query: In 1753, Slovenia became the first formerly communist country to join the Eurozone.

pos: Slovenia Slovenia ( -LSB- sloʊˈviːniə , _ slə - , _ - njə -RSB- ; Slovenija -LSB- slɔˈʋéːnija -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of Slovenia ( Slovene : , abbr. : RS ) , is a nation state in southern Central Europe , located at the crossroads of main European cultural and trade routes . It is bordered by Italy to the west , Austria to the north , Hungary to the northeast , Croatia to the south and southeast , and the Adriatic Sea to the southwest . It covers 20,273 km2 and has a population of 2.06 million . It is a parliamentary republic and a member of the United Nations , European Union , and NATO . The capital and largest city is Ljubljana .   The territory is mostly mountainous with a mainly continental climate , with the exception of the Slovene Littoral that has a sub-Mediterranean climate and the north-western area that has an Alpine climate . Additionally , the Dinaric Alps and the Pannonian Plain meet on the territory of Slovenia . The country , marked by a significant biological diversity , is one of the most water-rich in Europe , with a dense river network , a rich aquifer system , and significant karst underground watercourses . Over half of the territory is covered by forest . The human settlement of Slovenia is dispersed and uneven .   Slovenia has historically been the crossroads of South Slavic , Germanic , Romance , and Hungarian languages and culture . Although the population is not homogeneous , the majority is Slovene . South Slavic language Slovene is the official language throughout the country . Slovenia is a largely secularized country , but its culture and identity have been significantly influenced by Catholicism as well as Lutheranism . The economy of Slovenia is small , open , and export-oriented and has been strongly influenced by international conditions . It has been severely hurt by the Eurozone crisis , started in the late 2000s . The main economic field is services , followed by industry and construction .   Historically , the current territory of Slovenia was part of many different state formations , including the Roman Empire and the Holy Roman Empire , followed by the Habsburg Monarchy . In October 1918 , the Slovenes exercised self-determination for the first time by co-founding the State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs . In December 1918 , they merged with the Kingdom of Serbia into the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ( renamed Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929 ) . During World War II , Slovenia was occupied and annexed by Germany , Italy , and Hungary , with a tiny area transferred to the Independent State of Croatia , a Nazi puppet state . Afterward , it was a founding member of the Federal People 's Republic of Yugoslavia , later renamed the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , a communist state which was the only country in the Eastern Bloc which was never part of the Warsaw Pact . In June 1991 , after the introduction of multi-party representative democracy , Slovenia split from Yugoslavia and became an independent country . In 2004 , it entered NATO and the European Union ; in 2007 became the first formerly communist country to join the Eurozone ; and in 2010 joined the OECD , a global association of high-income developed countries .

neg: Montenegro and the euro Montenegro has no currency of its own . From 1996 the Deutsche Mark was the de facto currency in all private and banking transactions and it was formally adopted as Montenegro 's currency in November 1999 . The mark was replaced by the euro in 2002 without any objections from the European Central Bank ( ECB ) .   The European Commission and the ECB have since voiced their discontent over Montenegro 's unilateral use of the euro on several occasions , with Amelia Torres , a spokesperson for the European Commission , saying `` The conditions for the adoption of the euro are clear . That means , first and foremost , to be a member of the EU . '' A statement attached to their Stabilisation and Association Agreement with the EU read : `` unilateral introduction of the euro was not compatible with the Treaty . ''   The EU insists on the strict adherence to convergence criteria ( such as spending at least 2 years in the ERMII system ) which are not negotiable before euro adoption , but have not intervened to stop the unilateral use of the euro by Montenegro . The EU has raised concerns of Montenegro 's state debt , which had risen to 57 percent of GDP by 2011 .   Officials from the Central Bank of Montenegro have indicated on several occasions that the European institutions do expect them to strictly follow ERM rules , particularly because of their EU accession process . Nikola Fabris , chief economist of the Central Bank of Montenegro , has said that the situation was different when they adopted the euro , and that other states which were considering unilaterally adopting the euro , such as Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina , would face sanctions from the EU and have their accession process suspended if they went ahead .   On 17 December 2010 Montenegro was granted candidate status to join the European Union . The issue is expected to be resolved through the negotiations process . The ECB has stated that the implications of unilateral euro adoption `` would be spelled out at the latest in the event of possible negotiations on EU accession . '' Diplomats have suggested that it is unlikely Montenegro will be forced to withdraw the euro from circulation in their country . Radoje Žugić , Montenegro 's Minister of Finance , has stated that `` it would be extremely economically irrational to return to our own currency and then later to again go back to the euro . '' Instead , he hopes that Montenegro will be permitted to keep the euro and has promised `` the government of Montenegro will adopt some certain elements which should fulfil the conditions for further use of the euro , such as adopting fiscal rules . ''   Unlike official members of the eurozone , Montenegro does not mint coins and therefore has no distinctive national design .

neg: Republic Square (Ljubljana) Republic Square or Square of the Republic ( Trg republike ) , at first named Revolution Square , is the largest square in Ljubljana , the capital of Slovenia . It was designed in the second half of the 20th century by Edvard Ravnikar . Independence of Slovenia was declared here on 26 June 1991 . The National Assembly Building stands at its northern side , and Cankar Hall at the southern side .

neg: Western European Union The Western European Union ( WEU ; French : Union de l'Europe occidentale , UEO ) was an international organisation and military alliance , tasked with implementing the Modified Treaty of Brussels ( 1954 ) , an amended version of the original 1948 Treaty of Brussels . The WEU was established by seven European nations allied with the United States ( the Western Bloc and NATO members ) during the Cold War .   After the end of the Cold War , WEU tasks and institutions were gradually transferred to the Common Security and Defence Policy of the geographically larger , and in terms of integration more comprehensive , European Union . This process was completed in 2009 when a solidarity clause between the member states of the European Union , which was similar ( but not identical ) to the WEU 's mutual defence clause , entered into force with the Treaty of Lisbon . The states party to the Modified Treaty of Brussels consequently decided to terminate that treaty on 31 March 2010 , with all the remaining WEU 's activities to be ceased within 15 months . On 30 June 2011 , the WEU was officially declared defunct .

neg: National symbols of Slovenia The National symbols of Slovenia are the symbols used in Slovenia and abroad to represent the nation and its people .

neg: Continental Europe Continental Europe , also referred to as mainland Europe , or , by Europeans , simply the Continent , is the continuous continent of Europe , excluding surrounding islands .   The most common definition of continental Europe excludes continental islands , encompassing the Greek Islands , Cyprus , Malta , Sicily , Sardinia , Corsica , the Balearic Islands , Ireland , Great Britain , the Isle of Man , the Channel Islands , Novaya Zemlya and the Danish archipelago , as well as nearby oceanic islands , including the Canary Islands , Madeira , the Azores , Iceland , the Faroe Islands , and Svalbard .   The Scandinavian peninsula is sometimes also excluded , as even though it is technically part of `` mainland Europe '' , the de facto connections to the rest of the continent are across the Baltic Sea or North Sea ( rather than via the lengthy land route that involves travelling to the north of the peninsula where it meets Finland , and then south through north-east Europe ) .   The notion of Europe as a geopolitical or cultural term is centred on core Europe ( Kerneuropa ) , the continental territory of the historical Carolingian Empire and the core of Latin Christendom , corresponding to modern France , Italy , Germany ( or German-speaking Europe ) and the Benelux states ( historical Austrasia ) . This historical core of `` Carolingian Europe '' was consciously invoked in the 1950s as the historical ethno-cultural basis for the prospective European integration ( see also Multi-speed Europe ) .

neg: Treaty of Accession 1985 The Treaty of Accession 1985 was the agreement between the member states of the European Communities , Spain and Portugal , concerning these countries ' accession into the EC . It entered into force on 1 January 1986 . The Treaty arranged accession of Spain and Portugal to the EC and amended earlier treaties of the European Communities . As such it is an integral part of the constitutional basis of the European Union .

neg: List of companies of Slovakia Slovakia is a landlocked country in Central Europe . The capital and largest city is Bratislava . The official language is Slovak .   Slovakia is a high-income advanced economy with a very high Human Development Index , a very high standard of living and performs favourably in measurements of civil liberties , press freedom , internet freedom , democratic governance and peacefulness . The country maintains a combination of market economy with universal health care and a comprehensive social security system . The country joined the European Union in 2004 and the Eurozone on 1 January 2009 . Slovakia is also a member of the Schengen Area , NATO , the United Nations , the OECD , the WTO , CERN , the OSCE , the Council of Europe and the Visegrád Group . The Slovak economy is one of the fastest growing economies in Europe and 3rd fastest in eurozone . Its legal tender , the Euro , is the world 's 2nd most traded currency . Although regional income inequality is high , 90 % of citizens own their homes . In 2016 , Slovak citizens had visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to 165 countries and territories , ranking the Slovak passport 11th in the world . Slovakia is the world 's biggest per-capita car producer with a total of 1,040,000 cars manufactured in the country in 2016 alone . The car industry represents 43 percent of Slovakia 's industrial output , and a quarter of its exports .   For further information on the types of business entities in this country and their abbreviations , see `` Business entities in Slovakia '' .

neg: Ukraine–European Union relations Relations between Ukraine and the European Union ( EU ) are currently shaped through the European Neighbourhood Policy ( ENP ) , a foreign policy instrument of the EU designed for the countries it borders .  The EU is seeking an increasingly close relationship with Ukraine , going beyond co-operation , to gradual economic integration and deepening of political co-operation . Ukraine is a priority partner within the ENP .   In 2012 , the EU initialled deals on free trade and political association with Ukraine ; however , EU leaders stated that these agreements would not be ratified unless Ukraine addresses concerns over a `` stark deterioration of democracy and the rule of law '' , including the imprisonment of Yulia Tymoshenko and Yuriy Lutsenko in 2011 and 2012 . Deadlines were set for Ukraine to carry out the required changes to its justice and electoral systems in order to enable the formal signing of their agreements with the EU in Vilnius on 29 November 2013 . But although the then Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych had urged the Ukrainian parliament to adopt laws so that Ukraine could meet the EU 's criteria , the Ukrainian government suspended preparations for signing the association agreement on 21 November 2013 . Yanukovych still attended the aforementioned EU summit in Vilnius on 28 -- 29 November 2013 where the association agreement was originally planned to be signed but it was not . The decision to put off signing the association agreement led to pro-EU Euromaidan movement . These led to the removal of Yanukovych and his government by parliament after the 2014 Ukrainian revolution in February 2014 . Since then , Ukraine has been striving towards integration into the European Union whilst the eastern part of the county has been engaged in pro-Russian unrest , opposing the Euromaidan movement .   The political part of the Association Agreement was signed on 21 March 2014 by the new Prime Minister , Arseniy Yatsenyuk . Meanwhile , the EU has attempted to stabilize Ukraine by freezing assets of allegedly corrupt Russians and Ukrainians and by granting financial aid to Ukraine . The economic part of the Ukraine -- European Union Association Agreement was signed on 27 June 2014 by the new President , Petro Poroshenko , who described this as Ukraine 's `` first but most decisive step '' towards EU membership . Poroshenko also set 2020 as a target for an EU membership application . On January 1 , 2016 , Ukraine joined the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area with the EU .

neg: Slovenian parliamentary election, 2011 A parliamentary election for the 90 deputies to the National Assembly of Slovenia was held on 4 December 2011 . This was the first early election in Slovenia 's history . 65.60 % of voters cast their vote . The election was surprisingly won by the center-left Positive Slovenia party , led by Zoran Janković . However , he failed to be elected as the new Prime Minister in the National Assembly , and the new government was formed by a right-leaning coalition of five parties , led by Janez Janša , the president of the second-placed Slovenian Democratic Party .

neg: Rail transport in Slovakia Rail transport in Slovakia began on 21 September 1840 , with the opening of the first horse-powered line from Bratislava to Svätý Jur ( at that time in Kingdom of Hungary ) . The first steam-powered line , from Bratislava to Vienna , opened on 20 August 1848 .   The modern Železnice Slovenskej republiky company was established in 1993 as a successor of the Československé státní drahy in Slovakia . Until 1996 it had formal monopoly on railroad transportation in the country , which remained a de facto monopoly until the advent of private operators entering the network in the early 2010s . Private passenger service operators include RegioJet , which operate trains between Prague ( Czech Republic ) and Košice , Žilina and Košice , Žilina and Bratislava and on the Komárno - Dunajská Streda - Bratislava route . There are plans to win more tenders in Slovakia .   Since 2002 a law divided the company : ŽSR was left with infrastructure maintenance and passenger and cargo transport was moved into company '' Železničná spoločnosť , a. s. '' ( ZSSK ) . In 2005 this new company was further split into '' Železničná spoločnosť Slovensko , a. s. '' ( ZSSK ) providing Passenger transport services and '' Železničná spoločnosť Cargo Slovakia , a. s. '' ( ZSSK Cargo ) providing cargo services . Freight transport is operated by ZSCS and around 30 private companies .   Slovakia is a member of the International Union of Railways ( UIC ) . The UIC Country Code for Slovakia is 56 .

neg: Zdravljica `` Zdravljica '' ( -LSB- zdɾau̯ˈljiːtsa -RSB- ; English : `` A Toast '' ) is a carmen figuratum poem by the 19th-century Romantic Slovene poet France Prešeren , inspired by the ideals of Liberté , égalité , fraternité . It was written in 1844 and published with some changes in 1848 . Four years after it was written , Slovenes living within Habsburg Empire interpreted the poem in spirit of the 1848 March Revolution as political promotion of the idea of a united Slovenia . In it , the poet also declares his belief in a free-thinking Slovene and Slavic political awareness . In the late 1980s , it was adopted as the national anthem of Slovenia .

neg: Eurosystem The Eurosystem is the monetary authority of the eurozone , the collective of European Union member states that have adopted the euro as their sole official currency . The ECB has , under Article 16 of its Statute , the exclusive right to authorise the issuance of euro banknotes . Member states can issue euro coins , but the amount must be authorised by the ECB beforehand .   The Eurosystem consists of the European Central Bank and the national central banks ( NCB ) of the 19 member states that are part of the eurozone . The national central banks apply the monetary policy of the ECB . The primary objective of the Eurosystem is price stability . Secondary objectives are financial stability and financial integration . The mission statement of the Eurosystem says that the ECB and the national central banks jointly contribute to achieving the objectives .   The Eurosystem is independent . When performing Eurosystem-related tasks , neither the ECB , nor an NCB , nor any member of their decision-making bodies may seek or take instructions from any external body . The Community institutions and bodies and the governments of the member states may not seek to influence the members of the decision-making bodies of the ECB or of the NCBs in the performance of their tasks .   The Eurosystem is distinct from the European System of Central Banks ( ESCB ) , which comprises the ECB and the central banks of all European Union member states , including those that are not part of the eurozone .

neg: Platform of European Memory and Conscience The Platform of European Memory and Conscience is an educational project of the European Union bringing together government institutions and NGOs from EU countries active in research , documentation , awareness raising and education about the crimes of totalitarian regimes . Its membership include 55 government agencies and NGOs from 13 EU member states as well as from the United States , such as the Institute of National Remembrance , the Berlin-Hohenschönhausen Memorial , the Stasi Records Agency and the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation . The platform has offices in Prague and Brussels .   The platform was founded in Prague on the occasion of the summit of Prime Ministers of the Visegrád Group on 14 October 2011 . The signing ceremony took place in the Lichtenstein Palace under the auspices of Czech Prime Minister Petr Nečas , Polish Prime Minister and President of the European Council Donald Tusk , and Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán . Its goal is described as helping `` prevent intolerance , extremism , anti-democratic movements and the recurrence of any totalitarian rule in the future . ''   The initiative was originally proposed by the Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes and the Government of the Czech Republic , and the 2008 Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism ; on 2 April 2009 , the European Parliament passed a resolution in favour of the initiative , and in June 2009 , the Council of the European Union welcomed the initiative . The Platform of European Memory and Conscience was founded as an initiative of the Polish EU presidency in 2011 , after the project had been promoted by the Czech EU presidency already in 2009 and by the Hungarian EU presidency in 2011 . The secretariat of the Platform of European Memory and Conscience was originally hosted by the Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes , and the platform has received a strategic grant from the International Visegrád Fund . The founding institutions included government agencies of the Czech Republic , Poland , Germany , Hungary , Romania , Lithuania , Estonia , and Latvia , as well as several NGOs . The organisation 's strategic partners include the International Visegrád Fund and the Konrad Adenauer Foundation . The motto of the platform is `` democracy matters . ''

neg: Communist Party of Czechoslovakia The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia ( Czech and Slovak : Komunistická strana Československa , KSČ ) was a Communist and Marxist -- Leninist political party in Czechoslovakia that existed between 1921 and 1992 . It was a member of the Comintern . Between 1929 and 1953 it was led by Klement Gottwald . After its election victory in 1946 it seized power in the 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état and established a one-party state allied with the Soviet Union . Nationalization of virtually all private enterprises followed .   In 1968 , party leader Alexander Dubček proposed reforms that included a democratic process and this led to the invasion of Czechoslovakia by the Soviet Union . Under pressure from the Kremlin , all reforms were repealed , party leadership became taken over by its more authoritarian wing and a massive non-bloody purge of party members was conducted .   In 1989 the party leadership bowed to popular pressure during the Velvet revolution and agreed to call the first contested election since 1946 . In 1990 , the centre-based Civic Forum won the election and the Communist party stood down .   In October 1990 , the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia became a federation of the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia and the Communist Party of Slovakia .   The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia was declared to be a criminal organisation by the 1993 Act on Illegality of the Communist Regime and on Resistance Against It .

neg: Republic of Prekmurje The Republic of Prekmurje ( Vendvidéki Köztársaság , Mura Köztársaság Murska Republika , Republika Prekmurje Prekmurje Slovene : Reszpublika Szlovenszka okroglina , Mörszka Reszpublika ) was an unrecognized state in Prekmurje , an area traditionally known in Hungarian as Vendvidék ( `` Wendic March '' ) . On June 6 , 1919 , Prekmurje was incorporated into the newly established Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ( renamed `` Yugoslavia '' in 1929 ) .   The state was bordered by Austria to the north , Hungary to the east , and the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes to the west and south .

neg: Aurelio Juri Aurelio Juri ( born 27 July 1949 ) is a Slovenian politician and journalist of Italian ethnic origin . Between 2008 and 2009 , he served as Member of the European Parliament . He was an influential member of the Social Democrats , before he left the party in 2009 .   Juri was born in an Italian-speaking family of Friulian descent in Pula , Croatia , then part of former Yugoslavia . He spent his childhood in the Slovenian coastal town of Koper , where he started his political career in the Communist Party of Slovenia . In 1978 , he became a member of the Town Council . A staunch supporter of the reformist wing of the party led by Milan Kučan , became a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Slovenia in 1989 , one year before the democratic changes in Slovenia . Between 1986 and 1990 , he also served as chairman of the autonomous organization of the Italian Community of Koper .   In 1994 , he became mayor of Koper , but resigned in 1996 , after being elected to the Slovenian National Assembly on the list of the United List of Social Democrats . He remained in Parliament for three consecutive terms . In November 2008 , he replaced the party leader Borut Pahor , who was elected Prime Minister of Slovenia , as member of the European Parliament .   His brother Franco Juri is a famous cartoonist , musician and politician . His son Luka Juri is also a journalist and prominent Social Democrat politician .

neg: Poland Comes First Poland Comes First ( Polska jest Najważniejsza ) , also rendered as Poland is the Most Important , and abbreviated to PJN , was a centre-right , conservative liberal , political party in Poland . It was formed as a more moderate breakaway group from Law and Justice ( PiS ) . By early 2011 , the party had eighteen members of the Sejm , one member of the Senate , and three members of the European Parliament . Poland Comes First ceased to exist as a political party in December 2013 , when it joined the new centre-right party led by Jarosław Gowin named Poland Together .   Spurred by the expulsion of Joanna Kluzik-Rostkowska from the party , the party was founded as a moderate , `` liberal '' splinter from Law and Justice , whom PJN claimed had drifted to the right under party leader Jarosław Kaczyński . More pro-free market than PiS , Poland Comes First has criticised the slow pace of economic reforms by the Civic Platform ( PO ) government . In 2011 , the party received defectors from PO , giving it representation in the Senate . However , the party failed to win any Sejm or Senate seats in the October 2011 Parliamentary election .   In the European Parliament , its members continued to sit , along with Law and Justice , in the European Conservatives and Reformists group , of which PJN founder Michał Kamiński was the chairman until March 2011 . The party was affiliated with the Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists , of which Adam Bielan , who was one of the co-founders of the PJN but then left the party , is a Vice-President .

neg: Euro sign The euro sign is the currency sign used for the euro , the official currency of the Eurozone in the European Union ( EU ) . The design was presented to the public by the European Commission on 12 December 1996 . The international three-letter code ( according to ISO standard ISO 4217 ) for the euro is EUR . In Unicode it is encoded at . In English , the sign precedes the value ( for instance , $ 10 , not 10 $ ) . In some styleguides , but not others , the euro sign is unspaced .

neg: Kosovo and the euro Before Kosovo declared independence in 2008 , Kosovo unilaterally adopted the euro as its currency in 2002 when it was a United Nations mandate ; although , it is not an official eurozone member .

neg: National Harmony Party The National Harmony Party ( Latvian : Tautas Saskaņas partija , TSP ; Партия народного согласия ) was a political party in Latvia .   The party identified with social democracy . It supported further liberalisation of Latvian nationality law by granting citizenship to non-citizens who had lived in Latvia for at least 10 years . ( The present law only allows Soviet-era migrants to apply for citizenship through a process of naturalization ) . It also supported expanding education in minority languages , particularly Russian .   The roots of the TSP lay within the moderate wing of Popular Front of Latvia , the Latvian independence movement of the late 1980s and early 1990s . Its leader , Jānis Jurkāns , was the first Minister of Foreign Affairs of newly re-independent Latvia , from 1990 to 1992 when he had to leave the government for his stance on relations with Russia . Together with other activists , Jurkāns founded the Harmony for Latvia ( Saskaņa Latvijai - Atdzimšana Tautsaimniecībai ) alliance , which won 13 seats in the 1993 parliamentary election . The alliance split in 1994 , with the free-market liberal wing becoming the Political Union of Economists and the social-democratic wing becoming the TSP . Jurkāns served as leader from then until 2005 , when he resigned . The party 's last Chairman was Jānis Urbanovičs .   From its foundation , the party was popular with ethnic Russian voters for its moderate views on the citizenship issue and official languages . Unlike other parties popular with Russians , it also had a considerable number of ethnic Latvians in its leadership and was an attempt to bridge the ethnic divide in Latvian politics . The TSP won 6 seats at the 1995 parliamentary election . In 1998 , it allied with two other predominantly Russian parties , the Latvian Socialist Party and Equal Rights , both of which held more radical pro-Russian positions . This step seriously damaged the reputation of the TSP amongst ethnic Latvians . The three parties founded the For Human Rights in United Latvia alliance . At the 2002 parliamentary election , the alliance won 18.9 % at the popular vote and 25 seats . In 2003 , the TSP left the alliance . It won no seats at the 2004 European Parliament election , and in 2005 lost its representation on Riga City Council .   In 2005 , the party created the electoral alliance Harmony Centre , containing , amongst other parties , the Latvian Socialist Party , one of its former partners in For Human Rights in United Latvia . Harmony Centre won 17 seats in the 2006 parliamentary election . The TSP formed the basis of the Harmony party which was created on 10 February 2010 .


query: John Nash designed the Royal Pavilion.

pos: John Nash (architect) John Nash ( 18 January 1752 -- 13 May 1835 ) was a British architect responsible for much of the layout of Regency London under the patronage of the Prince Regent , and during his reign as George IV . Nash was also a pioneer in the use of the Picturesque in architecture . His best-known buildings are the Royal Pavilion , Brighton , and Buckingham Palace ( though the facade facing The Mall is an early 20th-century remodelling by Aston Webb of an 1850s wing by Edward Blore , and thus is not Nash 's work ) . Many of his buildings were built by the property developer James Burton , who also lent him financial assistance when he encountered financial problems during his projects on Regent Street . In return , Nash promoted the career of Burton 's son , Decimus Burton , who assisted him with several of his designs and later became a famous architect in his own right .

neg: Rotunda (Woolwich) The Rotunda on Woolwich Common , in south-east London , is a former artillery museum which was established in 1820 . The building was originally a very large bell tent erected in St. James 's Park in 1814 for a special exhibition and premature victory reception of the allied sovereigns in the Napoleonic Wars but its architect John Nash turned it into a permanent structure with a lead roof and central supporting pillar .   In 1973 the Rotunda was designated as a Grade II * listed building .   Since most of its exhibits were transferred to the Firepower museum at the Royal Arsenal in 2001 , the Rotunda has ceased to be open to the public , except by special arrangement . The building is now used as a boxing ring by the King 's Troop , Royal Horse Artillery , housed in the nearby Napier Lines Barracks .

neg: John R. Hamilton (architect) John R. Hamilton was an English architect who moved to Cincinnati , Ohio . In England Hamilton designed the Lincoln and Worcester Insane Asylums ; the Birmingham , Plymouth , and Leicester Cemeteries ; and churches in London and Oxford ( according to an affidavit ) . He is believed to have come to the U.S. in approximately 1850 and to Cincinnati in approximately 1852 . According to the Architectural Foundation of Cincinnati 's Biographical Dictionary of Cincinnati Architects : `` relatively little is known about Hamilton 's American career , but he seems to have been a fine designer , willing to explore new technology , and with a significant influence through his pupils on later 19th-century Cincinnati-area architecture . ''   He is listed on his own in 1853-1855 , with Rankin , 1856 -- 1857 , and with James W. McLaughlin in 1857-1858 . Prominent Cincinnati architect Samuel Hannaford , born in England and brought to the Cincinnati area as a child , got his start in Hamilton 's office in 1857 .   Hamilton won a silver medal at the Ohio Mechanics ' Institute for his ` Paintings , Lithographic , Architectural , and other Drawings . ' He may have been in New York City at 36 Wall Street by 1859 ( or 1858 , according to Haverstock ) , and was `` made a Fellow of the fledgling American Institute of Architects in 1860 . '' According to Haverstock , page 369 , `` he served during the Civil War as special artist for Harper 's Weekly , traveling as far south as Port Hudson , Louisiana , '' and was in Richmond , Virginia , from about 1864 to 1866 . Hamilton was an early member of the Literary Club of Cincinnati ( 1857 ) .   In 1854 Hamilton won a design competition for the Henry Clay Monument in the Lexington , Kentucky Cemetery , a Gothic dome `` constructed entirely and innovatively of cast-iron '' , but it was not built and a `` more conventional ( if provincial ) column , raised on an Egyptoid mausoleum base , supported a statue of Clay . ''   The Horticultural Review and Botanical Magazine ( published in Cincinnati by H.W. Derby -LSB- a Hamilton & Rankin client -RSB- and edited by John Aston Warder and James W. Ward ) published Hamilton 's Charles Anderson House ( later Broadwell House ) at SEC Fifth and Pike streets in downtown Cincinnati , and ran a series of signed articles on architecture by Hamilton . The article about `` rural architecture '' are `` perhaps '' the earliest known architectural writings by a Cincinnati-based architect , announced by the publication 's editor in the first issue of the volume , IV , 1 ( 1/1854 ) , 47 .

neg: Hampton Court Park Hampton Court Park , adjacent to Hampton Court Palace and Gardens in South London , England , is a royal park managed by the Historic Royal Palaces . In 2014 , part of it was designated a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest together with Bushy Park and Hampton Court Golf Course .   It is a walled deer park of around 700 acre , with a herd of fallow deer , and has been open to the public since 1894 . The A308 road and the River Thames form its boundaries . North of the A308 is Bushy Park . The Royal Mews still graze some of their horses on the park in the summer .   The Long Water runs roughly eastward from the back of Hampton Court Palace and at the eastern end is the Golden Jubilee Fountain .

neg: Swainston Manor Swainston Manor lies 1 mi to the east of Calbourne , Isle of Wight , England . Now a hotel , Swainston Manor was originally a manor house on a site dating back to 735 CE . Eight hundred years ago it became the location of a palace built by the Bishops of Winchester . It has a 12th-century chapel on its 32 acre . Most of the present building was constructed in the 18th century , but an attached hall dates from the 13th century . Warwick the Kingmaker reportedly dined at Swainston Manor . It is a Grade II * listed building .   Swainston is derived from its original name , `` Sweyn 's Town '' . It was founded by king Sweyn Forkbeard of Denmark , whose son was King Canute .   The parish of Calbourne was at one time dependent on Swainston Manor .   The house was severely damaged by incendiary bombs during World War II . The church on the site however was untouched .   The poet Alfred Lord Tennyson also visited Swainston a few times . It is claimed that he wrote `` Maud '' on its grounds . He also wrote `` In the Garden at Swainston '' after the death of his friend and Swainston 's owner , Sir John Simeon .   -LSB- See the attached photos from Sir John Simeon Barrington 's personal nurse - Sir John relayed this information to her personally , complete with location where he wrote `` Maud '' . My mother , in early stages of dementia , tracked down an heir of Sir John Simeon in Canada somewhere and mailed the original photos to Canada . We only have a photocopy of the original photographs with my mother 's transcriptions of the annotations on the back of each photograph . These photos of the gardens at Swainston were taken approximately 15 years after Lord Tennyson 's death . -RSB-   Swainston also features , as `` Swaynestone '' , in Maxwell Gray 's 1886 novel The Silence of Dean Maitland .   Swainstone was one of the locations for King James 1st public school during the 1960s . Other locations for the school included Newport and Cowes .

neg: Long gallery In architecture , a long gallery is a long , narrow room , often with a high ceiling . In Britain , long galleries were popular in Elizabethan and Jacobean houses . They were often located on the upper floor of the great houses of the time , and they stretched across the entire frontage of the building . They served several purposes : they were used for entertaining guests , for taking exercise in the form of walking when the weather was inclement , and for displaying art collections .   A long gallery has the appearance of a spacious corridor , but it was designed as a room to be used in its own right , not as a means of passing from one room to another . In the 16th century , the seemingly obvious concept of the corridor had not been introduced to British domestic architecture ; rooms were entered from outside or by passing from one room to another .   Later , long galleries were built in Victorian houses , such as Nottingham Castle .   Notable long galleries in the United Kingdom can be seen at :  Althorp  Apethorpe Hall  Aston Hall  Blickling Hall  Burghley House  Broughton Castle  Burton Agnes Hall  Burton Constable Hall  Haddon Hall  Ham House , compact and running from front to rear  Hardwick Hall , one of the largest  Hatfield House  Little Moreton Hall  Longleat House ( The long gallery is now called the Saloon . )  Montacute House  Osterley Park  Scone Palace  Syon House  Temple Newsam House ( Jacobean long gallery , later modified and now called the `` Picture Gallery '' )

neg: Small Throne Room of the Winter Palace The Small Throne Room of the Winter Palace , St Petersburg , also known as the Peter the Great Memorial Hall , was created for Tsar Nicholas I in 1833 , by the architect Auguste de Montferrand . Following a fire in 1837 , in which most of the palace was destroyed , the room was recreated exactly as it had been before by the architect Vasily Stasov .   Designed in a loose Baroque style , the throne is recessed in an apse before a reredos , supported by two Corinthian columns of jasper , which contains a large canvas dedicated to Peter I with Minerva by Jacopo Amigoni . In the room proper above dado height the walls are lined with crimson velvet embellished with double-headed eagles of silver thread , above which is a shallow vaulted ceiling .   Set in the opposing lunettes beneath the vaulting are paintings depicting the Battle of Poltava and the Battle of Lesnaya by Pietro Scotti ( 1768-1837 ) and Barnabas Medici . However , the focal point of the room is the silver-gilt throne of 1731 , made in London by the Anglo-French gold-and-silver-smith Nicholas Clausen .   Here , during the era of the Tsars , diplomats gathered on New Years Day to offer good wishes to the Tsar . Today , as part of the State Hermitage Museum , this room retains its original decoration .

neg: George Dodington, 1st Baron Melcombe George Bubb Dodington , 1st Baron Melcombe ( 1691 -- 28 July 1762 ) was an English politician and nobleman .   Christened simply George Bubb , he changed his surname to Dodington by Act of Parliament around the time his uncle George Dodington died in 1720 and left him his estate . Enormously rich , he became a friend of Frederick , Prince of Wales , who took advantage of their acquaintance to obtain loans that helped clear his debts , and , on being thrown out of St James 's Palace by his father , King George II , moved into a London house belonging to Dodington . He had many contacts with artists and was a collector , purchasing antiquities via Cardinal Albani in Rome . His house at Hammersmith , known as ` La Trappe ' ( an ironic reference to a Trappist monastery ) was the focus of a lively political and cultural salon of supporters of Frederick , Prince of Wales whose palace at Kew was located just across the river . It was designed by the neo-Palladian architect Roger Morris who had been connected with the circle of Lord Burlington and the sculpture gallery was designed by the Italian architect and firework display designer Giovanni Niccolo Servandoni . Dodington is said to have been involved in a spy-ring , collecting valuable information about Jacobite activities . In 1761 , following the accession of Frederick 's son to the throne as George III , he was created Baron Melcombe .   Historian N.A.M. Rodger describes Dodington as an `` indefatigable schemer '' on behalf of his friends and interests of the time . Dodington is depicted in William Hogarth 's 1761 engraving Five Orders of Periwigs ; his diary was published posthumously in 1784 by Henry Penruddocke Wyndham .

neg: Apollo Pavilion The Apollo Pavilion , also known as the Pasmore Pavilion , is a piece of public art in the new town of Peterlee in County Durham in the North East of England , designed by British artist and architect Victor Pasmore .   In December 2011 English Heritage gave the pavilion a Grade-II * listing .

neg: John McLean (furniture maker) John McLean ( born 1770 ; died 1825 ) was an English furniture maker and designer . He was recognized as one of the best of his era , representing the best in English cabinetmaking . Examples of his furniture can be found in the Victorian and Albert Museum , The California Palace of the Legion of Honor and the Library at Saltram , Devon .   The origins of the McLean firm is somewhat confused by the many variations in spelling the name ` McLean ' . `` John MacKlane , upholder and cabinet maker in Little Newport Street , off Leicester Square '' is listed in 1774 . As many as eight spellings have been recorded , the problem arising because many people in those days were illiterate and names were written phonetically at the whim of whoever was writing the name at the time .

neg: James Lonsdale (painter) James Lonsdale ( 16 May 1777 Lancaster -- 17 January 1839 London ) was a fashionable and prolific English portrait painter who exhibited some 138 works at the Royal Academy between 1802 and 1838 , and was one of the founders of the Society of British Artists . His work was influenced and overshadowed by his more successful contemporary Sir Thomas Lawrence ( 1769 -- 1830 ) . Lonsdale was a pupil of George Romney ( 1734 -- 1802 ) .   Lonsdale , who started off as a pattern designer at Margerison and Glover 's print-works in Catterall , was encouraged as an artist by the Lancaster architect Richard Threlfall , of whom he exhibited a portrait in 1809 . Lord Archibald , impressed by the quality of his painting and drawing , invited him to Ashton Hall . Here he met two of Lord Archibald 's daughters , Lady Anne Hamilton and Lady Susan , the Countess of Dunmore . Feeling that his future would hold more promise in the city , he moved to London , becoming a favourite pupil of Romney 's , accompanying him abroad on several occasions . He enrolled in the Royal Academy Schools on 23 October 1801 . Lonsdale married a Lancastrian , Miss Thornton , and set up a residence in Southgate . The marriage produced three sons who became portrait painter , the second was James John Lonsdale , recorder of Folkestone , and the last a surgeon .   Highly respected , his growing list of clients enabled him to purchase John Opie 's studio at 8 Berners Street in the City of Westminster , where he remained until his death . After settling into his new studio he made the acquaintance of the Duke of Norfolk , who commissioned him to do a large historical painting of King John and the Magna Carta , which later was rendered in stained glass in Arundel Castle . Besides the Duke of Norfolk , his sitters included the Duke of Sussex , the Grand Duke Nicholas , the Archibald Douglas-Hamilton , 9th Duke of Hamilton and the Marquess of Downshire . In 1820 the Lord Mayor of London commissioned him to do a portrait of Queen Caroline , after which he was appointed her official portrait painter . Through the Duke of Norfolk he was introduced to the Beefsteak Club , where he met with the most distinguished persons of the time .  His portraits reflected accurate details of his sitters that may have been regarded as unflattering .

neg: Salisbury Cathedral from the Bishop's Grounds Salisbury Cathedral from the Bishop 's Grounds is an 1823 painting by the nineteenth-century landscape painter John Constable ( 1776 -- 1837 ) . This image of Salisbury Cathedral , one of England 's most famous medieval churches , is one of his most celebrated works , and was commissioned by one of his closest friends , John Fisher , The Bishop of Salisbury .   Constable visited Salisbury in 1820 and made a series of oil sketches of the cathedral , which served as the model for this composition . The artist selected a viewpoint from the bishop 's garden and included figures of Dr. Fisher and his wife at the bottom left . Following its exhibition at the 1823 Royal Academy , Constable observed : `` My Cathedral looks very well ... It was the most difficult subject in Landscape I ever had upon my Easel . I have not flinched at the work of the windows , buttresses , & c. - but I have as usual made my escape in the Evanescence of the Chiaro-Oscuro '' . His patron took exception to the dark cloud over the cathedral , and when he commissioned a smaller replica , requested `` a more serene sky '' .   The painting embodies the full range of qualities of a quintessentially British landscape painting -- the clouds , trees , a water meadow , cattle drinking at the edge of the pasture and the glorious architecture of a medieval cathedral -- but all on a human scale . Paintings like this one have so conditioned our view of rural Britain that it is now difficult to imagine a time when the countryside and country life were not held in such high regard .   A version of the painting also resides at the Frick Collection in New York City . It is slightly different in that it shows different weather and hence light . Whereas the London version depicts the cathedral with an overcast sky , the version in the Frick shows the cathedral with a clear , bright sky .   A small version of the painting resides at the Huntington Library in San Marino , California . John Fisher gave it to his daughter as a wedding present .   There is an earlier , homonymous version ( 1821-1822 ) of this painting at São Paulo Museum of Art in São Paulo . It is said that Fisher , seeing its sombre and grave colors , disliked it and asked for a happier , lighter one .

neg: Edward Robert Robson Edward Robert Robson FRIBA FSA FSI ( 2 March 1836 -- 19 January 1917 ) was an English architect famous for the progressive spirit of his London state-funded school buildings of the 1870s and early 1880s .   Born in Durham , he was the elder son of Robert Robson , a Durham Justice of the Peace . He apprenticed in Newcastle upon Tyne with John Dobson , who worked in a classicising , Italianate manner ; he then worked under Sir George Gilbert Scott ( 1854 -- 59 ) during the restoration of Durham Cathedral 's tower , taking a break in 1858 for `` extensive Continental travel '' , and went on to serve as architect in charge of the Cathedral for six years . He was also in partnership for a time prior to 20 August 1862 with John Wilson Walton ( c. 1822 -- 1910 ) . His first church , St. Cuthbert 's , Durham ( 1863 ) , was inspired in part by the plain 13th-century church at Formigny , Normandy . For some time he served as architect and surveyor to the city of Liverpool , which served to give him sufficient experience when he was the surprising choice as chief architect for the newly erected School Board of London , in 1871 . He became a fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects . Under the terms of the reforming Elementary Education Act 1870 , a great number of new state-funded schools had to be built as quickly as possible , especially in the East End . Robson 's experience , for which he travelled in the Continent for the most up-to-date school-planning ideas , was encapsulated in his School Architecture ( 1874 ) . For the workload , he formed a partnership with J. J. Stevenson from 1871 until 1876 . The schools themselves were of brick and architectural terracotta in the many-gabled free Anglo-Flemish Renaissance style known at the time as `` Queen Anne style '' , which Robson chose as more suitably enlightened and secular than Gothic Revival and in which Stevenson had already shown himself proficient .   During his years with the School Board , Robson designed several hundred schools in London , and after leaving the Board in 1884 he remained as consulting architect to the Education Department .   His early connections with the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood may have made him an obvious choice in 1888 for remodelling some market buildings with great dispatch for the New Gallery , Regent Street , a venue for art of the Brotherhood and other progressive arts .   Robson also built the People 's Palace , Stepney ( 1886 , now a part of Queen Mary , University of London ) as well as working on new school structures , notably Primrose Hill Infants ' School and the Cheltenham Ladies ' College ( 1896 ) and the Jews ' Free School in Spitalfields ( 1904 ) .   He is also credited with design of some residential houses . For example , Glenwood ( 99 Mycenae Road in Westcombe Park , London SE3 ) is described as `` an impressive late-Victorian red brick mansion with half-timbered gable ends , and fine joinery detailing . ''   He married Marian , daughter of Henry Longden , of Sheffield , and Who 's Who notes his recreations as `` golf , bicycling , billiards '' . At the time of his death , he was a Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects , the Society of Antiquaries of London , and the Chartered Surveyors ' Institution .   In his later years he worked with his son , Philip Appleby Robson . He was twice offered a knighthood , which he refused . He died in London .

neg: Samuel Pepys Cockerell Samuel Pepys Cockerell ( 1753 -- 1827 ) was an English architect .   He was a son of John Cockerell , of Bishop 's Hull , Somerset , and the elder brother of Sir Charles Cockerell , 1st Baronet , for whom he designed the house he is best known for , Sezincote House , Gloucestershire , where the uniquely Orientalizing features inspired the more extravagant fantasy of the Brighton Pavilion . Through their mother they were great-great nephews of the diarist Samuel Pepys .

neg: Stirling Prize The Royal Institute of British Architects Stirling Prize is a British prize for excellence in architecture . It is named after the architect James Stirling , organised and awarded annually by the Royal Institute of British Architects ( RIBA ) . The RIBA Stirling Prize is presented to `` the architects of the building that has made the greatest contribution to the evolution of architecture in the past year . '' The architects must be RIBA members , but the building can be anywhere in the European Union . Stirling Prize laureates receive a stipend of GB # 20,000 .   The award was founded in 1996 , and is considered to be the most prestigious architecture award in the United Kingdom . It is publicised as the architectural equivalent of the Booker Prize ( literature ) and Turner Prize ( visual arts ) . The highest profile architectural award in British culture , the presentation ceremony is televised by Channel 4 and the prize is sponsored by the Architects ' Journal . Six short-listed buildings are chosen from a long-list of buildings that have received a RIBA Award . These awards are given to buildings showing `` high architectural standards and substantial contribution to the local environment '' .   In addition to the RIBA Stirling Prize , five other awards are given to buildings on the long-list . In 2015 they consist of : the RIBA National Award , the RIBA Regional Award , the Manser Medal , the Stephen Lawrence Prize and the RIBA Client of the Year Award . For years prior to 1996 , the award was known as the `` Building of the Year Award '' .

neg: Church of St Mary, Nash The Church of St Mary the Virgin , Nash is the parish church of the village of Nash , lying about 3 km south of the city of Newport , South Wales -RSB- . Described as `` the cathedral of the moors '' by Monmouthshire historian Fred Hando , the large church is medieval in origin , with additions and restorations dating from the 18th and 19th centuries . Since 3 January 1963 it has been a Grade I listed building  primarily due to its `` medieval tower with fine spire . '' Newman describes the fifteenth century steeple as `` unique in South East Wales '' .

neg: List of public art in Liverpool The city of Liverpool has a greater number of public sculptures than any other location in the United Kingdom aside from Westminster . Early examples include works by George Frampton , Goscombe John , Thomas Thornycroft , Charles Bell Birch , Richard Westmacott , Francis Chantrey , John Gibson , Thomas Brock and F.W. Pomeroy , while Barbara Hepworth , Jacob Epstein , Mitzi Cunliffe and Elizabeth Frink provide some of the modern offerings . More recently , local artist Tom Murphy has created a dozen sculptures in Liverpool .   While statues and sculpture are dotted throughout the inner city , there are four primary groupings : inside and around St George 's Hall ; in St John 's Gardens ; around the Pier Head ; and around the Palm House at Sefton Park . Smaller groups are found in Old Hall Street/Exchange Flags and in and around The Oratory .   The Queen Victoria Monument at Derby Square , an ensemble of 26 bronze figures by C. J. Allen , is described in the Liverpool Pevsner Architectural Guide as one of the most ambitious British monuments to the Queen .   NB : the following list does not include the comprehensive collections held by National Museums Liverpool , or the countless ornate features of many Liverpool buildings .

neg: James Moore (furniture designer) ïJames Moore ( c. 1670 - October 1726 ) was an 18th-century cabinet maker in London who worked for George I . He was in partnership with John Gumley from 1714 . As royal cabinet-maker he supplied walnut and mahogany furniture for the royal household , the royal yacht , and the king 's servants and mistresses , as well as the rich gilt gesso furniture for which he is best known but which constituted a small part of his output .   Early references to Moore are in the Duke of Montagu 's domestic expenses , 1708 , and the entry in the accounts of Lord Hervey , soon created Earl of Bristol , for `` glass piers & sconces '' , 1710 . Moore and his son , James Moore the younger , were among craftsmen furnishing Cannons for James Brydges , 1st Duke of Chandos A gilt gesso table from Stowe House , now at the Victoria and Albert is in the unmistakable style of James Moore ; it bears the cypher and baron 's coronet of Richard Temple , Lord Cobham , and can be dated 1714-18 on that basis .   James Moore assumed the position of clerk of the works at Blenheim Palace , completing and furnishing the house after Sarah Churchill , Duchess of Marlborough , quarreled with her architect , John Vanbrugh ; Moore had first appeared as the Duchess 's `` glass man '' , providing pier glasses in the house . By 1714 the Duchess referred to him as `` my oracle , Mr. Moore '' who `` certainly has very good sense and I think him very honest and understanding in many trades besides his own . ''   Moore is especially known for gilt gesso furniture , tables looking-glass frames and candlestands . A pair of gilt gesso side tables bearing the crowned cypher of George I in the Royal Collection and the pair of candlestands en suite are incised with his name , an unusual practice at the time . At Erddig , gilt gesso furniture by Moore can be linked to surviving bills receipted by James Moore and John Belchier , 1722-26 .   The succeeding royal cabinet-maker , Benjamin Goodison , trained in Moore 's workshop .

neg: Royal Surrey Gardens Royal Surrey Gardens were pleasure gardens in Newington , Surrey , London in the Victorian period , slightly east of The Oval . The gardens occupied about 15 acre to the east side of Kennington Park Road , including a lake of about 3 acre . It was the site of Surrey Zoological Gardens and Surrey Music Hall .   The gardens were the grounds of the manor house of Walworth , that is also the civil parish of Newington , Surrey . The site was acquired in 1831 by impresario Edward Cross to be the location of his new Surrey Zoological Gardens , using animals from his menagerie at Exeter Exchange , in competition with the new London Zoo in Regent 's Park . A large circular domed glass conservatory was built in the gardens , 300 ft in circumference with more than 6000 ft2 of glass , to contain separate cages for lions , tigers , a rhinoceros , and giraffes . The gardens were heavily planted with native and exotic trees and plants , and dotted with picturesque pavilions .   The gardens were used for large public entertainments from 1837 , such as re-enactments of the eruption of Mount Vesuvius , the Great Fire of London , or the storming of Badajoz , using large painted sets up to 80 ft high , and spectacular firework displays , as had become popular at Vauxhall Gardens before its demise . Later , it was used for promenade concerts . The gardens suffered intense competition from the Great Exhibition at the Crystal Palace in 1851 .   After Cross 's death , the gardens were acquired by a company . The zoo had become run down , and the animals were sold off in 1856 to build Surrey Music Hall in the gardens . It was a large , rectangular building of three floors , with an arcade around the ground floor and two covered galleries above , and octagonal staircases at each corner with ornamental turrets . Like the Crystal Palace , it was largely constructed from cast iron , and was capable of holding 12,000 seated spectators , making it the largest venue in London . It was used to celebrate the return of soldiers at the end of the Crimean War in 1856 , and for a four-day military festival from 27 July to 30 July 1857 , to honour and raise funds for Mary Seacole . The French popular and eccentric conductor and composer of light music Louis Antoine Jullien gave numerous very successful concerts in the Royal Surrey Gardens in 1855 and 1856 mixing classical and dance music .   The famous Baptist preacher Charles Spurgeon held religious services at the Music Hall in weekends because the New Park Street Chapel could not contain his audiences . The first service was held on the evening of Sunday 19 October 1856 , with an audience of 10,000 inside and as many outside unable to enter . It was , however , marred by tragedy when someone shouted fire , and a panic to escape ensued . Seven were killed in the crush , and many injured . Nevertheless , Spurgeon returned a few weeks later to hold morning services in November 1856 . The services continued to be very well attended , with audiences exceeding 10,000 . The proprietors decided to hold Sunday evening music concerts in the hall ; Spurgeon objected to the entertainment being held on the Sabbath , and the last Sunday morning service was held on 11 December 1859 .   The music hall was destroyed by fire in 1861 , leading to a High Court legal case , Taylor v. Caldwell ( 1863 ) 3 B & S 328 , to recover the costs of printing posters for an event that could not be held at the hall as a result of its destruction . The case established the doctrine of impossibility in English contract law .   The gardens returned to holding large public entertainments , but they were less successful than before , and the gardens finally closed in 1862 . St. Thomas ' Hospital moved to the site temporarily , while its new buildings at the new Albert Embankment , Lambeth Palace Road , near Westminster Bridge , were constructed ( its previous buildings having been sold for the railway viaduct built to connect London Bridge railway station to Cannon Street , Blackfriars and Charing Cross railway stations .   The gardens were sold for the development of residential buildings in 1877 . Whilst much smaller than the original gardens , Surrey Gardens re-opened as a public park in the 1980s , and is now known locally as Pasley Park .

neg: Nash Ensemble The Nash Ensemble of London is an acclaimed English chamber ensemble . It was founded by Artistic Director Amelia Freedman in 1964 , while she was a student at the Royal Academy of Music , and was named after the Nash Terraces around the Academy . The Ensemble has won awards from the Edinburgh Festival Critics and the Royal Philharmonic Society , as well as a 2002 Gramophone Award for contemporary music .   In addition to their classical repertoire , the Ensemble performs works by numerous contemporary composers , including Richard Rodney Bennett , Harrison Birtwistle , Elliott Carter , Henri Dutilleux and Peter Maxwell Davies , and has given premier performances of more than 200 works .

neg: Nottingham Daily Express The Nottingham Daily Express was a local newspaper published in Nottingham between 1860 and 1918 . It was a radical , Liberal and strongly Nonconformist newspaper .   It was published from 4 January 1860 to 6 April 1918 . It continued as the Nottingham Journal and Express 8 April 1918 -- 5 September 1953 ( incorporating the long dormant copyright of the Nottingham Journal which had been purchased from William Bradshaw in 1887 ) . It was amalgamated with the Nottingham Guardian and subsequently published as the Guardian Journal .   The Nottingham Daily Express was based in a building on Upper Parliament Street in Nottingham designed by the Nottingham-based architect Watson Fothergill . The ethos of the paper was marked by the inclusion over the door of images of the Liberal politicians Richard Cobden , William Gladstone and John Bright . With their prominence as leaders of the Anti-Corn Law League ( 1838 -- 46 ) these were suitable subjects for the Liberal newspaper to commemorate . Inside the entrance are rows of tiles ( originally on the Parliament Street front ) . The first row depicts Queen Victoria and Prince Albert , while the second row shows Lord Palmerston and Lord John Russell .   The building was completed in 1876 with three floors . In 1899 it was extended towards King Street and a fourth floor added .


query: Emmanuel Adebayor plays for the Turkish musical İstanbul Başakşehir.

pos: Emmanuel Adebayor Sheyi Emmanuel Adebayor ( -LSB- ɛmanɥɛl adəbɛjɔʁ -RSB- ; born 26 February 1984 ) is a Togolese professional footballer who plays as a striker for Turkish club İstanbul Başakşehir . He previously played for English clubs Arsenal , Manchester City , Tottenham Hotspur and Crystal Palace , as well as French sides Metz and Monaco and Spanish team Real Madrid . He was voted African Footballer of the Year for 2008 .   Adebayor represented the Togo national team at the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany , the country 's debut , and to date only , appearance at the World Cup . In January 2010 , Adebayor was one of the players involved when the Togo team 's bus came under gunfire on the way to the 2010 Africa Cup of Nations in Angola , after which he retired from national team duty . In 2013 , he returned to the Togo team for the 2013 African Cup of Nations in South Africa , where he helped them to qualify for the quarter-finals . He is currently Togo 's all-time top goalscorer with 31 goals .

neg: Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje ( -LSB- ˌædeiˈwɑːleɪ_ˌækᵻˈnuː . eɪ_ɑːgˈbɑːdʒeɪ -RSB- born 22 August 1967 ) is a British actor and former fashion model . He is best known for his roles as Lock-Nah in The Mummy Returns , Nykwana Wombosi in The Bourne Identity , Mr. Eko on Lost , and Simon Adebisi on Oz . His more recent roles include Malko in the fifth season of the HBO series Game of Thrones , providing the voice to the title character on the animated series Major Lazer , Dave Duerson in the NFL biopic drama Concussion , and Killer Croc in Suicide Squad .

neg: Samy Elmaghribi Samy Elmaghribi ( born in 1922 as Salomon Amzallag , in Safi , died on March 9th , 2008 ) was a Jewish-Moroccan musician . He lived in Paris and Montreal . Originally from Safi , his family moved to Rabat in 1926 . He started to familiarize himself with Arab-Andalusian music and taught himself to play the oud . He later perfected his technique by attending the `` Conservatoire de Musique '' in Casablanca and by following some of the most revered masters of Andalusian music . When he was 20 years old , he decided to quit his position as a sales manager to devote himself entirely to music . Having access to the Moroccan palace , he was one of the most preferred singers of Mohammed V . He left Morocco for Montreal in the 1960s , where he led a synagogue . He also settled in Israel , later to return to Canada . He died on March 9th , 2008 , in Montreal .

neg: Bekir İrtegün Bekir İrtegün ( born 20 April 1984 ) is a Turkish professional footballer who plays for  İstanbul Başakşehir and Turkey national team .

neg: Adem Koçak Adem Koçak ( born 1 September 1983 ) is a Turkish footballer . He currently plays as a midfielder for Sivasspor in the Turkcell Super League .

neg: Islak Islak Islak Islak is the first album by Turkish rock musician Barış Akarsu . It was released in 2005 by Seyhan Müzik after Akarsu 's success at Akademi Türkiye ( Academy Turkey ) . The album became famous thanks to its first single `` Islak Islak '' which is a well known piece from Cem Karaca , Turkish musician and childhood idol of Akarsu . Akarsu also pays tribute to his hometown with the song `` Amasra '' .

neg: Neşe Karaböcek Neş ` ecan Göktürk better known as Neşe Karaböcek ( born 1 April 1947 in İstanbul ) is a Turkish singer and considered one of the main artists of Turkish Arabesque music , a fusion of traditional Turkish and world music influences and adaptations of international sounds . She also starred in a great number of Turkish films . She was popular from her first release for the single `` Artık Sevmeyeceğim '' until the mid 1990s with multiple gold and platinum certifications .

neg: Yarona (album) Yarona is a 1995 jazz album by South African pianist Abdullah Ibrahim and his group Ekaya , recorded live over two nights at Sweet Basil Jazz Club in Greenwich Village , New York City . Yarona was released on the Enja label .   The album features a trio , including bass player Marcus McLaurine and drummer George Johnson . In Ibrahim 's words ( quoted in the liner notes , which were written by his son Tsakwe Ibrahim ) : `` As the basic creative format of contemporary urban music and its global expansion from the timeless African fountainhead , the trio concept of piano-bass-drums serves as one of the most viable and essential , indeed , accessible formulae for the pianist/composer . ''   Giving the album a four-star rating , AllMusic notes that Ibrahim 's ideas `` range from bop , African pop , swing , and even hints of a Keith Jarrett influence . ` Mannenberg ' and ` African Marketplace , ' two Ibrahim classics , are given brief but interesting updates . The remainder of the tracks are all excellent and most exceed six minutes long , allowing for the non-hurried development of ideas by this remarkable trio . Highly recommended for both performance and originality . '' .   Yarona is included on The Penguin Guide to Jazz Core Collection list of albums .

neg: Adem Ibrahim Adem Ibrahim is the former Ethiopian Health Minister .

neg: Were music Were musicgere is an indigenous Yoruba music , which , like ajisari , is a way of using music to arouse the Islamic faithful to pray and feast during Ramadan festival in Yorubaland . Ajiwere or oniwere means `` one who performs were music . ''   Unlike ajisari , were is performed in groups . Usually young men or boys , numbering up to ten or more , come together to write songs and practise dance moves . Again unlike ajisari , who sleep a bit and only come out at 2:00 in the morning , the `` ajiwere '' or `` oniwere '' leave their homes each night shortly after the Isha'a ( 8:00 PM ) and Tarawih prayers . They 'll then roam the streets singing and dancing till about 4:00 AM when they disperse to go prepare for that day 's fasting . A couple of days before the end of Ramadan , all of the `` ajiwere '' or `` oniwere '' groups in the area meet in a townhall to compete for prizes -- the grand prize is a shiny silver-plated trophy .   In early 1970s , were music genre became popular and forced its way into the mainstream Yoruba culture alongside other popular genres like sakara , apala , waka music , and sekere . The music was popularized by certain Ibadan singers/songwriters such as , the late Alhaji Dauda Epo-Akara , Ganiyu Kuti or Gani Irefin , and their Lagos counterparts led by Alhaji Sikiru Ayinde Barrister . The Were singers started playing at parties and concerts in both Ibadan and Lagos . Ultimately , Alhaji Dauda Epo-Akara started producing some hit SP and LP records . Although Alhaji Sikiru Ayinde Barrister was already popular in Lagos , but it was Alhaji Dauda Epo-Akara who introduced him to the very important Ibadan music lovers on one of his popular LPs , which he used to pay a professional homage to the influential record marketers of Ogunpa district in Ibadan . Alhaji Sikiru Ayinde Barrister would later create another musical genre called Fuji music , which was an offshoot of were music .   Category : Nigerian music  Category : Yoruba music

neg: Celal Esat Arseven Celal Esat Arseven ( 1876 -- 13 November 1971 ) is a Turkish painter , writer and deputy .  From photography to literary art , from theater to cinema , from architecture and urbanism to art history . History of art and architecture , urbanism is the first person to introduce Turkey with disciplines . In his various publications in the field of art history , he pioneered a unique `` Turkish art '' and pioneered the acceptance of the Turkish art concept . The 5-volume Art Encyclopedia is the most recognizable work .  TBMM 7th period İstanbul , TBMM 8th term is a politician who served as deputy of Giresun .   He was born in Istanbul in 1876 . He is the son of Ahmed Esad Pasha from the Grand vizier of Sultan Abdülaziz period . Mother 's Fatma Suzidil is the lady .   He lost his father just as a baby . Primary education started in Beşiktaş Taşmaktep . Later , he studied at Hamidiye Mektebi , in 1888 at Galatasaray Mekteb-i Sultânisi and at Besiktas Military Rushdiyesi . In 1889 he entered the Faculty of Political Sciences and graduated while still studying in high school . I was studying at the Fine Arts Academy II . Abdulhamid ` in special order of the Military Academy was taken into the class of nobility . In 1894 he graduated as an infantry officer . During his studies he took watercolor lessons from Hoca Ali Riza Beyden and Zonaro .   In 1908 , with his friend Selah Cimcoz , he released a comic magazine called `` Kalem '' . In the same year , he was sent to Europe by the Ministry of War to expose the works of Turkish painters and to give concerts with mabeyn orchestra . In his return , he was resigned ( Kd .   In 1910 he wrote the game Selim-i Salis with Selah Cimcoz . The game , which received great interest , was published in 1958 as `` Selim III '' and was staged at the State Theater .   During World War I Kadıköy Municipality Branch Directorate , then for the art artists in Europe has organized exhibition arrangements . During the war , when Germany was in the film 's stormy years , he took advantage of this situation and founded a company called Transorient Film with his friends ; I was the script writer and director of this company . In 1917 , a contemporary adaptation of Goethe 's Faust 's work was filmed in Munich in the name of `` Die Tote Watch . ''   From 1921 to 1941 he gave courses in Architecture History and Urbanism at the Fine Arts Academy . In addition to his duties at the Academy , he served as the Darülbedayi Directorate after 1923 . In addition to his duty at the academy , he also worked as an architectural consultant in the city of Ankara between 1925 and 1927 , besides Hermann Jansen .   In 1932 , the First History Congress was attended . Between 1933 and 1937 , he served as Kadıköy Community House Presidency .   In 1942 he entered the Assembly as a deputy in Istanbul . In 1946 , Giresun deputy was elected .   On October 25 , 1971 , at the age of 96 , he was assigned to him by the Minister of Culture , Talat Halman ,   He died in Istanbul on November 13 , 1971 when he was 93 years old . The grave is in the Sahrayi Cedid grave in Erenköy .

neg: Fasl-ı Cedid The Fasl-ı Cedid ( The New Fasıl ) was a musical ensemble of Classical Turkish Music operating within the organization of the Ottoman Imperial Orchestra , specializing in performances of Fasıl .

neg: Ankara'dan Abim Geldi `` Ankaradan Abim Geldi '' is a Turkish popular song . </small>

neg: Etimesgut Belediyespor Etimesgut Belediyespor is a football club located in Ankara , Turkey . The team competes in TFF Third League . The club was promoted to the TFF Third League after 2013 -- 14 season .

neg: Ahmed Touré Ahmed Touré ( born July 17 , 1987 in Burkina Faso ) is a Burkinabé professional footballer , who currently plays for Egyptian Premier League outfit El Gouna as a striker . He also holds Ivorian nationality .

neg: Etiler Etiler is a neighbourhood on the European side of Istanbul , Turkey , in the district of Beşiktaş , close to the business quarters of Levent and Maslak .   Etiler is famous for its upmarket cafés , pubs , night clubs , restaurants , gyms , coiffeurs , fashion shops and shopping malls , such as Akmerkez . It is a favourite area among Istanbul 's elite . The quarter also has many villas and private residences .   The name Etiler is an older name in Turkish for the Hittites , as it was fashionable in the early years of the Turkish Republic to give the names of ancient Anatolian civilizations to the new districts of Istanbul . A similar example is the neighbouring quarter of Akatlar , which means Akkads , another ancient civilization from the history of Anatolia .

neg: Arçelik Arçelik A.Ş . is a household appliances manufacturer from Turkey . The Company engages in the production and marketing of durable goods , components , consumer electronics and after-sale services . Its products include white goods , electronic products , small home appliances and kitchen accessories , such as refrigerators , freezers , washing machines , dishwashers , aspirators , vacuum cleaners , coffee makers and blenders .   Arçelik A.Ş . is active in more than 100 countries including China and the United States through its 13 international subsidiaries and over 4,500 branches in Turkey . The Company operates 15 production plants in Turkey , Romania , Russia , China , South Africa and Thailand including refrigerator , washing machine , dishwasher , cooking appliances and components plants . It offers products under its own Eleven brand names , including Arçelik , Beko , Grundig , Dawlance , Altus , Blomberg , Arctic , Defy , Leisure , Arstil , Elektra Bregenz and Flavel .   The company is controlled by Koç Holding , Turkey 's largest industrial and services group with USD43 billion in consolidated revenues in 2008 , and is the market leader in Turkey 's appliance sector with its Arçelik and Beko brands . It is also the fourth largest household appliances company in Europe after Bosch & Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH , Electrolux and Indesit . Its top executives are Aka Gündüz Özdemir , Durable Goods President of the Koç Group , and General Manager Levent Çakıroğlu . Arçelik has been ranked `` Number One in the Private Sector '' for the 14th time in 19 years in `` Turkey 's Top 500 Industrial Corporations '' survey that was carried out by the Istanbul Chamber of Industry .

neg: Kamel al-Khola'ie Muhammad Kamel al - ( Arabic : كامل الخلعي )   Distinguished Egyptian musician in the early 20th century has had a great interest in Arab music and its development , following the impact of the Turkish music .   Kamel al - born in 1881 in the town of Kom Alshqafa Alexandria Governorate . Where he spent the first years of a boy 's life , join his father , `` Mohammed Suleiman Alkhalai '' to Cairo .   Al - forced to work in the writing of shop signs in Mohamed Ali Street , during his stay he and dealt with the many fingers of prominent Musician in that period , which led him to learn to play musical instruments .   Al - met Sheikh Bakri Mohammed Tawfiq , who loves art ; he presented him to his friends who came to his palace in Khorenfish   Then happens to come from Damascus to Egypt , `` Ahmed Abo khalil Qabani , '' he admire  Alkhalai talent , in music , and composing , and took him with him to Syria , and there he tour between the various Syrian cities , and visited Baghdad and Istanbul , Tunisia , and studied Andalusian aroused , but at the same time was very adhere to the oriental music heritage .   Al - contacted Sheikh Salama Hijazi joined the first contingent of a musical theater , and the development of a lot of music to write his plays . In 1917 , Al-e recomposed the most successful international musicals performed by Mounira El Mahdeya troupe , such as `` Carmen '' and `` Tayees '' .   Al - wrote articles in literature , music , books and the development of a musical in history , was schooled at the hands of many top composers , including Mohamed El Qasabgi .   When he died in 1931 , al - funeral procession came out of his home which was located in a small lane off Mohamed Ali Street .

neg: Baladi Baladi ( بلدي ; relative-adjective `` of town '' , `` local '' , `` rural '' , comparable to English `` folk '' , with a lower-class connotation ) can refer to an Egyptian musical style , the folk style of Egyptian bellydance ( Raqs Baladi ) , or the Masmoudi Sogheir rhythm , which is frequently used in baladi music . It is also sometimes spelled in English as ` beledi ' or ` baladee ' .   In Egyptian Arabic , the word baladi does not only apply to music and dance , and can also apply to many other things that are considered native , rural , rustic or traditional , for example ` baladi bread ' or ` Baladee bread '' . It is also applied to kinds of food and mostly to fruits and vegetables .

neg: Emre Aracı Emre Aracı , ( born 22 December 1968 in Ankara ) , Turkish music historian , conductor , composer .

neg: Adel Bougueroua Adel Bougueroua ( born 14 June 1987 ) is an Algerian footballer who plays for CR Belouizdad as a forward .