query: Stanley Kubrick's films were edited by himself.

pos: Stanley Kubrick Stanley Kubrick ( -LSB- ˈkuːbrɪk -RSB- July 26 , 1928 -- March 7 , 1999 ) was an American film director , screenwriter , producer , cinematographer , editor , and photographer . He is frequently cited as one of the greatest and most influential directors in cinematic history . His films , which are mostly adaptations of novels or short stories , cover a wide range of genres , and are noted for their realism , dark humor , unique cinematography , extensive set designs , and evocative use of music .   Kubrick was born and raised in the Bronx , New York City , and attended William Howard Taft High School from 1941 to 1945 . Although he only received average grades , Kubrick displayed a keen interest in literature , photography , and film from a young age , and taught himself all aspects of film production and directing after graduating from high school . After working as a photographer for Look magazine in the late 1940s and early 1950s , he began making short films on a shoestring budget , and made his first major Hollywood film , The Killing , for United Artists in 1956 . This was followed by two collaborations with Kirk Douglas , the war picture Paths of Glory ( 1957 ) and the historical epic Spartacus ( 1960 ) . His reputation as a filmmaker in Hollywood grew , and he was approached by Marlon Brando to film what would become One-Eyed Jacks ( 1961 ) , though Brando eventually decided to direct it himself .   Creative differences arising from his work with Douglas and the film studios , a dislike of Hollywood , and a growing concern about crime in America prompted Kubrick to move to the United Kingdom in 1961 , where he spent most of the remainder of his life and career . His home at Childwickbury Manor in Hertfordshire , which he shared with his wife Christiane , became his workplace , where he did his writing , research , editing , and management of production details . This allowed him to have almost complete artistic control over his films , but with the rare advantage of having financial support from major Hollywood studios . His first British productions were two films with Peter Sellers , Lolita ( 1962 ) and Dr. Strangelove ( 1964 ) .   A demanding perfectionist , Kubrick assumed control over most aspects of the filmmaking process , from direction and writing to editing , and took painstaking care with researching his films and staging scenes , working in close coordination with his actors and other collaborators . He often asked for several dozen retakes of the same scene in a movie , which resulted in many conflicts with his casts . Despite the resulting notoriety among actors , many of Kubrick 's films broke new ground in cinematography . The scientific realism and innovative special effects of 2001 : A Space Odyssey ( 1968 ) were without precedent in the history of cinema , and the film earned him his only personal Oscar , for Best Visual Effects . Steven Spielberg has referred to the film as his generation 's `` big bang '' , and it is regarded as one of the greatest films ever made . For the 18th-century period film Barry Lyndon ( 1975 ) , Kubrick obtained lenses developed by Zeiss for NASA , to film scenes under natural candlelight . With The Shining ( 1980 ) , he became one of the first directors to make use of a Steadicam for stabilized and fluid tracking shots . While many of Kubrick 's films were controversial and initially received mixed reviews upon release -- particularly A Clockwork Orange ( 1971 ) , which Kubrick pulled from circulation in the UK following a mass media frenzy -- most were nominated for Oscars , Golden Globes , or BAFTA Awards , and underwent critical reevaluations . His last film , Eyes Wide Shut , was completed shortly before his death in 1999 at the age of 70 .

neg: I Lost It at the Movies I Lost It at the Movies ( 1965 ) is Pauline Kael 's first collection of reviews , covering the years 1954 -- 1965 , which was published prior to her long stint at The New Yorker . As a result , the pieces in the book are culled from radio broadcasts that she did while she was at KPFA , as well as numerous periodicals , including Moviegoer , the Massachusetts Review , Sight and Sound , Film Culture , Film Quarterly and Partisan Review . It contains her negative review of the then widely acclaimed West Side Story , glowing reviews of other movies such as The Golden Coach and Seven Samurai , as well as longer polemical essays such as her largely negative critical responses to Siegfried Kracauer 's Theory of Film and Andrew Sarris 's Film Culture essay Notes on the Auteur Theory , 1962 . The book was a bestseller upon its first release , and is now published by Marion Boyars Publishers .   Kael 's first book is characterized by an approach where she would often quote contemporary critics such as Bosley Crowther and Dwight Macdonald as a springboard to debunk their assertions while advancing her own ideas . This approach was later abandoned in her subsequent reviews , but is notably referred to in Macdonald 's book , Dwight Macdonald On Movies ( 1969 ) .   When an interviewer asked her in later years as to what she had `` lost '' , as indicated in the title , Kael averred : `` There are so many kinds of innocence to be lost at the movies . '' It is the first in a series of titles of books that would have a deliberately erotic connotation , typifying the sensual relation Kael perceived herself as having with the movies , as opposed to the theoretical bent that some among her colleagues had .

neg: Intermediate film system The intermediate film system was a television process in which motion picture film was processed almost immediately after it was exposed in a camera , then scanned by a television scanner , and transmitted over the air . This system was used principally in Britain and Germany where television cameras were not sensitive enough to use reflected light , but could transmit a suitable image when a bright light was shown through motion picture film directly into the camera lens . John Logie Baird began developing the process in 1932 , borrowing the idea of Georg Oskar Schubert from his licensees in Germany , where it was demonstrated by Fernseh AG in 1932 and used for broadcasting in 1934 . The BBC used Baird 's version of the process during the first three months of its then - `` high-definition '' television service from November 1936 through January 1937 , and German television used it during broadcasts of the 1936 Summer Olympics . In both cases , intermediate film cameras alternated with newly introduced direct television cameras .   The exposed film , either 35mm or 17.5 mm ( 35mm split in half , to save expense ) , travelled in a continuous band from the camera , usually atop a remote broadcast vehicle , into a machine that developed and fixed the image . The film was then run through a flying spot scanner ( so called because it moved a focused beam of light back and forth across the image ) , and electronically converted from a negative to a positive image . Depending on the equipment , the time from camera to scanner could be a minute or less . An optical soundtrack was recorded onto the film , between the perforations and the edge of the film , at the same time the image was taken to keep the sound and image in synchronization .   The intermediate film system , with its expensive film usage and relatively immobile cameras , did have the advantage that it left a filmed record of the programme which could be rerun at a different time , with a better image quality than the later kinescope films , which were shot from a video monitor .   Television tubes developed by Farnsworth and Zworykin in the United States , and by EMI in England , with much higher sensitivity to light , made the intermediate film system obsolete by 1937 . Film continued to be used for time-shifting and as a long-term storage until electronic video recorders were invented .

neg: Jean-Luc Godard Jean-Luc Godard ( -LSB- ʒɑ̃lyk ɡɔdaʁ -RSB- ; born 3 December 1930 ) is a French-Swiss film director , screenwriter and film critic . He is often identified with the 1960s French film movement La Nouvelle Vague , or `` New Wave '' .   Like his New Wave contemporaries , Godard criticized mainstream French cinema 's `` Tradition of Quality '' , which `` emphasized craft over innovation , privileged established directors over new directors , and preferred the great works of the past to experimentation . '' As a result of such argument , he and like-minded critics started to make their own films . Many of Godard 's films challenge the conventions of traditional Hollywood in addition to French cinema . He is often considered the most radical French filmmaker of the 1960s and 1970s ; his approach in film conventions , politics and philosophies made him arguably the most influential director of the French New Wave . Along with showing knowledge of film history through homages and references , several of his films expressed his political views ; he was an avid reader of existential and Marxist philosophy .   Since the New Wave , his politics have been much less radical and his recent films are about representation and human conflict from a humanist , and a Marxist perspective .   In a 2002 Sight & Sound poll , Godard ranked third in the critics ' top-ten directors of all time ( which was put together by assembling the directors of the individual films for which the critics voted ) . He is said to have `` created one of the largest bodies of critical analysis of any filmmaker since the mid-twentieth century . '' He and his work have been central to narrative theory and have `` challenged both commercial narrative cinema norms and film criticism 's vocabulary . '' In 2010 , Godard was awarded an Academy Honorary Award , but did not attend the award ceremony .  Godard 's films have inspired many directors including Martin Scorsese , Quentin Tarantino , Brian De Palma , Steven Soderbergh , D. A. Pennebaker , Robert Altman , Jim Jarmusch , Wong Kar-wai , Wim Wenders , Bernardo Bertolucci , and Pier Paolo Pasolini .

neg: Herbert Mason Not to be confused with Herbert Mason the photographer who photographed St Paul 's Survives ( 1940 ) .   Samuel George Herbert Mason ( 1891 -- 20 May 1960 ) was a British film director , producer , stage actor , army officer , presenter of some revues , stage manager , stage director , choreographer , production manager and playwright . He was a recipient of the Military Cross the prestigious award for `` gallantry during active operations against the enemy . '' He received the gallantry award for his part in the Battle of Guillemont where British troops defeated the Germans to take the German stronghold of Guillemont .   Mason began his theatrical career at the age of 16 and appeared in several productions at the Birmingham Repertory Theatre including Barry Jackson 's The Christmas Party . During the 1920s he stage managed some of the largest shows in London ( including many of Andre Charlot 's musical revues ) and began his film career with the arrival of sound in motion pictures . Mason was the Assistant director for I Was a Spy , which was very successful in the box office and voted best film of the year . He made his debut as director in 1936 with The First Offence . His most prominent film was A Window in London a dark thriller set in the London Underground , which was a remake of the original French drama film Metropolitan . Another successful film included Take My Tip , in which he directed Jack Hulbert whose `` dances -LSB- were -RSB- beautifully staged . ''   Several rising actors and actresses ( including Vivien Leigh ) made their film debuts in some of his films before they rose to prominence . He worked for several studios and production companies including Gaumont British , Gainsborough Pictures , London Films and MGM-British Studios . Mason directed 16 films ( from thrillers to comedies ) , moved into producing for the rest of his career and authored some plays with his wife Daisy Fisher , a novelist and playwright also with a background in theatre .   His films were generally very well received , and some of them were marked out for the inventiveness of the plot , locations used for shooting and humour . Some of his films are remembered for introducing rising actors and actresses to the screen before they became famous .

neg: Anthony Frewin Anthony Edward Frewin ( born 1947 , in Kentish Town , London ) is a writer and erstwhile personal assistant to film director Stanley Kubrick ( from 1965 to 1968 , and from 1979 to 1999 ) . Frewin now represents the Stanley Kubrick Estate . His novel London Blues has been described as `` masterful '' .

neg: Art film An art film is typically a serious , independent film aimed at a niche market rather than a mass market audience . An art film is `` intended to be a serious artistic work , often experimental and not designed for mass appeal '' ; they are `` made primarily for aesthetic reasons rather than commercial profit '' , and they contain `` unconventional or highly symbolic content '' .   Film critics and film studies scholars typically define an art film as possessing `` formal qualities that mark them as different from mainstream Hollywood films '' , which can include , among other elements , a sense of social realism ; an emphasis on the authorial expressiveness of the director ; and a focus on the thoughts , dreams , or motivations of characters , as opposed to the unfolding of a clear , goal-driven story . Film scholar David Bordwell describes art cinema as `` a film genre , with its own distinct conventions '' .   Art film producers usually present their films at specialty theatres ( repertory cinemas , or , in the U.S. , `` arthouse cinemas '' ) and film festivals . The term art film is much more widely used in the United States , the UK and Australia than in Europe , where the term is more associated with `` auteur '' films and `` national cinema '' ( e.g. , German national cinema ) . Because they are aimed at small niche market audiences , they can rarely get the financial backing that will permit large production budgets , expensive special effects , costly celebrity actors , or huge advertising campaigns , as are used in widely released mainstream blockbuster films . Art film directors make up for these constraints by creating a different type of film , which typically uses lesser-known film actors ( or even amateur actors ) and modest sets to make films that focus much more on developing ideas or exploring new narrative techniques or film-making conventions .   A certain degree of experience and knowledge are required to fully understand or appreciate such films . One mid-1990s art film was called `` largely a cerebral experience '' that one enjoys `` because of what you know about film '' . This contrasts sharply with mainstream `` blockbuster '' films , which are geared more towards escapism and pure entertainment . For promotion , art films rely on the publicity generated from film critics ' reviews , discussion of their film by arts columnists , commentators and bloggers , and `` word-of-mouth '' promotion by audience members . Since art films have small initial investment costs , they only need to appeal to a small portion of the mainstream viewing audiences to become financially viable .

neg: Independent Spirit Award for Best Editing The Independent Spirit Award for Best Editing is one of the annual awards given by Independent Spirit Awards , a non-profit organization dedicated to independent film and independent filmmakers .

neg: Filmography and awards of Stanley Kubrick Stanley Kubrick directed 13 feature films and three short documentaries over the course of his career , from Day of the Fight in 1951 to Eyes Wide Shut in 1999 . Many of Kubrick 's films were nominated for Academy Awards or Golden Globes , but his only personal win of an Academy Award was for his work as director of special effects on 2001 : A Space Odyssey .

neg: Tony Zierra Tony Zierra is an American director and producer . He has directed three movies : Carving Out Our Name , USA The Movie and My Big Break in which he also appeared .   From an early age Zierra 's goal was to become a filmmaker . He attended film studies classes at NYU , Texas A&M and UCLA . His first documentary , Carving Out Our Name premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival to much acclaim .  Shortly after , Zierra went on the road to capture America 's reaction to the September 11 attacks . The film that emerged , USA The Movie , explores the cyclical nature of violence and retaliation . The film was the subject of an in-depth analysis from a Deleuzian perspective by scholar and commentator Dion Dennis . Zierra 's award-winning documentary , My Big Break , is a cautionary tale about the darker side of celebrity and the consequences of fame that also includes his struggle to make his first film . My Big Break has received consistently strong reviews and has been repeatedly praised for its unusually candid look at the effects of success on young rising stars in Hollywood.http : / / staticmass.net/documentary/my-big-break-dvd-2011-review/http://www.theentertainmentcorner.com/2012/05/my-big-break-interview.html My Big Break won Best Documentary at the Boston Film Festival , Best Documentary at Artsfest , Pennsylvania , was nominated for Best Documentary at the Raindance Film Festival in London and was an official selection of The American Cinematic Experience Festival in New York . Zierra has been a featured speaker at The Popular Culture American Culture ( PCA/ACA ) national academic conference in New Orleans , PCA/ACA Southwest/Texas academic conference and the PCA/ACA national academic conference in Boston . Zierra is in production on the documentary SK13http : / / www.imdb.com/title/tt1562571/about the legendary filmmaker , Stanley Kubrick . His documentary '' Filmworker ''  http://www.imdb.com/title/tt6851066/?ref_=nv_sr_1 about the life of Stanley Kubrick 's longtime assistant , Leon Vitali is part of the Cannes Film Festival Official Selection 2017 premiering in Cannes Classics http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/infos-communiques/communique/articles/cannes-classics-2017-1

neg: Peter Pitt Peter Pitt is a British film editor .

neg: Film director A film director is a person who directs the making of a film . Generally , a film director controls a film 's artistic and dramatic aspects and visualizes the screenplay ( or script ) while guiding the technical crew and actors in the fulfillment of that vision . The director has a key role in choosing the cast members , production design , and the creative aspects of filmmaking . Under European Union law , the director is viewed as the author of the film .   The film director gives direction to the cast and crew and creates an overall vision through which a film eventually becomes realized , or noticed . Directors need to be able to mediate differences in creative visions and stay within the boundaries of the film 's budget . There are many pathways to becoming a film director . Some film directors started as screenwriters , cinematographers , film editors or actors . Other film directors have attended a film school . Directors use different approaches . Some outline a general plotline and let the actors improvise dialogue , while others control every aspect , and demand that the actors and crew follow instructions precisely . Some directors also write their own screenplays or collaborate on screenplays with long-standing writing partners . Some directors edit or appear in their films , or compose the music score for their films .

neg: Marcia Lucas Marcia Lou Lucas ( née Griffin ; born October 4 , 1945 ) is an Academy Award-winning American film editor who was most well known for her work on the early 1970s films of Martin Scorsese . Lucas won the Academy Award for Best Editing in 1977 for Star Wars , which was written and directed by her first husband , George Lucas .

neg: Frank Sullivan (film editor) Franklin Starbuck `` Frank '' Sullivan ( February 7 , 1896 -- September 30 , 1972 ) was an American film editor .

neg: Film poster A film poster is a poster used to promote and advertise a film . Studios often print several posters that vary in size and content for various domestic and international markets . They normally contain an image with text . Today 's posters often feature photographs of the main actors . Prior to the 1990s , illustrations instead of photos were far more common . The text on film posters usually contains the film title in large lettering and often the names of the main actors . It may also include a tagline , the name of the director , names of characters , the release date , etc. .   Film posters are displayed inside and on the outside of movie theaters , and elsewhere on the street or in shops . The same images appear in the film exhibitor 's pressbook and may also be used on websites , DVD ( and historically VHS ) packaging , flyers , advertisements in newspapers and magazines , etc. .   Film posters have been used since the earliest public exhibitions of film . They began as outside placards listing the programme of ( short ) films to be shown inside the hall or movie theater . By the early 1900s , they began to feature illustrations of a film scene or an array of overlaid images from several scenes . Other posters have used artistic interpretations of a scene or even the theme of the film , represented in a wide variety of artistic styles .

neg: Substitution splice The substitution splice is a cinematic special effect in which film makers achieve an appearance , disappearance , or transformation using a cut . It is sometimes also called the stop trick or the stop motion substitution , although the effect is achieved through film editing rather than by literally stopping the camera .   The pioneering French filmmaker Georges Méliès claimed to have accidentally developed substitution splicing while filming street traffic at the Place de l'Opéra in Paris . According to his story , his camera jammed and stopped ; by the time he had solved the difficulty , the traffic had moved on . When the film was screened , a man appeared to change into a woman , and an omnibus seemed to turn into a hearse . No evidence has emerged to support this story , which was probably entirely invented by Méliès . According to the film scholar Jacques Deslandes , it is more likely that Méliès discovered the substitution splice by carefully examining a print of the Edison Manufacturing Company 's 1895 film The Execution of Mary Queen of Scots , in which a primitive version of the trick appears . In any case , the substitution splice was both the first special effect Méliès perfected , and the most important in his body of work .   For some time , film theorists mistakenly believed that the camera was actually stopped for the effect , and then restarted ( hence the occasionally used term `` stop trick '' ) . However , later film historians such as Richard Abel and Elizabeth Ezra established that the effect was the result of Méliès 's careful frame matching during the editing process , creating a seamless match cut out of two separately staged shots . Indeed , Méliès often used substitution splicing not as an obvious special effect , but as an inconspicuous editing technique , matching and combining short takes into one apparently seamless longer shot . Substitution splicing could become even more seamless when the film was colored by hand , as many of Méliès 's films were ; the addition of painted color acts as a sleight of hand technique allowing the cuts to pass by unnoticed .   The substitution splice was the most popular cinematic special effect in early film fantasies , especially those that evolved from the stage tradition of the féerie . Segundo de Chomón is among the other filmmakers who used substitution splicing to create elaborate fantasy effects . D.W. Griffith 's 1909 film The Curtain Pole , starring Mack Sennett , used substitution splices for comedic effect . The transformations made possible by the substitution splice were so central to early fantasy films that , in France , such films were often described simply as scènes à transformation .   This technique is different from the stop motion technique , in which the entire shot is created frame by frame .

neg: Ornette: Made in America Ornette : Made in America is a 1984 American documentary film directed and edited by Shirley Clarke that studies acclaimed saxophonist and free jazz innovator Ornette Coleman . The film does not chronicle the life of Coleman but rather emulates his freeform style by mixing together excerpts from performances , interviews , experimental music videos and reenactments of Coleman 's childhood . Included are interviews with and original footage of William S. Burroughs , Buckminster Fuller , Ed Blackwell , Robert Palmer , George Russell , John Rockwell , Don Cherry and Denardo Coleman .   The film intercuts interviews , archive footage and psychedelic sequences around Coleman 's performance of Skies of America with the Fort Worth Symphony Orchestra at the city 's Convention Center . The opening of the now-defunct Caravan of Dreams nightclub serves as a catalyst for the film 's production , but Shirley Clarke had actually been working on the film for a span of over 20 years . The 1968 footage with Ornette , his young son , Denardo , and frequent collaborator Charlie Haden was filmed by Clarke for a separate film that never came to fruition .   Ornette was Shirley Clarke 's last film and reintroduced her to the independent film and jazz music circuits that she had influenced during the 1960s . Clarke 's intrusive , fast cutting editing style and Kit Fitzgerald 's avant-garde music video work won the film praise .   In late 2012 , Milestone Films rereleased Ornette in select theaters and distributed the restored film on DVD and Blu-ray . This is part of a greater effort on behalf of Milestone to rerelease all of Clarke 's old films .

neg: William H. Reynolds William Henry Reynolds ( June 14 , 1910 -- July 16 , 1997 ) was an American film editor whose career spanned six decades . His credits include such notable films as The Sound of Music , The Godfather , The Sting , and The Turning Point . He also was associated with two of the most infamous projects in film history , Ishtar and Heaven 's Gate , which he executive produced .

neg: John Huston John Marcellus Huston ( -LSB- ˈhjuːstən -RSB- August 5 , 1906 -- August 28 , 1987 ) was an American film director , screenwriter and actor . He wrote the screenplays for most of the 37 feature films he directed , many of which are today considered classics : The Maltese Falcon ( 1941 ) , The Treasure of the Sierra Madre ( 1948 ) , The Asphalt Jungle ( 1950 ) , The African Queen ( 1951 ) , The Misfits ( 1961 ) , Fat City ( 1972 ) and The Man Who Would Be King ( 1975 ) . During his 46-year career , Huston received 15 Oscar nominations , won twice , and directed both his father , Walter Huston , and daughter , Anjelica Huston , to Oscar wins in different films .   Huston was known to direct with the vision of an artist , having studied and worked as a fine art painter in Paris in his early years . He continued to explore the visual aspects of his films throughout his career : sketching each scene on paper beforehand , then carefully framing his characters during the shooting . While most directors rely on post-production editing to shape their final work , Huston instead created his films while they were being shot , making them both more economical and cerebral , with little editing needed .   Most of Huston 's films were adaptations of important novels , often depicting a `` heroic quest , '' as in Moby Dick , or The Red Badge of Courage . In many films , different groups of people , while struggling toward a common goal , would become doomed , forming `` destructive alliances , '' giving the films a dramatic and visual tension . Many of his films involved themes such as religion , meaning , truth , freedom , psychology , colonialism and war .   Before becoming a Hollywood filmmaker , he had been an amateur boxer , reporter , short-story writer , portrait artist in Paris , a cavalry rider in Mexico , and a documentary filmmaker during World War II . Huston has been referred to as `` a titan '' , `` a rebel '' , and a `` renaissance man '' in the Hollywood film industry . Author Ian Freer describes him as `` cinema 's Ernest Hemingway '' -- a filmmaker who was `` never afraid to tackle tough issues head on . '' Worked for Ethos Group .

neg: Stanley Dorfman Stanley Dorfman is an English film director and producer . Dorfman was active in Great Britain throughout the 1960s and 1970s . He was the original co-producer and director for the TV music show Top Of The Pops and created and directed the BBC 's In Concert series .   He later moved to the United States where he directed music videos by many major artists .   Dorfman is currently based in Los Angeles .

neg: Stanley Kubrick: A Life in Pictures Stanley Kubrick : A Life in Pictures is a 2001 documentary about the life and work of Stanley Kubrick , famed film director , made by his long-time assistant and brother-in-law Jan Harlan . Its running time is 142 minutes long , it consists of several 15-minute chapters , each detailing the making of one of his films -- and two more showing his childhood and life .   Jan Harlan managed to get many of Kubrick 's collaborators for interviews , including Tom Cruise , Nicole Kidman , Keir Dullea , Arthur C. Clarke , Malcolm McDowell , Peter Ustinov , Jack Nicholson , György Ligeti and Matthew Modine . It also has interviews from film directors who were inspired by Kubrick such as Woody Allen , Steven Spielberg , Martin Scorsese and Sydney Pollack .   The film contains some rare footage , including from the Kubrick family home videos and on film sets , and clips from Fear and Desire - Kubrick 's first feature-length film .   It was released on DVD on October 23 , 2007 , and was featured on the tenth disc of Stanley Kubrick : The Essential Collection and Stanley Kubrick : Limited Edition Collection DVD and Blu-ray released May 31 , 2011 , respectively . The documentary was also bundled in a box set of some of Kubrick 's other films released January 22 , 2008 .   The soundtrack of the film is by composer and musician Jocelyn Pook , who had previously worked with Kubrick on Eyes Wide Shut .


query: The Walt Disney Company does not own the Disney Channel.

pos: The Walt Disney Company The Walt Disney Company , commonly known as Disney , is an American diversified multinational mass media and entertainment conglomerate , headquartered at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank , California . It is the world 's second largest media conglomerate in terms of revenue , after Comcast . Disney was founded on October 16 , 1923 -- by brothers Walt Disney and Roy O. Disney -- as the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio , and established itself as a leader in the American animation industry before diversifying into live-action film production , television , and theme parks . The company also operated under the names The Walt Disney Studio and then Walt Disney Productions . Taking on its current name in 1986 , it expanded its existing operations and also started divisions focused upon theater , radio , music , publishing , and online media .   In addition , Disney has since created corporate divisions in order to market more mature content than is typically associated with its flagship family-oriented brands . The company is best known for the products of its film studio , Walt Disney Studios , which is today one of the largest and best-known studios in American cinema . Disney 's other three main divisions are Walt Disney Parks and Resorts , Disney Media Networks , and Disney Consumer Products and Interactive Media . Disney also owns and operates the ABC broadcast television network ; cable television networks such as Disney Channel , ESPN , A+E Networks , and Freeform ; publishing , merchandising , music , and theatre divisions ; and owns and licenses 14 theme parks around the world . The company has been a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average since May 6 , 1991 . Mickey Mouse , an early and well-known cartoon creation of the company , is a primary symbol and mascot for Disney .

neg: Animation studio An animation studio is a company producing animated media . The broadest such companies conceive of products to produce , own the physical equipment for production , employ operators for that equipment , and hold a major stake in the sales or rentals of the media produced . They also own rights over merchandising and creative rights for characters created/held by the company , much like authors holding copyrights . In some early cases , they also held patent rights over methods of animation used in certain studios that were used for boosting productivity . Overall , they are business concerns and can function as such in legal terms .   Currently there are about 201 animation studios dedicated to the production and distribution of animated films that are active . Few are actual production house where as others are corporate entities . Many of these animation studios help with the fulfillment of animation works for big brand names and have carried out outsourced projects including Nemo .

neg: Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears Disney 's Adventures of the Gummi Bears is a Disney animated television series that first aired in the United States from 1985 to 1991 . The series was the first animated production by Walt Disney Animation Television , and loosely inspired by the gummy bear candies ; Disney CEO Michael Eisner was struck with inspiration for the show when his son requested the candies one day . The series premiered on NBC on September 14 , 1985 , and aired there for four seasons . The series moved to ABC for one season from 1989 to 1990 ( airing alongside The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh as the Gummi Bears-Winnie the Pooh Hour ) , and concluded on September 6 , 1991 as part of the Disney Afternoon television syndication package . Of the series ' 65 shows , 30 were double-features , consisting of two 11-minute cartoons , thereby bringing the series total to 94 distinct episodes overall . The show is well-remembered for its theme music , written by Michael and Patty Silversher and creation of `` gummiberry juice '' which was a type of magic potion , granting abilities , which allowed them to bounce away from their hunters . The theme was memorably performed by Joseph Williams , son of composer John Williams and one-time lead singer of Toto .   The series was later rebroadcast on the syndicated Disney Afternoon block , and rerun on the Disney Afternoon through the summer of 1991 . In later years , it was shown on The Disney Channel ( from October 7 , 1991 to at least January 1997 ) , and later on Toon Disney , with its most recent televised airing occurring on December 28 , 2001 . Seasons 1 to 3 of the series were released on DVD on November 14 , 2006 featuring commentary from producers Eric Wong and Daniel Weinstein .

neg: List of Disney live-action shorts This is a listing of live-action motion picture shorts produced by Walt Disney or The Walt Disney Company , from 1921 to the present . This list only includes shorts which were initially released as individual shorts , which excludes the shorts that were originally released as part of Disney features in the 1950s and later re-released as individual shorts . This list also does not include shorts that do not contain any original stock footage . This list includes shorts with both live action and animation only if the majority of the short contains live action . This list does not include any trailers as they are usually edited from the features they are supposed to promote .

neg: Donald Duck universe The Donald Duck universe is a fictional shared universe which is the setting of stories involving Disney cartoon character Donald Duck , as well as Daisy Duck , Huey , Dewey , and Louie , Scrooge McDuck , and many other characters . The world is a part of the Mickey Mouse universe , but is more detailed . Life in the Donald Duck universe centers on the city of Duckburg , usually located in the fictional U.S. state of Calisota , analogous to Northern California . The world also incorporates several other real and fictional locations , as well as historical figures and a fictional timeline , which is followed with varying degrees of consistency .   Disney comics are the primary medium for Donald Duck stories . Contributors include Americans Carl Barks , Ted Osborne , Don Rosa , Tony Strobl , Al Taliaferro , and William Van Horn , as well as Italians Giovan Battista Carpi , Marco Rota , and Romano Scarpa . Other media includes short films in the Donald Duck series , children 's books such as Little Big Books and Little Golden Books , television series such as DuckTales ( 1987 -- 1990 ) and Darkwing Duck ( 1991 -- 1992 ) , and video games such as QuackShot ( 1991 ) , Goin ' Quackers ( 2000 ) , and DuckTales : Remastered ( 2013 ) .   `` Donald Duck universe '' is not an official Disney term , but is sometimes used by fans . Don Rosa has also used the terms Barks Universe and Italian Duck Universe to describe different versions of the world 's continuity . The terms `` Barksian '' or `` Barksian facts '' has also been used to describe the canon of the Donald Duck universe , as many comic book creators and fans only consider the stories by Carl Barks as factual , since he is the creator of many of its major characters , locations and ideas . Don Rosa is an example of this when creating his comic book series The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck , with most of his stories being based on the works by Barks . Additionally , the stories by Al Taliaferro and Ted Osborne are also considered canon by many fans , being that they are the creators of Huey , Dewey and Louie and Grandma Duck , and part of their work precedes Barks ' work .

neg: Walt Disney Studios Walt Disney Studios may refer to :   Walt Disney Studios ( division ) , the Walt Disney Company 's Studio Entertainment unit , which includes Disney 's motion picture studios , music labels , theatrical production company , and distribution companies .  Walt Disney Studios ( Burbank ) , complex in Burbank , California , built in 1939 , which serves as the corporate headquarters for The Walt Disney Company . It is also a functioning film studio and hosts production facilities for Disney 's various entertainment businesses  Walt Disney Animation Studios , the company 's main animation division . Animated films are released under the Walt Disney Pictures label  Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures , the primary theatrical film distributor of Disney films in the USA and abroad  Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment , the primary home media distributor of Disney films in the USA and abroad

neg: Multi-Choice TV (Barbados) Multi-Choice TV ( MCTV ) is a television service provider in Barbados . It is a Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service ( MMDS ) or DVB-C wireless microwave-based broadcast subscription television provider . They offer a variety of packages which can be considered as comparatively priced to similar providers throughout the world . The service began operating on December 14 , 1987 under the name Subscription Television ( STV ) , which had very few channels offered . The main channels were CNN , ESPN , and Lifetime Television , with an occasional option of pay per view ( PPV ) being offered for local special events and the occasional international PPV sports broadcast . In 1996 it was upgraded to include a new platform called Multi-Choice TV which was an analog wireless microwave broadcast offering many more channels ( e.g. , BBC , Canada 's CBC , TBN ) eventually maxing the bandwidth capacity and having to upgrade the service to a digital broadcast system . Multi-Choice TV have not fully converted all of its subscribers yet . The system relies on line-of-sight propagation so total island wide coverage have proved to be a problem and the provider is looking into alternatives . A recent press release have indicated their interest in a partnership with the local telco LIME . From 1 September 2008 MCTV replaced the Travel Channel on 511 ( part of the High Flyer package ) by Setanta Sports .   The service uses a Yagi antenna to receive the encrypted broadcast , which in turn is then decrypted by the provider 's set top box . The provider now has the problem of signal theft by pirates using modified DVB-C compatible receivers and PCI cards with the most popular being the `` Dreambox '' manufactured in Germany to decode their signal which is based on Nagravision which is a conditional access control system developed by the Kudelski Group . In order to prevent such activity in August , 2006 the Government of Barbados stiffened the local Barbadian copyright laws , in addition to a strengthening of the laws on cable TV piracy . The CBC provider is planning for further circumvention of the Dream boxes in 2009 . In 2014 MCTV have gone through a massive upgrade of improving their services by including new channels such as MovieCity Action and Hollywood , AMC , KTLA , WGN , Disney , NBC Sports network etc. . Also MCTV have upgraded their systems to 20 stunning HD channels such as ABC , NBC , CBS & FOX and have also added new PVR boxes . MCTV new slogan is MCTV the Right Choice and are increasing their channel line ups and packaging for their loyal customers in Barbados . MCTV is still the number 1 provider in Barbados but they have competition from Lime Barbados and Flow , but the advantage MCTV has is , it does not depend on the internet to provide single for their customers and when there is rainy and cloudy condition MCTV still provides good service .   Multi-Choice TV also competes against the US-based direct broadcast satellite ( DBS ) service provider DirecTV in Barbados .   The service uses the NTSC television format .

neg: Le Disney Channel Le Disney Channel was a French programming block on FR3 ( now France 3 , the second largest French public television channel and part of the France Télévisions group ) from January 26 , 1985 until December 31 , 1988 . The block 's runtime was 8:35 pm -- 10:00 pm ( UTC +1 ) on Saturday nights . On January 7 , 1989 , it was replaced with a cartoon-based block named Samdynamite .

neg: TBS Television is a television station in Kantō region , wholly owned by Tokyo Broadcasting System Holdings . It has a 28-affiliate news network called Japan News Network ( JNN ) .   TBS produced the Takeshi 's Castle game show , which is dubbed and rebroadcast internationally . The channel is also home to Ultraman and the Ultra Series franchise from 1966 onwards -- itself a spinoff to Ultra Q , co-produced and broadcast in the same year -- and its spinoffs , most if not all made by Tsuburaya Productions for the network .   On May 24 2017 , Six major media firms , including TBS , officially announced they will jointly establish a new company in July 2017 to offer paid online video services . TBS Holdings will become the largest shareholder of the new company , Premium Platform Japan , with a 31.5 percent stake . An official from TBS Holdings will become the new company 's president .

neg: Miramax Miramax ( also known as Miramax Films , stylized as MIRAMAX ) is an American entertainment company known for producing and distributing films and television shows . It is headquartered in Santa Monica , California . Miramax was founded in 1979 by Bob and Harvey Weinstein , and was a leading independent film motion picture distribution and production company before it was acquired by the Walt Disney Company on June 30 , 1993 . Shortly thereafter , Pulp Fiction was released . The Weinsteins operated Miramax with more creative and financial independence than any other division of Disney , until September 30 , 2005 when they decided to leave the company and founded The Weinstein Company . Miramax was sold by Disney to Filmyard Holdings , a joint venture of Colony Capital , Tutor-Saliba Corporation , and Qatar Investment Authority , in 2010 , ending Disney 's 17-year ownership of the studio . In 2016 , ownership was transferred to beIN Media Group .

neg: Marvel Productions Marvel Productions Ltd. , later known as New World Animation Ltd. , was the television and film studio subsidiary of the Marvel Entertainment Group , based in Hollywood , Los Angeles , California . It later became a subsidiary of New World Entertainment and eventually of News Corporation ( Fox Entertainment Group ) .   Marvel Productions produced animated television series , motion pictures , and television specials such as Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends , The Incredible Hulk , My Little Pony : The Movie , The Transformers : The Movie , and G.I. Joe : The Movie as well as the Transformers and G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero television series . Most of Marvel Productions ' back catalog ( mostly non-Hasbro related productions ) is currently owned by The Walt Disney Company .

neg: D-TV D-TV is a series of music videos created by Walt Disney Productions in 1984 . Disney combined hit songs from the past with footage of vintage Disney animation , created in the style of MTV music videos , which inspired the name of this series . The videos were shown as filler material on the Disney Channel ( as the network did not air commercials at this time ) , as well as being the focus of television specials . Home video collections were also released on the VHS , Beta , CED Videodisc , and Laserdisc formats . After the first run of D-TV , in 1989 a second series was produced known as DTV ² . The show 's main title theme song is `` RPM '' from Larry Owens for the Network Music Library .   D-TV ceased airing in 1999 .

neg: Disney–ABC Domestic Television Disney -- ABC Domestic Television , also operating as ABC Syndication ( formerly known as Buena Vista Television and also known as Disney Domestic Television and Disney-ABC Home Entertainment and Television Distribution ) , is the in-home sales and content distribution firm of the Disney -- ABC Television Group , a division of The Walt Disney Company . Content distribution responsibilities include domestic television syndication , domestic pay TV , Internet and cable video-on-demand ( VOD ) , and pay-per-view outlets .

neg: BBC Entertainment BBC Entertainment is an international television channel broadcasting comedy , drama , light entertainment , reality and children 's programming ( some regions only ) from the BBC , Channel 4 and other UK production houses . The channel broadcasts regional versions to suit local demands and replaces BBC Prime . It is wholly owned by BBC Worldwide .

neg: SuperChannel SuperChannel , Super Channel or Super-channel may refer to :   Television channels :   Super Channel ( Canada ) , a Canadian pay channel established in November 2007  Movie Central , the western Canadian pay channel known as `` Superchannel '' until 2001 ; ceased operations in 2016 . Related to the above in name only , although both incarnations were established by the same organization  The Movie Network , a separate Canadian ( formerly Eastern Canada only ) pay channel known as `` First Choice Superchannel '' in the mid-1980s ; related to the above in name only  NBC Europe , the defunct European satellite television channel known as `` Super Channel '' or `` NBC Super Channel ''  WACX , a religious TV station in Orlando , Florida that uses the SuperChannel branding  Super ! drama TV , a Japanese TV Channel formerly known as Super Channel ( or Super Channel Japan )  Super Channel ( Fiji )   Technology :  Super-channel , a type of combined networking channel in Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing

neg: Walt Disney World Dolphin The Walt Disney World Dolphin is a resort hotel designed by architect Michael Graves located between Epcot and Disney 's Hollywood Studios in the Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake , Florida , next to Disney 's BoardWalk Resort area . It opened on June 1 , 1990 and is joined to its sister hotel , the Walt Disney World Swan ( also designed by Graves ) by a palm-tree lined covered walkway crossing a lagoon . The Walt Disney World Swan and Dolphin is a joint venture between the Walt Disney Company , Tishman Hotel Corporation , MetLife and Starwood Hotels and Resorts . The land the resort occupies is owned by the Walt Disney Company , while the buildings themselves are leased by Disney to the Tishman Hotel Corporation and MetLife but operated by Starwood Hotels & Resorts Worldwide under the Sheraton Hotels brand . The Walt Disney World Swan and Dolphin are a part of the Walt Disney Collection of resorts ; because of this they are Disney branded and guests of the resort have access to special Disney benefits available to Disney Resort Hotel guests only .   The Dolphin and Swan share similar elements , but each has a distinctive appearance . The Dolphin is composed of a 257 ft tall triangular tower bisecting a 12-story rectangular mass with four 9-story wings on the Swan-side of the structure . The roof of each half of the main mass is adorned with a 56 ft tall Dolphin statue . On the main colored facade there is a turquoise banana-leaf pattern echoed by a similar wave pattern on the Swan .   The statues on top of the Dolphin hotel are not mammalian dolphins , but a stylized version of a nautical dolphin , a common symbol used on old world nautical maps . The design of the creatures is based on Triton Fountain in Rome .   In 2008 , The Walt Disney Dolphin Resort was awarded a One Palm Designation through the Florida Green Lodging Program established by the Florida Department of Environmental Protection . The Florida Green Lodging Program is a voluntary state initiative that provides the lodging industry with free technical assistance , encouraging hotels and motels to adopt cost-saving `` green '' practices that reduce waste , conserve natural resources and improve the bottom line .

neg: White spaces (radio) In telecommunications , white spaces refer to frequencies allocated to a broadcasting service but not used locally .   National and international bodies assign different frequencies for specific uses , and in most cases license the rights to broadcast over these frequencies . This frequency allocation process creates a bandplan , which for technical reasons assigns white space between used radio bands or channels to avoid interference . In this case , while the frequencies are unused , they have been specifically assigned for a purpose , such as a guard band . Most commonly however , these white spaces exist naturally between used channels , since assigning nearby transmissions to immediately adjacent channels will cause destructive interference to both .  In addition to white space assigned for technical reasons , there is also unused radio spectrum which has either never been used , or is becoming free as a result of technical changes . In particular , the switchover to digital television frees up large areas between about 50 MHz and 700 MHz . This is because digital transmissions can be packed into adjacent channels , while analog ones can not . This means that the band can be `` compressed '' into fewer channels , while still allowing for more transmissions .   In the United States , the abandoned television frequencies are primarily in the upper UHF `` 700-megahertz '' band , covering TV channels 52 to 69 ( 698 to 806 MHz ) . U.S. television and its white spaces will continue to exist in UHF frequencies , as well as VHF frequencies for which mobile users and white-space devices require larger antennas . In the rest of the world , the abandoned television channels are VHF , and the resulting large VHF white spaces are being reallocated for the worldwide ( except the U.S. ) digital radio standard DAB and DAB + , and DMB .

neg: TeenNick TeenNick is an American digital cable and satellite television channel that is owned by Nickelodeon Group , a unit of the Viacom Media Networks division of Viacom . The channel features a mix of original programming , Nickelodeon-produced series , and acquired programs geared towards pre-teens and teenagers .   The channel was originally known as TEENick from March 4 , 2001 ( when it originally launched as a program block on Nickelodeon ) to February 1 , 2009 , and The N from April 1 , 2002 , ( when it originally launched as a program block on Noggin ( now Nick Jr. ) ) to September 28 , 2009 . TeenNick 's name was taken from the former `` TEENick '' program block , which aired on parent channel Nickelodeon from 2001 to 2009 .   As of February 2015 , TeenNick is available to approximately 72.3 million pay television households ( 62.1 % of households with television ) in the United States .

neg: Fox (Finland) Fox ( formerly SuomiTV ) is a Finnish entertainment TV channel owned and produced by Fox Networks Group ( FNG ) Nordic . The channel was acquired by FNG Nordic in January 2012 , and then relaunched as the current incarnation on 16 April that year .   Fox is freely available in Finland both over-the-air and through cable , as it bases its funding on television advertisements . It is FIC Nordic 's first channel that does not operate on subscriber fees .   The channel provides a free catch up service through its online platform FOXPlay

neg: The Walt Disney Company CIS The Walt Disney Company CIS , LLC is one of The Walt Disney Company 's international divisions . The Walt Disney Company CIS was founded in April 2006 . It is headquartered in Moscow , the capital of Russia .   In 2007 , Walt Disney Company CIS and Sony Pictures Russia created the joint venture of Walt Disney Studios Sony Pictures Releasing CIS .   The company owns and operates Russian versions of Disney Channel and Playhouse Disney . Disney Channel was originally planned to launch in 2009 , but a Disney Americas deal with Media-One Holdings was denied by Russian authorities .   The Walt Disney Company CIS produced the film The Book of Masters .   Marina Zhigalova-Ozkan is head of The Walt Disney Company CIS .   The Walt Disney Company CIS planned to make two new films in the summer of 2011 .

neg: Flix (TV network) Flix is an American premium cable and satellite television network that is owned by the Showtime Networks , Inc. subsidiary of CBS Corporation . Its programming consists solely of theatrically released feature films released from the 1970s to the present day , interspersed with some films from the 1950s and 1960s .   It is the only premium television service in the United States that does not operate any multiplex channels that provide additional programming alongside the main service . Although Flix is typically offered as part of the Showtime multiplex , the channel 's carriage varies depending on both the cable provider and market , therefore it may not be available alongside Showtime and The Movie Channel 's multiplex services in all areas .


query: Ronald Reagan disclosed his diagnosis with Alzheimer's disease in the 90s.

pos: Ronald Reagan Ronald Wilson Reagan ( -LSB- ˈrɒnəld_ˈwɪlsən_ˈreɪɡən -RSB- ) ( February 6 , 1911 -- June 5 , 2004 ) was an American politician and actor who served as the 40th President of the United States from 1981 to 1989 . Before his presidency , he was the 33rd Governor of California , from 1967 to 1975 , after a career as a Hollywood actor and union leader .   Raised in a poor family in small towns of northern Illinois , Reagan graduated from Eureka College in 1932 and worked as a sports announcer on several regional radio stations . After moving to Hollywood in 1937 , he became an actor and starred in a few major productions . Reagan was twice elected President of the Screen Actors Guild , the labor union for actors , where he worked to root out Communist influence . In the 1950s , he moved into television and was a motivational speaker at General Electric factories . Having been a lifelong Democrat , his views changed . He became a conservative and in 1962 switched to the Republican Party . In 1964 , Reagan 's speech , `` A Time for Choosing '' , in support of Barry Goldwater 's foundering presidential campaign , earned him national attention as a new conservative spokesman . Building a network of supporters , he was elected Governor of California in 1966 . As governor , Reagan raised taxes , turned a state budget deficit to a surplus , challenged the protesters at the University of California , ordered National Guard troops in during a period of protest movements in 1969 , and was re-elected in 1970 . He twice ran unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination for the U.S. presidency in 1968 and 1976 ; four years later , he easily won the nomination outright , becoming the oldest elected U.S. president up to that time , defeating incumbent Jimmy Carter in 1980 .   Entering the presidency in 1981 , Reagan implemented sweeping new political and economic initiatives . His supply-side economic policies , dubbed `` Reaganomics '' , advocated tax rate reduction to spur economic growth , control of the money supply to curb inflation , economic deregulation , and reduction in government spending . In his first term he survived an assassination attempt , spurred the War on Drugs , and fought public sector labor . Over his two terms , the economy saw a reduction of inflation from 12.5 % to 4.4 % , and an average annual growth of real GDP of 3.4 ; while Reagan did enact cuts in domestic discretionary spending , tax cuts and increased military spending contributed to increased federal outlays overall , even after adjustment for inflation . During his re-election bid , Reagan campaigned on the notion that it was `` Morning in America '' , winning a landslide in 1984 with the largest electoral college victory in American history . Foreign affairs dominated his second term , including ending of the Cold War , the bombing of Libya , and the Iran -- Contra affair . Publicly describing the Soviet Union as an `` evil empire '' , and during his famous speech at the Brandenburg Gate , President Reagan challenged Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev to `` tear down this wall ! '' . He transitioned Cold War policy from détente to rollback , by escalating an arms race with the USSR while engaging in talks with Gorbachev , which culminated in the INF Treaty , shrinking both countries ' nuclear arsenals . Reagan 's presidency came during the decline of the Soviet Union and just ten months after the end of his term , the Berlin Wall fell , and on December 26 , 1991 , nearly three years after he left office , the Soviet Union collapsed .   Leaving office in 1989 , Reagan held an approval rating of sixty-eight percent , matching those of Franklin D. Roosevelt , and later Bill Clinton , as the highest ratings for departing presidents in the modern era . He was the first president since Dwight D. Eisenhower to serve two full terms , after a succession of five prior presidents failed to do so . While having planned an active post-presidency , in 1994 Reagan disclosed his diagnosis with Alzheimer 's disease earlier that year , appearing publicly for the last time at the funeral of Richard Nixon ; he died ten years later in 2004 at the age of 93 ; Reagan had the second-longest life out of all the presidents ; the current longest lifespan of a president is held by Gerald Ford , who died two years after Reagan . An icon among Republicans , he is viewed favorably in historian rankings of U.S. presidents , and his tenure constituted a realignment toward conservative policies in the U.S.

neg: Microinfarct A microinfarct is a microscopic stroke less than 1 millimeter in size . Microinfarcts can be found in 25-50 % of all elderly deceased persons . Microinfarcts may be the second most important cause of dementia , after Alzheimer 's disease .   Microinfarcts are microscopic lesions , of cellular death or tissue necrosis , which are a result of pathologies involving small vessels . Such pathologies are arteriosclerosis or cerebral amyloid angiopathy . Microinfarcts take longer to affect neuronal death progress , at up to 28 days , rather than hours .   Microinfarcts can range in size from 0.2 to 2.9 mm . This ailment usually goes undetected in clinical-radiological , like structural MRI , studies and is known as a `` silent pathology '' . Depending on the size , large acute microinfarcts may be detected via a special imaging known as diffusion weighted imaging .   Microinfarcts tend to occur at a high frequency , without specific regionalized locations . They are common in aging brains . This high frequency is thought to directly disrupt cognitive networks that are imperative to brain operation . Even though microinfarcts are usually undetectable , there is a general assessment of the cognitive status measured on a scale called the Clinical Dementia Rating ( CDR ) . This scale measures different parts of the brain such as diffuse white matter , periventricular myelination and cortical microinfarcts . Assessments of cortical microinfarcts have had the highest rates with being associated with cognitive degeneration . This lower cognition specifically affects perceptual speed and memory ( semantic and episodic ) . People with high frequency of this ailment tend to have greater chances of developing dementia .   Although not many studies have been conducted and little is known between microinfarcts and other vascular or epidemiological risk factors , these brain lesions are thought to be masked by other pathologies . However , the common macroscopic infarct is not exhibited in 45 % of people tested for microinfarcts .

neg: Ronald Reagan Parkway (Indiana) Ronald Reagan Parkway and Ameriplex Parkway is a parkway-type road named in part after former U.S. President Ronald Reagan . The road was commissioned in the 1990s , and the initial 1 mi section from U.S. Highway 36 to County Road 100 N ( CR 100 N ) was completed in 1996 . It was later extended to CR 200 N . The segment from CR 200 N to CR 300 N opened in early 2015 . Construction on The section from CR 300 N to the existing interchange with I-74 began in 2015 and will be completed by June .

neg: The Spitting Image The Spitting Image : Myth , Memory and the Legacy of Vietnam ( 1998 ) is a book by Vietnam veteran and Sociology professor Jerry Lembcke . The book is an analysis of the widely believed , but historically inaccurate , urban legend that American soldiers were spat upon and insulted by antiwar protesters upon returning home from the Vietnam War . The book examines the origin of the earliest stories ; the popularization of the `` spat-upon image '' through Hollywood movies and fiction literature , and the role of print news media in perpetuating the now iconic image through which the history of the war and antiwar movement has come to be represented .   Lembcke contrasts the absence of credible evidence of spitting by antiwar activists with the large body of evidence showing a mutually supportive , empathetic relationship between veterans and antiwar forces . The book documents the efforts of the Nixon Administration to drive a wedge between military servicemen and the antiwar movement by portraying democratic dissent as betrayal of the troops , effectively redirecting blame for failure in Vietnam onto protesters . Coupled with American society 's exaggeration of medical conditions like posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) and drug abuse among veterans to the point of broadly vilifying the Vietnam veteran as mentally unfit , emotionally volatile and a `` loser '' and `` victim '' , the collective memory about Vietnam has been refocused onto the veteran and away from the war . Lembcke equates this disparagement of the antiwar movement and veterans with the similar ` stab in the back ' myths propagated by Germany and France after their war defeats , as an alibi for why they lost the war . Lembcke details the resurrection of this myth of the spat-upon veteran by later administrations during subsequent Gulf War efforts as a way of silencing public dissent .

neg: Silent majority The silent majority is an unspecified large group of people in a country or group who do not express their opinions publicly . The term was popularized by U.S. President Richard Nixon in a November 3 , 1969 , speech in which he said , `` And so tonight -- to you , the great silent majority of my fellow Americans -- I ask for your support . '' In this usage it referred to those Americans who did not join in the large demonstrations against the Vietnam War at the time , who did not join in the counterculture , and who did not participate in public discourse . Nixon along with many others saw this group of Middle Americans as being overshadowed in the media by the more vocal minority .   Preceding Nixon by half a century , it was employed in 1919 by Warren Harding 's campaign for the 1920 presidential nomination . Before that , the phrase was used in the 19th century as a euphemism referring to all the people who have died , and others have used it before and after Nixon to refer to groups of voters in various nations of the world .

neg: BRAIN Initiative The White House BRAIN Initiative ( Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies ) , is a collaborative , public-private research initiative announced by the Obama administration on April 2 , 2013 , with the goal of supporting the development and application of innovative technologies that can create a dynamic understanding of brain function . This activity is a Grand Challenge focused on revolutionizing our understanding of the human brain , and was developed by the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy ( OSTP ) as part of a broader White House Neuroscience Initiative . Inspired by the Human Genome Project , BRAIN aims to help researchers uncover the mysteries of brain disorders , such as Alzheimer 's and Parkinson 's diseases , depression , and traumatic brain injury ( TBI ) .

neg: A Night at the Met A Night at the Met is the third official album release by Robin Williams on August 9 , 1986 . It features segments recorded live at Metropolitan Opera House in New York City . The album won the 1988 Grammy Award for Best Comedy Performance Single or Album , Spoken or Musical .   The album was released the year before Williams ' critically acclaimed performance in the motion picture Good Morning , Vietnam ( 1987 ) . He had been shifting his focus from stand-up comedy to film making for several years , and A Night at the Met would be one of his last major concerts during the 1980s . The show is a mix of Williams ' quick-witted humor and voice work , with rants on the topics of drugs , sex , world affairs , and parenting . References to the events and people of the 1980s are mentioned heavily throughout ; U.S. President Ronald Reagan , Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi , and President of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev are central to many of the jokes .

neg: 1996 State of the Union Address The 1996 State of the Union address was given by President Bill Clinton to a joint session of the 104th United States Congress on January 23 , 1996 . The speech was the last State of the Union address of President Clinton 's first term . This speech occurred shortly after the federal government shutdown of 1995 and 1996 which had resulted from disagreements on the 1996 United States federal budget .   President Clinton discussed the economy and declared that `` the era of big government is over , '' and continued , `` but we can not go back to the time when our citizens were left to fend for themselves . We must go forward as one America , one nation working together , to meet the challenges we face together . Self-reliance and teamwork are not opposing virtues -- we must have both . '' The president discussed welfare reform , the V-chip , education , community policing , crime and the environment . The president also discussed foreign relations and the federal budget .   The Republican Party response was delivered by Senator Bob Dole of Kansas . He stated that '' -LSB- President Clinton -RSB- is the chief obstacle to a balanced budget and the balanced budget amendment ... . While the President 's words speak of change , his deeds are a contradiction . President Clinton claims to embrace the future while clinging to the policies of the past . ''   Donna Shalala , the Secretary of Health and Human Services , served as the designated survivor .

neg: We begin bombing in five minutes On August 11 , 1984 , United States President Ronald Reagan , while running for re-election , was preparing to make his weekly Saturday radio address on National Public Radio . During a sound check before the address , Reagan made the following joke to the radio technicians : `` My fellow Americans , I 'm pleased to tell you today that I 've signed legislation that will outlaw Russia forever . We begin bombing in five minutes . '' The joke was a parody of the opening line of that day 's speech : `` My fellow Americans , I 'm pleased to tell you that today I signed legislation that will allow student religious groups to begin enjoying a right they 've too long been denied -- the freedom to meet in public high schools during nonschool hours , just as other student groups are allowed to do . ''   Contrary to popular misconception , this microphone gaffe was not broadcast over the air , but rather leaked later to the general populace . But the Tokyo newspaper Yomiuri Shimbun reported in October 1984 that the Soviet Far East Army was placed on alert after word of the statement got out and that the alert was not withdrawn until 30 minutes later . An unnamed aide to US Representative Michael Barnes ( D-Md . ) confirmed that the Pentagon was aware of the alert . There was no report of any change in the DEFCON level for the United States . The Soviet reaction , and mild confusion it created , was covered by NBC news anchor Tom Brokaw .   This was not the first time Reagan had joked before giving a speech or address . The Soviet official news agency , TASS , condemned the joke , declaring that `` The USSR condemns this unprecedented and hostile attack by the US President '' and that `` this kind of behavior is incompatible with the great responsibility borne by heads of nuclear states for the destinies of their own people and mankind '' .

neg: Parkinson's disease Parkinson 's disease ( PD ) is a long-term degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that mainly affects the motor system . The symptoms generally come on slowly over time . Early in the disease , the most obvious are shaking , rigidity , slowness of movement , and difficulty with walking . Thinking and behavioral problems may also occur . Dementia becomes common in the advanced stages of the disease . Depression and anxiety are also common occurring in more than a third of people with PD . Other symptoms include sensory , sleep , and emotional problems . The main motor symptoms are collectively called `` parkinsonism '' , or a `` parkinsonian syndrome '' .   The cause of Parkinson 's disease is generally unknown , but believed to involve both genetic and environmental factors . Those with a family member affected are more likely to get the disease themselves . There is also an increased risk in people exposed to certain pesticides and among those who have had prior head injuries while there is a reduced risk in tobacco smokers and those who drink coffee or tea . The motor symptoms of the disease result from the death of cells in the substantia nigra , a region of the midbrain . This results in not enough dopamine in these areas . The reason for this cell death is poorly understood , but involves the build-up of proteins into Lewy bodies in the neurons . Diagnosis of typical cases is mainly based on symptoms , with tests such as neuroimaging being used to rule out other diseases .   There is no cure for Parkinson 's disease . Initial treatment is typically with the antiparkinson medication L-DOPA ( levodopa ) , with dopamine agonists being used once levodopa becomes less effective . As the disease progresses and neurons continue to be lost , these medications become less effective while at the same time they produce a complication marked by involuntary writhing movements . Diet and some forms of rehabilitation have shown some effectiveness at improving symptoms . Surgery to place microelectrodes for deep brain stimulation has been used to reduce motor symptoms in severe cases where drugs are ineffective . Evidence for treatments for the non-movement-related symptoms of PD , such as sleep disturbances and emotional problems , is less strong .   In 2015 , PD affected 6.2 million people and resulted in about 117,400 deaths globally . Parkinson 's disease typically occurs in people over the age of 60 , of which about one percent are affected . Males are more often affected than females . When it is seen in people before the age of 50 , it is called young-onset PD . The average life expectancy following diagnosis is between 7 and 14 years . The disease is named after the English doctor James Parkinson , who published the first detailed description in An Essay on the Shaking Palsy , in 1817 . Public awareness campaigns include World Parkinson 's Day ( on the birthday of James Parkinson , 11 April ) and the use of a red tulip as the symbol of the disease . People with parkinsonism who have increased the public 's awareness of the condition include actor Michael J. Fox , Olympic cyclist Davis Phinney , and late professional boxer Muhammad Ali .

neg: Judes Poirier Judes Poirier is Canadian-born professor of Medicine and Psychiatry at McGill University and former director of the Centre for Studies in Aging at McGill University . He currently serves as director of the Molecular Neurobiology Unit at the Douglas Institute Research Centre and , co-founder and associate director of the Centre for the Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer 's disease at McGill University .   He received his undergraduate training at the Université de Montréal in biochemistry and clinical sciences . Shortly after , he joined Dr. André Barbeau 's group at the Clinical Research Institute of Montréal where he worked on the neurobiology of Parkinson 's disease . He then moved to the Alzheimer 's Disease Research Consortium of Southern California which is based at the Andrus Gerontology Centre , in Los Angeles . It is in California that he discovered the important role of apolipoprotein E , a cholesterol transporter that acts as a powerful modulator of brain reinnervation and a key player in Alzheimer 's disease pathophysiology . In 1989 , McGill University and the Douglas Institute recruited him back to Montréal to establish a research program specialized in the molecular biology of neurodegenerative diseases .   Dr. Poirier has made some key contributions to the advancement of scientific research on Alzheimer 's and Parkinson 's diseases . He belongs to a short list of Canadian scientists who made milestone discoveries in Canadian Health Research history . He is internationally renowned for his works on the role of apolipoprotein E in the normal and injured brain and , in the genetics of Alzheimer 's disease . Beside his seminal contribution in the field of the neurobiology and genetics of apolipoprotein E , he has been a pioneer in the establishment of the pharmacogenomic bases of brain diseases treatment .   He received several international scientific awards in recent years including : the International Society for Neurochemistry Investigator Award in 1995 , in Kyoto , Japan ; the AAIC/First Parke-Davis International Award in 1996 ( now referred to as the AAIC Lifetime Achievement Award in Alzheimer 's Disease , in Osaka , Japan and the Galien Prize ( 1997 ) . On national scene , he was the recipient of the Beaubien Award of the Alzheimer Society of Canada ( 1994 ) and , the Investigator Award ( 1994 ) and Innovation Award ( 1998 ) of Canadian College of Neuropsychopharmacology ( CCNP ) . He was more recently awarded the Jonas Salk Award ( 1999 ) in honor of Dr. Salk , the inventor of the polio vaccine , the AstraZeneca/ASC/RxDx Award ( 2001 ) and the CSCC Award ( 2001 ) for his seminal work in the field of Alzheimer 's disease . In the summer of 2004 , he was nominated to the rank of Knight of the National Order of Quebec by the Premier of Quebec . He received in the fall of 2009 a Doctorate Honoris Causa in Medicine in regard to his pioneering work in the field of Alzheimer 's research from this oldest School of Medicine in the world , the University of Montpellier in France . In 2010 , he was awarded the prestigious Genesis Prize in the `` Innovation of Tomorrow '' category .   Dr Poirier is also the co-founder of several Canadian-based biotech corporations including Nova Molecular Inc. ( 1996 -- 2000 ) and more recently Spectral Neuroscience Inc. ( 2004 - ) which have been involved in the development and commercialization of pharmacogenomics services and gene-based therapy for biotech and pharmaceutical corporations .   He acts as a Scientific Ambassador of the Alzheimer Society of Canada and was nominated one of the Ten Personality of the Year in 1996 in the magazine l'actualité and Personality of the Week in the newspaper La Presse , in 1998 and again , in 2014 .   His most recent contribution to a lay audience is the publication of a book entitled Alzheimer 's Disease : A Guide , published in 2011 in French , English , German , Portuguese and Chinese . His publication was awarded the 2012 prestigious `` Hubert Reeves Literary Prize '' .

neg: Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985 The Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985 ( or COBRA ) is a law passed by the U.S. Congress on a reconciliation basis and signed by President Ronald Reagan that , among other things , mandates an insurance program which gives some employees the ability to continue health insurance coverage after leaving employment . COBRA includes amendments to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 ( ERISA ) . The law deals with a great variety of subjects , such as tobacco price supports , railroads , private pension plans , emergency room treatment , disability insurance , and the postal service , but it is perhaps best known for Title X , which amends the Internal Revenue Code and the Public Health Service Act to deny income tax deductions to employers ( generally those with 20 or more full-time equivalent employees ) for contributions to a group health plan unless such plan meets certain continuing coverage requirements . The violation for failing to meet those criteria was subsequently changed to an excise tax .   Although this statute became law on April 7 , 1986 , its official name is the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985 . Because of the discrepancy between the official name of the Act and the year in which it was enacted , some government publications refer to the Act as the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1986 . The Act is often referred to simply as `` COBRA '' .

neg: Patient Self-Determination Act The Patient Self-Determination Act ( PSDA ) was passed by the United States Congress in 1990 as an amendment to the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 . Effective on December 1 , 1991 , this legislation required many hospitals , nursing homes , home health agencies , hospice providers , health maintenance organizations ( HMOs ) , and other health care institutions to provide information about advance health care directives to adult patients upon their admission to the healthcare facility . This law does not apply to individual physicians .   Because the 1991 PSDA does not apply to individual physicians , private clinics and practices , most of which are incorporated for-profit organizations , the problem of cruel over treatment for profit of the elderly on Medicare/Medicaid was not controlled to the extent that Congress hoped would be possible when the states would implement the goals of the 1991 PSDA in state laws . ( Recently , in 2012 , the newspapers have revealed that The United States Department of Health and Human Services and the Department of Justice have cooperated to prosecute over treatment of patients under the federal False Claims Act . ) The goals of the 1991 PSDA are covered in the PURPOSE section , below .   Section 1233 of the proposed America 's Affordable Health Choices Act of 2009 ( H.R. 3200 ) would have authorized reimbursements for physician counseling regarding advance directives ( once every five years ) but it was not included in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 because of controversy over what were characterized as `` death panels . ''   Unfortunately , because the law of the 1991 PSDA does not require or mandate the treating physicians -- after an educated `` terminal '' prognosis that is shared with the patient -- to seek informed consent from elderly and terminal Medicare/Medicaid patients for either Curative Care under Medicare or palliative care , transition to Hospice in the last six months of life ( also paid or out of the Medicare purse ) , the goals of the PSDA are not realized . Patient self rationing of expensive medical care at the end of life through the process of the advance directive under the provisions of the 1991 PSDA is discouraged because the patients have not had end-of-life conversations with the treating physicians .

neg: Donald Regan Donald Thomas `` Don '' Regan ( December 21 , 1918 -- June 10 , 2003 ) was the 66th United States Secretary of the Treasury , from 1981 to 1985 , and White House Chief of Staff from 1985 to 1987 in the Ronald Reagan Administration , where he advocated `` Reaganomics '' and tax cuts to create jobs and stimulate production . Before serving in the Reagan administration , Regan served as Chairman and CEO of Merrill Lynch from 1971 to 1980 . He had worked at Merrill Lynch since 1946 and before this he had studied at Harvard University and served in the United States Marine Corps , achieving the rank of lieutenant colonel .

neg: United States presidential election in New York, 1980 The 1980 United States presidential election in New York took place on November 4 , 1980 . All 50 states and The District of Columbia , were part of the 1980 United States presidential election . New York voters chose forty one electors to the Electoral College , which voted for President and Vice President .   New York was won by former California Governor Ronald Reagan , in a narrow victory against President of the United States Jimmy Carter , who failed to gain reelection against Reagan . Also in the running was Independent candidate Congressman John B. Anderson of Illinois , who ran in New York as the Liberal Party candidate .   Reagan won the state with a plurality of 46.66 % of the vote to Carter 's 43.99 % , a margin of 2.67 % . Anderson finished in third with 7.54 % .   New York 's election results reflect the Republican Party 's re-consolidation of base under what is popularly called the `` Reagan Revolution , '' which sounded various overwhelming conservative electoral victories across the United States throughout the 1980s - and most evidently against the relatively unpopular President Carter during the 1980 presidential election .   New York weighed in for this election as more Democratic than the national average by about 7 % .   This election is notable in that , while the highly populated regions of New York City , Buffalo , and Albany turned out for Carter , the election in the state was tipped by the majority of less-populated upstate counties , combined with heavily populated suburban counties around NYC , most of which were won by Reagan . Carter actually picked up plurality wins in 2 counties which he had lost in 1976 : Monroe County , home to the city of Rochester , and Niagara County .   A major contributing factor to Reagan 's victory over Carter was the relatively strong third party showing by independent candidate John B. Anderson , a former liberal Republican congressman who garnered 8 % of the vote in the State - twice the 4 % margin by which Carter had won New York in 1976 . Running on the ballot line of New York 's Liberal Party , Anderson attracted the votes of many liberals and moderates who normally leaned Democratic but were dissatisfied with the policies of the Carter Administration , thus splitting the left-leaning vote in New York State .   In the heavily populated , and very liberal , 5 boroughs of New York City , Carter still won overall , and Reagan made only modest gains in vote share over Gerald Ford 's 1976 showing of 33 % , taking 37 % in the city in 1980 . However , although still winning 4 out of 5 boroughs , Carter bled a massive amount of support in the city to Anderson , dropping from 66 % in 1976 to only 55 % in 1980 . Since Democratic victories in New York State in that era depended on running up massive margins in New York City to overcome the rest of the state 's Republican lean , the reduced margin in the city from vote-splitting would prove fatal to Carter 's chances of winning the state in 1980 . While Reagan only bled about 1 % of Republican base support in the state ( winning a plurality in a 3-way-race with 46.66 % while Gerald Ford had lost the state in a two-man race with 47.52 % in 1976 ) , Carter bled nearly 8 % of his 1976 support , falling from a 51.95 % majority win in 1976 to a losing 43.99 % in 1980 , most of those lost Democratic base votes going to Anderson instead .   This remains the last election in which a Republican presidential nominee has won Tompkins County in upstate New York , home to the college town of Ithaca , where Cornell University and Ithaca College are located . Reagan narrowly won the county with a plurality of 42 % to Carter 's 40 % , while Anderson took nearly 14 % , making it Anderson 's strongest county in the state . In 1984 , Tompkins County would vote against Reagan and in the following years it would become the most Democratic county in upstate New York , giving Barack Obama over 70 % of the vote in 2008 .

neg: List of Lenny Skutniks `` Lenny Skutniks '' are notable people who are invited to sit in the gallery at a State of the Union address or other joint meeting of the United States Congress . Lenny Skutnik was the first such guest , who was celebrated for his act of heroism following the crash of Air Florida Flight 90 on January 13 , 1982 . Skutnik dove into the icy Potomac River , saving the life of a passenger . For this act he was commended by U.S. President Ronald Reagan during the annual State of the Union speech held later that month .   Since then , the term `` Lenny Skutniks '' has been used to refer to individuals invited to sit in the gallery , and often cited by the President , during the speech . President Reagan 's invitation , and the reference to Skutnik 's heroism within his speech , may have been an attempt to include a human interest story within the speech . The practice fell out of favor during the presidency of George H. W. Bush . Bill Clinton restored the practice upon assuming the Presidency which has continued under George W. Bush and Barack Obama .

neg: National Center for Voluntary Action The National Center for Voluntary Action was an independent , private , non-profit organization that existed in the 1970s , and then extended on in merged forms , that sought to encourage volunteerism on the part of American citizens and organizations , assist in program development for voluntary efforts , and sought to make voluntary action an important force in American society .   The organization had its origins in 1969 , the first year of the Nixon administration , when the Cabinet Committee on Voluntary Action was put into place . Led by United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development George W. Romney , a study performed by this committee found a need for a national , non-governmental organization .   Hence came the National Center for Voluntary Action , created in 1970 by executive order of the president . At its first meeting on February 20 , 1970 , Romney stressed the value of voluntary action as the `` fourth way '' of solving problems ( along with the federal government , state and local government , and private industry ) . In April 1970 , Henry Ford II became the organization 's first chair and Bud Wilkinson its first president .   The organization launched a nationwide effort to develop Voluntary Action Centers ( previously known as Volunteer Bureaus ) as local volunteer centers to help people meet their needs through actions of volunteers . A heart-shaped logo was devised for the Voluntary Action Centers and used nationwide . It operated an information bank known as Clearinghouse . By October 1971 , Voluntary Action Centers had been established in 32 communities , with 30 more underway and 250 other communities having expressed interest .   Wilkinson left in August 1970 . Lenore Romney , George 's wife , became a director of the organization , and a member of its executive committee by 1971 , and vice president by 1973 . Ford departed in 1972 , and W. Clement Stone , who was the treasurer , became acting chair .   In 1973 , as he left the Nixon administration , George Romney became chair and CEO of the National Center for Voluntary Action .   In 1976 , the organization sponsored a national Congress on Volunteerism and Citizenship in conjunction with the United States Bicentennial of that year .   In 1979 , the National Center for Voluntary Action merged with another organization , the Colorado-based National Information Center on Volunteerism ( which had been in existence since 1970 , and as the National Information Center on Volunteers in Courts , since 1967 ) , and together became a new organization , VOLUNTEER : The National Center for Citizen Involvement . Romney remained as head of the new organization . The organization simplified its name to VOLUNTEER : The National Center in 1984 and to the National Volunteer Center in 1990 . Romney remained as chair of these organizations throughout this time .   In 1991 , the organization merged into the Points of Light Foundation , which had been created in 1990 under the aegis of President George H.W. Bush . The merged organization also became known during the 2000s as the Points of Light Foundation and Volunteer Center National Network . That organization then in 2007 merged with the Atlanta-based Hands On Network to become the Points of Light Institute .

neg: Peanut butter test The peanut butter test is a diagnostic test which aims to detect Alzheimer 's disease by measuring subjects ' ability to smell peanut butter through each nostril . The test was originally reported in October 2013 by researchers from the University of Florida 's McKnight Brain Institute , led by professor Kenneth Heilman , and involves measuring the ability of patients to smell peanut butter held close to their nose . The researchers concluded that patients with Alzheimer 's were not able to smell the peanut butter as well through their left nostril as their right one . The study 's lead author , graduate student Jennifer Stamps , got the idea for the study when , while studying under Professor Heilman , she noticed that none of his patients had been tested for their sense of smell . The idea of using peanut butter came to Stamps when she administered it to patients as part of a routine test of cranial nerve function . Their decision to use it was also motivated by the fact that it is a pure odorant ( i.e. is only detected by the olfactory nerve ) , and that Heilman had told Stamps , `` If you can come up with something quick and inexpensive , we can do it . ''

neg: List of things named after Ronald Reagan This is a list of things named after former President of the United States Ronald Reagan . The Ronald Reagan Legacy Project is an organization founded by Americans for Tax Reform president Grover Norquist that seeks to name at least one notable public landmark in each U.S. state and all 3067 counties after the 40th president .   The first highway to be named after Reagan was Ronald Reagan Cross County Highway in Cincinnati .

neg: Nixon goes to China The phrase `` Nixon goes to China '' , `` Nixon to China '' , or `` Nixon in China '' is a historical reference to United States President Richard Nixon 's 1972 visit to the People 's Republic of China , where he met with Chairman Mao Zedong . The metaphor is often expressed as the observation `` Only Nixon could go to China '' or `` It took Nixon to go to China '' .   As a political metaphor , it refers to the ability of a politician with an unassailable reputation among his or her supporters for representing and defending their values to take actions that would draw their criticism and even opposition if taken by someone without those credentials . Although the example is that of a hardliner taking steps toward peace with a traditional enemy , and this is the most common application of the metaphor , it could also be applied to a reputedly cautious diplomat defying expectations by taking military action , or a political leader reforming aspects of the political system of which they have been strong supporters .

neg: United States presidential election in California, 1980 The 1980 United States presidential election in California refers to how California participated in the 1980 United States presidential election . California voted for the Republican nominee , the state 's former governor Ronald Reagan , in a landslide over the Democratic incumbent , Jimmy Carter . Reagan won his home state by a wide 16.78 % margin and carried all but three counties . Among the counties Reagan won was Plumas , the first Republican victory in that county since 1920 . Reagan is also the last Republican candidate to carry the counties of Marin and Santa Cruz in a presidential election .   1980 stands as the last election in which California voted more Republican than the United States as a whole . This election indeed constitutes the most Republican California has voted relative to the whole nation since 1928 , when anti-Catholic prejudice against Al Smith had a substantial influence ; here , it was widely believed that Carter lacked understanding of critical Western issues , most importantly water development .