query: Istanbul is outside of Turkey.

pos: Istanbul Istanbul ( -LSB- ˌɪstænˈbʊl -RSB- , -LSB- - ˈbuːl -RSB- or -LSB- - stɑːn - -RSB- İstanbul -LSB- isˈtɑnbuɫ -RSB- ) , historically known as Constantinople and Byzantium , is the most populous city in Turkey and the country 's economic , cultural , and historic center . Istanbul is a transcontinental city in Eurasia , straddling the Bosphorus strait ( which separates Europe and Asia ) between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea . Its commercial and historical center lies on the European side and about a third of its population lives on the Asian side .  The city is the administrative center of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality ( conterminous with Istanbul Province ) , both hosting a population of around 14.7 million residents . Istanbul is one of the world 's most populous cities and ranks as the world 's 7th-largest city proper and the largest European city .   Founded under the name of Byzantion on the Sarayburnu promontory around 660 BCE , the city developed to become one of the most significant in history . After its reestablishment as Constantinople in 330 CE , it served as an imperial capital for almost 16 centuries , during the Roman and Byzantine ( 330 -- 1204 and 1261 -- 1453 ) , the Latin ( 1204 -- 1261 ) , and the Ottoman ( 1453 -- 1922 ) empires . It was instrumental in the advancement of Christianity during Roman and Byzantine times , before the Ottomans conquered the city in 1453 and transformed it into an Islamic stronghold and the seat of the Ottoman Caliphate .   Istanbul 's strategic position on the historic Silk Road , rail networks to Europe and the Middle East , and the only sea route between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean have produced a cosmopolitan populace , although less so since the establishment of the Turkish Republic in 1923 . Overlooked for the new capital Ankara during the interwar period , the city has since regained much of its prominence . The population of the city has increased tenfold since the 1950s , as migrants from across Anatolia have moved in and city limits have expanded to accommodate them . Arts , music , film , and cultural festivals were established at the end of the 20th century and continue to be hosted by the city today . Infrastructure improvements have produced a complex transportation network .   Approximately foreign visitors arrived in Istanbul in 2015 , five years after it was named a European Capital of Culture , making the city the world 's fifth most popular tourist destination . The city 's biggest attraction is its historic center , partially listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site , and its cultural and entertainment hub can be found across the city 's natural harbor , the Golden Horn , in the Beyoğlu district . Considered a global city , Istanbul has one of the fastest-growing metropolitan economies in the world . It hosts the headquarters of many Turkish companies and media outlets and accounts for more than a quarter of the country 's gross domestic product . Hoping to capitalize on its revitalization and rapid expansion , Istanbul has bid for the Summer Olympics five times in twenty years .

neg: Aegean Region The Aegean Region is one of the 7 geographical regions of Turkey .   Located in western Turkey , it is bordered by the Aegean Sea , which gives the region its name , to the west , the Marmara Region to the north , the Central Anatolia Region to the east and Mediterranean Region to the south .   Among the four coastal regions , the Aegean Region has the longest coastline .

neg: Marmaray Marmaray ( -LSB- ˈmaɾmaˌɾaj -RSB- ) is a partially operational rail transportation project in the Turkish city of Istanbul . It comprises a rail tunnel under the Bosphorus strait , and the modernization of existing suburban railway lines along the Sea of Marmara from Halkalı on the European side to Gebze on the Asian side . The procurement of new rolling stock for suburban passenger traffic is also part of the project . Construction started in 2004 , with an initial target opening date of April 2009 . After multiple delays caused by the discovery of historical and archaeological finds , the first phase of the project opened on October 29 , 2013 . It is the first standard gauge rail connection between Europe and Asia . The second phase of the project was scheduled to open in 2015 , but the work has been stopped and it is unknown when it will be finished .   Marmaray is the fourth underground system in Istanbul after Tünel Funicular , Metro and Kabataş -- Taksim Funicular and highly integrated with Metro lines .   The name Marmaray comes from combining the name of the Sea of Marmara , which lies just south of the project site , with ray , the Turkish word for rail . The Turkish press has compared it to the Silk Road .

neg: Gaziosmanpaşa Gaziosmanpaşa ( -LSB- ɡaːziosˈmanpaʃa -RSB- ; old name : Taşlıtarla ) is a developing working class municipality ( belediye ) and district of Istanbul , Turkey , on its European side . With a population of 400,000 plus , it is one of the most populous districts . In 2009 Gaziosmanpaşa district was divided into three districts : Gaziosmanpaşa , the central ; Sultangazi , the northern part ; and Arnavutköy , the northernmost part . Esenler and Bayrampaşa are at west , Sultangazi is at north and Eyüp is at south and east of district . It was formed from parts of Eyüp and Çatalca districts in 1963 .

neg: Etiler Etiler is a neighbourhood on the European side of Istanbul , Turkey , in the district of Beşiktaş , close to the business quarters of Levent and Maslak .   Etiler is famous for its upmarket cafés , pubs , night clubs , restaurants , gyms , coiffeurs , fashion shops and shopping malls , such as Akmerkez . It is a favourite area among Istanbul 's elite . The quarter also has many villas and private residences .   The name Etiler is an older name in Turkish for the Hittites , as it was fashionable in the early years of the Turkish Republic to give the names of ancient Anatolian civilizations to the new districts of Istanbul . A similar example is the neighbouring quarter of Akatlar , which means Akkads , another ancient civilization from the history of Anatolia .

neg: Immigration to Turkey Since the 19th century , an exodus by the large portion of Turkish ( Turkic ) and Muslim peoples ( who are termed `` Muhacir '' under a general definition ) from the Balkans ( Balkan Turks , Albanians , Bosniaks , Pomaks ) , Caucasus ( Abkhazians , Ajarians , ` Circassians ' , Chechens ) , Crimea ( Crimean Tatar diaspora ) , Crete ( Cretan Turks ) , took refuge in present-day Turkey and moulded the country 's fundamental features .   Trends of immigration towards Turkey continue to this day , although the motives are more varied and are usually in line with the patterns of global immigration movements -- Turkey , for example , receives many economic migrants from nearby countries such as Armenia , the Republic of Moldova , Georgia , Iran , and Azerbaijan , but also from Central Asia .

neg: Istanbul Medical Chamber The Istanbul Medical Chamber ( İstanbul Tabip Odası ) is a medical association in Istanbul , Turkey . Founded in 1929 , it is an affiliate of the Turkish Medical Association .

neg: City-state A city-state is a sovereign state that consists of a city and its dependent territories . Historically , this included cities such as Rome , Athens , Carthage , and the Italian city-states during the Renaissance -- but today only a handful of sovereign city-states exist , with some disagreement as to which are city-states . A great deal of consensus exists that the term properly applies to Singapore , Monaco , and Vatican City .   A number of other small states share similar characteristics , and therefore are sometimes also cited as modern city-states . Namely , Qatar , Brunei , Kuwait , Bahrain , and Malta , which each have an urban center comprising a significant proportion of the population , though , all have several distinct settlements and a designated or de facto capital city . Occasionally , other small states with high population densities , such as San Marino , are also cited , despite lacking a large urban centre characteristic of traditional city-states .   Several non-sovereign cities enjoy a high degree of autonomy , and are sometimes considered city-states . Hong Kong and Macau , along with independent members of the United Arab Emirates , most notably Dubai and Abu Dhabi , are often cited as such .

neg: List of companies of Cyprus Cyprus is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean and the third largest and third most populous island in the Mediterranean . It is located south of Turkey , west of Syria and Lebanon , northwest of Israel and Palestine , north of Egypt , and southeast of Greece .   Cyprus is a major tourist destination in the Mediterranean . With an advanced , high-income economy and a very high Human Development Index , the Republic of Cyprus has been a member of the Commonwealth since 1961 and was a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement until it joined the European Union on 1 May 2004 . On 1 January 2008 , the Republic of Cyprus joined the eurozone .

neg: Culture of Istanbul The culture of Istanbul has its basis in the city that has been the capital of the Byzantine and Ottoman Empires . However , when the Turkish Republic turned its focus away from Istanbul and toward Ankara , the city 's cultural scene throughout the mid-20th century lay relatively stagnant , seeing limited success on the international , and even national , level . The government of the new republic established programs that served to engender Turks toward musical traditions , especially those originating in Europe , but musical institutions and visits by foreign classical artists were primarily centered in the new capital . Although much of Turkey 's culture had its roots in Istanbul , it was not until the 1980s and 1990s that Istanbul reemerged globally as a city whose cultural significance is not solely based on its past glory .

neg: Continental Europe Continental Europe , also referred to as mainland Europe , or , by Europeans , simply the Continent , is the continuous continent of Europe , excluding surrounding islands .   The most common definition of continental Europe excludes continental islands , encompassing the Greek Islands , Cyprus , Malta , Sicily , Sardinia , Corsica , the Balearic Islands , Ireland , Great Britain , the Isle of Man , the Channel Islands , Novaya Zemlya and the Danish archipelago , as well as nearby oceanic islands , including the Canary Islands , Madeira , the Azores , Iceland , the Faroe Islands , and Svalbard .   The Scandinavian peninsula is sometimes also excluded , as even though it is technically part of `` mainland Europe '' , the de facto connections to the rest of the continent are across the Baltic Sea or North Sea ( rather than via the lengthy land route that involves travelling to the north of the peninsula where it meets Finland , and then south through north-east Europe ) .   The notion of Europe as a geopolitical or cultural term is centred on core Europe ( Kerneuropa ) , the continental territory of the historical Carolingian Empire and the core of Latin Christendom , corresponding to modern France , Italy , Germany ( or German-speaking Europe ) and the Benelux states ( historical Austrasia ) . This historical core of `` Carolingian Europe '' was consciously invoked in the 1950s as the historical ethno-cultural basis for the prospective European integration ( see also Multi-speed Europe ) .

neg: List of people from Istanbul This is a list of notable people hailing from the city of Istanbul .   Hrant Dink editor of an Armenian newspaper  Halide Edip Adıvar , novelist , politician  Müjde Ar , actress  Oğuz Aral , cartoonist  Bülent Arel , music producer  Duygu Asena , women 's rights activist  Cenk Aydin , businessman  Hulusi Behçet , dermatologist  Semiha Berksoy , opera singer  Orhan Boran , radio and TV host  Aydın Boysan  Yaşar Büyükanıt , Chief of the Turkish General Staff  Eylül Cansın , transgender sex worker  Cornelius Castoriadis , Greek-French political philosopher  Hakan Celik , journalist , TV anchorman , radio producer  Hande Berktan , journalist , TV presenter  Nuri Bilge Ceylan , filmmaker  Manuel Chrysoloras , Greek academic , diplomat  Tansu Çiller , former prime minister  Bülent Ecevit , former prime minister  Neşe Erberk , Miss Europe 1984  Recep Tayyip Erdoğan , President of Turkey  Sertab Erener , singer  Ahmet Ertegün , co-founder and executive of Atlantic Records and the New York Cosmos  Nesuhi Ertegün , co-founder and executive of Atlantic Records and the New York Cosmos  Yonca Evcimik , pop singer  Leyla Gencer , opera singer  Fatma Girik , actress  Gregory V , Greek Patriarch of Constantinople  Ara Güler , photographer  Tunç Hamarat , correspondence chess world champion 2004  Tunch Ilkin , former American football player , TV anchor  Ertuğrul Işınbark , stage magician  Nihat Kahveci , football player  Elia Kazan , director , producer , screenwriter , novelist  Hülya Koçyiğit , actress  Fahri Korutürk , former president of Turkey  Lefter Küçükandonyadis , football player  Mike Lazaridis , founder of Research in Motion  Nasuh Mahruki , first Turkish person to summit Mt. Everest  Barış Manço , musician  Andrew Mango , British author  Arif Mardin , music producer  Kleanthis Maropoulos , Greek footballer  Alexander Mavrocordatos , Greek dragoman to Sultan Mehmed IV  Kostas Negrepontis , Greek footballer  Aziz Nesin , novelist  Marika Nezer , Greek singer  Irfan Orga , Turkish Air Force fighter pilot , diplomat , writer  Orhan Pamuk , novelist  Pekinel sisters , twin pianists  Ajda Pekkan , singer  Athinodoros Prousalis , Greek actor  Nicola Rossi-Lemeni , opera singer  Alexandros Soutsos , Greek poet and partisan  Haldun Taner , playwright  Hidayet Türkoğlu , basketball player  Orhan Veli , poet  Stavros Xenidis , Greek actor  Hamza Yerlikaya , wrestler and Olympic gold medalist  Cem Yilmaz , stand-up comedian , actor  Alexander Ypsilantis ( senior ) , Greek diplomat  Alexander Ypsilantis ( junior ) , Greek military commander  Constantine Ypsilantis , Greek revolutionary

neg: Yenikapı Yenikapı ( -LSB- jenikapɯ -RSB- ) is a port and a quarter in Istanbul , Turkey , in the metropolitan district of Fatih on the European side of the Bosphorus and along the southern shore of the city 's historically central peninsula .   Yenikapı is notable for the ongoing excavations on its Byzantine port discovered in 2004 . This has become one of the largest investigations in Europe , because of the size and the number of the shipwrecks found since the initial discovery , and the large number of associated artefacts . The commercial harbor , called the Harbour of Theodosius , in use between the 5th and the 10th centuries , was an alternative to Constantinople 's traditional berths situated along the inlet of the Golden Horn .

neg: 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt On 15 July 2016 , an alleged coup d'état was attempted in Turkey against state institutions , including , but not limited to the government and President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan . The attempt was carried out by a faction within the Turkish Armed Forces that organized themselves as the Peace at Home Council . They attempted to seize control of several key places in Ankara , Istanbul , and elsewhere , but failed to do so after forces loyal to the state defeated them . The Council cited an erosion of secularism , elimination of democratic rule , disregard for human rights , and Turkey 's loss of credibility in the international arena as reasons for the coup . The government accused the coup leaders of being linked to the Gülen movement , which is designated as a terrorist organization by the Republic of Turkey and led by Fethullah Gülen , a Turkish businessman and cleric who lives in Pennsylvania . Erdoğan accuses Gülen of being behind the coup -- a claim that Gülen denies -- and accused the United States of harboring him . Gülen has suggested the coup was in fact a `` self-coup '' carried out by Erdogan to consolidate his grip on power , a belief shared among some analysts and many Turks . Events surrounding the coup attempt and the purges in its aftermath reflect a complex power struggle between Islamist elites in Turkey .   During the coup , over 300 people were killed and more than 2,100 were injured . Many government buildings , including the Turkish Parliament and the Presidential Palace , were bombed from the air . Mass arrests followed , with at least 40,000 detained , including at least 10,000 soldiers and , for reasons that remain unclear , 2,745 judges . 15,000 education staff were also suspended and the licenses of 21,000 teachers working at private institutions were revoked as well after the government alleged they were loyal to Gülen . More than 100,000 people have been arrested or fired from their jobs , on accusations of connections to Gülen .   Reactions to the event were largely against the coup attempt , both domestically and internationally . The main opposition parties in Turkey condemned the attempt , while several international leaders -- such as those from the United States , NATO , the European Union , and other neighboring countries -- called for `` respect of the democratic institutions in Turkey and its elected officials . '' International organizations expressed themselves against the coup as well . The United Nations Security Council , however , did not denounce the coup after disagreements over the phrasing of a statement .   President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan accused the head of United States Central Command , chief General Joseph Votel of `` siding with coup plotters '' , after Votel accused the Turkish government of arresting the Pentagon 's contacts in Turkey .   In March 2017 , Germany 's intelligence chief said Germany was unconvinced by Erdoğan 's claim that Fethullah Gulen was behind the failed coup . Also in March , the British Parliament 's Foreign Affairs Committee said some Gulenists were involved in coup d'état attempt but found no hard evidence that Fethullah Gülen masterminded the failed coup and found no evidence to justify the UK designating the Gülen movement as a `` terrorist organization '' .

neg: Bahçelievler Bahçelievler ( meaning `` houses with gardens '' in Turkish ) is a large middle class residential suburb of Istanbul , Turkey , on the European side of the city . It is accessible from the E-5 Highway that runs from the Istanbul airport to the Asian side of the city , covers 5 % of Istanbul 's land area and is home to over 570,000 people . Bahçelievler is the northern neighbour of Bakırköy , with a similar area .

neg: Sultanbeyli Sultanbeyli ( -LSB- sulˈtanbejli -RSB- ) is a working class suburb of Istanbul , Turkey on the Asian side , inland from Kartal and Pendik . It has a population of 298,143 as of 2011 , more than triple the 1990 figure of 82,298 . The mayor is Hüseyin Keskin of the AKP . Its neighbours are Sancaktepe from west , Pendik from east and Kartal from northwest .

neg: Ankara Province Ankara Province ( -LSB- ) is the capital province of Turkey .

neg: India–Turkey relations India -- Turkey relations refer to foreign relations between India and Turkey . Since the establishment of diplomatic relations between India and Turkey in 1948 , political and bilateral relations have been usually characterised by warmth and cordiality . India and Turkey are both secular democracies , based on ethnic , religious and linguistic plurality . India has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate -- general in Istanbul . Turkey has an embassy in New Delhi and a consulate-general in Mumbai . As of 2015 , the bilateral trade between India & Turkey stood at US$ 6.26 billion & is heavily tilted in India 's favour .

neg: Kurdish rebellions in Turkey Kurdish rebellions in Turkey refer to Kurdish nationalist uprisings in Turkey , beginning with the Turkish War of Independence and the consequent transition from the Ottoman Empire into the modern Turkish state and lasting until present with the ongoing Kurdish-Turkish conflict .   According to Ottoman military records , Kurdish rebellions have been taking place in Anatolia for over two centuries , While tribal Kurdish revolts had shuttered the Ottoman Empire through the last decades of its existence , the conflict in its modern phase is considered to have begun in 1922 , with the emergence of Kurdish nationalism in parallel with the formation of the modern State of Turkey . In 1925 , an uprising for an independent Kurdistan , led by Shaikh Said Piran , was put down quickly , and Said and 36 of his followers were executed soon thereafter . Several other large scale Kurdish revolts occurred in Ararat and Dersim in 1930 and 1937 . The British consul at Trebizond , the diplomatic post closest to Dersim , spoke of brutal and indiscriminate violence and made an explicit comparison with the Armenian massacres of 1915 . `` Thousands of Kurds , '' he wrote , `` including women and children , were slain ; others , mostly children , were thrown into the Euphrates ; while thousands of others in less hostile areas , who had first been deprived of their cattle and other belongings , were deported to vilayets ( provinces ) in Central Anatolia . It is now stated that the Kurdish question no longer exists in Turkey . ''   Kurds accuse successive Turkish governments of suppressing their identity through such means as the banning of Kurdish language in print and media . Atatürk believed the unity and stability of a country lay in a unitary political identity , relegating cultural and ethnic distinctions to the private sphere . However , many Kurds did not relinquish their identities and language . Large-scale armed conflict between the Turkish armed forces and the Kurdistan Workers ' Party ( PKK ) occurred throughout the 1980s and 1990s , leaving over 35,000 dead . Recent moves by the Turkish government have provided Kurds with limited rights and freedoms , particularly in regards to the Kurdish language , education , and media . Kurdish politicians and activists still face pressure .

neg: North Africa North Africa is the term given to a group of Mediterranean countries situated in the northern-most region of the African continent . The term `` North Africa '' has no single accepted definition . It is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of Morocco in the west , to the Suez Canal and the Red Sea in the east . Others have limited it to the countries of Morocco , Algeria , and Tunisia , a region known by the French during colonial times as `` Afrique du Nord '' and by the Arabs as the Maghreb ( `` West '' ) .   The most commonly accepted definition includes Morocco , Algeria , and Tunisia , as well as Libya and Egypt , It should be noted however that the term `` North Africa '' , when commonly used in North Africa and the Middle East , often refers only to the countries of the Maghreb and Libya . Egypt , due to its greater Middle Eastern associations , is typically viewed separately . The countries of North Africa share a common ethnic , cultural and linguistic identity that is unique to this region .   North west Africa has been inhabited by Berbers since the beginning of recorded history , while the eastern part of North Africa has been home to the Egyptians . Following the Muslim conquest in the seventh century C.E. , the region underwent a process of Arabization and Islamization that has defined its cultural landscape ever since .   The distinction between North Africa and much of Sub-Saharan Africa is historically and ecologically significant because of the effective barrier created by the Sahara Desert for much of modern history . From 3500 BC , following the abrupt desertification of the Sahara due to gradual changes in the Earth 's orbit , this barrier has culturally separated the North from the rest of the continent . As the seafaring civilizations of the Phoenicians , Greeks , Romans , Muslims and others facilitated communication and migration across the Mediterranean Sea , the cultures of North Africa became much more closely tied to Southwestern Asia and Europe than Sub-Saharan Africa . The Islamic influence in the area is also significant , and North Africa is a major part of the Muslim world .   Some researchers have postulated that North Africa rather than East Africa served as the exit point for the modern humans who first trekked out of the continent in the Out of Africa migration .

neg: List of mosques in Istanbul Istanbul , as the capital of the Ottoman Empire since 1453 and the largest city in the Middle East , contains a great number of mosques . In 2007 , there were 2,944 active mosques in Istanbul .


query: There is a film called Sunburn.

pos: Sunburn (film) Sunburn is a 1979 British-American comedy film directed by Richard C. Sarafian and written by James Booth , John Daly and Stephen Oliver . It is based on the novel The Bind by Stanley Ellin . The film stars Farrah Fawcett , Charles Grodin , Art Carney , Joan Collins , William Daniels and John Hillerman . The film was released on August 10 , 1979 , by Paramount Pictures .

neg: Scummy Man Scummy Man is a short film , written and directed by Paul Fraser and produced by Mark Herbert and Diarmid Scrimshaw , based on the song `` When the Sun Goes Down '' by the Arctic Monkeys , and released on DVD on 10 April 2006 by Domino Records . The film , like the song , focuses on prostitution in Sheffield , and uses the same actors as the music video to document a night in the life of the fictional ` Nina ' , a 15-year-old drug addict who works as a prostitute in the Neepsend district .   The film stars Lauren Socha as ` Nina ' and Stephen Graham as George , known by the nickname of ` Scummy Man ' , a violent and manipulative ` customer ' of ` Nina 's , who attacks and intimidates both ` Nina ' and those who try to help her escape prostitution , such as a magician who offers her a job as his assistant in his act . The magician becomes a victim of the Scummy Man 's behaviour but is not without his own flaws , as the film-maker begs if anyone is really inherently good .   In order to achieve a documentary feel for the footage , the film was shot in 16 mm film by Danny Cohen . The DVD includes an extra film titled Just Another Day , which is more hopeful and upbeat in tone , and focuses on how every day events , such as being offered a lift by a taxicab driver , present opportunity and hope for her future . Just Another Day depicts the same chain of events , but from the perspective of the taxi driver who brings the Scummy Man to Nina , who takes pity on her as she reminds him of his own daughter who died young and would have been the same age as Nina were she still alive .   The name of the film comes from a line in `` When the Sun Goes Down '' , describing the `` customer '' of the girl featured in the song ,   The film won an award for `` Best Music DVD '' at the 2007 NME Awards on 1 March 2007 .   The only band member to appear in the film is Matt Helders . He is offered oral sex by Nina at the beginning of the film , but turns it down , saying he is going to band practice . Besides this , Helders and Alex Turner are seen carrying musical equipment through a gate in the credits of Just Another Day , but they do not feature in the film itself .

neg: Summer (2011 film) Summer ( Verano ) is a 2011 Chilean drama film written and directed by José Luis Torres Leiva .

neg: I Saw the Sun I Saw the Sun ( Güneşi Gördüm ) is a 2009 Turkish drama film , written and directed by Mahsun Kırmızıgül , which tells of a Kurdish family who are forced from their village in southeastern Turkey by the conflict there . The film , which was released on , was one of the highest grossing Turkish films of 2009 , prompting its re-release on . The film was Turkey 's official submission for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 82nd Academy Awards , but it was not nominated .

neg: Slow Burn Slow Burn or Slowburn may refer to :

neg: Burning Man (film) Burning Man is a 2011 Australian drama film written and directed by Jonathan Teplitzky .

neg: Meltdown: Days of Destruction Meltdown : Days of Destruction is a 2006 television film . It primarily concerns social breakdown , combat , and personal relationships during a heat wave of 110-140 degrees Fahrenheit .

neg: The Endless Summer II The Endless Summer II is a 1994 film directed by Bruce Brown and is a sequel to his 1966 film The Endless Summer . In The Endless Summer II , surfers Pat O'Connell and Robert `` Wingnut '' Weaver retrace the steps of Mike Hynson and Robert August . It shows the growth and evolution of the surfing scene since the first film , which presented only classic longboard surfing . O'Connell rides a shortboard , which was developed in the time between the two movies , and there are scenes of windsurfing and bodyboarding . The film illustrates how far surfing had spread , with footage of surf sessions in France , South Africa , Costa Rica , Australia , Bali , Java , and even Alaska . It also has a brief cameo appearance by morey surfer Felipe Zylbersztajn , Steve Irwin , and Mary , a crocodile from Irwin 's Australia Zoo .   In 2003 , Dana Brown , Bruce 's son , made what is seen as the `` third movie '' , Step Into Liquid . It follows the evolution of surfing over the last 10 -- 15 years from shortboarding to tow-in surfing .

neg: Heartburn (novel) Heartburn is an autobiographical novel based on Nora Ephron 's life story about her marriage to and divorce from Carl Bernstein , her second husband . Originally published in 1983 , the novel largely focuses on his affair with Margaret Jay , the daughter of former British Prime Minister James Callaghan . Ephron also wrote the screenplay for the film based on the novel starring Meryl Streep and Jack Nicholson .   The novel is a vivid depiction of the breakdown of a marriage . Its strong autobiographical content provides insight into one of the `` power couples '' of the late 1970s . It is Nora Ephron 's first published novel but in it she mentions subjects that she would go on to feature in future work such as When Harry Met Sally and Julie & Julia .   The narrator of the novel is Rachel Samstat , a food writer who is married to Mark Feldman , a political journalist . Rachel is a Jewish New Yorker who has moved to Washington , D.C. , to support her husband 's career . They have one son and Rachel is pregnant with their second child as the book begins . The book wittily describes the life of an upper middle class intellectual couple replete with neuroses -- Rachel is in group therapy , Mark agonizes over the mystifying disappearance of his socks . Threaded through the whole are recipes and anecdotes which drive the story along and humanize Samstat . In a New Yorker piece on novels that include recipes , Adam Gopnik writes , `` in Heartburn , the recipes serve both as a joke about what a food writer writing a novel would write and as a joke on novel-writing itself by someone who anticipates that she will not be treated as a ` real ' novelist . '' Rachel 's self-esteem takes a huge battering as Mark has an affair with Thelma Rice ( Margaret Jay ) and she takes her revenge by telling the Washington grapevine that Thelma has a venereal disease . The diamond engagement ring that is stolen from Rachel when she is at group therapy is pivotal to the plot . Remarkably she gets it back when the police catch the robber . The stone is loose in its setting and she takes it back to the `` family '' jeweler to get it fixed . Here she discovers that while she had been in the hospital giving birth , Mark had bought an expensive necklace for his lover Thelma . She sells the ring and the money enables her to go back to New York and start afresh .

neg: Dorjee Sun Dorjee Sun ( born 1977 ) is a social entrepreneur and LGBT rights activist based in Singapore . His work for Carbon Conservation was the subject of the international feature documentary The Burning Season in 2008 . He currently serves as Director of Who Gives , Carbon Agro , and Carbon Conservation .   Sun was born to a Chinese father and a Tibetan mother from Darjeeling in Sydney , Australia . He grew up in northern Sydney and attended North Sydney Boys High School . He graduated from a combined Bachelor of Commerce , Bachelor of Law , and Dip . Asian Studies ( Mandarin ) in 2001 from the University of New South Wales . During his studies he spent two years on scholarship in Beijing , China , studying Chinese language and law at Peking University .   Sun is the founder of a recruitment software company , as well as an award-winning education company that has mentored more than 25,000 students in Sydney and Melbourne . With an interest in marketing and social media software , Sun started VirtualVillager.com , a software company that builds virtual villages for businesses and governments . He has served as a University of Melbourne Asialink Asia Australia Leader , Youth Chair of the Ethnic Communities Council at both national and state levels , University Law Society President , and as a member of the Education Technology Advisory Board .   The Burning Season looks at the problems of deforestation in Indonesia , issues and challenges from the farmer 's perspective , the plight of the orangutans , and Sun on his quest to find a business solution . It follows him as he tries to convince potential investors from eBay , Starbucks , and Merrill Lynch to invest in a carbon trading solution that will help avoid deforestation in Indonesia while at the same time provide a living for locals .   In 2009 , the African Rainforest Conservancy named a newly discovered species of blue spotted chameleon from the rainforests of Tanzania after Sun . The species was named Kinyongia dorjeesuni . This species , however , is not recognized by taxonomic authorities and critics consider the species a nomen nudum , as it fails to conform by Article 13 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature , which requires a formal species description stating those characteristics that are purported to differentiate the taxon .   Time Magazine recognised Sun as one of the Heroes of the Environment ( 2009 ) for his work as a carbon-trade broker . In addition , Sun won Environmental Finance 's `` Carbon Finance Deal of the Year '' award in 2008 , and in April 2009 he was honored by the African Rainforest Conservancy for his work . In May of the same year , Sun was named as one of ten young leaders who have demonstrated the ability to come up with fresh ideas , directions , and solutions in the Weekend Australian Magazine 's Next 100 .

neg: Art film An art film is typically a serious , independent film aimed at a niche market rather than a mass market audience . An art film is `` intended to be a serious artistic work , often experimental and not designed for mass appeal '' ; they are `` made primarily for aesthetic reasons rather than commercial profit '' , and they contain `` unconventional or highly symbolic content '' .   Film critics and film studies scholars typically define an art film as possessing `` formal qualities that mark them as different from mainstream Hollywood films '' , which can include , among other elements , a sense of social realism ; an emphasis on the authorial expressiveness of the director ; and a focus on the thoughts , dreams , or motivations of characters , as opposed to the unfolding of a clear , goal-driven story . Film scholar David Bordwell describes art cinema as `` a film genre , with its own distinct conventions '' .   Art film producers usually present their films at specialty theatres ( repertory cinemas , or , in the U.S. , `` arthouse cinemas '' ) and film festivals . The term art film is much more widely used in the United States , the UK and Australia than in Europe , where the term is more associated with `` auteur '' films and `` national cinema '' ( e.g. , German national cinema ) . Because they are aimed at small niche market audiences , they can rarely get the financial backing that will permit large production budgets , expensive special effects , costly celebrity actors , or huge advertising campaigns , as are used in widely released mainstream blockbuster films . Art film directors make up for these constraints by creating a different type of film , which typically uses lesser-known film actors ( or even amateur actors ) and modest sets to make films that focus much more on developing ideas or exploring new narrative techniques or film-making conventions .   A certain degree of experience and knowledge are required to fully understand or appreciate such films . One mid-1990s art film was called `` largely a cerebral experience '' that one enjoys `` because of what you know about film '' . This contrasts sharply with mainstream `` blockbuster '' films , which are geared more towards escapism and pure entertainment . For promotion , art films rely on the publicity generated from film critics ' reviews , discussion of their film by arts columnists , commentators and bloggers , and `` word-of-mouth '' promotion by audience members . Since art films have small initial investment costs , they only need to appeal to a small portion of the mainstream viewing audiences to become financially viable .

neg: An American Mosque __ NOTOC __  An American Mosque is a 2012 documentary produced by filmmaker David Washburn which first aired nationwide in the United States on July 11 , 2015 on PBS . It tells the story of the destruction by arson of a just-completed mosque , the Islamic Center of Yuba City , in rural California in 1994 . And it tells of its community and of its eventual rebuilding by Muslims joined by Sikhs , Mormons , other Christians and others of different faiths .   BeliefNet called it `` a poignant story of hope and solidarity , in spite of hate , '' and suggested it gives a `` raw , yet honest reflection of life as a Muslim in America . ''   The arson was the first hate-crime destroying a mosque in U.S. history . The Islamic Center had just been completed at an estimated cost of $ 1.8 million plus sweat equity of the Muslims of its rural community , including descendants of Pakistani who immigrated to the area 1902 . A fire marshal established that the blaze was started deliberately . Law enforcement reportedly were able to identify the probable perpetrator ( s ) of the crime but lacked sufficient evidence to name and prosecute them .   The incident , seven years before 9/11 , attracted relatively little attention at the time , and this is suggested to have contributed to the failure of law enforcement to solve the crime . The documentary includes interviews of Muslim members of the mosque , law enforcement officers , and others in the community 20 years later .   The replacement mosque was completed in 2000 .   IMDB describes the film succinctly as :   The film was to be screened and discussed at `` Neighbor to Neighbor '' , an East Bay partnership of Christian , Muslim and Jewish organizations , in an event including filmmaker Washburn . The artist promoting the event noted that Washburn considered gatherings like that to be important for being proactive rather than reactive : `` Although recent events like the terrorist killings in Paris and ongoing extremism by groups like ISIS , Boko Haram and al-Qaida cast dark shadows , Washburn said -LSB- by -RSB- reflecting on Islam in America , the focus of his documentary , the program will create a safe space where fears and frustrations can be shared . '' Washburn has elsewhere spoken of the timeliness of the film .   The film premiered on TV on PBS TV in New York City in June 2014 .

neg: Sunbather (album) Sunbather is the second studio album by the American metal band Deafheaven . After the release of their debut record Roads to Judah , the then two piece group consisting of George Clarke and Kerry McCoy began work on Sunbather under the label Deathwish and recorded in several days in January 2013 . The recording process brought a third member into the fold with drummer Dan Tracy who would go on to become a permanent fixture of the band . The album was recorded in The Atomic Garden Recording Studio , owned by Jack Shirley who had been a long time producer of the band .   Although Deafheaven had been strongly influenced by black metal as well as diverse other metal acts , their music drew comparisons from music critics to shoegaze , post-rock , and alternative rock sounds . This trend was further continued on Sunbather . The melancholic songs featured in the album include wall of sound arrangements that are found in many shoegazing and post-rock acts , producing dense sounds that sometimes breakdown into slower , melodic parts that are then topped with vocalist George Clarke 's reverb-soaked screaming style singing of lyrics . The album also contains a few interludes that include sampling , field recording , and droning .   Sunbather was released in June 2013 and received universal critical acclaim , with Metacritic acknowledging it as `` the best-reviewed major album '' of the year .

neg: Run for the Sun Run for the Sun is a 1956 Technicolor thriller adventure film released by United Artists , the third film to officially be based on Richard Connell 's classic suspense story , `` The Most Dangerous Game '' , after both RKO 's The Most Dangerous Game ( 1932 ) , and their remake , A Game of Death ( 1945 ) . This version stars Richard Widmark , Trevor Howard , and Jane Greer , and was directed by Ray Boulting from a script written by Boulting and Dudley Nichols . Connell was credited for his short story .   Howard is the wealthy reclusive man who enjoys hunting down human beings like wild game . In this adaptation , the expatriate Russian general is transformed into a British traitor hiding in the Mexican jungle with a fellow Nazi war criminal played by Peter van Eyck . Their prey are Widmark , portraying a Hemingway-like but reclusive novelist , and Greer , playing a journalist for a periodical resembling Life Magazine who has tracked down the novelist 's whereabouts .

neg: Film director A film director is a person who directs the making of a film . Generally , a film director controls a film 's artistic and dramatic aspects and visualizes the screenplay ( or script ) while guiding the technical crew and actors in the fulfillment of that vision . The director has a key role in choosing the cast members , production design , and the creative aspects of filmmaking . Under European Union law , the director is viewed as the author of the film .   The film director gives direction to the cast and crew and creates an overall vision through which a film eventually becomes realized , or noticed . Directors need to be able to mediate differences in creative visions and stay within the boundaries of the film 's budget . There are many pathways to becoming a film director . Some film directors started as screenwriters , cinematographers , film editors or actors . Other film directors have attended a film school . Directors use different approaches . Some outline a general plotline and let the actors improvise dialogue , while others control every aspect , and demand that the actors and crew follow instructions precisely . Some directors also write their own screenplays or collaborate on screenplays with long-standing writing partners . Some directors edit or appear in their films , or compose the music score for their films .

neg: The Endless Summer The Endless Summer is a seminal 1966 surf movie ( the initial release was in 1964 , world-wide release was 1966 ) .   Filmmaker/narrator Bruce Brown follows two surfers , Mike Hynson and Robert August , on a surfing trip around the world . Despite the balmy climate of their native California , cold ocean currents make local beaches inhospitable during the winter . They travel to the coasts of Australia , New Zealand , Tahiti , Hawaii , Senegal , Ghana , Nigeria and South Africa in a quest for new surf spots and introduce locals to the sport . Other important surfers of the time , such as Miki Dora , Phil Edwards and Butch Van Artsdalen also appear .   Its title comes from the idea , expressed at both the beginning and end of the film , that if one had enough time and money it would be possible to follow the summer up and down the world ( northern to southern hemisphere and back ) , making it endless . The concept of the film was born through the suggestion of a travel agent to Bruce Brown during the planning stages of the film . The travel agent suggested that the flight from Los Angeles to Cape Town , South Africa and back would cost $ 50 more than a trip circumnavigating the world . After which , Bruce came up with the idea of following the summer season by traveling up and down the world .   The narrative presentation eases from the stiff and formal documentary of the 1950s and early 1960s to a more casual and fun-loving personal style filled with sly humor . The surf rock soundtrack to the film was provided by The Sandals . The `` Theme to the Endless Summer '' was written by Gaston Georis and John Blakeley of the Sandals . It has become one of the best known film themes in the surf movie genre .   When the movie was first shown , it encouraged many surfers to go abroad , giving birth to the `` surf-and-travel '' culture , with prizes for finding `` uncrowded surf '' , meeting new people and riding the perfect wave . It also introduced the sport , which had become popular outside of Hawaii and the Polynesian Islands in places like California and Australia , to a broader audience . In addition , it set the style for later surf-and-travel movies , including Momentum , ( These Are ) Better Days , and Thicker Than Water .

neg: Sunstroke (disambiguation) Sunstroke or heat illness is a spectrum of disorders due to environmental heat exposure .   Sunstroke may also refer to :   Sunstroke ( comics ) , a Marvel Comics supervillain  Sunstroke ( 1953 film ) , a 1953 Danish film  Sunstroke ( 2014 film ) , a Russian film directed by Nikita Mikhalkov  SunStroke Project , a Moldovan musical group known for representing Moldova in Eurovision Song Contest 2010

neg: List of teen films Teen film is a film genre targeted at teenagers and young adults in which the plot is based upon the special interests of teenagers and young adults , such as coming of age , first love , rebellion , conflict with parents , teen angst , and alienation . Some of these films are targeted at adults as well as teenagers . Teen films have been a trope of the cinema industry for decades since the 1950s . At this time , the film industry saw a greater market for teens with more disposable income and therefore more money to spend on leisure activities , largely going to films . Because of the boom in teen viewers , drive-in movie theaters were also very popular . However , even the silent era had teen films . Recently , online streaming services such as Netflix have created a resurgence in the `` tween '' and teenage-oriented film .

neg: Combat Shock Combat Shock is a 1986 action war drama film written and directed by Buddy Giovinazzo and distributed by Troma Entertainment .   The plot of the film takes place in Staten Island , and follows an unemployed Vietnam veteran living in total poverty with his nagging wife , his deformed baby due to Ricky having been exposed to Agent Orange that the US was spraying as a defoliant over Vietnam , and junkie friends . Unable to get a job and surrounded by the depravity of urban life and crime , he begins to lose his grip on sanity .  The film received mixed reviews when it was released . Film Threat 's Christopher Curry praised the film for its gritty realism , and Troma president Lloyd Kaufman calls it one of the company 's true `` masterpieces '' ; however , shockcinemamagazine.com called it `` one of the ugliest , nastiest , most depressing movies of the decade '' ( though the review itself was a positive one ) , and Videohound described the film as `` relentlessly bleak ... you wo n't find a more depressing film outside an art-house cinema '' .   Tagline : Fighting , killing , maiming ... Agent Orange and the torture cages were the easy part !

neg: B movie A B movie is a low-budget commercial movie , but one that is not an arthouse film . In its original usage , during the Golden Age of Hollywood , the term more precisely identified films intended for distribution as the less-publicized bottom half of a double feature . Although the U.S. production of movies intended as second features largely ceased by the end of the 1950s , the term B movie continues to be used in the broader sense it maintains today . In its post -- Golden Age usage , there is ambiguity on both sides of the definition : on the one hand , the primary interest of many inexpensive exploitation films is prurient ; on the other , many B movies display a high degree of craft and aesthetic ingenuity .   In either usage , most B movies represent a particular genre -- the Western was a Golden Age B movie staple , while low-budget science-fiction and horror films became more popular in the 1950s . Early B movies were often part of series in which the star repeatedly played the same character . Almost always shorter than the top-billed films they were paired with , many had running times of 70 minutes or less . The term connoted a general perception that B movies were inferior to the more handsomely budgeted headliners ; individual B films were often ignored by critics .   Latter-day B movies still sometimes inspire multiple sequels , but series are less common . As the average running time of top-of-the-line films increased , so did that of B pictures . In its current usage , the term has somewhat contradictory connotations : it may signal an opinion that a certain movie is ( a ) a genre film with minimal artistic ambitions or ( b ) a lively , energetic film uninhibited by the constraints imposed on more expensive projects and unburdened by the conventions of putatively `` serious '' independent film . The term is also now used loosely to refer to some higher-budgeted , mainstream films with exploitation-style content , usually in genres traditionally associated with the B movie .   From their beginnings to the present day , B movies have provided opportunities both for those coming up in the profession and others whose careers are waning . Celebrated filmmakers such as Anthony Mann and Jonathan Demme learned their craft in B movies . They are where actors such as John Wayne and Jack Nicholson first became established , and they have provided work for former A movie actors , such as Vincent Price and Karen Black . Some actors , such as Bela Lugosi , Eddie Constantine and Pam Grier , worked in B movies for most of their careers . The term B actor is sometimes used to refer to a performer who finds work primarily or exclusively in B pictures .

neg: Blonde Cobra Blonde Cobra is a 1963 short film directed by experimental filmmaker Ken Jacobs . Footage for the unique and at the time controversial film was shot by Bob Flieshner . Marc Siegel in the book 1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die states that the 33 minute film is `` generally considered to be one of the masterpieces of the New York underground film scene , and that it is a `` fascinating audio-visual testament to the tragicomic performance of the inimitable Jack Smith '' , who was a photographer and filmmaker and `` queer muse '' in New York avant-garde art in the 1960s and 1970s .   The film captures Smith wearing dresses and makeup , playing with dolls , and smoking marijuana . Paul Arthur writes that the film contains `` dizzying quasi-autobiographical rants '' which spin on sadism , and that like Jacobs ' Little Stabs At Happiness , it contains `` languid improvisations studded with the bare bones of narrative incident or , more accurately , its collapse '' . The film contains Smith droning and singing and wildly cooing and cackling in parts of the film . The `` lonely little boy '' episode about a little boy living in a large house with 10 rooms has been cited as being `` potentially repugnant to many viewers '' because of its exploration of sadism against children and childhood sexuality . In this episode the narrator confesses to have `` blown up the penis '' of a 7-year-old boy with a match . The film contains numerous other elements which were shocking at the time of release such as references to necrophilia , the use of the word `` cunt '' , the confession of a nun ( impersonated in a posh high-pitched voice by Smith ) to lesbianism , the holding of a giant would-be dildo , and a portrayal of tranvestites . The film features quotes such as `` Why shave when I ca n't think of a reason for living '' and `` life is a sad business '' , quoting Greta Garbo . `` Let 's Call the Whole Thing Off '' is then played , described as a `` burlesque rendering '' of Robert Siodmak 's 1944 film Cobra Woman . The last scene captures Smith stabbing a man in the chest . Hilary Radner and Moya Luckett consider the film to be a camp portrayal of Rose Hobart .


query: A loss of supply affects prime ministers to the point of resignation.

pos: Loss of supply Loss of supply occurs where a government in a parliamentary democracy using the Westminster System or a system derived from it is denied a supply of treasury or exchequer funds , by whichever house or houses of parliament or head of state is constitutionally entitled to grant and deny supply . A defeat on a budgetary vote is one such way by which supply can be denied . Loss of supply is typically interpreted as indicating a loss of confidence in the government . Not all `` money bills '' are necessarily supply bills . For instance , in Australia , supply bills are defined as `` bills which are required by the Government to carry on its day-to-day business '' .   When a loss of supply occurs , a prime minister is generally required either by constitutional convention or by explicit constitutional instruction to either resign immediately or seek a parliamentary dissolution .   Some constitutions , however , do not allow the option of parliamentary dissolution but rather require the government to be dissolved or to resign .   A similar deadlock can occur within a presidential system , where it is also known as a budget crisis . In contrast to parliamentary systems , the failure of the legislature to authorize spending may not in all circumstances result in an election , because some such legislatures enjoy fixed terms and so can not be dissolved before a date of termination , which can result in a prolonged crisis .   A deadlock between a head of state and the legislative body can give rise and cause for a head of state to prematurely dismiss the elected government , requiring it to seek re-election . If a government maintains the support of a majority of legislators or the elected parliamentary representatives , the blocking of supply by a head of state would be seen as an abuse of authority and power . Many western countries have removed or restricted the right of a head of state to block supply or veto a government budget unless there is overwhelming justification and cause for such action .

neg: Dissolution of parliament In parliamentary and some semi-presidential systems , a dissolution of parliament is the dispersal of a legislature at the call of an election .   Usually a legislature in such a system must be dissolved on the expiration of a constitutionally specified term . Early dissolutions are allowed in many jurisdictions .

neg: 2008 Western Australian gas crisis The Western Australian gas crisis was a major disruption to natural gas supply in Western Australia , caused by the rupture of a corroded pipeline and subsequent explosion at a processing plant on Varanus Island , off the state 's north west coast on 3 June 2008 . The plant , operated by Apache Energy , which normally supplied a third of the state 's gas , was shut down for almost two months while a detailed engineering investigation and major repairs were carried out . Gas supply from the plant partially resumed in late August . By mid-October , gas production was running at two-thirds of normal capacity , with 85 % of full output restored by December 2008 .   In a state heavily reliant on continuous supply of gas for industrial processing , manufacturing , residential use and electricity generation , the sudden loss of almost 35 % of gas supply had immediate social impacts , and significant short and long-term economic effects . Many businesses were forced to curtail or cease operations , resulting in workers being stood down or forced to take annual leave , and the government requested that businesses and householders conserve energy usage . An emergency coordination committee of government and industry representatives rationed and redirected remaining gas supply sources . When many large gas users switched to diesel for power generation , the risk of a shortfall in transport fuel led to the federal government authorising the release of emergency fuel reserves stored at the Garden Island naval facility .   The incident raised significant public and political issues related to energy security , adequacy of existing infrastructure , contingency planning , and the role of regulatory agencies . The plant took three months to repair , although partial supplies were restored within six weeks of the explosion . A major investigation was launched by the National Offshore Petroleum Safety Authority ( NOPSA ) , with separate investigations conducted by the plant operator and several other government agencies . NOPSA 's report was published on 10 October 2008 , and confirmed early suggestions that the explosion was caused by structural failure of the export pipeline due to significant corrosion . A Senate Committee inquiry was established to investigate the economic impacts and the state government 's response to the crisis . The committee 's report was handed down on 3 December 2008 .

neg: Heath ministry Edward Heath , of the Conservative Party , formed the Heath ministry and became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom on 19 June 1970 , following the 18 June general election . Heath 's ministry ended after the February 1974 general election , which produced a hung parliament , leading to the formation of a minority government by Harold Wilson of the Labour Party .   Heath had been elected leader of the Conservative Party in 1965 to succeed Alec Douglas Home , within a few months of the party 's election defeat after 13 years in government . His first general election as leader the following year ended in defeat as Wilson 's Labour government increased its majority . The Conservatives enjoyed a surge in support over the next two years as the British economy went through a period of fluctuation being growth and contraction , with unemployment rising significantly , but when Harold Wilson called a general election for June 1970 , the opinion polls all pointed towards a third successive Labour victory . It was a major surprise when the Conservatives won with a majority of 30 seats .   The government of Edward Heath initially enjoyed a strong economy and relatively low unemployment , and by 1973 Britain had entered the European Economic Community . But then came the 1973 oil crisis , and just before Christmas , Heath declared a `` three day week '' in which the use of offices , factories and most public buildings was reduced to three days a week . He also faced a battle with the unions over pay freezes and restraints , which sparked a rise in strikes . The economy also entered a recession .   Heath 's response in February 1974 was to call a general election , urging the voters to decide whether it was the government or the unions which ran Britain . The election on 28 February 1974 resulted in a hung parliament , in which the Tories had the most votes but Labour had the most seats . After talks with the Liberals about forming a coalition government failed , Labour formed a minority government on 4 March . A second general election was widely anticipated later in 1974 , and was called by Harold Wilson for 10 October , in which the Labour Party gained a three-seat majority . This meant that Wilson had now won four of the five general elections he had contested , while Heath had now lost three of his four general elections , and it seemed inevitable that his leadership would soon end .

neg: 1922 in the United Kingdom The social and political problems of most prominence in the United Kingdom in 1922 showed a further departure from those that chiefly occupied public attention during World War I , and the country had by then almost returned to its normal condition . Prices continued to fall during the early part of the year , but very slowly as compared with the previous decline , and in the latter half of the year the fall ceased almost entirely , prices becoming comparatively stabilized at about 80 % above the level of July 1914 . Labour problems , which occupied so much attention during and after the war , were less constantly in the public eye . The principle of inevitable reductions in wages had been accepted by the working classes as a whole , and there were few strikes on a large scale , the worst being that in the engineering trade . Unemployment continued to be very great , but it was recognized that little more could be done by government measures for its alleviation , and the subject was much less prominent in the political world than it had been in the previous year . A further indication of the return to normal conditions was in the gradual decay of the coalition government . The combination of parties brought about in the presence of a common danger no longer worked in peacetime . Very early in the year signs of disintegration became manifest in the coalition . On several occasions the two wings threatened to fall apart , but the government was successfully held together by the personality of Prime Minister David Lloyd George until the last quarter of the year , when the internal dissensions of many months reached a bursting-point , and the coalition collapsed .   Irish affairs occupied an important place in politics throughout the year . 1922 saw the establishment of the Irish Free State in the south and west of the island .

neg: Chief Ministers in Malaysia In Malaysia , the Menteri Besar ( Jawi : منتري بسر ; literally `` First Minister '' ) is the head of government of each of nine states in Malaysia with hereditary rulers . For four states without a monarch , the title Chief Minister ( Ketua Menteri ) is used . The title ` Menteri Besar ' is usually untranslated in the English media in Malaysia , but is typically translated as ` Chief Minister ' by foreign media . According to protocol , all Menteris Besar and Chief Ministers are styled Yang Amat Berhormat ( abbreviated YAB ) , which means `` The Most Honourable '' .   The nine hereditary rulers of the Malay states and the appointed governors of the other four states serve as constitutional and ceremonial heads of their states , with the state executive authority rests with the Menteris Besar and Chief Ministers . Following elections to the state legislative assembly , the Ruler or Governor usually invites the party ( or coalition ) with a majority of seats to form the state government . The Ruler or Governor appoints and swears in the Menteris Besar or Chief Ministers , whose executive council ( except Sabah and Sarawak which known as Cabinet ) are collectively responsible to the assembly . Based on the Westminster system , given that he retains the confidence of the assembly , the Menteri 's Besar or Chief Minister 's term can last for the length of the assembly 's life -- a maximum of five years . There are no limits to the number of terms that the Menteri Besar or Chief Minister can serve .

neg: Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston Henry John Temple , 3rd Viscount Palmerston , ( 20 October 1784 -- 18 October 1865 ) was a British statesman who served twice as Prime Minister in the mid-19th century . For most of 1830 to 1865 he dominated British foreign policy when Britain was at the height of her power . Popularly nicknamed `` Pam '' and `` The Mongoose '' , he was in government office almost continuously from 1807 until his death in 1865 , beginning his parliamentary career as a Tory , switching to the Whigs in 1830 , and concluding it as the first Prime Minister of the newly-formed Liberal Party from 1859 .   He succeeded to his father 's Irish peerage in 1802 . He became a Tory MP in 1807 , and was made Secretary at War in 1809 , responsible for the finances of the army . He held the job until 1828 , entering the cabinet in 1827 when George Canning became Prime Minister . Less than a year later he resigned with other Canningites .   In opposition he switched his focus to foreign policy , and he was Foreign Secretary ( 1830-4 , 1835 -- 41 and 1846 -- 51 ) when the Whigs were in power , dealing with a succession of crises in Europe and beyond . Some of his aggressive actions , now sometimes termed liberal interventionist , were highly controversial at the time , and remain so today . In 1852 he became Home Secretary in Aberdeen 's coalition government , the Peelites having insisted on Russell getting the Foreign Office . He passed various social reforms but opposed electoral ones . When public discontent over the Crimean War brought the government down in 1855 , Palmerston was found to be , despite the Queen 's distrust of him , the only Prime Minister who could sustain a majority in Parliament . He had two periods in office , 1855 -- 1858 and 1859 -- 1865 , before dying at almost 81 , a few months after winning a general election with an increased majority . He remains , to date , the last Prime Minister to die in office .   Historians consider him one of the greatest foreign secretaries , for his handling of great crises , his commitment to the balance of power that made Britain the deciding voice in many controversies , his analytic skills , and his commitment to British interests . His policies regarding India , Italy , Belgium and Spain had long-term impact , while his policies toward France , the Ottoman Empire , and the United States proved more ephemeral . He was a master of public opinion , achieved by stroking British nationalism . His weaknesses include mishandling of personal relations , and long-standing disagreements with the Queen over the royal role in determining foreign policy .   Palmerston built a strong popular following among the British electorate , by promoting himself , British nationalism , and a sense of patriotism . He assiduously fostered the press , which gave him very favourable coverage . Queen Victoria and most of the political leadership distrusted him , but his popular strength prevailed .

neg: Water privatisation in Jakarta Water privatisation in Jakarta began when the British water company Thames Water entered into an agreement with the son of then-President Suharto in 1993 to obtain a water concession . Under the influence of the French water company Suez , however , the government decided to split the city 's service area between the two companies . The government awarded Thames Water and Suez each a concession for one half of the city without competitive bidding . The contracts foresaw water charge increases that would allow the companies to earn a comfortable 22 percent rate of return . However , only two months after the contracts were signed , the Indonesian rupiah massively lost in value due to the East Asian financial crisis , and President Suharto was toppled . The concessions survived , but the government imposed a tariff freeze and the contracts had to be renegotiated to reduce their targets . In 2006 Suez sold half and Thames Water all its shares to Indonesian investors .   The main targets of the concession were to increase service coverage from an initial 46 percent and to reduce water losses from 61 percent . The original target of the concessions was to reach 75 percent service coverage in 2008 and 100 percent at the end of the concession . They also aimed to reduce water losses to 25 percent by 2008 and 20 percent by the end of the concession . These targets were substantially loosened during the renegotiations : The new 2008 targets were 68 percent for service coverage and 42 percent for water losses . In 2008 service coverage reached only 64 percent and water losses were reduced to only 50 percent . During the same period , water tariffs increased threefold . This increase was partly due to increases in the cost of electricity and bulk water purchases which are passed through by the private companies to the customers .   On 24 March 2015 the Central Jakarta District Court ruled the privatisation of Jakarta 's water was illegal and ordered the return of the water system to public control . The court noted that the private operators were `` negligent in fulfilling the human right to water for Jakarta 's residents . '' The government of Indonesia and the private operators lodged an appeal against the court decision . The government , which wants to attract private infrastructure investment , has not made any preparations to buy back the concessions , which remain in place pending a final court decision .

neg: Inflation In economics , inflation is a sustained increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy over a period of time .  When the price level rises , each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services ; consequently , inflation reflects a reduction in the purchasing power per unit of money a loss of real value in the medium of exchange and unit of account within the economy . A chief measure of price inflation is the inflation rate , the annualized percentage change in a general price index , usually the consumer price index , over time . The opposite of inflation is deflation .   Inflation affects economies in various positive and negative ways . The negative effects of inflation include an increase in the opportunity cost of holding money , uncertainty over future inflation which may discourage investment and savings , and if inflation were rapid enough , shortages of goods as consumers begin hoarding out of concern that prices will increase in the future . Positive effects include reducing the real burden of public and private debt , keeping nominal interest rates above zero so that central banks can adjust interest rates to stabilize the economy , and reducing unemployment due to nominal wage rigidity .   Economists generally believe that high rates of inflation and hyperinflation are caused by an excessive growth of the money supply . Views on which factors determine low to moderate rates of inflation are more varied . Low or moderate inflation may be attributed to fluctuations in real demand for goods and services , or changes in available supplies such as during scarcities . However , the consensus view is that a long sustained period of inflation is caused by money supply growing faster than the rate of economic growth .   Today , most economists favor a low and steady rate of inflation . Low ( as opposed to zero or negative ) inflation reduces the severity of economic recessions by enabling the labor market to adjust more quickly in a downturn , and reduces the risk that a liquidity trap prevents monetary policy from stabilizing the economy . The task of keeping the rate of inflation low and stable is usually given to monetary authorities . Generally , these monetary authorities are the central banks that control monetary policy through the setting of interest rates , through open market operations , and through the setting of banking reserve requirements .

neg: Postmaster General of the United Kingdom The Postmaster General of the United Kingdom was a Cabinet-level ministerial position in HM Government . Aside from maintaining the postal system , the Telegraph Act of 1868 established the Postmaster General 's right to exclusively maintain electric telegraphs . This would subsequently extend to telecommunications and broadcasting .   The office was abolished in 1969 by the Post Office Act 1969 . A replacement public authority governed by a chairman was established under the name of the `` Post Office ( that part subsumed by Royal Mail ) '' . The position of `` Postmaster General '' was , with reduced powers , replaced with `` Minister of Posts and Telecommunications '' ; since which most such regulation instead has been delegated to the Secretary of State for Culture , Media and Sport however the present-day Royal Mail Group was overseen by the Secretary of State for Business , Innovation and Skills prior to flotation .

neg: Prime Minister of India The Prime Minister of India ( Hindi : भारत के प्रधानमन्त्री , Bhārat kē Pradhānamantrī ) is the head of government and leader of the executive branch of the Government of India . The Prime Minister is also the chief adviser to the President of India and head of the Council of Ministers . They can be a member of any of the two houses of Parliament ( the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha ) , but has to be the leader of the political party , having a majority in the Lok Sabha .   The Prime Minister is the senior member of cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system . The Prime Minister selects and can dismiss other members of the cabinet ; allocates posts to members within the Government ; is the presiding member and chairman of the cabinet .   The federal or union cabinet headed by the Prime Minister is appointed by the President of India to assist the latter in the administration of the affairs of the executive . Union cabinet is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha as per Article 75 ( 3 ) . The Prime Minister shall always enjoy the confidence of Lok Sabha and shall resign if they are unable to prove majority when instructed by the President .

neg: 2012 British cabinet reshuffle British prime minister David Cameron conducted the first major reshuffle of his coalition government on 4 September 2012 . The reshuffle , nearly two and a half years after the government was sworn in , was highly anticipated , and eschewed the trend of annual reshuffles which had become common under the governments of the 1990s and 2000s . As a result , many ministers had been in place not just since the government was elected in 2010 , but had covered the portfolio in Cameron 's shadow cabinet or even earlier ; Andrew Lansley had covered the health brief since 2004 , when Michael Howard led the Conservatives in opposition .   Despite this , Cameron 's room to manoeuvre was limited by his coalition agreement with Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg 's Liberal Democrats , which guaranteed the minority party seats in government , and Clegg the right to select his ministers . Further , Cameron 's personal aversion to reshuffles and belief that ministers were most effective when given time at a department led to him viewing many cabinet members , including the holders of the Great Offices of State , as immovable .   The reshuffle , which was criticised by the opposition for resulting in a cabinet with only four female members out of twenty-two , ultimately shifted Cameron 's government significantly to the right on business , justice , and the environment , and rid the government of perceived weaknesses , while maintaining stability at the top . In an official statement , Number 10 stated that the impetus for the reshuffle was the fact that after more than two years , the government was `` at the delivery phase '' and that ministers had `` been appointed with that in mind '' .

neg: Greek bailout referendum, 2015 A referendum to decide whether Greece was to accept the bailout conditions in the country 's government-debt crisis proposed jointly by the European Commission ( EC ) , the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) and the European Central Bank ( ECB ) on 25 June 2015 , took place on 5 July 2015 . The referendum was announced by Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras in the early morning of 27 June 2015 , and ratified the following day by the Parliament and the President . It was the first referendum to be held since the republic referendum of 1974 , and the only one in modern Greek history not to concern the form of government .   As a result of the referendum , the bailout conditions were rejected by a majority of over 61 % to 39 % approving , with the `` No '' vote winning in all of Greece 's regions . The referendum results also forced the immediate resignation of New Democracy leader Antonis Samaras as party president because of the perceived negative result of the `` Yes '' choice , to which the conservative party and Samaras had committed themselves .

neg: Figurehead In politics , a figurehead is a person who holds de jure ( in name or by law ) an important title or office ( often supremely powerful ) , yet de facto ( in reality ) executes little actual power . The metaphor derives from the carved figurehead at the prow of a sailing ship . Commonly cited figureheads include Queen Elizabeth II , who is Queen of sixteen Commonwealth realms and head of the Commonwealth , but has no power over the nations in which she is not head of state and does not exercise power in her own realms on her own initiative . Other figureheads are the Emperor of Japan , the King of Sweden , or presidents in majority of parliamentary republics , such as the President of India , President of Israel , President of Bangladesh , President of Greece , President of Germany , President of Pakistan , and President of China ( when not simultaneously holding the CPC General Secretary and Chairman of CMC posts ) .   During the crisis of the March on Rome in 1922 , King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy , though a figurehead , played a key role in handing power to Benito Mussolini . More than 20 years later , the same King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy played a key role in the dismissal of Benito Mussolini in 1943 .  Since the abolition of monarchy in Italy and the establishment of a republic in 1946 , the Italian President assumed most of the ceremonial functions of the previous kings ; however , the Italian President retains large powers in appointing a prime minister of his choice when in parliament there 's no clear majority government , creating a so-called `` president 's cabinet '' ( a technocratic cabinet ) . For example , the former Prime Minister of Italy , Sen Mario Monti , was appointed by the Italian President Giorgio Napolitano as a lifetime-senator and then as Prime Minister of the country , not after a new election . Italian President 's powers and influence are so much stronger is the weaker political parties ' leadership . This system is called `` accordion '' .   Conversely , King Juan Carlos I of Spain , also largely considered a figurehead , had in 1981 a key role in defending the newborn Spanish democracy and foiling the attempted coup d'état , known as `` 23-F '' .

neg: Deflation In economics , deflation is a decrease in the general price level of goods and services . Deflation occurs when the inflation rate falls below 0 % ( a negative inflation rate ) . Inflation reduces the real value of money over time ; conversely , deflation increases the real value of money the currency of a national or regional economy . This allows one to buy more goods and services than before with the same amount of money .   Economists generally believe that deflation is a problem in a modern economy because it may increase the real value of debt , especially if the deflation was unexpected . Deflation may also aggravate recessions and lead to a deflationary spiral .   Deflation is distinct from disinflation , a slow-down in the inflation rate , i.e. when inflation declines to a lower rate but is still positive .

neg: Israeli prime ministerial election, 2001 Elections for Prime Minister were held in Israel on 6 February 2001 following the resignation of the incumbent , Labour 's Ehud Barak . Barak stood for re-election against Likud 's Ariel Sharon .   It was the third and last Prime Ministerial election ( separate elections were scrapped before the next Knesset elections in 2003 ) , and the only one which was not held alongside simultaneous Knesset elections .   Voter turnout was 62.3 % , the lowest turnout for any national election held in Israel . The low turnout was at least partially due to many Israeli Arabs boycotting the poll in protest at the October 2000 events in which 12 Israeli Arabs were killed by the police . Other possible reasons are Sharon 's massive advantage in advance polls , and the lack of enthusiasm of Barak supporters due to his perceived failings , notably , the failure of the 2000 Camp David talks with the Palestinians , and the `` turbine affair '' in which Barak yielded to the religious parties ' pressure , violating previous promises .

neg: Cabinet of Barbados The Cabinet , formally Her Majesty 's Barbados Ministers , are individuals of Barbados which execute the duties of the Government of Barbados .   Under a Westminster system of governance , these powers are vested nominally in Elizabeth II , Queen of Barbados ( represented by the Governor-General ) , but are exercised in practice by a Cabinet of Ministers , presided over by the Prime Minister . The Prime Minister is formally appointed by the Governor-General : the Governor-General must appoint as Prime Minister someone who can control a majority of votes in the House of Assembly . In practice , this is normally the leader of the largest political party or coalition in the house . If there is no clear majority in the House of Assembly , however , the Governor-General 's role becomes more important : he or she must assume the role of arbitrator and open negotiations with the leaders of the various political parties , in the hope of finding someone whom a majority will accept as Prime Minister . In the event of that failing to take place , the Governor-General must dissolve the House of Assembly and call an early election .

neg: Technological unemployment Technological unemployment is the loss of jobs caused by technological change . Such change typically includes the introduction of labour-saving `` mechanical-muscle '' machines or more efficient `` mechanical-mind '' processes ( automation ) . Just as horses employed as prime movers were gradually made obsolete by the automobile , humans ' jobs have also been affected throughout modern history . Historical examples include artisan weavers reduced to poverty after the introduction of mechanised looms . During World War II , Alan Turing 's Bombe machine compressed and decoded thousands of man-years worth of encrypted data in a matter of hours . A contemporary example of technological unemployment is the displacement of retail cashiers by self-service tills .   That technological change can cause short-term job losses is widely accepted . The view that it can lead to lasting increases in unemployment has long been controversial . Participants in the technological unemployment debates can be broadly divided into optimists and pessimists . Optimists agree that innovation may be disruptive to jobs in the short term , yet hold that various compensation effects ensure there is never a long-term negative impact on jobs . Whereas pessimists contend that at least in some circumstances , new technologies can lead to a lasting decline in the total number of workers in employment . The phrase `` technological unemployment '' was popularised by John Maynard Keynes in the 1930s . Yet the issue of machines displacing human labour has been discussed since at least Aristotle 's time .   Prior to the 18th century both the elite and common people would generally take the pessimistic view on technological unemployment , at least in cases where the issue arose . Due to generally low unemployment in much of pre-modern history , the topic was rarely a prominent concern . In the 18th century fears over the impact of machinery on jobs intensified with the growth of mass unemployment , especially in Great Britain which was then at the forefront of the Industrial Revolution . Yet some economic thinkers began to argue against these fears , claiming that overall innovation would not have negative effects on jobs . These arguments were formalised in the early 19th century by the classical economists . During the second half of the 19th century , it became increasingly apparent that technological progress was benefiting all sections of society , including the working class . Concerns over the negative impact of innovation diminished . The term `` Luddite fallacy '' was coined to describe the thinking that innovation would have lasting harmful effects on employment .   The view that technology is unlikely to lead to long term unemployment has been repeatedly challenged by a minority of economists . In the early 1800s these included Ricardo himself . There were dozens of economists warning about technological unemployment during brief intensifications of the debate that spiked in the 1930s and 1960s . Especially in Europe , there were further warnings in the closing two decades of the twentieth century , as commentators noted an enduring rise in unemployment suffered by many industrialised nations since the 1970s . Yet a clear majority of both professional economists and the interested general public held the optimistic view through most of the 20th century .   In the second decade of the 21st century , a number of studies have been released suggesting that technological unemployment may be increasing worldwide . Further increases are forecast for the years to come . While many economists and commentators still argue such fears are unfounded , as was widely accepted for most of the previous two centuries , concern over technological unemployment is growing once again . A report in Wired in 2017 quotes knowledgeable people such as economist Gene Sperling and management professor Andrew McAfee on the idea that handling existing and impending job loss to automation is a `` significant issue '' . Regarding a recent claim by a political appointee that automation is not `` going to have any kind of big effect on the economy for the next 50 or 100 years , '' says McAfee , `` I do n't talk to anyone in the field who believes that . '' Innovations like Watson have the potential to render humans obsolete with the professional , white-collar , low-skilled , creative fields , and other `` mental jobs '' .

neg: Post–World War II demobilization strikes Post -- World War II demobilization strikes occurred within Allied military forces stationed across the Middle East , India and South-East Asia in the months and years following World War II . American military personnel based in occupied Germany were holding mass parades for speedier demobilization and in the Philippines formed soldiers committees and went on demonstrations calling for a return home . In India , thousands of Royal Air Force servicemen pushed for demobilization and went on strike citing grievances over conditions of work such as deaths in high temperatures in Cawnpore ( station : 322 MU Cawnpore ) and overcrowding at RAF Jodhpur . A ` Forces Parliament ' was set up - effectively a workers ' council , but was dissolved before the issues came to a head . The issue was a major subject of debate in the British Parliament . At one point Prime Minister Clement Attlee was presented with a petition by India-stationed servicemen that stated :   `` We have done the job we joined up to do . Now we want to get back home , both for personal reasons and because we think it is by work that we can best help Britain . No indication has been given of when we will see our families again . Is it because the government wishes to talk tough with other powers ? ''   Some brigades in India were disbanded as they were viewed as `` politically unreliable '' suggesting that in event of being used to put down disturbances they would have refused .   The Conservatives demanded to know whether the new Labour government thought there was any difference between a strike and a mutiny . Some ` agitators ' or strike leaders were jailed , but public pressure through MPs led to their early release or reduction in sentences .

neg: Rare disasters A rare disaster is an economic collapse that is infrequent and large in magnitude , having a negative effect on an economy . Rare disasters are important because they provide an explanation of the equity premium puzzle , the behavior of interest rates , and other economic phenomena .   The parameters for a rare disaster are a substantial drop in GDP and at least a 10 % decrease in consumption . Examples include financial disasters : the Great Depression and the 1997 Asian financial crisis ; wars : World War I , World War II , and regional conflicts ; epidemics : influenza outbreaks and the Asian Flu ; weather events ; and earthquakes and tsunamis ; however , any event that has a substantial impact on GDP and consumption could be considered a rare disaster .   The idea was first proposed by Rietz in 1988 , as a way to explain the equity premium puzzle . Since then , other economists have added to and strengthened the idea with evidence , but many economists are still skeptical of the theory .

neg: 1895 vote of no confidence in the government of Lord Rosebery The vote of no confidence against the government of the Earl of Rosebery of 21 June 1895 , also known as the Cordite vote , was the occasion on which the Liberal Government of the Earl of Rosebery was defeated in a vote of censure by the House of Commons . The motion was to reduce the salary of the Secretary of State for War as a censure over deficient supply of cordite to the Army , and when it was passed the Secretary of State Henry Campbell Bannerman offered his resignation . As Campbell Bannerman was the most popular Minister in a Government which was suffering internal division and whose members had grown tired of office , the Government chose to interpret the issue as one involving confidence in the Government and therefore resigned . The incoming Conservative government soon sought a dissolution of Parliament and won the ensuing general election . The vote is the last time in the History of the British Parliament that a government has been defeated on a confidence motion when it had a workable majority .