query: Resident Evil's protagonist is portrayed by American actress Milla Jovovich.

pos: Resident Evil (film series) Resident Evil is a science fiction action-horror hexalogy film series loosely based on the Japanese video game franchise of the same name by Capcom . German studio Constantin Film bought the rights to the first film in January 1997 with Alan B. McElroy and George A. Romero as potential writers . In 2001 , Sony Entertainment acquired distribution rights and hired Paul W. S. Anderson as writer and director for Resident Evil ( 2002 ) . Anderson continued on as writer and producer for the sequels , Resident Evil : Apocalypse ( 2004 ) and Resident Evil : Extinction ( 2007 ) , and returned as the director for Resident Evil : Afterlife ( 2010 ) , Resident Evil : Retribution ( 2012 ) and Resident Evil : The Final Chapter ( 2016 ) .   The fictional Umbrella Corporation , which acts as the main antagonist in the series , is a bioengineering pharmaceutical company that creates bioweapons . Umbrella was responsible for the zombie apocalypse , which occurred after the corporation 's T-virus infected the Earth 's population . The films follow protagonist Alice , an original character created for the films portrayed by Milla Jovovich . Alice , who was once a security operative working for Umbrella , becomes an enemy of the corporation . Characters from the video game series also appeared in the film series , including Jill Valentine , Carlos Olivera , Claire Redfield , Albert Wesker , Chris Redfield , Barry Burton , Leon S. Kennedy and Ada Wong .   Despite consistent negative reviews , with six films released , the Resident Evil film series is the highest-grossing film series to be based on video games of all time , having grossed over $ 1.233 billion worldwide .

pos: Resident Evil (film) Resident Evil is a 2002 German-British science fiction action horror film written and directed by Paul W. S. Anderson and produced by Bernd Eichinger . The film stars Milla Jovovich and Michelle Rodriguez . It is the first installment in the Resident Evil film series , which is loosely based on the Capcom survival horror video game series Resident Evil . Alongside Jovovich and Rodriguez , it also stars Eric Mabius , James Purefoy , Martin Crewes , and Colin Salmon . It is produced by Bernd Eichinger and by Anderson himself .   Borrowing elements from the video games Resident Evil and Resident Evil 2 , the film follows amnesiac heroine Alice and a band of Umbrella Corporation commandos as they attempt to contain the outbreak of the T-virus at a secret underground facility . The film received mixed reviews from critics but some highly praised Jovovich and the cast performances as well as the action sequences and the zombies design . It was a box office success , grossing more than $ 100 million worldwide .

neg: Patricia Arquette Patricia Arquette ( born April 8 , 1968 ) is an American actress . She made her film debut in A Nightmare on Elm Street 3 : Dream Warriors ( 1987 ) at the age of eighteen . Her notable films include Tony Scott 's True Romance ( 1993 ) , Tim Burton 's Ed Wood ( 1994 ) , David O. Russell 's Flirting with Disaster ( 1996 ) , David Lynch 's Lost Highway ( 1997 ) , Stephen Frears 's The Hi-Lo Country ( 1998 ) , Martin Scorsese 's Bringing Out the Dead ( 1999 ) , and Andrew Davis 's Holes ( 2003 ) .   For her performance in Richard Linklater 's Boyhood ( 2014 ) , which was filmed from 2002 until 2014 , she received widespread critical praise and won the Academy Award , BAFTA Award , Critics ' Choice Award , Golden Globe Award , Independent Spirit Award , and SAG Award for Best Supporting Actress . Arquette 's Academy Award acceptance speech , which she used to bring female wage inequality to attention , received widespread news coverage .   On television , she played the character Allison DuBois -- based on the author and medium Allison DuBois , who claims to have psychic abilities -- in the supernatural drama series Medium ( 2005 -- 11 ) . She received three Golden Globe nominations and two Emmy Award nominations , winning the Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama in 2005 . Arquette also appeared in the CSI franchise as Avery Ryan , the Deputy Director of the FBI , starring in CSI : Cyber ( 2015 -- 16 ) .

neg: Vincent M. Ward Vincent M. Ward ( born January 27 , 1971 ) , also known as Vincent Ward , is an American actor . He is best known for his roles on The Starter Wife and The Walking Dead .

neg: Wicked (1998 film) Wicked is a 1998 American thriller film starring Julia Stiles as a disturbed teenage girl .

neg: Biohazard 4D-Executer Biohazard 4D-Executer is a Japanese 3D animated biopunk horror film based on the Resident Evil series of survival horror video games . It was created by Capcom in cooperation with Visual Science Laboratory , and distributed by Digital Amuse . Biohazard 4D-Executer was directed by Koichi Ohata , and written by Daisuke Okamoto , who was supervised by the game series developers . A limited release , the 20-minute film has been an attraction in Japanese theme parks since November 2000 , and can be seen in movie theaters and smaller booths . The story centers on the mission of a military squad sent to the zombie-infested Raccoon City to locate the whereabouts of Dr. Cameron , a female scientist conducting research on a new type of virus .

neg: List of Resident Evil characters This is a list of Resident Evil characters , which includes playable and recurring characters that were introduced in Resident Evil , a series of survival horror video games .

neg: Courtney Love Courtney Michelle Love ( born Courtney Michelle Harrison ; born July 9 , 1964 ) is an American singer , actress , writer , and visual artist . Prolific in the punk and grunge scenes of the 1990s , Love has enjoyed a career that spans four decades . She rose to prominence as the frontwoman of the alternative rock band Hole , which she formed in 1989 . Love has drawn public attention for her uninhibited live performances and confrontational lyrics , as well as her highly publicized personal life following her marriage to Kurt Cobain .   The daughter of Hank Harrison and psychotherapist Linda Carroll , Love had an itinerant early life . She spent her formative years in San Francisco and Portland , Oregon , where she was in a series of short-lived bands before being cast in two films by British director Alex Cox . After forming Hole in 1989 , she received substantial attention from underground rock press for the group 's debut album , produced by Kim Gordon . Hole 's second release , Live Through This ( 1994 ) , gave her high-profile renown with critical accolades and multi-platinum sales . In 1995 , Love returned to acting , earning a Golden Globe Award nomination for her performance as Althea Leasure in Miloš Forman 's The People vs. Larry Flynt ( 1996 ) , which established her as a mainstream actress . The following year , she saw further mainstream success with the release of Hole 's third album , Celebrity Skin ( 1998 ) , which was nominated for multiple Grammy Awards .   Love continued to work as an actress into the early 2000s , appearing in big-budget pictures such as Man on the Moon ( 1999 ) and Trapped ( 2002 ) , before releasing her first solo album , America 's Sweetheart , in 2004 . The next few years were marked by publicity surrounding Love 's legal troubles and drug addiction , which resulted in a mandatory lockdown rehabilitation sentence in 2005 while she was in the process of writing a second planned solo album . That project became Nobody 's Daughter , which was released in 2010 as a Hole album but without any other members of the original lineup . Between 2014 and 2015 , she released two solo singles and returned to acting in the network series Sons of Anarchy and Empire .   Love has also had endeavors in writing , co-creating and co-authoring three volumes of a manga , Princess Ai , between 2004 and 2006 , as well as a memoir , Dirty Blonde : The Diaries of Courtney Love ( 2006 ) . In 2012 , she premiered an exhibit of mixed media visual art titled And She 's Not Even Pretty .

neg: Gia Mantegna Gina `` Gia '' Cristine Mantegna ( born April 17 , 1990 ) is an American actress .

neg: Michele O'Marah Michele O'Marah ( born 1967 ) is an American video artist . Her works have been named among the best of 2002 and the best of 2010 by Artforum .   O'Marah was born 1967 in Vallejo , California . She earned a B.F.A. from Tyler School of Art in Philadelphia , majoring in photography .   O'Marah often remakes and reinterprets films , interviews , and other media . In the 2001 White Diamonds , Agent Orange , she recreated a 1970 60 Minutes interview with Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton and paired the remade interview with a fictionalization of the Vietnam War . A critic in Flash Art reviewed the installation unfavorably , commenting that it `` left you with a sinking feeling that artists are fiddling around while Rome is burning . ''   In 2002 , O'Marah created a full-length remake of the 1983 cult film Valley Girl on an extremely low budget , casting artist friends in the video and using a borrowed video camera . Discussing the project in a later interview , she stated , '' -LSB- M -RSB- y idea was to fail the original Valley Girl . One person can not replicate the job of an 80-person film crew . So I thought that my Valley Girl would be a process piece where the video would at times be a dismal failure ... because I could never perfectly re-create the original . '' She also stated , `` I wanted my video to expose the underlying myth of the original : that Prince Charming will pursue you to the ends of the earth ... The idea of remaking it and making the construction of my video really obvious just acknowledged that the story is a construction , too . '' Writing in Artforum , Bruce Hainley called the work `` a guerrilla tour de force and a heady meditation on the simple act of doing something again '' and praised it simultaneously `` entertainment , a document of a time period and locale , a DIY manifesto , a feminist commentary with acute style , and a meditation on continuity . ''   In 2006 , O'Marah worked with David Jones and Tim Jackson to create the video Faustus 's Children , a take on the Faust legend . In the melodramatic video , non-actors `` deliver an amusingly fraught dialogue reflecting on the hubris of the haute bourgeoisie . ''   In 2007 , O'Marah again recreated a historic interview , remaking the 1973 Firing Line interview of Black Panther leader Huey P. Newton by conservative author William F. Buckley .   Her 2010 project A Girls ' Got ta Do What a Girl 's Got ta Do remade three scenes from the 1996 Pamela Anderson film Barb Wire '' .

neg: Adrianne Palicki Adrianne Lee Palicki ( born May 6 , 1983 ) is an American actress best known for her roles as Tyra Collette in the television series Friday Night Lights ( 2006 -- 2011 ) and supporting roles in the films Legion ( 2010 ) , Red Dawn ( 2012 ) , G.I. Joe : Retaliation ( 2013 ) , and John Wick ( 2014 ) . She played Barbara `` Bobbi '' Morse on the ABC series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( 2014 -- 2016 ) .

neg: Wicked Appetite Wicked Appetite is a 2010 novel by Janet Evanovich set in Salem , Massachusetts .   Elizabeth Tucker ( referred to as Lizzie ) is a baker at Dazzle 's Bakery , specialising in cupcakes . Lizzie has recently moved to Salem after inheriting her aunt 's house .  Diesel ( from Visions of Sugar Plums , Plum Lovin '' ' , Plum Spooky , and Plum Lucky , the `` Between The Numbers '' Stephanie Plum holiday novellas ) appears out of thin air in Dazzle 's Bakery after Lizzie has been accosted by Gerwulf Grimoire , otherwise known as Wulf ( from Plum Spooky ) .   Unbeknownst to her , Lizzie is an Unmentionable , with a special talent for finding things that Diesel needs . A Stone of Power has re-surfaced and Diesel needs to get to it before Wulf does . The Seven Stones of Power reflect each of the Seven Deadly Sins , the stone in this book dedicated to the sin of gluttony . The stones are known by the acronym SALIGIA , from the Latin names for the sins : superbia , avaritia , luxuria , invidia , gula , ira , & acedia , or pride , greed , lust , envy , gluttony , anger , & sloth .   Lizzie 's co-worker Glo , not an Unmentionable but a Questionable , tries out a number of spells with unusual results . Lizzie adopts an odd orange one-eyed cat , who possibly belonged to her deceased Aunt Ophelia , and Carl , the monkey with an attitude problem , rides along . Carl the monkey was introduced in Fearless Fourteen humping Brenda 's hair , and was featured in Plum Spooky .   A sequel , titled Wicked Business '' , was released on June 19 , 2012 .

neg: Alien (film) Alien is a 1979 British-American science-fiction horror film directed by Ridley Scott , and starring Sigourney Weaver , Tom Skerritt , Veronica Cartwright , Harry Dean Stanton , John Hurt , Ian Holm and Yaphet Kotto . The film 's title refers to a highly aggressive extraterrestrial creature that stalks and kills the crew of a spaceship . Dan O'Bannon wrote the screenplay from a story he wrote with Ronald Shusett , drawing influence from previous works of science fiction and horror . The film was produced by Gordon Carroll , David Giler and Walter Hill through their Brandywine Productions and distributed by 20th Century Fox . Giler and Hill made revisions and additions to the script . Shusett was executive producer . The eponymous Alien and its accompanying elements were designed by Swiss artist H. R. Giger , while concept artists Ron Cobb and Chris Foss designed the human aspects of the film . Alien launched the Alien franchise and is chronologically the first of the main series , with the prequel series set in an earlier timeframe .   Alien received both critical acclaim and box office success , receiving an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects , Saturn Awards for Best Science Fiction Film , Best Direction for Scott , and Best Supporting Actress for Cartwright , and a Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , along with numerous other award nominations . It has remained highly praised in subsequent decades , being considered one of the greatest films of all time . In 2002 , the film was deemed `` culturally , historically or aesthetically significant '' by the Library of Congress and was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry . In 2008 , it was ranked as the seventh-best film in the science fiction genre by the American Film Institute , and as the 33rd greatest film of all time by Empire magazine .   The success of Alien spawned a media franchise of novels , comic books , video games , and toys . It also launched Weaver 's acting career by providing her with her first lead role , and the story of her character Ellen Ripley 's encounters with the Alien creatures became the thematic thread that ran through the sequels Aliens ( 1986 ) , Alien 3 ( 1992 ) and Alien : Resurrection ( 1997 ) . , a crossover with the Predator franchise produced the Alien vs. Predator series , which includes Alien vs. Predator ( 2004 ) and Aliens vs. Predator : Requiem ( 2007 ) , and also a prequel series of films , which includes Prometheus ( 2012 ) and Alien : Covenant ( 2017 ) .

neg: Dark Sector Dark Sector , also stylized as darkSector , is a third-person shooter video game developed by Digital Extremes for the Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 and Microsoft Windows .   The game is set in the fictional Eastern Bloc country of Lasria , and centers on protagonist Hayden Tenno ( voiced by Michael Rosenbaum ) , a morally ambivalent CIA `` clean-up man '' . While trying to intercept rogue agent named Robert Mezner , Hayden 's right arm is infected with the fictional Technocyte virus , which gives him the ability to grow a three-pronged `` Glaive '' at will .   Dark Sector received mixed to positive reviews for its visual design , originality of action and weapon-based gameplay . Many critics have compared the game to Resident Evil 4 and Gears of War , for their similar style of play and story .

neg: American Vampire American Vampire is an American Eisner Award-winning comic book series created by writer Scott Snyder and drawn by artist Rafael Albuquerque .   The series imagines vampires as a population made up of many different secret species , and charts moments of vampire evolution and inter-species conflict throughout history . The focus of the series is a new American bloodline of vampires , born in the American West in the late 19th century . The first of this new species is a notorious outlaw named Skinner Sweet , who wakes from death , after being infected , to find he has become a new kind of vampire , something stronger and faster than what came before , impervious to sunlight , with a new set of strengths and weaknesses . The series goes on to track his movements through various decades of American history -- along with the movements of his first and only known progeny : Pearl Jones , a young woman working as a struggling actress in the 1920s silent film industry when she is attacked by a coven of European vampires hiding in Hollywood . Sweet saves her ( uncharacteristically ) by giving her his blood , thereby turning her into an American vampire like him , at which point she seeks revenge on the classic vampires who attacked her in life . The complicated and charged relationship Jones has with Sweet is another focus of the series .   The first five issues featured two stories -- one by Snyder and the other by Stephen King , both drawn by Rafael Albuquerque . As of the sixth issue , Scott Snyder has taken over as sole writer .   American Vampire has spun off two mini-series . The first , `` Survival of the Fittest '' , illustrated by Sean Murphy focuses on the cases files of the V.M.S. , the vampire hunting organization of the series . The second , `` Lord of Nightmares '' , illustrated by Dustin Nguyen further focuses on the mythology presented by Survival of the Fittest . In June 2013 , a one shot co-written by Snyder and Albuquerque ( who also illustrates the 64-page issue ) , entitled `` Long Road to Hell '' which features vampire hunter Travis Kidd , was released .

neg: P.N.03 P.N. 03 , short for Product Number Zero Three , is a 2003 third-person shooter video game developed and published by Capcom for the Nintendo GameCube . Set in a science-fictional space colony compound , the game stars Vanessa Z. Schneider , a mercenary controlled by the player to combat berserk robots . The game was directed by Shinji Mikami as part of the Capcom Five . To avoid similarities with Devil May Cry and Resident Evil , the P.N. 03 team emphasized defensive and rhythmic maneuvers and a `` delicate '' , `` feminine '' game world .   P.N. 03 was developed on a tight schedule in an attempt to offset Capcom 's poor fiscal year . However , the game received mixed reviews and failed commercially . Several critics found the game repetitive and unintuitive . They were divided on its gameplay mechanics : some disliked its controls -- specifically the inability to move and shoot simultaneously -- while others compared it favorably to golden age arcade games . Mikami repurposed ideas from P.N. 03 in his 2010 game Vanquish .

neg: Peter Greene Peter Greene ( born Peter Green ; October 8 , 1965 ) is an American character actor , generally known for playing villains .

neg: Mercy Point Mercy Point is an American science fiction medical drama , created by Trey Callaway , David Simkins , and Milo Frank , which originally aired for one season on United Paramount Network ( UPN ) from October 6 , 1998 , to July 15 , 1999 . With an ensemble cast led by : Joe Morton , Maria del Mar , Alexandra Wilson , Brian McNamara , Salli Richardson , Julia Pennington , Gay Thomas , Jordan Lund , and Joe Spano , the series takes place in a 23rd-century hospital space station located in deep space and revolves around its doctors and nurses . The series was produced by Mandalay Television and Columbia TriStar Television ; the executive producers were Trey Callaway , Michael Katleman , Lee David Zlotoff , Joe Voci , and Scott Sanders .   Callaway developed Mercy Point from Frank 's script , `` Nightingale One '' , as a concept for a feature film under the working title of the same name . Even though it was picked up by Mandalay Television , the concept was eventually revised as a television project and renamed Mercy Point due to the disappointing commercial performance of the 1997 film Starship Troopers . The show was part of a $ 3 million deal between Mandalay Television and Columbia TriStar Television to produce 200 hours of material . It was filmed in Vancouver to reduce production costs , with the hospital sets constructed on a series of sound stages . Director Joe Napolitano had praised the show for its use of a complete set to allow for more intricate directing . Despite being envisioned as a companion to Star Trek : Voyager , it was paired with Moesha and Clueless as its lead-in on Tuesday nights . Initially focused on ethical and medical cases , the show 's storylines gradually shifted toward relating the characters ' personal relationships to better fit UPN 's primarily teen demographic .   Mercy Point was placed on hiatus after only two episodes were aired , and was replaced by the reality television series America 's Greatest Pets and the sitcom Reunited . The show suffered from low viewership , with an average of two million viewers . The final four episodes of the series were broadcast in two , two-hour blocks on Thursday nights in July 1999 . It was never released on DVD or Blu-ray . Critical response to Mercy Point was mixed ; some television critics praised its characterization and use of science-fiction elements , while others found it to be uninteresting and unoriginal . Several media commentators negatively compared the show to other television programs . Callaway has stated that he had the potential story arcs for the full first season already planned before the show 's cancellation .

neg: Cinzia Massironi Cinzia Massironi ( born October 28 , 1966 in Legnano ) is an Italian voice actress and actress . She is a cousin of the actress Marina Massironi .   Massironi lent her voice to many Italian versions of cartoon or anime characters ( both female and male ) , such as Dan Kuso in Bakugan Battle Brawlers , Caska in Berserk , Daichi in Beyblade G-Revolution , Chun Lee in Beyblade : Metal Masters , Li Syaoran in Card Captor Sakura , Mitsuhiko Tsuburaya in Detective Conan , Comet in Princess Comet , Laura and Videl in Dragon Ball , Haku in Naruto , Clancy Kanuka in Patlabor : The TV Series , Lady Kale in Princess Gwenevere and the Jewel Riders , and Jaden Yuki in the second season of Yu-Gi-Oh ! GX .   In the field of video games , Massironi has lent her voice to Catwoman and Talia al Ghul in Batman : Arkham City , Lana Lei in Death by Degrees , Emily in Dishonored , Lachesis in God of War II , Hermione Granger in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 1 , Michelle Chiang in Jet Li : Rise to Honor , female version of Commander Shepard in the Mass Effect series , Wonder Woman and Kitana in Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe , Luke and Flora in the series Professor Layton , Talwyn Apogee in Ratchet & Clank : Tools of Destruction , Ingrid Hunnigan in Resident Evil 6 , Lily in Vampire : The Masquerade - Redemption , and others .   Among the live-action film roles that Massironi dubbed in Italian are these of Rebecca De Mornay in The Shining and Alex Murrel in Laguna Beach : The Real Orange County . Massironi is also a theatrical actress , and participated in the film Ask Me If I 'm Happy ( Chiedimi se sono felice ) in the role of Francesca in 2000 and starred in the first part of the episodic film Il Cosmo sul comò in 2008 .

neg: Debi Mae West Debi Mae West ( born 1963/1964 ) is an American voice actress for radio , television , animation , and video games . In 2008 , she won a Spike Video Game Award for voicing Meryl Silverburgh in Metal Gear Solid 4 : Guns of the Patriots . From 1999-2002 she was a featured performer on Joe Frank 's radio programs .

neg: Lana Parrilla Lana Maria Parrilla ( born July 15 , 1977 ) is an American actress . Parrilla is best known for her roles on television and radio . She was a regular cast member in the fifth season of the ABC sitcom Spin City from 2000 to 2001 . She later starred in Boomtown ( 2002-2003 ) , Windfall ( 2006 ) , Swingtown ( 2008 ) and as Doctor Eva Zambrano in the short-lived medical drama Miami Medical ( 2010 ) . She also played the role of Sarah Gavin during the fourth season of the Fox series 24 in 2005 . In 2011 , Parrilla began starring as The Evil Queen/Regina Mills in the ABC fantasy drama series , Once Upon a Time . In 2016 Parrilla won a Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Actress : Fantasy/Sci-Fic .

neg: Janina Gavankar Janina Zione Gavankar ( -LSB- prondʒəˈniːnə_ɡəˈvɑːnkər -RSB- born November 29 , 1980 ) is an American actress known for her role as the voice of FERO , one of main protagonists in the Halo 5 : Guardians promotional event , Hunt The Truth . Gavankar is also trained as a pianist , vocalist , and orchestral percussionist . She majored in Theatre Performance at the University of Illinois at Chicago .   Gavankar 's roles include Papi , a lesbian lothario in The L Word ; Leigh Turner , a cop with a big secret on The Gates ; Ms. Dewey , the personification of a Microsoft branded search engine who comments about the user 's searches ; Shiva , the namesake of the sought after trophy on The League ; shapeshifter Luna Garza on HBO 's True Blood ; McKenna Hall on The CW 's Arrow ; and Meredith Bose on NBC 's The Mysteries of Laura . She also played Diana Thomas on FOX 's supernatural drama Sleepy Hollow .


query: Law of value is a central concept in Karl Marx's critique of political economy.

pos: Law of value The law of value ( German : Wertgesetz ) is a central concept in Karl Marx 's critique of political economy , first expounded in his polemic The Poverty of Philosophy ( 1847 ) against Pierre-Joseph Proudhon , with reference to David Ricardo 's economics.See Marx , The Poverty of Philosophy , chapter 1 part 2 where Marx refers to Proudhon 's own `` law of value '' and chapter 3 , titled `` Application of the Law of the Proportionality of Value '' . Most generally , it refers to a regulative principle of the economic exchange of the products of human work : the relative exchange-values of those products in trade , usually expressed by money-prices , are proportional to the average amounts of human labor-time which are currently socially necessary to produce them.Karl Marx , Capital , Volume I , Penguin , pp. 676 -- 77 ; Marx , Capital , Volume III , Penguin ed. , p. 522 .   Thus , the fluctuating exchange value of commodities ( exchangeable products ) is regulated by their value , where the magnitude of their value is determined by the average quantity of human labour which is currently socially necessary to produce them ( see labor theory of value and value-form ) . In itself , this theorem is fairly simple to understand , and intuitively it makes sense to many working people . Theorizing its implications is , however , a much more complex task ; it kept Marx busy across more than two decades .   When Marx talked about `` value relationships '' or `` value proportions '' ( German : Wertverhältnisse ) , he did not mean `` the money '' or `` the price '' . Instead , he meant the value proportions that exist between products of human labour . These relationships can be expressed by the relative replacement costs of products , as labour hours worked . The more labour it costs to make a product , the more it is worth , and inversely the less labour it costs to make a product , the less it is worth . Money-prices are at best only an expression or reflection of Marx 's value relationships -- accurately or very inaccurately . Products can be traded above or below their value in market trade , and some prices have nothing to do with product-values at all ( in Marx 's sense ) , because they refer to tradeable objects which are not regularly produced and reproduced by human labour , or because they refer only to claims on financial assets .

neg: Bourgeois socialism Conservative or Bourgeois Socialism was a term used by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in various pieces ( including in the Communist Manifesto ) .   The Marxian view is such that the bourgeois socialist is the sustainer of the current state of bourgeois class relations . Opinions vary as to whether this or that bourgeois socialist intentionally is excusing the current order but the common thread is that they are , in objective fact , preserving it . Rather than abolishing class divisions , they wish to simply raise everyone up to be a member of the bourgeoisie , to allow everyone the ability to endlessly accumulate capital without a working class . In the Communist Manifesto , Marx and Engels use philanthropists , monks ( `` temperance fanatics '' ) , and reformers as examples of this type of socialist that they saw as opposed to their own aims .   In this class , Marx explicitly referenced Proudhon 's The Philosophy of Misery , stating :

neg: Common good In philosophy , economics , and political science , the common good ( also commonwealth or common weal ) is a term of art , referring to either what is shared and beneficial for all or most members of a given community , or alternatively , what is achieved by citizenship , collective action , and active participation in the realm of politics and public service . The concept of the common good differs significantly among philosophical doctrines . Early conceptions of the common good were set out by Ancient Greek philosophers , including Aristotle and Plato . One understanding of the common good rooted in Aristotle 's philosophy remains in common usage today , referring to what one contemporary scholar calls the `` good proper to , and attainable only by , the community , yet individually shared by its members . '' The concept of common good developed through the work of political theorists , moral philosophers , and public economists , including Thomas Aquinas , Niccolò Machiavelli , John Locke , Jean-Jacques Rousseau , James Madison , Adam Smith , Karl Marx , John Stuart Mill , John Rawls , and many other thinkers . In contemporary economic theory , a common good is any good which is rivalrous yet non-excludable , while the common good , by contrast , arises in the subfield of welfare economics and refers to the outcome of a social welfare function . Such a social welfare function , in turn , would be rooted in a moral theory of the good ( such as utilitarianism ) . Social choice theory aims to understand processes by which the common good may or may not be realized in societies through the study of collective decision rules . And public choice theory applies microeconomic methodology to the study of political science in order to explain how private interests affect political activities and outcomes .

neg: A Theory of Justice A Theory of Justice is a work of political philosophy and ethics by John Rawls , in which the author attempts to solve the problem of distributive justice ( the socially just distribution of goods in a society ) by utilising a variant of the familiar device of the social contract . The resultant theory is known as `` Justice as Fairness '' , from which Rawls derives his two principles of justice : the liberty principle and the difference principle . First published in 1971 , A Theory of Justice was revised in both 1975 ( for the translated editions ) and 1999 .

neg: Inflation In economics , inflation is a sustained increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy over a period of time .  When the price level rises , each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services ; consequently , inflation reflects a reduction in the purchasing power per unit of money a loss of real value in the medium of exchange and unit of account within the economy . A chief measure of price inflation is the inflation rate , the annualized percentage change in a general price index , usually the consumer price index , over time . The opposite of inflation is deflation .   Inflation affects economies in various positive and negative ways . The negative effects of inflation include an increase in the opportunity cost of holding money , uncertainty over future inflation which may discourage investment and savings , and if inflation were rapid enough , shortages of goods as consumers begin hoarding out of concern that prices will increase in the future . Positive effects include reducing the real burden of public and private debt , keeping nominal interest rates above zero so that central banks can adjust interest rates to stabilize the economy , and reducing unemployment due to nominal wage rigidity .   Economists generally believe that high rates of inflation and hyperinflation are caused by an excessive growth of the money supply . Views on which factors determine low to moderate rates of inflation are more varied . Low or moderate inflation may be attributed to fluctuations in real demand for goods and services , or changes in available supplies such as during scarcities . However , the consensus view is that a long sustained period of inflation is caused by money supply growing faster than the rate of economic growth .   Today , most economists favor a low and steady rate of inflation . Low ( as opposed to zero or negative ) inflation reduces the severity of economic recessions by enabling the labor market to adjust more quickly in a downturn , and reduces the risk that a liquidity trap prevents monetary policy from stabilizing the economy . The task of keeping the rate of inflation low and stable is usually given to monetary authorities . Generally , these monetary authorities are the central banks that control monetary policy through the setting of interest rates , through open market operations , and through the setting of banking reserve requirements .

neg: The State (book) __ NOTOC __   The State ( Der Staat ) is a book by German sociologist Franz Oppenheimer first published in Germany in 1908 . Oppenheimer wrote the book in Frankfurt am Main during 1907 , as a fragment of the four-volume System of Sociology , an intended interpretative framework for the understanding of social evolution on which he laboured from the 1890s until the end of his life . The work summarizes Oppenheimer 's general theory on the origin , development and future transformation of the state . The State , which Oppenheimer 's missionary zeal pervades , was widely read and passionately discussed in the early 20th century . It was well received by -- and influential on -- as diverse an audience as Israeli halutzim , American and Slavic communitarians , West German Chancellor Ludwig Erhard , and anarcho-capitalists like Murray Rothbard .   A classical liberal and socialist sympathiser , Oppenheimer regarded capitalism as `` a system of exploitation and capital revenues as the gain of that exploitation '' , but placed the blame not on the genuinely free market , but on the intervention of the state . Oppenheimer 's view of the state is profoundly opposed to the then dominant characterisation propounded by G. W. F. Hegel of the state as an admirable achievement of modern civilisation . Proponents of this view tend to accept the social contract view that the State came about as every larger groups of people agreed to subordinate their private interests for the common good .   In contrast , Opphenheimer 's view was an advancement of the `` conquest theory '' of the state that developed during the late 19th century by Ludwig Gumplowicz . According to conquest theory , the state came into being through war and conquest , a consequence of which was the establishment of social classes ; the dominant conquerors and the subordinate conquered . This , in turn , led to the emergence of a political system to consolidate the power of the conquerors , to perpetuate and regulate class divisions . Oppenheimer 's views led the American essayist , Albert Jay Nock , writing in the first half of the 20th century , to remark that in his own book , Our Enemy , the State :

neg: Social philosophy Social philosophy is the study of questions about social behavior and interpretations of society and social institutions in terms of ethical values rather than empirical relations . Social philosophers place new emphasis on understanding the social contexts for political , legal , moral , and cultural questions , and to the development of novel theoretical frameworks , from social ontology to care ethics to cosmopolitan theories of democracy , human rights , gender equity and global justice .

neg: Orthodox Marxism Orthodox Marxism is the body of Marxist thought that emerged following the death of Karl Marx which became the official philosophy of the socialist movement as represented in the Second International until the First World War . Orthodox Marxism aims to simplify , codify and systematize Marxist methodology and theory , ironing out the perceived ambiguities and contradictions of Classical Marxism .   The `` orthodoxy '' in orthodox Marxism specifically refers to the methodology of historical materialism and dialectical materialism employed and not to any of the normative aspects inherent to classical Marxism . `` Orthodox '' does not imply adherence to the results of Marx 's own investigations .   The fundamental characteristics of orthodox Marxism include the understanding that material development ( advances in technology in the productive forces ) is the primary agent of change in the structure of society and human social relations , and that social systems and their relations ( e.g. : feudalism , capitalism , etc. ) become increasingly contradictory and inefficient as the productive forces advance , resulting in some form of social revolution arising in response to these mounting contradictions . This revolutionary change serves as the vehicle for fundamental society-wide changes and ultimately leads to the emergence of new economic systems .

neg: Philosophy and economics Philosophy and economics , also philosophy of economics , studies topics such as rational choice , the appraisal of economic outcomes , institutions and processes , and the ontology of economic phenomena and the possibilities of acquiring knowledge of them .   Although these inquiries overlap in many ways , it is useful to divide philosophy of economics in this way into three subject matters which can be regarded respectively as branches of action theory , ethics ( or normative social and political philosophy ) , and philosophy of science . Economic theories of rationality , welfare , and social choice defend substantive philosophical theses often informed by relevant philosophical literature and of evident interest to those interested in action theory , philosophical psychology , and social and political philosophy .   Economics is of particular interest to those interested in epistemology and philosophy of science both because of its detailed peculiarities and because it possesses many of the overt features of the natural sciences , while its object consists of social phenomena .

neg: The System of Economic Contradictions, or The Philosophy of Poverty The System of Economic Contradictions , or Philosophy of Poverty ( Système des contradictions économiques ou Philosophie de la misère often erroneously referred to as The Philosophy of Misery ) is a work by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon published in 1846 by Guillaumin et Cie , Paris . It inspired Karl Marx to write his rejoinder The Poverty of Philosophy .   According to George Lichtheim , the `` doctrine that emerged went something like this : what people really needed were use values , whereas they were actually being offered exchanges values by the market . These represented thesis and antithesis ; Proudhon looked for a synthesis which he termed ` constituted value . ' This amounted to saying that goods should be exchanged in proportion to the amount of labour embodied in them - an arrangement that would do away with market fluctuations and at the same time satisfy the requirement of justice . '' ( Lichtheim , A Short History of Socialism , 1975 , p. 76 ) . At Chapter VII , Proudhon introduces the idea of consumption tax .

neg: Welfare economics Welfare economics is a branch of economics that uses microeconomic techniques to evaluate well-being ( welfare ) at the aggregate ( economy-wide ) level . A typical methodology begins with the derivation ( or assumption ) of a social welfare function , which can then be used to rank economically feasible allocations of resources in terms of the social welfare they entail . Such functions typically include measures of economic efficiency and equity , though more recent attempts to quantify social welfare have included a broader range of measures including economic freedom ( as in the capability approach ) .   The field of welfare economics is associated with two fundamental theorems . The first states that given certain assumptions , competitive markets produce ( Pareto ) efficient outcomes ; it captures the logic of Adam Smith 's invisible hand . The second states that given further restrictions , any Pareto efficient outcome can be supported as a competitive market equilibrium . Thus a social planner could use a social welfare function to pick the most equitable efficient outcome , then use lump sum transfers followed by competitive trade to bring it about . Because of welfare economics ' close ties to social choice theory , Arrow 's impossibility theorem is sometimes listed as a third fundamental theorem .   Attempting to apply the principles of welfare economics gives rise to the field of public economics , the study of how government might intervene to improve social welfare . Welfare economics also provides the theoretical foundations for particular instruments of public economics , including cost -- benefit analysis , while the combination of welfare economics and insights from behavioural economics has led to the creation of a new subfield , behavioural welfare economics .

neg: Advanced capitalism In political philosophy , particularly Frankfurt School critical theory , advanced capitalism is the situation that pertains in a society in which the capitalist model has been integrated and developed deeply and extensively and for a prolonged period . The expression advanced capitalism distinguishes such societies from the historical previous forms of capitalism , mercantilism and industrial capitalism , and partially overlaps with the concepts of a developed country ; of the post-industrial age ; of finance capitalism ; of post-Fordism ; of the spectacular society ; of media culture ; and of `` developed '' , `` modern '' , and `` complex '' capitalism .   Various writers identify Antonio Gramsci as an influential early theorist of advanced capitalism , even if he did not use the term himself . In his writings Gramsci sought to explain how capitalism had adapted to avoid the revolutionary overthrow that had seemed inevitable in the 19th century . At the heart of his explanation was the decline of raw coercion as a tool of class power , replaced by use of civil society institutions to manipulate public ideology in the capitalists ' favor .   Jürgen Habermas has been a major contributor to the analysis of advanced-capitalistic societies . Habermas observed four general features that characterize advanced capitalism :  Concentration of industrial activity in a few large firms  Constant reliance on the state to stabilize the economic system  A formally democratic government that legitimizes the activities of the state and dissipates opposition to the system  The use of nominal wage increases to pacify the most restless segments of the work force

neg: On the Jewish Question `` On the Jewish Question '' is a work by Karl Marx , written in 1843 , and first published in Paris in 1844 under the German title `` Zur Judenfrage '' in the Deutsch -- Französische Jahrbücher . It was one of Marx 's first attempts to develop what would later be called the materialist conception of history .   The essay criticizes two studies by Marx 's fellow Young Hegelian Bruno Bauer on the attempt by Jews to achieve political emancipation in Prussia . Bauer argued that Jews could achieve political emancipation only by relinquishing their particular religious consciousness , since political emancipation requires a secular state , which he assumes does not leave any `` space '' for social identities such as religion . According to Bauer , such religious demands are incompatible with the idea of the `` Rights of Man '' . True political emancipation , for Bauer , requires the abolition of religion .   Marx uses Bauer 's essay as an occasion for his own analysis of liberal rights , arguing that Bauer is mistaken in his assumption that in a `` secular state '' religion will no longer play a prominent role in social life , and giving as an example the pervasiveness of religion in the United States , which , unlike Prussia , had no state religion . In Marx 's analysis , the `` secular state '' is not opposed to religion , but rather actually presupposes it . The removal of religious or property qualifications for citizens does not mean the abolition of religion or property , but only introduces a way of regarding individuals in abstraction from them .  On this note Marx moves beyond the question of religious freedom to his real concern with Bauer 's analysis of `` political emancipation '' . Marx concludes that while individuals can be `` spiritually '' and `` politically '' free in a secular state , they can still be bound to material constraints on freedom by economic inequality , an assumption that would later form the basis of his critiques of capitalism .   A number of scholars and commentators regard `` On the Jewish Question '' , and in particular its second section , which addresses Bauer 's work `` The Capacity of Present-day Jews and Christians to Become Free '' , as antisemitic ; however , a number of others disagree .

neg: Principles of Communism Principles of Communism ( German : Grundsätze des Kommunismus ) is a book written in 1847 by Friedrich Engels , the co-founder of Marxism . It is structured as a catechism , containing 25 questions about communism , which Engels provides an answer to . Engels explains the basics of communism , and discusses society , history , and economic systems from a Marxist point of view , with the materialist conception of history in focus . It was used as a base for the writing of the longer Manifesto of the Communist Party .

neg: Classical economics Classical economics ( also known as liberal economics ) asserts that markets function best with minimal government interference . It was developed in the late 18th and early 19th century by Adam Smith , Jean-Baptiste Say , David Ricardo , Thomas Robert Malthus , and John Stuart Mill . Many writers found Adam Smith 's idea of free markets more convincing than the idea , widely accepted at the time , of protectionism .   Adam Smith 's The Wealth of Nations in 1776 is usually considered to mark the beginning of classical economics . The fundamental message in Smith 's influential book was that the wealth of nations was based not on gold but on trade : That when two parties freely agree to exchange things of value , because both see a profit in the exchange , total wealth increases . Classical economics originally differed from modern libertarian economics in seeing a role for the state in providing for the common good . Smith acknowledged that there were areas where the market is not the best way to serve the common good , and he took it as a given that the greater proportion of the costs supporting the common good should be borne by those best able to afford them .   Classical economists observe that markets generally regulate themselves , when free of coercion . Adam Smith referred to this as a metaphorical `` invisible hand '' , which refers to the notion that private incentives are aligned with society welfare maximization under certain competitive conditions . Smith warned repeatedly of the dangers of monopoly , and stressed the importance of competition .   There is some debate about what is covered by the term `` classical economics '' , particularly when dealing with the period from 1830 -- 75 , and how classical economics relates to Neoclassical economics .

neg: Modern Monetary Theory Modern Monetary Theory ( MMT or Modern Money Theory , also known as Neo-Chartalism ) is a macroeconomic theory which describes and analyses modern economies in which the national currency is fiat money , established and created by the government . The key insight of MMT is that `` monetarily sovereign government is the monopoly supplier of its currency and can issue currency of any denomination in physical or non-physical forms . As such the government has an unlimited capacity to pay for the things it wishes to purchase and to fulfill promised future payments , and has an unlimited ability to provide funds to the other sectors . Thus , insolvency and bankruptcy of this government is not possible . It can always pay '' .   In sovereign financial systems , banks can create money but these `` horizontal '' transactions do not increase net financial assets as assets are offset by liabilities . `` The balance sheet of the government does not include any domestic monetary instrument on its asset side ; it owns no money . All monetary instruments issued by the government are on its liability side and are created and destroyed with spending and taxing/bond offerings , respectively . '' In addition to deficit spending , valuation effects e.g. growth in stock price can increase net financial assets . In MMT , `` vertical '' money ( see below ) enters circulation through government spending . Taxation and its legal tender power to discharge debt establish the fiat money as currency , giving it value by creating demand for it in the form of a private tax obligation that must be met . In addition , fines , fees and licenses create demand for the currency . This can be a currency issued by the government , or a foreign currency such as the euro . An ongoing tax obligation , in concert with private confidence and acceptance of the currency , maintains its value . Because the government can issue its own currency at will , MMT maintains that the level of taxation relative to government spending ( the government 's deficit spending or budget surplus ) is in reality a policy tool that regulates inflation and unemployment , and not a means of funding the government 's activities by itself .

neg: Economistic fallacy The economistic fallacy is a concept originated by Karl Polanyi in the 1950s , that refers to fallacious conflation of human economy in general , with its market form . Whereas the former is a necessary component of any society , being the organization through which that society meets its physical wants , ie . reproduces itself , the latter is a modern institution that is neither autonomous nor stable . The fallacy can occur either by narrowing the genus `` economic '' to merely market phenomena , or overextending `` the market '' to encompass all aspects of human economic activity . These moves can be seen as equating the conceptual content of `` economics '' with what is in fact mere form or ideology , instead of with the substance embodied by the specific decisive relations in which humans are engaged in any given period and locale .   Polanyi considered the roots of this fallacy to lie in a particularly pervasive form of subjectivity specific to the conditions of life in nineteenth century industrial economies , describing it as the `` central illusion of an age '' . Contemporary scholars support the enduring prevalence of the fallacy , which is further explained by Polanyi 's analysis of its entrenchment in various institutions .   Polanyi developed the concept over time , devoting the first chapter of his posthumously-published book The Livelihood of Man to the subject . It elaborates on his concept of embeddedness , that humans are social creatures and that economic activity takes place in , and because of , social contexts . The economistic fallacy is used to criticize both Marxist economics and classical liberalism , focusing on their assumptions built on materialism and rationality . The economistic fallacy is also used to reject the tendency of Marxists and classical liberals alike to separate economics from other fields of human life and study and to reduce those aspects and fields to mere aspects of economics .

neg: Legal science Legal science is one of the main components in the civil law tradition ( after Roman law , canon law , commercial law , and the legacy of the revolutionary period ) .   Legal science is primarily the creation of German legal scholars of the middle and late nineteenth century , and it evolved naturally out of the ideas of Friedrich Carl von Savigny . Savigny argued that German codification should not follow the rationalist and secular natural law thinking that characterized the French codification but should be based on the principles of law that had historically been in force in Germany .

neg: Criticism of democracy Criticism of democracy may consist of claims of it being economically inefficient , politically idealistic , dysfunctional , morally corrupt or simply suboptimal sociopolitically .   Important figures associated with anti-democratic thought include Martin Heidegger , Hubert Lagardelle , Charles Maurras , Friedrich Nietzsche , Adolf Hitler , Plato , Aristotle , Carl Schmitt , Hans-Hermann Hoppe , Oswald Spengler , Nicolás Gómez Dávila and Elazar Menachem Shach . A variety of ideologies and political systems have opposed democracy , including absolute monarchy , aristocracy , Nazism , fascism , theocracy , neo-feudalism , and anarcho-capitalism .

neg: Cambridge equation The Cambridge equation formally represents the Cambridge cash-balance theory , an alternative approach to the classical quantity theory of money . Both quantity theories , Cambridge and classical , attempt to express a relationship among the amount of goods produced , the price level , amounts of money , and how money moves . The Cambridge equation focuses on money demand instead of money supply . The theories also differ in explaining the movement of money : In the classical version , associated with Irving Fisher , money moves at a fixed rate and serves only as a medium of exchange while in the Cambridge approach money acts as a store of value and its movement depends on the desirability of holding cash .   Economists associated with Cambridge University , including Alfred Marshall , A.C. Pigou , and John Maynard Keynes ( before he developed his own , eponymous school of thought ) contributed to a quantity theory of money that paid more attention to money demand than the supply-oriented classical version . The Cambridge economists argued that a certain portion of the money supply will not be used for transactions ; instead , it will be held for the convenience and security of having cash on hand . This portion of cash is commonly represented as k , a portion of nominal income ( the product of the price level and real income ) , ) . The Cambridge economists also thought wealth would play a role , but wealth is often omitted from the equation for simplicity . The Cambridge equation is thus :   Assuming that the economy is at equilibrium , is exogenous , and k is fixed in the short run , the Cambridge equation is equivalent to the equation of exchange with velocity equal to the inverse of k :

neg: Sociology of emotions The sociology of emotion applies sociological theorems and techniques to the study of human emotions . As sociology emerged primarily as a reaction to the negative effects of modernity , many normative theories deal in some sense with emotion without forming a part of any specific subdiscipline : Karl Marx described capitalism as detrimental to personal ` species-being ' , Georg Simmel wrote of the deindividualizing tendencies of ` the metropolis ' , and Max Weber 's work dealt with the rationalizing effect of modernity in general .


query: Hillary Clinton was silent on the Arab Spring.

pos: Hillary Clinton Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton ( -LSB- ˈhɪləri_daɪˈæn_ˈrɒdəm_ˈklɪntən -RSB- born October 26 , 1947 ) is an American politician who was the 67th United States Secretary of State from 2009 to 2013 , U.S. Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009 , First Lady of the United States from 1993 to 2001 , and the Democratic Party 's nominee for President of the United States in the 2016 election .   Born in Chicago , Illinois , and raised in the Chicago suburb of Park Ridge , Clinton graduated from Wellesley College in 1969 , and earned a J.D. from Yale Law School in 1973 . After serving as a congressional legal counsel , she moved to Arkansas and married Bill Clinton in 1975 . In 1977 , she co-founded Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families . She was appointed the first female chair of the Legal Services Corporation in 1978 and became the first female partner at Rose Law Firm the following year . As First Lady of Arkansas , she led a task force whose recommendations helped reform Arkansas 's public schools .   As First Lady of the United States , Clinton was an advocate for gender equality and healthcare reform . Her relationship with her husband came under public speculation during the Lewinsky scandal , forcing her to issue a statement reaffirming her commitment to the marriage . Clinton was elected in 2000 as the first female senator from New York . She was re-elected to the Senate in 2006 . Running for president in 2008 , she won far more delegates than any previous female candidate , but lost the Democratic nomination to Barack Obama .   As Secretary of State in the Obama administration from 2009 to 2013 , Clinton responded to the Arab Spring , during which she advocated the U.S. military intervention in Libya . She helped organize a diplomatic isolation and international sanctions regime against Iran , in an effort to force curtailment of that country 's nuclear program ; this would eventually lead to the multinational Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action agreement in 2015 . Leaving office after Obama 's first term , she wrote her fifth book and undertook speaking engagements .   Clinton made a second presidential run in 2016 . She received the most votes and primary delegates in the 2016 Democratic primaries , and formally accepted her party 's nomination for President of the United States on July 28 , 2016 with vice presidential running mate Senator Tim Kaine . She became the first female candidate to be nominated for president by a major U.S. political party . Despite winning a plurality of the national popular vote , Clinton lost the Electoral College and the presidency to her Republican opponent Donald Trump . Following her loss , in 2017 she decided to focus on being a self-described `` activist citizen '' .

neg: Palestinian territories `` Palestinian territories '' and `` occupied Palestinian territories '' ( OPT or oPt ) are descriptions often used to describe the West Bank ( including East Jerusalem ) and the Gaza Strip , which are occupied or otherwise under the control of Israel . Israeli governments have maintained that the area involved is within territorial dispute . The extent of the territories , while subject to future negotiations , have frequently been defined by the Green Line .   The term `` Palestinian Territory , Occupied '' was used by the United Nations ( UN ) and other international organizations between 1998 to 2013 in order to refer to areas controlled by the Palestinian National Authority . In December 2012 , UN Secretariat communications replaced this by the term State of Palestine . The ISO adopted the name change in 2013 . But , as of August 2015 , the UN Security Council continues to treat Palestine as a non-sovereign entity ; This prevents its admission to UN General Assembly membership .   Israel occupied the territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip in the Six-Day War of 1967 and has since maintained control . Previously , these territories had been occupied by Jordan and Egypt , respectively , since the 1948 founding of Israel . In 1980 , Israel officially absorbed East Jerusalem and has proclaimed the whole of Jerusalem to be its capital . The inclusion , though never formally amounting to legal annexation , was condemned internationally and declared `` null and void '' by the United Nations Security Council . The Palestinian National Authority , the United Nations , the international legal and humanitarian bodies and the international community regard East Jerusalem as part of the West Bank , and consequently a part of the Palestinian territories . The Palestinian National Authority never exercised sovereignty over the area , although it housed its offices in Orient House and several other buildings as an assertion of its sovereign interests .   Israel shut them down in response to the Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing . Israeli sovereignty , however , has not been recognized by any country , since the unilateral annexation of territory occupied during war contravenes the Fourth Geneva Convention . The cost of the occupation for Israel over four decades ( 1967 -- 2007 ) is estimated to amount to $ 50 billion . The World Bank estimates the annual cost in 2013 to the Palestinian economy of Israeli occupation at $ 3.4 billion .   In 1988 , with the Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) intention to declare a Palestinian State , Jordan renounced all territorial claims to the West Bank , including East Jerusalem . Since the Palestinian Declaration of Independence in 1988 , 135 UN Member Nations have recognized the State of Palestine , comprising the Palestinian territories . It has not been recognized by Israel and some Western nations , including the United States .   In 1993 , following the Oslo Accords , parts of the territories politically came under the jurisdiction of the Palestinian National Authority ( Areas A and B ) . Israel still exercises full military control and , civil control over 61 % of the West Bank ( Area C ) . The Oslo Accords established access to the sea for Gaza within 20 nautical miles from the shore . The Berlin Commitment of 2002 reduced this to 12 mi . In October 2006 Israel imposed a 6-mile limit , and at the conclusion of the Gaza War restricted access to a 3-nautical-mile limit , beyond which a no-go zone exists . As a result , more than 3,000 Palestinian fishermen are denied access to 85 % of the maritime areas agreed to in 1995 . The majority of the Dead Sea area is off-limits to Palestinian use , and Palestinians are denied access to its coast line .   Israel disengaged from the Gaza Strip in 2005 , however the international community considers the West Bank and the Gaza Strip still to be occupied by Israel . The Hamas takeover of Gaza in 2007 divided the Palestinian territories politically . Abbas 's Fatah largely ruled the West Bank and was recognized internationally as the official Palestinian Authority ( see : Fatah-Hamas conflict ) . In 2014 , the two political groups agreed to hold elections and form a compromise unity government . The 2014 Israel-Gaza conflict intervened ; however , the unity government survived .

neg: Women Strike for Peace Women Strike for Peace ( WSP , also known as Women for Peace ) is a United States women 's peace activist group . In 1961 , at the height of the Cold War , about 50,000 women brought together by Women Strike for Peace marched in 60 cities in the United States to demonstrate against nuclear weapons . It was the largest national women 's peace protest of the 20th century . About 1,500 women led by Dagmar Wilson gathered at the foot of the Washington Monument and President John F. Kennedy watched from a window at the White House . The protest helped `` push the United States and the Soviet Union into signing a nuclear test-ban treaty two years later '' .

neg: Arab Liberation Movement The Arab Liberation Movement ( حركة التحرر العربي Ḥarakat Al-Tahrir Al - ` Arabiy , ALM ) was a Syrian political party founded on 25 August 1952 by the President of Syria Adib Shishakli , during his government was the only legal party in Syria until 1954 .   Shishakli then dissolved all political parties and banned many newspapers , in a return to military rule . Among those to suffer persecution under his rule were the National Party of Damascus , the People 's Party of Aleppo , the Communist Party , the Ba'ath Party , and the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood . He also outlawed all newspapers that were not pro-Shishakli , and banished the Ba'ath leaders Akram al-Hawrani , Michel Aflaq , and Salah al-Bitar to Lebanon , where they then actively worked against his government .   He was a skilled public speaker , however , and relied greatly on the radio to transmit his speeches to every-day Syrians . On 25 August 1952 , he established an official government party , the Arab Liberation Movement , but it was boycotted by powerful representatives of the civilian political society , such as Hashim al-Atassi . The party was progressive and accepted women among its ranks and calling for a limited degree of socialism . Some said that he viewed himself as `` an Arab Caesar . '' In mid-1953 Shishakli staged an election to make himself President , but he was by now facing mounting dissent .   Shishakli continued to rule the country until 1954 , when growing public opposition forced him to resign and leave the country . The national government was restored , but again to face instability , this time coming from abroad . After the overthrow of President Shishakli in a 1954 coup , continued political maneuvering supported by competing factions in the military eventually brought Arab nationalist and socialist elements to power .   Growing discontent eventually led to another coup , in which Shishakli was overthrown in February 1954 . The plotters included members of the Syrian Communist Party , Druze officers , and Ba'ath Party members and possibly had Iraqi backing . He had also arrested a lot of active officers in the Syrian Army , including the rising young Adnan al-Malki , also a prominent Baathist . Leading the anti-Shishakli movement were former President Atassi and the veteran Druze leader Sultan al-Atrash . The largest anti-Shishakli conference had been held in Atassi 's home in Homs . Shishakli had responded by arresting Atassi and Atrash 's sons , Adnan and Mansur ( both of whom were ranking politicians in Syria ) .   When the insurgency reached its peak , Shishakli backed down , refusing to drag Syria into civil war . He fled to Lebanon , but when the Druze leader Kamal Jumblat threatened to have him killed , he fled to Brazil . Prior to the union between Syria and Egypt in 1958 , Shishakli toyed with the idea of returning to Syria to launch a coup d'état , using funds provided by Iraq . The coup was foiled by Syrian intelligence and Shishakli was sentenced to death in absentia .   After the Syrian parliamentary election , 1954 the party obtained 2 seats in the Syrian Parliament , in 1958 was banned by the Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser .   In the Syrian parliamentary election , 1961 the Arab Liberation Movement gained 4 seats in the Syrian parliament   The party was dissolved in March 8 , 1963 , following the Ba'athist revolution

neg: United States vice-presidential debate, 1992 The 1992 vice-presidential debate was part of the 1992 presidential election . The participants were Democratic nominee , Bill Clinton 's running mate , U.S. Senator Al Gore from Tennessee ; Ross Perot 's running mate , retired Vice Admiral James Stockdale ; and Republican candidate , incumbent Vice President Dan Quayle . It was held on Tuesday , October 13 , 1992 .   The debate was held at Georgia Tech in Atlanta , Georgia . Hal Bruno of ABC News served as moderator . Stockdale , Perot 's running mate , became an object of ridicule afterwards including being lampooned on Saturday Night Live . Stockdale often seemed confused and disoriented ; at one point he asked that a question be repeated because his hearing aid was not on . At another point when asked about abortion , Stockdale merely said `` What a woman does with her body is her business period '' . However , it should be pointed out that Stockdale only had one week to prepare for the debate and had not discussed any of the issues with Perot beforehand . At one point , when Quayle and Gore were squabbling back and forth , Stockdale said , `` I think you can see why this country is in gridlock '' .

neg: 2008 Arab League summit The 2008 Arab League summit was held in Damascus on March 29 , 2008 . The summit was marred by inter-Arab differences , mainly over the political deadlock in Lebanon , with relations between Syria and the Saudi-Egypt coalition reaching an all-time low . Saudi Arabia and Egypt snubbed the summit by sending low-level representatives . Lebanon 's majority government boycotted the summit

neg: 2012 Arab League summit The 23rd Arab League Summit was the third one held in Baghdad and the first one since 1990 , before the start of the Gulf War . The decision to grant the host rights to Iraq was made at the previous summit in Sirte . Among the subjects discussed were the Iraqi debts to its neighbors and the uprising in Syria . The summit marked the first time since the Invasion of Kuwait that an acting Emir ( Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah ) paid a visit to Iraq . The summit was also notable as being the first held since the beginning of the Arab Spring , during which the governments of several member states were overthrown by popular revolutions .

neg: Iraq Liberation Act The Iraq Liberation Act of 1998 is a United States Congressional statement of policy stating that `` It should be the policy of the United States to support efforts to remove the regime headed by Saddam Hussein from power in Iraq ... '' It was signed into law by President Bill Clinton , and states that it is the policy of the United States to support democratic movements within Iraq . The Act was cited in October 2002 to argue for the authorization of military force against the Iraqi government .   The bill was sponsored by Representative Benjamin A. Gilman ( Republican , NY-20 ) and co-sponsored by Representative Christopher Cox ( Republican , CA-47 ) . The bill was introduced as on September 29 , 1998 . The House of Representatives passed the bill 360 - 38 on October 5 , and the Senate passed it with unanimous consent two days later . President Clinton signed the Iraq Liberation Act into law on October 31 , 1998 .

neg: Nuclear Posture Review The Nuclear Posture Review is a process `` to determine what the role of nuclear weapons in U.S. security strategy should be . ''   The first NPR of 2002 was the second of these quadrennial reviews of United States nuclear forces undertaken by the United States Department of Defense . The first took place in 1994 . The final report is National Security Classified and submitted to the Congress of the United States .   The 2002 Nuclear Posture Review also included components requiring the `` Pentagon to draft contingency plans for the use of nuclear weapons against at least seven countries , naming not only Russia and the `` axis of evil '' -- Iraq , Iran , and North Korea -- but also China , Libya and Syria . ''   President Barack Obama 's 2010 Nuclear Posture Review was preceded by high expectations because of his 2009 speech in Prague , Czech Republic where he prominently outlined a vision of a world without nuclear weapons . His NPR was hoped by observers to make concrete moves toward this goal . The finished 2010 policy renounces development of any new nuclear weapons such as the bunker-busters proposed by the Bush administration , and for the first time rules out a nuclear attack against non-nuclear-weapon states who are in compliance with the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty . This rule pointedly excludes Iran and North Korea .   As part of the implementation of the 2010 Nuclear Posture Review , the U.S. Government is reviewing its nuclear deterrence requirements and nuclear plans to ensure that they are aligned to address today 's threats . Rose Gottemoeller , U.S. Acting Undersecretary of State for Arms Control and International Security , said in early June 2012 that the United States was considering what forces the United States needed to maintain for strategic stability and deterrence , including extended deterrence and assurance to U.S. Allies and partners . Based on this analysis the United States would develop proposals for potential further reductions in its nuclear stockpile .

neg: Arab League The Arab League , formally the League of Arab States , is a regional organization of Arab countries in and around North Africa , the Horn of Africa and Arabia . It was formed in Cairo on 22 March 1945 with six members : Kingdom of Egypt , Kingdom of Iraq , Transjordan ( renamed Jordan in 1949 ) , Lebanon , Saudi Arabia , and Syria . Yemen joined as a member on 5 May 1945 . Currently , the League has 22 members , but Syria 's participation has been suspended since November 2011 , as a consequence of government repression during the Syrian Civil War .   The League 's main goal is to `` draw closer the relations between member States and co-ordinate collaboration between them , to safeguard their independence and sovereignty , and to consider in a general way the affairs and interests of the Arab countries '' .   Through institutions , such as the Arab League Educational , Cultural and Scientific Organization ( ALECSO ) and the Economic and Social Council of the Arab League 's Council of Arab Economic Unity ( CAEU ) , the Arab League facilitates political , economic , cultural , scientific , and social programmes designed to promote the interests of the Arab world . It has served as a forum for the member states to coordinate their policy positions , to deliberate on matters of common concern , to settle some Arab disputes and to limit conflicts such as the 1958 Lebanon crisis . The League has served as a platform for the drafting and conclusion of many landmark documents promoting economic integration . One example is the Joint Arab Economic Action Charter , which outlines the principles for economic activities in the region .   Each member state has one vote in the League Council , and decisions are binding only for those states that have voted for them . The aims of the league in 1945 were to strengthen and coordinate the political , cultural , economic and social programs of its members and to mediate disputes among them or between them and third parties . Furthermore , the signing of an agreement on Joint Defence and Economic Cooperation on 13 April 1950 committed the signatories to coordination of military defence measures . In March 2015 , the Arab League General Secretary announced the establishment of a Joint Arab Force with the aim of counteracting extremism and other threats to the Arab States . The decision was reached while Operation Decisive Storm was intensifying in Yemen . Participation in the project is voluntary , and the army intervenes only at the request of one of the member states . The growing militarization of the region and the increase in violent civil wars as well as terrorist movements are the reason behind the creation of the JAF , financed by the rich Gulf countries .   In the early 1970s , the Economic Council of the League of Arab States put forward a proposal to create the Joint Arab Chambers of Commerce across the European states . That led , under the decree of the League of Arab States no . K1175/D52/G , to the decision by the Arab governments to set up the Arab British Chamber of Commerce which was mandated to `` promote , encourage and facilitate bilateral trade '' between the Arab world and its major trading partner , the United Kingdom .

neg: Tarek Heggy Tarek Heggy ( طارق حجى , -LSB- ˈtˤɑːɾˤeʔ ˈħeɡɡi -RSB- ; born October 12 , 1950 ) is an Egyptian liberal author , political thinker and international petroleum strategist . Heggy is one of Egypt 's more prominent authors on the subject of Egypt 's need for political reform . His extensive writings advocate the values of modernity , democracy , tolerance , and women 's rights in the Middle East -- advancing them as universal values essential to the region 's progress . He has lectured at universities throughout the world and various international institutions and think tanks , such as the Heritage Foundation , the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace , and the Council on Foreign Relations .   Heggy 's main themes are the need for economic , political , cultural and educational reforms in Egypt and the Middle East . He emphasizes respect for individual rights and the power of human reason to drive the sciences forward . He is an advocate of creativity and the arts , gender equality , free markets , non-sectarian public administration , and the utilization of modern management techniques .   Tarek Heggy 's two books ( published just before the Arab Spring ) , The Arab Cocoon ( 2010 ) and The Arab Mind Bound ( 2011 ) , examine if and why the Arab world is resistant to Western forms of progress . Heggy puts forth that it is Arab culture , broadly construed , that is holding the region back . He believes that neither U.S. foreign policy nor the existence of Israel are the primary reasons for this . Nor does he believe European colonialism , the global capitalist system , or the league of autocratic rulers who clung ( and in places , continue to cling ) to power thanks to oil revenues or outside military aid are the causes . Heggy draws on his cosmopolitan background , business experience , and discussions with public intellectuals of every persuasion to critique Arab culture .   The mindset Heggy describes is prone to a literal , politicized version of Islam , which is a major contributor to the Arab malaise . The core of Heggy 's most important contention is encapsulated by this metaphor in The Arab Mind Bound : Arab culture is `` shackled with two heavy chains '' : attached to one is the species of Islam promulgated by Saudi Wahhabis and to a lesser extent , the Muslim Brotherhood ; attached to the other is a dysfunctional educational system that perpetuates the `` defective thought processes , intellectual distortions and negative delusions '' that yield endemic stagnation in every sphere . It follows that no attempt to address the myriad political and economic problems facing the Arab-Islamic world will be successful without religious , cultural , and educational reforms .   According to Bernard Lewis , a Cleveland E. Dodge Professor Emeritus of Near Eastern Studies at Princeton University , Heggy is a `` courageous and distinctive voice from Egypt '' and provides `` a candid and provocative inside view of the current problems of the Arab world . '' Heggy has participated in the BBC/Doha Debate on the Separation of Mosque and State .

neg: 1996 State of the Union Address The 1996 State of the Union address was given by President Bill Clinton to a joint session of the 104th United States Congress on January 23 , 1996 . The speech was the last State of the Union address of President Clinton 's first term . This speech occurred shortly after the federal government shutdown of 1995 and 1996 which had resulted from disagreements on the 1996 United States federal budget .   President Clinton discussed the economy and declared that `` the era of big government is over , '' and continued , `` but we can not go back to the time when our citizens were left to fend for themselves . We must go forward as one America , one nation working together , to meet the challenges we face together . Self-reliance and teamwork are not opposing virtues -- we must have both . '' The president discussed welfare reform , the V-chip , education , community policing , crime and the environment . The president also discussed foreign relations and the federal budget .   The Republican Party response was delivered by Senator Bob Dole of Kansas . He stated that '' -LSB- President Clinton -RSB- is the chief obstacle to a balanced budget and the balanced budget amendment ... . While the President 's words speak of change , his deeds are a contradiction . President Clinton claims to embrace the future while clinging to the policies of the past . ''   Donna Shalala , the Secretary of Health and Human Services , served as the designated survivor .

neg: GLIFAA GLIFAA ( formerly Gays and Lesbians in Foreign Affairs Agencies ) is the officially recognized organization representing lesbian , gay , bisexual and transgender etc. ( LGBT + ) personnel and their families in the United States Department of State , U.S. Agency for International Development ( USAID ) , Foreign Commercial Service , Foreign Agricultural Service , and other agencies and entities working in foreign affairs in the U.S. Government . The acronym comes from its original name , Gays and Lesbians in Foreign Affairs Agencies . As of 2014 , the organization goes by GLIFAA and uses the slogan `` LGBT + pride in foreign affairs agencies '' to underscore its inclusive composition . GLIFAA was founded in 1992 by fewer than a dozen employees who faced official harassment and potential loss of their jobs simply because of their sexual orientation . The organization has grown to hundreds of Foreign Service , Civil Service , and contract personnel and their families serving in Washington , throughout the U.S. , and at U.S. embassies and missions around the world . Members also include retirees and straight allies in government agencies , while other supporters are affiliate members .   Among other accomplishments , GLIFAA succeeded in pressing for the issuance of a non-discrimination policy by Secretary of State Warren Christopher in 1993 , and worked with the U.S. Administration , the management of government agencies , and other employee associations to eliminate barriers for obtaining security clearances and create and implement non-discrimination policies with regard to entry and employment in the U.S. Foreign Service and Civil Service . In addition , the organization worked to improve the situation for the partners of LGBT U.S. Foreign Service personnel serving overseas . GLIFAA met with Secretaries of State Colin Powell , Condoleezza Rice , and Hillary Clinton .

neg: Khartoum Resolution The Khartoum Resolution of 1 September 1967 was issued at the conclusion of the 1967 Arab League summit convened in the wake of the Six-Day War , in Khartoum , the capital of Sudan . The summit lasted from 29 August to 1 September and was attended by eight Arab heads of state : Egypt , Syria , Jordan , Lebanon , Iraq , Algeria , Kuwait , and Sudan . The resolution called for : a continued state of belligerency with Israel , ending the Arab oil boycott declared during the Six-Day War , an end to the North Yemen Civil War , and economic assistance for Egypt and Jordan . It is famous for containing ( in the third paragraph ) what became known as the `` Three No 's '' : `` no peace with Israel , no recognition of Israel , no negotiations with it ... ''

neg: Îlham Ehmed Îlham Ehmed is a Syrian-Kurdish politician in Rojava in Northern Syria . She is co-chairperson of the Syrian Democratic Council ( SDC ) , the umbrella organisation of secular , democratic , non-Islamist opposition in Syria . She is a senior member of the Democratic Union Party ( PYD ) and a member of the executive committee of the Movement for a Democratic Society ( TEV-DEM ) coalition .   Ehmed is particularily outspoken on the aim of a programmatically polyethnic character of a future Syria . At the start of the Northern Raqqa offensive in November 2016 , she was quoted saying that `` such an administration could provide a good example for democratic change in Raqqa , especially that the city has been for years a de facto capital for the ISIS terrorist group . This accomplishment would be a major change in the overall situation in Syria , and would help the country move towards stability , democratic change . Raqqa will be an example for the whole country . ''

neg: Hillary: The Movie Hillary : The Movie is a 2008 political documentary about United States Senator and presidential candidate Hillary Clinton . It was produced by the conservative non-profit organization Citizens United . The film was scheduled to be offered as video-on-demand on cable TV right before the Democratic primaries in January 2008 , but as `` electioneering communication '' to do so was illegal under the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act which was enforced by the Federal Election Commission . The producers went to U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia to get a declaration that they could show their movie and promotional ads for it despite BCRA . This case was titled Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission and its final decision at the U.S. Supreme Court resulted in a major change in campaign finance law .   The documentary interviewed various conservative figures such as Dick Morris and Ann Coulter and reviewed various scandals in which Hillary Clinton purportedly participated , such as the White House travel office controversy , White House FBI files controversy , Whitewater controversy , and cattle futures controversy . The factual finding of the three-judge district court was that there was `` no reasonable interpretation -LSB- of the movie -RSB- other than as an appeal to vote against Senator Clinton '' , thus making it `` electioneering communication '' . The Supreme Court did not change that decision , but applied the strict scrutiny test for the First Amendment of the Constitution and said corporations could not be banned from making electioneering communications .

neg: Debbie Wasserman Schultz Deborah Wasserman Schultz -LSB- ˈwɑːsərmən_ˈʃʌlts -RSB- ( born September 27 , 1966 ) is an American politician . She is the U.S. Representative for . She is a member of the Democratic Party and was a former chairperson for the Democratic National Committee .   Wasserman Schultz previously served in the Florida House of Representatives and the Florida Senate , and was a national campaign co-chair for Hillary Clinton 's unsuccessful 2008 run for president . She is the first Jewish congresswoman elected from Florida . Her district covers parts of Broward and Miami-Dade Counties , including Fort Lauderdale and Miami Beach .   Wasserman Schultz was elected chairperson of the Democratic National Committee in May 2011 , replacing Virginia Senator Tim Kaine . On July 24 , 2016 , Wasserman Schultz announced her resignation from her position after Wikileaks released a collection of hacked emails indicating that Wasserman Schultz and other members of the DNC staff showed bias against the presidential campaign of Senator Bernie Sanders in favor of Hillary Clinton 's campaign . Her resignation was finalized on July 28 following the 2016 Democratic National Convention . She was subsequently appointed honorary chair of the Clinton campaign 's `` 50 state program '' . -LSB- 73 -RSB-

neg: Hillary Clinton email controversy In March 2015 , it became publicly known that Hillary Clinton , during her tenure as United States Secretary of State , had used her family 's private email server for official communications , rather than official State Department email accounts maintained on federal servers . Those official communications included thousands of emails that would retroactively be marked classified by the State Department .   The controversy unfolded against the backdrop of Clinton 's 2016 presidential election campaign and hearings held by the United States House Select Committee on Benghazi . Some experts , officials , and members of Congress have contended that her use of private messaging system software and a private server violated State Department protocols and procedures , as well as federal laws and regulations governing recordkeeping . In response , Clinton has said that her use of personal email was in compliance with federal laws and State Department regulations , and that former secretaries of state had also maintained personal email accounts , though not their own private email servers .   After allegations were raised that some of the emails in question contained classified information , the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) initiated an investigation regarding the origin and handling of classified emails on Clinton 's server . The FBI Report found that some of the emails originated in five other intelligence agencies . The FBI found that all classified emails on Clinton 's server were stored and sent from `` unclassified systems '' , violating the same policies as those on Clinton 's personal server .   FBI Director James Comey identified 110 emails as containing information that was classified at the time it was sent , including 65 emails deemed `` Secret '' and 22 deemed `` Top Secret '' . None of these had classification markings . However , as noted in Clinton 's non-disclosure agreement , unmarked classified information should be treated the same as marked classified information . An additional three email chains contained `` portion markings '' , simply a '' ( C ) '' indicating `` Confidential '' in front of one or more paragraphs . These were not included in Comey 's list of 110 because the State Department failed to confirm they were classified at the time they were sent . Clinton told the FBI she did not know the meaning of '' ( C ) '' . Nearly 2,100 emails on the server were retroactively marked as classified by the State Department .   In May 2016 , the State Department 's Office of the Inspector General released an 83-page report about the State Department 's email practices , including Clinton 's . On July 5 , 2016 , Comey announced that the FBI 's investigation had concluded that Clinton was `` extremely careless '' in handling her email system but recommended that no charges be filed against her . On July 6 , 2016 , Attorney General Loretta Lynch announced that no charges would be filed .   On July 7 , the State Department reopened its probe into the email controversy . On October 28 , 2016 , Comey notified Congress that the FBI had started looking into newly discovered emails that may be pertinent to the case . Law enforcement officials stated the emails were found on a laptop belonging to Clinton aide Huma Abedin 's husband , Anthony Weiner , during an investigation of his sexting scandals . On November 6 , Comey notified Congress that the FBI had not changed its conclusion , reached in July , regarding Clinton 's emails .

neg: Saturday Night Live parodies of Hillary Clinton The sketch comedy television show Saturday Night Live ( SNL ) has for almost three decades aired a number of sketches parodying Hillary Clinton , from her time as First Lady , and during both her unsuccessful presidential campaigns in 2008 and 2016 .   A total of nine different performers have played Hillary Clinton on SNL . The array of SNL cast members portraying Clinton has included Jan Hooks , Janeane Garofalo , Vanessa Bayer , Ana Gasteyer , Amy Poehler , and Kate McKinnon . Guest stars playing Clinton have included Drew Barrymore and Rachel Dratch . One sketch even featured Miley Cyrus in a guest appearance as Clinton , rapping : `` What 's up y' all ? I 'm like Hillary Clint , and I wan na be president one day . ''

neg: List of Hillary Clinton presidential campaign political endorsements, 2016 This is a list of notable individual politicians and political organizations who have publicly indicated support for Hillary Clinton in the 2016 United States presidential election .   Public officials serving below the state level and all other individuals and entities are listed only if they have a separate stand-alone article or are otherwise clearly notable .   Those who indicated their support after Hillary Clinton 's presumptive nomination on June 11 are denoted with an asterisk .

neg: Arab Revolutionary Workers Party The Arab Revolutionary Workers Party ( حزب العمال الثوري العربي Hizb Al - ` Amal Al-Thawriy Al - ` Arabi ) is a political party active in Iraq and Syria . As of 2008 the general secretary of the party is Abdul Hafiz Hafiz . As of 2011 , the chairman of the party is Tariq Abu Al-Hassan .   The party was founded in 1966 by Yasin al-Hafiz , as a Marxist splinter group of the Ba'ath Party . The party rejected the Ba'athist ideology of Michel Aflaq as reactionary and backward-looking . Instead the party opted for scientific socialism . Another early prominent leader of the party was Ali Salah Saadi . This split in the Ba'ath Party emerged parallel to the growth of leftist dissent in the Arab Nationalist Movement .   The party was active in Lebanon during the 1970s . During the initial years of the Lebanese Civil War ( 1975 -- 76 ) , al-Hafiz lived in Beirut . Al-Hafiz died in Beirut in October 1978 .   During the `` Damascus Spring '' , the initial period of Bashar al-Assad 's rule , the party could meet somewhat undisturbed under the guise of the ` Left Forum ' . The party , along with other left-wing groups in Syria , decided to boycott the 2003 parliamentary election . The party was one of the forces behind the National Democratic Gathering and the Damascus Declaration .   The party is part of the Syrian opposition and was active in the civil uprising phase of the Syrian Civil War . On June 30 , 2011 the party took part in forming the National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change . A politburo member of the party , Hazem Al-Nahhar was included in the leadership of the Association . On October 10 , 2011 the party decided to withdraw from the Coordination , but retained its commitment to working with the National Democratic Rally .