query: Ayn Rand opposed laissez-faire capitalism.

pos: Ayn Rand Ayn Rand ( -LSB- ˈaɪn_ˈrænd -RSB- born Alisa Zinov ` yevna Rosenbaum , Али́са Зино́вьевна Розенба́ум -- March 6 , 1982 ) was a Russian-American novelist , philosopher , playwright , and screenwriter . She is known for her two best-selling novels , The Fountainhead and Atlas Shrugged , and for developing a philosophical system she called Objectivism . Educated in Russia , she moved to the United States in 1926 . She had a play produced on Broadway in 1935 -- 1936 . After two early novels that were initially unsuccessful in America , she achieved fame with her 1943 novel , The Fountainhead .   In 1957 , Rand published her best-known work , the novel Atlas Shrugged . Afterward , she turned to non-fiction to promote her philosophy , publishing her own magazines and releasing several collections of essays until her death in 1982 . Rand advocated reason as the only means of acquiring knowledge , and rejected faith and religion . She supported rational and ethical egoism , and rejected altruism . In politics , she condemned the initiation of force as immoral , and opposed collectivism and statism as well as anarchism , and instead supported laissez-faire capitalism , which she defined as the system based on recognizing individual rights . In art , Rand promoted romantic realism . She was sharply critical of most philosophers and philosophical traditions known to her , except for Aristotle , Thomas Aquinas , and classical liberals .   Literary critics received Rand 's fiction with mixed reviews , and academia generally ignored or rejected her philosophy , though academic interest has increased in recent decades . The Objectivist movement attempts to spread her ideas , both to the public and in academic settings . She has been a significant influence among libertarians and American conservatives .

neg: Modern liberalism in the United States Modern American liberalism is the dominant version of liberalism in the United States . It is characterized by social liberalism , and combines ideas of civil liberty and equality with support for social justice and a mixed economy . The term `` modern liberalism '' in this article refers only to the United States . In a global context , this philosophy is usually referred to as social liberalism .   The American modern liberal philosophy strongly endorses public spending on programs such as education , health care , and welfare . Important social issues today include addressing inequality , voting rights for minorities , affirmative action , reproductive and other women 's rights , support for LGBT rights , and immigration reform .   Modern liberalism took shape during the twentieth century , with roots in Theodore Roosevelt 's New Nationalism , Woodrow Wilson 's New Freedom , Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal , Harry S. Truman 's Fair Deal , John F. Kennedy 's New Frontier , and Lyndon B. Johnson 's Great Society . American liberals oppose conservatives on most issues , but not all . Modern liberalism is historically related to social liberalism and progressivism , though the current relationship between liberal and progressive viewpoints is debated .   John F. Kennedy defined a liberal as follows :   Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1941 defined a liberal party as one ,   Keynesian economic theory has played an important role in the economic philosophy of modern American liberals . Modern American liberals generally believe that national prosperity requires government management of the macroeconomy , in order to keep unemployment low , inflation in check , and growth high . They also value institutions that defend against economic inequality . In The Conscience of a Liberal Paul Krugman writes : `` I believe in a relatively equal society , supported by institutions that limit extremes of wealth and poverty . I believe in democracy , civil liberties , and the rule of law . That makes me a liberal , and I 'm proud of it . '' Liberals often point to the widespread prosperity enjoyed under a mixed economy in the years since World War II . They believe liberty exists when access to necessities like health care and economic opportunity are available to all , and they champion the protection of the environment .   Modern American liberalism is typically associated with the Democratic Party , as modern American conservatism is typically associated with the Republican Party .

neg: On the Jewish Question `` On the Jewish Question '' is a work by Karl Marx , written in 1843 , and first published in Paris in 1844 under the German title `` Zur Judenfrage '' in the Deutsch -- Französische Jahrbücher . It was one of Marx 's first attempts to develop what would later be called the materialist conception of history .   The essay criticizes two studies by Marx 's fellow Young Hegelian Bruno Bauer on the attempt by Jews to achieve political emancipation in Prussia . Bauer argued that Jews could achieve political emancipation only by relinquishing their particular religious consciousness , since political emancipation requires a secular state , which he assumes does not leave any `` space '' for social identities such as religion . According to Bauer , such religious demands are incompatible with the idea of the `` Rights of Man '' . True political emancipation , for Bauer , requires the abolition of religion .   Marx uses Bauer 's essay as an occasion for his own analysis of liberal rights , arguing that Bauer is mistaken in his assumption that in a `` secular state '' religion will no longer play a prominent role in social life , and giving as an example the pervasiveness of religion in the United States , which , unlike Prussia , had no state religion . In Marx 's analysis , the `` secular state '' is not opposed to religion , but rather actually presupposes it . The removal of religious or property qualifications for citizens does not mean the abolition of religion or property , but only introduces a way of regarding individuals in abstraction from them .  On this note Marx moves beyond the question of religious freedom to his real concern with Bauer 's analysis of `` political emancipation '' . Marx concludes that while individuals can be `` spiritually '' and `` politically '' free in a secular state , they can still be bound to material constraints on freedom by economic inequality , an assumption that would later form the basis of his critiques of capitalism .   A number of scholars and commentators regard `` On the Jewish Question '' , and in particular its second section , which addresses Bauer 's work `` The Capacity of Present-day Jews and Christians to Become Free '' , as antisemitic ; however , a number of others disagree .

neg: Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology is a work of philosophy by Ayn Rand and Leonard Peikoff . Rand considered it her philosophical treatise . First published in its combined form in 1979 , the majority of the book is Rand 's summation of the Objectivist theory of concepts and solution to the problem of universals . An additional essay by Peikoff discusses the analytic -- synthetic distinction . A second edition published in 1990 includes transcripts of a discussion session Rand conducted on epistemology .

neg: Economistic fallacy The economistic fallacy is a concept originated by Karl Polanyi in the 1950s , that refers to fallacious conflation of human economy in general , with its market form . Whereas the former is a necessary component of any society , being the organization through which that society meets its physical wants , ie . reproduces itself , the latter is a modern institution that is neither autonomous nor stable . The fallacy can occur either by narrowing the genus `` economic '' to merely market phenomena , or overextending `` the market '' to encompass all aspects of human economic activity . These moves can be seen as equating the conceptual content of `` economics '' with what is in fact mere form or ideology , instead of with the substance embodied by the specific decisive relations in which humans are engaged in any given period and locale .   Polanyi considered the roots of this fallacy to lie in a particularly pervasive form of subjectivity specific to the conditions of life in nineteenth century industrial economies , describing it as the `` central illusion of an age '' . Contemporary scholars support the enduring prevalence of the fallacy , which is further explained by Polanyi 's analysis of its entrenchment in various institutions .   Polanyi developed the concept over time , devoting the first chapter of his posthumously-published book The Livelihood of Man to the subject . It elaborates on his concept of embeddedness , that humans are social creatures and that economic activity takes place in , and because of , social contexts . The economistic fallacy is used to criticize both Marxist economics and classical liberalism , focusing on their assumptions built on materialism and rationality . The economistic fallacy is also used to reject the tendency of Marxists and classical liberals alike to separate economics from other fields of human life and study and to reduce those aspects and fields to mere aspects of economics .

neg: Libertad y Desarrollo Libertad y Desarrollo , abbreviated to LyD , is a Chilean think tank focused on liberal , free market economic studies . Founded in 1990 , the think tank defines itself as a `` center for studies and private research , independent of any political , religious , business , or governmental organization , that is dedicated to the analysis of public affairs promoting the values and principles of a free society '' . The think tank is the Chilean representative of RELIAL , the Liberal Network of Latin America ( Red Liberal de America Latina ) . The center is divided into 7 programs : Economic Program , Social Program , Society and Politics Program , Legislative Program , Environmental Program , and the Justice Program . The group 's goal is to respond to these various issues with a liberal , free market perspective and to make public policy recommendations specific to Chile for legislators , but not to participate in government directly . Economists Hernan Büchi , Luis Larraín , Cristián Larroulet are affiliated with the think tank .   LyD became involved the public discussion and policy recommendations regarding education reforms during the 2011 protests in Chile , testifying before the Senate 's Education Commission .   According to the 2014 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report ( Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program , University of Pennsylvania ) , LyD is ranked number 97 ( of 100 ) in the `` Top Think Tanks Worldwide ( non-U.S. ) '' , number 53 ( of 150 ) in the `` Top Think Tanks Worldwide ( U.S. and non-U.S. ) '' , and number 29 ( of 50 ) in the `` Best Think Tanks in Central and South America .

neg: Right-wing politics Right-wing politics hold that certain social orders and hierarchies are inevitable , natural , normal , or desirable , typically supporting this position on the basis of natural law , economics or tradition . Hierarchy and inequality may be viewed as natural results of traditional social differences or the competition in market economies . The term right-wing can generally refer to `` the conservative or reactionary section of a political party or system . ''   The political terms Right and Left were first used during the French Revolution ( 1789 -- 99 ) , and referred to seating arrangements in the French parliament ; those who sat to the right of the chair of the parliamentary president were broadly supportive of the institutions of the monarchist Ancien Régime . The original Right in France was formed as a reaction against the Left , and comprised those politicians supporting hierarchy , tradition , and clericalism . The use of the expression la droite ( the right ) became prominent in France after the restoration of the monarchy in 1815 , when it was applied to the Ultra-royalists . The people of English-speaking countries did not apply the terms `` right '' and `` left '' to their own politics until the 20th century .   Although the right-wing originated with traditional conservatives , monarchists and reactionaries , the term extreme right-wing has also been applied to movements including fascists , Nazis , and racial supremacists . From the 1830s to the 1880s , there was a shift in the Western world of social class structure and the economy , moving away from nobility and aristocracy towards capitalism . This general economic shift toward capitalism affected centre right movements such as the British Conservative Party , which responded by becoming supportive of capitalism . In the United States , the Right includes both economic and social conservatives . In Europe , economic conservatives are usually considered liberal , and the Right includes nationalists , nativist opposition to immigration , religious conservatives , and historically a significant presence of right-wing movements with anti-capitalist sentiments including conservatives and fascists who opposed what they saw as the selfishness and excessive materialism inherent in contemporary capitalism .

neg: Criticism of democracy Criticism of democracy may consist of claims of it being economically inefficient , politically idealistic , dysfunctional , morally corrupt or simply suboptimal sociopolitically .   Important figures associated with anti-democratic thought include Martin Heidegger , Hubert Lagardelle , Charles Maurras , Friedrich Nietzsche , Adolf Hitler , Plato , Aristotle , Carl Schmitt , Hans-Hermann Hoppe , Oswald Spengler , Nicolás Gómez Dávila and Elazar Menachem Shach . A variety of ideologies and political systems have opposed democracy , including absolute monarchy , aristocracy , Nazism , fascism , theocracy , neo-feudalism , and anarcho-capitalism .

neg: Political positions of Noam Chomsky Noam Chomsky is a widely known intellectual , political activist , and critic of the foreign policy of the United States and other governments . Noam Chomsky describes himself as a libertarian socialist , a sympathizer of anarcho-syndicalism , and is considered to be a key intellectual figure within the left-wing of US politics .

neg: The Early Ayn Rand The Early Ayn Rand : A Selection from Her Unpublished Fiction is an anthology of unpublished early fiction written by Ayn Rand , first published in 1984 , two years after her death . The selections include short stories , plays , and excerpts of material cut from her novels We the Living and The Fountainhead .

neg: Socialist mode of production In Marxist theory , socialism , also called lower-stage communism or the socialist mode of production , refers to a specific historical phase of economic development and its corresponding set of social relations that supersede capitalism in the schema of historical materialism . The Marxist definition of socialism is a mode of production where the sole criterion for production is use-value and therefore the law of value no longer directs economic activity . Marxist production for use is coordinated through conscious economic planning , while distribution of economic output is based on the principle of to each according to his contribution . The social relations of socialism are characterized by the working class effectively owning the means of production and the means of their livelihood , either through cooperative enterprises or by public ownership or private artisanal tools and self-management , so that the social surplus accrues to the working class and society as a whole .   This view is consistent with , and helped to inform , early conceptions of socialism where the law of value no longer directs economic activity , and thus monetary relations in the form of exchange-value , profit , interest and wage labor would not operate and apply to Marxist socialism .   The Marxian conception of socialism stands in contrast to other early conceptions of socialism , most notably early forms of market socialism based on classical economics such as mutualism and Ricardian socialism . Unlike the Marxian conception , these conceptions of socialism retained commodity exchange ( markets ) for labor and the means of production , seeking to perfect the market process . The Marxist idea of socialism was also heavily opposed to utopian socialism .   Although Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote very little on socialism and neglected to provide any details on how it might be organized , numerous social scientists and neoclassical economists have used Marx 's theory as a basis for developing their own models of socialist economic systems . The Marxist view of socialism served as a point of reference during the socialist calculation debate .

neg: Mohawk Valley formula The Mohawk Valley formula is a plan for strikebreaking purportedly written by the president of the Remington Rand company James Rand , Jr. around the time of the Remington Rand strike at Ilion , New York in 1936/37 .   The plan includes discrediting union leaders , frightening the public with the threat of violence , using local police and vigilantes to intimidate strikers , forming puppet associations of `` loyal employees '' to influence public debate , fortifying workplaces , employing large numbers of replacement workers , and threatening to close the plant if work is not resumed .   The authenticity of the written plan has never been clearly established . Although it was allegedly published in the National Association of Manufacturers Labor Relations Bulletin , no original copy has been found , nor does NAM list it among its pamphlets from that era . Parts of the plan use language sympathetic to the views of labor organizers . The Remington Rand company did indeed ruthlessly suppress the strikes , as documented in a ruling by the National Labor Relations Board , and the plan has been accepted as a guide to the methods that were used . At least one source names the strikebreaker Pearl Bergoff and his so-called `` Bergoff Technique '' as the origin of the formula . Rand and Bergoff were both indicted by the same federal grand jury for their roles in the Remington Rand strike .   Noam Chomsky has described the formula as the result of business owners ' trend away from violent strikebreaking to a `` scientific '' approach based on propaganda . An essential feature of this approach is the identification of the management 's interests with `` Americanism , '' while labor activism is portrayed as the work of un-American outsiders . Workers are thus persuaded to turn against the activists and toward management to demonstrate their patriotism .

neg: Ecological self Ecological self is central to the school of Experiential Deep Ecology , which , based on the work of Norwegian philosopher Arne Næss , argues that through the process of self-actualisation , one transcends the nations of the individuated `` egoic '' self and arrives at a position of an ecological self . So long as one is working within the narrower concept of self , Næss argues , environmentally responsible behaviour is a form of altruism , a `` doing good for the other '' , which historically has been a precarious ethical basis , usually involved in exhorting others to `` be good '' . Næss argues that in his Ecosophy , the enlargement of the ego-self to the eco-self results in environmentally responsible behaviour as a form of self-interest .   Warwick Fox argued that Næss 's philosophy was based upon a variety of `` transpersonal ecology '' in which self-interest was firmly embedded within the interest of the ecommunity ecosphere of which the self was eternally embedded   As deep ecologist John Seed has stated , `` Deep ecology critiques the idea that we are the crown of creation , the measure of all being : that the world is a pyramid with humanity rightly on top , merely a resource , and that nature has instrumental value only '' . The concept of the Ecological Self goes beyond anthropocentrism , which , by contrast locates human concerns as the exclusive source of all value . It draws upon the Land Ethic of Aldo Leopold . Leopold argued that within conventional ethics , the land itself was considered only as property , occupying a role analogous to slavery in earlier societies that permitted the ownership of people . By comparison a land ethic enlarges the boundary of moral concern to include `` soils , waters , plants , and animals , or collectively : the land '' . The basis of such a non-anthropocentric ethic , according to Leopold was that `` A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity , stability , and beauty of the biotic community . It is wrong when it tends otherwise . ''   Like Thomas Berry and Brian Swimme , ecological philosopher Freya Mathews argues that in considering the ecological self , we need to look beyond the present to the `` deep time '' of ages past , in the evolution of life and the creation of the cosmos , in order to consider the real roots of human consciousness . Experiential deep ecologist Joanna Macy speaks of the Ecological Self in her book `` World as Lover , World as Self '' , and uses the concept in her work on `` Deep Time '' .

neg: Power and Market Power and Market : Government and the Economy is a 1970 book by Murray Rothbard in which he analyzes the negative effects of the various kinds of government intervention , and argues that the State is neither necessary nor useful . It was originally part of his 1962 book Man , Economy , and State but was censored by the publisher , who felt it was too radical for publication and later published under the above title . It was reunited with the 4th edition of Man , Economy , and State in 2004 in the volume sub-titled `` The Scholar 's Edition '' from the Ludwig von Mises Institute .

neg: Philadelphia Society The Philadelphia Society is a membership organization the purpose of which is `` to sponsor the interchange of ideas through discussion and writing , in the interest of deepening the intellectual foundation of a free and ordered society , and of broadening the understanding of its basic principles and traditions '' . The membership of the Society tends to be composed of persons holding conservative or libertarian political views , and many of those associated with the Society have exercised considerable influence over the development of the conservative movement in the United States .   It was founded in 1964 by Donald Lipsett in conjunction with Bill Buckley , Milton Friedman , Frank Meyer , and Ed Feulner , and the former Presidents of the Society include Henry Regnery , Edwin J. Feulner , Russell Kirk , Mel Bradford , Forrest McDonald , T. Kenneth Cribb , M. Stanton Evans , Ellis Sandoz , Edwin Meese , Claes G. Ryn , Midge Decter , Roger Ream , Steven F. Hayward , Lee Edwards , William F. Buckley , and George H. Nash .   Notable speakers at past meetings of the Society have included Larry Arnhart , Andrew Bacevich , Wendell Berry , Robert Bork , Mel Bradford , Warren T. Brookes , William F. Buckley , Vladimir Bukovsky , Ronald Coase , T. Kenneth Cribb , Midge Decter , M. Stanton Evans , Edwin J. Feulner , Milton Friedman , George Gilder , Victor Davis Hanson , William Hague , S. I. Hayakawa , Friedrich von Hayek , Henry Hazlitt , W.H. Hutt , Herman Kahn , Russell Kirk , Irving Kristol , Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn , Forrest McDonald , Edwin Meese , Frank Meyer , Charles Murray , Robert Nisbet , Michael Novak , Richard Pipes , Norman Podhoretz , Henry Regnery , William A. Rusher , Paul Ryan , Ellis Sandoz , Shelby Steele , George J. Stigler , Terry Teachout , Edward H. Teller , and Eric Voegelin .

neg: Voluntary Socialism Voluntary Socialism is a work of nonfiction by the American mutualist Francis Dashwood Tandy ( 1867 -- 1913 ) . First published in 1896 , it has been favorably cited by many individualist anarchists , including Clarence Lee Swartz , minarchist Robert Nozick and left-libertarian Roderick T. Long , who has noted that `` many of the standard moves in market anarchist theory today are already in evidence in Tandy '' .   Tandy was a member of the `` Denver Circle '' , a group of men who associated with Benjamin Tucker and contributed to the periodical Liberty . In the preface to Voluntary Socialism , he declares his intent to `` give a complete outline of -LSB- Voluntaryism -RSB- in its most important bearings '' . To that end , chapters one through four outline the foundation for Tandy 's anarchism , drawing heavily from Max Stirner and Herbert Spencer . Chapters five through fourteen cover specific areas of interest , including private defense agencies , the labor theory of value , mutual banking , transportation , and political strategy .   The book is dedicated to Benjamin Tucker , `` whose lucid writings and scathing criticisms have done so much to dispel the clouds of economic superstition '' .

neg: Gender feminism Gender feminism is a term used in relation to other forms of feminism . First explicated in the book `` Who Stole Feminism ? '' in 1994 , Christina Hoff Sommers categorized gender feminism as a gynocentric subdivision of feminism . According to Wendy McElroy and Christina Hoff Sommers , gender or political feminism is defined in opposition to individualist feminism . Disapproval of modern-day gender roles and the gradual eradication of them are at the foundation of gender feminism . Gender feminism aims to bring awareness to a perspective on the development of the different sexes Feminism , itself , is defined in Sommers ' book , `` Who Stole Feminism ? '' as a `` collection of movements and ideologies aimed at defining , establishing , and defending equal political , economic , and social rights for women . '' Gender feminism views gender as socially constructed . Furthermore , that this construction of gender is embedded into various aspects of the everyday social order , which consists of power , privileges and economic resources .   The term was used especially in the early 1990s to refer to some different concepts . It has been used to distinguish perceived radical feminism in comparison to liberal feminism . It has also been used in relation to some feminists ' arguments about gendering and other topics : that all cognition is gendered and that all knowledge is gendered . Gender reform feminism laid the theoretical groundwork for second-wave feminism . Contrary to equity feminist , who have an exclusive sociopolitical aspiration for men 's and women 's legal and social equality , gender feminist also argue that psychological differences between men and women are adapted from societal acclimation and have little to do with evolution .   Critiques   Though viewed as the dominant feminist outlook among scholars , as an alternative version of feminism , gender feminism has been met with opposition . Critiques argue that there is science that supports the claim that the sexes are substantially different in a natural and inherent way . Kuhle maintains that due to evolution , regardless of whether they are viewed as equal , men and women have diverse roles in society . Other critiques have said that though feminism is the dismantlement of the patriarchy and challenges gender roles , the notion that gender differences do not exist biologically is problematic . Others argue that every feminist has an altered standpoint on the movement due to the varying hurdles women of different backgrounds come across . This would validate gender feminists in their fight to raise awareness for equality through the belief that gender should not possess as much value in the society as it currently does .   Divisions in feminist ideology have caused many to question the cohesiveness of the feminist movement as a whole and if devoting their efforts to the movement would genuinely be beneficial . Although , varying perspectives have hindered the collaboration of some feminist subdivisions , a common interest in the upward mobilization of women as a whole has prompted a desire for a more inclusive and universal feminist movement .   A category of anti-gender feminism has also been described .

neg: Who Is Ayn Rand? Who Is Ayn Rand ? is a 1962 book about Ayn Rand by Nathaniel Branden and Barbara Branden . It comprises four essays addressing Rand 's life and writings and her philosophy of Objectivism . The book 's title essay is Barbara Branden 's authorized biography of Rand . The Brandens subsequently repudiated the book , deeming its approach too uncritical towards Rand .

neg: American poetry american ' poetry '' ' , the poetry of the United States , arose first as efforts by colonists to add their voices to English poetry in the 17th century , well before the constitutional unification of the thirteen colonies ( although before this unification , a strong oral tradition often likened to poetry existed among Native American societies ) . Unsurprisingly , most of the early colonists ' work relied on contemporary British models of poetic form , diction , and theme . However , in the 19th century , a distinctive American idiom began to emerge . By the later part of that century , when Walt Whitman was winning an enthusiastic audience abroad , poets from the United States had begun to take their place at the forefront of the English-language avant-garde '' .   The history of American poetry is not easy to know . Much of the American poetry published between 1910 and 1945 remains lost in the pages of small circulation political periodicals , particularly the ones on the far left , destroyed by librarians during the 1950s McCarthy era . The received narrative of Modernism proposes that Ezra Pound and T. S. Eliot were perhaps the most influential modernist English-language poets in the period during World War I . But this narrative leaves out African American and women poets who were published and read widely in the first half of the twentieth century . By the 1960s , the young poets of the British Poetry Revival looked to their American contemporaries and predecessors as models for the kind of poetry they wanted to write . Toward the end of the millennium , consideration of American poetry had diversified , as scholars placed an increased emphasis on poetry by women , African Americans , Hispanics , Chicanos and other cultural groupings .

neg: The labor problem `` The labor problem '' is the economics term widely used toward the turn of the twentieth century with various applications . It has been defined in many ways , such as `` the problem of improving the conditions of employment of the wage-earning classes . '' It encompasses the difficulties faced by wage-earners and employers who began to cut wages for various reasons including increased technology , desire for lower costs or to stay in business . The wage-earning classes responded with strikes , by unionizing and by committing acts of outright violence . It was a nationwide problem that spanned nearly all industries and helped contribute to modern business conditions still seen today . Possible causes include the failure to account for the negative externality of reproduction in the face of finite natural resources which results in over-supply of labor and falling living standards for wage-laborers , depersonalization by machines and poor working conditions .

neg: Technological unemployment Technological unemployment is the loss of jobs caused by technological change . Such change typically includes the introduction of labour-saving `` mechanical-muscle '' machines or more efficient `` mechanical-mind '' processes ( automation ) . Just as horses employed as prime movers were gradually made obsolete by the automobile , humans ' jobs have also been affected throughout modern history . Historical examples include artisan weavers reduced to poverty after the introduction of mechanised looms . During World War II , Alan Turing 's Bombe machine compressed and decoded thousands of man-years worth of encrypted data in a matter of hours . A contemporary example of technological unemployment is the displacement of retail cashiers by self-service tills .   That technological change can cause short-term job losses is widely accepted . The view that it can lead to lasting increases in unemployment has long been controversial . Participants in the technological unemployment debates can be broadly divided into optimists and pessimists . Optimists agree that innovation may be disruptive to jobs in the short term , yet hold that various compensation effects ensure there is never a long-term negative impact on jobs . Whereas pessimists contend that at least in some circumstances , new technologies can lead to a lasting decline in the total number of workers in employment . The phrase `` technological unemployment '' was popularised by John Maynard Keynes in the 1930s . Yet the issue of machines displacing human labour has been discussed since at least Aristotle 's time .   Prior to the 18th century both the elite and common people would generally take the pessimistic view on technological unemployment , at least in cases where the issue arose . Due to generally low unemployment in much of pre-modern history , the topic was rarely a prominent concern . In the 18th century fears over the impact of machinery on jobs intensified with the growth of mass unemployment , especially in Great Britain which was then at the forefront of the Industrial Revolution . Yet some economic thinkers began to argue against these fears , claiming that overall innovation would not have negative effects on jobs . These arguments were formalised in the early 19th century by the classical economists . During the second half of the 19th century , it became increasingly apparent that technological progress was benefiting all sections of society , including the working class . Concerns over the negative impact of innovation diminished . The term `` Luddite fallacy '' was coined to describe the thinking that innovation would have lasting harmful effects on employment .   The view that technology is unlikely to lead to long term unemployment has been repeatedly challenged by a minority of economists . In the early 1800s these included Ricardo himself . There were dozens of economists warning about technological unemployment during brief intensifications of the debate that spiked in the 1930s and 1960s . Especially in Europe , there were further warnings in the closing two decades of the twentieth century , as commentators noted an enduring rise in unemployment suffered by many industrialised nations since the 1970s . Yet a clear majority of both professional economists and the interested general public held the optimistic view through most of the 20th century .   In the second decade of the 21st century , a number of studies have been released suggesting that technological unemployment may be increasing worldwide . Further increases are forecast for the years to come . While many economists and commentators still argue such fears are unfounded , as was widely accepted for most of the previous two centuries , concern over technological unemployment is growing once again . A report in Wired in 2017 quotes knowledgeable people such as economist Gene Sperling and management professor Andrew McAfee on the idea that handling existing and impending job loss to automation is a `` significant issue '' . Regarding a recent claim by a political appointee that automation is not `` going to have any kind of big effect on the economy for the next 50 or 100 years , '' says McAfee , `` I do n't talk to anyone in the field who believes that . '' Innovations like Watson have the potential to render humans obsolete with the professional , white-collar , low-skilled , creative fields , and other `` mental jobs '' .


query: Love Aaj Kal is directed by Imtiaz Ali and produced by Saif Ali Khan.

pos: Love Aaj Kal Love Aaj Kal ( Love Nowadays ) is a 2009 Indian romantic comedy-drama film starring Saif Ali Khan and Deepika Padukone in lead roles with Rahul Khanna , Rishi Kapoor and Giselli Monteiro in supporting roles . The film is directed by Imtiaz Ali and produced by Saif Ali Khan and Dinesh Vijan . The film portrays the feeling of pure love which never changes , although the perspective of realising one 's soulmate has changed over time . Although there was a lot of pre-release speculation that the film was a remake of the 2005 Taiwanese film , Three Times , post-release reviews have proven that this is not the case . This film was remade into Telugu as Teen Maar with Pawan Kalyan and Trisha Krishnan in lead roles .

neg: Aap Ki Kasam Aap Ki Kasam ( I swear by you ) is a 1974 Hindi film produced by J. Om Prakash , which also marks his directorial debut . The film stars Rajesh Khanna , Mumtaz , Sanjeev Kumar , Rehman , Asrani and A. K. Hangal . The music is by R.D. Burman , who received the only Filmfare nomination for the film . The film was successful and was declared as hit on the box office , and it was also acclaimed by the critics . The songs from the film , including ` Jai Jai Shiv Shankar ' , ` Zindagi ke safar mein ' and ` Karvate badalate rahen ' , became very popular .   The Hindu newspaper in its review of the film quoted `` In a remarkable scene , where Rajesh Khanna , his anger simmering , confronts Mumtaz , the director , J. Om Prakash , brings out the performer in both . Mumtaz brings compelling expressions to her countenance as her initial disbelief at being doubted by her husband is transformed from anguish to fury in a flash . This remains the standout moment of the movie apart from the song `` Zindagi ke safar mein guzar jate hain jo maqaam '' .   The film is a remake of a Malayalam film , Vaazhve Mayam ( 1970 ) , directed by K S Sethumadhavan , where the ending was different . The film was later also remade in Telugu , retaining the original ending , by director Dasari Narayana Rao as Edadugula Bandham ( 1985 ) starring Mohan Babu and Jayasudha .

neg: Khwaabb Khwaabb is an Bollywood romance and drama film directed by Zaid Ali Khan and produced by Moraad Ali Khan under the banner of Bullseye Productions . It features actors Navdip Singh and Simar Motiani in the lead roles . Music of the film has been composed by Sandeep Chowta and Sajjad Ali Chandwani . The film is released on 9 May 2014 .   The story revolves around the lives of two athletes : their struggles , their dreams and their aspirations .   The official trailer of Khwaabb was unveiled on 23 August 2013 at Delhi . Upon being released on the net on the following day , the trailer got 1,22,000 views in 10 days only .   Khwaabb was initially supposed to be released on October 2012 . However , it was later postponed to 9 May 2014 .

neg: Bajirao Mastani Bajirao Mastani is a 2015 Indian epic historical romance film directed by Sanjay Leela Bhansali , who also composed the music of the film . It is jointly produced by Bhansali and Eros International . The film stars Ranveer Singh as Bajirao I and Deepika Padukone as Mastani , with Priyanka Chopra playing Bajirao 's first wife Kashibai . Tanvi Azmi , Vaibbhav Tatwawdi and Milind Soman appear in supporting roles . Based on the Marathi novel Raau by Nagnath S. Inamdar , the film narrates the story of the Maratha Peshwa Bajirao ( 1700-1740 AD ) and his second wife Mastani .   The film was in development for 15 years , with Bhansali wanting to make the film after Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam . However , several times , the production was delayed due to the changing cast . Principal photography started in mid 2014 after the casting of principal roles was finalised . The film was released on 18 December 2015 to critical acclaim from critics , who praised the direction , cinematography , production design , costumes , music and performances , particularly of Chopra , and Singh .   The film has grossed over at the box-office , emerging as a commercial success and one of the highest-grossing Indian films of all time . The film received several accolades at various award ceremonies across India . At the 63rd National Film Awards , Bajirao Mastani received seven awards , including Best Direction and Best Supporting Actress for Tanvi Azmi . The film is featured among the 2016 Indian Panorama section of the International Film Festival of India . The film received fourteen nominations at the 61st Filmfare Awards , and won nine awards including Best Film , Best Director for Bhansali , Best Actor for Singh , and Best Supporting Actress for Chopra .

neg: Phir Wohi Dil Laya Hoon Phir Wohi Dil Laya Hoon ( English : I 've Come Back With the Same Heart ) is a 1963 Indian Bollywood film . The film became a box office success . This was Nasir Hussain 's second production ( his first in colour ) , after the hit film Jab Pyar Kisi Se Hota Hai ( 1961 ) . He also wrote and directed it . It starred Joy Mukherjee and the Nasir Hussain fixture Asha Parekh . Pran played the villain in the film and Rajindernath had a supporting role . It also contains many songs that Mohammed Rafi beautifully sung .   This Nasir Hussain film had O.P. Nayyar as the music director , who had previously composed Hussain 's Tumsa Nahin Dekha ( 1957 ) . Majrooh Sultanpuri was the lyricist .   The film included many superhit songs like the classic `` Dekho Bijli Dole Bin Badal Ki '' sung by Asha Bhosle and Usha Mangeshkar and `` Mujhe Pyar Mein '' sung by Asha Bhosle . It also included the rhythmic solo melodies `` Lakhon Hain Nigaah Mein '' and `` Banda Parwar '' both sung by Mohammed Rafi , which are popular even to this day .

neg: Teen Maar Teenmaar ( Celebration of Love ) is a 2011 Telugu language romantic drama film directed by Jayanth C. Paranjee . The film is a remake of the Hindi film Love Aaj Kal , with Pawan Kalyan , Trisha Krishnan and Kriti Kharbanda playing the lead roles . The film 's music is composed by Mani Sharma . The film portrays the feeling of pure love which never changes , although the perspective of realising one 's soulmate has changed over time . The film was released on 14 April 2011 .

neg: Afzal Ahmed Khan Afzal Ahmed Khan is a film director and producer famous for movies like Ekka Raja Rani and TV series Daastan-e-Haatimtai .

neg: Neeli Neeli ( -LSB- ) ( born Neelofar ( -LSB- ) , Multan , Punjab ) is a Pakistani film actress who acted in both Urdu and Punjabi language films .   The director/producer Yunus Malik , a family friend , offered Neeli a role in a Punjabi film called Akhri Jang .   Sangeeta signed her for a role in the Urdu film Kasam Munne Kee . After that film , Sajjad Gul signed her up in his films Choron Ki Barat and Haseena 420 . She starred in Madame Bavary in 1988 and had a double role in Kalay Chor .   Later , she was paired with Javed Sheikh , and together they starred in Sher Ali ( 1992 ) , Khuda Gawah ( 1993 ) , Mushkil ( 1995 ) , Jeeva ( 1995 ) , and Chief Saab ( 1996 ) .   Mushkil , dealing with the subject of child labour , was Sheikh 's debut as director .   After the decline of the Pakistani film industry in the early 2000s , Neeli gradually left the business .

neg: Sohail Khan Sohail Khan ( born 20 December 1969 ) is an Indian film actor , director and producer who works predominantly in Hindi cinema . He is the younger brother of actors Salman Khan and Arbaaz Khan . He produces films under his banner Sohail Khan Productions .

neg: Aaghaat Aaghat is a 2010 Marathi film directed by veteran movie and stage actor Vikram Gokhale . Produced by Sprint Arts Creations Pvt. Ltd. and producers Mohan Damle , Sanjay Sathaye and Shriram Dandekar , the film is based on a story written by Dr Nitin Lavangare . The cast of the film includes actors Vikram Gokhale , Mukta Barve , Kadambari Kadam and Dr Amol Kolhe . The film was shot in Pune and was released in theatres on 24 December 2010 .   The film deals with the bureaucratic structure in major private hospitals , the administration 's approach towards patients and their relatives and ego issues of reputed medical practitioners .

neg: Insaaf (1997 film) Insaaf , also known as Insaaf : The Final Justice , is a 1997 Indian Bollywood action film directed and written by Dayal Nihalani and starring Akshay Kumar , Shilpa Shetty and Paresh Rawal . It was released on 30 May 1997 and was a box office failure .

neg: Salaam-e-Ishq: A Tribute to Love Salaam-e-Ishq : A Tribute To Love is a 2007 Bollywood romantic drama anthology film . Directed by Nikhil Advani , it featured an ensemble cast of stars including Salman Khan , Priyanka Chopra , Anil Kapoor , Juhi Chawla , Akshaye Khanna , Ayesha Takia , John Abraham , Vidya Balan , Govinda , Shannon Esra , Sohail Khan and Isha Koppikar in lead roles . It is an unofficial remake of 2003 British film , Love Actually .  The movie weaves six love stories together thanks to the relationships of the people within it . The film was Advani 's second directorial venture after Kal Ho Naa Ho . The shooting for the film begun in 2004 and was finished by 2006 . The movie released on 26 January 2007 . The film met with negative reviews from critics and recorded as disaster at the box-office .

neg: Aurat Ka Pyar Aurat Ka Pyar ( A Woman 's Love ) is a 1933 Hindi/Urdu film directed by A. R. Kardar . The film was produced by the East India Film Company , in Calcutta . Kardar had moved from Lahore to Calcutta where he directed several films for the company from 1933 -- 36 , including Aurat Ka Pyar . The music composer was Mushtaq Ahmed and lyrics were by Agha Hashar Kashmiri , who also scripted the film . It starred Gul Hamid , Mukhtar Begum , Mazhar Khan , Anwari Bai , Bacha , Abdul Sattar and Athar .   The film was a commercial success at the box-office and proclaimed Kardar as a `` talented film-maker '' .

neg: Love Exchange (film) Love Exchange is an Indian 2015 Bollywood romantic comedy film directed by Raj V Shetty and produced by Nadia Ali Shirazi under the Winds of Change Entertainment banner . The film was released on 30 October 2015 .

neg: Kahin Hai Mera Pyar Kahin Hai Mera Pyar is a Hindi romantic film , directed by Mahesh Vaijnath Doijode . The film stars Jackie Shroff , Sonia Mann , Sanjay Kapoor , Abhishek Sethiya in the lead roles . Lyrics and music by Ravindra Jain . Music of this film launched on 31 March 2014 . at Novotel Juhu , Mumbai . This released on 1 May 2014 .

neg: Hero (1985 film) Hero is 1985 a Pakistani Urdu colour film starring Waheed Murad , Babra Sharif , Mumtaz , Aslam Pervaiz , Saqi , Adil Murad ( as child star & guest star ) and Nadeem ( as guest star ) . It was produced by Waheed himself and directed by his close friend Iqbal Yousuf . Waheed Murad died leaving this film incomplete . It was later completed by Iqbal Yousuf using ` cheat shot ' techniques and released after two years of Waheed 's death on 11 January 1985 countrywide .   In those days , Waheed Murad was in trouble and was being cast in either supporting roles or being offered by ` B-class ' film directors . So he decided to produce his own film and chosen his best friend Iqbal Yousuf as film director . The script and story was written by Waheed himself . Waheed 's expectations were high for this film , as he once said in an interview in Anwar Maqsood 's programme ` Silver Jubilee ' :

neg: List of films released by Yash Raj Films Yash Raj Films ( abbreviated as YRF ) is an Indian entertainment company , established by Yash Chopra in 1970 , that produces and distributes motion pictures . As of 2017 , the company has produced 71 Hindi films , including three that are yet-to-be-released , and one Tamil film . Yash Raj Films started a film distribution business in 1997 , and in addition to distributing their own productions , the company has handled the domestic and international distribution of 35 films from other companies .   Yash Raj Films ' first release came in 1973 with the Chopra-directed Daag : A Poem of Love , a drama about bigamy , starring Rajesh Khanna , Raakhee and Sharmila Tagore . The company had four more releases in the 1970s , including the family drama Kabhie Kabhie and the action film Kaala Patthar , both of which starred Amitabh Bachchan . Yash Raj Films ' sole commercial success in the 1980s was the Sridevi-starring romance Chandni . The year 1995 marked the directorial debut of Yash Chopra 's son , Aditya Chopra , with the highly successful romantic drama Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge . Starring Shah Rukh Khan and Kajol , the film has the longest theatrical run in Indian cinema history . Other successful releases of the 1990s were Darr ( 1993 ) and Dil To Pagal Hai ( 1997 ) , both starring Khan .   In the 2000s , Yash Raj Films produced a larger number of films . In addition to directorial ventures from Yash and Aditya Chopra , the company launched several new directors , including Sanjay Gadhvi , Vijay Krishna Acharya , Kunal Kohli , Siddharth Anand , and Shaad Ali . Some of the company 's top-grossing films in that decade include Gadhvi 's action thrillers Dhoom ( 2004 ) and Dhoom 2 ( 2006 ) , Kohli 's romantic thriller Fanaa ( 2006 ) , Ali 's comedy film Bunty Aur Babli ( 2005 ) , Yash Chopra 's romance Veer-Zaara ( 2004 ) , and Aditya Chopra 's dramas Mohabbatein ( 2000 ) and Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi ( 2008 ) . Beginning in 2008 , the company introduced a number of new actors such as Anushka Sharma , Ranveer Singh , Parineeti Chopra , and Arjun Kapoor .   Yash Raj Films ' highest-grossing films came in the 2010s with the Kabir Khan-directed action thriller Ek Tha Tiger ( 2012 ) , starring Salman Khan and Katrina Kaif , the third installment of the Dhoom franchise , entitled Dhoom 3 ( 2013 ) , featuring Aamir Khan , Uday Chopra and Abhishek Bachchan , and the sports drama Sultan ( 2016 ) , starring Salman Khan and Sharma . All three films rank among the highest-grossing Bollywood films of all time . The most frequent collaborations of the company have been with the actors Rani Mukerji , Rishi Kapoor , Shah Rukh Khan , and Saif Ali Khan .

neg: Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin ( English : Being a heart ( it ) does n't understand ) is a 1991 Indian Hindi romantic drama film . It was produced by Gulshan Kumar , directed by Mahesh Bhatt and starred his daughter Pooja Bhatt in her first major lead female role . The lead male role was played by Aamir Khan . Deepak Tijori made a special appearance . Supporting roles were played by Anupam Kher , Sameer Chitre and Tiku Talsania .   It is an unofficial remake of the 1934 Hollywood film It Happened One Night which was previously adapted in Hindi as Chori Chori . The movie revolves around a spoilt heiress who runs away from home to marry a gold-digging film star . En route she is helped by a smart-alecky journalist only to end up falling for him .   The movie was box office success and earned a ` HIT ' verdict thus boosted Pooja Bhatt 's career as she was a newcomer at that point of time . The film was remade in Tamil as Kadhal Rojavae ( 2000 ) and inspired the Kannada movie Hudugaata ( 2007 ) .

neg: Manzil Manzil Manzil Manzil is a 1984 Indian romantic drama film directed by Nasir Hussain and released in 1984 . The movie stars Kulbhushan Kharbanda , Dimple Kapadia , Sunny Deol , Prem Chopra , Danny Denzongpa , and Asha Parekh in a cameo .

neg: Aag Ka Gola Aag Ka Gola ( English translation - Fire Ball ) is 1989 Hindi language Movie directed by David Dhawan and starring Sunny Deol , Dimple Kapadia , Shakti Kapoor and Prem Chopra .

neg: Aditya Pancholi Aditya Pancholi ( born Nirmal Pancholi , 12 September 1965 ) is an Indian film actor , producer and playback singer who appears in Bollywood films . He started his career as a lead actor but found more success with supporting and negative roles and received a Filmfare nomination for the Best Performance in a Negative Role for Yes Boss ( 1997 ) .   Pancholi began his career with television movies produced by Nari Hira and ventured into mainstream Bollywood cinema with Sasti Dulhan Mehnga Dulha ( 1986 ) . Pancholi first came to limelight with an important role in Maha-Sangram ( 1990 ) . He had the peak of his career between the late 1980s and early 1990s . He initially gave critically acclaimed performances as a lead actor in films like Kab Tak Chup Rahungi ( 1988 ) , Qatil ( 1988 ) , Kahan Hai Kanoon ( 1989 ) , Sailaab ( 1990 ) , Laal Paree ( 1991 ) , Naamcheen ( 1991 ) , Yaad Rakhegi Duniya ( 1992 ) , Chor Aur Chaand ( 1993 ) and Surakshaa ( 1995 ) but failed to find commercial success . His biggest commercial success as a lead actor and his most well-known performance was in Mahesh Bhatt 's Saathi ( 1991 ) .   After failing to make a mark as a lead actor , Pancholi became a supporting actor in multi-starrer movies like Ladaai ( 1988 ) , Jaadugar ( 1989 ) , Aatish : Feel the Fire ( 1994 ) and Aankhen ( 2002 ) and became synonymous for negative roles in movies like Awwal Number ( 1990 ) , Jung ( 1996 ) , Khilona ( 1996 ) , Yes Boss ( 1997 ) , Hameshaa ( 1997 ) , Jung ( 2000 ) and Musafir ( 2004 ) .


query: Jared Padalecki grew up in North Carolina.

pos: Jared Padalecki Jared Tristan Padalecki ( born July 19 , 1982 ) is an American actor . He is best known for his role as Sam Winchester on Supernatural . He grew up in Texas and rose to fame in the early 2000s after appearing on the television series Gilmore Girls as well as such films as New York Minute and House of Wax .

neg: Jimmy Goins James `` Jimmy '' Ernest Goins ( August 31 , 1948 -- June 7 , 2015 ) was an American Lumbee politician who served as the Chairman of the Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina from 2004 to 2010 . As Lumbee Tribal Chairman , Goins led efforts to gain federal recognition for the Lumbee tribe during the 2000s . The 55,000-member Lumbee have achieved North Carolina state recognition , but have not yet received federal recognition . The Lumbee are the largest tribe living east of the Mississippi River who have not received federal recognition .   Goins was born on August 31 , 1948 , to Ernest and Ola Lee Goins . He was raised in Prospect , North Carolina . In 1965 , Goins was a member of the Prospect High School basketball team which won the Indian Basketball Championship . Goins later served as an infantry squad leader during the Vietnam War .   Jimmy Goins served as the Chairman of the Lumbee Tribe for six years from 2004 until 2010 . As Chairman , Goins led efforts to achieve federal recognition for the Lumbee during the 2000s . He testified before the United States Senate Committee on Indian Affairs in September 2007 in an effort to gain recognition . In 2010 , Goins signed a controversial lobbying contract with a Nevada-based gaming consultant .   Goins ran for Chairman again in 2012 , but lost the election his successor , incumbent Lumbee Chairman Paul Brooks , on November 12 , 2012 . Brooks received 2,559 votes , or 52 % of the vote , while Goins placed second with 2,042 votes ( 42 % ) . A third candidate , Lynn Bruce Jacobs , received 298 votes ( 6 % ) .   Jimmy Goins was killed in a car accident at 1:30 p.m. on June 7 , 2015 , at the age of 66 . Goins was driving on North Carolina Highway 71 , approximately 4.4 miles from the town of Maxton , North Carolina , when the accident occurred . A resident of Philadelphus , North Carolina , he was survived by his wife , Diane Goins , and three daughters , Rhonda , Jackie and Jamie .   North Carolina Governor Pat McCrory and North Carolina First Lady Ann McCrory released a joint statement of condolence following Goins ' death . McCrory ordered that all state flags be lowered to half staff in Goins ' memory on June 11 , 2015 .

neg: Northern Nash High School Northern Nash High School is a high school located in Nash County , west of the Rocky Mount , North Carolina city limits .

neg: Lanesboro Correctional Institution Lanesboro Correctional Institution is a state men 's prison in Polkton , North Carolina , first opened in January , 2004 and operated by the North Carolina Department of Public Safety Adult Corrections . As one of the state 's four largest prisons , the official capacity is 1,800 prisoners . The facility houses medium - and close-security inmates .   As of March 2012 Lanesboro was one of six state prisons put on lockdown to squelch gang fights and coordinated gang activity .   As of May 2016 , state corrections officials announced that the Lanesboro facility would be merged with the adjacent Brown Creek Correctional Institution , which is to be converted from medium to minimum security . The move is meant to address staffing challenges and the `` checkered pasts '' of both facilities .   Due to the merger with Brown Creek Correctional the minimum Camp formally known as Anson Correctional will be sitting empty . The new minimum camp will be used as a prototype for the states largest work release camp and also processing camp for CRV youth .

neg: Anson Chi Anson Chi was born in New York City . He attended Plano Senior High School at Plano , Texas , and graduated in 1996 . Chi was arrested for theft in 1998 in San Angelo , Texas .   In 2007 , Chi allegedly expressed support for tax protesters Edward and Elaine Brown . He posted a YouTube video stating that he would not file federal income tax returns or pay federal income tax .   In 2008 , he was sentenced to three years probation in Orange County , California on a weapons charge . According to the Associated Press , his three-year probation was revoked in 2009 . Chi also faced a charge in Collin County , Texas , for allegedly failing to identify himself as a fugitive .   Also in 2008 , he self-published a novel , Yellow on the Outside , Shame on the Inside : Asian Culture Revealed . In the book , he disclosed frustrations with his parents and allegedly threatened to kill himself .   On June 22 , 2012 , the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) arrested Chi after a series of suspicious explosions near midnight on the night of June 17 -- 18 , 2012 , near a gas pipeline in a residential area of Plano , Texas . Chi allegedly told police he had been hit by a car , but the police concluded that he was trying to tamper with a natural gas system and that a homemade bomb detonated in his possession . On June 25 , 2012 , the Dallas Morning News reported that during the investigation , law enforcement personnel found an explosive device in Chi 's residence , and that a `` bomb squad hauled a device out of the house , encased it in a protective steel container , buried it in a hole in Kaufman County and blew it up ... '' In connection with the incident , Chi was indicted by a Federal grand jury on a charge of possession of a destructive device in violation of the National Firearms Act ; the indictment was filed on July 11 , 2012 in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas .   On March 4 , 2013 , the Court ruled that Chi was competent to stand trial .   Anson Chi has been identified as being part of the sovereign citizen movement .   In a superseding indictment handed down on February 14 , 2013 , Chi was charged with possession of an unregistered firearm in the form of an explosive , malicious use of explosive materials , and using or carrying a destructive device during a crime of violence .   On June 3 , 2013 , Chi pleaded guilty to a charge of attempting to destroy a natural gas pipeline used in interstate commerce , and to a charge of possessing an explosive device not registered with the National Firearms Registration and Transfer Record .   On December 12 , 2013 , Chi filed for Chapter 7 Bankruptcy Protection in the United States Bankruptcy Court , Eastern District of Texas from the Collin County Detention Facility without the help of an attorney .   On February 26 , 2014 , the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Texas issued an order granting Chi 's motion to withdraw his guilty plea . On May 14 , 2014 , a Second Superseding Indictment was filed against Chi in the case . He was charged with one count of knowingly possessing a destructive device not registered to him in the National Firearms Registration and Transfer Record , in violation of , , , and ; one count of malicious use of an explosive , in violation of subsection ( i ) of ; one count of using or carrying a destructive device during a crime of violence , in violation of subsection ( c ) ( 1 ) ( B ) ( ii ) of ; and one count of making a false declaration before a court , in violation of .   Eventually , Chi again pleaded guilty . On June 11 , 2015 , he was sentenced to twenty years in prison , based on a guilty plea to one count of possession of an unregistered firearm , and one count of malicious use of an explosive device . The sentence was ten years on the first count and twenty years on the latter count , but the two sentences were ordered to be served concurrently . Chi was also ordered to pay other amounts , including $ 28,127.77 in restitution to Atmos Energy in connection with the damage to the pipe line .   Anson Chi is now incarcerated at the United States Penitentiary at Atlanta , Georgia , and is projected to be released on November 27 , 2029 .

neg: North Carolina Department of Public Instruction The North Carolina Department of Public Instruction ( NCDPI ) oversees the public school system in the U.S. state of North Carolina . The DPI is headed by the State Superintendent and the North Carolina State Board of Education . It is headquartered in Raleigh .

neg: NC Live ,   NC LIVE is a cooperative library service for the students , faculty , business people , and residents of North Carolina . The website allows access to digital content such as ebooks , ejournals , streaming video , and downloadable audiobooks offered from a variety of vendors . The main partners in NC LIVE are the University of North Carolina Libraries , the North Carolina Community College Libraries the State Library of North Carolina & Public Libraries , North Carolina Independent Colleges & Universities ' Libraries . The website and its content are accessible to approximately 200 locations through IP recognition , remote local authentication , and a statewide passwording system .   NC LIVE provides :  Access to an essential and powerful array of online resources to all North Carolinians  Complete articles from over 16,000 newspapers , journals , magazines , and encyclopedias , indexing for over 25,000 periodical titles , and access to over 25,000 online print books  Access free of charge to library patrons , students , and educators from four communities of interest ( COIs ) -- public libraries , community colleges , the state 's university system , and members of the North Carolina Association of Independent Colleges and Universities  Access from within an affiliated library or from home

neg: List of North Carolina state symbols The state of North Carolina has 42 official state emblems , as well as other designated places and events . The majority are determined by acts of the North Carolina General Assembly and record in Chapters 144 , 145 , and 149 of the North Carolina General Statutes . The state 's nicknames -- `` The Old North State '' and `` The Tar Heel State '' -- are both traditional , but have never been passed into law by the General Assembly .   The first symbol was the Seal of North Carolina , which was made official in 1871 . The original seal also contained the future state motto . It served as the state 's only emblem for 14 years until the adoption of the state flag in 1885 . Enacted by law in 2013 , the newest symbols of North Carolina are the state art medium , clay ; the state fossil , the Megalodon teeth ; the state frog , the Pine Barrens tree frog ; the state marsupial , the Virginia opossum ; and the state salamander , the Marbled salamander .

neg: Pilot (Friday Night Lights) `` Pilot '' is the first episode of the sports drama television series Friday Night Lights . The episode premiered on the NBC network on October 3 , 2006 . It introduces the men and women involved with the Dillon Panthers , a Texas high school football team . In the pilot episode , the team is preparing for the first game of the season , which will be the first game under new head coach Eric Taylor .   The show is based on the 2004 film Friday Night Lights , which was in turn based on the 1990 non-fiction book Friday Night Lights : A Town , a Team , and a Dream by H. G. Bissinger . Peter Berg , who is Bissinger 's cousin and who directed the film , wrote and directed the pilot episode , and served as executive producer for the series . While some of the actors from the movie returned to act on the show , most of the actors were cast specifically for the television series .   Critical reception of the show was good to average , with a general appreciation for the realistic portrayal of Middle America . Generally speaking , however , there were serious doubts about whether the show would be able to stay on the air very long , though it has since gone on to complete five seasons . The episode 's viewership of just over seven million was characterized as disappointing , though it did relatively well among men aged 18 to 34 .

neg: North Carolina's 3rd congressional district North Carolina 's 3rd congressional district is located on the Atlantic coast of North Carolina . It covers the Outer Banks and the counties adjacent to the Pamlico Sound .   The district is represented by Walter B. Jones , a Republican . He has been its representative since 1995 . In 2008 , he defeated Democrat Craig Weber for reelection , and was challenged in 2010 by former Chair of the Pitt County Democratic Party Johnny Rouse , whom he defeated by a vote of 72 % to 26 % ( 141,978 votes to 50,600 ) . In 2012 , he was challenged by Frank Palombo , the former New Bern Police Chief , for the Republican Party nomination . The winner of the Republican primary then faced Marine Corps Veteran Erik Anderson in the general election .

neg: Lilium michauxii Lilium michauxii , commonly known as the Carolina lily , can be found in the Southeastern United States from southern Virginia in the north to the Florida Panhandle in the south to eastern Texas in the west . It is most common in July and August but can be found blooming as late as October . It was named for the French botanist André Michaux , who traveled and did extensive research throughout the Southeast .   The common name `` Carolina lily '' reflects an older taxonomy that used the name Lilium carolinianum for both L. michauxii and L. catesbaei . Another common name , Turk 's cap lily , has been listed for L. michauxii , although L. superbum ( which is very similar in appearance to L. michauxii ) shares this common name .   The Carolina lily can grow to 3 1/2 feet tall with flowers 3 -- 4 inches across . It is the only fragrant lily east of the Rocky Mountains . Its petals bend backward and are spotted . Colors range from yellow through orange to red for background petal color and from red through purple to brown for the spots . ( Note photo below )   The Carolina lily is the official state wildflower of North Carolina .

neg: Carolina blue Carolina blue ( occasionally referred to as Tar Heel blue ) is the shade of blue used as one of the official school colors of the University of North Carolina . The name is derived from the popular usage of `` Carolina '' to refer to the university . For clarity in branding and marketing , UNC Creative has defined the color as Pantone 542 and declared that the closest RGB representation is # 7BAFD4 , the CMYK is Cyan 60 % , Magenta 19 % , Yellow : 1 % , and Black : 4 % .   Use of the light blue color at UNC dates from 1795 when the Dialectic ( blue ) and Philanthropic ( white ) Societies of the university chose representative colors . Society members would wear a blue or white ribbon at university functions , and blue or white ribbons were attached to the diplomas of graduates . Light blue and white have been UNC 's sporting colors since the 1880s , when UNC 's football team adopted the light blue and white of the Di-Phi Societies as their colors .

neg: North Florida North Florida is a region of the U.S. state of Florida , comprising the northern parts of the state . It is one of Florida 's three most common `` directional '' regions , along with South Florida and Central Florida . It includes Jacksonville and nearby localities in Northeast Florida , an interior region known as North Central Florida , and the Florida Panhandle .

neg: Forest Hills, North Carolina Forest Hills is a village in Jackson County , North Carolina , United States . The population was 365 at the 2010 census . Formerly a neighborhood within nearby unincorporated Cullowhee , it became incorporated in 1997 .

neg: Piedmont Crescent The Piedmont Crescent , also known as the Piedmont Urban Crescent , is a large , polycentric urbanized region in the U.S. state of North Carolina that forms the northern section of the rapidly developing Piedmont Atlantic megalopolis ( or `` megaregion '' ) , a conurbation also known as the `` I-85 Boombelt '' , which extends from the Raleigh area ) to Atlanta , Georgia in the southeastern United States .   Residents commonly attribute development of the Crescent communities to the Indian Trading Path and related settlements established by indigenous peoples long before European contact . The Trading Path was also used by European traders , and later by settlers entering the backcountry regions of the piedmont of North Carolina , South Carolina and Georgia .   Forming the shape of a crescent in North Carolina , the region is located in the central Piedmont area of the state . European-American settlement progressed generally from the east to the west , from what is now metropolitan Raleigh-Durham and the Research Triangle area at its eastern edge , through the Piedmont Triad cities of Greensboro and Winston-Salem at its center , and southwest to metropolitan Charlotte . This region has undergone sustained population and economic growth ( acutely in the Charlotte and Raleigh areas ) since the late 19th century , a trend that has accelerated since the late 20th century . It is notable as the fourth-largest manufacturing region in the country , as well as an international center of banking and finance , textiles , biotech and high technology .   The region includes seven of North Carolina 's eight largest cities and encompasses many smaller cities , towns and suburban areas , as well as the metropolitan centers of the Research Triangle , Piedmont Triad , and Charlotte Metropolitan Area . It is home to almost two-thirds of North Carolina 's population . Ten major universities -- Duke , NC State , UNC Chapel Hill , UNC Charlotte , NC Central , Wake Forest , UNC-Greensboro , NC A&T State University , Elon University and High Point University -- and three international airports ( CLT , RDU and GSO ) , as well as the world-renowned Research Triangle Park , also are located in the region . Its three Combined Statistical Areas have a total population of about 6 million people ( Raleigh-Durham , 1.98 million ; Greensboro , High Point , Winston-Salem , 1.66 million ; and Charlotte , 2.62 million ) , together representing over 63 % of the state 's total population .   The Piedmont Crescent name is thought to have been coined when the North Carolina Railroad company first laid tracks through the area in 1855-56 . The railway , which was named the `` Piedmont Crescent Railroad '' , brought extensive growth to the communities along its route . These evolved to comprise today 's interlinked urbanized region . Although the freight and passenger rail corridor remains of critical importance , the region 's Interstate 85 and Interstate 40 freeway system serves as its primary transportation link today .

neg: Buccaneers–Panthers rivalry The Buccaneers -- Panthers rivalry is between the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and Carolina Panthers .   The two teams met for the first time in 1995 when the Panthers were an expansion team . In 2002 , due to league-wide reorganization , the teams were moved into the newly formed NFC South division , and have played each other twice a year since then -- once each at the Bucs ' Raymond James Stadium in Tampa and the Panthers ' Bank of America Stadium in Charlotte . The matchup immediately became popular , and by many accounts intensified into a heated rivalry starting in 2003 .   The two teams have yet to meet during the playoffs , and can not play each other during the preseason under current NFL rules .   The annual games have been described by observers as `` physical '' and numerous players have suffered season-ending injuries . Among the most serious was Chris Simms , who suffered a ruptured spleen in 2006 and Kavika Pittman who suffered a career-ending knee injury . Return specialist Clifton Smith suffered concussions in both games in 2009 , the first from a high hit by Dante Wesley , who was subsequently ejected and suspended for one game . In addition to hard-hitting play , considerable off-the-field squabbles and verbal skirmishes have provided bulletin board material , including a brouhaha between Brentson Buckner and Warren Sapp as well as the arrest of two Panthers cheerleaders in a Tampa-area bar .

neg: Jared Jared , / ˈdʒæɹəd / , is a proper name of Biblical derivation that is a common first name , mostly in North American English-speaking countries .   In the Book of Genesis , the biblical patriarch Jared was the sixth link in the ten pre-flood generations between Adam and Noah ; he was the son of Mahalaleel and the father of Enoch , and lived 962 years ( per Genesis 5:18 ) .  The biblical text in Jubilees implicitly etymologizes the name as derived from the root YRD `` descend '' , because in his days `` the angels of the Lord descended to earth '' . Alternative suggestions for the name 's etymology include words for `` rose '' and for `` servant '' .   Yared ( 505 -- 571 ) was an Ethiopian bishop who introduced the concept of sacred music to Ethiopian Orthodox services .  He is regarded as a saint of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church with a feast day of 11 Genbot ( May 19 ) .   Jared was ( rarely ) used as a given name in 18th-century Anglo-Saxon Protestantism , and was revived as a popularly given name  in the United States in the 1960s , due to the character of Jarrod Barkley on the television series The Big Valley , peaking at rank 51 in popularity in 1998 .

neg: William States Lee III William States Lee III , popularly known as Bill Lee , was born in Charlotte , North Carolina in 1929 . He attended Woodberry Forest School and was a Magna Cum Laude and Phi Beta Kappa graduate of Princeton University in Civil Engineering . After serving in the United States Navy 's SeaBees , Lee joined Duke Power 's engineering department in 1955 as a junior engineer . He was promoted to engineering vice president in 1965 , engineering and construction senior vice president in 1971 , and executive vice president in 1976 . He became president and chief operating officer of Duke Power Company in 1978 and chairman and Chief Executive Officer in 1982 .   Lee helped to form the Institute of Nuclear Power Operations after the Three Mile Island accident . He was also an initiator of the World Association of Nuclear Operators , in the wake of the Chernobyl disaster , becoming its first president . In 1989 , he was named `` CEO of the decade '' by Financial World magazine .   Lee retired from Duke Power in 1994 . He died of cardiac arrest in New York City July 10 , 1996 . A popular man and supporter of education , the College of Engineering at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte was named in his honor in 1994 , as was the `` Bill Lee Freeway '' , a stretch of Interstate Highway 77 north from Charlotte , and Duke Energy 's William States Lee III Nuclear Generating Station in South Carolina . Lee was awarded the North Carolina Award for Public Service in 1988 .

neg: Sean Haugh Sean Newton Haugh ( born November 17 , 1960 ) is an American politician and pizza delivery man who has run for Senate in North Carolina under the Libertarian Party nomination in 2002 , 2014 and 2016 . He currently resides in Durham .

neg: Robert Brawley Clyde Robert Brawley ( born April 10 , 1944 ) is a former Republican member of the North Carolina General Assembly .   He represented the state 's 43rd House district , including constituents in Catawba and Iredell counties ( later the 101st district and now the 95th district ) from 1981 until he retired in 1998 . While in office , Brawley was elected the President of the National Republican Legislators Association and was named National Legislator of the Year in 1995 .   Brawley ran for North Carolina Commissioner of Insurance in 2004 , losing to James E. Long .   In 2012 , Brawley was again elected to the House from the Iredell County-based 95th district . He won the May 8 Republican primary , which was tantamount to election , since no Democrat filed for the seat . Meanwhile , Brawley was also in 2012 named to lead the North Carolina chapter of the Faith and Freedom Coalition .   In April 2013 , Brawley filed House Bill 640 that would allow lobbyists to give unreported gifts to state lawmakers in North Carolina .   In May 2013 , Brawley resigned as chairman of the House Finance Committee in a dispute with House Speaker Thom Tillis . Brawley lost his bid for another term in the May 2014 Republican primary , with some of his colleagues in the House campaigning against him . Afterwards , the House Republican Caucus passed a vote of `` no confidence '' in Brawley , effectively barring him from caucus meetings . Brawley suggested that the censure was in retaliation for his criticism of Tillis .   On December 9 , 2015 , Brawley announced his candidacy for the office of Governor of North Carolina , challenging incumbent Pat McCrory . He lost the Republican primary to McCrory on March 13 , 2016 .

neg: Trading Path The Trading Path ( a.k.a. Occaneechi Path , The Path to the Catawba , the Catawba Road , Indian Trading Path , Unicoi Turnpike , Warriors ' Path , etc. ) is not simply one wide path , as many named historic roads were or are . It was a corridor of roads and trails between the Chesapeake Bay region ( mainly the Petersburg , Virginia area ) and the Cherokee , Catawba , and other Native-American groups in the Piedmont region of North Carolina , South Carolina , and Georgia . Indians had used and maintained much of the path for their expansive trading network for centuries prior to its use by Europeans and/or European-Americans . Indian and later European/European-American settlements occupied key points along the path . That section of the Trading Path through the Carolina piedmont was also known as the Upper Road , and a portion between North Carolina and Georgia was called the Lower Cherokee Traders Path .   Both Natives and newcomers mainly used the Trading Path for commercial cargo carriage . In early colonial times , Virginian traders used the path to travel to Native American towns in the Waxhaws . They led long pack caravans of horses carrying `` loads of guns , gunpowder , knives , jewelry , blankets , and hatchets , among other goods '' , and travel southwest to Indian villages along the journey to the Waxhaws region , in the vicinity of present-day Mecklenburg County . They exchanged European goods for furs and deerskins .   Because the path was well laid out through the complex geography of the piedmont area , connecting fords of many streams , it was roughly followed by the 19th-century railroad . Later , engineers who designed Interstate 85 followed much of this route again from Petersburg , Virginia , to roughly the Georgia state border . Many of the earliest towns along its route remain to this day . Many remnants of the Trading Path are still visible .   The Piedmont Urban Crescent essentially has developed along the Trading Path , and since the late 19th century has had steady growth . It is a spine of polycentric urban development in North Carolina . Cities of the Crescent are the centers of government , finance , education and research , and business in the state .


query: Hawaii is the eleventh-least populous state in the United States.

pos: Hawaii Hawaii ( -LSB- langpronaudio = en-us-Hawaii . ogghəˈwaɪ.i , _ - ji , _ - ʔi -RSB- ; Hawai -LSB- - hawhəˈvɐjʔi -RSB- ) is the 50th and most recent state to have joined the United States of America , having received statehood on August 21 , 1959 . Hawaii is the only U.S. state located in Oceania and the only one composed entirely of islands . It is the northernmost island group in Polynesia , occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean . Hawaii is the only U.S. state not located in the Americas .   The state encompasses nearly the entire volcanic Hawaiian archipelago , which comprises hundreds of islands spread over 1500 mi . At the southeastern end of the archipelago , the eight main islands are -- in order from northwest to southeast : Niihau , Kauai , Oahu , Molokai , Lānai , Kahoolawe , Maui , and the Island of Hawaii . The last is the largest island in the group ; it is often called the `` Big Island '' or `` Hawaii Island '' to avoid confusion with the state or archipelago . The archipelago is physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania .   Hawaii 's diverse natural scenery , warm tropical climate , abundance of public beaches , oceanic surroundings , and active volcanoes make it a popular destination for tourists , surfers , biologists , and volcanologists . Because of its central location in the Pacific and 19th-century labor migration , Hawaii 's culture is strongly influenced by North American and Asian cultures , in addition to its indigenous Hawaiian culture . Hawaii has over a million permanent residents , along with many visitors and U.S. military personnel . Its capital is Honolulu on the island of Oahu .   Hawaii is the 8th-smallest and the 11th-least populous , but the 13th-most densely populated of the fifty U.S. states . It is the only state with an Asian plurality . The state 's coastline is about 750 mi long , the fourth longest in the U.S. after the coastlines of Alaska , Florida , and California .

neg: List of airports in Hawaii This is a list of airports in Hawaii ( a U.S. state ) , grouped by type and sorted by location . It contains all public-use and military airports in the state . Some private-use and former airports may be included where notable , such as airports that were previously public-use , those with commercial enplanements recorded by the FAA or airports assigned an IATA airport code .

neg: ʻUalapuʻe, Hawaii ʻUalapuʻe is an unincorporated community and census-designated place on the island of Molokai in Maui County , Hawaii , United States . Its population was 425 as of the 2010 census . The community is located along Hawaii Route 450 on the southeast coast of the island of Molokai .

neg: Hāʻena, Hawaii Hāʻena may refer to the following places in the U.S. state of Hawaii :  Hāʻena , Hawaii County , Hawaii , an unincorporated community  Hāʻena , Kauai County , Hawaii , an unincorporated community and census-designated place  Haʻena State Park

neg: Village (United States) In the United States , the meaning of `` village '' varies by geographic area and legal jurisdiction . In many areas , `` village '' is a term , sometimes informal , for a type of administrative division at the local government level . Since the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits the federal government from legislating on local government , the states are free to have political subdivisions called `` villages '' or not to and to define the word in many ways . Typically , a village is a type of municipality , although it can also be a special district or an unincorporated area . It may or may not be recognized for governmental purposes .

neg: Lyla Berg Lyla Berg ( born March 15 , 1951 ) is a Hawaiian Democratic politician . She was first elected to the Hawaii House of Representatives in 2004 representing the Kāhala area of Honolulu on Oahu . Berg was a Democratic candidate for Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii in the 2010 election .  She was attacked for having sponsored a resolution to designate an Islam Day in 2009 ; critics claimed that according to the Julian Calendar , the holiday celebrated the September 11 attacks .  She lost in the primary to Brian Schatz .

neg: Kaneohe, Hawaii Kāneohe is a census-designated place ( CDP ) included in the City and County of Honolulu and located in Hawaii state District of Koolaupoko on the island of Oahu . In the Hawaiian language , kāne ohe means `` bamboo man '' . According to an ancient Hawaiian story a local woman compared her husband 's cruelty to the sharp edge of cutting bamboo ; thus the place was named Kāneohe or `` Bamboo man '' . The population was 34,597 at the 2010 census . Kāneohe is the largest of several communities along Kāneohe Bay and one of the two largest residential communities on the windward side of Oahu ( the other is Kailua ) . The commercial center of the town is spread mostly along Kamehameha Highway .   From ancient times , Kāneohe was important as an agricultural area , owing to an abundance of rainfall . Today , Kāneohe is mostly a residential community , with very little agriculture in evidence . The only commercial crop of any consequence in the area is banana .   Features of note are Hoomaluhia Botanical Garden and the new Hawaii National Veterans Cemetery . Access to Kāneohe Bay is mainly from the public pier and boat ramp located at nearby Heeia Kea . Access to Coconut Island ( restricted ) is from the state pier off Lilipuna Road . Marine Corps Base Hawaii lies across the south end of Kāneohe Bay from the central part of Kāneohe , although the town stretches along Kāneohe Bay Drive to the base perimeter .   The ZIP code for Kaneohe is 96744 .   There are three golf courses in Kāneohe : Pali Golf Course ( public ) , Koolau Golf Club ( privately owned but open to the public ) , and Bayview Golf Park ( privately owned but open to the public ) .

neg: Hawaii House Bill 444 House Bill 444 ( abbreviated H.B. 444 ) was a 2009 bill of the Hawaii State Legislature , passed in April 2010 and vetoed by Governor of Hawaii Linda Lingle , that would have legalized civil unions for couples in the state of Hawaii . Its legislative process was accompanied by controversy over the bill 's content and effects and rallies were held by supporters and opponents .   The bill passed the Hawaii House of Representatives in February 2009 in a form specific to same-sex couples , was passed in amended form including opposite-sex couples by the Hawaii Senate in May 2009 , and was carried over in the 2010 session , where it passed the Senate again in January 2010 with a veto-proof majority . The bill moved back to the House but was indefinitely postponed by a voice vote initiated by House Speaker Calvin Say , requiring a vote of two-thirds of Representatives to be taken up again in 2010 , and was considered dead . In April 2010 , on the last day of the legislative session , the House suspended the rules on the Senate bill and passed it with a majority , sending the bill to Governor Linda Lingle , who vetoed it in July 2010 .   Hawaii did not allow same-sex marriages or civil unions , but two unmarried people can register for a reciprocal beneficiary relationship , which provides some of the rights and benefits that come with marriage . The bill was written to become law on January 1 , 2010 , would allow all couples to obtain rights equal to those of married couples , and make Hawaii the only state in the Western United States to allow civil unions instead of domestic partnerships .

neg: 1852 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii The Constitution of 1852 served as the Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii from 1852 through 1864 . It was passed during the reign of King Kamehameha III . It heavily liberalized the structure of the Hawaiian government compared to the previous 1840 constitution , introducing new elements of democracy into the government and reducing the influence of the monarch in kingdom affairs .   The 1852 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii was divided into seven parts .   The seven parts were :   1 . Declaration of Rights   2 . Form of Government   3 . Of the Executive Power   a. Section I : The King , His Prerogatives  b. Section II : Of the Kuhina Nui  c. Section III : Of the Privy Council  d. Section IV : Of the King 's Ministers  e. Section V : Of the Governors   4 . Of the Legislative Power   a. Of the House of Nobles  b. Of the House of Representatives   5 . Of the Judiciary   6 . General Provisions   7 . More Amending of the Constitution   The Declaration of Rights stated that the Hawaiians were a free people .   The Form of Government stated that Hawaii was a Constitutional Monarchy .   The section `` Of the Executive Power '' declared the powers of the executive power .   The section `` Of the Legislative Power '' declared the powers of the legislative power .   The section `` Of the Judiciary '' declared the powers of the judiciary .   The General Provisions stated anything unmentioned earlier besides the amending power .   The final section allowed for amending of the constitution .

neg: Demographics of Alaska As of 2005 , Alaska has an estimated population of 663,661 , which is an increase of 5,906 , or 0.9 % , from the prior year and an increase of 36,730 , or 5.9 % , since the year 2000 . This includes a natural increase since the last census of 36,590 people ( 53,132 births minus 16,542 deaths ) , and an increase due to net migration of 1,181 people into the state . Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 5,800 people , and migration within the country produced a net loss of 4,619 people . More than half of the state 's population lives in Anchorage , Juneau and Fairbanks , with two-fifths in Anchorage alone . As of 1 January 2012 Alaska had a population of 731,449 , and its 2017 population is estimated at 739,818 .   With a population of 710,231 , according to the 2010 U.S. census , Alaska is the 48th most populous and least densely populated state .   For purposes of the federal census , the state is divided into artificial divisions defined geographically by the United States Census Bureau for statistical purposes only .   The center of population of Alaska is located approximately 64.37 km east of Anchorage at 61.399882 N. latitude , -148.873973 W. longitude . In 2006 , Alaska had a larger percentage of tobacco smokers than the national average , with 24 % of Alaskan adults smoking .

neg: List of urbanized areas in Florida (by population) The United States Census Bureau defines an Urbanized Area to be `` one or more places ( ` central place ' ) and the adjacent densely settled surrounding territory ( ` urban fringe ' ) that together have a minimum of 50,000 persons . '' There are a number of rules specifying what is included in the urban fringe , but it `` generally consists of contiguous territory having a density of at least 1,000 persons per square mile '' . Urbanized Areas often form the cores of Metropolitan Statistical Areas , and as they comprise census tracts rather than local political subdivisions ( counties , in Florida ) , they are generally smaller than the corresponding Metropolitan Statistical Area . A Metropolitan Statistical Area may have more than one Urbanized Area within its boundaries , and an Urbanized Area may extend into more than one Metropolitan Statistical Area .   As of 2010 , the US Census Bureau has defined thirty Urbanized Areas in Florida .

neg: Hawaii's congressional districts The U.S. state of Hawaii is divided into two congressional districts for representation in the United States House of Representatives .

neg: Makakilo, Hawaii Makakilo or Makakilo City is a census-designated place and residential area located in the Ewa District on the island of Oahu in the City & County of Honolulu , United States . In Hawaiian , maka kilo means `` observing eyes '' . As of the 2010 Census , the CDP had a population of 18,248 .

neg: Hawaii Public Utilities Commission The Hawaii Public Utilities Commission is a public utilities commission , a quasi-judicial tribunal , which regulates public service companies operating in the U.S. state of Hawaii .

neg: Lincoln Loy McCandless Lincoln `` Link '' Loy McCandless ( September 18 , 1859 -- October 5 , 1940 ) was a United States cattle rancher , industrialist and politician for the Territory of Hawaii . McCandless served in the United States Congress as a territorial delegate . A former member of the Hawaii Republican Party , McCandless was one of the earliest leaders of the Hawaii Democratic Party .

neg: Waiohinu, Hawaii Waiohinu ( Hawaiian translation : `` Shiny Water '' ) is an unincorporated community in the district of Ka'u on the Big Island -- Hawaii '' ' , of the Hawaiian Islands . Waiohinu is the name of the community as well as the ahupua'a , Native Hawaiian subdivision .

neg: United States presidential election in Hawaii, 2008 The 2008 United States presidential election in Hawaii took place on November 4 , 2008 throughout all 50 states and D.C. , which was part of the 2008 United States presidential election . Voters chose 4 representatives , or electors to the Electoral College , who voted for President and Vice President .   Hawaii , the state where Barack Obama was born , gave him 71.9 % of the vote with a 45.3 % margin of victory in 2008 . Prior to the election , all 17 news organizations considered this a state Obama would win , or otherwise considered as a safe blue state . Hawaii has voted Democratic in every presidential election since 1988 . Obama 's margin of victory in this state is only surpassed by that of the District of Columbia and is the only actual state that gave either candidate more than 70 % of the vote . Turnout here was much higher than previous elections .

neg: Ancient Hawaiian aquaculture The Hawaiian people practiced aquaculture through development of fish ponds ( Hawaiian : loko ia ) , the most advanced fish husbandry among the original peoples of the Pacific . These fishponds were typically shallow areas of a reef flat surrounded by a low lava rock wall ( loko kuapa ) built out from the shore . Several species of edible fish ( such as mullet ) thrive in such ponds , and Hawaiians developed methods to make them easy to catch .   The Hawaiian fishpond was primarily a grazing area in which the fishpond keeper cultivated algae ; much in the way a cattle rancher cultivates grass for his cattle . The porous lava walls let in seawater ( or sometimes fresh or brackish water , as in the case of the `` Menehune '' fishpond near Līhue , Kauai ) , but prevent the fish from escaping . Fishponds were located next to the mouth of a stream , so by opening a sluice gate the pondkeeper provided the fish with water rich in nutrients that had passed through inland , terraced pondfields and returned to the stream .   Several fishponds have been restored in recent years . Although fishponds were developed on most islands , the largest number were found in Keehi Lagoon , Pearl Harbor , and Kāneohe Bay on Oahu , and along nearly the entire south shore of Molokai . Few remain today , although Molokai offers the best opportunities to view a Hawaiian loko .   Three different styles of fish ponds are being reconstructed at the Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park on the Big Island of Hawaii .  The non-profit Aoao O Na Loko Ia O Maui is restoring Kalepolepo Fishpond also known as Koiei.e . in Kīhei using a mixture of volunteers and skilled stonemasons .

neg: Rulers of the Hawaiian Islands The rulers of the Hawaiian islands ( noho aliʻi o ko Hawaiʻi Pae ʻAina ) are a line of native Hawaiians who were independent rulers of various subdivisions of the land and islands of Hawaii . Their genealogy is traced to Hānalaʻanui and others . The caste system of ancient Hawaiian society was established around 1200 AD and separated the people into 4 distinct ranks that were all below the supreme ruler ( ali`i nui ) of the island . The ali`i nui would distribute the land to the lower ranking chiefs who would run the land and collect offerings and taxes . The ali`i nui would also ultimately be responsible for the sacred kapu , a system of rules designed to control social order . The noho ali`i were known for their brightly colored and intricately constructed battle regalia of feathered capes and helmets called a mahiole ( helmet ) and ʻahu ʻula ( cloak or cape ) .

neg: Kilauea, Hawaii Kilauea is a small town on the northeastern shore of Kauai , one of the eight islands that make up the state of Hawaii . According to the Hawaii State Info website , 2,248 people reside in Kilauea , which is 1.5 square miles . The town is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Kauai County , Hawaii , United States .   Kīlauea shares the name of the active volcano , Mt. Kilauea . The name literally translates to `` spewing '' or ' `` much spreading '' in Hawaiian .   Kilauea was once nicknamed the `` Guava Capital of the World '' because it was home to the Guava Kai Plantation , the largest guava plantation in the world . The Guava Kai Plantation closed in late 2006/early 2007 .   The town of Kilauea is located west of the Moloaa area which includes Moloaa Forest Reserve and 6.5 miles from Moloaa Bay .

neg: Iroquois Point, Hawaii Iroquois Point is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Honolulu County , Hawaii , United States , on the island of Oahu near Pearl Harbor . The population was 3,374 at the 2010 census . `` Iroquois Point '' refers to the geographic land area that is occupied by the Kapilina Beach Homes ( known as `` Waterfront at Pu'uloa '' until 2015 and `` Iroquois Point Island Club '' prior to 2008 ) , a firing range , a Navy Exchange shoppette and gas station , and Iroquois Point Elementary School . Once primarily used as a military housing community , it is now privately operated .