query: AC/DC are a band that plays rock.

pos: AC/DC AC/DC are an Australian rock band , formed in 1973 by brothers Malcolm and Angus Young . A hard rock/blues rock band , they have also been considered a heavy metal band , although they have always dubbed their music simply `` rock and roll '' .   AC/DC underwent several line-up changes before releasing their first album , High Voltage , in 1975 . Membership subsequently stabilised until bassist Mark Evans was replaced by Cliff Williams in 1977 for the album Powerage . Within months of recording the album Highway to Hell , lead singer and co-songwriter Bon Scott died on 19 February 1980 after a night of heavy alcohol consumption . The group considered disbanding , but buoyed by support from Scott 's parents , decided to continue and set about finding a new vocalist . Ex-Geordie singer Brian Johnson was auditioned and selected to replace Scott . Later that year , the band released the new album , Back in Black , which was made as a tribute to Bon Scott . The album launched them to new heights of success and became their all-time best-seller .   The band 's next album , For Those About to Rock We Salute You , was their first album to reach number one in the United States . Drummer Phil Rudd was fired in 1983 and replaced by ex-A II Z drummer Simon Wright , who left to join Dio in 1989 . The band experienced a resurgence in the early 1990s with the release of The Razors Edge . Phil Rudd returned in 1994 after Chris Slade , who was with the band from 1989 to 1994 , was asked to leave in favour of him , and contributed to the band 's 1995 album Ballbreaker . Stiff Upper Lip , released in 2000 , was well received by critics . The band 's studio album , Black Ice , released in 2008 , was the second-highest-selling album of that year , and their biggest chart hit since For Those About to Rock , eventually reaching No. 1 on all charts worldwide . The band 's line-up remained the same until 2014 with Malcolm Young 's retirement due to early-onset dementia and Rudd 's legal troubles . In 2016 , Johnson was advised to stop touring on account of worsening hearing loss and Guns N ' Roses frontman Axl Rose stepped in as the band 's vocalist for the remainder of that year 's dates . Long-term bass player Cliff Williams retired from the band at the end of their 2016 Rock Or Bust world tour .   AC/DC have sold more than 200 million records worldwide , including 71.5 million albums in the United States , adding them to the list of highest-certified music artists in the United States and the list of best-selling music artists . Back in Black has sold an estimated 50 million units worldwide , making it the second-highest-selling album by any artist -- and the highest-selling album by any band . The album has sold 22 million units in the US , where it is the sixth-highest-selling album of all time . AC/DC ranked fourth on VH1 's list of the `` 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock '' and were named the seventh `` Greatest Heavy Metal Band of All Time '' by MTV . In 2004 , AC/DC ranked No. 72 on the Rolling Stone list of the `` 100 Greatest Artists of All Time '' . Producer Rick Rubin , who wrote an essay on the band for the Rolling Stone list , referred to AC/DC as `` the greatest rock and roll band of all time '' . In 2010 , AC/DC were ranked number 23 in the VH1 list of the `` 100 Greatest Artists of All Time '' .

neg: Ride On (AC/DC song) `` Ride On '' is a song and single by Australian hard rock band AC/DC originally released on the album Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap and later re-released on the album Who Made Who . In both versions , the song is sung by Bon Scott . Atypically for an AC/DC song , it has a sad , slow blues , almost ballad-like feel to it . The lyrics concern a man reflecting on mistakes he has made in a relationship while drinking alcohol . It has frequently been cited as one of AC/DC 's best songs .   `` Ride On '' was covered by the French band Trust on their self-titled 1979 debut album after supporting AC/DC in Paris , France in the fall of 1978 . Bon Scott jammed the song with Trust at Scorpio Sound Studios in London , England on February 13 , 1980 , six days before his death . A recording of it would later surface on the Bon Scott Forever Volume 1 bootleg .   AC/DC has played the song live only once , on June 22 , 2001 , at Stade de France , Saint-Denis , during the Stiff Upper Lip Tour . Brian Johnson sang the song as a tribute to Bon Scott .

neg: Characteristics of progressive rock Progressive rock is a term that refers to a musical style . The term was originally referred to as `` classical rock '' ( in which a band performed together with an orchestra ) , but the term 's use has expanded in recent years to include other fusions of music styles including jazz fusion , metal and folk rock musics . The term does not refer to one particular music style but to an approach that combines elements of diverse styles . Jerry Ewing , editor of Prog Magazine , explains that `` Prog is not just a sound , it 's a mindset . '' Dream Theater guitarist John Petrucci outlines that Progressive rock is defined by its very lack of stylistic boundaries . The advent of the concept album , plus the genre 's roots in psychedelia , led albums and performances to be viewed as combined presentations of music , lyrics , and visuals .   Bands abandoned the short pop single in favor of instrumentation and compositional techniques more frequently associated with jazz or classical music as part of an effort to give rock music the same level of musical sophistication and critical respect . Progressive rock abandons the danceable beat that defines earlier rock styles and is more likely than other types of popular music to experiment with compositional structure , instrumentation , harmony and rhythm , or lyrical content . It may demand more effort on the part of the listener than other types of music .   Musicians in progressive rock typically display a high degree of instrumental skill , although this is not always the case . Virtuoso instrumental skills are so closely associated with progressive rock that authors such as Bill Martin consider it as a defining element and exclude bands such as Pink Floyd from consideration . It is not uncommon for musicians to have received a higher-than-average level of formal training . Players from the genre frequently appear in readers ' polls of publications that cater to musicians .

neg: Rock Hard `` Rock Hard '' is a single by the Beastie Boys , released by Def Jam Records on 12 '' in 1984 . The song , and the accompanying songs on the 12 '' , feature the band 's first major label rap effort .   The track contains samples from the AC/DC song `` Back in Black '' , which was used without obtaining legal permission - thereby causing the record to be promptly withdrawn . Later , when the group planned to include the out-of-print song on their 1999 compilation , Beastie Boys Anthology : The Sounds of Science , AC/DC refused to allow the sample to be used . Mike D spoke to AC/DC 's Malcolm Young personally on the phone when their lawyers refused to clear the sample , and later said that `` AC/DC could not get with the sample concept . They were just like , ` Nothing against you guys , but we just do n't endorse sampling . ' '' Ad-Rock then added `` So we told them that we do n't endorse people playing guitars . ''   The cover design is also famous for now being the official Def Jam records logo for vinyl releases ; to this day , vinyl singles released by Def Jam have this design .   Long removed from print , it was considered a rare collector 's item until Def Jam reissued the single in Europe in 2007 .

neg: Backing vocalist Backing vocalists are singers who provide vocal harmony with the lead vocalist or other backing vocalists . In some cases , a backing singer may sing alone as a lead-in to the main vocalist 's entry or to sing a counter-melody . Backing vocalists are used in a broad range of popular music , traditional music and world music styles .   Solo artists may employ professional backing vocalists in studio recording sessions as well as during concerts . In many rock and metal bands ( e.g. , the power trio ) , the musicians doing backup vocals also play instruments , such as guitar , electric bass , drums , or keyboards . In Latin or Afro-Cuban groups , backup singers may play percussion instruments or shakers while singing . In some pop and hip-hop groups and in musical theater , the backup singers may be required to perform elaborately choreographed dance routines while they sing through headset microphones .   The style of singing used by backup singers varies according to the type of song and the genre of music the band plays . In pop and country songs , backup vocalists may perform vocal harmony parts to support the lead vocalist . In hardcore punk or rockabilly , other band members who play instruments may sing or shout backup vocals during the chorus ( refrain ) section of the songs .

neg: Phil Rudd Phillip Hugh Norman `` Phil '' Rudd ( born Phillip Hugh Norman Witschke Rudzevecuis , 19 May 1954 ) is an Australian drummer , best known for his membership in Australian hard rock band AC/DC from 1975 through 1983 , and again from 1994 to 2015 . Upon the 1977 departure of bass guitarist Mark Evans from AC/DC , Rudd became the only Australian-born member of the band . In 2003 , he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame along with the other members of AC/DC . Due to ongoing legal problems in New Zealand , Rudd was unable to join the band for the 2015 Rock or Bust tour and was replaced by Chris Slade .

neg: 2007 in downloadable songs for the Rock Band series The Rock Band series of music video games supports downloadable songs for the Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 , and Wii versions through the consoles ' respective online services . Users can download songs on a track-by-track basis , with many of the tracks also offered as part of a `` song pack '' or complete album at a discounted rate . These packs are available for the Wii only on Rock Band 3 . Most downloadable songs are playable within every game mode , including the Band World Tour career mode . All downloadable songs released before October 26 , 2010 are cross-compatible between Rock Band , Rock Band 2 and Rock Band 3 , while those after only work with Rock Band 3 . Certain songs deemed `` suitable for all ages '' by Harmonix are also available for use in Lego Rock Band .   The Wii version of Rock Band does not support downloadable content , but Rock Band 2 and Rock Band 3 do , with DLC first made available in January 2009 . Songs from the back catalogue of downloadable content were released for the Wii weekly in an effort by Harmonix to provide Wii players with every previously available song .   Following the release of Rock Band 4 for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One , all previously purchased downloadable content for Rock Band 3 and earlier is forward compatible ( with the exception of any downloadable content purchased for The Beatles : Rock Band ) within the same system family at no additional cost .   32 downloadable Rock Band songs were released in 2007 , 15 of which appeared alongside the launch of Rock Band on November 20 , including song packs for Queens of the Stone Age , Metallica , and The Police .

neg: Rock and roll (disambiguation) Rock and roll is a genre of popular music that originated and evolved in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s .   Rock and roll or Rock n ' roll may also refer to :

neg: Rock or Bust Rock or Bust is a studio album by Australian hard rock band AC/DC . It is their fifteenth internationally released studio album and the sixteenth to be released in Australia . It is the shortest studio album ever released by the band ; at approximately 35 minutes , it is two minutes shorter than their previous shortest album , Flick of the Switch , which was released in 1983 . Rock or Bust also was the group 's first album without founding member and rhythm guitarist Malcolm Young , who had retired from the band in 2014 due to health concerns , although he co-wrote every track on the album . Bass guitarist Cliff Williams has also retired since Rock or Bust was released , drummer Phil Rudd was unable to participate in the supporting tour after being sentenced to house arrest , and vocalist Brian Johnson was forced to exit the band after the fifth leg of the album 's supporting tour as a result of hearing loss .   The group released the debut single from the album , titled `` Play Ball '' , on 7 October 2014 . The song has been a commercial success , reaching the top 40 charts in various countries such as Spain ( at number 28 ) , France ( at number 39 ) or Switzerland ( at number 19 ) .   Rock or Bust peaked at # 1 in 12 countries , including Australia , Canada , Germany and Sweden . It reached the top 5 in a further 12 countries , including New Zealand , the United Kingdom , the United States and Italy .

neg: Classic Albums Live Classic Albums Live is a concert series based in Toronto , Ontario , in which musicians perform a classic rock album in its entirety . The series was founded in 2003 by Craig Martin , a musician who had previously produced a series of boutique cabaret shows as well as composed music for television and film .   The musicians go to great lengths to faithfully recreate every sound on the original album . They have performed with orchestras , sitarists , choirs and schools . The shows are treated like recitals with the album being performed in its entirety followed by a ` greatest hits ' set of the featured artist .   Albums that have been performed include Led Zeppelin 's Led Zeppelin , Led Zeppelin II and Led Zeppelin IV , Bruce Springsteen 's Born to Run , Supertramp 's Crime of the Century and Breakfast in America , the Rolling Stones ' Sticky Fingers and Exile on Main St. , Fleetwood Mac 's Rumours , Eagles ' Hotel California , Guns N ' Roses ' Appetite for Destruction , Pink Floyd 's The Dark Side of the Moon , Wish You Were Here , The Wall and Animals , Queen 's A Night at the Opera , and the Beatles albums Rubber Soul , Revolver , Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band , The Beatles ( AKA the `` White Album '' ) , and Abbey Road .   In recent years , the series has presented concerts in a variety of cities , including Orlando , Florida , Los Angeles , Philadelphia , Akron , La Mirada , Jacksonville , Gainesville , Lakeland , Coral Springs , New York , New Jersey , Dallas , Houston , Uncasville , Connecticut , Las Vegas , Nevada , and Rochester , New York . On December 17 , 2006 , Classic Albums Live performed the entire 213-song Beatles song catalogue in one 13-hour concert at the Phoenix Concert Theatre in Toronto .   A different lineup performs each album . There is a group of core musicians who are frequently part of the performances , including Nick Hildyard , Rob Phillips , Lindsay Clark , Leslea Keurvorst , Troy Feener , Clifton David , Dom Polito and Marty Morin . Occasionally , more famous Canadian musicians are brought in as well , including Mia Sheard , Kim Bingham , Nicholas Walsh , and ex-members of Moist . In some venues , they will bring in local musicians to fill needed spots . For example , on June 16 , 2006 , the group performed the Beatles ' Sgt. Pepper album at the Hard Rock Live in Orlando ; they brought in the Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra to fill in on the orchestral parts .   When performing in Toronto , they usually play at Massey Hall . The producer of Classic Albums Live has created a musical called Gig which will run in 2016 .   List of albums performed :   The Beatles ' catalogue  Led Zeppelin  Led Zeppelin II  Led Zeppelin IV  Houses of the Holy  Physical Graffiti  In Through the Out Door  Meddle  The Dark Side of the Moon  Animals  Wish You Were Here  The Wall  A Night at the Opera  Who 's Next  Are You Experienced  Boston  Crime of the Century  Breakfast in America  The Last Waltz  Rust Never Sleeps  Harvest  The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars  OK Computer  Ten  Nevermind  Regatta de Blanc  Outlandos d'Amour  The Joshua Tree  London Calling  Band on the Run  Texas Flood  Let It Bleed  Sticky Fingers  Some Girls  Exile on Main St.  Appetite for Destruction  Highway to Hell  Back in Black  Born to Run  Hotel California  Rumours  The Doors  L.A. Woman  Legend  Pearl  Paranoid  Van Halen  Thriller  Purple Rain  Nothing 's Shocking  Woodstock  2112  Saturday Night Fever  A Very Lennon Christmas  Elton John Greatest Hits

neg: Live at Donington (AC/DC album) Live at Donington is the DVD recording of the AC/DC show at Donington Park on 17 August 1991 , and it was the band 's third Monsters of Rock festival . The two-hour show was performed before 72,500 spectators and included real cannons , the Hells Bell , an inflatable Rosie and an inflatable Angus . It was filmed in 35 mm Panavision and had 26 cameras that included one situated inside a helicopter . The DVD includes special features such as stereo and 5.1 surround sound , Iso-cam versions of certain songs for different band members , and audio commentary from Angus and Malcolm Young .   Another option allows the viewer to focus on just one member for the length of a song . This option is available for Angus Young on `` Thunderstruck '' , `` Back in Black '' , and `` Highway to Hell '' . The option is offered for Malcolm Young on `` T.N.T. '' , Brian Johnson on `` Whole Lotta Rosie '' and Cliff Williams `` Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap '' . One other feature is a full catalogue discography with audio interview of all international albums .   Despite the commercial success of the DVD , many hardcore fans were disappointed that the audio was fixed , with many differences than the original video , though the DVD officially released in Brazil still has original audio . Tracks from Live at Donington on AC/DC Live have the original audio .

neg: Guns for Hire `` Guns for Hire '' is a song by Australian hard rock band AC/DC , from their album Flick of the Switch , released on 15 August 1983 . Written by band members , Angus Young , Malcolm Young and Brian Johnson , it was also released in August as a single with `` Landslide '' as the B-side . It charted at No. 37 on the UK Singles Chart , and No. 84 on the United States Billboard Hot 100 . It also reached No. 19 in Ireland .   The track served as the opening song during the band 's performances during the ensuing tour in support of Flick of the Switch , but has never been performed on any other AC/DC tours since . A promotional video was produced for the song , which featured drummer Simon Wright rather than Phil Rudd . Rudd had left the band during the recording of Flick of the Switch and was replaced by Wright before the start of the tour .

neg: AC4 AC4 is a hardcore band from Umeå , Sweden . Refused members Dennis Lyxzén and David Sandström had been talking about starting a new band for a long time . In the spring of 2008 Karl Backman had written songs for the new band and they started to rehearse . Jens Nordén had played with Lyxzén in pre-Refused straight edge hardcore band Step Forward ( 1987-1991 ) and since 1990 with Backman in punk band The Vectors . The `` AC '' in the name is the regional code for the Västerbotten province where Umeå is located .   The first show was at a squatting on Parkgatan in Umeå on the Mayu 5th , 2008 .   In May 2008 someone posted a live song on YouTube . It got on Kerrang 's playlist and had over 14,000 hits the first week .   They performed at Storsjöyran and Umeå Punkfest in 2008 .   In 2009 they performed at Way Out West Festival and released the self-titled debut album on Lyxzén 's label Ny Våg .   In 2010 their European tour took them around their native Sweden , as well as Norway , Denmark , Germany , Belgium , Austria , France , Italy , England and Wales . They also released the Umeå Hardcore 7 '' EP in Europe , a special 7 '' for Australia only and the debut album came out in America .   AC4 initially refused to do interviews with mainstream media and would only answer questions from fanzine writers who were under the age of 18 . To promote their Australian tour in April , 2011 , Dennis conducted a number of interviews with the local press , including Melbourne radio show Bullying The Jukebox .   While on tour in Australia a short documentary film about the band entitled `` A few minutes with AC4 '' was filmed , along with a promotional video for the song `` Wo n't Bow Down '' from their debut album .   In May 2012 the band announced that Sandström had been replaced by Christoffer Röstlund Jonsson ( DS-13 ) and that the recording of a second album had begun . The album `` Burn The World '' was released in March 2013 on Ny Våg records and Deathwish Inc. . .   The band is also performing at some upcoming festivals including Groezrock on a spring 2013 tour . A week before the tour the band announced that Nordén had suddenly left AC4 , but is being replaced by their producer Fredrik Lyxzén .

neg: Satellite Blues `` Satellite Blues '' is a song by Australian rock band AC/DC , released as a single , and appeared on their 2000 album , Stiff Upper Lip . It peaked at No. 23 on the ARIA Singles Chart . This was AC/DC 's last single until the release of 2008 's `` Rock 'N Roll Train '' from Black Ice .   In the United States Billboard magazine , it reached No. 7 on their Mainstream Rock chart .

neg: Rock en español Rock en español ( Spanish-language rock ) is a term used widely in the English-speaking world to refer any kind of rock music featuring Spanish vocals . Unlike English-speaking bands , very few acts reached worldwide success and often not even between different Spanish-speaking countries due to a lack of promotion . Despite rock en español 's origins in the late 1950s , many rock acts achieved at best nationwide fame until the Internet consolidated the listeners . However , some rock en español artists did become internationally popular with the help of a promotional campaign from the mid 1980s to the mid 1990s called `` Rock en tu idioma '' ( Rock in your language ) . Some specific rock-based styles influenced by folkloric rhythms have also developed in these regions . Some of the more prominent styles are Latin rock , a fusion of rock music with Latin American and Caribbean folkloric sounds developed in Latino communities ; Latin alternative , an alternative rock scene which blended a Latin sound with other genres like Caribbean ska , reggae , and soca ; or Andalusian rock , a flamenco-influenced style that emerged in Spain .

neg: List of awards and nominations received by Van Halen This is a list of awards and nominations for awards received by the rock band Van Halen .   Van Halen is a hard rock band formed in Pasadena , California in 1972 and consisted of Eddie Van Halen on guitar , keyboards , and vocals , Alex Van Halen on drums and percussion , Michael Anthony on bass and vocals , and David Lee Roth on lead vocals . They enjoyed success from the release of their self-titled debut album in 1978 . As of 2007 Van Halen has sold more than 80 million albums worldwide -RSB- and have had the most number one hits on the Billboard Mainstream Rock chart . During the 1980s they also had more Billboard Hot 100 hits than any other hard rock or heavy metal band . According to the Recording Industry Association of America , Van Halen is the 19th best selling band/artist of all time with sales of over 56 million albums in the United States and is one of five rock bands that have had two albums sell more than 10 million copies in the United States .

neg: Kansas (band) Kansas is an American rock band that became popular in the 1970s initially on album-oriented rock charts and later with hit singles such as `` Carry On Wayward Son '' and `` Dust in the Wind '' . The band has produced eight gold albums , three multi-platinum albums ( Leftoverture , Point of Know Return , The Best of Kansas ) , one platinum live album ( Two for the Show ) and a million-selling single , `` Dust in the Wind '' . Kansas appeared on the Billboard charts for over 200 weeks throughout the 1970s and 1980s and played to sold-out arenas and stadiums throughout North America , Europe and Japan . `` Carry On Wayward Son '' was the second-most-played track on US classic rock radio in 1995 and No. 1 in 1997 .

neg: AC/DC (pinball) AC/DC is a pinball machine manufactured by Stern Pinball based on the Australian band of the same name . Designed by Steve Ritchie , it was released on March 1 , 2012 .

neg: British rock and roll British rock and roll , or sometimes British rock 'n' roll , is a style of popular music based on American rock and roll , which emerged in the late 1950s and was popular until the arrival of beat music in 1962 . It has generally been considered inferior to the American version of the genre , and made little international or lasting impact . However , it was important in establishing British youth and popular music culture and was a key factor in subsequent developments that led to the British Invasion of the mid-1960s . Since the 1960s , some stars of the genre , most notably Cliff Richard , have managed to sustain successful careers and there have been periodic revivals of this form of music .

neg: Joe's Garage Joe 's Garage is a three-part rock opera recorded by American musician Frank Zappa in 1979 . Originally released as two separate studio albums on Zappa Records , the project was later remastered and reissued as a triple album box set , Joe 's Garage , Acts I , II & III , in 1987 . The LPs initially received mixed to positive reviews , with critics praising its innovative and original music , but criticizing the scatological , sexual and profane nature of the lyrics . Since its original release , Joe 's Garage has been reappraised in a better light by some critics .   Zappa self-deprecatingly described the album as a `` stupid little story about how the government is going to do away with music . '' The story is told by a character identified as the `` Central Scrutinizer '' narrating the story of Joe , an average adolescent male who forms a garage rock band , has unsatisfying relationships with women , gives all of his money to a government assisted and insincere religion , explores sexual activities with appliances , and is imprisoned . After being released from prison into a dystopian society in which music itself has been criminalized , he lapses into insanity .   The album encompasses a large spectrum of musical styles , while its lyrics often feature satirical or humorous commentary on American society and politics . It addresses themes of individualism , free will , censorship , the music industry and human sexuality , while criticizing government and religion , and satirizing Catholicism and Scientology . Joe 's Garage is noted for its use of xenochrony , a recording technique that takes guitar solos from older live recordings and overdubs them onto new studio recordings . All of the guitar solos on the album are xenochronous except for `` Crew Slut '' and `` Watermelon in Easter Hay '' , a signature song that Zappa has described as the best song on the album , and according to his son Dweezil , the best guitar solo his father ever played .

neg: Who Made Who Who Made Who is a hard rock album by Australian band AC/DC , released in 1986 as the soundtrack to the Stephen King movie Maximum Overdrive . It was re-released in 2003 as part of the AC/DC Remasters series .


query: The United States has 40% of the total wealth in the world.

pos: United States The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. ) or America , is a constitutional federal republic composed of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions .  Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico . The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America , bordered by Canada to the east and across the Bering Strait from Russia to the west . The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean . The U.S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea . Nine time zones are covered . The geography , climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse .   At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) and with over 324 million people , the United States is the world 's third - or fourth-largest country by total area , third-largest by land area , and the third-most populous . It is one of the world 's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations , and is home to the world 's largest immigrant population . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the largest city is New York City ; nine other major metropolitan areas -- each with at least 4.5 million inhabitants and the largest having more than 13 million people -- are Los Angeles , Chicago , Dallas , Houston , Philadelphia , Miami , Atlanta , Boston , and San Francisco .   Paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies following the Seven Years ' War led to the American Revolution , which began in 1775 . On July 4 , 1776 , during the course of the American Revolutionary War , the colonies unanimously adopted the Declaration of Independence . The war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain , representing the first successful war of independence against a European power . The current constitution was adopted in 1788 , after the Articles of Confederation , adopted in 1781 , were felt to have provided inadequate federal powers . The first ten amendments , collectively named the Bill of Rights , were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties .   The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century , displacing Native American tribes , acquiring new territories , and gradually admitting new states until it spanned the continent by 1848 . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the end of legal slavery in the country . By the end of that century , the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean , and its economy , driven in large part by the Industrial Revolution , began to soar . The Spanish -- American War and confirmed the country 's status as a global military power . The United States emerged from as a global superpower , the first country to develop nuclear weapons , the only country to use them in warfare , and a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council . The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the world 's sole superpower . The U.S. is a founding member of the United Nations , World Bank , International Monetary Fund , Organization of American States ( OAS ) , and other international organizations .   The United States is a highly developed country , with the world 's largest economy by nominal GDP and second-largest economy by PPP . Though its population is only 4.3 % of the world total , Americans hold nearly 40 % of the total wealth in the world . The United States ranks among the highest in several measures of socioeconomic performance , including average wage , human development , per capita GDP , and productivity per person . While the U.S. economy is considered post-industrial , characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy , the manufacturing sector remains the second-largest in the world . Accounting for approximately a quarter of global GDP and a third of global military spending , the United States is the world 's foremost economic and military power . The United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally , and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations .

neg: Intellectual capital Intellectual capital is the intangible value of a business , covering its people ( human capital ) , the value inherent in its relationships ( Relational capital ) , and everything that is left when the employees go home ( Structural capital ) , of which Intellectual property ( IP ) is but one component . It is the sum of everything everybody in a company knows that gives it a competitive edge . The term is used in academia in an attempt to account for the value of intangible assets not listed explicitly on a company 's balance sheets . On a national level intellectual capital refers to National Intangible Capital NIC .  A second meaning that is used in academia and was adopted in large corporations is focused on the recycling of knowledge via Knowledge management , Intellectual capital is used in the context of assessing the wealth of organizations . A metric for the value of intellectual capital is the amount by which the enterprise value of a firm exceeds the value of its tangible ( physical and financial ) assets . Directly visible on corporate books is capital embodied in its physical assets and financial capital ; however all three make up the value of an enterprise . Measuring the real value and the total performance of intellectual capital 's components is a critical part of running a company in the knowledge economy and Information Age . Understanding the intellectual capital in an enterprise allows leveraging of its intellectual assets . For a corporation , the result will optimize its stock price .   The IFRS ( International Financial Reporting Standards ) committee developed the International Accounting System 38 with the purpose of prescribing the accounting treatment for intangible assets . IAS 38.8 defines an intangible asset as an identifiable non-monetary asset without physical substance . An asset is a resource that is controlled by the entity as the result of past events ( for example purchase or self-creation ) and from which future economic benefits ( inflows of cash or other benefits ) are expected .

neg: American Capitalism American Capitalism - The Concept of Countervailing Power is a book by John Kenneth Galbraith , written in 1952 . It contains a critique of the view that markets , left to their own devices , will provide socially optimal solutions . Galbraith agrees with F. A. Hayek as far as the assertion goes that `` the price system will fulfil -LSB- its -RSB- function only if competition prevails , that is , if the individual producer has to adapt to price changes and can not control them . '' The book presents Galbraith 's account of the inter-relationship between politics and economics which for Galbraith is based on a theory of competition guiding a capitalistic democratic society .

neg: State Street Corporation State Street Corporation , known as State Street , is an American worldwide financial services holding company . State Street was founded in 1792 and is the second oldest financial institution in the United States of America and the third largest asset manager in the world with 2.45 trillion USD asset under management . They are responsible for the custody and administration of 11 % of the world 's total assets . The company 's headquarters are at One Lincoln Street in Boston and it has offices in 29 countries around the world .   State Street is organized into three main divisions . The Global Services business is a custodian bank with $ 28 trillion ( USD ) of assets under custody and administration . The Global Advisors business provides investment management services and has $ 2.45 trillion ( USD ) of assets under management . The Global Markets business offers investment research and trading services to institutional investors .

neg: Great Recession in the United States Following the bursting of the housing bubble in mid-2007 , and the housing market correction and subprime mortgage crisis the following year , the United States entered a severe recession .   The National Bureau of Economic Research ( NBER ) dates the beginning of the recession as December 2007 . According to the Department of Labor , roughly 8.7 million jobs were shed from February 2008 to February 2010 , and GDP contracted by 5.1 % , making the Great Recession the worst since the Great Depression . Unemployment rose from 4.7 % in November 2007 to peak at 10 % in October 2009 .   The bottom , or trough , was reached in the second quarter of 2009 ( marking the technical end of the recession , defined as at least two consecutive quarters of declining GDP ) . The NBER , dating by month , points to June 2009 as the final month of the recession .   The recovery after the 2009 trough was weak and both GDP and job growth erratic and uneven . A solid , strong pace of job growth was not seen until 2011 . By August 2015 , the unemployment rate was 5.1 % , below the historical average of 5.6 % but still barely above the 5 % when the recession started in December 2007 , with roughly 12,639,000 jobs added since the Great Recession 's payroll trough in February 2010 . American household net worth fell from a pre-recession peak of $ 68 trillion in Q3 2007 to $ 55 trillion by Q1 2009 , while real median household income fell from $ 56,436 in 2007 to $ 51,758 by 2012 . The poverty rate increased from 2006 to 2010 , reaching a peak of 15 % , and held there through 2012 before dropping to 14.5 % in 2013 .

neg: 1939 in the United States Events from the year 1939 in the United States .

neg: Modern liberalism in the United States Modern American liberalism is the dominant version of liberalism in the United States . It is characterized by social liberalism , and combines ideas of civil liberty and equality with support for social justice and a mixed economy . The term `` modern liberalism '' in this article refers only to the United States . In a global context , this philosophy is usually referred to as social liberalism .   The American modern liberal philosophy strongly endorses public spending on programs such as education , health care , and welfare . Important social issues today include addressing inequality , voting rights for minorities , affirmative action , reproductive and other women 's rights , support for LGBT rights , and immigration reform .   Modern liberalism took shape during the twentieth century , with roots in Theodore Roosevelt 's New Nationalism , Woodrow Wilson 's New Freedom , Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal , Harry S. Truman 's Fair Deal , John F. Kennedy 's New Frontier , and Lyndon B. Johnson 's Great Society . American liberals oppose conservatives on most issues , but not all . Modern liberalism is historically related to social liberalism and progressivism , though the current relationship between liberal and progressive viewpoints is debated .   John F. Kennedy defined a liberal as follows :   Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1941 defined a liberal party as one ,   Keynesian economic theory has played an important role in the economic philosophy of modern American liberals . Modern American liberals generally believe that national prosperity requires government management of the macroeconomy , in order to keep unemployment low , inflation in check , and growth high . They also value institutions that defend against economic inequality . In The Conscience of a Liberal Paul Krugman writes : `` I believe in a relatively equal society , supported by institutions that limit extremes of wealth and poverty . I believe in democracy , civil liberties , and the rule of law . That makes me a liberal , and I 'm proud of it . '' Liberals often point to the widespread prosperity enjoyed under a mixed economy in the years since World War II . They believe liberty exists when access to necessities like health care and economic opportunity are available to all , and they champion the protection of the environment .   Modern American liberalism is typically associated with the Democratic Party , as modern American conservatism is typically associated with the Republican Party .

neg: Small Business Innovation Research The Small Business Innovation Research ( or SBIR ) program is a United States Government program , coordinated by the Small Business Administration , intended to help certain small businesses conduct research and development ( R&D ) . Funding takes the form of contracts or grants . The recipient projects must have the potential for commercialization and must meet specific U.S. Government R&D needs .   The SBIR program was created to support scientific excellence and technological innovation through the investment of federal research funds in critical American priorities to build a strong national economy ... one business at a time . In the words of program founder Roland Tibbetts : `` to provide funding for some of the best early-stage innovation ideas -- ideas that , however promising , are still too high risk for private investors , including venture capital firms . '' For the purposes of the SBIR program , the term `` small business '' is defined as a for-profit business with fewer than 500 employees , owned by one or more individuals who are citizens of , or permanent resident aliens in , the United States of America .   Funds are obtained by allocating a certain percentage of the total extramural ( R&D ) budgets of the 11 federal agencies with extramural research budgets in excess of $ 100 million . Approximately $ 2.5 billion is awarded through this program each year . The United States Department of Defense ( DoD ) is the largest agency in this program with approximately $ 1 billion in SBIR grants annually . Over half the awards from the DoD are to firms with fewer than 25 people and a third to firms of fewer than 10 . A fifth are minority or women-owned businesses . Historically a quarter of the companies receiving grants are receiving them for the first-time . Besides the DoD , there are also programs with the National Institutes of Health , the National Science Foundation , the Department of Agriculture , and others .

neg: United States restitution to the Soviet Union The United States restitution to the Soviet Union of the cultural treasures looted by Nazi Germany during World War II was part of the massive efforts of the Allies in returning cultural property to the countries of origin . While the Soviet Union embarked on the `` compensatory restitution '' by removing cultural artifacts from the museums and Nazi caches , US authorities in Germany returned more than half a million displaced cultural treasures and more than a quarter of a million books to the USSR , located in the US occupation zone . However the information about this was suppressed in the Soviet Union . It is still little known in modern Russia even at parliamentary level : in discussions of the laws about displaced cultural treasures a number of politicians stated that nothing was returned from Germany , and furthermore , state that the Nazi loot eventually went to America .

neg: History of the United States The date of the start of the history of the United States is a subject of debate among historians . Older textbooks start with the arrival of Christopher Columbus on October 12 , 1492 and emphasize the European background of the colonization of the Americas , or they start around 1600 and emphasize the American frontier . In recent decades American schools and universities typically have shifted back in time to include more on the colonial period and much more on the prehistory of the Native Americans .   Indigenous people lived in what is now the United States for thousands of years before European colonists began to arrive , mostly from England , after 1600 . The Spanish built small settlements in Florida and the Southwest , and the French along the Mississippi River and the Gulf Coast . By the 1770s , thirteen British colonies contained two and a half million people along the Atlantic coast east of the Appalachian Mountains . After the end of the French and Indian Wars in the 1760s , the British government imposed a series of new taxes , rejecting the colonists ' argument that any new taxes had to be approved by them ( see Stamp Act 1765 ) . Tax resistance , especially the Boston Tea Party ( 1773 ) , led to punitive laws ( the Intolerable Acts ) by Parliament designed to end self-government in Massachusetts . American Patriots ( as they called themselves ) adhered to a political ideology called republicanism that emphasized civic duty , virtue , and opposition to corruption , fancy luxuries and aristocracy .   Armed conflict began in 1775 as Patriots drove the royal officials out of every colony and assembled in mass meetings and conventions . In 1776 , the Second Continental Congress declared that there was a new , independent nation , the United States of America , not just a collection of disparate colonies . With large-scale military and financial support from France and the military leadership of General George Washington , the American Patriots won the Revolutionary War . The peace treaty of 1783 gave the new nation the land east of the Mississippi River ( except Florida and Canada ) . The central government established by the Articles of Confederation proved ineffectual at providing stability , as it had no authority to collect taxes and had no executive officer . Congress called a convention to meet secretly in Philadelphia in 1787 . It wrote a new Constitution , which was adopted in 1789 . In 1791 , a Bill of Rights was added to guarantee inalienable rights . With Washington as the first president and Alexander Hamilton his chief political and financial adviser , a strong central government was created . When Thomas Jefferson became president he purchased the Louisiana Territory from France , doubling the size of the United States . A second and final war with Britain was fought in 1812 .   Encouraged by the notion of Manifest Destiny , federal territory expanded all the way to the Pacific . The U.S. always was large in terms of area , but its population was small , only 4 million in 1790 . Population growth was rapid , reaching 7.2 million in 1810 , 32 million in 1860 , 76 million in 1900 , 132 million in 1940 , and 321 million in 2015 . Economic growth in terms of overall GDP was even faster . However , compared to European powers , the nation 's military strength was relatively limited in peacetime before 1940 . The expansion was driven by a quest for inexpensive land for yeoman farmers and slave owners . The expansion of slavery was increasingly controversial and fueled political and constitutional battles , which were resolved by compromises . Slavery was abolished in all states north of the Mason -- Dixon line by 1804 , but the South continued to profit off the institution , producing high-value cotton exports to feed increasing high demand in Europe . The 1860 presidential election of Republican Abraham Lincoln was on a platform of ending the expansion of slavery and putting it on a path to extinction .   Seven cotton-based deep South slave states seceded and later founded the Confederacy four months before Lincoln 's inauguration . No nation ever recognized the Confederacy , but it opened the war by attacking Fort Sumter in 1861 . A surge of nationalist outrage in the North fueled a long , intense American Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) . It was fought largely in the South as the overwhelming material and manpower advantages of the North proved decisive in a long war . The war 's result was restoration of the Union , the impoverishment of the South , and the abolition of slavery . In the Reconstruction era ( 1863 -- 1877 ) , legal and voting rights were extended to the freed slave . The national government emerged much stronger , and because of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868 , it gained the explicit duty to protect individual rights . However , when white Democrats regained their power in the South during the 1870s , often by paramilitary suppression of voting , they passed Jim Crow laws to maintain white supremacy , and new disfranchising constitutions that prevented most African Americans and many poor whites from voting , a situation that continued for decades until gains of the civil rights movement in the 1960s and passage of federal legislation to enforce constitutional rights .   The United States became the world 's leading industrial power at the turn of the 20th century due to an outburst of entrepreneurship in the Northeast and Midwest and the arrival of millions of immigrant workers and farmers from Europe . The national railroad network was completed with the work of Chinese immigrants and large-scale mining and factories industrialized the Northeast and Midwest . Mass dissatisfaction with corruption , inefficiency and traditional politics stimulated the Progressive movement , from the 1890s to 1920s , which led to many social and political reforms . In 1920 , the 19th Amendment to the Constitution guaranteed women 's suffrage ( right to vote ) . This followed the 16th and 17th amendments in 1913 , which established the first national income tax and direct election of US senators to Congress . Initially neutral during World War I , the US declared war on Germany in 1917 and later funded the Allied victory the following year .   After a prosperous decade in the 1920s , the Wall Street Crash of 1929 marked the onset of the decade-long worldwide Great Depression . Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt ended the Republican dominance of the White House and implemented his New Deal programs for relief , recovery , and reform . The New Deal , which defined modern American liberalism , included relief for the unemployed , support for farmers , Social Security and a minimum wage . After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7 , 1941 , the United States entered World War II along with Britain , the Soviet Union , China , and the smaller number of Allied nations . The U.S. financed the Allied war effort and helped defeat Nazi Germany in the European theater . Its involvement culminated in using the newly invented nuclear weapons on Japanese cities that helped defeat Imperial Japan in the Pacific theater .   The United States and the Soviet Union emerged as rival superpowers after World War II . During the Cold War , the US and the USSR confronted each other indirectly in the arms race , the Space Race , proxy wars , and propaganda campaigns . US foreign policy during the Cold War was built around the support of Western Europe and Japan along with the policy of containment , stopping the spread of communism . The US joined the wars in Korea and Vietnam to try to stop its spread . In the 1960s , in large part due to the strength of the civil rights movement , another wave of social reforms were enacted by enforcing the constitutional rights of voting and freedom of movement to African-Americans and other racial minorities . Native American activism also rose . The Cold War ended when the Soviet Union officially dissolved in 1991 , leaving the United States as the world 's only superpower .   After the Cold War , the United States focused on international conflicts around the Middle East in response to the Gulf War in the early 1990s . The beginning of the 21st century saw the September 11 attacks by Al-Qaeda in 2001 , which would later followed by the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan . In 2008 , the United States had its worst economic crisis since the Great Depression , which has been followed by slower than usual rates of economic growth during the 2010s .

neg: Wealth and Poverty Wealth and Poverty is a best-selling 1981 non-fiction book by investor and author George Gilder .   After completing Visible Man in the late 1970s Gilder began writing `` The Pursuit of Poverty . '' In early 1981 Basic Books published the result as Wealth and Poverty . The book was an analysis of the roots of economic growth . Reviewing it within a month of the inauguration of the Reagan Administration the New York Times reviewer called it `` A Guide to Capitalism '' . It offered , he wrote , `` a creed for capitalism worthy of intelligent people . '' The book was a New York Times bestseller and eventually sold over a million copies .   In Wealth and Poverty Gilder extended the sociological and anthropological analysis of his early books in which he had advocated for the socialization of men into service to women through work and marriage . He wove these sociological themes into the economic policy prescriptions of supply-side economics . The breakup of the nuclear family and the policies of demand-side economics led to poverty . Family and supply-side policies led to wealth .   In reviewing the problems of the immediate past -- the inflation , recession , and urban problems of the 1970s -- and proposing his supply-side solutions , Gilder argued not just the practical but the moral superiority of supply-side capitalism over the alternatives . `` Capitalism begins with giving , '' he asserted , while New Deal liberalism created moral hazard . It was work , family , and faith that created wealth out of poverty . `` It is this supply-side moral vision that underlies all the economic arguments of Wealth and Poverty , '' he wrote .   In 1994 Gilder asserted that America has no poverty problem , that the real problem is the `` moral decay '' of the `` so-called poor '' , and that their real need is `` Christian teaching from the churches . '' He calls the poor in America `` the so-called poor '' who have been `` ruined by the overflow of American prosperity '' , and asserts they have more purchasing power than the middle class in Japan in the 1990s .   Wealth and Poverty advanced a practical and moral case for supply-side economics and capitalism during the early months of the Reagan administration and made him Ronald Reagan 's most quoted living author .

neg: List of largest Chinese companies This article lists the largest companies in China in terms of their revenue , net profit and total assets , according to the American business magazines Fortune and Forbes . In 2014 , Fortune '' 's Global 500 list of the world 's largest corporations included 95 Chinese companies , with combined revenues of US$ 5.8 trillion . That same year , Forbes '' reported that five of the world 's ten largest public companies were Chinese , including the world 's largest bank by total assets , the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China . Many of China 's largest companies are state-owned enterprises , due to the significant presence of the governing Chinese Communist Party in the national economy .

neg: Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt The presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt began on March 4 , 1933 , when he was inaugurated as the 32nd President of the United States , and ended upon his death on April 12 , 1945 , a span of ( 4422 days ) . Roosevelt assumed the presidency in the midst of the Great Depression . Starting with his landslide victory over Republican President Herbert Hoover in the 1932 election . He won a record four presidential terms , and became a central figure in world affairs during World War II . His program for relief , recovery and reform , known as the New Deal , involved a great expansion of the role of the federal government in the economy . Under his steady leadership , the Democratic Party built a `` New Deal Coalition '' of labor unions , big city machines , white ethnics , African Americans , and rural white Southerners , that would significantly realign American politics for the next several decades in the Fifth Party System and also define modern American liberalism .   During his first hundred days in office , Roosevelt spearheaded unprecedented major legislation and issued a profusion of executive orders that instituted the New Deal -- a variety of programs designed to produce relief ( government jobs for the unemployed ) , recovery ( economic growth ) , and reform ( through regulation of Wall Street , banks and transportation ) . He created numerous programs to support the unemployed and farmers , and to encourage labor union growth while more closely regulating business and high finance . The repeal of Prohibition in 1933 added to his popularity , helping him win re-election by a landslide in 1936 . The economy improved rapidly from 1933 to 1937 , but then relapsed into a deep recession in 1937 -- 38 . The bipartisan Conservative Coalition that formed in 1937 prevented his attempted packing of the Supreme Court , and blocked most of his legislative proposals , aside from the Fair Labor Standards Act . When the war began and unemployment largely became a non-issue , conservatives in Congress repealed the two major relief programs , the WPA and CCC , but kept most of the regulations on business . Along with several smaller programs , major surviving programs from the New Deal include the Securities and Exchange Commission , the Wagner Act , the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation , and Social Security .   A potential worldwide war loomed after 1937 , with the Japanese invasion of China and the aggression of Nazi Germany , which invaded Poland in September 1939 . Roosevelt remained officially neutral but gave strong diplomatic and financial support to China , the United Kingdom , Free France , and the Soviet Union via initiatives such as the Lend-Lease programs . Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7 , 1941 , Roosevelt sought and obtained a declaration of war upon Japan . A few days later , he sought and obtained a declaration of war upon the other major Axis powers , Germany and Italy . Assisted by his top aide Harry Hopkins , and with very strong national support , he worked closely with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill , Soviet leader Joseph Stalin , and Chinese Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek in leading the Allies during World War II . He supervised the mobilization of the U.S. economy to support the war effort , and the war saw the end of the massive unemployment that characterized the Great Depression . Roosevelt sought to desegregate the federal workforce with the Fair Employment Practice Committee , but he also controversially ordered the internment of 100,000 Japanese American civilians . As an active military leader , Roosevelt implemented a war strategy on two fronts that ended in the defeat of the Axis Powers and the development of the world 's first nuclear bomb . Though he died months before the end of the war , his work on the post-war order shaped the new United Nations and the Bretton Woods international financial system . Roosevelt 's health seriously declined during the war years , and he died three months into his fourth term . He was succeeded by Vice President Harry S. Truman . It was on Roosevelt 's watch that the Democratic Party was returned to dominance , prosperity returned , and two great military enemies were destroyed .   Scholars , historians and the public typically rank Roosevelt alongside Abraham Lincoln and George Washington as one of the three greatest U.S. Presidents .

neg: New international division of labour In economics , the new international division of labor ( NIDL ) is an outcome of globalization . The term was coined by theorists seeking to explain the spatial shift of manufacturing industries from advanced capitalist countries to developing countries -- an ongoing geographic reorganization of production , which finds its origins in ideas about a global division of labor . It is a spatial division of labor which occurs when the process of production is no longer confined to national economies . Under the `` old '' international division of labor , until around 1970 , underdeveloped areas were incorporated into the world economy principally as suppliers of minerals and agricultural commodities . However , as developing economies are merged into the world economy , more production takes place in these economies .   This has led to a trend of transference , or what is also known as the `` global industrial shift '' , in which production processes are relocated from developed countries ( such as the US , European countries , and Japan ) to developing countries in Asia ( such as China , Vietnam , and India ) and Latin America . This is because companies search for the cheapest locations to manufacture and assemble components , so low-cost labor-intensive parts of the manufacturing process are shifted to the developing world where costs are substantially lower . Companies do so by taking advantage of transportation and communications technology , as well as fragmentation and locational flexibility of production . From 1953 to the late 1990s , the industrialized economies ' share of world manufacturing output declined from 95 % to 77 % , and the developing economies ' share more than quadrupled from 5 % to 23 % .   The resultant division of labor across continents closely follows the North -- South socio-economic and political divide , wherein the North -- with one quarter of the world population -- controls four fifths of the world income , while the South -- with three quarters of the world population -- has access to one fifth of the world income .

neg: American upper class The American upper class is a social group consisting of the people who have the highest social rank and who are usually rich . People of this social class are socioeconomically distinguishable from other classes by its greater influence , power , and wealth . The American upper class is composed of members born into this class , called members of Old money ; as well as those who have acquired their wealth and influence within their own generation , called the Nouveau riche . In a CNBC Millionaire Survey it can be observed that a majority of millionaires polled , representing the wealthiest 10 percent of Americans , described themselves as middle class ( 44 % ) or upper middle class ( 40 % ) .   `` The study of attitudes is reasonably easy -LSB- ... -RSB- it 's concluded that for roughly 70 % of the population -- the lower 70 % on the wealth/income scale -- they have no influence on policy whatsoever . They 're effectively disenfranchised . As you move up the wealth/income ladder , you get a little bit more influence on policy . When you get to the top , which is maybe a tenth of one percent , people essentially get what they want , i.e. they determine the policy . So the proper term for that is not democracy ; it 's plutocracy . '' -- Noam Chomsky .   Many Politicians , heirs to fortunes , top business executives , CEOs , successful venture capitalists , those born into high society , and some celebrities may be considered members of this class . Some prominent and high-rung professionals may also be included if they attain great influence and wealth . The main distinguishing feature of this class , which is estimated to constitute roughly 1 % of the population , is the source of income . While the vast majority of people and households derive their income from wages or salaries , those in the upper class derive their income from investments and capital gains . Estimates for the size of this group commonly vary from 1 % to 2 % , while some surveys have indicated that as many as 6 % of Americans identify as `` upper class . '' Sociologist Leonard Beeghley sees wealth as the only significant distinguishing feature of this class and , therefore , refers to this group simply as `` the rich . ''   Sociologists such as W. Lloyd Warner , William Thompson and Joseph Hickey recognize prestige differences between members of the upper class . Established families , prominent professionals and politicians may be deemed to have more prestige than some entertainment celebrities who in turn may have more prestige than the members of local elites . Yet , contemporary sociologists argue that all members of the upper class share such great wealth , influence and assets as their main source of income as to be recognized as members of the same social class . As great financial fortune is the main distinguishing feature of this class , sociologist Leonard Beeghley at the University of Florida identifies all `` rich '' households , those with incomes in the top 1 % or so , as upper class .   In 1998 , Bob Herbert of The New York Times referred to modern American plutocrats as `` The Donor Class '' ( list of top donors ) and defined the class , for the first time , as `` a tiny group -- just one-quarter of 1 percent of the population -- and it is not representative of the rest of the nation . But its money buys plenty of access . ''

neg: List of U.S. states by sovereign wealth funds Like many countries , several U.S. states have created sovereign wealth funds to finance certain services ( typically public education ) or to provide general revenue to the state government itself . This article comprises the known such funds and their monetary amounts .

neg: Superstate A superstate is defined as `` a large and powerful State formed when several smaller countries unite '' , `` A large and powerful state formed from a federation or union of nations '' .  This is distinct from the concept of superpower , although these are frequently seen together . It is also distinct from the concept of empire , where one nation dominates other nations through military , political , and economic power , although an empire may also be a superstate .   In the early 20th century , `` superstate '' had a similar definition as today 's supranational organisations . In a 1927 article by Edward A. Harriman on the League of Nations , a superstate was defined as merely `` an organisation , of which a state is a member , which is superior to the member themselves '' , in that '' -LSB- a -RSB- complete superstate has legislative , executive and judicial organs to make , to execute and to interpret its laws '' . According to this definition , Harriman saw the League of Nations as a `` rudimentary superstate '' , and the United States as `` an example of a complete and perfect superstate '' .   In World Order of Bahá ` u 'll áh , first published in 1938 , Shoghi Effendi , the Guardian of the Bahá ' í Faith , described the anticipated world government of that religion as the `` world 's future super-state '' with the Bahá ' í Faith as the `` State Religion of an independent and Sovereign Power . ''   In the 1970s , academic literature used the term `` superstate '' to indicate a particularly rich and powerful state , in a similar fashion to the term superpower .   In contemporary political debate , especially the one centred on the European Union , the term `` superstate '' is used to indicate a ( usually deemed unwelcome ) development in which the Union takes over the character of a State ( including the monopoly on violence ) thus abolishing the sovereignty and independence of its member states .  For instance , Glyn Morgan opposes the perspective of a `` European superstate '' to the ones of `` a Europe of nation-states '' and of `` a post-sovereign European polity '' . In her definition , a `` European superstate is nothing more than a sovereign state - a tried and tested type of polity that predominates in the modern world - operating on a European wide scale '' , i.e. , `` a unitary European state ''   The term was famously used by Margaret Thatcher in her 1988 Bruges speech , when she decried the perspective of `` a European super-state exercising a new dominance from Brussels '' , and has since entered the eurosceptic lexicon .  Tony Blair argued in 2000 that he welcomed an EU as a `` superpower , not a superstate ''

neg: Timeline of United States inventions (before 1890) A timeline of United States inventions ( before 1890 ) encompasses the ingenuity and innovative advancements of the United States within a historical context , dating from the Colonial Period to the Gilded Age , which have been achieved by inventors who are either native-born or naturalized citizens of the United States . Copyright protection secures a person 's right to his or her first-to-invent claim of the original invention in question , highlighted in Article I , Section 8 , Clause 8 of the United States Constitution , which gives the following enumerated power to the United States Congress :   In 1641 , the first patent in North America was issued to Samuel Winslow by the General Court of Massachusetts for a new method of making salt . On April 10 , 1790 , President George Washington signed the Patent Act of 1790 ( 1 Stat . 109 ) into law proclaiming that patents were to be authorized for `` any useful art , manufacture , engine , machine , or device , or any improvement therein not before known or used '' . On July 31 , 1790 , Samuel Hopkins of Pittsford , Vermont became the first person in the United States to file and to be granted a patent for an improved method of `` Making Pot and Pearl Ashes '' . The Patent Act of 1836 ( Ch . 357 , 5 Stat . 117 ) further clarified United States patent law to the extent of establishing a patent office where patent applications are filed , processed , and granted , contingent upon the language and scope of the claimant 's invention , for a patent term of 14 years with an extension of up to an additional 7 years . However , the Uruguay Round Agreements Act of 1994 ( URAA ) changed the patent term in the United States to a total of 20 years , effective for patent applications filed on or after June 8 , 1995 , thus bringing United States patent law further into conformity with international patent law . The modern-day provisions of the law applied to inventions are laid out in Title 35 of the United States Code ( Ch . 950 , sec . 1 , 66 Stat . 792 ) .   From 1836 to 2011 , the United States Patent and Trademark Office ( USPTO ) has granted a total of 7,861,317 patents relating to several well-known inventions appearing throughout the timeline below .

neg: List of wealthiest charitable foundations This is a list of wealthiest charitable foundations worldwide . It consists of the 36 largest charitable foundations , private foundations engaged in philanthropy , and other charitable organizations .   Only nonprofit foundations are included in this list . Organisations that are part of a larger company are excluded , such as holding companies .   The entries are ordered by the size of the organisation 's financial endowment ( that is , the value of assets net of liabilities , or invested donations ) . The endowment value is an estimate measured in United States dollars , based on the exchange rates on December 31 , 2016 . Due to fluctuations in holdings , currency exchange and asset values , this list only represents the valuation of each foundation on a single day .

neg: Historical GDP of China This article includes a list of China 's historical gross domestic product ( GDP ) values , the market value of all final goods and services produced by a nation in a given year . The GDP dollar estimates presented here are either calculated at market or government official exchange rates ( nominal ) , or derived from purchasing power parity ( PPP ) calculations . This article also includes historical GDP growth .   In 1985 , the State Council of China ( SCC ) approved the establishment of a SNA ( System of National Accounting ) , using GDP to measure the national economy . China started to study and then implement a new system of national economic accounting . In 1986 , as the first citizen of the People 's Republic of China to receive a Ph.D. in economics from an overseas country , Dr. Fengbo Zhang headed Chinese Macroeconomic Research - the key research project of the seventh Five-Year Plan of China , as well as completing and publishing the Chinese GDP data according to China 's own research and calculations . A summary of the above events has been included in the book `` Chinese Macroeconomic Structure and Policy '' ( June 1988 ) edited by Fengbo Zhang , and collectively authored by the Research Center of the SCC . This is the first GDP data which was published by China .   The research utilized the World Bank 's method as a reference , and made numerous appropriate adjustments based on China 's national condition . The GDP also has been converted to USD based data by utilizing the moving average exchange rate . The research systematically completed China 's GDP and GDP per capita from 1952 to 1986 and analyzed growth rate , the change and contribution rates of each component . The research also included international comparisons . Additionally , the research compared MPS and SNA , looking at the results from the two systems from analyzing Chinese economy . This achievement created the foundation for China GDP research .   The SCC issued `` The notice regarding implementation of System of National Accounting '' in August 1992 , the Western SNA system officially is introduced to China , replaced Soviet Union 's MPS system , Western economic indicator GDP became China 's most important economic indicator . Based on Dr. Fengbo Zhang 's research , in 1997 , the National Bureau of Statistics of China ( NBS ) , in collaboration with Hitotsubashi University of Japan , re-estimated China 's GDP Data from 1952 up to 1995 based on the SNA principal . In 2016 , the 2008 SNA was formally brought into use .   When comparing Fengbo Zhang 's GDP measurement in the 1980s and the GDP in 1997 by the NBS and Japan 's cooperative research , the two are found to be very consistent ; the deviation rate each year is very slight , between only 0.1 % and 7 % . During this period , there were many data adjustments , with weighting factors undergoing significant changes along with each years comparable price amendments , statistical method significant changes result in the substantial deviation . Even with science and technology as advanced as it is today , the single item survey is allowed at least ± 3 % , or a total of 6 % deviation . Despite the extremely difficult conditions of a destroyed economy , blank theory , a lack of data , and simple methods in 1980s , there is so little deviation for such a long period of time and the comprehensiveness of the national economic indicator , indicates that the research conducted by Fengbo Zhang with the support of the extensive group he trained is extremely rigorous , and their result very precise . Xie Fuzhan , former Director , and Ma Jiantang , current Director of the NBS , both participated in Dr. Fengbo Zhang 's research project in the 1980s , as assistant researcher and graduate student , respectively , of the Research Center of the SCC .

neg: Newspapers in the United States Newspapers in the United States have been published since the 18th century and are an integral part of the culture of the United States . Although a few newspapers including the New York Times , USA Today , and the Wall Street Journal are sold throughout the United States , most U.S. newspapers are published for city or regional markets . The New York Times is often referred to as the United States ' `` newspaper of record '' .


query: Emilio Estevez is a director.

pos: Emilio Estevez Emilio Estevez ( -LSB- ɛˈmiljoʊ_ɛstˈɛbɛs -RSB- born May 12 , 1962 ) is an American actor , director , and writer . He started his career as an actor and is well known for being a member of the acting Brat Pack of the 1980s , starring in The Breakfast Club , St. Elmo 's Fire , and also acting in the 1983 hit movie The Outsiders . He is also known for Repo Man , The Mighty Ducks and its sequels , Stakeout , Maximum Overdrive , Bobby ( which he also wrote and directed ) , and his performances in Western films such as Young Guns and its sequel .

neg: Eugenio Caballero Eugenio Caballero ( -LSB- euˌxenjo kaβaˈʎeɾo -RSB- ) is a Mexican production designer who won an Oscar for Best Achievement in Art Direction with Spanish film set decorator Pilar Revuelta in 2007 for the film Pans Labyrinth ( 2006 ) .   Caballero was born Mexico City , Mexico in 1972 and studied art and cinema history at the University of Florence between 1989 and 1991 . Upon his return to Mexico he worked at the National Institute of Beau Arts and the Latin-American University . Caballero has been a production designer and art director for advertising and music videos ; amongst his better known collaborations is his work with Café Tacuva . Caballero is considered a student of the German production designer Brigitte Broch , a resident in Mexico for many years who won an Oscar for the art direction of Moulin Rouge ! .  His debut in film occurred in Romeo and Juliet by Baz Luhrmann in 1996 .  He has worked as an art director and production designer in Serious Assassin by Antonio Urrutia , About the Living by Jorge Aguilera , Zurdo by Carlos Salces , Santitos by Alexander Springall ( 1997 ) and Crónicas by Sebastián Cordero ( 2004 ) . In 2006 before winning his Academy Award he worked as a production designer in the film Resident Evil : Extinction with Russell Mulcahy .

neg: Ernesto Arancibia Ernesto Arancibia ( 12 January 1904 -- 27 August 1963 ) was an Argentine film director and screenwriter .

neg: Miguel A. Reina Miguel Alejandro Reina Gómez Maganda ( -LSB- miˈɣel aleˈxandɾo ˈɣomes -RSB- ; born 11 August 1980 ) is a Mexican filmmaker , screenwriter and film producer . Some of his works include Un aliado en el tiempo , Mi vida en frenesí , Trazos mágicos de Oaxaca and El hombre que detuvo el tiempo .

neg: Carlos Borcosque Jr. Carlos Borcosque Jr. ( born July 13 , 1943 ) is an Argentine film director and screenplay writer .   He is the son of director Carlos Borcosque .

neg: The Mighty Ducks The Mighty Ducks is a 1992 American sports comedy-drama film directed by Stephen Herek , starring Emilio Estevez . It was produced by The Kerner Entertainment Company and Avnet -- Kerner Productions and distributed by Walt Disney Pictures . It is the first film in the Mighty Ducks trilogy .   In the UK , South Africa and Australia , the film was retitled Champions . Subsequently , UK home releases are now titled The Mighty Ducks Are the Champions , reflecting both titles , as well as to possibly avoid confusion with the sequel ( retitled as just The Mighty Ducks ) . The year after the film 's release , an NHL hockey club , named the `` Mighty Ducks '' in reference to the film , was founded in Anaheim , California .

neg: Gitano (1970 film) Gitano is a 1970 Argentine film directed by Emilio Vieyra .

neg: Gálvez (Vino de la Tierra) Gálvez is a Spanish geographical indication for Vino de la Tierra wines located in the autonomous region of Castile La Mancha . Vino de la Tierra is one step below the mainstream Denominación de Origen indication on the Spanish wine quality ladder .   The area covered by this geographical indication comprises the municipalities of Cuerva , Gálvez , Guadamur , Menasalbas , Mazarambroz , Polán , Pulgar , San Martín de Montalbán and Totanés , located in the province of Toledo , in Castile La Mancha , Spain .   It acquired its Vino de la Tierra status in 1988 .

neg: Alberto de Zavalía Alberto De Zavalia ( 4 May 1911 -- 7 May 1988 in Buenos Aires ) was an Argentine film director and film producer .

neg: Televisión Española Televisión Española ( acronym TVE , on lowercase letters : tve , in English `` Spanish Television '' ) is the national state-owned public-service television broadcaster in Spain . TVE belongs to the RTVE Corporation which has overall responsibility for national public-service radio and television under a Parliament-appointed General Manager who , as well as being answerable to a Board of Directors , reports to an all-party committee of the national parliament , as provided for in the Public Radio and Television Law of 2006 .   TVE 's activities were previously financed by a combination of advertising revenue and subsidies from the national government , but since it has been supported by subsidies only .

neg: Felicitas (film) Felicitas is a 2009 Argentine romantic drama film directed by María Teresa Costantini .

neg: Constantino Esteves Constantino Esteves ( 1914 -- 1985 ) was a Portuguese film director .

neg: Golden Age of Mexican cinema The Golden Age of Mexican cinema ( in Spanish Época de Oro del Cine Mexicano ) is a period in the history of the Cinema of Mexico between 1936 and 1959 when the Mexican film industry reached high levels of production , quality and economic success of its films , besides having gained recognition internationally . The Mexican film industry became the center of commercial films in Latin America .   The Golden Age began symbolically with the film Vámonos con Pancho Villa ( 1935 ) , directed by Fernando de Fuentes . In 1939 , during World War II , the film industry in the US and Europe decline , because the materials previously destined for film production now were for the new arms industry . Many countries began to focus on making films about war , leaving the opportunity to Mexico , to produce commercial films for the Mexican and Latin American markets . This cultural environment favored the emergence of a new generation of directors and actors considered to date , icons in Mexico and in Hispanic countries and Spanish-speaking audiences .

neg: Oscar Velasquez Oscar Velasquez ( born September 5 , 1988 ) is an American film director , screenwriter and producer .

neg: Juan Martín Cueva Juan Martín Cueva Armijos ( born October 9 , 1966 in Quito , Ecuador ) is an Ecuadorian documentary film director and the director of the Filmfestival `` Cero Latitud '' in Quito . His documentary film `` Where the poles meet '' won the Best Documentary at the IX Festival Internacional de Cine de Valdivia in Chile and at the Brouillon d'un reve de la Scam in Paris in 1999 .   Cueva was born in Quito the first son of the diplomat and archaeologist Juan Cueva and his wife Magdalena Armijos . His paternal grandfather was the politician Carlos Cueva Tamaríz , his uncle the painter Patricio Cueva Jaramillo and his cousin Fernando Cordero Cueva is the current ( 2011 ) president of the Ecuadorian Congress .   Cueva spent his early childhood in many rural towns in Ecuador as his father worked as an archaeologist . The family moved later to Paris , where his father studied at the Sorbonne University and was later appointed Ambassador of Ecuador at the UNESCO . Cueva learned therefore French from an early age and later studied cinematography at the Institut National Superior des Arts du spectacle in Belgium .   His documentaries have appeared at many Film Festivals in Ecuador and abroad such as Lateinamerikanische Filmtage 2008 in Munich and Chicago International Documentary Film Festival .   He has also taught in many Ecuadorian universities such as the Universidad de las Américas , Escuela de Cine y Actuación INCIN and the Universidad San Francisco de Quito .

neg: Persecution in Madrid Persecution in Madrid ( Spanish : Persecución en Madrid ) is a 1952 Spanish crime film directed by Enrique Gómez .

neg: Ciudad Evita Ciudad Evita ( Evita City ) is a city in La Matanza Partido , within the Greater Buenos Aires metro area . It currently has about 70,000 inhabitants , and is situated about 20 kilometers ( 13 mi ) from Downtown Buenos Aires and 6 kilometers ( 4 mi ) from Ministro Pistarini International Airport . The city has been declared a National Historic Monument of Argentina .   The city owes its name to the Eva Perón Foundation , which developed the initial settlement . Established in 1947 by Argentine President Juan Perón , his Decree No. 33221 stipulated that this new suburb of Buenos Aires be named after the namesake of the foundation , his wife Eva ( ' Evita ' ) Duarte de Perón . The city , whose original 15,000 homes were designed in a simplified Spanish Colonial Revival style favored during the Perón era , featured a layout purposely built in the shape of Eva 's profile , which seemingly waved to airline passengers from the nearby airport . This overt homage to the influential first lady prompted the city 's renaming as Ciudad General Belgrano following the military coup that deposed Perón in 1955 .   Despite these changes , the town , which was administered by the National Mortgage Bank following the coup , continued to grow , incorporating the Barrio Vemme ward between 1960 and 1967 . It was transferred to La Matanza Council in 1963 , and upon the return of Peronists to power in 1973 , it regained its Ciudad Evita designation . A second addition , Barrio Alas , was opened in 1974 for Argentine Air Force officers stationed at the Morón Air Base .   The March 1976 coup again led to a change of name for the town , to Ciudad General Martín Miguel de Güemes '' , until the return of democracy in 1983 . The city was chosen that year as the site of the Buenos Aires Temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) , inaugurated in 1986 .   Ciudad Evita was declared a National Historical Monument in 1997 .

neg: Olé (Azúcar Moreno album) Olé is the ninth studio album by Spanish duo Azúcar Moreno , released on Sony International in 1998 .   After the commercial success of the 1996 album Esclava De Tu Piel which had produced five hit singles followed by `` Muévete Salvaje '' from the 1997 hits compilation Mucho Azúcar - Grandes Éxitos , Azúcar Moreno teamed up with producer Ricardo `` Eddy '' Martinez in Miami again for the recording of 1998 album Olé . The album included further original material from Spanish singer Miguel Gallardo and Luis Cabañas , the team that had composed most of the singles on the preceding Esclava De Tu Piel , collaborations between Gallardo and David Ferrero and Pedro del Moral , songs by producer Richardo `` Eddy '' Martinez and it also saw one of the Salazar sisters , Encarna , making her debut as composer on the track `` Dime Que Me Quieres '' . Production-wise Olé followed the winning combination of up-to-date club beats fused with flamenco and rock and contrasting R&B influenced ballads and rumbas , arrangement-wise the album differed slightly to its predecessor as it featured live strings on several titles . The album also closes with the acoustic `` No Pretenderás '' , with instrumentation of just flamenco guitars and palmas - and a guest appearance by the duo 's brothers Los Chunguitos .   The lead single was the title track `` Olé '' , just like `` Sólo Se Vive Una Vez '' musically influenced by contemporary dance genres like reggaeton and dancehall but , as the title suggests , lyrically a tribute to the duo 's native Spain . `` Olé '' was also released as two separate remix singles , the second entitled Olé - The Summer '99 Remixes featuring the track remixed and with additional production by renowned Latin remixer , DJ , music producer and arranger Pablo Flores , best known for being Gloria Estefan 's personal remixer but also for having co-produced major hits for among others Madonna , Chayanne , Shakira and Ricky Martin . Flores ' Club Mix of `` Olé '' was substantially rearranged from the original , not just by speeding up the tempo for the dancefloor but by adding new orchestration of brass , flamenco guitars and castanets to emphasize the song 's lyrics and the track proved to be another big hit single for Azúcar Moreno in both Spain and Latin America .   The second single released and second big hit was '' ¡ Mecachis ! '' ( `` Mechachis en la mar '' a mildly profane expression , roughly translated as `` Damnit ! '' ) , a midtempo dance track again written by Miguel Gallardo and Luis Cabañas and also issued with a series of dance remixes on the ¡ Mechachis ! - The Alabim-Bom-Ba-Remixes release , mixed by co-producers Pedro del Moral and David Ferrero .   Further hit singles from the album include `` Cumbaya '' , the double A-side `` Ese Beso '' / `` No Pretenderás '' and `` Agua Que No Has De Beber '' .   While Olé did n't manage to match the extraordinary sales figures of the preceding Esclava De Tu Piel - half a million in Spain alone - it did sell some two-hundred thousand copies and was later awarded double platinum in Spain .

neg: Eva Vives Eva Vives is a screenwriter , director , and producer as well as sometimes editor and casting director .

neg: Princesas Princesas is a 2005 film by Spanish director Fernando León de Aranoa .   The princesas in the film are two prostitutes : Caye , a Spaniard who is hiding her profession from her family , and Zulema , who is saving money to send to her family in the Dominican Republic . The two women ply their trade on the streets of Madrid .   The film 's initial release was in 2005 ; it was released in the United States in August 2006 at the IFC Center in New York City and nationally to many digital cable subscribers via IFC OnDemand .

neg: La guerra de los pasteles La guerra de los pasteles is a 1944 Mexican musical comedy film directed by Emilio Gómez Muriel . It stars Mapy Cortés , Domingo Soler , and Pedro Armendáriz .


query: Scarlett Johansson released an album in 2009.

pos: Scarlett Johansson Scarlett Johansson ( -LSB- dʒoʊˈhænsən -RSB- born November 22 , 1984 ) is an American actress , model , and singer . She made her film debut in the fantasy comedy North ( 1994 ) . Johansson subsequently starred in Manny & Lo ( 1996 ) , and garnered further acclaim and prominence with roles in The Horse Whisperer ( 1998 ) and Ghost World ( 2001 ) . She shifted to adult roles with her performances in Girl with a Pearl Earring ( 2003 ) and Lost in Translation ( 2003 ) , for which she won a BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role .   Her subsequent films included A Love Song for Bobby Long ( 2004 ) , Match Point ( 2005 ) , The Island ( 2005 ) , The Black Dahlia ( 2006 ) , The Prestige ( 2006 ) , The Other Boleyn Girl ( 2008 ) , Vicky Cristina Barcelona ( 2008 ) , He 's Just Not That Into You ( 2009 ) , Don Jon ( 2013 ) , Her ( 2013 ) , Under the Skin ( 2013 ) , Lucy ( 2014 ) , The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) , and Ghost in the Shell ( 2017 ) . Since 2008 , Johansson has also portrayed the Marvel Comics character Black Widow in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . She won the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Play for her performance in the 2010 Broadway revival of A View from the Bridge . As a singer , Johansson has released two albums , Anywhere I Lay My Head ( 2008 ) and Break Up ( 2009 ) .   Johansson is considered one of Hollywood 's modern sex symbols , and has frequently appeared in published lists of the sexiest women in the world . , she is the highest-grossing actress of all time in North America , with her films making over $ 3.6 billion . In 2016 , she was the highest-grossing actress , with a $ 1.2 billion total for the year .

neg: 9 (Damien Rice album) 9 is the second studio album by Irish singer , songwriter and producer Damien Rice , released in 2006 . The album was released on 3 November in Ireland , 6 November in the United Kingdom and 14 November in the US . It was followed by the single `` 9 Crimes '' , which was released on 27 November 2006 . The record was certified gold in the UK .

neg: It Goes On It Goes On is the debut studio album by indie folk band Destry . It was released on October 30 , 2009 . Physical orders were done through the band 's Tumblr page , and digital downloads are available through Paper + Plastick .

neg: Välkommen hem Välkommen hem is the second album released by Swedish boy band E.M.D. . It marks their first release of material sung in Swedish . The album was released in Sweden on November 9 , 2009 and features both classic and lesser known Christmas songs . The album was recorded in Stockholm , Sweden at Grünewaldsalen and was produced by Peter Nordah . The first and only single to be released off the album was the title track `` Välkommen hem '' .

neg: Eugene McGuinness (album) Eugene McGuinness is the eponymous debut studio album by British singer-songwriter Eugene McGuinness . It was released on 12 October 2008 in the United Kingdom , and on 23 June 2009 in North America , through Domino Records .

neg: Never Enough (Kiss song) `` Never Enough '' is a song by the American hard rock band Kiss . It was released on their 19th album Sonic Boom in 2009 . It was released as a single on June 11 , 2010 . The song is the last single released from the album .

neg: Abnormally Attracted to Sin Abnormally Attracted to Sin is the tenth solo studio album by American singer-songwriter Tori Amos , released 19 May 2009 , in standard and limited CD/DVD edition . The album debuted on Billboard 200 at no. 9 , giving Amos her seventh Top 10 album in the US . Unlike Amos ' previous releases since 2000 , which drew upon various external sources such as feminism , religion and politics , the album is considered a mainly personal album .   The album 's lead single is `` Welcome to England '' . The song was a moderate hit on Triple A radio in the US . The release was supported by the Sinful Attraction Tour in the US , Europe , and Australia .

neg: One (Bonnie Pink album) One is Bonnie Pink 's tenth studio album released under the Warner Music Japan label on May 13 , 2009 . This album was recorded in London , Stockholm , Los Angeles , Malmö , and Tokyo .

neg: Sunshine Lies Sunshine Lies is the tenth studio album by the alternative rock musician Matthew Sweet . It was released ny Shout ! Factory in 2008 .

neg: Hush (Asobi Seksu album) Hush is the third studio album by New York-based shoegaze band Asobi Seksu . It was released on February 17 , 2009 on their new label , Polyvinyl Record Co. . It included four singles : `` Me & Mary , '' which preceded the album 's release in November 2008 ; `` Familiar Light '' , released in February 2009 ; `` Transparence '' , released in August 2009 ; and `` Layers '' , released in December 2009 . The album demonstrated a shift from the more shoegaze-inspired work of prior releases to a mellower dream pop sound .   The album was recorded in the summer of 2008 and was produced by Chris Zane , who worked on their previous album , Citrus .   The song `` Layers '' was featured in the episode `` The Born Identity '' of the third season of the TV series Ugly Betty .

neg: Play On (Carrie Underwood album) Play On is the third studio album by American singer and songwriter Carrie Underwood . It was released in the United States on November 3 , 2009 , through Arista Nashville .   The album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 with first week sales of 318,000 copies , which was rated as the highest first-week sales for a female artist in 2009 upon release . It is her second album to debut at number one on the Billboard 200 , and her third to debut atop the Billboard Top Country Albums chart .   As of October 2016 , the album has been certified 3x Platinum by the RIAA , Platinum by the CRIA and Gold by the ARIA . Play On has since sold over three million copies worldwide .   The album spawned three consecutive Billboard Hot Country Songs number one singles -- `` Cowboy Casanova '' , `` Temporary Home '' and `` Undo It '' , all of which certified Multi-Platinum or Platinum by the RIAA . The fourth single , `` Mama 's Song '' , reached number two on the chart and received a Gold certification from the RIAA . `` Cowboy Casanova '' achieved one of the biggest single-week upwards on the Billboard Hot 100 of all time , when it climbed 96-11 in its second week .   `` Temporary Home '' and `` Mama 's Song '' were both nominated for Grammy Awards , while Play On was nominated for Album of the Year at both the 2010 Academy of Country Music Awards and Country Music Association Awards , and won Favorite Country Album at the 2010 American Music Awards .

neg: A Strange Arrangement A Strange Arrangement is the debut studio album by American musician Mayer Hawthorne . The album was released on September 8 , 2009 , by Stones Throw Records . The album debuted at number 147 on the Billboard 200 chart , in the first week of its release .

neg: Moloch Tropical Moloch Tropical is a 2009 film .

neg: Welcome to the New Cold World Welcome to the New Cold World is an Album by Lights Action . It was released worldwide on March 2 , 2009 as a digital download only , with the option to buy a CD version through the band 's website .

neg: Black Clouds & Silver Linings Black Clouds & Silver Linings is the tenth studio album by American progressive metal/rock band Dream Theater , released on June 23 , 2009 through Roadrunner Records . It is the band 's last album to feature drummer and founding member Mike Portnoy before his departure on September 8 , 2010 . The album was recorded between October 2008 and March 2009 at Avatar Studios in New York City . It was produced by John Petrucci and Portnoy , and was engineered and mixed by Paul Northfield .

neg: Order (album) Order is the fifth and final studio album by the German metalcore band Maroon . It was released on April 20 , 2009 though Century Media Records . The album debuted at number 63 on the German Media Control Charts .

neg: Black Coffee (Ann Savoy album) Black Coffee is the second album by American singer and musician Ann Savoy , released in 2010 . It is credited to Ann Savoy & Her Sleepless Knights .

neg: Soul for Sale Soul for Sale is the second album by Finnish band Soulcage , released in 2009 . My Canvas , My Skin was released as the lead single along with a video directed and written by Tuomas Parviainen , reaching number 8 on the official Finnish download chart and number 10 on the Finnish single chart in March 2009 .   The album was released in the United Kingdom on April 23 , 2010 .

neg: The Ugly Truth The Ugly Truth is a 2009 American romantic comedy film starring Katherine Heigl and Gerard Butler . The film was released in North America on July 24 , 2009 by Columbia Pictures .

neg: The Moon Song `` The Moon Song '' is a song from the 2013 feature film Her , with music composed by Karen Orzolek ( Karen O ) and lyrics by Karen Orzolek and Spike Jonze . Performed by Karen O during the film 's end credits , the song was also performed by the film 's main characters , Samantha ( Scarlett Johansson ) and Theodore ( Joaquin Phoenix ) . It was released by WaterTower Music on February 11 , 2014 .   In January 2014 , the song was nominated for Best Original Song at the 86th Academy Awards , but lost to `` Let It Go '' from Frozen . Karen O performed the song at the ceremony accompanied by Ezra Koenig on guitar on March 2 , 2014 . In December 2014 , the song was nominated for Best Song Written for Visual Media at the 57th Grammy Awards but again lost to `` Let It Go '' .

neg: Machine Dreams Machine Dreams is the second studio album by Swedish electronic band Little Dragon . It was released on 17 August 2009 by Peacefrog Records .