query: Demi Lovato is an advocate for the LGBT community.

pos: Demi Lovato Demetria Devonne Lovato ( -LSB- ˈdɛmi_loʊ-ˈvɑːtoʊ -RSB- or ; born August 20 , 1992 ) is an American singer , songwriter , and actress . After making her debut as a child actress in Barney & Friends , Lovato rose to prominence in 2008 when she starred in the Disney Channel television film Camp Rock and released her debut single `` This Is Me '' which peaked at number nine on the Billboard Hot 100 . The success of the film and its soundtrack resulted in a recording contract with Hollywood Records . Her debut album , Do n't Forget ( 2008 ) , debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 . The following year , Lovato was cast as the titular character of the television series Sonny with a Chance and she released her sophomore album , Here We Go Again , which became her first one to top the Billboard 200 chart .   After the release of additional television films and their soundtracks in 2010 , including Camp Rock 2 : The Final Jam , Lovato 's personal issues put her career on a hiatus and led to the discontinuation of Sonny with a Chance after a second season . She entered a treatment center in November 2010 to seek help for addictions , an eating disorder , and self-harm . While there , she was diagnosed with bipolar disorder . Work on her third studio album , Unbroken ( 2011 ) , began after she successfully completed treatment . The album addresses several of her difficulties . Its lead single , `` Skyscraper '' , became Lovato 's second top 10 entry in the US , while its second single , `` Give Your Heart a Break '' , was certified triple platinum in the country . Lovato was a judge and mentor on the American version of The X Factor in 2012 and 2013 . Her third album , Demi ( 2013 ) , opened with first-week sales of 110,000 copies . The lead single from her eponymous album , `` Heart Attack '' , became her third top 10 in the US and the album spawned three more singles . While promoting the project , Lovato released a book titled Staying Strong : 365 Days a Year ( 2013 ) . She also returned to acting as a recurring character in Glee , and released a memoir in 2014 . Lovato 's fifth album , Confident ( 2015 ) , reached number two on the Billboard 200 . Its lead single `` Cool for the Summer '' was eventually certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America . All five of Lovato 's albums have received a gold certification in the US .   Musically , Lovato is considered a pop , pop rock , and R&B artist . Lovato has received a considerable number of accolades , including an MTV Video Music Award , 13 Teen Choice Awards , five People 's Choice Awards , an ALMA Award , a Latin American Music Award and a Grammy Award nomination . In 2013 , Maxim ranked her 26th on its Hot 100 list and Billboard ranked her second on its Social 50 Artists of the Year list . Outside the entertainment industry , Lovato has been involved with several social and environmental causes since the launch of her career . In May 2013 , she was cited for her dedication as a mentor to teens and young adults with mental health challenges at a National Children 's Mental Health Awareness Day hosted by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration in Washington , D.C. . She has also become an advocate for the LGBT community , and women 's rights . In 2014 , she was announced as the Grand Marshal for LA Pride week , and that same year she became the face for Human Rights Campaign 's Americans for Marriage Equality Campaign . In April 2016 , Lovato was honored with the GLAAD Vanguard Award for making a significant difference in promoting equal rights for LGBT people .

neg: Gay USA Gay USA is a weekly one-hour news program '' ... devoted to in-depth coverage of gay , lesbian , bisexual , and transgender issues '' on a local , state , national , and international level . It is filmed in the studios of , and aired by , Manhattan Neighborhood Network in Manhattan , New York . It airs on Manhattan Public-access television cable TV and Free Speech TV , and is available worldwide as a podcast at gayusatv.org or to subscribe via iTunes .

neg: Send It On (Disney's Friends for Change song) `` Send It On '' is a song performed by American recording artists Demi Lovato , the Jonas Brothers , Miley Cyrus and Selena Gomez . The group , billed as Disney 's Friends for Change , stems from Disney 's environmental initiative of the same name . `` Send It On '' was written by Adam Anders , Nikki Hassman , and Peer Åström and produced by Anders and Åström . The song was released on August 11 , 2009 by Walt Disney and Hollywood Records as a promotional charity single in order to benefit international environmental associations . In regard to the song and the campaign , the six singers noted that it is a good cause and that it is one dear to them . The ballad is lyrically about passing on an environmentalist message .   The song garnered mixed to average reviews from critics , who noted that the lyrics make no mention of the environment . The song received airplay only on Radio Disney and peaked at number twenty on the Billboard Hot 100 . The corresponding music video has all four acts singing into microphones on top of a brightly lit stage and running across a park setting where many children are following them .

neg: GayOne GayOne is an online LGBT portal and news service in the Romanian language . The current website was founded in 2005 , as the successor to the 2G . ro portal , the first of its kind in Romania . GayOne.ro provides frequently-updated LGBT news in Romanian , with a focus both on Romanian and worldwide gay issues . Although the publication does not have a printed form , it is one of the most utilised sources of news for Romania 's LGBT community , and in 2006 was awarded the prize for `` Best medium of information for the LGBT community '' at Be An Angel 's Gay Prize Gala , which took place during the Gay Film Nights Festival and is intended to recognise those who have contributed to LGBT culture and rights throughout the year .

neg: List of television series with bisexual characters Bisexuality is a sexual orientation that refers to the romantic and sexual attraction towards both men and women . Throughout history numerous bisexual characters have appeared in television series , including cartoons , anime and web series .   Having been created as a radio program in 1937 and transitioning to television in 1952 , Guiding Light is the oldest television series in the world to feature bisexual characters ; Olivia Spencer and Natalia Rivera Aitoro . It should be noted however that Olivia was introduced in 1999 and Natalia in 2007 , with the two women realizing they are bisexual and beginning a relationship in 2008 . In 1990 , L.A. Law became the first primetime television series to introduce a recurring bisexual character ; C.J. Lamb . In 2015 , during The 100 's second season , the protagonist Clarke Griffin kissed Lexa , making the series the first in America belonging to one of the `` Big Five '' networks with a bisexual lead .   This list places the series in chronological order by year ; in instances where more than one series premiered on the same year , their premiere date is taken into consideration .

neg: LGBT rights in the Republic of Ireland Attitudes in Ireland towards lesbian , gay , bisexual , and transgender ( LGBT ) people are regarded as among the most liberal in the world . Ireland is notable for its transformation from a country holding overwhelmingly conservative attitudes toward LGBT issues to one holding overwhelmingly liberal ones in the space of a generation . In May 2015 , Ireland became the first country to legalise same-sex marriage on a national level by popular vote . The New York Times hailed the victory as putting Ireland at the `` vanguard of social change '' . Since July 2015 , transgender people in Ireland can self-declare their gender for the purpose of updating passports , driving licences , obtaining new birth certificates , and getting married . Both male and female same-sex sexual activity is legal in the state . Government recognition of LGBT rights in Ireland has expanded greatly over the past two decades . Homosexuality was decriminalised in 1993 , and most forms of discrimination based on sexual orientation are now outlawed . Ireland also forbids incitement to hatred based on sexual orientation .   In 2015 a survey of 1000 individuals in Ireland found that 78 % of people are in support of same-sex marriage and 71 % of people think that same-sex couples should be allowed to adopt . A 2013 survey showed that 73 % of Irish people agreed that `` same sex marriage should be allowed in the Constitution '' . Earlier , a 2008 survey showed that 84 % of Irish people support civil marriage or civil partnerships for same-sex couples , with 58 % supporting full marriage rights in registry offices . The number who believe same-sex couples should only be allowed to have civil partnerships fell from 33 % to 26 % . A March 2011 The Sunday Times poll showed support for full civil marriage rights at 73 % .   In July 2010 , the Oireachtas passed the Civil Partnership and Certain Rights and Obligations of Cohabitants Act 2010 , recognising civil partnerships between same-sex couples . The Bill passed all stages in the lower house ( Dáil ) , without the need for a vote , and by a margin of 48 votes to 4 in the upper house Seanad ( Senate ) . The bill was supported by all parties , although individual politicians have criticised the legislation . Since the Civil Partnership legislation has been fully enacted and implemented from the start of 2011 , gay and lesbian couples have been able to register their relationship before a registrar . The bill was signed by President Mary McAleese on 19 July 2010 . The Minister for Justice signed the commencement order for the act on 23 December 2010 . The law then came into force on 1 January 2011 . Due to the three-month waiting period for all civil ceremonies in Ireland , it had been expected that the first Civil Partnership ceremonies would take place in April . However , the legislation does provide a mechanism for exemptions to be sought through the courts , and the first partnership , which was between two men , was registered on 7 February 2011 . The first publicly celebrated Irish civil partnership under the Act took place in Dublin on 5 April 2011 . On 6 April 2015 , the Children and Family Relationships Bill 2015 was signed into law , amending ( among other acts ) the Adoption Act 2010 , to enable same-sex couples to jointly adopt children and step-children .

neg: Sexual field A sexual field is an arena of social life whereby individuals seek intimate partners and vie for sexual status . Sexual fields emerge `` when a subset of actors with potential romantic or sexual interest orient themselves toward one another according to a logic of desirability imminent to their collective relations and -LSB- wherein -RSB- this logic produces , to greater and lesser degrees , a system of stratification '' ( Green 2014:27 ) . The term builds on Pierre Bourdieu 's ( 1980 ) concept of field and has been defined as a `` set of interlocking institutions '' ( Martin and George 2006 ) and an `` institutionalized matrix of relations '' ( Green 2005 , 2008 , 2011 ) that confers status upon sexual actors based on individual variation in sexual capital . Relative to those with a sexual capital deficit , actors in possession of sexual capital reap the rewards of the sexual field -- including the ability to select desired sexual partners and the acquisition of social significance .   Sexual fields are themselves distinguished by distinct `` currencies of erotic capital '' ( Green 2005 , 2008 ) , the latter which are quite variable , acquiring dominance in relation to the collective preferences of players . For example , Green ( 2005 , 2008 ) argues that the characteristics which confer sexual capital in one field may not in another . Thus , in a gay leather bar , a bearded , stocky white man in his late-thirties dressed in Levi 's jeans and a leather jacket will possess an optimal form of sexual capital , whereas the same man in a swanky Martini bar catering to a twenty-something , high-fashion , urban gay customer base will face a sexual capital deficit . This variation in power and status occurs because a gay leather bar and a gay Martini bar are physical sites organized by the logic of two distinct sexual fields with contrasting currencies of sexual capital ( Green 2005 , 2008 ) -- i.e. , distinct `` hegemonic systems of judgment '' ( Martin and George 2006 ) .   For sociological theory , the study of the sexual field in the sexual fields framework offers a framework for analyzing how collective attributions of desire and desirability are shaped by the sexual field itself . That is , rather than see desire and desirability as a simple function of individual wants and judgments , the sexual fields framework suggests that such wants and judgments are the consequence of sexual social life . In this approach , the sexual field acts back on what we find desirable such that desires and desirability are regarded as field effects ( Green 2014 ) .   To the extent that sexual stratification is related to but not isomorphic with the structure of alternative fields , so the study of sexual fields can not be subsumed to the study of an economic or political field , for example . Nevertheless , to the extent that race , class , gender , ethnicity , age and ability , among others , are organizing features of sexual status within a given sexual field , so the relationship of sexual fields to broader historical systems of stratification requires consideration ( Green 2005 , 2008 , 2011 . 2014 ) .

neg: LGBT rights in Northern Ireland Lesbian , gay , bisexual , transgender ( LGBT ) rights in Northern Ireland are the least advanced in the United Kingdom . It was the last country in the United Kingdom to legalise same-sex sexual activity , the last to end a lifetime ban on blood donations by men who have sex with men and remains the only region of the United Kingdom or Ireland to prohibit same-sex marriage . Progress has mostly come during direct rule by the Government of the United Kingdom or through court action rather than local legislative reform , due to the veto power wielded by the anti-LGBT Democratic Unionist Party under Northern Ireland 's power-sharing system . ILGA rates Northern Ireland as the worst place in the United Kingdom for LGBT people , with 74 % equality of rights compared to 86 % LGBT equality in the United Kingdom overall and 92 % equality in Scotland . LGBT rights campaigner Peter Tatchell describes Northern Ireland as `` the most homophobic place in western Europe '' .   Same-sex sexual activity has been legal since 1982 and the age of consent has been equal for all forms of sexual activity since 2001 . Civil partnerships have been available for same-sex couples since 2005 . Same-sex marriage has been voted on five times by the Northern Ireland Assembly , and although it was passed by a slim majority on the fifth attempt , it was vetoed by the Democratic Unionist Party using the petition of concern . Same-sex marriages performed outside Northern Ireland are recognised as civil partnerships within its borders . Same-sex couples have also been granted full adoption rights since 2013 .

neg: Melanie Nathan Melanie Nathan is a South African born attorney , a mediator , equality activist , and human rights advocate , who advocates , speaks and writes on issues impacting LGBTI communities around the world , with a focus on the United States and Africa . She immigrated to the US in 1985 . She publishes the LGBTI advocacy blog O-Blog-Dee-O-Blog-Da ( Life goes on ... ) . She is the executive director of the African Human Rights Coalition ( African HRC ) . She was appointed a community grand marshal for San Francisco Pride 2014 , in recognition of her global human rights advocacy work for LGBTI people .   She is also a director of the Peacemaker Museum World Tour .   She is co-producing Armagayddon , `` a documentary that exposes the historical anti-gay crusades of right-wing movements and their influence on the Republican Party through a critical examination of national figures , social movements , and conservative organizations and think tanks , focusing on the anti-gay rhetoric and policies of the Republican Party , as well as the use of homosexuality as a political weapon and wedge issue . ''

neg: GLIFAA GLIFAA ( formerly Gays and Lesbians in Foreign Affairs Agencies ) is the officially recognized organization representing lesbian , gay , bisexual and transgender etc. ( LGBT + ) personnel and their families in the United States Department of State , U.S. Agency for International Development ( USAID ) , Foreign Commercial Service , Foreign Agricultural Service , and other agencies and entities working in foreign affairs in the U.S. Government . The acronym comes from its original name , Gays and Lesbians in Foreign Affairs Agencies . As of 2014 , the organization goes by GLIFAA and uses the slogan `` LGBT + pride in foreign affairs agencies '' to underscore its inclusive composition . GLIFAA was founded in 1992 by fewer than a dozen employees who faced official harassment and potential loss of their jobs simply because of their sexual orientation . The organization has grown to hundreds of Foreign Service , Civil Service , and contract personnel and their families serving in Washington , throughout the U.S. , and at U.S. embassies and missions around the world . Members also include retirees and straight allies in government agencies , while other supporters are affiliate members .   Among other accomplishments , GLIFAA succeeded in pressing for the issuance of a non-discrimination policy by Secretary of State Warren Christopher in 1993 , and worked with the U.S. Administration , the management of government agencies , and other employee associations to eliminate barriers for obtaining security clearances and create and implement non-discrimination policies with regard to entry and employment in the U.S. Foreign Service and Civil Service . In addition , the organization worked to improve the situation for the partners of LGBT U.S. Foreign Service personnel serving overseas . GLIFAA met with Secretaries of State Colin Powell , Condoleezza Rice , and Hillary Clinton .

neg: Civil union A civil union , also referred to by a variety of other names , is a legally recognized arrangement similar to marriage . These unions have been established in a number of countries since the late 1990s , often developing from less formal domestic partnership legislation . In Denmark , Iceland , Norway and Sweden , they have since been replaced , and in a number of other countries supplemented , by same-sex marriage . Civil unions are often seen by campaigners as a `` first step '' towards legalizing marriage for same-sex couples . While civil unions are predominantly established for both opposite-sex and same-sex couples , in a number of countries they are available to same-sex couples only .   Beginning with Denmark in 1989 , civil unions under one name or another have been established by law in several , mostly developed , countries in order to provide legal recognition of relationships formed by unmarried same-sex couples and to afford them rights , benefits , tax breaks , and responsibilities similar or identical to those of legally married couples . In Brazil , civil unions were first created for opposite-sex couples in 2002 , and then expanded to include same-sex unions through judicial decision nine years later .   Many jurisdictions with civil unions recognize foreign unions if those are essentially equivalent to their own ; for example , the United Kingdom lists equivalent unions in Civil Partnership Act Schedule 20 . Same-sex marriages performed abroad are commonly recognised as civil unions in jurisdictions that only have the latter .

neg: List of gay, lesbian or bisexual people: H Parent article : List of gay , lesbian or bisexual people ;  Siblings :   This is a partial list of confirmed famous people who were or are gay , lesbian or bisexual . Famous people who are simply rumored to be gay , lesbian or bisexual , are not listed .   The historical concept and definition of sexual orientation varies and has changed greatly over time ; for example the word `` gay '' was n't used to describe sexual orientation until the mid 20th century . A number of different classification schemes have been used to describe sexual orientation since the mid-19th century , and scholars have often defined the term `` sexual orientation '' in divergent ways . Indeed , several studies have found that much of the research about sexual orientation has failed to define the term at all , making it difficult to reconcile the results of different studies . However , most definitions include a psychological component ( such as the direction of an individual 's erotic desire ) and/or a behavioural component ( which focuses on the sex of the individual 's sexual partner/s ) . Some prefer to simply follow an individual 's self-definition or identity . See homosexuality and bisexuality for criteria that have traditionally denoted lesbian , gay and bisexual ( LGB ) people .   The high prevalence of people from the West on this list may be due to societal attitudes towards homosexuality . The Pew Research Center 's 2003 Global Attitudes Survey found that '' -LSB- p -RSB- eople in Africa and the Middle East strongly object to societal acceptance of homosexuality . But there is far greater tolerance for homosexuality in major Latin American countries such as Mexico , Argentina , Bolivia and Brazil . Opinion in Europe is split between West and East . Majorities in every Western European nation surveyed say homosexuality should be accepted by society , while most Russians , Poles and Ukrainians disagree . Americans are divided -- a thin majority ( 51 percent ) believes homosexuality should be accepted , while 42 percent disagree . ''

neg: Transgender Law Center The Transgender Law Center ( TLC ) is an Oakland-based civil rights organization advocating for transgender communities . They are California 's first `` fully staffed , state-wide transgender legal organization '' and were initially a fiscally sponsored project of the National Center for Lesbian Rights . The stated mission of TLC is to connect transgender people and their families to technically sound and culturally competent legal services , increase acceptance and enforcement of laws and policies that support California 's transgender communities , and work to change laws and systems that fail to incorporate the needs and experiences of transgender people .   TLC utilizes direct legal services , public policy advocacy , and educational opportunities to advance the rights and safety of diverse transgender communities .   Since launching in 2002 , TLC has held over 250 transgender law workshops providing legal information to more than 3,250 community members , attorneys , social service providers , and business owners , as well as collaborated on public policy initiatives designed to improve safety in schools and prisons and safe access to public restrooms for transgender people in San Francisco . TLC successfully helped to revise San Francisco 's `` Regulations to Prohibit Gender Identity Discrimination '' in December 2003 , making them more inclusive of people who do not identify as strictly female or male , and to pass legislation in the City of Oakland banning gender identity discrimination in housing , employment , public accommodation , and city services .

neg: LGBT social movements Lesbian , gay , bisexual , transgender , and questioning ( LGBTQ ) social movements are social movements that advocate for the equalized acceptance of LGBT people in society . In these movements , LGBTQ people and their allies have a long history of campaigning for what is now generally called LGBTQ rights , sometimes also called gay rights or gay and lesbian rights . Although there is not a primary or an overarching central organization that represents all LGBT people and their interests , numerous LGBT rights organizations are active worldwide . The earliest organizations to support LGBT rights were formed in the 19th century .   A commonly stated goal among these movements is social equality for LGBT people , but there is still denial of full LGBTQ rights . Some have also focused on building LGBT communities or worked towards liberation for the broader society from biphobia , homophobia , and transphobia . There is a struggle for LGBTQ rights today . LGBT movements organized today are made up of a wide range of political activism and cultural activity , including lobbying , street marches , social groups , media , art , and research .   Overview   Sociologist Mary Bernstein writes : `` For the lesbian and gay movement , then , cultural goals include ( but are not limited to ) challenging dominant constructions of masculinity and femininity , homophobia , and the primacy of the gendered heterosexual nuclear family ( heteronormativity ) . Political goals include changing laws and policies in order to gain new rights , benefits , and protections from harm . '' Bernstein emphasizes that activists seek both types of goals in both the civil and political spheres .   As with other social movements there is also conflict within and between LGBT movements , especially about strategies for change and debates over exactly who comprises the constituency that these movements represent , this also applies to changing education . There is debate over to what extent lesbians , gays , bisexuals , transgender people , intersexed people and others share common interests and a need to work together . Leaders of the lesbian and gay movement of the 1970s , 80s and 90s often attempted to hide masculine lesbians , feminine gay men , transgender people , and bisexuals from the public eye , creating internal divisions within LGBT communities . Roffee and Waling ( 2016 ) discovered that LGBTIQ people experience microaggressions , bullying and anti-social behaviours from other people within the LGBTIQ community . This is due to misconceptions and conflicting views as to what entails `` LGBTIQ '' . For example , transgender people found that other members of the community were not understanding to their own , individual , specific needs and would instead make ignorant assumptions , and this can cause health risks . Additionally , bisexual people found that lesbian or gay people were not understanding or appreciative of the bisexual sexuality . Evidently , even though most of these people would say that they stand for the same values as the majority of the community , there are still remaining inconsistencies even within the LGBTIQ community .   LGBT movements have often adopted a kind of identity politics that sees gay , bisexual and transgender people as a fixed class of people ; a minority group or groups , and this is very common among LGBTQ communities . Those using this approach aspire to liberal political goals of freedom and equal opportunity , and aim to join the political mainstream on the same level as other groups in society . In arguing that sexual orientation and gender identity are innate and can not be consciously changed , attempts to change gay , lesbian and bisexual people into heterosexuals ( `` conversion therapy '' ) are generally opposed by the LGBT community . Such attempts are often based in religious beliefs that perceive gay , lesbian and bisexual activity as immoral .   However , others within LGBT movements have criticised identity politics as limited and flawed , elements of the queer movement have argued that the categories of gay and lesbian are restrictive , and attempted to deconstruct those categories , which are seen to `` reinforce rather than challenge a cultural system that will always mark the nonheterosexual as inferior . ''   After the French Revolution the anticlerical feeling in Catholic countries coupled with the liberalizing effect of the Napoleonic Code made it possible to sweep away sodomy laws . However , in Protestant countries , where the church was less severe , there was no general reaction against statutes that were religious in origin . As a result , many of those countries retained their statutes on sodomy until late in the 20th century .

neg: Sexual identity therapy Sexual identity therapy ( SIT ) is a framework to `` aid mental health practitioners in helping people arrive at a healthy and personally acceptable resolution of sexual identity and value conflicts . '' It was invented by Warren Throckmorton and Mark Yarhouse , professors at small conservative evangelical colleges . It has been endorsed by former American Psychological Association president Nick Cummings , psychiatrist Robert Spitzer , and the provost of Wheaton College , Stanton Jones . Sexual identity therapy puts the emphasis on how the client wants to live , identifies the core beliefs and helps the client live according to those beliefs . The creators state that their recommendations `` are not sexual reorientation therapy protocols in disguise , '' but that they `` help clients pursue lives they value . '' They say clients `` have high levels of satisfaction with this approach '' . It is presented as an alternative to both sexual orientation change efforts and gay affirmative psychotherapy .   Work for developing the framework began with the establishment of the Institute for the Study of Sexual Identity in 2004 . The announcement of the framework for Sexual Identity Therapy were first released on April 16 , 2007 . In June 2007 , the guidelines were presented at the American Psychological Association convention in San Francisco . In 2008 the authors announced they were going to review the framework because of `` continual changes that are occurring in the area of therapy for individuals experiencing same-sex attractions . '' In 2009 , the APA released a report stating that such an approach is ethical and may be beneficial for some clients .

neg: Get Back (Demi Lovato song) `` Get Back '' is a song performed by American singer Demi Lovato . It was written by Lovato , Joe Jonas , Nick Jonas and Kevin Jonas and produced by the Jonas Brothers alongside John Fields , for Lovato 's debut studio album , Do n't Forget . The song features Jack Lawless on drums and John Taylor and the Jonas Brothers on guitars . The initial writing of the song took place when Lovato wanted to write a song about getting back together with an old boyfriend , as opposed to writing mean or heartbroken songs . `` Get Back '' was released as the album 's lead single on August 12 , 2008 , by Hollywood Records . Musically , the song is an upbeat rock song with a guitar-driven sound .   The song was met with positive reviews from critics and performed average commercially , peaking at number forty-three on the Billboard Hot 100 and ninety-three on the Canadian Hot 100 . In Australia , the song peaked at number ten on the ARIA Hitseekers chart . Lovato has performed the song on several occasions , including Good Morning America and The Ellen DeGeneres Show .

neg: LGBT in Colombia The initialism LGBT is used to refer collectively to lesbian , gay , bisexual , and transgender ( LGBT ) people and members of the specific group and to the community ( subculture ) that surrounds them . This can include rights advocates , artists , authors , etc. .   In spite of considerable de jure legal protection for the LGBT community in Colombia ( see LGBT rights in Colombia ) , LGBT individuals are often subject to controversy regarding acceptance ( transgender individuals , in particular ) .

neg: San Diego Pride San Diego Pride , also known as San Diego LGBT Pride , is a nonprofit organization which sponsors an annual three-day celebration in San Diego , California every July , focusing on the lesbian , gay , bisexual and transgender ( LGBT ) community . The event features the Pride Parade on a Saturday , preceded by a block party in the Hillcrest neighborhood the night before , and followed by a two-day Pride Festival on Saturday and Sunday in Balboa Park . Pride Weekend is believed to be the largest civic event in the city of San Diego . The parade has more than 200 floats and entries and is viewed by a crowd of nearly 200,000 people .

neg: REAL Women of Canada REAL Women of Canada ( Vraies Femmes du Canada in French ) is a socially conservative advocacy group in Canada . The organization was founded in 1983 .   REAL stands for `` Realistic , Equal , Active , for Life '' . The group believes that the nuclear family is the most important unit in Canadian society , and that the fragmentation of the Canadian family is a primary cause of social disorder . It lobbies the Government of Canada in favour of legislation to promote what it believes to be the Judeo-Christian model of family life , and to support homemaking . It is also opposed to feminism , abortion and LGBT rights ( and same-sex marriage in Canada as well ) .   The group has intervened in Supreme Court of Canada cases such as R. v. Morgentaler ( 1993 ) and M. v. H. ( 1999 ) . In R. v. Sullivan ( 1991 ) it argued that a fetus is a person .   Its objectives are , according to its website :   To reaffirm that the family is society 's most important unit , since the nurturing of its members is best accomplished in the family setting .  To promote the equality , advancement and well being of women , recognizing them as interdependent members of society , whether in the family , workplace or community .  To promote , secure and defend legislation which upholds what it considers the Judeo-Christian understanding of marriage and family life .  To support government and social policies that make homemaking possible for women who , out of necessity , would otherwise have to take employment outside the home .  To support the right to life of all innocent individuals from conception to natural death .   Part of their economic policies to help meet their objectives are increased tax relief for single-income families , families with children , and individuals with children .   REAL Women is similar in political and social outlook to Phyllis Schlafly 's Eagle Forum and to Concerned Women for America in the United States .   The organization has also heavily criticized individuals who have spoken out against Uganda 's criminalization of homosexual relations . On August 7 , 2013 , the group issued a statement criticizing Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird for speaking out on LGBT human rights issues in both Uganda and Russia as part of Canada 's foreign policy .

neg: Jenelle Hutcherson Jenelle Hutcherson ( born November 15 , 1985 ) is an American hair artist , activist , public figure , designer , youth mentor and visionary . She is best known for being the first openly lesbian contestant and the first contestant to wear a tuxedo in the Miss Long Beach 2011 pageant in Long Beach , CA , and the Miss California USA pageant in Palm Desert , CA 2012 . Her participation in the pageants shattered stereotypes in many angles ; feminist groups , women who have never fit in society 's ideal of what beauty is , butch women embracing themselves ( tuxedo and swimsuit / she tailored and sewn her own for both pageants ) , the standard that only feminine women enter pageants , and that women from minority descent do n't win pageants .   Hutcherson became a name in the LGBT community , the pageant community , and made headline news in media such as NBC , CBS , KCAL9 , Huffington Post , After Ellen , The Advocate , NOH8 Campaign , Courage Campaign , GLAAD , SDGLN ( San Diego Gay and Lesbian News ) , Curve Magazine , GreaterLongBeach.com , Press-Telegram , and Los Angeles Times . The campaign of `` Vote for Jenelle '' went international after AfterEllen.com published an article about Hutcherson in September 2011 .

neg: Demion Clinco Demion Clinco is an American politician from the state of Arizona . A member of the Democratic Party , Clinco served in the Arizona House of Representatives , as the member for the second district until 2015 .   Clinco was the president of the Tucson Historic Preservation Foundation . When Linda J. Lopez , a member of the Arizona Senate , resigned in 2014 , Clinco was a finalist for the position . Andrea Dalessandro , a member of the Arizona House of Representatives , was selected instead . Clinco was appointed to Dalessandro 's former seat in the state House . During his tenure in the Arizona State House Clinco was the only openly LGBT member .  Clinco lost his reelection bid for a full term , losing to Republican John Ackerley .   Clinco attended Occidental College in Los Angeles , graduating with a B.A. in Art History , completing postgraduate work at Istituto Marangoni in Milan Italy . He is the Executive Director of the Tucson Historic Preservation Foundation , having assumed this role in 2015 after six years ( 2008 - 2014 ) as president of the Board of Directors . Clinco was a member of the Arizona State House of Representative ( 2014-2015 ) , serving on the Financial Institutions and Government Committees . From 2007 to 2014 , he served as the City of Tucson Mayor 's appointee to the Tucson-Pima County Historic Commission , and has been involved in local , state and national public policy issues related to Historic Preservation and Cultural Resources . Since 2010 has served as the Arizona State Advisor to the National Trust for Historic Preservation , becoming Vice Chair in 2014 , representing the Western Region .   Clinco is a member of the Board of Directors of Archeology Southwest , the Arizona Preservation Foundation , is a founding member of the `` Arizona Vintage Sign Coalition . '' In 2011 , Clinco led the creation Tucson Modernism Week . Clinco has served on numerous foundation and non profit boards , including as a trustee of The Gregory School ( formally St. Gregory College Preparatory School ) and a member the Southern Arizona Leadership Council . He is a member of the 2014 `` Next City Vanguard '' class and a 2013 `` Flinn Brown Fellow . '' Clinco has received numerous awards in the field of architectural and heritage preservation .   Demion Clinco is the son of Paul and Judy Clinco


query: Keanu Reeves played Johnny Mnemonic in Johnny Mnemonic.

pos: Keanu Reeves Keanu Charles Reeves ( -LSB- kiːˈɑːnuː -RSB- ; born September 2 , 1964 ) is a Canadian actor , director , producer , and musician .   Reeves is best known for his acting career , beginning in 1985 and spanning more than three decades . He gained fame for his starring role performances in several blockbuster films including comedies from the Bill and Ted franchise ( 1989 -- 1991 ) ; action thrillers Point Break ( 1991 ) , Speed ( 1994 ) , and the John Wick franchise ; psychological thriller The Devil 's Advocate ( 1997 ) ; supernatural thriller Constantine ( 2005 ) ; and science fiction/action series The Matrix ( 1999 -- 2003 ) . He has also appeared in dramatic films such as Dangerous Liaisons ( 1988 ) , My Own Private Idaho ( 1991 ) , and Little Buddha ( 1993 ) , as well as the romantic horror Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( 1992 ) .   Since becoming active in the film industry , Reeves has earned critical acclaim . One New York Times critic praised Reeves ' versatility , saying that he `` displays considerable discipline and range ... he moves easily between the buttoned-down demeanor that suits a police procedural story and the loose-jointed manner of his comic roles '' . However , Reeves has spent much of his later career being typecast . A recurring character arc in many roles he has portrayed is one of saving the world , as can be seen in the characters of Ted Logan , Buddha , Neo , Johnny Mnemonic , John Constantine , and Klaatu . His acting has garnered several awards , including a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame .   During his film career , Reeves has engaged in several forms of artistic expression . Active as a musician for over a decade , he played bass guitar for the bands Dogstar and Becky . Acting onstage , he performed as Prince Hamlet for the Manitoba Theatre Centre 's production of Hamlet . He wrote the text for a picture book , Ode to Happiness , illustrated by Alexandra Grant . He has also produced a documentary , Side by Side , and directed the martial arts film Man of Tai Chi .

neg: Johnny Cash (disambiguation) Johnny Cash was an American singer-songwriter , actor , and author .   Johnny Cash may also refer to :  `` Johnny Cash '' ( song ) , a country song first recorded by Tracy Byrd in 2004  Johnnycash machine , a promotion used by Canada Trust for their ATMs in the 1980s and 1990s with the slogan `` Why walk the line ? ''  `` Johnny Cash '' , a song by Yelawolf

neg: Johnny Test (video game) Johnny Test : The Video Game ' is a video game that was released on March 29 , 2011 , in North America for the Nintendo DS console , based on the TV series Johnny Test . It is the first and only Johnny Test video game to be released on a dedicated video game console .

neg: Soul Man (TV series) Soul Man is an American sitcom starring Dan Aykroyd that aired on ABC from April 15 , 1997 to May 26 , 1998 . A total of 25 half-hour episodes were produced over two seasons .   The series premiered on April 15 , 1997 , and was picked up for a second season of 22 half-hour episodes after only three episodes aired for the first season . Despite ranking 29th in its 2nd and final season , it ended on May 26 , 1998 , with 25 half-hour episodes produced in total . A four-year-old Spencer Breslin made his TV debut and was a series regular for the three-episode-long 1997 first season , in which he played the youngest child of Aykroyd .   The theme song was `` Soul Man '' written by Isaac Hayes and David Porter . Aykroyd was closely associated with the song , having released a hit single of it in 1979 with his band The Blues Brothers .

neg: Johnny Stecchino Johnny Stecchino is an Italian comedy film starring Roberto Benigni as the protagonist and director . This film is one of Benigni 's many collaborations with co-star and wife , Nicoletta Braschi . During its release in 1991 , it was the highest-grossing film in Italy .   This film follows the life of Dante , a quirky school bus driver ( Benigni ) for students with Down syndrome , who bears a striking resemblance to Johnny Stecchino , an Italian mafioso who is wanted by Sicilian mobsters for treason and murder . The film 's plot begins to unravel when Dante meets Maria , the wife of Stecchino , who begins her plan into tricking mobsters to kill Dante thinking he is Stecchino . The film takes several unexpected twists when Maria begins to fall for Dante , and it becomes clear that Dante can not possibly be the cold blooded killer , Johnny Stecchino .   The U.S. version released in theaters and on VHS is about 20 minutes shorter that the full Italian version . It trims several conversations including the final scene with Lillo sniffing cocaine .

neg: Paul Michael Paul Michael ( August 15 , 1926 -- July 8 , 2011 ) was an American actor . He was a regular guest star on American television appearing in Kojak , Hill Street Blues , Alias , Gilmore Girls and Frasier among others . He played a cop in the Hollywood movie Batman . He also played King Johnny Romano on Dark Shadows . He was also in movies such as `` Mask of the Red Death '' and made for TV movie , `` Where There 's a Will '' . He did many plays with his sweetheart , Marion Ross . They traveled together doing plays like `` The Last Great Romance '' among others . He was best known for his appearances on Broadway where he frequently played Zorba , Tevia in `` Fiddler on the Roof '' and the barber in `` The Man of La Mancha '' . He danced in `` Bells are Ringing '' with Vivian Leigh .

neg: Mike Reeves Michael `` Mike '' Reeves ( born 13 January 1943 ) is an English retired footballer who played as a full back .   A left-footed player , he spent his entire professional career with Plymouth Argyle , having joined from local non-league club Saltash United in 1960 . He made his first team debut two years later , in November 1962 and was used sporadically over the next five seasons . He established himself as the club 's first choice left back towards the end of his career before departing in 1970 . His successor was Colin Sullivan , a player who was also born in Saltash , that Reeves recommended to the club . He then moved to South Africa to play for Germiston Callies , who were managed by Micky Lill .

neg: Superman Tonight `` Superman Tonight '' is a song by American rock band Bon Jovi . It is the second single release from the band 's eleventh studio album The Circle . The single was released on January 25 , 2010 . On December 12 , 2009 , Bon Jovi performed the song on Saturday Night Live .

neg: Johnny Brown (actor) John `` Johnny '' Brown ( born June 11 , 1937 ) is an American actor and singer . Brown is a nightclub and stage performer as well as a comic actor , and a regular cast member of the television series Laugh-in . Brown is mostly remembered for his chubby physique , wide ingratiating smile , mobile facial expressions , and easy pleasant joking style . Brown is most famous , however , for his role as building superintendent Nathan Bookman on the 1970s CBS sitcom , Good Times . Bookman was often the brunt of fat jokes via the show 's main character J. J. Evans ( Jimmie Walker ) . Brown portrayed Bookman until the series was cancelled in 1979 . Other television shows Brown has appeared on include Flip Wilson Show , The Jeffersons , Family Matters , The Jamie Foxx Show and Martin . Brown also used to go to school with Walter Dean Myers when he lived in Harlem as a boy .   Brown is also the father of actress Sharon Brown , who was born in 1962 , and also the father of John Brown Jr. or J.J Brown Jr. . Brown had earlier established himself in the Broadway musical Golden Boy , starring Sammy Davis , Jr. ; his supporting role was in the part of Ronnie and was featured as the lead voice on the show stopping rouser , `` Do n't Forget 127th Street '' .   In the early 1970s , Brown starred in a television commercial for the Write Brothers pen , a short-lived product of the Papermate pen company . The commercial consisted of an elaborate musical number , `` Write On , Brothers , Write On '' , led by Brown as a schoolteacher who encourages his chorus line of students to use this pen for their school assignments .   In 1997 , Brown contributed his voice to the introduction of the compilation album Comedy Stew : The Best of Redd Foxx . In the introduction , Brown tells of how Norman Lear had considered Brown to play the role of Lamont in Sanford And Son , but was unavailable to do so because of his prior commitment to Laugh-In , leading Lear to give the role to Demond Wilson instead .

neg: Left Handed Johnny West Left Handed Johnny West ( Johnny West il mancino , also known just as Johnny West ) is a 1965 Italian spaghetti western film directed by Gianfranco Parolini .

neg: Hazard E. Reeves Hazard Earle Reeves , Jr. ( July 6 , 1906 -- December 23 , 1986 ) was an American pioneer in sound and sound electronics , and introduced magnetic stereophonic sound to motion pictures . He was also the president of over 60 companies , including Cinerama Inc. .

neg: Johnny English Johnny English is a 2003 British spy comedy film parodying the James Bond secret agent genre infused with comedy similar to Atkinson 's Mr. Bean character . The film stars Rowan Atkinson , Natalie Imbruglia , Ben Miller and John Malkovich . The screenplay was written by Bond writers Neal Purvis and Robert Wade , with William Davies , and the film was directed by Peter Howitt .   The film grossed a total of $ 160 million worldwide . The film was followed by a sequel , 2011 's Johnny English Reborn . The film was released in the United Kingdom on April 11 , 2003 , and topped the country 's box office for the next three weekends , before being overtaken by X2 . A second sequel is in pre-production and will release in October 2018 .

neg: John DeLuca John `` Johnny '' DeLuca ( born April 25 , 1986 ) is an American actor who is known for his role as Butchy in the Disney Channel Original Movie , Teen Beach Movie , Teen Beach 2 , and as Anthony in coming-of-age comedy Staten Island Summer . He also guest starred with Maia Mitchell on an episode of Disney Channel 's latest show , Jessie , along with a guest appearance on Wizards of Waverly Place .

neg: Evil Roy Slade Evil Roy Slade is a 1972 made-for-television spoof-Western comedy film about the `` meanest villain in the West '' . It was directed by Jerry Paris and co-produced and co-written by Garry Marshall .

neg: The Garage (1920 film) The Garage is a 1920 American short comedy film starring Buster Keaton and Roscoe `` Fatty '' Arbuckle . It was directed by Arbuckle himself . The film was also known as Fire Chief . This was the fourteenth film starring the duo . The film also stars Luke the Dog who starred in many other short comedies starring Keaton and Arbuckle .

neg: Who Shot Johnny Rock? Who Shot Johnny Rock ? is the title of a live-action full motion video laserdisc video game produced by American Laser Games and released in the arcade in 1991 , as well as for MS-DOS , Sega CD , 3DO and CD-i in or around 1994 . As part of a series of similar-styled games released by the company , Who Shot Johnny Rock ? introduces a different setting than most of the others , while maintaining almost identical gameplay . The game was re-released by Digital Leisure around 2003 with updated video and sound , in addition to several bonus options .

neg: Crossroads (1986 film) Crossroads is a 1986 American coming-of-age musical drama film inspired by the legend of blues musician Robert Johnson . Starring Ralph Macchio , Joe Seneca and Jami Gertz , the film was written by John Fusco and directed by Walter Hill and features an original score featuring Ry Cooder and Steve Vai on the soundtrack 's guitar , and harmonica by Sonny Terry . Vai also appears in the film as the devil 's guitar player in the climactic guitar duel .   Fusco was a traveling blues musician prior to attending New York University 's Tisch School of the Arts , where he wrote Crossroads as an assignment in a master class led by the screenwriting giants Waldo Salt and Ring Lardner , Jr. . The student screenplay won first place in the national FOCUS Awards ( Films of College and University Students ) and sold to Columbia Pictures while Fusco was still a student .

neg: Johnny Allen Johnny Allen may refer to :  Johnny Allen ( arranger ) ( 1917 -- 2014 ) , American R&B arranger  Johnny Allen ( baseball ) ( 1904 -- 1959 ) , Major League Baseball player  Johnny Allen ( boxer ) , see Curtis Sheppard  Johnny Allen ( racing driver ) ( born 1934 ) , NASCAR driver , 1955 -- 1967  Johnny Allen ( American football ) ( 1933 -- 2010 ) , American football player  Johnny Allen ( EastEnders ) , a fictional character in the BBC soap opera  Johnny Allen Hendrix or Jimi Hendrix , ( 1942 -- 1970 ) , American rock guitarist

neg: Jimi Hendrix (film) Jimi Hendrix is a 1973 rockumentary about Jimi Hendrix , directed and produced by Joe Boyd , John Head and Gary Weis . The film contains concert footage from 1967 to 1970 , including the Monterey Pop Festival the 1970 Isle of Wight Festival , Woodstock and a Berkeley concert . The film also includes interviews with Hendrix ' contemporaries , family and friends . People appearing in the film include Paul Caruso , Eric Clapton , Billy Cox , Alan Douglas , Germaine Greer , Hendrix ' father , James A. `` Al '' Hendrix , Mick Jagger , Eddie Kramer , Buddy Miles , Mitch Mitchell , Juggy Murray , Little Richard , Lou Reed and Pete Townshend .   The film is also known as A Film About Jimi Hendrix . The title was used on the 2005 DVD-cover and theatrical poster .

neg: Mnemonic effect The mnemonic effect or mnemotechnic effect occurs when the viewer of an advertisement is persuaded in making a buying decision that is contradictory to the intention of the advertiser .   This can be observed especially in image advertising , in which case the viewer starts associating what he sees with the memories , recollections , and experience that have already been imprinted in his brain .   In the end the only thing the advertisement might have reminded him of , is that he is hungry ( in case of food advertisement ) , and not that he should buy the specific food being advertised .   Not much attention has been given to the study of the mnemonic effect in advertising , but that is slowly changing with companies questioning more and more the effectiveness of the costly types of advertising they are using .   The only thing that is currently agreed upon is that the brain does actually group different information , and many associations are instantly created when viewing or remembering images , numbers or sounds .

neg: John Pankow John Pankow ( born April 28 , 1954 ) is an American actor . He is a series regular on the Showtime/BBC series `` Episodes '' , playing Merc Lapidus , the volatile former head of a major U.S. television network .


query: The Conjuring is one of the highest-grossing horror movies of all time.

pos: The Conjuring The Conjuring is a 2013 American supernatural horror film directed by James Wan and written by Chad Hayes and Carey Hayes . It is the first film in The Conjuring franchise . Patrick Wilson and Vera Farmiga star as Ed and Lorraine Warren , paranormal investigators and authors associated with prominent cases of haunting . Their reports inspired The Amityville Horror . The Warrens come to the assistance of the Perron family ( Ron Livingston and Lili Taylor ) , who are experiencing increasingly disturbing events in their farmhouse in Rhode Island in 1971 .   The Conjuring was released in the United States and Canada on July 19 , 2013 , and in the United Kingdom and India on August 6 , 2013 . The film received positive reviews from critics and grossed over $ 318 million worldwide from its $ 20 million budget , making it one of the highest-grossing horror films of all time . A sequel , The Conjuring 2 , was released on June 10 , 2016 , also to critical and huge commercial success .

neg: Pegarty Long Pegarty Long ( born August 17 , 1940 in New York City , New York ) is a film producer and director , best known for the campy horror movie An Irish Vampire in Hollywood ( 2007 ) and the experimental film Incision ( 1999 ) . She runs Raven Productions ( in Venice , CA ) , a production company for film and literature , whose catalogue includes these poetry books : `` The Prose and Poetry of John Thomas , `` The Collected Poems of Philomene Long , '' `` Memoirs of a Nun on Fire , '' and `` Bukowski in the Bathtub , '' about Charles Bukowski Pegarty lives in Venice , California .   She is the twin sister of the poet Philomene Long .   Reviews of An Irish Vampire in Hollywood  Winner Best Film Score The International Moondance Film Festival .  `` Utterly fantastic ! Most cinema is boring . This film is different , creative and artistic . Better than Batman ! '' - Peter McCarthy , Producer-Director `` Repo Man '' , `` Sid & Nancy '' , `` Floundering '' `` Death and Taxes '' .  `` I was very taken with the film , by its poetic sensibility and often arresting images and by the narrative permutations you brought to the vampire genre . Conjuring up a vivid and indelible world , you present an Ireland admittedly a `` tad '' darker than say John Ford in The Quiet Man but no less evocative . '' - Robert Dawson , Award-Winning Movie Titleler ` The Doors '' , `` Point Break '' , `` Gladiator '' , `` X Men '' .  `` The Irish Vampire Goes West '' , is the first Irish vampire film . '' - Kim Newman The Irish Journal of Gothic and Horror Studies  `` Art / vampire . Pegarty Long has discovered a new genre . Reminds one a bit , stylistically , of the German expressionists , especially NOSEFERATU . '' - Peter Belsito , Founder Filmfinders , Producer `` Tarkowsky : Time Within Time '' .  `` A beautifully shot film . `` Irish Vampire '' brought back my evenings in the underground cinema of the 60s . Too bad it 's not still with us , because then you have a camp cult classic on your hands . - Wanda Coleman , Award-Winning Poet , Writer `` Mad Dog Black Lady , `` A War of Eyes and Other Stories '' .  `` Timelessly classical . '' - Jeanne Collachia , Director , Editor , Producer `` Bread and Salt '' .

neg: Film series A film series ( also referred to as a film franchise ) is a collection of related films in succession that share the same fictional universe , or are marketed as a series .   Sometimes the work is conceived from the beginning as a multiple-film work , for example the Three Colours series , but in most cases the success of the original film inspires further films to be made . Individual sequels are relatively common , but are not always successful enough to spawn further installments .   The Marvel Cinematic Universe is the highest grossing film series in unadjusted US Dollar figures surpassing the Harry Potter , Star Wars , James Bond , and Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings series . However , `` Star Wars '' has the highest when adjusted for inflation .

neg: Major film studio A major film studio is a production and film distributor that releases a substantial number of films annually and consistently commands a significant share of box office revenue in a given market . In the North American , Western , and global markets , the major film studios , often simply known as the majors , are commonly regarded as the six diversified media conglomerates whose various film production and distribution subsidiaries collectively command approximately 80 to 85 percent of U.S. and Canadian box office revenue . The term may also be applied more specifically to the primary motion picture business subsidiary of each respective conglomerate .   The `` Big Six '' majors , whose operations are based in or around the Los Angeles neighborhood of Hollywood , are all centered in film studios active during Hollywood 's Golden Age of the 1930s and 1940s . In three cases -- 20th Century Fox , Warner Bros. , and Paramount -- the studios were one of the `` Big Five '' majors during that era as well . In two cases -- Columbia and Universal -- the studios were also considered majors , but in the next tier down , part of the `` Little Three '' . In the sixth case , Walt Disney Studios was an independent production company during the Golden Age ; it was an important Hollywood entity , but not a major . Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , United Artists , and RKO were majors .   Today , Disney is the only member of the Big Six whose parent entity is still located near Los Angeles ( actually , on Disney 's studio lot and in the same building ) . The five others report to conglomerates headquartered in New York City , Philadelphia , and Tokyo . Of the Big Six , Paramount is the only one still based in Hollywood , and Paramount and Fox are the only ones still located within the Los Angeles city limits , while Disney and Warner Bros. are located in Burbank , Columbia in Culver City , and Universal in the unincorporated area of Universal City .   Most of today 's Big Six control subsidiaries with their own distribution networks that concentrate on arthouse pictures ( e.g. Fox Searchlight Pictures ) or genre films ( e.g. Sony 's Screen Gems ) ; several of these specialty units were shut down or sold off between 2008 and 2010 . The six major studios are contrasted with smaller production and/or distribution companies , which are known as independents or `` indies '' . The leading independent producer/distributors -- Lionsgate Films , The Weinstein Company , and former major studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer -- are sometimes referred to as `` mini-majors '' . From 1998 through 2005 , DreamWorks SKG commanded a large enough market share to arguably qualify it as a seventh major , despite its relatively small output . In 2006 , DreamWorks was acquired by Viacom , Paramount 's corporate parent . In late 2008 , DreamWorks once again became an independent production company ; its films were distributed by Disney 's Touchstone Pictures until 2016 , at which point distribution switched to Universal .   The Big Six major studios are today primarily backers and distributors of films whose actual production is largely handled by independent companies -- either long-running entities or ones created for and dedicated to the making of a specific film . The specialty divisions often simply acquire distribution rights to pictures in which the studio has had no prior involvement . While the majors still do a modicum of true production , their activities are focused more in the areas of development , financing , marketing , and merchandising . Those business functions are still usually performed in or near Los Angeles , even though the runaway production phenomenon means that most films are now mostly or completely shot on location at places outside Los Angeles .   Since the dawn of filmmaking , the U.S. major film studios have dominated both American cinema and the global film industry . U.S. studios have benefited from a strong first-mover advantage in that they were the first to industrialize filmmaking and master the art of mass-producing and distributing high-quality films with broad cross-cultural appeal . Today , the Big Six majors routinely distribute hundreds of films every year into all significant international markets ( that is , where discretionary income is high enough for consumers to afford to watch films ) . It is very rare , if not impossible , for a film to reach a broad international audience on multiple continents and in multiple languages without first being picked up by one of the majors for distribution .

neg: Freddy vs. Jason Freddy vs. Jason is a 2003 American slasher film directed by Ronny Yu and written by Damian Shannon and Mark Swift . The film is a crossover between the Friday the 13th and A Nightmare on Elm Street franchises and pits Jason Voorhees and Freddy Krueger against each other in the eleventh and eighth installments in their respective series . The film is also the last in both the Friday the 13th and Nightmare on Elm Street franchises before they were both rebooted .   In the film , Freddy ( Robert Englund ) has grown incapable of haunting people 's dreams as the citizens of Springwood , Ohio , have mostly forgotten about him . To regain his power , Freddy manipulates Jason ( Ken Kirzinger ) into resurrecting himself and traveling to Springwood to cause panic and fear , leading to rumors that Freddy has returned . However , while Jason succeeds in causing enough fear for Freddy to haunt the town again , Jason angers Freddy by depriving Krueger of his potential victims . This ultimately sends the two undying monsters into a violent conflict .   Freddy vs. Jason was released in the United States on August 15 , 2003 . It grossed $ 114 million , making it the highest-grossing film in the Friday the 13th series and the second-highest-grossing film in the Nightmare on Elm Street series . This film marked Englund 's final appearance to date as Freddy Krueger , and it was the first since Friday the 13th Part VI : Jason Lives not to feature Kane Hodder as Jason Voorhees .

neg: The Haunted Palace The Haunted Palace is a 1963 horror film released by American International Pictures , starring Vincent Price , Lon Chaney Jr. , and Debra Paget ( in her final film ) , in a story about a village held in the grip of a dead necromancer . The film was directed by Roger Corman and is often regarded as one in his series of eight films largely based on the works of American author Edgar Allan Poe . Although marketed as `` Edgar Allan Poe 's The Haunted Palace '' , the film actually derives its plot from The Case of Charles Dexter Ward , a novella by H. P. Lovecraft . The title The Haunted Palace is borrowed from a poem by Poe , published in 1839 ( which was later incorporated into Poe 's horror short story `` The Fall of the House of Usher '' ) .

neg: List of accolades received by 127 Hours 127 Hours is a 2010 British independent biographical adventure film directed by Danny Boyle . It stars James Franco in the principal role as real-life mountain climber Aron Ralston , whose hand was trapped under a boulder in a Utah ravine for more than five days in April 2003 . Adapted from Ralston 's autobiography Between a Rock and a Hard Place , 127 Hourss screenplay was written by Boyle and Simon Beaufoy . Distributors Fox Searchlight and Pathé gave the feature limited releases in the United States and United Kingdom on 5 November 2010 and 7 January 2011 , respectively . It grossed # 35.8 million at the box office by the end of its worldwide theatrical run . Rotten Tomatoes , a review aggregator surveyed 215 reviews and judged 93 % to be positive .  Additionally , 127 Hours appeared on more than two dozen movie reviewers ' Top Ten lists for the best movies of 2010 .   The film has received honors for its direction , music , cinematography and writing , as well as for the lead performance by Franco . At the 68th Golden Globe Awards ceremony , 127 Hours earned three nominations : for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama , Best Original Score and Best Screenplay . The picture was nominated in nine Satellite Award categories , including direction , score , sound , original song and visual effects . It also received nine nominations from the Broadcast Film Critics Association . The 64th British Academy Film Awards nominated it for eight of their awards , including Best Director , Best Editing , Best Music and Best Sound . Additionally , 127 Hours was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Film , but lost to The King 's Speech . It performed similarly at the 83rd Academy Awards , where it was nominated in six categories : Best Actor , Best Adapted Screenplay , Best Film Editing , Best Original Score , Best Original Song ( for `` If I Rise '' ) and Best Picture , but lost respectively in all categories to The King 's Speech , The Social Network , and Toy Story 3 .   Franco was named Best Actor by the New York Film Critics Online and 2010 Independent Spirit Awards . He also received recognition from the Screen Actors Guild , at their 17th annual ceremony . Franco 's arm amputation scene towards the end of 127 Hours was nominated at the viewer-voted 2011 MTV Movie Awards . Boyle 's and Beaufoy 's efforts on the movie 's script earned them nominations from the Writers Guild of America and Evening Standard British Film Awards . Along with producer Christian Colson , Boyle garnered another nomination , this time from the Producers Guild of America . The Detroit Film Critics Society honored Boyle as Best Director . Suttirat Larlarb 's input on the movie 's production design earned her one nomination from the Art Directors Guild . The film 's cinematography garnered nominations at the 2010 Houston Film Critics Awards and the 2010 San Diego Film Critics Society Awards . The American Film Institute listed 127 Hours as one of the ten best movies of 2010 .

neg: E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial is a 1982 American science fiction fantasy film co-produced and directed by Steven Spielberg , and written by Melissa Mathison . It features special effects by Carlo Rambaldi and Dennis Muren , and stars Henry Thomas , Dee Wallace , Robert MacNaughton , Drew Barrymore , Peter Coyote and Pat Welsh . It tells the story of Elliott ( Thomas ) , a lonely boy who befriends an extraterrestrial , dubbed `` E.T. '' , who is stranded on Earth . He and his siblings help it return home while attempting to keep it hidden from their mother and the government .   The concept was based on an imaginary friend Spielberg created after his parents ' divorce in 1960 . In 1980 , Spielberg met Mathison and developed a new story from the stalled sci-fi horror film project Night Skies . It was shot from September to December 1981 in California on a budget of US$ 10.5 million . Unlike most films , it was shot in rough chronological order , to facilitate convincing emotional performances from the young cast .   Released on June 11 , 1982 by Universal Pictures , E.T was an immediate blockbuster , surpassing Star Wars to become the highest-grossing film of all time -- a record it held for eleven years until Jurassic Park , another Spielberg-directed film , surpassed it in 1993 . It is the highest-grossing film of the 1980s . Widely regarded as one of the greatest films of all time , critics acclaimed it as a timeless story of friendship , and it ranks as the greatest science fiction film ever made in a Rotten Tomatoes survey . In 1994 , it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . It was re-released in 1985 , and then again in 2002 to celebrate its 20th anniversary , with altered shots and additional scenes .

neg: B movie A B movie is a low-budget commercial movie , but one that is not an arthouse film . In its original usage , during the Golden Age of Hollywood , the term more precisely identified films intended for distribution as the less-publicized bottom half of a double feature . Although the U.S. production of movies intended as second features largely ceased by the end of the 1950s , the term B movie continues to be used in the broader sense it maintains today . In its post -- Golden Age usage , there is ambiguity on both sides of the definition : on the one hand , the primary interest of many inexpensive exploitation films is prurient ; on the other , many B movies display a high degree of craft and aesthetic ingenuity .   In either usage , most B movies represent a particular genre -- the Western was a Golden Age B movie staple , while low-budget science-fiction and horror films became more popular in the 1950s . Early B movies were often part of series in which the star repeatedly played the same character . Almost always shorter than the top-billed films they were paired with , many had running times of 70 minutes or less . The term connoted a general perception that B movies were inferior to the more handsomely budgeted headliners ; individual B films were often ignored by critics .   Latter-day B movies still sometimes inspire multiple sequels , but series are less common . As the average running time of top-of-the-line films increased , so did that of B pictures . In its current usage , the term has somewhat contradictory connotations : it may signal an opinion that a certain movie is ( a ) a genre film with minimal artistic ambitions or ( b ) a lively , energetic film uninhibited by the constraints imposed on more expensive projects and unburdened by the conventions of putatively `` serious '' independent film . The term is also now used loosely to refer to some higher-budgeted , mainstream films with exploitation-style content , usually in genres traditionally associated with the B movie .   From their beginnings to the present day , B movies have provided opportunities both for those coming up in the profession and others whose careers are waning . Celebrated filmmakers such as Anthony Mann and Jonathan Demme learned their craft in B movies . They are where actors such as John Wayne and Jack Nicholson first became established , and they have provided work for former A movie actors , such as Vincent Price and Karen Black . Some actors , such as Bela Lugosi , Eddie Constantine and Pam Grier , worked in B movies for most of their careers . The term B actor is sometimes used to refer to a performer who finds work primarily or exclusively in B pictures .

neg: Alien (film) Alien is a 1979 British-American science-fiction horror film directed by Ridley Scott , and starring Sigourney Weaver , Tom Skerritt , Veronica Cartwright , Harry Dean Stanton , John Hurt , Ian Holm and Yaphet Kotto . The film 's title refers to a highly aggressive extraterrestrial creature that stalks and kills the crew of a spaceship . Dan O'Bannon wrote the screenplay from a story he wrote with Ronald Shusett , drawing influence from previous works of science fiction and horror . The film was produced by Gordon Carroll , David Giler and Walter Hill through their Brandywine Productions and distributed by 20th Century Fox . Giler and Hill made revisions and additions to the script . Shusett was executive producer . The eponymous Alien and its accompanying elements were designed by Swiss artist H. R. Giger , while concept artists Ron Cobb and Chris Foss designed the human aspects of the film . Alien launched the Alien franchise and is chronologically the first of the main series , with the prequel series set in an earlier timeframe .   Alien received both critical acclaim and box office success , receiving an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects , Saturn Awards for Best Science Fiction Film , Best Direction for Scott , and Best Supporting Actress for Cartwright , and a Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , along with numerous other award nominations . It has remained highly praised in subsequent decades , being considered one of the greatest films of all time . In 2002 , the film was deemed `` culturally , historically or aesthetically significant '' by the Library of Congress and was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry . In 2008 , it was ranked as the seventh-best film in the science fiction genre by the American Film Institute , and as the 33rd greatest film of all time by Empire magazine .   The success of Alien spawned a media franchise of novels , comic books , video games , and toys . It also launched Weaver 's acting career by providing her with her first lead role , and the story of her character Ellen Ripley 's encounters with the Alien creatures became the thematic thread that ran through the sequels Aliens ( 1986 ) , Alien 3 ( 1992 ) and Alien : Resurrection ( 1997 ) . , a crossover with the Predator franchise produced the Alien vs. Predator series , which includes Alien vs. Predator ( 2004 ) and Aliens vs. Predator : Requiem ( 2007 ) , and also a prequel series of films , which includes Prometheus ( 2012 ) and Alien : Covenant ( 2017 ) .

neg: James Bond The James Bond series focuses on a fictional British Secret Service agent created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming , who featured him in twelve novels and two short-story collections . Since Fleming 's death in 1964 , eight other authors have written authorised Bond novels or novelizations : Kingsley Amis , Christopher Wood , John Gardner , Raymond Benson , Sebastian Faulks , Jeffery Deaver , William Boyd and Anthony Horowitz . The latest novel is Trigger Mortis by Anthony Horowitz , published in September 2015 . Additionally Charlie Higson wrote a series on a young James Bond , and Kate Westbrook wrote three novels based on the diaries of a recurring series character , Moneypenny .   The character has also been adapted for television , radio , comic strip , video games and film . The films are the longest continually running film series of all time and have grossed over $ 7.040 billion in total , making it the fourth-highest-grossing film series to date , which started in 1962 with Dr. No , starring Sean Connery as Bond . As of , there have been twenty-four films in the Eon Productions series . The most recent Bond film , Spectre ( 2015 ) , stars Daniel Craig in his fourth portrayal of Bond ; he is the sixth actor to play Bond in the Eon series . There have also been two independent productions of Bond films : Casino Royale ( a 1967 spoof ) and Never Say Never Again ( a 1983 remake of an earlier Eon-produced film , Thunderball ) . In 2015 , the franchise was estimated to be worth $ 19.9 billion , making James Bond one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time .   The Bond films are renowned for a number of features , including the musical accompaniment , with the theme songs having received Academy Award nominations on several occasions , and two wins . Other important elements which run through most of the films include Bond 's cars , his guns , and the gadgets with which he is supplied by Q Branch . The films are also noted for Bond 's relationships with various women , who are sometimes referred to as `` Bond girls '' .

neg: List of British films of 2013 The British film industry produced over five hundred feature films in 2013 . This article fully lists all non-pornographic films , including short films , that had a release date in that year and which were at least partly made by the United Kingdom . It does not include films first released in previous years that had release dates in 2013 .   Also included is an overview of the major events in British film , including film festivals and awards ceremonies , as well as lists of those films that were particularly well received , both critically and financially . The year was particularly notable for a number of low budget and independent horror films , such as In Fear , Devil 's Pass , Dementamania and Stalled .

neg: Japan Academy Prize for Outstanding Foreign Language Film Every year since its inception , the Japanese Academy has recognized an outstanding foreign film . The year that any given film is nominated is not based on the film 's domestic release date but rather on the date it is released in Japan . As delays of over four months are not uncommon , many films are nominated in Japan the following year after their release to the Japanese market ( i.e. Million Dollar Baby won the American Academy Award for Best Picture for films made in 2004 , but the Japanese award , based on its localized release date , is for 2005 ) . In fact , not one of the five films nominated for the 2007 Academy Award for Best Picture had been released in Japan by February 15 , 2008 , the date of the Japan Academy Prize Ceremony . Although the 2007 recipient of this award , Letters from Iwo Jima , a film almost entirely in Japanese , would not seem to meet the qualification of a `` Foreign Language Film '' , the actual Japanese title of the award , 最優秀外国作品賞 makes no mention of language . It would be more accurately translated as `` Best Foreign Production '' .   2017 - Sully  The Martian  Zootopia  Star Wars : The Force Awakens  The Revenant  2016 - American Sniper  Kingsman : The Secret Service  Mad Max : Fury Road  Spectre  Whiplash  2015 - Frozen  Interstellar  Jersey Boys  Fury  Godzilla  2014 - Les Misérables  3 Idiots  Captain Phillips  Django Unchained  Gravity  2013 - The Intouchables  Argo  The Dark Knight Rises  The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo  Skyfall  2012 - The King 's Speech  Rise of the Planet of the Apes  Moneyball  The Social Network  Black Swan  2011 - Avatar  Inception  Toy Story 3  Invictus  The Hurt Locker  2010 - Gran Torino  Slumdog Millionaire  Changeling  The Wrestler  Red Cliff Part II  2009 - The Dark Knight  The Bucket List  No Country for Old Men  Lust , Caution  Red Cliff Part I  2008 - Letters from Iwo Jima  Dreamgirls  Babel  Hairspray  The Bourne Ultimatum  2007 - Flags of Our Fathers  Crash  Hotel Rwanda  Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest  The Da Vinci Code  2006 - Million Dollar Baby  Cinderella Man  Charlie and the Chocolate Factory  The Phantom of the Opera  Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith  2005 - The Last Samurai  The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King  Mystic River  Seabiscuit  Troy  2004 - The Pianist  Chicago  The Hours  The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers  Yeopgijeogin geunyeo  2003 - Monster 's Ball  Gangs of New York  Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets  I Am Sam  The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring  2002 - Billy Elliot  Artificial Intelligence : AI  Chocolat  Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone  Postmen in the Mountains  2001 - Dancer in the Dark  American Beauty  Gladiator  The Green Mile  Swiri  2000 - The Sixth Sense  Elizabeth  The Matrix  Shakespeare in Love  La Vita è bella  1999 - L.A. Confidential  Armageddon  As Good as It Gets  Good Will Hunting  Saving Private Ryan  1998 - Titanic The English Patient Shine Air Force One Seven Years in Tibet1997 - Il Postino Independence Day Mission : Impossible Se7en 12 Monkeys1996 - The Shawshank Redemption  Apollo 13  The Bridges of Madison County  Forrest Gump  Léon  1995 - Schindler 's List  The Piano  Pulp Fiction  Speed  True Lies  1994 - Jurassic Park  Cliffhanger  The Fugitive  Heaven & Earth  Unforgiven  1993 - JFK  The Lover  Basic Instinct  The Bodyguard  A League of Their Own  1992 - Dances with Wolves  Awakenings  Nikita  The Silence of the Lambs  Terminator 2 : Judgment Day  1991 - Field of Dreams  Die Hard 2  Ghost  Cinema Paradiso  Total Recall  1990 - Die Hard  Black Rain  Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade  Major League  Rain Man  1989 - The Last Emperor  Fatal Attraction  Full Metal Jacket  Moonstruck  Wall Street  1988 - Platoon  Hannah and Her Sisters  Stand By Me  Top Gun  The Untouchables  1987 - Back to the Future  Aliens  A Chorus Line  The Color Purple  Out of Africa  1986 - Amadeus  The Cotton Club  The Killing Fields  A Passage to India  Witness  1985 - Once Upon a Time in America  Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom  The Natural  The Right Stuff  Terms of Endearment  1984 - An Officer and a Gentleman  The Woman Next DoorFlashdanceGandhiSophie 's Choice1983 - E.T. the Extra-TerrestrialDas BootChariots of FireOn Golden PondRocky III1982 - Die BlechtrommelBeing ThereThe Elephant ManOrdinary PeopleLes Uns et les Autres1981 - Kramer vs. KramerAll That JazzApocalypse NowManhattanTess1980 - The Deer HunterThe Tree of Wooden ClogsBig WednesdayThe ChampThe Travelling Players1979 - Conversation PieceClose Encounters of the Third KindThe Goodbye GirlStar Wars Episode IV : A New HopeThe Turning Point1978 - RockyThe Fire WithinNetworkSlap ShotVoyage of the Damned ''

neg: Erotic thriller An Erotic thriller is a film genre defined by a thriller with a thematic basis in illicit romance or erotic fantasy . Most erotic thrillers contain scenes of softcore sex and nudity , but the frequency and explicitness of those scenes varies .   Though similar films appeared as early as the 1960s , erotic thrillers emerged as a distinct genre in the late 1980s , bolstered by the popular success of Adrian Lyne 's Fatal Attraction in 1987 and a quickly expanding domestic and international market for softcore adult entertainment on cable television and home video . The genre had a classic period of growth and expansion in the 1990s , but by the early 2000s declined in production and popular appeal .   The potent combination of danger and romance , catering to both male and female audiences simultaneously , was the primary selling point for erotic thriller films during their classic period . The half-naked bodies displayed on posters , newspaper ads , and video box covers were accompanied by log lines that capture the unmistakable duality of the erotic thriller film :   If you think you can handle her , you 're dead wrong . -- Body Chemistry 3 : Point of Seduction  He was hired to watch . Now he 's tempted to touch . -- Night Eyes  Twin sisters cross the line into a deadly erotic fantasy land . -- Mirror Images   In all , over 300 erotic thriller films were produced in the 1990s , which is comparable to the number of thriller films made in the noir decade of the 1940s . The total number of films in the erotic thriller genre from 1985 to 2005 may number as high as over 500 . Like film noir , the genre has evolved and modernized , and new films continue to be made that are influenced by the classic style .

neg: They (2002 film) They ( also known as Wes Craven Presents : They ) is a 2002 American supernatural horror film directed by Robert Harmon . The plot centers on a group of four adults named Julia Lund , Sam Burnside , Terry Alba , and Billy Parks and their experience with the phenomenon of night terrors and the impact they had on their lives as children and how they come back to haunt them as adults .   The film was produced by Ted Field , Tom Engleman , and Wes Craven who served as executive producer . The film stars Laura Regan , Ethan Embry , Dagmara Dominczyk , Jay Brazeau , and Marc Blucas . The title is a reference to the fact that the creatures are only referred to as `` They '' as their origins are ambiguous . The film was a box office bomb and had lukewarm reviews from critics .

neg: Excalibur (film) Excalibur is a 1981 British epic fantasy war drama film directed , produced , and co-written by John Boorman that retells the legend of King Arthur and the knights of the Round Table , based solely on the 15th century Arthurian romance Le Morte d'Arthur by Thomas Malory . It stars Nigel Terry as Arthur , Nicol Williamson as Merlin , Nicholas Clay as Lancelot , Cherie Lunghi as Guenevere , Helen Mirren as Morgana , Liam Neeson as Gawain , Corin Redgrave as Cornwall , and Patrick Stewart as Leondegrance . The film is named after the legendary sword of King Arthur that features prominently in Arthurian literature . The film 's soundtrack features the music of Richard Wagner and Carl Orff , along with an original score by Trevor Jones .   Excalibur was shot entirely on location in Ireland , employing Irish actors and crew . It has been acknowledged for its importance to the Irish filmmaking industry and for helping launch the film and acting careers of a number of Irish and English actors , including Mirren , Neeson , Stewart , Gabriel Byrne , Neil Jordan , and Ciarán Hinds .   Excalibur achieved moderate box office success while receiving mixed reviews . Film critics Roger Ebert and Vincent Canby criticised the film 's plot and characters , although they and other reviewers praised its visual style . Excalibur opened at number one in the United States , eventually grossing $ 34,967,437 on a budget of around US$ 11 million to rank 18th in that year 's receipts .

neg: Cinema of India The cinema of India consists of films produced across India . Cinema as a medium has gained immense popularity in the country and as many as 1,600 films in various languages of India are produced annually . Indian films have also come to be followed throughout South Asia , the Greater Middle East , Southeast Asia and other countries . Dadasaheb Phalke is known as the `` father of Indian cinema '' . The Dadasaheb Phalke Award , for lifetime contribution to cinema , was instituted in his honour , by the Government of India in 1969 , and is the most prestigious and coveted award in Indian cinema .   In the 20th century , Indian cinema , along with the Hollywood and Chinese film industries , became a global enterprise . As of 2013 , in terms of annual film output , India ranks first , followed by Nollywood , Hollywood and China . In 2012 , India produced 1,602 feature films . The Indian film industry reached overall revenues of $ 1.86 billion ( 93 billion ) in 2011 . This is projected to rise to $ 3 billion ( 200 billion ) in 2016 . In 2015 , India had a total box office gross of , the fourth largest in the world outside North America . Enhanced technology paved the way for upgrading from established cinematic norms of delivering product , altering the manner in which content reached the target audience . Biopics like Dangal and CGI-laden epics like Baahubali emerged as transnational blockbusters grossing over $ 200 million each in early 21st century . Indian cinema found markets in over 90 countries where films from India are screened . The Indian government extended film delegations to foreign countries such as the United States of America and Japan while the country 's Film Producers Guild sent similar missions through Europe .   The provision of 100 % foreign direct investment has made the Indian film market attractive for foreign enterprises such as 20th Century Fox , Sony Pictures , Walt Disney Pictures and Warner Bros. . Indian enterprises such as AVM Productions , Prasad 's Group , Sun Pictures , PVP Cinemas , Zee , UTV , Suresh Productions , Eros Films , Ayngaran International , Pyramid Saimira , Aascar Films and Adlabs also participated in producing and distributing films . Tax incentives to multiplexes have aided the multiplex boom in India . By 2003 as many as 30 film production companies had been listed in the National Stock Exchange of India , making the commercial presence of the medium felt .   The South Indian film industry defines the four film cultures of South India as a single entity . They are the Telugu , the Tamil , the Malayalam and the Kannada industries . Although developed independently over a long period , gross exchange of film performers and technicians as well as globalisation helped to shape this new identity .   The Indian diaspora consists of millions of Indians overseas for which films are made available both through media such as DVDs and by screening of films in their country of residence wherever commercially feasible . These earnings , accounting for some 12 % of the revenue generated by a mainstream film , contribute substantially to the overall revenue of Indian cinema , the net worth of which was found to be 1.3 billion in 2000 . Music in Indian cinema is another substantial revenue generator with the music rights alone accounting for 4 -- 5 % of the net revenues generated by a film in India .

neg: Hugo (film) Hugo is a 2011 historical adventure drama film directed and co-produced by Martin Scorsese and adapted for the screen by John Logan . Based on Brian Selznick 's book The Invention of Hugo Cabret , it is about a boy who lives alone in the Gare Montparnasse railway station in Paris in the 1930s . A co-production between Graham King 's GK Films and Johnny Depp 's Infinitum Nihil , the film stars Ben Kingsley , Sacha Baron Cohen , Asa Butterfield , Chloë Grace Moretz , Ray Winstone , Emily Mortimer , Jude Law , Helen McCrory , and Christopher Lee .   Hugo is Scorsese 's first film shot in 3D , of which the filmmaker remarked : `` I found 3D to be really interesting , because the actors were more upfront emotionally . Their slightest move , their slightest intention is picked up much more precisely . '' The film was released in the United States on November 23 , 2011 .   When it was released , Hugo received critical acclaim and received 11 Academy Award nominations ( including Best Picture ) , more than any other film that year , and won five awards : Best Cinematography , Best Art Direction , Best Sound Mixing , Best Sound Editing and Best Visual Effects . It was also nominated for eight BAFTAs , winning two , and was nominated for three Golden Globe awards , earning Scorsese his third Golden Globe Award for Best Director . The film grossed $ 185 million against a budget of $ 150 -- $ 170 million .

neg: The Satanic Rites of Dracula The Satanic Rites of Dracula is a 1973 horror film directed by Alan Gibson and produced by Hammer Film Productions . It is the eighth film in Hammer 's Dracula series , and the seventh and final one to feature Christopher Lee as Dracula . The film was also the third to unite Peter Cushing as Van Helsing with Lee , following Dracula ( 1958 ) and Dracula A.D. 1972 ( 1972 ) .

neg: Dr. Terror's Gallery of Horrors Dr. Terror 's Gallery of Horrors is a low-budget 1967 colour scope anthology film by David L. Hewitt from stories by Russ Jones . The film includes footage from Roger Corman 's Edgar Allan Poe adaptations . The similarity of its title to Amicus Productions ' hit Dr. Terror 's House of Horrors led to numerous enforced title changes , including Return from the Past , The Blood Suckers , Alien Massacre , and most commonly Gallery of Horror ( on-screen ) and Gallery of Horrors ( on packaging ) . It has also been released as The Witch 's Clock , after the first story , and the only one to feature star John Carradine , who hosts the interstitial segments . It also stars Lon Chaney Jr. , Rochelle Hudson , Roger Gentry and Vic McGee . The other stories include `` King Vampire , '' `` Monster Raid , '' `` Spark of Life , '' and `` Count Alucard , '' which is credited as `` Count Dracula . '' In the latter story , Jonathan Harker ( one of several roles played by Gentry ) is revealed , in a humorous twist , to be a werewolf .

neg: Film director A film director is a person who directs the making of a film . Generally , a film director controls a film 's artistic and dramatic aspects and visualizes the screenplay ( or script ) while guiding the technical crew and actors in the fulfillment of that vision . The director has a key role in choosing the cast members , production design , and the creative aspects of filmmaking . Under European Union law , the director is viewed as the author of the film .   The film director gives direction to the cast and crew and creates an overall vision through which a film eventually becomes realized , or noticed . Directors need to be able to mediate differences in creative visions and stay within the boundaries of the film 's budget . There are many pathways to becoming a film director . Some film directors started as screenwriters , cinematographers , film editors or actors . Other film directors have attended a film school . Directors use different approaches . Some outline a general plotline and let the actors improvise dialogue , while others control every aspect , and demand that the actors and crew follow instructions precisely . Some directors also write their own screenplays or collaborate on screenplays with long-standing writing partners . Some directors edit or appear in their films , or compose the music score for their films .