query: There was a secondary school called Fairfield Grammar School.

pos: Fairfield Grammar School Fairfield Grammar School was a secondary school in Bristol , England , founded in 1898 as Fairfield Secondary and Higher Grade School . It became a grammar school in 1945 and closed in 2000 , to be replaced by a new comprehensive , Fairfield High School , at first on the same site , but now located in Stottbury Road , Bristol . BHES ( Bristol Hospital Education Service ) , is now based in half of the old school , the other half is used by a similar service for under 13s .

neg: Sandringham School Sandringham School is a secondary school with academy status in Marshalswick , St Albans , Hertfordshire . It was established in 1988 following a merger of two local schools , Marshalswick School and Wheathampstead School . It occupies the former Marshalswick site , adjacent to Wheatfields Infant and Junior schools . The former Wheathampstead site was used as a training centre by Hertfordshire County Council until 2007 and is now awaiting redevelopment for housing .   The school works in partnership with two neighbouring schools to enhance post-16 educational provision . This partnership is known as `` BeauSandVer '' and consists of Sandringham School , Verulam School and Beaumont School .   Sandringham school primarily serves neighbourhoods in the north east of St Albans ( Marshalswick and Jersey Farm ) and the villages of Sandridge and Wheathampstead .   It was announced in early 2017 that the house names would be changed , along with a new seventh house , starting in the 2017-18 school year . The shortlist has not yet been announced , as of March 2017 .   The shortlist was announced in early May of 2017 . It is as follows : Isambard Kingdom Brunel , Amy Johnson , Barbara Hepworth , Charles Darwin ( currently a house ) , Edward Elgar , Isaac Newton , Jane Austen , Millicent Fawcett , Olaudah Equiano , Ernest Shackleton , William Shakespeare , Charlotte Bronte , Alan Turing and William Morris .

neg: Fremantle Grammar School Fremantle Grammar School is a defunct school and heritage-listed building in Fremantle , Western Australia .

neg: Stepney Green Maths, Computing and Science College Stepney Green is a community secondary school and sixth form for boys . It is situated in the heart of the historic East End of London and adjacent to the developments in Docklands , it serves the local community , which is mainly Bangladeshi in origin . It has a well-equipped library , including 30 computers and a good range of fiction and reference books/material .   The curriculum is broad , there is a wide range of extra-curricular activities offered before , during and after school . The PE department organise football and table tennis at lunchtime , and after school and on Saturdays .   The school operates a sixth form provision in consortium with Bow School , Langdon Park School and St Paul 's Way Trust School . The sixth form consortium is known as Sixth Form East .   The schools students created their own website . Their website is to provide information to students or strangers about the latest events like `` NRA '' and daily information about life at school , student style .

neg: Ipswich School Ipswich School is an independent school for children aged 3 to 18 , situated in Suffolk , England , in the town of Ipswich . It is , in English terms , a `` public school '' , and is a registered charity .   Located north of the town centre , Ipswich School has four parts on three adjacent sites . The Pre-Prep and Nursery were established in 1883 with the aim of preparing children aged 7 to 11 for entry into the Senior School . The Senior School occupies the main school site . The main buildings are a distinctive example of Victorian architecture , with Tudor style brick . The main building and chapel are both Grade II listed . The school buildings surround a central playing field and cricket square along with the Cricket Pavilion . The remainder of the School 's sport 's fields are located at a nearby site on the edge of the town . The School has a new purpose-built music school , adjacent to the Cricket Pavilion .   Within the Senior School the students are divided into three : the Lower School ( Years 7 and 8 ) , the Middle School ( Years 9-11 ) and the Sixth Form ( Years 12 and 13 ) .   The School operates on an independent , fee-charging basis , with a few scholarships and means-tested bursaries . It selects pupils by the use of entrance exams . Pupils appear in examination league tables ( though the statistics are not directly comparable to state schools or are not published , such as value added ) and in university entrances , and the school typically sends between 6 and 12 students to Oxford and Cambridge every year .  The School was designated as having a `` Church of England '' Religious Character . The school has , however , not chosen to register as having a Religious Charter under the 2009 order .

neg: The Judd School The Judd School ( usually known simply as Judd ) is a grammar school in Tonbridge , Kent , southeast England . It was established in 1888 at Stafford House on East Street in Tonbridge , where it remained for eight years before moving to its present location on Brook Street , in the south of the town . Founded by the Skinners Company , it was named after 16th century merchant Sir Andrew Judde , whose endowment helped fund the school . The Skinners ' Company maintains close links with the school and makes up the majority of the governing body .   There are 1019 students in the school aged 11 to 18 ; the lower school is all boys , but of 350 students aged 16 -- 18 in the sixth form , up to 60 are girls . The first headmaster was William Bryant , who oversaw the transition to the present site before his retirement in 1908 . The current headmaster as of 2017 is Robert Masters , who has occupied the post since September 2004 and is the seventh headmaster of the school . Masters will step down at the end of the 2016-17 school year .   Judd pupils generally take ten General Certificate of Secondary Education ( GCSE ) tests in Year Eleven ( aged 15 -- 16 ) , and they have a choice of four or five A-levels in the sixth form . An Office for Standards in Education , Children 's Services and Skills ( Ofsted ) inspection in 2007 graded The Judd School as `` outstanding '' , and league tables published by the Daily Telegraph based on 2013 A-level results rank Judd as the second best ( or best , if independent schools are excluded ) school in Kent . In 2013 , The Sunday Times newspaper ranked The Judd School as the 12th best state secondary school ( for pupils aged 11 -- 16 , with an optional two further years of education in sixth form ) in the country . The majority of students go on to higher education following the completion of their A-levels at the end of Year Thirteen ( aged 17 -- 18 ) , and in 2011 , one in five Year 13 students gained an Oxbridge offer .   In September 2004 , the school was designated a music and mathematics specialist school , which means it receives additional funding for those subjects . In 2007 , the school was invited to become a High Performing Specialist School , and in April 2008 was successful in attaining science specialism status . As mathematics is automatically included under a science specialism , the school selected English to be included under the first specialism . The Judd School is now a music with English and science with mathematics specialist school .

neg: The North School The North School is a secondary school situated in the town of Ashford , England .

neg: Carre's Grammar School Carre 's Grammar School is a selective secondary school for boys in Sleaford , a market town in Lincolnshire , England . Founded on 1 September 1604 by an indenture of Robert Carre , the school was funded by rents from farmland and run by a group of trustees . The indenture restricted the endowment to # 20 without accounting for inflation , causing the school to decline during the 18th century and effectively close in 1816 . Revived by a decree from the Court of Chancery in 1830 , new buildings were constructed at its present site and the school re-opened in 1835 . Faced with competition from cheaper commercial schools and declining rolls , Carre 's eventually added technical and artistic instruction to its Classical curriculum by affiliating with Kesteven County Council in 1895 . Following the Education Act 1944 , school fees were abolished and Carre 's became Voluntary Aided . New buildings were completed in 1966 to house the rising number of students . After plans for comprehensive education in Sleaford came to nothing in the 1970s and 1980s , Carre 's converted to grant-maintained status in 1990 . Foundation status followed and the school became an Academy in 2011 ; a multi-Academy trust with Kesteven and Sleaford High School was formed in 2015 .   Admission to Carre 's is through the eleven-plus examination and entry is limited to boys in the lower school , although the Sixth Form is co-educational . The total number of pupils on roll in 2013 was 817 , of which 240 were in the Sixth Form . Teaching follows the National Curriculum and pupils generally sit examinations for ten or eleven General Certificate of Secondary Education ( GCSE ) qualifications in Year Eleven ( aged 15 -- 16 ) . They have a choice of three or four A-levels in the sixth form , which is part of the Sleaford Joint Sixth Form consortium between Carre 's , Kesteven and Sleaford High School and St George 's Academy . Of the 2013 cohort , 100 % of pupils achieved at least five GCSEs at grade A * - C and 96 % achieved that including English and Maths GCSEs , the eighth highest percentage in Lincolnshire . An Office for Standards in Education , Children 's Services and Skills ( Ofsted ) inspection in 2013 graded Carre 's `` good '' overall with `` outstanding '' features .

neg: Bromsgrove School Bromsgrove School , founded in 1553 , is a co-educational independent public school in the Worcestershire town of Bromsgrove , England . The school comprises kindergarten , primary , and secondary sections for a total of around 1,600 boarding and day-school pupils and a teaching staff of 200 . It is a founder member of the Headmaster 's Conference .

neg: Durham Johnston Comprehensive School Durham Johnston Comprehensive School is a secondary school in Durham , UK .

neg: Sandhurst School Sandhurst School is a secondary school in Sandhurst , Berkshire , England . Sandhurst School has over 1000 pupils and specialises in science .

neg: Coleraine High School Coleraine High School was an all-girls ' grammar school located in Coleraine , County Londonderry , Northern Ireland . The High School , or Gordonville Ladies ' Academy as it was originally known , was founded in 1875 in Alexander Terrace , Coleraine , by Mrs Long , assisted by her daughter and staff .   From 1924 until 1959 , the school , as a voluntary grammar school , was controlled by a board of governors . In 1959 , the day school was transferred to the County Londonderry Education Committee , and then , in the local government re-organisation of 1973 , to the North Eastern Education and Library Board as a controlled grammar school . The Boarding Department remained the responsibility of the Board of Governors until its closure in 1997 . The school moved from the `` Gordonville '' site in 1966 when the present buildings were completed and a further extension was added in 1971 . It was once home to both boarders and day pupils . Now with the boarding department closed there are over 800 day pupils .

neg: Handsworth Grammar School Handsworth Grammar School is a voluntary aided grammar school that admits boys from the age of eleven and eighteen ( as well as girls in the sixth form , since September 1997 ) . The school was founded in 1862 and is located in Handsworth , Birmingham , England . it is situated just off the A41 , near the junction with the A4040 . Handsworth Grammar School is sometimes abbreviated as HGS .

neg: St Bede's Roman Catholic High School, Blackburn St Bede 's RC High School is a coeducational Roman Catholic secondary school located in Blackburn in the English county of Lancashire .   It is a voluntary aided school administered by Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council and the Roman Catholic Diocese of Lancaster . The school offers GCSEs and BTECs as programmes of study for pupils , and relocated to a new building in 2013 .

neg: Matthew Moss High School Matthew Moss High School is a coeducational secondary school located in Rochdale in the English county of Greater Manchester .   It is a community school administered by Rochdale Metropolitan Borough Council , and offers GCSEs and BTECs as programmes of study for pupils .   The school also operates the Matthew Moss Sports Centre which offers facilities to the local community as well as for pupils . Facilities include a sports hall , fitness suite and astroturf pitches .

neg: Grammar schools debate The grammar schools debate is a debate about the merits and demerits of the existence of grammar schools in the United Kingdom . Grammar schools are state schools which select their pupils on the basis of academic ability , with pupils sitting an exam ( called the 11-plus ) in the last year of primary school to determine whether or not they gain a place . The debate on selective education has been widened by measures introduced by the Labour government which allow a proportion of students to be chosen based on their `` aptitude '' for a particular subject .

neg: Kings Manor Community College Kings Manor Community College ( formerly Kings Manor School ) was a secondary school located in Shoreham-by-Sea , West Sussex . A specialist status state school , Kings Manor closed and reopened as an Academy named Shoreham Academy , with funding from the central government , in September 2009 .   Kings Manor School was formed in 1970 by the merger of King 's Manor Girls school in Kingston Lane which had opened in 1959 , with Shoreham and Southwick Senior Boys County school in Middle Road which had opened in 1937 . Initially , the school operated on both sites , but later all facilities were transferred to the Kingston Lane site .   The school took in students from years seven through eleven and had an adjoined sixth form college , the student population of which was derived primarily from the main school . The wide catchment area of the school resulted in pupils being taken from diverse social-economic backgrounds .   For ease of administration , each year group was divided into ten bands , assigned the letter K or M and a number from 1-5 ( e.g. 9K5 or 10M3 ) . However , beyond this , there was little resemblance to a traditional house system .   With regards to uniforms , year seven , eight , and nine pupils wore dark blue shirts while those in years ten and eleven wore pale blue .   Local newspaper The Argus commented upon the irony of the school 's first pupil to go onto the University of Oxford in the same year that Secretary of State for Children , Schools and Families Ed Balls threatened the school with closure . This was , however , incorrect , as the government economist Paul Johnson had gone on from the school to Oxford in the mid 1980s . The Education Secretary noted King 's Manor as one of 11 schools in the Sussex area which qualified as `` failing schools '' because less than 30 % of students manage to achieve A-C grades at General Certificate of Secondary Education ( GCSE ) . In 2007 , 23 % of pupils attained five or more GCSEs at Grade C or above including English and Maths , which was roughly half the national average of 46.7 % ; only 11 % of pupils got an A * - C pass in GCSE Science .

neg: Cowen Hamilton Secondary School Cowen Hamilton Secondary School is a school in south Trinidad . Pronounced `` Co-win '' , the school was founded on 16 January 1962 to provide education in the fifth company village , located near Princes Town and Moruga Trinidad .   The need for education beyond the primary level led a group of seven visionaries to establish a secondary school . The group comprised members of the Baptist faith ; F. W. Webb , K. Charles , T. Ayers and pastors Chapman , Parkes , Bell and Payne . The dream came to reality on 16 January 1962 when Trinidad and Tobago 's only Baptist secondary school was born . The school was named after two pioneers in secular and religious education namely George Cowen and William Hamilton . George Cowen was a British missionary and educator who established missions in Princes Town . William Hamilton was a local baptist pastor who led the fifth company Baptist church .   In 1966 Cowen Hamilton Secondary School became a government assisted secondary school . With the assistance of corporate grants received from British Petroleum , National Petroleum and contributions received from benefactors such as Mr Sookdeo Ramroop , the school expanding rapidly . The Bell Multipurpose Hall was erected in 1989 . Provision was made for administrative offices , improved library facilities , computer science room , an audio visual arts room and an assembly area . The Kern Bungalow was demolished to make way for a new structure .   The curriculum includes Physical Sciences and Technical Vocation studies . The advance studies ( CAPE ) started in 1979 .   Cowen Hamilton Secondary School has participated in Young Leaders , Public Speaking , Drama Festival and also performances in Parang and Music Festival .   ( The history was adapted from `` History Of Cowen '' , published in the school yearbook 2007 by Ms A McKell ( past teacher ) )

neg: Cumberland School Cumberland School is a comprehensive mixed state secondary school in the London Borough of Newham with 1500 pupils . Every year-group consist of 300 pupils as there is 10 classes of 30 pupils in every year-group . It is situated on Oban Close off Prince Regent Lane close to its junction with Newham Way and has substantial land , sharing facilities with neighbouring Newham Leisure Centre . It is built on the site of the former Woodside Community School .

neg: Uckfield School Uckfield School , founded in 1718 , later called Uckfield Grammar School , grew from a small local charity school at Uckfield into a grammar school with about 160 boys , including boarders . It closed in 1930 .   At various times the school was also called Dr Saunders 's School and the Saunders Foundation School .

neg: Burnley Grammar School Burnley Grammar School was latterly , a state-funded selective boys grammar School , situated in Byron Street in Burnley , England . However , during its long history , it moved between a number of sites in the town .


query: Chris Hemsworth starred in a movie.

pos: Red Dawn (2012 film) Red Dawn is a 2012 American war film directed by Dan Bradley . The screenplay by Carl Ellsworth and Jeremy Passmore is based on the 1984 film of the same name . The film stars Chris Hemsworth , Josh Peck , Josh Hutcherson , Adrianne Palicki , Isabel Lucas , and Jeffrey Dean Morgan . The film centers on a group of young people who defend their hometown from a North Korean invasion .   Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer announced its intention to remake Red Dawn in May 2008 and subsequently hired Bradley and Ellsworth . The principal characters were cast the following year and the film went into production in September 2009 in Mount Clemens , Michigan . Originally scheduled to be released on November 24 , 2010 , the film was shelved because of MGM 's financial troubles . While in post-production , the invading army and antagonists were changed from Chinese to North Korean in order to maintain access to China 's box office . FilmDistrict bought the worldwide distribution rights in September 2011 and the film was released in the United States on November 23 , 2012 .

pos: Chris Hemsworth Chris Hemsworth ( born 11 August 1983 ) is an Australian actor . He is known for playing Kim Hyde in the Australian TV series Home and Away ( 2004-07 ) and Thor in the Marvel Cinematic Universe since 2011 . Hemsworth has also appeared in the science fiction action film Star Trek ( 2009 ) , the thriller adventure A Perfect Getaway ( 2009 ) , the horror comedy The Cabin in the Woods ( 2012 ) , the dark-fantasy action film Snow White and the Huntsman ( 2012 ) , the war film Red Dawn ( 2012 ) , and the biographical sports drama film Rush ( 2013 ) .   In 2015 , he starred in the action thriller film Blackhat , had a comedic role in the fifth installment of National Lampoon 's Vacation series , Vacation , and headlined the biographical thriller film In the Heart of the Sea . The following year , Hemsworth had a supporting role in Sony 's reboot of Ghostbusters . Hemsworth will reprise his role as George Kirk in the upcoming Star Trek sequel .

neg: Another Happy Day Another Happy Day is a 2011 American black comedy-drama film written and directed by Sam Levinson . The film stars an ensemble cast including Ellen Barkin , Kate Bosworth , Ellen Burstyn , Thomas Haden Church , George Kennedy , Ezra Miller , Demi Moore , Siobhan Fallon Hogan , Michael Nardelli , Jeffrey DeMunn , and Diana Scarwid .

neg: Rough Magic Rough Magic is a 1995 comedy film directed by Clare Peploe , starring Bridget Fonda and Russell Crowe . It was based on a novel by James Hadley Chase called Miss Shumway Waves a Wand , with the screenplay written by Robert Mundi , William Brookfield , and Clare Peploe .

neg: Mindhunters Mindhunters is a 2004 American-British crime thriller film directed by Renny Harlin and starring Kathryn Morris , LL Cool J , Jonny Lee Miller , Patricia Velásquez , Clifton Collins , Jr. , Christian Slater and Val Kilmer . It was written by Wayne Kramer and Kevin Brodbin ( with an uncredited rewrite by Ehren Kruger ) . Unusually , the last country to receive this film was the United States in 2005 , because of the film 's distribution rights being changed from 20th Century Fox to Dimension Films .

neg: Livin' It Livin ' It is a Christian themed skateboarding film directed by Stephen Baldwin .   The film was shot in Portland , Oregon and stars Stephen Baldwin and skateboarders Jud Heald , Tim Byrne , Luke Braddock , Anthony Carney , Jared Lee , Phil Trotter , and Sierra Fellers .   More than 100,000 copies of Livin ' It have been distributed . It combines skateboarding footage with what Baldwin calls a real message about life .

neg: Houston Film Critics Society Awards 2010 The 4th Houston Film Critics Society Awards were presented on December 18 , 2010 . These awards for `` extraordinary accomplishment in film '' are presented annually by the Houston Film Critics Society ( HFCS ) based in Houston , Texas . The organization , founded in 2007 , includes 22 film critics for print , radio , television , and internet publications in the greater Houston area . The awards are co-sponsored by the Houston Film Commission , Southwest Alternate Media Project , Women in Film and Television/Houston , WorldFest , and the Houston Cinema Arts Society .   The nominations for the 2010 awards were announced on December 12 , 2010 . Eligible films do not need to have played or opened in a Houston film theater prior to the nomination deadline , merely made available to the HFCS membership at a screening or on DVD . Along with the 13 `` best of '' category awards , this year also saw the introduction of a new category for `` Worst Movies of the Year '' . The Social Network , True Grit , and 127 Hours each received six nominations , all including the Best Picture , Actor , Direction , and Original Score categories .   The Social Network was the HFCS 's most awarded film of 2010 taking top honors in the Best Picture , Best Director ( David Fincher ) , Best Actor ( Jesse Eisenberg ) , and Best Screenplay ( Aaron Sorkin ) categories . Inception was the only other film to garner multiple awards , winning both the Best Original Score ( Hans Zimmer ) and Best Cinematography ( Wally Pfister ) prizes . The other acting awards went to Natalie Portman as Best Actress for Black Swan , Hailee Steinfeld as Best Supporting Actress for True Grit , and Christian Bale as Best Supporting Actor for The Fighter . The remaining film honors went to Toy Story 3 as Best Animated Film , Restrepo as Best Documentary , and The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo as Best Foreign Language Film . `` We Are Sex Bob-Omb '' by Beck from Scott Pilgrim vs. the World was named the Best Original Song . The HFCS 's first-ever award for `` Worst Picture '' was given to Jonah Hex starring Josh Brolin .   In addition to the category awards , the HFCS presented their annual Lifetime Achievement Award to Sissy Spacek and its Humanitarian Award to George Clooney . Clooney was selected for `` selflessly using his celebrity for greater good '' . The HFCS award for Outstanding Achievement in Cinema awards were presented to Charles Dove , director of the Rice University Media Center , and Hector Luna , the founder and editor of C-47 Houston .

neg: Kate Winslet filmography Kate Winslet is a British actress and singer who has appeared in numerous films and television series . Her film debut was as Juliet Hulme in the 1994 film Heavenly Creatures . She went on to appear in the later 1990s films Sense and Sensibility as Marianne Dashwood ( 1995 ) , which earned her a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress , Jude as Sue Bridehead ( 1996 ) , Hamlet as Ophelia ( 1996 ) and Titanic as Rose DeWitt Bukater ( 1997 ) . For her role in Titanic , it earned her Best Actress nominations for an Academy Award , Golden Globe and Screen Actors Guild Award .   In the 2000s , she was cast in Enigma with Dougray Scott ( 2001 ) , Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind with Jim Carrey ( 2004 ) , Finding Neverland with Johnny Depp ( 2004 ) , The Holiday with Jack Black ( 2006 ) , The Reader with David Kross ( 2008 ) and Revolutionary Road with Leonardo DiCaprio ( 2008 ) , her second collaboration with him , the first being in Titanic . She won an Academy Award for Best Actress for her role in The Reader . She also lent her voice to the animated film Flushed Away in 2006 with Hugh Jackman .   In 2011 , Winslet starred in the all-star cast films , in Contagion with Marion Cotillard , Matt Damon , Jude Law and Gwyneth Paltrow and in Carnage alongside Jodie Foster , Christoph Waltz and John C. Reilly . In 2014 , she played Jeanine Matthews in the first film of the series , Divergent , based on the novel of the same name . She reprised the role in the 2015 sequel Insurgent .   In 2015 , she starred in titular role in The Dressmaker and as an ex marketing chief of Apple Joanna Hoffman in a biopic Steve Jobs , earning her seventh Oscar nomination .   Her television work includes appearing in several episodes of the series Dark Season in 1991 , and three episodes on Get Back from 1992 to 1993 . In 2005 , she appeared in an episode of Extras as herself and received her first Emmy nomination and went on to win one for her portrayal of Mildred Pierce Beragon in Todd Haynes 's 2011 miniseries Mildred Pierce .

neg: Good Kids Good Kids is an American comedy film written and directed by Chris McCoy , the project McCoy 's first feature-length film . The film stars Nicholas Braun , Zoey Deutch , Mateo Arias , Dayo Okeniyi , Julia Garner , and Ashley Judd . The film was released in a limited release and through video on demand on October 21 , 2016 , by Vertical Entertainment .

neg: Wedlock (film) Wedlock ( originally known as Deadlock ) is a 1991 American science fiction-action television film from HBO Films , directed by Lewis Teague and starring Rutger Hauer , Mimi Rogers , Joan Chen and James Remar . It received an Emmy Nomination for Sound Editing .

neg: Hard Times (1975 film) Hard Times is a 1975 film marking the directorial debut of Walter Hill . It stars Charles Bronson as Chaney , a drifter freighthopping through Louisiana during the Great Depression , who competes in illegal bare-knuckled boxing matches after forming a partnership with the garrulous hustler Speed , played by James Coburn .

neg: A.C.O.D. A.C.O.D. is a 2013 American comedy film directed by Stu Zicherman , based on a script by Zicherman and Ben Karlin , and starring Adam Scott , Amy Poehler , Jessica Alba and Jane Lynch . The name of the film is an abbreviation for Adult Children of Divorce .   Teddy Schwarzman produced the film through his Black Bear Pictures production company . Other stars include Richard Jenkins , Mary Elizabeth Winstead and Catherine O'Hara , with Ken Howard and Clark Duke in supporting roles .   The film was released in the U.S. on October 4 , 2013 .

neg: Conviction (2010 film) Conviction is a 2010 legal drama film directed by Tony Goldwyn , written by Pamela Gray , and starring Hilary Swank and Sam Rockwell . The film premiered on September 11 , 2010 , at the Toronto International Film Festival and was released in the US on October 15 , 2010 .

neg: The Tuxedo The Tuxedo is a 2002 American comedy -- action film directed by Kevin Donovan and starring Jackie Chan , Jennifer Love Hewitt and Jason Isaacs . It is a spy spoof that involves a special tuxedo that grants its wearer special abilities and a corporate terrorist threatening to poison the United States ' fresh water supply with bacteria that spills electrolytes into the blood and totally dehydrates the host .

neg: Bobby Deerfield Bobby Deerfield is a 1977 American romantic drama film directed by Sydney Pollack , and stars Al Pacino and Marthe Keller . Based on Erich Maria Remarque 's 1961 novel Heaven Has No Favorites , the film is about a famous American race car driver on the European circuit who falls in love with an enigmatic Swiss woman who is terminally ill . For his performance in the film , Al Pacino was nominated for a Golden Globe for Best Motion Picture Actor .  Parts of the film scenes were filmed in Varenna and Lierna , Lake Como .

neg: Chokeslam (film) Chokeslam is a 2016 wrestling/comedy film directed by Robert Cuffley and starring Chris Marquette , Amanda Crew , Niall Matter , Michael Eklund and Mick Foley . It premiered at the Calgary International Film Festival in October 2016 .

neg: Money Talks (1997 film) Money Talks is a 1997 American action  comedy film directed by Brett Ratner , starring Chris Tucker and Charlie Sheen . This film is the first of four collaborations between Brett Ratner and Chris Tucker , with the other three being the Rush Hour series .

neg: Chantal (film) Chantal is a 2007 direct-to-video film written and directed by Tony Marsiglia about a small town girl wanting to make it big in Hollywood .

neg: Scrawl (film) Scrawl is a 2015 independent British supernatural horror-thriller film written and directed by Peter Hearn and produced by Annabelle Le Gresley and Hearn . It stars Liam Hughes , Joe Daly , Daisy Ridley , Mark Forester Evans , Le Gresley , Nathalie Pownall , Catherine Ruddick and Derek Jones . It tells the story of two best friends , Simon and Joe , who must rewrite the happenings from the comic book , Scrawl , after realizing that the events occurred from the comic begins to happen . It is also Ridley 's film debut just before Star Wars : The Force Awakens . The film received positive reviews . As of 2016 , the film is still lining up for indie horror festivals , playing a longer version than the final cut .

neg: The Treatment (2006 film) The Treatment is an American romantic comedy film released in 2006 starring Chris Eigeman and Famke Janssen and produced and directed by Oren Rudavsky .   It is based on a novel with the same title by Daniel Menaker .

neg: LBJ (film) LBJ is a 2017 American political drama film directed by Rob Reiner and written by Joey Hartstone . The film stars Woody Harrelson , Richard Jenkins , Bill Pullman , Kim Allen , Michael Stahl-David , Jennifer Jason Leigh , Jeffrey Donovan , Doug McKeon , and Michael Mosley . Filming began on September 21 , 2015 in New Orleans . It was screened at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival . On October 12 , 2016 at the 27th edition of the New Orleans Film Festival , Rob Reiner accepted the inaugural Career Achievement Award from LBJ lead actor Woody Harrelson . LBJ made a second film festival showing in less than a month . On May 2 , 2017 , it was announced that Dean Devlin 's Electric Entertainment had acquired all of the film 's North American rights and that the film would be released in 2017 . It was then announced on May 4 that the film would be released in the United States on November 17 , 2017 .

neg: Christopher St. John Christopher St. John , sometimes credited as Chris St. John , is an African-American film and television actor . He is also a film producer , film director and screenwriter and played a minor role in the television series Remington Steele .


query: Charlemagne was crowned by a pope.

pos: Charlemagne Charlemagne ( -LSB- ˈʃɑːrlᵻmeɪn -RSB- ) or Charles the Great ( 2 April 742/747/74828 January 814 ) , numbered Charles I , was the King of the Franks from 768 , King of the Lombards from 774 and Emperor of the Romans from 800 . He united much of Europe during the early Middle Ages . He was the first recognised emperor in western Europe since the fall of the Western Roman Empire three centuries earlier . The expanded Frankish state that Charlemagne founded was called the Carolingian Empire .   Charlemagne was the oldest son of Pepin the Short and Bertrada of Laon . He became king in 768 following his father 's death , initially as co-ruler with his brother Carloman I. Carloman 's sudden death in 771 in unexplained circumstances left Charlemagne as the undisputed ruler of the Frankish Kingdom . He continued his father 's policy towards the papacy and became its protector , removing the Lombards from power in northern Italy and leading an incursion into Muslim Spain . He campaigned against the Saxons to his east , Christianising them upon penalty of death and leading to events such as the Massacre of Verden . Charlemagne reached the height of his power in 800 when he was crowned Emperor of the Romans by Pope Leo III on Christmas Day at Old St. Peter 's Basilica .   Charlemagne has been called the `` Father of Europe '' ( Pater Europae ) , as he united most of Western Europe for the first time since the Roman Empire . His rule spurred the Carolingian Renaissance , a period of energetic cultural and intellectual activity within the Western Church . All Holy Roman Emperors considered their kingdoms to be descendants of Charlemagne 's empire , up to the last Emperor Francis II and the French and German monarchies .   However , the Eastern Orthodox Church views Charlemagne more controversially , labelling as heterodox his support of the filioque and recognition by the Bishop of Rome as legitimate Roman Emperor , rather than recognising Irene of Athens of the Eastern Roman Empire . These and other machinations led to the eventual split of Rome and Constantinople in the Great Schism of 1054 .   Charlemagne died in 814 , having ruled as emperor for thirteen years . He was laid to rest in his imperial capital of Aachen in what is today Germany . He married at least four times and had three legitimate sons , but only his son Louis the Pious survived to succeed him .

neg: Palais des Papes The Palais des Papes ( English : Papal palace , lo Palais dei Papas in Occitan ) is a historical palace in Avignon , southern France , one of the largest and most important medieval Gothic buildings in Europe . Once a fortress and palace , the papal residence was the seat of Western Christianity during the 14th century . Six papal conclaves were held in the Palais , leading to the elections of Benedict XII in 1334 , Clement VI in 1342 , Innocent VI in 1352 , Urban V in 1362 , Gregory XI in 1370 and Antipope Benedict XIII in 1394 .   The Palais is actually two joined buildings : the old palais of Benedict XII , which sits on the impregnable rock of Doms , and the new palais of Clement VI , the most extravagant of the Avignon popes . Together they form the largest Gothic building of the Middle Ages , it is also one of the best examples of the International Gothic architectural style . The construction design was the work of two of France 's best architects , Pierre Peysson and Jean du Louvres and the lavish ornamentation was the work of two of the best students of the School of Siena ( Italy ) , Simone Martini and Matteo Giovanetti .   In addition , the papal library housed in the Palais ( the largest in Europe at the time with over 2,000 volumes ) , attracted a group of clerics passionate in the study of `` belle-lettres '' , amongst them the founder of Humanism , Petrarch . At the same time , composers , singers and musicians were drawn to the Great Chapel of the Palais . It was there that Clement VI appreciated the Mass of Notre-Dame of Guillaume de Machaut , there that Philippe de Vitry at the pope 's invitation presented his Ars Nova and there that Johannes Ciconia came to study .   Due to its immense size , the Palais was also the place where the general organisation of the Church began to change . It facilitated the centralisation of services and the adaption of operations in order to suit the needs of the papacy , creating a truly central administration for the Church . The manpower of the Curia ( Church administration ) , while 200 at the end of the 13th century , surpassed 300 at the beginning of the 14th century and reached 500 people in 1316 . To this were added over 1,000 lay officials working within the Palais .   Despite this , the Palais became obsolete when the papacy found it necessary to return to Rome . The hope of reuniting Latin and Orthodox Christians , along with the achievement of peace in the Papal States in Italy , made the case of returning stronger . Added to that was the strong conviction of both Urban V and Gregory XI that the seat of the papacy could only be the tomb of St Peter . Despite strong opposition from the Court of France and the College of Cardinals , both popes found the means to return to Rome , the first , on 30 April 1362 , the second on 13 September 1370 . This time , the return was absolute .   In the following centuries , the Palais lost all of its former glory , despite it serving as the seat of two anti-popes and many cardinals . It retained , however , a `` work of destruction '' aspect that French poets and writers such as Charles Forbes René de Montalembert have referred to over the centuries , with its powerful sense of beauty , simplicity , grandeur and immortality .   Since 1995 , the Palais des Papes has been classified , along with the historic center of Avignon , as a UNESCO World Heritage Site , under cultural criteria i , ii and iv .

neg: Papal conclave, 1549–50 The papal conclave from November 29 , 1549 , to February 7 , 1550 , convened after the death of Pope Paul III and eventually elected Giovanni Del Monte to the papacy as Pope Julius III . It was the second-longest papal conclave of the 16th century , and ( at the time ) the largest papal conclave in history in terms of the number of cardinal electors . The cardinal electors ( who at one point totalled fifty-one ) were roughly divided between the factions of Henry II of France , Charles V , Holy Roman Emperor , and Alessandro Farnese , the cardinal-nephew of Paul III .   Noted for the extensive interference of European powers , the conclave was to determine whether and on what terms the Council of Trent would reconvene ( supported by Charles V and opposed by Henry II ) and the fate of the Duchies of Parma and Piacenza ( claimed by both Charles V and the House of Farnese ) . Although the conclave nearly elected Reginald Pole , the late arrival of additional French cardinals pushed the conclave back into deadlock , and eventually Giovanni del Monte was elected Pope Julius III as a compromise candidate .   The French hoped that Julius III would be hostile to the interests of the Holy Roman Empire . Nevertheless , tensions between him and the French boiled over when he reconvened the Council of Trent in November 1550 , culminating in the threat of schism in August 1551 and the brief War of Parma fought between French troops allied with Ottavio Farnese and a papal-imperial army . French prelates did not attend the 1551 -- 1552 sessions of the Council of Trent and were slow to accept its reforms ; because Henry II would not allow any French cardinals to reside in Rome , many missed the election of Pope Marcellus II , arriving in Rome just in time to elect Marcellus II 's successor Pope Paul IV after Marcellus II 's brief reign .

neg: Lothair I Lothair I or Lothar I ( Dutch and Medieval Latin : Lotharius , German : Lothar , French : Lothaire , Italian : Lotario ) ( 795 -- 29 September 855 ) was the Holy Roman Emperor ( 817 -- 855 , co-ruling with his father until 840 ) , and the King of Bavaria ( 815 -- 817 ) , Italy ( 818 -- 855 ) and Middle Francia ( 840 -- 855 ) .   Lothair was the eldest son of the Carolingian emperor Louis the Pious and his wife Ermengarde of Hesbaye , daughter of Ingerman the duke of Hesbaye . On several occasions , Lothair led his full-brothers Pippin I of Aquitaine and Louis the German in revolt against their father to protest against attempts to make their half-brother Charles the Bald a co-heir to the Frankish domains . Upon the father 's death , Charles and Louis joined forces against Lothair in a three-year civil war ( 840 -- 843 ) . The struggles between the brothers led directly to the breakup of the Frankish Empire assembled by their grandfather Charlemagne , and laid the foundation for the development of modern France and Germany .

neg: Aldric of Le Mans Saint Aldric ( c. 800 -- 7 January 856 ) was Bishop of Le Mans in the time of Louis the Pious .   As a youth Aldric lived in the court of Charlemagne , at Aix la Chapelle , as well as in that of Charlemagne 's son and successor Louis . Aldric was highly esteemed by both monarchs , but at the age of twenty-one he withdrew to Metz and became a priest . He was then recalled to the court by Louis , who took him as the guide of his conscience .   Nine years after his ordination , Aldric was made Bishop of Le Mans . Apart from being conspicuously virtuous , he showed a practical turn in building aqueducts and ransoming captives , as well as building new churches and restoring monasteries .   In the civil wars which followed the death of Louis , Aldric 's loyalty to Charles the Bald resulted in his expulsion from his see , and he withdrew to Rome . Gregory IV reinstated him . As an emissary of the Council of Aix la Chapelle Aldric visited Pepin I , who was then King of Aquitaine , with Erchenrad , Bishop of Paris , and persuaded Pepin to order that all the possessions of the Church which had been seized by his followers should be restored .   Aldric 's episcopate lasted for twenty-four years , and during his lifetime he took part in the Councils of Paris and Tours . He died at Le Mans on 7 January 856 and was succeeded by Robert .

neg: Crown of Napoleon The Crown of Napoleon was a coronation crown manufactured for Emperor Napoleon I of the French and used in his coronation on December 2 , 1804 . Napoleon called his new crown the Crown of Charlemagne , the name of the ancient royal coronation crown of France that had been destroyed in the French Revolution , a name which allowed him to compare himself to the famed mediaeval monarch Charlemagne , King of the Franks and Holy Roman Emperor .

neg: Godescalc Evangelistary The Godescalc Evangelistary , Godescalc Sacramentary , Godescalc Gospels , or Godescalc Gospel Lectionary ( Paris , BNF . lat .1203 ) is an illuminated manuscript made by the Frankish scribe Godescalc and today kept in the Bibliothèque nationale de France . It was commissioned by the Carolingian king Charlemagne and his wife Hildegard on October 7 , 781 and completed on April 30 , 783 . The Evangelistary is the earliest known manuscript produced at the scriptorium in Charlemagne 's Court School in Aachen . The manuscript was intended to commemorate Charlemagne 's march to Italy , his meeting with Pope Adrian I , and the baptism of his son Pepin . The crediting of the work to Godescalc and the details of Charlemagne 's march are contained in the manuscript 's dedication poem .

neg: Papal conclave A papal conclave is a meeting of the College of Cardinals convened to elect a new Bishop of Rome , also known as the Pope . The pope is considered by Roman Catholics to be the apostolic successor of Saint Peter and earthly head of the Roman Catholic Church . The conclave has been the procedure for choosing the pope for almost a thousand years , and is the oldest ongoing method for choosing the leader of an institution .   A history of political interference in papal selection and consequently long vacancies between popes , culminating in the interregnum of 1268 -- 1271 , prompted Pope Gregory X to decree during the Second Council of Lyons in 1274 that the cardinal electors should be locked in seclusion cum clave ( Latin for `` with a key '' ) and not permitted to leave until a new Bishop of Rome had been elected . Conclaves are now held in the Sistine Chapel of the Apostolic Palace .   Since the Apostolic Age , the Bishop of Rome , like other bishops , was chosen by the consensus of the clergy and laity of the diocese . The body of electors was more precisely defined when , in 1059 , the College of Cardinals was designated the sole body of electors . Since then , other details of the process have developed . In 1970 , Pope Paul VI limited the electors to cardinals under 80 years of age ( per Ingravescentem Ætatem ) . The procedures were established by Pope John Paul II in his apostolic constitution Universi Dominici gregis as amended by motu proprios of Pope Benedict XVI dated 11 June 2007 and 25 February 2013 . A two-thirds supermajority vote is required to elect the new pope , which also requires acceptance from the person elected .

neg: Constantine the Great and Christianity While the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great reigned ( 306 -- 337 AD ) , Christianity began to transition to the dominant religion of the Roman Empire . Historians remain uncertain about Constantine 's reasons for favoring Christianity , and theologians and historians have argued about which form of Early Christianity he subscribed to . There is no consensus among scholars as to whether he adopted his mother Helena 's Christianity in his youth , or ( as claimed by Eusebius of Caesarea ) encouraged her to convert to the faith himself . Some scholars question the extent to which he should be considered a Christian emperor : `` Constantine saw himself as an 'em peror of the Christian people ' . If this made him a Christian is the subject of ... debate . '' , although he allegedly received a baptism shortly before his death .   Constantine 's decision to cease the persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire was a turning point for Early Christianity , sometimes referred to as the Triumph of the Church , the Peace of the Church or the Constantinian shift . In 313 , Constantine and Licinius issued the Edict of Milan decriminalizing Christian worship . The emperor became a great patron of the Church and set a precedent for the position of the Christian emperor within the Church and the notion of orthodoxy , Christendom , ecumenical councils and the state church of the Roman Empire declared by edict in 380 . He is revered as a saint and isapostolos in the Eastern Orthodox Church and Oriental Orthodox Church for his example as a `` Christian monarch . ''

neg: Pope Honorius II Pope Honorius II ( 9 February 1060 -- 13 February 1130 ) , born Lamberto Scannabecchi , was Pope from 21 December 1124 to his death in 1130 .   Although from a humble background , his obvious intellect and outstanding abilities saw him promoted up through the ecclesiastical hierarchy . Attached to the Frangipani family of Rome , his election as pope was contested by a rival candidate , Celestine II , and force was used to guarantee his election .   Honorius ' pontificate was concerned with ensuring that the privileges the Roman Catholic Church had obtained through the Concordat of Worms were preserved and , if possible , extended . He was the first pope to confirm the election of the Holy Roman Emperor . Distrustful of the traditional Benedictine order , he favoured new monastic orders , such as the Augustinians and the Cistercians , and sought to exercise more control over the larger monastic centres of Monte Cassino and Cluny Abbey . He also approved the new military order of the Knights Templar in 1128 .   Honorius II failed to prevent Roger II of Sicily from extending his power in southern Italy and was unable to stop Louis VI of France from interfering in the affairs of the French church . Like his predecessors , he managed the wide-ranging affairs of the church through Papal Legates . With his death in 1130 , the Church was again thrown into confusion with the election of two rival popes , Innocent II and the antipope Anacletus II .

neg: Pope Benedict IX Pope Benedict IX ( Benedictus IX c. 1012 -- c. 1056 ) , born Theophylactus of Tusculum in Rome , was Pope on three occasions between October 1032 and July 1048 . Aged approximately 20 at his first election , he is one of the youngest popes in history . He is the only man to have been Pope on more than one occasion and the only man ever to have sold the papacy .

neg: Augsburg Interim The Augsburg Interim ( `` Declaration of His Roman Imperial Majesty on the Observance of Religion Within the Holy Empire Until the Decision of the General Council '' ) was an imperial decree ordered on 15 May 1548 at the 1548 Diet of Augsburg by Charles V , Holy Roman Emperor , who had just defeated the forces of the Protestant Schmalkaldic League in the Schmalkaldic War of 1546/47 . Although it ordered Protestants to readopt traditional Catholic beliefs and practices , including the seven Sacraments , it allowed for Protestant clergymen the right to marry and for the laity to receive communion in both kinds ( bread and wine ) . It is considered the first significant step in the process leading to the political and religious legitimization of Protestantism as a valid alternative Christian creed to Roman Catholicism finally realized in the 1552 Peace of Passau and the 1555 Peace of Augsburg . The Interim became Imperial law on 30 June 1548 . The Pope advised all bishops to abide by the concessions made to the Protestants in the Interim in August 1549 .

neg: Office for the Liturgical Celebrations of the Supreme Pontiff The Office for the Liturgical Celebrations of the Supreme Pontiff is that section of the Roman Curia responsible for organizing and conducting liturgies and other religious ceremonies performed by the pope of the Catholic Church . It is headed by a `` master '' appointed for a term of five years .   The Office and the consultants who advise it support the pope in expressing his interpretation of the liturgical modifications instituted following the Second Vatican Council . Popes have at times supported post-Council reforms , restored earlier practices , and introduced further innovations . When Pope Francis named five new consultants in September 2013 , he included none of those appointed by Pope Benedict XVI , who were known to promote a return to pre-Council liturgical practices . Benedict restored pre-Council elements to the rite for the canonization of saints and Francis removed them and further shortened the ceremony . Guido Marini , the Master when Francis instituted his changes , is known as a traditionalist , but performs to the pope 's instructions . In the words of one journalist , his job is `` to thread papal preferences into the pageantry '' . For example , he works to ensure that liturgical music is integrated into the liturgy as Francis prefers , so that participants are never forced to wait for music to conclude before proceeding .

neg: Regensburg lecture The Regensburg lecture or Regensburg address was delivered on 12 September 2006 by Pope Benedict XVI at the University of Regensburg in Germany , where he had once served as a professor of theology . It was entitled `` Faith , Reason and the University -- Memories and Reflections '' ( Glaube , Vernunft und Universität -- Erinnerungen und Reflexionen ) . The lecture is considered to be among the most important papal statements on world affairs since John Paul II 's 1995 address to the United Nations , and sparked international reactions and controversy .   In his lecture , the Pope , speaking in German , quoted a passage about Islam made at the end of the 14th century by Manuel II Palaiologos , the Byzantine emperor . As the English translation of the Pope 's lecture was disseminated across the world , the quotation was taken out of context and many Islamic politicians and religious leaders protested against what they saw as an insulting mischaracterization of Islam .   Mass street protests were mounted in many Islamic countries , the Majlis-e-Shoora ( Pakistani parliament ) unanimously called on the Pope to retract `` this objectionable statement '' . The Pope maintained that the comment he had quoted did not reflect his own views , and he offered an apology to Muslims . His statement has been included as a footnote in the official text of the lecture available at Vatican website :   The controversial comment originally appeared in the 7th of the 26 Dialogues Held With A Certain Persian , the Worthy Mouterizes , in Anakara of Galatia , written in 1391 as an expression of the views of the Byzantine emperor Manuel II Palaiologos , one of the last Christian rulers before the Fall of Constantinople to the Muslim Ottoman Empire , on such issues as forced conversion , holy war , and the relationship between faith and reason . The passage , in the English translation published by the Vatican , was :   A better translation of what appeared as key words politically , `` Schlechtes und Inhumanes '' , would have been `` bad and inhumane '' .   The pope had consulted a bilingual critical edition of this dialogue in the original Greek and with French translation .

neg: Coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor The Coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor was a ceremony in which the ruler of Europe 's then-largest political entity received the Imperial Regalia at the hands of the Pope , symbolizing both the pope 's alleged right to crown Christian sovereigns and also the emperor 's role as protector of the Roman Catholic Church . The Holy Roman Empresses were crowned as well .   The Holy Roman Empire was established in the year 800 under Charlemagne , Later emperors were also crowned by the pope or other Catholic bishops , until Charles V became the last Holy Roman Emperor to be crowned by a pope , by Clement VII at Bologna , in 1530 . Thereafter , until the abolition of the empire in 1806 , no further crownings by the Pope were held.See also Guy Stair Sainty , The Holy Roman Empire : Introduction . From the Almanach de la Cour website . Retrieved on 14 September 2008 . Later rulers simply proclaimed themselves Imperator Electus Romanorum or `` Elected Emperor of the Romans '' after their election and coronation as German king , without the ultimate formality of an imperial coronation by the Pope in Rome .

neg: Arnulf II (archbishop of Milan) Arnulf II ( died 25 February 1018 , in Milan ) was Archbishop of Milan from 998 to 1018 .   He descended from the noble family of Arsago , being the son of Dagibert of Arsago . Among his brothers , Landulf of Arsago was Bishop of Brescia and Lanfrank of Arsago was the grandfather on the mother 's side of Anselm of Besate .   In 1001 , Otto III , Holy Roman Emperor , at the time living in Rome , sent him to Byzantium to take a Byzantine princess as his future wife and empress . However Arnulf II , on his journey back to Rome , was reached by the news of the emperor 's death .   When Arduin of Ivrea , in lieu of Henry of Saxony ( the future Henry II , Holy Roman Emperor ) , dynastic successor of Otto III , was elected King of Italy and crowned in Pavia , the traditional site of crowning of the Lombard and Italian kings , Arnulf II stood on the side of Henry . After the defeat of Arduin of Ivrea , Arnulf II went to Pavia to crown Henry of Saxony , on 15 May 1004 , new King of Italy .

neg: Charles the Child Charles the Child ( Latin Karolus puer , from the Annales Bertiniani ; 847/848 , Frankfurt am Main -- 29 September 866 , Buzançais ) was the King of Aquitaine from October 855 until his death in 866 . If his father , Charles the Bald , and great grandfather , Charlemagne , are counted as rulers of Aquitaine , he would be numbered Charles III .   He was the second son of Charles the Bald and brother of Louis the Stammerer . The younger Charles was appointed by his father , who had previously ruled as King of Aquitaine himself from 838 , as a sop to Aquitainian separatism . The Aquitainians had previously rebelled against Charles the Bald , requesting from Louis the German that he send one of his sons to rule over them . Louis had sent his second son , Louis the Younger , prompting Charles the Bald to release his rival claimant to Aquitaine , Pippin II . Pippin succeeded in rallying the nobles to support himself and Charles the Bald against Louis the Younger , who was driven out . By October , however , Pippin lost his popularity with the still-rebellious Aquitainians , prompting Charles the Bald to appoint Charles the Child as King . Charles the Child was duly anointed at Limoges . Within a year , he had been replaced by the Aquitainians with Pippin II . These same then deposed Pippin and restored Charles the Child . Pippin was captured in 864 and imprisoned at Senlis , at which point he disappears from history .   Unlike previous sub-kings of Aquitaine , ( Louis the Pious , Pippin I , Pippin II ) , Charles the Child had no real authority at all . Before 840 , the kingdom had been ruled in person by an autonomous king ; Charles the Bald , however , after his accession as King of Western Francia , attempted to maintain power in Aquitaine . Consequently , Charles the Child , and his brother , Louis the Stammerer , did not rule in person , had no chancery , could issue no instruments ; they were no longer empowered to bestow privileges , endow religious establishments , or dispose of royal property . All the rights of the region were invested in Charles the Bald , in whose absence the nobles of the Kingdom gathered power .   Nonetheless , as Charles grew older , he began to exercise what little personal authority he could . For example , in 862 he chose and married a wife against the will of his father . The name of his wife is unknown , although she was apparently the widow of a count named Humbert . Charles the Bald reasserted his power over his son in 863 , forcing the younger Charles to put away his wife and be loyal to his father . A year later , he was accidentally struck with a sword in the head by a member of his own hunting party in a mock combat , leading Ado of Vienne to say that `` Charles was dishonoured ( dehonestatus ) by having suffered it '' . The blow left him mentally incapacitated until his resultant death in 866 . He died childless and was buried in Bourges .

neg: European Charlemagne Youth Prize The European Charlemagne Youth Prize , sometimes shortened Charlemagne Youth Prize , is a prize that since 2008 has been annually awarded by the European Parliament and the foundation of the original Charlemagne Prize to young people who have contributed towards the process of European integration . Like the Charlemagne Prize , which has existed since 1949 , the youth prize commemorates Charlemagne , ruler of the Frankish Empire and founder of what became the Holy Roman Empire , who resided and is buried at Aachen .

neg: Clausula de Pippino The Clausula de Pippino is a brief account of the election , coronation and consecration of Pippin the Short as King of the Franks and Roman patrician in 751 -- 54 . It was probably written at Saint-Denis in 767 , shortly before Pippin 's death . Although its authenticity was doubted early , and doubts are still occasionally raised , it has been generally received as authentic since the nineteenth century . It is the earliest source for the events it narrates , pre-dating the account of Einhard , who probably made use of it , by several decades .   The coronation ceremony of Pippin included his two young sons , Charles and Carloman , and his queen , Bertrada . According to the Clausula , Pope Stephen II :  ... blessed the Queen Bertrada and the nobles of the Frankish nation , and while confirming them in the grace of the Holy Spirit , he bound them under penalty of interdict and excommunication never to presume to elect a king who should come forth from the loins of any other than these persons whom Divine Providence had raised to the throne , and who through the intercession of the holy Apostles had been consecrated and confirmed by the hands of their vicar , the pope .

neg: Papal inauguration Papal Inauguration is a liturgical service of the Catholic Church within Mass celebrated in the Roman Rite but with elements of Byzantine Rite for the ecclesiastical investiture of a pope . Since the inauguration of Pope John Paul I , it has not included the 820-year-old ( 1143 -- 1963 ) papal coronation ceremony .   It was in the 11th century that the popeification took the form of a coronation . Along with other ceremonies used at papal inaugurations , a coronation became part of a pope 's inauguration ritual from the time of Pope Nicholas II ( 1059 -- 1061 ) until 1963 . Pope Paul VI , the last pope to be crowned or to use a papal tiara , abandoned the use of his tiara in a ceremony at the end of the second period of the Second Vatican Council .   More than twenty tiaras are held in the Vatican ( see List of papal tiaras in existence ) . That of Paul VI is in the crypt of the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington , D.C. .   A small one is still used to symbolically crown a statue of Saint Peter on his saint 's day every year . The first pope for over eight centuries to inaugurate his pontificate without a coronation was Pope John Paul I.

neg: Council of Aachen A number of significant councils of the Roman Catholic Church were held at Aachen ( also known in French as Aix-la-Chapelle ) in the early Middle Ages .   In the mixed council of 798 , Charlemagne proclaimed a capitulary of eighty-one chapters , largely a repetition of earlier ecclesiastical legislation , that was accepted by the clergy and acquired canonical authority . At the council of 799 , after a discussion of six days Felix , Bishop of Urgel in Spain , avowed himself overcome by Alcuin and withdrew his theory of Adoptianism .   At the council held in 809 , the Frankish Church adopted the filioque addition in the Creed ( which contributed to the East-West Schism ) , although Pope Leo III refused to recognize it as valid ( and the Church of Rome did not accept this addition until 1014 ) .   In the Synods of Aachen ( 816-819 ) , clerical and monastic discipline was the chief issue . The council of 816 established the Rule of Aix which was made obligatory on all establishments of canons and canonesses . The later councils imposed a new revision of the Rule of St. Benedict on the monks of the Benedictine Order by Benedict of Aniane . A list of monasteries and the services to the crown that they owed following these councils can be found in the Notitia de servitio monasteriorum . The synod of 836 was largely attended and devoted itself to the restoration of ecclesiastical discipline that had been affected by the civil wars between Louis the Pious and his sons .   From 860 to 862 three councils were occupied with the question of the divorce of King Lothaire I from his wife , Theutberga .   In 1166 took place the schismatic council , approved by the Antipope Paschal III , in which was decreed the canonization of Charlemagne , that was solemnly celebrated 29 December of that year .


query: Amerigo Vespucci was a horse.

pos: Amerigo Vespucci Amerigo Vespucci ( -LSB- ameˈriːɡo vesˈputtʃi -RSB- ; March 9 , 1454February 22 , 1512 ) was an Italian explorer , financier , navigator and cartographer who first demonstrated that Brazil and the West Indies did not represent Asia 's eastern outskirts as initially conjectured from Columbus ' voyages , but instead constituted an entirely separate landmass hitherto unknown to Old Worlders .   Colloquially referred to as the New World , this second super continent came to be termed `` Americas '' , deriving its name from Americus , the Latin version of Vespucci 's first name .

neg: Varenne Varenne ( foaled in Copparo , Italy , 19 May 1995 ) is a dark bay racing trotter by Waikiki Beach out of Ialmaz by Zebu .   Varenne is considered to be the best trotter of all time . No other trotter has won so many of the most important races in the world and set as many records as Varenne .

neg: Curricle A curricle was a smart , light two-wheeled chaise or `` chariot '' , large enough for the driver and a passenger and -- most unusual for a vehicle with a single axle -- usually drawn by a carefully matched pair of horses . It was popular in the early 19th century : its name -- from the Latin curriculum , meaning `` running '' , `` racecourse '' or `` chariot '' -- is the equivalent of a `` runabout '' and it was a rig suitable for a smart young man who liked to drive himself , at a canter . The French liked the English-sounding term `` carrick '' for these vehicles . The lightweight swept body with just the lightest dashboard hung with a pair of lamps was hung from a pair of outsized swan-neck leaf springs at the rear . For a grand show in the Bois de Boulogne or along the seafront at Honfleur , two liveried mounted grooms might follow .   In Northanger Abbey Henry Tilney drives a curricle ; John Thorpe drives a gig , but buffoonishly praises it as `` curricle-hung '' . Margaret Sullivan found that Jane Austen 's assignment of vehicles to the two men was far from arbitrary .   Curricles were notorious for the accidents their drivers suffered . Thus , in the romance novel Miss Carlyle 's Curricle by Karen Harbaugh , the heroine inherits the curricle in which her uncle died in a racing accident .

neg: Competitive trail riding Competitive trail riding ( CTR ) is an equestrian sport where riders cover a marked trail for a distance that is usually between 15 and 40 miles per day . Some rides are only one day long , others may run as long as three days . One-day six-mile events have also become popular .  The goal of the competition is to demonstrate partnership between horse and rider . Unlike in endurance riding , factors other than speed are considered . If the ride is timed , it is a form of pace race ; otherwise it is a judged trail ride . In a timed ride , horses may not come in under or over a certain time , and veterinary checks , rider behavior and other elements play a role in the placings . The horse is evaluated on performance , manners , and related criteria . `` Pulse and respiration '' stops check the horse 's recovery ability and conditioning .   There are many different organizations which sanction competitive trail rides . Horsemanship may be considered at some competitions , depending on the sanctioning organization . Riders are evaluated on how they handle the trail , manage the horse , and present to the judges and veterinarians throughout the ride . Obstacles are also set up along the trail with the horse and rider graded on how well they perform as a team .   Rides are often held on public lands , such as Forest Service or BLM lands in the United States , but are also held on private property . The terrain varies depending on the part of the country in which a competition is held , and lands available for the event . Unlike trail riding at a guest ranch , where inexperienced riders walk their horses most of the time and cover simple trails , riders who compete in competitive trail rides are asked to have their animals navigate a variety of terrain and use all gaits , especially the trot .   Similar events exist around the world , though often with wide variations in rules and distances . In all cases , the most obvious difference between an endurance ride and a competitive trail ride is that the winner of an endurance ride is the first horse and rider team to cross the finish line and pass a vet check that deems the horse `` fit to continue , '' whereas competitive trail rides usually consider additional factors and penalize a horse and rider that finish in too little or too long of a time .

neg: Group One Group One , Group 1 Grade I or G1 is the term used for the highest level of Thoroughbred and Standardbred stakes races in many countries . In Europe , the level of races for Thoroughbred racing is determined using the Pattern race system introduced in 1971 and monitored by the European Pattern Committee . To attain or maintain a Group One status , the average rating for the first four finishers in the race must be 115 or higher over a three year period . The International Federation of Horseracing Authorities works to ensure consistent international standards . Group One races may only be restricted to age groups or a stipulated sex : they should not be restricted to horses bred in a certain country ( though there are regional exceptions to this rule ) . Group One ( G1 ) races may be run under handicap conditions in Australia , but in Europe weight-for-age conditions always apply .   In the United States , Canada , Japan , South Africa , and British National Hunt racing `` Grade I '' is used instead . Race grading was introduced in North America in 1974 .   These races , whether designated as `` Group One '' or `` Grade I '' , are of international importance and attract the best horses . They also offer very large stake money . For example , the minimum purse for a Grade I race in North America in 2016 was $ 300,000 . The minimum purse for a Group I race in Australia for 2016 was A$ 350,000 .

neg: Tarpan The tarpan ( Equus ferus ferus ) , also known as Eurasian wild horse , is an extinct subspecies of wild horse . The last individual believed to be of this subspecies died in captivity in Russia in 1909 , although some sources claim that it was not a genuine wild horse due to its resemblance to domesticated horses .   Beginning in the 1930s , several attempts were made to develop horses that looked like tarpans through selective breeding , called `` breeding back '' by advocates . The breeds that resulted included the Heck horse , the Hegardt or Stroebel 's horse , and a derivation of the Konik breed , all of which have a primitive appearance , particularly in having the grullo coat color . Some of these horses are now commercially promoted as `` tarpans . '' However , those who study the history of the ancient wild horse assert that the word `` tarpan '' only describes the true wild horse .

neg: Suffolk Punch The Suffolk Punch , also historically known as the Suffolk Horse or Suffolk Sorrel , is an English breed of draught horse . The breed takes the first part of its name from the county of Suffolk in East Anglia , and the name `` Punch '' from its solid appearance and strength . It is a heavy draught horse which is always chestnut in colour , traditionally spelled '' '' by the breed registries . Suffolk Punches are known as good doers , and tend to have energetic gaits .   The breed was developed in the early 16th century , and remains similar in phenotype to its founding stock . The Suffolk Punch was developed for farm work , and gained popularity during the early 20th century . However , as agriculture became increasingly mechanised , the breed fell out of favour , particularly from the middle part of the century , and almost disappeared completely . Although the breed 's status is listed as critical by the UK Rare Breeds Survival Trust and the American Livestock Breeds Conservancy , there has been a resurgence in interest , and population numbers are increasing . As well as being used for farm work , the breed pulled artillery and non-motorised commercial vans and buses . It was also exported to other countries to upgrade local equine stock . Today , they are used for draught work , forestry and advertising .

neg: Pampa horse The Pampa Horse is a horse breed that combines the conformational characteristics of Brazilian Horses that are gaited with a pinto spotting pattern of white and dark coat colors . Developed from a base of spotted horses of the Mangalarga Marchador , Campolina , Brazilian crossbred horses , and others . It is a color breed : only pinto horses may be registered .

neg: Club Hípico de Santiago Club Hípico de Santiago is a thoroughbred horse race track in Santiago , Chile .

neg: Equine agility Equine agility or horse agility is a sport similar to dog agility but using horses . Horses are asked to navigate an obstacle course with guidance from a human handler on the ground . At lower levels , the horse may be guided with a lead rope but at higher levels the horse works without a lead and in some cases , without a halter . There also are competition levels where horses compete in the `` wild '' -- outside of an enclosed arena , and competitions where horses are not judged live but rather via video sent in by their handlers . Any equine of any size may compete in agility , including miniature horses , donkeys , mules and draft horses .   In live competition , handlers are required to wear an equestrian helmet and can not use whips or sticks . The horse is only allowed , at most , to wear a halter , lead rope and may wear leg protection such as splint boots . The lead rope must be loose and the handler can not pull on it but must remain within a designated position with their horse . Competition usually consists of a course of eight or more obstacles . Examples of obstacles may include tunnels , jumps , a seesaw , passing through a curtain , weaving between poles or cones , passing through or over poles , branches , gates , hoops , water , or tarps ; entering a trailer ; rolling a ball , backing between two poles , stepping onto an object , standing still , carrying a light load , crossing a bridge , navigating a small maze or labyrinth , crossing over an A-frame , and so on . Courses are often timed , particularly at higher levels .

neg: General Stud Book __ NOTOC __   The General Stud Book is a breed registry for horses in Great Britain and Ireland . More specifically it is used to document the breeding of Thoroughbreds and related foundation bloodstock such as the Arabian horse . Today it is published every four years by Weatherbys . Volume 47 was published in 2013 .   In 1791 , James Weatherby published Introduction to a General Stud Book , which was an attempt to collect pedigrees for the horses racing then and that had raced in the past . It was filled with errors and was not at all complete , but it was popular and led in 1793 to the first volume of the General Stud Book which had many more pedigrees and was more accurate . Volume one was revised many times , the most important being in 1803 , 1808 , 1827 , 1859 and 1891 .   The General Stud Book has been owned by Weatherbys ever since ; the two horse racing authorities that cover the United Kingdom , the British Horseracing Authority in Great Britain ( historically the Jockey Club ) and Horse Racing Ireland for all of the island of Ireland , including Northern Ireland , do not maintain the registry . This differs from the American Stud Book which is owned by the United States Jockey Club .

neg: Equine nutrition Equine nutrition is the feeding of horses , ponies , mules , donkeys , and other equines . Correct and balanced nutrition is a critical component of proper horse care .   Horses are non-ruminant herbivores of a type known as a `` hindgut fermenter . '' Horses have only one stomach , as do humans . However , unlike humans , they also have to utilize plant fiber ( largely cellulose ) that comes from grass and hay . Ruminants like cattle are foregut fermenters , and digest fiber in plant matter by use of a multi-chambered stomach , whereas horses use microbial fermentation in a part of the digestive system known as the cecum ( or caecum ) to break down the cellulose .   In practical terms , horses prefer to eat small amounts of food steadily throughout the day , as they do in nature when grazing on pasture . Although this is not always possible with modern stabling practices and human schedules that favor feeding horses twice a day , it is important to remember the underlying biology of the animal when determining what to feed , how often , and in what quantities .   The digestive system of the horse is somewhat delicate . Horses are unable to regurgitate food , except from the esophagus . Thus , if they overeat or eat something poisonous , vomiting is not an option . They also have a long , complex large intestine and a balance of beneficial microbes in their cecum that can be upset by rapid changes in feed . Because of these factors , they are very susceptible to colic , which is a leading cause of death in horses . Therefore , horses require clean , high-quality feed , provided at regular intervals , and may become ill if subjected to abrupt changes in their diets . Horses are also sensitive to molds and toxins . For this reason , they must never be fed contaminated fermentable materials such as lawn clippings . Fermented silage or `` haylage '' is fed to horses in some places ; however , contamination or failure of the fermentation process that allows any mold or spoilage may be toxic .

neg: Silesian horse The Silesian horse , Polish : Koń śląski , Silesian : Ślůnski kůń , is a breed of warmblood horse from the area of historic Silesia , which lies mostly within modern Poland . It is the heaviest of the Polish warmblood breeds , and has been influenced mainly by the Thoroughbred and Oldenburg , and partly by the East Friesian and German halfbred . The Oldenburg influence was particularly pronounced after World War II , when imported stallions were used to keep the breed from becoming extinct . Two types are recognised in the breed standard , an old and a new . At 3 years old , stallions of the old type stand 160 -- at the withers , mares about 2 cm less ; the girth is 190 -- , and the cannon-bone circumference about 23 -- 24 cm . The new or racing type is taller and lighter , stallions standing 164 -- at the withers and mares about 2 cm less ; the girth measures 185 -- 200 cm and the cannon-bone 21.5 -- 23 cm . Stallions average 650 kg , mares 600 kg . The current stud-book dates from 1961 ; registers for this type of horse have been kept since the late 19th century . In 2008 the breed numbered about 5000 .

neg: German Riding Pony The Deutsche Reitpony or German Riding Pony is a very popular pony breed in Germany . It is described as a `` miniature warmblood '' with refined , horse-like characteristics that make it suitable as both a children 's pony and as a mount for sport horse competition in Europe . Originally bred in Germany and later throughout Western Europe , the breed is relatively new to North America .

neg: National Show Horse The National Show Horse ( NSH ) originated as a part-Arabian cross between an American Saddlebred and an Arabian horse . It is now established as a separate breed , since the founding of a breed registry in August 1981 . Registered animals today may be the offspring of registered NSH parents or may be a combination between an American Saddlebred , Arabian , and a National Show Horse . Non-NSH mares and stallions must be registered with their appropriate registries , and stallions who are Arabian or Saddlebred must additionally be nominated and approved by the NSHR board of directors . Although any combination of these three breeds may be used , as of December 1 , 2009 there must be at least 50 % Arabian blood in the horse to be registered , up to 99 % Arabian blood ( formerly 25 % minimum Arabian blood was required for registry ) .

neg: Muhamed (horse) Muhamed was a German horse reportedly able to mentally extract the cube roots of numbers , which he would then tap out with his hooves . Raised in the town of Elberfeld by Karl Krall in the late 19th and early twentieth centuries , he was one of several supposedly gifted horses , the others being Kluge Hans , Zarif , Amassis , and later , Bento , a blind stallion . Muhamed , the most gifted of the animals , could also allegedly perform music and even distinguish between harmony and discord .   While all the horses raised by Krall could demonstrate an apparent ability to read and do basic arithmetic , Muhamed could seemingly perform complicated calculations . When tested by psychologists and scientists , a number was written on a blackboard , and Muhamed was asked to extract the cube root . His left foot represented the tens , while his right foot represented the ones , so that in order to give the answer sixty-five , he would tap six times with his left foot and five times with his right . This method of tapping was also used to demonstrate the horse 's spelling , although according to reports , they did not correctly handle German orthography . Krall himself professed disbelief in the notion that Muhamed might be some sort of genius , arguing that human idiot savants are also able to perform mathematical functions rapidly in their heads .   Scientists examining the horses attempted various tests to prove that the horses were being signaled the answers by Krall , and even attempted to blindfold the horses by tying sacks over their heads , and by observing them in the stable through peepholes .   According to Krall , Muhamed , the most intelligent of the horses , eventually began to communicate spontaneously , sometimes even tattling on the other horses for being lazy , or even on the grooms for beating them .   Among the scholars who tested the horses and came away impressed by them were psychologist Edward Claparède , who claimed that they were genuine , and Belgian writer Maurice Maeterlinck , who claimed that Krall had `` humanized '' the horses .   Muhamed disappeared in World War I , in which he served as a draft animal .

neg: Cavalry Cavalry ( from French cavalerie , cf. cheval ` horse ' ) or horsemen were soldiers or warriors who fought mounted on horseback . Cavalry were historically the most mobile of the combat arms . An individual soldier in the cavalry is known by a number of designations such as cavalryman , horseman , dragoon or trooper . The designation of cavalry was not usually given to any military forces that used other animals , such as camels , mules or elephants . Infantry who moved on horseback , but dismounted to fight on foot , were known in the 17th and early 18th centuries as dragoons , a class of mounted infantry which later evolved into cavalry proper while retaining their historic title .   Cavalry had the advantage of improved mobility , and a man fighting from horseback also had the advantages of greater height , speed , and inertial mass over an opponent on foot . Another element of horse mounted warfare is the psychological impact a mounted soldier can inflict on an opponent .   The speed , mobility and shock value of the cavalry was greatly appreciated and exploited in armed forces in the Ancient and Middle Ages ; some forces were mostly cavalry , particularly in nomadic societies of Asia , notably the Mongol armies . In Europe cavalry became increasingly armoured ( heavy ) , and eventually became known for the mounted knights . During the 17th century cavalry in Europe lost most of its armor , ineffective against the muskets and cannon which were coming into use , and by the mid-19th century armor had mainly fallen into disuse , although some regiments retained a small thickened cuirass that offered protection against lances and sabres and some protection against shot .   In the period between the World Wars , many cavalry units were converted into motorized infantry and mechanized infantry units , or reformed as tank troops . However , some cavalry still served during World War II , notably in the Red Army , the Mongolian People 's Army , the Royal Italian Army , the Romanian Army , the Polish Land Forces , and light reconnaissance units within the Waffen SS . Most cavalry units that are horse-mounted in modern armies serve in purely ceremonial roles , or as mounted infantry in difficult terrain such as mountains or heavily forested areas . Modern usage of the term generally refers to specialist units equipped with tanks ( `` armored cavalry '' ) or aircraft ( `` air cavalry '' ) .

neg: Nez Perce Horse The Nez Perce Horse is a spotted horse breed of the Nez Perce tribe of Idaho . The Nez Perce Horse Registry ( NPHR ) program began in 1995 in Lapwai , Idaho and is based on cross-breeding the old-line Appaloosa horses ( the Wallowa herd ) with an ancient Central Asian breed called Akhal-Teke .   This program seeks to re-establish the horse culture of the Nez Perce , a tradition of selective breeding of Appaloosa horses and horsemanship that was destroyed in the 19th century . The breeding program was financed by the United States Department of Health and Human Services , the Nez Perce tribe and a nonprofit group called the First Nations Development Institute , which promotes such businesses .   The Nez Perce Horse is `` fit to carry the Nez Perce name , '' according to Rudy Shebala , director of the Tribe 's Horse Registry and the Nez Perce Young Horsemen program .   The Akhal-Teke is an ancient breed that originated in Turkmenistan ( near Afghanistan ) . They are known for their superb endurance and `` metallic '' coats . The Akhal-Teke coat colors commonly include palominos , buckskins , and dark bays . A typical Nez Perce Horse is a buckskin or palomino with Appaloosa characteristics -- mottled skin with a spotted coat or a blanket .   The Nez Perce Horse 's conformation is longer and leaner than the Quarter Horses or other stock horses of the Western U.S. , with narrower shoulders and hindquarters , a longer back , and a lean runner 's appearance . They are good at long rides and compete well in endurance races ; they are also good jumpers . The Nez Perce Horses are often gaited , with a fast and smooth running walk .   The Nez Perce say that the horse has attitude . The Nez Perce people are historically known for their selective horse breeding practices , according to NPHR breeders Jon and Rosa Yearout . `` We strive to follow the lead of our ancestors and carry on their legacy and traditions . ''

neg: Hipódromo Argentino de Palermo Hipodromo Argentino de Palermo is located in Buenos Aires , Argentina . One of the most prominent horse racing venues in Argentina , its installations include a 2400 m track suitable for races in all weather .   The establishment was founded on May 7 , 1876 , as the first racecourse in Buenos Aires , and the first National Derby was held there in 1884 .   On its inauguration , the trains and streetcars of Buenos Aires were not enough to transport the large number of people who wanted to attend the event . However , close to 10,000 people witnessed the first race ever disputed at the Hipódromo , which was won by the horse `` Resbaloso '' .   A sales floor for racing thoroughbreds , Tattersall de Palermo , was opened in 1898 .   The original viewing stands were replaced by a Beaux Arts tribune designed by Louis Faure-Dujarric , in 1908 .   The Hipódromo introduced a technology named `` Photochart '' in 1947 . Photochart was a photographic device that registered the precise moment when the horses crossed the end line , thus simplifying the selection of the winner in neck-and-neck outcomes .   The Hipódromo de Palermo was renamed Hipódromo Argentino de Palermo in 1953 .   The addition , in 1971 , of an electrical lighting system on the racetrack enabled night racing .

neg: Tiger horse Tiger horses are gaited , spotted horses with a coat color much like the Appaloosa . The tiger horse can exhibit various ambling gaits including various lateral gaits called the `` glider gait '' or Indian shuffle , stepping pace , and running walk , as well as the diagonal fox trot . Registered horses must exhibit gaits without artificial aids and while flat-shod .

neg: Holsteiner The Holsteiner is a breed of horse originating in the Schleswig-Holstein region of northern Germany . It is thought to be the oldest of warmblood breeds , tracing back to the 13th century . Though the population is not large , Holsteiners are a dominant force of international show jumping , and are found at the top levels of dressage , combined driving , show hunters , and eventing .