query: Pi cannot be expressed exactly as a fraction.

pos: Pi The number is a mathematical constant , the ratio of a circle 's circumference to its diameter , commonly approximated as 3.14159 . It has been represented by the Greek letter '' '' since the mid-18th century , though it is also sometimes spelled out as `` pi '' ( -LSB- paɪ -RSB- ) .   Being an irrational number , can not be expressed exactly as a fraction ( equivalently , its decimal representation never ends and never settles into a permanent repeating pattern ) . Still , fractions such as 22/7 and other rational numbers are commonly used to approximate . The digits appear to be randomly distributed . In particular , the digit sequence of is conjectured to satisfy a specific kind of statistical randomness , but to date no proof of this has been discovered . Also , is a transcendental number ; that is , a number that is not the root of any non-zero polynomial having rational coefficients . This transcendence of implies that it is impossible to solve the ancient challenge of squaring the circle with a compass and straightedge .   Ancient civilizations required fairly accurate computed values for for practical reasons . It was calculated to seven digits , using geometrical techniques , in Chinese mathematics , and to about five digits in Indian mathematics in the 5th century AD . The historically first exact formula for , based on infinite series , was not available until a millennium later , when in the 14th century the Madhava -- Leibniz series was discovered in Indian mathematics . In the 20th and 21st centuries , mathematicians and computer scientists discovered new approaches that , when combined with increasing computational power , extended the decimal representation of to many trillions of digits after the decimal point . Practically all scientific applications require no more than a few hundred digits of , and many substantially fewer , so the primary motivation for these computations is the quest to find more efficient algorithms for calculating lengthy numeric series , as well as the desire to break records . The extensive calculations involved have also been used to test supercomputers and high-precision multiplication algorithms .   Because its most elementary definition relates to the circle , is found in many formulae in trigonometry and geometry , especially those concerning circles , ellipses , and spheres . In more modern mathematical analysis , the number is instead defined using the spectral properties of the real number system , as an eigenvalue or a period , without any reference to geometry . It appears therefore in areas of mathematics and the sciences having little to do with the geometry of circles , such as number theory and statistics , as well as in almost all areas of physics . The ubiquity of makes it one of the most widely known mathematical constants both inside and outside the scientific community ; several books devoted to it have been published , the number is celebrated on Pi Day , and record-setting calculations of the digits of often result in news headlines . Attempts to memorize the value of with increasing precision have led to records of over 70,000 digits .

neg: Automorphic number In mathematics an automorphic number ( sometimes referred to as a circular number ) is a number whose square `` ends '' in the same digits as the number itself . For example , 52 = 25 , 62 = 36 , 762 = 5776 , 3762 = 141376 , and 8906252 = 793212890625 , so 5 , 6 , 76 and 890625 are all automorphic numbers .  The only automorphic Kaprekar number is 1 , because the square of a Kaprekar number can not start with zero .   The sequence of automorphic numbers begins 1 , 5 , 6 , 25 , 76 , 376 , 625 , 9376 , ... .   Given a k-digit automorphic number n > 1 , an automorphic number n ′ with at most 2k-digits can be found with the formula :   For k greater than 1 , there are at most two automorphic numbers with k digits , one ending in 5 and one ending in 6 . One of them has the form :   and the other has the form :   The sum of the two numbers is 10k + 1 . The smaller of these two numbers may be less than 10k − 1 ; for example with k = 4 the two numbers are 9376 and 625 . In this case there is only one k digit automorphic number ; the smaller number could only form a k-digit automorphic number if a leading 0 were added to its digits .   The following digit sequence can be used to find the two k-digit automorphic numbers , where k ≤ 1000 .   12781 25400 13369 00860 34889 08436 40238 75765 93682 19796  26181 91783 35204 92704 19932 48752 37825 86714 82789 05344  89744 01426 12317 03569 95484 19499 44461 06081 46207 25403  65599 98271 58835 60350 49327 79554 07419 61849 28095 20937  53026 85239 09375 62839 14857 16123 67351 97060 92242 42398  77700 75749 55787 27155 97674 13458 99753 76955 15862 71888  79415 16307 56966 88163 52155 04889 82717 04378 50802 84340  84412 64412 68218 48514 15772 99160 34497 01789 23357 96684  99144 73895 66001 93254 58276 78000 61832 98544 26232 82725  75561 10733 16069 70158 64984 22229 12554 85729 87933 71478  66323 17240 55157 56102 35254 39949 99345 60808 38011 90741  53006 00560 55744 81870 96927 85099 77591 80500 75416 42852  77081 62011 35024 68060 58163 27617 16767 65260 93752 80568  44214 48619 39604 99834 47280 67219 06670 41724 00942 34466  19781 24266 90787 53594 46166 98508 06463 61371 66384 04902  92193 41881 90958 16595 24477 86184 61409 12878 29843 84317  03248 17342 88865 72737 66314 65191 04988 02944 79608 14673  76050 39571 96893 71467 18013 75619 05546 29968 14764 26390  39530 07319 10816 98029 38509 89006 21665 09580 86381 10005  57423 42323 08961 09004 10661 99773 92256 25991 82128 90625   One automorphic number is found by taking the last k digits of this sequence ; the second is found by subtracting the first number from 10 + 1 .

neg: Formulario mathematico Formulario Mathematico ( Latino sine flexione : Formulation of mathematics ) is a book by Giuseppe Peano which expresses fundamental theorems of mathematics in a symbolic language developed by Peano . The author was assisted by Giovanni Vailati , Mario Pieri , Alessandro Padoa , Giovanni Vacca , Vincenzo Vivanti , Gino Fano and Cesare Burali-Forti .   The Formulario was first published in 1895 . The fifth and last edition was published in 1908 .   Kennedy wrote `` the development and use of mathematical logic is the guiding motif of the project '' . He also explains the variety of Peano 's publication under the title :  the five editions of the Formulario -LSB- are not -RSB- editions in the usual sense of the word . Each is essentially a new elaboration , although much material is repeated . Moreover , the title and language varied : the first three , titled Formulaire de Mathématiques , and the fourth , titled , Formulaire Mathématique , were written in French , while Latino sine flexione , Peano 's own invention , was used for the fifth edition , titled Formulario Mathematico . ... Ugo Cassina lists no less than twenty separately published items as being parts of the ` complete ' Formulario !   Peano believed that students needed only precise statement of their lessons . He wrote :  Each professor will be able to adopt this Formulario as a textbook , for it ought to contain all theorems and all methods . His teaching will be reduced to showing how to read the formulas , and to indicating to the students the theorems that he wishes to explain in his course .  Such a dismissal of the oral tradition in lectures at universities was the undoing of Peano 's own teaching career .

neg: Indiana Pi Bill The Indiana Pi Bill is the popular name for bill # 246 of the 1897 sitting of the Indiana General Assembly , one of the most notorious attempts to establish mathematical truth by legislative fiat . Despite its name , the main result claimed by the bill is a method to square the circle , rather than to establish a certain value for the mathematical constant , the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter . The bill , written by amateur mathematician Edward J. Goodwin , does imply various incorrect values of , such as 3.2 .   The bill never became law , due to the intervention of Professor C. A. Waldo of Purdue University , who happened to be present in the legislature on the day it went up for a vote .   The impossibility of squaring the circle using only compass and straightedge constructions , suspected since ancient times , was rigorously proven in 1882 by Ferdinand von Lindemann . Better approximations of than those implied by the bill have been known since ancient times .

neg: Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy is a book by Bertrand Russell , published in 1919 , written in part to exposit in a less technical way the main ideas of his and Whitehead 's Principia Mathematica ( 1910 -- 1913 ) , including the theory of descriptions .   Mathematics and logic , historically speaking , have been entirely distinct studies . Mathematics has been connected with science , logic with Greek . But both have developed in modern times : logic has become more mathematical and mathematics has become more logical . The consequence is that it has now become wholly impossible to draw a line between the two ; in fact , the two are one . They differ as boy and man : logic is the youth of mathematics and mathematics is the manhood of logic . This view is resented by logicians who , having spent their time in the study of classical texts , are incapable of following a piece of symbolic reasoning , and by mathematicians who have learnt a technique without troubling to inquire into its meaning or justification . Both types are now fortunately growing rarer . So much of modern mathematical work is obviously on the border-line of logic , so much of modern logic is symbolic and formal , that the very close relationship of logic and mathematics has become obvious to every instructed student . The proof of their identity is , of course , a matter of detail : starting with premises which would be universally admitted to belong to logic , and arriving by deduction at results which as obviously belong to mathematics , we find that there is no point at which a sharp line can be drawn , with logic to the left and mathematics to the right . If there are still those who do not admit the identity of logic and mathematics , we may challenge them to indicate at what point , in the successive definitions and deductions of Principia Mathematica , they consider that logic ends and mathematics begins . It will then be obvious that any answer must be quite arbitrary . ( Russell 1919 , 194 -- 195 ) .

neg: Square root of negative one The `` square root of negative one '' refers to  the imaginary unit = √ of the complex numbers , and occasionally to  Jaques Lacan 's discussion of the square root of negative one ( with respect to his notion of the phallus ) , which was criticized in Fashionable Nonsense by Alan Sokal and Jean Bricmont .

neg: Silver ratio In mathematics , two quantities are in the silver ratio ( also silver mean or silver constant ) if the ratio of the sum of the smaller and twice the larger of those quantities , to the larger quantity , is the same as the ratio of the larger one to the smaller one ( see below ) . This defines the silver ratio as an irrational mathematical constant , whose value of one plus the square root of 2 is approximately 2.4142135623 . Its name is an allusion to the golden ratio ; analogously to the way the golden ratio is the limiting ratio of consecutive Fibonacci numbers , the silver ratio is the limiting ratio of consecutive Pell numbers . The silver ratio is denoted by .   Mathematicians have studied the silver ratio since the time of the Greeks ( although perhaps without giving a special name until recently ) because of its connections to the square root of 2 , its convergents , square triangular numbers , Pell numbers , octagons and the like .   The relation described above can be expressed algebraically :   or equivalently ,   The silver ratio can also be defined by the simple continued fraction -LSB- 2 ; 2 , 2 , 2 , ... -RSB- :   The convergents of this continued fraction are ratios of consecutive Pell numbers . These fractions provide accurate rational approximations of the silver ratio , analogous to the approximation of the golden ratio by ratios of consecutive Fibonacci numbers .

neg: Common logarithm In mathematics , the common logarithm is the logarithm with base 10 . It is also known as the decadic logarithm and also as the decimal logarithm , named after its base , or Briggsian logarithm , after Henry Briggs , an English mathematician who pioneered its use , as well as `` standard logarithm '' . Historically , it was known as logarithmus decimalis or logarithmus decadis . It is indicated by log10 ( x ) , or sometimes Log ( x ) with a capital L ( however , this notation is ambiguous since it can also mean the complex natural logarithmic multi-valued function ) . On calculators it is usually `` log '' , but mathematicians usually mean natural logarithm ( logarithm with base e ≈ 2.71828 ) rather than common logarithm when they write `` log '' . To mitigate this ambiguity the ISO 80000 specification recommends that log10 ( x ) should be written lg ( x ) and loge ( x ) should be ln ( x ) .

neg: List of disproved mathematical ideas In mathematics , ideas are supposedly not accepted as fact until they have been rigorously proved . However , there have been some ideas that were fairly accepted in the past but which were subsequently shown to be false . This article is meant to serve as a repository for compiling a list of such ideas .   The idea of the Pythagoreans that all numbers can be expressed as a ratio of two whole numbers . This was disproved by one of Pythagoras ' own disciples , Hippasus , who showed that the square root of two is what we today call an irrational number . One story claims that he was thrown off the ship in which he and some other Pythagoreans were sailing because his discovery was too heretical .  Fermat conjectured that all numbers of the form ( what we call Fermat numbers ) were prime . This , however , was disproved by Euler .  The idea that transcendental numbers were unusual . Disproved by Georg Cantor who showed that there are so many transcendental numbers that it is impossible to make a one-to-one mapping between them and the algebraic numbers . In other words , the cardinality of the set of transcendentals ( denoted ) is greater than that of the set of algebraic numbers .  Bernhard Riemann , at the end of his famous 1859 paper `` On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude '' , stated ( based on his results ) that the logarithmic integral gives a somewhat too high estimate of the prime-counting function . The evidence also seemed to indicate this . However , in 1914 J. E. Littlewood proved that this was not always the case , and in fact it is now known that the first x for which occurs somewhere before 10317 . See Skewes ' number for more detail .  Naïvely it might be expected that a continuous function must have a derivative or else that the set of points where it is not differentiable should be `` small '' in some sense . This was disproved in 1872 by Karl Weierstrass , using earlier found examples of functions that were continuous but nowhere differentiable ( see Weierstrass function ) . According to Weierstrass in his paper , earlier mathematicians including Gauss had often assumed that such functions did not exist .  It was conjectured in 1919 by George Pólya , based on the evidence , that most numbers less than any particular limit have an odd number of prime factors . However , this Pólya conjecture was disproved in 1958 . It turns out that for some values of the limit ( such as values a bit more than 906 million ) , most numbers less than the limit have an even number of prime factors .  Erik Christopher Zeeman tried for 7 years to prove that one can not untie a knot on a 4-sphere . Then one day he decided to try to prove the opposite , and succeeded in a few hours .  A `` theorem '' of Jan-Erik Roos in 1961 stated that in an -LSB- AB4 * -RSB- abelian category , lim1 vanishes on Mittag-Leffler sequences . This `` theorem '' was used by many people since then , but it was disproved by counterexample in 2002 by Amnon Neeman .

neg: Decimal (disambiguation) Decimal could mean :   The decimal or base ten numeral system  Decimal ( unit ) , an obsolete unit of measure in India and Bangladesh  Decimal data type , a data type used to represent non-repeating decimal fractions  Decimal fraction , a fraction whose denominator is a power of ten  Decimal representation , a mathematical expression for a number written as a series  Decimal separator , used to mark the boundary between the ones and tenths place in numbers ( e.g. `` 12.4 '' ) , often referred to as a `` decimal ''  `` Decimal '' , a 2013 track by Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark from the album English Electric

neg: Discrete mathematics Discrete mathematics is the study of mathematical structures that are fundamentally discrete rather than continuous . In contrast to real numbers that have the property of varying `` smoothly '' , the objects studied in discrete mathematics -- such as integers , graphs , and statements in logic -- do not vary smoothly in this way , but have distinct , separated values . Discrete mathematics therefore excludes topics in `` continuous mathematics '' such as calculus and analysis . Discrete objects can often be enumerated by integers . More formally , discrete mathematics has been characterized as the branch of mathematics dealing with countable sets ( sets that have the same cardinality as subsets of the natural numbers , including rational numbers but not real numbers ) . However , there is no exact definition of the term `` discrete mathematics . '' Indeed , discrete mathematics is described less by what is included than by what is excluded : continuously varying quantities and related notions .   The set of objects studied in discrete mathematics can be finite or infinite . The term finite mathematics is sometimes applied to parts of the field of discrete mathematics that deals with finite sets , particularly those areas relevant to business .   Research in discrete mathematics increased in the latter half of the twentieth century partly due to the development of digital computers which operate in discrete steps and store data in discrete bits . Concepts and notations from discrete mathematics are useful in studying and describing objects and problems in branches of computer science , such as computer algorithms , programming languages , cryptography , automated theorem proving , and software development . Conversely , computer implementations are significant in applying ideas from discrete mathematics to real-world problems , such as in operations research .   Although the main objects of study in discrete mathematics are discrete objects , analytic methods from continuous mathematics are often employed as well .   In university curricula , `` Discrete Mathematics '' appeared in the 1980s , initially as a computer science support course ; its contents were somewhat haphazard at the time . The curriculum has thereafter developed in conjunction with efforts by ACM and MAA into a course that is basically intended to develop mathematical maturity in freshmen ; therefore it is nowadays a prerequisite for mathematics majors in some universities as well . Some high-school-level discrete mathematics textbooks have appeared as well . At this level , discrete mathematics is sometimes seen as a preparatory course , not unlike precalculus in this respect .   The Fulkerson Prize is awarded for outstanding papers in discrete mathematics .

neg: Diophantus Diophantus of Alexandria ( Διόφαντος ὁ Ἀλεξανδρεύς born probably sometime between AD 201 and 215 ; died around 84 years old , probably sometime between AD 285 and 299 ) , sometimes called `` the father of algebra '' , was an Alexandrian Greek mathematician and the author of a series of books called Arithmetica , many of which are now lost . These texts deal with solving algebraic equations . While reading Claude Gaspard Bachet de Méziriac 's edition of Diophantus ' Arithmetica , Pierre de Fermat concluded that a certain equation considered by Diophantus had no solutions , and noted in the margin without elaboration that he had found `` a truly marvelous proof of this proposition , '' now referred to as Fermat 's Last Theorem . This led to tremendous advances in number theory , and the study of Diophantine equations ( `` Diophantine geometry '' ) and of Diophantine approximations remain important areas of mathematical research . Diophantus coined the term παρισότης ( parisotes ) to refer to an approximate equality . This term was rendered as adaequalitas in Latin , and became the technique of adequality developed by Pierre de Fermat to find maxima for functions and tangent lines to curves . Diophantus was the first Greek mathematician who recognized fractions as numbers ; thus he allowed positive rational numbers for the coefficients and solutions . In modern use , Diophantine equations are usually algebraic equations with integer coefficients , for which integer solutions are sought . Diophantus also made advances in mathematical notation .

neg: Sign (mathematics) In mathematics , the concept of sign originates from the property of every non-zero real number of being positive or negative . Zero itself is signless , although in some contexts it makes sense to consider a signed zero , and in some contexts it makes sense to call 0 its own sign . Along with its application to real numbers , `` change of sign '' is used throughout mathematics and physics to denote the additive inverse ( negation , or multiplication by − 1 ) , even for quantities which are not real numbers ( so , which are not prescribed to be either positive , negative , or zero ) . Also , the word `` sign '' can indicate aspects of mathematical objects that resemble positivity and negativity , such as the sign of a permutation ( see below ) .

neg: Tarski's axiomatization of the reals In 1936 , Alfred Tarski set out an axiomatization of the real numbers and their arithmetic , consisting of only the 8 axioms shown below and a mere four primitive notions : the set of reals denoted R , a binary total order over R , denoted by infix < , a binary operation of addition over R , denoted by infix + , and the constant 1 .   The literature occasionally mentions this axiomatization but never goes into detail , notwithstanding its economy and elegant metamathematical properties . This axiomatization appears little known , possibly because of its second-order nature . Tarski 's axiomatization can be seen as a version of the more usual definition of real numbers as the unique Dedekind-complete ordered field ; it is however made much more concise by using unorthodox variants of standard algebraic axioms and other subtle tricks ( see e.g. axioms 4 and 5 , which combine together the usual four axioms of abelian groups ) .   The term `` Tarski 's axiomatization of real numbers '' also refers to the theory of real-closed fields , which Tarski showed completely axiomatizes the first-order theory of the structure R , + , · , < .

neg: Mathematical operators and symbols in Unicode The Unicode Standard encodes almost all standard characters used in mathematics .  Unicode Technical Report # 25 provides comprehensive information about the character repertoire , their properties , and guidelines for implementation .  Mathematical operators and symbols are in multiple Unicode blocks . Some of these blocks are dedicated to , or primarily contain , mathematical characters while others are a mix of mathematical and non-mathematical characters . This article covers all Unicode characters with a derived property of `` Math '' .

neg: Signed zero Signed zero is zero with an associated sign . In ordinary arithmetic , the number 0 does not have a sign , so that − 0 , +0 and 0 are identical . However , in computing , some number representations allow for the existence of two zeros , often denoted by − 0 ( negative zero ) and +0 ( positive zero ) , regarded as equal by the numerical comparison operations but with possible different behaviors in particular operations . This occurs in the sign and magnitude and ones ' complement signed number representations for integers , and in most floating-point number representations . The number 0 is usually encoded as +0 , but can be represented by either +0 or − 0 .   The IEEE 754 standard for floating-point arithmetic ( presently used by most computers and programming languages that support floating point numbers ) requires both +0 and − 0 . Real arithmetic with signed zeros can be considered a variant of the extended real number line such that 1 / − 0 = − ∞ and 1 / +0 = + ∞ ; division is only undefined for ± 0 / ± 0 and ± ∞ / ± ∞ .   Negatively signed zero echoes the mathematical analysis concept of approaching 0 from below as a one-sided limit , which may be denoted by x → 0 − , x → 0 − , or x → ↑ 0 . The notation '' − 0 '' may be used informally to denote a small negative number that has been rounded to zero . The concept of negative zero also has some theoretical applications in statistical mechanics and other disciplines .   It is claimed that the inclusion of signed zero in IEEE 754 makes it much easier to achieve numerical accuracy in some critical problems , in particular when computing with complex elementary functions . On the other hand , the concept of signed zero runs contrary to the general assumption made in most mathematical fields that negative zero is the same thing as zero . Representations that allow negative zero can be a source of errors in programs , if software developers do not take into account that while the two zero representations behave as equal under numeric comparisons , they yield different results in some operations .

neg: Jacobi theta functions (notational variations) There are a number of notational systems for the Jacobi theta functions . The notations given in the Wikipedia article define the original function   which is equivalent to   However , a similar notation is defined somewhat differently in Whittaker and Watson , p. 487 :   This notation is attributed to `` Hermite , H.J.S. Smith and some other mathematicians '' . They also define   This is a factor of i off from the definition of as defined in the Wikipedia article . These definitions can be made at least proportional by x = za , but other definitions can not . Whittaker and Watson , Abramowitz and Stegun , and Gradshteyn and Ryzhik all follow Tannery and Molk , in which   Note that there is no factor of π in the argument as in the previous definitions .   Whittaker and Watson refer to still other definitions of . The warning in Abramowitz and Stegun , `` There is a bewildering variety of notations ... in consulting books caution should be exercised , '' may be viewed as an understatement . In any expression , an occurrence of should not be assumed to have any particular definition . It is incumbent upon the author to state what definition of is intended .

neg: Cocker's Arithmetick Cocker 's Arithmetick , also known by its full title `` Cocker 's Arithmetick : Being a Plain and Familiar Method Suitable to the Meanest Capacity for the Full Understanding of That Incomparable Art , As It Is Now Taught by the Ablest School-Masters in City and Country '' , is a grammar school mathematics textbook written by Edward Cocker ( 1631 -- 1676 ) and published posthumously by John Hawkins in 1677 . Arithmetick along with companion volume , Decimal Arithmetick published in 1684 , were used to teach mathematics in schools in the United Kingdom for more than 150 years .   Some controversy exists over the authorship of the book . Augustus De Morgan claimed the work was written by Hawkins , who merely used Cocker 's name to lend the authority of his reputation to the book . Ruth Wallis , in 1997 , wrote an article in Annals of Science , claiming De Morgan 's analysis was flawed and Cocker was the real author .   The popularity of Arithmetick is unquestioned by its more than 130 editions , and that its place was woven in the fabric of the popular culture of the time is evidenced by its references in the phrase , `` according to Cocker '' , meaning `` absolutely correct '' or `` according to the rules '' . Such noted figures of history as Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Simpson are documented as having used the book . Over 100 years after its publication , Samuel Johnson carried a copy of Arithmetick on his tour of Scotland , and mentions it in his letters :  In the afternoon tea was made by a very decent girl in a printed linen ; she engaged me so much , that I made her a present of Cocker 's Arithmetick .   Though popular , like most texts of its time , Arithmetick style is formal , stiff and difficult to follow as illustrated in its explanation of the `` rule of three '' .   As well as the rule of three , Arithmetick contains instructions on alligation and the rule of false position . Following the common practice of textbooks at the time , each rule is illustrated with numerous examples of commercial transactions involving the exchange of wheat , rye and other seeds ; calculation of costs for the erection of houses and other structures ; and the rotation of gears on a shaft . The text contains the earliest known use of the term lowest terms .

neg: Lu Chao Lu Chao （ ） from China was the recognized Guinness record holder for reciting digits of Pi . He successfully recited 67,890 digits of pi in 24 hours and 4 minutes with an error at the 67,891 st digit , saying it was a `` 5 '' , when it was actually a `` 0 '' . He stated he had 100,000 memorized , and was going to recite 91,300 , but that one mistake cost him . He is planning to write a book about the method he uses , which is based upon many Chinese memorization techniques . He says it took him about 1 year to memorize 100,000 digits . He stated that he had no plans to beat his record unless someone else did . Lu Chao is the President of Zhengzhou Ruicheng Education & Counseling , Ltd. .

neg: Offset binary Offset binary , also referred to as excess-K , excess-N , excess code or biased representation , is a digital coding scheme where all-zero corresponds to the minimal negative value and all-one to the maximal positive value . There is no standard for offset binary , but most often the offset K for an n-bit binary word is K = 2n − 1 . This has the consequence that the `` zero '' value is represented by a 1 in the most significant bit and zero in all other bits , and in general the effect is conveniently the same as using two 's complement except that the most significant bit is inverted . It also has the consequence that in a logical comparison operation , one gets the same result as with a two 's complement numerical comparison operation , whereas , in two 's complement notation a logical comparison will agree with two 's complement numerical comparison operation if and only if the numbers being compared have the same sign . Otherwise the sense of the comparison will be inverted , with all negative values being taken as being larger than all positive values .   One historically prominent example of offset-64 ( excess-64 ) notation was in the floating point ( exponential ) notation in the IBM System/360 and System/370 generations of computers . The `` characteristic '' ( exponent ) took the form of a seven-bit excess-64 number ( The high-order bit of the same byte contained the sign of the significand ) .   The 8-bit exponent in Microsoft Binary Format , a floating point format used in various programming languages ( in particular BASIC ) in the 1970s and 1980s , was encoded using an offset-129 notation ( excess-129 ) .   The IEEE Standard for Floating-Point Arithmetic ( IEEE 754 ) uses various sizes of exponent , but also uses offset notation for the format of each precision . Unusually however , instead of using `` excess 2n − 1 '' it uses `` excess 2n − 1 − 1 '' ( i.e. excess-15 , excess-127 , excess-1023 , excess-16383 ) which means that inverting the leading ( high-order ) bit of the exponent will not convert the exponent to correct two 's complement notation .   Offset binary is often used in digital signal processing ( DSP ) . Most analog to digital ( A/D ) and digital to analog ( D/A ) chips are unipolar , which means that they can not handle bipolar signals ( signals with both positive and negative values ) . A simple solution to this is to bias the analog signals with a DC offset equal to half of the A/D and D/A converter 's range . The resulting digital data then ends up being in offset binary format .   Most standard computer CPU chips can not handle the offset binary format directly . CPU chips typically can only handle signed and unsigned integers , and floating point value formats . Offset binary values can be handled in several ways by these CPU chips . The data may just be treated as unsigned integers , requiring the programmer to deal with the zero offset in software . The data may also be converted to signed integer format ( which the CPU can handle natively ) by simply subtracting the zero offset . As a consequence of the most common offset for an n-bit word being 2 ^ ( n-1 ) , which implies that the first bit is inverted relative to two 's complement , there is no need for a separate subtraction step , but one simply can invert the first bit . This sometimes is a useful simplification in hardware , and can be convenient in software as well .   Table of offset binary for four bits , with two 's complement for comparison   Offset binary may be converted into two 's complement by inverting the most significant bit . For example , with 8-bit values , the offset binary value may be XORed with 0x80 in order to convert to two 's complement . In specialised hardware it may be simpler to accept the bit as it stands , but to apply its value in inverted significance .

neg: Psi (letter) Psi ( uppercase Ψ , lowercase ψ ; Psi ) is the 23rd letter of the Greek alphabet and has a numeric value of 700 . In both Classical and Modern Greek , the letter indicates the combination / ps / ( as in English word `` lapse '' ) .   For Greek loanwords in Latin and modern languages with Latin alphabets , psi is usually transliterated as `` ps '' . In English , the letter is pronounced -LSB- ˈsaɪ -RSB- or sometimes -LSB- ˈpsaɪ -RSB- . ( In Greek , it is pronounced -LSB- ˈpsi -RSB- . )   The letter 's origin is uncertain . It may or may not derive from the Phoenician alphabet . It appears in the 7th century BC , expressing / ps / in the Eastern alphabets , but / kʰ / in the Western alphabets ( the sound expressed by Χ in the Eastern alphabets ) . In writing , the early letter appears in an angular shape .  There were early graphical variants that omitted the stem ( `` chickenfoot-shaped psi '' as : or ) .   The Western letter ( expressing / kʰ / , later / x / ) was adopted into the Old Italic alphabets , and its shape is also continued into the Algiz rune of the Elder Futhark .  The classical Greek letter was adopted into the early Cyrillic alphabet as '' Ѱ '' .


query: 10 Cloverfield Lane is a book in the Cloverfield franchise.

pos: 10 Cloverfield Lane 10 Cloverfield Lane is a 2016 American science fiction psychological thriller film directed by Dan Trachtenberg , produced by J. J. Abrams and Lindsey Weber and written by Josh Campbell , Matthew Stucken and Damien Chazelle . The film stars John Goodman , Mary Elizabeth Winstead , and John Gallagher , Jr. , and is the second film in the Cloverfield franchise . The film was developed from a script titled The Cellar , but under production by Bad Robot , it was turned into a spiritual successor of the 2008 film Cloverfield . The film follows a young woman who , after a car crash , wakes up in an underground bunker with two men who insist that an event has left the surface of Earth uninhabitable .   The film is presented in a third-person narrative , in contrast to its predecessor 's found-footage style . It was released in the United States on March 11 , 2016 , in conventional and IMAX format . The film received positive reviews from critics , with many praising the performances of the cast , as well as the film 's tense and suspenseful atmosphere , and grossed $ 110 million worldwide .

neg: Star Bridge Star Bridge is a science fiction novel by American authors Jack Williamson and James E. Gunn . It was published in 1955 by Gnome Press in an edition of 5,000 copies . However , 900 copies were never bound . It was also issued in paperback by Ace ( D-169 , 1955 , 35 cents , and F-241 , 40 cents ) and reissued by Berkley Books in 1977 and by Ballantine Books in 1982 ( with minor typographic errors ) .   Williamson initially wrote about 50 pages in manuscript for the first draft , and worked up about 150 pages of notes for the novel 's completion . Finding himself `` blocked '' on the project , he turned his materials over to Gunn , who completed the book . It was sold to Gnome for a $ 500 advance .   It is an adventure story in the classic Williamson tradition , woven with a reflection about the relative importance of impersonal forces and individuals in the events of history .

neg: Night on the Galactic Railroad , sometimes translated as Milky Way Railroad , Night Train to the Stars , or Fantasy Railroad In The Stars , is a classic Japanese fantasy novel by Kenji Miyazawa written around 1927 . The nine-chapter novel was posthumously published in 1934 as part of published by . Four versions are known to be in existence , with the last one being the most famous among Japanese readers .   The novel was adapted as an 1985 anime film of the same title , as well as various stage musicals and plays .

neg: League of Peoples The League of Peoples is a fictional interstellar polity present in a series of novels by science fiction author James Alan Gardner . Although theoretically made up of every sentient race in the galaxy , in actuality the League is controlled by ( from Humanity 's standpoint ) hyperadvanced beings who have little concern for wants , needs , and desires of the less evolved races .   The League effectively has one law - no dangerous non-sentient creatures can cross between star systems . A dangerous non-sentient is defined by the league as any being which kills a sentient being or through negligence allows a sentient being to die . Any dangerous non-sentient that attempts to circumvent this law , or any being who knowingly aids in the attempt , is instantaneously but painlessly executed by the League . Although this renders interstellar war impossible , it does not prevent mayhem on individual planets , nor does it stop unethical behavior that stops short of murder .

neg: Council on Books in Wartime The Council on Books in Wartime ( 1942 -- 1946 ) was an American non-profit organization founded by booksellers , publishers , librarians , authors , and others , in the spring of 1942 to channel the use of books as `` weapons in the war of ideas '' ( the Council 's motto ) . Its primary aim was the promotion of books to influence the thinking of the American people regarding World War II , to build and maintain the will to win , to expose the true nature of the enemy , to disseminate technical information , to provide relaxation and inspiration , and to clarify war aims and problems of peace . The Council co-operated with the Office of War Information ( OWI ) and other Government agencies , but was itself a voluntary , unpaid , non-Governmental organization .   The Council attempted to achieve its goals by acting as a clearinghouse for book-related ideas , by being an intermediary between the book-trade industry and government agencies , by offering advice to publishers , and by handling all forms of public relations including distribution of reading lists and pamphlets , lectures , radio programs , newsreels , and book promotion and publication .   In 1942 , the Council created a War Book Panel to choose titles officially recommended by the Council . These titles were republished by Council member publishers with a seal of approval , a large `` I '' on the front cover meaning an `` Imperative '' book . 6 `` Imperative '' books were published between 1942 and 1945 ( see War Book Panel ) .   In the spring of 1943 , the Council launched the effort for which it would become best known , the Armed Services Editions . By the time the program ended in 1947 , it had printed 122,951,031 books , selling them to the government at an average cost of just over six cents a volume . The Armed Services Editions brought high-end books to a mass audience , and helped popularize the emerging paperback format . One of the most popular ASE books was A Tree Grows in Brooklyn ( 1943 ) by Betty Smith , and the ASE 's distribution of F. Scott Fitzgerald 's novel The Great Gatsby helped revive interest in the book . In 1944 , the Council launched Oversees Editions , Inc , a subsidiary aimed at distributing American books to civilian populations abroad , to promote a positive view of American culture .   With the end of World War II , the Council on Books in Wartime ceased active operations on Jan 31 , 1946 but maintained its corporate entities to deal with the dispersal of remaining funds and the safekeeping of records .   Some of those involved on the Council include : W. W. Norton of W. W. Norton & Company , Bennett Cerf of Random House , George A. Hecht of Doubleday & Co. , and Mark Van Doren .

neg: Film series A film series ( also referred to as a film franchise ) is a collection of related films in succession that share the same fictional universe , or are marketed as a series .   Sometimes the work is conceived from the beginning as a multiple-film work , for example the Three Colours series , but in most cases the success of the original film inspires further films to be made . Individual sequels are relatively common , but are not always successful enough to spawn further installments .   The Marvel Cinematic Universe is the highest grossing film series in unadjusted US Dollar figures surpassing the Harry Potter , Star Wars , James Bond , and Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings series . However , `` Star Wars '' has the highest when adjusted for inflation .

neg: Fantasy Masterworks Fantasy Masterworks is a series of British paperbacks intended to comprise `` some of the greatest , most original , and most influential fantasy ever written '' , and claimed by its publisher Millennium ( an imprint of Victor Gollancz ) to be `` the books which , along with Tolkien , Peake and others , shaped modern fantasy . ''   It has a companion series in the SF Masterworks line . A separate Future Classics line has also started featuring eight science fiction novels from the last few decades .   The books were numbered only through No. 50 ; in the 2013 reboot of the series the books are unnumbered , have a uniform look , and feature introductions by well-known writers and critics .

neg: Robotech (novels) In 1987 , the Robotech animated series was adapted into novel form by authors James Luceno and Brian Daley and published by Del Rey Books . Having previously collaborated on the animated series Galaxy Rangers , the pair 's Robotech novels were released under the unified pseudonym of `` Jack McKinney '' . Using fictitious epigraphs in the style of Dune , McKinney 's novels escaped the limitations inherent in the dubbed cartoon and fleshed out its chronology in greater detail ; most significantly , by adapting the storyline of the aborted sequel project , `` The Sentinels '' . The entire series lasted for twenty-one books , the first fifteen of which were later collected into five three-book omnibus compilations in the early 1990s .   The original twelve novels were written to a tight twelve-month deadline , so that the books could be released one per month . Under this deadline , Daley and Luceno divided the Robotech timeline into twelve segments and worked on different segments simultaneously ( i.e. Daley wrote Book 1 while Luceno wrote Book 2 ) , then traded completed manuscripts for revision and style adjustments . As part of the research project , they watched the TV series many times , and consulted heavily with Carl Macek .   The first two omnibus collections , comprising the entirety of the `` Macross Saga '' , were reissued in 2003 to tie in with the release of the Robotech : Battlecry video game . Then , in 2007 , the next two omnibus collections , covering the remainder of the television series , were re-released as tie-ins to the animated movie , Robotech : The Shadow Chronicles . However , a revision of the Robotech timeline made by Harmony Gold alongside the release of the movie caused some continuity clashes with the McKinney novels , which were relegated to a `` secondary '' position in Robotech canon . To work around this , the Southern Cross and Invid Invasion collections contain new appendices written by Robotech fan Jonathan L. Switzer correcting any newborn mistakes .

neg: Carrie Pilby Carrie Pilby is a coming-of-age novel by Caren Lissner , first published by Red Dress Ink in 2003 , then re-released on July 1 , 2010 for teenage readers under the new imprint Harlequin Teen . It was among the first novels published by Harlequin Enterprises 's Red Dress Ink imprint , an imprint created primarily to take advantage of the then-burgeoning `` chick lit '' phenomenon that included humorous books about young single women like Bridget Jones ' Diary .   In its first incarnation , Carrie Pilby was noted in various newspaper articles as one of the smarter and more original novels in the genre . It proved successful , selling more than 50,000 copies . Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times referred to the novel as `` hilarious '' in an August 10 , 2003 story . After the chick lit market became saturated , Harlequin stopped publishing novels under the Red Dress Ink imprint in 2009 , but Carrie Pilby was selected to be re-published on July 1 , 2010 as one of the first books in the new Harlequin Teen line for teenagers . It was republished with a new cover for teens and some of the technology referred to in the novel was slightly modernized ( Carrie was now renting DVDs instead of videos ) . The novel was released in France on June 1 , 2010 as one of the first four titles released under the French Harlequin imprint for teens , Darkiss .

neg: Events from the Modern Age of Comic Books One of the key aspects of the Modern Age of Comic Books was that it was the beginning of big events . In 1984 , Marvel Comics debuted the first large crossover , Secret Wars , a storyline featuring the company 's most prolific superheroes , which overlapped into a 12-issue limited series and many monthly comic books . A year later , DC Comics introduced its first large scale crossover , Crisis on Infinite Earths , which had long-term effects on the `` DC Universe '' continuity .   In the early and mid-1990s , big events were regularly published by Marvel and DC , often leading to extra publicity and sales . These events helped fend-off competition from Image Comics , and such events were more likely to become `` collector 's items . '' Some events , such as DC 's `` Zero Hour '' and Marvel 's `` Onslaught saga '' spanned a publisher 's entire line while others only affected a `` family '' of interrelated titles . The X-Men and Batman franchises featured crossovers almost annually .   Some of the most significant mid-1990s events , such as Spider-Man 's `` Clone Saga , '' Batman 's `` Batman : Knightfall '' and particularly , `` The Death of Superman '' caused dramatic changes to long-running characters and received coverage in the mainstream media .   These events led to significant sales boosts and publicity , but many fans began to criticize them as excessive and lacking compelling storytelling . They also complained that monthly series had become inaccessible because one had to follow a number of comics to understand the full storyline . By the end of the 1990s , the number of large crossovers decreased , but they were still launched sporadically .

neg: The Notion Club Papers The Notion Club Papers is the title of an abandoned novel by J. R. R. Tolkien , written during 1945 and published posthumously in Sauron Defeated , the 9th volume of The History of Middle-earth . It is a space/time/dream travel story , written at the same time as The Lord of the Rings was being developed . The story itself revolves around the meetings of an Oxford arts discussion group called the Notion Club , a fictionalization of ( and a play on words on the name of ) Tolkien 's own such club , The Inklings .   During these meetings , Alwin Arundel Lowdham discusses his lucid dreams about Númenor ; through these dreams , he `` discovers '' much about the Númenor story and the languages of Middle-earth ( notably Quenya , Sindarin , and Adûnaic -- the last being the sole source of most of the material on Adûnaic ) . While not finished , at the end of the given story it becomes clear Lowdham himself is a reincarnation of sorts of Elendil . ( Alwin is a modernization of the name Ælfwine , Old English for Elf-friend , or Elendil in Quenya . ) Other members of the Club also mention their vivid dreams of other times and places .   Tolkien not only created fictional meetings for these papers but also created a fictional history for the manuscript of the papers . According to the papers , the meetings occurred in the 1980s ; they even mention events that occurred in the 1970s and 1980s . About one-quarter of the papers were found among sacks of waste paper in 2012 at Oxford by a Mr. Green . Mr. Green published a first edition containing excerpts from these papers , indicating that they were written during the 1980s by one of the participants . Two scholars read the first edition , asked to examine the manuscripts , and then submitted a full report . The `` Notes to the Second Edition '' mentions the contradictory evidence in dating the manuscripts , and an alternative date is presented : they may have been written in the 1940s .   These papers , which make a number of comments on Lewis ' Space Trilogy , are similar to C. S. Lewis ' commentary to Tolkien 's poem The Lay of Leithian , in which Lewis created a fictional history of scholarship of the poem and even referred to other manuscript tradition to recommend changes to the poem .   The Notion Club Papers may be seen as an attempt to re-write The Lost Road , published and discussed in The Lost Road and Other Writings , as being another attempt to tie the Númenórean legend in with a more modern tale . There is , however , no direct connection between the modern settings of the two stories within the fictional frame .   Jane Stanford links The Notion Club Papers to The Johnson Club Papers in her biography of John O'Connor Power , That Irishman . The two books have a similar title page . The Johnson Club was a ` Public House School ' and met in taverns like the Inklings . The purpose was ` Fellowship and free Exchange of Mind . ' The two clubs presented papers ` which were read before the members and discussed ' . Samuel Johnson , like Tolkien , had a strong connection with Pembroke College , Oxford . Stanley Unwin , Tolkien 's publisher , was a nephew of Fisher Unwin , the founding member of The Johnson Club .   According to Christopher Tolkien , had his father continued The Notion Club Papers , he would have linked the real world of Alwin Lowdham with his eponymous ancestor Ælfwine of England ( who compiled the Lost Tales ) and with Atlantis . One of the members of the Notion Club , one Michael George Ramer , combines lucid dreams with time-travel and experiences the tsunami that sank Númenor . He ca n't tell if its history , or fantasy , or something in between .   The Notion Club Papers mentions a great storm occurring during 1987 in England , on 12 June . This can be seen as an odd coincidence , since the actual Great Storm of 1987 occurred in October of that year .

neg: Captain Marvel (DC Comics) Captain Marvel , also known as Shazam , is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . Artist C. C. Beck and writer Bill Parker created the character in 1939 . Captain Marvel first appeared in Whiz Comics # 2 ( cover-dated Feb. 1940 ) , published by Fawcett Comics . He is the alter ego of Billy Batson , a boy who , by speaking the magic word `` SHAZAM '' ( acronym of 6 Greek `` immortal elders '' - Solomon , Hercules , Atlas , Zeus , Achilles , and Mercury ) , can transform himself into a costumed adult with the powers of superhuman strength , speed , flight , and other abilities .   Based on book sales , the character was the most popular superhero of the 1940s , outselling even Superman . Fawcett expanded the franchise to include other `` Marvels '' , primarily Marvel Family associates Mary Marvel and Captain Marvel Jr. , who can harness Billy 's powers as well . Captain Marvel was also the first comic book superhero to be adapted into film , in a 1941 Republic Pictures serial titled Adventures of Captain Marvel .   Fawcett ceased publishing Captain Marvel-related comics in 1953 , partly because of a copyright infringement suit from DC Comics , alleging that Captain Marvel was a copy of Superman . In 1972 , DC licensed the Marvel Family characters from Fawcett , and returned them to publication . By 1991 , DC had acquired all rights to the characters . DC has since integrated Captain Marvel and the Marvel Family into their DC Universe and has attempted to revive the property several times , with mixed success . Due to trademark conflicts over another character named `` Captain Marvel '' owned by Marvel Comics since 1967 , DC chose to publish the character 's adventures in a comic book titled Shazam ! for many years , leading many to assume that this was the character 's name . DC later officially renamed the character `` Shazam '' when relaunching its comic book properties in 2011 .   In addition , since 1972 , the character has been featured in two television series adaptations , one live action and one animated , by Filmation , and an upcoming Warner Bros. . Shazam ! feature film scheduled for release in 2019 as part of the DC Extended Universe . Captain Marvel was ranked as the 55th greatest comic book character of all time by Wizard magazine . IGN also ranked Captain Marvel as the 50th greatest comic book hero of all time , stating that the character will always be an enduring reminder of a simpler time . UGO Networks ranked him as one of the top heroes of entertainment , saying , `` At his best , Shazam has always been Superman with a sense of crazy , goofy fun '' .

neg: Astonishing Stories Astonishing Stories was an American pulp science fiction magazine , published by Popular Publications between 1940 and 1943 . It was founded under Popular 's `` Fictioneers '' imprint , which paid lower rates than Popular 's other magazines . The magazine 's first editor was Frederik Pohl , who also edited a companion publication , Super Science Stories . After nine issues Pohl was replaced by Alden H. Norton , who subsequently rehired Pohl as an assistant . The budget for Astonishing was very low , which made it difficult to acquire good fiction , but through his membership in the Futurians , a group of young science fiction fans and aspiring writers , Pohl was able to find material to fill the early issues . The magazine was successful , and Pohl was able to increase his pay rates slightly within a year . He managed to obtain stories by writers who subsequently became very well known , such as Isaac Asimov and Robert Heinlein . After Pohl entered the army in early 1943 , wartime paper shortages led Popular to cease publication of Astonishing . The final issue was dated April of that year .   The magazine was never regarded as one of the leading titles of the genre , but despite the low budget it published some well-received material . Science fiction critic Peter Nicholls comments that `` its stories were surprisingly good considering how little was paid for them '' , and this view has been echoed by other historians of the field .

neg: The Famous Five (series) The Famous Five is the name of a series of children 's adventure novels written by English author Enid Blyton . The first book , Five on a Treasure Island , was published in 1942 . The novels feature the adventures of a group of young children -- Julian , Dick , Anne and Georgina ( George ) -- and their dog Timmy .   The stories take place in the children 's school holidays after they have returned from their respective boarding schools . Each time they meet they get caught up in an adventure , often involving criminals or lost treasure . Sometimes the scene is set close to George 's family home at Kirrin Cottage in Dorset , such as the picturesque Kirrin Island , owned by George and her family in Kirrin Bay . George 's own home and various other houses the children visit or stay in are hundreds of years old and often contain secret passages or smugglers ' tunnels .   In some books the children go camping in the countryside , on a hike or holiday together elsewhere . The settings , however , are almost always rural and enable the children to discover the simple joys of cottages , islands , the English and Welsh countryside and sea shores , as well as an outdoor life of picnics , lemonade , bicycle trips and swimming .   Blyton intended to write only six or eight books in the series , but owing to their high sales and immense commercial success she went on to write twenty-one full-length Famous Five novels , as well as a number of other series in similar style following groups of children discovering crime on holiday in the countryside . By the end of 1953 more than six million copies had been sold . Today , more than two million copies of the books are sold each year , making them one of the biggest-selling series for children ever written , with sales totalling over a hundred million . All the novels have been adapted for television , and several have been adapted as films in various countries .   Blyton 's publisher , Hodder & Stoughton , first used the term `` The Famous Five '' in 1951 , after nine books in the series had been published . Before this , the series was referred to as `` The ` Fives ' Books '' .

neg: A Marvel Comics Super Special: Blade Runner Marvel Comics Super Special : Blade Runner is the comic book adaptation of the film Blade Runner , published by Marvel Comics in 1982 . It was written by Archie Goodwin with art by Al Williamson , Carlos Garzon with Dan Green and Ralph Reese .   The Jim Steranko cover leads into a 45-page adaptation which includes one possible explanation of the title 's significance in story context : the narrative line , `` Blade runner . You 're always movin ' on the edge . ''   This was issue 22 of the Marvel Comics Super Special series of titles which by this time only printed Marvel 's movie adaptations . It was reprinted in a two issue mini series but without the feature content contained in the special . In some printings , several pages of the comic were published out of order . Other printing set these pages in the correct order .   In the UK it was reprinted as the Blade Runner Annual published by Grandreams . Again , the feature content of the original special was not reprinted .

neg: List of The New York Times Manga Best Sellers The New York Times Best Seller list for manga published in the United States was introduced on March 5 , 2009 , along with two additional lists for hardcover and paperback graphic novels . The three lists are grouped under the `` Graphic Books '' category . Deborah Hoffman , an editor for the Best Seller lists , explained that the term `` Graphic Books '' was selected to create an `` inclusive and expansive '' list which can extend to works of both fiction and non-fiction . Journalist George Gustines announced , in his introduction of the new lists , `` Comics have finally joined the mainstream . '' The announcement was made the week the film Watchmen , based on the comic book of the same name , was released in movie theaters throughout the U.S. . The Best Seller lists are printed weekly in The New York Times Book Review magazine , which is published in the Sunday edition of The New York Times and as a stand-alone publication .   Gustines explained the methodology used to determine the rankings :   Rankings reflect sales of graphic novels -LSB- ... -RSB- at many thousands of venues where a wide range of books are sold nationwide . These include hundreds of independent book retailers ( statistically weighted to represent all such outlets ) ; national , regional and local chains ; online and multimedia entertainment retailers ; university , gift , supermarket , discount department stores and newsstands . In addition , these rankings also include unit sales reported by retailers nationwide that specialize in graphic novels and comic books .   On multiple occasions , manga have been listed outside its designated list . Mike Kiley , then-Senior Vice President of the publisher Tokyopop , explained in 2010 that it has become more difficult to draw a distinguishing line between works that are manga and manga-inspired , such as Korean manhwa and American original English language ( OEL ) manga . A Drifting Life , an autobiographical manga by Yoshihiro Tatsumi , appeared on the May 3 , 2009 , Best Seller list for paperback graphic novels , where it ranked third . X-Men : Misfits , an original English manga based on the X-Men comic book franchise , ranked fifth at its debut on the August 30 , 2009 , paperback graphic novels list , and stayed on the chart for five consecutive weeks . The first volume of a manhwa adaptation of the popular vampire-themed Twilight novels by Stephenie Meyer remained on the hardcover graphic novels Best Seller list for 27 consecutive weeks in 2010 .   In January 2017 , the Times decided to stop producing the separate manga best seller list .

neg: Space opera Space opera is a subgenre of science fiction that emphasizes space warfare , melodramatic adventure , interplanetary battles , as well as chivalric romance , and often risk-taking . Set mainly or entirely in outer space , it usually involves conflict between opponents possessing advanced abilities , futuristic weapons , and other sophisticated technology . The term has no relation to music but is instead a play on the terms `` soap opera '' and `` horse opera '' , the latter of which was coined during the 1930s to indicate clichéd and formulaic Western movies . Space operas emerged in the 1930s and they continue to be produced in literature , film , comics , and video games .   Notable space opera novels include the Foundation series ( 1942 -- 1999 ) by Isaac Asimov , the Lensman series ( 1948-1954 ) by E. E. Smith and the Ender 's Game series ( 1985 -- present ) by Orson Scott Card . An early notable space opera film was Flash Gordon ( 1936 -- present ) created by Alex Raymond . In the late 1970s , the Star Wars franchise ( 1977 -- present ) created by George Lucas brought a great deal of attention to the subgenre .

neg: Ben 10 Ben 10 is an American animated TV series and media franchise created by Man of Action Studios and produced by Cartoon Network Studios . The franchise revolves around a boy named Ben Tennyson who acquires a watch-like alien device ( the Omnitrix ) which allows the wearer to transform into ten different alien creatures . The Ben 10 franchise has received wide critical acclaim , winning three Emmy Awards . Worldwide it has grossed over $ 4.5 billion in retail sales . The franchise has four movies , all of which aired on Cartoon Network between August 2007 and March 2012 . With a 12-year old franchise , it is the longest Cartoon Network original series to date .

neg: All Star DC Comics All Star was an imprint of ongoing comic book titles published by American company DC Comics that ran from 2005 to 2008 . DC has published two titles under the All-Star banner , featuring Batman and Superman .   The premise of the imprint was to partner DC Comics ' top tier characters with the most popular and acclaimed writers and artists . The creators had access to all elements in the characters ' histories to present their interpretation for a modern audience that have not read these DC characters ' comics previously , or had not seen them lately . The creative teams were not beholden to any previous and present continuities , and told stories that featured `` the most iconic versions of these characters '' .   The project had been compared to the Ultimate line of Marvel Comics , which was a successful attempt to re-introduce Marvel 's most popular characters to a new generation of readers by presenting new , updated versions unburdened by decades of plotlines . There were several differences between the two imprints , though . While the Ultimate titles have closely interrelated storylines , of the two All-Star series released , there has been no effort to make them conform to each other or indicate they exist in the same continuity . Another is that All-Star did not seek to introduce brand new versions of the characters so much as to present them in unhindered continuity . Robin 's origin was the only one `` rebooted '' in this imprint .   Some observers , and DC themselves , had pointed to the return of DC 's major film franchises as an impetus for All-Star . `` No one can doubt that some kind of continuity shedding is necessary with Superman and Batman coming to the big screens , '' the website Comicon.com wrote . `` Moviegoers entertained by these films would find the current comics storylines impenetrable '' .   With the end of Grant Morrison and Frank Quitely 's All-Star Superman and the rebranding of Frank Miller and Jim Lee 's All Star Batman and Robin as Dark Knight : Boy Wonder as well as the introduction of the DC : Earth One line of OGNs , the imprint is effectively defunct .

neg: Remaindered book Remaindered books or remainders are printed books that are no longer selling well and whose remaining unsold copies are liquidated by the publisher at greatly reduced prices . While the publisher may take a net loss on the sales of these books , they are able to recover at least some of their sunken costs on the sale and clear out space in the warehouses .   Copies of remaindered books may be marked by the publisher , distributor , or bookseller to prevent them from being returned . `` Remainder marks '' have varied over the years , but today most remainders are marked with a stroke with a felt-tipped marker across the top or bottom of the book 's pages , near the spine .   Only hardcovers and trade paperbacks ( paperback books , often larger than `` pocket '' paperbacks , sold `` to the trade '' or directly to sales outlets ) are typically remaindered . Mass market paperbacks ( `` pocket '' paperback books sold through a third-party distributor ) usually become stripped books rather than remaindered books . A book that might retail for $ 20 will typically be purchased by someone specializing in remainders for $ 1 and resold for approximately $ 5 .

neg: The Night Letter The Night Letter is a 1978 book by Paul Spike , with a double-layered structure : an anti-Nazi spy thriller on the background of the early part of the Second World War , and an exposure of cynical and machiavellian maneuverings in the American corridors of power .   The book belongs to the subgenre of secret history -- i.e. with a plot in which real historical figures play a substantial part , doing things which are the author 's invention but which supposedly ( for reasons given in the plot ) remained secret and did not come to the knowledge of the public .   In the book , a British doctor meets in 1936 with President Franklin D. Roosevelt , who is unaware that the doctor is a Nazi sympathizer . The visitor manages to secretly photograph the President in a compromising position with his secretary , Missy LeHand ( whom historians widely assume to have been indeed Roosevelt 's mistress ) .   By 1940 , senior Nazi leader Reinhard Heydrich possesses the picture and intends to use the photo for blackmail and prevent Roosevelt from running for a third term -- in the hope that whoever gets elected instead would be more likely to keep the US out of the Second World War .   The President must recover the photo before the Democratic Party Convention which is about to nominate him . What makes the situation more difficult is that Roosevelt also needs to bypass the FBI -- for apprehension that should the photo fall into the hands of J. Edgar Hoover , the FBI Director might use it for his own brand of blackmail . Instead , Roosevelt employs former FBI Agent Jackson , who had left the Bureau under a cloud and incurred Hoover 's personal enmity , and who is completely loyal to the President .   The bulk of the book follows Jackson 's chase after the photo , starting from Paris at the very eve of its fall to the Wehrmacht and concluding with a cataclysmic confrontation at a secret Michigan base of the `` Silver Shirts '' -- a murderous , power-mad American Fascist militia ( which truly existed , though not necessarily doing all that the book describes it as doing ) . The chase ends with a mixed result -- the Nazi agents have been killed or captured , but the negative did fall into the hands of the FBI who caught the scent of what was going on .   The book ends on a cynical note : Hoover meets the President at the White House , claims to have destroyed the negatives ( which is manifestly untrue ) and proceeds to imperiously demand the sacking of Jackson -- obviously he is under the impression that he now holds Roosevelt 's fate in his hand . Upon being shown this , the President presents a photo of his own , showing Hoover in a compromising position with a handsome young FBI agent . Roosevelt and Hoover would henceforth be tied to each other , `` like convicts in chain gang '' , each able to destroy the other but only at the cost of his own destruction .   Category :1978 books  Category : Corruption  Category : Secret histories  Category : Thriller novels


query: Ji Chang-wook is a South Korean citizen.

pos: Ji Chang-wook Ji Chang-wook ( born on July 5 , 1987 ) is a South Korean actor . He rose to fame playing the leading role of Dong-hae in daily drama series Smile Again ( 2010-2011 ) , and has since starred in Warrior Baek Dong-soo ( 2011 ) , Empress Ki ( 2013-2014 ) , Healer ( 2014-2015 ) , The K2 ( 2016 ) , Suspicious Partner ( 2017 ) and the crime-action film Fabricated City ( 2017 ) .

neg: Son Ji-chang Son Ji-chang ( born February 20 , 1970 ) is a South Korean actor , singer and songwriter . He starred in television series such as Mudong 's House ( 1991 ) , The Last Match ( 1994 ) , Trio ( 2002 ) , and Rose Fence ( 2003 ) . He is also member of musical duo The Blue .

neg: South Korean web culture South Korean web culture indicates distinct activities that South Korean internet users enjoy on the web . Most of the internet users are in the 13 - 50 age range . People often access the Internet through cyber cafes ( Korean : PC방 ; PC bang ) .   Most of the activities are targeted to teenagers and college students . Youngsters who feel more comfortable texting than talking are known as the `` thumb tribe '' . The LG Mobile World Cup , an international competition held on January 14 , 2010 , in which participants competed using their texting speed and accuracy was won by a pair of South Koreans .   Highly urbanized at 92 % , South Koreans lead a distinctive urban lifestyle ; half of them live in high-rises concentrated in the Seoul Capital Area with 25 million residents . The rise of online social activities closely mirrors the wider cultural trend towards shared spaces , such as the habitual use of coffee houses .   South Korea enjoys the world 's swiftest Internet speeds and the highest rate of Internet penitration but also suffers from very high censorship of content .

neg: University of Seoul The University of Seoul ( UOS ) ( Korean : 서울시립대학교 ) is a public university located in Seoul , Korea . It was founded as Kyung Sung Public Agricultural College in 1918 and renamed the University of Seoul in 1997 . UOS is one of top 3 universities without medical school in Korea in 2012 . According to 2015 report from The Times Higher Education , UOS ranked 7th among the all Korean universities and 49th among all the Asian universities . In another survey , UOS ranked 14th in the Asian midsize universities . UOS was reported the best value public university in Korea , with high financial investment and scholarship amount per student . Students ' affinity to the school was ranked in the first place and students ' satisfaction is in the second according to a 2010 survey . UOS is famous for a large number of alumni working as national or municipal government officials . UOS is specialized in College of Urban Science and has top-tier programs of environmental engineering , science in taxation , transportation engineering , urban planning and design , landscape architecture , and urban administration .   In 2012 , the mayor of Seoul , Park Won-soon , implemented a campaign promise , `` Half-priced tuition '' as soon as he started his term . The half-priced tuition was initiated in UOS first so that it would drive other universities to decrease their tuition . In 2013 , UOS tuition per semester ranged from $ 915 to $ 1,441 ( two semesters a year , 1,117.3 won / $ in 2013 ) . Because of high quality of education and low tuition of UOS , admission process has been more competitive . And student 's satisfaction is still very high . In 2012 , the registration rate of new students was very high ( 96 % ) and the withdrawal rate of students was extremely low ( 0.97 % ) , compared with other universities in Seoul .   Because UOS students think that they take a lot of financial and educational benefits from the Seoul government , most of them participate in social works . Number of social work volunteers in 2012 was 3,105 and is expected to increase .

neg: List of Ambassadors from Denmark to South Korea The List of Ambassadors from Denmark to South Korea began long after diplomatic relations were established in 1902 . The official title of this diplomat is `` Ambassador of Denmark to the Republic of Korea . ''   Danish-Korean diplomatic relations were initially established during the Joseon period of Korean history .   After the Denmark-Korea Treaty of 1902 was negotiated , ministers from Denmark could have been appointed in accordance with this treaty . However , diplomatic affairs were initially handled by the Belgian representative in Seoul .

neg: Cho Woo-seok Cho Woo-seok ( born 8 October 1968 ) is a South Korean footballer .

neg: Sin Sukju Sin Suk-ju ( Korean : 신숙주 , hanja : 申叔舟 ; August 2 , 1417 -- July 23 , 1475 ) was a Korean politician during the Joseon Dynasty . He served as Prime Minister from 1461 to 1466 and again from 1471 to 1475 .   Shin was an accomplished polyglot , and was particularly well educated in the Chinese language . He served as a personal linguistic expert to King Sejong , and was intimately involved in the creation and application of the Korean alphabet known in modern times as Hangul . Sin used the newly created hangul system to create an accurate transcription of spoken Mandarin Chinese in 15th century Ming dynasty China .  These transcriptions haven proven accurate and reliable , and his transcriptions are now `` an invaluable source of information on the pronunciations of Ming-era -LSB- Mandarin -RSB- . ''

neg: .kr . kr is the Internet country code top-level domain ( ccTLD ) for South Korea ( Republic of Korea ) . Registrations are processed via registration agents .   From September 2006 , it became possible to register domain names directly under . kr ( although this is currently only possible for internationalized domain names ) . Trademark holders and public bodies benefited from an `` early registration period '' , after which the owners of . kr third-level domains had priority to get the corresponding second-level domains .   1 . Sunrise I ( September 18 -- November 20 , 2006 )  Governmental Bodies only  2 . Sunrise II ( November 21 -- February 27 , 2007 )  A holder of 3rd level . kr domain  The registered 3rd level domain and the 3rd level domain should be registered before March 13 , 2006  The full name of registered trademark using same alphabetical order  3 . Landrush ( March 28 -- April 11 , 2007 )  Anyone or any business entity who has an address in the territory  4 . General Registration ( from April 19 . 2007 )  First-come first-served basis   In 2011 a new top-level domain was registered for South Korea , intended for domain names in the local language . The top-level domain is Domain names and working sites became active during 2011 .

neg: Eun-ju Eun-ju , also spelled Eun-joo or Un-ju , is a Korean feminine given name . It was the sixth-most popular name for baby girls born in South Korea in 1970 . The meaning differs based on the hanja used to write each syllable of the name . There are 26 hanja with the reading `` eun '' and 56 hanja with the reading `` ju '' on the South Korean government 's official list of hanja which may be used in given names .   People with this name include :   Sportspeople  Lee Eun-ju ( sport shooter ) ( born 1970 ) , South Korean sport shooter  Ha Eun-ju ( born 1986 ) , South Korean swimmer  Jung Eun-ju ( born 1988 ) , South Korean short track speed skater  Kim Un-ju ( born 1989 ) , North Korean weightlifter  Son Eun-ju ( born 1990 ) , South Korean track cyclist  Choe Un-ju ( born 1991 ) , North Korean football player  Kim Un-ju ( footballer , born 1992 ) , North Korean footballer  Kim Un-ju ( footballer , born 1993 ) , North Korean footballer  Kang Un-ju ( born 1995 ) , North Korean recurve archer  Lee Eun-ju ( gymnast ) ( born 1999 ) , South Korean gymnast   Entertainers  Lee Eun-ju ( 1980 -- 2005 ) , South Korean actress  Cho Eun-ju ( born 1983 ) , South Korean beauty pageant titleholder  Go Joon-hee ( born Kim Eun-joo , 1985 ) , South Korean actress  Jung Hye-sung ( born Jung Eun-joo , 1991 ) , South Korean actress  Chyung Eun-ju ( born 1993 ) , South Korean beauty pageant titleholder   Other  Michelle Eunjoo Park Steel ( born 1955 ) , South Korean-born American politician  Eliza Yang ( Korean name Yang Eunju ) , American writer of Korean descent   Fictional characters with this name include :  Kim Eun-joo , in 2000 South Korean film Il Mare  Heo Eun-joo , in 2003 South Korean film A Tale of Two Sisters  Kim Eun-joo , in 2012 South Korean television series Missing You

neg: Jae-ho Jae-ho is a Korean masculine given name . Its meaning differs based on the hanja used to write each syllable of the name . There are 20 hanja with the reading `` jae '' and 49 hanja with the reading `` ho '' on the South Korean government 's official list of hanja which may be used in given names .   People with this name include :  Song Jae-ho ( born 1937 ) , South Korean actor  Kim Jae-ho ( born 1963 ) , South Korean judge  Jeon Jae-ho ( born 1979 ) , South Korean footballer  Choiza ( born Choi Jae-ho , 1980 ) , South Korean rapper  Kim Jae-ho ( baseball ) ( born 1985 ) , South Korean baseball player  Jang Jae-ho ( born 1986 ) , South Korean professional computer games player

neg: Kun-woo Kun-woo , also spelled Keon-woo or Gun-woo , is a Korean masculine given name . It was the sixth-most popular name for baby boys born in South Korea in 2008 , with 1,722 being given the name . The meaning differs based on the hanja used to write the name . There are 15 hanja with the reading `` kun '' and 42 hanja with the reading `` woo '' on the South Korean government 's official list of hanja which may be used in given names .   People with this name include :  Kun-Woo Paik ( born 1946 ) , South Korean pianist  Kim Kun-woo ( born 1980 ) , South Korean track and field athlete  Park Gun-woo ( born 1981 ) , South Korean Olympic sailing team member  Cho Gun-woo ( born 1988 ) , South Korean badminton player  Lee Gun-woo ( born 1989 ) , member of South Korean band My Name  Park Keon-woo ( born 1991 ) , South Korean track cyclist   Fictional characters with this name include :  Kang Gun-woo , in 2008 South Korean television series Beethoven Virus  Min Gun-woo , in 2008 South Korean television series Temptation of Wife

neg: Chang Dae-hwan Chang Dae-hwan ( also Chang Dae-whan ; born 21 March 1952 ) is a South Korean businessman . He is best known as the president of the Maeil Business Newspaper , South Korea 's main business daily . He also served a brief stint as South Korea 's acting prime minister in August 2002 under president Kim Dae-jung , but the National Assembly voted not to confirm him .

neg: Emblem of South Korea The National Emblem of the Republic of Korea ( Hangul : 대한민국의 국장 / Hanja : -LSB- -LSB- ) consists of the taeguk symbol present on the country 's national flag surrounded by five stylized petals and a ribbon bearing the inscription `` The Republic of Korea '' ( Daehan Minguk ) , the official name of the country , in Hangul characters . The Taegeuk represents peace and harmony . The five petals all have meaning and are related to Korea 's national flower , the Hibiscus syriacus , or Rose of Sharon ( mugunghwa . The emblem was adopted in 1963 .

neg: Ji Soo Kim Ji-soo ( ; March 30 , 1993 ) , professionally known as Ji Soo , is a South Korean actor .

neg: Office of the Yi Dynasty The Office of the Yi Dynasty or called Yiwangjik was an organization to manage every affairs related to the royal House of Yi of Korea during the Japanese occupation . It was established in February 1911 under the direction of the Japanese Government-General of Korea . As the Empire of Korea was relegated to the Yi Dynasty after the annexation of Korea to Japan in 1910 , Yiwangjik was descended from `` Gungnaebu '' ( Department of the Royal Household ) of the Korean Empire which was in charge of the affairs of the royal family . It is also translated into English as `` Yi Royal Household '' or `` Office of Yi Royal Family '' The term , Yiwangjik comprises three words in Korean ; Yi means the House of Yi and `` wang '' means titles and ranks of the royalty by Japanese investiture , and jik refers to government office .   The office also governed the affairs related to documenting the House of Yi , so compiled the Annal of Gojong and Sujong . Appointments , rewards , and punishment on officers of Yiwangjik was governed by the Japanese Imperial Household Ministry as well as supervised by the Governor-General of Korea .

neg: International Convention Center Jeju International Convention Center Jeju ( ICC Jeju ) opened in 2003 on Jeju Island , South Korea , in the Jungmun Resort near the city of Seogwipo . It began under private-public consortium ownership and is becoming fully publicly owned . It consists of a larger oval-shaped glass structure and a smaller round glass annex , and surrounding facilities . The largest hall accommodates 4,300 people , with various smaller halls and meeting rooms .   The building consists of a large elliptical fully glass-wall structure four floors above ground ( and two below ) connected to a smaller circular glass building housing restaurant and coffee shop , and is set on a cliff over the Pacific Ocean . The building houses the Jeju Convention Bureau .   In 2007 construction began on the adjoining 50,000 sq. meter lot to build a 600-room hotel-condominium to serve as ICC Jeju 's `` anchor hotel , '' scheduled to be completed in 2009 .

neg: Yun Chi-chang Yun Chi-chang ( 윤치창 ; 尹致昌 , 1899 -- 1973 ) was a South Korean diplomat , politician and businessman . Nicknamed Namgye , he was the brother of Yun Chi-wang and half-brother of Yun Chi-ho .   He was the Republic of Korea 's Ambassador to the United Kingdom ( 1948 -- 1951 ) and Ambassador extraordinary to the Middle East ( 1960 -- 1961 ) and Ambassador to Turkey ( 1961 -- 1962 ) .

neg: South Korean South Korean may refer to :  Something of , from , or related to South Korea , a country in East Asia , in the southern half of the Korean Peninsula . For information about the South Korean people , see :  Demographics of South Korea  Culture of South Korea  the Korean language as spoken in South Korea

neg: South Chungcheong Province South Chungcheong Province , officially Chungcheongnam-do ( -LSB- tɕʰuŋ.tɕʰʌŋ.nam.do -RSB- ; abbreviated Chungnam ) , is a province in the west of South Korea . The province was formed in 1896 from the south-western half of the former Chungcheong Province and remained a province of Korea until the country 's division in 1945 , thereafter becoming part of South Korea . In 2012 , the provincial capital moved from Daejeon to Hongseong .

neg: Guro District, Seoul Guro District ( Guro-gu ) is a district of Seoul , South Korea , which was separated from Yeongdeungpo District on April 1 , 1980 . Located in the southwestern part of the city , where besides Yangcheon District and Geumcheon District Guro District has an important position as a transport link which contains railroads , land routes from the rest of Seoul to the south of the country . The Gyeongbu and Gyeongin railway lines connect Seoul to Busan and Incheon . In addition , Seoul Metropolitan Subway lines 1 , 2 , and 7 , and major highways intersect in Guro District .   The name Guro originates from the legend that nine ( gu ) old men ( Korean : ro ) enjoyed longevity in the district .   A digital industrial complex is located in Guro District . The Guro Digital Industrial Complex , which played a leading industrial role mainly with textile manufacturing , dressmaking and other labour-intensive industries in 1967 , has been rapidly changed into an IT industrial complex . This complex played a pivotal role in the economic growth of the South Korea 's development era , referred to as the `` Miracle on the Han River '' , and also contributed 10 percent of national export in the 1970s .   Twenty-one percent of the total area of Guro District is a restricted zone to be used as a greenbelt with the only arboretum in Seoul . The zone is changing into a lively district as large labour-intensive factories are moving from the area and the council is developing what it terms its four zones .   An `` e-government '' system based on this hosted the international e-participation forum on February 7 -- 9 , 2007 , with the participation of more than thirty-seven countries . The forum was launched with the theme `` Promoting Democracy and Regional Development '' and twenty-five mayors including André Santini ( Issy-les-Moulineaux , France ) , Kevin Foy ( Chapel Hill , US ) , Apirak Kosayothin ( Bangkok , Thailand ) , Uvais Mohamed Emthiyas ( Colombo , Sri Lanka ) , and world experts such as Dr William H. Dutton ( Director of Oxford Internet Institute at the University of Oxford , UK ) and Dr Ari-Veiko Anttiroiko ( professor at the University of Tampere , Finland ) participated in the forum . The Guro Declaration , adopted during the forum , aims to set up a portal site for e-government development and to establish a concrete project in order to bridge the digital divide among the world 's cities . This practice has been recognised for providing a new important step in the development of e-democracy .   The e-participation forum was a key factor for Guro to play the leading role in bridging the digital divide among cities , to provide I.T. enterprises located in Guro Digital Industrial Complex the opportunity to launch into the international market , to improve its image and become a global leader to concrete e-democracy .

neg: Changwon National University Changwon National University is a public institution of higher education located in Changwon , an industrial city in the southeast of South Korea . It is home to the country 's first graduate school of labor . The school enrolls close to 15,000 students , and employs 304 instructors as of 2004 .


query: Transformers: The Last Knight stars an actor.

pos: Transformers: The Last Knight Transformers : The Last Knight is an upcoming American science fiction action film based on the toy line of the same name created by Hasbro . It is the fifth installment of the live-action Transformers film series and a direct sequel to 2014 's Transformers : Age of Extinction . The film was directed by Michael Bay , with Mark Wahlberg and Stanley Tucci reprising their roles from Age of Extinction alongside Josh Duhamel , Tyrese Gibson , and John Turturro from the first three movies . Bay has stated this film marks his final picture in the franchise . The film is set to be released on June 21 , 2017 by Paramount Pictures in 2D , 3D , and IMAX 3D .

neg: Christopher Plummer Arthur Christopher Orme Plummer ( born December 13 , 1929 ) is a Canadian theatre , film and television actor . After making his film debut in Stage Struck ( 1958 ) , Plummer went on to a successful film career , now spanning more than five decades . Some of his most notable film performances include : The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) , Battle of Britain ( 1969 ) , Waterloo ( 1970 ) , The Return of the Pink Panther ( 1975 ) , Murder by Decree ( 1979 ) , Dragnet ( 1987 ) , Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country ( 1991 ) , A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) , Nicholas Nickleby ( 2002 ) , National Treasure ( 2004 ) , The New World ( 2005 ) , Inside Man ( 2006 ) , Up ( 2009 ) , The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus ( 2009 ) , and The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2011 ) .   In a career which includes substantial roles in each of the dramatic arts , Plummer is best known to film audiences as the aristocratic widower , Captain Georg von Trapp , in the musical film The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) , alongside Julie Andrews . Plummer has ventured into various television projects , including the miniseries The Thorn Birds ( 1983 ) . Plummer has notably portrayed several historical figures , including Arthur Wellesley , First Duke of Wellington in Waterloo ( 1970 ) , Rudyard Kipling in The Man Who Would Be King ( 1975 ) , Mike Wallace in The Insider ( 1999 ) , and Leo Tolstoy in The Last Station ( 2009 ) .   Plummer has won numerous awards and accolades for his work , including an Academy Award , two Emmy Awards , two Tony Awards , a Golden Globe Award , a SAG Award , and a BAFTA Award . With his win at age 82 in 2012 for Beginners , Plummer is the oldest actor ever to win an Academy Award .

neg: Marton Csokas Marton Paul Csokas ( Csókás Márton , -LSB- ˈt͡ʃoːkaːʃ ˈmaːrton -RSB- ; born 30 June 1966 ) is a New Zealand actor of Hungarian descent . His notable roles include Celeborn in The Lord of the Rings film series ( 2001 -- 03 ) , Yorgi in xXx ( 2002 ) , Guy de Lusignan in Kingdom of Heaven ( 2005 ) , Trevor Goodchild in Æon Flux ( 2005 ) , Hora in Romulus , My Father ( 2007 ) , Nico in Dead Europe ( 2012 ) , Jack Barts in Abraham Lincoln : Vampire Hunter ( 2012 ) , Lieutenant Barnes in Pawn ( 2013 ) , and Nicolai Itchenko in The Equalizer ( 2014 ) .   He is set to appear as former FBI Director L. Patrick Gray in the upcoming 2017 film The Silent Man .

neg: Ethan Van der Ryn Ethan Van der Ryn ( born October 21 , 1962 ) is a sound editor .  He won 2 Academy Awards for Best Sound Editing for The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers and King Kong . He earned further Academy Awards nominations for Transformers ( 2007 ) , Transformers : Dark of the Moon ( 2011 ) and Argo ( 2012 ) . He is an alumnus of San Francisco State University .

neg: C. Thomas Howell Christopher Thomas Howell ( born December 7 , 1966 ) , known as C. Thomas Howell , is an American actor and director . He starred in the films The Outsiders , as Ponyboy Curtis , and The Hitcher , as Jim Halsey . He also starred in Grandview U.S.A. , Red Dawn as Robert , Secret Admirer as Michael , and Soul Man , and appeared in E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial , The Amazing Spider-Man , and Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox .

neg: Joseph D. Reitman Joseph David Reitman ( born May 25 , 1968 ) is an American actor , film producer , film director , and writer .

neg: Carlos Knight Carlos Knight ( born September 22 , 1993 ) is an American actor and comedian . He co-starred as Owen Reynolds in Supah Ninjas and as Diesel ( his character from Fred 2 : Night of the Living Fred and also Fred 3 : Camp Fred ) in Fred : The Show .

neg: Steve Jablonsky Steve Jablonsky ( born October 9 , 1970 ) is an American composer for film , television and video games , best known for his musical scores in the Transformers film series . Some of his frequent collaboration partners include film directors Michael Bay and Peter Berg , and fellow composer Hans Zimmer .

neg: Lorenzo di Bonaventura Lorenzo di Bonaventura ( -LSB- loˈrɛntso di bɔ nɑ vɛnˈtu rɑ -RSB- ; born November 29 , 1957 ) is an American film producer and founder of his company Di Bonaventura Pictures . He is best known for producing the Transformers film series .

neg: Anthony Mackie Anthony Dwane Mackie ( born September 23 , 1978 ) is an American actor . He has been featured in feature films , television series , and Broadway and Off-Broadway plays , including Ma Rainey 's Black Bottom , Drowning Crow , McReele , A Soldier 's Play , and Carl Hancock Rux 's Talk , for which he won an Obie Award in 2002 .   In 2002 , he was featured in Eminem 's debut film , 8 Mile . He was nominated for Independent Spirit Award for Best Actor for his role in Brother to Brother . His second nomination was for Best Supporting Actor at the 2009 Independent Spirit Awards for his role in The Hurt Locker . In 2014 , he joined the Marvel Cinematic Universe as Sam Wilson / Falcon , making his first appearance in Captain America : The Winter Soldier , and reprising the role in Avengers : Age of Ultron , Ant-Man , and Captain America : Civil War .   In May 2016 , he co-starred in the HBO TV film All the Way as Martin Luther King Jr. , opposite Bryan Cranston , who was reprising his Tony Award-winning performance as President Lyndon B. Johnson in the play of the same name .

neg: James Bachman James Hamilton Bachman ( born 24 February 1972 ) is an English comedian , actor and writer . He has written for and acted in many British television and radio programmes , including That Mitchell and Webb Look , Saxondale , Bleak Expectations and Sorry , I 've Got No Head . In 2014 he co-starred in the film Transformers : Age of Extinction .   He is the grandson of the best-selling author M. M. Kaye , and holds both British and American citizenship .

neg: James Remar William James Remar ( born December 31 , 1953 ) , is an American actor and voice actor . He played Richard , the on-off tycoon boyfriend of Kim Cattrall 's character in Sex and the City , Ajax in The Warriors ( 1979 ) , homicidal maniac Albert Ganz in the thriller 48 Hrs . ( 1982 ) , gangster Dutch Schultz in The Cotton Club ( 1984 ) , Lord Raiden in Mortal Kombat : Annihilation ( 1997 ) , Giuseppe Salvatore in The CW TV series The Vampire Diaries , Jack Duff in Miracle on 34th Street ( 1994 ) , and Harry Morgan in the Showtime TV series Dexter . Since 2009 , he has done voiceover work in ads for Lexus luxury cars .

neg: Chandler Canterbury Chandler Canterbury ( born December 15 , 1998 ) is an American actor .

neg: Detlef Bothe (actor) Detlef Bothe ( born 24 July 1965 ) is a German actor , screenwriter , film director and producer . Since the early 1990s , he has appeared in numerous film and television productions , both German and international . In 2015 , he appeared in the James Bond film Spectre as a henchman , in a scene where he and Q ( Ben Whishaw ) are seen riding a cable car in the Austrian Alps .

neg: Tom Parker (actor) Thomas Scott `` Tom '' Parker ( born July 23 , 1977 ) is an American actor .

neg: Wayne Pygram Wayne Pigram ( born 13 October 1959 ) , better known by his stage name Wayne Pygram , is an Australian actor , known for his role as Scorpius in the science fiction series Farscape ( 2000 -- 2003 ) and the miniseries that followed , Farscape : The Peacekeeper Wars ( 2004 ) .

neg: Patrick Poivey Patrick Poivey ( born 18 February 1948 ) is a French actor . He is especially known for his voice : he is the French dub voice of Bruce Willis since 1988 .

neg: Elliot Knight Elliot Knight is a British actor . He is known for his role as Sinbad in the British television series Sinbad . He portrayed Merlin on the American fantasy television series Once Upon a Time .

neg: Trevor Wright Trevor Christopher Wright ( born August 23 , 1980 in San Diego , California ) is an American actor .

neg: Erik Dellums Erik Todd Dellums ( born September 23 , 1964 ) is an American actor , voice actor , and narrator . He is perhaps best known for his voice roles as the radio DJ Three-Dog in the 2008 video game Fallout 3 and the main antagonist , Prince Arcann in the 2015 expansion to Star Wars : The Old Republic called ` Knights of the Fallen Empire ' , as well as a minor voice acting role as Dark Brotherhood member Nazir in The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim .

neg: Christoph Sanders Christoph Sanders ( born April 21 , 1988 ) is an American actor who is best known for his role as Ned Banks in the television series Ghost Whisperer and Kyle Anderson in the television series Last Man Standing .