query: Shahid Kapoor supports charities.

pos: Shahid Kapoor Shahid Kapoor ( -LSB- ʃaːɦɪd̪ kəˈpuːr -RSB- ; born 25 February 1981 ) , also known as Shahid Khattar , is an Indian actor who appears in Hindi films . The son of actors Pankaj Kapur and Neelima Azeem , Kapoor was born in New Delhi . His parents separated when he was three , and he continued living with his mother . They moved to Mumbai when he was 10 , where he joined Shiamak Davar 's dance academy . Kapoor appeared as a background dancer in a few films of the 1990s , and was later featured in music videos and television commercials .   Kapoor made his film debut in 2003 with a leading role in the romantic comedy Ishq Vishk , a sleeper hit for which he won a Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut . He followed it with roles in several commercial failures before starring in Sooraj Barjatya 's top-grossing family drama Vivah ( 2006 ) . Kapoor earned nominations for the Filmfare Award for Best Actor for portraying a troubled businessman in Imtiaz Ali 's romantic comedy Jab We Met ( 2007 ) and twin brothers in Vishal Bhardwaj 's caper thriller Kaminey ( 2009 ) . After appearing in another series of box office flops , he starred in the action film R. . . Rajkumar ( 2013 ) his highest-grossing release . In 2014 , Kapoor portrayed the Hamlet character in Bhardwaj 's acclaimed drama Haider , for which he won the Best Actor award at Filmfare . Two years later , he played a drug abusing singer in the crime drama Udta Punjab , which won him the Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor .   Cited in the media as one of the most attractive Indian celebrities , Kapoor maintains his popularity despite a fluctuating career trajectory . Initially recognised for portraying romantic roles , Kapoor has since taken on parts in action films and thrillers . He is the recipient of several awards , including three Filmfare Awards . In addition to acting , Kapoor supports charities , hosts award ceremonies , and has featured as a talent judge on the dance reality show Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa Reloaded ( 2015 ) . Following a romantic relationship with the actress Kareena Kapoor , he married Mira Rajput , a student from New Delhi , with whom he has a daughter .

neg: WE Charity WE Charity , formerly known as Free The Children , is a worldwide development charity and youth empowerment movement founded in 1995 by human rights advocates Craig Kielburger and Marc Kielburger . The organization focuses on young people , with programs in Canada , the U.S. and U.K. for service learning and active citizenship , and international development projects in Asia , Africa and Latin America focused on children and education . The organization runs programs in approximately 10,000 schools in Canada , the U.S. and U.K. for service learning and active citizenship , with the aim of empowering youth to become socially engaged .  The domestic youth empowerment work is funded by corporate sponsors and profits from the social enterprise , ME to WE . In 2013 , Charity Intelligence Canada awarded Free The Children its highest four-star rating , along with an A for the organization 's reporting of its `` social results '' . In July 2016 , Free The Children rebranded as WE Charity , part of WE .

neg: Shaan Shahid Armaghan Shahid ( born 27 April 1971 ) , better known by his stage name Shaan Shahid , or Shaan is a Pakistani actor , writer , model , and film director . With his career spanning more than two decades with over 500 films , Shaan has established himself as one of the most popular leading actors of Pakistan . Shaan started his acting career in 1990 by making debut in Javed Fazli 's film Bulandi opposite to Reema Khan . He has won many awards in Pakistan including one Pride of Performance , four National Film Awards , fifteen Nigar Awards , five Lux Style Awards , one Pakistan Media Award , ARY Film Award .

neg: Jatan Sansthan Jatan Sansthan is a grassroots Indian non-governmental organisation ( NGO ) based in the state of Rajasthan . The name is derived from local languages and translates to `` Offering Organisation/NGO . '' Founded in 2001 by Dr. Kailash Brijwasi , the NGO was formed to provide needed services to young people in the rural areas . As the organisation has evolved , Jatan has expanded its services and trainings . They now work in the sectors of maternal health , sexual and reproductive health , migrant supportive services , women 's empowerment and livelihood , childhood education , and local government empowerment . The administrative office is based in Udaipur , but Jatan has three field offices located in both the Rajsamand and Bhilwara districts .   Partnerships with other NGOs have been a core precept of Jatan , both local and global . Notable partnerships have been with Aajeevika Bureau , Vikalp Designs , Chetna , Women 's Health and Rights Advocacy Partnership , WomenPowerConnect , Rajasthan State AIDS Control Society , Prayas and Pathfinder International . Jatan has hosted many interns from US-based Foundation for Sustainable Development and Minnesota Studies in International Development .

neg: Shahad For other meanings , see Shahada ( disambiguation ) .  Distinguish from Shahada town in the Nandurbar district in Maharashtra state .   Shahad is a town in Thane district in Maharashtra state in India . It is located 60 km from Mumbai .   The term `` Shahad '' is derived from Urdu word `` Shah Had '' `` Shah '' related to Mughals and `` Had '' means Border . Kalyan was developed under Mughal empire . Once `` Shahad '' comprised a large area which included `` Mothe Shahad '' , `` Shahad Gaothan Koliwada '' , and `` Dhakate shahad '' .   `` Shahad '' is home to communities of fishing colonies which are known as `` Shahad Koliwada '' .   There are large industrial complexes , such as the one owned by Century Rayon which was built by the Birla family . This area typically classified as a `` developing area . '' Shahad is located close to Kalyan , Vithalwadi , Ulhasnagar , Mohone , Ambivli , Titwala , Vasind and Murbad . Waldhuni River flows through shahad .   NH222 Mumbai-Nanded-Adlilabad flies over Shahad Railway Station . Shahad Railway Station splits Shahad into two - a ) Shahad East , which belongs to Ulhasnagar Municipal Corporation ( Ulhasnagar Sector 1 ) and Shahad West , which belongs to Kalyan-Dombivali Municipal Corporation . .   There is a large market of `` marble '' in shahad west area . Hotel `` sapna '' , `` Balaji lodging and Boarding '' , ` Patidar Bhavan '' marriage Hall and `` Patel low price super market '' are some of the landmarks in the Shahad West area . Now many residential complexes have come up in the vicinity and many are being built in the Shahad west area . Birla college is also near from shahad railway station .   Shahad West was one of the worst affected areas during the 2005 Mumbai Floods . There was a wide spread damage to properties and it took several days for things to return to normalcy .

neg: Sheikh Shahidul Islam Sheikh Shahidul Islam is a former Bangladesh Awami League politician and the Former Minister for Education , Public Works , Youth and Sports . He is also a former Member of Parliament .

neg: Dilip Rayamajhi Madan Ghimire ( born 10 Feb 1990 ) is a nationally acclaimed extraordinary Nepalese Actor , producer , choreographer and a dance director . He is amongst the elite few actors who has risen to the industry pinnacle and carved a niche of his own . Ghimire first became known in 1990 's when he began his career as an emerging actor in 1996 . Since then he has played in more than 150 movies in the lead role . Most of the movies he has played were amongst the widely commercially successful pictures of the decade that catapulted Ghimire to stardom . Movies like `` Darpan Chayya '' , `` Lahana '' , `` Superstar '' , `` Miss u. . '' `` Zindagani '' , were one of the blockbusters celebrating 50/100 days of continuously showcased movies in many major theatres across Nepal and managed some major international previews .   Ghimire has been representing Nepali movie industry in a broader Nepali communities living abroad by participating in many cultural programs & being chief jury member and sponsor for many different shows . He has been contributing his skills , effort , innovation and huge shift in contemporary acting/directing by preserving , promoting and introducing Nepali movies as well as newcomers to the industry . He is also renowned for his Choreography in more than 12 films thus far .   Being a part of the elite group of actors , he has been performing and shooting for movies in more than two dozen countries abroad including Europe , UK , Austria , Belgium , Germany , France , Luxembourg , Korea , Israel , Hong Kong , Singapore , Malaysia , UAE , Thailand , Qatar , India , China , etc. .   Rayamajhi has been honoured with many prestigious awards from national and international organizations . Best Débutante Actor ( Motion Picture Award 1999 ) ; Best Actor 2001 ; Best Actor ( Dabur Anmol Motion Picture ) ; Best Actor in Negative Role ( NEFTA TV Film 2001 ) ; Best Actor ( Motion Picture 2003 ) ; Best Actor in Comic Role ( National Film Award 2005 ) .   Dilip Rayamajhi is one of the top actors in Nepal . Winning myriads of award trophies and accolades for his unbeatable performance . He believes in making things happen with his effortless charms and invincible performance skills . He started his career merely as a dancer and progressively went to become an assistant dance director . He got his first movie break in a video film as a side dancer and then he was offered the `` big break '' in a much acclaimed movie `` Bhanubhankta '' . He has not glanced back ever since . He is a versatile actor and a dancer who has taken Nepali movie market by a storm . There are innumerable actors who have steeped onto to the movie market scene since Dilip 's debut in the industry but no one has even begun to create the same kind of charm which Dilip indelibly leaves after each screen performance .   Dilip has been performing live shows across the globe in an effort to celebrate Nepalese culture , music and film-making . His great stage presence is felt every time he gets down to a stage and gives his best performance . He not only performs but touches millions of heart of his fans and non-fans equally proving himself an irresistible heart-throb every time . His impeccable personality on-screen and off-screen is worth million applause . His co-workers testify the same .   There are lots of things he aspires to undertake to promote Nepali film industry . Most of his movies have earned sincere praises from critics worldwide . This proves that he is a versatile,multi-talented and willing to get his hands on the diversity of movie-making . Such a big commitment towards the industry at such a young age is worth celebrating for . He has proved to be a valuable asset not only to his country but also to the NRN 's living abroad who can now be a part of events performed by Dilip . Plethora of offers are mounting these days for Dilip to perform and conduct premier shows for his upcoming movies overseas . He has been flattered with the sponsorship offers and thanks all of the wellwisers and sponsors for their kindness and immense love towards conserving and promoting Nepalese film industry .

neg: Shahrzad Rafati Shahrzad Rafati is the founder and CEO of BroadbandTV Corp , a digital media and technology company that operates the largest multi-platform network in the world . Recognized by Fast Company as one of the 100 Most Creative People in Business , Shahrzad is accredited with pioneering both the technology and business model that made peace between big entertainment entities like the NBA and their fans who were uploading premium content to video sites like YouTube .   In addition to her work at BroadbandTV Shahrzad is the founder of VISO Give , an online channel that allows viewers to donate to charities by watching YouTube videos about them . She is also the co-founder of Chopra Yoga in partnership with Dr. Deepak Chopra .

neg: FilmAid International FilmAid International is a non-profit humanitarian organization that uses film to educate and entertain displaced people around the world . FilmAid was founded during the Balkan crisis in 1999 by producer Caroline Baron ( Capote , Monsoon Wedding ) to assist with refugee communities in Macedonia suffering the effects of war , poverty , displacement and disaster .  Since 1999 , FilmAid has worked in partnership with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) and other global aid organizations to help bring information and training to more than two million people worldwide .  FilmAid produces and distributes community-based films on public health and safety issues such as maternal health , HIV , cholera , gender-based violence and conflict resolution .  Using inflatable screens and other ` Mobile Cinema ' units , FilmAid screenings aims to overcome language and literacy boundaries .  FilmAid currently works in Kenya , in the large refugee camps of Dadaab and Kakuma as well as informal settlements in Nairobi and Mombassa , with Burmese refugees in Thailand and also in Haiti .  FilmAid is a global federation of nonprofit , charitable organizations . Members include FilmAid International ( the founding organization ) , FilmAid Asia , FilmAid Kenya , and FilmAid U.K.

neg: Sandra Kabir Sandra Mostafa Kabir ( সান্ড্রা মোস্তফা কবির born 2 November 1949 ) is a British philanthropist , Executive Director of BRAC UK , Labour Party politician and councillor for Queensbury .

neg: List of accolades received by Haider (film) Haider is a 2014 Indian crime-drama film directed by Vishal Bhardwaj , and produced by Bhardwaj and Siddharth Roy Kapur . The film stars Shahid Kapoor as the eponymous protagonist , and co-stars Tabu , Kay Kay Menon , Shraddha Kapoor , and Irrfan Khan . Bhardwaj wrote the dialogues for the film , and co-wrote the screenplay with Basharat Peer . Bhardwaj also composed the music and Gulzar wrote the lyrics . The film is a modern-day adaptation of William Shakespeare 's tragedy Hamlet , and tells the story of Haider who searches for his missing father during the Kashmir conflict of 1995 .   Produced on a budget of , Haider was released on 2 October 2014 , and grossed worldwide . The film garnered awards and nominations in several categories , with particular praise for its direction , performances of Shahid Kapoor and Tabu , music and production design . As of June 2015 , the film has won 36 awards .   At the 62nd National Film Awards , Haider earned five awards , more than any other film at the ceremony , including Best Music Direction and Best Screenplay ( Dialogues ) ( both Bhardwaj ) . Haider also won five awards at the 60th Filmfare Awards ceremony , including Best Actor ( Shahid Kapoor ) , Best Supporting Actor ( Menon ) , and Best Supporting Actress ( Tabu ) . It also received nominations for Best Film and Best Director at the ceremony . At the 2015 Screen Awards , Haider received nominations for Best Film and Best Director , and won five awards , including Best Actor and Best Supporting Actress . Haider also won nine awards at the 16th ceremony of the International Indian Film Academy Awards , including Best Actor and Best Supporting Actress .

neg: Social movement in India From the early 1970s new forms of social mobilisation began in India . They gained a variety of names such as social movement , people 's movement , popular movements etc. . These movements emerged and highlighted some of the major issues such as gender and environment .   One of the leading analyst and participant in social movements in India , Sanjay Sangvi , identified the major agendas of them as `` Movements of landless , unorganised labour in rural and urban areas , adivasis , dalits , displaced people , peasants , urban poor , small entrepreneurs and unemployed youth took up the issues of livelihood , opportunities , dignity and development . ''   Most well known movements in the country are Chipko movement , Save Silent Valley , Narmada Bachao Andolan , Koel Karo , Chhattisgarh Mukti Morcha , Jhola Aandolan chutmarika ( fighting polythene ) , Appiko movement , Save Kudremukh , Lok Satta Movement , Swadhyay Movement , Swatantra Sharad Joshi , Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha   These movements largely distanced themselves from political parties , or tried to cut across the ideologies of the political parties . Yet many of them rooted themselves or drew from ideologies of the Mahatma Gandhi , various shades environmentalisms or gender politics , or socialism .   The most recent of social movements is ` Campaign against corruption ' , April 2011 , led by a group of social activists - Anna Hazare , Arvind Kejriwal , Kiran Bedi , a Gandhian sits on , Sri Ram Burgula the heart of New Delhi , capital of India , for fast unto death , demanding enactment of the long pending Jan Lokpal Bill . This movement got support of general masses and media . This created a buzz when political leaders were denied sharing of dias with the social activists . This movement is a landmark in the constitutional history of independent India , which has forced government to include 5 non-official members in the Sri Ram Burgula Bill Drafting committee . Usually , only ministers are members of any legislation drafting committees . While enactment of the law and action by Sri Ram Burgula and Sri Ram Burgula ( ombudsmen ) will take some more time to be on actual ground , this movement has certainly made corruption a major social issue in India .   Some of the popular leaders of such movements are Sunderlal Bahuguna , Medha Patkar , Baba Amte , Vandana Shiva , Vijaypal Baghel , etc. .

neg: Kismat Konnection Kismat Konnection ( Fate Connection ) is an Indian film directed by Aziz Mirza who previously directed films including Yes Boss ( 1997 ) , Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani ( 2000 ) and Chalte Chalte ( 2003 ) . The film stars Shahid Kapoor and Vidya Balan in the lead roles with Juhi Chawla in a guest appearance . Shah Rukh Khan is the narrator . Produced by Ramesh S Taurani under the banner of Tips Industries , Kismat Konnection was released on 18 July 2008 . The Film was declared a `` Semi-Hit '' at the box office .

neg: Shahid Masood Shahid Masood Khan ( -LSB- ) , is a Pakistani journalist , doctor and a political analyst who guests a talk show Live with Dr. Shahid Masood on News One .   Previously he served as Group executive director of GEO News and President of ARY Digital Network . In 2008 , he was briefly appointed as the managing director and chairman of Pakistan Television Corporation and also served as the special assistant to then Prime Minister of Pakistan Yousaf Raza Gillani with the status of a minister of state in the Gillani ministry .

neg: Karan Kapoor Karan Kapoor ( born 18 January 1962 ) is a former Indian film actor and model of British and Indian descent . He is the son of Indian Bollywood International Actor Shashi Kapoor and his India settled ( late ) British Actress Jennifer Kendal . His paternal grandfather was Prithviraj Kapoor and his paternal uncles are Raj Kapoor and Shammi Kapoor . His elder brother Kunal Kapoor and sister Sanjana Kapoor have also acted in some films but like him they were not very successful . His maternal grandparents , Geoffrey Kendal and Laura Kendal , were actors who toured India and Asia with their theatre group , Shakespeareana , performing Shakespeare and Shaw . The Merchant Ivory film , Shakespeare Wallah , was loosely based on the family , which starred his father and his aunt , actress Felicity Kendal . Karan later moved towards photography and decided to be a part of this profession though he worked as an actor too .   After a gap of nearly 25 years , Karan has now come back in the public and returned to India with a series of his photography exhibitions time & tide . Karan 's time & tide photography exhibition started in him home town Mumbai in November 2016 then taking place in Bangalore , Kolkata , New Delhi , Ahmedabad & Jaipur throughout 2017 .  Karan has done lots of research in the Anglo-Indian communities and travelled through various parts of India in the 80s to meet these communities and taken photographs . His articles were published in BBC , Indian Express , Hindustan Times and other newspapers in November 2016 .  In his recent interview , Karan said that he is quite keen to do more photography projects in India because his children have now grown up so he could spend more time in India . Karan also said that he was always interested in photography since his childhood even though being a part of very famous Bollywood family of Kapoors . Karan 's elder brother Kunal Kapoor is now a leading ad-maker of India and younger sister Sanjana Kapoor runs the Junoon foundation to promote arts , culture and drama .

neg: UK Charity Awards The UK Charity Awards are annual awards for outstanding achievements within the UK not-for-profit sector . Categories reflect the management of charities and not-for-profits , and awards are made to individuals , departments and whole organizations .   Past individual winners have included Lord Rix and Richard Curtis , both for the Lifetime Achievement Award .   The event is hosted Charity Times magazine , with help from BBC Training and Development and The Community Channel , as well as commercial sponsors .

neg: Mr. India (1987 film) Mr. India is a 1987 Indian Hindi science fiction superhero film directed by Shekhar Kapur . It stars Anil Kapoor , Sridevi and Amrish Puri in the lead roles   The film was the highest grossing Indian film of 1987 , and remains a cult classic in India . The film was known for several of its lines and songs , including Sridevi 's Miss Hawa Hawaii performance , and Amrish Puri 's quote `` Mogambo khush hua '' ( Mogambo is pleased ) , which is one of the most famous quotes of Bollywood and became synonymous with Puri . The Mogambo character is also considered to be one of the best villains in Bollywood history . Laxmikant-Pyarelal 's music performed well too , especially the song Hawa Hawaii which is very popular till today . The film has often been featured in different lists of top Bollywood films . Indiatimes Movies ranks the movie amongst the Top 25 Must See Bollywood Films . This was the last film that the writing duo Salim-Javed wrote together . They had split up earlier in 1982 , but came back for one last film .   On the centenary of Indian Cinema , Mr. India has been declared one of the 100 Greatest Indian Films of All Time . Interestingly Rajesh Khanna and Amitabh Bachchan were offered the lead role , but they turned it down as they could n't relate with the invisible hero .

neg: Social Development and Research Foundation The Social Development and Research Foundation ( SDRF ) is an autonomous non-governmental organization ( NGO ) based at Greater Noida Greater Noida , in the National Capital Region ( NCR ) Delhi NCR of India . This organization was established and registered under Indian Trust Act 1882 , with a mission to create conducive environment for education , relief to the poor , better health and hygiene facilities , and advancement of all kinds of charitable objectives of general public utility . The SDRF works pro-actively to bring out positive change in the lives of people who are genuinely deprived of opportunities in life .   The SDRF promotes and undertakes research studies , development studies , educational activities , health awareness campaign , and all other social and cultural activities which are relevant to the contemporary societal needs in order to strengthen the very social fabric of the nation . This Foundation vows to render assistance for any public charitable purpose and national cause , and to take up , initiate and assist social development activities or welfare programmes of all possible kinds and in all possible areas for bringing positive change in the lives of the common people .   The headquarters of Social Development and Research Foundation is in Greater Noida ( Delhi-NCR ) , India , and it operates across states on all India basis .   Some of the prominent educationists , technocrats , and social activists , were behind the conceptualization of this organization and they continue to strive as a ` think tank ' for the SDRF for its strategic decisions .   The major issues that the SDRF endeavours to address are - Literacy Literacy in India and education , ICT based education and training , Intervention in mainstream school system , Teacher training , Innovative methods of teaching , Right to education Right to education , Sports promotion , Environment & forests , Drinking water , Agricultural innovations , Renewable sources of energy Renewable energy , Poverty alleviation by making people vocationally skilled , Developing self-support system , Women empowerment , Health awareness & family welfare , Social medicine Social medicine , Aged/elderly care , Child rights Child rights issues , Civic issues , Welfare for the disabled Disabled , Disaster management , Human rights Human rights , Information & communication technology Information and communications technology , Legal Awareness , Minority issues , Panchayati raj , Right to information Right to Information & advocacy , Rural development & poverty Alleviation , Scientific & industrial research , Science & Technology , Tribal affairs Tribal , Urban Development , Promotion of Art Art & Culture Culture , Intervention to bring out positive change in the lives of marginalized and less fortunate section of society , etc. .

neg: Producers Guild Film Awards The Producers Guild Film Awards ( previously known as the Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Award ) is an accolade given by the Apsara Producers Guild to recognize excellence in Indian film and television . Originated by filmmaker and scholar Amit Khanna , the Star Guild Awards have been one of the major award events since 2004 . The 22-karat gold statuette was sculpted and designed by the jewellery brand Tanishq and was `` inspired by the rich heritage of one of India 's most treasured possessions - the Ajanta and Ellora Caves . '' Nominations for the awards come from selected members of the guild , with the full membership ( around 160 ) available to vote for the winners . The ballots cast by the guild members are then taken to a common venue for the final counting .

neg: Family Action Family Action ( previously Family Welfare Association and the Charity Organisation Society ) is a charity in England founded in 1869 . It provides support for families , including financial and mental health issues relating to them .   The stated aim of the charity is to `` provid -LSB- e -RSB- practical , emotional and financial support to those who are experiencing poverty , disadvantage and social isolation across England '' .

neg: Sikh Channel The Sikh Channel is a United Kingdom-based , free-to-air , Sikhi-focused satellite television channel . It broadcasts across Europe on satellite television , in Canada and is also streamed live on the internet . The Sikh Channel began to broadcast on 13 April 2009 on Sky channel 840 , replacing Brit Hits . The Sikh Channel primarily focuses on education and religious programming for the Sikh community . It operates from a studio in the Aston area of Birmingham .   The Sikh Channel was set up by Davinder Singh Bal 's TV Legal Limited . TV Legal formed The Sikh Channel Community Broadcasting Company Limited to accept donations , which are used to pay broadcast and programming costs . The Sikh Channel Community Broadcasting Company Limited became a registered community interest company on 25 September 2009 and a registered charity on 2 June 2010 . In December 2012 , TV Legal Limited transferred the channel 's television broadcast licence to the Sikh Channel Community Interest Company Limited .   On 18 April 2013 , the channel launched in Canada as `` ATN Sikh Channel '' through an exclusive licensing agreement with the Asian Television Network


query: Doctor Who was written by the Ancient Greeks.

pos: Doctor Who (series 10) The tenth series of the British science fiction television programme Doctor Who premiered on 15 April 2017 and is set to consist of twelve episodes , after it was released in July 2015 that BBC Worldwide had invested in a tenth series of the programme in its annual review . The series is led by head writer and executive producer Steven Moffat , alongside executive producer Brian Minchin . It is the third and final series overseen by the two as executive producers , as well as Moffat 's sixth and final series as head writer . This series is the tenth to air following the programme 's revival in 2005 , and is the thirty-sixth season overall .   Preceded by a Christmas special in December 2016 , `` The Return of Doctor Mysterio '' , the series is the third and final series starring Peter Capaldi as the Twelfth Doctor , an incarnation of the Doctor , an alien Time Lord who travels through time and space in his TARDIS , which appears to be a British police box on the outside ; Capaldi announced in January 2017 that he would be stepping down from the role after the tenth series . The series introduces Pearl Mackie as Bill Potts , the Doctor 's newest travelling companion , and also features Matt Lucas as Nardole , who appeared in the 2015 and 2016 Christmas specials .   Steven Moffat wrote four episodes for the series . Other returning writers who have worked on this series and previous ones include Frank Cottrell-Boyce , Sarah Dollard , Jamie Mathieson , Peter Harness , Toby Whithouse and Mark Gatiss , as well as two new writers for the revived era of the programme , Mike Bartlett and Rona Munro , the latter of whom wrote Survival , the final serial of the original classic era . Directors of the series included three who have previously worked on the show , and three brand new ones . Filming began on 20 June 2016 and lasted just over nine months , ending on 7 April 2017 .

pos: Steven Moffat Steven William Moffat , OBE ( -LSB- ˌstiːvən_ˈmɒfət -RSB- , born 18 November 1961 ) is a Scottish television writer and producer , known for his work as showrunner , writer and executive producer of the British television series Doctor Who and Sherlock .   Moffat 's first television work was the teen drama series Press Gang . His first sitcom , Joking Apart , was inspired by the breakdown of his first marriage ; conversely , his later sitcom Coupling was based upon the development of his relationship with television producer Sue Vertue . In between the two relationship-centred shows , he wrote Chalk , a sitcom set in a comprehensive school inspired by his own experience as an English teacher .   A lifelong fan of Doctor Who , Moffat 's first work on the series was the script of the parody episode The Curse of Fatal Death , which aired in 1999 . He then wrote six episodes of the Doctor Who revival series under executive producer Russell T Davies ( `` The Empty Child '' , `` The Doctor Dances '' -LSB- both 2005 -RSB- , `` The Girl in the Fireplace '' -LSB- 2006 -RSB- , `` Blink '' -LSB- 2007 -RSB- , `` Silence in the Library '' , and `` Forest of the Dead '' -LSB- both 2008 -RSB- ) . In 2009 , he replaced Davies as showrunner , lead writer and executive producer , with his first series as executive producer airing from April 2010 . Sherlock , which Moffat co-created with Mark Gatiss , began airing in July 2010 . In January 2016 , it was announced that Moffat would step down from being showrunner of Doctor Who after the spring 2017 season finale , and that Broadchurch creator Chris Chibnall would take over . Moffat would also write and showrun the 2017 Christmas Special before handing over to Chibnall . Moffat also co-wrote the 2011 feature film The Adventures of Tintin : The Secret of the Unicorn .   Moffat has won several awards , mainly for Doctor Who and Sherlock , including two Emmy Awards , five BAFTA Awards and four Hugo Awards .

neg: The Greeks (book) The Greeks is a 1951 non-fiction book on classical Greece by University of Bristol professor and translator H. D. F. Kitto . The book was first published in hardback by Penguin Books , but has been republished in several formats since its initial publication . The Greeks serves as an introduction to the whole range of life in ancient Greece and established Kitto as one of the foremost Grecian scholars of his time .   Kitto begins the book :

neg: Doctor Who Doctor Who is a British science-fiction television programme produced by the BBC since 1963 . The programme depicts the adventures of a Time Lord called `` The Doctor '' , an extraterrestrial being from the planet Gallifrey . He explores the universe in a time-travelling space ship called the TARDIS . Its exterior appears as a blue British police box , which was a common sight in Britain in 1963 when the series first aired . Accompanied by a number of companions , the Doctor combats a variety of foes , while working to save civilisations and help people in need .   The show is a significant part of British popular culture , and elsewhere it has gained a cult following . It has influenced generations of British television professionals , many of whom grew up watching the series . The programme originally ran from 1963 to 1989 . There was an unsuccessful attempt to revive regular production in 1996 with a backdoor pilot , in the form of a television film titled Doctor Who . The programme was relaunched in 2005 , and since then has been produced in-house by BBC Wales in Cardiff . Doctor Who has also spawned numerous spin-offs , including comic books , films , novels , audio dramas , and the television series Torchwood ( 2006 -- 2011 ) , The Sarah Jane Adventures ( 2007 -- 2011 ) , K-9 ( 2009 -- 2010 ) , and Class '' ( 2016-present ) , and has been the subject of many parodies and references in popular culture .   Twelve actors have headlined the series as the Doctor . The transition from one actor to another is written into the plot of the show with the concept of regeneration into a new incarnation -- an idea introduced in 1966 to allow the show to continue after the departure of original lead William Hartnell who was becoming very ill at the time . The concept is that this is a Time Lord trait through which the character of the Doctor takes on a new body and personality to recover from a severe injury or anything that would otherwise kill a normal person . Each actor 's portrayal differs , but all represent stages in the life of the same character and form a single narrative . The time-travelling feature of the plot means that different incarnations of the Doctor occasionally meet . The current lead , Peter Capaldi , took on the role after Matt Smith 's exit in the 2013 Christmas special `` The Time of the Doctor '' . In 2017 , Capaldi confirmed he would be leaving at the end of the tenth series , with his final appearance being the 2017 Christmas Special .

neg: Doctor Who (series 9) The ninth series of the British science fiction television programme Doctor Who premiered on 19 September 2015 with `` The Magician 's Apprentice '' and concluded on 5 December 2015 with `` Hell Bent '' . The series was led by head writer and executive producer Steven Moffat , alongside executive producer Brian Minchin . Nikki Wilson , Peter Bennett , and Derek Ritchie served as producers . The series is the ninth to air following the programme 's revival in 2005 , and is the thirty-fifth season overall .   This is the second series starring Peter Capaldi as the Twelfth Doctor , an alien Time Lord who travels through time and space in his TARDIS , which is disguised as a British police box . It also stars Jenna Coleman as the Doctor 's companion , Clara Oswald , for her third and final series in the role . Also playing a major recurring role in the series is Maisie Williams as Ashildr , a Viking girl made immortal by the Doctor , which leads to major events resulting of her encounters with the Doctor . The series ' main story arc revolves around the mystery of a being called the Hybrid , the combination of two great warrior races . The Hybrid is alluded to with the appearance of many other hybrids such as Osgood and Ashildr , with both being dramatically revealed as being hybrids . The Doctor 's investigation into this being ultimately leads him back to his home planet of Gallifrey , which returns fully in the series .   Steven Moffat wrote four episodes solo and co-wrote an additional two . The other writers who worked on this series included Toby Whithouse , Jamie Mathieson , Catherine Tregenna , Peter Harness , Mark Gatiss , and Sarah Dollard . Directors of the series included ones who had previously worked with Moffat on the show , and brand new ones . Filming began on 5 January 2015 . The ninth series received high acclaim from critics , with many labelling it as the show 's strongest season to date . Aspects of the series that were met with the most praise included the writing , directing , and structure of the series , as well as the performances of Peter Capaldi , Jenna Coleman and Maisie Williams .

neg: Cyberman The Cybermen are a fictional race of cyborgs who are among the most persistent enemies of the Doctor in the British science fiction television programme , Doctor Who . Within the context of the series , the Cybermen were originally a wholly organic species of humanoids originating on Earth 's twin planet Mondas that began to implant more and more artificial parts into their bodies as a means of self-preservation . This led to the race becoming coldly logical and calculating , with every emotion deleted from their minds .   They were created by Dr. Kit Pedler ( the unofficial scientific advisor to the show ) and story editor Gerry Davis in 1966 , first appearing in the serial The Tenth Planet . They were featured numerous times , up until the show 's cancellation .   Following the 2005 revival of the show , the Cybermen returned with a new origin story in a parallel universe , in the 2006 series ' two-parter `` Rise of the Cybermen '' and `` The Age of Steel '' , and have been recurring villains again ever since . A further redesign took place in the 2013 episode `` Nightmare in Silver '' , showing technologically advanced Cybermen , the result of a merge between the Mondasian and Parallel universe Cybermen , depicted as being able to instantly upgrade themselves to fix flaws and weaknesses .   The species also appeared in the Doctor Who spin-off Torchwood in its fourth episode , `` Cyberwoman '' ( 2006 ) . Cybermen have also appeared in installments of the 2010 Doctor Who video game series The Adventure Games .

neg: Human Nature (novel) Human Nature is an original novel written by Paul Cornell , from a plot by Cornell and Kate Orman , and based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who . The work began as fan fiction .   The novel was later serialised in e-book form on the BBC Doctor Who website , but was removed from the site in 2010 . A prelude to the novel , also penned by Cornell , appeared in Doctor Who Magazine # 226 , and was also available on the BBC website . It was later adapted for TV .

neg: List of Doctor Who novelisations This is a list of Doctor Who novelisations , in order of publication .   The first three Doctor Who serials to be novelised were the William Hartnell stories The Daleks ( as Doctor Who in an Exciting Adventure with the Daleks by David Whitaker ) , The Web Planet ( Doctor Who and the Zarbi by Bill Strutton ) and The Crusade ( Doctor Who and the Crusaders by Whitaker ) . They were published in hardback by Frederick Muller Ltd ; the first was also published in paperback , by Armada .   Between 1973 and 1991 , Target Books published almost every Doctor Who television serial as a novelisation , starting with new editions of the Frederick Muller books . When Target was taken over by Virgin Books in 1991 , three further serials - The Power of the Daleks and The Evil of the Daleks by John Peel and the radio serial The Paradise of Death by Barry Letts - were added to the range .   The only serials from the original 1963-1989 run of the show never to have been officially novelised by Target and its related companies are The Pirate Planet ( Published January 2017 by BBC Books ) , City of Death ( published on 21 May 2015 by BBC Books ) , Shada ( published in March 2012 by BBC Books ) , Resurrection of the Daleks , and Revelation of the Daleks , due to licensing issues with the original scriptwriters . ( Unofficial fan novelisations were published by the New Zealand Doctor Who Fan Club between 1989 and 2000 . ) The Children in Need special Dimensions in Time and the Comic Relief spoof Doctor Who and the Curse of Fatal Death have also not been novelised .   BBC Books published a novelisation of the 1996 Doctor Who television movie by Gary Russell . There are currently no plans to novelise episodes of the post-2005 revived series . However , in late 2007 unofficial fan-produced novelisations of the first two 2005 episodes were published as ebooks . They were quickly removed from the website following threat of legal action by the BBC 's Brand Protection Team . . So far Pearson Education are the only company to publish official novelizations of Post-1996 TV stories having published adaptations of four Eleventh Doctor stories .   In addition to the television serials , three scripts from the cancelled Season 23 - The Nightmare Fair , The Ultimate Evil and Mission to Magnus - were novelised . A short series entitled The Companions of Doctor Who comprised the novelisation of K-9 and Company along with the original works Turlough and the Earthlink Dilemma and Harry Sullivan 's War .   Besides The Paradise of Death , Target also novelised two additional non-televised stories : the radio play Slipback and the audio story The Pescatons .   A novelisation by Barry Letts of a further radio drama , The Ghosts of N-Space , was published as part of the Virgin Missing Adventures range in 1995 , as was the novelisation of the independent spin-off Downtime ; in the same year , the Virgin New Adventures range published a novelisation of Shakedown : The Return of the Sontarans . The most recent novelisation to be published is an adaptation by James Goss of The Pirate Planet .   In 2005 , BBC Audio released unabridged audiobook versions of the first three Frederick Muller novelisations , read by actor William Russell ( who played Ian Chesterton ) . Beginning in September 2007 , they began releasing further unabridged audiobooks of the Target novelisations at a rate of approximately two every two months ; the books themselves remain officially out of print . BBC Books began reprinting selected titles starting in July 2011 .

neg: Doctor Who (season 6) The sixth season of British science fiction television series Doctor Who began on 10 August 1968 with the first story of season 6 The Dominators and ended Patrick Troughton 's reign as the Doctor with its final story The War Games . Only 37 out of 44 episodes are held in the BBC archives ; 7 remain missing . As result 2 serials are incomplete .

neg: Draconian (Doctor Who) The Draconians are an extraterrestrial race . They were featured in the British science fiction television series Doctor Who . Their only television appearance to date was in the 1973 serial Frontier in Space . Unlike many `` monster '' races in Doctor Who , the Draconians were articulate and portrayed as having a sophisticated and advanced culture like feudal Japan . In later interviews , Jon Pertwee cited the Draconians as his favourite of all the monsters he had encountered during his time as the Doctor .   The Draconian Empire was a vast spacefaring feudal civilisation of reptilian humanoids , centered on the planet Draconia , with a society stratifed along class and gender lines ( for example , females were not permitted to speak in the presence of the Emperor ) that was bound by a strong code of honour . The Draconian Empire dated back to at least the 21st century , when a space plague that afflicted their world was dealt with by the Doctor . For his services , the 15th Emperor made the Doctor a noble of Draconia .   The Earth Empire 's first contact with the Draconian Empire was in the year 2520 . The ship sent by the Draconians for the peace mission was a battlecruiser , as befitted a noble of Draconia , although ( as agreed ) its missile banks were empty and it was otherwise unarmed . However , both Draconian and Earth ships were caught in a neutron storm , damaging the Earth ship and destroying the Draconian ship 's communications systems . As a result , the Draconian ship was unable to respond to the Earth ship 's signals . The commander of the Earth ship saw what he perceived to be a battlecruiser bearing down on his crippled vessel and gave the order to attack , destroying the battlecruiser and triggering off a brief but bloody war in which millions of lives were lost . An uneasy peace was negotiated in the end , leading to two decades of cold war and the carving out of a frontier between the two empires .   In 2540 , several incidents involving attacks on cargo freighters along their respective borders nearly led to the war turning hot once more , with both sides accusing the other of piracy and violating the frontier . These attacks turned out to be the work of Ogron mercenaries under the orders of the renegade Time Lord known as the Master , who was using a sonic hypnosis device to make the Earth crews see the Ogrons as Draconians and vice versa . The Master had allied himself with the Daleks , who were launching another bid for galactic conquest and hoped to pick up the pieces after a new Earth-Draconia War . The plot was revealed by the Third Doctor , and instead of going to war against each other , the two empires united against the Daleks .

neg: Doctor Who (pinball) Doctor Who is a pinball machine designed by Bill Pfutzenreuter ( Pfutz ) and Barry Oursler , and released by Midway ( under the Bally brand name ) in September 1992 . It is based on the television series of the same name , although the relationship of spinoff media to the parent series is open to question . As stated in the Gameplay section , the rulesheet is rather different from other pinball machines released at the time , which did n't help popularity ( and even now it is still seen as an exotic machine amongst collectors ) as casual players did not understand the complex rule changes that occur during the game .   The first 100 games included a moving Dalek topper that would turn side-to-side while the robot was speaking . The effect was achieved by fitting the robot 's body with a complex motor , cam , and optoelectronics system . Its complexity and expense lead to it being cut from the production run . Production Dalek toppers can be made to move with `` wobble head kits '' .   Prototypes featured the old Bally-style backbox ( and a totally different backglass ) , but this was changed to the Williams-styled one in order to cheapen the production process for both product lines .

neg: Greek language Greek ( Modern Greek : ελληνικά -LSB- eliniˈka -RSB- , elliniká , `` Greek '' , ελληνική γλώσσα -LSB- eliniˈci ˈɣlosa -RSB- , ellinikí glóssa , `` Greek language '' ) is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages , native to Greece and other parts of the Eastern Mediterranean . It has the longest documented history of any living language , spanning 34 centuries of written records . Its writing system has been the Greek alphabet for the major part of its history ; other systems , such as Linear B and the Cypriot syllabary , were used previously . The alphabet arose from the Phoenician script and was in turn the basis of the Latin , Cyrillic , Armenian , Coptic , Gothic and many other writing systems .   The Greek language holds an important place in the history of the Western world and Christianity ; the canon of ancient Greek literature includes seminal works in the Western canon such as the epic poems Iliad and Odyssey . Greek is also the language in which many of the foundational texts in science , especially astronomy , mathematics and logic , and Western philosophy , such as the Platonic dialogues and the works of Aristotle , are composed ; the New Testament of the Christian Bible was written in Koiné Greek . Together with the Latin texts and traditions of the Roman world , the study of the Greek texts and society of antiquity constitutes the discipline of Classics .   During antiquity , Greek was a widely spoken lingua franca in the Mediterranean world and many places beyond . It would eventually become the official parlance of the Byzantine Empire and develop into Medieval Greek . In its modern form , the Greek language is the official language in two countries , Greece and Cyprus , a recognised minority language in seven other countries , and is one of the 24 official languages of the European Union . The language is spoken by at least 13.2 million people today in Greece , Cyprus , Italy , Albania , Turkey , and the Greek diaspora .   Greek roots are often used to coin new words for other languages ; Greek and Latin are the predominant sources of international scientific vocabulary .

neg: Gareth Roberts (writer) Gareth John Pritchard Roberts ( born 5 June 1968 ) is a British television screenwriter and novelist , best known for his work related to the science-fiction television series Doctor Who . He has also worked on various comedy series and soap operas .   Roberts studied drama at the University of Winchester ( then King Alfred 's College ) and has also worked as a clerk at the Court of Appeal .

neg: Night Terrors (Doctor Who) `` Night Terrors '' is the ninth episode of the sixth series of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who , and was first broadcast on BBC One and BBC America on 3 September 2011 . It was written by Mark Gatiss and directed by Richard Clark .   In the episode , alien time traveller the Doctor ( Matt Smith ) and his companions Amy Pond ( Karen Gillan ) and Rory ( Arthur Darvill ) decide to make a `` house call '' to an eight-year-old boy named George ( Jamie Oram ) who is terrified of almost everything , and especially dreads the cupboard in his bedroom . While the Doctor discusses this with George 's father Alex ( Daniel Mays ) , Amy and Rory become trapped in a doll house with terrifying life-size peg dolls .   `` Night Terrors '' was inspired by Gatiss 's fear of dolls , and the ones in the episode were designed to be scary and crude-looking . The episode was moved from the first half of the series to the second , which necessitated changes to make it fit into the series ' story arc . It was the first to be filmed , with production taking place in September 2010 at a council estate in Redcliffe , Bristol and at Dyrham Park , where the doll 's house interior scenes were filmed . The episode was watched by 7.07 million viewers in the UK and received generally positive to mixed reviews from critics , though some were critical of how it fitted into the overarching story as it came after a heavy story-arc episode .

neg: Sixth Doctor comic stories The Sixth Doctor comic stories is a range of off-screen adventures featuring the sixth incarnation of the Doctor , the protagonist of the hit sci-fi series Doctor Who . Continuing the themes of the televised series , every story sees the Doctor travelling to a new destination and fighting evil and righting wrongs .

neg: The Zygon Who Fell to Earth The Zygon Who Fell to Earth is an audio drama based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who . This audio drama was produced by Big Finish Productions .

neg: The Impossible Planet `` The Impossible Planet '' is the eighth episode of the second series of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who , first broadcast on 3 June 2006 . It is the first part of a two-part story , followed by `` The Satan Pit '' . The TARDIS lands in a base on a planet orbiting a black hole , an allegedly impossible situation that stumps even the Doctor . The base crew are drilling towards a mysterious subterranean power source , to claim the power that keeps the planet in orbit for the good of the Human Empire . However , an ancient evil is down there too , and it is awakened .

neg: Day One (Torchwood) `` Day One '' is the second episode of the first series of the British science fiction television series Torchwood . Directed by Brian Kelly , the episode was first broadcast on the digital channel BBC Three on 22 October 2006 with the series pilot , `` Everything Changes '' , and later repeated on terrestrial channel BBC Two on 25 October . It was the first work in the Doctor Who universe to be written by future Doctor Who showrunner Chris Chibnall .   The episode centres on Gwen Cooper ( Eve Myles ) working her first case with Torchwood Three in Cardiff . A purple alien gas is loose in the city and takes Carys Fletcher ( Sara Gregory ) host ; the gas kills its victims by orgasm , leaving behind a pile of dust . Over the course of the episode , the team hunt for Carys before the gas kills her . In the end they track her down to a fertility clinic ; the gas leaves Carys to take Gwen host , but is stopped by a portable prison cell and dies out .   Originally entitled `` New Girl '' , the episode was written to interpret Gwen 's `` first day in hell '' . On the sex gas , series creator Russell T Davies stated `` when we 're launching a new adult science fiction drama , it 's kind of inevitable you 're going to do the sex monster '' . The episode was filmed during a three - to four-week period in May 2006 , with much of it filmed before the first episode in the same production block . `` Day One '' was originally seen by 2.3 million viewers , making it one of the highest-rated BBC Three broadcasts of all time , but was met with generally mixed reviews .

neg: List of ancient Greek tribes The ancient Greek tribes were groups of Greek-speaking populations living in Greece , Cyprus , and the various Greek colonies . They were primarily divided by geographic , dialectal , political , and cultural criteria , as well as distinct traditions in mythology and religion . Some groups were of mixed origin , forming a syncretic culture through absorption and assimilation of previous and neighboring populations into the Greek language and customs .   With the dominion of land passing on from one tribe to the other , cultural exchange through art and trade , and frequent alliances toward common goals , the ethnic character of the different tribes had become primarily political by the dawn of the Hellenistic period . The Roman conquest of Greece , the subsequent division of the Roman Empire into Greek East and Latin West , as well as the advent of Christianity , molded the common ethnic and political Greek identity once and for all to the subjects of the Greek world by the 3rd century AD .

neg: The Name of the Doctor `` The Name of the Doctor '' is the thirteenth and final episode of the seventh series of the British science-fiction drama Doctor Who and was broadcast on . It was written by Steven Moffat and directed by Saul Metzstein .   The episode stars Matt Smith as the Eleventh Doctor and Jenna-Louise Coleman as Clara Oswald . It also features the return of Alex Kingston as River Song , Neve McIntosh as Madame Vastra , Dan Starkey as Commander Strax , Catrin Stewart as Jenny and Richard E. Grant as the Great Intelligence . The episode also features new monsters called the Whisper Men .

neg: Doctor Who (season 3) The third season of British science fiction television series Doctor Who began on 11 September 1965 with the story Galaxy 4 and ended on 16 July 1966 with The War Machines . Only 17 out of 45 episodes survive in the BBC archives ; 28 remain missing . As result only 3 serials are complete .

neg: The Long Game `` The Long Game '' is the seventh episode of the first series of the British science fiction television programme Doctor Who that was first broadcast on 7 May 2005 on BBC One . It was written by executive producer Russell T Davies and directed by Brian Grant .   In the episode , alien time traveller the Doctor ( Christopher Eccleston ) and his companion Rose Tyler ( Billie Piper ) , having been joined by near-future genius Adam Mitchell ( Bruno Langley ) , land on Satellite 5 in the far future . Satellite 5 is a space station that broadcasts news across the entire human empire . However , the Doctor notices that the station is suspicious : there are no aliens , and those who are promoted to Floor 500 seem to disappear . The Doctor and Rose discover that the Editor ( Simon Pegg ) and an alien are controlling the rest of humanity by way of the press . Meanwhile , Adam makes a mistake that forces the Doctor and Rose to take him home .   The concept of `` The Long Game '' was originally submitted by Davies to the Doctor Who script office in the 1980s . Davies had also been interested in doing a storyline about a failed companion . In addition , critics have pointed out that the story is a satire on the media . Production for the episode took place in November and December 2004 , with some location filming in Coryton , Cardiff . `` The Long Game '' was watched by 8.01 million viewers in the UK and received generally mixed reviews from critics .


query: L.A. Law ended on May 19, 1994.

pos: L.A. Law L.A. Law is an American television legal drama series that ran for eight seasons on NBC , from September 15 , 1986 , to May 19 , 1994 .   Created by Steven Bochco and Terry Louise Fisher , it contained many of Bochco 's trademark features including an ensemble cast , large number of parallel storylines , social drama , and off-the-wall humor . It reflected the social and cultural ideologies of the 1980s and early 1990s , and many of the cases featured on the show dealt with hot-topic issues such as capital punishment , abortion , racism , gay rights , homophobia , sexual harassment , AIDS , and domestic violence . The series often also reflected social tensions between the wealthy senior lawyer protagonists and their less well-paid junior staff .   In addition to its main cast , L.A. Law was also well known for featuring then relatively unknown actors and actresses in guest starring roles , who later went on to greater success in film and television including : Don Cheadle , Jeffrey Tambor , Kathy Bates , David Schwimmer , Jay O. Sanders , James Avery , Gates McFadden , Bryan Cranston , C.C.H. Pounder , Kevin Spacey , Richard Schiff , Carrie-Anne Moss , William H. Macy , Stephen Root , Christian Slater , and Lucy Liu . Several episodes of the show also included celebrities such as Vanna White , Buddy Hackett and Mamie Van Doren appearing as themselves in cameo roles .   The show was popular with audiences and critics , and won 15 Emmy Awards throughout its run , four of which were for Outstanding Drama Series .

neg: California Code of Civil Procedure The California Code of Civil Procedure ( commonly abbreviated to Code Civ . Proc . in formal legal citations or just CCP in treatises and other less formal contexts ) was enacted by the California State Legislature in March 1872 as the general codification of the law of civil procedure in the U.S. state of California , along with the three other original California Codes . It contains most California statutes that govern the filing and litigation of lawsuits in the Superior Courts of California , as well as legal notices that must be given in a variety of circumstances . It also includes statutes of limitations that control the period of time during which a lawsuit must be commenced . It also contained some statutes governing the legal profession , but those were later relocated into the Business and Professions Code .   Originally , the CCP was the codification of the Practice Act of 1851 , as amended and revised . In turn , the Practice Act had been modeled after the New York Code of Civil Procedure of 1850 , which was largely drafted by the law reformer David Dudley Field II . Hence , California is considered to be a `` Field Code '' state .   The CCP also partially codified the law of evidence , but in 1965 , the evidentiary provisions were repealed and replaced by the new California Evidence Code , which unlike the CCP , was deliberately intended to displace and supersede the common law of evidence .   Like the 28 other California Codes , the CCP is frequently amended by the Legislature . Unlike most other states , California never followed the federal trend towards transferring authority over procedural law to the courts through statutes like the federal Rules Enabling Act . Instead , the California Rules of Court ( CRC ) cover only relatively minor matters such as the formatting of court papers and case management rules implementing the Trial Court Delay Reduction Act of 1986 .   Nearly all important procedural provisions ( i.e. , the ones that can make or break a case ) continue to exist in the form of CCP sections . As a result , whenever the Judicial Council of California identifies a major defect in California civil procedure , it can not fix it by promulgating a new court rule , but must instead lobby the Legislature and Governor to amend the CCP .   Today , the CCP is comprehensive only with regard to trial court procedure . As a result of a bill pushed through the Legislature at the suggestion of Chief Justice Phil S. Gibson in 1941 , appellate procedure in California is governed primarily by the CRC .   As a Field Code state , California continues to subscribe to the `` primary right '' or `` ultimate fact '' theory of pleading ( also known as `` fact pleading '' ) which has been traditionally followed by Field Code states . This means that California adheres to an arcane distinction between what constitutes pleading of a mere `` fact , '' versus an `` ultimate fact , '' versus a `` conclusion of law . '' Also , California is one of two states , along with Virginia , which uses the demurrer as the primary pre-answer attack on the complaint . Most states and the federal courts have switched to modern `` notice pleading '' and use the motion to dismiss for failure to state a cause of action instead of the demurrer .

neg: 1993 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards The 19th Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards , honoring the best in film for 1993 , were given on 11 December 1993 .

neg: Leonard Law The Leonard Law is a California law passed in 1992 and amended in 2006 that applies the First Amendment of the United States Constitution to private and public colleges , high schools , and universities . The law also applies Article I , Section 2 of the California Constitution to colleges and universities . California is the only state to grant First Amendment protections to students at private postsecondary institutions . Attempts at a federal Leonard Law and for Leonard Laws in other states have not succeeded .

neg: United States Permanent Paper Law The U.S. Permanent Paper Law , or P.L. 101-423 , is a joint resolution calling for the use of acid-free paper for federal records , books , and `` publications of enduring value . '' It was signed into law by President George H.W. Bush in October 1990 .

neg: Los Angeles High School Los Angeles High School is the oldest public high school in the Southern California Region and in the Los Angeles Unified School District . Its colors are royal blue and white and the teams are called the Romans .   Los Angeles High School is a public secondary high school , enrolling an estimated 2,000 students in grades 9-12 . After operating on a year-round basis consisting of three tracks for ten years , it was restored to a traditional calendar in 2010 . Los Angeles High School receives accreditation approval from the Western Association of Schools and Colleges ( WASC ) . Concurrent enrollment programs , provided in large by the Los Angeles Unified School District and the Los Angeles Community College District , are offered with West Los Angeles College , Los Angeles Trade Technical College , Los Angeles City College , or Santa Monica College .   Los Angeles High School is a large , urban , inner-city school located in the Mid-Wilshire District of Los Angeles . The attendance boundary consists of a contrasting spectrum of economic diversity ranging from affluent Hancock Park and Lafayette Square to the low-income , densely populated immigrant community of Koreatown . Within the school is a College Incentive Magnet Program . Forty-four percent of the student population is identified as LEP , or Limited English Proficient . Currently , 66 % of the students are identified as eligible to receive supplemental instructional services and materials through the Federal Title I Program .   The magnet high school has a university preparatory secondary high school program and a `` school within a school . '' First established as a part of student integration services in the 1970s , the Los Angeles High School Math/Science/Technology magnet prepares students with an intensive , rigorous course load in order to better prepare them for university entrance . There are 317 students enrolled in the magnet program , grades 9-12 .   Typically , the senior class has approximately 35 % of seniors entering into four-year universities and schools . The magnet senior class typically has 85 % of its senior class entering into four-year colleges and universities .

neg: California Assembly Bill 962 (2009) California Assembly Bill 962 ( 2009 ) ( AB 962 ) was a gun control law in California , authored by Assemblyman Kevin de León , and signed into law by Governor of California Arnold Schwarzenegger on October 11 , 2009 . AB 962 was set to take effect on February 1 , 2011 , but was ruled unconstitutional by Fresno Superior Court Judge Jeffrey Hamilton on January 18 , 2011 , in Parker v. California .   AB 962 would have required that all transfers of ownership of `` handgun ammunition '' be done in a face-to-face transaction , with the deliverer or transferor being provided bona fide evidence of identity of the purchaser or other transferee . As part of every `` handgun ammunition '' transfer , AB 962 would have required vendors to record and maintain , for a time period no less than five years : the transaction date , the ammunition brand and caliber , the processor 's name , as well as the purchaser 's driver license number , signature , name , right thumbprint , residential address , phone number , and date of birth . The bill also aimed to stop felony gang crimes by making it a misdemeanor to possess ammunition while associating with a criminal street gang .   On August 19 , 2010 , the NRA-CRPA Foundation Legal Action Project filed a lawsuit challenging AB 962 . The lead plaintiff in the lawsuit was Tehama County Sheriff Clay Parker . The lawsuit alleged that the mandates in AB 962 were incomprehensible , and that the definition of `` handgun ammunition '' was unconstitutionally vague .   On January 18 , 2011 , Fresno Superior Court Judge Jeffrey Hamilton ruled , in Parker v. California , that the definition of `` handgun ammunition '' was indeed unconstitutionally vague . The Court enjoined enforcement of the bill . Mail order ammunition sales to California therefore continue .

neg: Lex lata Lex lata ( also called de lege lata ) is a Latin expression that means `` the law as it exists '' ( as opposed to lex ferenda ) .

neg: Legal aspects of computing Legal aspects of computing are related to the overlapping areas of law and computing .   The first one , historically , was information technology law ( or IT law ) . ( `` IT law '' should not be confused with the IT aspects of law itself , although there are overlapping issues . ) IT law consists of the law ( statutes , regulations , and caselaw ) which governs the digital dissemination of both ( digitalized ) information and software itself ( see history of free and open-source software ) , and legal aspects of information technology more broadly . IT law covers mainly the digital information ( including information security and electronic commerce ) aspects and it has been described as `` paper laws '' for a `` paperless environment '' .   Cyberlaw or Internet law is a term that encapsulates the legal issues related to use of the Internet . It is less a distinct field of law than intellectual property or contract law , as it is a domain covering many areas of law and regulation . Some leading topics include internet access and usage , privacy , freedom of expression , and jurisdiction .   `` Computer law '' is a third term which tends to relate to issues including both Internet law and the patent and copyright aspects of computer technology and software .

neg: Lex loci solutionis The lex loci solutionis is the Latin term for `` law of the place where relevant performance occurs '' in the conflict of laws . Conflict is the branch of public law regulating all lawsuits involving a `` foreign '' law element where a difference in result will occur depending on which laws are applied .

neg: Murder of Larry King Lawrence `` Larry '' Fobes King ( January 13 , 1993 -- February 13 , 2008 ) was a 15-year-old gay student at E.O. Green Junior High School in Oxnard , California . He was shot twice by a fellow student , 14-year-old Brandon McInerney , and kept on life support until he died two days later .   Newsweek described the shooting as `` the most prominent gay-bias crime since the 1998 murder of Matthew Shepard '' , bringing attention to issues of gun violence as well as gender expression and sexual identity of teenagers .   Following many delays and a change of venue , McInerney 's first trial began on July 5 , 2011 , in the Los Angeles district of Chatsworth . That trial ended on September 1 , 2011 when Judge Charles Campbell declared a mistrial because the jury was unable to reach a unanimous verdict . Prosecutors decided to try McInerney again , but dropped the hate crime charge .   On November 21 , 2011 , McInerney avoided the scheduled retrial by pleading guilty to second degree murder , voluntary manslaughter and use of a gun . The plea carries a sentence of 21 years imprisonment without chance of parole .

neg: Gerry L. Alexander Gerry L. Alexander -LSB- ˈɡɛri -RSB- ( b. 1936 ) is the former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the U.S. state of Washington . He was elected to the court in 1994 and re-elected in 2000 . Following this election , his colleagues elected him to a four-year term as chief justice . He was re-elected as chief justice in 2004 and re-elected to the court in 2006 . Due to the court 's age limit of 75 , Alexander was unable to complete his final six-year term . He stepped down as Chief Justice at the beginning of 2010 and retired from the Court in December 2011 .

neg: Repeal A repeal is the removal or reversal of a law . There are two basic types of repeal , a repeal with a re-enactment ( or replacement ) of the repealed law , or a repeal without any replacement .   Removal of secondary legislation is normally referred to as revocation rather than repeal in the United Kingdom and Ireland . Under the common law of England and Wales , the effect of repealing a statute was `` to obliterate it completely from the records of Parliament as though it had never been passed . '' This , however , is now subject to savings provisions within the Interpretation Act 1978 .   In parliamentary procedure , the motion to rescind , repeal , or annul is used to cancel or countermand an action or order previously adopted by the assembly .

neg: Time Matters Time Matters is practice management software , produced by LexisNexis which was purchased by Reed Elsevier in March , 2004 . It differs from contact management software such as ACT ! or GoldMine because in addition to contacts , it manages calendaring , email , documents , research , billing , accounting , and matters or projects . It integrates with a variety of other software products from both LexisNexis and other vendors . Some of these vendors are Quicken , Microsoft , Palm , Mozilla , Corel , and Adobe . Developed originally for law firms , Time Matters competes with Gavel , Amicus , Tabs , and other legal practice management products . It also may be used in conjunction with Document modelling and Document assembly software products like HotDocs and Deal Builder .   Time Matters was developed by DATA.TXT Corporation originally of Coral Gables , Florida , later of Cary , North Carolina ( Cary is part of the Research Triangle Area of Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill ... the `` Silicon Valley of the East '' ) . Since its inception , DATA.TXT Corporation focused on making Time Matters an all-encompassing professional office software package , providing Calendar , Tickler , Contact , Matter , Document , and Messaging Management for personal computers and networks of all sizes . Founded in December 1989 by Robert Butler who was later joined as co-founder by Kevin Stilwell in 1992 , the entire management and programming staff that began Time Matters ' development in 1989 remained on the team until 2004 , providing continuity and reliability rarely seen in software developed for specialized markets .   Time Matters became the number one seller of this type of Windows legal software , with nearly 60,000 users of the Windows version in all 50 US States , plus additional users in Canada , Europe , the Caribbean , Australia and New Zealand , Africa , and Southeast Asia .   Time Matters for Windows has been shipping since 1994 ( The DOS version of Time Matters started shipping in 1989 ) .   Time Matters was previously available in three editions : Professional , Enterprise , and World . The Enterprise edition used Microsoft SQL Server as its database engine . Time Matters Browser Edition ( formerly World Edition ) served up Time Matters in Web browsers for remote access to a law firm 's data . An international network of Certified Independent Consultants ( `` CICs '' ) support , train , and customize this product for end users .   Time Matters Professional , discontinued with the release of Time Matters 10.0 in 2009 , was based on the TPS file system developed by Softvelocity . Time Matters Enterprise , now simply Time Matters , is based on SQL for its database and currently is limited to Microsoft SQL Server and SQL Express ( also from Microsoft ) . None of the open-source SQL programs such as Postgresql and MySQL are currently supported .   With the release of Version 10 in October 2009 , Time Matters became available only in the Enterprise Edition ( but is sold as Time Matters ) . In May 2010 , LexisNexis released their new Annual Maintenance Plan policy , which required users to be on the Annual Maintenance Plan to receive technical support , product upgrades and access to online training and support resources .

neg: Liberal Party (Chile, 1988) The Liberal Party ( Spanish : Partido Liberal , PL ) was a Chilean centrist political party existing between 1988 and 1994 .   The Liberal Party was founded on May 31 , 1988 as a continuation of the Liberal-Republican Union , formed in 1987 following the merger of the Liberal and Republican parties . July 25 was declared as a party `` in formation '' , and registered in the register of political parties on April 21 , 1989 .   It supported the `` No '' option in the plebiscite of 1988 , and was one of the founders of the Concertación , but the party left soon after to support Francisco Javier Errázuriz Talavera in the presidential election of 1989 . The party also was constituting an electoral pact with the Chilean Socialist Party for parliamentary of that year .   In July 17 , 1990 , the Liberal Party ( led by Carlos Cerda ) merged with the Southern Party , which risked its dissolution by the Electoral Service , adopting the name of the first .   After the municipal elections of 1992 , where the party only gained representation in the Araucania Region , the party 's general secretary Eduardo Diaz Herrera called for its dissolution as Liberal Party , and found it again as Southern Party , an issue that materialized on March 5 , 1993 ; however , the party was dissolved definitely on June 8 , 1994 .

neg: LLS LLS is a three-letter acronym that may refer to :   The Late Late Show ( Ireland ) , the world 's longest-running television talk show  Bachelor of Laws , academic degree  Leukemia & Lymphoma Society , charitable organization funding blood cancer research , education and patient services  Lateral line system , sense organ used by some fish and larval lissamphibians to detect movement and vibrations  Light Louisiana Sweet , type of crude oil  Linear least squares ( disambiguation )  Liverpool Street station , serving the East of England  Loyola Law School , Los Angeles , California  Longest linear sequence , a concept in synthetic chemistry  Lotus Land Story , the 4th game of Touhou Project

neg: Hill and Barlow Hill & Barlow was a law firm in Boston , Massachusetts that was dissolved in 2002 . Founded in 1895 , the firm had been one of the city 's oldest and most elite firms , and was also the 12th largest in Boston at the time of its dissolution , employing 145 lawyers . The firm was founded by Arthur Hill , known for defending the anarchists Sacco and Vanzetti . Hill & Barlow was dissolved when approximately one third of the firm , mostly the real estate group , left , eventually joining Piper Rudnick ( now DLA Piper ) in 2003 . ( A group representing authors and movie producers were the first to leave for Fish & Richardson . ) Remaining attorneys reported feeling `` blindsided '' by the unexpected upheaval , but those departing felt that the planned restructuring was coming too late .   Notable former employees include :   Robert Mueller , director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation ;  Michael S. Greco , President of the American Bar Association , the Massachusetts Bar Association , the New England Bar Association , and the New England Bar Foundation ;  former Massachusetts governors Endicott Peabody , Michael Dukakis and William Weld ;  Deval Patrick , the first African American Governor of Massachusetts and former U.S. assistant attorney general for Civil Rights under Bill Clinton ;  former Massachusetts State Senator Jarrett Barrios ;  Joseph D. Steinfield , Prince Lobel Tye LLP  Gael , Mahony , Holland & Knight  Federal Judge Reginald C. Lindsay , U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts ( 1993 ) ;  Jane Schacter , currently a professor at Stanford Law School and former assistant attorney general , Massachusetts ;  Paul R. McDaniel , professor of law at the University of Florida Levin College of Law ;  James R. Repetti , professor of law at Boston College Law School ;  John A. E. Pottow , professor of law at the University of Michigan Law School .  Michael Weisman , adjunct professor of law at Yale Law School and attorney for Marie Evans in Evans v. Lorillard Tobacco which resulted in an $ 152 million jury verdict .  Robert Bone , professor of law at The University of Texas School of Law .  David A. Hoffman , Lecturer on Law at Harvard Law School and founder of Boston Law Collaborative , LLC  John C. P. Goldberg , professor of law at Harvard Law School  Huyen Pham , professor of law at Texas A&M Law School  Thomas Main , professor of law at UNLV William S. Boyd School of Law

neg: Death row Death row is a special section of a prison in the United States that houses inmates who are awaiting execution after being sentenced to death for the conviction of a capital crime . The US is the only Western country that still applies the death penalty for capital crimes . Thirty-one of its 50 states and the federal government authorize this penalty . But by 2016 , sixteen of these states and the federal government had a formal or `` de facto '' moratorium , due in large part to questions about the death penalty itself or the use of lethal injection as a method of execution .   `` Death row '' is a term also used figuratively to describe the state of awaiting execution ( `` being on death row '' ) , even in places where no special facility or separate unit for condemned inmates exists . After a person is found guilty of a capital offense , the judge will give the jury the option of imposing a death sentence or life imprisonment without the possibility of parole ( LWOP ) . It is up to a jury to decide whether to give the death sentence ; this usually has to be a unanimous decision . If sentenced to death , a convict will remain on death row during appeal and habeas corpus procedures , which can take years . Since 1973 and later , with an increasing number of persons being freed since 1993 , some 157 persons as of January 2017 have been exonerated on appeal and released from death row . Wrongful convictions have been proven based on DNA evidence , informants retracting testimony or being proven false , prosecutorial misconduct , racial bias in jury selection , and other constitutional issues .

neg: Calles Law The Calles Law , or Law for Reforming the Penal Code ( ley de tolerancia de cultos , `` law of tolerance of sects '' ) , was a statute enacted in Mexico in 1926 , under the presidency of Plutarco Elías Calles , to enforce the restrictions against the Catholic Church in Article 130 of the Mexican Constitution of 1917 . Article 130 declared that the church and state are to remain separate . To that end , it required all `` churches and religious groupings '' to register with the state and placed restrictions on priests and ministers of all religions . Priests and ministers could not hold public office , canvass on behalf of political parties or candidates , or inherit property from persons other than close blood relatives . Calles applied the anti-religious and the anti-clerical laws stringently throughout the country and added his own anti-religious and anti-clerical legislation .   President Calles applied existing laws regarding the separation of church and state throughout Mexico and added his own legislation . In June 1926 , he signed the `` Law for Reforming the Penal Code '' , which became known unofficially as the `` Calles Law . '' This law provided specific penalties for priests and individuals who violated Article 130 of the 1917 Constitution . For example , wearing clerical garb in public was punishable by a fine of 500 pesos ( approximately 250 U.S. dollars at the time , or worth $ 4250 in 2010 . A priest who criticized the government could be imprisoned for five years . Some states enacted further measures in the name of church and state separation . Chihuahua , for example , enacted a law permitting only a single priest to serve the entire Catholic congregation of the state . To help enforce the law , Calles seized Church property , expelled all foreign priests , and closed monasteries , convents , and religious schools .   One result of the Calles Law was the Cristero War , a popular uprising of Catholic peasants in regions of central Mexico against the federal Mexican government . Between 1926 and 1934 , at least 40 priests were killed during the war . Whereas Mexico had some 4,500 Catholic priests prior to the Cristero War , by 1934 only 334 Catholic priests were licensed by the government to serve Mexico 's 15 million people . By 1935 , 17 states were left with no priest at all . Under President Lázaro Cárdenas , the Calles Law was repealed in 1938 .

neg: End of an Era The term End of an Era may be used :

neg: Douglas Anne Munson Douglas Anne Munson ( February 17 , 1948 -- December 22 , 2003 ) was an attorney , teacher , and author of four critically acclaimed novels . She published three of those novels under the pseudonym of Mercedes Lambert .   Douglas Anne Munson was born in Crossville , Tennessee on February 17 , 1948 . She was named Douglas by her father in honor of his brother Douglas who died in World War II .   As the daughter of a newspaperman , Douglas 's childhood was spent moving from town to town before her family finally settled in southern California . Douglas attended the University of New Mexico , where she majored in Latin American studies , and lived for a year in Ecuador . After attending law school at UCLA , Douglas became an attorney in the Los Angeles criminal courts . Most of her legal career was spent in dependency court .   Dependency court is where children who have been removed from their parent 's custody because of severe abuse , neglect or abandonment move through the legal system . It 's a niche of the judicial system with a high burn-out rate .   In 1990 , Douglas published a novel called El Niño with Viking Press . The book was well received by critics and Douglas went on to publish two mystery novels with Vikingunder the name of Mercedes Lambert , Dogtown in 1991 and Soultown in 1996 . These books feature two women detectives : Whitney Logan , fresh out of law school , and Lupe Ramos , a chicana prostitute . Drawn into webs of corruption and deceit , Whitney and Lupe move through the multicultural landscape of southern California . Their relationship underlines the cultural friction in Los Angeles at the end of the 20th century .   `` Los Angeles is the greatest city for crime fiction because of all the conflicts and potential for conflict . We start out on a precarious footing , trembling on the brink of natural disaster . Then we take hundreds of thousands of people who did n't get along in their countries of origin , add that to an entrenched , angry and frightened group of people who do n't want them here , throw in a Santa Ana , a few random insane murderers and pedophiles and then turn the whole thing over to studio executives and the LAPD . It 's like a woman with bad skin piling on a lot of makeup . Things are going to get ugly before the night is over . ''  Douglas Anne Munson , Los Angeles magazine , 1996  In the mid-1990s , Douglas had three well-regarded books published . She was teaching creative writing and journaling at UCLA . Los Angeles magazine , in an article on the hottest LA mystery writers , included her in a group composed of Michael Connelly , Walter Mosley , James Ellroy , and Robert Crais . Despite growing recognition and accomplishment , Douglas was struggling to stay afloat . As the caseload in dependency court grew , she became less able to endure the suffering she witnessed daily .   In 1996 , Douglas resigned from the courts and quit teaching . She moved briefly to Bainbridge Island in Washington state to complete the third Whitney Logan novel , Ghosttown . During this time she traveled back-and-forth to San Francisco to earn a credential to teach English abroad .   After completing Ghosttown , Douglas sent it to her agent . She learned a month later the publisher had rejected the book , mainly over creative differences . After trying unsuccessfully to reshape the book into a completely different work , Douglas stopped writing completely and accepted a position in the Czech Republic teaching English to soldiers , missionaries , and mink farmers .   In 2001 , Douglas discovered a lump in her breast . She had successfully fought breast cancer while writing El Niño in the late 1980s . Fearing the cancer had returned , Douglas returned to the United States to seek medical treatment in Connecticut . When the tests were conclusive , she was given six months to live . She outlived that prediction , and was able to make one last visit to the Czech Republic in December 2003 before dying on December 22 , 2003 at a hospital in Norwalk , Connecticut .   Four years after her death , Ghosttown , the third and final Whitney Logan mystery , found a publisher with Five Star Mystery ; in the Spring of 2008 , the first two Whitney Logan mysteries -- Dogtown and Soultown -- will be reprinted in a single edition by Stark House .