query: The Flash is an American television series.

pos: The Flash (1990 TV series) The Flash is a 1990 American television series developed by the writing team of Danny Bilson and Paul De Meo that aired on CBS . It is based on the DC Comics character Barry Allen / Flash , a costumed superhero crime-fighter with the power to move at superhuman speeds . The Flash starred John Wesley Shipp as Allen , along with Amanda Pays , Alex Désert , and Paula Marshall . It was the first-ever live-action portrayal of the DC superhero .

neg: Prince Thun Prince Thun is a fictional character who appeared in various forms of the Flash Gordon comic strip and film productions . He is a Lion Man of Mongo and one of Flash 's most trusted friends . His Father is King Jugrid , ruler of the Lion Men , and one of the three mightiest rulers of Mongo .   Thun first appeared in the Alex Raymond comic strip of the 1930s and quickly becomes an ally of Flash , after meeting him during a Lion Men attack on Mingo City . He helped him twice in stopping Ming marrying Dale . Soon he appeared in other incarnations of the character .   In 1936 , Thun was first played by James Pierce in the film serial entitled Flash Gordon . Thun appeared in the serial much as he did in the comic strip , a humanoid with a wild shock of long hair and a long beard , creating the overall effect of a lion 's mane .   Flash , Dale and Zarkov encounter a `` lion-man '' in `` The Forbidden Experiment '' , the 25th episode of the 1954 syndicated television series , although he is not identified on-screen as Thun . His body and face are covered with fur and he has fangs and mane-like hair . He has the power to command animals and is seeking to become fully human in appearance . The actor is not credited .   Thun next appeared in the 1979 Filmation series . Originally , Thun was to be voiced by Ted Cassidy . However , Cassidy died before production of the series , and the role was recast with Allan Melvin providing the voice . In this series , Thun appeared as a literal lion man , with a lion 's head and claws on a human body . He was referred to as a king , rather than a prince . Thun is the first of Flash 's allies on Mongo , and the most loyal and steadfast . It was heavily implied that there was an entire race of Lion Men on Mongo , but Thun was the only one who ever appeared onscreen .   In 1980 , Thun was played by George Harris in the Dino De Laurentiis film version . He was again referred to as the King of Ardentia , and appeared human and clean-shaven . When he offered his loyalty `` without measure '' , Ming the Merciless commanded him to fall on his sword . Instead , he attacked Ming and was destroyed , paralyzed by Ming 's probe and then stabbed with his sword by Ming revealing him to have blue blood .   In the 1996 Flash Gordon cartoon , Prince Thun was replaced by Princess Thundar . Like the earlier animated Thun , she was a literal lion-person , somewhat resembling the Thundercats . Like the other main characters , she was a teenager and worked with Flash , Dale Arden and Prince Talon of the Hawk-People to overthrow Ming .   A character named Thun does not appear in the 2007 Flash Gordon live action series , in which the Lion Men are renamed Turin . In this version they are led by Bolgar , played by Shawn Reis . Bolgar becomes an ally of Flash in the episode `` Blame '' , when Flash saves his son Rivu ( Sebastian Gacki ) from poisoning and convinces him the Deviates are not responsible . The Turin resemble the original Lion Men , humans with claws and mane-like hair . They also roar like lions when angry .

neg: Sesame Street News Flash The Sesame Street News Flash was a recurring segment on the children 's television show Sesame Street . First aired in 1971 , the series starred Kermit the Frog as a trench coat-dressed roving reporter who interviews Muppet versions of characters from fairy tales , Mother Goose nursery rhymes and key moments in history .   Given the basic format of the segments , the `` Sesame Street News Flash '' series served several purposes , namely to act out simple stories and nursery rhymes with which the show 's audience might be familiar , and to give children a basic understanding of history . Other skits were spoofs of popular culture ( such as one which parodied the then-popular The Six Million Dollar Man ) , while others involved Kermit asking children simple vox populi , or `` man on the street , '' style questions . With exception to the latter , the segments were often parodies and diverged from the traditional tellings .

neg: Blue Trinity The Blue Trinity are a series of Russian superheroes , created by DC Comics , debuted in The Flash comic book series in The Flash Vol .2 # 7 ( December 1987 ) , unlike its predecessors , this team was emotionally Unstable and abnormally strong , making them antagonistic in the stories of The Flash , and eventually , becoming supervillains .

neg: List of Supergirl episodes Supergirl is an American superhero action-adventure drama television series developed by Ali Adler , Greg Berlanti and Andrew Kreisberg ( the latter two having previously created Arrow and The Flash ) that originally aired on CBS and premiered on October 26 , 2015 . It is based on the DC Comics character Supergirl ( Kara Zor-El ) , created by Otto Binder and Al Plastino , and stars Melissa Benoist in the title role . Supergirl is a costumed superheroine who is the biological cousin to Superman and one of the last surviving Kryptonians .   The series was officially picked up on May 6 , 2015 , after receiving a series commitment in September 2014 , and received a full season order on November 30 , 2015 . On May 12 , 2016 , Warner Bros. . Television announced that the series had been renewed for a second season and that it would move from CBS to The CW . It debuted on October 10 , 2016 . On January 8 , 2017 , The CW renewed the series for a third season .

neg: Superman/Fantastic Four Superman/Fantastic Four , subtitled `` The Infinite Destruction , '' is an intercompany comic book jointly published by DC Comics and Marvel Comics in July 1999 . The tale unites DC 's first superhero Superman and Marvel 's first superhero team , the Fantastic Four -- pitting them against the Cyborg Superman ( who gained notoriety in 1993 during DC 's `` Reign of the Supermen '' story arc ) and the longtime FF foe Galactus .   It was written by Dan Jurgens , with art by Jurgens and Art Thibert . The cover features painted art by Alex Ross , based on a layout by Jurgens .

neg: Geoff Johns Geoff Johns ( born January 25 , 1973 ) is an American comic book and television writer , film producer , and television producer . He is the president and Chief Creative Officer at DC Comics ; he has served in the latter position since 2010 . His most notable work in different media has used the DC Comics characters Green Lantern , Aquaman , Flash , and Superman . He is well known for his work on The WB/The CW 's Smallville , Arrow and The Flash .   He is also a comic book retailer who co-owns Earth-2 Comics in Northridge , California with Carr D'Angelo and Jud Meyers .

neg: Dirty Pair Flash is a humorous science fiction anime and manga franchise based on the light novel series by Haruka Takachiho .   Although it is often said that these are younger versions of the original Lovely Angels Kei and Yuri , in truth this series is an alternate universe telling of Dirty Pair , set in the years 2248-49 . When Sunrise originally began the project , their idea was to make a sequel to the original Dirty Pair series , but Kyōko Tongū , the original voice actress for Kei , had long retired and moved to North America , and Saeko Shimazu , the voice of Yuri , refused to work with anyone but her original partner , forcing the project to be a remake of the original series instead .   Dirty Pair Flash was first aired in North America on PBS San Jose station KTEH as the English Subtitled version and also on Showtime Beyond as the English Dubbed version . The English version of Dirty Pair Flash was licensed by ADV Films .

neg: Film series A film series ( also referred to as a film franchise ) is a collection of related films in succession that share the same fictional universe , or are marketed as a series .   Sometimes the work is conceived from the beginning as a multiple-film work , for example the Three Colours series , but in most cases the success of the original film inspires further films to be made . Individual sequels are relatively common , but are not always successful enough to spawn further installments .   The Marvel Cinematic Universe is the highest grossing film series in unadjusted US Dollar figures surpassing the Harry Potter , Star Wars , James Bond , and Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings series . However , `` Star Wars '' has the highest when adjusted for inflation .

neg: Fringe (season 2) The second season of the American science fiction television series Fringe commenced airing on the Fox network on September 17 , 2009 , and concluded on May 20 , 2010 . The season was produced by Bad Robot Productions in association with Warner Bros. . Television , and its showrunners were Jeff Pinkner and J.H. Wyman . Actors Anna Torv , John Noble , and Joshua Jackson reprised their roles as FBI agent Olivia Dunham and father-son duo Walter and Peter Bishop , respectively . Previous series regulars Lance Reddick , Jasika Nicole , Blair Brown , and Kirk Acevedo also returned , though with Acevedo in a limited capacity .   The season followed the continuation of a war between two universes , the prime and the parallel . It was set in the former , until the last several episodes when Peter Bishop ( Jackson ) journeyed back to the parallel universe after being lured there by his real father , `` Walternate '' ( Noble ) . While co-creator J.J. Abrams described the first season as `` identifying that there is an enemy '' , he referred to season two as `` getting to know the enemy '' as it `` build -LSB- s -RSB- to a very specific type of confrontation '' between the two universes . The writers focused on their characters ' development , in particular making them more comfortable with each other while solving cases for Fringe Division . By inventing the `` mythalone '' style of episode , the producers sought to create the perfect episode that mixed standalone episode qualities for casual viewers with the further development of the series ' mythology for regular viewers .   In a departure from the previous season , the second season aired in a new competitive timeslot at 9:00 pm on Thursdays . It contained 22 episodes , plus an unaired episode that was produced during the first season ; `` Unearthed '' aired as a special as episode 11 of season two , days prior to `` Johari Window '' , the first new episode of 2010 . Also part of the season was the series ' only musical episode , `` Brown Betty '' , which was produced at the request of the network . The season finale , `` Over There '' , fully introduced the parallel universe and laid the groundwork for the third season .   Fringe ended its second season with a per episode average of 6.252 million total viewers and a 2.3 ratings share in the 18 -- 49 demographic . The season was generally well-received by critics , though most agreed that the second half was a considerable improvement over the first . The series was chosen for a number of 2010 `` best of television '' lists , including The New York Times , the Seattle Post-Intelligencer , and Entertainment Weekly . Despite its critical acclaim , Fringe failed to earn any major category nominations at the 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards , but did receive nominations at the Creative Arts Emmy Awards , Golden Reel Awards , and Satellite Awards ; at the Saturn Awards , Torv and guest actor Leonard Nimoy won in their respective categories . The second season was released on DVD and Blu-ray in region 1 on September 14 , 2010 , in region 2 on September 27 , and in region 4 on November 10 .

neg: Arrow (season 2) The second season of the American television series Arrow premiered on The CW on October 10 , 2013 and concluded on May 14 , 2014 with a total of 23 episodes . The series is based on the DC Comics character Green Arrow , a costumed crime-fighter created by Mort Weisinger and George Papp . The showrunners for this season were Greg Berlanti , Marc Guggenheim and Andrew Kreisberg . This season introduces characters from The Flash , which was being developed as a potential spin-off at the time .

neg: Events from the Modern Age of Comic Books One of the key aspects of the Modern Age of Comic Books was that it was the beginning of big events . In 1984 , Marvel Comics debuted the first large crossover , Secret Wars , a storyline featuring the company 's most prolific superheroes , which overlapped into a 12-issue limited series and many monthly comic books . A year later , DC Comics introduced its first large scale crossover , Crisis on Infinite Earths , which had long-term effects on the `` DC Universe '' continuity .   In the early and mid-1990s , big events were regularly published by Marvel and DC , often leading to extra publicity and sales . These events helped fend-off competition from Image Comics , and such events were more likely to become `` collector 's items . '' Some events , such as DC 's `` Zero Hour '' and Marvel 's `` Onslaught saga '' spanned a publisher 's entire line while others only affected a `` family '' of interrelated titles . The X-Men and Batman franchises featured crossovers almost annually .   Some of the most significant mid-1990s events , such as Spider-Man 's `` Clone Saga , '' Batman 's `` Batman : Knightfall '' and particularly , `` The Death of Superman '' caused dramatic changes to long-running characters and received coverage in the mainstream media .   These events led to significant sales boosts and publicity , but many fans began to criticize them as excessive and lacking compelling storytelling . They also complained that monthly series had become inaccessible because one had to follow a number of comics to understand the full storyline . By the end of the 1990s , the number of large crossovers decreased , but they were still launched sporadically .

neg: Stargate fandom Stargate fandom is a community of people actively interested in the military science fiction film Stargate and the television shows Stargate SG-1 ( SG1 ) , Stargate Infinity ( SGI ) , Stargate Atlantis ( SGA ) , Stargate Universe ( SGU ) and their spin offs . The first franchise release , Stargate ( 1994 ) spawned four television series successors , four movies ( two in production ) , a plethora of merchandise , and a massive franchise collectively known as the Stargate ( owned by Metro -- Goldwyn -- Mayer and aired by Syfy , which now owns television properties they previously held with Carolco Pictures ) .   Thanks to Stargate fandom , the franchise has spawned other media including books , television series , video games , comic books and audiobooks . These supplements to the film and series trilogies comprise another universe than the series and the film , and have resulted in significant development of the series ' fictional universe . These media kept the franchise going in the interim between the film and series trilogies . In 2008 , Stargate : The Ark of Truth and Continuum was released direct-to-DVD , which in total grossed over 21 million in the United States . In 2002 , the franchise 's first animated series , Stargate Infinity , was released as an introduction to the Expanded Universe . In 2004 , Stargate Atlantis was released as a spin off from Stargate SG-1 and a new Stargate spin-off series entitled Stargate Universe was released in the fall of 2009 .

neg: Blowback (FlashForward) `` Blowback '' is the thirteenth episode of the American television series FlashForward . The episode 's teleplay was written by Lisa Zwerling and Barbara Nance and was directed by Constantine Makris , and was originally aired in the United States on ABC on March 25 , 2010 .

neg: X-Men (TV series) X-Men , also known as X-Men : The Animated Series , is an American animated television series which debuted on October 31 , 1992 , in the United States on the Fox Network , as part of its Fox Kids Saturday morning lineup . X-Men was Marvel Comics ' second attempt at an animated X-Men TV series after the pilot , X-Men : Pryde of the X-Men , was not picked up .

neg: Lightning (comics) Lightning , in comics , may refer to :   Lightning ( DC Comics ) , a DC Comics character  Lightning , one of the duo Thunder and Lightning  Lightning , a member of the T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents   It may also refer to :   Well-Spoken Sonic Lightning Flash , a DC Comics character , one of the new Forever People

neg: Flash and Dash Race-Tin : Flash and Dash , is a 2007 Chinese animated series created by Auldey and based on their line of radio-controlled cars . The original series ran for 26 episodes and saw distribution in various countries across the world . There are two theme songs : the Chinese theme song is the original theme `` Flash ! Dash ! '' and the English version is the unleashed theme `` Feel the Fire ! Feel the Speed ! '' written by John Mitchell and Tom Keenlyside .   An English version , created by Ocean Productions , began airing in the United Kingdom on Cartoon Network Too on November 7 , 2009 . The broadcast was produced in a partnership between Danbar , a company distributing the toyline in Europe , and Turner Media Innovations .   The series received two followups , the 40-episode sequel Race-Tin : Flash & Dash 2 in 2007 and the 26 episode reboot Race-Tin : Flash & Dash S in 2012 . The latter entries saw limited distribution outside of Asia , with only Flash & Dash S receiving an English dub with local actors . All three seasons are available to stream across Auldey 's various Youtube channels .

neg: List of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. characters Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. is an American television series created for ABC by Joss Whedon , Jed Whedon , and Maurissa Tancharoen , based on the Marvel Comics organization S.H.I.E.L.D. ( Strategic Homeland Intervention , Enforcement and Logistics Division ) , a fictional peacekeeping and spy agency in a world of superheroes . It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) , sharing continuity with the feature and short films of the franchise .   The series stars Clark Gregg , reprising his role of Phil Coulson from the films , as well as Ming-Na Wen , Brett Dalton , Chloe Bennet , Iain De Caestecker , and Elizabeth Henstridge . Nick Blood and Adrianne Palicki joined the cast for the second and third seasons , while Henry Simmons and Luke Mitchell had recurring roles in the second season before being promoted to the main cast for the third . John Hannah , who recurred in the third season , joined the main cast in the fourth . Additionally , several other characters from Marvel Cinematic Universe films and Marvel One-Shots also appear throughout the series , along with other characters based on various Marvel Comics properties . Several characters from the series also appear in the supplemental digital series Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Slingshot .   This list includes the series ' main cast , all guest stars deemed to have had recurring roles throughout the series , and any other guest who is otherwise notable .

neg: Procedural drama A procedural drama is a genre of television programming which focuses on how crimes are solved or some other aspect of a law enforcement agency , legislative body , or court of law . Some dramas include a lab or conference room with high-tech or state-of-the-art equipment where the main characters meet to work out the problem . Shows usually have an episodic format that does not require the viewer to have seen previous episodes . Episodes typically have a self-contained , also referred to as stand-alone , plot that is introduced and resolved within the same episode .   The procedural format is popular around the world . In 2011 , the director of a TV consultancy said , `` The continuing trend is for procedurals because they use a predictable structure . '' Due to their stand-alone episodic nature , they are more accessible to new viewers than serials . Self-contained episodes also make it easier for viewers to return to a show if they have missed some episodes . In general , procedural dramas can usually be re-run with little concern for episode order .   Procedurals are often criticized for being formulaic . Procedurals are also generally less character-driven than serialized shows . However , some procedurals have more character emphasis than is typical of the format . Some may occasionally feature a storyline stretching over several episodes .   A popular variant is the police procedural .

neg: Aftershocks (Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.) `` Aftershocks '' is the eleventh episode of the second season of the American television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , based on the Marvel Comics organization S.H.I.E.L.D. ( Strategic Homeland Intervention , Enforcement and Logistics Division ) , revolving around the character of Phil Coulson and his team of S.H.I.E.L.D. agents as they race to strike back against Hydra after an apparent defeat to the latter , while several characters discover they have gained new abilities following the end of the previous episode . It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) , sharing continuity with the films of the franchise . The episode was written by Maurissa Tancharoen and Jed Whedon , and directed by Billy Gierhart .   Clark Gregg reprises his role as Coulson from the film series , and is joined by series regulars Ming-Na Wen , Brett Dalton , Chloe Bennet , Iain De Caestecker , Elizabeth Henstridge , Nick Blood , and Adrianne Palicki . Palicki was promoted to series regular with this episode , after having a recurring guest role in the first half of the season . The episode also saw the return of Marvel 's `` The Art of ... '' marketing initiative .   `` Aftershocks '' originally aired on ABC on March 3 , 2015 , and according to Nielsen Media Research , was watched by 4.48 million viewers .

neg: Space opera Space opera is a subgenre of science fiction that emphasizes space warfare , melodramatic adventure , interplanetary battles , as well as chivalric romance , and often risk-taking . Set mainly or entirely in outer space , it usually involves conflict between opponents possessing advanced abilities , futuristic weapons , and other sophisticated technology . The term has no relation to music but is instead a play on the terms `` soap opera '' and `` horse opera '' , the latter of which was coined during the 1930s to indicate clichéd and formulaic Western movies . Space operas emerged in the 1930s and they continue to be produced in literature , film , comics , and video games .   Notable space opera novels include the Foundation series ( 1942 -- 1999 ) by Isaac Asimov , the Lensman series ( 1948-1954 ) by E. E. Smith and the Ender 's Game series ( 1985 -- present ) by Orson Scott Card . An early notable space opera film was Flash Gordon ( 1936 -- present ) created by Alex Raymond . In the late 1970s , the Star Wars franchise ( 1977 -- present ) created by George Lucas brought a great deal of attention to the subgenre .


query: Iceland was settled.

pos: Iceland Iceland ( -LSB- ˈaɪslənd -RSB- -LSB- ˈistlant -RSB- ) is a Nordic island country in the North Atlantic Ocean . It has a population of and an area of 103000 km2 , making it the most sparsely populated country in Europe . The capital and largest city is Reykjavík . Reykjavík and the surrounding areas in the southwest of the country are home to over two-thirds of the population . Iceland is volcanically and geologically active . The interior consists of a plateau characterised by sand and lava fields , mountains and glaciers , while many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands . Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate , despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle . Its high latitude and marine influence still keeps summers chilly , with most of the archipelago having a tundra climate .   According to the ancient manuscript Landnámabók , the settlement of Iceland began in the year 874 AD when the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson became the first permanent settler on the island . In the following centuries , Norwegians , and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians , emigrated to Iceland , bringing with them thralls of Gaelic origin . The island was governed as an independent commonwealth under the Althing , one of the world 's oldest functioning legislative assemblies . Following a period of civil strife , Iceland acceded to Norwegian rule in the 13th century . The establishment of the Kalmar Union in 1397 united the kingdoms of Norway , Denmark and Sweden . Iceland thus followed Norway 's integration to that Union and came under Danish rule after Sweden 's secession from that union in 1523 . Although the Danish kingdom introduced Lutheranism forcefully in 1550 , Iceland remained a distant semi-colonial territory in which Danish institutions and infrastructures were conspicuous by their absence . In the wake of the French revolution and the Napoleonic wars , Iceland 's struggle for independence took form and culminated in independence in 1918 and the founding of a republic in 1944 . Until the 20th century , Iceland relied largely on subsistence fishing and agriculture , and was among the poorest in Europe . Industrialisation of the fisheries and Marshall Plan aid following World War II brought prosperity , and Iceland became one of the wealthiest and most developed nations in the world . In 1994 , it became a part of the European Economic Area , which further diversified the economy into sectors such as finance , biotechnology , and manufacturing .   Iceland has a market economy with relatively low taxes compared to other OECD countries . It maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens . Iceland ranks high in economic , political and social stability and equality . In 2013 , it was ranked as the 13th most-developed country in the world by the United Nations ' Human Development Index . Iceland runs almost completely on renewable energy . Affected by the ongoing worldwide financial crisis , the nation 's entire banking system systemically failed in October 2008 , leading to a severe depression , substantial political unrest , the Icesave dispute , and the institution of capital controls . Some bankers were jailed . Since then , the economy has made a significant recovery , in large part due to a surge in tourism .   Icelandic culture is founded upon the nation 's Scandinavian heritage . Most Icelanders are descendants of Germanic and Gaelic settlers . Icelandic , a North Germanic language , is descended from Old Norse and is closely related to Faroese and West Norwegian dialects . The country 's cultural heritage includes traditional Icelandic cuisine , Icelandic literature and medieval sagas . Iceland has the smallest population of any NATO member and is the only one with no standing army , its lightly armed coast guard being in charge of defence .

neg: Thorstein Eiriksson Thorstein Eiriksson ( Þórsteinn Eiríksson ) was the third and youngest son of Erik the Red .   Almost nothing is known about Thorstein 's life . According to the Vinland Sagas , Erik the Red settled in Greenland around 986 with his wife and three grown sons , Leif , Thorvald and Thorstein .   After Leif had sailed west from Greenland and discovered Vinland , Thorvald organized and led a second expedition to this new country . The natives , called Skraelings by the Norse , attacked Thorvald and his men . Thorvald received a fatal wound and was buried in Vinland . His crew returned to Greenland .   Thorstein subsequently set sail for Vinland to retrieve his brother 's body , along with his wife Gudrid . The ship was beset by bad weather and never reached Vinland . By the first week of winter they had returned to Greenland and landed at Lysufiord in the Western Settlement where they sought shelter with the families living there .   That winter an epidemic swept the settlement killing Thorstein and several others .

neg: Menntaskólinn við Hamrahlíð Menntaskólinn við Hamrahlíð ( Hamrahlíð College ) , usually referred to as MH , is a public gymnasium ( menntaskóli ) , located in Hlíðahverfi , Reykjavík , Iceland . The school was founded in 1966 by the Icelandic Ministry of Education ; with the first graduation occurring in 1970 . The school 's first rector was Guðmundur Arnlaugsson .   The school 's objective is to prepare students for rigorous tertiary studies both locally and in an international environment . It offers four Icelandic-taught programmes leading to the Stúdentspróf qualification : languages , natural sciences , social sciences and performance dance ; and one English-taught programme leading to the IB Diploma . The newest addition is an `` independent programme '' which allows slightly more room for mixing the other ones together . The school also offers evening classes for older students and coordinates annual language tests for foreign students who wish to apply to local schools .   Since foundation , the school was meant to be a pioneer project , and has therefore received relative freedom in advancing its education policy . It was the first in the country to adopt a university-style credit system , which was soon replicated by several other schools and eventually became the basis for all government-regulated upper secondary curricula .   MH is one of the most selective upper secondary schools in the country . It prides itself for its services to students with disabilities and students whose mother tongue is not Icelandic , who also enjoy priority in the selection process .   Some famous Icelanders that once attended MH include Björk , Paul Oscar and Jón Gnarr , the former mayor of Reykjavík .

neg: Garður Garður is a municipality and town located in southwestern Iceland , bordered by the Faxaflói Bay on the Southern Peninsula .   The town Gardur , which means garden or yard , was named after one of the many earthen walls once erected on the boundaries between local properties . Garður was mentioned in the Book of Settlement when Ingólfur Arnarson , the first settler in Iceland , gave his cousin Steinunn Gamla this area of land .

neg: Gunnlaugr Ormstunga Gunnlaugr Ormstunga ( i.e. `` Serpent-Tongue '' ) was an Icelandic poet . His life is described in Gunnlaugs saga ormstungu , where several of his poems are preserved .   Gunnlaugr was born ca. 983 . From an early age he proved himself impetuous , audacious , brave , and tough . He was also a skilled author of mostly derogatory poems , which earned him the cognomen ormstunga , `` serpent 's tongue '' . After a quarrel with his father , Illugi , Gunnlaugr left his home at the age of twelve to stay for some time at Borg with Þorsteinn Egilsson , the son of Egill Skallagrímsson . There , he became acquainted with Þorsteinn 's daughter , Helga the fair , reputedly the most beautiful woman in Iceland . Her hair was so ample that she could hide herself in it .   When Gunnlaugr was eighteen , he went abroad . At that time , Helga became his fiancée , on the condition that she would wait no more than three years for Gunnlaugr . He visited the courts of Norway , Ireland , Orkney and Sweden and England . In Sweden , he visited the court of King Óláfr Skötkonung where he met his rival , the Icelandic champion and skald , Hrafn Önundarson .   Gunnlaugr 's stay in the service of King Æthelred of England delayed his return to Iceland and Helga . He did not return until four years had passed ( ca. 1005 ) . Since Gunnlaugr had been gone longer than his allotted three years , Helga was forced into an unhappy marriage to Gunnlaugr 's rival , Hrafn Önundarson . Gunnlaugr and Hrafn met at the Althing and Gunnlaugr challenged Hrafn to a duel of honour , a holmgang ( hólmganga ) . The duel ended in a draw and was the last one allowed in Iceland . From that time hólmganga were forbidden by Icelandic law .   In order to settle their dispute in blood , the two champions met in Norway in the spring of 1008 . There , Gunnlaugr defeated Hrafn , but was fatally wounded . After a short time he died . He was 25 . Helga later remarried , but never recovered from Gunnlaugr 's death . Her greatest pleasure was to rest her eyes on a sumptuous coat that Gunnlaugr had given her . One evening , she rested her head on her husband 's shoulder , spread the coat in front of her , and watched it for a while . Thereafter , she fell back into her husband 's embrace and was dead .

neg: Continental Europe Continental Europe , also referred to as mainland Europe , or , by Europeans , simply the Continent , is the continuous continent of Europe , excluding surrounding islands .   The most common definition of continental Europe excludes continental islands , encompassing the Greek Islands , Cyprus , Malta , Sicily , Sardinia , Corsica , the Balearic Islands , Ireland , Great Britain , the Isle of Man , the Channel Islands , Novaya Zemlya and the Danish archipelago , as well as nearby oceanic islands , including the Canary Islands , Madeira , the Azores , Iceland , the Faroe Islands , and Svalbard .   The Scandinavian peninsula is sometimes also excluded , as even though it is technically part of `` mainland Europe '' , the de facto connections to the rest of the continent are across the Baltic Sea or North Sea ( rather than via the lengthy land route that involves travelling to the north of the peninsula where it meets Finland , and then south through north-east Europe ) .   The notion of Europe as a geopolitical or cultural term is centred on core Europe ( Kerneuropa ) , the continental territory of the historical Carolingian Empire and the core of Latin Christendom , corresponding to modern France , Italy , Germany ( or German-speaking Europe ) and the Benelux states ( historical Austrasia ) . This historical core of `` Carolingian Europe '' was consciously invoked in the 1950s as the historical ethno-cultural basis for the prospective European integration ( see also Multi-speed Europe ) .

neg: Economic history of Iceland The economy history of Iceland covers the development of its economy from the Settlement of Iceland in the late 9th century until the present .

neg: Iceland plume The Iceland plume is a postulated upwelling of anomalously hot rock in the Earth 's mantle beneath Iceland . Its origin is thought to lie deep in the mantle , perhaps at the boundary between the core and the mantle at approximately 2,880 km depth . Opinions differ as to whether seismic studies have imaged such a structure . In this framework , the volcanism of Iceland is attributed to this plume , according to the theory of W. Jason Morgan .

neg: Danish Realm The term Danish Realm ( Det Danske Rige ) refers to the relationship between Denmark proper , the Faroe Islands and Greenland -- three countries constituting the Kingdom of Denmark .   The legal nature of the Kingdom of Denmark is fundamentally one of a unitary sovereign state . The Faroe Islands and Greenland have been part of the Crown of Denmark since 1397 ( de jure ) when the Kalmar Union was ratified , and part of the Kingdom of Denmark since 1814 ( de facto ) . However , due to their separate historical and cultural identities , these parts of the Realm now have an extensive type of self-government and have assumed legislative and administrative responsibility in a substantial number of fields .   Legal matters in The Danish Realm are subject to the Danish Constitution . Beginning in 1953 , state law issues within The Danish Realm has been governed by The Unity of the Realm ( Rigsenheden ) . A less formal name for The Unity of the Realm is `` the commonwealth of the Realm '' . In 1978 , The Unity of The Realm was for the first time unofficially referred to as rigsfællesskabet . The name caught on and since the 1990s , both The Unity of The Realm and The Danish Realm itself has increasingly been referred to as simply rigsfællesskabet ( ríkisfelagsskapurin naalagaaffeqatigiit ) in daily parlance .   The Danish Constitution stipulates that the foreign and security interests for all parts of the Danish Realm are the responsibility of the Danish government . The Faroes received home rule in 1948 and Greenland did so in 1979 . In 2005 , the Faroes received a self-government arrangement , and in 2009 Greenland received `` self rule '' , thus leaving the Danish government with virtually no influence over Greenlandic internal affairs .

neg: Vatnajökull Vatnajökull ( -LSB- ˈvaʰtnaˌjœːkʏtl̥ -RSB- ) , also known as the Vatna Glacier in English , is the largest and most voluminous ice cap in Iceland , and one of the largest in area in Europe . It is the second largest glacier in area after Austfonna on Svalbard in Norway but , nevertheless , larger by volume . It is located in the south-east of the island , covering more than 8 percent of the country .

neg: Icelandic Elf School The Icelandic Elf School , known as Álfaskólinn in Icelandic , is a school in Iceland that teaches students and visitors about Icelandic folklore .   The school teaches about the hidden people and the 13 different kinds of elves that the school believes inhabit the country of Iceland . According to the school 's headmaster , hidden people `` are just the same size and look exactly like human beings , the only difference is that they are invisible to most of us . Elves , on the other hand , are n't entirely human , they 're humanoid , starting at around eight centimetres . '' He also claims there are gay and lesbian elves . The school is located in Reykjavík , the country 's largest city .   The school is headed by Magnús Skarphéðinsson . Magnús has a full curriculum , and certificate programs for visitors that can be earned in as little as half a day . However , the school also publishes texts on hidden people , partly for its own use in the classroom . There is also ongoing research on the elves and hidden people of Iceland . He also collects stories about trolls , fairies , dwarves , and gnomes , but says that `` nearly 70 percent of our stories are about hidden people , because they are most seen here . '' These stories have been collected for the purpose of preservation . Magnús organizes five hour long educational excursions for visitors , and finishes the tour with coffee and pancakes at the school . Despite never advertising his school , Magnus typically gets 5-10 people per excursion . Since opening in 1991 , over 9,000 people , most of them foreigners , have attended the school . The Álfaskólinn also provides `` aura readings '' and `` past-life explorations '' .   The question of the `` level of belief in elves '' in Iceland is somewhat of a cultural topos , with survey results published in 1975 , 1995 , 1998 , 2006 . Interpretations of the survey results vary .  Based on the 2006 figures , Magnús claims that while only 26 % of Icelanders believe in elves ( summing the responses ` certain ' and ` probable ' ) , 80 % `` do take notice '' ( including the replies ` possible ' and ` unlikely ' ) .

neg: Þjórsá Þjórsá ( -LSB- ˈθjoursau -RSB- ) is Iceland 's longest river at 230 kilometers ( about 143 miles ) . It is in the south of the island .   Þjórsá is a glacier river and has its source on the glacier Hofsjökull . It flows out through narrow gorges in the highlands of Iceland . Further downstream , another river , the Tungnaá , flows into it ( see also Háifoss ) , before it enters the lowlands . There it passes the valley of Þjórsárdalur ( Thjorsardalur ) where the historical farm of Stöng is located at . In the lowlands it flows along the eastern border of the Great Þjórsá Lava .   In the middle of the now rather wide river , there is a big island called Árnes , where there used to be a Þing . The administrative unit of Árnessýsla was named after it .   The hringvegur ( Road No. 1 ) traverses the river via a bridge between Selfoss and Hella . Some kilometers to the southwest the river flows into the Atlantic Ocean .

neg: Capital Region (Iceland) Greater Reykjavík ( Höfuðborgarsvæðið , meaning `` The Capital Region '' ) is a name used collectively for Reykjavík and six municipalities around it . The area is by far the largest urban area in Iceland . Each municipality has its own elected council . Greater Reykjavík 's population of 216 940 is over 60 % of the population of Iceland , in an area that is only just over 1 % of the total size of the country . The size of the greater Reykjavík area is calculated from the area of its constituent municipalities , including large areas of hinterland , not the much smaller urban core of about 200 km2 Municipal governments cooperate extensively in various fields : for example waste policy , shared public transport and a joint fire brigade .

neg: Northwestern Region (Iceland) Northwestern Region ( Norðurland vestra ) is one of the traditional eight regions of Iceland , located in the north of the island . The biggest town in the region is Sauðárkrókur , with a population of 3000 .

neg: Háttatal The Háttatal ( -LSB- ˈhauʰtaˌtʰaːl -RSB- , conversation of meters ; c. 20,000 words ) is the last section of the Prose Edda composed by the Icelandic poet , politician , and historian Snorri Sturluson . Using , for the most part , his own compositions , it exemplifies the types of verse forms used in Old Norse poetry . Snorri took a prescriptive as well as descriptive approach ; he has systematized the material , and often notes that `` the older poets did not always '' follow his rules .   Most of the forms depend on number of syllables per line , as well as assonance , consonance , and alliteration . Although end rhyme is represented , it does not function in the ways most modern English speakers expect ( forms include AAAAAAAA , and AAAABBBB ) , and plays a very minor role . Understanding this work will be much easier if the First Grammatical Treatise is also available to hand .   Many scholars have suggested that the form of Háttatal suggests a classical influence deriving from the traditions of Christian learning to which Snorri was doubtlessly exposed . Others have argued that this is a result of using a logical approach , within the framework of a dialog , and that some aspects of the work prove that it was not directly influenced by classical writings .

neg: Steingrímur J. Sigfússon Steingrímur Jóhann Sigfússon ( born 4 August 1955 ) is an Icelandic politician . He has been a member of the Althing ( Icelandic parliament ) since 1983 and is the founding chairman of the Left-Green Movement ( Vinstri hreyfingin -- grænt framboð ) . He was the Minister for Agriculture and Communications from 1988 -- 1991 . He became Minister of Finance in 2009 . In 2011 he took on the roles of Minister of Fisheries and Agriculture and Minister of Economic Affairs .   Steingrímur was born in Gunnarsstaðir , a large sheep farm between Garður and Þórshöfn in the Þistilfjörður region of northeast Iceland ( Svalbarðshreppur municipality ) . In his younger days he was an avid sportsman , both track and field and also a volleyball player . On 16 January 2006 , Steingrímur was injured in a car accident not far from Blönduós , Iceland but he later recovered .   He supported the end of the US military presence in Iceland , but believed Iceland itself should have taken the initiative in ending this presence . Since September 2006 , when US forces left Naval Air Station Keflavik , he has strongly opposed any possible development of an Icelandic army seeing the country 's need for armed forces as practically non-existent . He believes that civilian institutions such as the police and the coast guard should be organized in order to provide the needed protection in the unlikely event of a major disturbance .   In November 2006 , he published the book Við öll -- Íslenskt velferðarsamfélag á tímamótum ( `` All of Us -- Icelandic Welfare Society at Crossroads '' ) , laying out his political ideology .

neg: Icelandic outvasion The Icelandic `` outvasion '' ( Icelandic : útrás ) was the period in the economic history of Iceland between 2000 and the onset of its financial crisis in October 2008 . With the privatisation of the Icelandic banks being advantageous for investors , there was a large supply of cheap loan capital on the international market . A clause in the agreement with the European Economic Area stipulated the free flow of capital to and from Iceland .   The so-called outvasion led to the purchase of many foreign businesses , particularly in the retail sector . The British retailers Debenhams , Woolworths , Hamleys , and others came into full or part-Icelandic possession , in addition to the Danish companies Magasin du Nord and Royal Unibrew . Novator Partners acquired telecoms and other assets around Europe , including České Radiokomunikace , Elisa , Saunalahti , Bulgarian Telecommunications Company , P4 Spółka z o.o. , Netia , and Forthnet .   The term `` outvasion '' was coined by the Icelandic media , who described the bankers as Vikings , and compared the rapid acquisition of many foreign businesses to a Viking invasion or raid , in both the possessions of the target being aggressively taken over .

neg: Family policy in Iceland The Icelandic family model can be compared to that of the Anglo-Saxon model in regards to its benefits and the Scandinavian model in regards services . Iceland was seen as a lagging country compared to other European countries in terms of family policy . Family policy in Iceland had been long ignored by its policy makers . Not until 1994 when the United Nations celebrated the Year of Family . After the recognition of the importance of family by the United Nations , Iceland 's parliament sought to establish a resolution to the concept of family policy that was gaining greater political attention in Iceland .

neg: Gudrid Thorbjarnardóttir Gudrid Thorbjarnardóttir ( Icelandic : Guðríður víðförla Þorbjarnardóttir ) was a Norse explorer , born around the year 980 at Laugarbrekka in Snæfellsnes , Iceland .   She appears in the Saga of Erik the Red and the Saga of the Greenlanders , known collectively as the Vinland sagas . She and her husband Þorfinnur Karlsefni , led an expedition to Vinland where they begat their son Snorri Þorfinnsson , the first European born in the Americas outside of Greenland .   In Iceland , Gudrid is known by her byname víðförla ( lit . wide-fared or far-travelled ) .

neg: National Archives of Iceland The National Archives of Iceland is the national archive of Iceland , located in Reykjavík .  Founded in April 1882 by the Danish appointed governor ( landshøvding ) of Iceland , Hilmar Finsen . The National Archives of Iceland ( NAI ) drew its material mainly from governmental archives . At first , it was located in the attic of the Reykjavík Cathedral . The National Library of Iceland and the National Museum of Iceland had been moved from the loft of the Cathedral to the new Parliament Building ( Alþingishús ) , and the governor took this opportunity to use the Cathedral loft for the new archives , so bringing together the archive materials that had accumulated in various government departments and providing them with better facilities for preservation . The archives have moved to new premises three times since : first to the Alþingishús in 1900 , then to the new Archives and Library building on Hverfisgata ( Safnahúsið ) in 1908 and finally to their present location at Laugavegur 162 in 1987-98 .   Over the past 130 years both the size and the facilities of the archives have increased immensely . Initially there was no special staff , the various departments was simply in charge of their own materials on the Cathedral loft without any coordination . The first national archivist was Jón Þorkelsson , who was appointed in 1900 . The present staff numbers over 25 people , and the materials , comprising sources on Icelandic history from the era of the sagas in the 12th century to the present day , now occupy more than 40,000 metres of shelf space . These materials play a key role in historical research , as records of the rights and duties of individuals and society throughout the history of Iceland .

neg: Economy of Iceland The economy of Iceland is small and subject to high volatility . In 2011 , gross domestic product was US$ 12.3 bn . With a population of 321,000 , this is $ 38,000 per capita , based on purchasing power parity ( PPP ) estimates . The financial crisis of 2007 -- 2010 produced a decline in GDP and employment , although the magnitude of this decline remains to be determined .   Iceland has a mixed economy with high levels of free trade and government intervention . However , government consumption is less than other Nordic countries . Geothermal power is the primary source of home and industrial energy in Iceland .   In the 1990s Iceland undertook extensive free market reforms , which initially produced strong economic growth . As a result , Iceland was rated as having one of the world 's highest levels of economic freedom as well as civil freedoms . In 2007 , Iceland topped the list of nations ranked by Human Development Index and was one of the most egalitarian , according to the calculation provided by the Gini coefficient .   From 2006 onwards , the economy faced problems of growing inflation and current account deficits . Partly in response , and partly as a result of earlier reforms , the financial system expanded rapidly before collapsing entirely in a sweeping financial crisis . Iceland had to obtain emergency funding from the International Monetary Fund and a range of European countries in November 2008 .


query: Radioactive was only nominated for Record of the Month.

pos: Radioactive (Imagine Dragons song) `` Radioactive '' is a song by American rock band Imagine Dragons for their major-label debut EP Continued Silence and later on their debut studio album , Night Visions ( 2012 ) , as the opening track . `` Radioactive '' was first sent to modern rock radio on October 29 , 2012 , and released to contemporary radio on April 9 , 2013 . Musically , `` Radioactive '' is an electronic rock and alternative rock song with elements of dubstep and contains cryptic lyrics about apocalyptic and revolutionist themes .   The song received positive reviews from critics , who praised the production , lyrics , and vocals , calling it a highlight on the album . Due to heavy rotation on various commercials and trailers , the song became a sleeper hit , peaking at number three on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and becoming the band 's first top 10 single as well as being the third best selling song in that country . It also broke the record for slowest ascension to the top 5 in chart history and currently holds the record for most weeks spent on the Billboard Hot 100 at 87 weeks . The song has also reached number one in Sweden and in the top 20 in several countries including Australia , Canada , New Zealand and the United Kingdom , becoming Imagine Dragons ' most successful single to date . It has since been certified ten times platinum in the USA , making it the one of the best selling singles of all time .   `` Radioactive '' received two Grammy Awards nominations for Record of the Year and Best Rock Performance , winning the latter . This was Imagine Dragons ' first time being nominated . During the broadcast , they presented a remix of the song with their Interscope label-mate , rapper Kendrick Lamar . The remix was later released for purchase on iTunes .

neg: Spontaneous fission Spontaneous fission ( SF ) is a form of radioactive decay that is found only in very heavy chemical elements . The nuclear binding energy of the elements reaches its maximum at an atomic mass number of about 58 ; spontaneous breakdown into smaller nuclei and a few isolated nuclear particles becomes possible at greater atomic mass numbers .   Because of constraints in forming the daughter fission-product nuclei , spontaneous fission into known nuclides becomes theoretically possible ( that is , energetically possible ) for some atomic nuclei with atomic masses greater than 92 atomic mass units ( amu ) , with the probability of spontaneous fission increasing as the atomic mass increases above this value .

neg: In It to Win It (Saliva album) In It to Win It is the eighth studio album by American rock band Saliva . It is the first album to feature singer Bobby Amaru , after Josey Scott left the band in 2012 . The album was temporarily released via Rum Bum Records on September 3 , 2013 . The album is no longer available for purchase as the band rereleased the album as `` Rise Up '' features all of its songs except `` Animal '' , `` Flesh '' , and `` I.D.N.A.E '' .

neg: NME Albums and Tracks of the Year, 2012 The NME Album of the Year & Single Of The Year was announced on 20 November 2012 . It was the 39th countdown of the most popular albums and tracks of the year , as chosen by music reviewers and independent journalists who work for the magazine and for NME.com .

neg: Fallout: An American Nuclear Tragedy Fallout : An American Nuclear Tragedy is a 1989 book by Philip L. Fradkin which was republished in a second edition in 2004 . The book is about the radiation exposure of people and their livestock living downwind from the nuclear weapons testing at the Nevada Test Site in the 1950s . The case of Irene Allen et al. vs. the United States is used as a framework for the narrative . The court case `` resulted in an award of $ 2.66 million in damages to eight persons with leukemia , one with thyroid cancer , and another with breast cancer '' .   Philip Fradkin is an American environmentalist historian , journalist and author . Fradkin shared a Pulitzer Prize awarded to the metropolitan staff of the Los Angeles Times for coverage of the Watts riots in 1965 .

neg: Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock/Metal Performance The Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock/Metal Performance was an award presented at the 2012 and 2013 Grammy Awards , a ceremony that was established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards . According to the 54th Grammy Awards description guide it was designed for solo , duo/groups or collaborative ( vocal or instrumental ) hard rock or metal recordings and was limited to singles or tracks only .   The award was first presented in 2012 , after a major restructuring of Grammy categories . It combined the previous categories Best Hard Rock Performance and Best Metal Performance . The restructuring was a result of the Recording Academy 's wish to decrease the list of categories and awards . However , the Recording Academy announced in June 2013 that the category would split in 2014 , returning the Best Metal Performance category and recognizing quality hard rock performances in the Best Rock Performance category . According to the Academy , `` it was determined that metal has a very distinctive sound , and hard rock more closely aligns with rock and can exist comfortably as one end of the rock spectrum . ''

neg: Grammy Award for Video of the Year The Grammy Award for Video of the Year was an honor presented to recording artists at the 24th Grammy Awards in 1982 and the 25th Grammy Awards in 1983 for music videos . The Grammy Awards , an annual ceremony that was established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards , are presented by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States to `` honor artistic achievement , technical proficiency and overall excellence in the recording industry , without regard to album sales or chart position '' .   First presented in 1982 to Michael Nesmith for Elephant Parts , the award was reserved for quality `` video cassettes or discs in any format created specifically for the home video market '' . In 1983 , Olivia Newton-John was presented the award for Olivia Physical . Beginning with the 1984 Grammy Awards , the Video of the Year award category was replaced with the categories Best Video , Short Form and Best Video Album ( now known as Best Music Video and Best Music Film , respectively ) .

neg: Atomic (song) `` Atomic '' is a hit song by the American new wave band Blondie , written by Debbie Harry and Jimmy Destri and produced by Mike Chapman . It was released as the third single from the band 's Platinum-selling 1979 album Eat to the Beat .

neg: Radio Activa RadioActiva ( in English : RadioActive ) is a Chilean radio station located at 92.5 MHz of the FM dial in Santiago de Chile . It also transmits for all the country in its network of repeaters , in the channel 660 ( with D-Box ) of the cable operator VTR and via internet in the rest of the country and the world ; Also has its application for mobile devices .

neg: ¡Dos! ¡ Dos ! is the tenth studio album by American punk rock band Green Day . The album was released on November 9 , 2012 in Australia , November 12 in the United Kingdom and on November 13 in the United States through Reprise Records . It is the second installment in the ¡ Uno ! ¡ Dos ! ¡ Tré ! trilogy . Following its predecessor 's power pop style , ¡ Dos ! was billed as Green Day 's take on garage rock .   The album garnered the highest average reviews of all three trilogy albums , receiving generally positive reviews from music critics , who praised its dynamic style and catchy songs ; others found its music dull and observed filler on the album . It debuted at number nine on the US Billboard 200 , with first-week sales of 69,000 copies in the United States , a low for the band , becoming their first album since signing to a major record label to not sell 100,000 records in its first week .

neg: Nothing Gold Can Stay (album) Nothing Gold Can Stay is the debut studio album by American rock band New Found Glory , released on October 19 , 1999 through independent record label Eulogy Recordings . At the time , the band was then named `` A New Found Glory '' , but later dropped the indefinite article `` A '' due to some fans struggling to find their records in stores . The original pressings of the album contained samplings from several films including The Outsiders ( 1983 ) , Weird Science ( 1985 ) , and That Thing You Do ! ( 1996 ) , as well as Robert Frost 's poem `` Nothing Gold Can Stay '' , after which the album is named .   On the strength of the release , Richard Reines , co-founder of Drive-Thru Records , signed the band after paying Eulogy a $ 5,000 license fee in order to re-release the album . Propelled by debut single `` Hit or Miss '' , Nothing Gold Can Stay garnered a cult following and sold in excess of 300,000 copies . The record was responsible for breaking the band in the United States and has been noted for its influence on contemporary pop punk music .

neg: List of Billboard 200 number-one albums of 1983 The Billboard 200 , published in Billboard magazine , is a weekly chart that ranks the highest-selling music albums and EPs in the United States . In 1983 , the name of the chart was Top LPs & Tape . Before Nielsen SoundScan began tracking sales in 1991 , Billboard estimated sales from a representative sampling of record stores nationwide , using telephone , fax or messenger service . Data were based on rankings made by the record stores of the best-selling records , not on actual sales figures .   There were six number-one albums on this chart in 1983 , including the debut album of the Australian band Men at Work , Business as Usual , which spent the last seven weeks of 1982 and the first eight weeks of 1983 at number one , and was certified quadruple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) in 1984 . Thriller , the sixth studio album by recording artist Michael Jackson , was released on November 1982 . It peaked at number one for twenty-two non-consecutive weeks in 1983 with another fifteen consecutive weeks at the top into the following year , and seven songs from the album became top ten singles between late 1982 and early 1984 . Two of them : `` Billie Jean '' and `` Beat It '' , reached the top position of the Billboard Hot 100 . Thriller won eight Grammy Awards , including Album of the Year at the 26th Grammy Awards , and was the best-selling album of 1983 with more than fifteen million copies sold . In 2008 , twenty-five years after its release , the record was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame , and a few weeks later , it was among twenty-five recordings preserved by the Library of Congress to the National Recording Registry as `` culturally significant '' .   Flashdance , the soundtrack to the 1983 musical and romance film of the same name , peaked at number one for two weeks and won the Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture . The two singles released from the album , `` Flashdance ... What a Feeling '' by Irene Cara , and `` Maniac '' by Michael Sembello , reached the top of the singles chart in 1983 . The New York Times considered the British band The Police to be the year 's most influential rock band . Australian , British , and American bands copied the white-reggae formula of their ( The Police 's ) earlier successes . The group released their fifth and final studio album , Synchronicity , in 1983 . The album , a varied accomplished blend of rock , funk , and third-world rhythms , stayed at number one for seventeen weeks and was certified four times platinum by the RIAA in 1984 . Metal Health , the third album by heavy metal band Quiet Riot , peaked at number one for one week , becoming the first heavy metal record to reach the top of the Billboard 200 . Singer-songwriter Lionel Richie released his second album Ca n't Slow Down in 1983 , which spent three weeks at the top and won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year at the 27th Grammy Awards .

neg: Transuranic waste Transuranic waste ( TRU ) is , as stated by U.S. regulations and independent of state or origin , waste which has been contaminated with alpha emitting transuranic radionuclides possessing half-lives greater than 20 years and in concentrations greater than 100 nCi/g ( 3.7 MBq/kg ) .   Elements having atomic numbers greater than that of uranium are called transuranic . Elements within TRU are typically man-made and are known to contain americium-241 and several isotopes of plutonium . Because of the elements ' longer half-lives , TRU is disposed of more cautiously than low level waste and intermediate level waste . In the U.S. it is a byproduct of weapons production , nuclear research and power production , and consists of protective gear , tools , residue , debris and other items contaminated with small amounts of radioactive elements ( mainly plutonium ) .   Under U.S. law , TRU is further categorized into `` contact-handled '' ( CH ) and `` remote-handled '' ( RH ) on the basis of the radiation field measured on the waste container 's surface . CH TRU has a surface dose rate not greater than 2 mSv per hour ( 200 mrem/h ) , whereas RH TRU has rates of 2 mSv/h or higher . CH TRU has neither the high radioactivity of high level waste , nor its high heat generation . In contrast , RH TRU can be highly radioactive , with surface dose rates up to 10 Sv/h ( 1000 rem/h ) .   The United States currently permanently disposes of TRU generated from defense nuclear activities at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant , a deep geologic repository .   Other countries do not include this category , favoring variations of High , Medium/Intermediate , and Low Level waste .   Chemical elements contains 11 transuranic actinide elements , with atomic numbers ranging from 93 to 103 . An element is defined by its atomic number , the number of protons in the atomic nucleus . Nuclei with the same atomic number but different numbers of neutrons are isotopes of the same element . The number of possible isotopes that have been attested in the laboratory is listed in the table shown for each element . The mass number of an isotope is the total number of protons and neutrons . All of the transuranic actinides are unstable . For any element , the most stable isotope is the one with the longest half-life , or time until half of the original amount present decays . The possible decay modes of the most stable isotope include Alpha particle emission , which drops the atomic number by 2 and the mass number by 4 ; Spontaneous Fission ( SF ) , in which the nucleus breaks into several fragments ; Beta particle emission , which increases the atomic number by 1 but leaves the mass number unchanged ; and Electron Capture ( EC ) , which decreases the atomic number by 1 but leaves the mass number unchanged .

neg: The Heat (Toni Braxton album) The Heat is the third studio album by American recording artist Toni Braxton . Released in the United States on April 25 , 2000 by LaFace Records , the album marked Braxton 's departure from her ballads in favor of a more urban sound . Most of the songs ( including the nearly instrumental `` The Art of Love '' ) were written and produced by Braxton and her husband Keri Lewis ( a former member of Mint Condition ) , two ballads were penned by Diane Warren , and collaborations featured rappers Dr. Dre and Lisa `` Left Eye '' Lopes .   The Heat opened at number two on the Billboard 200 chart selling 194,448 units in its first week . It was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) on October 13 , 2000 , with sales of over 2.2 million copies within the U.S. Additionally , the album was nominated for Best R&B Album at the 2001 Grammy Awards , while lead single `` He Was n't Man Enough '' won for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance and was nominated for Best R&B Song .

neg: This Is the End of Control This Is the End of Control is the debut studio album by American rock band Hey Violet , then known as Cherri Bomb . It was released on May 15 , 2012 by Hollywood Records . Prior to the album 's release , the song `` Shake the Ground '' was featured on the The Avengers soundtrack . The album features the song `` Let It Go '' from the 2011 EP Stark . The album peaked at 24 on Billboards Top Hard Rock Albums and at 11 on Top Heatseekers .

neg: Hard NRG Hard NRG , NRG , Nu NRG , Filthy Hard House , or more recently just Filth , is an electronic music genre similar in structure ( with regard to sequencing & programming ) to UK hard house . The main difference is in the musical/thematic content of each style .   Where UK hard house has uplifting , playfully fun and tough elements , NRG is ominous , dark , aggressive and relentless with its distressed , menacing and gritty sounds on a slightly faster BPM ( 155 -- 165 average ) than UK hard house ( 150 -- 155 average ) .   In regard to the mechanics of the scene , many of the labels have made a shift from purely vinyl releases to CD single releases and digital downloads .   Record labels which produce the genre include Vicious Circle , Flashpoint , Tidy Trax , Kaktai , Tonka Trax , Tinrib Digital , Noir Records and Noir Digital .

neg: Dirty Sexy Knights in Paris Dirty Sexy Knights in Paris is the only major label album by alternative rock band Audiovent . It was released in 2002 on Atlantic Records . The album had two singles , `` The Energy '' and `` Looking Down '' . Audiovent toured with Saliva and Theory of a Deadman in promotion of the album .

neg: Latin Grammy Award for Best Pop/Rock Album The Latin Grammy Award for Best Pop/Rock Album is an honor presented annually at the Latin Grammy Awards , a ceremony that recognizes excellence and creates a wider awareness of cultural diversity and contributions of Latin recording artists in the United States and internationally . It is one of the new categories added for the Latin Grammy Awards of 2012   In 2014 , Somos by Jarabe de Palo was the first album to be nominated for this award and for Album of the Year .   In 2016 , Algo Sucede by Julieta Venegas was nominated for this award and for Album of the Year .

neg: Your Friend, The Atom Your Friend , The Atom is the second studio album by Scottish indie rock band We Are The Physics . It was released on 22 October 2012 in the UK , and on 30 October 2012 in the US .

neg: Diamond Mine (King Creosote & Jon Hopkins album) Diamond Mine is a collaborative studio album by Scottish singer-songwriter King Creosote and English electronica musician Jon Hopkins , released on 28 March 2011 through Domino Records . Inspired by the East Neuk of Fife , the album combines Creosote 's songs with field recordings by Hopkins . Upon release , Creosote stated : `` I really do n't know what to do next , because , in some ways , I 'm at that peak . I do n't know where to go from here . '' The album was subsequently followed by the EP , Honest Words in September 2011 , and the double a-side single , `` John Taylor 's Month Away '' / `` Missionary '' in February 2012 .   Diamond Mine was nominated for the 2011 Mercury Prize , with Creosote noting , `` I was n't expecting it at all . -LSB- ... -RSB- There 's been a lot of people in the media nailing their colours to the mast with this record , and that 's quite encouraging -- to know that we 've got supporters , and a lot of them . I 'm not expecting to win , but just to be on that list . This is something I 've been on the outside of forever , and now here we are . It 's all good . It makes up for not selling records , anyway ! '' The album sold 25,000 copies in 2011 .

neg: Pure Mint Recordings Pure Mint Recordings is a British independent record label based in London .   The label was established in 2004 by Anthony Hall ( a dual qualified English and New York lawyer and musician ) together with Dashal Beevers , growing out of an earlier incarnation called Mint Source Recordings . In 2003 Mint Source released the critically acclaimed compilation Flowers in the Attic featuring some of Nottingham 's rising stars of deep house , including Crazy Penis , Bent -- with their remix of the Hall & Oates classic `` I Ca n't Go For That '' ( which Bent chose to finish their Big Chill set with in 2004 ) , Zoe Johnston ( who has written and performed with Faithless ) , Oz from The DiY Sound System , Heavy Deviance and Neon Heights amongst others .   The label has found supporters worldwide for its eclectic catalogue and has licensed repertoire to Norman Jay ( Giant 45 ) -RSB- , Carl Cox in Australia , Junior Vasquez , Fabric -- Fabric Live 17 ( mixed by AIM ) , Mastercuts ( CUTSCD-58 Mastercuts Chilled ) , Aquasky and others .   Releases include T-Total 's version of Brian Eno 's `` Baby 's on Fire '' -- with guest ` featured vocals ' from Soft Cell 's Marc Almond -- and the debut long player `` A Slow Walk Down The Stairs '' from Heavy Deviance , themselves favourites of Chris Coco , Mark Rae , Rob Da Bank , KCRW ( LA ) , -LSB- Laurent Garnier , Bent , Crazy Penis etc. . A Slow Walk Down The Stairs was voted 16th best album of 2005 by M8 Magazine .   The label has moved away from its originally exclusive dance release-base to include electropop ( T-Total ft Marc Almond ) , indie folk ( Nigel of Bermondsey ex Gay Dad -- nominated for the XFM 2009 New Music Award ) , rock ( Hungary 's FreshFabrik ) , indie-dance ( Elevator Suite ) , political satire ( Margo Guryan 's 16 Words ) and breaks ( Michael Morph ) , with collaborations and artist releases from Long Range ( Phil Hartnoll from Orbital and Nick Smith -RSB- ) , Yo Majesty , Aquasky , Alex Metric and others .   As of November 2009 , the label 's catalogue comprises approximately 25 releases ( singles , 12 inch vinyls and LPs )   On 4 December 2009 Hall resigned from the BPI Rights Committee and the IFPI 's International Legal Committees citing irreconcilable differences over the industry 's approach to file sharing and their support of the draft Digital Economy Bill ( DEB ) going through the UK parliament at the time . He was quoted as saying :  I am particularly surprised that the record industry has chosen to endorse s. 17 of the DEB , which I consider is wholly undemocratic and contrary to centuries of good practice regarding the forming of our copyright legislation . I also believe it may set a dangerous precedent going forwards ( and could come back to haunt the industry )