query: Minnesota has a high standard of living.

pos: Minnesota Minnesota ( -LSB- -LSB- ˌmɪnəˈso̞ɾɐ -RSB- help = no -RSB- ) is a state in the midwestern and northern regions of the United States . Minnesota was admitted as the 32nd U.S. state on May 11 , 1858 , created from the eastern half of the Minnesota Territory . The state has a large number of lakes , and is known by the slogan `` Land of 10,000 Lakes '' . Its official motto is L'Étoile du Nord ( French : Star of the North ) .   Minnesota is the 12th largest in area and the 21st most populous of the U.S. states ; nearly 60 percent of its residents live in the Minneapolis -- Saint Paul metropolitan area ( known as the `` Twin Cities '' ) , the center of transportation , business , industry , education , and government and home to an internationally known arts community . The remainder of the state consists of western prairies now given over to intensive agriculture ; deciduous forests in the southeast , now partially cleared , farmed and settled ; and the less populated North Woods , used for mining , forestry , and recreation .   Minnesota is known for its progressive political orientation and its high rate of civic participation and voter turnout . Until European settlement , Minnesota was inhabited by the Dakota and Ojibwe/Anishinaabe . During the 19th and early 20th centuries , a large number of European settlers entered the state who had mainly emigrated from Scandinavia and Germany . The state remains today a center of Scandinavian American and German American culture . In recent decades , immigration from Asia , the Horn of Africa , and Latin America has broadened its historic demographic and cultural composition . Minnesota 's standard of living index is among the highest in the United States , and the state is also among the best-educated and wealthiest in the nation .

neg: Alexander Ramsey House The Alexander Ramsey House is a historic house museum in Saint Paul , Minnesota , United States ; the former residence of Alexander Ramsey , who served as the first governor of Minnesota Territory and the second governor of the state of Minnesota . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969 . It is also a contributing property to the Irvine Park Historic District .   It is located at 265 Exchange St. S. in the Irvine Park area , which was one of the first trendy neighborhoods in Minnesota . Designed by noted early Minnesota architect Monroe Sheire , the house is one of the nation 's best-preserved Victorian homes , featuring carved walnut woodwork , marble fireplaces , crystal chandeliers and many original furnishings .   The Ramsey family began building the house in 1868 , including innovations like hot water radiators , gas lights and hot and cold running water , and when it was completed in 1872 , the total cost of construction was nearly $ 41,000 . To furnish the house , Ramsey 's wife Anna filled two boxcars with fashionable and expensive Renaissance-revival furniture from the A.T. Stewart Company Store in New York to bring home to Minnesota .   The Ramseys ' daughter Marion married Charles Furness in a lavish wedding in the parlor in 1875 .   The 15-room house remained in the Ramsey family until the death of Alexander Ramsey 's last surviving granddaughter Anita in 1964 . The house and its contents were left to the Minnesota Historical Society , which now operates it as a museum with tours offered year-round . They offer special programs such as `` A Victorian Christmas at the Ramsey House '' in which the house is decorated for the holidays and visitors can discover how the Ramseys would have prepared for and celebrated Christmas . Tours show the dining table set with the family 's china and crystal , with a Christmas tree decorated with the family 's own ornaments .

neg: Wayzata, Minnesota Wayzata ( -LSB- waɪˈzɛtə -RSB- ) is a city in Hennepin County , Minnesota , United States . It is in the western part of the Minneapolis -- Saint Paul metro area . The name Wayzata is derived from a Lakota Sioux phrase meaning `` North Shore '' . Located on the shores of Lake Minnetonka , the city is a popular tourist destination .   As of the 2010 census , the population was 3,688 . Wayzata has a growing economy , and Wayzata High School has been ranked by Newsweek on its list of the 1000 top public high schools in America .

neg: Transportation in Minnesota Transportation in the U.S. State of Minnesota is primarily centered on the Twin Cities metropolitan area , where 60 % of state residents live ; it is overseen by the Minnesota Department of Transportation , a cabinet-level agency of the state government . Additionally , the state government grants the Metropolitan Council authority over regional planning in the seven-county metro area .

neg: Minnesota Walk of Fame The Minnesota Walk of Fame is a landmark in Minneapolis , Minnesota , which recognizes entertainers who are originally from Minnesota . It is modeled after the Hollywood Walk of Fame , and located on the sidewalk in front of the State Theatre , on the south side of Hennepin Avenue , between south 8th and 9th streets .

neg: List of fraternities and sororities at the University of Minnesota The number of Fraternities and Sororities at the University of Minnesota is extensive . Counting past and present , more than half of its 200 organizations remain active today , the pioneers of which have had a presence on the University of Minnesota campus for over 140 years . The university 's `` Greek System '' includes professional fraternities , honor societies , service fraternities , and religious fraternities along with the highly visible residential undergrad academic and social chapters .   A comprehensive list of chapters , past and present , and segmented by category , follows this brief overview of what these societies are and how they evolved . References for each group show current and former properties either owned or leased . Contact information is provided via the references , where available .   The terms `` Fraternity '' and `` Sorority '' are used somewhat interchangeably , with men 's and co-ed groups always using Fraternity , and women 's groups using either Fraternity or Sorority . For convenience , the term `` Greek Letter Society '' is a generic substitute . The word , `` Greek , '' in this case refers to the use of Greek Letters for each society 's name , and not to Greek ethnicity .

neg: Lowry Hill East, Minneapolis Lowry Hill East is a neighborhood in southwest Minneapolis , Minnesota , United States , part of the Calhoun Isles community . It is bounded on the east by Lyndale Avenue , on the west by Hennepin Avenue and on the south by Lake Street . Lyndale and Hennepin intersect on the northern side at Interstate 94 . This creates a neighborhood roughly triangular in shape , which is how it gets its nickname , `` the Wedge . '' It is part of a larger area south of Franklin Avenue and west of Nicollet Avenue that is often considered Uptown , although officially Uptown is a smaller area centered on the intersection of Hennepin and Lake .   Lowry Hill East developed in the 1880s along a horse-drawn streetcar line built by Thomas Lowry . The interior of the neighborhood is zoned residential , with large early 20th century homes and multi-unit apartment buildings , while the border streets are lined with bars , restaurants , grocery stores , coffeeshops , and other small businesses . Most housing is renter-occupied .   In 2010 , the population of the neighborhood was 6,150 . The neighborhood was 83.5 % White , 4.4 % Black or African American , 0.6 % American Indian or Alaska Native , 4.2 % Asian or Pacific Islander , 4.1 % Hispanic or Latino , 3.1 % two or more races , and 0.2 % other race . It had a much higher percentage of single residents than other neighborhoods in Minneapolis and a lower percentage of families with children . The median household income was $ 43,922 , which was $ 1,703 lower than the city average .   Lowry Hill East is bordered by Loring Park and Stevens Square to the northeast , Whittier to the east , Lyndale to the southeast , CARAG to the south , ECCO to the southwest , East Isles to the west , and Lowry Hill to the northwest .

neg: Neighborhoods in Saint Paul, Minnesota Saint Paul , Minnesota is noted for its neighborhoods . The city has been called `` fifteen small towns with one mayor '' , owing to the neighborhood-based life of much of the city . Saint Paul is partially governed by not 15 but 17 City Districts .   On Saint Paul 's largely blue-collar East Side alone there are more than two dozen well-known , historically significant neighborhoods within four City Districts . District 4 , for example , has three historic neighborhoods : Dayton 's Bluff , Swede Hollow , and Mounds Park . The most populous districts , 2 and 5 , have more than a dozen neighborhoods between them .   While Saint Paul has long been recognized for its citizen activism , some neighborhoods receive more individual planning attention than others , because tax funds are doled out to annually elected volunteer neighborhood boards based on City District boundaries , not neighborhood boundaries . These boards are called District Councils .   The District Council system was established in 1975 to encourage grass-roots involvement . The Councils were also created to help spend federal funds through the recently created Community Development Block Grants . The District Councils share $ 1.2 million from the city of Saint Paul . In 2015 , community participation funds given to the District Councils ranged from $ 51,873 to $ 109,475 . The councils also have other revenue streams , such as grants and donations . Most councils have significant power on land-use issues .   Besides providing advisory recommendations to city officials on development issues , district councils also identify neighborhood needs , initiate community programs and recruit and nurture neighborhood leaders and volunteers .

neg: Culture of Manitoba Manitoban culture is a term that encompasses the artistic elements that are representative of Manitoba . Manitoba 's culture has been influenced by both traditional ( Aboriginal and Métis ) and modern Canadian artistic values , as well as some aspects of the cultures of immigrant populations and its American neighbours . In Manitoba , the Minister of Culture , Heritage , Tourism and Sport is the cabinet minister responsible for promoting and , to some extent , financing Manitoba culture . The Manitoba Arts Council is the agency that has been established to provide the processes for arts funding . The Canadian federal government also plays a role by instituting programs and laws regarding culture nationwide . Most of Manitoba 's cultural activities take place in its capital and largest city , Winnipeg .

neg: Minneapolis Central Library Minneapolis Central Library , located at 300 Nicollet Mall in downtown Minneapolis , Minnesota , United States , is the largest library of the Hennepin County Library public library system . It bills itself as having `` the third largest per capita public library collection of any major city in America with a collection of more than 2.4 million items -- including books , DVDs , music , government documents . '' The 353,000 square foot building with two levels of underground parking was designed by César Pelli and opened on May 20 , 2006 . It has over 300 free Internet computers for use by the public , an 8,140 square-foot atrium , an 18,560 square-foot `` green '' roof planted with low-growing ground cover designed to `` be sun - and drought-resistant '' , and a host of energy-efficiency measures .

neg: St. Cloud, Minnesota St. Cloud -LSB- ˌseɪntˈklaʊd -RSB- is a city in the state of Minnesota and the largest population center in the state 's central region . Its population is 67,109 according to the 2015 US census estimates , making it Minnesota 's tenth largest city . St. Cloud is the county seat of Stearns County and was named after the city of Saint-Cloud , France ( in Île-de-France , near Paris ) , which was named after the 6th-century French monk Clodoald .   Though mostly in Stearns County , St. Cloud also extends into Benton and Sherburne counties , and straddles the Mississippi River . It is the center of a small , contiguous urban area totaling over 116,000 residents , with Waite Park , Sauk Rapids , Sartell , St. Joseph , Rockville , and St. Augusta directly bordering the city , and Foley , Rice , Kimball , Clearwater , Clear Lake , and Cold Spring nearby . With 189,093 residents at the 2010 census , the St. Cloud metropolitan area is the fourth-largest in Minnesota , behind Minneapolis -- St. Paul , Duluth -- Superior , and Rochester . ( The population of Fargo-Moorhead is also larger than St. Cloud 's , but most of that is in North Dakota , with only 58,999 residents in Minnesota . )   St. Cloud is 65 mi northwest of the Twin Cities of Minneapolis -- St. Paul along Interstate 94 , U.S. Highway 10 , and Minnesota State Highway 23 . The St. Cloud Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA ) is made up of Stearns and Benton Counties .  The city was included in a newly defined Minneapolis -- St. Paul -- St. Cloud Combined Statistical Area ( CSA ) in 2000 . St. Cloud as a whole has never been part of the 13-county MSA comprising Minneapolis , St. Paul , Bloomington and parts of western Wisconsin , although its Sherburne County portion is considered part of the Twin Cities metropolitan area by Census Bureau definition .   St. Cloud State University , Minnesota 's third-largest public university , is located between the downtown area and the Beaver Islands , which form a maze for a two-mile stretch of the Mississippi . The approximately 30 undeveloped islands are a popular destination for kayak and canoe enthusiasts and are part of a state-designated 12-mile stretch of wild and scenic river .   St. Cloud owns and operates a hydroelectric dam on the Mississippi that can produce up to nine megawatts of electricity .

neg: Lakeland, Minnesota Lakeland is a city in Washington County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 1,796 at the 2010 census .

neg: Natural Resources Research Institute The Resources Research Institute '' ' ( NRRI ) is a U.S. based research institute established by the Minnesota state legislature within the University of Minnesota Duluth . NRRI is a non-profit applied research organization with a mission to improve the economy of Minnesota by helping its industries compete in the global marketplace with improved or new products and more efficient processes . The institute helps launch promising small businesses and provides ongoing research and development assistance . Because Minnesota 's economy relies heavily on natural resource-based industries ( forest products , taconite ore mining ) the institute also focuses research on understanding problems , and developing tools to solve problems , that impede the environmentally sound development of the economy . Environmental program areas include : water resources , land resources , land-water interactions , and environmental chemistry .   Original Charter : To foster the economic development of Minnesota 's natural resources in an environmentally sound manner to promote private sector employment . Mission statement ( 2015 ) : To deliver research solutions to balance the economy , environment and resources for resilient communities .

neg: Demographics of Minnesota The United States Census Bureau counted Minnesota 's population at 5,303,925 in the 2010 Census .

neg: Dave Kleis Dave Kleis ( born January 21 , 1964 ) is a Minnesota politician , and the mayor of St. Cloud , Minnesota .   Mayor Dave Kleis was first elected mayor of St. Cloud , Minnesota , in November 2005 . He was re-elected in 2008 , 2012 , and 2016 all while running unopposed . He is recognized in the St. Cloud community as a local historian , a visionary , and an influential leader . He was selected in 2010 by the St. Cloud Time 's readers and area leaders as the most influential person of the last decade , and in 2014 he received the League of Minnesota Cities C.C. Ludwig Leadership Award .   Mayor Kleis grew up in a small farming community of Litchfield , Minnesota . He graduated from Litchfield High School and later graduated Magna Cum Laude from St. Cloud State University with a degree in Political Science and History . He is a nine ( 9 ) year veteran of the United States Air Force and Air Force Reserve . He became interested in politics while he was stationed at the Pentagon and acted as an Air Force liaison with Capitol Hill in D.C. . He was elected to the Minnesota State Senate in 1994 and served for 11 years . He has established and owns the Central Minnesota Driving Academy since 1991 , a driver 's education business in St. Cloud .   Over the years , Mayor Kleis has served on many public committees , including the Governor 's Task Force on Government Financing . He is also a founding member and co-chair of the Mississippi River Cities and Towns Initiative . He has built lasting relationships with other cities including Hattiesburg , Mississippi and St. Cloud 's Sister City of Spalt , Germany . Three times he has assembled a team of city officials and community members to compete in the annual International Awards for Liveable Communities . This competition is the world 's only awards competition focusing on international best practices regarding the management of the local environment . St. Cloud was a finalist each time , receiving a Gold Award as the most livable city in 2007 .   Mayor Dave Kleis is the City of St. Cloud 's most enthusiastic supporter taking every opportunity to create a sense of community , to instill pride in citizenship , and to create a high quality of life for the people of the city , region , and the state of Minnesota . He understands that a thriving community consists of many organizations and governments intertwined in partnership . Further , he promotes the city as a central component for providing an atmosphere for people , organizations , and business to flourish .   He has provided leadership during a time of unprecedented investment in the city . His support for capital improvements such as the River 's Edge Convention Center expansion , the new police headquarters , new airline terminal , and a large transportation bond were critical to gaining council and community approval .   Kleis 's fourth term expires in 2020 . Among those who know and respect Kleis say that he could remain the mayor of St. Cloud for as long as he wants the job . They attribute his longevity as mayor to his integrity , his non-partisan leadership style , and his devotion to St. Cloud and the community .

neg: Moorhead High School Moorhead High School is a public high school in Moorhead , Minnesota , United States . Established in 1883 , the school serves approximately 1600 students in grades 9-12 .

neg: Midtown, Minneapolis Midtown is a loosely defined region in south Minneapolis , Minnesota . There are no hard-set boundaries to the midtown area , but it is generally agreed to include the area in the vicinity of Lake Street between Interstate 35W and Hiawatha Avenue . Lake Street is the border between the Phillips and Powderhorn communities of Minneapolis . Lake Street/Midtown LRT Station , with service on the METRO Blue Line , is located on the eastern edge of the area .   The midtown area was historically known as being somewhat of a run-down area . However , in the past decade or two , there has been a large revitalization effort along Lake Street , driven largely by an insurgence of new Latino and Northeast African businesses .   Near the intersection of Chicago Avenue and Lake Street is the Midtown Exchange building , which was a Sears department store and mail-order catalog facility until the company closed it in 1994 . After sitting vacant for a decade , the building was fully redeveloped . It features office space , residential units , and the Midtown Global Market , a large marketplace featuring an ethnically diverse variety of restaurants , grocers , and retailers .   Other indoor markets that have opened in the midtown area include the Mercado Central ( at Bloomington Ave and Lake St ) , which houses numerous Latino businesses , and the Lake Plaza ( at 3rd Ave and Lake St ) , which houses Somali and Latino businesses . As of January 2009 , a new market has opened in the former True Value Hardware site at the Hi-Lake Shopping Center ( 21st Ave and Lake St ) , housing Somali businesses .   At 22nd Ave and Lake Street ( in the parking lot of Anishinabe Academy School ) the Midtown Farmers ' Market operates on Tuesdays and Saturdays from late spring to early autumn .   Many places and groups use the `` midtown '' descriptor in their names . Examples include :  The Midtown Greenway , a major bicycling and walking trail paralleling Lake Street  The Midtown Exchange and the Midtown Global Market  The Midtown Freewheel Bike Center , a bike shop on the Midtown Greenway  The Midtown YWCA ( Lake Street and 22nd Ave )  The Lake Street/Midtown light rail station on the METRO Blue Line  The Sheraton Minneapolis Midtown Hotel  The Midtown Church Project , a church plant utilizing principles of self-organization and community development

neg: South Dakota South Dakota ( -LSB- saʊθ_dəˈkoʊtə -RSB- -LSB- -LSB- ˌsɑʊθ dəˈko̞ɾə -RSB- -RSB- ) is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States . It is named after the Lakota and Dakota Sioux Native American tribes , who compose a significant portion of the population and historically dominated the entire territory . South Dakota is the 17th most expansive , but the 5th least populous and the 5th least densely populated of the 50 United States . Once the southern portion of the Dakota Territory , South Dakota became a state on November 2 , 1889 , simultaneously with North Dakota . Pierre is the state capital and Sioux Falls , with a population of about 171,000 , is South Dakota 's largest city .   South Dakota is bordered by the states of North Dakota ( on the north ) , Minnesota ( to the east ) , Iowa ( to the southeast ) , Nebraska ( on the south ) , Wyoming ( on the west ) , and Montana ( to the northwest ) . The state is bisected by the Missouri River , dividing South Dakota into two geographically and socially distinct halves , known to residents as `` East River '' and `` West River '' . Eastern South Dakota is home to most of the state 's population , and fertile soil in this area is used to grow a variety of crops . West of the Missouri , ranching is the predominant agricultural activity , and the economy is more dependent on tourism and defense spending . Most of the Native American reservations are located in West River . The Black Hills , a group of low pine-covered mountains sacred to the Sioux , are located in the southwest part of the state . Mount Rushmore , a major tourist destination , is located there . South Dakota experiences a temperate continental climate , with four distinct seasons and precipitation ranging from moderate in the east to semi-arid in the west . The ecology of the state features species typical of a North American grassland biome .   Humans have inhabited the area for several millennia , with the Sioux becoming dominant by the early 19th century . In the late 19th century , European-American settlement intensified after a gold rush in the Black Hills and the construction of railroads from the east . Encroaching miners and settlers triggered a number of Indian wars , ending with the Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890 . Key events in the 20th century included the Dust Bowl and Great Depression , increased federal spending during the 1940s and 50s for agriculture and defense , and an industrialization of agriculture that has much reduced family farming .   While several Democratic senators have represented South Dakota for multiple terms at the federal level , the state government is largely controlled by the Republican Party , whose nominees have carried South Dakota in each of the last 13 presidential elections . Historically dominated by an agricultural economy and a rural lifestyle , South Dakota has recently sought to diversify its economy in areas to attract and retain residents . South Dakota 's history and rural character still strongly influence the culture of the state .

neg: History of Minneapolis Minneapolis is the largest city by population in the U.S. state of Minnesota , and the county seat of Hennepin County . The origin and growth of the city was spurred by the proximity of Fort Snelling , the first major United States military presence in the area , and by its location on Saint Anthony Falls , which provided power for sawmills and flour mills .   Fort Snelling was established in 1819 , at the confluence of the Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers , and soldiers began using the falls for waterpower . When land became available for settlement , two towns were founded on either side of the falls : Saint Anthony , on the east side , and Minneapolis , on the west side . The two towns later merged into one city in 1872 . Early development focused on sawmills , but flour mills eventually became the dominant industry . This industrial development fueled the development of railroads and banks , as well as the foundation of the Minneapolis Grain Exchange . Through innovations in milling techniques , Minneapolis became a world-leading center of flour production , earning the name `` Mill City '' . As the city grew , the culture developed through its churches , arts institutions , the University of Minnesota , and a famous park system designed by Theodore Wirth .   Although the sawmills and the flour mills are long gone , Minneapolis remains a regional center in banking and industry . The two largest milling companies , General Mills and the Pillsbury Company , now merged under the General Mills name , still remain prominent in the Twin Cities area . The city has rediscovered the riverfront , which now hosts parkland , the Mill City Museum , and the Guthrie Theater .

neg: Hastings High School (Minnesota) Hastings Senior High School is one of the oldest operating public high schools in the state of Minnesota . Hastings Senior High School is located in Hastings , Minnesota and is part of Independent School District 200 . A brand new multimillion-dollar school was established in 2001 , upon which a new vision took place for the education of Hastings ' students . The construction of the new school was centered on a bridge connecting the athletic portion of the school to the academic . Not only does this bridge show the important connection between academics and athletics at Hastings , it also holds a metaphorical meaning according to the school 's website : `` Hastings High School is a student-centered environment , a bridge connecting students to other students , and students to teachers , staff and administrators '' . Hastings High School has a strong connection to the community and reflects its unique heritage and tradition of progress '' Hastings High school is known for its strong music program , a freshmen orientation program titled `` Link Crew '' , athletics , National Honor Society , and service to the community in which it is established . Hastings High School is also known for their national placing show choir , Riverside Company . Hastings also has an incredible special education program in the school and works with students of all abilities . The school 's philosophy is revolved around a liberal arts education where students must take core classes to fulfill graduation requirements including English , social studies , mathematics , sciences , languages , and the arts , but students can also choose from a variety of business , physical education , horticulture , family studies , and industrial technology classes . Hastings enrolls about 1,800 students grades 9-12 and has a graduation rate of 97 percent . Hastings Senior High School is 354,000 square feet and is positioned on 100 + acres in the bluffs near the Mississippi River . Hastings Senior High School ( MN ) is home to the oldest , active alumni association in the country , hosting its 131st annual meeting in 2014 .

neg: Minnetonka, Minnesota Minnetonka -LSB- ˌmɪnᵻˈtɒŋkə -RSB- is a suburban city in Hennepin County , Minnesota , United States , eight miles ( 13 km ) west of Minneapolis . The population was 49,734 at the 2010 census . The name comes from the Dakota Indian mni tanka , meaning `` great water '' . The city is the home of Cargill , the country 's largest privately owned company , and United Healthcare , the state 's largest publicly owned company .


query: Baahubali 2: The Conclusion is a 2017 Indian film.

pos: Baahubali 2: The Conclusion Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion , also known by the initialism BB2 , is a 2017 Indian historical fiction film co-written and directed by S. S. Rajamouli . The film was produced by Tollywood studio Arka Media Works . It is the continuation of Baahubali : The Beginning , taking place before and after the events of that film . It was originally made in both Telugu and Tamil and dubbed into Hindi , Malayalam , German , French , Japanese and English . The film stars major actors from Tollywood industry with Prabhas , Anushka Shetty , Rana Daggubati and Sathyaraj in lead roles . Initially , both parts were jointly produced on a budget of 250 crore ( 2.5 billion ) , however , the budget of the second part was increased later . Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion has made a record of highest pre-release business with 500 crore ( 5 billion ) .   Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion was premiered at the British Film Institute , and was theatrically released over 9000 screens worldwide on 28 April 2017 . Baahubali 2 was the first Telugu film to be released in 4K High Definition format . It is estimated that close to 200 screens are being upgraded to 4K projectors before the release date of the movie .   Baahubali 2 released to positive reviews from critics and surpassed the 2014 Hindi film PK , to briefly become the highest grossing Indian film of all time , collecting approximately worldwide within just six days of its release . It became the first ever Indian film to gross over in all languages , doing so in just ten days . It currently stands as the second highest grossing Indian film worldwide .

pos: Telugu cinema Telugu cinema , also known by its sobriquet Tollywood , is the segment of Indian cinema dedicated to the production of motion pictures in the Telugu language . It is the Second Largest Film Industry after Hindi . It is based in Film Nagar , a neighbourhood of Hyderabad . Since 1909 , Raghupathi Venkaiah Naidu , an Indian film maker from Machilipatnam , Krishna District was involved in producing short films and travelling to different regions in Asia to promote film work . In 1921 , he produced the first Telugu silent film , Bhishma Pratigna . He is cited as the father of Telugu cinema .   The 1951 film Patala Bhairavi was the only South Indian film screened at the first India International Film Festival , held in Mumbai on 24 January 1952 .  CNN-IBN listed Patala Bhairavi ( 1951 ) , Malliswari ( 1951 ) , Devadasu ( 1953 ) , Mayabazar ( 1957 ) , Nartanasala ( 1963 ) , Maro Charithra ( 1978 ) , Maa Bhoomi ( 1979 ) , Sankarabharanam ( 1979 ) , Sagara Sangamam ( 1983 ) , and Siva ( 1989 ) , among The 100 Greatest Indian Films of All Time . The first film studio in South India , Durga Cinetone , was built in 1936 by Nidamarthi Surayya in Rajahmundry , Andhra Pradesh . In the years 2005 , 2006 , 2008 , and 2014 the industry has produced the largest number of films in India , exceeding the number of films produced in Bollywood .   The industry holds the Guinness World Record for the largest film production facility in the world . The Prasads IMAX located in Hyderabad is one of the largest 3D IMAX screens , and the most attended cinema screen in the world . As per the CBFC report of 2014 , the industry is placed first in India , in terms of films produced yearly . The industry holds a memorandum of understanding with the Motion Picture Association of America to combat video piracy . Contemporary films like Dookudu ( 2011 ) , Eega ( 2012 ) and Race Gurram ( 2014 ) have each grossed more than 100 crore ( approximately 15.7 Million US Dollars ) at the worldwide box office . Baahubali : The conclusion ( 2017 ) became the first globally highest-grossing Indian film of all time , and the highest grossing Indian film of all time within India . The 2015 epic film Rudhramadevi is the first Indian 3D historical film

neg: Bajirao Mastani Bajirao Mastani is a 2015 Indian epic historical romance film directed by Sanjay Leela Bhansali , who also composed the music of the film . It is jointly produced by Bhansali and Eros International . The film stars Ranveer Singh as Bajirao I and Deepika Padukone as Mastani , with Priyanka Chopra playing Bajirao 's first wife Kashibai . Tanvi Azmi , Vaibbhav Tatwawdi and Milind Soman appear in supporting roles . Based on the Marathi novel Raau by Nagnath S. Inamdar , the film narrates the story of the Maratha Peshwa Bajirao ( 1700-1740 AD ) and his second wife Mastani .   The film was in development for 15 years , with Bhansali wanting to make the film after Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam . However , several times , the production was delayed due to the changing cast . Principal photography started in mid 2014 after the casting of principal roles was finalised . The film was released on 18 December 2015 to critical acclaim from critics , who praised the direction , cinematography , production design , costumes , music and performances , particularly of Chopra , and Singh .   The film has grossed over at the box-office , emerging as a commercial success and one of the highest-grossing Indian films of all time . The film received several accolades at various award ceremonies across India . At the 63rd National Film Awards , Bajirao Mastani received seven awards , including Best Direction and Best Supporting Actress for Tanvi Azmi . The film is featured among the 2016 Indian Panorama section of the International Film Festival of India . The film received fourteen nominations at the 61st Filmfare Awards , and won nine awards including Best Film , Best Director for Bhansali , Best Actor for Singh , and Best Supporting Actress for Chopra .

neg: Soggade Chinni Nayana Soggade Chinni Nayana ( The Young Man is a Charmer ) is a 2016 Indian Telugu-language supernatural drama film directed by Kalyan Krishna Kurasala . In addition to producing the film under his Annapurna Studios banner , Akkineni Nagarjuna played dual roles . Ramya Krishnan and Lavanya Tripathi were the film 's female leads . Nassar , Pithamagan Mahadevan , Sampath Raj and Brahmanandam played key supporting roles .   Written by Ram Mohan P , Soggade Chinni Nayana revolves around the soul of Bangarraju , a flirtatious zamindar whom Yama ( the god of the underworld ) sends back to earth to reconcile his son ( Ram `` Ramu '' Mohan ) and his wife Seetha ; they are on the brink of divorce . In the process , he learns about his death and its connection with a local Shiva temple .   P. S. Vinod and Siddhardh Ramaswami provided the cinematography , and Anup Rubens composed the film 's soundtrack and background score . Prawin Pudi edited the film . Principal photography for the film began on 19 November 2014 after it was launched in Hyderabad , and wrapped on 4 October 2015 . Most of the film was shot in and around Rajahmundry and Mysore .   Produced on a budget of 150200 million , Soggade Chinni Nayana was released worldwide on 15 January 2016 during the Makar Sankranti festival season in 800-900 screens . It received positive reviews from critics and was commercially successful , earning 750 million globally . The film is being remade in Kannada as Matte Hutti Baa , Inti Prema , starring Upendra , Prema and Sruthi Hariharan in the lead roles . A prequel entitled Bangarraju is in development , with production scheduled to begin in 2017 .

neg: Bahniman Bahniman is a 2016 Assamese language drama film directed by Biswajeet Bora . Filmmaker Biswajeet Bora had long wanted to make a movie that transcends the rigidity of commercial cinema with something unusual and unique from the point of view of story and treatment . His highly engaging Aisa Yeh Jahaan created cinematic history when it became the country 's first carbon-neutral film . Its subject has a humanity that connected deeply to the audiences across the country , which makes film enthusiasts and fans , especially in Assam , all the more curious to see what Biswajeet has up his sleeve in his new project.But belying expectations , the Mumbai-based filmmaker , out to prove a point or two , returns with a lot of fire power in his belly to direct a full-fledged entertainer titled ` Bahniman ' . He has been quite keen to explore some new ideas in a commercial venture for some time now . This big-budget Assamese movie , produced by Barnali Hazarika under the banner of Santoshi Maa Production , is presently drawing a lot of media attention , and not without reason . Its shooting progressing at a hurried pace in various locations , Biswajeet Bora 's film is going to be a refreshing spin on the action genre , quite unlike anything seen here . He has got the technical expertise and acumen , having spent years in Mumbai , India 's entertainment hub , where he was fortunate enough to observe a lot of well-known filmmakers at work , including the renowned Jahnu Barua , whom he also assisted for close to six years . He has left nothing to chance here . All the technical aspects are being looked after and executed with a lot of precision and planning.The story of the film revolves around three childhood friends , lost to their own fates , only to re-emerge as fierce rivals . But soon they reunite to fight for the cause of their city which is controlled by mafia kingpin Kanu Sharma . Its about friendship , lost love and revenge.There 's no greater satisfaction to a filmmaker than being on a movie set , getting to work with talented people -- actors , actresses and the technicians .

neg: Murder 2 Murder 2 is a 2011 Indian psychological horror-slasher film and the quasi-sequel to the 2004 film , Murder . It stars Emraan Hashmi , Jacqueline Fernandez and Prashant Narayanan and features Sulagna Panigrahi . Directed by Mohit Suri and produced by Mukesh Bhatt , the film released on 8 July 2011 . The theatrical trailer of the film was revealed on 1 June 2011 and also in cinemas with Ready . It was the second film in a series of quasi-sequels released under the Bhatt Banner including Raaz -- The Mystery Continues , Jannat 2 , Jism 2 , Raaz 3D and 1920 : Evil Returns , each of which had nothing to do with their respective prequels , but somehow fell into the same genre following a similar story . The film did well at the box office and was declared a `` blockbuster '' by Box Office India . It is one of the highest grossing Bollywood films of 2011 .

neg: Buddies in India Buddies in India is a 2017 Chinese action adventure comedy film directed by comedian and actor Wang Baoqiang , in his directorial debut , and also starring Wang . It was released in China by Tianjin Maoyan Media , Beijing Enlight Pictures and Huaxia Film Distribution on January 28 , 2017 .

neg: Wake Up India Wake Up India is a 2013 Hindi political Drama film written & directed by Babloo Seshadri . Wake Up India is produced by Shree Balajee Entertainment in association with Kanishka Films . Starring Sai Tamhankar , Manoj joshi , Mukesh Tiwari , Mohan Joshi , Asrani , Elisha Kriis . The film released on 25 October 2013 . The Times of India stated that `` the issues raised here are valid but the execution is immature '' .  The film raised valid questions towards the growth and development of the nation and the hostile behavior of the political parties involved .

neg: Avunu 2 Avunu-Part 2 is a 2015 sequel to the 2012 Telugu horror thriller film Avunu . Poorna and Harshvardhan Rane reprise their roles from the first part . The film is a true sequel in the sense that it picks up exactly from where the first part ended . The film is produced and directed by Ravi Babu and presented by Suresh Productions .

neg: Manal Kayiru 2 Manal Kayiru 2 ( Sand Rope 2 ) is a 2016 Tamil language drama film directed by Madhan Kumar , starring S. Ve . Shekhar , Jaishree , Ashwin Shekhar and Shamna Kasim in the lead roles . The film is a sequel to the 1982 film , Manal Kayiru.The first look motion poster of the movie was released by Adam & Eve Company on Ashwin Shekhar 's birthday . The movie received mixed to positive reviews .

neg: Nandini (TV series) Nandhini is an South Indian multilingual supernatural television drama that premiered on 23 January 2017 on Sun TV , Surya TV , Gemini TV and Udaya TV channels . It is claimed that the show is the second biggest budgeted series on Indian television after Naagin and the first in South India . Nithya Ram , Baby Adhitri , Malavika Wales and Rahul Ravi are the main protagonists of the series . The series is produced by Tamil film director Sundar C. and South-Indian actress Kushboo . The show has been praised and well received by the audience , becoming a huge success and India 's most watched television series in a matter of weeks since it first aired .   The show airs every Monday to Saturday at 9:00 PM & 10.30 AM ( Sun tv re-telecast ) ( IST ) on Sun TV and Gemini TV . From Monday to Friday at 9:00 PM ( IST ) on Surya TV and Monday to Friday at 8:30 PM ( IST ) on Udaya TV in Tamil , Malayalam , Telugu and Kannada , respectively . In Sri Lanka Monday to Friday at 10.00 pm on Shakthi TV . It is edited by National award winner N. B. Srikanth and his long time associate C. M. Selvakumar .

neg: Bal Ganesh 2 Bal Ganesh 2 is a 2009 computer-animated musical feature film directed by Pankaj Sharma . The film is about the adventures of Lord Ganesh , the Hindu elephant-headed god , when he was a baby . This is the sequel of 2007 movie Bal Ganesh .

neg: Aap Ki Kasam Aap Ki Kasam ( I swear by you ) is a 1974 Hindi film produced by J. Om Prakash , which also marks his directorial debut . The film stars Rajesh Khanna , Mumtaz , Sanjeev Kumar , Rehman , Asrani and A. K. Hangal . The music is by R.D. Burman , who received the only Filmfare nomination for the film . The film was successful and was declared as hit on the box office , and it was also acclaimed by the critics . The songs from the film , including ` Jai Jai Shiv Shankar ' , ` Zindagi ke safar mein ' and ` Karvate badalate rahen ' , became very popular .   The Hindu newspaper in its review of the film quoted `` In a remarkable scene , where Rajesh Khanna , his anger simmering , confronts Mumtaz , the director , J. Om Prakash , brings out the performer in both . Mumtaz brings compelling expressions to her countenance as her initial disbelief at being doubted by her husband is transformed from anguish to fury in a flash . This remains the standout moment of the movie apart from the song `` Zindagi ke safar mein guzar jate hain jo maqaam '' .   The film is a remake of a Malayalam film , Vaazhve Mayam ( 1970 ) , directed by K S Sethumadhavan , where the ending was different . The film was later also remade in Telugu , retaining the original ending , by director Dasari Narayana Rao as Edadugula Bandham ( 1985 ) starring Mohan Babu and Jayasudha .

neg: Pottu (film) Pottu ( Vermillion ) is an upcoming high budget Indian Tamil horror film , written and directed by Vadivudaiyan . The film features Bharath in the lead role , with Iniya , Namitha , Shristi Dange , Thambi Ramaiah and Rajendran in supporting roles . Featuring music composed by Amresh Ganesh , Pottu will have a theatrical release in 2017 .

neg: Badi Baat Badi Baat is a Bollywood film . It was released in 1944 .

neg: 8th IIFA Awards The 2007 IIFA Awards , officially known as the 8th International Indian Film Academy Awards ceremony , presented by the International Indian Film Academy honoured the best films of 2006 and took place between June 7 -- 9 , 2007 . The official ceremony took place on June 9 , 2007 , at the Hallam FM Arena in Sheffield , England . During the ceremony , IIFA Awards were awarded in 29 competitive categories . The ceremony was televised in India and internationally on Star Plus . Actors Boman Irani and Lara Dutta co-hosted the ceremony for the first time .   Some other salient events held during this weekend included the IIFA World Premiere , IIFA-BAFTA Film Workshop , FICCI-IIFA Global Business Forum and the IIFA Foundation Celebrity Charity Cricket Match .   The tag line of the IIFA 2007 was IIFA 2007 : Yorkshire `` Love At First Sight '' .   Rang De Basanti received twenty one nominations out of the total twenty nine and won eleven awards , two of which were popular awards : ( Best Picture , Best Performance In A Supporting Role Female ) Omkara and Lage Raho Munna Bhai won four awards each . Other multiple winners included Krrish with three awards and Dhoom 2 and Fanaa with two each . In addition movies receiving a single awards included , Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna for ( Best Performance In A Leading Role Female ) , Golmaal : Fun Unlimited for ( Best Performance In A Comic Role ) , 36 China Town for ( Male Debutant Star ) and Gangster for ( Female Debutant Star ) .   Rajkumar Hirani and A. R. Rahman each won three awards in the event .

neg: Sa (film) SA is a 2016 Kannada-language romantic thriller film .

neg: Cinema of India The cinema of India consists of films produced across India . Cinema as a medium has gained immense popularity in the country and as many as 1,600 films in various languages of India are produced annually . Indian films have also come to be followed throughout South Asia , the Greater Middle East , Southeast Asia and other countries . Dadasaheb Phalke is known as the `` father of Indian cinema '' . The Dadasaheb Phalke Award , for lifetime contribution to cinema , was instituted in his honour , by the Government of India in 1969 , and is the most prestigious and coveted award in Indian cinema .   In the 20th century , Indian cinema , along with the Hollywood and Chinese film industries , became a global enterprise . As of 2013 , in terms of annual film output , India ranks first , followed by Nollywood , Hollywood and China . In 2012 , India produced 1,602 feature films . The Indian film industry reached overall revenues of $ 1.86 billion ( 93 billion ) in 2011 . This is projected to rise to $ 3 billion ( 200 billion ) in 2016 . In 2015 , India had a total box office gross of , the fourth largest in the world outside North America . Enhanced technology paved the way for upgrading from established cinematic norms of delivering product , altering the manner in which content reached the target audience . Biopics like Dangal and CGI-laden epics like Baahubali emerged as transnational blockbusters grossing over $ 200 million each in early 21st century . Indian cinema found markets in over 90 countries where films from India are screened . The Indian government extended film delegations to foreign countries such as the United States of America and Japan while the country 's Film Producers Guild sent similar missions through Europe .   The provision of 100 % foreign direct investment has made the Indian film market attractive for foreign enterprises such as 20th Century Fox , Sony Pictures , Walt Disney Pictures and Warner Bros. . Indian enterprises such as AVM Productions , Prasad 's Group , Sun Pictures , PVP Cinemas , Zee , UTV , Suresh Productions , Eros Films , Ayngaran International , Pyramid Saimira , Aascar Films and Adlabs also participated in producing and distributing films . Tax incentives to multiplexes have aided the multiplex boom in India . By 2003 as many as 30 film production companies had been listed in the National Stock Exchange of India , making the commercial presence of the medium felt .   The South Indian film industry defines the four film cultures of South India as a single entity . They are the Telugu , the Tamil , the Malayalam and the Kannada industries . Although developed independently over a long period , gross exchange of film performers and technicians as well as globalisation helped to shape this new identity .   The Indian diaspora consists of millions of Indians overseas for which films are made available both through media such as DVDs and by screening of films in their country of residence wherever commercially feasible . These earnings , accounting for some 12 % of the revenue generated by a mainstream film , contribute substantially to the overall revenue of Indian cinema , the net worth of which was found to be 1.3 billion in 2000 . Music in Indian cinema is another substantial revenue generator with the music rights alone accounting for 4 -- 5 % of the net revenues generated by a film in India .

neg: Jism 2 Jism 2 ( English : Body 2 ) is a 2012 erotic thriller film produced and directed by Pooja Bhatt and written by Mahesh Bhatt . It is the sequel to the 2003 film Jism and marks the debut of Indo-Canadian former pornographic actress Sunny Leone in Bollywood . Jism 2 was launched on 1 December 2011 , on popular Indian television show Bigg Boss , making the launch a first time ever in the history of Indian Cinema . Mahesh Bhatt compared Jism 2 to Italian romance drama Last Tango in Paris . Jism 2 has been passed with an A-certificate by the Central Board of Film Certification ( CBFC ) for strong sexual content . Jism 2 had paid previews on 2 August 2012 , one day prior to its worldwide release .

neg: Mr. India (1987 film) Mr. India is a 1987 Indian Hindi science fiction superhero film directed by Shekhar Kapur . It stars Anil Kapoor , Sridevi and Amrish Puri in the lead roles   The film was the highest grossing Indian film of 1987 , and remains a cult classic in India . The film was known for several of its lines and songs , including Sridevi 's Miss Hawa Hawaii performance , and Amrish Puri 's quote `` Mogambo khush hua '' ( Mogambo is pleased ) , which is one of the most famous quotes of Bollywood and became synonymous with Puri . The Mogambo character is also considered to be one of the best villains in Bollywood history . Laxmikant-Pyarelal 's music performed well too , especially the song Hawa Hawaii which is very popular till today . The film has often been featured in different lists of top Bollywood films . Indiatimes Movies ranks the movie amongst the Top 25 Must See Bollywood Films . This was the last film that the writing duo Salim-Javed wrote together . They had split up earlier in 1982 , but came back for one last film .   On the centenary of Indian Cinema , Mr. India has been declared one of the 100 Greatest Indian Films of All Time . Interestingly Rajesh Khanna and Amitabh Bachchan were offered the lead role , but they turned it down as they could n't relate with the invisible hero .

neg: Swara Bhaskar Swara Bhaskar Chitrapu ( born 9 April 1988 ) is an Indian actress who works in the Hindi film industry . She has received two Filmfare Award nominations and her prime achievements have made her one of the most noticed actresses of the Hindi cinema .   Bhaskar , the daughter of naval officer Chitrapu Uday Bhaskar , was born and raised in Delhi . After receiving her bachelor 's degree in English literature from the University of Delhi , she enrolled herself at the Jawaharlal Nehru University to complete her master 's in Sociology . Bhaskar made her film debut with a supporting role in the 2009 drama Madholal Keep Walking , a commercial failure . She achieved further mainstream attention for her supporting role of a bride-to-be in the commercially successful romantic comedy Tanu Weds Manu ( 2011 ) . Her performance in the film was well received by critics and she garnered a Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress nomination .   Bhaskar was praised for portraying an aggressive lover in the critically acclaimed romantic drama Raanjhanaa ( 2013 ) , for which she earned her second Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress nomination . She then played supporting roles in the romantic comedy Tanu Weds Manu Returns ( 2015 ) and the romantic drama Prem Ratan Dhan Payo ( 2015 ) , both of which rank among the highest-grossing Bollywood films . Her starring roles in the comedy drama Nil Battey Sannata ( 2016 ) , and the drama Anaarkali of Aarah ( 2017 ) were widely acclaimed .

neg: PK (film) PK is a 2014 Indian satirical science fiction comedy film . The film was directed by Rajkumar Hirani , produced by Hirani and Vidhu Vinod Chopra , and written by Hirani and Abhijat Joshi . The film stars Aamir Khan in the title role with Anushka Sharma , Sushant Singh Rajput , Boman Irani , Saurabh Shukla , and Sanjay Dutt in supporting roles . It tells the story of an alien who comes to Earth on a research mission . He befriends a television journalist and questions religious dogmas and superstitions .   The film received positive reviews and emerged as the 3rd highest-grossing Indian film of all time , and ranks as the 70th highest-grossing film of 2014 worldwide . The film has been regarded as one of the best Hindi films of 2014 . It is currently the 3rd highest-grossing Indian film of all time only behind Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion and Dangal ( film ) .   PK is the first Indian film to gross 7 billion worldwide . It is also the first Indian film to gross US$ 100 million ( Rs 630 crore ) worldwide .


query: Norway has had over sixty kings and earls.

pos: Norway Norway ( -LSB- Norgehelp = no -RSB- ( Bokmål ) or ( Nynorsk ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Norway , is a sovereign state and unitary monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula plus the island Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard . The Antarctic Peter I Island and the sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island are dependent territories and thus not considered part of the Kingdom . Norway also lays claim to a section of Antarctica known as Queen Maud Land . Until 1814 , the kingdom included the Faroe Islands , Greenland and Iceland . It also included Bohuslän until 1658 , Jämtland and Härjedalen until 1645 , Shetland and Orkney until 1468 , and the Hebrides and Isle of Man until 1266 .   Norway has a total area of 385252 km2 and a population of 5,258,317 ( as of January 2017 ) . The country shares a long eastern border with Sweden ( 1,619 km or 1,006 mi long ) . Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east , and the Skagerrak Strait to the south , with Denmark on the other side . Norway has an extensive coastline , facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea .   King Harald V of the Dano-German House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway . Erna Solberg became Prime Minister in 2013 , replacing Jens Stoltenberg . A constitutional monarchy , Norway divides state power between the Parliament , the Cabinet and the Supreme Court , as determined by the 1814 Constitution . The kingdom is established as a merger of several petty kingdoms . By the traditional count from the year 872 , the kingdom has existed continuously for 1,144 years and the list of Norwegian monarchs includes over sixty kings and earls .   Norway has both administrative and political subdivisions on two levels : counties and municipalities . The Sámi people have a certain amount of self-determination and influence over traditional territories through the Sámi Parliament and the Finnmark Act . Norway maintains close ties with the European Union and the United States . Norway is a founding member of the United Nations , NATO , the Council of Europe , the Antarctic Treaty and the Nordic Council ; a member of the European Economic Area , the WTO and the OECD ; and is also a part of the Schengen Area .   The country maintains a combination of market economy and a Nordic welfare model with universal health care and a comprehensive social security system . Norway has extensive reserves of petroleum , natural gas , minerals , lumber , seafood , fresh water and hydropower . The petroleum industry accounts for around a quarter of the country 's gross domestic product ( GDP ) . On a per-capita basis , Norway is the world 's largest producer of oil and natural gas outside the Middle East .   The country has the fourth-highest per capita income in the world on the World Bank and IMF lists . On the CIA 's GDP ( PPP ) per capita list ( 2015 estimate ) which includes territories and some regions , Norway ranks as number eleven . From 2001 to 2006 , and then again from 2009 to 2017 , Norway had the highest Human Development Index ranking in the world . It also has the highest inequality-adjusted ranking . Norway ranks first on the World Happiness Report , the OECD Better Life Index , the Index of Public Integrity and the Democracy Index .

neg: Culture of Norway The culture of Norway is closely linked to the country 's history and geography . The unique Norwegian farm culture , sustained to this day , has resulted not only from scarce resources and a harsh climate but also from ancient property laws . In the 14th century , it brought about a strong romantic nationalistic movement , which is still visible in the Norwegian language and media . In the 19th century , Norwegian culture blossomed as efforts continued to achieve an independent identity in the areas of literature , art and music . This continues today in the performing arts and as a result of government support for exhibitions , cultural projects and artwork .

neg: Swedish Church Law 1686 The Swedish Church Law 1686 ( Swedish : `` Kyrkio-Lag och Ordning '' ) was a Swedish law which ( with some alterations ) regulated the relationship between the state and the church in Sweden from 1686 until the Swedish Church Law 1992 , as well as in Finland ( earlier a Swedish province ) until 1870 . It replaced the previous Swedish Church Ordinance 1571 .   During the reign of Charles X Gustav of Sweden , two suggestions were put forward to replace the Swedish Church Ordinance 1571 : one by Olaus Laurelius , and one by Erik Emporagrius . In 1663 , an investigation to change the law was formally issued , and in 1682 , the two suggestions were merged . A commission was issued to process it , and in 1686 , the new law was accepted .   The Swedish Church Law 1686 abolished Canon law . The state , represented by the monarch , by then the king of an absolute monarchy , was the head of the Church and thus had final say in matters of the Church , but there was to be no political administration or political bureaucracy between the monarch and the bishops of the Church .   Among the notable reforms introduced was husförhör and Parish register . Henceforth , the parish vicar of every parish of the nation was obliged to conduct a husförhör ( Household Interview ) , an annual survey of the religious knowledge of every household in the parish to ensure all parishioners ' knowledge of the bible and Luther 's Small Catechism . A consequence of this was the need for every parishioner , regardless of age and sex , to know how to read , as it would be necessary to read the bible and the catechism to pass the annual survey.Since the predecessor law from 1571 , children 's schools for reading , writing and counting had already been an obligation in the cities , but this law resulted in the need for every village and rural community to organise basic schooling for their children , normally by paying a läromäster ( schoolmaster ) or läromoster ( schoolmarm ) to hold lessons in the local vicarage , and from this point forward , illiteracy was close to eradicated in Sweden .   This law was in force until 1888 . Furthermore , all parish vicars were also forced by law to keep a parish register and note every birth , baptismal and death in the parish .   The 1686 Swedish Church Law was amended several times during the 18th century and 19th century , but it lay the foundation of the organisation of the Swedish Church until the new law of 1992 . In the Grand Duchy of Finland , earlier a Swedish province , the law applied until the reformed church law of 1867 ( in effect in 1870 ) .  __ NOTOC __

neg: Military history of Norway The military history of Norway commences before the Viking age with the internal wars fought between regional kings to obtain the supreme kingship of the whole of Norway . The most famous period of Norwegian history and thus military history is the Viking age , but the early Middle Ages was the era when Norwegian military power in Europe reached its peak . Since then the Norwegian military has experienced long periods of neglect , but also rearmament and victories .

neg: Monarchy of the Netherlands The monarchy of the Netherlands is constitutional and as such , the role and position of the monarch are defined and limited by the constitution of the Netherlands . Consequently , a fairly large portion of the Dutch constitution is devoted to the monarch ; roughly a third of the constitution describes the succession , mechanisms of accession and abdication to the throne , the roles and responsibilities of the monarch and the formalities of communication between the States-General of the Netherlands and the role of the monarch in the creation of laws .   The Kingdom of the Netherlands has been an independent monarchy since 16 March 1815 , but its one-time sovereign provinces have intermittently been `` governed '' by members of the House of Orange-Nassau and the House of Nassau from 1559 to 1747 , since Philip II of Spain appointed William of Orange as stadtholder . William became the leader of the Dutch Revolt and the independent Dutch Republic . As stadtholder , he was followed by several of his descendants . In 1747 , the function of stadtholder became a hereditary position in all Provinces of the thus `` crowned '' Dutch Republic . The last stadtholder was William V. His son became the first king as William I.

neg: Danneskiold-Samsøe Danneskiold-Samsøe is a Danish family of high nobility , formerly holding the island of Samsø as a fief . The family uses a traditional spelling of the name ; a modern spelling would be Danneskjold-Samsø .   The name was created for several descendants of Danish monarchs of the House of Oldenburg , born of their liaisons with royal mistresses . The first grantees were children from the 1677 marriage between Countess Antoinette of Aldenburg and Ulrik Frederik Gyldenløve , Count of Laurvig , a celebrated ( Norwegian ) general and the son of Frederick III of Denmark by his mistress Margrethe Pape , King Christian V , the count 's half-brother , granted a comital title to all of his male-line descendants .   The next grantees were all the children of Christian Gyldenløve , Count of Samsø , the eldest son of Christian V by his mistress Sophie Amalie Moth in 1696 . He married his cousin , Countess Antoinette Augusta of Aldenburg ( 1660-1701 ) ( eldest daughter of Count Anton I of Aldenburg and Knyphausen and his first wife , Countess Auguste Johanna zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hohenstein , himself a legitimated son of Anton Gunther , last independent Count of Oldenburg ) . The male Danneskiold-Laurvigen line was extinguished in 1783 , and the Laurvig countship was inherited through an heiress by the noble Danish Ahlefeldt family . In 1786 , François Xavier Joseph Gyldenløve , second Count of Løvendal , great-grandson of Count Ulrik Frederik 's first marriage , was granted the surname Danneskiold as well ; but this Danneskiold-Løvendal branch , too , was extinguished in its male line upon the death of his childless son in 1829 . The first marriage of Count Christian produced only daughters , but the issue of his second marriage succeeded to the countship of Samsø and continues in male line , bearing the surname `` af Danneskiold-Samsøe '' .   All Danneskiolds since 1829 have been descendants of the eldest son of Christian V and his mistress Sofie Amalie Moth ( 1654-1719 ) , whom the king elevated to be the first Lensgrevinde til Samsø ( `` Countess of Samsø '' ) . A descendant , Countess Frederikke Louise af Danneskiold-Samsøe ( 1699-1744 , ) married her kinsman Christian August , Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg ( 1696-1754 ) , a partitioned-off duke , and from whose marriage all the future Augustenborgs descend .   The present comital family numbers the noble families Ahlefeldt , Frijs-Frijsenborg , Kaas , Trolle , Ulfeldt , Huitfeldt , , Gyldenstierne , Rosenkrantz , Rantzau , Reventlow , Brahe , Grubbe , Krag til Juellund , and Krag-Juel-Vind-Frijs among their ancestress-linked relatives .   Category : Danish nobility

neg: St. Olav's Medal The St. Olav 's Medal and the St. Olav 's Medal With Oak Branch were instituted by King Haakon VII of Norway on 17 March 1939 . They are awarded in recognition of `` outstanding services rendered in connection with the spreading of information about Norway abroad and for strengthening the bonds between expatriate Norwegians and their home country '' .   The medals are in silver , surmounted by the Royal Crown . On the obverse is the portrait of the reigning King with his name and motto . On the reverse , St. Olav 's cross . Above the medal is the monogram of the reigning King . It is worn on the left side of the breast with the ribbon of the Order of St. Olav . The medal ranks 9th in the order of precedence of Norwegian medals .   When awarded for services rendered in wartime , the medal carries an oak branch and ranks 6th in the order of precedence of Norwegian medals .

neg: Antarctic Medal The Antarctic Medal is a civil decoration of Norway . Established by King Olav V on 3 February 1960 , it was awarded to the individuals associated with the Sixth Norwegian Antarctic Expedition . The medal ranks 27th in the order of precedence of Norwegian honours . The medal ranks below the Maudheim medal , but above H. M . The King 's Commemorative Medal in Gold . The medal was awarded to 37 individuals who were part of or associated with Sixth Norwegian Antarctic Expedition .

neg: Gyldenløve (noble family) For the royal bastards in Denmark , see Gyldenløve .    Gyldenløve ( English : lit . Golden Lion ) is the modern name of a medieval and now extinct family of the Norwegian nobility .   During the Late Middle Ages Gyldenløve was one of the most important families in Norway 's social and political life . The family 's most prominent member was Nils Henriksson ( died 1523 ) , Lord High Steward of Norway , whose wife was Lady Ingegjerd Ottesdotter Rømer , heiress of Austrått . The couple 's only surviving children were girls . All other agnatic lines of the old family are presumed extinct even earlier . The last male was Nils Henriksson 's illegitimate child Henrik Nilsson Gyldenløve .   Like other Norwegian noble families , the Gyldenløve family did not originally have a family name . However , based on the family 's coat of arms , which shows a lion , believed to represent their verified royal descent from the House of Sverre , some of the members of the very last generations used the name Gyldenløve as a family name . Today , the same practice is customary among historians and genealogists , in order to identify families and their members .

neg: Oxenstierna Oxenstierna ( -LSB- ˈʊksɛnˌɧæːɳa -RSB- ) is an ancient Swedish noble family , originally from Småland in southern Sweden , and can be traced up to the middle of the 14th century . The Oxenstierna family held vast estates in Södermanland and Uppland during the late middle ages and renaissance . In the 15th century , the family at times held the position of Regent of Sweden during the turbulent civil wars of the Kalmar Union . The family began to adopt its armorial designation of Oxenstierna as a personal name towards the end of the 16th century . In the case of earlier members of the family , the name has been applied by later historians .   Several members of the family , notably the influential Lord High Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna , rose to prominence , high political office and titles during the age of the Swedish Empire in the 17th century . The only male-line branch still in existence today is Oxenstierna af Korsholm och Wasa , the comital branch descended from Gabriel Bengtsson Oxenstierna , 1st Count of Korsholm and Vasa ( 1586 -- 1656 ) . Other branches of the family , such as Oxenstierna af Croneborg , Oxenstierna af Eka och Lindö , and Oxenstierna af Södermöre , are now extinct in the male line .

neg: Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301) The Kingdom of Hungary came into existence in Central Europe when Stephen I , Grand Prince of the Hungarians , was crowned king in 1000 or 1001 . He reinforced central authority and forced his subjects to accept Christianity . Although written sources emphasize the role played by German and Italian knights and clerics in the process , a significant part of the Hungarian vocabulary for agriculture , religion and state was taken from Slavic languages . Civil wars and pagan uprisings , along with attempts by the Holy Roman Emperors to expand their authority over Hungary , jeopardized the new monarchy . The monarchy stabilized during the reigns of Ladislaus I ( 1077 -- 1095 ) and Coloman ( 1095 -- 1116 ) . These rulers occupied Croatia and Dalmatia with the support of a part of the local population . Both realms retained their autonomous position . The successors of Ladislaus and Coloman -- especially Béla II ( 1131 -- 1141 ) , Béla III ( 1176 -- 1196 ) , Andrew II ( 1205 -- 1235 ) , and Béla IV ( 1235 -- 1270 ) -- continued this policy of expansion towards the Balkan Peninsula and the lands east of the Carpathian Mountains , transforming their kingdom into one of the major powers of medieval Europe .   Rich in uncultivated lands , silver , gold , and salt deposits , Hungary became the preferred destination of mainly German , Italian and French colonists . These immigrants were mostly peasants who settled in villages , but craftsmen and merchants also came . Their arrival had a key role in the shaping of an urban lifestyle , habits and culture in medieval Hungary . The location of the kingdom at the crossroads of international trade routes favored the coexistence of several cultures . Romanesque , Gothic and Renaissance buildings and literary works written in Latin prove the predominantly Roman Catholic character of the culture , but Orthodox , and even non-Christian ethnic minority communities also existed . Latin was the language of legislation , administration and judiciary , but `` linguistic pluralism '' contributed to the survival of many tongues , including a great variety of Slavic dialects .   The predominance of royal estates initially assured the sovereign 's preeminent position , but the alienation of royal lands gave rise to the emergence of a self-conscious group of lesser landholders , known as `` royal servants '' . They forced Andrew II to issue his Golden Bull of 1222 , `` one of first examples of constitutional limits being placed on the powers of a European monarch '' ( Francis Fukuyama ) . The kingdom received a major blow from the Mongol invasion of 1241 -- 42 . Thereafter , Cuman and Jassic groups settled in the central lowlands , and colonists arrived from Moravia , Poland and other nearby countries . The erection of fortresses by landlords , promoted by the monarchs after the withdrawal of the Mongols , led to the development of semi-autonomous `` provinces '' dominated by powerful magnates . Some of these magnates even challenged the authority of Andrew III ( 1290 -- 1301 ) , the last male descendant of the native Árpád dynasty . His death was followed by a period of interregnum and anarchy . Central power was re-established only in the early 1320s .

neg: List of Swedish consorts This is a list of Swedish queens consort and spouses of Swedish monarchs and regents . The list covers a large time span and the role of a consort has changed much over the centuries . The first Swedish consorts are spoken of in legends . The consorts until c. 1000 are often semi-legendary , as are the monarchs . Between the 14th and 16th century , during periods of de facto Swedish independence from the formal union with Denmark , the Swedish regents did not have the title of king or queen , nor did the spouses of kings have the title of queen consort , although they had the equivalent position . Due to unions with Finland , Denmark and Norway , many of the Swedish consorts were also consorts of monarchs of these countries . Consorts listed during the period of 1380 -- 1520 were in fact also consorts to monarchs of Denmark . The consorts listed during the period of 1814-1905 were also consorts to monarchs of Norway . Finland was from the Middle Ages a part of Sweden , and although there was no official title , such as `` Queen Consort of Finland '' , from the 16th century until the year of 1809 , the queen consort of Sweden also held the title `` Grand Princess of Finland . ''   Sweden has had three female monarchs , and one of the consorts listed below is a male .

neg: Trondheim Fjord Trondheim Fjord ( Trondheimsfjorden , -LSB- ² trɔnːhæi̯msˌfjuːɳ -RSB- ) , an inlet of the Norwegian Sea , is Norway 's third-longest fjord at 130 km long . It is located in the west-central part of the country , and it stretches from Ørland in the west to Steinkjer in the north , passing the city of Trondheim on its way . Its maximum depth is 617 m , just inside of Agdenes .   The largest islands in the fjord are Ytterøy and Tautra ; the small island of Munkholmen is located near the harbor of Trondheim ; and there are several islands at the entrance of the fjord . The narrow Skarnsundet is crossed by the Skarnsund Bridge . The part of the fjord to the north of the strait is referred to as Beitstadfjorden . The main part of Trondheim Fjord is ice-free all year ; only Verrasundet , a long and narrow fjord branch in the northern part of the fjord , might be ice covered in winter . The Beitstadfjorden might also freeze over in winter , but only for a few weeks .   The towns of Stjørdal , Levanger , and Steinkjer are found on the eastern and northeastern shore of the fjord . Aker Verdal in Verdal produces large offshore installations for the petroleum sector . A yard in Rissa completed the luxurious apartment ship MS The World . Fiborgtangen is a peninsula along the eastern shore of the fjord where a large paper mill owned by Norske Skog is located .   Trondheim Fjord has rich marine life , with both southern and northern species ; at least 90 species of fish have been observed , and the fjord has the largest biological production among Norway 's fjords . In recent years , deep water corals ( Lophelia pertusa ) were discovered in the fjord , not far from the city of Trondheim . Several of the best salmon rivers in Norway empty into Trondheim Fjord . Among these are the Gaula ( in Melhus just south of Trondheim ) , the Orklaelva ( in Orkdal ) , Stjørdalselva ( in Stjørdal ) , and the Verdalselva ( in Verdal ) .   The lowland east and south of the fjord represents one of Norway 's best agricultural areas . The more rugged and mountainous Fosen peninsula lies to the west and northwest , giving some shelter from the wind common to coastal areas .   Trondheim Fjord was an important waterway in the Viking Age , as it is still today . In 1888 , an undersea mudslide caused a tsunami that killed one person in Trondheim and ruptured three railway lines .   Four giant squid have been found in the fjord , which is among the highest concentrations in the world .

neg: Eric Christoffersen of Denmark Eric Christoffersen ( c. 1307 -- c. 1332 ) ( Erik Christoffersen ) was king of Denmark from 1321 until his death , jointly with his father , King Christopher II . He was a member of the House of Estridsen . In Danish , he is called `` Erik , udvalgt Konge . ''   Eric was the eldest son of King Christopher II and Euphemia of Pomerania . In 1321 , he was elected king and crowned alongside his father as his junior co-ruler on 15 August 1324 . In 1325 , his father asked him to halt the Counts of Holstein and their allies , but was deserted by his troops , taken prisoner and confined in Haderslev Castle . His father was forced to abdicate and go into exile , while the 12-year-old Duke Valdemar of Southern Jutland was made king of Denmark under the regent , Count Gerhard III of Holstein . After a period of chaos in the `` magnates ' republic '' of Denmark , King Christopher was restored as a puppet monarch in 1329 through the help of his half-brother Count John III . Eric was released in 1330 , on the condition he married Elizabeth of Holstein-Rendsburg , dowager duchess of Saxe-Lauenburg and sister of his father 's enemy , Count Gerhard III , by whom he had no children . The marriage was dissolved the next year as war again erupted between his father and Count John III and his brother-in-law Gerhard III .   He predeceased his father , fighting in the battles , which subsequently broke out between his father and Holstein . On 30 November 1331 , Eric was defeated at the battle at Danevirke , but managed to escape to Kiel , where he died of his battle wounds , a few months afterward , either in late 1331 or early 1332 . Eric was buried at Sorø Abbey , later his remains were transported to the St. Bendt 's Church . Upon his father 's death in the same year , Denmark ceased being a formal kingdom , and for the next eight years it was subdued by various mortgagees to German military rule . His younger brother would later regain Denmark from the Holsteiners and succeed as Valdemar IV of Denmark .

neg: Nord-Trøndelag Nord-Trøndelag -LSB- ˈnuːɽ ˈtrœndəˈlɑːɡ -RSB- ( `` North Trøndelag '' ) is a county constituting the northern part of Trøndelag in Norway . As of January 1 , 2014 , the county had 135,142 inhabitants , making it the country 's fourth-least populated county . The largest municipalities are Stjørdal , Steinkjer -- the county seat , Levanger , Namsos and Verdal , all with between 21,000 and 12,000 inhabitants . The economy is primarily centered on services , although there are significant industries in agriculture , fisheries , hydroelectricity and forestry . It has the lowest gross domestic product per capita of any county in the country .   Nord-Trøndelag covers 22412 km2 , making it the sixth-largest county , and consists of 23 municipalities . The district of Innherred runs along the east side of the Trondheimsfjord , and is the most populated area , with much farming . To the south lies the district of Stjørdalen , while in the north , the larger district of Namdalen stretches from the Norwegian Sea to the mountains bordering Sweden . West of the Trondheimsfjord lays Fosen . Nord-Trøndelag borders Sør-Trøndelag to the south and Nordland to the north . The western part of the county has several large valleys and consists largely of unpopulated wilderness , including four national parks . Snåsavatnet is the largest lake , while major rivers include Namsen , Verdalselva and Stjørdalselva .   Innherred was an important area during the Viking Age and featured the Battle of Stiklestad . The county was created in 1804 and was known as `` Nordre Trondhjems amt '' until 1919 . Since the 1950s , the county has experienced a population growth below national levels . The axis north -- south through the country past Grong and along the west side of Trondheim Fjord is a main transport artery , including the European Route E6 and the Nordland Line .   The regions was divided into two administrative counties in 1804 . In 2016 , the two county councils voted to merge into a single county in 2018 .

neg: Scandinavian Peninsula The Scandinavian Peninsula ( Skandinaviska halvön Den skandinaviske halvøy Skandinavian niemimaa ? Скандинавский полуостров , Skandinavsky poluostrov ) is a peninsula in Northern Europe , which generally comprises the mainland of Sweden , the mainland of Norway ( with the exception of a small coastal area bordering Russia ) , the northwestern area of Finland , as well as a narrow area in the west of the Pechengsky District of Russia .   The name of the peninsula is derived from the term Scandinavia , the cultural region of Denmark , Norway and Sweden . That cultural name is in turn derived from the name of Scania , the region at the southern extremity of the peninsula which has during periods been part of Denmark , which is the ancestral home of the Danes , and which is now part of Sweden . The derived term `` Scandinavian '' also refers to the Germanic peoples who speak North Germanic languages , considered to be a dialect continuum derived from Old Norse . These modern North Germanic languages found in Scandinavia are Danish , Norwegian , and Swedish ; additionally Faroese and Icelandic belong to the same language group , but they are not part of the modern Scandinavian dialect continuum and are not intelligible with the other languages .   The Scandinavian Peninsula is the largest peninsula of Europe , larger than the Balkan , the Iberian and the Italian peninsulas . During the Ice Ages , the sea level of the Atlantic Ocean dropped so much that the Baltic Sea , the Gulf of Bothnia and the Gulf of Finland disappeared , and the countries now surrounding them , including Germany , Poland , the other Baltic countries and Scandinavia , were directly joined by land .

neg: Count of Wisborg Count of Wisborg ( Comte de Wisborg ; Graf von Wisborg ) is a title granted by the monarchs of Luxembourg to some men formerly titled as princes of Sweden and their descendants .   Since 1892 , the title has been borne by the male-line descendants of four princes of Sweden who married morganatically without the consent of the King of Sweden and thereby lost their right of succession to the throne of Sweden for themselves and their descendants , and had their Swedish royal titles prohibited .   The four former princes of Sweden , after use of their Swedish titles no longer was allowed , assumed the surname of Bernadotte . In each case they were given the title of nobility Prince Bernadotte , Count of Wisborg by the reigning Grand Duke or Grand Duchess of Luxembourg . The latter title ( count or countess ) was shared with the children of each prince , since subsequent generations in the male line were authorized to bear only the title `` Count of Wisborg '' , Bernadotte remaining their surname by birth . In some cases , this titulature has not been adhered to , usage of the style Count -LSB- Firstname -RSB- Bernadotte af Wisborg having been adopted by some of the descendants .   In Sweden , these members of the House of Bernadotte are considered part of the unintroduced nobility , and are members of Ointroducerad Adels Förening .

neg: Knight A knight is a person granted an honorary title of knighthood by a monarch or other political leader for service to the monarch or country , especially in a military capacity . Historically , in Europe , knighthood was conferred upon mounted warriors . During the High Middle Ages , knighthood was considered a class of lower nobility . By the Late Middle Ages , the rank had become associated with the ideals of chivalry , a code of conduct for the perfect courtly Christian warrior . Often , a knight was a vassal who served as a fighter for a lord , with payment in the form of land holdings . The lords trusted the knights , who were skilled in battle on horseback . Since the early modern period , the title of knight is purely honorific , usually bestowed by a monarch , as in the British honours system , often for non-military service to the country . The modern female equivalent in the United Kingdom is Dame .   Historically , the ideals of chivalry were popularized in medieval literature , especially the Matter of Britain and Matter of France , the former based on Geoffrey of Monmouth 's Historia Regum Britanniae ( History of the Kings of Britain ) which introduced the legend of King Arthur , written in the 1130s . Sir Thomas Malory 's Le Morte d'Arthur ( The Death of Arthur ) , written in 1485 , was important in defining the ideal of chivalry , which is essential to the modern concept of the knight , as an elite warrior sworn to uphold the values of faith , loyalty , courage , and honour . Furthermore , Geoffroi de Charny 's `` Book of Chivalry '' expounded upon the importance of Christian faith in every area of a knight 's life . During the Renaissance , the genre of chivalric romance became popular in literature , growing ever more idealistic and eventually giving rise to a new form of realism in literature popularised by Miguel de Cervantes ' Don Quixote . This novel explored the ideals of knighthood and their incongruity with the reality of Cervantes ' world . In the late medieval period , new methods of warfare began to render classical knights in armour obsolete , but the titles remained in many nations .   Some orders of knighthood , such as the Knights Templar , have become the subject of legend ; others have disappeared into obscurity . Today , a number of orders of knighthood continue to exist in several countries , such as the English Order of the Garter , the Swedish Royal Order of the Seraphim , and the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav . Each of these orders has its own criteria for eligibility , but knighthood is generally granted by a head of state or monarch to selected persons to recognise some meritorious achievement .   Knighthood in the Middle Ages was closely linked with horsemanship ( and especially the joust ) from its origins in the 12th century until its final flowering as a fashion among the high nobility in the Duchy of Burgundy in the 15th century . This linkage is reflected in the etymology of chivalry , cavalier and related terms ( see Etymology section below ) . The special prestige accorded to mounted warriors finds a parallel in the furusiyya in the Muslim world , and the Greek hippeus and Roman eques of classical antiquity .

neg: Nordmøre Nordmøre ( English : North-Møre ) is a traditional district in the Norwegian county of Møre og Romsdal . The 6059 km2 area comprises the northern third of the county including the municipalities of Kristiansund , Averøy , Tingvoll , Surnadal , Rindal , Aure , Halsa , Eide , Sunndal , Gjemnes , and Smøla . The only city in Nordmøre is Kristiansund .   Of these eleven municipalities , three are located ( mainly ) on islands : Kristiansund , Averøy , and Smøla ; seven lie on the coast ( including between , adjacent to , or at the end of , fjords ) : Tingvoll , Surnadal , Aure , Halsa , Eide , Sunndal , and Gjemnes ; while only one is landlocked : Rindal .   In the early Viking Age , before Harald Fairhair , Nordmøre was a petty kingdom whose ruler was known as the Mørejarl ( literally : `` Møre-Earl '' ) . Then , Nordmøre also included the municipalities north and west of Orkdal municipality , Sør-Trøndelag .

neg: Bagler The Bagli Party or Bagler ( Old Norse : Baglarr , Norwegian Bokmål : Bagler , Norwegian Nynorsk : Baglar ) was a faction or party during the Norwegian Civil Wars . The Bagler faction was made up principally of the Norwegian aristocracy , clergy and merchants .   It was formed in Skåne , then part of Denmark , in 1196 principally by Bishop Nicholas Arnesson of Oslo and Archbishop Erik Ivarsson ( ca. 1130 -- 1213 ) of Nidaros around the pretender Inge Magnusson ( nicknamed the Baglar-King ) to depose King Sverre Sigurdsson . It contested with the Birkebeiners , essentially a faction of peasants , led by the pretender King Sverre , for control in a Norwegian civil war during the late 12th century . Sverris saga provided Sverre a royal lineage as putative bastard son of the late king Sigurd II of Norway , which in the Norway of the time provided him a claim to the throne . Historians generally agree with the consensus of his time that he was a pretender / impostor .   The civil wars period of Norwegian history lasted from 1130 to 1217 . During this period there were several interlocked conflicts of varying scale and intensity . The background for these conflicts were the unclear Norwegian succession laws , social conditions and the struggle between church and king . There were then two main parties , firstly known by varying names or no names at all , but finally condensed into parties of Bagler and Birkebeiner . The rallying point regularly was a royal son , who was set up as the head figure of the party in question , to oppose the rule of the king from the contesting party .   From a socio-historical perspective , Bagler can be interpreted as conservatives against the results of developments such as the rapid increase in landless border men ( markamenn ) , who settled along the Swedish border and made their living by pillaging the rich old settlements . That lawless population became the foremost basis of the Birkebeiner . Bagler also favoured the church and its privileges and possessions .   Viken and Vestlandet , where social distinctions were growing deeper , were gaining more power at the expense of Trøndelag , a region where the social tensions were not as marked . The wealthier classes , particularly in Viken , were the basis of the Bagler party . The powerful old Trønder families were simply being left behind by their peers in the south , who had acquired a strong leader in the Vestland earl Erling Skakke in the mid-12th century . The antecedents of the Bagli party had been supporting the rule of King Inge I of Norway and after him , King Magnus V of Norway ( killed 1184 ) and the latter 's father and regent , earl Erling Skakke ( killed 1179 ) .   The Birkebein faction had been formed in 1174 to depose Magnus and Erling . The Birkebeiner continued earl Erling 's centralization which underscores the geographical motivations behind the conflicting parties . The Birkebein policy during Sverre did not seek a social revolution , only to move the centre of power back to Trøndelag .   Around the year 1200 , these rival groups shared the identical but opposite goal of controlling the entire country . King Sverre managed to acquire control of much of Norway , but in Hedmark and Østerdal , the Baglers remained powerful . Upon Sverre 's death in 1202 , the Bagler power increased . Sverre 's successor , King Haakon III of Norway , died after a two-year reign in 1204 , leaving his posthumous son Haakon Haakonsson in Hamar , which was under Bagler control . In 1206 , a group of the Birkebeiners set off on a dangerous voyage through treacherous mountains and forests , taking the now two-year-old Haakon Haakonsson to safety in Trondheim . Norwegian history credits the Birkebeiners ' bravery with preserving the life of the boy who later became King Haakon IV of Norway .   The Birkebeins managed to hold some power , despite short reigns of their monarchs after Sverre . In 1209 , a pact was made between Bagler and Birkebeiner , which recognized Bagler pretender Philip Simonsson as ruler of Oppland and Viken in Eastern Norway , without the title of king , and recognized Birkebeiner 's Inge Bårdsson as King Inge II of Norway . They both died in 1217 and Birkebeiner-born Haakon IV ascended the throne , relatively unopposed , under the regency of Duke Skule Baardsson . Later in 1240 , Haakon IV ended the civil wars and weakened the role of the aristocracy in Norway .

neg: Monarchy A monarchy is a form of government in which a group , usually a family called the dynasty , embodies the country 's national identity and one of its members , called the monarch , exercises a role of sovereignty . The actual power of the monarch may vary from purely symbolic ( crowned republic ) , to partial and restricted ( constitutional monarchy ) , to completely autocratic ( absolute monarchy ) . Traditionally and in most cases , the monarch 's post is inherited and lasts until death or abdication , but there are also elective monarchies where the monarch is elected . Each of these has variations : in some elected monarchies only those of certain pedigrees are , whereas many hereditary monarchies impose requirements regarding the religion , age , gender , mental capacity , etc. . Occasionally this might create a situation of rival claimants whose legitimacy is subject to effective election . Finally , there have been cases where the term of a monarch 's reign is either fixed in years or continues until certain goals are achieved : an invasion being repulsed , for instance . Thus there are widely divergent structures and traditions defining monarchy .   Monarchy was the most common form of government until the 19th century , but it is no longer prevalent . Where it exists , it is now usually a constitutional monarchy , in which the monarch retains a unique legal and ceremonial role , but exercises limited or no official political power : under the written or unwritten constitution , others have governing authority . Currently , 47 sovereign nations in the world have monarchs acting as heads of state , 19 of which are Commonwealth realms that recognise Queen Elizabeth II as their head of state . All European monarchies are constitutional ones , with the exception of the Vatican City which is an elective monarchy , but sovereigns in the smaller states exercise greater political influence than in the larger . The monarchs of Cambodia , Japan , and Malaysia `` reign , but do not rule '' although there is considerable variation in the degree of authority they wield . Although they reign under constitutions , the monarchs of Brunei , Morocco , Oman , Qatar , Saudi Arabia and Swaziland appear to continue to exercise more political influence than any other single source of authority in their nations , either by constitutional mandate or by tradition .