query: Equidae includes some species known only from fossils.

pos: Equidae Equidae ( sometimes known as the horse family ) is the taxonomic family of horses and related animals , including the extant horses , donkeys , and zebras , and many other species known only from fossils . All extant species are in the genus Equus . Equidae belongs to the order Perissodactyla , which includes the extant tapirs and rhinoceros , and several extinct families .   The term equid refers to any member of this family , including any equine .

neg: Albisaurus Albisaurus ( meaning `` Albis -LSB- River -RSB- lizard '' ) was once thought to be a genus of dinosaur , but is now thought to be a non-dinosaurian archosaur . It was first described by Antonin Fritsch ( also spelt Frič ) , a Czech palaeontologist , in 1893 , but the remains are sparse . The validity of the species can not be proven based on the fossil remains , and it is usually marked as a nomen dubium . It lived during Coniacian to Santonian stages of the Cretaceous period ( about 90 - 84 million years ago ) .   The generic name Albisaurus is derived from the Latin albus ( albi - ) ; after the River Albis , as it was known in Roman times , now the Bílé Labe ( or `` White Elbe '' ) , a part of the Elbe River system , which flows through the western Czech Republic , near a site where the type fossils were found ; plus the Greek sauros meaning `` lizard '' . Fritsch originally published the name as Iguanodon albinus in 1893 . After re-evaluating the fossils , however , he decided they were distinct from Iguanodon . In 1905 , he published a new name for this material , calling it Albisaurus scutifer . However , I. albinus has priority and is therefore the correct name for the material as it was based on the same type specimen as A. scutifer .   The type species is Albisaurus albinus . The specific name albinus is derived from the Latin albus ( alb - ) , `` white , bright '' , and the Latin suffix - inus ; `` belonging to '' , alluding to the modern-day Bile Labe of the western Czech Republic , known during the rule of the Roman Empire for the purity and clarity of the water .

neg: Extinct in the wild An extinct in the wild ( EW ) species is one which has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as only known by living members kept in captivity or as a naturalized population outside its historic range due to massive habitat loss .

neg: Equites The Equites ( eques nom . singular ; sometimes called `` knights '' in modern times because of the involvement of horses ) constituted the lower of the two aristocratic classes of ancient Rome , ranking below the patricians ( patricii ) , a hereditary caste that monopolized political power during the regal era ( 753 to 509 BC ) and during the early Republic ( to 338 BC ) . A member of the equestrian order was known as an eques ( plural : equites ) .

neg: Gecko Geckos are lizards belonging to the infraorder Gekkota , found in warm climates throughout the world . They range from 1.6 to 60 cm ( 0.64 to 24 inches ) . Most geckos can not blink , but they often lick their eyes to keep them clean and moist . They have a fixed lens within each iris that enlarges in darkness to let in more light .   Geckos are unique among lizards in their vocalizations . They use chirping sounds in social interactions with other geckos . They are the most species-rich group of lizards , with about 1,500 different species worldwide . The New Latin gekko and English `` gecko '' stem from the Indonesian-Malay gēkoq , which is imitative of the sound the animals make .   All geckos , excluding the Eublepharidae family , lack eyelids and instead have a transparent membrane , which they lick to clean . Nocturnal species have an excellent night vision ; their color vision is 350 times more sensitive than human color vision . The nocturnal geckos evolved from diurnal species which had lost the eye rods . The gecko eye therefore modified its cones that increased in size into different types both single and double . Three different photopigments have been retained and are sensitive to UV , blue , and green . They also use a multifocal optical system that allows them to generate a sharp image for at least two different depths .   Most gecko species can lose their tails in defense , a process called autotomy . Many species are well known for their specialised toe pads that enable them to climb smooth and vertical surfaces , and even cross indoor ceilings with ease . Geckos are well-known to people who live in warm regions of the world , where several species of geckos make their home inside human habitations . These ( for example the house gecko ) become part of the indoor menagerie and are often welcomed , as they feed on insects , including moths and mosquitoes . Unlike most lizards , geckos are usually nocturnal .   The largest species , the kawekaweau , is only known from a single , stuffed specimen found in the basement of a museum in Marseille , France . This gecko was 60 cm ( 24 in ) long and it was likely endemic to New Zealand , where it lived in native forests . It was probably wiped out along with much of the native fauna of these islands in the late 19th century , when new invasive species such as rats and stoats were introduced to the country during European colonization . The smallest gecko , the Jaragua sphaero , is a mere 1.6 cm long and was discovered in 2001 on a small island off the coast of the Dominican Republic .

neg: Allotheria Allotheria ( meaning `` other beasts '' , from the Greek αλλός , allos-other and θήριον , therion-wild animal ) is an extinct branch of successful Mesozoic mammals . The most important characteristic was the presence of lower molariform teeth equipped with two longitudinal rows of cusps . Allotheria includes Multituberculata , Gondwanatheria ( which may be part of Multituberculata , as the sister group to Cimolodonta ) , and probably Haramiyida , though some studies show them to not even be mammals and differing from true allotheres significantly .   Allotheres also had a narrow pelvis , indicating that they gave birth to tiny helpless young like marsupials do . This is a feature of all non-placental mammals .

neg: Anthracotherium Anthracotherium ( `` Coal Beast '' ) was a genus of extinct artiodactyl ungulate mammals , characterized by having 44 teeth , with five semi-crescentic cusps on the crowns of the upper molars . The genus ranged from the early Eocene period until the early Miocene , having a distribution throughout Eurasia . Material subjectively assigned to Anthracotherium from Pakistan suggests the last species died out soon after the start of the Miocene .   The genus typifies the family Anthracotheriidae , if only because it is the most thoroughly studied . In many respects , especially the anatomy of the lower jaw , Anthracotherium , as with the other members of the family , is allied to the hippopotamus , of which it is probably an ancestral form . Recent evidence further suggests that anthracotheres , together with hippos , may be close to the ancestry of the whales .   The genus name stems from the fact that the remains first described having been obtained from the Tertiary lignite-beds of Europe .   The European Anthracotherium magnum was approximately as large as a pygmy hippo ( about 2 m long and weighing up to 250 kg ) , but there were several smaller species and the genus also occurs in Egypt , India and North America . Members of the genus Anthracotherium , as well as other members of the family Anthracotheriidae , are known colloquially as anthracotheres .

neg: Eurypterid Eurypterids ( sea scorpions ) are an extinct group of arthropods related to arachnids that include the largest known arthropods to have ever lived . They are members of the extinct order Eurypterida ( Chelicerata ) ; which is the most diverse Paleozoic chelicerate order in terms of species . The name Eurypterida comes from the Greek words eury - ( meaning `` broad '' or `` wide '' ) and pteron ( meaning `` wing '' ) . This name was chosen due to the pair of wide swimming appendages on the first fossil eurypterids discovered . The largest , such as Jaekelopterus , reached 2.5 m in length , but most species were less than 20 cm . They were formidable predators that thrived in warm shallow water , in both seas and lakes , from the mid Ordovician to late Permian .   Although informally called `` sea scorpions '' , only the earliest ones were marine ( later ones lived in brackish or freshwater ) , and they were not true scorpions . According to theory , the move from the sea to fresh water had probably occurred by the Pennsylvanian subperiod . Eurypterids are believed to have undergone ecdysis , making their significance in ecosystems difficult to assess , because it can be difficult to tell a fossil moult from a true fossil carcass . They became extinct during the Permian -- Triassic extinction event or sometime before the event . Their fossils have a near global distribution .   About two dozen families of eurypterids are known . Perhaps the best-known genus of eurypterid is Eurypterus , of which around 16 fossil species are known . The genus Eurypterus was described in 1825 by James Ellsworth De Kay , a zoologist . He recognized the arthropod nature of the first-ever described eurypterid specimen , found by Dr. S. L. Mitchill . In 1984 , that species , Eurypterus remipes was named the state fossil of New York .   Pentecopterus decorahensis , which lived as early as 467.3 million years ago , is the oldest described eurypterid ; with an estimated length of 1.83 m , it has been described as `` the first real big predator '' .

neg: Ceratopsia Ceratopsia or Ceratopia ' ( -LSB- ˌsɛrəˈtɒpsiə -RSB- or -LSB- ˌsɛrəˈtoʊpiə -RSB- Greek : `` horned faces '' ) is a group of herbivorous , beaked dinosaurs that thrived in what are now North America , Europe , and Asia , during the Cretaceous Period , although ancestral forms lived earlier , in the Jurassic . The earliest known ceratopsian , Yinlong downsi , lived between 161.2 and 155.7 million years ago . The last ceratopsian species , Triceratops prorsus , became extinct during the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event , .   Early members of the ceratopsian group , such as Psittacosaurus , were small bipedal animals . Later members , including ceratopsids like Centrosaurus and Triceratops , became very large quadrupeds and developed elaborate facial horns and frills extending over the neck . While these frills might have served to protect the vulnerable neck from predators , they may also have been used for display , thermoregulation , the attachment of large neck and chewing muscles or some combination of the above . Ceratopsians ranged in size from 1 meter ( 3 ft ) and 23 kilograms ( 50 lb ) to over 9 meters ( 30 ft ) and 9,100 kg ( 20,100 lb ) . Triceratops is by far the best-known ceratopsian to the general public . It is traditional for ceratopsian genus names to end in '' - ceratops '' , although this is not always the case . One of the first named genera was Ceratops itself , which lent its name to the group , although it is considered a nomen dubium '' today as its fossil remains have no distinguishing characteristics that are not also found in other ceratopsians .

neg: Saurosphargidae Saurosphargidae is an extinct family of marine reptiles known from the early Middle Triassic ( Anisian stage ) of Europe and China .   The type species of the family is Saurosphargis volzi , named by Friedrich von Huene in 1936 based on a single specimen collected from the lower Anisian Lower Muschelkalk of Gogolin , Poland - a section of 12 incomplete back vertebrae with ribs . The generic name of Saurosphargis is derived from Greek sauros , `` lizard '' , and sphargis , the old genus name for the leatherback turtle , in reference to the dorsal osteoderm `` body armor '' and broadened ribs forming a closed chest rib basket , traits that are seemingly transitional between turtles and other reptiles . However , due to the only known specimen ' destruction during World War II , many authors considered Saurosphargis to be a nomen dubium . Nevertheless , even based on surviving descriptions alone , many differences were noted even from its closest known relative at the time , Eusaurosphargis dalsassoi from the Anisian-Ladinian boundary of the southern Alps . Various hypotheses existed for the affinities of these species , and together with Helveticosaurus , they were originally thought to be placodonts , but later studies suggested relatedness to other sauropterygians and / or ichthyopterygians .   It was n't until nearly a century after the discovery of Saurosphargis , that other specimens closely related to it were found in China . In 2011 , Li et al. described and named three of these specimens , Sinosaurosphargis yunguiensis , referring to this species being the Chinese version of Saurosphargis . The specimens of Sinosaurosphargis were collected from Member II of the Guanling Formation , dating to the Pelsonian ( mid-late Anisian ) . Based on very detailed descriptions and figures of Saurosphargis in Huene ( 1936 ) , and based on comparisons with the well-preserved Sinosauropshargis , Li et al. ( 2011 ) resurrected Saurosphargis volzi as a valid species , and erected the family Saurosphargidae to contain the two . Furthermore , they reported the discovery of material referable to Saurosphargis from the Lower Muschelkalk of Winterswijk , Netherlands , that is under preparation . Saurosphargis and Sinosaurosphargis were included in a phylogenetic analysis , and were recovered in a monophyletic Saurosphargidae which was found to be the sister taxon of Thalattosauriformes . Sauropterygia was recovered as the sister taxon of their combined group , with a clade formed by Eusaurosphargis and Helveticosaurus in a position basal to it .   In 2014 , Li et al. described a second species of Largocephalosaurus , that was initially interpreted as an eosauropterygian due to the limited preparation of the holotype of its type species L. polycarpon . The second species L. qianensis , known from three specimens , and the newly prepared portions of L. polycarpon postcranial skeleton , revealed the same osteoderm `` body armor '' and broadened rib basket that are unique to saurosphargids . Thus , Largocephalosaurus was reinterpreted as a saurosphargid and a phylogenetic analysis recovered both species , forming a monophyletic Largocephalosaurus , as basal to the clade formed by Saurosphargis and Sinosaurosphargis . All four known specimens of Largocephalosaurus came from the Luoping Biota , from Member II of the Guanling Formation , that yielded Sinosaurosphargis , alongside various invertebrates , fish , basal ichthyosaurs , Atopodentatus , and several species of eosauropterygian , including both pachypleurosaurs and nothosaurids .

neg: Stock horse A stock horse is a horse of a type that is well suited for working with livestock , particularly cattle . The related cow pony or cow horse is a historic phrase , still used colloquially today , referring to a particularly small agile cattle-herding horse ; the term dates to 1874 . The word `` pony '' in this context has little to do with the animal 's size . though the traditional cow pony could be as small as 700 to and less than high .   Such horses are characterized by agility , quickness , and powerful hindquarters . They are usually noted for intelligence and `` cow sense , '' having an instinctive understanding of how to respond to the movement of cattle so as to move livestock in a desired manner with minimal or no guidance from their rider . Such horses are used both as working animals on livestock ranches or stations , and are also seen in competition where horses are evaluated on their ability to work cattle .   The term may refer to any of the following :  A horse used for ranch work or for competition based on the movements of a working ranch horse , including :  campdrafting  cutting ( sport )  ranch sorting  reining  rodeo , particularly calf roping and team roping  team penning  working cow horse  An outdated term for reining or working cow horse competition .  Any breed used for ranch or cattle work in the United States , or work on cattle stations in Australia , including :  Australian Stock Horse  American Quarter Horse  American Paint Horse  Appaloosa  Banker horse  Carolina Marsh Tacky  Florida Cracker Horse  Any other breed of horse used for western riding , ranch work or for stock horse types of competition .  Any breed or type of light riding horse of a phenotype that includes a powerful build with heavily muscled hindquarters that appears suitable for work as a stock horse . This includes some representatives of a variety of breeds and crossbreeds . Among breeds with stock horse-type representatives include :  Arabian horse  Morab  Morgan horse  Mustang  Pony of the Americas  Quarab

neg: Evolution of birds The evolution of birds began in the Jurassic Period , with the earliest birds derived from a clade of theropoda dinosaurs named Paraves . Birds are categorized as a biological class , Aves . The earliest known is Archaeopteryx lithographica , from the Late Jurassic period , though Archaeopteryx is not commonly considered to have been a true bird . Modern phylogenies place birds in the dinosaur clade Theropoda . According to the current consensus , Aves and a sister group , the order Crocodilia , together are the sole living members of an unranked `` reptile '' clade , the Archosauria . Four distinct lineages of bird survived the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event 66 million years ago , giving rise to ostriches and relatives ( Paleognathae ) , ducks and relatives ( Anseriformes ) , ground-living fowl ( Galliformes ) , and `` modern birds '' ( Neoaves ) .   Phylogenetically , Aves is usually defined as all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of a specific modern bird species ( such as the house sparrow , Passer domesticus ) , and either Archaeopteryx , or some prehistoric species closer to Neornithes ( to avoid the problems caused by the unclear relationships of Archaeopteryx to other theropods ) . If the latter classification is used then the larger group is termed Avialae . Currently , the relationship between dinosaurs , Archaeopteryx , and modern birds is still under debate .

neg: Baculites Baculites ( `` walking stick rock '' ) is an extinct genus of cephalopods with a nearly straight shell , included in the heteromorph ammonites . The genus , which lived worldwide throughout most of the Late Cretaceous , was named by Lamarck in 1799 .   The adult shell of Baculites is generally straight and may be either smooth or with sinuous striae or ribbing that typically slant dorso-ventrally forward . The aperture likewise slopes to the front and has a sinuous margin . The venter is narrowly rounded to acute while the dorsum is more broad . The juvenile shell , found at the apex , is coiled in one or two whorls and described as minute , about a centimeter in diameter . Adult Baculites ranged in size from about seven centimeters ( Baculites larsoni ) up to two meters in length .   As with other ammonites , the shell consisted of a series of camerae , or chambers , that were connected to the animal by a narrow tube called a siphuncle by which gas content and thereby buoyancy could be regulated in the same manner as Nautilus does today . The chambers are separated by walls called septa . The line where each septum meets the outer shell is called the suture or suture line . Like other true ammonites , Baculites have intricate suture patterns on their shells that can be used to identify different species .   One notable feature about Baculites is that the males may have been a third to a half the size of the females and may have had much lighter ribbing on the surface of the shell .   The shell morphology of Baculites with slanted striations or ribbing , similarly slanted aperture , and more narrowly rounded to acute keel-like venter points to its having had a horizontal orientation in life as an adult . This same type of cross section is found in much earlier nautiloids such as Bassleroceras and Clitendoceras from the Ordovician period , which can be shown to have had a horizontal orientation . In spite of this , some researchers have concluded that Baculites lived in a vertical orientation , head hanging straight down , since lacking an apical counterweight , movement was largely restricted to that direction . More recent research , notably by Gerd Westermann , has reaffirmed that at least some Baculites species in fact lived in a more or less horizontal orientation .   From shell isotope studies , it is thought that Baculites inhabited the middle part of the water column , not too close to either the bottom or surface of the ocean . In some rock deposits Baculites are common , and they are thought to have lived in great shoals . However , they are not known to occur so densely as to be rock-forming , as do certain other extinct , straight-shelled cephalopods ( e.g. , orthocerid nautiloids ) .   Baculites fossils are very brittle and almost always break . They are most commonly found broken in half or several pieces , usually along suture lines . Individual chambers found this way are sometimes referred to as `` stone buffaloes '' ( due to their shapes ) , though the Native-American attribution typically given as part of the story behind the name is likely apocryphal .   Baculites and related Cretaceous straight ammonite cephalopods are often confused with the superficially similar orthocerid nautiloid cephalopods . Both are long and tubular in form , and both are common items for sale in rock shops ( often under each other 's names ) . Both lineages evidently evolved the tubular form independently , and at different times in earth history . The orthocerid nautiloids lived much earlier ( common during the Paleozoic Era and extinct by the end of the Triassic Period ) than Baculites ( Late Cretaceous Period only ) . The two types of fossils can be distinguished by many features , most obvious among which is the suture line : it is simple in orthocerid nautiloids and intricately folded in Baculites and related ammonoids .   Studies on exceptionally preserved specimens have revealed a radula by synchrotron imagery . The results suggest that Baculites fed on pelagic zooplankton ( as suggested by remains of a larval gastropod and a pelagic isopod inside the mouth ) .

neg: Globidonta Globidonta is a clade of alligatoroids that includes alligators , caimans , and closely related extinct forms . It is defined as a stem-based clade including Alligator mississippiensis ( the American Alligator ) and all forms more closely related to it than to Diplocynodon . The group 's fossil range extends back into the Late Cretaceous with early alligatoroids such as Albertochampsa and Brachychampsa . Extinct globidontans were particularly common in North America and Eurasia , and their modern range also includes South America . The oldest known globidontan is Acynodon from France , which is also the most basal .   Basal globidontans are characterized by their blunt snouts and bulbous teeth . Modern globidontans have flattened snouts and more conical teeth , and are seen as more generalized than earlier globidontans . Generalized forms are usually expected to be ancestral to more specialized forms rather than descendants of them , so it is unusual for basal members of the group to appear specialized . This seems to conflict with the `` Law of the Unspecialized '' first proposed by Edward Drinker Cope in 1894 . Under the Law of the Unspecialized , morphological change is always directed toward specialization , and specialized forms can never become `` unspecialized '' again . This pattern of change , while not seen in globidontans , can be observed in basal members of Alligatoroidea and Crocodyloidea .   Flat-snouted globidontans occurred two times in the evolution of the clade : once in caimans and once in alligators . Alligator sinensis , the Chinese Alligator , has a snout that is somewhat blunt and could be considered specialized . However , its snout is not nearly as blunt as those of more basal globidontans such as Albertachampsa .   If the last common ancestor of Diplocynodon and globidontans was more like Diplocynodon , it would have had a generalized snout shape . It is also possible that the generalized form of Diplocynodon may also have arisen from a specialized blunt-snouted ancestor . Baryphracta , a diplocynodontine closely related to Diplocynondon , has a blunt snout and may have been similar in appearance to such an ancestor .

neg: Leptictidium Leptictidium ( meaning `` graceful weasel '' in Latin ) is an extinct genus of small mammals ; together with macropods , giant pangolins , and humans , they are the only known completely bipedal mammals . Comprising eight species , they resembled today 's elephant shrews . They are especially interesting for their combination of characteristics typical of primitive eutherians with highly specialized adaptations , such as powerful hind legs and a long tail which aided in locomotion . They were omnivorous , their diet a combination of insects , lizards and small mammals . One of the first branches to split from basal eutherians , they appeared in the Lower Eocene , a time of warm temperatures and high humidity , roughly fifty million years ago . Although they were widespread throughout Europe , they became extinct around thirty-five million years ago with no descendants , probably because they were adapted to live in forest ecosystems and were unable to adapt to the open plains of the Oligocene .

neg: Hadrosauroidea Hadrosauroidea is a clade or superfamily of ornithischian dinosaurs that includes the `` duck-billed '' dinosaurs , or hadrosaurids , and all dinosaurs more closely related to them than to Iguanodon . Many primitive hadrosauroids , such as the Asian Probactrosaurus and Altirhinus , have traditionally been included in a paraphyletic ( unnatural grouping ) `` Iguanodontidae '' . With cladistic analysis , the traditional Iguanodontidae has been largely disbanded , and probably includes only Iguanodon and perhaps its closest relatives .

neg: Hierofalcon The hierofalcons are four closely related species of falcon which make up the subgenus Hierofalco :   Lanner falcon , Falco biarmicus  Laggar falcon , Falco jugger  Saker falcon , Falco cherrug  Gyrfalcon , Falco rusticolus   The black falcon of Australia is occasionally considered allied to the hierofalcons : indeed it seems fairly close to them ( Wink et al. 2004 ) .   They represent members of their genus which are similar to species like the peregrine falcon in outward appearance , but usually with more phaeomelanins which impart reddish or brown colors , and generally more strongly patterned plumage reminiscent of hawks . Their undersides usually have a lengthwise pattern of dark blotches , lines or arrowhead marks . They hunt usually in level flight , more like goshawks than peregrines with their dive attack or hobbies with their acrobatic pursuits .   Recent DNA sequence data studies have confirmed that the hierofalcons are a monophyletic group - and , incidentally , that hybridization runs rampant in the present species complex . Initial results of mtDNA cytochrome b sequence analyses that suggested they are basal among all living falcons were in error , due to a numt ( Wink & Sauer-Gürth 2000 ) . The biogeographically entirely distinct prairie falcon was sometimes placed with the hierofalcons due to its similar coloration ; it is now considered not to belong in this subgenus , the similarities being the result of convergent evolution in adaptation to similar habitat .   The hierofalcon lineage as such seems of Late Pliocene origin , maybe as old as the `` typical '' kestrels ( Gelasian , some 2.5-2 million years ago ) , maybe somewhat older , though little is known about their fossil history . It seems to have originated in Africa or adjacent regions but apparently became nearly extinct in the past : the present hierofalcon diversity is of rather recent origin , presumably not older than the Eemian interglacial ( about 130,000-115 ,000 years ago ) at the start of the Late Pleistocene ; only one of the hierofalcon species that presumably diverged between the Pliocene and the Middle Pleistocene has left any living descendants . The lanner falcon appears to be the most phylogenetically most ancient species ( mainly judging from biogeography ) ; the others diverged - apparently out of a population isolated in northeastern Africa some time during the Riss glaciation 200,000 to 130,000 years ago - in a brief and rapid bout of evolution . DNA sequence data analyses in this group suffers from the extensive hybridization and incomplete lineage sorting confounding the data , and studies with small sample sizes can by no means be considered reliable . Sometimes , all hierofalcons are lumped into one species , Falco hierofalco .   Possible examples of such extinct hierofalcon lineages include Falco bakalovi occurring from the Early Pliocene of Bulgaria to Early Pleistocene of Spain and the Czech Republic and Falco antiquus known from the Middle Pleistocene of Noailles ( France ) and possibly Hór-völgy ( Hungary ) .   Their name may mean `` sacred falcon '' ( Greek ἱερος = `` sacred '' ) or `` hawk-falcon '' ( Greek ἱεραξ = `` hawk '' , but with a Greek error : the correct combining form of ἱεραξ is `` hieraco - '' ) .

neg: List of birds of Brazil Brazil has one of the richest bird diversities in the world . The avifauna of Brazil include a total of 1799 species , of which 231 are endemic . Four have been introduced by humans , 69 are rare or accidental , and four are extinct or extirpated . An additional 24 species are hypothetical ( see below ) .   Brazil hosts about 60 % of the bird species recorded for all of South America . These numbers are still increasing almost every year , due to new occurrences , new species being described , or splits of existing species . About 10 % of the bird species found in Brazil are , nonetheless , threatened .   In June 2013 a simultaneous discovery of fifteen bird species in Brazil was announced , the first such since 1871 , when August von Pelzeln described forty new species . The birds were from the families Corvidae , Thamnophilidae , Dendrocolaptidae , Tyrannidae , and Polioptilidae . Eleven of the new species are endemics of Brazil and four also inhabit Peru and Bolivia .   This list 's taxonomic treatment ( designation and sequence of orders , families , and species ) and nomenclature ( common and scientific names ) follow the conventions of The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World , 2016 edition . Except as an entry is cited otherwise , the list of species is that of the South American Classification Committee ( SACC ) of the American Ornithologists ' Union . The taxonomy used by the SACC differs from `` Clements '' , and significant differences in names are noted . Especially see typical antbirds and puffbirds ; entries in those families increase the above total species count by two and decrease the endemic count by one , respectively .   Differences from `` Clements '' in the sequence of orders , families , and species within families are not noted . Several new species have been proposed and are under consideration by the SACC ; one is listed here .   The following tags have been used to highlight certain categories , but not all species fall into one of these categories . Those that do not are commonly occurring native species .   ( A ) Accidental - a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in Brazil  ( E ) Endemic - a species endemic to Brazil  ( I ) Introduced - a species introduced to Brazil as a consequence , direct or indirect , of human actions  ( H ) Hypothetical - a species recorded but with `` no tangible evidence '' according to the SACC

neg: Gastropoda The Gastropoda or gastropods , more commonly known as snails and slugs , are a large taxonomic class within the phylum Mollusca . The class Gastropoda includes snails and slugs of all kinds and all sizes from microscopic to large . There are many thousands of species of sea snails and sea slugs , as well as freshwater snails , freshwater limpets , land snails and land slugs .   The class Gastropoda contains a vast total of named species , second only to the insects in overall number . The fossil history of this class goes back to the Late Cambrian . There are 611 families of gastropods known , of which 202 are extinct and appear only in the fossil record .   Gastropoda ( previously known as univalves and sometimes spelled `` Gasteropoda '' ) are a major part of the phylum Mollusca , and are the most highly diversified class in the phylum , with 65,000 to 80,000 living snail and slug species . The anatomy , behavior , feeding , and reproductive adaptations of gastropods vary significantly from one clade or group to another . Therefore , it is difficult to state many generalities for all gastropods .   The class Gastropoda has an extraordinary diversification of habitats . Representatives live in gardens , woodland , deserts , and on mountains ; in small ditches , great rivers and lakes ; in estuaries , mudflats , the rocky intertidal , the sandy subtidal , in the abyssal depths of the oceans including the hydrothermal vents , and numerous other ecological niches , including parasitic ones .   Although the name `` snail '' can be , and often is , applied to all the members of this class , commonly this word means only those species with an external shell big enough that the soft parts can withdraw completely into it . Those gastropods without a shell , and those with only a very reduced or internal shell , are usually known as slugs ; those with a shell into which they can not withdraw are termed limpets .   The marine shelled species of gastropod include edible species such as abalone , conches , periwinkles , whelks , and numerous other sea snails that produce seashells that are coiled in the adult stage -- though in some , the coiling may not be very visible , for example in cowries . In a number of families of species , such as all the various limpets , the shell is coiled only in the larval stage , and is a simple conical structure after that .

neg: Desmatippus Desmatippus is an extinct , three-toed , browsing member of the Equidae . It lived in what is now North America during the Miocene period ( about 23 mya to 5 mya ) . Desmatippus was 60 cm height and 20 kg in weight .

neg: Sister group A sister group or sister taxon is a phylogenetic term denoting the closest relatives of another given unit in an evolutionary tree . The expression is most easily illustrated by a cladogram : A , B , and C each represent a taxon :   The sister group to A is B ; conversely , the sister group to B is A. Groups A and B , together with all other descendants of their most recent common ancestor , form the clade AB . The sister group to clade AB is C.   The whole clade ABC is itself a subtree of a larger tree , which offers yet more sister group branches that are related but farther removed from the leaf nodes , such as A , B , and C.   In cladistic standards , A , B , and C may represent specimens , species , taxon-groups , etc. . If they represent species , the term sister species is sometimes used .   The term `` sister group '' is used in phylogenetic analysis , and only groups identified in the analysis are labeled as sister groups . An example is in birds , whose sister group is commonly cited as the crocodiles , but that is true only when dealing with extant taxa . The bird family tree is rooted in the dinosaurs , making for a number of extinct groups branching off before coming to the last common ancestor of birds and crocodiles . Thus , the term sister group must be seen as a relative term , with the caveat that the sister group is the closest relative only among the groups/species/specimens that are included in the analysis .


query: Ty Cobb was born in rural Connecticut.

pos: Ty Cobb Tyrus Raymond Cobb ( December 18 , 1886 -- July 17 , 1961 ) , nicknamed The Georgia Peach , was an American Major League Baseball ( MLB ) outfielder . He was born in rural Narrows , Georgia . Cobb spent 22 seasons with the Detroit Tigers , the last six as the team 's player-manager , and finished his career with the Philadelphia Athletics . In 1936 Cobb received the most votes of any player on the inaugural Baseball Hall of Fame ballot , receiving 222 out of a possible 226 votes ( 98.2 % ) ; no other player received a higher percentage of votes until 1992 . In 1999 , editors at the Sporting News ranked Ty Cobb 3rd on their list of `` Baseball 's 100 Greatest Players '' .   Cobb is widely credited with setting 90 MLB records during his career . He still holds several records as of the end of the 2016 season , including the highest career batting average ( .366 or .367 , depending on source ) and most career batting titles with 11 ( or 12 , depending on source ) . He retained many other records for almost a half century or more , including most career hits until 1985 ( 4,189 or 4,191 , depending on source ) , most career runs ( 2,245 or 2,246 depending on source ) until 2001 , most career games played ( 3,035 ) and at bats ( 11,429 or 11,434 depending on source ) until 1974 , and the modern record for most career stolen bases ( 892 ) until 1977 . He still holds the career record for stealing home ( 54 times ) and for stealing second base , third base , and home in succession ( 5 times ) , and as the youngest player ever to compile 4,000 hits and score 2,000 runs . Cobb ranks fifth all-time in number of games played and committed 271 errors , the most by any American League ( AL ) outfielder .   Cobb 's legacy as an athlete has sometimes been overshadowed by his surly temperament and aggressive playing style , which was described by the Detroit Free Press as `` daring to the point of dementia . '' Cobb himself wrote shortly before his death , `` In legend I am a sadistic , slashing , swashbuckling despot who waged war in the guise of sport . '' Cobb was notorious for sliding into bases feet first , with his spikes high .   Cobb 's legacy , which includes a large college scholarship fund for Georgia residents financed by his early investments in Coca-Cola and General Motors , has been tarnished by allegations of racism and violence , largely stemming from a couple of biographies that were released following his death . Cobb 's reputation as an extremely violent man was fanned by his first biographer , sportswriter Al Stump , whose stories about Cobb have been discredited as sensationalized , and in some part proven to be entirely fictional , while Cobb 's views on race evolved and mellowed after his retirement from baseball .

neg: Newtown Borough Historic District The Newtown Borough Historic District is a 100 acre historic district in the borough of Newtown within the town of Newtown in Fairfield County , Connecticut . There is a local historic district , and an overlapping district that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996 .   The National Register district includes just a small part of the current borough , but about half of the original borough as it was first incorporated in 1824 .   The local historic district was smaller , but the Ram 's Pasture and another property were added in 2009 . The district has a governance structure .   The district was designated as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) in 1996 . The district area has buildings dating back from 1780 . The district includes the separately NRHP-listed Glover House and Caleb Baldwin Tavern .   In 1996 , the district included 225 contributing buildings , 2 other contributing structures , 1 contributing site , and 2 contributing objects . The one contributing site in the district is the `` Ram 's Pasture '' , a meadow that was common land .   Significant properties in the district include :  Glover House  Caleb Baldwin Tavern : The Baldwin Tavern is along the march route taken by French commander Rochambeau 's troops in 1781 en route to Yorktown , Virginia and/or in 1782 during their return . It was built c. 1763 and is a two-and-a-half-story house . It housed some of the army 's officers in June 1781 , en route to the Siege of Yorktown . It also an example of traditional 18th-century New England architecture , and retains some details from that time period .  17 Main Street , home of Arthur J. Smith , publisher of the Newtown Bee newspaper which began in 1877 ( see accompanying photo # 9 )  Liberty Pole/Flagpole  Soldiers and Sailors Monument  Edmond Town Hall  Matthew Curtiss House , 44 Main Street , a museum of the Newtown Historical Society ( see photo # 1 , left )  Gen. Daniel Baldwin House , 38 Main Street , a formal Georgian style building that contrasts to most of the other architecture ( see photo # 4 )  Cyrenius H. Booth Library   In 2003 , citizen protests and a petition of 700 residents led to re-siting of a planned communications tower so that it would not be visible from the historic district .

neg: Hanover, Connecticut Hanover is a small community in Sprague inside New London County , Connecticut . In the 2010 US Census the population was 67 , but in 2014 the estimated population was 59 . The main road , Hanover Rd. , leads south to Route 138 and north to Route 14 in Scotland , while Salt Rock Rd. leads to Route 97 . The Little River runs through the eastern part of the area . Hanover Reservoir is the largest body of water in the area . In the center of the village , some notably old houses are located there . Some are on the National Register of Historic Places .

neg: Connecticut warbler The Connecticut warbler ( Oporornis agilis ) is a small songbird of the New World warbler family .   These medium-sized warblers measure 13 - in length , with a 22 - wingspan . Connecticut warblers weigh 10 g when they fledge , attaining an average weight of around 15 g as adults . However , birds preparing for migration pack on more weigh to survive the strenuous journey and can weigh up to 25 g . This species has light yellow underparts and olive upperparts ; they have a light eye ring , pink legs , a long tail , pale wing bars and a thin pointed bill . Males have a grey hood ; female and immatures are more brown and have a whitish throat .   Their breeding habitat is bogs or open deciduous woods near water , especially with poplar or aspen , in central Canada and states bordering the Great Lakes . The nest is an open cup well-concealed in moss or a clump of grass .   These birds migrate to the Amazon River area in South America in winter . Connecticut warblers undertake different migratory routes in spring and in fall , an atypical behavior . In spring , they normally pass through the Midwest and only rarely vagrating to the East Coast , but in fall , larger numbers of migrating birds move through the East Coast .   They forage on the ground , picking among dead leaves , or hop along branches . These birds mainly eat insects and similar small invertebrates but will supplement their diet occasionally with seeds and berries . They are `` skulking '' birds that usually spend their time foraging within dense , low vegetation . Such behavior often renders them difficult to see well .   The song of this bird is a loud repeated cheepa-cheepa . The call is a nasal pitch .   Despite its name , this bird would probably only visit Connecticut during migration . They are fairly elusive birds , but it appears that their numbers may be declining due to loss of winter habitat .

neg: Colchester, Connecticut Colchester is a town in New London County , Connecticut , United States . The population was 16,068 at the 2010 census . In 2010 Colchester became the first town in Connecticut , and the 36th in the country , to be certified with the National Wildlife Federation as a Community Wildlife Habitat .   Colchester is one of the fastest growing towns in Connecticut . The villages of Westchester and North Westchester are located within Colchester . The town center village , which was previously incorporated as a borough , is a census-designated place , with a population of 4,781 at the 2010 census .   The Colchester Historical Society operates a local history museum in town .

neg: Connecticut wine Connecticut wine refers to wine made from grapes and other fruit grown in the U.S. state of Connecticut . The modern wine industry in Connecticut began with the passage of the Connecticut Winery Act in 1978 . The wineries in Connecticut are located throughout the state , including in the two designated American Viticultural Areas in the state . The climate in the coastal region near Long Island Sound and the Connecticut River valley tends to be warmer than the highlands in the eastern and western sides of the state .

neg: Fort Cobb, Oklahoma Fort Cobb is a town in Caddo County , Oklahoma , United States . The population was 634 at the 2010 census .

neg: Putnam (CDP), Connecticut Putnam District is a village and census-designated place ( CDP ) in Windham County , Connecticut , United States . The CDP was formed when the former city of Putnam disincorporated . The population was 7,214 at the 2010 census .

neg: Connecticut statistical areas The statistical areas of the United States of America comprise the metropolitan statistical areas ( MSAs ) , the micropolitan statistical areas ( μSAs ) , and the combined statistical areas ( CSAs ) currently defined by the United States Office of Management and Budget ( OMB ) .   Most recently on December 1 , 2009 , the Office of Management and Budget defined 1067 statistical areas for the United States , including two combined statistical areas , four metropolitan statistical areas , and two micropolitan statistical areas in the State of Connecticut . The table below shows the recent population of these statistical areas and the eight counties of Connecticut .   __ TOC __

neg: Zachariah Curtiss House The Zachariah Curtiss Houses are located at 2950 Nichols Avenue on the Farm Highway or Route 108 on the south side of Mischa Hill , and are among the oldest houses in the village of Nichols in Trumbull , Connecticut in New England . They are both Colonial American wooden post-and-beam timber frame farm houses .   The older and smaller house of the two was built by Zachariah I around 1686 and the second house was built by his son Zachariah II around 1721 in the Georgian architectural style .   The houses were built on separate sides of the Farm highway . The smaller house was moved alongside and attached to the larger house as an ell around 1800 . As the population of the village increased , the traffic , which traveled directly through the Curtiss farm , increased as well and the house was moved to improve safety and privacy . Building dwellings or farm buildings on opposite sides of the highway , or within the grassy median between the travel lanes , was very common in Stratford .   The houses also have the distinction of being located in four different townships in their history , but have never been moved more than 50 feet ; Stratford ( 1686 -- 1725 ) , Unity ( 1725 -- 1744 ) , North Stratford ( 1744 -- 1797 ) and Trumbull ( 1797-present ) . And , they have been owned by only three families surnames in their history ; Curtiss , Cooper and the present owner .

neg: New Hartford, New York New Hartford is a town in Oneida County , New York , United States . As of the 2010 census , the town population was 22,166 . The name of New Hartford was provided by a settler family from Hartford , Connecticut .   The Town of New Hartford contains a village , also named New Hartford . New Hartford is the largest suburb of Utica , New York , which is located directly north of the town and village .

neg: Timo Andres Timo Andres ( born Timothy Andres in 1985 in Palo Alto , California ) is an American composer and pianist . He grew up in rural Connecticut and lives in Brooklyn , New York .

neg: Cobb, Indiana Cobb is an unincorporated community in northern Nevins Township , Vigo County , in the U.S. state of Indiana .   It is part of the Terre Haute metropolitan area .

neg: Brattleboro, Vermont Brattleboro ( -LSB- ˈbrætəlˌbəroʊ -RSB- ) , originally Brattleborough , is a town in Windham County , Vermont , United States . The most populous municipality abutting Vermont 's eastern border ( the Connecticut River ) , Brattleboro is located about 10 miles north of the Massachusetts state line , at the confluence of Vermont 's West River and the Connecticut . In 2014 , Brattleboro 's population was estimated by the U.S. Census Bureau to be 11,765 .   Marlboro College Center for Graduate and Professional Studies and SIT Graduate Institute are located in the town . There are satellite campuses of three colleges as well : Community College of Vermont , Union Institute and University , and Vermont Technical College . The town is home to the New England Center for Circus Arts and the Vermont Jazz Center .   The Brattleboro Retreat , a not-for-profit mental health and addictions psychiatric hospital , is also located in the town .

neg: Litchfield, Connecticut Litchfield is a town in and former county seat of Litchfield County , Connecticut , United States . The population was 8,466 at the 2010 census . The boroughs of Bantam and Litchfield are located within the town . There are also three unincorporated villages : East Litchfield , Milton , and Northfield .

neg: Historical United States Census totals for Piscataquis County, Maine This article shows U.S. Census totals for Piscataquis County , Maine , broken down by municipality , from 1900 to 2000 .   There are two types of incorporated municipalities in Maine , towns and cities . The tables in the New England Historical U.S. Census Totals series differentiate between towns and cities ; however , there have never been any cities in Piscataquis County .   Most areas of New England are entirely divided into incorporated municipalities , with no unincorporated territory . In the three northern New England states , however , some unincorporated territory does exist , generally in areas that are very sparsely populated . Maine contains significantly more unincorporated territory than the other states , with the bulk of it in interior and northern counties , including Piscataquis County .   Some unincorporated territory in Maine is organized into a third type of town-level municipality unique to Maine , called a plantation ( considered to be `` organized '' , but not incorporated ) , while some is entirely unorganized . Due to the large extent of unorganized territory in Piscataquis County , separate sections with detailed historical census totals for such areas follows the main tables below . For any census , adding up the totals for each town-level municipality , including any plantations or unorganized entities , should yield the county total .   For more information on the New England municipal system , see New England town .

neg: Rogers Orchards Rogers Orchards , in Southington , Connecticut , is an agricultural-produce company owned and operated by members of the same family since its founding in 1807 and one of the leading agricultural producers in Connecticut .   Totaling 250 acre , it is Southington 's largest farm and the largest apple-grower in the state , selling wholesale to local stores and retail at its farmers ' markets .   It harvests and sells twenty varieties of apples annually , with McIntosh , Macoun , Cortland , and Empire among its most popular . Rogers Orchards also harvests and sells apricots , peaches , nectarines , plums , pumpkins , and other fruits and vegetables in season , and sells baked goods , honey and syrups , cut flowers , other farm-specialty products , and firewood .

neg: West Simsbury, Connecticut West Simsbury is a census-designated place ( CDP ) and section of the town of Simsbury in Hartford County , Connecticut , United States . The population of the CDP was 2,447 at the 2010 census .

neg: Middletown (New Rochelle) Middletown is a former hamlet of the Town of New Rochelle in Westchester County , New York .   The hamlet took shape in the central portion of New Rochelle , extended along North Avenue from the vicinity of Rochelle Park to the southerly boundary of the Wykagyl Country Club grounds . The origin of the name is traceable to a division of the town road districts . As early as 1747 , there were two main districts : `` upper '' and `` below '' . An increase in population after the Revolutionary War warranted the further subdivision of the town into five road districts in 1787 .   One was named `` Middle '' to distinguish it from the `` Upper '' , `` Waterside '' and `` Town '' districts . By this time the district had become quite well built up so as to make the term `` town '' appropriate . Hence it became `` Middletown '' .   The name was so appropriate to the hamlet that it was indicated on road maps beginning in 1789 .   There was at least one tavern in the hamlet , the Bayeux Tavern , which was located opposite the entrance to present day Paine Avenue . The tavern was of considerable importance to the community at the time . Just across the road was the farm and cottage of Thomas Paine . There were several minor industries in the hamlet as well . Jacob Coutant had a chair factory located west of North Avenue which was powered by water from Stephenson Brook which flowed into Huguenot Lake .   A number of mechanics operated shops on their small farms , and in the vicinity of the present Fifth Avenue where the houses were quite close together .   A school had been established just above the present Paine Avenue before the Revolution , and in 1809 it was removed to the junction of Eastchester Road . There being no public school law in the State of New York in force at the time , this new `` Middle School '' was erected by popular subscription pursuant to a resolution adopted by the citizens living within the hamlet , many of whom contributed the necessary labor , materials and financing . Upon the enactment of a new school law by the State in 1812 it was appropriated for a legalized public school for the hamlet . By 1815 the ' Middle School District ' boundaries were laid out , significantly extending the town limits of `` Middletown '' .   The school was removed out of the hamlet in 1829 to a new building on Mechanic Street , and , from that point on , the growth of the Village of New Rochelle along the Turnpike Road ( now Main Street ) came at the expense of other parts of the town . `` Middletown '' gradually lapsed back into a farming district .

neg: WWYZ WWYZ is a country music station licensed to Waterbury , Connecticut , broadcasting at 92.5 FM . It is owned by iHeartMedia , Inc. , and was previously locally owned by the Gilmore family as a sister to WATR and WATR-TV ( now WCCT-TV ) . Studios are at 10 Columbus Boulevard in Hartford , Connecticut , and the transmitter site is in Meriden , Connecticut .   In the early 1970s , WWYZ was called the `` Music Lover 's WISE Choice '' , trailing among many easy listening stations blanketing much of Connecticut . In June 1976 under program director Bob Craig , WWYZ switched to `` YZ the Natural 92 FM '' as a `` laid back and mellow '' soft rock station . The format outlasted its N.Y. City counterpart WKTU ( which went disco ) and served WWYZ well for about five years . Various attempts to meet new competitors in the adult contemporary arena fell short between 1981 and 1988 . In 1988 , the station switched to a country music format , making it the only FM station in Connecticut with a wide reach to adopt this format full-time . The station has had considerable success with this format and through 2007 remains the only FM country music station in the Hartford and New Haven areas , carrying programs both national and local in origin .

neg: WSYY-FM WSYY-FM ( 94.9 FM ) is a radio station broadcasting for approximately 18 1/4 hours per day , 7 days a week ( from 4:55 AM through 11:10 PM ET ) under the slogan , `` Radio With An Attitude '' . Playing a mix of oldies/classic hits , adult contemporary , rock music , and some country crossovers , the station broadcasts an Adult Hits/Full-Service format for approximately 16 hours per day , from 6:00 AM through 10:00 PM ET ( reserving the first and , also , the final hour of their broadcast day to When Radio Was ) .13 The Mountain 94.9 carries local high school sports in season . The Mountain 94.9 had also carried the complete schedule of Red Sox Baseball ( from 1997 through 2015 , prior to becoming a Former Affiliate in 2016 , which was when Millinocket 's affiliation with the Red Sox Baseball would ultimately be transferred over to co-owned WSYY-AM , thus concluding the frequent interruptions to the music on The Mountain 94.9 during Baseball season ) . The station currently features programming from CBS Radio and carries CBS Radio News at the top of every hour ( and has been an affiliate of that network for many decades ) . Licensed to Millinocket , Maine , USA , the station 's broadcast signal serves the Central Penobscot County , Eastern Piscataquis County and Southern Aroostook County Maine areas , and the station is licensed to service the town of Millinocket , Maine , the very town where its Studios/Offices and Transmitter Tower Site are all located within . The station is currently owned by Katahdin Communications , Inc. . WSYY-FM originally went on the air in 1978 on 97.7 FM as WKTR , upgrading to its current facilities in 1984 on 94.9 . Prior to their The Mountain 94.9 branding , WSYY-FM used to be referred to as North Country 95 , airing a full-time Country Music format . The current format , branding , and slogan was probably adopted around March 1 , 2004 , when Katahdin Communications , Inc. assumed control of WSYY-FM & WSYY-AM from Katahdin Timberlands , LLC ( as a result of the radio station facing increasing land disputes ) , initially as a short term lease agreement but the transfer of ownership ultimately became permanent . Those same land disputes would eventually lead to a loss of WSYY-FM 's 23,500 watt transmitter location ( featuring an antenna HAAT of 211 meters ) ; as a result of this , WSYY-FM may have been operating under a Special Temporary Authority License ( a 12,000 watt facility with an antenna HAAT of 68 meters via Hammond Ridge on Lake Road , about two miles from Millinocket Municipal Airport ) , ever since as long ago as late 2007 , pending a planned permanent move to a 22,000 watt facility with an antenna HAAT of 198.4 meters ( from just off Nicatou Road in Medway , well east of WSYY-FM 's old or current transmitter tower location ) . On November 23th , 2016 , the CP for this proposed move was modified to a 45,000 watt facility with an antenna HAAT of 146.7 meters ; this is the first time this proposed move has ever received official approval from the FCC . WSYY-FM is one of the two Maine affiliates -- apart from WLOB -- of When Radio Was ( 7 days a week from 5:00 AM through 6:00 AM ET and also from 10:00 PM through 11:00 PM ET ) , is one of the two Maine affiliates -- apart from WWMJ -- of The Acoustic Storm ( Saturdays from 9:00 AM through 12:00 PM ET ) , is Maine 's only affiliate of the Crook & Chase syndicated Country Music countdown programming ( Sunday afternoons from 2:00 PM through 6:00 PM ET ) , and is an affiliate of the Blues Deluxe radio show . WSYY-FM/WSYY-AM are unusual in that while these stations are authorized to broadcast 24 hours a day , the stations both have sign-offs every day ( WSYY-AM signing off at sun-down , broadcasting only on Weekends ( but not between Monday-through-Friday ) and WSYY-FM broadcasting for approximately 18 1/4 hours per day , 7 days a week , WSYY-FM 's broadcast day concluding with the 11:00 PM ET Top-of-the-Hour CBS Radio newscast and then a Nightly Sign-Off Announcement and then an instrumentation of the American national anthem , followed by Dead Air amidst a Transmitter Power-Down , not Signing Back Onto The Air until 4:55 AM ET ) . In Old Town and also Bangor ( and continuing southward and/or southwestward ) , the station has strong FM co-channel interference with Portland-market WHOM ( which transmits from atop Mount Washington in New Hampshire , the tallest peak in the Northeast and had for a long time claimed on its website that it has the largest coverage area of any FM station in the USA , its signal spanning five states : NH , ME , VT , MA , NY and also parts of Southern Quebec Province , Canada ) , this matter being especially problematic before dawn or after dusk . In favorable atmospheric conditions , a very weak signal of WHOM can be DX-ed in Millinocket during overnight hours ( when WSYY-FM is off-the-air ) .


query: Psychological findings link to research and perspectives from an academic discipline.

pos: Humanities Humanities are academic disciplines that study aspects of human culture . In the Middle Ages , the term contrasted with divinity and referred to what is now called classics , the main area of secular study in universities at the time . Today , the humanities are more frequently contrasted with natural , and sometimes social , sciences as well as professional training .   The humanities use methods that are primarily critical , or speculative , and have a significant historical element -- as distinguished from the mainly empirical approaches of the natural sciences , yet , unlike the sciences , it has no central discipline .  The humanities include ancient and modern languages , literature , philosophy , religion , art and musicology .   Scholars in the humanities are `` humanity scholars '' or humanists . The term `` humanist '' also describes the philosophical position of humanism , which some `` antihumanist '' scholars in the humanities refuse . The Renaissance scholars and artists were also called humanists . Some secondary schools offer humanities classes usually consisting of English literature , global studies and art .   Human disciplines like history and cultural anthropology study subject matters that the experimental method does not apply to -- and instead mainly use the comparative method and comparative research .

pos: Psychology Psychology is the science of behavior and mind , embracing all aspects of conscious and unconscious experience as well as thought . It is an academic discipline and a social science which seeks to understand individuals and groups by establishing general principles and researching specific cases .   In this field , a professional practitioner or researcher is called a psychologist and can be classified as a social , behavioral , or cognitive scientist . Psychologists attempt to understand the role of mental functions in individual and social behavior , while also exploring the physiological and biological processes that underlie cognitive functions and behaviors .   Psychologists explore behavior and mental processes , including perception , cognition , attention , emotion ( affect ) , intelligence , phenomenology , motivation ( conation ) , brain functioning , and personality . This extends to interaction between people , such as interpersonal relationships , including psychological resilience , family resilience , and other areas . Psychologists of diverse orientations also consider the unconscious mind . Psychologists employ empirical methods to infer causal and correlational relationships between psychosocial variables . In addition , or in opposition , to employing empirical and deductive methods , some -- especially clinical and counseling psychologists -- at times rely upon symbolic interpretation and other inductive techniques . Psychology has been described as a `` hub science '' , with psychological findings linking to research and perspectives from the social sciences , natural sciences , medicine , humanities , and philosophy .   While psychological knowledge is often applied to the assessment and treatment of mental health problems , it is also directed towards understanding and solving problems in several spheres of human activity . By many accounts psychology ultimately aims to benefit society . The majority of psychologists are involved in some kind of therapeutic role , practicing in clinical , counseling , or school settings . Many do scientific research on a wide range of topics related to mental processes and behavior , and typically work in university psychology departments or teach in other academic settings ( e.g. , medical schools , hospitals ) . Some are employed in industrial and organizational settings , or in other areas such as human development and aging , sports , health , and the media , as well as in forensic investigation and other aspects of law .

neg: Philosophy and economics Philosophy and economics , also philosophy of economics , studies topics such as rational choice , the appraisal of economic outcomes , institutions and processes , and the ontology of economic phenomena and the possibilities of acquiring knowledge of them .   Although these inquiries overlap in many ways , it is useful to divide philosophy of economics in this way into three subject matters which can be regarded respectively as branches of action theory , ethics ( or normative social and political philosophy ) , and philosophy of science . Economic theories of rationality , welfare , and social choice defend substantive philosophical theses often informed by relevant philosophical literature and of evident interest to those interested in action theory , philosophical psychology , and social and political philosophy .   Economics is of particular interest to those interested in epistemology and philosophy of science both because of its detailed peculiarities and because it possesses many of the overt features of the natural sciences , while its object consists of social phenomena .

neg: Philosophical theory In the general sense , a philosophical position is a set of beliefs that explains or accounts for a general philosophy or specific branch of philosophy . The use of the term theory here is a statement of colloquial English and not reflective of the term theory . While any sort of thesis or opinion may be termed a position , in analytic philosophy it is thought best to reserve the word `` theory '' for systematic , comprehensive attempts to solve problems .

neg: Research in Phenomenology Research in Phenomenology is an international peer-reviewed journal for publishing contributions in phenomenology and contemporary continental philosophy . It is edited by John Sallis ( Boston College ) and James Risser ( Seattle University ) .

neg: Research I university Research I university was a category that the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education previously used to indicate universities in the United States that engage in extensive research activity .   The 1994 edition of the Carnegie Classification defined Research I universities as those that :  Offer a full range of baccalaureate programs  Are committed to graduate education through the doctorate  Give high priority to research  Award 50 or more doctoral degrees each year  Receive annually $ 40 million or more in federal support  The Carnegie Foundation reported that 59 institutions met these criteria in 1994 .   In their interim 2000 edition of the classification , the Carnegie Foundation renamed the category to Doctoral/research universities-extensive to '' ... avoid the inference that the categories signify quality differences . '' The Foundation replaced their single classification system with a multiple classification system in their 2005 comprehensive overhaul of the classification framework so that the term `` Research I university '' was no longer valid , though many universities continued to use it . In 2015 , the Carnegie Classification System reinstated the `` Research I university '' designations along with `` Research II '' and `` Research III . ''

neg: Scientific theory A scientific theory is an explanation of some aspect of the natural world that can , in accordance with the scientific method , be repeatedly tested , using a predefined protocol of observations and experiments . Established scientific theories have withstood rigorous scrutiny and are a comprehensive form of scientific knowledge .   It is important to note that the definition of a `` scientific theory '' ( often ambiguously contracted to `` theory '' for the sake of brevity , including in this page ) as used in the disciplines of science is significantly different from the common vernacular usage of the word `` theory '' . Per NAS 2008 : `` The formal scientific definition of theory is quite different from the everyday meaning of the word . It refers to a comprehensive explanation of some aspect of nature that is supported by a vast body of evidence . '' In everyday non-scientific speech , `` theory '' can imply that something is an unsubstantiated and speculative guess , conjecture , idea , or , hypothesis ; such a usage is the opposite of the word `` theory '' in science . These different usages are comparable to the differing , and often opposing , usages of the term `` prediction '' in science versus `` prediction '' in vernacular speech , denoting a mere hope .   The strength of a scientific theory is related to the diversity of phenomena it can explain . As additional scientific evidence is gathered , a scientific theory may be rejected or modified if it does not fit the new empirical findings ; in such circumstances , a more accurate theory is then desired . In certain cases , the less-accurate unmodified scientific theory can still be treated as a theory if it is useful ( due to its sheer simplicity ) as an approximation under specific conditions ( e.g. , Newton 's laws of motion as an approximation to special relativity at velocities that are small relative to the speed of light ) .   Scientific theories are testable and make falsifiable predictions . They describe the causal elements responsible for a particular natural phenomenon , and are used to explain and predict aspects of the physical universe or specific areas of inquiry ( e.g. , electricity , chemistry , astronomy ) . Scientists use theories as a foundation to gain further scientific knowledge , as well as to accomplish goals such as inventing technology or curing disease .   As with other forms of scientific knowledge , scientific theories are both deductive and inductive in nature and aim for predictive power and explanatory capability .   Paleontologist , evolutionary biologist , and science historian Stephen Jay Gould said , `` ... facts and theories are different things , not rungs in a hierarchy of increasing certainty . Facts are the world ′ s data . Theories are structures of ideas that explain and interpret facts . ''

neg: Sport psychology Sport psychology is an interdisciplinary science that draws on knowledge from many related fields including biomechanics , physiology , kinesiology and psychology . It involves the study of how psychological factors affect performance and how participation in sport and exercise affect psychological and physical factors . In addition to instruction and training of psychological skills for performance improvement , applied sport psychology may include work with athletes , coaches , and parents regarding injury , rehabilitation , communication , team building , and career transitions .

neg: Social Psychological and Personality Science Social Psychological and Personality Science is a peer-reviewed academic journal that covers research in social and personality psychology . Its editor-in-chief is Simine Vazire ( University of California , Davis ) . It was established in 2010 and is published by Sage Publications . The journal is jointly owned by four different societies : the Association for Research in Personality , European Association of Social Psychology , Society of Experimental Social Psychology , and Society for Personality and Social Psychology .

neg: Developmental cognitive neuroscience Developmental cognitive neuroscience is an interdisciplinary scientific field devoted to understanding psychological processes and their neurological bases in the developing organism . It examines how the mind changes as children grow up , interrelations between that and how the brain is changing , and environmental and biological influences on the developing mind and brain .   Developmental cognitive neuroscience is at the boundaries of neuroscience ( behavioral , systems , & cognitive neuroscience ) , psychology ( developmental , cognitive , & biobehavioral / physiological psychology ) , developmental science ( which includes sociology , anthropology , & biology in addition to psychology & neuroscience ) , cognitive science ( which includes computer science , philosophy , dynamical systems , & linguistics in addition to psychology ) , and even includes socio-emotional development and developmental aspects of social neuroscience and affective neuroscience .   The scientific interface between cognitive neuroscience and human development has evoked considerable interest in recent years , as technological advances make it possible to map in detail the changes in brain structure that take place during development . Developmental cognitive neuroscience overlaps somewhat with fields such as developmental psychology , developmental neuropsychology , developmental psychopathology , and developmental neuroscience , but is distinct from each of them as well . Developmental cognitive neuroscience is concerned with the brain bases of the phenomena that developmental psychologists study . Developmental neuropsychology and developmental psychopathology are both devoted primarily to studying patients , whereas developmental cognitive neuroscience is concerned with studying both typical and atypical development . Developmental neuroscience is devoted entirely to the study of developmental processes in the brain , and primarily during the prenatal period . Developmental cognitive neuroscience , on the other hand , is concerned with interrelations between psychological and biological development . Developmental cognitive neuroscientists study brain development and cognitive , social , and emotional development from the prenatal period through adulthood .   More recently , developmental cognitive neuroscience is interested in the role of genes in development and cognition . Thus , developmental cognitive neuroscience may shed light on nature versus nurture debates as well as constructivism and neuroconstructivism theories . Developmental cognitive neuroscience research provides data that alternately blends together , clarifies , challenges , and causes revisions in developmental , cognitive , and neuroscientific theories .

neg: Methodology Methodology is the systematic , theoretical analysis of the methods applied to a field of study . It comprises the theoretical analysis of the body of methods and principles associated with a branch of knowledge . Typically , it encompasses concepts such as paradigm , theoretical model , phases and quantitative or qualitative techniques .   A methodology does not set out to provide solutions - it is , therefore , not the same as a method . Instead , a methodology offers the theoretical underpinning for understanding which method , set of methods , or best practices can be applied to specific case , for example , to calculate a specific result .   It has been defined also as follows :   `` the analysis of the principles of methods , rules , and postulates employed by a discipline '' ;  `` the systematic study of methods that are , can be , or have been applied within a discipline '' ;  `` the study or description of methods '' .

neg: Harvard Department of Social Relations The Department of Social Relations for Interdisciplinary Social Science Studies , more commonly known as the `` Department of Social Relations '' was an interdisciplinary collaboration among three of the social science departments at Harvard University ( anthropology , psychology , and sociology ) beginning in 1946 . Originally , the program was headquartered in Emerson Hall at Harvard before moving to William James Hall in 1965 . While the name `` Social Relations '' is often associated with the program 's long-time chair and guiding spirit , sociologist Talcott Parsons , many major figures of mid-20th-century social science also numbered among the program 's faculty , including psychologists Gordon Allport ( personality and motivation ) , Jerome Bruner ( cognitive psychology and narrative analysis ) , Roger Brown ( social psychology and psycholinguistics ) , and Henry Murray ( personality ) ; anthropologists Clyde and Florence Kluckhohn ( value orientations ) , John and Beatrice Whiting ( cross-cultural child development ) , Evon Z. Vogt ( comparative religion ) ; and sociologist Alex Inkeles ( Soviet studies and national character ) . Many of its graduate students also went on to be major figures in U.S. social sciences during the latter part of the twentieth century ; their work tends towards strong interdisciplinary and cross-disciplinary approaches .   Allport and Boring discussed the origins of the department 's name in the April 1946 issue of the American Psychologist :  While -LSB- academic -RSB- departmental lines have remained rigid , there has been developing during the last decade , a synthesis of socio-cultural and psychological sciences which is widely recognized within the academic world in spite of the fact that there is no commonly accepted name to designate the synthesis . We propose that Harvard adopt , and thus help establish , the term Social Relations to characterize the emerging discipline which deals not only with the body of fact and theory traditionally recognized as the subject matter of sociology , but also with that portion of psychological science that treats the individual within the social system , and that portion of anthropological science that is particularly relevant to the social and cultural patterns of literate societies .   Social Relations sponsored or collaborated in a number of research studies characterized by explicit cross-cultural comparisons and multidisciplinary approaches to problems of policy or social theory . Major projects included the Six Cultures Study ( headed by John and Beatrice Whiting , an anthropological study of child development in six different cultures , including a New England Baptist community ; a Philippine barrio ; an Okinawan village ; an Indian village in Mexico ; a northern Indian caste group ; and a rural tribal group in Kenya ) ; a multidisciplinary analysis of Soviet culture and society , published in part as How the Soviet System Works ; and the Comparative Study of Values in Five Cultures during the 1950s , which examined five very different communities living in the same region of Texas : Zuni , Navajo , Mormon ( LDS ) , Spanish-American ( Mexican-American ) , and Texas Homesteaders .   The curriculum of the Harvard Social Relations had four inter-related components :  Sociology ;  Social Psychology ;  Social Anthropology ; and  Personality Theory .   The program disaggregated into its component departments around 1972 , though a certain interdisciplinarity remained throughout the 1970s .   A similar program at Yale , the Institute for Human Relations , also now disbanded , developed the Human Relations Area Files ( HRAF ) , a cross-cultural database for comparative research , administered by Carol and Melvin Ember .

neg: Branches of science The branches of science ( also referred to as `` sciences '' , `` scientific fields '' , or `` scientific disciplines '' ) are commonly divided into three major groups :  Natural sciences : the study of natural phenomena ( including fundamental forces and biological life )  Formal sciences : the study of mathematics and logic , which use an a priori , as opposed to factual , methodology )  Social sciences : the study of human behavior and societies .   Natural and social sciences are empirical sciences , meaning that the knowledge must be based on observable phenomena and must be capable of being verified by other researchers working under the same conditions .   Natural , social , and formal science make up the fundamental sciences , which form the basis of interdisciplinary and applied sciences such as engineering and medicine . Specialized scientific disciplines that exist in multiple categories may include parts of other scientific disciplines but often possess their own terminologies and expertises .

neg: Interdisciplinarity Interdisciplinarity involves the combining of two or more academic disciplines into one activity ( e.g. , a research project ) . It is about creating something new by thinking across boundaries . It is related to an interdiscipline or an interdisciplinary field , which is an organizational unit that crosses traditional boundaries between academic disciplines or schools of thought , as new needs and professions emerge .   The term interdisciplinary is applied within education and training pedagogies to describe studies that use methods and insights of several established disciplines or traditional fields of study . Interdisciplinarity involves researchers , students , and teachers in the goals of connecting and integrating several academic schools of thought , professions , or technologies -- along with their specific perspectives -- in the pursuit of a common task . The epidemiology of AIDS or global warming requires understanding of diverse disciplines to solve complex problems . Interdisciplinary may be applied where the subject is felt to have been neglected or even misrepresented in the traditional disciplinary structure of research institutions , for example , women 's studies or ethnic area studies . Interdisciplinarity can likewise be applied to complex subjects that can only be understood by combining the perspectives of two or more fields .   The adjective interdisciplinary is most often used in educational circles when researchers from two or more disciplines pool their approaches and modify them so that they are better suited to the problem at hand , including the case of the team-taught course where students are required to understand a given subject in terms of multiple traditional disciplines . For example , the subject of land use may appear differently when examined by different disciplines , for instance , biology , chemistry , economics , geography , and politics .

neg: Psychological Science in the Public Interest Psychological Science in the Public Interest is a triannual peer-reviewed open access academic journal covering issues in psychology of interest to the public at large . It is published by Sage Publications on behalf of the Association for Psychological Science . The editor-in-chief is Valerie F. Reyna ( Cornell University ) .

neg: Informing science Informing science is a transdiscipline that was established to promote the study of informing processes across a diverse set of academic disciplines , including management information systems , education , business , instructional technology , computer science , communications , psychology , philosophy , library science , information science and many others . Its principal unit of analysis is the informing system , a collection of informers , clients and channels that has been designed or has evolved to serve a particular informing need . The organization created to advance the informing science transdiscipline is the Informing Science Institute ( ISI ) , whose founder , Eli Cohen , proposed the need for field in his article `` Reconceptualizing Information Systems as a Field of the Transdiscipline Informing Science : From Ugly Duckling to Swan '' ( Cohen , 1999 ) . The ISI presently host an annual conference ( Informing Science & Information Technology Education ( InSITE ) ) , publishes seven academic journals , and -- through its Informing Science Press -- has published for dozens of books . Both its journals and books are open access at no cost online , as well as being available for purchase in print form .

neg: Biologist A biologist , is a scientist who has specialized knowledge in the field of biology , the scientific study of life . Biologists involved in fundamental research attempt to explore and further explain the underlying mechanisms that govern the functioning of living matter . Biologists involved in applied research attempt to develop or improve more specific processes and understanding , in fields such as medicine , industry and agriculture .   While `` biologist '' can apply to any scientist studying biology , most biologists research and specialise in specific fields . In this way , biologists investigate large-scale organism interactions ( ecology ) , whole multicellular organisms , organs , tissues , cells , and small-scale cellular and molecular processes . Other biologists study less direct aspects of life , such as phylogeny and evolution .   Biologists conduct research based on the scientific method , to test the validity of a theory , with hypothesis formation , experimentation and documentation of methods and data .   There are many types of biologists . Some work on microorganisms , while others study multicellular organisms . There is much overlap between different fields of biology such as botany , zoology , microbiology , genetics and evolutionary biology , and it is often difficult to classify a biologist as only one of them . Many jobs in biology as a field require an academic degree . A doctorate or its equivalent is generally required to direct independent research , and involves a specialization in a specific area of biology . Many biological scientists work in research and development . Some conduct fundamental research to advance our knowledge of living organisms , including bacteria and other pathogens . This research enhances understanding and adds to the scientific database of literature . Furthermore , it often aids the development of solutions to problems in areas such as human health and the natural environment . These biological scientists mostly work in government , university , and private industry laboratories . Many expand on specialized research that they started in post-graduate qualifications , such as a doctorate .

neg: Enhanced publication Enhanced publications or enhanced ebooks are a form of electronic publishing for the dissemination and sharing of research outcomes , whose first formal definition can be tracked back to 2009 . As many forms of digital publications , they typically feature a unique identifier ( possibly a persistent identifier ) and descriptive metadata information . Unlike traditional digital publications ( e.g. PDF article ) , enhanced publications are often tailored to serve specific scientific domains and are generally constituted by a set of interconnected parts corresponding to research assets of several kinds ( e.g. datasets , videos , images , stylesheets , services , workflows , databases , presentations ) and to textual descriptions of the research ( e.g. papers , chapters , sections , tables ) . The nature and format of such parts and of the relationships between them , depends on the application domain and may largely vary from case to case .   The main motivations behind enhanced publications are to be found in the limitations of traditional scientific literature to describe the whole context and outcome of a research activity . Their goal is to move `` beyond the simple PDF '' ( FORCE11 initiative ) and support scientists with advanced ICT tools for sharing their research more comprehensively , without losing the narrative spirit of `` the publication '' as dissemination means . This trend is confirmed by the several enhanced publication systems devised in the literature , offering to research communities one or more of the following functionalities : Packaging of related research assets ; Web 2.0 reading capabilities ; Interlinking research outputs ; Re-production and assessment of scientific experiments .

neg: Lead author In academic publishing , the lead author , or first author , is the first named author of a publication such as a research article or audit .   Academic authorship standards vary widely across disciplines . In many academic subjects , including the natural sciences , computer science and electrical engineering , the lead author of a research article is typically the person who carried out the research , wrote and edited the paper . The list of trailing co-authors reflects , typically , diminishing contributions to the work reported in the manuscript . Sometimes , journals require statements detailing each author 's contributions to be included in each publication . In other disciplines ( such as mathematics ) however , authors are typically listed alphabetically rather than by contribution .   The proportion of multi-author papers has increased in recent decades , reflecting increasingly complex multi-investigator research projects , as well as the `` publish or perish '' culture of academic performance evaluation .

neg: Organizational studies Organizational studies is `` the examination of how individuals construct organizational structures , processes , and practices and how these , in turn , shape social relations and create institutions that ultimately influence people '' , organizational studies comprise different areas that deal with the different aspects of the organizations , many of the approaches are functionalist but critical research also provide alternative frame for understanding in the field .

neg: Online research methods Online research methods ( ORMs ) are ways in which researchers can collect data via the internet . They are also referred to as Internet research , Internet science or iScience , or Web-based methods . Many of these online research methods are related to existing research methodologies but re-invent and re-imagine them in the light of new technologies and conditions associated with the internet . The field is relatively new and evolving . With the growth of social medias a new level of complexity and opportunity has been created . Inclusion of social media research can provide unique insights into consumer and societal segments and gaining an `` emotional '' measure of a population on issues of interest .   Some specific types of method include :  Cyber-ethnography  Online content analysis  Online focus groups  Online interviews  Online qualitative research  Online questionnaires  Social network analysis  Web-based experiments  Online clinical trials -- or see below

neg: Documentary research Documentary research is the use of outside sources , documents , to support the viewpoint or argument of an academic work . The process of documentary research often involves some or all of conceptualising , using and assessing documents . The analysis of the documents in documentary research would be either quantitative or qualitative analysis ( or both ) . The key issues surrounding types of documents and our ability to use them as reliable sources of evidence on the social world must be considered by all who use documents in their research .