query: Chris Froome has competed in the Tour de France.

pos: Chris Froome Christopher Clive Froome , ( born 20 May 1985 ) is a British professional road racing cyclist for UCI ProTeam , who competed for Kenya until 2008 . A three-time winner of the Tour de France , and three-time runner-up in the Vuelta a España , he is seen as one of the most successful stage-racing riders of the recent era . Froome , who was brought up in Kenya and South Africa , has ridden under a British licence since 2008 on the basis that both his parents are British .   In 2007 , at the age of 22 , Froome turned professional with Team Konica Minolta . He moved to Europe to further his career , joining team . In 2010 , he moved to and has become one of the team 's key cyclists . Froome made his breakthrough as a Grand Tour contender during the 2011 Vuelta a España where he finished second overall .   At the 2012 Tour de France , riding as a super-domestique for Bradley Wiggins , Froome won stage seven and finished second overall , behind only Wiggins in the same race as the best British performance in the race 's history . In the same year , he also won the bronze medal in the time trial event at the Olympic Games and finished fourth in the Vuelta a España . His first multi-stage race win came in 2013 , in the Tour of Oman , followed by wins in the Critérium International , the Tour de Romandie , the Critérium du Dauphiné , and the Tour de France .   As a defending champion , he began 2014 by again winning the Tour of Oman , followed by a repeat victory in the Tour de Romandie . After retiring from the 2014 Tour de France , he came back to place second in the Vuelta a España . In 2015 , he won his second Critérium du Dauphiné and his second Tour de France . In 2016 , he won a third Tour title , and became the first man since Miguel Indurain in 1995 to defend his title .

neg: 1957 Tour de France The 1957 Tour de France was the 44th edition of the Tour de France , taking place from 27 June to 20 July . It was composed of 22 stages over 4669 km .   The 1957 Tour was the first win for Jacques Anquetil , who won the Tour five times over his career .   The French national team was very successful in the 1957 Tour de France ; not only did they provide the winning cyclist , they also won the team classification , and almost every daily team classification . They lost only one cyclist ( last year 's winner Roger Walkowiak ) , and had the stage winner 12 times . They had Forestier winning the points classification , and Bergaud second in the mountains classification . Only once they did not have the yellow jersey for the leader in the general classification , when Barone took it after the seventh stage .

neg: 2006 Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré The 58th edition of the Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré took place from June 4 to June 11 , 2006 . It consisted of a Prologue and seven stages covering a total of 1098 km , starting in Annecy and finishing in Grenoble .   American Levi Leipheimer of Team Gerolsteiner captured the overall title and the maillot jaune et bleu ahead of France 's Christophe Moreau and Germany 's Bernhard Kohl . Christophe Moreau ( AG2R Prévoyance ) secured the King of the Mountains competition and the combined classification ( winner of the maillot bleu ) . The points classification for sprinters went to Spaniard Francisco Mancebo . French team AG2R Prévoyance captured the team title . After admitting that he has been doping from 1999 to 2007 , Levi Leipheimer lost all his results , and the winner changed to Christophe Moreau , who too won King of the Mountains .   The 2006 edition featured a feast of climbing , and is considered the ideal race for the Tour de France contenders to hone their form . After eight challenging stages , it finished on June 11 - just under three weeks before the start of ` La Grande Boucle ' .

neg: French National Road Race Championships The French National Road Race Championship is a cycling race where the French cyclists decide who will become the champion for the year to come . The event was established in 1899 , a professional championship was established in 1907 and the women 's championship was established in 1951 . Several additional categories were added later . The record for victories is by one of the best female cyclists , Jeannie Longo , who has so far managed to win 20 road championships .   The winners of each event are awarded with a symbolic cycling jersey which is blue , white and red , just like the national flag , these colours can be worn by the rider at other road racing events in the country to show their status as national champion . The champion 's stripes can be combined into a sponsored rider 's team kit design for this purpose .

neg: Cédric Vasseur Cédric Vasseur ( born August 18 , 1970 in Hazebrouck , Nord ) is a French former professional road racing cyclist . He was born in Hazebrouck , France , and currently resides in Lille with his wife and young son . From 2001 until 2005 , he was part of the French professional cycling team Cofidis , often as the captain on the road , and then moved to the Belgian team Quick Step-Innergetic .   Vasseur turned professional with the team Novemail in 1995 , and switched to the GAN team in 1996 which then became Crédit Agricole in 1997 . His first professional victory is also his most famous : it was his solo 147-kilometre breakaway by which he won stage 5 of the 1997 Tour de France . He then wore the yellow jersey as the race leader for five days .   In the 2000 and 2001 seasons , he rode for the U.S. Postal team and participated in the 2000 Tour de France . However , his exclusion from the 2001 Tour de France team led to his switch to the Cofidis team . He cited personal differences with the USPS team star Lance Armstrong , which was widely quoted in French cycling publications . In the wake of the publication of the USADA memo that proves Lance Armstrong doping practices , he explained that he was excluded because of his refusal to participate in Armstrong 's doping program . ( `` Inutile de rappeler que je n'ai rien à voir dans cette organisation à qui je dois fort probablement ma non-participation au Tour 2001 ainsi que mon éviction de l'équipe . '' )   In 2004 , Vasseur was arrested in suspicion of doping offences along with several other Cofidis riders , notably including then individual time trial champion David Millar . A counter-analysis later proved negative and Vasseur 's name was then cleared . Vasseur also claimed some of the evidence in his witness statement had been forged . However , Vasseur was barred from riding in the 2004 Tour de France since the investigation had not concluded by the time that the race had started .   Vasseur came from a family of cyclists : his father Alain Vasseur competed in the 1970 , 71 and 74 editions of the Tour de France . His father also won a stage of the Tour de France after a solo breakaway .   Vasseur is considered an all-rounder who can do well in a variety of races . He has raced through all of the spring classics such as Tour of Flanders and Paris -- Roubaix , and has won a stage of the Dauphiné Libéré stage race .

neg: Tour de France à la voile Tour de France à la voile is an annual yachting race around the coast of France . Inaugurated in 1978 , it links the English Channel to the French Riviera and is held in July .   Famous skippers have taken part in the race , including Loïck Peyron and the four time America 's Cup winner Russell Coutts . The race is , however , not reserved for professionals , and it also attracts amateurs and students thanks to three distinct rankings .   The race visits around ten harbours along the French coast . It includes one or two day coastal stages - that vary from year to year - as well as intensive regattas at the various ports . The boats are transported by road ( trucks ) midway through the race from stages held in the Atlantic Ocean to those in the Mediterranean Sea .

neg: 2013 UCI Europe Tour The 2013 UCI Europe Tour was the ninth season of the UCI Europe Tour . The 2013 season began on 27 January 2013 with the Grand Prix Cycliste la Marseillaise and ended on 20 October 2013 with the Chrono des Nations .   The points leader , based on the cumulative results of previous races , wears the UCI Europe Tour cycling jersey . John Degenkolb of Germany was the defending champion of the 2012 UCI Europe Tour . Riccardo Zoidl of Austria was crowned as the 2013 UCI Europe Tour .   Throughout the season , points are awarded to the top finishers of stages within stage races and the final general classification standings of each of the stages races and one-day events . The quality and complexity of a race also determines how many points are awarded to the top finishers , the higher the UCI rating of a race , the more points are awarded .   The UCI ratings from highest to lowest are as follows :  Multi-day events : 2 . HC , 2.1 and 2.2  One-day events : 1 . HC , 1.1 and 1.2

neg: 2011 Liquigas–Cannondale season The 2011 season for began in January with the Tour de San Luis and ended in October at the Japan Cup . As a UCI ProTeam , they were automatically invited and obligated to send a squad to every event in the UCI World Tour .   The team had 30 victories in 2011 , second-most among top teams behind only . The team 's most prolific winners were Peter Sagan and Elia Viviani , who accounted for 22 of them . The team failed to relive their great successes of 2010 in the Grand Tours -- Ivan Basso , though the reigning Giro d'Italia champion , declined to defend that crown and focused instead on the Tour de France . Vincenzo Nibali was instead the leader for the Giro , and again for the Vuelta a España , where he did return to defend his championship . The team took two stage wins each in the Giro and Vuelta , but did not mount a serious threat for the overall crown in any of the three . Elsewhere , the team 's principal successes were in single-day races , especially those in their home country Italy , winning seven such races .

neg: List of teams and cyclists in the 1991 Tour de France The 1991 Tour de France started with 198 cyclists , divided into 22 teams of 9 cyclists . Sixteen teams qualified by being ranked in the top 16 of the FICP ranking for teams in May 1991 :   After the 1991 Giro d'Italia and the Dauphiné Libéré , the Tour organisation gave six additional wildcards :   Greg LeMond , the winner of the last two editions , was still considered a favourite going into the race , although not by the French media , as his early season had been unsuccessful .

neg: 1973 Tour de France The 1973 Tour de France was the 60th edition of the Tour de France , one of cycling 's Grand Tours . It took place between 30 June and 22 July , with 20 stages covering a distance of 4090 km . Eddy Merckx , winner of the previous four editions , did not start the 1973 Tour , partly to avoid angry French fans and partly to please his sponsor ; instead he rode and won the 1973 Vuelta a España and the 1973 Giro d'Italia . In his absence , Luis Ocaña dominated the race , winning with a margin of more than 15 minutes .   In 1973 , a new team classification was added : the team points classification , calculated by adding the three best stage rankings per team ; it would be calculated until 1988 .

neg: 1992 Tour of Flanders The 76th running of the Tour of Flanders cycling classic was held on Sunday , 5 April 1992 . French rider Jacky Durand gained an upset victory . For the first time in the Tour of Flanders ' history , a rider from the early breakaway stayed ahead until the finish . The race was the second leg of the UCI Road World Cup . 123 of 186 riders finished .

neg: Greg LeMond Gregory James `` Greg '' LeMond ( born June 26 , 1961 ) is an American former professional road racing cyclist who won the Road Race World Championship twice ( 1983 and 1989 ) and the Tour de France three times ( 1986 , 1989 and 1990 ) . He is also an entrepreneur and anti-doping advocate . LeMond was born in Lakewood , California , and raised in ranch country on the eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada mountain range , near Reno . He is married and has three children with his wife Kathy , with whom he supports a variety of charitable causes and organizations .   In 1986 , LeMond became the first non-European professional cyclist to win the Tour de France , and he remains the only American cyclist to have won the Tour . LeMond was accidentally shot with multiple pellets while hunting in 1987 and missed the next two Tours . He returned to the 1989 Tour , completing an improbable comeback by winning in dramatic fashion on the race 's final stage . He successfully defended his title the following year , claiming his third and final Tour victory in 1990 , which made LeMond one of only seven riders who have won three or more Tours . He retired from competition in December 1994 . He was inducted into the United States Bicycling Hall of Fame in 1996 .   LeMond was the first American to win the elite Road World Championship , the first professional cyclist to sign a million-dollar contract , and the first cyclist to appear on the cover of Sports Illustrated when the magazine named him as its Sportsman of the Year in 1989 . During his career , LeMond championed several technological advancements in pro cycling , including the introduction of aerodynamic `` triathlon '' handlebars and carbon fiber bicycle frames , which he later marketed through his company LeMond Bicycles . His other business interests have included restaurants , real estate , and consumer fitness equipment .   LeMond is a vocal opponent of performance-enhancing drug use , and at times his commercial ventures have suffered for his anti-doping stance -- as in 2001 , when he first accused Lance Armstrong of doping and sparked a conflict that led eventually to the dissolution of his Lemond Bikes brand in 2008 , which was licensed by Armstrong 's primary sponsor Trek Bicycles . As the lone American winner of cycling 's most prestigious race , LeMond has not enjoyed the public stature that might be expected of such a figure , but he continues to campaign publicly against doping and ineffective leadership by the UCI , the International Federation for Cycling . In December 2012 , LeMond even articulated a willingness to replace the UCI president on an interim basis if called to do so . In December 2013 , the LeMond brand was revived , manufactured in partnership with TIME Sport International .

neg: 2016 Tour of Qatar The 2016 Tour of Qatar was a road cycling stage race that took place in Qatar between 8 and 12 February 2016 . It was organised by the Amaury Sport Organisation ( ASO ) , the organisers of the Tour de France and was rated as a 2 . HC event as part of the 2016 UCI Asia Tour . It was the 15th edition of the Tour of Qatar   The race consisted of five stages . It began in Dukhan and ended in Doha . The Tour of Qatar puts unusual demands on riders : it has no significant climbs , but almost every stage is affected by strong crosswinds . These conditions make the race ideal preparation for the spring classics season , so many prominent classics riders were present . The champion of the 2015 Tour of Qatar was Niki Terpstra , but his team was not invited to the event for disciplinary reasons .   The race was won by Mark Cavendish . This was his second victory , following the 2013 edition . He won Stage 1 and finished second on the second and fifth stages . Alexander Kristoff won three other stages , with Edvald Boasson Hagen winning the time trial but losing time to a puncture on the fourth stage .

neg: List of teams and cyclists in the 1981 Tour de France For the 1981 Tour de France , in late 1980 , there were plans to make the tour `` open '' , which meant that amateur teams would also be allowed to join . This would make it possible for teams from Eastern Europe to join . The plan did not materialize , so only professional teams were invited .  In January 1981 , the organisation decided that there would be 15 teams with 10 cyclists , or 16 teams with 9 cyclists each . At that point , 16 teams had already submitted a request to join , and the organisation was in discussion with four additional Italian teams , and the American national team .   In the end , the American team did not apply , and the Italian teams decided to focus on the 1981 Giro d'Italia . The organisation selected 15 teams , who each selected 10 cyclists , for a total of 150 participants . The teams were :   Bernard Hinault , the winner of the 1978 and 1979 Tour de France and reigning world champion , was the main favourite . His knee problems , that caused him to leave the 1980 Tour de France , were solved , and he was in form : Hinault had won important races in the spring , and he had skipped the 1981 Giro d'Italia to focus on the Tour .  His main rivals were 1980 Tour de France winner Joop Zoetemelk , 1976 Tour de France winner Lucien Van Impe and Joaquim Agostinho , although they had never been able to beat Hinault when he was in form .   Freddy Maertens , the winner of the points classification in the Tour de France in 1976 and 1978 , had won only three minor races in 1979 and 1980 , but in 1981 he was selected again for the Tour .

neg: Australian cyclists at the Tour de France Australian cyclists have ridden in the Tour de France since 1914 . In the 1980s , Phil Anderson became the first Australian cyclist to win a stage and wear the yellow jersey . Cadel Evans has been the only Australian cyclist to win the yellow jersey by winning the 2011 Tour de France .

neg: Randonneuring Randonneuring ( also known as Audax in the UK , Australia and Brazil ) is a long-distance cycling sport with its origins in audax cycling . In randonneuring , riders attempt courses of 200 km or more , passing through predetermined `` controls '' ( checkpoints ) every few tens of kilometres . Riders aim to complete the course within specified time limits , and receive equal recognition regardless of their finishing order . Riders may travel in groups or alone as they wish , and are expected to be self-sufficient between controls . A randonneuring event is called a randonnée or brevet , and a rider who has completed a 200 km event is called a randonneur .   The international governing body for randonneuring is Audax Club Parisien ( ACP ) , which works with other randonneuring organisations worldwide through Les Randonneurs Mondiaux ( RM ) . Randonneuring is popular in France , and has a following in the Netherlands , Belgium , United Kingdom , Italy , Australia , United States , Canada , Brazil and India .

neg: 2012 Tour de France, Stage 11 to Stage 20 Stage 11 of the 2012 Tour de France was contested on 12 July and the race concluded with Stage 20 on 22 July . The second half of the race was situated entirely within France ; starting with a mountain stage from Albertville to La Toussuire-Les Sybelles -- incorporating two hors catégorie climbs during the stage -- before the customary race-concluding stage finish on the Champs-Élysées in Paris .   Following his victory in the ninth stage individual time trial , rider Bradley Wiggins held the lead into the second half of the race . He maintained his race lead throughout the second half of the race , holding a lead of 2 minutes and 5 seconds -- transpiring from stage 9 -- until the race 's final individual time trial , held on the penultimate day of the race . Wiggins won the stage by 1 minute and 16 seconds ahead of his team-mate Chris Froome , and Wiggins ultimately held his lead into Paris the following day to win the race overall by 3 minutes and 21 seconds , to become the first rider from Great Britain to win a Grand Tour race . Froome finished second , while the final podium was completed by former Vuelta a España winner Vincenzo Nibali , riding for the team , who was the only other rider to finish within 10 minutes of Wiggins ' final overall time .   Only Wiggins ' team-mate Mark Cavendish was able to win more than one stage during the second half of the race , winning two of the final three stages including a fourth consecutive final stage victory in Paris . This victory allowed him to become the most prolific sprinter at the Tour de France with 23 stage victories , surpassing the record of 22 which had been held for 48 years by France 's André Darrigade . Three French riders -- Pierre Rolland , Pierrick Fédrigo and Thomas Voeckler -- each took a stage victory during the second half of the race , with Voeckler 's victory in the queen stage helping in part for him to become the eventual winner of the mountains classification . Other stage victories were taken by David Millar , André Greipel , Luis León Sánchez and Alejandro Valverde .   During the fourteenth stage of the race , Wiggins neutralised the peloton on the descent from the Mur de Péguère climb , after carpet tacks were found to be responsible for around thirty punctures on the climb itself . Among those delayed was the defending champion Cadel Evans , who suffered three punctures on the climb and had lost around two minutes before Wiggins called a truce in the main field , allowing the breakaway to finish the stage over eighteen minutes clear of the pack . Following the raid of the team hotel during the first rest day , the second rest day was marked by a positive drugs test by rider Fränk Schleck , the third-placed rider from the 2011 race . Schleck quit the race after traces of xipamide , a banned sulfonamide diuretic drug , were found in the A-sample of his urine , and was later confirmed by the B-sample .

neg: 2012 Critérium du Dauphiné The 2012 Critérium du Dauphiné was the sixty-fourth running of the Critérium du Dauphiné cycling stage race ; a race rated as a World Tour event on the UCI calendar , the highest classification such an event can have . The race consisted of eight stages , beginning with a prologue in Grenoble on 3 June , and concluded in Châtel on 10 June . The race was organised by the Amaury Sport Organisation , the same group that organises the Tour de France . It was viewed as a great preparation for July 's Tour de France , hence why a majority of the contenders for the general classification of the major tour participated in the Dauphiné . It featured mountainous stages as well as an individual time trial quite similar in length to those that awaited the riders in the Tour .   The race was won for the second successive year by rider Bradley Wiggins , who claimed the leader 's yellow and blue jersey after the first stage , extending his race-leading advantage after winning the fourth stage individual time trial , and ultimately maintained that advantage . Wiggins became only the third rider to win the Dauphiné and Paris -- Nice -- a race that Wiggins had won in March -- in the same year after Jacques Anquetil ( 1963 and 1965 ) and Eddy Merckx ( 1971 ) had previously done so .   Wiggins ' winning margin over his team-mate and runner-up Michael Rogers was one minute and seventeen seconds , and 's Cadel Evans completed the podium , nine seconds down on Rogers . In the race 's other classifications , rider Cayetano Sarmiento won the King of the Mountains classification , Evans won the green jersey for the points classification , 's Wilco Kelderman won the young rider classification , with finishing at the head of the teams classification by over thirteen minutes , after placing four riders inside the final overall top ten placings .

neg: 2015 Vuelta a España The 2015 Vuelta a España was a three-week Grand Tour cycling race . The race was the 70th edition of the Vuelta a España and took place principally in Spain , although two stages took place partly or wholly in Andorra , and was the 22nd race in the 2015 UCI World Tour . The 3358.1 km race included 21 stages , beginning in Marbella on 22 August 2015 and finishing in Madrid on 13 September . It was won by Fabio Aru ( Astana Pro Team ) , with Joaquim Rodríguez second and Rafał Majka third .   The early leaders of the race were Esteban Chaves and Tom Dumoulin , who exchanged the leader 's red jersey several times during the first ten days of racing , with both riders winning summit finishes in the first week . Aru took over the race lead following the mountainous Stage 11 , which took place entirely within Andorra . He kept his lead for five stages as the race entered the mountains of northern Spain , but lost it to Rodríguez on Stage 16 . Dumoulin took the lead back on Stage 17 -- the race 's only individual time trial -- with Aru three seconds behind in second place . Aru attacked throughout the final stages and , on the penultimate day , finally dropped Dumoulin , who fell to sixth place overall . Aru therefore took the first Grand Tour victory of his career .   The points classification was decided during the final stage and was won by Alejandro Valverde , while Rodriguez won the combination classification . The mountains classification was won by Omar Fraile . Dumoulin won the combativity award , while Movistar won the team prize .

neg: 1985 Tour de France The 1985 Tour de France was the 72nd Tour de France , taking place between 28 June and 21 July , over 4109 km in 22 stages and a prologue .   Bernard Hinault would attempt to equal the records of Jacques Anquetil and Eddy Merckx who had each won the Tour de France five times . Hinault was unable to compete due to tendinitis in 1983 . In 1984 Hinault had finished second to Laurent Fignon , and was threatened by Greg LeMond who ended in third position on the final podium . In order to ensure the best support , Hinault 's La Vie Claire team recruited LeMond for the 1985 tour . In return for his support , Hinault promised on television that he would support LeMond the following year in the 1986 Tour de France .   Despite crashing on a fast descent and riding with black eyes due to his injuries , Hinault won and publicly again stated his promise to help LeMond the following year .

neg: UCI Track Cycling World Championships – Men's 1 km time trial The UCI Track Cycling World Championships -- Men 's 1 km Time Trial is the world championship track cycling time trial event for men , held annually at the UCI Track Cycling World Championships . Arnaud Tournant of France , Chris Hoy of Great Britain and Stefan Nimke of Germany share the record of most wins with four each .   The event was also held at the Summer Olympics from 1928 . However , after it was removed from the 2008 Summer Olympics cycling programme , some cyclists , such as Hoy , decided to concentrate on other events instead .   The event was first held at the world championships in 1966 so the results below are incomplete .


query: On September 24, 2009, Susan Atkins perished.

pos: Susan Atkins Susan Denise Atkins ( May 7 , 1948 September 24 , 2009 ) was a convicted American murderer who was a member of Charles Manson 's `` Family '' . Manson and his followers committed a series of nine murders at four locations in California , over a period of five weeks in the summer of 1969 . Known within the Manson family as Sadie Mae Glutz or Sexy Sadie , Atkins was convicted for her participation in eight of these killings , including the most notorious , the `` Tate/LaBianca '' murders . She was sentenced to death , which was subsequently commuted to life in prison . Atkins was incarcerated from October 1 , 1969 , until her death -- a period exactly one week short of 40 years . At the time of her death , Atkins was California 's longest-serving female inmate .

neg: Assist (Scientology) The Scientology Assist is a procedure claimed to alleviate `` a present time -LSB- current -RSB- discomfort '' or bring a person who has recently died back to life .   Assists are claimed to address the spirit , the person themselves , in bringing about a speedier recovery from illness and injury . For this reason it is made very clear that Assists do not `` heal the body '' , it is the spirit that helps heal the body and that is what assists are actually addressing and there are many records where parishioners of the Church have attested to their effectiveness either receiving or administering them .   There are many different types of Assists that anyone can easily and swiftly learn to do at home for aiding recovery of all manner of illnesses , accidents and injuries and even domestic upsets , of any and all age groups including babies and even pets . There are also assists to , Scientologists believe , help make someone sober or recover from the loss of a loved one .   No drugs or medication is used . They are not intended to replace competent professional medical treatment , which is why they are correctly called ASSISTS and not `` medicine '' or `` healing '' . They are thought to assist the ill or injured person themselves to recover more swiftly in the way they were designed and prescribed , as well as in conjunction with competent professional medical treatment where necessary . Assists can and often are administered without any medical treatment necessary , but does not replace it when it is necessary .   Thousands of examples of miraculous results of Assists are claimed .   The Church and its founder have been accused of unauthorized `` healing '' or `` practicing medicine '' ( i.e. addressing the body ) with Assists , when internal publications within the Church on Assist procedure state this is not the case .   In the past , the Church of Scientology has received negative attention from law enforcement and regulatory agencies for practicing medicine without proper licensing . Thus , even though assists are intended to treat pain , injuries , and even death , modern Church of Scientology publications are careful to note that they are not intended to replace medicine , since it often goes against current scientific understanding of the subject and may result in direct conflict with the relevant authorities .   As the Scientology Handbook ( 1994 edition ) states , `` Medical examination and diagnosis should be sought where needed , and where treatment is routinely successful , medical treatment should be obtained . An assist is not a substitute for medical treatment and does not attempt to cure injuries requiring medical aid , but is complementary ( adds ) to it . '' </blockquote>

neg: South Bend train wreck The South Bend Train Wreck ( known also as the Great Mishawaka Train Wreck ) occurred on June 27 , 1859 between Mishawaka and South Bend in Indiana on the Michigan Southern Railroad killing 42 people and injuring 50 more .   The train concerned was the Night Express from Chicago to Toledo carrying about 150 passengers . Just before midnight it was crossing an embankment known as the Springbrook Bridge over a 25 ft deep ravine at a speed of 10 to when the embankment collapsed , plunging the entire train into a torrent of water , drowning many . According to the Chicago Journal `` The engine was literally buried in the opposite side of the ravine in quicksand and mud , and the tender , baggage and express car , and two second class cars , were shattered almost into kindling wood , and piled on top of the engine . The two first class passenger cars followed , and were torn to pieces and carried down the stream , while the sleeping car , although making the leap with the rest was less injured '' . There had been extreme rainfall in the area the previous afternoon and evening and it is thought that the culvert beneath the embankment became blocked causing build-up of water behind the embankment which collapsed as the train was crossing . The westbound train had passed over safely at 8:30 p.m.   One body was found in the St. Joseph River a mile below the creek ; other bodies were discovered buried completely in sand and a week after the accident the death toll was 41 persons , though some sources estimate the death toll as much as 60 or 70 .   The site of the accident is close to the present intersection of Ironwood Road and Lincoln Way West .

neg: Susan Harris Susan Harris ( born October 28 , 1940 ) is an American television comedy writer and producer .   Harris created numerous TV series : Fay , Soap , Loves Me , Loves Me Not , Benson , It Takes Two , The Golden Girls , Empty Nest , Nurses , Good & Evil , The Golden Palace and The Secret Lives of Men .  She also wrote or co-wrote all of the episodes of Soap . Her most successful show was The Golden Girls . Harris married television producer Paul Junger Witt on September 18 , 1983 ; he co-produced all the shows she created . She was married from 1965 to 1969 to actor Berkeley Harris , and is the mother of Sam Harris . The first script Harris sold was Then Came Bronson . She then wrote for Love , American Style , All in the Family , The Partridge Family and the TV adaptation of Neil Simon 's Barefoot in the Park . Her abortion episode for the Bea Arthur-starring series Maude in the 1970s won Harris the Humanitas Prize . She would later work with Arthur again in the 1980s when Arthur took one of the lead roles in The Golden Girls .   Harris had the symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome , which affected her ability to participate in the production of The Golden Girls . In an episode of that show titled `` Sick and Tired '' ( 1989 ) , Harris wrote some of her struggles into the storyline where Arthur 's character Dorothy was diagnosed with chronic fatigue syndrome . It later turned out Harris had an adrenal issue , but she wrote the episode as `` my revenge script for all the people out there who had a disease like that . ''   Harris formed the production company Witt/Thomas/Harris Productions with Paul Junger Witt and Tony Thomas . She was honored with the Writers ' Guild 's Paddy Chayefsky Award in 2005 and inducted into the Television Academy Hall of Fame in 2011 .

neg: Piedmont Airlines Flight 349 On October 30 , 1959 , Piedmont Airlines Flight 349 , a Douglas DC-3 , crashed on Bucks Elbow Mountain near Crozet , Virginia , killing the crew of three and all but one of its twenty-four passengers . The sole survivor , Ernest P. `` Phil '' Bradley , was seriously injured and lay on the ground near the wreckage , still strapped in his seat . The subsequent investigation determined the cause of the accident to be :   `` A navigational omission which resulted in a lateral course error that was not detected and corrected through precision instrument flying procedures . A contributing factor to the accident may have been pre-occupation of the captain resulting from mental stress . ''

neg: Susan Fernandez Susan Fernandez Magno ( August 3 , 1956 -- July 2 , 2009 ) was a Filipino singer , activist and academic . She was known for her protest music , especially at the height of the authoritarian regime of Ferdinand Marcos .

neg: Susan Perkins Susan Perkins ( born April 28 , 1954 ) , a native of Middletown , Ohio , was Miss America 1978 .   She has been a professional singer , spokesperson and television reporter . Susan walked in the New York Marathon with the Achilles Club ( which serves disabled and senior athletes ) as a guide for an 80-year-old former Marine Colonel .   She is married with two children and lives with her family in Weston , Massachusetts .

neg: Disappearance of Suzy Lamplugh Susanna `` Suzy '' Lamplugh ( -LSB- ˈlæmpluː -RSB- born 3 May 1961 ) was a British estate agent reported missing on 28 July 1986 ( aged 25 ) in Fulham , southwest London , England . She was officially declared dead , presumed murdered , in 1994 . The last clue of her whereabouts was an appointment to show a house in Shorrolds Road to someone she referred to as `` Mr Kipper '' . Following her disappearance , police tested the DNA of 800 unidentified bodies and skeletal remains that matched Lamplugh 's description .   In August 2010 , police began a new search of a field off the B4084 between Pershore and Drakes Broughton . The area is about three miles away from the former Norton Barracks in Worcestershire , which was searched in December 2000 and February 2001 . In December 2000 , police had searched a nearby brickworks , which several witnesses had mentioned in their original statements . The search proved unsuccessful and her remains have not been found .

neg: It's America It 's America is the third studio album by American country music singer Rodney Atkins . It was released on March 31 , 2009 ( see 2009 in country music ) on Curb Records . The album 's first single , its title track , was released on November 24 , 2008 and has become Atkins ' fifth Number One hit on the Billboard country singles charts . It was followed by `` 15 Minutes '' ( a Top 20 hit ) and `` Chasin ' Girls . '' The album was re-issued in mid-2010 with a new single , `` Farmer 's Daughter . ''   The album debuted at No. 15 on Billboard 's album chart selling 34,877 copies .   As of August 2010 , the album has sold 129,820 copies in the US .

neg: Miami cannibal attack On May 26 , 2012 , a naked male assailant named Rudy Eugene attacked and gruesomely maimed homeless man Ronald Poppo underneath a tram bridge crossing the MacArthur Causeway in Miami , Florida , making headlines across the world . During the 18-minute filmed encounter Eugene erroneously and erratically accused Poppo of stealing his Bible , then beat him unconscious , removed Poppo 's pants , and bit and chewed the flesh off most of his face above the beard , including his left eye . This rendered Poppo permanently blind in both eyes and grossly disfigured his face . Due to the incident 's bizarrely grotesque nature and subsequent worldwide media coverage , Eugene came to be dubbed the `` Miami Zombie '' and the `` Causeway Cannibal '' . The attack ended when Eugene was fatally shot by a Miami PD officer after failing to respond to commands instructing him to stop , and reportedly even snarled at police .   Although friends and family interviewed immediately afterward filled in details of Eugene 's life , the reason for the attack remains unclear due to Eugene 's death . Eugene , 31 , was employed at a car wash at the time and was a divorced former high school football player with a series of petty criminal arrests from age 16 until most recently in 2009 . Poppo , 65 , a graduate of Manhattan 's prestigious Stuyvesant High School , was homeless and had long been presumed dead by his estranged family . While police sources speculated that the use of a legal recreational synthetic stimulant party drug such as `` bath salts '' ( which have a notorious reputation for the psychotic effects of the drug on some individuals ) might have been a contributing factor , experts expressed doubt about this hypothesis , since toxicology reports were only able to identify cannabis/marijuana in Eugene 's system , leaving the ultimate cause of his behavior unknown .

neg: Susan Maxman Susan A. Maxman ( born 30 December 1938 ) is an American architect who founded a firm called Susan Maxman Architects in 1985 , which she expanded to Susan Maxman & Partners Ltd in 1995 . Her firm is associated with a large number of projects involving a wide spectrum of architectural services , including design of old and new buildings , restoration and rehabilitation works , master and site planning , feasibility reports , programming , historic preservation , and interior design . She was the first woman elected as president of the American Institute of Architects in 1992 . Her expertise in adoption of the `` principles of sustainable design '' in her projects has received national appreciation , and in 2011 Maxman was nominated by President Barack Obama to the Board of Directors of the National Institute of Building Sciences .

neg: Deaths in January 2009 The following is a list of notable deaths in January 2009 .

neg: Death of Meredith Emerson Meredith Hope Emerson ( June 20 , 1983 -- January 4 , 2008 ) was a 24-year-old woman who was murdered in January 2008 by drifter Gary Michael Hilton . She was last seen alive hiking with her dog on Blood Mountain in northern Georgia on New Year 's Day 2008 . Witnesses claimed to have seen her with an older man on the Spur Trail connecting the Appalachian Trail with the Byron Herbert Reece Parking Lot ( Georgia ) . When she did not return home on January 2 , 2008 , her friends began to search for her , without success . Her dog , Ella , was found on January 4 , 2008 , in Cumming , Georgia , approximately 60 miles away .   At the time of her disappearance , Emerson lived in Buford , Georgia .

neg: SuperFerry 9 SuperFerry 9 was a ferry owned by the Philippines-based carrier Aboitiz Transport System Corp ( ATSC ) and operated by their SuperFerry division . About 9am Sunday September 6 , 2009 , she sank off the south-west coast of Zamboanga Peninsula with a total of 971 passengers and crew aboard .   The ferry was travelling from the southern city of General Santos City to Iloilo City in the central Philippines and capsized on the other side of the peninsular from Zamboanga City .   On Tuesday 8 September 2009 the last missing passenger was reported rescued and more up-to-date figures were provided by disaster response officials . The last survivor , a woman suffering serious injuries , was picked up by a passing fishing vessel shortly after the Superferry 9 sank on Sunday , the Office of Civil Defence in Manila said . On Monday , rescuers also plucked out from the sea another woman who had spent over 24 hours in the Sulu Sea with only her life vest to keep her afloat . `` All 968 passengers and crew of the Superferry have now been accounted for , including nine fatalities '' , the civil defence office said . The civil defence figures were corrected the following night by the ship owners .   As of 6pm Wednesday 9 September 2009 , `` 961 crew members and passengers have been accounted for . Regretfully , there are 10 fatalities . 10 names in the official manifest can not be physically matched but we also have 10 persons rescued and physically accounted for , whose names are not in the manifest '' .

neg: National Missing and Unidentified Persons System National Missing and Unidentified Persons System , abbreviated as NamUs , is a clearing house for missing persons and unidentified decedent records in the United States , a part of the Department of Justice . NamUs also provides free DNA testing and other forensic services , such as anthropology and odontology assistance .   In 2005 , the National Institute of Justice assembled for a national strategy meeting regarding missing persons in the United States ; they called the meeting `` Identifying the Missing Summit . '' Forensic scientists , policymakers , victim advocates and law enforcement officials discussed the challenges and strategies for solving missing person cases and identifying unidentified decedent cases . From there the Deputy Attorney General created a task force , The National Missing Persons Task Force , and encouraged the U.S Department of Justice to find prominent tools that will help solve these cases . NamUs was created , subsequently .   The NamUs database was created in three phases ; in Phase III , released in 2009 , the system became fully searchable and open to the public .   Through NamUs , users will have access to three databases : Unidentified Persons database , Missing Persons database and an UnClaimed Persons database .   In the database users can search by state , date last seen , circumstances , physical/medical characteristics , clothing and accessories , sex , ethnicity , race and more , in order to locate or search for a potential match or personal profile . Each missing person and unidentified person have their own four digit code number . If a potential match is found , users can notify and submit the potential match to case managers , local law enforcement agencies or NamUs regional administrators . If a potential match has been ruled out it will appear on the unidentified person 's profile , under the section `` exclusions . ''   The issue of unidentified remains in the United States has been coined `` the Nation 's Silent Mass Disaster . '' There are approximately 40,000 unidentified human remains that have been buried or cremated before being identified . Furthering the problem of identification , in 2004 , less than half of the nation 's medical examiner 's offices had policies for retaining DNA , x-rays , or fingerprints of unidentified persons . Another issue that has left remains unidentified has been the reporting of missing persons . Those who go missing over the 18 are not required to be reported - reporting them is voluntary . Consequently , there has been a low rate of reported adult cases through NCIC ( the National Crime Information Center ) . Ultimately NamUs is working together with the public and national level databases to incorporate the records of missing persons and meet the challenges of non-reporting .   Currently , there have been 16,080 missing person cases on file through NamUs . , 60.46 % , or 9,723 of them remain open and unsolved . Of the closed cases , 665 , or 10.46 % , have been closed through the aid of the NamUs database .   Furthermore , there have been 10,714 unidentified persons cases on filed through NamUs . , 88.66 % , or 9,500 , remain open and unidentified . Of the closed cases , 285 , or 23.495 , have been closed through the aid of the NamUs database .

neg: Susan Gordon Susan Lynn Gordon ( July 27 , 1949 -- December 11 , 2011 ) was an American child actress who appeared in films and numerous episodes of television programs such as The Twilight Zone , My Three Sons , and The Donna Reed Show .

neg: Susan Johnson (actress) Susan Johnson ( July 6 , 1927 -- February 24 , 2003 ) , also known as Susan Johnson-Kehn , was an American actress and singer . She appeared primarily in musical theatre , but also appeared in films and television .

neg: Speedy Atkins Charles Henry `` Speedy '' Atkins ( 1875 -- 1928 ) was an American tobacco worker in Paducah , Kentucky , who became posthumously notable . A pauper at death , he drowned in the Ohio River . The city turned over his body for a pauper 's burial to his friend A.Z. Hamock , the only African-American undertaker in town . Hamock preserved Atkins ' body in an experiment with preservatives , and occasionally displayed it after his death . Hamock 's wife had custody of the remains for 45 years , during which Atkins ' mummy acquired increasing notoriety . The body of Atkins was finally buried in 1994 , 66 years after he drowned . The event was covered by national media and TV .

neg: Mistaken Identity: Two Families, One Survivor, Unwavering Hope Mistaken Identity : Two Families , One Survivor , Unwavering Hope is a best-selling non-fiction book describing an incident in which the identities of two young female casualties were confused after a vehicle crash . It was published by Howard Books on March 25 , 2008 . The book lists its authors as Don and Susie van Ryn ; Newell , Colleen and Whitney Cerak ; and Mark Tabb ; the former the parents of Laura van Ryn ( the woman believed to have survived the crash but actually deceased ) and the latter the parents of Whitney Cerak , initially declared deceased in the crash but later found to have survived . Mark Tabb is a former pastor whom The New York Times described as `` the go-to guy when a collaborator is needed on books with spiritual themes . ''   Both the identity mix-up and the book 's release received worldwide media attention : was the subject of a two-hour episode of Dateline NBC , a program of The Oprah Winfrey Show , and a segment featured on The Today Show . The book was ranked 1st place for two weeks on the adult non-fiction New York Times Best Seller list in 2008 . The incident prompted the states of Michigan and Indiana to pursue legislation concerning stricter guidelines in the process of identification of bodies by coroners .   On April 26 , 2006 , a Taylor University van carrying nine students and staff members collided with a tractor-trailer being driven by Robert F. Spencer on Interstate 69 in Indiana . Five people riding in the van died at the crash scene : Elizabeth Smith , Laurel Erb , Bradley Larson , and Monica Felver , and a young blonde woman the coroner identified as Whitney Cerak . A similar looking woman who survived but was unable to communicate was identified as Laura van Ryn . For several weeks , the van Ryn family kept a bedside vigil over the patient they believed to be their daughter . However , into five weeks of hospitalization the identity of the surviving woman began to be questioned . She was found to be Whitney Cerak , not Laura van Ryn .   Some physical similarities existed between the two women but the severity of the injuries , which included severe head trauma and the immediate inability to communicate led local government officials to mis-identify the casualties , the hospital to carry through with the unfortunate action and caused both families to respond in a manner appropriate to the situation of each casualty : Cerak was taken care of by the van Ryn family in the belief that she was their daughter . Meanwhile , Laura was interred in a marked grave at a funeral with 1400 people in attendance . Five weeks passed before incidents arose that caused suspicion about identity : she made comments about things and people that were inconsistent with facts pertaining to Laura ; and a university roommate also reported some physical discrepancies . `` Laura '' confirmed that it was ` Whitney Cerak ' that had survived when asked by hospital staff to write down the patient 's name , which was then confirmed by dental records . The tragic mix-up appeared to have been caused by the similarities of appearance of Cerak and van Ryn , and the confusion at the crash scene . Neither family spoke publicly about the incident for nearly two years .   During the Dateline interview , it was noted that the van Ryn family suspected for several days something was amiss with the patient before the concerns were shared with the hospital staff : the van Ryn family noticed the patient 's teeth ; navel piercing ( which van Ryn did not have ) ; the patient called herself Whitney ( not Laura ) when she emerged from the coma ; the patient accused `` her '' parents of being `` false parents '' ; and the patient told `` her '' sister their parent 's names were Newell and Colleen . The van Ryns said that their duplicity in sustaining the misidentification for a month was reinforced by reassurance by the hospital staff of the patient 's identity and the distress of the situation .

neg: 24 Hours in the Past 24 Hours in the Past was a BBC One living history TV series first broadcast in 2015 . Six celebrities were immersed in a recreation of impoverished life in Victorian Britain . Each of the four episodes represented 24 hours living and working in four different occupations .   A key part of the series was its immersive nature . The four episodes were ostensibly filmed in direct sequence , and the participants lived , ate and slept in the often filthy conditions portrayed .   Living history has become a popular theme in recent UK TV series , usually involving Ruth Goodman and regular collaborators in a long-term series , filmed in intermittent episodes with a cast of historians . This series took a different pitch , using a continuous filming technique without the respite of hotels between episodes and cast with `` the randomest collection of participants '' to create an air of surprise at their conditions .

neg: Florence Henderson Florence Agnes Henderson ( February 14 , 1934 -- November 24 , 2016 ) was an American actress and singer with a career spanning six decades . She is best remembered for her starring role as matriarch Carol Brady on the ABC sitcom The Brady Bunch from 1969 to 1974 . Henderson also appeared in film , as well as on stage , and hosted several long-running cooking and variety shows over the years . She appeared as a guest on many scripted and unscripted ( talk and reality show ) television programs and as a panelist on numerous game shows . She was a contestant on Dancing with the Stars in 2010 . Henderson hosted her own talk show , The Florence Henderson Show , and cooking show , Who 's Cooking with Florence Henderson , on Retirement Living TV during the years leading up to her death at age 82 on Thanksgiving Day , 2016 from heart failure .


query: Rock bands include The Beatles.

pos: The Beatles The Beatles were an English rock band formed in Liverpool in 1960 . With members John Lennon , Paul McCartney , George Harrison and Ringo Starr , they became widely regarded as the foremost and most influential act of the rock era . Rooted in skiffle , beat and 1950s rock and roll , the Beatles later experimented with several musical styles , ranging from pop ballads and Indian music to psychedelia and hard rock , often incorporating classical elements and unconventional recording techniques in innovative ways . In 1963 their enormous popularity first emerged as `` Beatlemania '' , and as the group 's music grew in sophistication in subsequent years , led by primary songwriters Lennon and McCartney , they came to be perceived as an embodiment of the ideals shared by the counterculture of the 1960s .   The Beatles built their reputation playing clubs in Liverpool and Hamburg over a three-year period from 1960 , with Stuart Sutcliffe initially serving as bass player . The core of Lennon , McCartney and Harrison went through a succession of drummers , including Pete Best , before asking Starr to join them in 1962 . Manager Brian Epstein moulded them into a professional act , and producer George Martin guided and developed their recordings , greatly expanding their popularity in the United Kingdom after their first hit , `` Love Me Do '' , in late 1962 . They acquired the nickname `` the Fab Four '' as Beatlemania grew in Britain the next year , and by early 1964 became international stars , leading the `` British Invasion '' of the United States pop market . From 1965 onwards , the Beatles produced increasingly innovative recordings , including the albums Rubber Soul ( 1965 ) , Revolver ( 1966 ) , Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( 1967 ) , The Beatles ( commonly known as the White Album , 1968 ) and Abbey Road ( 1969 ) . After their break-up in 1970 , they each enjoyed successful musical careers of varying lengths . McCartney and Starr , the surviving members , remain musically active . Lennon was shot and killed in December 1980 , and Harrison died of lung cancer in November 2001 .   The Beatles are the best-selling band in history , with estimated sales of over 600 million records worldwide . They have had more number-one albums on the British charts and sold more singles in the UK than any other act . According to the RIAA , the Beatles are also the best-selling music artists in the United States , with 178 million certified units . In 2008 , the group topped Billboard magazine 's list of the all-time most successful `` Hot 100 '' artists ; , they hold the record for most number-one hits on the Hot 100 chart with twenty . They have received ten Grammy Awards , an Academy Award for Best Original Song Score and fifteen Ivor Novello Awards . The group was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988 , and all four were inducted individually from 1994 to 2015 . They were also collectively included in Time magazine 's compilation of the twentieth century 's 100 most influential people .

neg: Only a Northern Song `` Only a Northern Song '' is a song by English rock band the Beatles from their 1969 album Yellow Submarine . Written by George Harrison , it was recorded mainly in February 1967 during the sessions for Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band but the Beatles chose not to include it on that album . Instead , it was one of the four new songs that the band provided for the 1968 animated film Yellow Submarine , to meet their contractual obligations to United Artists .   Harrison wrote `` Only a Northern Song '' out of dissatisfaction with his status as a junior songwriter with the Beatles ' publishing company , Northern Songs . The lyrics and music convey his disenchantment at how the company retained the copyright for the songs it published , and at how , following its public listing in 1965 , the major shareholders profited more from his compositions than he did . The recording features Hammond organ , played by Harrison , and an overdubbed montage of assorted sounds including trumpet blasts and spoken voices , anticipating John Lennon 's 1968 sound collage `` Revolution 9 '' . Due to the difficulty in assembling the completed track from two tape sources , `` Only a Northern Song '' remained a rare song from the Beatles ' post-1963 catalogue that was unavailable in true stereo until 1999 . That year , it was remixed for inclusion on the album Yellow Submarine Songtrack .   The song has received a varied response from reviewers ; while Ian MacDonald dismisses the track as a `` self-indulgent dirge '' , the website Ultimate Classic Rock identifies it as one of the Beatles ' best works in the psychedelic rock genre . A version of the song with a different vocal part , and omitting the sound collage overdubs , was issued on the Beatles ' 1996 outtakes compilation Anthology 2 . Gravenhurst and Yonder Mountain String Band are among the artists who have covered `` Only a Northern Song '' .

neg: Blue Jay Way `` Blue Jay Way '' is a song recorded by the English rock band the Beatles . Written by George Harrison , it was released in 1967 on the group 's Magical Mystery Tour EP and album . The song was named after a street in the Hollywood Hills of Los Angeles where Harrison stayed in August 1967 , shortly before visiting the Haight-Ashbury district of San Francisco . The lyrics document Harrison 's wait for music publicist Derek Taylor to find his way to Blue Jay Way through the fog-ridden hills , while Harrison struggled to stay awake after the flight from London to Los Angeles .   As with several of Harrison 's compositions from this period , `` Blue Jay Way '' incorporates aspects of Indian classical music , although the Beatles used only Western instrumentation on the track , including a drone-like Hammond organ part played by Harrison . Created during the group 's psychedelic period , the track makes extensive use of studio techniques such as flanging , Leslie rotary effect , and reversed tape sounds . The song appeared in the Beatles ' 1967 television film Magical Mystery Tour , in a sequence that visually re-creates the sense of haziness and dislocation evident on the recording .   While some reviewers have dismissed the song as monotonous , many others have admired its yearning quality and dark musical mood . The website Consequence of Sound describes `` Blue Jay Way '' as `` a haunted house of a hit , adding an ethereal , creepy mythos to the City of Angels '' . Among its continued links with Los Angeles , the song was one of the first Beatles tracks that cult leader Charles Manson adopted as the foundation for his Helter Skelter theory of an American race-related countercultural revolution . Artists who have covered the song include Bud Shank , Colin Newman , Tracy Bonham , Siouxsie and the Banshees and Greg Hawkes .

neg: Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary On May 14 , 1988 , the Atlantic Records label held its 40th Anniversary Celebration by staging a non-stop concert lasting almost 13 hours at Madison Square Garden , New York . The event was dubbed `` It 's Only Rock And Roll '' .   Only artists who had released material on the Atlantic label in the United States performed , with the artists spanning the 40 years of the company 's existence . Lavern Baker and Ruth Brown were the longest tenured Atlantic acts to perform , while Debbie Gibson was the most recent Atlantic signing to make an appearance at the event .   Some Atlantic signings , who had either officially split up or who had not performed together for a number of years , re-formed especially to perform at the concert . These artists included The Rascals , Iron Butterfly , and the former members of Led Zeppelin . Other notable performers included Yes , Genesis , Crosby , Stills & Nash , Keith Emerson and Carl Palmer ( representing Emerson , Lake & Palmer ) , Foreigner , Paul Rodgers , Bob Geldof , Booker T. Jones , Wilson Pickett , The Coasters , The Spinners , Peabo Bryson , The Blues Brothers ( featuring Dan Aykroyd and Sam Moore ) , Roberta Flack , The Manhattan Transfer , Bee Gees , Ben E. King and Vanilla Fudge .   There had been plans to close the performance with a greatest hits all-star jam , but this idea was shelved . Instead , the former members of Led Zeppelin performed as the last act .   The concert was broadcast live in the US on FM radio and HBO television , commentary for the latter being provided backstage by comedian Robert Townsend . HBO commenced its live broadcast a few hours into the event and interspersed footage of the concert which had been taped earlier by the network . In so doing , some of the artists ' sets were edited or omitted . An edited version aired later that year on ABC hosted by Robert Hays . Several banners heralding the reunion of Led Zeppelin band members were displayed like tapestry by excited fans , but , to their dismay , were taken down before HBO went with their live feed . The Audio was recorded by David Hewitt and Stanley Johnston on the Record Plant Black Truck .   In the United Kingdom the event was broadcast over a period of four weeks by BBC 2 , presented as hour-long episodes . Atlantic Records later released this production on video under the title Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary : It 's Only Rock 'n' Roll . The release intercut concert footage with highlights from earlier performances , as well as older footage from the Atlantic archives .

neg: All for the Beatles `` All for the Beatles '' is a song written and released in 1964 by Harry Nilsson and John Marascalco . It was released as a single with the alternative title `` Stand Up and Holler '' under Nilsson 's pseudonym Foto-Fi Four and was packaged with a synchronized standard 8 mm film of The Beatles first arriving in the United States in 1964 .   The rhythm of `` All for the Beatles '' is similar to that of `` Not Fade Away '' , a Buddy Holly cover by The Rolling Stones , which was also based on Bo Diddley 's song `` Bo Diddley '' . The song , which preempted the later friendship and collaboration of Nilsson with The Beatles , was not a commercial success , but the single became a sought-after collectible . A cover version was later released as `` All for the Beatles ( Stand Up and Holler ) '' by The Originals .

neg: Social effects of rock music The popularity and worldwide scope of rock music resulted in a powerful impact on society . Rock and roll influenced daily life , fashion , attitudes and language in a way few other social developments have equalled . As the original generations of rock and roll fans matured , the music became an accepted and deeply interwoven thread in popular culture . Beginning in the early 1950s , rock songs and acts began to be used in a few television commercials ; within a decade this practice became widespread , and rock music also featured in film and television program soundtracks .

neg: The Beatles' Christmas records The Beatles ' Christmas records were spoken and musical messages from English rock group The Beatles that were posted out on flexi disc at Christmas time to members of their official fan-clubs in the United Kingdom and the United States . One such record was issued each year from 1963 to 1969 and an LP compilation of all seven in 1970 .   Conceived as a means to appease fan-club members whose letters , due to their sheer volume , were not always being answered in a timely manner , the records included the Beatles ' messages of thanks to `` loyal Beatle people '' , along with skits , Christmas carols , and original compositions .   None of the original recordings has ever been subject to general release , though a version of `` Christmas Time ( Is Here Again ) '' , an original composition which appeared in edited form on the 1967 record , eventually gained an official release in 1995 , as part of The Beatles Anthology project .

neg: What Goes On (Beatles song) `` What Goes On '' is a song by the Beatles , featured as the eighth track on their sixth British album Rubber Soul . The song was later released as the B-side of the US single `` Nowhere Man '' , and then as the tenth track on the North America-only album Yesterday and Today . It is the only song by the band credited to Lennon -- McCartney-Starkey .

neg: Beatlemania in the United Kingdom The phenomenon known as Beatlemania originated in the United Kingdom , birthplace of the Beatles , when the band first realised enormous popularity there in 1963 . Returning in 1962 from a highly formative two-year residency in Germany , the Beatles achieved a commercial breakthrough with their second UK single release , `` Please Please Me '' early in 1963 , but gained `` Superstar '' status with the release of `` She Loves You '' later that year . There followed an almost non-stop series of concerts and tours , attended with feverish enthusiasm across the UK , for the whole of the following year . The Beatles ' popularity in the UK came to exceed even that of the notable American artists Tommy Roe , Chris Montez and Roy Orbison , whose UK chart success at the time did not keep them from being overshadowed by the Beatles during their 1963 nationwide tours with the lower-billed band -- an achievement previously unknown for a UK act .   With intense media interest in the Beatles during 1963 , the year was also taken up with TV shows , press interviews and a weekly radio show . Despite these demands the band found time for many sessions in the recording studio , releasing two albums and four singles during the year . 1963 was also the year when Lennon 's son Julian was born .   By the end of 1963 , Beatlemania would begin to spread internationally . The single `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' entered the US charts on 18 January 1964 , selling one-and-a-half million copies in under three weeks , and the following month the Beatles made their first visit to America . The great interest in the Beatles brought about a major change in US attitudes to popular music and marked the start of the phenomenon known as the British Invasion .

neg: Hey Jude `` Hey Jude '' is a song by the English rock band the Beatles , written by Paul McCartney and credited to Lennon -- McCartney . The ballad evolved from `` Hey Jules '' , a song McCartney wrote to comfort John Lennon 's son , Julian , during his parents ' divorce . `` Hey Jude '' begins with a verse-bridge structure incorporating McCartney 's vocal performance and piano accompaniment ; further instrumentation is added as the song progresses . After the fourth verse , the song shifts to a fade-out coda that lasts for more than four minutes .   `` Hey Jude '' was released in August 1968 as the first single from the Beatles ' record label Apple Records . More than seven minutes in length , it was at the time the longest single ever to top the British charts . It also spent nine weeks at number one in the United States , the longest for any Beatles single . `` Hey Jude '' tied the `` all-time '' record , at the time , for the longest run at the top of the US charts . The single has sold approximately eight million copies and is frequently included on professional critics ' lists of the greatest songs of all time . In 2013 , Billboard named it the 10th biggest song of all time .

neg: The Better Beatles The Better Beatles were a short-lived post-punk band formed in Omaha , Nebraska in 1981 . The group consisted of Kurt Magnuson on bass , Dave Nordin on synthesizer , Jean pSmith on vocals , and Jay Rosen on drums and vocals . Their repertoire consisted entirely of cold , minimalist covers of the songs of The Beatles in an irreverent manner comparable to covers performed by The Residents .   Nordin has stated that he considered the Beatles `` an oppressive influence , '' and pSmith has said their goal was to `` -LSB- strip -RSB- the songs of their sacred status . '' After a handful of shows , they recorded an album 's worth of material in late 1981 . They broke up shortly before their debut single `` Penny Lane '' / `` I 'm Down '' was released on Woodgrain Records , leaving the bulk of their music unreleased .   The single received some play from John Peel in the UK and the band was mentioned in The Village Voice by critic Robert Christgau as a candidate for the Best Name Award in the annual Pazz & Jop Critics Poll . There was some interest from labels , but the members had already moved on , with pSmith and Magnuson having relocated to Seattle . Attention died down and the band was largely forgotten for over two decades . Rosen went on to perform as a guitarist with the Altamont Boys , the backing band for The Legendary Stardust Cowboy . Due to a growing cult interest online , pSmith tracked down Rosen and the two of them compiled the `` Penny Lane '' single and the remaining recorded material into an album , Mercy Beat , which was released in 2007 . The cultural organization Hear Nebraska has described the album as `` some of the definitive Nebraska recordings of the punk-rock era . ''

neg: The Animals The Animals are an English rhythm and blues and rock band , formed in Newcastle upon Tyne in the early 1960s . The band moved to London upon finding fame in 1964 . The Animals were known for their gritty , bluesy sound and deep-voiced frontman Eric Burdon , as exemplified by their signature song and transatlantic No. 1 hit single , `` The House of the Rising Sun '' , as well as by hits such as `` We Got ta Get out of This Place '' , `` It 's My Life '' , `` I 'm Crying '' and `` Do n't Let Me Be Misunderstood '' . The band balanced tough , rock-edged pop singles against rhythm and blues-orientated album material . They were known in the US as part of the British Invasion .   The Animals underwent numerous personnel changes in the mid-1960s and suffered from poor business management . Under the name Eric Burdon and the Animals , the much-changed act moved to California and achieved commercial success as a psychedelic and hard rock band with hits like `` San Franciscan Nights '' , `` When I Was Young '' and `` Sky Pilot '' , before disbanding at the end of the decade . Altogether , the group had ten Top Twenty hits in both the UK Singles Chart and the US Billboard Hot 100 .   The original lineup of Burdon , Alan Price , Chas Chandler , Hilton Valentine and John Steel reunited for a one off benefit concert in their home city of Newcastle in 1968 . They later had brief comebacks in 1975 and 1983 . There have been several partial regroupings of the original era members since then under various names . The Animals were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1994 .

neg: The London Rock and Roll Show The London Rock and Roll Show was a concert held at Wembley Stadium in Wembley Park , London , England , on 5 August 1972 . It is often said to have been the first ever concert held at the stadium , but in fact the band Yes had performed in the Stadium on 13 July 1969 .   From the late 1960s to the early 1970s , many rock and roll performers from the 1950s experienced major career revivals due to a temporary upswing of interest in their form of music . The Revival was marked by a series of major concerts in the United States , and also spread to Europe where events such as the Wembley concert attracted thousands of fans who came out to see the performers behind the music .   The concert included performances by major stars including Bo Diddley , Jerry Lee Lewis , Little Richard , and Bill Haley and His Comets . The concert ended with an extended performance by Chuck Berry , who at the time was enjoying major chart success in Britain and the US with his `` My Ding-a-Ling '' .   Originally billed rock and roll era acts The Platters , The Drifters and The Coasters were unable to perform due to work permit issues . The show was opened instead with sets from British rock and rollers The Houseshakers , Joe Brown , Emile Ford & the Checkmates , Screaming Lord Sutch , Heinz ( with Wilko Johnson on guitar ) and Billy Fury ; as well as songs from Jerry Lee Lewis 's sister Linda Gail Lewis .   Roy Wood 's new band Wizzard , only formed a few weeks previously , also made their live debut at the show .   Garage rockers MC5 were not over-popular with the crowd . Little Richard also got booed when he stopped singing rock and roll and jumped on top of his piano . As did a very new Gary Glitter , with The Glitter Band .   Mick Jagger attended the concert , but did not perform . Future Sex Pistols manager Malcolm McLaren can be seen selling T-shirts from a stall in the film .   The concert was filmed and released in 1973 as The London Rock and Roll Show , directed by Peter Clifton . Although no soundtrack release occurred at the time the film was made , one was finally issued in the early 2000s ( decade ) , followed by several different releases with different combinations of performances .

neg: The Beatles (TV series) The Beatles is an American animated television series featuring representations of the popular English rock band of the same name . It ran from 1965 to 1969 on ABC in the U.S. ( only 1965 to 1967 was first run ; later transmissions were reruns ) . The series debuted on September 25 , 1965 and ended on September 7 , 1969 . A total of 39 episodes were produced . The series was shown on Saturday mornings at 10:30 AM EST until the 1967 third season when it was moved to 12:00 PM EST. . For the fourth season , which consisted of reruns , the series was shown at 9:30 AM EST on Sunday mornings . Each episode has a name of a Beatles song , so the story is based on its lyrics and it is also played at some time in the episode . The original series was rebroadcast in syndication by MTV in 1986 and 1987 and on the Disney Channel beginning in 1989 on Fridays at 5 PM . The series was a historical milestone as the first weekly television series to feature animated versions of real , living people .

neg: The Beatles' 1965 UK tour The Beatles ' 1965 tour of the United Kingdom was a concert tour that took place between 3 and 12 December 1965 , comprising 18 shows at nine venues across England , Scotland and Wales . It coincided with the release of the Beatles ' studio album Rubber Soul and their double A-side single `` Day Tripper '' / `` We Can Work It Out '' , and was the final UK tour undertaken by the band . Weary of Beatlemania , the group conceded to do the tour but refused to also perform a season of Christmas concerts as they had done over the 1963 -- 64 and 1964 -- 65 holiday seasons .

neg: British rock and roll British rock and roll , or sometimes British rock 'n' roll , is a style of popular music based on American rock and roll , which emerged in the late 1950s and was popular until the arrival of beat music in 1962 . It has generally been considered inferior to the American version of the genre , and made little international or lasting impact . However , it was important in establishing British youth and popular music culture and was a key factor in subsequent developments that led to the British Invasion of the mid-1960s . Since the 1960s , some stars of the genre , most notably Cliff Richard , have managed to sustain successful careers and there have been periodic revivals of this form of music .

neg: Stuart Sutcliffe Stuart Fergusson Victor Sutcliffe ( 23 June 1940 -- 10 April 1962 ) was a British painter and musician best known as the original bass guitarist for the Beatles . Sutcliffe left the band to pursue his career as a painter , having previously attended the Liverpool College of Art . Sutcliffe and John Lennon are credited with inventing the name , `` Beetles '' , as they both liked Buddy Holly 's band , the Crickets . The band used this name for a while until Lennon decided to change the name to `` the Beatles '' , from the word beat . As a member of the group when it was a five-piece band , Sutcliffe is one of several people sometimes referred to as the `` Fifth Beatle '' .   When he performed with the Beatles in Hamburg , he met photographer Astrid Kirchherr , to whom he was later engaged . After leaving the Beatles , he enrolled in the Hamburg College of Art , studying under future pop artist Eduardo Paolozzi , who later wrote a report stating that Sutcliffe was one of his best students . Sutcliffe earned other praise for his paintings , which mostly explored a style related to abstract expressionism .   While studying in Germany , Sutcliffe began experiencing severe headaches and acute sensitivity to light . In April 1962 , he collapsed in the middle of an art class after complaining of head pains . German doctors performed various checks , but were unable to determine the exact cause of his headaches . On 10 April 1962 , he was taken to the hospital , but died in the ambulance on the way . The cause of death was later revealed to have been an aneurysm in his brain 's right hemisphere .

neg: We Can Work It Out `` We Can Work It Out '' is a song by the English rock band the Beatles , written by Paul McCartney and John Lennon . It was first issued as a double A-side single with `` Day Tripper '' in December 1965 . The release marked the first time that both tracks on a Beatles single were designated as joint A-sides . The song was recorded during the sessions for the band 's Rubber Soul album .   `` We Can Work It Out '' is a comparatively rare example of a Lennon -- McCartney collaboration from this period in the Beatles ' career , in that it recalls the level of collaboration the two songwriters had shared when writing the group 's hit singles of 1963 . This song , `` A Day in the Life '' , `` Baby , You 're a Rich Man '' and `` I 've Got a Feeling '' , are among the notable exceptions .

neg: 2007 in downloadable songs for the Rock Band series The Rock Band series of music video games supports downloadable songs for the Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 , and Wii versions through the consoles ' respective online services . Users can download songs on a track-by-track basis , with many of the tracks also offered as part of a `` song pack '' or complete album at a discounted rate . These packs are available for the Wii only on Rock Band 3 . Most downloadable songs are playable within every game mode , including the Band World Tour career mode . All downloadable songs released before October 26 , 2010 are cross-compatible between Rock Band , Rock Band 2 and Rock Band 3 , while those after only work with Rock Band 3 . Certain songs deemed `` suitable for all ages '' by Harmonix are also available for use in Lego Rock Band .   The Wii version of Rock Band does not support downloadable content , but Rock Band 2 and Rock Band 3 do , with DLC first made available in January 2009 . Songs from the back catalogue of downloadable content were released for the Wii weekly in an effort by Harmonix to provide Wii players with every previously available song .   Following the release of Rock Band 4 for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One , all previously purchased downloadable content for Rock Band 3 and earlier is forward compatible ( with the exception of any downloadable content purchased for The Beatles : Rock Band ) within the same system family at no additional cost .   32 downloadable Rock Band songs were released in 2007 , 15 of which appeared alongside the launch of Rock Band on November 20 , including song packs for Queens of the Stone Age , Metallica , and The Police .

neg: Elvis Presley's guitars Elvis Presley 's guitars were a major component of the iconic rock and roll image created by Elvis Presley that revolutionized popular culture in the 1950s and 1960s . It is impossible to gauge the impact of that image on millions of young people around the world who were inspired to learn to play guitar after watching Presley in performance , on television , or in films . Although not known for his abilities as a guitarist , Presley had a profound musical influence on some of the most important rock and roll artists to emerge since the 1950s , including Buddy Holly , John Lennon , Paul McCartney , George Harrison , Bob Dylan , and Bruce Springsteen . The extent of Presley 's impact on their lives and music is captured in John Lennon 's famous quote : `` Before Elvis , there was nothing . ''   According to his first lead guitarist , Scotty Moore , Presley was not `` an accomplished musician '' , yet he possessed `` an uncanny and amazing sense of timing and rhythm . '' In the early years of his career , Presley 's rhythm guitar accompaniment played a major role in the sound of his early performances and recordings . Moore noted that as Presley began to learn to move on stage and to work the audience with his physical performance , his guitar became more of a `` prop '' .   Presley was not known to treat his instruments in a gentle manner . His very aggressive strumming style would frequently break strings during his performances . The lack of a microphone on his guitar throughout those years contributed to the development of his `` aggressive style in attempt to be heard '' . As his career progressed , he became even more aggressive toward his instruments , frequently tossing his guitar to Charlie Hodge , who sometimes failed to catch it . The impact of the large belt buckles and jewelry he wore left their marks on most of his instruments .

neg: Eleanor Rigby `` Eleanor Rigby '' is a song by the Beatles , released on the 1966 album Revolver and as a 45 rpm single . It was written primarily by Paul McCartney , and credited to Lennon -- McCartney .   The song continued the transformation of the Beatles from a mainly rock and roll - and pop-oriented act to a more experimental , studio-based band . With a double string quartet arrangement by George Martin and striking lyrics about loneliness , `` Eleanor Rigby '' broke sharply with popular music conventions , both musically and lyrically . Richie Unterberger of Allmusic cites the band 's `` singing about the neglected concerns and fates of the elderly '' on the song as `` just one example of why the Beatles ' appeal reached so far beyond the traditional rock audience '' .