query: Zhou Enlai was instrumental in forming domestic policy.

pos: Zhou Enlai Zhou Enlai ( ; 5 March 1898 -- 8 January 1976 ) was the first Premier of the People 's Republic of China , serving from October 1949 until his death in January 1976 . Zhou served along with Chairman Mao Zedong and was instrumental in the Communist Party 's rise to power , and later in consolidating its control , forming foreign policy , and developing the Chinese economy .   A skilled and able diplomat , Zhou served as the Chinese foreign minister from 1949 to 1958 . Advocating peaceful coexistence with the West after the stalemated Korean War , he participated in the 1954 Geneva Conference and the 1955 Bandung Conference , and helped orchestrate Richard Nixon 's 1972 visit to China . He helped devise policies regarding the bitter disputes with the U.S. , Taiwan , the Soviet Union ( after 1960 ) , India and Vietnam .   Zhou survived the purges of other top officials during the Cultural Revolution . While Mao dedicated most of his later years to political struggle and ideological work , Zhou was the main driving force behind the affairs of state during much of the Cultural Revolution . His attempts at mitigating the Red Guards ' damage and his efforts to protect others from their wrath made him immensely popular in the Cultural Revolution 's later stages .   As Mao Zedong 's health began to decline in 1971 and 1972 , Zhou struggled against the Gang of Four internally over leadership of China . Zhou 's health was also failing , however , and he died eight months before Mao on 8 January 1976 . The massive public outpouring of grief in Beijing turned to anger towards the Gang of Four , leading to the Tiananmen Incident . Although succeeded by Hua Guofeng , it was Deng Xiaoping , Zhou 's ally , who was able to outmaneuver the Gang of Four politically and eventually take Hua 's place as paramount leader by 1978 .

neg: One-child policy The one-child policy , a part of the family planning policy , was a population planning policy of China . It was introduced in 1979 and began to be formally phased out in 2015 . The policy allowed many exceptions - ethnic minorities were exempt . For example , in 2007 , 36 % of China 's population was subject to a strict one-child restriction , with an additional 53 % being allowed to have a second child if the first child was a girl . Provincial governments imposed fines for violations , and the local and national governments created commissions to raise awareness and carry out registration and inspection work .   According to the Chinese government , 400million births were prevented . This claim has been called `` false '' by scholars , because `` three-quarters of the decline in fertility since 1970 occurred before the launching of the one-child policy ; and most of the further decline in fertility since 1980 can be attributed to economic development . '' Thailand and Iran , along with the Indian states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu , have had similar declines of fertility without a one-child policy . Although 76 % of Chinese people supported the policy in a 2008 survey , it was controversial outside of China .   On October 29 , 2015 , it was reported that the existing law would be changed to a two-child policy , citing a statement from the Communist Party of China . The new law became effective on January 1 , 2016 , following its passage in the standing committee of the National People 's Congress on December 27 , 2015 .

neg: History of the People's Republic of China (2002–present) The People 's Republic of China became more influential economically in the 1990s and 2000s and was beginning to be widely recognized as an emerging superpower . In 2010 , China became the world 's second largest economy by GDP . At the same time , numerous social problems emerged and intensified . As Paramount leader Jiang Zemin , NPCSC Chairman Li Peng and PRC Premier Zhu Rongji , gradually retired from their position of power , `` fourth-generation '' leaders , led by CPC General Secretary Hu Jintao and Premier Wen Jiabao , faced with increasing social unrest , attempted to steer the country towards a new direction . From the path of focusing solely on economic development , Hu and Wen placed focus on creating an overall balance under the idea of the Scientific Outlook on Development to create a socialist harmonious society . In this process , there was an unprecedented shift in stance towards favouring rural development and farmers , as well as other generally populist policies . The Hu-Wen government , on the same token , attempted to restrict some personal freedoms , especially those associated with political content on the Internet .   China 's increased prominence on the global stage has also brought with it general skepticism and intense scrutiny , especially in the lead up to the 2008 Summer Olympics and after the March 2008 protests in Tibet . The government continues to be criticized on human rights abuses and the various product quality scandals that have increasingly damaged the country 's integrity and continues to raise suspicions about the country 's safety standards . The majority of China 's population , however , point to the immense progress the country has made and generally discredit criticisms of China as being embedded in cultural and historical misunderstandings and rooted in paranoia of China 's potential dominance on the world stage . These ideological clashes , fused with rhetoric from Beijing , has led to an intense wave of nationalism ( or Socialist patriotism ) surfacing in Chinese populations around the world .   As of mid-2012 , government statistics show that for the first time ever over 50 % of the Chinese population now live in urban areas , marking a milestone in the urbanization of China . The majority of modern city dwellers are migrants and their children who moved to cities during the economic boom of the last 30 years started by Deng Xiaoping 's policy of economic liberalization .

neg: Chinese economic reform The Chinese economic reform refers to the program of economic reforms termed `` Socialism with Chinese characteristics '' in the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) that was started in December 1978 by reformists within the Communist Party of China , led by Deng Xiaoping .   China had one of the world 's largest and most advanced economies prior to the nineteenth century . In the 18th century , Adam Smith claimed China had long been one of the richest , that is , one of the most fertile , best cultivated , most industrious , most prosperous and most urbanized countries in the world . The economy stagnated beginning in the 16th century and even declined in absolute terms in the nineteenth and much of the twentieth century , with a brief recovery in the 1930s .   Economic reforms introducing market principles began in 1978 and were carried out in two stages . The first stage , in the late 1970s and early 1980s , involved the decollectivization of agriculture , the opening up of the country to foreign investment , and permission for entrepreneurs to start businesses . However , most industry remained state-owned . The second stage of reform , in the late 1980s and 1990s , involved the privatization and contracting out of much state-owned industry and the lifting of price controls , protectionist policies , and regulations , although state monopolies in sectors such as banking and petroleum remained . The private sector grew remarkably , accounting for as much as 70 percent of China gross domestic product by 2005 . From 1978 until 2013 , unprecedented growth occurred , with the economy increasing by 9.5 % a year . The conservative Hu-Wen Administration more heavily regulated and controlled the economy after 2005 , reversing some reforms .   The success of China 's economic policies and the manner of their implementation has resulted in immense changes in Chinese society . Large-scale government planning programs alongside market characteristics have greatly decreased poverty , while incomes and income inequality have increased , leading to a backlash led by the New Left . In the academic scene , scholars have debated the reason for the success of the Chinese `` dual-track '' economy , and have compared them to attempts to reform socialism in the Eastern Bloc and the Soviet Union ; as well as the growth of other developing economies .

neg: National People's Congress The National People 's Congress ( usually abbreviated NPC ) is the national legislature of the People 's Republic of China . With 2,987 members in 2013 , it is the largest parliamentary body in the world . Under China 's current Constitution , the NPC is structured as a unicameral legislature , with the power to legislate , the power to oversee the operations of the government , and the power to elect the major officers of state . The NPC and the National Committee of the People 's Political Consultative Conference ( CPPCC ) , a consultative body whose members represent various social groups , are the main deliberative bodies of China , and are often referred to as the Lianghui ( Two Assemblies ) .   The NPC is elected for a term of five years . It holds annual sessions every spring , usually lasting from 10 to 14 days , in the Great Hall of the People on the west side of Tiananmen Square in Beijing . The NPC 's sessions are usually timed to occur with the meetings of the CPPCC , and these annual meetings provide an opportunity for the officers of state to review past policies and present future plans to the nation . The fourth session of the 12th NPC was held from March 5 to March 16 , 2016 .   In theory , the NPC is the highest organ of state power in China , and all four PRC constitutions have vested it with great lawmaking powers . However , in practice it usually acts as a rubber stamp for decisions already made by the state 's executive organs and the Communist Party of China . One of its members , Hu Xiaoyan , told the BBC in 2009 that she has no power to help her constituents . She was quoted as saying , `` As a parliamentary representative , I do n't have any real power . '' In 2014 , the participating party pledged to `` unswervingly adhere to the leadership of Chinese Communist Party . '' Since the 1990s , the NPC has become a forum for mediating policy differences between different parts of the Party , the government , and groups of society .

neg: Huang Hua Huang Hua ( ; January 25 , 1913 -- November 24 , 2010 ) was a senior Communist Chinese revolutionary , politician , and diplomat . He served as Foreign Minister of China from 1976 to 1982 , and concurrently as Vice Premier from 1980 to 1982 . He was instrumental in establishing diplomatic links of the People 's Republic of China with the United States and Japan , and was involved in the negotiations with the United Kingdom over the status of Hong Kong .

neg: Mainland Affairs Council The Mainland Affairs Council ( MAC ) is a cabinet-level administrative agency under the Executive Yuan of the Republic of China . The MAC is responsible for the planning , development , and implementation of policies between the Republic of China on Taiwan and the People 's Republic of China which administers mainland China , Hong Kong and Macau . The MAC counterpart body by the PRC is the Taiwan Affairs Office . Both states officially claim each other 's territory , however the Republic of China controls only Taiwan and surrounding islands , and therefore is usually known as `` Taiwan '' , sometimes referred to as the `` Free Area '' of the Republic of China by the Constitution of the Republic of China . The People 's Republic of China controls mainland China as well as Hong Kong , Macau , Hainan , and other islands and is therefore usually known simply as `` China '' .   The Mainland Affairs Council is administered by a cabinet level Minister . The current Minister is Katharine Chang .   The council plays an important role in setting policy and development of relations with mainland China and advising the central government . The agency funds and indirectly administers the Straits Exchange Foundation which is the official intermediary with the PRC .

neg: Oriental management Oriental management , doing research on both the latest and historical theories and practices of management both inside and outside China and operation rules of management , is one of the modern management schools . Oriental management , based on the unique traditional culture of eastern countries , especially China , has integrated the essence of management thoughts from both the east and the west , after decades of study . The theoretical foundations of oriental management are Chinese Management , Western Management and Overseas Chinese Management.The concept of `` human orientedness '' , `` human morality '' and `` human behavior '' , which is the essence and core value of oriental management , was created by Prof. Su Dongshui , who is the founder of oriental management school , in the early 1990s . The research scope of oriental management is not confined to business , but extending to almost all fields of management , including individual governance , management analysis , family governance , business governance and state governance . By exercising and implementing the `` Fifteen philosophical elements '' , including rules of governing a state , flexibility against changes , human orientedness , application of power , pragmaticism , regarding harmony as priority , attaching importance on using tools , state governance by law , embarking on a business with credit and good faith , being well planned , stratagem in decision making , subtle using of tactics , being highly efficient and uncorrupted , being industrious in making a fortune , and entelechy with reason , the highest purpose or ultimate value of oriental management is harmonious society in which everybody fulfills his comprehensive and free development .

neg: Suiyuan Suiyuan was a historical province of China . Suiyuan 's capital was Guisui ( now Hohhot ) . The abbreviation was 綏 ( pinyin : suí ) . The area Suiyuan covered is approximated today by the prefecture-level cities of Hohhot , Baotou , Wuhai , Ordos , Bayan Nur , and parts of Ulaan Chab , all today part of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region . Suiyuan was named after a district in the capital established in the Qing Dynasty .   In the early 1930s Suiyuan was occupied by the Shanxi warlord Yan Xishan , who mined Suiyuan 's iron , reorganized the province 's finances , and brought over 4,000 acre of land under cultivation for the first time . Most of the work and settlement of Suiyuan at this time was done by Shanxi farmer-soldiers under the direction of retired officers from Yan 's army . Yan 's control of Suiyuan was sufficient to cause one visiting reporter to refer to Suiyuan as a `` colony '' of Shanxi .   The Suiyuan Campaign took place in Suiyuan during the Second Sino Japanese War . It became a part of the puppet state of Mengjiang from 1937 to 1945 under Japanese rule .   During the Chinese Civil War in 1935 , Communist leader Mao Zedong promised Mongol leaders a `` unified autonomous '' administration which would include all `` historic '' Mongol lands within China , in exchange for Mongol support against the Kuomintang . This promise included the declaration that `` Under no circumstances should other -LSB- non-Mongol ethnic groups -RSB- be allowed to occupy the land of the Inner Mongolian nation '' . But following the Communist victory in 1949 , the administrators of the soon-to-be `` Mongolian '' territories with Han Chinese majorities , the biggest of which was Suiyuan with a population of over 2 million , resisted annexation by the new Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region . In 1954 , Mao reached a compromise with Suiyuan , which involved the Mongols ' taking over the administration of Suiyuan , but stipulated that the Han natives not be expelled from the territory . Uradyn Bulag thus notes that `` ironically '' , the Mongols ' territorial ambitions against Suiyuan resulted in their becoming a `` small minority within their own -LSB- enlarged -RSB- autonomous region '' .

neg: Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China The Reorganized National Government was the name of the collaborationist government established in the Republic of China from 1940-45 . -LSB- 2 -RSB- It was led by former Kuomintang ( KMT ) party member Wang Jingwei .   Wang Jingwei was the leftist leader of a predominantly civilian Kuomintang faction called the Reorganizationists , who were often at odds with Chiang Kai-shek and his military arm of the Kuomintang . Shortly after the Marco Polo Bridge Incident and the initial invasion by the Imperial Japanese Army , Wang Jingwei advocated a strategy of peace and appeasement in order to end the string of devastating losses sustained by the Nationalist Forces and in order to secure the Japanese as a potential ally against the Chinese Communist Party . After the fall of the capital city of Nanjing to the Imperial Japanese Army soon after the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War , the Nationalist government went into exile to Chongqing . On 30 March 1940 Wang Jingwei and his allies defected from Chiang Kai-shek and the Nationalists and established a collaborationist government under the Japanese Army that claimed to be the legitimate representative of all of the Republic of China . This reorganized national government was formed out of a number of previous collaborationist governments that existed in northern and central China , including the Reformed Government of the Republic of China based in eastern China , the Provisional Government of the Republic of China in northern China , and later on the Mengjiang government in Inner Mongolia , though in reality northern China and Inner Mongolia stayed relatively free of its influence . Although using the same state symbols and name of the republic , the new government obtained international recognition only from the Anti-Comintern Pact countries . The exiled Nationalist government in Chongqing continued to be recognized as the legitimate government of China .   While heavily restricted in its powers by the Japanese occupation , the Reorganized government attempted to limit the civilian casualties inflicted by the Japanese Imperial Army . At the same time , the new government also eagerly assisted the Japanese Imperial Army against Communist forces operating in Reorganized Government territory . As the Japanese war situation worsened and Allied and American forces began threatening the Pacific , the puppet state was gradually granted increased self-governance culminating in the reorganized national government declared war on the Allies on 9 January 1943 . It was disbanded following the surrender of Japan in August 1945 , with the majority of its surviving leaders being put on trial , declared hanjian , traitors to the Han people , and imprisoned or executed for treason .

neg: List of political parties in China The People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) is formally a multi-party state under the leadership of the Communist Party of China ( CPC ) in a United Front similar to the popular fronts of former Communist-era Eastern European countries such as the National Front of Democratic Germany .   Under the one country , two systems scheme , the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau , which were previously colonies of European powers , operate under a different political system to the rest of the PRC . Currently , both Hong Kong and Macau possess multi-party systems .

neg: Mutual Defense Assistance Act The Mutual Defense Assistance Act was a United States Act of Congress signed by President Harry S. Truman on 6 October 1949 . For US Foreign policy , it was the first U.S. military foreign aid legislation of the Cold War era , and initially to Europe . The Act followed Truman 's signing of the Economic Cooperation Act ( the Marshall Plan ) , on April 3 , 1948 , which provided non-military , economic reconstruction and development aid to Europe . The Act was reauthorized in 1950 , but in 1951 , it and the Economic Cooperation Act were succeeded by the Mutual Security Act , and its newly created independent agency , the Mutual Security Administration , to supervise all foreign aid programs , including both military assistance programs and non-military , economic assistance programs that bolstered the defense capability of U.S. allies .   About the same time , the Mutual Defense Assistance Control Act of 1951 , also known or referred to as the Battle Act , ( 65 Stat . 644 ; 22 U.S.C. 1611 et seq. ) was also passed ; it banned U.S. assistance to countries doing business with the Soviet Union and was so-named after its sponsor , Representative Laurie C. Battle of Alabama . Strong motivation for this ` control ' act also came from export control concerns , following their tightening by the Export control Act of 1949 over Soviet advances ; export controls were used for both domestic policy and later as an instrument of foreign policy . This is exemplified by the restrictions on export of certain strategic or military items to the Soviet bloc or to other countries which it felt , if permitted , would be detrimental to the foreign policy program of the US . This latter motive became so strong that it brought legislation directing the President to enlist the cooperation of other nations in enacting controls on trade with the Soviet block to parallel those of the United States . The benefits of the various economic and military aid programs were to be withheld from non-cooperating nations . The act covered a wide range of materials needed for the production of weapons , and was especially focused on anything that could aid atomic weapons research and construction .   As the Cold War developed , these acts were part of the American policy of containment of Communism . They importantly provided defense assistance to any ally that might be attacked by the Soviet Union or one of its allies , while other programs provided non-military economic assistance . In Asia the programs expanded with the newly established Maoist People 's Republic of China , and other areas , with the development of specific country missions , including ones in Austria ( 1947 -- 50 ) , China ( 1946 -- 48 ) , Ireland ( 1948 -- 51 ) , and Trieste ( 1947 -- 52 ) .

neg: Foreign policy A country 's foreign policy , also called foreign relations or foreign affairs - policy , consists of self-interest strategies chosen by the state to safeguard its national interests and to achieve goals within its international relations milieu . The approaches are strategically employed to interact with other countries . The study of such strategies is called foreign policy analysis . In recent times , due to the deepening level of globalization and transnational activities , the states will also have to interact with non-state actors . The aforementioned interaction is evaluated and monitored in attempts to maximize benefits of multilateral international cooperation . Since the national interests are paramount , foreign policies are designed by the government through high-level decision making processes . National interests accomplishment can occur as a result of peaceful cooperation with other nations , or through exploitation . Usually , creating foreign policy is the job of the head of government and the foreign minister ( or equivalent ) . In some countries the legislature also has considerable effects . Foreign policies of countries have varying rates of change and scopes of intent , which can be affected by factors that change the perceived national interests or even affect the stability of the country itself . The foreign policy of one country can have profound and lasting impact on many other countries and on the course of international relations as a whole , such as the Monroe Doctrine conflicting with the mercantilist policies of 19th-century European countries and the goals of independence of newly formed Central American and South American countries .

neg: National Security Commission of the Communist Party of China The Central National Security Commission ( abbreviated CNSC ; ) of the Communist Party of China ( CPC ) was established at the 3rd Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee in November 2013 , and was considered a `` major regrouping of the top CCP power structure . ''   The factors driving the establishment of the CNSC were security challenges faced by the Chinese Party-State , and the deficiencies of the current system   The CNSC aims to consolidate political leadership of all components of the security apparatus controlled by the Communist Party , including those headed formerly by former Politburo Standing Committee member Zhou Yongkang . These components would be combined into a single entity under the direct command of the CPC General Secretary . According to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokesman Qin Gang , the NSC aims to combat terrorism , separatism , and religious extremism . It will also deal with national security strategy , crisis management , and links with foreign national security agencies .   Analysts regarded the establishment of the NSC one of the most `` concrete '' and `` eye-catching '' outcomes of the Plenary Session , set to end the debate , which took place over a decade , on whether China should have a national security council .

neg: List of German-trained divisions of the National Revolutionary Army The German trained divisions were the elite of the infantry divisions in the Chiang Kai-Shek 's National Revolutionary Army ( NRA ) trained under Sino-German cooperation until 1941 . These divisions were active in the Chinese Civil War and Second Sino-Japanese War .   In 1927 , after the dissolution of the First United Front between the Nationalists and the Communists , the ruling Kuomintang ( KMT , or the Chinese Nationalist Party ) purged its leftist members and largely eliminated Soviet influence from its ranks . Chiang Kai-shek then turned to Germany , historically a great military power , for the reorganisation and modernisation of the NRA .   The Weimar Republic sent advisors to China , but because of the restrictions imposed by the Treaty of Versailles , they could not serve in military capacities . Chiang initially requested famous generals such as Ludendorff and von Mackensen as advisors - the Weimar Republic turned him down , fearing that they were too famous , would invite the ire of the Allies , and would result in the loss of national prestige for such renowned figures to work , essentially , as mercenaries .   When Adolf Hitler became Chancellor in 1933 and disregarded the Treaty , the anti-communist NSDAP ( the Nazi Party ) and the anti-communist KMT were soon engaged in cooperation with Germany training Chinese troops and expanding Chinese infrastructure , while China opened its markets and natural resources to Germany . Max Bauer was the first advisor to China .   In 1934 General Hans von Seeckt , acting as advisor to Chiang , proposed a `` 80 Division Plan '' for reforming the entire Chinese army into 80 divisions of highly trained , well-equipped troops organised along German lines . The plan was never fully realised , as the vying warlords could not agree upon the reorganisationed division organization and the disbanding of the others . By July 1937 only 8 infantry divisions had completed reorganisation and training . These were the 3rd , 6th , 9th , 14th , 36th , 87th , 88th , and the Training Division .   Another 12 divisions equipped with Chinese arms on the reorganized model with German advisors had some training by the time the Second Sino-Japanese War started in July 1937 . These Divisions were the 2nd , 4th , 10th , 11th , 25th , 27th , 57th , 67th , 80th , 83rd , 89th Infantry Divisions .   Reorganized Division organization   Division headquarters troops :  1 Artillery battalion :  3 Artillery companies ( 12 x 75 millimeter mountain artillery guns in batteries of 4 )  1 Anti Tank artillery company ( 4 x 37mm AT gun )  1 Anti-aircraft gun company ( 4 x 20mm anti-aircraft guns )  1 Military Engineer Battalion  1 Signal battalion  2 Wire communications companies  1 Wireless correspondence platoon  1 Heavy Transport Battalion  1 Special duty Battalion ( Special Operations Battalion )  1 medical team ( usually is a Division hospital )  2 Infantry Brigades of :  each with 2 infantry regiments , Each Regiment consisted of :  Regimental headquarters troops :  1 Mortar company ( 6 x 81 millimeter mortars )  1 Small artillery company ( 6 x 20 millimeter autocannon )  1 Communications company  1 Regimental recon company  3 infantry battalions each of :  Infantry battalion headquarters troops :  1 heavy Machinegun company ( 6 heavy machine guns , 2 x 82 millimeter mortars )  3 Infantry companies of :  3 rifle platoons of  3 squads ( each of 1 light machine gun , 10 rifles )   Each Division was to have two Home Regiments to provide trained Infantry replacements .  The strength of this Division was to be approximately 14,000 men .

neg: New Left in China The New Left in the People 's Republic of China is a school of intellectual thought that is critical of capitalism and aspects of the Chinese economic reforms and in favour of elements of Maoist-style socialism , which includes significant role for state planning , the preservation of state-owned enterprises , and a renewed spirit of collectivism . It is also correlated with increased Chinese nationalism after a period of ` low-profile ' presence on the world stage during Deng Xiaoping 's era . It is seen as a response to problems faced by China during its modernization drive since the 1980s , which has led to mounting social inequality between the coast and the hinterlands , as well as between the rich and the poor .   Its relationship with Maoism and capitalism is complex . Some schools of thought suggest that the New Left wants to return to the mass political movements of the Mao Zedong era and an abandonment of capitalist practices , while others believe that it blends the open markets of capitalism while still maintaining socialist aspects of the community , particularly in rural China .

neg: Nixon goes to China The phrase `` Nixon goes to China '' , `` Nixon to China '' , or `` Nixon in China '' is a historical reference to United States President Richard Nixon 's 1972 visit to the People 's Republic of China , where he met with Chairman Mao Zedong . The metaphor is often expressed as the observation `` Only Nixon could go to China '' or `` It took Nixon to go to China '' .   As a political metaphor , it refers to the ability of a politician with an unassailable reputation among his or her supporters for representing and defending their values to take actions that would draw their criticism and even opposition if taken by someone without those credentials . Although the example is that of a hardliner taking steps toward peace with a traditional enemy , and this is the most common application of the metaphor , it could also be applied to a reputedly cautious diplomat defying expectations by taking military action , or a political leader reforming aspects of the political system of which they have been strong supporters .

neg: Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius The Criticize Lin ( Biao ) , Criticize Confucius Campaign ( also called the Anti-Lin Biao , Anti-Confucius campaign ) was a political propaganda campaign started by Mao Zedong and his wife , Jiang Qing , the leader of the Gang of Four . It lasted from 1973 until the end of the Cultural Revolution , in 1976 . The campaign produced detailed Maoist interpretations of Chinese history , and was used as a tool by the Gang of Four to attack their enemies .   The campaign continued in several phases , beginning as an academic attempt to interpret Chinese history according to Mao 's political theories . In 1974 the campaign was joined with another , pre-existent campaign to attack Lin Biao , who had allegedly attempted to assassinate Mao in a failed coup before his death in 1971 . In early 1975 the campaign was modified to indirectly attack China 's Premier , Zhou Enlai , and other senior Chinese leaders . In mid-1975 the Gang of Four introduced debate on The Water Margin as a tool to attack their enemies . The campaign only ended in 1976 , when the Gang of Four were arrested , ending the Cultural Revolution .

neg: Chinese economic stimulus program The 2008 -- 09 Chinese economic stimulus plan is a RMB ¥ 4 trillion ( US$ 586 billion ) stimulus package announced by the State Council of the People 's Republic of China on 9 November 2008 as an attempt to minimize the impact of the global financial crisis on the world 's second largest economy . Critics of China 's stimulus package have blamed it for causing a surge in Chinese debt since 2009 , particularly among local governments and state-owned enterprises .   On June 2009 , the World Bank raised its growth forecast in China for 2009 from 6.5 % to 7.2 % amid signs that the economy is doing better than expected , which has been helped by the stimulus package . But it says the country 's exports are still down , as the rest of the world struggles with the global recession . It was previously predicted in March 2009 that the Chinese economy would grow by 6.5 % in 2009 , several percentage points down on 2008 's growth .

neg: Qiao Shi Qiao Shi ( December 1924 -- 14 June 2015 ) was a Chinese politician and one of the top leaders of the Communist Party of China . He was a member of the party 's top decision-making body , the Politburo Standing Committee , from 1987 to 1997 . He was a contender for the paramount leadership of China , but lost out to his political rival Jiang Zemin , who assumed the post of General Secretary of the party in 1989 . Qiao Shi instead served as Chairman of the National People 's Congress , the third-ranked political position , from 1993 until his retirement in 1998 . Compared with his peers , including Jiang Zemin , Qiao Shi adopted a more liberal stance in political and economic policy , promoting the rule of law and market-oriented reform of state-owned enterprises .

neg: Mao Tse-tung: Ruler of Red China Mao Tse-tung : Ruler of Red China is a book written by Robert Payne and published by Henry Schuman , New York in 1950 , shortly after Mao Zedong ( here his name is transliterated as Mao Tse-tung ) came to power . Fifteen years before the Cultural Revolution , Payne anticipated Mao 's wider interests :   Mao holds all the arts of China in his hands . Lenin had neither the learning nor the inclination to assume the role of transformer of culture . Mao , far more widely read and with a comparable subtlety of mind , has clearly determined to accept the position thrust on him , and no one can foresee the changes in the basic structure of Chinese culture which will derive ultimately from his will .   Though lacking some of the documents and details that were available in later years , the book discusses the party 's history , including its foundation , in detail . In chapter three , Payne explains how Pravda in 1920 had wrongly reported the formation of a Communist Party of China . This was actually a conference consisting of a mixed bag of anarchists and non-Leninist socialists which `` ended in a fiasco '' .   A revised and updated edition was published in 1961 as Portrait of a Revolutionary : Mao Tse-tung . The original edition has been republished several times in recent years : as a paperback in 2007 , as a hardback in 2008 and on Kindle in 2011 .


query: Tatiana Maslany refused to star in Heartland.

pos: Tatiana Maslany Tatiana Gabriele Maslany ( born September 22 , 1985 ) is a Canadian actress . She has starred in television series such as The Nativity , Being Erica , and Heartland . In 2013 , she won the ACTRA Award for her portrayal as Claire in the film Picture Day and the Phillip Borsos Award for her performance in the film Cas and Dylan . Other notable films starring Maslany are Diary of the Dead and Eastern Promises , the latter of which she narrated .   Since March 2013 , Maslany has played the lead in the Canadian science fiction thriller series Orphan Black . She has received widespread critical acclaim for her performance , winning the Primetime Emmy Award ( 2016 ) , the TCA Award ( 2013 ) , two Critics ' Choice Television Awards ( 2013 & 2014 ) , and four Canadian Screen Awards ( 2014 -- 2017 ) , in addition to receiving a Golden Globe Award and Screen Actors Guild Award nomination .   After winning the award for Best Lead Actress in a Drama Series at the 2016 Primetime Emmy Awards for her role on Orphan Black , Maslany became the first Canadian actor from a Canadian series to win an Emmy Award in a key dramatic category .

neg: Vladimir Menshov Vladimir Valentinovich Menshov ( Влади́мир Валенти́нович Меньшо́в born 17 September 1939 in Baku ) is a Soviet and Russian actor and film director . He is noted for depicting the Russian everyman and working class life in his films . Like many other Russian filmmakers , he studied acting and directing at the state film school VGIK , the world 's oldest educational institution in cinematography . Although his output as an actor outnumbers his output as a director , he is best known for the five films he directed , the most famous of which is the 1979 melodrama Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears , which won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film . Actress Vera Alentova , who starred in the film , is the mother of Vladimir Menshov 's daughter Yuliya Menshova .   Expressed support of the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation and was blacklisted in Ukraine as a result .

neg: Adam Marcus (director) Adam Marcus ( born 1968 ) is an American film director , writer and actor .   Marcus was born in Westport , Connecticut and attended Staples High School . He started his career at the age of fifteen , when he co-created the Westport Theatreworks Theatrical Company where he directed and produced over fifty shows in seven years . He then attended New York University where he won the coveted Best Picture Award at the Student Academy Awards in 1990 for his film , '' ... so you like this girl '' . In 1991 , Marcus was called out to Los Angeles by filmmaker Sean S. Cunningham ( the director of the original Friday the 13th ) to work on producing and directing features . That same year , he co-produced Johnny Zombie ( retitled My Boyfriend 's Back ) for Cunningham and Disney Studios .   In 1993 , Marcus wrote the story for and directed the ninth film in the Friday the 13th series , Jason Goes to Hell : The Final Friday for New Line . He was 23 at the time and the youngest director ever hired by the studio . The three million dollar feature went on to gross over eighteen million domestically and became one of New Line Video 's largest releases ever .   Marcus and his writing partner Debra Sullivan then turned their attention to screenwriting for Paramount ( the adaptation of James Patterson 's Virgin , later titled Cradle and All ) and Fox ( the original Black Autumn ) . In 1995 , Marcus created the theater company Damn Skippy Theatreworks in L.A. . In the Summer and Fall of 1998 Marcus directed the independently financed feature film comedy , Let It Snow ( aka Snow Days ) . The picture marked the return of Bernadette Peters in a feature film after an eight-year absence from film work . The film screened at the Independent Feature Film Market ( IFFM ) in New York City where it was singled out as the most successful film at the market by Variety , Time Out IndieWire . Let It Snow had its world premiere at the American Film Institute 's Los Angeles International Film Festival ( AFI 's LAIFF ) in competition in the New Visions Category ; the film won awards at the festival for Best New Writer and Best Editing . The film then went on to be an official selection of Sundance 2000 in the American Spectrum section where it was given two extra screenings and sold out all seven of its showings . Then came the New York/Avignon film festival and the Deauville festival in France , where the film received critical acclaim . Let It Snow received positive reviews from Variety , The Hollywood Reporter , Ai n't It Cool News , The New York Times , and The Gore Score as well as a number of other publications worldwide .   Marcus then turned to television , where he sold several series to Bright/Kauffman/Crane Productions , Imagine Television , NBC , Fox and The WB . In 2008 , Marcus directed the feature film Conspiracy for Sony Pictures , which he co-wrote with Debra Sullivan . The film was shot in Santa Fe , New Mexico with Val Kilmer , Jennifer Esposito and Gary Cole .   Marcus completed the pilot presentation Fitz and Slade and is currently co-writing , directing and serving as executive producer on the web series Connected .   In 2013 Marcus co-wrote the reboot of The Texas Chainsaw Massacre series , Texas Chainsaw 3D with partner Sullivan and Stephen Susco , which was the first number-one box office film in North America of the year . He co-wrote with Sullivan the feature film Cabin Fever : Outbreak and is directing and co-writing The Plantation , an adaptation of Val Lewton 's RKO classic I Walked with a Zombie .   Adam 's script for Momentum ( aka Gravity ) , co-written by Sullivan , began production in South Africa starting January 2014 . The film was the directorial debut of Stephen Campanelli and stars Morgan Freeman , James Purefoy and Olga Kurylenko . The film premiered at the Fantasia International Film Festival in 2015 .   Marcus is the brother of Young Artist Award-nominated actor Kipp Marcus . Marcus attended NYU 's Tisch School of the Arts .

neg: A Katy or a Gaga `` A Katy or a Gaga '' is the fourth episode of the fifth season of the American musical television series Glee , and the ninety-second episode overall . It was written by executive producers Russel Friend & Garrett Lerner , and directed by co-creator Ian Brennan , and it aired on Fox in the United States on November 7 , 2013 . The episode features the music of Katy Perry and Lady Gaga , the debut of guest star Adam Lambert as Elliott `` Starchild '' Gilbert , and the return of special guest star Demi Lovato as Dani , Santana 's ( Naya Rivera ) girlfriend .   In this episode , the glee club is challenged to perform music from either Katy Perry or Lady Gaga , whichever performer they have the least affinity for , to stretch their boundaries . Kurt decides to form a band , and is resistant to the idea that he should include Starchild in it following a highly flamboyant yet excellent audition .   The episode was watched by 4.01 million viewers , and received mixed reviews from critics .

neg: Open House (American Horror Story) `` Open House '' is the seventh episode of the first season of the television series American Horror Story , which premiered on the network FX on November 16 , 2011 . The episode was written by co-creator and executive producer Brad Falchuk and was directed by Tim Hunter . This episode is rated TV-MA ( LSV ) .   In this episode , Violet ( Taissa Farmiga ) is confronted by a revelation , while Vivien ( Connie Britton ) learns she is pregnant with twins .   In 2012 , this episode was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Art Direction for a Miniseries or Movie .

neg: Catastrophe (2015 TV series) Catastrophe is a British sitcom first broadcast on 19 January 2015 on Channel 4 . It stars Sharon Horgan as Sharon Morris and Rob Delaney as Rob Norris , who get together after she becomes pregnant following a brief affair while he is in the UK on business . Carrie Fisher , Ashley Jensen , and Mark Bonnar play supporting characters in the series .   The show was renewed for a second series in January 2015 and began broadcasting from 27 October 2015 , having been brought forward from its original schedule of early 2016 . In July 2016 , Catastrophe was renewed for a third and fourth series . The third series , which began broadcasting in the UK on 28 February 2017 , comprises 6 episodes -- which all became available in the Untied States on April 28 , 2017 , hosted by Amazon . The fourth series of the show is scheduled for 2018 .   For her performance in the show , Sharon Horgan was nominated for a 2016 British Academy Television Awards for Best Female Comedy Performance in 2016 . Both Horgan and Delaney won the BAFTA TV Award for Best Writer : Comedy . The show was nominated for a Peabody Award . In July 2016 , the show received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Writing For a Comedy Series , going to Horgan and Delaney .

neg: Mike and Maty Mike and Maty was a daytime talk show which aired on ABC from April 11 , 1994 , to June 7 , 1996 , replacing The Home Show , a daytime informational talk show that aired on ABC from 1988 to 1994 . Like Home , the program was often involuntary placed in late night timeslots by many ABC affiliates due to the network 's lack of success at the time against CBS and The Price Is Right , along with many ABC stations at the time programming local lifestyle and talk shows instead .   Hosted by Michael Burger and Maty Monfort , the series covered an array of subjects on each episode . Guests included celebrities and authors , as well as cooking , health , beauty and fitness experts . Some shows featured Michael Kearney as a special correspondent .   Mike and Maty was replaced by Caryl & Marilyn : Real Friends , a talk show hosted by the comedic duo known as The Mommies , which in turn was canceled after eleven months and replaced in 1997 by The View .   Category :1994 American television series debuts  Category :1996 American television series endings  Category :1990 s American television series  Category : American Broadcasting Company network shows  Category : American television talk shows  Category : Television series by Disney -- ABC Domestic Television

neg: Belinda McClory Belinda McClory ( born 1 November 1968 ) is an Australian film , television and stage actress , mainly known for her role in The Matrix .   McClory was born in Adelaide , Australia . Her father was a police officer , giving her insight to the life of a cop and their family . On 30 January 1999 she married director Jon Hewitt . She received a Helpmann Award for Best Female Actor in a Supporting Role in a Play for her role in the 2004 Australian production of Frozen .

neg: Theatre Tulsa Theatre Tulsa , Inc. is a community theatre company in Tulsa , Oklahoma , USA .   Theatre Tulsa , the longest running community theatre west of the Mississippi and seventh in the nation , has had a prosperous but sometimes difficult history . The theatre has survived multiple wars , fires , and economic depressions . Theatre Tulsa started as a small community theatre that played shows in a tent , and grew to the largest community theatre in the nation in the 1970s , followed by years of decline and a recent re-invigoration that includes the new creation of a Broadway Series main stage season , a Next Stage series season composed of new works , and a Family Series season for children , families , and arts education programming .   Tulsa Little Theatre was incorporated December . 10 , 1922 by Mrs. Bonnie Reed and Mrs. Hope Holway . Despite the Great Depression , the group managed to raise money to build a theater which was christened with a performance of The Cradle Song in February 1932 . Two years later , the group incorporated as Tulsa Little Theatre . Struggling through the next few years , the theater survived a threatened bank foreclosure in 1935 after a number of donors stepped in , and in 1940 the theater paid off its mortgage . During World War II , it produced shows for military camps and veterans ' hospitals . Tulsa Little Little Theatre prospered , and by 1959 was the largest non-professional theater company in the country . In 1964 , its membership was 8,000 strong . By 1972 it had the largest community theater membership in the nation and had counted 1.5 million members over the past 50 years . In 1974 Tulsa Little Theatre changed its name to Theatre Tulsa , Inc. . Theatre Tulsa remains active today producing 10 productions a year that include modern and classic dramas , comedies , and musicals .   Theatre Tulsa has had many firsts ; it was the first community theater in the country to premiere Our Town ( 1939 ) and All My Sons ( 1947 ) ; the musical Brownstone ( 1985 ) ; `` Miracle on 34th Street : A Musical Adaptation '' ( a 1993 original musical written for Theatre Tulsa ) ; `` I Love You , You 're Perfect , Now Change '' ( 2003 ) ; and the first American production of Pitmen Painters ( 2011 ) . Theatre Tulsa 's production of Forever Plaid sold out more than 400 shows in 1995 and 1996 . Some noted performers , including Jeanne Tripplehorn , Kristin Chenoweth and Sam Harris , received their first stage experience with Theatre Tulsa .

neg: Lolita (1962 film) Lolita is a 1962 British-American black comedy-drama film directed by Stanley Kubrick . Based on his novel of the same title , Vladimir Nabokov also wrote the screenplay . It follows a middle-aged literature lecturer who becomes obsessed with an adolescent girl . The film stars James Mason as Humbert Humbert , Sue Lyon as Dolores Haze ( Lolita ) , and Shelley Winters as Charlotte Haze , with Peter Sellers as Clare Quilty .   Owing to the MPAA 's restrictions at the time , the film toned down the more provocative aspects of the novel , sometimes leaving much to the audience 's imagination . The actress who played Lolita , Sue Lyon , was 14 at the time of filming .   Lolita polarized contemporary critics , but is well-received today . Kubrick later commented , however , that if he had realized how severe the censorship limitations were going to be , he probably would never have made the film .

neg: Tatiana Samoilova Tatiana Yevgenyevna Samoilova ( Татья́на Евге́ньевна Само́йлова 4 May 1934 -- 4 May 2014 ) was a Soviet and Russian film actress best known for her lead role in The Cranes Are Flying . She received a number of awards for the film , including a special mention at the Cannes Film Festival . Samoilova had several major roles in the 1960s before largely disappearing from public life . In 1993 , she was named a People 's Artist of Russia . She made a comeback in the 2000s , and received a Lifetime Achievement Award at the 2007 Moscow Film Festival .

neg: Afghan Breakdown Afghan Breakdown ( Афганский излом , translit . Afganskiy Izlom ) is a 1991 war drama film about the Soviet -- Afghan War directed by Vladimir Bortko and co-produced by Italy and the Soviet Union ( Lenfilm ) . Michele Placido plays the protagonist , Major Bandura , a commander of a unit of Soviet paratroopers , co-starring with several popular Soviet actors .   The movie is still regarded by many movie critics as the best account of the war , despite newer box-office hits such as The 9th Company . Director Vladimir Bortko invited Mikhail Leshchinskiy ( a Soviet TV war reporter who worked in Afghanistan for 4.5 years ) as a co-writer and visited Kabul and Kandahar in 1988 to research on the ground . Nevertheless , according to the Russian writer and the Afghan War veteran Alexei Kozlachkov , the film lacked reliability and was ridden with technical and ideological mistakes .

neg: Scotty Leavenworth Scott Alexander `` Scotty '' Leavenworth ( born May 21 , 1990 ) is an American actor . He began acting in commercials at the age of four , and has since appeared in a variety of films and television programs . Notable appearances include The Green Mile , Baby Geniuses , Babe : Pig in the City , The Soul Collector , Life as a House , and Erin Brockovich .   He is known for playing Peter Petrowski , the boyfriend of Ruthie Camden ( Mackenzie Rosman ) , on The WB hit-series 7th Heaven .

neg: Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country is a 1991 American science fiction film released by Paramount Pictures . It is the sixth feature film based on Star Trek , and a sequel to the 1966 -- 1969 Star Trek television series . Taking place after the events of Star Trek V : The Final Frontier , it is the last film featuring the entire cast of the original series . After the destruction of the Klingon moon Praxis leads the Klingon Empire to pursue peace with their long-time adversary the Federation , the crew of the USS Enterprise must race against unseen conspirators with a militaristic agenda .   The sixth film in the series was initially planned as a prequel to the original series , with younger actors portraying the crew of the Enterprise while attending Starfleet Academy , but the idea was discarded because of negative reaction from the original cast and the fans . Faced with producing a new film in time for Star Trek 's 25th anniversary , Nicholas Meyer , the director of Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan , and Denny Martin Flinn wrote a script based on a suggestion from Leonard Nimoy about what would happen if `` the Wall came down in space '' , touching on the contemporary events of the Cold War .   Principal photography took place between April and September 1991 . The production budget was smaller than anticipated because of the critical and commercial disappointment of The Final Frontier . Because of a lack of sound stage space on the Paramount lot , many scenes were filmed around Hollywood . Meyer and cinematographer Hiro Narita aimed for a darker and more dramatic mood , subtly altering sets originally used for the television series Star Trek : The Next Generation . Producer Steven-Charles Jaffe led a second unit that filmed on an Alaskan glacier that stood in for a Klingon gulag . Cliff Eidelman produced the film 's score , which is intentionally darker than previous Star Trek offerings .   The film was released in North America on December 6 , 1991 . The Undiscovered Country garnered positive reviews , with publications praising the lighthearted acting and facetious references . The film performed strongly at the box office . It posted the largest opening weekend gross of the series before going on to earn $ 96,888,996 worldwide . The film earned two Academy Award nominations , for Best Makeup and Best Sound Effects , and is the only Star Trek movie to win the Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film . A special collectors ' edition DVD version of the film was released in 2004 , to which Meyer had made minor alterations . Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry died shortly before the movie 's premiere , just days after viewing the film . The film marked the final appearance together of the original series ' cast .

neg: Paramount Television Network The Paramount Television Network ( PTN ) was a venture by American film corporation Paramount Pictures to organize a television network in the late 1940s . The company built television stations KTLA in Los Angeles and WBKB in Chicago ; it also invested US$ 400,000 in the DuMont Television Network , which operated stations WABD in New York City , WTTG in Washington , D.C. , and WDTV in Pittsburgh . Escalating disputes between Paramount and DuMont concerning breaches of contract , company control , and network competition erupted regularly between 1940 and 1956 , and culminated in the dismantling of the DuMont Network . Television historian Timothy White called the clash between the two companies `` one of the most unfortunate and dramatic episodes in the early history of the television industry . ''   The Paramount Television Network aired several programs , including the Emmy Award-winning children 's series Time for Beany . Filmed in Hollywood , the programs were distributed to an ad-hoc network of stations across the United States . The network signed affiliation agreements with more than 50 television stations in 1950 ; despite this , most of Paramount 's series were not widely viewed outside the West Coast . The Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) , which filed suit against Paramount for anti-trust violations , prevented the studio from acquiring additional television stations . Paramount executives eventually gave up on the idea of a television network , and continued to produce series for other networks . In 1995 , after four decades of television production for other companies , Paramount re-entered the broadcast network field when the company and Chris-Craft Industries launched the United Paramount Network ( UPN ) , a television network that operated until 2006 . Paramount 's television division is now owned by CBS Television Studios .

neg: Hannah Free Hannah Free is a 2009 American lesbian romance film , adapted from Claudia Allen 's play of the same name . It is a story about living , loving , and letting go . Hannah and Rachel grew up as little girls in the same small Midwest town , where traditional gender expectations eventually challenged their deep love for one another . Hannah becomes an adventurous , unapologetic lesbian and Rachel a strong but quiet homemaker . Weaving back and forth between past and present , the film reveals how the women maintained their love affair despite a marriage , a world war , infidelities , and family denial .   Hannah Free is a feature-length motion picture shot in HD for distribution in worldwide theatrical and ancillary markets . It stars Sharon Gless , Maureen Gallagher , Kelli Strickland , Ann Hagemann , Taylor Miller , and Jax Jackson . The film is produced by Ripe Fruit Films , LLC .

neg: Conquest (1998 film) Conquest is a 1998 British-Canadian romantic comedy film set in the dying prairie town of Conquest , Saskatchewan , most of whose remaining residents are in their 70s and depressed . Thirty-two-year-old Pincer Bedier ( Lothaire Bluteau ) , the French-Canadian manager of the only bank branch in the town , dreams of reviving the town and its only cash crop , the edible pea pods of the Caragana bush . Daisy MacDonald ( Tara Fitzgerald ) , a young , beautiful and mysterious English or Australian woman , happens into town in her bright red Alfa Romeo sports car and when it stalls , finds herself stranded indefinitely until the needed parts can be shipped in . Her presence invigourates the town and its inhabitants and romance develops between her and the young banker , while the older inhabitants catch his vision of the future .   Conquest was shown at the 1998 Montreal World Film Festival . In 1999 Monique Mercure won the Genie Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role , that of Grace Gallagher . Conquest has been shown on the Showtime network in the United States .

neg: Instinct (Orphan Black) `` Instinct '' is the second episode of the first season of the Canadian science fiction television series Orphan Black . It first aired in Canada on Space and the United States on BBC America on 6 April 2013 . The episode was written by Graeme Manson and directed by John Fawcett .   The plot follows Sarah Manning ( played by Tatiana Maslany ) as she continues to impersonate Beth Childs , a woman who looks identical to Sarah , in order to take Beth 's money after seeing her commit suicide . In the episode , Sarah deals with the aftermath of the death of another identical woman , Katja Obinger , and begins to discover more lookalikes . Maslany plays each of the identical women ; `` Instinct '' marked the first episode in which more than one of Maslany 's characters was present in a single shot , which necessitated specific planning and technology to film and edit these scenes . The episode received positive reviews from critics , who praised the episode 's plot development and Maslany 's performance .

neg: Rake (U.S. TV series) Rake is an American comedy-drama television series that is an adaptation of the Australian series of the same name , both of which are created by Peter Duncan . Duncan served as series producer with , among others , star Greg Kinnear , Peter Tolan , and Richard Roxburgh , on this version for Fedora Entertainment , Essential Media , and Sony Pictures Television . On May 8 , 2013 , the series was added to the Fox network 's 2013 -- 14 schedule as a late fall/mid-season entry . The series premiered on January 23 , 2014 , originally airing Thursdays on the network , before moving to Fridays late in the first season and eventually to Saturdays for the final two episodes . On May 7 , 2014 , Fox canceled the series after one season , but ultimately aired the produced episodes .

neg: Dana Delany Dana Welles Delany ( born March 13 , 1956 ) is an American film , stage , and television actress , producer , presenter , and health activist . Delany has been active in show business since the late 1970s . Following small roles early in her career , Delany garnered her first leading role in 1987 in the short-lived NBC sitcom Sweet Surrender and achieved wider fame in 1988 -- 1991 as Colleen McMurphy on the ABC television show China Beach , for which she won two Primetime Emmy Awards ( 1989 , 1992 ) . She received further recognition for her performances in the films Light Sleeper ( 1992 ) , Tombstone ( 1993 ) , Exit to Eden ( 1994 ) , The Margaret Sanger Story ( 1995 ) , Fly Away Home ( 1996 ) , True Women ( 1997 ) , and Wide Awake ( 1998 ) . Since the mid-1990s , Delany has served on the board of the Scleroderma Research Foundation .   In the 2000s , Delany returned to television with a string of short-lived television series beginning with Pasadena ( 2001 ) , Presidio Med ( 2002 -- 2003 ) , and Kidnapped ( 2006 -- 2007 ) . From 2007 to 2010 , Delany played Katherine Mayfair on the ABC series Desperate Housewives .   In the 2010s , from 2011 to 2013 , Delany played the lead role of Megan Hunt on the ABC drama series Body of Proof . In 2014 , she began her co-starring role as Crystal Harris in the Amazon drama series Hand of God , which has been ordered to full series by Amazon Studios in October 2014 .   Most recently , in 2015 , she had a recurring guest role in the short-lived FX sitcom The Comedians as Julie , the wife of Billy Crystal , playing a fictionalized version of himself . On July 23 , 2015 , the series was cancelled after one season .   Delany is also a voice actress . She played Lois Lane in the DC animated universe as well as in The Batman animated series . In an interview , she said she loves to play `` complicated characters '' .

neg: Roma Downey Roma Downey ( born 6 May 1960 ) is an Emmy nominated actress and producer from Northern Ireland . She produced the Emmy-nominated mini-series , The Bible , for the History Channel and also starred in it , as Mary , the Mother of Jesus . For nine seasons she played Monica , the tender-hearted angel and employee of Tess ( played by Della Reese ) , on the CBS television series Touched by an Angel , for which she earned multiple Emmy Award and Golden Globe Award Best Actress nominations . Born in Derry , Northern Ireland and classically trained in London , she has performed on stage with the famed Abbey Theatre and has appeared both on and off Broadway . She played the leading role of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis in the miniseries for NBC , A Woman Named Jackie ( 1991 ) .   Downey starred in and was executive producer for a number of hit television movies for the CBS network . Downey is an ambassador for Operation Smile . On August 11 , 2016 Downey was honored for her work as an actress and producer with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . In her acceptance speech , she dedicated her star to the people of Derry and anyone who ever walked Hollywood Blvd with a dream in their hearts . Della Reese , Rick Warren , and husband , Mark Burnett , spoke at the Ceremony on Downey 's behalf .   As President of Lightworkers Media , the family and faith division of MGM , Downey , who together with her husband , Mark Burnett produced the Emmy-nominated miniseries The Bible for History channel which was watched by over 100 million people in the United States alone . Downey and Burnett also executive produced the feature films , Ben-Hur starring Jack Huston , Toby Kebbell and Morgan Freeman , Son of God ( 2014 ) , Little Boy , and Woodlawn . Variety recognized Downey and Burnett as `` Trailblazers '' and listed Downey as one of Variety 's `` 100 Most Powerful Women in Hollywood '' . The Hollywood Reporter included the couple in their `` Most Influential People of 2013 '' and Downey as one of the `` 100 Women in Entertainment Power '' in 2014 . She was honored on Variety 's `` Women of Impact in 2014 '' . She has also been listed on People magazines `` Most Beautiful '' lists . Downey and Burnett also produced The Dovekeepers based on the best selling book by Alice Hoffman for CBS and A.D. . The Bible Continues for NBC , Women of the Bible for Lifetime , and Answered Prayers for TLC .


query: James Garner did not play a leading role in The Great Escape.

pos: James Garner James Garner ( born James Scott Bumgarner ; April 7 , 1928 -- July 19 , 2014 ) was an American actor , producer , and voice artist . He starred in several television series over more than five decades , including such popular roles as Bret Maverick in the 1950s western comedy series Maverick and Jim Rockford in The Rockford Files , and played leading roles in more than 50 theatrical films , including The Great Escape ( 1963 ) with Steve McQueen , Paddy Chayefsky 's The Americanization of Emily ( 1964 ) , Grand Prix ( 1966 ) , Blake Edwards ' Victor/Victoria ( 1982 ) , Murphy 's Romance ( 1985 ) , for which he received an Academy Award nomination , Space Cowboys ( 2000 ) with Clint Eastwood , and The Notebook ( 2004 ) .

neg: Hugh Grant Hugh John Mungo Grant ( born 9 September 1960 ) is an English actor and film producer . Grant has received a Golden Globe , a BAFTA , and an Honorary César for his work . His films have earned more than US$ 2.4 billion from 25 theatrical releases worldwide . Grant first received attention after earning the Volpi Cup for his performance in James Ivory 's Maurice ( 1987 ) but achieved international success after appearing in the Richard Curtis-scripted Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ) . Grant used this breakthrough role as a frequent cinematic persona during the 1990s , delivering comic performances in films such as Mickey Blue Eyes ( 1999 ) and Notting Hill ( 1999 ) . One of the best known figures in 1990s British popular culture , Grant was in a high-profile relationship with Elizabeth Hurley , which was the focus of much attention in the British and international media .   By the turn of the 21st century , Grant had established himself as a leading man , skilled with a satirical comic talent . Grant has expanded his oeuvre with critically acclaimed turns as a cad in Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 2001 ) , About a Boy ( 2002 ) , and American Dreamz ( 2006 ) . Grant later played against type with multiple cameo roles in the epic sci-fi drama film , Cloud Atlas ( 2012 ) . He 's also known for appearing in period pieces such as The Remains of the Day ( 1993 ) , Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) and Florence Foster Jenkins ( 2016 ) .   Within the film industry , Grant is cited as an anti-star who approaches his roles like a character actor , and attempts to make his acting appear spontaneous . Hallmarks of his comic skills include a nonchalant touch of irony/sarcasm and studied physical mannerisms , as well as his precisely-timed dialogue delivery and facial expressions . The entertainment media 's coverage of Grant 's life off the big screen has often overshadowed his work as an actor . Grant has been outspoken about his antipathy towards the profession of acting , and in his disdain towards the culture of celebrity and hostility towards the media . In a career spanning 30 years , Grant has repeatedly claimed that acting was not his true calling , but rather a career that unintentionally developed by happenstance .

neg: The Fugitive (1947 film) The Fugitive is a 1947 drama film starring Henry Fonda and directed by John Ford , based on the novel The Power and the Glory by Graham Greene . The film was shot on location in Mexico , and utilised the skills of Mexican cinematographer Gabriel Figueroa .

neg: Jesse James (1939 film) Jesse James ( 1939 ) is a western film directed by Henry King and starring Tyrone Power , Henry Fonda , Nancy Kelly and Randolph Scott . Written by Nunnally Johnson , the film is loosely based on the life of Jesse James , the notorious outlaw from whom the film derives its name . It is `` notorious for its historical inaccuracy . '' The supporting cast features Henry Hull , John Carradine , Brian Donlevy , Jane Darwell and Lon Chaney , Jr. . .   The American Humane Association began to oversee filmmaking after a horse died when it was driven off a cliff on set .

neg: Escape to the Hills Escape to the Hills is a memoir by James and Ethel Chapman and published in 1947 .

neg: The Great Canadian Escape The Great Canadian Escape is a Canadian outdoor instructional television miniseries which aired on CBC Television in 1977 .

neg: Duel at Diablo Duel at Diablo is a 1966 western film starring James Garner in his first Western since leaving Maverick and Sidney Poitier in his first Western . Based on Marvin H. Albert 's 1957 novel Apache Rising , the film was written by Albert and Michael M. Grilikhes and directed by Ralph Nelson who had directed Poitier in Lilies of the Field . The supporting cast includes Bibi Andersson , Bill Travers , Dennis Weaver and John Hoyt ; Ralph Nelson has a cameo as an Army Major . The movie was shot on location amidst striking scenery in Utah ; the musical score was composed by Neal Hefti .

neg: James Goldstone James Goldstone ( born June 8 , 1931 in Los Angeles , California ; died November 5 , 1999 in Shaftsbury , Vermont ) was an American film and television director whose career spanned over thirty years .   Goldstone was noted for the momentum and `` fifteen-minute cliffhangers '' that he brought to TV pilots such as Star Trek ( `` Where No Man Has Gone Before '' , 1966 ) , Ironside , and The Bold Ones : The Senator . His later career helped pioneer the concept of `` thirty-second attention span '' pacing over detailed content in his dramatizations of Rita Hayworth , Calamity Jane , and the Kent State shootings for which he won the Emmy .   During his Hollywood career , he directed Paul Newman , Robert De Niro , Robert Shaw , James Garner , Richard Dreyfuss and Sidney Poitier and collaborated with composer and musician , Lalo Schifrin . He `` discovered '' Tiny Tim . In addition to his work in film and television , Goldstone was a longtime leader in the Director 's and Writers Guilds . In his later life , he taught both at Bennington College and in the masters program at Columbia University . During the 1990s he directed a number of theatrical productions in New England . He was also central in the establishment of National Public Radio presence in Vermont and was the moving force behind the creation of the Vermont Arts Council which named its award for new talent the James Goldstone Award .   Goldstone was the son of Hollywood agent and early television producer , Jules Goldstone .

neg: The Great St. Louis Bank Robbery The Great St. Louis Bank Robbery ( also called The St. Louis Bank Robbery , the film title in the opening credits ) is a 1959 heist film . The film stars Steve McQueen as a college dropout hired to be the getaway driver in a bank robbery . The film is based on a 1953 bank robbery attempt of Southwest Bank in St. Louis . The film was shot on location in St. Louis in 1958 with some of the men and women from the St. Louis Police Department , as well as local residents and bank employees , playing the same parts they did in the actual robbery attempt . Steve McQueen was quite unknown when filming began , because he would get the role of Josh Randall in the famous TV series Wanted Dead or Alive only some months later .

neg: Toward the Unknown Toward the Unknown ( also titled Brink of Hell in its UK release ) is a 1956 movie about the dawn of supersonic flight filmed on location at Edwards Air Force Base . Starring William Holden , Lloyd Nolan and Virginia Leith , the film features the screen debut of James Garner .   Toward the Unknown was directed by Mervyn LeRoy and written by Beirne Lay , Jr. who had also penned the novel and screenplay for Twelve O'Clock High ( 1949 ) , and later screenplays for Above and Beyond ( 1952 ) and Strategic Air Command ( 1955 ) . The film 's title is derived from the motto of the Air Force Flight Test Center , Ad Inexplorata .

neg: Ways of Escape Ways of Escape is ostensibly the second volume of autobiography by British novelist Graham Greene , first published in 1980 , but it is not a conventional autobiography , concentrating more on the author 's work than his life and often blurring the line between the two .

neg: Gary Cooper filmography The filmography of Gary Cooper chronicles the film appearances of American actor Gary Cooper . After starting his career in 1925 as a film extra and stuntman , Cooper made his official cinematic debut in 1926 in the Samuel Goldwyn production The Winning of Barbara Worth . He went on to become a contract player with Paramount Pictures where he established himself as a popular leading man prior to the end of the silent film era .   Cooper 's future in the sound era was assured with the release of The Virginian ( 1929 ) , his first all-talkie film . For the next 32 years , he would be one of cinema 's top money-making stars . From 1936 to 1957 , Cooper ranked 18 times among the top ten box office attractions -- a record when he died in 1961 , and later surpassed only by John Wayne , who ranked among the top ten 25 times , Clint Eastwood ( 21 times ) and Tom Cruise ( 20 times ) .   Cooper was nominated for the Best Actor Academy Award five times and won twice , for Sergeant York ( 1942 ) and High Noon ( 1952 ) . The latter film boosted his popularity , resulting in him being the number one box office attraction in 1953 . Cooper received a third Academy Award -- an honorary one -- just prior to his death in 1961 . His final film , The Naked Edge , was released shortly after his death .   As of February 2008 , more than half of Gary Cooper 's feature films are available on DVD , while others not yet on home video are available for television broadcast . Unfortunately , at least two of his silent films -- Beau Sabreur ( 1928 ) and The Legion of the Condemned ( 1928 ) -- are now considered lost films . Another of his silent films , Wolf Song ( 1929 ) , was originally released as a part talkie , but survives only as a silent film . One of Cooper 's earliest talkies , Paramount on Parade ( 1930 ) , survives incomplete . The prints that are available for television are missing all but one of the film 's Technicolor scenes -- a partial restoration of these scenes was done by the UCLA Film Archives .   This filmography contains sections for Cooper 's work as an extra in the earliest part of his film career , his feature film appearances , his occasional appearances in short films , and a section for a compilation film . Due to its length ( 92 films ) , the listing of his feature films is divided in four sections . Cooper 's film roles are listed , as well as the names of each film 's director and co-stars . Cooper 's awards and nominations are also listed . Except where noted , all of his films were shot in 35mm black and white . All films released prior to Lilac Time ( 1928 ) are silent films and all from The Virginian ( 1929 ) onward are sound films . The films made during the silent-to-sound transition are noted as being either silent or sound films . As an addendum , Cooper 's handful of television appearances are also listed .

neg: The Flight of the Phoenix (1965 film) The Flight of the Phoenix is a 1965 American drama film starring James Stewart , produced and directed by Robert Aldrich , and based on the 1964 novel The Flight of the Phoenix by Elleston Trevor . The story describes several men struggling to survive their aircraft 's emergency landing in the Sahara Desert , and stars Richard Attenborough , Peter Finch , Hardy Krüger and Ernest Borgnine . The ensemble cast includes Ian Bannen , Ronald Fraser , Christian Marquand , Dan Duryea and George Kennedy as other passengers on the aircraft .   Though the film was a failure at the box office , it has since gained a cult following .

neg: Honor of the Range Honor of the Range is a 1934 American film directed by Alan James .

neg: Escape in the Fog Escape in the Fog is a 1945 American film noir directed by Budd Boetticher . The drama features Otto Kruger and Nina Foch .

neg: List of The Rockford Files episodes The Rockford Files is an American television drama series starring James Garner that aired on the NBC network between September 13 , 1974 , and January 10 , 1980 , and has remained in syndication to the present day . Garner portrays Los Angeles-based private investigator Jim Rockford with Noah Beery , Jr. , in the supporting role of his father , a retired truck driver nicknamed `` Rocky '' .   The series debuted with a made-for-TV movie simply titled The Rockford Files . During the series run , there were a number of two-part episodes , as well as long ( 90 or 120 minutes ) episodes that were split into two parts for syndication ( and on later DVD releases ) . Filming stopped in the middle of the sixth season ( 1979-1980 ) , on the advice of star James Garner 's doctor . Garner , who had filmed many of his own stunts , injured his back and knees .   In the 1990s , Rockford returned to the air in a series of eight TV movies on CBS .

neg: Skyfall Skyfall is the 23rd James Bond film produced by Eon Productions and released in 2012 . It features Daniel Craig in his third performance as James Bond , and Javier Bardem as Raoul Silva , the film 's villain . It was directed by Sam Mendes and written by Neal Purvis , Robert Wade and John Logan , and features an Academy Award-winning theme , sung by Adele . It was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer ( MGM ) and Columbia Pictures .   The story centres on Bond investigating an attack on MI6 ; the attack is part of a plot by former MI6 agent Raoul Silva to humiliate , discredit and kill M as revenge against her for betraying him . The film sees the return of two recurring characters to the series after an absence of two films : Q , played by Ben Whishaw , and Moneypenny , played by Naomie Harris . Skyfall is the last film of the series for Judi Dench , who played M , a role that she had played in the previous six films . The position is subsequently filled by Ralph Fiennes ' character , Gareth Mallory , though Dench would make a brief appearance in the next Bond film , Spectre .   Mendes was approached to direct the film after the release of Quantum of Solace in 2008 . Development was suspended when MGM encountered financial troubles and did not resume until December 2010 ; during this time , Mendes remained attached to the project as a consultant . The original screenwriter , Peter Morgan , left the project during the suspension . When production resumed , Logan , Purvis , and Wade continued writing what became the final version of the script . Filming began in November 2011 and primarily took place in the United Kingdom , with smaller portions shot in China and Turkey .   Skyfall premiered in London at the Royal Albert Hall on 23 October 2012 and was released in the United Kingdom on 26 October 2012 and the United States on 9 November 2012 . It was the first James Bond film to be screened in IMAX venues , although it was not filmed with IMAX cameras . The film 's release coincided with the 50th anniversary of the series , which began with Dr. No in 1962 . Skyfall was positively received by critics , being praised for its performances -- particularly those of Craig , Bardem and Dench -- writing and script , cinematography , Mendes ' direction , Thomas Newman 's score , and the action scenes . It was the 14th film to gross over $ 1 billion worldwide , and the first Bond film to do so . It became the seventh-highest-grossing film at the time , the highest-grossing film in the UK , the highest-grossing film in the series , the highest-grossing film worldwide for both Sony Pictures and MGM , and the second-highest-grossing film of 2012 . The film won several accolades , including two BAFTA Awards , two Academy Awards and two Grammys .

neg: Paul Garner Paul Albert `` Mousie '' Garner ( July 31 , 1909 -- August 8 , 2004 ) was an American actor . Garner earned his nickname by assuming the role of a shy , simpering jokester . Garner was one of the last actors still doing shtick from vaudeville , and has been referred to as `` The Grand Old Man Of Vaudeville . ''

neg: The Great Moment (1944 film) The Great Moment is a 1944 biographical film written and directed by Preston Sturges . Based on the book Triumph Over Pain ( 1940 ) by René Fülöp-Miller , it tells the story of Dr. William Thomas Green Morton , a 19th-century Boston dentist who discovered the use of ether for general anesthesia . The film stars Joel McCrea and Betty Field , and features Harry Carey , William Demarest , Franklin Pangborn and Porter Hall .   The movie was filmed in 1942 but not released for over two years , and the released version differed from what Preston Sturges had wished , although he publicly accepted the film as his own . Paramount Pictures disliked the film Sturges had made , and pulled it from his control , re-titled and re-edited it , in the process making it ( especially in the early segment ) more confusing for the audience to understand . The studio 's released version was marketed in a way that made it appear to be one of Sturges ' comedies . The film was not well received by the critics or the public , and marked the end of a sustained run of success for Sturges , who had already left Paramount by the time the film was released .   Although rarely seen today , the film is worth viewing for its flashback structure -- comparable in some ways to Citizen Kane , which was influenced by the earlier film The Power and the Glory , for which Sturges wrote the screenplay -- and for its irreverent and subtly satirical tone , unusual for a time when most Hollywood biopics were over-inflated and sentimental . In 2003 a medical-dental historian in a lengthy analysis of the movie and its history -- which cited its flashback structure , timeless subject , injections of humor , and `` un-Pasteur-like '' treatment of its protagonist , while adhering reasonably well to the historical record -- concluded that `` The Great Moment may now be due for a general reevaluation by movie historians and critics who , like most folks , have never felt much affection for dentists past and present . ''

neg: James Catanach James Catanach ( 28 November 1921 -- 29 March 1944 ) , known as `` Jim '' or Jimmy , was an Australian Handley Page Hampden bomber pilot who was taken prisoner during the Second World War . Reportedly the youngest squadron leader bomber pilot in the Royal Australian Air Force at the age of twenty he is notable for the part he took in the ` Great Escape ' from Stalag Luft III in March 1944 and as one of the men re-captured and subsequently shot by the Gestapo .