query: Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell proliferation.

pos: Cancer Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body . Not all tumors are cancerous ; benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body . Possible signs and symptoms include a lump , abnormal bleeding , prolonged cough , unexplained weight loss and a change in bowel movements . While these symptoms may indicate cancer , they may have other causes . Over 100 types of cancers affect humans .   Tobacco use is the cause of about 22 % of cancer deaths . Another 10 % is due to obesity , poor diet , lack of physical activity , and excessive drinking of alcohol . Other factors include certain infections , exposure to ionizing radiation and environmental pollutants . In the developing world nearly 20 % of cancers are due to infections such as hepatitis B , hepatitis C and human papillomavirus ( HPV ) . These factors act , at least partly , by changing the genes of a cell . Typically many genetic changes are required before cancer develops . Approximately 5 -- 10 % of cancers are due to inherited genetic defects from a person 's parents . Cancer can be detected by certain signs and symptoms or screening tests . It is then typically further investigated by medical imaging and confirmed by biopsy .   Many cancers can be prevented by not smoking , maintaining a healthy weight , not drinking too much alcohol , eating plenty of vegetables , fruits and whole grains , vaccination against certain infectious diseases , not eating too much processed and red meat , and avoiding too much sunlight exposure . Early detection through screening is useful for cervical and colorectal cancer . The benefits of screening in breast cancer are controversial . Cancer is often treated with some combination of radiation therapy , surgery , chemotherapy , and targeted therapy . Pain and symptom management are an important part of care . Palliative care is particularly important in people with advanced disease . The chance of survival depends on the type of cancer and extent of disease at the start of treatment . In children under 15 at diagnosis the five-year survival rate in the developed world is on average 80 % . For cancer in the United States the average five-year survival rate is 66 % .   In 2015 about 90.5 million people had cancer . About 14.1 million new cases occur a year ( not including skin cancer other than melanoma ) . It caused about 8.8 million deaths ( 15.7 % ) of human deaths . The most common types of cancer in males are lung cancer , prostate cancer , colorectal cancer and stomach cancer . In females , the most common types are breast cancer , colorectal cancer , lung cancer and cervical cancer . If skin cancer other than melanoma were included in total new cancers each year it would account for around 40 % of cases . In children , acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and brain tumors are most common except in Africa where non-Hodgkin lymphoma occurs more often . In 2012 , about 165,000 children under 15 years of age were diagnosed with cancer . The risk of cancer increases significantly with age and many cancers occur more commonly in developed countries . Rates are increasing as more people live to an old age and as lifestyle changes occur in the developing world . The financial costs of cancer were estimated at $ 1.16 trillion US dollars per year as of 2010 .

neg: Laryngeal papillomatosis Laryngeal papillomatosis , also known as recurrent respiratory papillomatosis or glottal papillomatosis or associated with condyloma acuminata , is a rare medical condition ( 2 per 100,000 adults and 4.5 per 100,000 children ) , caused by a human papillomavirus ( HPV ) infection of the throat . Laryngeal papillomatosis causes assorted tumors or papillomas to develop over a period of time . Without treatment it is potentially fatal as uncontrolled growths could obstruct the airway . Laryngeal papillomatosis is caused by HPV types 6 and 11 , in which benign tumors form on the larynx or other areas of the respiratory tract . These tumors can recur frequently , may require repetitive surgery , and may interfere with breathing . The disease can be treated with surgery and antivirals . In addition antiangiogenic therapy shows promising results .   __ TOC __

neg: Molecular oncology Molecular oncology is an interdisciplinary medical speciality at the interface of medicinal chemistry and oncology that refers to the investigation of the chemistry of cancer and tumors at the molecular scale . Also the development and application of molecularly targeted therapies .

neg: Molecular medicine Molecular medicine is a broad field , where physical , chemical , biological , bioinformatics and medical techniques are used to describe molecular structures and mechanisms , identify fundamental molecular and genetic errors of disease , and to develop molecular interventions to correct them . The concept of the distribution of medicine to each individual cell just as oxygen would be an example of the practice of molecular medicine ( via lung chemical reaction manipulation an idea coined by Saniab Jacob ) . The molecular medicine perspective emphasizes cellular and molecular phenomena and interventions rather than the previous conceptual and observational focus on patients and their organs .   In November 1949 , with the seminal paper , `` Sickle Cell Anemia , a Molecular Disease '' , in Science magazine , Linus Pauling , Harvey Itano and their collaborators laid the groundwork for establishing the field of molecular medicine . In 1956 , Roger J. Williams wrote Biochemical Individuality , a prescient book about genetics , prevention and treatment of disease on a molecular basis , and nutrition which is now variously referred to as individualized medicine and orthomolecular medicine . Another paper in Science by Pauling in 1968 , introduced and defined this view of molecular medicine that focuses on natural and nutritional substances used for treatment and prevention .   Published research and progress was slow until the 1970s ' `` biological revolution '' that introduced many new techniques and commercial applications .   Molecular medicine is a new scientific discipline in European universities . Combining contemporary medical studies with the field of biochemistry , it offers a bridge between the two subjects . At present only a handful of universities offer the course to undergraduates . With a degree in this discipline the graduate is able to pursue a career in medical sciences , scientific research , laboratory work and postgraduate medical degrees .

neg: Genome instability Genome instability ( also `` genetic instability '' or `` genomic instability '' ) refers to a high frequency of mutations within the genome of a cellular lineage . These mutations can include changes in nucleic acid sequences , chromosomal rearrangements or aneuploidy . Genome instability does occur in bacteria . In multicellular organisms genome instability is central to carcinogenesis , and in humans it is also a factor in some neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or the neuromuscular disease myotonic dystrophy .   The sources of genome instability have only recently begun to be elucidated . A high frequency of externally caused DNA damage can be one source of genome instability since DNA damages can cause inaccurate translesion synthesis past the damages or errors in repair , leading to mutation . Another source of genome instability may be epigenetic or mutational reductions in expression of DNA repair genes . Because endogenous ( metabolically-caused ) DNA damage is very frequent , occurring on average more than 60,000 times a day in the genomes of human cells , any reduced DNA repair is likely an important source of genome instability .

neg: Vascular tumor Vascular tumor may mean :   tumor of vascular origin , a growth ( benign or malignant ) formed from blood vessels ; for example , hemangioma , Lymphangioma , hemangioendothelioma , Kaposi sarcoma , angiosarcoma , hemangioblastoma , etc. .  a highly vascularized tumor or poorly vascularized tumor , referring to the degree of adequate or inadequate ( ischemic ) blood supply to a tumor formed from any biological tissue

neg: Cellular infiltration Cellular infiltration is migration of cells from their sources of origin , or direct extension of cells as a result of unusual growth and multiplication , thereby resulting in fairly well-defined foci , irregular accumulations , or diffusely distributed individual cells in the connective tissue and interstices of various organs and tissues ; used especially with reference to such changes associated with inflammations and certain types of malignant neoplasms .   Category : Histopathology

neg: Regenerative medicine Regenerative medicine is a branch of translational research in tissue engineering and molecular biology which deals with the `` process of replacing , engineering or regenerating human cells , tissues or organs to restore or establish normal function '' . This field holds the promise of engineering damaged tissues and organs by stimulating the body 's own repair mechanisms to functionally heal previously irreparable tissues or organs .   Regenerative medicine also includes the possibility of growing tissues and organs in the laboratory and implanting them when the body can not heal itself . If a regenerated organ 's cells would be derived from the patient 's own tissue or cells , this would potentially solve the problem of the shortage of organs available for donation , and the problem of organ transplant rejection .   Some of the biomedical approaches within the field of regenerative medicine may involve the use of stem cells . Examples include the injection of stem cells or progenitor cells obtained through directed differentiation ( cell therapies ) ; the induction of regeneration by biologically active molecules administered alone or as a secretion by infused cells ( immunomodulation therapy ) ; and transplantation of in vitro grown organs and tissues ( tissue engineering ) .

neg: Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors ( PanNETs , PETs , or PNETs ) , often referred to as `` islet cell tumors '' , or `` pancreatic endocrine tumors '' are neuroendocrine neoplasms that arise from cells of the endocrine ( hormonal ) and nervous system within the pancreas .   PanNETs are a type of neuroendocrine tumor , representing about one third of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors ( GEP-NETs ) . Many PanNETs are benign , while some are malignant . Aggressive PanNET tumors have traditionally been termed `` islet cell carcinoma '' .   PanNETs are quite distinct from the usual form of pancreatic cancer , the majority of which are adenocarcinomas , which arises in the exocrine pancreas . Only 1 or 2 % of clinically significant pancreas neoplasms are PanNETs .

neg: Cancer prevention Cancer prevention is defined as active measures to decrease the risk of cancer . The vast majority of cancer cases are due to environmental risk factors , and many , but not all , of these environmental factors are controllable lifestyle choices . Greater than 30 % of cancer deaths could be prevented by avoiding risk factors including : tobacco , overweight / obesity , an insufficient diet , physical inactivity , alcohol , sexually transmitted infections , and air pollution . Not all environmental causes are controllable , such as naturally occurring background radiation , and other cases of cancer are caused through hereditary genetic disorders , and thus it is not possible to prevent all cases of cancer .

neg: Psycho-oncology Psycho-oncology is a field of interdisciplinary study and practice at the intersection of lifestyle , psychology and oncology . It is concerned with aspects of cancer that go beyond medical treatment and include lifestyle , psychological and social aspects of cancer . Sometimes it is also referred to as psychosocial oncology or behavioral oncology because it deals with psychosocial and behavioral topics . The field is concerned both with the effects of cancer on a person 's psychological health as well as the social and behavioral factors that may affect the disease process of cancer and/or the remission of it .   This is where the effects of :  Chemobrain or post-chemotherapy cognitive impairment `` PCCI '' would be addressed .  Radiation induced cognitive decline issues .  Placebo effect and the nocebo effect will be studied .  Self care issues are studied .  Transition to survivorship phase of cancer journey ( See : Cancer survivor )   Psycho-oncology , as a subspeciality , addresses the two major psychological dimensions of cancer : the psychological responses of patients to cancer at all stages of the disease and that of their families and caretakers ( called oncopsychology ) ; and the psychological , behavioral and social factors that may influence the disease process ( called psychosocial-oncology ) .   Psycho-oncology is an area of multi-disciplinary interest and has boundaries with the major specialities in oncology : the clinical disciplines ( surgery , medicine , pediatrics , radiotherapy ) , epidemiology , immunology , endocrinology , biology , pathology , bioethics , palliative care , rehabilitation medicine , clinical trials research and decision making , as well as psychiatry and psychology .

neg: Hypoplasia Hypoplasia ( from Ancient Greek ὑπo - hypo - , `` under '' + πλάσις plasis , `` formation '' ; adjective form hypoplastic ) is underdevelopment or incomplete development of a tissue or organ . Although the term is not always used precisely , it properly refers to an inadequate or below-normal number of cells . Hypoplasia is similar to aplasia , but less severe . It is technically not the opposite of hyperplasia ( too many cells ) . Hypoplasia is a congenital condition , while hyperplasia generally refers to excessive cell growth later in life . ( Atrophy , the wasting away of already existing cells , is technically the direct opposite of both hyperplasia and hypertrophy . )   Hypoplasia can be present in any tissue or organ . It is descriptive of many medical conditions , including underdevelopment of organs such as :   Breasts during puberty  Testes in Klinefelter 's syndrome  Ovaries in Fanconi anemia , gonadal dysgenesis , trisomy X  Thymus in DiGeorge syndrome  Labia majora in popliteal pterygium syndrome  Corpus callosum , connecting the two sides of the brain , in Agenesis of the corpus callosum  Cerebellum caused by mutation in the Reelin gene  Tooth caused by oral pathology , such as Turner 's hypoplasia  Chambers of the heart in hypoplastic left heart syndrome and hypoplastic right heart syndrome  Optic nerve in optic nerve hypoplasia  Sacrum in sacral agenesis  Facial muscle in asymmetric crying facies  Thumb from birth  Lungs , often as a result of oligohydramnios during gestation or the existence of congenital diaphragmatic hernia  Small bowel in coeliac disease  Fingers and ears in Harlequin type ichthyosis  Mandible in congenital hypothyroidism

neg: Endometrial hyperplasia Endometrial hyperplasia is a condition of excessive proliferation of the cells of the endometrium , or inner lining of the uterus .   Most cases of endometrial hyperplasia result from high levels of estrogens , combined with insufficient levels of the progesterone-like hormones which ordinarily counteract estrogen 's proliferative effects on this tissue . This may occur in a number of settings , including obesity , polycystic ovary syndrome , estrogen producing tumours ( e.g. granulosa cell tumour ) and certain formulations of estrogen replacement therapy . Endometrial hyperplasia is a significant risk factor for the development or even co-existence of endometrial cancer , so careful monitoring and treatment of women with this disorder is essential .

neg: Chemotherapy Chemotherapy ( often abbreviated to chemo and sometimes CTX or CTx ) is a category of cancer treatment that uses one or more anti-cancer drugs ( chemotherapeutic agents ) as part of a standardized chemotherapy regimen . Chemotherapy may be given with a curative intent ( which almost always involves combinations of drugs ) , or it may aim to prolong life or to reduce symptoms ( palliative chemotherapy ) . Chemotherapy is one of the major categories of the medical discipline specifically devoted to pharmacotherapy for cancer , which is called medical oncology .   By common usage , the term chemotherapy has come to connote the use of rather non-specific intracellular poisons , especially related to inhibiting the process of cell division known as mitosis , and generally excludes agents that more selectively block extracellular growth signals ( i.e. blockers of signal transduction ) . To avoid these connotations for recently developed ( against specific molecular or genetic targets ) therapies which inhibit of growth-promoting signals coming from classic endocrine hormones ( primarily estrogens for breast cancer and androgens for prostate cancer ) is known as hormonal therapy , while the inhibition of other growth-promoting influences ( especially those associated with receptor tyrosine kinases ) is known as targeted therapy .   Importantly , the use of drugs ( whether chemotherapy , hormonal therapy or targeted therapy ) constitutes systemic therapy for cancer in that they are introduced into the blood stream and are therefore in principle able to address cancer at any anatomic location in the body . Systemic therapy is often used in conjunction with other modalities that constitute local therapy ( i.e. treatments whose efficacy is confined to the anatomic area where they are applied ) for cancer such as radiation therapy , surgery and/or hyperthermia therapy .   Traditional chemotherapeutic agents are cytotoxic by means of interfering with cell division ( mitosis ) but cancer cells vary widely in their susceptibility to these agents . To a large extent , chemotherapy can be thought of as a way to damage or stress cells , which may then lead to cell death if apoptosis is initiated . Many of the side effects of chemotherapy can be traced to damage to normal cells that divide rapidly and are thus sensitive to anti-mitotic drugs : cells in the bone marrow , digestive tract and hair follicles . This results in the most common side-effects of chemotherapy : myelosuppression ( decreased production of blood cells , hence also immunosuppression ) , mucositis ( inflammation of the lining of the digestive tract ) , and alopecia ( hair loss ) . Because of the effect on immune cells ( especially lymphocytes ) , chemotherapy drugs often find use in a host of diseases that result from harmful overactivity of the immune system against self ( so-called autoimmunity ) . These include rheumatoid arthritis , systemic lupus erythematosus , multiple sclerosis , vasculitis and many others .

neg: Oncocytoma An oncocytoma is a tumor made up of oncocytes , epithelial cells characterized by an excessive amount of mitochondria , resulting in an abundant acidophilic , granular cytoplasm . The cells and the tumor that they compose are often benign but sometimes may be premalignant or malignant .

neg: Lists of diseases __ NOTOC __  A medical condition is a broad term that includes all diseases and disorders .   A disease is an abnormal condition affecting the body of an organism .   A disorder is a functional abnormality or disturbance .   List of cancer types  List of cutaneous conditions  List of endocrine diseases  List of eye diseases and disorders  List of intestinal diseases  List of infectious diseases  List of human disease case fatality rates  List of notifiable diseases - diseases that should be reported to public health services e.g.hospitals .   Disorders  List of communication disorders  List of genetic disorders  List of neurological disorders  List of voice disorders  List of vulvovaginal disorders  List of liver disorders  List of heart disorders  Mental illness ( alphabetical list )  List of eating disorders  List of mood disorders  List of personality disorders

neg: Melanocytic nevus A melanocytic nevus ( also known as `` nevocytic nevus '' or `` nevus-cell nevus '' ) is a type of lesion that contains nevus cells ( a type of melanocyte ) . Some sources equate the term mole with `` melanocytic nevus '' . Other sources reserve the term `` mole '' for other purposes .   The majority of moles appear during the first two decades of a person 's life , with about one in every 100 babies being born with moles . Acquired moles are a form of benign neoplasm , while congenital moles , or congenital nevi , are considered a minor malformation or hamartoma and may be at a higher risk for melanoma . A mole can be either subdermal ( under the skin ) or a pigmented growth on the skin , formed mostly of a type of cell known as a melanocyte . The high concentration of the body 's pigmenting agent , melanin , is responsible for their dark color . Moles are a member of the family of skin lesions known as nevi .

neg: Squamous cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma ( SCC or SqCC ) , also known as squamous cell cancer , is one of the main types of skin cancer that begins from squamous cells in the skin . Cancers that involve the anus , cervix , head and neck , and vagina are also most often squamous cell cancers . The esophagus , urinary bladder , prostate , and lung are other possible sites .   Frequent exposure to direct , strong sunlight without adequate sunscreen protection is a risk factor for skin cancer . Despite sharing the name squamous cell carcinoma , the SCCs of different body sites can show differences in their presenting symptoms , natural history , prognosis , and response to treatment .   SCC typically occurs in people older than 50 years . As of 2014 an increasing number of people in their 20s and 30s are being affected . It is twice as common in men as in women . People with darker skin and eyes have a lower risk than individuals with lighter colored skin . People with fair skin , light hair and eyes are at highest risk of developing the disease .

neg: Chondrosarcoma Chondrosarcoma is a cancer composed of cells derived from transformed cells that produce cartilage . Chondrosarcoma is a member of a category of tumors of bone and soft tissue known as sarcomas . About 30 % of skeletal system cancers are chondrosarcomas . It is resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy . Unlike other primary bone cancers that mainly affect children and adolescents , chondrosarcoma can present at any age . It more often affects the axial skeleton than the appendicular skeleton .

neg: Asbestosis Asbestosis is a chronic inflammatory and scarring disease affecting the tissue of the lungs . People with the condition may experience severe shortness of breath and are at an increased risk for certain cancers , including lung cancer and , less commonly , mesothelioma . Asbestosis specifically refers to fibrosis within the lung tissue from asbestos , and not scarring around the outside of the lungs .   It is caused by the breathing in and retention of asbestos fibers . It usually occurs after high intensity and/or long-term exposure to asbestos ( particularly in those individuals working on the production or end-use of products containing asbestos ) and is therefore regarded as an occupational lung disease . People with extensive occupational exposure to the mining , manufacturing , handling , or removal of asbestos are at risk of developing asbestosis .

neg: Lung cancer susceptibility Lung cancer susceptibility tests suggest the probability or susceptibility an individual may have of getting lung cancer . Lung cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in the lung tissue . If left untreated , this growth can spread beyond the lungs in a process called metastasis , into nearby tissues or other parts of the body .


query: Marion Cotillard portrayed someone.

pos: Marion Cotillard Marion Cotillard ( -LSB- ma.ʁjɔ̃ kɔ.ti.jaʁ -RSB- ; born 30 September 1975 ) is a French actress , singer-songwriter , musician , environmentalist and spokesperson for Greenpeace who achieved international fame with the film La Vie en Rose ( 2007 ) . She is the recipient of an Academy Award , a BAFTA Award , a Golden Globe Award , two César Awards , a European Award , and a Lumières Award . Cotillard has appeared in more than 50 feature films and is also known for being the face of Lady Dior handbags since 2008 . She became a Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters in France in 2010 and promoted to Officer in 2016 . Was named `` The Most Bankable French Actress of the 21st Century '' in 2014 , and described as `` the great silent film actress of our time '' by The Daily Telegraph 's Robbie Collin , for her ability to show emotions only with her eyes and facial expressions , although she has never appeared in a silent film . She received France 's highest honor and was made a Knight of the Legion of Honour in 2016 .   Cotillard had her first English-language role in the TV series Highlander in 1993 , made her film debut in The Story of a Boy Who Wanted to Be Kissed ( 1994 ) , her first leading role in the TV film Chloé ( 1996 ) , and made her breakthrough in France playing Lilly Bertineau in the action-comedy Taxi ( 1998 ) , which earned her a César Award nomination for Most Promising Actress and was her first box office hit . She made her Hollywood debut as Joséphine Bloom in Tim Burton 's Big Fish ( 2003 ) .   Since 2003 , Cotillard has alternated between French and English-language roles in mainstream and art-house productions , and has received international acclaim and awards for her performances in films such as Tina Lombardi in A Very Long Engagement ( 2004 ) , for which she won her first César Award for Best Supporting Actress . For her portrayal of the French singer Édith Piaf in the biopic La Vie en Rose ( 2007 ) , Cotillard achieved worldwide recognition and won her second César Award , a BAFTA Award , a Golden Globe Award , a Lumières Award and the Academy Award for Best Actress , becoming the first and ( as of 2017 ) only actor to win an Academy Award for a performance in French , and also the second actress and one of only six actors to have won this award for a part spoken in a foreign language . Her performance of Luisa Contini in the musical film Nine ( 2009 ) , earned her a second Golden Globe nomination . She next starred in Michael Mann 's Public Enemies ( 2009 ) as Billie Frechette , and played Mal in Christopher Nolan 's Inception ( 2010 ) .   In 2012 , she received widespread critical acclaim for her performance as the double amputee orca trainer Stéphanie in Rust and Bone ( 2012 ) , and was nominated for the Golden Globes , BAFTAs , Critics ' Choice , Screen Actors Guild and the César Awards . She was highly acclaimed and awarded for her lead performances in The Immigrant ( 2013 ) and Two Days , One Night ( 2014 ) , receiving a second Academy Award nomination for Best Actress for the latter , which was also her second nomination for a French-language film and the first time an actor was nominated for a Belgian film . Cotillard became one of only six actors to receive multiple Academy Award nominations for foreign-language performances .   Cotillard played Joan of Arc on stage in different countries between 2005 and 2015 in the oratorio Jeanne d'Arc au bûcher . Her English-language roles include Fanny Chenal in A Good Year ( 2006 ) , Adriana in Midnight in Paris ( 2011 ) , Dr. Leonora Orantes in Contagion ( 2011 ) , Miranda Tate in The Dark Knight Rises ( 2012 ) , Lady Macbeth in Macbeth ( 2015 ) , Marianne Beausejour in Allied ( 2016 ) and Dr. Sofia Rikkin in Assassin 's Creed ( 2016 ) . She provided voice acting for animated films as The Rose in The Little Prince ( 2015 ) , April in April and the Extraordinary World ( 2015 ) and Scarlet Overkill in the French version of Minions ( 2015 ) . Her other notable French and Belgian films include La Belle Verte ( 1996 ) , Furia ( 1999 ) , War in the Highlands ( 1999 ) , Lisa ( 2001 ) , Pretty Things ( 2001 ) , Love Me If You Dare ( 2003 ) , Innocence ( 2004 ) , Toi et Moi ( 2006 ) and Dikkenek ( 2006 ) .

neg: Madame Du Barry (1934 film) Madame DuBarry is a 1934 American historical film directed by William Dieterle and starring Dolores del Rio , Reginald Owen , Victor Jory and Osgood Perkins . The film portrays the life of Madame Du Barry , the last mistress of King Louis XV of France . While this film does not serve accuracy to Madame Du Barry , it does feature antiques and jewelry that came from the actual days when Madame Du Barry lived . This film was released just as the Hollywood Production Code was taking full swing , and faced many problems with censors of the time . Scenes of this film had to be removed before its release or else it would have not been approved for release .

neg: Taxi 3 Taxi 3 is a 2003 French comedy film directed by Gérard Krawczyk . Starring Samy Naceri , Frédéric Diefenthal and Marion Cotillard . It is the sequel to Taxi 2 and was followed by Taxi 4 .

neg: Dust (1985 film) Dust is a 1985 film directed by Marion Hänsel based on the J. M. Coetzee novel In the Heart of the Country . The film was shot in Spain and is a French-Belgian production . The film was selected as the Belgian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 58th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee . It won the Silver Lion prize , awarded to the best first or second major work by a director , at the 1985 Venice Film Festival . The jury recognised Jane Birkin 's performance as amongst the best of the year , but decided not to award a best actress prize because all of the actresses they judged to have made the best performances were in films that won major awards .

neg: César Award for Best Supporting Actress The César Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role ( French : César de la meilleure actrice dans un second rôle ) is one of the César Awards , presented annually by the Académie des Arts et Techniques du Cinéma to recognize the outstanding performance in a supporting role of an actress who has worked within the French film industry during the year preceding the ceremony . Nominees and winner are selected via a run-off voting by all the members of the Académie .

neg: Furia (film) Furia is a 1999 French romantic drama film directed by Alexandre Aja , who co-wrote screenplay with Grégory Levasseur , adapted from the science fiction short story `` Graffiti '' by Julio Cortázar . It stars Stanislas Merhar and Marion Cotillard .

neg: La Endemoniada (film) La Endemoniada ( aka A Woman Possessed ) is a 1968 Mexican horror film directed by Emilio Gómez Muriel and starring Libertad Leblanc .

neg: Documenteur Documenteur also known as Documenteur : An Emotion Picture is a French-American feature film by French director Agnès Varda . The film debuted at the 1981 Toronto International Film Festival .   The film stars Sabine Mamou as a single mother and Varda 's son Mathieu Demy as her son .   Though the film stands on its own it was made as a companion piece to the documentary Murs Murs in which Varda filmed mural art around L.A. and interviewed the artists who had made the pieces . Many of the murals filmed in Murs Murs appears in Documenteur and the film even opens with the same image as Murs Murs ended on .

neg: Song for Marion Song for Marion ( released in the United States as Unfinished Song ) is a 2012 British-German comedy-drama film written and directed by Paul Andrew Williams and starring Terence Stamp , Gemma Arterton , Christopher Eccleston and Vanessa Redgrave .   The film was nominated for three awards -- Best Actor , Best Screenplay , and Best Supporting Actress -- at the 2012 British Independent Film Awards .

neg: Médée (2001 film) Médée is a 2001 French drama film directed by Don Kent and starring Isabelle Huppert .

neg: Costard Costard is a comic figure in the play Love 's Labour 's Lost by William Shakespeare . A country bumpkin , he is arrested in the first scene for flouting the king 's proclamation that all men of the court avoid the company of women for three years . While in custody , the men of the court use him to further their own romantic endeavors . By sending love notes to the wrong women and blurting out secrets ( including that of an unplanned pregnancy ) , Costard makes fools of the royal court . Along with Moth the page and Jaquenetta , a country wench , Costard pokes fun at the upper-class . While mocking a pedantic schoolmaster , Costard uses the word honorificabilitudinitatibus , the longest word by far from any of Shakespeare 's works .   Costard makes many clever puns , and is used as a tool by Shakespeare to explain new words such as remuneration . He is sometimes considered one of the smartest characters in the play due to his wit and wordplay .   Costard 's name is an archaic term for apple , or metaphorically a man 's head . Shakespeare uses the word in this sense in Richard III .

neg: Coccinelle Jacqueline Charlotte Dufresnoy ( 23 August 1931 -- 9 October 2006 ) , better known by her stage name Coccinelle , was a French actress and entertainer . She was transsexual , and was the first widely publicized post-war sexual reassignment case in Europe , where she was an international celebrity and a renowned club singer .

neg: Claude Chalhoub Claude Chalhoub ( -LSB- ) born in Qaa , Lebanon in 1974 , from a Christian musical family of 11 children , attended the Lebanese Conservatoire before entering the Royal College of Music in London as winner of the prestigious Queen Elizabeth Scholarship award .   He is fluent in Classical Western music and Arabic improvisation , and was concertmaster for Daniel Barenboim 's ` West-Eastern Divan Orchestra ' ( 1999 - 2002 ) . Furthermore , he was invited by Yo-Yo Ma to Tanglewood/USA to support him in his Silk Road Project .   His debut release on Teldec Classics International called Claude Chalhoub is the result of an exclusive recording contract with Canadian producer Michael Brook . The compositions consist of western classical elements being blended into a more Indian/Arabic flavor , with the addition of ethnic percussion and electronic effects . Claude Chalhoub plays on a Stradivarius from the Stradivari Society also featuring vocals from Farrukh Fateh Ali Khan .  His second album Diwan exclusively in the sphere of classical music was produced by Herzog Records in collaboration with the Gewandhausorchester of Leipzig , Germany . The album offers original compositions for violin solo and orchestra with baroque & oriental sound images .  In 2015 , he produced the DVD Marionettes Dance , directed by Boris Penth in collaboration with the University of Music & Performing Arts of Vienna , Austria .   As a violinist Claude Chalhoub has performed the classical repertoire for violin as well as his own music world-wide and with the most renowned orchestra 's and magnificent musicians , including the Symphony Orchestra 's of London , Halle and Holland , Michael Brook , Farrukh Fateh Ali Khan , Tobias Koch , Calefax Reed Quintet , The Edmond Chamber Players to name a few .  His repertoire includes Beethoven , Mozart , Khachaturian , Brahms , Bruch Violin Concerto , Korngold Violin Concerto , his own arrangement of Mendelson Violin Concerto in E . An example of his international versatility was a collaboration with the Holland Symfonia and the Dutch National Ballet who played & danced to his music at the Concertgebouw in Amsterdam .   As a composer , he is well known to the film as well . His compositions are used in ` America Undercover , Persona non grata -- Oliver Stone ( 2003 ) ' , ` Yes -- Sally Potter ( 2004 ) ' or ` Into the Wild -- Sean Penn ( 2007 ) ` , he was commissioned by ` Koran by heart -- Greg Barker ( 2011 ) ` and playing the solos in ` India : Kingdom of the Tiger -- Bruce Neibaur ( 2002 ) , ` Caramel -- Nadine Labaki ( 2007 ) ` and ` Where do we go now -- Nadine Labaki ( 2011 ) ' .   In 2012 , he composed and arranged the latest of Majida El Roumi 's albums ` Ghazal ' .   After many years in Beirut working among others as Dean of the chamber music department at the Lebanese National Higher Conservatory of Music he now lives in Vienna , Austria .   A film biography on Chalhoub 's life and career called ` Singing on the Violin ' by German director Boris Penth ( 2007 ) has been broadcast internationally , among others on TV channels WDR , 3Sat , Bayerischer Rundfunk , ABC1 , Arte , Euro arts , www.medici.tv , etc. .

neg: Catherine (1986 TV series) Catherine - a French TV series produced for Antenne 2 channel in 1986 . It was based on the series of `` Catherine '' novels written by Juliette Benzoni . The series was directed by Marion Sarraut , who had already successfully brought on TV another of Madame Benzoni 's work - Marianne . The director had the author 's assistance going so far as working together , like mother and daughter , to work on the best-seller Catherine . Two years of preparation , fifteen months of shooting , two hundred actors - over fifteen hundred costumes . The episodes were not to be seen in prime time - but from 13:30 - 14:00 each afternoon . The production was nevertheless a huge success . The readers of the books were more than satisfied with what Marion Sarraut had done to Catherine . To their great joy , the producers had adapted the seven books more or less truthfully . Some minor changes had to be made , probably also because of the small bugdet they had at their disposal . Claudine Ancelot was a perfect Catherine . At her side , Pierre-Marie Escourrou as her great love Arnaud de Montsalvy . Pascale Petit was Sara , Benoît Brione was the evil Gilles de Rais , and Geneviève Casile Queen Yolande .   For over two decades , the story of `` Catherine and Arnaud '' had vanished . In December 2007 the French company France Loisirs started releasing the long awaited Catherine Il suffit d'un amour TV-Serie on DVD . At the moment the whole TV series has been released on 5 double DVDs .

neg: Algiers (film) Algiers is a 1938 American drama film directed by John Cromwell and starring Charles Boyer , Sigrid Gurie , and Hedy Lamarr . Written by John Howard Lawson , the film is about a notorious French jewel thief hiding in the labyrinthine native quarter of Algiers known as the Casbah . Feeling imprisoned by his self-imposed exile , he is drawn out of hiding by a beautiful French tourist who reminds him of happier times in Paris . The Walter Wanger production was a remake of the successful 1937 French film Pépé le Moko , which derived its plot from the Henri La Barthe novel of the same name .   Algiers was a sensation because it was the first Hollywood film starring Hedy Lamarr , whose beauty became the main attraction for film audiences . The film is notable as one of the sources of inspiration to the screenwriters of the 1942 Warner Bros. film Casablanca who wrote it with Hedy Lamarr in mind as the original female lead . Charles Boyer 's depiction of the main character , Pepe Le Moko , inspired the Warner Bros. animated character , Pepé Le Pew . In 1966 , the film entered the public domain ( in the USA ) due to the claimants ' failure to renew its copyright registration in the 28th year after publication .

neg: Child actor The term child actor or child actress is generally applied to a child acting on stage or in motion pictures or television , but also to an adult who began his or her acting career as a child ; to avoid confusion , the latter is also called a former child actor . Closely associated is teenage actor or teen actor , an actor who reached popularity as a teenager .   Many child actors find themselves struggling to adapt as they become adults . Lindsay Lohan and Macaulay Culkin are two particular famous child actors who eventually experienced much difficulty with the fame they acquired at a young age ; Lohan 's career resumed after an interruption of several years . Many child actors also become successful adult actors as well , an example being Mickey Rooney 's career that included both the popular 1935 film A Midsummer Night 's Dream and the popular 2011 film The Muppets .

neg: Marion Marshall (actress) Marion Marshall ( born Marion Tanner ; June 8 , 1929 ) is an American actress .

neg: Robin Padilla Robinhood Ferdinand `` Robin '' Cariño Padilla ( born November 23 , 1969 ) is a Filipino film director , screenwriter , producer , and actor . Padilla is both a matinee idol and cultural icon ; he is sometimes referred to as `` James Dean '' and dubbed as the `` Bad Boy '' of Philippine cinema for portraying ` protagonist gangster roles ' in his films Anak ni Baby Ama , Grease Gun Gang , Bad Boy 1 , and Bad Boy 2 . Padilla is active in television programs , having played important roles in Asian Treasures , Joaquin Bordado , Totoy Bato , Guns and Roses , and Toda Max .   Both the acting and showbiz industry are not new to Padilla . He comes from a multi-faceted background , which includes talented performers , and a political family . His father Casimero Padilla , Sr. , who was a film director , served as vice-governor of Camarines Norte in the 1970s and assemblyman in the 1980s ; while his mother was an actress , and three of his siblings Rustom , Rommel , and Royette are actors . His half brother Casimero Roy A. Padilla , Jr. succeeded his father 's political endeavors , serving as a union leader , a congressman , and three-term governor of Camarines Norte .

neg: Marion Cunningham (Happy Days character) Marion Cunningham ( née Kelp ) is a fictional character played by Marion Ross on the sitcom Happy Days . She is one of the three characters to remain on the show for all 11 seasons . She is also one of three characters to be played by the same actors on Love American Style as well as Happy Days ( the others being Richie and Potsie ) .

neg: Rita Cadillac Rita Cadillac ( born Nicole Yasterbelsky ; 18 May 1936 , Paris -- 5 April 1995 , Deauville ) was a French dancer , singer , and actress .   Cadillac started her music career as an accordionist under the alias `` Rita Rella '' at the age of 13 . In 1952 , she was a pin-up model and took the name `` Rita Cadillac '' at Crazy Horse where she began to work as an exotic dancer . She was also a dancer of Folies Bergère in the 1950s .   Cadillac appeared in many French films such as Soirs de Paris ( 1954 ) , Porte océane ( 1958 ) , La prostitution ( 1962 ) , Un clair de lune à Maubeuge ( 1962 ) , and Any Number Can Win ( 1963 ) , becoming a renowned figure throughout Europe . In 1981 , she appeared in the miniseries and film Das Boot , as the club singer Monique , in the town of La Rochelle .

neg: Marion Ross Marion Ross ( born October 25 , 1928 ) is an American actress . Her best known role is that of Marion Cunningham on the ABC television sitcom Happy Days , on which she starred from 1974 to 1984 and received two Primetime Emmy Award nominations . Prior to her success on Happy Days , Ross appeared in a variety of film roles , appearing in The Glenn Miller Story ( 1954 ) , Sabrina ( 1954 ) , Lust for Life ( 1956 ) , Teacher 's Pet ( 1958 ) , Some Came Running ( 1958 ) , Operation Petticoat ( 1959 ) , and Honky ( 1971 ) , as well as several minor television roles . Ross also starred in The Evening Star ( 1996 ) , for which she was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress .   Since the 1990s , Ross has been known for voice-over work on animated television series such as King of the Hill and SpongeBob SquarePants among others , and recurring roles on The Drew Carey Show , That '70s Show , Gilmore Girls , and Brothers & Sisters , among other guest spots .


query: Chandni was created in 2001.

pos: Chandni Chandni ( Translation : Moonlight ) is a 1989 Indian Hindi language romantic drama film , starring Sridevi as the eponymous lead alongside Rishi Kapoor and Vinod Khanna and Waheeda Rehman . It was directed by Yash Chopra and the screenplay was written by Kamna Chandra , Arun Kaul , Sagar Sarhadi and Umesh Kalbagh .   Chandni was a great success in 1989 and is considered one of the most successful films of all time . The profits of this romantic musical brought an end to Chopra 's lean phase . The platinum success of its music was also instrumental in bringing music back into Hindi films .   For the cast , the film reaffirmed Sridevi 's position as the top female star of the 1980s . It prolonged Rishi Kapoor 's fading career and showed that he was still profitable as a leading hero . Chandni provided a boost for Vinod Khanna 's career and reunited Kapoor and Khanna , who were last seen together in the popular Amar Akbar Anthony ( 1977 ) . Sridevi 's white costumes became popular as the ` Chandni Look ' and the songs of the film are still a rage . Though this was not the first time Yash Chopra shot a film in Switzerland , the extensive scenes shot there made it a popular tourist destination for Indians .   Chandni won the National Film Award for Best Popular Film of 1989 and is regarded as one of the Yash Chopra 's best films.द

neg: Delhi Town Hall The Delhi Town Hall is a landmark building , at Chandni Chowk in Old Delhi . It was the seat of the Municipal Corporation of Delhi ( MCD ) from 1866 during the British Raj till late 2009 , when offices shifted to the new MCD Civic Centre on Minto Road in Central Delhi formally inaugurated in 2010 .

neg: Khanda (Sikh symbol) The Khanda is the symbol of the Sikh faith , that attained its current form in the early 20th century .   It is an amalgam of three symbols :   A double-edged khanda ( sword ) in the centre  A chakkar ( chakram )  Two single-edged swords , or kirpan , crossed at the bottom and sit on either side of the khanda and chakkar . They represent the dual characteristics of Miri-Piri , indicating the integration of both spiritual and temporal sovereignty together and not treating them as two separate and distinct entities .   It depicts the Sikh doctrine Deg Tegh Fateh in emblematic form . It consists of three weapons and a circle : the khanda , two kirpans and the chakkar which is a circle . It is the military emblem of the Sikhs . It is also part of the design of the Nishan Sahib . A double edged khanda ( sword ) is placed at the top of a Nishan Sahib flag as an ornament or finial .   The Khanda is often confused with the emblem shown on Iran 's flag which the Khanda predates . In recent years , the Khanda has been used to show solidarity within the Sikh community after high profile shootings in the United States .   Another symbol that may be confused with the Khanda is the aad chand ( lit . `` half moon '' ) of the Nihang , which consists of a khanda sword in the middle of a crescent , aligned with points upward .   The symbol is encoded in Unicode , in the Miscellaneous Symbols range , at codepoint U +262 C .

neg: Chandan Ka Palna Resham Ki Dori Chandan Ka Palna Resham Ki Dori is a television serial that appeared on Zee TV channel in 2001 . The series aired every Monday to Friday at 9pm IST . The show was inspired from the Hindi movie Chori Chori Chupke Chupke , and deals with the somewhat taboo subject of a childless couple and a surrogate mother .

neg: Banni Grasslands Reserve Banni Grasslands Reserve or Banni grasslands form a belt of arid grassland ecosystem on the outer southern edge of the desert of the marshy salt flats of Rann of Kutch in Kutch District , Gujarat State , India . They are known for rich wildlife and biodiversity and are spread across an area of 3,847 square kilometres . They are currently legally protected under the status as a protected or reserve forest in India . Though declared a protected forest more than half a century ago Gujarat state 's forest department has recently proposed a special plan to restore and manage this ecosystem in the most efficient way . Wildlife Institute of India ( WII ) has identified this grassland reserve as one of the last remaining habitats of the cheetah in India and a possible reintroduction site for the species .   The word ` Banni ' comes from Hindi and Sanskrit word ` banai ' , meaning made . The land here was formed from the sediments that were deposited by the Indus and other rivers over thousands of years . Old villagers from this region say that before the 1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake , the river Indus flowed right through banni and the local farmers reaped a rich harvest of crops like red rice and sindhi chookha etc. , red rice was the staple diet of the people of the region and it was even recommended by medical practitioners as a ` light diet ' for ailing people . However , since the earthquake of 1819 the river Indus changed its course and now flows through Sindh in neighbouring country of Pakistan effectively turning this entire region arid .   Banni grassland is peculiar to the Rann of Kutch , it has some forty Sindhi speaking Maldhari ( cattle breeders ) hamlets , home to the Halaypotra , Hingora , Hingorja , Jat and Mutwa tribes  . It was first declared a `` protected forest '' in May 1955 , using the nomenclature of the Indian Forest Act , 1927 . Since then , the actual transfer of the land from the Revenue department to the Forest department has not been completed .

neg: Nandini (TV series) Nandhini is an South Indian multilingual supernatural television drama that premiered on 23 January 2017 on Sun TV , Surya TV , Gemini TV and Udaya TV channels . It is claimed that the show is the second biggest budgeted series on Indian television after Naagin and the first in South India . Nithya Ram , Baby Adhitri , Malavika Wales and Rahul Ravi are the main protagonists of the series . The series is produced by Tamil film director Sundar C. and South-Indian actress Kushboo . The show has been praised and well received by the audience , becoming a huge success and India 's most watched television series in a matter of weeks since it first aired .   The show airs every Monday to Saturday at 9:00 PM & 10.30 AM ( Sun tv re-telecast ) ( IST ) on Sun TV and Gemini TV . From Monday to Friday at 9:00 PM ( IST ) on Surya TV and Monday to Friday at 8:30 PM ( IST ) on Udaya TV in Tamil , Malayalam , Telugu and Kannada , respectively . In Sri Lanka Monday to Friday at 10.00 pm on Shakthi TV . It is edited by National award winner N. B. Srikanth and his long time associate C. M. Selvakumar .

neg: Miss India Australia Miss India Australia , founded in 2001 by photographer/media/film producer Raj Suri , is the first ever-national talent search in Australia for women of Indian origin , affiliated to the Miss India Worldwide organisation in New York , USA and associated with Miss India Magazine .

neg: Premchand Premchand ( -LSB- mʊnʃi preːm t͡ʃənd̪ -RSB- ) ( 31 July 1880 -- 8 October 1936 ) , better known as Munshi Premchand , Munshi being an honorary prefix , was an Indian writer famous for his modern Hindi-Urdu literature . He is one of the most celebrated writers of the Indian subcontinent , and is regarded as one of the foremost Hindustani writers of the early twentieth century . Born Dhanpat Rai , he began writing under the pen name `` Nawab Rai '' , but subsequently switched to `` Premchand '' . A novel writer , story writer and dramatist , he has been referred to as the `` Upanyas Samrat '' ( `` Emperor among Novelists '' ) by writers . His works include more than a dozen novels , around 250 short stories , several essays and translations of a number of foreign literary works into Hindi .

neg: Giani Gurdit Singh Giani Gurdit Singh ( 24 February 1923 -- 17 January 2007 ) was born in Mithewal village ( Sangrur district ) in the state of Punjab , India . He was considered one of the greatest contemporary writers in Punjabi and his book Mera Pind is regarded as a classic . It is now in its 10th edition and celebrates 50 years of publication this year . He was also a pioneering journalist , the Owner-Editor of Parkash ( a Punjabi language newspaper ) 1947 -- 1978 . He was also the Editor of Singh Sabha Patrika a monthly magazine of Sikh history and divinity ( from 1973 -- 1988 ) .  Giani Gurdit Singh graduated as `` Giani '' from Punjab University , Lahore in 1945 and he specialised in literature , divinity , history and folklore . He was a member of the Punjab Legislative Council from 1956 to 1962 . He contributed to the debates at that time and in the creation of Punjabi University , Patiala and in the recognition of Takht Sri Damdama Sahib , Talwandi Sabo , as the 5th Takht of the Sikhs . He was General Secretary of the Singh Sabha Shatabadi Committee , Amritsar , which was renamed Kendriya Sri Guru Singh Sabha .  As the Editor of the magazine Singh Sabha Patrika he focused on issues of importance to the Sikhs .  He also established two Guru Granth Vidya Kendras , one in Chandigarh and another in Mehrauli , Delhi .

neg: Chandbibi Chandbibi is a Hindu goddess and folk deity in Bengal , worshipped in conjunction with the Goddesses Oladevi ( the Goddess of Cholera ) , Ajgaibibi , Jholabibi , Bahadabibi , Jhetunebibi and Asanbibi . Experts and researches believe that these seven deities are transmogrifications of Vedic deities . Their collective worship is evidenced in prehistoric times by a terracotta relic found at Mohenjodaro , a major city of the Indus Valley Civilisation located in Sindh , which shows the image of seven women standing together .

neg: Chandas (typeface) Chandas is a Unicode compatible OpenType font for the Devanagari script . The font is notable for containing a particularly extensive set of conjunct ligatures for Sanskrit and also supporting Vedic accents , which were unavailable in other Devanagari fonts when it was released . Though the font was designed primarily for writing Sanskrit , it may be used for all languages written in the Devanagari script , including Hindi , Konkani , Marathi , and Nepali .   The font was developed and is maintained by Mihail Bayaryn , and is released under the GNU General Public License .

neg: Trailokyavarman Trailokya-Varman ( reigned c. 1203-1245 CE ) was a king of the Chandela dynasty of central India . He ruled the Jejakabhukti region ( Bundelkhand in present-day Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh ) .   Chandela inscriptions suggest that Trailokyavarman succeeded Paramardi as the Chandela ruler . He was probably Paramardi 's son , although this can not be said with certainty based on the available evidence .   Seven inscriptions of Trailokyavarman have been found at Ajaygarh , Banpur , Garra near Chhatarpur , and Tehri ( Tikamgarh ) . A number of other places in the Bundelkhand region are mentioned in these inscriptions . The inscriptions give him the usual imperial titles Parama-bhattaraka Maharajadhiraja Parameshvara Parama-Maheshvara Shri-Kalanjaradhipati . His coins have been found in Banda district . This indicates that he controlled a large part of the traditional Chandela dominions .   Trailokyavarman bore the title Kalanjaradhipati ( `` Lord of Kalanjara '' ) , which suggests that he recovered the Kalanjara fort from the Turkic rulers of the Delhi Sultanate . The Garra copper-plate inscription of Trailokyavarman as well as the Ajaygarh inscription of his successor Viravarman support this hypothesis . The Garra inscription records the grant of a village to the son of Rauta Pape , who was killed in a battle with the Turushkas ( Turkic people ) . The Ajaygarh inscription states that like Vishnu , he lifted the earth submerged in the ocean formed by the Turushkas .   The Muslim chronicle Tabaqat-i Nasiri also suggests that Kalanjara had slipped from the Delhi Sultanate control , before it was raided by Malik Nusrat-ud-din Taisi ( or Tayasi ) in 1233 CE . According to the text , Taisi marched to Kalanjara from Gwalior , forcing the ruler of Kalanjara to flee , and then plundered the city .   According to the Ajaygarh rock inscription from Bhojavarman 's reign , Trailokyavarman 's general Ananda subjugated several tribes , including the Bhillas , the Shabaras and the Pulindas . He is also said to have defeated Bhojuka , whose identity is uncertain .   Some earlier scholars believed that Trailokyavarman captured the northern portion of the Kalachuri kingdom as well as Kanyakubja . This theory was based on the identification of `` Trailokyamalla '' mentioned in the 1212 CE Dhureti inscription with Trailokyavarman . However , the discovery of the 1197 CE Jhulpur inscription nullifies this assumption : Trailokyamalla was actually a son of Kalachuri king Vijayasimha .   Like his predecessors , Trailokyavarman issued gold coins featuring a seated goddess , and copper coins featuring the deity Hanuman . He was succeeded by Viravarman .

neg: Tinda Tinda ( ٹنڈه or ٹنڈے ) , also called `` Indian squash '' , `` round melon '' , `` Indian round gourd '' or `` apple gourd '' or `` Indian baby pumpkin '' , is a squash-like cucurbit grown for its immature fruit , a vegetable especially popular in South Asia . It is the only member of the genus `` Praecitrullus '' . Tinda is also called `` tindsi '' in Rajasthan . In Marathi , it is called dhemase ढेमसे . In Sindhi language , it is called meha .   The plant is as with all cucurbits , a prolific vine , and is grown as an annual . The fruit is approximately spherical , and 5 -- 8 cm in diameter . The seeds may also be roasted and eaten .  Tinda is a famous nickname among Punjabi families in India .  This unique squash-like gourd is native to India , very popular in Indian and Pakistani cooking with curry and many gourmet dishes . Green colored , apple sized fruits are flattish round in shape and 50-60 grams in weight . Plants are vigorous , productive and begin to bear fruits in 70 days after planting .   Tinda can be confused with tendli or kundru due to similar-sounding names from different languages and regions . Tinda in Punjabi or most North Indian languages is `` Indian baby pumpkin '' .

neg: Dal Singh (politician) Chaudhary Dal Singh ( 1915 -- 1991 ) popularly known as Khunda Jhota and Paani ka Baadal , was involved in Haryana politics from 1952 to 1977 , when he took unofficial retirement due to his bad health . He became the first ever Irrigation and Power Minister of Haryana in 1966 . He became M.L.A. for 4 times from Jind and 2 times from Julana . He was a recruitment officer of the Indian National Army founded by Subhas Chandra Bose . He was dragged into controversy when an Election petition was filed against him by Mr. Ghasi Ram in Petition , the matter was finally decided by Hon ` ble Supreme Court of India in case titled as Ghasi Ram vs Dal Singh reported in All India Reporter as AIR 1968 SC 1191 . He was first president of Haryana unit of Indian National Congress ( Organisation )

neg: Chanda Ki Doli Chanda Ki Doli is an Indian pop album sung and directed by Sonu Niigaam , credited on this album simply as `` Sonu '' . The album released on 3 May 2005 after a long gap since his previous album Yaad in 2001 . It was released in a launch concert at the Ravindra Natya Mandir in Mumbai that was televised by Sony Entertainment Television Asia . The event was hosted by Abhijeet Sawant and Rahul Vaidya , who had recently shot to stardom from the first series of Indian Idol , which had been judged by Sonu Niigaam among others . The album was officially launched at the hands of Sonu Niigaam 's father , Agam Kumar Nigam , a recently successful Indian pop singer . The concert was attended by several greats of the Indian film and music industries , including Jaya Bachchan .   The album is Sonu Niigaam 's first official attempt at music direction . It was produced by Gulshan Kumar of T-Series , continuing a long relationship between the music house and the singer . The lyrics were by Nusrat Badr and the album contains special thanks to music director Sandeep Chowta for his help . it has been recorded and mixed by industry 's known sound engineer Bhanu Thakur ,  The photoshoot for the album was done by Daboo Ratnani , famous Indian photographer .   The title song and `` Rafta Rafta Nazar '' were made into videos . There was also a video showcasing a medley of several of the other songs . Sonu Niigaam stars in every video .   The album brought Sonu Niigaam the MTV Immies Award for Best Pop Album and the Anandolok Award .

neg: Kaurab Kaurab is a Bengali language literary magazine representing innovative , alternative , non-mainstream and experimental genres of Indian literature with an emphasis on poetry and poetics . In vogue for more than three decades , Kaurab continuously streams alternative genres of literature and has published scores of innovative Bengali writers . While some of them are deemed legendary and have been evaluated as literary myths , what keeps the wheel churning at Kaurab today is a whole new generation of creative writing .   The Kaurab literary movement never owned an official manifesto . However , like any other literary upsurge , the emergence of the core group was largely necessitated by social and literary developments in India a quarter century after independence from British colonial rule . The core Kaurab poets and writers represent an interesting break with earlier traditions . Mainstream Bangla literature , back then , was in the thrall of the social , political and cultural upheavals precipitated by the Naxalite movement . While Kaurab , as a literary group , had a camaraderie with the Hungry Generation and other writers of Bengal , it largely attempted to accentuate a fresh and marginal voice that was unheard in Bangla literature . In contrast to the previous literary movements and coteries of the 1960s , Kaurab writers demonstrated greater variety and individuality , a complete nonchalance to existing literary stereotypes , political aloofness , a deep desire to reconnect with the sub-altern , language experiments involving the inner diaspora and a certain high-dreaming flamboyance which little magazines normally undervalue . A lot of these values can be directly attributed to Kaurab 's founder editor Kamal Chakrabarty and fellow poets - Swadesh Sen , Sidhartha Basu , Barin Ghosal , Debajyoti Dutta , Shankar Lahiri , Aryanil Mukhopadhyay & others .   The Kaurab Magazine ( Kaurab Patrikaa ) has been in print since 1970 . In 1982 it won the D. K. Gupta award as the most distinguished Bengali literary magazine . Kaurab 's online version , Kaurab Online , is an electronic webzine of poetry and poetics , and houses an international translation and poetry book review archive . The webzine began in 1998 , initially as a member site , moving on to becoming an independent dot com site in 2003 . The publication of Kaurab 's 100th print issue was celebrated in the Indian Museum on 5 December 2004 with a poetry festival . Since then the magazine has been edited by its online editor Aryanil Mukhopadhyay supported by Kaurab 's second generation writers Sabyasachi Sanyal , Sudeshna Majumdar and Subhro Bandopadhyay .   In 2007 , the new editorial team and its group of poets/writers around the world took the magazine to an unprecedented height by launching an International Poetry Reading/Discussion Series conducted over three continents in three languages - Bengali , English and Spanish . Poets from India , England , Spain , Chile and the US have participated in these events .   The print magazine is currently bi-annual , while the webzine version is tri-annual .

neg: Flag of India The National Flag of India is a horizontal rectangular tricolour of India saffron , white and India green ; with the Ashoka Chakra , a 24-spoke wheel , in navy blue at its centre . It was adopted in its present form during a meeting of the Constituent Assembly held on 22 July 1947 , and it became the official flag of the Dominion of India on 15 August 1947 . The flag was subsequently retained as that of the Republic of India . In India , the term `` tricolour '' ( -LSB- तिरंगा , translit = Tiraṅgā -RSB- ) almost always refers to the Indian national flag . The flag is based on the Swaraj flag , a flag of the Indian National Congress designed by Pingali Venkayya .   By law , the flag is to be made of khadi , a special type of hand-spun cloth or silk , made popular by Mahatma Gandhi . The manufacturing process and specifications for the flag are laid out by the Bureau of Indian Standards . The right to manufacture the flag is held by the Khadi Development and Village Industries Commission , who allocates it to regional groups . As of 2009 , the Karnataka Khadi Gramodyoga Samyukta Sangha has been the sole manufacturer of the flag .   Usage of the flag is governed by the Flag Code of India and other laws relating to the national emblems . The original code prohibited use of the flag by private citizens except on national days such as the Independence day and the Republic Day . In 2002 , on hearing an appeal from a private citizen , Naveen Jindal , the Supreme Court of India directed the Government of India to amend the code to allow flag usage by private citizens . Subsequently , the Union Cabinet of India amended the code to allow limited usage . The code was amended once more in 2005 to allow some additional use including adaptations on certain forms of clothing . The flag code also governs the protocol of flying the flag and its use in conjunction with other national and non-national flags .

neg: Dainik Tribune Dainik Tribune ( Hindi : दैनिक ट्रिब्यून ) is an Indian Hindi-language daily newspaper published from Chandigarh , New Delhi , Jalandhar , Dehradun and Bathinda . It was established in 1978 by The Tribune Trust , which published the The Tribune and the Punjabi Tribune . Santosh Tewari is the editor of the Dainik Tribune . Raj Chengappa is the Editor-in-Chief of The Tribune Group of Newspapers . The Internet editions of the Dainik Tribune were launched on 16 August 2010 .

neg: Sanskrit Wikipedia Sanskrit Wikipedia ( also known as sawiki ) is the Sanskrit edition of Wikipedia , a free , web-based , collaborative , multilingual encyclopedia project supported by the non-profit Wikimedia Foundation . Its five thousand articles have been written collaboratively by volunteers around the world , with major concentration of contributors in India and Nepal .   Founded in December 2003 , it reached five thousand articles by August 2011 .   The Sanskrit Wikipedia Community also participated in a project named Tell us about your Wikipedia , and Community news from Sanskrit Wikipedia also came on WikiPatrika , a community-written and community-edited newspaper , covering stories , events and reports related to Wikipedia and the Wikimedia Foundation sister projects in India .   As of August 2016 , it has 10,177 articles and is the 132th largest version of Wikipedia . The Times of India considered that `` Sanskrit was making a comeback , thanks to Wikipedia community '' Mother India considered the Sanskrit Wikipedia as a `` wonderful learning tool ''

neg: Chandwad Chandwad ( IPA : Cāndavaḍa ) is a town located in the Nashik district in Maharashtra . It is 250 km away from Mumbai . There are many historical places like Renuka devi mandir , Chandreshwar temple and Rangmahal located in Chandwad .   Chandwad is a tehsil in Malegaon subdivision of Nashik district in Maharashtra , India . It is a historical place where Ahilyadevi Holkar 's Rangmahal ( fort ) is situated . It is surrounded by big mountains and is like a hill station . The population is around 20000 . Chandwad is also well known for bhagwan chandraprabhu caves situated near a hill . It has special importance for Jains . Jain people living in Chandwad city and also older people believe that these caves are made in chaturthkal ( Jain calendar ) i.e. before 2600 -- 2700 years .

neg: Vendini Vendini , founded in 2001 , is a company headquartered in San Francisco that offers a suite of solutions for the performing arts , live music , music festival and live event spaces . The system includes tools for ticketing , marketing , fundraising , logistics and more . The company works with a wide variety of venues across North America in areas such as the performing arts , live music , festivals , sports venues , universities , museums and nightclubs .