query: Stagira is located in central Macedonia.

pos: Stagira (ancient city) Stagira ( -LSB- stəˈdʒaɪrə -RSB- ) , Stagirus ( -LSB- stəˈdʒaɪrəs -RSB- ) , or Stageira ( Στάγειρα or Στάγειρος ) was an ancient Greek city , located in central Macedonia , near the eastern coast of the peninsula of Chalkidice , and is chiefly known for being the birthplace of Aristotle , who was a Greek philosopher and polymath , a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great . The city lies approximately 8 km north northeast of the present-day village of Stagira , close to the town of Olympiada .   Stagira was founded in 655 BC by Ionian settlers from Andros . Xerxes I of Persia occupied it in 480 BC . The city later joined the Delian League , led by Athens , but left in 424 BC : as a result , the Athenian demagogue Cleon laid siege to it in 422 BC . However , Cleon was a poor strategist and his conduct of the siege was very inefficient : so much so that the ancient Greek comedy writer Aristophanes satirised him in the play The Knights . Cleon died in the same year , in the battle of Amphipolis . Later , during the Peloponnesian War , Stagira sided with Sparta against the Athenians .   In 348 BC , Philip II of Macedon occupied and destroyed the city . In return for Aristotle 's tutoring of his son Alexander , Philip later rebuilt the city and resettled the old city 's inhabitants , who had been enslaved . Many new structures were built at this time , including an aqueduct , two shrines to Demeter , and many houses .

neg: Crnilište Crnilishte ( Cërnilisht ) is a village in Municipality of Dolneni , central Republic of Macedonia .

neg: Draslajca Draslajca is a village in the south-western region of the Republic of Macedonia .

neg: Geography of Kosovo Kosovo is a small landlocked country in Southeastern Europe , in the center of Balkan Peninsula .  With an area of 10,908 km2 , it is one of the smallest countries in Europe .   Considering it 's small area , Kosovo has a variety of topographical features . It is surrounded by mountains : the Sharr Mountains are located in the south and southeast , bordering Macedonia , while the Kopaonik Mountains rise in the north . The southwest borders with Montenegro and Albania are also mountainous , and home to the country 's highest peak , Gjeravica , 2656 m high . The central region is mainly hilly , but two large plains spread over Kosovo 's west and east , respectively , Metohija plain and Kosovo plain .   In the terms of hydrography , Kosovo has limited water resources . The main rivers in the country are the White Drin , running towards the Adriatic Sea , the South Morava in the Goljak area , and Ibar in the north . Sitnica , a tributary of Ibar , is the longest river lying completely within Kosovo . There are several small natural lakes but the country 's most important lakes are artificial . The biggest lakes are Gazivoda , Radonjić , Batlava and Badovac . Kosovo also does have a large number of karst springs , thermal and mineral water springs .

neg: Aračinovo Municipality Aračinovo Municipality ( Општина Арачиново -LSB- araˈtʃinɔvɔ -RSB- , Komuna e Haraçinës ) is a municipality in northern part of Republic of Macedonia . Aračinovo is also the name of the village where the municipal seat is found . The municipality is located in the Skopje Statistical Region .

neg: Mavrovo Lake Mavrovo Lake ( Мавровско Езеро , Mavrovsko ezero ) is situated in the Mavrovo region , in the Mavrovo and Rostuša municipality of the Republic of Macedonia , less than 100 km from Skopje . Abundant with trout , Lake Mavrovo is used for recreational activities such as swimming , boating and fishing during the summer . An additional point of interest is the half-submerged church in the lake . Spreading over an area of about 780 km2 , the Mavrovo National Park features deep canyons , snowy peaks and blue lakes combine with dense forests that abound with diverse wildlife . Mavrovo is one of the leading tourist areas in the country along with Ohrid , Prespa , Dojran , Popova Shapka ( Šar Planina ) , Pelister , and Kruševo . It was established in 1949 by a law passed by the National Assembly of Macedonia . Later the legislation was changed considerably , enforcing a much stricter protection system . According to the new law , the park is divided into three zones : strict nature reserves , managed reserves , and a tourist zone .   One of the appealing features of Mavrovo National Park is its vivid topography . The relief of the park contains three Alpine mountain systems : the Šar , Korab and Bistra mountains . They are exceptionally high , the Šar and Korab , reaching heights of more than 2700 m ( the Korab peak is the highest in Macedonia with its 2,764 m ) . These tremendous mountains are distinguished by chains of snowy , jagged peaks and broad grassy plateaus below them .  Between the three mountains extends the Radika gorge . More than 25 km long . Vertical cliffs higher than 300 m rise above the waters of the Radika river . In addition , the park area contains many other interesting natural phenomena -- the highest waterfall in the Balkans ( with a vertical fall of approximately 120 ) , alpine bogs in the Šar mountains as remnants of the Ice age , rare karst relief ( including beautiful caves ) in the Bistra mountains , as well as numerous glacial lakes throughout the Alpine zone .

neg: Thermaic Gulf The Thermaic Gulf is a gulf of the Aegean Sea located immediately south of the Thessaloniki regional unit , east of Pieria and Imathia , and west of Chalkidiki . It was named after the ancient town of Therma , which was situated on the northeast coast of the gulf ( Therma was later renamed Thessalonica ) . Near Thessaloniki , the length ( north-south ) of the gulf is about 100 km , while its width ( east-west ) is about 5 km . The length of the gulf in its northern part ( from its northern extent down to `` megalo emvolo '' cape ) is estimated to stretch 15 km , while after `` megalo emvolo '' cape towards the south , its length extents a further 50 km . Cape Kassandra lies to the southeast end of the gulf .   To the Romans , the gulf was also known as Thermaicus or Thermaeus sinus ( `` Gulf of Therma '' ) and as Macedonicus sinus ( `` The Gulf of Macedon '' , or `` The Macedonian Gulf '' ) . One of its modern names is the `` Gulf of Salonica '' , named after the city of Thessaloniki which sprawls around and along the northeastern coast of the gulf .   Places that lie by the gulf include Sani , Kassandreia , ancient Potidaea , Nea Moudania , Agia Triada , Neoi Epivates , Peraia , Kalochori , Methoni , Pydna , Paralia Katerinis and Olympiaki Akti . The rivers emptying into the gulf are the Pineios , Aliakmon , Loudias , Gallikos and Axios ; several streams including one near Pydna also empty into the gulf . The Thermaic Gulf was significantly larger in classical times , with many ancient seaside cities ( e.g. Pella ) are now found several kilometers inland . The extensive silting mainly affects the northern and western parts of the gulf , which receive the bulk of alluvial outflow . The gulf is home to a large number of famous , pristine beaches , which include Sani Beach . However , there are no beaches on the northwest coast , where wetlands stretch from Methone ( northwest coast ) to Thessaloniki 's western suburb of Kalochori .   The Port of Thessaloniki is the gulf 's largest and busiest port , while another twelve small ports provide sea transport in , out and around the Thermaic gulf . Major road networks of northern Greece such as the A1/E75 motorway ( Athens - Lamia - Thessaloniki ) encircles the western portion of the gulf , while the A25 ( Thessaloniki - Nea Moudania motorway ) almost encircles the eastern part of it .   Category : Gulfs of the Aegean Sea  Category : Gulfs of Greece  Category : Geography of ancient Chalcidice  Category : Geography of ancient Mygdonia  Category : Bottiaea  Category : Geography of ancient Pieria  Category : Thessaloniki  Category : Landforms of Thessaloniki ( regional unit )  Category : Landforms of Central Macedonia  Category : Landforms of Pieria ( regional unit )  Category : Landforms of Imathia  Category : Landforms of Chalkidiki

neg: Mavrovo (region) Mavrovo ( Маврово -LSB- ˈmavrɔvɔ -RSB- ) is a valley region in the northwest of the Republic of Macedonia . It is home to Mavrovo National Park and a winter sports center . Some of the villages and smaller hamlets include : Mavrovo , Nikiforovo , Leunovo , and Mavrovi Anovi . This micro region is named Mavrovo after the most populated settlement in the region , the village of Mavrovo .   The region 's location at Bistra mountain and the Lake Mavrovo have helped it grow into a year-round tourist center . Mavrovo is the most popular ski center in Macedonia .   The ski center named Zare Lazareski has two double chair lifts , one single lift chair with over 1100 person capacity per hour , several ski lifts with synchronized connection and a capacity of over 5000 persons per hour . The ski center has also received a renovation that increased the capacity of ski lifts and ski chairs . The ski trails start at 1960 m and end at 1250 m above sea level . There are plans to build a ski jumping facility in Macedonia , possibly in Mavrovo .   The Mavrovo lake lies at an altitude of 1220 m . It is 12 km long , 3 km wide and covers an area of 13.3 square kilometers . The coast is 24 km long . The deepest measured spot of the lake is 48 m deep .

neg: Pehčevo Municipality Pehčevo Municipality ( Општина Пехчево -LSB- ˈpɛxtʃɛvɔ -RSB- ) is a municipality in eastern part of Republic of Macedonia . Pehčevo is also the name of the town where the municipal seat is found . This municipality is part of the Eastern Statistical Region .

neg: Bistrica, Macedonia Bistrica is a village in the Bitola municipality in the Republic of Macedonia . It lies about 6.31 kilometres away from Bitola , which is the second largest city in Macedonia .   According to the 2002 census , the total population is 1,015 .

neg: Pelagonia Statistical Region The Pelagonia Statistical Region is one of eight statistical regions of the Republic of Macedonia . It is located in southwestern part of the country along the eponymous plain . It borders Greece and Albania . Internally , it borders the Southwestern and Vardar statistical regions .

neg: Reka region Reka is a geographical region in Macedonia , which encompasses a quadrangle with Albania in the west , the town of Debar and the Mavrovo mountain , and Kičevo in the east . The region is home to a demographically mixed population of Mijaks ( ethnic Macedonians ) , Albanians , and Torbeši ( Muslim ethnic Macedonians ) . There are Orthodox Christian Albanians especially in the sub-region of Upper Reka . The sub-regions ( ethnographic/geographic regions ) of Reka are Mala ( small ) , Dolna ( lower ) and Golema ( large ) or Gorna ( Upper Reka ) . In the west of Reka is the region of Lumë , which extends in both Kosovo and Albania .

neg: Miravci Miravci is a village in the Gevgelija region of south-eastern part of the Republic of Macedonia , located in the Kožuf foothills west of the Vardar River .   Miravci lies on the Skopje-Thessaloniki railway and a few kilometers from the once-named Highway of Brotherhood and Unity that ran the whole length of Yugoslavia . It is about 25 kilometers north of the Greek border .   Miravci has at various times in recent decades been its own municipality , or folded into the greater Gevgelija municipality . There are six villages in the Miravci district : Miravci , Davidovo , Petrovo , Gabrovo , Miletkovo and Smokvica . Miravci has a kindergarten and grade school ( St. Kliment Ohridski , grades 1-8 ) that serve students from all six villages . The entire municipality has around 2900 residents .   Miravci has a warm , Mediterranean climate and is known for its tomatoes , peppers and other early-season vegetables . The hills around the region are covered in Quercus coccifera ( Kermes oak -- ` prnar ' in Macedonian ) , as well as wild figs and pomegranates .

neg: 2016 Macedonian protests In April 2016 , protests began in the Republic of Macedonia against the incumbent President Gjorgje Ivanov and the government led by the interim Prime Minister Emil Dimitriev from the ruling VMRO-DPMNE party . Referred to by some as the `` Colorful Revolution '' , the protests have started after the controversial decision by President Gjorgje Ivanov to stop the investigation against former Prime Minister Nikola Gruevski and dozens of politicians who were allegedly involved in a wiretapping scandal . The demonstrations were organized by `` Protestiram '' ( I protest ) and supported from coalition led by the Social Democratic Union of Macedonia , and other opposition parties , also the newly formed Levica ( The Left ) demanding that the government resigns for the formation of a technical government , and that the parliamentary elections planned for 5 June 2016 are cancelled , on the grounds that the conditions for free and transparent elections are not in place . The government and its supporters , who have organized pro-government rallies , maintain that the elections on June 5 are the only solution to the political crisis , with some observers blaming the opposition for creating a `` Ukraine scenario '' in Macedonia .   Initially taking place in Skopje , the capital , both anti- and pro-government protests have also occurred in other cities in the country , including Bitola , Kicevo , Kočani , Veles , Strumica , Prilep , Kumanovo and Tetovo . Thousands of people have taken part in the demonstrations . The European Union and the United States criticized the government of Macedonia for the pardon of the politicians and have stated that Macedonia 's prospects of becoming a member of the EU and NATO are under threat because of it . In an official statement , the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia labelled the Macedonian opposition as a tool of foreign powers being used to destabilize the political situation in the country .

neg: Lake Prespa Prespa is the name of two freshwater lakes in southeast Europe , shared by Albania , Greece , and the Republic of Macedonia . Of the total surface area , 176.3 km ² belongs to the Republic of Macedonia , 46.3 km ² to Albania and 36.4 km ² to Greece . They are the highest tectonic lakes in the Balkans , standing at an elevation of 853 m ( 2,798 ft ) .   The Great Prespa Lake ( Liqeni i Prespës , Μεγάλη Πρέσπα , Megáli Préspa , Преспанско Езеро , Prespansko Ezero ) is divided between Albania , Greece and Macedonia . The Small Prespa Lake ( Greek : Μικρή Πρέσπα , Mikri Prespa ; Albanian : Prespa e Vogël ) is shared only between Greece ( 138 km ² drainage area ; 42.5 km ² surface area ) and Albania ( 51 km ² drainage area ; 4.3 km ² surface area ) .   The area contains three National Parks located in Albania ( Prespa National Park ) , Greece , and the Republic of Macedonia respectively . The largest town in the Prespa Lakes region is Resen in the Republic of Macedonia . In 2014 , the Ohrid-Prespa Transboundary Reserve between Albania and Macedonia was added to UNESCO 's World Network of Biosphere Reserves .

neg: Paeonia (kingdom) In antiquity , Paeonia -LSB- piːˈoʊniə -RSB- was the land and kingdom of the Paeonians .   In the Iliad the Paeonians are said to have been allies of the Trojans . During the Persian invasion of Greece the conquered Paeonians as far as the Lake Prasias , including the Paeoplae and Siropaiones , were deported from Paeonia to Asia .  In 355-354 BC , Philip II of Macedon took advantage of the death of King Agi of Paeonia and campaigned against them in order to conquer them . So the southern part of ancient Paeonia was annexed by the ancient kingdom of Macedon and was named as ` Macedonian Paeonia ' ; this section included the cities Astraion ( later Stromnitsa ) Stenae ( near modern Demir Kapija ) , Antigoneia ( near modern Negotino ) etc. .   The exact original boundaries of Paeonia , like the early history of its inhabitants , are obscure , but it is known that it was located immediately north of ancient Macedonia ( which corresponded roughly to the modern Greek region of Macedonia ) , and to the south-east of Dardania ( which was similar to modern-day Kosovo ) ; in the east were the Thracian mountains , and in the west , the Illyrians . It was separated from Dardania by the mountains through which the Vardar river passes from the field of Scupi ( modern Skopje ) to the valley of Bylazora ( modern Veles ) .   Paeonia roughly corresponds to the present-day Republic of Macedonia and to a narrow strip of the north Greek Macedonia , on the borders with the Republic of Macedonia , and a small part of south-western Bulgaria .

neg: Srpci Srpci ( Macedonian Cyrillic : Српци ) is a village 12 kilometers away from Bitola , which is the second largest city in Macedonia .   According to the 2002 census , total population is 65 .

neg: Štip Štip ( Штип -LSB- ʃtip -RSB- ) is the largest urban agglomeration in the eastern part of the Republic of Macedonia , serving as the economic , industrial , entertainment and educational focal point for the surrounding municipalities . As of the 2002 census , the Štip municipality alone had a population of about 47,796 . Štip is the largest textile production center in the country ; Center of the fashion industry in Macedonia , as well as the location of the sole public university in eastern Macedonia , Goce Delčev University of Štip . The city of Štip is the seat of Štip Municipality .

neg: Gollobordë Gollobordë ( Bulgarian : Голо Бърдо and Macedonian : Голо Брдо ; Golloborda ) refers to a geographical area situated primarily in eastern Albania , with a small portion consisting of two villages lying within the Republic of Macedonia . This region is located within the Dibër and Elbasan counties which contain both Macedonian and Albanian villages . This area contains a Macedonian minority ( of mixed Orthodox Christian and Islamic confession ) of about 5,000 to 30,000 and also smaller numbers of Aromanians , Bulgarians and Turks . The official report from Albania is that there is only an ethnic Macedonian minority recognized among the South Slavic nationalities . The region was divided in 1925 between Albania and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia .

neg: Orah, Macedonia Orah or Suvi Orah is a village in the Republic of Macedonia administrative located in the Staro Nagoričane municipality near town Kumanovo in the micro-region of Sredorek .

neg: Western Macedonia Western Macedonia is one of the thirteen regions of Greece , consisting of the western part of Greek Macedonia . It is divided into the regional units of Florina , Grevena , Kastoria , and Kozani .


query: United Nations was established on October 24th, 1945.

pos: United Nations The United Nations ( UN ) is an intergovernmental organization to promote international co-operation and to create and maintain international order . A replacement for the ineffective League of Nations , the organization was established on 24 October 1945 after World War II in order to prevent another such conflict . At its founding , the UN had 51 member states ; there are now 193 . The headquarters of the UN is in Manhattan , New York City , and experiences extraterritoriality . Further main offices are situated in Geneva , Nairobi , and Vienna . The organization is financed by assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states . Its objectives include maintaining international peace and security , promoting human rights , fostering social and economic development , protecting the environment , and providing humanitarian aid in cases of famine , natural disaster , and armed conflict . The UN is the largest , most familiar , most internationally represented and most powerful intergovernmental organisation in the world .   The UN Charter was drafted at a conference between April -- June 1945 in San Francisco , and was signed on 26 June 1945 at the conclusion of the conference ; this charter took effect 24 October 1945 , and the UN began operation . The UN 's mission to preserve world peace was complicated in its early decades by the Cold War between the US and Soviet Union and their respective allies . The organization participated in major actions in Korea and the Congo , as well as approving the creation of the state of Israel in 1947 . The organization 's membership grew significantly following widespread decolonization in the 1960s , and by the 1970s its budget for economic and social development programmes far outstripped its spending on peacekeeping . After the end of the Cold War , the UN took on major military and peacekeeping missions across the world with varying degrees of success .   The UN has six principal organs : the General Assembly ( the main deliberative assembly ) ; the Security Council ( for deciding certain resolutions for peace and security ) ; the Economic and Social Council ( ECOSOC ; for promoting international economic and social co-operation and development ) ; the Secretariat ( for providing studies , information , and facilities needed by the UN ) ; the International Court of Justice ( the primary judicial organ ) ; and the UN Trusteeship Council ( inactive since 1994 ) . UN System agencies include the World Bank Group , the World Health Organization , the World Food Programme , UNESCO , and UNICEF . The UN 's most prominent officer is the Secretary-General , an office held by Portuguese António Guterres since 2017 . Non-governmental organizations may be granted consultative status with ECOSOC and other agencies to participate in the UN 's work .   The organization won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2001 , and a number of its officers and agencies have also been awarded the prize . Other evaluations of the UN 's effectiveness have been mixed . Some commentators believe the organization to be an important force for peace and human development , while others have called the organization ineffective , corrupt , or biased .

neg: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1118 United Nations Security Council resolution 1118 , adopted unanimously on 30 June 1997 , after reaffirming Resolution 696 ( 1991 ) and all subsequent resolutions on Angola , the Council established the United Nations Observer Mission in Angola ( MONUA ) to supersede the United Nations Angola Verification Mission III ( UNAVEM III ) .   The Security Council recognised the important contribution that UNAVEM III peacekeepers had made to the peace process in Angola . Meanwhile , a government of national unity and reconciliation was formed in which UNITA was included . Both parties had to continue with the implementation of the remaining political and military tasks , while concern was expressed at UNITA attacks on UNAVEM III personnel and tension in the northeastern provinces .   It was then decided that , from 1 July 1997 , MONUVA would be established for an initial period ending on 31 October 1997 , with the expectation that the mission would terminate by 1 February 1998 . MONUA was also given responsibility for all components of UNAVEM III that still remained in Angola . Both the Government of Angola and UNITA were called upon to refrain from violence and inform MONUA of all troop movements . It also demanded that UNITA provide the Joint Commission complete information with regard to its military forces , including the security detachment of the leader of the largest opposition party , the so-called `` mining police '' , armed UNITA personnel returning from outside the national boundaries , and any other armed UNITA personnel not previously reported to the United Nations , so that they could be disarmed and demobilised .   The Secretary-General Kofi Annan was requested to report on the situation by 15 August 1997 .

neg: Non-Aligned Movement The Non-Aligned Movement ( NAM ) is a group of states that are not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc . , the movement has 120 members .   The purpose of the organization has been enumerated as to ensure `` the national independence , sovereignty , territorial integrity and security of non-aligned countries '' in their `` struggle against imperialism , colonialism , neo-colonialism , racism , and all forms of foreign aggression , occupation , domination , interference or hegemony as well as against great power and bloc politics , '' by Fidel Castro in the Havana Declaration of 1979 . The countries of the Non-Aligned Movement represent nearly two-thirds of the United Nations ' members and contain 55 % of the world population . Membership is particularly concentrated in countries considered to be developing or part of the Third World .   Although many of the Non-Aligned Movement 's members were actually quite closely aligned with one or another of the superpowers , the movement still maintained cohesion throughout the Cold War , even despite several conflicts between members which also threatened the movement . In the years since the Cold War 's end , it has focused on developing multilateral ties and connections as well as unity among the developing nations of the world , especially those within the Global South .

neg: United Nations Security Council Resolution 969 United Nations Security Council resolution 969 , adopted unanimously on 21 December 1994 , after recalling resolutions 186 ( 1964 ) , 831 ( 1993 ) and 889 ( 1993 ) , the Council expressed concern at the lack of progress in the political dispute in Cyprus and extended the mandate of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus ( UNFICYP ) until 30 June 1995 .   Reviewing a report by the Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali , the Council called on the military authorities on both sides were called upon to ensure that no incidents occurred along the buffer zone and to co-operate with the UNFICYP , especially with regards to extending the 1989 unmanning agreement to cover all areas of the buffer zone . The Secretary-General was requested to keep under review the structure and strength of the peacekeeping force with a view to restructuring it if necessary .   All parties concerned were urged to commit themselves to a reduction of foreign troops in Cyprus and reduce defence spending , as a first step towards the withdrawal of non-Cypriot forces as proposed in the `` Set of Ideas '' . The resolution also requested that parties , in accordance with Resolution 839 ( 1993 ) , to enter discussions with a view to prohibiting live ammunition and firing weapons within the range of the buffer zone . The leaders of Cyprus and Northern Cyprus were urged to promote tolerance and reconciliation amongst the two communities , welcoming the Secretary-General 's efforts to maintain contacts with both leaders .   The Secretary-General was requested to report back to the Council by 15 June 1995 on developments on the island .

neg: United Nations Security Council Resolution 2015 United Nations Security Council Resolution 2015 was unanimously adopted on 24 October , 2011 .

neg: United Nations Security Council Resolution 40 United Nations Security Council Resolution 40 , adopted on February 28 , 1948 , requested that the Committee of Good Offices watch the political developments in western Java and Madura and to report their findings to the Council frequently .   The resolution was adopted by eight votes to none , with three abstentions from Argentina , Ukraine and the Soviet Union .

neg: International Law Commission The International Law Commission was established by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948 for the `` promotion of the progressive development of international law and its codification . ''   It holds an annual session at the United Nations Office at Geneva .

neg: United Nations Security Council Resolution 236 United Nations Security Council Resolution 236 , adopted on June 11 , 1967 , after noting the oral reports of the Secretary-General , the Council condemned any violations of the cease-fire called for in resolution 234 . The Council requested that the Secretary-General continue his investigations and report back as soon as possible and affirmed its demand for a cease-fire . The Council called for the prompt return to the cease-fire positions of any troops which may have moved forward subsequent to 16:30 hours GMT on June 10 , 1967 , and called for the full co-operation with the Chief of Staff of the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization and the observers in implementing the cease-fire .   The meeting , requested by Syria , adopted resolution 236 unanimously .

neg: United Nations Year for Tolerance The United Nations General Assembly proclaimed 1995 the United Nations Year for Tolerance with UNESCO as the lead organization . ( It had invited the Economic and Social Council to consider the matter in an earlier session . )   The idea and practice of tolerance was widely promoted in schools in many member states . Tolerance was held to be an ` endangered virtue ' in many parts of the world , particularly those who were under racial and religious wars , such as those in Bosnia and Rwanda . UNESCO said that five key planks were required to overcome intolerance : law , education , access to information , individual awareness and local solutions . Tolerance is thus a political , legal and moral duty to protect and preserve human rights .   The International Day for Tolerance is now celebrated on November 16 every year , in recognition of the Paris Declaration which was signed that day in 1995 by 185 member states .   In 1995 , a press conference was held at the United Nations by 12-year-old Mark Semotiuk who launched his book `` 401 Goofy Jokes for Kids '' which united kids from Ukraine , Canada and the United States , as one of the symbols for the United Nations Year for Tolerance .

neg: World Charter for Nature World Charter for Nature was adopted by United Nations member nation-states on October 28 , 1982 . It proclaims five `` principles of conservation by which all human conduct affecting nature is to be guided and judged . ''   Nature shall be respected and its essential processes shall not be impaired .  The genetic viability on the earth shall not be compromised ; the population levels of all life forms , wild and domesticated , must be at least sufficient for their survival , and to this end necessary habitats shall be safeguarded .  All areas of the earth , both land and sea , shall be subject to these principles of conservation ; special protection shall be given to unique areas , to representative samples of all the different types of ecosystems and to the habitats of rare or endangered species .  Ecosystems and organisms , as well as the land , marine and atmospheric resources that are utilized by man , shall be managed to achieve and maintain optimum sustainable productivity , but not in such a way as to endanger the integrity of those other ecosystems or species with which they coexist .  Nature shall be secured against degradation caused by warfare or other hostile activities .   The vote was 111 for , one against ( United States ) , 18 abstentions .

neg: United Nations Security Council election, 1999 The 1999 United Nations Security Council election was held on 14 October 1999 during the Fifty-fourth session of the United Nations General Assembly , held at United Nations Headquarters in New York City . The General Assembly elected Bangladesh , Jamaica , Mali , Tunisia , and Ukraine , as the five new non-permanent members of the UN Security Council for two-year mandates commencing on 1 January 2000 .

neg: United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights The United Nations Prizes in the Field of Human Rights were instituted by United Nations General Assembly resolution 2217 in 1966 .  They are intended to `` honour and commend people and organizations which have made an outstanding contribution to the promotion and protection of the human rights embodied in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in other United Nations human rights instruments '' .   They were first awarded in 1968 , and they have been given out at five-year intervals since then .  The award ceremony traditionally takes place on 10 December , which the UN has designated Human Rights Day .  The recipients are selected by a special committee comprising the presidents of the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council and the chairs of the Commission on Human Rights , the Commission on the Status of Women , and the Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights .   The physical token of the award is a metal plaque bearing the UN seal and an artistic design , and engraved with an appropriate citation .  In contrast to the Nobel prizes -- and the list of prizewinners shares much common ground with the Nobel Peace Prize in particular -- the UN 's awards are non-monetary in nature .

neg: United Nations Security Council Resolution 32 United Nations Security Council Resolution 32 , adopted on August 26 , 1947 , condemned the continuing violence in the Indonesian National Revolution and asked both sides ( the Netherlands and Indonesian Republicans ) to own up to their commitments under United Nations Security Council Resolution 30 .   The resolution was adopted by ten votes to none , with the United Kingdom abstaining .

neg: First session of the United Nations General Assembly The first session of the United Nations General Assembly opened on 10 January 1946 in London . Gladwyn Jebb , executive secretary of the UN , notified Dr. Eduardo Zuleta Angel , head of the Colombian delegation to the UN and chairman of the Preparatory Commission of the United Nations , called the meeting to order . Paul-Henri Spaak of Belgium was elected the first president of the General Assembly in a 28 -- 23 vote , prevailing over Trygve Lie ( who went on to be the first Secretary General of the UN ) .

neg: United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1668 United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1668 ( XVI ) was an act of the UN General Assembly that deemed the issue of China representation at the UN an important question under the UN Charter ; therefore any proposal to change the designated representation of China at the UN would require a two-thirds majority vote . The impetus for UN Resolution 1668 ( 1961 ) was raised by United States , Australia , Japan , Italy and Colombia and passed with 61 UN Member States voting in its favor , 34 UN Member States voted against it , 7 UN Member States abstaining , and 2 UN Member States non-voting . The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations was signed by the Republic of China on 18 April 1961 and ratified on 19 December 1969 . The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations is the cornerstone of modern-day diplomacy since the Vienna Congress and followed by the UN .

neg: Durban III Durban III is an informal name for a high-level United Nations General Assembly meeting marking the 10th anniversary of the adoption of The Durban Declaration and Programme of Action that was held in New York City on 22 September 2011 . It was mandated in 2009 by United Nations General Assembly ( GA ) resolution 64/148 to commemorate the World Conference against Racism 2001 ( also known as Durban I ) , and given additional form and visibility by a GA Third Committee draft resolution adopted on 24 November 2010 . It followed the Durban Review Conference , the official name of the 2009 United Nations World Conference Against Racism ( WCAR ) , also known as Durban II .   The theme of the conference was `` Victims of racism , racial discrimination , xenophobia and related intolerance : recognition , justice and development '' , and most of the member states of the UN attended . Consisting of a plenary session and a series of round table discussions at the level of Heads of State and Government , its stated goal was to build upon the agenda outlined in The Durban Declaration and Programme of Action , or DDPA , described by the UN as `` the international community 's blueprint for action to fight racism . ''   The Durban conferences had previously been criticized by Western governments for allegedly promoting rather than combating racism . Australia , Austria , Bulgaria , Canada , the Czech Republic , France , Germany , Israel , Italy , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Poland , the United Kingdom and the United States all boycotted Durban III . They charged that the Durban process has been used to promote racism , intolerance , antisemitism and Holocaust denial , and to erode freedom of speech and Israel 's right to exist . The same countries , excluding Austria , Bulgaria , France and the United Kingdom , also previously boycotted the Durban Review Conference in 2009 .   A coalition of 25 non-governmental organizations ( NGOs ) critical of the conference , led by UN Watch , organized a parallel human rights summit with the stated aim of drawing attention to flaws in the UN system and promoting reform . A similar counter-conference organized by Nobel Peace Prize laureate Elie Wiesel and human rights scholar Anne Bayefsky featured scholars and public figures . Conversely , the Durban +10 Coalition , a group of NGOs which included the US Human Rights Network , National Lawyers Guild and the International Jewish Anti-Zionist Network , expressed its unequivocal support for the DDPA and criticized countries boycotting the conference .

neg: Surrender of Japan The surrender of Imperial Japan was announced on August 15 and formally signed on September 2 , 1945 , bringing the hostilities of World War II to a close . By the end of July 1945 , the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) was incapable of conducting major operations and an Allied invasion of Japan was imminent . Together with the British Empire and China , the United States called for the unconditional surrender of the Japanese armed forces in the Potsdam Declaration on July 26 , 1945 -- the alternative being `` prompt and utter destruction '' . While publicly stating their intent to fight on to the bitter end , Japan 's leaders ( the Supreme Council for the Direction of the War , also known as the `` Big Six '' ) were privately making entreaties to the still-neutral Soviet Union to mediate peace on terms more favorable to the Japanese . Meanwhile , the Soviets were preparing to attack Japanese forces in Manchuria and Korea ( in addition to South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands ) in fulfillment of promises they had secretly made to the United States and the United Kingdom at the Tehran and Yalta Conferences .   On August 6 , 1945 , at 8:15 AM local time , the United States detonated an atomic bomb over the Japanese city of Hiroshima . Sixteen hours later , American President Harry S. Truman called again for Japan 's surrender , warning them to `` expect a rain of ruin from the air , the like of which has never been seen on this earth . '' Late in the evening of August 8 , 1945 , in accordance with the Yalta agreements , but in violation of the Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact , the Soviet Union declared war on Japan , and soon after midnight on August 9 , 1945 , the Soviet Union invaded the Imperial Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo . Later in the day , the United States dropped a second atomic bomb , this time on the Japanese city of Nagasaki . Following these events , Emperor Hirohito intervened and ordered the Supreme Council for the Direction of the War to accept the terms the Allies had set down in the Potsdam Declaration for ending the war . After several more days of behind-the-scenes negotiations and a failed coup d'état , Emperor Hirohito gave a recorded radio address across the Empire on August 15 . In the radio address , called the , he announced the surrender of Japan to the Allies .   On August 28 , the occupation of Japan by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers began . The surrender ceremony was held on September 2 , aboard the United States Navy battleship , at which officials from the Japanese government signed the Japanese Instrument of Surrender , thereby ending the hostilities . Allied civilians and military personnel alike celebrated V-J Day , the end of the war ; however , some isolated soldiers and personnel from Imperial Japan 's far-flung forces throughout Asia and the Pacific islands refused to surrender for months and years afterwards , some even refusing into the 1970s . The role of the atomic bombings in Japan 's unconditional surrender , and the ethics of the two attacks , is still debated . The state of war formally ended when the Treaty of San Francisco came into force on April 28 , 1952 . Four more years passed before Japan and the Soviet Union signed the Soviet -- Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956 , which formally brought an end to their state of war .

neg: Yalta Conference The Yalta Conference , sometimes called the Crimea conference and code named the Argonaut Conference , held from February 4 to 11 , 1945 , was the World War II meeting of the heads of government of the United States , the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union for the purpose of discussing Europe 's postwar reorganization . The three states were represented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt , Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Premier Joseph Stalin , respectively . The conference convened in the Livadia Palace near Yalta in Crimea , Soviet Union .   The goal of the conference was to shape a post-war peace that represented not just a collective security order but a plan to give self-determination to the liberated peoples of post-Nazi Europe .   The meeting was intended mainly to discuss the re-establishment of the nations of war-torn Europe . Within a few years , with the Cold War dividing the continent , Yalta became a subject of intense controversy . To a degree , it has remained controversial .   Yalta was the second of three wartime conferences among the Big Three . It had been preceded by the Tehran Conference in 1943 , and was followed by the Potsdam Conference in July 1945 , which was attended by Stalin , Churchill ( who was replaced halfway through by the newly elected British Prime Minister Clement Attlee ) and Harry S. Truman , Roosevelt 's successor .

neg: United Nations Security Council election, November 1946 The second 1946 United Nations Security Council election was held on 19 November 1946 during the First session of the United Nations General Assembly . The General Assembly elected Belgium , Colombia , and Syria , as the three new non-permanent members of the UN Security Council for two-year mandates commencing in January 1947 .

neg: United Nations Operation in the Congo Organisation des Nations Unies au Congo , abbreviated ONUC ( English : United Nations Organization in the Congo ) , was a United Nations peacekeeping force in Congo that was established after United Nations Security Council Resolution 143 of 14 July 1960 . In 1963 the name changed to Opération des Nations Unies au Congo , retaining the same abbreviation . To generalise , the mission was a response to the Congo Crisis . ONUC was the UN 's first peacekeeping mission with a significant military force , but has been described as a `` pyrrhic victory at best . ''   Following Security Council actions , the United Nations Organization in the Congo ( ONUC ) was established . To carry out these tasks , the Secretary-General set up a United Nations Force -- at its peak strength numbering nearly 20,000 . The UN Force stayed in the Congo between 1960 and 1964 , and underwent a transition from a peacekeeping presence to a military force .   ONUC 's main goals stayed consistent from the first to fifth resolution . It featured the double purpose of withdrawing Belgian military personnel ( later expanding to mercenaries ) and providing military assistance to ensure internal stability . The successive Security Council resolutions added to and elaborated on the initial mandate but did not fundamentally change the operation 's objectives . These were especially significant because Belgium 's invasion violated the norm of sovereignty , and the second objective was set to prevent the country from becoming a Cold War client state .   The first troops reached Congo on 15 July 1960 , many airlifted in by the United States Air Force as part of Operation New Tape .   Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba , dissatisfied with Dag Hammarskjöld 's refusal to use UN troops to subdue the insurrection in Katanga , decided to attempt an invasion of Katanga on his own and turned to the Soviet Union for help . The invasion attempt never reached Katanga but led to dissension within the Central Government , the collapse of the Central Government , and eventually to Lumumba 's arrest in December and execution in Katanga in February 1961 . Only then did the United Nations Security Council explicitly authorize the use of force for purposes beyond self-defense .

neg: North Atlantic Treaty The North Atlantic Treaty , signed in Washington , D.C. on 4 April 1949 , is the treaty establishing the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) .


query: A genre of music is rock music.

pos: Rock music Rock music is a genre of popular music that originated as `` rock and roll '' in the United States in the early 1950s , and developed into a range of different styles in the 1960s and later , particularly in the United Kingdom and the United States . It has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll , a style which drew heavily on the African-American genres of blues and rhythm and blues , and from country music . Rock music also drew strongly on a number of other genres such as electric blues and folk , and incorporated influences from jazz , classical and other musical styles . Musically , rock has centered on the electric guitar , usually as part of a rock group with electric bass and drums and one or more singers . Typically , rock is song-based music usually with a 4/4 time signature using a verse-chorus form , but the genre has become extremely diverse . Like pop music , lyrics often stress romantic love but also address a wide variety of other themes that are frequently social or political .   By the late 1960s `` classic rock '' period , a number of distinct rock music subgenres had emerged , including hybrids like blues rock , folk rock , country rock , raga rock , and jazz-rock , many of which contributed to the development of psychedelic rock , which was influenced by the countercultural psychedelic and hippie scene . New genres that emerged included progressive rock , which extended the artistic elements ; glam rock , which highlighted showmanship and visual style ; and the diverse and enduring subgenre of heavy metal , which emphasized volume , power , and speed . In the second half of the 1970s , punk rock reacted by producing stripped-down , energetic social and political critiques . Punk was an influence in the 1980s on new wave , post-punk and eventually alternative rock . From the 1990s alternative rock began to dominate rock music and break into the mainstream in the form of grunge , Britpop , and indie rock . Further fusion subgenres have since emerged , including pop punk , rap rock , and rap metal , as well as conscious attempts to revisit rock 's history , including the garage rock/post-punk and synth-pop revivals at the beginning of the 2000s ( decade ) .   Rock music has also embodied and served as the vehicle for cultural and social movements , leading to major subcultures including mods and rockers in the UK and the hippie counterculture that spread out from San Francisco in the US in the 1960s . Similarly , 1970s punk culture spawned the goth and emo subcultures . Inheriting the folk tradition of the protest song , rock music has been associated with political activism as well as changes in social attitudes to race , sex and drug use , and is often seen as an expression of youth revolt against adult consumerism and conformity .

neg: American popular music American popular music has had a profound effect on music across the world . The country has seen the rise of popular styles that have had a significant influence on global culture , including ragtime , blues , jazz , swing , rock , bluegrass , country , R&B , doo wop , gospel , soul , funk , heavy metal , punk , disco , house , techno , salsa , grunge and hip hop . In addition , the American music industry is quite diverse , supporting a number of regional styles such as zydeco , klezmer and slack-key .   Distinctive styles of American popular music emerged early in the 19th century , and in the 20th century the American music industry developed a series of new forms of music , using elements of blues and other genres of American folk music . These popular styles included country , R&B , jazz and rock . The 1960s and 1970s saw a number of important changes in American popular music , including the development of a number of new styles , such as heavy metal , punk , soul , and hip hop . Though these styles were not in the sense of mainstream , they were commercially recorded and are thus examples of popular music as opposed to folk or classical music .

neg: List of North American folk music traditions This is a list of folk music traditions , with styles , dances , instruments and other related topics . The term folk music can not be easily defined in a precise manner ; it is used with widely varying definitions depending on the author , intended audience and context within a work . Similarly , the term traditions in this context does not connote any strictly-defined criteria . Music scholars , journalists , audiences , record industry individuals , politicians , nationalists and demagogues may often have occasion to address which fields of folk music are distinct traditions based along racial , geographic , linguistic , religious , tribal or ethnic lines , and all such peoples will likely use different criteria to decide what constitutes a `` folk music tradition '' . This list uses the same general categories used by mainstream , primarily English-language , scholarly sources , as determined by relevant statements of fact and the internal structure of works .   These traditions may coincide entirely , partially or not at all with geographic , political , linguistic or cultural boundaries . Very few , if any , music scholars would claim that there are any folk music traditions that can be considered specific to a distinct group of people and with characteristics undiluted by contact with the music of other peoples ; thus , the folk music traditions described herein overlap in varying degrees with each other .

neg: Rehearsal A rehearsal is an activity in the performing arts that occurs as preparation for a performance in music , theatre , dance and related arts , such as opera , musical theatre and film production . It is undertaken as a form of practising , to ensure that all details of the subsequent performance are adequately prepared and coordinated . The term `` rehearsal '' typically refers to ensemble activities undertaken by a group of people . For example , when a musician is preparing a piano concerto alone in their music studio , this is called `` practicing '' , but when they begin to practice the concerto with an orchestra , this activity is called a `` rehearsal '' . The music rehearsal takes place in a music rehearsal space .   A rehearsal may involve as few as two people , as with a small play for two actors , an art song performance by a singer and a pianist or a folk music duo of a singer and a guitar player . On the other end of the spectrum , a rehearsal can be held for a very large orchestra with over 100 performers and a choir . A rehearsal can involve only performers of one type , as in an a cappella choir show , in which a group of singers perform without instrumental accompaniment or a play involving only theatre actors ; it can involve performers of different instruments , as with an orchestra , rock band or jazz `` big band '' ; vocal and instrumental performers , as with opera and choral works accompanied by orchestra ; or a mix of actors , vocalists , instrumentalists and dancers , as with musical theatre .   Rehearsals of small groups of performers , such as small rock bands , jazz quartets or organ trios may be held without a leader ; in these cases , the performers themselves jointly determine how to run the rehearsal , which songs to practice , and so on . Some small groups may have their rehearsals led by a bandleader . Almost all mid - to large group performances have a person who leads the rehearsals ; this person may be a bandleader in a rock , country or jazz setting ; a conductor in classical music ( including in opera ) ; a director in theatre or musical theatre ; or a film director for movie rehearsals .   While the term is most commonly used in the performing arts to refer to preparation for a public presentation or show , the term is also used to refer to the preparation for other anticipated activities , such as wedding guests and couples practicing a wedding ceremony , paramedics practicing responding to a simulated emergency , or army troops practicing for an attack using a mock-up of the building they will be assaulting .

neg: British rock and roll British rock and roll , or sometimes British rock 'n' roll , is a style of popular music based on American rock and roll , which emerged in the late 1950s and was popular until the arrival of beat music in 1962 . It has generally been considered inferior to the American version of the genre , and made little international or lasting impact . However , it was important in establishing British youth and popular music culture and was a key factor in subsequent developments that led to the British Invasion of the mid-1960s . Since the 1960s , some stars of the genre , most notably Cliff Richard , have managed to sustain successful careers and there have been periodic revivals of this form of music .

neg: Rockin' All Over the World (album) Rockin ' All Over the World is the tenth studio album by the British band Status Quo , released 1977 . It is the first of their records to be produced by Pip Williams , and the first to feature Andy Bown as a regular contributor to the band ; he would later join the band officially in 1982 . It was released in November 1977 , and reached # 5 .   The title track , written and originally recorded by John Fogerty , was released by Quo as a single in September 1977 , reaching a peak position of # 3 . Its b-side was `` Ring of a Change '' , from their previous studio album . No other singles were issued from the album , although `` Ca n't Give You More '' was re-recorded by the band in 1991 for their album `` Rock 'Til You Drop '' and issued as a single , reaching # 37 .   The album was reissued by Mercury in 2005 with a bonus track -- a cover of the Beatles ' `` Getting Better '' , which they had initially recorded in 1976 for the soundtrack of the film All This and World War II -LSB- Catalog # 982 596-9 -RSB- .   This track was not included on the deluxe edition released in late 2015 , however for this reissue the entire album was remixed and re-ordered by original engineer John Eden and added alongside the new remaster . Several of the new mixes feature longer play-outs and the overall sound was stripped back to the core of two guitars , bass and drums , with occasional keyboard parts left in . As a further bonus , four demos were included .

neg: Backing vocalist Backing vocalists are singers who provide vocal harmony with the lead vocalist or other backing vocalists . In some cases , a backing singer may sing alone as a lead-in to the main vocalist 's entry or to sing a counter-melody . Backing vocalists are used in a broad range of popular music , traditional music and world music styles .   Solo artists may employ professional backing vocalists in studio recording sessions as well as during concerts . In many rock and metal bands ( e.g. , the power trio ) , the musicians doing backup vocals also play instruments , such as guitar , electric bass , drums , or keyboards . In Latin or Afro-Cuban groups , backup singers may play percussion instruments or shakers while singing . In some pop and hip-hop groups and in musical theater , the backup singers may be required to perform elaborately choreographed dance routines while they sing through headset microphones .   The style of singing used by backup singers varies according to the type of song and the genre of music the band plays . In pop and country songs , backup vocalists may perform vocal harmony parts to support the lead vocalist . In hardcore punk or rockabilly , other band members who play instruments may sing or shout backup vocals during the chorus ( refrain ) section of the songs .

neg: Pop punk Pop punk ( also known as punk-pop ) is a music genre that fuses elements of punk rock and pop music . It typically combines fast tempos , loud and distorted electric guitars , and power chord changes with pop-influenced melodies , vocal styles , and lyrical themes .   Pop-influenced punk rock emerged in the mid-1970s with a music style that was stylistically similar to power pop . By the mid-1980s , several bands merged hardcore punk with pop music to create a new , faster pop punk sound such as Dag Nasty , the Nip Drivers , T.S.O.L. , Social Distortion , and the Descendents . Pop punk in the United States began to grow in popularity locally in California in the mid-to-late 1980s . Pop punk particularly thrived in California , where independent record labels adopted a do it yourself ( DIY ) approach to releasing music . By the mid-1990s , a few pop punk bands had started to sell millions of records and receive extensive radio and television airplay , such as Green Day . By 1994 , pop punk was quickly growing in mainstream popularity . The late 1990s , exemplified by the 1999 release of Blink-182 's Enema of the State , represented the genre 's mainstream peak , although some pop punk bands scored successful album chartings in the 2000s . In the mid-2000s , emo pop , a fusion genre combining emo and pop punk , became popular . By the end of the 2000s , the pop punk sound of the 1990s had largely waned in mainstream popularity .

neg: Rock en español Rock en español ( Spanish-language rock ) is a term used widely in the English-speaking world to refer any kind of rock music featuring Spanish vocals . Unlike English-speaking bands , very few acts reached worldwide success and often not even between different Spanish-speaking countries due to a lack of promotion . Despite rock en español 's origins in the late 1950s , many rock acts achieved at best nationwide fame until the Internet consolidated the listeners . However , some rock en español artists did become internationally popular with the help of a promotional campaign from the mid 1980s to the mid 1990s called `` Rock en tu idioma '' ( Rock in your language ) . Some specific rock-based styles influenced by folkloric rhythms have also developed in these regions . Some of the more prominent styles are Latin rock , a fusion of rock music with Latin American and Caribbean folkloric sounds developed in Latino communities ; Latin alternative , an alternative rock scene which blended a Latin sound with other genres like Caribbean ska , reggae , and soca ; or Andalusian rock , a flamenco-influenced style that emerged in Spain .

neg: Guitarist A guitarist ( or a guitar player ) is a person who plays the guitar . Guitarists may play a variety of guitar family instruments such as classical guitars , acoustic guitars , electric guitars , and bass guitars . Some guitarists accompany themselves on the guitar by singing or playing the harmonica .

neg: Lick (music) In popular music genres such as rock or jazz music , a lick is `` a stock pattern or phrase '' consisting of a short series of notes that is used in solos and melodic lines and accompaniment . Licks in rock and roll are often used through a formula , and variations technique in which variants of simple , stock ideas are blended and developed during the solo .   In a jazz band , a lick may be performed during an improvised solo , either during an accompanied solo chorus or during an unaccompanied solo break . Jazz licks are usually original short phrases which can be altered so that they can be used over a song 's changing harmonic progressions .

neg: List of rock formations A rock formation is an isolated , scenic , or spectacular surface rock outcrop . Rock formations are usually the result of weathering and erosion sculpting the existing rock . The term ` rock formation ' can also refer to specific sedimentary strata or other rock unit in stratigraphic and petrologic studies .   A rock structure can be created in any rock type or combination :   Sedimentary rocks are created by a variety of processes but usually involving deposition , grain by grain , layer by layer , in water or , in the case of terrestrial sediments , on land through the action of wind or sometimes moving ice . Erosion later exposes them in their current form . An example is Bryce Canyon National Park in Utah .  Metamorphic rocks are created by rocks that have been transformed into another kind of rock , usually by some combination of heat , pressure and chemical alteration . An example are the Seneca Rocks in West Virginia .  Igneous rocks are created when molten rock cools and solidifies , with or without crystallization . They may be either plutonic bodies or volcanic extrusives . Again , erosive forces sculpt their current forms . An example is Half Dome in Yosemite National Park .   Geologists have created a number of terms to describe different rock structures in the landscape that can be formed by natural processes :   Inselberg or monadnock is a residual relief feature . It can be an isolated hill , a knob , ridge or small mountain that rises abruptly , like an island , from a gently sloping or virtually level surrounding plain . Inselberg is a German word that means `` island mountain '' . Uluru/Ayers Rock in Australia is a noted example .  Peak  Stack  Mesa  Butte  Escarpment  Gorge  Sea cliff  River cliff  Stone run  Crag  Tor  Promontory is a prominent mass of land which overlooks lower lying land or a body of water .   Here is a list of rock formations by continent .

neg: 2007 in downloadable songs for the Rock Band series The Rock Band series of music video games supports downloadable songs for the Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 , and Wii versions through the consoles ' respective online services . Users can download songs on a track-by-track basis , with many of the tracks also offered as part of a `` song pack '' or complete album at a discounted rate . These packs are available for the Wii only on Rock Band 3 . Most downloadable songs are playable within every game mode , including the Band World Tour career mode . All downloadable songs released before October 26 , 2010 are cross-compatible between Rock Band , Rock Band 2 and Rock Band 3 , while those after only work with Rock Band 3 . Certain songs deemed `` suitable for all ages '' by Harmonix are also available for use in Lego Rock Band .   The Wii version of Rock Band does not support downloadable content , but Rock Band 2 and Rock Band 3 do , with DLC first made available in January 2009 . Songs from the back catalogue of downloadable content were released for the Wii weekly in an effort by Harmonix to provide Wii players with every previously available song .   Following the release of Rock Band 4 for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One , all previously purchased downloadable content for Rock Band 3 and earlier is forward compatible ( with the exception of any downloadable content purchased for The Beatles : Rock Band ) within the same system family at no additional cost .   32 downloadable Rock Band songs were released in 2007 , 15 of which appeared alongside the launch of Rock Band on November 20 , including song packs for Queens of the Stone Age , Metallica , and The Police .

neg: Demo (music) A demo ( from `` demonstration '' ) is a song or group of songs recorded for limited circulation or reference use rather than for general public release . A demo is a way for a musician to approximate their ideas in a fixed format , such as cassette tape , compact disc , or digital audio files , and to thereby pass along those ideas to record labels , record producers , or to other artists .   Musicians often use demos as quick sketches to share with bandmates or arrangers or simply for personal reference during the songwriting process ; in other cases a songwriter might make a demo to send to artists in hopes of having the song professionally recorded , or a music publisher may need a simple recording for publishing or copyright purposes .

neg: Audio mining Audio mining is a technique by which the content of an audio signal can be automatically analysed and searched . It is most commonly used in the field of automatic speech recognition , where the analysis tries to identify any speech within the audio . The audio will typically be processed by a speech recognition system in order to identify word or phoneme units that are likely to occur in the spoken content . This information may either be used immediately in pre-defined searches for keywords or phrases ( a real-time `` word spotting '' system ) , or the output of the speech recogniser may be stored in an index file . One or more audio mining index files can then be loaded at a later date in order to run searches for keywords or phrases .   The results of a search will normally be in terms of hits , which are regions within files that are good matches for the chosen keywords . The user may then be able to listen to the audio corresponding to these hits in order to verify if a correct match was found .   Audio mining systems used in the field of speech recognition are often divided into two groups : those that use Large Vocabulary Continuous Speech Recognisers ( LVCSR ) and those that use phonetic recognition .   Musical audio mining ( also known as music information retrieval ) relates to the identification of perceptually important characteristics of a piece of music such as melodic , harmonic or rhythmic structure . Searches can then be carried out to find pieces of music that are similar in terms of their melodic , harmonic and/or rhythmic characteristics .

neg: Rock and roll (disambiguation) Rock and roll is a genre of popular music that originated and evolved in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s .   Rock and roll or Rock n ' roll may also refer to :

neg: Traditional heavy metal Traditional heavy metal , also known as classic metal , or traditional metal , is the seminal genre of heavy metal music before the genre `` evolved and splintered into many different styles and subgenres . ''

neg: Heavy metal lyrics Heavy metal lyrics are the words used in songs by heavy metal music bands , groups and artists . Given that there are many genres of heavy metal , it is difficult to make generalizations about the lyrics and lyrical themes . In 1989 , two metal scholars wrote that heavy metal lyrics concentrate `` on dark and depressing subject matter to an extent hitherto unprecedented '' in any form of popular music . Jeffrey Arnett states that metal songs are `` overwhelmingly dominated '' by `` ugly and unhappy '' themes which express `` no hope '' for the future . Deena Weinstein has proposed one way to analyze metal song themes is loosely grouping them into two categories : the Dionysian theme ( a reference to the Roman God of wine ) , which celebrates `` sex , drugs and rock and roll '' , partying , and enjoyment of life and the Chaotic theme , which involves dark subjects such as Hell , injustice , mayhem , carnage and death . Not all metal genres fall into Weinstein 's two theme model ; for example power metal 's lyrical themes often focus on fantasy and mythology , camaraderie and hope , personal struggles and emotions , among other themes . Another exception is pop metal bands , which replaced `` gloom and doom '' themes with `` positive , upbeat '' songs about romantic love and relationships , part of their goal of appealing more to female listeners . In metal overall , the small number of metal songs about relationships are typically about unions that have `` gone sour '' long ago .   The thematic content of heavy metal lyrics has long been a target of criticism . According to Jon Pareles , `` Heavy metal 's main subject matter is simple and virtually universal . With grunts , moans and subliterary lyrics , it celebrates ... a party without limits ... -LSB- T -RSB- he bulk of the music is stylized and formulaic . '' Music critics have often deemed metal lyrics juvenile and banal , and others have objected to what they see as advocacy of misogyny and the occult . During the 1980s , the Parents Music Resource Center ( PMRC ) petitioned the U.S. Congress to regulate the popular music industry due to what the group asserted were objectionable lyrics , particularly those in heavy metal songs . The PMRC used music professor Joe Stuessy to testify against metal . Professor Stuessy alleged that heavy metal songs focus on violence , substance abuse , perversion , S&M , and Satanism . Robert Walser analyzed 88 metal songs ' themes to determine if Professor Stuessy 's claims were valid . In Walser 's analysis , the dominant theme in the metal songs was `` longing for intensity '' ; he found that the negative themes described by Stuessy and the PMRC were uncommon . Jeffrey Arnett analysed the lyrics from 115 metal songs : he found that the top three messages were `` grim ... themes '' about violence , angst and protest .   Metal artists have had to defend their lyrics in front of the U.S. Senate and in courtrooms . In 1985 , Twisted Sister frontman Dee Snider was asked to defend his song Under the Blade at a U.S. Senate hearing . In 1986 , Ozzy Osbourne was sued because of the lyrics of his song Suicide Solution . In 1990 , Judas Priest was sued in American court by the parents of two young men who had shot themselves five years earlier , allegedly after hearing the subliminal statement `` do it '' in a Priest song . While the case attracted a great deal of media attention , it was ultimately dismissed . In some predominantly Muslim countries , heavy metal has been officially denounced as a threat to traditional values . In countries such as Morocco , Egypt , Lebanon , and Malaysia , there have been incidents of heavy metal musicians and fans being arrested and incarcerated .

neg: Social effects of rock music The popularity and worldwide scope of rock music resulted in a powerful impact on society . Rock and roll influenced daily life , fashion , attitudes and language in a way few other social developments have equalled . As the original generations of rock and roll fans matured , the music became an accepted and deeply interwoven thread in popular culture . Beginning in the early 1950s , rock songs and acts began to be used in a few television commercials ; within a decade this practice became widespread , and rock music also featured in film and television program soundtracks .

neg: Music store A music store or musical instrument store is a retail business that sells musical instruments and related equipment and accessories . In United States and Canada , most music stores in the 2010s sell a range of electric instruments ( e.g. , electric guitars ) , instrument amplifiers ( e.g. , guitar amplifiers ) ; electronic instruments ( e.g. , synthesizers ) ; drum kits ( including drums , cymbals and percussion instruments ) and acoustic classical , concert band and jazz musical instruments such as saxophones , trumpets and violins . In addition , stores typically sell ( and sometimes rent ) the sound reinforcement system and PA system gear used in live concert performances and the sound recording equipment used to record music , such as microphones and digital recorders .   In the 2010s , music stores can be `` bricks and mortar '' stores ( either individual small businesses or chain stores , which may be a regional or national chain ) ; online musical instrument stores , which consist of a website describing the merchandise , various online payment systems , and shipping or delivery systems ; or hybrid stores that have both `` bricks and mortar '' stores and an online store . Some `` bricks and mortar '' music stores also provide services for a fee , such as music lessons , musical instrument repair and guitar amplifier repair .

neg: Folk rock Folk rock is a music genre combining elements of folk music and rock music . In its earliest and narrowest sense , the term referred to a genre that arose in the United States and the United Kingdom around the mid-1960s . The genre was pioneered by the Los Angeles band the Byrds , who began playing traditional folk music and songs by Bob Dylan with rock instrumentation . The term `` folk rock '' was coined by the U.S. music press to describe the Byrds ' music in June 1965 , the month in which the band 's debut album was issued .   The release of the Byrds ' 1965 cover version of Dylan 's `` Mr. Tambourine Man '' and its subsequent commercial success , along with Dylan 's own recordings with rock instrumentation -- on the albums Bringing It All Back Home ( 1965 ) , Highway 61 Revisited ( 1965 ) , and Blonde on Blonde ( 1966 ) -- initiated an explosion of folk rock groups the mid-1960s . Dylan 's appearance at the Newport Folk Festival on 25 July 1965 , with an electric band backing him , was also a pivotal moment in the development of the genre .   A distinct , eclectic style of electric folk was created in Britain and Europe in the late 1960s by Pentangle , Fairport Convention and Alan Stivell . Inspired by British psychedelic folk and the North American style of folk rock , Pentangle , Fairport , and other related bands began to incorporate elements of traditional British folk music into their repertoire . Fairport bassist Ashley Hutchings formed Steeleye Span with traditionalist folk musicians who wished to incorporate overt rock elements into their music , and this led to other variants , including the overtly English folk rock of the Albion Band ( also featuring Hutchings ) and the more prolific current of Celtic rock .   In a broader sense , folk rock includes later similarly inspired musical genres and movements in the English-speaking world .


query: Faneuil Hall is found in Boston.

pos: Boston Boston ( pronounced -LSB- ˈbɒstən -RSB- ) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States . Boston is also the seat of Suffolk County , although the county government was disbanded on July 1 , 1999 . The city proper covers 48 mi2 with an estimated population of 667,137 in 2015 , making it the largest city in New England and the 23rd most populous city in the United States . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston , a Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA ) home to a census-estimated 4.7 million people in 2014 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country . Alternately , as a Combined Statistical Area ( CSA ) , this wider commuting region is home to some 8.1 million people , making it the sixth-largest as such in the United States .   One of the oldest cities in the United States , Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England . It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution , such as the Boston Massacre , the Boston Tea Party , the Battle of Bunker Hill , and the Siege of Boston . Upon U.S. independence from Great Britain , it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture . Through land reclamation and municipal annexation , Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula . Its rich history attracts many tourists , with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year . Boston 's many firsts include the United States ' first public school , Boston Latin School ( 1635 ) , first subway system , the Tremont Street Subway ( 1897 ) , and first public park , Boston Common ( 1634 ) .   The area 's many colleges and universities make Boston an international center of higher education , including law , medicine , engineering , and business , and the city is considered to be a world leader in innovation and entrepreneurship , with nearly 2,000 startups . Boston 's economic base also includes finance , professional and business services , biotechnology , information technology , and government activities . Households in the city claim the highest average rate of philanthropy in the United States ; businesses and institutions rank among the top in the country for environmental sustainability and investment . The city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States as it has undergone gentrification , though it remains high on world livability rankings .

neg: Gloucester Lyceum The Gloucester Lyceum ( 1830-1872 ) of Gloucester , Massachusetts , was an association for `` the improvement of its members in useful knowledge , and the advancement of popular education . '' It incorporated in 1831 .   From the 1830s through at least the 1860s , the Lyceum arranged lectures from notables such as : Ralph Waldo Emerson , Oliver Wendell Holmes , Sr. , `` the two Everetts , Choate , Sumner , Rantoul , Winthrop , Colfax , Greely , ... Parker , Curtis , Phillips , Bayard Taylor , Dr. Holland , Chapin , Starr King , Hillard , ... Beecher , Giles , Gough , Dr. Hayes , the Arctic explorer , Burlingame , ... Alger , Whipple , Murdoch , Vanderhoff , Bancroft , and Dana . '' From 1830 , `` meetings were held in Union Hall ... until 1844 when the Murray Institute was used for one season prior to the occupancy of the Town Hall . ''   In 1854 `` the Lyceum opened its library on Wednesday and Saturday afternoons and evenings , with 1,400 volumes . It was located in the eastern parlor of the residence of F.G. Low on what was then the corner of Spring and Duncan Streets . '' Patrons could use the library for $ 1 per year ; the fee was waived for those unable to afford it . In 1863 the library moved to Front Street ; the building burned down in 1864 . Thereafter it occupied rooms on Middle Street ( in the Baptist church ) , and later on Front Street ( in the Babson block ) . Much of the funding for the library came from `` Samuel E. Sawyer , a Boston merchant , but a native of Gloucester . ''   The Lyceum became the Gloucester Lyceum and Sawyer Free Library under a new charter in 1872 .

neg: Boylston Street Boylston Street is the name of a major east-west thoroughfare in the city of Boston , Massachusetts . The Boston street was known as Frog Lane in the early 18th century and was later known as Common Street . It was later again renamed for Ward Nicholas Boylston ( 1747 -- 1828 ) , a man of wealth and refinement , an officer of the Crown , and philanthropist . Boylston , who was a descendent of Zabdiel Boylston , was born in Boston and spent much of his life in it . The Boylston Market was named after him as was the town of Boylston , Massachusetts .   Another Boylston Street runs through Boston 's western suburbs , Newton and Brookline .

neg: South Boston Boat Clubs Historic District The South Boston Boat Clubs Historic District is a historic district consisting of clubhouse buildings at 1793 -- 1849 William J. Day Boulevard in the South Boston neighborhood of Boston , Massachusetts . The district includes four late-Victorian era clubhouses , which were built on `` made land '' created by filling in mudflats from nearby construction projects . The oldest of the buildings , that of the Boston Harbor Yacht Club , was built in 1898 , but may contain elements as old as 1870 , when the Boston Yacht Club was founded .   The district listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005 .

neg: B. F. Sturtevant Company B. F. Sturtevant Company was a Boston-based manufacturer of fans . It became a leader in the manufacture of industrial air cooling and ventilation systems .

neg: Boston Braves (AHL) The Boston Braves were a professional ice hockey team in Boston , Massachusetts . They were a member of the American Hockey League from 1971 to 1974 .   The early 1970s saw an unprecedented boom in the popularity of hockey in the greater Boston area , fuelled by the success of the Bobby Orr and Phil Esposito-led Boston Bruins . The Bruins had sold out all of their home games at the Boston Garden for years , and the team owners thought that placing their minor-league affiliate in the same arena , made sense on several levels . Previously , the Bruins ' top affiliates were the Hershey Bears of the AHL and the Oklahoma City Blazers of the Central Hockey League .   The team was named after the eponymous National League baseball team that had played in Boston until 1953 -- which had been owned by Charles F. Adams , founder of the Bruins , during the 1930s . The first season of the AHL Braves , under coach Bep Guidolin , was wildly successful . Behind a powerful club led by future NHLstars Dan Bouchard and Rich Leduc , and with other veteran minor-leaguers and future NHL players such as Doug Roberts , Ross Brooks , Nick Beverley , Garry Peters and Don Tannahill , the club tied for first place in its division with the powerful Nova Scotia Voyageurs with a 41-21-14 mark , while proving popular enough in Boston to set league records for single-game and single-season attendance that survived for decades .   In its second season , however , competition from the WHA 's New England Whalers served to saturate the market . Furthermore , NHL expansion cost the team its best player , Bouchard , who had been picked by the Atlanta Flames , while WHA defections caused the recall of Brooks to the parent club and the departure of Roberts and Peters to the rival league . While scoring declined only slightly , the defense was notably poorer . The team still finished second in the division with a 34-29-13 mark , but attendance had nearly halved .   In the Braves ' third and final season , the defense collapsed to the point where the team finished out of the playoffs after a 23-40-13 record . With attendance dwindling further and the ebbing of the hockey boom itself in New England , Bruins ' management decided to suspend the team ; the next season saw the Bruins affiliating with the Rochester Americans .   The Bruins maintained the franchise 's existence for many years , paying a nominal fee to the league to keep it dormant , finally selling its rights to the Winnipeg Jets in 1987 so that the Jets could move it to the Maritimes to become the Moncton Hawks .

neg: Town Hall Square Historic District The Town Hall Square Historic District is a historic district encompassing the center of Sandwich , Massachusetts . The original 54 acre district was visually centered on Sandwich Town Hall , Shawme Pond , and the reconstructed Dexter Grist Mill . When first listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 , it was roughly bounded by Main , Grove , Water Sts. , and Tupper Rd. from Beale Ave. to MA 6A . In 2010 the district was expanded , adding another 170 acre and more than 150 contributing resources .   The Town Hall Square area of Sandwich has been an important civic location since the town was established in 1637 . Early in its history the dike was built which impounds Shawme Pond , and a grist mill was established there . It remained an agrarian community , due in part to the lack of a good harbor , until 1825 , when glassmaking began to develop as an industry . Two important civic buildings , the town hall , and the First Church of Christ , were built in 1837 and 1847 , during this period of prosperity , but many older buildings including several First Period houses from the 17th century , also survive in the area . Most of the properties in the district were built after American independence and before 1850 .   The expanded district also includes a number of houses from the second half of the 19th century , including several Queen Anne and Shingle style homes . There are four cemeteries in the district , including the original burying ground , whose oldest grave dates to 1663 . There are four churches and two schools in the district , including the 1928 Henry T. Wing School at 35 Water Street , which is the largest building in the district .

neg: Boston Young Men's Christian Union The Boston Young Men 's Christian Union is an historic building at 48 Boylston Street in Boston , Massachusetts and a liberal Protestant youth association . When Unitarians were excluded from the Boston YMCA ( which was evangelical ) in 1851 , a group of Harvard students founded a Christian discussion group , which was incorporated as the Boston YMCU in 1852 . In 1873 , the organization decided to construct its own building . $ 270,000 was raised , and construction on the original segment completed in 1875 . The building was designed by Nathaniel Jeremiah Bradlee , constructed in a High Victorian Gothic style , and included ground-level retail . Several additions were made , including in 1956 . The building was designated a Boston Landmark by the Boston Landmarks Commission in 1977 and added to the National Historic Register in 1980 . Boston YMCU owned Camp Union , a 600 acre camp , in Greenfield , New Hampshire ( 1929 -- 1993 ) ( now Barbara C. Harris Camp & Convention Center of the Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts ) . From its renovation in 2003 to 2011 it was called the Boylston Street Athletic Club , and later the Boston Union Gym or BYMCU Athletic Club .   The Massachusetts Commission for the Blind moved out in 2012 , and the organization began failing financially . In 2016 , plans were announced to redevelop the site as 46 units of affordable housing , in partnership with the Planning Office for Urban Affairs of the Archdiocese of Boston .

neg: Myles Standish Hall Myles Standish Hall is a Boston University dormitory located at 610 Beacon Street , in Kenmore Square . Originally constructed in 1925 and opened as the Myles Standish Hotel , it was deemed to be one of the finest hotels in the world . In 1949 BU acquired the building and converted it into a dormitory .

neg: Boston Housing Authority The Boston Housing Authority ( BHA ) is a public agency of the city of Boston , Massachusetts that provides subsidized public housing to low - and moderate-income families and individuals .   In the federal government model of the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development ( HUD ) , BHA is a public housing agency . As such , BHA administers federal government assistance programs and monies for locally subsidized housing .   With 70 developments , and serving almost 26,000 people across over 12,600 public housing units , it is the largest public housing authority in New England . It also offers partial subsidies for private housing , assisting another 32,000 people , and administers federal Section 8 vouchers .   The agency 's performance is periodically reviewed by a nine-member council , the BHA Monitoring Committee , which reports to the mayor .

neg: Second Brazer Building The Second Brazer Building is an historic office building at 25-29 State Street in Boston , Massachusetts . It is a locally significant early Beaux Arts design .   The eleven-story skycraper was designed by Cass Gilbert and built in 1897 . It is the only work of Gilbert 's in Boston , and was built in the same year he won the commission for the Minnesota State Capitol . The building is an early local example of a steel frame structure with curtain walls . It has a trapezoidal plan and is 125 feet in height , with identical fenestration patterns on the northern , eastern , and southern facades . The exterior walls are made of limestone for the first three stories and terra cotta for the upper floors .   The tower occupies the site of the first meeting house in Boston , erected in 1632 ; a plaque on the north facade of the building marks its former location . The land was subsequently acquired in the early nineteenth century by John Brazer , a local merchant , and in 1842 his heirs constructed the first Brazer Building , a three-story Greek Revival structure designed by Isaiah Rogers . The original Brazer building stood on the site until 1896 , when it was removed to make way for the current tower .   The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 . It was designated as a Boston Landmark by the Boston Landmarks Commission on July 9 , 1985 .

neg: Boston Music Hall The Boston Music Hall was a concert hall located on Winter Street in Boston , Massachusetts , with an additional entrance on Hamilton Place .   One of the oldest continuously operating theaters in the United States , it was built in 1852 and was the original home of the Boston Symphony Orchestra . The hall closed in 1900 and was converted into a vaudeville theater named the Orpheum Theatre . The Orpheum , which still stands today , was substantially rebuilt in 1915 by architect Thomas W. Lamb as a movie theater .   The hall has no connection with Boston 's `` Music Hall '' , a theater which is now known as the Wang Theatre .

neg: Sever Hall Sever Hall is a notable building designed by famed American architect H. H. Richardson and built in the late 1870s . It is located on the grounds of Harvard University in Cambridge , Massachusetts , within Harvard Yard . It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1970 , recognized as one of Richardson 's mature masterpieces .

neg: The Lowell The Lowell is an historic triple decker apartment house on 33 Lexington Avenue in Cambridge , Massachusetts . Built in 1900 to a design by local architect John Hasty , it is a rare multiunit building in the Brattle Street area outside Harvard Square . The Colonial Revival building has a swan 's neck pediment above the center entry , which is echoed above the central second story windows . Doric pilasters separate the bays of the front facade , and the building distinctively has side porches , giving it added horizontal massing . It was built before the decision was made to locate the electrified trolleys on Mount Auburn Street instead of Brattle ( under pressure from wealthy Brattle Street residents ) , a decision that reduced interest in building more multiunit housing in that area .   The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 .

neg: Hibernian Hall (Boston, Massachusetts) The Hibernian Hall is a historic building at 182-186 Dudley Street in the Roxbury neighborhood of Boston , Massachusetts . The four story brick building was designed by Edward Thomas Patrick Graham , and built in 1913 for the Ancient Order of Hibernians , an Irish Catholic fraternal organization . It was the first of several Hibernian halls to be built in Roxbury , it is now one of only two Irish dance halls from the period to survive . Its ground floor was originally occupied by storefronts , with offices of the organization and a banquet hall on the second floor , and a large hall ( capacity 600 ) on the third floor , which included a fourth-floor balcony . It remained a gathering place for local Irish residents through the 1960s , and was taken by foreclosure in 1960 . It was then taken over by a non-profit focused on job training for local African Americans , which operated there until 1989 . The building interior has suffered due to neglect and vandalism , but the basic form of the upper concert hall has survived .   The hall listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004 .

neg: Sports in Boston Boston , the capital city of the U.S. state of Massachusetts and largest city in the New England region of the northeastern United States , is home to several major league sports teams , including the Red Sox ( baseball ) , the Celtics ( basketball ) and the Bruins ( ice hockey ) . The New England Patriots ( American football ) and the New England Revolution ( soccer ) play at Gillette Stadium in nearby Foxborough , Massachusetts . Several Boston-area colleges and universities are also active in college athletics .   Sports are a major part of the city 's culture ( as well as the culture of the Greater Boston area ) . Boston sports fans are known for their fanatical devotion to the Red Sox and knowledge of the team 's history . Fenway Park , home of the Red Sox , is the oldest ballpark in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) and holds a legendary status among baseball fans .   Boston is the only city in professional sports in which all facilities are privately owned and operated . The Patriots own Gillette Stadium , the Red Sox own Fenway Park , and TD Garden is owned by Delaware North , owner of the Bruins . The Celtics rent TD Garden from Delaware North .   In the 2000s , Boston 's professional teams had arguably the most successful decade in sports history , winning ten championships ( five by the Patriots , three by the Red Sox and one each by the Celtics and Bruins ) . When the Bruins won the 2011 Stanley Cup Finals , the city of Boston became the first city in the 21st century to have all four of its major professional league teams win a league championship , and it is the only city ever to have championships in all four major professional leagues within a ten-year span ( from the Patriots ' victory in February 2002 to the Bruins ' in June 2011 ) . In just ten years , between February 2002 and June 2011 , Boston 's teams completed what Sports Illustrated dubbed as the `` Grand Slam of North American sports . '' With the Patriots ' victory over the Seattle Seahawks in Super Bowl XLIX , the four major Boston-area sports teams completed a grand-slam in six years ( the 2008 Celtics , the 2011 Bruins , the 2013 Red Sox and the 2014 Patriots ) . Beyond that , several of the teams were league finalists : the Revolution four times , the Patriots twice and the Bruins and Celtics once apiece .   With the Bruins reaching the 2011 Stanley Cup Finals , this allowed Boston to join Philadelphia as being the only cities to have had all of their teams play in each of the four major North American professional sports leagues ' title rounds since 2000 , following the Patriots in Super Bowls XXXVI in 2002 , XXXVIII in 2004 , XXXIX in 2005 , XLII in 2008 , XLVI in 2012 , XLIX in 2015 , and LI in 2017 and winning all of them , except Super Bowl XLII and XLVI , the Red Sox winning World Series titles in ( ending the Curse of the Bambino ) , , and , and the Celtics in the NBA Finals in and and winning in 2008 . In addition , Boston beat out Philadelphia for playing in all of the `` big '' league championship rounds in the shortest time in the new millennium , as it took 9 years for Philadelphia to achieve this feat ; Boston needed only three years and eight months . From 2004 to 2015 , all four Boston major league teams have each reached the championship rounds two times or more .

neg: Massachusetts General Court The Massachusetts General Court ( formally styled the General Court of Massachusetts ) is the state legislature of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts . The name `` General Court '' is a hold-over from the earliest days of the Massachusetts Bay Colony , when the colonial assembly , in addition to making laws , sat as a judicial court of appeals . Before the adoption of the state constitution in 1780 , it was called the Great and General Court , but the official title was shortened by John Adams , author of the state constitution . It is a bicameral body . The upper house is the Massachusetts Senate which is composed of 40 members . The lower body , the Massachusetts House of Representatives , has 160 members . ( Until 1978 , it had 240 members ) It meets in the Massachusetts State House on Beacon Hill in Boston .   The current President of the Senate is Stan Rosenberg , and the Speaker of the House is Robert DeLeo . Democrats hold super-majorities in both chambers .   State Senators and Representatives both serve two-year terms .

neg: Boston House The Boston House ( also known as Cresthaven ) is a historic building in downtown Fort Pierce , Florida . It is located at 239 South Indian River Drive ( County Road 707 ) . On April 11 , 1985 , it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places . It is recognized for its unique mixture of Neo-classical and Georgian architecture . It is also recognized for its part in local history . On April 18 , 2012 , the AIA 's Florida Chapter placed the building on its list of Florida Architecture : 100 Years . 100 Places as Cresthaven/Boston House .

neg: Faneuil Hall Faneuil Hall ( -LSB- ˈfænjəl -RSB- or -LSB- ˈfænəl -RSB- previously -LSB- ˈfʌnəl -RSB- ) , located near the waterfront and today 's Government Center , in Boston , Massachusetts , has been a marketplace and a meeting hall since 1743 . It was the site of several speeches by Samuel Adams , James Otis , and others encouraging independence from Great Britain . Now it is part of Boston National Historical Park and a well-known stop on the Freedom Trail . It is sometimes referred to as `` the Cradle of Liberty '' .   In 2008 , Faneuil Hall was rated number 4 in America 's 25 Most Visited Tourist Sites by Forbes Traveler .

neg: National Register of Historic Places listings in Suffolk County, Massachusetts __ NOTOC __   This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Suffolk County , Massachusetts .   This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Suffolk County , Massachusetts , United States . Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts ; these locations may be seen together in a map .   There are over 300 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county , including 58 National Historic Landmarks . The city of Boston is the location of more than 275 of these properties and districts , including 57 National Historic Landmarks ; they are listed separately . Properties and districts located in the county 's other three municipalities are listed here .

neg: Boston (disambiguation) Boston is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Massachusetts .   Boston may also refer to :