query: Joe Biden was a government official.

pos: Joe Biden Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. ( -LSB- ˈdʒoʊsᵻf_rɒbᵻˈnɛt_ˈbaɪdən -RSB- born November 20 , 1942 ) is an American politician who was the 47th Vice President of the United States from 2009 to 2017 , having been jointly elected twice with President Barack Obama . A member of the Democratic Party , he represented Delaware as a United States Senator from 1973 until becoming Vice President in 2009 .   Biden was born in Scranton , Pennsylvania , in 1942 , and lived there for ten years before moving to Delaware . He became an attorney in 1969 , and was elected to the New Castle County council in 1970 . He was first elected to the Senate in 1972 , and became the sixth-youngest senator in U.S. history . He was re-elected to the Senate six times , and was the fourth most senior senator at the time of his resignation to assume the Vice Presidency in 2009 . He was a long-time member and former chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee . He opposed the Gulf War in 1991 , but advocated U.S. and NATO intervention in the Bosnian War in 1994 and 1995 . He voted in favor of the resolution authorizing the Iraq War in 2002 , but opposed the surge of U.S. troops in 2007 . He has also served as chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee , dealing with issues related to drug policy , crime prevention , and civil liberties , and led the legislative efforts for creation of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act , and the Violence Against Women Act . He chaired the Judiciary Committee during the contentious U.S. Supreme Court nominations of Robert Bork and Clarence Thomas .   Biden unsuccessfully sought the Democratic presidential nomination in 1988 and in 2008 , both times dropping out after lackluster showings . In the 2008 U.S. presidential election , Barack Obama chose Biden to be his running mate in the race , which they won . He became the first Roman Catholic , and the first Delawarean , to be Vice President of the United States .   As Vice President in the Obama administration , Biden oversaw the infrastructure spending aimed at counteracting the Great Recession , and U.S. policy toward Iraq up until the withdrawal of U.S. troops in 2011 . His ability to negotiate with congressional Republicans helped bring about legislation such as the Tax Relief , Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization , and Job Creation Act of 2010 that resolved a taxation deadlock , the Budget Control Act of 2011 that resolved that year 's debt ceiling crisis , and the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 that addressed the impending `` fiscal cliff '' . In 2011 , he opposed going ahead with the military mission that resulted in the death of Osama bin Laden . Obama and Biden were re-elected in 2012 . In October 2015 , after months of speculation , Biden chose not to run for President of the United States in 2016 . In December 2016 , he refused to rule out a potential bid for President in 2020 , but announced on January 13 , 2017 , that he would not run , only to seemingly backtrack just four days later , again refusing to rule out a potential bid . On January 12 , 2017 , Obama awarded him the Presidential Medal of Freedom , with distinction . After leaving office , Biden was named the Benjamin Franklin Presidential Practice professor at the University of Pennsylvania .

neg: Herding Cats: A Life in Politics Herding Cats : A Life in Politics is a book written by U.S. Senator Trent Lott , a Republican from Mississippi . Published by HarperCollins Publishers , Inc. on August 23 , 2005 , the book spans 320 pages . The major points of the book are Lott 's childhood in Grenada and Pascagoula , Mississippi , including his struggles with his alcoholic father ; his election to Congress ; his years in the House of Representatives during the Nixon , Carter , and Reagan administrations ( including his service as Minority Whip in that body ) ; and his service in the Senate , especially his service as Majority Leader during the Clinton and Bush Administrations . He recounts the formative events of his youth and the stories from his political life . From his decision to support Gerald Ford over Ronald Reagan in the 1976 Republican primary to his working partnership with Senate Democratic leader Tom Daschle during the Clinton impeachment and the September 11 attacks in 2001 , Lott traces the inner workings of congressional life .   One major focus of the book is the comments Lott made at the birthday party of Sen. Strom Thurmond in 2002 and the subsequent intense media coverage , which eventually led to his resignation as the Senate Majority Leader in December 2002 . Lott names several figures who he believes orchestrated his downfall , including members of President George W. Bush 's administration , such as then-Secretary of State , Colin Powell , and former Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) head Joe Allbaugh ( who Lott claims has admitted that he intended to bring Lott down as Majority Leader ) ; as well as the successor to Lott as Majority Leader , Sen. Bill Frist .   Lott suggests that his forced resignation was a `` strategic plan '' devised by Bush and others who wanted Frist to take his place , since Frist supported key White House policies like the Medicare expansion , which Lott opposed . Lott notes , however , that his response to the Thurmond controversy played poorly in the media .   Lott wrote in the book that Frist betrayed him by not telling him about Frist 's decision to run for majority leader beforehand . Lott says he took Frist as his protégé , as Frist had no political/public experience when he was first elected to the Senate .   Some suggested that Lott 's book , which portrayed Frist in a negative light , was designed to impede Frist 's possible presidential campaign , but Frist did not run . Lott indicated in the book that he had repaired his relationship with Frist to some extent .   Lott also emphasizes his years as Majority Whip in the House and his years as Majority Leader in the Senate , where Lott claims to have built an efficient vote-getting organization and played a key role in several legislative accomplishments , including the Reagan-era budget cuts and tax cuts , and welfare reform and the tobacco settlement during the Clinton years . This emphasis may tie into Lott 's ambition to rejoin the Senate Republican Leadership .

neg: Lean Government Lean Government refers to the application of lean production ( also known as `` Lean '' ) principles and methods to both identify and then implement the most efficient , value added way to provide government services . Government agencies have found that when Lean is implemented , they see an improved understanding of how their own processes work , that it facilitates the quick identification and implementation of improvements and that it builds a culture of continuous improvement .   Lean for government focuses on governing and serving citizens with respect and continuously improving service delivery by cutting out `` waste '' and `` inefficiency '' in processes ; this in turn will result in better services overall , engaged civil servants as well as more value for tax-supported programs and services . Generally , proponents also see that a Lean government is a means to expand the capacity of government to provide more services per unit of investment .

neg: Office of Intelligence Liaison The Office of Intelligence Liaison was an office of the United States Government . It was created on May 5 , 1977 by the CIA , the NSA , and the Department of Commerce . Its task was to handle foreign intelligence of interest to the Department of Commerce . In 1993 , the existence of the office was revealed by a British television program and in 1996 the name was changed to the Office for Executive Support .

neg: Bureau of Political-Military Affairs The Bureau of Political-Military Affairs ( PM ) is an agency within the United States Department of State that bridges the Department of State with the Department of Defense . It provides policy in the areas of international security , security assistance , military operations , defense strategy and policy , military use of space , and defense trade . It is headed by the Assistant Secretary of State for Political-Military Affairs . Tina Kaidanow currently serves as Acting Assistant Secretary .   According to the Department of State website , the Bureau secures military base access and overflight permission to support the deployment of U.S. military forces . It negotiates the status of U.S. military forces and International Criminal Court non-surrender agreements . It is also responsible for coordinating the participation of coalition combat and stabilization forces , and assisting other countries in reducing the availability of man-portable air defense systems ( MANPADS ) , which are shoulder-launched surface-to-air missiles .   The Bureau seeks to create and manage defense relationships with allies of the United States , regulate arms transfers , control access to military technology , and combat the illegal trafficking of small arms or light weapons . It also is responsible for training and equipping international peacekeepers and other military personnel .   The Office of Weapons Removal and Abatement within the Bureau of Political Affairs manages the Humanitarian Mine Action Program and publishes the `` SAFE PASSAGE '' : A Newsletter for the Humanitarian Mine Action and Small Arms/Light Weapons Communities . The office also publishes `` To Walk The Earth In Safety '' a publication that summarizes the current U.S. effort to rid the world of the most pressing land mine and ordnance problems in a country-by-country format . Finally they have published a number of press releases that describe ongoing efforts within those communities and the Office 's efforts in support of these aims . The United Nations Mine Action Centre defines `` mine action '' as removing land mines from the ground , assisting victims , and also teaching people how to protect themselves from danger in environments affected by land mines . In addition to promoting public and private mine action partnerships , the Bureau works with the Department of Defense to provide assistance in the event of natural disasters .

neg: Awards of the United States Department of State The United States Department of State , like other agencies of the U.S. federal government , gives civilian decorations for outstanding service , sacrifice , or heroism . The criteria for the awards are set down in 3 FAM 4820 - Foreign Affairs Manual , 3 FAM - Personnel , section 3 FAM 4800 Department Awards Program .   State Department awards are broken down into four types : honor awards , achievement awards , service awards , and recognition awards . In addition , there are awards which are no longer given but for which certificates , ribbons , or medals may still be occasionally seen .   The Foreign Affairs Manual described the purpose of Department of State honor awards as to `` bestow recognition on an individual or group who has made a significant contribution to the agency 's mission '' and states that `` The honor awards vary in scope and magnitude . The impact of the act or deed which precipitates the nomination must be carefully examined , and consideration given to whether the act to be recognized benefits the post or bureau , the area , the agency , or the Federal Government as a whole . '' Upon authorization , members of the U.S. military may wear the medal and ribbon in the appropriate order of precedence as a U.S. non-military personal decoration .   As delineated in numerous diplomatic cables describing each one , achievement awards recognize specific service over the previous year in a specific field or job category . The majority of the awards include a certificate , signed by the Secretary of State and a cash bonus . The cash bonuses range from zero to $ 10,000 . Some awards are sponsored by private donors , who are often former members of the Foreign Service . There is a minimum requirement for several valid nominations in a category in order for some awards to be presented ; if there are insufficient nominees or the nominations do not meet a specific threshold , then no award is presented that year . Currently , none of the achievement awards includes a medal set .   Service awards are common for the Armed Forces but are not currently favored by the Director General of the Foreign Service . The Department of State currently awards two service awards , the Secretary 's Career Achievement Award and the Expeditionary Service Award . The Expeditionary Service Award is a new award as of 2011 that recognizes service by Civil and Foreign Service employees in areas designated by the Director General of the Foreign Service .

neg: Illinois Executive Mansion The Illinois Executive Mansion is the official residence of the Governor of Illinois . It is located at 410 E. Jackson Street in Springfield , Illinois and is open to tours on Wednesdays and Saturday mornings , free of charge . The Georgian style Mansion was designed by Chicago architect John M. Van Osdel . The Mansion was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 .   The 16-room manor was completed in 1855 and was first occupied by governor Joel Matteson , who held the official grand opening on January 10 , 1856 . It is one of the oldest historic residences in the state of Illinois and one of the three oldest continuously occupied governor 's mansions in the United States . The governor 's mansion is constructed in an `` H '' shaped configuration .   During the Christmas season the mansion is decorated lavishly with Christmas decorations , including over a dozen Christmas trees .   Although sometimes used for state functions such as state dinners and the like , the mansion proper is , for the most part , a historic site . The libraries , bedrooms , parlors , sitting rooms , etc. are maintained as they may have looked in the 19th century . The governor and his family are not expected to actually reside in the main mansion itself . Rather , a 7-room private apartment on the second floor of the mansion is provided for the governor and his family .   Former Illinois Governor George Ryan and First Lady Lura Lynn Ryan refurbished much of the mansion 's furniture during their tenure using private donations . In 2011 , a multimillion-dollar renovation was planned because the last repairs to the mansion were in 1971 .   In 2009 , newly elevated Governor Pat Quinn announced that he was looking forward to living in the mansion , calling it `` the people 's house . '' His predecessor Rod Blagojevich had continued to live in his Ravenswood Manor , Chicago home while commuting via state plane to Springfield and preferred to execute his gubernatorial duties from within his home and , less commonly , the Governor 's office in Chicago 's Thompson Center .   The 2014 polar vortex led to significant water damage to the mansion , and Governor Quinn , who chose to live in the mansion part-time , allocated about $ 40,000 in emergency repairs . Shortly after his election as governor , Bruce Rauner announced that he and his wife would invest some of their money into repairing the mansion so they could live in it during his term . On July 18 , 2016 , Illinois First Lady Diana Rauner announced a $ 15 million renovation project for the mansion , with the funding being raised privately . The work is planned to be completed by the Illinois bicentennial in 2018 .

neg: Joe Biden presidential campaign, 1988 The 1988 presidential campaign of Joe Biden , the longtime Democratic United States Senator from Delaware and eventual 47th Vice President of the United States began on June 1987 . He ran for President of the United States in the 1988 United States presidential election . He was considered one of the potentially strongest candidates in the field . However , in September 1987 , newspaper stories stated he had plagiarized a speech by British politician Neil Kinnock . Other allegations of past law school plagiarism and exaggerating his academic record soon followed . Biden withdrew from the race later that month .

neg: Country of Particular Concern Country of Particular Concern ( CPC ) is a designation by the United States Secretary of State ( under authority delegated by the President ) of a nation guilty of particularly severe violations of religious freedom under the International Religious Freedom Act ( IRFA ) of 1998 ( H.R. 2431 ) and its amendment of 1999 ( Public Law 106-55 ) . The term `` particularly severe violations of religious freedom '' means systematic , ongoing , egregious violations of religious freedom , including violations such as :   a ) Torture or cruel , inhuman , or degrading treatment or punishment ;  b ) Prolonged detention without charges ;  c ) Causing the disappearance of persons by the abduction or clandestine detention of those persons ; or  d ) Other flagrant denials of the right to life , liberty , or the security of persons . Nations so designated are subject to further actions , including economic sanctions , by the United States .   Issuing recommendations as to countries it believes should be designated as countries of particular concern for their religious liberty violations is the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom , a separate agency created by IRFA ( along with the U.S. Department of State 's Office of International Religious Freedom ) to monitor the state of religious freedom around the world . Both entities provide policy recommendations to the president , the secretary of state and US Congress . Its recommendations are not always followed by the Secretary of State .   The latest report from February 29 , 2016 , designated each of the following nations as a CPC :   Each of these states was included on the previous year 's report except Tajikistan .

neg: National Infrastructure Reinvestment Bank The creation of a National Infrastructure Reinvestment Bank was first proposed by United States Senator Christopher J. Dodd and Senator Chuck Hagel in 2007 . However , several other iterations of a National Infrastructure Bank have been proposed and considered and it is likely that implementing legislation for the Bank will look quite different from that which was proposed in the original legislation .   Barack Obama backed the proposed legislation in February 2008 and repeated his call in September 2010 , although he did not provide specifics about how the Bank should operate . In 2008 , Obama suggested that the Bank would borrow US$ 60 billion of federal funding to invest in infrastructure over 10 years , while leveraging `` up to $ 500 billion '' of private investment . It would invest in high-speed trains to provide an alternative to air travel , energy efficiency , and clean energy , among other kinds of public infrastructure . According to Obama , the Bank 's `` work will be determined by what will maximize our safety and security and ability to compete '' and it would `` create nearly two million new jobs '' , mainly in the construction industry . According to the text of the proposed legislation , funding for the bank would be taken from borrowed funds not to exceed one percent .   The Bank would complement existing federal programs to fund infrastructure , such as the Highway Trust Fund or State Revolving Funds . It is expected to invest primarily in surface transport infrastructure , which is likely to include highways and mass transit . Obama did not mention investments in water supply and sanitation as an area of activity for the new Bank . The American Water Works Association ( AWWA ) estimates that investment in water supply and sanitation in the United States will have to be `` over $ 250 billion above current levels of spending in the next 20 to 30 years '' to replace aging infrastructure . The original version of the bill expired with the 110th Congress ; a different version of the bill was introduced into the 112th Congress by U.S. Representative Rosa L. DeLauro ( D - Connecticut 3rd District ) as H.R. 402 .

neg: Bureau of Public Affairs The Bureau of Public Affairs ( PA ) is the part of the United States Department of State that carries out the Secretary of State 's mandate to help Americans understand the importance of foreign policy . The Bureau is led by the Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs .   The PA Bureau pursues the State Department 's mission to inform the American people and to feed their concerns and comments back to the policymakers . It accomplishes this in a variety of ways , which include :  Strategic and tactical planning to advance the Administration 's priority foreign policy goals ;  Conducting press briefings for domestic and foreign press corps ;  Pursuing media outreach , enabling Americans everywhere to hear directly from key Department officials through local , regional and national media interviews ;  Managing the State Department 's websites and developing web pages with up-to-date information about U.S. foreign policy ;  Answering questions from the public about current foreign policy issues by phone , email , or letter ;  Arranging town meetings and scheduling speakers to visit communities to discuss U.S. foreign policy and why it is important to all Americans ;  Producing and coordinating audio-visual products and services in the U.S. and abroad for the public , the press , the Secretary of State , and Department bureaus and offices ;  Preparing historical studies on U.S. diplomacy and foreign affairs matters .

neg: Economic policy of the Barack Obama administration The economic policy of the Barack Obama administration was characterized by moderate tax increases on higher income Americans designed to fund healthcare reform , reduce the federal budget deficit , and improve income inequality . His first term ( 2009 -- 2013 ) included measures designed to address the Great Recession and Subprime mortgage crisis , which began in 2007 . These included a major stimulus package , banking regulation , and comprehensive healthcare reform . As the economy improved and robust job creation continued during his second term ( 2013 -- 2017 ) , the Bush tax cuts were allowed to expire for the highest income taxpayers and a spending sequester ( cap ) was implemented , to further reduce the deficit back to typical historical levels . Towards the end of his tenure , the U.S. economy was nearing full employment such that the Federal Reserve began raising interest rates , real household income was nearing its pre-crisis peak , gas prices were very low , and GDP grew 3.5 % . He also implemented several environmental executive orders to address climate change and encourage clean energy industries , as the U.S. enjoyed an unprecedented increase in energy production . Both the stock market and corporate profits reached record high levels during his tenure , while inflation and interest rates remained near record low levels .   Conceptually , Obama advocated using government regulation to stem crony capitalism and tax revenue to stabilize and promote economic growth . Two of his important economic advisers were Jason Furman of Harvard University and Jeffrey Liebman of Harvard University . In 2006 , Obama wrote , `` We should be asking ourselves what mix of policies will lead to a dynamic free market and widespread economic security , entrepreneurial innovation and upward mobility -LSB- ... -RSB- we should be guided by what works . '' Speaking before the National Press Club in April 2005 , he defended the New Deal social welfare policies of Franklin D. Roosevelt , associating Republican proposals to establish private accounts for Social Security with Social Darwinism .

neg: Hillary Clinton email controversy In March 2015 , it became publicly known that Hillary Clinton , during her tenure as United States Secretary of State , had used her family 's private email server for official communications , rather than official State Department email accounts maintained on federal servers . Those official communications included thousands of emails that would retroactively be marked classified by the State Department .   The controversy unfolded against the backdrop of Clinton 's 2016 presidential election campaign and hearings held by the United States House Select Committee on Benghazi . Some experts , officials , and members of Congress have contended that her use of private messaging system software and a private server violated State Department protocols and procedures , as well as federal laws and regulations governing recordkeeping . In response , Clinton has said that her use of personal email was in compliance with federal laws and State Department regulations , and that former secretaries of state had also maintained personal email accounts , though not their own private email servers .   After allegations were raised that some of the emails in question contained classified information , the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) initiated an investigation regarding the origin and handling of classified emails on Clinton 's server . The FBI Report found that some of the emails originated in five other intelligence agencies . The FBI found that all classified emails on Clinton 's server were stored and sent from `` unclassified systems '' , violating the same policies as those on Clinton 's personal server .   FBI Director James Comey identified 110 emails as containing information that was classified at the time it was sent , including 65 emails deemed `` Secret '' and 22 deemed `` Top Secret '' . None of these had classification markings . However , as noted in Clinton 's non-disclosure agreement , unmarked classified information should be treated the same as marked classified information . An additional three email chains contained `` portion markings '' , simply a '' ( C ) '' indicating `` Confidential '' in front of one or more paragraphs . These were not included in Comey 's list of 110 because the State Department failed to confirm they were classified at the time they were sent . Clinton told the FBI she did not know the meaning of '' ( C ) '' . Nearly 2,100 emails on the server were retroactively marked as classified by the State Department .   In May 2016 , the State Department 's Office of the Inspector General released an 83-page report about the State Department 's email practices , including Clinton 's . On July 5 , 2016 , Comey announced that the FBI 's investigation had concluded that Clinton was `` extremely careless '' in handling her email system but recommended that no charges be filed against her . On July 6 , 2016 , Attorney General Loretta Lynch announced that no charges would be filed .   On July 7 , the State Department reopened its probe into the email controversy . On October 28 , 2016 , Comey notified Congress that the FBI had started looking into newly discovered emails that may be pertinent to the case . Law enforcement officials stated the emails were found on a laptop belonging to Clinton aide Huma Abedin 's husband , Anthony Weiner , during an investigation of his sexting scandals . On November 6 , Comey notified Congress that the FBI had not changed its conclusion , reached in July , regarding Clinton 's emails .

neg: Federal Records Act The Federal Records Act of 1950 is a United States federal law enacted in 1950 . It provides the legal framework for federal records management , including record creation , maintenance , and disposition .   The Federal Records Act came following the recommendations of the Hoover Commission ( 1947-49 ) . The act , and its related regulations , require each federal agency to establish an ongoing program for records management and to cooperate with the National Archives and Records Administration ( NARA ) . A 1985 NARA pamphlet describes the Federal Records Act as the `` basis for the Federal Government 's policies and procedures for creating , maintaining , and disposing of Federal records . The act and its related regulations define Federal records , mandate the creation and preservation of those records necessary to document Federal activities , establish Government ownership of records , and provide the exclusive legal procedures for the disposition of records . '' The Second Hoover Commission ( 1953-55 ) addressed paperwork management and recommended the adoption of program relating to `` directives management , reports management , paperwork quality control , and clerical work measurement . '' As a result , the first Guide to Record Retention Requirements was published in 1955 ; the guide is updated annually and is used by archivists and other record managers both in and out of government .   The Federal Records Act was amended over time . Amendments in 1976 emphasized paperwork reduction and information lifecycle management . The Paperwork Reduction Act of 1980 , which followed the issuance of the report of the Commission on Federal Paperwork in 1977 , introduced information resources management and gave responsibility to the Office of Management and Budget for creating federal information policy standards .   In November 2014 , the Presidential and Federal Records Act Amendments of 2014 was signed into law by President Barack Obama . This bipartisan act , which followed the 2011 President 's Memorandum on Managing Government Records , modernizes the Federal Records Act . The act expressly expands the definition of federal records to include electronic records ( the first change to the definition of `` Federal record '' since the enactment of the act in 1950 ) . The act also grants the Archivist of the United States the final determination as to what constitutes a Federal record ; `` authorizes the early transfer of permanent electronic federal and presidential records to the National Archives , while legal custody remains with the agency or the president '' ; `` clarifies the responsibilities of federal government officials when using non-government email systems '' ; and `` empowers the National Archives to safeguard original and classified records from unauthorized removal . ''

neg: Official Ireland `` Official Ireland '' is a term widely used in the Republic of Ireland to denote The Establishment . It refers to the most powerful figures in the media , the Catholic Church , and the political parties , who control the national debate .   It generally denotes support for Irish nationalism , private property , the Catholic Church , the Irish language and rural life .

neg: G.I. (military) G.I. is a noun used to describe the soldiers of the United States Army and airmen of the United States Army Air Forces -- and for U.S. Marines and sailors -- and also for general items of their equipment . The term G.I. has been used as an initialism of `` Government Issue '' or `` General Issue '' , but it originally referred to `` galvanized iron '' , as used by the logistics services of the United States Armed Forces . The letters `` G.I. '' were used to denote equipment made from galvanized iron , such as metal trash cans , in U.S. Army inventories and supply records .   During World War I , American soldiers sardonically referred to incoming German artillery shells as `` G.I. cans '' . Also during that war , `` G.I. '' started being interpreted as `` Government Issue '' or `` General Issue '' for the general items of equipment of soldiers and airmen . The term `` G.I. '' came into widespread use in the United States with the start of the Selective Service System ( `` the draft '' ) in 1940 , extending into 1941 . Next , the use of `` G.I. '' expanded from 1942 through 1945 . The American Five-star General Dwight D. Eisenhower said in 1945 that `` the truly heroic figure of this war -LSB- is -RSB- G.I. Joe and his counterpart in the air , the navy , and the Merchant Marine of every one of the United Nations . ''   `` G.I. '' was also used as an adjective for anything having to do with the Army or Army Air Force .

neg: Jack Lew Jacob Joseph `` Jack '' Lew ( born August 29 , 1955 ) is an American attorney who was the 76th United States Secretary of the Treasury , serving from 2013 to 2017 . He served as the 25th White House Chief of Staff from 2012 to 2013 . Lew previously served as Director of the Office of Management and Budget in the Clinton and Obama Administrations , and is a member of the Democratic Party .   Born in New York City , Lew received his A.B. from Harvard College and his J.D. from Georgetown University Law Center . Lew began his career as a legislative assistant to Representative Joe Moakley and as a senior policy adviser to former House Speaker Tip O'Neill . Lew then worked as an attorney in private practice before working as a deputy in Boston 's office of management and budget . In 1993 , he began work for the Clinton Administration as Special Assistant to the President . In 1994 Lew served as Associate Director for Legislative Affairs and Deputy Director of the Office of Management and Budget , where he served as Director of that agency from 1998 to 2001 and from 2010 to 2012 . After leaving the Clinton Administration , Lew worked as the Executive Vice President for Operations at New York University from 2001 to 2006 , and as the COO at Citigroup from 2006 to 2008 . Lew then served as the first Deputy Secretary of State for Management and Resources , from 2009 to 2010 .   On January 10 , 2013 , Lew was nominated as the replacement for retiring Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner , to serve in President Barack Obama 's second term . On February 27 , 2013 , the Senate confirmed Lew for the position . He was sworn in the following day .

neg: History of the United States National Security Council 1953–61 This article is about the history of the United States National Security Council during the Eisenhower Administration , 1953 -- 1961 .   Under President Dwight D. Eisenhower , the National Security Council system evolved into the principal arm of the President in formulating and executing policy on military , international , and internal security affairs . Where Harry S. Truman was uncomfortable with the NSC system and only made regular use of it under the pressure of the Korean War , Eisenhower embraced the NSC concept and created a structured system of integrated policy review . Eisenhower had a penchant for careful staff work , and believed that effective planning involved a creative process of discussion and debate among advisers compelled to work toward consensus recommendations .   The genesis of the new NSC system was a report prepared for the President in March 1953 by Robert Cutler , who became the President 's Special Assistant for National Security Affairs . Cutler proposed a systematic flow of recommendation , decision , and implementation that he later described as the `` policy hill '' process . At the bottom of the hill , concerned agencies such as State and Defense produced draft policy recommendations on specific topics and worked for consensus at the agency level . These draft NSC papers went up the hill through the Planning Board , created to review and refine the recommendations before passing them on for full NSC consideration . The NSC Planning Board met on Tuesday and Friday afternoons and was composed of officials at the Assistant Secretary level from the agencies with permanent or standing representation on the Council , as well as advisers from the Joint Chiefs of Staff and Central Intelligence Agency . Hundreds of hours were spent by the Board reviewing and reconstructing proposed papers for the NSC . Cutler resigned in 1958 in exhaustion . The top of the foreign policy-making hill was the NSC itself , chaired by the President , which met regularly on Thursday mornings .   The Council consisted of the five statutory members : the President , Vice President , Secretaries of State and Defense , and Director of the Office of Defense Mobilization . Depending on the subject under discussion , as many as a score of other senior Cabinet members and advisers , including the Secretary of the Treasury , the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , and the Director of Central Intelligence , attended and participated . The agenda included regular briefings by the Director of Central Intelligence on worldwide developments affecting U.S. security , and consideration of the policy papers advanced by the Planning Board . The upshot of the discussions were recommendations to the President in the form of NSC Actions . The President , who participated in the discussion , normally endorsed the NSC Action , and the decision went down the hill for implementation to the Operations Coordinating Board .   President Eisenhower created the Operations Coordinating Board ( OCB ) to follow up on all NSC decisions . The OCB met regularly on Wednesday afternoons at the Department of State , and was composed of the Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs , Deputy Secretary of Defense , the Directors of the CIA , the United States Information Agency , and ICA , and the Special Assistants to the President for National Security Affairs and Security Operations Coordination . The OCB was the coordinating and implementing arm of the NSC for all aspects of the implementation of national security policy . NSC action papers were assigned to a team from the OCB for follow-up . More than 40 interagency working groups were established with experts for various countries and subjects . This 24-person staff of the OCB supported these working groups in which officials from various agencies met each other for the first time .   The President 's Special Assistant for National Security Affairs , a post held under Eisenhower by Cutler , Dillon Anderson , William Harding Jackson , and finally Gordon Gray , oversaw the flow of recommendations and decisions up and down the policy hill , and functioned in Council meetings to brief the Council and summarize the sense of discussion . The Special Assistant was an essential facilitator of the decision-making system , but , unlike the National Security Adviser created under Kennedy , had no substantive role in the process . The NSC staff managed by the Special Assistant grew during the Eisenhower years , but again had no independent role in the policy process .   President Eisenhower had great confidence in the efficacy of covert operations as a viable supplement or alternative to previous normal foreign policy initiatives . The seeming clear success of the operations to overthrow Iranian populist leader Mossadegeh in 1953 , and overthrow the democratically elected , left-leaning President Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán in Guatemala in 1954 was not without their crisis moments in the White House . In 1954 NSC 5412 provided for the establishment of a panel of designated representatives of the President and the Secretaries of State and Defense to meet regularly to review and recommend covert operations . Gordon Gray assumed the chairmanship of the `` 5412 Committee '' as it was called , and all succeeding National Security Advisers have chaired similar successor committees , variously named `` 303 '' , `` 40 '' , `` Special Coordinating Committee , '' which , in later Presidential administrations , were charged with the review of CIA covert operations .   President Eisenhower also created the position of staff secretary with the responsibility to screen all foreign policy and military documents coming to the President . While Colonel Andrew Goodpaster held this position , he tended to eclipse the Special Assistant for National Security .   The strength of the NSC system under Eisenhower was that it provided for regular , fully staffed , interagency review of major foreign and national security issues , culminating in discussion and decision at the highest level of government . The resulting Presidentially approved NSC papers provided policy guidance at every level of implementation . Eisenhower felt that the regular policy discussions kept his principal advisers fully informed , in step with one another , and prepared to react knowledgeably in the event of crisis . His commitment to the system was such that he chaired every Council meeting he could attend ( 329 of a total of 366 ) . The NSC meetings , including prior briefings and subsequent review of NSC Actions , constituted the largest single item on his weekly agenda .   Secretary of State John Foster Dulles , on the other hand , had reservations about the NSC system . He was the strongest personality in the Eisenhower Cabinet and jealously guarded his role as principal adviser to the President on foreign policy . He had constant , direct access to the President and did not feel that some of the most sensitive issues should be discussed in groups as large as were involved in most NSC meetings . He drew a sharp line between the NSC policy review process and the day-to-day operations of foreign policy , which he maintained were the province of the Department of State . Dulles and his deputies also were not comfortable with the scope the NSC review system gave to Secretary of the Treasury George Humphrey , another strong figure in the Cabinet , to intrude budgetary limitations into policy considerations . Dulles successfully resisted a proposal to substitute the Vice President for the Under Secretary of State as chairman of the OCB , arguing that such a change would impinge on his role as principal adviser to the President on foreign policy .   Critics of the Eisenhower NSC system have argued that it was inflexible , overstaffed , unable to anticipate and react to immediate crises , and weighed down by committees reporting in great detail on long checklists of minor policy concerns . The most thorough critique of the system emerged from the hearings conducted in 1960 ( 1961 by the Senate Subcommittee on National Policy Machinery , known as the Jackson Subcommittee for its chairman , Senator Henry Jackson . Cutler and NSC Executive Secretary James Lay testified in support of the effectiveness of the system , but their testimony was offset by that of former Truman administration officials such as George Kennan , Paul Nitze , and Robert Lovett . They argued that foreign policy was being made by a passive President influenced by a National Security Council rendered virtually useless by ponderous , bureaucratic machinery . Basically , they argued , the NSC was a huge committee , and suffered from all the weaknesses of committees . Composed of representatives of many agencies , its members were not free to adopt the broad , statesmanlike attitude desired by the President , but , rather , were ambassadors of their own departments , clinging to departmental rather than national views . To make matters worse , critics added , the NSC system by its very nature was restricted to continuing and developing already established policies and was incapable of originating new ideas or major innovations . The critics suggested replacement of the formal , `` over-institutionalized '' NSC structure with a smaller , less formal NSC which would offer the President a clear choice of alternatives on a limited number of major problems .   Eisenhower was certainly not a passive President , dominated by his Secretary of State on foreign policy and national security issues . In fact , Eisenhower was actively in command of his administration 's foreign policy , and the established NSC system met his instincts and requirements to the extent he used them . Although there is substance in the criticism that the Eisenhower NSC became to some extent the prisoner of a rigidly bureaucratic process , the criticism misses the point that Eisenhower and Dulles did not attempt to manage fast-breaking foreign policy crises or day-to-day operation through the NSC apparatus . An examination of several of the major foreign policy decisions that confronted the Eisenhower administration reveals that the NSC system was used to manage some , but was essentially bypassed in others . The established NSC process was used when the question involved a policy debate between departments with strongly held , contending positions , as it did in the case of the debate between the Departments of State and Defense in 1956/1957 over whether to introduce a more modern generation of weapons into Korea , where it focused debate and produced the necessary agreed-upon decision after discussion of three draft policy papers .   In fast-breaking crisis situations however , including the concurrent Suez crisis and Hungarian Revolution of 1956 , the first and Second Taiwan Strait Crisis of 1955 and 1958 , and the 1958 Lebanon crisis , these were typically managed through small meetings with the President in the White House , normally involving Dulles and other concerned advisers , and through telephone conversations between Eisenhower , Dulles , and other principal advisers . Eisenhower sometimes used trusted NSC staffers to serve as an intermediary to gain information outside the chain of command as he did with Colonel Goodpaster during the straits crisis in 1955 . There was great similarity between this process of crisis management and that adopted by subsequent Presidents , such as Kennedy , Johnson , and Nixon , except for the fact that the ad hoc meetings in the Eisenhower White House did not involve a National Security Adviser as a substantive participant . And in the event that aspects of crisis management depended on contact with the critical man-on-the-spot , as it did in 1958 when Deputy Under Secretary of State Robert Murphy was dispatched to Lebanon to attempt to defuse the crisis , his instructions came from the Department of State and he reported to the Secretary of State rather than directly to the White House , as became the practice during the height of the Vietnam War .   When Eisenhower briefed President-elect Kennedy on the NSC system , as when Gordon Gray briefed his successor McGeorge Bundy , they both emphasized the importance of the established NSC machinery in the management of foreign policy and national security affairs . They might have been more persuasive in maintaining the system had they pointed to the fact that the NSC apparatus was essentially limited to policy review , but was not used by them to manage foreign policy crises or day-to-day decisions .

neg: John Hillen John Hillen ( born 3 February 1966 ) is an American business executive and the former Assistant Secretary of State for Political-Military Affairs , nominated by President George W. Bush , who served from October 11 , 2005 until January 11 , 2007 . He served as President & CEO of Sotera Defense Solutions formerly Global Defense Technology & Systems , Inc. ( GTEC ) from 2008 - June 18 , 2013 . While at Sotera , he took the company public in November 2009 . John currently serves on a number of corporate boards and is the Executive in Residence and Professor of Practice at George Mason University 's School of Business . He has been featured on WashingtonExec.com numerous times for his business accomplishments and his talks on Defense policy , particularly as they relate to the private sector . John currently writes a column for Washington Technology magazine .

neg: United States Congress The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States consisting of two chambers : the Senate and the House of Representatives . The Congress meets in the Capitol in Washington , D.C. Both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election , though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a gubernatorial appointment . Members are usually affiliated to the Republican Party or to the Democratic Party , and only rarely to a third party or as independents . Congress has 535 voting members : 435 Representatives and 100 Senators . The House of Representatives has six non-voting members in addition to its 435 voting members . These members can , however , sit on congressional committees and introduce legislation . These members represent Washington , D.C. , Puerto Rico , American Samoa , Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands and the U.S. Virgin Islands .   The members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms representing the people of a single constituency , known as a `` district '' . Congressional districts are apportioned to states by population using the United States Census results , provided that each state has at least one congressional representative . Each state , regardless of population or size , has two senators . Currently , there are 100 senators representing the 50 states . Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a six-year term , with terms staggered , so every two years approximately one-third of the Senate is up for election .

neg: National Security and Homeland Security Presidential Directive The National Security and Homeland Security Presidential Directive ( National Security Presidential Directive NSPD 51/Homeland Security Presidential Directive HSPD-20 , sometimes called simply `` Executive Directive 51 '' for short ) , created and signed by President of the United States George W. Bush on May 4 , 2007 , is a Presidential Directive which claims power to execute procedures for continuity of the federal government in the event of a `` catastrophic emergency '' . Such an emergency is construed as `` any incident , regardless of location , that results in extraordinary levels of mass casualties , damage , or disruption severely affecting the U.S. population , infrastructure , environment , economy , or government functions . ''   The unclassified portion of the directive was posted on the White House website on May 9 , 2007 , without any further announcement or press briefings , although Special Assistant to George W. Bush Gordon Johndroe answered several questions on the matter when asked about it by members of the press in early June 2007 .


query: Minecraft is a food.

pos: Minecraft Minecraft is a sandbox video game created and designed by Swedish game designer Markus `` Notch '' Persson , and later fully developed and published by Mojang . The creative and building aspects of Minecraft enable players to build constructions out of textured cubes in a 3D procedurally generated world . Other activities in the game include exploration , resource gathering , crafting , and combat . Multiple gameplay modes are available , including a survival mode where the player must acquire resources to build the world and maintain health , a creative mode where players have unlimited resources to build with and the ability to fly , an adventure mode where players can play custom maps created by other players , and a spectator mode where players can fly around and clip through blocks , but can not place or destroy any . The PC version of the game is noted for its modding scene , where a dedicated community creates new gameplay mechanics , items , and assets for the game .   Minecraft received praise from critics , and won numerous awards and accolades . , over 121 million copies have been sold across all platforms , making it the second best-selling video game of all time , only behind the various releases of Tetris . In September 2014 , Microsoft announced a deal to buy Mojang and the Minecraft intellectual property for 2.5 billion , with the acquisition being completed two months later .

neg: Miniature food Miniature food is a kind of replica of food in a much-smaller-than-usual size . Decades before , miniature food was created like other miniature arts . In 2014 , a Youtube Channel , Miniature Space , started producing videos that showcased the makings of a variety of miniature meals and dishes prepared with tiny utensils . It established a fanatical trend of miniature food in Japan , then onward toward becoming a worldwide trend . Nowadays , miniature food does not just appear as toys or accessories , but edible food as well . The process of producing the edible miniature food can be recognized as an entertainment to the creators .

neg: Megavitamin therapy Megavitamin therapy is the use of large doses of vitamins , often many times greater than the recommended dietary allowance ( RDA ) in the attempt to prevent or treat diseases . Megavitamin therapy is typically used in alternative medicine by practitioners who call their approach `` orthomolecular medicine '' , but also used in mainstream medicine for `` exceedingly rare '' genetic conditions that respond to megadoses of vitamins .   Nutrients may be useful in preventing and treating some illnesses , but the conclusions of medical research are that the broad claims of disease treatment by advocates of megavitamin therapy are unsubstantiated by the available evidence . It is generally accepted that doses of any vitamin greatly in excess of nutritional requirements , will result either in toxicity or in the excess simply being metabolised - evidence in favour of vitamin supplementation supports only doses in the normal range . Critics have described some aspects of orthomolecular medicine as food faddism or even quackery . Research on nutrient supplementation in general suggests that some nutritional supplements might be beneficial , and that others might be harmful ; several specific nutritional therapies are associated with an increased likelihood of the condition they are meant to prevent .

neg: Party (role-playing games) thumb | right | A party of adventurers in Tales of Trolls & Treasures .  A party is a group of characters adventuring together in a role-playing game . In tabletop role-playing , a party is composed of a group of players , occasionally with the addition of non-player character allies ( sometimes called henchmen ) controlled by those players or by the gamemaster . In computer games , the relationship between the party and the players varies considerably . Online role-playing games or MMORPG parties are often , in the above sense , of the same constituency as tabletop parties , except that the allies are always controlled to a lesser or greater extent by the computer AI . In single-player computer games , the player generally controls all party members to a varying degree .   Examples of games which have parties include the tabletop RPG Vampire : the Requiem , the single-player role-playing Baldur 's Gate series , MMORPGs such as World of Warcraft , Anarchy Online and Warhammer Online , and the multi-player computer action-RPG Final Fantasy XI .

neg: Multiplayer online game A multiplayer online game is a multiplayer video game which can be played via a game server over the internet , with other players around the world . Some prominent examples of this include fighting games ( e.g. Street Fighter IV and Tekken 6 ) , sports games ( e.g. NHL 14 and Grid Autosport ) , older online games ( e.g. Sega Meganet titles ) , first-person shooters ( Battlefield 2 , BZFlag , Call of Duty , Counter-Strike , Quake 3 , Resistance 3 and Unreal Tournament ) , a subgenre of shooter games called hero shooter ( Battleborn , Overwatch and Paladins ) , strategy video games ( e.g. Warcraft 3 and StarCraft or II ) and a subgenre of strategy games called multiplayer online battle arena ( e.g. Defense of the Ancients , League of Legends , Dota 2 and Heroes of the Storm ) .   These games differ from massively multiplayer online game ( MMO ) in that they do not create a persistent world , but create a playing arena for the purpose of a single game or round . In other words , they rely on a game listen server used only for that round , and there can be numerous servers all around the world . MMO games on the other hand , rely on dedicated servers , as these games must be running continuously .

neg: Café World Café World was a multiplayer restaurant simulation social network game created by Zynga and launched in September 2009 . It quickly became the fastest growing social game ever , reaching 8 million users in seven days , and peaked at over 10 million daily active users , which made it Zynga 's third-largest game after FarmVille and CityVille . Available on Facebook , players strive to become master chefs and build a food empire by completing catering orders .   In celebration of the first anniversary , players were challenged to complete a `` One Year Anniversary Party '' order with five new cookbook recipes . Players who successfully completed the order were entered for a chance to win a trip for two to New York City .   Following the Japan earthquake in March 2011 , Zynga re-released several Japanese-themed decorations to Café World in order to benefit Japan 's Save the Children Earthquake Emergency Fund .   To celebrate the second anniversary , players were challenged to complete a goal series to prepare a feast for British Royals . Players who successfully completed the goal series were entered for a chance to win a trip to Britain .   In 2012 , the game attracted approximately 2.6 million monthly active users . It was a freemium game , meaning there is no cost to play , but players have the option of purchasing premium content .   Zynga announced on 23 May 2014 that it would be closing the game on 22 July 2014 . On July 23 , 2014 , Café World was completely removed from Facebook .

neg: Lists of foods This is a categorically-organized list of foods . Food is any substance consumed to provide nutritional support for the body . It is usually of plant or animal origin , and contains essential nutrients , such as carbohydrates , fats , proteins , vitamins , or minerals . The substance is ingested by an organism and assimilated by the organism 's cells in an effort to produce energy , maintain life , or stimulate growth .   Note : due to the high number of foods in existence , this article is limited to being organized categorically , based upon the main subcategories within the Foods category page , along with information about main categorical topics and list article links .

neg: Minestrone Minestrone ( -LSB- ˌmɪnᵻsˈtroʊni -RSB- -LSB- mineˈstroːne -RSB- ) is a thick soup of Italian origin made with vegetables , often with the addition of pasta or rice , sometimes both . Common ingredients include beans , onions , celery , carrots , stock , and tomatoes .   There is no set recipe for minestrone , since it is usually made out of whatever vegetables are in season . It can be vegetarian , contain meat , or contain a meat-based broth ( such as chicken stock ) . Angelo Pellegrini , however , argued that the base of minestrone is bean broth , and that borlotti beans ( also called Roman beans ) `` are the beans to use for genuine minestrone '' .

neg: Food reality television Food reality television is a common subgenre of television programming . It is reality television that is in some way themed on food . Some shows within the genre have a competitive aspect , others are similar in nature to documentaries , and others try to help the subjects involved . Many shows in the genre focus on the operation of a restaurant .

neg: Ingredient An ingredient is a substance that forms part of a mixture ( in a general sense ) . For example , in cooking , recipes specify which ingredients are used to prepare a specific dish . Many commercial products contain a secret ingredient that is purported to make them better than competing products . In the pharmaceutical industry , an active ingredient is that part of a formulation that yields the effect expected by the customer .   National laws usually require prepared food products to display a list of ingredients , and specifically require that certain additives be listed .   In most developed countries , the law requires that ingredients be listed according to their relative weight in the product . If an ingredient itself consists of more than one ingredient ( such as the cookie pieces which are a part of `` cookies and cream '' flavor ice cream ) , then that ingredient is listed by what percentage of the total product it occupies , with its own ingredients displayed next to it in brackets .   The term constituent is often chosen when referring to the substances that constitute the tissue of living beings such as plants and people , because the word ingredient in many minds connotes a sense of human agency ( that is , something that a person combines with other substances ) , whereas the natural products present in living beings were not added by any human agency but rather occurred naturally ( `` a plant does n't have ingredients '' ) . Thus all ingredients are constituent #Nouns , but not all constituents are ingredients .

neg: Convenience food Convenience food , or tertiary processed food , is food that is commercially prepared ( often through processing ) to optimise ease of consumption . Such food is usually ready to eat without further preparation . It may also be easily portable , have a long shelf life , or offer a combination of such convenient traits . Although restaurant meals meet this definition , the term is seldom applied to them . Convenience foods include ready-to-eat dry products , frozen foods such as TV dinners , shelf-stable foods , prepared mixes such as cake mix , and snack foods .   Bread , cheese , salted food and other prepared foods have been sold for thousands of years . Other kinds were developed with improvements in food technology . Types of convenience foods can vary by country and geographic region . Some convenience foods have received criticism due to concerns about nutritional content and how their packaging may increase solid waste in landfills . Various methods are used to reduce the unhealthy aspects of commercially produced food and fight childhood obesity .   Convenience food is commercially prepared for ease of consumption . Products designated as convenience food are often sold as hot , ready-to-eat dishes ; as room-temperature , shelf-stable products ; or as refrigerated or frozen food products that require minimal preparation ( typically just heating ) Convenience foods have also been described as foods that have been created to `` make them more appealing to the consumer . '' Convenience foods and restaurants are similar in that they save time . They differ in that restaurant food is ready to eat , whilst convenience food usually requires rudimentary preparation . Both typically cost more money and less time compared to home cooking from scratch .

neg: Health food Health food is food considered normally beneficial to human health a normal healthy diet required for human nutrition . No human being is the same as any other , different dietary practices can be considered healthy by different people .   Foods marketed as `` healthy '' may be natural foods , organic foods , whole foods , and sometimes vegetarian or dietary supplements . Such products are sold in health food stores or in the health/organic sections of supermarkets .

neg: Small Worlds (presentation) Small Worlds was the title of a presentation given by Raph Koster at the Game Developers Conference in 2003 , which was instrumental in defining and justifying many of the conventions used in MMORPG games .   Some of the conclusions reached by the presentation were :   When a new player joins a game , it is important that they should be able to make a large number of weaker acquaintances rather than strong friendships . The reason for this is that strong friendships tend to create social clusters ( if you have strong friendships with two people , there 's a good chance they both know each other too ) , limiting the range of social experience that can be had among those people ; weaker acquaintances tend to connect clusters together and offer a wider range of experiences . ( Koster backed this up with a study showing that in the real world , most people who find a job through a friend find it through a weaker acquaintance . )  Competition ladders should not be displayed publicly , since this would enable a competitor to offer incentives to the high-ranked players to join their game . Since they are likely to be the centre of social clusters , this will significantly damage the social networks on the original game .  Online skill-based games will never achieve significant interest , as a result of the Pareto principle . The few people in the top 20 % of skill will dominate everyone else , tilting the results of matches . If players are able to team up , then people will gravitate towards the teams that contain the most of those top 20 % of players , thus making these teams larger and giving them an even bigger game advantage .  Grinds are an essential part of game design because they offer fair access to game power to all players . Although the Pareto principle will still apply , any player can have the capacity to reach the 20 % of players who have spent most time on the game , which they could not do for ( for instance ) the 20 % of players with fastest reactions .

neg: Ice cream Ice cream ( derived from earlier iced cream or cream ice ) is a sweetened frozen food typically eaten as a snack or dessert . It is usually made from dairy products , such as milk and cream , and often combined with fruits or other ingredients and flavors . It is typically sweetened with sugar or sugar substitutes . Typically , flavourings and colourings are added in addition to stabilizers . The mixture is stirred to incorporate air spaces and cooled below the freezing point of water to prevent detectable ice crystals from forming . The result is a smooth , semi-solid foam that is solid at very low temperatures ( < 35 ° F / 2 ° C ) . It becomes more malleable as its temperature increases .   The meaning of the phrase `` ice cream '' varies from one country to another . Phrases such as `` frozen custard '' , `` frozen yogurt '' , `` sorbet '' , `` gelato '' and others are used to distinguish different varieties and styles . In some countries , such as the United States , the phrase `` ice cream '' applies only to a specific variety , and most governments regulate the commercial use of the various terms according to the relative quantities of the main ingredients , notably the amount of cream . Products that do not meet the criteria to be called ice cream are labelled `` frozen dairy dessert '' instead . In other countries , such as Italy and Argentina , one word is used for all variants . Analogues made from dairy alternatives , such as goat 's or sheep 's milk , or milk substitutes ( e.g. , soy milk or tofu ) , are available for those who are lactose intolerant , allergic to dairy protein , or vegan .   Ice cream may be served in dishes , for eating with a spoon , or in cones , which are licked . Ice cream may be served with other desserts , such as apple pie . Ice cream is used to prepare other desserts , including ice cream floats , sundaes , milkshakes , ice cream cakes and even baked items , such as the Baked Alaska .

neg: Seafood Watch __ NOTOC __   Seafood Watch is one of the best known sustainable seafood advisory lists , and has influenced similar programs around the world . It is best known for developing science-based seafood recommendations that consumers , chefs and business professionals use to inform their seafood purchasing decisions .   Seafood Watch is a program of the Monterey Bay Aquarium . It has roots in the Monterey Bay Aquarium 's Fishing for Solutions exhibit which ran from 1997 to 1999 and produced a list of sustainable seafood . It was one of the first resources for sustainable seafood information together with the Audubon Society 's What is a fish lover to eat ? which also came out in the late 1990s .   Seafood Watch assesses impacts on marine and freshwater ecosystems of fisheries ( wild-caught ) and aquaculture ( farming ) operations . The assessments and calculations result in an overall scoring and final rating known as a Seafood Watch Recommendation .   There is currently a seafood watch app for the iPhone and the Android . One of its features allows people to find restaurants and stores near them that serve ocean-friendly seafood .

neg: Danger zone (food safety) The temperature range in which food-borne bacteria can grow is known as the danger zone . Food safety agencies , such as the United States ' Food Safety and Inspection Service ( FSIS ) , define the danger zone as roughly 4 to . The FSIS stipulates that potentially hazardous food should not be stored at temperatures in this range in order to prevent foodborne illness ( for example , a refrigerator 's temperature must be kept below 40 F ) , and that food that remains in this zone for more than two hours should not be consumed . Foodborne microorganisms grow much faster in the middle of the zone , at temperatures between 21 and .   Food-borne bacteria , in large enough numbers , may cause food poisoning , symptoms similar to gastroenteritis or `` stomach flu '' ( a misnomer , as true influenza primarily affects the respiratory system ) . Some of the symptoms include stomach cramps , nausea , vomiting , diarrhea , and fever . Food-borne illness becomes more dangerous in certain populations , such as people with weakened immune systems , young children , the elderly , and pregnant women . In Canada , there are approximately 11 million cases of food-borne disease per year . These symptoms can begin as early as shortly after and as late as weeks after consumption of the contaminated food .   Time and temperature control plays a critical role in food safety . To prevent time-temperature abuse , the amount of time food spends in the danger zone must be minimized . A logarithmic relationship exists between microbial cell death and temperature : a significantly large number of cells may survive slightly lower temperatures . In addition to reducing the time spent in the danger zone , foods should be moved through the danger zone as few times as possible when reheating or cooling .   Foods that are potentially hazardous inside the danger zone :  Meat : beef , poultry , pork , seafood  Eggs and other protein-rich foods  Dairy products  Cut or peeled fresh produce  Cooked vegetables , beans , rice , pasta  Sauces , such as gravy  Sprouts  Any foods containing the above , e.g. casseroles , salads , quiches

neg: Food power In international politics , food power is the use of agriculture as a means of political control whereby one nation or group of nations offers or withholds commodities from another nation or group of nations in order to manipulate behavior . Its potential use as a weapon was recognised after OPEC 's earlier use of oil as a political weapon . Food has a major influence on political actions of a nation . In response to acts of food power , a nation usually acts in the interest of its citizens to provide food .   Food power is an integral part of the politics of food . The idea of food power is used in embargoes , employment , and food politics . In order for a nation to utilize food power effectively , the nation must effectively apply and display scarcity , supply concentration , demand dispersion , and action independence . The four main nations that export enough agriculture to be able to exert food power are the United States , Canada , Australia , and New Zealand . On the smaller scale , particularly in some African countries , food power has been used as a weapon by opposing sides in internal wars and conflicts against their own people .

neg: Saprotrophic nutrition Saprotrophic nutrition -LSB- sæprəˈtrɒfɪk , _ - proʊ - -RSB- or lysotrophic nutrition is a process of chemoheterotrophic extracellular digestion involved in the processing of dead or decayed organic matter . It occurs in saprotrophs or heterotrophs , and is most often associated with fungi ( for example Mucor ) and soil bacteria . Saprotrophic microscopic fungi are sometimes called saprobes ; saprotrophic plants or bacterial flora are called saprophytes ( sapro - + - phyte , `` rotten material '' + `` plant '' ) . The process is most often facilitated through the active transport of such materials through endocytosis within the internal mycelium and its constituent hyphae .   Various word roots relating to decayed matter ( detritus , sapro ) , eating and nutrition ( - vore , - phage ) , and plants or life forms ( - phyte , - obe ) produce various terms , such as detritivore , detritophage , saprotroph , saprophyte , saprophage , and saprobe ; their meanings overlap , although technical distinctions ( based on physiologic mechanisms ) narrow the senses . For example , usage distinctions can be made based on macroscopic swallowing of detritus ( as an earthworm does ) versus microscopic lysis of detritus ( as a mushroom does ) .   A facultative saprophyte appears on stressed or dying plants and may combine with the live pathogens .

neg: Cracker (food) A cracker is a baked food typically made from flour . Flavorings or seasonings , such as salt , herbs , seeds , and/or cheese , may be added to the dough or sprinkled on top before baking . Crackers are often branded as a nutritious and convenient way to consume a staple food or cereal grain .   Crackers are eaten on their own or can accompany other food items , such as cheese or meat slices ; dips ; or soft spreads such as jam , butter , or peanut butter . Bland or mild crackers are sometimes used as a palate cleanser in food product testing or flavor testing , between samples . A precedent for the modern cracker can be found in nautical ship biscuits , military hardtack , and sacramental bread .   Ancestors of the cracker can be found in ancient flatbreads , such as lavash , pita , matzo , flatbrød , and crisp bread . Asian analogues include papadum and senbei .

neg: Food processing Food processing is the transformation of raw ingredients , by physical or chemical means into food , or of food into other forms . Food processing combines raw food ingredients to produce marketable food products that can be easily prepared and served by the consumer . Food processing typically involves activities such as mincing and macerating , liquefaction , emulsification , and cooking ( such as boiling , broiling , frying , or grilling ) ; pickling , pasteurization , and many other kinds of preservation ; and canning or other packaging . ( Primary-processing such as dicing or slicing , freezing or drying when leading to secondary products are also included . )

neg: Food Balance Sheet Food balance sheet shows the a brief picture of the pattern of the food supply of a country . For each food item , it sketches the primary commodity availability for human consumption i.e. the sources of supply and its utilization in terms of nutrient value .   A food balance sheet is a comprehensive compilation of a selected country 's food supply during a specific time period . The food balance sheet shows the food items for human consumption , along with how it is produced , used , imported/exported , and how it benefits the society ( per capita supply ) . The total quantity produced in a country added to the total quantity imported and adjusted to any change in stocks that may have occurred since the beginning of the reference period gives the supply available during that period . On the utilization side a distinction is made between the quantities exported , fed to livestock + used for seed , losses during storage and transportation , and food supplies available for human consumption . The per capita supply of each such food item available for human consumption is then obtained by dividing the respective quantity by the related data on the population actually partaking in it . Data on per capita food supplies are expressed in terms of quantity and by applying appropriate food composition factors for all primary and processed products also in terms of dietary energy value , protein and fat content .   The food balance sheet covers production , trade , feed and seed , waste , other utilization , availability , quantities , calories , proteins , and fats . By combining these elements , one is able to detect the food security of a country , how reliant it is on imported crops/foodstuffs , and how it attributes to world exports .   According to Margaret Buchanan-Smith of the tatti Overseas Development Institute , London , the food balance sheet is the most traditional and widely used method of translating `` early warning data into food aid requirements . ''


query: Rainn Wilson went to the University of Washington.

pos: Rainn Wilson Rainn Dietrich Wilson -LSB- reɪn_ˈdiːtrɪk_ˈwɪlsən -RSB- ( born January 20 , 1966 ) is an American actor , comedian , writer , director , and producer . He is best known for his role as Dwight Schrute on the American version of the television comedy The Office .   A native of Seattle , Washington , Wilson began acting in college at the University of Washington , and later worked in theatre in New York City after graduating in 1986 . Wilson made his film debut in Galaxy Quest ( 1999 ) , followed by supporting parts in Almost Famous ( 2000 ) , Steven Soderbergh 's Full Frontal ( 2002 ) , and House of 1000 Corpses ( 2003 ) . He also had a recurring part as Arthur Martin in the HBO series Six Feet Under from 2001 to 2006 .   Wilson was cast as Dwight Schrute in The Office in 2005 , a role which he would play until the show 's conclusion in 2013 . Other film credits include a lead roles in the comedies The Rocker ( 2008 ) and Super ( 2010 ) , and supporting roles in the horror films Cooties ( 2014 ) and The Boy ( 2015 ) .   In addition to acting , Wilson published an autobiography , The Bassoon King , in November 2015 , and also co-founded the digital media company SoulPancake in 2008 .

neg: George Washington Colonials The George Washington Colonials are the athletic teams of George Washington University of Washington , D.C. . The Colonials compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) as members of the Atlantic 10 Conference for most sports .

neg: Interlaken Park (Seattle) Interlaken Park is a 51.7 acre park in Seattle , Washington . A heavily wooded hillside and ravine , it forms the division between Capitol Hill to the south and Montlake to the north . Interlaken Drive E. runs through the park north to south , and E. Interlaken Boulevard , part of which is now closed to traffic , does so northwest to southeast . Louisa Boren Park , once part of Interlaken Park , lies directly south .

neg: Beasley Coliseum Beasley Coliseum is a multi-purpose arena on the campus of Washington State University in Pullman , Washington . Opened in June 1973 , its current seating capacity is 11,671 for basketball . It is the home venue for both the Cougars men 's and women 's basketball teams of the Pac-12 Conference .   The arena was renamed in 1981 for Wallis Beasley ( 1915 -- 2008 ) , a long-time sociology professor and executive vice president , shortly before his retirement from the university . Beasley was WSU 's faculty representative for athletics in the 1960s and also served as interim university president . For its first eight years , the venue was known as `` Washington State University Performing Arts Coliseum . ''   The building used `` space frame '' construction , relatively novel at the time . The elevation of the court is approximately 2550 ft above sea level .

neg: Spokane University Spokane University was a four-year liberal arts college that operated from 1913 to 1933 . It was founded in 1912 by Mr. B. E. Utz and Mr. W. D. Willoughby as Spokane Bible College . Mr. Utz worked at Eugene Bible University in Eugene , Oregon from 1909 to 1911 before moving back to Spokane . Spokane University was created to train ministers for the Christian Churches in Washington State . Because of financial difficulties during the Great Depression , in 1934 it merged with Eugene Bible College to become Northwest Christian College in Eugene , Oregon , now known as Northwest Christian University .   During its existence , Spokane University conferred degrees on 112 men and 100 women . Forty-six of the men were ordained . It was organized as three colleges : Bible , Liberal Arts , and Fine Arts .   The facilities were sold to Spokane Junior College which moved into the city of Spokane from its original location in the Spokane Valley to the former site of Spokane College on Spokane 's South Hill . The former site of the university , twenty-three acres at Ninth and Herald Streets , has been the home of University High School since 1960 . The former site of Spokane University is now considered the old U-High as University High School has moved to a new location on 32nd Rd. .

neg: Paul Wilson (nuclear engineer) Paul Philip Hood Wilson ( born October 13 , 1971 ) is a professor of Nuclear Engineering and Engineering Physics at the University of Wisconsin-Madison , nuclear energy communicator , and advocate of modern computational science practices . He is well known for leading the production of the computational nuclear engineering toolkits ALARA , Cyclus , and DAGMC . He is also the founding president of the North American Young Generation in Nuclear and is the Faculty Director of the Advanced Computing Initiative ( ACI ) at the University of Wisconsin-Madison .

neg: Washington Huskies men's basketball The Washington Huskies men 's basketball team represents the University of Washington in NCAA Division I college basketball competing in the Pac-12 Conference . Their home games are played at Alaska Airlines Arena at Hec Edmundson Pavilion , located in Seattle , and they are currently led by head coach Mike Hopkins .

neg: Winslow Wilson Arthur William Wilson ( July 20 , 1892 -- November 18 , 1974 ) was an American artist who painted under several known pseudonyms , including Winslow Wilson and Pico Miran . In Gloucester , Wilson/Miran has been considered an early actor in the Post Modern Art Movement . He is widely quoted from his Manifesto For Post-Modern Art , published in 1951 , under the name Pico Miran .   Wilson was born in Brady , Texas in 1892 , one of five sons of Horace and Stella Wilson . The family moved to Junction , Texas , and it was here that he graduated high school . He attended Texas A&M in 1910-1911 as a Chemical Engineering Major , but transferred to Harvard with the support of professors at Texas A&M . Wilson attended Harvard College between 1911-1915 , becoming an Editor of The Harvard Monthly with his friends John Dos Passos and E. E. Cummings . Wilson would go on to share an apartment at 21 East 15th Street in New York City with E.E. Cummings . He enlisted in the U.S. Military during 1917-1919 , joining John Dos Passos and E.E. Cummings and other Harvard students in France . He spent time in Paris with E.E. Cummings , and mingled with Salvador Dali , Pablo Picasso and other influential painters of the period in London and Paris in the 1920s . In fact , Wilson maintained lifelong friendships with many of the Harvard Aesthetes , including Cummings and Dos Passos . During his days at Harvard , Wilson was playfully known as `` Tex '' , a nickname that stayed with him for life .   Wilson was active in the New York , NY , Lime Rock , CT , Newport , RI , Gloucester , MA , and Rockport , MA art scenes between the 1930 's -- 1972 . Wilson painted post-modern artwork utilizing the name Pico Miran in his Gloucester , Massachusetts studio , taught portraiture at the Rockport Art Association in Rockport , Massachusetts under the name Winslow Wilson , and painted seascapes as Winslow Wilson in his Rockport , Massachusetts studio .   Wilson was strongly influenced by his time at Harvard and World War I . In addition to a tragic event in Boston which resulted in the death of one of Wilson 's friends in 1912 , there is evidence that Wilson encountered trauma during World War I. Art became a vehicle through which Wilson found solace . His Post-Modern artwork is replete with images of industrial and nuclear effects upon the common man , and those who knew him confirm that he was consumed with the concept of a nuclear holocaust . Growing up in rural Texas , to a life in Boston and New York , friendships with intellectuals , Wilson 's writings reveal a man who held his craft and opinions in high regard . Understanding that Wilson eschewed family relationships while fully immersing himself as a bit of an artistic recluse , provides an insight into the life of this artist .   Wilson painted seascapes in his Rockport , Massachusetts studio . His seascapes were exhibited at Vose Gallery in Boston . In a letter dated January 24 , 1991 , Robert C. Vose , Jr. , of Vose Gallery , confirmed that the gallery `` did give -LCB- Wilson -RCB- an exhibition in our galleries in Boston '' and stated `` We thought of -LCB- the paintings -RCB- of excellent quality , and much in the spirit of Frederick Waugh '' . Eleanor Roosevelt chaired a one-man art show held in New York City entitled `` Paintings of the Sea '' . On June 4 , 1951 , the First Lady , Eleanor Roosevelt `` blogged '' in her My Day report , that she had visited this exhibit , and she reported :   `` In certain ones the light made one think of tropical climates ; in others the shores of Maine seemed to stand out . More often the sky and the sea were stormy , but the light was nearly always breaking through . Let us hope that out of this turbulent period in history the light will break through for all human beings '' .   Under the pseudonym of Pico Miran painted in his Gloucester studio . Upon occasion , he would have a visitor , however the room in which he painted was never open . His post-modern art , or as he referred to it as `` super-realistic '' , is replete with political and religious tones , and is highly reflective of the nuclear and mechanical themes of the period .   Wilson was a member of the Rockport Art Association from 1946 through 1972 , and for many of those years he taught portraiture . His portraits have included local Gloucester residents and friends .   Following Wilson 's death in 1974 , his long-term companion , Jane Grey ( an accomplished portrait artist ) , gifted his paintings to his only son , Horace Peter Wilson . Those paintings remained stored in Kansas City until 2012 , at which time the paintings were distributed to Wilson 's grandchildren .   In 2014 , Dave Rich , a Gloucester native , stated in a correspondence with Peter Anastas :   `` ... would take an interest in the precocious postmodernism of Pico Miran . His value lies in his theorizing postmodernity , and making the first forays into postmodern visual art -- the seascapes were a virtuoso performance ; Winslow was no less a character than Pico or Tex. . In that sense he was a performance artist . A kind of Andy Kaufman who took personae and masks to the extreme . On this conceptual level , if explained as such , Wilson ought to be recovered ; and could be recovered by an astute and enterprising curator . ''   The paintings are in the process of being professionally restored and framed , and efforts are underway to showcase Wilson 's paintings . A website exists with the roots of a biography about the artist , currently being documented and researched by Claudia Wilson Howard in conjunction with interested parties across the United States .

neg: 1917 Washington State football team The 1917 Washington State football team represented Washington State College in the 1917 college football season , its first in the Pacific Coast Conference .

neg: Kenneth G. Wilson (author) Kenneth George Wilson ( Akron , Ohio , 21 April 1923 -- Mansfield , Connecticut , 11 March 2003 ) was an author , professor of English and vice president at the University of Connecticut . His best-known work is The Columbia Guide to Standard American English , published in 1993 .   Through the 1970s Wilson served as UConn 's vice president for academic programs or academic affairs . With the 1974 change in title , the vice presidency replaced the provost as the university 's chief academic office . He had been dean of the university 's College of Liberal Arts and Sciences from 1966 to 1970 and head of the English department in 1965-66 .   `` Many of his contemporaries credit Wilson with starting the process of making UConn a nationally respected university , '' a university press release and the university magazine , Advance , said at the time of his death in 2003 .   Wilson returned to teaching in 1981 and retired in 1989 . He had joined UConn 's Storrs campus faculty in 1951 as an instructor and rose to be a full professor . A graduate of Albion College in Albion , Mich. , Wilson earned his master 's and doctoral degrees from the University of Michigan . He was a native of Akron , Ohio .   He is the subject of an article in Contemporary Authors ( December 2007 ) by Thomson Gale .   When the Columbia Guide was published online by Bartleby.com in 2001 , the site said of Wilson 's book : `` A vigorous assessment of how our language is best written and spoken and how we can use it most effectively , this guide is the ideal handbook of language etiquette : friendly , sensible , reliable , and fun to read . ''   The electronic edition continues to be offered through licenses to libraries and other institutions .   The Guide has 6,500 entries , including both descriptive and prescriptive examples . The electronic edition features 4,300 hyperlinked cross-references .   In the book 's introduction , Wilson called standard American English usage `` linguistic good manners , sensitively and accurately matched to context -- to listeners or readers , to situation , and to purpose . ''

neg: Dave Williams (wide receiver) David Laverne Williams ( born August 10 , 1945 in Cedar Rapids , Iowa ) is a former National Football League wide receiver who played seven professional seasons , mainly for the St. Louis Cardinals . He was the first player signed by the Seattle Seahawks , but never played for the Seahawks due to a knee injury . He was also an All-American for the University of Washington as a football player and decathlete .   Williams was named to the University of Washington 's Husky Hall of Fame 2014 class .

neg: 2012 Seattle Seahawks season The Seattle Seahawks season was the franchise 's 37th season in the National Football League and the third under head coach Pete Carroll . The Seahawks had a three quarterback competition with Tarvaris Jackson , Matt Flynn , and Russell Wilson . Jackson was traded to the Bills , and Wilson won the job .   The Seahawks improved upon their record of 7 -- 9 from last season and had their first winning season since 2007 . The team was 4 -- 0 during the preseason , and during the regular season , their 11 victories was the third best in franchise history . The Seahawks went undefeated at home for the third time in franchise history , after 2003 and 2005 . Additionally , with their victory over the Washington Redskins at FedEx Field in the wildcard round , the Seahawks won their first road playoff game in almost 30 years . However , despite holding a lead with just 30 seconds left in regulation , the Seahawks lost to the Atlanta Falcons in the divisional round by a score of 30 -- 28 .

neg: Mount Baker station Mount Baker is a light rail station located in Seattle , Washington . It is situated between the Columbia City and Beacon Hill stations on the Central Link line , which runs from Seattle -- Tacoma International Airport to Downtown Seattle and the University of Washington as part of the Link Light Rail system . The elevated station consists of two side platforms located west of the intersection of Rainier Avenue and Martin Luther King Jr. . Way in the Mount Baker neighborhood , part of Seattle 's Rainier Valley .   A light rail station in the Mount Baker area was first proposed in 1995 and approved the following year . Construction began in late 2005 and the station was opened for regular service on July 18 , 2009 . Trains serve the station 20 hours a day on most days ; the headway between trains is 6 minutes during peak periods , with less frequent service at other times . Mount Baker station is also served by five King County Metro bus routes that connect it to Downtown , Capitol Hill , Rainier Beach , the Central District , and the University District .

neg: Mark Wilson (American football) Mark Wilson ( born November 11 , 1980 ) is a former American football offensive tackle . He played college football at the University of California , Berkeley . He played high school football at Fall River High School in Fall River Mills , California .

neg: Marvin Washington Marvin Washington ( born October 22 , 1965 ) is a former professional football player , a defensive end in the National Football League for eleven seasons , 1989 -- 1999 . He played for the New York Jets , San Francisco 49ers , and Denver Broncos .   Out of Kimball High School in Dallas , Texas , Washington went to the University of Texas-El Paso on a basketball scholarship . After two years , he transferred to Hinds Junior College in Mississippi , where he played football in 1987 . Washington then went west to the University of Idaho in Moscow to play for head basketball coach Tim Floyd ; he had recruited Washington to UTEP while an assistant coach for the Miners .   At Idaho , Washington played basketball for two seasons under head coaches Floyd and Kermit Davis and football for a season in 1988 under Keith Gilbertson . In his senior year of 1988 -- 89 , the Idaho Vandals won Big Sky conference titles in both sports and advanced to the NCAA postseason : the I-AA semifinals in football and the Division I basketball tournament .   Washington was selected in the sixth round of the 1989 NFL Draft by the New York Jets , the 151st overall pick .   He played eight seasons with the Jets , the last six as a starter , and won a Super Bowl ring with Denver in the 1998 season .

neg: Wayne Wilson (American football) Wayne MacArthur Wilson ( born September 4 , 1957 in Montgomery County , Maryland ) is a former professional American football running back who played in the National Football League ( NFL ) for nine seasons for the New Orleans Saints , Minnesota Vikings , and Washington Redskins . Wilson played for Howard High School . He played college football at Shepherd University and was drafted in the 12th round of the 1979 NFL Draft by the Houston Oilers . His best season was as a starting fullback for New Orleans in 1983 , when he led the team with 11 touchdowns , gaining 787 yards rushing , 178 yards receiving , and 239 yards returning kickoffs .

neg: 1998 Washington Huskies football team The 1998 Washington Huskies football team was an American football team that represented the University of Washington during the 1998 NCAA Division I-A football season . In its sixth season under head coach Jim Lambright , the team compiled a 6 -- 6 record , finished in a tie for fifth place in the Pacific-10 Conference , and was outscored by its opponents by a combined total of 343 to 303 . Joe Jarzynka was selected as the team 's most valuable player . Nigel Burton , Reggie Davis , Brock Huard , and Lester Towns were the team captains .

neg: Seattle Redhawks women's basketball The Seattle Redhawks women 's basketball is the women 's basketball team representing Seattle University . They compete in the Western Athletic Conference .

neg: 1969 Washington Huskies football team The 1969 Washington Huskies football team was an American football team that represented the University of Washington during the 1969 college football season . In its 13th season under head coach Jim Owens , the team compiled a 1 -- 9 record , finished in last place in the Pacific-8 Conference , and was outscored by its opponents by a combined total of 304 to 116 . Ken Ballenger and Lee Brock were the team captains .

neg: Husky Stadium Alaska Airlines Field at Husky Stadium ( colloquially known as simply Husky Stadium ) is an outdoor football stadium on the campus of the University of Washington in Seattle , Washington , United States . It has been the home of the Washington Huskies of the Pac-12 Conference since 1920 , hosting its football games . The university also holds its annual commencement at the stadium in June . It is located at the southeastern corner of campus , between Montlake Boulevard N.E. and Union Bay , just north of the Montlake Cut . The stadium is served by the University of Washington Link light rail station , as well as several bus routes .   The stadium most recently underwent a $ 280 million renovation that was completed in 2013 . Its U-shaped design was specifically oriented ( 18.167 ° south of due east ) to minimize glare from the early afternoon sun in the athletes ' eyes . The open end overlooks scenic Lake Washington and the Cascade Mountains , including Mount Rainier . Prior to the 2013 renovation , its total capacity of 72,500 made it the largest stadium in the Pacific Northwest and the 23rd largest in college football .

neg: 1918 Washington State football team The 1918 Washington State football team was an American football team that represented Washington State College as an independent during the 1918 college football season , after being a member of the Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC ) in 1917 . The team competed under head coach Emory Alvord , compiling a record of 1 -- 1 . The team rejoined the PCC in 1919 . The 1919 team also notably adopted the `` Cougars '' nickname .