query: Tardigrades are segmented micro-animals.

pos: Tardigrade Tardigrades ( -LSB- ˈtɑrdᵻˌgreɪd -RSB- also known as water bears , space bears , or moss piglets ) are water-dwelling , eight-legged , segmented micro-animals . They were first discovered by the German zoologist Johann August Ephraim Goeze in 1773 . The name Tardigrada ( meaning `` slow stepper '' ) was given three years later by the Italian biologist Lazzaro Spallanzani . They have been found everywhere from mountaintops to the deep sea , mud volcanoes , and from tropical rain forests to the Antarctic .   Tardigrades are one of the most resilient animals known : they can survive extreme conditions that would be rapidly fatal to nearly all other known life forms . They can withstand temperature ranges from 1 K ( close to absolute zero ) to about 420 K for several minutes , pressures about six times greater than those found in the deepest ocean trenches , ionizing radiation at doses hundreds of times higher than the lethal dose for a human , and the vacuum of outer space . They can go without food or water for more than 30 years , drying out to the point where they are 3 % or less water , only to rehydrate , forage , and reproduce . Tardigrades living in harsh conditions undergo an annual process of cyclomorphosis .   They are not considered extremophilic because they are not adapted to exploit these conditions . This means that their chances of dying increase the longer they are exposed to the extreme environments , whereas true extremophiles thrive in a physically or geochemically extreme environment that would harm most other organisms .   Usually , tardigrades are about 0.5 mm long when they are fully grown . They are short and plump with four pairs of legs , each with four to eight claws also known as `` disks '' . The first three pairs of legs are directed ventrolaterally and are the primary means of locomotion , while the fourth pair is directed posteriorly on the terminal segment of the trunk and is used primarily for grasping the substrate . Tardigrades are prevalent in mosses and lichens and feed on plant cells , algae , and small invertebrates . When collected , they may be viewed under a very low-power microscope , making them accessible to students and amateur scientists .   Tardigrades form the phylum Tardigrada , part of the superphylum Ecdysozoa . It is an ancient group , with fossils dating from 530 million years ago , in the Cambrian period . About 1,150 species of tardigrades have been described . Tardigrades can be found throughout the world , from the Himalayas ( above 6000 m ) , to the deep sea ( below 4000 m ) and from the polar regions to the equator .

neg: Gastropoda The Gastropoda or gastropods , more commonly known as snails and slugs , are a large taxonomic class within the phylum Mollusca . The class Gastropoda includes snails and slugs of all kinds and all sizes from microscopic to large . There are many thousands of species of sea snails and sea slugs , as well as freshwater snails , freshwater limpets , land snails and land slugs .   The class Gastropoda contains a vast total of named species , second only to the insects in overall number . The fossil history of this class goes back to the Late Cambrian . There are 611 families of gastropods known , of which 202 are extinct and appear only in the fossil record .   Gastropoda ( previously known as univalves and sometimes spelled `` Gasteropoda '' ) are a major part of the phylum Mollusca , and are the most highly diversified class in the phylum , with 65,000 to 80,000 living snail and slug species . The anatomy , behavior , feeding , and reproductive adaptations of gastropods vary significantly from one clade or group to another . Therefore , it is difficult to state many generalities for all gastropods .   The class Gastropoda has an extraordinary diversification of habitats . Representatives live in gardens , woodland , deserts , and on mountains ; in small ditches , great rivers and lakes ; in estuaries , mudflats , the rocky intertidal , the sandy subtidal , in the abyssal depths of the oceans including the hydrothermal vents , and numerous other ecological niches , including parasitic ones .   Although the name `` snail '' can be , and often is , applied to all the members of this class , commonly this word means only those species with an external shell big enough that the soft parts can withdraw completely into it . Those gastropods without a shell , and those with only a very reduced or internal shell , are usually known as slugs ; those with a shell into which they can not withdraw are termed limpets .   The marine shelled species of gastropod include edible species such as abalone , conches , periwinkles , whelks , and numerous other sea snails that produce seashells that are coiled in the adult stage -- though in some , the coiling may not be very visible , for example in cowries . In a number of families of species , such as all the various limpets , the shell is coiled only in the larval stage , and is a simple conical structure after that .

neg: Formicinae The Formicinae are a subfamily within the Formicidae containing ants of moderate evolutionary development .   Formicines retain some primitive features , such as the presence of cocoons around pupae , the presence of ocelli in workers , and little tendency toward reduction of palp or antennal segmentation in most species , except subterranean groups . Extreme modification of mandibles is rare , except in the genera Myrmoteras and Polyergus . However , some members show considerable evolutionary advancement in behaviors such as slave-making and symbiosis with root-feeding hemipterans . Finally , all formicines have very reduced stings and enlarged venom reservoirs , with the venom gland , specialized ( uniquely among ants ) for the production of formic acid .   All members of the Formicinae `` have a one-segmented petiole in the form of a vertical scale '' .

neg: Cestoda Cestoda ( Cestoidea ) is a class of parasitic flatworms of the phylum Platyhelminthes . Biologists informally refer to them as cestodes . The best-known species are commonly called tapeworms . All cestodes are parasitic and their life histories vary , but typically they live in the digestive tracts of vertebrates as adults , and often in the bodies of other species of animals as juveniles . Over a thousand species have been described , and all vertebrate species may be parasitised by at least one species of tapeworm .   Humans are subject to infection by several species of tapeworms if they eat undercooked meat such as pork ( Taenia solium ) , beef ( T. saginata ) , and fish ( Diphyllobothrium spp . ) , or if they live in , or eat food prepared in , conditions of poor hygiene ( Hymenolepis or Echinococcus species ) .   T. saginata , the beef tapeworm , can grow up to 20 m ( 65 ft ) ; the largest species , the whale tapeworm Polygonoporus giganticus , can grow to over 30 m ( 100 ft ) . Species using small vertebrates as hosts , though , tend to be small . For example , vole and lemming tapeworms are only 13 - in length , and those parasitizing shrews only 0.8 - .   Tapeworm parasites of vertebrates have a long history : recognizable clusters of cestode eggs , one with a developing larva , have been discovered in fossil feces ( coprolites ) of a shark dating to the mid - to late Permian , some 270 million years ago .

neg: Ampharetidae Ampharetidae are a family of terebellid `` bristle worm '' ( class Polychaeta ) . As such , they belong to the order Canalipalpata , one of the three main clades of polychaetes . They appear to be most closely related to the peculiar alvinellids ( Alvinellidae ) which inhabit the deep sea , and somewhat less closely to the well-known trumpet worms ( Pectinariidae ) . These three appear to form one of the main clades of terebellids .   Almost all are ( like polychaetes in general ) marine organisms ; some inhabit brackish or freshwater though . Most are smallish deposit feeders which frequently live in small tubes they build from mud or similar substrate , or burrow in the sand .   The Ampharetidae are divided into three subfamilies : the large Ampharetinae , the much smaller Melinninae , and the monotypic Uschakovinae . Also , there are some ampharetid genera incertae sedis or in a quite basal position :  Aryandes  Pavelius  Rytocephalus

neg: Microfilaria Microfilaria may also refer to an informal `` collective group '' genus name , proposed by Cobbold in 1882 . While a convenient category for newly discovered microfilariae which can not be assigned to a known species because the adults are unknown , it is seldom used today .   The microfilaria ( plural microfilariae , sometimes abbreviated mf ) is an early stage in the life cycle of certain parasitic nematodes in the family Onchocercidae . In these species , the adults live in a tissue or the circulatory system of vertebrates ( the `` definitive hosts '' ) . They release microfilariae into the bloodstream of the vertebrate host . The microfilariae are taken up by blood-feeding arthropod vectors ( the `` intermediate hosts '' ) . In the intermediate host the microfilariae develop into infective larvae that can be transmitted to a new vertebrate host .   The presence of microfilariae in the host bloodstream is called `` microfilaraemia '' . The success of filariasis eradication programs is typically gauged by the reduction in numbers of circulating microfilariae in infested individuals within a geographic area .

neg: Micropia Micropia is the name of a family of LTR retrotransposons widespread in the genomes of fruitflies of the genus Drosophila -LSB- 1 , 2 -RSB- . Micropia retrotransposons in some species of Drosophila express a male germline-specific and meiotic-specific antisense transcript complementary to the reverse transcriptase ( RT ) and ribonuclease A ( RNaseA ) genes of the proviral retrotransposon . -LSB- 3 -RSB- No active transposition of micropia has been registered so far . micropia is likely part of a selfish driver system responsible for the Drosophila Y chromosomal lampbrushloop evolution in some species . -LSB- 3 -RSB-   Micropia was discovered after micro-cloning experiments carried out on Y-chromosomal lampbrush loops by Prof. Wolfgang Hennig . Similar loops can be found in lampbrush chromosomes ( see Lampbrush chromosome ) that are characteristic for the female germ cells of most animals , except mammals . The name micropia is an artificial word , i.e. a concoction of `` microcloning '' and `` copia-like element '' .

neg: Small carbonaceous fossil Small carbonaceous fossils ( SCFs ) are sub-millimetric organic remains of organisms preserved in sedimentary strata .   The category of fossils includes robust or thick-walled entities such as plant spores , acritarchs and chitinozoa , but the most interesting components are fragile remnants of animals that can only be extracted through a delicate maceration technique . SCFs are relatively widespread and abundant , and can potentially preserve both mineralized and non-mineralized parts of organisms . This undertapped record of the evolutionary processes occurring in the Palaeozoic cirtcumvents the biases inherent in the shelly fossil record .

neg: Ostracod Ostracods , or ostracodes , are a class of the Crustacea ( class Ostracoda ) , sometimes known as seed shrimp . Some 70,000 species ( only 13,000 of which are extant ) have been identified , grouped into several orders . They are small crustaceans , typically around 1 mm in size , but varying from 0.2 to in the case of Gigantocypris . Their bodies are flattened from side to side and protected by a bivalve-like , chitinous or calcareous valve or `` shell '' . The hinge of the two valves is in the upper ( dorsal ) region of the body . Ostracods are grouped together based on gross morphology , but the group may not be monophyletic ; their molecular phylogeny remains ambiguous .   Ecologically , marine ostracods can be part of the zooplankton or ( most commonly ) are part of the benthos , living on or inside the upper layer of the sea floor . Many ostracods , especially the Podocopida , are also found in fresh water , and terrestrial species of Mesocypris are known from humid forest soils of South Africa , Australia and New Zealand . They have a wide range of diets , and the group includes carnivores , herbivores , scavengers and filter feeders .   As of 2008 , around 2000 species and 200 genera of nonmarine ostracods are found . However , a large portion of diversity is still undescribed , indicated by undocumented diversity hotspots of temporary habitats in Africa and Australia . Of the known specific and generic diversity of nonmarine ostracods , half ( 1000 species , 100 genera ) belongs to one family ( of 13 families ) , Cyprididae . Many Cyprididae occur in temporary water bodies and have drought-resistant eggs , mixed/parthenogenetic reproduction , and the ability to swim . These biological attributes preadapt them to form successful radiations in these habitats .

neg: Mollusc shell The mollusc ( or molluskOften spelled mollusk shell in the USA ; the spelling `` mollusc '' are preferred by ) shell is typically a calcareous exoskeleton which encloses , supports and protects the soft parts of an animal in the phylum Mollusca , which includes snails , clams , tusk shells , and several other classes . Not all shelled molluscs live in the sea ; many live on the land and in freshwater .   The ancestral mollusc is thought to have had a shell , but this has subsequently been lost or reduced on some families , such as the squid , octopus , and some smaller groups such as the caudofoveata and solenogastres , and the highly derived Xenoturbella . Today , over 100,000 living species bear a shell ; there is some dispute as to whether these shell-bearing molluscs form a monophyletic group ( conchifera ) or whether shell-less molluscs are interleaved into their family tree .   Malacology , the scientific study of molluscs as living organisms , has a branch devoted to the study of shells , and this is called conchology -- although these terms used to be , and to a minor extent still are , used interchangeably , even by scientists ( this is more common in Europe ) .   Within some species of molluscs , there is often a wide degree of variation in the exact shape , pattern , ornamentation , and color of the shell .

neg: Grenadiers (fish) Grenadiers or rattails are generally large , brown to black gadiform marine fish of the family Macrouridae . Found at great depths from the Arctic to Antarctic , members of this family are amongst the most abundant of the deep-sea fish .   The macrourids form a large and diverse family with 28 extant genera recognized ( well over half of the total species are contained in just three genera , Coelorinchus , Coryphaenoides , and Nezumia ) . They range in length from about 10 cm in Hymenogadus gracilis to 1.5 m in Albatrossia pectoralis . An important commercial fishery exists for the larger species , such as the giant grenadier and Coryphaenoides rupestris . The family as a whole may represent up to 15 % of the deep-sea fish population .   Typified by large heads with large mouths and eyes , grenadiers have slender bodies that taper greatly to very thin caudal peduncles or tails ( excluding one species with no tail fin ) : this rat-like tail explains the common name ` rattail ' and the family name Macrouridae , from the Greek makros meaning `` great '' and oura meaning `` tail '' . The first dorsal fin is small , high , and pointed ( and may be spinous ) ; the second dorsal fin runs along the rest of the back and merges with the tail and extensive anal fin . The scales are small .   As with many deep-living fish , the lateral line system in grenadiers is well-developed ; it is further aided by numerous chemoreceptors located on the head and lips and chemosensory barbels underneath the chin . Benthic species have gas bladders with unique muscles attached to them . The animals are thought to use these muscles to `` strum '' their gas bladders and produce sound , possibly playing a role in courtship and mate location . Light-producing organs , photophores , are present in some species ; they are located in the middle of the abdomen , just before the anus and underneath the skin .   Living at depths from 200 to , grenadiers are the most common benthic fish of the deep ( however , two genera are known to prefer the midwater ) . They may be solitary or may form large schools , as with the roundnose grenadiers . The benthic species are attracted to structural oases , such as hydrothermal vents , cold seeps , and shipwrecks . They are thought to be generalists , feeding on smaller fish , pelagic crustaceans such as shrimp , amphipods , cumaceans , and less often cephalopods and lanternfish . As well as being important apex predators in the benthic habitat , some species are also notable as scavengers .   As few rattail larvae have been recovered , little is known of their life histories . They are known to produce a large number ( over 100,000 ) of tiny ( 1 - in diameter ) eggs made buoyant by lipid droplets . The eggs are presumed to float up to the thermocline ( the interface between warmer surface waters and cold , deeper waters ) where they develop . The juveniles remain in shallower waters , gradually migrating to greater depths with age .   Spawning may or may not be tied to the seasons , depending on the species . At least one species , Coryphaenoides armatus , is thought to be semelparous ; that is , the adults die after spawning . Nonsemelparous species may live to 56 years or more . The macrourids , in general , are thought to have low resilience ; commercially exploited species may be overfished and this could soon lead to a collapse of their fisheries .

neg: Kerygmachela Kerygmachela kierkegaardi was a blind nektonic organism from the Sirius Passet Lagerstätte , from Cambrian Greenland . Its anatomy strongly suggests that it , along with its relative Pambdelurion whittingtoni , was either an anomalocarid or a close relative thereof . The specific name , `` kierkegaardi '' honors Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard .   It had a pair of well-developed anterior limbs that had long spines , and terminated in long , feeler-like cerci These limbs correspond to the traditional anterior feeding-limbs of other anomalocarids . The conical mouth opens up at the very base between these two limbs . It also had 11 pairs of lateral lobes ( used in swimming ) , along with 11 pairs of small legs at the lobes ' bases , and a posterior pair of cerci .   The spiny anterior limbs suggest that it may have been a predator ; however , its small mouth suggests it would have been restricted to very small prey .

neg: Vernanimalcula Vernanimalcula guizhouena is an acritarch dating from ; it was between 0.1 and 0.2 mm across ( roughly the width of one or two human hairs ) . Vernanimalcula means `` small spring animal '' , referring to its appearance in the fossil record at the end of the Marinoan Glaciation and the belief upon discovery it was an animal .   The Vernanimalcula fossils were discovered in the Doushantuo Formation in China . This formation is a Konservat-Lagerstätte , one of the rare places where soft body parts and very fine details are preserved in the fossil record . The Vernanimalcula fossils were interpreted as showing a triploblastic structure , a coelom , a differentiated gut , a mouth , an anus , and paired external pits that were believed possible sense organs , making it the earliest known member of the Bilateria ( animals with bilateral symmetry , at least as embryos ) .   The appearance of Vernanimalcula so early in the fossil record was believed to have had important implications if it were really bilaterian . The radiation of animals into many phyla would have occurred before any animal became much larger than microscopic size , making the sudden appearance of many animal phyla in the Cambrian explosion an illusion and merely represented a ( geologically ) sudden increase in size and the development of easily fossilised body parts by species in existing phyla .   The description of Vernanimalcula as bilaterian has been strongly challenged . Other workers ( Bengtson , Budd and co-workers ) in the field have repeatedly claimed that Vernanimalcula is largely a taphonomic artefact generated by phosphate growth within a spherical object such as an acritarch , and thus Vernanimalcula was not even an animal , let alone a bilaterian . Chen et al. initially defended their interpretation of Vernanimalcula against the claims of Bengtson and Budd . Petryshyn et al. examined additional fossils resembling Vernanimalcula and concluded that the fossils are `` likely biogenic in nature . ''

neg: Hypoathroid The term hypoathroid ( Ancient Greek hypo - , `` under '' + - athroid , `` gathered together '' ) is used to describe the arrangement of ganglia in the nervous system of molluscs . In the hypoathroid state , the pleural ganglia of the `` chest '' and the pedal ganglia of the `` feet '' lie close to each other more or less underneath the gut , and they communicate with the cerebral ganglia via long connectives . It is a condition that is characteristic of the Archaeogastropoda clade , and represents one end of a three-part spectrum of such arrangements , the other two being the dystenoid system in which the pleural and cerebral ganglia are closer together but still distinctly separate , and the epiathroid condition in which the pleural , pedal , and cerebral ganglia all lie close together ( characteristic , for example , of the Mesogastropoda and Neogastropoda . The centralization of the nervous system generally is considered evidence of an evolutionary advancement among molluscs , while the more diffuse condition is viewed as a sign of evolutionary proximity to the hypothetical `` archimollusc '' ancestor of all molluscs .

neg: Paramecia Paramecia refers to either an individual cell of the Paramecium genus of unicellular ciliated protozoans , or to a non-mineralized Ediacaran alga with a differentiated , compartmentalized thallus . This alga probably had multiple phases in its lifecycle , as possible reproductive structures have been identified .   The use of `` Paramecia '' to mean a single ciliated cell , is more likely to be found , because the word was coined in 1752 , and so has a much longer history of use in this sense ; and because its use as a model organism has created an enormous literature of this use . One researcher has characterized it as the `` white rat '' of the phylum Ciliophora

neg: Siphonophorae The Siphonophorae or Siphonophora , the siphonophores , are an order of the Hydrozoa , a class of marine animals belonging to the phylum Cnidaria . Although a siphonophore appears to be a single organism , each specimen is actually a colony composed of highly specialised individual animals called zooids . Most colonies are long , thin , transparent pelagic floaters . Some siphonophores superficially resemble jellyfish , one example being the venomous Portuguese man o ' war ( Physalia physalis ) .   Another species of siphonophore , Praya dubia , is one of the longest animals in the world , with a body length of 40 -- . The term originates from the Greek siphōn `` tube '' + pherein `` to bear '' .

neg: Chitinozoan Chitinozoa ( singular : chitinozoan , plural : chitinozoans ) are a taxon of flask-shaped , organic walled marine microfossils produced by an as yet unknown animal . Common from the Ordovician to Devonian periods ( i.e. the mid-Paleozoic ) , the millimetre-scale organisms are abundant in almost all types of marine sediment across the globe . This wide distribution , and their rapid pace of evolution , makes them valuable biostratigraphic markers .   Their bizarre form has made classification and ecological reconstruction difficult . Since their discovery in 1931 , suggestions of protist , plant , and fungal affinities have all been entertained . The organisms have been better understood as improvements in microscopy facilitated the study of their fine structure , and there is mounting evidence to suggest that they represent either the eggs or juvenile stage of a marine animal .   The ecology of chitinozoa is also open to speculation ; some may have floated in the water column , where others may have attached themselves to other organisms . Most species were particular about their living conditions , and tend to be most common in specific paleoenvironments . Their abundance also varied with the seasons .

neg: Termite Termites are eusocial insects that are classified at the taxonomic rank of infraorder Isoptera , or as epifamily Termitoidae within the cockroach order Blattodea . Termites were once classified in a separate order from cockroaches , but recent phylogenetic studies indicate that they evolved from close ancestors of cockroaches during the Jurassic or Triassic . However , the first termites possibly emerged during the Permian or even the Carboniferous . About 3,106 species are currently described , with a few hundred more left to be described . Although these insects are often called `` white ants '' , they are not ants .   Like ants and some bees and wasps from the separate order Hymenoptera , termites divide labour among castes consisting of sterile male and female `` workers '' and `` soldiers '' . All colonies have fertile males called `` kings '' and one or more fertile females called `` queens '' . Termites mostly feed on dead plant material and cellulose , generally in the form of wood , leaf litter , soil , or animal dung . Termites are major detritivores , particularly in the subtropical and tropical regions , and their recycling of wood and plant matter is of considerable ecological importance .   Termites are among the most successful groups of insects on Earth , colonising most landmasses except for Antarctica . Their colonies range in size from a few hundred individuals to enormous societies with several million individuals . Termite queens have the longest lifespan of any insect in the world , with some queens reportedly living up to 30 to 50 years . Unlike ants , which undergo a complete metamorphosis , each individual termite goes through an incomplete metamorphosis that proceeds through egg , nymph , and adult stages . Colonies are described as superorganisms because the termites form part of a self-regulating entity : the colony itself .   Termites are a delicacy in the diet of some human cultures and are used in many traditional medicines . Several hundred species are economically significant as pests that can cause serious damage to buildings , crops , or plantation forests . Some species , such as the West Indian drywood termite ( Cryptotermes brevis ) , are regarded as invasive species .

neg: Evolution of reptiles Reptiles arose about 310 -- 320 million years ago during the Carboniferous period . Reptiles , in the traditional sense of the term , are defined as animals that have scales or scutes , lay land-based hard-shelled eggs , and possess ectothermic metabolisms . So defined , the group is paraphyletic , excluding endothermic animals like birds and mammals that are descended from early reptiles . A definition in accordance with phylogenetic nomenclature , which rejects paraphyletic groups , includes birds while excluding mammals and their synapsid ancestors . So defined , Reptilia is identical to Sauropsida .   Though few reptiles today are apex predators , many examples of apex reptiles have existed in the past . Reptiles have an extremely diverse evolutionary history that has led to biological successes , such as dinosaurs , pterosaurs , plesiosaurs , mosasaurs , and ichthyosaurs .

neg: Eurypterid Eurypterids ( sea scorpions ) are an extinct group of arthropods related to arachnids that include the largest known arthropods to have ever lived . They are members of the extinct order Eurypterida ( Chelicerata ) ; which is the most diverse Paleozoic chelicerate order in terms of species . The name Eurypterida comes from the Greek words eury - ( meaning `` broad '' or `` wide '' ) and pteron ( meaning `` wing '' ) . This name was chosen due to the pair of wide swimming appendages on the first fossil eurypterids discovered . The largest , such as Jaekelopterus , reached 2.5 m in length , but most species were less than 20 cm . They were formidable predators that thrived in warm shallow water , in both seas and lakes , from the mid Ordovician to late Permian .   Although informally called `` sea scorpions '' , only the earliest ones were marine ( later ones lived in brackish or freshwater ) , and they were not true scorpions . According to theory , the move from the sea to fresh water had probably occurred by the Pennsylvanian subperiod . Eurypterids are believed to have undergone ecdysis , making their significance in ecosystems difficult to assess , because it can be difficult to tell a fossil moult from a true fossil carcass . They became extinct during the Permian -- Triassic extinction event or sometime before the event . Their fossils have a near global distribution .   About two dozen families of eurypterids are known . Perhaps the best-known genus of eurypterid is Eurypterus , of which around 16 fossil species are known . The genus Eurypterus was described in 1825 by James Ellsworth De Kay , a zoologist . He recognized the arthropod nature of the first-ever described eurypterid specimen , found by Dr. S. L. Mitchill . In 1984 , that species , Eurypterus remipes was named the state fossil of New York .   Pentecopterus decorahensis , which lived as early as 467.3 million years ago , is the oldest described eurypterid ; with an estimated length of 1.83 m , it has been described as `` the first real big predator '' .

neg: Ecdysozoa Ecdysozoa -LSB- ˌɛkdɪsoʊ-ˈzoʊə -RSB- is a group of protostome animals , including Arthropoda ( insects , chelicerata , crustaceans , and myriapods ) , Nematoda , and several smaller phyla . They were first defined by Aguinaldo et al. in 1997 , based mainly on phylogenetic trees constructed using 18S ribosomal RNA genes . A large study in 2008 by Dunn et al. strongly supported the Ecdysozoa as a clade , that is , a group consisting of a common ancestor and all its descendants .   The group is also supported by morphological characters , and includes all animals that shed their exoskeleton ( see ecdysis ) .   The group was initially contested by a significant minority of biologists . Some argued for groupings based on more traditional taxonomic techniques , while others contested the interpretation of the molecular data .


query: Chess is a sport.

pos: Chess Chess is a two-player strategy board game played on a chessboard , a checkered gameboard with 64 squares arranged in an 8 × 8 grid . The game is played by millions of people worldwide .   Each player begins with 16 pieces : one king , one queen , two rooks , two knights , two bishops , and eight pawns . Each of the six piece types moves differently , with the most powerful being the queen and the least powerful the pawn . The objective is to checkmate the opponent 's king by placing it under an inescapable threat of capture . To this end , a player 's pieces are used to attack and capture the opponent 's pieces , while supporting each other . In addition to checkmate , the game can be won by of the opponent , which typically occurs when too much material is lost , or checkmate appears unavoidable . A game can also in several ways end in a draw .   Chess is believed to have originated in India sometime before the 7th century , being derived from the Indian game chaturanga , which is also the likely ancestor of the Eastern strategy games xiangqi , janggi , and shogi . ( A minority view holds that chess originated in China . ) The pieces assumed their current powers in Spain in the late 15th century ; the rules were finally standardized in the 19th century . The first generally recognized World Chess Champion , Wilhelm Steinitz , claimed his title in 1886 . Since 1948 , the World Championship has been regulated by FIDE , the game 's international governing body . FIDE also organizes the Women 's World Championship , the World Junior Championship , the World Senior Championship , the Blitz and Rapid World Championships , and the Chess Olympiad , a popular competition among international teams . There is also a Correspondence Chess World Championship and a World Computer Chess Championship . Online chess has opened amateur and professional competition to a wide and varied group of players .   FIDE awards titles to skilled players , the highest of which is grandmaster . Many national chess organizations also have a title system ; however , these are not recognized by FIDE .   Until recently , chess was a recognized sport of the International Olympic Committee ; some national sporting bodies such as the Spanish Consejo Superior de Deportes also recognize chess as a sport . Chess was included in the 2006 and 2010 Asian Games .   Since the second half of the 20th century , computers have been programmed to play chess with increasing success , to the point where the strongest home computers play at a higher level than the best human players . Since the 1990s , computer analysis has contributed significantly to chess theory , particularly in the endgame . The IBM computer Deep Blue was the first machine to overcome a reigning World Chess Champion in a match when it defeated Garry Kasparov in 1997 . The rise of strong computer programs ( called `` engines '' ) runnable on hand-held devices has led to increasing concerns about cheating during tournaments .   There are also many chess variants which utilize different rules , pieces , or boards . One of these , Chess960 ( originally `` Fischerandom '' ) , has gained widespread popularity as well as limited FIDE recognition .

neg: Chess symbols in Unicode Chess symbols are part of Unicode . Instead of using images , one can represent chess pieces by symbols that are defined in the Unicode character set . This makes it possible to :  Use figurine algebraic notation , which replaces the letter that stands for a piece by its symbol , e.g. ♘ c6 instead of Nc6 . This enables the moves to be read independent of language ( the letter abbreviations of pieces in algebraic notation vary from language to language ) .  Produce the symbols using a text editor or word processor rather than a graphics editor .   In order to display or print these symbols , one has to have one or more fonts with good Unicode support installed on the computer , and the document ( Web page , word processor document , etc. ) must use one of these fonts .

neg: Polish Chess Federation The Polish Chess Federation ( PZSzach ) was created on 11 April 1926 in Warsaw .   Józef Żabiński was the first chairman . The initial statute outlined the fundamental objectives of the association including amongst others the popularisation of the game of chess and general organization of the chess movement in Poland , representation outside the country , coordination of the activities of clubs and regional associations as well as organization of individual and team tournaments and championships ( in different age categories ) .   The Polish Chess Federation was invited to join the International Chess Federation ( FIDE ) in 1927 . After 2nd World War , The Polish Chess Federation was re-established on 30 April 1946 and with the exception of the period between 1950 and 1957 has been continually active till today . The General Delegate Assembly is the highest decision making body , however , the daily activities are managed by a Board consisting of 10 to 15 members elected for four-tear terms .

neg: 38th Chess Olympiad The 38th Chess Olympiad , organized by FIDE and comprising an open and a women 's tournament , as well as several other events designed to promote the game of chess , took place between 12 -- 25 November 2008 in Dresden , Germany . There were 146 teams in the open event and 111 in the women 's event . In total , 1277 players were registered .   Both tournament sections were officiated by international arbiter Ignatius Leong ( Singapore ) . In a change from recent Olympiads , the number of rounds of the Swiss system were reduced from 13 to 11 with accelerated pairings . For the first time , the women 's division , like the open division , was played over four boards per round , with each team allowed one alternate for a total of five players . In another first , the final rankings were determined by match points , not game points . In the event of a draw , the tie-break was decided by 1 . Deducted Sonneborn-Berger ; 2 . Deducted sum of match points ; 3 . Game points .   The time control for each game permitted each player 90 minutes their first 40 moves and 30 minutes for the rest of the game , with an additional 30 seconds increment for each player after each move , beginning with the first . As a new rule , no draws by agreement were permitted before 30 moves had been completed . Yet there were games drawn as soon as the 16th move , formally drawn by repetition against which there was no rule . In addition , players who were not present at the board at the commencement of a round automatically forfeited the game . This rule was implemented to align chess with other sports events .

neg: Women's World Chess Championship The Women 's World Chess Championship ( WWCC ) is played to determine the women 's world champion in chess . Like the World Chess Championship , it is administered by FIDE .   Unlike with most sports recognized by the International Olympic Committee , where competition is either `` mixed '' ( containing everyone ) or split into men and women , in chess women are both allowed to compete in the `` open '' division ( including the World Chess Championship ) yet also have a separate Women 's Championship ( only open to females ) . Notably however , the top-rated female player for over 20 years ( with the highest FIDE rating in history of any woman ) , Judit Polgár , has never competed for the women 's title .

neg: Priyome Priyome , also spelled `` priem '' , is a Russian noun that is used directly and generically in English to represent some sort of typical maneuver or technique in chess . For example , a typical defensive technique ( `` priem '' ) in rook endings is to use the king to attack the opponent 's pawns . The Russian word `` Priem '' is used more generally to refer to typical maneuvers used in positions with certain pawn structure or other defining characteristics . The term is pronounced `` pree-YOHM '' in both Russian and English .   `` Priem '' is a common word in the Russian language , and this meaning of the word is frequently used in many contexts , as diverse as music , literature , computer science , and martial arts . It is also very common in Russian chess literature . Because the word does not have an exact equivalent in English ( with `` device '' , `` technique '' , or `` method '' the closest translations ) , the transliteration has appeared in English-language chess literature , although this usage is not yet widespread . ( In Russian , `` priem '' has other unrelated meanings , including `` reception '' and `` acceptance '' . )

neg: Seychelles Chess Championship The Seychelles National Chess Championship is a chess tournament organized by the Seychelles Chess Federation . There are separate championships for men and women and for varying age groups .   The championship is open to all Seychellois nationals .

neg: The Chess Variant Pages The Chess Variant Pages is a popular non-commercial Internet website devoted to chess variants . It was created by Hans Bodlaender in 1995 . The site is `` run by hobbyists for hobbyists '' and is `` the most wide-ranging and authoritative web site on chess variants '' .   The site contains a large compilation of games with published rules . The aims of the site are to educate readers about chess variants , encourage gameplay , and provide a place for free discussion . The site has featured game competitions as well as variant design competitions , and provides facilities for publishing documents . Numerous files are available for playing variants using the Zillions of Games proprietary software engine . The site also features The Game Courier software developed by Fergus Duniho which can be used to play almost any variant . There is also an extensive encyclopedia of fairy chess pieces .   Other contributing editorial volunteers include ( alphabetically by last name ) : Peter Aronson , Jean-Louis Cazaux , Antoine Fourrière , Ed Friedlander , Ben Good , David Howe , Joe Joyce , Glenn Overby II , Tony Quintanilla , and Peter Spicer . Early editors included John William Brown , Tom Cook , Pavel Tikhomirov , and Vu Q. Vo .

neg: 4th Chess Olympiad The 4th Chess Olympiad , organized by the Fédération Internationale des Échecs ( FIDE ) and comprising an open and ( unofficial ) women 's tournament , as well as several events designed to promote the game of chess , took place between July 11 and July 26 , 1931 , in Prague , Czechoslovakia . The 3rd Women 's World Chess Championship also took place during the Olympiad .

neg: FIDE Online Arena The FIDE Online Arena is the Fédération internationale des échecs or World Chess Federation 's ( FIDE ) commercial Internet chess server devoted to chess playing and related activities . A test version of the server began on August 8 , 2013 ; the fully operational version was announced for October 2013 . FIDE Online Arena is the only official online chess platform of the World Chess Federation where Online Official games , tournaments and World Championships can be played , with Official International rating and titles .   The fully operational version of FIDE online arena was launched on April 4 , 2014 with the announcement made by FIDE President Kirsan Ilyumzhinov . Games played between two FIDE online arena members will be for FIDE online ratings . A plan to merge online and over-the-board FIDE ratings for the blitz and rapid time controls in the future was also announced . The app , in the mean time , is still in construction . On December 21 , 2015 , a new interface was rolled out .   According to a September 2015 internal report , there are currently 4805 members , 2078 paying the subscription fee , with India the most populous .   On January 7 , 2016 , the first newsletter was published , with plans for exhilarating events in 2016 , promising to engage all chess fans to a unique gaming experience , along with the New Era that has come along with rated Online games and Arena titles . `` Arena titles are going to be included in monthly FIDE rating lists starting from January 2016 . As official FIDE titles they can precede the players ' names in over the board competitions as well . '' However , the official Title regulations of FIDE declare `` Only the titles as in ( 0.3 ) are acknowledged by FIDE '' , which list GM , IM , FM , CM and women 's versions , but no Arena versions .

neg: Chess World Cup 2007 The Chess World Cup 2007 served as a qualification tournament for the World Chess Championship 2010 . It was held as a 128-player single-elimination tournament , between 24 November and 16 December 2007 , in Khanty-Mansiysk , Russia .   In an event attended by most leading players of the world , American Gata Kamsky emerged as the winner . He was unbeaten in the tournament , going into tie-break only once and defeating Spaniard Alexei Shirov , 2 1/2 -- 1 1/2 , in the four-game final . Two 17-year-old players , Sergey Karjakin and Magnus Carlsen , reached the semifinals .   By winning , Kamsky qualified for the Challenger Match , the final stage in determining the challenger for the World Chess Championship 2010 ; his participation in that match allowed him direct entry into the Candidates Matches for the World Chess Championship 2012 .   The final four also received direct entry into the FIDE Grand Prix 2008 -- 10 , a qualifying stage for the World Chess Championship 2012 .

neg: Zugzwang Zugzwang ( German for `` compulsion to move '' , -LSB- ˈtsuːktsvaŋ -RSB- ) is a situation found in chess and other games wherein one player is put at a disadvantage because they must make a move when they would prefer to pass and not move . The fact that the player is compelled to move means that their position will become significantly weaker . A player is said to be `` in zugzwang '' when any possible move will worsen their position .   The term is also used in combinatorial game theory , where it means that it directly changes the outcome of the game from a win to a loss , but the term is used less precisely in games such as chess . Putting the opponent in zugzwang is a common way to help the superior side win a game , and in some cases , it is necessary in order to make the win possible .   The term zugzwang was used in German chess literature in 1858 or earlier , and the first known use of the term in English was by World Champion Emanuel Lasker in 1905 . The concept of zugzwang was known to players many centuries before the term was coined , appearing in an endgame study published in 1604 by Alessandro Salvio , one of the first writers on the game , and in shatranj studies dating back to the early 9th century , over 1000 years before the first known use of the term .   Positions with zugzwang occur fairly often in chess endgames . According to John Nunn , positions of reciprocal zugzwang are surprisingly important in the analysis of endgames .

neg: Chess in Azerbaijan Chess is one of the most popular sports in Azerbaijan , where it is governed by the Azerbaijan Chess Federation ( ACF ) . On May 5 , 2009 Azerbaijani president Ilham Aliyev , who is also the chairman of the National Olympic Committee , signed an executive order initiating a state-supported chess development program , covering the years 2009 -- 2014 .

neg: Stalemate Stalemate is a situation in the game of chess where the player whose turn it is to move is not in check but has no legal move . The rules of chess provide that when stalemate occurs , the game ends as a draw ( i.e. having no winner ) . During the endgame , stalemate is a resource that can enable the player with the inferior position to draw the game rather than lose . In more complex positions , stalemate is much rarer , usually taking the form of a swindle that succeeds only if the superior side is inattentive . Stalemate is also a common theme in endgame studies and other chess problems .   The outcome of a stalemate was standardized as a draw in the 19th century . Before this standardization , its treatment varied widely , including being deemed a win for the stalemating player , a half-win for that player , or a loss for that player ; not being permitted ; and resulting in the stalemated player missing a turn . Some regional chess variants have not allowed a player to play a stalemating move . In losing chess , another chess variant , is typically treated as a win for the stalemated player .   In popular usage , the word stalemate refers to a conflict that has reached an impasse , and in which resolution or further action seems highly difficult or unlikely .

neg: Bangladeshi Chess Championship The Bangladesh National Chess Championship is the annual individual national chess championship of Bangladesh .

neg: Cray Blitz Cray Blitz was a computer chess program written by Robert Hyatt , Harry L. Nelson , and Albert Gower to run on the Cray supercomputer . It was derived from `` Blitz '' a program that Hyatt started to work on as an undergraduate . `` Blitz '' played its first move in the fall of 1968 , and was developed continuously from that time until roughly 1980 when Cray Research chose to sponsor the program . Cray Blitz participated in computer chess events from 1980 through 1994 when the last North American Computer Chess Championship was held in Cape May , New Jersey . Cray Blitz won several ACM computer chess events , and two consecutive World Computer Chess Championships , the first in 1983 in New York City , and the second in 1986 in Cologne , Germany .   The program Crafty is the successor to Cray Blitz .

neg: British Schools Chess Championship The British Schools Chess Championship is an annual competition for school chess teams that has been in existence continuously from 1958 . The tournament is administered by the English Chess Federation and is open to all schools from the United Kingdom . The competition has been won by teams from all four countries of the UK .   At the height of popularity in the 1970s , in excess of 1000 teams took part , but since then a decline in the number of teams has taken place . In 2007-08 , the accepted entry increased from 93 teams to 135 teams , which represented the highest number of entries for four years . Yateley Manor School , from Yateley in Hampshire , sponsors from 2008-2011 , supported the event through a difficult period and deserve special mention .   The competition , now known as the National Schools Chess Championships , wa relaunched by the English Chess Federation in 2012 with sponsorship from St Catherine 's School , Bramley to support a tournament for girls , with both U11 and U19 sections , Heathside Preparatory School , from Hampstead , London for a new U11 open section and Winchester College for the U19 open section .

neg: Chess (Northwestern University) Chess was a pioneering chess program from the 1970s , written by Larry Atkin and David Slate at Northwestern University . Chess ran on Control Data Corporation 's line of supercomputers . Work on the program began in 1968 . It dominated the first computer chess tournaments , such as the World Computer Chess Championship and ACM 's North American Computer Chess Championship . Chess was the first published use of the bitboard data structure applied to the game of chess .   In 1976 , Chess 4.5 won the Class B section of the Paul Masson American Chess Championship , the first time a computer was successful in a human tournament . The performance rating was 1950 .   In February 1977 Chess 4.6 , the only computer entry , surprised observers by winning the 84th Minnesota Open against competitors just under Master level . It achieved a USCF rating close to or at Expert , higher than previous programs ' Class C or D , by winning five games and losing none . Stenberg ( rated 1969 ) became the second Class A player to lose to a computer in a tournament game , the first being Jola .   Because of its Minnesota victory , grandmaster Walter Browne invited Chess 4.6 on a CDC Cyber 176 to his simultaneous chess exhibition ; to Browne and others ' surprise , Chess 4.6 defeated the United States chess champion . Also in 1977 , Chess 4.6 won the second World Computer Chess Championship in Toronto , ahead of 15 other programs including KAISSA ; Chess 4 had finished in second place to KAISSA at the first tournament in 1974 . The favorite to win the tournament , like all but one other entry Chess 4.6 ran on a computer located away from the tournament ; despite losing 90 minutes to hardware failure at the start of its first match the program rapidly defeated its opponent in 27 moves , earlier than any other first-round match . Chess 4.6 was capable of defeating 99.5 % of United States Chess Federation-rated players under tournament conditions , and was stronger in blitz chess .   In 1978 and 1979 Atkin and Peter W. Frey published in BYTE a series on computer chess programming , including the Pascal source for Chess 0.5 , a chess engine suitable for microcomputers . That year the improved Chess 4.7 -- which had by now achieved a 2030 rating after 31 tournament games -- played against David Levy who , in 1968 had wagered that he would not be beaten by a computer within ten years . Whereas Chess 4.7 had beaten Levy under blitz conditions , the bet involved forty moves over a two-hour period , the computer 's choices being relayed by telephone from Minnesota to the board . Levy won the bet , defeating the Chess 4.7 in a six-game match by a score of 4.5-1 .5 , The computer scored a draw in game two after getting a completely winning position but being outplayed by Levy in the endgame , and a win in game four -- the first computer victory against a human master -- when Levy essayed the very sharp , dubious Latvian Gambit . Levy wrote , `` I had proved that my 1968 assessment had been correct , but on the other hand my opponent in this match was very , very much stronger than I had thought possible when I started the bet . '' He observed that , `` Now nothing would surprise me ( very much ) . '' International Master Edward Lasker stated in 1978 , `` My contention that computers can not play like a master , I retract . They play absolutely alarmingly . I know , because I have lost games to 4.7 . ''   Atkin , Slate , and Frey later wrote microcomputer chess , checkers , and Reversi programs for Odesta . Advertisements cited their Northwestern affiliation and authorship of Chess 4.7 , `` World Computer Chess Champion , 1977-1980 '' .

neg: Ostend 1907 chess tournament The tournament was divided into two sections : the Championship Tournament and the Masters ' Tournament . The first section was for players who had previously won an international tournament . The Championship Tournament took place in the Casino of Ostend from 16 May to 14 June 1907 . Dawid Janowski , Siegbert Tarrasch , Carl Schlechter , and Frank Marshall had accepted the invitation for the tournament . Emanuel Lasker and Géza Maróczy declined and were replaced by Amos Burn and Mikhail Chigorin . The time restriction was 30 moves in two hours and 15 moves in one hour . Tarrasch won the golden medal and 2603 1/2 francs . Schlechter became second and gained 2277 1/2 francs .   In the Ostend tournament of 1907 the term `` grandmaster '' ( actually Großmeister in German ) was used , so these players were described as grandmasters for the purposes of the tournament . After winning the tournament , Tarrasch was crowned the `` World Champion Tournament Player '' by the tournament organizers .  Lasker finally agreed to a title match in 1908 , and beat Tarrasch convincingly ( +8 -- 3 = 5 ) .   The Masters ' Tournament was a twenty nine-player round-robin . It was played from 16 May to 25 June . Ossip Bernstein and Akiba Rubinstein ended equal as winners at Ostend B.

neg: Emirati Chess Championship The Emirati Chess Championship is organized by the United Arab Emirates Chess Federation . It is one of the major national chess competitions of the United Arab Emirates held at standard time controls , the other being the UAE President 's Cup , which has been held annually since 1994 .

neg: Notational analysis In professional sports , notational analysis is the study of movement patterns , strategy and tactics in team sports . Successful patterns of play can be identified and used in subsequent matches . Notational analysis has a history in dance and music notation . Notational analysis is a way that critical events in a performance can be quantified in a consistent and reliable manner .   In notational analysis , no change in performance of any kind will take place without feedback . The role of feedback is central in the performance improvement process , and by inference , so is the need for accuracy and precision of such feedback . The provision of this accurate and precise feedback can only be facilitated if performance and practice is subjected to a vigorous process of analysis .   Augmented feedback has traditionally been provided by subjective observations , made during performance by the coaches , in the belief that they can accurately report on the critical elements of performance without any observation aids . Several studies not only contradict this belief , but also suggest that the recall abilities of experienced coaches are little better than those of novices , and that even with observational training , coaches ' recall abilities improved only slightly . Furthermore , research in applied psychology has suggested that these recall abilities are also influenced by factors that include the observer 's motives and beliefs . The coach is not a passive perceiver of information , and as such his or her perception of events is selective and constructive , not simply a copying process . This importance of feedback to performance improvement , and the limitations of coaches ' recall abilities alluded to above , implies a requirement for objective data upon which to base augmented feedback , and the main methods of `` objectifying '' this data involve the use of video / notational analysis ( Hughes and Franks , 1997 p. 11 ) .   Coaches have been aware , consciously or unconsciously , of these needs for accuracy of feedback and have been using simple data gathering systems for decades . More recently , sports scientists have been using notational analysis systems to answer fundamental questions about game play and performance in sport . An early work , over some decades , on analysis of soccer was picked up by the then Director of Coaching at the Football Association , and this had a profound effect on the patterns of play in British football -- the adoption of the ` long ball ' game . Generally , the first publications in Britain of the research process by notational analysis of sport were in the mid-1970s , so as a discipline it is one of the more recent to be embraced by sports science . The publication of a number of notation systems in racket sports provided a fund of ideas used by other analysts . Because of the growth and development of sports science as an academic discipline , a number of scientists began using and extending the simple hand notation techniques that had served for decades . This also coincided with the introduction of personal computers , which transformed all aspects of data gathering in sports science . Currently hand and computerised notation systems are both used to equal extents by working analysts , although the use of computer databases to collate hand notated data post-event makes the analyses much more powerful .   The applications of notation have been defined as : -   1 . tactical evaluation ,   2 . technical evaluation ,   3 . analysis of movement ,   4 . development of a database and modelling , and   5 . for educational use with both coaches and players .   Most pieces of research using notation , or indeed any practical applications working directly with coaches and athletes , will span more than one of these purposes .


query: Las Vegas is known for its gambling.

pos: Las Vegas Las Vegas ( -LSB- lɑːs_ˈveɪɡəs -RSB- , Spanish for `` The Meadows '' ) , officially the City of Las Vegas and often known simply as Vegas , is the 28th-most populated city in the United States , the most populated city in the state of Nevada , and the county seat of Clark County . The city anchors the Las Vegas Valley metropolitan area and is the largest city within the greater Mojave Desert . Las Vegas is an internationally renowned major resort city known primarily for its gambling , shopping , fine dining , entertainment , and nightlife . It is the leading financial , commercial , and cultural center for Nevada .   The city bills itself as The Entertainment Capital of the World , and is famous for its mega casino -- hotels and associated activities . It is a top three destination in the United States for business conventions and a global leader in the hospitality industry , claiming more AAA Five Diamond hotels than any city in the world . Today , Las Vegas annually ranks as one of the world 's most visited tourist destinations . The city 's tolerance for numerous forms of adult entertainment earned it the title of Sin City , and has made Las Vegas a popular setting for literature , films , television programs , and music videos .   Las Vegas was settled in 1905 and officially incorporated in 1911 . At the close of the 20th century , it was the most populated American city founded within that century ( a similar distinction earned by Chicago in the 1800s ) . Population growth has accelerated since the 1960s , and between 1990 and 2000 the population nearly doubled , increasing by 85.2 % . Rapid growth has continued into the 21st century , and according to a 2013 estimate , the population is 603,488 with a regional population of 2,027,828 .   `` Las Vegas '' is often used to describe areas beyond official city limits -- especially the areas on and near the Las Vegas Strip , which is actually located within the unincorporated communities of Paradise , Winchester , and Enterprise .

neg: Slot machine A slot machine ( American English ) , informally fruit machine ( British English ) , puggy ( Scottish English slang ) , the slots ( Canadian and American English ) , poker machine ( or pokies in slang ) ( Australian English and New Zealand English ) or simply slot ( American English ) , is a casino gambling machine with three or more reels which spin when a button is pushed . Slot machines are also known as one-armed bandits because they were originally operated by one lever on the side of the machine as distinct from a button on the front panel , and because of their ability to leave the player in debt and impoverished . Many modern machines are still equipped with a legacy lever in addition to the button .   Slot machines include a currency detector that validates the money inserted to play . The machine pays off according to patterns of symbols visible on the front of the machine when it stops . Modern computer technology has resulted in variations on the slot machine concept . Slot machines are the most popular gambling method in casinos and constitute about 70 percent of the average US casino 's income .

neg: Skin gambling In video games , skin gambling is the use of virtual goods , which are most commonly cosmetic elements such as `` skins '' which have no direct influence on gameplay , as virtual currency to bet on the outcome of professional matches or on other games of chance . It primarily has occurred within the player community for the game Counter-Strike : Global Offensive by Valve Corporation , but practice of it exists in other game communities . Valve also runs the Steam marketplace which can be interfaced by third-parties to enable trading , buying , and selling of skins from players ' Steam inventories for real-world or digital currency , though Valve itself condones the gambling practices .   Valve added random skin rewards as part of an update to Counter-Strike : Global Offensive in 2013 , believing that players would use these to trade with other players and bolster both the player community and its Steam marketplace . A number of websites were created to bypass monetary restrictions Valve set on the Steam marketplace to aid in high-value trading and allowing users to receive cash value for skins . Some of these sites subsequently added the ability to gamble on the results of professional matches or in games of chance with these skins , which in 2016 was estimated to handle around $ 5 billion of the virtual goods . These sites , along with Valve and various video game streamers , have come under scrutiny due to ethical and legal questions relating to gambling on sporting matches , underage gambling , undisclosed promotion , and outcome rigging . Evidence of such unethical practices was discovered in June 2016 , and led to two formal lawsuits filed against these sites and Valve in the following month . Valve subsequently has taken steps to stop such sites from using Steam 's interface for enabling gambling , leading to about half of these sites to close down , while driving more of the skin gambling into an underground economy .

neg: Las Vegas Springs The Las Vegas Springs or Big Springs is the site of a natural oasis , known traditionally as a cienega . For more than 15,000 years , springs broke through the desert floor , creating grassy meadows ( called las vegas by Mexican explorers ) . The bubbling springs were a source of water for Native Americans living here at least 5,000 years ago . Known as The Birthplace of Las Vegas it sustained travelers of the Old Spanish Trail and Mormons who came to settle the West . The springs ' source is the Las Vegas Aquifer .   The springs are now a part of the Las Vegas Springs Preserve .  Las Vegas Springs was once the site of three springs , running into two large pools of water . It is a site historically known for a gathering of pioneers and Native Americans and early settlers in the Las Vegas Valley . In 1905 , it provided water source to the budding town and railroad . Once pipe lines were laid and wells were drilled , the surface water receded , making it the way it is today . The site is currently undergoing rehabilitation to protect what remains architecturally and archaeologically .   Now , it is 180 acres of historic land located just west of Downtown Las Vegas . It is open to the public and more information can be found here : http://www.springspreserve.org/

neg: Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation The Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation , formerly the Fort McDowell Mohave-Apache Community of the Fort McDowell Indian Reservation ) , is a federally recognized tribe and Indian reservation in Maricopa County , Arizona about 23 mi northeast of Phoenix .   The reservation was officially created on September 15 , 1903 by executive order , on a small parcel carved from the ancestral lands of the Yavapai people , encompassing 24680 acre . The acreage had been part of the Fort McDowell Military Reserve , which had been an important outpost during the Apache Wars . The original inhabitants of the reservation were members of the kwevikopaya , or Southeastern Yavapai , who lived in the nearby Mazatzal-Four Peak and Superstition Mountains area . In the 1970s , there was a proposal to build a dam at the confluence of the Verde and Salt Rivers . Due to the negative effects such a dam would have had on the reservation , the community voted not to sell the land for the dam to the federal government . What would have been called the `` Orme Dam '' was never built . The reservation celebrates this victory with a rodeo and pow wow each November .   After the passage of the 1988 Indian Gaming Regulatory Act , a casino was built on the reservation . In 1992 , agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation attempted to seize the gaming devices of the casino . This raid took place in conjunction with raids at four other Indian reservations throughout the country . While the raids at the other four reservations went unopposed , members of the Yavapai tribe organized a protest . Using cars , trucks , and large mobile earth moving equipment , they blocked the egress from the property , preventing the trucks from carting off the machines . An agreement was reached between the tribe and Governor Fife Symington allowing the casino to remain in operation .   The outside communities of Fountain Hills and Rio Verde lie adjacent to the reservation . In addition to Rio Verde and Fountain Hills , the reservation 's economy is also closely tied to the nearby cities of Mesa , Scottsdale and Phoenix . Also in the area is the Salt River Indian Reservation of the Pima and Maricopa peoples . The tribe operates its own gas station , a large sand and gravel operation , a farm , and the Fort McDowell Casino . Other operations on the reservation include the Wekopa Resort and Conference Center , the Poco Diablo hotel , the Wekopa Golf Course , and Fort McDowell Adventures .   The area now occupied by the reservation was the birthplace of the Native American activist , Carlos Montezuma , who founded the Society of American Indians .

neg: Hard money loan A hard money loan is a specific type of asset-based loan financing through which a borrower receives funds secured by real property . Hard money loans are typically issued by private investors or companies . Interest rates are typically higher than conventional commercial or residential property loans , starting at 7.7 % , because of the higher risk and shorter duration of the loan . Most hard money loans are used for projects lasting from a few months to a few years . Hard money is similar to a bridge loan , which usually has similar criteria for lending as well as cost to the borrowers . The primary difference is that a bridge loan often refers to a commercial property or investment property that may be in transition and does not yet qualify for traditional financing , whereas hard money often refers to not only an asset-based loan with a high interest rate , but possibly a distressed financial situation , such as arrears on the existing mortgage , or where bankruptcy and foreclosure proceedings are occurring .   Hard Money is a term that is used almost exclusively in the United States and Canada where these types of loans are most common . In commercial real estate , hard money developed as an alternative `` last resort '' for property owners seeking capital against the value of their holdings . The industry began in the late 1950s when the credit industry in the U.S. underwent drastic changes .   From inception , the hard money field has always been formally unregulated by state or federal laws , although some restrictions on interest rates ( usury laws ) by state governments restrict the rates of hard money such that operations in several states , including Tennessee and Arkansas are virtually untenable for lending firms .

neg: Ponzi scheme A Ponzi scheme ( -LSB- ˈpɒn.zi -RSB- also a Ponzi game ) is a fraudulent investment operation where the operator , an individual or organization , pays returns to its investors from new capital paid to the operators by new investors , rather than from profit earned through legitimate investments or business activities . Operators of Ponzi schemes usually entice new investors by offering higher returns than other investments , in the form of short-term returns that are either abnormally high or unusually consistent .   Ponzi schemes occasionally begin as legitimate businesses , until the business fails to achieve the returns expected . The business becomes a Ponzi scheme if it then continues to operate under fraudulent terms . Whatever the initial situation , the perpetuation of the high returns requires an ever-increasing flow of money from new investors to sustain the scheme .   The scheme is named after Charles Ponzi , who became notorious for using the technique in the 1920s . The idea , present in novels ( for example , Charles Dickens ' 1844 novel Martin Chuzzlewit and 1857 novel Little Dorrit each described such a scheme ) , was actually performed in real life by Ponzi with his operation which took in so much money that it was the first to become known throughout the United States . Ponzi 's original scheme was based on the arbitrage of international reply coupons for postage stamps ; however , he soon diverted investors ' money to make payments to earlier investors and himself .

neg: Hustler Casino Larry Flynt 's Hustler Casino is a casino in Gardena , California , approximately 15 miles ( 25 km ) south of Downtown Los Angeles . It is owned by Hustler magazine publisher Larry Flynt through his El Dorado Enterprises holding company . It has been in operation since June 22 , 2000 . Of all of Larry Flynt 's businesses the Hustler Casino is the most profitable , earning over $ 20 million annually . The Hustler Casino was built on land that was formerly occupied by the El Dorado Club , which Flynt purchased in 1998 for $ 8 million .   A major expansion was completed in February 2007 which included The Crystal Room which serves as a combination card room , conference room and poker tournament site .   Since 1997 , Flynt has hosted `` the biggest seven-card stud game in the world '' ; the game started at Flynt 's home but moved to his casino when it opened . As of April 2007 , the minimum buy-in is $ 200,000 , with $ 1000 antes and stakes of $ 2,000 - $ 4,000 . Unlike most high-stakes ring games , Flynt 's game is held in a corner of the casino 's main poker room floor . Regulars at the table include Phil Ivey , Barry Greenstein , and Ted Forrest . Another regular was Chip Reese before his death .

neg: Mirage Tavern The Mirage Tavern was a drinking establishment at 731 N. Wells St. in Chicago purchased by the Chicago Sun-Times in 1977 to investigate widespread allegations of official corruption and shakedowns visited on small businesses by city officials . The journalists used hidden cameras to help ensure that city inspectors caught accepting payoffs for ignoring safety hazards were all properly documented .   In 1978 , the Sun-Times broke the story in a 25-part series that documented the many abuses and crimes committed at the tavern , which was shaken down repeatedly by state and local officials . The series was initially nominated for the Pulitzer Prize for general reporting , but the Pulitzer board decided not to award the Sun-Times when editor Ben Bradlee of the Washington Post led an attack on the grounds that the reporters used undercover reporting , a form of deception , to report the story .   The Mirage gave rise to major reforms including city code revisions , new procedures in city inspections and investigations at federal , state and city levels . The IRS sent in 20 agents to take a closer look at tax fraud by cash businesses . The Illinois Department of Revenue formed a new investigative unit : the Mirage Audit Unit . An ongoing federal investigation , spurred by the Mirage findings , managed indictments of a third of the city 's electrical inspectors in 1978 , with more indictments to come later .   The project was overseen by editors James Hoge , Ralph Otwell , Stuart H. Loory and Joseph Reilly . In May 1977 , journalist Pam Zekman and Better Government Association chief investigator Bill Recktenwald purchased the tavern under the aliases Mr. and Mrs. Ray Patterson . Reporter Zay N. Smith , who wrote the series , and BGA investigator Jeff Allen posed as the bartender and manager , respectively . Sun-Times photographers Gene Pesek and Jim Frost were in charge of photographing the tavern 's activities from a hidden section of the tavern built over the washrooms .   Corrupt practices ran the gamut from shakedowns to tax fraud .   The shakedown amounts were small , typically less than $ 100 , as the reporters learned of what they later called `` the supermarket approach to graft -- low prices , high volume '' that inspectors tended to prefer as the safest way of doing illegal business .   Among others , a city electrical inspector agreed to overlook the tavern 's faulty wiring . A fire department lieutenant agreed to sign off on the tavern 's grand opening , despite the loose electrical wiring hanging from rafters and a basement piled high with trash against regulations . A city health inspector ignored maggots and sink drains that emptied down to the basement floor . A state liquor inspector ignored fruit flies in the liquor .  ( The tavern quietly corrected all its code violations , on its own , after the shakedown inspections . )   Also reported were illegal kickbacks from pinball operators and jukebox operators ( A.A. Swingtime Music Company ) , as well as tax skimming . Philip J. Barasch , a local accountant , gave the new owners of the bar extensive lessons on how to keep two sets of account books to skim profits without paying tax and advised them exactly what time of day inspectors showed up and how much their shakedowns would typically cost . He also suggested including his business card with any payoffs to help smooth the shakedown process . The only officials he warned against bribing were the police , noting that `` if you pay off a cop , they keep coming around every month , like flies , looking for a payoff '' . The Mirage , after hearing Barash 's tax advice , hired six more accountants specializing in small cash businesses and was counseled by all of them to commit fraud .   The tavern , which has had more than one owner since the Sun-Times investigation , is now known , after a number of improvements , as the Brehon Pub .

neg: Louisiana State Lottery Company The Louisiana State Lottery Company was a private corporation that in the mid-19th century ran the Louisiana lottery . It was for a time the only legal lottery in the United States , and for much of that time had a very foul reputation as a swindle of the state and citizens and a repository of corruption .   The company , initially a syndicate from New York , was chartered on August 11 , 1868 by the Louisiana General Assembly with a 25-year charter and in exchange gave the State $ 40,000 a year . With the passage of the charter , all other organized gambling was made illegal . This start almost immediately gave it a bad reputation as having bribed the legislators into a corrupt deal , especially at a time when other states were viewing lotteries and gambling with suspicion . It was founded by John A. Morris and Charles T. Howard , the former owning a controlling interest and the latter serving as its nominal head .   Charles Howard served as the first president , having previously worked for the Alabama Lottery and Kentucky State Lottery . Former Confederate Generals P.G.T. Beauregard and Jubal Anderson Early held the drawings . They added credibility but according to the New York Times they were paid handsomely for the few days each month their services were needed . Most of the tickets were sent via special train ( there was so much mail it required a special consideration ) to agents in the U.S. and abroad who would sell them in their respective areas .   In 1890 , three years before the charter 's expiration , the company bribed the legislature into passing an act to write them into the constitution ( thus requiring a successful supermajority of both houses of the Louisiana State Legislature and referendum ) by offering to give the state $ 500,000 per year .

neg: BARGE BARGE , the Big August Rec.Gambling Excursion , is a yearly convention held in Las Vegas during the first weekend of August . It consists of a series of tournaments both of poker and other gambling games , as well as a banquet and a host of informal social and gambling activities organized by attendees . Some of the well-known poker players who have participated either as speakers or players in the no limit holdem tournament include : Howard Lederer , Chris Ferguson , Phil Hellmuth Jr , Greg Raymer , Mason Malmuth , David Sklansky , Mike Caro , Matt Matros , Linda Johnson , Phil Gordon , Paul Phillips , Andy Bloch , William Chen , Doyle Brunson and many others .   BARGE is formally open to `` members of the rec.gambling '' community , but registration must be done in advance over the Internet . BARGE organizers include Russell Fox , Rich Bremer , Jeff Deitch and Stevan Goldman . Former organizers include Chuck Weinstock , Peter Secor , Michael `` mickdog '' Patterson , Nick Christenson , Bree Goldman and Mike Zimmers .

neg: Problem gambling Problem gambling ( or ludomania , but usually referred to as `` gambling addiction '' or `` compulsive gambling '' ) is an urge to gamble continuously despite harmful negative consequences or a desire to stop . Problem gambling is often defined by whether harm is experienced by the gambler or others , rather than by the gambler 's behaviour . Severe problem gambling may be diagnosed as clinical pathological gambling if the gambler meets certain criteria . Pathological gambling is a common disorder that is associated with both social and family costs .   The DSM-5 has re-classified the condition as an addictive disorder , with sufferers exhibiting many similarities to those who have substance addictions .  The term gambling addiction has long been used in the recovery movement . Pathological gambling was long considered by the American Psychiatric Association to be an impulse control disorder rather than an addiction . However , data suggest a closer relationship between pathological gambling and substance use disorders than exists between PG and obsessive-compulsive disorder , largely because the behaviors in problem gambling and most primary substance use disorders ( i.e. , those not resulting from a desire to `` self-medicate '' for another condition such as depression ) seek to activate the brain 's reward mechanisms while the behaviors characterizing obsessive-compulsive disorder are prompted by overactive and misplaced signals from the brain 's fear mechanisms .

neg: Sports betting Sports betting is the activity of predicting sports results and placing a wager on the outcome . The frequency of sports bet upon varies by culture , with the vast majority of bets being placed on association football , American football , basketball , baseball , hockey , mixed martial arts , track cycling , and boxing at both the amateur and professional levels . Sports betting can also extend to non-athletic events , such as reality show contests and political elections , and non-human contests such as horse racing , greyhound racing and illegal , underground dog fighting .   Sports bettors place their wagers either legally , through a bookmaker/sportsbook , or illegally through privately run enterprises referred to as `` bookies '' . The term `` book '' being a reference to the books used by wagebrokers to track wagers , payouts , and debts . The majority of legal sportsbooks are found online , operated over the internet from jurisdictions separate from the clients they serve , usually to get around various gambling laws ( such as the Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act of 2006 in the United States ) in select markets , such as Las Vegas , Nevada , or on gambling cruises through self-serve kiosks . They take bets `` up-front '' , meaning the bettor must pay the sportsbook before placing the bet . Illegal bookies , due to the nature of their business , can operate literally anywhere but only require money from losing bettors and do n't require the wagered money up front , creating the possibility of debt to the bookie from the bettor . This creates a number of other criminal elements , thus furthering their illegality .   Sportsbetting has resulted in a number of scandals in sport , affecting the integrity of sports events through various acts including point shaving ( players affecting the score by missing shots ) , spot-fixing ( a player action is fixed ) , bad calls from officials at key moments , and overall match fixing ( the overall result of the event is fixed ) . Examples are the 1919 World Series , the alleged ( and later admitted ) illegal gambling of former MLB player Pete Rose , and former NBA referee Tim Donaghy .

neg: Riverboat casino A riverboat casino is a type of casino on a riverboat found in several states in the United States with frontage on the Mississippi River and its tributaries , or along the Gulf Coast . Several states authorized this type of casino in order to enable gaming but limit the areas where casinos could be constructed ; it was a type of legal fiction as the riverboats were seldom if ever taken away from the dock .

neg: Gambling in Oregon Gambling in Oregon relates to the laws , regulations , and authorized forms of gambling .

neg: 1991 Super Bowl of Poker The Super Bowl of Poker ( also known as Amarillo Slim 's Super Bowl of Poker or SBOP ) was the second most prestigious poker tournament in the world during the 1980s . While the World Series of Poker was already drawing larger crowds as more and more amateurs sought it out , the SBOP `` was an affair limited almost exclusively to pros and hard-core amateurs . ''   The 1991 Tournament was the last SBOP . After Caesar 's Casino in Las Vegas closed its poker room , Amarillo Slim had to find a new location for the event and the best deal that he could find forced participants to drive two hours . This resulted in the smallest SBOP fields ever ; the Main Event only had 12 participants . Because of the small size of the field , fewer people were paid than in previous tournaments and the prestige of winning the events suffered a setback that doomed the SBOP and made 1991 the last year for the tournament .   The winners of the tournament , however , continued to represent some of the biggest names in poker . Barbara Enright , the only woman in the Poker Hall of Fame , won the ladies event . Jack Keller , another Hall of Famer , won two events , the $ 1,000 Pot Limit Omaha and the $ 10,000 Main Event . Having won the event in 1984 , this was his second time to have won the $ 10,000 Main Event .   Prior to SBOP , the only high dollar tournament a person could enter was the WSOP . `` The World Series of Poker was so successful that everybody wanted more than one tournament , '' Amarillo Slim said . Slim called upon his connections and friendships with poker 's elite to start a new tournament in the February 1979 . Before the SBOP had developed a reputation of its own , many of the most respected names in poker attended the tournament `` more to support Slim and take advantage of the very fat cash games the event would obviously inspire . '' Slim modelled his SBOP after the WSOP with several events and a $ 10,000 Texas Hold 'em Main Event .   One of the principal differences between the WSOP and the SBOP was the prize structure . The WSOP 's prize structure was flat , ensuring more people received smaller pieces of the prize pool . The SBOP typically used a 60-30-10 payout structure . In other words , only the first three places received money and generally in the ratio of 60 % to first place , 30 % to second place , and 10 % to third . This payment schedule dominated in the SBOP for the first 5 years of the event , but as the event grew the number of payouts increased while keeping the payout schedule top heavy .

neg: Even money Even money is a wagering proposition with even odds - the bettor stands to lose or win the same amount of money . Beyond gambling , even money can mean an event whose occurrence is about as likely to occur as not . Even money is also known as 50 -- 50 .   In professional gambling , even money bets typically do not have odds that are indeed 50 -- 50 . Therefore , successful gamblers have to examine any bets they make in light of the odds really being even money . For example , in roulette , betting on red or black is an even money bet . However , the presence of the green 0 and the 00 means that statistically the bettor will lose more than 50 % of the time . There are variations of the game that offer en prison on 37 number tables so if a 0 is rolled , the bettor neither wins or loses but his or her bet rides again on the next roll ; if the bet-upon event occurs on the second spin , the even-money wager is returned to the bettor . There still is not a 50-50 chance of winning , but a lot closer , since the house edge is reduced by almost 50 % .   In blackjack , even money bet is a side bet offered to a player that has a natural ( an Ace and a ten-valued card ) in case the dealer has an Ace as a face-up card . This bet costs half the size of the original bet . Even money bet protects the player from a push if the dealer has a blackjack . In case the dealer does have a blackjack , the player will push on the original bet and get a 2 to 1 payout on the even money side bet . However if the dealer does not have a blackjack , the player will be paid 3 to 2 on the original bet and lose the even money bet . Mathematically , requesting `` even money '' on a natural on a table that pays 3:2 for a natural is the same as an insurance bet since the 50 % bonus is being used to buy the insurance .

neg: Frontier gambler The Frontier Gambler is one of the most recognizable stock characters of the American West , usually portrayed as a gentlemanly southerner living outside of the law . Historically , gamblers were of both sexes , came from a variety of professions and class backgrounds , were of many different nationalities , and were part of a well-respected profession . As the west became increasingly populated and domesticated , the public perception of gambling changed to a negative one and led nearly all of the state and territorial legislatures to pass anti-gambling laws in and effort to `` clean up '' their towns . The gambler continues to be a captivating figure in the imagery of the west , representing the openness of its society and invoking its association with risk-taking .

neg: 1970 World Series of Poker The World Series of Poker was first held in 1970 . Unlike the WSOP events that followed it , which are decided using a freeze-out tournament , the 1970 champion was decided from a vote by the players . Jack Binion invited the best seven poker players in America to his Binion 's Horseshoe casino in Las Vegas , Nevada to decide who was America 's best poker player .   After a cash game session , Johnny Moss was voted the best in the world by `` Amarillo Slim '' Preston , Sailor Roberts , Doyle Brunson , Puggy Pearson , Crandell Addington , and Carl Cannon . Moss was awarded a silver cup rather than a bracelet , as bracelet was n't established as the prize until 1976 .   According to an apocryphal legend , two votes were taken to determine the best player in the world . In the first , the players were asked to vote for the best player , and , the story goes , each voted for himself . In the second vote , they were asked to vote for the second-best player , and Moss won the vote .

neg: High roller A high roller , also referred to as a whale , is a gambler who wagers large amounts of money . High rollers often receive lavish `` comps '' from casinos to lure them onto the gambling floors , such as free private jet transfers , limousine use and use of the casinos ' best suites . Casinos may also extend credit to a player to continue betting , offer rebates on betting turnover or losses , and salaries of employees may also contain incentive arrangements to bring in high rollers .   The definition of a high roller varies . At Crown Casino in Australia , for example , it involves bringing between A$ 50,000 and $ 75,000 to the table . High roller players often have very high table limits allowing the high roller exclusive use . Casinos compete on bet limits . In Australia limits of A$ 300,000 are common , in Las Vegas they are between US$ 150,000 and $ 300,000 , and in Macau they are up to US$ 500,000 . Only casinos with `` substantial financial firepower '' can accommodate high-stakes gambling due to the `` volatility '' of results .   High rollers may also be subject to exceptions from various rules and regulations ; for example the high roller rooms at Crown Casino in Melbourne , Australia are the only licensed venue in the state not subject to a ban on smoking .   High rollers are said to provide only a small fraction of casino `` action . '' John Eidsmoe , in his book Legalized Gambling : America 's Bad Bet , claims that it is actually gamblers from the lower and lower-middle classes in the United States that provide much of the gambling money . `` The occasional wealthy ` high roller ' does indeed exist , but he is the exception , not the standard . The fact that more than 50 % of Nevada 's gambling income comes from slot machines as opposed to the card tables should be an indication high rollers are not the main source of revenue . ''   One example of a high roller is an Australian man who turned over more than A$ 1.5 billion in a 14-month period from 2005 , becoming `` one of Crown 's largest Australian players but not in the same league as -LSB- its -RSB- top international players '' . There have been many cases around the world where high rollers have committed fraud to provide funds for gambling beyond their means , after becoming seduced by the lifestyle . This was the case with famed gambler Terrance Watanabe who reputedly lost over $ 220M in Las Vegas over a 5-year period , and was ultimately sued by Caesars Entertainment for failing to pay up on markers he took out during the binge totaling $ 14.75 M.    While high rollers may not provide a significant portion of the revenues in the casino industry as a whole , they can have a major effect on the net income of casinos that cater to them . There are significant costs associated with attracting the highest stakes gamblers , so if a casino takes this chance and the patron wins , its expenses can be extraordinarily large . But if the casino 's investment pays off and the high roller loses , the casino 's gain can far exceed its expenses for the high roller 's visit .

neg: Gambling advertising Gambling advertising is the promotion of gambling by casinos , lotteries , bookmakers or other organisations that provide the opportunity to make bets . It is usually conducted through a variety of media or through sponsorship deals , particularly with sporting events or people .   Although not as highly regulated as tobacco advertising and alcohol advertising , in many countries there are strict laws about the way in which such services can be marketed .   Gaming operators often sponsor sporting events , sportspeople or television coverage . For example , Bet365 sponsor snooker players and the Channel 4 coverage of The 2005 Ashes was sponsored by Betfair , both being online betting sites . In other instances , they will do stunts to get public attention . For example , many professional boxers have been sponsored by GoldenPalace.com , and sport temporary Golden Palace tattoos on their bodies .   To get around advertising restrictions , some online poker companies advertise free-play sites , like PartyPoker.net and PokerStars.net , and sometimes even call these free sites `` poker schools '' . These sites restrict access to those of legal age , even though it is not required .   In Australia , the principle gaming agency TAB ( Totalisator Agency Board ) ran advertisements on TV during the 1990s , under the tagline `` The Adrenaline Bet '' ( a play on the company 's name ) . Since then , the TAB has been restricted from all advertising on television and other media , but is still allowed to print race dividends in the newspaper .   From September 2007 the UK banned the advertising of around 1,000 gambling sites because they do not meet the guidelines dictated by the Department for Culture , Media and Sport .   Channel 4 Racing enjoyed a turnaround in its financial fortunes after UK law was changed to allow bookmakers to advertise directly on TV ; it now contains bookmakers ' adverts placed within the programme , shortly before each race .