query: Sophie Turner was born on the 2nd.

pos: Sophie Turner Sophie Turner ( born 21 February 1996 ) is an English actress . Turner made her professional acting debut as Sansa Stark on the HBO fantasy television series Game of Thrones ( 2011 -- present ) , which brought her international recognition and critical praise . For her performance , she has received four nominations for Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series , as well as a Young Artist Award nomination for Best Supporting Young Actress in a TV Series .   Turner has also starred in the television film The Thirteenth Tale ( 2013 ) and she made her feature film debut in Another Me ( 2013 ) . She has also starred in the action comedy Barely Lethal ( 2015 ) and played Jean Grey / Phoenix in the X-Men film series .

neg: Sophie Sugar Sophie Sugar is a trance musical artist and producer who has established herself as an international DJ . She is currently signed by Armada Music .

neg: Sophie Burton Sophie Burton is a fictional character from the British Channel 4 soap opera , Hollyoaks , played by Connie Powney . She first appeared in 2003 with on-screen family , the Burtons , including twin sister Mel , who was played by Powney 's real life twin Cassie Powney .

neg: Sophie Le Marchand Sophie Jane Le Marchand ( born 2 October 1988 ) is an English cricketer who plays as a wicket-keeper batsman . She is currently part of the England women 's academy , having previously represented her country at Under-21 level . A right-handed batsman , she has played for Somerset since 2008 .

neg: Bob Turner (cricketer, born 1885) Robert Frewen ( `` Bob '' ) Turner ( 15 July 1885 -- 15 February 1959 ) was an English cricketer active from 1909 to 1911 who played for Leicestershire . He was born in Leicester and died in Darlington . He appeared in twenty first-class matches as a righthanded batsman who scored 525 runs with a highest score of 41 and took nine wickets with a best performance of two for 2 .

neg: Thomas Turner (cricketer) Thomas Turner ( 7 March 1865 -- 27 October 1936 ) was an Australian cricketer . He played two first-class cricket matches for Victoria between 1887 and 1888 .

neg: Janine Turner Janine Turner ( born Janine Loraine Gauntt ; December 6 , 1962 ) is an American actress best known for her roles as Maggie O'Connell in the television series Northern Exposure , as Jessie Deighan , in the feature film Cliffhanger , and as Katie McCoy in Friday Night Lights . She is the author of two books , Holding Her Head High , released on The Washington Post best seller list ( Thomas Nelson publisher ) and A Little Bit Vulnerable : On Hollywood , God , Sobriety , & Politics . ( Dunham Books ) . She is an active public speaker and founder and co-chair of Constituting America .

neg: Leigh Turner Robert Leigh Turner CMG ( born 1958 ) is a British diplomat who has been HM Consul-General Istanbul and Director-General of Trade for Turkey , Central Asia and the South Caucasus from September 2012 . As Consul-General he writes a regular blog published in English and Turkish and tweets as @leighturnerFCO .   From June 2008 to July 2012 Leigh Turner was British ambassador to Ukraine , resident in Kyiv . As ambassador , he also blogged including in Ukrainian . From 2006-2008 he was Director , Overseas Territories in the Foreign and Commonwealth Office ; Commissioner of the British Antarctic Territory ; and Commissioner of the British Indian Ocean Territory .   Born in 1958 , he graduated from Cambridge University in 1979 joining the Civil Service as an administrative trainee the same year . After working in the Departments of Transport and Environment , and the Treasury , he joined the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in 1983 and has had postings in Austria , Russia , Germany and Ukraine before Turkey .   Whilst on unpaid leave , between 2002 and 2006 , he wrote travel articles for the Financial Times , The Boston Globe and other newspapers . He continues to write novels and short stories in his spare time .   Turner was appointed Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George ( CMG ) in the 2014 New Year Honours for services to British interests in Ukraine and Turkey .   In December 2015 it was announced that Turner had been appointed as the British ambassador to Austria and permanent representative to the United Nations in Vienna . He took up this appointment in August 2016 .

neg: Richard Turner (politician) Richard Turner ( August 15 , 1843 -- December 22 , 1917 ) was a Canadian merchant and legislator .   Born in Quebec City , Quebec , the son of James Turner and Susans Frisell , Turner opened a wholesale grocery with a partner called Whitehead & Turner in 1870 . In 1886 , after Whitehead retired , Turner became the sole owner .   He was appointed to the Legislative Council of Quebec for the division of Golfe in 1897 . A Liberal , he served until his death in 1917 .   In 1867 , he married Emily Maria Ellis . They had four sons and two daughters . One son , Richard Ernest William Turner , was a Canadian general and recipient of the Victoria Cross .

neg: Sophie Langham Sophie Langham is an English actress .   She is most famous for playing one half of Walford 's first lesbian couple , in the popular BBC soap opera , EastEnders . Her character , Binnie Roberts , made her first appearance in 1994 and left in 1995 . During her time on the show Langham 's character and her on-screen girlfriend Della Alexander ( Michelle Joseph ) made headlines in the British press when EastEnders screened its first lesbian kiss . EastEnders added to the controversy by making Della and Binnie a mixed-race couple .   Coincidentally , Sophie Langham and Michelle Joseph both attended Rose Bruford College within a year of each other .   Since leaving EastEnders Langham has appeared in episodes of Jonathan Creek ( 1998 ) ; The Bill ( 1997 ; 2001 ) ; Holby City ( 2003 ) and most recently Doctors ( 2004 ) .

neg: Sophie Theallet Sophie Theallet ( Born 1964 in Bagnères-de-Bigorre , France ) is a French fashion designer whose clients include First Lady Michelle Obama .

neg: Sophie Brundish Sophie Brundish is an English artistic gymnast who has competed in British Championship competitions as well as succeeding at junior and senior levels . She is also 3 Times Bexley Youth Games Champion . She has also won 30 medals and trophies from various competitions , including competitions abroad ( Russia , United States , Malta , Belgium and Switzerland ) . Sophie Brundish is a member of the Europa Gymnastics Club . Sophie is best known for her participation in a television advert for the Panasonic Smart Viera TV model .

neg: Sophie Lawrence Sophie Lawrence ( born 12 June 1972 , Ilford , London ) is an English actress , singer , director and choreographer . She played the role of Diane Butcher in the BBC soap opera EastEnders as a regular cast member from 1988 to 1991 , making subsequent guest appearances in 1993 , 1994 , 1997 , 2008 and 2012 . In 1991 , Lawrence achieved a top 30 hit in the UK single 's chart with her cover of Donna Summer 's hit single , Love 's Unkind . Since 2001 , she has been most active on stage in musical theatre and pantomime .

neg: Sophie Charlotte (actress) Sophie Charlotte ( born April 29 , 1989 ) is a German Brazilian actress and ballerina .

neg: Sophie Perry Sophie Marie Perry ( born 11 November 1986 ) is a football full back , currently playing for Reading in the FA WSL . She previously played for Brighton & Hove Albion ( in the FA Women 's Premier League Southern Division ) , Chelsea and Millwall . She has chosen to represent Republic of Ireland at senior international level despite having represented England up to Under -- 23 level .

neg: Sophie Mallebranche Sophie Mallebranche ( born March 30 , 1976 , in Honfleur ( Calvados ) ) is a French artist and textile designer recognized by interior architects for her woven metal materials that mix fibers and industrial materials .   She is the creative director of Material Design Group . Her company produces and distributes her creations under the brand , Sophie Mallebranche .   Architects and designers of international renown , such as Peter Marino , Robert A. M. Stern , Tony Chi , Jacques Grange , Gensler , Rena Dumas , Yabu Pushelberg , and Flanagan Lawrence have used her creations to experiment with new applications in the domains of design , luxury , and interior architecture . She has collaborated with brands such as Hermès , Christian Dior , Chanel , Louis Vuitton , Richard Mille , Chaumet , Piaget , Mikimoto , and Guerlain . Her metal weaves have been awarded multiple times by design professionals for their innovative nature , and her creations adorn numerous flagships , hotels , and restaurants worldwide .

neg: Sansa Stark Sansa Stark is a fictional character created by American author George R. R. Martin . She is a prominent character in Martin 's award-winning A Song of Ice and Fire series .   Introduced in 1996 's A Game of Thrones , Sansa is the eldest daughter and second child of Lord Eddard Stark and his wife Lady Catelyn Stark . She subsequently appeared in the following three novels , A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) , A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) and A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) . While absent from the fifth novel A Dance with Dragons as the books are separated geographically , Sansa is confirmed to return in the forthcoming next book in the series , The Winds of Winter .   In HBO 's adaptation of the series , Game of Thrones , Sansa Stark is played by Sophie Turner . The character has received critical acclaim , being praised as the 4th greatest character in the series by Rolling Stone . She and the rest of the cast were nominated for Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series in 2012 , 2014 , 2015 and 2016 .

neg: Tropic Electric Tropic Electric is the second studio album by the Canadian/Jamaican singer Kreesha Turner . It was released on November 15 , 2011 , digitally and physically . Kreesha decided to release it as a double disc , one side Tropic , and the other ` Electric ' . The ` Tropic ' side was recorded in Jamaica , to capture a new type of genre , a mix of reggae and pop music . The ` Electric ' side of the album is dedicated to fans who enjoyed the vibe on her previous album , Passion .  The album received mostly positive reviews , praising its Jamaican sound , but criticizing tracks ' I Feel My Darling ' , and ` Come My Way ' .   The iTunes track listing was mislabeled , the track reading ` Killer In The Club ' is actually ' 8 A.M. ' , and vice versa .

neg: Wendy Turner Webster Wendy Turner-Webster ( born Wendy Turner , 5 June 1967 ) is an English journalist , television presenter and animal welfare campaigner .

neg: Sophie Leigh Stone Sophie Leigh Stone ( born c. 1981 ) is an English stage and television actress . She was the first deaf student to win a place at the drama school RADA .

neg: Karl Turner (British politician) Karl William Turner ( born 15 April 1971 ) is a British Labour Party politician , who has been the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Kingston upon Hull East since 2010 . He was appointed Shadow Attorney General in January 2016 by Jeremy Corbyn , before resigning in June .


query: The Museum of Science and Industry was in Glocester.

pos: Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago) The Museum of Science and Industry ( MSI ) is located in Chicago , Illinois , in Jackson Park , in the Hyde Park neighborhood between Lake Michigan and The University of Chicago . It is housed in the former Palace of Fine Arts from the 1893 World 's Columbian Exposition . Initially endowed by Julius Rosenwald , the Sears , Roebuck and Company president and philanthropist , it was supported by the Commercial Club of Chicago and opened in 1933 during the Century of Progress Exposition .   Among the museum 's exhibits are a full-size replica coal mine , captured during World War II , a 3500 sqft model railroad , the first diesel-powered streamlined stainless-steel passenger train ( Pioneer Zephyr ) , and the Apollo 8 spacecraft that carried the first humans to orbit the Moon .   Based on 2009 attendance , the Museum of Science and Industry was the second-largest cultural attraction in Chicago . David R. Mosena has been president and CEO of the museum since 1998 .

neg: Optical Museum Jena The Optical Museum Jena is a scientific-technological museum .   The Optical Museum Jena shows optical instruments from eight centuries . It gives a technical and cultural-historical survey of the development of optical instruments . The development of the city Jena to the centre of the optical industries since the mid-19th-century is integrated in the exhibition , connected with the lifeworks of Ernst Abbe , Carl Zeiss and Otto Schott .   In cooperation with the art club Jena non-optical themes are offered in special exhibitions .   Before the opening of the Zeiss Museum of Optics in Oberkochen in 2014 , the Optical Museum Jena was the only museum of its kind in Germany .

neg: Whipple Museum of the History of Science The Whipple Museum of the History of Science is a Museum attached to the University of Cambridge , United Kingdom , which houses an extensive collection of scientific instruments , apparatus , models , pictures , prints , photographs , books and other material related to the history of science . It is located in the former Perse School on Free School Lane , and was founded in 1944 , when Robert Whipple presented his collection of scientific instruments to the University of Cambridge . The Museum 's collection is ` designated ' by the Museums , Libraries and Archives Council ( MLA ) as being of `` national and international importance '' .   The Museum is one of eight museums in the University of Cambridge Museums consortium .

neg: History of the Burgess Shale The Burgess Shale , a series of fossil beds in the Canadian Rockies , was first noticed in 1886 by Richard McConnell of the Geological Survey of Canada ( GSC ) . His and subsequent finds , all from the Mount Stephen area , came to the attention of palaeontologist Charles Doolittle Walcott , who in 1907 found time to reconnoitre the area . He opened a quarry in 1910 and in a series of field trips brought back 65,000 specimens , which he identified as Middle Cambrian in age . Due to the quantity of fossils and the pressures of his other duties at the Smithsonian Institution , Walcott was only able to publish a series of `` preliminary '' papers , in which he classified the fossils within taxa that were already established . In a series of visits beginning in 1924 , Harvard University professor Percy Raymond collected further fossils from Walcott 's quarry and higher up on Fossil Ridge , where slightly different fossils were preserved .   Interest in the area 's fossil beds faded after Raymond 's 1930s expeditions . In the early 1960s Harry B. Whittington was persuaded that further investigation was required , and organised surveys in partnership with the Geological Survey of Canada . These new specimens led him to set up a team to re-examine Walcott 's fossils , which had languished in a store-room at the Smithsonian since Walcott 's death in 1927 . In the early 1970s the team published papers that diagnosed many of the specimens as fossils of previously unknown types of animals , some possibly belonging to new phyla . These analyses heightened interest in the existing debate about whether the Cambrian explosion represented a truly abrupt evolution of recognisable animals or was the result of a longer development , most of which was hidden by gaps in the known sets of fossils that had been found .   All this time no Canadian museum had its own collection of Burgess Shale fossils . In 1975 the Royal Ontario Museum ( ROM ) began collecting , found 7,750 new specimens around the existing sites , and discovered similar fossil beds up to 40 km away . Their collection currently stands at 140,000 specimens and growing , and the rate at which new species are found suggests that the Burgess Shale will continue to produce important discoveries for the foreseeable future .

neg: Maryland Science Center The Maryland Science Center , located in Baltimore 's Inner Harbor , opened to the public in 1976 . It includes three levels of exhibits , a planetarium , and an observatory . It was one of the original structures that drove the revitalization of the Baltimore Inner Harbor from its industrial roots to a thriving downtown destination . In 1987 , an IMAX theater was added , but the museum continued to show its age as the end of the 20th century approached . In 2004 , a large addition to the property was opened , and the modernized hands-on exhibits now include more than two dozen dinosaur skeletons . Subjects that the center displays include physical science , space , Earth science , the human body , and blue crabs that are native to the Chesapeake Bay .   Maryland Science Center won a 2006 Best of Baltimore award for `` Best Place to Take Kids . '' In 2008 the Maryland Science Center was named one of the `` 10-Best Science Centers for Families '' by Parent 's magazine .

neg: Imperial War Museum Imperial War Museums ( IWM ) is a British national museum organisation with branches at five locations in England , three of which are in London . Founded as the Imperial War Museum in 1917 , the museum was intended to record the civil and military war effort and sacrifice of Britain and its Empire during the First World War . The museum 's remit has since expanded to include all conflicts in which British or Commonwealth forces have been involved since 1914 . As of 2012 , the museum aims `` to provide for , and to encourage , the study and understanding of the history of modern war and ` wartime experience ' '' .   Originally housed in the Crystal Palace at Sydenham Hill , the museum opened to the public in 1920 . In 1924 , the museum moved to space in the Imperial Institute in South Kensington , and finally in 1936 , the museum acquired a permanent home that was previously the Bethlem Royal Hospital in Southwark . The outbreak of the Second World War saw the museum expand both its collections and its terms of reference , but in the post-war period , the museum entered a period of decline . The 1960s saw the museum redevelop its Southwark building , now referred to as Imperial War Museum London , which serves as the organisation 's corporate headquarters . During the 1970s , the museum began to expand onto other sites . The first , in 1976 , was a historic airfield in Cambridgeshire now referred to as IWM Duxford . In 1978 , the Royal Navy cruiser became a branch of the museum , having previously been preserved for the nation by a private trust . In 1984 , the Cabinet War Rooms , an underground wartime command centre , was opened to the public . From the 1980s onwards , the museum 's Bethlem building underwent a series of multimillion-pound redevelopments , completed in 2000 . Finally , 2002 saw the opening of IWM North in Trafford , Greater Manchester , the fifth branch of the museum and the first in the north of England . In 2011 , the museum rebranded itself as IWM , standing for `` Imperial War Museums '' .   The museum 's collections include archives of personal and official documents , photographs , film and video material , and oral history recordings , an extensive library , a large art collection , and examples of military vehicles and aircraft , equipment , and other artefacts .   The museum is funded by government grants , charitable donations , and revenue generation through commercial activity such as retailing , licensing , and publishing . General admission is free to IWM London ( although specific exhibitions require the purchase of a ticket ) and IWM North , but an admission fee is levied at the other branches . The museum is an exempt charity under the Charities Act 1993 and a non-departmental public body under the Department for Culture , Media and Sport . As of January 2012 , the Chairman of the Trustees is Sir Francis Richards . Since October 2008 , the museum 's Director General has been Diane Lees .

neg: Peale Museum The Peale Museum , also known officially as the Municipal Museum of the City of Baltimore , was a museum of paintings and natural history , located in the City of Baltimore , Maryland , United States . It occupied the first building in the Western Hemisphere to be designed and built specifically as a museum . The Peale Museum was created by Charles Willson Peale , ( 1741-1827 ) and his son Rembrandt Peale , 1778-1860 ) . After functioning separately as the Baltimore City 's historical museum since the original structure was being rebuilt , restored , and renovated in 1930-1931 , and then later merging in with other historic sites , houses and museums in the early 1980s under the expansive efforts of new executive director , with the name of the Baltimore City Life Museums and a new broader mission in conjunction with the other historical locations .   After opening a new three-story exhibition gallery , uniquely using the old cast-iron façade of the razed ( but placed in storage in a city yard for 30 years ) of the old Fava Fruit Company and being re-assembled on the new structure facing North Front Street and the parallel new President Street Boulevard ( between East Lombard and East Fayette Streets ) , the new gallery and the B.C.L.M. ran into financial difficulties in the first year in 1996-1997 after the grand opening , coincidentally during the Baltimore Bicentennial Celebration ( of the City 's 200th year after incorporation as a city ) , The Peale branch of the City Life Museums closed unfortunately with the other branches - historic houses and sites later in 1997 and its large collections from over 66 years of original existence were transferred and handed over to the Maryland Historical Society , founded 1844 on West Monument Street and Park Avenue . The building was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1965 .

neg: Malvern Museum The Malvern Museum in Great Malvern , the town centre of Malvern , Worcestershire , England , is located in the Abbey Gateway , the former gateway to the Great Malvern Priory . The museum was established in 1979 and is owned and managed by the Malvern Museum Society Ltd , a registered charity . The Priory Gatehouse was a gift to the museum in 1980 from the de Vere Group , the owners of the neighbouring Abbey Hotel , and is staffed by volunteers . As such , the building itself is the museum 's major exhibit .   Among the museum 's exhibits are many local artifacts and archeological findings dating from the Iron Age hill fort at the British Camp , to recent history . A series of rooms depicts different periods of history and include lifelike displays and information boards . Themes covered include natural history , Malvern Priory , Malvern Forest and Chase , life in Victorian Malvern , Edward Elgar , the Malvern Festival , the history of the local economy including the 19th century hydrotherapy using Malvern water ( instrumental in the settlement 's rapid growth from a village to a large town ) , the development of radar by TRE , and Morgan Motor Company cars .   The museum is open daily , 10.30 to 17.00 , from 25 March to 31 October ( closed Wednesdays except for school visits during term time ) .

neg: Milton J. Rubenstein Museum of Science and Technology The Milton J. Rubenstein Museum of Science and Technology ( often referred to as the MOST ) is a museum located in the Armory Square neighborhood of Downtown Syracuse , New York . The museum includes multiple exhibits , a gift shop and a domed IMAX movie theatre . It is located in the former Syracuse Armory .   Permanent exhibits include : Earth Science Discovery Cave , Life Sciences , Lockheed Martin Flight & Space , Science Playhouse , Technotown , and National Grid Energy : Powering Our Future .

neg: Scitech Scitech is a world renowned and multi award winning not-for-profit organisation that operates the Scitech Discovery Centre , a permanent , interactive science museum which includes a planetarium , and is located in West Perth , Western Australia . It first opened on 13 August 1988 .   The organisation 's published mission is , `` To increase awareness , interest , capability and participation by all Western Australians in science , technology , engineering and mathematics . '' Scitech generally aims its programs at children aged up to 12 , but it does provide activities for children and adults of all ages . Four times a year it also runs `` Scitech After Dark '' evenings to allow visitors older than to enjoy its attractions in an adult-oriented atmosphere .

neg: Stockholm Music Museum The Stockholm Music Museum was founded in 1899 ( then named '' Musikhistoriska museet '' ) , inspired by an exhibition of theatre and music which was part of the great Stockholm art and industry exhibition of 1897 . Via donations and appeals for gifts around 200 musical instruments and an amount of archive material concerning the history of music and theatre were gathered . The new museum was opened to the general public in 1901 . In 1932 the museum , in the form of a trust , was associated with the Royal Swedish Academy of Music and received a state grant . The state became increasingly responsible for the museum , which in 1981 became part of a new public body -- The Swedish National Collections of Music . At the same time the museum was renamed The Stockholm Music Museum ( Musikmuseet ) , since its activities had broadened and changed in character .   The collection now ( 2008 ) encompasses approximately 5,500 instruments with an emphasis on Western art music , and Scandinavian folk music instruments . Many of these can now be seen ( and heard ) on the museum 's own web site : www.musikmuseet.se   Since 1979 the Stockholm Music Museum is located in the splendid former Crown Bakery , in the same quarter as the Court Stables , beside the Royal Dramatic Theatre , in central Stockholm . The Crown Bakery dates from the 17th century , and is Stockholm 's oldest industrial building .   This building has a long and eventful history and has through the centuries performed a number of functions : bakery , weapon depot , spirits store . Yet almost all the time -- from the 1640s to 1958 -- it has been a bakery for the armed forces in Stockholm . It even boasted mobile ovens which could be used during field exercises . In 1945 the building was ravaged by a fire which destroyed its upper floors in the northern part -- where the Concert Hall is now located .   A large portion of the museum 's instrument collection is viewable on the museum 's webpage , and will from 2010 onwards , be available through the EU 's europeana culture webportal : www.europeana.eu

neg: Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum , often referred to as The Guggenheim , is an art museum located at 1071 Fifth Avenue on the corner of East 89th Street in the Upper East Side neighborhood of Manhattan , New York City . It is the permanent home of a continuously expanding collection of Impressionist , Post-Impressionist , early Modern and contemporary art and also features special exhibitions throughout the year . The museum was established by the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation in 1939 as the Museum of Non-Objective Painting , under the guidance of its first director , the artist Hilla von Rebay . It adopted its current name after the death of its founder , Solomon R. Guggenheim , in 1952 .   In 1959 , the museum moved from rented space to its current building , a landmark work of 20th-century architecture . Designed by Frank Lloyd Wright , the cylindrical building , wider at the top than the bottom , was conceived as a `` temple of the spirit '' . Its unique ramp gallery extends up from ground level in a long , continuous spiral along the outer edges of the building to end just under the ceiling skylight . The building underwent extensive expansion and renovations in 1992 ( when an adjoining tower was built ) and from 2005 to 2008 .   The museum 's collection has grown organically , over eight decades , and is founded upon several important private collections , beginning with Solomon R. Guggenheim 's original collection . The collection is shared with the museum 's sister museums in Bilbao , Spain , and elsewhere . In 2013 , nearly 1.2 million people visited the museum , and it hosted the most popular exhibition in New York City .

neg: Science Museum, London The Science Museum is a major museum on Exhibition Road in South Kensington , London . It was founded in 1857 and today is one of the city 's major tourist attractions , attracting 3.3 million visitors annually .   Like other publicly funded national museums in the United Kingdom , the Science Museum does not charge visitors for admission . Temporary exhibitions , however , may incur an admission fee . It is part of the Science Museum Group , having merged with the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester in 2012 .

neg: Palais de la Découverte The Palais de la Découverte ( `` Discovery Palace '' ) is a science museum located in the Grand Palais , in the 8th arrondissement on Avenue Franklin D. Roosevelt , Paris , France . It is open daily except Monday ; an admission fee is charged .   The museum was created in 1937 by Jean Baptiste Perrin ( awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics , 1926 ) during an international exhibition on `` Arts and techniques in modern life '' . In 1938 the French government decided to convert the facility into a new museum , which now occupies 25,000 square metres within the west wing of the Grand Palais ( Palais d'Antin ) built for the Exposition Universelle ( 1900 ) to designs by architect Albert-Félix-Théophile Thomas .   In January 2010 the museum was merged with the Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie under one institution is named universcience with two locations .   Today the museum contains permanent exhibits for mathematics , physics , astronomy , chemistry , geology , and biology , featuring interactive experiments with commentaries by lecturers . It includes a Zeiss planetarium with 15-metre dome .

neg: Museum of Decorative Arts in Prague Founded in 1885 , the Prague Museum of Decorative Arts ( Uměleckoprůmyslové muzeum v Praze or UPM ) is housed in a Neo-Renaissance edifice built from 1897 to 1899 after the designs of architect Josef Schulz . It opened in 1900 with exhibitions on the first floor . The Museum 's rich collections include decorative and applied arts and design work ranging from Late Antiquity to the present day with focus on European objects , particularly arts and crafts created in the Bohemian lands . The impressive interior of the permanent exhibition , `` Stories of Materials , '' offers visitors an excursion into the history and development of decorative arts in the disciplines of glass , ceramics , graphic art , design , metal , wood and other materials , as well as objects such as jewellery , clocks and watches , textiles , fashion , toys and furniture .

neg: Museo Nacional de Artes Decorativas The Museo Nacional de Artes Decorativas ( National Museum of Decorative Arts ; originally , `` National Museum of Industrial Arts '' ) is located at 12 Montalbán Street , in Madrid , Spain , to the south of the Puerta de Alcalá and the western side of the Buen Retiro Park . It is one of the oldest museums in the city , situated within the Golden Triangle of Art . Following the example of the Victoria and Albert Museum in London , it illustrates the evolution of industrial or `` minor arts '' , including furniture , ceramics , glass , and textiles . The collections emphasize the 16th and 17th centuries in particular ; its collection contains approximately 40,000 pieces , with a considerable quantity of Arabic world items , particularly from Morocco and Turkey . Its 62 exhibition rooms are within a palace near the Jardines del Retiro de Madrid . Each year , there are about 22,000 visitors .

neg: Sugar Museum (Berlin) The Sugar Museum in Berlin , devoted to the history and technology of sugar , is the oldest such museum in the world , having opened in 1904 . It is now part of the German Museum of Technology . Until November 2012 , it was housed in the Institut für Lebensmitteltechnologie ( Institute of Food Technology ) in Wedding , Mitte .   Exhibits were labelled in German only , although an English-language pamphlet describing them was also available . Lonely Planet called the Sugar Museum `` quirky ... a surprisingly entertaining exhibit where you 'll learn all about the origin of sugar and its chemistry . ''   Since November 2012 , the Sugar Museum has been closed , but a modernised exhibit is scheduled to open at the German Museum of Technology in Kreuzberg in November 2015 .

neg: Tianjin Modern Industry The modern industry of Tianjin was started with Tianjin Machine Factory which was established by the Qing government during the Self-Strengthening Movement . Afterwards , Yuan Shikai promoted new policies in Tianjin . Numerous modern industrial enterprises mushroomed in Hebei New District in the northern bank of the Hai River . Including Zhou Xuexi , many industrialists established large enterprise groups that were managed by merchant and supervised by the government . By the beginning of the 20th century , Chinese private enterprises were booming . Among them is the most representative Yongli Alkali Factory which won the gold award and certificate in Philadelphia , the U.S. in 1926 by the soldium carbonate it produced . The factory was praised as `` the symbol of developing important chemical industry of the Republic China '' . The development of Tianjin 's modern industrial and the establishment of the Concessions in Tianjin contributed to the rapid expansion of modern Tianjin to become the biggest city and center of industry and commerce in northern China , as well as the second biggest city of industry , finance and trade in China . The development of Tianjin modern industry mainly went through four stages : initial period , evolution period , booming period and occupied period . Because of the industrial boom of Tianjin modern industry , the government of Tianjin built The Tianjin Museum of Modern Industry in Divergence estuary for commemoration .

neg: Brazos Valley Museum of Natural History The Brazos Valley Museum of Natural History is a science , nature and cultural history museum in Bryan , Texas , United States . The museum also maintains memberships in American Alliance of Museums , Natural Science Collections Alliance , and the Society for the Preservation of Natural History Collections .   The Brazos Valley Museum of Natural History maintains collections in the fields of archaeology , botany , conchology , cultural history , geology , mammalogy , ornithology , and paleontology .   The museum was among 14 to be considered to display one of the four space shuttle orbiters made available by NASA at the end of the space shuttle program to its new Museum of Science and History Former president George H. W. Bush , whose presidential library is several miles from the museum , has expressed his support . Museum officials were initially very positive on their chances to be selected with the museum executive directory saying '' `` I definitely think that we are going to get one of the shuttles , '' The museum was not selected to receive an orbiter , finishing last in scoring with the NASA selection community citing significant concerns about the museum 's attendance levels and risks to the orbiter in transportation to the museum . Nearby Texas A&M University was selected to receive a full motion shuttle simulator used by astronauts in training .   The Frithiof Fossil Collection includes a 15-inch Paleozoic trilobite and complete skeletons of an Ice Age cave bear , early wolf , Saber-toothed cat , along with numerous other partial skeletons . Dinosaurs are represented by the skull , vertebrae , femur , arm , an enormous tail of a hadrosaurid dinosaur , teeth and various bones of a Tyrannosaurus rex and Albertosaurus , and parts of a gigantic Camarasaurus , Triceratops , and Maiasaura . The hadrosaurid tail is unique in that it is one of the few fossils with fossilized skin .   The Museum houses the complete skeletons of Psittacosaurus , an early ancestor of Triceratops , and a complete Confuciusornis , a relative of both the raptor-like dinosaurs and modern birds . Rare , virtually complete skeletons of early mammals , fish , and reptiles are also available for viewing .

neg: Chiba Museum of Science and Industry is a science museum located in Ichikawa , Chiba Prefecture , Japan . The museum introduces mainly topics related to technology , for modern industry . The museum sets up its goal as to provide a place for experiencing various aspects of science and technology which is applied in industry to people at all ages .

neg: Festival of Britain The Festival of Britain was a national exhibition and fair that reached millions of visitors throughout the United Kingdom in the summer of 1951 . Historian Kenneth O. Morgan says the Festival was a `` triumphant success '' as people :  flocked to the South Bank site , to wander around the Dome of Discovery , gaze at the Skylon , and generally enjoy a festival of national celebration . Up and down the land , lesser festivals enlisted much civic and voluntary enthusiasm . A people curbed by years of total war and half-crushed by austerity and gloom , showed that it had not lost the capacity for enjoying itself ... Above all , the Festival made a spectacular setting as a showpiece for the inventiveness and genius of British scientists and technologists .   Labour cabinet member Herbert Morrison was the prime mover ; in 1947 he started with the original plan to celebrate the centennial of the Great Exhibition of 1851 . However it was not to be another World Fair , for international themes were absent , as was the British Commonwealth . Instead the 1951 festival focused entirely on Britain and its achievements ; it was funded chiefly by the government , with a budget of # 12 million . The Labour government was losing support and so the implicit goal of the festival was to give the people a feeling of successful recovery from the war 's devastation , as well as promoting British science , technology , industrial design , architecture and the arts .   The Festival 's centrepiece was in London on the South Bank of the Thames . There were events in Poplar ( Architecture ) , Battersea ( The Festival Pleasure Gardens ) , South Kensington ( Science ) and Glasgow ( Industrial Power ) . Festival celebrations took place in Cardiff , Stratford-upon-Avon , Bath , Perth , Bournemouth , York , Aldeburgh , Inverness , Cheltenham , Oxford , Norwich , Canterbury and elsewhere and there were touring exhibitions by land and sea .   The Festival became a `` beacon for change '' that proved immensely popular with thousands of elite visitors and millions of popular ones . It helped reshape British arts , crafts , designs and sports for a generation . Journalist Harry Hopkins highlights the widespread impact of the `` Festival style '' . They called it `` Contemporary '' . It was :  clean , bright and new ... . It caught hold quickly and spread first across London and then across England ... In an island hitherto largely given up to gravy browns and dull greens , `` Contemporary '' boldly espoused strong primary colors .


query: The second and third installments of two series featured the performance of Karl Urban.

pos: Karl Urban Karl-Heinz Urban ( born 7 June 1972 ) is a New Zealand actor . He is best known for playing Julius Caesar and Cupid in Xena : Warrior Princess and Hercules : The Legendary Journeys , Éomer in the second and third installments of Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings trilogy , Vaako in second and third installments of the Riddick film series , Dr. Leonard `` Bones '' McCoy in Star Trek , Star Trek Into Darkness and Star Trek Beyond , and Judge Dredd in Dredd . He won acclaim for his performances in New Zealand films The Price of Milk and Out of the Blue . He also played the main character John Kennex in the short-lived television series Almost Human . He will play Skurge in the Marvel Studios film Thor : Ragnarok set for a November 3 , 2017 release .

neg: Film series A film series ( also referred to as a film franchise ) is a collection of related films in succession that share the same fictional universe , or are marketed as a series .   Sometimes the work is conceived from the beginning as a multiple-film work , for example the Three Colours series , but in most cases the success of the original film inspires further films to be made . Individual sequels are relatively common , but are not always successful enough to spawn further installments .   The Marvel Cinematic Universe is the highest grossing film series in unadjusted US Dollar figures surpassing the Harry Potter , Star Wars , James Bond , and Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings series . However , `` Star Wars '' has the highest when adjusted for inflation .

neg: Jungle Junction (series 2) The second series of Jungle Junction aired between on Disney Junior .

neg: The Big Bang Theory (season 2) The second season of the American sitcom The Big Bang Theory was originally aired on CBS from September 22 , 2008 , to May 11 , 2009 , over 23 episodes . The Complete Season DVD was released September 15 , 2009 , and a Blu-ray version was reissued on July 10 , 2012 , with remastered surround sound audio , whereas the DVD version only had stereo . Season two starts immediately after the end of season one with Leonard and Penny 's date .   Jim Parsons submitted the episode `` The Bath Item Gift Hypothesis '' for consideration due to his nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series at the 61st Primetime Emmy Awards . In 2009 , TV Guide ranked the episode the # 60 on its list of the 100 Greatest Episodes . Christine Baranski submitted the episode `` The Maternal Capacitance '' for consideration due to her nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series at the 61st Primetime Emmy Awards .

neg: Two Guys and a Girl (season 3) The third series of Two Guys and a Girl first aired on September 22 , 1999 and finished on April 26 , 2000 .

neg: Second Thoughts (TV series) Second Thoughts is a British comedy television programme that ran from 3 May 1991 to 14 October 1994 . It was broadcast on the ITV network and made by the ITV company LWT . It was followed by a sequel , Faith in the Future . Second Thoughts followed the lives of two middle-aged divorcees , Bill MacGregor and Faith Greyshott , from very different backgrounds trying to develop a relationship , despite the pressures pulling it apart ( namely Faith 's two teenage children and Bill 's devious ex-wife Liza , who works alongside him ) .   Second Thoughts was based upon the real-life relationship of the writers , husband and wife Jan Etherington and Gavin Petrie . It originally aired as a radio series on BBC Radio 4 broadcast between 1 November 1988 and 23 July 1992 . The radio series consisted of four series and a Christmas special broadcast in 1992 with a total of 31 episodes . The radio scripts were used for the television series on ITV . The fifth series was the only series not to be based on the original radio scripts .   During the recording of an episode of Series 4 , Lynda Bellingham was surprised by the `` This Is Your Life '' host Michael Aspel on set . as she was to be the star of an episode of `` This Is Your Life '' . Her co-star James Bolam was in on the surprise , and Lynda appeared truly shocked when Michael Aspel appeared on the set to present her with the big red book and to tell her `` This Is Your Life '' to the thundering applause of the studio audience .   Second Thoughts ended on 14 October 1994 , but has since been repeated on ITV3 . The original radio series was often replayed on BBC7 .

neg: The Secret Life of the American Teenager (season 2) The second season of The Secret Life of the American Teenager , an American television series created by Brenda Hampton , debuted on the ABC Family television network on Monday , June 22 , 2009 at 8:00 PM . Season two regular cast members include Shailene Woodley , India Eisley , Daren Kagasoff , Francia Raisa , Kenny Baumann , Molly Ringwald , Mark Derwin , Megan Park , and Greg Finley II . Following the first season , Jorge Pallo and Luke Zimmerman were demoted to recurring guest stars . Jorge returned for a select number of episodes to wrap up his character 's storyline and eventually departed the series after its January return .   Following the success of its first season , ABC Family announced on January 31 , 2009 , plans to renew Secret Life , following the cancellation of its hit sci-fi TV show , Kyle XY . The official press release was released on February 9 with ABC Family ordering 24 episodes for season two . Season 2 began with 12 episodes broadcast starting June 22 , 2009 . Though marketed as the season finale , the mid season finale aired on September 7 , 2009 , with the second half of the season returning on January 4 , 2010 . The second 12 episodes finished their run on March 22 , 2010 .   The season premiere of Secret Life brought in the largest audience for the show so far , with a record breaking 4.68 million viewers . It brought in the second largest audience in adults 18-34 with 1.40 million viewers , behind season one 's mid-season finale . 2.10 million adults 18-49 watched `` The Big One '' along with 1.60 million females between the ages 18 -- 34 . The season premiere remains the number one scripted original premiere of Summer 2009 in Adults 18-34 . Furthermore , the mid-season premiere became ABC Family 's most watched telecast of all time with viewers ages 12 -- 34 with more than three million viewers watching . The mid-season premiere also brought in the show 's second largest audience in total viewers , with more than 4.55 million people watching .   This season , Amy Juergens must deal with juggling motherhood and high school , while her family and friends experience relationship challenges of their own .

neg: Forensic Heroes Forensic Heroes ( Traditional Chinese : 法證先鋒 ) is a TVB modern suspense series broadcast in June 2006 and the first installment of the Forensic Heroes series .   A direct sequel , Forensic Heroes II ( 法證先鋒II ) was produced and broadcast in 2008 continued with the same cast , alongside Kevin Cheng and Charmaine Sheh .  Forensic Heroes III was broadcast in October 2011 . The actors and actresses are totally different from the former two TV plays . It has achieved a great success and won the highest audience rating among all plays .

neg: Three Days (TV series) Three Days is a 2014 South Korean action-thriller television series starring Park Yoochun , Son Hyun-joo , Park Ha-sun , Yoon Je-moon , So Yi-hyun , Jang Hyun-sung and Choi Won-young . It aired on SBS from March 5 to May 1 , 2014 on Wednesdays and Thursdays at 9:55 p.m. for 16 episodes .   Inspired by the `` real time '' format of American series 24 , the narrative of Three Days is divided into three parts ; Part 1 : The Prelude , Part 2 : The Showdown , and Part 3 : Judgement , with each segment lasting for 72 hours .

neg: Friday Night Lights (season 3) The third season of the American serial drama television series Friday Night Lights began airing in the United States and Canada on October 1 , 2008 . It was the first season to be aired on DirecTV 's The 101 Network . The 13-episode season concluded on The 101 Network on January 14 , 2009 and then began its run on NBC two nights later , on January 16 , 2009 , and concluded its NBC run on April 10 , 2009 . The show was renewed for two more seasons in March 2009 , with both seasons airing in the same format as season 3 , containing 13 episodes each . The third season was released on DVD in region 1 on May 19 , 2009 .   The season continues to focus around the Dillon Panthers and the pressures faced on and off the field . This season also has four main characters leave the show by season 's end .

neg: Thirty-Minute Theatre Thirty-Minute Theatre is an anthology drama series of short plays shown on BBC Television between 1965 and 1973 , which was used in part at least as a training ground for new writers , on account of its short running length , and which therefore attracted many writers who later became well known . It was initially produced by Graeme MacDonald .   Thirty-Minute Theatre began on BBC2 in 1965 with an adaptation of the black comedy Parson 's Pleasure ( author , Roald Dahl ) . Dennis Potter contributed Emergency -- Ward 9 ( 1966 ) , which he partially recycled in the much later The Singing Detective ( 1986 ) . In 1967 BBC2 launched the UK 's first colour service , with the consequence that Thirty-Minute Theatre became the first drama series in the country to be shown in colour .   As well as single plays , the series showed several linked collections of plays , including a group of four plays by John Mortimer named after areas of London in 1972 , two three-part Inspector Waugh series starring Clive Swift in the title role , and a trilogy of plays by Jean Benedetti , broadcast in 1969 , focusing on infamous historical figures such as Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin . Other plays were broadcast by writers like Charlotte and Denis Plimmer ( The Chequers Manoeuvre , 1968 ) , David Rudkin ( Bypass , 1972 , and Atrocity , 1973 ) and Jack Rosenthal ( And For my Next Trick , 1972 ) .   Thirty-Minute Theatre was cancelled in August 1973 . Second City Firsts , also of 30 minutes duration , fulfilled much the same role .

neg: Karl & Co Karl & Co is a Norwegian situation comedy created by Tore Ryen , starring Nils Vogt reprising his role as Karl Reverud from the popular sitcom Mot i brøstet . It aired on TV 2 , running for three seasons from 1998 to 2001 , a total of 63 episodes . TV 2 is currently airing the show in syndication , along with one of their underlings , TV 2 Zebra .

neg: Jedward's Big Adventure Jedward 's Big Adventure is a children 's television programme airing on CBBC . It is hosted by Irish twins Jedward ( John and Edward Grimes ) and follows them as they visit various UNESCO historical sites around the United Kingdom .   Each teaming up with celebrity guests , the twins are tasked with learning as much about each site as possible , before leading a tour of real tourists and passing on what they 've learned .   Two series of five episodes each were produced and broadcast , whilst a third series was extended to 10 episodes , broadcast in January 2014 .

neg: Get Karl! Oh Soo-jung Get Karl ! Oh Soo-jung is a 2007 South Korean romantic comedy television series starring Uhm Jung-hwa and Oh Ji-ho . It aired on SBS from July 28 to September 16 , 2007 on Saturdays and Sundays at 21:45 for 16 episodes .   The series is based on the real-life love story of Lee Ju-young , the CEO of the drama 's production company who reunited with her current husband ten years after breaking up with him . Moreover , Go Man-soo is the actual name of Lee 's pro-golfer husband who incidentally instructed Oh Ji-ho on his golf swings in preparation for the role .

neg: Karl Lucas Karl John Lucas ( born 29 March 1972 ) is an English comedian , actor and writer , who has written for and appeared in a number of television , music videos and radio comedy programmes , as well as various theatre productions .   Lucas worked on Galaxy 102 's Breakfast show which collectively won three Sony Awards ( 1999/2000 ) -- Gold in 1999 and Silver in 2000 for Best Breakfast Show . Lucas was writer and comedy sidekick on the show and was awarded his own Sony Award ( Bronze ) for his part of the ` Sticker Vicar ' in 1999 .   Lucas is a graduate of the University of Salford , with a BA Honours and HND in Performing Arts . He graduated with distinction in 1996 and is listed on the Manchester Evening News ' ` Hall of Fame ' .   Lucas played Richard , a member of the fictional Pop group 2 Up , 2 down on Peter Kay 's Britain 's Got the Pop Factor ... and Possibly a New Celebrity Jesus Christ Soapstar Superstar Strictly on Ice ( 2008 ) a spoof on the talent show genre of programmes . Some of the shows most memorable moments saw 2 Up 2 Down singing a duet with Rick Astley , getting Hip-Hop dance lessons off Lionel Blair and Richard 's rap in the middle of `` The Winner 's Song '' ( co-written by Gary Barlow ) .   He is one of the only British comedians who has worked as a warm up on American TV shows : America 's Got Talent and Osbournes Reloaded '' .

neg: Saturday Live (UK TV series) Saturday Live was a British television comedy and music show broadcast by Channel 4 from 1985 to 1987 , and in 1988 as Friday Night Live . Influenced by the American show Saturday Night Live ( in particular its use of guest hosts ) , it was produced by Paul Jackson .   The series made stars of Ben Elton , Harry Enfield , Stephen Fry and Hugh Laurie , and featured appearances ( in some cases first television appearances ) by Patrick Marber , Morwenna Banks , Chris Barrie , Emo Philips , Tracey Ullman , Craig Ferguson , Craig Charles and many others . The show featured comic duo Adrian Edmondson and Rik Mayall in their act The Dangerous Brothers .   All episodes were transmitted live , although some material was pre-recorded . Recordings of shows were edited into compilation repeats , retitled Saturday Almost Live .   The show was succeeded by Friday Night Live , a shorter and slightly more tightly-formatted show with Elton as the permanent host , which ran for a single series in 1988 . The show 's titles consisted of reforming clay animations , highly comparable to early MTV idents .

neg: My Date with a Vampire III My Date with a Vampire III is a 2004 Hong Kong television series produced by ATV as a sequel to My Date with a Vampire ( 1998 ) and My Date with a Vampire II ( 2000 ) , but with a new story line that is different from the first two seasons . The series starred many cast members from the first two seasons . Like the first two seasons , My Date with a Vampire III also blends aspects of the Chinese `` hopping '' corpses of jiangshi fiction with those of western vampires , while injecting elements of Chinese mythology , eschatology and time travel , with more focus on Chinese mythology in this season as compared to the first two .

neg: Supernatural (season 2) The second season of Supernatural , an American fantasy horror television series created by Eric Kripke , premiered on September 28 , 2006 , and concluded on May 17 , 2007 , airing 22 episodes . The season focuses on protagonists Sam ( Jared Padalecki ) and Dean Winchester ( Jensen Ackles ) as they track down Azazel , the demon responsible for the deaths of their mother Mary and father John . They attempt to discover the demon 's plan for Sam and other psychic children -- young adults who were visited by Azazel as infants and given abilities , and whose mothers often then died in a fire . During their travels , they use their father 's journal to help them carry on the family business -- saving people and hunting supernatural creatures .   The season aired on Thursdays at 9:00 pm ET in the United States , and was the first season to air on The CW television network , a joint venture of The WB and UPN . The previous season was broadcast on The WB . It averaged only about 3.14 million American viewers , and was in danger of not being renewed . The cast and crew garnered many award nominations , but the episodes received mixed reviews from critics . While both the brotherly chemistry between the lead actors and the decision to finish the main storyline were praised , the formulaic structure of the episodes was criticized .   The season was internationally syndicated , airing in the United Kingdom on ITV , in Canada on Citytv and SPACE , and in Australia on Network Ten . It was released on DVD as a six-disc box set September 11 , 2007 , by Warner Home Video in Region 1 . Although the season was split into two separate releases in Region 2 , the complete set was released October 29 , 2007 , and in Region 4 October 3 , 2007 . The episodes are also available through digital retailers such as Apple 's iTunes Store , Microsoft 's Xbox Live Marketplace , and Amazon.com 's on-demand TV service .

neg: Urban anthropology Urban anthropology is a subset of anthropology concerned with issues of urbanization , poverty , urban space , social relations , and neoliberalism . The field has become consolidated in the 1960s and 1970s .   Ulf Hannerz quotes a 1960s remark that traditional anthropologists were `` a notoriously agoraphobic lot , anti-urban by definition '' . Various social processes in the Western World as well as in the `` Third World '' ( the latter being the habitual focus of attention of anthropologists ) brought the attention of `` specialists in ` other cultures ' '' closer to their homes .

neg: Now That's What I Call Music! 2 Now That 's What I Call Music ! 2 or Now 2 may refer to several `` Now That 's What I Call Music ! '' series albums .  Now That 's What I Call Music II ( UK series ) , released on 26 March 1984  Now That 's What I Call Music ! 2 ( Asia ) , released on 9 August 1996  Now ! 2 ( Canadian series ) , released in 1997  Now That 's What I Call Music ! 2 ( U.S. series ) , released on 27 July 1999

neg: The Exes (season 2) The second season of the TV Land 's original sitcom The Exes premiered on June 20 , 2012 . A total of 12 episodes were produced for the second season . The series stars Donald Faison , Wayne Knight , Kristen Johnston , David Alan Basche and Kelly Stables .


query: Bernard Madoff was sentenced in June of 2009.

pos: Bernard Madoff Bernard Lawrence `` Bernie '' Madoff ( -LSB- ˈmeɪdɒf -RSB- born April 29 , 1938 ) is an American fraudster and a former stockbroker , investment advisor , and financier . He is the former non-executive chairman of the NASDAQ stock market , and the admitted operator of a Ponzi scheme that is considered the largest financial fraud in U.S. history . Prosecutors estimated the size of the fraud to be $ 64.8 billion , based on the amounts in the accounts of Madoff 's 4,800 clients as of November 30 , 2008 .   Madoff founded the Wall Street firm Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC in 1960 , and was its chairman until his arrest on December 11 , 2008 . The firm was one of the top market maker businesses on Wall Street , which bypassed `` specialist '' firms by directly executing orders over the counter from retail brokers . At the firm , he employed his brother Peter as senior managing director and chief compliance officer , Peter 's daughter Shana Madoff , as the firm 's rules and compliance officer and attorney , and his sons Andrew and Mark . Peter has since been sentenced to 10 years in prison and Mark committed suicide by hanging exactly two years after his father 's arrest . Andrew died of lymphoma on September 3 , 2014 .   On December 10 , 2008 , Madoff 's sons told authorities that their father had confessed to them that the asset management unit of his firm was a massive Ponzi scheme , and quoted him as describing it as `` one big lie '' . The following day , FBI agents arrested Madoff and charged him with one count of securities fraud . The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) had previously conducted multiple investigations into Madoff 's business practices , but had not uncovered the massive fraud .   On March 12 , 2009 , Madoff pleaded guilty to 11 federal felonies and admitted to turning his wealth management business into a massive Ponzi scheme . The Madoff investment scandal defrauded thousands of investors of billions of dollars . Madoff said he began the Ponzi scheme in the early 1990s . However , federal investigators believe the fraud began as early as the mid-1980s and may have begun as far back as the 1970s . Those charged with recovering the missing money believe the investment operation may never have been legitimate . The amount missing from client accounts , including fabricated gains , was almost $ 65 billion . The Securities Investor Protection Corporation ( SIPC ) trustee estimated actual losses to investors of $ 18 billion . On June 29 , 2009 , Madoff was sentenced to 150 years in prison , the maximum allowed .

neg: Christopher Simcox Christopher Simcox ( 10 December 1909 -- 1981 ) was an English double murderer , notable and perhaps unique in being twice sentenced to death , and twice reprieved .   Simcox , a maintenance fitter by trade , lived in Smethwick in the West Midlands of England . He was divorced by his first wife for cruelty .   Simcox murdered his second wife in 1948 , and was sentenced to death at Stafford Assizes . However , in April 1948 the House of Commons had passed Sydney Silverman 's amendment to the then current Criminal Justice Bill to suspend capital punishment for murder for five years . The House of Lords overturned the amendment later in the year , but in the intervening period the Home Secretary , James Chuter Ede had announced that he would reprieve all condemned prisoners until the law was settled . Between March and October 1948 26 persons , including Simcox , were thereby reprieved . Simcox served 10 years in jail , before being released on licence .   He was married , for the third time , in 1962 to Ruby Irene . In 1963 he threatened his wife with an air-pistol , but was put on probation . His wife subsequently left him , with the help of relatives . On 11 November 1963 Simcox , armed with a rifle , went in search of his wife . He shot her sister , Mrs Hilda Payton , fatally through the head , before pursuing his wife to her brother 's house . There he shot them both , but they survived . Simcox then turned the gun on himself , shooting himself twice through the body , but he also survived .   In February 1964 Simcox was again tried at Stafford Assizes , and sentenced to death by Mr Justice Finnemore . The Homicide Act 1957 had restricted capital murder to a limited class of crimes , including murder with a firearm , and a second murder committed on a different occasion from the first . Simcox was eligible to be hanged on both grounds .   The wording of Simcox 's sentences of death was slightly different on the two occasions . In 1948 he was sentenced `` to be hanged by the neck until you are dead '' , while in 1964 he was sentenced `` to suffer death in the manner authorised by law '' . This change in language was provided in the 1957 Act ; the old language was considered anachronistic , as since the 1870s Britain had employed the `` long-drop '' method of hanging , which was held to cause near-instantaneous death .   Simcox 's date of execution was set for Tuesday 17 March 1964 at Winson Green Prison , Birmingham . However , his lawyers petitioned the Home Secretary , Henry Brooke , on the grounds that Simcox was still severely injured from his self-inflicted wounds , could not walk , and would probably have to be hanged in a wheelchair . There was no precedent for postponing an execution until a prisoner was fit enough to be hanged , and there was a history of reprieving prisoners whose executions might result in an unseemly spectacle owing to existing injuries or infirmity . On 14 March 1964 Brooke announced that Simcox had been reprieved , the sentence of death automatically being replaced by life imprisonment ; at that time there was no provision for attaching special conditions to such a sentence , meaning that one day Simcox might be released again , albeit on licence .   Five months later , the last-ever hangings in Britain took place , and in 1965 the death penalty was , in practice , abolished for murder .   In 1969 Simcox 's wife divorced him , and the civil judge in that case took the unusual step of recommending that Simcox never be released .   Simcox died in Portsmouth in early 1981 , aged 71 . It is currently not known whether he was still a prisoner at the time of his death .

neg: Sentencing Act of 1987 The Sentencing Act of 1987 ( Pub.L . 100-182 ) enacted some changes to the federal sentencing regime in the United States . The legislation amended to permit expressly departures based on circumstances of an exceptional `` kind '' or `` degree . '' The insertion of this new language was described by the manager of the House bill , Representative John Conyers , as `` clarifying '' in nature because it simply made explicit in the law that which was previously described in the Senate Committee Report as implicit and intended . There is evidence that under the new regime , sentences may not have increased as much as expected : although the average prison term for trial sentences increases post‐reforms , there is no systematic increase in the average length of the pleas .   Additionally , the law abolished parole for federal prisoners and created the United States Sentencing Commission . The commission makes the guidelines used by federal judges when sentencing people convicted of a federal crime .   The bill was introduced by Senator Joseph Biden on October 27 , 1987 . It was signed into law on December 7 , 1987 , by President Ronald Reagan .

neg: Pohl trial The Pohl trial against the Nazi German administration of the `` Final Solution '' ( also known as the WVHA Trial and officially The United States of America vs. Oswald Pohl , et al ) was the fourth of the twelve trials for war crimes that the United States authorities held in their occupation zone in Germany in Nuremberg after the end of World War II . The twelve trials were all held before U.S. military courts , not before the International Military Tribunal , although both courts presided in the same rooms at the Palace of Justice . They are known collectively as the `` Subsequent Nuremberg Trials '' or more formally , as the `` Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals '' ( NMT ) .   In the Pohl case , SS-Obergruppenführer Oswald Pohl and 17 other SS officers employed by the SS Main Economic and Administrative Office ( abbreviated in German as SS-WVHA ) , were tried for war crimes and crimes against humanity committed during the time of the Nazi regime . The main charge against them was their active involvement in and administration of the `` Final Solution '' . The WVHA was the Nazi government office that ran the concentration and extermination camps . It also handled the procurement for the Waffen SS and , as of 1942 , the administration of the SS-Totenkopfverbände .   The judges in this case , heard before Military Tribunal II , were Robert M. Toms ( presiding judge ) , Fitzroy Donald Phillips , Michael A. Musmanno , and John J. Speight as an alternate judge . The Chief of Counsel for the Prosecution was Telford Taylor ; James M. McHaney and Jack W. Robbins were the principal prosecutors . The indictment was presented on January 13 , 1947 ; the trial began on April 8 , and sentences were handed down on November 3 , 1947 . Four persons , including Oswald Pohl , were sentenced to death by hanging . Three were acquitted . The others received sentences of imprisonment between 10 years and lifetime .   At the request of the judges , the court reconvened on July 14 , 1948 to consider additional material presented by the defense . On August 11 , 1948 , the tribunal issued its final sentences , confirming most of its earlier sentences , but slightly reducing some of the prison sentences and changing the death sentence of Georg Lörner into a sentence of life imprisonment .

neg: James M. Davis James M. Davis ( born 1948 ) is the former chief financial officer of Stanford Financial Group . On 27 August 2009 he pleaded guilty to charges of fraud and obstruction of Justice in relation to a $ 7 billion investment fraud Ponzi scheme allegedly run by the company . On January 22 , 2013 , Davis was sentenced to five years in jail for his part in the Stanford Financial fraud . He admitted that he was aware of Allen Stanford 's misuse of funds and he assisted in keeping the misuse of funds quiet . Davis was also sentenced to three years of supervised release and had a judgement of $ 1 billion placed against him . He currently serves his sentence at Memphis FCI and will be released on July 24 , 2017 .

neg: Aurelio Cano Flores Aurelio Cano Flores ( born 3 May 1972 ) , commonly referred to by his aliases Yankee and/or Yeyo , is an imprisoned drug trafficker and former high-ranking leader of the Gulf Cartel , a Mexican drug trafficking organization . He is also a former member of the Federal Judicial Police in Tamaulipas .   Born in the state of Tamaulipas , Cano Flores became a drug trafficker in 2001 while still serving as a police officer . His role in Mexican law enforcement and his ties with the Gulf Cartel allowed him to recruit several other policemen into the criminal organization 's ranks . As a high-ranking leader , Cano Flores served as the regional boss of the Gulf Cartel in Los Guerra , a town in the municipality of Ciudad Miguel Alemán , Tamaulipas . He was also a leader in Camargo , Tamaulipas , where he coordinated heroin , cocaine , and marijuana shipments to the United States .   In 2010 he was named in a U.S. federal indictment with 19 other high-ranking drug lords of La Compañía ( The Company ) , a name used to describe the Gulf Cartel and Los Zetas as a conglomerate . He was arrested by the Mexican federal police on June 2009 and extradited to the United States while pending drug trafficking charges on 19 August 2011 . Cano Flores was later sentenced to 35 years in prison and ordered to forfeit US$ 15 billion on 13 May 2013 , making him `` highest ranking Gulf Cartel member to be convicted by a U.S. jury in the past 15 years . ''

neg: Chiasso financial smuggling case The Chiasso financial smuggling case began on June 3 , 2009 near Chiasso , Switzerland ( near the Swiss/Italian border ) , when Sezione Operativa Territoriale di Chiasso in collaboration with officers of Italian customs/financial military police ( Guardia di Finanza ) detained two suspects ( who appeared to be Japanese nationals in their 50s ) who had attempted to enter Switzerland with a suitcase in their possession with a false bottom containing what at first appeared to be U.S. Treasury Bonds worth $ 134.5 billion . The two possessed 249 U.S. bonds worth $ 500 million each ( among other securities , they also had 10 `` Kennedy bonds '' denominated at $ 1 billion each ) ; and the large denominations of the securities , along with accompanying bank documentation was what attracted the Italian police 's attention . Large denominations are not available to the general public ; only nation-states handle such amounts of money .

neg: Lehman Brothers Treasury Lehman Brothers Treasury Co. . B.V. ( `` LBT '' ) is a private company with limited liability ( besloten vennootschap met beperkte aansprakelijkheid ) incorporated under Dutch law with its registered office in Amsterdam , the Netherlands . LBT is a fully owned subsidiary of Lehman Brothers UK Holdings ( Delaware ) Inc. , which company is fully owned by Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. ( `` LBH '' ) . On 15 September 2008 LBH filed a petition in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York seeking relief under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code .   On 19 September 2008 the Amsterdam District Court granted LBT provisional suspension of payment ( voorlopige surseance van betaling ) . On 8 October 2008 at 18.56 hours the Amsterdam District Court has revoked the provisional suspension of payment and declared LBT bankrupt ( in staat van faillissement ) with the appointment of Rutger Schimmelpenninck as bankruptcy trustee ( curator ) . Source : The official website of the bankruptcy trustee .

neg: Capital punishment in Iraq Capital punishment is a legal penalty in Iraq .   It was commonly used by the government of Saddam Hussein ; and has been since his removal from office . After the invasion of Iraq in 2003 , the U.S. administrator , L. Paul Bremer , suspended capital punishment on June 10 , declaring that `` the former regime used certain provisions of the penal code as a means of oppression , in violation of internationally acknowledged human rights . ''   On August 8 , 2004 , capital punishment was reinstated in Iraq . Iraqi law states that no person over the age of 70 can be executed , despite people like Tariq Aziz , sentenced to death at the age of 74 . There is an automatic right to appeal on all such sentences . Iraqi Law requires execution within 30 days of all legal avenues being exhausted . The last legal step , before the execution proceeds , is for the condemned to be handed a red card . This is completed by an official of the court with details of the judgment and a notice that execution is imminent .   In September 2005 , three murderers were the first people to be executed since the restoration . Then on March 9 , 2006 , an official of Iraq 's Supreme Judicial Council confirmed that Iraqi authorities had executed the first insurgents by hanging .   27 people , including one woman , were executed by the Iraqi government on September 6 , 2006 , for high crimes against civilians .   At least 285 people were sentenced to death in 2008 ; at least 34 were executed . In 2007 , at least 199 people were sentenced to death and 33 executed , in 2006 , at least 65 people were executed . The actual figures could be much higher as there are no available official statistics . ''   There were at least 120 executions in 2009 , overwhelmingly for alleged terrorist offences . More than 900 people , including 17 women , were thought to be at risk of imminent execution in Iraq at the end of 2009 - they had reportedly exhausted all forms of appeal and their death sentences were said to have been ratified by the Presidential Council .   On January 19 , 2012 , 34 people were executed in a single day . Early in October 2013 , 42 people convicted of terrorism charges were hanged over the course of two days . By that date a total of 132 people had been executed in 2013 .   In July 2016 , the Prime minister Haider Al-Abadi ordered the execution of all terrorists condemned in the country following the Baghdad suicide truck bombing which killed over 250 people at a mall in Karrada , Baghdad .

neg: Barfod v. Denmark Barfod v. Denmark ( 1989 ) , was a case decided by the European Court of Human Rights ruling against Barfod in his accusation that the Danish government was not protecting his freedom of expression when writing an article suggesting that the judges who ruled in a specific case were incompetent to make fair and just decisions .  The defendant was convicted on the basis that he wrote in the publication `` Grønland Dansk '' that two of the judges who , were deciding in a case regarding taxation of Danish nationals working on a base in Greenland , were biased in deciding the case . Mr. Barfod wrote , `` Most of the Local Government 's members could ... afford the time to watch that the two Greenland lay judges - who are by the way both employed directly by the Local Government , as director of a museum and as consultant in urban housing affairs - did their duty , and this they did . The vote was two to one in favor of the Local Government and with such a bench of judges it does not require much imagination to guess who voted how . '' This accusation was seen as a potential for damage to their reputation therefore `` the applicant was subsequently charged with defamation of character within the meaning of Article 71 ( 1 ) of the Greenland Penal Code before the District Court of Narssaq '' This case was then appealed and brought to the High Court for Eastern Denmark to then eventually be brought before the High Court of Greenland as it more formally fit the case . They once again did not side with Mr. Barfod . On October 16 , 1987 the case was brought to the European Court of Human Rights . In a 6 to 1 decision the court found that there was no violation to Mr. Barfod 's right to freedom of speech .

neg: Rod Blagojevich Rod Blagojevich ( -LSB- bləˈɡɔɪ.əvɪtʃ -RSB- , born December 10 , 1956 ) is an American politician and former professional boxer who served as the 40th Governor of Illinois from 2003 until his impeachment in 2009 .   A Democrat , Blagojevich was a state representative before being elected to the United States House of Representatives representing parts of Chicago . He was elected governor in 2002 , the first Democrat to win the office since Dan Walker 's victory 30 years earlier . Blagojevich was impeached and removed from office for corruption ; he solicited bribes for political appointments , including Barack Obama 's vacant U.S. Senate seat after he was elected president in 2008 , and was convicted and sentenced to 14 years in federal prison .

neg: Herbert R. Axelrod Herbert Richard Axelrod ( June 7 , 1927 -- May 15 , 2017 ) was a tropical fish expert , and formerly a publisher of pet books and an entrepreneur . In 2005 he was sentenced in U.S. court to 18 months in prison for tax fraud .

neg: Allen Stanford Robert Allen Stanford ( born March 24 , 1950 ) is a former prominent financier and sponsor of professional sports who is serving a 110-year federal prison sentence , having been convicted of charges that his investment company was a massive Ponzi scheme and fraud . Stanford was the chairman of the now defunct Stanford Financial Group of Companies . A fifth-generation Texan who once resided in Saint Croix , U.S. Virgin Islands , he holds dual citizenship , being a citizen of Antigua and Barbuda and the United States . He contributed millions of dollars to politicians in both Antigua and the United States amongst other countries .   In early 2009 , Stanford became the subject of several fraud investigations , and on February 17 , 2009 , was charged by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) with fraud and multiple violations of U.S. securities laws for alleged `` massive ongoing fraud '' involving $ 7 billion in certificates of deposits . The Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) raided Stanford 's offices in Houston , Texas ; Memphis , Tennessee ; and Tupelo , Mississippi . On February 27 , 2009 , the SEC amended its complaint to describe the alleged fraud as a `` massive Ponzi scheme '' . He `` voluntarily surrendered '' to authorities on June 18 , 2009 . On March 6 , 2012 , Stanford was convicted on all charges except a single count of wire fraud . He is serving his 110-year sentence at United States Penitentiary , Coleman in Coleman , Florida . In September 2014 , Stanford appealed his conviction ; however , the appeals court rejected the appeal in October 2015 .

neg: Sergei Mavrodi Sergey Panteleevich Mavrodi ( Серге́й Пантелеевич Мавроди born August 11 , 1955 ) is a Russian criminal and a former deputy of the State Duma . He is the founder of the МММ series of pyramid schemes . In 2007 Sergei Mavrodi was convicted in a Russian court of defrauding 10,000 investors out of 110 million rubles ( $ 4.3 million ) . Mavrodi claims he is not the beneficiary of the donations and he is not used to flamboyant lifestyle . His true charges of which he was later convicted of is tax fraud though he claimed that MMM scheme is not a business , but a mutual donation program of which there is no law against such .  There were interviews after his release where he claimed MMM is behind the bitcoin price rally .

neg: International Industrial Bank International Industrial Bank ( in Russian : Международный Промышленный Банк , often abbreviated as Mezhprombank , Межпромбанк , or MPB , МПБ ) is one of the largest Russian banks founded in 1992 by Sergey Pugachyov and Sergey Veremeyenko .   On July 6 , 2010 , IIB failed to pay $ 200 million in maturing eurobonds . The bank is in discussions with bondholders , the Central Bank of Russia , and depositors to stabilize its deteriorating liquidity position .  On 30 November 2010 , a Moscow court declared the bankruptcy and the insolvency of this bank .   In 2006 , the bank uncovered that OPK Trust Company based in New Zealand owns 100 percent share of it . OPK Trust Company is controlled by Sergey Pugachyov .   Sergey Pugachyov , in the past a member of the Federation Council of Russia representing Tuva , had been the Chairman of the Board of Directors of Mezhprombank until January 2002 .   On November 26 , 2001 , Novaya Gazeta published an article by Oleg Lurie claiming that the management of the bank had been involved in money laundering in the Bank of New York . The International Industrial Bank in response brought a libel suit against the newspaper citing financial losses , as a number of its customers had allegedly changed the terms of their accounts in a loss-making way because of the publication . On February 28 , 2002 , the bank won the case in Moscow 's Basmanny municipal court and was awarded 15 million rubles ( about $ 500,000 ) in lost revenue , an unprecedented sum for Russian newspapers . In April the decision was reconfirmed by a court . However , in an article of May 27 , 2002. , Yulia Latynina , a journalist of Novaya Gazeta , revealed that the bank 's three customers named in the lawsuit were its subsidiaries or otherwise controlled by its board of directors , and claimed that Novaya Gazeta had requested to open a criminal fraud investigation into the activities of the bank . As a result , in June 2002 the bank renounced its claim to the compensation .

neg: Too big to fail The `` too big to fail '' theory asserts that certain corporations , particularly financial institutions , are so large and so interconnected that their failure would be disastrous to the greater economic system , and that they therefore must be supported by government when they face potential failure . The colloquial term `` too big to fail '' was popularized by U.S. Congressman Stewart McKinney in a 1984 Congressional hearing , discussing the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 's intervention with Continental Illinois . The term had previously been used occasionally in the press .   Proponents of this theory believe that some institutions are so important that they should become recipients of beneficial financial and economic policies from governments or central banks . Some economists such as Paul Krugman hold that economies of scale in banks and in other businesses are worth preserving , so long as they are well regulated in proportion to their economic clout , and therefore that `` too big to fail '' status can be acceptable . The global economic system must also deal with sovereign states being too big to fail .   Opponents believe that one of the problems that arises is moral hazard whereby a company that benefits from these protective policies will seek to profit by it , deliberately taking positions ( see asset allocation ) that are high-risk high-return , as they are able to leverage these risks based on the policy preference they receive . The term has emerged as prominent in public discourse since the 2007 -- 08 global financial crisis . Critics see the policy as counterproductive and that large banks or other institutions should be left to fail if their risk management is not effective . Some critics , such as Alan Greenspan , believe that such large organisations should be deliberately broken up : `` If they 're too big to fail , they 're too big '' . More than fifty prominent economists , financial experts , bankers , finance industry groups , and banks themselves have called for breaking up large banks into smaller institutions .   In 2014 , the International Monetary Fund and others said the problem still had not been dealt with . While the individual components of the new regulation for systemically important banks ( additional capital requirements , enhanced supervision and resolution regimes ) likely reduced the prevalence of TBTF , the fact that there is a definite List of systemically important banks considered TBTF has a partly offsetting impact .

neg: FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives by year, 1958 In 1958 , the United States FBI , under Director J. Edgar Hoover , continued for a ninth year to maintain a public list of the people it regarded as the Ten Most Wanted Fugitives .   As 1958 opened , the FBI had gone for a full ten months through the end of the prior year without being able to add a single fugitive to the top Ten list . The reason for the paucity of new fugitives is that by March of the prior year , the list of Ten Fugitives had become entirely populated by the most difficult captures , all ten of whom still remained at large , up through the first three months of 1958 :   1950 # 4 ( eight years ) , Henry Randolph Mitchell , process was dismissed July 18 , 1958  1950 # 14 ( eight years ) , Frederick J. Tenuto , remained still at large  1952 # 36 ( six years ) , James Eddie Diggs , remained still at large  1954 # 78 ( four years ) , David Daniel Keegan , remained still at large  1955 # 83 ( three years ) , Flenoy Payne , arrested March 11 , 1958  1955 # 87 ( three years ) , Daniel William O'Connor , apprehended December 26 , 1958  1956 # 97 ( two years ) , Eugene Francis Newman , remained still at large  1956 # 98 ( two years ) , Carmine DiBiase , surrendered August 28 , 1958  1957 # 99 ( one year ) , Ben Golden McCollum , arrested March 7 , 1958  1957 # 102 ( one year ) , George Edward Cole , remained still at large   But that situation was soon to change , as the FBI began one of its most productive years ever in 1958 , in terms of removing long-timers from the top Ten list . In all , a full half of the list , five long-time Fugitives , were removed from the list during 1958 .   Also notable in 1958 , the longest wanted Fugitive , Henry Randolph Mitchell , # 4 from the original list of Ten published in 1950 , after eight years at large , became the first Top Tenner to ever be removed for reason other than capture or death . Mitchell became one of a series of longstanding top Ten Fugitives whose time on the list simply outlived their initial criteria for having been listed . In the case of Mitchell , his charges were finally dropped by a court in 1958 , and so the FBI also dropped him from the top Ten list with the justification that his `` process was dismissed . '' In many of the subsequent such removals , a top Ten Fugitive remained a fugitive from justice , yet was simply removed from the FBI top Ten list when the FBI determined that the original criteria were no longer being met for the top Ten listing .   With the removal of so many long-time top ten fugitives in 1958 , the FBI once again began a series of turnover of many new Fugitives , adding a full half dozen new names to the list by year end .

neg: Murder of Yngve Raustein Yngve Koehler Raustein ( 17 October 1970 -- 18 September 1992 ) was a Norwegian undergraduate student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) in Cambridge , Massachusetts and a resident of Baker House . On the evening of 18 September 1992 he was walking down Memorial Drive by Hayden Library when he and his companion were attacked by three students of Cambridge Rindge and Latin High School . Shon McHugh ( aged 15 ) , Joseph D. Donovan ( aged 17 ) , and Alfredo Velez ( aged 18 ) robbed Raustein and his companion of $ 33 , and McHugh stabbed Raustein , causing fatal injuries . MIT President Charles M. Vest issued a statement the next day . A memorial service for Raustein was held on 9 October 1992 .   Raustein 's murder was the first of an MIT student for over a decade and sparked a Town and gown debate centering on the tension between the wealthy universities in Cambridge , MIT and Harvard University , and the poorer permanent Cambridge population . A vigil held the week after his death drew representatives from both communities . A permanent memorial award , the Yngve Raustein Award for Scholarship , Teamwork and Community , was established at MIT in 1993 . Raustein has been memorialized in the Garden of Peace memorial in Boston , Massachusetts .   McHugh was tried as a juvenile , and was released from prison after less than 11 years . Velez testified against Donovan and was sentenced to less than 10 years in prison . Donovan was charged with felony murder and was sentenced to life without parole . Donovan ( aged 33 ) in 2009 is appealing against his sentence of life without parole for felony murder on the grounds that , although he punched Raustein , he had no knowledge of a knife or planned robbery . Raustein 's family have said that `` the life without parole sentence was way too harsh '' . The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court declined an appeal in 1996 . In 2014 the Massachusetts Parole Board decided he should be released following six months in a rehabilitative program and one year in a lower level security prison .   Shon McHugh , who stabbed Raustein , spent 10 years in jail , and Alfredo Valez was released within 10 years after a plea bargain to testify against Donovan at the trial .

neg: Green shoots Green shoots is a term used colloquially and propagandistically to indicate signs of economic recovery during an economic downturn . It was first used in this sense by Norman Lamont , the then Chancellor of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom , during the 1991 Recession . At the time , Chancellor Lamont was criticized for `` insensitivity '' . The phrase was used again by Baroness Vadera , former Business Minister of the UK in January , 2009 to refer to signs of economic recovery during the late-2000s recession , again to criticism from the media and opposition politicians . The U.S. media started to use the phrase to describe domestic economic conditions in February 2009 when in New York Times quoted Bruce Kasman , chief economist at JPMorgan Chase as saying , `` It 's too early to get excited , but I think there are a couple of green shoots that say we 're not going down as heavily in the first quarter -LSB- of 2009 -RSB- as we were in the fourth quarter -LSB- of 2008 -RSB- . '' The Federal Reserve Chairman , Ben Bernanke , made the first public use of the phrase by a Fed official in a March 15 , 2009 interview with CBS 60 Minutes . Since February and March 2009 , it has been used increasingly in the media and by a number of commentators to refer to positive economic data and statistics during the late-2000s ( decade ) recession .

neg: Russian mafia Russian organized crime or Russian mafia , sometimes referred to as Bratva ( : `` brotherhood '' ) , is a collective of various organized crime elements originating in the former Soviet Union .   Organized crime in Russia began in the imperial period of the Tsars , but it was not until the Soviet era that vory v zakone ( `` thieves-in-law '' ) emerged as leaders of prison groups in gulags ( Soviet prison labor camps ) , and their honor code became more defined . After World War II , the death of Joseph Stalin , and the fall of the Soviet Union , more gangs emerged in a flourishing black market , exploiting the unstable governments of the former Republics , and at its highest point , even controlling as much as two-thirds of the Russian economy . Louis Freeh , former director of the FBI , said that the Russian mafia posed the greatest threat to U.S. national security in the mid-1990s .   In modern times , there are as many as 6,000 different groups , with more than 200 of them having a global reach . Criminals of these various groups are either former prison members , corrupt officials and business leaders , people with ethnic ties , or people from the same region with shared criminal experiences and leaders . However , the existence of such groups has been debated . In December 2009 , Timur Lakhonin , the head of the Russian National Central Bureau of Interpol , stated `` Certainly , there is crime involving our former compatriots abroad , but there is no data suggesting that an organized structure of criminal groups comprising former Russians exists abroad '' , while in August 2010 , Alain Bauer , a French criminologist , said that it `` is one of the best structured criminal organizations in Europe , with a quasi-military operation . ''