query: David Angell and his wife died on an airplane.

pos: David Angell David Lawrence Angell ( April 10 , 1946September 11 , 2001 ) was an American producer of sitcoms . Angell won multiple Emmy Awards as the creator and executive producer , along with Peter Casey and David Lee , of the comedy series Frasier . Angell and his wife Lynn both died heading home from their vacation in Cape Cod aboard American Airlines Flight 11 . This was the first plane to hit the World Trade Center during the September 11 attacks .

neg: 2013 Soldotna Rediske Air DHC-3 Otter crash On 7 July 2013 , a single-engine de Havilland Canada DHC-3 Otter , operated by air charter company Rediske Air , crashed and burst into flames at Soldotna Airport in Soldotna , Alaska . The sole crewmember and all nine passengers on board were killed .

neg: Air Canada Flight 189 Air Canada Flight 189 was an Air Canada flight from Ottawa to Vancouver via Toronto and Winnipeg . On June 26 , 1978 , it crashed on takeoff in Toronto killing two passengers .   During takeoff at 8:15 a.m. one of the McDonnell Douglas DC-9-32 's tires burst and partially disintegrated , firing chunks of rubber into the landing gear mechanism . This set off an `` unsafe gear '' warning , prompting the pilot to abort the takeoff . The aircraft , however , was already two thirds along the length of runway 23L and travelling at 154 kn . It could not stop before the end of the runway , and plunged off the edge of an embankment still travelling at 60 kn , eventually coming to a rest in the Etobicoke Creek ravine . The plane broke in three pieces , but despite its full load of fuel did not catch fire . The accident was visible from Highway 401 , which runs alongside the south side of the airport .   The plane was destroyed and two passengers were killed : 73-year-old J. Frank Scrase of Victoria died when a rib punctured his heart , and 45-year-old Irwin Theodore Childs of North York died of suffocation when he was wedged beneath the seat in front of him . Both were seated at the site of the forward split in the fuselage . All of the other 105 passengers and crew aboard were injured .   The subsequent investigation found multiple causes of the accident . It recommended greater scrutiny be given to the tires . The pilot , Reginald W. Stewart , delayed four seconds after the warning light came on before he chose to abort the takeoff ; a more immediate decision would have prevented the accident . The investigators also criticized the level of training in emergency braking . The presence of the ravine at the end of the runway was also questioned , but nothing was done . This failure to expand the airport 's overshoot zone was raised when Air France Flight 358 plunged into the same ravine 27 years later .   Although it is customary for airlines to retire a flight number after a major incident , Air Canada continues to use Flight 189 for its Ottawa-Vancouver route and it uses a Airbus A320 aircraft instead of a DC-9 . However , the flight no longer has stopovers in Toronto and Winnipeg .

neg: Hughes Airwest Flight 706 Hughes Airwest Flight 706 was a regularly scheduled flight operated by Hughes Airwest , from Los Angeles , California , to Seattle , Washington , with several intermediate stops . On Sunday , June 6 , 1971 , the Douglas DC-9-31 serving the flight collided in mid-air with a United States Marine Corps McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II over southern California .   Flight 706 had departed Los Angeles just after 6 pm , en route to Seattle , with scheduled stopovers in Salt Lake City , Utah ; Boise , Idaho ; Lewiston , Idaho ; Pasco , Washington and Yakima , Washington . The F-4B Phantom was arriving at Marine Corps Air Station El Toro near Irvine from Naval Air Station Fallon in Nevada . The F-4 pilot and all 49 passengers and crew aboard the civilian airliner died in the collision over the San Gabriel Mountains , near Duarte . Only the radar intercept officer of the F-4B survived . The crash of RW 706 prompted the US Armed Forces to agree to both reduce the number of military aircraft operating under visual flight rules in civilian air corridors , and to require military aircraft to contact civilian air traffic controllers .

neg: El Al El Al Israel Airlines Ltd. ( TASE : ELAL ) , trading as El Al ( אל על , `` To the Skies '' or `` Skywards '' , إل-عال ) , is the flag carrier of Israel . Since its inaugural flight from Geneva to Tel Aviv in September 1948 , the airline has grown to serve over 50 destinations , operating scheduled domestic and international services and cargo flights within Israel and to Europe , Middle East , Americas , Africa and the Far East from its main base in Ben Gurion Airport .   El Al in principle offers only kosher in-flight meals and does not fly passengers on the Jewish Sabbath or religious holidays . El Al is the only commercial airline to equip its planes with missile defense systems , and is considered one of the world 's most secure airlines , thanks to its stringent security procedures , both on the ground and on board its aircraft . Although it has been the target of many attempted hijackings and terror attacks , only one El Al flight has ever been hijacked . As Israel 's national airline , El Al has played an important role in humanitarian rescue efforts , airlifting Jews from other countries to Israel , setting the world record for the most passengers on a commercial aircraft ( single plane record of 1,122 passengers ) by Operation Solomon when 14,500 Jewish refugees were transported from Ethiopia in 1991 .   In 2012 , El Al operated an all-Boeing fleet of 38 aircraft , flying over 4 million passengers , and employed a staff of 6,056 globally . The company 's revenues for 2011 grew to $ 2.4 billion , totalling losses of $ 49.4 million compared to a profit of $ 57 million in 2010 .

neg: 2001 Japan Airlines mid-air incident On January 31 , 2001 , Japan Airlines Flight 907 , a Boeing 747-400 en route from Haneda Airport , Japan , to Naha Airport , Okinawa , narrowly avoided a mid-air collision with Flight 958 , a McDonnell Douglas DC-10-40 en route from Gimhae International Airport , South Korea , to Narita International Airport , Japan . The event became known in Japan as the .   The incident was attributed to errors made by air traffic controller trainee and trainee supervisor . The incident caused Japanese authorities to call upon the International Civil Aviation Organization ( ICAO ) to take measures to prevent similar incidents from occurring . Had the collision occurred , given the 677 people on board both aircraft combined , this could have potentially been the deadliest aviation accident in the world , surpassing the Tenerife airport disaster , which killed 583 people .

neg: Eastern Air Lines Flight 663 Eastern Air Lines Flight 663 was a scheduled domestic passenger flight from Boston , Massachusetts , to Atlanta , Georgia , with scheduled stopovers at John F. Kennedy International Airport , New York ; Richmond , Virginia ; Charlotte , North Carolina ; and Greenville , South Carolina . On the night of February 8 , 1965 , the aircraft serving the flight , a Douglas DC-7 , crashed near Jones Beach State Park , New York , just after taking off from JFK Airport . All 79 passengers and five crew aboard perished .   National Transportation Safety Board ( NTSB ) and Civil Aeronautics Board ( CAB ) investigations determined that evasive maneuvers undertaken by Flight 663 to avoid an oncoming Pan Am Boeing 707 caused the pilot to suffer spatial disorientation and lose control of the aircraft . The accident is the third-worst accident involving a DC-7 .

neg: Boeing 707 The Boeing 707 is a mid-sized , long-range , narrow-body , four-engine jet airliner built by Boeing Commercial Airplanes from 1958 to 1979 . Its name is commonly pronounced as `` seven oh seven '' . Versions of the aircraft have a capacity from 140 to 219 passengers and a range of 2500 to .   Developed as Boeing 's first jet airliner , the 707 is a swept-wing design with podded engines . Although it was not the first jetliner in service , the 707 was the first to be commercially successful . Dominating passenger air transport in the 1960s and remaining common through the 1970s , the 707 is generally credited with ushering in the Jet Age . It established Boeing as one of the largest manufacturers of passenger aircraft , and led to the later series of airliners with `` 7x7 '' designations . The later 720 , 727 , 737 , and 757 share elements of the 707 's fuselage design .   The 707 was developed from the Boeing 367-80 , a prototype jet first flown in 1954 . A larger fuselage cross-section and other modifications resulted in the initial-production 707-120 , powered by Pratt & Whitney JT3C turbojet engines , which first flew on December 20 , 1957 . Pan American World Airways began regular 707 service on October 26 , 1958 . Later derivatives included the shortened long-range 707-138 and the stretched 707-320 , both of which entered service in 1959 . A smaller short-range variant , the 720 , was introduced in 1960 . The 707-420 , a version of the stretched 707 with Rolls-Royce Conway turbofans , debuted in 1960 , while Pratt & Whitney JT3D turbofans debuted on the 707-120B and 707-320B models in 1961 and 1962 , respectively .   The 707 has been used on domestic , transcontinental , and transatlantic flights , and for cargo and military applications . A convertible passenger-freighter model , the 707-320C , entered service in 1963 , and passenger 707s have been modified to freighter configurations . Military derivatives include the E-3 Sentry airborne reconnaissance aircraft and the C-137 Stratoliner VIP transports . Boeing produced and delivered 1,011 airliners including the smaller 720 series ; over 800 military versions were also produced . Ten Boeing 707s were in commercial service in July 2013 .

neg: Southwest Airlines Flight 3472 Southwest Airlines Flight 3472 was a regularly scheduled passenger flight operating from New Orleans International Airport , LA to Orlando International Airport , FL . On 27 August 2016 , the Boeing 737-7H4 ( WL ) , with 99 passengers and 5 crew , 12 minutes after departure from New Orleans , was climbing through 31,000 feet and heading east over the Gulf of Mexico when the aircraft 's left hand CFM International CFM56-7 engine suffered an uncontained engine failure . Debris from the engine punctured the left side of the fuselage causing a loss of cabin pressure and damaged the wing and empennage . Oxygen masks were deployed to passengers while the crew initiated an emergency descent to 10,000 feet . The aircraft then diverted to Pensacola International Airport for a safe landing on runway 17 about 20 minutes later without further incident . While the aircraft sustained substantial damage , there were no injuries .

neg: Capital Airlines Flight 20 Capital Airlines Flight 20 was a U.S. scheduled passenger flight from Washington , D.C. to Norfolk , Virginia . A Vickers Viscount flying the route crashed into a farm in Charles City County , Virginia , on January 18 , 1960 . The accident was the third fatal crash involving a Capital Viscount in as many years ; the first two were Capital Airlines Flight 75 and Capital Airlines Flight 67 .   The plane was cruising at an altitude of 8,000 feet when it encountered icing . This caused two engines to fail . As the craft descended , the other two engines also failed , causing the propellers to autofeather . The crew tried and failed to restart the engines , and were unable to unfeather the propellers normally ; they then put the plane into a dive in an attempt to force the propellers from their feathered position . Eventually they succeeded in restarting engine number four . They applied full power to this engine , which caused the craft to enter a circling descent until crashing into trees ; at the time of impact it had almost no forward velocity . Five trees were driven through the fuselage , yet their trunks remained intact .   The crash was attributed to the fact that , as per airline policy , the pilots had delayed arming the engine ice protection systems even though they were flying in icy conditions ; this caused the engines to lose too much power . Capital Airlines changed its emergency checklist after the crash , deleting the instruction that pilots were to descend to a warmer climate to relight the systems and instructing them that , provided that correct procedure was followed , the engine could be restarted at any height .   Several decades after the crash , the owners of the farm report finding personal items from time to time .

neg: American Airlines Flight 63 (disambiguation) American Airlines Flight 63 ( IATA : AA 63 ; ICAO : AAL63 ; AMERICAN 63 ) could refer to several separate incidents that occurred on a flight with that designation .   2001 failed shoe bomb attempt , a failed bombing attempt that occurred on American Airlines Flight 63 flying from Charles De Gaulle International Airport in Paris , France to Miami International Airport in Miami , Florida on 22 December 2001 .  American Airlines Flight 63 ( Flagship Missouri ) , a DC-3 that crashed outside of Centerville , Tennessee on October 15 , 1943 , killing all on board .  American Airlines Flight 63 ( Flagship Ohio ) , a DC-3 that crashed outside of Trammel , Kentucky on July 28 , 1943 , killing 20 out of 22 on board .

neg: Eastern Air Lines Flight 304 Eastern Air Lines Flight 304 , a Douglas DC-8 flying from New Orleans International Airport to Washington Dulles International Airport , crashed on February 25 , 1964 . All 51 passengers and 7 crew were killed . Among the dead were American opera singer and actor Kenneth Lee Spencer and Marie-Hélène Lefaucheux , a women 's and human rights activist and member of the French delegation to the United Nations .   Flight 304 , which had originated in Mexico City , left New Orleans International Airport for Atlanta at 2:01 a.m. , Central Standard Time , and disappeared from radar at 2:10 a.m. Visibility was good , although there was a light rain . The winds were calm . The Coast Guard and other searchers sighted the wreckage around dawn in Lake Pontchartrain , about 20 mi northeast of New Orleans .   The subsequent investigation concluded that the jet crashed into Lake Pontchartrain en route due to `` degradation of aircraft stability characteristics in turbulence , because of abnormal longitudinal trim component positions . ''   The water was only 20 ft deep , yet only 60 percent of the wreckage was recovered because the breakup was so extensive . The flight data recorder tape was too damaged to help the investigation . Instead , investigators used the maintenance records of the crashed aircraft and of other DC-8s , to conclude that the pilots had trimmed the horizontal stabilizer to the full nose-down position , to counter the excessive nose-up attitude that , in turn , was caused by a malfunctioning pitch trim compensator that had extended too far . Once the upset occurred , it was not possible to trim the horizontal stabilizer back to the nose-up position , because of the severe G-forces generated by the crew 's pulling back on the yoke after the upset .

neg: 1955 Hawaii R6D-1 crash The 1955 Hawaii R6D-1 crash was an accident involving a Douglas R6D-1 Liftmaster of the United States Navy which crashed into a mountain peak in Hawaii on 22 March 1955 , killing all 66 people on board . At the time , it was the worst crash involving any variant of the Douglas DC-6 airliner the second-worst aviation accident in U.S. history , and one of the worst air accidents anywhere in history , and it equalled the 11 August mid-air collision of two United States Air Force C-119G Flying Boxcars over West Germany and the 6 October United Airlines Flight 409 crash as the deadliest air accident of 1955 . It remains the worst air disaster in the history of Hawaii and the deadliest accident involving a heavier-than-air aircraft in the history of United States naval aviation .

neg: Aerolinee Itavia Flight 870 Aerolinee Itavia Flight 870 ( IH 870 , AJ 421 ) was an Italian commercial flight operated by a McDonnell Douglas DC-9-15 which crashed into the Tyrrhenian Sea between Ponza and Ustica , killing all on board , while en route from Bologna to Palermo in 1980 . Known in the Italian media as the Ustica Massacre ( `` Strage di Ustica '' ) -- Ustica being a small island near the crash-site -- the disaster led to numerous investigations , legal actions , and accusations , and continues to be a source of speculation , including claims of conspiracy by the Italian government and others . Former Italian President Francesco Cossiga attributed the cause of the crash to a missile fired from a French Navy aircraft , despite contrary evidence presented in the Tribunale di Roma 's 1994 report . On 23 January 2013 Italy 's top criminal court ruled that there was `` abundantly '' clear evidence that the flight was brought down by a missile . To date , this remains the deadliest aviation incident involving a DC-9-10 / 15 series .

neg: 2011 United Nations Bombardier CRJ-100 crash On 4 April 2011 , a Georgian Airways Canadair Regional Jet ( CRJ 100 ER ) , registration 4L-GAE , using call sign `` UNO 834 '' , operating a domestic flight from Kisangani to Kinshasa for United Nation 's Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo , crashed during Go Around at Kinshasa Airport , at 12:56:52 UTC . At the time of the accident , Kinshasa airfield was experiencing a severe thunderstorm .   The aircraft impacted the ground 170 m to the left and abeam the displaced threshold of Runway 24in about a 10 degrees nose down attitude . At the time of impact , aircraft ‟ s heading was 220 degrees and its speed was 180 knot . Following the impact , the aircraft skipped , started breaking up , skidded along the ground and rolled inverted before coming to a halt . During this process , parts of the aircraft including undercarriage , engines , wings and tail section sheared off . There were 32 fatalities , with the sole survivor a Congolese journalist .

neg: American Airlines Flight 1502 American Airlines Flight 1502 was a crew training flight from New York International ( Idlewild ) Airport ( now John F. Kennedy International Airport ) . On 28 January 1961 the aircraft crashed into the ocean 5 miles off Montauk Point , New York , all six crew on-board were killed .

neg: World Airways Flight 30 World Airways Flight 30 was a McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30CF airliner which suffered a fatality incident upon landing at Boston Logan International Airport in Boston , Massachusetts , USA after departing Newark International Airport ( now Newark Liberty International Airport ) , Newark , New Jersey , USA on January 23 , 1982 .

neg: United Airlines Flight 232 United Airlines Flight 232 was a DC-10 ( registered N1819U ) that on July 19 , 1989 crash-landed in Sioux City , Iowa after suffering catastrophic failure of its tail-mounted engine , which led to the loss of all flight controls . The flight was en route from Stapleton International Airport in Denver , Colorado to O'Hare International Airport in Chicago . Of the 296 people on board , 111 died in the accident and 185 survived in total . Despite the deaths , the accident is considered a prime example of successful crew resource management due to the large number of survivors and the manner in which the flight crew handled the emergency and landed the airplane without conventional control . The flight crew became well known as a result of their actions , in particular the captain , Alfred C. Haynes , and a DC-10 instructor on board who offered his assistance , Dennis E. Fitch .

neg: Austrian Airlines Flight 901 Austrian Airlines Flight 901 was a flight from Vienna , Austria to Moscow , USSR ( now Russia ) via Warsaw , Poland . On the night of 26 September 1960 the aircraft operating the flight , a Vickers Viscount , crashed near Moscow while on its approach to land , killing 31 of the 37 passengers and crew on board .

neg: Piedmont Airlines Flight 349 On October 30 , 1959 , Piedmont Airlines Flight 349 , a Douglas DC-3 , crashed on Bucks Elbow Mountain near Crozet , Virginia , killing the crew of three and all but one of its twenty-four passengers . The sole survivor , Ernest P. `` Phil '' Bradley , was seriously injured and lay on the ground near the wreckage , still strapped in his seat . The subsequent investigation determined the cause of the accident to be :   `` A navigational omission which resulted in a lateral course error that was not detected and corrected through precision instrument flying procedures . A contributing factor to the accident may have been pre-occupation of the captain resulting from mental stress . ''

neg: Annette Herfkens Annette Herfkens ( Maracaibo , 29 April 1961 ) is the sole survivor of Vietnam Airlines Flight 474 which crashed into a mountain on November 14 , 1992 in Vietnam . She survived eight days with multiple injuries and sustained herself only on rainwater . The plane , a Soviet-made Yakovlev Yak-40 jet built in 1976 , was carrying 25 passengers and six crew when it crashed en route to Nha Trang Airport . Some passengers survived the initial impact but died before they could be rescued . Herfkens ' fiancé , who was travelling with her , died instantly upon impact .   In 2014 , Herfkens published the memoir recounting her experiences Turbulence : A True Story of Survival . It has `` received great applause from -LSB- its -RSB- audience ''  and great critical acclaim from Deepak Chopra , Kirkus Reviews and other authors .


query: Italy was included in the 19th G7 summit.

pos: 19th G7 summit The 19th G7 Summit was held in Tokyo , Japan , on July 7 -- 9 , 1993 . The venue for the summit meetings was the State Guesthouse in Tokyo , Japan .   The Group of Seven ( G7 ) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries : France , Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada ( since 1976 ) and the President of the European Commission ( starting officially in 1981 ) . The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions ; and in fact , a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France 's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany 's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six ( G6 ) summit in 1975 .

neg: Italianization Italianization ( Italianizzazione talijanizacija poitaljančevanje Italianisierung Ιταλοποίηση ) is the spread of Italian culture , people , or language , either by integration or assimilation .   It is most known for a process organized by the Kingdom of Italy to force cultural and ethnic assimilation of the native populations living in the former Austro-Hungarian territories that were transferred to Italy after World War I in exchange for Italy having joined the Triple Entente in 1915 . This process was conducted during the period of Fascist rule between 1922 and 1943 .

neg: Festa della Repubblica Festa della Repubblica ( -LSB- ˈfɛsta della reˈpubblika -RSB- in English , Republic Day ) is the Italian National Day and Republic Day , which is celebrated on 2 June each year . The day commemorates the institutional referendum held by universal suffrage in 1946 , in which the Italian people were called to the polls to decide on the form of government , following the Second World War and the fall of Fascism . With 12,717,923 votes for a republic and 10,719,284 for the monarchy , the male descendants of the House of Savoy were sent into exile . To commemorate it , a grand military parade is held in central Rome , presided over by the President of the Italian Republic in his role as Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces . The Prime Minister , formally known as the President of the Council of Ministers , and other high officers of state also attend . There are important celebrations in all the Italian embassies and foreign heads of state are invited . Even though the main parade is in Rome , many Italian cities celebrate the day as well .   Prior to the foundation of the Republic , the Italian national day was the first Sunday in June , anniversary of the granting of the Statuto Albertino . From 1977 to 1999 , due to economic reasons , this was the date of the celebrations for the 1946 foundation of the republic . The 2 June date became official in 2000 . The parade was held in Turin in 1961 to mark the centennial year of Italian unification .

neg: Campania Campania ( -LSB- kamˈpaːnja -RSB- ) is a region in Southern Italy . The region at the end of 2014 had a population of around 5,869,000 people , making it the third-most-populous region of Italy ; its total area of 13590 km ² makes it the most densely populated region in the country . Located on the Italian Peninsula , with the Mediterranean Sea to the west , it includes the small Phlegraean Islands and Capri for administration as part of the region .   Campania was colonised by Ancient Greeks and was part of Magna Græcia . During the Roman era , the area maintained a Greco-Roman culture . The capital city of Campania is Naples . Campania is rich in culture , especially in regard to gastronomy , music , architecture , archeological and ancient sites such as Pompeii , Herculaneum , Paestum and Velia . The name of Campania itself is derived from Latin , as the Romans knew the region as Campania felix , which translates into English as `` fertile countryside '' . The rich natural sights of Campania make it highly important in the tourism industry , especially along the Amalfi Coast , Mount Vesuvius and the island of Capri .

neg: New Italy (faction) New Italy ( Nuova Italia ) is a national - and social-conservative think tank in Italy .   Its president is Gianni Alemanno , a post-fascist politician who served as minister of Agriculture in 2001 -- 2006 and mayor of Rome in 2008 -- 2013 .   Formed in 2006 within National Alliance ( AN ) , the successor party of the Italian Social Movement ( MSI ) , New Italy was affiliated to The People of Freedom ( PdL ) , a broad centre-right party led by Silvio Berlusconi , from its foundation in 2009 to 2013 , when Alemanno left the party to launch Italy First .

neg: Indonesia–Italy relations Indonesia -- Italy relations refers to the bilateral relations of Indonesia and Italy . Italy has shown strong desire to improve its relations with Indonesia , especially in intercultural understanding and trade . Indonesia recognizes Italy 's strategic location and important role in the middle of Mediterranean region , while Italy has favoured relations with Indonesia , and sees Indonesia as the leader in Southeast Asia . The relations between two countries not only important to bridge the two regional communities ; European Union and ASEAN , but also vital as intercultural and interfaith dialog , since Indonesia has the largest Muslim population in the world , and Italy is the heart of the Catholic faith .   Indonesia has an embassy in Rome , that also accredited to Malta , Cyprus , San Marino , and international organizations such as FAO , IFAD , WFP , and UNIDROIT , while Italy has an embassy in Jakarta .

neg: Seventh European Parliament The seventh European Parliament was elected in the 2009 elections and lasted until the 2014 elections .

neg: Italian presidential election, 1971 The Italian presidential election of 1971 was held in Italy on 9 -- 24 December 1971 . Only members of Parliament and regional delegates are entitled to vote . As head of state of the Italian Republic , the President has a role of representation of national unity and guarantees that Italian politics comply with the Italian Constitution , in the framework of a parliamentary system .   Former Prime Minister and President of the Chamber of Deputies Giovanni Leone was elected President with 518 votes out of 1,008 , the smallest majority ever obtained . With twenty-three rounds of voting , this presidential election was the longest of Italian republican history .

neg: Italian general election, 1979 General elections were held in Italy on June 3 , 1979 . This election was called just a week before the European vote : the lack of matching between the two elections caused much controversy for wasting public money .   Terroristic attacks by the Red Brigades caused a result which was quite opposite than three years before : for the first time the Italian Communist Party lost a lot of votes , delaying that government change that was seeming imminent in 1976 , and the Communist defeat gave a new strength to all the minor parties , a concentration of vote on the Christian Democracy seeming less urgent to stop the red progress . However , the catholic party remained stable , while neo-fascist Italian Social Movement was weakened by its spin-off National Democracy .

neg: Italian general election, 1996 A snap national general election was held in Italy on 21 April 1996 to elect members of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate of the Republic . Romano Prodi , leader of the centre-left coalition The Olive Tree , won the election , narrowly defeating Silvio Berlusconi , who led the Pole for Freedoms centre-right coalition .   For the election , the Lega Nord of Umberto Bossi ran alone , after having left the Berlusconi I Cabinet in 1994 , causing a crisis which drove President Oscar Luigi Scalfaro to appoint a technocratic cabinet led by Lamberto Dini , which in turn lost its Parliamentary support in 1995 , forcing Scalfaro to dissolve the Italian Parliament . The Communist Refoundation Party , led by Fausto Bertinotti , instead made a pre-electoral alliance with The Olive Tree , presenting its own candidates , supported by Prodi 's coalition , mainly in some safe leftist constituencies , in exchange for supporting Olive Tree candidates on the other ones , and ensuring external support for a Prodi government .

neg: Sicilian Regional Assembly The Sicilian Regional Assembly is the legislative body of Sicily . While it has a long history as an autonomous region , the modern Region of Sicily was established by Royal Decree on May 15 , 1946 , before the Italian Republic . The Regional Assembly has the widest legislative power in Italy and is the only regional assembly to have the title of `` parliament '' whose members are called `` deputies '' like those in Rome . Ninety deputies are elected every five years in the nine provinces .

neg: 19th SAARC summit The 19th SAARC summit is a scheduled diplomatic conference , which was originally planned to be held in Islamabad , Pakistan on 15 -- 16 November 2016 . The summit was to be attended by the leaders of the eight SAARC member states and representatives of observers and guest states .   Following the rising diplomatic tensions after the Uri terrorist attack , India announced its boycott of the summit , alleging Pakistan 's involvement in the attack . Later , Bangladesh , Afghanistan and Bhutan also pulled out of the summit . culminating in an indefinite postponement of the summit .

neg: United Nations General Assembly resolution 67/19 United Nations General Assembly resolution 67/19 is a resolution upgrading Palestine to non-member observer state status in the United Nations . It was adopted by the sixty-seventh session of the United Nations General Assembly on 29 November 2012 , the date of the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People and the 65th anniversary of the adoption by the General Assembly of resolution 181 ( II ) on the Future Government of Palestine . The draft resolution was proposed by Palestine 's representative at the United Nations . It , however , maintains the status of the Palestinian Liberation Organization as the representative of the Palestinian people within the United Nations system . Though strongly contested by the United States and the government of Israel , former Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert expressed support for the measure . The motion was seen as largely symbolic , though it could allow Palestine to start proceedings at the International Criminal Court against Israel . Its timing , following a year in which Palestine obtained membership of UNESCO and the UN Security Council was unable `` to make a unanimous recommendation '' on their application for full UN membership , and coming several days after the completion of Operation Pillar of Defense , was also noted . The new status equates Palestine with that of the Holy See within the United Nations system and implicitly recognises Palestinian sovereignty .

neg: Figurehead In politics , a figurehead is a person who holds de jure ( in name or by law ) an important title or office ( often supremely powerful ) , yet de facto ( in reality ) executes little actual power . The metaphor derives from the carved figurehead at the prow of a sailing ship . Commonly cited figureheads include Queen Elizabeth II , who is Queen of sixteen Commonwealth realms and head of the Commonwealth , but has no power over the nations in which she is not head of state and does not exercise power in her own realms on her own initiative . Other figureheads are the Emperor of Japan , the King of Sweden , or presidents in majority of parliamentary republics , such as the President of India , President of Israel , President of Bangladesh , President of Greece , President of Germany , President of Pakistan , and President of China ( when not simultaneously holding the CPC General Secretary and Chairman of CMC posts ) .   During the crisis of the March on Rome in 1922 , King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy , though a figurehead , played a key role in handing power to Benito Mussolini . More than 20 years later , the same King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy played a key role in the dismissal of Benito Mussolini in 1943 .  Since the abolition of monarchy in Italy and the establishment of a republic in 1946 , the Italian President assumed most of the ceremonial functions of the previous kings ; however , the Italian President retains large powers in appointing a prime minister of his choice when in parliament there 's no clear majority government , creating a so-called `` president 's cabinet '' ( a technocratic cabinet ) . For example , the former Prime Minister of Italy , Sen Mario Monti , was appointed by the Italian President Giorgio Napolitano as a lifetime-senator and then as Prime Minister of the country , not after a new election . Italian President 's powers and influence are so much stronger is the weaker political parties ' leadership . This system is called `` accordion '' .   Conversely , King Juan Carlos I of Spain , also largely considered a figurehead , had in 1981 a key role in defending the newborn Spanish democracy and foiling the attempted coup d'état , known as `` 23-F '' .

neg: Peace Implementation Council The Peace Implementation Council ( PIC ) is an international body charged with implementing the Dayton Peace Agreement for Bosnia and Herzegovina . The Council was established at an implementation conference held in London , United Kingdom on December 8 and 9 , 1995 , subsequent to the completion of the negotiations of the accord the preceding month . The Council is , in effect , the realization , through the High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina , of the international community 's governance of Bosnia and Herzegovina after signature of the Dayton Agreement . This international control over Bosnia and Herzegovina is to last until the country is deemed politically and democratically stable and self-sustainable .   The PIC comprises 55 countries and agencies that support the peace process in many different ways - by assisting it financially , providing troops for SFOR , or directly running operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina . There is also a fluctuating number of observers .   Since the London conference , the PIC has come together at the ministerial level another six times to review progress and define the goals of peace implementation for the coming period : in June 1996 in Florence , Italy ; in December 1996 for a second time in London ; in December 1997 in Bonn , Germany ; in December 1998 in Madrid , Spain , in May 2000 and February 2007 in Brussels , Belgium .   The PIC clarifies the responsibilities of the High Representative as the main implementing body of the civilian part of the Dayton Agreement , as set out in Annex 10 the Dayton Agreement . For example , the 1997 Bonn session provided the Office of the High Representative with the so-called `` Bonn authority '' to dismiss elected and non-elected officials who obstruct the implementation of the Dayton Agreement . The High Representative from 2006-2007 , Christian Schwarz-Schilling , used this power sparingly , to promote confidence in elected domestic government . This strategy was reversed by the new appointee to that post , Miroslav Lajčák , who imposed several decisions on his first day at work .

neg: 9th G7 summit The 9th G7 Summit was held at Williamsburg , Virginia , United States during the 28th to 30 May 1983 . The venue for the summit meetings was Colonial Williamsburg in Virginia .   The Group of Seven ( G7 ) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries : France , West Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada ( since 1976 ) and the President of the European Commission ( starting officially in 1981 ) . The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions ; and in fact , a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France 's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany 's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six ( G6 ) summit in 1975 .

neg: Mediterranean Agreements (1887) The Mediterranean Agreements ( German Mittelmeerentente ; French Entente de la Méditerranée ) were a series of treaties signed in 1887 by the United Kingdom with the Italy on 12 February ( through the mediation of Germany ) , with Austria-Hungary on March 24 and with Spain on May 4 . Further notes were exchanged between Britain , Italy and Austria-Hungary on 12 December .   On the face of it the treaties recognised the status quo in the Mediterranean Sea . In fact , one of the objectives was to halt the expansion of the Russian Empire in the Balkans and her wish to control the straits of the Bosphorus and Dardanelles . From that perspective it also assured the survival of the Ottoman Empire . It also protected Italian interests against France . Thus it united forces hostile to Russia in the Balkans and to France in North Africa .   From the point of view of the German chancellor Otto von Bismarck , the benefit of these agreements to which Germany was not a party , was in bringing Britain closer to the Triple Alliance of Germany , Italy and Austria-Hungary . This advantage proved short-lived since Britain achieved a rapprochement with Russia . The Alliance was dissolved in 1896 when Wilhelm II , German Emperor alienated Great Britain with his `` Kruger telegram '' .   The treaty potentially conflicted with the Reinsurance Treaty of 1888 , between Germany and Russia . In the secret protocol to the Reinsurance Treaty , Bismarck lent support to Russia 's expansion efforts . Thus the Mediterranean Agreement , while not a de jure contradiction of the Reinsurance Treaty was at least contrary to its spirit .

neg: Italian general election, 1976 General elections were held in Italy on June 20 , 1976 . They were the first after the voting age was lowered to 18 .   If Christian Democracy remained stable with around 38 % of votes , Enrico Berlinguer 's Italian Communist Party made a great jump winning 7 points more than four years before : this result , which was quite homogeneous in the entire society because confirmed by the electors of the age-restricted Senate , began to show the possibility of a future change of the Italian government leadership . All minor parties lost a lot of votes to the DC in the attempt to fight the Communist progress : between them , historic Italian Liberal Party was nearly annihilated . Two new leftist forces made their debut in this election : the ultra-liberal Radical Party , which had led a successful referendum on divorce , and the far-left Marxist and Maoist Proletarian Democracy .

neg: Ministry of Interior (Italy) The Ministry of Interior ( Ministero dell ` Interno ) is a government agency of Italy , headquartered in Rome . It is cabinet-level ministry of the Italian Republic . As of 12 December 2016 , Marco Minniti is the minister .

neg: Politics of Friuli-Venezia Giulia The Politics of Friuli-Venezia Giulia , Italy , takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democracy , whereby the President of Regional Government is the head of government , and of a pluriform multi-party system . Executive power is exercised by the Regional Government . Legislative power is vested in both the government and the Regional Council .

neg: List of heads of state of Italy This is a list of the heads of state of Italy , from the unification of Italy in 1861 to the present day .   From 1861 to 1946 the head of state was the King of Italy , who was the same person as the King of Sardinia according to the Constitution . Italy became a republic under the Constitution of 1948 and the monarch was replaced by a President .


query: IBM hates the hard disk drive.

pos: IBM International Business Machines Corporation ( commonly referred to as IBM ) is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Armonk , New York , United States , with operations in over 170 countries . The company originated in 1911 as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company ( CTR ) and was renamed `` International Business Machines '' in 1924 .   IBM manufactures and markets computer hardware , middleware and software , and offers hosting and consulting services in areas ranging from mainframe computers to nanotechnology . IBM is also a major research organization , holding the record for most patents generated by a business ( as of 2017 ) for 24 consecutive years . Inventions by IBM include the automated teller machine ( ATM ) , the PC , the floppy disk , the hard disk drive , the magnetic stripe card , the relational database , the SQL programming language , the UPC barcode , and dynamic random-access memory ( DRAM ) . The IBM mainframe , exemplified by the System/360 , was the dominant computing platform during the 1960s and 1970s .   IBM has continually shifted its business mix by commoditizing markets focusing on higher-value , more profitable markets . This includes spinning off printer manufacturer Lexmark in 1991 and selling off its personal computer ( ThinkPad/ThinkCentre ) and x86-based server businesses to Lenovo ( 2005 and 2014 , respectively ) , and acquiring companies such as PwC Consulting ( 2002 ) , SPSS ( 2009 ) , and The Weather Company ( 2016 ) . Also in 2014 , IBM announced that it would go `` fabless '' , continuing to design semiconductors , but offloading manufacturing to GlobalFoundries .   Nicknamed Big Blue , IBM is one of 30 companies included in the Dow Jones Industrial Average and one of the world 's largest employers , with ( as of 2016 ) nearly 380,000 employees . Known as `` IBMers '' , IBM employees have been awarded five Nobel Prizes , six Turing Awards , ten National Medals of Technology and five National Medals of Science .

neg: Device Bay Device Bay was a standard jointly developed by Compaq , Intel and Microsoft in 1997 , as a simple way to add , remove , and share hardware devices . Originally intended to be introduced in the second half of 1998 , Device Bay was never finalized and has long since been abandoned . The official website disappeared in mid-2001 .   Making use of new technologies at the time , such as USB and Firewire , Device Bay was intended to make adding and removing devices from the PC easier , through the use of plug-n-play . It allowed peripherals such as hard drives , CD/DVD-ROM drives , audio devices , and modems , to be added to the PC without having to open the case or even turn the PC off . Devices could also be removed from the PC while it was still turned on ; this could also be done through software in the operating system . Another advantage of Device Bay was that it allowed certain devices to be swapped between a desktop and laptop computer .   HP released a line on PCs that uses the idea of device bay to expand the personal storage on a personal computer and marketed them as `` HP Personal Media Drives '' . These Drives/Bays are primarily available on the HP Media Center PCs .

neg: Monolithic application In software engineering , a monolithic application describes a single-tiered software application in which the user interface and data access code are combined into a single program from a single platform .   A monolithic application is self-contained , and independent from other computing applications . The design philosophy is that the application is responsible not just for a particular task , but can perform every step needed to complete a particular function . Today , some personal finance applications are monolithic in the sense that they help the user carry out a complete task , end to end , and are `` private data silos '' rather than parts of a larger system of applications that work together . Some word processors are monolithic applications . These applications are sometimes associated with mainframe computers .   In software engineering , a monolithic application describes a software application which is designed without modularity . Modularity is desirable , in general , as it supports reuse of parts of the application logic and also facilitates maintenance by allowing repair or replacement of parts of the application without requiring wholesale replacement .   Modularity is achieved to various extents by different modularization approaches . Code-based modularity allows developers to reuse and repair parts of the application , but development tools are required to perform these maintenance functions ( e.g. the application may need to be recompiled ) . Object-based modularity provides the application as a collection of separate executable files which may be independently maintained and replaced without redeploying the entire application ( e.g. Microsoft `` dll '' files ; Sun/UNIX `` shared object '' files ) . Some object messaging capabilities allow object-based applications to be distributed across multiple computers ( e.g. Microsoft COM + ) . Service-oriented architectures use specific communication standards/protocols to communicate between modules .   In its original use , the term `` monolithic '' described enormous main frame applications with no usable modularity . This -- in combination with rapid increase in computational power and therefore rapid increase in the complexity of the problems which could be tackled by software -- resulted in unmaintainable systems and the `` software crisis '' .

neg: Tape drive A tape drive is a data storage device that reads and writes data on a magnetic tape . Magnetic tape data storage is typically used for offline , archival data storage . Tape media generally has a favorable unit cost and a long archival stability .   A tape drive provides sequential access storage , unlike a hard disk drive , which provides direct access storage . A disk drive can move to any position on the disk in a few milliseconds , but a tape drive must physically wind tape between reels to read any one particular piece of data . As a result , tape drives have very slow average seek times to data . However , tape drives can stream data very quickly off a tape when the required position has been reached . For example , Linear Tape-Open ( LTO ) supported continuous data transfer rates of up to 140 MB/s , comparable to hard disk drives .

neg: IBM 700/7000 series The IBM 700/7000 series is a series of large-scale ( mainframe ) computer systems that were made by IBM through the 1950s and early 1960s . The series includes several different , incompatible processor architectures . The 700s use vacuum tube logic and were made obsolete by the introduction of the transistorized 7000s . The 7000s , in turn , were eventually replaced by System/360 , which was announced in 1964 . However the 360/65 , the first 360 powerful enough to replace 7000s , did not become available until November 1965 . Early problems with OS/360 and the high cost of converting software kept many 7000s in service for years afterward .

neg: Proprietary DVR DVRs , or Digital Video Recorders , are devices which record video to a hard drive . The term Proprietary DVR refers to exclusive methodologies used to maintain commercial control over the DVR format and prevent third-party copying of a particular file . CCTV systems are used for the detection and recording of crime , but the analysts and law enforcement personnel who are required to obtain and process video recorded with proprietary DVRs may face problems using the proprietary format .  Most established manufacturers will provide tools for law enforcement agencies to play and copy footage from such systems .   The opposite of proprietary DVR is standard or PC-based DVR . ( Although , in fact , many proprietary DVR 's are PC-based devices . )   Currently there is no standard output for the security industry to follow . Because of this , analysts are forced to obtain a compatible `` player '' in order to view the video . Some proprietary DVRs are delivered to the end-user in an executable player which allows for navigation . Some require the installation of the player . Others simply require a codec to be available on the system that is playing , then it will become viewable in a common player such as Windows Media Player .   Some proprietary DVR systems offer more than one output format , such as the native format as well as a standard format such as AVI . Some also offer a composite video output PAL or NTSC . Some security companies are reluctant to offer anything other than their proprietary format . Reasons cited for maintaining control over the file by impeding conversion vary , but most companies will make `` tamper resistance '' a sellable feature , while disregarding the work required of an analyst or court in order to present the video .   Another selling point of proprietary DVR systems is compression . Video compression removes information in exchange for a smaller file size . Increasing compression leads to the ability to store longer periods on a disk , at the expense of sacrificing some of the detail in the images . This trade-off must be considered when attempting to balance image quality and recording time in a DVR . As storage drives become cheaper and larger , compression sacrifices are improving .   A problem inherent in proprietary DVR output is accuracy . There is a good chance that the video image as viewed has an incorrect aspect ratio and/or color information . Color may be off simply due to the calibration of the monitor being used , but often color information is not recorded accurately . It is not very common to white balance security cameras unless it is done at set up . Aspect ratios may also be recorded improperly and could actually be quite distorted . Aspect ratios on some players are sometimes user-adjustable by dragging the viewer in one direction or the other .   Contrary to attempts made by proprietary DVR developers , it is possible to change virtually any DVR image into another format , but it can not be done through digital conversion , such as changing an MPEG-2 to AVI . Instead it is done by intercepting the pixels sent by the proprietary DVR to the users monitor . There are a number of software available that will capture an area of a screen and generate an uncompressed file in a common format .   Gradually technology is improving and DVR systems are capable of having features that analog video could never provide . One feature is the ability to store metadata , such as point of sale information . Another feature may be for an event ( movement , panic button , door/drawer opening ) to trigger a system to record at a higher resolution . Perhaps the greatest feature is the ability to navigate directly to an area of interest .

neg: HP Time-Shared BASIC HP Time-Shared BASIC ( HP TSB ) is an interpreter software system that was sold by the Hewlett-Packard Company in the late 1960s and 1970s , based on their HP 2100 line of minicomputers . The system implements a dialect of the BASIC programming language and a rudimentary user account and program library system . The software was also known by its versioned name , tied to the hardware version on which it ran , such as HP 2000C Time-Shared BASIC and the operating system came in different varieties -- 2000A , 2000B , 2000C , High-Speed 2000C , 2000E , 2000F , and 2000/Access . The system is historically notable as the platform that released the first public versions of the game Star Trek .   Except for the 2000A and 2000E systems , the system is implemented using a dual-processor architecture . One fully configured HP 2100-series processor is used for execution of most of the system code and all of the user code and a second , smaller HP 2100-series processor is used to handle the RS-232 serial lines through which the time-sharing users connected . Depending on the hardware configuration , the system supports up to 16 or up to 32 simultaneous remote users . The usual terminal for a TSB system was a Teletype Model 33 ASR and connected directly to the I/O processor or through a modem or acoustic coupler . Account names are a combination of one alphabetic character , followed by three decimal digits , e.g. , B001 . Privileged accounts started with the letter `` A '' and had some additional command and program storage capabilities . The superuser account is A000 . This scheme allows up to 26,000 user accounts . ( In the offshoot system created by BTI Computer Systems accounts beginning with '' @ '' were superuser accounts . )   During execution , user programs are swapped to fixed-head drum memory . When not executing , user programs are stored on moving-head cartridge - or pack-loaded disk storage . Privileged users can also store programs on the much-faster drum . The hard drive was backed up to magnetic tape .   Program and file names consist of a mix of up to six alphabetic characters ( A-Z ) and numbers ( 0-9 ) . Programs are stored in a tokenized format , using the SAVE command . They can also be stored in a semi-compiled format , using the CSAVE command , which allows them to start quicker . Since the system was closely tied to the use of commonly available teleprinters , line endings in files consisted of the carriage return character ( ASCII CR , 0D hexadecimal ) , followed by the linefeed character ( ASCII LF , 0A hexadecimal ) .   The language is a fairly standard implementation of BASIC , providing an integrated editing and runtime environment . Statements are analyzed for correct syntax as they are entered and then stored in tokenized form . Each BASIC statement has to be on a uniquely numbered line , e.g. , 10 PRINT `` HELLO WORLD '' and can only contain one statement , although multiple variable assignments are allowed , e.g. , 20 LET A = B = C = 42 ( use of the word `` LET '' was optional ) . Line numbers are mandatory and statements are automatically placed in ascending numeric sequence .   In the earliest version ( 2000A ) , the language supported the following features . Later versions added many more features .  Unconditional program flow-control via GOTO statements , and subroutines via the GOSUB and RETURN statements  Conditional flow-control via IF/THEN statement and simple variable-based block loop FOR and NEXT statements  Calculated flow-control via the GOTO/OF and GOSUB/OF statements  In-code data storage via DATA , READ , and RESTORE statements  Input from and output to the user or a disc file via INPUT , READ # , PRINT , PRINT # , and IF END # statements  Numeric variables of the form `` A '' or `` An '' ( where A is a single letter and n a single , optional digit ) stored as 32-bit floating-point numbers  String variables of the form `` A$ '' ( where A is a single letter ) , storing from 0 to 72 characters  One - or two-dimensional matrix ( array ) variables of the form `` A -LSB- x -RSB- '' or `` A -LSB- x , y -RSB- ''  Matrix operations via statements ( MAT READ , MAT INPUT , MAT PRINT , MAT =) and operations ( + , - , * , ZER , CON , IDN , INV , TRN )  Boolean operators ( AND , OR , NOT ) and relational operators ( < , < = , = , # , < > , > = , and > )  Built-in mathematical functions including trigonometric ( SIN , COS , TAN , ATN ) , logarithms ( LOG , EXP ) , square root ( SQR ) , random number generator ( RND ) , others ( ABS , INT , SGN , MIN , MAX ) , and user-defined functions  Punched tape operations using Teletype Model 33 electromechanical teleprinter remote terminals   Substrings within strings are accessed using a substring notation : `` A$ ( L , R ) '' or `` A$ -LSB- L , R -RSB- '' , where the substring begins with the leftmost character specified by the index L and continues to the rightmost character specified by the index R , `` A$ -LSB- L -RSB- '' where the substring starts at the leftmost character specified by the index L and continues to the end of the string . ( TSB accepts or -LSB- -RSB- interchangeably . ) This is in sharp contrast to some later microcomputer BASICs that use functions such as LEFT$ , MID$ , and RIGHT$ to access substrings , although ANSI BASIC continues to use a similar substring syntax to that introduced by Hewlett-Packard . HP 's notation can also be used on the destination side of a LET or INPUT statement to modify part of an existing string value , for example 100 A$ -LSB- 3,5 -RSB- = `` XYZ '' or 120 B$ -LSB- 3 -RSB- = `` CHANGE ALL BUT FIRST TWO CHARS '' , which can not be done with early implementations of LEFT/MID/RIGHT $ .   Array and substring indices start with 1 . Boolean and relational operators can be used in any mathematical expression ( giving 0 for false or 1 for true ) , which was unusual for BASIC languages of that time , but became very popular in languages like C.   Differences from Dartmouth BASIC included the use of square brackets for arrays and # for < > .

neg: Big data Big data is a term for data sets that are so large or complex that traditional data processing application software is inadequate to deal with them . Challenges include capture , storage , analysis , data curation , search , sharing , transfer , visualization , querying , updating and information privacy . The term `` big data '' often refers simply to the use of predictive analytics , user behavior analytics , or certain other advanced data analytics methods that extract value from data , and seldom to a particular size of data set . `` There is little doubt that the quantities of data now available are indeed large , but that 's not the most relevant characteristic of this new data ecosystem . ''  Analysis of data sets can find new correlations to `` spot business trends , prevent diseases , combat crime and so on . '' Scientists , business executives , practitioners of medicine , advertising and governments alike regularly meet difficulties with large data-sets in areas including Internet search , fintech , urban informatics , and business informatics . Scientists encounter limitations in e-Science work , including meteorology , genomics , connectomics , complex physics simulations , biology and environmental research .   Data sets grow rapidly - in part because they are increasingly gathered by cheap and numerous information-sensing Internet of things devices such as mobile devices , aerial ( remote sensing ) , software logs , cameras , microphones , radio-frequency identification ( RFID ) readers and wireless sensor networks . The world 's technological per-capita capacity to store information has roughly doubled every 40 months since the 1980s ; , every day 2.5 exabytes ( 2.5 × 1018 ) of data are generated . One question for large enterprises is determining who should own big-data initiatives that affect the entire organization .   Relational database management systems and desktop statistics - and visualization-packages often have difficulty handling big data . The work may require `` massively parallel software running on tens , hundreds , or even thousands of servers '' . What counts as `` big data '' varies depending on the capabilities of the users and their tools , and expanding capabilities make big data a moving target . `` For some organizations , facing hundreds of gigabytes of data for the first time may trigger a need to reconsider data management options . For others , it may take tens or hundreds of terabytes before data size becomes a significant consideration . ''

neg: Linux on z Systems Linux on z Systems ( or Linux on z for short , and previously Linux on System z ) is the collective term for the Linux operating system compiled to run on IBM mainframes , especially IBM z Systems and IBM LinuxONE servers . Similar terms which imply the same meaning are Linux on zEnterprise , Linux on zSeries , Linux/390 , Linux/390x , etc. . The terms zLinux or z/Linux are also sometimes used , but these terms are discouraged by IBM as they create the implication of an IBM-offered or IBM-distributed version of Linux , which is incorrect . ( Further , `` zLinux '' without the slash is definitely incorrect , as it 's software , and software takes a slash : z/VM , z/OS , z/VSE , et al. ; hardware does not : z900 , z13 , et al. . )

neg: Utility computing Utility computing , or The Computer Utility , is a service provisioning model in which a service provider makes computing resources and infrastructure management available to the customer as needed , and charges them for specific usage rather than a flat rate . Like other types of on-demand computing ( such as grid computing ) , the utility model seeks to maximize the efficient use of resources and/or minimize associated costs . Utility is the packaging of computing resources , such as computation , storage and services , as a metered service . This model has the advantage of a low or no initial cost to acquire computer resources ; instead , computational resources are essentially rented .   This repackaging of computing services became the foundation of the shift to `` on demand '' computing , software as a service and cloud computing models that further propagated the idea of computing , application and network as a service .   There was some initial skepticism about such a significant shift . However , the new model of computing caught on and eventually became mainstream .   IBM , HP and Microsoft were early leaders in the new field of utility computing , with their business units and researchers working on the architecture , payment and development challenges of the new computing model . Google , Amazon and others started to take the lead in 2008 , as they established their own utility services for computing , storage and applications .   Utility computing can support grid computing which has the characteristic of very large computations or sudden peaks in demand which are supported via a large number of computers .   `` Utility computing '' has usually envisioned some form of virtualization so that the amount of storage or computing power available is considerably larger than that of a single time-sharing computer . Multiple servers are used on the `` back end '' to make this possible . These might be a dedicated computer cluster specifically built for the purpose of being rented out , or even an under-utilized supercomputer . The technique of running a single calculation on multiple computers is known as distributed computing .   The term `` grid computing '' is often used to describe a particular form of distributed computing , where the supporting nodes are geographically distributed or cross administrative domains . To provide utility computing services , a company can `` bundle '' the resources of members of the public for sale , who might be paid with a portion of the revenue from clients .   One model , common among volunteer computing applications , is for a central server to dispense tasks to participating nodes , on the behest of approved end-users ( in the commercial case , the paying customers ) . Another model , sometimes called the Virtual Organization ( VO ) , is more decentralized , with organizations buying and selling computing resources as needed or as they go idle .   The definition of `` utility computing '' is sometimes extended to specialized tasks , such as web services .

neg: MS-DOS MS-DOS ( -LSB- ˌɛmɛsˈdɒs -RSB- ; acronym for Microsoft Disk Operating System ) is a discontinued operating system for x86-based personal computers mostly developed by Microsoft . Collectively , MS-DOS , its rebranding as IBM PC DOS , and some operating systems attempting to be compatible with MS-DOS , are sometimes referred to as `` DOS '' ( which is also the generic acronym for disk operating system ) . MS-DOS was the main operating system for IBM PC compatible personal computers during the 1980s and the early 1990s , when it was gradually superseded by operating systems offering a graphical user interface ( GUI ) , in various generations of the graphical Microsoft Windows operating system .   MS-DOS resulted from a request in 1981 by IBM for an operating system to use in its IBM PC range of personal computers . Microsoft quickly bought the rights to 86-DOS from Seattle Computer Products , and began work on modifying it to meet IBM 's specification . IBM licensed and released it in August 1981 as PC DOS 1.0 for use in their PCs . Although MS-DOS and PC DOS were initially developed in parallel by Microsoft and IBM , the two products diverged after twelve years , in 1993 , with recognizable differences in compatibility , syntax , and capabilities .   During its life , several competing products were released for the x86 platform , and MS-DOS went through eight versions , until development ceased in 2000 . Initially MS-DOS was targeted at Intel 8086 processors running on computer hardware using floppy disks to store and access not only the operating system , but application software and user data as well . Progressive version releases delivered support for other mass storage media in ever greater sizes and formats , along with added feature support for newer processors and rapidly evolving computer architectures . Ultimately it was the key product in Microsoft 's growth from a programming languages company to a diverse software development firm , providing the company with essential revenue and marketing resources . It was also the underlying basic operating system on which early versions of Windows ran as a GUI . It is a flexible operating system , and consumes negligible installation space .

neg: History of IBM CKD Controllers Beginning with its 1964 System/360 announcement IBM 's mainframes initially accessed CKD ( Count key data ) subsystems via a channel connected to separate Storage Control Units ( SCUs ) with attached Direct Access Storage Devices ( DASD ) , typically a hard disk drive . This practice continued in IBM 's larger mainframes thru System/370 ; however low end systems generally used lower cost integrated attachments where the function of the SCU was combined with that of the channel , typically called an Integrated File Adapter .   The System/360 selector channel was followed by the System/370 block multiplexor channel which could operate as a selector channel to allow attachment of legacy subsystems .   The SCU evolved into a Director and Controller , the latter typically labelled an `` A-unit '' ( or A-Box '' ) with the controller and at least one DASD physically in an A-unit . An Integrated Storage Control ( ISC ) is a Director within the cabinet of an IBM System . A Director could attach from one to four A-units . One or more conventional DASD , now labeled a `` B-unit '' could attach to an A-unit   The following sections list in order of announcement IBM mainframe CKD storage controls , categorized as conventional storage controls , director type storage controls and integrated controls attaching an A-unit .

neg: History and standardization of Portable Document Format The Portable Document Format was created in the early 1990s by Adobe Systems , and remained proprietary format until it was released as an open standard in 2008 . Since then , it is under control of an International Organization for Standardization Committee of volunteer industry experts .   PDF was developed in the early 1990s as a way to share documents , including text formatting and inline images , among computer users of disparate platforms who may not have access to mutually-compatible application software . It grew out of a system called `` Camelot '' developed by Adobe 's co-founder John Warnock . PDF was one among a number of competing formats such as DjVu , Envoy , Common Ground Digital Paper , Farallon Replica and even Adobe 's own PostScript format . In those early years before the rise of the World Wide Web and HTML documents , PDF was popular mainly in desktop publishing workflows .   PDF 's adoption in the early days of the format 's history was slow . Adobe Acrobat , Adobe 's suite for reading and creating PDF files , was not freely available ; early versions of PDF had no support for external hyperlinks , reducing its usefulness on the Internet ; the larger size of a PDF document compared to plain text required longer download times over the slower modems common at the time ; and rendering PDF files was slow on the less powerful machines of the day .   Adobe distributed its Adobe Reader ( now Acrobat Reader ) program free of charge from version 2.0 onwards , and continued supporting the original PDF , which eventually became the de facto standard for fixed-format electronic documents .   In 2008 Adobe Systems ' PDF Reference 1.7 became ISO 32000:1:2008 . Thereafter , further development of PDF ( including PDF 2.0 ) is conducted by ISO 's TC 171 SC 2 WG 8 with the participation of Adobe Systems and other subject matter experts .

neg: UNIVAC Solid State The UNIVAC Solid State was a magnetic drum-based solid-state computer announced by Sperry Rand in December 1958 as a response to the IBM 650 . It was one of the first computers to be ( nearly ) entirely solid-state , using 700 transistors , and 3000 magnetic amplifiers ( FERRACTOR ) for primary logic , and 20 vacuum tubes largely for power control . It came in two versions , the Solid State 80 ( IBM-style 80 column cards ) and the Solid State 90 ( Remington-Rand 90 column cards ) . In addition to the `` 80/90 '' designation , there were two variants of the Solid State -- the SS I 80/90 and the SS II 80/90 . The SS II series included two enhancements -- the addition of 1,280 words of core memory and support for magnetic tape drives . The SS I had only the standard 5,000-word drum memory described in this article and no tape drives .   Both variants included a card reader , a card punch , and the line printer described in this article . The only `` console '' was a 10-key adding machine-type keypad , from which the operator would enter the commands to boot the computer . That keypad was also used by programmers in the debugging process . There was no Operating System as we have come to know them in recent years ; every program was completely self-contained , including the boot loader that initiated execution . All programs were loaded from punched cards ; even on the SS II , with its tape drives , there was no ability to launch programs from those drives .

neg: IBM System/36 BASIC IBM System/36 BASIC was an interpreter for the IBM System/36 midrange computer .   System/36 BASIC was first offered in 1983 , and as such , contained many of the trappings that a BASIC program would have encountered in the time period of the IBM PC , the Commodore 64 , the VIC-20 , the TRS-80 , or many other offerings of the Seventies and early Eighties . As such , S/36 BASIC uses conventions that are no longer standard in modern BASICs , such as line numbers , and does not support newer features such as WHILE/WEND , DO/ENDDO , WITH/END WITH , procedures , properties , and so forth .   BASIC interpreters written in the Seventies tended to `` do odd things odd ways '' . For example , on the Apple II , a programmer could embed a command into a program via PRINT , when prefaced by the character string CHR$ ( 4 ) . PEEK and POKE could be used in various BASICs to examine memory content or change it , or even to create an ad hoc machine language program and then run it . System/36 BASIC tends to stay away from these odd conventions ; however , the programmer could call for the Alarm ( a buzzing sound made by the terminal ) via PRINT CHR$ ( 7 ) .   BASIC statements are expected to be entered in capital letters , and while the operator can press Cmd2 to use lowercase , the BASIC interpreter will convert non-comment keywords into uppercase .   So that BASIC could be useful in a midrange computing environment , IBM added extensions to the language that were specific to the hardware and software conventions of the IBM System/36 Family , such as the WORKSTN file , support for indexed , direct , and sequential disk files , the ability to open and close multiple printer files , and LOAD/SAVE from libraries on the fixed disk .   These core BASIC statements , functions , and commands were used :   DATA  DIM  END  FOR ... NEXT  GOSUB ... RETURN  GOTO  IF ... THEN  INPUT  LET  ON ... GOTO  PRINT  PRINT USING  READ  REM  STOP   ASC  RND  SIN  COS  TAN  TAB  SQRT  LOG   LIST   More advanced IBM-supplied statements included :   ON ERROR Allows error trapping  OPTION Permits program-wide properties such as Base 1 or Base 0 array indexing , long or short precision , etc. .  OPEN Allows a file or device ( formatted workstation , printer ) to be opened  CLOSE Closes a file or device  WRITE Outputs to a file or device  REWRITE Changes a record or display format  APPEND Adds to a file  DELETE Deletes a record from a file  IMAGE Defines the format of a record using COBOL-like syntax  FORM Defines the format of a record using RPG-like syntax  DEF FN . . FNEND Defines a function  CHAIN Loads and passes control to another BASIC program   PRINT # 255 : Prints to the ( default ) printer file  PRINT NEWPAGE Clears the screen  PRINT # 255 : NEWPAGE Advances to the next page on the printer file   AIDX Refers to the ascending index of an array , which is an array of relative sorted pointers to array elements  DIDX Same as AIDX but uses a descending index  SRCH Used to find a value in an array by retrieving the match pointer  SRCH$ Used to find a string value in a string array by retrieving the match pointer   RENUMBER A command used to renumber the lines within a program  LOAD A command used to load a program from a library on the fixed disk  SAVE A command used to save a program to a library on the fixed disk  OFF A command used to exit the interactive BASIC session  LISTP A command used to list the current program to the printer    ON ERROR is an error-trapping statement that allows BASIC to suspend an error that might otherwise stop a BASIC program from running and perform an error-handling routine instead . Variants include suffixing OFLOW , ZDIV , and other error types to a statement and immediately trap these errors .   OPTION allows the BASIC program to meet special criteria . Sometimes BASIC did not have very much user space ( since all S/36 programs are limited to 64K ) and the area called `` code space '' which contains the current user program must reside within the user space . Therefore , users could choose OPTION LPREC which causes BASIC to compute with double-precision ( long ) numerics , or OPTION SPREC which provides more space and single-precision ( short ) numerics . Some programmers prefer matrix mathematics where the lowest-numbered index is 0 , others prefer 1 . OPTION BASE 0 and OPTION BASE 1 accomplish this . There are other uses for OPTION .   RPG II programs on the S/34 and S/36 could not call each other , but BASIC programs could , using the CHAIN statement . CHAIN passes control from the current BASIC module to the named module , bearing a list of arguments which can become variables in the new module when it is loaded .   DEF FN allows the definition of a user function in BASIC which can be named and referred in the program . FNEND is placed after the last statement in a function .   There are four ways to format BASIC input and output . First , unformatted ; just PRINT and INPUT to your heart 's content . Second , with PRINT USING , which in S/36 BASIC can incorporate a constant , a string variable , a line number , or a label . Third , with PRINT FIELDS and INPUT FIELDS , which place 5250-type display fields on the CRT in immediate mode . Fourth , by using a workstation file ( opened with OPEN #x : `` WS , NAME = '' and so forth ) and performing various combinations of WRITE and READ to that workstation file , using SDA-generated screen formats similar to those in other S/36 applications . WRITE and READ , as well as PRINT USING and INPUT USING , can direct BASIC to a line number or a label that contains the keyword `` IMAGE : '' .   An IMAGE statement contains decimals , commas , dollar signs , dashes , and pound signs in representation of the substituted numeric or alphameric values .   3540 IMAGE : ### - ## - #### ############################# $ # , ### , ### . ##   A FORM statement denotes the size of the variables to be read or written . To save a numeric value of .00 to 99,999.99 , use this notation :   2959 FORM N 7.2   A label is a tag on a line as follows :   260 BEGIN_CALCULATIONS : :  270 FOR X = 1 TO 12  280 Y = Y + X * 1.08  290 NEXT X   If desired , the statement GOSUB BEGIN_CALCULATIONS can be used instead of GOSUB 260 .   OPEN , CLOSE , WRITE , REWRITE , DELETE , and APPEND are already familiar to COBOL programmers and describe the actions taken to access S/36 disk files using BASIC . It is n't possible to access every single type of S/36 file because these include system files , libraries , and folders , but every user-created S/36 file with a fixed record length ( only FORTRAN programs can use variable record lengths ) will suffice . Disk files can be opened sequentially , by index , or relatively ( by record number ) . If a file is delete-capable , records can be deleted using the DELETE statement . To add a record , use WRITE ( with APPEND specified in the OPEN statement ) and to update use REWRITE .   In S/36 BASIC , to print to the printer , a device file must be used . A default printer file called # 255 always exists when BASIC is started . It has a printer name of BASIC255 and opens the device that is the default printer for the terminal that begins a BASIC session . If desired , it is possible to create a different printer file numbered between 1 and 254 . Use `` OPEN #x : PRINTER , NAME = '' and so forth to do this , specifying columns or device ID or other parameters as needed . The PAGEOFLOW keyword can be used to trap the page overflow condition for the printer .   Some versions of BASIC allow the programmer to sort an array . S/36 BASIC does n't provide a function for this , but it does provide an interesting remedy . The programmer can define an array with the same number of elements as the target array and use AIDX or DIDX to create an ascending or descending index . Each element of the new array will contain a number representing the ordinal sorted position of the target array , so if AMERICA is the sixth element of array A$ but first in alphabetical order , then setting A = DIDX ( A$ ) would cause A ( 6 ) to contain the value 1 .   Writing a BASIC program is much more fun than rewriting the same program each time you use it , therefore the authors of BASIC allow programmers to SAVE their program code to a library member and to REPLACE it when changes are made .   SAVE PROG1 , PGMRLIB causes the current module to be saved as a subroutine member ( type R ) named PROG1 in a user library named PGMRLIB .   Note that System/36 files are not part of libraries . If a disk file is named FNF001 , then an OPEN statement like this one can work :   OPEN # 3 : `` NAME = FNF001 , SEQUENTIAL '' , INPUT   It does n't matter which library is used to access file FNF001 .   RENUMBER is the S/36 BASIC command used to renumber statements . All internal references to statement numbers are immediately recalculated .   System/36 BASIC has a very dangerous command called FREE . Typing FREE followed by a filename deletes that file without a trace . It will work for every user file , unless there is a conflict of security or an in-use condition that blocks it .   System/36 BASIC has another dangerous command called LOCK . The LOCK command will make the current program source code inaccessible and it is not reversible . Always save an unlocked copy before using LOCK .

neg: Disk operating system A disk operating system ( abbreviated DOS ) is a computer operating system that can use a disk storage device , such as a floppy disk , hard disk drive , or optical disc . A disk operating system must provide a file system for organizing , reading , and writing files on the storage disk . Strictly speaking , this definition does not apply to current generations of operating systems , such as versions of Microsoft Windows in use , and is more appropriately used only for older generations of operating systems .   Disk operating systems were available for mainframes , microprocessors and home computers and were usually loaded from the disks themselves as part of the boot process .

neg: IEEE 1541-2002 IEEE 1541-2002 is a standard issued in 2002 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ( IEEE ) concerning the use of prefixes for binary multiples of units of measurement related to digital electronics and computing .   While the International System of Units ( SI ) defines multiples based on powers of ten ( like k = 103 , M = 106 , etc. ) , a different definition is sometimes used in computing , based on powers of two ( like k = 210 , M = 220 , etc. ) This is due to the use of binary addressing for computer memory locations .   In the early years of computing , there was no significant error in using the same prefix for either quantity ( 210 = 1024 and 103 = 1000 are equal , to two significant figures ) . Thus , the SI prefixes were borrowed to indicate nearby binary multiples for these computer-related quantities .   Meanwhile , manufacturers of storage devices , such as hard disks , traditionally used the standard decimal meanings of the prefixes , and decimal multiples are used for transmission rates and processor clock speeds as well . As technology improved , all of these measurements and capacities increased . As the binary meaning was extended to higher prefixes , the absolute error between the two meanings increased . This has even resulted in litigation against hard drive manufacturers , because some operating systems report the size using the larger binary interpretation .   Moreover , there is not a consistent use of the symbols to indicate quantities of bits and bytes -- the unit symbol `` Mb '' , for instance , has been widely used for both megabytes and megabits . IEEE 1541 sets new recommendations to represent these quantities and unit symbols unambiguously .   After a trial period of two years , in 2005 , IEEE 1541-2002 was elevated to a full-use standard by the IEEE Standards Association , and was reaffirmed on 27 March 2008 .   IEEE 1541 is closely related to Amendment 2 to IEC International Standard IEC 60027-2 . The IEC standard was harmonized into the common ISO/IEC IEC 80000-13 :2008 - Quantities and units -- Part 13 : Information science and technology . This standard uses ` bit ' as the symbol for bit , as opposed to ` b ' .

neg: Open Desktop Workstation The Open Desktop Workstation , also referred to as ODW is a PowerPC based computer , by San Antonio-based Genesi . The ODW has an interchangeable CPU card allowing for a wide range of Power Architecture based microprocessors from IBM and Freescale Semiconductor .   It is a standardized version of the Pegasos II . It was the first open source based PowerPC computer and gave PowerPC a host/target development environment . Genesi have released the complete specification ( design and component listing ) free of charge . The ODW-derived Home Media Center won the Best in Show award at the Freescale Technology Forum in 2005 . It also features an ATI certification and a `` Ready for IBM Technology '' certification .   It supports a variety of operating systems such as MorphOS , Linux , QNX and OpenSolaris . Manufacturing of the ODW have been discontinued in favour for EFIKA .

neg: Intelligent document Intelligent documents are electronic documents with more functionality than a page designed to emulate paper . Formats include PDF from Adobe , InfoPath from Microsoft , and XForms from W3C . Each is based on using XML as a format for data .   Intelligent documents are essentially interactive electronic documents . Intelligent documents include forms that change on request , personalized web pages , and personalised presentations . They usually require web access and server software .   Intelligent documents are used to help automate business processes , improve customer service , and reduce costs . Intelligent documents are also being used by marketing firms to target consumers more precisely . Programming marketing documents with customer data helps to improve customer loyalty , increase response rates , reduce marketing costs , and build brand recognition .   Some examples would be online shopping sites or free email services which usually use AJAX technology to add `` intelligence '' to its documents . Other more document-centric examples include commercial lending or leasing documents where , by the transactional nature , they can be automated using an assembly line approach with the logic and data embedded directly into the document .   The future of the intelligent document includes tight integration with `` meaning-based computing '' , allowing intelligent completion of forms with recommendations on subject-matter experts and related documents as well as dynamic regeneration based on rules or logic .   Today 's more advanced document automation systems allow users to create their own data and rules ( logic ) without the need for programming .

neg: Departmental boot image A departmental boot image is a boot image for any computer that has been enhanced by adding some applications and passwords specific to a task or group or department in an organization . This has many of the advantages of a thin client strategy , but can be done on any operating system base as long as the boot device is large enough to accommodate the boot and applications together .   A typical departmental Windows XP boot image is usually so large that it requires a DVD to store , and may be too large for network booting . Accordingly , it is usually installed on a fixed or removable hard drive kept inside the machine , rather than installed over a network or from a ROM .   There are some boot image control complexity and total cost of operations advantages to using a departmental boot image instead of a common boot image for the entire organization , or a thin client :  all the capabilities of a full operating system are available , not just those of a thin client  applications with inflexible software licenses need not be paid for the entire organization , but can be paid only for the departments that actually use them and have them installed on their machines  applications that interact badly can be segmented so that an accounting program and an engineering program do not `` clobber each other 's libraries '' or otherwise interfere as they would if both sets of applications were installed in one boot image  overall size of each boot image can be controlled to fit within network or removable disk limits   Disadvantages include the complexity of creating and managing several large boot images , and determining when a department needs to upgrade its applications . If each user is allowed to do this on their own , then , the discipline soon degrades and the shop will be no easier to manage than one that consists of one-off computers with their own quirks , frequently requiring re-imaging and whose issues are not really diagnosable nor comparable to each other . Some experts believe that any departmental boot image regime degrades rather quickly to this state without extraordinary discipline and controls , and advocate thin clients to ensure such control .   It is however increasingly possible to restrict users from installing `` their own '' applications on a standard boot image , and to automatically re-install when a variant boot image is detected . While this would be draconian in a large organization with one boot image it is often quite acceptable when the boot image is maintained at a departmental level and users can request that it be upgraded with a minimum of bureaucracy and waiting .   Category : Booting  Category : Disk images

neg: Apple Lisa Apple Lisa is a desktop computer developed by Apple , released on January 19 , 1983 . It was one of the first personal computers to offer a graphical user interface ( GUI ) in a machine aimed at individual business users . Development of the Lisa began in 1978 , and it underwent many changes during the development period before shipping at the very high price of US$ 9,995 with a 5 MB hard drive . The high price , relatively low performance and unreliable `` Twiggy '' floppy disks led to poor sales , with only 100,000 units sold .   In 1982 , after Steve Jobs was forced out of the Lisa project , he joined the Macintosh project , at that time developing a much more limited machine with a task-switching interface . Jobs redirected the Macintosh team to build a cheaper and better Lisa , releasing it in January 1984 and quickly outstripping Lisa sales . Newer versions of the Lisa were introduced that addressed its faults and lowered its price considerably , but it failed to achieve favorable sales compared to the much less expensive Mac . The final revision of the Lisa , the Lisa 2/10 , was modified and sold as the Macintosh XL .   Generally considered a failure , the Lisa nevertheless introduced a number of advanced features that would not re-appear on the Macintosh for a number of years . Among these was an operating system which featured protected memory and preemptive multitasking , and a more document-oriented workflow . The hardware itself was also much more advanced than the Macintosh , with a hard drive and support for up to 2 megabytes ( MB ) of RAM , expansion slots and a larger higher-resolution display . The main exception being that while the Macintosh also used the 68000 processor , the Macintosh initially used a version clocked at 7.89 Mhz , compared to the 5Mhz version used in the Lisa . The complexity of the Lisa operating system and its associated programs overtaxed the slower processor enough that users perceived it to be sluggish , particularly when scrolling in documents .