query: Chris Froome's parents are people.

pos: Chris Froome Christopher Clive Froome , ( born 20 May 1985 ) is a British professional road racing cyclist for UCI ProTeam , who competed for Kenya until 2008 . A three-time winner of the Tour de France , and three-time runner-up in the Vuelta a España , he is seen as one of the most successful stage-racing riders of the recent era . Froome , who was brought up in Kenya and South Africa , has ridden under a British licence since 2008 on the basis that both his parents are British .   In 2007 , at the age of 22 , Froome turned professional with Team Konica Minolta . He moved to Europe to further his career , joining team . In 2010 , he moved to and has become one of the team 's key cyclists . Froome made his breakthrough as a Grand Tour contender during the 2011 Vuelta a España where he finished second overall .   At the 2012 Tour de France , riding as a super-domestique for Bradley Wiggins , Froome won stage seven and finished second overall , behind only Wiggins in the same race as the best British performance in the race 's history . In the same year , he also won the bronze medal in the time trial event at the Olympic Games and finished fourth in the Vuelta a España . His first multi-stage race win came in 2013 , in the Tour of Oman , followed by wins in the Critérium International , the Tour de Romandie , the Critérium du Dauphiné , and the Tour de France .   As a defending champion , he began 2014 by again winning the Tour of Oman , followed by a repeat victory in the Tour de Romandie . After retiring from the 2014 Tour de France , he came back to place second in the Vuelta a España . In 2015 , he won his second Critérium du Dauphiné and his second Tour de France . In 2016 , he won a third Tour title , and became the first man since Miguel Indurain in 1995 to defend his title .

neg: Kate O'Toole (actress) Kate Eurwen O'Toole ( born 26 February 1960 in Stratford-upon-Avon , Warwickshire ) is an English-actress . She is the daughter of actors Peter O'Toole and Siân Phillips .

neg: Richard Yarde Richard Yarde ( 1939 -- 2011 ) was an American artist who specialized in watercolor painting . He worked on oil paintings , then switched to watercolors in 1977 and received almost immediate critical acclaim for his works that drew upon themes of African-American history , Yarde 's own family history , and his struggle with kidney failure and strokes .   Yarde taught art at Boston University , Wellesley College , Amherst College , the Massachusetts College of Art , Mount Holyoke College , the University of Massachusetts at Boston . From 1990-2011 , he was a professor of art at University of Massachusetts at Amherst .   Yarde often improvised , sometimes while listening to jazz . Several of his works were unusually large for a watercolorist , 10 by 10 feet or larger . His work defies the fact that watercolor paintings should be small , charming renderings of landscapes or flowers . Yarde 's paintings are monumental in scale that express poignant personal themes , he expressed these themes using a medium that has traditionally been described as translucent and temporal .   Richard Yarde 's parents were immigrants . His father worked as a machinist and his mother was a seamstress . He recalled this as a source of inspiration , saying `` There were patterns everywhere . '' Healing was a recurring theme in his works and he drew on the images from his own x-ray scans .

neg: Chris Chris is a short form of various names including Christopher , Christian , Christina , Christine , and Christos . Unlike these names , however , it does not indicate the person 's gender although it is much more common for males to have this name than it is for females due to the increased popularity of Chrissy and Christy among younger females . Chris is also used as a name in its own right , although it is not as common .   It is the preferred form of the full name of such notable individuals as Chris Tucker and Chris Penn. . To find an article about one of these people , see List of all pages beginning with `` Chris '' .   The word is also part of phrases , including Tropical Storm Chris , Ruth 's Chris Steak House , and many more which refer to notable people , places , and things . For a list of these , see .

neg: Marshall Eugene DeWolfe Marshall Eugene DeWolfe ( September 22 , 1880 -- January 1 , 1915 ) was the only child of future First Lady Florence Harding ( then , Florence Kling ) and her first husband , Henry Athenton `` Pete '' DeWolfe ( 4 March 1859 - 8 March 1894 ) . Born in Galion , Crawford County , Ohio , young DeWolfe was primarily raised by his mother ; his father was a chronic alcoholic who was absent from the home for days at a time .   Those doing research on the Hardings , including John Dean and Robert Ferrell among others , have never been able to find documentary proof of a regular marriage between Kling and DeWolfe , leading some people to conclude it was a common law marriage -- a form of irregular marriage contracted by habit and repute , which was not abolished in Ohio until 1991 . The marriage between Kling and DeWolfe is otherwise attested by the papers from their divorce proceeding , which are on file in Marion County Ohio . It is also possible that they had a regular marriage and the officiant who solemnized it simply failed to return the marriage certificate to the county , or the county clerk 's office subsequently lost it .   A record of the issuance of a marriage license was printed in The Marion Star on January 31 , 1880 ; and the January 27 , 1880 edition of the same paper refers to a marriage having occurred at Columbus on January 22 , 1880 . The documentary proof of a regular marriage is the marriage certificate , which is completed by the solemnizing officiant and returned to the county clerk for recordation . The marriage certificate usually comprises the lower part of the same document as the marriage license , so if the certificate gets lost on its way to the county clerk the license will be lost along with it .   Following the divorce of his parents , young Marshall was raised by his grandparents , Amos Hall Kling and Louisa `` Louise '' Mabel ( Bouton ) Kling , while his mother lived independently and earned an income as a piano teacher in Marion , Ohio . As part of the agreement with her father , Florence would not have a role in her own son 's upbringing . Throughout his life , Marshall used either his Kling or DeWolfe surname .   Florence Kling DeWolfe married newspaper publisher Warren G. Harding in 1891 . However , Marshall remained under his grandfather 's control and roof . While a room was set aside for him in the Harding home , Marshall never felt at home under his mother 's roof , and never comfortable under his grandfather 's strict control .   DeWolfe studied journalism at the University of Michigan from 1899 to 1903 . While attending Michigan , he played football as a quarterback on the Michigan Wolverines all-freshman football team in 1899 .   DeWolfe aspired to be a newspaperman like his stepfather Warren G. Harding . By all accounts , his relationship with Harding was closer than the relationship that he had with his mother . After his graduation from Marion High School , DeWolfe was given a job at the Marion Daily Star . DeWolfe eventually purchased a struggling newspaper in Colorado , moving there with his young family . The venture was unsuccessful , as was a later farming attempt , due in part to his problem with alcoholism .   Marshall Kling DeWolfe died of the effects of alcoholism and tuberculosis in Colorado on January 1 , 1915 , at the age of 34 . His death , the return of his body to Marion and his funeral were events that were not known in the community . He is buried in an unmarked grave in the DeWolfe family plot in Marion Cemetery .   Marshall Eugene DeWolfe married Esther Naomi Neely . Their son , George Warren DeWolfe ( 1914-1968 ) , and daughter , Eugenia DeWolfe ( 1911-1978 ) , were the principal heirs to the estate left by their grandmother , Florence Harding , following her death on November 21 , 1924 .   When Warren G. Harding ran for President in 1920 , his wife skilfully bluffed reporters into believing that she had been a widow , not a divorcee , when they married . When she duly became First Lady , her ex-husband and son were forbidden topics at the White House and in the press .

neg: Larry R. Williams Larry Richard Williams ( born October 6 , 1942 ) is an American author , stock and commodity trader , and politician from the state of Montana . He is the father of four-time Academy Award and one-time Tony Award nominee actress Michelle Williams .

neg: Noah Fleiss Noah Fleiss ( born April 16 , 1984 ) is an American film and television actor . He was born in White Plains , New York . He is known for his role as Chris in the video game Until Dawn .   Fleiss 's great uncle is Professor Joseph L. Fleiss , and he is a distant relative of Dr. Paul Fleiss , Mike Fleiss , and Heidi Fleiss .

neg: Micheal Flaherty (educator) Micheal Flaherty is the co-founder and president of Walden Media , a production company which focuses on films that entertain and educate . Through Walden , he has developed educational materials and programs that incite enthusiasm in the classroom and connect learning to entertainment .   Prior to founding Walden Media in 2001 , Flaherty designed innovative curricula in the Boston Public School System , which captured national attention from The Wall Street Journal and The Boston Globe . He designed the curriculum and taught for the Steppingstone Magnet Program for students in the worst public school cluster in Boston . As a result of his curriculum , the percentage of minority students in the troubled school district who gained admissions to Boston 's elite exam schools increased by more than 1000 % .   As an author , Flaherty has been published in National Review , The Boston Business Journal and American Spectator . He also worked as a speechwriter for William Bulger , former President of the Massachusetts Senate , and Tom Reilly , the Massachusetts Attorney General . Flaherty is a graduate of Tufts University .   Flaherty lives in Lexington , Massachusetts with his wife , whom he married in October 1999 , and their three children , whom he homeschools . He is an evangelical Christian .

neg: Chris Myers Christopher Patrick `` Chris '' Myers ( born March 28 , 1959 ) is an American sportscaster . A native of Miami , FL with more than 20 years in broadcasting , he has covered premiere events , including the Super Bowl , World Series , NBA Finals , NCAA Final Four , The Masters and U.S. Open ( golf ) , Triple Crown , the Olympics , and the Daytona 500 .

neg: Frank Kelly Francis O'Kelly ( 28 December 1938 -- 28 February 2016 ) , better known by his stage name of Frank Kelly , was an Irish actor , singer and writer , whose career covered television , radio , theatre , music , screenwriting and film . He played Father Jack Hackett in the Channel Four sitcom Father Ted , and was also the son of the cartoonist Charles E. Kelly .

neg: Mistaken Identity: Two Families, One Survivor, Unwavering Hope Mistaken Identity : Two Families , One Survivor , Unwavering Hope is a best-selling non-fiction book describing an incident in which the identities of two young female casualties were confused after a vehicle crash . It was published by Howard Books on March 25 , 2008 . The book lists its authors as Don and Susie van Ryn ; Newell , Colleen and Whitney Cerak ; and Mark Tabb ; the former the parents of Laura van Ryn ( the woman believed to have survived the crash but actually deceased ) and the latter the parents of Whitney Cerak , initially declared deceased in the crash but later found to have survived . Mark Tabb is a former pastor whom The New York Times described as `` the go-to guy when a collaborator is needed on books with spiritual themes . ''   Both the identity mix-up and the book 's release received worldwide media attention : was the subject of a two-hour episode of Dateline NBC , a program of The Oprah Winfrey Show , and a segment featured on The Today Show . The book was ranked 1st place for two weeks on the adult non-fiction New York Times Best Seller list in 2008 . The incident prompted the states of Michigan and Indiana to pursue legislation concerning stricter guidelines in the process of identification of bodies by coroners .   On April 26 , 2006 , a Taylor University van carrying nine students and staff members collided with a tractor-trailer being driven by Robert F. Spencer on Interstate 69 in Indiana . Five people riding in the van died at the crash scene : Elizabeth Smith , Laurel Erb , Bradley Larson , and Monica Felver , and a young blonde woman the coroner identified as Whitney Cerak . A similar looking woman who survived but was unable to communicate was identified as Laura van Ryn . For several weeks , the van Ryn family kept a bedside vigil over the patient they believed to be their daughter . However , into five weeks of hospitalization the identity of the surviving woman began to be questioned . She was found to be Whitney Cerak , not Laura van Ryn .   Some physical similarities existed between the two women but the severity of the injuries , which included severe head trauma and the immediate inability to communicate led local government officials to mis-identify the casualties , the hospital to carry through with the unfortunate action and caused both families to respond in a manner appropriate to the situation of each casualty : Cerak was taken care of by the van Ryn family in the belief that she was their daughter . Meanwhile , Laura was interred in a marked grave at a funeral with 1400 people in attendance . Five weeks passed before incidents arose that caused suspicion about identity : she made comments about things and people that were inconsistent with facts pertaining to Laura ; and a university roommate also reported some physical discrepancies . `` Laura '' confirmed that it was ` Whitney Cerak ' that had survived when asked by hospital staff to write down the patient 's name , which was then confirmed by dental records . The tragic mix-up appeared to have been caused by the similarities of appearance of Cerak and van Ryn , and the confusion at the crash scene . Neither family spoke publicly about the incident for nearly two years .   During the Dateline interview , it was noted that the van Ryn family suspected for several days something was amiss with the patient before the concerns were shared with the hospital staff : the van Ryn family noticed the patient 's teeth ; navel piercing ( which van Ryn did not have ) ; the patient called herself Whitney ( not Laura ) when she emerged from the coma ; the patient accused `` her '' parents of being `` false parents '' ; and the patient told `` her '' sister their parent 's names were Newell and Colleen . The van Ryns said that their duplicity in sustaining the misidentification for a month was reinforced by reassurance by the hospital staff of the patient 's identity and the distress of the situation .

neg: Jean Carle Jean Carle ( born 16 July 1962 ) is a Canadian former civil servant , business executive and Liberal Party operative noted for his close relationship with former Prime Minister Jean Chrétien . Carle was described by Maclean 's in 1998 as being so close to Chrétien as to be almost a member of the Chrétien family .   Carle was born in Montreal , Quebec , Canada , the son of Robert and Gervaise ( née Loignon ) and was educated successively at Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf , Collège André-Grasset and the Université de Montréal . Carle served one of the vice-presidents of the Liberal Party in 1983-84 , as president of the Quebec wing of the Young Liberals in 1984-85 and as an aide to Chrétien between 1984-1986 . In 1984 , Carle had supported John Turner against Chrétien , but when Chrétien asked him at a meeting why he had supported an Anglo against a fellow Québécois , leading a guilt-stricken Carle to defect over to the Chrétien camp . Chrétien soon grew fond of Carle , and hired him on as an assistant . On February 27 , 1986 , Carle attended the meeting between Chrétien and John Turner when Chrétien resigned , leading Carle to break down in tears .   Starting in 1986 , Carle worked as a public affairs consultant with MediaProfile , and served as the public affairs director for BCP Advertising between 1987-89 . When Carle was short of money in the 1980s , Chrétien allowed Carle to live rent-free in his basement at his Ottawa house . On 7 October 1989 , he married Marie Elizabeth Thorne and has two children . Starting in 1990 , Carle resumed his career as Chrétien 's special executive assistant following his patron 's return to politics when he became leader of the Liberal Party . Carle was so close to Chrétien that he was widely seen within the Liberal Party as Chrétien 's `` surrogate son '' . When Chrétien became prime minister , he appointed Carle to be his director of operations at the Prime Minister 's Office , a post that Carle held until he retired from the PMO in February 1998 .   As the director of operations at the PMO Carle was described as very efficient to the point that one Liberal complained that Carle gave the impression that he was working in a dictatorship rather than a democracy . In 1997 , Carle was named Commander of the Victorian Order by Elizabeth II . During his time at the PMO , Carle was responsible for organizing the security for the November 1997 APEC summit in Vancouver that saw the RCMP crush demonstrators protesting against human rights abuses in China and Indonesia . On 7 August 2001 , a report was issued by Judge Ted Hughes , which cleared Chrétien of wrongdoing at the APEC summit , but stated that Carle had improperly pressured the RCMP to attack the protesters . Judge Hughes accused Carle of `` throwing his weight around '' and attempting to interfere with security arrangements . Hughes concluded that the RCMP had used excessive force that was in violation of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms .   After leaving the PMO in 1998 , Carle took up a post as vice-president responsible for corporate affairs at the Business Development Bank of Canada ( BDBC ) . Patrick Lavelle , the chairman of the Business Development Bank , tried to block Carle 's appointment on the grounds that he was unsuitable for the post , but after a meeting with Carle 's patron Chrétien , felt he had `` no choice '' , but to accept Carle . Carle played a role in the Sponsorship scandal . Carle admitted to the Gomery Commission in 2005 that he had created a $ 125 , 000 phoney paper trail to hide a sponsorship deal while at the BDBC . Carle transferred money from the Public Works Department through the BDBC to a Montreal TV producer so that the public would not learn the federal government had spent $ 125,000 dollars on the TV series Le Canada Millennaire . When Justice John Gomery asked Carle that `` If this were a drug deal , it would be called money-laundering '' , to which Carle replied `` You 're not wrong '' . Carle argued that his actions were justified because : `` I felt it was a benefit for the bank to get an extra $ 125,000 in advertising without having to pay its own money , I did not do this in bad faith . We were kind of a transmission belt . '' In September 2001 , Carle became chief of operations at the Just for Laughs comedy festival in Montreal , which received a doubling of federal sponsorship money by the Public Works ministry headed by Alfonso Gagliano , and then what the journalist Lawrence Martin called a highly unusual retroactive grant of $ 100,000 . In April 2002 , Carle left his post at the Just for Laughs festival for `` personal reasons '' .   Besides attracting controversy for his role in the sponsorship scandal , Carle was also involved in the Grand-Mère Affair . Carle was involved in the firing of François Beaudoin , president of the BDBC , in 1999 after he attempted to call in the loan to the Grand-Mère Inn . Beaudoin sued for wrongful dismissal following his sacking . In February 2004 , Beaudoin won his wrongful dismissal suit against the Business Development Bank of Canada . Justice Andre Denis ruled in favor of Beaudoin 's claim that he was fired for political reasons in 1999 for trying to call in the loan on the Grand-Mère Inn , ruled that Carle was guilty of making false criminal and civil charges of wrongdoing against Beaudoin to discredit him for suing the bank , accused Carle of committing perjury during the trial and declared given the `` unspeakable injustice '' Beaudoin had suffered , told the government not to appeal his ruling because they would be wasting taxpayers ' money if they did . In March 2004 , Carle was named as someone involved in the sponsorship scandal . Charles Guité claimed in 2004 that he regularly met with Carle when the latter was chief of operations at the PMO together with Jean Pelletier , Chrétien 's chief of staff , to discuss what events to spend sponsorship money on , and how much . During the Gomery commission hearings in 2005 , Lucienne Robillard testified that she was very surprised that Carle had been put in charge of Treasury Board policies on communication , public opinion polls and advertising , saying such a job was not normally performed by `` political staff '' from the PMO such as Carle . In his report on responsibility for the sponsorship scandal , Justice Gomery ruled that Guité 's claim that he received his instructions from Pelletier and Carle was indeed the truth , and Carle in 1995 had helped Jean Brault of Groupaction advertising firm get in touch with Guité . During the 2008 election , Stéphane Dion told the media that Carle had some sort of role with the Liberal campaign , through he himself was not entirely sure what it was , only to have that statement denied later the same day by one of his aides , Nancy Girard .

neg: Chris Robinson (singer) Christopher Mark `` Chris '' Robinson ( born December 20 , 1966 ) is an American musician . He was the singer of the rock and roll band The Black Crowes and brother of its guitarist Rich Robinson .

neg: Barrel children Barrel children are children who are abandoned or `` left behind '' by their parents who are seeking a better life abroad .   Dr. Claudette Crawford-Brown , the University of the West Indies academic who first described the phenomenon of barrel children , defines `` barrel children '' as those children who , while waiting in the Caribbean to migrate to their parents in the metropoles of North America and the United Kingdom , receive material resources in the form of food and clothing in lieu of direct care . Dr. Crawford-Brown , in her publication Who will save our children : The plight of the Jamaican child in the nineties , showed that these children have surrogate parents who are often unable to give them the emotional support and nurturance that they need , most of these children may be instead raised by grandparents or close relatives .   The impact on these children of this type of neglect includes a range of emotional and behavioural problems including run-away behaviour , withdrawal , depression , and , in some cases , acting-out behaviour . The Trinidad and Tobago News said that for `` barrel children the psychological scars have been great and have been troubling factors unto the second , third and fourth generations . ''   The Wellcome Trust discussed barrel children in an article focusing on violence in the Caribbean while it was the title and subject of a short film by Cara Elmslie Weir about a Trinidadian family split by migration , the parents `` sending barrels full of material goods '' from the U.S.A. to their children in Trinidad .   UNICEF in Jamaica agreed that `` Migration of parents who seek more lucrative employment abroad has had a negative impact on Jamaican children . Some children are left in the care of strangers , neighbours or even older siblings who are still children . These so-called `` barrel children '' are left without parental guidance or adult supervision and with access to significant material resources in the form of cash remittances and barrels of clothing and toys sent by absentee parents . ''   It has also been discussed in Caribbean Studies Journals , conferences on the Caribbean , the Trinidad Guardian and Trinidad Newsday . Discussing absent parents The Trinidad Guardian noted that `` At holiday time , they ship their barrels of love , disguised as brand-name sneakers and clothing , believing that these would make their children happy and make up for them being not around . But the fact remains that children are deprived of the real love of their parents . ''   An article published in Newsweek by Brook Larmar entitled the `` Barrel Children '' dramatised the problem in its effects on one particular family . `` The cardboard barrel has been sitting empty in Marsha Flowers 's backyard for more than a month now , but the Jamaican teenager hangs onto it as though it were a sacred totem . And in a way , it is . Five years after her mother immigrated to the United States , leaving Marsha and two sisters to fend for themselves in a Kingston slum , the barrel is one of the few tangible signs of her mother 's love - and of her own frustrated desires . ''   Blogs also exist highlighting the experiences of barrel children . Memories of a Caribbean Barrel Child was created by Dr. Anthony Salandy ( a native of Trinidad and Tobago ) to shed light of the experiences and outcomes associated with being a barrel child .

neg: Chris Morton Christopher John ( Chris ) Morton , MBE ( born 22 July 1956 ) is a former motorcycle speedway rider . He rode bikes from a young age at the farm of Peter Collins ' parents .

neg: Phoenix Media/Communications Group Phoenix Media/Communications Group is an American , Boston , Massachusetts-based corporation with several publishing and broadcasting interests . which includes the Portland Phoenix of Maine . It had published The Boston Phoenix and Stuff magazine , both of which went out of business in 2013 , and the Providence Phoenix until its shutdown in 2014 . In addition the paper owned radio station WFNX based in Lynn , MA , from 1983 until 2012 when it was sold to Clear Channel and is now country music station WBWL ( the WFNX call letters are now on a station in Athol , MA ) .   The Boston Phoenix has its origins in an alternative newsweekly started in 1966 . In 1972 , its absorbed Cambridge Phoenix , a rival publication , and the company has used the `` Phoenix '' name ever since . In 1998 , the company acquiring the NewPaper in Rhode Island and re-christened that publication Providence Phoenix in 1993 . In September 1999 , the paper extended its reach into Maine and southern New Hampshire with the publication of the Portland Phoenix .   The sports and magazine division publishes the official yearbooks for the Boston Celtics , the Boston Bruins , and the Boston Marathon , in addition to program guides for the Tweeter Center for the Performing Arts , and the Bank of America Pavilion summer music series .   Through its Tele-publishing , Inc. , subsidiary , Phoenix Media owns People2People.com , the world 's largest provider of voice personals to the publishing industry and claims it is the web 's most advanced online personals site .   Phoenix Media owns MassWeb Printing , an offset printing facility which prints many of its own product plus many other regional newspapers .

neg: Family Research Institute The Family Research Institute ( FRI ) , originally known as the Institute for the Scientific Investigation of Sexuality ( ISIS ) , is an American non-profit organization based in Colorado Springs , Colorado which states that it has '' ... one overriding mission : to generate empirical research on issues that threaten the traditional family , particularly homosexuality , AIDS , sexual social policy , and drug abuse '' . The FRI is part of a movement of organizations , often faith-based ( sometimes called the Christian right ) , which seek to influence the political debate in the United States . They seek '' ... to restore a world where marriage is upheld and honored , where children are nurtured and protected , and where homosexuality is not taught and accepted , but instead is discouraged and rejected at every level . '' The Boston Globe reported that the FRI 's 2005 budget was less than $ 200,000 .   The FRI is run by Paul Cameron , who earned a doctorate in psychology at the University of Colorado at Boulder in 1966 . Cameron founded the Institute for the Scientific Investigation of Sexuality in 1982 , and this institute later became the FRI. .   The Family Research Institute is designated an anti-gay hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center because of Cameron 's discredited research and claims about LGBT people .

neg: Soleil Moon Frye Soleil Moon Frye ( -LSB- soʊˈleɪ -RSB- born August 6 , 1976 ) is an American actress , director and screenwriter . She began her career as a child actor at the age of 2 . When she was 7 years old , Frye won the role of Penelope `` Punky '' Brewster in the sitcom Punky Brewster . The series , which debuted on NBC in September 1984 , earned consistently low ratings but the Punky character was a hit with young children . After NBC canceled the series , it was picked up for the syndication market where it aired for an additional two seasons ending in 1988 .   After the series ended , Frye continued her career in guest spots on television and supporting roles in films . She attended The New School during the late 1990s , and directed her first film , Wild Horses in 1998 . In 2000 , she joined the cast of Sabrina the Teenage Witch as Roxie King , Sabrina Spellman 's ( Melissa Joan Hart ) roommate and close friend . Frye remained with the series until its end in April 2003 . She has since continued her acting career working mainly as a voice actor .   In 1998 , Frye married producer Jason Goldberg , with whom she has four children . She has since opened an organic specialty clothing shop for children , The Little Seed , in Los Angeles . She also hosts a blog and web series which focus on child rearing and women 's issues . In 2011 , Frye released her first book Happy Chaos : From Punky to Parenting and My Perfectly Imperfect Adventures in Between .  Frye is currently the host of Home Made Simple on the Oprah Winfrey Network .

neg: Cate Edwards Catharine Elizabeth `` Cate '' Edwards ( born March 4 , 1982 ) is an American attorney . Edwards is the daughter of former Senator ( D-NC ) John Edwards and Elizabeth Edwards . She gave eulogies after her brother Wade 's death and after her mother Elizabeth 's death . She frequently spoke for the family during her mother 's final days and upon her death , and was widely admired as the public face of the family during these events .

neg: Deana Martin Deana Martin ( born August 19 , 1948 ) is an American singer , actress , author , performer and daughter of well-known entertainer , Dean Martin .

neg: Chris Orbach Christopher Ben `` Chris '' Orbach ( born November 11 , 1968 ) is an actor , singer-songwriter , and voice actor who is the youngest son of late Law & Order star Jerry Orbach and his first wife , Marta Curro .


query: Shueisha is a publisher headquartered in Maine.

pos: Shueisha is a Japanese book and video game publisher headquartered in Chiyoda , Tokyo , Japan . The company was founded in 1925 as the entertainment-related publishing division of Japanese publisher Shogakukan . The following year , Shueisha became a separate , independent company .   Magazines published by Shueisha include Weekly Shōnen Jump , Weekly Young Jump , Non-no and Ultra Jump . Shueisha , along with Shogakukan , owns VIZ Media , which publishes manga from all three companies in North America .

neg: Remaindered book Remaindered books or remainders are printed books that are no longer selling well and whose remaining unsold copies are liquidated by the publisher at greatly reduced prices . While the publisher may take a net loss on the sales of these books , they are able to recover at least some of their sunken costs on the sale and clear out space in the warehouses .   Copies of remaindered books may be marked by the publisher , distributor , or bookseller to prevent them from being returned . `` Remainder marks '' have varied over the years , but today most remainders are marked with a stroke with a felt-tipped marker across the top or bottom of the book 's pages , near the spine .   Only hardcovers and trade paperbacks ( paperback books , often larger than `` pocket '' paperbacks , sold `` to the trade '' or directly to sales outlets ) are typically remaindered . Mass market paperbacks ( `` pocket '' paperback books sold through a third-party distributor ) usually become stripped books rather than remaindered books . A book that might retail for $ 20 will typically be purchased by someone specializing in remainders for $ 1 and resold for approximately $ 5 .

neg: List of Fist of the North Star chapters The manga Hokuto no Ken ( known as Fist of the North Star in its English editions ) by Buronson and Tetsuo Hara was originally published by Shueisha in the magazine Weekly Shonen Jump from 1983 to 1988 , and the series was subsequently reprinted in 27 collected editions ( tankōbon ) under the Jump Comics imprint . During the 1990s , Shueisha reprinted Hokuto no Ken in 15 hardcover aizōban editions , as well as 15 corresponding economy-sized bunko editions .   After Tetsuo Hara left Shueisha , other companies started reprinting the manga under license from Hara 's new employer Coamix . A 31-volume tankōbon was published by Shinchosha under the Bunch World imprint from 2001 to 2002 , followed by a 12-volume conbini comic edition published by Tokuma Shoten under the Tokuma Favorite Comics imprint in 2004 . A 14-volume Kanzenban edition was published by Shogakukan in 2006 under the Big Comics Selection imprint , featuring the original water-colored artwork and opening pages from the Weekly Shōnen Jump serialization . It has also been released in 27-volume e-book edition .   In 2013 , the kyūkyokuban or `` Extreme Edition '' began publication by Tokuma Shoten under the `` Zenon Comics DX '' imprint . This 18-volume edition , in addition to featuring all the pages from both , the tankōbon and kanzenban edition , has new cover artwork by Tetsuo Hara himself for each volume , as well as a new 30th anniversary-themed chapter titled Hokuto no Ken : Last Piece , which is included in Volume 11 .   Viz Communications published the first sixteen chapters of Fist of the North Star in English as an eight-issue monthly comic in 1989 , which were later reprinted in a single graphic novel collection in 1995 . During that same year , Viz resumed publication of the series as a monthly comic until 1997 , lasting eighteen issues ( spanning chapters 17-44 ) , which were subsequently reprinted in three additional graphic novels . The license was later acquired by Gutsoon ! Entertainment , which published a new translation of the series in the form of a `` Master Edition '' featuring newly colorized artwork and retained the original right-to-left orientation of the art , as well as new cover artwork by Tetsuo Hara from the fourth volume and onward . Fist of the North Star : Master Edition was published from 2002 to 2003 , lasting only nine volumes , due to Gutsoon ! 's withdrawal from the North American market .

neg: The Earl and the Fairy is a completed series of light novels written by Mizue Tani and published in Japan by Shueisha . The story is serialized in Cobalt magazine and illustrated by Asako Takaboshi ( Ayuko ) .   Shueisha has commercially released two drama CDs and a manga adaptation has begun serialization in The Margaret since the September issue in 2008 .   An anime adaptation was broadcast from September to December 2008 . A visual novel for the PlayStation 2 was released on April 30 , 2009 .

neg: Hankook Ilbo Media Group The Hankook Ilbo Media Group is a South Korean publishing company with headquarters in Seoul , South Korea , founded in 1954 by Chang Key-young . It is the publisher of Hankook Ilbo , The Korea Times , Seoul Economic Daily , Sports Hankook , Children 's Hankook Ilbo , Weekly Hankook and The Korea Times in North America . Hankook Ilbo also publishes Korean editions of Fortune Korea , Popular Science , Golf Magazine and is Bloomberg TV 's content partner .

neg: Kashi-hon is a Japanese phrase for books and magazines that are rented out . Kashi-hon ya refers to the book rental service it was based on , also just simply called kashi-hon .   Kashi-hon was introduced in Japan in the Edo period ( 1603 -- 1868 ) because books were too expensive for common people to buy , and therefore people would prefer borrowing over buying . Some `` librarians '' would travel around in order to increase their clientele and make more money .   The kashi-hon market exploded after World War II all over Japan . People of both genders and all ages rented books , manga , and monthly magazines . However , when libraries were built nationwide and publishers started to print more copies of their books and magazines so they could be sold for lower prices in the mid-1950s , the number of kashi-hon decreased dramatically . In modern Japan there are only a few kashi-hon stores left , and the market is very small .   Kashi-hon is called `` zu shu dian '' in Chinese . In Taiwan , it is a store that buys the books and rents them to customers to get the profit . Usually , the books in kashi-hon are comics , novels , and magazines . Besides renting books , some stores help customers to order books and also provide VCD or DVD for renting .   Category : Book rental  Category : Books by type

neg: Shin-yo-sha is a publishing company based in Tokyo , Japan . Founded in 1969 , it specializes in academic publishing , especially in philosophy , psychology , and related areas . Their publications include Japanese translations of Donald Norman 's 1988 work The Psychology of Everyday Things , Thomas Gilovich 's 1991 work How we know what is n't so , and Gerald Edelman 's 1992 work Bright Air , Brilliant Fire : On the Matter of the Mind .   The head office is located at 2 -- 10 Kanda Jimbocho , Chiyoda-ku , Tokyo . The present chief executive officer is Akira Shioura .   Category : Book publishing companies in Tokyo

neg: MediaCommons MediaCommons is an in-development all-electronic scholarly publishing network in media studies , being created in partnership with the Institute for the Future of the Book and with the support of New York University and the National Endowment for the Humanities .   MediaCommons established its first presence on the web in November 2006 with a now-defunct development site named `` making MediaCommons , '' and opened its current web site in March 2007 . The first project established on MediaCommons was In Media Res , an ongoing feature in which notable scholars in media studies present and comment upon brief , timely videoclips , aiming to promote dialogue between scholars and the broader public about the significance of media representations and forms .   MediaCommons claims among its goals a transformation in scholarly publishing , suggesting that the network `` will not simply shift the locus of publishing from print to screen , but will actually transform what it means to ` publish , ' allowing the author , the publisher , and the reader all to make the process of such discourse just as visible as its product . '' The network promises to speed up the processes of publishing , but also to shift the focus of scholarly publishing back to communication amongst scholars . For this reason , the editors describe MediaCommons as a `` scholarly network '' rather than an electronic journal or press .   MediaCommons is also an experiment in reimagining the processes of peer review in the humanities , opening up the process to public debate and discussion , and using both web-based metrics and commentary to create a process of `` peer-to-peer review . '' The backbone of this system is a social networking system currently being built by the NYU Digital Library Technology Services .   MediaCommons has thus far published two commentable papers , one on the future of scholarly publishing , and the other on CommentPress , the WordPress theme developed by the Institute for the Future of the Book that allows for paragraph-by-paragraph commenting on lengthy documents .   The co-coordinating editors of MediaCommons are Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Avi Santo , and the project draws on the support of an editorial board of scholars from across the digital humanities .

neg: Houbunsha is a Japanese publishing company founded on July 10 , 1950 .

neg: Gutsoon! Entertainment Gutsoon ! Entertainment , Inc. is a now defunct publisher of English translated manga . The company , headquartered in Encino , Los Angeles , served as the US subsidiary of Coamix , which was founded by Nobuhiko Horie and manga artist Tsukasa Hojo . The company published the English manga anthology Raijin Comics , a U.S. equivalent to the Japanese Weekly Comic Bunch and published many of the same titles ( Fist of the Blue Sky and City Hunter ) , as well titles from other magazines such as the Japanese Weekly Shōnen Jump . Raijin Comics began as a weekly magazine with its first issue ( dated December 18 , 2002 ) , but switched to being a monthly publication beginning with its 36th issue ( dated September 2003 ) . Gutsoon ! also published a companion magazine to Raijin Comics , titled Raijin Game & Anime ( originally called Fujin Magazine ) , which lasted only 20 issues before being merged into the pages of Raijin Comics . The collected volumes of Raijin Comics titles were published under the Raijin Graphic Novels imprint . Raijin Comics also has a mascot called `` Raijin Maru '' . Before the company 's fall they were also planning to make a shōjo manga magazine called Smile Magazine .   On March 15 , 2004 , Gutsoon ! announced that they will be placing their Rajin Comics brand on hiatus . Raijin Comics ceased publication with its July 2004 issue ( issue # 46 ) and the Raijin Graphic Novels line was subsequently cancelled as well .

neg: Hanakun to Koisuru Watashi is an ongoing Japanese slice of life romance shōjo manga series written and illustrated by Fuyu Kumaoka . Published by Kodansha , it 's serialized on Bessatsu Friend magazine and has been compiled into ten volumes so far .

neg: Shūmei Shūmei ( 襲名 , `` name succession '' ) are grand naming ceremonies held in kabuki theatre . Most often , a number of actors will participate in a single ceremony , taking on new stage-names .   These stagenames , most often those of the actor 's father , grandfather , or teacher , are passed down between generations of actors ' lineages , and hold great honor and importance . Many names are associated with certain roles or acting styles , and the new possessor of each name must live up to these expectations ; there is the feeling almost of the actor not only taking a name , but embodying the spirit , style , or skill of each actor to previously hold that name . Many actors will go through at least three names over the course of their career , their participation in a shūmei representing their passage into a new chapter of their performing career .   The shūmei usually is followed by a performance significant to the actors ' new names ; these might involve larger parts , a new play , or roles traditional for actors with those names . For example , the stagename of Ichikawa Danjūrō is strongly associated with the role of the hero in the Shibaraku scene . Many of the twelve men to be called Ichikawa Danjūrō have excelled at this role , and so upon becoming the next Ichikawa Danjūrō , an actor may perform that role , which he never would have as a younger , less experienced actor with a different stagename .

neg: Hamster Corporation is a Japanese video game publisher , with office located in Setagaya , Tokyo , Japan . The game division of Toshiba-EMI Limited spun off HAMSTER Corporation in November 1999 .   In PlayStation Store of Japan , 120 or more titles is distributed to Arcade Archives , and very many titles are sold . HAMSTER Corporation acquired the rights of Nihon Bussan 's video games in March 2014 and the rights of UPL 's video games in May 2016 .

neg: Shanghai Century Publishing Group Shanghai Century Publishing ( Group ) Co. , Ltd is a publishing company based in Shanghai , China .

neg: Arcadia Publishing Arcadia Publishing is an American publisher of local history .

neg: Weekly Shōnen Sunday is a weekly shōnen manga magazine published in Japan by Shogakukan since March 1959 . Contrary to its title , Weekly Shōnen Sunday issues are released on Wednesdays .

neg: Hurst and Blackett Hurst and Blackett was a publisher founded in 1852 by Henry Blackett ( May 26 , 1825 - March 7 , 1871 ) , the grandson of a London shipbuilder , and Daniel William Stow Hurst ( February 17 , 1802 - July 6 , 1870 ) . Shortly after the formation of their partnership Hurst and Blackett took over the business of the long established publisher Henry Colburn , for whom Daniel Hurst had worked for some years , and their earliest publications displayed `` Successors to Henry Colburn '' on the title pages . This was subsequently replaced by the epithet `` Publishers since 1812 '' , probably in reference to the date when Henry Colburn had commenced publishing .   Four of Henry Blackett 's sons became publishers . Hurst and Blackett were located on Great Marlborough Street , where Henry Colburn had maintained his premises , and later at Paternoster House , Paternoster Row , London and had offices in New York and Melbourne . They were taken over by Hutchinson , which later became part of Random House .

neg: Phoenix Media/Communications Group Phoenix Media/Communications Group is an American , Boston , Massachusetts-based corporation with several publishing and broadcasting interests . which includes the Portland Phoenix of Maine . It had published The Boston Phoenix and Stuff magazine , both of which went out of business in 2013 , and the Providence Phoenix until its shutdown in 2014 . In addition the paper owned radio station WFNX based in Lynn , MA , from 1983 until 2012 when it was sold to Clear Channel and is now country music station WBWL ( the WFNX call letters are now on a station in Athol , MA ) .   The Boston Phoenix has its origins in an alternative newsweekly started in 1966 . In 1972 , its absorbed Cambridge Phoenix , a rival publication , and the company has used the `` Phoenix '' name ever since . In 1998 , the company acquiring the NewPaper in Rhode Island and re-christened that publication Providence Phoenix in 1993 . In September 1999 , the paper extended its reach into Maine and southern New Hampshire with the publication of the Portland Phoenix .   The sports and magazine division publishes the official yearbooks for the Boston Celtics , the Boston Bruins , and the Boston Marathon , in addition to program guides for the Tweeter Center for the Performing Arts , and the Bank of America Pavilion summer music series .   Through its Tele-publishing , Inc. , subsidiary , Phoenix Media owns People2People.com , the world 's largest provider of voice personals to the publishing industry and claims it is the web 's most advanced online personals site .   Phoenix Media owns MassWeb Printing , an offset printing facility which prints many of its own product plus many other regional newspapers .

neg: Wakan Sansai Zue The is an illustrated Japanese leishu encyclopedia published in 1712 in the Edo period . It consists of 105 volumes in 81 books . Its compiler was Terashima or Terajima , a doctor from Osaka . It describes and illustrates various activities of daily life , such as carpentry and fishing , as well as plants and animals , and constellations . As seen from the title of the book ( 和 ( wa ) , which means Japan and ( 漢 ( kan ) , which means China ) , Terajima 's idea was based on a Chinese encyclopedia , specifically the Ming work Sancai Tuhui ( `` Pictorial ... '' or `` Illustrated Compendium of the Three Powers '' ) by Wang Qi ( 1607 ) , known in Japan as the . Reproductions of the Wakan Sansai Zue are still in print in Japan .

neg: Maine State Employees Association The Maine State Employees Association is a public sector labor union in the U.S. state of Maine . It has been part of the Service Employees International Union ( SEIU Local 1989 ) since 1988 , though it formed earlier . Its newspaper is called the Maine Stater

neg: Weekly Shōnen Jump is a weekly shōnen manga anthology published in Japan by Shueisha under the Jump line of magazines . It is the best-selling manga magazine , as well as one of the longest-running ; the first issue was released with a cover date of August 1 , 1968 . The manga series within the magazine target young male readers and tend to consist of a large number of action scenes and a fair amount of comedy . The chapters of series that run in Weekly Shōnen Jump are collected and published in tankōbon volumes under the `` Jump Comics '' imprint every two to three months .   The mid-1980s to the mid-1990s represents the era when the magazine 's circulation was at its highest ( 6.53 million ) . However , since then it has experienced a drastic decline and had a circulation of 1.9 million copies in early-2017 .   Weekly Shōnen Jump has two sister magazines called Jump SQ , created after the fall of Monthly Shōnen Jump , and Saikyō Jump . The magazine has also had several international counterparts , including the current North American Weekly Shonen Jump .


query: Friendship has been studied in academic disciplines like anthropology.

pos: Friendship Friendship is a relationship of mutual affection between people . Friendship is a stronger form of interpersonal bond than an association . Friendship has been studied in academic fields such as communication , sociology , social psychology , anthropology , and philosophy . Various academic theories of friendship have been proposed , including social exchange theory , equity theory , relational dialectics , and attachment styles . A World Happiness Database study found that people with close friendships are happier .   Although there are many forms of friendship , some of which may vary from place to place , certain characteristics are present in many types of bond . Such characteristics include affection ; sympathy ; empathy ; honesty ; altruism ; mutual understanding and compassion ; enjoyment of each other 's company ; trust ; and the ability to be oneself , express one 's feelings , and make mistakes without fear of judgment from the friend .   While there is no practical limit on what types of people can form a friendship , friends tend to share common backgrounds , occupations , or interests and have similar demographics .

neg: Comparative history Comparative history is the comparison of different societies which existed during the same time period or shared similar cultural conditions .   The comparative history of societies emerged as an important specialty among intellectuals in the Enlightenment in the 18th century , as typified by Montesquieu , Voltaire , Adam Smith , and others . Sociologists and economists in the 19th century often explored comparative history , as exemplified by Alexis de Tocqueville , Karl Marx , and Max Weber .   In the first half of the 20th century , a large reading public followed the comparative histories of ( German ) Oswald Spengler , ( Russian-American ) Pitirim Sorokin , and ( British ) Arnold J. Toynbee . Since the 1950s , however , comparative history has faded from the public view , and is now the domain of specialized scholars working independently .   Besides the people mentioned above , recent exemplars of comparative history include American historians Herbert E. Bolton and Carroll Quigley , and British historian Geoffrey Barraclough . Several sociologists are also prominent in this field , including Barrington Moore , S. N. Eisenstadt , Seymour Martin Lipset , Charles Tilly , and Michael Mann .   Historians generally accept the comparison of particular institutions ( banking , women 's rights , ethnic identities ) in different societies , but since the hostile reaction to Toynbee in the 1950s , generally do not pay much attention to sweeping comparative studies that cover wide swaths of the world over many centuries .

neg: Leisure studies Leisure studies is a branch of the social sciences that focuses on understanding and analyzing leisure . Recreation and tourism are common topics of leisure research .   The National Recreation and Park Association is the national organization in the United States for leisure studies , and offers accreditation to many universities to offer courses of study ( degree programs ) in leisure studies .   The Journal of Leisure Research and Journal of Park and Recreation Administration are some scholarly US academic journals of leisure studies .   Leisure studies is a strong major for individuals who value working with a wide variety of people including children , the elderly , and the disabled . Those pursuing this major will often be in situations where they have to motivate others , so it is important that they are creative , hard-working , in good health , and possess leadership skills .

neg: Bromance A bromance is a close , emotionally intense , non-sexual bond between two men . It is an exceptionally tight affectional , homosocial male bonding relationship exceeding that of usual friendship , and is distinguished by a particularly high level of emotional intimacy . The emergence of the concept since the beginning of the 21st century has been seen as reflecting a change in societal perception and interest in the theme , with an increasing openness of society in the twenty-first century to reconsider gender , sexuality , and exclusivity constraints .

neg: Harvard Department of Social Relations The Department of Social Relations for Interdisciplinary Social Science Studies , more commonly known as the `` Department of Social Relations '' was an interdisciplinary collaboration among three of the social science departments at Harvard University ( anthropology , psychology , and sociology ) beginning in 1946 . Originally , the program was headquartered in Emerson Hall at Harvard before moving to William James Hall in 1965 . While the name `` Social Relations '' is often associated with the program 's long-time chair and guiding spirit , sociologist Talcott Parsons , many major figures of mid-20th-century social science also numbered among the program 's faculty , including psychologists Gordon Allport ( personality and motivation ) , Jerome Bruner ( cognitive psychology and narrative analysis ) , Roger Brown ( social psychology and psycholinguistics ) , and Henry Murray ( personality ) ; anthropologists Clyde and Florence Kluckhohn ( value orientations ) , John and Beatrice Whiting ( cross-cultural child development ) , Evon Z. Vogt ( comparative religion ) ; and sociologist Alex Inkeles ( Soviet studies and national character ) . Many of its graduate students also went on to be major figures in U.S. social sciences during the latter part of the twentieth century ; their work tends towards strong interdisciplinary and cross-disciplinary approaches .   Allport and Boring discussed the origins of the department 's name in the April 1946 issue of the American Psychologist :  While -LSB- academic -RSB- departmental lines have remained rigid , there has been developing during the last decade , a synthesis of socio-cultural and psychological sciences which is widely recognized within the academic world in spite of the fact that there is no commonly accepted name to designate the synthesis . We propose that Harvard adopt , and thus help establish , the term Social Relations to characterize the emerging discipline which deals not only with the body of fact and theory traditionally recognized as the subject matter of sociology , but also with that portion of psychological science that treats the individual within the social system , and that portion of anthropological science that is particularly relevant to the social and cultural patterns of literate societies .   Social Relations sponsored or collaborated in a number of research studies characterized by explicit cross-cultural comparisons and multidisciplinary approaches to problems of policy or social theory . Major projects included the Six Cultures Study ( headed by John and Beatrice Whiting , an anthropological study of child development in six different cultures , including a New England Baptist community ; a Philippine barrio ; an Okinawan village ; an Indian village in Mexico ; a northern Indian caste group ; and a rural tribal group in Kenya ) ; a multidisciplinary analysis of Soviet culture and society , published in part as How the Soviet System Works ; and the Comparative Study of Values in Five Cultures during the 1950s , which examined five very different communities living in the same region of Texas : Zuni , Navajo , Mormon ( LDS ) , Spanish-American ( Mexican-American ) , and Texas Homesteaders .   The curriculum of the Harvard Social Relations had four inter-related components :  Sociology ;  Social Psychology ;  Social Anthropology ; and  Personality Theory .   The program disaggregated into its component departments around 1972 , though a certain interdisciplinarity remained throughout the 1970s .   A similar program at Yale , the Institute for Human Relations , also now disbanded , developed the Human Relations Area Files ( HRAF ) , a cross-cultural database for comparative research , administered by Carol and Melvin Ember .

neg: Sociology of leisure Sociology of leisure is the study of how humans organize their free time . Leisure includes a broad array of activities , such as sport , tourism , and the playing of games . The sociology of leisure is closely tied to the sociology of work , as each explores a different side of the work-leisure relationship . More recent studies in the field move away from the work-leisure relationship and focus on the relation between leisure and culture .   Studies of leisure have determined that observable patterns can not be easily explained by socioeconomic variables such as income , occupation or education . The type of leisure activity is substantially influenced by the individual 's immediate situation ( presence or lack of family , age , and other factors ) .

neg: Urban anthropology Urban anthropology is a subset of anthropology concerned with issues of urbanization , poverty , urban space , social relations , and neoliberalism . The field has become consolidated in the 1960s and 1970s .   Ulf Hannerz quotes a 1960s remark that traditional anthropologists were `` a notoriously agoraphobic lot , anti-urban by definition '' . Various social processes in the Western World as well as in the `` Third World '' ( the latter being the habitual focus of attention of anthropologists ) brought the attention of `` specialists in ` other cultures ' '' closer to their homes .

neg: Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences The Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences is a specialized fifteen-volume Encyclopedia first published in 1930 and last published in 1967 . It was envisaged in the 1920s by scholars working in disciplines which increasingly were coming to be known as `` Human - '' or `` Social Sciences . '' The goal was to create a comprehensive synthesis of the study of human affairs as undertaken by practitioners of all fields involved in such study . The parameters of what would come to be known as `` Social Science '' were in many ways initially established and defined by this publication .   The Encyclopaedia 's founding organizations included the American Anthropological Association , the American Association of Social Workers , the American Economic Association , the American Historical Association , the American Political Science Association , the American Psychological Association , the American Sociological Society , the American Statistical Association , the Association of American Law Schools , and the National Education Association . It was edited by American economists Edwin Robert Anderson Seligman and Alvin Saunders Johnson . Seligman and Johnson solicited contributions from many of the most known and respected scholars in their fields , and established many links with European scholars in the process . The Rockefeller Foundation , Carnegie Foundation , and Russell Sage Foundation provided initial financial support , and Macmillan was selected as publisher .   The international network of social scientists developed in the process of creating the Encyclopaedia would prove especially important during the Nazi occupation of Europe , during which many contributing scholars fled persecution for their ideas . Under Johnson 's invitation , several of these scholars would come to New York City and form the `` University in Exile , '' a specialized graduate school now known as the New School for Social Research .   The Encyclopaedia was last printed in 1967 , then in its 16th edition . It was succeeded by the International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences , edited by David L. Sills , and also published by MacMillan .

neg: Environmental social science Environmental social science is the broad , transdisciplinary study of interrelations between humans and the natural environment . Environmental social scientists work within and between the fields of anthropology , communication studies , economics , geography , history , political science , psychology , and sociology ; and also in the interdisciplinary fields of environmental studies , human ecology and political ecology , among others .

neg: Meyer Fortes Meyer Fortes ( April 25 , 1906 -- January 27 , 1983 ) was a South African-born anthropologist , best known for his work among the Tallensi and Ashanti in Ghana .   Originally trained in psychology , Fortes employed the notion of the `` person '' into his structural-functional analyses of kinship , the family , and ancestor worship setting a standard for studies on African social organization . His famous book , Oedipus and Job in West African Religion ( 1959 ) , fused his two interests and set a standard for comparative ethnology . He also wrote extensively on issues of the first born , kingship , and divination .   Like many of her peers , Fortes was Jewish .   Fortes received his anthropological training from Charles Gabriel Seligman at the London School of Economics . Fortes also trained with Bronisław Malinowski and Raymond Firth . Along with contemporaries A. R. Radcliffe-Brown , Sir Edmund Leach , Audrey Richards , and Lucy Mair , Fortes held strong functionalist views that insisted upon empirical evidence in order to generate analyses of society . His volume with E. E. Evans-Pritchard , African Political Systems ( 1940 ) established the principles of segmentation and balanced opposition , which were to become the hallmarks of African political anthropology . Despite his work in Francophone West Africa , Fortes ' work on political systems was influential to other British anthropologists , especially Max Gluckman and played a role in shaping what became known as the Manchester school of social anthropology , which emphasized the problems of working in colonial Central Africa .   Fortes spent much of his career as a Reader at the University of Cambridge and was the William Wyse Professor of Social Anthropology there from 1950-1973 .   In 1963 , Fortes delivered the inaugural Lewis Henry Morgan Lecture at the University of Rochester , considered by many to be the most important annual lecture series in the field of Anthropology .

neg: Computational sociology Computational sociology is a branch of sociology that uses computationally intensive methods to analyze and model social phenomena . Using computer simulations , artificial intelligence , complex statistical methods , and analytic approaches like social network analysis , computational sociology develops and tests theories of complex social processes through bottom-up modeling of social interactions .   It involves the understanding of social agents , the interaction among these agents , and the effect of these interactions on the social aggregate . Although the subject matter and methodologies in social science differ from those in natural science or computer science , several of the approaches used in contemporary social simulation originated from fields such as physics and artificial intelligence . Some of the approaches that originated in this field have been imported into the natural sciences , such as measures of network centrality from the fields of social network analysis and network science .   In relevant literature , computational sociology is often related to the study of social complexity . Social complexity concepts such as complex systems , non-linear interconnection among macro and micro process , and emergence , have entered the vocabulary of computational sociology . A practical and well-known example is the construction of a computational model in the form of an `` artificial society '' , by which researchers can analyze the structure of a social system .

neg: Social Science History Association The Social Science History Association , formed in 1976 , brings together scholars from numerous disciplines interested in social history .   Statement of Purpose : To bring together members of various disciplines ( including economics , sociology , demography , anthropology , and history ) who work with historical materials .   Social Science History is a quarterly , peer-reviewed academic journal . It is the official journal of the Social Science History Association . Its articles bring an analytic , theoretical , and often quantitative approach to historical evidence . The journal 's founders intended to `` improve the quality of historical explanation '' with `` theories and methods from the social science disciplines '' and to make generalizations across historical cases . The first issue came out in the fall of 1976 . The journal 's articles that are most-accessed and cited through JSTOR are about social and political movements and associated narratives .   The `` Social Science History Association '' was formed in 1976 as an interdisciplinary group with a journal Social Science History and an annual convention . The goal was to incorporate in historical studies perspectives from all the social sciences , especially political science , sociology and economics . The pioneers shared a commitment to quantification . However , by the 1980s the first blush of quantification had worn off , as critics complained that quantification undervalued the role of contingency , and warned against a naive positivism . Meanwhile quantification became well-established inside economics , in the field of cliometrics , as well as in political science . In history , quantification remained central to demographic studies , but slipped behind in political and social history .

neg: Ecological humanities The ecological humanities ( also environmental humanities ) is an interdisciplinary area of research , drawing on the many environmental sub-disciplines that have emerged in the humanities over the past several decades ( in particular environmental literature , environmental philosophy , environmental history and environmental anthropology ) . The ecological humanities aim to help bridge traditional divides between the sciences and the humanities , and between Western , Eastern and Indigenous ways of knowing the natural world and the place of humans in it ( Rose 2004 ) .   The ecological humanities are characterised by a connectivity ontology and a commitment to two fundamental axioms relating to the need to submit to ecological laws and to see humanity as part of a larger living system .

neg: Interdisciplinarity Interdisciplinarity involves the combining of two or more academic disciplines into one activity ( e.g. , a research project ) . It is about creating something new by thinking across boundaries . It is related to an interdiscipline or an interdisciplinary field , which is an organizational unit that crosses traditional boundaries between academic disciplines or schools of thought , as new needs and professions emerge .   The term interdisciplinary is applied within education and training pedagogies to describe studies that use methods and insights of several established disciplines or traditional fields of study . Interdisciplinarity involves researchers , students , and teachers in the goals of connecting and integrating several academic schools of thought , professions , or technologies -- along with their specific perspectives -- in the pursuit of a common task . The epidemiology of AIDS or global warming requires understanding of diverse disciplines to solve complex problems . Interdisciplinary may be applied where the subject is felt to have been neglected or even misrepresented in the traditional disciplinary structure of research institutions , for example , women 's studies or ethnic area studies . Interdisciplinarity can likewise be applied to complex subjects that can only be understood by combining the perspectives of two or more fields .   The adjective interdisciplinary is most often used in educational circles when researchers from two or more disciplines pool their approaches and modify them so that they are better suited to the problem at hand , including the case of the team-taught course where students are required to understand a given subject in terms of multiple traditional disciplines . For example , the subject of land use may appear differently when examined by different disciplines , for instance , biology , chemistry , economics , geography , and politics .

neg: Family and Kinship in East London Family and Kinship in East London was a 1957 sociological study of an urban working class tight-knit community , and the effects of the post-war governments ' social housing policy leading to their rehousing . Many East Londoners by rigid slum clearance moved out into the new estates of the Home Counties ( some of which is now outer Greater London ) . The study was carried out in the Metropolitan Borough of Bethnal Green , in the East End of London and a new housing estate in Essex . The research was carried out by Michael Young and Peter Willmott , who had been an integral part of building the welfare state in Britain during the tenure of Clement Attlee and the Labour government between 1945-51 .   The study itself has been acknowledged by many sociologists and in its authors ' critiques as being one of the most influential sociological studies of the twentieth century . It is argued by some that it has inspired British sociology to take new paths away from the more traditional broad Functionalist versus Marxist dichotomy . It used social observation as its means to do so , going away from statistical information that had been previously preferred . In this sense , it counters the Structuralist ( Positivist ) model that posits statistics can always be found to prove cause and effect within society .   The idea was to interact and understand a post-war community , to determine its aspirations , worries , doubts and insecurities . This key understanding moves the study into a more Interactionist line , about each individual 's role within society . Indeed , it could also be linked to Max Weber 's idea of empathy and `` going deep '' to comprehend the complexity of communities .   In 1992 , Michael Young and the Institute of Community Studies he founded commenced on a new survey of the area to examine the changes to the area and in particular to examine the conflict between the white working class and Bangladeshi immigrants which had become a major feature of the area . This was eventually published in 2005 after his death as The New East End : Kinship , Race and Conflict by Michael Young , Kate Gavron , Geoff Dench .   On Wednesday 25 April 2007 , The Guardian society section reported on the 50th Anniversary of the study . Madeleine Bunting expressed how `` the voices they found described a world rich in social relationships , networks of dependence and mutual support that were central to the people 's resilience in facing the adversity of insecure and low paid employment . ''  Bunting also mentions how the pair were amongst the first to discover `` social capital '' and its role in shaping community life .   It was the first British sociological study that really investigated deeply people 's attitudes , beliefs and feelings . Using detailed prose and limited statistical analysis , it charted how decisions from the top affected ordinary people in their day-to-day and prospective lives .   ISBN 978-0-14-020595-4

neg: Sociometry Sociometry is a quantitative method for measuring social relationships . It was developed by psychotherapist Jacob L. Moreno in his studies of the relationship between social structures and psychological well-being .

neg: Language Language is the ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication , particularly the human ability to do so , and a language is any specific example of such a system . The scientific study of language is called linguistics . Questions concerning the philosophy of language , such as whether words can represent experience , have been debated since Gorgias and Plato in Ancient Greece . Thinkers such as Rousseau have argued that language originated from emotions while others like Kant have held that it originated from rational and logical thought . 20th-century philosophers such as Wittgenstein argued that philosophy is really the study of language . Major figures in linguistics include Ferdinand de Saussure and Noam Chomsky .   Estimates of the number of languages in the world vary between 5,000 and 7,000 . However , any precise estimate depends on a partly arbitrary distinction between languages and dialects . Natural languages are spoken or signed , but any language can be encoded into secondary media using auditory , visual , or tactile stimuli -- for example , in whistling , signed , or braille . This is because human language is modality-independent . Depending on philosophical perspectives regarding the definition of language and meaning , when used as a general concept , `` language '' may refer to the cognitive ability to learn and use systems of complex communication , or to describe the set of rules that makes up these systems , or the set of utterances that can be produced from those rules . All languages rely on the process of semiosis to relate signs to particular meanings . Oral , manual and tactile languages contain a phonological system that governs how symbols are used to form sequences known as words or morphemes , and a syntactic system that governs how words and morphemes are combined to form phrases and utterances .   Human language has the properties of productivity and displacement , and relies entirely on social convention and learning . Its complex structure affords a much wider range of expressions than any known system of animal communication . Language is thought to have originated when early hominins started gradually changing their primate communication systems , acquiring the ability to form a theory of other minds and a shared intentionality . This development is sometimes thought to have coincided with an increase in brain volume , and many linguists see the structures of language as having evolved to serve specific communicative and social functions . Language is processed in many different locations in the human brain , but especially in Broca 's and Wernicke 's areas . Humans acquire language through social interaction in early childhood , and children generally speak fluently when they are approximately three years old . The use of language is deeply entrenched in human culture . Therefore , in addition to its strictly communicative uses , language also has many social and cultural uses , such as signifying group identity , social stratification , as well as social grooming and entertainment .   Languages evolve and diversify over time , and the history of their evolution can be reconstructed by comparing modern languages to determine which traits their ancestral languages must have had in order for the later developmental stages to occur . A group of languages that descend from a common ancestor is known as a language family . The Indo-European family is the most widely spoken and includes languages as diverse as English , Russian and Hindi ; the Sino-Tibetan family , which includes Mandarin , Bodo and the other Chinese languages , and Tibetan ; the Afro-Asiatic family , which includes Arabic , Somali , and Hebrew ; the Bantu languages , which include Swahili , and Zulu , and hundreds of other languages spoken throughout Africa ; and the Malayo-Polynesian languages , which include Indonesian , Malay , Tagalog , and hundreds of other languages spoken throughout the Pacific . The languages of the Dravidian family that are spoken mostly in Southern India include Tamil and Telugu . Academic consensus holds that between 50 % and 90 % of languages spoken at the beginning of the 21st century will probably have become extinct by the year 2100 .

neg: Communitarianism Communitarianism is a philosophy that emphasizes the connection between the individual and the community . Its overriding philosophy is based upon the belief that a person 's social identity and personality are largely molded by community relationships , with a smaller degree of development being placed on individualism . Although the community might be a family unit , communitarianism usually is understood , in the wider , philosophical sense , as a collection of interactions , among a community of people in a given place ( geographical location ) , or among a community who share an interest or who share a history .

neg: Albert Piette Albert Piette ( born April 18 , 1960 ) is a Belgian anthropologist from Namur , Belgium . He is a professor at Paris West University Nanterre La Défense .   His researches concern the questions of observation and selection of data . His fields are especially in the religious world.In most of his books , he describes and analyses details and ordinary forms in situations of everyday life . He builds an existential anthropology , especially focusing on minor modes of human presences , in order to understand collective life and the differences between humans and other animals .   In his recent books , from the notions of phenomenography , ontography and ontology , Albert Piette elaborates anthropology as an empirical and theoretical science , different from sociology and ethnology . It would have its own methods of observation , phenomenography and ontography , and its own objects to observe , describe and analyse : humans ' existences and non-human 's existences around people . Piette 's anthropological world is filled with Homo sapiens and Neanderthals , apes and monkeys , gods and institutions , existences and presences , activity and passivity , instants and evolution . According to Piette , that is an existential anthropology .   This consists in studying humans as existing , perceiving their existence as their own , and knowing that they will lose it too . In this perspective , existential anthropology observes the microcontinutiy of the individual , living the moments and situations according to various modalities of presence-absence and passivity-activity . Piette does not want to assess existential anthropology as secondary ; on the contrary he considers it as crucial for anthropology , its future and its detachment from sociology .   In the aim of detailed observations of existences , Albert Piette thinks that ethnography , working especially on groups and activities , is less suitable that phenomenography , focusing on singular individuals . As the word implies , phenomenography studies on the one hand what appears , forms , movements , gestures and on the other hand , as an empirical counterpoint to phenomenology , it attempts to describe states of mind and feelings in the moments ' continuity .

neg: Political sociology Contemporary political sociology involves , but is not limited to , the study of the relations between state , society , and citizens . Where a typical research question in political sociology might have been `` Why do so few American or European citizens choose to vote ? '' or even `` What difference does it make if women get elected ? '' , political sociologists also now ask : `` How is the body a site of power ? '' , `` How are emotions relevant to global poverty ? '' , or `` What difference does knowledge make to democracy ? ''

neg: Ethnography Ethnography ( from Greek ἔθνος ethnos `` folk , people , nation '' and γράφω grapho `` I write '' ) is the systematic study of people and cultures . It is designed to explore cultural phenomena where the researcher observes society from the point of view of the subject of the study . An ethnography is a means to represent graphically and in writing the culture of a group . The word can thus be said to have a `` double meaning '' , which partly depends on whether it is used as a count noun or uncountably . The resulting field study or a case report reflects the knowledge and the system of meanings in the lives of a cultural group .   Ethnography , as the presentation of empirical data on human societies and cultures , was pioneered in the biological , social , and cultural branches of anthropology , but it has also become popular in the social sciences in general -- sociology , communication studies , history -- wherever people study ethnic groups , formations , compositions , resettlements , social welfare characteristics , materiality , spirituality , and a people 's ethnogenesis . The typical ethnography is a holistic study and so includes a brief history , and an analysis of the terrain , the climate , and the habitat . In all cases it should be reflexive , make a substantial contribution toward the understanding of the social life of humans , have an aesthetic impact on the reader , and express a credible reality . An ethnography records all observed behavior and describes all symbol-meaning relations , using concepts that avoid causal explanations .