query: The Poona Pact was signed only outside of India.

pos: Poona Pact The Poona Pact refers to an agreement between Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi signed on 24 September 1932 at Yerwada Central Jail in Pune , India . It was signed by Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya and Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar and some other leaders to break the fast unto death undertaken by Gandhi in Yerwada prison to annul the Macdonald Award giving separate electorates to Dalits for electing members of state legislative assemblies in British India .   History of the Poona Pact  The British invited leaders of different parties in the Round Table Conferences in 1930-32 to draft a new law involving self-rule for the Indians . Mahatma Gandhi did not attend the first and the last but attended the second of the Conferences . The concept of separate electorates for the untouch was raised by Ambedkar . Similar provisions were already available for other minorities , including Muslims , Christians , Anglo-Indians and Sikhs . The British government agreed with Ambedkar 's contention and British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald 's Communal Award to the depressed classes was to be incorporated into the constitution in the governance of British India . Gandhi strongly opposed the Communal Award on the grounds that it would disintegrate Hindu society . Ambedkar vehemently criticised the way of handling the problems of the Harijans by Gandhiji . Gandhi took up a fast unto death in his prison cell in Poona , protesting that separate electorates were a device which would separate the untouchables from the Hindu society forever . He began an indefinite hunger strike at Yerwada Central Jail from 20 September 1932 to protest against this Award . A compromise was reached on 24 September 1932 .   The text uses the term `` Depressed Classes '' to denote Untouchables who were later called Scheduled Castes under India Act 1935 , and the later Indian Constitution of 1950 .

neg: Peace Implementation Council The Peace Implementation Council ( PIC ) is an international body charged with implementing the Dayton Peace Agreement for Bosnia and Herzegovina . The Council was established at an implementation conference held in London , United Kingdom on December 8 and 9 , 1995 , subsequent to the completion of the negotiations of the accord the preceding month . The Council is , in effect , the realization , through the High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina , of the international community 's governance of Bosnia and Herzegovina after signature of the Dayton Agreement . This international control over Bosnia and Herzegovina is to last until the country is deemed politically and democratically stable and self-sustainable .   The PIC comprises 55 countries and agencies that support the peace process in many different ways - by assisting it financially , providing troops for SFOR , or directly running operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina . There is also a fluctuating number of observers .   Since the London conference , the PIC has come together at the ministerial level another six times to review progress and define the goals of peace implementation for the coming period : in June 1996 in Florence , Italy ; in December 1996 for a second time in London ; in December 1997 in Bonn , Germany ; in December 1998 in Madrid , Spain , in May 2000 and February 2007 in Brussels , Belgium .   The PIC clarifies the responsibilities of the High Representative as the main implementing body of the civilian part of the Dayton Agreement , as set out in Annex 10 the Dayton Agreement . For example , the 1997 Bonn session provided the Office of the High Representative with the so-called `` Bonn authority '' to dismiss elected and non-elected officials who obstruct the implementation of the Dayton Agreement . The High Representative from 2006-2007 , Christian Schwarz-Schilling , used this power sparingly , to promote confidence in elected domestic government . This strategy was reversed by the new appointee to that post , Miroslav Lajčák , who imposed several decisions on his first day at work .

neg: Simla Accord (1914) The Simla Accord , or the Convention Between Great Britain , China , and Tibet , -LSB- in -RSB- Simla , was a treaty concerning the status of Tibet negotiated by representatives of the Republic of China , Tibet and the United Kingdom in Simla in 1913 and 1914 .   The Accord provided that Tibet would be divided into `` Outer Tibet '' and `` Inner Tibet '' . Outer Tibet , which roughly corresponded to Ü-Tsang and western Kham , would `` remain in the hands of the Tibetan Government at Lhasa under Chinese suzerainty , but China would not interfere in its administration . `` Inner Tibet '' , roughly , equivalent to Amdo and eastern Kham , would be under the jurisdiction of the Chinese government . The Accord with its annexes also defines the boundary between Tibet and China proper and between Tibet and British India ( the latter became known as the McMahon Line ) .   China rejected the Accord and their plenipotentiary , Ivan Chen , withdrew on 3 July 1914 . The British and Tibetan plenipotentiaries then attached a note denying China any privileges under the Accord and sealed it as a bilateral agreement the same day.This Accord was initialled and sealed by the British plenipotentiary , A. Henry McMahon , and sealed by the Tibetan plenipotentiary Lochen Shatra but not the Chinese plenipotentiary , Ivan Chen , as he had withdrawn from the Convention before the Accord was initialled and sealed . ( `` Convention Between Great Britain , China , and Tibet , Simla ( 1914 ) '' , Tibet Justice Center . Retrieved 20 March 2009 ) . The British records show that there are conditions for the Tibetan government to accept the new border in 1914 , the condition was that China must accept the Simla Convention , since the British was not able to get an aceptance form China , Tibetans considered the MacMahon line invalid .   McMahon 's work was initially rejected by the British government as incompatible with the 1907 Anglo-Russian Convention . This convention was renounced in 1921 . The British began using the McMahon Line on Survey of India maps in 1937 , and the Simla Accord was published officially in 1938 .

neg: Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002 The Prevention of Terrorism Act , 2002 ( POTA ) was an Act passed by the Parliament of India in 2002 , with the objective of strengthening anti-terrorism operations . The Act was enacted due to several terrorist attacks that were being carried out in India and especially in response to the attack on the Parliament . The Act replaced the Prevention of Terrorism Ordinance ( POTO ) of 2001 and the Terrorist and Disruptive Activities ( Prevention ) Act ( TADA ) ( 1985 -- 95 ) , and was supported by the governing National Democratic Alliance . The Act was repealed in 2004 by the United Progressive Alliance coalition .   The bill was defeated in the Rajya Sabha ( the upper house ) by a 113-98 vote , but was passed in a joint session ( 425 Ayes and 296 Nos ) , as the Lok Sabha ( lower house ) has more seats . It was only the third time that a bill was passed by a joint session of both houses of Parliament .   The Act defined what constituted a `` terrorist act '' and who a `` terrorist '' was , and granted special powers to the investigating authorities described under the Act . In order to ensure that discretionary powers granted to the investigating agencies were not misused and human rights violations were not committed , specific safeguards were built into the Act .

neg: India–Pakistan relations Relations between India and Pakistan have been complex due to a number of historical and political events . Relations between the two states have been defined by the violent partition of British India in 1947 , the Kashmir conflict and the numerous military conflicts fought between the two nations . Consequently , their relationship has been plagued by hostility and suspicion . The two South Asian countries somewhat overlap in areas of linguistics , demographics , geography , and economics .   After the dissolution of the British Raj in 1947 , two new sovereign nations were formed -- the Dominion of India and the Dominion of Pakistan . The subsequent partition of the former British India displaced up to 12.5 million people , with estimates of loss of life varying from several hundred thousand to 1 million . India emerged as a secular nation with a Hindu majority population and a large Muslim minority , while Pakistan emerged also as a secular nation with an overwhelming Muslim majority population ; later becoming an Islamic republic although its constitution guarantees freedom of religion to people of all faiths .   Soon after their independence , India and Pakistan established diplomatic relations but the violent partition and numerous territorial claims would overshadow their relationship . Since their Independence , the two countries have fought three major wars , one undeclared war and have been involved in numerous armed skirmishes and military standoffs . The Kashmir conflict is the main centre-point of all of these conflicts with the exception of the Indo-Pakistan War of 1971 and Bangladesh Liberation War , which resulted in the secession of East Pakistan ( now Bangladesh ) .   There have been numerous attempts to improve the relationship -- notably , the Shimla summit , the Agra summit and the Lahore summit . Since the early 1980s , relations between the two nations soured particularly after the Siachen conflict , the intensification of Kashmir insurgency in 1989 , Indian and Pakistani nuclear tests in 1998 and the 1999 Kargil war . Certain confidence-building measures -- such as the 2003 ceasefire agreement and the Delhi -- Lahore Bus service -- were successful in de-escalating tensions . However , these efforts have been impeded by periodic terrorist attacks . The 2001 Indian Parliament attack almost brought the two nations to the brink of a nuclear war . The 2007 Samjhauta Express bombings , which killed 68 civilians ( most of whom were Pakistani ) , was also a crucial point in relations . Additionally , the 2008 Mumbai attacks carried out by Pakistani militants resulted in a severe blow to the ongoing India-Pakistan peace talks .   After a brief thaw following the election of new governments in both nations , bilateral discussions again stalled after the 2016 Pathankot attack . In September 2016 , a terrorist attack on an Indian military base in Indian-administered Kashmir , the deadliest such attack in years , killed 19 Indian Army soldiers . India 's claim that the attack had been orchestrated by a Pakistan-supported jihadist group was denied by Pakistan , which claimed the attack had been a local reaction to unrest in the region due to excessive force by Indian security personnel . The attack sparked a military confrontation across the Line of Control , with an escalation in ceasefire violations and further militant attacks on Indian security forces . As of December 2016 , the ongoing confrontation and an increase in nationalist rhetoric on both sides has resulted in the collapse of bilateral relations , with little expectation they will recover .   Since the election of new governments in both India and Pakistan in the early 2010s , some steps have been taken to improve relations , in particular developing a consensus on the agreement of Non-Discriminatory Market Access on Reciprocal Basis ( NDMARB ) status for each other , which will liberalize trade . In late 2015 , meetings were held between the foreign secretaries and the national security advisers of both nations , at which both sides agreed to thoroughly discuss hurdles remaining in the relationship . In November 2015 , the new Indian Prime Minister , Narendra Modi and Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif agreed to the resumption of bilateral talks ; the following month , Prime Minister Modi made a brief , unscheduled visit to Pakistan while en route to India , becoming the first Indian Prime Minister to visit Pakistan since 2004 . Despite those efforts , relations between the countries have remained frigid , following repeated acts of cross-border terrorism . According to a 2014 BBC World Service Poll , 17 % of Indians view Pakistan 's influence positively , with 49 % expressing a negative view , while 21 % of Pakistanis view India 's influence positively , with 58 % expressing a negative view .

neg: Fodder Scam The Fodder Scam ( Hindi : चारा घोटाला , chārā ghoṭālā ) was a corruption scandal that involved the embezzlement of about from the government treasury of the eastern Indian state of Bihar . Among those implicated in the theft and arrested were then Chief Minister of Bihar , Lalu Prasad Yadav , as well as former Chief Minister , Jagannath Mishra . The scandal led to the end of Lalu 's reign as Chief Minister . There is also allegation on Shivanand Tiwari of receiving 1 crore and 60 lakh Rupees respectively from S.N. Sinha .   The theft spanned for many years , and allegedly involved numerous Bihar state 's administrative and elected officials across multiple administrations of the Indian National Congress and the Janata Dal parties . The corruption scheme involved the fabrication of `` vast herds of fictitious livestock '' for which fodder , medicines and animal husbandry equipment was supposedly procured . Although the scandal broke in 1996 , the theft had been in progress , and increased in size , for over two decades . Besides the magnitude and duration of the theft , the scam was and continues to be covered in Indian media due to the extensive nexus between tenured bureaucrats , elected politicians and businesspeople that it revealed , and as an example of the mafia raj that has penetrated several state-run economic sectors in the country .   As of May 2013 , the trial has completed in 44 cases out of a total of 53 cases . More than 500 accused have been convicted and awarded punishments by various courts .

neg: German–Soviet Axis talks In October and November 1940 , German -- Soviet Axis talks occurred concerning the Soviet Union 's potential entry as a fourth Axis Power in World War II . The negotiations , which occurred during the era of the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact and the German-Soviet Commercial Agreement , included a two-day Berlin conference between Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov , Adolf Hitler and German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop , followed by both countries trading written proposed agreements . After two days of negotiations from 12 to 14 November 1940 , Germany presented the Soviets with a draft written Axis pact agreement defining the world spheres of influence of the four proposed Axis powers ( Japan , Germany , Soviet Union , Italy ) . Hitler , Ribbentrop and Molotov tried to set German and Soviet spheres of influence ; Hitler encouraged Molotov to look south to Iran and eventually India while preserving German access to Finland 's resources , and to remove Soviet influence in the Balkans . Molotov remained firm , seeking to remove German troops from Finland and gain a warm water port in the Balkans . Soviet foreign policy calculations were predicated by the idea that the war would be a long - term struggle and therefore German claims that Britain would be defeated swiftly were treated with scepticism . In addition Stalin sought to remain influential in Bulgaria and Yugoslavia . These factors resulted in Molotov taking a firm line . According to a Columbia University academical source , on 25 November 1940 , the Soviets presented a Stalin-drafted written counterproposal where they would accept the four power pact , but it included Soviet rights to Bulgaria and a world sphere of influence centered on the area around modern Iraq and Iran . Germany did not respond , leaving the negotiations unresolved . Regarding the counterproposal , Hitler remarked to his top military chiefs that Stalin `` demands more and more '' , `` he 's a cold-blooded blackmailer '' and that `` a German victory has become unbearable for Russia '' so that `` she must be brought to her knees as soon as possible . '' Germany ended the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact in June 1941 by invading the Soviet Union .

neg: Stateless nation Stateless nation is a political term for ethnic/national minority that does not possess its own state and is not the majority population in any nation state . The term implies that the group `` should have '' such a state . Members of stateless ethnic groups may be citizens/nationals of the country in which they live , or they may be denied citizenship by that country . Stateless nations are usually not represented as a nation in international sports such as FIFA , Olympics or in international communities such as the United Nations . Nations without state are classified as fourth world nations . Some of the stateless nations have a great heritage and a long tradition of statehood in the past and some were always a stateless nation , which was dominated by another nation for a large part of its history .   Stateless nations either are dispersed across a number of states ( for example , the Yoruba people are found in the African states of Nigeria , Benin and Togo ) or form the native population of a province within a larger state ( such as the Uyghur people in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region within the People 's Republic of China ) . Some stateless nations historically had a state , which was absorbed by another ; for example , Tibet 's declaration of independence in 1913 was not recognized , and it was invaded in 1951 by the People 's Republic of China which claims that Tibet is an integral part of China , while the Tibetan government-in-exile maintains that Tibet is an independent state under unlawful occupation . Some ethnic groups were once a stateless nation that later became a nation state ( for example , the nations of the Balkans such as the Croats , Serbs , Bosniaks , Slovenes , Montenegrins , Kosovars and Macedonians were once part of a multinational state of Yugoslavia . Since the breakup of Yugoslavia many nation states were formed ) .   Stateless nations can have large population . For example , The Tamils are a stateless nation in South Asia with a population of more than 70 million . They form one of the largest ethnic groups in South India . Governments may respond differently on stateless nations in their states . For example , the suppression of the Tamil people in Sri Lanka led to one of the longest and most violent separatist conflict between 1983 and 2009 . However , a similar ethnic conflict was absent among Tamils in India during this period , because they were peacefully integrated into the federal structure of India . Multiple stateless nations can reside in the same region . For example , Catalans , Basques , Aragonese , Galicians , Asturians , Valencians , Andalusians in Iberian Peninsula or the Brahui , Santhals and Balochs in South Asia .   The Romani people are another stateless people . They may be a special case being distributed among numerous countries with no clear homeland ; as a traditionally `` nomadic '' people , the Romani/Roma are a classical `` stateless nation '' without aspiration to sovereign territory . As not all states are nation states , there are a number of ethnic groups who live in a multinational state without being considered `` stateless nations '' .

neg: Kashmir conflict The Kashmir conflict is a territorial conflict primarily between India and Pakistan , having started just after the partition of India in 1947 . China has at times played a minor role . India and Pakistan have fought three wars over Kashmir , including the Indo-Pakistani Wars of 1947 and 1965 , as well as the Kargil War of 1999 . The two countries have also been involved in several skirmishes over control of the Siachen Glacier .   India claims the entire state of Jammu and Kashmir , and , , administers approximately 43 % of the region . It controls Jammu , the Kashmir Valley , Ladakh , and the Siachen Glacier . India 's claims are contested by Pakistan , which administers approximately 37 % of Jammu and Kashmir , namely Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan . China currently administers Demchok district , the Shaksgam Valley , and the Aksai Chin region . China 's claim over these territories has been disputed by India since China took Aksai Chin during the Sino-Indian War of 1962 .   The present conflict is in Kashmir Valley . The root of conflict between the Kashmiri insurgents and the Indian government is tied to a dispute over local autonomy and based on the demand for self-determination . Democratic development was limited in Kashmir until the late 1970s , and by 1988 , many of the democratic reforms introduced by the Indian Government had been reversed . Non-violent channels for expressing discontent were thereafter limited and caused a dramatic increase in support for insurgents advocating violent secession from India . In 1987 , a disputed state election created a catalyst for the insurgency when it resulted in some of the state 's legislative assembly members forming armed insurgent groups . In July 1988 a series of demonstrations , strikes and attacks on the Indian Government began the Kashmir Insurgency .   Although thousands of people have died as a result of the turmoil in Jammu and Kashmir , the conflict has become less deadly in recent years . Protest movements created to voice Kashmir 's disputes and grievances with the Indian government , specifically the Indian Military , have been active in Jammu and Kashmir since 1989 . Elections held in 2008 were generally regarded as fair by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and had a high voter turnout in spite of calls by separatist militants for a boycott . The election resulted in the creation of the pro-India Jammu and Kashmir National Conference , which then formed a government in the state . According to Voice of America , many analysts have interpreted the high voter turnout in this election as a sign that the people of Kashmir endorsed Indian rule in the state . But in 2010 unrest erupted after alleged fake encounter of local youth with security force . Thousands of youths pelted security forces with rocks , burned government offices and attacked railway stations and official vehicles in steadily intensifying violence . The Indian government blamed separatists and Lashkar-e-Taiba , a Pakistan-based militant group for stoking the 2010 protests .   Elections held in 2014 saw highest voters turnout in 26 years of history in Jammu and Kashmir . However , analysts explain that the high voter turnout in Kashmir is not an endorsement of Indian rule by the Kashmiri population , rather most people vote for daily issues such as food and electricity . An opinion poll conducted by the Chatham House international affairs think tank found that in the Kashmir valley -- the mainly Muslim area in Indian Kashmir at the centre of the insurgency -- support for independence varies between 74 % to 95 % in its various districts . Support for remaining with India was , however , extremely high in predominantly Hindu Jammu and Buddhist Ladakh .   Indian forces have committed many human rights abuses and acts of terror against Kashmiri civilian population including extrajudicial killing , rape , torture and enforced disappearances . Crimes by militants have also happened but are not comparable in scale with the crimes of Indian forces .  According to Amnesty International , as of June 2015 , no member of the Indian military deployed in Jammu and Kashmir has been tried for human rights violations in a civilian court , although there have been military court martials held . Amnesty International welcomed this move but cautioned that justice should be consistently delivered and prosecutions of security forces personnel be held in civilian courts . Amnesty International has also accused the Indian government of refusing to prosecute perpetrators of abuses in the region .   Kashmir 's accession to India was provisional , and conditional on a plebiscite , and for this reason had a different constitutional status to other Indian states . In October 2015 Jammu and Kashmir High Court said that article 370 is `` permanent '' and Jammu and Kashmir did not merge with India the way other princely states merged but retained special status and limited sovereignty under Indian constitution .   In 2016 ( 8 July 2016 -- present ) unrest erupted after killing of a Hizbul Mujahideen militant Burhan Wani by Indian security forces .

neg: Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation The Indo -- Soviet Treaty of Peace , Friendship and Cooperation was a treaty signed between India and the Soviet Union in August 1971 that specified mutual strategic cooperation . The treaty was a significant deviation from India 's previous position of non-alignment in the Cold War and in the prelude to the Bangladesh war , it was a key development in a situation of increasing Sino-American ties and American pressure . The treaty was later adopted to the Indo-Bangladesh Treaty of Friendship and cooperation in 1972 .

neg: Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord The Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord is a political agreement and peace treaty signed between the Bangladeshi Government and the Parbatya Chattagram Jana Sanghati Samiti ( United People 's Party of the Chittagong Hill Tracts ) , the political organisation that controlled the Shanti Bahini militia . The accord allowed for the recognition of the rights of the peoples and tribes of the Chittagong Hill Tracts region and ended the decades-long insurgency between the Shanti Bahini and government forces .

neg: 1949 in Afghanistan __ NOTOC __  See also : 1948 in Afghanistan , other events of 1949 , and 1950 in Afghanistan .   The cold war between Afghanistan and Pakistan continues . Political circles in Kabul and the Afghan government insist that Pakistan should constitute the North-West Frontier Province as an independent Pashtun republic , or at least allow the Pashtuns of the tribal areas on the Pakistan side of the Durand Line to opt for Kabul . The British government categorically refuses the Afghan request that it should intervene . The press and wireless of Kabul continue to pour out propaganda against Pakistan . The Pakistan government refrains from reprisals and trade between the two countries goes on as before ; in fact economic cooperation is offered . Afghanistan is in the grip of an economic crisis . The Persian lamb trade , a vital element in Afghan finance , is languishing ; Indian import duties paralyze the export of fruit .

neg: Treaty of Punakha The Treaty of Punakha was an agreement signed on 8 January 1910 , at Punakha Dzong between the recently consolidated Kingdom of Bhutan and British India . The Treaty of Punakha is not a stand-alone document , but represents a modification of the Treaty of Sinchula of 1865 , the prior working agreement between Bhutan and British India . As such , the Treaty of Punakha is an amendment whose text incorporates all other aspects of the Treaty of Sinchula by reference .   Under the Treaty of Punakha , Britain guaranteed Bhutan 's independence , granted Bhutanese Royal Government an increased stipend , and took control of Bhutanese foreign relations . Although this treaty began the practice of delegating Bhutanese foreign relations to another suzerain , the treaty also affirmed Bhutanese independence as one of the few Asian kingdoms never conquered by a regional or colonial power .

neg: South Asia South Asia or Southern Asia is a term used to represent the southern region of the Asian continent , which comprises the sub-Himalayan SAARC countries and , for some authorities , adjoining countries to the west and east . Topographically , it is dominated by the Indian Plate , which rises above sea level as Nepal and northern parts of India situated south of the Himalayas and the Hindu Kush . South Asia is bounded on the south by the Indian Ocean and on land ( clockwise , from west ) by West Asia , Central Asia , East Asia , and Southeast Asia .   The current territories of Afghanistan , Bangladesh , Bhutan , Maldives , Nepal , India , Pakistan , and Sri Lanka form the countries of South Asia . The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) is an economic cooperation organisation in the region which was established in 1985 and includes all eight nations comprising South Asia .   South Asia covers about 5.1 million km2 ( 1.9 million mi2 ) , which is 11.51 % of the Asian continent or 3.4 % of the world 's land surface area . The population of South Asia is about 1.749 billion or about one fourth of the world 's population , making it both the most populous and the most densely populated geographical region in the world . Overall , it accounts for about 39.49 % of Asia 's population ( or over 24 % of the world 's population ) and is home to a vast array of peoples .   In 2010 , South Asia had the world 's largest population of Hindus , Jains and Sikhs . There are 507 million Muslims as well as over 35 million Christians and 25 million Buddhists in South Asia .

neg: Separatist movements of India Secession in India typically refers to state secession , which is the withdrawal of one or more states from the Republic of India . Some have argued for secession as a natural right of revolution . Some state movements seek secession from India itself and the formation of a new nation from one or more states . Their underlying root causes are invariably to be found in political , socio-economic , or religious domains ; their nature and scope depending upon the nature of the grievances , motivations and demands of the people . In all , an estimated 30 armed insurgency movements are sweeping across India , reflecting an acute sense of alienation on the part of the people involved . Broadly , these can be divided into movements for political rights ( e.g. Assam , Kashmir and Khalistan -LSB- Punjab -RSB- ) , movements for social and economic justice ( e.g. Maoist -LSB- Naxalite -RSB- and north-eastern states ) , and religious grounds ( e.g. Laddakh ) . These causes overlap at times .   Many separatist movements exist with thousands of members , however , with moderate local support and high voter participation in the democratic elections . The Khalistan movement in Punjab was active in the 1980s and the 1990s , but is now largely subdued within India . Insurgency has occurred in North-East India , in the states of Tripura , Meghalaya , Mizoram , Manipur , Assam and Nagaland .   India has introduced several Armed Forces Special Powers Acts ( AFSPA ) to subdue separatist movements in certain parts of the country . The law was first enforced in Manipur and later enforced in other insurgency-ridden north-eastern states . It was extended to most parts of Indian-administered Kashmir in 1990 after the outbreak of an armed insurgency in 1989 . Each Act gives soldiers immunity in specified regions against prosecution unless the Indian government gives prior sanction for such prosecution . The government maintains that the AFSPA is necessary to restore order in regions like Kashmir and Manipur .

neg: Cinema of India The cinema of India consists of films produced across India . Cinema as a medium has gained immense popularity in the country and as many as 1,600 films in various languages of India are produced annually . Indian films have also come to be followed throughout South Asia , the Greater Middle East , Southeast Asia and other countries . Dadasaheb Phalke is known as the `` father of Indian cinema '' . The Dadasaheb Phalke Award , for lifetime contribution to cinema , was instituted in his honour , by the Government of India in 1969 , and is the most prestigious and coveted award in Indian cinema .   In the 20th century , Indian cinema , along with the Hollywood and Chinese film industries , became a global enterprise . As of 2013 , in terms of annual film output , India ranks first , followed by Nollywood , Hollywood and China . In 2012 , India produced 1,602 feature films . The Indian film industry reached overall revenues of $ 1.86 billion ( 93 billion ) in 2011 . This is projected to rise to $ 3 billion ( 200 billion ) in 2016 . In 2015 , India had a total box office gross of , the fourth largest in the world outside North America . Enhanced technology paved the way for upgrading from established cinematic norms of delivering product , altering the manner in which content reached the target audience . Biopics like Dangal and CGI-laden epics like Baahubali emerged as transnational blockbusters grossing over $ 200 million each in early 21st century . Indian cinema found markets in over 90 countries where films from India are screened . The Indian government extended film delegations to foreign countries such as the United States of America and Japan while the country 's Film Producers Guild sent similar missions through Europe .   The provision of 100 % foreign direct investment has made the Indian film market attractive for foreign enterprises such as 20th Century Fox , Sony Pictures , Walt Disney Pictures and Warner Bros. . Indian enterprises such as AVM Productions , Prasad 's Group , Sun Pictures , PVP Cinemas , Zee , UTV , Suresh Productions , Eros Films , Ayngaran International , Pyramid Saimira , Aascar Films and Adlabs also participated in producing and distributing films . Tax incentives to multiplexes have aided the multiplex boom in India . By 2003 as many as 30 film production companies had been listed in the National Stock Exchange of India , making the commercial presence of the medium felt .   The South Indian film industry defines the four film cultures of South India as a single entity . They are the Telugu , the Tamil , the Malayalam and the Kannada industries . Although developed independently over a long period , gross exchange of film performers and technicians as well as globalisation helped to shape this new identity .   The Indian diaspora consists of millions of Indians overseas for which films are made available both through media such as DVDs and by screening of films in their country of residence wherever commercially feasible . These earnings , accounting for some 12 % of the revenue generated by a mainstream film , contribute substantially to the overall revenue of Indian cinema , the net worth of which was found to be 1.3 billion in 2000 . Music in Indian cinema is another substantial revenue generator with the music rights alone accounting for 4 -- 5 % of the net revenues generated by a film in India .

neg: Asia and Pacific Rim Peace Conference The Asia and Pacific Rim Peace Conference was held in Beijing , China from October 2-12 , 1952 . Delegates from dozens of countries attended the conference , which including a number of speeches and opening remarks by Chinese communist leader Mao Zedong .   The gathering took place against the backdrop of the Korean War and the growing Cold War between the communist East and capitalist West . It coincided with the heyday of positive Sino-Soviet relations . Delegates , mainly affiliated with domestic communist parties , traveled to Beijing from Canada , the United States , Guatemala , Colombia , Pakistan , India and Indonesia . Resolutions were passed , including a signed declaration by the Pakistani and Indian delegates supporting a negotiated settlement to any differences and the resolution of the Kashmir question `` by the people of the Kashmir . ''

neg: Colonial Assam Colonial Assam ( 1826 -- 1947 ) refers to the period of History of Assam between the signing of the Treaty of Yandabo and Independence of India when Assam was under the British colonial rule . The political institutions and social relations that were established or severed during this period continue to have a direct effect on contemporary events . The legislature and political alignments that evolved by the end of the British rule continued in the post Independence period . The immigration of farmers from East Bengal and tea plantation workers from Central India continue to affect contemporary politics , most notably that which led to the Assam Movement and its aftermath .

neg: North India North India is a loosely defined region consisting of the northern part of India . The dominant geographical features of North India are the Indus-Gangetic Plain and the Himalayas , which demarcate the region from the Tibetan Plateau and Central Asia .   The term North India has varying definitions - the Ministry of Home Affairs in its Northern Zonal Council Administrative division included the states of Chandigarh , Delhi , Haryana , Himachal Pradesh , Jammu and Kashmir , Punjab and Rajasthan . while the Ministry of Culture in its North Culture Zone includes the state of Uttarakhand but excludes Delhi whereas the Geological Survey of India includes Uttar Pradesh and Delhi but excludes Rajasthan and Chandigarh . Other states sometimes included are Bihar , Gujarat , Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal .   North India has been the historical centre of the Mughal , Delhi Sultanate and British Indian Empires . It has a diverse culture , and includes the Hindu pilgrimage centres of Char Dham , Haridwar , Varanasi , Ayodhya , Mathura , Allahabad , Vaishno Devi and Pushkar , the Buddhist pilgrimage centres of Bodhgaya , Sarnath and Kushinagar , the Sikh Golden Temple as well as world heritage sites such as the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve , Khajuraho temples , Hill Forts of Rajasthan , Jantar Mantar ( Jaipur ) , Bhimbetka Caves , Sanchi monuments , Qutb Minar , Red Fort , Agra Fort , Fatehpur Sikri and the Taj Mahal .   The languages that have official status in one or more of the states and union territories located in North India are Hindi , Urdu , Punjabi , Kashmiri/Koshur , Dogri and English .

neg: Kalapani territory See Cellular Jail for the prison associated with the Indian freedom movement   Kalapani ( Hindi/Nepali : कालापानी ) is a disputed territory between India and Nepal administered however as part of Pithoragarh district in the Uttarakhand state of India . The origin of Mahakali River ( Sharda River in India ) it is situated on the Kailash Manasarovar route , at an altitude of 3600 meters . It is said that the Great Sage Vyasa meditated at this place , giving the region its name - Vyas Valley , locally called '' `` Byans Valley '' '' . A pool by the temple of the Goddess Kali is considered to by some to be the source of the Kali River . A verdant valley covered with Pine , Bhojpatra and Juniper trees , it offers stunning views of some of the lesser known peaks like Om Parvat in the Central Himalayas . Lipulekh Pass leading into Tibet is 17 kilometers from Kalapani .   Although claimed by Nepal as part of Darchula District , Kalapani is controlled by India 's Indo-Tibetan border security forces since the 1962 border war with China . Nepal claims that the river to the west of Kalapani is main Kali , hence it belongs to Nepal . But India claims that ridgeline to the east of Kalapani is the border , hence the Kalapani area belongs to India . The Kalapani area borders the Nepalese zone of Mahakali and the Indian state of Uttarakhand . The Sugauli Treaty signed by Nepal and British India in 1816 locates the Kali River as Nepal 's western boundary with India and makes no mention of ridgelines . Subsequent maps drawn by British surveyors show the source of the boundary river at different places . This discrepancy in locating the source of the river led to boundary disputes between India and Nepal , with each country producing maps supporting their own claims . The Kalapani River runs through an area that includes a disputed area of about 400 km ² around the source of the river although the exact size of the disputed area varies from source to source .

neg: Indira Col The Indira Col ( altitude 5,764 m ) is a col ( mountain pass , also called La in the local language ) on the Indira Ridge in the Siachen Muztagh in the Karakoram Range . It is within 3 km of Sia Kangri to the west , the summit of which is the tripoint where territories controlled by India , Pakistan and China meet .   The col is a saddle between the Siachen Glacier to the south and the Urdok Glacier to the north , on the watershed between the Indus River basin and the Tarim Basin . It is too steep to easily descend north from the col to the Urdok Glacier .   The term Indira Col has also been applied to another , higher col 2.4 km further east on the Indira Ridge at ( altitude 5,988 m ) , from which it is possible to descend to the north . This eastern col was named Indira Col in 1912 by Bullock Workman , after one of the names of the goddess Lakshmi .   Colonel Narendra `` Bull '' Kumar reached Indira Col ( the western col ) in 1981 . In 1998 Harish Kapadia reached the same col ; on his map and text he refers to it as the `` main Indira Col '' and `` Indira Col West '' , whereas he refers to the col 2.4 km to the east as `` Indira Col East ( Workman ) . ''   The Indira Col is 2 km east of the point ( about a km southeast of the peak of Sia Kangri ) where the Actual Ground Position Line between Indian and Pakistani forces meets the border with China . Territories on all sides are disputed . The land immediately to the south of the col is claimed by both Pakistan and India and is controlled by India . The land to the north of Indira Col is part of the Trans Karakoram Tract , controlled by China under a 1963 border agreement with Pakistan but claimed by India .


query: The Michelin Guide has given Tokyo by far the most Michelin stars of any city in the world.

pos: Tokyo Tokyo ( -LSB- toːkjoː -RSB- , -LSB- langˈtoʊki.oʊ -RSB- ) , officially Tokyo Metropolis , is the capital of Japan and one of its 47 prefectures . The Greater Tokyo Area is the most populous metropolitan area in the world . It is the seat of the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese government . Tokyo is in the Kantō region on the southeastern side of the main island Honshu and includes the Izu Islands and Ogasawara Islands . Formerly known as Edo , it has been the de facto seat of government since 1603 when Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu made the city his headquarters . It officially became the capital after Emperor Meiji moved his seat to the city from the old capital of Kyoto in 1868 ; at that time Edo was renamed Tokyo . Tokyo Metropolis was formed in 1943 from the merger of the former and the .   Tokyo is often referred to as a city , but is officially known and governed as a `` metropolitan prefecture '' , which differs from and combines elements of a city and a prefecture , a characteristic unique to Tokyo . The Tokyo metropolitan government administers the 23 Special Wards of Tokyo ( each governed as an individual city ) , which cover the area that was the City of Tokyo before it merged and became the metropolitan prefecture in 1943 . The metropolitan government also administers 39 municipalities in the western part of the prefecture and the two outlying island chains . The population of the special wards is over 9 million people , with the total population of the prefecture exceeding 13 million . The prefecture is part of the world 's most populous metropolitan area with upwards of 37.8 million people and the world 's largest urban agglomeration economy . The city hosts 51 of the Fortune Global 500 companies , the highest number of any city in the world . Tokyo ranked third in the International Financial Centres Development IndexEdit . The city is also home to various television networks such as Fuji TV , Tokyo MX , TV Tokyo , TV Asahi , Nippon Television , NHK and the Tokyo Broadcasting System .   Tokyo ranked first in the Global Economic Power Index and fourth in the Global Cities Index . The city is considered an alpha + world city -- as listed by the GaWC 's 2008 inventory -- and in 2014 , Tokyo was ranked first in the `` Best overall experience '' category of TripAdvisor '' 's World City Survey ( the city also ranked first in the following categories : `` helpfulness of locals '' , `` nightlife '' , `` shopping '' , `` local public transportation '' and `` cleanliness of streets '' ) . In 2015 , Tokyo was ranked as the 11th most expensive city for expatriates , according to the Mercer consulting firm , and also the world 's 11th most expensive city , according to the Economist Intelligence Unit 's cost-of-living survey . In 2015 , Tokyo was named the Most Liveable City in the world by the magazine Monocle '' . The Michelin Guide has awarded Tokyo by far the most Michelin stars of any city in the world .  Tokyo ranked first in the world in the Safe Cities Index . The 2016 edition of QS Best Student Cities ranked Tokyo as the 3rd-best city in the world to be a university student . Tokyo hosted the 1964 Summer Olympics , the 1979 G-7 summit , the 1986 G-7 summit , and the 1993 G-7 summit , and will host the 2020 Summer Olympics and the 2020 Summer Paralympics .

neg: Palace Hotel, Tokyo Palace Hotel Tokyo is a luxury hotel located in the Marunouchi business district of Tokyo , Japan . The hotel has 290 guestrooms and facilities , including 10 restaurants and bars , a spa , a fitness center , swimming pool and a business center .

neg: Tokyo Dome City , referred to as Big Egg City before January 1 , 2000 , is an entertainment complex in Bunkyo , Tokyo , Japan .   It includes the world 's largest roofed baseball stadium known as Tokyo Dome ( nicknamed `` Big Egg '' ) , an amusement park known as Tokyo Dome City Attractions ( formerly Kōrakuen Yūenchi ) , and Korakuen Hall . In May 2003 , a spa resort known as LaQua opened for business near Tokyo Dome City Attractions . It also hosts character shows for Toei Company 's Toei Superheroes , including the Kamen Rider and Super Sentai series .   The Tokyo Dome City contains the Tokyo Dome Hotel , a 43-story hotel that is easily visible from the street and from the Tokyo Subway Suidobashi Station , which is only two blocks away .

neg: City-state A city-state is a sovereign state that consists of a city and its dependent territories . Historically , this included cities such as Rome , Athens , Carthage , and the Italian city-states during the Renaissance -- but today only a handful of sovereign city-states exist , with some disagreement as to which are city-states . A great deal of consensus exists that the term properly applies to Singapore , Monaco , and Vatican City .   A number of other small states share similar characteristics , and therefore are sometimes also cited as modern city-states . Namely , Qatar , Brunei , Kuwait , Bahrain , and Malta , which each have an urban center comprising a significant proportion of the population , though , all have several distinct settlements and a designated or de facto capital city . Occasionally , other small states with high population densities , such as San Marino , are also cited , despite lacking a large urban centre characteristic of traditional city-states .   Several non-sovereign cities enjoy a high degree of autonomy , and are sometimes considered city-states . Hong Kong and Macau , along with independent members of the United Arab Emirates , most notably Dubai and Abu Dhabi , are often cited as such .

neg: Kinema Junpo , commonly called , is Japan 's oldest film magazine and began publication in July 1919 . It was first published three times a month , using the Japanese Jun system of dividing months into three parts , but the postwar Kinema Junpō has been published twice a month .   The magazine was founded by a group of four students , including Saburō Tanaka , at the Tokyo Institute of Technology ( Tokyo Technical High School at the time ) . In that first month , it was published three times on days with a `` 1 '' in them . These first three issues were printed on art paper and had four pages each . Kinejun initially specialized in covering foreign films , in part because its writers sided with the principles of the Pure Film Movement and strongly criticized Japanese cinema . It later expanded coverage to films released in Japan . While long emphasizing film criticism , it has also served as a trade journal , reporting on the film industry in Japan and announcing new films and trends .   After their building was destroyed in the Great Kantō earthquake in September 1923 , the Kinejun offices were moved to the city of Ashiya in the Hanshin area of Japan , though the main offices are now back in Tokyo .   The Kinema Junpo awards began in 1926 , and their 10 best list is considered iconic and prestigious .

neg: Tokyo Global Concert is a music event aimed at the promotion of arts and culture and international development held in Tokyo , Japan inviting renowned opera singers from both Japan and overseas .   It has been organized by the International Foundation for Arts and Culture ( IFAC ) , a not-for-profit organization with Haruhisa Handa as its chairman , created as an opportunity for the purpose of enjoying classical music free of charge under the concept for a wish for more people to enjoy and love classical music .

neg: World championship A world championship is generally an international sports competition open to elite competitors from across the world , representing their nations , and winning such an event will be considered the highest or near highest achievement in the sport or contest .   The title is usually awarded through a combination of specific contests or , less commonly , ranking systems ( e.g. the ICC Test Championship ) , or a combination of the two ( e.g. World Triathlon Championships in Triathlon ) . This determines a ` world champion ' , who or which is commonly considered the best nation , team , individual ( or other entity ) in the world in a particular field , although the vagaries of sport ensure that the competitor recognised at the best in an event is not always the ` world champion ' ( see Underdog ) .   Certain sports do not have a world championship . Instead , they may organise a world cup competition , or they may organize both , for example cycling ( UCI World Championships and UCI World Cups ) ) . Often , the use of the term cup or championship in this sense is just a choice of words . Some sports have multiple champions because of multiple organizations , such as boxing , mixed martial arts and wrestling .   Certain sports do not have a world championship or a world cup as such , but may have one or several world champions . Professional boxing , for example , has several world champions at different weights , but each one of them is decided by a `` title fight '' , not a tournament .   A certain number of sports hold world championships or world cups which are overshadowed , in terms of prestige , by the same events in the Olympic Games , the most prestigious multi-sports event .   Still other sports may or may not have a true world championship but may designate the winners of a domestic competition to be `` world champions . '' This is especially true of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada ; world cups and championships exist in all of the major sports , but the domestic U.S. and Canadian leagues are generally recognized as the world professional championships or the equivalent of a world club championship . ( In American football , although an IFAF World Championship exists , the United States is so far above and beyond the other nations it faces that the winner of the U.S.-based Super Bowl , a competition limited to the 32 teams in the National Football League , is commonly recognized as the world champion . )   Finally , certain professional sports do not have a world championship or world cup , but rather hold a series of events recognised as the elite level in their field ( e.g. tennis has a series of four Grand Slam events recognised as the pinnacle of the game , in addition to key team events , world tour finals and the Olympic Games , but no world championship or world cup ) .

neg: Ōkura Bakufu ( also called is the name given in Japan to the first government of the shogun Minamoto no Yoritomo . The name is that of the location in Kamakura , Kanagawa Prefecture , where Yoritomo 's palace used to stand . Ōkura is defined as the area between the Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gū , Asaina Pass , the Namerigawa ( Nameri River ) and the Zen temple of Zuisen-ji . Yoritomo 's palace complex extended approximately from the Mutsuura Kaidō to the site of his tomb , and from the Nishi Mikado River ( or Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gū ) to the Higashi Mikado River ( about 800 meters by 600 meters ) . A black stone stele marks the center of the area where Yoritomo 's government offices used to stand and carries the following words :   820 years ago , in 1180 , Minamoto no Yoritomo built his mansion here . Having consolidated his power , he ruled from this mansion , and his government was therefore called the Ōkura Bakufu . He was succeeded by his sons Yoriie and Sanetomo , and this place remained the seat of the government for 46 years until 1225 , when his wife Hōjō Masako died . It was then transferred to .  Erected in March 1917 by the Kamakura-machi Seinendan -LSB- Young People 's Association -RSB-   In 1213 , when Wada Yoshimori rebelled against the Hōjō regents in the so-called Wada Kassen , his son Asahina Yoshihide stormed into the Ōkura Bakufu and burnrf it to the ground . It was later rebuilt .   Many powerful Gokenin had their mansions in Ōkura , which was therefore one of the most important parts of medieval Kamakura . The palace gave rise to the names of at least two other Kamakura neighborhoods , Nishi Mikado and Higashi Mikado , which mean respectively `` Western Gate '' and `` East Gate '' . The area now called used to be called Higashi Mikado , and the name is still sometimes used . Kita Mikado still exists as well , but does not constitute a chō .

neg: Music of Japan The music of Japan includes a wide array of performers in distinct styles both traditional and modern . The word for music in Japanese is 音楽 ( ongaku ) , combining the kanji 音 `` on '' ( sound ) with the kanji 楽 `` gaku '' ( enjoy ) . Japan is the largest physical music market in the world , with US$ 2 billion in 2014 and the second largest overall music market , with a total retail value of 2.6 billion dollars in 2014dominated by Japanese artists , with 37 of the top 50 best selling albums and 49 of the top 50 best selling singles in 2014 .   Local music often appears at karaoke venues , which is on lease from the record labels . Traditional Japanese music is quite different from Western music as it is often based on the intervals of human breathing rather than mathematical timing .

neg: List of tallest buildings in the British Empire and the British Commonwealth The title of tallest building in the British Empire ( later in the Commonwealth ) has been contested since the late nineteenth century . In this era the nations of the British Empire possessed a large measure of cultural unity and naturally looked to each other for comparison and competition . This was evident in the displays at Queen Victoria 's silver and diamond jubilees and in the creation of the British Empire Games in 1930 ( later the Commonwealth Games ) . A similar phenomenon occurred in the world of architecture and civics . Local boosters in cities and regions across the Empire covered the title of `` greatest '' , `` biggest '' , `` largest '' or `` best '' in the Empire .   This boosterism was concentrated in Canada where desire to claim the title spurned a race between cities and builders between 1905 and 1931 .   In general the boosters focused on commercial buildings , as claiming the title was part of marketing the building to potential renters ( and the city to the wider world ) . They conveniently ignored much taller non-commercial buildings such as St Paul 's Cathedral which stands 111 m and was consecrated in 1708 , or Victoria Tower in the Palace of Westminster which was built in 1855 and measures 98.5 m . The Commonwealth of Nations slowly evolved out of the British Empire over decades , but the 1931 Statute of Westminster is often used as a dividing point . During the twentieth century the title was held primarily by Canadian buildings . Since the 1990s , however Asian buildings have held the title .   Height restrictions have much to do with this list . Until the 1960s , London , the capital of the Empire , had especially strict height maxima to preserve the views of historic structures . Until the late 1920 Montreal limited all buildings to a maximum of 10 stories , and it still limits buildings to less than the sea-level elevation of Mont Royal . Since 1989 Vancouver restricted buildings from blocking the North Shore Mountains , creating a practical upper limit of around 137 meters , until 1997 when seven sites were pre-selected for taller buildings as exceptions to the rule . Singapore limits all buildings to below 280 meters because of the proximity of Singapore Changi Airport .   The International Commerce Centre in Hong Kong is not included because it was built after Hong Kong left the Commonwealth .   The list also excludes Toronto 's CN Tower as there is debate as to whether it is technically a building , or just a structure .

neg: Extreme tourism Extreme tourism ( also often referred to as shock tourism , although both concepts do not appear strictly similar ) is a niche in the tourism industry involving travel to dangerous places ( mountains , jungles , deserts , caves , canyons , etc. ) or participation in dangerous events . Extreme tourism overlaps with extreme sport . The two share the main attraction , `` adrenaline rush '' caused by an element of risk , and differing mostly in the degree of engagement and professionalism .   While traditional tourism requires significant investments in hotels , roads , etc. , extreme tourism requires much less to jump-start a business . In addition to traditional travel-based tourism destinations , various exotic attractions are suggested , such as flyovers in MiGs at Mach 2.5 , ice diving in the White Sea , or travelling across the Chernobyl zone .   Some of the Extreme tourism famous attractions in the world :  Chernobyl Tours -- Ukraine .  Swimming in the Devil 's Pool in Victoria Falls -- Zambia and Zimbabwe .  Walking the Plank at Mount Hua -- China .  Death Road Tour -- Bolivia .  Green Zone -- Baghdad , Iraq .  Sac Actun tours - Riviera Maya , Mexico  Cave of Swallows - Mexico

neg: Onsen An onsen is a Japanese hot spring and the bathing facilities and inns frequently situated around them . As a volcanically active country , Japan has thousands of onsens scattered throughout all of its major islands . Onsens were traditionally used as public bathing places and today play a central role in Japanese domestic tourism .   Onsens come in many types and shapes , including and indoor baths . Baths may be either publicly run by a municipality or , often as part of a hotel , ryokan , or .   Onsens are a central feature of Japanese tourism , typically found in the countryside , but there are also a number of popular establishments found in major cities . They are a major tourist attraction drawing Japanese couples , families , or company groups who want to get away from the hectic life of the city to relax . Japanese often talk of the virtues of for breaking down barriers and getting to know people in the relaxed atmosphere of a ryokan with an attached onsen . Japanese television channels often feature special programs about local onsens .   The presence of an onsen is often indicated on signs and maps by the symbol ♨ or the kanji ( yu , meaning `` hot water '' ) . Sometimes the simpler hiragana character ゆ ( yu ) , understandable to younger children , is used .   Traditionally , onsens were located outdoors , although a large number of inns have now built indoor bathing facilities as well . Onsens by definition use naturally hot water from geothermally heated springs . Onsens are different from sentō , indoor public bath houses where the baths are filled with heated tap water .   The legal definition of an onsen includes the requirement that its water must contain at least one of 19 designated chemical elements , including such minerals as iron , sulfur , and metabolic acid , and have an average temperature of 25 C or warmer at the point of release . Stratifications exist for waters of different temperatures . Major onsen resort hotels often feature a wide variety of themed spa baths and artificial waterfalls in the bathing area .   Onsen water is believed to have healing powers derived from its mineral content . A particular onsen may feature several different baths , each with water of a different mineral composition . The outdoor bath tubs are often made from Japanese cypress , marble , or granite , while indoor tubs may be made from tile , acrylic glass , or stainless steel . Particular onsens may also promote the special mineral composition of their waters , together with the healing properties these may have . Other services , such as massages , may also be offered .

neg: Bunkyō is a special ward located in Tokyo , Japan . Situated in the middle of the ward area , Bunkyō is a residential and educational center . Beginning in the Meiji period , literati like Natsume Sōseki , as well as scholars and politicians have lived there . Bunkyō is home to the Tokyo Dome , judo 's Kodokan , and the University of Tokyo ( Hongo Campus ) . The English translation of its Japanese self-designation is Bunkyō City .  Bunkyō has a sister-city relationship with Kaiserslautern in the Rhineland-Palatinate of Germany .   As of May 1 , 2015 , the ward has a population of 217,743 ( including about 6,500 foreign residents ) and a population density of 19,290 persons per km ² . The total area is 11.29 km ² .   The ward was founded on March 15 , 1947 .

neg: Tokyo City was a municipality in Japan and part of Tokyo-fu which existed from 1 May 1889 until its merger with its prefecture on 1 July 1943 . The historical boundaries of Tokyo City are now occupied by the 23 Special Wards of Tokyo . The new merged government became what is now Tokyo , also known as the Tokyo Metropolis , or , ambiguously , Tokyo Prefecture .

neg: Vienna Vienna ( -LSB- viˈɛnə -RSB- Wien , -LSB- viːn -RSB- ) is the capital and largest city of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria . Vienna is Austria 's primary city , with a population of about 1.8 million ( 2.6 million within the metropolitan area , nearly one third of Austria 's population ) , and its cultural , economic , and political centre . It is the 7th-largest city by population within city limits in the European Union . Until the beginning of the 20th century , it was the largest German-speaking city in the world , and before the splitting of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in World War I , the city had 2 million inhabitants . Today , it has the second largest number of German speakers after Berlin . Vienna is host to many major international organizations , including the United Nations and OPEC . The city is located in the eastern part of Austria and is close to the borders of the Czech Republic , Slovakia , and Hungary . These regions work together in a European Centrope border region . Along with nearby Bratislava , Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3 million inhabitants . In 2001 , the city centre was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site .   Apart from being regarded as the City of Music because of its musical legacy , Vienna is also said to be `` The City of Dreams '' because it was home to the world 's first psycho-analyst -- Sigmund Freud . The city 's roots lie in early Celtic and Roman settlements that transformed into a Medieval and Baroque city , and then the capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire . It is well known for having played an essential role as a leading European music centre , from the great age of Viennese Classicism through the early part of the 20th century . The historic centre of Vienna is rich in architectural ensembles , including Baroque castles and gardens , and the late-19th-century Ringstraße lined with grand buildings , monuments and parks .   Vienna is known for its high quality of life . In a 2005 study of 127 world cities , the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked the city first ( in a tie with Vancouver , Canada and San Francisco , USA ) for the world 's most liveable cities . Between 2011 and 2015 , Vienna was ranked second , behind Melbourne , Australia .  For eight consecutive years ( 2009 -- 2016 ) , the human-resource-consulting firm Mercer ranked Vienna first in its annual `` Quality of Living '' survey of hundreds of cities around the world , a title the city still held in 2016 . Monocle 's 2015 `` Quality of Life Survey '' ranked Vienna second on a list of the top 25 cities in the world `` to make a base within . ''   The UN-Habitat has classified Vienna as being the most prosperous city in the world in 2012/2013 .  The city was ranked 1st globally for its culture of innovation in 2007 and 2008 , and sixth globally ( out of 256 cities ) in the 2014 Innovation Cities Index , which analyzed 162 indicators in covering three areas : culture , infrastructure , and markets . Vienna regularly hosts urban planning conferences and is often used as a case study by urban planners .   Between 2005 and 2010 , Vienna was the world 's number-one destination for international congresses and conventions . It attracts over 6.8 million tourists a year .

neg: Tokyo Diner Tokyo Diner is a three-floor Japanese restaurant on the corner of Newport Place and Lisle Street in the `` Chinatown '' area of the West End of London . The company was formed in January 1990 by Richard Hills , and the restaurant opened to the public in December 1992 .

neg: Architectural forgery in Japan In Japan , structural engineers designing structures exceeding a certain floor area or number of storeys must submit drawings and calculations to the authorities , demonstrating that the building is safe ( e.g. earthquake-resistant , etc. ) `` Structural Calculation Forgery Problem '' ( 構造計算書偽造問題 , kōzō keisansho gizō mondai ) refers to a series of incidents , set off by the Ministry of Land , Infrastructure and Transport 's November 17 , 2005 , announcement that structural engineer Hidetsugu Aneha of Aneha Architectural Design Office in Chiba Prefecture had falsified earthquake design calculations . A number of Japanese construction and real estate companies have had to declare bankruptcy due to their involvement in the affair , including Kimura Construction and Huser . Note that Aneha is frequently referred to as an architect , as Japan has a unique licensing system where structural engineers designing buildings are registered as first-class architects .   It is suggested that one of the causes for the problem was that the ( privately owned ) oversight agencies responsible for confirming compliance to Japanese safety standards did not detect the forgery . Prior to 1999 , oversight was managed solely by regional governments , however , a change made to Japanese law that year allowed private organizations to conduct investigations as well . It was said that these private organizations , such as `` EHomes '' and `` Nihon ERI '' did not adequately function in their oversight roles , however , it was later revealed that government oversight agencies had also failed to detect some instances of forgery .   Of 14 hotels that had already been built under false pretenses when the problem first came to light , two of them were shown to fail Japan 's earthquake resistance standards . Because the concrete had insufficient reinforcing steel , there was a fear that an earthquake of magnitude 5 on the Japanese Shindo scale could cause the buildings to collapse . None of the buildings in question have yet collapsed , but the safety of high-rise buildings in earthquake-prone Japan has been called into question , particularly in the light of the 1995 Sampoong Department Store collapse in Korea .   Residents of the areas around the affected buildings live in a constant state of unease , not knowing if or when the buildings will collapse . Some hotels , unable to guarantee the safety of their customers , have ceased operations .   As the architect concerned in the matter has participated in the construction of a large number of buildings , the full extent of the problem is still unknown . In Japan , the incident was first publicized by bloggers .   Hidetsugu Aneha , Moriyoshi Kimura , Akira Shinozuka and Togo Fujita etc. were arrested on April 26 , 2006 , and Huser 's president Susumu Ojima was arrested on May 17 of the same year .

neg: Tokyo Christian University is a private university in Inzai , Chiba , Japan , offering an undergraduate liberal arts degree in both Japanese and English .   The English-degree program is administered under the `` Asian Christian Theological Studies Program for English Speakers '' ( ACTS-ES ) , which integrates the liberal arts with Bible studies and theology , academic preparation with practical experience , the English language with Japanese studies , and the world 's cultures with Japan and Asia . All courses are offered in English , though two years of Japanese language study is required , and advanced students have the option of doing some coursework entirely in Japanese together with Japanese undergraduates . Students who meet advanced requirements may obtain a minor in Japanese Studies . International students and Japanese students are not segregated , as often happens at Japanese universities , but live together in on-campus dorms .   TCU 's history spans 125 years of Japan 's 140-year Protestant history . The university emerged from a merger of three Christian schools . The oldest , founded in 1881 in Yokohama , focused on women 's education at a time when Japan offered women few opportunities for higher education . In 1949 Tokyo Christian Theological Seminary came into existence , and 1950 saw the establishment of the Japan Domei Institute . The Domei Institute later offered both a three - and a four-year course , achieving accreditation as a junior college . These three schools merged in 1979 , with the goal of upgrading the junior college into a university while maintaining the seminary as a distinct graduate program with its own identity .   In 1989 , the merged school moved to its present location in Chiba New Town , a part of the greater Tokyo metropolitan area . Having achieved the approval of the Japanese Ministry of Education , the transition from the junior college to the university took place between 1990 and 1993 . The university admitted its first group of students in 1990 , when the junior college graduated its final class . In 1993 , the university gained full recognition from the Japanese Ministry of Education , and it continues in this status until today .

neg: Holy See–Japan relations The relations between the Holy See and Japan were informally established in 1919 , when the Japanese government accepted a request by the Holy See to send an apostolic delegate to their country . It was not until 1942 that Japan began full diplomatic relations between the two states , making Japan the first Asian country to do so , and not until 1958 that the Japanese mission to the Vatican in Rome was upgraded to an embassy . The decision was made by Emperor Hirohito during World War II , hoping that the Vatican could serve as a mediator for negotiations between Japan and the Allies .   Their history goes back further than that , however , dating back to the arrival of Francis Xavier on Kyushu island in 1549 as a missionary . A delegation of four young Japanese envoys traveled with him back to Europe and paid a visit to several European leaders , including Pope Gregory XIII . They were greeted with celebration and brought Japan to the Vatican 's attention . The expansion of Christianity in Japan continued for several decades until it was banned in the early 17th century , which remained in place until being lifted by Emperor Meiji in 1873 as part of his reforms . Nonetheless , the number of Catholics in Japan has always remained small , making up less than .5 % of the population .   Today , the Holy See and Japan are engaged in close cultural cooperation . The former maintains an apostolic nunciature ( diplomatic mission ) in Tokyo , while the latter has an embassy accredited to the Vatican in Rome .

neg: List of National Treasures of Japan (archaeological materials) The term `` National Treasure '' has been used in Japan to denote cultural properties since 1897 .  The definition and the criteria have changed since the introduction of the term . These archaeological materials adhere to the current definition , and have been designated national treasures since the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties came into effect on June 9 , 1951 . The items are selected by the Ministry of Education , Culture , Sports , Science and Technology based on their `` especially high historical or artistic value '' . The list presents 46 materials or sets of materials from ancient to feudal Japan , spanning a period from about 4,500 BC to 1361 AD . The actual number of items is more than 46 because groups of related objects have been combined into single entries . Most of the items have been excavated from tombs , kofun , sutra mounds or other archaeological sites . The materials are  housed in museums ( 28 ) , temples ( 9 ) , shrines ( 8 ) and a university ( 1 ) in 25 cities of Japan . The Tokyo National Museum houses the greatest number of archaeological national treasures , with 6 of the 46 .   The Japanese Paleolithic marks the beginning of human habitation in Japan . It is generally accepted that human settlement did not occur before 38,000 BC , although some sources suggest the date to be as early as 50,000 BC . Archaeological artifacts from the paleolithic era consist of stone tools of various types , indicative of a hunter-gatherer society . From about 14,000 to 8,000 BC , the society gradually transformed to one characterized by the creation of pottery used for storage , cooking , bone burial and possibly ceremonial purposes . People continued to subsist on hunting , fishing and gathering , but evidence points to a gradual decrease in the nomadic lifestyle . Potsherds of unornamented pottery from the oldest archaeological sites constitute some of the world 's oldest pottery . These are followed by linear-relief , punctated and nail-impressed pottery types . The first cord-marked pottery dates to 8,000 BC . Cord-marked pottery required a technique of pressing twisted cords into the clay , or by rolling cord-wrapped sticks across the clay . The Japanese definition for the period of prehistory characterized by the use of pottery is and refers to the entire period ( c. 10,500 to 300 BC ) . Pottery techniques reached their apogee during the Middle Jōmon period with the emergence of fire-flame pottery created by sculpting and carving coils of clay applied to vessel rims , resulting in a rugged appearance . A set of 57 items of fire-flame pottery , dating to around 4,500 BC , has been designated as the oldest National Treasure . Archaeologists consider that such pottery may have had a symbolic meaning or was used ceremonially . Dogū -- small clay figurines depicting humans and animals -- can be dated to the earliest Jōmon period but their prevalence increased dramatically in the middle Jōmon . Many of these depict women with exaggerated breasts and enlarged buttocks , considered to be a fertility symbol . Five dogū from 3000 to 1000 BC have been designated as National Treasures .   The ensuing Yayoi period is characterized by great technological advances such as wet-rice agriculture or bronze and iron casting , which were introduced from the mainland . Iron knives and axes , followed by bronze swords , spears and mirrors , were brought to Japan from Korea and China . Later all of these were produced locally . The primary artistic artifacts , with the exception of Yayoi pottery , are bronze weapons , such as swords , halberds and dōtaku , ritual bells . The bells were often discovered in groups on a hillside buried with the weapons . They are 0.2 to tall and often decorated with geometric designs such as horizontal bands , flowing water patterns or spirals . A few bells feature the earliest Japanese depiction of people and animals . In addition ornamental jewels were found . The weapons that have been excavated are flat and thin , suggesting a symbolic use . Due to rusting , few iron objects have survived from this period . Burial mounds in square , and later round , enclosures were common in the Yayoi period . The starting date of the Kofun period ( c. 250 -- 300 AD ) is defined by the appearance of large-scale keyhole-shaped kofun mound tombs , thought to mark imperial burials . Typical burial goods include mirrors , beads , Sue ware , weapons and later horse gear . One of the most well-known tombs , whose content of warrior-related items has been designated as National Treasure , is the late 6th century Fujinoki Tomb . Mirrors , swords and curved jewels , which constitute the Imperial Regalia of Japan , appear as early as the middle Yayoi period , and are abundant in Kofun period tombs . Characteristic of most kofun are haniwa clay terra cotta figures whose origin and purpose is unknown . A haniwa of an armoured man has been designated as National Treasure ; and a 1st-century gold seal , designated a National Treasure , shows one of the earliest mentions of Japan or Wa .   Buddhism arrived in Japan in the mid -- 6th century Asuka period , and was officially adopted in the wake of the Battle of Shigisan in 587 , after which Buddhist temples began to be constructed . The new religion and customs fundamentally transformed Japanese society and the arts . Funerary traditions such as cremation and the practice of placing epitaphs in graves were imported from China and Korea . Following the treatment of Buddhist relics , the cremated remains in a glass container were wrapped in a cloth and placed in an outer container . Epitaphs , which recorded the lives of the deceased on silver or bronze rectangular strips , were particularly popular from the latter half of the 7th to the end of the 8th century ( late Asuka and Nara period ) . Four epitaphs and a number of cinerary urns and reliquaries containing bones have been designated as National Treasures . Other archaeological National Treasures from the Buddhist era include ritual items buried in the temple foundations of the Golden Halls of Tōdai-ji and Kōfuku-ji in Nara . According to an ancient Buddhist prophecy , the world would enter a dark period in 1051 ; consequently in the late Heian period the belief in the saving powers of Maitreya or Miroku , the Buddha to be , became widespread . Believers buried scriptures and images to gain merit and to prepare for the coming Buddha . This practice , which continued into the Kamakura period , required the transcription of sutras according to strict ritual protocols , their placement in protective reliquary containers and burial in the earth of sacred mountains , shrines or temples to await the future Buddha . The oldest known sutra mound is that of Fujiwara no Michinaga from 1007 on Mount Kinpu , who buried one lotus sutra and five other sutras that he had written in 998 . Its sutra container has been designated as National Treasure .

neg: List of people by number of countries visited This is a list of people by number of countries and territories visited .   There are a number of people claiming to have visited every country in the world , though there is great debate as to how many countries there are in the world . The most commonly agreed base number is the number of United Nations member states , of which there are 193 . According to the United Nations , `` The recognition of a new State or Government is an act that only other States and Governments may grant or withhold . '' As a result , the membership of some countries to the United Nations is blocked by one or more other members , such as Taiwan and Kosovo , and there are also two observer states , the Holy See and the State of Palestine . Additionally , there are various dependencies and territories that maintain autonomy , their own government , immigration , and/or print their own currency , and can be widely held as de facto countries by travellers . ISO 3166 is maintained by ISO as an updated list of the aforementioned derived from United Nations sources ( Terminology Bulletin Country Names and the Country and Region Codes for Statistical Use maintained by the United Nations Statistics Divisions ) , and lists 249 countries . The Travelers ' Century Club , whose membership is limited to those travellers who have visited one hundred or more territories of the world , maintains its own official list of countries and territories , a total of 325 as of 1 January 2016 , which includes geographically separated areas , such as Hawaii and other areas of cultural interest . This list of people by countries visited does not prescribe one list as correct ; rather , it lists the number of countries visited from any of these competing lists . The Best Travelled is also considered a reference for the 1281 world regions and well travelled people , and hold a verification process to check on traveller 's claims . Their UN Master List regroups all those travellers .