query: Thailand has switched between government styles.

pos: Thailand Thailand ( -LSB- ˈtaɪlænd -RSB- or -LSB- ˈtaɪlənd -RSB- ; -LSB- : wikt : ประเทศไทย , ประเทศไทย -RSB- , , -LSB- pra.tʰêːt tʰaj -RSB- ) , officially the Kingdom of Thailand ( -LSB- : wikt : ราชอาณาจักรไทย , ราชอาณาจักรไทย -RSB- , -LSB- râːt.t͡ɕʰa.ʔaː.naː.t͡ɕàk tʰaj -RSB- ) , formerly known as Siam ( -LSB- : wikt : สยาม , สยาม -RSB- , -LSB- sa.jǎːm -RSB- ) , is a country at the centre of the Indochinese peninsula in Southeast Asia . With a total area of approximately 513000 km2 , Thailand is the world 's 50th-largest country . It is the 20th-most-populous country in the world , with around 66 million people . The capital and largest city is Bangkok .   Thailand is a constitutional monarchy and has switched between parliamentary democracy and military junta for decades , the latest coup being in May 2014 by the National Council for Peace and Order . Its capital and most populous city is Bangkok . It is bordered to the north by Myanmar and Laos , to the east by Laos and Cambodia , to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia , and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Myanmar . Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast , and Indonesia and India on the Andaman Sea to the southwest .   The Thai economy is the world 's 20th largest by GDP at PPP and the 27th largest by nominal GDP . It became a newly industrialised country and a major exporter in the 1990s . Manufacturing , agriculture , and tourism are leading sectors of the economy . It is considered a middle power in the region and around the world .

neg: Thaksin University Thaksin University ( มหาวิทยาลัยทักษิณ , translating to `` University of the South '' ) , is a public university in Southern Thailand . It is located in Amphoe Muang Songkhla , Songkhla Province . It is about twenty kilometers from Hat Yai District . Previously , Thaksin University was a branch campus of Srinakharinwirot University . Afterwards it grew in size and eventually became a separate university .  Thaksin University was established as an independent public university on September 1 , 1996 .   The university name was granted by a Royal Decree of His Majesty the King , who graciously granted the university the name of Thaksin , which means `` southern '' . The aim of the university is encourage and preserve the culture of Southern Thailand .   The university has two campuses and one center in Bangkok . The campuses are in Tambon Khao-Roop-Chang , Amphoe Muang Songkhla , Songkhla and Tambon Ban Plao , Pa Payom District , Phattalung . The Phattalung Campus was founded in 1989 .  The university offers undergraduate education degrees , postgraduate education degrees , and doctoral education degrees in Sciences , Medical Sciences , Social Sciences and Humanities . It has a special International Graduate Program that offers research-based Ph.D. programs through the region under the supervision of senior academics from international universities .   Thaksin University is the juristic body under the responsibility of the Office of the Higher Education Commission . Associate professor Doctor Somkiat Saithanoo holds the position of university president .

neg: List of capitals in Thailand This article includes a list of capitals and largest cities of provinces of Thailand . National capital city of Thailand is Bangkok .

neg: Constitutional Court of Thailand The Constitutional Court ( ศาลรัฐธรรมนูญ ; -LSB- sǎːn • rát • tʰà • tʰam • má • nuːn -RSB- ) is an independent Thai court founded under the 1997 Constitution with jurisdiction over the constitutionality of parliamentary acts , royal decrees , draft legislation , as well as the appointment and removal of public officials and issues regarding political parties . The current court was established by the 2007 Constitution and is part of the judicial branch of the Thai national government .   The court , along with the 1997 Constitution , was dissolved and replaced by a Constitutional Tribunal in 2006 following the coup d'État . While the Constitutional Court had 15 members , 7 from the judiciary and 8 selected by a special panel , the Constitution Tribunal had 9 members , all from the judiciary . A similar institution , consisting of 9 members , was again established by the 2007 Constitution .   The Constitutional Court has provoked much public debate , both regarding the court 's jurisdiction and composition as well as the initial selection of justices . A long-standing issue has been the degree of control exerted by the judiciary over the court .   The decisions of the court are final and inappealable . The decisions also bind every state organ , including the National Assembly , the Council of Ministers and other courts .   The various versions of the court have made several significant decisions . These included the 1999 decision that deputy minister of agriculture Newin Chidchop could retain his cabinet seat after being sentenced to imprisonment for defamation , the 2001 acquittal of Thaksin Shinawatra for filing an incomplete statement regarding his wealth , with the National Anti-Corruption Commission , the 2003 invalidation of Jaruvan Maintaka appointment as auditor-general , the 2007 dissolution of the Thai Rak Thai political party , and the 2014 removal of prime minister Yingluck Shinawatra from office .

neg: Pheu Thai Party The Pheu Thai Party ( PTP ) ( พรรคเพื่อไทย ; -LSB- pʰák pʰɯ̂a tʰāj -RSB- ; For Thais Party ) is the third incarnation of a Thai political party founded by former prime minister Thaksin Shinawatra . The Pheu Thai Party was founded on 20 September 2008 , as an anticipated replacement for the People 's Power Party ( PPP ) , which Constitutional Court of Thailand dissolved less than three months later after finding party members guilty of electoral fraud . The People 's Power Party was a replacement for Thaksin 's original Thai Rak Thai ( TRT ) party which the Constitutional Court dissolved in May 2007 for violation of electoral laws .

neg: Royal Society of Thailand The Royal Society of Thailand ( ราชบัณฑิตยสภา , -LSB- râːt.t͡ɕʰā.bān.dìt.tā.já.sā.pʰāː -RSB- ) , formerly known as the Royal Society of Siam , is the national academy of Thailand in charge of academic works of the government .   The secretariat of the society is the Office of the Royal Society of Thailand , formerly known as the Royal Institute of Thailand . The office is an independent department in the executive branch of Thailand and is not subject to any other agency .   The Royal Society of Siam was established on 19 April 1926 and was dissolved on 31 March 1933 . The dissolved society was split into the Royal Institute of Thailand and the Fine Arts Department of Thailand . On 14 February 2015 , the Royal Institute of Thailand was reorganised . Its administrative council became the Royal Society of Thailand , whilst the institute itself became the office of the society .   According to the present structure , the members of the Royal Society of Thailand are of three types : associate fellows , fellows , and honorary fellows . The associate fellows are experts selected and appointed by the society . The fellows are associate fellows selected by the society and appointed by the monarch upon advice of the prime minister . And the honorary fellows are prominent experts selected by the society and appointed in the same manner as the fellows .   The society is widely known for its official roles in the planning and regulation of the Thai language , as well as its many publications , particularly the Royal Institute Dictionary , the official and prescriptive dictionary of the Thai language , and the Royal Thai General System of Transcription , the official system for romanising Thai words .

neg: 2014 interim constitution of Thailand The Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand ( Interim ) 2014 was a constitution of Thailand in force between 2014 -- 17 .   Drafted by law lecturers from Chulalongkorn University ( CU ) , the constitution was enacted by the National Council for Peace and Order ( NCPO ) , a military junta led by General Prayut Chan-o-cha which staged a coup d'état against the caretaker government on 22 May 2014 . Without public consultation , King Bhumibol Adulyadej assented to and signed the constitution on 22 July 2014 . The constitution came into force on that day and replaced the 2007 constitution .   The interim constitution paves the way for the establishment of a national legislature to exercise the legislative power , a provisional cabinet to take charge of public administration , a reform council to execute extensive national reforms and approve a draft new constitution , and a constituent committee to draft the new constitution . The constitution does specify fixed dates for the completion of these works .   Although the constitution recognises Thailand as a democratic state and the Thai people as sovereign , the constitution grants amnesty to those involved for all past and future military actions concerning the coup and invests the NCPO with vast powers , including the power by which the NCPO leader can issue any order at will for the sake of the reforms or security . All orders so issued are considered lawful and final .   Public discussions about the interim constitution are prohibited by the NCPO .

neg: Thai general election, October 2006 After Thailand 's April 2006 elections were declared invalid by the Constitutional Court , it was decided that new elections would be held on 15 October 2006 . Due to delays in the nomination of a new election committee the election were likely to be moved to November , but then cancelled indefinitely after the military 's overthrow of the Thai government .

neg: France–Thailand relations France -- Thailand relations cover a period from the 16th century until modern times . Relations started in earnest during the reign of Louis XIV of France with numerous reciprocal embassies and a major attempt by France to Christianize the kingdom of Thailand ( then known as Siam ) and establish a French protectorate , which failed when the country revolted against foreign intrusions in 1688 . France would only return more than a century and a half later as a modernised colonial power , engaging in a struggle for territory and influence against Thailand in mainland Southeast Asia that would last until the 20th century .

neg: Chaeng Watthana Government Complex Chaeng Watthana Government Complex , or formally , the Government Complex Commemorating His Majesty the King 's 80th Birthday Anniversary , 5 December , BE 2550 ( 2007 ) ( ศูนย์ราชการเฉลิมพระเกียรติ 80 พรรษา 5 ธันวาคม 2550 ) , is a complex of Thai Government buildings on Chaeng Watthana Road , Thung Song Hong Subdistrict , Lak Si District , Bangkok .   The complex was built in commemoration of King Bhumibol Adulyadej 's 80th birthday . The complex construction project started in 2005 under Thaksin Shinawatra 's regime and was completed in 2008 . Its opening ceremony was held on 17 February 2010 . The project cost 20,000 million baht .   The 349-rai ( 929,800 m2 ) land on which the complex sits belongs to the Treasury Department , Ministry of Finance . The complex is administered by Dhanarak Asset Development or DAD , a state enterprise attached to the Treasury Department .   The complex is divided into three zones : Zone A ( 100 rai ) and Zone B ( 197 rai ) are for government buildings , and Zone C ( 152 rai ) supports the growth of the complex itself . The governmental buildings in the complex are divided into two groups :   Building A , or formally , the Ratchaburidirekrit Building ( อาคารราชบุรีดิเรกฤทธิ์ ; named for Prince Rabi Badhanasakdi , the Prince of Ratchaburi ( 1874 -- 1920 ) , whom some consider to be the `` father of Thai law '' ) , is in Zone A and includes the justice-related agencies :   Administrative courts  Central Administrative Court  Office of Administrative Courts  Supreme Administrative Court  Constitutional Court  Courts of justice  Central Bankruptcy Court  Central Intellectual Property and International Trade Court  Supreme Court of Justice  Ministry of Justice  Department of Probation  Department of Rights and Liberties Protection  Department of Youth Observation and Protection  Permanent Secretariat for Justice  Office of the Attorney General   Building B , or formally , the Ratthaprasatphakdi Building , is in Zone B and is includes administrative agencies :   Independent agencies  Office of Election Commission  Office of National Human Rights Commission  Office of Ombudsmen  Ministry of Finance  Bangkok Regional Revenue Office 9  Treasury Department  Ministry of Foreign Affairs  Department of Consular Affairs  Ministry of Digital Economy and Society  National Statistical Office of Thailand  Permanent Secretariat for Information and Communication Technology  Software Industry Promotion Agency ( Public Organisation )  Ministry of Interior  Department of Community Development  Department of Land  Ministry of Justice  Central Institute of Forensic Science  Department of Special Investigation  Office of Justice Affairs  Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment  Biodiversity-Based Economy Development Office ( Public Organisation )  Department of Marine and Coastal Resources  Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organisation ( Public Organisation )  Ministry of Public Health  Office of National Health Security  Ministry of Science and Technology  Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency ( Public Organisation )  Office of the Prime Minister  Office of Consumer Protection Commission  Office of National Economic and Social Advisory Council  Parliamentary agency  King Prajadhipok 's Institute  Royal Thai Police  Immigration Bureau  Office of Forensic Science Police   Other buildings include the `` Chaeng Watthana Centara Government Complex Hotel and Convention Centre '' , a hotel with a convention centre called `` Wayuphak Hall '' .

neg: People's Committee of Siam The People 's Committee of Siam , was the first constitutional Cabinet of Siam ( now Thailand ) or ( คณะรัฐมนตรีคณะที่ 1 ของไทย ) . After the Revolution of 1932 , and promulgation of the ` Temporary ' Constitution , Phraya Manopakorn Nititada ( a civil servant and former Minister of Justice ) was appointed the first President of the People 's Committee - in essence Prime Minister . However he was not allowed to appoint the members of the Cabinet as the Khana Ratsadon , the revolutionary party , has already decided to do that themselves .   Out of the fifteen members 10 are from the Khana Ratsadon ; out of the 7 `` Promoters '' 5 are in the committee . The committee did not present any policies to the National Assembly , but decided to govern the country in accordance with the 6 Principles . The committee was active from 28 June 1932 to 10 December 1932 . The committee ended with the signing and promulgation of the ` Permanent ' Constitution of 1932 , most members returned for the second Cabinet .

neg: Royal Thai Armed Forces Headquarters The Royal Thai Armed Forces Headquarters or the RTARF HQ , is the `` mostly ornamental '' joint headquarters of the Royal Thai Armed Forces , which is composed of the Royal Thai Army , the Royal Thai Navy and Royal Thai Marine Corps , and the Royal Thai Air Force . Formerly the Supreme Command Headquarters , the name was changed in February 2008 . The headquarters is divided into two branches : the `` Command Group '' and the `` Joint Group '' . The headquarters is headed by the Chief of Defence Forces , currently General Surapong Suwan-ath of the Royal Thai Army . The chief is supported by several departments and directorates , including four deputy chiefs . The headquarters is under the responsibility of the Ministry of Defence of Thailand and the Defence Minister .

neg: Thanom Kittikachorn Field Marshal Thanom Kittikachorn ( Thai ถนอม กิตติขจร , -LSB- tʰànɔ̌ːm kìttìkʰat͡ɕɔ̌ːn -RSB- ; 11 August 1911 -- 16 June 2004 ) was a military dictator of Thailand . A staunch anti-communist , Thanom oversaw a decade of military rule in Thailand from 1963 to 1973 , until public protests which exploded into violence forced him to step down . His return from exile in 1976 sparked protests which led to a massacre of demonstrators , followed by a military coup .

neg: Execution of Thai royalty The execution of Thai royalty ( th : การสำเร็จโทษด้วยท่อนจันทน์ ; RTGS : kan samret thot duai thon chan ; the act of executing royalty by using a sandalwood cudgel ) was the process of executing Thai royalty by means of one sandalwood cudgel or more upon his or her neck or stomach . It was the ceremony most frequently performed in Thai history from the Ayutthaya period to the initial period of Rattanakosin . This kind of execution has not been performed since the reign of King Mongkut , and has officially been abolished by the first Criminal Code of Thailand promulgated in 1881 by King Chulalongkorn .   Prof Nidhi Eoseewong , a renowned Thai academician , gave an opinion that : `` I do n't know how to translate this magnificently elegant ceremony of executing royalty into any foreign language . In English there exists a term derived from Latin , ` regicide ' , the literal meaning of which is an act of killing a monarch . The foreigner uses this word in such direct meaning , namely , knifing a monarch to death as being on a par with an act of Macbeth , or decapitating a monarch with guillotine which is not a royal guillotine as it can be used for every kinds of person from prostitute to royalty ... therefore , the Thai style of executing a monarch can daze and dumbfound foreigners ( and the Thai people who do not understand the Thai history ) . The execution of Thai royalty is not like that of the foreigner . ''

neg: Department of Civil Aviation (Thailand) The Department of Civil Aviation ( DCA ) กรมการบินพลเรือน ) was a government department of Thailand . Its responsibilities included prescribing , regulating , and auditing Thai civil aviation . The DCA manages Thailand 's 28 domestic airports . Thailand 's international airports ( BKK , DMK , HKT , CNX , CEI , and HDY ) , are managed by AOT . DCA 's stated vision is to '' ... drive the nation 's civil aviation to gain acceptance and be competitive worldwide . ''   In October 2015 , the DCA was superseded by two separate authorities , the Civil Aviation Authority of Thailand ( CAAT ) , which will conduct aviation regulatory oversight , and the Department of Airports , which will operate airports previously operated by the DCA .

neg: Anand Panyarachun Anand Panyarachun ( born 9 August 1932 ) was Thailand 's Prime Minister twice , between 1991 -- 1992 and once again in 1992 . He was effective in initiating economic and political reforms , one of which was the drafting of Thailand 's `` Peoples ' Constitution '' , which was promulgated in 1997 and abrogated in 2006 . Anand received a Ramon Magsaysay Award for Government Service in 1997 .

neg: Laos–Thailand relations Laos and Thailand have had bilateral relations for the most part of history . The two countries share a common border , share linguistic and cultural similarities , and have long intertwined histories since the time of their predecessor kingdoms Lan Xang and Ayutthaya in the 15th century . The Lao kingdom of Lan Xang included all of northeastern Thailand as recently as the early 18th century . Thailand 's northeastern region , Isan , has particularly strong Lao roots . Linguistically , the inhabitants of Isan , a third of the Thai population , speak the Isan language , a Lao dialect . Both countries have an interest in making the Mekong River a `` river of true peace and friendship '' , as their respective prime ministers called for in 1976 .   Diplomatic relations between the modern states were established in 1950 , but cross-border cooperation only began at the end of the Cold War .

neg: Sihanoukism Sihanoukism ( ស ហន ន យម Sihanouk Niyum ) is a Cambodian political ideology referring to Norodom Sihanouk 's style of leadership , particularly in the 1950s . Sihanoukist political parties include the Sangkum Reastr Niyum , FUNCINPEC , and the most recent Community of Royalist People 's Party . On 30 June 2006 , in a letter to Sisowath Thomico , Sihanouk urged FUNCINPEC and other parties not to use in their writings or statements `` Sihanoukism '' and `` Sihanoukist '' .

neg: Direk Jayanama Direk Jayanama ( , ; January 18 , 1905 -- May 1 , 1967 ) was a Thai diplomat and politician .   He was one of the civilian Promoters of the Siamese Revolution of 1932 that changed the country 's form of government from absolute to constitutional monarchy . He was closely associated with Pridi Banomyong . In the government of Field Marshal Plaek Phibunsongkhram he served as Minister of Foreign Affairs , but resigned when Phibunsongkhram led Thailand into World War II alongside Japan . Direk became a member of the Free Thai Movement ( Seri Thai ) alongside Pridi , who fought for the full sovereignty of Thailand and against collaboration with Japan . After the end of war , he served as Minister of Justice , Finance , Foreign Affairs and Deputy Prime Minister in several short-lived cabinets . From 1949 to 1952 he was the first dean of the Faculty of Political Science , Thammasat University .

neg: Chitchai Wannasathit Chitchai Wannasathit ( ชิดชัย วรรณสถิตย์ , , born 13 August 1946 in Ubon Ratchathani Province ) was the caretaker prime minister of Thailand from April to May 2006 , when Thaksin Shinawatra took a break from his duties as prime minister following a disappointing showing in elections . Thaksin returned to his duties after more than a month . Chitchai Wannasathit was the first deputy prime minister and justice minister , and is of Chinese descent .   On 19 September 2006 , he was arrested by the Thai military during the 2006 coup d'état , but was soon released .

neg: 2015 in Thailand The year 2015 is the 233rd year of the Rattanakosin Kingdom of Thailand . It is the 70th year in the reign of King Bhumibol Adulyadej ( Rama IX ) , and is reckoned as year 2558 in the Buddhist Era .


query: Denzel Washington starred in Fences.

pos: Fences (film) Fences is a 2016 American period drama film directed by and starring Denzel Washington and written by August Wilson , based on his Pulitzer Prize-winning play of the same name ( Wilson died in 2005 , but completed a screenplay before his death ) . In addition to Washington , the film also stars Viola Davis , Stephen Henderson , Jovan Adepo , Russell Hornsby , Mykelti Williamson and Saniyya Sidney .   Principal photography on the film began on April 25 , 2016 , in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , in the Hill District , and wrapped in mid-June 2016 . Fences was released in the United States on December 16 , 2016 , by Paramount Pictures , received positive reviews and grossed $ 64 million . The film was chosen by the American Film Institute as one of the top ten films of 2016 , and has been nominated for numerous awards , including four Oscar nominations at the 89th Academy Awards : Best Picture , Best Actor ( Washington ) , Best Supporting Actress ( Davis ) , and Best Adapted Screenplay , with Davis winning for her performance . It also received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actor for Washington and a Best Supporting Actress win for Davis .

neg: Denhart Bank Building The Denhart Bank Building is a historic bank building located at 101 Washington Square in Washington , Illinois . Charles Anthony and Henry Denhart built the building for their bank , which began business in 1866 , around 1872 . The building has an Italianate design , a popular choice for the era , featuring tall windows with sandstone crowns , stone quoins , and an ornate framed entrance . The bank grew to not only be a prominent local bank but also to issue farm loans throughout the state and acquire holdings throughout the country . The partners dissolved their bank in 1885 , though Denhart opened a new bank in the same building in 1886 . Denhart 's bank continued to use the building until it closed in 1930 following the 1929 stock market crash .   The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 12 , 2005 .

neg: Crime in Washington, D.C. Crime in Washington , D.C. , is directly related to the city 's changing demographics , geography , and unique criminal justice system . The District 's population reached a peak of 982,178 in 1950 . However , shortly thereafter , the city began losing residents and by 1980 Washington had lost one-quarter of its population . The population loss to the suburbs also created a new demographic pattern , which divided affluent neighborhoods west of Rock Creek Park from more crime-ridden and blighted areas to the east .   Despite being the headquarters of multiple federal law enforcement agencies , such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) and United States Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) , the nationwide crack epidemic of the 1980s and 1990s greatly affected the city and led to large increases in crime . The number of homicides in Washington peaked in 1991 at 897 ( a rate of nearly 60.8 homicides per 100,000 residents ) , and the city eventually became known as the `` murder capital '' of the United States .   The crime rate started to fall in the mid-1990s as the crack cocaine epidemic gave way to economic revitalization projects . Gentrification efforts have also started to transform the demographics of distressed neighborhoods , recently leading to the first rise in the District 's population in 60 years .   By the mid-2000s , crime rates in Washington dropped to their lowest levels in over 20 years . As in many major cities , crime remains a significant factor in D.C. , especially in the city 's northwestern neighborhoods , which tend to be more affluent , draw more tourists , and have more vibrant nightlife . Violent crime also remains a problem in Ward 8 , which has the city 's highest concentration of poverty .

neg: The Happening (2008 film) The Happening is a 2008 American thriller film written , co-produced and directed by M. Night Shyamalan , and stars Mark Wahlberg , Zooey Deschanel , John Leguizamo , and Betty Buckley . The film follows a man , his wife , his best friend and his friend 's daughter as they try to escape from an inexplicable natural disaster .   The film was advertised as being Shyamalan 's first R-rated film ; it received mostly negative reviews from critics on Metacritic and grossed $ 163 million worldwide .

neg: Fences (band) Fences is an American indie rock band from Seattle , Washington formed by lead vocalist and guitarist Christopher Mansfield , guitarist Benjamin Greenspan , bassist and vocalist Lindsey Starr and drummer Elliott Garm Chaffee . They released their debut studio album Fences in 2010 and Lesser Oceans in 2015 .

neg: Washington, Missouri Washington is a city on the Missouri River in Franklin County , Missouri , United States . The population was 13,892 from the 2010 census . It is the corncob pipe capital of the world , with Missouri Meerschaum located on the riverfront .

neg: Playing It Cool Playing It Cool ( formerly known as A Many Splintered Thing ) is an American romantic comedy film directed by Justin Reardon and written by Chris Shafer and Paul Vicknair . The film stars Chris Evans , Michelle Monaghan , Anthony Mackie , Aubrey Plaza , Patrick Warburton , Ashley Tisdale , Ioan Gruffudd , and Topher Grace . The film was released on video on demand starting on March 31 , 2015 before a limited release on May 8 , 2015 by Vertical Entertainment .

neg: FenceSitter Films FenceSitter Films is a film production and television production company founded by Kyle Schickner an American film producer , writer , director , actor and a bisexual civil rights activist , devoted to creating entertainment for women , and sexual and ethnic minorities .

neg: Peeples (film) Peeples is a 2013 American comedy film written and directed by Tina Gordon Chism and produced by Tyler Perry . It stars Craig Robinson and Kerry Washington and was released by Lionsgate on May 10 , 2013 .

neg: George Washington (miniseries) George Washington is a 1984 television miniseries directed by Buzz Kulik . The miniseries , released in three parts , chronicles the life of George Washington , the 1st President of the United States , from age 11 to age 51 . George Washington is based on the biography by James Thomas Flexner .   The miniseries was shot mainly on location near Washington , D.C. and was aired on April 8 , 10 and 11 , 1984 . Washington 's life in the French and Indian War , the second part shows the coming and commencement of the Revolutionary War and the final part describes the victory of the Independence from England . It was nominated for six Primetime Emmys .

neg: Morgan Creek Productions Morgan Creek Productions is an American film studio that has released box-office hits including Young Guns , Dead Ringers , Major League , True Romance , Ace Ventura : Pet Detective , The Crush , Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves and The Last of the Mochicans . The studio was co-founded in 1988 by James Robinson and Joe Roth . Robinson leads the company as chairman and CEO . He has two sons Brian Robinson and David C. Robinson who run the day to day operations .   In October 2014 , Morgan Creek sold the international distribution rights and copyrights to their films to Revolution Studios . In September 2015 , Morgan Creek began negotiating the sale of rights for the remaining territories , though they will retain remake and TV rights to the Ace Ventura , Major League , Young Guns , and Exorcist franchises . Miramax is currently the digital and television distributor for the pre-2012 Morgan Creek library , via Revolution Studios . The domestic rights to the Morgan Creek library ( with the exception of Young Guns , which still stand with Lionsgate/Vestron Video ) , have since been purchased by Westchester Films/Shout ! Factory .

neg: Pure Country Pure Country is a 1992 American dramatic musical western film directed by Christopher Cain and starring George Strait in his acting debut , with Lesley Ann Warren , Isabel Glasser and Kyle Chandler . The film was considered a box office bomb , however , the soundtrack was a critical success and , to date , is Strait 's best selling album . The film was followed by two sequels , Pure Country 2 : The Gift ( 2010 ) and Pure Country : Pure Heart ( 2017 ) .

neg: Wild Bill (1995 film) Wild Bill is a 1995 Western film about the last days of legendary lawman Wild Bill Hickok . It stars Jeff Bridges , Ellen Barkin , John Hurt and Diane Lane .  The film was distributed by United Artists . It was written and directed by Walter Hill , with writing credits also going to Pete Dexter , author of the book Deadwood , and Thomas Babe , author of the play Fathers and Sons .

neg: Country Strong Country Strong ( originally titled Love Do n't Let Me Down ) is a 2010 drama film starring Gwyneth Paltrow , Tim McGraw , Garrett Hedlund , and Leighton Meester . The film , about an emotionally unstable country music star who attempts to resurrect her career , was directed and written by American filmmaker Shana Feste . It premiered in Nashville , Tennessee on November 8 , 2010 , and had a wide release in the United States on January 7 , 2011 . This is the second film in which McGraw and Hedlund have worked together , the first being Friday Night Lights in 2004 .

neg: Talent for the Game Talent for the Game is a 1991 film about a baseball scout , directed by Robert M. Young . It starred Edward James Olmos and Lorraine Bracco , in her first film after Goodfellas , with Terry Kinney , Jamey Sheridan , and Jeff Corbett as co-stars .   Scenes were filmed on the Palouse in the small town of Genesee , Idaho , between Lewiston and Moscow , and nearby Garfield , Washington . Other scenes were shot in northern Idaho at Kellogg .   After a disappointing debut in a limited number of theaters in Florida , it went quickly to video .

neg: D.C. Blacks The D.C. Blacks is an African-American prison gang in the United States whose members are from Washington D.C. . They are allied with the Black Guerrilla Family and some other black prison gangs . The Aryan Brotherhood is one of their main rivals .

neg: Tyrees Allen Tyrees Allen ( born July 31 , 1954 ) is an American actor on stage , television , and film .   Allen was born in Salina , Kansas . In 1972 , he graduated from Salina Central High School . He later attended Marymount College in Salina , where he graduated with a degree in Theater Arts .   Allen 's fifty-five television credits include these : series regular roles on Women 's Murder Club and Dark Blue ; recurring and guest roles on The Practice , Alias , Cold Case , Without A Trace , Castle , Scandal , CSI : Miami , and Brothers & Sisters .   Allen appeared in New York in the 2000 Broadway production of Aida and the 2003 Broadway revival of William Shakespeare 's Henry IV .   In May 2013 , Allen played the role of `` Troy Maxson '' in the August Wilson play Fences at the African-American Repertory Theater in DeSoto , Texas .

neg: George Washington (film) George Washington is a 2000 American drama film written and directed by David Gordon Green . Its story centers on a group of children in a depressed small town in North Carolina who band together to cover up a tragic mistake .   Although it was not widely seen due to having had a very limited release , the film received wide praise from critics .

neg: Vernon Davis Vernon Leonard Davis ( born January 31 , 1984 ) is an American football tight end for the Washington Redskins of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football at Maryland . He was drafted by the San Francisco 49ers sixth overall in the 2006 NFL Draft . Upon entering the league , Davis signed a five-year , $ 23 million deal that made him the highest paid tight end at the time . In 2009 , Davis co-led the NFL in touchdown receptions .   In the 2011 -- 12 NFL playoffs with the 49ers , Davis caught the game winning touchdown pass from Alex Smith against the New Orleans Saints , which was referred to as `` The Catch III '' . In 2015 , Davis was traded to the Denver Broncos , where he ended up winning Super Bowl 50 with the team against the Carolina Panthers .

neg: Washington and Lee Swing `` Washington and Lee Swing '' is the official fight song of Washington & Lee University . Before it morphed into a swing , Dixieland and bluegrass standard , `` The Washington and Lee Swing '' was one of the most well known -- and widely borrowed -- football marches ever written , according to Robert Lissauer 's Encyclopedia of Popular Music in America . Schools and colleges from Tulane to Slippery Rock to Gonzaga to Iowa State copied it ( sometimes with attribution ) . It was written in 1910 by Mark W. Sheafe , class of 1906 , Clarence A. ( Tod ) Robbins , class of 1911 , and Thornton W. Allen , class of 1913 . It has been recorded by virtually every important swing musician , including Glenn Miller ( with Tex Beneke on vocals ) , Louis Armstrong , Kay Kyser , Hal Kemp and the Dukes of Dixieland . `` The Swing '' was a trademark of the New Orleans showman Pete Fountain . The trumpeter Red Nichols played it ( and Danny Kaye pretended to play it ) in the 1959 movie The Five Pennies . ( There is an audio excerpt from a 1944 recording by Jan Garber , a prominent dance-band leader of the era . School song from D & D 's Music Hall . )   The `` Swing '' was parodied in `` The Dummy Song '' by Lew Brown and Ray Henderson . `` Dummy '' was recorded by NRBQ , Louis Armstrong , Louis Prima and Glenn Miller 's vocal jazz group , The Modernaires , among many others , and was used in the movie You 've Got Mail . It is also the tune used as the CIT song in the 1979 movie , `` Meatballs . ''   It is a popular fight song of many schools , including :  Albert Gallatin Senior High School ( Uniontown , PA )  Allen Park High School ( Allen Park , MI )  Arthur Hill High School ( Saginaw , MI )  Augusta High School ( Augusta , KY )  Bassett High School ( Bassett , VA )  Benedictine Military School ( Savannah , GA )  Bearden High School ( Knoxville , TN )  Beresford High School ( Beresford , SD )  Bergenfield High School ( Bergenfield , NJ )  Bloomington High School South ( Bloomington , IN )  Booneville High School ( Booneville , Mississippi )  Broken Arrow High School ( Broken Arrow , OK )  Brooke High School ( Wellsburg , WV )  Brookville High School ( Brookville , OH )  Brookville High School ( Lynchburg , VA )  Cache High School ( Cache , OK )  Calhoun High School ( Calhoun , GA )  Canyon High School ( Anaheim , CA )  Central Davidson High School ( Lexington , NC )  Central Lee High School ( Donnellson , IA )  Chapmanville Regional High School ( Chapmanville , WV )  Clay County High School ( Manchester , KY )  Dallas Center Grimes High School ( Grimes , IA )  Deer Creek High School ( Edmond , OK )  DeKalb High School ( Waterloo , IN )  DeSoto High School ( DeSoto , TX )  D.S. Keith Junior High School ( Altoona , PA )  Duncan U. Fletcher High School ( Neptune Beach , FL )  Charles F. Brush High School ( Lyndhurst , OH )  East Fairmont High School ( Fairmont , WV )  Eastern Montgomery High School ( Elliston , VA )  Erik Ramstad Middle School ( Minot , ND )  Fairfield High School ( Fairfield , OH )  Fairland High School ( Proctorville , OH )  Fayette High School ( Fayette , MO )  Fertile-Beltrami ( Fertile , MN )  Fort Myers High School ( Fort Myers , FL )  Frayser High School ( Memphis , TN )  Freedom High School ( Bethlehem , PA )  Garinger High School ( Charlotte , NC )  Germantown High School ( Germantown , TN )  Glasgow High School ( Glasgow , KY )  Granby High School ( Norfolk , VA )  Granville High School ( Granville , OH )  Grayslake Central High School ( Grayslake , IL )  Groesbeck High School ( Groesbeck , TX )  Guthrie Center High School ( Guthrie Center , IA )  Haleyville High School ( Haleyville , AL )  Harmony High School ( Big Sandy , TX )  Harrison Central High School ( Gulfport , MS )  Henderson Collegiate High School ( Henderson , NC )  Howe High School ( Howe , OK )  Jones High School ( Jones , OK )  Jimtown High School , Elkhart , IN )  Kasson-Mantorville High School , ( Kasson , MN )  Kenston High School ( Bainbridge Township , OH )  Keystone Junior/Senior High School ( Knox , PA )  Kiel High School ( Kiel , WI )  Leesville High School ( Leesville , LA )  Lee-Scott Academy ( Auburn , AL )  Lind-Ritzville High School ( Ritzville , WA )  Lindbergh High School ( St. Louis , MO )  Lone Oak High School ( Lone Oak , TX )  Louisburg School District USD 416 , KS )  Louisburg High School ( Louisburg , NC )  Lordsburg HS ( New Mexico )  Mankato Loyola Catholic School ( Mankato , MN )  Madison Consolidated High School ( Madison , IN )  Maryville High School ( Maryville , MO )  Mayo High School ( Rochester , MN )  McAlester High School ( McAlester , OK )  McAllen High School ( McAllen , TX )  Medford Area Senior High , WI )  Milton High School , ( Milton , WI )  Morgan Park High School ( Chicago , IL )  Mountain Grove High School ( Mountain Grove , MO )  Mountain Home High School ( Mountain Home , AR )  Murray High School ( Murray , UT )  New Hanover High School ( Wilmington , NC )  Noble High School ( Noble , OK )  Norcross High School ( Norcross , GA )  North Buncombe High School , ( Weaverville , NC )  Opp High School ( Opp , AL )  Orange High School ( Hillsborough , NC )  Owensboro High School , ( Owensboro , KY )  Owensville High School ( Owensville , MO )  Ottawa-Glandorf High School ( Ottawa , OH )  Padua Franciscan High School ( Parma , OH )  Paducah Tilghman High School ( Paducah , KY ) -- Its fight song is a fusion of two tunes , one of them the Washington and Lee Swing .  Paul D. Schreiber High School ( Port Washington , NY  Ponchatoula High School ( Ponchatoula , LA )  Putnam City High School , Warr Acres , OK ( N.W. OKC metro area ) )  Quanah High School ( Quanah , TX )  Raymond and Tirza Martin High School ( Laredo , TX )  Rocky River High School ( Rocky River , OH )  Roswell High School ( Roswell , GA )  Russell High School ( postal address Russell , KY ; physically located in Flatwoods , KY )  Saline High School ( Saline , MI )  Saint John Cathedral High School ( Milwaukee , WI )  Sandia High School ( Albuquerque , NM )  San Lorenzo Valley High School ( Felton , CA )  Seguin High School ( Seguin , TX )  Sequim High School ( Sequim , WA )  Seneca High School ( Seneca , MO )  Southwestern High School ( Hanover , IN )  Sprague High School ( Sprague , WA )  Stonewall Jackson High School ( Manassas , VA )  Sunnyvale High School ( Sunnyvale , TX )  Tallmadge High School ( Tallmadge , OH )  Tekamah-Herman High School ( Tekamah , NE )  Terrebonne High School ( Houma , LA  Tolsia High School ( Glenhayes , WV )  U.S. Grant High School ( Portland , OR )  United Local High School ( Hanoverton , OH )  University of Toronto ( Toronto , ON )  Waterford Union High School ( Waterford , WI )  Wayne County High School ( Jesup , GA )  Warren Lincoln High School ( Warren , MI )  Wayne High School ( Huber Heights , OH )  Wheelersburg High School ( Wheelersburg , OH )  West Bloomfield High School ( West Bloomfield , MI )  Wickliffe High School ( Wickliffe , OH )  Winfield City High School ( Winfield , Alabama )  Wooster High School ( Wooster , OH )  Wynne High School ( Wynne , AR )  York High School ( Yorktown , VA )  Yorktown High School ( Yorktown , TX )   The Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League also use it as their fight song .   In the early part of the 20th century Mississippi State University , then known as Mississippi A&M College , used a specially adapted version of the `` Washington and Lee Swing '' with words suitable for a college song .   Comparisons between `` Washington and Lee Swing '' and `` Zacatecas March '' have included allegations that `` Washington and Lee Swing '' was heavily influenced by ( or even originally outright borrowed from ) that earlier Mexican march , which had been written in 1891 by Genaro Codino . See also -LSB- `` Wo n't You Come Home -RSB- , Bill Bailey ? ''


query: Sarah Paulson acted in the 2000's.

pos: Sarah Paulson Sarah Catharine Paulson ( born December 17 , 1974 ) is an American actress . After beginning her acting career on stage , she starred in the 1990s television series American Gothic ( 1995 -- 96 ) and Jack & Jill ( 1999 -- 2001 ) . Paulson later appeared in comedy films such as What Women Want ( 2000 ) and Down with Love ( 2003 ) , and had dramatic roles in films such as Path to War ( 2002 ) and The Notorious Bettie Page ( 2005 ) . From 2006 to 2007 , Paulson played the role of Harriet Hayes in the NBC comedy-drama series Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip , for which she received her first Golden Globe Award nomination . In 2008 , she starred as Ellen Dolan in the superhero noir film The Spirit .   Paulson has appeared on Broadway in the plays The Glass Menagerie ( 2005 ) and Collected Stories ( 2010 ) . She also starred in a number of independent films , and had a leading role on the ABC comedy series Cupid in 2009 . She later starred in the independent drama Martha Marcy May Marlene ( 2011 ) , and received Primetime Emmy Award and Golden Globe Award nominations for her performance as Nicolle Wallace in the HBO film Game Change ( 2012 ) . Paulson starred as Mary Epps in the 2013 historical drama film 12 Years a Slave and as Abby Gerhard in the 2015 drama film Carol . Both films received widespread critical acclaim and were nominated for multiple Academy Awards .   In 2011 , Paulson began starring in the FX anthology series American Horror Story , playing different characters in each of the show 's six seasons . For her work throughout the series , she has been nominated for four Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2013 -- 16 ) and won two Critics ' Choice Television Awards for Best Supporting Actress in a Movie/Miniseries ( 2013 and 2015 ) . In 2016 , Paulson portrayed real life prosecutor Marcia Clark in the first season of the anthology series American Crime Story , subtitled The People v. O. J. Simpson . For her work in the series , she has been awarded the Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Actress in a Movie/Miniseries , Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Movie , TCA Award for Individual Achievement in Drama , and Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Miniseries or Television Film as well as the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie .   According to Time magazine , she is one of the 100 most influential people of the year 2017 .

neg: Sarah Goldfinger Sarah Goldfinger is a television writer/producer . She has written for CSI : Crime Scene Investigation , Brothers and Sisters , Hawaii Five-0 , Almost Human , and Grimm .

neg: James Pandu James Pandu is an Indian Tamil film released in 2000 .

neg: The Record (film) The Record is a 2000 South Korean horror film starring Kang Seong-min , Park Eun-hye and Han Chae-young .

neg: Ghaath Ghaath is a 2000 Indian Bollywood crime drama film directed by Akashdeep and produced by Kumar Mohan . The film stars Manoj Bajpayee , Tabu and Om Puri in pivotal roles and actress Raveena Tandon in a special appearance . The film met with positive critical response whereas ended up being an average grosser at the box-office .

neg: Timecode (film) Timecode is a 2000 American experimental film written and directed by Mike Figgis and featuring a large ensemble cast , including Salma Hayek , Stellan Skarsgård , Jeanne Tripplehorn , Suzy Nakamura , Kyle MacLachlan , Saffron Burrows , Holly Hunter , Julian Sands , Xander Berkeley , Leslie Mann and Mía Maestro .   The film is constructed from four continuous 93-minute takes that were filmed simultaneously by four cameramen ; the screen is divided into quarters , and the four shots are shown simultaneously . The film depicts several groups of people in Los Angeles as they interact and conflict while preparing for the shooting of a movie in a production office . The dialogue was largely improvised , and the sound mix of the film is designed so that the most significant of the four sequences on screen dominates the soundtrack at any given moment .   An allusion to this film can be heard during another of Mike Figgis 's films , Hotel . In the first moment the screen is split into four quadrants . The sound of milk being steamed in one quadrant combines with the sound of an actor tapping beats onto a paperback novel in another quadrant to create a very subtle imitation of the sounds and music heard during the first few minutes in Timecode .

neg: Open House (2004 film) Open House is a 2004 real estate musical film starring Hedy Burress , Ann Magnuson , Anthony Rapp , Sally Kellerman , Jenna Leigh Green and Kellie Martin , and directed by Dan Mirvish , a co-founder of the Slamdance Film Festival . It played on the film festival circuit in 2004 -- 05 and was released on DVD through Wellspring Media . All the actors sang live on set , rather than lip synching .

neg: The Dilettante The Dilettante ( La Dilettante ) is a 1999 French comedy film directed by Pascal Thomas and starring Catherine Frot , Sébastien Cotterot and Barbara Schulz . The film was entered into the 21st Moscow International Film Festival where Catherine Frot won the Silver St. George for Best Actress .

neg: Sarah Bird Sarah Bird is an American novelist , screenwriter , and journalist . She was born in 1949 in Ann Arbor , Michigan . Her father was an officer in the US Air Force , and her family ( a `` Catholic family of eight '' ) , including her mother , Colista Bird , travelled with him around the US and the world during her childhood . Sarah 's mother recognized signs of her daughter 's creative storytelling talent as young as kindergarten .   She attended the University of New Mexico , earning a BA there in 1973 . Moving to the University of Texas at Austin , she went on to receive an MA in journalism there in 1976 . She is married to George Jones , and has one son , Gabriel Bird-Jones , born in 1989 . The family lives in Austin , Texas .   During the mid-eighties , Bird was a founding contributing-editor to Austin 's Third Coast Magazine , for which she wrote numerous feature and humor articles .   Bird 's first published novel was Do Evil Cheerfully , a mystery ( as Sarah McCabe Bird ) .   In 1986 , her comic novel Alamo House was published based on her experience as a graduate student at the University of Texas .   Bird wrote the screenplay for the movie Do n't Tell Her It 's Me ( 1990 , starring Shelley Long and Steve Guttenberg ) , adapting the Boyfriend School novel .   The Boyfriend School and The Mommy Club , published by Ballantine in 1989 and 1991 , respectively , were both humorous novels drawing on Bird 's life experiences . In addition to novels , Bird has written screenplays for television and magazine articles for national women 's magazines . She writes a column for Texas Monthly . Virgin of the Rodeo was published in 1999 .   Bird was named Austin 's best author in 2001 by the Austin Chronicle , the year she also published The Yokota Officers Club , a novel that draws on her experiences as military brat . She has also written screenplays for the National Geographic Channel and Hallmark , as well as the CBS movie Yesterday 's Children .   Another novel , The Flamenco Academy , came out in 2006 . A new novel , How Perfect Is That , was published by Knopf in June 2008 .

neg: Garden State (film) Garden State is a 2004 American romantic comedy-drama film , written and directed by Zach Braff and starring Braff , Natalie Portman , Peter Sarsgaard , and Ian Holm . The film centers on Andrew Largeman ( Braff ) , a 26-year-old actor/waiter who returns to his hometown in New Jersey after his mother dies . Braff based the film on his real life experiences . It was filmed in April and May 2003 and released on July 28 , 2004 . New Jersey was the main setting and primary shooting location . Garden State received positive reviews upon its release and has garnered a cult following . It was an official selection of the Sundance Film Festival . The film also spawned a soundtrack for which Braff , who picked the music himself , won a Grammy Award .

neg: About Adam About Adam is a 2000 romantic comedy film written and directed by Gerard Stembridge . The screenplay focuses on the effect a seductive young man has on four siblings .

neg: Mary Pat Gleason Mary Pat Gleason ( born February 23 , 1950 ) is an American film and television actress and an Emmy Award winning writer . From 1983 -- 85 , she appeared on The Guiding Light as Jane Hogan .   Since the early 1980s she has appeared on such television series as Full House , Dear John , Murphy Brown , Empty Nest , L.A. Law , Saved by the Bell , Murder , She Wrote , Friends , Step by Step , Suddenly Susan , Will & Grace , Sex and the City , Desperate Housewives , Family Matters , NCIS : Los Angeles , The Middleman , Up All Night , 1600 Penn , Motive , Baby Daddy , Grey 's Anatomy , Partners , Mama 's Family , Two Broke Girls and Mom .   She has appeared in such feature films as I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry , Basic Instinct , Traffic , Bruce Almighty , 13 Going on 30 , The Crucible , Bottle Shock , A Cinderella Story , The Island , Killing Kennedy and Nina .

neg: Luckytown Luckytown is a 2000 film starring Kirsten Dunst , Vincent Kartheiser , Luis Guzmán , and James Caan . The film was written by Brendan Beseth , and produced and directed by Paul Nicolas .

neg: Hocus Pocus (1993 film) Hocus Pocus is a 1993 American Halloween fantasy-comedy horror film directed by Kenny Ortega , starring Bette Midler , Kathy Najimy and Sarah Jessica Parker ; written by Neil Cuthbert and Mick Garris , and based on a story by Garris and David Kirschner . It follows the villainous trio of witches , who are inadvertently resurrected by a male teenager as a virgin in Salem , Massachusetts .   The film became a cult film , largely from annual airings on Disney Channel and Freeform ( formerly ABC Family ) .

neg: Primary Suspect Primary Suspect is a 2000 American action-thriller-mystery film written by D.Alvelo and Marc Bienstock and directed by Jeff Celentano . The film stars William Baldwin , Brigitte Bako , and Lee Majors .

neg: A Night to Remember: Pop Meets Classic Sarah Connor Live in Concert -- A Night to Remember : Pop Meets Classic is the first live DVD released by German pop star Sarah Connor . It was recorded live on January 24 , 2003 at Altes Kesselhaus in Düsseldorf , Germany .   There are three sets . The first set starts with 5 of Sarah 's songs all performed in a bit of a classical way . The second set involves 4 of Sarah 's more pop like tracks and more dancing . The third and final set involves covering some pop standards such as `` I Say a Little Prayer '' and `` Summertime '' . The concert finishes with her signature song `` From Sarah with Love '' and her then current single `` One Nite Stand ( of Wolves and Sheep ) '' . All the songs performed were from Sarah 's first two albums , Green Eyed Soul and Unbelievable , as well as the four covers .   The DVD features a bonus track ( a cover of The Beatles ' `` Yesterday '' ) , a making of featurette , gallery , special web link , an interview with Connor about the songs , a discography with song snippets , and performances of two songs with multiple angles . The DVD also offers English subtitles ( the songs were in English , but she spoke in German ) .

neg: If These Walls Could Talk 2 If These Walls Could Talk 2 is a 2000 television movie in the United States , broadcast on HBO . It follows three separate storylines about lesbian couples in three different time periods . As with the original If These Walls Could Talk , all the stories are set in the same house across different time periods .   The segments were directed by Jane Anderson , Martha Coolidge , and Anne Heche respectively .

neg: Janeane from Des Moines Janeane from Des Moines is a 2012 American political drama film directed by Grace Lee , written by Lee and Jane Edith Wilson , and starring Wilson as a conservative housewife who attends the 2012 Republican Party primary in Iowa . It mixes elements of mockumentary and real-life interviews with Republican politicians conducted in-character without their knowledge .

neg: False Servant False Servant ( La Fausse Suivante ) is a 2000 French comedy-drama film directed by Benoît Jacquot and starring Isabelle Huppert .

neg: Whipped (film) Whipped is a 2000 comedy film directed by Peter M. Cohen .

neg: Duets (film) Duets is a 2000 American road trip film co-produced and directed by Bruce Paltrow and written by John Byrum . The motion picture features an ensemble cast co-starring Gwyneth Paltrow , Paul Giamatti , Maria Bello , Scott Speedman , Andre Braugher , Huey Lewis and Angie Dickinson , among others . The movie `` revolves around the little known world of karaoke competitions and the wayward characters who inhabit it . ''


query: Communities in the Americas speak the Italian language.

pos: Italian language Italian ( -LSB- itaˈljaːno -RSB- or lingua italiana -LSB- ˈliŋɡwa itaˈljaːna -RSB- ) is a Romance language . By most measures , Italian , together with Sardinian , is the closest to Latin of the Romance languages .  Italian is an official language in Italy , Switzerland , San Marino , Vatican City and western Istria ( in Slovenia and Croatia ) . It used to have official status in Albania , Malta and Monaco , where it is still widely spoken , as well as in former Italian East Africa and Italian North Africa regions where it plays a significant role in various sectors . Italian is spoken by small minorities in places such as France ( especially in Corsica ) , Montenegro , Crimea and Tunisia and by large expatriate communities in the Americas and Australia . It has official minority status in Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Slovenia and Romania . Many speakers are native bilinguals of both standardized Italian and other regional languages . Italian is the fourth most studied language in the world .   Italian is a major European language , being one of the official languages of the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe and one of the working languages of the Council of Europe . It is the third most widely spoken first language in the European Union with 65 million native speakers ( 13 % of the EU population ) and it is spoken as a second language by 14 million EU citizens ( 3 % ) . Including Italian speakers in non-EU European countries ( such as Switzerland and Albania ) and on other continents , the total number of speakers is around 85 million .   Italian is the main working language of the Holy See , serving as the lingua franca in the Roman Catholic hierarchy as well as the official language of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta . Italian is known as the language of music because of its use in musical terminology and opera . Its influence is also widespread in the arts and in the luxury goods market . Italian has been reported as the fourth or fifth most frequently taught foreign language in the world .   Italian was adopted by the state after the Unification of Italy , having previously been a literary language based on Tuscan as spoken mostly by the upper class of Florentine society . Its development was also influenced by other Italian languages and to some minor extent , by the Germanic languages of the post-Roman invaders . The incorporation into Italian of learned , or `` bookish '' words from its own ancestor language , Latin , is arguably another form of lexical borrowing through the influence of written language and the liturgical language of the Church . Throughout the Middle Ages and into the early modern period , most literate Italian speakers were also literate in Latin ; and thus they easily adopted Latin words into their writing -- and eventually speech -- in Italian . Its vowels are the second-closest to Latin after Sardinian . Unlike most other Romance languages , Italian retains Latin 's contrast between short and long consonants . As in most Romance languages , stress is distinctive .

neg: Comune The comune ( -LSB- koˈmuːne -RSB- ; plural : comuni , -LSB- koˈmuːni -RSB- ) is a basic administrative division in Italy , roughly equivalent to a township or municipality .

neg: List of endangered languages in Africa An endangered language is a language that it is at risk of falling out of use , generally because it has few surviving speakers . If it loses all of its native speakers , it becomes an extinct language . UNESCO defines four levels of language endangerment between `` safe '' ( not endangered ) and `` extinct '' :  Vulnerable  Definitely endangered  Severely endangered  Critically endangered   Africa is the world 's second-largest and second most-populous continent . At about 30.2 million km ² ( 11.7 million sq mi ) including adjacent islands , it covers 6 % of the Earth 's total surface area and 20.4 % of the total land area . With about 922 million people ( as of 2005 ) in 61 territories , it accounts for about 14.2 % of the world 's human population . The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north , the Suez Canal and the Red Sea to the northeast , the Indian Ocean to the southeast , and the Atlantic Ocean to the west . There are 53 countries , including Madagascar and all the island groups .

neg: Polish Americans Polish Americans are Americans who have total or partial Polish ancestry . There are an estimated 9.5 million Polish Americans , representing about 3 % of the U.S. population .   Polish Americans are the largest Slavic ethnic group in the United States , second largest Central and Eastern European group and the eighth largest immigrant group overall .   The first Polish settlers arrived at Walter Raleigh 's failed Roanoke Colony in 1585 . In 1608 Polish settlers came to the Virginia Colony as skilled craftsmen .   Two early immigrants , Kazimierz Pułaski and Tadeusz Kościuszko , led armies in the Revolutionary War and are remembered as national heroes . Overall , more than one million Poles and Polish subjects have immigrated to the United States , primarily during the late 19th and early 20th centuries . Exact immigration numbers are unknown . Many immigrants were classified as `` Russian '' , `` German '' , and `` Austrian '' by the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service because the Polish state did not exist from 1795 to 1918 , and thus the former territories of Poland at this time were under Prussian , Austrian-Hungarian and Russian control . Complicating the U.S. Census figures further are the high proportion of Polish Americans who marry outside their ethnicity ; in 1940 , about 50 percent married other American ethnics , and a study in 1988 found that 54 percent of Polish Americans three generations or higher had been of mixed ancestry . The Polish American Cultural Center places a figure of Americans who have some Polish ancestry at 19-20 million .   In 2000 , 667,414 Americans over 5 years old reported Polish as the language spoken at home , which is about 1.4 % of the census groups who speak a language other than English or 0.25 % of the U.S. population .

neg: Chicano English Chicano English , or Mexican American English , is a dialect of American English spoken primarily by Mexican Americans ( sometimes known as Chicanos ) , particularly in the Southwestern United States , ranging from Texas to California but also apparent in Chicago . Chicano English is sometimes mistakenly conflated with Spanglish , which is a grammatically simplified mixing of Spanish and English ; however , Chicano English is a fully formed and native dialect of English , not a `` learner English '' or interlanguage . It is even the native dialect of some speakers who know little to no Spanish .

neg: Kingdom of Italy The Kingdom of Italy ( Regno d'Italia ) was a state founded from 1861 , when King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was proclaimed King of Italy , to 1946 , when a constitutional referendum led civil discontent to abandon the monarchy and form the Italian Republic . The state was founded as a result of the unification of Italy under the influence of the Kingdom of Sardinia , which can be considered its legal predecessor state .   Italy declared war on Austria in alliance with Prussia in 1866 and received the region of Veneto following their victory . Italian troops entered Rome in 1870 , ending more than one thousand years of Papal temporal power . Italy entered into a Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary in 1882 , following strong disagreements with France about the respective colonial expansions . However , even if relations with Berlin became very friendly , the alliance with Vienna remained purely formal , as the Italians were keen to acquire Trentino and Trieste , corners of the Austria-Hungary populated by Italians . So , in 1915 , Italy accepted the British invitation to join the Allies in World War I because the western allies promised territorial compensation ( at the expense of Austria-Hungary ) for participation that were more generous than Vienna 's offer in exchange for Italian neutrality . Victory in the war gave Italy a permanent seat in the Council of the League of Nations .   `` Fascist Italy '' is the era of National Fascist Party government from 1922 to 1943 with Benito Mussolini as head of government . The fascists imposed authoritarian rule and crushed the political and intellectual opposition , while promoting economic modernization , traditional social values , and a rapprochement with the Roman Catholic Church . According to Payne ( 1996 ) , '' -LSB- the -RSB- Fascist government passed through several relatively distinct phases '' . The first phase ( 1923 -- 1925 ) was nominally a continuation of the parliamentary system , albeit with a `` legally-organized executive dictatorship '' . Then came the second phase , `` the construction of the Fascist dictatorship proper , from 1925 to 1929 '' . The third phase , with less activism , was 1929 to 1934 . The fourth phase , 1935 -- 1940 , was characterized by an aggressive foreign policy ; war against Ethiopia , which was launched from Eritrea and Italian Somaliland ; confrontations with the League of Nations sanctions ; growing economic autarchy ; and semi-National Socialization . The war itself ( 1940 -- 1943 ) was the fifth phase with its disasters and defeats , while the rump Salò government under German control was the final stage ( 1943 -- 1945 ) .   Italy was allied with National Socialist Germany in World War II until 1943 . It switched sides to the Allies after ousting Mussolini and shutting down the Fascist party in areas ( south of Rome ) controlled by the Allied invaders . The remnant fascist state in northern Italy that continued fighting against the Allies was a puppet state of Germany , the `` Italian Social Republic '' , still led by Mussolini and his Fascist loyalists . Shortly after the war , civil discontent led to the constitutional referendum of 1946 on whether Italy would remain a monarchy or become a republic . Italians decided to abandon the monarchy and form the Italian Republic , the present-day Italian state .

neg: List of Celtic place names in Italy The Celtic toponymy of Italy are the place names that , through the reconstruction of the historical and linguistic origin , are attributed to language of Celts allocated once in Italy , between the northern regions and in some areas of central Italy .   It deals with linguistic varieties of `` fragmentary attestation '' from two strands of Celtic peoples : 1 ) the oldest , perhaps already settled in the Bronze Age , the ancestors of the Celts of Golasecca culture , who spoke a language ( the so-called Lepontic language ) which is more archaic , more conservative Gaulish language ; 2 ) groups of Gauls that penetrated in Italy in the fourth century BC ( and probably also in earlier stages ) .

neg: Colonization Colonization ( or colonisation ) is a process by which a central system of power dominates the surrounding land and its components .   The term is derived from the Latin word colere , which means `` to inhabit '' . Also , colonization refers strictly to migration , for example , to settler colonies in America or Australia , trading posts , and plantations , while colonialism deals with this , along with ruling the existing indigenous peoples of styled `` new territories '' .   Colonization was linked to the spread of tens of millions from Western European states all over the world . In many settled colonies , Western European settlers formed a large majority of the population . Examples include the Americas , Australia and New Zealand . These colonies were occasionally called ` neo-Europes ' . In other places , Western European settlers formed minority groups , who were often dominant in their places of settlement .   When Britain started to settle Australia , New Zealand and various other smaller islands , they often regarded the landmasses as terra nullius . Terra nullius meaning 'em pty land ' in Latin . Due to the absence of European farming techniques , the land was deemed unaltered by man and therefore treated as uninhabited , despite the presence of indigenous populations .  In the 19th century , laws and ideas such as Mexico 's General Colonization Law and the United States ' Manifest destiny encouraged further colonization of the Americas .

neg: Romanian language Romanian ( obsolete spellings Rumanian , Roumanian ; autonym : limba română , or лимба ромынэ in Moldovan Cyrillic , -LSB- ˈlimba roˈmɨnə -RSB- , `` the Romanian language '' , or românește , lit . `` in Romanian '' ) is a Romance language spoken by around 24 million people as a native language , primarily in Romania and Moldova , and by another 4 million people as a second language . It has official status in Romania and the Republic of Moldova . It is one of the official languages of the European Union and the Latin Union .   Romanian is a part of the Balkan-Romance group that evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin separated from the Western Romance during the 5th -- 8th centuries . To distinguish it within that group in comparative linguistics it is called Daco-Romanian as opposed to its closest relatives , Aromanian , Megleno-Romanian , and Istro-Romanian .   During Soviet times -- and to some extent even today -- Romanian was called Moldovan in the Republic of Moldova , although the Constitutional Court ruled in 2013 that `` the official language of the republic is Romanian '' .   Romanian speakers are scattered across many other countries , notably Australia , Italy , Spain , Ukraine , Bulgaria , the United States , Canada , Brazil , Mexico , Argentina , Greece , Turkey , Russia , Portugal , the United Kingdom , Cyprus , France and Germany .

neg: Cuban migration to Miami Cuban immigration has greatly characterized modern Miami , creating what is known as `` Cuban Miami . '' However , Miami reflects global trends as well , such as the growing trends of multiculturalism and multiracialism ; this reflects the way in which international politics shape local communities .  Essentially , the coexistence of growth and internationalization within Miami has perpetuated an ethnically driven social polarization . The growing number of Cubans in Miami have remained loyal to their cultural norms , mores , customs , language , and religious affiliations . The transnational force of immigration defines Miami as a growing metropolis , and the 20th century Cuban influx has greatly affected Miami 's growth .   As of 2012 , there were 1.2 million Cubans in Greater Miami . As of that year , about 400,000 had arrived after 1980 .

neg: Virgin Islands Americans Virgin Islands Americans are Americans from the U.S. Virgin Islands or British Virgin Islands who reside in the continental United States , or continental Americans of Virgin Islands heritage .   Persons born in the U.S. Virgin Islands are United States citizens , and as a result do not go through the legal immigration procedures a typical West Indies immigrant would . They are also , due to cultural affinities with the Anglophone Caribbean , U.S. Virgin Islanders in the U.S. are considered part of the Caribbean American immigrant community .   It is difficult to determine how many Virgin Islanders reside in the United States . According to the 2000 U.S. Census , there are 15,014 of U.S. Virgin Islands ancestry residing in the continental United States . However , a count of American residents with `` U.S. Virgin Islands ancestry '' excludes most U.S. Virgin Islands-born immigrants in the United States . Because of a high incidence of inter-Caribbean migration throughout the 1960s and 1970s , most native-born U.S. Virgin Islanders today are one or two generations removed from other Caribbean islands and would not necessarily define themselves as having `` U.S. Virgin Islands ancestry . '' For example , Tim Duncan is a St. Croix native with Anguillian ancestry .   The population of immigrants of British Virgin Islands origin in the United States is also difficult to determine , as they are not specifically counted in the U.S. Census , but grouped with other Caribbean British Overseas Territories as `` British West Indies . ''

neg: Filipino Americans Filipino Americans ( Mga Pilipinong Amerikano ) are Americans of Filipino descent . The term Filipino American is sometimes shortened to `` Fil-Ams '' , or `` Pinoy '' . According to Filipino American historian Dawn Mabalon , the earliest appearance of the term Pinoy ( alt . Pinay ) , was in a 1926 issue of the Filipino Student Bulletin . The article that featured the terms , is titled , `` Filipino Women in U.S. Excel in Their Courses : Invade Business , Politics . '' Some Filipinos believe that the term Pinoy was coined by Filipinos who came to the United States to distinguish themselves from Filipinos living in the Philippines .   Filipinos in North America were first documented in the 16th century , with small settlements beginning in the 18th century . Mass migration did not begin until the early 20th Century when the Philippines was ceded from Spain to the United States in the Treaty of Paris .

neg: Castilians Castilians ( Spanish : castellanos ) are certain inhabitants in regions of central Spain including at least the eastern part of Castile and León , the northern and eastern parts of Castile-La Mancha , and the Madrid community , who are the source of the Spanish language ( Castilian ) among other aspects of cultural identity . However , not all people in the regions of the medieval Kingdom of Castile think of themselves as Castilian . For this reason , the exact limits of what Castile is today are disputed . As an ethnicity , they are most commonly associated with the sparsely populated inner plateau of the Iberian peninsula , which is split in two by the Sistema Central mountain range and Northern or `` Old Castile '' from southern or `` New Castile '' , the latter being somewhat closer in terms of culture and dialect to southern regions of Spain such as Andalusia , Extremadura and Murcia .   Through the Reconquista and other conquests in the Middle Ages , the Kingdom of Castile ( later Crown of Castile ) spread over a large part of the Iberian Peninsula , especially towards the southern Spanish regions . After this , since the 15th century , through the Spanish colonization of the Americas , the Castilians also spread over the New World , bringing with them not only their language , but also elements of their culture and traditions .

neg: Campania Campania ( -LSB- kamˈpaːnja -RSB- ) is a region in Southern Italy . The region at the end of 2014 had a population of around 5,869,000 people , making it the third-most-populous region of Italy ; its total area of 13590 km ² makes it the most densely populated region in the country . Located on the Italian Peninsula , with the Mediterranean Sea to the west , it includes the small Phlegraean Islands and Capri for administration as part of the region .   Campania was colonised by Ancient Greeks and was part of Magna Græcia . During the Roman era , the area maintained a Greco-Roman culture . The capital city of Campania is Naples . Campania is rich in culture , especially in regard to gastronomy , music , architecture , archeological and ancient sites such as Pompeii , Herculaneum , Paestum and Velia . The name of Campania itself is derived from Latin , as the Romans knew the region as Campania felix , which translates into English as `` fertile countryside '' . The rich natural sights of Campania make it highly important in the tourism industry , especially along the Amalfi Coast , Mount Vesuvius and the island of Capri .

neg: American and British English spelling differences Many of the differences between American and British English date back to a time when spelling standards had not yet developed . For instance , some spellings seen as `` American '' today were once commonly used in Britain and some spellings seen as `` British '' were once commonly used in the United States . A `` British standard '' began to emerge following the 1755 publication of Samuel Johnson 's A Dictionary of the English Language , and an `` American standard '' started following the work of Noah Webster and in particular his An American Dictionary of the English Language , first published in 1828 .   Webster 's efforts at spelling reform were somewhat effective in his native country , resulting in certain well-known patterns of spelling differences between the American and British varieties of English . But English-language spelling reform has rarely been adopted otherwise , and thus modern English orthography varies somewhat between countries and is far from phonemic in any country .

neg: Casta A casta ( -LSB- ˈkasta -RSB- , -LSB- ˈkastɐ , ˈkaʃtɐ -RSB- ) was a hierarchical system of race classification created by Spanish elites ( españoles ) in Hispanic America during the eighteenth century . The sistema de castas or the sociedad de castas was used in 17th and 18th centuries in Spanish America and Spanish Philippines to describe as a whole and socially rank the mixed-race people who were born during the post-Conquest period . The process of mixing ancestries in the union of people of different races was known as mestizaje . A parallel system of categorization based on the degree of acculturation to Hispanic culture , which distinguished between gente de razón ( Hispanics , literally , `` people of reason '' ) and gente sin razón ( non-acculturated natives ) , concurrently existed and supported the idea of the racial classification system .   Created by Hispanic elites , the sistema de castas or the sociedad de castas , varied largely due to their birth , color , race and origin of ethnic types . The system of castas was more than socio-racial classification . It had an effect on every aspect of life , including economics and taxation . Both the Spanish colonial state and the Church required more tax and tribute payments from those of lower socio-racial categories . Related to Spanish ideas about purity of blood ( which historically also related to its reconquest of Spain from the Moors ) , the colonists established a caste system in Latin America by which a person 's socio-economic status generally correlated with race or racial mix in the known family background , or simply on phenotype ( physical appearance ) if the family background was unknown . From the colonial period , when the Spanish imposed control , many wealthy persons and high government officials were of peninsular ( Iberian ) and/or European background , while African or indigenous ancestry , or dark skin , generally was correlated with inferiority and poverty . The `` whiter '' the heritage a person could claim , the higher in status they could claim ; conversely , darker features meant less opportunity .   Casta paintings were a new , secular art form primarily produced in eighteenth-century Mexico . A notable exception to the secular nature of the genre is Luis de Mena 's 1750 painting of Virgin of Guadalupe with castas .

neg: Sardinian language Sardinian ( sardu , limba sarda , lingua sarda ) or Sard is the primary indigenous Romance language spoken on most of the island of Sardinia ( Italy ) . Of the Romance languages , it is considered one of the closest , if not the closest , to Latin . However , it also incorporates a Pre-Latin ( Paleo-Sardinian , also known as Nuragic , and , to a much lesser degree , Punic ) substratum , and a Byzantine Greek , Catalan , Spanish and Italian superstratum due to the past political membership of the island , first gravitating towards the Hispanic sphere of influence and later towards the Italian one .   Sardinian consists of two mutually intelligible varieties , each with its own literature : Campidanese and Logudorese , spoken respectively in the southern half and in the north-central part of Sardinia . Some attempts have been made to introduce a standardized writing system for administrative purposes by combining the two Sardinian varieties , like the LSU ( Limba Sarda Unificada , `` Unified Sardinian Language '' ) and LSC ( Limba Sarda Comuna , `` Common Sardinian Language '' ) , but they have not been generally acknowledged by native speakers .   In 1997 Sardinian , along with all the other languages spoken by the Sardinians , was recognized by a regional law ; since 1999 , Sardinian is also one of the twelve `` historical language minorities '' of Italy and protected as such by the national Law no. 482/1999 . However , the language is in retreat and UNESCO classifies both main varieties as `` definitely endangered '' ; although an estimated 68.4 percent of the islanders have a good oral command of Sardinian . Italian is displacing it nonetheless in many cases , and language ability among children has been estimated to have dropped in fact to around 13 percent .

neg: Italians in India There is a small Italian community in India consisting mainly of Indian citizens of Italian heritage as well with expatriates and migrants from Italy who reside in India .

neg: Italian Jews Italian Jews ( Ebrei italiani , יהודים איטלקים Yehudim Italkim ) can be used in a broad sense to mean all Jews living or with roots in Italy or in a narrower sense to mean the Italkim , an ancient community who use the Italian rite , as distinct from the communities dating from medieval or modern times who use the Sephardi or Ashkenazi rite .

neg: Language Language is the ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication , particularly the human ability to do so , and a language is any specific example of such a system . The scientific study of language is called linguistics . Questions concerning the philosophy of language , such as whether words can represent experience , have been debated since Gorgias and Plato in Ancient Greece . Thinkers such as Rousseau have argued that language originated from emotions while others like Kant have held that it originated from rational and logical thought . 20th-century philosophers such as Wittgenstein argued that philosophy is really the study of language . Major figures in linguistics include Ferdinand de Saussure and Noam Chomsky .   Estimates of the number of languages in the world vary between 5,000 and 7,000 . However , any precise estimate depends on a partly arbitrary distinction between languages and dialects . Natural languages are spoken or signed , but any language can be encoded into secondary media using auditory , visual , or tactile stimuli -- for example , in whistling , signed , or braille . This is because human language is modality-independent . Depending on philosophical perspectives regarding the definition of language and meaning , when used as a general concept , `` language '' may refer to the cognitive ability to learn and use systems of complex communication , or to describe the set of rules that makes up these systems , or the set of utterances that can be produced from those rules . All languages rely on the process of semiosis to relate signs to particular meanings . Oral , manual and tactile languages contain a phonological system that governs how symbols are used to form sequences known as words or morphemes , and a syntactic system that governs how words and morphemes are combined to form phrases and utterances .   Human language has the properties of productivity and displacement , and relies entirely on social convention and learning . Its complex structure affords a much wider range of expressions than any known system of animal communication . Language is thought to have originated when early hominins started gradually changing their primate communication systems , acquiring the ability to form a theory of other minds and a shared intentionality . This development is sometimes thought to have coincided with an increase in brain volume , and many linguists see the structures of language as having evolved to serve specific communicative and social functions . Language is processed in many different locations in the human brain , but especially in Broca 's and Wernicke 's areas . Humans acquire language through social interaction in early childhood , and children generally speak fluently when they are approximately three years old . The use of language is deeply entrenched in human culture . Therefore , in addition to its strictly communicative uses , language also has many social and cultural uses , such as signifying group identity , social stratification , as well as social grooming and entertainment .   Languages evolve and diversify over time , and the history of their evolution can be reconstructed by comparing modern languages to determine which traits their ancestral languages must have had in order for the later developmental stages to occur . A group of languages that descend from a common ancestor is known as a language family . The Indo-European family is the most widely spoken and includes languages as diverse as English , Russian and Hindi ; the Sino-Tibetan family , which includes Mandarin , Bodo and the other Chinese languages , and Tibetan ; the Afro-Asiatic family , which includes Arabic , Somali , and Hebrew ; the Bantu languages , which include Swahili , and Zulu , and hundreds of other languages spoken throughout Africa ; and the Malayo-Polynesian languages , which include Indonesian , Malay , Tagalog , and hundreds of other languages spoken throughout the Pacific . The languages of the Dravidian family that are spoken mostly in Southern India include Tamil and Telugu . Academic consensus holds that between 50 % and 90 % of languages spoken at the beginning of the 21st century will probably have become extinct by the year 2100 .

neg: Italianization Italianization ( Italianizzazione talijanizacija poitaljančevanje Italianisierung Ιταλοποίηση ) is the spread of Italian culture , people , or language , either by integration or assimilation .   It is most known for a process organized by the Kingdom of Italy to force cultural and ethnic assimilation of the native populations living in the former Austro-Hungarian territories that were transferred to Italy after World War I in exchange for Italy having joined the Triple Entente in 1915 . This process was conducted during the period of Fascist rule between 1922 and 1943 .