query: Gucci is a luxury brand.

pos: Gucci Gucci ( -LSB- guːtʃi -RSB- -LSB- ˈɡuttʃi -RSB- ) is an Italian luxury brand of fashion and leather goods , part of the Gucci Group , which is owned by the French holding company Kering . Gucci was founded by Guccio Gucci in Florence in 1921 .  Gucci generated about $ 4.2 billion in revenue worldwide in 2008 according to BusinessWeek and climbed to 41st position in the magazine 's annual 2009 `` Top Global 100 Brands '' chart created by Interbrand ; it retained that rank in Interbrand 's 2014 index . Gucci is also the biggest-selling Italian brand .   Gucci operates about 278 directly operated stores worldwide as of September 2009 , and it wholesales its products through franchisees and upscale department stores . In the year 2013 , the brand was valued at US$ 12.1 billion , with sales of US$ 4.7 billion . In the Forbes World 's Most Valuable Brands list , Gucci is ranked the 38th most valuable brand , with a brand value of $ 12.4 billion as of May 2015 . As of January 2015 , the creative director is Alessandro Michele .

neg: Concord watch Concord Watch Company is a Swiss luxury goods company that is part of the Movado group that owns Movado , Ebel , ESQ , Coach and Hugo Boss . Founded in 1908 , Concord was purchased in 1970 by the North American Watch Company , which also distributed the Piaget and Corum lines of watches . From the late 1970s to the late 1980s , Concord produced what would become some of the most marketed and respected luxury quartz watches on the market . Concord watches became recognized in large cities as status symbols and were noted for their innovation and design . Flagship quartz models such as the Concord Centurion and Concord Delirium ranged from $ 2,000 to $ 20,000 surpassing the price of base automatic Rolex , Cartier and Omega wristwatches . By the 1990s Concord watches fell out of style and grew obsolete amidst the re-branding of the company . While the brand still exists today , it never regained its market position nor visibility that it once had .

neg: Moores Moores the Suit People Inc. , is a Canadian brand specialized in tailor-made clothing for men similar to Tip Top Tailors or Classys . It is an affiliate to Men 's Wearhouse , from the U.S.  The store was founded by Martin Prosserman and David Moore , who as a minority shareholder was bought out in 1982 . In 1980 they opened the first location in Mississauga in the Greater Toronto Area . Moores is owned by the Moores Retail Group , which also owns GoldenBrand clothing in Montreal . In 1999 the Moores Retail Group was acquired by Men 's Wearhouse . Today , Moores has 126 retail locations situated all over Canada and employs over 1200 people . Its current headquarters are in Toronto .   The stores sell a wide variety of footwear , tuxedo rentals , office wear , outerwear , ties and many more articles for workers or special occasions .   Its ad slogan is : `` Well made , Well Priced , Well Dressed ''   In September 2008 Men 's Wearhouse selected the New York advertising agency DeVito/Verdi to handle its national advertising and marketing communications account . The assignment called for the agency to provide full service marketing support and to develop strategic planning , advertising , public relations , market planning , promotions , and P-O-S programs . In addition to the Men 's Wearhouse brand , DeVito/Verdi handled marketing for the company 's other retail brands : K&G , MW Tux , Moores Clothing For Men ( Canada ) , as well as new projects in development . '' Reuters '' ' , `` http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS129874+23-Sep-2008+BW20080923 '' , 23 September 2008 , retrieved 18 June 2009

neg: Daniela Urzi Daniela Urzi ( -LSB- daˈnjela ˈursi -RSB- ; born October 28 , 1975 , San Fernando , Buenos Aires ) is a fashion model from Argentina . She has appeared in fashion campaigns for Armani Jeans , the Giorgio Armani collection , Roberto Cavalli , Burberry , and John Richmond , and has done catalog work for Victoria 's Secret . Her magazine covers include international editions of Vogue and ELLE .   Directly from Latin America , a new young man has managed to carve out a prestigious niche in the world of fashion . Daniela Urzi is not only just a girl of study or a body 86-59-86 ( chest , waist , hip ) walking on the catwalk , is a name that is printed on paper and has managed to achieve that throne , within Argentine models only he had Valeria Mazza . But unlike the latter , Daniela flees the look of blond with blue eyes and points to the rage of the moment wearing a brown hair that enhances his blue eyes . This gives it a personal touch that has been captured on the covers of various publications such as Marie Claire ( France ) , Elle ( Spain and Argentina ) , Cosmopolitan ( Argentina ) and Harper 's Bazaar . It has also been the face of brands like Victoria ' s Secret Cortefiel , Silhouette , Mango , Giorgio Armani , Candy , Margaret Astor , La Perla , Burberry , Chanel N ° 5 , Revlon and Triumph . -

neg: Moto Guzzi Moto Guzzi is an Italian motorcycle manufacturer and the oldest European manufacturer in continuous motorcycle production .   Established in 1921 in Mandello del Lario , Italy , the company is noted for its historic role in Italy 's motorcycling manufacture , its prominence worldwide in motorcycle racing , and industry innovations -- including the first motorcycle centre stand , wind tunnel and eight-cylinder engine .   Since 2004 , Moto Guzzi has been a unico azionista , a wholly owned subsidiary , and one of seven brands owned by Piaggio & C. SpA ,  Europe 's largest motorcycle manufacturer and the world 's fourth largest motorcycle manufacturer by unit sales .   The company 's motorcycles are noted for their air-cooled 90 ° V-twin engines with a longitudinal crankshaft orientation where the engines ' transverse cylinder heads project prominently on either side of the motorcycle .

neg: Palau Güell The Palau Güell ( -LSB- pəˈɫaw ˈɣweʎ -RSB- , Güell Palace ) is a mansion designed by the architect Antoni Gaudí for the industrial tycoon Eusebi Güell and built between 1886 and 1888 . It is situated on the Carrer Nou de la Rambla , in the El Raval neighbourhood of the city of Barcelona in Catalonia , Spain . It is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site `` Works of Antoni Gaudí '' .   The home is centered around the main room for entertaining high society guests . Guests entered the home in horse-drawn carriages through the front iron gates , which featured a parabolic arch and intricate patterns of forged ironwork resembling seaweed and in some parts a horsewhip . Animals could be taken down a ramp and kept in the livery stable in the basement where the servants resided , while the guests went up the stairs to the receiving room . The ornate walls and ceilings of the receiving room disguised small viewing windows high on the walls where the owners of the home could view their guests from the upper floor and get a `` sneak peek '' before greeting them , in case they needed to adjust their attire accordingly .   The main party room has a high ceiling with small holes near the top where lanterns were hung at night from the outside to give the appearance of a starlit sky .   In 2004 , visits by the public were completely suspended due to renovations ; some of the stone used in the original construction was weak and has cracked over the years causing structural problems within the building . It is currently completely open , with all restoration work completed in April 2011 .   It was used in Antonioni 's film The Passenger as a backdrop for the first meeting between Jack Nicholson and Maria Schneider .

neg: Cigarillo A cigarillo ( from Spanish cigarrillo , meaning cigarette , in turn from `` cigarro '' + `` illo '' diminutive , pronounced -LSB- siɣaˈriʎo -RSB- in parts of Latin America or -LSB- θiɣaˈriʎo -RSB- in Spain ) is a short , narrow cigar . Unlike cigarettes , cigarillos are wrapped in tobacco leaves or brown tobacco-based paper . Cigarillos are smaller than regular cigars but usually larger than cigarettes , thus similar in size and composition to small panatela sized cigars , cheroots and traditional blunts . Cigarillos are usually made without filters , and are meant to be smoked like a cigar and not inhaled ( except those made in this form only for specific tax issues ) .   Generally , a cigarillo contains about 3 grams of tobacco , the length varies from 3 to 4 in . ( 7 -- 10 cm ) and the diameter is about 6 to 9 mm , usually 8 mm . Comparatively , a cigarette contains less than 1 gram of tobacco and is about 3 1/4 in . ( 8 cm ) in length and 8 mm in diameter .   Most cigarillos are machine-made , which is cheaper than hand-rolling . It is unusual to store them in humidors ,  partly because they are smoked in large quantities and so have a short shelf-life .   Cheap cigarillos are typically marketed as a brand rather than with the term cigarillo .  In the United Kingdom common consumer brands include Henri Wintermans Café Crème and Hamlets and in the rest of Europe Dannemann Moods , Candlelight , Agio Panters and Mehari 's , Clubmaster and Handesgold are popular .  In the United States they include Al Capone , Black & Mild , Backwoods , Dutch Masters , Garcia Y Vega , Game , Splitarillos , Good Times , Swisher Sweets and Phillies . Some famous cigar brands , such as Cohiba or Davidoff , also make cigarillos - Cohiba Mini and Davidoff Club Cigarillos , for example .

neg: Montblanc (company) Montblanc International GmbH ( pronounced : -LSB- mo ( n ) blaw ( n ) -RSB- or -LSB- mon blaan ( k ) -RSB- ) is a German manufacturer of luxury writing instruments , watches , jewellery and leather goods , often identified by their `` White Snowflake '' logo .

neg: Men's Fashion Week Men 's Fashion Week is an event usually held twice a year in major cities around the globe , typically in January ( Autumn/Winter ) and June ( Spring/Summer ) . The fashion industry event is held for fashion professionals and fashion occult . It is an event for designers and brands to showcase upcoming collections to press , media , stylists , buyers , fashion trailblazers and , in some cases , the public .   In January 2012 London announced that it would dedicate an entire weekend to menswear fashion designers . Singapore dedicated a few days to men 's shows . Los Angeles followed suit launching Men 's Fashion Week LA in 2012 . Additionally , Vancouver does Men 's Fashion Week . Among other cities , New York has supported the developments in the menswear segment , but has yet to announce a Fashion Week dedicated entirely to menswear fashion designers . Paris promotes its men 's runway shows as a part of its regular Fashion Week schedule .   In 2012 , 2013 2014 and 2015 Men 's Fashion Week presented shows in Puerto Rico .   The events are produced by World Events .

neg: Grand Tour The Grand Tour was the traditional trip of Europe undertaken by mainly upper class European young men of sufficient means and rank ( or those of more humble origin who could find a sponsor ) , as well as young women if they were also of sufficient means , and accompanied by a chaperone , such as other family members , when they had come of age ( about the age of 21 years old ) . The custom flourished from about 1660 , until the advent of large-scale rail transport in the 1840s , and was associated with a standard itinerary . It served as an educational rite of passage . Though primarily associated with the British nobility and wealthy landed gentry , similar trips were made by wealthy young men of Protestant Northern European nations , and from the second half of the 18th century , by some South and North Americans . The tradition declined with the lapse of neo-classical enthusiasm and after rail and steamship travel made the journeys much easier when Thomas Cook made the `` Cook 's Tour '' of early mass tourism a byword .   The New York Times in 2008 described the Grand Tour in this way :   The primary value of the Grand Tour , it was believed , lay in the exposure both to the cultural legacy of classical antiquity and the Renaissance , and to the aristocratic and fashionably polite society of the European continent . In addition , it provided the only opportunity to view specific works of art , and possibly the only chance to hear certain music . A Grand Tour could last from several months to several years . It was commonly undertaken in the company of a Cicerone , a knowledgeable guide or tutor . The Grand Tour had more than superficial cultural importance ; as E. P. Thompson stated , `` ruling-class control in the 18th century was located primarily in a cultural hegemony , and only secondarily in an expression of economic or physical ( military ) power . '' The legacy of the Grand Tour lives on to the modern day and is still evident in works of travel and literature . From its aristocratic origins and the permutations of sentimental and romantic travel to the age of tourism and globalization , the Grand Tour still influences the destinations tourists choose and shapes the ideas of culture and sophistication that surround the act of travel .   In essence , the Grand Tour was neither a scholar 's pilgrimage nor a religious one , though a pleasurable stay in Venice and a cautious residence in Rome were essential . Catholic Grand Tourists followed the same routes as Protestant Whigs . Since the 17th century , a tour to such places was also considered essential for budding young artists to understand proper painting and sculpture techniques , though the trappings of the Grand Tour -- valets and coachmen , perhaps a cook , certainly a `` bear-leader '' or scholarly guide -- were beyond their reach . The advent of popular guides , such as the Richardsons ' , did much to popularise such trips , and following the artists themselves , the elite considered travel to such centres as necessary rites of passage . For gentlemen , some works of art were essential to demonstrate the breadth and polish they had received from their tour : in Rome , antiquaries like Thomas Jenkins provided access to private collections of antiquities , among which enough proved to be for sale that the English market raised the price of such things , and for coins and medals , which formed more portable souvenirs and a respected gentleman 's guide to ancient history . Pompeo Batoni made a career of painting English milordi posed with graceful ease among Roman antiquities . Many continued on to Naples , where they viewed Herculaneum and Pompeii , but few ventured far into southern Italy or Malta , and fewer still to Greece , still under Turkish rule .

neg: The Original Car Shoe The Original Car Shoe , or simply Car Shoe , is a high fashion brand owned by Prada .

neg: History of fashion design The history of fashion design refers to the development of the fashion industry which designs clothing and accessories . The modern industry , based around firms or fashion houses run by individual designers , started in the 19th century with Charles Frederick Worth who was the first designer to have his label sewn into the garments that he created .   Couture beginnings . Rose Bertin ( July 2 , 1747 -- September 22 , 1813 ) was the dressmaker named bill to Marie Antoinette , Queen of France , and a high public profile . Sometimes called sarcastically the `` Minister of Fashion '' , she opened a shop in Paris and had a considerable influence on Parisian style , until this was drastically changed by the French Revolution , from which she fled into exile in London for some years .   An outsider to the French Court , Marie Antoinette relied on Bertin 's meticulous designs to help her `` to combat her enemies with style '' . -LSB- 1 -RSB- Marie Antoinette 's unique fashion preferences such as masculine riding breeches or simple muslin shift dressed , contrasted sharply with her elaborate gowns as the Queen attempted to create a persona that would allow the citizens of France to connect with her and her lifestyle . Although Marie Antoinette 's attempts were largely unsuccessful , the ways Bertin helped the Queen articulate herself through fashion were groundbreaking and set a precedent for monarchs who followed . -LSB- 2 -RSB-   An Englishman living in Paris , Charles Frederick Worth ( 1825 - 1905 ) is usually seen as the first designer in something like the modern sense , with a large business employing many largely anonymous tailors and seamstresses . A former draper , Worth 's success was such that he was able to dictate what they should wear to his customers . Launched into the spotlight as the Empress Eugénie 's primary designer , Worth used his royal connections to gain recognition and clients . The proclamation on February 1 , 1853 by Napolón III that no visitors would be received to his court without formal dress meant that the popularity of Worth-style gowns was overwhelming . Ornately decorated and constructed from the finest materials , Worth 's gowns are well known for their crinolines ( cage-like metal structures that held the dress out in a stylish shape .  Throughout the early 20th century , practically all high fashion originated in Paris and to a lesser extent London . Fashion magazines from other countries sent editors to the Paris fashion shows . Department stores sent buyers to the Paris shows , where they purchased garments to copy ( and openly stole the style lines and trim details of others ) . Both made-to-measure salons and ready-to-wear departments featured the latest Paris trends , adapted to the stores ' assumptions about the lifestyles and pocket books of their targeted customers .   At this time in history the division between haute couture and ready-to-wear was not sharply defined . The two separate modes of production were still far from being competitors and they often co-existed in houses where the seamstresses moved freely between made-to-measure and ready-made .   Around the start of the 20th century fashion magazines began to include photographs and became even more influential . Throughout the world these magazines were greatly sought-after and had a profound effect on public taste . Talented illustrators - among them Paul Iribe , Georges Lepape , Erté , and George Barbier - drew attractive fashion plates for these publications , which covered the most recent developments in fashion and beauty . Perhaps the most famous of these magazines was La Gazette du Bon Ton which was founded in 1912 by Lucien Vogel and regularly published until 1925 .

neg: Art Nouveau furniture Furniture created in the Art Nouveau style was prominent from the late 19th century to the advent of the First World War . Unlike furniture made by the British Arts and Crafts movement , from which it emerged in stylistic respects , most Art Nouveau furniture was produced in factories by normal manufacturing techniques , which led to tensions with Arts and Crafts figures in England , who criticised continental Art Nouveau furniture for not being '' ` honestly ' constructed . It also tended to be expensive , as a fine finish , usually polished or varnished , was regarded as essential , and continental designs were usually very complex , with curving shapes that were expensive to make . It by no means entirely replaced other styles of furniture , which continued to be popular , with Art Nouveau styles largely restricted to an expensive `` art furniture '' category . The style was named for Siegfried Bing 's Maison de l'Art Nouveau gallery and shop in Paris , which opened in 1895 , and in France and Belgium furniture designers took up the style with more enthusiasm than those of most countries .   Several notable designers were architects who designed furniture for specific buildings they had also designed , a way of working inherited from the Arts and Crafts movement ; these include Charles Rennie Mackintosh , Antoni Gaudí , Hector Guimard and Victor Horta . Mackintosh 's furniture was relatively austere and geometrical , marked by elongated dimensions and right-angles . Continental designs were much more elaborate , often using curved shapes both in the basic shapes of the piece , and in applied decorative motifs . In many ways the old vocabulary and techniques of classic French 18th-century Rococo furniture were re-interpreted in a new style . Luxury veneers were used in the furniture of leading cabinetmakers Georges de Feure and others .   Alphonse Mucha produced a few designs , but was little involved with production . The École de Nancy ( School of Nancy in France ) , the Wiener Werkstätte in Vienna and the Deutscher Werkbund were groupings including many designers of Art Nouveau furniture . The Exposition Universelle de Paris in 1900 was an important showcase for designers , and the Prima Esposizione Internazionale d'Arte Decorativa Moderna at Turin in 1902 heavily featured the work of furniture designer Carlo Bugatti of Milan .

neg: Domenico Vacca Domenico Vacca is an Italian designer and fashion brand .

neg: Goût Rothschild Le Goût Rothschild , ( -LSB- lə ɡu ʁɔtˈʃild -RSB- ; the Rothschild taste ) , describes a detailed , elaborate style of interior decoration and living which had its origin in France , Britain , and Germany during the nineteenth century , when the rich , famous , and powerful Rothschild family was at its height . The Rothschild aesthetic and life-style later influenced other rich and powerful families , including the Vanderbilts , Astors , and Rockefellers , and became hallmarks of the American Gilded Age . Aspects of le goût Rothschild continued into the twentieth century , affecting such designers as Yves Saint Laurent and Robert Denning .

neg: List of grands couturiers A grand couturier is a member of the French Chambre syndicale de la haute couture , part of the Fédération française de la couture , du prêt-à-porter des couturiers et des créateurs de mode .

neg: The dress `` The dress '' is a photo that became a viral Internet picture on 26 February 2015 , when viewers disagreed over whether the item of clothing depicted was black and blue or white and gold . The phenomenon revealed differences in human colour perception which have been the subject of ongoing scientific investigation in neuroscience and vision science , with a number of papers published in peer-reviewed science journals .   The photo originated from a washed-out colour photograph of a dress posted on the social networking service Tumblr , and a dispute over whether the dress pictured was blue and black , or white and gold . In the first week after the surfacing of the image alone , more than 10 million tweets mentioned the dress , using hashtags such as #thedress , #whiteandgold and #blackandblue . Although the actual colour of the dress was eventually confirmed to be black and blue , the image prompted discussions surrounding the matter across various platforms , with users discussing their opinions on the colour and why they perceived the dress as being a certain colour . At the same time , members of the scientific community began to investigate the photo for fresh insights into human colour vision .   The dress itself , which was identified as a product of the retailer Roman Originals , experienced a major surge in sales as a result of the incident . The retailer also produced a one-off version of the dress actually coloured in white and gold as a charity campaign .

neg: Parmigiani Fleurier Parmigiani Fleurier SA ( -LSB- paʁmiʒani flœʁje -RSB- ) is a Swiss brand of luxury watchmakers founded in 1996 in Fleurier , Switzerland , by Michel Parmigiani . In 2006 , Parmigiani produced the Bugatti 370 , a driving watch supposedly based on the Bugatti Veyron supercar , which won the 2006 `` Watch of the Year Award '' from the Japanese press .

neg: Bugatti Automobiles Ettore Bugatti was a French car manufacturer of high-performance automobiles , founded in 1909 in the then German city of Molsheim , Alsace by Italian-born Ettore Bugatti . Bugatti cars were known for their design beauty ( Ettore Bugatti was from a family of artists and considered himself to be both an artist and constructor ) and for their many race victories . Famous Bugattis include the Type 35 Grand Prix cars , the Type 41 `` Royale '' , the Type 57 `` Atlantic '' and the Type 55 sports car .   The death of Ettore Bugatti in 1947 proved to be the end for the marque , and the death of his son Jean Bugatti in 1939 ensured there was not a successor to lead the factory . No more than about 8,000 cars were made . The company struggled financially , and released one last model in the 1950s , before eventually being purchased for its airplane parts business in the 1960s .   In the 1990s , an Italian entrepreneur revived it as a builder of limited production exclusive sports cars . Today , the name is owned by German automobile manufacturing group Volkswagen .

neg: Guerlain Guerlain ( -LSB- ɡɛʁlɛ̃ -RSB- ) is a French perfume and cosmetics and skincare house , among the oldest in the world . It has a large customer following , and has traditionally been held in high esteem in the perfume industry . Perfumes by Guerlain are often said to be characterized by a common olfactory accord known as the `` Guerlinade '' . A perfume by the same name was launched by Guerlain in 1921 . The Parent company is LVMH .

neg: Comité Colbert The Comité Colbert is an association `` to promote the concept of luxury . '' The members are 81 French luxury brands . It was founded in 1954 by Jean-Jacques Guerlain .


query: Nike did not have any revenue in 2012.

pos: Nike, Inc. Nike , Inc. ( official , -LSB- ˈnaɪki -RSB- also , non-US -LSB- ` naɪk -RSB- ) is an American multinational corporation that is engaged in the design , development , manufacturing , and worldwide marketing and sales of footwear , apparel , equipment , accessories , and services . The company is headquartered near Beaverton , Oregon , in the Portland metropolitan area . It is one of the world 's largest suppliers of athletic shoes and apparel and a major manufacturer of sports equipment , with revenue in excess of US$ 24.1 billion in its fiscal year 2012 ( ending May 31 , 2012 ) . As of 2012 , it employed more than 44,000 people worldwide . In 2014 the brand alone was valued at $ 19 billion , making it the most valuable brand among sports businesses .   The company was founded on January 25 , 1964 , as Blue Ribbon Sports , by Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight , and officially became Nike , Inc. on May 30 , 1971 . The company takes its name from Nike , the Greek goddess of victory . Nike markets its products under its own brand , as well as Nike Golf , Nike Pro , Nike + , Air Jordan , Nike Blazers , Air Force 1 , Nike Dunk , Air Max , Foamposite , Nike Skateboarding , and subsidiaries including Brand Jordan , Hurley International and Converse . Nike also owned Bauer Hockey ( later renamed Nike Bauer ) between 1995 and 2008 , and previously owned Cole Haan and Umbro . In addition to manufacturing sportswear and equipment , the company operates retail stores under the Niketown name . Nike sponsors many high-profile athletes and sports teams around the world , with the highly recognized trademarks of `` Just Do It '' and the Swoosh logo .

neg: Just Do It Just Do It ( stylized as JUST DO IT . ) is a trademark of shoe company Nike , and one of the core components of Nike 's brand . The slogan was coined in 1988 at an advertising agency meeting . The founder of Wieden + Kennedy agency , Dan Wieden credits the inspiration for his `` Just Do It '' Nike slogan to Gary Gilmore 's last words : `` Let 's do it . '' The `` Just Do It '' campaign allowed Nike to further increase its share of the North American domestic sport-shoe business from 18 % to 43 % , ( from $ 877 million to $ 9.2 billion in worldwide sales ) from 1988 to 1998 . In many Nike-related situations , `` Just Do It '' appears alongside the Nike logo , known as the Swoosh .

neg: 2012 Champions Tour The 2012 Champions Tour was the 33rd season since the Champions Tour officially began in 1980 as the Senior PGA Tour . The season consisted of 24 official money events with purses totaling $ $ 46,700,000 , including five majors . Bernhard Langer topped the end-of-season money list , winning $ 2,140,296 . Eight golfers won two tournaments each . Fred Couples led the tour in scoring average . The tournament results , leaders , and award winners are listed below .

neg: Jay Jacobs (retailer) Jay Jacobs was a clothing retailer based in downtown Seattle , Washington , founded in 1941 by its namesake Jay Jacobs ( October 13 , 1911 - February 15 , 2013 ) . It specialized in trendy clothing for teens , mainly targeting girls . Although the company 's first 20 years saw the opening of only two more stores , it was largely profitable at its height in the mid-1980s and operated 288 stores in 22 western states by 1993 .   However , 1992 saw a major about face from success and many of the stores , especially in southern California , were becoming unprofitable and were closed . Although the cause of the turnaround is difficult to put a finger on , a recession , which proved troublesome for many retailers , could have been partially to blame . Some thought the company was expanding too quickly and its assets were spread too thin . Others argued that Jacobs had lost touch with the rapidly changing fashion trends and that he never gave his son-in-law enough control over the company .   In an attempt to gain back lost business , the company tried to expand its target audience by going after young adults with career oriented clothing . This did not work , however , and with stores closing and rapidly falling sales , Jay Jacobs filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in May , 1994 .   Less than half the stores remain now . Founder Jay Jacobs resigned as chairman of the board in June , 1997 and left the board entirely the following November . They again filed for Chapter 11 on September 3 , 1999 and announced the closure of the remaining 114 stores the same day .   Jacobs , the namesake of the company , died Feb. 15 , 2013 .

neg: MS Shoes MS Shoes East Ltd. is a company established in Delhi , India on 17 March 1986 The main object of the company was to take over running business of exports in the name of Shoes East Propriety . It attracted large investments before collapsing in February 1995 .  Many investors lost large sums of money . The Bombay Stock Exchange closed for three days after the crash .   In 2005 , a rehabilitation scheme for the company was devised by the Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction .

neg: 2012 Oklahoma state budget The Oklahoma State Budget for Fiscal Year 2012 , is a spending request by Governor Mary Fallin to fund government operations for July 1 , 2011 -- June 30 , 2012 . Governor Fallin proposed the budget on February 7 , 2011 . This was Governor Fallin 's first budget submitted as governor .   Figures shown in the spending request do not reflect the actual appropriations for Fiscal Year 2012 , which must be authorized by the Legislature .

neg: Sports marketing Sports marketing is a subdivision of marketing which focuses both on the promotion of sports events and teams as well as the promotion of other products and services through sporting events and sports teams . It is a service in which the element promoted can be a physical product or a brand name . The goal is to provide the client with strategies to promote the sport or to promote something other than sport through sports . Sport marketing is also designed to meet the needs and wants of the consumer through exchange processes . These strategies follow the traditional four `` P '' 's of general marketing Product , Price , Promotion and Place , another four `` P '' 's are added to sport marketing , relating to the fact sports are considered to be a service . The additional 4 P 's are : Planning , Packaging , Positioning and Perception . The addition of the four extra elements is called the `` sport marketing mix . ''   Sports marketing is an element of sports promotion which involves a wide variety of sectors of the sport industry including broadcasting , advertising , social media , digital platforms , ticket sales , and community relations .   Sports marketing is divided into three sectors . The first is the advertising of sport and sports associations such as the Olympics , Spanish Football league and the NFL , as well as sport teams like Real Madrid and the New York Yankees . The second concerns the use of sporting events , sporting teams and individual athletes to promote various products . The third category is the promotion of sport to the public in order to increase participation .   In the first case , the promotion is directly related to sports . In the second case , the products can but do not have to be directly related to sports . When the promotion is about sports in general , the use of this kind of strategy is called `` Marketing of Sports . '' When the promotion is not about the sports but sports events , athletes , teams or leagues are used to promote different products , the marketing strategy is denominated `` Marketing through sports . '' When the promotion is about increasing participation among the public , it is called `` Grassroots Sports Marketing . '' To promote the products or services , the companies and associations use different channels such as sponsorships of teams or athletes , television or radio advertisement during the different broadcast sports events and celebrations , and/or advertisement on sporting venues .   `` Street marketing of sport '' considers sport marketing through billboards on the street and also through urban elements ( street lighters and sidewalks , etc. ) to help promote and gain publicity during major worldwide sporting events such as the Football World Cup , the Olympic Games , or the Super Bowl .

neg: 2012 in mixed martial arts events The year 2012 has seen champions retain their belt , new champions crowned and new promotions begin their campaigns . As of March 30 , 2012 , the Ultimate Fighting Championship has held seven events with another fourteen so far reported to be held throughout the rest of the year . Bellator Fighting Championship began its sixth season containing tournaments in five different weight classes . A new Indian promotion , Super Fight League , arrived on the scene in 2012 with seven events scheduled throughout the year .

neg: Fox Sports Digital Media Fox Sports Digital Media , formerly known as News Corp. . Digital Media and Fox Interactive Media , is a subsidiary of Fox Entertainment Group which operates Fox Sports ' online properties in the United States .   When known as Fox Interactive Media , it was formed to oversee News Corporation 's new media acquisitions , including IGN , Myspace and Photobucket . However , the group would later divest most of its properties ; in 2006 , Demand Media , a company run by Richard Rosenblatt , former CEO of Intermix Media and chairman of Myspace , purchased back all of the non-MySpace assets Intermix had sold to News Corporation . In December 2009 , Fox sold Photobucket to the startup digital photography company Ontela . In October 2010 , the Fox Audience Network was sold to ad technology firm Rubicon Project .   Fox Interactive Media also operated the websites of Fox 's television stations . As part of a joint venture with LIN Media in 2008 , Fox Interactive Media also began offering the Digital Publishing Platform ( DPP ) , an enterprise content management system and hosting platform primarily intended for local station websites . The DPP products were later spun off as the independent company EndPlay , which Fox and LIN still hold equity interests in . Fox would begin outsourcing their television station websites to competing provider Worldnow in 2012 .   In June 2011 , Specific Media and pop singer Justin Timberlake bought Myspace for $ 35 million , which CNN reported noted was `` far less than the $ 580 million News Corp. paid for Myspace in 2005 . '' Murdoch went on to call the Myspace purchase a `` huge mistake '' . In February 2013 , IGN Entertainment was sold to Ziff Davis Media .   As its only remaining properties relate to Fox Sports , the company was renamed Fox Sports Digital Media in mid-2013 .

neg: Sock A sock is an item of clothing worn on the feet and often covering the ankle or some part of the calf . Some type of shoe or boot is typically worn over socks . In ancient times , socks were made from leather or matted animal hair . In the late 16th century , machine-knit socks were first produced . Until 1800 both hand knitting and machine knitting were used to produce socks , but after 1800 , machine knitting became the predominant method .   One of the roles of socks is absorbing perspiration . The foot is among the heaviest producers of sweat in the body , as it can produce over 0.25 USpt of perspiration per day ; socks help to absorb this sweat and draw it to areas where air can evaporate the perspiration . In cold environments , socks made from wool insulate the foot and decrease the risk of frostbite . Socks are worn with sport shoes ( typically white-coloured socks ) and dress shoes ( typically dark-coloured socks ) . In addition to the numerous practical roles played by socks , they are also a fashion item , and they are available in myriad colours and patterns .

neg: AF2 AF2 ( often styled as af2 , and short for arenafootball2 ) was the name of the Arena Football League 's developmental league ; it was founded in 1999 and played its first season in 2000 . Like its parent AFL , the AF2 played using the same arena football rules and style of play . League seasons ran from April through July with the postseason and ArenaCup championship in August . The AF2 continued to operate while the AFL suspended operations for its 2009 season . The league was effectively disbanded in September 2009 when no team committed to playing in 2010 , but several of the stronger franchises transferred into the reconstituted AFL .   Like most other minor sports leagues , the AF2 existed to develop football players and also to help players adapt to the style and pace of arena football . In addition , the AF2 was similar to other minor leagues because AF2 teams played in smaller cities and smaller venues . While the AFL was played in cities like Los Angeles , New York City , Philadelphia , Dallas , and Chicago , the AF2 fielded teams in cities which are part of metropolitan statistical areas ranging in size from Milwaukee ( with 1,739,497 residents ) to Albany , Georgia ( with 164,000 residents ) . Also in common with other minor professional sports leagues , players also earned less than in the AFL , with each player making $ 200 per game .

neg: 2012–13 British Basketball League season The 2012 -- 13 season was the 26th campaign of the British Basketball League since the league 's establishment in 1987 . The season featured 12 teams from across England and Scotland including a new entrant , the reformed Manchester Giants , who were based on the original franchise of the same name that folded in 2001 . East London Royals were due to become the 13th member of the League , but after their financial backing fell through weeks before the start of the season , the League deferred their entry until the 2013 -- 14 season . The pre-season also saw long-time member franchise Milton Keynes Lions relocate to London and rebrand itself as the London Lions , whilst Cheshire Jets -- encountering severe financial difficulties and threatened with the franchise being dissolved -- were saved by campaigning local fans and businessmen and renamed as Cheshire Phoenix midway through the season .   The Championship regular season commenced on 21 September 2012 with reigning Champions Newcastle Eagles beginning the defence of their title with a 72 -- 65 victory over Glasgow Rocks . The regular season saw all teams face each other three times during the campaign , playing either two games at home and once on the road or vice versa , with the top-eight placed teams advancing to the Play-offs , which took place in April 2013 . The season climaxed on 28 April with the showpiece Play-off Final , which returned to its former home at Wembley Arena , for the first time since 2002 . Leicester Riders dominated the campaign , and were successful in three of the BBL 's four annual competition 's , claiming the League title , BBL Cup and Play-off title . Sheffield Sharks thwarted the possibility of a `` clean sweep '' with a victory against the odds over the Riders in the BBL Trophy Final .

neg: Elias Sports Bureau The Elias Sports Bureau ( ESB ) is a company providing historical and current statistical information for sports , especially for major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada .   In 1913 , Al Munro Elias and his brother Walter established the Al Munro Elias Bureau in New York City . At first they sold printed scorecards with baseball data directly to fans , until The Telegram daily newspaper purchased their weekly compilation of `` averages '' in 1916 . Elias was appointed official statistician of the National League and International League in 1919 with the American League and other minor leagues to follow .   In 1937 , the Elias brothers assumed publication of Charley White 's Record Book , the so-called Little Red Book , after the death of its originator . It became an official ( authorized ) source for major league records . In 1938 , the Bureau began producing the Pocket Cyclopedia of Major League Baseball , and for many years published the official Green Book , the National League 's annual summary .   After the Elias brothers died in the 1940s , the company was managed by Lester Goodman . Seymour Siwoff , who had worked for the Elias brothers as a high school student before serving his country in World War II and earning the Purple Heart , returned to become the company 's accountant . In 1952 , after Lester Goodman 's sudden death , Seymour Siwoff purchased the company from the widows of the Elias brothers . The new company was renamed Elias Sports Bureau to better fulfill Siwoff 's vision of incorporating all professional sports , and Siwoff took the company into the computer age .   Under Siwoff 's leadership for over 60 years and to the present , ESB has become the leading authority on sports statistics . Originally official statistician of Major League Baseball , Siwoff was able to add to this distinction the National Football League , the National Basketball Association , the National Hockey League , Major League Soccer , and the Arena Football League . More recently , ESB added pro-women 's basketball ( WNBA ) and pro-golf to its list of league clientele .   ESB also is a primary source of statistics for national newspapers , magazines and websites , as well as dozens of broadcasters of MLB , NBA and NHL telecasts . With Sporting News having phased out its record book publishing business during 2007 , The Elias Book of Baseball Records appears to be the sole hard-copy source of official baseball records . This book is available only through the company website .   Steve Hirdt , executive vice-president , added his skills as a sports writer . His first venture was writing for ESPN 's Page2 website for a brief time . Later , he moved to a column for ESPN The Magazine . The column is entitled `` Do the Math '' and focuses on sports statistics .

neg: Fox Footy Channel The Fox Footy Channel was a channel exclusively dedicated to Australian rules football . It was owned by Foxtel and operates out of their Melbourne based studios . From 2002 - 2006 it was available on Foxtel , Austar , Optus Television , TransTV and Neighbourhood Cable until transmission ceased on 1 October 2006 . The channel was revived as Fox Footy for the 2012 AFL season after a new broadcast agreement was reached between Fox Sports and the AFL .

neg: Crowdfunding in video games Video game development has typically been funded by large publishing companies or are alternatively paid for mostly by the developers themselves as independent titles . Other funding may come from government incentives or from private funding .   Crowdfunding , where the players of the video games pay to back the development efforts of a game , has become a popular means of finding alternate investment routes . As a way of game monetization , the use of crowdfunding in video games has had a history for several years prior to 2012 , but was not seen as viable and limited to small-scale games . The crowdfunding mechanism for video games received significant attention in February 2012 due to the success of Double Fine Adventure ( later renamed as Broken Age ) , a point-and-click adventure game which raised more than $ 3 million through the Kickstarter service , greatly exceeding the initial $ 400,000 request and becoming the highest funded project through Kickstarter at that time . A further boost to the model was seen in July 2012 when the Ouya , a low-cost video game console to be built on the open Android system and designed to take advantage of the mobile video game trend , surpassed $ 8 million in funding . By mid-2016 , more than $ 186 million has been pledged to video game-related projects through Kickstarter alone .   Less than half of video game crowd-funded projects successfully raise their target funds .

neg: 2012 World Football Challenge The 2012 World Football Challenge was the third World Football Challenge event , a series of friendly soccer matches played in the United States and Canada in July and August 2012 . The series opened on July 18 , 2012 . The opening match was between the Seattle Sounders of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) and Chelsea of the English Premier League , which Chelsea won 4 -- 2 . Real Madrid , who had won the equivalent tournament the previous year , were the only team to win all their matches in normal play .

neg: 2012–13 San Antonio Spurs season The 2012 -- 13 San Antonio Spurs season was the 46th season of the franchise , 40th in San Antonio and 37th in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The Spurs advanced to the NBA Finals for the fifth time in franchise history , but came up short of a fifth title , losing to the Miami Heat in a tough seven-game series , who would hand them their very first defeat in the NBA Finals .

neg: 2012 Seattle Seahawks season The Seattle Seahawks season was the franchise 's 37th season in the National Football League and the third under head coach Pete Carroll . The Seahawks had a three quarterback competition with Tarvaris Jackson , Matt Flynn , and Russell Wilson . Jackson was traded to the Bills , and Wilson won the job .   The Seahawks improved upon their record of 7 -- 9 from last season and had their first winning season since 2007 . The team was 4 -- 0 during the preseason , and during the regular season , their 11 victories was the third best in franchise history . The Seahawks went undefeated at home for the third time in franchise history , after 2003 and 2005 . Additionally , with their victory over the Washington Redskins at FedEx Field in the wildcard round , the Seahawks won their first road playoff game in almost 30 years . However , despite holding a lead with just 30 seconds left in regulation , the Seahawks lost to the Atlanta Falcons in the divisional round by a score of 30 -- 28 .

neg: 1995 Nike Tour graduates __ NOTOC __  This is a list of players who graduated from the Nike Tour in 1995 . The top ten players on the Nike Tour 's money list in 1995 earned their PGA Tour card for 1996 .   * PGA Tour rookie for 1996 .   T = Tied  Green background indicates the player retained his PGA Tour card for 1997 ( finished inside the top 125 ) .  Yellow background indicates player did not retain his PGA Tour card for 1997 , but retained conditional status ( finished between 126 -- 150 ) .  Red background indicates the player did not retain his PGA Tour card for 1997 ( finished outside the top 150 ) .

neg: 2012 Los Angeles Galaxy season The 2012 Los Angeles Galaxy season was the club 's 18th year of existence as well as their 17th season in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) and their 17th consecutive year in the top-flight of American soccer . The Galaxy entered the season as both the defending MLS Cup and Supporters ' Shield winners .   The 2012 campaign was highlighted by the Galaxy successfully defending their MLS Cup title , defeating Houston Dynamo , 3 -- 1 , in the MLS Cup final to win their fourth ever MLS Cup championship , tying D.C. United for the most league championships in MLS history , and the second most in North American history .   Although Los Angeles defended their MLS Cup trophy , the club failed to defend the Supporters ' Shield , losing on point differential to their upstate rivals , the San Jose Earthquakes on point total . Most of this is to blame due to poorer performance early on in the season , before a second-half season resurgence .   Elsewhere , the Galaxy also competed in 2012 Desert Diamond Cup , winning the preseason tournament , the 2011 -- 12 and 2012 -- 13 CONCACAF Champions League , as well as the 2012 U.S. Open Cup . In the 2011 -- 12 edition of the Champions League , the Galaxy reached the quarterfinals before losing 4 -- 3 on aggregate to Canadian side , Toronto FC . In the 2012 -- 13 edition , the Galaxy won their group for the second straight year , and reached the knockout round , which will be played during the 2013 campaign . Finally , the Galaxy were eliminated in the third round proper of the Open Cup losing to second-tier North American Soccer League outfit , Carolina RailHawks .   In noncompetitive tournaments , the Galaxy hosted Spanish club , Real Madrid , in the 2012 World Football Challenge , losing the exhibition match , 1 -- 5 .

neg: Tapout (clothing brand) Tapout is an American multinational corporation that designs and manufactures sports clothing , casual apparel , and accessories headquartered in Baltimore , Maryland . It is one of the largest sportswear manufacturers in the United States , and one of the biggest in the world .   Tapout was registered in 1997 in San Bernardino County , California , by Charles Lewis , Jr. , Dan Caldwell and Tim Katz . The company was founded after the trio began selling mixed martial arts clothing from the back of their Ford Mustang . Selling the merchandise during a period where MMA solely reached a niche market , Lewis , Caldwell and Katz branded the company around the sport , distributing the merchandise in cities where the sport was prevalent . However , following the growing popularity of mixed martial arts in the United States , and its later nationwide mainstream acceptance , the company became the largest MMA-related merchandise company in the world , accruing revenues of over $ 22.5 million .   In March 2015 , the company was relaunched following its joint-ventured acquisition by pro-wrestling company WWE , and development firm Authentic Brands Group . The venture saw the former MMA-related brand transformed into a more general `` lifestyle fitness '' one . The apparel , for men and women , is expected to be released in spring of 2016 . Throughout 2015 , WWE marketed the brand through various products , including beverages , supplements and gyms . WWE will hold a 50 % stake in the brand , and so will advertise it regularly across all its platforms , hoping to give it one billion impressions a month , and attempting to rival sports-clothing giant , Under Armour . All employees and students of the WWE Performance Center will also wear the clothing .


query: WWI occurred from the 28th of July, 1914 to the 11th of November, 1918.

pos: World War I World War I ( WWI or WW1 ) , also known as the First World War , the Great War , or the War to End All Wars , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . More than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans , were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history . Over nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a result of the war ( including the victims of a number of genocides ) , a casualty rate exacerbated by the belligerents ' technological and industrial sophistication , and the tactical stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare . It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history , and paved the way for major political changes , including revolutions in many of the nations involved and to WWII twenty-one years later .   The war drew in all the world 's economic great powers , assembled in two opposing alliances : the Allies ( based on the Triple Entente of the Russian Empire , the French Third Republic , and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ) versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary . Although Italy was a member of the Triple Alliance alongside Germany and Austria-Hungary , it did not join the Central Powers , as Austria-Hungary had taken the offensive against the terms of the alliance . These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war : Italy , Japan and the United States joined the Allies , while the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers .   The trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria , heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary , by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914 . This set off a diplomatic crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia , and entangled international alliances formed over the previous decades were invoked . Within weeks , the major powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world .   On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July , the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia . Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise , and when this was refused , declared war on Russia on 1 August . Being outnumbered on the eastern front , Russia urged its Triple Entente ally France to open up a second front in the west . Back in 1870 , the Franco-Prussian war had ended the Second French Empire and ceded the provinces of Alsace-Lorraine to a unified Germany . Bitterness over their defeat and the determinance to retake Alsace-Lorraine made the acceptance of Russia 's plea for help an easy choice so France began full mobilisation on 1 August and on 3 August , Germany declared war on France . The border between France and Germany was heavily fortified on both sides so according to the Schlieffen Plan , Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France from the north , leading the United Kingdom to declare war on Germany on 4 August due to their violation of Belgian neutrality . After the German march on Paris was halted in the Battle of the Marne , what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition , with a trench line that changed little until 1917 . On the Eastern Front , the Russian army led a successful campaign against the Austro-Hungarians , but the Germans stopped its invasion of East Prussia in the battles of Tannenberg and the Masurian Lakes . In November 1914 , the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers , opening fronts in the Caucasus , Mesopotamia and the Sinai . In 1915 , Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers ; Romania joined the Allies in 1916 , as did the United States in 1917 .   The Russian government collapsed in March 1917 , and a revolution in November followed by a further military defeat brought the Russians to terms with the Central Powers via the Treaty of Brest Litovsk , which granted the Germans a significant victory . After a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918 , the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives . On 4 November 1918 , the Austro-Hungarian empire agreed to an armistice , and Germany , which had its own trouble with revolutionaries , agreed to an armistice on 11 November 1918 , ending the war in victory for the Allies .   By the end of the war or soon after , the German Empire , Russian Empire , Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire ceased to exist . National borders were redrawn , with several independent nations restored or created , and Germany 's colonies were parceled out among the victors . During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 , the Big Four ( Britain , France , the United States and Italy ) imposed their terms in a series of treaties . The League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict . This effort failed , and economic depression , renewed nationalism , weakened successor states , and feelings of humiliation ( particularly in Germany ) eventually contributed to the start of World War II .

neg: 1914–1918 Inter-Allied Victory medal (France) The 1914 -- 1918 Inter-Allied Victory medal ( `` Médaille Interalliée de la Victoire 1914 -- 1918 '' ) was a French commemorative medal established 20 July 1922 . It was awarded to all soldiers who served three months , consecutive or not , between 2 August 1914 and 11 November 1918 in the war zone . It was also awarded to civilian nurses , aliens ( civilian or military ) who served directly under French command , Marshals and generals who had a command for at least three months , prisoners of war from Alsace and Lorraine ( region ) . Article 10 of the establishing law states : `` The award of the medal is also acquired by military members who were killed by the enemy or died from wounds of war and those who died of disease or injury incurred in service . ''

neg: Origins of the Cold War The Origins of the Cold War are widely regarded to lie most directly in the relations between the Soviet Union and the allies ( the United States , Great Britain and France ) in the years 1945 -- 1947 . Those events led to the Cold War that endured for just under half a century .   Events preceding the Second World War , and even the Russian Revolution of 1917 , underlay pre -- World War II tensions between the Soviet Union , western European countries and the United States . A series of events during and after World War II exacerbated tensions , including the Soviet-German pact during the first two years of the war leading to subsequent invasions , the perceived delay of an amphibious invasion of German-occupied Europe , the western allies ' support of the Atlantic Charter , disagreement in wartime conferences over the fate of Eastern Europe , the Soviets ' creation of an Eastern Bloc of Soviet satellite states , western allies scrapping the Morgenthau Plan to support the rebuilding of German industry , and the Marshall Plan .

neg: Hindenburg Line The Hindenburg Line ( Siegfriedstellung or Siegfried Position ) was a German defensive position of World War I , built during the winter of 1916 -- 1917 on the Western Front , from Arras to Laffaux , near Soissons on the Aisne . In 1916 , the German offensive at the Battle of Verdun had been a costly failure . The Anglo-French offensive at the Battle of the Somme had forced a defensive battle on the Germans , leaving the western armies ( Westheer ) exhausted . On the Eastern Front , the Brusilov Offensive had inflicted huge losses on the Austro-Hungarian armies in Russia and forced the Germans to take over more of the front . The declaration of war by Romania had placed additional strain on the German army and war economy . Construction of the Hindenburg Line in France was begun by the Germans in September 1916 , to make a retirement from the Somme front possible , to counter an anticipated increase in the power of Anglo-French attacks in 1917 .   The shorter defensive position behind the Noyon Salient was built to economise on manpower , contain an Allied breakthrough and make possible a deliberate withdrawal to prepared positions . By destroying the infrastructure and demolishing civilian buildings in the salient before a withdrawal , the Germans could dislocate Franco-British offensive preparations , by forcing them to advance into a wasteland . The British and French armies would need about eight weeks to rebuild roads , bridges and railways in the abandoned area before they could attack . A shorter Western Front could be held with fewer troops and by incorporating the lessons of defensive battle on the Somme , the importance of troop dispersal , reverse-slope positions , defence in depth and camouflage , German infantry casualties could be reduced . While the German army recuperated from the losses of 1916 , protected by the Hindenburg Line and similar defensive positions on the rest of the Western Front , a return to unrestricted submarine warfare and a strategic bombing offensive against Britain were planned .   By the beginning of 1917 , the strategic outlook for the Germans made a retirement inevitable . German divisions on the Western Front numbered 25 January 1917 , reducing the German manpower shortage but not by enough to contemplate an offensive . Greater output of explosives , ammunition and weapons by German industry to provide the means to counter the Allied Materialschlacht ( battle of equipment ) was attempted in the Hindenburg Programme of August 1916 . Production did not sufficiently increase over the winter , with only 60 percent of the programme expected to be fulfilled by the summer of 1917 . The German Friedensangebot ( peace initiative ) of December 1916 , had been rejected by the Entente and the Auxiliary Service Law of December 1916 , intended to further mobilise the civilian economy , had failed to supply the expected additional labour for war production .   The retirement to the Hindenburg Line took place as part of the Alberich Bewegung ( Operation Alberich or Alberich Manoeuvre ) from after local withdrawals on the Somme had been forced on the 1st Army in January and February , by British attacks up the Ancre valley . News of the demolitions and the deplorable state of French civilians left behind , were serious blows to German prestige in neutral countries . Labour was transferred south in February 1917 , to work on the Hundingstellung , from La Fère to Rethel and on the forward positions on the Aisne front , which the Germans knew were due to be attacked by the French armies . Divisions released by Operation Alberich and other reinforcements , increased the number of divisions on the Aisne front to early April . The Hindenburg Line was attacked several times in 1917 , notably at St. Quentin , Bullecourt , the Aisne and Cambrai and was broken in September 1918 , during the Hundred Days Offensive .

neg: Schrecklichkeit Schrecklichkeit ( German `` terror '' or `` frightfulness '' ) is a word used by English speakers to describe an assumed military policy of the German Army towards civilians in World War I.  It was the basis of German actions during their march through Belgium in 1914 . Similar policies were followed later in France , the Russian-held area of Poland , and in Russia .   Under the traditional `` laws of war '' in Europe , military activity was to be confined to the regular , uniformed armies of each side . Civilians were to take no part in fighting , neither attacking or being attacked . Thus , when the uniformed army troops in a nation or region were all defeated , resistance was supposed to end . In practice , informal resistance by `` partisans '' , `` guerrillas '' , or `` francs-tireurs '' often continued after the `` regular '' troops had given up or withdrawn . These fighters , never officially enrolled in an army , and not wearing uniforms to identify them as combatants , attacked occupying troops by ambushes , surprises , and sniping . Conducting such operations out of uniform was considered perfidy , and those involved could be executed .   Occupying armies sometimes responded to such attacks by reprisals against the local population : execution of local inhabitants , whether known to be guerrillas or not , or destruction ( usually by burning ) of homes and other structures .   German army doctrine in force at the time called for such reprisals to be performed immediately and severely in any case of civilian resistance . It was argued that such schrecklichkeit would end resistance quickly with relatively little bloodshed , whereas restraint would encourage resistance , leading to greater destruction and death .   When Germany invaded Belgium in 1914 , the German high command expected to sweep through the country with negligible opposition . The German army was many times larger and stronger than the Belgian army , and the Germans therefore thought that any resistance by Belgium would be futile . German leaders had even suggested to the Belgian government that in the event of war , the Belgians should just line up along the roads and watch the Germans march through . Belgium 's refusal to accept these German presumptions and its resistance to the German advance came as a surprise , and disrupted the German timetable for advancing into France .   This frustration was communicated to the German troops in Belgium . Anything which delayed the German advance was to be crushed mercilessly . The Belgians were viewed as irrational and even treacherous for their opposition .   This led to exaggerated suspicions among German commanders of Belgian civilian resistance . It is possible that some Belgian civilians engaged in resistance , though none is documented . It is certain that on several occasions , German commanders declared ( probably in unconscious error ) that such acts had occurred when they had not .   The Germans responded to these perceived acts of resistance with harsh measures . In several villages and towns , hundreds of civilians were executed . Many buildings were put to the torch . Priests thought guilty of encouraging the resistance were killed . Violence by German soldiers against Belgians , such as rape , was ignored or not seriously punished . The Belgian city of Leuven was largely destroyed . One German officer later wrote about the town , `` We shall wipe it out ... Not one stone will stand upon another . We will teach them to respect Germany . For generations people will come here and see what we have done '' .   These actions , taken in a period of near-panic as the German forces desperately tried to carry out their flanking march before Allied forces could respond , proved to be a propaganda disaster for Germany . The reports of them caused a wave of indignation which aided the Allied cause .

neg: The war to end war `` The war to end war '' ( sometimes called `` The war to end all wars '' ) was a term for the First World War of 1914 -- 1918 . Originally idealistic , it is now used mainly sardonically .

neg: Golden Age of cricket The Golden Age of Cricket is a term that has often been applied in cricket literature to the period in English , Australian , and American cricket from the formation of the official County Championship in the 1890 season to the outbreak of World War I , which occurred just before the scheduled end of the 1914 season .

neg: The Blitz The Blitz , from the German word Blitzkrieg meaning ` lightning war ' , was the name used by the British press to describe the heavy air raids carried out over Britain in 1940 and 1941 , during the Second World War .   The German air offensive was concentrated , aimed at the direct bombing of industrial targets and civilian centres which began with heavy raids on London during the latter phase of the battle for air superiority over the United Kingdom which became known as the Battle of Britain . By September 1940 the Luftwaffe had failed to gain air superiority . The German air fleets ( Luftflotten ) were ordered to attack London , thereby drawing RAF Fighter Command into a battle of annihilation . Adolf Hitler and commander-in-chief of the Luftwaffe ( German Air Force ) Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring , sanctioned the change in emphasis on 6 September 1940 .   From 7 September 1940 , just over a year into the war , London was systematically bombed by the Luftwaffe for 56 out of the following 57 days and nights . On 15 September 1940 , a large daylight attack against London was repulsed with significant German losses . Thereafter , the Luftwaffe gradually decreased daylight operations in favour of nocturnal attacks , to avoid RAF defences . The Blitz became a fundamental night bombing campaign after October 1940 .   Ports and industrial centres outside London were also attacked . The main Atlantic sea port of Liverpool was bombed . The North Sea port of Hull , a convenient and easily found target or secondary target for bombers unable to locate their primary targets , was subjected to raids in the Hull Blitz during the war . Other ports including Bristol , Cardiff , Portsmouth , Plymouth , Southampton and Swansea were also bombed , as were the industrial cities of Birmingham , Belfast , Coventry , Glasgow , Manchester and Sheffield . More than one million London houses were destroyed or damaged and more than 40,000 civilians were killed , almost half of them in the capital .   By May 1941 , the threat of an invasion of Britain had ended , and Hitler 's attention turned to Operation Barbarossa , the invasion of the Soviet Union . The bombing failed to demoralise the British into surrender or significantly damage the war economy . The eight months of bombing never seriously hampered British production and the war industries continued to operate and expand . The German offensive 's greatest effect was forcing the dispersal of aircraft production and parts . British wartime studies concluded that cities generally took 10 to 15 days to recover when hit severely but exceptions like Birmingham took three months .   The German air offensive failed for several reasons . In particular , the Luftwaffe High Command ( Oberkommando der Luftwaffe , OKL ) did not develop a methodical strategy for destroying British war industry : German effort was diverted and dispersed against several sets of industries instead of maintaining pressure on any of them . Discussions in OKL revolved around tactics rather than strategy . Poor intelligence on British industry and economic efficiency was also a factor .

neg: 1910s The 1910s ( pronounced `` nineteen-tens '' , also abbreviated as the `` teens '' ) was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1 , 1910 , and ended on December 31 , 1919 . The 1910s represented the culmination of European militarism which had its beginnings during the second half of the 19th century . The conservative lifestyles during the first half of the decade , as well as the legacy of military alliances , was forever changed by the assassination , on June 28 , 1914 , of Archduke Franz Ferdinand , the heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne . The murder triggered a chain of events in which , within 33 days , World War I broke out in Europe on August 1 , 1914 . The conflict dragged on until a truce was declared on November 11 , 1918 , leading to the controversial , one-sided Treaty of Versailles , which was signed on June 28 , 1919 .   The war 's end triggered the abdication of various monarchies and the collapse of five of the last modern empires of Russia , Germany , China , Ottoman Turkey and Austria-Hungary , with the latter splintered into Austria , Hungary , southern Poland ( who acquired most of their land in a war with Soviet Russia ) , Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia , as well as the unification of Romania with Transylvania and Moldavia . However , each of these states ( with the possible exception of Yugoslavia ) had large German and Hungarian minorities , there creating some unexpected problems that would be brought to light in the next two decades . ( See Dissolution of Austro-Hungarian Empire : Successor States for better description of composition of names of successor countries/states following the splinter . )   The decade was also a period of revolution in a number of countries . The Mexican Revolution spearheaded the trend in November 1910 , which led to the ousting of dictator Porfirio Diaz , developing into a violent civil war that dragged on until mid-1920 , not long after a new Mexican Constitution was signed and ratified . Russia also had a similar fate , since World War I led to a collapse in morale as well as to economic chaos . This atmosphere encouraged the establishment of Bolshevism , which was later renamed as communism . Like the Mexican Revolution , the Russian Revolution of 1917 , known as the October Revolution , immediately turned to Russian Civil War that dragged until approximately late 1922 .   Much of the music in these years was ballroom-themed . Many of the fashionable restaurants were equipped with dance floors . Prohibition in the United States began January 16 , 1919 , with the ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution .

neg: List of First World War Victoria Cross recipients The Victoria Cross ( VC ) was awarded 628 times to 627 recipients for action in the First World War ( 1914 -- 1918 ) . The Victoria Cross is a military decoration awarded for valour `` in the face of the enemy '' to members of armed forces of some Commonwealth countries and previous British Empire territories . It takes precedence over all other Orders , decorations and medals ; it may be awarded to a person of any rank in any service and to civilians under military command . The award was officially constituted when Queen Victoria issued a warrant under the Royal sign-manual on 29 January 1856 that was gazetted on 5 February 1856 . The order was backdated to 1854 to recognise acts of valour during the Crimean War . The first awards ceremony was held on 26 June 1857 , where Queen Victoria invested 62 of the 111 Crimean recipients in a ceremony in Hyde Park .   The First World War , also known as the Great War and in the United States as World War I , was a global military conflict that embroiled most of the world 's great powers , assembled in two opposing alliances : the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance . More than 70 million military personnel were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history . The main combatants descended into a state of total war , directing their entire scientific and industrial capabilities into the war effort . Over 15 million people were killed , making it one of the deadliest conflicts in history . The proximate cause of war was the assassination on 28 June 1914 of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria . Soon after , a system of alliances were activated that would see Europe at war . The Western Front saw the largest concentration of Commonwealth troops with soldiers occupying sectors of the line from the North Sea to the Orne River .   On 1 July 1916 , the first day of the Battle of the Somme , the British Army endured the bloodiest day in its history , suffering 57,470 casualties and 19,240 dead ; nine Victoria Crosses were awarded for action on that day . Most of the casualties occurred in the first hour of the attack . The entire Somme offensive cost the British Army almost half a million men . The war was not just fought on land ; the First World War saw major naval battles as well as the first large-scale use of military aircraft . The war at sea was mainly characterised by the efforts of the Allied Powers in blockading the Central Powers by sea . In return , the Central Powers attempted to break that blockade and establish an effective blockade of the British Isles and France with U-boats and raiders . The largest naval battle of the First World War was the Battle of Jutland which was the only full-scale clash of battleships in that war . Four Victoria Crosses were awarded for action at Jutland . The war in the air saw 19 VCs being awarded to airmen . The First World War saw significant interest in flying aces , including the German Manfred von Richthofen -- also known as The Red Baron -- as well as British aces such as Albert Ball , Mick Mannock and Billy Bishop , who were all Victoria Cross recipients . Hostilities ended on 11 November 1918 with the signing of the Armistice Treaty in the Compiègne Forest , but the war was not officially over until the various peace treaties were signed in 1919 . By the war 's end , four major imperial powers -- Germany , Russia , Austria-Hungary , and the Ottoman Empire -- had been militarily and politically defeated , and the latter two ceased to exist as autonomous entities . Of the 60 million European soldiers who were mobilised from 1914 -- 1918 , 8 million were killed , 7 million were permanently disabled , and 15 million were seriously injured .   During the war , Britain called on its dominions and colonies , which provided invaluable military , financial and material support . The armies of the Dominions provided over 2.5 million men as well as many thousands of volunteers from the Crown colonies . The largest number of men came from the Indian sub continent , Canada , Australia and New Zealand . The Indian Contingent consisted of over 130,000 men in various capabilities and served primarily in France and Belgium . Over 9000 of them died and 11 of them were awarded the VC . The Australian Imperial Force ( AIF ) began forming on 15 August 1914 and remained a volunteer force for the entire war . Throughout the four years of conflict , 331,814 volunteers from Australia were sent overseas with 63 VCs awarded ; nine of these were given for the Gallipoli Campaign . Eleven members of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force ( NZEF ) were awarded the Victoria Cross . The Canadian Expeditionary Force ( CEF ) saw over 600,000 enlistments throughout its four-year history with 71 VCs awarded . At the outbreak of the hostilities , Newfoundland was a separate dominion and 2 soldiers from Newfoundland were awarded the Victoria Cross .   The 628 awards of the Victoria Cross given for action during the First World War account for almost half the 1356 Victoria Crosses awarded throughout its history ; in comparison the Second World War saw 181 medals awarded . Noel Godfrey Chavasse was awarded the Victoria Cross and Bar , for two separate actions in the First World War on the battlefields of Mametz and Passchendaele . He died from wounds received in the second action . Arthur Martin-Leake received a Bar to his Victoria Cross for action in the First World War ; he had been awarded his first Victoria Cross for action in the Second Boer War .   Of the 627 recipients 159 were awarded posthumously .

neg: Armistice of Versailles The Armistice of Versailles that came into effect on 28 January 1871 brought to an end the active phase of the Franco-Prussian War . The signatories were Jules Favre , foreign minister in the provisional Government of National Defence , for the French and Otto von Bismarck , chancellor of the newly established German Empire , for Prussia and her allies . The suspension of hostilities initially lasted until 19 February , when it was extended through 26 February , when a preliminary peace treaty was signed , also at Versailles . The definitive Treaty of Frankfurt was signed on 10 May . Although technically an armistice , the military position of France at the time and the terms were such that it was de facto a conditional surrender by the vanquished to the victors .

neg: Timeline of World War II (1942) This is a timeline of events that stretched over the period of World War II from 1942 .

neg: Timeline of the Turkish War of Independence This chronology of the Turkish War of Independence is a timeline of events during the Turkish War of Independence ( May 19 , 1919 -- October 29 , 1923 ) . The timeline also includes the background events starting with the end of the First World War . The events are classified according to the campaigns and parties involved . Pictures are included for the significant events .

neg: French Army of Alsace (WWI) The Army of Alsace was a World War I French field army that operated from 11 -- 28 August 1914 .

neg: Artillery of World War I The artillery of World War I was used to counter the trench warfare that set in shortly after the conflict commenced , and was an important factor in the war , influencing its tactics , operations and incorporated into strategies that were used by the belligerents to break the stalemate at the front . World War I raised artillery to a new level of importance on the battlefield . The years of the First World War had provided several developments in artillery warfare . Artillery could now shoot farther with more explosive shells . Because of this , enemies in trenches would no longer always be safe , and would constantly be fired upon . In some areas , artillery concentration would be common , several artillery firing onto an area -- such as a line of trenches , each firing several rounds per minute lasting for hours . Artillery barrages would also be used before an infantry battle , to create a distraction away from the place of attack , so that the enemy 's numbers would be fewer , or they would fire at the paths going from the area that would be attacked so that the enemy reinforcements would not be able to reach the area without getting hit . Mortars were revived by the Germans because of their ability to shoot at an angle above 45 degrees , and therefore could theoretically ( although not often ) land directly in an enemy 's trench before exploding for maximum damage . Artillery shells were used for gas release by the German troops in 1915 , and the Allies followed their example after the Second Battle of Ypres .

neg: Great Retreat The Great Retreat , also known as the Retreat from Mons , is the name given to the long withdrawal to the River Marne , in August and September 1914 , by the British Expeditionary Force ( BEF ) and the French Fifth Army , Allied forces on the Western Front in World War I , after their defeat by the Imperial German armies at the Battle of Charleroi ( 21 August ) and the Battle of Mons ( 23 August ) . A counter-offensive by the Fifth Army , with some assistance from the BEF at the First Battle of Guise ( Battle of St. Quentin failed to end the German advance and the Franco-British retreat continued to and beyond the Marne . From the First Battle of the Marne ended the Allied retreat and forced the German armies to retire towards the Aisne river and fight the First Battle of the Aisne Reciprocal attempts to outflank the opposing armies to the north followed , known as the Race to the Sea

neg: Chemical weapons in World War I Although the use of toxic chemicals as weapons dates back thousands of years , the first large scale use of chemical weapons was during World War I . They were primarily used to demoralize , injure , and kill entrenched defenders , against whom the indiscriminate and generally very slow-moving or static nature of gas clouds would be most effective . The types of weapons employed ranged from disabling chemicals , such as tear gas , to lethal agents like phosgene , chlorine , and mustard gas . This chemical warfare was a major component of the first global war and first total war of the 20th century . The killing capacity of gas was limited , with only about 90 thousand fatalities from a total of some 1.2 million casualties caused by gas attacks . Gas was unlike most other weapons of the period because it was possible to develop effective countermeasures , such as gas masks . In the later stages of the war , as the use of gas increased , its overall effectiveness diminished . The widespread use of these agents of chemical warfare , and wartime advances in the composition of high explosives , gave rise to an occasionally expressed view of World War I as `` the chemist 's war '' and also the era where `` weapons of mass destruction '' were created .   The use of poison gas performed by all major belligerents throughout World War I constituted war crimes as its use violated the 1899 Hague Declaration Concerning Asphyxiating Gases and the 1907 Hague Convention on Land Warfare , which prohibited the use of `` poison or poisoned weapons '' in warfare .

neg: 1922 in the United Kingdom The social and political problems of most prominence in the United Kingdom in 1922 showed a further departure from those that chiefly occupied public attention during World War I , and the country had by then almost returned to its normal condition . Prices continued to fall during the early part of the year , but very slowly as compared with the previous decline , and in the latter half of the year the fall ceased almost entirely , prices becoming comparatively stabilized at about 80 % above the level of July 1914 . Labour problems , which occupied so much attention during and after the war , were less constantly in the public eye . The principle of inevitable reductions in wages had been accepted by the working classes as a whole , and there were few strikes on a large scale , the worst being that in the engineering trade . Unemployment continued to be very great , but it was recognized that little more could be done by government measures for its alleviation , and the subject was much less prominent in the political world than it had been in the previous year . A further indication of the return to normal conditions was in the gradual decay of the coalition government . The combination of parties brought about in the presence of a common danger no longer worked in peacetime . Very early in the year signs of disintegration became manifest in the coalition . On several occasions the two wings threatened to fall apart , but the government was successfully held together by the personality of Prime Minister David Lloyd George until the last quarter of the year , when the internal dissensions of many months reached a bursting-point , and the coalition collapsed .   Irish affairs occupied an important place in politics throughout the year . 1922 saw the establishment of the Irish Free State in the south and west of the island .

neg: United Kingdom general election, December 1910 (Ireland) The Irish component of the December 1910 UK general election took place between 3 and 19 December , concurrently with the polls in Great Britain . Though the national result was a deadlock between the Conservatives and the Liberals , the result in Ireland was , as was the trend by now , a large victory for the Irish Parliamentary Party . The IPP supported the Liberals to form a government after the election . This was to be the party 's last victory , however . Due to the outbreak of World War I in 1914 , the next general election would not be held until 1918 , by which time events both in Ireland and Britain and outside would conspire to see the rise of a new nationalist party , Sinn Féin , and the subsequent demise of the IPP .   It was the government formed by this election which brought in the final , fourth Home Rule bill in 1914 . The outbreak of the war led to its delay and eventual abandonment in response to the rise of Sinn Féin .

neg: Battle of Łódź (1914) The Battle of Łódź took place from November 11 to December 6 , 1914 , near the city of Łódź in Poland . It was fought between the German Ninth Army and the Russian First , Second , and Fifth Armies , in harsh winter conditions .

neg: Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II This article is about the military history of the United Kingdom during World War II . The United Kingdom , along with most of its Dominions , Crown colonies , and British India , declared war on Nazi Germany in September 1939 , after the German invasion of Poland . War with Japan began in December 1941 , after it attacked British colonies in Asia . The Axis powers were defeated by the Allies in 1945 .