query: The brown bear is the national or state animal in several European countries.

pos: Brown bear The brown bear ( Ursus arctos ) is a large bear with the widest distribution of any living ursid . The species is distributed across much of northern Eurasia and North America . It is one of the two largest terrestrial carnivorans alive today , rivaled in body size only by its close cousin , the polar bear ( Ursus maritimus ) , which is much less variable in size and averages larger due to this . There are several recognized subspecies , many of which are quite well-known within their native ranges , found in the brown bear species .   The brown bear 's principal range includes parts of Russia , Central Asia , China , Canada , the United States ( mostly Alaska ) , Scandinavia and the Carpathian region ( especially Romania ) , Anatolia , and Caucasus . The brown bear is recognized as a national and state animal in several European countries .   While the brown bear 's range has shrunk and it has faced local extinctions , it remains listed as a least concern species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) with a total population of approximately 200,000 . As of 2012 , this and the American black bear are the only bear species not classified as threatened by the IUCN . However , the Californian , North African ( Atlas bear ) , and Mexican subspecies were hunted to extinction in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , and many of the southern Asian subspecies are highly endangered . One of the smaller-bodied subspecies , the Himalayan brown bear , is critically endangered , occupying only 2 % of its former range and threatened by uncontrolled poaching for its parts . The Marsican brown bear , one of several currently isolated populations of the main Eurasian brown bear race , in central Italy is believed to have a population of just 30 to 40 bears .

neg: Gobi bear The Gobi bear , Ursus arctos gobiensis ( known in Mongolian as the mazaalai / Мазаалай ) is a subspecies of the brown bear , Ursus arctos , that is found in the Gobi Desert of Mongolia . It is listed as critically endangered by Mongolian Redbook of Endangered Species and by the Zoological Society of London using IUCN standards , the population included only around 20 adults and were separated by enough distance .   `` Break camp about 9.30 a.m. and head for the Atis Mountains . We cross a large open plain and then enter a steep-sided , black , shale-strewn valley . Just before we entered the valley we discovered the footprints of the extremely rare Gobi Bear ( ursus gobiensis ) -LSB- there are presumed to be approximately only thirty-two in the world and there is continuing debate among scientists over whether they are a true species or a sub-species -RSB- . ''   Gobi bears mainly eat roots , berries , and other plants , sometimes rodents , there were no evidence that they ate large mammals . Small compared to other brown bear subspecies , adult males weigh about 96.0 -- and females about 51.0 -- .   The Gobi brown bear is sometimes classified as being of the same subspecies as the Tibetan blue bear ; this is based on morphological similarities , and the belief that the desert-dwelling Gobi bear represents a relict population of the blue bear . However , the Gobi bear is sometimes classified as its own subspecies , and closely resembles other Asian brown bears . There are only 22 Gobi bears left .

neg: Hunt Monitors In The United Kingdom ( The U.K. ) , Hunt Monitors endeavour to observe behaviours of organized hunts and undertake information gathering activities , known as hunt monitoring .   Hunt monitoring activities are undertaken mainly by private individuals who wish to see The Hunting Act 2004 , passed by The U.K. Parliament , upheld by The U.K. Courts . Hunt monitoring is also carried out by a number of animal welfare organizations in The U.K. . The prime aim of hunt monitors is to facilitate successful prosecution of those who do not hunt within the laws of The U.K. , through gathering evidence of illegal hunting .   The Hunting Act 2004 became law , in England and Wales , in February 2005 . It bans hunting with dogs of particular wild mammals , namely : foxes , deer , hare and mink . The ban was achieved through efforts of many campaigners , over almost a century . In recent years , evidence gathering by hunt monitors became central to the long campaign to ban hunting with hounds , as hunt monitors began to use portable video cameras to record hunting activity . Recorded evidence of hunting with dogs , collected by hunt monitors , was shown in the media and to Members of Parliament , and contributed to evidence used to support passage of The Hunting Bill through Parliament .   Before the hunting with dogs ban came into force , it was reported that an estimated 50,000 hunt supporters had signed a `` Hunting Declaration '' , pledging that they would break any such anti-hunting law , should it be put onto The Statute Book . Local newspapers were invited to hunting rallies , in order to publicize signings of `` Hunting Declarations '' .   In contrast to tackling illegal hare coursing fairly consistently , the police and The Crown Prosecution Services have seemed reluctant to act against organized hunts . Nevertheless , several years after The Hunting Act became law , many members of organized hunts have been taken to court . Members of hunts and a complete hunt , as a corporate body , have been convicted on numerous counts of hunting illegally .   The work of hunt monitors has been recognized by Ann Widdecombe , a former Conservative Minister and MP .   On 22 March 2007 , Ann Widdecombe , MP led an Adjournment Debate in The U.K. Parliament , where , in The House of Commons , she raised an issue of enforcement of The Hunting Act 2004 . She explained to The House the roles of hunt monitors and the problems which they encounter . She paid tribute to hunt monitors , saying '' ... some of them are extremely brave . ''   Later in 2007 , on 31st October , Ann Widdecombe , MP held a reception in Parliament , where she showed film to those present , including representatives of 11 police forces , The Crown Prosecution Service ( CPS ) , The Association of Chief Police Officers ( ACPO ) and Members of Parliament , which demonstrated that the hunting law was being broken , up and down the country . She pointed out that the only people monitoring these activities were groups of hunt monitors .   In January 2011 , The Huntsman and a Terrierman of The Fernie Hunt were found guilty of digging a fox out of a sett and , in May 2012 , three members of The Crawley and Horsham Hunt were found guilty of illegal hunting .   In August 2012 , two members of The Meynell and South Staffordshire Hunt were found guilty of illegal hunting . The Hunt Master and a Terrierman were each convicted at Derby Magistrates ' Court .   In December 2012 , The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals ( RSPCA ) took out a private prosecution , using evidence collected by several , independent hunt monitors , against Heythrop Hunt Limited . This was a landmark case , as it was the first time that an organized hunt was prosecuted as a corporate body . The Heythrop Hunt , its Huntsman and its Senior Master all pleaded guilty to four charges of illegally hunting a fox .   A major reason why some hunts have been prosecuted and convicted successfully is because of the availability of compelling evidence , gathered by hunt monitors , whose footage of certain , organized hunts ' illegal activities has provided important evidence , necessary to bring illegal hunters to justice .   Hunt monitors have been subjected to threats , assault , damage to their cars , cameras and radios , as well as verbal abuse , obstruction and intimidation .   On 13 February 2013 , Chris Williamson , MP led a debate in The House of Commons , entitled Policing of Violence at Hunts , to highlight , as he put it '' ... the antisocial and criminal behaviour ... '' directed towards hunt monitors by some hunt supporters .   In 2014 , The RSPCA commissioned an independent review of its prosecution activity . In the review , Stephen Wooler , CB refers several times to hunt monitors , e.g. , `` The volume of footage available -LSB- taken by hunt monitors -RSB- leaves the objective viewer in no doubt on the balance of probabilities that it is ` business as usual ' for many hunts because enforcement is so difficult . ''   While some hunt monitors are employed by organizations and charities , such as The League Against Cruel Sports and International Fund for Animal Welfare , most are private individuals , who are unpaid and self-funded . Some hunt monitors accept donations to support their activities , made through social media sites , such as GoFundMe and Facebook .

neg: National church This article discusses ` national churches ' in the ethnic sense . See state church for church organizations at a national level . For Catholic churches in Rome associated with various countries , see National churches in Rome .   A national church is a Christian church associated with a specific ethnic group or nation state . The idea was notably discussed during the 19th century , during the emergence of modern nationalism .   Samuel Taylor Coleridge , in a draft discussing the question of church and state around 1828 wrote that  `` a National Church might exist , and has existed , without -LSB- Christianity -RSB- , because before the institution of the Christian Church - as -LSB- ... -RSB- the Levitical Church in the Hebrew Constitution , -LSB- and -RSB- the Druidical in the Celtic , would suffice to prove '' .   John Wordsworth , Bishop of Salisbury , wrote about the National Church of Sweden in 1911 , interpreting the Church of Sweden and the Church of England as national churches of the Swedish and the English peoples , respectively . Lake ( 1987 ) traces the development of Presbyterianism in 16th-century England from the status of a `` godly minority '' which saw itself surrounded by the corrupt or hostile mass of the population , into a `` genuine national church '' .   The concept of a national church remains alive in the Protestantism of England and Scandinavia in particular . While , in a context of England , the national church remains a common denominator for the Church of England , some of the Lutheran `` folk churches '' of Scandinavia , characterized as national churches in the ethnic sense as opposed to the idea of a state church , emerged in the second half of the 19th century following the lead of Grundtvig . However , in countries in which the state church ( also known as the established church ) has the following of the majority of citizens , the state church may also be the national church , and may be declared as such by the government e.g. Church of Denmark , Church of Greece , Church of Iceland .

neg: Sable The sable ( Martes zibellina ) is a marten species , a small carnivorous mammal inhabiting forest environments , primarily in Russia from the Ural Mountains throughout Siberia , northern Mongolia . Its habitat also leans the borders of eastern Kazakhstan , China , North and South Korea and Hokkaidō in Japan . Its range in the wild originally extended through European Russia to Poland and Scandinavia . It has historically been hunted for its highly valued dark brown or black fur , which remains a luxury good to this day . While hunting of wild animals is still common in Russia , most fur in the market is now commercially farmed .

neg: Obedska bara Obedska bara ( Obedska pond or Obedska bog , Serbian Cyrillic : Обедска бара , pronounced -LSB- ɔ̂bɛdskaː bâra -RSB- ) is a large swamp-forest area and natural reserve stretching along the Sava River in Southern Syrmia ( Serbia ) , some 40 km west of Belgrade .   The pond is an oxbow lake , a remnant of the meanders of the old Sava River , whose main stream presently flows more southward . Due to its shape the swampy bed of the pond , situated between the villages of Obrež and Kupinovo , is called `` The Horse-shoe '' ( potkovica ) . Higher grounds with cut-in depressions and old oak forests are called `` The Hoof '' ( kopito ) .   The pond is an authentic complex of stagnant tributaries , marshes , pits , marsh vegetation , damp meadows and forests . It is home to over 30 different water , swamp , forest and meadow biocoenoses . The fauna includes 220 species of birds , 50 species of mammals , 13 of amphibians , 11 of reptiles and 16 of fish , while the flora includes 500 species plants , 180 species of mushrooms and 50 species of moss . It is one of the richest and best preserved wildlife habitats in the Pannonian plain .   Obedska pond is one of the world 's oldest nature areas , first administrative protective measures having been introduced 1874 , when the Habsburg Empire protected it as hunting ground of the royal family . Presently , it has first-category legal protection status , denoting a natural asset of exceptional value . Its status has been verified by the Ramsar Convention on swamps since 1977 , and included in the List of areas of special significance for birds of Europe of Important Bird Area project , and UNESCO 's list of world 's most important wetland areas .

neg: Abruzzo Abruzzo ( -LSB- aˈbruttso -RSB- ) is a region of Italy in Southern Italy , with an area of 10,763 square km ( 4,156 sq mi ) and a population of 1.3 million . Its western border lies 80 km east of Rome . The region is divided into the four provinces of L'Aquila , Teramo , Pescara , and Chieti . Abruzzo borders the region of Marche to the north , Lazio to the west and south-west , Molise to the south-east , and the Adriatic Sea to the east . Geographically , Abruzzo is divided into a mountainous area to the west , which includes the Gran Sasso D'italia , and a coastal area to the east with beaches on the Adriatic sea . Abruzzo is considered culturally , linguistically , and historically a region of Southern Italy , although geographically it may also be considered central . The Italian Statistical Authority ( ISTAT ) deems it to be part of Southern Italy , partially because of Abruzzo 's historic association with the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies .   Abruzzo is known as `` the greenest region in Europe '' as one third of its territory , the largest in Europe , is set aside as national parks and protected nature reserves : there are three national parks , one regional park , and 38 protected nature reserves . These ensure the survival of 75 % of Europe 's living species including rare species , such as the small wading dotterel , golden eagle , the Abruzzo ( or Abruzzese ) chamois , Apennine wolf , and Marsican brown bear . Abruzzo is also home to Calderone , Europe 's southernmost glacier .   Visiting nineteenth-century Italian diplomat and journalist Primo Levi ( to not confuse with the writer and survivor of the Holocaust , Primo Levi ) said that `` forte e gentile '' ( strong and gentle ) best describes the beauty of the region and the character of its people . `` Forte e gentile '' has since become the motto of the region and its inhabitants .

neg: Bread in culture Bread has a significance beyond mere nutrition in many cultures in the West and Near and Middle East because of its history and contemporary importance . Bread is also significant in Christianity as one of the elements ( alongside wine ) of the Eucharist ; see sacramental bread . The word companion comes from Latin com - `` with '' + panis `` bread '' .   The political significance of bread is considerable . In 19th century Britain , the inflated price of bread due to the Corn Laws caused major political and social divisions , and was central to debates over free trade versus protectionism . The Assize of Bread and Ale in the 13th century demonstrated the importance of bread in medieval times by setting heavy punishments for short-changing bakers , and bread appeared in the Magna Carta a half-century earlier .   Like other foods , choosing the `` right '' kind of bread is used as a social signal , to let others know , for example , that the person buying expensive bread is financially secure , or the person buying whatever type of bread that the current fashions deem most healthful is a health-conscious consumer .   As a simple , cheap , and adaptable type of food , bread is often used as a synecdoche for food in general in some languages and dialects , such as Greek and Punjabi . There are many variations on the basic recipe of bread worldwide , such as bagels , baguettes , biscuits , bocadillo , brioche , chapatis , Challah , lavash , naan , pitas , pizza , pretzels , puris , tortillas , and many others . There are various types of traditional `` cheese breads '' in many countries , including Brazil , Colombia , Italy , and Russia .

neg: Monarchy A monarchy is a form of government in which a group , usually a family called the dynasty , embodies the country 's national identity and one of its members , called the monarch , exercises a role of sovereignty . The actual power of the monarch may vary from purely symbolic ( crowned republic ) , to partial and restricted ( constitutional monarchy ) , to completely autocratic ( absolute monarchy ) . Traditionally and in most cases , the monarch 's post is inherited and lasts until death or abdication , but there are also elective monarchies where the monarch is elected . Each of these has variations : in some elected monarchies only those of certain pedigrees are , whereas many hereditary monarchies impose requirements regarding the religion , age , gender , mental capacity , etc. . Occasionally this might create a situation of rival claimants whose legitimacy is subject to effective election . Finally , there have been cases where the term of a monarch 's reign is either fixed in years or continues until certain goals are achieved : an invasion being repulsed , for instance . Thus there are widely divergent structures and traditions defining monarchy .   Monarchy was the most common form of government until the 19th century , but it is no longer prevalent . Where it exists , it is now usually a constitutional monarchy , in which the monarch retains a unique legal and ceremonial role , but exercises limited or no official political power : under the written or unwritten constitution , others have governing authority . Currently , 47 sovereign nations in the world have monarchs acting as heads of state , 19 of which are Commonwealth realms that recognise Queen Elizabeth II as their head of state . All European monarchies are constitutional ones , with the exception of the Vatican City which is an elective monarchy , but sovereigns in the smaller states exercise greater political influence than in the larger . The monarchs of Cambodia , Japan , and Malaysia `` reign , but do not rule '' although there is considerable variation in the degree of authority they wield . Although they reign under constitutions , the monarchs of Brunei , Morocco , Oman , Qatar , Saudi Arabia and Swaziland appear to continue to exercise more political influence than any other single source of authority in their nations , either by constitutional mandate or by tradition .

neg: Bruno the bear Bruno the bear may refer to :   Bear JJ1 , a European brown bear who made the news in 2006  Bruno ( bear actor ) , a trained American black bear who played Gentle Ben  Name of the Brown Bears , mascot of Brown University  A character on the TV series Edward and Friends  A character in the cartoon Big Top Bunny

neg: France France ( -LSB- fʁɑ̃s -RSB- ) , officially the French Republic ( -LSB- ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz -RSB- ) , is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . The European , or metropolitan , area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . France spans 643801 km2 and had a total population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017 . It is a unitary semi-presidential republic with the capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban centres include Marseille , Lyon , Lille , Nice , Toulouse and Bordeaux .   During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome , which held Gaul until 486 , when the Germanic Franks conquered the region and formed the Kingdom of France . France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , with its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337 to 1453 ) strengthening state-building and political centralisation . During the Renaissance , French culture flourished and a global colonial empire was established , which by the 20th century would be the second largest in the world . The 16th century was dominated by religious civil wars between Catholics and Protestants ( Huguenots ) . France became Europe 's dominant cultural , political , and military power under Louis XIV . In the late 18th century , the French Revolution overthrew the absolute monarchy , established one of modern history 's earliest republics , and saw the drafting of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen , which expresses the nation 's ideals to this day .   In the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire , whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe . Following the collapse of the Empire , France endured a tumultuous succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870 . France was a major participant in the First World War , from which it emerged victorious , and was one of the Allied Powers in the Second World War , but came under occupation by the Axis Powers in 1940 . Following liberation in 1944 , a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War . The Fifth Republic , led by Charles de Gaulle , was formed in 1958 and remains to this day . Algeria and nearly all the other colonies became independent in the 1960s and typically retained close economic and military connections with France .   France has long been a global centre of art , science , and philosophy . It hosts Europe 's fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually , the most of any country in the world . France is a developed country with the world 's sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity . In terms of aggregate household wealth , it ranks fourth in the world . France performs well in international rankings of education , health care , life expectancy , and human development . France remains a great power in the world , being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state . It is a leading member state of the European Union and the Eurozone . It is also a member of the Group of 7 , North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) , Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) , and La Francophonie .

neg: European social model The European social model is a common vision many European states have for a society that combines economic growth with high living standards and good working conditions . Historian Tony Judt has argued that the European social model `` binds Europe together '' in contrast to the ` American way of life ' .   European states do not all use a single social model , but welfare states in Europe do share several broad characteristics . These generally include a commitment to full employment , social protections for all citizens , social inclusion , and democracy . Examples common among European countries include universal health care , free higher education , strong labor protections and regulations , and generous welfare programs in areas such as unemployment insurance , retirement pensions , and public housing . The Treaty of the European Community set out several social objectives : promotion of employment , improved living and working conditions ... proper social protection , dialogue between management and labour , the development of human resources with a view to lasting high employment and the combating of exclusion . Because different European states focus on different aspects of the model , it has been argued that there are four distinct social models in Europe -- the Nordic , British , Mediterranean and the Continental .   The general outlines of a European social model emerged during the post-war boom . Tony Judt lists a number of causes : the abandonment of protectionism , the baby boom , cheap energy , and a desire to catch up with living standards enjoyed in the United States . The European social model also enjoyed a low degree of external competition as the Soviet bloc , China and India were not yet integrated into the global economy . In recent years , it has become common to question whether the European social model is sustainable in the face of low birthrates , globalisation , Europeanisation and an ageing population .

neg: Black bear Black bear may refer to :   Animals  American black bear ( Ursus americanus ) , a North American bear species  Asian black bear ( Ursus thibetanus ) , an Asian bear species   Sports  Maine Black Bears , the athletic teams representing the University of Maine  Berkshire Black Bears , a minor league baseball team  West Virginia Black Bears , a minor league baseball team   '' ` People  Blackbear , Stage name of American musician Matthew Musto

neg: Fox hunting Fox hunting is an activity involving the tracking , chase and , if caught , the killing of a fox , traditionally a red fox , by trained foxhounds or other scent hounds , and a group of unarmed followers led by a `` master of foxhounds '' ( `` master of hounds '' ) , who follow the hounds on foot or on horseback .   Fox hunting with hounds , as a formalised activity , originated in England in the sixteenth century , in a form very similar to that practised until 2005 , when the traditional form was made unlawful in England and Wales . A ban on hunting in Scotland had been passed in 2002 , but it continues to be within the law in Northern Ireland and several other countries , including : Australia , Canada , France , Ireland , Italy , and the United States . In Australia , the term also refers to the hunting of foxes with firearms , similar to deer hunting or spotlighting . In much of the world , hunting in general is understood to relate to any game animals or weapons ( e.g. , deer hunting with bow and arrow ) ; in Britain and Ireland , `` hunting '' without qualification implies fox hunting ( or other forms of hunting with hounds -- beagling , drag hunting , hunting the clean boot , mink hunting , or stag hunting ) , as described here .   This sport is controversial , particularly in the UK , where its traditional form was banned in Scotland in 2002 , and in England and Wales in November 2004 ( law enforced from February 2005 ) , although certain modified forms of hunting foxes with hounds are still within the law , and shooting foxes as vermin also remains lawful .   Proponents of fox hunting view it as an important part of rural culture , and useful for reasons of conservation and pest control , while opponents argue that it is cruel and unnecessary .

neg: List of monarchs of Prussia The monarchs of Prussia were members of the House of Hohenzollern who were the hereditary rulers of the former German state of Prussia from its founding in 1525 as the Duchy of Prussia . The Duchy had evolved out of the Teutonic Order , a Roman Catholic crusader state and theocracy located along the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea . The Teutonic Knights were under the leadership of a Grand Master , the last of whom , Albert , converted to Protestantism and secularized the lands , which then became the Duchy of Prussia . The Duchy was initially a vassal of the Kingdom of Poland , as a result of the terms of the Prussian Homage whereby Albert was granted the Duchy as part of the terms of peace following the Prussian War . When the main line of Prussian Hohenzollerns died out in 1618 , the Duchy passed to a different branch of the family , who also reigned as Electors of Brandenburg in the Holy Roman Empire . While still nominally two different territories , Prussia under the suzerainty of Poland and Brandenburg under the suzerainty of the Holy Roman Empire , the two states are known together historiographically as Brandenburg-Prussia . Following the Second Northern War , a series of treaties freed the Duchy of Prussia from any vassalage to any other state , making it a fully sovereign Duchy in its own right . This complex situation ( where the Hohenzollern ruler of the independent Duchy of Prussia was also a subject of the Holy Roman Emperor as Elector of Brandenburg ) laid the eventual groundwork for the establishment of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1701 . For diplomatic reasons , the rulers of the state were known as the King in Prussia from 1701 to 1772 ; largely because they still owed fealty to the Emperor as Electors of Brandenburg , the `` King in Prussia '' title ( as opposed to `` King of Prussia '' ) avoided offending the Emperor . As the Prussian state grew through several wars and diplomatic moves throughout the 18th century , it became apparent that Prussia had become a Great Power that did not need to submit meekly to the Holy Roman Empire . By 1772 , the pretense was dropped , and the style `` King of Prussia '' was adopted . Thus it remained until 1871 , when in the aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War , the King of Prussia Wilhelm I was crowned German Emperor . From that point forward , though the Kingdom of Prussia retained its status as a constituent state of the German Empire , all remaining Kings of Prussia also served as German Emperor , and that title took precedence .

neg: Tardigrade Tardigrades ( -LSB- ˈtɑrdᵻˌgreɪd -RSB- also known as water bears , space bears , or moss piglets ) are water-dwelling , eight-legged , segmented micro-animals . They were first discovered by the German zoologist Johann August Ephraim Goeze in 1773 . The name Tardigrada ( meaning `` slow stepper '' ) was given three years later by the Italian biologist Lazzaro Spallanzani . They have been found everywhere from mountaintops to the deep sea , mud volcanoes , and from tropical rain forests to the Antarctic .   Tardigrades are one of the most resilient animals known : they can survive extreme conditions that would be rapidly fatal to nearly all other known life forms . They can withstand temperature ranges from 1 K ( close to absolute zero ) to about 420 K for several minutes , pressures about six times greater than those found in the deepest ocean trenches , ionizing radiation at doses hundreds of times higher than the lethal dose for a human , and the vacuum of outer space . They can go without food or water for more than 30 years , drying out to the point where they are 3 % or less water , only to rehydrate , forage , and reproduce . Tardigrades living in harsh conditions undergo an annual process of cyclomorphosis .   They are not considered extremophilic because they are not adapted to exploit these conditions . This means that their chances of dying increase the longer they are exposed to the extreme environments , whereas true extremophiles thrive in a physically or geochemically extreme environment that would harm most other organisms .   Usually , tardigrades are about 0.5 mm long when they are fully grown . They are short and plump with four pairs of legs , each with four to eight claws also known as `` disks '' . The first three pairs of legs are directed ventrolaterally and are the primary means of locomotion , while the fourth pair is directed posteriorly on the terminal segment of the trunk and is used primarily for grasping the substrate . Tardigrades are prevalent in mosses and lichens and feed on plant cells , algae , and small invertebrates . When collected , they may be viewed under a very low-power microscope , making them accessible to students and amateur scientists .   Tardigrades form the phylum Tardigrada , part of the superphylum Ecdysozoa . It is an ancient group , with fossils dating from 530 million years ago , in the Cambrian period . About 1,150 species of tardigrades have been described . Tardigrades can be found throughout the world , from the Himalayas ( above 6000 m ) , to the deep sea ( below 4000 m ) and from the polar regions to the equator .

neg: Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301) The Kingdom of Hungary came into existence in Central Europe when Stephen I , Grand Prince of the Hungarians , was crowned king in 1000 or 1001 . He reinforced central authority and forced his subjects to accept Christianity . Although written sources emphasize the role played by German and Italian knights and clerics in the process , a significant part of the Hungarian vocabulary for agriculture , religion and state was taken from Slavic languages . Civil wars and pagan uprisings , along with attempts by the Holy Roman Emperors to expand their authority over Hungary , jeopardized the new monarchy . The monarchy stabilized during the reigns of Ladislaus I ( 1077 -- 1095 ) and Coloman ( 1095 -- 1116 ) . These rulers occupied Croatia and Dalmatia with the support of a part of the local population . Both realms retained their autonomous position . The successors of Ladislaus and Coloman -- especially Béla II ( 1131 -- 1141 ) , Béla III ( 1176 -- 1196 ) , Andrew II ( 1205 -- 1235 ) , and Béla IV ( 1235 -- 1270 ) -- continued this policy of expansion towards the Balkan Peninsula and the lands east of the Carpathian Mountains , transforming their kingdom into one of the major powers of medieval Europe .   Rich in uncultivated lands , silver , gold , and salt deposits , Hungary became the preferred destination of mainly German , Italian and French colonists . These immigrants were mostly peasants who settled in villages , but craftsmen and merchants also came . Their arrival had a key role in the shaping of an urban lifestyle , habits and culture in medieval Hungary . The location of the kingdom at the crossroads of international trade routes favored the coexistence of several cultures . Romanesque , Gothic and Renaissance buildings and literary works written in Latin prove the predominantly Roman Catholic character of the culture , but Orthodox , and even non-Christian ethnic minority communities also existed . Latin was the language of legislation , administration and judiciary , but `` linguistic pluralism '' contributed to the survival of many tongues , including a great variety of Slavic dialects .   The predominance of royal estates initially assured the sovereign 's preeminent position , but the alienation of royal lands gave rise to the emergence of a self-conscious group of lesser landholders , known as `` royal servants '' . They forced Andrew II to issue his Golden Bull of 1222 , `` one of first examples of constitutional limits being placed on the powers of a European monarch '' ( Francis Fukuyama ) . The kingdom received a major blow from the Mongol invasion of 1241 -- 42 . Thereafter , Cuman and Jassic groups settled in the central lowlands , and colonists arrived from Moravia , Poland and other nearby countries . The erection of fortresses by landlords , promoted by the monarchs after the withdrawal of the Mongols , led to the development of semi-autonomous `` provinces '' dominated by powerful magnates . Some of these magnates even challenged the authority of Andrew III ( 1290 -- 1301 ) , the last male descendant of the native Árpád dynasty . His death was followed by a period of interregnum and anarchy . Central power was re-established only in the early 1320s .

neg: Societal security Societal security is a concept developed by the Copenhagen School of security studies that refers to ` the ability of a society to persist in its essential character under changing conditions and possible or actual threats ' .   The end of the Cold War prompted scholars to rethink the paradigm of security independently from the state and the military . In Europe , the collapse of the Soviet Union led to the emergence of new states and sustained efforts to pursue the European Union ( EU ) integration . The new order called for a ( re ) conceptualisation of Europe and European security , which challenged classic understandings of security , as something that took place between states . The move towards an EU security was , thus , closely articulated around questions of EU identity , free movement of people and borders .  The concept of societal security , developed by scholars associated with the Copenhagen Peace Research Institute , is situated within this context . Societal security relates to : `` the ability of a society to persist in its essential character under changing conditions and possible or actual threats . ''   In ` Identity , Migration , and the New Security Agenda in Europe ' , Wæver notes the emergence of different conceptions of the nation-state , and further establishes a distinction between Western and Eastern Europe . In the West , a `` decoupling of state and nation '' takes place , as Member States , by seeking more integration , accept to relinquish some of their sovereignty . This move towards a `` post-sovereign '' nation-state is due to `` internationalisation and Europeanization '' processes , as international institutions assume increased influence over domestic affairs . Subsequently , communities , perceiving their identities to be threatened by this integration , can no longer call upon the state to protect them . A duality occurs between the security needs of the state and of society , where `` state security has sovereignty as its ultimate criterion , and societal security has identity '' . In the East , the emergence of new states , formed after the dismantlement of the Soviet Union , leads to more traditional attempts at merging the nation and the state ; thus , conflicts arise when the coupling can not be done ( i.e. Yugoslavia ) .   In ` Security : a new framework for analysis ' , Buzan et al. formalise their broader understanding of security by introducing five sectors , each governed by `` distinctive characteristics and dynamics '' , and conceptualised around particular referent objects and actors ( i.e. military , environmental , economic , societal and political ) . Societal security is about the survival of a community as a cohesive unit ; its referent object is '' large scale collective identities that can function independent of the state . ''  Societal insecurities arise when `` a society fears it would not be able to live as itself '' , and stem from :  migration : the influx of people will `` overrun or dilute '' a group 's identity e.g. the need to define Britishness ;  vertical competition : the integration of a group within a broader organisation e.g. euroscepticism with regards to EU integration , national-separatist claims ; and ,  horizontal competition : group is forced to integrate more influential identities within their own e.g. France 's cultural exception defending itself against American influences .   Societal security is not tied to a territory , as is state security , e.g. Kurds , where security matters of state and society widely diverge and enter into conflict .   Societal security in sociological viewpoint is :   Regarding security as an `` independent phenomenon '' :   So , societal security is n't threat , no opportunity . But it is a center and base , upon it the reliability and certainty of collective life could be gained .   Rereading of security from `` social '' perspective :   It means that security is based on collective life , the life of common people , instead of looking at differences and insisting on disagreement between groups and states that is key factor in determining threats and distinguish friend and foe .   Viewing security as `` social phenomenon '' :   Hence , societal security does n't need military weapons and soft power solutions . In other words , societal security does n't integrate with power and remain by converting links to social capitals .   Finally , threats and opportunities could be considered as deterrent or impeller factors .   So the final goal of societal security is comfort and understanding the beauty of collective life -- not an interest for government , not eliminating enemies , not confronting a threat for nation .

neg: Grizzly bear (disambiguation) The grizzly bear ( Ursus arctos ssp . ) is the great brown bear of North America .   Grizzly Bear may also refer to :  __ NOTOC __

neg: Finnish mythology Finnish mythology is a commonly applied description of the folklore of Finnish paganism , of which a modern revival is practiced by a small percentage of the Finnish people . It has many features shared with fellow Finnic Estonian mythology and its non-Finnic neighbours , the Balts and the Scandinavians . Some of their myths are also distantly related to the myths of other Finno-Ugric speakers like the Samis .   Finnish mythology survived within an oral tradition of mythical poem-singing and folklore well into the 19th century .   Although the gradual influence of surrounding cultures raised the significance of the sky-god in a monolatristic manner , the father god `` Ukko '' ( Old Man ) was originally just a nature spirit like all the others . Of the animals , the most sacred was the bear , whose real name was never uttered out loud , lest his kind be unfavorable to the hunting . The bear ( `` karhu '' in Finnish ) was seen as the embodiment of the forefathers , and for this reason it was called by many circumlocutions : mesikämmen ( `` mead-paw '' ) , otso ( `` browed one '' ) , kontio ( `` dweller of the land '' ) , metsän kultaomena ( `` the golden apple of the forest '' ) but not a god .

neg: Portuguese Podengo The Portuguese Podengo is an ancient multi-sensory hound ( sight and scent ) breed of dog from Portugal . As a breed , the Podengo is divided into three size categories that are not interbred : small ( Pequeno ) , medium ( Medio ) and large ( Grande ) . Their coats are either short and ` smooth ' , or longer and ` wired ' . The smooth coated variety is traditional , dating back to the 5th century , whereas the wire coated variety is an outcome of the assimilation of various other breeds during the 20th century . In general , the breed is healthy ; the Pequeno ( small ) variety has an average lifespan of approximately 15 -- 17 years .   All Podengo types are hardy , intelligent and lively dogs , excelling at agility and making fine companions . Loyal and fearless , Podengos are also good house guards and are amenable to training by dog experienced people and those that enjoy primitive ( unrefined , `` less domesticated '' ) dog behavior .   Keen hunting dogs , the Podengo has an affinity for game regardless of size . Typically , the dogs hunt in a pack with their handler following . When game is found , they kill and retrieve it , or flush it towards the hunter to be shot . Each size category traditionally hunts game appropriate to their size and temperament . ( Pequeno : rabbits ; Medio : rabbits and wild boar ; Grande : deer and wild boar ) .


query: Harmanpreet Kaur played in 2 Tests.

pos: Harmanpreet Kaur Harmanpreet Kaur ( ਹਰਮਨਪ੍ਰੀਤ ਕੌਰ born 8 March 1989 , Moga , Punjab ) is an Indian cricketer who has played in 2 Tests , 49 women 's one-day internationals and 53 Twenty20 internationals for India . Indian women 's cricket team .

neg: Tamil Nadu cricket team The Tamil Nadu cricket team is a domestic cricket team run by Tamil Nadu Cricket Association representing the state of Tamil Nadu , India . The team plays in Ranji Trophy , the top tier of the domestic first-class cricket tournament in India . Before renaming of Madras state to Tamil Nadu , the team was known as Madras until the 1970-71 season . They have won the Ranji Trophy twice and have finished runners-up nine times .

neg: Arundhati Kirkire Arundhati Kirkire ( अरुन्दाठी किरकिरे b. 20 August 1981 in Indore , Madhya Pradesh ) is a Test and One Day International cricketer who represents India . She is a right-hand batsman who bowls right-arm medium pace and is also a wicket-keeper . She has played one Test and 30 ODIs for India .

neg: 1999–2000 Sri Lankan cricket season The 1999 -- 2000 Sri Lankan cricket season featured a Test series between Sri Lanka and India . Sri Lanka then played a further series against Pakistan .

neg: History of Test cricket from 1884 to 1889 The history of Test cricket between 1884 and 1889 was one of English dominance over the Australians . England won every Test series that was played . The period also saw the first use of the word `` Test '' to describe a form of cricket when the Press used it in 1885 . It has remained in common usage ever since .   In 1883 England had won the first Ashes series by beating Australia 2 -- 1 away , though they had lost a fourth extra Test played at the end of their Australian tour . However , this last Test proved to be a blip as English dominance remained for the rest of the 1880s . Of the 19 England-Australia Tests played in the period from 1884 to 1889 , England won 14 , Australia 3 , with 2 draws .   1889 saw the first English team to tour South Africa . England won both representative matches easily . These matches , and those on the other early English tours of South Africa , were only recognised as Tests retrospectively , the first official tour not taking place till 1905-6 .

neg: Indian cricket team in Australia in 1947–48 The India national cricket team toured Australia in the 1947 -- 48 season to play a five-match Test series against Australia . Australia won the series 4-0 , with one match drawn .   This was India 's inaugural tour of Australia and it was also the first tour by a team representing the newly independent India . Independence had been finalised only two months before the tour began .   As evident from the scoreline , the Australian team greatly outclassed the Indians , who had some good individual performances to their credit . However , they did not put up much resistance as a team , with their batting failing to make any impression on the Australians . The only silver lining for India in terms of match results was their two victories in the First Class Matches .

neg: Yusuf Pathan Yusuf Pathan ( Urdu : یوسف خان پٹھان ; Hindi : युसुफ पठान ) ( born 17 November 1982 ) is an Indian cricketer . Pathan made his debut in first-class cricket in 2001/02 . He is a powerful and aggressive batsman and a right-arm offbreak bowler . His younger half brother Irfan Pathan is also an Indian cricketer .

neg: Indian cricket team in Bangladesh in 2007 The Indian cricket team toured Bangladesh for two Test matches and three One Day Internationals in May 2007 . The first match was played on 10 May , the first of three ODIs with India defeating Bangladesh by five wickets -- less than two months after Bangladesh shocked India by defeating them by five wickets in the World Cup , leading to India 's early exit from the competition . India completed the series win with a steady 46-run win , thanks largely in part to Gautam Gambhir 's century . The third match was abandoned due to intermittent rain , resulting in a waterlogged pitch -- brought on largely in part due to Cyclone Akash which had hit south Bangladesh earlier that day . Leading run scorer of the ODI series and Indian wicket-keeper Mahendra Singh Dhoni took home the player of the series award following a return to form with the bat and 3 dismissals behind the stumps.In the second test match Mohammad Ashraful scored the fastest test fifty in just 27 delivery .   The Test series ended in a 1 -- 0 win for India ; the first Test was affected by rain , helping Bangladesh secure a draw despite two declarations by India and a 149-run lead on first innings , but in the second Test India only lost three wickets in their three-day innings win .

neg: Multan Cricket Stadium Multan Cricket Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Multan , Punjab , Pakistan . The stadium is located off Vehari Road , in the suburbs of Multan . It is primarily used for cricket matches . The stadium seats 35,000 and hosted its first test match in 2001 , Pakistan against Bangladesh for the Asian Test Championship . The stadium hosts both forms of international cricket : Test cricket and One Day International .   The ground was inaugurated in 2001 as a replacement for the Ibn-e-Qasim Bagh Stadium located in the heart of Multan . Floodlights were recently installed to make day/night cricket matches possible . The first day/night game played at this ground was between arch-rivals India and Pakistan .

neg: Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2006–07 The Indian cricket team toured South Africa for three Tests and five ODIs from 16 November 2006 to 6 January 2007 .   South Africa won the Test series 2 -- 1 . After India won the first Test at New Wanderers Stadium in Johannesburg , South Africa rallied to win the 2nd Test at Kingsmead in Durban and the third Test at Newlands in Cape Town .   South Africa won the ODI series 4 -- 0 , which was India 's first ODI series without a win since 1997 .   There was also one Twenty20 International , which India won .

neg: Harbhajan Singh Harbhajan Singh Plaha ( ; born 3 July 1980 in Jalandhar , Punjab , India ) , commonly known as Harbhajan Singh , is an Indian international cricketer and former captain of IPL team Mumbai Indians and Punjab state for the 2012 -- 13 Ranji Trophy season . A specialist spin bowler , he has the second-highest number of Test wickets by an off spinner , behind Sri Lanka 's Muttiah Muralitharan .  Harbhajan made his Test and One Day International ( ODI ) debuts in early 1998 . His career was initially affected by investigations into the legality of his bowling action , as well as several disciplinary incidents . However , in 2001 , with leading leg spinner Anil Kumble injured , Harbhajan 's career was resuscitated after Indian captain Sourav Ganguly called for his inclusion in the Border-Gavaskar Trophy team . In that series victory over Australia , Harbhajan established himself as the team 's leading spinner by taking 32 wickets , becoming the first Indian bowler to take a hat trick in Test cricket . He is also an Officer in the Punjab Police and has held the rank of a Superintendent of police ( India ) , reporting to Punjab Police HQ at Barnala .   A finger injury in mid-2003 sidelined him for much of the following year , allowing Kumble to regain his position as the first choice spinner in Tests and ODI 's . Harbhajan reclaimed a regular position in the team upon his return in late 2004 , but often found himself watching from the sidelines in Test matches outside the Indian subcontinent with typically only one spinner , Kumble , being used . Throughout 2006 and into early 2007 , Harbhajan 's accumulation of wickets fell and his bowling average increased , and he was increasingly criticised for bowling defensively with less loop . Following India 's first-round elimination from the 2007 Cricket World Cup , Harbhajan was replaced by other spinners in the national squad for both formats . He regained a regular position in the team in late 2007 , but became the subject of more controversy . In early 2008 , he was given a ban by the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) for racially vilifying Andrew Symonds . The ban was revoked upon appeal , but in April , Harbhajan was banned from the 2008 Indian Premier League and suspended from the ODI team by the Board of Control for Cricket in India ( BCCI ) for slapping Sreesanth after a match . He appeared in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling 's Indian promotion , Ring Ka King . He was in the World Cup-winning team of 2011 Cricket World Cup .   He was conferred the Padma Shri , India 's fourth highest civilian honour , in 2009 .

neg: R. P. Singh Rudra Pratap Singh ( born 6 December 1985 ) is a left arm fast-medium bowler who has represented India in Test , One Day International and Twenty20 International cricket .   He first came in contention during the under-19 World Cup in Bangladesh in 2004 , when he took eight wickets for a very impressive average of 24.75 . He later performed consistently in the Ranji Trophy for Uttar Pradesh and impressive performances saw him earn a place in the ODI side in 2005 . In 2015 , he has switched from UP to Gujarat in domestic circuit and currently representing Gujarat in Ranji Trophy .   In his third one-day match , Singh got his first man of the match award as he played his part as India restricted Sri Lanka to a modest 196 all out . Swinging the ball on a batting wicket , he took 4 important wickets to rattle Sri Lanka . His bowling figures of 8.5 overs , 2 maidens , 35 runs and 4 wickets announced his arrival on the international stage . Singh was selected to make his Test debut in the 2nd Test against Pakistan in Faisalabad , Pakistan in January 2006 . He won the man of the match award on his debut after taking 5 wickets in the match .   Singh 's 4 wicket-haul in the fourth match of the one-day series against Pakistan in 2006 , helped India take an unassailable 3 -- 1 lead in the series , and won him the man of the match award . India went on to win the series 4 -- 1 . In his first 11 ODI matches , he was awarded the man of the match award 3 times .   Singh was favoured to Sreesanth for the 2006 ICC Champions Trophy due to his superior economy rate . However , he was unable to maintain his level of performance , and was dropped from the side .   In 2006 it was announced that Singh would be signing for English side Leicestershire as their second overseas signing . He was however unexpectedly recalled to the Indian side following their poor World Cup campaign and only made a handful of appearances .   Singh was included in the Test squad for the tour to England and performed well , taking 5/59 at Lord 's his first five-wicket-haul in Tests . In the one-day series he took seven wickets at 31.71 from five matches .   Singh was selected to play in the 2007 ICC World Twenty20 tournament in South Africa in September 2007 . Singh emerged as the second-highest wicket-taker in the entire competition , taking 12 wickets in 7 matches at an average of 12.66 runs per wicket . India won the 12-nation tournament after beating Pakistan in the final . R.P. Singh 's best figures were 4/13 in 4 overs in India 's final Super-8 stage match in which they eliminated South Africa from the tournament .   Singh was then selected for India 's one-day home series against Australia and Pakistan that followed , playing four games in each series and picking up a total of 11 wickets .   In August 2011 RP Singh was called up to the India squad for the remainder of the tour of England , he was recalled after a 3-year test absence due to an injury picked up Zaheer Khan which ruled him out of the tour .   He plays for the Kochi Tuskers in the Indian Premier League , after signing for them in 2011 from the Deccan Chargers . In his second season of the tournament , Singh was highly successful and he emerged as the highest wicket taker of the tournament , with 23 from 16 matches thereby winning the Purple Cap . Deccan Chargers emerged as winners of the tournament . His performance early in the tournament earned him a spot in the Indian squad for the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 . He is also the leading all time wicket taker in Indian Premier League with 52 wickets .  He was bought for $ 600,000 by the Mumbai Indians in the Indian Premier League Players Auction , 2012 . In the year 2013 in the IPL he was bought by Royal Challengers Bangalore in the players auction 2013 for $ 400,000 . In the 2014 IPL Auctions , he was unsold and had a base price of Rs 1 crore . After the England Series in 2011 , he has never come back to international cricket .   He is an alumnus of the Guru Gobind Singh Sports College , Lucknow .

neg: Ranvirsinhji Maharaj Shri Ranvirsinhji ( 7 October 1919 -- 4 April 1962 ) , a member of the Jamnagar royal family , played first-class cricket in India from 1936 to 1952 . He toured Australia with the Indian team in 1947-48 but did not play Test cricket .   Ranvirsinhji made his first-class debut in 1936-37 at the age of 17 , and played in the Nawanagar team that won the Ranji Trophy final a few months later , along with his brother Indravijaysinhji and their cousin Yadvendrasinhji . In 1937-38 he made his highest score , 53 , opening the batting for Nawanagar in an innings victory over Sind .   He made 31 ( top score ) and 43 and took 6 for 84 when Nawanagar lost by an innings to Bombay in the Ranji Trophy in 1946-47 . But overall , in three matches in 1946-47 he scored only 137 runs at an average of 27.40 , and he was a surprise late inclusion in the Indian team that toured Australia in 1947-48 . In his first match of the tour , against New South Wales , he was injured when a ball from Ray Lindwall struck him on the knee . Later on the tour he had trouble with his eyes , and a specialist in Melbourne had a pair of spectacles made for him . He played only two first-class matches and was the only member of the 17-man team who did not play any of the Tests .   After the tour he did not play first-class cricket until 1950-51 , when he returned to play for two unsuccessful seasons with Services .   His son Prahlad Singh played five matches for Saurashtra from 1958 to 1967 .

neg: Cricket in Sri Lanka Cricket is the most popular sport in Sri Lanka . Sri Lanka is one of the ten nations that take part in test cricket and one of the five nations that has won a cricket world cup . Cricket is played at professional , semi-professional and recreational levels in the country and international cricket matches are watched with interest by a large proportion of the population .   Sri Lanka ( then called Ceylon ) was occupied by the British in 1796 and became a British colony in 1815 . As in all places that the British arrived in large numbers , cricket soon followed and it is reasonable to assume that the game was first played on the island by 1800 . The earliest definite mention of cricket in Ceylon was a report in the Colombo Journal on 5 September 1832 which called for the formation of a cricket club . The Colombo Cricket Club was formed soon afterwards and matches began in November 1832 . Since then , the sport has grown domestically with major events such as the Premier Trophy ( starting 1938 ) and Premier Limited Overs Tournament ( starting 1988 -- 89 ) . Sri Lanka 's one day international debut came in the 1975 cricket world cup and were later awarded Test cricket status in 1981 , by the International Cricket Council .

neg: New Zealand cricket team in India in 1999–2000 The New Zealand national cricket team toured India and played three Test matches and five Limited Overs Internationals ( LOI ) between September and November 1999 .

neg: Kalyan Dhall Kalyan Dhall ( born 7 September 1960 ) is an Indian former cricketer . He played four first-class matches for Bengal between 1984 and 1986 .

neg: Khurshid Ahmed (cricketer) Khurshid Ahmed ( born in Amritsar in 1934 ) is a former Pakistani cricketer who played first-class cricket in 1952 and 1953 .   A wicketkeeper-batsman , Khurshid Ahmed toured England with Pakistan Eaglets in 1952 . He was selected as the reserve wicketkeeper for Pakistan 's first Test tour , to India in 1952-53 , but played in only four of the 12 first-class matches and none of the Tests . On the tour he scored a century in his first first-class match , against Central Zone . He opened the batting in the second innings , and after the first three wickets had fallen for 18 he added 189 for the fourth wicket with his captain , Abdul Hafeez Kardar , and finished with 101 in 137 minutes . He played one first-class match soon after the tour , then disappeared from the first-class game while still in his teens .

neg: List of Indian Premier League five-wicket hauls In cricket , a five-wicket haul ( also known as a `` five-for '' or `` fifer '' ) refers to a bowler taking five or more wickets in a single innings . This is regarded as a notable achievement . The Indian Premier League ( IPL ) is a professional Twenty20 cricket league in India , which has been held annually since its first season in 2008 . In the nine seasons played , fifteen five-wicket hauls have been taken by different bowlers . Players from nine of the thirteen teams have taken five-wicket hauls ; Pune Warriors India , Kochi Tuskers Kerala , Sunrisers Hyderabad and Gujarat Lions are the only franchises for which a player has not taken a five-wicket haul .   The first five-wicket haul was taken by Sohail Tanvir of the Rajasthan Royals against the Chennai Super Kings on 4 May 2008 . Tanvir took six wickets for fourteen runs , the best bowling figures in an innings by a player in the competition and the sole six-wicket haul . The most recent five-wicket haul was taken by James Faulkner of the Rajasthan Royals against Sunrisers Hyderabad in Hyderabad on 17 May 2013 . The most economical five-wicket haul was taken by Anil Kumble of the Royal Challengers Bangalore , who claimed five wickets with an economy rate of 1.57 and an bowling average of 1.00 in the 2009 season , and won the `` best breakthrough performance '' award for it . Dimitri Mascarenhas of the Kings XI Punjab took the least economical five-wicket haul , bowling with an economy rate of 6.25 .   James Faulkner of the Rajasthan Royals is the only bowler who has taken two five-wicket hauls in the IPL , both being against the Sunrisers Hyderabad in the 2013 season . Three five-wickets hauls have been taken by players of the Mumbai Indians and the Rajasthan Royals , respectively , which is more than any other team . Kings XI Punjab and Sunrisers Hyderabad have had the highest number of five-wicket hauls against them , with three each . Three five-wicket hauls have been taken at the Feroz Shah Kotla Ground . Fifty-five four-wicket hauls have been taken in the competition , 13 of which were taken in fewer than four overs . Andrew Tye of Gujarat Lions is the only bowler to take a hat-trick and a five-wicket haul in an IPL debut match .   The list includes all the five-wicket hauls taken in the IPL , and is correct as of the 2016 season . The list does not cover the games played by the IPL teams in other tournaments , such as the Champions League Twenty20 , the British Asian Cup or the 2008 Kolkata Knight Riders tour of Australia .

neg: Pawan Kumar (cricketer, born 1969) Pawan Kumar ( born 2 March 1969 ) is an Indian former cricketer . He played twenty-one first-class matches for Tripura between 1991 and 1999 .

neg: History of the Indian cricket team The Indian cricket team made its Test cricket debut in 1932 and has since advanced to be among the top four test teams in the ICC rankings in each of 2005 to 2008 . The team won the Cricket World Cup in 1983 and 2011 .

neg: Waqar Ahmed (cricketer, born 1947) Waqar Ahmed ( 19 December 1947 -- 23 February 2016 ) was a cricketer who played first-class cricket from 1964 to 1973 . He toured England in 1967 with the Pakistan team but did not play Test cricket .   He made his first-class debut for Punjab University in the 1964-65 season , just before his 17th birthday . In his third match he scored 195 against Lahore Reds . He was selected for Pakistan Under-25 in the third and final match against MCC Under-25 in 1966-67 and scored 32 and 10 .   He was one of the younger players selected to tour England in 1967 . He did not play until the fourth match , then scored 47 not out , 50 not out and 29 in his first three innings . He finished the tour with 306 runs in seven matches at an average of 38.25 , which put him third in the team 's first-class averages .   In 1967-68 he made 174 for Punjab University against Lahore Greens , going to the wicket with the score at 6 for 2 and scoring well over half the team total of 316 . Next season he made his last century and his highest score , 199 for Lahore against Sargodha , putting on 330 for the fourth wicket with Shafqat Rana .   He was Secretary of the Pakistan Cricket Board from 1997 to 1999 .


query: Singapore is north of Malaysia.

pos: Singapore Singapore ( -LSB- ˈsɪŋgəpɔr -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of Singapore , sometimes referred to as the Lion City , the Garden City or the Little Red Dot , is a sovereign city-state in Southeast Asia . It lies one degree ( 137 km ) north of the equator , at the southern tip of peninsular Malaysia , with Indonesia 's Riau Islands to the south . Singapore 's territory consists of one main island along with 62 other islets . Since independence , extensive land reclamation has increased its total size by 23 % ( 130 km2 ) , and its greening policy has covered the densely populated island with tropical flora , parks and gardens .   Stamford Raffles founded colonial Singapore in 1819 as a trading post of the East India Company ; after its collapse and the eventual establishment of the British Raj , the islands were ceded to Britain and became part of its Straits Settlements in 1826 . During the Second World War , Singapore was occupied by Japan . It gained independence from the UK in 1963 by federating with other former British territories to form Malaysia , but separated two years later over ideological differences , becoming a sovereign nation in 1965 . After early years of turbulence , and despite lacking natural resources and a hinterland , the nation developed rapidly as an Asian Tiger economy , based on external trade and its workforce .   Singapore is a global commerce , finance and transport hub . Its standings include : the most `` technology-ready '' nation ( WEF ) , top International-meetings city ( UIA ) , city with `` best investment potential '' ( BERI ) , second-most competitive country , third-largest foreign exchange market , third-largest financial centre , third-largest oil refining and trading centre , and the second-busiest container port . The country has also been identified as a tax haven .   Singapore ranks 5th on the UN Human Development Index and the 3rd highest GDP per capita . It is ranked highly in education , healthcare , life expectancy , quality of life , personal safety , and housing . Although income inequality is high , 90 % of homes are owner-occupied . 38 % of Singapore 's 5.6 million residents are permanent residents and other foreign nationals . There are four official languages : English ( common and first language ) , Malay , Mandarin , Tamil ; almost all Singaporeans are bilingual .   Singapore is a unitary multiparty parliamentary republic , with a Westminster system of unicameral parliamentary government . The People 's Action Party has won every election since self-government in 1959 . The dominance of the PAP , coupled with a low level of press freedom and restrictions on civil liberties and political rights , has led to Singapore being classified by some as a semi-authoritarian regime . One of the five founding members of the ASEAN , Singapore is also the host of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC ) Secretariat , and a member of the East Asia Summit , Non-Aligned Movement , and the Commonwealth of Nations .

neg: North Borneo dispute The North Borneo dispute is the territorial dispute between the Federation of Malaysia and the Republic of the Philippines over much of the eastern part of the state of Sabah , a territory known as North Borneo prior to the formation of the Malaysian federation . The Philippines , presenting itself as the successor state of the Sultanate of Sulu , retains a `` dormant claim '' on Sabah on the basis that the territory was only leased to the British North Borneo Company in 1878 , with the sovereignty of the Sultanate ( and subsequently the Republic ) over the territory never having been relinquished . However , Malaysia considers this dispute as a `` non-issue '' as it interprets the 1878 agreement as that of cession and that it deems that the residents of Sabah had exercised their right to self-determination when they joined to form the Malaysian federation in 1963 .

neg: Singapore hip hop Singapore hip hop is a collective of hip hop music , graffiti arts , deejaying/turntablism , break dancing and beatboxing , which are performed by hip hop enthusiasts who are of Singapore descent mainly from the four races of the metropolis ; the Chinese , Malays , Indians and the Eurasian . This article and its contents are exact up-to-date , through first-person written documents and oral accounts . This article focuses primarily on Singapore hip hop icons , discography , historical events , DMC World DJ Championship representatives , in and out of Singapore . This article also focuses on how Singapore has its hip hop origins and culture scene in South East Asia in the mid-1980s , largely due to the country 's geographically international sea port location for military and worldwide trading connections , one of which is , with the United States where the hip hop culture was originated .

neg: Poverty in Malaysia Poverty in Malaysia is a controversial economic issue . The definition of poverty and the poverty line for Malaysians has been disputed , and government policies to address poverty such as the Malaysian New Economic Policy have been met with political protest .   Malaysia 's total population is 31 million as of 2015 , of which 0.6 % live below the national poverty line . Malaysia has grown rapidly in terms of economic development . An indicator is that in 2014 , 65.6 % of the population aged 15 years and above were employed .

neg: 2016 Malaysian floods Heavy rainfall in the early February 2016 has caused major flooding in the state of Sarawak , Johor , Malacca and parts of Negeri Sembilan .

neg: Singaporean general election, 1968 General elections were held in Singapore on 19 April 1968 , the first as an independent state following the island 's expulsion from Malaysia . The elections were boycotted by all opposition parties except the Workers Party , which only contested two constituencies . With five independents also running , only seven seats were contested , resulting in People 's Action Party ( PAP ) candidates returned unopposed in the other 51 seats , meaning the party had won the elections before voting took place .   Although the total electorate was 759,367 , only 84,883 voters lived in contested seats ; Farrer Park , Geylang Serai , Jalan Kayu , Kampong Ubi , Moulmein , Nee Soon and Tanjong Pagar .

neg: Northgate, Malaysia Located at the international border crossing of Betong-Pengkalan Hulu , Northgate  is the first mixed commercial and industrial development fully initiated by the private sector along the Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand ( IMT-GT ) Growth Triangle .  The development which will transform an abandoned rubber estate of 151 acre into an exciting trading , commercial , manufacturing and tourist attraction is being developed by Northgate Consortium which consists of Puri Utama Development Sdn Bhd , Puri Ventures Sdn Bhd , Puri Realty Sdn Bhd , Banjaran Maju Sdn Bhd , IOP Global DotCom Sdn Bhd and Monteron Development Sdn Bhd. .

neg: Germany–Singapore relations Germany -- Singapore relations refers to bilateral relations between the two countries , Singapore and Germany . Singapore has an embassy in Berlin and Germany has an embassy in Singapore .

neg: Mexico–Singapore relations The United Mexican States and the Republic of Singapore have had diplomatic and other bilateral relations since 1975 . Current annual trade between the two countries totals over 3 billion dollars .

neg: Colony of Singapore The Colony of Singapore was a British Crown colony that existed from 1946 until 1963 , when Singapore became part of Malaysia . When the Empire of Japan surrendered to the Allies at the end of World War II , the island was handed back to the British in 1945 . In 1946 , the Straits Settlements were dissolved and Singapore together with the Cocos-Keeling and Christmas islands became a separate Crown colony . The colony was governed by the British Empire until it gained partial internal self-governance in 1955 .

neg: Pakistan–Singapore relations Pakistan -- Singapore relations refer to bilateral relations between Pakistan and Singapore . Singapore has a consulate general in Karachi , Pakistan , and Pakistan has a high commission in Singapore . Both countries are members of the Commonwealth of Nations .

neg: Geography of Singapore Singapore is a small , heavily urbanised , island city-state in Southeast Asia , located at the end of the Malayan Peninsula between Malaysia and Indonesia . Singapore has a total land area of 719.1 km2 .   The Singapore area comprises mainland and other islands . The mainland of Singapore measures 50 km from east to west and 27 km from north to south with 193 km of coastline . These figures are based on 2.515 m High Water Mark cadastral survey boundaries .   Singapore is separated from Indonesia by the Singapore Strait and from Malaysia by the Straits of Johor .

neg: Chief Secretary, Singapore The Chief Secretary , Singapore , known as the Colonial Secretary , Singapore , before 1955 , and the Colonial Secretary , Straits Settlements , before 1946 , was a high ranking government civil position in colonial Singapore ( the Straits Settlements before 1946 ) between 1867 and 1959 . It was second only to the Governor of Singapore ( formerly the Governor of the Straits Settlements ) in the colonial government .   The Straits Settlements , which mainly comprised Singapore , Penang and Malacca , became a crown colony in 1867 . The position of the Colonial Secretary ( CS ) was subsequently created with a view to replacing the Resident Councillor in Singapore . During the Second World War , the position was vacant and suspended following the downfall of the Malay Peninsula into the hands of the Japanese invaders . In 1946 , Singapore parted from Penang and Malacca , forming itself into a crown colony , so the jurisdiction of CS was reduced to Singapore only . The name `` Colonial Secretary '' was later changed to `` Chief Secretary '' in 1955 when the crown colony adopted the Rendel Constitution . Having been in existence for 92 years , the position was abolished in 1959 with the complete introduction of internal self-rule for Singapore .   Being the head of the CS 's Office , the CS was an ex-officio member of both the Executive and Legislative Councils , and at the same time the head of the Colonial Secretariat from 1867 to 1955 . When Singapore adopted its new constitution in 1955 , although the Colonial Secretariat was abolished , the CS remained an ex-officio member of the Council of Ministers and the Legislative Assembly . The workplace of CS was located at Empress Place Building while Sri Temasek , which was next to the Government House ( Istana ) , was the official residence of the CS .

neg: Malay Peninsula The Malay Peninsula ( Semenanjung Tanah Melayu , سمننجوڠ تانه ملايو คาบสมุทรมลายู , , -LSB- kʰâːp.sā.mùt mā.lāː.jūː -RSB- ) is a peninsula in Southeast Asia . The land mass runs approximately north-south and , at its terminus , is the southernmost point of the Asian mainland . The area contains the southernmost tip of Myanmar , Peninsular Malaysia , and Southern Thailand .   The Titiwangsa Mountains are part of the Tenasserim Hills system , and form the backbone of the Peninsula . They form the southernmost section of the central cordillera which runs from Tibet through the Kra Isthmus ( the Peninsula 's narrowest point ) into the Malay Peninsula . The Strait of Malacca separates the Malay Peninsula from the Indonesian island of Sumatra while the south coast is separated from the island of Singapore by the Straits of Johor .

neg: India–Singapore relations Bilateral relations between the Republic of India and the Republic of Singapore have traditionally been strong and friendly , with the two nations enjoying extensive cultural and commercial relations . India and Singapore have signed the Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement ( CECA ) and strategic-relationship agreement in order to increase trade , investments and economic cooperation , and expanded bilateral cooperation on maritime security , training forces , joint naval exercises , developing military technology and fighting terrorism .   According to a 2010 Gallup poll , 40 % of Singaporeans approve of India 's leadership , with 23 % disapproving and 37 % uncertain .

neg: Malaysian Tamil diaspora The Malaysian Tamil diaspora refers to the global diaspora of malaysian Tamil origin . It can be said to be a subset of the larger Malaysian and Tamil diaspora . Most of them settled in Singapore , Australia and North America .

neg: Sengkang Sengkang is a planning area and residential town located in the North-East Region of Singapore . Sengkang shares boundaries with Seletar and Punggol in the north , Pasir Ris and Paya Lebar in the east , Hougang and Serangoon to the south , as well as Yishun and Ang Mo Kio to the west .   Originally a fishing village , the area is undergoing rapid development under the ambition of the Housing and Development Board ( HDB ) to transform it into a fully mature housing estate . The town is made up of four neighbourhoods .

neg: Sungai Besi Sungai Besi or Sungei Besi ( Chinese : 新街场 ) is a town in the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur . The deepest tin mine in Malaysia is located here . Sungai Besi was a historical mining town with many heavy industries such as steelworks , waste steel plants and other steel industries . The town has since developed from a large area of village settlements .

neg: Bukit Panjang Bukit Panjang , formerly known as Zhenghua and often abbreviated as Bt Panjang , is a planning area and residential town located in the West Region of Singapore . A portion of this town is situated on a low-lying elongated hill . The planning area is bounded by Bukit Batok to the west , Choa Chu Kang to the northwest , Sungei Kadut to the north , the Central Water Catchment to the east and Bukit Timah to the south . Bukit Panjang New Town is located at the northern portion of the planning area . Bukit Panjang has an average elevation of 36m/118 ft.

neg: Tengku Abdul Rahman Tengku Abdul Rahman may refer to :   Tengku Abdul Rahman ( Sultan of Johor ) , Sultan of Johor when Singapore was founded in 1819  Tuanku Abdul Rahman , first Yang di-Pertuan Agong , the Malaysian king and the Yang di-Pertuan Besar of the Malaysian state of Negeri Sembilan  Tunku Abdul Rahman , first prime minister of Malaysia , prime minister of Federation of Malaya and also president of UMNO  Tunku Abdul Rahman ( born 1935 ) , younger brother of Sultan Iskandar of Johor , who also served as crown prince of Johor from 1961 to 1981  Tunku Abdul Rahman Hassanal Jeffri , 4th son of the Sultan of Johor , Sultan Ibrahim Ismail

neg: Port of Singapore The Port of Singapore refers to the collective facilities and terminals that conduct maritime trade handling functions in harbours and which handle Singapore 's shipping . Currently the world 's second-busiest port in terms of total shipping tonnage , it also trans-ships a fifth of the world 's shipping containers , half of the world 's annual supply of crude oil , and is the world 's busiest transshipment port . It was also the busiest port in terms of total cargo tonnage handled until 2005 , when it was surpassed by the Port of Shanghai . Thousands of ships drop anchor in the harbour , connecting the port to over 600 other ports in 123 countries and spread over six continents .   The Port of Singapore is not a mere economic boon , but an economic necessity because Singapore is lacking in land and natural resources . The Port is critical for importing natural resources , and then later re-exporting products after they have been refined and shaped in some manner , for example wafer fabrication or oil refining to generate revenue . The service industries such as hospitality services typical of a port of call restock the food and water supplies on ships . Ships pass between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean through the Singapore Strait . The Straits of Johor on the country 's north are impassable for ships due to the Johor-Singapore Causeway , built in 1923 , which links the city of Woodlands , Singapore to Johor Bahru in Malaysia .