query: Katharine Hepburn was a star in Classic Hollywood Cinema.

pos: Katharine Hepburn Katharine Houghton Hepburn ( May 12 , 1907 -- June 29 , 2003 ) was an American actress . Known for her fierce independence and spirited personality , Hepburn was a leading lady in Hollywood for more than 60 years . She appeared in a range of genres , from screwball comedy to literary drama , and she received four Academy Awards for Best Actress -- a record for any performer . In 1999 , Hepburn was named by the American Film Institute as the greatest female star of Classic Hollywood Cinema .   Raised in Connecticut by wealthy , progressive parents , Hepburn began to act while studying at Bryn Mawr College . After four years in the theatre , favorable reviews of her work on Broadway brought her to the attention of Hollywood . Her early years in the film industry were marked with success , including an Academy Award for her third picture , Morning Glory ( 1933 ) , but this was followed by a series of commercial failures that led her to be labeled `` box office poison '' in 1938 . Hepburn masterminded her own comeback , buying out her contract with RKO Radio Pictures and acquiring the film rights to The Philadelphia Story , which she sold on the condition that she be the star . In the 1940s , she was contracted to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , where her career focused on an alliance with Spencer Tracy . The screen-partnership spanned 25 years and produced nine movies .   Hepburn challenged herself in the latter half of her life , as she regularly appeared in Shakespearean stage productions and tackled a range of literary roles . She found a niche playing middle-aged spinsters , such as in The African Queen ( 1951 ) , a persona the public embraced . Three more Oscars came for her work in Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner ( 1967 ) , The Lion in Winter ( 1968 ) , and On Golden Pond ( 1981 ) . In the 1970s , she began appearing in television films , which became the focus of her career in later life . She remained active into old age , making her final screen appearance in 1994 at the age of 87 . After a period of inactivity and ill health , Hepburn died in 2003 at the age of 96 .   Hepburn famously shunned the Hollywood publicity machine and refused to conform to society 's expectations of women . She was outspoken , assertive , athletic , and wore trousers before it was fashionable for women to do so . She married once , as a young woman , but thereafter lived independently . A 26-year affair with her co-star Spencer Tracy was hidden from the public . With her unconventional lifestyle and the independent characters she brought to the screen , Hepburn epitomized the `` modern woman '' in the 20th-century United States and is remembered as an important cultural figure .

neg: My Fair Lady (film) My Fair Lady is a 1964 American musical film adapted from the Lerner and Loewe eponymous stage musical based on the 1913 stage play Pygmalion by George Bernard Shaw . With a screenplay by Alan Jay Lerner and directed by George Cukor , the film depicts a poor Cockney flower seller named Eliza Doolittle who overhears an arrogant phonetics professor , Henry Higgins , as he casually wagers that he could teach her to speak `` proper '' English , thereby making her presentable in the high society of Edwardian London .   The film stars Audrey Hepburn and Rex Harrison as Eliza Doolittle and Henry Higgins respectively , with Stanley Holloway , Gladys Cooper and Wilfrid Hyde-White in supporting roles . A critical and commercial success , it won eight Academy Awards , including Best Picture , Best Actor , and Best Director . In 1998 , the American Film Institute named it the 91st greatest American film of all time .

neg: Katharine the Great Katharine the Great : Katharine Graham and The Washington Post is an unauthorized biography of Katharine Graham , the newspaper owner , authored by Deborah Davis , and initially released in 1979 .   The book was first published by Harcourt Brace Jovanovich ( HBJ ) , but they withdrew the book from circulation after a few weeks and returned the rights to Davis after citing that `` certain facts and circumstances have arisen since publication . '' Davis sued HBJ for $ 6 million in 1982 for breach of contract , alleging the recall came after a letter from the Washington Post 's executive editor , Benjamin C. Bradlee to the publisher ; Bradlee called the publication of the book `` completely irresponsible '' and then listed 39 errors where his name appeared . The suit was settled out of court for $ 100,000 .

neg: I Lost It at the Movies I Lost It at the Movies ( 1965 ) is Pauline Kael 's first collection of reviews , covering the years 1954 -- 1965 , which was published prior to her long stint at The New Yorker . As a result , the pieces in the book are culled from radio broadcasts that she did while she was at KPFA , as well as numerous periodicals , including Moviegoer , the Massachusetts Review , Sight and Sound , Film Culture , Film Quarterly and Partisan Review . It contains her negative review of the then widely acclaimed West Side Story , glowing reviews of other movies such as The Golden Coach and Seven Samurai , as well as longer polemical essays such as her largely negative critical responses to Siegfried Kracauer 's Theory of Film and Andrew Sarris 's Film Culture essay Notes on the Auteur Theory , 1962 . The book was a bestseller upon its first release , and is now published by Marion Boyars Publishers .   Kael 's first book is characterized by an approach where she would often quote contemporary critics such as Bosley Crowther and Dwight Macdonald as a springboard to debunk their assertions while advancing her own ideas . This approach was later abandoned in her subsequent reviews , but is notably referred to in Macdonald 's book , Dwight Macdonald On Movies ( 1969 ) .   When an interviewer asked her in later years as to what she had `` lost '' , as indicated in the title , Kael averred : `` There are so many kinds of innocence to be lost at the movies . '' It is the first in a series of titles of books that would have a deliberately erotic connotation , typifying the sensual relation Kael perceived herself as having with the movies , as opposed to the theoretical bent that some among her colleagues had .

neg: B movie A B movie is a low-budget commercial movie , but one that is not an arthouse film . In its original usage , during the Golden Age of Hollywood , the term more precisely identified films intended for distribution as the less-publicized bottom half of a double feature . Although the U.S. production of movies intended as second features largely ceased by the end of the 1950s , the term B movie continues to be used in the broader sense it maintains today . In its post -- Golden Age usage , there is ambiguity on both sides of the definition : on the one hand , the primary interest of many inexpensive exploitation films is prurient ; on the other , many B movies display a high degree of craft and aesthetic ingenuity .   In either usage , most B movies represent a particular genre -- the Western was a Golden Age B movie staple , while low-budget science-fiction and horror films became more popular in the 1950s . Early B movies were often part of series in which the star repeatedly played the same character . Almost always shorter than the top-billed films they were paired with , many had running times of 70 minutes or less . The term connoted a general perception that B movies were inferior to the more handsomely budgeted headliners ; individual B films were often ignored by critics .   Latter-day B movies still sometimes inspire multiple sequels , but series are less common . As the average running time of top-of-the-line films increased , so did that of B pictures . In its current usage , the term has somewhat contradictory connotations : it may signal an opinion that a certain movie is ( a ) a genre film with minimal artistic ambitions or ( b ) a lively , energetic film uninhibited by the constraints imposed on more expensive projects and unburdened by the conventions of putatively `` serious '' independent film . The term is also now used loosely to refer to some higher-budgeted , mainstream films with exploitation-style content , usually in genres traditionally associated with the B movie .   From their beginnings to the present day , B movies have provided opportunities both for those coming up in the profession and others whose careers are waning . Celebrated filmmakers such as Anthony Mann and Jonathan Demme learned their craft in B movies . They are where actors such as John Wayne and Jack Nicholson first became established , and they have provided work for former A movie actors , such as Vincent Price and Karen Black . Some actors , such as Bela Lugosi , Eddie Constantine and Pam Grier , worked in B movies for most of their careers . The term B actor is sometimes used to refer to a performer who finds work primarily or exclusively in B pictures .

neg: Cate Blanchett on screen and stage Cate Blanchett is an Australian actress who has extensively appeared in film and stage . She made her stage debut in 1992 by playing Electra in the National Institute of Dramatic Art production of the same name . She followed it with performances in Timothy Daly 's Kafka Dances ( 1993 ) and the Sydney Theatre Company stage production of Oleanna ( 1993 ) opposite Geoffrey Rush . Blanchett won the Sydney Theatre Critics Award for Best Newcomer for the former and Best Actress for the latter , making her the first person to win both awards at once . She went on to perform several roles on stage , notably Susan Traherne in Plenty ( 1999 ) , Hedda Gabler in Hedda Gabler ( 2004 ) , Blanche DuBois in A Streetcar Named Desire ( 2009 ) , Yelena in Uncle Vanya ( 2011 ) and Claire in The Maids ( 2013 ) .   In 1997 , Blanchett made her feature film debut in a supporting role in the World War II drama Paradise Road . The same year , she had her first leading role in Oscar and Lucinda , which earned her an AACTA Award nomination for Best Actress . Blanchett received worldwide attention for playing Queen Elizabeth I of England in the acclaimed drama Elizabeth ( 1998 ) . Her performance garnered her a Golden Globe and a BAFTA Award for Best Actress and her first Academy Award nomination for Best Actress . Elizabeth and her next film , the thriller The Talented Mr. Ripley ( 1999 ) , performed well at the box office . However , her other 1999 releasesthe widely praised An Ideal Husband and the largely panned Pushing Tinwere unsuccessful .   Blanchett found greater success for portraying Galadriel in Peter Jackson 's epic fantasy trilogy The Lord of the Rings ( 2001-03 ) . During this period , she also appeared in several films which had mixed reception and performed poorly at the box office . She won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress , among other honors for portraying Katharine Hepburn in Martin Scorsese 's 2004 drama The Aviator , making her the only actor to win an Oscar for portraying another Oscar-winning actor . Her only screen appearance in 2005 was in Little Fish , for which she won the AACTA Award for Best Actress . Blanchett 's performance in the 2006 thriller Notes on a Scandal garnered her another Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress . In 2007 , she received both Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress Oscar nominations for her roles in Elizabeth : The Golden Age and I 'm Not There , becoming one of the few actors to achieve this feat .   In 2008 , Blanchett appeared in Steven Spielberg 's action adventure Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull and David Fincher 's fantasy drama The Curious Case of Benjamin Button . She briefly reprised her role of Galadriel in the The Hobbit trilogy ( 2012-14 ) . For her performance as the titular socialite in Woody Allen 's 2013 drama Blue Jasmine , Blanchett won the Golden Globe , the BAFTA Award , the SAG Award and the Academy Award for Best Actress . In 2014 , she voiced Valka in the $ 620 million-grossing animated fantasy How to Train Your Dragon 2 . In 2015 , she received praise for playing Lady Tremaine in Disney 's live action film Cinderella , Mary Mapes in Truth and the titular character in Todd Haynes 's romantic drama Carol . Cinderella was a notable box office success while Carol garnered her seventh Oscar nomination . Blanchett made her Broadway debut in 2017 with The Present , receiving her first Tony Award nomination for the Best Actress in a Play .

neg: Art film An art film is typically a serious , independent film aimed at a niche market rather than a mass market audience . An art film is `` intended to be a serious artistic work , often experimental and not designed for mass appeal '' ; they are `` made primarily for aesthetic reasons rather than commercial profit '' , and they contain `` unconventional or highly symbolic content '' .   Film critics and film studies scholars typically define an art film as possessing `` formal qualities that mark them as different from mainstream Hollywood films '' , which can include , among other elements , a sense of social realism ; an emphasis on the authorial expressiveness of the director ; and a focus on the thoughts , dreams , or motivations of characters , as opposed to the unfolding of a clear , goal-driven story . Film scholar David Bordwell describes art cinema as `` a film genre , with its own distinct conventions '' .   Art film producers usually present their films at specialty theatres ( repertory cinemas , or , in the U.S. , `` arthouse cinemas '' ) and film festivals . The term art film is much more widely used in the United States , the UK and Australia than in Europe , where the term is more associated with `` auteur '' films and `` national cinema '' ( e.g. , German national cinema ) . Because they are aimed at small niche market audiences , they can rarely get the financial backing that will permit large production budgets , expensive special effects , costly celebrity actors , or huge advertising campaigns , as are used in widely released mainstream blockbuster films . Art film directors make up for these constraints by creating a different type of film , which typically uses lesser-known film actors ( or even amateur actors ) and modest sets to make films that focus much more on developing ideas or exploring new narrative techniques or film-making conventions .   A certain degree of experience and knowledge are required to fully understand or appreciate such films . One mid-1990s art film was called `` largely a cerebral experience '' that one enjoys `` because of what you know about film '' . This contrasts sharply with mainstream `` blockbuster '' films , which are geared more towards escapism and pure entertainment . For promotion , art films rely on the publicity generated from film critics ' reviews , discussion of their film by arts columnists , commentators and bloggers , and `` word-of-mouth '' promotion by audience members . Since art films have small initial investment costs , they only need to appeal to a small portion of the mainstream viewing audiences to become financially viable .

neg: Academy Film Archive The Academy Film Archive is part of the Academy Foundation , established in 1944 with the purpose of organizing and overseeing the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ' educational and cultural activities , including the preservation of motion picture history . Although the current incarnation of the Academy Film Archive began in 1991 , the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences acquired its first film in 1929 . Located in Hollywood , California at the Pickford Center for Motion Picture Study , the Archive has a diverse range of moving image material . The Archive 's collection comprises 85,000 titles and 190,000 separate items , including early American cinema , a vast collection of documentary films , filmed and taped interviews , amateur and private home movies of Hollywood legends , makeup and sound test reels , and a wide selection of experimental film , as well as Academy Award-winning films , Academy Award-nominated films , and a complete collection of every Academy Awards show since 1949 . Since acquiring the Packard Humanities Institute Collection , the Archive has the world 's largest known trailer collection . The Archive is also concerned with the preservation and restoration of films , as well as new technologies and methods of preservation , restoring over 800 titles of historical and artistic importance .

neg: Gardens of the World with Audrey Hepburn Gardens of the World with Audrey Hepburn is a 1990s documentary television series filmed on location in some of the world 's most beautiful , noteworthy gardens , hosted by Audrey Hepburn , who also co-narrates the series with Michael York .  Her Emmy for Outstanding Individual Achievement − Informational Programming was awarded posthumously .   A one-hour introductory special premiered on PBS in March , 1991 ; the premiere of six half-hour episodes began on January 24 , 1993 . Two further episodes along with a re-release of the six-part series by Home & Garden Television premiered in January , 1996 . The series was shown internationally in more than 30 countries . A DVD of all 8 programs was released in 1999 ; in September 2006 , an extended DVD edition was released .   Audrey Hepburn 's principal photography was filmed in the spring and summer of 1990 in exemplary public and private gardens in England , France , Italy , Japan , Netherlands , Dominican Republic & U.S.A. From her home in Tolochenaz , Switzerland that summer Hepburn wrote her foreword to the companion book for the series . She loved nature and gardens and saw a rare opportunity to bring forth their beauty in a poetic , meaningful way . Her life partner Robert Wolders was with Hepburn throughout the production : `` It became an intensely personal and creative process for her . She immersed herself in not only the beauty of the gardens , but also in their origins and evolution . ''   In January 1991 , Hepburn recorded her voice over narration in Los Angeles and graced the cover of House & Garden  magazine , U.S. edition . In New York on March 6 , 1991 , Cartier honored Audrey Hepburn and Gardens of the World with a High Tea reception at their Fifth Avenue Mansion ; the following day , Ralph Lauren at 72nd Street hosted the occasion of her book signing .

neg: Sunset Boulevard (film) Sunset Boulevard ( stylized onscreen as SUNSET BLVD. ) is a 1950 American film noir directed and co-written by Billy Wilder , and produced and co-written by Charles Brackett . It was named after the boulevard that runs through Los Angeles and Beverly Hills , California .   The film stars William Holden as Joe Gillis , an unsuccessful screenwriter , and Gloria Swanson as Norma Desmond , a faded silent film star who draws him into her fantasy world where she dreams of making a triumphant return to the screen , with Erich von Stroheim as Max Von Mayerling , her devoted servant . Nancy Olson , Fred Clark , Lloyd Gough and Jack Webb play supporting roles . Director Cecil B. DeMille and gossip columnist Hedda Hopper play themselves , and the film includes cameo appearances by leading silent film actors Buster Keaton , H. B. Warner and Anna Q. Nilsson .   Praised by many critics when first released , Sunset Boulevard was nominated for eleven Academy Awards ( including nominations in all four acting categories ) and won three . Deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' by the U.S. Library of Congress in 1989 , Sunset Boulevard was included in the first group of films selected for preservation in the National Film Registry . In 1998 , it was ranked number twelve on the American Film Institute 's list of the 100 best American films of the 20th century , and in 2007 , it was 16th on their 10th Anniversary list .

neg: Child actor The term child actor or child actress is generally applied to a child acting on stage or in motion pictures or television , but also to an adult who began his or her acting career as a child ; to avoid confusion , the latter is also called a former child actor . Closely associated is teenage actor or teen actor , an actor who reached popularity as a teenager .   Many child actors find themselves struggling to adapt as they become adults . Lindsay Lohan and Macaulay Culkin are two particular famous child actors who eventually experienced much difficulty with the fame they acquired at a young age ; Lohan 's career resumed after an interruption of several years . Many child actors also become successful adult actors as well , an example being Mickey Rooney 's career that included both the popular 1935 film A Midsummer Night 's Dream and the popular 2011 film The Muppets .

neg: Film Booking Offices of America Film Booking Offices of America ( FBO ) , also known as FBO Pictures Corporation , was an American film studio of the silent era , a producer and distributor of mostly low-budget films . The business began in 1918 as Robertson-Cole ( U.S. ) , the American division of a British import -- export company and Robertson-Cole was formed by the English-born Harry F. Robertson and the American Rufus Sidman Cole . Robertson-Cole bought the Hallmark Exchanges ( formerly the Mutual Exchanges that became known as Exhibitors-Mutual Exchanges ) from Frank J. Hall in 1920 . Exhibitors-Mutual/Hallmark had distributed Robertson-Cole product , and acquiring the exchanges gave them the right to distribute their own films plus Hall 's product , with the exception of Charlie Chaplin reissues he had the rights to .   Robertson-Cole initiated movie production in the United States in 1920 . That year , it incorporated Robertson-Cole Studios , Inc. and bought 460 acres in Santa Monica , California to establish a studio . The property , which became known as the `` R.C. Ranch '' , enabled Robertson-Cole to centralize movie production , which previously had been scattered . The movie company had relied on equipment rentals to produce motion pictures . Two years later , a corporate reorganization led to the company 's new name , with FBO becoming the official name of the distributing operation and Robertson-Cole Pictures Corp. the name of the production operation . In 1923 , the studio contracted with Western actor Fred Thomson , who would soon emerge as one of Hollywood 's most popular stars . Thomson was just one of numerous screen cowboys with whom FBO became identified .   The studio , whose core market was America 's small towns , also put out many romantic melodramas , non-Western action pictures , and comedic shorts . In 1926 , financier Joseph P. Kennedy led a group that acquired the company . In June 1928 , using RCA Photophone technology , FBO became only the second Hollywood studio to release a feature-length `` talkie . '' A few months later , Kennedy and RCA chief David Sarnoff arranged the merger that created RKO , one of the major studios of Hollywood 's Golden Age .

neg: Twentieth Century (film) Twentieth Century is a 1934 American pre-Code screwball comedy film . Much of the film is set on the 20th Century Limited train as it travels from Chicago to New York City . The film was directed by Howard Hawks , stars John Barrymore and Carole Lombard , and features Walter Connolly , Roscoe Karns and Edgar Kennedy . Ben Hecht and Charles MacArthur adapted their Broadway play of the same name -- itself based on the unproduced play Napoleon of Broadway by Charles Bruce Millholland -- with uncredited contributions from Gene Fowler and Preston Sturges .   Along with Frank Capra 's It Happened One Night , also released in 1934 ( which amazingly has exactly the same music over the opening titles ) , Twentieth Century is considered to be a prototype for the screwball comedy . `` Howard Hawks ' rapid-fire romantic comedy established the essential ingredients of the screwball -- a dizzy dame , a charming but befuddled hero , dazzling dialogue and a dash of slapstick . '' Its success propelled Lombard into the front ranks of film comediennes . The film was added to the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress in 2011 .

neg: Substitution splice The substitution splice is a cinematic special effect in which film makers achieve an appearance , disappearance , or transformation using a cut . It is sometimes also called the stop trick or the stop motion substitution , although the effect is achieved through film editing rather than by literally stopping the camera .   The pioneering French filmmaker Georges Méliès claimed to have accidentally developed substitution splicing while filming street traffic at the Place de l'Opéra in Paris . According to his story , his camera jammed and stopped ; by the time he had solved the difficulty , the traffic had moved on . When the film was screened , a man appeared to change into a woman , and an omnibus seemed to turn into a hearse . No evidence has emerged to support this story , which was probably entirely invented by Méliès . According to the film scholar Jacques Deslandes , it is more likely that Méliès discovered the substitution splice by carefully examining a print of the Edison Manufacturing Company 's 1895 film The Execution of Mary Queen of Scots , in which a primitive version of the trick appears . In any case , the substitution splice was both the first special effect Méliès perfected , and the most important in his body of work .   For some time , film theorists mistakenly believed that the camera was actually stopped for the effect , and then restarted ( hence the occasionally used term `` stop trick '' ) . However , later film historians such as Richard Abel and Elizabeth Ezra established that the effect was the result of Méliès 's careful frame matching during the editing process , creating a seamless match cut out of two separately staged shots . Indeed , Méliès often used substitution splicing not as an obvious special effect , but as an inconspicuous editing technique , matching and combining short takes into one apparently seamless longer shot . Substitution splicing could become even more seamless when the film was colored by hand , as many of Méliès 's films were ; the addition of painted color acts as a sleight of hand technique allowing the cuts to pass by unnoticed .   The substitution splice was the most popular cinematic special effect in early film fantasies , especially those that evolved from the stage tradition of the féerie . Segundo de Chomón is among the other filmmakers who used substitution splicing to create elaborate fantasy effects . D.W. Griffith 's 1909 film The Curtain Pole , starring Mack Sennett , used substitution splices for comedic effect . The transformations made possible by the substitution splice were so central to early fantasy films that , in France , such films were often described simply as scènes à transformation .   This technique is different from the stop motion technique , in which the entire shot is created frame by frame .

neg: Marilyn Monroe in popular culture Marilyn Monroe 's life and persona have been used in film , television , music , the arts , and by other celebrities .

neg: Old Warner Brothers Studio The Old Warner Brothers Studio , officially called today Sunset Bronson Studios ( formerly known as KTLA Studios and Tribune Studios ) , is a motion picture , radio and television production facility located on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood , California . The studio was the site where the first talking feature film , The Jazz Singer was filmed in 1927 .   Originally built in 1919 , the main building fronting Sunset Boulevard was the site of a bowling alley during the 1940s and 50s . In the mid 1950s , the studio lot was divided in two , between KTLA television and Paramount Pictures . In 1963 , the entire lot was taken over by new owner Gene Autry ( as KTLA Studios ) and became the home of KTLA Television : Golden West Broadcasters . In 1984 , the lot was purchased by Tribune Company ( as Tribune Studios ) , before finally coming under the ownership of Hudson Capital as Sunset Bronson Studios .   Due to its role in the history of the motion picture business , the site was designated as a Historic Cultural Landmark in LAHCM 1977 . The distinctive Executive Office Building , part of Warner Brothers original studio lot , was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002 .

neg: Hollywood blacklist The Hollywood blacklist -- as the broader entertainment industry blacklist is generally known -- was the practice of denying employment to screenwriters , actors , directors , musicians , and other American entertainment professionals during the mid-20th century because they were accused of having Communist ties or sympathies . Artists were barred from work on the basis of their alleged membership in or sympathy with the Communist Party USA or refusal to assist investigations into the party 's activities . Even during the period of its strictest enforcement , the late 1940s through the late 1950s , the blacklist was rarely made explicit or verifiable , but it directly damaged the careers of scores of individuals working in the film industry .   The first systematic Hollywood blacklist was instituted on November 25 , 1947 , the day after ten writers and directors were cited for contempt of Congress for refusing to testify to the House Un-American Activities Committee . A group of studio executives , acting under the aegis of the Association of Motion Picture Producers , fired the artists -- the so-called Hollywood Ten -- and made what has become known as the Waldorf Statement .   On June 22 , 1950 , a pamphlet entitled Red Channels was published . Focused on the field of broadcasting , it identified 151 entertainment industry professionals in the context of `` Red Fascists and their sympathizers . '' Soon , most of those named , along with a host of other artists , were barred from employment in most of the entertainment field .   The blacklist lasted until 1960 , when Dalton Trumbo , a Communist Party member from 1943 to 1948  and member of the Hollywood Ten , was credited as the screenwriter of the highly successful film Exodus , and later publicly acknowledged by actor Kirk Douglas for writing the screenplay for the movie Spartacus . A number of those blacklisted , however , were still barred from work in their professions for years afterward .

neg: Without Love (film) Without Love is a 1942 play by Philip Barry , later made into a 1945 romantic comedy film starring Spencer Tracy and Katharine Hepburn . The film was directed by Harold S. Bucquet from a screenplay by Donald Ogden Stewart based on the Barry play . Lucille Ball also stars in the film .

neg: 26th Academy Awards The 26th Academy Awards honored the best in films of 1953 .   The second national telecast of the Awards show drew an estimated 43 million viewers . Shirley Booth , appearing in a play in Philadelphia , presented the Best Actor award through a live broadcast cut-in , and privately received the winner 's name over the telephone from co-host Donald O'Connor . ( Actor Fredric March co-hosted from New York City . ) Gary Cooper filmed his presentation of the Best Actress award in advance on a set in Mexico , with O'Connor announcing the winner 's name .   All the major winners in this year were black-and-white films . The big winner was Fred Zinnemann 's From Here to Eternity , with thirteen nominations and eight awards including Best Picture , Best Supporting Actor , Best Supporting Actress , Best Director , Best Screenplay ( Daniel Taradash ) , Best Cinematography ( Burnett Guffey ) , Best Sound , and Best Film Editing . All five of its major actors and actresses were nominated , with secondary players Donna Reed and Frank Sinatra taking home Oscars . The candid film was based on James Jones ' controversial , best-selling novel about Army life on a Hawaiian ( Oahu ) military base just prior to the Pearl Harbor attack and World War II , illustrating the conflict between an individualistic private ( Montgomery Clift ) and rigid institutional authority ( exemplified by the Army ) . Its achievement of eight awards matched the then record held by Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) . The record would be tied again the following year by On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) . Walt Disney won four awards , which remains the record for the most Oscars won in the same year .   William Holden 's speech for Best Actor for his role in Stalag 17 was simply `` Thank You '' , making it one of the shortest speeches ever ; the TV broadcast had a strict cutoff time which forced Holden 's quick remarks . The frustrated Holden personally paid for advertisements in the Hollywood trade publications to thank everyone he wanted to on Oscar night . He also remarked that he felt that either Burt Lancaster or Montgomery Clift should have won the Best Actor Oscar for From Here to Eternity , instead of him .

neg: A Woman Rebels A Woman Rebels is a 1936 RKO film adapted from the novel Portrait of a Rebel by Netta Syrett and starring Katharine Hepburn as Pamela Thistlewaite , who rebels against the social mores of Victorian England . The film was directed by Mark Sandrich , was the film debut of Van Heflin , and the final film of David Manners .

neg: The West Side Waltz The West Side Waltz is a play by Ernest Thompson .   The play focuses on Margaret Mary Elderdice , an aging , widowed pianist living in a dreary Upper West Side apartment , and her relationships with a prim , virginal violinist neighbor and the young companion who moves in for an extended stay .   Thompson was prompted to write the piece when screenwriter George Seaton offered him a grant to write a new play following the success of his previous work , On Golden Pond .   The play originally was presented off-Broadway in 1978 . After three previews , the Broadway production , directed by Noel William , opened on November 19 , 1981 , at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre . Despite the presence of screen legend Katharine Hepburn , supported by Dorothy Loudon , Regina Baff , and David Margulies , it ran for only 126 performances . Hepburn was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play , but lost to Zoe Caldwell ( Medea ) .   Thompson wrote the teleplay for and directed a CBS production that originally aired on Thanksgiving night in 1995 . The cast included Shirley MacLaine , Liza Minnelli , Kathy Bates , Jennifer Grey , Estelle Harris , and Robert Pastorelli .


query: Ireland shares features.

pos: Ireland Ireland ( -LSB- ˈaɪərlənd -RSB- Éire -LSB- ˈeːɾʲə -RSB- ; Ulster-Scots : Airlann -LSB- - scoˈɑːrlən -RSB- ) is an island in the North Atlantic . It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel , the Irish Sea , and St George 's Channel . Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles , the third-largest in Europe , and the twentieth-largest on Earth .   Politically , Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland ( officially named Ireland ) , which covers five-sixths of the island , and Northern Ireland , which is part of the United Kingdom , in the northeast of the island . In 2011 , the population of Ireland was about 6.4 million , ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain . Just under 4.6 million live in the Republic of Ireland and just over 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland .   The island 's geography comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain , with several navigable rivers extending inland . The island has lush vegetation , a product of its mild but changeable climate which avoids extremes in temperature . Thick woodlands covered the island until the Middle Ages . As of 2013 , the amount of land that is wooded in Ireland is about 11 % of the total , compared with a European average of 35 % . There are twenty-six extant mammal species native to Ireland . The Irish climate is very moderate and classified as oceanic . As a result , winters are milder than expected for such a northerly area . However , summers are cooler than those in Continental Europe . Rainfall and cloud cover are abundant .   The earliest evidence of human presence in Ireland is dated at 10,500 BC . Gaelic Ireland had emerged by the 1st century CE . The island was Christianised from the 5th century onward . Following the Norman invasion in the 12th century , England claimed sovereignty over Ireland . However , English rule did not extend over the whole island until the 16th -- 17th century Tudor conquest , which led to colonisation by settlers from Britain . In the 1690s , a system of Protestant English rule was designed to materially disadvantage the Catholic majority and Protestant dissenters , and was extended during the 18th century . With the Acts of Union in 1801 , Ireland became a part of the United Kingdom . A war of independence in the early 20th century was followed by the partition of the island , creating the Irish Free State , which became increasingly sovereign over the following decades , and Northern Ireland , which remained a part of the United Kingdom . Northern Ireland saw much civil unrest from the late 1960s until the 1990s . This subsided following a political agreement in 1998 . In 1973 the Republic of Ireland joined the European Economic Community while the United Kingdom , and Northern Ireland , as part of it , did the same .   Irish culture has had a significant influence on other cultures , especially in the fields of literature . Alongside mainstream Western culture , a strong indigenous culture exists , as expressed through Gaelic games , Irish music , and the Irish language . The culture of the island also shares many features with that of Great Britain , including the English language , and sports such as association football , rugby , horse racing , and golf .

neg: Iverni The Iverni ( Ἰούερνοι , Iouernoi ) were a people of early : Ireland first mentioned in Ptolemy 's 2nd century Geography as living in the extreme south-west of the island . He also locates a `` city '' called Ivernis ( Ἰουερνίς , Iouernis ) in their territory , and observes that this settlement has the same name as the island as a whole , Ivernia ( Ἰουερνία , Iouernia ) . The name Iverni has been derived from Proto-Indo-European * PiHwerjoHn , `` the fertile land '' . It was probably once the name given to all the peoples of Ireland , but by Ptolemy 's time had a more restricted usage applicable to the inhabitants of the south-west . These Iverni can be identified linguistically with the Érainn ( Éraind , Érnai , Érna ) , a people attested in Munster and elsewhere in the early Middle Ages .   The prehistoric Érainn royal dynasties are sometimes referred to as the Dáirine .

neg: Protohistory of Ireland Ireland can be said to have had a protohistorical period , when , in prehistory , the literate cultures of Greece and Rome began to take notice of it , and a further proto-literate period of ogham epigraphy , before the early historical period began in the 5th century . Attempts have been made to reconstruct the political developments of this period by reference to early medieval Irish genealogical texts .

neg: Irish population analysis The population of the Island of Ireland in 2016 was approximately 6.6 million comprising 4.75 million in the Republic of Ireland with another 1.85 million in Northern Ireland . Although this is a significant growth over recent years , it is still some way below the record high of the early 1840s .   Between 1780 and 1840 , Ireland experienced rapid population growth , rising from about 3 million in 1780 to over 8 million by 1840 . In 1841 , the population of the area now covering the Republic of Ireland was over 6.5 million people . The subsequent Great Famine and the emigration it caused had a dramatic effect , so that by 1871 , the 26-county population had dropped by over a third to four million , and by 1926 had reduced further to three million . It held firm around three million until the early 1970s , when the population began to rise again . Future predictions are for the population to continue to rise until 2031 when it is predicted to be just over five million . The Republic of Ireland is one of the few remaining developed economies to have growth of this scale .   Below are some statistics to illustrate the rise , fall and rise again of the population since 1841 . The statistics also illustrate a massive population shift from the west to the east of the country and increasing urbanisation . Counties such as Mayo , Roscommon , Donegal and Leitrim have become depopulated while counties surrounding Dublin including Wicklow , Kildare , Louth and Meath have seen rapid population growth in recent years .

neg: Crown dependencies The Crown dependencies are the Isle of Man in the Irish Sea , and the Bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey in the English Channel . They are independently administered jurisdictions , and do not form part of either the United Kingdom or the British Overseas Territories . They are self-governing possessions of the Crown ( defined uniquely in each jurisdiction ) . Internationally , the dependencies are considered `` territories for which the United Kingdom is responsible '' , rather than sovereign states . As a result , they are not member states of the Commonwealth of Nations . However , they do have relationships with the Commonwealth , the European Union , and other international organisations , and are members of the British -- Irish Council . They have their own teams in the Commonwealth Games . They are not part of the European Union ( EU ) , although they are within the EU 's customs area .   As the Crown dependencies are not sovereign states , the power to pass legislation affecting the islands ultimately rests with the government of the United Kingdom . However they each have their own legislative assemblies , with the power to legislate on many local matters with the assent of the Crown ( Privy Council , or in the case of the Isle of Man in certain circumstances the Lieutenant-Governor ) . In each case , the head of government is referred to as the Chief Minister .

neg: Message to the Free Nations of the World In 1919 the First Dáil of the Irish Republic issued a Message to the Free Nations of the World ( Scéal ó Dháil Éireann chum Saor-Náisiún an Domhain , Appel aux Nations ) . The message was approved by Dáil Éireann on 21 January 1919 . It asked nations to recognise Ireland as a separate nation , free from British rule . It was adopted in three languages : Irish , English and French .   Little attention was paid to it by the free nations as World War I was ending . An Armistice had been signed , but the war technically ended with the Treaty of Versailles which was signed in June 1919 . Britain assured its fellow-victors that the situation in Ireland would be dealt with under the new principles of self-determination , and so significant Irish support in America was negated by President Wilson who would not recognise the sovereignty of the Irish Republic . The British solution was enacted in 1920 as the Government of Ireland Act 1920 . The Irish Republic was not recognised by any other state .

neg: Public transport in Ireland Public transport in Ireland exists in many of the island 's urban areas , and takes a number of forms . Bus transport is the main form of public transport common in all cities . The cities , Dublin , Cork , Limerick and Galway all have their own suburban rail networks . Ireland has a population of over 6.4 million people .   Transport for Ireland is a public information body set up by the National Transport Authority as a single point of reference for all public transport in Ireland , along the lines of Transport for London .

neg: Met Éireann Met Éireann ( -LSB- mʲɛtʲ ˈeːrʲən̪ˠ -RSB- , meaning `` Met of Ireland '' ) is the national meteorological service in Ireland , part of the Department of Housing , Planning , Community and Local Government .

neg: Irish constitutional referendums, 1998 Two referendums were held together in the Republic of Ireland on 22 May 1998 , each on a proposed amendment of the Irish constitution . Both measures were approved . A referendum in Northern Ireland was also held on the same day .

neg: Moyle District Council Moyle District Council was a Local Council in County Antrim in the northeast of Northern Ireland . It merged with Ballymoney Borough Council , Coleraine Borough Council and Limavady Borough Council in May 2015 under local government reorganisation to become Causeway Coast and Glens District Council .   It covered a largely rural area of approximately 190 square miles ( including 42 miles of coastline ) and with a population of just over 17,000 had the smallest population of any principal local council in Ireland and the second-smallest in the United Kingdom , after the Isles of Scilly .   As a consequence , in 1991 the local government boundary commission originally recommended that the council should be merged with the neighbouring Ballymoney council to create a new council called `` Dalriada '' . This was strongly opposed by both councils and also by Ballymena which would have gained the Glens of Antrim and a small part of Ballymoney council in the process . After a public enquiry the plans were shelved and Moyle was preserved .   Council headquarters were in Ballycastle . Other towns in the area included Bushmills ( home to the world 's oldest licensed distillery which has produced the famous Irish whiskey `` Bushmills '' since 1608 ) , Ballintoy , Armoy , Cushendall , Cushendun and Waterfoot . The area is very popular with tourists and includes the three best known features of Northern Ireland : the Giant 's Causeway ( a World Heritage Site ) , the Glens of Antrim and Rathlin Island , which lies 7 miles off Ballycastle .   The Council was composed of 15 councillors who were elected from three electoral areas ( Ballycastle , Giant 's Causeway and The Glens ) every four years by a system of proportional representation .   Most of the former council forms the North Antrim constituency ( together with the neighbouring former Local Council areas of Ballymena and Ballymoney ) , for elections to the Westminster Parliament and Northern Ireland Assembly . The exception is the Glens of Antrim area , most of which is part of the East Antrim constituency . The council was a majority Catholic enclave in the otherwise Protestant County Antrim .

neg: Irish Americans Irish Americans ( Gael-Mheiriceánaigh ) are an ethnic group comprising Americans who have full or partial ancestry from Ireland , especially those who identify with that ancestry , along with their cultural characteristics . About 33.3 million Americans -- 10.5 % of the total population -- reported Irish ancestry in the 2013 American Community Survey conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau . This compares with a population of 6.4 million on the island of Ireland . Three million people separately identified as Scots-Irish , whose ancestors were Ulster Scots who emigrated from Ireland to the United States .

neg: Aran Islands The Aran Islands ( Oileáin Árann -- pronunciation : -LSB- əˈlʲɑːnʲ ˈɑːɾən -RSB- ) or The Arans ( na hÁrainneacha -- -LSB- nə ˈhɑːɾənʲəxə -RSB- ) are a group of three islands located at the mouth of Galway Bay , on the west coast of Ireland , with a total area of about 46 square kilometers . They constitute the barony of Aran in County Galway , Ireland .   From west to east the islands are : Inishmore ( Árainn Mhór / Inis Mór -- -LSB- ˈɑːɾənʲ woːɾ -RSB- or -LSB- ˈɪnʲɪʃ moːɾ -RSB- ) , the largest ; Inishmaan ( Inis Meáin / Inis Meadhóin -- -LSB- ˈɪnʲɪʃ mʲɑːnʲ -RSB- ) , the second-largest ; and Inisheer ( Inis Thiar/Inis Oírr / Inis Oirthir -- -LSB- ˈɪnʲɪʃ hiəɾ / iːɾʲ / ˈɛɾʲhɪɾʲ -RSB- ) , the smallest .   The 1,200 inhabitants primarily speak Irish , the language used in local placenames . All islanders are also fluent in English .

neg: Gaelscoil A Gaelscoil ( -LSB- ˈɡˠeːl̪ˠsˠkɛlʲ -RSB- ; plural : Gaelscoileanna ) is an Irish-medium school in Ireland : the term refers especially to Irish-medium schools outside the Irish-speaking regions or Gaeltacht . Over 50,000 students attend Gaelscoileanna on the island of Ireland . A further over 13,000 students are receiving their primary and second level education through Irish in the Gaeltacht . Gaelscoileanna and Irish-medium schools in the Gaeltacht are supported and represented by Gaeloideachas and An Chomhairle um Oideachas Gaeltachta & Gaelscolaíochta or COGG for short .   Students in the Gaelscoileanna acquire the Irish language through language immersion , and study the standard curriculum through it . Gaelscoileanna , unlike English-medium schools , have the reputation of producing competent Irish speakers . English-medium schools , in contrast , produce relatively few fluent Irish speakers , despite the Irish language being an obligatory subject in the Republic of Ireland in both primary and secondary school . This has been attributed in part to the lack of Irish-language immersion programs .

neg: Uí Ímair The Uí ( h ) Ímair -LSB- iː ˈiːvˠaɾʲ -RSB- , or Dynasty of Ivar , were a royal Norse dynasty members of which ruled much of the Irish Sea region , the Kingdom of Dublin , the western coast of Scotland , including the Hebrides and some part of Northern England , from the mid 9th century .   The dynasty lost control of York in the mid 10th century , but reigned over the other domains at variously disputed times , depending on which rulers may be counted among their descendants . This has proved a difficult question for scholars to determine , because reliable pedigrees do not survive . Additionally , for between three and four decades , the Uí Ímair were probably overkings of the Kingdom of Scotland itself , distinct from the Kingdom of Strathclyde , of which they may also have been overkings , and later briefly the Irish province of Munster , dominated from Waterford , and later still , briefly the English kingdom of Mercia . In the west of Ireland , the Uí Ímair also supplied at least two kings of Limerick , from which they may have attempted to conquer Munster again .   On the female side , two members are styled Queens of Ireland in the Irish annals ( they were also Queen of Mide and Queen of Munster , respectively ) , while another was Queen of Leinster ( and Osraige ) . In the Norse sources , another was Queen consort of Norway . Finally , another may have been Queen of Brega . The name Uí Ímair in Old Irish means `` grandchildren '' or descendants of Ivar , but the dynasty includes its progenitor and his sons . The Irish annals describe Ivar as the brother of Amlaíb Conung and of Auisle , and the Annals of Ulster record his obituary under the year 873 , reading : Imhar , rex Nordmannorum totius Hibernie & Brittanie , uitam finiuit -LSB- `` Ivar , king of all the Norse of Ireland and Britain , ended his life '' -RSB- . Probably the senior leader of the Great Heathen Army , Ivar may thus have become the inspiration for the legendary Ivar the Boneless ( fl . 865-860 ) , son of Ragnar Lodbrok . In any event , Uí Ímair dynasts may also have exercised power as overkings of East Anglia during their career in Britain .   Alex Woolf points out it would be a mistake to view the lordship as a `` unitary empire '' ; it was , rather , a collection of lordships ruled by the same kindred , with only varying degrees of unity depending on the political circumstances of the moment and the charisma of individual leaders . Especially in the early period , a great portion of the dynasty 's wealth , probably the majority , came from the international slave trade , both as slavers themselves and from the taxation of it , for which they were infamous in their time . In this role they star as the principal antagonists in the early 12th-century Irish epic political tract The War of the Irish with the Foreigners , although the account is exaggerated .   One of the greatest dynasties of the Viking Age , the Uí Ímair were at their height the most fearsome and wide-reaching power in the British Isles and perhaps beyond . However , unlike the contemporary Rurikids in the East they ultimately failed to make any long-lasting territorial gains of significance and are considered a strategic failure , despite their considerable economic and political influence .

neg: Culture of the United Kingdom The culture of the United Kingdom is influenced by the UK 's history as a developed island country , a liberal democracy and a major power ; its predominantly Christian religious life ; and its composition of four countries -- England , Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland -- each of which has distinct customs , cultures and symbolism . The wider culture of Europe has also influenced British culture , and Humanism , Protestantism and representative democracy developed from broader Western culture .   British literature , music , cinema , art , theatre , comedy , media , television , philosophy , architecture and education are important aspects of British culture . The United Kingdom is also prominent in science and technology , producing world-leading scientists ( e.g. Isaac Newton and Charles Darwin ) and inventions . Sport is an important part of British culture ; numerous sports originated in the country , including football . The UK has been described as a `` cultural superpower '' , and London has been described as a world cultural capital .   The Industrial Revolution , which started in the UK , had a profound effect on the socio-economic and cultural conditions of the world . As a result of the British Empire , significant British influence can be observed in the language , law , culture and institutions of a geographically wide assortment of countries , including Australia , Canada , India , the Republic of Ireland , New Zealand , Nigeria , Pakistan , South Africa , the United States and English speaking Caribbean nations . These states are sometimes collectively known as the Anglosphere , and are among Britain 's closest allies . In turn the empire also influenced British culture , particularly British cuisine .   The cultures of England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland are diverse and have varying degrees of overlap and distinctiveness .

neg: List of settlements on the island of Ireland by population This is a list of the 25 largest towns and cities on the island of Ireland by population . It therefore includes towns and cities in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland . The population figures listed are for the urban area centered around each settlement excluding areas that fall within the boundary of another town or city . The figures for Northern Ireland towns are based on the 2011 Northern Ireland Census , while the figures for towns in the Republic are based on the 2006 Census of Ireland , and cities in the Republic of Ireland are based on the 2016 Census of Ireland .

neg: Ireland–Philippines relations Ireland -- Philippines relations are the political , economic , religious and cultural relations between Ireland and the Philippines . Ireland is represented in the Philippines through its embassy in Kuala Lumpur ( Malaysia ) and an honorary consulate in Manila . The Philippines had an embassy in Dublin but due to financial and organisational burdens was forced to close in 2012 .

neg: List of Irish words used in the English language For a list of Irish words that have been imported into English , see the list of English words of Irish origin .   For help with pronunciation , see Help : IPA , Help : IPA for Irish , and Irish phonology .   Irish words used in English in modern Ireland without being assimilated to English forms include :  Amhrán na bhFiann : National Anthem of Ireland ( literally `` Soldiers Song '' )  pronounced ( -LSB- / ˈəuɾˠaːn̪ˠ n̪ˠə ˈvʲiːən̪ˠ / -RSB- )  Áras an Uachtaráin : Residence of the President  pronounced -LSB- / ˈɑːrəs ən ˈuəxt̪ərɑːnʲ / -RSB-  Ardfheis : Party conference ( used by Fianna Fáil , Fine Gael and Sinn Féin )  pronounced -LSB- / ˈɑːɾˠd̪ˠ ˈɛɕ / -RSB-  Ard-Rí : High King ( title used in the Middle Ages )  pronounced -LSB- / ɑːrd riː / -RSB-  Bord Fáilte : Irish Tourist Board ( literally `` Welcome Board '' ; now called Fáilte Ireland )  pronounced -LSB- / boːrd ˈfɑːʎtʲə / -RSB-  Bunreacht na hÉireann : Constitution of Ireland  pronounced -LSB- / ˈbunraxt nə ˈheːrʲən / -RSB-  Ceann Comhairle : Chairman of Dáil Éireann  pronounced -LSB- / kʲaːn̪ˠ ˈkoːrʎə / -RSB-  Dáil Éireann : House of Representatives ( lower house of the Irish Parliament )  pronounced -LSB- / d̪ˠaːlʲ ˈeːrʲən̪ˠ / -RSB-  Éire : Ireland  pronounced -LSB- / ˈeːɾʲə / -RSB-  Fianna Fáil : Irish political party ( literally `` Soldiers of Destiny '' )  pronounced -LSB- / ˌfʲiənə ˈfɔːlʲ / -RSB-  Fine Gael : Irish political party ( literally `` Family of the Gael '' )  pronounced -LSB- / ˈfʲɪnʲə ˈɡeːl̪ˠ / -RSB-  Gaeltacht : Irish-speaking area  pronounced -LSB- / ˈɡeːɫ̪t̪ˠəxt̪ˠ / -RSB-  Garda : police officer ( plural Gardaí )  pronounced -LSB- / ˈɡaːrd̪ə / -RSB- , pl . -LSB- / ˈɡaːɾˠd̪ˠiː / -RSB-  Garda Síochána : Irish police service ( literally `` Guardian of the Peace '' )  pronounced -LSB- / ˈɡaːrd̪ə ˈʃiːxaːn̪ˠə n̪ˠə ˈheːɾʲən̪ˠ / -RSB-  Oireachtas : ( National Parliament )  pronounced -LSB- / ɛrʲaxt̪ˠasˠ / -RSB-  Príomh Aire : Prime Minister ( 1919 -- 1921 only )  pronounced -LSB- / ˈpʲrʲiːv ˈarʲə / -RSB-  Punt : Irish pound ( currency , now replaced by the euro )  pronounced -LSB- / punt / -RSB-  Raidió Teilifís Éireann : National broadcasting service ( RTÉ )  pronounced -LSB- / ˈradʲo ˈtʲɛlʲəfʲiːʃ ˈeːrʲən / -RSB-  Saorstát Éireann : Irish Free State  pronounced -LSB- / ˈsiːrˌstɑːt ˈeːɾʲən̪ˠ / -RSB-  Seanad Éireann : Irish Senate ( upper house of the Irish Parliament )  pronounced -LSB- / ˈʃan̪ˠəd̪ˠ ˈeːɾʲən̪ˠ / -RSB-  Sinn Féin : Irish political party ( literally `` Our-selves '' )  pronounced -LSB- / ˈʃiɲ fʲeːnʲ / -RSB-  Sliotar : Ball used in hurling ( see Gaelic Athletic Association )  pronounced -LSB- / ʃlʲɪt̪ˠəɾˠ / -RSB-  Tánaiste : Deputy Prime Minister  pronounced -LSB- / ˈtɑːnəʃtʲə / -RSB-  Taoiseach : Prime Minister ( literally `` Chieftain '' )  pronounced -LSB- t̪ˠiːʃəx -RSB-  Teachta Dála : Member of the lower house of Parliament ( TD )  pronounced -LSB- / ˈtʲaxtə ˈdɑːlə / -RSB-  Uachtarán na hÉireann : President of Ireland  pronounced -LSB- / ˈuəxt̪ˠəɾˠɑːn̪ˠ n̪ˠə ˈheːɾʲən̪ˠ / -RSB-  Údarás na Gaeltachta : Development Authority for the Gaeltacht  pronounced -LSB- / ˈuːdərɑːs nə ˈɡeːltəxtə / -RSB-   Other , more informal terms include :  banshee -- bean sí .  barmbrack -- An Irish fruit loaf . ó bairín breac , speckled loaf .  bodhrán -- A winnowing drum used as a musical instrument .  bog -- ( from bogach meaning `` marsh/peatland '' ) a wetland ( according to OED ) .  bonnaught -- A type of billeting or a billeted soldier . From Irish buannacht , billeting or billeting tax .  boreen -- ( from bóithrín meaning `` small road '' ) a narrow rural road in Ireland .  brat -- a cloak or overall -- now only in regional dialects ( from Old Irish bratt meaning `` cloak , cloth '' )  brehon -- A judge of ancient Irish law . From Irish breitheamh .  brogue -- ( from bróg meaning `` shoe '' ) a type of shoe ( OED ) .  brogue -- A strong regional accent , especially an Irish or one . Not as the OED says , a reference to the footwear of speakers of the brogue , but from barróg , an Irish word for a lisp or accent .  callow -- A river meadow , a landing-place , from Irish caladh .  camogie -- From Irish camóg , small hooked object , a camogue . The women 's equivalent of hurling .  carrageen -- moss . From Irish carraigín , ` little rock ' .  carrow -- An ancient Irish gambler , from cearrbhach .  caubeen -- An Irish beret , adopted as part of the uniform of Irish regiments of the British Army . From cáibín .  clabber -- also bonny-clabber ( from clábar and bainne clábair ) curdled milk .  clarsach -- An ancient Irish and Scottish harp , from Irish cláirseach .  clock O.Ir . clocc meaning `` bell '' . Probably entered Germanic via the hand-bells used by early Irish missionaries .  coccagee Cac na gé -- goose shit . The name of a type of cider apple found in Ireland , so called for its green colour .  colcannon -- A kind of ` bubble and squeak ' . Probably from cál ceannfhionn , white headed cabbage .  colleen -- ( from cailín meaning `` a girl '' ) .  conk -- Slang term for a big nose . The term Old Conky was a nickname for the Duke of Wellington . Dinneen gives coinncín as ` a prominent nose ' and this seems to be related to terms like geanc , meaning a snub nose .  coshering -- Nothing to do with Jewish dietary law . Coshering ( from Irish cóisir , feast ) was when a lord went round staying with his subjects and expecting to be entertained . Because of this cóisireacht can mean ` sponging ' in Modern Irish , though cóisir usually just means a party .  coyne -- A kind of billeting , from Irish coinmheadh .  crock - As in ' A crock of gold ' , from Irish cnoc .  cross -- The ultimate source of this word is Latin crux . The English word comes from Old Irish cros via Old Norse kross .  crubeens - Pig 's feet , from Irish Crúibín .  cudeigh -- A night 's lodging , from Irish cuid na hoíche .  curragh -- An Irish boat made from skins or tarred canvas stretched over a wooden frame . Irish currach .  drum , drumlin -- from Irish droim , droimlín . A ridge or small hill of glacial origin , such as in the landscape of Down .  drisheen -- is a type of black pudding associated with Cork . From drisín .  dudeen -- A clay pipe , from Irish dúidín .  dulse -- From Irish duileasc , originally meaning water leaf . A type of edible seaweed .  erenagh -- A hereditary holder of church lands . Irish aircheannach .  esker -- From eiscir , an elongated ridge of post-glacial gravel , usually along a river valley ( OED ) .  Fenian -- From Fianna meaning `` semi-independent warrior band '' , a member of a 19th-century Irish nationalist group ( OED ) .  fiacre -- a small four-wheeled carriage for hire , a hackney-coach , associated with St Fiacre area of Paris . Named for Saint Fiachra .  fiorin -- A type of long grass , derived from Irish feorthainn .  Gallowglass -- ( from gallóglach ) a Scottish Gaelic mercenary soldier in Ireland between mid 13th and late 16th centuries .  galore -- ( from go leor meaning `` plenty '' ) a lot .  gillaroo -- A type of fish . From Irish giolla rua , red lad .  glib -- An obsolete term for a kind of haircut associated with warriors ( because it protected the forehead ) banned by the English . Irish glib , fringe .  glom - ( from glám ) To become too attached to someone .  gob -- ( literally beak ) mouth . From Irish gob . ( OED )  grouse -- In slang sense of grumble , perhaps from gramhas , meaning grin , grimace , ugly face .  griskin -- ( from griscín ) a lean cut of meat from the loin of a pig , a chop .  hooligan -- ( from the Irish family name Ó hUallacháin , anglicised as Hooligan or Hoolihan ) .  keening -- From caoinim ( meaning `` I wail '' ) to lament , to wail mournfully ( OED .  kern -- An outlaw or a common soldier . From ceithearn or ceithearnach , still the word in Irish for a pawn in chess .  Leprechaun -- a fairy or spirit ( from leipreachán )  Limerick -- ( from Luimneach ) . The limerick form was particularly associated in the 18th century with a group of Irish language poets called Filí na Máighe .  lough -- ( from loch ) a lake , or arm of the sea .  madder -- Also mether . A traditional square-sided wooden drinking vessel , Irish meadar .  merrow -- An Irish mermaid . Irish murúch .  moiley An ancient breed of Irish hornless cattle , from maol , bald or hornless .  mucker - ( from mo chara ) A friend  ogham Ancient Irish alphabet . The Irish is also ogham ( pronounced oh-um ) .  omadhaun - A fool , from Irish amadán .  orrery A mechanical model of solar system , named for the Earl of Orrery . This is an old Irish tribal name , Orbhraighe .  pampootie -- pampúta A kind of shoe with good grip worn by men in the Aran Islands .  phoney -- ( probably from the English fawney meaning `` gilt brass ring used by swindlers '' , which is from Irish fáinne meaning `` ring '' ) fake .  pinkeen -- From pincín , a minnow or an insignificant person . This in turn comes from English pink + Irish diminutive -- ín .  pollan -- A fish found in Irish loughs , Irish pollán .  pookawn -- A fishing boat , from Irish púcán .  poteen -- ( from poitín ) hooch , bootleg alcoholic drink .  puck -- ( in hockey ) Almost certainly from Irish poc , according to the OED .  puss -- As in sourpuss , comes from Irish pus , a pouting mouth .  rapparee -- An Irish highwayman , from ropaire ( a stabber )  rath -- A strong circular earthen wall forming an enclosure and serving as a fort and residence for a tribal chief . From Irish rath .  shamrock -- ( from seamróg ) a shamrock , diminutive of seamair , clover , used as a symbol for Ireland .  Shan Van Vocht -- ( from seanbhean bhocht meaning `` poor old woman '' ) a literary name for Ireland in the 18th and 19th centuries .  Shanty - A poorly built home in a slum area ( from sean tigh , meaning `` an old house '' ) .  shebeen -- ( from síbín meaning `` illicit whiskey , poteen '' , apparently a diminutive of síob , which means drift , blow , ride ) unlicensed house selling alcohol ( OED ) .  shillelagh -- ( from sail éille meaning `` a beam with a strap '' ) a wooden club or cudgel made from a stout knotty stick with a large knob on the end .  shoneen -- A West Brit , an Irishman who apes English customs . From Irish Seoinín , a little John ( in a Gaelic version of the English form , Seon , not the Irish Seán ) .  Sidhe Modern Sí -- the fairies , fairyland .  slauntiagh -- An obsolete word for sureties or guarantees , which comes from Irish sláinteacha with the same meaning .  sleveen , sleiveen -- ( from slíbhín ) an untrustworthy or cunning person . Used in Ireland and Newfoundland ( OED ) .  slew -- ( from slua meaning `` a large number '' ) a great amount ( OED ) .  slob -- ( from slab ) mud ( OED ) .  slogan -- ( from sluaghairm meaning `` a battle-cry used by Gaelic clans '' ) . I think this is more likely to be of Scottish origin .  slug - ( from slog ) A swig of a drink . e.g. . A slug of red eye  smithereens small fragments , atoms . In phrases such as ` to explode into smithereens ' . This is the Irish word smidiríní . This is obviously Irish because of the -- ín ending but the basic word seems to be Germanic , something to do with the work of a smith .  spalpeen -- A migratory labourer in Ireland . From spailpín .  tanist -- The deputy and successor of a chieftain or religious leader . A term used in anthropology . From Irish tánaiste , secondary person .  tilly -- ( from tuilleadh meaning `` a supplement '' ) used in Newfoundland to refer to an additional luck-penny . It is used by Joyce in the first chapter of Ulysses .  tory -- Originally an Irish outlaw , probably from the word tóraí meaning `` pursuer '' .  trousers -- From Irish triús .  turlough -- A seasonal lake in limestone area ( OED ) . Irish turloch ` dry lake . '  uilleann pipes -- Irish bellows-blown bagpipes . Uilleann is Irish for ` elbow ' .  usker -- From Irish uscar , a jewel sewn into an item of clothing .  whiskey -- From uisce beatha meaning `` water of life '' .   Other words   Bualadh bos ( A round of applause )  Camán ( hurley )  Cipín ( Small stick/firekindling )  Crúibín ( Pigs foot )  Fáilte ( Welcome )  Fláithiúil ( Excessively/uncommonly generous )  Grá ( Great love or affection for someone/something )  Is maith liom ( I like/It 's good )  Lúdramán ( Fool )  Lúdar ( Fool )  Meas ( High regard/respect for someone/something )  Óinseach ( Fool , generally female )  Plámás ( Excessive/Insincere praise or flattery )  Sceach ( Any thorny bush , sceach gheal ( Hawthorn ) )  Sláinte ( Cheers | Good Health )  Slán ( Safe , whole , healthy , complete ) ( Shortened version of go dté tu slán ( `` may you go safely '' ) , used as modern equivalent of the French au revoir or English see you . )

neg: Continental Europe Continental Europe , also referred to as mainland Europe , or , by Europeans , simply the Continent , is the continuous continent of Europe , excluding surrounding islands .   The most common definition of continental Europe excludes continental islands , encompassing the Greek Islands , Cyprus , Malta , Sicily , Sardinia , Corsica , the Balearic Islands , Ireland , Great Britain , the Isle of Man , the Channel Islands , Novaya Zemlya and the Danish archipelago , as well as nearby oceanic islands , including the Canary Islands , Madeira , the Azores , Iceland , the Faroe Islands , and Svalbard .   The Scandinavian peninsula is sometimes also excluded , as even though it is technically part of `` mainland Europe '' , the de facto connections to the rest of the continent are across the Baltic Sea or North Sea ( rather than via the lengthy land route that involves travelling to the north of the peninsula where it meets Finland , and then south through north-east Europe ) .   The notion of Europe as a geopolitical or cultural term is centred on core Europe ( Kerneuropa ) , the continental territory of the historical Carolingian Empire and the core of Latin Christendom , corresponding to modern France , Italy , Germany ( or German-speaking Europe ) and the Benelux states ( historical Austrasia ) . This historical core of `` Carolingian Europe '' was consciously invoked in the 1950s as the historical ethno-cultural basis for the prospective European integration ( see also Multi-speed Europe ) .

neg: List of places in Ireland This is a list of places in Ireland .

neg: List of cities, boroughs and towns in the Republic of Ireland The following table and map show all the municipal areas in Ireland , that is all areas named in the Local Government Act 2001 as Cities , Boroughs , or Towns . The population figures are from the Central Statistics Office 's report of the 2011 census .   When the Local Government Reform Act 2014 becomes law , Limerick and Waterford city councils will be merged with the corresponding county councils , while all borough and town councils will be superseded by new `` municipal districts '' covering both urban and rural areas within counties . However , the `` city '' and `` borough '' labels would be transferred to the municipal district containing the relevant city or borough .


query: Passengers was released in 2016.

pos: Passengers (2016 film) Passengers is a 2016 American science fiction film directed by Morten Tyldum and written by Jon Spaihts . It stars Jennifer Lawrence , Chris Pratt , Michael Sheen , and Laurence Fishburne . The story depicts three people who are awakened some 90 years too soon from an induced hibernation on a spaceship bound for a new planet .   The film was released in the United States on December 21 , 2016 , in 2D and RealD 3D by Columbia Pictures . It grossed $ 303 million worldwide . The film was nominated for Best Original Score and Best Production Design at the 89th Academy Awards .

neg: Precious Cargo (film) Precious Cargo is a 2016 Canadian action film directed by Max Adams , co-written by Adams and Paul V. Seetachitt , and starring Mark-Paul Gosselaar and Bruce Willis , alongside a supporting cast featuring Claire Forlani , John Brotherton , Lydia Hull , and Daniel Bernhardt . The film was released on April 22 , 2016 , by Lionsgate Premiere .

neg: Manhattan Night Manhattan Night is a 2016 American crime film written and directed by Brian DeCubellis . It is based on the 1996 novel Manhattan Nocturne by Colin Harrison . The film stars Adrien Brody , Yvonne Strahovski , Jennifer Beals , Campbell Scott , Linda Lavin and Steven Berkoff . The film was released on May 20 , 2016 , by Lionsgate Premiere .

neg: The American Side The American Side is a 2016 film starring Greg Stuhr and Matthew Broderick .

neg: 2016 Würzburg train attack On 18 July 2016 , a 17-year-old asylum seeker injured four people , two critically , with a knife and hatchet on a train near Würzburg in Germany . A fifth person was injured outside . The state office of criminal investigations called it a terrorist attack with an Islamist religious motive . The attacker 's Islamic State instructor `` ordered '' him `` to use an axe rather than a knife in his attack . '' In a martyrdom video , the attacker blamed unspecified infidels trespassing against and murdering men , women and children , as well as leaders and Muslim citizens who did not object to this .   The attack happened around 21:00 CEST on a train traveling between Treuchtlingen and Würzburg . The victims in the train ( a husband , wife , their daughter and her boyfriend ) were from Hong Kong , and the fifth victim , attacked outside the train , was a local woman . Fourteen witnesses were treated for shock . The attacker tried to flee and was shot dead by Special Deployment Commandos after they confronted him and he tried to attack them with the hatchet .   German authorities later discovered evidence showing that the perpetrator , identified as Riaz Khan Ahmadzai , was in contact with a suspected Islamic State member in Saudi Arabia and had originally been asked to drive a car into a crowd of people . Ahmadzai declined this suggestion as he was not able to drive the car . Instead , he told his contact that he would plan and carry out a train attack .

neg: King Cobra (2016 film) King Cobra is a 2016 American biographical crime-drama film about the life and early career of Brent Corrigan . It was directed by Justin Kelly and was based on the book Cobra Killer : Gay Porn , Murder , and the Manhunt to Bring the Killers to Justice by Andrew E. Stoner and Peter A. Conway . The film was released on October 21 , 2016 , by IFC Midnight .

neg: Deadman Apocalypse Deadman Apocalypse is a 2016 science fiction film .

neg: Wakefield (film) Wakefield is a 2016 American drama film directed and written by Robin Swicord , based on the short story of same name by E. L. Doctorow . The film stars Bryan Cranston and Jennifer Garner . Principal photography began on November 30 , 2015 , in Pasadena , California .   The film had its world premiere at the Telluride Film Festival on September 2 , 2016 . It was released in a limited release on May 19 , 2017 , before being released through video on demand on May 26 , 2017 , by IFC Films .

neg: The Comedian (2016 film) The Comedian is a 2016 American comedy-drama film directed by Taylor Hackford and written by Lewis Friedman , Richard LaGravenese , Art Linson , and Jeff Ross . The film stars Robert De Niro , Leslie Mann , Danny DeVito , Edie Falco , Veronica Ferres , Charles Grodin , Cloris Leachman , Patti LuPone and Harvey Keitel .   The film had its world premiere at the AFI Fest on November 11 , 2016 and was released on December 9 , 2016 , by Sony Pictures Classics . The film opened to negative reviews from critics .

neg: Baby Driver Baby Driver is a 2017 British -- American action comedy film written and directed by Edgar Wright , and starring Ansel Elgort , Kevin Spacey , Lily James , Jon Bernthal , Eiza González , Jon Hamm and Jamie Foxx . The film follows a young getaway driver ( played by Elgort ) who is reluctantly coerced to work for a veteran kingpin ( played by Spacey ) at `` one last job '' in exchange to start a better life .   The film had its world premiere at South by Southwest on March 11 , 2017 and is scheduled to be released theatrically on June 28 , 2017 , by TriStar Pictures .

neg: Amityville: Vanishing Point Amityville : Vanishing Point is a 2016 film directed by Dylan Greenberg .

neg: Wicked Man's Rest Wicked Man 's Rest is the debut and sole studio album of the British band Passenger ( stylized as / Passenger . ) fronting Mike Rosenberg . The single `` Walk You Home '' taken from the album charted in Britain reaching number 134 in the UK Singles Chart .   Since the release of the album / Passenger has split up with lead singer Mike Rosenberg continuing with a solo career also under the name Passenger .

neg: 2016 in film 2016 in film is an overview of events , including the highest-grossing films , award ceremonies , festivals , and a list of films released and deaths .

neg: Pandora (2016 film) Pandora is a 2016 South Korean disaster film written and directed by Park Jung-woo , starring Kim Nam-Gil . The film was released in South Korea on December 7 , 2016 .

neg: Transit pass A transit pass ( North American English ) or travel card ( British English ) , often referred to as a bus pass or train pass etc. ( in all kinds of English ) , is a ticket that allows a passenger of the service to take either a certain number of pre-purchased trips or unlimited trips within a fixed period of time .   Depending on the transport network and on how much the pass is used , the pass may offer varying discounts compared with trips that are purchased individually . While transit passes can generally be purchased at full price by anyone wishing to use the services ( senior citizens , the disabled , students and some others are often able to get them at a reduced price ) many employers , colleges , and universities will subsidize the cost of them , or sometimes the full amount .   Some public transport networks will allow certain types of personnel , including police officers , fire fighters , active military , and their own employees to ride their services free with proper identification and without the need to purchase a pass .

neg: Salaam Mumbai Salaam Mumbai ( known as Hello Mumbai ; سلام بمبئی ) is a 2016 Iranian-Indian drama film directed by Ghorban Mohammadpour .

neg: Priceless (2016 film) Priceless ( known also as Priceless : She 's Worth Fighting For ) is a 2016 American romantic drama film about human trafficking , inspired by true events . It is directed by Ben Smallbone and produced by Steve Barnett with a screenplay by Chris Dowling and Tyler Poelle . Starring singer Joel Smallbone , Bianca Santos , Amber Midthunder , Jim Parrack , and David Koechner , it tells the story of a man who has his life changed when meets two girls , which falls in love with one and starts to protect them from evil forces in the country with bad purposes .   The film is being distributed by Roadside Attractions and it was released on October 14 , 2016 to generally positive reviews from critics and audience .

neg: Taxicab Confessions Taxicab Confessions is a television series of hidden camera documentaries that have aired on HBO since January 1995 . In segments taped in New York City and Las Vegas , the taxi drivers are also producers who steer both the vehicle and the conversations with passengers .   When passengers enter the cab , they are recorded with several small cameras hidden in the taxi . The producer prompts passengers into discussing their past and/or present circumstances . This has led some participants to reflect on their life , recalling extreme tragedies or triumphs .   Much is verbally or visually graphic , including explicit sex talk and sex acts performed in the back seat . At the end of the taxi ride , passengers are asked to sign waivers allowing the hidden camera footage to be used on the program , and footage of this revelation is sometimes seen during the closing credits .   Separating the segments are short video montages showing life in the city , incorporating quick cuts of club interiors , flashing neon signage , strippers and the homeless , along with the series theme music , `` Over the Rainbow '' by Me First and the Gim me Gimmes .   The series originated in New York , moved to Las Vegas and in recent years returned to New York .

neg: Happiness (2016 film) Happiness is a 2016 Hong Kong drama film directed and written by Andy Lo . Centred around the story of a cognitive disorder patient , the film stars Kara Wai , Carlos Chan and Cya Liu . It was released on 8 September 2016 .

neg: Like for Likes Like for Likes ( Korean : 좋아해줘 ) is a 2016 South Korean romantic comedy film directed by Park Hyun-jin . It was released in South Korea on February 17 , 2016 by CJ Entertainment .

neg: Jonathan (2016 film) Jonathan is a 2016 German drama film directed by Piotr J. Lewandowski . It was screened in the Panorama section at the 66th Berlin International Film Festival .