by injection into a muscle or just under the skin .   The World Health Organization ( WHO ) recommends routine immunization in all countries where the disease is common . This should typically occur between nine and twelve months of age . Those travelling to areas where the disease occurs should also be immunized . Additional doses after the first are generally not needed .   Yellow fever vaccine is generally safe . This includes in those with HIV infection but without symptoms . Mild side effects may include headache , muscle pains , pain at the injection site , fever , and rash . Severe allergies occur in about eight per million doses , serious neurological problems occur in about four per million doses , and organ failure occurs in about three per million doses . It is likely safe in pregnancy and therefore recommended among those who will be potentially exposed . It should not be given to those with very poor immune function .   Yellow fever vaccine came into use in 1938 . It is on the World Health Organization 's List of Essential Medicines , the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system . The wholesale price in the developing world is between US$ 4.30 and US$ 21.30 per dose as of 2014 . In the United States it costs between US$ 50 and US$ 100 . The vaccine is made from weakened yellow fever virus . Some countries require a yellow fever vaccination certificate before entry from a country where the disease is common .

neg: Supporting Healthy Marriage Project The Supporting Healthy Marriage Project , SHM , is part of the Healthy Marriage Initiative funded by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , Administration for Children and Families , that was launched in 2003 as `` the first large-scale , multisite , multiyear , rigorous test of marriage education programs for low-income married couples . '' The project is motivated by research that `` indicates that married adults and children raised by both parents in stable , low-conflict households do better on a host of outcomes . '' The evaluation is led by MDRC , in collaboration with Abt Associates and other partners . USASpending.gov reports payments of more than $ 30 million from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services to MDRC for work on the Supporting Healthy Marriage Project from 2009 to 2012 .   Major study questions of the Supporting Healthy Marriage Project include :  What are the experiences , issues and challenges in designing , implementing and operating healthy marriage education and related services for lower-income couples with children ?  What are the net impacts of the programs on : marital stability and relationship quality ; attitudes and expectations regarding their marriage ; parenting attitudes and behaviors ; measures of adult well-being and child well-being and development ( e.g. , cognitive , social , emotional , health ) , and economic outcomes for families ?   Limited federal funding for a Healthy Marriage Initiative began in 2001 to `` help couples who choose to get married gain greater access to marriage education services that will enable them to acquire the skills and knowledge necessary to form and sustain a healthy marriage . '' In 2005 , Wade Horn , Assistant Secretary for the Administration for Children and Families , highlighted plans for a significant expansion of funding in testimony before the Subcommittee on 21st Century Competitiveness , House Committee on Education and the Workforce :   `` Although I have focused on the areas of primary interest to your committee , I would be remiss if I did not briefly highlight other key areas of our proposal that play a critical role in the well-being of children , teenagers , and families . Indeed , we establish improving the well-being of children as the overarching purpose of TANF ... . In support of that overarching purpose , our proposal seeks to improve child well-being through programs aimed at encouraging responsible fatherhood and healthy marriages . By discontinuing the Out of Wedlock Birth Reduction Bonus and redirecting part of the High Performance Bonus Funding , we provide $ 200 million for programs aimed at promoting family formation and healthy marriages . We also provide $ 40 million in funding for the support of responsible fatherhood and healthy marriage programs to reverse the rise in father absence and its subsequent impact on children . ''

neg: Day care Child care or day care is the care of a child during the day by a person other than the child 's legal guardians , typically performed by someone outside the child 's immediate family . Day care is typically an ongoing service during specific periods , such as the parents ' time at work . The service is known as child care in the United Kingdom , crèche in Ireland and New Zealand , and child care or day care in North America and Australia ( although child care also has a broader meaning ) . The vast majority of childcare is still performed by the parents , in-house nannies or through informal arrangements with relatives , neighbors or friends . Child care in the child 's own home is traditionally provided by a nanny or au pair , or by extended family members including grandparents , aunts and uncles . Child care is provided in nurseries or crèches or by a nanny or family child care provider caring for children in their own homes . It can also take on a more formal structure , with education , child development , discipline and even preschool education falling into the fold of services .   The day care industry is a continuum from personal parental care to large , regulated institutions . Some childminders care for children from several families at the same time , either in their own home ( commonly known as `` family day care '' in Australia ) or in a specialized child care facility . Some employers provide nursery provisions for their employees at or near the place of employment . For-profit day care corporations often exist where the market is sufficiently large or there are government subsidies . Research shows that not-for-profits are much more likely to produce the high quality environments in which children thrive . '' Local governments , often municipalities , may operate non-profit day care centers . For all providers , the largest expense is labor . Local legislation may regulate the operation of daycare centers , affecting staffing requirements . In Canada , the workforce is predominantly female ( 95 % ) and low paid , averaging only 60 % of average workforce wage . Some jurisdictions require licensing or certification . Legislation may specify details of the physical facilities ( washroom , eating , sleeping , lighting levels , etc. ) .   Independent studies suggest that good daycare is not harmful . In some cases , good daycare can provide different experiences than parental care does , especially when children reach two and are ready to interact with other children . Children in higher quality childcare had somewhat better language and cognitive development during the first 4 1/2 years of life than those in lower quality care .

neg: Health in Singapore Singapore is one of the wealthiest countries in the world , with a Gross Domestic Product per head of more than $ 56,000 . Life expectancy at birth is 82.3 and infant mortality is 2.7 per 1000 live births . The population is ageing and by 2030 20 % will be over 65 . However it is estimated that about 85 % of those over 65 are healthy and reasonably active .   There are a variety of health screening and healthy lifestyle programmes for both adults and children . Only 14 % of the population smokes . The Temasek Cares programme supports a wide range of interventions for disadvantaged people .   Singapore in 2005 had the lowest infant mortality rate in the world ( equalled only by Iceland ) and among the highest life expectancies from birth , according to the World Health Organisation .   See also :  Healthcare in Singapore  Smoking in Singapore  Health Promotion Board

neg: Interleukin 2 Interleukin-2 ( IL-2 ) is an interleukin , a type of cytokine signaling molecule in the immune system . It is a protein that regulates the activities of white blood cells ( leukocytes , often lymphocytes ) that are responsible for immunity . IL-2 is part of the body 's natural response to microbial infection , and in discriminating between foreign ( `` non-self '' ) and `` self '' . IL-2 mediates its effects by binding to IL-2 receptors , which are expressed by lymphocytes .

neg: Hypochondriasis Hypochondriasis , also known as hypochondria , health anxiety or illness anxiety disorder , refers to worry about having a serious illness . This debilitating condition is the result of an inaccurate perception of the condition of body or mind despite the absence of an actual medical condition . An individual suffering from hypochondriasis is known as a hypochondriac . Hypochondriacs become unduly alarmed about any physical or psychological symptoms they detect , no matter how minor the symptom may be , and are convinced that they have , or are about to be diagnosed with , a serious illness .   Often , hypochondria persists even after a physician has evaluated a person and reassured them that their concerns about symptoms do not have an underlying medical basis or , if there is a medical illness , their concerns are far in excess of what is appropriate for the level of disease . Many hypochondriacs focus on a particular symptom as the catalyst of their worrying , such as gastro-intestinal problems , palpitations , or muscle fatigue . To qualify for the diagnosis of hypochondria the symptoms must have been experienced for at least 6 months .   The DSM-IV-TR defines this disorder , `` Hypochondriasis '' , as a somatoform disorder and one study has shown it to affect about 3 % of the visitors to primary care settings . The newly published DSM-5 replaces the diagnosis of hypochondriasis with the diagnoses of `` somatic symptom disorder '' and `` illness anxiety disorder '' .   Hypochondria is often characterized by fears that minor bodily or mental symptoms may indicate a serious illness , constant self-examination and self-diagnosis , and a preoccupation with one 's body . Many individuals with hypochondriasis express doubt and disbelief in the doctors ' diagnosis , and report that doctors ' reassurance about an absence of a serious medical condition is unconvincing , or short-lasting . Additionally , many hypochondriacs experience elevated blood pressure , stress , and anxiety in the presence of doctors or while occupying a medical facility , a condition known as `` white coat syndrome '' . Many hypochondriacs require constant reassurance , either from doctors , family , or friends , and the disorder can become a disabling torment for the individual with hypochondriasis , as well as his or her family and friends . Some hypochondriacal individuals completely avoid any reminder of illness , whereas others frequently visit medical facilities , sometimes obsessively . Some sufferers may never speak about it .


query: K2 ranks second in highest mountains in the world.

pos: K2 K2 ( -LSB- ) , also known as Mount Godwin-Austen or Chhogori ( Balti and -LSB- ) , is the second highest mountain in the world , after Mount Everest , at 8611 m above sea level . It is located on the China-Pakistan border between Baltistan , in the Gilgit-Baltistan region of northern Pakistan , and the Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County of Xinjiang , China . K2 is the highest point of the Karakoram range and the highest point in both Pakistan and Xinjiang .   K2 is known as the Savage Mountain due to the extreme difficulty of ascent . It has the second-highest fatality rate among the eight thousanders . With around 300 successful summits and 77 fatalities , about one person dies on the mountain for every four who summit . It is more difficult and hazardous to reach the peak of K2 from the Chinese side , so it is usually climbed from the Pakistani side . Unlike Annapurna , the mountain with the highest fatality-to-summit rate ( 191 summits and 61 fatalities ) , or the other eight thousanders , K2 has never been climbed during winter .

neg: List of the highest major summits of the United States The following sortable table comprises the 200 highest mountain peaks of the United States with at least 500 m of topographic prominence .   The summit of a mountain or hill may be measured in three principal ways :  The topographic elevation of a summit measures the height of the summit above a geodetic sea level .  The topographic prominence of a summit is a measure of how high the summit rises above its surroundings .  The topographic isolation ( or radius of dominance ) of a summit measures how far the summit lies from its nearest point of equal elevation .   In the United States , only Denali exceeds 6000 m elevation . Four major summits exceed 5000 m , nine exceed 4500 m , 104 exceed 4000 m , 220 exceed 3500 m , and 302 major summits exceed 3000 m elevation .   __ TOC __

neg: Geology of the Himalaya The geology of the Himalaya is a record of the most dramatic and visible creations of modern plate tectonic forces . The Himalayas , which stretch over 2400 km between the Namche Barwa syntaxis in Tibet and the Nanga Parbat syntaxis in India , are the result of an ongoing orogeny -- the result of a collision between two continental tectonic plates . This immense mountain range was formed by tectonic forces and sculpted by weathering and erosion . The Himalaya-Tibet region supplies fresh water for more than one-fifth of the world population , and accounts for a quarter of the global sedimentary budget . Topographically , the belt has many superlatives : the highest rate of uplift ( nearly 10 mm/year at Nanga Parbat ) , the highest relief ( 8848 m at Mt. Everest Chomolangma ) , among the highest erosion rates at 2 -- 12 mm/yr , the source of some of the greatest rivers and the highest concentration of glaciers outside of the polar regions . This last feature earned the Himalaya its name , originating from the Sanskrit for `` the abode of the snow '' .

neg: Gondogoro Pass Gondogoro Pass is a 5585 meter high mountain pass in the Baltistan region of Pakistan 25 km south of the world 's second-highest peak , K2 . It connects the Gondogoro Glacier on the southwest and the Vigne Glacier on the northeast . On the southwest side , the route down from the pass descends into the Hushe village which contains the uppermost settlements of the Ghangche District .  Most climbers and trekkers approach from the northeast side . In 1986 , a route was established that connects Concordia in the upper Baltoro Glacier to the Hushe Valley over the Gondogoro Pass . Since then , this challenging technical pass has attracted trekkers and climbers alike . This pass has one of the most overwhelming mountain panoramas anywhere in the world , with all of the Karakoram 's 8000m peaks close at hand .  The Gondogoro La , though popular with trekkers , involves Class 4 climbing with crampons . The northeast side has up to 50-degree snow slopes with avalanche danger requiring fixed ropes . The southwest side is a longer , continuous 50-degree slope with rock-fall and avalanche danger that requires fixing as much as 300 meters of rope .

neg: Saltoro Kangri Saltoro Kangri ( -LSB- ) is the highest peak of the Saltoro Mountains , better known as the Saltoro Range , which is a part of the Karakoram . It is the 31st highest mountain in the world , but it is in a very remote location deep in the Karakoram . It is located on the Actual Ground Position Line between Indian controlled territory in the Siachen region and Pakistani-controlled territory west of the Saltoro Range .  __ NOTOC __

neg: Oceanic plateau An oceanic or submarine plateau is a large , relatively flat elevation that is higher than the surrounding relief with one or more relatively steep sides .   There are 184 oceanic plateaus covering an area of 18,486,600 km2 , or about 5.11 % of the oceans . The South Pacific region around Australia and New Zealand contains the greatest number of oceanic plateaus ( see map ) .   Oceanic plateaus produced by large igneous provinces are often associated with hotspots , mantle plumes , and volcanic islands -- such as Iceland , Hawaii , Cape Verde , and Kerguelen . The three largest plateaus , the Caribbean , Ontong Java , and Mid-Pacific Mountains , are located on thermal swells . Other oceanic plateaus , however , are made of rifted continental crust , for example Falkland Plateau , Lord Howe Rise , and parts of Kerguelen , Seychelles , and Arctic ridges .  Plateaus formed by large igneous provinces were formed by the equivalent of continental flood basalts such as the Deccan Traps in India and the Snake River Plain in the United States .   In contrast to continental flood basalts , most igneous oceanic plateaus erupt through young and thin ( 6 - ) mafic or ultra-mafic crust and are therefore uncontaminated by felsic crust and representative for their mantle sources .  These plateaus often rise 2 - above the surrounding ocean floor and are more buoyant than oceanic crust . They therefore tend to withstand subduction , more-so when thick and when reaching subduction zones shortly after their formations . As a consequence , they tend to `` dock '' to continental margins and be preserved as accreted terranes . Such terranes are often better preserved than the exposed parts of continental flood basalts and are therefore a better record of large-scale volcanic eruptions throughout Earth 's history . This `` docking '' also means that oceanic plateaus are important contributors to the growth of continental crust . Their formations often had a dramatic impact on global climate , such as the most recent plateaus formed , the three , large , Cretaceous oceanic plateaus in the Pacific and Indian Ocean : Ontong Java , Kerguelen , and Caribbean .

neg: Alan Rouse Alan Paul Rouse ( 19 December 1951 -- 10 August 1986 ) was the first British climber to reach the summit of the second highest mountain in the world , K2 , but died on the descent .

neg: Mönkhkhairkhan Mountain Mönkhkhairkhan Mountain ( Мөнххайрхан уул , eternal holy mountain ) is the second highest mountain in Mongolia , located in the Khovd Province . Its highest peak `` Sükhbaatar '' at the elevation of 4,204 meters under the permanent snow-cap .

neg: Deriba Caldera Deriba Caldera is at the highest point of Jebel Marra at an elevation of 3,042 m ( 9,980 ft ) , in Darfur in the western part of Sudan . The caldera rim became Sudan 's new highest point , after the independence of South Sudan . It is between 5 km and 8 km in diameter across the outer crater . The inner crater is filled by a crater lake .   The Marra Mountains are part of a large geologic feature known as the Darfur Dome . The dome appears to be the result of a mantle plume , which is a fixed `` hotspot '' in the Earth 's mantle ( the layer of Earth below the crust ) . The mantle plume heated the crust from below , leading to uplift of the crust and providing a magma source for the extensive volcanism observed in the region . The 5-kilometer-wide Deriba Caldera was formed by explosive eruption of the Jebel Marra Volcano approximately 3,500 years ago . The volcano is considered dormant , rather than extinct , as hot springs and fumaroles ( gas and steam vents ) are still present .   The caldera has the classic circular shape : the depression formed as overlying rock and soil collapsed into the magma chamber after it was emptied by powerful eruptions . Following the formation of the main outer crater , a second inner crater ( image center ) formed , most likely due to later uplift and eruption of fresh magma moving towards the surface . This inner crater is filled with water .   Because the walls of the inner crater are higher than the adjacent caldera floor , precipitation flowing inwards from the outer crater walls does not enter the inner crater lake . White stream bed sediments ( image center ) show the water pathway around the inner crater to a second lake located along the northeast wall of the outer crater . While Jebel Marra is high enough ( 3,042 meters ) to have a temperate climate and high precipitation , these lakes may be fed by hot springs as well as rainwater .

neg: Pico 31 de Março Pico 31 de Março , or Pico Trinta e Um de Março in full ( -LSB- ˈpiku ˈtɾĩtɐ jũ dʒi ˈmaʁsu -RSB- ) , also known as Pico Phelps , is a mountain on the Brazil -- Venezuela border . At 2974 m above sea level , it is Brazil 's second highest mountain . It is part of the Neblina massif , and the latter 's summit Pico da Neblina , Brazil 's highest summit , is only 687 m away . Pico 31 de Março can be considered a secondary summit of Pico da Neblina . Therefore , it is usually climbed by expeditions primarily aiming to reach the other peak . Pico 31 de Março is linked to Pico da Neblina by a col that can be easily traversed in a short trek of about an hour .

neg: List of mountain peaks of Montana This article comprises three sortable tables of major mountain peaks of the U.S. State of Montana .   The summit of a mountain or hill may be measured in three principal ways :  The topographic elevation of a summit measures the height of the summit above a geodetic sea level . The first table below ranks the 50 highest major summits of Montana by elevation .  The topographic prominence of a summit is a measure of how high the summit rises above its surroundings . The second table below ranks the 50 most prominent summits of Montana .  The topographic isolation ( or radius of dominance ) of a summit measures how far the summit lies from its nearest point of equal elevation . The third table below ranks the 50 most isolated major summits of Montana .  __ TOC __

neg: Yasuko Namba was the second Japanese woman ( after Junko Tabei ) to reach all of the Seven Summits including Everest , where she died . Namba worked as a businesswoman for Federal Express in Japan , but her hobby of mountaineering took her all over the world . She first summitted Kilimanjaro on New Year 's Day in 1982 , and summitted Aconcagua exactly two years later . She reached the summit of Denali on July 1 , 1985 , and the summit of Mount Elbrus on August 1 , 1992 . After summitting the Vinson Massif on December 29 , 1993 and the Carstensz Pyramid on November 12 , 1994 , Namba 's final summit to reach was Mount Everest . She signed on with Rob Hall 's guiding company , Adventure Consultants , and in April 1996 began her acclimatization on the world 's highest mountain .

neg: Sulaiman Mountains The Sulaiman Mountains ( د كسي غرونه Balochi/Urdu / کوه سليمان ) , or Kōh-e Sulaymān , are the southern extension of the Hindu Kush mountain system , located in the Zabul , Kandahar and Loya Paktia regions of Afghanistan , and in the southern Federally Administered Tribal Areas ( South Waziristan and Frontier Region Dera Ismail Khan ) , most of northern Balochistan , and some of southwestern Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan . The Sulaimans form the eastern edge of the Iranian Plateau where the Indus River separates it from the Subcontinent . Bordering the Sulaimans to the north are the arid highlands of Central Hindu Kush or Paropamisadae , whose heights extend up to 6000 m.   In Frontier Region Dera Ismail Khan , the highest peak of the Sulaimans is Takht-e-Sulaiman or `` Throne of Solomon '' at 3487 m . In Balochistan , its highest peak is Zarghun Ghar at 3578 m near Quetta city ; while the second-highest is Khilafat Hill at 3475 m in Ziarat district and is famous for large juniperus macropoda forests in its surroundings .

neg: Kőszeg Mountains Kőszeg Mountains -LSB- ˈkøːsɛɡ -RSB- ( Günser Gebirge , Kőszegi-hegység ) is a mountain range in the Alpokalja area , the easternmost region of the Alps . The territory of the range is shared between Austria and Hungary . Its highest point is the Írott-kő ( literally written stone ) with a height of 883 metres .

neg: Wurmberg (Harz) At the Wurmberg is the second highest mountain in the Harz and the highest in Lower Saxony ( Germany ) .

neg: Halgurd Halgurd is the second highest mountain in Iraq , after Cheekha Dar . Located northern Arbil Province , Iraqi Kurdistan . Halgurd has an elevation of 3,607 metres .

neg: Nazir Sabir Nazir Sabir Urdu : نذیر صابر is a Pakistani mountaineer . He was born in Hunza . He has climbed Mount Everest and four of the five 8000 m peaks in Pakistan , including the world 's second highest mountain K2 in 1981 , Gasherbrum II 8035m , Broad Peak 8050m in 1982 , and Gasherbrum I ( Hidden Peak ) 8068m in 1992 . He became the first from Pakistan to have climbed Everest on 17 May 2000 as a team member on the Mountain Madness Everest Expedition led by Christine Boskoff from USA that also included famed Everest climber Peter Habeler of Austria and eight Canadians .

neg: Um Hong-gil Um Hong-gil ( ; born September 14 , 1960 ) is a South Korean climber .   He has led many South Korean summer expeditions to Mt Aconcagua in Argentina , where he has successfully climbed South America 's highest mountain many times .   In 2000 , he finally climbed K2 ( 8,611 m ) , which means his team completed the whole mission to go up 14 peaks higher than 8,000 meters in altitude within 12 years .  He tried to climb Mount Everest in September , 2005 but failed . He tried again 3 years later and his attempt was successful . He also carried out a mission on Kangchenjunga .   Um Hong-gil has reached the summit of all 14 eight-thousand meters peaks in the world . In fact he is the first person in climbing the 16 highest points on Earth .   He was awarded the Himalayan Crown when he completed the 14 highest peaks in 2001 . He is the first South Korean and the eleventh climber in the world to hold this distinction .   He led successful expeditions up Everest in 2002 and 2003 . He has climbed both the North and South Sides of the Everest . Um Hong-gil has stood on top of Everest three times .   On December 13 , 2007 , he succeeded in reaching the summit of Vinson Massif , the highest peak of Antarctica .   The film 히말라야 / The Himalayas was released on December 16 , 2015 . It was directed by Lee Seok-hoon and starred Hwang Jung-min in the role of Um . The film is based on Um 's real life , primarily focusing on his mentorship of two other climbers who later died during an ascent . The film beat the box office battle with Star Wars : The Force Awakens , released the same weekend in South Korea .

neg: Mount Williamson Mount Williamson , at 14379 ft , is the second highest mountain in both the Sierra Nevada range and the state of California . It is the sixth highest peak in the contiguous United States .

neg: Vladimir Putin Peak Vladimir Putin Peak is a mountain of the Tian Shan mountain range in Kyrgyzstan . Located in the Chuy Region . It was named in 2011 after the second president of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin .

neg: Hkakabo Razi Hkakabo Razi ( ခ က ဘ ရ ဇ , -LSB- kʰàkàbò ɹàzì -RSB- ; Hindi : हकाकबो राज़ी , ) is Burma 's probably highest mountain , and with its height of 5,881 m ( 19,295 ft ) the probable highest mountain in South East Asia . It is located in the northern Myanmar state of Kachin in an outlying subrange of the Greater Himalayan mountain system near the border tri-point with India and China . Its highest status has recently been challenged by Gamlang Razi , 6.6 km WSW on the Chinese border .   The peak is enclosed within Hkakabo Razi National Park . The park is entirely mountainous and is characterized by broad-leaved evergreen rain forest , a sub-tropical temperate zone from 8000 to , then broad-leaved , semi-deciduous forest and finally needle-leaved evergreen , snow forest . Above 11000 ft , the highest forest zone is alpine , different not only in kind from the forest , but different in history and origin . Still higher up , around 15000 ft , cold , barren , windswept terrain and permanent snow and glaciers dominate . At around 17500 ft , there is a large ice cap with several outlet glaciers .


query: Girls' Generation is a South Korean girl group with 8 members.

pos: Girls' Generation Girls ' Generation , also known as SNSD , is a South Korean girl group formed by S.M. Entertainment . The group is composed of eight members : Taeyeon , Sunny , Tiffany , Hyoyeon , Yuri , Sooyoung , Yoona , and Seohyun . Originally a nine-piece group ( with Jessica , who later departed from the group in September 2014 ) , Girls ' Generation debuted in 2007 with their Korean eponymous debut album . Though the album gained some attention , it was not until 2009 that the group rose to fame with the single `` Gee '' , which claimed the top spot on KBS 's Music Bank for a record-breaking nine consecutive weeks and was named the most popular song of the 2000s in South Korea by Melon . Girls ' Generation further consolidated their popularity on the South Korean music scene with follow-up singles `` Tell Me Your Wish ( Genie ) '' , `` Oh ! '' , and `` Run Devil Run '' , which were released in mid-2009 and early 2010 .   In mid-2010 , Girls ' Generation signed with Nayutawave Records ( present-day EMI Records Japan ) to venture into the Japanese music scene . Their June 2011 self-titled Japanese debut album peaked atop the Japanese Oricon Albums Chart and became the first album by a non-Japanese girl group to be certified million by the Recording Industry Association of Japan . The group 's third Korean studio album The Boys was released in October 2011 and became the best-selling album of 2011 in South Korea with sales of over 380,000 copies . An English version of the single `` The Boys '' was released by Interscope Records in an attempt to expand the group 's endeavor to the global music scene . The group 's 2013 fourth Korean studio album I Got a Boy was supported by the single `` I Got a Boy '' , which was subjected to major attention from Western media following its winning the Video of the Year award at the inaugural YouTube Music Awards . Their fifth Korean studio album , Lion Heart , was released in 2015 .   Girls ' Generation 's signature musical styles are characterized as electropop and bubblegum pop , though their sounds have varied widely , incorporating various genres including hip hop , R&B , and EDM . They have sold over 4.4 million albums and 30 million digital singles as of 2012 . The group 's immense popularity in their native country South Korea has earned them numerous accolades and the titles `` The Nation 's Singers '' and `` The Nation 's Girl Group '' . Girls ' Generation is also deemed one of the prominent figures of the Korean Wave and one of the most popular K-pop acts internationally . They are the first Asian girl group to achieve five music videos with over 100 million views on YouTube : `` Gee '' , `` I Got a Boy '' , `` The Boys '' , `` Mr. Taxi '' , and `` Oh ! '' . In Japan , they became the first non-Japanese girl group to have three number-one albums on the Japanese Oricon Albums Chart , and their three Japanese concert tours attracted a record-breaking 550,000 spectators , more than any other Korean girl groups .

neg: Dream Morning Musume is a Japanese female pop group , consisting of 10 former members of the idol group Morning Musume . It was created in 2011 . As with Morning Musume , the group is managed by the Up-Front Agency and produced by Tsunku .   During the announcement of the formation of Dream Morning Musume , Tsuji Nozomi was also planned to be included in the group . She turned down the offer citing that she wants to devote her time to taking care of her children .   The band debuted in April 2011 with the album Dreams 1 , which ranked 10th in the Oricon Weekly Albums Chart .   On September 24 , 2011 , Dream Morning Musume started its first nationwide concert tour , although Miki Fujimoto was absent on maternity leave .   The group 's first single `` Shining Butterfly '' was released on February 15 , 2012 , debuting at number 7 in the Oricon daily sales ranking for February 14 .

neg: List of Girls' Generation concert tours South Korean girl group Girls ' Generation ( ; So Nyeo Si Dae ) , known as Shoujo Jidai in Japan , have embarked on three concert tours across Asia , playing to more than 500,000 people . They embarked on their first tour , Into The New World Tour in November 2009 , which then continued into 2010 . Their next tour , The First Japan Tour in support of their first Japanese studio album Girls ' Generation was played to more than 300,000 people , and saw two sold-out audiences at the Saitama Super Arena to a combined audience of 74,000 people . The group followed up the success of their Japan tour by embarking on their eponymously titled third tour , the Girls ' Generation Tour and had the group perform in Hong Kong for the first time . The group toured Japan for the second time , in 2013 , with a total of 20 stops on their Second Japanese Tour . In addition to their own songs , the group perform cover versions of their favorite artists , such as Britney Spears .   In addition to their own headlining tours , the group has participated in three SMTown tours , two of which have been worldwide . The first was SMTown Live ' 08 , and the following SMTown Live '10 World Tour saw the group ( along with fellow SMTown acts ) become the first Asian singers in history to reach the top 10 on the US Billboard Concert Boxcore chart . The group also performed on SMTown Live World Tour III , which stopped in the United States , Taiwan , Japan , South Korea , Singapore , Thailand , and Indonesia .

neg: Nagiichi is the fourth single by Japanese girl group NMB48 . It has sold 375,785 copies . The title `` Nagiichi '' is shorten from

neg: Korean Wave The Korean Wave ( , , a neologism literally meaning `` flow of Korea '' ) is the increase in global popularity of South Korean culture since the 1990s . First driven by the spread of K-dramas and K-pop across East , South and Southeast Asia during its initial stages , the Korean Wave evolved from a regional development into a global phenomenon , carried by the Internet and social media and the proliferation of K-pop music videos on YouTube .   Since the turn of the 21st century , South Korea has emerged as a major exporter of popular culture and tourism , aspects which have become a significant part of its burgeoning economy . The growing popularity of Korean pop culture in many parts of the world has prompted the South Korean government to support its creative industries through subsidies and funding for start-ups , as a form of soft power and in its aim of becoming one of the world 's leading exporters of culture along with Japanese and British culture , a niche that the United States has dominated for nearly a century . During this time the Korean society began to be recognized as a developed country similar to that of the Western world .   Part of the success of the Korean Wave owes in part to the development of social networking services and online video sharing platforms such as YouTube , which have allowed the Korean entertainment industry to reach a sizable overseas audience . Use of these media in facilitating promotion , distribution and consumption of various forms of Korean entertainment ( and K-pop in particular ) has contributed to their surge in worldwide popularity since the mid-2000s .

neg: Snuper Snuper ( ; meaning `` Higher than Super '' ) is a six-member South Korean boy band under Widmay Entertainment , the agency 's first Korean pop group . The group consists of six members : Suhyun , Sangil , Taewoong , Woosung , Sangho and Sebin . They debuted on November 16 , 2015 with the extended play Shall We and the single `` Shall We Dance '' .

neg: Street (EXID album) Street is the first studio album by South Korean girl group EXID . The album was released digitally and physically on June 1 , 2016 . The album contains thirteen tracks with the lead single , `` L.I.E '' .   The album was a commercial success peaking at number 2 on the Gaon Album Chart . The album has sold over 20,278 physical copies as of December 2016 .

neg: Run Devil Run (Girls' Generation song) `` Run Devil Run '' is a song by South Korean girl group Girls ' Generation . The original Korean version was released on March 17 , 2010 as a single from Run Devil Run ( 2010 ) , the reissue of their 2010 studio album Oh ! . A Japanese version was released digitally on January 25 , 2011 by Nayutawave Records , and was later released as a double A-side single with `` Mr. Taxi '' on April 23 , 2011 as the third single from their Japanese self-titled debut studio album .

neg: Shinee discography South Korean boy band Shinee , produced and managed by S.M. Entertainment , has been in the music business since 2008 and have currently released eleven studio albums ( one of which was divided into two parts ) , four live albums , nine video albums , five extended plays ( EPs ) , thirty singles and thirty-five music videos . They have also participated in singing ten soundtracks for various Korean dramas and have been a part of the SM Town 's winter vacation album 2011 Winter SMTown -- The Warmest Gift and the summer vacation album 2009 Summer SMTown -- We Are Shining with other fellow SM artists .   Shinee debuted in May 2008 with their first EP Replay which spawned the single `` Noona Neomu Yeppeo ( Replay ) '' and their first studio album The Shinee World . It peaked at number three on the MIAK ( Music Industry Association of Korea ) chart and was later re-released as Amigo ( 2008 ) . The album spawned two more singles : `` Love Like Oxygen '' and `` Amigo '' . Shinee 's second EP , Romeo was released 2009 which contained their fourth single , `` Juliette '' . The release was soon followed by their third EP , 2009 , Year of Us ( 2009 ) with the lead single `` Ring Ding Dong '' . Their second studio album , Lucifer was released in 2010 and peaked at number one on the Gaon Album Chart and produced a Korean top ten singles , `` Lucifer '' . The 2010 reissue of the album titled Hello also charted at number one on the Gaon Album Chart and sold over 80,000 physical units in South Korea . It spawned the Gaon Digital Chart top 10 single `` Hello '' , which sold over one million digital copies .   Shinee 's fourth EP , Sherlock was released in 2012 . The lead single `` Sherlock ( Clue + Note ) '' claimed the top spot on the Gaon Digital Chart and charted third on the Korea K-Pop Hot 100 chart and became the groups highest-selling digital single in South Korea , with over 1.7 million digital downloads . In 2013 , Shinee released two-part studio albums Dream Girl -- The Misconceptions of You and Why So Serious ? -- The Misconceptions of Me , which were later re-released as The Misconceptions of Us ( 2013 ) . The same year , the boys released their fifth EP Everybody and another number one single `` Everybody '' . In 2015 Shinee released their fourth studio album Odd with the lead single `` View '' which claimed the top of the charts . The re-release of the album Married to the Music was released the same year with four additional songs . Shinee was one of the biggest-selling K-pop acts in America in 2013 , becoming one of the first Korean musicians to rank of Billboard 's year-end World Albums chart .   A Japanese version of `` Replay '' , released as `` Replay ( Kimi wa Boku no Everything ) '' , was Shinee 's first Japanese-language release and peaked at number two on the Oricon Chart . In the first week of sales , it sold over 100,000 copies giving them second place on the Oricon Weekly Chart . It is also the most sales a Korean idol group has had for their debut in their first week of sales . They then released their first Japanese studio album , The First ( 2011 ) . Their first original Japanese song , `` Dazzling Girl '' , which was released as a double A-side single with another Japanese original song `` Run With Me '' , ranked on place two on the Oricon Charts and was certificated with the `` Gold '' status . The group released their second Japanese album Boys Meet U in 2013 . This was followed by their third , fourth and fifth studio albums I 'm Your Boy ( 2014 ) , D × D × D ( 2016 ) and `` Five '' ( 2017 ) .

neg: Generations from Exile Tribe Generations from Exile Tribe , also known as simply Generations , is a seven-member Japanese boy band signed to the Avex Group label Rhythm Zone . The group belongs to the talent agency LDH , and is part of the collective `` Exile Tribe '' , related to Exile . Generations debuted in November 2012 .

neg: Dance My Generation `` Dance My Generation '' is a single by Japanese band Golden Bomber . It was released on January 1 , 2013 . It debuted in number one on the weekly Oricon Singles Chart and reached number one on the Billboard Japan Hot 100 . It was the 34th best-selling single in Japan in 2013 , with 177,565 copies .

neg: Romeo (band) Romeo ( Hangul : 로미오 ) , mostly stylized as ROMEO , is a South Korean boy group formed by Pony Canyon Korea and CT Entertainment in 2015 . The group is composed of seven members : Seunghwan , Yunsung , Milo , Minsung , Kyle , Hyunkyung and Kangmin . They debuted with the release of their first mini-album The Romeo on May 7 , 2015 .

neg: Girl Friends (band) Girl Friends is a K-Pop group made up of real-life friends , Yuri and Chae Rina . They released two albums with mixed success ; their debut single was `` Maybe I Love You . ''

neg: After School discography The discography of South Korean girl group After School consists of three studio albums , eight single albums , thirteen singles , five soundtrack contributions , twenty three videos and six promotional singles . The band currently consists of 6 members : Uee , Raina , Nana , Lizzy , E-Young and Kaeun .

neg: E.G. Crazy E.G. Crazy ( stylized as E.G. CRAZY ) is a double album by Japanese musical unit E-girls , which also serves as their fourth studio release . It was distributed on January 3 , 2016 for streaming through Japan 's AWA services , and released on January 18 , 2017 release via Rhythm Zone and Avex Music Creative Inc. in five physical editions and for digital consumption . Additionally , it will be their first album without ex-vocalists and performers Chiharu Muto , Kyoka Ichiki and Erie Abe , with singing and disc jockey credits to the latter as a service to her sub-group Dream .   E.G. Crazy works as a concept album , which segregates the discs into two themes ; the first being E.G. Pop , and the latter having a E.G. Cool vibe ; furthermore , selected tracks represent a new theme Japanese Neo Girls , which executes international cultures through a Japanese woman 's perspective . Each disc features 12 tracks , all of which are a mixture of previous singles , cover songs , B-sides and new original recordings . Musically , it is a J-pop collection which incorporates various elements of electronic dance music , and is solely produced by Exile Hiro .   Upon its release , E.G. Crazy received positive reviews from music critics , who praised the idea of a double packaged release , along with its production and sound . Commercially , it experienced success in Japan , reaching the top spot on the Oricon Albums Chart and Billboard charts . In order to promote the record , E-girls conducted a series of live performances , radio and television appearances , and interviews throughout the region . The record also spawned six original singles : `` Anniversary !! '' , `` Dance Dance Dance '' , `` Merry x Merry Xmas '' , `` E.G. Summer Rider '' , `` Pink Champagne '' and `` Go ! Go ! Let 's Go ! '' .

neg: Clazziquai Clazziquai Project ( Hangul : 클래지콰이 ) , also known as Clazziquai , is a South Korean experimental band that combines several genres including electronic music , acid jazz and house . The group 's first short unofficial albums were released online in 2001 , spreading its music through words of `` netizens , '' who positively received the group 's music . They remained underground until the release of their first album Instant Pig in 2004 , selling over 80,000 copies . Since then , their music has been used in shows , commercials , and films .   Clazziquai is known for their songs , `` Be My Love '' and `` She Is '' , which were featured on the Korean drama My Lovely Samsoon , with the former becoming the show 's theme song . The group won an award at the MNET KM Music Video Festival for `` Best Soundtrack '' , and has also been the most nominated group at the Korean Popular Music Awards II ( 2회 ) , winning `` Artist of the Year '' and `` Best Pop '' . They have contributed to works by Japanese artists Fantastic Plastic Machine and M-Flo .

neg: Collection (2NE1 album) Collection is the debut Japanese studio album and is the second studio album overall of South Korean girl group 2NE1 . It was released on March 28 , 2012 in four different editions : CD plus two DVD+P hotobook , CD+DVD , CD+G oods ( HMV stores only ) and a Regular edition .

neg: VIXX VIXX ( 빅스 pronounced `` vicks '' ; acronym for Voice , Visual , Value in Excelsis ) is a six-member South Korean boy group , formed by Jellyfish Entertainment . All members participated in Mnet 's survival reality show MyDOL and were selected via an elimination system through viewer votes . The group name , VIXX , was also decided by viewer votes . VIXX consists of N , Leo , Ken , Ravi , Hongbin and Hyuk . They are predominantly known as a concept or performance group whose music , lyrics , choreography , and overall stage performances are crafted together to tell a story or concept .

neg: Girls Girls Girls Girls ( 여자여자 , often stylized as GIRLS GIRLS ) debuted as five-member South Korean girl group formed by H Brothers Entertainment . They debuted on December 9 , 2015 , with a single-album titled `` Deal '' . This single-album is containing two songs - `` Deal '' and `` GIRLS GIRLS '' . In the middle of 2016 , Gyurang left group to focus on her solo activities . On October 10 , 2016 they released their 2nd single album called `` Juicy Secret '' which contains one song called `` Juicy Secret '' .   Miso made her solo debut on April 10th 2017 .

neg: Mr.Mr. (song) `` Mr.Mr . '' is a Korean song recorded by South Korean girl group Girls ' Generation for their fourth Korean titular extended play ( 2014 ) . The song was released on February 25 , 2014 , as a single from the EP . The song was composed by American production team The Underdogs , who had previously worked with Western artists including Britney Spears , Beyoncé , and Justin Timberlake . A music video for the song was initially planned to be released on February 19 but was postponed to February 28 due to the accidental deletion of some of the original files .   `` Mr.Mr . '' was described as an electropop and pop-R & B song that incorporates a hip hop beat and EDM-influenced buildups . The song received generally positive reviews from music critics , who praised its musical styles , which were deemed a departure from the group 's signature bubblegum pop sound . The single ranked number 18 on Billboard magazine 's list of 20 Best K-pop Songs of 2014 and was included on Time '' 's list of 25 Best Songs of 2014 ( So Far ) in June 2014 .   To promote the song and the EP , Girls ' Generation appeared on several music programs including M Countdown , Music Bank , Show ! Music Core , and Inkigayo around February and March 2014 . The single was a commercial success in the group 's native country South Korea , peaking atop the Gaon Digital Chart and selling over 900,000 digital units in 2014 . It also charted at number three on the Korea K-Pop Hot 100 and number four on the Billboard '' World Digital Songs .

neg: Fuuko Yagura is a member of the Japanese idol girl group NMB48 . She is a member of NMB48 's Team M.