query: David Beckham is from England.

pos: David Beckham David Robert Joseph Beckham , ( -LSB- ˈbɛkəm -RSB- born 2 May 1975 ) is an English former professional footballer . He played for Manchester United , Preston North End , Real Madrid , Milan , LA Galaxy , Paris Saint-Germain , and the England national team for which he held the appearance record for an outfield player until 2016 when Wayne Rooney surpassed his total . He is the first English player to win league titles in four countries : England , Spain , the United States and France . He announced his retirement in May 2013 after a 20-year career , during which he won 19 major trophies .   Known for his range of passing , crossing ability and bending free-kicks as a right winger , Beckham was runner up in the Ballon d'Or , twice runner-up for FIFA World Player of the Year and in 2004 he was named by Pelé in the FIFA 100 list of the world 's greatest living players . He was inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame in 2008 . A global ambassador for the sport , Beckham is regarded as a British cultural icon .   Beckham 's professional club career began with Manchester United , where he made his first-team debut in 1992 aged 17 . With United , he won the Premier League title six times , the FA Cup twice , and the UEFA Champions League in 1999 . He then played four seasons with Real Madrid , winning the La Liga championship in his final season with the club . In July 2007 Beckham signed a five-year contract with Major League Soccer club LA Galaxy . While a Galaxy player , he spent two loan spells in Italy with Milan in 2009 and 2010 . He was the first British footballer to play 100 UEFA Champions League games .   In international football , Beckham made his England debut on 1 September 1996 at the age of 21 . He was captain for six years , earning 58 caps during his tenure . He made 115 career appearances in total , appearing at three FIFA World Cup tournaments , in 1998 , 2002 and 2006 , and two UEFA European Championship tournaments , in 2000 and 2004 .   Beckham has consistently ranked among the highest earners in football , and in 2013 he was listed as the highest-paid player in the world , earning over $ 50 million in the previous 12 months . He has been married to Victoria Beckham since 1999 and they have four children . He has been a UNICEF UK ambassador since 2005 , and in 2015 he launched 7 : The David Beckham UNICEF Fund . In 2014 , MLS announced Beckham and a group of investors would own an expansion team in Miami , which would begin in 2016 or 2017 .

neg: Darlington F.C. Darlington Football Club is an English football club based in Darlington , County Durham . They are members of the and play at Blackwell Meadows .   The club was founded in 1883 , and played its matches at Feethams . The club originally played in regionally organised leagues , and were one of the founding members of the Northern League in 1889 . They were first admitted to the Football League when the Third Division North was formed in 1921 . They won the Third Division North title in 1925 , and their 15th place in the Second Division in 1926 remains their highest ever league finish . After their admission to the League , they spent most of their history in the bottom tier . They won the Third Division North Cup in 1934 , their first victory in nationally organised cup competition . They reached the last 16 of the FA Cup twice , and the quarter-final of the Football League Cup once , in 1968 . In the early 1990s they won successive titles , in the Conference National in 1990 and the Fourth Division in 1991 . In 2011 they won the FA Trophy , defeating Mansfield Town 1 -- 0 at Wembley Stadium .   Darlington moved to the all-seater , 25,000-capacity Darlington Arena in 2003 . The cost of the stadium was a major factor in driving the club into administration . In May 2012 , the club was bought out of a period of administration without entering into a Creditors Voluntary Agreement ( CVA ) . The Football Association ruled that it should be treated as a new club , which required a change of playing name . The name chosen was Darlington 1883 , and that team was placed in the Northern League Division One , the ninth tier of English football , for the 2012 -- 13 season . They won three promotions in four seasons before the FA approved their request to revert to their traditional name .   The club 's main rivals are Hartlepool United . The club 's traditional colours are black and white shirts , black shorts and black and white socks . The club 's crest depicts Locomotion No 1 , referring to the town 's railway history ; as well as a stylised Quaker hat , referring to the religious movement that had a historic influence on the town , and which was the source of the team 's nickname , the Quakers .

neg: Bank of England club The Bank of England club is a nickname in English association football for a football club which has a strong financial backing . It was used to refer to Arsenal F.C. in the 1930s as well as in recent times for being the last of the Premier League 's Big Four clubs to be owned primarily by English investors .

neg: Heroes and Villains (football fanzine) Heroes and Villains is the title of a football fanzine written by and primarily aimed at fans of Aston Villa F.C. . It was launched in 1989 , and has been in regular print ever since , long surpassing 100 issues .   It has been edited from the start by Dave Woodhall . Although of course primarily concerned directly with the fortunes of Aston Villa , occasionally other general football articles and humorous , nostalgic pieces are to be found amongst its pages .   It was often critical of Doug Ellis who was the chairman of Aston Villa during the period 1982 to 2006 ( his second spell at the club ) . He was seen by many fans as being complacent and unambitious regarding the fortunes of the team .   As with most fanzines , many articles contain much baiting of local rival football clubs and their fans , in this case chiefly Birmingham City F.C. and West Bromwich Albion F.C.   However , a goodly part of the fanzine 's contents consist of contributors ' personal views on and memories of experiences derived from being a supporter of Aston Villa . Aston Villa 's richly varied history , particularly that of the last 25 years and within living memory of most contributors , consisting as it does of Villa 's League Championship and European Cup winning achievements of '81 and ' 82 , their mid '80s decline culminating in relegation in ' 87 , followed by a revival under Graham Taylor 's management which led to an unexpected league runners-up spot just 3 seasons later , provides much material . As does a further , also unexpected , runners up placing in ' 93 , league cup triumphs in '94 and ' 96 , and the generally solid but unspectacular performance of the team , up to the 2005-2006 season 's underachievements and the broad feeling of dissatisfaction with the way the club was being run .   Something of a running joke in the fanzine concerns Villa 's underachievement in the FA Cup , the club having not won the competition since 1957 , with their only final appearance since then consisting of a dismal performance in losing 1-0 to the pre-Roman Abramovich Chelsea in 2000 . As the 3rd round of the competition - Villa 's usual entry point - approaches each season , many fans come to the agreement that this year is definitely `` our year for the cup ... ''   For the start of the 2014-15 season , the fanzine phased out the paper publishing format of distribution , and is now available only to download to computers , mobile devices , and so on .   The fanzine also spawned a website forum which remains very popular among Villa supporters .

neg: The England Band The England Band are the official supporters band of the England national football team , from Sheffield and are led by John Hemmingham . They were sponsored by Pukka Pies from 2006 until 2014 .

neg: History of Arsenal F.C. (1966–present) The history of Arsenal Football Club from 1966 to the present day covers the third , fourth , and fifth periods of success in Arsenal 's history , including three Doubles , a Cup Double , and success in European football .   Following Bertie Mee 's appointment in 1966 , Arsenal won the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup , their first European trophy , in 1969 -- 70 , and their first League and FA Cup double in 1970 -- 71 . The Double-winning side , however , was soon broken up and the following decade was characterised by a series of near misses : Arsenal lost three FA Cup finals ( 1971 -- 72 , 1977 -- 78 , and 1979 -- 80 ) and the 1979 -- 80 Cup Winners ' Cup final on penalties . The club 's only success during this time was an FA Cup win in 1978 -- 79 against Manchester United .   After stagnation in the 1980s , the return of former player George Graham as manager in 1986 brought a third period of glory . Arsenal won the League Cup in 1986 -- 87 , the Football League Centenary Trophy in 1988 , two League title wins in 1988 -- 89 and 1990 -- 91 , the FA Cup and League Cup double in 1992 -- 93 and a second European trophy , the Cup Winners ' Cup , in 1993 -- 94 . However , Graham 's reputation was tarnished when it was revealed that he had taken kickbacks for signing certain players and he was sacked in 1995 .   Arsenal fifth period of success came with the appointment of Arsène Wenger in 1996 . Under him , Arsenal won a second league and cup double in 1997 -- 98 and then a third in 2001 -- 02 . In addition , the club were victorious in the 2002 -- 03 and 2004 -- 05 FA Cups , and won the Premier League in 2003 -- 04 without losing a single match . In 2005 -- 06 became the first London club to reach the UEFA Champions League Final , and lost 2 -- 1 against FC Barcelona . During the following close season , they left their longstanding home of Highbury to the new Emirates Stadium nearby .

neg: 2004–05 FA Cup The FA Cup 2004 -- 05 was the 124th season of the world 's oldest football competition , the Football Association Challenge Cup , or FA Cup .   The competition began on 28 August 2004 , with the lowest-ranked of the entrants competing in the Extra Preliminary Round . For England 's top 44 clubs , from the Premier League and Football League Championship , the FA Cup began at the Third Round in January .   Ties were all single-legged and took place at the stadium of the club drawn first . If scores were level at the end of a match , the match was replayed at the away club 's stadium , usually in the middle of the following week . If the scores are still level , extra-time and penalties ( if necessary ) are used to determine a winner . From the semi-finals onwards , the ties take place at a neutral stadium , and there are no replays . That is to say , extra-time and penalties are played if necessary to determine a winner in a single match .   The new Wembley Stadium was still at least a year away from being ready for use , so the final was staged at the Millennium Stadium , Cardiff on 21 May 2005 . The FA Cup Final was won by Arsenal on penalties after a goalless draw with Manchester United , the first time that the FA Cup Final had been decided on penalties .

neg: Roger Draper Roger Draper is the former Chief Executive of Sport England from 2003 to 2006 , and the Lawn Tennis Association from 2006 to 2013 .   In his time at Sport England , Draper had overall accountability for business turnover of # 340m , and was involved in London 's 2012 Olympic bid , and the Wembley National Stadium construction project .   As Accounting Officer for Sport England , he had responsibility for reporting to Parliament through the Secretary of State for Culture , Media and Sport , and represented the organisation at a wide range of Select Committees , including the Public Accounts Committee hearing on the Wembley National Stadium Project , in 2003 .   He also led a major review and reorganisation of the # 450m spent on sport in the UK .   This included the completion of the # 120m English Institute of Sport network of high performance facilities including new centres at Bath and Loughborough Universities , and a review of corporate governance across a number of sports , including athletics , hockey , rugby league , golf , cricket , boxing , karate and bowls .   Draper joined the LTA in 2006 and published the ` Blueprint , a Strategy for British Tennis ' , which set out his plans to transform the national governing body for British tennis . This included a complete restructure of the organisation , a new commercial strategy and programme , the introduction of Talent ID , and a comprehensive review and rebuild of all the LTA 's major events .   During his time at the LTA , turnover grew by 45 % to # 65m , and commercial revenues increased by three and a half times , in part the result of a ground-breaking Lead Partner agreement with pensions provider Aegon UK . British Tennis membership grew by 500 % and the number of juniors playing competitive tennis sevenfold .   Draper was also responsible for introducing a new mini tennis programme and a nationwide talent ID system for British tennis . During this period , Great Britain won the Junior Davis Cup for the first time , and a number of British juniors won grand slam singles and doubles titles .   In 2007 Draper withdrew funding from Naomi Broady , then age 17 and the leading junior , as a disciplinary measure for posting pictures and comments online wholly unrelated to tennis . This resulted in a feud which has resulted in Broady refusing to play for GB ever since and funding her own career . The general opinion of observers was that Draper was reflecting an LTA mindset which discredited tennis and put back attempts to widen participation beyond a narrow wealthy social group .   In 2013 , Andy Murray became the first British man to win the Wimbledon singles title for 77 years .   Despite a growth in the number of children playing tennis , Draper 's tenure was criticised for failing to increase levels of participation among adults .   The problems of participation came to a head when in December 2012 Sport England announced that # 10.3 million of the LTA 's # 17.4 million funding total had been put on hold , with Sport England chief executive Jennie Price telling Press Association Sport : `` Tennis has not performed well in terms of participation '' . Sport England subsequently released the funding to the LTA .   After his salary package at the LTA was revealed to be # 640,000 in 2012 , Draper and the LTA received further criticism , including from Baroness Billingham , the Chair of Parliament 's All-Party Tennis Group .   His 7 1/2 year tenure as chief executive of the LTA came to an end in March 2013 when he announced that he would stand down in September 2013   Draper opposed the creation of the # 40 million National Tennis Centre at Roehampton , and in August 2014 , it was reported that the centre was to close , just 7 years after it was opened .

neg: Michael Ingham (footballer) Michael Gerard Ingham ( born 9 July 1980 ) is a semi-professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Northern Premier League Division One North club Tadcaster Albion .   Ingham started his career with Northern Irish club Cliftonville before moving to England with Sunderland in the Premier League in 1999 . He was loaned out by the club on eight occasions before eventually joining former loan club Wrexham on a permanent deal in 2005 . After leaving the club in 2007 he joined Hereford United , where he made one appearance , and a year later dropped into non-League football with York City . He played for them in the 2009 FA Trophy Final at Wembley Stadium and after gaining the captaincy in 2010 he returned to Wembley Stadium to play in the 2010 Conference Premier play-off Final . Ingham was victorious with York in the 2012 FA Trophy Final and the 2012 Conference Premier play-off Final at Wembley Stadium , the latter meaning the club was promoted to League Two .   Born in England , Ingham has represented Northern Ireland at international level . He was capped once by the under-18 team before winning four caps for the under-21s in 2001 . He earned three caps for Northern Ireland , gaining his first against Germany in 2005 . He was last capped against Wales in 2007 .

neg: Bend It Like Beckham Bend It Like Beckham is a 2002 British comedy-drama sports film produced , written , and directed by Gurinder Chadha , and starring Parminder Nagra , Keira Knightley , Jonathan Rhys Meyers , Anupam Kher , Shaznay Lewis , and Archie Panjabi .   The film 's title refers to the football player David Beckham , and his skill at scoring from free kicks by curling the ball past a wall of defenders . It follows the 18-year-old daughter of Punjabi Sikhs in London . She is infatuated with football but her parents have forbidden her to play because she is a girl . She joins a local women 's team , which makes its way to the top of the league .   Bend It Like Beckham was released theatrically on 12 April 2002 by Redbus Film Distribution , and on DVD and VHS on 18 November 2002 by Warner Home Video . The film surprised critics and was met with mostly positive reviews and it earned over $ 76 million on a $ 6 million budget . A stage musical version opened at London 's Phoenix Theatre on 24 June 2015 .

neg: Gateshead F.C. Gateshead Football Club is a professional football club based in Gateshead , Tyne and Wear , England . Established in 1977 after Gateshead United folded , they are currently members of the and play at the International Stadium .

neg: Eric Dier Eric Jeremy Edgar Dier ( born 15 January 1994 ) is an English professional footballer who plays for Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur and the England national team . A versatile defensive player , Dier has been deployed as a defensive midfielder , a centre-back and a right-back .   Dier grew up in Portugal , where he came through the youth ranks at Sporting CP , making his reserve and senior debuts in 2012 after a loan to Everton . In 2014 , he moved to Tottenham Hotspur on a five-year contract for a fee of # 4 million .   Despite interest from Portugal , Dier opted to represent England in international football . He made his debut for the senior team in November 2015 , and was chosen for UEFA Euro 2016 .

neg: England 2018 FIFA World Cup bid England 2018 was the Football Association 's unsuccessful bid for the right to host the 2018 FIFA World Cup . FIFA invited bidding countries to bid for either the 2018 or the 2022 finals , or both . The FA initially decided to bid for both , but with the withdrawal of all non-European bids for the 2018 event , this bid , and that of all other European bidding nations , were effectively disqualified from eligibility for the 2022 edition .   England 's bid was managed by England 2018/2022 Bidding Nation Ltd. . This company was established by The FA for the purpose of bringing the World Cup tournament to England for the first time since 1966 . England attempted to host the 2006 FIFA World Cup but lost out to Germany . England hosted the 1966 FIFA World Cup and had the campaign been successful , England would have become the sixth nation to host the World Cup for a second time . It won the right to host Euro ' 96 . Andy Anson , England 2018 Chief Executive , called for humility with England 's bid claiming they `` must not fall victim to arrogance '' and that lessons had been learned from the unsuccessful attempt to host the 2006 competition . Anson stated that `` the tone of this campaign has to be different .

neg: 2006 UEFA Champions League Final The 2006 UEFA Champions League Final was an association football match between Barcelona of Spain and Arsenal of England at the Stade de France in Saint-Denis , Paris , France , on Wednesday , 17 May 2006 . It was the final match of the 2005 -- 06 season of Europe 's primary cup competition , the UEFA Champions League . Barcelona were appearing in their fifth final , having won the competition once in 1992 , and lost the other three finals . Arsenal were appearing in the final for the first time and in doing so became the first club from London to feature in the final .   Each club needed to progress through the group stage and knockout rounds to reach the final , playing 12 matches in total . Barcelona won their group and progressed to the final after beating Chelsea , Benfica and Milan , respectively . Arsenal won their group to move into the knockout stage , and progressed without conceding a goal against Real Madrid , Juventus and Villarreal , respectively .   A crowd of 79,500 watched as Jens Lehmann was sent off early in the game . Despite this setback , Arsenal took the lead through Sol Campbell towards the end of the first half . The game turned with the 61st minute introduction of Henrik Larsson as a Barcelona substitute . Larsson provided two assists , one each for Samuel Eto'o and Juliano Belletti . The 2 -- 1 victory was Barcelona 's second triumph in the competition 14 years after they won the European Cup in 1992 .

neg: Culture of the United Kingdom The culture of the United Kingdom is influenced by the UK 's history as a developed island country , a liberal democracy and a major power ; its predominantly Christian religious life ; and its composition of four countries -- England , Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland -- each of which has distinct customs , cultures and symbolism . The wider culture of Europe has also influenced British culture , and Humanism , Protestantism and representative democracy developed from broader Western culture .   British literature , music , cinema , art , theatre , comedy , media , television , philosophy , architecture and education are important aspects of British culture . The United Kingdom is also prominent in science and technology , producing world-leading scientists ( e.g. Isaac Newton and Charles Darwin ) and inventions . Sport is an important part of British culture ; numerous sports originated in the country , including football . The UK has been described as a `` cultural superpower '' , and London has been described as a world cultural capital .   The Industrial Revolution , which started in the UK , had a profound effect on the socio-economic and cultural conditions of the world . As a result of the British Empire , significant British influence can be observed in the language , law , culture and institutions of a geographically wide assortment of countries , including Australia , Canada , India , the Republic of Ireland , New Zealand , Nigeria , Pakistan , South Africa , the United States and English speaking Caribbean nations . These states are sometimes collectively known as the Anglosphere , and are among Britain 's closest allies . In turn the empire also influenced British culture , particularly British cuisine .   The cultures of England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland are diverse and have varying degrees of overlap and distinctiveness .

neg: Blackburn Rovers F.C. Blackburn Rovers Football Club -LSB- ˈblækbɜrn_ˈroʊvərz -RSB- is a professional association football club based in Ewood , Blackburn in the county of Lancashire , England . It competes in League One following its relegation from the Championship at the conclusion of the 2016 -- 17 season .   The club was established in 1875 , becoming a founding member of The Football League in 1888 . It is one of only three clubs to have been both a founder member of the Football League and the Premier League ( the others being Aston Villa and Everton ) . In 1890 , Rovers moved to Ewood Park . Blackburn Rovers have been English champions three times , and have won six FA Cups and one Football League Cup . Blackburn are the only extant club to have won three consecutive FA Cups . The club has spent the majority of its existence in the top flight of English football ( 72 years ) .   In 1992 , Rovers gained promotion to the new Premier League a year after being taken over by local entrepreneur Jack Walker , who installed Kenny Dalglish as manager . In 1995 , Rovers became Premier League champions . In the 1998 -- 99 season , the club was relegated . It was promoted back to the Premier League two years later , in the 2000 -- 01 season . It has qualified for the UEFA Cup four times : once as League Cup winners , twice as the Premier League 's sixth-placed team and once via the Intertoto Cup . The 2011 -- 12 season marked the club 's 72nd , non-consecutive , year in the top flight . Rovers are currently one of only six clubs to have won the Premier League , along with Arsenal , Chelsea , Manchester United , Manchester City and Leicester City .   The club 's motto is `` Arte et Labore '' , `` By Skill and Hard Work '' in Latin .

neg: Designated Player Rule The Designated Player Rule , nicknamed the Beckham Rule , was adopted as part of the salary cap regulations of Major League Soccer for the 2007 season . The rule allows each MLS franchise to sign players that would be considered outside of the team 's salary cap ( either by offering the player higher wages or by paying a transfer fee for the player ) , allowing MLS teams to compete for star players in the international soccer market . Clubs have the option to use allocation money against a player 's contract , so to avoid a player with a Designated Player level salary using one of the club 's Designated Player slots . As of December 2015 , there have been 114 designated players in the MLS .   The rule is informally named after David Beckham , in anticipation of MLS teams signing lucrative deals with internationally recognized players of Beckham 's caliber . Beckham was the first player signed under this rule , signing a five-year contract with the Los Angeles Galaxy with guaranteed annual salary of $ 6.5 million .

neg: Gary Lineker Gary Winston Lineker , OBE ( -LSB- ˈlɪnᵻkər -RSB- born 30 November 1960 ) is an English retired footballer and current sports broadcaster . He holds England 's record for goals in FIFA World Cup finals , with 10 scored . Lineker 's media career began with the BBC , where he has presented the flagship programme Match of the Day since the late 1990s . He has also worked for Al Jazeera Sports , Eredivisie Live , NBC Sports Network and currently hosts BT Sport 's coverage of the UEFA Champions League .   Lineker began his football career at Leicester City . and finished as the First Division 's joint top goalscorer in 1984 -- 85 . He then moved to League Champions Everton where he developed as a clinical finisher , scoring 30 goals in 41 games . His first team honours came at Barcelona , where he won the Copa del Rey in 1988 and the European Cup Winners ' Cup in 1989 . He returned to England in 1989 , joining Tottenham Hotspur , and over three seasons he scored 67 goals in 105 games and won the FA Cup . Lineker 's final club was Nagoya Grampus Eight and he retired in 1994 after two seasons at the Japanese side .   Lineker made his England debut in 1984 , earning 80 caps and scoring forty-eight goals over an eight-year international career , finishing as England 's second highest scorer behind Bobby Charlton , before he was overtaken by Wayne Rooney . His international goals-to-games ratio remains one of the best for the country and he is regarded as one of the all-time best English strikers . He was top scorer in the 1986 World Cup and received the Golden Boot , the only time an Englishman has achieved this feat . He is also the only player to have won the English golden boot with three different clubs ( Leicester City , Everton and Tottenham Hotspur ) .   Even though he enjoyed a long career , Lineker was never cautioned by a referee for foul play and never received a yellow or red card . As a result of this accomplishment he was honoured in 1990 with the FIFA Fair Play Award . In a senior career which spanned 16 years and 567 competitive games , Lineker scored a total of 282 goals at club level . Added to the 48 goals he scored in internationals , he managed a total of 330 goals . After his retirement from football he was inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame . He later led a consortium that invested in his old club Leicester , saving it from bankruptcy , and was appointed honorary vice-president .  He is a keen supporter of Leicester City FC .

neg: 1999–2000 FA Cup The 1999 -- 2000 FA Cup was the 119th staging of the world 's oldest cup competition , the Football Association Cup or FA Cup . Both the semi-finals and final of the competition were played at Wembley Stadium for the last time before reconstruction work began . The competition culminated with the FA Cup Final between Chelsea and Aston Villa . The game was won by a goal from Chelsea 's Roberto Di Matteo , giving them a 1-0 victory .   The previous season 's winners , Manchester United , withdrew from the 1999 -- 2000 competition due to their participation in the 2000 FIFA Club World Championship in South America , to take place in early 2000 , thus becoming the first FA Cup winners not to defend their title . Despite this being at the request of the Football Association ( FA ) , they received criticism from journalists and television pundits . To keep the competition running smoothly , the FA chose to draw one team from among those lower-division teams defeated in the second round to progress as `` lucky losers '' to the third . Darlington were the team drawn .   The main competition started in November 1999 for clubs from the Football League and Premiership . For details on the preliminary and qualifying rounds of the FA Cup see FA Cup Archives .

neg: 2008–09 Manchester United F.C. season The 2008 -- 09 season was Manchester United 's 17th season in the Premier League , and their 34th consecutive season in the top division of English football . After winning a third consecutive Premier League title for the second time to equal Liverpool 's record of 18 league titles , the team aimed to become the first team to retain the European Cup since Milan in 1990 . However , they were beaten 2 -- 0 by Barcelona in the final at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome on 27 May 2009 .   United started their season in August 2008 by winning the Community Shield . In December 2008 , the club became the first English side to win the FIFA Club World Cup when they beat LDU Quito 1 -- 0 in the final . Two months later , on 1 March 2009 , the club added the 2008 -- 09 League Cup to their trophy cabinet with a 4 -- 1 penalty shootout win over Tottenham Hotspur after a goalless 120 minutes in the final .   United secured a third consecutive Premier League with a goalless draw at home to Arsenal on 16 May 2009 . This made them the first team ever to win three consecutive English top flight titles on two separate occasions , having previously done so between 1999 and 2001 .

neg: 1986–87 Manchester United F.C. season The 1986 -- 87 season was Manchester United 's 85th season in the Football League , and their 12th consecutive season in the top division of English football .   The pressure on manager Ron Atkinson after last season 's failed title challenge remained strong after United lost their opening three games of the season , and despite some decent results in the following few weeks , United bowed out of the League Cup in a fourth round replay defeat at Southampton , prompting the dismissal of Atkinson on 6 November 1986 after more than five years in charge .   Alex Ferguson was confirmed as Atkinson 's successor within hours , recruited from Scottish side Aberdeen , where he had enjoyed considerable success in the previous seven years . United recovered well in the league after his appointment and finished 11th , managing to scratch up some impressive results including winning both of their league clashes with Liverpool ( results which helped deprive Kenny Dalglish 's side of the league title ) , a 4 -- 1 home win over Newcastle United on New Year 's Day 1987 , a 2 -- 0 home win over a resurgent Arsenal and a 2 -- 0 win at Old Trafford in the Manchester derby which helped push City towards relegation . Their win at Liverpool also made them the only team to win at Liverpool in the league all season .   However , United were prevented from finishing even higher in the league by a few disappointing results after Ferguson 's arrival , beginning with a 2 -- 0 defeat in their first game under Ferguson at Oxford United , losing both of their clashes with newly promoted Wimbledon , being beaten at Old Trafford by Norwich City just after Christmas and suffering a 4 -- 0 defeat at Tottenham near the end of the season , although by the time of the Tottenham game it was mathematically impossible for United to either win the title or suffer relegation ( there was no prospect of European qualification due to the ongoing ban on English clubs in Europe following the Heysel disaster two years earlier ) . United also failed to win any another away games in the league apart from the visit to Liverpool on Boxing Day .   United 's improvement under Ferguson during the season was achieved without making any major signings , although it was widely expected that he would spend heavily on new players during the 1987 close season . He went on to pay Celtic # 850,000 for high-scoring striker Brian McClair . He strengthened the defence by paying Arsenal # 250,000 for experienced full-back Viv Anderson . Unsuccessful bids were also made for several other players : Ferguson expressed an interest in bringing striker Mark Hateley back to England from Milan , but the player opted to remain overseas and signed for AS Monaco instead . He also made a bid to bring Peter Beardsley back to the club from Newcastle United , but the England international forward instead joined Liverpool for a British record fee . Ferguson was offered the chance to sign Watford winger John Barnes , but declined to make an approach for the player due to his faith in Jesper Olsen in the same position .


query: Mark Ruffalo was in an episode of CBS Summer Playhouse (1989).

pos: Mark Ruffalo Mark Alan Ruffalo ( -LSB- ˈrʌfəloʊ -RSB- , born November 22 , 1967 ) is an American actor , humanitarian , social activist and film producer . He made his screen debut in an episode of CBS Summer Playhouse ( 1989 ) , followed by minor film roles . He was part of the original cast of This Is Our Youth ( 1996 ) , for which he was nominated for an Independent Spirit Award . Following were his roles in 13 Going on 30 ( 2004 ) , Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind ( 2004 ) , Zodiac ( 2007 ) , and What Does n't Kill You ( 2008 ) . In 2010 , he starred in the psychological thriller Shutter Island and the comedy-drama The Kids Are All Right . For the latter , he received nominations for the SAG Award , BAFTA Award , and an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . He also co-starred in the mystery films Now You See Me and Now You See Me 2 as FBI Special Agent Dylan Rhodes .   Ruffalo gained international prominence by portraying the Marvel Comics character the Hulk in The Avengers ( 2012 ) and Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) . He starred in and was the co-executive producer of the 2014 television drama film The Normal Heart , for which he was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Television Movie and he won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Actor in a TV Movie . The same year , he portrayed Dave Schultz in Foxcatcher , for which he was nominated for awards , including a Golden Globe , and an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . In 2015 , he was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for Infinitely Polar Bear and also received BAFTA and Academy Award nominations for his role in the drama Spotlight .

neg: Rescue 911 Rescue 911 was an informational docudrama television series that premiered on CBS on April 18 , 1989 and ended on August 27 , 1996 . The series was hosted by William Shatner and featured reenactments ( and occasionally real footage ) of emergency situations that often involved calls to 911 .   Though never intended as a teaching tool , various viewers used the knowledge they obtained watching the show . Two specials , titled `` 100 Lives Saved '' and `` 200 Lives Saved , '' were dedicated to these viewers who had written to CBS with their stories on how the knowledge they obtained watching the show allowed them to save the life of someone else . At least 350 lives have been saved as a result of what viewers learned from watching it . The show 's popularity coincided with the widespread adoption of the 911 emergency system , replacing standalone police and fire numbers that would vary from municipality to municipality . The number is now universally understood in the United States and Canada to be the number dialed for emergency assistance nationwide .   At its height , the show was adapted in 45 countries ( with their own 911 equivalent showcased ) .

neg: The CBS Late Movie The CBS Late Movie is a CBS television series ( later known as CBS Late Night ) during the 1970s and 1980s . The program ran in most American television markets from 11:30 p.m. ( EST ) until 2:30 a.m. or later , on weeknights . A single announcer ( in the early years , CBS staff announcer Norm Stevens ) voiced the introduction and commercial bumpers for each program , but there was no host per se , or closing credits besides those of the night 's presentation . ( The bumpers announcing the stars of the movie notably rotated names , two or three at a time , so more of the players would be mentioned . )   The program was launched following the cancellation of The Merv Griffin Show , CBS 's late-night talk show from 1969 to 1972 . The show went on to have a long run in first-run syndication following CBS 's cancellation .   The CBS Late Movie theme music was `` So Old , So Young '' by Morton Stevens , which also served as the theme music for CBS 's prime-time movies until 1978 .   A memorable aspect to the show 's commercial breaks was the frequent appearance of public service announcements , from the Ad Council and other organizations , that often dealt with `` mature '' topics such as venereal disease , sexual and violent crimes , and abuse of hard drugs . Announcements also ran in much greater proportion than during prime time , with commercial breaks lasting longer ; it was not uncommon for the second portion of the show to start at 12:05 AM or 12:40 AM .   The CBS Late Night block , however , was not always cleared by every affiliate of the network ; in several markets , the block was either delayed by one hour from its regularly-scheduled time ( most notably in the Central and Mountain time zones ) , picked up by a local independent station ( including those that later affiliated with the Fox television network ) , or not seen at all in certain cities . Those stations that did not carry CBS Late Night instead broadcast movies from their own libraries and/or their own lineup of off-network syndicated sitcoms , drama reruns and first-run syndication products . A large factor in the programming decisions of many CBS affiliates electing not to clear CBS Late Night ( or delaying it ) was due to head-to-head competition with NBC 's The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson , and later entering the 1980s , ABC News ' Nightline . It was not until 1993 , when the Late Show with David Letterman debuted , that CBS ' late night programming ( excluding Nightwatch/Up to the Minute ) was cleared across the entire network .

neg: Top of the Hill Top of the Hill is a political drama series aired by CBS as part of its 1989 fall lineup .

neg: What's Happening!! What 's Happening !! is an American sitcom that aired on ABC from August 5 , 1976 , to April 28 , 1979 . The show premiered as a summer series . With good ratings and reviews , and after the failure of several other shows on the network , What 's Happening !! returned in November 1976 as a weekly series . It remained a regular show until 1979 ; ratings were modest . What 's Happening !! was loosely based on the Eric Monte-penned film Cooley High . From 1985 to 1988 , a sequel series called What 's Happening Now !! aired in first-run syndication , with most of the major cast members reprising their roles .   What 's Happening !! was Bud Yorkin 's second series after he ended his partnership with Norman Lear in Tandem Productions . The show was produced by TOY Productions , which was formed by Yorkin , Saul Turtletaub , and Bernie Orenstein after the split .

neg: Blue Skies (1988 TV series) Blue Skies is an American drama that aired from June 13 until August 1 , 1988 .

neg: Uncle Buck (1990 TV series) Uncle Buck is an American television sitcom series based on the 1989 film of the same name starring John Candy . The TV series debuted in September 1990 on CBS , and aired through March 1991 .

neg: The Mark (1961 film) The Mark is a 1961 film which tells the story of a convicted child molester , now out of prison , who is suspected in the molestation and beating of another child . The picture stars Stuart Whitman , Maria Schell , Rod Steiger and Brenda De Banzie .   Adapted by Sidney Buchman and Stanley Mann from the novel by Charles E. Israel , the movie was directed by Guy Green .   The Mark was selected to compete for a Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival and Whitman was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role .

neg: Philip Morris Playhouse Philip Morris Playhouse is a 30-minute old-time radio dramatic anthology series .   The program '' -LSB- g -RSB- enerally ... featured straight and crime drama , '' radio historian John Dunning wrote . He noted that one of the directors was William Spier , who `` had directed Suspense in its salad days and brought to The Philip Morris Playhouse the same slick production '' that was used in Suspense .   Philip Morris Playhouse was broadcast on CBS June 30 , 1939 -- February 18 , 1944 , then returned to the air ( again on CBS ) November 5 , 1948 -- July 29 , 1949 . The 1948 edition replaced a giveaway show , Everybody Wins . Its third and final incarnation on radio was a bit more complicated , as explained on The Digital Deli Too website : The emerging popularity of between three and five other popular playhouse formats of the early 1950s persuaded Philip Morris to resurrect its Philip Morris Playhouse a third time as Phillip Morris Playhouse On Broadway , beginning with its initial CBS run on March 15 , 1951 . Emphasizing Broadway productions , the subsequent series ran over CBS for twenty-six installments , only to jump to NBC on September 11 , 1951 . The series ran on NBC for the remainder of 1951 , jumping back to CBS on January 13 , 1952 . CBS aired the remainder of the canon through September 2 , 1953 .   In 1951 , a trade publication reported that the program 's annual budget was $ 1 million .

neg: Westinghouse Studio One Studio One is an American radio -- television anthology drama series , created in 1947 by Canadian director Fletcher Markle , who came to CBS from the CBC .

neg: 9th Primetime Emmy Awards The 9th Emmy Awards , later referred to as the 9th Primetime Emmy Awards , were held on March 16 , 1957 to honor the best in television of the year . The ceremony was held at the NBC Studios in Burbank , California . Desi Arnaz hosted the event . All nominations are listed , with winners in bold and series ' networks are in parentheses . Categories were sorted based on running time , instead of by genre .   The top shows of the night were Caesar 's Hour and Playhouse 90 . Each show won a then-record five major awards , ( however , two of Playhouse 90 's wins came in now defunct categories ) .   Caesar 's Hour became the first show to be nominated in all four major acting categories . Caesar 's Hour also made history when it swept the four acting categories . After over fifty years , it remains the only comedy or drama series to win every major acting award . In 2004 , the miniseries Angels in America became the second show , and first miniseries/television movie , to sweep the acting field .

neg: List of Saved by the Bell episodes The following is a list of episodes for the NBC teen sitcom , Saved by the Bell . The series premiered on August 20 , 1989 and ended on May 22 , 1993 with 86 episodes produced spanning four seasons . The number of episodes was increased for syndication , adding re-purposed episodes of Good Morning , Miss Bliss ( excluding the pilot ) , the follow-up series Saved by the Bell : The College Years , and the TV movies Saved by the Bell : Hawaiian Style and Saved by the Bell : Wedding in Las Vegas ( broken into four episodes each ) . The total number of syndicated episodes is 126 , though the number aired varies by broadcaster . The storyline follows Zack Morris through junior high , high school and college , to his eventual marriage to Kelly Kapowski . The related series Saved by the Bell : The New Class maintains a separate storyline .   The actual order is confused by the fact that DVD sets are in a different order than the air dates ( the DVDs are broken into 5 seasons instead of 4 ) . Note : Episode numbers in parentheses represent the order in the original series before extra episodes were added for syndication .

neg: New Year's Day (1989 film) New Year 's Day is a 1989 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Henry Jaglom . It was entered into the main competition at the 46th Venice International Film Festival .

neg: Summerland (TV series) Summerland is an American drama television series created by Stephen Tolkin and Lori Loughlin . It is centered on a clothing designer in her 30s , Ava Gregory ( Loughlin ) , raising her niece and nephews after their parents die in a tragic accident . They live with three of Ava 's friends who also help raise the kids in the fictional city of Playa Linda , California .   Summerland premiered on June 1 , 2004 on the now defunct television network The WB . The series ran for a total of 26 episodes over two seasons . Its cancellation was announced on May 15 , 2005 and the last episode aired on July 18 , 2005 . A soundtrack was released on March 19 , 2005 and the show has been syndicated in many countries .

neg: Canned Film Festival The Canned Film Festival is a comedy-based motion picture television series that was nationally syndicated during the late night hours in the United States for a single season in the summer of 1986 . With only a one-letter difference in the spelling , the name is an intentional play on the name for the Cannes Film Festival , the annual world-renowned film-screening celebration in Cannes , France . Not to be confused with the latter , the Canned Film Festival featured B movies as the centerpiece for each television episode , and was composed of short vignettes interwoven throughout the films . Boasting the tagline `` late night with the best of the worst '' , the series was promoted and sponsored by the Dr Pepper Company , whose then-tagline `` out-of-the-ordinary '' echoed the show 's collection of odd and strange movies . The series was created by Young & Rubicam , developed for television by Chelsea Communications , and distributed by LBS Communications .   Although similar in style to the successful Mystery Science Theater 3000 series that aired a few years later , the Canned Film Festival differed in that its comedy scenes occurred strictly during the commercial intermissions instead of adding peanut gallery type satire during the actual run of the movies . In addition , the script , although comedic in nature , often reflected upon the serious contextual and cultural subjects contained in the featured movies , sometimes providing historical insight into their production . An example is seen during the episode featuring Project Moonbase , where female spaceship commanders were discussed as an accurate future prediction by the 1950s era movie , as were cordless telephones and big screen televisions . The featured B movies of the series were not full-length , and edited to fit the show 's approximately two-hour timeframe per episode .

neg: Desperate for Love Desperate for Love is a 1989 television film directed by Michael Tuchner . The film is based on a true story .

neg: Sears Radio Theater Sears Radio Theater was a radio drama anthology series which ran weeknights on CBS Radio in 1979 , sponsored by the Sears chain . Often paired with The CBS Radio Mystery Theater during its first season , the program offered a different genre of drama for each day 's broadcast .   In January 1980 , the program moved to the Mutual Broadcasting System and became the Mutual Radio Theater . The Mutual series broadcast repeats from the CBS run until September 1980 , when a short season of new dramas was presented . Sears continued as a sponsor during the Mutual run .   Monday was `` Western Night '' and was hosted by Lorne Greene . Tuesday was `` Comedy Night '' , hosted by Andy Griffith . Wednesday was `` Mystery Night '' with Vincent Price as host . Thursday was `` Love and Hate Night '' with Cicely Tyson doing honors as host . Finally , Friday brought `` Adventure Night '' , first hosted by Richard Widmark and later by Howard Duff and then by Leonard Nimoy .   Actors heard on the series included Jim Jordan , Henry Morgan , Daws Butler , June Foray , Parley Baer , Mary Jane Croft , Howard Culver , John Dehner , Virginia Gregg , Janet Waldo , Vic Perrin , Hans Conried , Marvin Miller , Elliott Lewis , Jeff Corey , Lesley Woods , Robert Rockwell , Lurene Tuttle , Eve Arden , Keith Andes , Harriet Nelson , Alan Young , Tom Bosley , Marion Ross , Lloyd Bochner , Rick Jason , Frank Campanella , Toni Tennille , Arthur Hill , Dan O'Herlihy , Jesse White and Frank Nelson . Actress Peggy Webber was heard on 52 episodes .   It was produced and directed by Fletcher Markle and Elliott Lewis . The theme was composed and conducted by Nelson Riddle .   Though less long-lived than NPR 's Earplay or the CBS Radio Mystery Theater , it was an ambitious attempt to reinvigorate a neglected field . Like Earplay , it was broadcast in stereo .

neg: Clayton Rohner Clayton Rohner ( born August 5 , 1957 ) is an American actor .   Rohner was born in Palo Alto , California . He is known for his role as Rick Morehouse in the 1985 comedy movie Just One of the Guys . He also starred in the 1986 film Modern Girls as Clifford and Bruno X . He is a main character in the 1994 film Caroline at Midnight . Other credits include the films April Fool 's Day , Destroyer , The Relic , and The Human Centipede 3 ( Final Sequence ) . Clayton starred in the short-lived science fiction series E.A.R.T.H. Force and G vs E . He starred in the 2005 film role in Formosa .   Rohner starred on the TV series Murder One as Detective Vince Biggio from 1996 to 1997 . His television guest appearances include Miami Vice , Star Trek : The Next Generation as Admiral Mark Jameson in the season 1 episode `` Too Short a Season '' , Beverly Hills , 90210 , Charmed , Crossing Jordan , Angel , and Weeds . He also appeared in the award-winning series Into the West and The X-Files ( season 6 , episode 8 ) . He also appeared in the TV role of Jared Pryor in the short-lived ABC midseason replacement Day Break .   Rohner was a member of the Beta Theta Pi fraternity at Whitman College .

neg: When We Were Young (film) When We Were Young ( a.k.a. . That Magic Moment and Moments ) is a 1989 television film directed by Daryl Duke , and written by Richard and Esther Shapiro .

neg: Teen drama A teen drama is a genre or type of drama series with a major focus on teenage and young adult characters . It came into prominence in the early 1990s , especially with the popularity of the Fox series Beverly Hills , 90210 . After 90210 became a success , television writers and producers realized the potential for this new genre to reach out to a previously ignored demographic . In the past , most series that maintained a focus on teenagers had been sitcoms , while adolescents in drama series were usually part of a larger ensemble that included adults and children .   More often than not , teen dramas have soap opera elements , incorporating one or more ongoing story arcs spanning several episodes . The young characters must deal with the dramatic ups and downs of their friendships and romances while facing an array of issues thought to be typical of adolescence . There have also been many successful teen-based series with major science fiction , fantasy and action/adventure themes .

neg: The Beverly Hillbillies The Beverly Hillbillies is an American sitcom originally broadcast on CBS for nine seasons , from September 26 , 1962 , to March 23 , 1971 . The show had an ensemble cast featuring Buddy Ebsen , Irene Ryan , Donna Douglas , and Max Baer Jr. as a poor backwoods family who move to Beverly Hills , California , after striking oil on their land . The show was produced by Filmways and was created by writer Paul Henning . It was followed by two other Henning-inspired country-cousin series on CBS : Petticoat Junction , and its spin-off Green Acres , which reversed the rags-to-riches , country-to-city model of The Beverly Hillbillies .   The Beverly Hillbillies ranked among the top 20 most-watched programs on television for eight of its nine seasons , twice ranking as the number one series of the year , with a number of episodes that remain among the most-watched television episodes in history . It accumulated seven Emmy nominations during its run . The series remains in syndication on MeTV , and its ongoing popularity spawned a 1993 film remake by 20th Century Fox .


query: Raccoons are never considered to be pests by homeowners.

pos: Raccoon The raccoon ( -LSB- rəˈkuːn -RSB- or -LSB- USræˈkuːn -RSB- , Procyon lotor ) , sometimes spelled racoon , also known as the common raccoon , North American raccoon , northern raccoon and colloquially as coon , is a medium-sized mammal native to North America . The raccoon is the largest of the procyonid family , having a body length of 40 to and a body weight of 3.5 to . Its grayish coat mostly consists of dense underfur which insulates it against cold weather . Two of the raccoon 's most distinctive features are its extremely dexterous front paws and its facial mask , which are themes in the mythology of several Native American ethnic groups . Raccoons are noted for their intelligence , with studies showing that they are able to remember the solution to tasks for up to three years . The diet of the omnivorous raccoon , which is usually nocturnal , consists of about 40 % invertebrates , 33 % plant foods , and 27 % vertebrates .   The original habitats of the raccoon are deciduous and mixed forests , but due to their adaptability they have extended their range to mountainous areas , coastal marshes , and urban areas , where some homeowners consider them to be pests . As a result of escapes and deliberate introductions in the mid-20th century , raccoons are now also distributed across mainland Europe , Caucasia , and Japan .   Though previously thought to be solitary , there is now evidence that raccoons engage in gender-specific social behavior . Related females often share a common area , while unrelated males live together in groups of up to four animals to maintain their positions against foreign males during the mating season , and other potential invaders . Home range sizes vary anywhere from 3 ha for females in cities to 5000 ha for males in prairies . After a gestation period of about 65 days , two to five young , known as `` kits '' , are born in spring . The kits are subsequently raised by their mother until dispersal in late fall . Although captive raccoons have been known to live over 20 years , their life expectancy in the wild is only 1.8 to 3.1 years . In many areas , hunting and vehicular injury are the two most common causes of death .

neg: Neighborhood association A neighborhood association ( NA ) is a group of residents or property owners who advocate for or organize activities within a neighborhood . An association may have elected leaders and voluntary dues .   Some neighborhood associations in the United States are incorporated , may be recognized by the Internal Revenue Service as 501 ( c ) ( 4 ) nonprofit organization , and may enjoy freedom from taxation from their home state .   The term neighborhood association is sometimes incorrectly used instead of homeowners association ( HOA ) . But neighborhood associations are not homeowners associations ( HOA ) . An HOA is a group of property owners with the legal authority to enforce rules and regulations that focus on restrictions and building and safety issues . On the other hand , a neighborhood association is a group of neighbors and business owners who work together for changes and improvements such as neighborhood safety , beautification and social activities . They reinforce rules and regulations through education , peer pressure and by looking out for each other . Some key differences include :  HOA membership is mandatory generally through rules tied to the ownership of property like deed restrictions . Neighborhood association membership is voluntary or informal .  HOAs often own and maintain common property , such as recreational facilities , parks , and roads , whereas neighborhood associations are focused on general advocacy and community events .   The rules for formation of a neighborhood association in the United States are sometimes regulated at the city or state level .   Neighborhood councils within a city , whose officers are generally elected , are composed of various neighborhood associations and , as such , may be subject to limitations and special rules set up by the council .   Neighborhood associations are more likely to be formed in older , established neighborhoods , especially those that predate HOAs . HOAs are generally established at the time a residential neighborhood is built and sold . Sometimes older established neighborhoods form an HOA to help regulate rules and standards .   In some cases , neighborhood associations exist simultaneously with HOAs , and each may not encompass identical boundaries . In one example , newer infill neighborhoods built decades after the original , surrounding HOA-less neighborhood may have its own HOA but also be within the boundaries of a NA .

neg: Urban beekeeping Urban beekeeping is the practice of keeping bee colonies in urban areas . It may also be referred to as hobby beekeeping or backyard beekeeping . Bees from city apiaries are said to be `` healthier and more productive than their country cousins '' . Their presence also provides cities with environmental and economic benefits .   Most cities in North America at one time prohibited the keeping of bees , but in recent years beekeepers have had success in overturning bee bans . Bees pollinate a wide variety of plants , and the honey they produce is often sold to local restaurants and in local shops . Many urban areas now regulate beekeeping , and while registering beehives is often mandatory , a high proportion of urban beekeepers fail to inform the city .   The popularity of urban beekeeping was growing rapidly c. 2012 perhaps due to its inclusion in the local food movement . Between 1999 and 2012 , London saw a 220 % increase in beekeepers . The number of urban beehives varies greatly from city to city , and official counts may be inaccurate as hives are often not registered . As cities have limited greenspaces , the increasing popularity of the hobby may lead to lower honey yields as has been reported in London and New York City . According to a 2015 research study , urban environments favor viability and transmission of some disease agents that affect honey bees and may be a contributing factor to their diseases .   Besides upset urbanites complaining of numerous painful stings , another problem created by a surfeit of bees is swarming , when a queen leaves an overcrowded colony with a retinue of workers to start her own .

neg: Grape and raisin toxicity in dogs The consumption of grapes and raisins presents a potential health threat to dogs . Their toxicity to dogs can cause the animal to develop acute kidney injury ( the sudden development of kidney failure ) with anuria ( a lack of urine production ) . The phenomenon was first identified by the Animal Poison Control Center ( APCC ) , run by the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals ( ASPCA ) . Approximately 140 cases were seen by the APCC in the one year from April 2003 to April 2004 , with 50 developing symptoms and seven dying .   It is not clear that the observed cases of renal failure following ingestion are due to grapes only . Clinical findings suggest raisin and grape ingestion can be fatal , but the `` mechanism of toxicity '' is still considered unknown .

neg: Porch sitting Porch sitting , i.e. , sitting on a front porch or stoop , usually of a private residence is a leisure activity which can be a direct or indirect form of social interaction . This activity is a staple of most urban areas in the United States , and helps contribute to a lively atmosphere , for those sitting and also those passing by . This activity is most common during good weather , especially on warm summer nights and weekends .   Porch sitting was once considered to be a status symbol .   As well as being a good way to connect with neighbors , it also is an important form of community security , helping to prevent crime . Front porches were originally mandated in the planned community of Seaside , Florida , as a way to reduce air conditioning usage . Its planners then perceived an enhanced sense of community and front porches subsequently became an important element in the New Urbanism movement . During the summer of 2006 , All Things Considered broadcast a series of stories dedicated to the role of the front porch in American life and literature .   There are now thousands of ( tongue-in-cheek ) Professional Porch Sitters Unions in all fifty states of the U.S. and at least three other countries .

neg: Varied carpet beetle The varied carpet beetle ( Anthrenus verbasci ) is a 3 mm-long beetle belonging to the family Dermestidae .   This beetle in larval form is common in houses where it usually does little or no noticeable harm , but it is a feared pest in natural history museums , where it can seriously damage biological specimens . While adults are pollen grazers , larvae feed on natural fibers and can damage carpets , furniture , clothing , and insect collections . As the beetles are extremely common in gardens in the summer it is impossible to eradicate them completely from a normal home . Regular vacuuming will keep their numbers down .   The larval form is known as a woolly bear , a name it shares with the larvae of Arctia caja and many other moths of the family Arctiidae .   A. verbasci was the first insect to be shown to have an annual behavioral rhythm and to date remains a classic example of circannual cycles in animals .

neg: Pack hunter A pack hunter or social predator is a predator belonging to the animal kingdom which has evolved to hunt its prey by working together with other members of its species . Normally animals hunting in this way are closely related , and with the exceptions of humans and chimpanzees where only males normally hunt , all individuals in a family group will contribute to hunting . The most commonly known pack hunter is the gray wolf , the closest wild relative of all breeds of domesticated dog . Humans and their closest-living relatives chimpanzees are also pack hunters . Other pack hunting mammals include dolphins , lions , dwarf and banded mongooses and spotted hyenas . A number of avian social predators exist , including the Harris 's hawk , butcherbirds , three of four kookaburra species and many helmetshrikes . There are a few cold-blooded pack hunters including simple arthropods such as army ants , the yellow saddle goatfish and occasionally crocodiles .   There is a possibility that some non-avian theropod dinosaurs displayed pack behavior as well .   A social animal that always hunts , singly such as the domestic cat , is not a pack hunter .   Pack hunting is typically associated with cooperative breeding and its concentration in the Afrotropical Region is a reflection of this . Most pack hunters are found in the southern African savannas , with a notable absence in tropical rainforests and with the exception of the wolf and coyote , higher latitudes . It is thought that either on the ancient and poor soils of the southern African savanna it is not possible for individual predators to find adequate food , or that the environment 's inherent unpredictability due to ENSO or IOD events means that in very bad conditions it will not be possible to raise the young necessary to prevent declining populations from adult mortality . It is also argued that Africa 's very large area of continuous flat and open country , which was even more extensive while rainforest contracted during glacial periods of the Quaternary , may have helped encourage pack hunting to become much more common than on any other continent .   A shared pack hunting history is thought to be the main conduit through which humans have been able to form a mutual relationship with dogs ( that is , domestication ) , as both species are highly social and inter-dependent . Humans easily take over the dominance hierarchy of dogs as subordinates instinctively follow the `` alpha '' individual and dogs are accustomed to living very close together   When wolves hunt a Moose or Elk , it sometimes takes to deep water to avoid the pack . A wolf response to this behavior is that the pack rests with one or two wolves annoying the prey until it gets fatigued .

neg: Pet-friendly dormitories Pet-friendly Residence Halls have appeared as a number of colleges and universities in the United States , including University of Northern Colorado , Eckerd College , Stephens College , Stetson University , and Washington & Jefferson College . At these institutions , a certain portion of the school 's residence halls are set aside for students who wish to live with a pet , often a dog or cat . Massachusetts Institute of Technology and State University of New York at Canton allow cats in certain dormitories . Sweet Briar College allows equestrian students to bring their horses to campus . Case Western Reserve University allowed caged animals , such as rabbits or hamsters , and allows `` mascot '' dogs in the fraternity and sorority houses . Lehigh University also allows `` mascot '' dogs in the fraternity and sorority houses . Principia College permits pets that may be kept in a cage or tank . University of Notre Dame allows fish tanks .   In 2008 , USA Today estimated that at least 12 colleges and universities allows some form of pet-friendly living arrangements . Students at other institutions have advocated for pet-friendly housing policies . A Kaplan Test Prep survey from 2011 found that 38 % of colleges and universities in the United States had student housing where pets were allowed .

neg: Randall Fawcett House The Randall Fawcett House is a Frank Lloyd Wright designed Usonian home in Los Banos , California . The home was designed in 1955 and completed in 1961 .   The original owners , Randall `` Buck '' and Harriet Fawcett , met Wright while taking an architecture course at Stanford University . Buck Fawcett was a star college football player , selected by the Chicago Bears in the 1944 NFL Draft . Instead , he returned to work the Los Banos farm that his father had homesteaded , after the patriarch became seriously ill with valley fever .   The couple 's daughter Lynn and her husband , Henry Whiting II ( an architectural writer ) , live in the Wright-designed Archie Boyd Teater Studio in Bliss , Idaho .   The Fawcett House is one of three Usonians in California 's central valley ( along with the Dr. George Ablin House in Bakersfield and the Robert G. Walton House in Modesto ) , with this one being in the most unlikely of locationsfarm and dairy land well beyond the outskirts of Santa Nella better known for Andersen 's Pea Soup Restaurant nearby on Interstate 5 than as a mecca of modern architecture .   Constructed of battered ( sloped ) concrete block , the plan is a sort of `` H '' or `` K '' plan with wings at 60/120-degree angles . The broad copper fascia and horizontal roof line lies flat and long like the 80 acre of crop fields the house rests on . The yard is landscaped with a Koi pond and swimming pool .   The house has a shallow , circular flower planter , more commonly found in Wright designs of 50 years before , on top of one of the walls near the entrance . The hearth 's 12-foot-wide fireplace rises tall and grand to the left of the entrance . Living spaces incorporate five bedrooms , 4.5 baths , open-plan living room , dining room , a kitchen formalized by ornamental screens , a utility-store room and central laundry .

neg: Erie people The Erie people ( also Erieehronon , Eriechronon , Riquéronon , Erielhonan , Eriez , Nation du Chat ) were a Native American people historically living on the south shore of Lake Erie . An Iroquoian group , they lived in what is now western New York , northwestern Pennsylvania , and northern Ohio before 1658 . They were destroyed in the mid-17th century by five years of prolonged warfare with the neighboring Iroquois , especially the Seneca , for helping the Huron in the Beaver Wars for control of the fur trade . ''   Their villages were burned as a lesson to those who dare oppose the Iroquois , adding to their loss of life and likely forcing emigration . The Iroquoian confederacies were known for adopting others into their tribes , and true to form , the remaining defeated Erie are believed to have been absorbed by other Iroquoian tribes , particularly the Seneca , and possibly their kindred Susquehannocks with whom they shared the hunting grounds of the Allegheny Plateau and the Amerindian paths through the gaps of the Allegheny . Whatever their individual fates , the remnant tribes living among the Iroquois , gradually lost their independent identity .   The names Erie and Eriez are shortened forms of Erielhonan , meaning `` long tail . '' The Erielhonan were also called the Chat ( `` Cat '' in French ) or `` Raccoon '' people , referring to that characteristic . It appears that the cat reference may be to depict a connection to the sacred Underwater Panther , who was believed to have lived in the Great Lakes . Like all the Iroquoian stock , they lived in multi-family long houses in villages enclosed in palisades , which often enclosed crops . They cultivated the `` Three Sisters '' : varieties of corn , beans , and squash , during the warm season . In winter , tribal members lived off the stored crops and animals taken in hunts .

neg: Sciuromorpha The term Sciuromorpha has referred to numerous groups of rodents , but the only family common to all variations is the Sciuridae , the squirrels . Most definitions also include the mountain beaver .   Traditionally , the term has been defined on the basis of the shape of the infraorbital canal . A sciuromorphous zygomasseteric system is characterized by attachment of the lateral masseter muscle along the side of the rostrum . Unlike hystricomorphous and myomorphous rodents , the medial masseter muscle does not pass through the infraorbital canal . Among extant rodents , only the families Sciuridae , Castoridae , Heteromyidae , and Geomyidae are truly sciuromorphous . Some authorities would exclude the Geomyidae and Heteromyidae from that list due to the attachment of the medial masseter directly behind the zygomatic arch .   Carleton and Musser ( 2005 ) redefined the rodent suborders on morphological and molecular grounds . They defined the Sciuromorpha as including three families , Sciuridae , Aplodontiidae , and Gliridae . Of these , only the Sciuridae are truly sciuromorphous . The Aplodontiidae are protrogomorphous and the Gliridae are myomorphous . The connection between Aplodontiidae and Sciuridae has been proposed numerous times in the past . The two families have been united into a common infraorder ( Sciurida ) or superfamily ( Sciuroidea ) . It has long been suggested that dormice ( Gliridae ) are not particularly related to the Myomorpha , and their zygomasseteric structure has been termed `` pseudomyomorphy '' . The connection between squirrels and dormice has been almost exclusively suggested through genetic studies , and to a lesser degree via the fossil rodent Reithroparamys .

neg: Squirrel baffle A squirrel baffle is a device designed to deter squirrels , raccoons and other small mammals from accessing birdfeeders to retrieve birdseed . They are typically mounted on the pole of a birdfeeder , at a height to which squirrels can not jump .   Squirrel baffles vary in design . One type may employ a rotating cylinder to destabilize the climbing surface , while another will feature a large round tube difficult for a squirrel to grab onto . Other designs include tapered cones and sloped disks . Many squirrel baffles are made of painted metal or plastic , in order to create a slippery surface .   The roof of a hanging birdfeeder can also be designed to act as a baffle to prevent squirrels from jumping down onto the feeder .   Providing an alternate equivalent food source in conjunction with a squirrel baffle is often the best way to minimize unwanted visits to a birdfeeder . There are many squirrel feeders available , as they love to eat all sorts of food .   Typically , those who feed birds need to follow the rule : `` 5-7-9 '' . That is to say , the feeder should be at least five feet off the ground , seven feet away from perches ( that could be used as a launch pad ) , and nine below branches .   Category : Pest control  Category : Bird feeding

neg: Hunt Monitors In The United Kingdom ( The U.K. ) , Hunt Monitors endeavour to observe behaviours of organized hunts and undertake information gathering activities , known as hunt monitoring .   Hunt monitoring activities are undertaken mainly by private individuals who wish to see The Hunting Act 2004 , passed by The U.K. Parliament , upheld by The U.K. Courts . Hunt monitoring is also carried out by a number of animal welfare organizations in The U.K. . The prime aim of hunt monitors is to facilitate successful prosecution of those who do not hunt within the laws of The U.K. , through gathering evidence of illegal hunting .   The Hunting Act 2004 became law , in England and Wales , in February 2005 . It bans hunting with dogs of particular wild mammals , namely : foxes , deer , hare and mink . The ban was achieved through efforts of many campaigners , over almost a century . In recent years , evidence gathering by hunt monitors became central to the long campaign to ban hunting with hounds , as hunt monitors began to use portable video cameras to record hunting activity . Recorded evidence of hunting with dogs , collected by hunt monitors , was shown in the media and to Members of Parliament , and contributed to evidence used to support passage of The Hunting Bill through Parliament .   Before the hunting with dogs ban came into force , it was reported that an estimated 50,000 hunt supporters had signed a `` Hunting Declaration '' , pledging that they would break any such anti-hunting law , should it be put onto The Statute Book . Local newspapers were invited to hunting rallies , in order to publicize signings of `` Hunting Declarations '' .   In contrast to tackling illegal hare coursing fairly consistently , the police and The Crown Prosecution Services have seemed reluctant to act against organized hunts . Nevertheless , several years after The Hunting Act became law , many members of organized hunts have been taken to court . Members of hunts and a complete hunt , as a corporate body , have been convicted on numerous counts of hunting illegally .   The work of hunt monitors has been recognized by Ann Widdecombe , a former Conservative Minister and MP .   On 22 March 2007 , Ann Widdecombe , MP led an Adjournment Debate in The U.K. Parliament , where , in The House of Commons , she raised an issue of enforcement of The Hunting Act 2004 . She explained to The House the roles of hunt monitors and the problems which they encounter . She paid tribute to hunt monitors , saying '' ... some of them are extremely brave . ''   Later in 2007 , on 31st October , Ann Widdecombe , MP held a reception in Parliament , where she showed film to those present , including representatives of 11 police forces , The Crown Prosecution Service ( CPS ) , The Association of Chief Police Officers ( ACPO ) and Members of Parliament , which demonstrated that the hunting law was being broken , up and down the country . She pointed out that the only people monitoring these activities were groups of hunt monitors .   In January 2011 , The Huntsman and a Terrierman of The Fernie Hunt were found guilty of digging a fox out of a sett and , in May 2012 , three members of The Crawley and Horsham Hunt were found guilty of illegal hunting .   In August 2012 , two members of The Meynell and South Staffordshire Hunt were found guilty of illegal hunting . The Hunt Master and a Terrierman were each convicted at Derby Magistrates ' Court .   In December 2012 , The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals ( RSPCA ) took out a private prosecution , using evidence collected by several , independent hunt monitors , against Heythrop Hunt Limited . This was a landmark case , as it was the first time that an organized hunt was prosecuted as a corporate body . The Heythrop Hunt , its Huntsman and its Senior Master all pleaded guilty to four charges of illegally hunting a fox .   A major reason why some hunts have been prosecuted and convicted successfully is because of the availability of compelling evidence , gathered by hunt monitors , whose footage of certain , organized hunts ' illegal activities has provided important evidence , necessary to bring illegal hunters to justice .   Hunt monitors have been subjected to threats , assault , damage to their cars , cameras and radios , as well as verbal abuse , obstruction and intimidation .   On 13 February 2013 , Chris Williamson , MP led a debate in The House of Commons , entitled Policing of Violence at Hunts , to highlight , as he put it '' ... the antisocial and criminal behaviour ... '' directed towards hunt monitors by some hunt supporters .   In 2014 , The RSPCA commissioned an independent review of its prosecution activity . In the review , Stephen Wooler , CB refers several times to hunt monitors , e.g. , `` The volume of footage available -LSB- taken by hunt monitors -RSB- leaves the objective viewer in no doubt on the balance of probabilities that it is ` business as usual ' for many hunts because enforcement is so difficult . ''   While some hunt monitors are employed by organizations and charities , such as The League Against Cruel Sports and International Fund for Animal Welfare , most are private individuals , who are unpaid and self-funded . Some hunt monitors accept donations to support their activities , made through social media sites , such as GoFundMe and Facebook .

neg: Trailer park A trailer park is a temporary or permanent area for mobile homes or travel trailers . Advantages include low cost compared to other housing , and quick and easy moving to a new area , for example when taking a job in a distant place while keeping the same home .   Trailer parks , especially in American culture , are stereotypically viewed as lower income housing whose occupants live at or below the poverty line , have low social status and lead a desultory and deleterious lifestyle . Despite the advances in trailer home technology , the trailer park image survives , as evoked by a statement from Presidential adviser James Carville who , in the course of one of the Bill Clinton White House political scandals , suggested `` Drag $ 100 bills through trailer parks , there 's no telling what you 'll find , '' in reference to Paula Jones . It is also seen in the Canadian mockumentary Trailer Park Boys .   Tornadoes and hurricanes often inflict serious damage on trailer parks , usually because the structures are not secured to the ground and their construction is significantly less able to withstand high wind forces than regular houses . However , most modern manufactured homes are built to withstand high winds , using hurricane straps and proper foundations .

neg: Trogloxene Trogloxenes , also called cave guests , are animal species which live close to caves or at the very entrance of the cave , but can not live exclusively in a cave . This group consists of both extant animals , such as raccoons , rats , foxes and bears , opiliones ( a.k.a. Daddy-Long-Legs ) and extinct animals like cave bears , cave lions , cave leopards , and cave hyenas . Indications trusted by geologists and archaeologists combine to show that these animals lived there in the latter part , at least , of the third interglacial epoch , and on through the fourth and last glacial advance , when , although central Europe was free from an ice cap , an almost Arctic climate prevailed , with much rain . This is what is known as the Upper Paleolithic , when humanity was represented by the Neanderthals .   During the Upper Paleolithic , many carnivores gradually adapted by increased fur and resorting far more than previously to the shelter of caves . The cave bear ( Ursus spelaeus ) was the most habitual in its use of caves , and occupied caves before humans began to do so .

neg: Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 `` MBTA '' redirects here . For the Boston , MA based transportation company , see Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority .   The Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 ( MBTA ) , codified at ( although § 709 is omitted ) , is a United States federal law , first enacted in 1916 in order to implement the convention for the protection of migratory birds between the United States and Great Britain ( acting on behalf of Canada ) . The statute makes it unlawful without a waiver to pursue , hunt , take , capture , kill or sell birds listed therein ( `` migratory birds '' ) . The statute does not discriminate between live or dead birds and also grants full protection to any bird parts including feathers , eggs and nests . Over 800 species are currently on the list .   Some exceptions to the act , including the eagle feather law , are enacted in federal regulations , which regulates the taking , possession , and transportation of bald eagles , golden eagles , and their `` parts , nests , and eggs '' for `` scientific , educational , and depredation control purposes ; for the religious purposes of American Indian tribes ; and to protect other interests in a particular locality . '' Enrolled members of federally recognized tribes may apply for an eagle permit for use in `` bona fide tribal religious ceremonies . ''   The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service issues permits for otherwise prohibited activities under the act . These include permits for taxidermy , falconry , propagation , scientific and educational use , and depredation , an example of the latter being the killing of geese near an airport , where they pose a danger to aircraft .   The Act was enacted in an era when many bird species were threatened by the commercial trade in birds and bird feathers . The Act was one of the first federal environmental laws ( the Lacey Act had been enacted in 1900 ) . The Act replaced the earlier Weeks-McLean Act ( 1913 ) . Since 1918 , similar conventions between the United States and four other nations have been made and incorporated into the MBTA : Mexico ( 1936 ) , Japan ( 1972 ) and the Soviet Union ( 1976 , now its successor state Russia ) . Some of the conventions stipulate protections not only for the birds themselves , but also for habitats and environs necessary for the birds ' survival .   Constitutionally this law is of interest as it is a use of the federal treaty-making power to override the provisions of state law . The principle that the federal government may do this was upheld in the case Missouri v. Holland .

neg: Zero-energy building A zero-energy building , also known as a zero net energy ( ZNE ) building , net-zero energy building ( NZEB ) , or net zero building , is a building with zero net energy consumption , meaning the total amount of energy used by the building on an annual basis is roughly equal to the amount of renewable energy created on the site , or in other definitions by renewable energy sources elsewhere . These buildings consequently contribute less overall greenhouse gas to the atmosphere than similar non-ZNE buildings . They do at times consume non-renewable energy and produce greenhouse gases , but at other times reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas production elsewhere by the same amount . A similar concept approved and implemented by the European Union and other agreeing countries is nearly Zero Energy Building ( nZEB ) , with the goal of having all buildings in the region under nZEB standards by 2020 .   Most zero net energy buildings get half or more of their energy from the grid , and return the same amount at other times . Buildings that produce a surplus of energy over the year may be called `` energy-plus buildings '' and buildings that consume slightly more energy than they produce are called `` near-zero energy buildings '' or `` ultra-low energy houses '' .   Traditional buildings consume 40 % of the total fossil fuel energy in the US and European Union and are significant contributors of greenhouse gases . The zero net energy consumption principle is viewed as a means to reduce carbon emissions and reduce dependence on fossil fuels and although zero-energy buildings remain uncommon even in developed countries , they are gaining importance and popularity .   Most zero-energy buildings use the electrical grid for energy storage but some are independent of the grid . Energy is usually harvested on-site through energy producing technologies like solar and wind , while reducing the overall use of energy with highly efficient HVAC and lighting technologies . The zero-energy goal is becoming more practical as the costs of alternative energy technologies decrease and the costs of traditional fossil fuels increase .   The development of modern zero-energy buildings became possible not only through the progress made in new energy and construction technologies and techniques , but it has also been significantly improved by academic research , which collects precise energy performance data on traditional and experimental buildings and provides performance parameters for advanced computer models to predict the efficacy of engineering designs . Zero-energy buildings can be part of a smart grid . Some advantages of these buildings are as follows :  Integration of renewable energy resources  Integration of plug-in electric vehicles  Implementation of zero-energy concepts   The net zero concept is applicable to a wide range of resources due to the many options for producing and conserving resources in buildings ( e.g. energy , water , waste ) . Energy is the first resource to be targeted because it is highly managed , expected to continually become more efficient , and the ability to distribute and allocate it will improve disaster resiliency .

neg: Crickets as pets Keeping crickets as pets emerged in China in early antiquity . Initially , crickets were kept for their `` songs '' ( stridulation ) . In the early 12th century the Chinese people began holding cricket fights.Yutaka Suga , p. 79 , discusses another theory dating cricket fights to the 8th century . However , the earliest reliable evidence is dated 12th century . Throughout the Imperial era the Chinese also kept pet cicadas and grasshoppers , but crickets were the favorites in the Forbidden City and with the commoners alike . The art of selecting and breeding the finest fighting crickets was perfected during the Qing dynasty and remained a monopoly of the imperial court until the beginning of the 19th century .   The Imperial patronage promoted the art of making elaborate cricket containers and individual cricket homes . Traditional Chinese cricket homes come in three distinct shapes : wooden cages , ceramic jars , and gourds . Cages are used primarily for trapping and transportation . Gourds and ceramic jars are used as permanent cricket homes in winter and summer , respectively . They are treated with special mortar to enhance the apparent loudness and tone of a cricket 's song . The imperial gardeners grew custom-shaped molded gourds tailored to each species of cricket . Their trade secrets were lost during the Chinese Civil War and the Cultural Revolution , but crickets remain a favorite pet of the Chinese to the present day . The Japanese pet cricket culture , which emerged at least a thousand years ago , has practically vanished during the 20th century .   Chinese cricket culture and cricket-related business is highly seasonal . Trapping crickets in the fields peaks in August and extends into September . The crickets soon end up at the markets of Shanghai and other major cities . Cricket fighting season extends until the end of autumn , overlapping with the Mid-Autumn Festival and the National Day . Chinese breeders are striving to make cricket fighting a year-round pastime , but the seasonal tradition prevails .   Modern Western sources recommend keeping pet crickets in transparent jars or small terrariums providing at least two inches of soil for burrowing and containing egg-crate shells or similar objects for shelter . A cricket 's life span is short : Development from an egg to imago takes from one to two months . The imago then lives for around one month . Cricket hobbyists have to frequently replace aging insects with younger ones which are either specifically bred for cricket fighting or caught in the wild . This makes crickets less appealing as pets in Western countries . The speed of growth , coupled with the ease of breeding and raising larvae , makes industrial-grown crickets a preferred and inexpensive food source for pet birds , reptiles , and spiders .

neg: Red List building materials Red List Building Materials contain chemicals that have been designated as harmful to living creatures , including humans , or the environment . There are many `` Red Lists '' that have been developed specifically for building materials . These lists have primarily been developed by green building rating system developers and architecture firms . They are typically developed from chemical hazard lists published by government agencies , such as the United States Environmental Protection Agency ( U.S. EPA ) , European Union Commission on Environment ( European Commissioner for the Environment ) , and the California Department of Toxic Substances Control .

neg: Maine Coon The Maine Coon is one of the largest domesticated breeds of cat . It has a distinctive physical appearance and valuable hunting skills . It is one of the oldest natural breeds in North America , specifically `` native '' to the state of Maine ( though the feline was simply introduced there ) , where it is the official state cat .   No records of the Maine Coon 's exact origins and date of introduction to the United States exist , so several competing hypotheses have been suggested . The breed was popular in cat shows in the late 19th century , but its existence became threatened when long-haired breeds from overseas were introduced in the early 20th century . The Maine Coon has since made a comeback and is now one of the more popular cat breeds in the world .   The Maine Coon is a large and sociable cat , hence its nickname , `` the gentle giant . '' It is characterized by a prominent ruff along its chest , robust bone structure , triangular body shape , an uneven two layered coat with longer guard hairs with a silky satin under layer undercoat , and a long , bushy tail . The breed 's colors vary widely , with only lilac and chocolate disallowed for pedigree . Reputed for its intelligence and playful , gentle personality , the Maine Coon is often cited as having `` dog-like '' characteristics . Professionals notice certain health problems in the breed including feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and hip dysplasia , but reputable breeders use modern screening methods to minimize the frequency of these problems .

neg: Indoor air quality Indoor air quality ( IAQ ) is a term which refers to the air quality within and around buildings and structures , especially as it relates to the health and comfort of building occupants .  IAQ can be affected by gases ( including carbon monoxide , radon , volatile organic compounds ) , particulates , microbial contaminants ( mold , bacteria ) , or any mass or energy stressor that can induce adverse health conditions . Source control , filtration and the use of ventilation to dilute contaminants are the primary methods for improving indoor air quality in most buildings . Residential units can further improve indoor air quality by routine cleaning of carpets and area rugs .   Determination of IAQ involves the collection of air samples , monitoring human exposure to pollutants , collection of samples on building surfaces , and computer modelling of air flow inside buildings .   IAQ is part of indoor environmental quality ( IEQ ) , which includes IAQ as well as other physical and psychological aspects of life indoors ( e.g. , lighting , visual quality , acoustics , and thermal comfort ) .   Indoor air pollution in developing nations is a major health hazard . A major source of indoor air pollution in developing countries is the burning of biomass ( e.g. wood , charcoal , dung , or crop residue ) for heating and cooking . The resulting exposure to high levels of particulate matter resulted in between 1.5 million and 2 million deaths in 2000 .