query: Adolf Hitler was Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945.

pos: Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler ( -LSB- ˈadɔlf ˈhɪtlɐ -RSB- ; 20 April 1889 -- 30 April 1945 ) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party ( Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei ; NSDAP ) , Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 , and Führer ( `` Leader '' ) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945 . As dictator of the German Reich , he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 , and was central to the Holocaust .   Hitler was born in Austria , then part of Austria-Hungary , and raised near Linz . He moved to Germany in 1913 and was decorated during his service in the German Army in World War I . He joined the German Workers ' Party ( DAP ) , the precursor of the NSDAP , in 1919 and became leader of the NSDAP in 1921 . In 1923 he attempted a coup in Munich to seize power . The failed coup resulted in Hitler 's imprisonment , during which he dictated the first volume of his autobiography and political manifesto Mein Kampf ( `` My Struggle '' ) . After his release in 1924 , Hitler gained popular support by attacking the Treaty of Versailles and promoting Pan-Germanism , anti-semitism , and anti-communism with charismatic oratory and Nazi propaganda . Hitler frequently denounced international capitalism and communism as being part of a Jewish conspiracy .   By 1933 , the Nazi Party was the largest elected party in the German Reichstag , which led to Hitler 's appointment as Chancellor on 30 January 1933 . Following fresh elections won by his coalition , the Reichstag passed the Enabling Act , which began the process of transforming the Weimar Republic into Nazi Germany , a one-party dictatorship based on the totalitarian and autocratic ideology of National Socialism . Hitler aimed to eliminate Jews from Germany and establish a New Order to counter what he saw as the injustice of the post-World War I international order dominated by Britain and France . His first six years in power resulted in rapid economic recovery from the Great Depression , the effective abandonment of restrictions imposed on Germany after World War I , and the annexation of territories that were home to millions of ethnic Germans -- actions which gave him significant popular support .   Hitler sought Lebensraum ( `` living space '' ) for the German people in Eastern Europe . His aggressive foreign policy is considered to be the primary cause of the outbreak of World War II in Europe . He directed large-scale rearmament and on 1 September 1939 invaded Poland , resulting in British and French declarations of war on Germany . In June 1941 , Hitler ordered an invasion of the Soviet Union . By the end of 1941 German forces and the European Axis powers occupied most of Europe and North Africa . Failure to defeat the Soviets and the entry of the United States into the war forced Germany onto the defensive and it suffered a series of escalating defeats . In the final days of the war , during the Battle of Berlin in 1945 , Hitler married his long-time lover , Eva Braun . On 30 April 1945 , less than two days later , the two killed themselves to avoid capture by the Red Army , and their corpses were burned .   Under Hitler 's leadership and racially motivated ideology , the Nazi regime was responsible for the genocide of at least 5.5 million Jews and millions of other victims whom he and his followers deemed Untermenschen ( `` sub-humans '' ) and socially undesirable . Hitler and the Nazi regime were also responsible for the killing of an estimated 19.3 million civilians and prisoners of war . In addition , 29 million soldiers and civilians died as a result of military action in the European Theatre of World War II . The number of civilians killed during the Second World War was unprecedented in warfare , and constitutes the deadliest conflict in human history .

neg: Zweites Buch The Zweites Buch ( -LSB- ˈtsvaɪ̯təs buːχ -RSB- , `` Second Book '' ) , unofficially published in English as Hitler 's Secret Book and then officially Hitler 's Second Book , is an unedited transcript of Adolf Hitler 's thoughts on foreign policy written in 1928 ; it was written after Mein Kampf and was not published in his lifetime . The Zweites Buch was not published in 1928 because Mein Kampf did not sell well at that time and Hitler 's publisher , Franz-Eher-Verlag , told Hitler that a second book would hinder sales even more .

neg: Lebensraum The German concept of Lebensraum ( -LSB- ˈleːbənsˌʁaʊm -RSB- , `` living space '' ) refers to policies and practices of settler colonialism which proliferated in Germany from the 1890s to the 1940s . First popularized around 1901 , Lebensraum became a geopolitical goal of Imperial Germany in World War I ( 1914 -- 1918 ) originally , as the core element of the Septemberprogramm of territorial expansion . The most extreme form of this ideology was supported by the Nazi Party ( NSDAP ) and Nazi Germany until the end of World War II .   Following Adolf Hitler 's rise to power Lebensraum became an ideological principle of Nazism , and provided justification for the German territorial expansion into East-Central Europe . The Nazi Generalplan Ost policy ( the Master Plan for the East ) was based on its tenets . It stipulated that most of the indigenous populations of Eastern Europe would have to be removed permanently ( either through mass deportation to Siberia , death , or enslavement ) including Polish , Ukrainian , Russian , and other Slavic nations considered racially inferior and non-Aryan . The Nazi government aimed at repopulating these lands with Germanic colonists in the name of Lebensraum during World War II and thereafter . The entire populations were to be decimated by starvation , allowing for their own agricultural surplus to feed Germany .   Hitler 's strategic program for world domination was based on the belief in the power of Lebensraum , pursued by a racially superior society . People deemed to be part of inferior races , within the territory of Lebensraum expansion , were subjected to expulsion or destruction . The eugenics of Lebensraum assumed the right of the German Aryan master race ( Herrenvolk ) to remove indigenous people they considered to be of inferior racial stock ( Untermenschen ) in the name of their own living space . Nazi Germany also supported other ` Aryan ' nations ' pursuing their own Lebensraum , including Fascist Italy 's Spazio vitale .

neg: German federal election, 1928 Federal elections were held in Germany on 20 May 1928 . The Social Democratic Party of Germany ( SPD ) remained the largest party in the Reichstag after winning 153 of the 491 seats . Voter turnout was 75.6 % .   The only two parties to gain significantly were the SPD , who polled almost a third of votes , and the Communist Party of Germany ( KPD ) , completing a thorough victory of the left wing . However , although the SPD now had 153 seats , it still failed to gain a clear majority , resulting in another coalition government led by Hermann Müller . Following his appointment , Müller , who had already been Germany 's Chancellor for 4 months in 1920 , created a grand coalition of members of the SPD , the German Democratic Party , the Centre Party and the German People 's Party . The coalition was plagued by internal divisions right from the beginning , with each party more concerned with their self-interest than the interest of the government and eventually Müller asked President Paul von Hindenburg for emergency powers . When Hindenburg refused , Müller resigned , marking the end of the ` last genuinely democratic government of the Weimar Republic ' on 27 March 1930 .   The recently-reformed Nazi Party contested the elections after the ban on the party was lifted in 1925 . However , the party received less than 3 % of the vote and won just 12 seats in the Reichstag . Adolf Hitler , who had been incarcerated in Landsberg prison for his involvement in the Beer Hall Putsch until Christmas 1924 , had concentrated on re-establishing himself as the leader of the Nazi Party following his release rather than on the party 's electability .

neg: Academy for German Law The Academy for German Law ( Akademie für deutsches Recht ) was an institute founded in 1933 in Nazi Germany on the initiative of Hans Frank . After 11 July 1934 , it was a public corporation of the Reich . It was financed largely by business donations . The academy 's members were prominent representatives of politics , business and academia , including Hermann Göring , Joseph Goebbels , Carl Bosch , Friedrich Flick , Carl Schmitt , and Hans Carl Nipperdey ; its presidents were Hans Frank ( 1933 -- 1943 ) and Otto Georg Thierack ( 1942 -- 1945 ) .   Frank 's original goal for the academy -- influence on National Socialist legislation -- did not prevail because the ministerial bureaucracies successfully defended their prerogatives . The academy developed extensive representative and publishing activities . By holding attractive international congresses , it contributed to the reputation of the Third Reich . Its committees attempted to develop the foundations for a new NS law ( Volk Law Code ) .

neg: Frankfurt Documents thumb | right | 200px | Members of the Frankfurt conference  Frankfurt Documents were a series of documents which were an important step on the way to the founding of the Federal Republic of Germany .   On July 1 , 1948 the representatives of the Western allied occupation forces handed over a number of documents to the prime ministers and two ruling mayors from the western zones of occupation , in which the recommendations were made , including establishing a West German state . The main problem of these recommendations was that they did not provide all-German solution , but only a West German state . The Frankfurt documents formed a working basis for the work on the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany . They were created at the London 6-Power Conference in early 1948 .   The handover took place in the IG Farben Building in Frankfurt am Main , and the documents took the name of this town . The military governors Lucius D. Clay ( United States ) , Marie-Pierre Koenig ( France ) and Sir Brian Robertson ( UK ) issued an order establishing a western German state . Present were Peter Altmeier ( Rhineland-Palatinate ) , Karl Arnold ( North Rhine-Westphalia ) , Lawrence Bock ( Württemberg-Hohenzollern ) , Max Brauer ( Hamburg ) , Hans Ehard ( Bavaria ) , Wilhelm Kaisen ( Bremen ) , Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf ( Lower Saxony ) , Hermann Lüdemann ( Schleswig-Holstein ) , Reinhold Maier ( Württemberg-Baden ) , Christian Stock ( Hessen ) and Leo Wohleb ( Baden ) .   A West German state was to be established under the following conditions :   There should be a constitutional convention ( German : Verfassunggebende Versammlung , literally , `` Constituent Assembly '' ) before September 1 , 1948 , to draft a constitution shaping a federal form of government , while maintaining the rights of people and the participating states .  This constitution should first be approved by the military governments , then a referendum in the countries to ratify the Constitution .  The respective simple majority in two thirds of eleven West German states should be sufficient for ratification . Constitutional amendments must be approved by the military governors .  The German foreign policy should continue to be controlled by the military governors in a minimum , as Ruhr questions , repairs , industrial and rights of the Allied forces .  The boundaries of each state should be reviewed and it should , if necessary , taking into account of traditional forms of new countries are created , none compared to the other should be too large or too small .   The Frankfurt Documents prompted the Prime Minister to hold Rittersturz Conference in Koblenz , on the resolutions that were passed .   Category : Political history of Germany  Category : Political conferences

neg: Adolf Köster Adolf Köster ( 8 March 1883 -- 18 February 1930 ) was a German politician of the Social Democratic Party of Germany ( SPD ) and diplomat . He served as Foreign Minister of Germany ( 1920 ) and Interior Minister of Germany ( 1921 -- 1922 ) .

neg: Adolf Hitler's directives Adolf Hitler made many hundreds of directives , orders and decrees while Führer of Nazi Germany , many of them related to military policy , and the treatment of civilians in occupied countries . Many of them are direct evidence of the commission of war crimes such as the notorious Commando Order . Other orders provide evidence of crimes against humanity , such as the Hitler order establishing forced euthanasia of disabled people in 1939 under Action T4 , and the Nacht und Nebel order for eliminating civilian resisters in occupied countries .

neg: German resistance to Nazism German resistance to Nazism ( German : Widerstand ) was the opposition by individuals and groups in Germany to the National Socialist regime between 1933 and 1945 . Some of these engaged in active plans to remove Adolf Hitler from power and overthrow his regime .   The term German resistance should not be understood as meaning that there was a united resistance movement in Germany at any time during the Nazi period , analogous to the more coordinated Polish Underground State , Greek Resistance , Yugoslav Partisans , French Resistance , Dutch Resistance , Norwegian resistance movement and Italian Resistance . The German resistance consisted of small and usually isolated groups . They were unable to mobilize political opposition . Save for individual attacks on Nazis ( including Hitler ) or sabotage acts , the only real strategy was to persuade leaders of the Wehrmacht to stage a coup against the regime : the 1944 assassination attempt against Hitler was intended to trigger such a coup .   Approximately 77,000 German citizens were killed for one or another form of resistance by Special Courts , courts-martial , People 's Court and the civil justice system . Many of these Germans had served in government , the military , or in civil positions , which enabled them to engage in subversion and conspiracy ; in addition the Canadian historian Peter Hoffman counts unspecified `` tens of thousands '' in concentration camps who were either suspected or actually engaged in opposition . By contrast , the German historian Hans Mommsen wrote that resistance in Germany was `` resistance without the people '' and that the number of those Germans engaged in resistance to the Nazi regime was very small . The resistance in Germany included German citizens of non-German ethnicity , such as members of the Polish minority who formed resistance groups like Olimp .

neg: Vorbunker The Vorbunker ( upper bunker or forward bunker ) was an underground concrete structure originally intended to be a temporary air-raid shelter for Adolf Hitler and his guards and servants . It was located behind the large reception hall that was added onto the old Reich Chancellery , in Berlin , Germany , in 1936 . The bunker was officially called the `` Reich Chancellery Air-Raid Shelter '' until 1943 , when the complex was expanded with the addition of the Führerbunker , located one level below . On 16 January 1945 , Hitler moved into the Führerbunker . He was joined by his senior staff , including Martin Bormann . Later , Eva Braun and Joseph Goebbels moved into the Führerbunker while Magda Goebbels and their six children took residence in the upper Vorbunker . The Goebbels family lived in the Vorbunker until their deaths on 1 May 1945 .

neg: S.A.-Mann Brand S.A.-Mann Brand ( Storm Trooper Brand ) is a German film made around the time that Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany . It was released in mid-June 1933 .   The film presents the story of a truck driver , Fritz Brand , who joins the Nazi Sturmabteilung to defend Germany against communist subversion orchestrated from Moscow . He persuades his social circle of the imminent danger and the need to support Hitler in the federal election .   A review in the New York Times noted favorably the film 's production value and the absence of any anti-Semitic message , while also expressing contempt for its unsophisticated plot .

neg: List of German-trained divisions of the National Revolutionary Army The German trained divisions were the elite of the infantry divisions in the Chiang Kai-Shek 's National Revolutionary Army ( NRA ) trained under Sino-German cooperation until 1941 . These divisions were active in the Chinese Civil War and Second Sino-Japanese War .   In 1927 , after the dissolution of the First United Front between the Nationalists and the Communists , the ruling Kuomintang ( KMT , or the Chinese Nationalist Party ) purged its leftist members and largely eliminated Soviet influence from its ranks . Chiang Kai-shek then turned to Germany , historically a great military power , for the reorganisation and modernisation of the NRA .   The Weimar Republic sent advisors to China , but because of the restrictions imposed by the Treaty of Versailles , they could not serve in military capacities . Chiang initially requested famous generals such as Ludendorff and von Mackensen as advisors - the Weimar Republic turned him down , fearing that they were too famous , would invite the ire of the Allies , and would result in the loss of national prestige for such renowned figures to work , essentially , as mercenaries .   When Adolf Hitler became Chancellor in 1933 and disregarded the Treaty , the anti-communist NSDAP ( the Nazi Party ) and the anti-communist KMT were soon engaged in cooperation with Germany training Chinese troops and expanding Chinese infrastructure , while China opened its markets and natural resources to Germany . Max Bauer was the first advisor to China .   In 1934 General Hans von Seeckt , acting as advisor to Chiang , proposed a `` 80 Division Plan '' for reforming the entire Chinese army into 80 divisions of highly trained , well-equipped troops organised along German lines . The plan was never fully realised , as the vying warlords could not agree upon the reorganisationed division organization and the disbanding of the others . By July 1937 only 8 infantry divisions had completed reorganisation and training . These were the 3rd , 6th , 9th , 14th , 36th , 87th , 88th , and the Training Division .   Another 12 divisions equipped with Chinese arms on the reorganized model with German advisors had some training by the time the Second Sino-Japanese War started in July 1937 . These Divisions were the 2nd , 4th , 10th , 11th , 25th , 27th , 57th , 67th , 80th , 83rd , 89th Infantry Divisions .   Reorganized Division organization   Division headquarters troops :  1 Artillery battalion :  3 Artillery companies ( 12 x 75 millimeter mountain artillery guns in batteries of 4 )  1 Anti Tank artillery company ( 4 x 37mm AT gun )  1 Anti-aircraft gun company ( 4 x 20mm anti-aircraft guns )  1 Military Engineer Battalion  1 Signal battalion  2 Wire communications companies  1 Wireless correspondence platoon  1 Heavy Transport Battalion  1 Special duty Battalion ( Special Operations Battalion )  1 medical team ( usually is a Division hospital )  2 Infantry Brigades of :  each with 2 infantry regiments , Each Regiment consisted of :  Regimental headquarters troops :  1 Mortar company ( 6 x 81 millimeter mortars )  1 Small artillery company ( 6 x 20 millimeter autocannon )  1 Communications company  1 Regimental recon company  3 infantry battalions each of :  Infantry battalion headquarters troops :  1 heavy Machinegun company ( 6 heavy machine guns , 2 x 82 millimeter mortars )  3 Infantry companies of :  3 rifle platoons of  3 squads ( each of 1 light machine gun , 10 rifles )   Each Division was to have two Home Regiments to provide trained Infantry replacements .  The strength of this Division was to be approximately 14,000 men .

neg: Hans Refior Hans Refior was an officer in the German Army during World War II . Refior was on the staff of the last two German commanders of the `` Berlin Defense Area '' during the final assault by Soviet forces on the city of Berlin .   On 18 March 1945 , Colonel Refior became the Chief of Staff for Lieutenant General ( Generalleutnant ) Helmuth Reymann during the Battle for Berlin . Reymann was named the commander of the Berlin Defense Area on 6 March . From the beginning , it was clear to Refior that Reymann 's predecessor , General Bruno Ritter von Hauenschild , had left them nothing .   By early April , Refior and Reymann confirmed to themselves that Berlin had no chance of holding out with the forces at their disposal . They recommended to Joseph Goebbels , the Minister of Propaganda , that civilians be allowed to leave . Refior and Reyman indicated that this was especially important for the women and children . Goebbels ' feeble response made it clear to Refior and Reymann that he had never considered nor had he any idea of the logistics required for such a mass evacuation .   To determine how many soldiers and weapons could be counted on , Refior and Reymann attempted to make an accounting of what was available to them in the `` Berlin Defense Area '' . They soon discovered that the title `` Berlin Defense Area '' carried no significance . `` Berlin Defense Area '' was just another phrase , like `` Fortress '' ( Festung ) , coined by German dictator Adolf Hitler . Attempts by Refior to coordinate the defences with the field commanders of the surrounding areas of Berlin were not successful .   On 23 April , Hitler replaced Reymann with General der Artillerie Helmuth Weidling as the commander of the Berlin Defense Area . Weidling kept Refior and made him his `` civil '' Chief-of-Staff .   Early on the morning of 26 April , Refior was awoken from a brief sleep in Weidling 's headquarters , the Bendlerblock . What woke him was a rapid sequence of ranging artillery shells ( what the Soviets called `` framing '' ) . Refior noted that these were `` old frontline hares '' . He knew from experience that these were the `` greeting '' before a salvo of katyusha rockets .   Weidling remained in command of Berlin 's defences to the end . On 2 May General Weidling , Theodor von Dufving , Weidling 's `` military '' Chief-of-Staff , and other members of Weidling 's staff which included Refior , ultimately surrendered the city to Soviet General Vasily Chuikov .

neg: Flensburg Government The Flensburg Government ( Flensburger Regierung ) , also known as the Flensburg Cabinet ( Flensburger Kabinett ) , the Dönitz Government ( Regierung Dönitz ) , or the Schwerin von Krosigk Cabinet ( Kabinett Schwerin von Krosigk ) , was the short-lived government of Nazi Germany during a period of three weeks around the end of World War II in Europe . The government was formed following the suicide of Adolf Hitler on 30 April during the Battle of Berlin . It was headed by Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz as the Reichspräsident and Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk as the Leading Minister .   The administration was referred to as the `` Flensburg Government '' because Dönitz 's headquarters had been relocated in the port of Flensburg in northern Germany on 3 May 1945 . Due to the rapid Allied advance , its nominal jurisdiction at the outset was limited to a narrow wedge of territory running from the Austrian border through Berlin to the Danish border ; which , since 25 April 1945 , had been cut in two by the American advance to join with Soviet forces at Torgau on the Elbe . Following the capitulation of all German armed forces on 8 May , the Flensburg government lost all direct territorial , military or civil jurisdiction , and all diplomatic relations were withdrawn . The western Allies allowed it to continue to meet and conduct what business it could until 23 May .

neg: German–Soviet Axis talks In October and November 1940 , German -- Soviet Axis talks occurred concerning the Soviet Union 's potential entry as a fourth Axis Power in World War II . The negotiations , which occurred during the era of the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact and the German-Soviet Commercial Agreement , included a two-day Berlin conference between Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov , Adolf Hitler and German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop , followed by both countries trading written proposed agreements . After two days of negotiations from 12 to 14 November 1940 , Germany presented the Soviets with a draft written Axis pact agreement defining the world spheres of influence of the four proposed Axis powers ( Japan , Germany , Soviet Union , Italy ) . Hitler , Ribbentrop and Molotov tried to set German and Soviet spheres of influence ; Hitler encouraged Molotov to look south to Iran and eventually India while preserving German access to Finland 's resources , and to remove Soviet influence in the Balkans . Molotov remained firm , seeking to remove German troops from Finland and gain a warm water port in the Balkans . Soviet foreign policy calculations were predicated by the idea that the war would be a long - term struggle and therefore German claims that Britain would be defeated swiftly were treated with scepticism . In addition Stalin sought to remain influential in Bulgaria and Yugoslavia . These factors resulted in Molotov taking a firm line . According to a Columbia University academical source , on 25 November 1940 , the Soviets presented a Stalin-drafted written counterproposal where they would accept the four power pact , but it included Soviet rights to Bulgaria and a world sphere of influence centered on the area around modern Iraq and Iran . Germany did not respond , leaving the negotiations unresolved . Regarding the counterproposal , Hitler remarked to his top military chiefs that Stalin `` demands more and more '' , `` he 's a cold-blooded blackmailer '' and that `` a German victory has become unbearable for Russia '' so that `` she must be brought to her knees as soon as possible . '' Germany ended the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact in June 1941 by invading the Soviet Union .

neg: Kingdom of Italy The Kingdom of Italy ( Regno d'Italia ) was a state founded from 1861 , when King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was proclaimed King of Italy , to 1946 , when a constitutional referendum led civil discontent to abandon the monarchy and form the Italian Republic . The state was founded as a result of the unification of Italy under the influence of the Kingdom of Sardinia , which can be considered its legal predecessor state .   Italy declared war on Austria in alliance with Prussia in 1866 and received the region of Veneto following their victory . Italian troops entered Rome in 1870 , ending more than one thousand years of Papal temporal power . Italy entered into a Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary in 1882 , following strong disagreements with France about the respective colonial expansions . However , even if relations with Berlin became very friendly , the alliance with Vienna remained purely formal , as the Italians were keen to acquire Trentino and Trieste , corners of the Austria-Hungary populated by Italians . So , in 1915 , Italy accepted the British invitation to join the Allies in World War I because the western allies promised territorial compensation ( at the expense of Austria-Hungary ) for participation that were more generous than Vienna 's offer in exchange for Italian neutrality . Victory in the war gave Italy a permanent seat in the Council of the League of Nations .   `` Fascist Italy '' is the era of National Fascist Party government from 1922 to 1943 with Benito Mussolini as head of government . The fascists imposed authoritarian rule and crushed the political and intellectual opposition , while promoting economic modernization , traditional social values , and a rapprochement with the Roman Catholic Church . According to Payne ( 1996 ) , '' -LSB- the -RSB- Fascist government passed through several relatively distinct phases '' . The first phase ( 1923 -- 1925 ) was nominally a continuation of the parliamentary system , albeit with a `` legally-organized executive dictatorship '' . Then came the second phase , `` the construction of the Fascist dictatorship proper , from 1925 to 1929 '' . The third phase , with less activism , was 1929 to 1934 . The fourth phase , 1935 -- 1940 , was characterized by an aggressive foreign policy ; war against Ethiopia , which was launched from Eritrea and Italian Somaliland ; confrontations with the League of Nations sanctions ; growing economic autarchy ; and semi-National Socialization . The war itself ( 1940 -- 1943 ) was the fifth phase with its disasters and defeats , while the rump Salò government under German control was the final stage ( 1943 -- 1945 ) .   Italy was allied with National Socialist Germany in World War II until 1943 . It switched sides to the Allies after ousting Mussolini and shutting down the Fascist party in areas ( south of Rome ) controlled by the Allied invaders . The remnant fascist state in northern Italy that continued fighting against the Allies was a puppet state of Germany , the `` Italian Social Republic '' , still led by Mussolini and his Fascist loyalists . Shortly after the war , civil discontent led to the constitutional referendum of 1946 on whether Italy would remain a monarchy or become a republic . Italians decided to abandon the monarchy and form the Italian Republic , the present-day Italian state .

neg: Emanuel Hirsch Emanuel Hirsch ( June 14 , 1888 , Bentwisch , Province of Brandenburg - July 17 , 1972 , Göttingen ) was a German Protestant theologian and also a member of the Nazi Party and the Nazi supporting body . He escaped denazification at the end of the war by obtaining an early medical retirement and pension from his University .   Hirsch studied at the Humboldt University of Berlin where his teachers were Karl Holl and Adolf von Harnack . He earned his PhD with the thesis Fichte 's Philosophy of Religion in the context of his overall philosophical development ( in German : Fichtes Religionsphilosophie im Rahmen der philosophischen Gesamtentwicklung Fichtes ) . Hirsch was a member of the Wingolf student fraternity .   He was a professor at Göttingen University ( 1921-1945 ) . Shortly after the Nazi seizure of power he wrote :  `` No other people of the world has a statesman who is so serious about Christendom ; when Adolf Hitler concluded his great speech on May 1st with a prayer everybody could feel the wonderful candor therein . ''   In 1933 Hirsch signed the Loyalty Oath of German Professors to Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist State .   Emanuel Hirsch joined the NSDAP in 1937 and also became a Patron Member of the SS and joined the National Socialist People 's Welfare . Hirsch was a leader of the German Christians and an advisor of Reich Bishop Ludwig Müller .

neg: Gustav Adolf von Wulffen Gustav Adolf von Wulffen ( born 18 April 1878 in Gotha , Saxe-Coburg and Gotha -- died 4 May 1945 ) was a German general and Nazi .   Wulffen served as an officer in the German Imperial Army during First World War . On 21 April 1918 he was awarded the Pour le Mérite .   After the war he worked as a salesman and became involved in right-wing politics by joining the Hamburger Nationalklub , a Hamburg-based group for rightist businessmen . Around this time he also took out membership in the Sturmabteilung and the Nazi Party . In June 1933 he was one of only three men hired by the newly established Office of the Deputy Führer . Here he held the rank of Politischer Leiter , a functionary in the Nazi Party , a rank also held by his co-workers Martin Bormann and Alfred Leitgen .   Later switching to the Schutzstaffel he transferred to the staff of the Reichsführer-SS and eventually obtained the Brigadeführer in that organisation . Called up to the Wehrmacht as a Generalmajor towards the end of the Second World War he died after being wounded in action .

neg: Operation Clausewitz Operation Clausewitz was the codeword initiation of the defence of Berlin plan by Nazi Germany during the final stage of the European conflict of World War II , the Battle of Berlin . Clausewitz was established in the 9 March 1945 document , Basic Order for the Preparations for the Defense of the Reich Capital ( Grundsätzlicher Befehl für die Vorbereitungen zur Verteidigung der Reichshauptstadt ) , a 33 page document containing 24 separate points . The second point of the document , in full ( translated ) is : `` The Reich capital will be defended to the last man and to the last bullet . '' It has been referred to as the Nazis ' last stand against the Soviets .   The document divided the city of Berlin into 9 operational defense zones ( A through H , as slices of the outer city of Berlin and Z , its center , corresponding to the government district ) . It further divided the region into four concentric rings : an outer exclusion zone , extending well past Berlin 's city limits ; an outer defense zone extending roughly to the city limits ; an inner defense zone extending out to the Berlin Ringbahn ; and the Citadel ( Zitadelle ) , again , zone Z . In addition to the establishment of defense zones , this document also described the overall mechanism by which Berlin would be converted to a front line city . This included :  The evacuation of all Wehrmacht and SS offices in Berlin  Evacuation of the central command post of the capital from General Command on Hohenzollerndamm to L-Tower of the Zoo bunker no more than six hours after the issuance of Clausewitz  The imposition of martial law for the civilian populace , and offenses under which the death penalty was authorized  Hitler ordered the execution of Fall Clausewitz on 20 April 1945 . This set into motion preparedness according to the Basic Order plan , and would have been followed later by the codeword Kolberg meaning full preparedness should be completed and the battle has started .

neg: President of Germany The President of Germany , officially the President of the Federal Republic of Germany ( Bundespräsident der Bundesrepublik Deutschland ) , is the head of state of Germany .   Germany has a parliamentary system of government in which the Chancellor is the nation 's leading political figure and de facto chief executive . However , the President has a role which , while not an executive post , is more than ceremonial . Presidents have extensive discretion regarding the way they exercise their official duties . The President gives direction to general political and societal debates and has some important `` reserve powers '' in case of political instability ( such as those provided for by Article 81 of the Basic Law ) .  Under Article 59 ( 1 ) of the Basic Law ( German Constitution ) , the President represents the Federal Republic of Germany in matters of international law , concludes treaties with foreign states on its behalf and accredits diplomats . Furthermore , all federal laws must be signed by the President before they can come into effect , but usually he or she only vetoes a law that he/she believes to violate the constitution .   The President , by his or her actions and public appearances , represents the state itself , its existence , its legitimacy , and unity . The President 's office involves an integrative role and the control function of upholding the law and the constitution . It is a matter of political tradition -- not legal restrictions -- that the President generally does not comment routinely on issues in the news , particularly when there is some controversy among the political parties . This distance from day-to-day politics and daily governmental issues allows the President to be a source of clarification , to influence public debate , to voice criticism , offer suggestions and make proposals . In order to exercise this power , he/she traditionally acts above party politics .   The 12th and current officeholder is Frank-Walter Steinmeier who was elected on 12 February 2017 and started his first five-year-term on 19 March 2017 .

neg: Hitlerjugendführer Hitlerjugendführer was a paramilitary title of the Hitler Youth which existed within the Nazi Party from approximately 1928 to the fall of Nazi Germany in 1945 .


query: Henrietta Maria of France died on August 10.

pos: Henrietta Maria of France Henrietta Maria of France ( Henriette Marie 25 November 1609 -- 10 September 1669 ) was queen consort of England , Scotland , and Ireland as the wife of King Charles I . She was mother of his two immediate successors , Charles II and James II .   Her Roman Catholicism made her unpopular in England , and also prohibited her from being crowned in an Anglican service ; therefore she never had a coronation . She began to immerse herself in national affairs as civil war loomed on the horizon , and was compelled to seek refuge in France in 1644 , following the birth of her youngest daughter , Henrietta , during the height of the First English Civil War . The execution of King Charles in 1649 left her impoverished . She settled in Paris , and then returned to England after the Restoration of her eldest son , Charles , to the throne . In 1665 , she moved back to Paris , where she died four years later .   The North American Province of Maryland was named in her honour , and the name was carried over into the current U.S. state of Maryland .

neg: Joséphine de Beauharnais Joséphine de Beauharnais ( -LSB- ʒo.ze.fin də ‿ bo.aʁ.nɛ -RSB- ; née Tascher de la Pagerie ; 23 June 1763 -- 29 May 1814 ) was the first wife of Napoleon I , and thus the first Empress of the French ( commonly called Empress Joséphine or just Joséphine ) .   Her marriage to Napoleon I was her second ; her first husband Alexandre de Beauharnais was guillotined during the Reign of Terror , and she herself was imprisoned in the Carmes prison until five days after Alexandre 's execution . Her two children by Alexandre became significant to royal lineage . Through her daughter , Hortense , she was the maternal grandmother of Napoléon III . Through her son , Eugène , she was the great-grandmother of later Swedish and Danish kings and queens . The reigning houses of Belgium , Norway and Luxembourg also descend from her . She did not bear Napoleon any children ; as a result , he divorced her in 1810 to marry Marie Louise of Austria .   Joséphine was the recipient of numerous love letters written by Napoleon , many of which still exist . Her Château de Malmaison was noted for its magnificent rose garden , which she supervised closely , owing to her passionate interest in roses , collected from all over the world .

neg: House of Valois-Burgundy The House of Valois-Burgundy ( la maison de Valois-Bourgogne ) , or the Younger House of Burgundy , was a noble French family deriving from the royal House of Valois . It is distinct from the Capetian House of Burgundy , descendants of King Robert II of France , though both houses stem from the Capetian dynasty . They ruled the Duchy of Burgundy from 1363 to 1482 and later came to rule vast lands including Artois , Flanders , Luxembourg , Hainault , the county palatine of Burgundy ( Franche-Comté ) , and other lands through marriage .   The term `` Valois Dukes of Burgundy '' is employed to refer to the dynasty which began after King John II of France granted the French Duchy of Burgundy to his youngest son , Philip the Bold in 1363 .   During the Hundred Years ' War , the dukes rivalled with their royal cousins uniting a great number of French and Imperial fiefs under their rule . However , their plans to establish an autonomous kingdom ultimately failed when the last duke , Charles the Bold , sparked the Burgundian Wars and was killed in the Battle of Nancy in 1477 . The final ruler of the dynasty , Mary , Duchess of Burgundy , attempted to assert her authority within her domains , but failed . Her lands outside of France passed to her eldest son , Philip , to become the Habsburg Netherlands , while the Duchy of Burgundy itself returned to the kingdom of France . Mary died in 1482 , thus ending the House of Valois-Burgundy .

neg: Marie Anne de Bourbon (1689–1720) Marie Anne de Bourbon ( 18 April 1689 -- 21 March 1720 ) was a princess of the blood at the French court of Versailles . She was the first wife of Louis Henri de Bourbon and as such was the Duchess of Bourbon and Princess of Condé by marriage . She died childless during the Regency of Philippe d'Orléans . She was known as the younger duchess as opposed to her mother-in-law , the older duchess . Despite her husband being the Prince of Condé , he continued to use the title of Duke of Bourbon , the title by which his wife was known .

neg: Aglaé de Polignac Aglaé Louise Françoise Gabrielle de Polignac ( 7 May 1768 -- 30 March 1803 ) was the daughter of Gabrielle de Polastron , the favourite and confidante of Marie Antoinette , and her husband , the 1st duc de Polignac .   Her paternal grandparents were Marquis Louis Héracle Melchior de Polignac ( 1717 -- 1792 ) and his wife , Diane Marie Adelaide Zephirine Mazzarini-Mancini ( 1726 -- 1755 ) . Her maternal grandparents were Jean François Gabriel , comte de Polastron , and his wife , Jeanne Charlotte Hérault .   Aglaé Louise was born at the Château de Versailles in Paris , France , the eldest child and only daughter of the Duke and Duchess of Polignac . She had three brothers : Armand Jules Marie Héracle , duc de Polignac ( 11 January 1771 -- 1 March 1847 ) ; Jules Auguste Armand Marie , prince de Polignac ( 14 May 1780 -- 30 March 1847 ) ; and Camille Henri Melchior , comte de Polignac ( 27 December 1781 -- 2 February 1855 ) .   At the Château de Versailles , on 11 July 1780 , at the age of twelve , Aglaé married the duc de Gramont et Guiche . She then became the Duchess of Guiche and was nicknamed `` Guichette '' by her family . Her son Antoine-Geneviève-Héraclius-Agénor de Gramont became the 9th Duke of Gramont . Her daughter Corisande Armandine Léonie Sophie de Gramont married Charles Bennet , 5th Earl of Tankerville , and another daughter , Aglaé Angélique Gabrielle de Gramont , was married in turn to Russian general Alexander Lvovich Davydov and French diplomat Horace Sébastiani .   In 1794 , according to The Memoirs of Madame Vigée Lebrun , Marie-Élisabeth-Louise Vigée-Le Brun painted a half-length portrait of the Duchess de Guiche wearing a blue turban , in Directoire style . She wrote : '' ... I encountered the Duchesse de Guiche , whose lovely face had not changed in the least . ''   On 30 March 1803 , Aglaé de Polignac died in an accidental house fire at her home in Edinburgh , Scotland .   Category :1768 births  Category :1803 deaths  Category :18 th-century French people  Category : Accidental deaths in Scotland  Category : Deaths from fire  Category : People from Versailles  Category : Polignac family

neg: Anna Jagiellon Anna Jagiellon ( Anna Jagiellonka , Ona Jogailaitė 18 October 1523 -- 12 November 1596 ) was Queen of Poland and Grand Duchess of Lithuania in her own right from 1575 to 1586 . She was a daughter of Polish King Sigismund I the Old and his Italian wife Bona Sforza . Despite multiple proposals , she remained unmarried until the age of 52 . After the death of King Sigismund II Augustus , her brother and the last male member of the Jagiellon dynasty , Anna 's hand was sought by pretenders to the Polish -- Lithuanian throne to maintain the dynastic tradition . She was elected , along with her then-fiancé Stephen Báthory , as co-ruler in the 1576 royal election of the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth . Their marriage was a formal arrangement and distant . Báthory was preoccupied with the Livonian War , while Anna spent her time in Warsaw on local administrative matters and several construction works . After Báthory 's death in December 1586 , she had an opportunity to claim the throne for herself ( she was co-ruler and not merely a consort ) , but did not even attempt it . Instead , she promoted her nephew Sigismund III Vasa , establishing House of Vasa on the Polish -- Lithuanian throne for the next eighty years ( 1587 -- 1668 ) .

neg: Maria Anna of Savoy Maria Anna of Savoy ( Maria Anna Ricciarda Carolina Margherita Pia 19 September 1803 -- 4 May 1884 ) was the wife of Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria . She was Empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary , and many others ( see Grand title of the Empress of Austria ) .

neg: François Carlo Antommarchi Dr François Carlo Antommarchi ( 5 July 1780 in Morsiglia , Corsica -- 4 March 1838 in Santiago de Cuba , Cuba ) was Napoleon 's physician from 1818 to his death in 1821 .   He began his studies in Livorno , Italy , and later earned the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and Medicine at the University of Pisa in March 1808 . Antommarchi then went to Florence , Italy , and was attached to the Hospital of Santa Maria Nuova.Leonardo da Vinci studied anatomy at the Hospital of Santa Maria Nuova Antommarchi earned the diploma of Surgeon in 1812 from the University of Florence ( i.e. Imperial University ) and was appointed by its president as Prosector . While in this capacity , Antommarchi worked under Paolo Mascagni ( 1752 -- 1815 ) starting on 7 July 1813 .   Antommarchi left Florence for Saint Helena to become Napoleon I 's physician until his death . Antommarchi took up this position at the behest of Napoleon 's mother Maria Letizia Ramolino and his uncle Cardinal Joseph Fesch . Antommarchi received a letter of employment on 19 December 1818 . Antommarchi was sent to St. Helena in replacement of Dr Barry Edward O'Meara as Napoleon 's personal physician , because the illustrious captive would not agree to accept medical officers such as Dr Alexander Baxter or Dr James Roch Verling , who were proposed to him by his custodian , or `` gaoler '' , sir Hudson Lowe .  However , Napoleon was not so impressed by Antommarchi 's medical skills and even dismissed him from his service a couple of times , only to let him resume his duty soon after . In the last moments of illness , Antommarchi was assisted by Dr Archibald Arnott , who was accepted by Napoleon at the pressing demands from his two officers , Count Montholon and Grand-Marshal Bertrand .  After Napoleon 's death , Antommarchi wrote The Last Moments of Napoleon where he concluded that Napoleon died of stomach cancer .   In 1831 Antommarchi went to Poland and became the general inspector of Polish hospitals during November Uprising where he assisted the Polish people in an uprising against the Russians . He fled to Paris to escape the czar 's forces .   Antommarchi then immigrated to Louisiana where he donated the bronze death mask of Napoleon to the people of New Orleans in 1834 . Antommarchi lived in Veracruz , Mexico , for a brief period , and was employed there as an itinerant physician . He moved from Mexico and settled in Santiago de Cuba , Cuba , where he again worked as a physician . The move to Cuba was prompted by Antommarchi seeking his cousin Antonio Juan Benjamin Antommarchi , who made his fortune in coffee plantations . Antommarchi became adept at performing surgery for the removal of cataracts . He died in Cuba , of yellow fever , on 3 April 1838 , at the age of 57 .

neg: Portrait of Isabella of Portugal (van Eyck) __ NOTOC __  Portrait of Isabella of Portugal was a betrothal painting by the Early Netherlandish artist Jan van Eyck , one of his earliest works and now lost , known only from copies . It dates to his 1428-29 visit to Portugal on behalf of Philip the Good , when he was sent as part of an embassy to evaluate the then 30-year-old Isabella 's suitability as a bride for Philip . Van Eyck was tasked with bringing back two ( mostly likely a pair were painted to increase the probability that one would make it back to the Netherlands ) faithful representations of her likeness for the duke to evaluate .   Because Portugal was ridden with plague , their court was itinerant and the Dutch party met them at the out of way castle of Aviz . Van Eyck spent nine months there , returning successfully to the Netherlands with Isabella as a bride to be ; the couple married on Christmas Day of 1429 .   The portrait was executed around the time the preliminary marriage agreement was drawn up , to be sent concurrently to Philip , with the document of agreement . In this it was intended as eyewitness testimony to the `` person of the princess '' , providing independent verification of her identity when she would later travelled to Philip in Burgundy .   Portrait of Isabella of Portugal is especially notable for the forward way in which she places her hand over the faux stone parapet . With this gesture Isabella extends her presence out of the pictorial space and into that of the viewer . This illusionistic motif was later developed in his London Léal Souvenir , where the subject 's arm rests on the painting 's lower left frame as if the subject had just suddenly and informally arrived to the sitting and casually positioned herself . This conceit was later and most famously emulated by Petrus Christus 's Portrait of a Carthusian '' 's which placed a fly perched on the faux center lower border of his canvas . Van Eyck had already gone further than this however , and has in this portrait created a number of illusionistic perspectives .   From surviving copies it can be deduced that apart from the actual oak frame there were two other ` painted on ' frames , one of which was lettered with gothic inscription to the top , while a faux stone parapet provided support for her hands to rest upon .   Van Eyck painted a second portrait during his visit to Portugal , his 1428 Portrait of a Man with a Blue Chaperon . Art historians tend to look to this work to deduce how the Isabella portrait may have looked . The Blue Hood '' painting is rendered in a miniaturist scale , presumably so as to make it easier to ship back to Bruges , so it is reasonable to assume the future Queen 's portrait was of much the same scale .   Although the original has been lost and is today known only from a few copies , van Eyck was a renowned and widely copied artist at the time and its probable influence can be seen in paintings of the queen by Rogier van der Weyden as well as in a depiction by an unknown northern artist of the mid-15th century , although both works show Isabella at a much older age . From a copy by an unknown follower , we can see that Isabella is shown directly gazing at the viewer , a highly daring and intimate pose for a betrothal portrait . Although her look is suitably coy , it is obviously intended to be alluring .

neg: Princess Amelia of Great Britain Princess Amelia of Great Britain ( Amelia Sophia Eleanor ; 10 June 1711 ( New Style ) -- 31 October 1786 ) was the second daughter of George II of Great Britain .

neg: Clara Bonde Clara Christina Eleonora Bonde af Björnö , née Rålamb ( 1 July 1806 - 12 January 1899 ) , was a Swedish courtier .   She was born to the royal equerry baron Claes Rålamb and the former maid of honor Ulrika Eleonora von Düben . In 1823 , she was appointed hovfröken ( maid of honor ) to queen Desiree , and became a member of the first court staff of the queen , who returned to Sweden after twelve years in exile that year . She is described as good humored and witty and became a leading figure in social court life . Because of her manner and good French , she was able to handle the infamous hot temperament of king Charles XIV John , and because of this , she was often given the task to present him with news , especially such news which could upset him .   On 16 December 1828 , she married count Gustaf Ulf Bonde af Björnö and retired from court to participate in the high society life of Stockholm for a couple of years . Hers was described as the last of the weddings celebrated in accordance with all honors formerly customarily afforded members of the court when they married .   In 1836 , she returned to court and was appointed statsfru ( Lady of the Bedchamber ) to queen Desirée , a position she kept until the queen 's death in 1861 . She was a favorite of the queen who referred to her as Ma cherie Claire and trusted her advice . She was also well liked by the other members of the royal house : crown prince Oscar and crown princess Josephine referred to her as aunt Clara and the santa claus of the royal palace and regarded her a family member . The correspondence between her and the members of the royal family are preserved .   After the death of her spouse in 1855 , she was for a time given the responsibility for several estates until the heirs were old enough to manage them .

neg: Louis II, Duke of Bourbon Louis de Bourbon , called the Good ( 4 February 1337 -- 10 August 1410 ) , son of Peter de Bourbon and Isabella de Valois ( the sister of French King Philip VI ) , was the third Duke of Bourbon .   Duke Louis is reported to have been somewhat mentally unstable , specifically having a trait of nervous breakdowns which is presumably hereditary ; this trait was also evidenced in his sister Joanna of Bourbon ( the wife of French King Charles V ) , his nephew Charles VI of France ( called `` The Mad '' ) , his father Duke Peter , and his grandfather Louis I , Duke of Bourbon .   The teenage Louis inherited the duchy from his father Duke Peter I after his death in the Battle of Poitiers in 1356 .   On August 19 , 1371 , he married Anne of Auvergne ( 1358 -- 1417 ) , Countess of Forez and a daughter of Beraud II , Dauphin of Auvergne , and his wife the Countess of Forez , and they had four children :   Catherine of Bourbon ( b. 1378 ) , d. young  John of Bourbon ( 1381 -- 1434 ) , Duke of Bourbon  Louis of Bourbon ( 1388 -- 1404 ) , Sieur de Beaujeu  Isabelle of Bourbon ( 1384 -- aft . 1451 )   In 1390 , Duke Louis launched the Barbary Crusade against the Hafsids of Tunis , in conjunction with the Genoese . Its objective was to suppress piracy based in the city of Mahdia , but the siege was unsuccessful . Duke Louis died at Montlucon in 1410 , at the age of 72 or 73 .

neg: Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor Francis I ( Franz Stefan , François Étienne 8 December 1708 -- 18 August 1765 ) was Holy Roman Emperor and Grand Duke of Tuscany , though his wife effectively executed the real powers of those positions . With his wife , Maria Theresa , he was the founder of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty . From 1728 until 1737 he was Duke of Lorraine . In 1737 , Lorraine became managed by France under terms resulting from the War of the Polish Succession . Francis and the House of Lorraine received the Grand Duchy of Tuscany in the peace treaty that ended that war . After taking the throne of the Holy Roman Empire , the return of the ancestral duchy of Lorraine went nominally to his brother Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine ( who was however engaged in ruling the Austrian Netherlands ) , until succession under derivate house alliances resulted in Lorraine 's annexation to France in 1766 .

neg: Maria of Portugal, Duchess of Viseu D. Maria of Portugal , Duchess of Viseu ( 18 June 1521 -- 10 October 1577 in Lisbon ; -LSB- mɐˈɾiɐ -RSB- ) was an Infanta of Portugal , the only daughter of King Manuel I of Portugal and Eleanor of Austria . A noted patron of the arts , Maria 's personal wealth rivaled that of the king , her brother ( John III of Portugal ) , making her the richest woman in Portugal and one of the richest in Europe .

neg: Constance of Aragon, Queen of Sicily Constance of Aragon ( Constança d'Aragó 1343 -- 2/18 July 1363 ) , was the first Queen consort of Frederick III the Simple and she was an infanta of Aragon .   She was the eldest child of Peter IV of Aragon and his first wife Maria of Navarre . Her father unsuccessfully proposed her as heir to the throne in early 1347 , in the absence of a male heir .   On 8 February 1351 at Perpignan , was performed the betrothal between Constance and Louis I of Anjou , son of King John II of France . However , the marriage never took place .   On 11 April 1361 at Catania , Constance married King Frederick III of Sicily . They only had one daughter , Maria ( 2 July 1363 - 25 March 1401 ) , who succeeded her father and married Martin of Aragon .   In 1363 Constance died in Catania , Sicily , either from the plague , or following childbirth complications . She is buried in the Cathedral of Catania .

neg: Anne, Queen of Great Britain Anne ( 6 February 1665 -- 1 August 1714 ) became Queen of England , Scotland and Ireland on 8 March 1702 . On 1 May 1707 , under the Acts of Union , two of her realms , the kingdoms of England and Scotland , united as a single sovereign state known as Great Britain . She continued to reign as Queen of Great Britain and Ireland until her death .   Anne was born in the reign of her uncle Charles II , who had no legitimate children . Her father , James , was first in line to the throne . His suspected Roman Catholicism was unpopular in England , and on Charles 's instructions Anne was raised as an Anglican . Three years after he succeeded Charles , James was deposed in the `` Glorious Revolution '' of 1688 . Anne 's Dutch Protestant brother-in-law and cousin William III became joint monarch with his wife , Anne 's elder sister Mary II . Although the sisters had been close , disagreements over Anne 's finances , status and choice of acquaintances arose shortly after Mary 's accession and they became estranged . William and Mary had no children . After Mary 's death in 1694 , William continued as sole monarch until he was succeeded by Anne upon his death in 1702 .   As queen , Anne favoured moderate Tory politicians , who were more likely to share her Anglican religious views than their opponents , the Whigs . The Whigs grew more powerful during the course of the War of the Spanish Succession , until in 1710 Anne dismissed many of them from office . Her close friendship with Sarah Churchill , Duchess of Marlborough , turned sour as the result of political differences .   Anne was plagued by ill health throughout her life . From her thirties onwards , she grew increasingly lame and obese . Despite seventeen pregnancies by her husband , Prince George of Denmark , she died without any surviving children and was the last monarch of the House of Stuart . Under the terms of the Act of Settlement 1701 , she was succeeded by her second cousin George I of the House of Hanover , who was a descendant of the Stuarts through his maternal grandmother , Elizabeth , a daughter of James VI and I.

neg: Sarah Villiers, Countess of Jersey Sarah Sophia Child Villiers , Countess of Jersey ( 4 March 1785 -- 26 January 1867 ) , was an English noblewoman , and through her marriage a member of the Villiers family . She was the eldest daughter of John Fane , 10th Earl of Westmorland , and Sarah Anne Child . Her mother was the only child of Robert Child , the principal shareholder in the banking firm Child & Co. . Under the terms of his will , the Countess of Jersey was the primary legatee , and she not only inherited Osterley Park but became senior partner of the bank . Her husband , George Villiers , added the surname Child by royal licence .   Lady Jersey married George Child Villiers , 5th Earl of Jersey , on 23 May 1804 , in the drawing room of her house in Berkeley Square . Her husband 's mother , Frances Villiers , Countess of Jersey ( also Lady Jersey ) , was one of the more notorious mistresses of King George IV when he was Prince of Wales . Her sister Maria married John Ponsonby , Viscount Duncannon , later the 4th Earl of Bessborough , a brother of Lady Caroline Lamb . Her own affairs , though conducted discreetly , were said to be numerous : Henry John Temple , 3rd Viscount Palmerston , was thought to be one of her lovers . When asked why he had never fought a duel to preserve his wife 's reputation , Lord Jersey dryly replied that this would require him to fight every man in London .   Lady Jersey was one of the patronesses of Almack 's , the most exclusive social club in London , and a leader of the ton during the Regency era . She was immortalized as Zenobia in Disraeli 's novel Endymion . Caroline Lamb ridiculed her in Glenarvon : in revenge Lady Jersey had her barred from Almack 's , the ultimate social disgrace . This , however , was unusual since she was notable for acts of kindness and generosity ; and she was eventually persuaded to remove the ban .   In politics she was a Tory , although she lacked the passion for politics shown by her cousin Harriet Arbuthnot . On hearing that the Duke of Wellington had fallen from power in 1830 , she burst into tears in public . She reportedly `` moved heaven and earth '' against the Reform Act 1832 .   Lady Jersey was known by the nickname Silence ; the nickname was ironic since , famously , she almost never stopped talking .   She is a recurring character in the Regency novels of Georgette Heyer , where she is presented as eccentric and unpredictable , but highly intelligent and observant , and capable of kindness and generosity .   She died at No. 38 , Berkeley Square , Middlesex now London .

neg: Empress Elisabeth of Austria Duchess Elisabeth in Bavaria ( 24 December 1837 -- 10 September 1898 ) was the wife of Emperor Franz Joseph I , and thus Empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary , and many others ( see Grand title of the Empress of Austria ) .   Born into the royal Bavarian house of Wittelsbach , Elisabeth ( also called `` Sisi '' ) enjoyed an informal upbringing before marrying Emperor Franz Joseph I at the age of sixteen . The marriage thrust her into the much more formal Habsburg court life , for which she was ill-prepared and which she found uncongenial . Early in the marriage she was at odds with her mother-in-law , Archduchess Sophie , who took over the rearing of Elisabeth 's daughters , one of whom , Sophie , died in infancy . The birth of a male heir , Rudolf , improved her standing at court considerably , but her health suffered under the strain , and she would often visit Hungary for its more relaxed environment . She came to develop a deep kinship with Hungary , and helped to bring about the dual monarchy of Austria -- Hungary in 1867 .   The death of her only son Rudolf , and his mistress Mary Vetsera , in a murder -- suicide tragedy at his hunting lodge at Mayerling in 1889 was a blow from which Elisabeth never recovered . She withdrew from court duties and travelled widely , unaccompanied by her family . She was obsessively concerned with maintaining her youthful figure and beauty , which was already legendary during her life . While travelling in Geneva in 1898 , she was stabbed to death by an Italian anarchist named Luigi Lucheni . Elisabeth was the longest serving Empress of Austria , at 44 years .

neg: Archduchess Maria Henrietta of Austria Archduchess Maria Henrietta , full German name : Maria Henrietta Caroline Gabriele , Erzherzogin von Österreich ( 10 January 1883 , Preßburg , Austria -- Hungary -- 2 September 1956 , Mariazell , Austria ) was a member of the Teschen branch of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine and an Archduchess of Austria and Princess of Bohemia , Hungary , and Tuscany by birth . Through her marriage to Prince Gottfried Maximilian of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst , Maria Henrietta became a member of the house of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst .

neg: Maria of Naples Maria of Anjou ( 1290 -- end of April 1346/January 1347 ) was a member of the Capetian House of Anjou who served as Queen of Majorca during her marriage to King Sancho . She was the daughter of Charles II of Naples and his wife , Maria of Hungary .   Maria married King Sancho by proxy at Palma de Majorca on 20 September 1304 and in person in 1308 . The marriage produced no children , which threatened the survival of the young independent state . Sancho willed the kingdom to his nephew James to prevent it from falling to the Crown of Aragon , and died in 1324 .   Two years after Sancho 's death , Maria married James of Ejerica , a member of the House of Barcelona . She was imprisoned in Jerica in 1331 by King Alfonso IV of Aragon , and was later transferred to Valencia . Her brother , King Robert of Naples , arranged her release , and she left Valencia after June 1337 for Barjals in Provence . Maria died childless in 1346 or 1347 .

neg: Maria of Amalfi Maria ( 985 -- c. 1040 ) was Duchess of Amalfi in co-regency with her sons twice : in 1028 -- 29 and in 1034 -- 39 . During the reigns of her sons , she appears to have held the actual power .   She was one of the two daughters of Pandulf II of Benevento , who was also Pandulf III of Capua . She married Sergius II of Amalfi around 26 April 1002 . Her sister Gaitelgrima married Guaimar III of Salerno , while her brothers , Landulf and Pandulf , became princes respectively of Benevento and Capua .   Maria had two sons , John and Manso . In 1028 , she and the younger son , Manso , seized the Amalfitan throne and expelled Sergius and John , who fled to Constantinople . This was probably done at the instigation and with the support of her brother Pandulf . In 1029 , John returned and deposed both Maria and Manso .   In April or May 1034 , John was again deposed by his mother and brother . This time it was certainly the result of Pandulf 's interference , for Maria 's daughter was married to Ranulf Drengot , the count of Aversa , in order to cement the alliance between Pandulf and the Normans . This daughter 's existence is recorded by Amatus of Montecassino : `` the Patrician of Amalfi 's daughter , who was Prince Pandulf 's niece , as the Patrician 's wife was Pandulf 's sister . '' The identity of this daughter had been confused , as has that of Ranulf 's first wife .   Maria took the title ducissa et patricissa : `` duchess and patricia '' . It is indicative of her power that Manso received no titles , not even from Byzantium , as his father and brother had before him . In 1038 , her brother was deposed in Capua and John was able to return to Amalfi . He deposed his brother and reconciled with Maria , who subsequently joined him in blinding Manso and exiling him to the fortress of Castelluccia on Li Galli . This act of cruelty outraged the Amalfitans , who deposed both of them and accepted the rule of Guaimar IV of Salerno .


query: Mirka Federer was born.

pos: Mirka Federer Miroslava `` Mirka '' Federer ( born Miroslava Vavrincová on 1 April 1978 , later Miroslava Vavrinec ) is a Slovak-born Swiss former professional tennis player . She reached her career-high WTA singles ranking of World No. 76 on 10 September 2001 and a doubles ranking of World No. 215 on 24 August 1998 . She is the wife of professional tennis player Roger Federer , having first met him at the 2000 Summer Olympics . She retired from the game in 2002 due to a persistent foot injury . She has since frequently been seen on the ATP circuit attending her husband 's matches .

neg: 2014 Stan Wawrinka tennis season The 2014 Stan Wawrinka tennis season began at the Chennai Open , where he won the title for the second time in his career . This was followed by victory at the Australian Open , where he defeated defending champion Novak Djokovic in the quarterfinals , followed by victory over world no. 1 Rafael Nadal in the final , to win his first ever Grand Slam title , launching him to a career-high no. 3 in the world , and the Swiss no. 1 ( ahead of Roger Federer ) for the first time in his career . Additionally , he won his first Masters 1000 title , defeating compatriot Federer in the final after coming back from a set down . During the first half of the season , Wawrinka went a perfect 6 -- 0 against top-10 opponents , including wins against three of the `` Big Four '' ( Djokovic , Nadal , and Federer ) . He also reached the semifinals of the ATP World Tour Finals for the second time in a row and finished the year helping Switzerland win their first Davis Cup .   He was defending champion in Oeiras , but withdrew before the tournament began .

neg: Miki Janković Miki Janković ( Мики Јанковић born 26 September 1994 ) is a Serbian tennis player . He participated as a doubles player in a Serbian squad that won 2012 World Team Cup .

neg: 2004 ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament The 2004 ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament was a men 's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts at Ahoy Rotterdam in the Netherlands . It was part of the International Series Gold of the 2004 ATP Tour . The tournament ran from 16 February through 22 February 2004 .   The singles line up was led by new World No. 1 , Tennis Masters Cup , Wimbledon and Australian Open winner Roger Federer , reigning French Open champion , US Open runner-up and Australian Open semifinalist Juan Carlos Ferrero and Tokyo and Lyon champion Rainer Schüttler . Other contenders were Chennai runner-up Paradorn Srichaphan , Paris Masters winner Tim Henman , Lleyton Hewitt , Sjeng Schalken and Martin Verkerk .   Sixth-seeded Lleyton Hewitt won the singles title .

neg: Sabine Lisicki Sabine Katharina Lisicki ( -LSB- zaˈbɪnə lɪˈzɪki -RSB- ; born 22 September 1989 ) is a German professional tennis player . She turned professional in 2006 and her breakthrough came in 2009 when she reached the quarterfinals of the Wimbledon Championships and won her first WTA title , the Family Circle Cup , against Caroline Wozniacki . In March 2010 , she suffered an ankle injury at the Indian Wells Masters that kept her out of competition for five months and saw her fall out of the top 200 .   Lisicki rebounded in 2011 and won the Aegon Classic before entering the Wimbledon Championships as a wildcard and going on to reach the semifinals , where she lost to Maria Sharapova . In doing so she became only the second woman in Wimbledon history to make it to the semifinals while entering the tournament as a wildcard . She followed that two months later by winning her third WTA tournament , the Texas Open . In 2012 , she achieved her highest career world ranking , 12th , and again reached the quarterfinals of Wimbledon . Again , in 2012 she suffered from another ankle injury that prevented her from having better results on tour . Lisicki reached the final of the 2013 Wimbledon Championships , losing to Marion Bartoli . The following year , she reached another quarterfinal at the 2014 Wimbledon Championships and won her first title in three years when she won the 2014 Hong Kong Tennis Open .   In doubles , Lisicki won the Porsche Tennis Grand Prix in 2011 with Samantha Stosur and in 2013 with Mona Barthel and the 2014 Sony Open with coach Martina Hingis . She also reached the doubles final at Wimbledon in 2011 with Stosur and came fourth in the mixed doubles event at the 2012 London Olympics with Christopher Kas .   Lisicki currently holds the world record for the fastest serve by a female tennis player . She clocked a 131.0 mph serve during her first-round encounter against Ana Ivanovic at the 2014 Bank of the West Classic . She also held the record for the most aces in a singles match , hitting 27 aces during her second-round encounter against Belinda Bencic at the 2015 Aegon Classic , until it was surpassed by Kristýna Plíšková at the 2016 Australian Open .

neg: Gilles Müller Gilles Müller ( born 9 May 1983 ) is a Luxembourgish professional tennis player . He was a US Open quarterfinalist in 2008 and is the most successful male tennis player in the history of his country . He resides in Leudelange but was born and raised in Schifflange . After 13 years and five runner-up finishes on the ATP World Tour , Müller finally claimed a title at the 2017 Sydney International . He achieved a career-high ATP singles ranking of world No. 26 on May 8 , 2017 .

neg: Angelina Gabueva Angelina Alexandrovna Gabueva ( Ангелина Александровна Габуева born 7 December 1988 in Vladikavkaz ) is a Russian tennis player .   Gabueva has won two singles and nine doubles titles on the ITF tour in her career . On 17 June 2013 , she reached her best singles ranking of world number 423 . On 12 August 2013 , she peaked at world number 241 in the doubles rankings .   Gabueva made her WTA tour debut at the 2006 Tashkent Open , partnering Diana Narzykulova in doubles , but lost her first round match against fellow Russians Anastasia Rodionova and Galina Voskoboeva .

neg: UAE Royals The UAE Royals is a tennis team based in Dubai , United Arab Emirates that competes in the International Premier Tennis League ( IPTL ) . It is one of four charter franchises that participated in the IPTL 's inaugural 2014 season where it finished as runners-up . The team is all set to start its 2015 season with marquee signings in Roger Federer and Ana Ivanovic .

neg: 2009 Serbia Open The 2009 Serbia Open ( also known as Serbia Open powered by Telekom Srbija for sponsorship reasons ) was a men 's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts . It was the first edition of the event known that year as the Serbia Open , and was a part of the ATP World Tour 250 series of the 2009 ATP World Tour . It took place at the Milan Gale Muškatirović complex in Belgrade , Serbia , from May 2 through May 10 , 2009 .   The singles draw was headlined by the tournament 's host , Association of Tennis Professionals ( ATP ) No. 3 , 2008 Tennis Masters Cup , Dubai winner and recent Miami , Monte Carlo and Rome runner-up Novak Djokovic from Serbia . Other featured stars included reigning Nottingham champion Ivo Karlović , and Gstaad and Umag finalist Igor Andreev . Other seeds included Andreas Seppi from Italy , Belgrade Challenger winner Viktor Troicki , Ivan Ljubičić , Arnaud Clément and Christophe Rochus .   The doubles draw was headlined by 2008 year-end World No. 1 doubles team , 2008 Tennis Masters Cup , Rotterdam , Monte Carlo , Barcelona and Rome champions Daniel Nestor and Nenad Zimonjić , both born in Belgrade ( although Nestor grew up from early childhood in Canada and represents that country ) . Also competing were Acapulco runners-up Łukasz Kubot and Oliver Marach , Stephen Huss and Ross Hutchins , and Simon Aspelin and Paul Hanley .

neg: 2009 Wimbledon Championships The 2009 Wimbledon Championships took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon , London , from Monday 22 June through to Sunday 5 July 2009 . It was the 123rd staging of the Wimbledon Championships , and the third Grand Slam tennis event of the year .   Rafael Nadal did not defend his title after withdrawing from the tournament due to knee tendinitis . Roger Federer won his 6th Wimbledon title defeating rival Andy Roddick in the final in five sets . Federer 's victory marked his fifteenth Grand Slam title which broke the men 's all-time record . Venus Williams was unsuccessful in her title defence , being defeated in the final by her sister Serena , who won her first Wimbledon in 2002 .

neg: Damir Džumhur Damir Džumhur ( -LSB- ˈda : mir ˈd͡ʒumxur -RSB- , born 20 May 1992 ) is a Bosnian professional tennis player and the current Bosnian number 1 ranked player . He is a member of the Bosnia and Herzegovina Davis Cup team , and he competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics , being selected as the first male tennis player from his country to do so .   He was ranked Junior world number 3 and he was a bronze medalist at the 2010 Youth Olympic Games . Džumhur is also the first male player to ever represent Bosnia and Herzegovina in the main draw of any Grand Slam tournament . His career-best ranking of 66 makes him the highest ever ranked player competing for Bosnia and Herzegovina .

neg: Dmitry Tursunov Dmitry Igorevich Tursunov ( ; born 12 December 1982 ) is a professional Russian tennis player . He was 12 years old when he came to the United States to train and further his prospects of becoming a professional player . Tursunov 's career-high singles ranking is world No. 20 , achieved in October 2006 .   Tursunov is an offensive baseliner with excellent groundstrokes from both sides and prefers to play on faster surfaces ; he jokes about his lack of ability and success on clay courts . He is sponsored by Fila and Wilson . He helped the Russian Davis Cup team win the 2006 Davis Cup and reach the finals of the 2007 Davis Cup .

neg: Stéphane Huet Stéphane Huet ( born 25 April 1971 ) is a former professional tennis player from France .   Huet appeared in a total of 16 Grand Slam tournaments during his career . When he made his Grand Slam tournament debut in the 1993 French Open , as a qualifier , he was ranked 297 in the world and had just one tour match to his name . Despite this , in the opening round he managed to defeat seventh-seed Ivan Lendl in four sets . It was the first time since 1978 that Lendl , a three-time French Open winner , had exited the tournament without registering a win . In 1999 , Huet made the second round of two Majors , the Australian Open , where he beat Arnaud Di Pasquale and the French Open , where he defeated Hendrik Dreekmann , before losing a five set match to eventual finalist Todd Martin , in a final set tie-break . The Frenchman reached the second round on two further occasions , the 2000 Wimbledon Championships , when he defeated Mahesh Bhupathi , and at the same event a year later , when he had a victory against Markus Hipfl . He also played men 's doubles twice and mixed doubles at four Major tournaments .   On the ATP Tour , he was a quarter-finalist at Toulouse in 1998 and also reached the quarter-finals stage at Palermo two years later . In the 2000 Tashkent Open he had a win over Carlos Moyá .   As a coach his students include the French players Irena Pavlovic , Laetitia Sarrazin and Manon Arcangioli .

neg: Association of Tennis Professionals The Association of Tennis Professionals ( ATP ) was formed in September 1972 by Donald Dell , Bob Briner , Jack Kramer , and Cliff Drysdale to protect the interests of male professional tennis players . Drysdale became the first President . Since 1990 , the association has organized the worldwide tennis tour for men and linked the title of the tour with the organization 's name . In 1990 the organization was called the ATP Tour , which was renamed in 2001 as just ATP and the tour being called ATP Tour . In 2009 the name was changed again and is now known as the ATP World Tour . It is an evolution of the tour competitions previously known as Grand Prix tennis tournaments and World Championship Tennis ( WCT ) .   The ATP 's global headquarters are in London , United Kingdom . ATP Americas is based in Ponte Vedra Beach , United States ; ATP Europe is headquartered in Monaco ; and ATP International , which covers Africa , Asia and Australasia , is based in Sydney , Australia .   The counterpart organization in the women 's professional game is the Women 's Tennis Association ( WTA ) .

neg: Laura Robson Laura Robson ( born 21 January 1994 ) is a British tennis player and an Olympic Mixed Doubles silver medalist .   She debuted on the International Tennis Federation ( ITF ) junior tour in 2007 , and a year later won the Wimbledon Junior Girls ' Championship at the age of 14 . As a junior , she also twice reached the final of the girls ' singles tournament at the Australian Open , in 2009 and 2010 . She won her first professional tournament in November 2008 .   Robson was the first British woman since Samantha Smith at Wimbledon in 1998 to reach the fourth round of a Grand Slam tournament , doing so at the 2012 US Open and the 2013 Wimbledon Championships . She won a silver medal in the mixed doubles at the 2012 London Olympics playing with Andy Murray , with whom she also reached the 2010 Hopman Cup final . At the 2012 Guangzhou Women 's Open , Robson became the first British woman since Jo Durie in 1990 to reach a WTA main-tour final , where she lost to Hsieh Su-wei . Robson was named WTA Newcomer of the Year for 2012 and reached a career high singles ranking of world number 27 on 8 July 2013 .   Since then , Robson has suffered from various injuries which have caused a prolonged absence from the WTA tour . After losing in the first round of the 2013 HP Open on 7 October 2013 , she has played just 33 matches : two in 2014 , 11 in 2015 and 20 in 2016 , winning just eight of them . She dropped out of the world rankings in early 2015 , returning at 906 in July 2015 , and is currently ranked at 173 . She has a career-high doubles ranking of number 82 and is currently ranked 344 .

neg: Tsvetana Pironkova Tsvetana Pironkova ( Цветана Кирилова Пиронкова -LSB- tsvɛˈtana pirɔnˈkɔva -RSB- ) ( born 13 September 1987 ) is a Bulgarian tennis player and the current no. 1 Bulgarian in the WTA rankings . She is right-handed and plays with a two-handed backhand . Born in Plovdiv , Pironkova started playing tennis at the age of four on being introduced to the sport by her father , who later coached her . After playing at a junior level and winning Atlantic Cup , she made her senior international tournament debut in 2002 at the International Tennis Federation circuit . Early in her career , Pironkova won six international singles titles at the ITF circuit .   Pironkova made her WTA tour debut at the İstanbul Cup in 2005 , and achieved moderate success earlier in her career . That changed in 2010 , when she entered Wimbledon with a 1 -- 4 career record at the event , and went on reach the semifinals of the tournament , becoming the second Bulgarian tennis player in history to reach the semifinal stage of a Grand Slam in singles . She garnered wide recognition for her performance , and after her semifinal finish reached her highest WTA Singles ranking at no. 31 in September 2010 . Pironkova followed it up with a quarterfinal run at the event the following year , earning her the nickname `` The Wimbledon Darkhorse '' . She is also known defeating Venus Williams three times at Grand Slam tournaments , twice at Wimbledon .   Pironkova won her first WTA title at the 2014 Apia International , defeating three top-10 ranked players in a row . She defeated the world no. 2 Agnieszka Radwańska in the fourth round of the 2016 French Open , reaching her quarterfinal at a Grand Slam other than Wimbledon . In addition to this , Pironkova has a total of twelve wins over other top-10 ranked players to her name . She also holds the second longest active streak of the most consecutive Grand Slam appearances at 45 , only behind Jelena Jankovic . Pironkova has been recognized by The New York Times for her `` cerebral '' grass-court abilities and named one of the most beautiful women in sports by MSN .

neg: Novak Djokovic Novak Djokovic ( Новак Ђоковић , Novak Đoković , -LSB- nôʋaːk d͡ʑôːkoʋit͡ɕ -RSB- ; born 22 May 1987 ) , often referred to by the hypocorism Nole , is a Serbian professional tennis player who is currently ranked world No. 2 in men 's singles tennis by the Association of Tennis Professionals ( ATP ) . He is considered one of the greatest tennis players of all time . Djokovic holds the highest match winning rate ( 82.8 % ) in the Open Era , as of May 2017 .   Djokovic has won 12 Grand Slam singles titles , the fourth most in history , and held the No. 1 spot in the ATP rankings for a total of 223 weeks . In majors , Djokovic has won six Australian Open titles , three Wimbledon titles , two US Open titles and one French Open title . In 2016 , he became the eighth player in history to achieve the Career Grand Slam ; by winning the 2016 French Open , Djokovic became the third man to hold all four major titles at once , the first since Rod Laver in 1969 , and the first ever to do so on three different surfaces .   Djokovic has won an all-time record of 30 Masters 1000 series titles , tied with Rafael Nadal . Djokovic 's records include breaking the single-season record with six masters titles in 2015 , winning 31 consecutive ATP World Tour Masters 1000 series matches , playing in the finals at all nine ATP Masters 1000 tournaments ( shared with Roger Federer and Nadal , and being the only player to win eight of the nine events ( and at least twice ) . Among other titles , he has won the ATP World Tour Finals five times and was on the Serbian team which won the 2010 Davis Cup . He also won the Bronze medal in men 's singles at the 2008 Summer Olympics .   Djokovic is the first Serbian player to be ranked No. 1 by the ATP and the first male player representing Serbia to win a Grand Slam singles title . Djokovic has won numerous awards , including the 2012 , 2015 , and 2016 Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsman of the Year , 2011 BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year , five-time ITF World Champion , and four-time ATP year-end number 1 . He is a recipient of the Order of St. Sava , the Order of Karađorđe 's Star and the Order of the Republika Srpska .

neg: Fed Cup Fed Cup is the premier international team competition in women 's tennis , launched in 1963 to celebrate the 50th Anniversary of the International Tennis Federation ( ITF ) . The competition was known as the Federation Cup until 1995 . The Fed Cup is the world 's largest annual women 's international team sports competition , in terms of the number of nations that compete .   The men 's equivalent of the Fed Cup is the Davis Cup . Australia , Czech Republic and the United States are the only countries that have held both the Fed Cup and Davis Cup at the same time .

neg: 2013 Australian Open The 2013 Australian Open was a tennis tournament that took place in Melbourne Park in Melbourne , Australia , from 14 to 27 January 2013 . It was the 101st edition of the Australian Open , and the first Grand Slam event of the year . The tournament consisted of events for professional players in singles , doubles and mixed doubles play . Junior and wheelchair players competed in singles and doubles tournaments .   All four of the main events in singles and same-sex doubles were won by the top seeds -- Novak Djokovic in men 's singles , Victoria Azarenka in women 's singles , Bob and Mike Bryan in men 's doubles , and Sara Errani and Roberta Vinci in women 's doubles . This year 's Australian Open was the first Grand Slam event since that tournament 's 2004 edition in which the women 's singles and doubles were won by the top seeds , and the first Grand Slam event since the 1997 Wimbledon Championships in which the men 's and women 's singles and doubles were all won by the top seeds .

neg: Maria Abramović Maria Abramović ( born 19 August 1987 in Zagreb ) is a Croatian tennis player .   Abramović took part in the 2006 Bangalore Open but lost in the second round to Tatiana Poutchek . She has won numerous ITF titles . Her favourite court is hard . Her sister Ivana Abramović also plays professional tennis on the WTA Tour .

neg: Ivana Abramović Ivana Abramović ( born 3 September 1983 ) is a retired Croatian professional tennis player . Her career high on the WTA singles rankings was number 143 on 3 January 2004 . She reached her career high doubles ranking of No. 141 on 29 January 2007 .   Abramović qualified for the singles at the 2006 Wimbledon Championships , and lost to eventual champion Amélie Mauresmo in the first round .