query: At least three things were maximized in shots framed by Alfred Hitchcock.

pos: Alfred Hitchcock Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock ( 13 August 1899 -- 29 April 1980 ) was an English film director and producer , at times referred to as `` The Master of Suspense '' . He pioneered many elements of the suspense and psychological thriller genres . He had a successful career in British cinema with both silent films and early talkies and became renowned as England 's best director . Hitchcock moved to Hollywood in 1939 , and became a U.S. citizen in 1955 .   Hitchcock became a highly visible public figure through interviews , movie trailers , cameo appearances in his own films , and the ten years in which he hosted the television programme Alfred Hitchcock Presents ( 1955 -- 1965 ) . He also fashioned for himself a recognisable directorial style . Hitchcock 's stylistic trademarks include the use of camera movement that mimics a person 's gaze , forcing viewers to engage in a form of voyeurism . In addition , he framed shots to maximise anxiety , fear , or empathy , and used innovative forms of film editing . His work often features fugitives on the run alongside `` icy blonde '' female characters . In 1978 , film critic John Russell Taylor described Hitchcock as `` the most universally recognizable person in the world '' , and `` a straightforward middle-class Englishman who just happened to be an artistic genius '' .   Prior to 1980 , there had long been talk of Hitchcock being knighted for his contribution to film . Critic Roger Ebert wrote : `` Other British directors like Sir Carol Reed and Sir Charlie Chaplin were knighted years ago , while Hitchcock , universally considered by film students to be one of the greatest filmmakers of all time , was passed over '' . Hitchcock later received his knighthood from Queen Elizabeth II in the 1980 New Year Honours .   Hitchcock directed more than fifty feature films in a career spanning six decades and is often regarded as one of the most influential directors in cinematic history . Following a 2007 critics ' poll by Britain 's Daily Telegraph in which he was ranked Britain 's greatest filmmaker , one scholar wrote : `` Hitchcock did more than any director to shape modern cinema , which would be utterly different without him . His flair was for narrative , cruelly withholding crucial information ( from his characters and from the audience ) and engaging the emotions of the audience like no one else . '' Hitchcock 's first thriller , The Lodger : A Story of the London Fog ( 1926 ) , helped shape the thriller genre in film . His 1929 film , Blackmail , is often cited as the first British sound feature film , while Rear Window ( 1954 ) , Vertigo ( 1958 ) , North by Northwest ( 1959 ) , and Psycho ( 1960 ) are regularly ranked among the greatest films of all time .

neg: Visual weight The visual weight in an image is defined as the visual force that appears due to the contrast of light among the visual elements that compound it .   The visual weight is a visual force which prevails in the image balance . According to Rudolph Arnheim the visual weight , together with the direction are the propierties which exercise more influence in the balance of an image .   The visual weight and the balance of a figure inserted in an image can be determined using the lightness of the figure , the lightness of the ground and their sizes and positions interactions in the composition visual .   We establish that an image is totally balanced when the resultant force is located in the geometric center of the image . When it is located in any of the external borders of the frame then we establish that the image is totally unbalanced . Therefore , the geometric center of an image sets the maximum balance pole and the borders of the frame set the maximum unbalance poles .

neg: Digital intermediate Digital intermediate ( typically abbreviated to DI ) is a motion picture finishing process which classically involves digitizing a motion picture and manipulating the color and other image characteristics . It often replaces or augments the photochemical timing process and is usually the final creative adjustment to a movie before distribution in theaters . It is distinguished from the telecine process in which film is scanned and color is manipulated early in the process to facilitate editing . However the lines between telecine and DI are continually blurred and are often executed on the same hardware by colorists of the same background . These two steps are typically part of the overall color management process in a motion picture at different points in time . A digital intermediate is also customarily done at higher resolution and with greater color fidelity than telecine transfers .   Although originally used to describe a process that started with film scanning and ended with film recording , digital intermediate is also used to describe color correction and color grading and even final mastering when a digital camera is used as the image source and/or when the final movie is not output to film . This is due to recent advances in digital cinematography and digital projection technologies that strive to match film origination and film projection .   In traditional photochemical film finishing , an intermediate is produced by exposing film to the original camera negative . The intermediate is then used to mass-produce the films that get distributed to theaters . Color grading is done by varying the amount of red , green , and blue light used to expose the intermediate . This seeks to be able to replace or augment the photochemical approach to creating this intermediate .   The digital intermediate process uses digital tools to color grade , which allows for much finer control of individual colors and areas of the image , and allows for the adjustment of image structure ( grain , sharpness , etc. ) . The intermediate for film reproduction can then be produced by means of a film recorder . The physical intermediate film that is a result of the recording process is sometimes also called a digital intermediate , and is usually recorded to internegative ( IN ) stock , which is inherently finer-grain than camera negative ( OCN ) .   One of the key technical achievements that made the transition to DI possible was the use of the 3D look-up tables ( aka `` 3D LUTs '' ) , which could be used to mimic how the digital image would look once it was printed onto release print stock . This removed a large amount of skilled guesswork from the film-making process , and allowed greater freedom in the colour grading process while reducing risk .   The digital master is often used as a source for a DCI-compliant distribution of the motion picture for digital projection . For archival purposes , the digital master created during the Digital Intermediate process can still be recorded to very stable high dynamic range yellow-cyan-magenta ( YCM ) separations on black-and-white film with an expected 100-year or longer life . This archival format , long used in the industry prior to the invention of DI , still provides an archival medium that is independent of changes in digital data recording technologies and file formats that might otherwise render digitally archived material unreadable in the long term .

neg: The World of Alfred Hitchcock The World of Alfred Hitchcock is a 1976 Danish T.V. documentary directed by Annett Wolf , about the English film director Alfred Hitchcock . Shot after the completion of Family Plot , it was part of a series of films she made in Hollywood during the one year leave of absence she took from DR ( broadcaster )

neg: Single-shot multi-contrast X-ray imaging Category : X-ray instrumentation  Category : Imaging  Category : Interferometry  Category : Fourier analysis   Single-shot multi-contrast x-ray imaging is an efficient and a robust x-ray imaging technique which is used to obtain three different and complimentary information i.e. Absorption , Scattering and Phase Contrast from a single exposure of x-rays on a detector subsequently utilizing Fourier analysis/technique . Absorption is mainly due to the attenuation and Compton scattering from the object while phase contrast corresponds to phase shift of x-rays .   The technique can be used to obtain images from the biological and non-biological objects . The research purposes include radiography , scattering imaging , differential phase contrast and diffraction imaging . It is also possible to adjust and modify the experiment based on what information is of most importance . Almost every application that utilize this technique have the same approach , mathematics and science behind it such as the experimental setup , complementary information and Fourier analysis .   Single-shot multi-contrast x-ray imaging gained its importance recently in contrast to Talbot -- Lau interferometer because of the less optical element such gratings being used under it and hence obtaining every information digitally .

neg: Gibbs surround A Gibbs surround or Gibbs Surround is a type of architectural frame surrounding a door , window or niche in the tradition of classical architecture . The formula is not fixed , but several of the following elements will be found . The door is surrounded by an architrave , or perhaps consists of or is flanked by pilasters or columns . These are with `` blocking '' , where rectangular blocks stick out at intervals , usually alternating to represent half the surround . Above the opening there are large rusticated voussoirs and a keystone and a pediment above that . The most essential element is the alternation of blocking with non-blocking elements . Some definitions extend to including arches or square openings merely with alternate blocked elements that continue round the top in the same manner as the sides , as in the rectangular windows of the White House 's north front basement level .   Though intended for masonry in stone , the motif can be executed in other materials , especially brick , often masked in stucco , wood , or just paint . British vernacular housing of the late 19th century often uses alternating coloured blocks , with little or no projection from the main wall plane , but emphasized by a different colour from the main wall . These can be seen even on small terraced houses , often using cast stone , and used on both the door and ground floor windows .

neg: Histoire(s) du cinéma Histoire ( s ) du cinéma ( -LSB- is.twaʁ dy si.ne.ma -RSB- ) is an 8-part video project begun by Jean-Luc Godard in the late 1980s and completed in 1998 . The longest , at 266 minutes , and one of the most complex of Godard 's films , Histoire ( s ) du cinéma is an examination of the history of the concept of cinema and how it relates to the 20th century ; in this sense , it can also be considered a critique of the 20th century and how it perceives itself . The project is considered by many the most important work of the late period of Godard 's career .   Histoire ( s ) du cinéma is always referred to by its French title , because of the word play it implies : histoire means both `` history '' and `` story , '' and the s in parentheses gives the possibility of a plural . Therefore , the phrase Histoire ( s ) du cinéma simultaneously means The History of Cinema , Histories of Cinema , The Story of Cinema and Stories of Cinema . Similar double or triple meanings , as well as puns , are a recurring motif throughout Histoire ( s ) and much of Godard 's work .   The film was screened out of competition at the 1988 Cannes Film Festival . Nine years later , it was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1997 Festival .   The soundtrack was released as a 5-CD boxed set on the ECM record label .

neg: Alfred Hitchcock filmography Alfred Hitchcock ( 1899 -- 1980 ) was an English director and filmmaker . Popularly known as the `` Master of Suspense '' for his use of innovative film techniques in thrillers , Hitchcock started his career in the British film industry as a title designer and art director for a number of silent films during the early 1920s . His directorial debut was the 1925 release The Pleasure Garden . Hitchcock followed this with The Lodger : A Story of the London Fog , his first commercial and critical success . It featured many of the thematic elements his films would be known for such as an innocent man on the run . It also featured the first of his famous cameo appearances . Two years later he directed Blackmail ( 1929 ) which was his first sound film . In 1935 Hitchcock directed The 39 Steps . Three years later he directed The Lady Vanishes starring Margaret Lockwood , and Michael Redgrave .   In 1940 Hitchcock transitioned to Hollywood productions , the first of which was the psychological thriller Rebecca starring Laurence Olivier and Joan Fontaine . He received his first nomination for the Academy Award for Best Director , and the film won Best Picture . Hitchcock worked with Fontaine again the following year on the film Suspicion which also starred Cary Grant . In 1943 Hitchcock directed another psychological thriller Shadow of a Doubt which starred Teresa Wright and Joseph Cotten . Three years later he reunited with Grant on Notorious which also starred Ingrid Bergman . The film included a three minute intermittent kissing scene between the leads shot specifically to skirt the Motion Picture Production Code which at the time limited such scenes to three seconds . In 1948 Hitchcock directed Rope which starred James Stewart . The film was his first in Technicolor and is remembered for its use of long takes to make the film appear to be a single continuous shot . Three years later he directed Strangers on a Train ( 1951 ) .   Hitchcock collaborated with Grace Kelly on three films : Dial M for Murder ( 1954 ) , Rear Window ( 1954 ) and To Catch a Thief ( 1955 ) . For Rear Window , Hitchcock received a nomination for Best Director at the Academy Awards . 1955 marked his debut on television as the host of the anthology television series Alfred Hitchcock Presents which he also produced . In 1958 Hitchcock directed the psychological thriller Vertigo starring Stewart and Kim Novak . The film topped the 2012 poll of the British film magazine Sight & Sound of the 50 Greatest Films of All Time and also topped the American Film Institute 's Top Ten in the mystery genre . He followed this with the spy thriller North by Northwest ( 1959 ) which starred Grant and Eva Marie Saint . In 1960 he directed Psycho , the biggest commercial success of his career and for which he received his fifth nomination for Best Director at the Academy Awards . Three years later he directed horror film The Birds starring Tippi Hedren . The following year he reunited with Hedren on the film Marnie which also starred Sean Connery .   In recognition of his career , Hitchcock garnered the British Academy of Film and Television Arts ( BAFTA ) Fellowship Award , the American Film Institute 's Life Achievement Award , the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award , the Directors Guild of America 's Lifetime Achievement Award and the Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award . He received two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame to acknowledge his film and television achievements . In 1980 Hitchcock received a knighthood .

neg: Herbert Mason Not to be confused with Herbert Mason the photographer who photographed St Paul 's Survives ( 1940 ) .   Samuel George Herbert Mason ( 1891 -- 20 May 1960 ) was a British film director , producer , stage actor , army officer , presenter of some revues , stage manager , stage director , choreographer , production manager and playwright . He was a recipient of the Military Cross the prestigious award for `` gallantry during active operations against the enemy . '' He received the gallantry award for his part in the Battle of Guillemont where British troops defeated the Germans to take the German stronghold of Guillemont .   Mason began his theatrical career at the age of 16 and appeared in several productions at the Birmingham Repertory Theatre including Barry Jackson 's The Christmas Party . During the 1920s he stage managed some of the largest shows in London ( including many of Andre Charlot 's musical revues ) and began his film career with the arrival of sound in motion pictures . Mason was the Assistant director for I Was a Spy , which was very successful in the box office and voted best film of the year . He made his debut as director in 1936 with The First Offence . His most prominent film was A Window in London a dark thriller set in the London Underground , which was a remake of the original French drama film Metropolitan . Another successful film included Take My Tip , in which he directed Jack Hulbert whose `` dances -LSB- were -RSB- beautifully staged . ''   Several rising actors and actresses ( including Vivien Leigh ) made their film debuts in some of his films before they rose to prominence . He worked for several studios and production companies including Gaumont British , Gainsborough Pictures , London Films and MGM-British Studios . Mason directed 16 films ( from thrillers to comedies ) , moved into producing for the rest of his career and authored some plays with his wife Daisy Fisher , a novelist and playwright also with a background in theatre .   His films were generally very well received , and some of them were marked out for the inventiveness of the plot , locations used for shooting and humour . Some of his films are remembered for introducing rising actors and actresses to the screen before they became famous .

neg: Three Investigators The Three Investigators is an American juvenile detective book series first published as `` Alfred Hitchcock and the Three Investigators '' . It was created by Robert Arthur Jr. , who believed using a famous person such as movie director Hitchcock would attract attention . Random House , which is owned by Bertelsmann , is the U.S. publisher and still has some of the rights to the books . Other rights are possessed by the heirs of Robert Arthur , Jr. and the German publisher Kosmos . The characters known as the `` three investigators '' are three boys named Jupiter Jones , Peter Crenshaw and Bob Andrews .   Most of the mysteries involved investigation of baffling phenomena ( e.g. an ancient Egyptian mummy that apparently whispered and a human skull that seemed to talk ) .

neg: Rule of three (writing) The rule of three is a writing principle that suggests that events or characters introduced in threes are more humorous , satisfying , or effective in execution of the story and engaging the reader.The reader or audience of this form of text is also thereby more likely to remember the information conveyed . This is because having three entities combines both brevity and rhythm with having the smallest amount of information to create a pattern . It makes the author or speaker appear knowledgeable while being both simple and catchy .   Slogans , film titles and a variety of other things have been structured in threes , a tradition that grew out of oral storytelling . Examples include the Three Little Pigs , Three Billy Goats Gruff , and the Three Musketeers . Similarly , adjectives are often grouped in threes to emphasize an idea .   The Latin phrase `` omne trium perfectum '' ( everything that comes in threes is perfect , or , every set of three is complete ) conveys the same idea as the rule of three .

neg: Art film An art film is typically a serious , independent film aimed at a niche market rather than a mass market audience . An art film is `` intended to be a serious artistic work , often experimental and not designed for mass appeal '' ; they are `` made primarily for aesthetic reasons rather than commercial profit '' , and they contain `` unconventional or highly symbolic content '' .   Film critics and film studies scholars typically define an art film as possessing `` formal qualities that mark them as different from mainstream Hollywood films '' , which can include , among other elements , a sense of social realism ; an emphasis on the authorial expressiveness of the director ; and a focus on the thoughts , dreams , or motivations of characters , as opposed to the unfolding of a clear , goal-driven story . Film scholar David Bordwell describes art cinema as `` a film genre , with its own distinct conventions '' .   Art film producers usually present their films at specialty theatres ( repertory cinemas , or , in the U.S. , `` arthouse cinemas '' ) and film festivals . The term art film is much more widely used in the United States , the UK and Australia than in Europe , where the term is more associated with `` auteur '' films and `` national cinema '' ( e.g. , German national cinema ) . Because they are aimed at small niche market audiences , they can rarely get the financial backing that will permit large production budgets , expensive special effects , costly celebrity actors , or huge advertising campaigns , as are used in widely released mainstream blockbuster films . Art film directors make up for these constraints by creating a different type of film , which typically uses lesser-known film actors ( or even amateur actors ) and modest sets to make films that focus much more on developing ideas or exploring new narrative techniques or film-making conventions .   A certain degree of experience and knowledge are required to fully understand or appreciate such films . One mid-1990s art film was called `` largely a cerebral experience '' that one enjoys `` because of what you know about film '' . This contrasts sharply with mainstream `` blockbuster '' films , which are geared more towards escapism and pure entertainment . For promotion , art films rely on the publicity generated from film critics ' reviews , discussion of their film by arts columnists , commentators and bloggers , and `` word-of-mouth '' promotion by audience members . Since art films have small initial investment costs , they only need to appeal to a small portion of the mainstream viewing audiences to become financially viable .

neg: Alfred Hitchcock and the Making of Psycho Alfred Hitchcock and the Making of Psycho is a non-fiction book by Stephen Rebello . It details the creation of director Alfred Hitchcock 's 1960 thriller Psycho   The book was first published in April 15 , 1990 by Dembner Books , and distributed by W. W. Norton and Company . Stephen Rebello researched the film thoroughly through Hitchcock 's personal records and archives and he interviewed virtually every surviving cast and crew member . Prior to the book 's publication , Rebello 's initial research appeared as a 22-page article in the April 1986 issue of Cinefantastique magazine entitled `` Psycho : The Making of Alfred Hitchcock 's Masterpiece '' . That research was expanded for the book version .

neg: Alfred Hitchcock Presents Alfred Hitchcock Presents is an American television anthology series hosted and executive produced by Alfred Hitchcock , which aired on CBS and NBC between 1955 and 1965 . It featured dramas , thrillers , and mysteries . By the time it premiered on October 2 , 1955 , Hitchcock had been directing films for over three decades . Time magazine named it one of `` The 100 Best TV Shows of all time '' . The Writers Guild of America ranked it # 79 on their list of the 101 Best-Written TV Series tying it with Monty Python 's Flying Circus , Star Trek : The Next Generation and Upstairs , Downstairs .   A series of literary anthologies with the running title Alfred Hitchcock Presents were issued to capitalize on the success of the television series . One volume , devoted to stories that censors would n't allow to be adapted for broadcast , was entitled Alfred Hitchcock Presents : Stories They Would n't Let Me Do on TV '' -- though eventually several of the stories collected were adapted .

neg: Film poster A film poster is a poster used to promote and advertise a film . Studios often print several posters that vary in size and content for various domestic and international markets . They normally contain an image with text . Today 's posters often feature photographs of the main actors . Prior to the 1990s , illustrations instead of photos were far more common . The text on film posters usually contains the film title in large lettering and often the names of the main actors . It may also include a tagline , the name of the director , names of characters , the release date , etc. .   Film posters are displayed inside and on the outside of movie theaters , and elsewhere on the street or in shops . The same images appear in the film exhibitor 's pressbook and may also be used on websites , DVD ( and historically VHS ) packaging , flyers , advertisements in newspapers and magazines , etc. .   Film posters have been used since the earliest public exhibitions of film . They began as outside placards listing the programme of ( short ) films to be shown inside the hall or movie theater . By the early 1900s , they began to feature illustrations of a film scene or an array of overlaid images from several scenes . Other posters have used artistic interpretations of a scene or even the theme of the film , represented in a wide variety of artistic styles .

neg: High-speed photography High-speed photography is the science of taking pictures of very fast phenomena . In 1948 , the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers ( SMPTE ) defined high-speed photography as any set of photographs captured by a camera capable of 69 frames per second or greater , and of at least three consecutive frames . High-speed photography can be considered to be the opposite of time-lapse photography .   In common usage , high-speed photography may refer to either or both of the following meanings . The first is that the photograph itself may be taken in a way as to appear to freeze the motion , especially to reduce motion blur . The second is that a series of photographs may be taken at a high sampling frequency or frame rate . The first requires a sensor with good sensitivity and either a very good shuttering system or a very fast strobe light . The second requires some means of capturing successive frames , either with a mechanical device or by moving data off electronic sensors very quickly .   Other considerations for high-speed photographers are record length , reciprocity breakdown , and spatial resolution .

neg: Scene (filmmaking) In filmmaking and video production , a scene is generally thought of as the action in a single location and continuous time . Due to the ability to edit recorded visual works , it is much shorter than a stage play scene .  Because of their frequent appearance in films , some types of scenes have acquired names , such as love scene , sex scene , nude scene , dream scene , action scene , car chase scene , crash scene , etc. . There is usually an opening scene and a closing scene .   A scene is a part of a film , as well as an act , a sequence ( longer or shorter than a scene ) , and a setting ( usually shorter than a scene ) . While the terms refer to a set sequence and continuity of observation , resulting from the handling of the camera or by the editor , the term scene refers to the continuity of the observed action - an association of time , place or characters . The term may refer to the division of the film from the screenplay , from the finished film , or it may only occur in the mind of the spectator who is trying to close on a logic of action . For example , parts of an action film at the same location , that play at different times can also consist of several scenes . Likewise , there can be parallel action scenes at different locations usually in separate scenes , except that they would be connected by media such as telephone , video , etc. .   In contrast , the traditional movie script was divided into acts , but those categories are less frequently used in the digital technology . The scene is important for the unity of the action of the film , while a stage drama is typically divided into acts . The division of a movie into scenes is usually done in the script . Some action scenes need to be planned very carefully .

neg: Stereoscope A stereoscope is a device for viewing a stereoscopic pair of separate images , depicting left-eye and right-eye views of the same scene , as a single three-dimensional image .   A typical stereoscope provides each eye with a lens that makes the image seen through it appear larger and more distant and usually also shifts its apparent horizontal position , so that for a person with normal binocular depth perception the edges of the two images seemingly fuse into one `` stereo window '' . In current practice , the images are prepared so that the scene appears to be beyond this virtual window , through which objects are sometimes allowed to protrude , but this was not always the custom . A divider or other view-limiting feature is usually provided to prevent each eye from being distracted by also seeing the image intended for the other eye .   Most people can , with practice and some effort , view stereoscopic image pairs in 3D without the aid of a stereoscope , but the physiological depth cues resulting from the unnatural combination of eye convergence and focus required will be unlike those experienced when actually viewing the scene in reality , making an accurate simulation of the natural viewing experience impossible and tending to cause eye strain and fatigue .   Although more recent devices such as Realist-format 3D slide viewers and the View-Master are also stereoscopes , the word is now most commonly associated with viewers designed for the standard-format stereo cards that enjoyed several waves of popularity from the 1850s to the 1930s as a home entertainment medium .   Devices such as polarized , anaglyph and shutter glasses which are used to view two actually superimposed or intermingled images , rather than two physically separate images , are not categorized as stereoscopes .

neg: Film gate The film gate is the rectangular opening in the front of a motion picture camera where the film is exposed to light . The film gate can be seen by removing the lens and rotating the shutter out of the way . The film is held on a uniform plane at a calibrated distance in the gate by a pressure plate behind the film .   Occasionally , as the film passes through the gate , friction can cause small slivers of celluloid to break off and stick in the side of the opening . This debris is called hairs . A `` hair in the gate '' will remain in front of the film and create a dark line that sticks into the edge of the film frame as the camera is filming a shot . A hair can ruin the shot and is almost impossible to fix in post production without being removed digitally .   Because of the intractability of this problem the 1st Assistant Camera ( in the UK this position is known as focus puller ) will open the camera and examine the gate for hairs at the end of each shot . Normally the assistant director will call out `` check the gate '' when the director is ready to move on to the next shot . The crew will wait until the focus puller calls out `` gate is clean . '' If the gate is not clean , it will be cleaned with orangewood sticks and canned air and the crew will take the shot again . A good camera crew usually checks all cameras and magazines during equipment checkout with scratch tests using fogged film rolls -- this will catch out any possible scratch or hair problems caused by faulty equipment . However , a variety of other factors including environment , humidity , type of film stock , camera position , film ridging , and lacing can each be responsible for a `` hair in the gate '' . Generally , skilled crew and regularly inspected tested equipment make this a rare occurrence , and it is not unheard of for assistants to go for months without seeing one , even on large-scale shoots . The cinematographer Oliver Stapleton praised his assisting team on Casanova for not having a single hair or scratch for the whole shoot , even though large portions were shot on dusty exteriors .   Video cameras do not have this problem , as any malfunction to the sensor will render the entire system useless . The Arri D-20 and D-21 system , however , does have removable lenses and a rotating optical shutter , which means that the CMOS sensor can be exposed in much the same way as a film gate and thus needs to be kept assiduously clean .

neg: The Great Moment (1944 film) The Great Moment is a 1944 biographical film written and directed by Preston Sturges . Based on the book Triumph Over Pain ( 1940 ) by René Fülöp-Miller , it tells the story of Dr. William Thomas Green Morton , a 19th-century Boston dentist who discovered the use of ether for general anesthesia . The film stars Joel McCrea and Betty Field , and features Harry Carey , William Demarest , Franklin Pangborn and Porter Hall .   The movie was filmed in 1942 but not released for over two years , and the released version differed from what Preston Sturges had wished , although he publicly accepted the film as his own . Paramount Pictures disliked the film Sturges had made , and pulled it from his control , re-titled and re-edited it , in the process making it ( especially in the early segment ) more confusing for the audience to understand . The studio 's released version was marketed in a way that made it appear to be one of Sturges ' comedies . The film was not well received by the critics or the public , and marked the end of a sustained run of success for Sturges , who had already left Paramount by the time the film was released .   Although rarely seen today , the film is worth viewing for its flashback structure -- comparable in some ways to Citizen Kane , which was influenced by the earlier film The Power and the Glory , for which Sturges wrote the screenplay -- and for its irreverent and subtly satirical tone , unusual for a time when most Hollywood biopics were over-inflated and sentimental . In 2003 a medical-dental historian in a lengthy analysis of the movie and its history -- which cited its flashback structure , timeless subject , injections of humor , and `` un-Pasteur-like '' treatment of its protagonist , while adhering reasonably well to the historical record -- concluded that `` The Great Moment may now be due for a general reevaluation by movie historians and critics who , like most folks , have never felt much affection for dentists past and present . ''

neg: B movie A B movie is a low-budget commercial movie , but one that is not an arthouse film . In its original usage , during the Golden Age of Hollywood , the term more precisely identified films intended for distribution as the less-publicized bottom half of a double feature . Although the U.S. production of movies intended as second features largely ceased by the end of the 1950s , the term B movie continues to be used in the broader sense it maintains today . In its post -- Golden Age usage , there is ambiguity on both sides of the definition : on the one hand , the primary interest of many inexpensive exploitation films is prurient ; on the other , many B movies display a high degree of craft and aesthetic ingenuity .   In either usage , most B movies represent a particular genre -- the Western was a Golden Age B movie staple , while low-budget science-fiction and horror films became more popular in the 1950s . Early B movies were often part of series in which the star repeatedly played the same character . Almost always shorter than the top-billed films they were paired with , many had running times of 70 minutes or less . The term connoted a general perception that B movies were inferior to the more handsomely budgeted headliners ; individual B films were often ignored by critics .   Latter-day B movies still sometimes inspire multiple sequels , but series are less common . As the average running time of top-of-the-line films increased , so did that of B pictures . In its current usage , the term has somewhat contradictory connotations : it may signal an opinion that a certain movie is ( a ) a genre film with minimal artistic ambitions or ( b ) a lively , energetic film uninhibited by the constraints imposed on more expensive projects and unburdened by the conventions of putatively `` serious '' independent film . The term is also now used loosely to refer to some higher-budgeted , mainstream films with exploitation-style content , usually in genres traditionally associated with the B movie .   From their beginnings to the present day , B movies have provided opportunities both for those coming up in the profession and others whose careers are waning . Celebrated filmmakers such as Anthony Mann and Jonathan Demme learned their craft in B movies . They are where actors such as John Wayne and Jack Nicholson first became established , and they have provided work for former A movie actors , such as Vincent Price and Karen Black . Some actors , such as Bela Lugosi , Eddie Constantine and Pam Grier , worked in B movies for most of their careers . The term B actor is sometimes used to refer to a performer who finds work primarily or exclusively in B pictures .


query: Imagine Dragons have won a World Music Award.

pos: Imagine Dragons Imagine Dragons is an American rock band from Las Vegas , Nevada , consisting of lead vocalist Dan Reynolds , lead guitarist Wayne Sermon , bassist Ben McKee , and drummer Daniel Platzman . The band first gained exposure in 2012 with the releases of their debut studio album Night Visions and its first single `` It 's Time '' . Billboard placed them at the top of their `` Year In Rock '' rankings for 2013 , and named them their `` Breakthrough Band of 2013 '' . Rolling Stone named their single `` Radioactive '' from Night Visions the `` biggest rock hit of the year '' , and MTV called them `` the year 's biggest breakout band '' . Night Visions peaked at number two on the weekly US Billboard 200 chart and the UK Albums Chart . The band 's second studio album Smoke + Mirrors was released in 2015 , and reached number one in the US , Canada and the UK .   Imagine Dragons has won two American Music Awards for Favorite Alternative Artist , a Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance , five Billboard Music Awards , and a World Music Award . In May 2014 , the band was nominated for a total of fourteen different Billboard Music Awards , including Top Artist of the Year and a Milestone Award , which recognizes innovation and creativity of artists across different genres . As of January 2017 , Imagine Dragons have sold 9 million albums and 27 million singles worldwide .

neg: Electric Zoo Electric Zoo is an annual electronic music festival held over Labor Day weekend in New York City on Randall 's Island . The festival represents all genres of electronic music , bringing top international DJs and live acts from multiple countries to four stages .   In its 2009 inaugural year , 26,000 people attended to see artists Armin van Buuren , Deadmau5 , David Guetta and Ferry Corsten . In 2011 , Electric Zoo expanded to a 3-day festival and with 85,000 attendees . Electric Zoo received International Dance Music Awards nominations in 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , and 2013 for `` Best Music Event '' .

neg: Latin Grammy Award for Best Pop/Rock Album The Latin Grammy Award for Best Pop/Rock Album is an honor presented annually at the Latin Grammy Awards , a ceremony that recognizes excellence and creates a wider awareness of cultural diversity and contributions of Latin recording artists in the United States and internationally . It is one of the new categories added for the Latin Grammy Awards of 2012   In 2014 , Somos by Jarabe de Palo was the first album to be nominated for this award and for Album of the Year .   In 2016 , Algo Sucede by Julieta Venegas was nominated for this award and for Album of the Year .

neg: Sanguma This article is about the band . For the tradition of herbal medicines , see herbal medicine , or black magic .   Sanguma was a Papua New Guinean musical ensemble active from 1977 to 1985 . They combined music from the cultural tradition of Papua New Guinea with Western instruments and were one of the first Papua New Guinean music groups to perform internationally . Sanguma formed at the National Arts School in 1977 and performed in their homeland at the South Pacific Festival of Arts in 1980 . Sanguma were nurtured very closely in their early days by the Australian musician Ric Halstead , who was a lecturer at the National Arts School in Port Moresby from whence Sanguma originated .   Sanguma produced three albums in cassette format ; the two eponymously titled Sanguma 1 and Sanguma 2 in the late 1970s and in 1983 , ` Sanguma Suites ' , an adventurous excursion into progressive/traditional/rock / jazz/fusion composed by band members Tony Subam ( East Sepik Province ) and Sebastian Miyoni ( Milne Bay Province ) and ostensibly by these two musicians rather than the band Sanguma , but as the band featured heavily on the album it was in all but name a Sanguma album .  The first two albums were somewhat better received than was Sanguma Suites as they were closer to the traditional music of Papua New Guinea . The last album utilised modern amplified instrumentation to supplement the traditional flutes , drums and vocal sequences .  Sanguma supported UK reggae band Steel Pulse on a tour of the USA West Coast in 1983 , receiving favourable reviews and attracting interest in Papua New Guinea 's traditions and indirectly promoting the nascent tourist industry .   Hearing the Future : The Music and Magic of the Sanguma Band , by Denis Crowdy , was published in January 2016 by University of Hawai'i Press in their series on Music and Performing Arts of Asia and the Pacific . A brief description of the book is as follows :   `` During the turbulent decades of the 1970s and 1980s , Papua New Guinea gained political independence from a colonial hold that had lasted almost a century . It was an exciting time for a diverse group of pioneering musicians who formed a band they named `` Sanguma . '' These Melanesian artists heard an imagined future and performed it during a socially and politically critical time for the region . They were united under one goal : to create a sound that represented the birth of a new , sovereign , and distinctly Melanesian nation ; and to express their values , identities , and cosmology through their music and performance . Sanguma 's experimental music sounded the complex expectations and pressures of their modern nation and helped to steer its postcolonial journey through music .   In Hearing the Future , Australian ethnomusicologist Denis Crowdy documents and analyzes the music and activities of the Sanguma band , arguing that their music was a vital form of cultural expression in sync with sociopolitical change then taking place in PNG . Drawing from rock , jazz , and nascent `` world music '' influences , Sanguma reached audiences far from their home nation , introducing the world to modern music , Melanesia-style , with its fusion of old and new , local and global . Performances ranged from ensembles of Melanesian log drums ( garamuts ) to extended songs and improvisations involving electric guitars , synthesizers , saxophone , trumpet , bamboo percussion , panpipes , and kuakumba flutes . The band sang in a variety of local vernacular languages , as well as in Tok Pisin and English . To further emphasize their ancestral style , the musicians wore decorative headdresses and body decoration from all around the nation , along with distinctive pants featuring indigenous designs . ''

neg: Juno Awards of 1994 The Juno Awards of 1994 , representing Canadian music industry achievements of the previous year , were awarded on 20 March 1994 in Toronto at a ceremony in the O'Keefe Centre . Roch Voisine was the host for the ceremonies , which were taped that afternoon for broadcast that evening on CBC Television .   Nominations were announced 8 February 1994 . Starting in 1994 , the Best New Solo Artist combined the former Most Promising Male and Female Vocalist categories . Reggae also received its own category , after years of being included under banners such as `` world beat '' or mixed with calypso .   A new category for aboriginal music was also introduced and was awarded by Robbie Robertson . The award faced controversy after nominee Sazacha Red Sky was accused of cultural appropriation by Leonard George son of Chief Dan George , the alleged writer of the song that has since been registered as Public Domain , because she was not personally a member of the Tsleil-Waututh First Nation and according to Leonard George did not have the right to record it under their cultural traditions . His son Leonard George sought a legal injunction to prevent the award from being presented at the Juno Awards ceremony at all , and a final compromise revising Red Sky 's nomination to reflect the album instead of the song was announced on the morning of the ceremony .   Around the time of the 1994 ceremonies , there were plans to host the 1995 ceremonies in Winnipeg . However , Juno organisers CARAS was demanding substantial funding from the Winnipeg committee attempting to host the awards .   Atlantic group The Rankin Family was the major winner in 1994 , winning awards in four categories including Entertainer of the Year .

neg: Dan Reynolds (musician) Daniel Coulter `` Dan '' Reynolds ( born July 14 , 1987 ) is an American musician , multi-instrumentalist , and record producer . He is the lead vocalist for the rock band Imagine Dragons . Reynolds also released an EP in 2011 , titled Egyptian - EP , as a duo with Aja Volkman of Nico Vega under the moniker Egyptian . He is a recipient of the Songwriters Hall of Fame Hal David Starlight Award .

neg: New Zealand Music Award for Breakthrough Artist of the Year Breakthrough Artist of the Year is a New Zealand Music Award that honours New Zealand music artists for outstanding recordings . Artists who have previously been nominated for a New Zealand Music Award ( excluding Critics ' Choice Prize and technical awards ) or has had a previous album reach the top 20 of the Official New Zealand Music Chart are ineligible . The award was first awarded in 1973 as Best New Artist .

neg: Ouanani (band) OUANANI is a Canadian world music group formed in 2004 in Montréal by Sadio `` Djali Sadio '' Sissokho from Sénégal and Jean `` Jean Jean '' Girard-Arsenault from Lac-Saint-Jean in the north of Québec .   They play as a duo or with musicians from all over the world . They sing in many languages : French , Wolof , Khassonke , Spanish and English . With organic-electronic sounds and a self-deprecating sense of humour , OUANANI fuses Québec with Africa , Caribbean and Latin America .   OUANANI tangles a wide variety of themes such as immigration , racism , love , seduction and surrealism .   Some of their accreditations include the following :  Album of the Week ( ICI , 2008 )  Three times # 1 on CIBL 's Francophone charts in 2008  Audience Award at The festival International de la Chanson de Granby in 2004

neg: Future World Music Future World Music is a custom music library owned by the composer and producer Armen Hambar and based in La Crescenta , CA . Future World Music provides cinematic music for motion picture advertising specializing in fantasy adventure and epic action genres . The company 's music has been featured in advertising campaigns for `` How To Train Your Dragon 1 & 2 '' , `` Brave '' , `` Frozen '' , `` Night at the Museum 2 & 3 '' and `` Into the Woods '' to name a few . Their clients include DreamWorks , Paramount Pictures , New Line Cinema , Warner Bros. , Walt Disney Pictures , Buena Vista Home Entertainment , MGM , Columbia TriStar , Universal Pictures , 20th Century Fox , UFC and others .

neg: Music of Japan The music of Japan includes a wide array of performers in distinct styles both traditional and modern . The word for music in Japanese is 音楽 ( ongaku ) , combining the kanji 音 `` on '' ( sound ) with the kanji 楽 `` gaku '' ( enjoy ) . Japan is the largest physical music market in the world , with US$ 2 billion in 2014 and the second largest overall music market , with a total retail value of 2.6 billion dollars in 2014dominated by Japanese artists , with 37 of the top 50 best selling albums and 49 of the top 50 best selling singles in 2014 .   Local music often appears at karaoke venues , which is on lease from the record labels . Traditional Japanese music is quite different from Western music as it is often based on the intervals of human breathing rather than mathematical timing .

neg: Tears for Fears Tears for Fears are an English pop/rock band formed in Bath , Avon ( now in Somerset since 1996 ) in 1981 by Roland Orzabal and Curt Smith . Founded after the dissolution of their first band , the mod-influenced Graduate , they were initially associated with the new wave synthesiser bands of the early 1980s but later branched out into mainstream rock and pop , which led to international chart success . They were part of the MTV-driven Second British Invasion of the US .   Their platinum-selling debut album , The Hurting , reached number one on the UK Albums Chart , while their second album , Songs from the Big Chair , reached number one on the US Billboard 200 , achieving multi-platinum status in both the UK and the US . Their second album contained two Billboard Hot 100 number ones : `` Shout '' and `` Everybody Wants to Rule the World '' ' , the latter winning the Brit Award for Best British Single in 1986 .   Smith and Orzabal parted company in 1991 , after the release of their third platinum-selling album The Seeds of Love ( 1989 ) , though Orzabal retained the Tears for Fears name throughout the remainder of the 1990s . The duo re-formed in 2000 and released an album of new material , Everybody Loves a Happy Ending , in 2004 . Since 2013 , the duo have been working on their seventh album . Tears for Fears have sold over 30 million albums worldwide .

neg: Netlabels in Japan Since the mid-2000s , a counterculture has taken place where numerous netlabels , online labels that release their music for free , located in Japan have been formed and garnered a huge amount of publicity which , according to writer Patrick St. Michel , has shaped how popular Japanese music is produced . Japan 's netlabel phenomenon was the first time in the history of the nation 's music industry where underground musicians could produce their works however they wanted to and have their music noticed by the public ; this is an aspect that was previously absent at a time when major labels in the country followed a conservative method where they managed how artists would produce their music . Starting in the 2010s , the netlabel scene has crossed over to the mainstream music landscape and all across the world , with netlabel producers transitioning into working for bigger labels and western producers like Cashmere Cat and Ryan Hemsworth being influenced by the music of Japanese netlabels .

neg: List of awards and nominations received by Depeche Mode Depeche Mode has received five Grammy nominations . The band 's first Grammy nomination occurred when Devotional was nominated for Grammy Award for Best Long Form Music Video in 1995 . Depeche Mode has also received Grammy nominations for Best Dance Recording for `` I Feel Loved '' , `` Suffer Well '' and `` Wrong '' . On 2 November 2006 , Depeche Mode received the MTV Europe Music Award in the Best Group category , the band won the first-ever Q Magazine `` Innovation Award '' on 22 October 2002 . `` Enjoy the Silence '' won ` Best British single ' at the 1991 Brit Awards . The band was ranked No. 144 on Acclaimed Music 's list of The Top 1000 Artists of All Time .

neg: 2014 iHeartRadio Music Awards The 2014 iHeartRadio Music Awards , was the inaugural music award show presented by iHeartMedia 's platform iHeartRadio and NBC . The awards were held on May 1 , 2014 , at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles . The awards show was announced on February 26 , 2014 . The nominations were compiled by the results of Mediabase charts , listener feedback and digital straming data from the iHeartRadio platform and announced on March 26 , 2014 . The awards recognized the biggest artists and songs of the year . The show was directed by Hamish Hamilton . The voting took place on iHeartRadio 's official webpage except for the `` Instagram Award '' , where voting took place on social network Instagram .   Rihanna led the nominations with eight and also became the biggest winner of the night with four wins including Artist of the Year and Song of the Year .   NBC 's telecast of the iHeartRadio Music Awards drew 5.4 million viewers overall and a rating of 1.7 in the key 18-to-49-year-old demographic .

neg: World Soundtrack Award – Public Choice The Public Choice Award for the Best Score of the Year is an award by the World Soundtrack Academy . Each year , the general public votes for the nominees and the award is presented at the annual World Soundtrack Awards . The category has existed since 2001 , but there was not a winner nor a vote for 2003 's ceremony .   In 2016 , the International Film Music Critics Association partnered with WSA in choosing the shortlist of nominees , selecting 30 scores representing the most outstanding works . The five nominees receiving the most votes became the final candidates for the award , with the winner announced at the awards gala .

neg: Andrew Lloyd Webber Andrew Lloyd Webber , Baron Lloyd-Webber ( born 22 March 1948 ) is an English composer and impresario of musical theatre . Several of his musicals have run for more than a decade both in the West End and on Broadway . He has composed 13 musicals , a song cycle , a set of variations , two film scores , and a Latin Requiem Mass. . Several of his songs have been widely recorded and were hits outside of their parent musicals , notably `` The Music of the Night '' from The Phantom of the Opera , `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' from Jesus Christ Superstar , `` Do n't Cry for Me , Argentina '' and `` You Must Love Me '' from Evita , `` Any Dream Will Do '' from Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat and `` Memory '' from Cats . In 2001 the New York Times referred to him as `` the most commercially successful composer in history '' . Ranked the `` fifth most powerful person in British culture '' by The Telegraph '' in 2008 , the lyricist Don Black stated `` Andrew more or less single-handedly reinvented the musical . ''   He has received a number of awards , including a knighthood in 1992 , followed by a peerage from Queen Elizabeth II for services to Music , seven Tonys , three Grammys ( as well as the Grammy Legend Award ) , an Academy Award , fourteen Ivor Novello Awards , seven Olivier Awards , a Golden Globe , a Brit Award , the 2006 Kennedy Center Honors , and the 2008 Classic Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music . He has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , is an inductee into the Songwriter 's Hall of Fame , and is a fellow of the British Academy of Songwriters , Composers and Authors .   His company , the Really Useful Group , is one of the largest theatre operators in London . Producers in several parts of the UK have staged productions , including national tours , of the Lloyd Webber musicals under licence from the Really Useful Group . Lloyd Webber is also the president of the Arts Educational Schools London , a performing arts school located in Chiswick , West London . He is involved in a number of charitable activities , including the Elton John AIDS Foundation , Nordoff Robbins , Prostate Cancer UK and War Child . In 1992 he set up the Andrew Lloyd Webber Foundation which supports the arts , culture and heritage in the UK .

neg: Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock/Metal Performance The Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock/Metal Performance was an award presented at the 2012 and 2013 Grammy Awards , a ceremony that was established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards . According to the 54th Grammy Awards description guide it was designed for solo , duo/groups or collaborative ( vocal or instrumental ) hard rock or metal recordings and was limited to singles or tracks only .   The award was first presented in 2012 , after a major restructuring of Grammy categories . It combined the previous categories Best Hard Rock Performance and Best Metal Performance . The restructuring was a result of the Recording Academy 's wish to decrease the list of categories and awards . However , the Recording Academy announced in June 2013 that the category would split in 2014 , returning the Best Metal Performance category and recognizing quality hard rock performances in the Best Rock Performance category . According to the Academy , `` it was determined that metal has a very distinctive sound , and hard rock more closely aligns with rock and can exist comfortably as one end of the rock spectrum . ''

neg: Juno Award for Electronic Album of the Year The Juno Award for Electronic Album of the Year is an annual award presented by the Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences for the best electronic album released in Canada . It has been awarded since 2011 . The five nominees and eventual winner in the category are chosen by a panel of judges from the music industry across Canada .

neg: London International Awards The London International Awards , or LIA ( formerly known as London International Advertising Awards , LIAA ) , are a worldwide awards annually honoring `` pioneers , and embodiments of excellence '' in advertising , digital media , production , design , music & sound and branded entertainment . It was the first truly international advertising award of its kind to acknowledge all media and methods from all over the world to be judged by a diverse global jury .

neg: G-Dragon Kwon Ji-yong ( ; born August 18 , 1988 ) , better known by his stage name G-Dragon , is a South Korean rapper , singer-songwriter , record producer , and fashion icon . After six years as a trainee under the record label YG Entertainment , G-Dragon rose to fame in the mid-2000s as one of two rappers in the South Korean hip hop boy band Big Bang . Despite initial lukewarm receptions , the group became one of the best-selling digital group of all-time in Asia and one of the best-selling boy bands in the world .   G-Dragon debuted as a solo artist with the release of Heartbreaker in 2009 . The album was a commercial success and earned the Mnet Asian Music Awards for Album of the Year , while the single of the same name became a number-one hit . G-Dragon later formed a duo with fellow Big Bang member T.O.P to record and release the album GD & TOP ( 2010 ) , which contained the top-five hits `` High High '' , `` Oh Yeah '' , and `` Knock Out '' on the Gaon Digital Chart , while the album peaked at number-one . His first EP One of a Kind ( 2012 ) was critically acclaimed and yielded `` One of a Kind '' , `` Crayon '' , and the number-one `` That XX '' , earning Record of the Year at the 22nd Seoul Music Awards . The EP became the highest-selling album by a Korean soloist since his own Heartbreaker . In 2013 , he embarked on his first worldwide tour as a solo artist , which included a four-dome tour in Japan , making him the first Korean soloist to do a dome tour . G-Dragon was awarded Artist of the Year at the 15th Mnet Asian Music Awards following the success of his second studio album Coup d'Etat ( 2013 ) , in addition to the awards of World 's Best Entertainer and World 's Best Album at the 2014 World Music Awards .   Recognized as one of the most influential leaders in music and fashion in his country and labelled as an `` K-pop icon '' , G-Dragon was named by Forbes the most influential person under 30 in Asia 's entertainment and sports . Producing not only for his band but also for his and his bandmates ' solo releases , G-Dragon has written 22 number one songs .

neg: Grammy Award for Best New Artist The Grammy Award for Best New Artist has been awarded since 1959 . Years reflect the year in which the Grammy Awards were handed out , for records released in the previous year . The award was not presented in 1967 . The official guidelines are as follows : `` For a new artist who releases , during the Eligibility Year , the first recording which establishes the public identity of that artist . '' Note that this is not necessarily the first album released by an artist .   It is sometimes asserted , with varying degrees of sincerity , that winning the award is a curse , as several award winners ( particularly from the late 1970s and early 1980s ) were never able to duplicate the success they experienced in their debut year . This viewpoint was expressed by former Starland Vocal Band member Taffy Danoff in a 2002 interview for VH1 's 100 Greatest One Hit Wonders : `` We got two of the five Grammys -- one was Best New Artist . So that was basically the kiss of death and I feel sorry for everyone who 's gotten it since . ''   The category is also notable for being the only one of its kind in which a Grammy Award was vacated . This occurred in 1990 after it was revealed winners Milli Vanilli did not contribute their own vocals on their debut album . The award was revoked , but was not handed out to another artist .   Of the 54 awards presented in the category since its inception , the honor has been presented to 25 solo female artists , 18 duos or groups , and 11 solo male artists . Between 1997 and 2003 , all the winners were solo female artists . Also , from 1993 to 2005 , no winner was a solo male artist . In 2006 , John Legend broke this trend , which started with Marc Cohn in 1992 . Only four artists have won both Best New Artist and Album of the Year in the same year : Bob Newhart in 1961 , Christopher Cross in 1981 , Lauryn Hill in 1999 and Norah Jones in 2003 .   Of all the winners , only three have been country artists . In 1997 , LeAnn Rimes became the first country artist to win the award . She was followed by Carrie Underwood in 2007 and Zac Brown Band in 2010 . Additionally , 2017 marked the first time that two country artists were nominated in this category in the same year .   1984 marked the first time that all of the nominees were from outside of the United States ( Winner Culture Club , Eurythmics , and Musical Youth were from England , Big Country was from Scotland , and Men Without Hats were from Canada ) .


query: The September 11 attacks caused injury to over 6,000 humans.

pos: September 11 attacks The September 11 attacks ( also referred to as 9/11 ) The expression `` 9/11 '' is pronounced `` nine eleven '' . The slash is not part of the pronunciation . The name is frequently used in British English as well as in American English , even though the dating conventions differ . were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda on the United States on the morning of Tuesday , September 11 , 2001 . The attacks killed 2,996 people , injured over 6,000 others , and caused at least $ 10 billion in property and infrastructure damage .   Four passenger airliners operated by two major U.S. passenger air carriers ( United Airlines and American Airlines ) -- all of which departed from airports in the northeastern United States bound for California -- were hijacked by 19 al-Qaeda terrorists . Two of the planes , American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175 , were crashed into the North and South towers , respectively , of the World Trade Center complex in New York City . Within an hour and 42 minutes , both 110-story towers collapsed , with debris and the resulting fires causing partial or complete collapse of all other buildings in the World Trade Center complex , including the 47-story 7 World Trade Center tower , as well as significant damage to ten other large surrounding structures . A third plane , American Airlines Flight 77 , was crashed into the Pentagon ( the headquarters of the United States Department of Defense ) in Arlington County , Virginia , leading to a partial collapse of the building 's western side . The fourth plane , United Airlines Flight 93 , initially was steered toward Washington , D.C. , but crashed into a field in Stonycreek Township near Shanksville , Pennsylvania , after its passengers tried to overcome the hijackers . It was the deadliest incident for firefighters and law enforcement officers in the history of the United States , with 343 and 72 killed respectively .   Suspicion for the attack quickly fell on al-Qaeda . The United States responded to the attacks by launching the War on Terror and invading Afghanistan to depose the Taliban , which had harbored al-Qaeda . Many countries strengthened their anti-terrorism legislation and expanded the powers of law enforcement and intelligence agencies to prevent terrorist attacks . Although al-Qaeda 's leader , Osama bin Laden , initially denied any involvement , in 2004 he claimed responsibility for the attacks . Al-Qaeda and bin Laden cited U.S. support of Israel , the presence of U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia , and sanctions against Iraq as motives . Having evaded capture for almost a decade , bin Laden was located and killed by SEAL Team Six of the U.S. Navy in May 2011 .   The destruction of the World Trade Center and nearby infrastructure caused serious damage to the economy of Lower Manhattan and had a significant effect on global markets , closing Wall Street until September 17 and the civilian airspace in the U.S. and Canada until September 13 . Many closings , evacuations , and cancellations followed , out of respect or fear of further attacks . Cleanup of the World Trade Center site was completed in May 2002 , and the Pentagon was repaired within a year . On November 18 , 2006 , construction of One World Trade Center began at the World Trade Center site . The building was officially opened on November 3 , 2014 . Numerous memorials have been constructed , including the National September 11 Memorial & Museum in New York City , the Pentagon Memorial in Arlington County , Virginia , and the Flight 93 National Memorial in a field in Stonycreek Township near Shanksville , Pennsylvania .

neg: Airmanship Airmanship is skill and knowledge applied to aerial navigation , similar to seamanship in maritime navigation . Airmanship covers a broad range of desirable behaviors and abilities in an aviator . It is not simply a measure of skill or technique , but also a measure of a pilot 's awareness of the aircraft , the environment in which it operates , and of his own capabilities .   Airmanship can be defined as :  A sound acquaintance with the principles of flight ,  The ability to operate an airplane with competence and precision both on the ground and in the air , and  The exercise of sound judgment that results in optimal operational safety and efficiency .   The three fundamental principles of expert airmanship are skill , proficiency , and the discipline to apply them in a safe and efficient manner .  Discipline is the foundation of airmanship .  The complexity of the aviation environment demands a foundation of solid airmanship , and a healthy , positive approach to combating pilot error .   The actions of Captain Alfred C. Haynes and the crew of United Airlines Flight 232 are often cited as an exemplar of good airmanship . They were able to maintain control of their crippled McDonnell Douglas DC-10 , bringing it to a survivable `` controlled crash '' in Sioux City , Iowa , after a complete loss of all flight controls following an engine failure in July 1989 . They did this by improvising a control scheme on the spot using differential thrust on the two working engines . Captain Haynes credited his Crew Resource Management training as one of the key factors that saved his own life , and many others .   The U.S. National Transportation Safety Board occasionally cites poor airmanship as a contributing factor in its determination of probable cause in aviation accidents , although it is implicit in many of the pilot error causes it often uses . For example , in its report on the December 1 , 1993 fatal crash of Northwest Airlink Flight 5719 , the Board determined the `` failure of the company management to adequately address the previously identified deficiencies in airmanship '' was a contributing factor .  More recently , in the February 2 , 2005 business jet accident at Teterboro Airport , NTSB investigator Steve Demko , speaking about the probable cause , said determining an aircraft 's weight and balance before takeoff is `` basic airmanship , '' a `` Flying 101 type of thing . ''  And in the 2006 New York City plane crash that killed New York Yankees pitcher Cory Lidle , the NTSB cited `` inadequate judgement , planning and airmanship '' in its probable cause determination .   A `` failure of airmanship '' was also cited by U.S. Military Authorities in the Tarnak Farm incident in Afghanistan , where the pilot of a U.S. F-16 Fighting Falcon mistakenly targeted a 250-kilogram laser-guided bomb on Canadian troops in April 2003 , killing four of them . Airmanship covers operation of the aircraft and all its systems , so in military usage , this includes the weapons systems of combat aircraft .

neg: April 2016 Baghdad bombing At least 38 people were killed and 86 others wounded , as a result of two car bombings , in Iraq 's capital of Baghdad . The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant claimed responsibility for the attack .

neg: Civilian casualties in the war in Afghanistan (2001–2014) During the war in Afghanistan ( 2001 -- 14 ) , over 26,000 civilian deaths due to war-related violence have been documented ; 29,900 civilians have been wounded . Over 91,000 Afghans , including civilians , soldiers and militants , are recorded to have been killed in the conflict , and the number who have died through indirect causes related to the war may include an additional 360,000 people . These numbers do not include those who have died in Pakistan .   The war , launched by the United States as `` Operation Enduring Freedom '' in 2001 , began with an initial air campaign that almost immediately prompted concerns over the number of Afghan civilians being killed as well as international protests . With civilian deaths from airstrikes rising again in recent years , the number of Afghan civilians being killed by foreign military operations has led to mounting tension between the foreign countries and the government of Afghanistan . In May 2007 , President Hamid Karzai summoned foreign military commanders to warn them of the consequences of further Afghan civilian deaths . The civilian losses are a continuation of the extremely high civilian losses experienced during the Soviet War in Afghanistan in the 1980s , and the three periods of civil war following it : 1989 -- 1992 , 1992 -- 1996 , and 1996 -- 2001 .

neg: Pulmonary aspiration Pulmonary aspiration is the entry of material ( such as pharyngeal secretions , food or drink , or stomach contents ) from the oropharynx or gastrointestinal tract into the larynx ( voice box ) and lower respiratory tract ( the portions of the respiratory system from the trachea -- i.e. , windpipe -- to the lungs ) . A person may either inhale the material , or it may be delivered into the tracheobronchial tree during positive pressure ventilation . When pulmonary aspiration occurs during eating and drinking , the aspirated material is often colloquially referred to as `` going down the wrong pipe . ''   Consequences of pulmonary aspiration range from no injury at all , to chemical pneumonitis or pneumonia , to death within minutes from asphyxiation . These consequences depend in part on the volume , chemical composition , particle size , presence or absence of infectious agents , and underlying health status of the person . In healthy people , aspiration of small quantities of material is common and rarely results in disease or injury . People with significant underlying disease or injury , especially hospitalized patients , are at greater risk for developing respiratory complications following pulmonary aspiration because of certain factors such as depressed level of consciousness and impaired airway defenses ( gag reflex and/or respiratory tract antimicrobial defense system ) . As the lumen of the right main bronchus is more vertical and of slightly wider diameter than that of the left , aspirated material is more likely to end up in this bronchus or one of its subsequent bifurcation .   About 3.6 million cases of pulmonary aspiration or foreign body in the airway occurred in 2013 .

neg: Weapon of mass destruction A weapon of mass destruction ( WMD ) is a nuclear , radiological , chemical , biological or other weapon that can kill and bring significant harm to a large number of humans or cause great damage to human-made structures ( e.g. , buildings ) , natural structures ( e.g. , mountains ) , or the biosphere . The scope and usage of the term has evolved and been disputed , often signifying more politically than technically . Originally coined in reference to aerial bombing with chemical explosives , since World War II it has come to refer to large-scale weaponry of other technologies , such as chemical , biological , radiological , or nuclear .

neg: Israeli antisemitic cartoons contest The Israeli Anti-Semitic Cartoons Contest ( Hebrew : תחרות קריקטורות אנטישמיות ישראלית ) was initiated by two Israeli artists in response to the Muhammad cartoons controversy and the subsequent `` Holocaust Cartoon Competition '' by the Iranian newspaper Hamshahri . Illustrator Amitai Sandy announced the contest on the website of his Tel Aviv-based graphic arts company on February 14 , 2006 , stating , `` We 'll show the world we can do the best , sharpest , most offensive Jew hating cartoons ever published ! No Iranian will beat us on our home turf ! ''   The Jerusalem Post reported Sandy as saying that his intention was to challenge bigotry by using humor . According to Haaretz , within three days of the announcement of the contest Sandy was interviewed by more than thirty daily newspapers , as well as two television channels and a radio program broadcast on 450 local stations in the United States .   On April 6 , the winner was announced on the contest homepage : `` Fiddler on the Roof . '' It depicted a fiddler on the Brooklyn Bridge during the September 11 , 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center .   Other common themes through the cartoons included world domination , the myth of Jews having horns , the Holocaust ( and its denial ) , and the blood libel , all of which were familiar staples or topics of antisemitism . Many of those staples were canards as well .

neg: Human pathogen A human pathogen is a pathogen ( microbe or microorganism such as a virus , bacterium , prion , or fungus ) that causes disease in humans .   The human physiological defense against common pathogens ( such as Pneumocystis ) is mainly the responsibility of the immune system with help by some of the body 's normal flora and fauna . However , if the immune system or `` good '' microbiota are damaged in any way ( such as by chemotherapy , human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) , or antibiotics being taken to kill other pathogens ) , pathogenic bacteria that were being held at bay can proliferate and cause harm to the host . Such cases are called opportunistic infections .   Some pathogens ( such as the bacterium Yersinia pestis , which may have caused the Black Plague , the Variola virus , and the malaria protozoa ) have been responsible for massive numbers of casualties and have had numerous effects on afflicted groups . Of particular note in modern times is HIV , which is known to have infected several million humans globally , along with the influenza virus . Today , while many medical advances have been made to safeguard against infection by pathogens , through the use of vaccination , antibiotics , and fungicide , pathogens continue to threaten human life . Social advances such as food safety , hygiene , and water treatment have reduced the threat from some pathogens .

neg: National September 11 Memorial & Museum The National September 11 Memorial & Museum ( also known as the 9/11 Memorial and 9/11 Memorial Museum ) are the principal memorial and museum , respectively . They commemorate the September 11 , 2001 attacks , which killed 2,977 victims , and the World Trade Center bombing of 1993 , which killed six . The memorial is located at the World Trade Center site , the former location of the Twin Towers , which were destroyed during the September 11 attacks . It is operated by a non-profit corporation whose mission is to raise funds for , program , own , and operate the memorial and museum at the World Trade Center site .   A memorial was planned in the immediate aftermath of the attacks and destruction of the World Trade Center for the victims including those involved in rescue operations . The winner of the World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition was Israeli architect Michael Arad of Handel Architects , a New York - and San Francisco-based firm . Arad worked with landscape-architecture firm Peter Walker and Partners on the design , a forest of trees with two square pools in the center where the Twin Towers stood .  In August 2006 , the World Trade Center Memorial Foundation and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey began heavy construction on the memorial and museum . The design is consistent with the original Daniel Libeskind master plan , which called for the memorial to be 30 ft below street level -- originally 70 ft -- in a plaza , and was the only finalist to disregard Libeskind 's requirement that the buildings overhang the footprints of the Twin Towers . The World Trade Center Memorial Foundation was renamed the National September 11 Memorial & Museum in 2007 .   On September 11 , 2011 , a dedication ceremony commemorating the tenth anniversary of the attacks was held at the memorial . It opened to the public the following day ; the museum was dedicated on May 15 , 2014 and opened on May 21 . Three months after its opening , the memorial had been visited by over a million people . In 2012 , the 9/11 Tribute Center collaborated with the 9/11 Memorial to offer private tours , which are hosted by family members of victims , first responders , and survivors .

neg: Amiriyah Fallujah Al-Amiriyah ( العامرية al-ʻāmiriyyah ) or Amiriyah Fallujah , also Ameriyah , Amiriyyah , Ameriya , Amiriyat , Ameriyat and the like , is a city in the Fallujah District of Al Anbar province , about 30 km south of the city of Fallujah , in Iraq . Ameriyah residents belong mostly to the Albu Issa subtribe , part of the Dulaim tribe .   The city was named Amiriyah Fallujah after the occupation of Iraq because of huge number of displaced persons from the city of Fallujah , with a total population of 17 thousand people .   During the lead up to the Gulf War in 1990 , several Western hostages were held as a human shield at a suspected ammunition factory in the area from September 1990 until their release 6 December 1990 . These included a crew member from British Airways Flight 149 . Nationals of Britain , Japan and France were held on the site . Only the British were detained until December , the French and Japanese being released in October and November 1990 respectively .  The nature of their internment makes it difficult to pinpoint the exact location , but they were told by their Iraqi minders that they were at `` a factory in Amiriyah ''   During the American war on Iraq the city witnessed violent clashes such as those seen in the cities of Fallujah and Ramadi as well as explosions and car bombs with chlorine , but in the end in 2007 the Anbar police took over on the city .   In 2016 , during the Siege of Fallujah , there was intense fighting in the area between the Iraqi army and ISIL militants . Also several suicide attacks by ISIL were reported .

neg: Injury Injury is damage to the body . This may be caused by accidents , falls , hits , weapons , and other causes .   Major trauma is injury that has the potential to cause prolonged disability or death .   In 2013 , 4.8 million people died from injuries , up from 4.3 million in 1990 . More than 30 % of these deaths were transport-related injuries . In 2013 , 367,000 children under the age of five died from injuries , down from 766,000 in 1990 . Injuries are the cause of 9 % of all deaths , and are the sixth-leading cause of death in the world .

neg: Loose Change Loose Change is a series of films released between 2005 and 2009 that argue in favor of certain conspiracy theories relating to the September 11th attacks . The films were written and directed by Dylan Avery and produced by Korey Rowe , Jason Bermas , and Matthew Brown .   The original 2005 film was edited and re-released as Loose Change : 2nd Edition ( 2006 ) , and then subsequently edited a third time for the 2nd Edition Recut ( 2007 ) . Loose Change : Final Cut , deemed `` the third and final release of this documentary series '' was released on DVD and Web-streaming format on November 11 , 2007 .   Another version of the film , Loose Change 9/11 : An American Coup , released on September 22 , 2009 , is narrated by Daniel Sunjata and distributed by Microcinema International .   Coverage of the film increased in 2006 with the recut release having airings on U.S. and European television stations and over 4 million views online in four months , leading Vanity Fair to say it could be the first internet blockbuster . Loose Change asserts that the usual account of the Pentagon attack , World Trade Center collapse and United 93 phone calls and crash is implausible and instead suggests the 9/11 attacks were a false flag operation . The film 's main claims have been debunked by journalists , independent researchers , and prominent members of the scientific and engineering community .

neg: U.S. government response to the September 11 attacks The response of the U.S. government to the September 11 attacks sparked investigations into the motivations and execution of the attacks , as well as the ongoing War on Terrorism in Afghanistan The response included funds for affected families , plans for the War on Terrorism , rebuilding of Lower-East Manhattan , and the invasion and investigation of Iraq and Afghanistan .

neg: 2015 Beirut bombings On 12 November 2015 , two suicide bombers detonated explosives in Bourj el-Barajneh , a southern suburb of Beirut , Lebanon , that is inhabited mostly by Shia Muslims . Reports of the number of deaths range from 37 to 43 . Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ( ISIL ) claimed responsibility for the attacks .   The bombings were the worst terrorist attack in Beirut since the end of the Lebanese Civil War . They came twelve days after the bombing of a Russian airliner over the Sinai Peninsula that killed 224 people and a day before attacks in Paris that killed 137 . ISIL claimed responsibility for these attacks as well .   Around 48 hours after the attack , Internal Security Forces arrested eleven people , mostly Syrians , over the attack . It later announced the arrest of two other Syrian and Lebanese suspects . They were arrested in a Palestinian refugee camp located in Burj al-Barajneh and a flat in the capital 's eastern district of Achrafieh , which had allegedly been used to prepare the explosive belts . The initial plan was apparently to send five suicide bombers to a hospital in the neighbourhood , but heavy security forced them to change the target to a densely populated area .

neg: Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel Since 2001 , Palestinian militants have launched thousands of rocket and mortar attacks on Israel from the Gaza Strip as part of the continuing Arab -- Israeli conflict . From 2004 to 2014 , these attacks have killed 27 Israeli civilians , 5 foreign nationals , 5 IDF soldiers , and at least 11 Palestinians and injured more than 1900 people , but their main effect is their creation of widespread psychological trauma and disruption of daily life among the Israeli populace . Medical studies in Sderot , the Israeli city closest to the Gaza Strip , have documented a post-traumatic stress disorder incidence among young children of almost 50 % , as well as high rates of depression and miscarriage . A public opinion poll conducted in March 2013 found that most Palestinians do not support firing rockets at Israel from the Gaza Strip . Another poll conducted in September 2014 found that 80 % of Palestinians support firing rockets against Israel if it does not allow unfettered access to Gaza . These rocket attacks have caused flight cancellations at Ben Gurion airport .   The weapons , often generically referred to as Qassams , were initially crude and short-range , mainly affecting Sderot and other communities bordering the Gaza Strip . In 2006 , more sophisticated rockets began to be deployed , reaching the larger coastal city of Ashkelon , and by early 2009 major cities Ashdod and Beersheba had been hit by Katyusha , WS-1B and Grad rockets . In 2012 , Jerusalem and Israel 's commercial center Tel Aviv were targeted with locally made `` M-75 '' and Iranian Fajr-5 rockets , respectively , and in July 2014 , the northern city of Haifa was targeted for the first time . A few projectiles have contained white phosphorus said to be recycled from unexploded munitions used by Israel in bombing Gaza .   Attacks have been carried out by all Palestinian armed groups , and , prior to the 2008 -- 2009 Gaza War , were consistently supported by most Palestinians , although the stated goals have been mixed . The attacks , widely condemned for targeting civilians , have been described as terrorism by United Nations , European Union and Israeli officials , and are defined as war crimes by human rights groups Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch . The international community considers indiscriminate attacks on civilians and civilian structures that do not discriminate between civilians and military targets illegal under international law .   Israeli defenses constructed specifically to deal with the weapons include fortifications for schools and bus stops as well as an alarm system named Red Color . Iron Dome , a system to intercept short-range rockets , was developed by Israel and first deployed in the spring of 2011 to protect Beersheba and Ashkelon , but officials and experts warned that it would not be completely effective . Shortly thereafter , it intercepted a Palestinian Grad rocket for the first time .   In the cycle of violence , rocket attacks alternate with Israeli military actions . From the outbreak of the Al Aqsa Intifada ( September 30 , 2000 ) through March 2013 , 8,749 rockets and 5,047 mortar shells were fired on Israel , while Israel has conducted several military operations in the Gaza Strip , among them Operation Rainbow ( 2004 ) , Operation Days of Penitence ( 2004 ) , Operation Summer Rains ( 2006 ) , Operation Autumn Clouds ( 2006 ) , Operation Hot Winter ( 2008 ) , Operation Cast Lead ( 2009 ) , Operation Pillar of Defense ( 2012 ) , and Operation Protective Edge ( 2014 ) .

neg: List of fatalities from aviation accidents Many notable human fatalities have resulted from aviation accidents and incidents .   Those killed as part of a sporting , political or entertainment group who flew together when the accident took place are usually only listed under the group sections ; however , some are also listed as individuals .

neg: Erroneous reporting on the 2008 Mumbai attacks During and immediately after the 2008 Mumbai attacks the news media worldwide broadcast incorrect factual information on a scale often seen in a fog of war . Erroneous reporting on the 2008 Mumbai attacks included false information concerning the number of attackers , their nationality , their organizational affiliations , origins , and the methods of transport they had used . Theories and speculations were openly aired by various commentators that were later proved to be wrong . Many such speculations , such as the involvement in the attacks of the `` Deccan Mujahideen '' , were widely reported by media worldwide . Various news outlets carried opinion pieces and unattributed theories about the origins of the attackers which were unfounded .

neg: Personal injury Personal injury is a legal term for an injury to the body , mind or emotions , as opposed to an injury to property .   In Anglo-American jurisdictions the term is most commonly used to refer to a type of tort lawsuit alleging that the plaintiff 's injury has been caused by the negligence of another , but also arises in defamation torts . Different jurisdictions describe the damages ( or , the things for which the injured person may be compensated ) in different ways , but damages typically include the injured person 's medical bills , pain and suffering , and diminished quality of life .

neg: Aden Airport attack The Aden Airport attack was a grenade attack which took place on 17 September 1965 and resulted in the injury of nine people .

neg: Art and World War II War is a common theme in art and has inspired great works of art . Throughout history , most representations of war depict military achievements and often show significant battle scenes . However , in the 19th century a `` turn '' in the visual representation of war became noticeable . Artists started to show the disastrous aspects of war instead of its glorified events and protagonists . Such a perspective is best exemplified by Goya 's series , The Disasters of War ( 1810-1820 , first published in 1863 ) , and Otto Dix 's portfolio , Der Krieg ( published in 1924 ) . During World War II , both traditions are present . For instance , Paul Nash 's Battle of Britain ( 1941 ) represents a scene of aerial combat between British and German fighters over the English Channel . On the other hand , André Fougeron 's Street of Paris ( 1943 ) focuses on the impact of war and occupation on civilians .   In connection to World War II , the relations between art and war can be articulated around two main issues . First , art ( and , more generally , culture ) found itself at the centre of an ideological war . Second , during World War II , many artists found themselves in the most difficult conditions ( in an occupied country , in internment camps , in death camps ) and their works are a testimony to a powerful `` urge to create '' . Such creative impulse can be interpreted as the expression of self-preservation , a survival instinct in critical times .

neg: December 2009 Baghdad bombings The 8 December 2009 Baghdad bombings were attacks in Baghdad , Iraq which resulted in the deaths of at least 127 people and injuries to at least 448 more . The attacks have been condemned internationally as acts of terrorism . Opposition parties within Iraqi politics have suggested that the attacks were aided by corruption within the Iraqi security forces and that the Iraqi Prime Minister , Nouri al-Maliki , was incompetent in managing the incident .   The Islamic State of Iraq has claimed responsibility for the attacks .