query: Jerry Lewis is a writer.

pos: Jerry Lewis Jerry Lewis ( born Joseph Levitch ; March 16 , 1926 ) is an American actor , comedian , singer , film producer , film director , screenwriter and humanitarian . He is known for his slapstick humor in film , television , stage and radio . He and Dean Martin were partners as the hit popular comedy duo of Martin and Lewis . Following that success , he was a solo star in motion pictures , nightclubs , television shows , concerts , album recordings and musicals .   Lewis served as national chairman of the Muscular Dystrophy Association and hosted the live Labor Day broadcast of the Jerry Lewis MDA Telethon for 44 years . Lewis has received several awards for lifetime achievements from the American Comedy Awards , Los Angeles Film Critics Association , Venice Film Festival , Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and been honored with two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame .

neg: The Full Monty (musical) The Full Monty is a musical with a book by Terrence McNally and score by David Yazbek .   In this Americanized musical stage version adapted from the 1997 British film of the same name , six unemployed Buffalo steelworkers , low on both cash and prospects , decide to present a strip act at a local club after seeing their wives ' enthusiasm for a touring company of Chippendales . One of them , Jerry , declares that their show will be better than the Chippendales dancers because they 'll go `` the full monty '' -- strip all the way . As they prepare for the show , working through their fears , self-consciousness , and anxieties , they overcome their inner demons and find strength in their camaraderie .

neg: Country Class Country Class is an album by Jerry Lee Lewis , released on Mercury Records in 1976 .

neg: Jerry Ellis (author) Jerry Ellis ( born 1947 ) is an American author of fiction and non-fiction works best known for the book Walking the Trail written after he walked the 900 mile route of the Cherokee Trail of Tears .  Ellis has been profiled and his books reviewed in several national and regional publications and on public television .

neg: Jerry Garcia Jerome John Garcia ( August 1 , 1942 -- August 9 , 1995 ) was an American singer-songwriter and guitarist , best known for his work as the lead guitarist and as a vocalist with the band the Grateful Dead , which came to prominence during the counterculture era in the 1960s . Although he disavowed the role , Garcia was viewed by many as the leader or `` spokesman '' of the group .   One of its founders , Garcia performed with the Grateful Dead for their entire thirty-year career ( 1965 -- 1995 ) . Garcia also founded and participated in a variety of side projects , including the Saunders -- Garcia Band ( with longtime friend Merl Saunders ) , the Jerry Garcia Band , Old and in the Way , the Garcia/Grisman acoustic duo , Legion of Mary , and the New Riders of the Purple Sage ( which Garcia co-founded with John Dawson and David Nelson ) . He also released several solo albums , and contributed to a number of albums by other artists over the years as a session musician . He was well known for his distinctive guitar playing and was ranked 13th in Rolling Stone 's `` 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time '' cover story .   Later in life , Garcia was sometimes ill because of his diabetes , and in 1986 went into a diabetic coma that nearly cost him his life . Although his overall health improved somewhat after that , he also struggled with heroin and cocaine addictions , and was staying in a California drug rehabilitation facility when he died of a heart attack in August 1995 at the age of 53 .

neg: Dee Caruso Dee Caruso ( April 7 , 1929 -- May 27 , 2012 ) was an American television and film screenwriter and television producer , whose credits included Get Smart , The Monkees and The Smothers Brothers Show . Caruso and his longtime writing partner , Gerald Gardner , frequently collaborated on projects . The writing duo were the head writers for the 1960s television comedy series , Get Smart .   Caruso began his career by writing for stand-up comedians at nightclubs , including Don Adams and Allen & Rossi , the comedy team of Marty Allen and Steve Rossi .   Caruso and writing partner , Gerald Gardner , were head writers for Get Smart . They duo continued to collaborate on projects throughout their career . Caruso and Gardner wrote 22 episodes of The Monkees , which aired from 1966 to 1968 . In 1965 , Caruso and Gardner were part of the writing staff which won an Emmy for their work on David Frost 's That Was The Week That Was . They co-produced The Red Skelton Show . Together , they wrote other episodes of The Smothers Brothers Show , What 's Happening !! , The Ghost & Mrs. Muir , Happy Days and The Bill Cosby Show . Caruso and Gardner co-wrote a 1966 episode of Gilligan 's Island , `` The Producer , '' which guest starred Phil Silvers . Caruso and Gardner co-wrote television specials for Jerry Lewis , Bill Cosby , Robin Williams , Debbie Reynolds , Don Rickles and Jack Benny . Additionally , the pair wrote several television films , including Break Up , which starred Bernadette Peters in 1973 ; and How to Break Up a Happy Divorce , a 1976 NBC television movie starring Barbara Eden , which the duo also produced .   Dee Caruso and Gardner also worked on several feature film projects . They co-wrote Which Way to the Front ? , a 1970 satirical war flick starring Jerry Lewis ; The World 's Greatest Athlete , a 1973 Walt Disney production starring John Amos and Jan-Michael Vincent ; and Doin ' Time , a 1985 Warner Brothers film .   Caruso and his wife , Sandra Caruso , co-taught a class , called `` What 's Funny , What 's Not , '' for ten years at the UCLA Extension Writers ' Program . Caruso then became a screenwriting professor at the UCLA School of Theater , Film and Television , where he taught for more than twenty years .   Dee Caruso died of pneumonia at his home in Brentwood , Los Angeles , on May 27 , 2012 , at the age of 83 . He was survived by his wife of 47 years , Sandra Caruso . His memorial service was held at the Pierce Brothers Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery in Los Angeles .

neg: Jerry Williams (singer) Jerry Williams ( born Sven Erik Fernström ; 15 April 1942 ) , a Swedish rock and roll singer and actor .

neg: Warner Bros. Cartoons Warner Bros. . Cartoons , Inc. was the in-house division of Warner Bros. . Pictures during the Golden Age of American animation . One of the most successful animation studios in American media history , Warner Bros. . Cartoons was primarily responsible for the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies theatrical cartoon short subjects . The characters featured in these cartoons , including Bugs Bunny , Daffy Duck , Porky Pig , Speedy Gonzales , Sylvester and Tweety , Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner , are among the most famous and recognizable characters in the world . Many of the creative staff members at the studio , including directors and animators such as Chuck Jones , Friz Freleng , Robert McKimson , Tex Avery , Robert Clampett and Frank Tashlin , are considered major figures in the art and history of traditional animation .   The Warner animation division was founded in 1933 as Leon Schlesinger Productions , an independent company which produced the popular Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies animated short subjects for release by Warner Bros. . Pictures . In 1944 , Schlesinger sold the studio to Warner Bros. , who continued to operate it as Warner Bros. . Cartoons , Inc. until 1963 . Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies were briefly subcontracted to Freleng 's DePatie-Freleng Enterprises studio from 1964 until 1967 . The Warner Bros. . Cartoons studio briefly re-opened in 1967 before shutting its doors for good two years later .   A successor company , Warner Bros. . Animation , was established in 1980 . That company continues to produce Looney Tunes-related works , in addition to television shows and feature films centering on other properties . The classic Warner Bros. animation studio is sometimes referred to as `` Termite Terrace '' , a name given to the temporary headquarters Tex Avery and his animators were assigned to during Avery 's first year as a Looney Tunes director .

neg: Mean Old Man Mean Old Man is the 40th studio album by rock and roll pioneer Jerry Lee Lewis . Like his previous album Last Man Standing , this album features duets with famous artists .

neg: An Experiment in Criticism An Experiment in Criticism is a 1961 book by C. S. Lewis in which he proposes that the quality of books should be measured not by how they are written , but by how they are read . To do this , the author describes two kinds of readers . One is what he calls the `` unliterary '' , and the other the `` literary '' . He proceeds to outline some of the differences between these two types of readers . For example , one characterization of an unliterary reader is that the argument `` I 've read it before '' is a conclusive reason not to read a book . In contrast , literary readers reread books many times , savoring certain passages , and attempting to glean more from subsequent readings .   Lewis also argued that judging books by whether they are `` lowbrow '' or `` highbrow '' is not necessarily fruitful ; many `` lowbrow '' books prove to be valuable to a literary reader willing to approach without prejudgment . He noted that books classified as `` lowbrow '' , such as science fiction , are also capable of inducing a passion to re-read and imparting experience which changes reader 's worldview . Lewis suggests that books which are capable of doing this may prove to have enduring merit regardless of their genre of origin . He suggested that attempting to judge the literary merit of books based on traditional criteria may not prove fruitful .   Thus , Lewis suggests that a quality book is one that someone , anyone will re-read . A highbrow view that such a book is poor quality has failed to appreciate whatever qualities merit re-reading by someone .

neg: Leon Lewis Julius Warren Lewis ( April 8 , 1833 -- October 28 , 1920 ) was an American writer of popular fiction . He used the name Leon Lewis and wrote under that name among others .   Lewis was born in Southington , Connecticut , the son of James D. Lewis and Patty Bishop . At the age of 21 , he was living in Massachusetts and considered himself an author . He began his writing career in Boston , which led him to become editor of the flash paper Life in Boston .   Lewis was a summer guest sometime in the 1870s at a boarding house owned by Thomas Nickerson . He was a retired sailor who had survived the sinking of the whaleship Essex as a cabin boy . ( The first mate 's 1821 account of the disaster , as well as personal contact with the captain , inspired Herman Melville in writing his 1851 novel Moby Dick . ) Lewis encouraged Nickerson to write down his story and in 1876 received from Nickerson a manuscript with additional accounts of his life . Lewis did nothing with the material , but a friend of his secured the trunk that contained it during Lewis ' crisis with creditors in 1879 . It was discovered by the friend 's family in 1960 .   In 1860 Lewis married Harriet Newell O'Brien ( 1841 -- 1878 ) of Penn Yan , New York . The couple began writing serials for the New York Weekly and the New York Ledger . Harriet Lewis died on May 20 , 1878 .   In January 1879 , Lewis disappeared from Penn Yan owing more than $ 50,000 . He sailed with his deceased wife 's 15-year-old niece , Julia E. Wheelock ( b. 1865 ) , daughter of disabled Civil War veteran Cyrus Wheelock ( 1837 -- 5 Feb 1918 ) and Helen Elizabeth O'Brien ( 1843 -- 1906 ) , and married her in Brazil . During the 1880s he wrote boys ' stories in England . Their daughter Harriet Wheelock Lewis was born in London , England , became a teacher in Connecticut and later married Carl Asahel French . Their son Leon Lewis ( 15 March 1885 in Greenport , Long Island , New York -- 26 February 1976 in Farmington Hills , Michigan ) lived in New Hartford most of his life , spending his final years with his daughter Leona L. Lewis and her husband Nicholas Pedersen in Michigan .   By 1910 , Lewis was living with his sister Sara in New Hartford , Connecticut . Lewis and Julia were divorced in 1913 . Living with his sister in Bakersville , Connecticut , he died October 28 , 1920 , in a Winsted , Connecticut , hospital .

neg: Simon Lewis (writer) Simon Lewis ( born 1971 ) is a novelist and screenwriter , born in Newport , Monmouthshire , in 1971 . He went to school in Monmouth then studied Art and Art History at Goldsmiths College in London .  After graduation , he travelled extensively in Asia , before beginning work as a travel writer for Rough Guides publishing . He has since worked on five editions of the Rough Guide to China and is sole author of the Rough Guide to Shanghai and the Rough Guide to Beijing .   His first novel , Go , a thriller about backpackers , was written in a village in the Himalayas . It was first published by small press Pulp Books in 1998 , but , following favourable press , was picked up by Corgi ( 1999 ) . It has since been translated into Swedish , German and Italian .   His second novel , Bad Traffic , is a crime thriller about people smugglers . It was published in 2008 by Sort of Books , and in 2009 by Scribner in the US . It has been translated into Swedish , German , Italian , French , Japanese and Turkish .   Simon was selected as one of 21 `` writers to watch '' at the 2008 the Guardian Hay Festival .

neg: The London Rock and Roll Show The London Rock and Roll Show was a concert held at Wembley Stadium in Wembley Park , London , England , on 5 August 1972 . It is often said to have been the first ever concert held at the stadium , but in fact the band Yes had performed in the Stadium on 13 July 1969 .   From the late 1960s to the early 1970s , many rock and roll performers from the 1950s experienced major career revivals due to a temporary upswing of interest in their form of music . The Revival was marked by a series of major concerts in the United States , and also spread to Europe where events such as the Wembley concert attracted thousands of fans who came out to see the performers behind the music .   The concert included performances by major stars including Bo Diddley , Jerry Lee Lewis , Little Richard , and Bill Haley and His Comets . The concert ended with an extended performance by Chuck Berry , who at the time was enjoying major chart success in Britain and the US with his `` My Ding-a-Ling '' .   Originally billed rock and roll era acts The Platters , The Drifters and The Coasters were unable to perform due to work permit issues . The show was opened instead with sets from British rock and rollers The Houseshakers , Joe Brown , Emile Ford & the Checkmates , Screaming Lord Sutch , Heinz ( with Wilko Johnson on guitar ) and Billy Fury ; as well as songs from Jerry Lee Lewis 's sister Linda Gail Lewis .   Roy Wood 's new band Wizzard , only formed a few weeks previously , also made their live debut at the show .   Garage rockers MC5 were not over-popular with the crowd . Little Richard also got booed when he stopped singing rock and roll and jumped on top of his piano . As did a very new Gary Glitter , with The Glitter Band .   Mick Jagger attended the concert , but did not perform . Future Sex Pistols manager Malcolm McLaren can be seen selling T-shirts from a stall in the film .   The concert was filmed and released in 1973 as The London Rock and Roll Show , directed by Peter Clifton . Although no soundtrack release occurred at the time the film was made , one was finally issued in the early 2000s ( decade ) , followed by several different releases with different combinations of performances .

neg: Hollywood or Bust Hollywood or Bust is a 1956 film comedy starring the team of Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis . The picture was filmed from April 16 to June 19 , 1956 and released on December 6 , 1956 by Paramount Pictures , almost five months after the Martin and Lewis partnership split up .

neg: The Tom and Jerry Comedy Show The Tom and Jerry Comedy Show is an American animated television program produced by Filmation for MGM Television in 1980 , on CBS for Saturday mornings . The show lasted two seasons ( with season two consisting of reruns ) and the individual episodes were eventually added to syndicated Tom and Jerry packages , and also occasionally appeared on Cartoon Network and Boomerang , as well as , in 2013 , airing on UK satellite channel Pop . Most voices were done by Frank Welker ( mainly Tom and Jerry ) and Filmation head Lou Scheimer provided the voice of Nibbles ( erroneously giving him an adult voice ) .

neg: The Day the Clown Cried The Day the Clown Cried is an unreleased 1972 American drama film directed by and starring Jerry Lewis . It is based on a script of the same name by Joan O'Brien , who had co-written the original script with Charles Denton ten years previously . The film was met with controversy regarding its premise and content , which features a circus clown who is imprisoned in a Nazi concentration camp . Lewis has repeatedly insisted that The Day the Clown Cried would never be released because it is an embarrassingly `` bad work '' that he is ashamed of .

neg: Boxen (C. S. Lewis) Boxen is a fictional world that C. S. Lewis ( `` Jack '' ) and his brother W. H. Lewis ( `` Warren '' ) created as children . The world of Boxen was created when Jack 's stories about Animal-Land and Warnie 's stories about India were brought together . In Surprised by Joy , Jack explains that the union of Animal-Land and India took place `` sometime in the late eighteenth century ( their eighteenth century , not ours ) '' .   During a time when influenza was ravaging many families , the Lewis brothers were forced to stay indoors and entertain themselves by reading . They read whatever books they could find , both those written for children and adults . Influenced by Beatrix Potter 's animals , C.S. Lewis wrote about Animal-Land , complete with details about its economics , politics/government , and history , as well as illustrations of buildings and characters .   The stories were published posthumously as Boxen : The Imaginary World of the Young C. S. Lewis Edited by Walter Hooper and first published by London : Collins May 28 , 1985 . First American edition : San Diego : Harcourt , Brace , Javanovich , October 17 , 1985 . ( republished as Boxen : Childhood Chronicles Before Narnia ) .

neg: Lewis Carroll: A Biography Lewis Carroll : A Biography is a 1995 biography of author Lewis Carroll by Morton N. Cohen , first published by Knopf , later by Macmillan . It is generally considered to be the definitive scholarly work on Carroll 's ( real name Charles Lutwidge Dodgson ) life . Cohen 's approach is mainly chronological , with some chapters grouped by theme , such as those on Carroll 's religion , his love of little girls , and his guilty feelings . Cohen , a Carroll scholar for 30 years , opts to use Dodgson 's first name , Charles , throughout the work , because it `` seems most appropriate in a book dealing with the intimacy of his life '' .   The book generally assumes that Carroll 's love of little girls was not just emotional but sexual -- that he was a paedophile , albeit a suppressed one . In the book Cohen writes :  `` We can not know to what extent sexual urges lay behind Charles 's preference for drawing and photographing children in the nude . He contended that the preference was entirely aesthetic . But given his emotional attachment to children as well as his aesthetic appreciation of their forms , his assertion that his interest was strictly artistic is naïve . He probably felt more than he dared acknowledge , even to himself . ''  While attributing the source of Carroll 's chaotic emotional life to his sexual urges , Cohen opined that they were also responsible for his creative works .   Karoline Leach in In the Shadow of the Dreamchild ( 1999 ) writes that Cohen and previous biographers misunderstood the norms and customs of the Victorian era , and that Carroll 's adulation of children was not sexual but a reflection of the romanticisation of the child prevalent in that era . Contrariwise , a website set up by opponents ( including Leach ) of the tradition Carroll image , reports that while Cohen acknowledges the paedophilic nature of Carroll 's image , he `` Inexplicably he lists the numbers of intimate woman-friends that Dodgson had through his life , yet still concludes that his existence revolved exclusively around friendships with small girls ! ''   Jo Elwyn Jones and J. Francis Gladstone in The Alice Companion : A Guide to Lewis Carroll 's Alice Books ( 1998 ) criticises the book for what they say is a poor treatment of Carroll 's involvement in controversies at the University of Oxford . Megan Harlan in Entertainment Weekly writes that `` This beautifully written bio never shies away from the house-of-mirrors complexity of its subject . '' An issue of Victorian Studies reported that there were issues with inconsistent references . Miles Edward Friend compares Cohen 's handling of the material to Carroll 's boat trips with the children , saying , `` With Cohen at the tiller , we are deftly guided through the flow of Carroll 's life . '' Ronald Warwick in Times Higher Education criticises Cohen 's interpretation of Carroll 's relationship with his archdeacon father ; his `` insecure grasp of 19th-century ecclesiastical history '' ; his prose , which Warwich called cliched ; and his choice to use Dodgson 's first name , which Warwick said was not used even by Dodgson 's most intimate male friends .

neg: Dave Jeser David Mark Douglas `` Dave '' Jeser ( born September 25 , 1977 ) is an American television writer and co-creator with Matt Silverstein of Drawn Together . He has also written for other television shows including 3rd Rock from the Sun , The Man Show , Action , Greg the Bunny , Axe Cop , The Goode Family and The Cleveland Show , and also created the MTV animated comedy DJ & the Fro in 2009 .

neg: Mark Lewis (storyteller) Mark Lewis ( February 16 , 1954 -- December 7 , 2014 ) was an American storyteller , actor , and teacher .   He began his storytelling career while a student at John Muir High School in Pasadena , California , winning regional drama competitions with his telling of `` How the Grinch Stole Christmas '' and `` Jabberwocky '' , two pieces that became staples of his professional storytelling repertory . In 1971 , he formed a performing partnership with singer-songwriter-actor Craig Coulter , and together , as Coulter & Lewis , they developed an enthusiastic local following performing songs ( some original ) , poetry , children 's stories , and skits . This was the beginning of Lewis 's professional career . Among their earliest engagements were regular appearances at the comedy club `` The Ice House '' in Pasadena . In the early 1980s , in the final seasons of the Coulter & Lewis partnership , the duo performed shows at the Smothers Theater at Pepperdine University and was engaged by the Los Angeles Music Center to perform in Los Angeles area schools with the `` Music Center on Tour '' program .   Lewis was part of the Renaissance Pleasure Faires that took place in Agoura , California in the 1970s - 1990s , serving first as the black-hooded and silent Executioner . He later took on speaking roles that allowed him to share his storytelling gifts with Faire-goers . Lewis received two Emmy Awards for his show `` Word Pictures '' on WTTW in Chicago , and he had a syndicated radio show . He appeared on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno and his voice can still be heard on the Pirates of the Caribbean ride in Disneyland . He was a featured performer on the TV series Northern Exposure on CBS and Leverage on TNT ( as Santa/Jack in `` The Ho Ho Ho Job '' , 2012 ) . Lewis was an illustrator and he wrote four books , among them Kaliban 's Christmas : A Special Tale of Magic ( Puffin Books , 1987 ) , The Secret of the Quilt ( Book One of The Counterpane Collection ) with illustrations by Laura Kelly ( Laughing Moon Productions , 1992 ) , and the ibook Anna and the Sun ( Lulu.com , 2011 ) . He performed in several films and commercials for national audiences and worked as a Creative Content Provider for Microsoft , Disney Imagineering , Universal Studios , and Silicon Gaming Inc. . He was a real magician as a storyteller .   Lewis organized storytelling workshops , and he was a member of the faculty at Unitarian Universalist Camp de Benneville Pines Family Camp and Camp Bravo , a summer theater camp for teens , teaching storytelling and stagecraft . He was a part-time college professor of Presentation Skills in the University of Oregon School of Journalism and Communication in Eugene . He also volunteered for the Oregon chapter of the International Thespian Society .   Lewis died on December 7 , 2014 , of medical complications following foot surgery .

neg: Nick Tosches Nick Tosches ( -LSB- ˈtɑːʃəs -RSB- born October 17 or 23 , 1949 ) is an American journalist , novelist , biographer , and poet . His 1982 biography of Jerry Lee Lewis , Hellfire , was praised by Rolling Stone magazine as `` the best rock and roll biography ever written . ''


query: The Ren & Stimpy Show premiered on July 11, 1991.

pos: The Ren & Stimpy Show The Ren & Stimpy Show , often simply called Ren & Stimpy , is an American children 's / adult animated television series created by John Kricfalusi for Nickelodeon . The series follows the adventures of title characters Ren , an emotionally unstable chihuahua , and Stimpy , a good-natured , dimwitted cat . It premiered on August 11 , 1991 as one of the original three Nicktoons , along with Rugrats and Doug . Throughout its run , the show was controversial for its off-color humor , sexual innuendo , dark humor , adult jokes , and violence , similar to Rocko 's Modern Life . This controversy contributed to the production staff 's altercations with Nickelodeon 's Standards and Practices department . The show ended on December 16 , 1995 , with a total of five seasons and 52 episodes .   Ren & Stimpy received mixed to very positive reviews during its original run then later widespread critical acclaim after its run , and has developed a cult following . The series is often cited as paving the way for animated shows like Beavis and Butt-Head and South Park . A spin-off for adult audiences , Ren & Stimpy `` Adult Party Cartoon '' , aired in 2003 on Spike , but was cancelled soon after its debut .

neg: Philip Morris Playhouse Philip Morris Playhouse is a 30-minute old-time radio dramatic anthology series .   The program '' -LSB- g -RSB- enerally ... featured straight and crime drama , '' radio historian John Dunning wrote . He noted that one of the directors was William Spier , who `` had directed Suspense in its salad days and brought to The Philip Morris Playhouse the same slick production '' that was used in Suspense .   Philip Morris Playhouse was broadcast on CBS June 30 , 1939 -- February 18 , 1944 , then returned to the air ( again on CBS ) November 5 , 1948 -- July 29 , 1949 . The 1948 edition replaced a giveaway show , Everybody Wins . Its third and final incarnation on radio was a bit more complicated , as explained on The Digital Deli Too website : The emerging popularity of between three and five other popular playhouse formats of the early 1950s persuaded Philip Morris to resurrect its Philip Morris Playhouse a third time as Phillip Morris Playhouse On Broadway , beginning with its initial CBS run on March 15 , 1951 . Emphasizing Broadway productions , the subsequent series ran over CBS for twenty-six installments , only to jump to NBC on September 11 , 1951 . The series ran on NBC for the remainder of 1951 , jumping back to CBS on January 13 , 1952 . CBS aired the remainder of the canon through September 2 , 1953 .   In 1951 , a trade publication reported that the program 's annual budget was $ 1 million .

neg: It's the Easter Beagle, Charlie Brown It 's the Easter Beagle , Charlie Brown ! is the 12th prime-time animated TV special based upon the popular comic strip Peanuts by Charles M. Schulz . It originally debuted on CBS on April 9 , 1974 at 8 p.m. CBS aired it annually from 1974 to 2000 , and from 2001 to 2014 it continued to air in some years on ABC .

neg: The Richie Rich/Scooby-Doo Show The Richie Rich/Scooby-Doo Show is a 60-minute Saturday morning animated package show produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions and broadcast on ABC from November 8 , 1980 to September 18 , 1982 . The program contained segments of Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo and Richie Rich . The Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo shorts represents the sixth show in which Scooby-Doo appears . This was the only Hanna-Barbera package series for which Scooby-Doo was given second billing and also notable for Richie Rich 's debut in animation .

neg: The Looney Tunes Show The Looney Tunes Show is an American animated sitcom that ran from May 3 , 2011 , through August 31 , 2014 , on Cartoon Network . The show consist of two series , each containing 26 episodes , and features characters from the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies theatrical cartoons updated for the 21st century . It is produced by Warner Bros. . Animation . On July 29 , 2014 , producer Tony Cervone confirmed that the series would not be renewed for a third season in light of Wabbit . Looney Tunes : Rabbits Run is an animated direct-to-video spin-off film released on August 4 , 2015 .

neg: Toon-Us-In Toon-Us-In is a Korean animation studio that has animated episodes of The Ren and Stimpy Show , Captain Simian & the Space Monkeys , Watership Down : Home on the Down , some Peanuts specials , and Love Story of Juliet . In addition , they animated the main titles for Hey Arnold ! .

neg: Saturday Night Live (season 12) The twelfth season of Saturday Night Live , an American sketch comedy series , originally aired in the United States on NBC between October 11 , 1986 , and May 23 , 1987 .

neg: Recurring Saturday Night Live characters and sketches introduced 1991–1992 The following is a list of recurring Saturday Night Live ( SNL ) characters and sketches introduced between September 28 , 1991 , and May 16 , 1992 , the seventeenth season of SNL .

neg: Renga Media Renga Media ( originally Renga Studios ) is a British multimedia and animation company located in Brighton . It was established in 1995 , and is run by creator Tony Luke alongside producers Simon Moorhead and Doug Bradley . Partners include Alan Grant , Yasushi Nirasawa and Jim Brathwaite , chairman of S.E.E.D.A. .

neg: You and Me Kid You and Me , Kid is an American children 's television series which premiered on The Disney Channel on April 18 , 1983 . The series was hosted by Sonny Melendrez who was joined by the You and Me Players ( Toni Attell , Caleb Chung , Mitchell Young Evans , Gary Schwartz and Ricci Mann ) . Each show lasted approximately 30 minutes and was dedicated to building interactive skills between parents and their toddler children . The shows contained five segments :  Let 's Go ! ( exercise skills )  You and Me Theater ( creative drama )  Famous and 1/2 ( celebrities and their children )  Ssh ! ( listening and observation skills )  Mime Your Own Business ( pantomime )   Its theme song Just You and Me , Kid was sung by Robin Frederick .   The show ran for 130 episodes and reruns continued to air on the channel until September 29 , 1991 .   Four VHS tapes were released by Walt Disney Home Video in the mid-1980s for the then new video home rental market . Each tape contained four episodes and have since become hard to find .   In 1988 , a store with same name opened up at Disney Village Marketplace which sold children 's apparel , games and toys .

neg: Saturday Night Live (season 11) The eleventh season of Saturday Night Live , an American sketch comedy series , originally aired in the United States on NBC between November 9 , 1985 , and May 24 , 1986 .

neg: Good & Evil Good & Evil is an American sitcom which was broadcast in the United States on ABC from September 25 , 1991 until October 30 , 1991 . The series was created by Susan Harris , and produced by Witt/Thomas/Harris Productions in association with Touchstone Television .

neg: The New Scooby and Scrappy-Doo Show The New Scooby and Scrappy-Doo Show is the sixth incarnation of the Hanna-Barbera Saturday morning cartoon Scooby-Doo . It premiered on September 10 , 1983 , and ran for one season on ABC as a half-hour program made up of two eleven-minute short cartoons . In 1984 , the name of the show was changed to The New Scooby-Doo Mysteries , with the actual show format remaining the same . The New Scooby-Doo Mysteries ran for another season on ABC . The series airs reruns on Cartoon Network 's classics channel Boomerang .   Thirteen half-hour episodes , composed of twenty-four separate segments were produced under the New Scooby and Scrappy-Doo title in 1983 , and thirteen more episodes , composed of twenty separate segments were produced under the name The New Scooby-Doo Mysteries in 1984 . At the time , Margaret Loesch , who served as supervising executive for the series , also worked for another animation production company Marvel Productions .

neg: Red vs. Blue (season 11) The eleventh season of the American action comedy science fiction animated/machinima web series Red vs. Blue premiered on June 14 , 2013 , and concluded on November 11 , 2013 . The series is created and produced by Rooster Teeth Productions and is loosely based in the Halo universe . The season premiered on June 14 , 2013 , while the rest of the episodes were released on Rooster Teeth 's website on Mondays starting June 24 , 2013 . It is the first season of the Chorus Trilogy .   The season returns to a similar format that was used in the Blood Gulch Chronicles , where both teams are in a boxed canyon and do nothing but talk to each other . Also like the first seven seasons of the series , Season 11 '' featured no pre-rendered character animation sequences .

neg: Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears Disney 's Adventures of the Gummi Bears is a Disney animated television series that first aired in the United States from 1985 to 1991 . The series was the first animated production by Walt Disney Animation Television , and loosely inspired by the gummy bear candies ; Disney CEO Michael Eisner was struck with inspiration for the show when his son requested the candies one day . The series premiered on NBC on September 14 , 1985 , and aired there for four seasons . The series moved to ABC for one season from 1989 to 1990 ( airing alongside The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh as the Gummi Bears-Winnie the Pooh Hour ) , and concluded on September 6 , 1991 as part of the Disney Afternoon television syndication package . Of the series ' 65 shows , 30 were double-features , consisting of two 11-minute cartoons , thereby bringing the series total to 94 distinct episodes overall . The show is well-remembered for its theme music , written by Michael and Patty Silversher and creation of `` gummiberry juice '' which was a type of magic potion , granting abilities , which allowed them to bounce away from their hunters . The theme was memorably performed by Joseph Williams , son of composer John Williams and one-time lead singer of Toto .   The series was later rebroadcast on the syndicated Disney Afternoon block , and rerun on the Disney Afternoon through the summer of 1991 . In later years , it was shown on The Disney Channel ( from October 7 , 1991 to at least January 1997 ) , and later on Toon Disney , with its most recent televised airing occurring on December 28 , 2001 . Seasons 1 to 3 of the series were released on DVD on November 14 , 2006 featuring commentary from producers Eric Wong and Daniel Weinstein .

neg: Space Stars Space Stars is a 60-minute Saturday morning animated program block produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions and broadcast on NBC from September 12 , 1981 to September 11 , 1982 .

neg: The Howard Stern Show (WWOR) The Howard Stern Show is an American late-night television variety show , hosted by radio personality Howard Stern . It aired Saturdays , beginning at 11:00 pm , from July 14 , 1990 to August 8 , 1992 .

neg: List of Melrose Place episodes Melrose Place , a primetime soap opera created by Darren Star , premiered on July 8 , 1992 on Fox network in the United States and ended on May 24 , 1999 . The show spans seven seasons of 226 episodes , and one special aired in 1995 . Each episode was approximately 45 minutes long ( without commercials ) though there were several double or two-part episodes that were shown as feature length 85 to 90 minute episodes   The complete series of Melrose Place has been released on DVD in the United States ( Region 1 ) from 2006 to 2012 , with the final season having been released on July 31 , 2012 .

neg: The Adventures of Mark & Brian The Adventures of Mark & Brian is a comedy television program that was broadcast by NBC as part of its 1991 fall lineup .

neg: BBC World Service Television BBC World Service Television , often abbreviated to WSTV ( World Service Television ) , was the name of two BBC international satellite television channels between 1991 and 1995 . It was the BBC 's first foray into worldwide television broadcasting . In Europe , it was the successor to BBC TV Europe , replacing it on 11 March 1991 . The service was also launched in Asia as a 24-hour news and information service with minor differences , a precursor to BBC World News , launched on 14 October 1991 .   Unlike BBC World Service at the time , it was not funded by the British government with a grant-in-aid . Instead , it was funded by commercial advertising , with commercials were inserted locally by the cable or satellite providers . In the years that followed , the BBC would insert news headlines and other updates to fill the gaps , known as the break fillers .

neg: The Yogi Bear Show The Yogi Bear Show is an animated television series about the misadventures of picnic basket stealing bear Yogi in Jellystone Park . The show debuted in syndication on January 30 , 1961 , and ran for 33 episodes until January 6 , 1962 , and included two segments , Snagglepuss and Yakky Doodle . The show had a two-year production run .


query: The primary precursor to the internet was the ARPANET.

pos: Internet The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite ( TCP/IP ) to link devices worldwide . It is a network of networks that consists of private , public , academic , business , and government networks of local to global scope , linked by a broad array of electronic , wireless , and optical networking technologies . The Internet carries an extensive range of information resources and services , such as the inter-linked hypertext documents and applications of the World Wide Web ( WWW ) , electronic mail , telephony , and file sharing .   The origins of the Internet date back to research commissioned by the United States federal government in the 1960s to build robust , fault-tolerant communication via computer networks . The primary precursor network , the ARPANET , initially served as a backbone for interconnection of regional academic and military networks in the 1980s . The funding of the National Science Foundation Network as a new backbone in the 1980s , as well as private funding for other commercial extensions , led to worldwide participation in the development of new networking technologies , and the merger of many networks . The linking of commercial networks and enterprises by the early 1990s marks the beginning of the transition to the modern Internet , and generated a sustained exponential growth as generations of institutional , personal , and mobile computers were connected to the network . Although the Internet was widely used by academia since the 1980s , the commercialization incorporated its services and technologies into virtually every aspect of modern life .   Internet use grew rapidly in the West from the mid-1990s and from the late 1990s in the developing world . In the two decades since then , Internet use has grown 100-times , measured for the period of one year , to over one third of the world population . Most traditional communications media , including telephony , radio , television , paper mail and newspapers are being reshaped or redefined by the Internet , giving birth to new services such as email , Internet telephony , Internet television , online music , digital newspapers , and video streaming websites . Newspaper , book , and other print publishing are adapting to website technology , or are reshaped into blogging , web feeds and online news aggregators . The Internet has enabled and accelerated new forms of personal interactions through instant messaging , Internet forums , and social networking . Online shopping has grown exponentially both for major retailers and small businesses and entrepreneurs , as it enables firms to extend their `` brick and mortar '' presence to serve a larger market or even sell goods and services entirely online . Business-to-business and financial services on the Internet affect supply chains across entire industries .   The Internet has no centralized governance in either technological implementation or policies for access and usage ; each constituent network sets its own policies . Only the overreaching definitions of the two principal name spaces in the Internet , the Internet Protocol address space and the Domain Name System ( DNS ) , are directed by a maintainer organization , the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ( ICANN ) . The technical underpinning and standardization of the core protocols is an activity of the Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF ) , a non-profit organization of loosely affiliated international participants that anyone may associate with by contributing technical expertise .

neg: Parallel Line Internet Protocol The Parallel Line Internet Protocol ( PLIP ) is a computer networking protocol for direct computer-to-computer communications using the parallel port normally used for connections to a printer .   The Parallel Line Internet Protocol provides Link Layer services for the Internet Protocol , the protocol used for forming small local area networks and large computer networks , such as the Internet , enabling computers without standard dedicated networking hardware , such as Ethernet , but with older parallel port devices , to communicate .

neg: Convergence (routing) Convergence is the state of a set of routers that have the same topological information about the internetwork in which they operate . For a set of routers to have converged , they must have collected all available topology information from each other via the implemented routing protocol , the information they gathered must not contradict any other router 's topology information in the set , and it must reflect the real state of the network . In other words : In a converged network all routers `` agree '' on what the network topology looks like .   Convergence is an important notion for a set of routers that engage in dynamic routing . All Interior Gateway Protocols rely on convergence to function properly . To have converged it is the normal state of an operational autonomous system . The Exterior Gateway Routing Protocol BGP typically never converges because the Internet is too big for changes to be communicated fast enough .

neg: Many-to-many The many-to-many communication paradigm is one of three major Internet computing paradigms , characterized by multiple users contributing and receiving information , with the information elements often interlinked across different websites . Developments such as file sharing , blogs , Wikis , and tagging are media forms that reflect this paradigm ; these contrast with both the one-to-one ( characterized by e-mail , FTP , and Telnet ) and one-to-many ( characterized by websites ) paradigms .   With the evolution to the full `` many-to-many '' computing paradigm , people can input and receive information to and from the Internet ; they will be able to connect and communicate dynamically within a flexibly formed scope ; there will be no artificial boundary between information and communication tools , and the definition of `` many '' will go well beyond people to include entities such as organizations , products , processes , events , and concepts .

neg: Utility computing Utility computing , or The Computer Utility , is a service provisioning model in which a service provider makes computing resources and infrastructure management available to the customer as needed , and charges them for specific usage rather than a flat rate . Like other types of on-demand computing ( such as grid computing ) , the utility model seeks to maximize the efficient use of resources and/or minimize associated costs . Utility is the packaging of computing resources , such as computation , storage and services , as a metered service . This model has the advantage of a low or no initial cost to acquire computer resources ; instead , computational resources are essentially rented .   This repackaging of computing services became the foundation of the shift to `` on demand '' computing , software as a service and cloud computing models that further propagated the idea of computing , application and network as a service .   There was some initial skepticism about such a significant shift . However , the new model of computing caught on and eventually became mainstream .   IBM , HP and Microsoft were early leaders in the new field of utility computing , with their business units and researchers working on the architecture , payment and development challenges of the new computing model . Google , Amazon and others started to take the lead in 2008 , as they established their own utility services for computing , storage and applications .   Utility computing can support grid computing which has the characteristic of very large computations or sudden peaks in demand which are supported via a large number of computers .   `` Utility computing '' has usually envisioned some form of virtualization so that the amount of storage or computing power available is considerably larger than that of a single time-sharing computer . Multiple servers are used on the `` back end '' to make this possible . These might be a dedicated computer cluster specifically built for the purpose of being rented out , or even an under-utilized supercomputer . The technique of running a single calculation on multiple computers is known as distributed computing .   The term `` grid computing '' is often used to describe a particular form of distributed computing , where the supporting nodes are geographically distributed or cross administrative domains . To provide utility computing services , a company can `` bundle '' the resources of members of the public for sale , who might be paid with a portion of the revenue from clients .   One model , common among volunteer computing applications , is for a central server to dispense tasks to participating nodes , on the behest of approved end-users ( in the commercial case , the paying customers ) . Another model , sometimes called the Virtual Organization ( VO ) , is more decentralized , with organizations buying and selling computing resources as needed or as they go idle .   The definition of `` utility computing '' is sometimes extended to specialized tasks , such as web services .

neg: IDEA1 IDEA1 is a Wireless Sensor Network simulator , more precisely a node simulator including network models .   It is based on SystemC language , and on SCNSL -LSB- 1 -RSB- alpha library . That library was a starting point , and it has been deeply modified and improved .  IDEA1 is composed of accurate models for each of the nodes hardware devices : sensor , microcontroller , radio-frequency transceiver and energy module .   Network Simulator NS-2 is used in the same research field , but for higher level validations ( protocols , routing ... ) . NS-2 is more focussed on these high levels , whereas IDEA1 has more hardware ( PHY ) details , for example accurate power and latency .   Indeed , IDEA1 is composed of measurement-validated models ( in hardware ) that include Electrical Power , Energy and delays for several hardware devices ( 3 sensors , 2 microcontrollers , 3 radio-frequency devices ) . Models are based on Finite State Machines that include timing ( for processing , communications ... ) and electrical consumption .   It has been developed for 433 MHz and 2.4 GHz ( IEEE 802.15.4 ) radio-frequency devices , but will be extended for multimedia applications .   These low-level models are used to simulate Wireless Sensor Networks at high ( network ) level . It permits to explore design space in order to best choose hardware devices and IEEE 802.15.4 mode .   IDEA1 is currently developed at INL -LSB- 2 -RSB- , Lyon Institute of Nanotechnologies , France . Related papers can be found in and in

neg: Personal area network A personal area network ( PAN ) is a computer network used for data transmission amongst devices such as computers , telephones , tablets and personal digital assistants . PANs can be used for communication amongst the personal devices themselves ( interpersonal communication ) , or for connecting to a higher level network and the Internet ( an uplink ) where one `` master '' device takes up the role as internet router .   A wireless personal area network ( WPAN ) is a low-powered PAN carried over a short-distance wireless network technology such as :  INSTEON  IrDA  Wireless USB  Bluetooth  Z-Wave  ZigBee  Body Area Network  The reach of a WPAN varies from a few centimeters to a few meters . A PAN may also be carried over wired computer buses such as USB and FireWire .   Although a ( secured ) Wi-Fi tethering connection could be used by only one single user it is not considered to be a PAN .

neg: Video server A video server is a computer-based device ( also called a `` host '' ) dedicated to delivering video .   Unlike personal computers , being multi-application devices , a video server is designed for one purpose ; provisioning video , often for broadcasters . A professional-grade video server performs recording , storage , and playout of multiple video streams without any degradation of the video signal . Broadcast quality video servers often store hundreds of hours of compressed audio and video ( in different codecs ) , play out multiple and synchronised simultaneous streams of video by , and offer quality interfaces such as SDI for digital video and XLR for balanced analog audio , AES/EBU digital audio and also Time Code . A genlock input is usually provided to provide a means of synchronizing with the house reference clock , thereby avoiding the need for timebase correction or frame synchronizers .   Video servers usually offer some type of control interface allowing them to be driven by broadcast automation systems that incorporate sophisticated broadcast programming applications . Popular protocols include VDCP and the 9-Pin Protocol .   They can optionally allow direct to disk recording using the same codec that is used in various post-production video editing software packages to prevent any wasted time in transcoding .

neg: Link Access Procedure for Modems Link Access Procedure for Modems ( LAPM ) is part of the V. 42 error correction protocol for modems .   LAPM is an error control protocol defined in ITU-T recommendations V. 42 . Like many data link layer protocols , it is a variant of HDLC . Like the Microcom Networking Protocols that preceded it , LAPM uses cyclic redundancy checking ( CRC ) and retransmission of corrupted data ( ARQ ) to ensure data reliability .   Error control protocols such as LAPM use frames of variable lengths , each beginning with a header and ending with a frame check sequence trailer ( a cyclic redundancy check ) . Correctly received packets are acknowledged , and unacknowledged packets are automatically retransmitted ( ARQ ) .   The larger the payload included in each frame , the smaller the relative cost of transmitting the header and trailer bits . Usually LAPM adds only about 5 percent framing overhead . This is a noticeable improvement over the fixed 25 % overhead of start and stop bits required by direct asynchronous serial communication , but obviously such large frames impose a cost in the form of communication latency .   LAPM has an optional Selective reject ( SREJ ) functionality which allows it to resend only the corrupted frames , providing faster recovery from an error .   The ITU-T V. 42 LAPM procedure is considered more robust than the Microcom Networking Protocols ( MNP ) that preceded it , and has a more sophisticated and powerful data compression option in V. 42bis , allowing much greater data throughput .   V. 42bis added a string compression algorithm called BTLZ ( British Telecom Lempel Ziv ) , in which frequently occurring strings of characters are replaced by code words . The `` dictionary '' of strings is dynamically maintained during transmission and keeps track of changes in the data ; new strings are added and old strings are deleted . As the data may not always be compressible ( for example encrypted or pre-compressed data ) the modem has the ability to switch between compressed and uncompressed modes of operation . Compression performance is continually monitored and , if no compression is obtained , the modem transmits the data in uncompressed form . Even while in uncompressed mode , the modem monitors the characteristics of the data and switches compression back on as soon as some benefit can be achieved .

neg: Internet transit Internet transit is the service of allowing network traffic to cross or `` transit '' a computer network , usually used to connect a smaller Internet service provider ( ISP ) to the larger Internet . Technically , it consists of two bundled services :  The advertisement of customer routes to other ISPs , thereby soliciting inbound traffic toward the customer from them  The advertisement of other ISPs ' routes ( usually but not necessarily in the form of a default route or a full set of routes to all of the destinations on the Internet ) to the ISP 's customer , thereby soliciting outbound traffic from the customer towards these networks .   In the 1970s and early 1980s-era Internet , the assumption was made that all networks would provide full transit for one another . In the modern private-sector Internet , two forms of interconnect agreements exist between Internet networks : transit , and peering . Transit is distinct from peering , in which only traffic between the two ISPs and their downstream customers is exchanged and neither ISP can see upstream routes over the peering connection . A transit free network uses only peering ; a network that uses only unpaid peering and connects to the whole Internet is considered a Tier 1 network . In the 1990s , the network access point concept provided one form of transit .   The transit service is typically priced per megabit per second per month , and customers are often required to commit to a minimum volume of bandwidth , and usually to a minimum term of service as well . Some transit agreements provide `` service-level agreements '' which purport to offer money-back guarantees of performance between the customer 's Internet connection and specific points on the Internet , typically major Internet exchange points within a continental geography such as North America . These service level agreements still provide only best-effort delivery since they do not guarantee service the other half of the way , from the Internet exchange point to the final destination .

neg: Arduino Arduino is an open source , computer hardware and software company , project , and user community that designs and manufactures single-board microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control objects in the physical world . The project 's products are distributed as open-source hardware and software , which are licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License ( LGPL ) or the GNU General Public License ( GPL ) , permitting the manufacture of Arduino boards and software distribution by anyone . Arduino boards are available commercially in preassembled form , or as do-it-yourself kits .   Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors and controllers . The boards are equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output ( I/O ) pins that may be interfaced to various expansion boards ( shields ) and other circuits . The boards feature serial communications interfaces , including Universal Serial Bus ( USB ) on some models , which are also used for loading programs from personal computers . The microcontrollers are typically programmed using a dialect of features from the programming languages C and C++ . In addition to using traditional compiler toolchains , the Arduino project provides an integrated development environment ( IDE ) based on the Processing language project .   The Arduino project started in 2003 as a program for students at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea in Ivrea , Italy , aiming to provide a low-cost and easy way for novices and professionals to create devices that interact with their environment using sensors and actuators . Common examples of such devices intended for beginner hobbyists include simple robots , thermostats , and motion detectors .   The name Arduino comes from a bar in Ivrea , Italy , where some of the founders of the project used to meet . The bar was named after Arduin of Ivrea , who was the margrave of the March of Ivrea and King of Italy from 1002 to 1014 .

neg: InterStream Transit Protocol Protocol Helper : istp : / /  Organization : InterStream Industry Association   The InterStream Transit Protocol ( ISTP ) is a secure protocol that allows Internet Service Providers ( ISPs ) to offer high bandwidth multimedia services over their networks . The ISTP application is installed as a new protocol handler into browsers . It includes components which enable Internet Service Providers to obtain incremental revenue from subscribers , advertisers , other ISPs , and streaming video providers in exchange for using premium bandwidth services on their networks .   ISTP uses the handle system to index and reference rich media objects on the existing Web . Content is indexed into the handle system by users with ISTP clients who access existing HTTP , RTP , or MMS content . Once the content is indexed , it can be natively referenced by the handle system and streamed over the InterStream Media Grid infrastructure . Indexed rich media objects from the InterStream Media Grid are associated with individual portals . Portals are designated by a `` handle prefix '' , istp : / / prefix_name . The prefix_name designates a portal for members of the InterStream association . By default , istp : / / designates the `` default '' InterStream portal .   By linking ISTP content , Web Site owners and hosts may embed video from other providers . An overt goal of the protocol has been to fix the pervasive copyright issues surrounding the distribution of video on the Internet . ISTP as a new MIME subtype and protocol handler enables web site owners to link to the video in the form in which the content owner wishes it to be presented .

neg: Internet Research Steering Group The Internet Research Task Force ( IRTF ) is managed by the IRTF chair in consultation with the Internet Research Steering Group ( IRSG ) . The IRSG membership includes the IRTF chair , the chairs of the various IRTF research groups and other individuals ( members at large ) from the research or IETF communities .   IRSG members at large are chosen by the IRTF chair in consultation with the rest of the IRSG and on approval by the Internet Architecture Board .   In addition to managing the research groups , the IRSG may from time to time hold topical workshops focusing on research areas of importance to the evolution of the Internet , or more general workshops to , for example , discuss research priorities from an Internet perspective .   The IRSG also reviews and approves documents published as part of the IRTF document stream ( RFC 5743 ) .   The current members of the IRSG are listed on the IRTF homepage .

neg: Microprocessor A microprocessor is a computer processor which incorporates the functions of a computer 's central processing unit ( CPU ) on a single integrated circuit ( IC ) , or at most a few integrated circuits . The microprocessor is a multipurpose , clock driven , register based , digital-integrated circuit which accepts binary data as input , processes it according to instructions stored in its memory , and provides results as output . Microprocessors contain both combinational logic and sequential digital logic . Microprocessors operate on numbers and symbols represented in the binary numeral system .   The integration of a whole CPU onto a single chip or on a few chips greatly reduced the cost of processing power , increasing efficiency . Integrated circuit processors are produced in large numbers by highly automated processes resulting in a low per unit cost . Single-chip processors increase reliability as there are many fewer electrical connections to fail . As microprocessor designs get better , the cost of manufacturing a chip ( with smaller components built on a semiconductor chip the same size ) generally stays the same .   Before microprocessors , small computers had been built using racks of circuit boards with many medium - and small-scale integrated circuits . Microprocessors combined this into one or a few large-scale ICs . Continued increases in microprocessor capacity have since rendered other forms of computers almost completely obsolete ( see history of computing hardware ) , with one or more microprocessors used in everything from the smallest embedded systems and handheld devices to the largest mainframes and supercomputers .

neg: Asynchronous Layered Coding Asynchronous Layered Coding ( ALC ) is an Internet protocol for content delivery in a reliable , massively scalable , multiple-rate , and congestion-controlled manner . Specified in RFC 5775 , it is an IETF proposed standard .   The protocol  is specifically designed to provide massive scalability using IP  multicast as the underlying network service . Massive scalability in  this context means the number of concurrent receivers for an object  is potentially in the millions , the aggregate size of objects to be  delivered in a session ranges from hundreds of kilobytes to hundreds  of gigabytes , each receiver can initiate reception of an object  asynchronously , the reception rate of each receiver in the session is  the maximum fair bandwidth available between that receiver and the  sender , and all of this can be supported using a single sender .   Because ALC is focused on reliable content delivery , the goal is to  deliver objects as quickly as possible to each receiver while at the  same time remaining network friendly to competing traffic . Thus , the  congestion control used in conjunction with ALC should strive to  maximize use of available bandwidth between receivers and the sender  while at the same time backing off aggressively in the face of  competing traffic .   The sender side of ALC consists of generating packets based on  objects to be delivered within the session and sending the  appropriately formatted packets at the appropriate rates to the  channels associated with the session . The receiver side of ALC  consists of joining appropriate channels associated with the session ,  performing congestion control by adjusting the set of joined channels  associated with the session in response to detected congestion , and  using the packets to reliably reconstruct objects . All information  flow in an ALC session is in the form of data packets sent by a  single sender to channels that receivers join to receive data .   ALC does specify the Session Description needed by receivers before  they join a session , but the mechanisms by which receivers obtain  this required information is outside the scope of ALC . An  application that uses ALC may require that receivers report  statistics on their reception experience back to the sender , but the  mechanisms by which receivers report back statistics is outside the  scope of ALC . In general , ALC is designed to be a minimal protocol  instantiation that provides reliable content delivery without  unnecessary limitations to the scalability of the basic protocol .

neg: Modem A modem ( modulator-demodulator ) is a network hardware that modulates one or more carrier wave signals to encode digital information for transmission and demodulates signals to decode the transmitted information . The goal is attempting to produce a signal that can be transmitted easily and decoded to reproduce the original digital data . Modems can be used with any means of transmitting analog signals , from light emitting diodes to radio . A common type of modem is one that turns the digital data of a computer into modulated electrical signal for transmission over telephone lines and demodulated by another modem at the receiver side to recover the digital data .   Modems are generally classified by the maximum amount of data they can send in a given unit of time , usually expressed in bits per second ( symbol bit/s , sometimes abbreviated `` bps '' ) , or bytes per second ( symbol B/s ) . Modems can also be classified by their symbol rate , measured in baud . The baud unit denotes symbols per second , or the number of times per second the modem sends a new signal . For example , the ITU V. 21 standard used audio frequency shift keying with two possible frequencies , corresponding to two distinct symbols ( or one bit per symbol ) , to carry 300 bits per second using 300 baud . By contrast , the original ITU V. 22 standard , which could transmit and receive four distinct symbols ( two bits per symbol ) , transmitted 1,200 bits by sending 600 symbols per second ( 600 baud ) using phase shift keying .

neg: Parallel communication In data transmission , parallel communication is a method of conveying multiple binary digits ( bits ) simultaneously . It contrasts with serial communication , which conveys only a single bit at a time ; this distinction is one way of characterizing a communications link .   The basic difference between a parallel and a serial communication channel is the number of electrical conductors used at the physical layer to convey bits . Parallel communication implies more than one such conductor . For example , an 8-bit parallel channel will convey eight bits ( or a byte ) simultaneously , whereas a serial channel would convey those same bits sequentially , one at a time . If both channels operated at the same clock speed , the parallel channel would be eight times faster . A parallel channel may have additional conductors for other signals , such as a clock signal to pace the flow of data , a signal to control the direction of data flow , and handshaking signals .   Parallel communication is and always has been widely used within integrated circuits , in peripheral buses , and in memory devices such as RAM . Computer system buses , on the other hand , have evolved over time : parallel communication was commonly used in earlier system buses , whereas serial communications are prevalent in modern computers .

neg: Low latency (capital markets) Low latency is a topic within capital markets , where the proliferation of algorithmic trading requires firms to react to market events faster than the competition to increase profitability of trades . For example , when executing arbitrage strategies the opportunity to `` arb '' the market may only present itself for a few milliseconds before parity is achieved . To demonstrate the value that clients put on latency , a large global investment bank has stated that every millisecond lost results in $ 100m per annum in lost opportunity .   What is considered `` low '' is therefore relative but also a self-fulfilling prophecy . Many organisations and companies are using the words `` ultra low latency '' to describe latencies of under 1 millisecond , but it is an evolving definition , with the amount of time considered `` low '' ever-shrinking .   There are many factors which impact on the time it takes a trading system to detect an opportunity and to successfully exploit that opportunity , including :  Distance between the exchange and the trading system  Distance between two trading venues , in the case of for example arbitrage  Efficiency of the trading system architecture :  Network adaptors  Choice of operating system  Efficiency of the code / logic  Choice of the programming language  Traditional CPU vs FPGA  Cabling choices : Copper vs fibre vs microwave ,   From a networking perspective , the speed of light `` c '' dictates one theoretical latency limit : a trading engine just 150 km ( 93 miles ) down the road from the exchange can never achieve better than 1ms return times to the exchange before one even considers the internal latency of the exchange and the trading system . This theoretical limit assumes light is travelling in a straight line in a vacuum which in practise is unlikely to happen : Firstly achieving and maintaining a vacuum over a long distance is difficult and secondly , light can not easily be beamed and received over long distances due to many factors , including the curvature of the earth , interference by particles in the air , etc. . Light travelling within dark fibre cables does not travel at the speed of light - `` c '' - since there is no vacuum and the light is constantly reflected off the walls of the cable , lengthening the effective path travelled in comparison to the length of the cable and hence slowing it down . There are also in practice several routers , switches , other cable links and protocol changes between an exchange and a trading system . As a result , most low latency trading engines will be found physically close to the exchanges , even in the same building as the exchange ( co-location ) to further reduce latency .   To further reduce latency , new technologies are being employed . Wireless data transmission technology can offer speed advantages over the best cabling options , as signals can travel faster through air than fiber . Wireless transmission can also allow data to move in a straighter , more direct path than cabling routes .   A crucial factor in determining the latency of a data channel is its throughput . Data rates are increasing exponentially which has a direct relation to the speed at which messages can be processed . Also , low-latency systems need not only to be able to get a message from A to B as quickly as possible , but also need to be able to process millions of messages per second . See comparison of latency and throughput for a more in-depth discussion .

neg: Communications, Computers, and Networks (Scientific American) The Scientific American special Issue on Communications , Computers , and Network , is a special issue of Scientific American dedicated to articles concerning impending changes to the internet in the period prior to the expansion and mainstreaming of the world wide web via Mosaic and Netscape . This issue contained essays by a number of important computer science and internet pioneers . It bore the promotional cover title : Scientific American presents the September 1991 Single Copy Issue : Communications , Computers , and Networks

neg: UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network UTRAN ( short for `` Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network '' ) is a collective term for the network and equipment that connects mobile handsets to the public telephone network or the Internet . It contains the base stations , which are called Node B 's and Radio Network Controllers ( RNCs ) which make up the UMTS radio access network . This communications network , commonly referred to as 3G ( for 3rd Generation Wireless Mobile Communication Technology ) , can carry many traffic types from real-time Circuit Switched to IP based Packet Switched . The UTRAN allows connectivity between the UE ( user equipment ) and the core network .   The RNC provides control functionalities for one or more Node Bs . A Node B and an RNC can be the same device , although typical implementations have a separate RNC located in a central office serving multiple Node Bs . Despite the fact that they do not have to be physically separated , there is a logical interface between them known as the Iub . The RNC and its corresponding Node Bs are called the Radio Network Subsystem ( RNS ) . There can be more than one RNS present in a UTRAN .   There are four interfaces connecting the UTRAN internally or externally to other functional entities : Iu , Uu , Iub and Iur . The Iu interface is an external interface that connects the RNC to the Core Network ( CN ) . The Uu is also external , connecting the Node B with the User Equipment ( UE ) . The Iub is an internal interface connecting the RNC with the Node B. And at last there is the Iur interface which is an internal interface most of the time , but can , exceptionally be an external interface too for some network architectures . The Iur connects two RNCs with each other .

neg: Switching circuit theory Switching circuit theory is the mathematical study of the properties of networks of idealized switches . Such networks may be strictly combinational logic , in which their output state is only a function of the present state of their inputs ; or may also contain sequential elements , where the present state depends on the present state and past states ; in that sense , sequential circuits are said to include `` memory '' of past states . An important class of sequential circuits are state machines . Switching circuit theory is applicable to the design of telephone systems , computers , and similar systems . Switching circuit theory provided the mathematical foundations and tools for digital system design in almost all areas of modern technology .   From 1934 to 1936 , NEC engineer Akira Nakashima published a series of papers showing that the two-valued Boolean algebra , which he discovered independently , can describe the operation of switching circuits . His work was later cited and elaborated on in Claude Shannon 's seminal 1938 paper `` A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits '' . The principles of Boolean algebra are applied to switches , providing mathematical tools for analysis and synthesis of any switching system .   Ideal switches are considered as having only two exclusive states , for example , open or closed . In some analysis , the state of a switch can be considered to have no influence on the output of the system and is designated as a `` do n't care '' state . In complex networks it is necessary to also account for the finite switching time of physical switches ; where two or more different paths in a network may affect the output , these delays may result in a `` logic hazard '' or `` race condition '' where the output state changes due to the different propagation times through the network .