query: Ingólfr Arnarson was the first permanent settler on Iceland, along with his wife and brother.

pos: Iceland Iceland ( -LSB- ˈaɪslənd -RSB- -LSB- ˈistlant -RSB- ) is a Nordic island country in the North Atlantic Ocean . It has a population of and an area of 103000 km2 , making it the most sparsely populated country in Europe . The capital and largest city is Reykjavík . Reykjavík and the surrounding areas in the southwest of the country are home to over two-thirds of the population . Iceland is volcanically and geologically active . The interior consists of a plateau characterised by sand and lava fields , mountains and glaciers , while many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands . Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate , despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle . Its high latitude and marine influence still keeps summers chilly , with most of the archipelago having a tundra climate .   According to the ancient manuscript Landnámabók , the settlement of Iceland began in the year 874 AD when the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson became the first permanent settler on the island . In the following centuries , Norwegians , and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians , emigrated to Iceland , bringing with them thralls of Gaelic origin . The island was governed as an independent commonwealth under the Althing , one of the world 's oldest functioning legislative assemblies . Following a period of civil strife , Iceland acceded to Norwegian rule in the 13th century . The establishment of the Kalmar Union in 1397 united the kingdoms of Norway , Denmark and Sweden . Iceland thus followed Norway 's integration to that Union and came under Danish rule after Sweden 's secession from that union in 1523 . Although the Danish kingdom introduced Lutheranism forcefully in 1550 , Iceland remained a distant semi-colonial territory in which Danish institutions and infrastructures were conspicuous by their absence . In the wake of the French revolution and the Napoleonic wars , Iceland 's struggle for independence took form and culminated in independence in 1918 and the founding of a republic in 1944 . Until the 20th century , Iceland relied largely on subsistence fishing and agriculture , and was among the poorest in Europe . Industrialisation of the fisheries and Marshall Plan aid following World War II brought prosperity , and Iceland became one of the wealthiest and most developed nations in the world . In 1994 , it became a part of the European Economic Area , which further diversified the economy into sectors such as finance , biotechnology , and manufacturing .   Iceland has a market economy with relatively low taxes compared to other OECD countries . It maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens . Iceland ranks high in economic , political and social stability and equality . In 2013 , it was ranked as the 13th most-developed country in the world by the United Nations ' Human Development Index . Iceland runs almost completely on renewable energy . Affected by the ongoing worldwide financial crisis , the nation 's entire banking system systemically failed in October 2008 , leading to a severe depression , substantial political unrest , the Icesave dispute , and the institution of capital controls . Some bankers were jailed . Since then , the economy has made a significant recovery , in large part due to a surge in tourism .   Icelandic culture is founded upon the nation 's Scandinavian heritage . Most Icelanders are descendants of Germanic and Gaelic settlers . Icelandic , a North Germanic language , is descended from Old Norse and is closely related to Faroese and West Norwegian dialects . The country 's cultural heritage includes traditional Icelandic cuisine , Icelandic literature and medieval sagas . Iceland has the smallest population of any NATO member and is the only one with no standing army , its lightly armed coast guard being in charge of defence .

pos: Ingólfr Arnarson Ingólfr Arnarson ( spelled with a in Modern Icelandic : Ingólfur Arnarson -LSB- ˈiŋkoulvʏr̥ ˈartnar̥sɔn -RSB- ) and his wife , Hallveig Frodesdatter and together with his brother Chiorleif , are commonly recognized as the first permanent Norse settlers of Iceland . According to tradition , they founded Reykjavík in 874 .   According to Landnáma ( The Icelandic Book of Settlements ) , he built his homestead in and gave name to Reykjavík in 874 . ( However , archaeological finds in Iceland suggest settlement may have started somewhat earlier . ) The medieval chronicler Ari Thorgilsson said Ingólfr was the first Nordic settler in Iceland , but mentioned that `` Papar '' -- i.e. Irish monks and hermits -- had been in the country before the Norsemen . He wrote that they left because they did not want to live amongst the newly arrived Norse pagans .   Landnáma ( written two to three centuries after the settlement ) contains a long story about Ingólfr 's settlement . The book claims he left Norway after becoming involved in a blood feud . He had heard about a new island which Garðarr Svavarsson , Flóki Vilgerðarson and others had found in the Atlantic Ocean . With his step brother Hjörleifr Hróðmarsson , he sailed for Iceland . When land was in sight , he threw his high seat pillars ( a sign of his being a chieftain ) overboard and promised to settle where the gods decided to bring them ashore . Two of his slaves then searched the coasts for three years before finding the pillars in the small bay which eventually became Reykjavík ( located in South Western Iceland ) .   In the meantime , Hjörleifr had been murdered by his Irish slaves because of his ill-treatment of them . Ingólfr hunted them down and killed them in Vestmannaeyjar ( Westman Islands ) . The islands got their name from that event , but vestmenn ( west men ) is a name that Norse men at this time sometimes used for Irishmen . Ingólfr was said to have settled a large part of southwestern Iceland , but after his settlement nothing more was known of him . His son , Torstein ( Þorsteinn Ingólfsson ) , was a major chieftain and was said to have founded the first thing , or parliament , in Iceland . It was a forerunner of the Althingi .   His name Ingólfr means `` aristocratic wolf '' , which would be translated as `` royal or kingly wolf . ''

neg: Ingibiorg Finnsdottir Ingibiorg Finnsdottir ( Standard Old Norse : Ingibjörg Finnsdóttir ) was a daughter of Earl Finn Arnesson and Bergljot Halvdansdottir ( Halfdansdottir ) , a niece of the Norwegian Kings Saint Olaf and Harald Hardraade . She is also known as Ingibiorg , the Earls ' - Mother . The dates of her life are not certainly known .   She married Thorfinn Sigurdsson , Earl of Orkney . The Orkneyinga Saga claims that Kalf Arnesson , Ingibiorg 's uncle , was exiled in Orkney after her marriage to Thorfinn . This was during the reign of Magnus the Good , son of Saint Olaf , who ruled from 1035 to 1047 , and probably before the death of Harthacanute in 1042 . Thorfinn and Ingibiorg had two known sons , Paul and Erlend , who fought in Harald Hardraade 's ill-fated invasion of the Kingdom of England in 1066 .   Ingibiorg remarried after Thorfinn 's death ( date unknown ) . Her second husband was Malcolm III ( Máel Coluim mac Donnchada ) , the King of Scots . Whatever the exact date of the marriage , Malcolm and Ingibiorg had at least one son , and probably two . The Orkneyinga Saga tells us that Duncan II of Scotland ( Donnchad mac Mail Coluim '' ' ) was their son , and it is presumed that the `` Domnall son of Máel Coluim , King of Scotland '' whose death in 1085 is reported by the Annals of Ulster was also their son .   Ingibiorg is presumed to have died in around 1069 as Malcolm married Margaret , sister of Edgar Ætheling , in about 1070 . It may be , however , that she died before Malcolm became king , as an Ingeborg comitissa appears in the Liber Vitae Ecclesiae Dunelmensis '' , a list of those monks and notables from whom prayers were said at Durham , alongside persons known to have died around 1058 . If Ingibiorg was never queen , it would help to explain the apparent ignorance of her existence displayed by some Scots chroniclers .

neg: Heinrik Haraldsson Heinrik Haraldsson was a son of Harald Maddadsson and his first wife Affrica .

neg: Helgadóttir Helgadóttir is an Icelandic patronymic , literally meaning `` daughter of Helgi '' . Notable people with the name include :   Ásthildur Helgadóttir ( born 1976 ) , Icelandic footballer  Gerður Helgadóttir ( 1928 -- 1975 ) , Icelandic sculptor and artist  Guðrún Helgadóttir ( born 1935 ) , Icelandic writer  Guðrún P. Helgadóttir ( 1922 -- 2005 ) , Icelandic writer , poet , scholar and educator  Ragnhildur Helgadóttir ( born 1930 ) , Icelandic politician  Þóra Björg Helgadóttir ( born 1981 ) , Icelandic footballer   Category : Icelandic-language surnames

neg: Icelandic Elf School The Icelandic Elf School , known as Álfaskólinn in Icelandic , is a school in Iceland that teaches students and visitors about Icelandic folklore .   The school teaches about the hidden people and the 13 different kinds of elves that the school believes inhabit the country of Iceland . According to the school 's headmaster , hidden people `` are just the same size and look exactly like human beings , the only difference is that they are invisible to most of us . Elves , on the other hand , are n't entirely human , they 're humanoid , starting at around eight centimetres . '' He also claims there are gay and lesbian elves . The school is located in Reykjavík , the country 's largest city .   The school is headed by Magnús Skarphéðinsson . Magnús has a full curriculum , and certificate programs for visitors that can be earned in as little as half a day . However , the school also publishes texts on hidden people , partly for its own use in the classroom . There is also ongoing research on the elves and hidden people of Iceland . He also collects stories about trolls , fairies , dwarves , and gnomes , but says that `` nearly 70 percent of our stories are about hidden people , because they are most seen here . '' These stories have been collected for the purpose of preservation . Magnús organizes five hour long educational excursions for visitors , and finishes the tour with coffee and pancakes at the school . Despite never advertising his school , Magnus typically gets 5-10 people per excursion . Since opening in 1991 , over 9,000 people , most of them foreigners , have attended the school . The Álfaskólinn also provides `` aura readings '' and `` past-life explorations '' .   The question of the `` level of belief in elves '' in Iceland is somewhat of a cultural topos , with survey results published in 1975 , 1995 , 1998 , 2006 . Interpretations of the survey results vary .  Based on the 2006 figures , Magnús claims that while only 26 % of Icelanders believe in elves ( summing the responses ` certain ' and ` probable ' ) , 80 % `` do take notice '' ( including the replies ` possible ' and ` unlikely ' ) .

neg: Ivar Ivar ( Old Norse Ívarr ) is a Scandinavian masculine given name . Another variant of the name is Iver , which is more common in Norway .  The Old Norse name has several possible etymologies . In North Germanic phonology , several of the elements common to Germanic names became homophonous . The first element Ívarr may contain yr `` yew '' and - arr ( from hari , `` warrior '' ) ,  but it may have become partly conflated with Ingvar , and possibly Joar ( element jó `` horse '' ) . The second element - arr may alternatively also be from geir `` spear '' or it may be var `` protector '' .  The name was adopted into English as Ivor , into Gaelic as Iomhar , and into Latvian as Ivars .

neg: Ingrid Ragnvaldsdotter Ingrid Ragnvaldsdotter ( Old Norse : Ingiríðr Rögnvaldsdóttir ) ( 1100/1110 -- after 1161 AD ) was born a member of the Swedish royal family , became a member of Danish royalty by marriage and later was Queen consort of Norway as the spouse of Harald IV of Norway . Married four times , Ingrid had a number of children who played a prominent role in Swedish and Norwegian history .

neg: Economic history of Iceland The economy history of Iceland covers the development of its economy from the Settlement of Iceland in the late 9th century until the present .

neg: Snæfellsnes The Snæfellsnes ( -LSB- ˈstn̥aiːfɛlsˌnɛːs -RSB- ) is a peninsula situated to the west of Borgarfjörður , in western Iceland .   It has been named Iceland in Miniature , because many national sights can be found in the area , including the Snæfellsjökull volcano , regarded as one of the symbols of Iceland . With its height of 1446 m , it is the highest mountain on the peninsula and has a glacier at its peak ( jökull means `` glacier '' in Icelandic ) . The volcano can be seen on clear days from Reykjavík , a distance of about 120 km . The mountain is also known as the setting of the novel Journey to the Center of the Earth by the French author Jules Verne . The area surrounding Snæfellsjökull has been designated one of the four National Parks by the government of Iceland .   The peninsula is one of the main settings in the Laxdœla saga and it was , according to this saga , the birthplace of the first West Norse member of the Varangian Guard , Bolli Bollasson . Other historical people who lived in the area according to the saga include Guðrún Ósvífursdóttir , Bolli Þorleiksson and Snorri the Goði .   Local fishing villages and small towns on the northern shore of Snæfellsnes include Arnarstapi , Hellnar , Rif , Ólafsvík , Grundarfjörður , Stykkishólmur and Búðardalur .   Near Hellissandur is the tallest structure in western Europe , the Longwave Radio Mast at Hellissandur .   In June 2008 , the people of Snaefellsnes reached certification status as an EarthCheck community , becoming the first EarthCheck-certified area in Iceland and in Europe , and only the fourth in the world . Snaefellsnes has been committed to the EarthCheck programme since 2003 and has been successfully benchmarked for the past five consecutive years .

neg: Gerðr In Norse mythology , Gerðr ( Old Norse `` fenced-in '' ) is a jötunn , goddess , and the wife of the god Freyr . Gerðr is attested in the Poetic Edda , compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources ; the Prose Edda and Heimskringla , written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson ; and in the poetry of skalds . Gerðr is sometimes modernly anglicized as Gerd or Gerth .   In both the Poetic Edda and the Prose Edda , Freyr sees Gerðr from a distance , becomes deeply lovesick at the sight of her shimmering beauty , and has his servant Skírnir go to Jötunheimr ( where Gerðr and her father Gymir reside ) to gain her love . In the Poetic Edda Gerðr initially refuses , yet after a series of threats by Skírnir she finally agrees . In the Prose Edda , no mention of threats are made . In both sources , Gerðr agrees to meet Freyr at a fixed time at the location of Barri and , after Skírnir returns with Gerðr 's response , Freyr laments that the meeting could not occur sooner . In both the Poetic Edda and the Prose Edda , Gerðr is described as the daughter of Gymir and the jötunn Aurboða .   In Heimskringla , Gerðr is recorded as the wife of Freyr , euhemerized as having been a beloved king of Sweden . In the same source , the couple are the founders of the Yngling dynasty and produced a son , Fjölnir , who rose to kinghood after Freyr 's passing and continued their line . Gerðr is commonly theorized to be a goddess associated with the earth . Gerðr inspired works of art and literature .

neg: Fjölsvinnsmál Fjölsvinnsmál or The Sayings of Fjölsvinnr is the second of two Old Norse poems commonly published under the title Svipdagsmál `` The Lay of Svipdagr '' . These poems are found together in several 17th-century paper manuscripts with Fjölsvinnsmál . In at least three of these manuscripts , the poems appear in reverse order and are separated by a third eddic poem titled Hyndluljóð . For a long time , the connection between the two poems was not realized , until in 1854 Svend Grundtvig pointed out a connection between the story told in Gróagaldr and the first part of the medieval Scandinavian ballad of Ungen Sveidal/Herr Svedendal/Hertig Silfverdal . Then in 1856 , Sophus Bugge noticed that the last part of the ballad corresponded to Fjölsvinnsmál . Bugge wrote about this connection in Forhandlinger i Videnskabs-Selskabet i Christiania 1860ææ , calling the two poems together Svipdagsmál . Subsequent scholars have accepted this title .   In the first poem , Svipdagr enlists the aid of his dead mother , Gróa , a witch , to assist him in the completion of a task set by his cruel stepmother .   At the commencement of Fjölsvinnsmál , Svipdagr has arrived at a castle on a mountain top . There he encounters a watchman , Fjölsviðr , who tells him to be gone before asking him his name . Svipdagr conceals it , only revealing it later in the poem .   A game of question and answers ensues , wherein Svipdagr learns that Menglöð lives in the castle guarded by Fjölsviðr , and that the castle may not be entered by any save one : Svipdagr . He gives his true name and the gates are opened and Menglöð greets Svipdagr .   The poem is considered to be among the youngest of the Eddic poems . Nevertheless , it is cryptic and some stanzas are corrupt .

neg: Garður Garður is a municipality and town located in southwestern Iceland , bordered by the Faxaflói Bay on the Southern Peninsula .   The town Gardur , which means garden or yard , was named after one of the many earthen walls once erected on the boundaries between local properties . Garður was mentioned in the Book of Settlement when Ingólfur Arnarson , the first settler in Iceland , gave his cousin Steinunn Gamla this area of land .

neg: Fergus I (mythological king) King Fergus I ( said to have flourished c. 330 B.C. ) , is generally identified as the son of Ferchard , Prince of Scots in Ireland .   The `` first king of Scotland '' , according to the fictitious chronologies of Boece and Buchanan , is said to have come to Scotland from Ireland about 330 B.C. to assist the Scots already settled in Scotland against the joint attack of the Picts and Britons . After succeeding in this he is further said to have gone back to Ireland to quell disturbances which had arisen in his absence , and to have been drowned in the passage off the port which got the name of Carrickfergus from him . According to Fordoun , Wyntoun , and most of the earlier genealogical lists of Scottish kings , the same account is given of the settlement of the Scots from Ireland by a King Fergus , son of Ferchard . According to others of the lists , Ferchard or Feardach , the father of Fergus , was the first and Fergus the second king . There follows a series of thirty-nine or forty-five kings between Fergus I and Fergus II , son of Earc . The critical insight of Father Innes demolished these fabulous lists of kings , and put the chronology of Scottish history on a sound foundation , by his proof that Fergus II , son of Earc , who came to Scotland about the end of the fifth century A.D. , was in reality the first Dál Riata king in Scotland . Innes 's results have been adopted by subsequent historians .   The invention and persistent acceptance during so many centuries , from the twelfth to the eighteenth , of a fabulous series of kings is , though not unparalleled , a singular specimen of the genealogical myth which flatters the vanity of nations as of families . It is supposed to have been due to the desire to establish a higher antiquity for the Scottish race , royal line , and church , than could be claimed for the Irish or English . It is of course not inconsistent with the rectified chronology of Innes that even prior to 503 A.D. there may have been Celts of the Scottish race settled in Scotland . Scots had aided the Picts in opposing the Romans in the fourth century , and Bede evidently inclines to an earlier date for the Scottish settlement . All that can be safely said is that there is no proof of any Dál Riata kingdom till the commencement of the sixth century , and that the account given by Boece and Buchanan of Fergus , the son of Ferchard , and his successors , is as devoid of historical foundation as the statement that `` his coming into Albion was at the time when Alexander the Great took Babylon , about 330 years before the birth of Christ '' .   Buchanan , from whom this sentence is quoted , attempts to save his own credit by prefixing the words `` historians say that '' , but by adopting it he became himself one of these historians , and gave the fabulous narrative a prolonged existence . Father Innes presses somewhat hardly on Boece , for the origin of this narrative dates back at least as early as the twelfth century , but the special blame undoubtedly attaches to Boece and still more to Buchanan that they clothed the dry list of names with characters , and invented events or incidents which gave the narrative more of the semblance of history .

neg: Icelandic Sculptors Society The Icelandic Sculptors Society was established in the Icelandic capital of Reykjavík in 1972 by Hallsteinn Sigurðsson , Jon Gunnar Árnason , Ragnar Kjartansson , Þorbjörg Pálsdóttir and others .

neg: Sverre of Norway Sverre Sigurdsson ( Sverrir Sigurðarson ) ( c. 1145/1151 -- 9 March 1202 ) was the King of Norway from 1184 to 1202 . He married Margareta Eriksdotter , the daughter of the Swedish king Eric IX , by whom he had the daughter Kristina Sverresdotter .   Many consider him one of the most important rulers in Norwegian history . He assumed power as the leader of the rebel party known as the Birkebeiner in 1177 , during their struggle against King Magnus Erlingsson . After Magnus fell at the Battle of Fimreite in 1184 , Sverre ruled as sole king of Norway . Differences with the Church , however , led to his excommunication in 1194 . Another civil war began against the church-supported Baglers , which lasted beyond Sverre 's death in 1202 .   The most important historical source on Sverre 's life is his biography , Sverris saga , in part written while Sverre was alive . This saga is likely biased , since the foreword states that part was written under Sverre 's direct sponsorship . Correspondence between the Pope and the Norwegian bishops can be used as an alternate source when it comes to church affairs . The saga and the letters mostly agree about the hard facts .   Supposedly , King Sverre was short , so he usually directed his troops from horseback during battles . The contrast is great to the traditional Norse warrior ideals where the king was expected to lead his men from the front of the battle line . Sverre was a talented improviser , both in political and military life . His innovative tactics often helped the Birkebeiners against more tradition-bound opponents . During battle he had his men operate in smaller groups , while previously tactics similar to the shield wall had been preferred . This made the Birkebeiners more mobile and adaptable .

neg: Staðarstaður Staðarstaður is a small settlement and parsonage located in Snæfellsnesi , Iceland . It is claimed that Ari Þorgilsson lived there in the 12th century and in 1981 a memorial by Ragnar Kjartansson as a remembrance of this was erected .

neg: Sturlungar family clan The Sturlungs ( Icelandic : Sturlungar ) were a powerful family clan in medieval mid-13th century Iceland , in the time of the Icelandic Commonwealth . Their story is partly told in Sturlunga saga , and members of the clan were significant participants in the civil war of the Age of the Sturlungs .   The Sturlungs were a wealthy and influential clan . They controlled Western Iceland , the Westfjords and North Eastern Iceland .   The patriarch of the Sturlungs was Sturla Þórðarson , whom scholars believe was born around 1115 . He inherited his Goðorð ( domain , realm or area of influence ) from his father Þórður Gilsson . Sturla quarrelled extensively with Einar Þorgilsson of Staðarhóll and many other chieftains . Jón Loftsson , a well-respected man , mediated in one of these disputes . Following this , he was entrusted with the upbringing of Sturla 's son Snorri Sturluson , who later became the most influential of the Sturlungs , and the most famous due to his literary endeavours . Snorri had two brothers , Þórður Sturluson and Sighvatur Sturluson .   The descendants of Sturla played an important role in the Age of the Sturlungs civil war , most notably his sons Snorri and Sighvatur , and Sighvatur 's son Þórður kakali Sighvatsson . Another notable Sturlung was Sturla Þórðarson , son of Þórður Sturluson , who fought with Þórður kakali . He wrote Íslendinga saga , the longest part of Sturlunga saga , and Hákonar saga gamla , the story of Haakon IV of Norway . Some scholars also attribute to him the authorship of Kristni saga and a transcript of Landnáma .   The writing of the Icelandic sagas began with the Sturlungs , and many of those written before 1280 were their work , or were written at their behest .

neg: Urðr Urðr ( Old Norse `` fate '' ) is one of the Norns in Norse mythology . Along with Verðandi ( possibly `` happening '' or `` present '' ) and Skuld ( possibly `` debt '' or `` future '' ) , Urðr makes up a trio of Norns that are described as deciding the fates of people . Urðr is attested in stanza 20 of the Poetic Edda poem Völuspá and the Prose Edda book Gylfaginning .   Urðr is together with the Norns located at the well Urðarbrunnr beneath the world ash tree Yggdrasil of Asgard . They spin threads of life , cut marks in the pole figures and measure people 's destinies , which shows the fate of all human beings and gods . Norns are always present when a child is born and decide its fate . The three Norns represent the past ( Urðr ) , future ( Skuld ) and present ( Verðandi ) .   Urðr is commonly written as Urd or Urth . In some English translations , her name is glossed with the Old English form of urðr ; Wyrd .

neg: Gunnlaugr Ormstunga Gunnlaugr Ormstunga ( i.e. `` Serpent-Tongue '' ) was an Icelandic poet . His life is described in Gunnlaugs saga ormstungu , where several of his poems are preserved .   Gunnlaugr was born ca. 983 . From an early age he proved himself impetuous , audacious , brave , and tough . He was also a skilled author of mostly derogatory poems , which earned him the cognomen ormstunga , `` serpent 's tongue '' . After a quarrel with his father , Illugi , Gunnlaugr left his home at the age of twelve to stay for some time at Borg with Þorsteinn Egilsson , the son of Egill Skallagrímsson . There , he became acquainted with Þorsteinn 's daughter , Helga the fair , reputedly the most beautiful woman in Iceland . Her hair was so ample that she could hide herself in it .   When Gunnlaugr was eighteen , he went abroad . At that time , Helga became his fiancée , on the condition that she would wait no more than three years for Gunnlaugr . He visited the courts of Norway , Ireland , Orkney and Sweden and England . In Sweden , he visited the court of King Óláfr Skötkonung where he met his rival , the Icelandic champion and skald , Hrafn Önundarson .   Gunnlaugr 's stay in the service of King Æthelred of England delayed his return to Iceland and Helga . He did not return until four years had passed ( ca. 1005 ) . Since Gunnlaugr had been gone longer than his allotted three years , Helga was forced into an unhappy marriage to Gunnlaugr 's rival , Hrafn Önundarson . Gunnlaugr and Hrafn met at the Althing and Gunnlaugr challenged Hrafn to a duel of honour , a holmgang ( hólmganga ) . The duel ended in a draw and was the last one allowed in Iceland . From that time hólmganga were forbidden by Icelandic law .   In order to settle their dispute in blood , the two champions met in Norway in the spring of 1008 . There , Gunnlaugr defeated Hrafn , but was fatally wounded . After a short time he died . He was 25 . Helga later remarried , but never recovered from Gunnlaugr 's death . Her greatest pleasure was to rest her eyes on a sumptuous coat that Gunnlaugr had given her . One evening , she rested her head on her husband 's shoulder , spread the coat in front of her , and watched it for a while . Thereafter , she fell back into her husband 's embrace and was dead .

neg: Einarr Skúlason Einarr Skúlason ( ca. 1100 -- after 1159 ) was an Icelandic priest and skald . He was the most prominent Norse poet of the 12th century . Einarr 's poetry is primarily preserved in Heimskringla , Flateyjarbók , Morkinskinna , Fagrskinna and Skáldskaparmál .   He was descended from the family of Egill Skallagrímsson , the so-called Mýramenn . For most of his life he lived in Norway , during the reign of kings Sigurd Magnusson , Harald Gille and the sons of the latter , especially Eysteinn Haraldsson , whose marshall he became . After Eysteinn 's death in 1157 , he composed the poem Elfarvísur for the nobleman Gregorius Dagsson ( died 1161 ) , referring to his victory over King Hákon Herdebrei at Göta älv in Götaland .   The best known of Einarr 's drápur is Geisli ( `` Ray of Light '' ) , about St. Olaf Haraldsson . This drápa was recited in the Church of Christ in Nidaros in the presence of the three Norwegian kings of the time , Eysteinn , Sigurd and Inge , along with Jon Birgersson , Archbishop of Nidaros . The poem is composed in the dróttkvætt metre and it is the earliest completely preserved drápa with Christian content .

neg: Miðborg Miðborg ( Icelandic : City Centre ; -LSB- ˈmɪːðˌpɔrk -RSB- ) , also known as Miðbær or Austurbær , is a sub-municipal administrational district that covers much of the central part Reykjavík , the capital of Iceland . The district includes six neighbourhoods : Kvos , Grjótaþorp , Skólavörðuholt , Þingholt , Skuggahverfi and Vatnsmýri .


query: To Die For wrote in a cameo by David Cronenberg.

pos: To Die For To Die For is a 1995 American criminal comedy-drama film , made in a mockumentary format , directed by Gus Van Sant and written by Buck Henry , based on the novel of the same name by Joyce Maynard , which in turn was based on the factual story of Pamela Smart . It stars Nicole Kidman , Matt Dillon , and Joaquin Phoenix . Major supporting roles feature Illeana Douglas , Wayne Knight , Casey Affleck , Kurtwood Smith , Dan Hedaya , and Alison Folland . Kidman was nominated for a BAFTA and won a Golden Globe Award and a Best Actress Award at the 1st Empire Awards for her performance . Her character has been described as suffering from narcissistic personality disorder in the scientific journal BMC Psychiatry .   The film includes cameos by George Segal , David Cronenberg , author Maynard , and screenwriter Henry . It features original music by Danny Elfman .

neg: Aaron Eckhart Aaron Edward Eckhart ( born March 12 , 1968 ) is an American film and stage actor . Born in Cupertino , California , he moved to the UK at age 13 , when his father relocated the family . Several years later , he began his acting career by performing in school plays , before moving to Sydney , Australia for his high school senior year . He left high school without graduating , but earned a diploma through an adult education course , and graduated from Brigham Young University ( BYU ) in 1994 with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in film . For much of the mid-1990s , he lived in New York City as a struggling , unemployed actor .   As an undergraduate at BYU , Eckhart met director and writer Neil LaBute , who cast him in several of his own original plays . Five years later Eckhart made a debut as an unctuous , sociopathic ladies ' man in LaBute 's black comedy film In the Company of Men ( 1997 ) . Under LaBute 's guidance he worked in the director 's films Your Friends & Neighbors ( 1998 ) , Nurse Betty ( 2000 ) , and Possession ( 2002 ) .   Eckhart gained wide recognition as George in Steven Soderbergh 's critically acclaimed film Erin Brockovich ( 2000 ) , and in 2006 received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actor for his portrayal of Nick Naylor in Thank You for Smoking . Another mainstream breakout occurred in 2008 when he starred in the blockbuster Batman film The Dark Knight as District Attorney Harvey Dent . Other key roles include The Pledge ( 2001 ) , The Core ( 2003 ) , Rabbit Hole ( 2010 ) Battle : Los Angeles ( 2011 ) , Olympus Has Fallen ( 2013 ) , I , Frankenstein ( 2014 ) , Olympus '' ' sequel , London Has Fallen and Sully '' ( both 2016 ) .

neg: David Seltzer David Seltzer ( born 1940 ) is an American screenwriter , producer and director , perhaps best known for writing the screenplays for The Omen ( 1976 ) and Bird on a Wire ( 1990 ) . As writer-director , Seltzer 's credits include the 1986 teen tragi-comedy Lucas starring Corey Haim , Charlie Sheen and Winona Ryder , the 1988 comedy Punchline starring Sally Field and Tom Hanks , and 1992 's Shining Through starring Melanie Griffith and Michael Douglas .

neg: To Die For (song) `` To Die For '' is a song released by Luke Galliana , who entered it into the United Kingdom selection for the Eurovision Song Contest 2001 . The song made the final eight , but failed to gain the votes of the BBC Radio 2 audience on Friday morning . The single was released on April 30 , 2001 , and entered the UK chart at number 42 . The song became a huge hit on The Box TV channel . The single was produced by Pete Waterman . It was described by Peter Robinson in the NME as `` a single which appears to have no chorus , virtually no tune and not a hint of sex to be found anywhere '' .   In 2006 , `` To Die For '' was covered By Katie Price and Peter Andre on their album A Whole New World .

neg: Spy Hard Spy Hard is a 1996 American spy comedy film parody starring Leslie Nielsen and Nicollette Sheridan , parodying James Bond films and other action films . The introduction to the movie is sung by comedy artist `` Weird Al '' Yankovic . It is the first film to be written by Jason Friedberg and Aaron Seltzer . The film 's title is a pun of Die Hard . The film is directed by Rick Friedberg and produced by Doug Draizin and Jeffery Knovitz .   The film was released by Buena Vista Pictures on May 24 , 1996 , receiving generally negative reviews from critics . While many praised Nielsen 's acting and its humor , most found the script , story and its direction lame . The film eventually grossed $ 26 million against a production budget of $ 18 million , making it a relative success .

neg: Bullet to the Head Bullet to the Head is a 2012 American action thriller film directed by Walter Hill . The screenplay by Alessandro Camon was based on the French graphic novel Du Plomb Dans La Tête written by Matz and illustrated by Colin Wilson . The film stars Sylvester Stallone , Sung Kang , Sarah Shahi , Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje , Christian Slater , and Jason Momoa . Alexandra Milchan , Alfred Gough , Miles Millar , and Kevin King-Templeton produced the film . The movie follows a hitman and a cop who are forced to work together to bring down a corrupt businessman and mafia boss after they are targeted by the latter 's associates .   The film premiered at the International Rome Film Festival on November 14 , 2012 . The film received a wide United States release on February 1 , 2013 .

neg: Death and the Maiden (film) Death and the Maiden is a 1994 mystery drama film directed by Roman Polanski and starring Sigourney Weaver , Ben Kingsley and Stuart Wilson . It was based on the play by the same name by Ariel Dorfman , who also co-wrote the screenplay with Rafael Yglesias .

neg: Death Warrant (film) Death Warrant is a 1990 American action crime mystery-thriller film directed by Deran Sarafian and produced by Mark DiSalle . The film was written by David S. Goyer while a student at USC , and was Goyer 's first screenplay to be sold and produced commercially . In the film , the police detective Louis Burke is going into a prison facility at California as an undercover cop in order to find out who stands behind a mysterious series of murders , and finds himself locked up with his arch-nemesis ; Christian Naylor , a psychotic serial killer who calls himself `` The Sandman '' whom sets out to exact revenge upon him after getting into prison .   Death Warrant was released on September 14 , 1990 . Upon its release , the film grossed $ 46 million against production budget of only $ 6 million . The film received general mixed to poor critical reaction from critics who found the direction , its storyline , villain , and the plot poor , but highly praised the acting as well as the action scenes and the thrilling atmosphere .

neg: Second to Die Second to Die is a thriller film released in 2002 . The film stars Erika Eleniak , Jerry Kroll , and Colleen Camp . Its tagline was `` One murder is never enough '' .

neg: Façade (film) Façade ( also known as Death Valley ) is a 1999 thriller film starring Eric Roberts .

neg: Deathsport Deathsport is a 1978 science fiction B-movie produced by Roger Corman , directed by Allan Arkush and Nicholas Niciphor . The film stars David Carradine and Playboy Playmate Claudia Jennings . It would also be one of Jennings ' final movies before her death .

neg: Pierre David Pierre David ( born May 17 , 1944 ) is a Canadian film producer and film financier .   David is best known for executive-producing iconic films directed by David Cronenberg , such as Scanners , Videodrome , and The Brood . He is also credited as `` production executive '' on the Academy Award-winning film Platoon , directed by Oliver Stone . He has since produced dozens of independent films , mainly in the thriller genre , and is still actively producing .

neg: Dying to Win Dying to Win : The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism is Robert Pape 's analysis of suicide terrorism from a strategic , social , and psychological point of view . It is based on a database he has compiled at the University of Chicago , where he directs the Chicago Project on Security and Terrorism . The book 's conclusions are based on data from 315 suicide terrorism attacks around the world from 1980 through 2003 . Of these , 301 were classified into 18 different campaigns by 11 different groups ; the remaining 14 appear to have been isolated . Published in May 2005 , Pape 's volume has been widely noticed by the press , the public , and policymakers alike , and has earned praise from the likes of Peter Bergen , Congressman Ron Paul ( R-Texas ) , and Michael Scheuer .   Dying to Win is divided into three parts , analyzing the strategic , social , and psychological dimension of suicide terrorism .

neg: Robert Kramer Robert Kramer ( June 22 , 1939 -- November 10 , 1999 ) was an American film director , screenwriter and actor . He directed 19 films between 1965 and 1999 , most of them political cinema made from a left-wing point of view . His film À toute allure was entered into the 1982 Cannes Film Festival .

neg: Gary Cooper filmography The filmography of Gary Cooper chronicles the film appearances of American actor Gary Cooper . After starting his career in 1925 as a film extra and stuntman , Cooper made his official cinematic debut in 1926 in the Samuel Goldwyn production The Winning of Barbara Worth . He went on to become a contract player with Paramount Pictures where he established himself as a popular leading man prior to the end of the silent film era .   Cooper 's future in the sound era was assured with the release of The Virginian ( 1929 ) , his first all-talkie film . For the next 32 years , he would be one of cinema 's top money-making stars . From 1936 to 1957 , Cooper ranked 18 times among the top ten box office attractions -- a record when he died in 1961 , and later surpassed only by John Wayne , who ranked among the top ten 25 times , Clint Eastwood ( 21 times ) and Tom Cruise ( 20 times ) .   Cooper was nominated for the Best Actor Academy Award five times and won twice , for Sergeant York ( 1942 ) and High Noon ( 1952 ) . The latter film boosted his popularity , resulting in him being the number one box office attraction in 1953 . Cooper received a third Academy Award -- an honorary one -- just prior to his death in 1961 . His final film , The Naked Edge , was released shortly after his death .   As of February 2008 , more than half of Gary Cooper 's feature films are available on DVD , while others not yet on home video are available for television broadcast . Unfortunately , at least two of his silent films -- Beau Sabreur ( 1928 ) and The Legion of the Condemned ( 1928 ) -- are now considered lost films . Another of his silent films , Wolf Song ( 1929 ) , was originally released as a part talkie , but survives only as a silent film . One of Cooper 's earliest talkies , Paramount on Parade ( 1930 ) , survives incomplete . The prints that are available for television are missing all but one of the film 's Technicolor scenes -- a partial restoration of these scenes was done by the UCLA Film Archives .   This filmography contains sections for Cooper 's work as an extra in the earliest part of his film career , his feature film appearances , his occasional appearances in short films , and a section for a compilation film . Due to its length ( 92 films ) , the listing of his feature films is divided in four sections . Cooper 's film roles are listed , as well as the names of each film 's director and co-stars . Cooper 's awards and nominations are also listed . Except where noted , all of his films were shot in 35mm black and white . All films released prior to Lilac Time ( 1928 ) are silent films and all from The Virginian ( 1929 ) onward are sound films . The films made during the silent-to-sound transition are noted as being either silent or sound films . As an addendum , Cooper 's handful of television appearances are also listed .

neg: Born to Kill (1967 film) Born to Kill ( Nato per uccidere , also known as Django - nato per uccidere ) is a 1967 Italian Spaghetti Western film written , directed and produced by Antonio Mollica , at his directorial debut .

neg: A Beautiful Place to Die A Beautiful Place to Die is the debut novel of award-winning filmmaker Malla Nunn .

neg: Born to Raise Hell (film) Born to Raise Hell is a 2010 American action film directed by Lauro Chartrand , and also written and produced by Steven Seagal , who also starred in the film . The film co-stars Dan Bădărău and Darren Shahlavi . The film was released on direct-to-DVD in the United States on April 19 , 2011 .

neg: The Gravedancers The Gravedancers is a 2006 American horror film . It was chosen as one of the 8 Films To Die For in 2006 and screened at that year 's After Dark Horrorfest film festival . It has received positive reviews .

neg: .com for Murder . com for Murder is a 2001 science fiction crime drama film written by Nico Mastorakis and Phill Marr and directed by Mastorakis , starring Nastassja Kinski , Nicollette Sheridan , Roger Daltrey , and Huey Lewis . After being screened at various film festivals , it was released direct-to-video on 14 January 2003 .

neg: 58 Minutes 58 Minutes is a thriller novel by American novelist Walter Wager . The novel was the basis for the 1990 film Die Hard 2 .


query: Giampaolo Pazzini at one point played for the Chile national team.

pos: Giampaolo Pazzini Giampaolo Pazzini ( -LSB- dʒamˈpaolo patˈtsini -RSB- ; born 2 August 1984 in Pescia ) , nicknamed Il Pazzo ( The Madman ) by his fans , is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Hellas Verona and formerly for the Italian national team , representing his nation at the 2010 FIFA World Cup . Throughout his club career , he has only played for teams in Italy , previously playing for Atalanta , Fiorentina , Sampdoria , Internazionale and Milan . He is well known for his eye for goal and movement off the ball , especially in the penalty area , as well as his excellent ability to score headed goals .

neg: Víctor Cancino Víctor Antonio Cancino Araneda ( -LSB- ˈbiktor anˈtonjo kanˈsino aɾaˈneða -RSB- , born 27 June 1972 ) is a former Chilean footballer , born in Los Lagos , who played in 2001 at the Chilean national team under the orders of the coach Jorge Garcés . Cancino also won a league title in 2004 , playing at Universidad de Chile , and is an important player of Deportes Puerto Montt , former 90s team Real Valdivia and Santiago Wanderers , leaving in those teams a message of great effort .

neg: Marcelo Salas José Marcelo Salas Melinao ( born 24 December 1974 in Temuco ) , dubbed as El Matador ( due to his goalscoring celebrations ) , El Fenómeno , and Shileno , is a retired Chilean footballer who played as a striker .   He has played in Chile , Argentina and Italy , winning titles with each club with whom he has played , and was voted South American Footballer of the Year in 1997 . A powerful and tenacious forward , with good technique , who was well-known for his deft touch with his left foot , as well as his aerial ability , Salas had a prolific goalscoring record throughout his career ; he is the joint all-time top goalscorer for the Chilean national team , alongside Alexis Sánchez , with 37 goals in 70 international appearances between 1994 and 2007 . He appeared for the Chilean national team at the 1998 FIFA World Cup in France , where he scored four goals in four matches , leading his nation to the second round of the competition . As well as that World Cup , Salas played for Chile at two Copa América tournaments , helping his nation to a fourth-place finish in the 1999 edition of the tournament .

neg: Pedro Morales (football manager) Pedro Morales ( born 1932 ) was the manager of Chile national football team 1974-75 and in 1985 .

neg: Chile women's national football team The Chile women 's national football team represents Chile in international women 's football . It is controlled by the ANFP , and its member of CONMEBOL . Their next major competition will be the 2018 Copa América Femenina , which serves as qualification for the 2019 FIFA Women 's World Cup . Chile has never qualified for the World Cup , but has been close to qualify in 1991 , 1995 and 2011 . Chile is , along with Brazil the only teams who never missed a Copa América Femenina . Chile 's friendlies are mostly with Argentina , who is a traditional rival . The team is coached by José Letelier and is captained by Christiane Endler .

neg: Andean states The Andean States ( Estados Andinos ) are a group of nations in South America connected by the Andes mountain range . `` Andean States '' is sometimes used to refer to all seven countries that the Andes runs through , regions with a shared culture primarily spread during the times of the Inca Empire ( such as the Quechua language and Andean cuisine ) , or it can be used in a geopolitical sense to designate countries in the region that are members of the Andean Community trade group and have a local ( as opposed to European ) cultural orientation .   The Andes extend through the western part of South America in following countries :        ( not considered to be geopolitically an Andean State )  ( not considered to be geopolitically an Andean State )   When grouped as `` the Andean states '' , the emphasis is on the mountainous regions of these countries . For example , the Argentine pampas are not part of the Andean region , but western Argentina along with Chile is part of the Andean region , and has cultural continuities with its Andean neighbors . Venezuela , Colombia , Peru , Ecuador and Bolivia are part of the Andean Community ( a trade grouping ) , and each contains Amazon Rainforest and Amazonian indigenous people as well as Andean mountains .

neg: Fla–Flu Fla -- Flu ( truncation of Flamengo-Fluminense ) is an association football match between cross-town rivals Flamengo and Fluminense . Matches take place in the 78,000-seat Maracanã Stadium , located near downtown Rio de Janeiro , in the city 's Maracanã district . The world record football match attendance between clubs is a Fla 0-0 Flu with 194,603 ( 177,656 paid ) in 1963 .   The moniker Fla -- Flu was coined by the journalist Mário Filho during the professionalization of Rio de Janeiro 's football .   Flamengo is the most successful team in Rio State Championship by one championship . Flamengo has won it 33 times while Fluminense has won 31 . Flamengo has won 6 Brazilian National Championships , as defined by the CBF , the 1987 Copa União ( an independent league organised by the Club of 13 ) and 3 Brazilian Cups . Fluminense has won 4 Brazilian National Championships and 1 Brazilian Cup . Fluminense has won the Copa Rio , which it claims to be equivalent to an intercontinental club tournament . Flamengo has won one Libertadores Cup and one Intercontinental Cup , both in 1981 . Fluminense is the only team in the world that holds the IOC 's Olympic Cup ( `` Coupe Olympique '' or `` Taça Olímpica '' ) , a non-competitive award for distinguished service in upholding the ideals of the Olympic Movement and to recognise the particular merits of institutions or associations and their services rendered to sport , conquered in 1949 .   The rivalry between these two clubs began in October 1911 , when a group of dissatisfied players from Fluminense left the club , and went to Flamengo , which at the time had no football department . The first Fla -- Flu ever was played the following year , on July 7 , 1912 at Laranjeiras stadium . Fluminense won this match 3-2 , with 800 people in attendance .   The Fla -- Flu matches are mentioned in Lamartine Babo 's unofficial , but very popular , Flamengo anthem composed in 1942 .

neg: Chile at the 1912 Summer Olympics Chile competed at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm , Sweden . It was the first official appearance of the nation at the modern Olympic Games , although some sources claim that a single Chilean athlete competed at the 1896 Summer Olympics . Fourteen competitors , all men , took part in sixteen events in four sports .

neg: Luís Vinício Luís Vinícius de Menezes , more famously known as Vinício ( born 28 February 1932 in Belo Horizonte , Brazil ) was a professional football player , who played as a centre forward . Although he is a Brazilian , Vinício played his entire career in Italy , and because of this , he was excluded from the Brazilian national side , in a similar manner to José Altafini ; unlike Altafini , however , Vinício chose not to play for the Italian national side . Following his professional footballing career , he later became a manager .

neg: Paraguay national football team The Paraguay national football team is controlled by the Paraguayan Football Association ( Asociación Paraguaya de Fútbol ) and represents Paraguay in men 's international football competitions . Paraguay is a member of CONMEBOL . The Albirroja has qualified for eight FIFA World Cup competitions ( 1930 , 1950 , 1958 , 1986 , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 and 2010 ) and has reached the second round of the competition on four occasions . A regular participant at the Copa América , Paraguay have been crowned champions of the competition on two occasions ( in 1953 and 1979 ) . Paraguay 's highest FIFA World Rankings is 8th ( March 2001 ) and lowest is 103 ( May 1995 ) , and was awarded second place with Best Move of the Year in 1996 .   The national team 's most successful period was under the coaching of Argentine Gerardo Martino , who was awarded with the South American Coach of the Year in 2007 and took Paraguay to the quarter-final stages of a FIFA World Cup competition for the first time in history ( in 2010 ) and also to the final of the 2011 Copa América , where Paraguay finished as runners-up . In the entire national team 's history at the FIFA World Cup , both Carlos Gamarra and José Luis Chilavert hold the distinction of being selected as part of the All-Star Team , being for the 1998 edition . Paulo da Silva holds the most amount of appearances for the national team with 133 and Roque Santa Cruz is the all-time leading goal scorer with 32 goals . Denis Caniza , who was present with the national team from 1996 to 2010 , is the only player to have represented Paraguay in four consecutive FIFA World Cup competitions ( 1998 , 2002 , 2006 , 2010 ) .

neg: CONCACAF The Confederation of North , Central America and Caribbean Association Football ( CONCACAF , -LSB- ˈkɒn.kəkæf -RSB- ) is the continental governing body for association football in North America , that includes Central America and the Caribbean regions . Three South American entities -- the independent nations of Guyana and Suriname and the French department of French Guiana -- are also members . CONCACAF 's primary functions are to organize competitions for national teams and clubs , and to conduct Men 's World Cup and Women 's World Cup qualifying tournaments .   CONCACAF was founded in its current form on 18 September 1961 in Mexico City , Mexico , with the merger of the NAFC and the CCCF , which made it one of the then five , now six continental confederations affiliated with FIFA . Canada , Costa Rica , Cuba , El Salvador , Guatemala , Haiti , Honduras , Mexico , Netherlands Antilles ( Curaçao ) , Nicaragua , Panama , Suriname and United States were founding members .   CONCACAF is the third-most successful FIFA confederation . Mexico dominated CONCACAF men 's competition early on and has since won the most Gold Cups since the beginning of the tournament in its current format . The Mexican national team is the only CONCACAF team to win an official FIFA tournament by winning the 1999 FIFA Confederations Cup . They have also reached the Round of 16 for the past 6 World Cups . While the U.S. is the only country outside of Europe and South America to receive a medal in the World Cup , finishing third in 1930 , they also reached the 2002 World Cup quarterfinals and the 2009 Confederations Cup final . Between them , Mexico and the U.S. have won all but one of the editions of the CONCACAF Gold Cup . In recent years Costa Rica has become a power in the region and in 2014 became the 4th CONCACAF country after the United States , Cuba , and Mexico to make the World Cup quarterfinals . The United States has been very successful in the women 's game , being the only CONCACAF member to win all three major worldwide competitions in women 's football -- the World Cup ( 3 ) , the Olympics ( 4 ) , and the Algarve Cup ( 10 ) . Canada is the only other member to win at least one of the major competitions , winning the Algarve Cup in 2016 .

neg: Gabriel Méndez Gabriel Antonio Méndez ( born 8 May 1988 ) is an Argentine football footballer who plays for Unión Española in the Chilean Primera División . He plays as an offensive midfielder or striker and is nicknamed `` El correntino '' .

neg: Chile at the 2012 Summer Olympics Chile competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , from 27 July to 12 August 2012 . This nation has competed at every Olympic games , except the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles , and the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow because of the United States boycott .   The Chile Olympic Committee ( Comité Olímpico de Chile , COCH ) sent a total of 35 athletes to the Games , 21 men and 14 women , to compete in 17 sports . There was only a single competitor in track cycling , judo , modern pentathlon , rowing , shooting , swimming and taekwondo . Among the sports played by the athletes , Chile made its Olympics debut in artistic gymnastics and Greco-Roman wrestling . The Chilean team featured six athletes who competed at their fourth Olympics : archer Denisse van Lamoen , épée fencer Paris Inostroza , table tennis player Berta Rodríguez and three of its oldest members from the equestrian jumping team . Van Lamoen was also appointed by the committee to carry the nation 's flag at the opening ceremony .   With poor athletic performance and the absence of tennis players in the team , Chile failed to win a single medal for the first time in Olympic history since 1996 . Gymnast Tomás González missed out on an Olympic medal in London , after finishing fourth in men 's floor and vault exercises .

neg: Club Deportivo Palestino Club Deportivo Palestino is a professional football club based in the city of Santiago , Chile . The club was founded in 1920 and plays in the Primera División de Chile . They play their home games at the Estadio Municipal de La Cisterna stadium , which has a capacity of approximately 12,000 seats .

neg: Chile national handball team The Chile national handball team is controlled by the Chilean Handball Federation , and takes part in international team handball competitions . It is affiliated to the IHF and the PATHF .

neg: Enrique Vidallé Enrique Bernardo Vidallé ( born 7 May 1952 in Canals , Córdoba ) is a former Argentine football goalkeeper . He played for a number of clubs in Argentina and Palestino in Chile .   Vidallé came through the Boca Juniors youth system to make his professional debut in 1972 , he stayed at the club until his move to Chilean team Club Deportivo Palestino in 1975 .   Vidallé played a number of games for the Argentina national football team including appearances at the 1979 Copa América .   Vidallé played for Gimnasia y Esgrima de La Plata in the late 70s and for their fiercest rivals Estudiantes de La Plata in the early 80s . Between 1982 and 1983 he played for Club Atlético Huracán before joining Argentinos Juniors in 1984 .   Vidallé was part of the Argentinos Juniors team that won back to back league championships in the Metropolitano 1984 and the Nacional 1985 . They then went on to win the Copa Libertadores 1985 , with Vidallé facing a penalty shootout in the final .   Argentinos went on to play in the Intercontinental Cup in 1985 which they lost to Juventus , and in the Copa Interamericana in 1986 , which they won 1-0 against Defence Force . Vidallé retired in 1987 at the age of 34 .

neg: Adolfo Nef Adolfo Nef Sanhueza ( born January 18 , 1946 ) is a former Chilean football goalkeeper , who played for the Chile national team between 1969 and 1977 , gaining 42 caps . He was part of the Chile squad for the 1974 World Cup .   At club level , Nef played for Lota Schwager , Universidad de Chile , Colo-Colo , Universidad Católica and Magallanes .

neg: Club Sportivo Independiente Club Sportivo Independiente , also known as Independiente de General Pico , is an Argentine sports club based in General Pico , La Pampa Province . Although many sports are practised at the club , Independiente was mostly known for its basketball team , which won one Liga Nacional de Básquet title and was also runner-up three times .   Apart from basketball , the club hosts other sports such as association football , team handball and volleyball .

neg: Ignazio Abate Ignazio Abate ( -LSB- iɲˈɲattsjo aˈbate -RSB- ; born 12 November 1986 ) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a full-back for Milan in Serie A . A former winger , he is also capable of playing as a wide midfielder and as a wing-back ; he is renowned for his stamina , quick sprints , and ability to making attacking runs down the right wing , and is one of the fastest players in the top leagues of European football .   Abate started playing football with amateur club Rescaldina , before joining Milan 's youth system in 1999 . From 2004 to 2009 he spent five years on various loan spells with several Italian clubs , before going back to Milan . He played an important role in helping Milan win their 18th Scudetto during the 2010 -- 11 Serie A season .   Abate has represented the Italian national team and the Italian U21 national team , and also played for the Italian U19 national team and the Italian U20 national team . Prior to starring for the senior team , he represented his country in the 2008 Summer Olympics and 2009 European U-21 Championship . He made his senior international debut in November 2011 , in a friendly match against Poland , and has since then represented the country in UEFA Euro 2012 , winning a runners-up medal , at the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup , winning a bronze medal , and at the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Nearly two years after his debut , Abate scored his first international goal against Germany in November 2013 .

neg: 1929 South American Championship The twelfth edition of the South American Championship was held in Buenos Aires , Argentina from November 1 to 17 , 1929 . The 1928 edition was postponed due to the participation of Chile , Uruguay and Argentina in the 1928 Summer Olympics held in Amsterdam , Netherlands , where Uruguay and Argentina won gold and silver respectively .   The participating countries were Argentina , Paraguay , Peru , and Uruguay .   Brazil , Bolivia , and Chile withdrew from the tournament .

neg: Hugo Berly Hugo Berly Silva ( born December 31 , 1941 in Santiago , Chile - died December 24 , 2009 in Washington , D.C , United States ) is a former Chilean footballer who played for Unión Española , Audax Italiano and Santiago Wanderers of Chile and in the Chile national football team in the FIFA World Cup England 1966 . Berly made ten appearances for Chile , his debut was a 1 -- 0 friendly victory against Argentina on 15 August 1967 .


query: Lipstick Under My Burkha is a film.

pos: Lipstick Under My Burkha Lipstick Waale Sapne ( English : Lipstick Under My Burkha ) is an Indian film made in Hindi . The film is directed by Alankrita Shrivastava and produced by Prakash Jha . The film stars Konkona Sen Sharma , Ratna Pathak , Aahana Kumra and Plabita Borthakur in lead roles along with Sushant Singh , Vikrant Massey , Shashank Arora , Vaibhav Tatwawaadi and Jagat Singh Solanki . The trailer of film was released on 14 October 2016 . The film premiered at the Tokyo and Mumbai Film Festivals , where it won the Spirit of Asia Prize and the Oxfam Award for Best Film on Gender Equality . In January 2017 , the Central Board of Film Certification refused to certify the film , stating that `` The story is lady oriented , their fantasy above life . There are contanious -LSB- sic -RSB- sexual scenes , abusive words , audio pornography and a bit sensitive touch about one particular section of society '' .

neg: PK (film) PK is a 2014 Indian satirical science fiction comedy film . The film was directed by Rajkumar Hirani , produced by Hirani and Vidhu Vinod Chopra , and written by Hirani and Abhijat Joshi . The film stars Aamir Khan in the title role with Anushka Sharma , Sushant Singh Rajput , Boman Irani , Saurabh Shukla , and Sanjay Dutt in supporting roles . It tells the story of an alien who comes to Earth on a research mission . He befriends a television journalist and questions religious dogmas and superstitions .   The film received positive reviews and emerged as the 3rd highest-grossing Indian film of all time , and ranks as the 70th highest-grossing film of 2014 worldwide . The film has been regarded as one of the best Hindi films of 2014 . It is currently the 3rd highest-grossing Indian film of all time only behind Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion and Dangal ( film ) .   PK is the first Indian film to gross 7 billion worldwide . It is also the first Indian film to gross US$ 100 million ( Rs 630 crore ) worldwide .

neg: Cinema of India The cinema of India consists of films produced across India . Cinema as a medium has gained immense popularity in the country and as many as 1,600 films in various languages of India are produced annually . Indian films have also come to be followed throughout South Asia , the Greater Middle East , Southeast Asia and other countries . Dadasaheb Phalke is known as the `` father of Indian cinema '' . The Dadasaheb Phalke Award , for lifetime contribution to cinema , was instituted in his honour , by the Government of India in 1969 , and is the most prestigious and coveted award in Indian cinema .   In the 20th century , Indian cinema , along with the Hollywood and Chinese film industries , became a global enterprise . As of 2013 , in terms of annual film output , India ranks first , followed by Nollywood , Hollywood and China . In 2012 , India produced 1,602 feature films . The Indian film industry reached overall revenues of $ 1.86 billion ( 93 billion ) in 2011 . This is projected to rise to $ 3 billion ( 200 billion ) in 2016 . In 2015 , India had a total box office gross of , the fourth largest in the world outside North America . Enhanced technology paved the way for upgrading from established cinematic norms of delivering product , altering the manner in which content reached the target audience . Biopics like Dangal and CGI-laden epics like Baahubali emerged as transnational blockbusters grossing over $ 200 million each in early 21st century . Indian cinema found markets in over 90 countries where films from India are screened . The Indian government extended film delegations to foreign countries such as the United States of America and Japan while the country 's Film Producers Guild sent similar missions through Europe .   The provision of 100 % foreign direct investment has made the Indian film market attractive for foreign enterprises such as 20th Century Fox , Sony Pictures , Walt Disney Pictures and Warner Bros. . Indian enterprises such as AVM Productions , Prasad 's Group , Sun Pictures , PVP Cinemas , Zee , UTV , Suresh Productions , Eros Films , Ayngaran International , Pyramid Saimira , Aascar Films and Adlabs also participated in producing and distributing films . Tax incentives to multiplexes have aided the multiplex boom in India . By 2003 as many as 30 film production companies had been listed in the National Stock Exchange of India , making the commercial presence of the medium felt .   The South Indian film industry defines the four film cultures of South India as a single entity . They are the Telugu , the Tamil , the Malayalam and the Kannada industries . Although developed independently over a long period , gross exchange of film performers and technicians as well as globalisation helped to shape this new identity .   The Indian diaspora consists of millions of Indians overseas for which films are made available both through media such as DVDs and by screening of films in their country of residence wherever commercially feasible . These earnings , accounting for some 12 % of the revenue generated by a mainstream film , contribute substantially to the overall revenue of Indian cinema , the net worth of which was found to be 1.3 billion in 2000 . Music in Indian cinema is another substantial revenue generator with the music rights alone accounting for 4 -- 5 % of the net revenues generated by a film in India .

neg: Begum Akhtar discography Begum Akhtar ( 1914 -- 1974 ) was a Hindustani classical singer of dadra , thumri and ghazals . Cited as `` one of India 's finest ghazal singers '' , she was referred to as Mallika-E-Tarannum or Mallika-e-Ghazal ( Queen of Ghazals ) . Akhtar 's first recording was a combination of ghazals and dadras for the HMV label and the ghazal `` Woh Asire-Daam-e-Bala '' became popular .   Akhtar 's performances were in the nature of a classical presentation with just the traditional accompaniment of the tabla , sitar and harmonium.Her rendering of Ghalib 's ghazals like `` Aah Ko Chahiye Ik Umr Asar Hone Tak '' and `` Koi Umeed Bar Nahin Aati '' made her a `` household name '' .   She started her career as a mehfil singer under her name Akhtari Bai , and became famous when she sang at the Bihar earthquake music conference in 1934 . On the basis of the popularity she got offers in films , starting her career with Ek Din Ka Badshah and Nal Damayanti ( 1933 ) produced by the East India Company , Calcutta . In 1942 , she was cast by Mehboob Khan in Roti . One of the songs that became popular was `` Phir Se Fasle Bahar Aayi '' . There was a hiatus of five years in her career when she married Ishtiaq Ahmed Abbasi , Nawab of Kakoli in 1945 . She returned to films with Dana Pani ( 1953 ) and Ehsan ( 1954 ) . She stopped working in films after 1956 but continued giving performances on stage . Her repertoire included the ghazals of Ghalib , Momin , Faiz Ahmed Faiz , Jigar Moradabadi , Shakeel Badayuni , Mir Taqi Mir , Sauda and Shamim Jaipuri .

neg: Tulsi Vivah (film) Tulsi Vivah ( The Marriage of Tulsi ) is a 1971 Bollywood fantasy drama film based on mythology . Directed by Chandrakant , the film stars Jayshree Gadkar and Anita Guha , and narrates the origin of the Tulsi Vivah ritual .

neg: Podokkhep Podokkhep ( পদক্ষেপ `` Footstep '' ) is a 2006 Bengali film by Suman Ghosh .

neg: Bahniman Bahniman is a 2016 Assamese language drama film directed by Biswajeet Bora . Filmmaker Biswajeet Bora had long wanted to make a movie that transcends the rigidity of commercial cinema with something unusual and unique from the point of view of story and treatment . His highly engaging Aisa Yeh Jahaan created cinematic history when it became the country 's first carbon-neutral film . Its subject has a humanity that connected deeply to the audiences across the country , which makes film enthusiasts and fans , especially in Assam , all the more curious to see what Biswajeet has up his sleeve in his new project.But belying expectations , the Mumbai-based filmmaker , out to prove a point or two , returns with a lot of fire power in his belly to direct a full-fledged entertainer titled ` Bahniman ' . He has been quite keen to explore some new ideas in a commercial venture for some time now . This big-budget Assamese movie , produced by Barnali Hazarika under the banner of Santoshi Maa Production , is presently drawing a lot of media attention , and not without reason . Its shooting progressing at a hurried pace in various locations , Biswajeet Bora 's film is going to be a refreshing spin on the action genre , quite unlike anything seen here . He has got the technical expertise and acumen , having spent years in Mumbai , India 's entertainment hub , where he was fortunate enough to observe a lot of well-known filmmakers at work , including the renowned Jahnu Barua , whom he also assisted for close to six years . He has left nothing to chance here . All the technical aspects are being looked after and executed with a lot of precision and planning.The story of the film revolves around three childhood friends , lost to their own fates , only to re-emerge as fierce rivals . But soon they reunite to fight for the cause of their city which is controlled by mafia kingpin Kanu Sharma . Its about friendship , lost love and revenge.There 's no greater satisfaction to a filmmaker than being on a movie set , getting to work with talented people -- actors , actresses and the technicians .

neg: Bukak Api Bukak Api is a 2000 documentary about Malaysian mak nyahs , or Malaysian male-to-female transsexuals , directed by Osman Ali . It was intended to educate people about the mak nyahs .

neg: Mukti Bhawan Mukti Bhawan ( Hotel Salvation ) is a film based on relationships and family written and directed by Shubhashish Bhutiani and produced by Sanjay Bhutiani . The film stars Adil Hussain and Lalit Behl in the lead roles .  Adil Hussain Wins National Film Award -- Special Jury Award / Special Mention ( Feature Film ) at 64th National Film Awards for acting in this film .  The film 's World Premiere was held at the 73rd Venice Film Festival 2016 . Followed by Busan International Film Festival , South Korea 2016 , Dubai International Film Festival 2016 , EFM Berlin Film Festival , Goteborg Film Festival 2017 , Sweden and Festival International Des Cinemas d'Asie De Vesoul , France 2017 .  The film was awarded the GRAND PRIX `` ENRICHO FULCHIGNONI '' and UNESCO Gandhi Medal at the Venice International Film Festival and is also the recipient of the Asia Cinema Fund by BIFF 2016 , South Korea.It was adjudged the Critics Choice Award , Vesoul International Film Festival , France . It received a 10-minute standing ovation at the world premiere at Venice Film Festival .

neg: Darling (2012 film) Darling is a 2012 Bengali romance film written and directed by Raaj Mukherjee , starring Mayukh Mazumdar , Pamela Mandal and Riya Chanda . The film is produced by Nalin Singh and co-produced by Ajesh Gugnani , and features music scored by Subhayu Bedajna , while the cinematography is by Sandip Sen. This film is the Bengali Remake of the Telugu film Darling starring Prabhas and Kajal Aggarwal .

neg: Basundhara Basundhara is a 2010 Assamese drama film directed and produced by Hiren Bora , with a screenplay by Sagar Sangam Sarkar , Birinchi Kumar Medhi and Bora himself . It stars Barsha Rani Bishaya in the title role , and Saurav Hazarika , Bishnu Kharghoria , Ifftikar Ahmed , and Prithiraj Rabha in other major roles . The film deals with a pressing contemporary ecological issue of human-elephant conflict in the region of Assam .   Basundhara won the Best Feature Film in Assamese award in the 57th National Film Awards for 2009 .

neg: Bandhobi Bandhobi is a 2009 South Korean indie film about a frustrated and rebellious high school student who ends up becoming a friend of a migrant worker from Bangladesh who is desperate to receive his unpaid wages back . The title means `` female friend '' in Bengali .   Lead actor Mahbub Alam is a longtime resident of South Korea who entered the country as a migrant worker . He has since appeared in small film roles and become involved in various activist projects , including the launch of the Migrant Worker Film Festival , for which he serves as festival director .

neg: Mukhaputa Mukhaputa ( ಮ ಖಪ ಟ , The Cover Page ) is a 2009 Indian Kannada film written , directed by and starring Roopa Iyer . The film has international HIV/AIDS researchers and academicians as advisors : Dr. Satish , President of HIV Research Association of India , and Prof. Narayan Hosmane , two times Humboldt Award winner of Northern Illinois University , to help authenticate the symptoms , diagnosis , and treatment and to dispel the misconceived notions of the terminal disease . The movie , which is produced by Narayan Hosmane , a cancer specialist in the US , his brother , Subraya Hosmane , an industrialist in Mumbai , and Roopa , also stars Sanya Iyer , Ananda Theertha , Sumithra , Chi . Gurudutt , and Badri Prasad in leading roles . Composer Hamsalekha , who has scored music for the film , too makes a special appearance in the film . An award winning cinematographer , Ramachandra Aithal , is the director behind camera , and Haridas is the film editor of the movie ,  Shooting schedules , Marketing , Distribution prepared by Media Networks G.

neg: Mukh O Mukhosh Mukh O Mukhosh ( The Face and the Mask ) ( 1956 ) was the first Bengali language feature film to be made in East Pakistan ( now Bangladesh ) . It was produced by Iqbal Films and directed by Abdul Jabbar Khan . The movie was released in East Pakistan on 3 August 1956 . It was released in Dhaka , Chittagong , Narayanganj , and Khulna . The movie was a great success as viewers thronged to watch the first movie to be made in the region . It earned a total of Rs . 48,000 during its initial run .

neg: Bend It Like Beckham Bend It Like Beckham is a 2002 British comedy-drama sports film produced , written , and directed by Gurinder Chadha , and starring Parminder Nagra , Keira Knightley , Jonathan Rhys Meyers , Anupam Kher , Shaznay Lewis , and Archie Panjabi .   The film 's title refers to the football player David Beckham , and his skill at scoring from free kicks by curling the ball past a wall of defenders . It follows the 18-year-old daughter of Punjabi Sikhs in London . She is infatuated with football but her parents have forbidden her to play because she is a girl . She joins a local women 's team , which makes its way to the top of the league .   Bend It Like Beckham was released theatrically on 12 April 2002 by Redbus Film Distribution , and on DVD and VHS on 18 November 2002 by Warner Home Video . The film surprised critics and was met with mostly positive reviews and it earned over $ 76 million on a $ 6 million budget . A stage musical version opened at London 's Phoenix Theatre on 24 June 2015 .

neg: Anwar Jamal Anwar Jamal ( born 15 August 1961 ) is an Indian documentary filmmaker , based in New Delhi . He has been awarded the National Film Award on several occasions and had made critically acclaimed feature , short and documentary films a wide array of social , political and cultural themes . He has served as jury in many international film festivals including National Film Award Jury ' .   He is most noted for his feature film , Swaraaj -- The Little Republic '' ( 2002 ) , which he also wrote , produced and directed , on the theme of women 's empowerment and the politics of water in rural India .

neg: Bandini (film) Bandini ( Hindi : बन्दिनी , Urdu : بندِنی , translation : Imprisoned ) is a 1963 Hindi drama film directed and produced by Bimal Roy , the man who directed classics like Do Bigha Zameen and Devdas . Bandini stars Nutan giving one of the finest performances of her career , along with Ashok Kumar and Dharmendra as leads , and explores the human conflicts of love and hate intertwined in the mind of Kalyani ( Nutan ) . The lead female role was offered to one of Roy 's favourite actress Vyjayanthimala who earlier worked with Roy in Devdas and Madhumati . However , due to her busy schedule she refused the role which later went to Nutan , who had worked with Roy in Sujata ( 1959 ) . The movie tells the story of a woman prisoner serving life imprisonment for murder , Kalyani , the all suffering , selfless , sacrificing , and strong yet weak Indian woman . She must make a choice between two very different men , Devendra ( Dharmendra ) , the loving prison doctor , and Bikash ( Ashok Kumar ) , a man from her past .   The film is based on a Bengali novel Tamasi by Jarasandha ( Charu Chandra Chakrabarti ) , a former jail superintendent who spent much of his career as a jailor in Northern Bengal , and wrote many fictional versions of his experiences .   Bandini was the tenth highest grosser of the year and was declared a ` Semi Hit ' at the Indian Box Office , though it received not just critical acclaim but also swept that year 's Filmfare Awards , winning six awards in all including the top awards of Best Film and Best Director , as well as Best Actress , and is still considered a landmark movie of the 1960s , especially being last feature film as a director of Bimal Roy , a master of realism .

neg: Tharu Cinema Tharu cinema refers to films produced in the Tharu language in the Terai or Madhesh region of southern Nepal and Uttar Pradesh , India .   The first Tharu talkie film , Karam , was released in around 1988 . Tharu cinema has grown in recent years . Tharu movies are seen across various parts of Asia where second and third generation migrants still speak the language

neg: Libaas Libaas ( English : Clothing ) is a 1988 Hindi drama film written and directed by Gulzar . The film based on short story Seema published in collected stories in Raavi Paar . It is about married couples of urban India having extramarital relations and adultery . The film won critical acclaim in international film festivals but never got released in India till date .   It was also the last film , until Dus Kahaniyaan got released in 2007 , where Shabana Azmi and Naseeruddin Shah , the lead pair of Parallel Cinema in the 1980s , appeared together after giving notable performances in Sai Paranjpye 's Sparsh ( 1980 ) and Shekhar Kapoor 's Masoom ( 1983 ) .   On 22 November 2014 , film was shown at the International Film Festival of India in Goa after a gap of 22 years since its screening at the International Film Festival at Bangalore in January , 1992 .

neg: Murk (film) Murk is a 2005 Danish horror and psychological thriller film . The film was directed by Jannik Johansen , who wrote the screenplay along with Anders Thomas Jensen . The film stars Nikolaj Lie Kaas and Nicolas Bro .

neg: Black (2015 Indian film) Black is an Indo-Bangla Bengali crime action film directed by Raja Chanda , and stars Soham Chakraborty and Bidya Sinha Mim in lead roles . The film was jointly produced by Viacom 18 Motion Pictures and Dag Creative Media and was released on 27 November 2015 . The film revolves around a man named , Biltu , who takes vengeance to those who framed his father ( a police officer ) with false charges and as a result the latter commits suicide to get rid of this humiliation .