query: Usher released an album in 1997.

pos: Usher (musician) Usher Raymond IV ( born October 14 , 1978 ) is an American singer , songwriter , dancer , and actor . Born in Dallas , Texas but raised and lived in Chattanooga , Tennessee until moving to Atlanta , Georgia . At the age of 12 , his mother put him in local singing competitions , before catching the attention of a music A&R from LaFace Records . In 1994 , he released his self-titled debut album , Usher . He rose to fame in the late 1990s with the release of his sophomore album My Way ( 1997 ) , which spawned his first U.S. Billboard Hot 100 number-one single , `` Nice & Slow '' , amongst top-two singles `` You Make Me Wan na ... '' and `` My Way '' . 8701 ( 2001 ) produced the number-one singles `` U Remind Me '' and `` U Got It Bad '' , and top-three single `` U Do n't Have to Call '' . It sold 8 million copies worldwide and won his first two Grammy Awards as Best Male R&B Vocal Performance in 2002 and 2003 .   Confessions ( 2004 ) established him as one of the best-selling musical artists of the 2000s decade , selling 20 million copies worldwide . Bolstered by its four consecutive Billboard Hot 100 number one singles ; `` Yeah ! '' , `` Burn '' , `` Confessions Part II '' , and `` My Boo '' , it has been certified Diamond by the RIAA . Here I Stand ( 2008 ) and Raymond v. Raymond ( 2010 ) , debuted atop of the Billboard 200 , and produced the Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles `` Love in This Club '' and `` OMG '' . The EP , Versus , also produced the Hot 100 top-five single `` DJ Got Us Fallin ' in Love '' . Looking 4 Myself ( 2012 ) , also debuted atop the Billboard 200 chart and produced the Hot 100 top-ten single `` Scream '' . Raymond v. Raymond and Looking 4 Myself received Grammy Awards for R&B singles `` There Goes My Baby '' and `` Climax '' . Hard II Love ( 2016 ) peaked at number five on the Billboard 200 albums chart .   Usher has sold 23.8 million albums and 38.2 million digital songs in the United States . To date , his worldwide sales stand at 43 million albums and 75 million records overall , making him one of the best-selling music artists of all time . Usher has won numerous awards and accolades including 18 Billboard Music Awards and 8 Grammy Awards . At the end of 2009 , Billboard named him the second most successful artist of the 2000s decade , the number-one Hot 100 artist of the 2000s decade , and ranked Confessions as the top solo album of the 2000s decade . Billboard also placed him at number 6 on their list of `` Top 50 R&B / Hip-Hop Artists of the Past 25 Years '' . Usher has attained 9 US Hot 100 number-one singles . Considered an icon and sex symbol , he was inducted into the Georgia Music Hall of Fame and Hollywood Walk of Fame . In 2008 , he started his own record label Raymond-Braun Media Group ( RBMG ) ; a joint venture with talent manager Scooter Braun that includes Canadian singer Justin Bieber .

neg: The Prodigy discography English electronic music group The Prodigy has released six studio albums , one live album , one compilation album , one mix album , three extended plays , twenty-one singles and twenty-two music videos . Hailed as pioneers of genres such as rave , techno and big beat , the group have sold over 20 million albums worldwide .   The Prodigy 's first release was the 1991 EP What Evil Lurks . Experience , the group 's debut studio album , was released in September 1992 . It peaked at number 12 in the United Kingdom and was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) . Experience spawned the singles `` Charly '' , `` Everybody in the Place '' , `` Fire '' / `` Jericho '' , `` Out of Space '' and `` Wind It Up ( Rewound ) '' , all of which were top 12 hits in the United Kingdom . Music for the Jilted Generation , the group 's second studio album , was released in July 1994 . The album peaked at number one in the UK , also reaching the top ten in countries such as Australia and New Zealand . Earning a platinum certification from the BPI , Music for the Jilted Generation spawned the UK top ten singles `` One Love '' and `` No Good ( Start the Dance ) '' .   The Prodigy 's third studio album The Fat of the Land was released in June 1997 , becoming a huge commercial success . The album peaked at number one in multiple countries , including the United Kingdom and the United States . The Fat of the Land received multi-platinum certifications from the BPI , the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) , and the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . `` Firestarter '' , the album 's first single , peaked at number one in the United Kingdom and hit the top ten in multiple other countries . It also gave the group their biggest hit in the United States , where it peaked at number 30 on the Billboard Hot 100 and was certified gold by the RIAA . The album 's second single `` Breathe '' also performed well commercially , reaching the top ten in multiple countries and becoming the group 's second consecutive UK number-one hit . `` Smack My Bitch Up '' , the album 's final single , peaked at number 8 in the UK .   The group released their fourth studio album Always Outnumbered , Never Outgunned in August 2004 . Their style had changed from rave and breakbeat to more of an electronic rock style . The album topped the charts in the United Kingdom , earning a silver certification from the BPI . Always Outnumbered , Never Outgunned spawned three singles , including the UK top 20 hit `` Girls '' . Invaders Must Die , the group 's fifth studio album , was released in February 2009 . The album became the band 's fourth consecutive studio album to top the charts in the UK . Among its four singles were the UK top ten hits `` Omen '' and `` Warrior 's Dance '' , both of which received silver certifications from the BPI .

neg: Your Secret Love Your Secret Love is the tenth studio album by American R&B recording artist Luther Vandross , released on October 1 , 1996 ( see 1996 in music ) . The album 's title track won the Grammy Award for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance and was nominated for Best R&B Song in 1997 . It was his final album for Epic Records .

neg: Dirty Dancer `` Dirty Dancer '' is a song by Spanish recording artist Enrique Iglesias and American recording artist Usher , recorded for Iglesias ' sixth studio album , Euphoria , and included on Usher 's EP Versus . A remix of the song , which features American rapper Lil Wayne and American singer Nayer , was released on 9 May 2011 by Universal Music Group as the sixth single from Euphoria . Written by the two singers with Evan Bogart , Erika Nuri and David Quiñones and producer RedOne , `` Dirty Dancer '' is a dance-pop song with rave music influences .   The album version of `` Dirty Dancer '' appeared on the UK Singles Chart , the Dutch Single Top 100 and the Slovakian Radio Top 100 Oficiálna , while the single version entered the Australian Singles Chart , the New Zealand Singles Chart and the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 . An Ethan Lader-directed music video for `` Dirty Dancer '' has the three artists watching holographic dancers in nightclubs.The single has already been certified Gold in Australia and USA . The song was covered by the Dutch symphonic metal band Within Temptation as part of their weekly radio covers in promotion for their upcoming event , Elements and was included on their April 2013 cover album The Q-Music Sessions .

neg: Lovers and Friends (song) `` Lovers and Friends '' is a song by Lil Jon & the East Side Boyz . It was released in November 2004 as the third single from the group 's album Crunk Juice . The single features fellow American singer-songwriter Usher and American rapper Ludacris , who had collaborated with Lil Jon on Usher 's hit single `` Yeah ! '' earlier that year . The single peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 . The B-Side `` Real N *** a Roll Call '' features westcoast rapper Ice Cube , and was released as the second single in September 2004 .   `` Lovers and Friends '' contains an interpolation of a song by the same name and performed by Michael Sterling from his 1990 album Trouble .

neg: Big Willie Style Big Willie Style is the debut solo studio album by American rapper Will Smith . It was released on November 25 , 1997 , by Columbia Records . Recording sessions took place from 1996 to 1997 , with a range of several record producers that Will was working with such as Poke & Tone and his former collaborator DJ Jazzy Jeff on the album . The album reached the top ten on both the US Billboard 200 and the UK Albums Chart , and later became a certified multi-platinum in a number of regions and countries . The album was supported by five singles : `` Men in Black '' , `` Just Cruisin ' '' , `` Gettin ' Jiggy wit It '' , `` Just the Two of Us '' and `` Miami '' .   After releasing five albums as part of the duo DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince , Smith turned his focus to acting , starring in films such as Bad Boys and Independence Day . During the same period he recorded his first solo album , including the single `` Men in Black '' , which is the theme song to the film of the same name , which topped singles charts in a number of countries . Big Willie Style went on to become Smith 's most commercially successful album , earning him a number of music awards and nominations .

neg: Human Being (album) Human Being is the third album by Seal , released in 1998 . The title track was written about late rappers Tupac Shakur and The Notorious B.I.G. Human Being received mixed reviews ranging from being panned for its overtly dark and moody feel , to being described in terms such as `` pop perfection '' . The album failed to sell in the same way as his 1994 multi-platinum album , Seal . However , it is a fan favourite and was inspired by his then-girlfriend , Tyra Banks and their breakup .   A remix of `` Lost My Faith '' was featured over the closing credits of the 1999 film Entrapment , and the song 's single release was accompanied by a music video in which Seal is integrated into scenes from the film alongside Sean Connery and Catherine Zeta-Jones .   The album sold over 500,000 copies worldwide .

neg: Marigold Sky Marigold Sky is the fifteenth studio album by Hall & Oates , released in 1997 on Push Records . It would be their last album of new material until 2003 's Do It for Love .

neg: ColleGrove ColleGrove is the third studio album by American hip hop recording artist 2 Chainz . It was released on March 4 , 2016 , by Def Jam Recordings . The album is the debut LP between 2 Chainz and fellow American rapper Lil Wayne under the stage name ColleGrove , but due to Wayne 's ongoing lawsuit with Cash Money Records , only 2 Chainz was credited as the primary artist . The album includes production from several high-profile record producers ; including Mike Will Made It , TM88 , Infamous , Zaytoven , Lil ' C , Metro Boomin , Ben Billions and London on da Track , among others . ColleGrove received generally positive reviews from critics and it debuted at number 4 on the US Billboard 200 . Complex awarded it the 29th best album of 2016 .

neg: Still Serious Still Serious is the second album released by rapper Big Mike , which was released on April 8 , 1997 , on Rap-a-Lot Records and featured production from Mike B. , Mike Dean , Loranzo Samuels , and Tone Capone . It also premiered recording artist/producer Tre ` mendous , who was featured on four songs on the album on under the moniker III ( Tre ' ) . This album proved to be the most successful of Big Mike 's solo releases , peaking at # 16 on the Billboard 200 and # 3 on the Top R&B / Hip-Hop Albums .

neg: Embrya Embrya is the second studio album by American recording artist Maxwell , released on June 30 , 1998 , by Columbia Records . As on his 1996 debut album Maxwell 's Urban Hang Suite , he collaborated with record producer and Sade collaborator Stuart Matthewman . A neo soul album , Embrya features heavy basslines , string arrangements , and an emphasis on groove over melodies . It has themes of love and spirituality .   Embrya sold more than one million copies and garnered Maxwell a new alternative fanbase , but confounded urban consumers and was not well received by most critics . The album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) .

neg: Wake Up and Say Goodbye Wake Up and Say Goodbye is the sixth album by solo artist David Usher , released on September 23 , 2008 . Was nominated for a Juno award in 2009 for `` Pop Album of the Year '' .

neg: The Source Presents: Hip Hop Hits The Source Presents : Hip Hop Hits is the first annual music compilation album to be contributed by The Source magazine . Released December 16 , 1997 and distributed through Polygram Records , Hip Hop Hits Volume 1 features eighteen hip hop and rap hits . It went to number 25 on the Top R&B / Hip Hop Albums chart ( making it the highest charting Hip Hop Hits album on that chart to date ) and peaked at number 38 on the Billboard 200 album chart .   Five tracks on the album had reached number-one on the Billboard Hot Rap Tracks chart : `` Bow Down , '' `` Ca n't Nobody Hold Me Down '' , `` Crush on You , '' `` Elevators '' and `` Hypnotize '' . Two of the songs , `` Hypnotize '' and `` Ca n't Nobody Hold Me Down '' reached number-one on the Billboard R&B / Hip-Hop and pop charts .

neg: The Untouchable The Untouchable is the fourth studio album by American rapper Scarface . The album was released on March 11 , 1997 , by Rap-a-Lot Records . The album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 chart for the first time in his career with the album ; in addition it peaked at the top of the Top R&B / Hip-Hop Albums chart for two weeks , giving Scarface his second number one album there . The effort included the smash hit single , `` Smile '' , featuring Tupac Shakur , released shortly after the shooting deaths of Tupac and Notorious B.I.G. . It peaked at number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 and is the only single released by Scarface to go Gold .

neg: Invincible (Michael Jackson album) Invincible is the final studio album by American recording artist Michael Jackson , released on October 30 , 2001 , by Epic Records . Similar to Jackson 's previous material , Invincible explores themes such as love , romance , isolation , media criticism , and social issues . It was his sixth studio album released through Epic label .   An extensive and laborious album to make , Jackson started production in 1997 , and did not finish until eight weeks before the album 's October 2001 release . Jackson recorded in over 10 different studios , and the final cost was over thirty million dollars . Combined with twenty five million toward the cost of promoting the album , Invincible is the most expensive album ever made .   The album peaked at number one in eleven territories worldwide , including the United States ( with first-week sales of 363,000 units ) , the United Kingdom , Australia , France and Switzerland . Invincible charted within the top ten in six other territories . Upon release , the album received mixed reviews from contemporary music critics .   Invincible was one of the best-selling of 2001 , being ranked at # 9 on the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry 's ( IFPI ) Top 50 Global Best Selling Albums for 2001 .

neg: List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1997 The Billboard Hot 100 is a chart that ranks the best-performing singles of the United States . Published by Billboard magazine , the data are compiled by Nielsen SoundScan based collectively on each single 's weekly physical sales and airplay . There were nine singles that peaked atop the charts , but if `` Un-Break My Heart '' is excluded from the count ( for the song started its peak in the previous year ) , the total would be eight , the second lowest for a single year , tied with 1996 and subsequently , 2005 . The longest running number-one single of 1997 is `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' / `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' , which logged 14 weeks at the top of the Billboard Hot 100 . Two of those weeks were logged in 1998 while the remaining 12 were attained in 1997 .

neg: Lil Freak `` Lil Freak '' is a song by American recording artist Usher , taken from his sixth studio album , Raymond v. Raymond . Featuring guest vocals by Trinidadian recording artist Nicki Minaj , the song was written by her , Usher , Ester Dean , Blac Elvis and Polow da Don , the latter two producing the track . Its hook is based on a manipulated sample of American soul musician Stevie Wonder 's 1973 hit , `` Living for the City '' . `` Lil Freak '' was released as the second single from the album in the United States and Canada on March 2 , 2010 .   Carrying a dark tone , composed of heavy bass beats derived from R&B and hip hop music , the lyrics are about the thrill of orchestrating a ménage à trois in a club . The song received positive reviews from critics who complimented its sensual nature . It peaked at number 40 on the Billboard Hot 100 , and eight on the Hot R&B / Hip-Hop Songs , becoming Usher 's 16th top ten hit on the latter chart . The song 's accompanying music video has a secret society concept , dealing with an underground club , playing on the storyline of the song .

neg: Booty Call (soundtrack) Booty Call is the soundtrack to the 1997 film of the same name . It was released on February 25 , 1997 through Jive Records and consisted of a blend of contemporary R&B and hip hop . The soundtrack was a success , peaking at 24 on the Billboard 200 and 4 on the Top R&B / Hip-Hop Albums . It was first certified Gold on April 28 , 1997 , before earning a Platinum certification on November 18 , 1998 .   Three singles also made it to the charts , `` Call Me '' by Too Short and Lil ' Kim , `` Can We '' by SWV featuring Missy Elliott , and `` Do n't Wan na Be a Player '' by Joe .

neg: In the Mix In the Mix may refer to :   In the Mix ( film ) , a film starring Usher  In the Mix ( TV series ) , an American program for teenagers  The Best of 10 Years - 32 Superhits , a 1986 album by Boney M. re-released in 2008 as In the Mix

neg: Rico Love Richard `` Rico '' Preston Butler , Jr. ( born December 3 , 1982 ) , better known by his stage name Rico Love , is an American songwriter , record producer and singer . He was born in New Orleans , Louisiana , but split his childhood between Milwaukee , Wisconsin and New York City 's Harlem neighborhood . He attended Florida A&M and , while visiting Atlanta , Georgia , worked his way into the music industry through connections with Usher , who would become Love 's mentor . The first song Love ever wrote in his career was `` Throwback '' for which ended up on Usher 's 2004 album `` Confessions . '' Love success continued writing and producing hit records such as Usher 's `` There Goes My Baby '' and `` Hey Daddy ( Daddy 's Home ) '' , Nelly 's `` Just a Dream '' and `` Gone '' , as well as Beyoncé Knowles ' `` Sweet Dreams '' . and has contributed to works which have gone on to win Grammys such as Beyoncé 's 2009 Best Contemporary R&B album I Am ... Sasha Fierce , Usher 's 2010 Best Contemporary R&B album Raymond v. Raymond , and Usher 's 2010 Best Male R&B Vocal Performance `` There Goes My Baby '' . In addition Love has written and produced records for Kelly Rowland , Diddy -- Dirty Money , Chris Brown , Alexandra Burke , Keri Hilson , Fergie , and Fantasia .   Love is also the CEO of Division1 , a record label which partnered with Interscope Records in 2013 . Love has appeared as a featured artist on records with T.I. , Usher , Jermaine Dupri , Jamie Foxx , Rich Boy , and Fat Joe .

neg: Just Whitney Just Whitney is the fifth studio album by American recording artist Whitney Houston , released on December 10 , 2002 in North America by Arista Records . It was her first studio album in four years , since 1998 's My Love Is Your Love , and after signing her new $ 100 million Arista contract in 2001 .   The album debuted at number nine on the Billboard 200 , and number three of Top R&B / Hip-Hop Albums , with sales of 205,147 copies in the first week , not only beating her previous high first-week sales of 177,284 units with the Waiting to Exhale soundtrack but also logged her highest debut sales out of her SoundScan-era solo albums . The album received mixed reviews from music critics .   It spawned four official singles -- with three ; `` Whatchulookinat '' , `` Love That Man '' and `` Try It on My Own '' peaking at number one on Billboards Hot Dance Club Play chart . `` Try It on My Own '' also peaked at number 10 on Billboards Adult Contemporary singles . Since its release , Just Whitney ... has gone on to sell/ship more than 2 million units worldwide and has also earned Platinum certification in the US and Switzerland and Gold in France , Brazil and other countries . As of 2012 , the album 's US sales stand at approximately 1 million units . In 2003 , Just Whitney ... was nominated at the Soul Train Lady of Soul Awards in the category for Best R&B / Soul Album of the Year .


query: The World Senior Chess Championship is a chess competition.

pos: World Senior Chess Championship The World Senior Chess Championship is an annual chess tournament established in 1991 by FIDE , the World Chess Federation .

neg: Emirati Chess Championship The Emirati Chess Championship is organized by the United Arab Emirates Chess Federation . It is one of the major national chess competitions of the United Arab Emirates held at standard time controls , the other being the UAE President 's Cup , which has been held annually since 1994 .

neg: Knight (chess) The knight is a piece in the game of chess , representing a knight ( armored cavalry ) . It is normally represented by a horse 's head and neck . Colloquially it is sometimes referred to as a `` horse '' , which is also the translation of the piece 's name in several languages . Each player starts with two knights , which begin on the row closest to the player , between the rooks and bishops .

neg: World Chess Championship 2012 The World Chess Championship 2012 was a chess match between the defending world champion Viswanathan Anand of India and Boris Gelfand of Israel , winner of the 2011 Candidates Tournament . After sixteen games , including four rapid games , Anand retained his title . The match , held under the auspices of the World Chess Federation FIDE , took place between 10 and 30 May 2012 in the Engineering Building of the State Tretyakov Gallery , Moscow , Russia . The prize fund was US$ 2.55 million .   Anand was the defending champion , having gained the title in 2007 and defended it in 2008 ( against Vladimir Kramnik ) and in 2010 ( against Veselin Topalov ) . Boris Gelfand became the challenger in 2012 after winning the eight-player 2011 Candidates Tournament . Anand 's subsequent victory , therefore , was his third consecutive title defence .   The match conditions called for twelve games to be played with classical time control . If a player scored at least 6 1/2 points , he would be declared the winner and the match ended . By the end of the twelve games , however , the match was tied at 6 points each , so four rapid games were played in order to produce a result . Anand won the rapid-game playoff with a win in the second game and draws in the other three games .

neg: Pan American Intercollegiate Team Chess Championship The Pan-American Intercollegiate Team Chess Championship is the foremost intercollegiate team chess championship in the Americas . Hosted in part by the United States Chess Federation , the Pan-Am Intercollegiate is open to any team comprising four players and up to two alternates from the same post-secondary school ( university , college , community college ) in North America , Central America , South America , or the Caribbean . The Pan-Am began as such in 1946 ( there had been earlier versions open to U.S. schools only ) , and is held annually , usually December 27 -- 30 . It has usually been held in the United States , but was hosted in Canada four times ( 1969 , 1971 , 1984 , 1999 ) . The current format is a six-round fixed-roster team Swiss-system tournament scored by team ( not individual ) points . Sometimes the Pan-Am Intercollegiate is held as part of a larger event called the Pan-American Chess Championships comprising the Pan-Am Intercollegiate , Pan-Am Scholastic Team Championship , and Pan-Am Open ( for any individual ) .

neg: Bangladeshi Chess Championship The Bangladesh National Chess Championship is the annual individual national chess championship of Bangladesh .

neg: World Fencing Championships The World Championships in Fencing is an annual competition organized by the Fédération Internationale d'Escrime or FIE , ( International Fencing Federation in English ) . The world championships are , after the Olympic Games , the most prominent international competition in the sport of fencing . Contestants may participate in foil , épée , and sabre events .

neg: Swiss Chess Championship The Swiss Chess Championship is held annually during two weeks of July . It is organised by the Swiss Chess Federation ( the SSB ) , which has been a member of the overall governing body , Swiss Olympic , since 2000 . The SSB is itself a relatively new organising body , created in 1995 as a fusion of two older organisations ; these were the former Swiss Chess Federation ( the SSV , founded 1889 for the inaugural Championship and prior to 1960 , known as the Swiss Chess Association ) and the Swiss Worker Chess Federation ( the SASB , founded 1923 ) .   From its inception , the Championship format was a 10-player all-play-all , open to both nationals and overseas players . The title of Swiss Champion was however reserved for the highest placed Swiss national . Various changes have been implemented along the way , particularly in respect of the introduction of new Championship categories . The two world wars prevented the Championship from taking place on a small number of occasions , but due to Switzerland 's neutral status , the event was less badly affected than in many other countries . There was no competition held in 1968 due to the clash with the Chess Olympiad held in Lugano .   For 2008 , major changes are planned for the Championship , including two alternate formats effectively running in parallel . The changes are aimed at keeping the tournament accessible to home and overseas players , while expanding the range of opportunities for nationals , both in terms of the Championship itself and also for Elo rating and title seeking purposes . This radically different approach will give rise to a two-year cycle , comprising an open tournament every odd year and a closed ( Swiss nationals only ) tournament every even year .   Throughout the event 's long history , several players have won multiple titles , but Hans Johner earns a special mention for his 12 titles , spanning an incredible forty-two years ( 1908 -- 1950 ) . Joe Gallagher , a six-times Champion , has dual nationality and also won the British Championship in 2001 , a unique achievement .

neg: Tal Memorial The Tal Memorial is an annual chess tournament played in Moscow from 2006 to 2016 with the exception of 2015 , to honour the memory of the former World Champion Mikhail Tal ( 1936 -- 1992 ) .   Many of the world 's strongest players compete . In 2014 it was held as only as a blitz tournament and the classical event was replaced by the TASHIR Petrosian Memorial . It returned in October 2016 .

neg: Tunç Hamarat Tunç Hamarat ( born 1946 in Istanbul , Turkey ) is a Turkish chess player living in Austria and the sixteenth ICCF World Champion , 1999 -- 2004 .   Born on December 1 , 1946 in Istanbul , Hamarat attended the Austrian St. Georgs-Kolleg high school in Istanbul , and then graduated in Physics from the Middle East Technical University ( ODTÜ ) in Ankara . In 1972 , he moved to Vienna , Austria for his Master 's degree in Physics Engineering at the Vienna University of Technology there . In 1976 , he went temporarily back to İzmir , Turkey for military service . Since 1972 he has been living in Austria and has been an Austrian citizen since 1994 . Recently , he is working for a telecommunication company in Vienna .   During the sixteenth ICCF World Championship , he had amassed an unassailable 11 points out of 15 games with one game remaining . Hamarat was deadly on the black side of the Sicilian Sveshnikov , beating former CC World Champion Horst Rittner of Germany and Greek International Master Spyros Kofidis with it . At one time , Hamarat was supposed not to have lost a single game as White in over 40 years . However , this retroactively ceased to be the case , as correspondence chess games date from their year of initiation , and Hamarat eventually lost games playing with the white pieces against Edgar Prang ( started in 2001 ) and Hans Marcus Elwert ( started in 2002 ) , though he apparently resigned these only after he became World Champion in January 2004 . In ` over-the-board ' chess , he played in the finals of the Turkish championships three times . In Vienna , he played in the top league . But since 1963 his main interest has been correspondence chess , `` because I am a perfectionist '' , he says . In 1997 , he earned the title of International Grandmaster of Correspondence Chess .   Hamarat also plays backgammon professionally . He is one of the top players in Austria . He won several titles in international backgammon tournaments . Besides , he is also an expert in jazz music , and acts as a jazz DJ in Vienna .   The Austrian mail authority issued a personified postage stamp with his picture in his honor . The Wiener Zeitung , an important newspaper , named him as the ` Viennese of the month ' .

neg: World Chess Championship 2008 The World Chess Championship 2008 was a best-of-twelve-games match between the World Chess Champion , Viswanathan Anand , and the previous World Champion , Vladimir Kramnik . Kramnik had been granted a match after not winning the World Chess Championship 2007 tournament .   After eleven games , Anand successfully defended his title by a final score of 6 1/2 -- 4 1/2 ( three victories and one defeat ) .   The match took place at the Art and Exhibition Hall of the Federal Republic of Germany in Bonn , Germany , between 14 October and 29 October 2008 .

neg: Zugzwang Zugzwang ( German for `` compulsion to move '' , -LSB- ˈtsuːktsvaŋ -RSB- ) is a situation found in chess and other games wherein one player is put at a disadvantage because they must make a move when they would prefer to pass and not move . The fact that the player is compelled to move means that their position will become significantly weaker . A player is said to be `` in zugzwang '' when any possible move will worsen their position .   The term is also used in combinatorial game theory , where it means that it directly changes the outcome of the game from a win to a loss , but the term is used less precisely in games such as chess . Putting the opponent in zugzwang is a common way to help the superior side win a game , and in some cases , it is necessary in order to make the win possible .   The term zugzwang was used in German chess literature in 1858 or earlier , and the first known use of the term in English was by World Champion Emanuel Lasker in 1905 . The concept of zugzwang was known to players many centuries before the term was coined , appearing in an endgame study published in 1604 by Alessandro Salvio , one of the first writers on the game , and in shatranj studies dating back to the early 9th century , over 1000 years before the first known use of the term .   Positions with zugzwang occur fairly often in chess endgames . According to John Nunn , positions of reciprocal zugzwang are surprisingly important in the analysis of endgames .

neg: Polish Chess Federation The Polish Chess Federation ( PZSzach ) was created on 11 April 1926 in Warsaw .   Józef Żabiński was the first chairman . The initial statute outlined the fundamental objectives of the association including amongst others the popularisation of the game of chess and general organization of the chess movement in Poland , representation outside the country , coordination of the activities of clubs and regional associations as well as organization of individual and team tournaments and championships ( in different age categories ) .   The Polish Chess Federation was invited to join the International Chess Federation ( FIDE ) in 1927 . After 2nd World War , The Polish Chess Federation was re-established on 30 April 1946 and with the exception of the period between 1950 and 1957 has been continually active till today . The General Delegate Assembly is the highest decision making body , however , the daily activities are managed by a Board consisting of 10 to 15 members elected for four-tear terms .

neg: Women's World Chess Championship The Women 's World Chess Championship ( WWCC ) is played to determine the women 's world champion in chess . Like the World Chess Championship , it is administered by FIDE .   Unlike with most sports recognized by the International Olympic Committee , where competition is either `` mixed '' ( containing everyone ) or split into men and women , in chess women are both allowed to compete in the `` open '' division ( including the World Chess Championship ) yet also have a separate Women 's Championship ( only open to females ) . Notably however , the top-rated female player for over 20 years ( with the highest FIDE rating in history of any woman ) , Judit Polgár , has never competed for the women 's title .

neg: Chess World Cup 2007 The Chess World Cup 2007 served as a qualification tournament for the World Chess Championship 2010 . It was held as a 128-player single-elimination tournament , between 24 November and 16 December 2007 , in Khanty-Mansiysk , Russia .   In an event attended by most leading players of the world , American Gata Kamsky emerged as the winner . He was unbeaten in the tournament , going into tie-break only once and defeating Spaniard Alexei Shirov , 2 1/2 -- 1 1/2 , in the four-game final . Two 17-year-old players , Sergey Karjakin and Magnus Carlsen , reached the semifinals .   By winning , Kamsky qualified for the Challenger Match , the final stage in determining the challenger for the World Chess Championship 2010 ; his participation in that match allowed him direct entry into the Candidates Matches for the World Chess Championship 2012 .   The final four also received direct entry into the FIDE Grand Prix 2008 -- 10 , a qualifying stage for the World Chess Championship 2012 .

neg: Hou Yifan Hou Yifan ( born 27 February 1994 , Xinghua , Jiangsu , China ) is a Chinese chess grandmaster and former chess prodigy . She has been the Women 's World Chess Champion three times , the youngest ever to win the title , as well as the youngest female player ever to qualify for the title of Grandmaster .   At the age of 12 , Hou became the youngest player ever to participate in the FIDE Women 's World Championship ( Yekaterinburg 2006 ) and the Chess Olympiad ( Torino 2006 ) . In June 2007 , she became China 's youngest National Women 's Champion ever . She achieved the titles of Woman FIDE Master in January 2004 , Woman Grandmaster in January 2007 , and Grandmaster in August 2008 . In 2010 , she won the 2010 Women 's World Championship in Hatay , Turkey at age 16 . She has since been the Women 's World Chess Champion about half the time : she undefeatedly won all the championships in which the title was decided by a single match ( in 2011 , 2013 and 2016 , with a total of ten wins to zero losses and 14 draws against three different opponents ) , but was either eliminated early or declined to participate in the later championships in which the title was decided by a knockout tournament ( in 2012 , 2015 and 2017 ) .   Hou is the third woman ever to be rated among the world 's top 100 players , after Maia Chiburdanidze and Judit Polgár , in the August 2014 FIDE rating list . She is widely regarded as the best active female chess player , `` leaps and bounds '' ahead of her competitors . She is the current top-rated female player , 58 points ahead of Ju Wenjun .

neg: World Chess Championship 1978 The 1978 World Chess Championship was played between Anatoly Karpov and Viktor Korchnoi in Baguio City , Philippines from July 18 to October 18 , 1978 . Karpov won , thereby retaining the title .   The match had many bizarre incidents . Karpov 's team included a Dr. Zukhar ( a well known hypnotist ) , while Korchnoi adopted two local renegades currently on bail for attempted murder . There was more controversy off the board , with histrionics ranging from X-raying of chairs , protests about the flags used on the board , the inevitable hypnotism complaints and the mirror glasses used by Korchnoi . When Karpov 's team sent him a blueberry yogurt during a game without any request for one by Karpov , the Korchnoi team protested , claiming it could be some kind of code . They later said this was intended as a parody of earlier protests , but it was taken seriously at the time .   In quality of play , the match itself never measured up to the press headlines that it generated , although as a sporting contest it had its share of excitement . The match would go to the first player to win six games , draws not counting . After 17 games , Karpov had a 4 -- 1 lead . Korchnoi won game 21 , but Karpov won game 27 , putting him on the brink of victory with a 5 -- 2 lead . Korchnoi fought back , scoring three wins and one draw in the next four games , to equalise the match at 5 -- 5 after 31 games . However , Karpov won the very next game , and the match , by 6 -- 5 with 21 draws .

neg: Chess (Northwestern University) Chess was a pioneering chess program from the 1970s , written by Larry Atkin and David Slate at Northwestern University . Chess ran on Control Data Corporation 's line of supercomputers . Work on the program began in 1968 . It dominated the first computer chess tournaments , such as the World Computer Chess Championship and ACM 's North American Computer Chess Championship . Chess was the first published use of the bitboard data structure applied to the game of chess .   In 1976 , Chess 4.5 won the Class B section of the Paul Masson American Chess Championship , the first time a computer was successful in a human tournament . The performance rating was 1950 .   In February 1977 Chess 4.6 , the only computer entry , surprised observers by winning the 84th Minnesota Open against competitors just under Master level . It achieved a USCF rating close to or at Expert , higher than previous programs ' Class C or D , by winning five games and losing none . Stenberg ( rated 1969 ) became the second Class A player to lose to a computer in a tournament game , the first being Jola .   Because of its Minnesota victory , grandmaster Walter Browne invited Chess 4.6 on a CDC Cyber 176 to his simultaneous chess exhibition ; to Browne and others ' surprise , Chess 4.6 defeated the United States chess champion . Also in 1977 , Chess 4.6 won the second World Computer Chess Championship in Toronto , ahead of 15 other programs including KAISSA ; Chess 4 had finished in second place to KAISSA at the first tournament in 1974 . The favorite to win the tournament , like all but one other entry Chess 4.6 ran on a computer located away from the tournament ; despite losing 90 minutes to hardware failure at the start of its first match the program rapidly defeated its opponent in 27 moves , earlier than any other first-round match . Chess 4.6 was capable of defeating 99.5 % of United States Chess Federation-rated players under tournament conditions , and was stronger in blitz chess .   In 1978 and 1979 Atkin and Peter W. Frey published in BYTE a series on computer chess programming , including the Pascal source for Chess 0.5 , a chess engine suitable for microcomputers . That year the improved Chess 4.7 -- which had by now achieved a 2030 rating after 31 tournament games -- played against David Levy who , in 1968 had wagered that he would not be beaten by a computer within ten years . Whereas Chess 4.7 had beaten Levy under blitz conditions , the bet involved forty moves over a two-hour period , the computer 's choices being relayed by telephone from Minnesota to the board . Levy won the bet , defeating the Chess 4.7 in a six-game match by a score of 4.5-1 .5 , The computer scored a draw in game two after getting a completely winning position but being outplayed by Levy in the endgame , and a win in game four -- the first computer victory against a human master -- when Levy essayed the very sharp , dubious Latvian Gambit . Levy wrote , `` I had proved that my 1968 assessment had been correct , but on the other hand my opponent in this match was very , very much stronger than I had thought possible when I started the bet . '' He observed that , `` Now nothing would surprise me ( very much ) . '' International Master Edward Lasker stated in 1978 , `` My contention that computers can not play like a master , I retract . They play absolutely alarmingly . I know , because I have lost games to 4.7 . ''   Atkin , Slate , and Frey later wrote microcomputer chess , checkers , and Reversi programs for Odesta . Advertisements cited their Northwestern affiliation and authorship of Chess 4.7 , `` World Computer Chess Champion , 1977-1980 '' .

neg: Seychelles Chess Championship The Seychelles National Chess Championship is a chess tournament organized by the Seychelles Chess Federation . There are separate championships for men and women and for varying age groups .   The championship is open to all Seychellois nationals .

neg: 4th Chess Olympiad The 4th Chess Olympiad , organized by the Fédération Internationale des Échecs ( FIDE ) and comprising an open and ( unofficial ) women 's tournament , as well as several events designed to promote the game of chess , took place between July 11 and July 26 , 1931 , in Prague , Czechoslovakia . The 3rd Women 's World Chess Championship also took place during the Olympiad .

neg: Stalemate Stalemate is a situation in the game of chess where the player whose turn it is to move is not in check but has no legal move . The rules of chess provide that when stalemate occurs , the game ends as a draw ( i.e. having no winner ) . During the endgame , stalemate is a resource that can enable the player with the inferior position to draw the game rather than lose . In more complex positions , stalemate is much rarer , usually taking the form of a swindle that succeeds only if the superior side is inattentive . Stalemate is also a common theme in endgame studies and other chess problems .   The outcome of a stalemate was standardized as a draw in the 19th century . Before this standardization , its treatment varied widely , including being deemed a win for the stalemating player , a half-win for that player , or a loss for that player ; not being permitted ; and resulting in the stalemated player missing a turn . Some regional chess variants have not allowed a player to play a stalemating move . In losing chess , another chess variant , is typically treated as a win for the stalemated player .   In popular usage , the word stalemate refers to a conflict that has reached an impasse , and in which resolution or further action seems highly difficult or unlikely .


query: Hungary is bordered by Romania.

pos: Hungary Hungary ( -LSB- ˈhʌŋɡəri -RSB- Magyarország -LSB- ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ -RSB- ) is a unitary parliamentary republic in Central Europe . It covers an area of 93,030 km2 , situated in the Carpathian Basin , and is bordered by Slovakia to the north , Romania to the east , Serbia to the south , Croatia to the southwest , Slovenia to the west , Austria to the northwest , and Ukraine to the northeast . With about 10 million inhabitants , Hungary is a medium-sized member state of the European Union . The official language is Hungarian , which is the most widely spoken non-Indo-European language in Europe . Hungary 's capital and largest metropolis is Budapest , a significant economic hub , classified as a global city . Major urban areas include Debrecen , Szeged , Miskolc , Pécs and Győr .   Following centuries of successive habitation by Celts , Romans , Slavs , Gepids and Avars , the foundation of Hungary was laid in the late 9th century by the Hungarian grand prince Árpád in the conquest of the Carpathian Basin . His great-grandson Stephen I ascended to the throne in 1000 , converting the country to a Christian kingdom . By the 12th century , Hungary became a middle power within the Western world , reaching a golden age by the 15th century . Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526 and about 150 years of partial Ottoman occupation ( 1541 -- 1699 ) , Hungary came under Habsburg rule , and later formed the great power Austro -- Hungarian Empire together with Austria .   Hungary 's current borders were established in 1920 by the Treaty of Trianon after World War I , when the country lost 71 % of its territory , 58 % of its population , and 32 % of ethnic Hungarians . Following the interwar period , Hungary joined the Axis Powers in World War II , suffering significant damage and casualties . Hungary became a satellite state of the Soviet Union , which contributed to the establishment of a four-decade-long communist dictatorship ( 1947 -- 1989 ) . The country gained widespread international attention regarding the Revolution of 1956 and the seminal opening of its previously-restricted border with Austria in 1989 , which accelerated the collapse of the Eastern Bloc . On 23 October 1989 , Hungary again became a democratic parliamentary republic .   In the 21st century , Hungary is a middle power and has the world 's 57th largest economy by nominal GDP , as well as the 58th largest by PPP , out of 188 countries measured by the IMF . As a substantial actor in several industrial and technological sectors , it is both the world 's 36th largest exporter and importer of goods . Hungary is a high-income economy with a very high standard of living . It keeps up a social security and universal health care system , and a tuition-free university education . Hungary performs well in international rankings : it is 20th in quality of life , 25th in inequality-adjusted human development , 32nd in the Social Progress Index , and ranks as the 19th safest country in the world .   Hungary joined the European Union in 2004 and has been part of the Schengen Area since 2007 . Hungary is a member of the United Nations , NATO , WTO , World Bank , the AIIB , the Council of Europe and Visegrád Group . Well known for its rich cultural history , Hungary has contributed significantly to arts , music , literature , sports and science and technology . Hungary is the 11th most popular country as a tourist destination in Europe , attracting 14.3 million international tourists in 2015 . It is home to the largest thermal water cave system , the second largest thermal lake in the world , the largest lake in Central Europe , and the largest natural grasslands in Europe .

neg: Romanian Carpathians __ NOTOC __   This is an overview of the geological subdivisions of the Romanian Carpathian Mountains . The Carpathians are a `` subsystem '' of the Alps-Himalaya System and are further divided into `` provinces '' and `` subprovinces '' .   The broadest divisions are shown in the map on the right . The last level of the division , i.e. the actual mountain ranges and basins , is usually called `` units '' . The lowest-level detail for those units is maintained on separate pages .

neg: History of the Hungarian language Hungarian is a Uralic language of the Ugric group . It has been spoken in the region of modern-day Hungary since the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin in the late 9th century .   The predecessor language of Hungarian separated from the Ob-Ugric languages , probably still during the Bronze Age . There is no attestation for a period of close to two millennia . Old Hungarian is attested fragmentarily in epigraphy in the Old Hungarian script beginning in the 10th century , and isolated Hungarian words are attested in manuscript tradition from the turn of the 11th century . The oldest surviving coherent text in Old Hungarian is the Funeral Sermon and Prayer , dated to 1192 .   The Old Hungarian period is by convention taken to cover Medieval Hungary , from the invasion of Pannonia in AD 896 , to the collapse of the Kingdom of Hungary following the Battle of Mohács of 1526 . A Middle Hungarian phase is by convention taken to last from 1526 to 1772 , i.e. from the first books printed in Hungarian to the Age of Enlightenment , which prompted language reforms that resulted in the modern literary Hungarian language .   Historic proceedings  The happenings of the 1530s and 1540s brought a new situation to the country : the time of Humanism -- which only a few decades earlier , under Matthias of Hungary flourished -- was over ; the population , both in villages and towns , was terrorized by Ottoman raids ; the majority of the country was lost ; and the remainder began to feel the problems of the new Habsburg rule . This predicament caused backwardness in the cultural life as well .   However , Hungary , with the previously listed great territorial and human losses , soon entered into a new cultural era , the Protestant Reformation . This religious movement heartened many authors to find new ways . Cultural life was primarily based in Trasylvania , but Royal Hungary also saw the rebirth of the Hungarian culture .   The first printed Hungarian book was printed in Cracow , Poland , in 1533 . It is a partial Bible-translation , containing the letters of Saint Paul . The translation was done by Benedek Komjáti . The New Testament 's first printed edition was published by János Sylvester ( 1541 ) . He also composed the first scientific analysis of the Hungarian language , in 1539 -- his work 's title is `` Grammatica Hungarolatina '' . Like Komjáti , Sylvester printed his works in Cracow .   The previous publications , however , were not Protestant in their sense ; the first directly reformed Hungarian book was Imre Ozorai 's `` Argument '' , published in Cracow first in 1535 and second in 1546 .   Among other works , Aesop 's Fables -- a collection of moral short stories -- were first translated into Hungarian by Gábor Pesti -LSB- 1 -RSB- ( 1536 ) . These are the first denoted Hungarian short stories . The first attempt to standardize Hungarian was done by Mátyás Bíró Dévai . He proposed a logical and feasible orthography to the language . His book , called `` Orthographia '' , is known from its second edition , printed in 1549 .   Bálint Balassa

neg: Hungarian Australians Hungarian Australians ( Ausztráliai magyarok ) are Australian citizens of Hungarian descent . The constant influx of Hungarian immigrants was marked by several waves . Most of the Hungarian immigrants to Australia came after World War II and after the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 . Hungarian Australians mostly live in state capital cities . Responses to the 2006 ABS-conducted national census questionnaires could reflect the true numbers of Hungarian Australians only if one takes into account not only those born in Hungary . In addition to that , those of ethnic Hungarian origin born outside Hungary who officially and specifically identified themselves of Hungarian ancestry would total 67,616 Hungarian Australian persons , residents of Australia as per ABS tabulation under `` Hungarian Ancestry '' ( Refer to Hungarian history as guide for clarification ) .  The breakdown according to State and Territory was : NSW 23,577 ; VIC 21,727 ; QLD 9795 ; SA 5,427 ; WA 4,230 ; TAS 877 ; ACT 1,652 ; NT 331 . Of the 67,616 total 20,166 or 29.82 % were born in Hungary , 31,103 or 46 % were aged 65 and over , 40,570 or 60 % had tertiary or trade qualifications . In the same 2006 Census , among Hungarian-born persons , the religious affiliation was as follows : 72.9 % declared Christianity , 11.8 % declared no religion or atheism , 7.4 % declared Judaism , 0.6 % declared other religions and 6.6 % did not answer the question .   Reduced in number and altered to new format , the questions in the last ABS ' National Census of 2011 only allowed for and yielded the following data : 19,089 were born in Hungary ; 20,875 speak in Hungarian at home including 3,861 ethnic Hungarians who speak Hungarian at home but were born in countries adjoining Hungary . An all encompassing , multigenerational total of 69,159 people claimed Hungarian ethnicity/ancestry and cultural heritage .

neg: Albania–Hungary relations Albania -- Hungary relations refer to the current and historical relations of Albania and Hungary . Albania has an embassy in Budapest and Hungary has an embassy , and a consular office in Tirana and a honorary consulate in Shkodër . The history of diplomatic relations of Albania and Hungary dates back to 1912 , when Albania declared its independence in November 28 , 1912 .   The countries are members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation . As a European Union ( EU ) member , Hungary supports Albania in its euro-integration path .

neg: Oradea Oradea ( -LSB- oˈrade̯a -RSB- ; Großwardein , Nagyvárad , Hungarian pronunciation : IPA-hu n a , colloquially also Várad , former Varat , גרויסווארדיין Groysvardeyn ) the capital city of Bihor County and Crișana region , is one of the important centers of economic , social and cultural development in the western part of Romania , retaining these characteristics throughout history . The city is nestled between the hills that separate and unify in a harmonious way with plain Crișana . Located on the banks of Crișul Repede River , that divides the city into almost equal halves , it is the gateway to Central and Western Europe . The city is located in the north-west of Romania .   Located about 10 km from Borș , the most important crossing point on the west border ( with Hungary ) , Oradea ranks tenth in size among Romanian cities ; it covers an area of 11,556 ha . The city is at an altitude of 126 m above sea level , in the opening of the Criș valley and the plain area , in an area of contact between the extensions of the Apuseni Mountains and the extended plain Crișana-Banat . It lies as the area of transition from relief hills , to the Pannonian plain . City topoclimatic action is determined by the prevailing Western winds . Climate is Temperate Continental ( Köppen climate classification Dfb ) , with some oceanic influences .

neg: Taxation in Hungary Taxation in Hungary is levied by both federal and local governments . Tax revenue in Hungary stood at 39.3 % of GDP . The most important revenue sources include the income tax , Social security , corporate tax and the value added tax , which are all applied on the federal level . Among the total tax income the ratio of local taxes is solely 5 % while the EU average is 30 % .   Income tax in Hungary is levied at a flat rate of 15 % . A tax allowance is given through a family allowance ( családi adókedvezmény ) , which is equal to the allowance multiplied by the number of `` beneficiary dependent children '' . For the first children the allowance is HUF 66,670 , while the second dependent children the allowance is HUF 100,000 , in case of 3 or more children the allowance is HUF 220,000 per beneficiary dependent child . The amount of tax allowance can be split between spouses or life partners .   The rate of value added tax in Hungary is 27 % as standard rate , the highest in Europe , since 1 of January , 2012 . There is a reduced rate of 5 percent for the sale of most medicines and some food products . A reduced rate of 18 percent is applicable to internet connections , restaurants and catering , dairy and bakery products and hotel services and admission to short-term open-air events .   From January 2017 , under the new Corporate income tax regime , the corporate tax in Hungary is unified at a tax rate of 9 % -- the lowest within the European Union . Dividends received are not subject to taxation , provided that are not received from a Controlled Foreign Company ( CFC ) , capital gains are included in corporate tax , with certain exemptions .   Employment income is subject to social security contributions , for the employer at a flat rate of 22 % Further more employers pay 1.5 % into a training fund . Capital gains is taxed at a flat rate of 15 %

neg: Danubian Flat The Danubian Flat ( Slovak : Podunajská rovina , German : Donauebene ) , also translated as Danubian Plain , is the south-western , more flat , part of the Danubian Lowland in Slovakia .   The border with the Danubian Hills runs approx . along the line Bratislava -- Senec -- Sereď -- Nové Zámky -- Patince .   It has been formed by the arms of the Danube ( Little Danube and others ) and by the southern Váh , Nitra and Žitava rivers . It is filled with huge layers of gravel from the Danube and other rivers of the area . These Danubian gravels are covered with loess and other very fertile soils .   The Danube forms here a unique continental delta system of meanders and dead arms . The area between one of those arms called Little Danube and the Danube is known as the Žitný ostrov , the biggest river island in Europe . The Žitný ostrov is an area with marsh depressions , natural lakes and artificial lakes . The drainage system of the southern area was ( deliberately ) significantly changed by the construction of the Gabčíkovo Dam on the Danube . The Žitný ostrov has been a `` Protected Water Management Area '' since 1978 .   The area is rich in forest glades , water and marsh fauna and flora . It has rich subterranean water reservoirs . Those in Žitný ostrov are among the largest in Central Europe . Warm springs can be found in Komárno , Štúrovo and Patince .   The area has the warmest and driest climate in Slovakia . This , and the fact that it has fertile soils , make it the ideal place for agriculture . Wheat , sugar beets , sweet corn , vegetables and tobacco are grown here . Fruit and vine growing are also important .   The most important towns of the area are the Slovak capital Bratislava ( the Danube Flat begins in below Bratislava Castle in central Bratislava ) , Galanta , Sereď , Dunajská Streda , Komárno , and Nové Zámky .   The area features many small-scale protected areas , such as Ostov Kopáč in Bratislava or the Vlčianske mŕtve rameno , Čičovské mŕtve rameno . Protected marshes are for example the unique Šúr area in Svätý Jur . The area of Zlatná na Ostrove provides an extensive habitat for great bustards .   Excellent opportunities for summer recreation are provided by the lakes Zlaté piesky in Bratislava and the lakes Slnečné jazerá in Senec , or by thermal swimming pools in Dunajská Streda , Veľký Meder and Diakovce .   Category : Landforms of Slovakia  Category : Plains of Slovakia  Category : River deltas of Europe

neg: Hungary–United States relations Hungary -- United States relations are bilateral relations between Hungary and the United States .   According to the 2012 U.S. Global Leadership Report , 38 % of Hungarians approve of U.S. leadership , with 20 % disapproving and 42 % uncertain , a decrease from 53 % approval in 2011 .

neg: Nösnerland The Nösnerland ( ; Țara Năsăudului Naszód vidéke ) is an historic region of northeastern Transylvania in present-day Romania centered between the Bistrița and Mureș rivers . In today 's administrative boundaries , it is located in southern Bistrița-Năsăud County and north-central Mureș County .   Beginning in the 12th century and increasingly in the 13th-14th centuries , Hungarian kings invited German colonists to settle in the eastern lands of the Kingdom of Hungary ; these German settlers became known as the Transylvanian Saxons . The Saxons in the southeast settled in the Burzenland , while the settlers in the northeast established towns along the Bistrița and Mureș rivers beginning in the early 13th century . As the latter settlers ' first major town in the area was Nösen on the Bistrița in 1206 , the surrounding area became known as the Nösnerland . The largest cities of this region were Nösen , later known as Bistrița , in the north and Reghin in the south .   After Romania signed a truce with the Soviet Union during World War II , the evacuation of the German population of northeastern Transylvania was ordered by the German military in 1944 . After the fall of the Communist regime of Romania in 1989 , additional Transylvanian Germans have emigrated from their homeland to Germany .

neg: Komárno Komárno ( Komárom , colloquially Révkomárom , Öregkomárom , Észak-Komárom , Komorn , Komoran / Коморан ) is a town in Slovakia at the confluence of the Danube and the Váh rivers . Komárno was formed from part of a historical town in Hungary situated on both banks of the Danube . Following World War I and the Treaty of Trianon , the border of the newly created Czechoslovakia cut the historical , unified town in half , creating two new towns . The smaller part , based on the former suburb of Újszőny , is in present-day Hungary as Komárom ( the historical Hungarian town had the same name ) . Komárno and Komárom are connected by the Elisabeth Bridge , which used to be a border crossing between Slovakia and Hungary until border checks were lifted due to the Schengen Area rules .   Komárno is Slovakia 's principal port on the Danube . It is also the center of the Hungarian community in Slovakia , which makes up roughly 60 % of the town 's population . The town is the historic seat of the Serbian national minority in Slovakia .

neg: Körmendy Körmendy in the Hungarian language , due to its form and implied meaning , is understood to be a family name . Literally it means : a person or family of or originating or associated with the place called Körmend , now one of the smaller townships in Western Hungary , near the Austrian border .   It is evident in some public records that the same family name may have been spelled `` Körmendi '' as compared to `` Körmendy '' . It is generally understood in the Hungarian tradition that the use of the form `` Körmendy '' is an entitlement of some sort due to the formerly official title of nobility , received as granted in a traditional European meaning and process . The `` Körmendi '' name , form or usage , may mean in some cases , simply a spelling variation due to whatever reasons , but in some other cases `` Körmendi '' may be just an adopted name , not entitled to the `` Körmendy '' form of spelling .   There seem to exist many people in the world with these family names , however to this writer at this point it may be highly speculative to guess how many of these may be related at any distance , or whether there are one or more greater families covered by all these names . On the other hand , as an example , this writer has information of a document and public record granting the nobility title to a `` Körmendy Márton '' and his descendants ( and the same to a companion by a different name ) by `` King Ferdinánd I '' of Hungary , in the year 1549 . This above cited record also refers to an official transcript of another record of the same subject , originating in `` Szentmarja '' of Bács Vármegye , formerly part of the Hungarian Kingdom , ( now called Szabadka in Hungarian , and is now part of modern Serbia ) . This later transcript was sent to the Hungarian National Museum and is deposited under `` Aldányi Antal , LXI 1549 január 5 . ''   The above cited granting of nobility to said `` Körmendy Márton '' and his descendants is due to , according to the contents of the cited document ( s ) , a certain incident of his heroic behavior during the Hungarian defensive wars against the Turkish invaders . The said heroic act occurred in a battle at the Hungarian town Győr , rescuing some Christians from the Turks . Along with the title of nobility this `` Körmendy Márton '' and his descendants were granted the right to use a certain coat of arms , described in detail within the above said letter of grant of nobility ( nemeslevél in Hungarian ) .   These records at least provide a glimpse into the background and history connected with the name ( s ) Körmendy .

neg: Hungarian Ground Forces The Hungarian Ground Forces are one of the branches of the Hungarian armed forces . It is the army which handles Ground activities and troops including artillery , tanks , APC 's , IFV 's and ground support . Hungary 's Ground forces currently pulled out of Iraq and are currently in service in Afghanistan and KFOR .   Hungary was supported by the Soviet Union during the Cold War but since the Soviet Union 's fall , Hungary cut tanks , closed garrisons , and minimized troop strength since 1991 . The Hungarian Army now deals with national security , peacekeeping and international conflicts . Hungary joined NATO in 1999 .

neg: Danube–Tisza Interfluve Danube -- Tisza Interfluve is the landscape in Hungarian territory ( Hungary and Vojvodina ( Vajdaság ) in Serbia ) in the Pannonian Basin between the Danube and Tisza rivers , east of Transdanubia . It covers a large part of the Great Hungarian Plain .

neg: Military history of Hungary The military history of Hungary includes battles fought in the Carpathian Basin and the military history of the Hungarian people regardless of geography .

neg: Great Moravia Great Moravia ( regnum Marahensium , Μεγάλη Μοραβία -- megale Moravia , Velká Morava , Veľká Morava , Wielka Morawia ) , the Great Moravian Empire , ( historiographical terms -- original formal name is unknown ) or simply Moravia , was the first major state that was predominantly Slavonic to emerge in the area of Central Europe . Its core territories were located on the Morava river which gave its name to the kingdom . `` Morava '' in both Czech and Slovak refers to both the river and the land of Moravia - the medieval Margraviate of Moravia , which is now the eastern part of the Czech Republic . The river Morava flows south through the whole of Moravia , later forming the present-day border between the Czech Republic and Slovakia before finally becoming the border between Slovakia and Austria ( where it is called the March in German ) . The kingdom saw the rise of the first ever Slavic literary culture in the Old Church Slavonic language . After the fall of Great Moravia , its core territory was gradually divided between the newly ascending Czech Kingdom ( Bohemia ) and Hungarian Kingdom : the frontier was originally settled on the Morava river ( the Czech Kingdom to its west , and Hungary - present-day Slovakia - to its east ) . However , from the 12th century , the Czech kings managed to gain more and more of the region on the eastern bank - eventually gaining the whole stretch of the eastern territory from Uherské Hradiště down to Strážnice , and this region retained its non-Czech identity in its designation `` Slovácko '' as an alternative dialectal for `` Slovakia '' . After this , the Czech-Hungarian border shifted east to the White Carpathians . The core region of Great Moravia along the Morava river , thus divided between the present-day Moravia and Slovakia , has retained a unique culture in the rich folklore tradition both on the western bank of the Morava ( including the southern Záluží region ) and the eastern bank - the Slovácko ( in Moravia ) and Záhorie ( in Slovakia ) . Záhorie also boasts the only surviving building from Great Moravian times - the chapel at Kopčany just across the Morava from the archaeological site of Mikulčice . The core of Great Moravia was established , according to legend , in the early 830s , when Prince Mojmír I ( -LSB- moimi : r -RSB- ) crossed the Morava and conquered the principality of Nitra ( present-day western Slovakia ) . The former principality of Nitra was used as the údelné kniežatsvo , or the territory given to , and ruled by , the successor to the throne , traditionally the nephew ( sister 's son ) of the ruling kъnendzь or Prince .   The extent and location of Great Moravia are a subject of debate . Rival theories place the center of it either south of the river Danube ( the river Morava in Serbia ) or on the Great Hungarian Plain . The exact date when the Moravian state was founded is also disputed , but it probably occurred in the early 830s under Prince Mojmír I , ( r. 820s/830s -- 846 ) , who is the first known ruler of the united Moravia . Mojmír and his successor , Rastislav ( `` Rostislav '' in Czech ) , who ruled from 846 to 870 , initially acknowledged the suzerainty of the Carolingian monarchs , but the Moravian fight for independence caused a series of armed conflicts with East Francia beginning in the 840s .   Moravia reached its largest territorial extent under Svätopluk I , ( Svatopluk in Czech ) , who ruled from 870 to 894 , and who was occasionally styled as king in contemporaneous sources . Although the borders of his empire can not be exactly determined , he controlled the core territories of Moravia as well as other neighbouring regions , including Bohemia , most of Slovakia and parts of Slovenia , Hungary , Poland and Ukraine , for some periods of his reign . Separatism and internal conflicts emerging after Svätopluk 's death contributed to the fall of Great Moravia , which was overrun by the Hungarians . The exact date of Moravia 's collapse is unknown , but it occurred between 902 and 907 .   Moravia experienced significant cultural development under Prince Rastislav , with the arrival in 863 of the mission of Saints Cyril and Methodius . Rastislav had asked the Byzantine emperor to send a `` teacher '' ( učitelja ) to introduce literacy and a legal system ( pravьda ) to Great Moravia . The brothers Cyril and Methodius introduced a system of writing ( the Glagolitic alphabet ) and Slavonic liturgy , the latter eventually formally approved by Pope Adrian II . The Glagolitic script was probably invented by Cyril himself and the language he used for his translations of holy scripts and his original literary creation was based on the Slavic dialect he and his brother Methodius knew from their native Thessaloniki . The language , termed Old Church Slavonic , was the direct ancestral language for Bulgarian , and therefore also referred to as Old Bulgarian . Old Church Slavonic , therefore , differed somewhat from the local Slavic dialect of Great Moravia which was the ancestral idiom to the later dialects spoken in Moravia and western Slovakia .   Later , the disciples of Cyril and Methodius were expelled from Great Moravia by King Svätopluk I. Arriving in the First Bulgarian Empire , the disciples continued the Cyrilo-Methodian mission and the Glagolitic script was superseded by Cyrillic . The Cyrillic script and translations of the liturgy were disseminated to other Slavic countries , particularly in the Balkans and Kievan Rus ' , charting a new path in these Slavic nations ´ cultural development .

neg: Greece–Hungary relations Greek-Hungarian relations are relations between Greece and Hungary . Both countries established diplomatic relations on July 7 , 1956 . Both countries exchanged embassies in the other one 's capital on August 24 , 1964 .  Both countries are full members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe , of NATO and the European Union . There are around 2,500 people of Greek descent living in Hungary .

neg: Harghita Mountains The Harghita Mountains ( in Hungarian Hargita , in Romanian Munții Harghita ) is a volcanic mountain range of the Căliman-Harghita Mountains in Harghita County of Romania , part of the Inner Eastern Carpathians .   The range is about 80 kilometers long and 20 kilometers wide , and is the `` largest andesite mass '' and the `` largest volcanic body in the whole of Europe '' .   Its tallest peak is Hargita ( Madarasi Hargita , 1801 metres ) .

neg: France–Romania relations French-Romanian relations are bilateral foreign relations between France and Romania . Diplomatic relations between the two countries date back to 1880 , when mutual legations were opened , although contacts between France and Romania 's precursor states stretch into the Middle Ages .   Currently France has an embassy in Bucharest and three honorary consulates ( in Craiova , Constanța and Brașov ) . Romania has an embassy in Paris , three consulates-general ( in Lyon , Marseille and Strasbourg ) and four honorary consulates ( in Nantes , Bordeaux , Nice and Brest ) .   Both countries are full members of NATO and of the European Union . Since 1993 , Romania is a member in the Francophonie .

neg: Imre Mikó Count Imre Mikó de Hidvég ( 4 September 1805 -- 16 September 1876 ) was a Hungarian statesman , politician , economist , historian and patron from Transylvania , who served as Minister of Public Works and Transport between 1867 and 1870 . He was one of the liberal-oriented , prominent figures of the politics of Transylvania in the 19th century . He functioned as Governor of Transylvania twice ( 1848 and 1860 -- 1861 ) . He worked tirelessly for the rise of his home in economic , cultural and scientific areas , earning the honorary title of `` Széchenyi of Transylvania '' .   He started his political career as an official of the Gubernium ( the Government of Transylvania ) in 1826 , and reached the position of Treasurer in 1847 , at the same time he became a leading figure of the liberal opposition in Transylvania . He was appointed interim then actual Governor during the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 . He presided the Székely National Assembly in Agyagfalva ( today : Lutița , Romania ) , which supported the Hungarian War of Independence . After defeat of the uprising , he retired from the politics for a time as a follower of the Passive Resistance . He only devoted his life for the ascension of the economical and cultural life of Transylvania until the 1860s . He participated in the foundations of Transylvanian Economical Association ( 1854 ) and Transylvanian Museum Society ( 1859 ) . Besides these he had also important role in the establishment of the Franz Joseph University at Kolozsvár ( today : Cluj-Napoca , Romania ) in 1872 . He sponsored the National Theatre of Kolozsvár , encouraged the emergence of modern education and agriculture and actively took part in the cases of Calvinist Diocese of Transylvania . He edited and published the three volumes of Erdélyi történelmi adatok ( `` Historical data handbook of Transylvania '' ) , with this he created an essential forum of the Transylvanian historiography as an organizer of science , but he himself also wrote historical studies . He politicized since the 1860s again , firstly as Governor of Transylvania , later as Member of Parliament for Kolozsvár in the National Assembly of 1865 . He served as Minister of Public Works and Transport in the Cabinet of Gyula Andrássy , the first government of Hungary after the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 . He was associated with the construction of railway between Hungary and Transylvania , as well as the foundation of the state railway company , the predecessor of today 's Hungarian State Railways ( Magyar Államvasutak -- MÁV ) .

neg: Biharia Euroregion Biharia euroregion ( Euroregiunea Biharia , Biharia Eurorégió ) is an euroregion located in Romania and Hungary .


query: Nigeria has approximately 184 thousand inhabitants.

pos: Nigeria The Federal Republic of Nigeria -LSB- naɪˈdʒɪəriə -RSB- , commonly referred to as Nigeria , is a federal republic in West Africa , bordering Benin in the west , Chad and Cameroon in the east , and Niger in the north . Its coast in the south lies on the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean . It comprises 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory , where the capital , Abuja is located . Nigeria is officially a democratic secular country .   Modern-day Nigeria has been the site of numerous kingdoms and tribal states over the millennia . The modern state originated from British colonial rule beginning in the 19th century , and the merging of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate in 1914 . The British set up administrative and legal structures whilst practising indirect rule through traditional chiefdoms . Nigeria became a formally independent federation in 1960 , and plunged into a civil war from 1967 to 1970 . It has since alternated between democratically elected civilian governments and military dictatorships , until it achieved a stable democracy in 1999 , with the 2011 presidential elections considered the first to be reasonably free and fair .   Nigeria is often referred to as the `` Giant of Africa '' , owing to its large population and economy . With approximately 184 million inhabitants , Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous country in the world . Nigeria has one of the largest populations of youth in the world . The country is viewed as a multinational state , as it is inhabited by over 500 ethnic groups , of which the three largest are the Hausa , Igbo and Yoruba ; these ethnic groups speak over 500 different languages , and are identified with wide variety of cultures . The official language is English . Nigeria is divided roughly in half between Christians , who live mostly in the southern part of the country , and Muslims in the northern part . A minority of the population practise religions indigenous to Nigeria , such as those native to the Igbo and Yoruba ethnicities .   , Nigeria is the world 's 20th largest economy , worth more than $ 500 billion and $ 1 trillion in terms of nominal GDP and purchasing power parity respectively . It overtook South Africa to become Africa 's largest economy in 2014 . The 2013 debt-to-GDP ratio was 11 percent . Nigeria is considered to be an emerging market by the World Bank ; it has been identified as a regional power on the African continent , a middle power in international affairs , and has also been identified as an emerging global power . Nigeria is a member of the MINT group of countries , which are widely seen as the globe 's next `` BRIC-like '' economies . It is also listed among the `` Next Eleven '' economies set to become among the biggest in the world . Nigeria is a founding member of the African Union and a member of many other international organizations , including the United Nations , the Commonwealth of Nations and OPEC .

neg: Akwa Ibom State Akwa Ibom '' ' is a state in Nigeria . It is located in the coastal southern part of the country , lying between latitudes 4 ° 32 ′ N and 5 ° 33 ′ N , and longitudes 7 ° 25 ′ E and 8 ° 25 ′ E . The state is located in the South-South geopolitical zone , and is bordered on the east by Cross River State , on the west by Rivers State and Abia State , and on the south by the Atlantic Ocean and the southernmost tip of Cross River State .   Akwa Ibom is one of Nigeria 's 36 states , with a population of over five million people . The state was created in 1987 from the former Cross River State and is currently the highest oil - and gas-producing state in the country . The state 's capital is Uyo , with over 500,000 inhabitants . Akwa Ibom has an airport and two major seaports on the Atlantic Ocean with a proposed construction of a world-class seaport Ibaka Seaport at Oron . The state also boasts of a 30,000-seat ultramodern sports complex . Akwa Ibom state is also home to the Ibom E-Library , a world-class information centre . In addition to English , the main spoken languages are Ibibio , Annang , Eket and Oron .

neg: List of birds of Nigeria This is a list of the bird species recorded in Nigeria . The avifauna of Nigeria include a total of 940 species , of which four are endemic and five are rare or accidental .   This list 's taxonomic treatment ( designation and sequence of orders , families and species ) and nomenclature ( common and scientific names ) follow the conventions of The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World , 6th edition . The family accounts at the beginning of each heading reflect this taxonomy , as do the species counts found in each family account . Accidental species are included in the total species count for Nigeria .   The following tags have been used to highlight several categories , but not all species fall into one of these categories . Those that do not are commonly occurring native species .   ( A ) Accidental - a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in Nigeria  ( E ) Endemic - a species endemic to Nigeria   __ NOTOC __

neg: Energy in Nigeria Nigeria 's primary energy consumption was about 108 Mtoe in 2011 . Most of the energy comes from traditional biomass and waste , which account for 83 % of total primary production . The rest is from fossil fuels ( 16 % ) and hydropower ( 1 % ) .   Nigeria has oil reserves of about 35 Goilbbl and gas reserves of about 5 trillion cubic metres , ranking 10th and 9th in the world , respectively . Global production in 2009 reached 29 Goilbbl of oil and 3 trillion cubic meters of natural gas . Nigeria is a member of the Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries .

neg: Nigerian literature Nigerian literature is the literature of Nigeria which is written by Nigerians , for Nigerians and addresses Nigerian issues . It is written in English , Igbo , Urhobo , Yoruba , Hausa , and the other languages of the country . The languages used by authors in Nigeria are based in part on geography , with authors in the northern part of the country writing in Hausa . Nigerian authors have won numerous accolades , including the Nobel Prize in Literature and the Man Booker .

neg: Postage stamps and postal history of Niger This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Niger , a former French colony that obtained independence in 1959 .   Niger is a landlocked country in West Africa named after the Niger River . It borders Nigeria and Benin to the south , Burkina Faso and Mali to the west , Algeria and Libya to the north and Chad to the east . Niger covers a land area of almost 1,270,000 km2 , over 80 percent of which is covered by the Sahara desert . The capital city is Niamey .

neg: Nigerian Armed Forces The Nigerian Armed Forces are the Armed Forces of the Federal Republic of Nigeria . Its origins lie in the elements of the Royal West African Frontier Force that became Nigerian when independence was granted in 1960 . In 1956 the Nigeria Regiment of the Royal West African Frontier Force ( RWAFF ) was renamed the Nigerian Military Forces , RWAFF , and in April 1958 the colonial government of Nigeria took over from the British War Office control of the Nigerian Military Forces .   Since its creation the Nigerian military has fought in a civil war -- the conflict with Biafra in 1967 -- 70 -- and sent peacekeeping forces abroad both with the United Nations and as the backbone of the Economic Community of West African States ( ECOWAS ) Cease-fire Monitoring Group ( ECOMOG ) in Liberia and Sierra Leone . It has also seized power twice at home ( 1966 & 1983 ) .   In the aftermath of the civil war , the much expanded size of the military , around 250,000 in 1977 , consumed a large part of Nigeria 's resources under military rule for little productive return . The great expansion of the military during the civil war further entrenched the existing military hold on Nigerian society carried over from the first military regime . In doing so , it played an appreciable part in reinforcing the military 's nearly first-among-equals status within Nigerian society , and the linked decline in military effectiveness . Olusegun Obasanjo , who by 1999 had become President , bemoaned the fact in his inaugural address that year : ` ... Professionalism has been lost ... my heart bleeds to see the degradation in the proficiency of the military . '   Training establishments in Nigeria include the prestigious officer entry Nigerian Defence Academy at Kaduna , the Armed Forces Command and Staff College , Jaji , and the National War College at Abuja . The U.S. commercial military contractor Military Professional Resources Inc. has been involved from around 1999 -- 2000 in advising on civil-military relations for the armed forces .

neg: Zamfara State Zamfara '' ' is a state in northwestern Nigeria . Its capital is Gusau and its Governor is Abdul ` aziz Abubakar Yari , a member of the All Progressives Congress ( APC ) . Until 1996 the area was part of Sokoto State .   Zamfara is populated with the Hausa and Fulani peoples . Major groups of people are the Zamfarawa , Anka , Gummi , Bukkuyum and Talata Mafara Local Governments areas . Gobirawa populated Shinkafi Local Government . Gobirawa actually migrated from the Gobir Kingdom . Burmawa are found in Bakura and Fulani peopled Bungudu , Maradun , Gusau and are scattered all over the State . In Tsafe , Bungudu and Maru Local Governments are mainly Katsinawa , Garewawa and Hadejawa . While Alibawa peopled Kaura Namoda and Zurmi .   The people of Zamfara have over the years struggled for autonomy , it was not until 1996 that the then military administration of the Late General Sani Abacha detached the Zamfara State from Sokoto State . With an area of 38,418 square kilometres , it is bordered in the North by Niger republic , to the South by Kaduna State . In the east it is bordered by Katsina State and to the West by Sokoto and Niger States . It has a population of 3,278,873 according to the 2006 census and contains fourteen local government areas .

neg: Itsekiri people The Itsekiri ( also called the Isekiri , iJekri , Itsekri , Ishekiri , or Itsekhiri ) are an ethnic group of Nigeria 's Niger Delta area , Delta State . The Itsekiri presently number just under 1 million people and live mainly in the Warri South , Warri North and Warri South West local government districts of Delta State on the Atlantic coast of Nigeria . Significant communities of Itsekiris can be found in parts of Edo and Ondo states and in various other Nigerian cities including Lagos , Sapele , Benin City , Port Harcourt and Abuja . Many people of Itsekiri descent also reside in the United Kingdom , the United States and Canada.The Itsekiris are closely related to the Yoruba and Ijaw people and more widely to the Urhobo and Edo peoples .   The Itsekiris traditionally refer to their land as the Kingdom of Warri or ` Iwerre ' as its proper name -- which is geographically contiguous to the area covered by the three Warri local government districts . The area is a key centre of Nigeria 's crude oil and natural gas production and petroleum refining and the main town Warri ( a multi-ethnic metropolis ) forms the industrial and commercial nucleus of the Delta State region .

neg: Igbo Canadians Igbo Canadians are citizens of Canada that are of whole or part Igbo descent . The Igbo are an ethnic group from Nigeria . The 2001 Canadian census put the number of people who identified as Igbo at 1,200 . Because of nationality , many Igbo people would have identified as Nigerian . The number of self-identified Nigerians according to the same census was 9,530 .

neg: Languages of Nigeria There are over 521 languages that have been spoken in Nigeria ( at least 9 of them are now extinct ) . The official language of Nigeria , English , the former colonial language , was chosen to facilitate the cultural and linguistic unity of the country . Communication in the English language is much more popular in the country 's urban communities than it is in the rural areas ( comprising about three quarters of the country 's population ) .   The other major languages are Hausa , Igbo , Yoruba , Urhobo , Ibibio , Edo , Fulfulde , and Kanuri . Nigeria 's linguistic diversity is a microcosm of Africa as a whole , encompassing three major African languages families : Afroasiatic , Nilo-Saharan , and Niger -- Congo . Nigeria also has several as-yet unclassified languages , such as Cen Tuum , which may represent a relic of an even greater diversity prior to the spread of the current language families .

neg: Ijaw languages The Ijaw -LSB- ˈiːdʒɔː -RSB- languages , also spelled Ịjọ , are the languages spoken by the Ijaw people in southern Nigeria .

neg: Keita Department Keita is a department of the Tahoua Region in Niger . Its capital lies at the city of Keita .  The Keita Department is located in the centre of the Republic of Niger and covers an area of more than 4,860 km2 characterised by plateaux with rocky slopes and valleys forming a complex system of watersheds exposed to strong winds and water erosion . The sahelian climate with an average temperature about of 29 ° C , a short rainy season ( June - September ) and a yearly average rainfall between 400 and 500 mm , represents one of the most limiting factors .   Between 1960 and 1990 , a decrease of yearly average rainfall was observed particularly during the month of August , with a latitude shift of 30 km from Northeast to Southwest .   The decade between the two last great dryness in 1973 and 1984 represents a line of demarcation between two different environmental and socio-economic systems . A negative synergistic process , which seemed irrepressible , struck the ecosystem bringing it close to the break point : crop productions dropped down and herds were decimated . In 1984 the area seemed directed to become again a lower density population zone as it was at the beginning of the century and without future .   The Keita valley has always represented a border for the Sahara desert , allowing the development of a multiethnic community composed by peasants coming from Southern regions and nomads from the North . The total population increased from 65,000 inhabitants in 1962 to 230,000 in 2003 .   Since 1984 in the keita Departement operates the Keita Integrated Development Project ( Programme de Développement Rural dans l'Ader Doutchi Maggia ) financed by the Italian Cooperation .   As of 2011 , the department had a total population of 303,469 people .

neg: Zinder Zinder ( locally , Damagaram ) , formerly also spelled Sinder , is the second largest city in Niger , with a population of 170,574 ( 2001 census ) ; by 2005 its population was estimated to be over 200,000 . It is situated 861 km east of the capital Niamey and 240 km north of the Nigerian city of Kano .

neg: Benin Empire The Benin Empire was a pre-colonial empire located in what is now southern Nigeria . Its capital was Edo , now known as Benin City , Edo . It should not be confused with the modern-day country called Benin , formerly called Dahomey . The Benin Empire was `` one of the oldest and most highly developed states in the coastal hinterland of West Africa , dating perhaps to the eleventh century CE '' , until it was annexed by the British Empire in 1897 .   The original people and founders of the Benin Empire , the Edo people , were initially ruled by the Ogiso ( Kings of the Sky ) dynasty who called their land Igodomigodo . The rulers or kings were commonly known as Ogiso . Igodo , the first Ogiso , wielded much influence and gained popularity as a good ruler . He died after a long reign and was succeeded by Ere , his eldest son . In the 12th century , a great palace intrigue and battle for power erupted between the warrior crown prince Ekaladerhan son of the last Ogiso and his young paternal uncle . In anger over an oracle , Prince Ekaladerhan left the royal court with his warriors . When his old father the Ogiso died , the Ogiso dynasty was ended as the people and royal kingmakers preferred their king 's son as natural next in line to rule .   The exiled Prince Ekaladerhan later became Izoduwa or Oduduwa the first Oni in uhe ( ile ife ) . Oranmiyan , grand son of Oduduwa took up his abode in the palace built for him at Usama by the elders ( now a coronation shrine ) . Soon after his arrival he married a beautiful lady , Erinmwinde , daughter of Osa-nego , was the ninth Enogie ( Duke ) of Ego , by whom he had a son . After some years residence here he called a meeting of the people and renounced his office , remarking that the country was a land of vexation , Ile-Ibinu ( by which name the country was afterward known ) and that only a child born , trained and educated in the arts and mysteries of the land could reign over the people . He caused his son born to him by Erinmwinde to be made King in his place , and returned to Yoruba land Ile-Ife . After some years in Ife , he left for Oyo , where he also left a son behind on leaving the place , and his son Ajaka ultimately became the first Alafin of Oyo of the present line , while Oranmiyan himself was reigning as Oni of Ife . Therefore , Oranmiyan of Ife , the father of Eweka I , the Oba of Benin , was also the father of Ajaka , the first Alafin of Oyo . Oni of Ife and Alafe of Oyo .   By the 15th century , Edo as a system of protected settlements expanded into a thriving city-state . In the 15th century , the twelfth Oba in line , Oba Ewuare the Great ( 1440 -- 1473 ) would expand the city-state to an empire .   It was not until the 15th century during the reign of Oba Ewuare the Great that the kingdom 's administrative centre , the city Ubinu , began to be known as Benin City by the Portuguese , and would later be adopted by the locals as well . Before then , due to the pronounced ethnic diversity at the kingdom 's headquarters during the 15th century from the successes of Oba Ewuare , the earlier name ( ` Ubinu ' ) by a tribe of the Edos was colloquially spoken as `` Bini '' by the mix of Itsekhiri , Esan , Ika , Ijaw Edo , Urhobo living together in the royal administrative centre of the kingdom . The Portuguese would write this down as Benin City . Though , farther Edo clans , such as the Itsekiris and the Urhobos still referred to the city as Ubini up till the late 19th century , as evidence implies .   Aside from Benin City , the system of rule of the Oba in his kingdom , even through the golden age of the kingdom , was still loosely based after the Ogiso dynasty , which was military and royal protection in exchange of use of resources and implementation of taxes paid to the royal administrative centre . Language and culture was not enforced but remained heterogeneous and localized according to each group within the kingdom , though a local `` Enogie '' ( duke ) was often appointed by the Oba for specified ethnic areas .

neg: Eggon language Eggon ( also Egon , Ero , Mo Egon , Hill Mada , or Mada Eggon ) is one of the Benue -- Congo languages spoken in Nigeria .   The Eggon language is spoken by a large number of people in Nassarawa State in Central Nigeria . It is a major language in Nasarawa State . These represent the modern Local Government Areas of Akwanga , Lafia and Nassarawa-Eggon . The main towns of the Eggon people are Nassarawa-Eggon , Kagbu , Washo , and Wana . They stretch as far south as Lafia and west of Akwanga as far as the railway line . They are bordered on the north by the Mada and to the south by the Migili and the Doma  In much of the colonial literature , the Eggon were known as the ` Hill Mada ' in contrast to the ` Plains Mada ' , the people known as Mada today . The Eggon lived in the Mada hills south of Akwanga in the pre-colonial period , but there is no connection between the groups that would justify these terms and they have now been discarded .   The exact number of speakers is unknown but it is unlikely to be less than the estimate of 200,000 given by Sibomana ( 1985 ) . Ames ( 1934 ) gave a figure of 41,276 for the 1920s , but this is likely to have been substantially underestimated . Welmers ( 1971 ) estimated 52,000 although this may have been only a projection from Ames . Very little has been written about Eggon society and Temple ( 1922 ) and Ames ( 1934 ) are the only sources that contain any descriptions of Eggon social organisation .

neg: Church of Nigeria The Church of Nigeria is the Anglican church in Nigeria . It is the second-largest province in the Anglican Communion , as measured by baptized membership ( but not by attendance ) , after the Church of England . It gives its current membership as `` over 18 million '' , out of a total Nigerian population of 140 million . Other statistics reveal that the Church of Nigeria has 2 million active attendees on a Sunday .   Since 2002 the Church of Nigeria has been organised into 14 ecclesiastical provinces . It has rapidly increased the number of its dioceses and bishops from 91 in 2002 to 161 as at January 2013 . The administrative headquarters are located in Abuja . Its primate is Archbishop Nicholas Okoh .

neg: Ogun State Ògùn '' ' is a state in southwestern Nigeria . Created in 1976 , it borders Lagos State to the south , Oyo and Osun states to the north , Ondo to the east and the Republic of Benin to the west . Abeokuta is the capital and largest city in the state . The state 's nickname is `` Gateway to Nigeria '' . It was created in February 1976 from the former Western State . The 2006 census recorded a total population of 3,751,140 residents .   Other cities and towns in the Ogun State are Ijebu Ode , Sagamu , Ijebu Igbo , Ogere Remo , Iperu , Ilaro Ayetoro and Ota . The state is notable for having a high concentration of industrial estates and being a major manufacturing hub in Nigeria . Major factories in Ogun include : Dangote Cement factory in Ibese , Nestle , Lafarge Cement factory in Ewekoro and Coleman Cables in Sagamu and Arepo , Procter & Gamble in Agbara , amongst others .

neg: List of civil societies in Nigeria There are six Geopolitical zones in Nigeria and about 250 ethnic groups with over 521 languages . However , the Constitution of Nigeria as amended in 1999 permits freedom of assembly , associations and civil societies irrespective of the geopolitical zones , ethnic groups and languages .  Civil societies plays a key role in the nation 's development and growth .   Below is a list of notable civil societies in Nigeria :   Oodua Peoples Congress  Arewa People 's Congress  Bakassi Boys  Ohanaeze Ndigbo  Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta  Nigeria Labour Congress

neg: Urbanization in Africa It is estimated that in 1900 , about 89 % of Africa 's inhabitants south of the Sahara lived from the primary occupations of farming , hunting & gathering , cattle nomadism , and fishing ( Aase , 2003:1 ) meaning that 11 % or less were urban . At the start of the independence period in 1957 , 14.7 % of Africa 's inhabitants were urban , in 2000 had it risen to 37.2 % and it is expected to rise to 49.3 % in 2015 , in effect 3.76 % to 3.35 % per year ( UN , 2002 ) . The Nigerian city of Lagos that in 1963 had 665,000 inhabitants ( Rakodi , 1997 ) and 8.7 million in 2000 is expected to become the worlds 11th biggest city by 2015 with 16 million inhabitants ( UN , 2002 ) . The urbanization of most of Africa is moving fast forward , especially south of the Sahara .

neg: Mgbo people Mgbo is a northeastern Igbo subgroup , in southeastern Nigeria .