query: Dustin Hoffman has portrayed characters that are vulnerable.

pos: Dustin Hoffman Dustin Lee Hoffman ( born August 8 , 1937 ) is an American actor and a director , with a career in film , television , and theatre since 1960 . Hoffman has been known for his versatile portrayals of antiheroes and vulnerable characters . He won the Academy Award for Best Actor in 1980 for Kramer vs. Kramer , and in 1989 for Rain Man .   Widely considered one of the finest actors in history , Hoffman first drew critical praise for starring in the play , Eh ? , for which he won a Theatre World Award and a Drama Desk Award . This achievement was soon followed by his breakthrough 1967 film role as Benjamin Braddock , the title character in The Graduate . Since that time , Hoffman 's career has largely been focused on the cinema , with sporadic returns to television and to the stage . Hoffman 's notable films include : Midnight Cowboy , Little Big Man , Straw Dogs , Papillon , Lenny , Marathon Man , All the President 's Men , Kramer vs. Kramer , Tootsie , Rain Man , Hook , and Wag the Dog . He made his directorial debut in 2012 , with Quartet .   Along with 2 Academy Award wins , Hoffman has been nominated for 5 additional Academy Awards , and he was nominated for 13 Golden Globes , winning 6 ( including an honorary award ) . He has won 4 BAFTAs , 3 Drama Desk Awards , 2 Emmy Awards , and a Genie Award . Hoffman received the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1999 , and the Kennedy Center Honors Award in 2012 .

neg: Easy Rider Easy Rider is a 1969 American road movie written by Peter Fonda , Dennis Hopper , and Terry Southern , produced by Fonda and directed by Hopper . It tells the story of two bikers ( played by Fonda and Hopper ) who travel through the American Southwest and South after selling a large score of cocaine . The success of Easy Rider helped spark the New Hollywood era of filmmaking during the early 1970s . The film was added to the Library of Congress National Film Registry in 1998 .   A landmark counterculture film , and a `` touchstone for a generation '' that `` captured the national imagination '' , Easy Rider explores the societal landscape , issues , and tensions in the United States during the 1960s , such as the rise and fall of the hippie movement , drug use , and communal lifestyle .  In Easy Rider , real drugs were used in scenes showing the use of marijuana and other substances .

neg: Dustin (name) Dustin is a surname and mainly masculine given name .

neg: Boychoir (film) Boychoir is a 2014 American drama film directed by François Girard and written by Ben Ripley . The film stars Dustin Hoffman , Kathy Bates , Debra Winger , Josh Lucas and the American Boychoir School .

neg: Cleaner (crime) A cleaner , or fixer , is a person who `` cleans up '' after crimes to physically erase their trace or uses pressure or bribes to limit fallout from a criminal act .   A fixer plays a similar but often less hands-on role , often minimizing bad publicity for public officials or media figures by quelling stories of their misadventures , but also capable of more heavyhanded tactics , as necessary .   A cleaner may destroy or remove incriminating evidence at the scene of a crime . A popular figure in crime fiction , a cleaner may also be a contract killer who commits murder to `` clean up '' a situation .  Cleaner is also a slang term for someone , usually a member of a crime organization or a covert government agency , who disposes of a corpse after a hit .   In contrast , legal crime scene cleanup is a legitimate industry , eliminating blood and other biohazardous materials such as dangerous chemicals used in an illegal drug lab as permitted by responsible authorities .   A fictional example of a cleaner is Shoulders from the comic strip Dick Tracy . More contemporary are the roles played by Jean Reno as Victor in the film La Femme Nikita ( 1990 ) , Harvey Keitel as Victor in Point of No Return ( 1993 ) , and a year later as a Mr. Wolf in Quentin Tarantino 's Pulp Fiction ( 1994 ) ( parodied on Seinfeld ` s episode 155 , `` The Muffin Tops '' ( 1997 ) , where Newman makes the problem of leftover muffin stumps go away by eating them ) , and George Clooney as the title character in Michael Clayton . On television , similar roles are played by Jonathan Banks as Mike Ehrmantraut in the TV series Breaking Bad and its prequel , Better Call Saul , Liev Schreiber in the title role of Showtime 's Ray Donovan , Paige Turco as recurring character Zoe Morgan in Person of Interest , and Susan Blommaert as `` Mr. Kaplan '' in The Blacklist .

neg: Structural vulnerability Structural vulnerability is a distinct likelihood of encountering major difficulties within the family atmosphere or the threat to the family itself because of such deficient capital resources as money , education , access to health care , or important/vital information .   Structural vulnerability is a threat to any low-income individual that must caretake for a family . Social workers described these individuals as people that `` In the largest richest country in the world , they work full time year around and some work multiple jobs as well , but they still do not earn enough to support their families . '' Structural vulnerability is cited as a reason that migrant workers in the United States are more vulnerable to violence and public health risks such as HIV .

neg: Judgment at Nuremberg Judgment at Nuremberg is a 1961 American courtroom drama film directed by Stanley Kramer , written by Abby Mann and starring Spencer Tracy , Burt Lancaster , Richard Widmark , Maximilian Schell , Werner Klemperer , Marlene Dietrich , Judy Garland , William Shatner , and Montgomery Clift . Set in Nuremberg in 1948 , the film depicts a fictionalized version of the Judges ' Trial of 1947 , one of the twelve U.S. military tribunals during the Subsequent Nuremberg Trials .   The film centers on a military tribunal led by Chief Trial Judge Dan Haywood ( Tracy ) , before which four German judges and prosecutors ( as compared to 16 defendants in the actual Judges ' Trial ) stand accused of crimes against humanity for their involvement in atrocities committed under the Nazi regime . The film deals with non-combatant war crimes against a civilian population , the Holocaust , and examines the post-World War II geopolitical complexity of the actual Nuremberg Trials . An earlier version of the story was broadcast as a television episode of Playhouse 90 . Schell and Klemperer played the same roles in both productions .   In 2013 , Judgment at Nuremberg was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' .

neg: 52nd Academy Awards The 52nd Academy Awards were presented April 14 , 1980 , at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles . The ceremonies were presided over by Johnny Carson who , in noting the long duration of the production , joked that President Jimmy Carter was working hard for their `` release '' from the ceremonies , a clear reference to the Iranian hostage crisis .   Among the nominees for Best Supporting Actor were 8 year-old Justin Henry -- the youngest Best Supporting Actor nominee ever -- and 79-year-old Melvyn Douglas . This was the largest age difference between two competing actors in Oscar history until 2013 . Ironically , their age difference was partially the reason why Douglas did not attend the Oscars that night , despite winning the award . Henry was nominated for Kramer vs. Kramer , which out of its eight other nominations , finished with five awards , including Best Picture , Best Director for Robert Benton , and Best Actor for Dustin Hoffman .

neg: Restoration (1995 film) Restoration is a 1995 American historical drama film directed by Michael Hoffman . It stars Robert Downey , Jr. as a 17th-century medical student exploited by the king . The film , which is based on the novel of the same title by Rose Tremain , was filmed in Wales and won two Academy Awards .

neg: The Early Four Track Recordings The Early Four Track Recordings '' is a compilation album by indie rock band Of Montreal . It contains early recordings from the band , with the song titles telling a fictional story about actor Dustin Hoffman . Though the titles feature Dustin Hoffman , the album name and content have nothing to do with him , and the titles were chosen only for humor .

neg: Art film An art film is typically a serious , independent film aimed at a niche market rather than a mass market audience . An art film is `` intended to be a serious artistic work , often experimental and not designed for mass appeal '' ; they are `` made primarily for aesthetic reasons rather than commercial profit '' , and they contain `` unconventional or highly symbolic content '' .   Film critics and film studies scholars typically define an art film as possessing `` formal qualities that mark them as different from mainstream Hollywood films '' , which can include , among other elements , a sense of social realism ; an emphasis on the authorial expressiveness of the director ; and a focus on the thoughts , dreams , or motivations of characters , as opposed to the unfolding of a clear , goal-driven story . Film scholar David Bordwell describes art cinema as `` a film genre , with its own distinct conventions '' .   Art film producers usually present their films at specialty theatres ( repertory cinemas , or , in the U.S. , `` arthouse cinemas '' ) and film festivals . The term art film is much more widely used in the United States , the UK and Australia than in Europe , where the term is more associated with `` auteur '' films and `` national cinema '' ( e.g. , German national cinema ) . Because they are aimed at small niche market audiences , they can rarely get the financial backing that will permit large production budgets , expensive special effects , costly celebrity actors , or huge advertising campaigns , as are used in widely released mainstream blockbuster films . Art film directors make up for these constraints by creating a different type of film , which typically uses lesser-known film actors ( or even amateur actors ) and modest sets to make films that focus much more on developing ideas or exploring new narrative techniques or film-making conventions .   A certain degree of experience and knowledge are required to fully understand or appreciate such films . One mid-1990s art film was called `` largely a cerebral experience '' that one enjoys `` because of what you know about film '' . This contrasts sharply with mainstream `` blockbuster '' films , which are geared more towards escapism and pure entertainment . For promotion , art films rely on the publicity generated from film critics ' reviews , discussion of their film by arts columnists , commentators and bloggers , and `` word-of-mouth '' promotion by audience members . Since art films have small initial investment costs , they only need to appeal to a small portion of the mainstream viewing audiences to become financially viable .

neg: Film director A film director is a person who directs the making of a film . Generally , a film director controls a film 's artistic and dramatic aspects and visualizes the screenplay ( or script ) while guiding the technical crew and actors in the fulfillment of that vision . The director has a key role in choosing the cast members , production design , and the creative aspects of filmmaking . Under European Union law , the director is viewed as the author of the film .   The film director gives direction to the cast and crew and creates an overall vision through which a film eventually becomes realized , or noticed . Directors need to be able to mediate differences in creative visions and stay within the boundaries of the film 's budget . There are many pathways to becoming a film director . Some film directors started as screenwriters , cinematographers , film editors or actors . Other film directors have attended a film school . Directors use different approaches . Some outline a general plotline and let the actors improvise dialogue , while others control every aspect , and demand that the actors and crew follow instructions precisely . Some directors also write their own screenplays or collaborate on screenplays with long-standing writing partners . Some directors edit or appear in their films , or compose the music score for their films .

neg: Heavy metal lyrics Heavy metal lyrics are the words used in songs by heavy metal music bands , groups and artists . Given that there are many genres of heavy metal , it is difficult to make generalizations about the lyrics and lyrical themes . In 1989 , two metal scholars wrote that heavy metal lyrics concentrate `` on dark and depressing subject matter to an extent hitherto unprecedented '' in any form of popular music . Jeffrey Arnett states that metal songs are `` overwhelmingly dominated '' by `` ugly and unhappy '' themes which express `` no hope '' for the future . Deena Weinstein has proposed one way to analyze metal song themes is loosely grouping them into two categories : the Dionysian theme ( a reference to the Roman God of wine ) , which celebrates `` sex , drugs and rock and roll '' , partying , and enjoyment of life and the Chaotic theme , which involves dark subjects such as Hell , injustice , mayhem , carnage and death . Not all metal genres fall into Weinstein 's two theme model ; for example power metal 's lyrical themes often focus on fantasy and mythology , camaraderie and hope , personal struggles and emotions , among other themes . Another exception is pop metal bands , which replaced `` gloom and doom '' themes with `` positive , upbeat '' songs about romantic love and relationships , part of their goal of appealing more to female listeners . In metal overall , the small number of metal songs about relationships are typically about unions that have `` gone sour '' long ago .   The thematic content of heavy metal lyrics has long been a target of criticism . According to Jon Pareles , `` Heavy metal 's main subject matter is simple and virtually universal . With grunts , moans and subliterary lyrics , it celebrates ... a party without limits ... -LSB- T -RSB- he bulk of the music is stylized and formulaic . '' Music critics have often deemed metal lyrics juvenile and banal , and others have objected to what they see as advocacy of misogyny and the occult . During the 1980s , the Parents Music Resource Center ( PMRC ) petitioned the U.S. Congress to regulate the popular music industry due to what the group asserted were objectionable lyrics , particularly those in heavy metal songs . The PMRC used music professor Joe Stuessy to testify against metal . Professor Stuessy alleged that heavy metal songs focus on violence , substance abuse , perversion , S&M , and Satanism . Robert Walser analyzed 88 metal songs ' themes to determine if Professor Stuessy 's claims were valid . In Walser 's analysis , the dominant theme in the metal songs was `` longing for intensity '' ; he found that the negative themes described by Stuessy and the PMRC were uncommon . Jeffrey Arnett analysed the lyrics from 115 metal songs : he found that the top three messages were `` grim ... themes '' about violence , angst and protest .   Metal artists have had to defend their lyrics in front of the U.S. Senate and in courtrooms . In 1985 , Twisted Sister frontman Dee Snider was asked to defend his song Under the Blade at a U.S. Senate hearing . In 1986 , Ozzy Osbourne was sued because of the lyrics of his song Suicide Solution . In 1990 , Judas Priest was sued in American court by the parents of two young men who had shot themselves five years earlier , allegedly after hearing the subliminal statement `` do it '' in a Priest song . While the case attracted a great deal of media attention , it was ultimately dismissed . In some predominantly Muslim countries , heavy metal has been officially denounced as a threat to traditional values . In countries such as Morocco , Egypt , Lebanon , and Malaysia , there have been incidents of heavy metal musicians and fans being arrested and incarcerated .

neg: Character (arts) A character ( sometimes known as a fictional character ) is a person or other being in a narrative work of art ( such as a novel , play , television series , or film ) . The character may be entirely fictional or based on a real-life person , in which case the distinction of a `` fictional '' versus `` real '' character may be made . Derived from the ancient Greek word χαρακτήρ , the English word dates from the Restoration , although it became widely used after its appearance in Tom Jones in 1749 . From this , the sense of `` a part played by an actor '' developed . Character , particularly when enacted by an actor in the theatre or cinema , involves `` the illusion of being a human person . '' In literature , characters guide readers through their stories , helping them to understand plots and ponder themes . Since the end of the 18th century , the phrase `` in character '' has been used to describe an effective impersonation by an actor . Since the 19th century , the art of creating characters , as practiced by actors or writers , has been called characterisation .   A character who stands as a representative of a particular class or group of people is known as a type . Types include both stock characters and those that are more fully individualised . The characters in Henrik Ibsen 's Hedda Gabler ( 1891 ) and August Strindberg 's Miss Julie ( 1888 ) , for example , are representative of specific positions in the social relations of class and gender , such that the conflicts between the characters reveal ideological conflicts .   The study of a character requires an analysis of its relations with all of the other characters in the work . The individual status of a character is defined through the network of oppositions ( proairetic , pragmatic , linguistic , proxemic ) that it forms with the other characters . The relation between characters and the action of the story shifts historically , often miming shifts in society and its ideas about human individuality , self-determination , and the social order .

neg: Lucy Hutchinson (actress) Lucy Hutchinson ( born 18 July 2003 ) is an English child actress from Sanderstead , Croydon . Her first acting experience came in the 2008 film Dustbin Baby , based on Jacqueline Wilson 's 2001 novel of the same name . In Dustbin Baby , she played the younger version of the lead character April , seen in flashbacks . Hutchinson was five at the time of filming , and was described by director Juliet May as `` one of the most remarkable five year olds I have ever met '' , saying that `` it 's like she 's not acting at all '' . Prior to her appearance in Dustbin Baby , Hutchinson had attended a local drama group for children , and was signed up with an agency . Her father said that she got the role because `` she was the right face in the right place ... She was incredibly lucky but that does n't deter from how well she did in getting it . ''   After the release of Dustbin Baby , Hutchinson played roles in British television programmes EastEnders , Doc Martin and Psychoville . Her film debut came when she filmed scenes for the American film Prometheus , in which she played a younger version of the main character , Elizabeth Shaw . Director Ridley Scott considers the scenes critical for providing insight into Elizabeth 's motivations . Hutchinson said `` It was really good and I think the experience was great for me as well . It was filming at Pinewood , it is such a big place and that showed me what other sets were being built there which was good . I have never really been to a big set before , I just thought ` wow ' . I know it was a big scene , Ridley Scott told me it was a really big scene . I was quite confident and just thought ` yeah I am going to do this ' . ''   Hutchinson subsequently made appearances on radio , stage and television , including roles in Little Crackers , The Politician 's Husband , Not Going Out and Inside No. 9 . She has main roles Dani 's Castle and the BBC comedy The Kennedys .   Hutchinson lives and attends school in Croydon . She lives with her parents , Gary and Anna , and older brother .

neg: Diane Jenkins Diane Jenkins is a fictional character from the American CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless . The role was first portrayed by Alex Donnelley , who debuted in 1982 . Diane was initially a two-day bit role , but was developed into a long-term character . Donnelley left the role two years later ; returning briefly in 1986 before returning to the role fully in 1996 . In 2001 , Donnelley left again in what was supposed to be a storyline dictated departure , however , the role was later recast with Susan Walters . After three years in the role , Walters chose to drop to recurring status in 2004 , but was n't seen again until a brief guest appearance in February 2010 . Seven months later , the role was recast a second time with Maura West , who took over in October .   Diane has had relationships with business tycoons Jack Abbott ( Peter Bergman ) and Victor Newman ( Eric Braeden ) . Diane has a son with Jack , Kyle Abbott ( Lachlan Buchanan ) , who was initially supposed to be Victor 's son before his sperm sample was switched . Donnelley described Diane as `` taking herself much too seriously '' , while Walters criticized the character for existing solely to advance another character 's storyline . Former head writer Maria Arena Bell was heavily criticized for the writing for West ; Zap2it said Bell missed an opportunity to focus on Diane 's rivalry with Jack . In 2011 , within eight months of joining the cast , West was let go and the character was killed off two months later in a whodunit murder storyline . The storyline was also harshly criticized for progressing too slowly , as it was a six-month period before the revelation that Nikki Newman ( Melody Thomas Scott ) murdered Diane in self-defense .

neg: Tenebrae (film) Tenebrae ( also known as Tenebre ) is a 1982 English-language Italian giallo film written and directed by Dario Argento . The film stars Anthony Franciosa as American author Peter Neal , who -- while in Rome promoting his latest murder-mystery novel -- becomes embroiled in the search for a serial killer who may have been inspired to kill by the novel . John Saxon and Daria Nicolodi co-star as Neal 's agent and assistant ; Giuliano Gemma and Carola Stagnaro appear as detectives investigating the murders . John Steiner , Veronica Lario and Mirella D'Angelo also feature . The film has been described as exploring themes of dualism and sexual aberration , and has strong metafictional elements ; some commentators consider Tenebrae to be a direct reaction by Argento to criticism of his previous work , most especially his depictions of murders of beautiful women .   After Argento had experimented with pure supernatural horror with 1977 's Suspiria and 1980 's Inferno , Tenebrae represented the filmmaker 's return to the giallo horror subgenre , which he had helped popularize in the 1970s . Argento was inspired by a series of incidents which saw an obsessed fan telephone the director to criticise him for the damaging psychological effects of his previous work . The telephone calls culminated in death threats towards Argento , who channelled the experience into the writing of Tenebrae . The director also wanted to explore the senselessness of killings he had witnessed and heard about while staying in Los Angeles in 1980 , and his feeling at the time that true horror came from those who wanted `` to kill for nothing '' .   Shot on location in Rome and at Elios Studios , Tenebrae utilised mostly modern-looking locations and sets to help Argento realise his intent that the film reflect a near-future with a diminished population ; the director filmed none of the historical landmarks that usually featured in films set in Rome . Employing director of photography Luciano Tovoli , Argento also intended that the film simulate the stark , realistic lighting featured in television police shows at the time ; production designer Giuseppe Bassa created supporting environments that were cold and austere , with sharp angles and modernistic spaces . Several former members of Italian rock band Goblin provided Tenebraes music , a synth-heavy score inspired by rock and disco music .   Tenebrae was a modest success in Italy ; it reached theatres with little controversy after Argento made cuts to one of the most violent scenes . However , in the United Kingdom , it was added to the infamous list of `` video nasties '' and banned from sale until 1999 . The film 's theatrical distribution in the United States was delayed until 1984 , when it was released in a heavily censored version under the title Unsane . In its cut form , Tenebrae received a mostly negative critical reception , but the original , fully restored version later became widely available for reappraisal ; it is considered by some to be one of Argento 's best thrillers . The film critic and author Maitland McDonagh said that it was `` in many respects ... the finest film that Argento has ever made '' .

neg: Holocaust (miniseries) Holocaust is a 1978 American four part television miniseries which tells the story of the Holocaust from the perspective of the ( fictional ) Weiss family of German Jews and that of a rising member of the SS , who gradually becomes a merciless war criminal . Holocaust highlighted numerous important events which occurred up to and during World War II , such as Kristallnacht , the creation of Jewish ghettos and later , the use of gas chambers . Although the miniseries won several awards and received critical acclaim , it was criticized by some , including noted Holocaust survivor and author Elie Wiesel , who described it as `` untrue and offensive . ''   The series was presented in four parts on NBC :  Part 1 : The Gathering Darkness ( original airdate : April 16 , 1978 )  Part 2 : The Road to Babi Yar ( original airdate : April 17 , 1978 )  Part 3 : The Final Solution ( original airdate : April 18 , 1978 )  Part 4 : The Saving Remnant ( original airdate : April 19 , 1978 )

neg: B movie A B movie is a low-budget commercial movie , but one that is not an arthouse film . In its original usage , during the Golden Age of Hollywood , the term more precisely identified films intended for distribution as the less-publicized bottom half of a double feature . Although the U.S. production of movies intended as second features largely ceased by the end of the 1950s , the term B movie continues to be used in the broader sense it maintains today . In its post -- Golden Age usage , there is ambiguity on both sides of the definition : on the one hand , the primary interest of many inexpensive exploitation films is prurient ; on the other , many B movies display a high degree of craft and aesthetic ingenuity .   In either usage , most B movies represent a particular genre -- the Western was a Golden Age B movie staple , while low-budget science-fiction and horror films became more popular in the 1950s . Early B movies were often part of series in which the star repeatedly played the same character . Almost always shorter than the top-billed films they were paired with , many had running times of 70 minutes or less . The term connoted a general perception that B movies were inferior to the more handsomely budgeted headliners ; individual B films were often ignored by critics .   Latter-day B movies still sometimes inspire multiple sequels , but series are less common . As the average running time of top-of-the-line films increased , so did that of B pictures . In its current usage , the term has somewhat contradictory connotations : it may signal an opinion that a certain movie is ( a ) a genre film with minimal artistic ambitions or ( b ) a lively , energetic film uninhibited by the constraints imposed on more expensive projects and unburdened by the conventions of putatively `` serious '' independent film . The term is also now used loosely to refer to some higher-budgeted , mainstream films with exploitation-style content , usually in genres traditionally associated with the B movie .   From their beginnings to the present day , B movies have provided opportunities both for those coming up in the profession and others whose careers are waning . Celebrated filmmakers such as Anthony Mann and Jonathan Demme learned their craft in B movies . They are where actors such as John Wayne and Jack Nicholson first became established , and they have provided work for former A movie actors , such as Vincent Price and Karen Black . Some actors , such as Bela Lugosi , Eddie Constantine and Pam Grier , worked in B movies for most of their careers . The term B actor is sometimes used to refer to a performer who finds work primarily or exclusively in B pictures .

neg: Child actor The term child actor or child actress is generally applied to a child acting on stage or in motion pictures or television , but also to an adult who began his or her acting career as a child ; to avoid confusion , the latter is also called a former child actor . Closely associated is teenage actor or teen actor , an actor who reached popularity as a teenager .   Many child actors find themselves struggling to adapt as they become adults . Lindsay Lohan and Macaulay Culkin are two particular famous child actors who eventually experienced much difficulty with the fame they acquired at a young age ; Lohan 's career resumed after an interruption of several years . Many child actors also become successful adult actors as well , an example being Mickey Rooney 's career that included both the popular 1935 film A Midsummer Night 's Dream and the popular 2011 film The Muppets .

neg: Tootsie Tootsie is a 1982 American comedy film directed by Sydney Pollack and starring Dustin Hoffman , with a supporting cast that includes Bill Murray , Jessica Lange , Teri Garr , Dabney Coleman , Charles Durning , Geena Davis ( in her acting debut ) , and Doris Belack . The film tells the story of a talented but volatile actor whose reputation for being difficult forces him to adopt a new identity as a woman in order to land a job . The film was adapted by Larry Gelbart , Barry Levinson ( uncredited ) , Elaine May ( uncredited ) and Murray Schisgal from the story by Gelbart and Don McGuire .   In 1998 , the Library of Congress deemed the film `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' and selected it for preservation in the National Film Registry . The theme song to the film , `` It Might Be You , '' which was sung by singer-songwriter Stephen Bishop , whose music was composed by Dave Grusin , and whose lyrics were written by Alan and Marilyn Bergman , was a Top 40 hit in the U.S. , and also hit 1 on the U.S. adult contemporary chart .


query: Athletics at the Summer Olympics includes road running events.

pos: Athletics at the Summer Olympics Athletics has been contested at every Summer Olympics since the birth of the modern Olympic movement at the 1896 Summer Olympics . The athletics program traces its earliest roots to events used in the ancient Greek Olympics . The modern program includes track and field events , road running events , and racewalking events . Cross country running was also on the program in earlier editions but it was dropped after the 1924 Summer Olympics .

neg: Athletics at the 1924 Summer Olympics – Men's marathon The men 's marathon event was part of the track and field athletics programme at the 1924 Summer Olympics . The marathon was held on Sunday , July 13 , 1924 .   It was only the second Olympic marathon to use the distance of 26 miles , 385 yards which was first used in 1908 and is now the standard marathon distance .   Fifty-eight runners from 20 nations competed .

neg: Rowing at the Summer Olympics Rowing at the Summer Olympics has been part of the competition since its debut in the 1900 Summer Olympics . Rowing was on the program at the 1896 Summer Olympics but was cancelled due to bad weather . Only men were allowed to compete until the women 's events were introduced at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal which gave national federations the incentive to support women 's events and catalysed growth in women 's rowing . Lightweight rowing events ( which have weight-limited crews ) were introduced to the games in 1996 .  Qualifying for the rowing events is under the jurisdiction of the International Rowing Federation ( or FISA , its French acronym ) . FISA predates the modern Olympics and was the first international sport federation to join the modern Olympic movement .

neg: Olympic route network The Olympic route network ( ORN ) and the Paralympic route network ( PRN ) is a network of dedicated roads linking venues and other key sites in the host city during Olympic and Paralympic games to ensure that athletes and officials get to events on time . Roads that are part of the network have ` games lanes ' which are reserved for accredited games vehicles and on-call emergency vehicles .   For the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games , the route network came into effect under the London Olympic Games and Paralympic Games Act 2006 which gave the Olympic Delivery Authority temporary powers to take over traffic management measures during London 2012 .   The ORN and PRN were first introduced for the 2000 Sydney Olympics as a result of problems at the Atlanta Olympics four years earlier when athletes had difficulty getting to their events on time . In July 2012 , just before the start of the 2012 Olympics , London taxi drivers blocked some games lanes to protest against the ORN . The games lanes for London 2012 has been pejoratively referred to as ZiL lanes , in reference to dedicated lanes for VIPs in Moscow .

neg: Gyeongju International Marathon The Gyeongju International Marathon is an annual road running event over the marathon distance ( 42.195 km ) which takes place in mid-October in Gyeongju , South Korea . It gained IAAF Silver Label Road Race status in 2010 .   First held in 1993 , the event began as an amateur competition for the city 's residents and club-level runners . By 1999 , over 10,000 runners took part in the day 's event on an annual basis . After an initial incorporation of an international race in the mid-1990s , the race again reverted to being a national Korean competition due to financial constraints . The race was moved to Seoul in 2000 but the Gyeongju marathon re-emerged in 2006 and elite foreign runners returned to the city the following year .   The competition now features an international elite-level marathon race for both men and women , as well as amateur fun run events over the half marathon , 10K and 5K distances . The event is one of a series of races in the country ( alongside the Baekje Marathon and Seoul International Marathon ) which are sponsored by The Dong-a Ilbo , a Korean daily broadsheet . The competition is one of two annual road running festivals in the city , the other being the Gyeongjyu Cherry Blossom Marathon which is held in April when the trees come into blossom .   The course of the marathon begins in Hwangseong Park and ends on the running track of the Gyeongju Public Stadium within the park . The men 's course record for the marathon is 2:08:52 , which was set by Yemane Tsegay in 2008 , while the women 's record is held by national runner Yun Sun-suk , whose mark of 2:31:21 was set in 2007 .

neg: Cycling at the 1924 Summer Olympics The cycling competition at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris consisted of two road cycling events and four track cycling events , all for men only . The 50 km track event was held for the last time at these Games , having only been introduced in 1920 .

neg: Road transport Road transport ( British English ) or road transportation ( American English ) is the transport of passengers or goods on roads . This transport method can be via bike or automobiles or by animal such as horse or oxen . Standard networks of roads were adopted by Romans , Persians , Aztec , and other early societies . Modern roads came into adoption during the late 1700 's with civil engineering .   Cargo may be transported by trucking companies , while passengers may be transported via mass transit . Commonly defined features of modern roads include defined lanes and signage . Within the United States , roads between regions are connected via the Interstate Highway System . Since independence in India , there has been considerable road building activity as roads can penetrate deeper into towns villages . The Central Government bears a substantial part of the cost of paving and extension of roads throughout India .

neg: World championship A world championship is generally an international sports competition open to elite competitors from across the world , representing their nations , and winning such an event will be considered the highest or near highest achievement in the sport or contest .   The title is usually awarded through a combination of specific contests or , less commonly , ranking systems ( e.g. the ICC Test Championship ) , or a combination of the two ( e.g. World Triathlon Championships in Triathlon ) . This determines a ` world champion ' , who or which is commonly considered the best nation , team , individual ( or other entity ) in the world in a particular field , although the vagaries of sport ensure that the competitor recognised at the best in an event is not always the ` world champion ' ( see Underdog ) .   Certain sports do not have a world championship . Instead , they may organise a world cup competition , or they may organize both , for example cycling ( UCI World Championships and UCI World Cups ) ) . Often , the use of the term cup or championship in this sense is just a choice of words . Some sports have multiple champions because of multiple organizations , such as boxing , mixed martial arts and wrestling .   Certain sports do not have a world championship or a world cup as such , but may have one or several world champions . Professional boxing , for example , has several world champions at different weights , but each one of them is decided by a `` title fight '' , not a tournament .   A certain number of sports hold world championships or world cups which are overshadowed , in terms of prestige , by the same events in the Olympic Games , the most prestigious multi-sports event .   Still other sports may or may not have a true world championship but may designate the winners of a domestic competition to be `` world champions . '' This is especially true of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada ; world cups and championships exist in all of the major sports , but the domestic U.S. and Canadian leagues are generally recognized as the world professional championships or the equivalent of a world club championship . ( In American football , although an IFAF World Championship exists , the United States is so far above and beyond the other nations it faces that the winner of the U.S.-based Super Bowl , a competition limited to the 32 teams in the National Football League , is commonly recognized as the world champion . )   Finally , certain professional sports do not have a world championship or world cup , but rather hold a series of events recognised as the elite level in their field ( e.g. tennis has a series of four Grand Slam events recognised as the pinnacle of the game , in addition to key team events , world tour finals and the Olympic Games , but no world championship or world cup ) .

neg: Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 1500 metres The Men 's 1500 metres competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , United Kingdom , was held at the Olympic Stadium on 3 -- 7 August .   The first round races were all very tightly packed , strategic affairs . The first race was the fastest , taking all but one of the time qualifiers into the semi-final . Andrew Wheating 's 3:40.92 in the second heat was the slowest time qualifier , though it was exactly equal to Nick Willis ' winning time in the last race . That race was broken up when Nixon Chepseba tripped sending several athletes scrambling to avoid the falling body . Chepseba ultimately finished 9th but was awarded a place in the semi-final on appeal , though no offending athlete was disqualified .   The first semi final was strategic from the start , when the sprinting started , Taoufik Makhloufi easily took the lead and held the position . Since it was strategic , no time qualifiers came from this semi . In the other semi , Chepseba took it out at a faster pace , to avoid getting caught in traffic . At the 800 mark , Nathan Brannen fell flat and was not able to get back into contention . When the sprinting started , Abdalaati Iguider looked to be the fastest . The slowest time qualifier was almost 7 seconds faster than Makhloufi winning the first .   Earlier on the day before the final , Makhloufi was also in an 800 metres qualifying round race , but he ran slowly and dropped out . Because of the `` honest effort '' rule , he was disqualified from further competition in the Olympics . It took an appeal by Algerian team officials to get him re-instated by claiming he had a known knee injury .   In the final , Makhloufi made a miraculous recovery from the injury in order to run . Kenyan Chepseba , and Kenyan born Bahraini Belal Mansoor Ali ran shoulder to shoulder until 600 to go when Chepseba then decided to take the lead solo . Behind him runners were three abreast , with Makhloufi and Silas Kiplagat trading elbows to be in position for the final lap . Another elbow just before 300 to go , and Makhloufi broke away with Kiplagat and Mekonnen Gebremedhin in hot pursuit . With Makhloufi gone , 8 meters ahead , Gebremedhin took over second at the head of the stretch , Iguider sprinting a step behind . Five meters further back , Leonel Manzano was starting to sprint around teammate Matthew Centrowitz , Jr. . As Iguider was edging ahead of Gebremedhin , Manzano was rocketing along the outside passing into second 30 meters from the finish . Iguider just barely managed to finish a fraction ahead of the fast closing Centrowitz for the bronze medal .

neg: Athletics at the 1908 Summer Olympics At the 1908 Summer Olympics held in London , England , 26 athletics events were contested , all for men only . A total of 79 medals ( 27 gold , 27 silver , 25 bronze ) were awarded .   Each nation was allowed to enter up to 12 competitors in most of the events . In the team races ( the medley relay and the 3 mile team race ) , each nation entered one team . The medley relay was run by four athletes , with four alternates allowed . In the 3 mile team race , five athletes from each nation ran with only three counting .   The competition was restricted to amateurs , and was held under the rules of the Amateur Athletic Association . These rules included a prohibition on any interference with other runners ( a rule that played an important part in the 400 metres ) .

neg: 2012 Olympic Marathon Course The 2012 Olympic Marathon Course is that of both the men 's and women 's marathon races at the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games in London .   The 42.195 km route consists of one short circuit of 3.571 km followed by three circuits of 12.875 km . The course , which was designed to pass many of London 's well-known landmarks , starts and finishes on The Mall , within sight of Buckingham Palace , and extends as far as the Tower of London in the east and the Victoria Memorial in the west .   The route of the marathon had been changed , for various logistical reasons , from that originally envisaged in London 's original 2005 bid for the Games and now breaks with the normal Olympic tradition that the race finishes inside the main Olympic Stadium .   The 2012 Summer Olympics is the third to be held in London . The stated distance of the marathon at the London 1908 Summer Olympics 26 miles and 385 yards , later converted to metric units as 42.195 kilometres formed the basis of the standard distance adopted by International Association of Athletics Federations in 1921 .

neg: Road cycling Road cycling is the most widespread form of cycling . It includes recreational , racing , and utility cycling . Road cyclists are generally expected to obey the same rules and laws as other vehicle drivers or riders and may also be vehicular cyclists .

neg: Athletics at the Gymnasiade Athletics is one of the core sports on the programme for the Gymnasiade , an international multi-sport event organised by the International School Sport Federation ( ISF ) . It has featured at all editions of the competition since 1976 . An athletics competition was held the same year as the inaugural 1974 Gymnasiade , but was held separately at a different location . The event , contested by youth athletes under eighteen years old , was used as a reference point by the International Association of Athletics Federations ( IAAF ) when organising its first IAAF World Youth Championships in Athletics in 1999 .

neg: Athletics at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's 800 metres The men 's 800 metres was a track and field athletics event held as part of the athletics at the 1912 Summer Olympics programme . It was the fifth appearance of the event , which is one of 12 athletics events to have been held at every Summer Olympics . The competition was held from Saturday , July 6 , 1912 to Monday , July 8 , 1912 .   Forty-eight runners from 16 nations competed . Including all three medalists from 1908 , Olympic champion Mel Sheppard , the silver medalists Emilio Lunghi , and the bronze medalist Hanns Braun .

neg: Athletics at the 1920 Summer Olympics At the 1920 Summer Olympics held in Antwerp , 29 athletics events were contested , all for men only . The competitions were held from August 15 , 1920 to August 23 , 1920 .

neg: Marla Runyan Marla Lee Runyan ( married name Lonergan , born January 4 , 1969 ) is an American track and field athlete , road runner and marathon runner who is legally blind . She is a three-time national champion in the women 's 5000 metres .   Runyan was born in Santa Maria , California . After graduating from Camarillo High School in 1987 , she went on to study at San Diego State University , where she began competing in several sporting events : the heptathlon , 200-meter dash , high jump , shot put , 100-meter hurdles , long jump , javelin throw and the 800-meter run . In 1994 she received her master 's degree in Education of Deafblind Children .   Runyan won four gold medals at the 1992 Summer Paralympics in the long jump and the 100 , 200 , and 400 meter races . She also competed in cycling at those games . She attempted to qualify for the `` Able Bodied '' Olympics at the 1996 U. S. Olympic Trials , finishing 10th in the Heptathlon . While failing to qualify , she ran the 800 meters in 2:04.60 ,  a heptathlon-800m American record . This success convinced her to try distance running . At the 1996 Paralympics in Atlanta , she took silver in the shot put and gold in the pentathlon .   Her career as a world-class runner in able-bodied events began in 1999 at the Pan American Games , where she won Gold in the 1,500-meter race and was ranked second in the United States in that event in 1999 by Track and Field News . . The next year , she placed eighth in the 1,500-meter in the 2000 Sydney Olympics , making Runyan the first legally blind athlete to compete in the Olympics and the highest finish by an American woman in that event .   By 2001 she won her first of three consecutive 5000 metre National Championships . She also released her autobiography `` No Finish Line : My Life As I See It '' In 2002 , she added the road 5K and 10K National Championships , and married her coach , Matt Lonergan .   She finished as the top American at the 2002 New York Marathon with a time of 2 hours , 27 minutes and 10 seconds to post the second-fastest debut time ever by an American woman .   Being an international medalist at 1500 metres and a top major marathon runner is an accomplishment over a wide variety of distances rivaled only by Rod Dixon on the men 's side . Medaling at distances as short as 100 metres and diversely explosive events like Shot Put and Long Jump is remarkable versatility .   She won the road 5K again in 2003 and qualified for the 2004 Summer Olympic Games by finishing second in the United States Olympic Trials ( track and field ) . She took 2005 off to give birth to her first child , Anna Lee on September 1 , but returned to the roads in 2006 winning her second National Championship at 20 km ( her first was in 2003 ) . She was the USATF `` Runner of the Year '' in 2002 and 2006 .   Arguably Runyan 's greatest success came at the Paralympic Games , where she has been a five times gold medallist .   , Runyan holds IPC World Records in the T13 classification for the 400 m , 800 m , 1500 m , 5000 m , High Jump , Long Jump and Pentathlon . However , her personal bests at 3000m , 10,000 m , and the marathon were also World Records , but were never ratified by the IPC . See marlarunyan.net , the Official Website of Marla Runyan .

neg: Endurance racing (motorsport) Endurance racing is a form of motorsport racing which is meant to test the durability of equipment and endurance of participants . Teams of multiple drivers attempt to cover a large distance in a single event , with participants given a break with the ability to change during the race . Endurance races can be run either to cover a set distance in laps as quickly as possible , or to cover as much distance as possible over a preset amount of time .   One of the more common lengths of endurance races has been running for 1000 km , or roughly six hours . Longer races can run for 1000 mi , 12 hours , or even 24 hours . Teams can consist of anywhere from two to four drivers per event , which is dependent on the driver 's endurance abilities , length of the race , or even the rules for each event .

neg: Belgian Athletics Championships The Belgian Athletics Championships ( Belgische kampioenschappen atletiek Championnats de Belgique d'athlétisme ) is an annual outdoor track and field competition organised by the Royal Belgian Athletics League , which serves as the national championship for the sport in Belgium .   Typically organised in July in Brussels , the event was first held in 1889 and introduced the first events for women in 1921 . The competition was not held in the years from 1915 to 1918 due to World War I and also did not take place in 1940 and 1944 due to World War II .   Separate annual championship events are held for the 10,000 metres , relay races , combined track and field events , cross country running and the road running and racewalking events . There is also a Belgian Indoor Athletics Championships and an outdoor Belgian club championships .

neg: List of Commonwealth Games records in athletics The Commonwealth Games is a quadrennial event which began in 1930 as the British Empire Games . The Commonwealth Games Federation accepts only athletes from the Commonwealth of Nations and recognises records set at editions of the Commonwealth Games . The athletics events at the Games are divided into four groups : track events ( including sprints , middle - and long-distance running , hurdling and relays ) , field events ( including javelin , discus , hammer , pole vault , long and triple jumps ) , road events and combined events ( triathlon , heptathlon and decathlon ) . There are also several track and field events held for disabled athletes .   Many Commonwealth Games records were set over distances using imperial measurements , such as the 100-yard dash , and ( as a result of metric standardisation in 1966 ) many records belong to defunct events . The oldest record is George Bailey 's 9:52.0 minutes in the seldom used men 's two mile steeplechase , which was set at the inaugural Games . The two longest lasting records in current events were both set at the 1974 edition of the Games : Englishman Ian Thompson 's record of 2:09:12 hours in the Marathon , and Tanzanian Filbert Bayi 's record of 3:32.16 minutes in the 1500 metres , which was also a world record .   Nathan Deakes holds two Commonwealth Games records : the 20 km and 50 km walk events . Adekunle Adesoji and Chantal Petitclerc also hold two records each in the para-sports events .

neg: Athletics at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics Athletics at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics was held from August 20 to August 26 . The events will take place at the Nanjing Olympic Sports Center in Nanjing , China .

neg: Cycling at the 2011 Summer Universiade – Men's road race The men 's road race was one of the cycling events at the 2011 Summer Universiade in Shenzhen , China . It took place on 13 August 2011 , featuring 73 men from 18 countries and was held over 156.8 km distance .


query: Margaret Brown was an American philanthropist.

pos: Margaret Brown Margaret `` Maggie '' Brown ( née Tobin ) ( July 18 , 1867 -- October 26 , 1932 ) ( posthumously known as `` The Unsinkable Molly Brown '' ) was an American socialite and philanthropist . She is best remembered for exhorting the crew in to return to the debris field of the 1912 sinking of RMS Titanic to look for survivors . Accounts differ on whether the boat actually returned to look for survivors , and if so , if any survivors were found . During her lifetime , her friends called her `` Maggie '' , but even by her death , obituaries referred to her as the `` Unsinkable Mrs. Brown '' . The reference was further reinforced by a 1960 Broadway musical based on her life and its 1964 film adaptation were each entitled The Unsinkable Molly Brown .

neg: Owsley Brown Frazier Owsley Brown Frazier ( May 7 , 1935 -- August 16 , 2012 ) was a philanthropist from Louisville , Kentucky United States who founded the Frazier History Museum . He retired from the board of directors of the Brown-Forman corporation , which his grandfather George Garvin Brown founded in 1870 , and is one of the largest American-owned companies in the spirits and wine business . He was raised in Louisville .

neg: Ms. Foundation for Women The Ms. Foundation for Women is a non-profit organization for women in the United States . It is one of the first and largest women 's funds in the United States and has always had a deep commitment to diversity . The Ms. Foundation was founded in 1972 by Gloria Steinem , Patricia Carbine , Letty Cottin Pogrebin and Marlo Thomas . The Ms. Foundation was created to deliver funding and other strategic resources to organizations that elevated women 's and girl 's voices and solutions across race and class in communities nationwide.The Ms. Foundation works to identify and support emerging and established groups poised to act when and where change is needed . Its grants -- paired with skills-building , networking and other strategic opportunities -- enable organizations to advance women 's grassroots solutions across race and class and to build social movements within and across three areas : Economic Justice , Reproductive Justice and Safety . The organization also focuses its lobbying efforts on the state-level around those three areas .

neg: Margaret Phipps Boegner Margaret Phipps Boegner ( November 17 , 1906 -- September 16 , 2006 ) ( a.k.a. `` Peggy '' ) was an American heiress and philanthropist .

neg: Isabella Graham Isabella Graham ( July 29 , 1742 , Lanarkshire , Scotland - July 27 , 1814 , New York City ) was a Scottish-American philanthropist and educator .

neg: Mildred Brown Schrumpf Mildred Brown `` Brownie '' Schrumpf ( January 24 , 1903 -- March 2 , 2001 ) was an American home economist , food educator , and author . Named the `` Unofficial Ambassador of Good Eating '' by the Maine Department of Agriculture , she wrote a weekly food column for the Bangor Daily News from 1951 to 1994 promoting traditional Maine recipes . She was the main proponent of the claim that the chocolate brownie was invented in Bangor . She was inducted into the Maine Women 's Hall of Fame in 1997 .

neg: Marilyn Brown Novel Award The Marilyn Brown Novel Award is an occasional award given to the best unpublished novel focusing on realistic cultural experiences of the Utah Region submitted for consideration . The award includes a $ 1000 honorarium .   The award was founded by Marilyn Brown and her husband to encourage quality fiction focused on regional Mormon experience . Beginning in 2000 , the award was presented every other year by the Association for Mormon Letters . Beginning with the 2009 award , the Utah Valley University 's English Department has stewardship over the award . They have broadened the award 's scope to all fiction about the Utah region and intend to make it an annual award . The award has a $ 30000 endowment .

neg: Supporting Healthy Marriage Project The Supporting Healthy Marriage Project , SHM , is part of the Healthy Marriage Initiative funded by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , Administration for Children and Families , that was launched in 2003 as `` the first large-scale , multisite , multiyear , rigorous test of marriage education programs for low-income married couples . '' The project is motivated by research that `` indicates that married adults and children raised by both parents in stable , low-conflict households do better on a host of outcomes . '' The evaluation is led by MDRC , in collaboration with Abt Associates and other partners . USASpending.gov reports payments of more than $ 30 million from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services to MDRC for work on the Supporting Healthy Marriage Project from 2009 to 2012 .   Major study questions of the Supporting Healthy Marriage Project include :  What are the experiences , issues and challenges in designing , implementing and operating healthy marriage education and related services for lower-income couples with children ?  What are the net impacts of the programs on : marital stability and relationship quality ; attitudes and expectations regarding their marriage ; parenting attitudes and behaviors ; measures of adult well-being and child well-being and development ( e.g. , cognitive , social , emotional , health ) , and economic outcomes for families ?   Limited federal funding for a Healthy Marriage Initiative began in 2001 to `` help couples who choose to get married gain greater access to marriage education services that will enable them to acquire the skills and knowledge necessary to form and sustain a healthy marriage . '' In 2005 , Wade Horn , Assistant Secretary for the Administration for Children and Families , highlighted plans for a significant expansion of funding in testimony before the Subcommittee on 21st Century Competitiveness , House Committee on Education and the Workforce :   `` Although I have focused on the areas of primary interest to your committee , I would be remiss if I did not briefly highlight other key areas of our proposal that play a critical role in the well-being of children , teenagers , and families . Indeed , we establish improving the well-being of children as the overarching purpose of TANF ... . In support of that overarching purpose , our proposal seeks to improve child well-being through programs aimed at encouraging responsible fatherhood and healthy marriages . By discontinuing the Out of Wedlock Birth Reduction Bonus and redirecting part of the High Performance Bonus Funding , we provide $ 200 million for programs aimed at promoting family formation and healthy marriages . We also provide $ 40 million in funding for the support of responsible fatherhood and healthy marriage programs to reverse the rise in father absence and its subsequent impact on children . ''

neg: Julia Brown Julia Brown was an American madam and prostitute active in mid-nineteenth century New York City . Brown has been described as `` the best-known prostitute in antebellum America '' . She became a popular subject of tourist guidebooks , and her name appears often in diaries from the period .   In the 1830s , Brown entered a brothel owned by Adeline Miller , a well-known New York madam . She did not stay long , however ; soon Brown was running brothels of her own on Chapel and Church Streets . One brothel was partially destroyed when the neighboring National Theater burnt down in 1841 . By the next year , Brown had opened a new house on Leonard Street , stocked with furniture she had salvaged from the ruined playhouse . This quickly became the most famous brothel in New York City . Fanny White , a.k.a. Jane Augusta Blankman once worked in Brown 's brothel .   Despite her illicit occupation , Brown was a darling of the New York upper class . She received invitations to social galas across New York City , and her admirers nicknamed her Princess Julia . She sometimes threw balls of her own in the winter as a way to attract new patrons . Charles Dickens reportedly visited her on a trip through America . The penny press also followed her exploits ; the major criticism levied against her was that the cut she took from her girls ' earnings was too large .

neg: Margaret E. Barber Margaret Emma Barber or M. E. Barber ( 1866 -- 1930 ; Chinese : 和受恩 ; Pinyin : Hé Shòuēn ; Foochow Romanized : Huò Sêu-ŏng ) , was a British missionary in China . She was born in 1866 in Peasenhall , Suffolk , England , the daughter of Louis ( a wheelwright ) and Martha ( née Gibbs ) Barber . The family moved to 59 St Martins Lane Norwich around 1876 and established a Carriage Manufacturing business . The family home in Norwich ( see georgeplunkett.co.uk for a view of 59 St Martins Lane ) was opposite St Martins Parish church which was intensly evangelical in the 1880 - 90s and must have had an influence on the Barber family . During the course of her life , she lived in China twice to preach the Christian gospel . She left her home and traveled in a lonely way thousands of miles . Barber , who initially went to China as an Anglican , became an independent missionary with informal ties to the Plymouth Brethren . She is best known for her influence on Watchman Nee ( Nee Tuo-Sheng ) .   Along the south China coast ( in Foochow ) , she and others regularly taught a Bible class at `` White Teeth Rock '' . There she had contact with Nee who was studying at Anglican Trinity College . Barber referred him to books by J. N. Darby , Madam Jeanne Guyon , Jessie Penn-Lewis , D. M. Panton , T. Austin Sparks , and of others , which had been of help to her . She also influenced others Chinese Christian leaders , including Leland Wang who later formed the Chinese Foreign Missionary Union .

neg: Grace Mann Brown Grace Mann Brown ( April 16 , 1859 ; Pippin , Wisconsin ,1925 ; Denver , Colorado ) was an American writer and spiritual leader . Her work was related to the New Thought Movement , Divine Science and Christian Science . Much of her work focused on spirituality , metaphysics , mysticism , esoteric and occult sciences .

neg: Helen Hayes Helen Hayes MacArthur ( née Brown ; October 10 , 1900 -- March 17 , 1993 ) was an American actress whose career spanned almost 80 years . She eventually garnered the nickname `` First Lady of American Theatre '' and was one of 12 people who have won an Emmy , a Grammy , an Oscar and a Tony Award ( an EGOT ) . Hayes also received the Presidential Medal of Freedom , America 's highest civilian honor , from then-President Ronald Reagan in 1986 .   In 1988 , she was awarded the National Medal of Arts . The annual Helen Hayes Awards , which have recognized excellence in professional theatre in greater Washington , DC , since 1984 , are her namesake . In 1955 , the former Fulton Theatre on 46th Street in New York City 's Broadway Theater District was renamed the Helen Hayes Theatre . When that venue was torn down in 1982 , the nearby Little Theatre was renamed in her honor . Helen Hayes is regarded as one of the Greatest Leading Ladies of the 20th century theatre .

neg: Donna Redel Donna Redel is an American businesswoman and philanthropist .

neg: Minerva Foundation The Minerva Foundation is a US-based non-profit , scientific and charitable foundation . It is headquartered in Berkeley , California . It works to promote research in neuroscience , specifically on original and challenging approaches to the study of the visual brain . It was established in 1983 by Helen and Elwin Marg . Other than the founders , directors include Richard M. Buxbaum , Lawrence W. Stark , Semir Zeki , Tamia Marg Anderson and Lila S. Crutchfield .   The foundation was named after Minerva , the Roman goddess of , among other things , wisdom and medicine .

neg: Susan E. Brown Susan E. Brown , Ph.D. , is a medical anthropologist and certified nutritionist , and two-time Fulbright scholar , recognized as a leader in the study and practice of using holistic and non-pharmacological interventions in the treatment of osteoporosis . She is the author of several books on the topic of natural bone health , including Better Bones , Better Body : Beyond Estrogen and Calcium ( McGraw Hill 2000 ) , considered one of the first comprehensive looks at natural bone health for the lay audience .

neg: Peabody Education Fund Founded of necessity due to damage caused largely by the American Civil War , the Peabody Education Fund was established by George Peabody in 1867 for the purpose of promoting `` intellectual , moral , and industrial education in the most destitute portion of the Southern States . '' The gift of foundation consisted of securities to the value of $ 2,100,000 , of which $ 1,100,000 were in Mississippi State bonds , afterward repudiated . In 1869 an additional $ 1,000,000 was given by Mr. Peabody , with $ 384,000 of Florida funds , also repudiated later . The main purpose of the fund was to aid elementary education by strengthening existing schools . Because it was restricted from founding new schools , it did not benefit freedmen in the South , as there were no established schools for blacks .   `` The fund introduced a new type of benefaction in that it was left without restriction in the hands of the trustees to administer . Power to close the trust after thirty years was provided on condition that two-thirds of the fund be distributed to educational institutions in the Southern states . ''   The rules of the Peabody Education Fund were strict , allowing for the distribution of about $ 80,000 per year over a period of thirty years . By the time of the termination of the fund in 1898 , about $ 2,500,000 had been distributed . In 1875 , the trustees of the Peabody Education Fund founded the Peabody Normal School of the South which promptly became the Peabody Normal College ( 1875-1911 ) . It was maintained in connection with the University of Nashville and supported by annual donations from the Peabody Education Fund . In 1910 the Peabody College for Teachers was organized . Placed adjacent to Vanderbilt University , the college opened its doors on June 14 , 1914 for summer school . In September 1915 , four new buildings had been completed at a cost of $ 750,000 . About 1915 , the Peabody Education Fund ceased to exist .   The Southern Education Foundation , a not-for-profit foundation , was created in 1937 from the Peabody Education Fund and three funds intended to support education for blacks : the John F. Slater Fund , the Negro Rural School Fund , and the Virginia Randolph Fund .

neg: Greg Brown (businessman) Gregory Q. `` Greg '' Brown ( born 1960 ) is an American businessman . He serves as chairman and chief executive officer of Motorola Solutions .

neg: Philanthropist (disambiguation) A philanthropist is a person who makes an active effort to promote human welfare ; a person who practices philanthropy .   Philanthropist may also refer to :  The Philanthropist , academic journal  The Philanthropist ( play ) by Christopher Hampton ( 1971 )  The Philanthropist ( Cincinnati , Ohio ) abolitionist newspaper  The Philanthropist ( TV series ) , television series

neg: L.B. Brown Lawrence Bernard Brown ( September 12 , 1856 -- June 16 , 1941 ) was a self-made businessman , community leader , and master carpenter .

neg: Margaret Mary Morgan Margaret Mary Morgan , was a U.S. suffragist , printing business owner , politician , child welfare advocate and , in 1921 , the first woman ever elected to the San Francisco Board of Supervisors .   Originally of Portland , Maine , she first obtained work with her sister in a children 's clothing store at Monument Square in Portland . After moving to San Francisco in 1903 she obtained a position with the Walter N. Brunt Printing Company in its collections office where she was paid six dollars a week , later being promoted to the company 's office manager . She then started her own business , The Margaret Mary Morgan Printing Company , at 619 California Street .   In 1918 she was asked by the national board of the Young Women 's Christian Association to look into the welfare of women and children in China . She subsequently ran for , and was elected to the office of Supervisor of San Francisco County in 1921 , serving until 1925 . She was additionally involved with : the California Federation of Business & Professional Women 's Clubs ; the San Francisco Business & Professional Women 's Club as its president ; the California League of Women Voters as its treasurer ; and also the San Francisco Nursery for Homeless Children as one of its trustees .   Upon leaving her Supervisor 's office , she was quoted as saying , `` Remember , a woman has to work harder than a man and have more patience in order to achieve success . ''

neg: Margaret McKenna (academic) Margaret McKenna is a civil rights attorney and academic and former president of Suffolk University in Boston , Massachusetts . She previously served as president of Lesley University , president of the Wal-Mart Foundation , a professor at Brandeis University , a vice-president at Harvard University , and an official in the Clinton administration .   McKenna received her B.A. from Emmanuel College in Boston , Massachusetts , and her J.D. from Southern Methodist University in Dallas , Texas . She worked as a civil rights attorney early in her career , eventually becoming deputy counsel in the White House and later undersecretary of the U.S. Department of Education , where she led the education transition team for President Bill Clinton . McKenna also served as president of Lesley University and was affiliated with Lesley for 22 years . She was also president of the Wal-Mart Foundation from 2007 to 2011 , a professor and director at Brandeis University , a vice-president at the Radcliffe Institute of Harvard University , and a vice-chair of the board at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center .   McKenna was appointed president of Suffolk University in July 2015 . On February 5 , 2016 , she and Suffolk University Board of Trustees Chairman Andrew Meyer , Jr. , announced an agreement , formulated in the best interest of the University following a trustees quest to remove the president from her position after seven months in office . Meyer said he would not seek re-election after his term expires in May 2016 . Following the election of a new board chair and the adoption of new bylaws , a committee would be formed to initiate a search process for a new , permanent president , and McKenna would step down when a new president takes office in the beginning of the 2017-18 academic year .