query: Andrew Wood went into rehab in 1989.

pos: Andrew Wood (singer) Andrew Patrick Wood ( January 8 , 1966 -- March 19 , 1990 ) was an American musician best known as the lead singer for alternative rock bands Malfunkshun and Mother Love Bone . Wood was also known for his flamboyance .   Wood formed Malfunkshun in 1980 with his brother Kevin and Regan Hagar . The band used alter ego personas onstage , with Wood using the name Landrew the Love Child . Though the band only had two songs released , `` With Yo ' Heart ( Not Yo ' Hands ) '' and `` Stars-n-You '' , on the Deep Six compilation album , they are often cited as being among the `` founding fathers '' of the Seattle 's grunge movement . During his time in Malfunkshun , Wood started relying heavily on drugs , entering rehab in 1985 .   By 1988 , Malfunkshun had disbanded and Wood began jamming with Green River members Stone Gossard and Jeff Ament . They soon began writing original material and formed Mother Love Bone the same year , adding guitarist Bruce Fairweather ( also a former member of Green River ) and drummer Greg Gilmore to the lineup . The following year , the band signed a deal with PolyGram , issuing a six-song EP , Shine , before going on to tour , supporting The Dogs D'Amour . Towards the end of the year , the band recorded their debut album , Apple , which was scheduled for release in 1990 .   Due to his struggle with drug addiction , Wood checked himself into rehab in 1989 , hoping to get clean for the release of Mother Love Bone 's debut album . On March 16 , 1990 , Wood was found in a comatose state by his girlfriend , Xana La Fuente , having overdosed on heroin . Wood was taken to the hospital and placed on life support . Wood 's condition had shown signs of improvement but he died three days later .

neg: Medical Respite Care Medical respite care , also referred to as recuperative care , is acute and post-acute medical care for homeless persons who are too ill or frail to recover from a physical illness or injury on the streets but are not ill enough to be in a hospital . Unlike `` respite '' for caregivers , `` medical respite '' is short-term residential care that allows homeless individuals the opportunity to rest in a safe environment while accessing medical care and other supportive services . Medical respite programs provide hospitals with an alternative to discharging homeless patients to the streets or to unequipped shelters when patients would otherwise be discharged to their homes for self-care and recuperation . In addition to providing post-acute care and clinical oversight , medical respite programs seek to improve transitional care for this population and end the cycle of homelessness by supporting patients in access benefits and housing .   As of 2014 , over 70 medical respite programs have been established across the United States and a number are in development . Medical respite programs are housed in a number of different facility types including homeless shelters , motel rooms , nursing facilities , assisted living facilities and stand-alone facilities . The largest facility is based out of Boston , Massachusetts ( United States ) , called the Barbara McIinnis House , which has 104 beds for men and women in need of a safe place to recuperate after leaving a hospital . The national average length of stay in medical respite programs is 40 days ( 30 days median ) .   Studies and discussion about medical respite care include works on an individual and program level . A study out of Chicago looking at the impact of medical respite care on future hospitalizations found that patients who accessed medical respite care required fewer hospital stays ( 3.7 vs. 8.3 days ) in the 12-months after program participation than those discharged from the hospital to the street or shelter . Another study out of Boston found similar results with homeless patients requiring 50 % fewer hospital readmissions in the 90-days following medical respite program participation than those released to their own care ( the street or shelter ) . Medical respite care has been discussed in the American Medical New Ethics Forum .   Medical respite care is listed as a strategy in the federal plan to prevent and end homelessness . The Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation is currently conducting a national demonstration program to assess the impact of medical respite care . The demonstration is supported by the Affordable Care Act as an effort to improve health outcomes and health care quality while reducing health care spending for this population .   The National Health Care for the Homeless Council maintains a Respite Care Providers ' Network of over 700 providers , consumers , and advocates who seek to improve access to medical respite care for homeless individuals across the country .

neg: Howard Andrew Howard Andrew ( born 1934 ) is an American poker player , best known for his success at the 1976 World Series of Poker ( WSOP ) . He has participated in the WSOP Main Event each year since 1974 , the longest such streak of any player .   Andrew won `` both The Horseshoe 's Businessmen 's and Preliminary Hold-Em tournaments in 1976 '' , earning him two bracelets in consecutive days . The 1978 WSOP Media Guide called him `` one of the World Series of Poker 's most formidable non-pros '' , an industrial engineer with `` a daredevil reputation '' . If an award were given out to the player who shoved all his chips to the center of the pot most often , he 'd probably win it . ''   Andrew has finished in the money in other events at the WSOP , including an 8th-place finish at the 1984 World Series of Poker main event , which earned him $ 26,400 , the same share won by 7th-place finisher Mike Allen and 9th-place finisher Rusty La Page .   As of 2015 , Andrew 's live tournament winnings exceed $ 1,450,000 .

neg: Jake Wood (baseball) Jacob `` Jake '' Wood Jr. ( born June 22 , 1937 ) is a former professional baseball player . He played seven seasons in Major League Baseball with the Detroit Tigers ( 1961 -- 1967 ) and the Cincinnati Reds ( 1967 ) , primarily as a second baseman . He threw and batted right-handed .   He was born in Elizabeth , New Jersey , the second oldest child and oldest son of nine children of Jacob , Sr. , and Roberta Wood . Jake grew up in an integrated neighborhood , learned to play stickball and baseball as a youth , and graduated from Thomas Jefferson High School in 1955 . He earned a scholarship to Delaware State University in Dover , Delaware , and he played one season of college ball .   Wood was signed as an amateur free agent by the Tigers in early 1957 . He attended Detroit 's minor league camp in Lakeland , Florida , worked his way up through the Tigers ' system , and batted more than .300 with five teams in the minors . Jake made his major league debut at age 23 on the Tigers ' season-opener on April 11 , 1961 , starting at second base and batting leadoff in a 9-5 home loss to the Cleveland Indians . Facing Indians pitcher Jim Perry for the fourth time in the game during the seventh inning , the hard-hitting Wood collected his first career hit in a big way with a two-run home run that scored Bobo Osborne .   Wood was the first African-American starter developed by Detroit 's organization , but when right-handed pitcher Jim Proctor debuted for Detroit on September 14 , 1959 , he became the first black player developed by the Tigers ' system .   Quiet , agile , and talented , Wood remained the Tigers ' starting second baseman from 1961 to 1963 . He was third in the American League in stolen bases in 1961 ( 30 ) , 1962 ( 24 ) , and 1963 ( 18 ) . During his rookie season in 1961 , Wood was also among the American League leaders in runs ( 96 ) , hits ( 171 ) , and games ( 162 ) . He led the AL in triples in 1961 with 14 and in strikeouts with 141 -- at the time , the record for most strikeouts in a season .   Wood injured a finger late July 1963 , and he missed the rest of the season . Starting in 1964 , after Detroit acquired veteran second baseman Jerry Lumpe , Wood was a utility infielder and backup second baseman . He remained a reserve for the rest of his career , for example , playing in 98 games and hitting .252 in 1966 . On June 23 , 1967 , during his seventh season with the Tigers , his contract was purchased by the Reds , for whom he played 16 games , with his final major league career appearance coming on August 11 , 1967 .   Jake ended his major league career with a .250 batting average with 35 home runs , 168 runs batted in and 70 stolen bases .   His brother , Richard Wood , played professional football from 1975 to 1984 with the New York Jets and Tampa Bay Buccaneers .   Jake lives in Pensacola , Florida where , as of 2012 , he continued to remain active , playing in over-70 softball leagues and tournaments as well as playing racquetball . He also mentors inmates at the Escambia County , Florida jail as part of the `` A Will and a Way '' ministry , and he participates in Tigers ' reunions , autograph shows , and fantasy camps as well as Negro Leagues events .   Wood is a member of the Union County , New Jersey Baseball Hall of Fame .

neg: Substance dependence Substance dependence also known as drug dependence is an adaptive state that develops from repeated drug administration , and which results in withdrawal upon cessation of drug use . A drug addiction , a distinct concept from substance dependence , is defined as compulsive , out-of-control drug use , despite negative consequences . An addictive drug is a drug which is both rewarding and reinforcing . ΔFosB , a gene transcription factor , is now known to be a critical component and common factor in the development of virtually all forms of behavioral addiction and drug addictions , but not dependence .   Within the framework of the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM-IV ) , substance dependence is redefined as a drug addiction , and can be diagnosed without the occurrence of a withdrawal syndrome . It is now described accordingly : `` When an individual persists in use of alcohol or other drugs despite problems related to use of the substance , substance dependence may be diagnosed . Compulsive and repetitive use may result in tolerance to the effect of the drug and withdrawal symptoms when use is reduced or stopped . This , along with Substance Abuse are considered Substance Use Disorders . ''

neg: Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew , later called simply Rehab with Dr. Drew , is a reality television show that aired on the cable network VH1 in which many of the episodes chronicle a group of well-known people as they are treated for alcohol and drug addiction by Dr. Drew Pinsky and his staff at the Pasadena Recovery Center in Pasadena , California . The first five seasons of the series , on which Pinsky also serves as executive producer , cast celebrities struggling with addiction , with the first season premiering on January 10 , 2008 , and the fifth airing in 2011 .   The sixth season , which filmed in early 2012 , featured non-celebrities as treatment subjects , and the series name shortened to Rehab with Dr. Drew . Season 6 premiered on September 16 , 2012 . In May 2013 , Pinsky announced that season six was the final season , explaining that he was tired of the criticism leveled at him after celebrities he treated had relapsed into addiction and died .

neg: Woodmen Hall (Stuart, Florida) Woodmen Hall is an historic 2-story wooden Woodmen of the World building located 217 SW Akron Avenue , corner of SW 3rd Street in Stuart , Martin County , Florida . It was built between 1913-1914 by local master carpenter Sam Matthews . Like many fraternal buildings built in the late 19th century and early 20th century , the ground floor was designed for commercial use , while the upper floor was designed for use as a meeting room for Pineapple Camp No. 150 , Woodmen of the World as well as community groups . Prominent members of Pineapple Camp include George W. Parks , who had a general store in what is now the Stuart Heritage Museum and in 2000 was added to the state 's list of Great Floridians . Early users of the first floor include H.A. Carlisle 's Feed Store . From the 1930s until 1959 , Southern Bell used the first floor as a business office , while the Stuart telephone exchange was located on the second floor . Recent uses have included a church ( the Treasure Coast Presbyterian Church ) and a coffee house and open mic music venue . One group performing in it even calls itself , Woodmen Hall . The building has been recently renovated through the efforts of Stuart Main Street . An elevator has been added . The double outside staircases on the eastern part of the south side have been reduced to one , while an outside staircase has been added on the north side toward Akron Avenue . The two large front windows differ from those shown in a 1925 photograph .  ''   In 1989 , Woodmen Hall was listed in A Guide to Florida 's Historic Architecture , published by the University of Florida Press .  '' Today the building of 3600 square feet ( 1800 square feet per floor ) is being advertised for lease in whole or by floor .

neg: Martin J. Levitt Martin J. Levitt ( 14 October 1944 -- 21 November 2004 ) was a supervisory trainer , union buster and a union organizer on and off over a 20-year period before 1987 when he reportedly changed direction . He went from anti union to anti managemant and founded Justice for Labor Foundation and later wrote about his career in his autobiography released in 1993 entitled Confessions of a Union Buster which he authored with Terry Conrow Toczynski . The book found success among labor unions due to the lurid details he outlined about union busting tactics he claims to have used . Levitt says he entered the field in 1969 `` as a young man with no particular feelings about unions but with a desire to use his considerable wits and smooth tongue to get ahead . '' Levitt claims to have been `` one of the multimillion-dollar industry 's best talents ... caught up in the money and intellectual pleasure of the pursuit . '' During his so-called reformed career he was known for holding seminars , newspaper articles and some national television interviews such as 60 minutes and the TODAY show .   In the book Levitt details his work history from an inexperienced consultant first hired by a former IBEW union organizer named John Sheridan who had earned his stripes as a disciple of Nathan Shefferman who wrote a guide to union busting . Levitt recalled during his interview that Sheridan 's 2nd in command Nick Sangalis did a background check and found `` one '' criminal skeleton in his closet : a conviction for receiving stolen property which , as detailed in his book , would become one of a long list of criminal convictions along with chronic alcoholism and mental illness for which the latter was diagnosed in 1977 . Levitt 's book details his addictions to money and alcohol and parallels he drew to his serial criminal history including forgeries , check fraud , insurance fraud , arson , abusive outbursts , rehab centers and prison with what he ofttimes claimed to be what caused his illegal union busting activities at some 200 </blockquote> organizations . His consulting career was atypical and went through upheavels until it culminated in what he terms was his `` awakening '' in 1987 when out of desperation he called the AFL-CIO offices in Washington DC and spoke to the publisher of the RUB sheet ( Report on Union Busters ) saying `` they had one less union buster to worry about '' . and soon thereafter he became a self-proclaimed authority on union busting . His critics believe he was a clever opportunist who found one more way to exploit labor unions as an end to his means .

neg: Sentencing Act of 1987 The Sentencing Act of 1987 ( Pub.L . 100-182 ) enacted some changes to the federal sentencing regime in the United States . The legislation amended to permit expressly departures based on circumstances of an exceptional `` kind '' or `` degree . '' The insertion of this new language was described by the manager of the House bill , Representative John Conyers , as `` clarifying '' in nature because it simply made explicit in the law that which was previously described in the Senate Committee Report as implicit and intended . There is evidence that under the new regime , sentences may not have increased as much as expected : although the average prison term for trial sentences increases post‐reforms , there is no systematic increase in the average length of the pleas .   Additionally , the law abolished parole for federal prisoners and created the United States Sentencing Commission . The commission makes the guidelines used by federal judges when sentencing people convicted of a federal crime .   The bill was introduced by Senator Joseph Biden on October 27 , 1987 . It was signed into law on December 7 , 1987 , by President Ronald Reagan .

neg: Sex and Love Addicts Anonymous Sex and Love Addicts Anonymous ( SLAA ) is a twelve-step program for people recovering from sex addiction and love addiction . SLAA was founded in Boston , Massachusetts in 1976 , by a member of Alcoholics Anonymous ( AA ) . Though he had been a member of AA for many years , he repeatedly acted out and was serially unfaithful to his wife . He founded SLAA as an attempt to stop his compulsive sexual and romantic behavior . SLAA is also sometimes known as the Augustine Fellowship , because early members saw many of their shared symptoms described by St. Augustine of Hippo in his work Confessions . COSLAA is another twelve-step fellowship created to support the family members and friends of sex and love addicts .   SLAA encourages members to identify their own `` bottom-line behaviors . '' The organization identifies these behaviors as `` any sexual or emotional act , no matter what its initial impulse may be , which leads to loss of control over rate , frequency , or duration of its occurrence or recurrence , resulting in spiritual , mental , physical , emotional , and moral destruction of oneself and others . '' Maintaining `` sobriety '' in the SLAA program requires abstaining from one 's bottom-line behaviors . However , these behaviors are never set in stone and may change as SLAA members continue in the program . Examples of bottom line behaviors might include sexual or romantic activity outside the scope of monogamous relationships , anonymous or casual sex , compulsive avoidance of intimacy or emotional attachment , one-night stands , compulsive masturbation , obsessive fantasy , compulsive attraction to unavailable or abusive partners , and a wide variety of addictive sexual , romantic , or avoidant behaviors .   Many of those practicing the SLAA recovery program develop the ability to engage in a healthy committed relationship . SLAA encourages recovery from sexual anorexia , emotional anorexia and social anorexia , three related areas of self-deprivation that lead to isolation and often accompany patterns of addictive behavior .   SLAA publishes the book Sex and Love Addicts Anonymous . It is approved by the organization for use in their fellowship . Feminist theorist Christine Saulnier criticized the SLAA book as fiercely defending individualization , that is dismissing the social and political circumstances under which sexual behaviors arise and are labeled deviant .

neg: Legality of cannabis The legality of cannabis varies from country to country . Possession of cannabis is illegal in most countries and has been since the beginning of widespread cannabis prohibition in the late 1930s . However , possession of the plant in small quantities has been decriminalized in many countries and sub-national entities in several parts of the world . For example , cannabis in Canada will be legal for recreational use if legislation is passed in spring 2017 . On 10 December 2013 , Uruguay became the first country in the world to legalize the sale , cultivation , and distribution of cannabis . Open sales are `` illegal , but not punishable '' , at `` coffeeshops '' in the Netherlands if certain rules are followed . In the United States , federal law prohibits possession or sale of marijuana for any purpose , but the Obama Administration refrained from prosecuting users and dealers operating in compliance with state ( see Legality of cannabis by U.S. jurisdiction ) , territory , and Indian reservation laws which permit medical or recreational marijuana .   The medicinal use of cannabis is legal in a number of countries , including Canada , the Czech Republic and Israel . Medical cannabis in the United States is legal in 29 states as of December 2016 .   Some countries have laws which are not as vigorously prosecuted as others , but apart from the countries which offer access to medical marijuana , most countries have penalties ranging from lenient to very severe . Some infractions are taken more seriously in some countries than others in regard to the cultivation , use , possession or transfer of cannabis for recreational use . A few jurisdictions have lessened penalties for possession of small quantities of cannabis , making it punishable by confiscation and a fine , rather than imprisonment . Some jurisdictions/drug courts use mandatory treatment programs for young or frequent users , with freedom from narcotic drugs as the goal and a few jurisdictions permit cannabis use for medicinal purposes . Routine drug tests to detect cannabis are most common in the United States , and have resulted in jail sentences and loss of employment even for medical use . In most European countries , privacy and labor laws prevent such testing for job applicants . Simple possession can carry long jail sentences in some countries , particularly in parts of East Asia and Southeast Asia , where the sale of cannabis may lead to life imprisonment or execution .

neg: Cornealious Michael Anderson III Cornealious Michael `` Mike '' Anderson III ( born c. 1977 ) was convicted of armed robbery in 2000 and sentenced to 13 years in the Missouri state prison system . Shortly after his conviction he was released on bail pending the outcome of an appeal of his conviction . In May 2002 , his appeal was rejected but , due to a clerical error , his bond was not revoked when a warrant was issued for his arrest . It was unclear why he was not arrested and imprisoned to serve his 13-year sentence , but , apparently due to clerical errors and miscommunication , the Missouri Department of Corrections thought he was already in prison . The error was only discovered when he was scheduled to be released from prison in 2013 . On July 25 , 2013 he was arrested and required to serve his 13-year sentence . The case stirred controversy when investigative articles were written by Jessica Lussenhop in the Riverfront Times newspaper and when his case was covered nationally in the United States in an episode of This American Life . By April 2014 , his case began receiving extensive national and international attention . These articles and episode raised the question of whether he should be returned to prison 13 years after his conviction especially since the victim of his crime did not believe he should be in prison . Anderson 's attorney filed several appeals and petitions for his release from prison , and on May 5 , 2014 Anderson was released from prison . In 2014 , he was arrested for another crime , but subsequent videotape evidence showed that he could not have committed the crime and charges were dropped with an apology by Circuit Attorney Jennifer M. Joyce .

neg: Assist (Scientology) The Scientology Assist is a procedure claimed to alleviate `` a present time -LSB- current -RSB- discomfort '' or bring a person who has recently died back to life .   Assists are claimed to address the spirit , the person themselves , in bringing about a speedier recovery from illness and injury . For this reason it is made very clear that Assists do not `` heal the body '' , it is the spirit that helps heal the body and that is what assists are actually addressing and there are many records where parishioners of the Church have attested to their effectiveness either receiving or administering them .   There are many different types of Assists that anyone can easily and swiftly learn to do at home for aiding recovery of all manner of illnesses , accidents and injuries and even domestic upsets , of any and all age groups including babies and even pets . There are also assists to , Scientologists believe , help make someone sober or recover from the loss of a loved one .   No drugs or medication is used . They are not intended to replace competent professional medical treatment , which is why they are correctly called ASSISTS and not `` medicine '' or `` healing '' . They are thought to assist the ill or injured person themselves to recover more swiftly in the way they were designed and prescribed , as well as in conjunction with competent professional medical treatment where necessary . Assists can and often are administered without any medical treatment necessary , but does not replace it when it is necessary .   Thousands of examples of miraculous results of Assists are claimed .   The Church and its founder have been accused of unauthorized `` healing '' or `` practicing medicine '' ( i.e. addressing the body ) with Assists , when internal publications within the Church on Assist procedure state this is not the case .   In the past , the Church of Scientology has received negative attention from law enforcement and regulatory agencies for practicing medicine without proper licensing . Thus , even though assists are intended to treat pain , injuries , and even death , modern Church of Scientology publications are careful to note that they are not intended to replace medicine , since it often goes against current scientific understanding of the subject and may result in direct conflict with the relevant authorities .   As the Scientology Handbook ( 1994 edition ) states , `` Medical examination and diagnosis should be sought where needed , and where treatment is routinely successful , medical treatment should be obtained . An assist is not a substitute for medical treatment and does not attempt to cure injuries requiring medical aid , but is complementary ( adds ) to it . '' </blockquote>

neg: Wood (song) `` Wood '' is a song by English post-trip hop band Second Person , which will be on the band 's second album : `` The Elements '' - the follow-up to their debut album `` Chromatography '' . Released on 9 August 2007 , this song has a music video created by a collaboration of artists , animators and the band . This video is the first chapter in a story spanning five videos that make up a short animated film also called `` The Elements '' . These video along with the album were created for `` believers '' in the band on Sellaband.com who helped the band raise $ 50,000 to record their album . These videos and songs can be download from their site .

neg: Periodic Review Board The Periodic Review Boards administrate a US `` administrative procedure '' for recommending whether certain individuals held in the Guantanamo Bay detention camps , in Cuba are safe to release or transfer , or whether they should continue to be held without charge .  The boards are authorized by and overseen by the Periodic Review Secretariat , which President Barack Obama set up with Executive Order 13567 on March 7 , 2011 .   Senior Civil Service officials from six agencies sit on the Board : the United States Department of Defense , Homeland Security , Justice and State , and the offices of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Director of National Intelligence . Each member has a veto over any recommendation . Although Obama authorized the Secretariat to conduct periodic reviews in early 2011 , the first review was not conducted until late 2013 .   On July 21 , 2013 , Carol Rosenberg , writing in the Miami Herald , reported that the announcement that the Boards would finally be convened followed a `` flurry of emails '' to the captives attorneys -- after years of delay . Rosenberg noted that the announcement from Norton C. Joerg , a former officer and senior lawyer with the United States Navy , came at the height of the most widespread Guantanamo hunger strike .   Individuals who have faced charges , become eligible to have their status reviewed by a Periodic Review Board , if the charges they faced are dropped . In 2013 , 24 new individuals who the Guantanamo Review Task Force had recommended should face charges , had those charges dropped , and became eligible for review , when appeals courts had overturned convictions for `` providing material support for terrorism '' .   During the second review , on January 28 , 2014 , that of Abdel Malik al Rahabi , nine reporters and four human rights workers were allowed to observe a video-link to the 19 minute unclassified portion of the hearing .  69 other individuals can expect to have their status reviewed .   Almost half of the individuals still at Guantanamo have already been cleared for release or transfer -- some as long ago as 2005 , so critics have questioned how meaningful it had been to clear Mahmud Abd Al Aziz Al Mujahid for release .   Under the Obama Administration , the Board examined 63 detainees , recommending 37 of those to be transferred .   Of the 693 total former detainees transferred out of Guantanamo , 30 % are suspected or confirmed to have reengaged in terrorist activity . Of those detainees that were transferred out under President Obama , 5.6 % are confirmed and 6.8 % are suspected of reengaging in terrorist activity .   The Board held its first hearing under President Donald Trump on February 9 , 2017 . Warning of the danger of recidivism , that same day eleven Republican Senators wrote a letter encouraging the President to immediately suspend the Board and to prohibit the transfer of any detainees .

neg: Fort Leonard Wood Fort Leonard Wood is a United States Army installation located in the Missouri Ozarks . The main gate is located on the southern boundary of St. Robert . The post was created in December 1940 and named in honor of General Leonard Wood ( former Chief of Staff ) in January 1941 . Originally intended to train infantry troops , in 1941 it became an engineer training post with the creation of the Engineer Replacement Training Center . During World War II Italian and German POWs were interned at the fort .  In 1984 , as part of the Base Realignment and Closure process , most of the U.S. Army Engineer School 's operations were consolidated at Fort Leonard Wood . Before that , officer training was conducted at Fort Belvoir Virginia .   In 1999 , again as part of the Base Realignment and Closure process , Fort McClellan , Alabama was closed , and the U.S. Army Chemical Corps and Military Police Corps schools were transferred to Fort Leonard Wood , which was concurrently redesignated the U.S. Army Maneuver Support Center .   In 2009 , the U.S. Army Maneuver Support Center was redesignated the U.S. Army Maneuver Support Center of Excellence ( MSCoE ) ; the `` center of excellence '' designation was placed on almost all U.S. Army training institutions .   The current commanding general is Major General Kent D. Savre and the command sergeant major is Command Sergeant Major Roy Ward .

neg: Steve Wood (footballer, born February 1963) Steve Wood ( born 2 February 1963 ) is an English former football defender .   Wood started his career as an apprentice at Arsenal but was then snapped up by Reading for whom he had eight successful years gaining promotion to the then first division . He then moved to Millwall , and finally onto Southampton . He had a brief spells at Oxford United and Woking in the latter part of his career then retired .   He now runs his own football agency business , www.midas-sports.com , where he looks after about 40 players including Chris Baird , Simon Church and Alex Pearce .

neg: Veterans' Land Board scandal The Veterans ' Land Board Scandal was a political scandal in Texas in that became public in 1954 .   The Texas Legislature enacted the Veterans ' Land Act in November 1946 . The measure called for issuing $ 25 million in bonds , the proceeds of which would be used by the state government to purchase land and resell it to veterans of World War II at 3 % interest on 40 year loans . In early 1951 another $ 75 million was appropriated by the state for this purpose . The only stipulations on the purchase was that the loan could not be for more than $ 7,500 and the tracts of land could not be less than 20 acres ( 80,000 m ² ) . A 5 % downpayment was required , and the land could not be resold for three years . The law allowed for `` block sales , '' whereby veterans could join together to buy the land . This was allowed because it would be difficult to buy 20 acres ( 80,000 m ² ) with only $ 7,500 .   The scandal was unveiled in November 1954 when reporter Roland Towery , then managing editor of the Cuero Record , published the results of his investigation of a tip that prominent Cuero-area businessmen were entertaining local Hispanic and African-American laborers , an unheard of thing in South Texas at this time . The businessmen were paying the laborers , who were veterans and mostly illiterate , to sign applications for the land grants and the businessmen would pocket the money . Many of the veterans who purchased land in block sales were not even aware that they had purchased land . In fact , many were led to believe that they were getting free land as part of a veteran entitlement program or else were receiving some type of veterans ' compensation from the state . When Towery asked Texas Veterans Land Board chairman ( and Texas General Land Office commissioner ) Bascom Giles about these irregularities , Giles denied involvement , attributing the irregularities to local land speculators . Struck by the fact that Giles had defended himself before even being accused of anything , Towrey ran with the story , accelerating an investigation begun the previous year by the state attorney general , John Ben Shepperd .   Fraud was soon discovered in nine south Texas counties , and numerous members of the General Land Office were charged with fraud and conspiracy to defraud veterans . Giles was imprisoned for his role in the scandal , and many others paid heavy fines for their crimes . Governor Allan Shivers and John Ben Sheppard , as ex officio members of the Veterans Land Board , were tainted by the scandal . Ralph Yarborough and his allies in the liberal wing of the Texas Democratic Party pointed to the scandal as an example of the kind of corruption that the conservative Shivercrats were willing to overlook .

neg: Grand Home Furnishings Grand Home Furnishings is a regional chain of furniture stores headquartered in Roanoke , Virginia , in the United States . As of May 2006 , Grand operates fourteen retail stores in Virginia , two in Tennessee , and two in West Virginia . Grand recently opened a retail store in the growing Smith Mountain Lake community of Franklin County , Virginia . Grand also has a warehouse furniture outlet in Roanoke . Grand 's stores and outlets are supplied by four distribution centers in Virginia and one in Tennessee .   The chain 's first location was opened in downtown Roanoke in 1910 under the name Grand Piano Company and specialized in pianos , other musical instruments and related merchandise . During the 1930s the company added furniture , radios , and phonographs . When purchased in 1945 by the Cartledge family , the name was changed to the Grand Piano and Furniture Company . In the 1950s , the chain began to expand outside of Roanoke into Southwest Virginia , the Shenandoah Valley , and eventually other states .   Grand Piano and Furniture continued to sell pianos well after the company 's focus had shifted to furniture . Grand eventually stopped selling pianos and assumed its current name , Grand Home Furnishings , in 1998 . Many in the Roanoke area still commonly refer to the chain as Grand Piano .   Grand may be best known for offering a cold , eight-ounce bottle of Coca-Cola to customers as they enter the store . The tradition began at a Lynchburg , Virginia store opening in 1953 and was soon adopted by the entire chain . Grand hands out over one million bottles of Coke per year .   Grand built a free standing location at Valley View Mall in 1991 . This new store would become the chain 's flagship in the Roanoke area after the closure of its landmark downtown Roanoke location in the late 1990s .   Grand has made NASCAR cross promotions a primary focus of its marketing efforts since the 1990s . The company was a sponsor of the Winston Cup Wood Brothers racing team based in Stuart , Virginia until 2004 , and its drivers and cars frequently made promotional appearance at the chain 's stores . Grand currently sponsors Kevin Wood 's No. 20 Grand Home Furnishings Ford in the NASCAR sanctioned Whelen All-American Series .   In December 2005 , industry newspaper Furniture Today ranked Grand Home Furnishings as the 58th largest furniture retailer in the US with annual sales of $ 111 million .   Distributions centers are located in Virginia and Tennessee .

neg: Woodpigeon (band) Woodpigeon are an indie pop collective founded in Calgary , Alberta , Canada . It is led by and performs the songs of Mark Andrew Hamilton . Woodpigeon have released six studio albums , and a number of EPs , and Hamilton has worked with over 75 collaborators both on record and in live performance . Live , Woodpigeon is often a solo project incorporating loops and layered vocals .   When asked about the band 's name , Hamilton explains : `` I 've always been in love with the word Woodpigeon for as long as I can remember . When you write it in cursive , it looks like a rollercoaster . ''   The band 's sound has been compared to Sufjan Stevens , Grizzly Bear , Talk Talk , Camera Obscura , Simon & Garfunkel , and Belle & Sebastian , amongst others . Band leader Mark Hamilton 's main lyrical influence is The Kinks .

neg: Goodfellas Goodfellas ( stylized as GoodFellas ) is a 1990 American crime film directed by Martin Scorsese . It is an adaptation of the 1986 non-fiction book Wiseguy by Nicholas Pileggi , who co-wrote the screenplay with Scorsese . The film narrates the rise and fall of mob associate Henry Hill and his friends over a period from 1955 to 1980 .   Scorsese initially named the film Wise Guy and postponed making it ; later , he and Pileggi changed the name to Goodfellas . To prepare for their roles in the film , Robert De Niro , Joe Pesci , and Ray Liotta often spoke with Pileggi , who shared research material left over from writing the book . According to Pesci , improvisation and ad-libbing came out of rehearsals wherein Scorsese gave the actors freedom to do whatever they wanted . The director made transcripts of these sessions , took the lines he liked best , and put them into a revised script , which the cast worked from during principal photography .   Made on a budget of $ 25 million , Goodfellas grossed $ 46.8 million . It received positive reviews from critics and was nominated for six Academy Awards , including Best Picture and Best Director , with Pesci winning Best Actor in a Supporting Role . The film won five awards from the British Academy of Film and Television Arts , including Best Film and Best Director . Additionally , Goodfellas was named the year 's best film by various critics ' groups .   Goodfellas is widely regarded as one of the greatest films in the crime genre . In 2000 , it was deemed `` culturally , historically , and aesthetically significant '' and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the United States Library of Congress . Its content and style have been emulated in numerous other films and television shows .


query: Ethiopia is located in Northern Africa.

pos: Ethiopia Ethiopia ( -LSB- ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə -RSB- ኢትዮጵያ , , ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ( የኢትዮጵያ ፌዴራላዊ ዲሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ , yeʾĪtiyoṗṗya Fēdēralawī Dēmokirasīyawī Rīpebilīk ) , is a country located in the Horn of Africa . It shares borders with Eritrea to the north and northeast , Djibouti and Somalia to the east , Sudan and South Sudan to the west , and Kenya to the south . With over 100 million inhabitants , Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world , as well as the second-most populous nation on the African continent after Nigeria . It occupies a total area of 1,100,000 km2 , and its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa .   Some of the oldest evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia . It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond . According to linguists , the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era . Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BC , Ethiopia was a monarchy for most of its history . During the first centuries AD , the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region , followed by the Ethiopian Empire circa 1137 . Ethiopia derived prestige with its uniquely successful military resistance during the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa , becoming the only African country to defeat a European colonial power and retain its sovereignty . Subsequently , many African nations adopted the colors of Ethiopia 's flag following their independence . It was the first independent African member of the 20th-century League of Nations and the United Nations . In 1974 , at the end of Haile Selassie 's reign , power fell to a communist military dictatorship known as the Derg , backed by the Soviet Union , until it was defeated by the Ethiopian People 's Revolutionary Democratic Front , which has ruled since about the time of the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 .   Ethiopia 's ancient Ge'ez script , also known as Ethiopic , is one of the oldest alphabets still in use in the world . The Ethiopian calendar , which is approximately seven years and three months behind the Gregorian calendar , co-exists alongside the Borana calendar . A majority of the population adheres to Christianity ( mainly the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church and P'ent ` ay ) , while around a third follows Islam ( primarily Sunni Islam ) . The country is the site of the Migration to Abyssinia and the oldest Muslim settlement in Africa at Negash . A substantial population of Ethiopian Jews , known as Bete Israel , resided in Ethiopia until the 1980s , but most of them have since emigrated to Israel . Ethiopia is a multilingual nation with around 80 ethnolinguistic groups , the four largest of which are the Oromiffa , Amhara , Somali , and Tigrayans . Most people in the country speak Afroasiatic languages of the Cushitic or Semitic branches . Additionally , Omotic languages are spoken by ethnic minority groups inhabiting the southern regions . Nilo-Saharan languages are also spoken by the nation 's Nilotic ethnic minorities .   Ethiopia is the place of origin for the coffee bean which originated from the place called Kefa ( which was one of the 14 provinces in the old Ethiopian administration ) . It is a land of natural contrasts , with its vast fertile West , jungles , and numerous rivers , and the world 's hottest settlement of Dallol in its north . The Ethiopian Highlands are Africa 's largest continuous mountain ranges , and Sof Omar Caves contain Africa 's largest cave . Ethiopia has the most UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Africa .   Ethiopia is one of the founding members of the UN , the Group of 24 ( G-24 ) , the Non-Aligned Movement , G-77 and the Organisation of African Unity . Ethiopia 's capital city Addis Ababa serves as the headquarters of the African Union , the Pan African Chamber of Commerce and Industry , the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa , African Aviation Training HQ , the African Standby Force , and many of the global NGOs focused on Africa . In the 1970s and 1980s , Ethiopia suffered from civil wars and communist purges which devastated its economy . The country has begun to recover recently however , and now has the largest economy ( by GDP ) in East Africa and Central Africa . According to Global Fire Power , Ethiopia has the 42nd most powerful military in the world , and the third most powerful in Africa .

pos: Horn of Africa The Horn of Africa ( Geeska Afrika , Gaaffaa Afriikaa , የአፍሪካ ቀንድ yäafrika qänd , القرن الأفريقي al-qarn al - ` afrīqī , ቀርኒ ኣፍሪቃ ) ( shortened to HOA ) is a peninsula in Northeast Africa . It juts hundreds of kilometers into the Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean , lying along the southern side of the Gulf of Aden . The area is the easternmost projection of the African continent . The Horn of Africa denotes the region containing the countries of Djibouti , Eritrea , Ethiopia , and Somalia .   It covers approximately 2,000,000 km2 ( 770,000 sq mi ) and is inhabited by roughly 115 million people ( Ethiopia : 96.6 million , Somalia : 12.3 million , Eritrea : 6.4 million , and Djibouti : 0.81 million ) . Regional studies on the Horn of Africa are carried out , among others , in the fields of Ethiopian Studies as well as Somali Studies .

neg: Awi people The Awi people are an ethnic group in Ethiopia , and are grouped as one of the Agaw people . The Awis live in Agew Awi Zone in Central Gojjam , and have a few communities in the Metekel Zone of the Benishangul-Gumuz Region .

neg: Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa is , geographically , the area of the continent of Africa that lies south of the Sahara . According to the UN , it consists of all African countries that are fully or partially located south of the Sahara . It contrasts with North Africa , whose territories are part of the League of Arab states within the Arab world . Somalia , Djibouti , Comoros and Mauritania are geographically in Sub-Saharan Africa , but are likewise Arab states and part of the Arab world .   The Sahel is the transitional zone between the Sahara and the tropical savanna ( the Sudan region ) and forest-savanna mosaic to the south .   Since probably 3500 BCE , the Saharan and Sub-Saharan regions of Africa have been separated by the extremely harsh climate of the sparsely populated Sahara , forming an effective barrier interrupted by only the Nile in Sudan , though the Nile was blocked by the river 's cataracts . The Sahara pump theory explains how flora and fauna ( including Homo sapiens ) left Africa to penetrate the Middle East and beyond . African pluvial periods are associated with a `` wet Sahara '' phase during which larger lakes and more rivers existed .   The use of the term has been criticized because it refers to the South only by cartography conventions and projects a connotation of inferiority ; a vestige of colonialism , which some say , divided Africa into European terms of homogeneity .

neg: Bure (disputed zone) Bure is a small disputed area on the border between Eritrea and Ethiopia , about 50 mi west of Asseb with a latitude and a longitude of . Eritrea considers Bure to be a part of its Southern Red Sea Zone , while Ethiopia considers Bure part of Administrative Zone 1 of its Afar Region . This area lies across the important Awash-Asseb highway , which in the past has been an important trucking route .   Bure fell under Eritrean control after several weeks of fighting in May -- June 1998 . Eritrea said that Ethiopia had started an offensive at Bure by dropping bombs on the front-lines on 14 February 1999 . The fighting in the area continued through the Eritrean-Ethiopian War , with each side claiming it had inflicted heavy casualties on the other , until they agreed to a cease-fire .   The Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission determined in 2002 that the Bure lay on the Ethiopian side of the border . Relations between Eritrea and Ethiopia soured in November 2005 , when 20 Ethiopian soldiers occupied a portion of this area for several days . After peace-keeping troops from United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea intervened , the Ethiopian troops withdrew .

neg: Trade unions in Ethiopia The trade unions of Ethiopia have a total membership of approximately 300,000 . Over 203,000 are members of the Confederation of Ethiopian Trade Unions ( CETU ) .   Ethiopia has also ratified ILO conventions 29 ( in 2003 ) , 87 ( 1963 ) , 98 ( 1963 ) , 100 ( 1999 ) , 105 ( 1999 ) , 111 ( 1966 ) , 138 ( 1999 ) , and 182 ( 2003 ) .

neg: Kale Heywet Word of Life Church Kale Heywet ( Word of Life ) Church ( KHC ) is the largest evangelical denomination in Ethiopia . Started in the early 1920s by pioneering Serving In Mission , formerly , Sudan Interior Mission , ( SIM ) missionaries , Kale Heywet Church thrived in the south-central and south-western corners of the country during the five-year Italian occupation in the 1930s .   Dr. Thomas Alexander Lambie ( 1885-1954 ) is one of the prominent of early missionaries towards the establishment of the KHC . His entry and stay for some seven years and re-entry with a group of the first batch of SIM missionaries into the country , his fast friendship with the commoner as well as the high-level officials , including the emperor himself , his brave commitment even to relinquish his birth citizenship to be an Ethiopian in order to get the right to buy and retain land titles and build mission stations with less bureaucracy , is a story in its own right . Articles such as this one and his books testify to his life and ministry . In the first decade of the missionary endeavor the mission itself was known locally as `` Lambie 's Mahber '' - Lambie 's association .   The first missionaries had initially planned a trip into the western part of Ethiopia , but after prayer felt they were being led to the South Central area . The early missionary work was concentrated among the Welayta , Kambaata , and Sidama peoples , which are the three most densely populated awrajas ( regions ) in Ethiopia . This area was , as fertile spiritually as it is geographically . At Dembi Dollo Lambie worked with an Ethiopian evangelist named Gidada Solon .   The few missionaries that entered the country had all to exit the country during the country 's invasion by the Italians . They left a handful of believers with the translation of portions of Scriptures and the Gospel of Mark . What the missionaries found when they came back after the five-year occupation of the country was astounding . The handful believers were multiplied by thousands and the fledgling congregation was very strong . The price of planting this church in Ethiopia was at a very great cost , even cost of the lives of three of the earliest missionaries . Nearly 100 missionaries toiled hard for about ten years before they left the country during the invasion . The Italians were not friendly to the Orthodox Church and treated the new Evangelical believers very harshly .   Changed lives were very evident among the converts who had followed the animist way of life . The congregations that grew in the absence of the church planting missionaries was n't lacking anything . In fact , their unprecedented absence was a boon in a way as it gave birth to a church with an indigenous local texture . The devotion of the believers was pure and their worship biblical as well as culture-sensitive . Returning missionaries , aside from church planting in unreached areas , provided needed biblical and theological teachings to the growing church . It was this unwavering commitment to the teaching of the Word of God , that kept KHC healthy and strong .   Kale Heywet Church grew and matured in its primal years not without persecution and challenges . The long established and state supported Ethiopian Orthodox Church tried from long before not to permit missionaries into the country . What crystallized this was the church 's unfortunate experience with the Jesuit missionaries some four centuries earlier . The missionaries were limited in their effort to preach the good news . The nationals were tried and imprisoned .   It was thus that Kale Heywet Church , numerically by far the largest Evangelical denomination , was started and developed . In the seventy years of its history the church has witnessed not a few ups and downs . In the 1950s together with like denominations of the Baptist Church and the Church of Christ , the Yewongel Amagnotch Andnet Mahber ( Gospel Believers ' Fellowship ? ) was established . This body served as the voice of the Evangelical believers in Ethiopia for no less than three decades .   Currently KHC has about or more than 7,774 local congregation and estimated 6,7 million members and adherents . Its 300 + intermediate and higher level Bible Schools , 3 ministers ' training centers , 1 theological college , and 1 seminary ( a consortium ) teach and equip tens of thousands and graduate thousands each year . The multi-faceted ministries of KHC include Evangelism , theological training , Women 's ministry , Youth ministry , Children 's ministry and Children 's Centre , Missions , Urban and Rural Integrated ministries , and diverse training ministries .   The Head Office of Kale Heywet Church is located south of Mexico Square , near the Africa Union Head Office .

neg: Hadar, Ethiopia Hadar ( also spelled Adda Da'ar ; Afar `` treaty -LSB- ahdi -RSB- stream -LSB- d'ar -RSB- '' ) is a village in Ethiopia , on the southern edge of the Afar Triangle . The village is known for the nearby archaeological digs which have yielded some well-known hominin fossils .   According to Jon Kalb , early maps show caravan routes passing within 10 or 15 kilometers of Hadar but not through it . The British explorer L.M. Nesbitt passed 15 kilometres west of Hadar in 1928 .

neg: Politics of Ethiopia The politics of Ethiopia arise from the way the government of Ethiopia is structured as well as socioeconomic factors .

neg: Water conflict between Ethiopia and Kenya The water conflict between Ethiopia and Kenya is a development dispute due to the receding water resource along the border between Ethiopia and Kenya .

neg: Ethiopia–Japan relations Ethiopia -- Japan relations are the international relations between Ethiopia and Japan . Both were nations with an ancient history which successfully repulsed European military advances to dominate them , Ethiopia at the Battle of Adwa , and Japan at the Battle of Tsushima , and as a result both nations considered each other potential allies prior to World War II .

neg: Ethiopia–Serbia relations Ethiopia -- Serbia relations are bilateral ties between Ethiopia and Serbia . Since the time of former Yugoslavia , relations between the two nations have been warm . Both Ethiopia and Serbia are majority Orthodox Christian nations . Ethiopia is one of Serbia 's strongest advocates in Africa when it comes to their position on the recognition of Kosovo .

neg: Alitena Alitena ( Ge'ez : ዓሊተና ) is a town in northern Ethiopia , located in the Misraqawi ( Eastern ) Zone of the Tigray Region . Alitena was the administrative center of Irob woreda until Dawhan was made the new center in 2003 .

neg: Juba Conference (1947) The Juba Conference was a June 1947 meeting attended by British and Sudanese delegates in the city of Juba , then regional capital of Equatoria Province in South Sudan ( and today the national capital of South Sudan ) .   Britain organised the conference to combine northern and southern Sudan into one political entity . Until then , the two sectors were essentially treated by the British as two separate colonies because of ethnic , religious and cultural differences . Northern Sudan was heavily Arabized and had a fairly well-structured political and economic infrastructure . Northerners practiced Islam and were relatively well-educated . Southern Sudan was mainly composed of various Nilotic tribes who practiced a mixture of Christian and traditional beliefs . Economically , it did not possess the organization of northern Sudan .   The Juba Conference agreed that northern and southern Sudan would constitute one state and that a Legislative Assembly would represent the entire colony . However , southern Sudanese representatives had several reservations about the resolutions , largely because they were in an inferior position in regards to their region 's lack of educational and political experience .   Their apprehension was realised when 800 administrative posts were vacated by the British in preparation for Sudanese `` self-rule '' ; only four of the government posts went to Southerners . In discussions to determine the future of the modern state of Sudan , the southern provinces were largely excluded from the political process .   This disparity lead to the First and Second Sudanese Civil Wars , eventually resulting , in 2011 , in the Southern provinces becoming an independent state , the Republic of South Sudan .

neg: Oromo Liberation Front The Oromo Liberation Front ( Adda Bilisummaa Oromoo abbreviated ABO ; English abbreviation OLF ) is an organisation established in 1973 by Oromo nationalists to promote self-determination for the Oromo people against `` Abyssinian colonial rule '' . It was the culmination of over 70 years of uncoordinated resistance by Oromos against what they see as Amhara hegemony as well as oppression and suppression of the Oromo people and their culture . It has been outlawed and labelled a terrorist organisation by the Ethiopian government . The OLF has offices in Asmara ( military base ) , Washington , D.C. and Berlin from where it operates Amharic and Afan Oromo radio stations .

neg: List of companies of Tanzania Tanzania is a large country in Eastern Africa within the African Great Lakes region . Parts of the country are in Southern Africa . It is bordered by Kenya and Uganda to the north ; Rwanda , Burundi , and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west ; Zambia , Malawi , and Mozambique to the south ; and by the Indian Ocean to the east . Kilimanjaro , Africa 's highest mountain , is in northeastern Tanzania .   The country has the second largest economy in the East African Community and the twelfth largest in Africa . It is largely dependent on agriculture for employment , accounting for about half of the employed workforce . An estimated 34 percent of Tanzanians currently live in poverty . The economy has been transitioning from a command economy to a market economy since 1985 . Although total GDP has increased since these reforms began , GDP per capita dropped sharply at first , and only exceeded the pre-transition figure in around 2007 .

neg: Ethiopian movement The Ethiopian Movement is a religious movement that began in southern Africa towards the end of the 19th century , when two groups broke away from the Anglican and Methodist churches . One of the main reasons for breaking away was that the parent denominations were perceived to be too much under white control , with not enough scope being given to African leadership .   The Ethiopian movement was based on their interpretation of a Biblical passage ( Psalm 68:31 ) : `` Ethiopia shall soon stretch forth its hands unto God '' ( in the original Hebrew , actually כוש Cush ) .   The term was later given a much wider interpretation by Bengt Sundkler , whose book Bantu prophets in South Africa was the first comprehensive study of African Independent Churches ( AICs ) .

neg: Mekelle University Mekelle University ( abbreviated as MU ) is a higher education and training public institution located in the city of Mekelle , situated in the northern Tigray Regional State of Ethiopia . It is 783 kilometers north of Addis Ababa , the country 's capital .

neg: Ale (woreda) Ale is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia . Part of the Illubabor Zone , Ale is bordered on the south by the Southern Nations , Nationalities and Peoples Region , on the west by Nono , on the northwest by Bure , and on the northeast by Metu . Towns in Ale include Ale , Gore and Leka . Didu woreda was part of Ale woreda .   Rivers in Ale include the Moro Kala and Waffa , both part of the drainage area of the Baro . High points include Mount Sidi .   Coffee is an important cash crop of this woreda . Over 50 square kilometers is planted with this crop .

neg: Ethiopian Democratic Party The Ethiopian Democratic Party is a political party in Ethiopia . The result of no less than five mergers of liberal and conservative liberal opposition parties , it can trace its roots to the Ethiopian Democratic Union , which mounted armed monarchist resistance to the Derg in the immediate aftermath of the overthrow of Haile Selassie I.In the legislative elections held on 15 May 2005 , the United Ethiopian Democratic Party - Medhin , as it was then known , was part of the United Ethiopian Democratic Forces , that won 52 out of 527 seats in the Council of People 's Representatives . It won no seats in the 2010 elections .

neg: List of conflicts in Ethiopia This is a list of conflicts in Ethiopia arranged chronologically from medieval to modern times . This list includes both nation-wide and international types of war , including ( but not limited to ) the following : wars of independence , liberation wars , colonial wars , undeclared wars , proxy wars , territorial disputes , and world wars . Also listed might be any battle that occurred within the territory of what is today known as the , `` Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia '' but was itself only part of a operation of a campaign of a theater of a war . There may also be periods of violent civil unrest listed , such as : riots , shootouts , spree killings , massacres , terrorist attacks , and civil wars . The list might also contain episodes of : human sacrifice , mass suicide , massacres , and genocides .

neg: List of companies based in Eritrea Eritrea , officially the State of Eritrea , is a country in the Horn of Africa . The economy of Eritrea has experienced considerable growth in recent years , indicated by an improvement in Gross domestic product ( GDP ) in October 2012 of 7.5 percent over 2011 . However , worker remittances from abroad are estimated to account for 32 percent of gross domestic product . Eritrea has an extensive amount of resources such as copper , gold , granite , marble , and potash . The Eritrean economy has undergone extreme changes due to the War of Independence . In 2011 , Eritrea 's GDP grew by 8.7 percent making it one of the fastest growing economies in the world . The Economist Intelligence Unit ( EIU ) expects it to maintain a high growth rate of 8.5 percent in 2013 .


query: Archimedes did not work in mathematics.

pos: Archimedes )  | death_place = Syracuse , SicilyMagna Graecia  | field =  | known_for =  -RCB- -RCB-  Archimedes of Syracuse ( -LSB- ˌɑːkɪˈmiːdiːz -RSB- Ἀρχιμήδης ) was a Greek mathematician , physicist , engineer , inventor , and astronomer . Although few details of his life are known , he is regarded as one of the leading scientists in classical antiquity . Generally considered the greatest mathematician of antiquity and one of the greatest of all time , Archimedes anticipated modern calculus and analysis by applying concepts of infinitesimals and the method of exhaustion to derive and rigorously prove a range of geometrical theorems , including the area of a circle , the surface area and volume of a sphere , and the area under a parabola .   Other mathematical achievements include deriving an accurate approximation of pi , defining and investigating the spiral bearing his name , and creating a system using exponentiation for expressing very large numbers . He was also one of the first to apply mathematics to physical phenomena , founding hydrostatics and statics , including an explanation of the principle of the lever . He is credited with designing innovative machines , such as his screw pump , compound pulleys , and defensive war machines to protect his native Syracuse from invasion .   Archimedes died during the Siege of Syracuse when he was killed by a Roman soldier despite orders that he should not be harmed . Cicero describes visiting the tomb of Archimedes , which was surmounted by a sphere and a cylinder , which Archimedes had requested to be placed on his tomb , representing his mathematical discoveries .   Unlike his inventions , the mathematical writings of Archimedes were little known in antiquity . Mathematicians from Alexandria read and quoted him , but the first comprehensive compilation was not made until by Isidore of Miletus in Byzantine Constantinople , while commentaries on the works of Archimedes written by Eutocius in the sixth century AD opened them to wider readership for the first time . The relatively few copies of Archimedes ' written work that survived through the Middle Ages were an influential source of ideas for scientists during the Renaissance , while the discovery in 1906 of previously unknown works by Archimedes in the Archimedes Palimpsest has provided new insights into how he obtained mathematical results .

neg: Isaac Newton in popular culture Isaac Newton was an English scientist , mathematician , natural philosopher , theologian and one of the most influential scientists in human history . His Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica , published in 1687 , is considered to be one of the most influential book in the history of science , laying the groundwork for most of classical mechanics . In this work , Newton described universal gravitation and the three laws of motion which dominated the scientific view of the physical universe for the next three centuries . In mathematics , Newton shares the credit with Gottfried Leibniz for the development of the differential and integral calculus .   Because of the resounding impact of his work , Newton became a scientific icon , much like Albert Einstein after his theory of relativity . Many books , plays , and films focus on Newton or use Newton as a literary device . Newton 's stature among scientists remains at the very top rank , as demonstrated by a 2005 survey of scientists in Britain 's Royal Society ( formerly headed by Newton ) asking who had the greater effect on the history of science , Newton or Albert Einstein . Newton was deemed the more influential . In 1999 , leading physicists voted Einstein `` greatest physicist ever ; '' Newton was the runner-up .

neg: Greek language Greek ( Modern Greek : ελληνικά -LSB- eliniˈka -RSB- , elliniká , `` Greek '' , ελληνική γλώσσα -LSB- eliniˈci ˈɣlosa -RSB- , ellinikí glóssa , `` Greek language '' ) is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages , native to Greece and other parts of the Eastern Mediterranean . It has the longest documented history of any living language , spanning 34 centuries of written records . Its writing system has been the Greek alphabet for the major part of its history ; other systems , such as Linear B and the Cypriot syllabary , were used previously . The alphabet arose from the Phoenician script and was in turn the basis of the Latin , Cyrillic , Armenian , Coptic , Gothic and many other writing systems .   The Greek language holds an important place in the history of the Western world and Christianity ; the canon of ancient Greek literature includes seminal works in the Western canon such as the epic poems Iliad and Odyssey . Greek is also the language in which many of the foundational texts in science , especially astronomy , mathematics and logic , and Western philosophy , such as the Platonic dialogues and the works of Aristotle , are composed ; the New Testament of the Christian Bible was written in Koiné Greek . Together with the Latin texts and traditions of the Roman world , the study of the Greek texts and society of antiquity constitutes the discipline of Classics .   During antiquity , Greek was a widely spoken lingua franca in the Mediterranean world and many places beyond . It would eventually become the official parlance of the Byzantine Empire and develop into Medieval Greek . In its modern form , the Greek language is the official language in two countries , Greece and Cyprus , a recognised minority language in seven other countries , and is one of the 24 official languages of the European Union . The language is spoken by at least 13.2 million people today in Greece , Cyprus , Italy , Albania , Turkey , and the Greek diaspora .   Greek roots are often used to coin new words for other languages ; Greek and Latin are the predominant sources of international scientific vocabulary .

neg: Engineer Engineers are people who design , construct , and maintain structures , materials and systems while considering the limitations imposed by practicality , regulation , safety , and cost . The word engineer ( Latin ingeniator ) is derived from the Latin words ingeniare ( `` to contrive , devise '' ) and ingenium ( `` cleverness '' ) . The foundation education of an engineer is typically a 4-year bachelor 's degree or in some countries , a master 's degree in an engineering discipline plus 4 -- 6 years peer-reviewed professional practice culminating in a project report or thesis .   The work of engineers forms the link between scientific discoveries and their subsequent applications to human and business needs and quality of life .

neg: On Spirals On Spirals is a treatise by Archimedes , written around 225 BC . Although Archimedes did not discover the Archimedean spiral , he employed it in this book to square the circle and trisect an angle .

neg: Albert Girard Albert Girard ( -LSB- alˈbɛʁ ʒiˈʁaʁ -RSB- ) ( 1595 in Saint-Mihiel , France − 8 December 1632 in Leiden ) was a French-born mathematician . He studied at the University of Leiden . He `` had early thoughts on the fundamental theorem of algebra '' and gave the inductive definition for the Fibonacci numbers .  He was the first to use the abbreviations ` sin ' , ` cos ' and ` tan ' for the trigonometric functions in a treatise . Girard was the first to state , in 1625 , that each prime of the form 1 mod 4 is the sum of two squares . ( See Fermat 's theorem on sums of two squares . ) It was said that he was quiet-natured and , unlike most mathematicians , did not keep a journal for his personal life .   In the opinion of Charles Hutton , Girard was  ... the first person who understood the general doctrine of the formation of the coefficients of the powers from the sum of the roots and their products . He was the first who discovered the rules for summing the powers of the roots of any equation .  This had previously been given by François Viète for positive roots , and is today called Viète 's formulas , but Viète did not give these for general roots .   In his paper , Funkhouser locates the work of Girard in the history of the study of equations using symmetric functions . In his work on the theory of equations , Lagrange cited Girard . Still later , in the nineteenth century , this work eventuated in the creation of group theory by Cauchy , Galois and others .   Girard also showed how the area of a spherical triangle depends on its interior angles . The result is called Girard 's theorem . He also was a lutenist and mentioned having written a treatise on music , though this was never published .

neg: Scientific theory A scientific theory is an explanation of some aspect of the natural world that can , in accordance with the scientific method , be repeatedly tested , using a predefined protocol of observations and experiments . Established scientific theories have withstood rigorous scrutiny and are a comprehensive form of scientific knowledge .   It is important to note that the definition of a `` scientific theory '' ( often ambiguously contracted to `` theory '' for the sake of brevity , including in this page ) as used in the disciplines of science is significantly different from the common vernacular usage of the word `` theory '' . Per NAS 2008 : `` The formal scientific definition of theory is quite different from the everyday meaning of the word . It refers to a comprehensive explanation of some aspect of nature that is supported by a vast body of evidence . '' In everyday non-scientific speech , `` theory '' can imply that something is an unsubstantiated and speculative guess , conjecture , idea , or , hypothesis ; such a usage is the opposite of the word `` theory '' in science . These different usages are comparable to the differing , and often opposing , usages of the term `` prediction '' in science versus `` prediction '' in vernacular speech , denoting a mere hope .   The strength of a scientific theory is related to the diversity of phenomena it can explain . As additional scientific evidence is gathered , a scientific theory may be rejected or modified if it does not fit the new empirical findings ; in such circumstances , a more accurate theory is then desired . In certain cases , the less-accurate unmodified scientific theory can still be treated as a theory if it is useful ( due to its sheer simplicity ) as an approximation under specific conditions ( e.g. , Newton 's laws of motion as an approximation to special relativity at velocities that are small relative to the speed of light ) .   Scientific theories are testable and make falsifiable predictions . They describe the causal elements responsible for a particular natural phenomenon , and are used to explain and predict aspects of the physical universe or specific areas of inquiry ( e.g. , electricity , chemistry , astronomy ) . Scientists use theories as a foundation to gain further scientific knowledge , as well as to accomplish goals such as inventing technology or curing disease .   As with other forms of scientific knowledge , scientific theories are both deductive and inductive in nature and aim for predictive power and explanatory capability .   Paleontologist , evolutionary biologist , and science historian Stephen Jay Gould said , `` ... facts and theories are different things , not rungs in a hierarchy of increasing certainty . Facts are the world ′ s data . Theories are structures of ideas that explain and interpret facts . ''

neg: Pseudorationalism Pseudorationalism was the label given by economist and philosopher Otto Neurath to a school of thought that he was heavily critical of , throughout many of his writings but primarily in his 1913 paper `` The lost wanderers of Descartes and the auxiliary motive '' and later to a lesser extent in his 1935 `` Pseudorationalismus der Falsifikation '' , a review of and attack on Popper 's first book , Logik der Forschung ( The Logic of Scientific Discovery ) , contrasting this approach with his own view of what rationalism should properly be . Neurath aimed his criticism at a Cartesian belief that all actions can be subject to rational analysis , saying that   Neurath considered that `` pseudo-rationalists '' , be they philosophers or scientists , made the mistake of assuming that a complete rational system could be devised for the laws of nature . He argued rather that no system could be complete , being based upon an picture of reality that could only ever be incomplete and imperfect . Pseudo-rationalism , in Neurath 's view , was a refusal or simple inability to face up to the limits of rationality and reason . `` Rationalism '' , he wrote , `` sees its chief triumph in the clear recognition of the limits of actual insight . '' . Whereas a pseudorationalist acknowledges no such limits , but rather contents that all decisions can be subject to the rules of insight . Scientific method is , according to Neurath , pseudorationalist where it contends that the rules for the scientific method will always lead ever closer to the truth .   Neurath further challenged Cartesian `` pseudorationalism '' by asserting that operating upon incomplete data was in fact the norm , where Cartesian thinking would have it be the rare exception . Rather than there being one , final , rational answer to any given problem , Neurath asserted that scientific endeavour required a continuing and never ending series of choices , made so in part because of the ambiguity of language .

neg: Geodetic astronomy Geodetic astronomy or astro-geodesy is the application of astronomical methods into networks and technical projects of geodesy .   The most important topics are :  Establishment of geodetic datum systems ( e.g. ED50 ) or at expeditions  apparent places of stars , and their proper motions  precise astronomical navigation  astro-geodetic geoid determination  modelling the rock densities of the topography and of geological layers in the subsurface  Satellite geodesy using the background of stars  Monitoring of the Earth rotation and polar wandering  Contribution to the time system of physics and geosciences   Important measuring techniques are :  Latitude and longitude determination by theodolites , tacheometers , astrolabes or zenith cameras  time and star positions by observation of star transits , e.g. by meridian circles ( visual , photographic or CCD )  Azimuth measurements  for the exact orientation of geodetic networks  for mutual transformations between terrestrial and space methods  for improved accuracy by means of `` Laplace points '' at special fixed points  Vertical deflection measurements and their use  in geoid determination  in mathematical reduction of very precise networks  for geophysical and geological purposes ( see above )  Modern spatial methods  VLBI with radio sources ( quasars )  Astrometry of stars by scanning satellites like Hipparcos or the future Gaia .   The accuracy of these methods depends on the instrument and its spectral wavelength , the measuring or scanning method , the time amount ( versus economy ) , the atmospheric situation , the stability of the surface resp . the satellite , on mechanical and temperature effects to the instrument , on the experience and skill of the observer , and on the accuracy of the physical-mathematical models .   Therefore the accuracy reaches from 60 '' ( navigation , ~ 1 mile ) to 0,001 '' and better ( a few cm ; satellites , VLBI ) , e.g. :  angles ( vertical deflections and azimuths ) ± 1 '' up to 0,1 ''  geoid determination & height systems ca. 5 cm up to 0,2 cm  astronomical lat/long and star positions ± 1 '' up to 0,01 ''  HIPPARCOS star positions ± 0,001 ''  VLBI quasar positions and Earth 's rotation poles 0,001 to 0,0001 '' ( cm ... mm )

neg: Epimenides Epimenides of Knossos ( Crete ) ( -LSB- ɛpᵻˈmɛnᵻdiːz -RSB- Ἐπιμενίδης ) was a semi-mythical 7th or 6th century BC Greek seer and philosopher-poet .

neg: List of disproved mathematical ideas In mathematics , ideas are supposedly not accepted as fact until they have been rigorously proved . However , there have been some ideas that were fairly accepted in the past but which were subsequently shown to be false . This article is meant to serve as a repository for compiling a list of such ideas .   The idea of the Pythagoreans that all numbers can be expressed as a ratio of two whole numbers . This was disproved by one of Pythagoras ' own disciples , Hippasus , who showed that the square root of two is what we today call an irrational number . One story claims that he was thrown off the ship in which he and some other Pythagoreans were sailing because his discovery was too heretical .  Fermat conjectured that all numbers of the form ( what we call Fermat numbers ) were prime . This , however , was disproved by Euler .  The idea that transcendental numbers were unusual . Disproved by Georg Cantor who showed that there are so many transcendental numbers that it is impossible to make a one-to-one mapping between them and the algebraic numbers . In other words , the cardinality of the set of transcendentals ( denoted ) is greater than that of the set of algebraic numbers .  Bernhard Riemann , at the end of his famous 1859 paper `` On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude '' , stated ( based on his results ) that the logarithmic integral gives a somewhat too high estimate of the prime-counting function . The evidence also seemed to indicate this . However , in 1914 J. E. Littlewood proved that this was not always the case , and in fact it is now known that the first x for which occurs somewhere before 10317 . See Skewes ' number for more detail .  Naïvely it might be expected that a continuous function must have a derivative or else that the set of points where it is not differentiable should be `` small '' in some sense . This was disproved in 1872 by Karl Weierstrass , using earlier found examples of functions that were continuous but nowhere differentiable ( see Weierstrass function ) . According to Weierstrass in his paper , earlier mathematicians including Gauss had often assumed that such functions did not exist .  It was conjectured in 1919 by George Pólya , based on the evidence , that most numbers less than any particular limit have an odd number of prime factors . However , this Pólya conjecture was disproved in 1958 . It turns out that for some values of the limit ( such as values a bit more than 906 million ) , most numbers less than the limit have an even number of prime factors .  Erik Christopher Zeeman tried for 7 years to prove that one can not untie a knot on a 4-sphere . Then one day he decided to try to prove the opposite , and succeeded in a few hours .  A `` theorem '' of Jan-Erik Roos in 1961 stated that in an -LSB- AB4 * -RSB- abelian category , lim1 vanishes on Mittag-Leffler sequences . This `` theorem '' was used by many people since then , but it was disproved by counterexample in 2002 by Amnon Neeman .

neg: Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy is a book by Bertrand Russell , published in 1919 , written in part to exposit in a less technical way the main ideas of his and Whitehead 's Principia Mathematica ( 1910 -- 1913 ) , including the theory of descriptions .   Mathematics and logic , historically speaking , have been entirely distinct studies . Mathematics has been connected with science , logic with Greek . But both have developed in modern times : logic has become more mathematical and mathematics has become more logical . The consequence is that it has now become wholly impossible to draw a line between the two ; in fact , the two are one . They differ as boy and man : logic is the youth of mathematics and mathematics is the manhood of logic . This view is resented by logicians who , having spent their time in the study of classical texts , are incapable of following a piece of symbolic reasoning , and by mathematicians who have learnt a technique without troubling to inquire into its meaning or justification . Both types are now fortunately growing rarer . So much of modern mathematical work is obviously on the border-line of logic , so much of modern logic is symbolic and formal , that the very close relationship of logic and mathematics has become obvious to every instructed student . The proof of their identity is , of course , a matter of detail : starting with premises which would be universally admitted to belong to logic , and arriving by deduction at results which as obviously belong to mathematics , we find that there is no point at which a sharp line can be drawn , with logic to the left and mathematics to the right . If there are still those who do not admit the identity of logic and mathematics , we may challenge them to indicate at what point , in the successive definitions and deductions of Principia Mathematica , they consider that logic ends and mathematics begins . It will then be obvious that any answer must be quite arbitrary . ( Russell 1919 , 194 -- 195 ) .

neg: Mechanics Mechanics ( Greek μηχανική ) is an area of science concerned with the behaviour of physical bodies when subjected to forces or displacements , and the subsequent effects of the bodies on their environment .  The scientific discipline has its origins in Ancient Greece with the writings of Aristotle and Archimedes ( see History of classical mechanics and Timeline of classical mechanics ) . During the early modern period , scientists such as Khayaam , Galileo , Kepler , and Newton , laid the foundation for what is now known as classical mechanics .  It is a branch of classical physics that deals with particles that are either at rest or are moving with velocities significantly less than the speed of light .  It can also be defined as a branch of science which deals with the motion of and forces on objects .

neg: Archimedean spiral The Archimedean spiral ( also known as the arithmetic spiral ) is a spiral named after the 3rd century BC Greek mathematician Archimedes . It is the locus of points corresponding to the locations over time of a point moving away from a fixed point with a constant speed along a line which rotates with constant angular velocity . Equivalently , in polar coordinates ( r , θ ) it can be described by the equation   with real numbers a and b. Changing the parameter a will turn the spiral , while b controls the distance between successive turnings .   Archimedes described such a spiral in his book On Spirals .

neg: Zoltán Pál Dienes Zoltán Pál Dienes ( anglicized as Zoltan Paul Dienes ) ( June 21 , 1916 -- January 11 , 2014 ) was a Hungarian mathematician whose ideas on education ( especially of small children ) have been popular in some countries .  He was a world-famous theorist and tireless practitioner of the `` new mathematics '' : an approach to mathematics learning that uses games , songs , and dance to make it more appealing to children .   Dienes 's life and ideas are described in his autobiography , Memoirs of a Maverick Mathematician ( ISBN 1844261921 ) , and his book of mathematical games , I Will Tell You Algebra Stories You 've Never Heard Before ( ISBN 1844261913 ) . He has also published a book of poetry , Calls from the Past ( ISBN 1844261905 ) .   His later life contributions have been chronicled by Bharath Sriraman in The Mathematics Enthusiast .

neg: Discourse on Metaphysics The Discourse on Metaphysics ( Discours de métaphysique , 1686 ) is a short treatise by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in which he develops a philosophy concerning physical substance , motion and resistance of bodies , and God 's role within the universe . It is one of the few texts presenting in a consistent form the earlier philosophy of Leibniz .   The Discourse is closely connected to the epistolary discussion which he carried with Antoine Arnauld . However Leibniz refrained from sending the full text and it remained unpublished until the mid 19th century . Arnauld received only an abridged version in 37 points which resumed whole paragraphs and steered their discussion .   The metaphysical considerations proceed from God to the substantial world and back to the spiritual realm . The starting point for the work is the conception of God as an absolutely perfect being ( I ) , that God is good but goodness exists independently of God ( a rejection of divine command theory ) ( II ) , and that God has created the world in an ordered and perfect fashion ( III -- VII ) .   At the time of its writing Discourse made the controversial claim That the opinions of ... scholastic philosophers are not to be wholly despised ( XI ) . Early work in modern philosophy during the 17th century were based on a rejection of many of the precepts of medieval philosophy . Leibniz saw the failures of scholasticism merely as one of rigor . -LSB- If -RSB- some careful and meditative mind were to take the trouble to clarify and direct their thoughts in the manner of analytic geometers , he would find a great treasure of important truths , wholly demonstrable .   Leibniz claimed that God 's omnipotence was in no way impugned by the thought of evil , but was rather solidified . He endorsed the view that God chose the best of all possible worlds . In other words , Leibniz believed this world ( or reality ) to be the best there possibly could be -- taking all facts into account , no better world could be imagined , even if we believed that we could think of something more perfect .   Leibniz 's conception of physical substance is expanded upon in The Monadology .

neg: Archimedes (bryozoan) Archimedes is a genus of bryozoans belonging to the family Fenestellidae . The first use of the term `` Archimedes '' in relation to this genus was in 1838 .

neg: Theoretical astronomy Theoretical astronomy is the use of the analytical models of physics and chemistry to describe astronomical objects and astronomical phenomena .   Ptolemy 's Almagest , although a brilliant treatise on theoretical astronomy combined with a practical handbook for computation , nevertheless includes many compromises to reconcile discordant observations . Theoretical astronomy is usually assumed to have begun with Johannes Kepler ( 1571 -- 1630 ) , and Kepler 's laws . It is co-equal with observation . The general history of astronomy deals with the history of the descriptive and theoretical astronomy of the Solar System , from the late sixteenth century to the end of the nineteenth century . The major categories of works on the history of modern astronomy include general histories , national and institutional histories , instrumentation , descriptive astronomy , theoretical astronomy , positional astronomy , and astrophysics . Astronomy was early to adopt computational techniques to model stellar and galactic formation and celestial mechanics . From the point of view of theoretical astronomy , not only must the mathematical expression be reasonably accurate but it should preferably exist in a form which is amenable to further mathematical analysis when used in specific problems . Most of theoretical astronomy uses Newtonian theory of gravitation , considering that the effects of general relativity are weak for most celestial objects . The obvious fact is that theoretical astronomy can not ( and does not try ) to predict the position , size and temperature of every star in the heavens . Theoretical astronomy by and large has concentrated upon analyzing the apparently complex but periodic motions of celestial objects .

neg: Herodes Atticus Herodes Atticus ( Ἡρῴδης ὁ Ἀττικός , Hērōidēs ho Attikos ; 177 ) , or Atticus Herodes , was a distinguished and rich Greek aristocrat and sophist who served as a Roman senator . Appointed consul at Rome in 143 , he was the first Greek to hold the rank of consul ordinarius , as opposed to consul suffectus . In Latin , his full name was given as Lucius Vibullius Hipparchus Tiberius Claudius Atticus Herodes . According to Philostratus , Herodes Atticus was a notable proponent of the Second Sophistic . M.I. Finley described Herodes Atticus as `` patron of the arts and letters ( and himself a writer and scholar of importance ) , public benefactor on an imperial scale , not only in Athens but elsewhere in Greece and Asia Minor , holder of many important posts , friend and kinsman of emperors . ''

neg: On the Equilibrium of Planes On the Equilibrium of Planes is a treatise by Archimedes in two volumes . The first book establishes the law of the lever , and locates the centre of gravity of the triangle and the trapezoid . According to Pappus of Alexandria , Archimedes ' work on levers caused him to remark : `` Give me a place to stand on , and I will move the Earth . '' . The second book , which contains ten propositions , examines the centres of gravity of parabolic segments .

neg: Euclid's Optics Euclid 's Optics , is a work on the geometry of vision written by the Greek mathematician Euclid around 300 BC . The earliest surviving manuscript of Optics is in Greek and dates from the 10th century AD .   The work deals almost entirely with the geometry of vision , with little reference to either the physical or psychological aspects of sight . No Western scientist had previously given such mathematical attention to vision . Euclid 's Optics influenced the work of later Greek , Islamic , and Western European Renaissance scientists and artists .