query: Jerry Lewis performs comedy.

pos: Jerry Lewis Jerry Lewis ( born Joseph Levitch ; March 16 , 1926 ) is an American actor , comedian , singer , film producer , film director , screenwriter and humanitarian . He is known for his slapstick humor in film , television , stage and radio . He and Dean Martin were partners as the hit popular comedy duo of Martin and Lewis . Following that success , he was a solo star in motion pictures , nightclubs , television shows , concerts , album recordings and musicals .   Lewis served as national chairman of the Muscular Dystrophy Association and hosted the live Labor Day broadcast of the Jerry Lewis MDA Telethon for 44 years . Lewis has received several awards for lifetime achievements from the American Comedy Awards , Los Angeles Film Critics Association , Venice Film Festival , Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and been honored with two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame .

neg: She Still Comes Around (To Love What's Left of Me) `` She Still Comes Around ( to Love What 's Left of Me ) '' is a song written by Glenn Sutton and performed by Jerry Lee Lewis . It was released in September 1968 as the lead single from the album , She Still Comes Around . The song peaked at number 2 on both the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles chart and the Canadian RPM Country Tracks chart .

neg: The Full Monty (musical) The Full Monty is a musical with a book by Terrence McNally and score by David Yazbek .   In this Americanized musical stage version adapted from the 1997 British film of the same name , six unemployed Buffalo steelworkers , low on both cash and prospects , decide to present a strip act at a local club after seeing their wives ' enthusiasm for a touring company of Chippendales . One of them , Jerry , declares that their show will be better than the Chippendales dancers because they 'll go `` the full monty '' -- strip all the way . As they prepare for the show , working through their fears , self-consciousness , and anxieties , they overcome their inner demons and find strength in their camaraderie .

neg: Carl Barron Carl Barron ( born 11 June 1964 ) is an Australian comedian . His style is based on observational humour . He was born in Longreach , Queensland , the son of a sheep shearer , and formerly worked as an apprentice roof tiler . Barron has released four DVDs , entitled Carl Barron LIVE ! , Carl Barron : Whatever Comes Next , Carl Barron : Walking Down The Street , and Carl Barron : A One Ended Stick . In November 2010 a box set entitled `` All The Stuff I 've Done So Far '' was released , which included the first three previous titles , plus a documentary and outtakes . In 1993 he was voted ` Comic of the Year ' and ` Best Up and Coming Talent ' and has since made many TV appearances in commercials and on TV shows such as Rove and Thank God You 're Here .   Barron made his first television appearance on the NRL Footy Show on 17 April 1997 .   One of his perpetual jokes is that several people have mistaken him for people such as Australian musician Paul Kelly . He once stated `` I reckon if Paul Kelly and Gandhi had a baby , I 'd be it ! '' . He has regularly sold-out shows at the Melbourne International Comedy Festival . Barron has been very successful in Australia with the DVD release of Carl Barron LIVE ! going four times platinum , making it the most successful Australian comedy DVD in Australian history . He has appeared in Good News Week , Out of the Question , Thank God You 're Here and several episodes of Rove .   Barron co-wrote and starred in the 2015 Australian film Manny Lewis , playing the title character based on himself .

neg: Hollywood or Bust Hollywood or Bust is a 1956 film comedy starring the team of Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis . The picture was filmed from April 16 to June 19 , 1956 and released on December 6 , 1956 by Paramount Pictures , almost five months after the Martin and Lewis partnership split up .

neg: The London Rock and Roll Show The London Rock and Roll Show was a concert held at Wembley Stadium in Wembley Park , London , England , on 5 August 1972 . It is often said to have been the first ever concert held at the stadium , but in fact the band Yes had performed in the Stadium on 13 July 1969 .   From the late 1960s to the early 1970s , many rock and roll performers from the 1950s experienced major career revivals due to a temporary upswing of interest in their form of music . The Revival was marked by a series of major concerts in the United States , and also spread to Europe where events such as the Wembley concert attracted thousands of fans who came out to see the performers behind the music .   The concert included performances by major stars including Bo Diddley , Jerry Lee Lewis , Little Richard , and Bill Haley and His Comets . The concert ended with an extended performance by Chuck Berry , who at the time was enjoying major chart success in Britain and the US with his `` My Ding-a-Ling '' .   Originally billed rock and roll era acts The Platters , The Drifters and The Coasters were unable to perform due to work permit issues . The show was opened instead with sets from British rock and rollers The Houseshakers , Joe Brown , Emile Ford & the Checkmates , Screaming Lord Sutch , Heinz ( with Wilko Johnson on guitar ) and Billy Fury ; as well as songs from Jerry Lee Lewis 's sister Linda Gail Lewis .   Roy Wood 's new band Wizzard , only formed a few weeks previously , also made their live debut at the show .   Garage rockers MC5 were not over-popular with the crowd . Little Richard also got booed when he stopped singing rock and roll and jumped on top of his piano . As did a very new Gary Glitter , with The Glitter Band .   Mick Jagger attended the concert , but did not perform . Future Sex Pistols manager Malcolm McLaren can be seen selling T-shirts from a stall in the film .   The concert was filmed and released in 1973 as The London Rock and Roll Show , directed by Peter Clifton . Although no soundtrack release occurred at the time the film was made , one was finally issued in the early 2000s ( decade ) , followed by several different releases with different combinations of performances .

neg: Humour Humour ( British English ) or humor ( American English ; see spelling differences ) is the tendency of particular cognitive experiences to provoke laughter and provide amusement . The term derives from the humoral medicine of the ancient Greeks , which taught that the balance of fluids in the human body , known as humours ( Latin : humor , `` body fluid '' ) , controlled human health and emotion .   People of all ages and cultures respond to humour . Most people are able to experience humour -- be amused , smile or laugh at something funny -- and thus are considered to have a sense of humour . The hypothetical person lacking a sense of humour would likely find the behaviour inducing it to be inexplicable , strange , or even irrational . Though ultimately decided by personal taste , the extent to which a person finds something humorous depends on a host of variables , including geographical location , culture , maturity , level of education , intelligence and context . For example , young children may favour slapstick such as Punch and Judy puppet shows or the Tom and Jerry cartoons , whose physical nature makes it accessible to them . By contrast , more sophisticated forms of humour such as satire require an understanding of its social meaning and context , and thus tend to appeal to a more mature audience .

neg: Punch line A punch line ( `` punch-line '' or punchline ) concludes a joke ; it is intended to make people laugh . It is the third and final part of the typical joke structure . It follows the introductory framing of the joke and the narrative which sets up for the punch line .   In a broader sense punch line can also refer to the unexpected and funny conclusion of any performance , situation or story .

neg: Charlie Manna Charlie Manna ( October 6 , 1920 -- November 9 , 1971 ) was an Italian American standup comedian , active in the 1960s . He was a New York resident , who stated that he came from the Bronx , and who had studied opera for five years before turning to comedy . He first appeared at the Green Mansions resort , in the Adirondacks near the Catskills resort area . He appeared on many theatrical and television variety shows of the era , including the Sunday Night At The London Palladium , The Ed Sullivan Show , The Tonight Show , The Steve Allen Show , Jackie Gleason 's Stage Show , the Jack Paar Show , Perry Como 's Kraft Music Hall and The Garry Moore Show . He performed at local venues like the Radio City Music Hall , the Bon Soir supper club , the Blue Angel , the Copacabana and Montreal 's El Morocco . He appeared in theatrical performances , including Michael Stewart 's Shoestring '57 and Hermione Gingold 's Sticks and Stones .   He was well known for conceptual homor , based on incongruity , such as the routine in which an astronaut balks at being launched until someone finds his box of crayons , containing `` a green , an orange and two blacks '' ; as well using his musical training in a routine , such as `` Alcatraz - the Musical , '' and `` La Bonanza , '' a parody of an opera based on a popular TV Western , which he performed on The Johnny Cash Show .   Veteran comedian Phyllis Diller credited Manna with helping improve her standup routine when she was starting in the business , `` It was at New York 's Bon Soir nightclub during the early sixties that the comic Charlie Manna gave me the greatest advice about how to get on : quickly tell five of your hottest jokes and then run with them . Get the audience laughing for real , do n't make it a phony deal . '' Manna was quoted as saying , `` There are two varieties of comedy : funny and not funny . ''   He recorded two comedy albums in performance at clubs . The first was ' ` Manna Live !! ; the second was Manna Overboard !! '' , ( Decca Records , 1961 ) , produced by Michael Ross , written by Ross and Bruce Howard , recorded at the Village Vanguard , New York .   He died in 1971 from cancer at age 51 .

neg: Jeff Ross Jeffrey Ross Lifschultz ( born September 13 , 1965 ) , known professionally as Jeff Ross , is an American stand-up comedian , writer , and actor . His skill in doing high-profile celebrity roasts and his appearances in Comedy Central 's Roasts , have led him to be dubbed `` The Roastmaster General . '' He has appeared in various film , television , and cartoon projects . He has made appearances at events for U.S. soldiers and directed a documentary film covering his experiences touring U.S. bases in Iraq .

neg: Mean Old Man Mean Old Man is the 40th studio album by rock and roll pioneer Jerry Lee Lewis . Like his previous album Last Man Standing , this album features duets with famous artists .

neg: The Comedy The Comedy is a 2012 drama film directed and co-written by Rick Alverson , and starring Tim Heidecker . Supporting actors include Eric Wareheim ( Tim and Eric ) , James Murphy ( LCD Soundsystem ) , and Gregg Turkington ( better known as Neil Hamburger ) . The film was premiered at the 2012 Sundance Film Festival and screened within such festivals as Maryland Film Festival 2012 . The film was distributed by Tribeca Film and was slated for theatrical release on November 9 , 2012 and nationwide On Demand starting October 24 , 2012 .   Despite the title and use of comedians as actors , Sundance festival chief programmer Trevor Groth says that the film is not a comedy , but instead `` a provocation , a critique of a culture based at its core around irony and sarcasm and about ultimately how hollow that is . ''   The first ten minutes of the film was purposely leaked onto various torrent websites with an anti-piracy statement at the end of the video . The resulting publicity made the actual film the most pirated independent film of the year .

neg: Food fight A food fight is a form of chaotic collective behavior , in which food is thrown at others in the manner of projectiles . These projectiles are not made to harm or damage others , but to simply ignite a fight filled with spontaneous food throwing . Food fights may be impromptu examples of rebellion or violence ; however , they can also be planned events . For example , La Tomatina is a regularly held , organized Spanish food fight in which participants pelt each other with tomatoes . In organized food fights , the food `` weapons '' are usually all of one kind , or of a limited variety . An impromptu food fight will use whatever food is on hand .   Food fights are a common element in slapstick comedy , with the pie in the face gag being especially prominent . Food fights are frequently featured in children 's television and books , usually as an example of destructive or reckless behavior . One famous food fight scene in a movie took place in National Lampoon 's Animal House . Another took place in Hook .   Though usually associated with juvenile settings such as schools , there are notable incidents that take place in more official locations , such as the food fight at a lunch meeting of the Legislative Yuan of Taiwan . In Europe , some food fights evolved into traditional celebrations rooted either in the recent past such as the Spanish La Tomatina or in long-gone centuries such as the -LSB- 2 = Battle of the Oranges , Battaglia delle arance -RSB- during the Carnival of Ivrea in Italy .   The Jerry Springer Show is well known for using food fights in certain episodes that involve a guest wanting to confront their friend or relative on a holiday special or trying to stop a wedding .

neg: Disasterpiece Theatre Disasterpiece Theatre was a comedy television program that aired in the early 1980s on XETV , a station in Tijuana , Mexico owned by Mexican media company Grupo Televisa which broadcasts in English across the border to neighboring San Diego , California . The show 's title is both a play on the long-running PBS anthology program Masterpiece Theatre and a reference to the low-budget , campy science fiction and horror films that were lampooned each week . At the time of Disasterpiece Theatre '' 's run , XETV was an independent station ; today it serves as the San Diego affiliate of The CW network .   The premise of the show was simple : show the worst movies ever made and make fun of them . Among the films shown were Shriek of the Mutilated , Monster on Campus , The Thing That Could n't Die , The Mummy 's Hand , Born to Speed , Big Boy Rides Again , First Spaceship on Venus and Curse of the Undead . Comments would be written as subtitles during the movie ; for example , in Track of the Moonbeast a character says , `` I 'm somewhat of an ... ( laughs ) an adventurer , '' and the word `` IDIOT '' appeared on screen during the pause in the middle of the sentence . Sometimes music would be added and , in some cases , redubbing by the writers would occur . On a showing of First Spaceship on Venus , the soundtrack was replaced by the writers ' voices arguing about which television show they are going to watch , similar to the overdubbing idea in What 's Up , Tiger Lily?Jay Curtis hosted the show as Sal U. Lloyd , a play on the word celluloid . Bruce Mueller played `` The Other Guy '' and would often dress up as The Mummy , A Lion Tamer , and the Network Producer . Curtis and Mueller wrote and produced the show . Fred Stern was a constant contributor and served as the show 's musical director . Stern chose popular music that was added to scenes for comic punctuation . As an example , during the film Beginning of the End , giant grasshoppers are attacking Chicago , scientists decide to use the grasshopper mating call to lure the creatures into Lake Michigan but instead of the mating call coming from a boat loudspeaker , the audience hears At the Hop by Danny and the Juniors and the monsters hop in and drown . San Diego radio announcer Gary Cocker appeared on the show many times . Guests included Whoopi Goldberg , Richard Simmons , and J. Michael Straczynski . The show was done so cheaply , the producers would tape over the same reels , thus erasing the previous episode . In the show , Curtis and Mueller 's microphone cords are easily visible , but it is the poor production quality that makes the show more humorous .   Sal U. Lloyd was portrayed as a big loser who hates his job . In one episode , he explains his position : `` I 'm sick of television ... I wan na be a rock and roll star . I wan na make some money . '' He is often seen receiving some kind of brain damage after showing a movie . Several times , Lloyd has a run-in with the network producer , George Mucas ( obviously a parody of George Lucas ) , who hates the show . In reality , Curtis had a strong rivalry with the actual network producer of XETV , who eventually cancelled the show .   The show became quite successful , generating a loyal following and beating Saturday Night Live in the ratings several times . However , the show was eventually cancelled due to creative control with the station . Although the show is not widely acclaimed , it is mentionable for inspiring a generation of cult television shows that used the same premise , such as Mystery Science Theater 3000 .   In 1991 , the Beetlejuice episode `` Moby Richard '' had Lydia staging a television dramatization of `` Moby Dick '' for the Neitherworld program `` Disasterpiece Theatre . ''   In 1993 , Animaniacs had an episode of the same title .   In 2009 , the creators of Disasterpiece Theatre '' created a YouTube Page posting archival footage of the show .

neg: List of Saturday Night Live incidents As a live sketch comedy show , NBC 's Saturday Night Live ( officially abbreviated SNL ) has had a number of technical problems , performer mishaps , and controversial content . Several hosts and musical guests have received negative press due to their appearances on the program , including musician Sinéad O'Connor , comedian Andrew Dice Clay , then-Presidential candidate Donald Trump , and the bands Rage Against the Machine and Fear . In the course of the show 's forty-plus-year history , several technical issues have occurred live on air , most notably with singer Ashlee Simpson . Other times , controversial content has been edited out of syndicated reruns and online-distributed editions of the show , including coarse language . The show has `` banned '' certain hosts , and has also been accused of plagiarism .

neg: Country Class Country Class is an album by Jerry Lee Lewis , released on Mercury Records in 1976 .

neg: Jerry (film) Jerry is a 2006 Indian comedy film . The film was earlier titled Idhuthan Kadhal Enbathaa .

neg: List of Saturday Night Live episodes Saturday Night Live ( SNL ) is a late-night sketch comedy and variety show created by Lorne Michaels . It premiered on NBC , a terrestrial television network , on October 11 , 1975 under the title NBC 's Saturday Night . The show often satirizes contemporary American popular culture and politics . Saturday Night Live features a two-tiered cast : the repertory members , also known as the `` Not Ready for Prime-Time Players , '' and newer cast members , known as `` Featured Players . '' Each week , the show features a host , often a well-known celebrity , who delivers an opening monologue and performs in sketches with the cast . A musical guest is also invited to perform several sets ( usually two , and occasionally more ) . Every so often a host or musical guest will fill both roles , such as was the case with Britney Spears in 2000 and 2002 , Jennifer Lopez in 2001 and 2010 , Justin Timberlake in 2003 , 2006 and 2013 , Taylor Swift in 2009 , Bruno Mars in 2012 , Lady Gaga in 2013 , Miley Cyrus in 2013 and 2015 , Drake in 2014 and 2016 , Blake Shelton in 2015 , and Ariana Grande in 2016 . With the exception of Season 7 and several other rare cases , the show has begun with a cold open that ends with someone breaking character and proclaiming `` Live from New York , it 's Saturday Night ! ''   Saturday Night Live is one of the longest running network programs in American television history , with over 800 episodes broadcast over the span of 42 seasons . A number of the show 's sketches have been developed into feature films , including The Blues Brothers , Wayne 's World , A Night at the Roxbury , Superstar , Coneheads , and MacGruber .   Seasons 1 through 5 are available on DVD in Region 1 . Various Saturday Night Live sketches are available in several new media formats , including streaming on Hulu and Netflix . Selected sketches and segments are also available for purchase at the iTunes Store to download and playback on home computers and certain iPod and iPhone models .

neg: Mark Lewis (storyteller) Mark Lewis ( February 16 , 1954 -- December 7 , 2014 ) was an American storyteller , actor , and teacher .   He began his storytelling career while a student at John Muir High School in Pasadena , California , winning regional drama competitions with his telling of `` How the Grinch Stole Christmas '' and `` Jabberwocky '' , two pieces that became staples of his professional storytelling repertory . In 1971 , he formed a performing partnership with singer-songwriter-actor Craig Coulter , and together , as Coulter & Lewis , they developed an enthusiastic local following performing songs ( some original ) , poetry , children 's stories , and skits . This was the beginning of Lewis 's professional career . Among their earliest engagements were regular appearances at the comedy club `` The Ice House '' in Pasadena . In the early 1980s , in the final seasons of the Coulter & Lewis partnership , the duo performed shows at the Smothers Theater at Pepperdine University and was engaged by the Los Angeles Music Center to perform in Los Angeles area schools with the `` Music Center on Tour '' program .   Lewis was part of the Renaissance Pleasure Faires that took place in Agoura , California in the 1970s - 1990s , serving first as the black-hooded and silent Executioner . He later took on speaking roles that allowed him to share his storytelling gifts with Faire-goers . Lewis received two Emmy Awards for his show `` Word Pictures '' on WTTW in Chicago , and he had a syndicated radio show . He appeared on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno and his voice can still be heard on the Pirates of the Caribbean ride in Disneyland . He was a featured performer on the TV series Northern Exposure on CBS and Leverage on TNT ( as Santa/Jack in `` The Ho Ho Ho Job '' , 2012 ) . Lewis was an illustrator and he wrote four books , among them Kaliban 's Christmas : A Special Tale of Magic ( Puffin Books , 1987 ) , The Secret of the Quilt ( Book One of The Counterpane Collection ) with illustrations by Laura Kelly ( Laughing Moon Productions , 1992 ) , and the ibook Anna and the Sun ( Lulu.com , 2011 ) . He performed in several films and commercials for national audiences and worked as a Creative Content Provider for Microsoft , Disney Imagineering , Universal Studios , and Silicon Gaming Inc. . He was a real magician as a storyteller .   Lewis organized storytelling workshops , and he was a member of the faculty at Unitarian Universalist Camp de Benneville Pines Family Camp and Camp Bravo , a summer theater camp for teens , teaching storytelling and stagecraft . He was a part-time college professor of Presentation Skills in the University of Oregon School of Journalism and Communication in Eugene . He also volunteered for the Oregon chapter of the International Thespian Society .   Lewis died on December 7 , 2014 , of medical complications following foot surgery .

neg: The Day the Clown Cried The Day the Clown Cried is an unreleased 1972 American drama film directed by and starring Jerry Lewis . It is based on a script of the same name by Joan O'Brien , who had co-written the original script with Charles Denton ten years previously . The film was met with controversy regarding its premise and content , which features a circus clown who is imprisoned in a Nazi concentration camp . Lewis has repeatedly insisted that The Day the Clown Cried would never be released because it is an embarrassingly `` bad work '' that he is ashamed of .

neg: Comedy rock Comedy rock is rock music mixed with comedy , often satire and parody .


query: Sons of Anarchy is a work.

pos: Sons of Anarchy Sons of Anarchy is an American crime drama television series created by Kurt Sutter , which aired from 2008 to 2014 . It follows the lives of a close-knit outlaw motorcycle club operating in Charming , a fictional town in California 's Central Valley . The show stars Charlie Hunnam as Jackson `` Jax '' Teller , initially the vice president , who begins questioning the club and himself . Brotherhood , loyalty and redemption are constant themes .   Sons of Anarchy premiered on September 3 , 2008 , on cable network FX . The series 's third season attracted an average of 4.9 million weekly viewers , making it FX 's highest rated series and surpassing its other hits The Shield , Nip/Tuck and Rescue Me . The season four and five premieres were the two highest-rated telecasts in FX 's history .   The sixth season aired from September 10 , 2013 , through December 10 , 2013 . The seventh and final season of the series premiered on September 9 , 2014 . The series finale premiered on December 9 , 2014 .   The series explores vigilantism , government corruption and racism , and depicts an outlaw motorcycle club as an analogy for human transformation . Real life Oakland Hell 's Angel David Labrava served as a technical adviser , and also played one of the main characters , Happy Lowman , the club 's assassin .   In November 2013 , Sutter indicated he was in talks with FX to make a Sons of Anarchy prequel set in the 1960s . In February 2015 , he said he would not work on the prequel , likely to be titled `` The First 9 '' , before 2017 . In November 2016 FX announced the development of a spin off series Mayans MC , centered around Latino culture , which will likely include past SOA characters in cameo roles .

neg: Fans4Writers Fans4Writers is a fan activist movement which supported the striking writers of the WGA during the 2007 Writers Guild of America strike . The organization was not associated with the WGA , and indeed was notable for its unprecedented show of solidarity by individuals who were neither directly involved in contract negotiations , nor had a financial stake in the outcome .   While the group was first proposed by fans of Joss Whedon , it came to embrace more than 40 self-identified fandoms . They called themselves `` fans of TV shows and movies , fans of actors , fans of directors , fans of producers , crew and everyone involved in the team effort of crafting wonder . But most of all we are fans of writers , because they are where the wonder begins . They write the words we remember , they create the characters we love , they think up the lines that stay with us forever . As supporters of the people behind the scenes , who develop and write the stories that have meant so much to so many , we wanted to do something tangible to show them that we support the Writers Guild of America strike . ''   Fans4Writers solicitied financial support for its activities , which included bringing food to picket lines and skywriting messages of support at the Rose Bowl . Money left over after the strike was contributed to the WGA Strike Fund .   The organization stated its support for `` the writers in their fight for fair treatment and equitable pay ... with our thoughts , with food deliveries , with money , and we will pick up signs and march with them until a resolution is found . We do it in appreciation , and because it 's right . ''   The Internet-based fan movement received some online press coverage ancillary to the strike itself , and Brenda Lawhorn , Fans4writers ' Campaign Coordinator , was interviewed on Public Radio International 's Fair Game .   However , WGA member and Battlestar Galactica writer Jane Espenson was quoted on fan involvement :  `` I 'm not sure that -LSB- fan involvement -RSB- , which is so clear on the Internet , is being made as clear as it could be in the mainstream press ... it 's the stuff with the mainstream , grassroots fans who come out in amazing numbers and send us food on the picket lines every day ... that 's a bigger part of our everyday strike experience than the involvement of the movie stars . ''   The organization 's existence and activities highlighted one of the main sticking points in the contract negotiations -- the significance of the Internet and other `` new media '' distribution channels . The fan involvement in the strike could also be seen as an outgrowth of trends in which the audience had become more vocal as consumers of entertainment . Striking writers closed the circle by soliciting fan action on their behalf and specifically referring those upset at the loss of their favorite programs to the Fans4writers website , alongside the WGA 's own strike site , in order to register their sentiments and become involved .   Successful use of the internet to organize `` save our show '' campaigns had garnered significant attention , as when supporters of Jericho inundated CBS with grievances in protest of the program 's cancellation . This and other similar fan-organized publicity stunts on behalf of television shows appeared to have inspired WGA strikers themselves to undertake a similar campaign of sending pencils to the CEOs of the media conglomerates in a position to influence the Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers .   Fans4Writers received designation as Yahoo.com 's Site of the Day on November 21 , 2007 .

neg: Sons of Anarchy: Songs of Anarchy Vol. 2 Sons of Anarchy : Songs of Anarchy Vol . 2 is a soundtrack album featuring music from the FX television program Sons of Anarchy , and is a follow-up to the 2011 release Songs of Anarchy : Music from Sons of Anarchy Seasons 1 -- 4 and several earlier EPs from the popular show . Songs include covers of  `` Sympathy for the Devil , '' `` Higher Ground , '' and `` Travelin ' Band , '' as well as several original tracks . Performers include Jane 's Addiction , with most tracks performed by longtime SOA contributors The Forest Rangers .

neg: Teen drama A teen drama is a genre or type of drama series with a major focus on teenage and young adult characters . It came into prominence in the early 1990s , especially with the popularity of the Fox series Beverly Hills , 90210 . After 90210 became a success , television writers and producers realized the potential for this new genre to reach out to a previously ignored demographic . In the past , most series that maintained a focus on teenagers had been sitcoms , while adolescents in drama series were usually part of a larger ensemble that included adults and children .   More often than not , teen dramas have soap opera elements , incorporating one or more ongoing story arcs spanning several episodes . The young characters must deal with the dramatic ups and downs of their friendships and romances while facing an array of issues thought to be typical of adolescence . There have also been many successful teen-based series with major science fiction , fantasy and action/adventure themes .

neg: Procedural drama A procedural drama is a genre of television programming which focuses on how crimes are solved or some other aspect of a law enforcement agency , legislative body , or court of law . Some dramas include a lab or conference room with high-tech or state-of-the-art equipment where the main characters meet to work out the problem . Shows usually have an episodic format that does not require the viewer to have seen previous episodes . Episodes typically have a self-contained , also referred to as stand-alone , plot that is introduced and resolved within the same episode .   The procedural format is popular around the world . In 2011 , the director of a TV consultancy said , `` The continuing trend is for procedurals because they use a predictable structure . '' Due to their stand-alone episodic nature , they are more accessible to new viewers than serials . Self-contained episodes also make it easier for viewers to return to a show if they have missed some episodes . In general , procedural dramas can usually be re-run with little concern for episode order .   Procedurals are often criticized for being formulaic . Procedurals are also generally less character-driven than serialized shows . However , some procedurals have more character emphasis than is typical of the format . Some may occasionally feature a storyline stretching over several episodes .   A popular variant is the police procedural .

neg: Mo McRae Mo McRae ( born July 4 , 1982 ) is an American actor , writer and producer , best known for his recurring role as Tyler in the FX hit series Sons of Anarchy as well as Leon Hayes in the 2006 film Gridiron Gang . He starred in Fox Broadcasting Company 's Pitch .   Raised in South Los Angeles , McRae turned to acting for solace . After enrolling in a drama class at Washington Preparatory High School , McRae opted to forgo his spot on the basketball team , when he landed the lead in the school play .

neg: Sons of Samoa Sons of Samoa is a Crips-affiliated street gang based in Long Beach , California , United States . New Zealand and Australia.SOS gang 's membership mainly consists of Samoan Americans .

neg: Anthony Gallo Anthony Gallo ( born April 10 , 1965 in Los Angeles ) is an American lead and rhythm guitarist who started at age 16 in the early 1980s punk scene . Gallo later progressed into heavy metal and rock as well as T.V. and Film . With a career spanning over 30 years Gallo played and recorded with New Regime , Los Cycos , Nick Menza ( Megadeth ) , Mike Muir , Suicidal Tendencies/Los Cycos , SIN 34 , Jon Nelson , Louiche Mayorga , Louis `` Loud Lou '' Hinzo ( Würm ) , D.H. Peligro ( Dead Kennedys ) , Tiny Bubz ( T.S.O.L. ) , Phil Campbell ( Motörhead ) , heavy metal act Cold Shot , guitarist Carlos Cavazo ( Ratt , Quiet Riot ) , James Bradley Jr. ( Crazy Town ) , Scott Weiland ( STP / Velvet Revolver ) , guitarist Christian Nesmith and Bullet Boys vocalist Marq Torien , and has appeared on Sons of Anarchy in Seasons 5 and 6 as a hang around , and Season 7 , the final Ride episode 9 , as an S.O.A. Indian Hills , Nevada charter member .

neg: Southern Ontario Gothic Southern Ontario Gothic is a subgenre of the Gothic novel genre and a feature of Canadian literature that comes from Southern Ontario . This region includes Toronto , Southern Ontario 's major industrial cities ( Windsor , London , Hamilton , St. Thomas , Oshawa , St. Catharines ) , and the surrounding countryside . While the genre may also feature other areas of Ontario , Canada , and the world as narrative locales , this region provides the core settings .   The term was first used in Graeme Gibson 's Eleven Canadian Novelists ( 1972 ) to recognize an existing tendency to apply aspects of the Gothic novel to writing based in and around Southern Ontario . In an interview with Timothy Findley , Gibson commented that Findley 's novel The Last of the Crazy People shared similarities with the American Southern Gothic genre , to which Findley replied , '' ... sure , it 's Southern Gothic : Southern Ontario Gothic . ''   Notable writers of this subgenre include Alice Munro , Margaret Atwood , Robertson Davies , Jane Urquhart , Marian Engel , James Reaney and Barbara Gowdy .   Like the Southern Gothic of American writers such as William Faulkner , Flannery O'Connor and Eudora Welty , Southern Ontario Gothic analyzes and critiques social conditions such as race , gender , religion and politics , but in a Southern Ontario context . Southern Ontario Gothic is generally characterized by a stern realism set against the dour small-town Protestant morality stereotypical of the region , and often has underlying themes of moral hypocrisy . Actions and people that act against humanity , logic , and morality all are portrayed unfavourably , and one or more characters may be suffering from some form of mental illness . In a review of Alice Munro 's Dear Life for Quill & Quire , literary critic James Grainger writes that `` Violence , illness , and reputations ruined by a single indiscretion are accepted in Munro 's secretive , repressed communities as a kind of levelling mechanism , rough justice for those who dare to strive for something finer . ''   The Gothic novel has traditionally examined the role of evil in the human soul , and has incorporated dark or horrific imagery to create the desired setting . Some ( but not all ) writers of Southern Ontario Gothic use supernatural or magic realist elements ; a few deviate from realism entirely , in the manner of the fantastical gothic novel . Virtually all dwell to a certain extent upon the grotesque .   Notable works of the genre include Davies ' Deptford Trilogy , Findley 's Headhunter , Atwood 's Alias Grace and The Blind Assassin , and Munro 's Selected Stories .   The genre has been criticised as having `` little or nothing to distinguish it from everyday , garden-variety type realism . ''

neg: Sons of Haiti The Sons of Haiti is a Haitian-American Masonic Grand Lodge and fraternal organization with headquarters in Renton , Washington .   The organization has sub-chapters in Arizona , Colorado , Georgia , Illinois , Maryland , New York , New Jersey , Ohio , Oregon , Texas and Washington . The group also claim jurisdiction over the King James Grand Lodge of Oregon AF&AM .

neg: Dave Erickson Dave Erickson is an American television writer and producer , best known for co-creating Fear the Walking Dead with Robert Kirkman , which he is currently the showrunner for . He also created the television series Canterbury 's Law , and wrote and produced for television series Sons of Anarchy and Low Winter Sun .

neg: American Teens Against Crime American Teens Against Crime , ( ATAC ) is a fictional organization in The Hardy Boys : Undercover Brothers book series .   ATAC is a top secret government agency co-founded by Fenton Hardy and Anmol Gupta . They created it when he realized that there are some places where an adult spy ( a FBI or CIA agent ) would stand out too much . Because of this the FBI has , on at least one occasion , relied on ATAC to solve a case . The very first ATAC agents were Fenton 's sons , Frank and Joe . The agency sends their agents a video game disc ( mission CD ) with details on their latest mission ; after the disc has been viewed it re-formats into a regular music CD . Each disc is delivered in some undercover way , normally by Vijay who likes to use a pizzaboy as a disguise to give them their missions .   ATAC has a secret handshake that only agents know . It goes like this : two hard up-and-down shakes followed by a wrist-grab , then a fist-touch , and one last up-and-down shake . In Mission # 4 , Thrill Ride , Joe used this hand-shake when they first met Vijay Patel , to make sure that he was a real member of ATAC . Vijay Patel delivers ATAC missions to Frank and Joe Hardy , and is only used as a field agent in one book , where he saves Frank and Joe .   Fenton no longer runs ATAC himself ; a man that simply goes by Q ( sometimes Q.T. ) is the current director of the agency . In the graphic novel adaptation of the series , Nigel Penhurst is also a top man at ATAC .

neg: American Dream, Global Nightmare American Dream , Global Nightmare is a book by Ziauddin Sardar and Merryl Wyn Davies ( Icon Books , 2004 ) .   This book presents the neoconservative ideology of Pax Americana as ten laws .  Law 1 : Fear is essential .  Law 2 : Escape is the reason for being .  Law 3 : Ignorance is bliss .  Law 4 : America is the idea of nation .  Law 5 : Democratisation of everything is the essence of America .  Law 6 : American democracy has the right to be imperial and express itself through Empire .  Law 7 : Cinema is the engine of Empire .  Law 8 : Celebrity is the common currency of Empire .  Law 9 : War is a necessity .  Law 10 : American tradition and history are universal narratives applicable across all time and space .

neg: Chaos Theory (Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.) `` Chaos Theory '' is the seventh episode of the third season of the American television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , based on the Marvel Comics organization S.H.I.E.L.D. ( Strategic Homeland Intervention , Enforcement and Logistics Division ) , revolving around the character of Phil Coulson and his team of S.H.I.E.L.D. agents as they deal with the monstrous Lash . It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) , sharing continuity with the films of the franchise . The episode was written by Lauren LeFranc , and directed by David Solomon .   Clark Gregg reprises his role as Coulson from the film series , and is joined by series regulars Ming-Na Wen , Brett Dalton , Chloe Bennet , Iain De Caestecker , Elizabeth Henstridge , Nick Blood , Adrianne Palicki , Henry Simmons , and Luke Mitchell . Matthew Willig guest stars as Lash , with Blair Underwood playing his human form , Andrew Garner .   `` Chaos Theory '' originally aired on ABC on November 10 , 2015 , and according to Nielsen Media Research , was watched by 3.49 million viewers .

neg: Utopian and dystopian fiction The utopia and its derivative , the dystopia , are genres of literature that explore social and political structures . Utopian fiction portrays a setting that agrees with the author 's ethos , having various attributes of another reality intended to appeal to readers . Dystopian ( or dystopic ) fiction ( sometimes combined with , but distinct from apocalyptic literature ) is the opposite : the portrayal of a setting that completely disagrees with the author 's ethos . Many novels combine both , often as a metaphor for the different directions humanity can take , depending on its choices , ending up with one of two possible futures . Both utopias and dystopias are commonly found in science fiction and other speculative fiction genres , and arguably are by definition a type of speculative fiction .   More than 400 utopian works were published prior to the year 1900 in the English language alone , with more than a thousand others during the twentieth century .

neg: Sons of Angels (Norwegian band) Sons of Angels are a Norwegian/Swedish Rock Band ( William-Olsson is Swedish ) from 1990 . They released their first self-titled album in 1990 on May 11 . They were n't very well known but their first record managed to sell over 150 000 copies .  They had a bit of success with the album 's single and first track - `` Cowgirl '' - they also made a music video of that song . They returned in 2001 with a 2nd album - `` Slumber With The Lion '' .

neg: Desolation Angels (album) Desolation Angels is the fifth studio album by hard rock band Bad Company . The album was released on March 17 , 1979 . Paul Rodgers revealed on In the Studio with Redbeard ( which devoted an episode to Desolation Angels ) that the album 's title came from the novel of the same name by Jack Kerouac .   Desolation Angels was recorded at Ridge Farm Studios in Surrey , England in late 1978 . It is considered the last strong album by Bad Company , With the original lineup mostly because it contains their last major hit , `` Rock 'n' Roll Fantasy , '' written by Paul Rodgers and inspired by a guitar synthesizer riff that Rodgers had come up with .   `` Gone , Gone , Gone '' , written by bassist Boz Burrell , also received substantial airplay on rock stations . It was the first of only three songs he ever wrote for the band , but is widely revered as one of the band 's finest compositions . The album reached No. 3 on the Billboard album charts in 1979 and went Platinum in 1979 and Double Platinum subsequently .   A cover version of `` Oh , Atlanta '' , written by Mick Ralphs , was recorded by Alison Krauss and appears on her 1995 album Now That I 've Found You : A Collection . The original version was used in the open to The Nashville Network 's 1993 broadcast of the Motorcraft 500 when ABC ( which originally had the broadcast ) could not find time to air the race , postponed six days by a snowstorm in the Atlanta Motor Speedway .   The album was remastered and re-released in 1994 .

neg: Goodfellas Goodfellas ( stylized as GoodFellas ) is a 1990 American crime film directed by Martin Scorsese . It is an adaptation of the 1986 non-fiction book Wiseguy by Nicholas Pileggi , who co-wrote the screenplay with Scorsese . The film narrates the rise and fall of mob associate Henry Hill and his friends over a period from 1955 to 1980 .   Scorsese initially named the film Wise Guy and postponed making it ; later , he and Pileggi changed the name to Goodfellas . To prepare for their roles in the film , Robert De Niro , Joe Pesci , and Ray Liotta often spoke with Pileggi , who shared research material left over from writing the book . According to Pesci , improvisation and ad-libbing came out of rehearsals wherein Scorsese gave the actors freedom to do whatever they wanted . The director made transcripts of these sessions , took the lines he liked best , and put them into a revised script , which the cast worked from during principal photography .   Made on a budget of $ 25 million , Goodfellas grossed $ 46.8 million . It received positive reviews from critics and was nominated for six Academy Awards , including Best Picture and Best Director , with Pesci winning Best Actor in a Supporting Role . The film won five awards from the British Academy of Film and Television Arts , including Best Film and Best Director . Additionally , Goodfellas was named the year 's best film by various critics ' groups .   Goodfellas is widely regarded as one of the greatest films in the crime genre . In 2000 , it was deemed `` culturally , historically , and aesthetically significant '' and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the United States Library of Congress . Its content and style have been emulated in numerous other films and television shows .

neg: Anarchy Is What States Make of It Anarchy is What States Make of It ( full title : Anarchy is what states make of it : the social construction of power politics ) is a journal article by Alexander Wendt published in International Organization in 1992 that outlines a constructivist approach to international relations theory .   He argues that anarchy is not inherent in the international system in the way in which other schools of international relations theory envision it , but rather it is a construct of the nation-states in the system . At the core of constructivist thought is the idea that many core aspects of international relations are socially constructed ( they are given their form by ongoing processes of social practice and interaction ) , rather than inherent , contrary to the assumptions of neorealism and neoliberalism . According to Wendt , the two basic tenets of constructivism are :  The structures of human association are determined primarily by shared ideas rather than material forces  The identities and interests of purposive actors are constructed by these shared ideas rather than given by nature   The constructivist sentiment is summed up in the following extract from the article : `` I argue that self-help and power politics do not follow either logically or causally from anarchy and that if today we find ourselves in a self-help world , this is due to process , not structure . There is no ` logic ' of anarchy apart from the practices that create and instantiate one structure of identities and interests rather than another ; structure has no existence or causal powers apart from process . Self-help and power politics are institutions , not essential features , of anarchy . Anarchy is what states make of it '' .

neg: Libertarian science fiction Libertarian science fiction is a subgenre of science fiction that focuses on the politics and social order implied by libertarian philosophies with an emphasis on individualism and private ownership of the means of production -- and in some cases , no state whatsoever .   As a category , libertarian fiction is unusual because the vast majority of its authors are self-identified as science fiction authors . This contrasts with the authors of much other social criticism who are largely academic or mainstream novelists who tend to dismiss any genre classification . The identification between libertarianism and science fiction is so strong that the U.S. Libertarian Party often has representatives at science fiction conventions and one of the highest profile authors currently in the subgenre of libertarian science fiction , L. Neil Smith , was the Arizona Libertarian Party 's 2000 candidate for the President of the United States .   As a genre , it can be seen as growing out of the 1930s and 1940s when the science-fiction pulp magazines were reaching their peak at the same time as fascism and communism . While this environment gave rise to dystopian novels such as George Orwell 's Nineteen Eighty-Four , in the pulps , this influence more often give rise to speculations about societies ( or sub-groups ) arising in direct opposition to `` totalitarianism . ''   Ayn Rand 's novel Atlas Shrugged is a strong ( perhaps the strongest ) influence with an anti-socialist attitude and an individualist ethic that echoes throughout the genre .  Of more direct relevance to the science fiction end of this genre is Robert A. Heinlein 's The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress , which is highly regarded even by non-libertarian science fiction readers . An award for libertarian science fiction , the Prometheus Award , is given out every year . Some winners of the award identify as libertarians ( e.g. , L. Neil Smith , Victor Koman , Brad Linaweaver ) , while others do not ( Terry Pratchett , Charles Stross ) .   Some other prominent libertarian science fiction authors include S. Andrew Swann and Michael Z. Williamson .

neg: Rockne S. O'Bannon Rockne S. O'Bannon is an American television writer , screenwriter and producer . O'Bannon has created five original television series ( Farscape , seaQuest , Defiance , Cult , and Alien Nation ) .   O'Bannon made his writing debut selling spec material to NBC 's Amazing Stories ( 1985 ) and CBS 's The Twilight Zone ( 1985 ) , but first garnered critical attention for his film Alien Nation ( 1988 ) and its subsequent spinoff television show . His next notable achievement was his original series seaQuest DSV ( 1993 ) which ran for three seasons . O'Bannon 's most critically acclaimed success was the space epic Farscape on Syfy ( 1999 -- 2003 ) which ran for four seasons and spun off into a mini-series , a comic book series , and a rumored film . Since Farscape , he 's created  the hit TV show Defiance ( 2013 ) and CW 's Cult ( 2013 ) , the miniseries The Triangle ( 2005 ) , along with helping to write the Warehouse 13 ( 2009 ) pilot . He 's also written and produced for Constantine , Revolution and V among others .   O'Bannon prides himself on `` delivering shows that truly are , in their own way , really unique '' and pushing the boundaries of the science fiction genre . He 's won multiple Saturn Awards ( including best series for Farscape ) and been nominated for other awards such as a Hugo Award and a WGA Award .


query: The Greenland shark is also known as the grey shark.

pos: Greenland shark The Greenland shark ( Somniosus microcephalus ) , also known as the gurry shark , or grey shark , or by the Inuit name eqalussuaq , is a large shark of the family Somniosidae ( `` sleeper sharks '' ) , closely related to the Pacific and southern sleeper sharks . The distribution of this species is mostly restricted to the waters of the North Atlantic Ocean and Arctic Ocean .   It has the longest known lifespan of all vertebrate species ( 392 ± 120 years ) , and is among the largest extant species of shark . As an adaptation to living at depth , it has a high concentration of trimethylamine N-oxide in its tissues , which causes the meat to be toxic . Greenland shark flesh treated to reduce toxin levels is eaten in Iceland as a delicacy known as kæstur hákarl .

neg: Grey seal The grey seal ( Halichoerus grypus , meaning `` hooked-nosed sea pig '' ) is found on both shores of the North Atlantic Ocean . It is a large seal of the family Phocidae or `` true seals '' . It is the only species classified in the genus Halichoerus . Its name is spelled gray seal in the US ; it is also known as Atlantic seal and the horsehead seal .

neg: Galea (genus) Galea is a genus of South American rodents of the family Caviidae . Four species are known , found in Argentina , Bolivia , Chile , Peru and Brazil . They are :  Brazilian yellow-toothed cavy ( G. flavidens )  Muenster yellow-toothed cavy ( G. monasteriensis )  Common yellow-toothed cavy ( G. musteloides )  Spix 's yellow-toothed cavy ( G. spixii )  Galea has until recently been considered to have only three species ; the Muenster yellow-toothed cavy was only described in 2004 . G. flavidens is monotypic and G. musteloides and G. spixii are polytypic .   Galea is in the family Caviidae and its members are described as cavies ; they have sometimes also been called `` guinea pigs '' . Cavies are widespread throughout South America . The high diversity of habitats of different species is paralleled by a high diversity of social organizations . Species differences between habitats and reproduction may shed light on evolutionary history .   Galea breeds at multiple times of year that are not strongly constrained by food availability or climate . The gestation period is 48 days and litter size is 2 to 4 , both less than those of the guinea pig . Placental development in Galea is very similar to that of the guinea pig .   Galea species usually have smaller body size but the relative sizes of their testes and epididymitis are twice those of Cavia species . In the majority of cases , the acrosomes of Galea sperm are smooth in outline , and only occasionally are degenerate forms present or are the acrosomes absent . In Galea , the spermatozoa of the epididymis are always single-cell whereas those of Cavia are agglutinated in the form of rouleaux . Galea spermatozoa swim more slowly than those of Cavia . While some Galea species are promiscuous -- for example G. musteloides -- Cavia exhibits polygynous behavior , which means that males are selected for aggression so that multiple matings will be prohibited .

neg: Kattegatcentret Kattegatcentret ( The Kattegat Center ) is a public aquarium in Grenå , Denmark . Its name refers to the Kattegat sea .   The mission of Kattegatcentret is to mediate knowledge about the sea to the general public , so more people are able to enjoy , understand and guard the seas . Since its opening in 1993 , the aquarium has been visited by around 6 million people , with 12,000 schoolchildren and students participating in the centers schoolservice every year . The center was expanded in 2005 and now comprise 5800 m2 , with all constructions designed by Kjaer & Richter .   The aquarium is home to more than 250 species from around the world , from the native herring , wolffish and seals ( grey and harbour ) to tropical lionfish and coral fish and sharks . The animals are on display in large tanks in a variety of engaging ways . The largest tank , Oceanariet , has a volume of 1500000 l and shows a native marine scene from the Kattegat itself . It is possible to dive here for visitors . Another large tank is the 550000 l tropical shark tank , Hajtanken , which is equipped with a shark tunnel and is home to species such as sand tiger shark , whitetip reef shark , nurse shark and stingrays . The smallest aquaria at the Kattegatcenter contain 250 l.   The Kattegatcenter cooperates on a broad scale with politicians , businesspeople , scientists , institutions and organizations from all over the world . The center is a member of both EAZA and DAZA , two important zoo and aquarium organizations , and are currently working towards being self-sustaining with animals . They have a large breeding program with both native and tropical species .   In cooperation with Technical University of Denmark ( DTU ) , The Kattegatcenter created AlgeCenter Danmark in 2011 . It is a Danish center for research , innovation and mediation of information about algae . AlgeCenter Danmark has a growing facility for kelp right next to The Kattegatcenter . Every year , the international Nordic Seaweed Conference are held here .

neg: The Gray Man The Gray Man or The Grey Man may refer to :   the primary nickname of American serial killer Albert Fish  a nickname of British Prime Minister John Major , known as the `` grey man '' of British politics  The Gray Man ( The Hardy Boys ) , a character from the book series  `` The Gray Man '' ( story ) , a short story by Bob Shaw  The Gray Man ( 2002 film ) , an action film co-starring Angelo Fierro  The Gray Man ( 2007 film ) , a biographical thriller starring Patrick Bauchau  Gray Man ( comics ) , a DC Comics mystical supervillain  The Gray Man ( ghost ) , the name of a historical ghost of Pawleys Island  D.Gray-man , a manga and anime series  The Grey Man of Scottish folklore , also named Fear liath  Gray Man , a creature in the Wheel of Time novels  `` The Grey Man '' , an episode of NCIS : Los Angeles ( season 6 )  It could also refer to :  Grey alien , an alleged race of extraterrestrials

neg: Shark Conservation Act The Shark Conservation Act of 2010 ( SCA ) was passed by the 111th United States Congress that amended the High Seas Driftnet Fishing Moratorium Protection Act and the Magnuson -- Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act to improve the conservation of sharks . Also called the International Fisheries Agreement Clarification Act , the bill was approved by the House of Representatives on March 2 , 2009 by voice vote and the Senate on December 20 , 2010 by unanimous consent . A record of each representative 's position was not kept . The bill was signed into law by President Barack Obama on January 4 , 2011 .   A decade earlier , the Shark Finning Prohibition Act ( SFPA ) had been passed to combat the increased practice of removing fins from sharks , usually taken in bycatch by longline fishing vessels , to satisfy increased demand for shark fin soup , a delicacy in China . In 2008 , a federal appeals court ruled that transshipment of fins taken by other vessels was not prohibited by the SFPA . Within weeks of that decision , the SCA was introduced to close that loophole . It prohibits any person from cutting the fins of a shark at sea and from possessing , transferring and landing shark fins ( including the tail ) that are not `` naturally attached to the corresponding carcass '' . In addition it prohibits any person from landing a shark carcass without its corresponding fins being `` naturally attached '' .   The act protects all shark species , with an exception for commercial fishing of smooth dogfish ( Mustelus canis ) with a valid State license within 50 nautical miles of that State 's coast .

neg: Black guillemot The black guillemot or tystie ( Cepphus grylle ) is a medium-sized alcid . The genus name Cepphus is from Ancient Greek kepphos , a pale waterbird mentioned by Greek authors including Aristotle . The species name grylle was the local dialect name for this bird in Gotland at the time of Linnaeus 's visit there in 1741 . The English word `` guillemot '' is from French guillemot probably derived from Guillaume , `` William '' .   Adult birds have black bodies with a white wing patch , a thin dark bill , and red legs and feet . They show white wing linings in flight . In winter , the upperparts are pale grey and the underparts are white . The wings remain black with the large white patch on the inner wing . They are 32 -- 38 cm in length , and with a 49 -- 58 cm wingspan .   Their breeding habitat is rocky shores , cliffs and islands on northern Atlantic coasts in eastern North America as far south as Maine , and in western Europe as far south as Ireland.They are one of the few birds to breed on Surtsey , Iceland a new volcanic island . In the UK it is a fairly common breeding bird in western and northern Scotland and Ireland . In the rest of Great Britain they only breed at St. Bees Head in Cumbria , the Isle of Man and on east Anglesey in north Wales . Some birds breed in Alaska where their range overlaps with the pigeon guillemot . They usually lay their eggs in rocky sites near water .   There are five listed subspecies of the black guillemot :   C. g. mandtii -- ( Lichtenstein , 1822 ) : northeast Canada to Svalbard to northern Siberia & northern Alaska .  C. g. arcticus -- ( Brehm , 1824 ) : northeast United States , southeast Canada & south Greenland to the Ireland and Britain , southern Scandinavia & the White Sea .  C. g. islandicus -- ( Hørring , 1937 ) : Iceland .  C. g. faroeensis -- ( Brehm , 1831 ) : Faroe Islands .  C. g. grylle -- ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) : Baltic Sea .   These birds often overwinter in their breeding areas , moving to open waters if necessary , but usually not migrating very far south .   They dive for food from the surface , swimming underwater . They mainly eat fish and crustaceans , also some mollusks , insects and plant material .   The call in the breeding season is a high whistle . The red gape is also prominent then .

neg: Snow goose The snow goose ( Chen caerulescens ) , consisting of both a white phase and blue phase ( Blue Goose ) , is a North American species of goose commonly collectively referred to as `` light geese '' . Its name derives from the typically white plumage . The genus of this bird is disputed . The American Ornithologists ' Union and BirdLife International place this species and the other `` white geese '' in the Chen genus , while other authorities follow the traditional treatment of placing these species in the `` gray goose '' genus Anser . The scientific name is from the Latin anser , `` goose '' , and caerulescens , `` bluish '' , derived from caeruleus , `` dark blue '' .   This goose breeds north of the timberline in Greenland , Canada , Alaska , and the northeastern tip of Siberia , and spends winters in warm parts of North America from southwestern British Columbia through parts of the United States to Mexico . They fly as far south as Texas and Mexico during winter , and return to nest on the Arctic tundra each spring . It is a rare vagrant to Europe , but a frequent escape from collections and an occasional feral breeder . Snow geese are visitors to the British Isles where they are seen regularly among flocks of barnacle , Brent and Greenland white-fronted geese . There is also a feral population in Scotland from which many vagrant birds in Britain seem to derive .   In Central America , vagrants are frequently encountered during winter .

neg: King Oscar Glacier King Oscar Glacier ( Kong Oscar Gletscher ) is one of several glaciers that drain the north-western part of the Greenland Ice Sheet into Melville Bay . As part of a comprehensive survey of Greenland 's glaciers that was published in 2006 , scientists documented that the mass balance -- the sum of gains through snow accumulation and losses through iceberg calving and melting -- of Kong Oscar and Greenland 's other north-western glaciers was strongly negative between 1996 and 2005 : they lost more ice than they gained . The pattern was similar to the ice sheet as a whole , which has been losing ice mass at an accelerating pace in the past decade .

neg: Gammarus Gammarus is an amphipod crustacean genus in the family Gammaridae . It contains more than 200 described species , making it one of the most speciose genera of crustaceans . Different species have different optimal conditions , particularly in terms of salinity , and different tolerances ; Gammarus pulex , for instance , is a purely freshwater species , while Gammarus locusta is estuarine , only living where the salinity is greater than 25 ‰ .   Species of Gammarus are the typical `` scuds '' of North America and range widely throughout the Holarctic . A considerable number are also found southwards into the Northern Hemisphere tropics , particularly in Southeast Asia .   The following species are included :   Gammarus abscisus G. Karaman , 1973  Gammarus abstrusus Hou , Platvoet & Li , 2006  Gammarus acalceolatus Pinkster , 1970  Gammarus accolae G. Karaman , 1973  Gammarus accretus Hou & Li , 2002  Gammarus acherondytes Hubricht & Mackins , 1940  Gammarus aequicauda ( Martynov , 1931 )  Gammarus agrarius G. Karaman , 1973  Gammarus albimanus G. Karaman , 1968  Gammarus alsaticus Van Straelen , 1924 †  Gammarus anatoliensis Schellenberg , 1937  Gammarus angulatus ( Martynov , 1930 )  Gammarus angusticoxalis Martynov , 1935  Gammarus annandalei ( Monod , 1924 )  Gammarus annulatus Smith , 1873  Gammarus anodon Stock , Mirzajani , Vonk , Naderi & Kiabi , 1998  Gammarus aoculus Hou & Li , 2003  Gammarus araxenius Derzhavin , 1938  Gammarus arduus G. Karaman , 1975  Gammarus argaeus Vávra , 1905  Gammarus bakhteyaricus Khalayi-Pirbalanty & Sari , 2004  Gammarus balcanicus Schaferna , 1922  Gammarus barnaulensis Schellenberg , 1937  Gammarus baysali Özbek et al. , 2013  Gammarus belli G. Karaman , 1984  Gammarus bergi Martynov , 1930  Gammarus birsteini Karaman & Pinkster , 1977  Gammarus bosniacus Schäferna , 1922  Gammarus bousfieldi Cole & Minckley , 1961  Gammarus brevicornis ( Martynov , 1935 )  Gammarus brevipodus Hou , Li & Platvoet , 2004  Gammarus breviramus Bousfield & Elwood , 1971  Gammarus bucharensis Martynov , 1935  Gammarus caparti Petre-Stroobants , 1981  Gammarus caucasicus Martynov , 1932  Gammarus caudisetus Viviani , 1805  Gammarus chaohuensis Hou & Li , 2002  Gammarus chevreuxi Sexton , 1913  Gammarus chimkenti G. Karaman , 1984  Gammarus chostensis Martynov , 1932  Gammarus cohabitus Hosinger , Shafer , Fong & Culver , 2008  Gammarus comosus Hou , Li & Gao , 2005  Gammarus craspedotrichus Hou & Li , 2002  Gammarus crenulatus G. S. Karaman & Pinkster , 1977  Gammarus crinicaudatus Stock , Mirzajani , Vonk , Naderi & Kiabi , 1998  Gammarus crinicornis Stock , 1966  Gammarus crispus Martynov , 1932  Gammarus curvativus Hou & Li , 2003  Gammarus dabanus Tachteew & Mekhanikova , 2000  Gammarus daiberi Bousfield , 1969  Gammarus decorosus Meng , Hou & Li , 2003  Gammarus denticulatus Hou , Li & Morino , 2002  Gammarus desperatus Cole , 1981  Gammarus dorsosetosus Mateus & Mateus , 1990  Gammarus duebeni Liljeborg , 1852  Gammarus dulensis S. Karaman , 1929  Gammarus edwardsi Bate , 1862  Gammarus effultus G. Karaman , 1975  Gammarus electrus Hou & Li , 2003  Gammarus elevatus Hou , Li & Morino , 2002  Gammarus elvirae Iannilli & Ruffo , 2002  Gammarus emeiensis Hou , Li & Koenemann , 2002  Gammarus fasciatus Say , 1818  Gammarus finmarchicus Dahl , 1938  Gammarus flabellifera Stimpson , 1856  Gammarus fluviatilis Milne-Edwards , 1840 †  Gammarus fontinalis Costa , 1883  Gammarus fossarum Koch , 1836  Gammarus frater Karaman & Pinkster , 1977  Gammarus frigidus Hou & Li , 2004  Gammarus galgosensis Lee & Kim , 2004  Gammarus galgosensis Lee & Kim , 1980  Gammarus gauthieri ( S. Karaman , 1935 )  Gammarus glabratus Hou & Li , 2003  Gammarus goedmakersae G. S. Karaman & Pinkster , 1977  Gammarus gracilis Martynov , 1935  Gammarus gregoryi Tattersall , 1924  Gammarus halilicae G. Karaman , 1969  Gammarus hegmatanensis Hekmatara , Sari & Baladehi , 2011  Gammarus hirsutus Martynov , 1935  Gammarus hongyuanensis Barnard & Dai , 1988  Gammarus hoonsooi Lee , 1986  Gammarus hyalelloides Cole , 1976  Gammarus ibericus Margalef , 1951  Gammarus inaequicauda Stock , 1966  Gammarus inberbus Karaman & Pinkster , 1977  Gammarus inopinatus Mateus & Mateus , 1990  Gammarus insensibilis Stock , 1966  Gammarus italicus Goedmakers & Pinkster , 1977  Gammarus izmirensis Özbek , 2007  Gammarus jacksoni Morino & Whitman , 1995  Gammarus jaspidus Hou & Li , 2004  Gammarus jenneri Bynum & Fox , 1977  Gammarus kamtschaticus Tzvetkova , 1972  Gammarus kasymovi Aliev , 1997  Gammarus katagani Özbek , 2012  Gammarus kesanensis Özbek & Camur-Elipek , 2010  Gammarus kesslerianus Martynov , 1931  Gammarus kischineffensis Schellenberg , 1937  Gammarus komareki ( Schaferna , 1922 )  Gammarus korbuensis Martynov , 1930  Gammarus koshovi Bazikalova , 1946  Gammarus kyonggiensis Lee & Seo , 1990  Gammarus laborifer Karaman & Pinkster , 1977  Gammarus lacustris G. O. Sars , 1864  Gammarus lasaensis Barnard & Dai , 1988  Gammarus laticoxalis Karaman & Pinkster , 1977  Gammarus lawrencianus Bousfield , 1956  Gammarus lecroyae Thoma & Heard , 2009  Gammarus ledoyeri G. Karaman , 1987  Gammarus lepoliensis Jazdzewski & Konopacka , 1989  Gammarus lichuanensis Hou & Li , 2002  Gammarus limnaeus S. I. smith , 1874  Gammarus lobifer Stock , Mirzajani , Vonk , Naderi & Kiabi , 1998  Gammarus locusta ( Linnaeus , 1758 )  Gammarus longipedis Karaman & Pinkster , 1987  Gammarus longisaeta Lee & Seo , 1992  Gammarus lophacanthus Hou & Li , 2002  Gammarus lordeganensis Khalayi-Pirbalanty & Sari , 2004  Gammarus lychnidensis Schellenberg , 1943  Gammarus macedonicus G. Karaman , 1976  Gammarus madidus Hou & Li , 2005  Gammarus marmouchensis Fadil , 2006  Gammarus maroccanus Fadil & Dakki , 2001  Gammarus martensi Hou & Li , 2004  Gammarus matienus Derzhavin , 1938  Gammarus miae Mateus & Mateus , 1990  Gammarus microps Pinkster & Goedmakers , 1975  Gammarus minus Say , 1818  Gammarus mladeni Karaman & Pinkster , 1977  Gammarus monospeliensis Pinkster , 1972  Gammarus montanus Hou , Li & Platvoet , 2004  Gammarus mucronatus Say , 1818  Gammarus murarius Hou & Li , 2004  Gammarus nekkensis Uchida , 1935  Gammarus ninglangensis Hou & Li , 2003  Gammarus nipponensis Uéno , 1940  Gammarus nox Stock , 1995  Gammarus nudus Martynov , 1931  Gammarus obnixus Karaman & Pinkster , 1977  Gammarus obruki Özbek , 2012  Gammarus oceanicus Segerstråle , 1947  Gammarus ocellatus Martynov , 1930  Gammarus ochridensis ( Schäferna , 1926 )  Gammarus odaensis Lee & Kim , 1980  Gammarus odettae Mateus & Mateus , 1990  Gammarus oeningensis Heer , 1865 †  Gammarus orinos Pinkster & Schol , 1984  Gammarus oronticus Alouf , 1979  Gammarus osellai Karaman & Pinkster , 1977  Gammarus pageti Mateus & Mateus , 1990  Gammarus palustris Bousfield , 1969  Gammarus parechiniformis G. Karaman , 1977  Gammarus paricrenatus Stock , Mirzajani , Vonk , Naderi & Kiabi , 1998  Gammarus parthicus Stock , Mirzajani , Vonk , Naderi & Kiabi , 1998  Gammarus paucispinus Hou & Li , 2002  Gammarus pavlovici  Gammarus pavo Karaman & Pinkster , 1977  Gammarus paynei Delong , 1992  Gammarus pecos Cole & Bousfield , 1970  Gammarus pellucidus Gurjanova , 1930  Gammarus pexus Hou & Li , 2005  Gammarus platvoeti Hou & Li , 2003  Gammarus pljakici G. Karaman , 1964  Gammarus plumipes Mateus & Mateus , 1990  Gammarus praecyrius Derzhavin , 1941 †  Gammarus preciosus Wang , Hou & Li , 2009  Gammarus pretzmanni Mateus & Mateus , 1990  Gammarus proiectus Stock , Mirzajani , Vonk , Naderi & Kiabi , 1998  Gammarus pseudoanatoliensis Karaman & Pinkster , 1987  Gammarus pseudolimnaeus Bousfield , 1958  Gammarus pseudosyriacus Karaman & Pinkster , 1977  Gammarus pulex Linnaeus , 1758  Gammarus qiani Hou & Li , 2002  Gammarus rambouseki S. Karaman , 1931  Gammarus retzi Maikovsky , 1941 †  Gammarus rifatlensis Fadil , 2006  Gammarus riparius Hou & Li , 2002  Gammarus roeselii Gervais , 1835  Gammarus rouxi Pinkster & Goedmakers , 1975  Gammarus salemaai G. Karaman , 1985  Gammarus salinus Spooner , 1947  Gammarus sepidannus Zamanpoore , Poeckl , Grabowski & Schiemer , 2009  Gammarus setosus Dementieva , 1931  Gammarus shanxiensis Barnard & Dai , 1988  Gammarus shenmuensis Hou & Li , 2004  Gammarus sichuanensis Hou , Li & Zheng , 2002  Gammarus sinuolatus Hou & Li , 2004  Gammarus sirvannus Hekmatara , Sari & Baladehi , 2011  Gammarus sketi G. Karaman , 1989  Gammarus sobaegensis G. Karaman , 1984  Gammarus solidus G. Karaman , 1977  Gammarus songirdaki G. Karaman , 1984  Gammarus soyoensis Lee & Kim , 1980  Gammarus spelaeus Martynov , 1931  Gammarus spinipalmus ( Chen , 1939 )  Gammarus spooneri G. Karaman , 1991  Gammarus stagnarius Hou , Li & Morino , 2002  Gammarus stalagmiticus Hou & Li , 2005  Gammarus stankokaramani G. Karaman , 1976  Gammarus stojicevici ( S. Karaman , 1929 )  Gammarus stupendus Pinkster , 1983  Gammarus subtypicus Stock , 1966  Gammarus suifunensis Martynov , 1925  Gammarus syriacus Chevreux , 1895  Gammarus takesensis Hou , Li & Platvoet , 2004  Gammarus taliensis Shen , 1954  Gammarus tauricus Martynov , 1931  Gammarus teletzkensis Martynov , 1930  Gammarus tigrinus Sexton , 1939  Gammarus topkarai Özbek & Balik , 2009  Gammarus translucidus Hou , Li & Li , 2004  Gammarus troglophilus Hubricht & Mackins , 1940  Gammarus truncatus Martynov , 1930  Gammarus turanus Martynov , 1935  Gammarus uludagi G. S. Karaman , 1975  Gammarus unguiserratus Costa , 1853  Gammarus ustaoglui Özbek & Guloglu , 2005  Gammarus varsoviensis Jazdzewski , 1975  Gammarus vignai Pinkster & Karaman , 1978  Gammarus wangbangensis Lee & Seo , 1990  Gammarus wautieri Roux , 1967  Gammarus wilkitzkii Birula , 1897  Gammarus xiangfengensis Hou & Li , 2002  Gammarus zaddachi Sexton , 1912  Gammarus zagrosensis Zamanpoore , Poeckl , Grabowski & Schiemer , 2009  Gammarus zeongogensis Lee & Kim , 1980

neg: Carcharhinus humani Carcharhinus humani also known as the Human 's whaler shark is a species of requiem shark , in the family Carcharhinidae . It inhabits the western Indian Ocean near the Socotra Islands , off Kuwait , Mozambique , and South Africa .

neg: Eastern spotted gummy shark The eastern spotted gummy shark ( Mustelus walkeri ) is a species of houndshark in the Triakidae family , found in Australian waters . This new species of gummy sharks is a relatively large species with the following characteristics : tall dorsal fins , its posterior margin directed posteroventrally from top to bottom and not upright distally , first dorsal-fin base is 1.6-2 .0 times the anal-caudal space ; buccopharyngeal denticles cover entire palate and floor of mouth ; long claspers of adult males are slender , strongly depressed , the inner length about 9-10 % TL , extending to just anterior of the second dorsal-fin origin ; lower edge of spiracle is usually close to level of mid-eye ; insertion of anal-fin usually over its apex ; about 69/73 teeth rows ; 78 - 94 precaudal vertebral centra ; 35-39 monospondylous centra ; dorsal color pale greyish with numerous small , often indistinct , semi-regular , diffuse-edged white spots on postspiracular head and body ; light and dark tonal coloration well demarcated on head below eye and onto middle of first gill slit , the intergill membranes are much darker dorsally than ventrally ; bases and inner lobe of dorsal fins in juveniles ( < 400 mm TL ) not strongly contrasted to distal part of fin , inner lobe is pale-edged ; juveniles have caudal fin with distinctive whitish posterior margins .

neg: Borneo river shark The Borneo river shark ( Glyphis fowlerae ) is a species shark of the family Carcharhinidae known only from the Kinabatangan River in Borneo . It can reach a length of 78 cm . Reproduction is presumed to be viviparous . Only 13 specimens are known to science collected in 1996 . Expeditions in 2010 and 2011 failed to find any and while fishermen recognised the shark , they have not been seen for many years . Other members of the family found at the mouth of tropical rivers include bull sharks , speartooth sharks , Irrawaddy river sharks , northern river sharks and Ganges sharks . They all can survive in both saltwater and freshwater .   Genetic evidence has shown that both the Borneo river shark and Irrawaddy river shark ( G. siamensis ) should be regarded as synonyms of the Ganges shark ( G. gangeticus ) . However , an apparently undescribed species of Glyphis shark is known from Mukah in Borneo , as well as Bangladesh . The status of a Borneo specimen from Sampit is unclear .

neg: Shark Lake Shark Lake is a freshwater lake in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia approximately 13 km north of Esperance .   The lake is situated within the Shark Lake Nature Reserve , which occupies an area of 16.1 ha and is one of the few permanent freshwater lakes and wetlands on the south coast .   The lakes are predominantly fed by natural drainage from the agricultural areas to the north . Increased runoff and rising water tables from agricultural clearing have a large impact on the water quality of the lake .   Shark Lake Nature Reserve was gazetted as an A class reserve in 1972 for the purpose of  conservation of flora and fauna .   Shark Lake lies in a land system that is part of the broader Esperance sand-plain . The sand-plain is gently undulating with low rises and hills . The soils are mostly deep comprising sandy grey sands over yellow clay with grey-white loamy sand around the lake .  It has an average salinity of 1.7 ‰ total dissolved solids .   The lake is an important drought refuge for the area 's fauna , with comparatively large numbers of birds being recorded there in summer . A total of 40 species are known to visit the lake through the year . Species of birds found at the lake include : avocet , greenshank , hooded dotterel , black swan , reed warbler , brown bittern , hoary-headed grebe , little grassbird , Australian white ibis and buff-banded rail .   The low-lying swamp areas around the lake are dominated by Melaleuca trees and scrub .  Other dominant species include Calothamnus quadrifidus and Acacia cyclops . Fringing vegetation of mixed low heaths occur on lake edges with dense sedge beds of Baumea articulata , Isolepis nodosa , Juncus species and Schoenus brevifolius .

neg: Drift ice Drift ice is any sea ice other than fast ice , the latter being attached ( `` fastened '' ) to the shoreline or other fixed objects ( shoals , grounded icebergs , etc. ) . Drift ice is carried along by winds and sea currents , hence its name . When drift ice is driven together into a large single mass ( > 70 % coverage ) , it is called pack ice . Wind and currents can pile up that ice to form ridges up to several metres in height . These represent a challenge for icebreakers and offshore structures operating in cold oceans and seas .   Drift ice consists of floes , individual pieces of sea ice 20 m or more across . There are names for various floe sizes : small -- 20 m to 100 m ; medium -- 100 m to 500 m ; big -- 500 m to 2000 m ; vast -- 2 km to 10 km ; and giant -- more than 10 km .   Seasonal ice drift in the Sea of Okhotsk by the northern coast of Hokkaidō , Japan has become a tourist attraction of this area with harsh climate , and is one of the 100 Soundscapes of Japan . The Sea of Okhotsk is the southernmost area in the Northern hemisphere where drift ice may be observed .   Drift ice affects :  Security of navigation  Climatic impact ( see Polar ice packs )  Geological impact  Biosphere influence ( see Ecology of sea ice )   The two major ice packs are the Arctic ice pack and the Antarctic ice pack . The most important areas of pack ice are the polar ice packs formed from seawater in the Earth 's polar regions : the Arctic ice pack of the Arctic Ocean and the Antarctic ice pack of the Southern Ocean . Polar packs significantly change their size during seasonal changes of the year . Because of vast amounts of water added to or removed from the oceans and atmosphere , the behavior of polar ice packs has a significant impact on global changes in climate .

neg: Tardigrade Tardigrades ( -LSB- ˈtɑrdᵻˌgreɪd -RSB- also known as water bears , space bears , or moss piglets ) are water-dwelling , eight-legged , segmented micro-animals . They were first discovered by the German zoologist Johann August Ephraim Goeze in 1773 . The name Tardigrada ( meaning `` slow stepper '' ) was given three years later by the Italian biologist Lazzaro Spallanzani . They have been found everywhere from mountaintops to the deep sea , mud volcanoes , and from tropical rain forests to the Antarctic .   Tardigrades are one of the most resilient animals known : they can survive extreme conditions that would be rapidly fatal to nearly all other known life forms . They can withstand temperature ranges from 1 K ( close to absolute zero ) to about 420 K for several minutes , pressures about six times greater than those found in the deepest ocean trenches , ionizing radiation at doses hundreds of times higher than the lethal dose for a human , and the vacuum of outer space . They can go without food or water for more than 30 years , drying out to the point where they are 3 % or less water , only to rehydrate , forage , and reproduce . Tardigrades living in harsh conditions undergo an annual process of cyclomorphosis .   They are not considered extremophilic because they are not adapted to exploit these conditions . This means that their chances of dying increase the longer they are exposed to the extreme environments , whereas true extremophiles thrive in a physically or geochemically extreme environment that would harm most other organisms .   Usually , tardigrades are about 0.5 mm long when they are fully grown . They are short and plump with four pairs of legs , each with four to eight claws also known as `` disks '' . The first three pairs of legs are directed ventrolaterally and are the primary means of locomotion , while the fourth pair is directed posteriorly on the terminal segment of the trunk and is used primarily for grasping the substrate . Tardigrades are prevalent in mosses and lichens and feed on plant cells , algae , and small invertebrates . When collected , they may be viewed under a very low-power microscope , making them accessible to students and amateur scientists .   Tardigrades form the phylum Tardigrada , part of the superphylum Ecdysozoa . It is an ancient group , with fossils dating from 530 million years ago , in the Cambrian period . About 1,150 species of tardigrades have been described . Tardigrades can be found throughout the world , from the Himalayas ( above 6000 m ) , to the deep sea ( below 4000 m ) and from the polar regions to the equator .

neg: Saurosphargidae Saurosphargidae is an extinct family of marine reptiles known from the early Middle Triassic ( Anisian stage ) of Europe and China .   The type species of the family is Saurosphargis volzi , named by Friedrich von Huene in 1936 based on a single specimen collected from the lower Anisian Lower Muschelkalk of Gogolin , Poland - a section of 12 incomplete back vertebrae with ribs . The generic name of Saurosphargis is derived from Greek sauros , `` lizard '' , and sphargis , the old genus name for the leatherback turtle , in reference to the dorsal osteoderm `` body armor '' and broadened ribs forming a closed chest rib basket , traits that are seemingly transitional between turtles and other reptiles . However , due to the only known specimen ' destruction during World War II , many authors considered Saurosphargis to be a nomen dubium . Nevertheless , even based on surviving descriptions alone , many differences were noted even from its closest known relative at the time , Eusaurosphargis dalsassoi from the Anisian-Ladinian boundary of the southern Alps . Various hypotheses existed for the affinities of these species , and together with Helveticosaurus , they were originally thought to be placodonts , but later studies suggested relatedness to other sauropterygians and / or ichthyopterygians .   It was n't until nearly a century after the discovery of Saurosphargis , that other specimens closely related to it were found in China . In 2011 , Li et al. described and named three of these specimens , Sinosaurosphargis yunguiensis , referring to this species being the Chinese version of Saurosphargis . The specimens of Sinosaurosphargis were collected from Member II of the Guanling Formation , dating to the Pelsonian ( mid-late Anisian ) . Based on very detailed descriptions and figures of Saurosphargis in Huene ( 1936 ) , and based on comparisons with the well-preserved Sinosauropshargis , Li et al. ( 2011 ) resurrected Saurosphargis volzi as a valid species , and erected the family Saurosphargidae to contain the two . Furthermore , they reported the discovery of material referable to Saurosphargis from the Lower Muschelkalk of Winterswijk , Netherlands , that is under preparation . Saurosphargis and Sinosaurosphargis were included in a phylogenetic analysis , and were recovered in a monophyletic Saurosphargidae which was found to be the sister taxon of Thalattosauriformes . Sauropterygia was recovered as the sister taxon of their combined group , with a clade formed by Eusaurosphargis and Helveticosaurus in a position basal to it .   In 2014 , Li et al. described a second species of Largocephalosaurus , that was initially interpreted as an eosauropterygian due to the limited preparation of the holotype of its type species L. polycarpon . The second species L. qianensis , known from three specimens , and the newly prepared portions of L. polycarpon postcranial skeleton , revealed the same osteoderm `` body armor '' and broadened rib basket that are unique to saurosphargids . Thus , Largocephalosaurus was reinterpreted as a saurosphargid and a phylogenetic analysis recovered both species , forming a monophyletic Largocephalosaurus , as basal to the clade formed by Saurosphargis and Sinosaurosphargis . All four known specimens of Largocephalosaurus came from the Luoping Biota , from Member II of the Guanling Formation , that yielded Sinosaurosphargis , alongside various invertebrates , fish , basal ichthyosaurs , Atopodentatus , and several species of eosauropterygian , including both pachypleurosaurs and nothosaurids .

neg: Omura's whale Omura 's whale or the dwarf fin whale ( Balaenoptera omurai ) is a species of rorqual about which very little is known . Before its formal description , it was referred to as a small , `` dwarf '' or `` pygmy '' form of Bryde 's whale by various sources . The common name and specific epithet commemorate Japanese cetologist Hideo Omura .   The scientific description of this whale was made in Nature in 2003 by three Japanese scientists . They determined the existence of the species by analysing the morphology and mitochondrial DNA of nine individuals -- eight caught by Japanese research vessels in the late 1970s in the Indo-Pacific and an adult female collected in 1998 from Tsunoshima , an island in the Sea of Japan . Later , abundant genetic evidence confirmed Omura 's whale as a valid species and revealed it to be an early offshoot from the rorqual lineage , diverging much earlier than Bryde 's and sei whales . It is perhaps more closely related to its larger relative , the blue whale .   In the third edition of Mammal Species of the World , the `` species '' is relegated to being a synonym of Balaenoptera edeni . However , the authors note that this is subject to a revision of the genus . The database ITIS lists this as a valid taxon , noting a caveat on the disputed systematics of this species , Balaenoptera edeni and Balaenoptera brydei .

neg: Stronsay Beast The Stronsay Beast was a large carcass or globster that washed ashore on the island of Stronsay ( at the time spelled Stronsa ) , in the Orkney Islands , Scotland , after a storm on 25 September 1808 . The carcass measured 55 ft ( 16.8 m ) in length , but as part of the tail was apparently missing , it was estimated the animal was longer than that . The Natural History Society ( Wernerian Society ) of Edinburgh could not identify the carcass and decided it was a new species , probably a sea serpent . The Scottish anatomist John Barclay gave it the scientific name Halsydrus pontoppidani ( Pontoppidan 's sea-snake ) in honor of Erik Pontoppidan , who described sea serpents in a work published half a century before . Later , the anatomist Sir Everard Home in London dismissed the measurement , declaring it must have been around 36 ft ( 11 m ) , and deemed it to be a decayed basking shark ( basking sharks can take on a ` pseudo plesiosaur ' appearance during decomposition ) . In 1849 , Scottish professor John Goodsir in Edinburgh came to the same conclusion . The largest reliably recorded basking shark was 40 ft ( 12.2 m ) in length , so at 55 ft , the Stronsay beast still constitutes something of a cryptozoological enigma .   The Stronsay Beast ( known locally as the Stronsay monster ) was measured by three witnesses ( one was a carpenter and the other two were farmers ) . It was 4 ft ( 1.2 m ) wide and had a circumference of about 10 ft ( 3.1 m ) . It had three pairs of ` paws ' or ` wings ' . Its skin was smooth when stroked head to tail and rough when stroked tail to head . Its fins were edged with bristles and it had a ` mane ' of bristles all down its back . The bristles glowed in the dark when wet . Its stomach contents were red . Full transcripts of the witness testimony can be found in the Wernerian Society Notes Vol . I ( 1808 -- 10 ) , which are held in the National Museum of Scotland and can be viewed by appointment .   Bernard Heuvelmans researched the evidence in his book In the Wake of Sea Serpents and suggested the Stronsay beast may indeed have been an unusually large basking shark . The drawings of the Stronsay beast 's decayed carcass are similar in shape and size to the popular image of the Loch Ness Monster , although it was criticized by the eyewitnesses as not matching their description in all regards ( Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society , Vol L 1808-10 ) . The third pair of appendages could be a male shark 's `` claspers '' , but male sharks are generally smaller than the females of the same species . The creature 's remains were cartilage , not bone , so it could not have been an oarfish nor any other animal with a bone skeleton ( Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society , Vol L 1808-10 ) .

neg: Slender sawtail catshark The slender sawtail catshark ( Galeus gracilis ) is a little-known species of catshark , part of the family Scyliorhinidae , endemic to northern Australia . It is found over the continental slope in 290 - on water . Growing to 34 cm long , this shark has a slim gray body with four dark saddle markings below the dorsal fins and on the caudal fin , as well as a prominent crest of enlarged dermal denticles along the dorsal edge of the caudal fin . The slender sawtail catshark is not valued by fisheries but is taken as bycatch . The International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) presently lacks enough information to assess its conservation status .

neg: Saddletail grouper The saddletail grouper ( Epinephelus daemelii ) , also known as black cod or black rock-cod in Australia , and as saddle-tailed grouper or spotted black groper in New Zealand , is a large marine fish of the family Serranidae . It is found off the coastline of southeastern Australia and northern New Zealand , generally inhabiting near-shore rock and coral reefs at depths down to 50 metres . Its main range comprises the southeast coastline of Australia , in the state of New South Wales ; New Zealand populations are suspected to be nonbreeding , so are a result of drifting larvae .   This grouper grows to 200 cm in length and at least 68 kg in weight . The species is a generalised carnivore , preying on crustaceans and fish . It has a typical groper appearance . Colouration varies from a dark grey-black colour to the more usual blotched or banded black and white pattern .   The species is a protogynous hermaphrodite , with individuals starting as females and changing to males at an estimated 100 -- 110 cm in length and 29 -- 30 years of age .   Drastic but localised declines in saddletail grouper stocks due to line fishing were first noted around heavily populated areas in the early 1900s . However , in the 1950s , 1960s and 1970s , E. daemelii populations suffered a severe decline due to the rise in popularity of spear fishing . Due to the species ' large size , slowness , curiosity , territorial habits , and use of inshore habitats , it was extremely vulnerable to spear fishing . The species was heavily targeted by spear fishermen and caught in large quantities . After more than two decades of severe spear fishing-driven decline , the New South Wales fishery department belatedly banned the spearing or taking of black cod in 1983 , and subsequently listed the species as vulnerable under New South Wales fisheries legislation . The Australian Government listed it as vulnerable under national environmental legislation in 2012 .