query: Diseases did not also spread along the Silk Road.

pos: Silk Road The Silk Road or Silk Route was an ancient network of trade routes that were for centuries central to cultural interaction originally through regions of Eurasia connecting the East and West and stretching from the Korean peninsula and Japan to the Mediterranean Sea . The Silk Road concept refers to both the terrestrial and the maritime routes connecting Asia and Europe . The overland Steppe route stretching through the Eurasian steppe is considered the ancestor to the Silk Road ( s ) .   While the term is of modern coinage , the Silk Road derives its name from the lucrative trade in silk ( and horses ) carried out along its length , beginning during the Han dynasty ( 207 BCE -- 220 CE ) . The Han dynasty expanded Central Asian sections of the trade routes around 114 BCE , largely through missions and explorations of the Chinese imperial envoy , Zhang Qian . The Chinese took great interest in the safety of their trade products and extended the Great Wall of China to ensure the protection of the trade route .   Trade on the Silk Road played a significant role in the development of the civilizations of China , the Goguryeo kingdom ( Korea ) , Japan , the Indian subcontinent , Persia , Europe , the Horn of Africa and Arabia , opening long-distance political and economic relations between the civilizations . Though silk was certainly the major trade item exported from China , many other goods were traded , as well as religions , syncretic philosophies , and various technologies . Diseases , most notably plague , also spread along the Silk Routes . In addition to economic trade , the Silk Road was a route for cultural trade among the civilizations along its network .   The main traders during antiquity included the Chinese , Arabs , Turkmens , Indians , Persians , Somalis , Greeks , Syrians , Romans , Georgians , Armenians , Bactrians , and ( from the 5th to the 8th century ) the Sogdians .   In June 2014 , UNESCO designated the Chang ` an-Tianshan corridor of the Silk Road as a World Heritage Site .

neg: Proto-industrialization Proto-industrialization ( also spelled proto-industrialisation ) was a possible phase in the development of modern industrial economies that preceded , and created conditions for , the establishment of fully industrial societies . Proto-industrialisation is generally referred to the phase before industrialisation . Proto-industrialization was marked by the increasing involvement of agrarian families in market-oriented craft production , mainly through the putting-out system organized by merchant capitalists . It was an effective method of production which was controlled by merchants and had links to developing European consumerism . However , the phase was not observed across Europe , and nor did it always smoothly transition into the Industrial Revolution proper .   The term was coined by F. F. Mendels in 1972 ,  though a UNESCO colloquium on the 10th anniversary of the deaths of Einstein and Teilhard de Chardin and published in 1971 discusses `` the basis for proto-industrialization '' .   The applicability of proto-industrialization in Europe has since been challenged . M.J. Daunton , for example , argues that proto-industrialisation `` excludes too much '' to fully explain the expansion of industry : not only do proponents of proto-industrialisation ignore the vital town-based industries in pre-industrial economies , but also ignores `` rural and urban industry based upon non-domestic organisation , '' referring to how mines , mills , forges and furnaces fit into the agrarian economy .   Initially using surplus labor available during slow periods of the agricultural seasons , proto-industrialization led to specialization - not only in industrial production but also in commercial agricultural production . This allowed reciprocal trade favored by regional economies of scale . It resulted in accumulation of capital and in the acquisition of entrepreneurial skills by merchant capitalists , which facilitated the development of large-scale , and capital-intensive production methods in the full industrialization phase that followed .   Proto-industrialization sparked social changes in traditional agrarian societies that would become more marked during full industrialization , such as greater independence of women and children , who gained a means of income separate from the family subsistence farm . During this phase of industrialisation , machines were not used . They were not even invented at that time . People could only use their hands or any hand-made material to produce required goods .

neg: ProMED-mail Program for Monitoring Emerging Diseases ( also known as ProMED-mail , abbreviated ProMED ) is among the largest publicly available emerging diseases and outbreak reporting systems in the world . The central purpose of ProMED is to promote communication amongst the international infectious disease community , including scientists , physicians , veterinarians , epidemiologists , public health professionals , and others interested in infectious diseases on a global scale . Founded in 1994 , ProMED has pioneered the concept of electronic , Internet-based emerging disease and outbreak detection reporting . In 1999 , ProMED became a program of the International Society for Infectious Diseases . As of 2016 , ProMED has more than 75,000 subscribers in over 185 countries . With an average of 13 posts per day , ProMED provides users with up-to-date information concerning infectious disease outbreaks on a global scale .   ProMED 's guiding principles include :  Transparency and a commitment to the unfettered flow of outbreak information  Freedom from political constraints  Availability to all without cost  Commitment to One Health  Service to the global health community   One of the essential global health priorities is the timely recognition and reporting of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases . Early recognition can enable coordinated and rapid responses to an outbreak , preventing catastrophic morbidity and mortality . Additionally , early detection can alleviate grave economic hardship brought upon by pandemics and emerging diseases . Burgeoning globalization of commerce , finance , manufacturing , and services has fostered ever-increasing movement of people , animals , plants , food , and feed . Other contributing factors to the risk of new pathogens emerging and known pathogens re-emerging include climate change , urbanization , land use changes , and political instability . Outbreaks that begin in the most remote parts of the world now spread swiftly to urban centers in countries far away . The epidemiological data in ProMED posts has been used to estimate mortality rates and demographic parameters for specific diseases .   The severe acute respiratory syndrome ( SARS ) outbreak in 2003 and the Middle East respiratory syndrome ( MERS ) outbreak in 2012 demonstrated the importance of early identification for emerging disease occurrences . The initial outbreak reports in both events were posted by astute clinicians . The use of non-traditional information sources can provide prompt information to the international community on emerging infectious disease problems that have yet to be officially reported . The early dissemination of information may lead to rapid official confirmation of ongoing outbreaks . The Epicore program , launched in March 2016 , makes use of volunteers throughout the world to find and report outbreaks using non-traditional methods .

neg: Rise of the Ottoman Empire The foundation and rise of the Ottoman Empire is a period of history that started with the emergence of the Ottoman principality in , and ended with the conquest of Constantinople on May 29 , 1453 . This period witnessed the foundation of a political entity ruled by the Ottoman Dynasty in the northwestern Anatolian region of Bithynia , and its transformation from a small principality on the Byzantine frontier into an empire spanning the Balkans and Anatolia . For this reason , this period in the empire 's history has been described as the Proto-Imperial Era . Throughout most of this period , the Ottomans were merely one of many competing states in the region , and relied upon the support of local warlords and vassals to maintain control over their realm . By the middle of the fifteenth century the Ottoman sultans were able to accumulate enough personal power and authority to establish a centralized imperial state , a process which was brought to fruition by Sultan Mehmed II ( r. 1451-1481 ) .   The cause of Ottoman success can not be attributed to any single factor , and they varied throughout the period as the Ottomans continually adapted to changing circumstances .   The earlier part of this period , the fourteenth century , is particularly difficult for historians to study due to the scarcity of sources . Not a single written document survives from the reign of Osman I , and very little survives from the rest of the century . The Ottomans , furthermore , did not begin to record their own history until the fifteenth century , more than a hundred years after many of the events they describe . It is thus a great challenge for historians to differentiate between fact and myth in analyzing the stories contained in these later chronicles , so much so that one historian has even declared it impossible , describing the earliest period of Ottoman history as a `` black hole . ''

neg: BioSteel BioSteel was a trademark name for a high-strength fiber-based material made of the recombinant spider silk-like protein extracted from the milk of transgenic goats , made by Nexia Biotechnologies , and later by the Randy Lewis lab of the University of Wyoming and Utah State University . It is reportedly 7-10 times as strong as steel if compared for the same weight , and can stretch up to 20 times its unaltered size without losing its strength properties . It also has very high resistance to extreme temperatures , not losing any of its properties within -20 to .   The company had created lines of goats to produce recombinant versions of either the MaSpI ( Major ampullate spidroin I ) or dragline I ( for its superior elasticity , flexibility and strength ) from Nephila clavipes , the golden orb weaver ) or MaSpII ( Major ampullate spidroin 2 or dragline 2 from Nephila clavipes ) dragline proteins in their milk . When the female goats lactate , the milk , containing the recombinant DNA silk , was to be harvested and subjected to chromatographic techniques to purify the recombinant silk proteins .   The purified silk proteins could be dried , dissolved using solvents ( DOPE formation ) and transformed into microfibers using wet-spinning fiber production methods . The spun fibers were reported to have tenacities in the range of 2 - 3 grams/denier and elongation range of 25-45 % . The `` Biosteel biopolymer '' had been transformed into nanofibers and nanomeshes using the electrospinning technique .   Nexia is the only company which has successfully produced fibres from spider silk expressed in goat 's milk . The Lewis lab has produced fibers from recombinant spider silk protein and synthetic spider silk proteins and genetic chimeras produced in both recombinant E. coli and the milk of recombinant goats , however , no one has been able to produce the silk in commercial quantities thus far . The company was founded in 1993 by Dr. Jeffrey Turner and Paul Ballard , and was sold in 2005 to Pharmathene .   In 2009 , two transgenic goats were sold to the Canada Agriculture Museum after Nexia Biotechnologies went bankrupt .   Research has since continued with the help of Randy Lewis , a professor formerly at the University of Wyoming and now at Utah State University . He was also able to successfully breed spider goats in order to create artificial silk . There are now about 30 spider goats at a university-run farm .   Applications of artificial spider silk biopolymers include using it for the coating of all kinds of implants and medical products as well as for artificial ligaments and tendons due to its elastic tendencies and also since it is a natural product which will synthesize well with the body . Furthermore , artificial silk biopolymers can be applicated in personal care products as well as in textile products .

neg: Silk Route (disambiguation) The Silk Route is a number of trade routes across the Afro-Eurasian landmass .   Silk Route may also refer to :   Silk Route ( band ) , an Indian music band

neg: Book of the Later Han The Hou Hanshu , or Book of the Later Han , also known as History of the Later Han , is a Chinese court document covering the history of the Han dynasty from 6 to 189 CE . It was compiled by Fan Ye and others in the 5th century during the Liu Song dynasty , using a number of earlier histories and documents as sources .   The book is part of four early historiographies of the Twenty-Four Histories canon , together with the Records of the Grand Historian , Book of Han and Records of the Three Kingdoms . Fan Ye used earlier histories , including accounts by Sima Qian and Ban Gu , along with many others ( some had similar names , such as the Han Records of the Eastern Lodge by various contemporaries throughout the 2nd century , and the Records of Later Han by Yuan Hong from the 4th century ) , most of which did not survive intact .   The section on the Treatise on the Western Regions was based on a report composed by Ban Yong ( with a few later additions ) and presented to Emperor An of Han in around 125 . It presumably includes notes from his father Ban Chao . It forms the 88th chapter ( or 118th chapter in some editions ) of the Book of the Later Han , and is a key source for the cultural and socio-economic data on the Western Regions , including the earliest accounts of Daqin ( the Roman Empire ) , and some of the most detailed early reports on India and Central Asia . It contains a few references to events occurring after the death of Emperor An , including a brief account of the arrival of the first official envoys from Rome in 166 .   Fan Ye , himself , clearly says that the new information contained in this section on the Western Regions , is largely based on information from the report of Ban Yong :   `` Ban Gu has recorded in detail the local conditions and customs of each kingdom in the former book -LSB- Book of Han or ` History of the Former Han Dynasty ' -RSB- . Now , the reports of the Jianwu period -LSB- 25-56 -RSB- onwards recorded in this ` Chapter on the Western Regions ' differ from the earlier -LSB- ones by Ban Gu -RSB- ; they are from Ban Yong 's report -LSB- presented -RSB- at the end of -LSB- the reign of -RSB- Emperor An -LSB- 107-125 -RSB- , and so on . ''

neg: Black Death in England The Black Death was a pneumonic plague pandemic , which reached England in June 1348 , and died down by December 1349 . It was the first and most severe manifestation of the Second Pandemic , caused by Yersinia pestis bacteria . The term `` Black Death '' was not used until the late 17th Century .   Originating in China , it spread west along the trade routes across Europe and arrived on the British Isles from the English province of Gascony . The plague seems to have been spread by flea-infected rats , as well as individuals who had been infected on the continent . Rats were the reservoir hosts of the Y. pestis bacteria and the Oriental rat flea was the primary vector .   The first known case in England was a seaman who arrived at Weymouth , Dorset , from Gascony in June 1348 . By autumn , the plague had reached London , and by summer 1349 it covered the entire country , before dying down by December . Low estimates of mortality in the early twentieth century have been revised upwards due to re-examination of data and new information , and a figure of 40 -- 60 % of the population is widely accepted .   The English government handled the crisis well , and the country did not experience the extreme reactions that were seen elsewhere in Europe . The most immediate consequence was a halt to the campaigns of the Hundred Years ' War . In the long term , the decrease in population caused a shortage of labour , with subsequent rise in wages , resisted by the landowners , which caused deep resentment among the lower classes . The Peasants ' Revolt of 1381 was largely a result of this resentment , and even though the rebellion was suppressed , in the long term serfdom was ended in England . The Black Death also affected artistic and cultural efforts , and may have helped advance the use of the vernacular .   In 1361 -- 62 the plague returned to England , this time causing the death of around 20 % of the population . After this the plague continued to return intermittently throughout the 14th and 15th centuries , in local or national outbreaks . From this point on its effect became less severe , and one of the last outbreaks of the plague in England was the Great Plague of London in 1665 -- 66 .

neg: Suiyuan Suiyuan was a historical province of China . Suiyuan 's capital was Guisui ( now Hohhot ) . The abbreviation was 綏 ( pinyin : suí ) . The area Suiyuan covered is approximated today by the prefecture-level cities of Hohhot , Baotou , Wuhai , Ordos , Bayan Nur , and parts of Ulaan Chab , all today part of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region . Suiyuan was named after a district in the capital established in the Qing Dynasty .   In the early 1930s Suiyuan was occupied by the Shanxi warlord Yan Xishan , who mined Suiyuan 's iron , reorganized the province 's finances , and brought over 4,000 acre of land under cultivation for the first time . Most of the work and settlement of Suiyuan at this time was done by Shanxi farmer-soldiers under the direction of retired officers from Yan 's army . Yan 's control of Suiyuan was sufficient to cause one visiting reporter to refer to Suiyuan as a `` colony '' of Shanxi .   The Suiyuan Campaign took place in Suiyuan during the Second Sino Japanese War . It became a part of the puppet state of Mengjiang from 1937 to 1945 under Japanese rule .   During the Chinese Civil War in 1935 , Communist leader Mao Zedong promised Mongol leaders a `` unified autonomous '' administration which would include all `` historic '' Mongol lands within China , in exchange for Mongol support against the Kuomintang . This promise included the declaration that `` Under no circumstances should other -LSB- non-Mongol ethnic groups -RSB- be allowed to occupy the land of the Inner Mongolian nation '' . But following the Communist victory in 1949 , the administrators of the soon-to-be `` Mongolian '' territories with Han Chinese majorities , the biggest of which was Suiyuan with a population of over 2 million , resisted annexation by the new Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region . In 1954 , Mao reached a compromise with Suiyuan , which involved the Mongols ' taking over the administration of Suiyuan , but stipulated that the Han natives not be expelled from the territory . Uradyn Bulag thus notes that `` ironically '' , the Mongols ' territorial ambitions against Suiyuan resulted in their becoming a `` small minority within their own -LSB- enlarged -RSB- autonomous region '' .

neg: Bristol slave trade Bristol is a city in the South West of England , on the River Avon which flows into the Severn Estuary . Because of Bristol 's position on the River Avon , it has been an important location for marine trade for centuries . The city 's involvement with the slave trade peaked between 1730 and 1745 , when it became the leading slaving port .   Bristol used its position on the Avon to trade all types of goods . Bristol 's port was the second largest in England after London . Countries that Bristol traded with included France , Spain , Ireland , Portugal , and North Africa 's Barbary Coast . Bristol 's main export was woollen cloth . Other exports included coal , lead , and animal hides . Imports into Bristol included wine , grain , slate , timber , and olive oil . Trading with the various colonies in the Caribbean and North America began to flourish during the Interregnum of Oliver Cromwell ( 1649 -- 1660 ) .   The Royal African Company , a London-based trading company , had control over all trade between countries in Britain and Africa before the year 1698 At this time , only ships owned by the Royal African Company could trade for anything , including slaves . Slaves were increasingly an important commodity at the time , since the British colonization in the Caribbean and the Americas in the 17th century . The Society of Merchant Venturers , an organization of elite merchants in Bristol , wanted to commence participation in the African slave trade , and after much pressure from them and other interested parties in and around Britain , the Royal African Company 's control over the slave trade was broken in 1698 .   As soon as the monopoly was broken , what is thought to have been the first `` legitimate '' Bristol slave ship , the Beginning , owned by Stephen Barker , purchased a cargo of enslaved Africans and delivered them to the Caribbean . Some average slave prices were # 20 , # 50 , or # 100 . In her will of 1693 , Jane Bridges , Widow of Leigh Upon Mendip bequeathes her interest of # 130 in this very ship to her grandson Thomas Bridges and indicates that the vessel was owned by the City of Bristol . Business boomed ; however , due to the over-crowding and harsh conditions on the ships , it is estimated that approximately half of each cargo of slaves did not survive the trip across the Atlantic .   The triangular trade was a route taken by slave merchants during the years 1697 and 1807 . The areas covered by the triangular trade was England , North West Africa and finally The Caribbean . Profits of 50-100 % were made during the 18th century . Over 500,000 slaves were brought into slavery by these ships , representing one-fifth of the British slave trade during this time .

neg: Female infanticide Female infanticide is the deliberate killing of newborn female children . In countries with a history of female infanticide , the modern practice of sex-selective abortion is often discussed as a closely related issue . Female infanticide is a major cause of concern in several nations such as China and India . It has been argued that the `` low status '' in which women are viewed in patriarchal societies creates a bias against females .   In 1978 , anthropologist Laila Williamson , in a summary of data she had collated on how widespread infanticide was among both tribal and developed , or `` civilized '' nations , found that infanticide had occurred on every continent and was carried out by groups ranging from hunter gatherers to highly developed societies and that rather than this practice being an exception , it has been commonplace . The practice has been well documented among the indigenous peoples of Australia , Northern Alaska and South Asia , and Barbara Miller argues the practice to be `` almost universal '' , even in the West . Miller contends that in regions where women are not employed in agriculture and regions in which dowries are the norm then female infanticide is commonplace , and in 1871 in The Descent of Man , and Selection in Relation to Sex , Charles Darwin wrote that the practice was commonplace among the aboriginal tribes of Australia .   In 1990 , Amartya Sen writing in the New York Review of Books estimated that there were 100 million fewer women in Asia than would be expected , and that this amount of `` missing '' women `` tell -LSB- s -RSB- us , quietly , a terrible story of inequality and neglect leading to the excess mortality of women . '' Initially Sen 's suggestion of gender bias was contested and it was suggested that hepatitis B was the cause of the alteration in the natural sex ratio . However it is now widely accepted that the numerical worldwide deficit in women , is due to gender specific abortions , infanticide and neglect .   In seventh-century Arabia , before Islamic culture became established , female infanticide was widely practiced . This is attributed by scholars to the fact that women were deemed `` property '' within those societies . Others have speculated that to prevent their daughters from a life of misery , the mothers would kill the child . With the arrival of Islamic rule the practice was made illegal .

neg: Zoonosis Zoonoses ( -LSB- ˌzoʊ.əˈnoʊsᵻs -RSB- , plural - -LSB- ˈnoʊsiːz -RSB- , also spelled zoönoses ; singular zoonosis ( or zoönosis ) ; from Greek : ζῷον zoon `` animal '' and νόσος nosos `` sickness '' ) are infectious diseases of animals ( usually vertebrates ) that can naturally be transmitted to humans .   Major modern diseases such as Ebola virus disease and salmonellosis are zoonoses . HIV was a zoonotic disease transmitted to humans in the early part of the 20th century , though it has now evolved to a separate human-only disease . Most strains of influenza that infect humans are human diseases , although many strains of swine and bird flu are zoonoses ; these viruses occasionally recombine with human strains of the flu and can cause pandemics such as the 1918 Spanish flu or the 2009 swine flu . Taenia solium infection is one of the neglected tropical diseases with public health and veterinary concern in endemic regions . Zoonoses can be caused by a range of disease pathogens such as viruses , bacteria , fungi and parasites ; of 1,415 pathogens known to infect humans , 61 % were zoonotic . Most human diseases originated in animals ; however , only diseases that routinely involve animal to human transmission , like rabies , are considered direct zoonosis .   Zoonoses have different modes of transmission . In direct zoonosis the disease is directly transmitted from animals to humans through media such as air ( influenza ) or through bites and saliva ( rabies ) . In contrast , transmission can also occur via an intermediate species ( referred to as a vector ) , which carry the disease pathogen without getting infected . When humans infect animals , it is called reverse zoonosis or anthroponosis .

neg: History of Afghanistan The written history of Afghanistan , ( تاریخ افغانستان د افغانستان تاريخ can be traced back to around 500 BCE when the area was under the Achaemenid Empire , although evidence indicates that an advanced degree of urbanized culture has existed in the land since between 3000 and 2000 BCE . The Indus Valley Civilisation stretched up to large parts of Afghanistan in the north , with several sites being known . Alexander the Great and his Macedonian army arrived at what is now Afghanistan in 330 BCE after conquering Persia during the Battle of Gaugamela . Since then , many empires have established capitals inside Afghanistan , including the Greco-Bactrians , Mauryas , Kushans , Hindu Shahi , Saffarids , Samanids , Ghaznavids , Ghurids , Timurids , Mughals , Hotakis and Durranis .   Afghanistan ( meaning `` land of the Afghans '' ) has been a strategically important location throughout history . The land served as `` a gateway to India , impinging on the ancient Silk Road , which carried trade from the Mediterranean to China '' . Sitting on many trade and migration routes , Afghanistan may be called the ` Central Asian roundabout ' since routes converge from the Middle East , from the Indus Valley through the passes over the Hindu Kush , from the Far East via the Tarim Basin , and from the adjacent Eurasian Steppe .   The archaeological manifestation of the Indo-Iranians ( Aryans ) before their split into separate language groups is generally seen as the Andronovo culture to the north of present-day Afghanistan . The Iranian languages were developed by one branch of these people ; the Pashto language spoken today in Afghanistan is one of the Eastern Iranian languages . Elena E. Kuz ` mina argues that the tents of Iranian-speaking nomads of Afghanistan developed from the light surface houses of the Eurasian steppe belt in the Bronze Age .   The Arab invasions influenced the culture of Afghanistan , and its pre-Islamic period of Zoroastrian , Macedonian , Buddhist and Hindu past has long vanished . Turkic empire-builders such as the Ghaznavids and Timurids made the region now called Afghanistan of major importance .   Mirwais Hotak followed by Ahmad Shah Durrani unified Afghan tribes and founded the last Afghan Empire in the early 18th century CE . Afghanistan 's sovereignty has been held during the Anglo-Afghan Wars , the 1980s Soviet war , and the 2001-present war by the country 's many and diverse people : the Pashtuns , Tajiks , Hazaras , Uzbeks , Turkmen , Aimak , Baloch and others . The Pashtuns form the largest group , claiming to be descendants of ancient Israelites or Qais Abdur Rashid but scholars believe that they are a confederation of various peoples from the past who united under Pashtunwali .

neg: Near East The Near East is a geographical term that roughly encompasses Western Asia . Despite having varying definitions within different academic circles , the term was originally applied to the maximum extent of the Ottoman Empire . The term has fallen into disuse in English and has been replaced by the terms Middle East and Western Asia .   According to the National Geographic Society , the terms Near East and Middle East denote the same territories and are `` generally accepted as comprising the countries of the Arabian Peninsula , Cyprus , Egypt , Iraq , Iran , Israel , Jordan , Lebanon , Palestinian territories , Syria , and Turkey '' . The Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) of the United Nations defines the region similarly , but also includes Afghanistan while excluding the countries of North Africa and the Palestinian territories .

neg: Zhang Yuansu Zhang Yuansu 张亓素 ( a.k.a. Zhang Jiegu ; ca. 1151-1234 ) was one of the most historically influential Traditional Chinese medicine physicians in the period of transition from China 's northern Jin dynasty to the Mongolian Yuan dynasty .   Zhang Jiegu integrated medicinal materials into the five element framework ( Wuxing ) with both the five shen herbs ( spirit herbs ) framework and qi meridians . He helped to more clearly define the association of the `` tastes '' of medicinals and their believed effect on the different organ systems . Zhang asserted that herbs entered into and influenced the meridians . The culmination of Zhang 's work was a book called Bag of Pearls ( Zhenzhu Nang 珍珠囊 ) .   According to Zhang Jiegu :

neg: Flavivirus Flavivirus is a genus of viruses in the family Flaviviridae . This genus includes the West Nile virus , dengue virus , tick-borne encephalitis virus , yellow fever virus , Zika virus and several other viruses which may cause encephalitis , as well as insect-specific flaviviruses ( ISFs ) such as cell fusing agent virus ( CFAV ) , Palm Creek virus ( PCV ) , and Parramatta River virus ( PaRV ) .   Flaviviruses are named from the yellow fever virus , the type virus for the family ; the word flavus '' means `` yellow '' in Latin . The name yellow fever in turn originated from its propensity to cause yellow jaundice in victims .   Flaviviruses share several common aspects : common size ( 40 -- 65 nm ) , symmetry ( enveloped , icosahedral nucleocapsid ) , nucleic acid ( positive-sense , single-stranded RNA around 10,000 -- 11,000 bases ) , and appearance in the electron microscope .   Most of these viruses are transmitted by the bite from an infected arthropod ( mosquito or tick ) and hence , classified as arboviruses . Human infections with these viruses are typically incidental , as humans are usually unable to replicate the virus to high enough titers to reinfect the arthropods needed to continue the virus lifecycle -- humans are a dead end host . The exceptions to this are the yellow fever , dengue , and zika viruses , which still require mosquito vectors , but are well-enough adapted to humans as to not necessarily depend upon animal hosts ( although they continue to have important animal transmission routes , as well ) .   Other virus transmission routes for arboviruses include handling infected animal carcasses , blood transfusion , child birth and through consumption of unpasteurised milk products . Transmission from nonhuman vertebrates to humans without an intermediate vector arthropod is thought to be unlikely . For example , early tests with yellow fever showed that the disease is not contagious .   The known non-arboviruses of the flavivirus family reproduce in either arthropods or vertebrates , but not both , with one odd member of the genus affecting a nematode .

neg: Human pathogen A human pathogen is a pathogen ( microbe or microorganism such as a virus , bacterium , prion , or fungus ) that causes disease in humans .   The human physiological defense against common pathogens ( such as Pneumocystis ) is mainly the responsibility of the immune system with help by some of the body 's normal flora and fauna . However , if the immune system or `` good '' microbiota are damaged in any way ( such as by chemotherapy , human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) , or antibiotics being taken to kill other pathogens ) , pathogenic bacteria that were being held at bay can proliferate and cause harm to the host . Such cases are called opportunistic infections .   Some pathogens ( such as the bacterium Yersinia pestis , which may have caused the Black Plague , the Variola virus , and the malaria protozoa ) have been responsible for massive numbers of casualties and have had numerous effects on afflicted groups . Of particular note in modern times is HIV , which is known to have infected several million humans globally , along with the influenza virus . Today , while many medical advances have been made to safeguard against infection by pathogens , through the use of vaccination , antibiotics , and fungicide , pathogens continue to threaten human life . Social advances such as food safety , hygiene , and water treatment have reduced the threat from some pathogens .

neg: Prostitution in China Shortly after taking power in 1949 , the Communist Party of China embarked upon a series of campaigns that purportedly eradicated prostitution from mainland China by the early 1960s . Since the loosening of government controls over society in the early 1980s , prostitution in mainland China not only has become more visible , but can now be found throughout both urban and rural areas . In spite of government efforts , prostitution has now developed to the extent that it comprises an industry , one that involves a great number of people and produces a considerable economic output . Prostitution has also become associated with a number of problems , including organized crime , government corruption and sexually transmitted diseases . For example , a Communist Party official who was a top provincial campaigner against corruption was removed from his post after he was caught in a hotel room with a prostitute .   Prostitution-related activities in mainland China are characterised by diverse types , venues and prices . Prostitutes themselves come from a broad range of social backgrounds . They are almost all female , though in recent years male prostitutes have also emerged . A large number of Russian women work as prostitutes in China . Venues typically include hotels , karaoke venues and beauty salons .   Officially , prostitution is illegal in mainland China . The government of China has vacillated , however , in its legal treatment of prostitutes themselves , treating them sometimes as criminals and sometimes as behaving with misconduct . Since the reemergence of prostitution in the 1980s , government authorities have responded by first using the legal system , that is , the daily operations of institutions like courts and police . Second , they have relied on police-led campaigns , clearly delineated periods of intense public activity , as a form of social discipline . Despite lobbying by international NGOs and overseas commentators , there is not much support for legalisation of the sex sector by the public , social organizations or the government of the PRC .   While the sale of sexual intercourse remains illegal throughout mainland China , as of 2013 erotic massage , or more commonly known as massage with `` happy endings , '' is legal in the city of Foshan in Guangdong province . In June of that year , the Foshan Court determined that the sale of erotic massage is not the same as prostitution .

neg: Chinese Ophthalmology Chinese ophthalmology ( Chinese 中医眼科学 , pinyin : zhōngyī yǎnkē xué ) is part of the Traditional Chinese medicine ( TCM ) . Here diseases of the eyes are treated with Chinese herbs , acupuncture/moxibustion , tuina , Chinese dietary therapy as well as qigong and taijiquan .   Inscriptions on oracle bones and tortoise shells from the Shang and Yin dynasties ( 16th century to 1066 BCE ) already contain indications of eye diseases and of their treatment in China .   The work Essential Subtleties on the Silver Sea ( 银海精微 , yínhǎi jīngwēi ) has had wide influence on the Chinese ophthalmology until today . It was probably written by Sun Simiao and published at the end of the Yuan Dynasty ( 1271 − 1368 ) .   A particular feature of Chinese ophthalmology are the `` five wheels '' ( 五轮 , wǔlún ) and `` eight boundaries '' ( 八廓 , bākuò ) . They characterise certain anatomical segments of the eyes and correspond to certain zang-fu organs . From changes of the five wheels and eight boundaries diseases and the necessary therapy may be deduced .   In modern Chinese ophthalmology in China as well as in Western countries diagnostic methods of Western medicine ( such as the slit lamp ) are combined with the diagnostic methods of Chinese medicine ( such as pulse diagnosis and tongue diagnosis ) . Then a disease pattern is stated based on the theories of Chinese medicine .   Amongst others , the acupuncture points BL-1 ( jingming 睛明 , `` Bright Eyes '' ) and ST-1 ( chengqi 承泣 , `` Container of Tears '' ) are said to have a special relationship to eye diseases .  Chinese herbs such as Chrysanthemi flos ( 菊花 , júhuā ) have a special relationship to the eyes .   Throughout history , a number of qigong exercises for the better nourishing of the eyes have developed . They are said to prevent defective vision such as shortsightedness and are recommended in cases of eye fatigue ( so-called `` eye qigong '' ) . These exercises are regularly practised in Chinese schools .   In TCM , eye qigong and tuina are considered to be important additional therapies for consolidation of the therapy results following acupuncture in shortsightedness .

neg: Stone Tower (Ptolemy) Ptolemy , the Greco-Egyptian geographer of Alexandria , wrote about a `` Stone Tower '' ( λίθινος πύργος in Greek , Turris Lapidea in Latin ) which marked the mid-point on the ancient Silk Road -- the network of overland trade routes taken by caravans between Europe and Asia . It was the most important landmark on this route , where caravans stopped on their difficult and dangerous journeys to allow travellers to take on provisions , rest , and trade goods before continuing on .   Ptolemy 's famous treatise on cartography , Geography , written around 140 CE , is the only book on this subject to have survived from classical antiquity , and has had a profound influence right through the ages . In it , he set the coordinates of the Stone Tower at longitude135 and latitude 43 degrees north on his gradation system , but its actual location has been vigorously debated by researchers and historians over the centuries . This is because the information that he , and other scholars from his era , left behind is simply not precise enough ( despite his coordinates ) , due to the rudimentary methods caravans employed while route surveying distant lands from which ancient cartographers drew their maps . If the Stone Tower could be pin-pointed then not only would this be of great significance in the study of ancient geography , but it would allow other important landmarks in this region , similarly ( and imprecisely ) detailed by Ptolemy , to be more closely located also .   A brief survey of literature reveals the long-standing disagreements by geographers and historians to locate the Stone Tower : As far back as the 11th century Al-Biruni suggested it was the city of Tashkent ( which means `` castle of stone '' ) . In the 19th century , Hagar too maintained it was Tashkent , partly based on the striking coincidence of the city being on the same latitude of 43 degrees north ; while d'Anville identified it with the fortress of Aatas , 7 degrees northwest of Kashgar ; and Bell argued it was near the Pass of Chiltung in the Pamirs . Yule located it nearby at Daraut-Kurgan , while Bevan & Smith thought the Stone Tower was probably the same as the `` Hormeterium '' ( or `` merchants ' station '' which Ptolemy also writes about ) and located it near the Sulaiman-Too mountain in Osh . Bunbury thought the information given was too vague to precisely determine its location .   In the 20th century , Hackin travelled there and thought it was at Tashkurgan , while Hermann placed it in the vicinity of Daraut-Kurgan . Stein , who perhaps most extensively travelled this region , suggested the valley of Karategin was the area Ptolemy referred to `` when the traveller ascended the ravine '' and so proposed a site near Daraut-Kurgan , and Thomson agrees it should be nearby .   From the turn of this century , Rapin ( 2001 ) has suggested it is Sulaiman-Too ; while Bernard ( 2005 ) , by carefully tracing the route taken by the caravan of Maes Titianos , locates the Stone Tower near Daraut-Kurgan ; and P'iankov ( 2014 ) , after also considering information drawn from contemporary sailors , agrees with him . Tupikova et al ( 2014 ) , following `` the application of spherical trigonometry for the recalculation of Ptolemy 's coordinates '' , concluded that it `` can with great probability be identified as Tashkurgan '' . Dean ( 2015 ) also uses a new methodology , by proposing a set of three criteria to help locate this landmark , and identifies it as Sulaiman-Too .   All in all , there are four sites that are most often identified as the likely location of the Stone Tower : ( i ) the city of Tashkent , in Uzbekistan ; ( ii ) the Sulaiman-Too mountain in Osh , Kyrgyzstan ; ( iii ) the town of Daraut-Kurgan in south-western Kyrgyzstan ; and ( iv ) the town of Tashkurgan , in Xinjiang , China . However , some historians also consider the Hormeterium , located nearby in the mountains close to the crossover point with China , to be one and the same as the Stone Tower ; and believe this landmark to be the settlement of Irkeshtam .   All four sites mentioned above , as well as Irkeshtam , can be seen on the Map of Silk Roads over the Roof of Asia .


query: Emily Browning made her first appearance in a movie in an Australian television movie.

pos: Emily Browning Emily Jane Browning ( born 7 December 1988 ) is an Australian actress and singer .   Browning made her film debut in the Australian television film The Echo of Thunder , subsequently , she played recurring roles in the Australian television shows Blue Heelers and Something in the Air . Her breakthrough role was in the 2002 horror film Ghost Ship , which introduced her to a wider audience . In 2005 , Browning won the Australian Film Institute International Award for Best Actress for her portrayal of Violet Baudelaire in the film Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ( 2004 ) .   Browning is also known for her roles in the horror film The Uninvited ( 2009 ) , the action film Sucker Punch ( 2011 ) , and the independent drama Sleeping Beauty ( 2011 ) . She was named the Breakthrough Performer of The Year by Hamptons International Film Festival in 2011 for her role in Sleeping Beauty . Her other films include The Host ( 2013 ) , Pompeii ( 2014 ) and Legend ( 2015 ) .

neg: Matilda (1978 film) Matilda is a 1978 American comedy film directed by Daniel Mann and starring Elliott Gould , Robert Mitchum and Lionel Stander .

neg: The Distant Home The Distant Home is an Australian TV movie about a couple who discover their daughter is an alien .

neg: Barracuda (1988 film) Barracuda is a 1988 Australian TV film .

neg: Susan Browning Susan Brown Browning ( February 25 , 1941 -- April 23 , 2006 ) was an American actress .   Browning was born in Baldwin , New York . She attended Penn State University where she was a member of Kappa Alpha Theta . She was nominated for two Tony Awards : for Best Actress in a Musical for Company in 1971 and for Best Featured Actress in a Musical for Goodtime Charley in 1975 . She was also featured on Broadway in the musicals Big River and Shelter , as well as several plays .   Browning played one of the nuns in the 1992 movie Sister Act , as well as its 1993 sequel Sister Act 2 : Back in the Habit . Her television work included appearances on Law & Order , One Life to Live , Mary Hartman , Mary Hartman , The Monkees , The Girl From U.N.C.L.E. , and The Wild Wild West .

neg: If It's a Rose If It 's a Rose is an Australian television movie , or rather a live television comedy play , which aired in 1958 on ABC . Broadcast live in Sydney on 26 March 1958 , it was shown in Melbourne at a later date via a kinescope recording ( `` telerecording '' ) .   Duration was 60 minutes , in black-and-white . Archival status of the program is unknown .

neg: Diamond Dove (novel) Diamond Dove ( 2006 ) is a crime novel by Australian author Adrian Hyland . It is the first in the author 's series of novels featuring the recurring character Emily Tempest . It won the Best First Novel category of the 2007 Ned Kelly Awards .

neg: Backyard Ashes Backyard Ashes is a 2013 Australian comedy film about backyard cricket games .

neg: The Echo of Thunder The Echo of Thunder is an Australian family drama movie , released for television in 1998 . It is based on the novel Thunderwith by Australian children 's author Libby Hathorn . It was aired on CBS in the United States as a Hallmark Hall of Fame presentation .   The movie is a story of a man Larry Ritchie , who lives with his second wife and three kids on an Australian farm in the Wallingat Forest NSW . He learns about fatal illness of his first wife which leaves his eldest daughter , Lara , alone in the world . Larry decides to take the girl into his home , but his new family does n't like the idea . The mother Gladwyn is possessive of Larry and their three children , Pearl , Opal and Jasper . Lara seeks solace with a mysterious dog she names Thunderwith that appears from time to time on the property . The dog seems to the girl to be a link to her beloved mother and an important companion . The story concentrates on the relationship between mother Gladwyn and stepdaughter , as Lara is slowly accepted into the family .   The movie was shot in Mount Beauty , Victoria and directed by Simon Wincer . Hallmark Channel produced the movie and the story undertook several changes for example the four Ritchie children became only three on the set . Judy Davis , who played the mother Gladwyn was nominated for an Emmy for her performance in the movie .

neg: Tartuffe (1965 film) Tartuffe is a 1965 Australian TV movie . It was an episode of Wednesday Theatre .   The Canberra Times acclaimed it as one of the best productions of the year .

neg: Malcolm (film) Malcolm is a 1986 Australian cult film comedy , written by the husband-and-wife team of David Parker and Nadia Tass , and directed by Nadia Tass ( who made her debut as a feature director on this film ) . The film stars Colin Friels as Malcolm , a tram enthusiast who becomes involved with a pair of would-be bank robbers . His co-stars are Lindy Davies and John Hargreaves . The film won the 1986 Australian Film Institute Award for Best Film , and seven other AFI awards including Best Script and Best Director .

neg: Waiting at the Royal Waiting at the Royal is a 2000 Australian drama film starring Catherine McClements , Noni Hazlehurst , Josephine Byrnes and Jo Kennedy . It is about four women from very different backgrounds sharing a maternity ward .

neg: Miranda Otto Miranda Otto ( born 16 December 1967 ) is an Australian actress . The daughter of actors Barry and Lindsay Otto , and the sister of actress Gracie Otto , Brisbane-born Miranda began her acting career at age 18 in 1986 , and has appeared in a variety of independent and major studio films . Otto made her major film debut in Emma 's War , in which she played a teenager who moves to Australia 's bush country during World War II .   After a decade of critically acclaimed roles in Australian films , Otto gained Hollywood 's attention during the 1990s after appearing in supporting roles in the films The Thin Red Line and What Lies Beneath . She played Éowyn in Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings ( film series ) '' The Lord of the Rings The two Towers and The return of the king .

neg: Puberty Blues (TV series) Puberty Blues is an Australian television drama series broadcast on Network Ten . It is based on the 1979 book by Kathy Lette and Gabrielle Carey , which was also the inspiration for the 1981 film Puberty Blues . Set during the late 1970s , the series revolves around the family and friends of Debbie and Sue , two inseparable teenage friends who are progressing through the coming of age process . The first series of eight episodes began airing from 15 August 2012 . A second series was later confirmed and premiered on 5 March 2014 .

neg: Anzacs (TV series) Anzacs ( named for members of the all volunteer ANZAC army formations ) was a 1985 5-part Australian television miniseries set in World War I . The series follows the lives of a group of young Australian men who enlist in the 8th Battalion ( Australia ) of the First Australian Imperial Force in 1914 , fighting first at Gallipoli in 1915 , and then on the Western Front for the remainder of the war .   It follows in the wake of Australian New Wave war films such as Breaker Morant ( 1980 ) , Gallipoli ( 1981 ) , and precedes The Lighthorsemen ( 1987 ) . Recurring themes of these films include the Australian identity , such as mateship and larrikinism , the loss of innocence in war , and also the continued coming of age of the Australian nation and its soldiers ( the ANZAC spirit ) .

neg: Emily Wheaton Emily Wheaton ( born 5 December 1989 in London ) is a British-Australian actress who played Sharon `` Shazza '' Cox in the Australian soap opera Neighbours in 2005 . She appeared in the children 's TV Show Noah and Saskia , and twice in the hit TV show Blue Heelers as Shayleen Burke . Wheaton played Brigitta in the Melbourne 2000 season of the Sound of Music with Lisa McCune and John Waters .   Emily has also appeared on Rush ( channel 10 network ) and appeared on the ABC series The Slap based on the book by Christos Tsiolkas .

neg: The Code (2014 TV series) The Code is an Australian drama television program created and produced by Shelley Birse . Developed from a partnership between Playmaker Media and the Australian Broadcasting Corporation , it premiered on ABC1 in Australia on 21 September 2014 . Season 2 of The Code premiered on 1 September 2016 .   The first six-part series , set in both outback and metropolitan areas of Australia , interweaves several plot lines . The first follows brothers Ned ( Dan Spielman ) and Jesse Banks ( Ashley Zukerman ) , who publish a video of a mysterious outback accident , and Hani Parande ( Adele Perovic ) , who becomes involved with them . The second follows the accident , which sees teacher Alex Wisham ( Lucy Lawless ) and policeman Tim Simons ( Aaron Pedersen ) becoming involved in the personal affairs of accused teenager Clarence Boyd ( Aaron L. McGrath ) . The third covers Ned 's journalism office , managed by Perry Benson ( Adam Garcia ) . The fourth chronicles the intrigues of Deputy Prime Minister Ian Bradley ( David Wenham ) , and political staffers Randall Keats ( Aden Young ) and Sophie Walsh ( Chelsie Preston Crayford ) while the after-effects of the accident unfold .   ABC in June 2015 renewed The Code for a second season , after receiving significant funding from the Australian Capital Territory 's film fund , Screen ACT . The new series that commenced screening in 2016 , deals with fictional brothers Ned and Jesse Banks facing deportation to the United States of America to face trial in connection with security breaches . Anthony LaPaglia , Sigrid Thornton , Robyn Malcolm , and others joined the cast for the second series .

neg: Emelia Burns Emelia Jane Burns ( born 18 February 1982 ) is an Australian actress , who has had roles in films and television series .

neg: The Bank (2001 film) The Bank is a 2001 Australian thriller/drama film directed by Robert Connolly and starring David Wenham and Anthony LaPaglia .

neg: Katie Wall Katie Wall is an Australian actress who has appeared in various television and film roles .


query: Wonder Woman has appeared in the Justice League comics.

pos: Wonder Woman Wonder Woman is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . The character is a founding member of the Justice League , demigoddess , warrior princess , and Ambassador-at-Large of the Amazonian people . In her homeland , she is Princess Diana of Themyscira , and outside of her homeland , she is known by her civilian identity Diana Prince .   Wonder Woman was created by the American psychologist and writer William Moulton Marston , and artist Harry G. Peter . Marston and his wife Elizabeth 's cohabitant , Olive Byrne , is credited as being his inspiration for the character 's appearance . Marston drew a great deal of inspiration from early feminists , and especially from birth control pioneer Margaret Sanger . The character first appeared in All Star Comics # 8 in October 1941 and first cover-dated on Sensation Comics # 1 , January 1942 . The Wonder Woman title has been published by DC Comics almost continuously except for a brief hiatus in 1986 .   Wonder Woman 's origin story relates that she was sculpted from clay by her mother Queen Hippolyta and given life by Aphrodite , along with superhuman powers as gifts by the Greek Gods . However , in recent years artists updated her profile : she has been depicted as the daughter of Zeus , and jointly raised by her mother Hippolyta and her aunts Antiope and Menalippe ; artists George Perez gave her a muscular look and emphasized her Amazonian heritage ; artist Jim Lee redesigned Diana 's costume to include pants ; she inherits Ares 's divine abilities , becoming the personified `` God of War '' ; and writer Greg Rucka clarified her sexual orientation as bisexual , giving her a backstory that includes positive relationships with women .   Her Amazonian training helped to develop a wide range of extraordinary skills in strategy , hunting , and combat . She possesses an arsenal of advanced technology , including the Lasso of Truth , a pair of indestructible bracelets , a tiara which serves as a projectile , and , in older stories , a range of devices based on Amazon technology . Wonder Woman was created during World War II ; the character was initially depicted fighting Axis military forces as well as an assortment of colorful supervillains , although over time her stories came to place greater emphasis on characters , deities , and monsters from Greek mythology . Many stories depicted Wonder Woman rescuing herself from bondage , which defeated the `` damsels in distress '' trope that was common in comics during the 1940s . In the decades since her debut , Wonder Woman has gained a formidable cast of enemies bent on eliminating the Amazon , including classic villains such as Ares , Cheetah , Doctor Poison , Circe , Doctor Psycho , and Giganta , along with more recent adversaries such as Veronica Cale . Wonder Woman has also regularly appeared in comic books featuring the superhero teams Justice Society ( from 1941 ) and Justice League ( from 1960 ) .   Notable depictions of the character in other media include Gloria Steinem placing the character on the cover of Ms. magazine in 1971 ; the 1975 -- 1979 Wonder Woman TV series starring Lynda Carter ; as well as animated series such as the Super Friends and Justice League . Since Carter 's television series , studios struggled to introduce a new live-action Wonder Woman to audiences , although the character continued to feature in a variety of toys and merchandise , as well as animated adaptations of DC properties , including a direct-to-DVD animated feature . Attempts to return Wonder Woman to television have included a television pilot for NBC in 2011 , closely followed by another stalled production for The CW . Gal Gadot portrays Wonder Woman in the DC Extended Universe , starting with the 2016 film Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , marking the character 's feature film debut after over 70 years of history . Gadot will also star in the character 's first solo live-action film Wonder Woman , set to be released on June 2 , 2017 .   On October 21 , 2016 , the United Nations sparked controversy by naming Wonder Woman a UN Honorary Ambassador for the Empowerment of Women and Girls in a ceremony attended by Under-Secretary-General for Communications and Public Information Cristina Gallach and by actors Lynda Carter and Gal Gadot . Critics regard the character as not being a worthy role model for women , deeming the scantily clad `` large breasted , white woman of impossible proportions '' as being overtly sexualized and not culturally sensitive . Two months later she was dropped from her role as a UN Ambassador following a petition .

neg: Saturn Queen Saturn Queen is a fictional comic book character owned by DC Comics . She debuted in Superman # 147 ( August 1961 ) , and was created by Jerry Siegel and Curt Swan .

neg: Blue Lantern Corps The Blue Lantern Corps is a fictional organization appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics , beginning in 2007 in Green Lantern '' vol . 4 # 25 ( December 2007 ) by Geoff Johns and Ethan Van Sciver . Their powers , similar to those of other organizations based around the emotional spectrum , are fueled by the emotion of hope .

neg: Wonder Women! The Untold Story of American Superheroines Wonder Women ! The Untold Story of American Superheroines is a 2012 documentary film exploring the concept of heroic women from the birth of the superhero in the 1940s to the TV and big screen action blockbusters of today .

neg: Mala (Amazon) Mala is the name of two fictional characters who first appeared in the DC Comics ' universe as two members of Wonder Woman 's fellow Amazons .

neg: Catherine Cobert Catherine Maureen Cobert is a fictional character published by DC Comics . She first appeared in Justice League International vol . 1 # 8 ( December , 1987 ) , and was created by Keith Giffen , J. M. DeMatteis and Kevin Maguire .

neg: Gladiatrix (comics) Gladiatrix ( Robin Braxton ) is a fictional heroine appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics .

neg: Justice League of Earth Justice League of Earth are fictional characters , a supervillain team of the 31st Century in the DC Comics universe . They were created by Geoff Johns and Gary Frank and first appeared in Action Comics # 859 ( January , 2008 ) as enemies of the Legion of Super-Heroes .

neg: Maya (comics) Maya is a fictional Indian comic book superheroine in the DC Universe . She first appeared in Justice League Europe # 47 ( 1993 ) , and was created by Gerard Jones and Ron Randall .

neg: Superman (Earth-Two) Superman of Earth-Two is an alternate version of the fictional superhero Superman , who appears in American comic books published by DC Comics . The character was introduced after DC Comics created Earth-Two , a parallel world that was retroactively established as the home of characters whose adventures had been published in the Golden Age of comic books . This allowed creators to publish Superman comic books taking place in current continuity while being able to disregard Golden Age stories , solving an incongruity , as Superman had been published as a single ongoing incarnation since inception . The character first appeared in Justice League of America vol . 1 # 73 ( August 1969 ) , and his Kryptonian birth name is Kal-L .

neg: Legion of Super-Heroes The Legion of Super-Heroes is a fictional superhero team appearing in books published by DC Comics . Created by writer Otto Binder and artist Al Plastino , the Legion is a group of superpowered beings living in the 30th and 31st centuries of the , and first appears in Adventure Comics # 247 ( April 1958 ) .   Initially , the team was closely associated with the original Superboy character ( Superman when he was a teenager ) , and was portrayed as a group of time travelers . Later , the Legion 's origin and back story were fleshed out , and the group was given its own monthly comic . Eventually , Superboy was removed from the team altogether and appeared only as an occasional guest star .   The team has undergone two major reboots during its run . The original version was replaced with a new rebooted version following the events of the `` Zero Hour '' storyline in 1994 and another rebooted team was introduced in 2004 . A fourth version of the team , nearly identical to the original version , was introduced in 2007 .

neg: All Star DC Comics All Star was an imprint of ongoing comic book titles published by American company DC Comics that ran from 2005 to 2008 . DC has published two titles under the All-Star banner , featuring Batman and Superman .   The premise of the imprint was to partner DC Comics ' top tier characters with the most popular and acclaimed writers and artists . The creators had access to all elements in the characters ' histories to present their interpretation for a modern audience that have not read these DC characters ' comics previously , or had not seen them lately . The creative teams were not beholden to any previous and present continuities , and told stories that featured `` the most iconic versions of these characters '' .   The project had been compared to the Ultimate line of Marvel Comics , which was a successful attempt to re-introduce Marvel 's most popular characters to a new generation of readers by presenting new , updated versions unburdened by decades of plotlines . There were several differences between the two imprints , though . While the Ultimate titles have closely interrelated storylines , of the two All-Star series released , there has been no effort to make them conform to each other or indicate they exist in the same continuity . Another is that All-Star did not seek to introduce brand new versions of the characters so much as to present them in unhindered continuity . Robin 's origin was the only one `` rebooted '' in this imprint .   Some observers , and DC themselves , had pointed to the return of DC 's major film franchises as an impetus for All-Star . `` No one can doubt that some kind of continuity shedding is necessary with Superman and Batman coming to the big screens , '' the website Comicon.com wrote . `` Moviegoers entertained by these films would find the current comics storylines impenetrable '' .   With the end of Grant Morrison and Frank Quitely 's All-Star Superman and the rebranding of Frank Miller and Jim Lee 's All Star Batman and Robin as Dark Knight : Boy Wonder as well as the introduction of the DC : Earth One line of OGNs , the imprint is effectively defunct .

neg: Vertigo (Salem's Seven) Vertigo is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . She first appeared in Fantastic Four # 186 .

neg: Zatanna Zatanna Zatara is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published DC Comics . The character was created by Julius Schwartz , Gardner Fox and Murphy Anderson , and first appeared in Hawkman # 4 ( November 1964 ) .   Zatanna is both a stage magician and an actual magician , like her father Giovanni `` John '' Zatara . As such she has many of her father 's powers relating to magic , typically controlled by speaking the words of her incantations spelled backwards .   She is known for her involvement with the Justice League , her retconned childhood association with Batman , and her crossing of the Vertigo line with characters such as romantic partner John Constantine .

neg: Superman/Fantastic Four Superman/Fantastic Four , subtitled `` The Infinite Destruction , '' is an intercompany comic book jointly published by DC Comics and Marvel Comics in July 1999 . The tale unites DC 's first superhero Superman and Marvel 's first superhero team , the Fantastic Four -- pitting them against the Cyborg Superman ( who gained notoriety in 1993 during DC 's `` Reign of the Supermen '' story arc ) and the longtime FF foe Galactus .   It was written by Dan Jurgens , with art by Jurgens and Art Thibert . The cover features painted art by Alex Ross , based on a layout by Jurgens .

neg: Justice Machine The Justice Machine is a fictional team of superheroes originally created by Michael Gustovich and appearing in comic books from many small publishers in the 1980s and 1990s .

neg: List of comics characters which originated in other media This list is for original fictional characters created for adaptations of comic books in other forms of media ( television series , films , books , games and advertising ) .   It includes characters like Firestar and X-23 that were later incorporated into mainstream comics . The category does not include preexisting characters from fiction ( books , film , television , etc. ) such as Dracula , Conan or Rima that were later incorporated into comics . Characters unique to certain movies and television programs such as Rachel Dawes and Max Shreck are not included on this list because they do not have counterparts in any mainstream comic book .   DC Comics :   Nora Fries  Gleek ( Super Friends )  Ethan Bennett  Mercy Graves  Gray Ghost ( fictional character )  Inspector William Henderson  Isis ( DC Comics )  Inque  King Tut ( Batman )  Livewire ( DC Comics )  Lock-Up ( comics )  Lionel Luthor  Batman ( Terry McGinnis )  Renee Montoya  Más y Menos  Non ( DC Comics )  Jimmy Olsen  Harley Quinn  Roxy Rocket  Samurai ( Super Friends )  Chloe Sullivan  Ursa ( comics )  Wendy and Marvin  Kristin Wells  Perry White  Wonder Twins  Cinderblock ( comics )  John Diggle ( Arrow )   Marvel Comics :   Firestar  Lightwave  Ms. Lion  H.E.R.B.I.E.  Hypnotia  Iceberg  Icemaster  Spyke  Abraham Whistler  X-23  Phil Coulson  Erik Selvig  Melinda May  Leo Fitz  Jemma Simmons  Antoine Triplett  Anna Jarvis   Other publishers :   Cammy  Jessica Priest  Launchpad McQuack

neg: Events from the Modern Age of Comic Books One of the key aspects of the Modern Age of Comic Books was that it was the beginning of big events . In 1984 , Marvel Comics debuted the first large crossover , Secret Wars , a storyline featuring the company 's most prolific superheroes , which overlapped into a 12-issue limited series and many monthly comic books . A year later , DC Comics introduced its first large scale crossover , Crisis on Infinite Earths , which had long-term effects on the `` DC Universe '' continuity .   In the early and mid-1990s , big events were regularly published by Marvel and DC , often leading to extra publicity and sales . These events helped fend-off competition from Image Comics , and such events were more likely to become `` collector 's items . '' Some events , such as DC 's `` Zero Hour '' and Marvel 's `` Onslaught saga '' spanned a publisher 's entire line while others only affected a `` family '' of interrelated titles . The X-Men and Batman franchises featured crossovers almost annually .   Some of the most significant mid-1990s events , such as Spider-Man 's `` Clone Saga , '' Batman 's `` Batman : Knightfall '' and particularly , `` The Death of Superman '' caused dramatic changes to long-running characters and received coverage in the mainstream media .   These events led to significant sales boosts and publicity , but many fans began to criticize them as excessive and lacking compelling storytelling . They also complained that monthly series had become inaccessible because one had to follow a number of comics to understand the full storyline . By the end of the 1990s , the number of large crossovers decreased , but they were still launched sporadically .

neg: Action Comics Action Comics is an American comic book series that introduced Superman , one of the first major superhero characters as the term is popularly defined . The publisher was originally known as National Allied Publications , and later as National Comics Publications and as National Periodical Publications , before taking on its current name of DC Comics . Its original incarnation ran from 1938 to 2011 and stands as one of the longest-running comic books with consecutively numbered issues . A second volume of Action Comics with issue # 1 ran from 2011 to 2016 . Action Comics returned to its original numbering beginning with issue # 957 ( Aug. 2016 ) .

neg: Wonder Girls (disambiguation) Wonder girls may refer to :   Wondergirls ( series ) , a children 's book series  Wonder Girls , a South Korean girl group  The Wondergirls , a short-lived rock supergroup and side project formed in 1999

neg: Bizarra Bizarra is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . Bizarra first appeared in DC Comics Presents # 71 ( July 1984 ) , in a story written by E. Nelson Bridwell with art by Curt Swan . The character is a distorted version of the superhero Wonder Woman , based on the Superman villain Bizarro . She is a very simple-minded being , has reversed character traits , believes women are inferior to men , and speaks in reverse of what her true meaning is .


query: The wendigo is native to Australia.

pos: Wendigo In Algonquian folklore , the wendigo or windigo is a cannibal monster or evil spirit native to the northern forests of the Atlantic Coast and Great Lakes Region of both the United States and Canada . The wendigo may appear as a monster with some characteristics of a human , or as a spirit who has possessed a human being and made them become monstrous . It is historically associated with cannibalism , murder , insatiable greed , and the cultural taboos against such behaviours . The legend lends its name to the disputed modern medical term Wendigo psychosis , which is considered by psychiatrists to be a form of culture-bound syndrome with symptoms such as an intense craving for human flesh and a fear of becoming a cannibal . In some Indigenous communities , environmental destruction and insatiable greed are also seen as a manifestation of Wendigo Psychosis .

neg: Australian Capital Territory The Australian Capital Territory ( ACT ; formerly , `` The Territory for the Seat of Government '' and , later , the `` Federal Capital Territory '' ) is the federal district in the south east of Australia , enclaved within New South Wales . Its only city is Canberra , the capital city of Australia .   Geographically , the territory is bounded by the Goulburn-Cooma railway line in the east , the watershed of Naas Creek in the south , the watershed of the Cotter River in the west , and the watershed of the Molonglo River in the north-east . The ACT also has a small strip of territory around the southern end of the Beecroft Peninsula , which is the northern headland of Jervis Bay .   The need for a national territory was flagged by colonial delegates during the Federation conventions of the late 19th century . Section 125 of the Australian Constitution provided that , following Federation in 1901 , land would be ceded freely to the new Federal Government . The territory was transferred to the Commonwealth by the state of New South Wales in 1911 , two years prior to the naming of Canberra as the national capital in 1913 . The floral emblem of the ACT is the royal bluebell and the bird emblem is the gang-gang cockatoo .   The economic activity of the Australian Capital Territory is heavily concentrated around Canberra . A stable housing market , steady employment and rapid population growth in the 21st century have led to economic prosperity and in 2011 CommSec ranked the ACT as the second best performing economic region in the country . This trend continued into 2016 , when the territory was ranked the third best performing out of all of Australia 's states and territories . There is a higher proportion of young adults in the region compared with other Australian states or territories . Approximately one-fifth of ACT residents were born outside of Australia , mainly in the United Kingdom . Almost one-fifth speak a language other than English at home , the most common being Chinese .

neg: Australian Deer Association The Australian Deer Association Inc ( ADA ) is an Australian not-for-profit association incorporated in South Australia with branches in all states and territories .   The Australian Deer Association was established on September 5 , 1969 ( first named as the Australian Deer Hunters Association ) to be advocates for deer herds and deer hunting .   The ADA promotes scientific research into deer , retention of habitat , and lobbies on legislation regarding deer and recreational hunting .   The objectives of Australian Deer Association are listed in their constitution as :  The improvement of the status of deer in Australia ,  The promotion of research into the habits of deer ; and the scientific study of deer in Australia and their relationship to the Australian environment ,  The promotion , application and publication of the methods of management and control of deer whether semi-domesticated or wild ,  The retention and improvement of habitat for deer and other wildlife , particularly by encouraging governments to pass legislation and make regulations based on sound management principles ,  The preservation , and where appropriate the generating of deer hunting as a legitimate sport ,  The preservation and extension of public access to the Australian bushland for recreational use , and the encouragement of such use ,  The preservation of the environment ,  The education of hunters in the safe handling of firearms , and ,  The personal adoption by members of the Association 's Code   Membership to the Australian Deer Association is considered by most states of Australia as a genuine reason for a weapons license .   The association is involved in hunter education , including firearm safety and R Class licenses for the New South Wales Game Council .   Since 1972 , the ADA has run the Australian Antlered Trophy Register , using the Douglas Scoring System to measure and score the antlers of deer trophies . Scoring had up till then been a localised approach , and the implementation of the scheme allowed a national approach . The scores were first published by the association in 1976 .   The ADA publishes a magazine with 6 editions per year .

neg: Otati The Otati , or Wutati , were an Indigenous Australian people of central and eastern Cape York Peninsula in northern Queensland .

neg: Racial violence in Australia Various examples of violence have been attributed to racial factors during the recorded history of Australia since white settlement , and a level of intertribal rivalry and violence among Indigenous Australians pre-dates the arrival of white settlers from Britain in 1788 .   During the period of British colonisation , various incidents of inter-racial tension and competition for land and resources between Europeans and Indigenous peoples involved violence , becoming a factor in the decline of indigenous populations during the 19th century . Incidents of racial violence between settler communities followed the large scale multi-ethnic immigration of the Australian goldrushes of the mid-19th century - notably white miners targeting Chinese miners - which contributed to the development of the White Australia Policy which preferenced British and `` white '' immigration to Australia for some decades . The policy resulted in a largely racially homogenous population by the mid-20th century .   Australia 's large scale , Post-World War Two , multi-ethnic immigration program has seen Australia develop into one of the most ethnically diverse nations , with relatively little racial violence , and in which incitement to racial violence is a crime . Nevertheless , incidents and examples of violence between the various ethnicities of modern Australia have continued to be attributed to racial motivations up to the present time .

neg: Gunnedah Gunnedah -LSB- ˈɡʌnədɑː -RSB- is a town in north-eastern New South Wales , Australia and is the seat of the Gunnedah Shire local government area . In the the town recorded a population of 7,888 . Gunnedah is situated within the Liverpool Plains , a fertile agricultural region , with 80 % of the surrounding shire area devoted to farming . The Namoi River flows west then north-west through the town providing water beneficial to agricultural operations in the area .   The Gunnedah area is a significant producer of cotton , coal , beef , lamb and pork , and cereal and oilseed grains . Gunnedah is also home to AgQuip , Australia 's largest annual agricultural field day .   Gunnedah is located on the Oxley and Kamilaroi Highways providing convenient road links to much of the northern sector of the state including to the regional centre Tamworth , 75 km distant . The town has a station on the Mungindi railway line and is served by the daily NSW TrainLink Xplorer passenger service to and from Sydney and Moree .   It claims the title `` Koala Capital of World '' . That title is also claimed by the Port Stephens area north of Newcastle and Port Macquarie .

neg: Australian Aborigines' League The Australian Aborigines ' League was established in Melbourne , Australia , in 1934 by William Cooper and others , including Margaret Tucker , Eric Onus , Anna and Caleb Morgan , and Shadrach James .   In a Letter to the Editor of the West Australian , the Hon. Secretary of the Australian Aborigines League , William Cooper wrote that , `` The plea of our league is `` a fair deal for the dark race . ''   An early initiative by the League was to petition King George V for Indigenous Australians to be represented in the Australian Parliament , among other requests . 1,814 signatures were collected on the petition , although it was reported that William Cooper believed many Aboriginal people living on missions were too afraid to add their signature .   In 1938 it joined the New South Wales based Aborigines Progressive Association in staging a Day of Mourning on Australia Day ( 26 January ) in Sydney to draw attention to the treatment of Aborigines and to demand full citizenship and equal rights . Mr. W. Ferguson , organising secretary of the Aborigines ' Progressive Association of New South Wales , said of the planned national day of mourning : `` The aborigines do not want protection ... We have been protected for 150 years , and look what has become of us . Scientists have studied us and written books about us as though we were some strange curiosities , but they have not prevented us from contracting tuberculosis and other diseases , which have wiped us out in thousands . ''   On 6 December 1938 , following the Kristallnacht pogrom in Germany , a delegation of League members , led by Cooper , went to the German Consulate in Melbourne with a petition protesting against the `` cruel persecution of the Jewish people by the Nazi government of Germany '' .   The League was less active after Cooper 's death in 1941 but was revived after the Second World War by Douglas Nicholls and by Eric and Bill Onus . In the 1960s it became the Victorian branch of the Aborigines Advancement League .

neg: EMU Australia EMU Australia ( simply referred to as EMU ; pronounced eem-you , often mispronounced eem-moo ) is an Australian lifestyle brand that designs , produces and markets footwear and accessories . The brand is best known for their sheepskin and Merino Wool products . Their signature products are sheepskin boots , which have been a popular fashion trend for young women since the 2000s . EMU products are also available for men and children .   Originally established in 1948 as Jackson 's Tannery by Gordon Jackson , Jackson 's supplied ugg boots to several retailers including a Western Australian company , Country Leather , who supplied their products to Ugg Holdings in the United States . In 1994 , Country Leather opened its own shop in Redondo Beach , California and Ugg Holdings began sourcing ugg boots directly from Jackson 's , who had changed their name to EMU Australia when surf veteran Andrew Raggett took over ownership of the company . Following the sale of Ugg Holdings to Deckers Outdoor Corporation , who outsourced the manufacture of ugg boots to China in 1995 , EMU continued production and sales under their own Emu brand . The main headquarters for the company is located in South Geelong , Victoria , Australia . International locations include Grand Rapids , Michigan , United States ; Hamburg , Germany ; and London , England .   EMU Australia 's main competitor for ugg boots in the Australian market is Luda Productions , which holds approximately 75 % market share in Australia . The main competing brands in EMU 's overseas markets are UGG Australia , manufactured by Deckers Outdoor Corporation , and Bearpaw , which produce similar sheepskin products and who hold over 95 % market share worldwide between them .   The name `` EMU '' is derived from the Australian Coat of Arms which features the emu bird .

neg: Conargo Conargo -LSB- kɒˈnɑrɡoʊ -RSB- is a town in the Riverina region of New South Wales , Australia . The town is in the Edward River Council local government area . It is on the Billabong Creek , a tributary of the Murrumbidgee River . The nearest towns are Jerilderie and Deniliquin . At the 2006 census , Conargo had a population of 188 people .   The Aboriginal name for the locality of Conargo was ` Gooriara ' , meaning `` hopping '' or `` kangaroo ground '' .   The actual town itself is quite small , with only a pub , a convenience store that sells fuel and a small number of houses . There are five nearby villages - Blighty , Mayrung , Pretty Pine , Wanganella and Booroorban .   The surrounding rural area consists of large sheep stations , including some Merino studs .

neg: Tammar wallaby The tammar wallaby ( Macropus eugenii ) , also known as the dama wallaby or darma wallaby , is a small macropod native to South and Western Australia . Though its geographical range has been severely reduced since European colonisation , the tammar remains common within its reduced range and is listed as `` Least Concern '' by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) . It has been introduced to New Zealand and reintroduced to some areas of Australia where it had been previously eradicated . Skull differences distinguish tammars from Western Australia , Kangaroo Island and mainland South Australia , making them distinct population groups or possibly different subspecies .   About the size of a rabbit , the tammar is among the smallest of the wallabies in the genus Macropus . Its coat colour is largely grey . The tammar has several notable adaptations , including the ability to retain energy while hopping , colour vision and the ability to drink seawater . A nocturnal species , it spends nighttime in grassland habitat and daytime in shrubland . It is also very gregarious and has a seasonal , promiscuous mating pattern . A female tammar can nurse a joey in her pouch while keeping an embryo in her uterus . The tammar is a model species for research on marsupials , and on mammals in general . It is one of many organisms to have had its genome sequenced .

neg: Gundaroo Gundaroo is a small village in the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales , Australia and in Yass Valley Council . It is situated to the east of the Yass River , about 16 km north of Sutton , about 15 km west of the Lake George range . At the , Gundaroo had a population of 402 , up from 331 at the previous Census in 2006 .   The explorers Charles Throsby and Joseph Wild traveled through the Yass River valley in 1820 . The Aborigines called the valley Candariro , meaning `` blue crane '' . This name may have been the origin of Gundaroo , or it may mean `` big waterhole '' . Governor Lachlan Macquarie granted the first white settler , Peter Cooney , 30 acre in 1825 . Settlement proceeded fairly quickly and there were about 400 residents in the 1840s . The first non-residential building in Gundaroo was the Harrow Inn , built in 1834 . A post office was built in 1848 and an Anglican church , St Luke 's in Upper Gundaroo ( now part of a pottery business ) , in 1849 . The first school opened in 1850 and a Police Station in 1852 . A major impetus for the growth in the middle of the nineteenth century was the discovery of gold in the district in 1852 .

neg: List of mammals of Australia A total of 379 species of mammals have been recorded in Australia and surrounding continental waters ; 357 indigenous and 22 introduced . The list includes 2 monotremes , 159 marsupials , 76 bats , 69 rodents ( 5 introduced ) , 10 pinnipeds , 3 terrestrial carnivorans ( 2 recent and 1 sub-recent introductions ) , 13 introduced ungulates , 2 introduced lagomorphs , 44 cetaceans and 1 sirenian . The taxonomy and nomenclature used here generally follows Van Dyck and Strahan .

neg: Bago Bluff National Park Bago Bluff is a national park in New South Wales , Australia , approximately 410 km northeast of Sydney . It is situated south west of Wauchope and includes parts of the former Broken Bago State Forest and a part of Lorne State Forest . The Bago Bluff National Park also includes in the northern section the old Bago Bluff Flora Reserve and Six B Flora Reserve .   Bago Bluff offers splendid views of the Hastings Valley from the top of the bluff which can be accessed via several forest roads from the south , including Bago Road . The park 's northern boundary is on southern side of the Oxley Highway where there are two badly washed 4WD tracks into the park .   Quarries in the park have previously yielded leaf and shell fossils .   Birds that may be spotted in the park include : Australian magpies ( Cracticus tibicen ) , golden whistlers ( Pachycephala pectoralis ) , green winged pigeons , grey fantails ( Rhipidura ) , kookaburras ( genus Dacelo ) , large-billed scrubwrens ( Sericornis magnirostris ) , spotted pardalotes ( Pardalotus punctatus ) , pied currawongs ( Strepera graculina ) , striated thornbills ( Acanthiza lineata ) and white-browed scrubwrens ( Sericornis frontalis ) .   Lantana has become a problem in the park where it is almost covering some of the tracks .

neg: Waratah Waratah ( Telopea ) is an Australian-endemic genus of five species of large shrubs or small trees , native to the southeastern parts of Australia ( New South Wales , Victoria and Tasmania ) . The most well-known species in this genus is Telopea speciosissima , which has bright red flowers and is the NSW state emblem . The waratah is a member of the plant family Proteaceae , a family of flowering plants distributed in the Southern Hemisphere . The key diagnostic feature of Proteaceae is the inflorescence , which is often very large , brightly coloured and showy , consisting of many small flowers densely packed into a compact head or spike . Species of waratah boast such inflorescences ranging from 6 -- 15 cm in diameter with a basal ring of coloured bracts . The leaves are spirally arranged , 10 -- 20 cm long and 2 -- 3 cm broad with entire or serrated margins . The name waratah comes from the Eora Aboriginal people , the original inhabitants of the Sydney area .

neg: List of birds of Victoria, Australia This is a list of birds of Victoria , Australia .   Victoria is Australia 's second-smallest state but has high biodiversity , with 516 bird species recorded -- around 54 % of Australia 's total of 959 bird species in just 3 % of Australia 's land area .   Birds are present in high concentrations in some areas , including the Western Treatment Plant at Werribee in Melbourne 's suburbs , which is a haven for tens of thousands of birds , due to a combination of permanent water , varied landforms and plant species .   Victoria contains a wider variety of natural habitats than any area of similar size in Australia . Habitats range from warm temperate rainforest in the far east of the state ( East Gippsland ) , cool temperate rainforest , heathlands , mallee ( stunted eucalypt ) scrubland , grasslands , open woodland , montane forest , permanent lakes , estuaries , large permanent rivers , ocean and bay coastline . 4 million hectares of the state 's 23.7 million hectare total land and marine area is protected in National Parks and conservation reserves .

neg: Western Desert cultural bloc The Western Desert cultural bloc or just Western Desert is a cultural region in central Australia covering about 600,000 square kilometres , including the Gibson Desert , the Great Victoria Desert , the Great Sandy and Little Sandy Deserts in the Northern Territory , South Australia and Western Australia . The Western Desert cultural bloc can be said to stretch from the Nullarbor in the south to the Kimberley in the north , and from the Percival Lakes in the west through to the Pintupi lands in the Northern Territory .   The term is often used by anthropologists and linguists when discussing the 40 or so Aboriginal groups that live there , who speak dialects of one language , often called the Western Desert language .   Apart from the Canning Stock Route and the Rabbit-proof fence , white contact with this part of Australia was very rare , until the 1960s :   No one had been out there . The desert , as far as the Department -LSB- WA Dept of Suppy -RSB- was concerned ... was an unknown , as it was to the whole of Western Australia . The Warburton Ranges -LSB- were -RSB- as far as anybody got . People in those days knew absolutely nothing about Aborigines . ''

neg: Eucalyptus wimmerensis Eucalyptus wimmerensis , commonly known as the Wimmera mallee box or the broad-leaved green mallee , is a mallee that is native to South Australia .   The multi stemmed and often erect mallee typically grows to height of 12 m and has rough bark on the trunk and smooth , grey to tan to cream bark above or is smooth throughout . Adult leaves are glossy and green and have a blade that is 80 mm long and 15 mm wide with a linear-lanceolate to narrow-lanceolate shape . Flowers are axillary and form in groups of 7-11 with buds that are 6 mm long and 4 mm wide . Flowers are white in colour and bloom between November and April . It will then form a barrel-shaped fruit that is 6 mm long with the same width .   It has a distribution that is localised around Bordertown in the south east in South Australia , where it grows in sandy soils or gravelly loams in mallee vegetation or mixed mallee woodland . It is also found in north west Victoria scattered in the areas around Dimboola , Nhill , Kaniva area ( including the Little Desert ) south to around Mount Arapiles . As with some other Eucalypts , it occurs in lands cleared for agriculture that have been modified by clearing as a result regrowth in these areas can be notoriously difficult , some stands of E. wimmerensis include hybrids , even with the distantly related mallees of the '' Eucalyptus dumosa ' group .

neg: Kookaburra Kookaburras are terrestrial tree kingfishers of the genus Dacelo native to Australia and New Guinea , which grow to between 28 -- in length . The name is a loanword from Wiradjuri guuguubarra , onomatopoeic of its call . The loud distinctive call of the Laughing Kookaburra is widely used as a stock sound effect in situations that involve a jungle setting .   They are found in habitats ranging from humid forest to arid savanna , as well as in suburban areas with tall trees or near running water . Even though they belong to the larger group known as `` kingfishers '' , kookaburras are not closely associated with water .

neg: Granite outcrops of Western Australia __ NOTOC __  Granite outcrops of Western Australia are inselbergs and monoliths made from granite that are found across much of Western Australia . Rising abruptly from the surrounding landscape they create a variety of microhabitats for plants , and provide seasonal resources and refuge for a range of animals . These areas thus have rich biodiversity and many endemic species . They are significant locations that tie in with the Aboriginal and European cultural heritage of Western Australia .   A number of animals are restricted to granite outcrops , including four species of reptile , the mygalomorph spider Teyl luculentus , and the larvae of the chironomid fly Archaeochlus . They are also an important habitat of rock-wallabies such as the black-flanked rock-wallaby , and Ctenophorus ornatus , the ornate crevice-dragon .   Pools of rainwater , known as gnammas , often form on granite outcrops . These provide habitat to around 230 aquatic invertebrates , of which at least 50 are endemic to these pools , and provide freshwater to other inhabitants and visitors .   The variable rock surfaces and soil types create niches for many plants . At least 1300 plant species occur on granite outcrops in Western Australia , many of which are endemic to these sites .

neg: Flora Australiensis Flora Australiensis : a description of the plants of the Australian Territory , more commonly referred to as Flora Australiensis , and also known by its standard abbreviation Fl . Austral. , is a seven-volume flora of Australia published between 1863 and 1878 by George Bentham , with the assistance of Ferdinand von Mueller . It was one of the famous Kew series of colonial floras , and the first flora of any large continental area that had ever been finished . In total the flora included descriptions of 8125 species .   Bentham prepared the flora from Kew ; with Mueller , the first plant taxonomist residing permanently in Australia , loaning the entire collection of the National Herbarium of Victoria to Bentham over the course of several years . Mueller had been dissuaded from preparing a flora from Australia while in Australia by Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker since historic collections of Australian species were all held in European herbaria which Mueller could not access from Australia . Mueller did eventually produce his own flora of Australia , the Systematic Census of Australian Plants published in 1882 extended the work of Bentham with the addition of new species and taxonomic revisions .   Flora Australiensis was the standard reference work on the Australian flora for more than a century . As late as 1988 , James Willis wrote that `` Flora Australiensis still remains the only definitive work on the vascular vegetation of the whole continent . '' According to Nancy Burbidge , `` it represents a prodigious intellectual effort never equalled . ''   Flora Australiensis is credited with forming the basis of subsequently published regional floras ; 19th century floras were published for all states except Western Australia , they were for the most part extracts of this work .

neg: History of Indigenous Australians The history of Aboriginal Australians is thought to have spanned 30,000 to 45,000 years , although some estimates have put the figure at up to 60,000 years before European settlement . The Aboriginal Australians lived with a strong dependence on the land , and also the water . Each group developed skills for the area in which they would live -- hunting or fishing or gathering .   In the early 1900s it was commonly believed that the Indigenous population of Australia was going to become extinct .