query: Louise Simonson is from America.

pos: Louise Simonson Louise Simonson ( born Mary Louise Alexander ; born September 26 , 1946 ) is an American comic book writer and editor . She is best known for her work on comic book titles such as Power Pack , X-Factor , New Mutants , Superman : The Man of Steel , and Steel . She is often referred to by the nickname `` Weezie '' .   In recognition of her contributions to comics , Comics Alliance listed Simonson as one of twelve women cartoonists deserving of lifetime achievement recognition .

neg: Louise Henry Louise Henry may refer to :   Louise Henry Hoover ( 1874 -- 1944 ) , maiden name of the wife of Herbert Hoover and First Lady of the United States  Louise Henry ( actress ) ( 1911 -- 1967 ) , American film actress

neg: Anne Flournoy Anne Flournoy ( born April 28 , 1952 ) is an American writer , producer and film director , best known for the webseries The Louise Log .

neg: Marie-Louise (film) Marie-Louise is a 1944 Swiss German & French language Swiss film directed by Leopold Lindtberg and an uncredited Franz Schnyder . The film , distributed in the U.S. by Arthur Mayer and Joseph Burstyn , was the first foreign language film ever to win an Academy Award , receiving the Oscar for Best Original Screenplay .

neg: Susan B. Anthony Susan Brownell Anthony ( February 15 , 1820 -- March 13 , 1906 ) was an American social reformer and women 's rights activist who played a pivotal role in the women 's suffrage movement . Born into a Quaker family committed to social equality , she collected anti-slavery petitions at the age of 17 . In 1856 , she became the New York state agent for the American Anti-Slavery Society .   In 1851 , she met Elizabeth Cady Stanton , who became her lifelong friend and co-worker in social reform activities , primarily in the field of women 's rights . In 1852 , they founded the New York Women 's State Temperance Society after Anthony was prevented from speaking at a temperance conference because she was female . In 1863 , they founded the Women 's Loyal National League , which conducted the largest petition drive in United States history up to that time , collecting nearly 400,000 signatures in support of the abolition of slavery . In 1866 , they initiated the American Equal Rights Association , which campaigned for equal rights for both women and African Americans . In 1868 , they began publishing a women 's rights newspaper called The Revolution . In 1869 , they founded the National Woman Suffrage Association as part of a split in the women 's movement . In 1890 , the split was formally healed when their organization merged with the rival American Woman Suffrage Association to form the National American Woman Suffrage Association , with Anthony as its key force . In 1876 , Anthony and Stanton began working with Matilda Joslyn Gage on what eventually grew into the six-volume History of Woman Suffrage . The interests of Anthony and Stanton diverged somewhat in later years , but the two remained close friends .   In 1872 , Anthony was arrested for voting in her hometown of Rochester , New York , and convicted in a widely publicized trial . Although she refused to pay the fine , the authorities declined to take further action . In 1878 , Anthony and Stanton arranged for Congress to be presented with an amendment giving women the right to vote . Popularly known as the Anthony Amendment and introduced by Sen. Aaron A. Sargent ( R-CA ) , it became the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1920 .   Anthony traveled extensively in support of women 's suffrage , giving as many as 75 to 100 speeches per year and working on many state campaigns . She worked internationally for women 's rights , playing a key role in creating the International Council of Women , which is still active . She also helped to bring about the World 's Congress of Representative Women at the World 's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893 .   When she first began campaigning for women 's rights , Anthony was harshly ridiculed and accused of trying to destroy the institution of marriage . Public perception of her changed radically during her lifetime , however . Her 80th birthday was celebrated in the White House at the invitation of President William McKinley . She became the first actual woman to be depicted on U.S. coinage when her portrait appeared on the 1979 dollar coin .

neg: Elizabeth Nickson Elizabeth Nickson is a Canadian writer and journalist . In the late 1980s and early 1990s , she was European bureau chief of Life magazine .   In 2002 , Elizabeth Nickson 's column at the National Post was terminated due to a case of plagiarism .   Canada 's National Post has dismissed a columnist due to concerns over plagiarism . The news broke in an Editor 's Note the paper ran on Friday :   `` In freelancer Elizabeth Nickson 's column in the National Post of May 31 , 2002 , the following words should have been attributed to Jonah Goldberg of National Review Online :   `` Kim Basinger is ` allergic ' to the sun and requires an assistant to carry an umbrella to protect her on the off chance she might be exposed to dangerous solar radiation . Sylvester Stallone once refused to continue with an interview until his hotel room was painted a more ` likable ' peach . Mike Myers almost quit the filming of Wayne 's World because he did n't have any margarine for his bagel . Sean Penn made an assistant swim the dangerous and polluted currents of New York 's East River just to bring him a cigarette . Jennifer Lopez is just one of the many stars who does not permit her employees to look her in the eyes . ''   These sentences , as they appeared in Ms. Nickson 's column published two and a half years ago , were slightly revised from Mr. Goldberg 's original article that appeared a year earlier in 2001 . The National Post regrets the omission of the attribution to Mr. Goldberg and the National Review .   While Ms. Nickson indicated that her failure to attribute the passage was inadvertent , the Post has decided to discontinue her weekly freelance column . ''

neg: Louise Wensel Louise Wensel ( December 24 , 1918 -- February 13 , 2005 ) , was a Doctor of Medicine and political candidate and activist .   Wensel ran as an independent Senate candidate against incumbent Harry F. Byrd in the U.S. state of Virginia in 1958 . Byrd was widely regarded as playing not only the role of United States Senator , but also as the powerful political boss of the Byrd Organization . He was notorious for his role in the `` massive resistance '' to racial desegregation by closing public schools rather than submit to court-ordered integration . Wensel 's candidacy was based on her opposition to the closing of public schools and to all forms of discrimination . Despite death threats , violent attacks on campaign supporters and cross burnings , Dr. Wensel received widespread support and more than 23 percent of the official vote count in an election governed by the Jim Crow policies that characterized Virginia elections prior to the Voting Rights Act .   After the 1958 elections , Wensel continued as a practicing physician until a few years prior to her death in Charlottesville , Virginia in 2005 . For much of her career , she specialized in psychiatry , and in the 1970s , she played a major role in introducing acupuncture as a mainstream treatment approach in U.S. medicine . She was one of main doctors to participate in the famous Washington Acupuncture Center . She had offices in Washington , D.C. , Baltimore , Maryland , and Florida , and wrote the textbook Acupuncture in Medical Practice ( Reston Pub . Co. , 1980 ) . She was active throughout her life in movements for world peace and women 's rights .

neg: Simons Simons is a surname . Notable people with the surname include :   Alan Simons ( born 1968 ) , Welsh goalkeeper  Alexandra Simons de Ridder ( born 1963 ) , German equestrian  Algie Martin Simons ( ( 1870 -- 1950 ) , American socialist journalist , newspaper editor and political activist  Andra Simons , Bermudian writer  Ann Simons ( born 1980 ) , Belgian judoka  Arthur D. Simons ( 1918 -- 1979 ) , U.S. Army Special Forces officer  Barbara Simons ( born 1941 ) , American computer scientist  Benjamin Simons , British theoretical physicist  Billy Simons ( born 1983 ) , American singer  Carlos Simons ( born 1954 ) , Turks and Caicos Islands lawyer  Charles Simons ( 1906 -- 1979 ) , Belgian footballer  Charles Casper Simons ( 1876 -- 1964 ) , American judge  Charles Earl Simons , Jr. ( 1916 -- 1999 ) , American judge  Charles-Mathias Simons ( 1802 -- 1874 ) , Luxembourg politician  Claude Simons , Jr. ( 1914 -- 1975 ) , American college sports coach  Claude Simons , Sr. ( 1887 -- 1943 ) , American college sports coach  Daniel Simons ( born 1969 ) , American psychologist and cognitive scientist  Dave Simons ( 1954 -- 2009 ) , American comic book artist  David G. Simons ( 1922 -- 2010 ) , American physician and Airforce pilot  Dot Simons ( 1912 -- 1996 ) , New Zealand sportswoman , sports journalist and writer  Doug Simons ( born 1966 ) , American baseball pitcher  Elwyn L. Simons ( born 1930 ) , American paleontologist  Eric Simons ( born 1962 ) , South African cricketer  Eva Simons ( born 1984 ) , Dutch singer-songwriter  Geoff Simons 1939 -- 2011 ) , British freelance writer  Heintje Simons ( born 1955 ) , Dutch singer and actor  Hellmuth Simons ( 1893 -- 1969 ) , German bacteriologist  Henry Calvert Simons ( 1899 -- 1948 ) , American economist  Howard Simons ( 1929 -- 1989 ) , American journalist  Hywel Simons ( born 1970 ) , Welsh actor  Jack Simons ( 1882 -- 1948 ) , Australian businessman and politician  James Harris Simons ( born 1938 ) , American mathematician and hedge fund-manager  Jan Simons ( 1925 -- 2006 ) , Canadian baritone  Jennifer Simons ( born 1953 ) , Surinamese politician  Jesse Simons ( 1917 -- 2006 ) , American labor arbitrator  Jim Simons ( 1950 -- 2005 ) , American professional golfer  Joe Simons ( born 1947 ) , Dutch ice hockey player  Johan Simons ( born 1946 ) , Dutch theatre director  John Simons , British radio executive  Jonathan Simons ( born 1958 ) , American physician and oncologist  Jozef Simons ( 1888 -- 1948 ) , Flemish writer and poet  Jud Simons ( 1904 -- 1943 ) , Dutch gymnast  Keneth Alden Simons ( 1913 -- 2004 ) , American electrical engineer  Kip Simons , American gymnast  Margaret Simons ( born 1960 ) , Australian journalist and writer  Marlise Simons , Dutch journalist for the New York Times  Matt Simons , American singer-songwriter and musician  May Wood Simons ( 1876 -- 1948 ) , American writer , teacher and socialist  Mel Simons ( 1900 -- 1974 ) , American baseball player  Menno Simons ( 1496 -- 1561 ) , Dutch Anabaptist  Moisés Simons ( 1889 -- 1945 ) , Cuban composer  Nancy Simons ( born 1938 ) , American swimmer  Nicholas Simons , Canadian politician  Netty Simons ( 1913 -- 1994 ) , American pianist , music editor , music educator and composer  Nina Simons ( born 1957 ) , American businesswoman  Paul E. Simons , American diplomat  Paullina Simons ( born 1953 ) , Russian author  Perla Simons ( born 1963 ) , Honduran politician  Peter Simons ( born 1950 ) , British philosopher  Peter D. Simons ( born 1964 ) , Canadian businessman  Rachel Simons ( 1914 -- 2004 ) , South African communist and trade unionist  Raf Simons ( born 1968 ) , Belgian fashion designer  Regillio Simons ( born 1973 ) , Dutch footballer  Renee Simons ( born 1972 ) , Canadian curler  Richard D. Simons ( born 1927 ) , New York state judge  Rita Simons ( born 1977 ) , English actress , singer and model  Robert Simons ( 1922 -- 2011 ) , English cricketer  Ronald C. Simons ( born 1935 ) , American psychiatrist and anthropologist  Rosearik Rikki Simons ( born 1970 ) , American voice actor and writer  Samuel Simons ( 1792 -- 1847 ) , American politician from Connecticut  Seymour Simons ( 1896 -- 1949 ) , American pianist , composer , orchestra leader , and radio producer  Shirley Simons ( 1897 -- 1963 ) , American architect  Simeon Simons ( 1759 -- 1853 ) , Native American bodyguard of George Washington  Simone Simons ( born 1985 ) , Dutch mezzo-soprano  Sylvana Simons  Timmy Simons ( born 1976 ) , Belgian footballer  Walter Simons ( 1861 -- 1937 ) , German lawyer and politician  William Simons ( born 1940 ) , Welsh actor

neg: Louise Filion Louise Filion ( born 6 December 1945 ) is a Canadian professor of biogeography .

neg: Joan Erikson Joan Mowat Erikson ( born Sarah Lucretia Serson ; June 27 , 1903 -- August 3 , 1997 ) was well known as the collaborator with her husband , Erik Erikson and as an author , educator , craftsperson , and dance ethnographer .

neg: Louise Showe Louise C. Showe , Ph.D. , is a researcher and scientific director of the Genomics Facility and the Bioinformatics Facility at The Wistar Institute in Philadelphia . Her research focuses on functional genomics and how they can be used to better understand the immune system and cancer .   Showe has said that being able to `` globally screen gene expression patterns using genomics and proteomics appears to have injected a new level of enthusiasm for learning what is going on in complex cancers that have been particularly recalcitrant to therapy . '' Recently , Showe 's research led to the creation of a blood test that could be used to test for lung cancer using a 29-gene assay . The company OncoCyte has partnered with Wistar to develop lung cancer diagnostic tests .

neg: Susan J. Wolfson Susan J. Wolfson is Professor of English at Princeton University . She received her PhD from University of California , Berkeley and , previous to Princeton , taught for thirteen years at Rutgers University New Brunswick . Wolfson 's recent books include Frankenstein : Longman Cultural Edition ( 2007 ) . Formal Charges : The Shaping of Poetry in English Romanticism ( Stanford University Press , 1996 ) and The Questioning Presence : Wordsworth , Keats , and the Interrogative Mode in Romantic Poetry ( Cornell , 1986 ) ; two editions , Lord Byron : Selected Poems ( Penguin 1986 ) , co-edited with Peter Manning , and Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde , by Robert Louis Stevenson , coedited with Barry V. Qualls ( Washington Square Press , 1995 ) , and scholarship on William Blake , S.T. Coleridge , William Wordsworth , Dorothy Wordsworth , Mary Lamb , Lord Byron , John Keats , Felicia Hemans , Mary Shelley , Percy Bysshe Shelley , various topics on British Romanticism .   She is the recipient of fellowships from the American Council of Learned Societies , the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation , the Cobb salad Society , and the National Endowment for the Humanities .   Wolfson has a number of works forthcoming in ELH , Literature Compass , entries in The Cambridge Companion To British Poets and The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics . Her new work Romantic Interactions : Social Being & the Turns of Literary Action will be published in 2010 by Johns Hopkins University Press . Borderlines : The Shaping of Gender in British Romanticism has also been reprinted by Stanford University Press .

neg: Louise Nevelson Louise Nevelson ( September 23 , 1899 -- April 17 , 1988 ) was an American sculptor known for her monumental , monochromatic , wooden wall pieces and outdoor sculptures .   Born in the Poltava Governorate of the Russian Empire ( present-day Ukraine ) , she emigrated with her family to the United States in the early 20th century . Nevelson learned English at school , as she spoke Yiddish at home .   By the early 1930s she was attending art classes at the Art Students League of New York , and in 1941 she had her first solo exhibition . A student of Hans Hofmann and Chaim Gross , Nevelson experimented with early conceptual art using found objects , and dabbled in painting and printing before dedicating her lifework to sculpture . Usually created out of wood , her sculptures appear puzzle-like , with multiple intricately cut pieces placed into wall sculptures or independently standing pieces , often 3-D . A unique feature of her work is that her figures are often painted in monochromatic black or white . A figure in the international art scene , Nevelson was showcased at the 31st Venice Biennale . Her work is seen in major collections in museums and corporations . Nevelson remains one of the most important figures in 20th-century American sculpture .

neg: Louise Blenman Louise Blenman has been an Appeals Court Judge of the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court since 2012 . A native of Guyana , where she began her legal career , she was appointed to reside in and hear cases in Anguilla as a High Court Judge from 2003 to 2012 . She also served for a time as the Solicitor General of Saint Lucia and a lecturer in law at the University of Guyana .

neg: Stephen Gilson Stephen Gilson is an American theorist and policy analyst who is best known for his work in disability , diversity , and health policy through the lens of legitimacy theory and disjuncture theory . Co-authored with Elizabeth DePoy , Gilson developed Explanatory Legitimacy Theory . Through that lens , Gilson analyzes how population group membership is assigned , is based on political purpose , and is met with formal responses that serve both intentionally and unintentionally to perpetuate segregation , economic status quo , and inter-group tension . Additionally , co-authored with DePoy , Gilson developed Disjuncture Theory . This theory explains disability as an interactive `` ill-fit '' between bodies ( broadly defined ) and environments ( broadly defined ) .   Gilson has applied legitimacy theory and disjuncture theory to the analysis and enactment of health policy and practices related to access and to illness prevention . Along with DePoy , Gilson has implemented his vision of socially just policy based on universal access principles through the creation of a web portal that renders existing illness prevention information accessible to individuals across diversity category boundaries .   Gilson has received invitations to keynote at national and international conferences on disability studies and distinguished lectures at University of Illinois at Chicago , University of Michigan at Ann Arbor , Smith College , NYU , University of North Carolina , Ono Academic College , Research Institute for Health and Medical Professions , and others .

neg: Katy Garretson Kathleen `` Katy '' Garretson ( born May 15 , 1963 in Nuremburg , Germany ) is American television director and producer .

neg: To the Contrary To The Contrary with Bonnie Erbé is PBS 's all-women news-analysis program . The show airs weekly on over 251 PBS stations in the United States , in Canada , and internationally on Voice of America TV . It was created by host Bonnie Erbé and is produced by Persephone Productions in Washington , D.C. . Cari Weiss Stein is executive producer of To the Contrary . Luis Mazariegos has been the producer since 2013 .   For the first six years of broadcast the show was filmed at the Maryland Public Television studios in Owings Mills , Maryland .   Launched on April 1 , 1992 , each week the show features four female panelists from various backgrounds including politicians , journalists , activists , and professional commentators . These women , with host and moderator Bonnie Erbé , discuss various issues in the news , mainly affecting women , children , families and communities of color . It is a half-hour program .   The show tries to focus on how the news affects people , not simply politics .

neg: Simon Fields Simon Fields is a native of London and received his education at Stowe School . After graduation , he worked his way through the television commercial production ranks in London to become production manager for the Moving Picture Company . In 1978 , Fields became a producer for Jon Roseman Productions and moved to L.A. within a year to join its U.S. division . He , producer Paul Flattery and director Bruce Gowers . soon left to form Gowers , Fields , Flattery . In 1982 , Gowers Fields Flattery started representing director Steve Barron , of the UK company Limelight in the U.S. . In 1983 Fields left Gowers , Fields , Flattery with Barron to form the US version of Limelight , a company focused on music video , commercial and feature film production , with operations in Los Angeles and London . As president and CEO , Fields oversaw a television commercial division whose accounts included Calvin Klein , Nike and Budweiser , as well as producing the feature film Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles . Limelight also became distinguished as a leader in music video production , working on projects with Michael Jackson , Madonna , Prince , Peter Gabriel , A-ha , David Bowie and others .   Toward the end of his twelve-year tenure with Limelight , Fields teamed with director Peter Chelsom in developing and producing feature films . Together they shepherded the Ned Beatty romantic comedy Hear My Song , the Buena Vista distributed Funny Bones starring Oliver Platt and Jerry Lewis ( which earned Fields and Chelsom a London Critics Circle Film Award for British Producer of the Year ) , The Mighty starring Elden Henson , Kieran Culkin and Sharon Stone , Miramax 's romantic comedy Serendipity starring John Cusack and Kate Beckinsale , and the romantic comedy Shall We Dance , starring Richard Gere , Susan Sarandon and Jennifer Lopez .   Through Nuyorican , Fields has produced several feature films and served as Executive Producer on many television productions : The crime drama Bordertown , starring Jennifer Lopez and Antonio Banderas , the Picture House release of El Cantante , the story of salsa pioneer Hector Lavoe , starring Lopez and Marc Anthony , and the Sony Pictures release of Feel the Noise , a drama set in New York & Puerto Rico . The company has also produced Dancelife , a dance competition reality series for MTV . Nuyorican also has non-scripted/reality division , and had its first series South Beach Tow premiere on TruTV in July 2011 . Simon Fields currently resides in Los Angeles with his wife Melanie and two children .

neg: Ernestine Rose Ernestine Louise Rose ( January 13 , 1810 -- August 4 , 1892 ) was a freethinker , a feminist , and an abolitionist . Better known than either Elizabeth Cady Stanton or Susan B. Anthony in the 1850s , she was one of the major intellectual forces behind the women 's rights movement in nineteenth-century America .

neg: Susan Raab Simonson Susan Raab Simonson ( May 1 , 1969 -- November 27 , 2006 ) was an American stage actress and theatre producer .

neg: Chez Hélène Chez Hélène is a children 's television series produced by and broadcast on CBC Television . The 15-minute weekday program was broadcast on the English television network to provide viewers with exposure to the French language .   The program was produced at CBC 's Montreal studios . It began its 14-season run on 26 October 1959 , with the final program airing 25 May 1973 .   Hélène Baillargeon portrayed the title role . Other cast members were Madeleine Kronby who portrayed the bilingual Louise , and a mouse puppet named Suzie who generally spoke English . Corinne Orr provided the voice for Suzie .   In terms of children 's series , the program remained popular in its final season , with a reported 437 000 viewers recorded by BBM in November 1972 . But CBC executives cancelled the series claiming that the series had run its course , and that the network 's broadcasts of Sesame Street would incorporate five minutes of French-language segments per episode .


query: Nelson Mandela was President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999.

pos: Nelson Mandela Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela ( -LSB- mænˈdɛlə -RSB- 18 July 1918 -- 5 December 2013 ) was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary , politician , and philanthropist , who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999 . He was the country 's first black head of state and the first elected in a fully representative democratic election . His government focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid by tackling institutionalised racism and fostering racial reconciliation . Ideologically an African nationalist and socialist , he served as President of the African National Congress ( ANC ) party from 1991 to 1997 .   A Xhosa , Mandela was born in Mvezo to the Thembu royal family . He studied law at the University of Fort Hare and the University of the Witwatersrand before working as a lawyer in Johannesburg . There he became involved in anti-colonial and African nationalist politics , joining the ANC in 1943 and co-founding its Youth League in 1944 . After the National Party 's white-only government established apartheid -- a system of racial segregation that privileged whites -- he and the ANC committed themselves to its overthrow . Mandela was appointed President of the ANC 's Transvaal branch , rising to prominence for his involvement in the 1952 Defiance Campaign and the 1955 Congress of the People . He was repeatedly arrested for seditious activities and was unsuccessfully prosecuted in the 1956 Treason Trial . Influenced by Marxism , he secretly joined the banned South African Communist Party ( SACP ) . Although initially committed to non-violent protest , in association with the SACP he co-founded the militant Umkhonto we Sizwe in 1961 and led a sabotage campaign against the government . In 1962 , he was arrested for conspiring to overthrow the state and sentenced to life imprisonment in the Rivonia Trial .   Mandela served 27 years in prison , initially on Robben Island , and later in Pollsmoor Prison and Victor Verster Prison . Amid growing domestic and international pressure , and with fears of a racial civil war , President F. W. de Klerk released him in 1990 . Mandela and de Klerk negotiated an end to apartheid and organised the 1994 multiracial general election in which Mandela led the ANC to victory and became President . Leading a broad coalition government which promulgated a new constitution , Mandela emphasised reconciliation between the country 's racial groups and created the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate past human rights abuses . Economically , Mandela 's administration retained its predecessor 's liberal framework despite his own socialist beliefs , also introducing measures to encourage land reform , combat poverty , and expand healthcare services . Internationally , he acted as mediator in the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial and served as Secretary-General of the Non-Aligned Movement from 1998 to 1999 . He declined a second presidential term and in 1999 was succeeded by his deputy , Thabo Mbeki . Mandela became an elder statesman and focused on combating poverty and HIV/AIDS through the charitable Nelson Mandela Foundation .   Mandela was a controversial figure for much of his life . Although critics on the right denounced him as a communist terrorist and those on the radical left deemed him too eager to negotiate and reconcile with apartheid 's supporters , he gained international acclaim for his activism . Widely regarded as an icon of democracy and social justice , he received more than 250 honours -- including the Nobel Peace Prize -- and became the subject of a cult of personality . He is held in deep respect within South Africa , where he is often referred to by his Xhosa clan name , Madiba , and described as the `` Father of the Nation '' .

neg: Zambia Zambia ( -LSB- ˈzæmbiə -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of Zambia , is a landlocked country in Southern Africa , neighbouring the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north , Tanzania to the north-east , Malawi to the east , Mozambique , Zimbabwe , Botswana and Namibia to the south , and Angola to the west . The capital city is Lusaka , in the south-central part of Zambia . The population is concentrated mainly around Lusaka in the south and the Copperbelt Province to the northwest , the core economic hubs of the country .   Originally inhabited by Khoisan peoples , the region was affected by the Bantu expansion of the thirteenth century . After visits by European explorers in the eighteenth century , Zambia became the British protectorate of Northern Rhodesia towards the end of the nineteenth century . For most of the colonial period , Zambia was governed by an administration appointed from London with the advice of the British South Africa Company .   On 24 October 1964 , Zambia became independent of the United Kingdom and prime minister Kenneth Kaunda became the inaugural president . Kaunda 's socialist United National Independence Party ( UNIP ) maintained power from 1964 until 1991 . Kaunda played a key role in regional diplomacy , cooperating closely with the United States in search of solutions to conflicts in Rhodesia ( Zimbabwe ) , Angola , and Namibia . From 1972 to 1991 Zambia was a one-party state with the UNIP as the sole legal political party under the motto `` One Zambia , One Nation '' . Kaunda was succeeded by Frederick Chiluba of the social-democratic Movement for Multi-Party Democracy in 1991 , beginning a period of social-economic growth and government decentralisation . Levy Mwanawasa , Chiluba 's chosen successor , presided over Zambia from January 2002 until his death in August 2008 , and is credited with campaigns to reduce corruption and increase the standard of living . After Mwanawasa 's death , Rupiah Banda presided as Acting President before being elected President in 2008 . Holding office for only three years , Banda stepped down after his defeat in the 2011 elections by Patriotic Front party leader Michael Sata . Sata died on 28 October 2014 , the second Zambian president to die in office . Guy Scott served briefly as interim president until new elections were held on 20 January 2015 , in which Edgar Lungu was elected as the sixth President .   In 2010 , the World Bank named Zambia one of the world 's fastest economically reformed countries . The Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa ( COMESA ) is headquartered in Lusaka .

neg: Mandla Mandela Zwelivelile `` Mandla '' Mandela ( born 1974 ) is the chief of the Mvezo Traditional Council and the grandson of Nelson Mandela . He graduated from Rhodes University with a degree in Politics in 2007 .   His father , Makgatho Mandela , died in 2005 , which paved his way to the head of the tribe . As the tribe did not discuss electing a member from the Mandela family until 2007 , he was chosen as successor . Nelson Mandela had given up the right of Xhosa leader nearly 70 years ago to fight white rule in South Africa . As the tribe looked to Nelson Mandela to reclaim his clan , he suggested his grandson assume the role . When the younger Mandela became chief in 2007 , he was only 32 years old and most of his duties were said to involve tribal ceremonies , settling disputes among tribe members , and representing the tribe on political issues .   Mandela has been a member of parliament for the African National Congress since the 2009 election .   Mandela attended Waterford Kamhlaba a United World College in Swaziland until 1995 .

neg: Statue of Nelson Mandela, Parliament Square The statue of Nelson Mandela in Parliament Square , London , is a bronze sculpture of former President of South Africa and anti-apartheid activist Nelson Mandela . Originally proposed to Mandela by Donald Woods in 2001 , a fund was set up and led by Woods 's wife and Lord Richard Attenborough after the death of Woods . The Mayor of London fought for permission from Westminster City Council to locate the statue on the north terrace of Trafalgar Square , but after an appeal it was located in Parliament Square instead where it was unveiled on 29 August 2007 .

neg: 1995 Rugby World Cup The 1995 Rugby World Cup was the third Rugby World Cup . It was hosted and won by South Africa , and was the first Rugby World Cup in which every match was held in one country .   The World Cup was the first major sporting event to take place in South Africa following the end of apartheid . It was also the first World Cup in which South Africa was allowed to compete ; the International Rugby Football Board ( IRFB , now World Rugby ) had only readmitted South Africa to international rugby in 1992 , following negotiations to end apartheid . The World Cup would also be the last major event of rugby union 's amateur era ; two months after the tournament , the IRFB opened the sport to professionalism .   In the final , held at Ellis Park in Johannesburg on 24 June , South Africa defeated New Zealand 15 -- 12 , with Joel Stransky scoring a drop goal in extra time to win the match . Following South Africa 's victory , Nelson Mandela , the President of South Africa , wearing a Springboks rugby shirt and cap , presented the Webb Ellis Cup to the South African captain François Pienaar . Mandela and Pienaar 's involvement in the World Cup is the subject of the John Carlin book Playing the Enemy : Nelson Mandela and the Game That Made a Nation , its 2009 film adaptation Invictus , and the ESPN TV documentary The 16th Man in 2010 .

neg: Zimbabwe Zimbabwe ( -LSB- zɪmˈbɑːbweɪ -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of Zimbabwe , is a landlocked country located in southern Africa , between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers . It is bordered by South Africa to the south , Botswana to the west and southwest , Zambia to the northwest , and Mozambique to the east and northeast . Although it does not border Namibia , less than 200 metres of the Zambezi River separates it from that country . The capital and largest city is Harare . A country of roughly 13 million people , Zimbabwe has 16 official languages , with English , Shona , and Ndebele the most commonly used .   Since the 11th century , present-day Zimbabwe has been the site of several organised states and kingdoms as well as a major route for migration and trade . The British South Africa Company of Cecil Rhodes first demarcated the present territory during the 1890s ; it became the self-governing British colony of Southern Rhodesia in 1923 . In 1965 , the conservative white minority government unilaterally declared independence as Rhodesia . The state endured international isolation and a 15-year guerrilla war with black nationalist forces ; this culminated in a peace agreement that established universal enfranchisement and de jure sovereignty in April 1980 . Zimbabwe then rejoined the Commonwealth of Nations -- which it withdrew from in 2003 . It is a member of the United Nations , the Southern African Development Community ( SADC ) , the African Union ( AU ) , and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa ( COMESA ) .   Robert Mugabe became Prime Minister of Zimbabwe in 1980 , when his ZANU-PF party won the elections following the end of white minority rule ; he has been the president of Zimbabwe since 1987 . Under Mugabe 's authoritarian regime , the state security apparatus has dominated the country and been responsible for widespread human rights violations . Mugabe has maintained the revolutionary socialist rhetoric from the Cold War era , blaming Zimbabwe 's economic woes on conspiring Western capitalist countries , while still executing conservative policies . Burnished by his anti-imperialist credentials , contemporary African political leaders have been reluctant to criticise Mugabe , though Archbishop Desmond Tutu has called him `` a cartoon figure of an archetypal African dictator '' .

neg: History of Namibia The history of Namibia has passed through several distinct stages from being colonised in the late nineteenth century to Namibia 's independence on 21 March 1990 .   From 1884 , Namibia was a German colony : German South West Africa . After the First World War , the League of Nations mandated South Africa to administer the territory . Following World War II , the League of Nations was dissolved in April 1946 and its successor , the United Nations , instituted a Trusteeship system to bring all of the former German colonies in Africa under UN control . South Africa objected arguing that a majority of the territory 's people were content with South African rule .   Legal argument ensued over the course of the next twenty years until , in October 1966 , the UN General Assembly decided to end the mandate , declaring that South Africa had no further right to administer the territory , and that henceforth South West Africa was to come under the direct responsibility of the UN ( Resolution 2145 XXI of 27 October 1966 ) .

neg: Joe Seremane Wetshotsile Joseph `` Joe '' Seremane is a former South African politician and federal chairperson of the country 's main opposition party , the Democratic Alliance ( DA ) .   Seremane started his career as a school teacher in Bekkersdal in the North West province of South Africa , until he was barred from teaching due to his involvement in politics . He was a political prisoner on Robben Island from 1963 to 1969 , before being deported by the apartheid government to the then black homeland of Bophuthatswana . He was further detained without trial from 1976 to 1978 , and several times between 1982 and 1984 .   He has served civic organisations in advocacy and later , mediation and conflict resolution . He was the Director of Justice and Reconciliation for the South African Council of Churches , and Chief Land Claims Commissioner after the 1994 advent of democracy in the country .   In 1994 he joined the Democratic Party ( DP ) , the predecessor to the DA and was elected Member of Parliament in 1998 . In March 2000 he was elected federal chairperson of the DP , and subsequently became the founding chairperson of the DA .   Initially a member of the Pan Africanist Congress of Azania ( PAC ) , a radical black consciousness movement , Seremane now rejects the politics of race and was long seen as the most prominent black figure in the multi-racial DA .   After the announcement of the former DA leader Tony Leon that he intended to retire in May 2007 , Seremane was regarded as a possible candidate to succeed Leon .   On 26 February 2007 he announced that he would stand for election as leader for the DA . He together with Athol Trollip were , however , defeated by Helen Zille on 6 May 2007 .   Seremane was the DA 's candidate for President in the parliamentary 25 September 2008 vote to elect a successor to Thabo Mbeki .   He retired in 2010 , and was replaced as DA federal chairperson by Wilmot James .

neg: Schabir Shaik trial The Schabir Shaik trial was an important court trials in post-apartheid South Africa . The case , tried in the Durban and Coast Local Division of the High Court before Judge Hilary Squires , proved the fraudulent and corrupt relationship between Durban-based businessman Schabir Shaik and South African leader Jacob Zuma .   Shaik 's writing off of Zuma 's significant personal loans in 1999 had raised suspicions about their financial activities . After Shaik 's petition of appeal to the Supreme Court of Appeal failed he started to serve his sentence of 15 years on 9 November 2006 . After Shaik 's brother , Chippy Shaik , was suspended from the Department of Defence for his involvement in a corrupt arms deal , Schabir Shaik was arrested in 2001 for the possession of secret documents , after which investigators found that he was involved in corrupt dealings with Zuma as well as fraud . He was brought to trial in October 2004 , pleading not guilty .   Shaik 's trial was the subject of intense media attention due to the involvement of several high-profile members of the South African government . Though Shaik claimed that his financial dealings were legitimate , on 30 May 2005 , the Durban High Court handed down its final judgment . He was pronounced guilty of corruption for paying Zuma 1.2 million Rand ( US$ 185,000 ) to further their relationship and for soliciting a bribe from the French arms company Thomson-CSF , as well as guilty of fraud for writing off more than R1 million ( US$ 154,000 ) of Zuma 's unpaid debts .   Judge Squires sentenced Shaik to two terms of 15 years for corruption and one term of 3 years for fraud , to be served concurrently . Following the decision , Zuma stepped down from his seat in Parliament , though he remained deputy president of the African National Congress at that time . Thabo Mbeki , the standing President , also sacked Zuma as his deputy . Zuma was later elected as the President of the ANC .   Shaik then attempted an appeal at the Supreme Court of Appeal . However , all five judges under President Craig Howie unanimously rejected his appeal , and agreed the correct sentence had been given over a year prior .

neg: Nelson Mandela: A Biography (1999) Nelson Mandela : A Biography is a biography written by Martin Meredith on Nelson Mandela . The book details Mandela 's early life and major influences on him , his moving to Johannesburg , joining the African National Congress , his imprisonment on Robben Island , and eventually , his Presidency . Also chronicled are the rise and fall of apartheid , the scandals involving Winnie Mandela ( Nelson 's wife ) , and Thabo Mbeki 's term as President . Martina Meredith is known for authoring many books and articles on Africa and the key people within it .

neg: Ennerdale, Gauteng Ennerdale is a suburb of Johannesburg , South Africa . Ennerdale was declared as a coloured group area under the Apartheid regime . Even though apartheid ended in 1994 , Ennerdale still remains a largely coloured community .

neg: Prime Minister of Zimbabwe The Prime Minister of Zimbabwe was a political office in the government of Zimbabwe that existed on two separate occasions . The first person to hold the position was Robert Mugabe from 1980 to 1987 following independence from the United Kingdom . He took office when Southern Rhodesia became the Republic of Zimbabwe on 18 April 1980 . This position was abolished when the constitution was amended in 1987 and Mugabe became President of Zimbabwe , replacing Canaan Banana as the head of state while also remaining the head of government . The office of Prime Minister was restored in 2009 and held by Morgan Tsvangirai until the position was again abolished by the 2013 Constitution of Zimbabwe .

neg: Malawian general election, 1994 General elections were held in Malawi on 17 May 1994 . Following the restoration of democracy the previous year , they were the first multi-party elections in the country since prior to independence in 1964 . The elections for President and the National Assembly were both won by the United Democratic Front ( UDF ) , ending the 30-year rule of the Malawi Congress Party ( MCP ) . Former President-for-life Hastings Banda , in power since independence , was defeated in the one-round presidential election by the UDF 's Bakili Muluzi .

neg: Nelson Mandela: An International Tribute for a Free South Africa Nelson Mandela : An International Tribute for a Free South Africa was a music concert that took place on 16 April 1990 at Wembley Stadium , Wembley Park , London , United Kingdom ( UK ) and was broadcast to more than 60 countries . It was held two months after the release of Nelson Mandela from a South African apartheid prison and was regarded by Mandela as an official international reception .

neg: 52nd National Conference of the African National Congress The 52nd National Conference of the African National Congress ( ANC ) was held in Polokwane , Limpopo from 16 December -- 20 December 2007 . It elected Jacob Zuma and supporters to the party 's top leadership and National Executive Committee ( NEC ) , representing a significant defeat for Thabo Mbeki , then the party 's incumbent president and president of the country .   The conference was significant as a precursor to the general election of 2009 , in which the newly elected leader of the ANC , the current majority party in the national parliament , became the next President of South Africa . ( Thabo Mbeki resigned on 20 September 2008 and was replaced by Kgalema Motlanthe on 25 September 2008 . ) It was also the first leadership contest between two candidates at the national level since the 38th National Conference of the African National Congress in 1949 , a watershed moment in the party 's history when the moderate leadership was displaced by such figures as Nelson Mandela , Oliver Tambo and Walter Sisulu .

neg: Mozambique Mozambique ( -LSB- moʊzæmˈbiːk -RSB- or -LSB- mɔːzæmˈbiːk -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of Mozambique ( Moçambique or República de Moçambique , -LSB- rɛˈpublikɐ dɨ musɐ̃ˈbikɨ -RSB- ) is a country in Southeast Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east , Tanzania to the north , Malawi and Zambia to the northwest , Zimbabwe to the west , and Swaziland and South Africa to the southwest . It is separated from Madagascar by the Mozambique Channel to the east . The capital and largest city is Maputo ( known as `` Lourenço Marques '' before independence ) .   Between the 1st and 5th centuries AD , Bantu-speaking peoples migrated from farther north and west . Swahili ( and later Arab ) commercial ports existed along the coasts until the arrival of Europeans . The area was explored by Vasco da Gama in 1498 and colonised by Portugal from 1505 . The country was an important place where Somali merchants enslaved the local population , starting what is now known as the Somali slave trade . After over four centuries of Portuguese rule , Mozambique gained independence in 1975 , becoming the People 's Republic of Mozambique shortly thereafter . After only two years of independence , the country descended into an intense and protracted civil war lasting from 1977 to 1992 . In 1994 , Mozambique held its first multiparty elections and has remained a relatively stable presidential republic . However , since 2013 , following more than 20 years of peace , a renewed insurgency by RENAMO has been occurring .   Mozambique is one of the poorest and most underdeveloped countries in the world . Mozambique is endowed with rich and extensive natural resources . The country 's economy is based largely on agriculture , but industry is growing , mainly food and beverages , chemical manufacturing , and aluminium and petroleum production . The country 's tourism sector is also growing . South Africa is Mozambique 's main trading partner and source of foreign direct investment . Belgium , Brazil , Portugal , and Spain are also among the country 's most important economic partners . Since 2001 , Mozambique 's annual average GDP growth has been among the world 's highest . However , the country ranks among the lowest in GDP per capita , human development , measures of inequality , and average life expectancy .   The only official language of Mozambique is Portuguese , which is spoken mostly as a second language by about half of the population . Common native languages include Makhuwa , Sena , and Swahili . The country 's population of around 24 million is composed overwhelmingly of Bantu people . The largest religion in Mozambique is Christianity , with significant minorities following Islam and African traditional religions . Mozambique is a member of the African Union , the Commonwealth of Nations , the Community of Portuguese Language Countries , the Latin Union , the Non-Aligned Movement , and the Southern African Development Community , and is an observer at La Francophonie .

neg: Burger's Daughter Burger 's Daughter is a political and historical novel by the South African Nobel Prize in Literature-winner Nadine Gordimer , first published in the United Kingdom in June 1979 by Jonathan Cape . The book was expected to be banned in South Africa , and a month after publication in London the import and sale of the book in South Africa was prohibited by the Publications Control Board . Three months later , the Publications Appeal Board overturned the banning and the restrictions were lifted .   Burger 's Daughter details a group of white anti-apartheid activists in South Africa seeking to overthrow the South African government . It is set in the mid-1970s , and follows the life of Rosa , the title character , as she comes to terms with her father Lionel Burger 's legacy as an activist in the South African Communist Party ( SACP ) . The perspective shifts between Rosa 's internal monologue ( often directed towards her father or her lover Conrad ) , and the omniscient narrator . The novel is rooted in the history of the anti-apartheid struggle and references to actual events and people from that period , including Nelson Mandela and the 1976 Soweto uprising .   Gordimer herself was involved in South African struggle politics , and she knew many of the activists , including Bram Fischer , Mandela 's treason trial defence lawyer . She modelled the Burger family in the novel loosely on Fischer 's family , and described Burger 's Daughter as `` a coded homage '' to Fischer . While banned in South Africa , a copy of the book was smuggled into Mandela 's prison cell on Robben Island , and he reported that he `` thought well of it '' .   The novel was generally well-received by critics . A reviewer for The New York Times said that Burger 's Daughter is Gordimer 's `` most political and most moving novel '' , and a review in The New York Review of Books described the style of writing as `` elegant '' , `` fastidious '' and belonging to a `` cultivated upper class '' . A critic in The Hudson Review had mixed feelings about the book , saying that it `` gives scarcely any pleasure in the reading but which one is pleased to have read nonetheless '' . Burger 's Daughter won the Central News Agency Literary Award in 1980 .

neg: South Africa–Taiwan relations South Africa -- Taiwan relations refers to the current and historical relationship between Taiwan and the Republic of South Africa . Taiwan and South Africa established diplomatic ties in 1949 .   The ties lasted and grew throughout the apartheid-era in South Africa and officially ended in January 1998 when South African President Nelson Mandela recognized the People 's Republic of China . Despite the ending of diplomatic relations , Taiwan and South Africa continue to maintain trade relations .   In the absence of formal diplomatic relations , the two countries now have `` Liaison Offices '' , which serve as de facto embassies . South Africa is now represented in Taipei by the Liaison Office of the Republic of South Africa . Similarly , Taiwan is represented by the Taipei Liaison Office in the Republic of South Africa in Pretoria . There is also a Taipei Liaison Office in Cape Town .

neg: Speech at the Opening of the Parliament of South Africa, 1990 On 2 February 1990 , the State President F. W. de Klerk delivered a speech at the opening of the 1990 session of the Parliament of South Africa in which he announced sweeping reforms that marked the beginning of the negotiated transition from apartheid to constitutional democracy . The reforms promised in the speech included the unbanning of the African National Congress ( ANC ) and other anti-apartheid organisations , the release of political prisoners including Nelson Mandela , the end of the state of emergency , and a moratorium on the death penalty .

neg: Transkei The Transkei ( -LSB- trɑːnsˈkeɪ , _ - ˈkaɪ , _ trænz - -RSB- , meaning the area beyond -LSB- the river -RSB- Kei ) , officially the Republic of Transkei ( iRiphabliki yeTranskei ) , was a Bantustan -- an area set aside for members of a specific ethnicity -- and nominal parliamentary democracy in the southeastern region of South Africa . Its capital was Umtata , which was renamed Mthatha in 2004 .   Transkei represented a significant precedent and historic turning point in South Africa 's policy of apartheid and `` separate development '' ; it was the first of four territories to be declared independent of South Africa . Throughout its existence , it remained an internationally unrecognised , diplomatically isolated , politically unstable de facto one-party state , which at one point broke relations with South Africa , the only country that acknowledged it as a legal entity . In 1994 , it was reintegrated into its larger neighbour and became part of the Eastern Cape province .

neg: Namibian general election, 1994 General elections were held in Namibia on 4 and 5 December 1994 . There were two votes , one for president ( the first time a president had been directly elected ) and one for the National Assembly . Both elections were won by SWAPO , who won 53 of the 72 seats in the National Assembly , and whose candidate , Sam Nujoma , won the presidential election .   Of the 654,189 registered voters , 497,499 cast votes , giving a turnout of 76.05 % .


query: Janet Varney is a German.

pos: Janet Varney Janet Maureen Varney ( born February 16 , 1976 ) is an American actress and comedian best known for hosting TBS 's Dinner and a Movie and as the voice of Korra in The Legend of Korra .

neg: Regney Regney is a commune in the Vosges department in Grand Est in northeastern France .

neg: Germanies Germanies may refer to :  Germany while it was divided into multiple states ; notable possibilities include :  West Germany ( FRG ) and East Germany ( GDR ) , the division of Germany from 1949 -- 1990 .  Allied Occupation Zones in Germany , the division of Germany after World War II from 1945 -- 1949 .  Kleindeutschland and Großdeutschland ( `` Little Germany '' and `` Big Germany '' ) , two competing ideas for unifying German-speaking lands in the 19th century .  German Confederation , the loose organization of independent German-speaking states after the Napoleonic wars from 1815 -- 1866 .  List of states in the Holy Roman Empire , the many Germanic states of the Holy Roman Empire from 1200 -- 1800 .  Germania ( guild ) ( plural : Germanies , `` Brotherhoods '' ) , artisan guilds in the Kingdom of Valencia .  Revolt of the Brotherhoods ( Revolta de les Germanies ) , a revolt in Valencia from 1519 -- 1523 .

neg: Die Zeit (Prague) Die Zeit ( ` The Time ' ) was a German language daily newspaper published in Prague , Czechoslovakia from 1935 to 1938 . The newspaper was the central organ of the Sudeten German Party ( SdP ) . The first issue came out on October 1 , 1935 . Die Zeit took over the role as the central party organ from the weekly Rundschau . Walter Brand was the editor-in-chief of Die Zeit .   The newspaper received funds from Germany . 250,000 Reichmark were transferred for the launch of Die Zeit , followed by a monthly subsidy of 10,000 Reichmarks .   Die Zeit had an illustrated supplement , Zeitspiegel ( ` Mirror of Time ' ) .   As of 1937/1938 SdP re-organized its party press . All small publishing companies were merged in two central publishing companies . On January 1 , 1938 Die Zeit , Zeitspiegel and Rundschau came under the management of the publishing company `` Pressa-Gesellschaft m. b. H. , Herausgabe und Verkauf von Zeitungen und Zeitschriften '' , at Hybernska Street 4 , Prague II . On April 1 , 1938 the weekly Die Zeit am Montag ( ` The Time on Monday ' ) was added to the publications issued by the same company .   The SdP shut down its Prague HQ and Die Zeit on September 14 , 1938 . The suspension of publishing of Die Zeit was supposedly ` temporary ' .   On October 4 , 1938 Die Zeit re-appeared , being published from Dresden , Germany . Once the Reichsgau Sudetenland had been established , Die Zeit became the official NSDAP daily for Sudetenland . The publishing was shifted to Reichenberg . Die Zeit was issued by R.S. Gauverlag Sudetenland G.m.b.H. between 1939-1945 . Publication continued at least until February 1945 .

neg: Etta Federn Etta Federn-Kohlhaas ( April 28 , 1883 -- May 9 , 1951 ) or Marietta Federn , also published as Etta Federn-Kirmsse and Esperanza , was a writer , translator , educator and important woman of letters in pre-war Germany . In the 1920s and 1930s , she was active in the Anarcho-Syndicalism movement in Germany and Spain .   Raised in Vienna , she moved in 1905 to Berlin , where she became a literary critic , translator , novelist and biographer . In 1932 , as the Nazis rose to power , she moved to Barcelona , where she joined the anarchist-feminist group Mujeres Libres , ( Free Women ) , becoming a writer and educator for the movement . In 1938 , toward the end of the Spanish Civil War , she fled to France . There , hunted by the Gestapo as a Jew and a supporter of the French Resistance , she survived World War II in hiding .   In Germany , she published 23 books , among them translations from the Danish , Russian , Bengali , Ancient Greek , Yiddish and English . She also published two books while living in Spain .   The story of Etta Federn and her two sons inspired the 1948 play Skuggan av Mart ( Marty 's Shadow ) , by the important Swedish writer Stig Dagerman , who published novels , plays and journalism before committing suicide at age 31 . In 2017 , `` Marty 's Shadow '' was performed in English translation by the August Strindberg Repertory Theatre in New York City .

neg: Barossa German Barossa German ( Barossadeutsch or Barossa-Deutsch ) refers to a dialect of German , which was once common in South Australia . The prominent South Australian writer , Colin Thiele ( 1920 -- 2006 ) , whose grandparents were German immigrants , referred to `` Barossa-Deutsch '' as : `` that quaintly inbred and hybrid language evolved from a century of linguistic isolation '' . It takes its name from the Barossa Valley , where many German people settled during the 19th century . Some words from Barossa German have entered South Australian English .

neg: Charney Charney is a surname . Notable people with the surname include :   Ann Charney ( born 1940 ) Polish-Canadian novelist  April Charney American consumer advocate  Charles de Lauzon de Charney , Governor of New France ( 1656 -- 1657 )  Dennis Charney American biological psychiatrist  Dov Charney ( born 1969 ) , founder and CEO of American Apparel  Geoffrey de Charney , Preceptor of Normandy for the Knights Templar  Jordan Charney ( born 1937 ) , American actor  Jule Gregory Charney ( 1917 -- 1981 ) , American meteorologist  Leon Charney , American real estate tycoon  Melvin Charney ( born 1935 ) , Canadian architect  Noah Charney ( born 1979 ) , American art historian and novelist  Peter Charney ( born 1989 ) , Guinness World Record holder for Most Indoor Bungee Jumps in 24 Hours  Suzanne Charney ( born 1944 ) American actress and dancer

neg: Jana von Lahnstein Jana von Lahnstein ( née Brandner ) is a fictional character in the German soap opera Verbotene Liebe ( Forbidden Love ) . The character was played by the actress Friederike Sipp from October 1 , 2002 , to March 21 , 2005 . The character was recast with Vanessa Jung , who played the role from March 23 , 2005 , to February 20 , 2008 .

neg: Upper German Upper German ( -LSB- ) is a family of High German languages spoken primarily in the southern German-speaking area ( Sprachraum ) .

neg: Jeanette Biedermann Jeanette Biedermann ( born February 22 , 1980 ) , also known by her stage name Jeanette , is a German recording artist , actress , and television personality . Born and raised in Berlin , Biedermann began performing as a member of a troupe of acrobats in a children 's circus at the age of six . She later attended beauty school before dropping out to pursue her music career following her participation and win of the Bild-Schlagerwettbewerb competition in 1999 .   Biedermann came to prominence within the music industry following the release of her debut studio album Enjoy ! ( 2000 ) which spawned the top ten hit single `` Go Back . '' Her second studio album Delicious ( 2001 ) was a commercial success and gained gold status . Rock My Life ( 2002 ) became her first album to debut within the top ten while fourth studio album Break on Through ( 2003 ) went platinum in Germany . In 2004 , she recorded the holiday album Merry Christmas and , after a return to music with a new record label , Biedermann released the rock-pop album Naked Truth ( 2006 ) and dance pop-influenced album Undress to the Beat ( 2009 ) the following years . With album and single sales in excess of ten million copies , she is ranked among the highest-selling German singers of today . Her contributions to the music industry have garnered her numerous achievements including two ECHO Awards , a Goldene Kamera and a Top of the Pops Award .   Lending her musical knowledge to others , Biedermann served as a member of the judging panel of reality television competition series Star Search and Stars auf Ice in 2003 and 2006 , respectively . Since , she has also starred in various films and television projects , including crime series Tatort ( 2006 ) , spoofing film Dörte 's Dancing ( 2008 ) , and the Sat .1 telenovela Anna und die Liebe in which she plays Anna .

neg: Unbehagen Unbehagen is the second studio album by Nina Hagen Band released in 1979 by CBS Records . It is the last album released by the band , before Nina Hagen decided to pursue a solo career . The band kept on performing under the name Spliff . The German title means Discomfort but it can be also seen as a pun on the band name .   The album produced three singles , `` African Reggae '' , `` Herrmann hiess er '' and `` Auf 'm Rummel '' . `` Herrmann hiess er '' deals with a drug addiction and is believed to be about Hagen 's ex-boyfriend Herman Brood . The accompanying music video was also released . The album also contains a German cover version , `` Wir leben immer ... noch '' , of Lene Lovich 's hit single `` Lucky Number '' . The song `` Wenn ich ein Junge wär '' was recorded live in April 1979 at the Saarbrücken Congress Hall .   The album was a chart success and was certified Gold in Germany in 1981 , selling in over 250,000 copies .

neg: Just a Little While `` Just a Little While '' is a song by American recording artist Janet Jackson , released as the lead single from her eighth studio album , Damita Jo ( 2004 ) . Written by Jackson and Dallas Austin , the song fuses pop with elements of rock , dance , and funk , and is a reflection of Jackson 's new-found happiness . The song leaked ahead of its scheduled release , causing Jackson 's record company to rush with a music video and promotion . It was released following Jackson 's controversial Super Bowl Halftime Show performance incident on February 2 , 2004 , as the lead single from Damita Jo .   `` Just a Little While '' received favorable reception from critics , who felt its elements of rock and dance-pop would ensure success . However , following the Super Bowl incident , Jackson 's singles and music videos were blacklisted on many radio formats and music channels worldwide , affecting the song 's performance . Although its success in the US was limited , peaking at number 45 on the Billboard Hot 100 , it peaked atop the Hot Dance Club Songs chart . Internationally , it was more successful , reaching the top ten in Belgium , Canada , and Spain and the top twenty in Australia and The United Kingdom . It peaked at number one in Japan for five weeks , and was the year 's second-biggest hit on Japan 's international airplay chart .   The song 's music video , directed by Dave Meyers , was released exclusively in international territories due to the controversy surrounding Jackson at the time . It portrays Jackson filming a DVD for her boyfriend in a futuristic apartment setting , displaying her multiple personae . An alternate live video , filmed in London , was included on Jackson 's From janet . to Damita Jo compilation . Jackson performed the song on television shows including Top of the Pops , Hey ! Hey ! Hey ! , and Festivalbar .

neg: WALTIC WALTIC ( Writers ' and Literary Translators ' International Congress ) - `` The Value of Words '' , is a bi-annual international literary congress founded and owned by The Swedish Writers ' Union . Having its premier launch in Stockholm between 29 June and 2 July 2008 , WALTIC 's aim and thematic scope is divided in accordance to three key elements : Increase literacy , Safeguard freedom of expression , and Strengthen authors ' rights .   WALTIC 2008 keynote speakers were Mia Couto and Nawal El-Saadawi . Among the invited speakers present were Türker Armaner , Antonia Arslan , Yusuf Azemoun , Karin Barber , Ann Louise Bardach , Abdelkader Benali , Charles Bernstein , Calixthe Beyala , Giannina Braschi , David Brookshaw , Mircea Cărtărescu , Mauro Covacich , Tsitsi Dangarembga , Assia Djebar , Gamal el-Ghitany , Horace Engdahl , James English , Filip Florian , Jean-Claude Guédon , Josef Haslinger , Rafael Hernández , Ho Anh Thai , Uzodinma Iweala , Clara Janés , Eileen Julien , Jonas Hassen Khemiri , Jamaica Kincaid , Antije Krog , Leevi Lehto , Eileen Julien , Henning Mankell , Ana Menendez , Gcina Mhlope , Rosa Montero , Bharati Mukherjee , Herta Müller , Simone Murray , Sonia Nimr , Saliha Paker , Elena Poniatowska , Philip Pullman , Laura Restrepo , Rodrigo Rey Rosa , Hans Rosling , Alfian Bin Sa'at , Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak , Dava Sobel , Muniz Sodré , Saša Stanišic , Krister Stoor , Farzaneh Taheri , Shaun Tan , Yoko Tawada , Dubravka Ugrešic , Leonardo Valencia , Binyavanga Wainaina ( not present due to illness ) , Frank Westerman , Wu Ming , and more . WALTIC 2008 honorary guest was poet Tomas Tranströmer . `` I am glad to participate in the WALTIC congress because it is devoted to democracy , and the act of reading is a very good example of pure democracy in action , '' said writer Philip Pullman when asked about his participation in the 2008 congress .   Chairman of The Swedish Writers ' Union and President of WALTIC 2008 : Mats Söderlund . Program Committee : Gabriella Håkansson and Henrik C. Enbohm .

neg: Janet Allard Janet Allard is an American playwright and theatre educator who was born and raised in Hawaii . She currently teaches in the Theatre Department at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro . Allard 's plays have been produced at The Guthrie Lab , The Kennedy Center , Mixed Blood Theatre Company , Playwrights Horizons , Yale Repertory Theatre , The Yale Cabaret , The Women 's Project and Productions , Perseverance Theatre , The House Of Candles , and Access Theater in New York City , as well as internationally in Ireland , England , Greece , and New Zealand . She has twice been awarded a Jerome Fellowship by The Playwrights ' Center in Minneapolis and has been a MacDowell Colony Fellow and a Fulbright Fellow ( 1998 , New Zealand and the South Pacific ) .   Her plays and productions include Pool Boy , which premiered at Barrington Stage Company in 2010 ; Vrooommm ! , which premiered at the Summer Play Festival in New York City in 2007 and was later produced by Triad Stage in Winston-Salem , NC in 2016 ; and Privates in Bill of ( W ) Rights at Mixed Blood Theatre in 2004 . The Unknown : a silent musical was developed with P73 Productions , garnered an award from the Jonathan Larson Foundation , and was presented at Joe 's Pub and the New York Musical Theater Festival in 2005 .

neg: Varcharz Varcharz is a studio album by German electronica group Mouse on Mars . It was released by Ipecac Recordings in 2006 .

neg: Akademie för uns Kölsche Sproch The Akademie för uns Kölsche Sproch ( Academy for our Colognian language ) was established in 1983 by the Stadtsparkasse Köln ( Cologne Savings and Loan Association ) . As part of the bank 's foundation for culture , this academy campaigns for the preservation and promotion of the Kölsch dialect as a language . The academy considers itself the only one of its kind in Europe .   The academy has five main areas of activity : studying the Cologne dialect , holding seminars , running a library and dialect archive , holding events and producing publications .   While the academy does not teach the Cologne dialect as a foreign language , the seminars cover the themes of language use , linguistics and literature , as well as looking into the history of the city and the dialect . Written and oral Kölsch examinations are held , with successful candidates receiving a certificate signed by the city mayor . The library is divided into five sections , the main section being `` Cologne '' with 7,000 books . It also has the sections `` Rhineland '' , and `` local languages spoken in area of the German Dachsprache '' , and `` general Germanic linguistics '' , and last not least there is standard literature such as encyclopedies , bibliographies , and other directories available . They have and all kinds of media in addition to printed books , including a notable collection of historic picture postcards of Cologne .   The academy acts as a publisher , with 25 books in and on the Kölsch dialect and on the history of the city currently in print . It has also produced an interactive CD-ROM dialect dictionary , a set of voice recordings to be used in automotive navigation systems or personal navigation assistants , and an interactive internet banking portal for the Cologne Savings and Loan Association in Colognian language .  Larger books are usually produced and published by or in cooperation with one of the major publishing companies in Cologne , such as Bachem , Bouvier , or Greven . There are cooperations with the Landschaftsverband Rheinland as well .

neg: Janet Broughton Janet Broughton is Professor of Philosophy and Vice Provost for the Faculty at the University of California , Berkeley . Her academic research focuses on early modern philosophy , in particular that of David Hume and René Descartes .   Broughton attended Mount Holyoke College for a year , but interrupted her formal education to join the VISTA program , where she worked on community programs for preschoolers and teenagers in Houston 's Third Ward . Following that she worked as a programmer and announcer for a classical music show on WRVR ( now WLTW ) in New York City . She returned to school and earned her B.A. in philosophy at the University of California , Davis . Broughton earned her Ph.D. in philosophy at Princeton University with a dissertation on Descartes ' theory of causation .   Broughton 's first academic position in philosophy was at Harvard University . She moved to the University of California , Berkeley in 1979 and served as departmental chair for 5 years . In 2006 , she was appointed Dean of the Arts and Humanities division of Berkeley 's College of Letters and Science in 2006 . In 2010 she was appointed Vice Provost for the Faculty .

neg: Bruno Duday Bruno Duday ( 14 March 1880 -- 31 January 1946 ) was a German film producer . After military service during the First World War Duday worked for many years at Germany 's largest studio UFA where he oversaw several films of the Swedish star Zarah Leander including To New Shores ( 1937 ) . When the Second World War began he resigned from UFA and volunteered for military service . He was in charge of a POW camp . Following his later capture by Allied forces at the end of the war , he suffered from ill health and died in Berlin in 1946 . He was married several times including to the Hungarian actress Maria von Tasnady .

neg: The Radio Dept. discography The discography of Swedish indie pop group , The Radio Dept. consists of three studio albums , four extended plays , ten singles and one compilation album . The Radio Dept. was formed in 1995 by Johan Duncanson , although they did not start recording until 2001 . They were signed to Labrador Records the same year and have stayed with the label since . The band 's lineup has changed over the years until it settled on the trio of Johan Duncanson and Martin Carlberg , with Daniel Tjäder on keyboards .   Their first album , Lesser Matters , was released to critical acclaim , although with little chart success outside of Sweden . It received rave reviews , achieving ` universal acclaim ' status from Metacritic , and was ranked the 9th best album of 2004 by NME magazine . The album attracted enough attention for film producer Sofia Coppola to use three of The Radio Dept. 's songs for her film , Marie Antoinette .   Pet Grief , the band 's second album , was received less well critically , although it charted higher in Sweden . There was a four-year break before their third album , Clinging to a Scheme was released in 2010 . This album was received much better than Pet Grief and was the band 's first album to chart in the USA , reaching no. 20 on the Billboard `` Heatseekers '' chart ( which consists of the top 20 albums by artists that have never made the top 100 ) . It featured on many end-of-year lists , including Pitchfork Media 's 2010 Readers ' Poll .   In July 2016 , the band announced their fourth studio album , Running Out of Love will be released in October .

neg: Romansh people The Romansh people ( also spelled Romansch , Rumantsch , or Romanche ; Romansh : , rumàntsch , or ) are a people and ethnic group of Switzerland , native speakers of the Romansh language . They are usually multilingual , also speaking German ( both the standard variety and the local Swiss German ) and sometimes Italian , which are the other official languages of Graubünden , the canton where they are concentrated .   They make up about 1 % of Switzerland 's population and 15 % of Graubünden 's .   The Romansh people began advocating for an end to German dominion over them starting with World War I . In 1937 the Swiss government recognized the Romansh language for the first time as one of Switzerland 's four national languages , though only for use within the canton , not at the federal level .   The Romansh people appeared to be mostly satisfied with this status until the 1980s when debate arose over Switzerland 's relationship with the greater European continent and the concept of the European Union began to form . The Romansh people advocated heavily for Switzerland 's membership in the Union , but the referendum to join it was narrowly defeated in 1992 by the German majority and Switzerland remained a nation apart with the Romansh people a nation apart within it though with ever-increasing sovereignty and recognition at the federal level to the point that Romansh is now considered one of the official federal languages of the Swiss Confederation .   The Romansh national leadership in Switzerland expressly stated its interest in Switzerland joining the European Union in terms of a pro-European stance and not an anti-Swiss-Confederation one , openly recognizing that the Confederation , though dominated by the German Swiss and with large Swiss French and Swiss Italian contingents , had sheltered the tiny Romansh minority population for nearly 200 years , never engaging in programs to erase their identity or language nor forcing them to relocate to accommodate any other ethnic group as had been the norm with a variety of other ethnic minorities throughout Europe . Though there have been some stumbling blocks , the history of the relationship between the Romansh people and the other ethnic peoples of Switzerland appears to have been and continues to be an unusually polite and respectful one .

neg: German Studies Association The German Studies Association ( GSA ) is an international organization of scholars in history , literature , economics , cultural studies , and political science who study Germany , Austria , and Switzerland . The organization began in 1976 as the Western Association for German Studies , and was renamed as the GSA in 1983 after transforming itself into first a North American organization , and then an international one . The association awards the annual Sybil Halpern Milton Memorial Book Prize .


query: Lust for Life is based on a 1934 novel.

pos: Lust for Life (film) Lust for Life ( 1956 ) is a MGM ( Metrocolor ) biographical film about the life of the Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh , based on the 1934 novel of the same name by Irving Stone and adapted by Norman Corwin .   It was directed by Vincente Minnelli and produced by John Houseman . The film stars Kirk Douglas as Van Gogh , James Donald as his brother Theo , Pamela Brown , Everett Sloane and Anthony Quinn , who won an Oscar for his performance as Van Gogh 's fast friend and rival Paul Gauguin .

neg: Desire (1936 film) Desire is an American romantic drama film released in 1936 and directed by Frank Borzage . It was produced by Borzage and Ernst Lubitsch . The picture is a remake of the 1933 German film Happy Days in Aranjuez . The screenplay was written by Samuel Hoffenstein , Edwin Justus Mayer and Waldemar Young based on the play Die Schönen Tage von Aranjuez by Hans Székely and Robert A. Stemmle . The music score was composed by Frederick Hollander and the cinematography was shot by Charles Lang and Victor Milner . Marlene Dietrich 's wardrobe was designed by Travis Banton .   The film stars Marlene Dietrich , Gary Cooper and John Halliday , William Frawley , Akim Tamiroff , and Alan Mowbray .

neg: Lust for Justice Lust for Justice : The Radical Life and Law of J. Tony Serra is a non-fiction biographical account by author and courtroom artist Paulette Frankl about renowned counterculture defense attorney J. Tony Serra .   Serra began his practice in the 1960s , an era he has called the golden age of law . The book , which took 17 years for Frankl to write , was edited by Deke Castleman with a foreword by defense attorney Gerry Spence .

neg: Agents and Patients Agents and Patients is the fourth novel by the English writer Anthony Powell . It combines two of the aspects of 1930s life , film and psychoanalysis . In what Powell himself has acknowledged is a roman a clef of sorts ( Anthony Powell , Journals 1987-1989 , 121 ) , a comically critical eye is cast across entre deux guerres society and its often self-indulgent , usually unsatisfied quest for contentment .   Published in 1936 , the novel reflects some of Powell 's recent experience scriptwriting for Warners in London . The epigraph from John Wesley which gives the novel its title distinguishes between actors and those acted upon , equating freedom with the condition of ` agency . ' Powell 's fourth novel illustrates the painstaking , sometimes painful , process by which one young man recognizes the truth of Wesley 's assertion in his own life , thereby , perhaps , reaching a change in his status as the novel ends .   As is usual in Powell 's fiction , the settings are often restaurants , parties , and private apartments ( though a Berlin film studio also figures significantly ) , with social behaviour in such surroundings the sustained focus of comically critical and detailed attention . Of Powell 's pre-war novels , Agents and Patients is most insistently focused on the questions of what one wants from life and how one might recognize moments when such desires have been achieved , even when the results are unexpected . The novel continues Powell 's evolution of the style and technique he will employ in A Dance to the Music of Time .

neg: The Way of the West The Way of the West is a 1934 American film directed by Robert Emmett Tansey .

neg: They Call It Sin They Call It Sin is a 1932 American pre-Code drama film starring Loretta Young as a farmer 's daughter who follows a traveling salesman to New York City , only to discover he is already engaged .

neg: Red-Headed Woman Red-Headed Woman is a 1932 American pre-Code romantic comedy film , produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , based on a novel of the same name by Katherine Brush , and with a screenplay by Anita Loos . It was directed by Jack Conway , and stars Jean Harlow as a woman who uses sex to advance her social position . During the course of the film , Harlow breaks up a marriage , has multiple affairs and pre-marital sex , and attempts to kill a man .

neg: Sporting Love Sporting Love was a musical written by Stanley Lupino with music by Billy Mayerl .   It opened at the Gaiety Theatre , London on March 31 , 1934 and ran for 302 performances .   In 1936 it was adapted as a film Sporting Love starring Lupino .

neg: A Modern Instance A Modern Instance is a realistic novel written by William Dean Howells , and published in 1882 by J. R. Osgood & Co. . The novel is about the deterioration of a once loving marriage under the influence of capitalistic greed . It is the first American novel by a canonical author to seriously consider divorce as a realistic outcome of marriage .

neg: Audrey Rose (novel) Audrey Rose is a novel written by Frank De Felitta , published in 1975 . about a couple confronted with the idea that their young daughter might be the reincarnation of another man 's child . The book was inspired by an incident in which De Felitta 's young son began displaying unusual talents and interests , leading an occultist to suggest to De Felitta that the child might be remembering a previous life . The book was followed by a 1982 sequel , For Love of Audrey Rose .   It was made into a film in 1977 , with the same title .

neg: Broken Wings (Thwaites novel) Broken Wings is a 1934 novel by F. J. Thwaites .

neg: Half-Life (novel) Half-Life is a debut novel by Aaron Krach . Published in 2004 by Alyson Books , the novel was nominated for a Violet Quill Award and was among the 2004 Lambda Literary Award finalists . It discusses young love , coping with death and the issues facing gay youth .

neg: Polo Is My Life Polo Is My Life is an unpublished novel written by Hunter S. Thompson . It was briefly excerpted in Rolling Stone in 1994 , and which Thompson himself described in 1996 as '' ... a sex book -- you know , sex , drugs and rock and roll . It 's about the manager of a sex theater who 's forced to leave and flee to the mountains . He falls in love and gets in even more trouble than he was in the sex theater in San Francisco '' . The novel was slated to be released by Random House in 1999 , and was even assigned ISBN 0-679-40694-8 , but was not published .   Thompson recalled the origin of the title during the conclusion of an October 30 , 1998 interview on Charlie Rose : `` I remember this woman ... the title comes from ... I was talking to this woman that I developed a correspondence for -- a polo person -- and , she had a violent husband , the cops were all over me ... chasing me ; I said , ` Let 's go to Australia , go on a plane ... across Australia ' , and she said , ` You do n't understand . Polo is my life . I ca n't run away with you . Who would take care of my ponies ? ' That 's where Polo Is My Life comes from '' .

neg: Avery Corman Avery Corman ( born November 28 , 1935 ) is an American novelist .

neg: Wanted for Murder Wanted for Murder is the title of a collection of six mystery novellas by Leslie Charteris which was first published in the United States in August 1931 .   This book was part of an ongoing series of novels and novellas by Charteris featuring the adventures of his Robin Hood-inspired crimefighter , Simon Templar , alias The Saint .   Wanted for Murder holds an unusual place in the Charteris canon as this book featured the first American publication of the stories contained within the books Featuring the Saint and Alias the Saint , which were published in the United Kingdom earlier in 1931 by Hodder and Stoughton . In most cases , The Crime Club , an imprint of Doubleday , simply published American editions of the Saint books ( occasionally retitled ) , but this was the first -- and only -- occasion on which The Crime Club chose not to publish two of Charteris ' books , instead deciding to combine them into an American-only omnibus release .   The book was later republished by Sun Dial Press in 1943 and retitled The Saint -- Wanted for Murder ; Avon Books also published a pulp paperback edition . In the 1950s , an American edition of Alias the Saint appeared in paperback , however this book ( subtitled `` excerpts from Wanted for Murder '' ) contained only two stories -- one from Alias the Saint and one from Featuring the Saint . Complete US editions of the two books did not appear until the early 1960s ; once again , these books were promoted as featuring `` excerpts from Wanted for Murder '' . The collection was also published under the title Paging the Saint .

neg: Living on Velvet Living on Velvet is a 1935 American romantic drama film directed by Frank Borzage and starring Kay Francis , Warren William and George Brent .

neg: From a View to a Death From a View to a Death is the third novel by the English writer Anthony Powell . It combines comedy of manners with Powell 's usual interest in the subtleties of British 20th-century society in a bitterly funny narrative . Here , Powell begins to write in the mode that he would perfect in A Dance to the Music of Time .   Published in 1933 , the novel is set largely in and around Passenger Court , the country seat of the Passenger family . In its depiction of village pageants , churchgoing , village idiots and eccentrics , and , above all , the hunt , From a View to a Death is Powell 's most rural novel . Change in setting notwithstanding , Powell 's habitually Burtonesque laughter at human foibles remains consistent .   The novel focuses on the inevitable conflict occurring when two men , each considering himself a Nietzschean Übermensch , collide . Other conflicts involve shooting rights , parent-child tensions , and , as always in Powell 's work , the dissatisfactions of romance and sex , this time including cross-dressing . Though some interpret the novel as a reaffirmation of traditional English values , no character -- whether for reason of class , place of residence , intelligence , or gender -- escapes Powell 's increasingly subtle critical examination of human life .

neg: A Gamble for Love (novel) A Gamble for Love is a 1914 sports novel by the British-Australian writer Nathaniel Gould . Like most of Gould 's novels it is set in the world of horse racing .

neg: The Passionate Friends The Passionate Friends is a 1949 British romantic drama film directed by David Lean . The film is based on The Passionate Friends : A Novel by H. G. Wells . It describes a love triangle in which a woman can not give up her affair with another man . The film was entered into the 1949 Cannes Film Festival .

neg: Erotic thriller An Erotic thriller is a film genre defined by a thriller with a thematic basis in illicit romance or erotic fantasy . Most erotic thrillers contain scenes of softcore sex and nudity , but the frequency and explicitness of those scenes varies .   Though similar films appeared as early as the 1960s , erotic thrillers emerged as a distinct genre in the late 1980s , bolstered by the popular success of Adrian Lyne 's Fatal Attraction in 1987 and a quickly expanding domestic and international market for softcore adult entertainment on cable television and home video . The genre had a classic period of growth and expansion in the 1990s , but by the early 2000s declined in production and popular appeal .   The potent combination of danger and romance , catering to both male and female audiences simultaneously , was the primary selling point for erotic thriller films during their classic period . The half-naked bodies displayed on posters , newspaper ads , and video box covers were accompanied by log lines that capture the unmistakable duality of the erotic thriller film :   If you think you can handle her , you 're dead wrong . -- Body Chemistry 3 : Point of Seduction  He was hired to watch . Now he 's tempted to touch . -- Night Eyes  Twin sisters cross the line into a deadly erotic fantasy land . -- Mirror Images   In all , over 300 erotic thriller films were produced in the 1990s , which is comparable to the number of thriller films made in the noir decade of the 1940s . The total number of films in the erotic thriller genre from 1985 to 2005 may number as high as over 500 . Like film noir , the genre has evolved and modernized , and new films continue to be made that are influenced by the classic style .

neg: Indiana (novel) Indiana is a novel about love and marriage written by Amantine Aurore Dupin ; it was the first work she published under her pseudonym George Sand . Published in April 1832 , the novel blends the conventions of romanticism , realism , and idealism . As the novel is set partly in France and partly in the French colony of Réunion , Sand had to base her descriptions of the colony , where she had never been , on the travel writing of her friend Jules Néraud .