query: Anonymous represents 4chan users simultaneously existing as an anarchic, digitized global brain.

pos: Anonymous (group) Anonymous is a loosely associated international network of activist and hacktivist entities . A website nominally associated with the group describes it as `` an Internet gathering '' with `` a very loose and decentralized command structure that operates on ideas rather than directives '' . The group became known for a series of well-publicized publicity stunts and distributed denial-of-service ( DDoS ) attacks on government , religious , and corporate websites .   Anonymous originated in 2003 on the imageboard 4chan , representing the concept of many online and offline community users simultaneously existing as an anarchic , digitized global brain . Anonymous members ( known as `` Anons '' ) can be distinguished in public by the wearing of Guy Fawkes masks in the style portrayed in the graphic novel and film V for Vendetta .   In its early form , the concept was adopted by a decentralized online community acting anonymously in a coordinated manner , usually toward a loosely self-agreed goal , and primarily focused on entertainment , or `` lulz '' . Beginning with 2008 's Project Chanology -- a series of protests , pranks , and hacks targeting the Church of Scientology -- the Anonymous collective became increasingly associated with collaborative hacktivism on a number of issues internationally . Individuals claiming to align themselves with Anonymous undertook protests and other actions ( including direct action ) in retaliation against copyright-focused campaigns by motion picture and recording industry trade associations . Later targets of Anonymous hacktivism included government agencies of the U.S. , Israel , Tunisia , Uganda , and others ; the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ; child pornography sites ; copyright protection agencies ; the Westboro Baptist Church ; and corporations such as PayPal , MasterCard , Visa , and Sony . Anons have publicly supported WikiLeaks and the Occupy movement . Related groups LulzSec and Operation AntiSec carried out cyberattacks on U.S. government agencies , media , video game companies , military contractors , military personnel , and police officers , resulting in the attention of law enforcement to the groups ' activities . Some actions by members of the group have been described as being anti-Zionist . It has threatened to cyber-attack Israel and engaged in the '' #OpIsrael '' cyber-attacks of Israeli websites on Yom HaShoah ( Holocaust Remembrance Day ) in 2013 .   Dozens of people have been arrested for involvement in Anonymous cyberattacks , in countries including the U.S. , UK , Australia , the Netherlands , Spain , India and Turkey . Evaluations of the group 's actions and effectiveness vary widely . Supporters have called the group `` freedom fighters '' and digital Robin Hoods while critics have described them as `` a cyber lynch-mob '' or `` cyber terrorists '' . In 2012 , Time called Anonymous one of the `` 100 most influential people '' in the world .

neg: Cyberpunk derivatives A number of cyberpunk derivatives have become recognized as distinct subgenres in speculative fiction . These derivatives , though they do not share cyberpunk 's computers-focused setting , may display other qualities drawn from or analogous to cyberpunk : a world built on one particular technology that is extrapolated to a highly sophisticated level ( this may even be a fantastical or anachronistic technology , akin to retro-futurism ) , a gritty transreal urban style , or a particular approach to social themes .   The most successful of these subgenres , Steampunk , has been defined as a `` kind of technological fantasy '' , and others in this category sometimes also incorporate aspects of science fantasy and historical fantasy . Scholars have written of these subgenres ' stylistic place in postmodern literature , and also their ambiguous interaction with the historical perspective of postcolonialism .   American author Bruce Bethke coined the term `` cyberpunk '' in his 1980 short story of the same name , proposing it as a label for a new generation of punk teenagers inspired by the perceptions inherent to the Information Age . The term was quickly appropriated as a label to be applied to the works of William Gibson , Bruce Sterling , John Shirley , Rudy Rucker , Michael Swanwick , Pat Cadigan , Lewis Shiner , Richard Kadrey , and others . Science fiction author Lawrence Person , in defining postcyberpunk , summarized the characteristics of cyberpunk thus :  Classic cyberpunk characters were marginalized , alienated loners who lived on the edge of society in generally dystopic futures where daily life was impacted by rapid technological change , an ubiquitous datasphere of computerized information , and invasive modification of the human body .   The relevance of cyberpunk as a genre to punk subculture is debatable and further hampered by the lack of a defined cyberpunk subculture ; where the small cyber movement shares themes with cyberpunk fiction and draws inspiration from punk and goth alike , cyberculture is much more popular though much less defined , encompassing virtual communities and cyberspace in general and typically embracing optimistic anticipations about the future . Cyberpunk is nonetheless regarded as a successful genre , as it ensnared many new readers and provided the sort of movement that postmodern literary critics found alluring . Furthermore , author David Brin argues , cyberpunk made science fiction more attractive and profitable for mainstream media and the visual arts in general .

neg: Anonymous Content Anonymous Content is an entertainment company founded in 1999 by CEO Steve Golin . It is based in Los Angeles with its offices in Culver City and New York City .

neg: Global brain The global brain is a neuroscience-inspired and futurological vision of the planetary ICT network that interconnects all humans and their technological artifacts . As this network stores ever more information , takes over ever more functions of coordination and communication from traditional organizations , and becomes increasingly intelligent , it increasingly plays the role of a brain for the planet Earth .

neg: MalSec MalSec ( an abbreviation of `` Malicious Security '' ) is a splinter faction of Anonymous that pledges to use hacktivism ethically to empower people . The group has said that they want to turn away from their trickster ways and become a more forthright force fighting censorship on the internet and improving the security of the net with free pentests .

neg: Social graph The social graph in the Internet context is a graph that depicts personal relations of internet users . In short , it is a model or representation of a social network , where the word graph has been taken from graph theory . The social graph has been referred to as `` the global mapping of everybody and how they 're related '' .   The term was popularized at the Facebook F8 conference on May 24 , 2007 , when it was used to explain how the newly introduced Facebook Platform would take advantage of the relationships between individuals to offer a richer online experience . The definition has been expanded to refer to a social graph of all Internet users .   Since explaining the concept of the social graph , Mark Zuckerberg , one of the founders of Facebook , has often touted Facebook 's goal of offering the website 's social graph to other websites so that a user 's relationships can be put to use on websites outside of Facebook 's control . This can be accomplished through the Facebook Open Graph API .   One of the earliest known forms of the social graph was created in 2002 by Harvard student Philippe Bouzaglou in a paper published on the Harvard Department of Economics website . The paper replicated the Kevin Bacon Game using Harvard students and for the first time , gave an overview of an entire social graph , allowing the analysis of the characteristics of the network using graph theory . This paper was written for a seminar that was attended by Dustin Moskovitz who later became a Facebook co-founder .

neg: Cortical column A cortical column , also called hypercolumn , macrocolumn , functional column or sometimes cortical module , is a group of neurons in the cortex of the brain that can be successively penetrated by a probe inserted perpendicularly to the cortical surface , and which have nearly identical receptive fields . Neurons within a minicolumn ( microcolumn ) encode similar features , whereas a hypercolumn `` denotes a unit containing a full set of values for any given set of receptive field parameters '' . A cortical module is defined as either synonymous with a hypercolumn ( Mountcastle ) or as a tissue block of multiple overlapping hypercolumns .   The columnar hypothesis states that the cortex is composed of discrete , modular columns of neurons , characterized by a consistent connectivity profile .   It is still unclear what precisely is meant by the term , and it does not correspond to any single structure within the cortex . It has been impossible to find a canonical microcircuit that corresponds to the cortical column , and no genetic mechanism has been deciphered that designates how to construct a column . However , the columnar organization hypothesis is currently the most widely adopted to explain the cortical processing of information .

neg: Progressive stack A progressive stack is a technique used to give marginalized groups greater chance to speak . The idea originated in New York City . It is sometimes an introduction to , or stepping stone to , consensus decision-making in which simple majorities have less power .   The progressive stack technique attempts to counter what its proponents believe is a flaw in traditional representative democracy , where the majority is heard while the minority or non-dominant groups are silenced or ignored . In practice , `` majority culture '' is interpreted by progressive stack practitioners to mean White people , men and young adults , while non-dominant groups include women , people who are lesbian , gay , bisexual , or transgender , people of color , and very young or older people .   The `` stack '' in the Occupy movement is the list of speakers who are commenting on proposals or asking questions in public meetings . Anyone can request to be added to the stack . In meetings that do n't use the progressive stack , people speak in the order they were added to the queue . In meetings that use the progressive stack , people from non-dominant groups are allowed to speak before people from dominant groups , by facilitators , or stack-keepers , urging speakers to `` step forward , or step back '' based on which racial , age , or gender group they belong to .   A. Barton Hinkle , a columnist for the Richmond Times-Dispatch , has expressed the opinion that `` lining up speakers by race and gender might not seem fair on an individual level , '' and suggests that proponents of the progressive stack care more about class struggle than individual concerns .   Among those opposed to the concept of `` progressive stack '' , conservative journalist and author Jim Goad commented satirically on the concept in these terms : `` The concept of intersectionality is also related to the `` progressive stack , '' which assumes that white males at all times bear noxious degrees of unearned power , which is why they have to get to the back of the line and let all the legless black lesbians speak first . ''

neg: Pseudonym A pseudonym ( -LSB- pronˈsjuːdənɪm -RSB- and -LSB- pronˈsuːdənɪm -RSB- ) or alias is a name that a person or group assumes for a particular purpose , which can differ from their original or true name ( orthonym ) . Pseudonyms include stage names and user names ( both called screen names ) , ring names , pen names , nicknames , aliases , superhero or villain identities and code names , gamer identifications , and regnal names of emperors , popes , and other monarchs . Historically , they have often taken the form of anagrams , Graecisms , and Latinisations , although there are many other methods of choosing a pseudonym .   Pseudonyms should not be confused with new names that replace old ones and become the individual 's full-time name . Pseudonyms are `` part-time '' names , used only in certain contexts - usually adopted to hide an individual 's real identity , as with writers ' pen names , graffiti artists ' tags , resistance fighters ' or terrorists ' noms de guerre , and computer hackers ' handles . Actors , musicians , and other performers sometimes use stage names , for example , to mask their ethnic backgrounds .   In some cases , pseudonyms are adopted because they are part of a cultural or organisational tradition : for example devotional names used by members of some religious institutes , and `` cadre names '' used by Communist party leaders such as Trotsky and Lenin .   A pseudonym may also be used for personal reasons : for example , an individual may prefer to be called or known by a name that differs from their given or legal name , but is not ready to take the numerous steps to get their name legally changed ; or an individual may simply feel that the context and content of an exchange offer no reason , legal or otherwise , to provide their given or legal name .   A collective name or collective pseudonym is one shared by two or more persons , for example the co-authors of a work , such as Ellery Queen , or Nicolas Bourbaki .

neg: Anonplus Anonplus is the social networking service that Anonymous decided to launch , after Your Anon News was banned from Google + on 15 July 2011 . Anonymous defines Anonplus as a `` new social network where there is no fear ... of censorship ... of blackout ... nor of holding back . '' Anonplus has the goal of creating a decentralized and secure social network where the privacy of the users is valued .

neg: Underground (Dreyfus book) Underground : Tales of Hacking , Madness and Obsession on the Electronic Frontier is a 1997 book by Suelette Dreyfus , researched by Julian Assange . It describes the exploits of a group of Australian , American , and British black hat hackers during the late 1980s and early 1990s , among them Assange himself .   Craig Bowen ( nickname ) , administrator of two important Australian BBS ( Pacific Island and Zen )  Par , a.k.a. . The Parmaster , an American hacker who avoided capture by the United States Secret Service from July 1989 to November 1991  Phoenix , Electron and Nom , who were convicted in the first major Australian trial for computer crimes  Pad and Gandalf , the British founders of the notorious 8lgm group  the Australian Mendax ( Julian Assange ) and Prime Suspect , who managed to penetrate the DDN , NIC and the Nortel internal network , and the phreaker Trax . Together , the three were known as the `` International Subversives '' .  Anthrax , another Australian hacker and phreaker   The book also mentions other hackers who had contacts with the protagonists , among them Erik Bloodaxe of the Legion of Doom and Corrupt of the Masters of Deception .   The first chapter of Underground relates the diffusion and reactions of the computer security community to the WANK worm that attacked DEC VMS computers over the DECnet in 1989 and was purportedly coded by a Melbourne hacker .   , the book has sold 10,000 copies .  The author made the electronic edition of the book freely available in 2001 , when it was announced on Slashdot , the server housing the book crashed due to the demand for the book . It reached 400,000 downloads within two years .   The 2002 documentary In the Realm of the Hackers , directed by Kevin Anderson and centered on Phoenix and Electron , was inspired by this book .

neg: Cyberdelic Cyberdelic ( a portmanteau word combining prefix `` cyber - '' and `` psychedelic '' ) is a term used to refer to either :   Immersion in cyberspace as a psychedelic experience .  The fusion of cyberculture and the psychedelic subculture into a new counterculture of the 1980s and 1990s .  Psychedelic art created by calculating fractal objects and representing the calculation results as still images , animations , music , or other media .  Rave dance parties where DJs and other performers play psychedelic trance music , with the accompaniment of laser light shows , projected images , and artificial fog . Attendees often use `` club drugs '' .

neg: Lazarus Group Lazarus Group is a cybercrime group made up of an unknown number of individuals . While not much is known about the Lazarus Group , researchers have attributed many cyber attacks to them over the last decade . The earliest known attack that the group is responsible for is known as `` Operation Troy '' , which took place from 2009 -- 2012 . This was a cyber-espionage campaign that utilized unsophisticated DDoS techniques to target the South Korean government in Seoul . They are also responsible for attacks in 2011 and 2013 . It is possible that they were also behind a 2007 attack targeting South Korea , but that is still uncertain . A notable attack that the group is known for is the 2014 attack on Sony Pictures . The Sony attack used more sophisticated techniques and highlighted how advanced the group has become over time . The most recent attack attributed to the group is recent 2016 bank heist which included an attack on the Bangladesh Bank , successfully stealing US$ 81 million .   It is not clear who is really behind the group , but media reports have suggested the group has links to North Korea . Kaspersky Lab reported in 2017 that Lazarus tended to concentrate on spying and infiltration cyber attacks whereas a sub-group within their organisation , which Kaspersky called Bluenoroff , specialised in financial cyber attacks . Kaspersky found multiple attacks worldwide and a direct link ( IP address ) between Bluenoroff and North Korea .   However , Kaspersky also acknowledged that the repetition of the code could be a `` false flag '' meant to mislead investigators and pin the attack on North Korea , given that the worldwide WannaCry worm cyber attack copied techniques from the NSA as well . This ransomware leverages an NSA exploit known as EternalBlue that a hacker group known as Shadow Brokers made public in April 2017 .  Symantec reported in 2017 that it was `` highly likely '' that Lazarus was behind the WannaCry attack .   The WannaCry Malware that affected as many as 300,000 computers worldwide are likely authored by hackers from southern China , Hong Kong , Taiwan or Singapore , said a US intelligence company .

neg: Anthrobotics Anthrobotics is the science of developing and studying robots that are either entirely or in some way human-like .   The term anthrobotics was originally coined by Mark Rosheim in a paper entitled `` Design of An Omnidirectional Arm '' presented at the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation , May 13 -- 18 , 1990 , pp. 2162 -- 2167 . Rosheim says he derived the term from '' ... Anthropomorphic and Robotics to distinguish the new generation of dexterous robots from its simple industrial robot forebears . '' The word gained wider recognition as a result of its use in the title of Rosheim 's subsequent book Robot Evolution : The Development of Anthrobotics , which focussed on facsimiles of human physical and psychological skills and attributes .   However , a wider definition of the term anthrobotics has been proposed , in which the meaning is derived from anthropology rather than anthropomorphic . This usage includes robots that respond to input in a human-like fashion , rather than simply mimicking human actions , thus theoretically being able to respond more flexibly or to adapt to unforeseen circumstances . This expanded definition also encompasses robots that are situated in social environments with the ability to respond to those environments appropriately , such as insect robots , robotic pets , and the like .   Anthrobotics is now taught at some universities , encouraging students not only to design and build robots for environments beyond current industrial applications , but also to speculate on the future of robotics that are embedded in the world at large , as mobile phones and computers are today . In 2016 philosopher Luis de Miranda created the Anthrobotics Cluster at the University of Edinburgh `` a platform of cross-disciplinary research that seeks to investigate some of the biggest questions that will need to be answered '' on the relationship between humans , robots and intelligent systems and `` a think tank on the social spread of robotics , and also how automation is part of the definition of what humans have always been '' . to explore the symbiotic relationship between humans and automated protocols .

neg: Embodied imagination Embodied imagination is a therapeutic and creative form of working with dreams and memories pioneered by Dutch Jungian psychoanalyst Robert Bosnak and based on principles first developed by Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung , especially in his work on alchemy , and on the work of American archetypal psychologist James Hillman , who focused on soul as a simultaneous multiplicity of autonomous states .   The technique of embodied imagination takes dreaming as the paradigm for all work with images . While dreaming , everyone experiences dreams as embodied events in time and space ; that is , the dreamer is convinced that he or she is experiencing a real event in a real environment . Bosnak describes how a dream `` instantaneously presents a total world , so real that you are convinced you are awake . You do n't just think so , you know it in the same way you now know you are awake reading this book . '' So from the perspective of dreaming , the image is a place . Based on this notion , the dreamer can re-enter the landscape of the dream and flash back into its images to more fully and deeply explore and experience them . The dreamer explores the images of the dream while in a hypnagogic state , a state of consciousness between waking and sleeping . While in this state , the dreamer is asked a series of questions that help him or her to re-experience the dream by describing details of its landscape and image .   Once fully immersed in the images that the dream environment presents , the dreamer is then also invited to feel and identify the feelings and sensations manifested in the body from a variety of dream perspectives . Perspectives explored are both that of the dream ego as well any `` others '' that appear in the dream . These `` others '' may be , for example , another person , an animal , or a physical object . Approaching dream figures in this way is consistent with archetypal psychologist James Hillman 's prescription for therapeutic work in regard to the phenomena of psychic multiplicity . Drawing upon Carl Jung 's realization that `` the ego complex is not the only complex in the psyche , '' Hillman described the psyche to be not a singular unified whole defined by the ego point of view , but rather a self-organizing multiplicity of autonomous selves . In the technique of embodied imagination , for each of these `` selves '' or `` states '' representing various perspectives , the dreamer then feels , identifies , and locates the feelings and sensations in his or her body . At the conclusion of the dreamwork session , the dreamer simultaneously holds in conscious awareness these differentiated and complex states of embodied feeling and sensation . The act of holding these multiple disparate states at the same time creates a psychical tension from which a completely new image or feeling state spontaneously emerges from the dreamer 's psyche . This new image or state presents a completely new and previously unknown awareness to the dreamer , one through which the dreamer often feels changed , transformed , or greatly expanded in the ability to embody and feel intensely .   After working with a dream in this way , one dreamer , a woman whose name is Ariel , later reflected , `` That dreamwork warded off my seasonal depression which always starts in the autumn . I could already feel it creeping up at the time of the dream . And with the dreamwork it just stopped and retreated and never came back . I did n't have it all winter . '' Ariel 's transformation is typical of those who practice this method of working with dreams . Using the technique of embodied imagination in dreamwork , the body becomes the theater for a vivid complexity of states , which leads along `` alchemical '' lines to profound psychical transformation .

neg: Large scale brain networks Large scale brain networks are collections of widespread brain regions showing functional connectivity by statistical analysis of the fMRI BOLD signal or other signal fluctuations . Functional connectivity may be measured as long-range synchronization of the EEG , MEG , or other dynamic brain signals . Synchronized brain regions may also be identified using spatial independent component analysis . The set of identified brain areas that are linked together in a large-scale network varies with cognitive function . When the cognitive state is not explicit ( i.e. , the subject is at `` rest '' ) , the large scale brain network is a resting state network ( RSN ) . As a physical system with graph-like properties , a large scale brain network has both nodes and edges , and can not be identified simply by the co-activation of brain areas . Large scale brain networks are identified by their function , and provide a coherent framework for understanding cognition by offering a neural model of how different cognitive functions emerge when different sets of brain regions join together as self-organized coalitions .

neg: Computational sociology Computational sociology is a branch of sociology that uses computationally intensive methods to analyze and model social phenomena . Using computer simulations , artificial intelligence , complex statistical methods , and analytic approaches like social network analysis , computational sociology develops and tests theories of complex social processes through bottom-up modeling of social interactions .   It involves the understanding of social agents , the interaction among these agents , and the effect of these interactions on the social aggregate . Although the subject matter and methodologies in social science differ from those in natural science or computer science , several of the approaches used in contemporary social simulation originated from fields such as physics and artificial intelligence . Some of the approaches that originated in this field have been imported into the natural sciences , such as measures of network centrality from the fields of social network analysis and network science .   In relevant literature , computational sociology is often related to the study of social complexity . Social complexity concepts such as complex systems , non-linear interconnection among macro and micro process , and emergence , have entered the vocabulary of computational sociology . A practical and well-known example is the construction of a computational model in the form of an `` artificial society '' , by which researchers can analyze the structure of a social system .

neg: Christopher Poole Christopher Poole ( born c. 1988 ) is an American entrepreneur . He is best known for founding two web sites , 4chan and Canvas . He started 4chan pseudonymously , under the screen name moot . In 2016 , he began working for Google .

neg: Paraspace The term ` paraspace ' comes from Samuel R. Delany , a ` space ' existing parallel to normal or ordinary space . According to Delany , the para-space is an alternate space that ` exists parallel to the normal space of the diegesis -- a rhetorically heightened  `` other realm ''' ( Bukatman 1993 : 157 ) . Bukatman ( 1993 : 157 ) says `` Cyberspace is clearly a '' paraspace ' . '   `` Delany connects cyberpunk to the mysterious lunar artifact of Algis Budrys ' Rogue Moon and early evocations of outer space , all of which use inflated rhetoric to differentiate `` paraspace '' from mundane dimensions '' Samuel Review Essay .   Paraspace is defined by Barry Malzberg as `` the condition of hyperspace -LSB- that -RSB- is itself insane '' ( as cited by Bukatman , 1993 : 157 ) .   Michael Fisch ( 2004 : 371 , citing Murakami , 2002 : 157 ) comments `` While the para-space is often inaugurated through cognition it is always a ` materially manifested ' and ` linguistically intensified ' space in which ` conflicts that begin in ordinary space are resolved ' ''  ( Murakami 2002 : 157 ) .   Implications   Walter Benjamin ( 1936/1968 ) declare the end of storytelling because of its incapacity to relate traumatic experiences , such as warfare , shell shock in World War I . As work lost its spaces to practice not just storytelling , but storylistening , the skills of interpretation of experience atrophied .   Paraspace is the hyperspace gone insane ( Malzberg , The worker flesh-body is displaced by the corporate ad-inventions , set on the global stage of `` technoorganic reconstructions of the flesh '' ( Bukatman , 1993 : 19 ) .   Walter Benjamin ( 1936 ) declared that the art of storytelling is coming to an end . We can no longer tell a tale of trauma properly . We can no longer exchange our experiences of trauma of war ( PTSD ) , economic collapse sending millions into homelessness , including veterans of the recent wars , the ubiquitousness of sweatshops , and so on . Of relevance to paraspace , the lost art of storytelling has an accumulated effect ( Fisch , 2004 : p. 365 ) ; it gets worth with cyber-real . / When the ` real ' pokes through the cyberspace , it gets quickly displaced by obfuscation . Our ` real ' in hyperspace is not closer to Lacanian Real ( FIsch , p. 372 ) .   Paraspace is invisible , yet has material consequences ( Bukatman , 1992 ) .   Benjamin , W. ( 1936/1968 ) Illuminations , New York : Harcourt Brace & World .   Bukatman , S. ( 1992 ) . Amidst These Fields of Data : Allegory , Rhetoric , and the Paraspace . Critique : Studies in Contemporary Fiction , 33 ( 3 ) , 199-219 .   Bukatman , S. ( 1993 ) Terminal Identity : The Virtual Subject in Postmodern Science Fiction , Durham ,  NC : Duke University Press .   Delany , Samuel R. ( 1988 ) . Some real mothers : An interview with Samuel R. Delany by Takayuki Tatsumi . '' Science Fiction Eye , 1 , # 3 : 5-11 .   Fisch , M. ( 2004 , October ) . In search of the real : technology , shock and language in Murakami Haruki 's Sputnik Sweetheart . In Japan Forum ( Vol . 16 , No. 3 , pp. 361 -- 383 ) . Taylor & Francis .   Murakami , H. ( 2002 ) Sputnik Sweetheart , trans . P. Gabriel , New York : Vintage International .

neg: Parallel Polis The political-social concept Parallel Polis was created by Czech political thinker and dissident Vaclav Benda in connection with movement Charter 77 . In addition to other philosophers , Benda sought a theoretical grasp of the social events in the circles of dissents . The so-called alternative culture or underground was described in the text Parallel Polis in 1978 for the first time . As a political scientist , Benda noticed the emergence of a new social structure which was born in artistic and intellectual circles as a tool to escape the totalitarian communist regime . He detected the following basic pillars of this new `` field '' :   1 . Constant monitoring and verification of the extent of civic rights and freedoms which the State has a tendency to restrict . Parallel Polis consists of people who actively advocate for , and protect their rights .   2 . Parallel `` alternative '' culture / underground culture is independent and are various spheres of art which are operated and developed without permission and support from the public authorities .   3 . Parallel education and science , which represent the realization of the right of free education and the development of scientific research ( residential seminars , various educational societies , academies etc. . )   4 . Parallel informational system as an expression of the right of free dissemination of information ( samizdat publishing , unofficial magazines , collections etc. . )   5 . Parallel economy : `` political power considers this the area as a critical resource for arbitrary control of citizens and strictly regulates it at the same time '' . Economy of dissence was based on reciprocity and trust in the individual person . It was a natural germ of a reputational principle and the search for the exchange resources that are not dependent on control of centralized monetary tools .   6 . Creation of the parallel political structures and promoting their development . The alternative political structures have to be incubated in the environment of the Parallel Polis and develop into such a functional form that they will be able to replace the ruling authoritarian regime .   7 . Parallel foreign policy has to be an instrument of the parallel society for the stabilization and the grounding of the movement in the international context and the search for potential financial and mental resources .   These patterns of the parallel structure are not a closed set , on the contrary , they should occur more on all fronts of the resistance against the authoritarian State . The aim of the Parallel Polis , according to Vaclav Havel , Ivan Martin Jirous , Milan Šimečky and other dissents , who discussed the concept , -LSB- 2 -RSB- should be a so-called independent society . A society that is not oppressed by laws and the decisions of the representatives of the public authorities . A society that is based on its own values . Values which are not forced upon by the central authorities .  You could even say , that `` Parallel Polis '' today does not represent a `` dissident world '' but the world of persuasions and private interests of the society as a whole . On one hand , `` Parallel Polis '' gives to the totalitarian authorities what it wants , but at the same time does everything it wants and has nothing in common with the authorities .   After the revolution in 1989 , nobody paid too much attention to this concept , because it was ahead of its time , but nowadays the concept is relevant , because of the increased activities in the field of civil rights & the way the authoritarian state has been suppressed .   The seminal idea received great attention in the dissident community in Czechoslovakia and in western political circles . It was , however , never put into practice . With the arrival of the Velvet Revolution in 1990 , the idea seemed irrelevant .   It has since been revived by a group of scholars who originally met at the University of Washington but who now work at other academic institutions . Their thinking posits that Benda 's idea is now being practiced on the Internet which more easily facilitates parallel institutions . Since 2014 , a physical space inspired by the idea and named after it exists in Prague 's Holešovice district .


query: San Francisco is in California.

pos: San Francisco San Francisco ( initials SF ) ( -LSB- sæn_frənˈsɪskoʊ -RSB- , Spanish for Saint Francis ; Spanish : -LSB- san franˈsisko -RSB- ) , officially the City and County of San Francisco , is the cultural , commercial , and financial center of Northern California . Located at the north end of the San Francisco Peninsula , San Francisco is about 47.9 sqmi in area , making it the smallest county -- and the only consolidated city-county -- within the state of California . With a density of about 18,581 people per square mile ( 7,174 people per km2 ) , San Francisco is the most densely settled large city ( population greater than 200,000 ) in California and the second-most densely populated major city in the United States after New York City . San Francisco is the fourth-most populous city in California , after Los Angeles , San Diego , and San Jose , and the 13th-most populous city in the United States -- with a census-estimated 2016 population of 870,887 . The city and its surrounding areas are known as the San Francisco Bay Area , and are a part of the larger OMB-designated San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland combined statistical area , the fifth most populous in the nation with an estimated population of 8.7 million .   San Francisco was founded on June 29 , 1776 , when colonists from Spain established Presidio of San Francisco at the Golden Gate and Mission San Francisco de Asís a few miles away , all named for St. Francis of Assisi . The California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth , making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time . San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856 .  After three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire , San Francisco was quickly rebuilt , hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later . In World War II , San Francisco was a major port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater . It then became the birthplace of the United Nations in 1945 . After the war , the confluence of returning servicemen , massive immigration , liberalizing attitudes , along with the rise of the `` hippie '' counterculture , the Sexual Revolution , the Peace Movement growing from opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War , and other factors led to the Summer of Love and the gay rights movement , cementing San Francisco as a center of liberal activism in the United States . Politically , the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines .   A popular tourist destination , San Francisco is known for its cool summers , fog , steep rolling hills , eclectic mix of architecture , and landmarks , including the Golden Gate Bridge , cable cars , the former Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary , Fisherman 's Wharf , and its Chinatown district . San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. , Gap Inc. , Salesforce.com , Dropbox , Reddit , Square , Inc. , Dolby , Airbnb , Weebly , Pacific Gas and Electric Company , Yelp , Pinterest , Twitter , Uber , Lyft , Mozilla , Wikimedia Foundation , Craigslist and Weather Underground . It has several nicknames , including `` The City by the Bay '' , `` Fog City '' , `` San Fran '' , and `` Frisco '' , as well as older ones like `` The City that Knows How '' , `` Baghdad by the Bay '' , `` The Paris of the West '' , or simply `` The City '' . , San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings .

neg: Modesto, California Modesto -LSB- məˈdɛstoʊ -RSB- ( Spanish for `` modest '' ) , officially the City of Modesto , is the county seat and largest city of Stanislaus County , California , United States . With a population of approximately 201,165 at the 2010 census , it is the 18th largest city in the state of California and forms part of the Modesto-Merced combined Statistical Area . The Modesto Census County Division , which includes the cities of Ceres and Riverbank , had a population of 312,842 .   Modesto is located in the Central Valley , 90 mi north of Fresno , 40 mi north of Merced , California , 92 mi east of San Francisco , 68 mi south of the state capital of Sacramento , 66 mi west of Yosemite National Park , and 24 mi south of Stockton . Modesto has been honored as a Tree City USA numerous times . It is surrounded by rich farmland ; Stanislaus County ranks sixth among California counties in farm production . Led by milk , almonds , chickens , walnuts , and corn silage , the county grossed nearly $ 3.1 billion in agricultural production in 2011 . The farm-to-table movement plays a central role in Modesto living as in the Central Valley .   Filmmaker George Lucas , who was born in Modesto , graduated from Thomas Downey High School in 1962 and attended Modesto Junior College , immortalized the city in his award-winning 1973 film American Graffiti . Although it was not actually shot in Modesto , the film portrayed the spirit of cruising and friendship on Modesto 's 10th and 11th Streets in 1962 , and inspired a revival of interest in 1950s pop culture , including the TV show Happy Days and its spin-offs .   The city 's annual Architectural Festival honors Modesto 's history as a testing ground for mid-century modern architecture during the 1940s and '50s . Modesto 's mid-century buildings have been featured four times in Museum of Modern Art publications .   The Gallup-Healthways Well-Being Index for 2011 , which interviews 1,000 participants about their jobs , finances , physical health , emotional state of mind and communities , ranked Modesto 126 out of the 190 cities surveyed . In December 2009 , Forbes ranked Modesto 48th out of 100 among `` Best Bang-for-the-Buck Cities '' . In this ranking , Modesto ranked 8th in housing affordability and travel time but also ranked 86th in job forecast growth and 99th in foreclosures .   Modesto is the home of Gallo Family Winery , the largest privately owned winery in the world .

neg: Radio Beach The Radio Beach Shoreline , on the San Francisco Bay , is the only beach in Oakland , California . It borders the onramp to the Bay Bridge , leading into San Francisco . Its name refers to the radio towers on the beach .

neg: Bay Area Open Space Council The Bay Area Open Space Council is a network of 65 nonprofits and public agencies that serve tens of millions of people each year in the San Francisco Bay Area . Founded in 1990 by a group of land conservation practitioners , the Open Space Council provides information , tools , and connections for its members . Examples of member organizations include land conservation organizations , land trusts , water districts , and park districts .   The Open Space Council holds an annual conference - typically in May - where over 400 people gather to discuss current events and topics in land conservation . They also hold smaller gatherings four times a year on topics relevant to land conservation in the Bay Area .  Though the Open Space Council 's office is located in Berkeley , California , member organizations represent all nine counties of the San Francisco Bay Area plus Santa Cruz County .

neg: Sunset District, San Francisco The Sunset District is a neighborhood located in the west-central area of San Francisco , California , United States . It is the largest neighborhood in San Francisco .

neg: List of city nicknames in California This partial list of city nicknames in California compiles the aliases , sobriquets , mottos and slogans that cities in California are known by ( or have been known by historically ) , officially and unofficially , to locals , outsiders or their tourism boards or chambers of commerce . City nicknames can help in establishing a civic identity , helping outsiders recognize a community or attracting people to a community because of its nickname ; promote civic pride ; and build community unity . Nicknames and slogans that successfully create a new community `` ideology or myth '' are also believed to have economic value . Their economic value is difficult to measure , but there are anecdotal reports of cities that have achieved substantial economic benefits by `` branding '' themselves by adopting new slogans .   Some unofficial nicknames are positive , while others are derisive . The unofficial nicknames listed here have been in use for a long time or have gained wide currency .

neg: California Aqueduct The Governor Edmund G. Brown California Aqueduct is a system of canals , tunnels , and pipelines that conveys water collected from the Sierra Nevada Mountains and valleys of Northern and Central California to Southern California . The over 400 mi aqueduct is the principal feature of the California State Water Project .   The Department of Water Resources ( DWR ) operates and maintains the California Aqueduct , including one pumped-storage hydroelectric plant , Gianelli Power Plant . Gianelli is located at the base of San Luis Dam , which forms San Luis Reservoir , the largest offstream reservoir in the United States .   The Castaic Power Plant , while similar and which is owned and operated by the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power , is located on the northern end of Castaic Lake , while Castaic Dam is located at the southern end .   It is named after California Governor Edmund Gerald `` Pat '' Brown Sr. .

neg: Oakland Estuary The Oakland Estuary is the strait separating the cities of Oakland and Alameda in the San Francisco Bay Area , California . On its western end , it connects to San Francisco Bay , while its eastern end connects to San Leandro Bay .

neg: San Leandro, California San Leandro is a suburban city in Alameda County , California , United States . It is located on the eastern shore of San Francisco Bay , between Oakland to the northwest and Hayward to the southeast .

neg: Alameda County, California Alameda County ( -LSB- ˌælə ` mi :d ə -RSB- ) is a county in the state of California in the United States . As of the 2010 census , the population was 1,510,271 , making it the 7th-most populous county in the state . Its county seat is Oakland . Alameda County is included in the San Francisco Bay Area , occupying much of the East Bay region .

neg: United States Customhouse (San Francisco) The U.S. Customhouse is a historic custom house located in San Francisco , California . It was built to house offices of the United States Customs Service .

neg: San Francisco (disambiguation) San Francisco is a combined city/county in the U.S. state of California .   San Francisco may also refer to :

neg: California statistical areas The statistical areas of the United States of America comprise the metropolitan statistical areas ( MSAs ) , the micropolitan statistical areas ( μSAs ) , and the combined statistical areas ( CSAs ) currently defined by the United States Office of Management and Budget ( OMB ) .   Most recently on December 1 , 2009 , the Office of Management and Budget defined 1067 statistical areas for the United States , including 4 combined statistical area , 26 metropolitan statistical areas , and 9 micropolitan statistical areas in the State of California . The table below shows the recent population of these statistical areas and the 58 counties of California .

neg: Western Addition, San Francisco The Western Addition is a neighborhood in San Francisco , California , United States .

neg: San Bernardino County, California San Bernardino County , officially the County of San Bernardino , is a county located in the southern portion of the U.S. state of California . As of the 2010 census , the population was 2,035,210 , making it the fifth-most populous county in California , and the 12th-most populous in the United States . The county seat is San Bernardino .   San Bernardino County is included in the Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario , CA Metropolitan Statistical Area , also known as the Inland Empire , as well as the Los Angeles-Long Beach , CA Combined Statistical Area .   With an area of 20,105 square miles , San Bernardino County is the largest county in the United States by area , although some of Alaska 's boroughs and census areas are larger . It is larger than each of the nine smallest states , larger than the four smallest states combined , and larger than 70 different sovereign nations .   Located in southeast California , the thinly populated deserts and mountains of this vast county stretch from where the bulk of the county population resides in two Census County Divisions , some 1,422,745 people as of the 2010 Census , covering the 450 square miles ( 1,166 km2 ) south of the San Bernardino Mountains in San Bernardino Valley , to the Nevada border and the Colorado River .

neg: Maritime history of California In the California coast , the use of ships and the Pacific Ocean has historically included water craft ( such as dugouts , canoes , sailing ships , and steamships ) , fisheries , shipbuilding , Gold Rush shipping , ports , shipwrecks , naval ships and installations , and lighthouses . The maritime history of California can be divided into several periods : the Native American period ; European exploration period from 1542 to 1769 ; the Spanish colonial period , 1769 to 1821 ; the Mexican period , 1821 to 1847 ; and United States statehood period , which continues to the present day .

neg: California flood of 1605 The California flood of 1605 was a massive flood that covered large sections of present-day California . It was a result of sustained major rain storms across the region . The flooding affected the indigenous peoples of California , in pre-European colonization populations .   Similar major floods happened in the California region in : 212 , 440 , 603 , 1029 , 1418 , and 1862 .   In 1861 -- 62 , the Great Flood of 1862 caused the state capital to be temporarily moved from flooded Sacramento to San Francisco , with Southern California and other adjacent western states also flooded .   Many floods of California in the 20th century were controlled by pumping stations , dams and man made canals such the Los Angeles River running within the city of Los Angeles .

neg: Phillip Burton Federal Building The Phillip Burton Federal Building & United States Courthouse is a massive 21 floor , 312 ft federal office building located at 450 Golden Gate Avenue near San Francisco 's Civic Center and the San Francisco City Hall . The building occupies an entire city block , bounded by Golden Gate Avenue at the south , Turk Street at the north , Polk Street at the west , and Larkin Street at the east .   It serves as one of four courthouses for the United States District Court for the Northern District of California . The building was finished in 1964 , one of the earliest office towers for San Francisco . It is named for former U.S. Representative Phillip Burton .

neg: San Francisco Public Library The San Francisco Public Library is the public library system of the city of San Francisco . The Main Library is located at Civic Center , at 100 Larkin Street .

neg: Japanese Tea Garden (San Francisco, California) The Japanese Tea Garden in San Francisco , California , is a popular feature of Golden Gate Park , originally built as part of a sprawling World 's Fair , the California Midwinter International Exposition of 1894 . Though many of its attractions are still a part of the garden today , there have been changes throughout the history of the garden that have shaped it into what it is today .   The oldest public Japanese garden in the United States , this complex of many paths , ponds and a teahouse features plants and trees pruned and arranged in a Japanese style . The garden 's 3 acres contain sculptures and structures influenced by Buddhist and Shinto religious beliefs , as well as many elements of water and rocks to create a calming landscape designed to slow people down .

neg: French Consulate General, San Francisco The Consulate General of France in San Francisco is a consular representation of the French Republic in the United States . Its jurisdiction covers Northern California , North of Nevada , and the following states : Alaska , Hawaii , Idaho , Montana , Oregon , Utah , Washington , Wyoming , and the Pacific Islands under American jurisdiction ( Guam and American Samoa ) . The Consulate is currently located near the French quarter of San Francisco , on 88 Kearny Street .   Under the authority of the Minister of European and Foreign Affairs , the Consulate General of France is responsible for the protection and administrative affairs of French nationals settled or traveling within the American Northwest .   The Consulate provides many services to the French community and those who desire to travel to France .


query: Laadla is exclusively an American film.

pos: Laadla (1994 film) Laadla ( translation : The Beloved Son ) is a Bollywood film released on 17 April 1994 , starring Sridevi , Anil Kapoor and Raveena Tandon . The film was notable because Divya Bharti was to star as the lead role Sheetal , filming most of the film . However , due to her untimely death in 1993 , Laadla was re-filmed with Sridevi in the lead role . Footage of late Divya Bharti as Sheetal is available on the internet . Laadla is the remake of Rajkumar 's blockbuster Kannada movie called Anuraga Aralithu ( 1986 ) . Laadla was a Box Office Hit dominated by Sridevi 's presence who was quite a big star at that time .

neg: American Gigolo American Gigolo is a 1980 American romantic crime film written and directed by Paul Schrader , and starring Richard Gere , Lauren Hutton , Hector Elizondo , Nina Van Pallandt and Bill Duke . It tells the story of Julian Kaye , a high-price male escort in Los Angeles who becomes romantically involved with a prominent politician 's wife while simultaneously becoming the prime suspect in a murder case .   The film is notable for establishing Gere as a leading man , and was one of the first mainstream Hollywood films to include frontal male nudity from its main star . It is also notable for its accompanying soundtrack , composed by Giorgio Moroder and featuring the number-one hit single `` Call Me '' by Blondie .   Schrader considers it one of four similar films , which he calls `` double bookends '' : Taxi Driver , bookended by Light Sleeper , and American Gigolo bookended by The Walker .

neg: American Beauty (1999 film) American Beauty is a 1999 American drama film directed by Sam Mendes and written by Alan Ball . Kevin Spacey stars as Lester Burnham , a 42-year-old advertising executive who has a midlife crisis when he becomes infatuated with his teenaged daughter 's best friend , Angela ( Mena Suvari ) . Annette Bening co-stars as Lester 's materialistic wife , Carolyn , and Thora Birch plays their insecure daughter , Jane . Wes Bentley , Chris Cooper , and Allison Janney also feature . The film is described by academics as a satire of American middle-class notions of beauty and personal satisfaction ; analysis has focused on the film 's explorations of romantic , and paternal love , sexuality , beauty , materialism , self-liberation , and redemption .   Ball began writing American Beauty as a play in the early 1990s , partly inspired by the media circus around the Amy Fisher trial in 1992 . He shelved the play after realizing the story would not work on stage . After several years as a television screenwriter , Ball revived the idea in 1997 when attempting to break into the film industry . The modified script had a cynical outlook that was influenced by Ball 's frustrating tenures writing for several sitcoms . Producers Dan Jinks and Bruce Cohen took American Beauty to DreamWorks ; the then-fledgling film studio bought Ball 's script for $ 250,000 , outbidding several other production bodies . DreamWorks financed the $ 15 million production and served as its North American distributor . American Beauty marked acclaimed theater director Mendes ' film debut ; courted after his successful productions of the musicals Oliver ! and Cabaret , Mendes was , nevertheless , only given the job after 20 others were considered and several `` A-list '' directors turned down the opportunity .   Spacey was Mendes ' first choice for the role of Lester , though DreamWorks had urged the director to consider better-known actors ; similarly , the studio suggested several actors for the role of Carolyn until Mendes offered the part to Bening without DreamWorks ' knowledge . Principal photography took place between December 1998 and February 1999 on soundstages at the Warner Bros. backlot in Burbank , California , and on location in Los Angeles . Mendes ' dominant style was deliberate and composed ; he made extensive use of static shots and slow pans and zooms to generate tension . Cinematographer Conrad Hall complemented Mendes ' style with peaceful shot compositions to contrast with the turbulent on-screen events . During editing , Mendes made several changes that gave the film a less cynical tone than the script .   Released in North America on September 17 , 1999 , American Beauty was positively received by critics and grossed over $ 356 million worldwide . Reviewers praised most aspects of the production , with particular emphasis on Mendes , Spacey , and Ball ; criticism focused on the familiarity of the characters and setting . DreamWorks launched a major campaign to increase the film 's chances of Academy Award success ; at the 72nd Academy Awards the following year , the film won Best Picture , Best Director , Best Actor ( for Spacey ) , Best Original Screenplay , and Best Cinematography . It was nominated for and won many other awards and honors , mainly for the direction , writing , and acting .

neg: Proud American Proud American is a 2008 biographical drama film released by Slowhand Cinema in both conventional 35mm and IMAX format . It features five stories that intend to capture the essence of the American spirit , two of them chronicling the founding of Wal-Mart and Coca-Cola . The film holds the distinction of having obtained additional funding through overt sponsorship of the two companies , as well as MasterCard and American Airlines , whose product placement can be observed throughout the film .

neg: LBJ (film) LBJ is a 2017 American political drama film directed by Rob Reiner and written by Joey Hartstone . The film stars Woody Harrelson , Richard Jenkins , Bill Pullman , Kim Allen , Michael Stahl-David , Jennifer Jason Leigh , Jeffrey Donovan , Doug McKeon , and Michael Mosley . Filming began on September 21 , 2015 in New Orleans . It was screened at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival . On October 12 , 2016 at the 27th edition of the New Orleans Film Festival , Rob Reiner accepted the inaugural Career Achievement Award from LBJ lead actor Woody Harrelson . LBJ made a second film festival showing in less than a month . On May 2 , 2017 , it was announced that Dean Devlin 's Electric Entertainment had acquired all of the film 's North American rights and that the film would be released in 2017 . It was then announced on May 4 that the film would be released in the United States on November 17 , 2017 .

neg: CineTel Films CineTel Films Inc. is an independent film production company and distributor based in West Hollywood , California .

neg: Gran Torino Gran Torino is a 2008 American drama film directed and produced by Clint Eastwood , who also starred in the film . The film co-stars Christopher Carley , Bee Vang and Ahney Her . This was Eastwood 's first starring role since 2004 's Million Dollar Baby . The film features a large Hmong American cast , as well as one of Eastwood 's younger sons , Scott . Eastwood 's oldest son , Kyle , provided the score . Gran Torino opened via a limited theatrical release in North America on December 12 , 2008 , and later to a worldwide release on January 9 , 2009 . Set in Detroit , Michigan , it is the first mainstream American film to feature Hmong Americans . Many Lao Hmong war refugees resettled in the U.S. following the communist takeover of Laos in 1975 .   The story follows Walt Kowalski , a recently widowed Korean War veteran alienated from his family and angry at the world . Walt 's young neighbor , Thao Vang Lor , is pressured by his cousin into stealing Walt 's prized 1972 Ford Gran Torino for his initiation into a gang . Walt thwarts the theft with his M1 Garand rifle and subsequently develops a relationship with the boy and his family .   Gran Torino was a critical and commercial success , grossing nearly $ 270 million worldwide ( making it Eastwood 's second highest-grossing film to date ) . Within the Hmong community in the United States , the film received both praise and criticism .

neg: ASIFA-Hollywood ASIFA-Hollywood , an American non-profit organization in Los Angeles , California , United States , is a branch member of the `` Association Internationale du Film d'Animation '' or `` ASIFA '' ( the International Animated Film Association ) . Its purpose is to promote the art of film animation in a variety of ways , including its own archive and an annual awards presentation , the Annie Awards . It is also known as the International Animated Film Society .   Many branches of ASIFA exist throughout the world ; in the US there are chapters in San Francisco , New York City , Atlanta , Seattle , Washington , the Detroit area , and others , while internationally , organizations exist in Annecy , France , in Italy , and Japan . ASIFA also sponsors several animation film festivals throughout the world , including the ASIFA-Hollywood Student Animation Festival .   ASIFA-Hollywood has the largest membership internationally of all other chapters , largely because the most popular cartoons ever produced were by studios and animation professionals located in the city of Burbank , which is also the location of the ASIFA-Hollywood Animation Center . It includes a virtual archive , museum , library and research facility , containing the ASIFA-Hollywood Animation Archive Project .

neg: I (film) I ( also known as Shankar 's I ) is a 2015 Indian Tamil-language romantic thriller film written and directed by Shankar and co-written by Subha . Produced and distributed by V. Ravichandran under his production company , Aascar Films , the film features Vikram and Amy Jackson in lead roles while Suresh Gopi , Upen Patel , Santhanam and Ramkumar Ganesan portray pivotal roles . The soundtrack and film score were composed by A. R. Rahman . Production design was handled by T. Muthuraj . P. C. Sreeram was the film 's cinematographer and editing was done by Anthony .   The visual effects were designed by V. Srinivas Mohan through Rising Sun Pictures . Weta Workshop had worked on the digital and prosthetic make-up and background arts for the film . Principal photography commenced on 15 July 2012 . The filming lasted for two years and eight months , during which shooting was done extensively in China . Further schedules were filmed in locations in Chennai , Bangkok , Jodhpur , Kodaikanal , Pollachi , Bangalore and Mysore . The film was dubbed and released in Telugu and Hindi along with the Tamil version .   The film , released on Pongal 2015 , tells the story of a body builder turned supermodel , played by Vikram , who after being deformed , exacts revenge upon those who were responsible for his predicament . Critics praised Vikram 's performance , the technical aspects of the film - especially the costume design and makeup , and A.R. Rahman 's soundtrack and score but criticised the ` wafer-thin ' writing and screenplay and the film 's excessive length ( 188 minutes ) . However , the film was a commercial success , grossing worldwide , becoming the fourth-highest grossing Tamil film and Vikram 's highest-grossing film at the time . Vikram won the Filmfare Award for Best Actor -- Tamil for the movie .

neg: Samuel Goldwyn Theater The Samuel Goldwyn Theatre is a screening-only movie theater named after filmmaker Samuel Goldwyn .   It is located at 8949 Wilshire Boulevard , Beverly Hills , California , at headquarters of The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . The Academy uses this theater each January most years to announce the nominations for its Academy Awards .

neg: L.A. Noire L.A. Noire is a neo-noir detective action-adventure video game developed by Team Bondi and published by Rockstar Games . It was initially released for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 platforms on 17 May 2011 ; a Microsoft Windows port was later released on 8 November 2011 . L.A. Noire is set in Los Angeles in 1947 and challenges the player , controlling a Los Angeles Police Department ( LAPD ) officer , to solve a range of cases across five divisions . Players must investigate crime scenes for clues , follow up leads , and interrogate suspects , and the player 's success at these activities will impact how much of each case 's story is revealed .   The game draws heavily from both the plot and aesthetic elements of film noir -- stylistic films made popular in the 1940s and 1950s that share similar visual styles and themes , including crime and moral ambiguity -- along with drawing inspiration from real-life crimes for its in-game cases , based upon what was reported by the Los Angeles media in 1947 . The game uses a distinctive colour palette , but in homage to film noir it includes the option to play the game in black and white . Various plot elements reference the major themes of detective and mobster stories such as The Naked City , Chinatown , The Untouchables , The Black Dahlia , and L.A. Confidential .   L.A. Noire is notable for using Depth Analysis 's newly developed technology MotionScan , whereby the actors portraying the game 's characters were recorded by 32 surrounding cameras to capture facial expressions from every angle . The technology is central to the game 's interrogation mechanic , as players must use the suspects ' reactions to questioning to judge whether or not they are lying . L.A. Noire was the first video game to be shown at the Tribeca Film Festival . Upon release , the game received wide acclaim for its advances in storytelling and facial animation technology . As of February 2012 , both PC and console versions had shipped nearly 5 million copies combined .

neg: Academy Film Archive The Academy Film Archive is part of the Academy Foundation , established in 1944 with the purpose of organizing and overseeing the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ' educational and cultural activities , including the preservation of motion picture history . Although the current incarnation of the Academy Film Archive began in 1991 , the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences acquired its first film in 1929 . Located in Hollywood , California at the Pickford Center for Motion Picture Study , the Archive has a diverse range of moving image material . The Archive 's collection comprises 85,000 titles and 190,000 separate items , including early American cinema , a vast collection of documentary films , filmed and taped interviews , amateur and private home movies of Hollywood legends , makeup and sound test reels , and a wide selection of experimental film , as well as Academy Award-winning films , Academy Award-nominated films , and a complete collection of every Academy Awards show since 1949 . Since acquiring the Packard Humanities Institute Collection , the Archive has the world 's largest known trailer collection . The Archive is also concerned with the preservation and restoration of films , as well as new technologies and methods of preservation , restoring over 800 titles of historical and artistic importance .

neg: American Film Institute The American Film Institute ( AFI ) is an American film organization that educates filmmakers and honors the heritage of the motion picture arts in the United States . AFI is supported by private funding and public membership .

neg: The Americano (1916 film) The Americano is a 1916 American silent adventure/romantic comedy film directed by John Emerson and stars Douglas Fairbanks in his last production for Triangle Film Corporation . Based on the novel Blaze Derringer , by Eugene P. Lyle , Jr. , the scenario was written by John Emerson and Anita Loos who also wrote the film 's intertitles . The film was re-released by S.A. Lynch Enterprises on August 21 , 1923 . Three 16mm prints and one 8mm print of the film still exists . Set in a fictional South American country of Paragonia , it has been described as one of a group of films that supported United States imperialism by providing support to the idea of manifest destiny .

neg: Goodfellas Goodfellas ( stylized as GoodFellas ) is a 1990 American crime film directed by Martin Scorsese . It is an adaptation of the 1986 non-fiction book Wiseguy by Nicholas Pileggi , who co-wrote the screenplay with Scorsese . The film narrates the rise and fall of mob associate Henry Hill and his friends over a period from 1955 to 1980 .   Scorsese initially named the film Wise Guy and postponed making it ; later , he and Pileggi changed the name to Goodfellas . To prepare for their roles in the film , Robert De Niro , Joe Pesci , and Ray Liotta often spoke with Pileggi , who shared research material left over from writing the book . According to Pesci , improvisation and ad-libbing came out of rehearsals wherein Scorsese gave the actors freedom to do whatever they wanted . The director made transcripts of these sessions , took the lines he liked best , and put them into a revised script , which the cast worked from during principal photography .   Made on a budget of $ 25 million , Goodfellas grossed $ 46.8 million . It received positive reviews from critics and was nominated for six Academy Awards , including Best Picture and Best Director , with Pesci winning Best Actor in a Supporting Role . The film won five awards from the British Academy of Film and Television Arts , including Best Film and Best Director . Additionally , Goodfellas was named the year 's best film by various critics ' groups .   Goodfellas is widely regarded as one of the greatest films in the crime genre . In 2000 , it was deemed `` culturally , historically , and aesthetically significant '' and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the United States Library of Congress . Its content and style have been emulated in numerous other films and television shows .

neg: Art film An art film is typically a serious , independent film aimed at a niche market rather than a mass market audience . An art film is `` intended to be a serious artistic work , often experimental and not designed for mass appeal '' ; they are `` made primarily for aesthetic reasons rather than commercial profit '' , and they contain `` unconventional or highly symbolic content '' .   Film critics and film studies scholars typically define an art film as possessing `` formal qualities that mark them as different from mainstream Hollywood films '' , which can include , among other elements , a sense of social realism ; an emphasis on the authorial expressiveness of the director ; and a focus on the thoughts , dreams , or motivations of characters , as opposed to the unfolding of a clear , goal-driven story . Film scholar David Bordwell describes art cinema as `` a film genre , with its own distinct conventions '' .   Art film producers usually present their films at specialty theatres ( repertory cinemas , or , in the U.S. , `` arthouse cinemas '' ) and film festivals . The term art film is much more widely used in the United States , the UK and Australia than in Europe , where the term is more associated with `` auteur '' films and `` national cinema '' ( e.g. , German national cinema ) . Because they are aimed at small niche market audiences , they can rarely get the financial backing that will permit large production budgets , expensive special effects , costly celebrity actors , or huge advertising campaigns , as are used in widely released mainstream blockbuster films . Art film directors make up for these constraints by creating a different type of film , which typically uses lesser-known film actors ( or even amateur actors ) and modest sets to make films that focus much more on developing ideas or exploring new narrative techniques or film-making conventions .   A certain degree of experience and knowledge are required to fully understand or appreciate such films . One mid-1990s art film was called `` largely a cerebral experience '' that one enjoys `` because of what you know about film '' . This contrasts sharply with mainstream `` blockbuster '' films , which are geared more towards escapism and pure entertainment . For promotion , art films rely on the publicity generated from film critics ' reviews , discussion of their film by arts columnists , commentators and bloggers , and `` word-of-mouth '' promotion by audience members . Since art films have small initial investment costs , they only need to appeal to a small portion of the mainstream viewing audiences to become financially viable .

neg: The Others (2001 film) The Others ( Los Otros ) is a 2001 Spanish-American supernatural gothic horror film with elements of psychological horror . It was written , directed , and scored by Alejandro Amenábar . It stars Nicole Kidman and Fionnula Flanagan .   The film won eight Goya Awards , including awards for Best Film and Best Director . This was the first English-language film ever to receive the Best Film Award at the Goyas ( Spain 's national film awards ) , without a single word of Spanish spoken in it . The Others was nominated for six Saturn Awards including Best Director and Best Writing for Amenábar and Best Performance by a Younger Actor for Alakina Mann , and won three : Best Horror Film , Best Actress for Kidman and Best Supporting Actress for Fionnula Flanagan . Kidman was also nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in Drama and a BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role , with Amenábar being nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay , a rare occurrence for a horror film .

neg: Hollywood to Dollywood Hollywood to Dollywood is an American documentary film that played at 60 film festivals in the U.S. , Canada , Scotland , and Australia in 2011 and 2012 . Directed by John Lavin , the film follows the cross-country journey of identical twins Gary and Larry Lane to deliver to Dolly Parton a screenplay they wrote , which includes a role for her . Hollywood to Dollywood has won 24 film festival awards and includes 17 Parton songs , two of which were previously unreleased . The film had a one-week theatrical release in New York beginning August 31 , 2012 , followed a week later in Los Angeles .

neg: Major film studio A major film studio is a production and film distributor that releases a substantial number of films annually and consistently commands a significant share of box office revenue in a given market . In the North American , Western , and global markets , the major film studios , often simply known as the majors , are commonly regarded as the six diversified media conglomerates whose various film production and distribution subsidiaries collectively command approximately 80 to 85 percent of U.S. and Canadian box office revenue . The term may also be applied more specifically to the primary motion picture business subsidiary of each respective conglomerate .   The `` Big Six '' majors , whose operations are based in or around the Los Angeles neighborhood of Hollywood , are all centered in film studios active during Hollywood 's Golden Age of the 1930s and 1940s . In three cases -- 20th Century Fox , Warner Bros. , and Paramount -- the studios were one of the `` Big Five '' majors during that era as well . In two cases -- Columbia and Universal -- the studios were also considered majors , but in the next tier down , part of the `` Little Three '' . In the sixth case , Walt Disney Studios was an independent production company during the Golden Age ; it was an important Hollywood entity , but not a major . Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , United Artists , and RKO were majors .   Today , Disney is the only member of the Big Six whose parent entity is still located near Los Angeles ( actually , on Disney 's studio lot and in the same building ) . The five others report to conglomerates headquartered in New York City , Philadelphia , and Tokyo . Of the Big Six , Paramount is the only one still based in Hollywood , and Paramount and Fox are the only ones still located within the Los Angeles city limits , while Disney and Warner Bros. are located in Burbank , Columbia in Culver City , and Universal in the unincorporated area of Universal City .   Most of today 's Big Six control subsidiaries with their own distribution networks that concentrate on arthouse pictures ( e.g. Fox Searchlight Pictures ) or genre films ( e.g. Sony 's Screen Gems ) ; several of these specialty units were shut down or sold off between 2008 and 2010 . The six major studios are contrasted with smaller production and/or distribution companies , which are known as independents or `` indies '' . The leading independent producer/distributors -- Lionsgate Films , The Weinstein Company , and former major studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer -- are sometimes referred to as `` mini-majors '' . From 1998 through 2005 , DreamWorks SKG commanded a large enough market share to arguably qualify it as a seventh major , despite its relatively small output . In 2006 , DreamWorks was acquired by Viacom , Paramount 's corporate parent . In late 2008 , DreamWorks once again became an independent production company ; its films were distributed by Disney 's Touchstone Pictures until 2016 , at which point distribution switched to Universal .   The Big Six major studios are today primarily backers and distributors of films whose actual production is largely handled by independent companies -- either long-running entities or ones created for and dedicated to the making of a specific film . The specialty divisions often simply acquire distribution rights to pictures in which the studio has had no prior involvement . While the majors still do a modicum of true production , their activities are focused more in the areas of development , financing , marketing , and merchandising . Those business functions are still usually performed in or near Los Angeles , even though the runaway production phenomenon means that most films are now mostly or completely shot on location at places outside Los Angeles .   Since the dawn of filmmaking , the U.S. major film studios have dominated both American cinema and the global film industry . U.S. studios have benefited from a strong first-mover advantage in that they were the first to industrialize filmmaking and master the art of mass-producing and distributing high-quality films with broad cross-cultural appeal . Today , the Big Six majors routinely distribute hundreds of films every year into all significant international markets ( that is , where discretionary income is high enough for consumers to afford to watch films ) . It is very rare , if not impossible , for a film to reach a broad international audience on multiple continents and in multiple languages without first being picked up by one of the majors for distribution .

neg: L.A. Law L.A. Law is an American television legal drama series that ran for eight seasons on NBC , from September 15 , 1986 , to May 19 , 1994 .   Created by Steven Bochco and Terry Louise Fisher , it contained many of Bochco 's trademark features including an ensemble cast , large number of parallel storylines , social drama , and off-the-wall humor . It reflected the social and cultural ideologies of the 1980s and early 1990s , and many of the cases featured on the show dealt with hot-topic issues such as capital punishment , abortion , racism , gay rights , homophobia , sexual harassment , AIDS , and domestic violence . The series often also reflected social tensions between the wealthy senior lawyer protagonists and their less well-paid junior staff .   In addition to its main cast , L.A. Law was also well known for featuring then relatively unknown actors and actresses in guest starring roles , who later went on to greater success in film and television including : Don Cheadle , Jeffrey Tambor , Kathy Bates , David Schwimmer , Jay O. Sanders , James Avery , Gates McFadden , Bryan Cranston , C.C.H. Pounder , Kevin Spacey , Richard Schiff , Carrie-Anne Moss , William H. Macy , Stephen Root , Christian Slater , and Lucy Liu . Several episodes of the show also included celebrities such as Vanna White , Buddy Hackett and Mamie Van Doren appearing as themselves in cameo roles .   The show was popular with audiences and critics , and won 15 Emmy Awards throughout its run , four of which were for Outstanding Drama Series .

neg: El indio El indio ( The Indian ) is a 1939 Mexican drama film directed by Armando Vargas de la Maza . It was released in Mexico on February 10 , 1939 and later released in United States on May 12 , of the same year . Consuelo Frank and Pedro Armendáriz received equal billing , while Dolores Camarillo ( billed as Dolores C. de Frausto ) who was the film 's comic relief , was billed last . Later she would receive a somewhat higher billing in Cantinflas ' Ahí está el detalle .   The film also explores an early form of Mexican `` indio '' comic performances given by Carlos López `` Chaflán '' and Dolores Camarillo . These comic roles would later give inspiration to María Elena Velasco 's La India María film series .