query: Jessica Chastain made her Broadway debut in 1987.

pos: Jessica Chastain Jessica Michelle Chastain ( born March 24 , 1977 ) is an American actress and film producer . Born in Carmichael , California , and raised in Sacramento , Chastain developed an interest in acting from a young age . In 1998 , she made her professional stage debut as Shakespeare 's Juliet . After studying acting at the Juilliard School , she was signed to a talent holding deal with the television producer John Wells . She was a recurring guest star in several television shows , including Law & Order : Trial by Jury . She also took on roles in the stage productions of Anton Chekhov 's play The Cherry Orchard in 2004 and Oscar Wilde 's tragedy Salome in 2006 .   Chastain made her film debut in the drama Jolene ( 2008 ) , and gained wide recognition in 2011 for starring roles in half a dozen films , including the dramas Take Shelter and The Tree of Life . Her performance as an aspiring socialite in The Help earned her an Academy Award nomination . In 2012 , she won a Golden Globe Award and received a second Oscar nomination for playing a CIA agent in the thriller Zero Dark Thirty . Chastain made her Broadway debut in a revival of The Heiress in the same year . Her highest-grossing releases came with the science fiction films Interstellar ( 2014 ) and The Martian ( 2015 ) , as she continued to draw praise for her performances in the dramas The Disappearance of Eleanor Rigby ( 2013 ) , A Most Violent Year ( 2014 ) , and Miss Sloane ( 2016 ) .   Chastain 's accolades include two Academy Award and British Academy Film Award nominations . She is known to prepare extensively for her roles . Chastain is the founder of the production company Freckle Films , which was created to promote diversity in film . She is vocal about social issues such as gender and racial equality , and mental health . Time magazine named her one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2012 .

pos: The Heiress (1947 play) The Heiress is a 1947 play by American playwrights Ruth and Augustus Goetz adapted from the 1880 Henry James novel Washington Square .

neg: Theatre Tulsa Theatre Tulsa , Inc. is a community theatre company in Tulsa , Oklahoma , USA .   Theatre Tulsa , the longest running community theatre west of the Mississippi and seventh in the nation , has had a prosperous but sometimes difficult history . The theatre has survived multiple wars , fires , and economic depressions . Theatre Tulsa started as a small community theatre that played shows in a tent , and grew to the largest community theatre in the nation in the 1970s , followed by years of decline and a recent re-invigoration that includes the new creation of a Broadway Series main stage season , a Next Stage series season composed of new works , and a Family Series season for children , families , and arts education programming .   Tulsa Little Theatre was incorporated December . 10 , 1922 by Mrs. Bonnie Reed and Mrs. Hope Holway . Despite the Great Depression , the group managed to raise money to build a theater which was christened with a performance of The Cradle Song in February 1932 . Two years later , the group incorporated as Tulsa Little Theatre . Struggling through the next few years , the theater survived a threatened bank foreclosure in 1935 after a number of donors stepped in , and in 1940 the theater paid off its mortgage . During World War II , it produced shows for military camps and veterans ' hospitals . Tulsa Little Little Theatre prospered , and by 1959 was the largest non-professional theater company in the country . In 1964 , its membership was 8,000 strong . By 1972 it had the largest community theater membership in the nation and had counted 1.5 million members over the past 50 years . In 1974 Tulsa Little Theatre changed its name to Theatre Tulsa , Inc. . Theatre Tulsa remains active today producing 10 productions a year that include modern and classic dramas , comedies , and musicals .   Theatre Tulsa has had many firsts ; it was the first community theater in the country to premiere Our Town ( 1939 ) and All My Sons ( 1947 ) ; the musical Brownstone ( 1985 ) ; `` Miracle on 34th Street : A Musical Adaptation '' ( a 1993 original musical written for Theatre Tulsa ) ; `` I Love You , You 're Perfect , Now Change '' ( 2003 ) ; and the first American production of Pitmen Painters ( 2011 ) . Theatre Tulsa 's production of Forever Plaid sold out more than 400 shows in 1995 and 1996 . Some noted performers , including Jeanne Tripplehorn , Kristin Chenoweth and Sam Harris , received their first stage experience with Theatre Tulsa .

neg: Light Opera of Manhattan Light Opera of Manhattan , known as LOOM , was an Off-Broadway repertory theatre company that produced light operas , including the works of Gilbert and Sullivan and European and American operettas , 52 weeks per year , in New York City between 1968 and 1989 .   Founded by William Mount-Burke , LOOM 's first long-term home was in the Jan Hus theatre from the late 1960s to 1975 , where it succeeded another small light opera company , the American Savoyards . At the Jan Hus , LOOM performed predominantly the Savoy operas of Gilbert and Sullivan , such as The Pirates of Penzance , The Mikado and H.M.S. Pinafore . Led by conductor-director Mount-Burke , principal comedian Raymond Allen and choreographer/stage manager Jerry Gotham , the company mentored many young actors and singers who went on to careers on Broadway or elsewhere in theatre or music .   In 1975 , the company moved across the street to a legitimate Off-Broadway theatre , the Eastside Playhouse . There it expanded its repertoire beyond Gilbert and Sullivan to American and continental operettas , such as those of Victor Herbert , Rudolph Friml , Franz Lehár , Sigmund Romberg , Jacques Offenbach and Johann Strauss II . LOOM was often featured on WQXR radio .   By 1979 , diabetes had blinded William Mount-Burke , but he continued to conduct and even to direct new productions . The company remained strong until 1984 , when Mount-Burke died and the company 's playhouse was closed and subsequently demolished . After this , led by Allen and Gotham , with music director Todd Ellison , the company played in a series of theatres around New York that challenged its ability to keep its Upper East Side audience , and it was forced constantly to raise funds . In 1986 , the company closed , opening for its final seasons from 1987 to 1989 .

neg: 68th Tony Awards The 68th Annual Tony Awards were held June 8 , 2014 , to recognize achievement in Broadway productions during the 2013 -- 14 season . The ceremony was held at Radio City Music Hall in New York City , and was televised live on CBS . Hugh Jackman was the host , his fourth time hosting . The 15 musical Tony Awards went to seven different musicals , and six plays shared the 11 play Tony Awards .   The nominations were announced on April 29 , 2014 by Jonathan Groff and Lucy Liu . Audra McDonald won the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play . In just her ninth Broadway engagement , McDonald established two records as the first actor to win six Tony Awards for acting and the first to win in all four categories , lead and featured in both a play and a musical . In its seventh Broadway incarnation , The Glass Menagerie won its first Tony Award ( Lighting Design ) .   Aladdin 's win made it the fourth franchise to complete EGOT status .

neg: Theatre World Theatre World is the only ( first published in 1945 ) , comprehensive , annual pictorial and statistical record of American theatre in print publication , including Broadway , Off-Broadway , Off-Off-Broadway , and regional theatre , as well as a complete national theatrical awards section and obituaries . Including over 750 photographs , it is the definitive pictorial and statistical reference to each American theatrical season , and is referenced daily by industry professionals , students , historians , and theatre fans worldwide .   Until 1998 , the Theatre World editorial staff administered the Theatre World Awards for Outstanding Broadway and off-Broadway debuts . First under the supervision of Theatre World founder Daniel Blum and then under John Willis , who took over the production of the Awards following Blum 's death in 1964 , the Theatre World Awards were first given to those recipients considered `` Promising Personalities . '' In 1998 , the Theatre World Awards were incorporated as a 501 ( c ) 3 nonprofit organization and are currently overseen by a board of directors independent of `` Theatre World . ''   Theatre World is the recipient of a 2001 Tony Honor for Excellence in Theatre , presented by the American Theatre Wing , and on behalf of the publication , longtime editor-in-chief John Willis ( 1916-2010 ) accepted honors including the first Special Lucille Lortel Award , a Special Drama Desk Award , and the Broadway Theatre Institute ( now The Theatre Museum ) Lifetime Achievement Award .   Theatre World is published annually by Theatre World Media and distributed by Applause Theatre and Cinema Books . The permanent editorial staff currently consists of Ben Hodges , editor in chief , and coeditor Scott Denny . Current editorial staff includes Adam Feldman of Time Out New York ( Broadway ) , Linda Buchwald TDF Stages ( Off-Broadway ) , Shay Gines New York Innovative Theatre Awards ( Off-Off-Broadway ) , and Diep Tran American Theatre Magazine ( Regional theatre ) .

neg: Claudia Shear Claudia Shear ( born September 12 , 1962 ) is an American actress and playwright . She was nominated for the Tony Award , Best Play and Best Actress for her play Dirty Blonde .

neg: York Theatre York Theatre is an Off-Broadway theatre company base in East Midtown Manhattan , New York City . In its 48th year , York Theatre is dedicated to the production of new musicals and concert productions of forgotten musicals from the past . Each season consists of three or four mainstage productions , six or more concert presentations and dozens of developmental readings . It has had several transfers of its work to larger off-Broadway theatres and to Broadway . The company was awarded a special Drama Desk Award in 1996 to its artistic director Janet Hayes Walker and in 2006 for its `` vital contributions to theater by developing and presenting new musicals '' .   Since 1993 the company has performed in an intimate theatre that is part of St. Peter 's Church , in the Citigroup Center Complex at 619 Lexington Avenue at the corner of East 54th Street .   The Oscar Hammerstein Award  is named in honor of the legendary lyricist and librettist who helped shape American musical theatre through his collaborations with a number of different composers and writers . The award was created in 1988 by Janet Hayes Walker , the Founding Artistic Director of The York Theatre Company , and is presented with the endorsement of the Rodgers & Hammerstein Organization and the Hammerstein family . The Oscar Hammerstein Award Gala is the major annual fundraising event of The York , a mainstay of the Off-Broadway scene for more than 45 years .   Past recipients include Stephen Sondheim , Betty Comden & Adolph Green , Harold Prince , Cy Coleman , Charles Strouse , Arthur Laurents , Jerry Herman , Stephen Schwartz , Peter Stone , David Merrick , John Kander & Fred Ebb , Terrence McNally , Sir Cameron Mackintosh , Carol Channing , Tony Walton , Joseph Stein , Thomas Meehan , Jerry Bock and Sheldon Harnick , Barbara Cook , Paul Gemignani , Lynn Ahrens & Stephen Flaherty . In November , 2015 , the 24th Oscar Hammerstein Award was presented to Angela Lansbury in a star-studded tribute evening .

neg: By Jeeves By Jeeves , originally Jeeves , is a 1975 musical by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Alan Ayckbourn , based on the novels of P. G. Wodehouse .   Jeeves is the original 1975 version , which opened on 22 April 1975 and closed on 24 May after 38 performances at Her Majesty 's Theatre , London . It is regarded as Andrew Lloyd Webber 's only real flop . By Jeeves is the rewritten 1996 version , which opened 1 May 1996 in London and due to success was extended to February 1997 , through three theatres . It premiered in the U.S. in 1996 and on Broadway in 2001 .

neg: Sydmonton Festival The Sydmonton Festival is a summer arts festival presented in a deconsecrated 16th century chapel on the grounds of Sydmonton Court , the country estate of Andrew Lloyd Webber 's . It is in Hampshire , located approximately 85 kilometres southwest of London , and was established in September 1975 . Its purpose is to introduce new works to a private audience of individuals connected with theatre , television , and film in order to determine their future potential and viable commercialism .   Among the Lloyd Webber projects to receive their first public performances at the festival are Evita , Variations , Tell Me on a Sunday , Cats , Starlight Express , Aspects of Love , The Phantom of the Opera , Sunset Boulevard , Whistle Down the Wind , By Jeeves , The Beautiful Game , The Woman in White , The Likes of Us , and Love Never Dies . His Cricket received its second performance here .   Other projects to debut here include Nunc Dimittis , Masquerade , and Tomorrow Shall Be My Dancing Day by Rod Argent , Cafe Puccini by Robin Ray , Girlfriends by Howard Goodall and Richard Curtis , Love Songs by Charles Hart , La Bête by David Hirson , Yosopv by Kit Hesketh-Harvey and James McConnel , and Address Unknown by Kathrine Kressman Taylor .

neg: I Can Get It for You Wholesale I Can Get It for You Wholesale is a musical , produced by David Merrick , music and lyrics by Harold Rome , and book by Jerome Weidman , based on his 1937 novel of the same title . It marked the Broadway debut of 19-year-old Barbra Streisand , who was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical . The story is set in the New York City Garment District in 1937 , during the Great Depression , and the songs utilize traditional Jewish harmonies evocative of the setting and the period of the show .

neg: Nick & Nora Nick & Nora is a musical with a book by Arthur Laurents , lyrics by Richard Maltby , Jr. , and music by Charles Strouse .   The plot involves witty and urbane high society couple Nick and Nora Charles , characters created by Dashiell Hammett in his novel The Thin Man , which inspired six films , a radio show , and a television series . In this version , the two are attempting to solve the murder of a bookkeeper on a film production in Hollywood . Crucially , the musical departs from the formula of previous incarnations , defined by the chemistry between Nick and Nora , by creating a subplot of marital woes and tensions between them .   The show had a brief run of nine performances on Broadway in 1991 , and was remounted for the first and only time by San Francisco 's 42nd Street Moon in April 2015 .

neg: Theatre of Australia Theatre of Australia refers to the history of the performing arts in Australia , or produced by Australians . There are theatrical and dramatic aspects to a number of Indigenous Australian ceremonies such as the corroboree . During its colonial period , Australian theatrical arts were generally linked to the broader traditions of English literature and to British and Irish theatre . Australian literature and theatrical artists ( including Aboriginal as well as Anglo-Celtic and multicultural migrant Australians ) have over the last two centuries introduced the culture of Australia and the character of a new continent to the world stage .   Individuals who have contributed to theatre in Australia and internationally include Sir Robert Helpmann , Dame Joan Sutherland , Barry Humphries , David Williamson , Cate Blanchett , Geoffrey Rush , Judy Davis , Jim Sharman , Tim Minchin and Baz Luhrmann . Notable theatrical institutions include the Sydney Opera House , and the National Institute of Dramatic Art in Sydney .

neg: A Chorus of Disapproval (play) A Chorus of Disapproval is a 1984 play written by English playwright Alan Ayckbourn .

neg: No Strings No Strings is a musical drama with a book by Samuel A. Taylor and words and music by Richard Rodgers , his only Broadway score for which he wrote both lyrics and music , and the first musical he composed after the death of his long-time collaborator Oscar Hammerstein II . The musical opened on Broadway in 1962 and ran for 580 performances . It received the nomination for Tony Award , Best Musical .

neg: Theatre Guild The Theatre Guild is a theatrical society founded in New York City in 1918 by Lawrence Langner , Philip Moeller , Helen Westley and Theresa Helburn . Langner 's wife , Armina Marshall , then served as a co-director . It evolved out of the work of the Washington Square Players .   Its original purpose was to produce non-commercial works by American and foreign playwrights . It differed from other theaters at the time in that its board of directors shared the responsibility of choosing plays , management , and production . The Theatre Guild contributed greatly to the success of Broadway from the 1920s throughout the 1970s .   The Guild has produced a total of 228 plays on Broadway , including 18 by George Bernard Shaw and seven by Eugene O'Neill . Other major playwrights introduced to theatre-going Americans include Robert E. Sherwood , Maxwell Anderson , Sidney Howard , William Saroyan , and Philip Barry . In the field of musical theatre , the Guild has promoted works by Richard Rodgers , teamed with both Lorenz Hart and Oscar Hammerstein II , George and Ira Gershwin , Jule Styne , and Meredith Willson , all of which have become classics . Under President John F. Kennedy , the Guild was engaged to assemble a U.S. theatre company , headed by Helen Hayes , to tour the capitals of Europe and South America with works by Tennessee Williams , Thornton Wilder , and William Gibson .   In 1968 , the Guild became involved in the travel field by taking 25 of its subscribers to European capitals to see plays . In 1975 , it instituted its Theatre At Sea program with a 17-day cruise aboard the Rotterdam with Hayes and Cyril Ritchard . Since then they have hosted more than thirty cruises , each with seven or eight performers . Among them have been Alan Arkin , Zoe Caldwell , Anne Jackson , Cherry Jones , Richard Kiley , Eartha Kitt , Patricia Neal , Lynn Redgrave , Gena Rowlands , Jean Stapleton , Eli Wallach , and Lee Roy Reams , who served as the program 's resident director .   The last Broadway play produced by The Theatre Guild was State Fair in 1996 .

neg: Starmites Starmites is a musical with music and lyrics by Barry Keating and a book by Stuart Ross and Barry Keating . It was first presented in 1980 Off-Off-Broadway by the Ark Theatre Company . It opened off-Broadway in 1987 and on-Broadway on April 27 , 1989 , where it ran for 60 performances . It received six Tony Award nominations , including Best Musical , winning none .   The story revolves around a shy teenager , Elenor , who creates a fantasy world involving science fiction characters in her comic book collection . She escapes into her fantasy world where the Starmites are the guardian angels of Innerspace .

neg: Knickerbocker Theatre (Broadway) The Knickerbocker Theatre , previously known as Abbey 's Theatre and Henry Abbey 's Theatre , was a Broadway theatre located at 1396 Broadway ( West 38th Street ) in New York City . It operated from 1893 to 1930 . In 1906 , the theatre introduced the first moving electrical sign on Broadway to advertise its productions .

neg: Jack O'Diamonds Jack O'Diamonds is a musical play with music by Noel Gay and book and lyrics by Clifford Grey and H.F. Maltby . It opened at London 's Gaiety Theatre on 25 February 1935 .   The New York Times reported that it opened to good notices and that its American star , Zelma O'Neal `` scored a triumph '' . One critic said of her pairing with co-star Reginald Purdell : `` The spirit with which these two combine lends life and a touch of originality to the whole production '' .

neg: Laurence Olivier Award for Best Performance in a Supporting Role in a Musical The Laurence Olivier Award for Best Performance in a Supporting Role in a Musical is an annual award presented by The Society of London Theatre in recognition of achievements in commercial British theatre . The awards were established as the Society of West End Theatre Awards in 1976 , and , renamed in 1984 in honour of English actor Lord Olivier . The Olivier Awards are the most prestigious theatrical awards in the United Kingdom and are the UK equivalent of the Tony Awards .   Until 2015 , the Olivier Awards did not honour supporting musical performances separately and was therefore a unisex category , honouring both male and female actors . Starting with the 2015 ceremony , the awards have been separated into Best Actor in a Supporting Role in a Musical and Best Actress in a Supporting Role in a Musical

neg: Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play The Tony Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role in a Play is an honor presented at the Tony Awards , a ceremony established in 1947 as the Antoinette Perry Awards for Excellence in Theatre , to actors for quality leading roles in a Broadway play . The awards are named after Antoinette Perry , an American actress who died in 1946 . Honors in several categories are presented at the ceremony annually by the Tony Award Productions , a joint venture of The Broadway League and the American Theatre Wing , to `` honor the best performances and stage productions of the previous year . '' Despite the award first being presented in 1947 , there were no nominees announced until 1956 .

neg: New Girl in Town New Girl in Town is a musical with a book by George Abbott and music and lyrics by Bob Merrill based on Eugene O'Neill 's 1921 gloomy play Anna Christie , about a prostitute who tries to live down her past . New Girl , unlike O'Neill 's play , focuses on the jealousy of the character Marthy and on love 's ability to conquer all . The musical ends far more hopefully than the play .   The Broadway production opened on May 4 , 1957 at the 46th Street Theatre , where it ran for 431 performances . The show was written as a star vehicle for Gwen Verdon , who had just had a hit with Damn Yankees and won raves for her portrayal of Anna , a role that showed off her acting , singing and dancing abilities to maximum effect . Composer Bob Merrill was at the beginning of a string of 1960s successes . New Girl in Town , produced by Frederick Brisson , Robert E. Griffith and Harold S. Prince , was well received by both critics and audiences . Verdon and co-star Thelma Ritter shared the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical , and the show received three other Tony nominations , including the Best Musical and best choreography for Bob Fosse .


query: University of Oxford is in the world.

pos: University of Oxford The University of Oxford ( informally Oxford University or simply Oxford ) is a collegiate research university located in Oxford , England . It has no known date of foundation , but there is evidence of teaching as far back as 1096 , making it the oldest university in the English-speaking world and the world 's second-oldest university in continuous operation . It is one of the world 's most prestigious universities . It grew rapidly from 1167 when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris . After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209 , some academics fled north-east to Cambridge where they established what became the University of Cambridge . The two `` ancient universities '' are frequently jointly referred to as `` Oxbridge '' .   The university is made up of a variety of institutions , including 38 constituent colleges and a full range of academic departments which are organised into four divisions . All the colleges are self-governing institutions within the university , each controlling its own membership and with its own internal structure and activities . Being a city university , it does not have a main campus ; instead , its buildings and facilities are scattered throughout the city centre . Most undergraduate teaching at Oxford is organised around weekly tutorials at the colleges and halls , supported by classes , lectures and laboratory work provided by university faculties and departments .   Oxford is the home of the Rhodes Scholarship , one of the world 's oldest and most prestigious scholarships , which has brought graduate students to study at the university for more than a century . The university operates the world 's oldest university museum , as well as the largest university press in the world and the largest academic library system in Britain . Oxford has educated many notable alumni , including 28 Nobel laureates , 27 Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom , and many heads of state and government around the world .

neg: Worcester College, Oxford Worcester College -LSB- ˈwʊstər -RSB- is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England . The college was founded in 1714 by the benefaction of Sir Thomas Cookes , a Worcestershire baronet , with the college gaining its name from the county of Worcestershire . Its predecessor , Gloucester College , had been an institution of learning on the same site since the late 13th century until the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1539 .   , Worcester had a financial endowment of # 16.7 million .   Notable alumni of the college include the media mogul Rupert Murdoch , television producer and screenwriter Russell T Davies , US Supreme Court justice Elena Kagan , actress Emma Watson and novelist Richard Adams .

neg: List of University of Oxford people This page serves as a central navigational point for lists of more than 2,350 members of the University of Oxford , divided into relevant groupings for ease of use . The vast majority were students at the university , although they did not necessarily take a degree ; others have held fellowships at one of the university 's colleges ; many fall into both categories . This page does not include people whose only connection with the university consists in the award of an honorary degree or an honorary fellowship .   The list has been divided into categories indicating the field of activity in which people have become well known . Many of the university 's alumni/ae , or old members , as they are more traditionally known , have attained a level of distinction in more than one field . These appear only in the category with which it is felt they are most often associated , or in which they have been more recently involved . Hence Jeffrey Archer ( Brasenose ) , a novelist , is listed as a life peer ; Imran Khan ( Keble ) , a former captain of the Pakistani cricket team , is listed as a Pakistani politician . Some academic disciplines are more difficult to define than others . In particular , many theologians , lawyers , and sociologists work in areas that might be thought to be encompassed by philosophy .   Oxonians ( a term for members , students or alumni of the university derived from its Latin name , Academia Oxoniensis ) have included two British kings and at least twelve monarchs of ten other sovereign states , twenty-five British prime ministers , and thirty-five presidents and prime ministers of nineteen other countries . there are six Oxonians in the Cabinet of the United Kingdom and two in the Shadow Cabinet .   The university lays claim to twelve saints , ten blesseds , an antipope , eighteen cardinals , and eighty-nine archbishops ( including thirty-two of Canterbury and twenty-two of York ) .   This list also includes twenty-five princes and princesses ( among them the heirs apparent of Belgium , Brunei , and Japan ) , thirty-four dukes , nineteen marquesses , eighty-two earls and countesses , forty-six viscounts and viscountesses , and 188 barons and baronesses ; 246 bishops ( Anglican and Catholic ) ; 291 Members of Parliament ( excluding MPs who were subsequently peers ) , eleven Members of the European Parliament ( excluding MEPs also serving at Westminster ) , twelve Lord Chancellors , nine Lord Chief Justices and twenty-two law lords ; ten US Senators , ten US Representatives ( including a Speaker of the House ) , three state governors , and four associate justices of the US Supreme Court ; as well as six puisne justices of the Supreme Court of Canada and a chief justice of the now defunct Federal Court of Canada .   The University of Oxford claims forty-seven Nobel Laureates and three Fields Medallists .

neg: Oxford Almanack The Oxford Almanack is an annual almanac published by the Oxford University Press for the University of Oxford since 1674 .   The Oxford University Press originally held a monopoly on publishing almanacs . The almanacs traditionally included engravings and information about Oxford University , including the Heads of Colleges and a university calendar . No almanack appeared in 1675 , but it has been published annually since 1676 .   Engravers and artists have included James Basire , Michael Burghers , J.M.W. Turner , and John Piper .

neg: University A university ( universitas , `` a whole '' , `` a corporation '' ) is an institution of higher ( or tertiary ) education and research which grants academic degrees in various academic disciplines . Universities typically provide undergraduate education and postgraduate education .   The word `` university '' is derived from the Latin universitas magistrorum et scholarium , which roughly means `` community of teachers and scholars . '' Universities were created in Italy and evolved from Cathedral schools for the clergy during the High Middle Ages .

neg: Headington Hill Headington Hill is a hill in the east of Oxford , England , in the suburb of Headington . The Headington Road goes up the hill leading out of the city . There are good views of the spires of Oxford from the hill , especially from the top of South Park .   Between 1644 and 1646 , Headington Hill was used by the Parliamentarian forces while besieging Oxford during the First English Civil War . Headington Hill Hall , built in 1824 for the Morrell family ( local brewers ) , stands on the hill , and is now the home of Oxford Brookes University 's School of Law .

neg: U of W U of W may refer to :   University of Wollongong , a university in Australia  University of Waterloo , a university in Canada  University of Winnipeg , a university in Canada  University of Windsor , a university in Canada  University of Wuppertal ( Universität Wuppertal ) , a university in Germany  University of Würzburg , a university in Germany  University of Warsaw ( Uniwersytet Warszawski ) , a university in Poland  University of Washington , a university in the United States  University of Wisconsin -- Madison , a university in the United States  University of Wisconsin System , a university in the United States  University of Wyoming , a university in the United States

neg: Oxford Odissi Centre The Oxford Odissi Centre is a non-sports society of the University of Oxford , United Kingdom . The centre aims to promote and educate about Odissi , one of the oldest Indian classical dances .   Beside holding regular Odissi dance classes for members of University of Oxford , the centre undertakes numerous activities to promote Odissi and other Indian classical dance at the university . It also conducts Odissi dance workshops at other leading institutions including University of Cambridge , London School of Economics , University College London ( UCL ) , King 's College London , University of Manchester , and University of Edinburgh among others .   The centre , in association with the High Commission of India to the United Kingdom , organizes the Oxford Odissi Festival , an annual festival of Indian classical dance at the University of Oxford .

neg: Oxford Round Table The Oxford Round Table is a series of interdisciplinary conferences organized in Oxford ( UK ) by a US-based ( currently California-based ) educational organization .   The mission of the Oxford Round Table , according to its website , is `` to provide an interdisciplinary forum for the discussion of contemporary issues that affect the public good in all its various forms and ramifications . ''   The Oxford Round Table is not affiliated with the University of Oxford , which has stated that events such as the Oxford Round Table are `` external to the university '' and `` not , as such , authorised or endorsed by the university . '' The company has been accused of misrepresenting its relationship with the university .

neg: Oxford Bus Company Oxford Bus Company is a bus operator serving the city and surrounding area of Oxford , England . It is a subsidiary of the Go-Ahead Group .

neg: Oxford–Cambridge rivalry Rivalry between the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge is a phenomenon going back many centuries . During most of that time , they were the only two universities in England and Wales , making the rivalry more intense than it is now .   The University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge , sometimes collectively known as Oxbridge , are the two oldest universities in the United Kingdom . Both were founded more than 800 years ago , and between them they have produced a large number of Britain 's most prominent scientists , writers and politicians , as well as noted figures in many other fields . Competition between Oxford and Cambridge also has a long history , dating back to around 1208 when Cambridge was founded by scholars taking refuge from hostile townsmen in Oxford .

neg: UOL UOL may refer to :  University of Lahore , established in 1999 as a private university in Pakistan  University of Law , a British law school  University of Leeds , a British Redbrick university located in the city of Leeds , West Yorkshire , England  University of London , a federal university made up of 31 affiliates : 19 separate university institutions , and 12 research institutes  University of Liverpool , a teaching and research university in the city of Liverpool , England  University of Leicester , a research-led university based in Leicester , England  University of Lincoln , a university located in Lincoln , England  Universo Online , a Brazilian online service provider , now branded simply as UOL

neg: Faculty of History, University of Oxford The Faculty of History at the University of Oxford organises that institution 's teaching and research in modern history . Medieval and Modern History has been taught at Oxford for longer than at virtually any other University , and the first Regius Professor of Modern History was appointed in 1724 . The Faculty is part of the Humanities Division , and has been based at the former City of Oxford High School for Boys on George Street , Oxford since the summer of 2007 , while the department 's Library was removed from the former Indian Institute on Catte Street to the main Bodleian buildings at the start of 2013 .

neg: Blackhall Road, Oxford Blackhall Road is a road running between Keble Road to the north and Museum Road to the south in central Oxford , England , dating from the late 19th century . It is named after Black Hall , dating from at least 1519 , fronting onto St Giles ' , and now part of St John 's College . Houses in the road were leased by St John 's College between 1865 -- 75 .   Keble College occupies the entire east side of the road , including the O'Reilly Theatre . In the 1970s , the architects Ahrends , Burton and Koralek designed yellow brick buildings on the southern part of Blackhall Road . This include the `` Elephant House '' at the southern end , nicknamed due to its resemblance to the elephant house at London Zoo .   At the southern on the west side are houses owned by St John 's College . At the northern end to the west is the Mathematical Institute , a department of the University of Oxford .   The historian J.K. Fotheringham ( 1874 -- 1936 ) , an expert on ancient astronomy and chronology , and Fellow of Magdalen College , lived at 6 Blackhall Road . The classical historian Abel Hendy Jones Greenidge lived at 4 Blackhall Road . The poet and art critic Hasan Shahid Suhrawardy ( 1890 -- 1965 ) , an associate of the writer D.H. Lawrence , also lived in the road when they met in 1915 .   The road includes one of the longest lasting and still extant pieces of outdoor graffiti in Oxford . On a brick wall forming part of Keble College , opposite the Mathematical Institute building , are two large dinosaurs in white and blue paint . The caption `` REMEMBER WHAT HAPPENED TO THE DINOSAUR ! '' is next to the white dinosaur . By the blue dinosaur , perhaps intended to resemble an aligator , is a riposte `` I DID , AND LOOK WHAT HAPPENED TO ME '' . It is thought that the white graffiti , the earlier of the two pieces , was the work of delegates at the Drapers ' Conference at Keble in the early 1970s and was a defiant warning to those students of Keble 's much older neighbour St John 's College who had formed the St John 's Destroy Keble Society . Close by in Parks Road is the Oxford University Museum of Natural History where a number of fossilized dinosaur skeletons can be seen .

neg: Oxoniensis Oxoniensis is a Latin adjective derived from Oxonia , the Latin name of Oxford , meaning `` relating to Oxford , Oxonian `` and may refer to :   Universitas Oxoniensis , see University of Oxford  Editio Oxoniensis , a critical edition of a Greek or Latin text in the Oxford Classical Texts series   de : Oxoniensis

neg: Oxford Institute of Legal Practice The Oxford Institute of Legal Practice ( OXILP ) was a law school based in Oxford , United Kingdom which specialised in teaching the Postgraduate Diploma in Legal Practice , also known as the Legal Practice Course ( LPC ) .

neg: St John Street, Oxford St John Street is a street in central Oxford , England . The street mainly consists of Georgian-style stone-faced Grade II listed terraced houses . It was built as a speculative development by St John 's College starting in the 1820s and finishing in the 1840s at the start of the Victorian era .   At the northern end is Rewley House ( housing Oxford University 's Department of Continuing Education ) and near the southern end is the Sackler Library , which opened in 2001 . To the south is Beaumont Street and to the north is Wellington Square . St John Street runs parallel with St Giles ' ( linked via Pusey Street ) to the east and Walton Street to the west .   Note that part of Merton Street was once known as St John Street .

neg: The Varsity Match The Varsity Match is an annual rugby union fixture played between the universities of Oxford and Cambridge in England . The event began in 1872 , with interruptions only for the two World Wars . Since 1921 , the game has been played at Twickenham Stadium , London . It is normally played in early December .   Following the 135th match in 2016 , Oxford University RFC have 59 wins , and Cambridge University R.U.F.C. maintain the lead with 62 ; 14 games have ended in draws . Varsity matches between Oxford and Cambridge are also arranged in various other sports . For example , the first recorded water polo match in history was played between Oxford and Cambridge in 1891 .   The women 's rugby Varsity Match was first played in 1988 and has taken place at Twickenham on the same day as the men 's game since 2015 . The 2016 score was 3-0 to Oxford .

neg: Wolfson College, Oxford Wolfson College -LSB- ˈwʊlfsən -RSB- is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in England . Located in north Oxford along the River Cherwell , Wolfson is an all-graduate college with over sixty governing body fellows , in addition to both research and junior research fellows . It caters to a wide range of subjects , from the humanities to the social and natural sciences . The college is also Oxford University 's most international and interdisciplinary graduate college , with students from 75 nationalities enrolled in masters and doctoral programs .   The liberal philosopher Sir Isaiah Berlin was the college 's first president , and was instrumental not only in its founding in 1965 , but establishing its tradition of academic excellence and egalitarianism . The college houses The Isaiah Berlin Literary Trust and the annual Isaiah Berlin Lecture . The current president of Wolfson College is Dame Hermione Lee , to be succeeded in Summer 2018 by Tim Hitchens .   As of 2006 , the college had a financial endowment of # 33.5 million .

neg: St Aldate's, Oxford St Aldate 's -LSB- ˈɔːldeɪts -RSB- is a street in central Oxford , England . It is named after Saint Aldate of whom little is known , although it has also been suggested that the name is a corruption of ` old gate ' , referring to the south gate in the former city walls . St Aldate 's Church is on the west side of the street , in Pembroke Square . A former name for St Aldate 's is Fish Street .   The street runs south from the generally acknowledged centre of Oxford at Carfax . The Town Hall , which includes the Museum of Oxford , is on the east side of the street . Christ Church , with its imposing Tom Tower , faces the east end of St Aldate 's , while Pembroke College ( on Pembroke Square ) faces its west end . Other adjoining streets include Blue Boar Street to the east side and Pembroke Street , Pembroke Square , Brewer Street , Rose Place , and Speedwell Street to the west .   Opposite Christ Church is Alice 's Shop , formerly frequented by Alice Liddell , and the model for the Sheep Shop in the `` Wool and Water '' chapter in Through the Looking-Glass .   South of Christ Church is an entrance to Christ Church Meadow and , still on the east side , the University of Oxford 's Faculty of Music , containing the Bate Collection of Musical Instruments ; the building was opened in 1936 for St Catherine 's Society . Oxford 's police station ( designed in 1936 by H. F. Hurcombe , the City Estates Surveyor , and the Crown and County Court opposite precede a junction with Thames Street to the west . ( The police station was featured in the Inspector Morse television series . ) After Folly Bridge over the River Thames or Isis , St Aldate 's becomes Abingdon Road ( A4144 ) , leading directly south out of the city of Oxford towards the Oxford Ring Road and the villages of Kennington & Radley and the town of Abingdon .

neg: Oxford University Dancesport Club Oxford University Dancesport Club ( OUDC ) is Oxford University 's largest sports club and is the second largest club at the university after the Oxford Union . Founded in 1968 it currently has an annual membership of around 800 members . It runs professionally taught classes in the following dance styles :  Ballroom  Latin American  Salsa  Argentine Tango  Bachata  Rock 'n' Roll  Zumba   Its classes are open to all ( including non-university members ) and cater to all levels of experience . The Club also runs occasional workshops and a weekly social dance on Sundays in full term and on some Sundays out of term .


query: Ministates include San Marino.

pos: Ministate A ministate or microstate is a sovereign state having a very small population or very small land area , and usually both . As the meaning of neither `` state '' nor `` very small '' is well-defined in international law , 2010 's attempts to define microstates focus on identifying political entities with unique qualitative features linked to their geographic or demographic limitations . According to a qualitative definition , microstates are : `` modern protected states , i.e. sovereign states that have been able to unilaterally depute certain attributes of sovereignty to larger powers in exchange for benign protection of their political and economic viability against their geographic or demographic constraints . '' In line with this and most other definitions the examples of microstates include : Liechtenstein , Monaco , San Marino , Andorra , the Cook Islands , Niue and the Federated States of Micronesia .   The smallest political unit recognized as a sovereign state is Vatican City , with 842 citizens as of July 2013 and an area of only 44 ha . However , some scholars dispute qualifying the Vatican as a state arguing that it does not meet the `` traditional criteria of statehood '' and that the `` special status of the Vatican City is probably best regarded as a means of ensuring that the Pope can freely exercise his spiritual functions , and in this respect is loosely analogous to that of the headquarters of international organisations . ''   Microstates are distinct from micronations , which are not recognized as sovereign states . Special territories without full sovereignty , such as the British Crown Dependencies , the Chinese Special Administrative Regions and overseas territories of Denmark , France , the Netherlands , Australia , Norway and the United Kingdom , are also not considered microstates .

neg: Sammarinese Christian Democratic Party The Sammarinese Christian Democratic Party ( Partito Democratico Cristiano Sammarinese , PDCS ) is a Christian-democratic political party in San Marino .   The PDCS is an observer member of the European People 's Party ( EPP ) , having join the EPP in 1993 . Its Italian counterpart was the late Christian Democracy . Its internal left-wing faction left in 2006 to form the Centre Democrats and was joined by the social democrats of Arengo and Freedom . It is led by Giovanni Lonfernini , a former Captain-Regent .   In the 2006 general election PDCS won the 32.9 % of the vote and 21 out of 60 seats in the Grand and General Council . The party stood in opposition to the 2006-2008 governing political coalition of Party of Socialists and Democrats , Popular Alliance and United Left .   For the 2008 general election the party was part of the Pact for San Marino coalition and gave hospitality in its list to some candidates of the Euro-Populars for San Marino and Arengo and Freedom . The electoral coalition won 35 seats out of 60 in the Grand and General Council in the Sammarinese parliamentary election , 2008 gaining 54.22 % of the national vote and a governmental majority of 5 , becoming the new government of San Marino . The Sammarinese Christian Democratic Party which itself gained 22 seats ( a few of which went to Euro-Populars for San Marino and Arengo and Freedom ) out of the 35 the coalition and gained 31.90 % of the national vote . Ernesto Benedettini became one of the two Joint Captains Regent of San Marino .   A political crisis in 2011 dissolved the old majority , and the PDCS formed a government of national unity with the Party of Socialists and Democrats , whose ancestors worked with the PDCS for decades , so restoring a political formula which led San Marino , and Italy , during the second half of the 20th century . The new alliance , San Marino Common Good , won the Sammarinese election of 2012 , PDCS obtaining 21 seats together with their electoral running-mates , We Sammarinese .

neg: Flag of San Marino The state and war flag of San Marino is formed by two equal horizontal bands of white ( top ) and light blue with the national coat of arms superimposed in the center ; the coat of arms has a shield ( featuring three towers on three peaks ) with a closed crown on top , flanked by an oak and laurel wreath , with a scroll below bearing the word LIBERTAS ( Liberty ) . The two colors of the flag represent peace ( white ) and liberty ( azure ) .   Although the Law on the flag and coat of arms of San Marino from 2011 refers only to the `` official flag '' of the republic , a de facto civil flag , which omits the coat of arms , can sometimes be seen flying . Some official sources of San Marino suggest that the civil flag is actually the bicolor with the coat of arms of the specific city it is used in , instead of the national one .   The national ensign of San Marino is identical to the state flag .

neg: Sicilian Regional Assembly The Sicilian Regional Assembly is the legislative body of Sicily . While it has a long history as an autonomous region , the modern Region of Sicily was established by Royal Decree on May 15 , 1946 , before the Italian Republic . The Regional Assembly has the widest legislative power in Italy and is the only regional assembly to have the title of `` parliament '' whose members are called `` deputies '' like those in Rome . Ninety deputies are elected every five years in the nine provinces .

neg: List of cities and towns in Croatia An urbanized area in Croatia can gain the status of grad ( which can be translated as town or city as there is no distinction between the two terms in Croatian ) if it meets one of the following requirements :  is the center of a county ( županija ) , or  has more than 10,000 residents , or  is defined by an exception ( where the necessary historical , economic or geographic reasons exist )   A city ( town ) represents an urban , historical , natural , economic and social whole . The suburbs comprising an economic and social whole with the city , connected with it by daily migration movements and daily needs of the population of local significance , may also be included into the composition of a city as unit of local self-government .   Grad ( city/town ) is the local administrative equivalent of općina ( translated as `` municipality '' ) , with the only distinction being that the former usually comprise urban areas whereas the latter commonly consist of a group of villages . Note that both municipalities and city/towns often comprise more than one settlement , as the administrative territory of a grad may include suburban villages or hamlets near the city/town in question . Individual settlement ( or naselje in Croatian ) are the smallest statistical unit counted by the Croatian Bureau of Statistics but are not administrative entities , i.e. they are governed by the municipal or city/town council of the local administrative unit they belong to .   Croatian cities are administratively subdivided into `` city districts '' ( gradski kotari ) and/or `` local committee areas '' ( mjesni odbori ) with elected councils . The City of Zagreb , as the capital , not being part of any county , is subdivided into `` city districts '' / `` boroughs '' ( gradske četvrti ) and `` local committee areas '' ( mjesni odbori ) .   In 1991 there were 70 cities and towns and 419 municipalities in Croatia organized into 20 counties ( plus the city of Zagreb which is both a city and a county ) .  In 2001 there were 122 cities and towns ( excluding Zagreb ) and 423 municipalities . This was the territorial division used for the 2001 census .  In 2006 the latest revision was made , which listed a total of 127 cities and towns and 429 municipalities in Croatia . This division was used for the latest 2011 census .  In 2013 the municipality of Popovača was upgraded to town , bringing the total to 128 cities and towns and 428 municipalities .   According to the Constitution , the city of Zagreb , as the capital of Croatia , has a special status . As such , Zagreb performs self-governing public affairs of both city and county .

neg: Coat of arms of San Marino The coat of arms of San Marino probably originated in the fourteenth century . The official establishment took place on 6 April 1862 by a Decree of the Supreme Council ; the same act introduced the crown on top of the shield .   There is little evidence regarding the official design until the mid 20th century . `` The Flag Bulletin '' vol . III , no. 2 from the winter of 1963-64 is reproducing on page 31 an `` official plate showing the flag and arms of San Marino , -LSB- which -RSB- was a gift of the Sammarinese government , through its Consul in New York City . '' This plate was previously published in an official guide of the republic , from March 1963 . In 2011 , a new Law on the flag and coat of arms of San Marino presented a slightly simplified design , the main changes being that the branches have no more ramifications , the towers are square instead of round , and the gates are oriented now towards sinister .   The coat of arms of San Marino adorns among other things the flag of the country and the logo of the San Marino Football Federation .

neg: City-state A city-state is a sovereign state that consists of a city and its dependent territories . Historically , this included cities such as Rome , Athens , Carthage , and the Italian city-states during the Renaissance -- but today only a handful of sovereign city-states exist , with some disagreement as to which are city-states . A great deal of consensus exists that the term properly applies to Singapore , Monaco , and Vatican City .   A number of other small states share similar characteristics , and therefore are sometimes also cited as modern city-states . Namely , Qatar , Brunei , Kuwait , Bahrain , and Malta , which each have an urban center comprising a significant proportion of the population , though , all have several distinct settlements and a designated or de facto capital city . Occasionally , other small states with high population densities , such as San Marino , are also cited , despite lacking a large urban centre characteristic of traditional city-states .   Several non-sovereign cities enjoy a high degree of autonomy , and are sometimes considered city-states . Hong Kong and Macau , along with independent members of the United Arab Emirates , most notably Dubai and Abu Dhabi , are often cited as such .

neg: Archipelagic state An archipelagic state is any internationally recognized state or country that comprises a series of islands that form an archipelago . The term is defined by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in order to define what borders such states should be allowed to claim .   In various conferences , Fiji , Indonesia , Papua New Guinea , the Bahamas , and the Philippines are the five sovereign states that obtained approval in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea signed in Montego Bay , Jamaica on December 10 , 1982 and qualified as archipelagic states .   Archipelagic states are states that are composed of groups of islands forming a state as a single unit , with the islands and the waters within the baselines as internal waters . Under this concept ( `` archipelagic doctrine '' ) , an archipelago shall be regarded as a single unit , so that the waters around , between , and connecting the islands of the archipelago , irrespective of their breadth and dimensions , form part of the internal waters of the state , and are subject to its exclusive sovereignty .   The approval of the United Nations for the five sovereign states as archipelagic states respect existing agreements with other countries and shall recognize traditional fishing rights and other legitimate activities of the immediately adjacent neighboring countries in certain areas falling within archipelagic waters . The terms and conditions for the exercise of such rights and activities , including the nature , the extent and the areas to which they apply , shall , at the request of any of the countries concerned , be regulated by bilateral agreements between them . Such rights shall not be transferred to or shared with third countries or their nationals .

neg: Signoria A signoria ( -LSB- siɲɲoˈriːa -RSB- ; from signore -LSB- siɲˈɲoːre -RSB- , or `` lord '' ; an abstract noun meaning ( roughly ) `` government ; governing authority ; de facto sovereignty ; lordship '' ; plural : signorie ) was the governing authority in many of the Italian city states during the medieval and renaissance periods .

neg: British Overseas Territories The 14 British Overseas Territories ( BOT ) are territories under the jurisdiction and sovereignty of the United Kingdom . They are the parts of the British Empire that have not been granted independence or have voted to remain British territories . These territories do not form part of the United Kingdom and , with the exception of Gibraltar , are not part of the European Union . Most of the inhabited territories are internally self-governing , with the UK retaining responsibility for defence and foreign relations . The rest are either uninhabited or have a transitory population of military or scientific personnel . They share the British monarch ( Elizabeth II ) as head of state .   The term `` British Overseas Territory '' was introduced by the British Overseas Territories Act 2002 , replacing the term British Dependent Territory , introduced by the British Nationality Act 1981 . Prior to 1 January 1983 , the territories were officially referred to as British Crown Colonies . With the exceptions of the British Antarctic Territory and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ( which host only officials and research station staff ) and the British Indian Ocean Territory ( used as a military base ) , the Territories retain permanent civilian populations . Permanent residency for the 7,000 or so civilians living in the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia is limited to citizens of the Republic of Cyprus .   Collectively , the Territories encompass a population of about 250,000 people and a land area of about 667018 sqmi . The vast majority of this land area , 660000 sqmi , constitutes the almost uninhabited British Antarctic Territory , while the largest territory by population , Bermuda , accounts for almost a quarter of the total BOT population . At the other end of the scale , three territories have no civilian population ; the Antarctic territory , the British Indian Ocean Territory ( from which the Chagos Islanders were controversially removed ) and South Georgia . Pitcairn Islands , settled by the survivors of the Mutiny on the Bounty , is the smallest settled territory with 49 inhabitants , while the smallest by land area is Gibraltar on the southern tip of the Iberian peninsula . The United Kingdom participates in the Antarctic Treaty System and , as part of a mutual agreement , the British Antarctic Territory is recognised by four of the other sovereign nations making claims to Antarctic territory .   Although the Crown dependencies of Jersey , Guernsey and the Isle of Man are also under the sovereignty of the British monarch , they are in a different constitutional relationship with the United Kingdom . The British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies are themselves distinct from the Commonwealth realms , a group of 15 independent countries ( and the United Kingdom ) which each also have Elizabeth II as their reigning monarch , and from the Commonwealth of Nations , a voluntary association of 52 countries mostly with historic links to the British Empire ( which also includes all Commonwealth realms ) .   the Minister responsible for the Territories excluding the Falkland Islands , Gibraltar and the Sovereign Base Areas is Baroness Anelay , Minister of State for the Commonwealth and the UN . The other three territories are the responsibility of Sir Alan Duncan MP , Minister of State for Europe and the Americas .

neg: Messina Messina ( -LSB- məˈsiːnə -RSB- -LSB- mesˈsiːna -RSB- , Sicilian : Missina ; Messana , Μεσσήνη ) is the capital of the Italian Metropolitan City of Messina . It is the third-largest city on the island of Sicily , and the 13th-largest city in Italy , with a population of more than 238,000 inhabitants in the city proper and about 650,000 in the Metropolitan City . It is located near the northeast corner of Sicily , at the Strait of Messina , opposite Villa San Giovanni on the mainland , and has close ties with Reggio Calabria . According to Eurostat the FUA of the metropolitan area of Messina has , in 2014 , 277,584 inhabitants .   The city 's main resources are its seaports ( commercial and military shipyards ) , cruise tourism , commerce , and agriculture ( wine production and cultivating lemons , oranges , mandarin oranges , and olives ) . The city has been a Roman Catholic Archdiocese and Archimandrite seat since 1548 and is home to a locally important international fair . The city has the University of Messina , founded in 1548 by Ignatius of Loyola .   Messina has a light rail system , Tranvia di Messina , that was opened on 3 April 2003 . This line is 7.7 km and links the city 's central railway station with the city centre and harbour .   The city is home to a significant Greek-speaking minority , rooted in its history and officially recognised .

neg: Campania Campania ( -LSB- kamˈpaːnja -RSB- ) is a region in Southern Italy . The region at the end of 2014 had a population of around 5,869,000 people , making it the third-most-populous region of Italy ; its total area of 13590 km ² makes it the most densely populated region in the country . Located on the Italian Peninsula , with the Mediterranean Sea to the west , it includes the small Phlegraean Islands and Capri for administration as part of the region .   Campania was colonised by Ancient Greeks and was part of Magna Græcia . During the Roman era , the area maintained a Greco-Roman culture . The capital city of Campania is Naples . Campania is rich in culture , especially in regard to gastronomy , music , architecture , archeological and ancient sites such as Pompeii , Herculaneum , Paestum and Velia . The name of Campania itself is derived from Latin , as the Romans knew the region as Campania felix , which translates into English as `` fertile countryside '' . The rich natural sights of Campania make it highly important in the tourism industry , especially along the Amalfi Coast , Mount Vesuvius and the island of Capri .

neg: Punta Manara Punta Manara is the end of a promontory extended in the Gulf of Tigullio between the Ligurian town of Sestri Levante and Riva Trigoso in the province of Genoa , Italy , subject to environmental protection since 1977 .   Destination for many tourists from all over the world , is one of the most popular tours for the visitors of the city . Located at the west of the Gulf of Tigullio , it offers glimpses of the coast and many plant and animal species that inhabit the Maquis shrubland .   The headland is approximately 190 hectares of which about 50 are entirely occupied by ilex trees , while the remaining spaces are divided between high maquis ( arbutus , heather ) and a small strip of cork oak , while the more extended plant population is the maritime pine that cover the maximum altitude of the promontory , called Monte Castello , at 265 metres above sea level . In this part of the promontory are still visible the ruins of an ancient fortress and a more recent building used by the Territorial Militia and by the Germans during the last conflict .   Located near the eastern far end of the Gulf , in the heart of a nature reserve , inside you can observe the remains , still well preserved , of the Saracen tower , that stands at about 140 metres high above sea level . Characterized by strategic importance , it has always been an excellent sighting point for the control of the Marine front . It is post on the same geographical line of Punta Chiappa and Punta Mesco , other important coastal landmarks .   The north mountainside collects the water conveyed by the Rio Ravino which crosses the main path to the headland . Although characterised by a very modest carrying capacity , it collects water from several smaller tributaries and is a useful water resource for fields planted with vegetables and olives in the below village called Ginestra . The annual rainfall in the area is about 1200 mm .   Punta Manara can only be reached through paths that climb the promontory above Sestri Levante . A path starts from the alleys of the old town and after a series of steps leading out of the village , begins a walk almost flat , which is surrounded by the typical Ligurian vegetation . Once in Punta Manara , you can choose to continue with the path and get off at Riva Trigoso .   On the promontory there is the so-called `` Sentiero Natura '' path ( see map ) which is a hiking path of rare naturalistic beauty in the landscapes of Liguria . In many parts of the trail there are illustrative signs describing the plant species that visitors can see during the tour .   The `` Bivacco Manara '' is a campsite located near the end of the promontory , at the meeting point of the main paths , and it is equipped for an overnight stay . The property is managed by the municipality of Sestri Levante .

neg: Socialist Party (San Marino) The Socialist Party ( Partito Socialista , PS ) is a Moderate and social-democratic political party in San Marino . The party was founded on 30 May 2012 as a merger of the New Socialist Party and Sammarinese Reformist Socialist Party .   During the Sammarinese election of 2012 the party joined the unsuccessful centrist coalition of the Agreement for the Country , even if the party itself obtained quite good results gaining 7 seats .

neg: Adriatic Sea The Adriatic Sea -LSB- ˌeɪdriˈætᵻk -RSB- is a body of water separating the Italian Peninsula from the Balkan peninsula and the Apennine Mountains from the Dinaric Alps and adjacent ranges . The Adriatic is the northernmost arm of the Mediterranean Sea , extending from the Strait of Otranto ( where it connects to the Ionian Sea ) to the northwest and the Po Valley . The countries with coasts on the Adriatic are Albania , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Greece , Italy , Montenegro and Slovenia . The Adriatic contains over 1,300 islands , mostly located along its eastern , Croatian , coast . It is divided into three basins , the northern being the shallowest and the southern being the deepest , with a maximum depth of 1233 m . The Otranto Sill , an underwater ridge , is located at the border between the Adriatic and Ionian Seas . The prevailing currents flow counterclockwise from the Strait of Otranto , along the eastern coast and back to the strait along the western ( Italian ) coast . Tidal movements in the Adriatic are slight , although larger amplitudes are known to occur occasionally . The Adriatic 's salinity is lower than the Mediterranean 's because the Adriatic collects a third of the fresh water flowing into the Mediterranean , acting as a dilution basin . The surface water temperatures generally range from 30 C in summer to 12 C in winter , significantly moderating the Adriatic Basin 's climate .   The Adriatic Sea sits on the Apulian or Adriatic Microplate , which separated from the African Plate in the Mesozoic era . The plate 's movement contributed to the formation of the surrounding mountain chains and Apennine tectonic uplift after its collision with the Eurasian plate . In the Late Oligocene , the Apennine Peninsula first formed , separating the Adriatic Basin from the rest of the Mediterranean . All types of sediment are found in the Adriatic , with the bulk of the material transported by the Po and other rivers on the western coast . The western coast is alluvial or terraced , while the eastern coast is highly indented with pronounced karstification . There are dozens of marine protected areas in the Adriatic , designed to protect the sea 's karst habitats and biodiversity . The sea is abundant in flora and fauna -- more than 7,000 species are identified as native to the Adriatic , many of them endemic , rare and threatened ones .   The Adriatic 's shores are populated by more than 3.5 million people ; the largest cities are Bari , Venice , Trieste and Split . The earliest settlements on the Adriatic shores were Etruscan , Illyrian , and Greek . By the 2nd century BC , the shores were under Rome 's control . In the Middle Ages , the Adriatic shores and the sea itself were controlled , to a varying extent , by a series of states -- most notably the Byzantine Empire , the Serbian Empire , the Republic of Venice , the Habsburg Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire . The Napoleonic Wars resulted in the First French Empire gaining coastal control and the British effort to counter the French in the area , ultimately securing most of the eastern Adriatic shore and the Po Valley for Austria . Following Italian unification , the Kingdom of Italy started an eastward expansion that lasted until the 20th century . Following World War I and the collapse of Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire , the eastern coast 's control passed to Yugoslavia and Albania . The former disintegrated during the 1990s , resulting in four new states on the Adriatic coast . Italy and Yugoslavia agreed on their maritime boundaries by 1975 and this boundary is recognised by Yugoslavia 's successor states , but the maritime boundaries between Slovenian , Croatian , Bosnian-Herzegovinian , and Montenegrin waters are still disputed . Italy and Albania agreed on their maritime boundary in 1992 .   Fisheries and tourism are significant sources of income all along the Adriatic coast . Adriatic Croatia 's tourism industry has grown faster economically than the rest of the Adriatic Basin 's . Maritime transport is also a significant branch of the area 's economy -- there are 19 seaports in the Adriatic that each handle more than a million tonnes of cargo per year . The largest Adriatic seaport by annual cargo turnover is the Port of Trieste , while the Port of Split is the largest Adriatic seaport by passengers served per year .

neg: Kingdom of Italy The Kingdom of Italy ( Regno d'Italia ) was a state founded from 1861 , when King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was proclaimed King of Italy , to 1946 , when a constitutional referendum led civil discontent to abandon the monarchy and form the Italian Republic . The state was founded as a result of the unification of Italy under the influence of the Kingdom of Sardinia , which can be considered its legal predecessor state .   Italy declared war on Austria in alliance with Prussia in 1866 and received the region of Veneto following their victory . Italian troops entered Rome in 1870 , ending more than one thousand years of Papal temporal power . Italy entered into a Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary in 1882 , following strong disagreements with France about the respective colonial expansions . However , even if relations with Berlin became very friendly , the alliance with Vienna remained purely formal , as the Italians were keen to acquire Trentino and Trieste , corners of the Austria-Hungary populated by Italians . So , in 1915 , Italy accepted the British invitation to join the Allies in World War I because the western allies promised territorial compensation ( at the expense of Austria-Hungary ) for participation that were more generous than Vienna 's offer in exchange for Italian neutrality . Victory in the war gave Italy a permanent seat in the Council of the League of Nations .   `` Fascist Italy '' is the era of National Fascist Party government from 1922 to 1943 with Benito Mussolini as head of government . The fascists imposed authoritarian rule and crushed the political and intellectual opposition , while promoting economic modernization , traditional social values , and a rapprochement with the Roman Catholic Church . According to Payne ( 1996 ) , '' -LSB- the -RSB- Fascist government passed through several relatively distinct phases '' . The first phase ( 1923 -- 1925 ) was nominally a continuation of the parliamentary system , albeit with a `` legally-organized executive dictatorship '' . Then came the second phase , `` the construction of the Fascist dictatorship proper , from 1925 to 1929 '' . The third phase , with less activism , was 1929 to 1934 . The fourth phase , 1935 -- 1940 , was characterized by an aggressive foreign policy ; war against Ethiopia , which was launched from Eritrea and Italian Somaliland ; confrontations with the League of Nations sanctions ; growing economic autarchy ; and semi-National Socialization . The war itself ( 1940 -- 1943 ) was the fifth phase with its disasters and defeats , while the rump Salò government under German control was the final stage ( 1943 -- 1945 ) .   Italy was allied with National Socialist Germany in World War II until 1943 . It switched sides to the Allies after ousting Mussolini and shutting down the Fascist party in areas ( south of Rome ) controlled by the Allied invaders . The remnant fascist state in northern Italy that continued fighting against the Allies was a puppet state of Germany , the `` Italian Social Republic '' , still led by Mussolini and his Fascist loyalists . Shortly after the war , civil discontent led to the constitutional referendum of 1946 on whether Italy would remain a monarchy or become a republic . Italians decided to abandon the monarchy and form the Italian Republic , the present-day Italian state .

neg: Palazzo Pubblico (San Marino) The Palazzo Pubblico ( ` Public Palace ' ) is the town hall of the City of San Marino as well as its official Government Building . The building , where official State ceremonies take place , is the seat of the Republic 's main institutional and administrative bodies : the Captains Regent , the Grand and General Council , the Council of XII , and the Congress of State .   The main section of the building is topped by battlements over a series of corbels . The clock tower above also features such an arrangement with battlements and corbels . The overall design is similar to the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence , but on a much smaller scale .   Located on the site of an ancient building called the Domus Magna Comunis , the current building was designed by the Roman architect Francesco Azzurri and was built between 1884 and 1894 . After a hundred years of existence , it was becoming unsafe in today 's standards , so a complex restoration project was undergone . The intervention was completed by the internationally renowned architect Gae Aulenti on 30 September 1996 .

neg: Comune The comune ( -LSB- koˈmuːne -RSB- ; plural : comuni , -LSB- koˈmuːni -RSB- ) is a basic administrative division in Italy , roughly equivalent to a township or municipality .

neg: Superstate A superstate is defined as `` a large and powerful State formed when several smaller countries unite '' , `` A large and powerful state formed from a federation or union of nations '' .  This is distinct from the concept of superpower , although these are frequently seen together . It is also distinct from the concept of empire , where one nation dominates other nations through military , political , and economic power , although an empire may also be a superstate .   In the early 20th century , `` superstate '' had a similar definition as today 's supranational organisations . In a 1927 article by Edward A. Harriman on the League of Nations , a superstate was defined as merely `` an organisation , of which a state is a member , which is superior to the member themselves '' , in that '' -LSB- a -RSB- complete superstate has legislative , executive and judicial organs to make , to execute and to interpret its laws '' . According to this definition , Harriman saw the League of Nations as a `` rudimentary superstate '' , and the United States as `` an example of a complete and perfect superstate '' .   In World Order of Bahá ` u 'll áh , first published in 1938 , Shoghi Effendi , the Guardian of the Bahá ' í Faith , described the anticipated world government of that religion as the `` world 's future super-state '' with the Bahá ' í Faith as the `` State Religion of an independent and Sovereign Power . ''   In the 1970s , academic literature used the term `` superstate '' to indicate a particularly rich and powerful state , in a similar fashion to the term superpower .   In contemporary political debate , especially the one centred on the European Union , the term `` superstate '' is used to indicate a ( usually deemed unwelcome ) development in which the Union takes over the character of a State ( including the monopoly on violence ) thus abolishing the sovereignty and independence of its member states .  For instance , Glyn Morgan opposes the perspective of a `` European superstate '' to the ones of `` a Europe of nation-states '' and of `` a post-sovereign European polity '' . In her definition , a `` European superstate is nothing more than a sovereign state - a tried and tested type of polity that predominates in the modern world - operating on a European wide scale '' , i.e. , `` a unitary European state ''   The term was famously used by Margaret Thatcher in her 1988 Bruges speech , when she decried the perspective of `` a European super-state exercising a new dominance from Brussels '' , and has since entered the eurosceptic lexicon .  Tony Blair argued in 2000 that he welcomed an EU as a `` superpower , not a superstate ''

neg: Festa della Repubblica Festa della Repubblica ( -LSB- ˈfɛsta della reˈpubblika -RSB- in English , Republic Day ) is the Italian National Day and Republic Day , which is celebrated on 2 June each year . The day commemorates the institutional referendum held by universal suffrage in 1946 , in which the Italian people were called to the polls to decide on the form of government , following the Second World War and the fall of Fascism . With 12,717,923 votes for a republic and 10,719,284 for the monarchy , the male descendants of the House of Savoy were sent into exile . To commemorate it , a grand military parade is held in central Rome , presided over by the President of the Italian Republic in his role as Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces . The Prime Minister , formally known as the President of the Council of Ministers , and other high officers of state also attend . There are important celebrations in all the Italian embassies and foreign heads of state are invited . Even though the main parade is in Rome , many Italian cities celebrate the day as well .   Prior to the foundation of the Republic , the Italian national day was the first Sunday in June , anniversary of the granting of the Statuto Albertino . From 1977 to 1999 , due to economic reasons , this was the date of the celebrations for the 1946 foundation of the republic . The 2 June date became official in 2000 . The parade was held in Turin in 1961 to mark the centennial year of Italian unification .

neg: Politics of Andorra The politics of Andorra take place in a framework of a parliamentary constitutional diarchy , and a multi-party system . Executive power is exercised by the government , with the Head of Government of Andorra as chief executive . Legislative power is vested in both the government and parliament . The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature .   Before 1993 , Andorra 's political system had no clear division of powers into executive , legislative , and judicial branches . A constitution ratified and approved in 1993 establishes Andorra as a sovereign parliamentary democracy that retains the President of France and Bishop of Urgell as co-princes and heads of state . However , the head of government retains executive power . The two co-princes serve coequally with limited powers that do not include an individual veto over government acts ( however , a bill can in effect be `` vetoed '' if both do not sign the legislation ) . They are each represented in Andorra by a personal representative .   The fundamental impetus for this political transformation was a recommendation by the Council of Europe in 1990 that , if Andorra wished to attain full integration in the European Union ( EU ) , it should adopt a modern constitution that guarantees the rights of those living and working there . A Tripartite Commission -- made up of representatives of the co-princes , the General Council , and the Executive Council -- was formed in 1990 and finalized the draft constitution in April 1991 , making the new constitution a fact .   One remaining , though symbolic , legacy of Andorra 's special relationship with France and Spain , is that the Principality has no postal service of its own -- French and Spanish postal services operate side by side , although each of them issues separate stamps for Andorra , instead of using their own .