query: Vincent Cassel only plays Dutchmen.

pos: Vincent Cassel Vincent Cassel ( -LSB- vɛ̃sɑ̃ kasɛl -RSB- ; born Vincent Crochon , 23 November 1966 ) is a French actor best known to English-speaking audiences through his film performances in Ocean 's Twelve and Ocean 's Thirteen , as well as Black Swan . Cassel is also renowned for playing the infamous French bank-robber Jacques Mesrine in Mesrine : Killer Instinct and Mesrine : Public Enemy Number One .

neg: Herman Heijermans Herman Heijermans ( 3 December 1864 -- 22 November 1924 ) , was a Dutch writer .   Heijermans was born in Rotterdam , into a liberal Jewish family , the fifth of the 11 children of Herman Heijermans Sr. and Matilda Moses Spiers . In the Algemeen Handelsblad daily , he published a series of sketches of Jewish family life under the pseudonym of Samuel Falkland , which were collected in volume form . His novels and tales include Trinette ( 1892 ) , Fles ( 1893 ) , Kamertjeszonde ( 2 vols , 1896 ) , Interieurs ( 1897 ) , Diamantstad ( 2 vols , 1903 ) . He created great interest by his play Op Hoop van Zegen ( 1900 ) , an indictment of the exploitation of sea fishermen in the Netherlands at the turn of the century , represented at the Théâtre Antoine in Paris , and in English by the Stage Society as The Good Hope .   His other plays are : Dora Kremer ( 1893 ) , Ghetto ( 1898 ) , Het zevende Gebod ( 1899 ) , Het Pantser ( 1901 ) , Ora et labora ( 1901 ) , and numerous one-act pieces . A Case of Arson , an English version of the one-act play Brand in de Jonge Jan , was notable for the impersonation ( 1904 and 1905 ) by Henri de Vries of all the seven witnesses who appear as characters .   Heijermans died in Zandvoort at age 59 , and is buried at Zorgvlied cemetery .

neg: Otto Wacker Otto Wacker ( 1898 -- 1970 ) was a German art dealer who became infamous for commissioning and selling forgeries of paintings by Vincent van Gogh .   Otto Wacker became an art dealer in 1925 after various false starts in other professions . He developed a reputation for reliability in the art field . The fraudulent Van Goghs were probably the work of his brother , the painter and restorer Leonhard Wacker . Otto 's father , Hans , was also an artist .   Wacker managed to convince prominent Van Gogh experts Jacob Baart de la Faille , Hendrik P. Bremmer , Julius Meier-Graefe and Hans Rosenhagen that the paintings he was selling were genuine . These experts accepted his account that a Russian had bought the paintings , transferred them to Switzerland illegally , and had commissioned an illegal agent to sell them . They understood the need for this Russian to remain anonymous in order to prevent reprisals from relatives who still lived in the Soviet Union , and they supplied certificates of authenticity without proof of provenance . Thannhauser , Matthiesen and Goldschmidt galleries bought some of the paintings .   Wacker 's paintings were to be exhibited in January 1928 by the firm of Paul Cassirer in Berlin . It was organized to coincide with the publication of de la Faille 's standard catalogue of Van Gogh 's work . When Wacker delivered the last four paintings , Grete Ring and Walter Feilchenfeldt , the general managers of the exhibition , noticed the differences and recognized them as fakes . The canvases were returned to Wacker . Further investigation revealed 33 suspect paintings , all of them supplied by Wacker . Galleries that had sold his paintings asked their customers to return them . Hugo Perls , an art dealer and lawyer who had bought several paintings , still insisted that they were authentic . In December 1928 the Matthiesen gallery , with the aid of the Federation of German Art and Antique Dealers , sued Wacker .   De la Faille responded to the accusations by publishing a supplement to his catalogue in November 1928 , which listed all the paintings supplied by Wacker as fakes . In 1930 de la Faille published Les faux van Goghs ( The False Van Goghs ) which again listed the suspect paintings among 174 that he regarded as forgeries . In May 1929 the studios of Wacker 's father and brother were raided by police , who seized nine paintings from Hans and twelve from Leonhard . The latter claimed that the paintings were only in his studio for restoration . The National Gallery in Berlin analysed the paints used in the seized artworks ; they discovered the presence of a resin used to accelerate the drying process , which had not been found in any genuine van Goghs .   The trial against Wacker began on 6 April 1932 . Vincent Willem van Gogh , nephew of the painter , gave the first evidence at the trial and stated that family records did not include any Russian who would have purchased any paintings . De la Faille , on the other hand , had changed his mind once again and claimed that five of the paintings were genuine . During the trial , various experts did not come to full agreement on what paintings were authentic ( and the argument was to continue in some circles for years afterwards ) . Bremmer argued that at least 9 paintings were genuine . Meier-Grafe admitted his mistake and even that the expert opinion could be fallible . Hans Rosenhagen said that 14 of the works were inferior but genuine . However , the Dutch restorer A M de Wild found that the pigments used in the paintings were not similar to those Van Gogh had used . Art restorer Kurt Wehlte showed with X-rays that the painting techniques were different ( although he used a painting that was declared a forgery in the 1970s ) . Later it was found that the paintings had not been painted on French canvases at all . On 19 April 1932 Wacker was charged with fraud , and after an appeal , was sentenced to 19 months in prison and a fine of 30,000 reichsmarks . Some former directors of the Bank für Deutsche Beamte , who had been speculating on the paintings on behalf of the bank , were sued .   After World War II , Otto Wacker lived in East Berlin . He had abandoned the art market and some forged paintings have since disappeared .

neg: Because of the Cats Because of the Cats , released theatrically in the UK as The Rape , is a 1973 Dutch-Belgian drama film directed by Fons Rademakers and starring Bryan Marshall , Alexandra Stewart , Sylvia Kristel and Sebastian Graham Jones .   The film 's Dutch title was Niet voor de poesen . It was based on a novel by Nicolas Freeling in the Van der Valk series .

neg: Flying Dutchman The Flying Dutchman ( De Vliegende Hollander ) is a legendary ghost ship that can never make port and is doomed to sail the oceans forever . The myth is likely to have originated from 17th-century nautical folklore . The oldest extant version has been dated to the late 18th century . Sightings in the 19th and 20th centuries reported the ship to be glowing with ghostly light . If hailed by another ship , the crew of the Flying Dutchman will try to send messages to land , or to people long dead . In ocean lore , the sight of this phantom ship is a portent of doom .

neg: The Dutchman `` The Dutchman '' is a song written by Michael Peter Smith in 1968 and popularized by Steve Goodman . At the time Smith wrote the song , he had never visited the Netherlands .   The song is about an elderly couple living in Amsterdam , Margaret and the title character . The unnamed Dutchman is senile , and Margaret cares for him with a sadness over what has happened to him over the years . It is a story of unconditional love .

neg: The Pointsman The Pointsman is a 1986 Dutch film directed by Jos Stelling , starring Jim van der Woude , Stéphane Excoffier and John Kraaijkamp , Sr. . It tells the story of a French woman who moves in with a Dutch railwayman at a remote railway station . The two are unable to converse , but soon begin a strange game of seduction . The film is based on the novel De wisselwachter by Jean-Paul Franssens .   Kraaijkamp was awarded the Golden Calf for Best Actor for his performance in the film .

neg: Welcome to New York (2014 film) Welcome to New York is a 2014 French-American drama film co-written and directed by Abel Ferrara . Inspired by the Dominique Strauss-Kahn affair , the film was released on 17 May 2014 by VOD on the internet as the film failed to secure a place on the official selection at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival , nor was it picked up for theatrical distribution in France and is facing self-censorship by the French media , according to Vincent Maraval , one of the producers .

neg: Quinneys (play) Quinneys is a comedy-drama play by the British writer Horace Annesley Vachell , which was first staged in 1914 . It was a major hit on its release and went on to become one of the author 's most successful plays . However , despite its popularity in London the play met with a lukewarm reception when it opened in New York City in 1915 . It focuses on Joseph Quinney the endearing but stubborn head of a family firm of antiques dealers whose firm views cause problems for his relatives and friends .   The play 's success led Vachell to write a series of novels following on the adventures of the family .

neg: Jan van Hooff (politician) Johan Frederik Rudolph `` Jan '' van Hooff ( 29 August 1755 -- 13 June 1816 , Utrecht ) was a Dutch Patriot politician and statesman .   Van Hooff was born in Eindhoven in 1755 , to Martinus van Hooff ( co-mayor of the town ) and Anna Elisabeth Bols van Arendonck . He studied law , got his doctorate in law at Nancy and opened a law practice in Eindhoven . He was elected co-mayor of the town in 1786 . During his career he was mayor of Eindhoven , member of the First National Assembly , the Second National Assembly , the Executive Power and the Legislative Power .   In 1786 he founded the Vaderlandse Sociëteit Concordia ( English : National Sciety Concordia ) together with Amandus van Moorsel ; this society was a social club in name , but a Patriot organization in reality . Several town notables joined this society .   In 1787 Jan van Hoff and several other Eindhoven Patriots traveled to Utrecht to join the Patriot Army . This army was defeated by the Prussian Army , after which Van Hooff was arrested ( in October 1787 ) for his Patriottic activities , on the orders of the States-General of the Netherlands ; he was taken to The Hague and imprisoned . He was released shortly thereafter and returned to Eindhoven . However , he was re-arrested on 12 February 1788 ( in Eindhoven this time ) , but managed to escape .   In 1789 there was a failed , pro-French rebellion in the Southern Netherlands . Fearing that the insurrection would spread to the Generality Lands , the States-General posted a garrison in Eindhoven ; Van Hooff left the town . In 1792 he was in Paris together with Herman Willem Daendels , where the French Republic had been proclaimed . He sought ( and received ) French support for the reparation of Batavian freedom ( Dutch : herstelling van de Bataafse vrijheid ) ; French troops arrived in Eindhoven on March 6 , 1793 and the freedom tree was planted in the town on that day . The French were subsequently pushed back by the Austrians , but took permanent possession of the town following the 1794 Battle of Fleurus .   Van Hooff became a member of the Batavian Revolutionary Committee that year , but got into a conflict with Maximilien Robespierre . He was arrested on May 28 and imprisoned at the Paris Conciergerie . A clerical error in the spelling of his name saved Van Hooff from the guillotine and he was released again on October 29 . He remained in freedom until the coup of 22 January 1798 , after which he was arrested and imprisoned -- first at the Gevangenpoort in The Hague , later at the Palace Huis Ten Bosch . He was finally released on July 14 .   He served as Minister for Justice and was a member of the State Council until 1810 . He then retired and spent the rest of his life as a citizen without office . He died without having been married .   The city of Eindhoven commissioned Auke Hettema to make a statue of Van Hooff in 1981 . The statue is currently on the Markt in Eindhoven .

neg: Cyril Frankel Cyril Frankel ( born 28 December 1921 ) is a retired British film and television director . His career in television began in 1953 and he directed for over 30 TV programmes until 1990 . He was born in Stoke Newington , London . He directed many episodes of popular British TV shows , such as The Avengers , and the pilot episodes of the ITC Entertainment shows Randall and Hopkirk ( Deceased ) and Department S in 1969 . In 1970 , he directed `` Timelash '' , an episode of UFO , which he described as a very interesting script and one of his personal favourites .   Frankel also directed many documentaries and feature films , including Never Take Sweets from a Stranger ( 1960 ) and School for Scoundrels ( 1960 ; taking over from Robert Hamer , who was credited as sole director ) . One of his films , Man of Africa ( 1953 ) - the first film to feature a cast made up of relatively unknown black actors - was not released and was lost for some time . A complete copy has since been discovered and has been screened at a number of international film festivals .   In terms of documentaries , Frankel supervised some of the films that were broadcast for the BBC arts series Monitor ( 1958 -- 65 ) , among which was the first ballet programme to be filmed and edited to the choreography . Prior to his retirement , he became the ceramics expert for Bonhams auction house . A book , Modern Pots : Hans Coper , Lucie Rie and their Contemporaries - The Lisa Sainsbury Collection , was co-authored by Frankel and published in 2000 . His memoir , Eye to Eye , was published by Bank House Books in 2009 .

neg: Het land van Het land van '' ( literally `` the land of '' ) was the second album by Dutch rappers Lange Frans & Baas B . It was released on 2005 . The album is named after the first track `` Het land van ... '' . Special guest appearance included the D-Men member and Brutus .   The album reached number 27 in the Dutch top 100 charts and remained in the charts for 14weeks . Four singles reached the charts including `` Het land van ... '' , the live performance , `` Mee nar Diemen-Zuid '' released on 12 October and reached to number 16 and remained for 9 weeks , the latter were released in 2006 with `` Ik wacht al zo lang '' released on 22 April and reached up to number 18 and remained for 7 weeks and `` Dit moet een zondag zijn '' released on 29 July and reached up to the top 6 .   The eleventh track `` Jonge moeders '' is Dutch for Young Mothers .

neg: Cassard expedition The Cassard expedition was a sea voyage by French Navy captain Jacques Cassard in 1712 , during the War of the Spanish Succession . Plans of the expedition started on December 2 , 1711 as Cassard listened to the king 's command fir three ships and five frigates . Departing from the port of Toulon with a fleet of eight ships , 3,000 seamen , and 1,200 soldiers , he landed at Praia Harbour on the island of Santiago in the Cape Verde Islands and later raided and pillaged Cidade Velha where every building would be destroyed including the fort , a part of the island was occupied , the Bishop of Santiago de Cabo Verde Francisco Santo Agostinho retired into the interior of Santiago , where he reorganized his forces for the defence , leadership and resistance for a counterattack . The corsairs took the bells from the cathedral , its relics and the wooded furniture . Things that were not taken were burned down including the rich library of the bishop , damages totalled 3 million French livres . After this , he headed to the Americas and raided the British-controlled isles of Montserrat and Antigua in the West Indies , and the Dutch South American colonial outposts of Surinam , Berbice , and Essequibo . He then proceeded to raid Dutch St. Eustatius , and also succeeded , although with some difficulty , at gaining control of Curaçao , the strongest Dutch settlement in the Caribbean . In many of the places he landed , officials paid a ransom to avoid pillage ; this was not always successful , as Cassard sometimes ignored the terms of the agreements he made . After stopping in Martinique , he returned to France with a booty that worthed about 10 million livres .   Cassard 's exploits won him the Order of Saint Louis .

neg: Van Buren (surname) Van Buren ( -LSB- vɑn ˈbyːrə ( n ) -RSB- ) is a Dutch surname meaning `` of/from Buren '' .

neg: Roman-Dutch law Roman-Dutch law ( Dutch : Rooms-Hollands recht , Afrikaans : Romeins-Hollandse reg ) is an uncodified , scholarship-driven , judge-made legal system based on Roman law as applied in the Netherlands in the 17th and 18th centuries . As such , it is a variety of the European continental civil law or ius commune . While Roman-Dutch law was superseded by Napoleonic codal law in the Netherlands proper as early as the beginning of the 19th century , Roman-Dutch law is still applied by the courts of South Africa ( and its neighbours Lesotho , Swaziland , Namibia , Botswana and Zimbabwe ) , Guyana , Indonesia , East Timor , and Sri Lanka . It was largely drawn upon by Scots law . It also had some minor impact on the laws of the American state of New York , especially in introducing the office of Prosecutor ( schout-fiscaal ) .

neg: Casanova (1971 TV serial) Casanova is a British television drama serial , written by television playwright Dennis Potter . Directed by Mark Cullingham and John Glenister , the serial was made by the BBC and screened on the BBC2 network in November and December 1971 . It is loosely based on Italian adventurer Giacomo Casanova 's Histoire de ma vie ( Story of My Life ; 1780 -- 92 ) . It was Dennis Potter 's first television serial , having previously written single plays for the BBC 's The Wednesday Play and Play for Today series . Frank Finlay starred in the title role and was nominated for the best actor award at the 1972 BAFTA ceremony .

neg: SV Vitesse SV Vitesse is a football team from Antriòl , Kralendijk on Bonaire in the Caribbean Netherlands , playing at the top level .   The club was founded in 1967 as a split-off from SV Uruguay . In 1973 SV Juventus separated from Vitesse .

neg: Cassé `` Cassé '' is Nolwenn Leroy 's debut single from her album Nolwenn . It was released in 2003 in France , Belgium and Switzerland and achieved a great success in these countries , topping the French and Belgian charts .

neg: Dutch Mob The Dutch Mob was a New York pickpocket gang during the late nineteenth century .   Formed during the late 1860s by Little Freddie , `` Sheeny '' Mike Kurtz , and Johnny Irving , former members of the Italian Dave Gang , the Dutch Mob soon became one of the largest pickpocket gangs in the United States numbering around 300 members . Operating in the Manhattan neighborhood east of the Bowery , the area between Houston and Fifth Streets was known as a `` pickpockets paradise '' to the local press . A common tactic of the gang was to stage a street fight and pickpocket the gathering crowd . A variation of this technique was to have several gang members pick a fight with a victim where he would be `` rescued '' by other gang members posing as innocent bystanders and have his pockets picked while being rushed through the crowd .   However , when Anthony J. Allaire was appointed precinct captain in 1877 , police `` flying squads '' were sent to clear the district attacking anyone who was suspected or resembled a pickpocket or other criminal and by the end of the year few members of the gang remained .   The same area would become home to another gang of mostly teenaged pickpockets , the Crazy Butch Gang in the late-1890s .

neg: Raymond Thiry Raymond Thiry ( born 29 September 1959 ) is a Dutch actor . He appeared in more than eighty films since 1994 .

neg: Louis Borel Louis Borel ( October 6 , 1905 -- April 24 , 1973 ) was a Dutch stage and film actor . During the 1930s , he appeared in a number of British films , such as the musical Head over Heels ( 1937 ) . He later moved to the United States and worked in Hollywood .


query: Richard Ramirez calmed residents from June 1984 until August 1985.

pos: Richard Ramirez Ricardo Leyva Muñoz Ramírez , known as Richard Ramirez ( February 29 , 1960 -- June 7 , 2013 ) , was an American serial killer , rapist , and burglar . His highly publicized home invasion crime spree terrorized the residents of the greater Los Angeles area , and later the residents of the San Francisco area , from June 1984 until August 1985 . Prior to his capture , Ramirez was dubbed the `` Night Stalker '' by the news media . He used a wide variety of weapons , including handguns , knives , a machete , a tire iron , and a hammer . Ramirez , who was an avowed Satanist , never expressed any remorse for his crimes . The judge who upheld his thirteen death sentences remarked that Ramirez 's deeds exhibited `` cruelty , callousness , and viciousness beyond any human understanding '' . Ramirez died of complications from B-cell lymphoma while awaiting execution on California 's death row .

neg: Ciudad Evita Ciudad Evita ( Evita City ) is a city in La Matanza Partido , within the Greater Buenos Aires metro area . It currently has about 70,000 inhabitants , and is situated about 20 kilometers ( 13 mi ) from Downtown Buenos Aires and 6 kilometers ( 4 mi ) from Ministro Pistarini International Airport . The city has been declared a National Historic Monument of Argentina .   The city owes its name to the Eva Perón Foundation , which developed the initial settlement . Established in 1947 by Argentine President Juan Perón , his Decree No. 33221 stipulated that this new suburb of Buenos Aires be named after the namesake of the foundation , his wife Eva ( ' Evita ' ) Duarte de Perón . The city , whose original 15,000 homes were designed in a simplified Spanish Colonial Revival style favored during the Perón era , featured a layout purposely built in the shape of Eva 's profile , which seemingly waved to airline passengers from the nearby airport . This overt homage to the influential first lady prompted the city 's renaming as Ciudad General Belgrano following the military coup that deposed Perón in 1955 .   Despite these changes , the town , which was administered by the National Mortgage Bank following the coup , continued to grow , incorporating the Barrio Vemme ward between 1960 and 1967 . It was transferred to La Matanza Council in 1963 , and upon the return of Peronists to power in 1973 , it regained its Ciudad Evita designation . A second addition , Barrio Alas , was opened in 1974 for Argentine Air Force officers stationed at the Morón Air Base .   The March 1976 coup again led to a change of name for the town , to Ciudad General Martín Miguel de Güemes '' , until the return of democracy in 1983 . The city was chosen that year as the site of the Buenos Aires Temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) , inaugurated in 1986 .   Ciudad Evita was declared a National Historical Monument in 1997 .

neg: Audrey Evans Audrey Elizabeth Evans ( born 1925 ) is a pediatric oncologist , known for developing the Evans Staging System for neuroblastoma . She also is one of the co-founders of the original Ronald McDonald House in Philadelphia .   Born in York , England , Audrey Evans trained at the Royal College of Surgeons in Edinburgh . She came to the United States in 1953 as a Fulbright Fellow at Boston Children 's Hospital where , in 1957 , she would conduct early work on autologous bone marrow transplantation . Dr. Evans was appointed head of the hematology-oncology unit at the University of Chicago Clinics in 1964 , and in 1968 assumed management of the children 's cancer center at Children 's Hospital of Philadelphia . She served as chair of the Division of Oncology at the Children 's Hospital of Philadelphia from 1969 to 1989 , and was appointed a professor of pediatrics at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine in 1972 .   Evans is known as a pioneer in the clinical study and treatment of childhood cancers , particularly neuroblastoma , the most common of the solid childhood cancers . A year 2000 cover story in the journal Cancer Research says of Dr. Evans , `` More than any other person during the last three decades , she has transformed our thinking about neuroblastoma . '' She developed the Evans Staging System for neuroblastoma in 1971 based on both the site of origin and the clinical behavior of the tumor . Part of this advance permitted identification of patients who would fare well regardless of treatment ; she was also the first to withhold therapy from this group and spare these children unnecessary chemotherapy and its devastating side effects .   Evans is possibly best known for her role in creating the original Ronald McDonald House in 1974 . The facility gives families of young cancer patients a place to stay while their critically ill children receive treatment . She subsequently founded the Ronald McDonald Camp in 1987 for children suffering painful illnesses and treatments .   Evans instituted and chaired the early meetings for Advances in Neuroblastoma Research , which began on May 30 , 1975 , as a series of symposia held at Children 's Hospital of Philadelphia . This conference , now held every two years , is designed to promote the exchange of information among investigators studying neuroblastoma biology , diagnosis , prognosis , and therapy . Each year its international scope has increased .

neg: Richard Nixon Foundation The Richard Nixon Foundation is a not-for-profit organization based at the Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum in Yorba Linda , California . It was founded in the late 1980s by Richard Nixon , 37th President of the United States , and served as the governing body of the Nixon Library for nearly twenty years . Today it operates the Nixon Library in conjunction with the National Archives and Records Administration , which is an entity of the federal government of the United States , in addition to undertaking charitable and education-based activities .   The Nixon Foundation founded , controlled and operated the Nixon Library from the library 's dedication on July 19 , 1990 until July 11 , 2007 , at which the Foundation invited the National Archives to take control . The two entities signed a joint operating agreement which allowed the library to become officially known as the Richard Nixon Presidential Library , welcoming it into the national system of presidential libraries . This move allowed President Nixon 's White House documents to be moved to his library in Yorba Linda .   The Nixon Foundation is governed by a Board of Directors , led by former Nixon White House Director of Presidential Advance Ronald H. Walker . The board includes President Nixon 's daughters Tricia Nixon Cox and Julie Nixon Eisenhower , his brother Edward Nixon , former Ambassador George Argyros former California Governor Pete Wilson , and longest-serving Vietnam War POW Everett Alvarez , Jr. . The Foundation 's President and CEO is William Baribault .   The Foundation has hosted United States presidents , first ladies and several vice presidents . Also hosted have been public affairs commentators such as Bill O'Reilly , academics such as Doris Kearns Goodwin , and Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer .   The library includes `` Meet the Presidents , '' in which presidential impersonators speak to several hundred school-aged children . To commemorate the 10th anniversary of the September 11 , 2001 attacks , the Nixon Foundation brought 16 tons of warped steel from the World Trade Center and a damaged , first-responder FDNY firetruck to the Nixon Library for viewing .   Before the National Archives took over its management , the Nixon Library had been accused by several media outlets of glossing over Nixon 's 1974 resignation with `` whitewashed '' exhibits . In 2007 , the National Archives removed the 17 year old Watergate exhibit and , after three years , the new exhibit was scheduled to open in July 2010 . The Nixon Foundation objected to the proposed exhibit , because the Nixon Foundation was not consulted in the way that other presidential foundations had been consulted with similar situations . The Foundation filed a 158 page memorandum to the Assistant Archivist for Presidential Libraries expressing their dissatisfaction and NARA stated a committee would review the objection but gave no timeline for when that process would be concluded . The exhibit opened on March 31 , 2011 .

neg: Community Mental Health Act The Community Mental Health Act of 1963 ( CMHA ) ( also known as the Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act , Mental Retardation Facilities and Construction Act , Public Law 88-164 , or the Mental Retardation and Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act of 1963 ) was an act to provide federal funding for community mental health centers in the United States . This legislation was passed as part of John F. Kennedy 's New Frontier . It led to considerable deinstitutionalization .   In 1955 , Congress passed the Mental Health Study Act , leading to the establishment of the Joint Commission on Mental Illness and Mental Health . That Commission issued a report in 1961 , which would become the basis of the 1963 Act .   The CMHA provided grants to states for the establishment of local mental health centers , under the overview of the National Institute of Mental Health . The NIH also conducted a study involving adequacy in mental health issues . The purpose of the CMHA was to build mental health centers to provide for community-based care , as an alternative to institutionalization . At the centers , patients could be treated while working and living at home .   Only half of the proposed centers were ever built ; none were fully funded , and the act did n't provide money to operate them long-term . Some states saw an opportunity to close expensive state hospitals without spending some of the money on community-based care . Deinstitutionalization accelerated after the adoption of Medicaid in 1965 . During the Reagan administration , the remaining funding for the act was converted into a mental-health block grant for states . Since the CMHA was enacted , 90 percent of beds have been cut at state hospitals .   The CMHA proved to be a mixed success . Many patients , formerly warehoused in institutions , were released into the community . However , not all communities had the facilities or expertise to deal with them . In many cases , patients wound up in adult homes or with their families , or homeless in large cities , but without the mental health care they needed .

neg: Sentencing Act of 1987 The Sentencing Act of 1987 ( Pub.L . 100-182 ) enacted some changes to the federal sentencing regime in the United States . The legislation amended to permit expressly departures based on circumstances of an exceptional `` kind '' or `` degree . '' The insertion of this new language was described by the manager of the House bill , Representative John Conyers , as `` clarifying '' in nature because it simply made explicit in the law that which was previously described in the Senate Committee Report as implicit and intended . There is evidence that under the new regime , sentences may not have increased as much as expected : although the average prison term for trial sentences increases post‐reforms , there is no systematic increase in the average length of the pleas .   Additionally , the law abolished parole for federal prisoners and created the United States Sentencing Commission . The commission makes the guidelines used by federal judges when sentencing people convicted of a federal crime .   The bill was introduced by Senator Joseph Biden on October 27 , 1987 . It was signed into law on December 7 , 1987 , by President Ronald Reagan .

neg: Housing First Housing First is a relatively recent innovation in human service programs and social policy regarding treatment of the homeless and is an alternative to a system of emergency shelter/transitional housing progressions . Rather than moving homeless individuals through different `` levels '' of housing , whereby each level moves them closer to `` independent housing '' ( for example : from the streets to a public shelter , and from a public shelter to a transitional housing program , and from there to their own apartment in the community ) , Housing First moves the homeless individual or household immediately from the streets or homeless shelters into their own apartments . `` Rapid Re-Housing '' is based on Housing First principles and is considered a subset of the Housing First approach . Rapid Re-Housing differs primarily in the provision of short-term rent subsidies ( generally 3 -- 6 months ) , after which the tenant either pays rent without a subsidy or has access to a Section 8 Housing Choice voucher or the equivalent .   Housing First approaches are based on the concept that a homeless individual or household 's first and primary need is to obtain stable housing , and that other issues that may affect the household can and should be addressed once housing is obtained . In contrast , many other programs operate from a model of `` housing readiness '' -- that is , that an individual or household must address other issues that may have led to the episode of homelessness prior to entering housing .

neg: Riptide (album) Riptide is the eighth solo studio album by the British singer Robert Palmer . It was originally released in November 1985 . The album was recorded over a period of three months in 1985 , at Compass Point Studios in Nassau , Bahamas . The album charted at number 8 in the US and No. 5 in the UK . It was certified double platinum in the US by the RIAA in March 1996 and certified gold in the UK by BPI in August 1986 . It featured the songs `` Addicted to Love '' , `` I Did n't Mean to Turn You On '' , `` Discipline of Love '' , and `` Riptide '' which were all released as singles . The single `` Addicted to Love '' was accompanied by a memorable and much-imitated music video , directed by Terence Donovan , in which Palmer is surrounded by a bevy of near-identically clad , heavily made-up ( and appropriately pouty ) female `` musicians , '' either mimicking or mocking the painting style of Patrick Nagel . In September 1986 , Palmer performed `` Addicted to Love '' at the 1986 MTV Video Music Awards in Los Angeles . In 1987 , he won the Grammy Award for Best Male Rock Vocal Performance for `` Addicted to Love '' . At the 1987 Brit Awards , Palmer received his first nomination for Best British Male .   Another single from Riptide , his cover of Cherrelle 's `` I Did n't Mean to Turn You On '' , also performed well ( US # 2 , UK # 9 ) . Another song , `` Trick Bag , '' was written by one of his major influences , New Orleans jazz artist Earl King .   For the album , Palmer collaborated with two former members from The Power Station , guitarist Andy Taylor and drummer Tony Thompson . The Power Station 's producer Bernard Edwards also played bass and produced the album . The album also features contributions from American Singer-songwriter Chaka Khan , Level 42 's keyboardist Wally Badarou , and session musicians Guy Pratt , Jeff Bova , Eddie Martinez , and Jack Waldman ( who died a year after the album 's release ) .

neg: Comedown (drugs) Comedown or crashing is the deterioration in mood that happens as a psychoactive drug , typically a stimulant , is either decreasing or is cleared from the blood and thus the cerebral circulation . The improvement and deterioration of mood ( euphoria and dysphoria ) are represented in the cognitive schema #Noun as high and low elevations ; thus , after the drug has elevated the mood ( a state known as a high ) , there follows a period of coming back down , which often has a distinct character from withdrawal in stimulants . Generally , a comedown ( `` down , '' `` low , '' sometimes `` crash '' ) can happen to anyone as a transient symptom , but in people who are dependent on the drug ( especially those addicted to it ) , it is an early symptom of withdrawal and thus can be followed by others . Various drug classes , most especially stimulants and to a lesser degree opioids and sedatives , are subject to comedowns . A milder analogous mood cycle can happen even with blood sugar levels ( thus sugar highs and sugar lows ) , which is especially relevant to people with diabetes mellitus and to parents and teachers managing children 's behavior , as well as in adults with ADHD . Stimulant comedowns are unique in that they often appear very abruptly after a period of focus or high , and are typically the more intensely dysphoric phase of withdrawal than that following complete elimination from the bloodstream . Besides general dysphoria , this phase can be marked by frustration , anger , anhedonia , social withdrawal , and other symptoms characteristic to a milder mixed episode in Bipolar Disorder . Alertness and other general stimulant effects are still present .

neg: Gerardo Flores Gerardo Flores ( born 1986 ) of Lufkin , Texas , was convicted in 2005 of two counts of capital murder for giving his girlfriend , who was carrying twins , an at-home abortion the previous year . Prosecutors chose not to seek the death penalty , and so he was sentenced automatically to life in prison without the possibility of parole for 40 years . The conviction and sentence were denounced as the most draconian punishment for abortion in America in decades .   His girlfriend , Erica Basoria , was sixteen years old and five months pregnant at the time . She was unable to get an abortion , so after her own attempts to induce miscarriage failed she called upon Flores to try stepping on her midsection . A week later she miscarried . Under Texas law a woman can not be charged with causing the deaths of her own fetuses , so Flores alone stood trial .

neg: Richard Crawford White Richard Crawford White ( April 29 , 1923 -- February 18 , 1998 ) was a Democratic politician from El Paso , Texas , who served in the Texas House of Representatives from 1955 to 1959 and in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1965 to 1983 .   Born in El Paso , Texas , White graduated from Dudley Primary School , El Paso High School , and the Citizens ' Military Training Camp at San Antonio , Texas . Subsequently , from 1940 to 1942 , he attended the University of Texas at El Paso , then known as Texas Western College .   After his second year of college , White began his World War II service from 1942 to 1945 in the United States Marine Corps as a rifleman and Japanese-English interpreter in the Pacific Theater . As a result of injuries suffered , he was awarded the Purple Heart .   Returning to Texas after the war , White received his bachelor 's degree in 1946 from the University of Texas at Austin and his J.D. in 1949 from the University of Texas School of Law . He was admitted to the Texas state bar in 1949 and returned to El Paso to begin his legal career . He served two-year terms in the Texas House of Representatives , having been elected in 1954 and 1956 . He was the El Paso County Democratic chairman from 1963 to 1965 .   He was elected to the historic Eighty-ninth Congress as part of the national 1964 Democratic surge linked to U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson 's crushing defeat of Republican U.S. Senator Barry M. Goldwater of Arizona . White , who received more votes than Johnson did in the 16th District , played his part by unseating freshman Republican Ed Foreman of Odessa in the 16th Congressional District .   During his first term , White represented a monstrous district stretching from El Paso all the way to the Permian Basin -- an area of over 42,000 square miles . However , after Texas ' congressional map was thrown out in Wesberry v. Sanders , his district was cut down to El Paso and a few inner-ring suburbs . He was reelected eight times from this district with almost no difficulty .   As a U.S. representative , White developed a reputation as a moderate Democrat . He also chaired the Democratic Research Organization , a group within the party that distributed information from the leadership relevant to pending votes . Having Fort Bliss in the 16th Congressional District made White a natural choice for his place on the House Armed Services Committee . There he chaired the Military Personnel Subcommittee and was also instrumental in reorganization of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . He also served for a while on the Interior , Post Office & Civil Service , and Science & Technology committees . Choosing not to run again in 1982 , White returned to his hometown of El Paso to resume his law practice .   White was married twice . His first marriage in 1949 to Katherine Huffman produced three sons , Rodrick , Richard , and Raymond . After her death in 1972 , White married the former Kathleen Fitzgerald in 1973 . The second marriage produced one daughter , Bonnie , two sons , Sean and Brian , and one step-son , Kenneth .   White died on February 18 , 1998 . His ashes are interred at Arlington National Cemetery , in Arlington , Virginia , near the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier , in area 7A .

neg: We begin bombing in five minutes On August 11 , 1984 , United States President Ronald Reagan , while running for re-election , was preparing to make his weekly Saturday radio address on National Public Radio . During a sound check before the address , Reagan made the following joke to the radio technicians : `` My fellow Americans , I 'm pleased to tell you today that I 've signed legislation that will outlaw Russia forever . We begin bombing in five minutes . '' The joke was a parody of the opening line of that day 's speech : `` My fellow Americans , I 'm pleased to tell you that today I signed legislation that will allow student religious groups to begin enjoying a right they 've too long been denied -- the freedom to meet in public high schools during nonschool hours , just as other student groups are allowed to do . ''   Contrary to popular misconception , this microphone gaffe was not broadcast over the air , but rather leaked later to the general populace . But the Tokyo newspaper Yomiuri Shimbun reported in October 1984 that the Soviet Far East Army was placed on alert after word of the statement got out and that the alert was not withdrawn until 30 minutes later . An unnamed aide to US Representative Michael Barnes ( D-Md . ) confirmed that the Pentagon was aware of the alert . There was no report of any change in the DEFCON level for the United States . The Soviet reaction , and mild confusion it created , was covered by NBC news anchor Tom Brokaw .   This was not the first time Reagan had joked before giving a speech or address . The Soviet official news agency , TASS , condemned the joke , declaring that `` The USSR condemns this unprecedented and hostile attack by the US President '' and that `` this kind of behavior is incompatible with the great responsibility borne by heads of nuclear states for the destinies of their own people and mankind '' .

neg: 1986–90 Philippine coup attempts From 1986 to 1987 , there were six plots to overthrow Philippine President Corazon Aquino involving various members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines . A significant number of the military participants in these attempts belonged to the Reform the Armed Forces Movement ( RAM ) , while others were identified loyalists of former President Ferdinand Marcos , who had been deposed in the People Power Revolution in late February 1986 .   Two attempts -- the November 1986 `` God Save the Queen Plot '' and the July 1987 plot -- were uncovered and quashed by authorities before they could be operationalised . The other plots were repelled with little or no violence , the deadliest being the August 1987 coup attempts which left 53 dead . An even more serious coup attempt would be staged against the Aquino government in December 1989 . Following the plot 's failure , President Aquino established a fact-finding commission headed by then-COMELEC Chairman Hilario Davide , Jr. . The report would become known as the Davide Commission Report , and it was mandated to investigate and provide a full report on the series of coup attempts against the Aquino government .

neg: Typhoon Irma (1985) Typhoon Irma , known in the Philippines as Typhoon Daling , affected the Philippines in late June 1985 . Typhoon Irma originated from a monsoon trough situated near Guam in the Western Pacific Ocean . It slowly developed , with insufficient organization delaying classification as a tropical cyclone . By June 24 , organization improved as the system encountered favorable conditions aloft and the disturbance attained tropical storm intensity the next day . Moving west , Irma gradually deepened , and on June 28 , it was believed to have attained typhoon intensity . On the morning of June 27 , Irma was upgraded into a typhoon . After passing northeast of the Philippines , Typhoon Irma attained its peak intensity on June 29 . Accelerating to the north and then the northeast , Irma steadily weakened as it encountered significantly less favorable conditions . The typhoon made landfall in central Japan on June 30 . Irma weakened below typhoon intensity the next day , and later on July 1 , Irma transition into an extratropical cyclone . The remnants of the cyclone were tracked until July 7 , when it merged with an extratropical low south of the Kamchatka Peninsula .   Although Irma stayed offshore the Philippines , moisture associated with the storm inundated areas already affected by Typhoon Hal earlier in the week . The capital city of Manila was 60 % flooded , resulting in the evacuation of 40,000 . Six drownings were reported in the nearby suburb of Quezon City , where 1,000 families were evacuated . City-wide , eight people were killed . In Olongapo City , seven people were buried because of a landslide . Overall , more than 500,000 people were directly affected by the typhoon throughout the country . A total of 253 homes were destroyed , with 1,854 others partially damaged . Nation-wide , 65 people were killed due to the typhoon and damage totaled $ 16 million ( 1985 USD ) .   Across Japan , Irma brought widespread flooded that resulted in 1,475 mudslides , which damaged 625 residencies . The storm left 650,000 customers without power . In the Chiba Prefecture , seven people were injured . In the capital city of Tokyo , 119 trees were toppled , 40 homes were flooded , 20 flights were cancelled , 26 railway lines were suspended , and 25 roads were flooded , all combining to leave more than 240,000 stranded . In Izu Ōshima , 17 boats were swept away and 20 houses were damaged . Nation-wide , 19 people were killed and 49 others were injured . A total of 811 dwellings were destroyed and 10,000 others were damage . Throughout the country , the storm inflicted $ 545 million in damage .

neg: Roberto Iglesias Pérez Roberto Iglesias Pérez was a Puerto Rican politician and former mayor of Carolina from 1976 to 1984 .   Iglesias was elected as Mayor of Carolina at the 1976 general elections . He served in that position until 1984 , when he was succeeded by José Aponte de la Torre .   In 1991 , Iglesias was accused of four charges of illegal appropriation of public funds from the city of Carolina . After a long trial , Iglesias declared himself guilty in 1995 and served one year on parole . As part of the sentence , he was forced to pay back $ 29,000 to the city .   Iglesias ' son , Roger , is also a politician who is currently serving as a member of the Senate of Puerto Rico .

neg: Louis O. Giuffrida Louis Onorato Giuffrida ( October 2 , 1920 -- November 20 , 2012 ) was the Ronald Reagan administration 's first director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency from 1981 to 1985 .   Giuffrida graduated from the University of Connecticut ( B.A. ) and Boston University ( M.A. ) .   He had a lengthy career in the U.S. Army , attaining the rank of colonel in 1968 .   As originally reported by Alfonso Chardy in a newspaper article in the Miami Herald , July 5 , 1987 , at the US Army War College , Giuffrida wrote a thesis outlining a military plan for the forcible relocation of millions of black Americans to concentration camps in the event of a national emergency involving racial strife . This is debatable as the thesis referenced below states it would take 14 years to relocate them forcibly . The thesis appears to refer to 500K self-described militants ( see page 38 ) being relocated . On page 41 , he appears to question whether this is even realistic . Much of the thesis appears to be devoted to the history of racism and concludes that the treatment of blacks in the army offers a positive example to society ( see pages 1 and 47 ) Prior to September 2014 the Miami Herald article was the only publication to share details about Giuffrida 's thesis .   In 1971 he left the Army and organized the California Specialized Training Institute for then California Governor Reagan . The institute trained state employees in emergency management and police in counter-terrorism activities . . It was during this time that Giuffrida became friends with Edwin Meese .   He also served as an advisor on terrorism , emergency management , and other special topics for Governor Reagan . He was eventually promoted to the rank of general in the California Militia -LSB- see Title 32 U.S. Code -RSB- . Giuffrida was confirmed on May 18 , 1981 . At the time of his nomination Giuffrida was president of the Specialized Management Services Co. and director of the California Specialized Training Institute .   During his tenure at FEMA , Giuffrida developed much of FEMA 's civil defense programs , including Continuity of Government .   Giuffrida was eventually forced out of the agency in 1985 after a Congressional investigation alleged that he spent government money to build a private residence at FEMA 's Emergency Management Institute in Emmitsburg , Maryland as well as mismanagement and fraud .

neg: Raymond Lee Harvey Raymond Lee Harvey was an Ohio-born unemployed American drifter . He was arrested by the Secret Service after being found carrying a starter pistol with blank rounds , ten minutes before President Jimmy Carter was to give a speech at the Civic Center Mall in Los Angeles on May 5 , 1979 .   Although he had a history of mental illness , police investigated his claims that he was part of a four-man operation to assassinate the president . He claimed that he had been approached by three Latino men staying at the Alan Hotel who gave him the starter pistol , and asked him to shoot it into the ground to create a diversion , so they could then shoot the president from their hotel room during the distraction . According to Harvey , he fired seven blank rounds from the starter pistol on the hotel roof on the night of May 4 , to test how much noise it would make . He then spent the night in a room taken by one of the men , whom he knew as `` Julio '' , but who was later identified as a 21-year-old illegal Mexican alien who gave the name Osvaldo Espinoza Ortiz . At the time of his arrest , Harvey had eight spent rounds in his pocket , as well as 70 unspent blank rounds for the gun .   The names `` Lee Harvey '' and `` Osvaldo '' ( Osvaldo is the Spanish equivalent to `` Oswald '' ) drew comparisons to Lee Harvey Oswald , who assassinated President John F. Kennedy . This led conspiracy theorists to claim that the incident was set up to scare Carter into submission . Although originally dismissed as `` a tale spun by an intoxicated man , '' police investigating the claims found a room in the Alan Hotel rented under the name `` Umberto Camacho , '' the name of an alleged conspirator given by Ortiz , containing a shotgun case and three unspent rounds of ammunition . The occupant had checked out of the hotel room the day of the alleged assassination attempt .   Harvey was jailed on a $ 50,000 bond , given his transient status , and Ortiz was alternately reported as being held on a $ 100,000 bond as a material witness or held on a $ 50,000 bond being charged with burglary from a car . Charges against the pair were ultimately dismissed for a lack of evidence .   His age at the time of the event has been alternately given as 34 or 35 .

neg: Medical Respite Care Medical respite care , also referred to as recuperative care , is acute and post-acute medical care for homeless persons who are too ill or frail to recover from a physical illness or injury on the streets but are not ill enough to be in a hospital . Unlike `` respite '' for caregivers , `` medical respite '' is short-term residential care that allows homeless individuals the opportunity to rest in a safe environment while accessing medical care and other supportive services . Medical respite programs provide hospitals with an alternative to discharging homeless patients to the streets or to unequipped shelters when patients would otherwise be discharged to their homes for self-care and recuperation . In addition to providing post-acute care and clinical oversight , medical respite programs seek to improve transitional care for this population and end the cycle of homelessness by supporting patients in access benefits and housing .   As of 2014 , over 70 medical respite programs have been established across the United States and a number are in development . Medical respite programs are housed in a number of different facility types including homeless shelters , motel rooms , nursing facilities , assisted living facilities and stand-alone facilities . The largest facility is based out of Boston , Massachusetts ( United States ) , called the Barbara McIinnis House , which has 104 beds for men and women in need of a safe place to recuperate after leaving a hospital . The national average length of stay in medical respite programs is 40 days ( 30 days median ) .   Studies and discussion about medical respite care include works on an individual and program level . A study out of Chicago looking at the impact of medical respite care on future hospitalizations found that patients who accessed medical respite care required fewer hospital stays ( 3.7 vs. 8.3 days ) in the 12-months after program participation than those discharged from the hospital to the street or shelter . Another study out of Boston found similar results with homeless patients requiring 50 % fewer hospital readmissions in the 90-days following medical respite program participation than those released to their own care ( the street or shelter ) . Medical respite care has been discussed in the American Medical New Ethics Forum .   Medical respite care is listed as a strategy in the federal plan to prevent and end homelessness . The Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation is currently conducting a national demonstration program to assess the impact of medical respite care . The demonstration is supported by the Affordable Care Act as an effort to improve health outcomes and health care quality while reducing health care spending for this population .   The National Health Care for the Homeless Council maintains a Respite Care Providers ' Network of over 700 providers , consumers , and advocates who seek to improve access to medical respite care for homeless individuals across the country .

neg: Water privatisation in Jakarta Water privatisation in Jakarta began when the British water company Thames Water entered into an agreement with the son of then-President Suharto in 1993 to obtain a water concession . Under the influence of the French water company Suez , however , the government decided to split the city 's service area between the two companies . The government awarded Thames Water and Suez each a concession for one half of the city without competitive bidding . The contracts foresaw water charge increases that would allow the companies to earn a comfortable 22 percent rate of return . However , only two months after the contracts were signed , the Indonesian rupiah massively lost in value due to the East Asian financial crisis , and President Suharto was toppled . The concessions survived , but the government imposed a tariff freeze and the contracts had to be renegotiated to reduce their targets . In 2006 Suez sold half and Thames Water all its shares to Indonesian investors .   The main targets of the concession were to increase service coverage from an initial 46 percent and to reduce water losses from 61 percent . The original target of the concessions was to reach 75 percent service coverage in 2008 and 100 percent at the end of the concession . They also aimed to reduce water losses to 25 percent by 2008 and 20 percent by the end of the concession . These targets were substantially loosened during the renegotiations : The new 2008 targets were 68 percent for service coverage and 42 percent for water losses . In 2008 service coverage reached only 64 percent and water losses were reduced to only 50 percent . During the same period , water tariffs increased threefold . This increase was partly due to increases in the cost of electricity and bulk water purchases which are passed through by the private companies to the customers .   On 24 March 2015 the Central Jakarta District Court ruled the privatisation of Jakarta 's water was illegal and ordered the return of the water system to public control . The court noted that the private operators were `` negligent in fulfilling the human right to water for Jakarta 's residents . '' The government of Indonesia and the private operators lodged an appeal against the court decision . The government , which wants to attract private infrastructure investment , has not made any preparations to buy back the concessions , which remain in place pending a final court decision .

neg: Omayra Sánchez Omayra Sánchez Garzón ( August 28 , 1972November 16 , 1985 ) was a Colombian girl killed in Armero , department of Tolima , by the 1985 eruption of the Nevado del Ruiz volcano when she was 13 years old . Volcanic debris mixed with ice to form massive lahars ( volcanically induced mudslides , landslides , and debris flows ) that rushed into the river valleys below the mountain , killing nearly 23,000 people and destroying Armero and 13 other villages .   After a lahar demolished her home , Sánchez became pinned beneath the debris of her house , where she remained trapped in water for three days . Her plight was documented as she descended from calmness into agony . Her courage and dignity touched journalists and relief workers , who put great efforts into comforting her . After 60 hours of struggling , she died , likely as a result of either gangrene or hypothermia . Her death highlighted the failure of officials to respond correctly to the threat of the volcano , contrasted with the efforts of volunteer rescue workers to reach and treat trapped victims , despite inadequate supplies and equipment .   A photograph of Sánchez taken by the photojournalist Frank Fournier shortly before she died was published in news outlets around the world . It was later designated the World Press Photo of the Year for 1986 . Sánchez has remained a lasting figure in popular culture , remembered through music , literature , and commemorative articles .

neg: Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985 The Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985 ( or COBRA ) is a law passed by the U.S. Congress on a reconciliation basis and signed by President Ronald Reagan that , among other things , mandates an insurance program which gives some employees the ability to continue health insurance coverage after leaving employment . COBRA includes amendments to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 ( ERISA ) . The law deals with a great variety of subjects , such as tobacco price supports , railroads , private pension plans , emergency room treatment , disability insurance , and the postal service , but it is perhaps best known for Title X , which amends the Internal Revenue Code and the Public Health Service Act to deny income tax deductions to employers ( generally those with 20 or more full-time equivalent employees ) for contributions to a group health plan unless such plan meets certain continuing coverage requirements . The violation for failing to meet those criteria was subsequently changed to an excise tax .   Although this statute became law on April 7 , 1986 , its official name is the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985 . Because of the discrepancy between the official name of the Act and the year in which it was enacted , some government publications refer to the Act as the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1986 . The Act is often referred to simply as `` COBRA '' .


query: Gemini is a 2002 action movie.

pos: Gemini (2002 Tamil film) Gemini is a 2002 Indian Tamil-language action film written and directed by Saran and produced by AVM Productions . The film features Vikram in the title role of a small-time criminal and aspiring don who , after falling in love , decides to refrain from crime ; Kiran Rathod plays his love interest . Murali stars as Singaperumal , a police officer who inspires and guides Gemini in his attempts to reform . The cast includes Kalabhavan Mani as the principal antagonist while Vinu Chakravarthy , Manorama and Thennavan portray significant roles . Based on gang wars in Chennai , the film delves into the lives of outlaws and the roles the police and society play in their rehabilitation and acceptance .   In early 2001 , rival gangsters `` Vellai '' Ravi and Chera reformed themselves with the patronage of a police officer . Saran was inspired by this incident and scripted a story based on it . The film was initially entitled Erumugam with Ajith Kumar intended to play the lead role , but the project was shelved after a week 's shoot when Ajith lost interest and left . Saran reworked the script , retitled the production Gemini and cast the new leads . The revived project was announced in August 2001 . Production began shortly afterwards in December the same year and was completed by March 2002 . The film was shot mainly at the AVM Studios in Chennai , while two song sequences were filmed in Switzerland . The film had cinematography by A. Venkatesh and editing by Suresh Urs while the soundtrack was scored by Bharathwaj .   The film 's soundtrack was well received , with the song `` O Podu '' becoming a sensation in Tamil Nadu . Gemini was released two days ahead of the Tamil New Year on 12 April 2002 and received mixed reviews from critics , with praise directed towards the performances of Vikram and Mani but criticism towards Saran 's script . Made at an estimated cost of , the film earned at the box office and became the highest-grossing Tamil film of the year . The film 's success , largely attributed to the popularity of `` O Podu '' , resurrected the Tamil film industry , which was experiencing difficulties after a series of box office failures . The film won three Filmfare Awards , three ITFA Awards and four Cinema Express Awards . Later that same year , Saran remade the film in Telugu as Gemeni .

neg: Fear of the Dark (2002 film) Fear of the Dark is a 2002 Canadian horror film directed by K.C. Bascombe .

neg: Dark Descent Dark Descent is a 2002 film written and directed by Daniel Knauf .

neg: Shangri-La (film) Shangri-La ( Kin ` yû hametsu Nippon : Tôgenkyô no hito-bito ) is a 2002 film directed by Takashi Miike .

neg: Full Moon Party (film) Full Moon Party ( Volle maan ) is a 2002 Dutch film .   It received a Golden Film ( 75,000 tickets sold ) and a Platinum Film ( 200,000 tickets sold ) .

neg: Soul Mate (film) Soul Mate ( L'anima gemella ) is a 2002 Italian fantasy-comedy film directed by Sergio Rubini . It is based on the novel with the same name written by Sandro Veronesi . It premiered at the 59th Venice International Film Festival .

neg: L'Affaire Dumont L'Affaire Dumont is a Canadian drama film , released in 2012 . Written by Danielle Dansereau and directed by Daniel `` Podz '' Grou , the film stars Marc-André Grondin as Michel Dumont , a divorced young father of two who is accused of a sexual assault he did not commit . The film 's cast also includes Geneviève Brouillette , Patrick Hivon and Marilyn Castonguay .   The film garnered seven Canadian Screen Awards nominations at the 1st Canadian Screen Awards , including Best Picture , Best Actor in a Leading Role ( Grondin ) , Best Actress in a Leading Role ( Castonguay ) , Best Art Direction and Production Design ( André Guimond ) , Best Editing ( Valérie Héroux ) , Best Sound Editing ( Pierre-Jules Audet , Michelle Cloutier , Thierry Bourgault D'Amico , Nathalie Fleurant and Cédrick Marin ) and Best Make-Up ( Marlène Rouleau and André Duval ) .

neg: Grand Theft Auto III Grand Theft Auto III is an open world action-adventure third-person shooter video game developed by DMA Design and published by Rockstar Games . It was released on 22 October 2001 for the PlayStation 2 , on 20 May 2002 for Microsoft Windows , and on 31 October 2003 for the Xbox . A remastered version of the game was released on mobile platforms in 2011 , for the game 's tenth anniversary . It is the fifth title in the Grand Theft Auto series , and the first main entry since 1999 's Grand Theft Auto 2 . Set within the fictional Liberty City , based on New York City , the game follows Claude after he is left for dead and quickly becomes entangled in a world of gangs , crime and corruption .   The game is played from a third-person perspective and its world is navigated on foot or by vehicle . The open world design lets players freely roam Liberty City , consisting of three main islands . Development was shared between DMA Design , based in Edinburgh and Rockstar , in New York City . Much of the development work constituted transforming popular series elements into a 3D world . The game was delayed following the September 11 attacks , to allow the team to change references and gameplay deemed inappropriate .   Upon release , the game received critical acclaim , with praise particularly directed at its concept and gameplay . However , the game also generated controversy , with criticism directed at the depiction of violence and sexual content . Grand Theft Auto III became the best-selling video game of 2001 , and has sold over 17 million copies . Considered one of the most significant titles of the sixth generation of video games , and by many critics as one of the greatest video games of all time , it won year-end accolades , including Game of the Year awards from several gaming publications . Since its release , it has received numerous ports to many gaming platforms . Its successor , Grand Theft Auto : Vice City , was released in October 2002 .

neg: Lightning Entertainment Lightning Entertainment is an American film distributor , sales agent , and production company based in Santa Monica , California . It was founded in 2002 by Richard Guardian , Rich Goldberg , and Marc Greenberg , focusing on sales and distribution of independent films . It began offering film production services in 2012 , which it stated were designed to help domestic films better target international markets .

neg: 2002 (film) 2002 is a Hong Kong science fiction action film directed by Wilson Yip and starring Nicholas Tse and Stephen Fung

neg: The Tuxedo The Tuxedo is a 2002 American comedy -- action film directed by Kevin Donovan and starring Jackie Chan , Jennifer Love Hewitt and Jason Isaacs . It is a spy spoof that involves a special tuxedo that grants its wearer special abilities and a corporate terrorist threatening to poison the United States ' fresh water supply with bacteria that spills electrolytes into the blood and totally dehydrates the host .

neg: 1st Gemini Awards The 1st Gemini Awards were held in Toronto on 4 December 1986 to honour achievements in Canadian television . Gémeaux Award , the French version of the Gemini Awards were held for the first time this year as well . The 1985 television miniseries Anne of Green Gables was the most prominent winner .   English-language television coverage of the ceremonies was originally scheduled for broadcast on CBC Television , but labour disruptions at that network forced the telecast to move to a syndicated arrangement of private television stations including Toronto 's Citytv . Unused cable channels in Montreal carried the broadcast in that city . The inaugural Gemini Awards were hosted by Second City Television performers Eugene Levy , Andrea Martin and Dave Thomas from the Metro Toronto Convention Centre .

neg: Holden Gemini The Holden Gemini is a compact car which was produced by Holden and sold in Australasia from 1975 to 1986 . It was based on the Japanese Isuzu Gemini , one of the many models based on the GM T-car platform .

neg: Guerreros Guerreros ( lit . Warriors ) is a 2002 Spanish film about a group of Spanish soldiers and their French allies stationed in the border between Kosovo and Serbia during the KFOR humanitarian deployment of 2001 . It was nominated for two Goya Awards . The film follows the young and inexperienced soldiers as they become embroiled in the conflict that surrounds them and their struggle to survive .

neg: 60th Golden Globe Awards 60thGolden Globe Awards  January 19 , 2003   Picture -- Drama :  The Hours   Picture -- Comedy or Musical :  Chicago   TV Series -- Drama :  The Shield   TV Series -- Musical or Comedy :  Curb Your Enthusiasm   The 60th Golden Globe Awards , honoring the best in film and television for 2002 , were held on January 19 , 2003 in the Beverly Hilton Hotel , Beverly Hills , California .

neg: American Gun (2002 film) American Gun is a 2002 drama film written and directed by Alan Jacobs . It stars James Coburn ( in his final film ) , Virginia Madsen , Barbara Bain and Alexandra Holden .

neg: Demon Under Glass Demon Under Glass is a 2002 film directed by Jon Cunningham . The film tells the story of a centuries old vampire , Simon Molinar ( Jason Carter ) who gets captured by a government group calling themselves The Delphi Project . The team of scientists and government officials proceed to study the vampire in captivity . It 's only one member of the team , a Dr. Joe McKay , who starts to treat the vampire captive like an actual person rather than as an experiment . Dr. Mckay is forced to see the humantiy of their monster captive and the ruthless cruelty of his own team and raises the question of what defines a monster ?

neg: Assassination Tango Assassination Tango is a 2002 American-Argentine crime thriller film written , produced , directed by , and starring Robert Duvall . Other actors include Rubén Blades , Kathy Baker and Duvall 's Argentine wife , Luciana Pedraza . Francis Ford Coppola was one of the executive producers .   The film centers on the life of a hitman who travels to Argentina for a job , as well as his discovery of Argentine tango and his relationship with a woman living there . The film is considered a `` labour of love '' of Duvall , a self-confessed tango addict . Most of the film was shot in Buenos Aires , and some scenes at the beginning and end of the story were filmed in Coney Island , Brooklyn .

neg: 2002 in UFC The year 2002 is the 10th year in the history of the Ultimate Fighting Championship ( UFC ) , a mixed martial arts promotion based in the United States . In 2002 the UFC held 7 events beginning with , UFC 35 : Throwdown .

neg: Reversal (film) Reversal is a 2001 movie about a high school wrestler , directed by Jimi Petulla . The movie , starring Danny Mousetis , chronicles the struggle of Leo Leone as he strives for the Pennsylvania state title and his dad 's affection . Coached by his father , Edward Leone ( played by Jimi Petulla ) , he is constantly pushed towards this goal . He is forced to decide between the approval of his father or his own wishes as he feels the strain from years of training and making weight . The movie never made it to the mainstream public , however received vocal support from many leaders in the wrestling community such as Cael Sanderson and Kurt Angle .   The soundtrack was composed by Jeff Danna . His first credits were as a contributing composer for Fox 's popular series Beverly Hills 90210 . One of his more recent and noteworthy scores were for The Boondock Saints ( Parts I & II ) . In 2001 , other than Reversal , Danna composed three more films ; O , The Grey Zone and Green Dragon . His music has also been heard on the hit syndicated series Kung Fu : The Legend Continues and in the telefilm `` Baby , '' with Farrah Fawcett .


query: The Nilotic languages are spoken in South Sudan and Tanzania.

pos: Nilotic languages The Nilotic languages are a group of Eastern Sudanic languages spoken across a wide area between South Sudan and Tanzania by the Nilotic peoples , who traditionally practice cattle-herding .

neg: Sere languages The Sere languages are a family of Ubangian languages , such as Kpala , spoken in South Sudan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo . Several are endangered . The most populous Sere language is Ndogo of South Sudan , with about 30,000 speakers .

neg: Ikizu language Ikizu ( Ikikizu , Kiikiizo ) is a Bantu language spoken by the Ikizu peoples of Tanzania . Dialects are Ikizu proper and Sizaki . Maho ( 2009 ) treats Sizaki ( Shashi ) as a separate language . However , Ethnologue 16 retired the ISO code for Sizaki , merging it into Ikizu .

neg: Banyamulenge Banyamulenge , sometimes called `` Tutsi Congolese '' , is a term historically referring to the ethnic Tutsi concentrated on the High Plateau of South Kivu , in the eastern region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo , close to the Burundi-Congo-Rwanda border .   The Banyamulenge form a minority of the South Kivu population . Rival ethnic groups in the late 1990s claimed the Banyamulenge numbered no more than 35,000 , while the Banyamulenge sympathizers claim up to ten times that number . The population of Banyamulenge in the early 21st century is estimated at between 50,000 and 70,000 by René Lemarchand or by Gérard Prunier at around 60,000 -- 80,000 , a figure about 3 -- 4 percent of the total provincial population .   Lemarchand notes that the group represents `` a rather unique case of ethnogenesis . '' The Banyamulenge of South Kivu are culturally and socially distinct from the Tutsis of North Kivu and the Tutsis who fled to South Kivu in the 1959 -- 1962 Rwandan revolution . Most Banyamulenge speak Kinyarwanda , and those that do speak it with a dialect different from other Tutsi groups . The ambiguous political and social position of the Banyamulenge has been a point of contention in the province , leading to the Banyamulenge playing a key role in the run-up to the First Congo War in 1996 -- 7 and Second Congo War of 1998 -- 2003 .

neg: Luo people of Kenya and Tanzania The Luo ( also called Joluo or Jonagi/Onagi , singular Jaluo , Jaonagi or Joramogi/Nyikwaramogi , meaning Ramogi 's heirs ) are an ethnic group in western Kenya , northern Uganda , and in Mara Region in northern Tanzania . They are part of a larger group of ethno-linguistically related Luo peoples who inhabit an area ranging from South Sudan , South-Western Ethiopia , Northern and Eastern Uganda , South-Western Kenya and North-Eastern Tanzania .   The Luo are the fourth largest ethnic group ( 15 % ) in Kenya , after the Kikuyu ( 22 % ) , the Kalenjin ( 18 % ) and the Luhya ( 16 % ) . The Luo and the Kikuyu inherited the bulk of political power in the first years following Kenya 's independence in 1963 . The Luo population in Kenya was estimated to be 2,185,000 in 1994 and 3.4 million in 2010 according to Govt census . However the figure was disputed by many Luos as not scientific since a significant portion of people previously considered as Luo were now counted as Suba people ( of Kenya and Tanzania ) . The Subas eventually numbered 300,000 but most are completely assimilated Luos by culture , name , language and political orientation and have more or less the same outlook of life . This is a result of heavy intermarriage and interaction of The Luos also feel that their overall population has always been downscaled by successive Kenyan regime census in an attempt to mute the strong Luo political voice . Sample census conducted by experts estimate the total Kenyan Luo population to be currently at around 5 million . The Tanzanian Luo population was estimated at 1.1 million in 2001 and 1.9 million in 2010 .   The main Luo livelihoods are fishing , farming and pastoral herding . Outside Luoland , the Luo comprise a significant fraction of East Africa 's intellectual and skilled labour force in various professions . Others members work in eastern Africa as tenant fishermen , small scale farmers , and urban workers .   They speak the Dholuo language , which belongs to the Western Nilotic branch of the Nilo-Saharan language family spoken by other Luo-speaking peoples , such as the Lango , Acholi , Adhola and Alur ( all of Uganda and parts of South Sudan and Eastern Congo ) . The four waves of Luo migration were chiefly from the four Luo-speaking groups ( Lwoo ) , especially Acholi and Padhola . Dholuo , spoken in Kenya , is considered to be proper and standard Luo because it contains elements from all other Lwoo languages . It is estimated that Dholuo has 90 % lexical similarity with Lep Alur ( Alur language ) ; 83 % with Lep Achol ( Acholi language ) ; 81 % with Lango language , 93 % with Dhopadhola ( Padhola language ) , 74 % with Anuak , and 69 % with Jurchol ( Luwo ) & Dhi-Pari ( Pari ) .   The Luo are the originators of a number of music styles , such as Benga , Ohangla , Dodo , Nyatiti , Orutu and Otenga .

neg: List of companies of Tanzania Tanzania is a large country in Eastern Africa within the African Great Lakes region . Parts of the country are in Southern Africa . It is bordered by Kenya and Uganda to the north ; Rwanda , Burundi , and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west ; Zambia , Malawi , and Mozambique to the south ; and by the Indian Ocean to the east . Kilimanjaro , Africa 's highest mountain , is in northeastern Tanzania .   The country has the second largest economy in the East African Community and the twelfth largest in Africa . It is largely dependent on agriculture for employment , accounting for about half of the employed workforce . An estimated 34 percent of Tanzanians currently live in poverty . The economy has been transitioning from a command economy to a market economy since 1985 . Although total GDP has increased since these reforms began , GDP per capita dropped sharply at first , and only exceeded the pre-transition figure in around 2007 .

neg: Tingal people Tingal is an ethnic group in Northern Sudan . They speak Tingal , a Niger -- Congo language . They number at least several thousands .

neg: Sabaki languages The Sabaki languages are the Bantu languages of the Swahili Coast , named for the Sabaki River . In addition to Swahili , they include Ilwana ( Malakote ) and Pokomo on the Tana River in Kenya , Mijikenda , spoken on the Kenyan coast ; and Comorian , in the Comoro Islands . In Guthrie 's geographic classification , Swahili is in Bantu zone G , whereas the other Sabaki languages are in zone E70 , commonly under the name Nyika .

neg: Nande language Nande , also known as ( Oru ) Ndandi and Yira , is a Bantu language spoken in the Democratic Republic of the Congo .   The Nande of Congo and the Konjo people of Uganda are a single ethnic group , which they call Yira ( Bayira ) . They trace their origins to the Ruwenzori Mountains between the two countries . The languages are close enough to be considered divergent dialects . Nande has a number of dialects of its own : Nande proper , Kumbule , Mate , Tangi , Sanza , Shu , Songola ( Songoora , Nyangala ) , Swaga / Kira ( in Nande , all of these are prefixed with eki - ) .   For the varieties of this language known as Shu we are given the information that another language , `` EkiShukaali '' was formerly spoken by the women , the AvaShukaali . This may be a specific reference to some kind of `` secret jargon '' into which the girls , and not boys , were initiated .   Some of the Nande of Congo have a patron -- vassal relationship with the Efé Pygmies .

neg: Mündü language Mündü ( Mondo ) is a Ubangian language of South Sudan , with a few thousand speakers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo .

neg: Aja language (Nilo-Saharan) Aja is a Central Sudanic language spoken in the southern South Sudanese province of Bahr el Ghazal and along the South Sudanese border in the Central African Republic . Although the Aja are ethnically Kresh , their language is unintelligible to other Kresh languages . It is largely Banda in vocabulary , though it remains Kresh in structure . Most members of the tribe are bilingual in Kresh . Alternate spellings are Adja and Ajja .

neg: Nyakyusa language Nyakyusa , or Nyakyusa-Ngonde , is a Bantu language of Tanzania and Malawi spoken by the Nyakyusa people around the northern end of Lake Malawi . There is no single name for the language as a whole ; dialects are Nyakyusa , Ngonde ( Konde ) , Kukwe , Mwamba ( Lungulu ) , and Selya ( Salya , Seria ) of Tanzania . Disregarding the Bantu language prefixes Iki - and Ki - , the language is also known as Konde ~ Nkhonde , Mombe , Nyekyosa ~ Nyikyusa , and Sochile ~ Sokili .   Sukwa is often listed as another dialect , but according to Nurse ( 1988 ) and Fourshey ( 2002 ) it is a dialect of Lambya .   In Malawi Nyakusa and Kyangonde are spoken in the northern part of Karonga District , on the shore of Lake Malawi close to the border with Tanzania , while Nkhonde is spoken the centre of the district , including in the town of Karonga .   According to the Language Mapping Survey for Northern Malawi carried out by the Centre for Language Studies of the University of Malawi , `` Nyakyuska , though spoken by very few people , mainly at Iponga in Sub T / A Mwakawoko 's area , is regarded as the parent language from which Kyangonde and Chinkhonde originated . Kyangonde , on the other hand , is regarded as the most prestigious and standard language/dialect of the district . ... Chinkhonde is seen as a dialect of Kyangonde which has been heavily influenced by Citumbuka . ''   The same Survey contains a folktale ( the Tortoise and the Hare ) in Chinkhonde and other languages of Northern Malawi , as well as some comparative vocabulary .

neg: Slavery in Sudan Slavery in Sudan began in ancient times , and recently had a resurgence during the 1983 to 2005 Second Sudanese Civil War . During the Trans-Saharan slave trade , many Nilotic peoples from the lower Nile Valley were purchased as slaves and brought to work elsewhere in North Africa and the Orient by Nubians , Egyptians , Berbers and Arabs .   Starting in 1995 , many human rights organizations have reported on contemporary practice , especially in the context of the Second Sudanese civil war .  According to reports of Human Rights Watch and others , during the war the government of Sudan was involved in backing and arming numerous slave-taking militias in the country as part of its war against the SPLA . It also found the government failed to enforce Sudanese laws against kidnapping , assault and forced labor , or to help victims ' families locate their children . )   Another report ( by the International Eminent Persons Group ) found both the government-backed militias and the rebels ( led by the SPLA ) guilty of abducting civilians , though the abducting civilians by pro-government militias was `` of particular concern '' and `` in a significant number of cases '' , led to slavery `` under the definition of slavery in the International Slavery Convention of 1926 . The Sudanese government maintained that the slavery is the product of inter-tribal warfare , over which it had no control .   According to the Rift Valley Institute , slave raiding and abduction `` effectively ceased '' in 2002 , although an `` unknown number '' of slaves remain in captivity .

neg: Afrikaans Afrikaans ( -LSB- ˌæfrᵻˈkɑːns , _ ˌɑːfri - , _ - ˈkɑːnts , _ - ˈkɑːnz -RSB- ) is a West Germanic language spoken in South Africa , Namibia and , to a lesser extent , Botswana and Zimbabwe . It evolved from the Dutch vernacular of South Holland ( Hollandic dialect ) spoken by the mainly Dutch settlers of what is now South Africa , where it gradually began to develop distinguishing characteristics in the course of the 18th century . Hence , it is a daughter language of Dutch , and was previously referred to as `` Cape Dutch '' ( a term also used to refer collectively to the early Cape settlers ) or `` kitchen Dutch '' ( a derogatory term used to refer to Afrikaans in its earlier days ) . However , it is also variously described as a creole or as a partially creolised language.Afrikaans is a daughter language of Dutch ; see , , , , , . Afrikaans was historically called Cape Dutch ; see , , , , , . Afrikaans is rooted in seventeenth century dialects of Dutch ; see , , , . Afrikaans is variously described as a creole , a partially creolised language , or a deviant variety of Dutch ; see . The term is ultimately derived from Dutch Afrikaans-Hollands meaning `` African Dutch '' . It is the first language of most of the Afrikaners and Coloureds of Southern Africa .   Although Afrikaans has adopted words from other languages , including Portuguese , the Bantu languages , Malay , German and the Khoisan languages , an estimated 90 to 95 % of Afrikaans vocabulary is of Dutch origin .  Therefore , differences with Dutch often lie in the more analytic morphology and grammar of Afrikaans , and a spelling that expresses Afrikaans pronunciation rather than standard Dutch . There is a large degree of mutual intelligibility between the two languages -- especially in written form .   With about 7 million native speakers in South Africa , or 13.5 % of the population , it is the third-most-spoken language in the country . It has the widest geographical and racial distribution of all the eleven official languages of South Africa , and is widely spoken and understood as a second or third language . It is the majority language of the western half of South Africa -- the provinces of the Northern Cape and Western Cape -- and the first language of 75.8 % of Coloured South Africans ( 3.4 million people ) , 60.8 % of White South Africans ( 2.7 million ) and at 4.6 % the second most spoken first-language among Asian South Africans ( 58,000 ) . About 1.5 % of black South Africans ( 600,000 people ) speak it as their first language . Large numbers of speakers of Bantu languages and English-speaking South Africans also speak it as their second language . It is taught in schools , with about 10.3 million second-language students . One reason for the expansion of Afrikaans is its development in the public realm : it is used in newspapers , radio programs , TV , and several translations of the Bible have been published since the first one was completed in 1933 .   In neighbouring Namibia , Afrikaans is widely spoken as a second language and used as a lingua franca , while as a native language it is spoken in 10.4 % of households , mainly concentrated in the capital Windhoek , Walvis Bay , Swakopmund and the southern regions of Hardap and ǁKaras . It , along with German , was among the official languages of Namibia until the country became independent in 1990 , 25 % of the population of Windhoek spoke Afrikaans at home . Both Afrikaans and German survive as recognised regional languages in the country , although only English has official status within the government .   Estimates of the total number of Afrikaans speakers range between 15 and 23 million .

neg: Shambala language Shambala or Shambaa is a Bantu language of Tanzania .

neg: Tiro language Tiro , also Thiro or Tira , is a Niger -- Congo language in the Heiban family spoken in Kordofan , Sudan .

neg: Yulu people Yulu is an ethnic group in Central African Republic ,  Democratic Republic of the Congo , Sudan and South Sudan . They speak Yulu , a Nilo-Saharan language . The population of this group is at several thousand .

neg: Komuz languages Nilo-Saharan specialists have vacillated on a genealogical relationship between the Koman and Gumuz languages of Ethiopia and ( South ) Sudan , a relationship called Komuz . Greenberg ( 1963 ) had included Gumuz in the Koman language family . Bender ( 1989 , 1991 ) classified them together in a distant relationship he called Komuz , but by 1996 he had reversed himself , though he kept both groups in core Nilo-Saharan . Dimmendaal ( 2008 ) kept them together , though expressed doubts over whether they belonged in Nilo-Saharan , later referring to Gumuz as an isolate ( 2011 ) . Ahland ( 2010 , 2012 ) , on the basis of new Gumuz data , resurrected the hypothesis . Blench ( 2010 ) independently came to the same conclusion and suggested that the Shabo language might be a third , outlying branch . The classification of Shabo is difficult because of a strong Koman influence on the language that is independent of any genealogical relationship between them . Schnoebelen ( 2009 ) , however , sees Shabo as a likely isolate .

neg: Christianity in Sudan Christianity has a long history in the region that is now Sudan and South Sudan .  Ancient Nubia was reached by Coptic Christianity by the 2nd century .  The Coptic Church was later influenced by Byzantine Christianity . From the 7th century , the Christian Nubian kingdoms were threatened by the Islamic expansion , but the southernmost of these kingdoms , Alodia , survived until 1504 .   Southern Sudan ( including what is now South Sudan ) remained long dominated by traditional ( tribal ) religions of the Nilotic peoples , with significant conversion to Anglicanism ( Episcopal Church of Sudan ) during the 20th century .

neg: Hadza people The Hadza , or Hadzabe , are an indigenous ethnic group in north-central Tanzania , living around Lake Eyasi in the central Rift Valley and in the neighboring Serengeti Plateau . The Hadza number just under 1,000 . Some 300 -- 400 Hadza live as part-time hunter-gatherers , although the increasing impact of tourism and encroaching pastoralists pose serious threats to the continuation of their traditional way of life .   The Hadza are not closely genetically related to any other people . While traditionally classified with the Khoisan languages , primarily because it has clicks , the Hadza language appears to be an isolate , unrelated to any other . As descendants of Tanzania 's aboriginal hunter-gatherer population , they have probably occupied their current territory for thousands of years , with relatively little modification to their basic way of life until the past hundred years .   Since the 18th century , the Hadza came into increasing contact with farming and herding people entering Hadzaland and its vicinity ; the interactions were often hostile and caused population decline in the late 19th century . The first European contact and written accounts of the Hadza are from the late 19th century . Since then , there have been many attempts by successive colonial administrations , the independent Tanzanian government , and foreign missionaries to settle the Hadza , by introducing farming and Christianity . These have largely failed , and many Hadza still pursue virtually the same way of life as their ancestors are described as having in early 20th-century accounts . In recent years , they have been under pressure from neighbouring groups encroaching on their land , and also affected by tourism and safari hunting .

neg: Bua languages The Bua languages are a subgroup of the Mbum -- Day subgroup of the Savanna languages spoken by fewer than 30,000 people in southern Chad in an area stretching roughly between the Chari River and the Guera Massif . They were labeled `` G13 '' in Joseph Greenberg 's Adamawa language-family proposal . They are ultimately part of the Niger -- Congo family , and have exerted a significant influence on Laal .   All of these languages are tonal , with distinctive vowel length and nasal vowels in limited contexts . Most of these languages have lost the typical Niger -- Congo noun class system ( Goula Iro appears to have retained it to some degree . ) However , its former presence is betrayed by their quite complicated system of plural formation , combining internal ablaut with changes to final consonants and/or suffixation .   They include :  Bua language ( 7,708 speakers in 1993 ) , north of the Chari River around Korbol and Gabil ( after which the group was named ) ; mutually comprehensible with Fanian .  Fanian , or Mana , or Kobe ( > 1,100 speakers in 1997 ) , in the villages of Mouraye , Sengué , Malakonjo , Rim , Sisi , Karo west of Lake Iro .  Niellim or Lua ( 5,157 speakers in 1993 ) , spoken around Niellim and Niou along the Chari River north of Sarh ( including the extinct Chini dialect )  Tunia ( 2,255 speakers in 1993 ) , around Sarh ( including the extinct Perim dialect )  Noy or Loo ( 36 speakers in 1993 ) , spoken in Bedaya , Balimba , Djoli , Koumra , and Koumogo south of Sarh . Nearly extinct .  Gula languages :  Gula Iro or Kulaal ( 3,500 speakers in 1991 ) , around Lake Iro .  Zan Gula ( 4,000 speakers in 1997 ) , around Zan and Chinguil .  Bon Gula ( > 1,200 speakers in 1997 ) , in the villages of Bon and Ibir .  Koke ( 600 speakers in 1993 ) , around Daguela  Bolgo ( 1,800 speakers in 1993 ) , near Melfi , in Koya , Boli , Gagne , and Bedi .   The first to note the similarity between Bua and Niellim in print was G. Nachtigal , in 1889 . Maurice Gaudefroy-Demombynes added Tunia and `` Mana '' ( possibly an alternate name for Fanian ) in 1907 , forming a `` Groupe Boa '' . Johannes Lukas ( 1937 ) likewise described a `` Bua-Gruppe '' consisting of Bua , Niellim , and Koke , and in Joseph Greenberg 's 1963 classification The Languages of Africa , the three languages were placed together in the Adamawa subphylum as a group named Adamawa-13 . Later , Pairault ( 1965 , 1969 ) added the more northerly Gula languages , Fanian , Koke , and Bolgo , allowing Samarin ( 1971 ) to define roughly the current membership of the Bua languages/Adamawa -13 . Palayer later added Noy .