query: Novak Djokovic was born in 1987.

pos: Novak Djokovic Novak Djokovic ( Новак Ђоковић , Novak Đoković , -LSB- nôʋaːk d͡ʑôːkoʋit͡ɕ -RSB- ; born 22 May 1987 ) , often referred to by the hypocorism Nole , is a Serbian professional tennis player who is currently ranked world No. 2 in men 's singles tennis by the Association of Tennis Professionals ( ATP ) . He is considered one of the greatest tennis players of all time . Djokovic holds the highest match winning rate ( 82.8 % ) in the Open Era , as of May 2017 .   Djokovic has won 12 Grand Slam singles titles , the fourth most in history , and held the No. 1 spot in the ATP rankings for a total of 223 weeks . In majors , Djokovic has won six Australian Open titles , three Wimbledon titles , two US Open titles and one French Open title . In 2016 , he became the eighth player in history to achieve the Career Grand Slam ; by winning the 2016 French Open , Djokovic became the third man to hold all four major titles at once , the first since Rod Laver in 1969 , and the first ever to do so on three different surfaces .   Djokovic has won an all-time record of 30 Masters 1000 series titles , tied with Rafael Nadal . Djokovic 's records include breaking the single-season record with six masters titles in 2015 , winning 31 consecutive ATP World Tour Masters 1000 series matches , playing in the finals at all nine ATP Masters 1000 tournaments ( shared with Roger Federer and Nadal , and being the only player to win eight of the nine events ( and at least twice ) . Among other titles , he has won the ATP World Tour Finals five times and was on the Serbian team which won the 2010 Davis Cup . He also won the Bronze medal in men 's singles at the 2008 Summer Olympics .   Djokovic is the first Serbian player to be ranked No. 1 by the ATP and the first male player representing Serbia to win a Grand Slam singles title . Djokovic has won numerous awards , including the 2012 , 2015 , and 2016 Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsman of the Year , 2011 BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year , five-time ITF World Champion , and four-time ATP year-end number 1 . He is a recipient of the Order of St. Sava , the Order of Karađorđe 's Star and the Order of the Republika Srpska .

neg: Association of Tennis Professionals The Association of Tennis Professionals ( ATP ) was formed in September 1972 by Donald Dell , Bob Briner , Jack Kramer , and Cliff Drysdale to protect the interests of male professional tennis players . Drysdale became the first President . Since 1990 , the association has organized the worldwide tennis tour for men and linked the title of the tour with the organization 's name . In 1990 the organization was called the ATP Tour , which was renamed in 2001 as just ATP and the tour being called ATP Tour . In 2009 the name was changed again and is now known as the ATP World Tour . It is an evolution of the tour competitions previously known as Grand Prix tennis tournaments and World Championship Tennis ( WCT ) .   The ATP 's global headquarters are in London , United Kingdom . ATP Americas is based in Ponte Vedra Beach , United States ; ATP Europe is headquartered in Monaco ; and ATP International , which covers Africa , Asia and Australasia , is based in Sydney , Australia .   The counterpart organization in the women 's professional game is the Women 's Tennis Association ( WTA ) .

neg: Arnaud Boetsch Arnaud Boetsch ( born 1 April 1969 ) is a former French tennis player who turned professional in 1987 . Known for his stylish single-handed backhand , he won 3 career titles , reaching his highest ATP singles ranking of World No. 12 in April 1996 .

neg: 2014 ATP World Tour Finals The 2014 ATP World Tour Finals ( also known as the 2014 Barclays ATP World Tour Finals for sponsorship reasons ) was a men 's tennis tournament played at the O2 Arena in London , United Kingdom , between 9 and 16 November 2014 . It was the season-ending event for the best singles players and doubles teams on the 2014 ATP World Tour . The Bryan Brothers won the title at the doubles tournament , while Novak Djokovic successfully defended his single title for the second time after Roger Federer withdrew from the final , the first walkover in a final in the tournament 's 45-year history .

neg: French Open The French Open , often referred to as Roland-Garros ( -LSB- ʁɔlɑ̃ ɡaʁɔs -RSB- ) , is a major tennis tournament held over two weeks between late May and early June at the Stade Roland-Garros in Paris , France . Named after the French aviator Roland Garros , it is the premier clay court tennis championship event in the world and the second of four annual Grand Slam tournaments , the other three being the Australian Open , Wimbledon and the US Open . Roland Garros is currently the only major held on clay , and it is the zenith of the spring clay court season . Because of the seven rounds needed for a championship , the slow-playing surface and the best-of-five-set men 's singles matches ( without a tiebreak in the final set ) , the event is widely considered to be the most physically demanding tennis tournament in the world .

neg: 2013 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters – Singles Rafael Nadal was the eight-time defending champion , but was defeated in the final by Novak Djokovic 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 7 ( 1 -- 7 ) , bringing an end to Nadal 's 46-match winning streak at the event . As a result , Djokovic became the first man ever to win singles titles at 8 of the 9 Masters 1000 series tournaments .

neg: Grand Slam Cup The Grand Slam Cup was a tennis tournament held annually at the Olympiahalle in Munich in Germany from 1990 through 1999 . The event was organized by the International Tennis Federation ( ITF ) , which invited the best-performing players in the year 's Grand Slam events to compete in the Grand Slam Cup .   The tournament was created in 1990 and was played on indoor carpet courts . From 1990 to 1996 , it was held in December but was moved to the middle of autumn from 1997 to 1999 . From 1990 to 1997 the tournament was limited to male players . A women 's Cup was added in 1998 and was held simultaneously with the men 's Cup .   Throughout its existence , the Grand Slam Cup was famous for paying out the highest prize money of any tournament in tennis . The winner for the first three years of the Cup received US$ 2 million in prize money , which dipped to $ 1.625 million in 1993 , rose to $ 1.875 million in 1996 and back to $ 2 million in 1997 before falling to $ 1.3 million in 1998 . If the Cup was won by a player who had also won a Grand Slam event that year they received a bonus of $ 1 million . Prize money for the winner of the two women 's Cups was fixed at $ 800,000 .   The Cup was not recognized by the Association of Tennis Professionals ( ATP ) for the course of its run , and participants did not receive points in the ATP computer rankings nor have it credited as an official career title . Following the discontinuation of the Cup in 1999 , the ATP decided to give the event full recognition and added it to players ' lists of official titles .   A compromise between the ITF and the ATP was announced on December 9 , 1999 which merged the Cup with the ATP Tour World Championship , the ATP 's year-end tournament also held annually in Germany , giving birth to the ATP World Tour Finals , an official tour event .   A direct result of the merging of the two competitions can still be seen in the qualification rules for the ATP World Tour Finals , which included one notable difference from those of the ATP Tour World Championship . The Tour World Championship was meant to include the top eight players on the ATP computer rankings at the end of a season , even though this could mean the exclusion of a Grand Slam champion who had not been able to earn sufficient ranking points in the rest of the year . Present Finals rules ensure the participation of a Grand Slam champion who is unable to earn a top eight ranking at the end of the season and automatic qualification for the top seven players in the computer rankings . The eighth ranked player , however , qualifies only if all Grand Slam singles champions are among the top eight . Any Grand Slam event champion who is not in the top eight but is still in the top twenty is included to the detriment of the eighth ranked player . This situation occurred at the 2004 Tennis Masters Cup , where Andre Agassi , the 8th ranked player in the ATP Champions Race , was excluded from the event in favor of Gastón Gaudio , who had won that year 's French Open but was ranked 10th at the end of the year .   Pete Sampras was the most successful player at this event winning two titles out of three final appearances .

neg: ATP Itaparica Known by various names , ATP Itaparica is a defunct men 's tennis tournament that was part of the Grand Prix tennis circuit from 1986 to 1989 and the ATP Tour in 1990 . The event was held in Itaparica , Brazil and was played on outdoor hard courts .   One Brazilian reached the final , Luiz Mattar in 1987 , when he was beaten by Andre Agassi . It was Agassi 's first win on the main ATP Tour . In 1990 , Mats Wilander won his final career tournament here .   In 1991 the tournament was replaced by the ATP São Paulo .

neg: 1987 Italian Open (tennis) The 1987 Italian Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Foro Italico in Rome in Italy that was part of the 1987 Nabisco Grand Prix and of 1987 Virginia Slims World Championship Series . The men 's tournament was held from 11 May through 17 May 1987 while the women 's tournament was held from 4 May through 10 May 1987 . Mats Wilander and Steffi Graf won the singles titles .

neg: Kevin Anderson (tennis) Kevin Anderson ( born 18 May 1986 ) is a South African professional tennis player .   He became the top-ranked male South African player on 10 March 2008 after making the final at the 2008 Tennis Channel Open in Las Vegas . He achieved his career-high ranking of World No. 10 on 12 October 2015 . He is the first South African to be ranked in the top 10 since Wayne Ferreira was No. 10 on 5 May 1997 .   On 6 February 2011 , he defeated Somdev Devvarman in his hometown of Johannesburg to capture the South African Open title for his first ATP-level event title . His second ATP title came at the Delray Beach Open in 2012 when he defeated Marinko Matosevic . Anderson won his third ATP 250 championship in 2015 at the Winston-Salem Open with a victory over Pierre-Hugues Herbert .   Anderson has represented South Africa in both Davis Cup and Hopman Cup play , as well as in the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing .   In June 2016 , Kevin co-founded the tennis instructional and lifestyle website titled Realife Tennis which offers in-depth online instruction and unprecedented access to life on the professional tennis circuit .

neg: 2014 Stan Wawrinka tennis season The 2014 Stan Wawrinka tennis season began at the Chennai Open , where he won the title for the second time in his career . This was followed by victory at the Australian Open , where he defeated defending champion Novak Djokovic in the quarterfinals , followed by victory over world no. 1 Rafael Nadal in the final , to win his first ever Grand Slam title , launching him to a career-high no. 3 in the world , and the Swiss no. 1 ( ahead of Roger Federer ) for the first time in his career . Additionally , he won his first Masters 1000 title , defeating compatriot Federer in the final after coming back from a set down . During the first half of the season , Wawrinka went a perfect 6 -- 0 against top-10 opponents , including wins against three of the `` Big Four '' ( Djokovic , Nadal , and Federer ) . He also reached the semifinals of the ATP World Tour Finals for the second time in a row and finished the year helping Switzerland win their first Davis Cup .   He was defending champion in Oeiras , but withdrew before the tournament began .

neg: Bosworth Tennis Bosworth Tennis , also known as Bosworth International , is a family business which specializes in stringing tennis rackets but also designs and alters other aspects of tennis rackets to match the personal preferences of the players . They have worked with many of the top tennis players , notably Ivan Lendl . The company was created by Warren Bosworth in 1975 . By 1992 his business moved from Glastonbury , Connecticut to Boca Raton . It is now led by his son Jay Bosworth , who joined the company in 1982 . It is one of a handful of highly specialized companies catering to the top professional players , compabarable to Roman Prokes ( Maria Sharapova , Andy Roddick ) and Nate Ferguson ( Roger Federer , Novak Djokovic ) , but they also provide similar services to amateur players .   Warren M. Bosworth Jr. ( January 5 , 1935 - July 7 , 2010 ) was born in Providence , Rhode Island . After his studies of embalment at the New England Institute of Anatomy , Warren Bosworth had many jobs , including embalmer at his father 's Warren M. Bosworth Funeral Home , and investment banker , before starting around 1970 a company that maintained tennis court surfaces . He married Barbara Bedard in 1959 . They lived with their three children in Hartford , Connecticut .   After he had bought and adapted a stringing machine in 1972 , he was asked to redesign the stringing machine at Ektelon Corp. . He started working for the Aetna World Cup tournament in Hartford , and by 1976 became the Floor General there , responsible for the stringing , the grounds and the ball courts . In 1975 , he was so well known as a stringer and qualified pro trainer that he retired from the investment banking and became a full-time stringer , touring the circuit with his Bosworth Racket Clinic . Most famous collaboration is the one with Lendl . Roscoe Tanner claims his streak at the US Open in 79 ( including wins against Lendl and Borg ) was caused by Bosworth adjusting his rackets . Working with many of the top professional players , he was nicknamed `` The Wizard of Boz '' and `` The Doctor '' .   He also worked as chief technical consultant for Snauwaert . In 1980 , he designed his first full racket , the Snauwaert Dyno . His second design was a racket for Jimmy Connors . Warren Bosworth also invented new stringing patterns like the Bosworth Pattern , perfect squares surrounded by rectangles .

neg: Top Spin 4 Top Spin 4 is a tennis video game developed by 2K Czech and published by 2K Sports released on the PlayStation 3 , Wii , and Xbox 360 consoles . The game features licensed professional players , venues and equipment with professional players like Roger Federer , Rafael Nadal , Novak Djokovic , Andy Murray , Pete Sampras and Andre Agassi . The game was released on March 15 , 2011 in America , and was released on March 18 in UK/Europe . A downloadable demo was released on March 1 for the PS3 and Xbox 360 . The PS3 version supports the PlayStation Move and is also compatible in 3D . The Xbox 360 version does not support the Kinect but is 3D compatible .

neg: Djokovic–Wawrinka rivalry The Djokovic -- Wawrinka rivalry is between tennis players Novak Djokovic and Stan Wawrinka . In this matchup Djokovic leads 19 -- 5 , however the two have contested many close matches , including four five-setters at Grand Slam level . Wawrinka and Djokovic have played three consecutive Australian Open years , each match going to five sets , and a five-setter in the US Open : in the 2013 Australian Open fourth round , which Djokovic won 12 -- 10 in a fifth set ; at the 2013 US Open semifinals , which Djokovic won 6 -- 4 in a fifth set ; and at the 2014 Australian Open quarterfinals , which Wawrinka won 9 -- 7 in a close fifth set . Wawrinka 's win broke Djokovic 's impressive run of 14 straight semifinals in Grand Slam play , ended a 28-match winning streak , and prevented Djokovic from capturing a record fifth Australian Open crown . Djokovic got revenge in the 2015 Australian Open , winning 6 -- 0 in the fifth set , but again it went the distance . At the 2015 French Open final , Wawrinka defeated Djokovic in four sets to claim his second Grand Slam title . At the 2016 US Open , Wawrinka beat Djokovic in a Grand Slam final for the second time to collect his third Grand Slam title . Djokovic lost 7 -- 6 ( 7 -- 1 ) , 4 -- 6 , 5 -- 7 , 3 -- 6 .   Despite Djokovic 's 19 -- 5 overall record against Wawrinka , Wawrinka leads Djokovic 2 -- 0 in Grand Slam finals and 3 -- 2 in all ATP finals . Moreover , in Djokovic 's 21 Grand Slam championship matches , Wawrinka is the only opponent he has not defeated at least once , and the only opponent outside the Big Four who has defeated him .

neg: 2017 French Open – Men's Singles Novak Djokovic is the defending champion .   Rafael Nadal is attempting to complete the `` triple Decima '' by winning his tenth French Open title , having already won his tenth title in both Barcelona and Monte Carlo earlier in the season .

neg: 2015 Miami Open – Men's Singles Novak Djokovic was the defending champion , and successfully defended his title by defeating Andy Murray in the final , 7 -- 6 ( 7 -- 3 ) , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 0 . It was Djokovic 's fifth Miami Masters title .

neg: Slobodan Živojinović Slobodan `` Boba '' Živojinović ( Слободан Живојиновић , -LSB- slɔbɔ̌dan ʒiʋɔjǐːnɔʋit͡ɕ -RSB- ; born on July 23 , 1963 ) is a retired Serbian tennis player who competed for SFR Yugoslavia . Together with Nenad Zimonjić he is the only tennis player from Serbia to be the World No. 1 in doubles . As a singles player , he reached the semi-finals of the 1985 Australian Open and the 1986 Wimbledon Championships , achieving a career-high ranking of World No. 19 .

neg: 2009 Serbia Open The 2009 Serbia Open ( also known as Serbia Open powered by Telekom Srbija for sponsorship reasons ) was a men 's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts . It was the first edition of the event known that year as the Serbia Open , and was a part of the ATP World Tour 250 series of the 2009 ATP World Tour . It took place at the Milan Gale Muškatirović complex in Belgrade , Serbia , from May 2 through May 10 , 2009 .   The singles draw was headlined by the tournament 's host , Association of Tennis Professionals ( ATP ) No. 3 , 2008 Tennis Masters Cup , Dubai winner and recent Miami , Monte Carlo and Rome runner-up Novak Djokovic from Serbia . Other featured stars included reigning Nottingham champion Ivo Karlović , and Gstaad and Umag finalist Igor Andreev . Other seeds included Andreas Seppi from Italy , Belgrade Challenger winner Viktor Troicki , Ivan Ljubičić , Arnaud Clément and Christophe Rochus .   The doubles draw was headlined by 2008 year-end World No. 1 doubles team , 2008 Tennis Masters Cup , Rotterdam , Monte Carlo , Barcelona and Rome champions Daniel Nestor and Nenad Zimonjić , both born in Belgrade ( although Nestor grew up from early childhood in Canada and represents that country ) . Also competing were Acapulco runners-up Łukasz Kubot and Oliver Marach , Stephen Huss and Ross Hutchins , and Simon Aspelin and Paul Hanley .

neg: 1987 (artist) 1987 , real name Victor Holmberg ( born 28 April 1987 ) , is a producer , songwriter and musician of solo projects . He is also a member of the Swedish electronic music duo Montauk .

neg: 1987 Bristol Open The 1987 Bristol Open was a tennis tournament played on grass courts that was part of the 1987 Nabisco Grand Prix . It was played at Bristol in Great Britain from 15 to 22 June 1987 .

neg: 2007 Davidoff Swiss Indoors The 2007 Davidoff Swiss Indoors was a tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts . It was the 38th edition of the event known that year as the Davidoff Swiss Indoors , and was part of the International Series of the 2007 ATP Tour . It took place at the St. Jakobshalle in Basel , Switzerland , from October 22 through October 28 , 2007 .   The singles field was led by World No. 1 , Australian Open , Wimbledon and US Open winner , Basel defending champion Roger Federer , Australian Open runner-up , Beijing titlist , and 2005 Basel winner Fernando González , and US Open semifinalist , Auckland , Tokyo and Båstad champion David Ferrer . Also competing were Sydney and New Haven titlist James Blake , Halle winner Tomáš Berdych , Guillermo Cañas , Juan Ignacio Chela and Paul-Henri Mathieu .


query: The life of the writer of Thirteen is the basis for the story.

pos: Thirteen (2003 film) Thirteen is a 2003 American semi-autobiographical drama film , directed by Catherine Hardwicke , and written by Hardwicke and Nikki Reed , based on events from Reed 's life at age 12 and 13 . It stars Evan Rachel Wood , with Wood 's character `` Tracy '' being loosely based upon Reed . Nikki Reed herself co-stars in the role of Evie Zamora . The script was written in six days .   The film caused controversy upon its release , because it dealt with topics like drugs such as inhalants , marijuana , and alcohol , underage sexual behavior , and self-harm . The film earned Holly Hunter an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress in a Supporting Role and Golden Globe nominations for Hunter and Evan Rachel Wood for Best Supporting Actress and Best Actress in a Drama , respectively .

neg: The NeverEnding Story (film) The NeverEnding Story is a 1984 American epic fantasy film based on the novel of the same name by Michael Ende , about a boy who reads a magical book that tells a story of a young warrior whose task is to stop a dark storm called the Nothing from engulfing a fantasy world . The film was produced by Bernd Eichinger and Dieter Giessler and directed and co-written by Wolfgang Petersen ( his first English-language film ) and starred Noah Hathaway , Barret Oliver , Tami Stronach , Patricia Hayes , Sydney Bromley , Gerald McRaney , Moses Gunn , and Alan Oppenheimer as the voices of both Falkor and Gmork ( as well as other characters ) . At the time of its release , it was the most expensive film produced outside the United States or the Soviet Union . The film was the first in The NeverEnding Story film series and later followed by two sequels .   Ende felt that this adaptation 's content deviated so far from the spirit of his book that he requested that production either be halted or the film 's title be changed ; when the producers did neither , he sued them and subsequently lost the case . Ende called the film a `` gigantic melodrama of kitsch , commerce , plush and plastic '' -LSB- Ein `` gigantisches Melodram aus Kitsch , Kommerz , Plüsch und Plastik '' -RSB- . The film only adapts the first half of the book , and consequently does not convey the message of the title as it was portrayed in the novel . The second half of the book would subsequently be used as the rough basis for the second film , The Next Chapter . The third film , Escape from Fantasia , features a completely original plot .

neg: In a Glass Darkly In a Glass Darkly is a collection of five short stories by Sheridan Le Fanu , first published in 1872 , the year before his death . The second and third are revised versions of previously published stories , and the fourth and fifth are long enough to be called novellas .   The title is taken from 1 Corinthians 13:12 , a deliberate misquotation of the passage which describes humanity as perceiving the world `` through a glass darkly '' .

neg: Hilbert's thirteenth problem Hilbert 's thirteenth problem is one of the 23 Hilbert problems set out in a celebrated list compiled in 1900 by David Hilbert . It entails proving whether a solution exists for all 7th-degree equations using algebraic ( variant : continuous ) functions of two arguments . It was first presented in the context of nomography , and in particular `` nomographic construction '' -- a process whereby a function of several variables is constructed using functions of two variables . Hilbert 's conjecture , that it is not always possible to find such a solution , was disproven in 1957 .

neg: Lewis Carroll: A Biography Lewis Carroll : A Biography is a 1995 biography of author Lewis Carroll by Morton N. Cohen , first published by Knopf , later by Macmillan . It is generally considered to be the definitive scholarly work on Carroll 's ( real name Charles Lutwidge Dodgson ) life . Cohen 's approach is mainly chronological , with some chapters grouped by theme , such as those on Carroll 's religion , his love of little girls , and his guilty feelings . Cohen , a Carroll scholar for 30 years , opts to use Dodgson 's first name , Charles , throughout the work , because it `` seems most appropriate in a book dealing with the intimacy of his life '' .   The book generally assumes that Carroll 's love of little girls was not just emotional but sexual -- that he was a paedophile , albeit a suppressed one . In the book Cohen writes :  `` We can not know to what extent sexual urges lay behind Charles 's preference for drawing and photographing children in the nude . He contended that the preference was entirely aesthetic . But given his emotional attachment to children as well as his aesthetic appreciation of their forms , his assertion that his interest was strictly artistic is naïve . He probably felt more than he dared acknowledge , even to himself . ''  While attributing the source of Carroll 's chaotic emotional life to his sexual urges , Cohen opined that they were also responsible for his creative works .   Karoline Leach in In the Shadow of the Dreamchild ( 1999 ) writes that Cohen and previous biographers misunderstood the norms and customs of the Victorian era , and that Carroll 's adulation of children was not sexual but a reflection of the romanticisation of the child prevalent in that era . Contrariwise , a website set up by opponents ( including Leach ) of the tradition Carroll image , reports that while Cohen acknowledges the paedophilic nature of Carroll 's image , he `` Inexplicably he lists the numbers of intimate woman-friends that Dodgson had through his life , yet still concludes that his existence revolved exclusively around friendships with small girls ! ''   Jo Elwyn Jones and J. Francis Gladstone in The Alice Companion : A Guide to Lewis Carroll 's Alice Books ( 1998 ) criticises the book for what they say is a poor treatment of Carroll 's involvement in controversies at the University of Oxford . Megan Harlan in Entertainment Weekly writes that `` This beautifully written bio never shies away from the house-of-mirrors complexity of its subject . '' An issue of Victorian Studies reported that there were issues with inconsistent references . Miles Edward Friend compares Cohen 's handling of the material to Carroll 's boat trips with the children , saying , `` With Cohen at the tiller , we are deftly guided through the flow of Carroll 's life . '' Ronald Warwick in Times Higher Education criticises Cohen 's interpretation of Carroll 's relationship with his archdeacon father ; his `` insecure grasp of 19th-century ecclesiastical history '' ; his prose , which Warwich called cliched ; and his choice to use Dodgson 's first name , which Warwick said was not used even by Dodgson 's most intimate male friends .

neg: Character (arts) A character ( sometimes known as a fictional character ) is a person or other being in a narrative work of art ( such as a novel , play , television series , or film ) . The character may be entirely fictional or based on a real-life person , in which case the distinction of a `` fictional '' versus `` real '' character may be made . Derived from the ancient Greek word χαρακτήρ , the English word dates from the Restoration , although it became widely used after its appearance in Tom Jones in 1749 . From this , the sense of `` a part played by an actor '' developed . Character , particularly when enacted by an actor in the theatre or cinema , involves `` the illusion of being a human person . '' In literature , characters guide readers through their stories , helping them to understand plots and ponder themes . Since the end of the 18th century , the phrase `` in character '' has been used to describe an effective impersonation by an actor . Since the 19th century , the art of creating characters , as practiced by actors or writers , has been called characterisation .   A character who stands as a representative of a particular class or group of people is known as a type . Types include both stock characters and those that are more fully individualised . The characters in Henrik Ibsen 's Hedda Gabler ( 1891 ) and August Strindberg 's Miss Julie ( 1888 ) , for example , are representative of specific positions in the social relations of class and gender , such that the conflicts between the characters reveal ideological conflicts .   The study of a character requires an analysis of its relations with all of the other characters in the work . The individual status of a character is defined through the network of oppositions ( proairetic , pragmatic , linguistic , proxemic ) that it forms with the other characters . The relation between characters and the action of the story shifts historically , often miming shifts in society and its ideas about human individuality , self-determination , and the social order .

neg: Geert R. A. Kliphuis Geert Richt Alexander Kliphuis is an author , songwriter and guitarist , born in the Netherlands in 1955 , and currently living in Brussels , Belgium .   His father was the art therapist Maks Kliphuis ( 1923-2015 ) , as a teacher one of the driving forces behind Middeloo , the social-pedagogic training centre for therapists in Amersfoort , the Netherlands , and later head of the department of creative process therapy -LSB- 1 -RSB- at the Jelgersma Kliniek of Leiden University . Kliphuis 's mother , who died in 1964 , was Nel van der Velde , a drama teacher , radio presenter and author of children 's books , and poetry and fiction for adults . ( Het Kleinere Werk and Het Grotere Werk were published posthumously in 2008/2009 by the Erven Nel Kliphuis-Van der Velde . )   Working as a street-musician in Brussels , the former West-Berlin , Barcelona , Hamburg , London and Paris during the 1970s and 1980s , Kliphuis wrote an extensive series of short travel stories for NRC Handelsblad , the national newspaper published in Rotterdam . He applied the same format for his songs : concise observations with a tragicomical undercurrent . The Belgian band Vaya Con Dios recorded his At the Parallel -LSB- 2 -RSB- , to great critical acclaim , and On A Hot August Night -LSB- 3 -RSB- . Using the pseudonym Jay Conrad , Kliphuis recorded a twenty-odd songs on two albums , A Penniless Gentleman ( 1994 , BMG ) and Steeltown Girls ( 1997 , Arcade ) .   In all , Kliphuis has written close to 70 songs , all registered at SABAM . These days he writes novels , such as The Mirror City -LSB- 4 -RSB- , and publishes Zeitgeist Letters -LSB- 5 -RSB- , a non-profit online magazine about medieval Arabic science and philosophy .

neg: Theme (narrative) In contemporary literary studies , a theme is the central topic a text treats . Themes can be divided into two categories : a work 's thematic concept is what readers `` think the work is about '' and its thematic statement being `` what the work says about the subject '' .   The most common contemporary understanding of theme is an idea or point that is central to a story , which can often be summed in a single word ( e.g. love , death , betrayal ) . Typical examples of themes of this type are conflict between the individual and society ; coming of age ; humans in conflict with technology ; nostalgia ; and the dangers of unchecked ambition . A theme may be exemplified by the actions , utterances , or thoughts of a character in a novel . An example of this would be the thematic idea of loneliness in John Steinbeck 's Of Mice and Men , wherein many of the characters seem to be lonely . It may differ from the thesis -- the text 's or author 's implied worldview .   A story may have several themes . Themes often explore historically common or cross-culturally recognizable ideas , such as ethical questions , and are usually implied rather than stated explicitly . An example of this would be whether one should live a seemingly better life , at the price of giving up parts of one 's humanity , which is a theme in Aldous Huxley 's Brave New World . Along with plot , character , setting , and style , theme is considered one of the components of fiction .

neg: Sonnet 13 Sonnet 13 is one of 154 sonnets written by the English playwright and poet William Shakespeare . It is a procreation sonnet within the Fair Youth sequence .   In the sonnet , the speaker declares his admiration and love for the beauty of youth , but warns this figure of youth that he will lose it if he does n't revitalize himself through offspring . The primary arguments made in this procreation sonnet are the maintenance of self-identity and duty to one 's own heritage . His tone throughout the sonnet is intimate , highlighting the theme of affection for youth that is prevalent in the first seventeen sonnets .

neg: Sylvie (novel) Sylvie ( 1853 ) is a novella by French Romanticist Gérard de Nerval . It was first published in the periodical La Revue des Deux Mondes in 1853 , and as a book in Les Filles du feu in 1854 , just a few months before Nerval killed himself in January 1855 . Sylvie is often considered to be Nerval 's prose masterpiece , and has been a favorite of Marcel Proust , André Breton , Joseph Cornell and Umberto Eco . Harold Bloom included it in The Western Canon ( 1994 ) .   An idyll written in the form of a reminiscence , the story is about a hero 's love for three women , all of whom he loses ; a hymn to unattainable , unrequited love . The story begins when a paragraph in a newspaper plunges the narrator into his memories as a younger man . The perspective seems to shift back and forth between the past and present , so the reader is never entirely sure if the narrator is recounting past events from memory , or retelling current events as they happen . Critics have praised the writing for its lucid and lyrical style . The narrator , of noble status who has recently come into an inheritance , decides to leave Paris , where he is living a debauched life of theater and drink , and return to the love of his youth , a peasant girl named Sylvie who has classic features and brunette hair , a `` timeless ideal '' . She sews gloves for a living and ends up marrying another man more equal to her class . The narrator also loves a seductive actress in Paris named Aurelia , who has many suitors who tell her empty idylls of love , but none love her for who she really is , including the narrator , who sees her as a lovely illusion that fades in the daylight of reality . The narrator also loves Adrienne , of noble birth , tall with blonde hair , she is an `` ideal beauty '' , but she lives in a convent , and dies an early death . In the end , he loves all three but obtains none , seemingly for reasons both beyond and within his making .   Sylvie has many features of Romanticism , including flowing descriptions of a beautiful but lost natural world , appreciation for the architecture and traditions of the Middle Ages , and Greek traditions . The use of color appears to be unique , with binary oppositions serving as a simplifying mechanism to make distant memories emerge more strikingly from the mist .   The novel contains autobiographical elements . As in the story , Nerval often traveled to Germany and the east . Nerval had an unhappy love for a real actress , Jenny Colon . He had a female childhood friend named Adrienne , who he unhappily lost earlier in life . These unattainable and lost female figures are represented in the story , as well in his other works and real life , Nerval lost his mother at an early age .   Guillaume Apollinaire relates ( in La Vie Anecdotique ) that while writing Sylvie , Nerval spent eight days in Chantilly solely to study a sunset that he needed for it .   Julien Gracq wrote of Sylvie in 1966 : `` I know of no more enchanted narrative in our language '' ( `` Je ne connais aucun récit plus enchanté dans notre langue '' ) .

neg: The Dream of Scipio (novel) The Dream of Scipio is a novel by Iain Pears . It is set in Provence at three different critical moments of Western civilization -- the collapse of the Roman Empire in the fifth century , the Black Death in the fourteenth , the Second World War in the twentieth -- through which the fortunes of three men are followed :  Manlius Hippomanes , a Gallic aristocrat obsessed with the preservation of Roman civilization  Olivier de Noyen , a poet and scholar , active in the Papal Court at Avignon  Julien Barneuve , an intellectual who cooperates with the Vichy government   The story of each man is woven through the narrative , all linked by the Dream of Scipio , written by Manlius ( not Cicero 's eponymous classical text ) and rediscovered by Olivier and Julien . Inspired by the teachings of Sophia , a Neoplatonist philosopher and the daughter of a student of Hypatia , Manlius composes the text to justify the decisions he takes when facing attack by the Visigoths and Burgundians , with little support from Rome . Religious issues , and how politics have influenced religious tolerance , shape all three stories : the roots of twentieth-century anti-semitism are traced and linked to other political decisions to use Jews as scapegoats . The three stories are united by an extended deliberation how one resolves ethical conflicts , emotional commitments , and the quest for the true meaning of human life .   The story is narrated by an omniscient narrator , who tells the reader many things which the characters have no way of knowing such as how Olivier de Noyen , diligently searching for ancient manuscripts , narrowly missed finding the only copy of the correspondence between Manlius and Sophia , which could have become a classic comparable to the letters of Abelard and Heloise , and how this manuscript was irrevocably lost in a fire fifty years later ; or how after Julien Barneuve 's death , the photo of his Jewish beloved was carelessly thrown away while the woman herself was sent by the Nazis to Auschwitz .

neg: Two Lives (non-fiction) Vikram Seth 's second non-fiction work , Two Lives , is the story of a century and of a love affair across an ethnic divide . As the name suggests , it is a story of two extraordinary lives , that of his great uncle , Shanti Behari Seth , and of his German Jewish great aunt , Hennerle Gerda Caro .   Two Lives is divided into five parts , beginning with the teenage author going to live with his uncle and aunt in England for higher studies at the Tonbridge School . His first year is followed by intense travel in Europe . After completing his A-levels , Seth moves on to continue his education at Oxford and Stanford , all the while remaining in contact with his guardian uncle and aunt .   The story delves intricately into the ups and downs of the lives of his uncle and aunt . The text is frequently interspersed with photographs , letters , anecdotes based on Shanti 's interviews with the author , and other sources .   It won the 2006 Vodafone Crossword Book Award .

neg: L. Sprague de Camp Lyon Sprague de Camp ( -LSB- ˌspreɪɡdəˈkæmp -RSB- 27 November 1907 -- 6 November 2000 ) , better known as L. Sprague de Camp , was an American writer of science fiction , fantasy , non-fiction and biography . In a career spanning 60 years , he wrote over 100 books , including novels and works of non-fiction , such as biographies of other fantasy authors . He was a major figure in science fiction in the 1930s and 1940s .

neg: The Rolling Years The Rolling Years is the first novel by the American writer Agnes Sligh Turnbull ( 1888 -- 1982 ) and it is set in Westmoreland County , Pennsylvania , just east of Pittsburgh .   It is a family chronicle ( 1852 -- 1910 ) of three generations of Scottish-American Presbyterians in rural Western Pennsylvania and their struggles to maintain their strict faith . The first generation is Daniel and Sarah McDowell , a farm couple . Sarah bears 12 children ( of whom five survive ) to her dour Calvinistic husband ; her bitterness about her repeated , difficult confinements is effectively shown . The second generation is about their children , David and Jeannie . David moves to Pittsburgh where he becomes a judge . Jeannie marries a minister who has been serving as the local school teacher to earn money to complete his education . Jeannie 's daughter , Constance , represents the third generation . She becomes a school teacher and struggles to find her place in a changing world . The novel dramatizes the gradual weakening of the strict Calvinism of the Scottish immigrants in an increasingly secular society .

neg: The Twelve Caesars De vita Caesarum ( Latin ; literal translation : About the Life of the Caesars ) , commonly known as The Twelve Caesars , is a set of twelve biographies of Julius Caesar and the first 11 emperors of the Roman Empire written by Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus .   The work , written in AD 121 during the reign of the emperor Hadrian , was the most popular work of Suetonius , at that time Hadrian 's personal secretary , and is the largest among his surviving writings . It was dedicated to a friend , the Praetorian prefect Gaius Septicius Clarus .   The Twelve Caesars is considered very significant in antiquity and remains a primary source on Roman history . The book discusses the significant and critical period of the Principate from the end of the Republic to the reign of Domitian ; comparisons are often made with Tacitus whose surviving works document a similar period .

neg: Edward Page Mitchell Edward Page Mitchell ( 1852 -- 1927 ) was an American editorial and short story writer for The Sun , a daily newspaper in New York City . He became that newspaper 's editor in 1897 , succeeding Charles Anderson Dana . Mitchell was recognized as a major figure in the early development of the science fiction genre . Mitchell wrote fiction about a man rendered invisible by scientific means ( `` The Crystal Man '' , published in 1881 ) before H.G. Wells 's The Invisible Man , wrote about a time-travel machine ( `` The Clock that Went Backward '' ) before Wells 's The Time Machine , wrote about faster-than-light travel ( `` The Tachypomp '' ; now perhaps his best-known work ) in 1874 , a thinking computer and a cyborg in 1879 ( `` The Ablest Man in the World '' ) , and also wrote the earliest known stories about matter transmission or teleportation ( `` The Man without a Body '' , 1877 ) and a superior mutant ( `` Old Squids and Little Speller '' ) . `` Exchanging Their Souls '' ( 1877 ) is one of the earliest fictional accounts of mind transfer . Mitchell retired in 1926 , a year before dying of a cerebral hemorrhage .   The gradual rediscovery of Mitchell and his work is a direct result of the publication in 1973 of a book-length anthology of his stories , compiled by Sam Moskowitz with a detailed introduction by Moskowitz giving much information about Mitchell 's personal life . Because Mitchell 's stories were not by-lined on original publication , nor indexed , Moskowitz expended major effort to track down and collect these works by an author whom Moskowitz cited as `` the lost giant of American science fiction '' .   Mitchell 's stories show the strong influence of Edgar Allan Poe . Among other traits , Mitchell shares Poe 's habit of giving a basically serious and dignified fictional character a humorous name , such as `` Professor Dummkopf '' in Mitchell 's `` The Man Without a Body '' . Since Mitchell 's fictions were originally published in newspapers , typeset in the same format as news articles and not identified as fiction , he may possibly have used this device to signal to his readers that this text should not be taken seriously .

neg: Sonido 13 Sonido 13 is a theory of microtonal music created by the Mexican composer Julián Carrillo around 1900 and described by Nicolas Slonimsky as `` the field of sounds smaller than the twelve semitones of the tempered scale . '' Carrillo developed this theory in 1895 while he was experimenting with his violin . As he placed his finger over a violin string , he noticed that he could produce different sounds than the ones defined by musical convention . This way , he realized that the string could be divided into an infinite number of pitches , creating many more possibilities for music composition . Though he became internationally recognized for his system of notation , it was never widely applied . His first composition in demonstration of his theories was Preludio a Colón ( 1922 ) .   The Western musical convention up to this day divides an octave into twelve different pitches that can be arranged or tempered in different intervals . Carrillo termed his new system Sonido 13 , which is Spanish for `` Thirteenth Sound '' or Sound 13 , because it enabled musicians to go beyond the twelve notes that comprise an octave in conventional Western music .   Julián Carrillo wrote : `` The Thirteenth Sound will be the beginning of the end and the starting point of a new musical generation coming to transform everything . ''

neg: Augustan History The Augustan History ( Latin : Historia Augusta ) is a late Roman collection of biographies , written in Latin , of the Roman Emperors , their junior colleagues , designated heirs and usurpers of the period 117 to 284 . Supposedly modeled on the similar work of Suetonius , The Twelve Caesars , it presents itself as a compilation of works by six different authors ( collectively known as the Scriptores Historiae Augustae ) , written during the reigns of Diocletian and Constantine I and addressed to those emperors or other important personages in Rome . The collection , as extant , comprises thirty biographies , most of which contain the life of a single emperor , while some include a group of two or more , grouped together merely because these emperors were either similar or contemporaneous .   However , the true authorship of the work , its actual date , and its purpose , have long been matters for controversy amongst historians and scholars , ever since Hermann Dessau in 1889 rejected both the date and the authorship as stated within the manuscript . Major problems include the nature of the sources it used , and how much of the content is pure fiction . For instance , the collection contains in all about 150 alleged documents , including 68 letters , 60 speeches and proposals to the people or the senate , and 20 senatorial decrees and acclamations . Virtually all of these are now considered to be fraudulent .   By the second decade of the 21st century , the overall consensus supported the position that there was only a single author who was writing either at the end of the 4th century or the beginning of the 5th century , and who was interested in blending contemporary issues ( political , religious and social ) into the lives of the 3rd century emperors . Further , that the author used the fictitious elements in the work to highlight references to other published works , such as to Cicero and Ammianus Marcellinus in a complex allegorical game . Despite these conundrums , it is the only continuous account in Latin for much of its period and is thus continually being re-evaluated , since modern historians are unwilling to abandon it as a unique source of possible information , despite its obvious untrustworthiness on many levels .

neg: Novel in Scotland The novel in Scotland includes all long prose fiction published in Scotland and by Scottish authors since the development of the literary format in the eighteenth century . The novel was soon a major element of Scottish literary and critical life . Tobias Smollett 's picaresque novels , such as The Adventures of Roderick Random and The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle mean that he is often seen as Scotland 's first novelist . Other Scots who contributed to the development of the novel in the eighteenth century include Henry Mackenzie and John Moore .   There was a tradition of moral and domestic fiction in the early nineteenth century that included the work of Elizabeth Hamilton , Mary Brunton and Christian Johnstone . The outstanding literary figure of the early nineteenth century was Walter Scott , whose Waverley is often called the first historical novel . He had a major worldwide influence . His success led to a publishing boom in Scotland . Major figures that benefited included James Hogg , John Galt , John Gibson Lockhart , John Wilson and Susan Ferrier . In the mid-nineteenth century major literary figures that contributed to the development of the novel included David Macbeth Moir , John Stuart Blackie , William Edmondstoune Aytoun and Margaret Oliphant . In the late nineteenth century , a number of Scottish-born authors achieved international reputations , including Robert Louis Stevenson and Arthur Conan Doyle , whose Sherlock Holmes stories helped found the tradition of detective fiction . In the last two decades of the century the `` kailyard school '' ( cabbage patch ) depicted Scotland in a rural and nostalgic fashion , often seen as a `` failure of nerve '' in dealing with the rapid changes that had swept across Scotland in the industrial revolution . Figures associated with the movement include Ian Maclaren , S. R. Crockett and J. M. Barrie , best known for his creation of Peter Pan , which helped develop the genre of fantasy , as did the work of George MacDonald .   Among the most important novels of the early twentieth century was The House with the Green Shutters by George Douglas Brown , which broke with the Kailyard tradition . John Buchan played a major role in the creation of the modern thriller with The Thirty-Nine Steps and Greenmantle . The Scottish literary Renaissance attempted to introduce modernism into art and create of a distinctive national literature . It increasingly focused on the novel . Major figures included Neil Gunn , George Blake , A. J. Cronin , Eric Linklater and Lewis Grassic Gibbon . There were also a large number of female authors associated with the movement , who included Catherine Carswell , Willa Muir , Nan Shepherd and Naomi Mitchison . Many major Scottish post-war novelists , such as Robin Jenkins , Jessie Kesson , Muriel Spark , Alexander Trocchi and James Kennaway spent most of their lives outside Scotland , but often dealt with Scottish themes . Successful mass-market works included the action novels of Alistair MacLean and the historical fiction of Dorothy Dunnett . A younger generation of novelists that emerged in the 1960s and 1970s included Allan Massie , Shena Mackay and Alan Spence . Working class identity continued to be explored by Archie Hind , Alan Sharp , George Friel and William McIlvanney .   From the 1980s Scottish literature enjoyed another major revival , with figures including Alasdair Gray , James Kelman , Irvine Welsh , Alan Warner , Janice Galloway , A. L. Kennedy , Iain Banks , Candia McWilliam , Frank Kuppner and Andrew O'Hagan . In genre fiction Iain Banks , writing as Iain M. Banks , produced ground-breaking science fiction and Scottish crime fiction has been a major area of growth with the success of novelists including Frederic Lindsay , Quintin Jardine , Val McDermid , Denise Mina , Christopher Brookmyre , and particularly Ian Rankin and his Inspector Rebus novels . The most successful author of Scottish origins in recent years has been J. K. Rowling , author of the Harry Potter series .

neg: Christopher Cook (writer) Christopher LaVaughn Cook ( born August 3 , 1952 ) is an American writer whose writing styles and genres include journalism , non-fiction , scriptwriting and fiction , including short stories , novellas and novels .


query: Gwen Stefani's band released an album in 1995.

pos: Gwen Stefani Gwen Renée Stefani ( -LSB- gwɛn_ˈstəˈfɑːni -RSB- born October 3 , 1969 ) is an American singer , songwriter , fashion designer , actress , and television personality . She is the co-founder and lead vocalist of the band No Doubt that experienced major success after their breakthrough studio album Tragic Kingdom ( 1995 ) along with various successful singles , including `` Just a Girl '' , `` Do n't Speak '' , `` Hey Baby '' , and `` It 's My Life '' . During the band 's hiatus , Stefani embarked on a solo pop career in 2004 by releasing her debut studio album Love . Angel . Music . Baby . Inspired by pop music from the 1980s , the album was met with both critical and commercial success . It spawned three commercially successful singles : `` What You Waiting For ? '' , `` Rich Girl '' , and `` Hollaback Girl '' , the latter reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 while also becoming the first US download to sell one million copies . In 2006 Stefani released her second studio album The Sweet Escape . The album produced two successful singles : `` Wind It Up '' and the album 's title track `` The Sweet Escape '' . Her third solo album This Is What the Truth Feels Like was released in March 2016 and became her first solo number-one album on the Billboard 200 .   Stefani has won three Grammy Awards . As a solo artist she has received various accolades , including an American Music Award , Brit Award , World Music Award and two Billboard Music Awards . In 2003 , she debuted her clothing line L.A.M.B. and expanded her collection with the 2005 Harajuku Lovers line , drawing inspiration from Japanese culture and fashion . Stefani performs and makes public appearances with four back-up dancers known as the Harajuku Girls . She was married to British musician Gavin Rossdale from 2002 to 2015 and they have three sons . Billboard magazine ranked Stefani the 54th most successful artist and 37th most successful Hot 100 artist of the 2000 -- 09 decade . VH1 ranked her 13th on their `` 100 Greatest Women in Music '' list in 2012 . Including her work with No Doubt , Stefani has sold more than 30 million albums worldwide .

neg: Kill Your Idols Kill Your Idols was a hardcore punk band from Long Island/New York City , New York . The band was active from 1995 through 2007 . They were signed to SideOneDummy Records .   Their releases on SideOneDummy were Funeral for a Feeling ( 2001 ) , a split with 7 Seconds in 2004 , and From Companionship to Competition ( 2005 ) . Other notable releases by the band were No Gimmicks Needed and This is just the beginning ... which were released on the New York hardcore label Blackout ! records , owned and operated by Bill Wilson .   The band released many 7 '' EPs , splits with other bands ( including Full Speed Ahead , Fisticuffs , Voorhees , Good Riddance , and Poison Idea ) , compilation tracks , and full-length LPs in their 11-year run . Most of their records were released on vinyl as well as compact disc . Some were released on different colors of vinyl , different sleeve covers , hand numbered tour presses , and picture discs , making their records a favorite among collectors .   They cite Poison Idea , Negative Approach , Sheer Terror , Agnostic Front , Minor Threat , Warzone , Sick of It All , and 7 Seconds as some of their influences . KYI was very fast and had a loud , dirty , dual guitar sound with shouted vocals . They employed hints of melody in their song structure . Although they derived many of their influences from California and D.C. style hardcore , they were considered a New York hardcore band .

neg: Voodoo Soup Voodoo Soup is a posthumous compilation album by American rock musician Jimi Hendrix , released in the United States on April 11 , 1995 , by MCA Records . It was one of the last Hendrix albums produced by Alan Douglas , who was also responsible for the posthumous Hendrix releases Midnight Lightning and Crash Landing in the 1970s .   Voodoo Soup was Douglas ' attempt at presenting Hendrix 's planned fourth studio album . The first attempt in 1971 , The Cry of Love , produced by drummer Mitch Mitchell and Eddie Kramer ( with a credit to Hendrix ) , was then out of print ( last released on the compact disc format in 1992 ; re-released in 2014 ) . After Experience Hendrix , a family company , gained control of his recordings , First Rays of the New Rising Sun was released in 1997 as another attempt to realize the album Hendrix had planned . Since then , Voodoo Soup has remained out of print .

neg: The Whole Truth (album) Point of Grace is the second album by Contemporary Christian group Point of Grace . It was released in 1995 by Word Records with selected market distribution by Epic Records in a deal that dated to Word 's ownership by Capital Cities Communications in the 1980s . The Epic deal expired shortly after Word 's acquisition by AOL Time Warner in 2002 . On December 9 , 1995 , the album charted on the Billboard 200 at No. 132 .

neg: Christmas for All Christmas for All is a Christmas album by European-American pop group The Kelly Family . It was released on October 1 , 1995 by Kel-life Music .

neg: Long Way to Go (Gwen Stefani and André 3000 song) `` Long Way to Go '' is a song by American singer-songwriter Gwen Stefani with American rapper André 3000 . The song appears as the closing track on Stefani 's debut studio album , Love . Angel . Music . Baby . ( 2004 ) . It was released on November 23 , 2004 , along with the rest of Love . Angel . Music . Baby . by Interscope Records . The track was written by both Stefani and 3000 , while 3000 was the sole producer of the track . Despite being scrapped from André 3000 's critically acclaimed OutKast studio album , The Love Below ( 2003 ) , Stefani and 3000 finalized a reworked version of the song to be included on the former 's album . The song prominently features a sample from Martin Luther King , Jr. 's `` I Have a Dream '' speech in its closing outro . King is not credited for contributed lyrics to the song . Musically , `` Long Way to Go '' is influenced by electronic music and alternative hip hop , with partial influence from both dance music and soul music .   After its release , `` Long Way to Go '' received scrutiny for its sample of `` I Have a Dream '' . The song also was received negatively for its outdated metaphors on interracial relationships . However , the track did receive positive attention for being a `` standout '' on Love . Angel . Music . Baby . and also for its electronic production , particularly the closing of the track . Stefani performed the track during her 2005 Harajuku Lovers Tour , accompanied by the Harajuku Girls . During the rendition , digital images of people were displayed on a screen before the singer , while dancers performed minimal moves to achieve a more intimate approach .

neg: Horrorscope (Overkill album) Horrorscope is the fifth studio album by thrash metal band Overkill , released on September 3 , 1991 through Atlantic and Megaforce Records . It was the first Overkill album to feature the duo of guitarists Merritt Gant and Rob Cannavino , and the last to be released through Megaforce ; although they remained on Atlantic until 1995 .

neg: River Songs River Songs is the third full length studio album by American band The Badlees . It was released on their independent label , Rite-Off Records , in February 1995 and sold over 10,000 units before being picked up by the national label Polydor/Atlas after the band signed with that label later in 1995 . The album was re-released nationally with no further production enhancement in October 1995 and went on the spawn three national hits - `` Fear of Falling '' , `` Angeline Is Coming Home '' , and `` Gwendolyn '' .

neg: Magazin Magazin is a Croatian pop band from Split .   Founded in the 1970s under the name Dalmatinski magazin ( `` Dalmatian Magazine '' in Croatian ) , the band quickly began to make a mark on local pop music festivals with its songs influenced by Dalmatian folk music . Its gradual rise in popularity continued in 1980s with series of prestigious festival victories .   But the zenith was reached in 1980s while Ljiljana Nikolovska was the band 's lead singer . Band 's leader and songwriter Tonči Huljić began to insert elements of folk music of other European countries in his songs , often being criticised for promoting turbo folk in Croatia . This did n't matter much to the audience and Magazin became one of the most popular and most influential music band in Croatia . Magazin albums sold more than 15 million albums worldwide , which is the most ever for a Yugoslavian musical act . Their biggest hits are `` Put putujem '' ( I 'm travelling ) , `` Ti si želja mog života '' ( You are the desire of my life ) , `` Sve bi me curice ljubile '' ( All girls would kiss me ) , `` Balkanska ulica '' ( Balkan street ) , `` Istanbul '' , `` Zna srce , zna '' ( The heart knows , knows ) , `` Sve bi seke ljubile mornare '' ( All girls would like to kiss sailors ) , `` Boli me '' ( It hurts ) , `` Besane noći '' ( Sleepless nights ) and many more . Most of these songs are considered classic in Croatia .   The band represented Croatia in the 1995 Eurovision Song Contest with `` Nostalgija '' .

neg: The Sweet Escape (song) `` The Sweet Escape '' is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani from her second studio album of the same name ( 2006 ) . It was written by Stefani , Akon , and Giorgio Tuinfort . Akon , who is also a featured artist , developed the song 's beat before collaborating with Stefani . He designed it based on her previous work with No Doubt , and Stefani later commented that it put her `` on the yellow brick road to the No Doubt record I might do '' . `` The Sweet Escape '' is an apology for a fight between two lovers and describes a dream of a pleasant life for them . As the album 's title track , its title was chosen to help market Stefani 's music and fashion lines .   The song received generally positive reviews from contemporary music critics , though there was a negative response to Akon 's presence as a featured artist . `` The Sweet Escape '' was released as the album 's second single on December 19 , 2006 and was commercially successful in mainstream and adult contemporary markets . It reached the top 10 of most singles charts and topped the New Zealand Singles Chart . The song was nominated for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals at the 50th Grammy Awards . In the song 's accompanying music video , Stefani attempts to escape from a golden prison .

neg: Gwen Stacy (band) Gwen Stacy was an American Christian metalcore band that was signed with Solid State Records . Their name came from the character Gwen Stacy , who appeared in the comic book The Amazing Spider-Man as the girlfriend of Peter Parker . They were from Indianapolis , Indiana , and were active between 2004 and 2010 . The band announced a reunion in April 2014 .

neg: The Real Thing (Gwen Stefani song) `` The Real Thing '' is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani from her debut solo studio album , Love . Angel . Music . Baby . ( 2004 ) . It was written by Stefani , Linda Perry , and her then-husband Gavin Rossdale , who is credited as `` GMR '' . Nellee Hooper produced the song , with Mark `` Spike '' Stent serving as an additional producer . An Europop and synthpop ballad , `` The Real Thing '' talks about mutual love between two lovers . Interscope Records released the track as a promotional single exclusively in the Philippines a year after the album 's release . It was released as a CD single that featured a remix by the music duo Wendy & Lisa . The remix was also included on the deluxe edition of L.A.M.B. , as well as on the international version of the album .   After its release , `` The Real Thing '' received generally favorable reviews from critics . Critics appreciated the `` vintage '' production of the song and labeled it a stand-out track on the album , while also noting its New Order influence . Stefani performed the single throughout her 2005 Harajuku Lovers Tour in a vintage red bathing suit along with a group of breakdancers and the Harajuku Girls . The live performance was praised and compared to similar works by Madonna and Cyndi Lauper .

neg: Sweden (album) Sweden is the second studio album by the Mountain Goats released on Shrimper Records in 1995 .

neg: Hidden Treasures (EP) Hidden Treasures is an EP by American thrash metal band Megadeth , released on July 18 , 1995 by Capitol Records . The album features songs that first appeared on movie soundtracks and tribute albums . Four of the tracks were released as singles , and three have received Grammy Award nominations for Best Metal Performance . Despite having garnered mediocre or negative reviews , the material on the EP has been credited with helping expand the group 's MTV audience in the early 1990s .

neg: Goblini (album) Goblini ( The Goblins ) is the debut album by the Serbian punk rock band Goblini released by Music YUser independent record label in 1994 . The album , available in its entirety only on compact cassette , was partially rereleased as bonus tracks on the 1998 CD reissue of Istinite priče I deo , for which some of the tracks from the debut were rerecorded due to the band 's dissatisfaction with the album production .

neg: The Show (soundtrack) The Show is the soundtrack to the 1995 film of the same name . The soundtrack was distributed by Def Jam .

neg: Mafia (B.U.G. Mafia album) Mafia is the debut studio album by Romanian hip hop group B.U.G. Mafia , released September 20 , 1995 on local Bucharest-based label Amma Sound . Production for the album was handled by group member and founder Tataee , with various composers and keyboardists giving co-production . Heavily influenced by N.W.A. and Bone Thugs-n-Harmony , the album has been viewed as the pioneering record of gangsta rap in Romania . With its ever-present profanity and violent lyrics , it helped to give birth to this then-new genre of music in Romania . As hip hop music was quite new in Romania at the time , the album attracted many rock fans , who appreciated the group 's aggressive approach towards music .   In spite of poor sound quality and practically no professional promotion , Mafia achieved moderate success and quite favorable reviews . The album is still known for being the third hip hop album to be released in Romania by a record label . It had 15 tracks and featured guest performances from M&G , Marijuana , Coco , Vlad `` Ben '' Blându and actress Rona Hartner . Tataee has stated that he considers the album the group 's worst release .

neg: Coast to Coast Motel Coast to Coast Motel is the second album by G. Love & Special Sauce , released in 1995 .

neg: Ghost Nation Ghost Nation is the sixth studio album by Australian rock band , Hunters & Collectors . It was co-produced by the band with Clive Martin and issued on White/Mushroom Records on 27 November 1989 . It reached No. 10 on the ARIA Albums Chart , No. 29 in New Zealand and No. 31 in Sweden .   The album helped Hunters & Collectors win the award of Australian Band of the Year ( 1990 ) by Rolling Stone Australia . The band were nominated for six awards at the Fourth Annual ARIA Music Awards in 1990 , but they won just one category -- Best Cover Art for Ghost Nation by Robert Miles .

neg: It's Five O'Clock Somewhere (album) It 's Five O'Clock Somewhere is the debut studio album by American hard rock band Slash 's Snakepit , released in February 1995 . The album was a moderate commercial success , reaching number 70 on the American Billboard 200 album chart and selling over a million copies worldwide . The song `` Beggars & Hangers-On '' was released as a single in 1995 .

neg: Freaks of Nature (Kansas album) Freaks of Nature is the twelfth studio album by American rock band Kansas , released in 1995 . Two edited singles were issued but did not chart , nor did the album itself , making it the only Kansas official studio album not to appear on any Billboard chart . The album was recorded in Trinidad .   Freaks of Nature marks the first time since 1977 that a Kansas studio album was produced by Jeff Glixman , who produced their albums Song for America , Masque , Leftoverture , and Point of Know Return . It was also the first Kansas studio album since Vinyl Confessions in 1982 to have violin as part of the band .


query: Spain is in Europe.

pos: Spain Spain ( España -LSB- esˈpaɲa -RSB- ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( -LSB- Reino de España , links = no -RSB- ) , is a sovereign state located on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe , with two large archipelagoes , the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea and the Canary Islands off the North African Atlantic coast , two cities Ceuta and Melilla in the North African mainland and several small islands in the Alboran Sea near the Moroccan coast . Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . It is the only European country to have a border with an African country ( Morocco ) and its African territory accounts for nearly 5 % of its population , mostly in the Canary Islands but also in Ceuta and Melilla .   With an area of 505990 km2 , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Bilbao and Málaga .   Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Span or Spania . In the Middle Ages , the area was conquered by Germanic tribes and later by the Moors . Spain emerged as a unified country in the 15th century , following the marriage of the Catholic Monarchs and the completion of the eight centuries-long reconquest , or Reconquista from the Moors in 1492 . In the early modern period , Spain became one of history 's first global colonial empires , leaving a vast cultural and linguistic legacy that includes over 500 million Spanish speakers , making Spanish the world 's second most spoken first language , after Mandarin Chinese .   Spain is a democracy organised in the form of a parliamentary government under a constitutional monarchy . It is a middle power and a major developed country with the world 's fourteenth largest economy by nominal GDP and sixteenth largest by purchasing power parity . It is a member of the United Nations ( UN ) , the European Union ( EU ) , the Eurozone , the Council of Europe ( CoE ) , the Organization of Ibero-American States ( OEI ) , the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) , the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) and many other international organisations .

neg: Andalus Andalus may refer to :   Geography  Al-Andalus , the historical region in Europe around the Iberian Peninsula  Andalusia , the modern-day Spanish autonomous community  Al Andalus ( Kuwait ) , the suburb of Kuwait City   Music  Al-Andalus Ensemble , an American world music group   Sport  Al Andalus Tobruk , a Libyan football ( soccer ) club   Airline  Andalus Airlines , a former Spanish airline   Places  Al Andalus mall in Jeddah , Saudi Arabia

neg: Southern Basque Country The Southern Basque Country ( Hegoalde or Hego Euskal Herria Hegoalde , País Vasco y Navarra or País Vasco peninsular ) is a term used to refer to the Basque territories within Spain as a unified whole .

neg: Spanish Netherlands Spanish Netherlands ( Países Bajos españoles Spaanse Nederlanden ) ; Pays-Bas espagnols ) was the collective name of States of the Holy Roman Empire in the Low Countries , held in personal union by the Spanish Crown ( also called Habsburg Spain ) from 1581 to 1714 . This region comprised most of modern Belgium and Luxembourg , as well as parts of northern France and western Germany . The capital was Brussels .   The Imperial fiefs of the former Burgundian Netherlands had been inherited by the Austrian House of Habsburg from the extinct House of Valois-Burgundy upon the death of Mary of Burgundy in 1482 . The Seventeen Provinces formed the core of the Habsburg Netherlands which passed to the Spanish Habsburgs upon the abdication of Emperor Charles V in 1556 . When part of the Netherlands separated to form the autonomous Dutch Republic in 1581 , the remainder of the area stayed under Spanish rule until the War of the Spanish Succession .

neg: Continental Europe Continental Europe , also referred to as mainland Europe , or , by Europeans , simply the Continent , is the continuous continent of Europe , excluding surrounding islands .   The most common definition of continental Europe excludes continental islands , encompassing the Greek Islands , Cyprus , Malta , Sicily , Sardinia , Corsica , the Balearic Islands , Ireland , Great Britain , the Isle of Man , the Channel Islands , Novaya Zemlya and the Danish archipelago , as well as nearby oceanic islands , including the Canary Islands , Madeira , the Azores , Iceland , the Faroe Islands , and Svalbard .   The Scandinavian peninsula is sometimes also excluded , as even though it is technically part of `` mainland Europe '' , the de facto connections to the rest of the continent are across the Baltic Sea or North Sea ( rather than via the lengthy land route that involves travelling to the north of the peninsula where it meets Finland , and then south through north-east Europe ) .   The notion of Europe as a geopolitical or cultural term is centred on core Europe ( Kerneuropa ) , the continental territory of the historical Carolingian Empire and the core of Latin Christendom , corresponding to modern France , Italy , Germany ( or German-speaking Europe ) and the Benelux states ( historical Austrasia ) . This historical core of `` Carolingian Europe '' was consciously invoked in the 1950s as the historical ethno-cultural basis for the prospective European integration ( see also Multi-speed Europe ) .

neg: Spain–Venezuela relations Spain -- Venezuelan relations are the bilateral relations between the Kingdom of Spain and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela , formally established after Venezuela 's independence from the Spanish Empire .

neg: Miss Spain Miss Spain ( Spanish : Miss España ) is a national beauty pageant in Spain .

neg: List of best-selling albums in Spain This is a list of the best-selling albums in Spain that have been certified by the Productores de Música de España ( PROMUSICAE ) . PROMUSICAE is in charge of certifying records in Spain . Until October 2005 , the certification levels for albums in Spain were 50,000 for Gold and 100,000 for Platinum . The current levels , however , are 20,000 for Gold and 40,000 for Platinum .   Of the 20 best selling albums in Spain , Spanish artists dominate the list with fourteen entries . Two Italian artists and one artist each from the United Kingdom , United States , Cuba and Mexico complete the list . Three acts - Alejandro Sanz , Mecano , and David Bisbal - appear more than once in the list .   Alejandro Sanz tops the list with `` Más '' , selling around 2.2 million copies in the country and being certified 22 times . The best-selling non-Spanish language album in Spain is Spice by Spice Girls , which sold 1 million copies .

neg: Province of Zamora Zamora ( -LSB- θaˈmoɾa -RSB- ) is a Spanish province of western Spain , in the western part of the autonomous community of Castile and León . It is bordered by the provinces of Ourense , León , Valladolid , and Salamanca , and by Portugal .   The present-day province of Zamora was one of three provinces formed from the former Kingdom of León in 1833 , when Spain was re-organised into 49 provinces . Of the 185,432 people ( 2014 ) in the province , nearly a third live in the capital , Zamora . This province has 250 municipalities .

neg: Province of Girona Girona ( -LSB- ʒiˈɾonə -RSB- , Gerona Gérone ) is a province of Spain , in the northeastern part of the autonomous community of Catalonia . It is bordered on the northwest by the province of Lleida , on the southwest by the province of Barcelona , on the north by France , and on the east by the Mediterranean Sea .   The population of the province in 2016 was 739,607 . Its capital and largest city is Girona , with an urban area ( including the neighbouring municipalities of Salt , Sarrià de Ter and Vilablareix ) representing , with a total population of 144,709 , 19.2 % of the population . The Girona area acts as an industrial , commercial and service hub for a significant part of the province .

neg: List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Eurasia This is a list of sovereign states and dependent territories in Eurasia , along with other areas of special political status .   Eurasia is a continent comprising the traditional continents of Europe and Asia . It is divided from Africa by the Isthmus of Suez . Some states such as Malta are traditionally part of Eurasia , however they lie on the African tectonic plate . It is separated from Australasia ( Oceania ) somewhere in the Malay archipelago , and is usually considered as including Indonesia and Timor-Leste ( East Timor ) .   Some areas are associated with Eurasian states , being part of them or dependent upon them , but are not physically in it . Examples are the Danish territory of Greenland , French overseas departments , some British Overseas Territories , and the Spanish cities of Ceuta and Melilla .

neg: Spain men's national lacrosse team The Spain men 's national lacrosse team represents Spain at men 's field lacrosse events . It is governed by the Spanish Lacrosse Association .   Since 2006 , Spain plays in the World Lacrosse Championship and the European Lacrosse Championships .

neg: Granada War The Granada War ( Guerra de Granada ) was a series of military campaigns between 1482 and 1492 , during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs ( los Reyes Católicos ) Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon , against the Nasrid dynasty 's Emirate of Granada . It ended with the defeat of Granada and its annexation by Castile , ending all Islamic rule on the Iberian peninsula ( al-Andalus ) .   The ten-year war was not a continuous effort , but a series of seasonal campaigns launched in spring and broken off in winter . The Granadans were crippled by internal conflict and civil war , while the Christians were generally unified . The war also saw the effective use of artillery by the Christians to rapidly conquer towns that would otherwise have required a long siege . On January 2 , 1492 Muhammad XII of Granada ( King Boabdil ) surrendered the Emirate of Granada , the city of Granada , and the Alhambra palace to the Castilian forces .   The war was a joint project between Isabella 's Crown of Castile and Ferdinand 's Crown of Aragon . The bulk of the troops and funds for the war came from Castile , and Granada was annexed into Castile 's lands . The Crown of Aragon was less important : apart from the presence of King Ferdinand himself , Aragon provided naval collaboration , guns , and some financial loans . Aristocrats were offered the allure of new lands , while Ferdinand and Isabella centralized and consolidated power . The aftermath of the war saw the end of convivencia ( `` live and let live '' ) between religions In the Iberian peninsula : the Jews were forced to convert to Christianity or be exiled in 1492 , and by 1501 , all of Granada 's Muslims were obliged to either convert to Christianity , become slaves , or be exiled ; by 1526 this prohibition spread to the rest of Spain . `` New Christians '' ( conversos ) came to be accused of crypto-Islam and crypto-Judaism . Spain would go on to model its national aspirations as the guardian of Christianity and Catholicism . The fall of the Alhambra is still celebrated every year by the City Council of Granada , and the Granada War is considered in traditional Spanish historiography as the final war of the Reconquista . At the same time , and uniquely in the `` Reconquista '' , the Granada War itself is never called `` the reconquest of Granada '' '' , but rather `` the conquest of Granada '' . Granada had never been Christian before the `` reconquista '' .

neg: Spanish Canadians Spanish Canadians , in Spanish as Canadienses-Españoles , and in French as Canadiens Espagnols . are Canadians of full or partial Spanish heritage or people who hold a European Union citizenship from Spain as well as one from Canada .   The laws in Spain ( see Spanish nationality law ) limit who may be granted Spanish citizenship from Latin America to parents and grandparents who once held spanish citizenship . More recently the legal system in Spain has granted citizenship to Cubans who can prove that their grandparents immigrated to Cuba during the Spanish Civil War ( see Law of Historical Memory ) .

neg: Televisión Española Televisión Española ( acronym TVE , on lowercase letters : tve , in English `` Spanish Television '' ) is the national state-owned public-service television broadcaster in Spain . TVE belongs to the RTVE Corporation which has overall responsibility for national public-service radio and television under a Parliament-appointed General Manager who , as well as being answerable to a Board of Directors , reports to an all-party committee of the national parliament , as provided for in the Public Radio and Television Law of 2006 .   TVE 's activities were previously financed by a combination of advertising revenue and subsidies from the national government , but since it has been supported by subsidies only .

neg: Politics of Andorra The politics of Andorra take place in a framework of a parliamentary constitutional diarchy , and a multi-party system . Executive power is exercised by the government , with the Head of Government of Andorra as chief executive . Legislative power is vested in both the government and parliament . The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature .   Before 1993 , Andorra 's political system had no clear division of powers into executive , legislative , and judicial branches . A constitution ratified and approved in 1993 establishes Andorra as a sovereign parliamentary democracy that retains the President of France and Bishop of Urgell as co-princes and heads of state . However , the head of government retains executive power . The two co-princes serve coequally with limited powers that do not include an individual veto over government acts ( however , a bill can in effect be `` vetoed '' if both do not sign the legislation ) . They are each represented in Andorra by a personal representative .   The fundamental impetus for this political transformation was a recommendation by the Council of Europe in 1990 that , if Andorra wished to attain full integration in the European Union ( EU ) , it should adopt a modern constitution that guarantees the rights of those living and working there . A Tripartite Commission -- made up of representatives of the co-princes , the General Council , and the Executive Council -- was formed in 1990 and finalized the draft constitution in April 1991 , making the new constitution a fact .   One remaining , though symbolic , legacy of Andorra 's special relationship with France and Spain , is that the Principality has no postal service of its own -- French and Spanish postal services operate side by side , although each of them issues separate stamps for Andorra , instead of using their own .

neg: Unemployment in Spain Though unemployment is a general problem for the whole world , the degree of unemployment in Spain is especially high in respect to the other countries in the region at the same economic level .   After reaching a minimum of 8 % between 2006 and 2007 , with the Spanish economic crisis that began in 2008 the rate of unemployment grew quickly exceeding 20 % in 2010 and 25 % in 2012 and unemployment became the greatest concern within Spanish society . Even though unemployment in some regions of Spain is slightly less than in others , the general amount is one of the highest in the European Union and in general has stayed like that independently of the economic situation . Almost 100,000 people have lost their jobs in the real estate industry in Spain .

neg: Cercanías Cercanías ( -LSB- θerkaˈni.as -RSB- ) is the name given to the commuter rail systems of Spain 's major metropolitan areas . In the Valencian Community , the term is replaced by Rodalia ( -LSB- roðaˈli.a -RSB- ) , while the designation Aldiriak ( -LSB- aldiɾiak -RSB- ) is used in the Basque Country . In Catalonia ( where the main administrator is the regional government ) , it is commonly known as Rodalies ( -LSB- ruðəˈli.əs -RSB- ) .   Operated by the national rail company Renfe Operadora , Cercanías are in the process of being transferred to the regional autonomous governments . The former Rodalies Barcelona was handed over to the Catalan Government and renamed `` Rodalies de Catalunya '' .   There are currently twelve Cercanías systems in Spain ( including the distinct Rodalies system in Catalonia ) : Asturias , Bilbao , Cádiz , Catalonia , Madrid , Málaga , Murcia/Alicante , Santander , San Sebastián , Seville , Valencia , and Zaragoza . It is well linked to Metro systems in Madrid , Barcelona , Bilbao and Valencia .   The Madrid Cercanîas network was the target of the 2004 Madrid train bombings . The attacks , which killed 191 people in Santa Eugenia , El Pozo and Atocha stations , were the bloodiest terrorist actions in Spain to date .

neg: Estoria de España The Estoria de España , also known in the 1906 edition of Ramón Menéndez Pidal as the Primera Crónica General , is a history book written on the initiative of Alfonso X of Castile `` El Sabio '' ( `` the Wise '' ) , who was actively involved in the editing . It is believed to be the first extended history of Spain in Old Spanish , a West Iberian Romance language that forms part of the lineage from Vulgar Latin to modern Spanish . Many prior works were consulted in constructing this history .   The book narrates a history beginning in Biblical and legendary origins and continues  through the history of Castile under Fernando III of Castile . In the style of chronicles of its time , it begins by retelling the stories of remote origins found in the Bible . From the time of Moses onward , the mix begins to include Greek sources on ancient history . However , as the story continues , the details become increasingly detailed , especially from the Germanic invasions to the time of Alfonso 's father Fernando III .   The work is divided into four large parts . The first includes a history of Ancient Rome : the medieval European monarchs considered themselves heirs to the Roman Empire . The second tells the history of the barbarian and Gothic kings , treated as antecedents within the Iberian Peninsula . The third is a history of the Kingdom of Asturias from which the Reconquista ( the Christian reconquest of Iberia from Muslim rule ) began . The fourth and final part is a history of the Kingdoms of León and Castile .

neg: Spanish language Spanish ( castellano ) -- is a Romance language that originated in the Castile region of Spain , with hundreds of millions of native speakers around the world . It is usually considered the world 's second-most spoken native language after Mandarin Chinese . It is one of the few languages to use inverted question and exclamation marks ( ¿ and ¡ , respectively ) .   Spanish is a part of the Ibero-Romance group of languages , which evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in Iberia after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century . The oldest Latin texts which show traces of Spanish come from mid-northern Iberia in the 9th century , and the first systematic written use of the language happened in Toledo , then capital of the Kingdom of Castile , in the 13th century . Beginning in the early 16th century , Spanish was taken to the colonies of the Spanish Empire , most notably to the Americas , as well as territories in Africa , Oceania and the Philippines .   Around 75 % of modern Spanish is derived from Latin . Greek has also contributed substantially to Spanish vocabulary , especially through Latin , on which it had a great impact .   Spanish vocabulary has been in contact from an early date with Arabic , having developed during the Al-Andalus era in the Iberian Peninsula . With around 8 % of its vocabulary being Arabic in origin , this language is the second most important influence after Latin . It has also been influenced by Basque as well as by neighboring Ibero-Romance languages . It also adopted words from non-Iberian languages such as Gothic language from the Visigoths in which many Spanish names and surnames have a Visigothic origin . It has absorbed vocabulary from other languages , particularly the Romance languages French , Italian , Occitan , and Sardinian , as well as from Nahuatl , Quechua , and other indigenous languages of the Americas .   Spanish is one of the six official languages of the United Nations . It is also used as an official language by the European Union , the Organization of American States , the Union of South American Nations , the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States and by many other international organizations .

neg: Portuñol Portuñol ( Spanish spelling ) or Portunhol ( Portuguese spelling ) is the name often given to any unsystematic mixture of Portuguese with Spanish . The word is a portmanteau of the words Portugués / Português ( `` Portuguese '' ) and Español / Espanhol ( `` Spanish '' ) .   Portuñol , or Portunhol , is a lingua franca , or simplified mixture of the two languages , that allows speakers of either Spanish or Portuguese who are not proficient in the other language to communicate with one another . When speakers of one of the languages attempt to speak the other language , there is often interference from the native language , which causes the phenomenon of code-switching to occur . It is possible to conduct a moderately fluent conversation in this way because Portuguese and Spanish are closely related Romance languages . They have almost identical syntactic structures , as well as overlapping lexicons due to cognates , which means that a single macro-grammar is produced when the two mix . The phrase en el hueco de la noite longa e langue illustrates a code-switch between the Spanish article la and the Portuguese noun noite . This example reveals the grammatical possibilities of code-switching between the two languages .   Language contact between Spanish and Portuguese is the result of sustained contact between the two languages in border communities and multilingual trade environments . Such regions include the border regions between Portugal and Spain in the Iberian Peninsula , as well as the ones between Brazil , whose official language is Portuguese , and most of its neighboring countries , such as Uruguay and Paraguay , whose official languages are Spanish . Because Portuñol is a spontaneous register resulting from the occasional mixing of Spanish and Portuguese , it is highly diverse ; there is no one dialect or standard of Portuñol . There does , however , tend to be a stronger presence of Spanish in Portuñol .   In recent years , Portuñol has begun to appear in realms other than everyday speech . It has become a literary medium , especially in Uruguay and Brazil . María Jesus Fernández García describes it as a linguistic recreation of the actual language . However , she goes on to say that the literature only occasionally provides a true representation of Portuñol , and that authors often choose to select only some of the features that are characteristic of Portuñol . One important literary work written in Portuñol is Mar paraguayo by Brazilian author Wilson Bueno . The following passage shows the mixing of Spanish and Portuguese in his novel .   The appearance of Portuñol has prompted two opposing opinions or attitudes towards its existence . On the one hand , it is viewed as the product of laziness among speakers unwilling to learn a different language . On the other hand , it is seen as the logical product of globalization . As far as the future of Portuñol is concerned , according to Francisco A. Marcos-Marín , it is too difficult to evaluate possible repercussions that Portuñol could have on future linguistic maps because it is not easy to separate linguistic tendencies that are merely in style and those that are permanent .