query: South Korea is the world's twenty-fifth largest exporter.

pos: South Korea South Korea , officially the Republic of Korea ( ROK ; ) , is a sovereign state in East Asia , constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula . Officially , its territory consists of the whole Korean Peninsula and its adjacent islands , which are largely mountainous . South Koreans lead a distinctive urban lifestyle , as half of them live in high-rises concentrated in the Seoul Capital Area with 25 million residents and the world 's sixth leading global city with the fourth largest economy and seventh most sustainable city in the world .   The earliest neolithic Korean pottery dates to 8000 BC , with three kingdoms flourishing in the 1st century BC . The name Korea is derived from one of them , Goguryeo , also known as Koryŏ , which was a Han Chinese tributary state kingdom in East Asia that sent yearly tribute to the Emperor of China , ruling most of the Korean Peninsula and a small portion of Siberia and Inner Mongolia under Gwanggaeto the Great . Since their unification into Later Silla and Balhae in the 7th century , Korea enjoyed over a millennium of relative tranquility under long lasting dynasties . Under Sejong the Great in the 15th century , Koreans had one of the highest living standards in the world along with the Han Chinese and Japanese and developed improved versions many advanced innovations such as the metal movable type printing press in 1377 A.D. which was developed based on the previous Han Chinese Porcelain movable type printing press , used to print and publish the Jikji , the world 's oldest extant movable metal type printed paper book using the 8,000 year old traditional ancient Chinese writing system . Additionally , in 1443 Hangul was invented by the Korean King Sejong the Great as an easier alternative to the complex and difficult to learn ancient Chinese writing system which was usually reserved for elite academic scholars preparing for the imperial examinations of China . Hangul enabled anyone in the general Korean population to easily learn to read and write and transfer written information rather than spending years learning complicated ancient Chinese . Its rich and vibrant culture left 19 UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritages of Humanity , the third largest in the world , along with 12 World Heritage Sites . Annexed into Imperial Japan in 1910 , Korea was divided after its surrender in 1945 , but a North Korean invasion led to the Korean War ( 1950 -- 1953 ) . Peace has since mostly continued with the two agreeing to work peacefully for reunification and the South solidifying peace as a regional power with the world 's 10th largest defence budget .   South Korea , along with Taiwan , Singapore and Hong Kong ( China ) is one of the four high-tech industrialized developed countries often referred to as the Four Asian Economic Dragons . The South Korean economy soared at an annual average of 10 % for over 30 years in a period of rapid transformation called the Miracle on the Han River . A long legacy of openness and focus on innovation made it successful . Today , it is the world 's seventh largest advanced economy and fifth largest exporter with the G20 's largest budget surplus and highest credit rating of any country in East Asia . It has free trade agreements with 75 % of the world economy and is the only G20 nation trading freely with China , the US and the EU simultaneously . Since 1988 , its constitution guarantees a liberal democracy with high government transparency and many fundamental rights such as universal healthcare . High personal freedoms led to the rise of a globally influential pop culture such as K-pop and K-drama , a phenomenon called the Korean Wave , known for its distinctive fashionable and trendy style . Home of the UN Green Climate Fund and GGGI , South Korea is a leader in low carbon green growth , committed to helping developing countries as a major DAC and Paris Club contributor . It is the world 's third least ignorant country in the Index of Ignorance , ranking eighth highest for peaceful tolerance and inclusion of minorities on the Fragile States Index .   South Korea is a technologically advanced developed country driven by a highly educated and skilled workforce , having the world 's eighth highest median household income , the highest in Asia . Globally , it ranks highly in personal safety , job security , ease of doing business and healthcare quality , with the world 's third highest health adjusted life expectancy and fourth most efficient healthcare system . It is the world 's largest spender on R&D per GDP , leading the OECD in graduates in science and engineering and ranking third in the Youth Wellbeing Index . Home of Samsung , LG and Hyundai-Kia , South Korea was named the world 's most innovative country for 4 consecutive years since 2014 in the Bloomberg Innovation Index , ranking first in business R&D intensity , manufacturing value-added , patents filed per GDP , second in higher education efficiency and fourth in high-tech density and researcher concentration . In 2005 , it became the world 's first country to fully transition to high-speed Internet and today it has the world 's fastest Internet speed and highest smartphone ownership , ranking first in ICT Development , e-Government and 4G LTE coverage .

neg: .kr . kr is the Internet country code top-level domain ( ccTLD ) for South Korea ( Republic of Korea ) . Registrations are processed via registration agents .   From September 2006 , it became possible to register domain names directly under . kr ( although this is currently only possible for internationalized domain names ) . Trademark holders and public bodies benefited from an `` early registration period '' , after which the owners of . kr third-level domains had priority to get the corresponding second-level domains .   1 . Sunrise I ( September 18 -- November 20 , 2006 )  Governmental Bodies only  2 . Sunrise II ( November 21 -- February 27 , 2007 )  A holder of 3rd level . kr domain  The registered 3rd level domain and the 3rd level domain should be registered before March 13 , 2006  The full name of registered trademark using same alphabetical order  3 . Landrush ( March 28 -- April 11 , 2007 )  Anyone or any business entity who has an address in the territory  4 . General Registration ( from April 19 . 2007 )  First-come first-served basis   In 2011 a new top-level domain was registered for South Korea , intended for domain names in the local language . The top-level domain is Domain names and working sites became active during 2011 .

neg: New international division of labour In economics , the new international division of labor ( NIDL ) is an outcome of globalization . The term was coined by theorists seeking to explain the spatial shift of manufacturing industries from advanced capitalist countries to developing countries -- an ongoing geographic reorganization of production , which finds its origins in ideas about a global division of labor . It is a spatial division of labor which occurs when the process of production is no longer confined to national economies . Under the `` old '' international division of labor , until around 1970 , underdeveloped areas were incorporated into the world economy principally as suppliers of minerals and agricultural commodities . However , as developing economies are merged into the world economy , more production takes place in these economies .   This has led to a trend of transference , or what is also known as the `` global industrial shift '' , in which production processes are relocated from developed countries ( such as the US , European countries , and Japan ) to developing countries in Asia ( such as China , Vietnam , and India ) and Latin America . This is because companies search for the cheapest locations to manufacture and assemble components , so low-cost labor-intensive parts of the manufacturing process are shifted to the developing world where costs are substantially lower . Companies do so by taking advantage of transportation and communications technology , as well as fragmentation and locational flexibility of production . From 1953 to the late 1990s , the industrialized economies ' share of world manufacturing output declined from 95 % to 77 % , and the developing economies ' share more than quadrupled from 5 % to 23 % .   The resultant division of labor across continents closely follows the North -- South socio-economic and political divide , wherein the North -- with one quarter of the world population -- controls four fifths of the world income , while the South -- with three quarters of the world population -- has access to one fifth of the world income .

neg: History of Japan–Korea relations For over 1,500 years , the relationship between Japan and Korea was characterized by cultural exchange , trade , war , and political contact , all of which underlie their relations even today . During the ancient era , exchange of culture and ideas between Japan and mainland Asia were common through migration via the Korean Peninsula or diplomatic contact and trade between Japan and Korea . Buddhism , Chinese foods , Chinese characters and other technology came to Japan via Korea or East China Sea .   In a modern context , Japan -- Korea relations pertain to three states : Japan , North Korea , and South Korea . Historically , Japan and Korea have had cultural interactions for more than 1,500 years and had direct political contact for almost as long . Korea became Japan 's territory as a result of the Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty which was signed in 1910 . When Japan was defeated in World War II , U.S. Army Forces proclaimed the occupation and administration of Korea . South Korea has been independent as of August 15 , 1945 , and North Korea became independent on September 9 of the same year .   Diplomatic relations between Japan and South Korea were established in 1965 . In the early 2000s , the Japanese -- South Korean relationship soured when the Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi visited the Yasukuni Shrine every year during his term . Furthermore , conflicts continue to exist over claims of the Liancourt Rocks - a group of small islets halfway between the two countries . In 2012 , South Korean President Lee Myung-bak became the first president to visit the Liancourt Rocks .   Bilaterally and through the Six-Party Talks , North Korea and Japan continue to discuss the case of Japanese citizens abducted by the North Korean government during the 1970s and 1980s , although there are no diplomatic relations between the two ; Japan does not recognize North Korea as a sovereign state .   The relationship between Korea and Japan is very complicated , because nothing has been conclusively agreed upon by historians , the differing interpretations of the same event will be divided for ease of understanding until the results of the joint history project between South Korea and Japan are used in both countries .   According to the announcement of South Korea , One conclusion of the joint history project was that Japan 's interpretation of the 4th century was incorrect regarding Korea and Japan . Currently , South Korea and Japan are trying to re-visit the joint history project which was halted due to differing focus points `` After conducting research for three years since 2002 , scholars of the two countries announced their first report on three categories - the ancient , medieval , and modern times . At that time , Seoul demanded that the research institute 's findings be reflected in the textbooks of the two nations , but Japan rejected this request . '' Japan 's refusal to use the research finding of the joint historians in Japanese schools caused South Korea to wonder why they were spending so much money researching history which was n't going to be used in Japan . This event caused South Korea to halt the project in 2005 .

neg: Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Co. , Ltd ( DSME ) ( Korean : 대우조선해양 ) is the fourth largest shipbuilder in the world and one of the `` Big Three '' shipbuilders of South Korea ( including Hyundai and Samsung ) .   On 21 February 2011 , the A. P. Moller-Maersk Group ( Maersk ) ordered 10 large container ships from DSME , each with a capacity of 18,000 containers , surpassing the current record holder ; the Mærsk E-class at 15,200 containers . The contract is worth $ 1.9 bn . The first is to be delivered in 2014 . In June 2011 , Maersk ordered ten more , for another $ 1.9 bn . The new class is called the Triple E class .   On December 20 , 2011 Daewoo Shipbuilding Marine Engineering won the largest single defense contract by a Korean firm ; valued at $ 1.07 billion to build three Indonesian submarines . It also would mark the first exports of submarines from South Korea .   On 22 February 2012 , a # 452 million order was placed with DSME for four 37,000 tonne double hulled ` MARS ' fast fleet tankers by Britain 's Ministry of Defence for the Royal Fleet Auxiliary . The ships will enter service in 2016 .   The South Korean Board of Audit and Inspection found 1.5 trillion won ( approximately US$ 1.27 billion ) of accounting fraud in DSME 's books on 15 June 2016 . In July , 2016 , shares in DSME were suspended from trading , and will remain suspended until at least September 28 , 2017 . After suffering losses of Won3 .3 tn in 2015 and Won2 .7 tn in 2016 , it was given a Won2 .9 tn ( US$ 2.6 bn ) government loan in March 2017 to prevent bankruptcy .

neg: Prachai Leophai-ratana Prachai Leophairatana is a former Senator and a Thai businessman who founded Thai Petrochemical Industry ( TPI ) .   Prachai founded Thai Petrochemical Industry in 1978 , based on companies his grandfather founded during World War II . Thai Petrochemical Industry ( TPI ) group begun in rice milling , and had extended to gunnysacks , textiles , and insurance in the second generation . In 1979 , the group consisted of nineteen firms still based mainly in agriculture-related sectors . The patriarch of this second generation , Pornchai Leophairatana , sent his sons to the USA to study accounting , economics , and engineering . Returning to Thailand in the era when the economy was shifting decisively towards industry using newly found supplies of natural gas , Prachai Leophairatana and his five siblings launched the firm into cement and petrochemicals .   In the 1990s , Prachai expanded TPI with massive offshore loans to take advantage of the then vast interest rate gap between the Thai baht and US dollar . Unfortunately , most of the loans were not hedged because , as Prachai put it , `` the Thai government had pledged the baht peg would be defended '' . The peg was around 25 baht to the US dollar . By the mid-1990s , the number of firms had expanded to forty-four , total revenues had multiplied twenty-five times . TPl had risen rapidly to second rank in the cement market , behind the venerable Siam Cement . It had also become a major player in the booming petrochemicals industry . By 1994 , it had become Southeast Asia 's first fully integrated petrochemical company . TPI invested in a wharf and handling facilities on Thailand 's eastern seaboard , built a 100-megawatt power plant , and even owned a cement company and opened its own gas stations .   TPI has capability if unconstrained by lenders and their appointed planners to produce an overall gross margin that ranks in the top third to one half versus the major petrochemical complexes in the world , including , e.g. , ExxonMobil Singapore , ExxonMobil Baytown , BP Grangemouth , Dow Terneuzen , Shell Mordijk , Samsung , Hanwha and Hyundai Korea , Dow Petronas Optimal Kertih , The Petrochemical Corporation of Singapore PCS ) and downstream complex , Shell CNOOC Nanhai ( Huizhou , Guangzhou ) and so on . The facility is integrated from crude oil / condensate to plastic resin , has multiple power and cogeneration units and uses adequate if not leading edge technologies for refinery , lube base oil , olefins , polyolefins , ABS , styrene , and polystyrene ; it is one of the largest single site polypropylene producers in Asia and the world .   The baht , however , proved vulnerable . Under significant speculative attacks , its defences crumbled . The Thai currency was floated on July 2 1997 . By January 1998 , the baht exchange rate had shot up to 56 to the US dollar . With TPI 's total loans reaching US$ 3.8 billion , its creditors - led by Bangkok Bank - decided to get tough . In early 2000 , Thailand 's bankruptcy court approved the creditors ' debt restructuring plan and appointed Australia-based Effective Planners as the plan administrator . The plan called for a debt-to-equity swap of US$ 756 million and the sale of non-core assets to raise US$ 200 million.Many thought that would spell the end of Prachai , who had effectively turned one of the region 's largest petrochemical complexes into Thailand 's biggest corporate debtor . But it did n't . Prachai refused to budge . He stayed on as TPI 's chief executive and , for a while , even reported for work every morning . He also besieged the court by filing more than 35 different legal challenges against the plan and Effective Planners . The latter had to spend millions of dollars to fend off litigation . Although most of the lawsuits were dismissed , Prachai has always maintained he was not fighting for himself but for TPI and its workers . Many observers , though , feel the workout plan , which slashed the Leophairatana family 's stake in the company to 15 % from 60 % , left the 58-year-old entrepreneur feeling embittered .   Prachai 's persistence , however , seems to have paid off . On April 21 2003 , he scored an important victory in the bankruptcy court . On that fateful day , to the shock of the Thai and foreign legal communities , the court ordered the removal of Effective Planners as TPI 's plan administrator and appointed Prachai as a temporary replacement instead . In response , the creditors suspended US$ 80 million in working capital facilities vital to TPI . Just a few days prior to the April 21 judgment , the creditors had declared support for Effective Planners , even though , as Prachai pointed out later , it had failed to meet most of the targets outlined in the debt rehabilitation plan .   Effective Planners was expected to incur expenses not exceeding 640 million baht in the 2001-02 fiscal year ( April 1 2001 to March 31 2002 ) , but as Prachai told the court , the sum was closer to 1.57 billion baht . Also , under the plan the company 's oil refining capacity was targeted to hit 125,000 barrels per day by the end of the fiscal year . But by the start of April 2002 , the TPI refinery was only churning out 82,000 barrels per day . The court rejected Effective Planners ' defence that the operating environment for TPI had worsened considerably following the September 11 2001 terrorist attacks in the US . Instead , in a highly unusual move , it recommended that the debtor side be adequately represented on a new steering committee .   The Thai government stepped in by saying it would help mediate in the matter and proposed the appointment of a chairperson acceptable to both sides to lead the new steering committee consisting of seven representatives each from the creditors and the debtor side . `` The Thai bankruptcy law is very clear . On the control of reorganization , creditors have final say ... . The debtor has to be cooperative , and really has a minimal role to play , '' says Kowit Somwaiya , partner at Herbert Smith in Thailand . But Kowit says it was within the discretion of the court to recommend a joint panel consisting of representatives of both sides . `` Someone is needed who can bring both sides half way , someone Khun Prachai can trust . ''   Creditors had conceded to allow one Prachai representative and one government representative to sit on the new steering panel , which would otherwise consist only of the members of Thai Administrators Ltd ( TAL )  The June 13 judgment appointing the Finance Ministry as TPI 's debt administrator is seen as limiting creditors ' future course of action . TAL was seen as the best hope for creditors as it consists of formidable members of Thailand 's business and legal community .   Proposed by creditors as the debt plan administrator , TAL was rejected outright by Prachai . And in its June 13 ruling , the court said TAL 's plan appeared to be inadequate for creating the cash flow needed to service TPI 's huge debt . The company is obliged to make interest payments of around US$ 8.5 million every month .   The court , it seems , has transferred the burden of responsibility onto the shoulders of the state . `` We had proposed to mediate in setting up a joint panel which would appoint financial advisors to conduct due diligence so that a -LSB- new -RSB- debt restructuring plan could be proposed , '' said Kitti Limsakul , an advisor to Thailand 's finance minister , before the June 13 ruling . `` But we respect the right of the creditors . '' Kitti said the government would not act unless directed by the court .   In what would be a clear sign of things to come , the court had already signalled its approval of a government role in the crisis . Judge Kamol Teeravetponkul of the Central Bankruptcy Court on May 21 2003 said that the businesses run by TPI were too big to be nursed back to health by the private sector . `` The appointment of a tripartite debt administration team as suggested by the government is good solution , '' Reuters News Agency quoted Kamol as saying . Two weeks earlier , Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra himself proposed that a third party be appointed to mediate in the matter . It was Kamol who delivered the June 13 ruling .   By and large financial experts have given a thumbs down to what they see as intervention by the state . `` It seems the prime minister is getting involved in a micro level . This is a step backward , '' said a Hong Kong-based credit analyst at a European Bank . The analyst , like his many of colleagues in the industry based outside Bangkok , see the resolution of the TPI case as a litmus test for the restructuring of billions of dollars worth of Thai corporate debt and crucial to Thailand 's ability to attract and retain foreign investment .   Observers , based in the Thai capital , however , are more tempered . `` The TPI case is very unique , '' Kowit explains . `` First the amount involved , US$ 3.8 billion , is huge . Second , the company 's labour union -LSB- who have mostly supported Prachai -RSB- is very strong . And lastly , the creditor side involves some of the largest domestic and foreign institutions . '' Kowit also says many in Thailand were surprised that the rehabilitation plan did not permit any haircuts and that the creditors could take 75 % equity in the company through conversion of accrued interest of US$ 756 million in only three years.Prachai has repeatedly accused the lenders of not paying enough attention to the long-term viability of the company and focusing primarily on maximizing short-term returns .   Speaking after the June 13 judgment , Kitti Limsakul , the advisor to Thailand 's finance minister , told Dow Jones Newswires that an earlier proposal to set up for a 15-member tripartite debt administration team consisting of seven members each from the creditor and debtor side , headed by a mediator from the government had been modified . Now , the Finance Ministry is willing to permit unequal representation of the two sides , depending on who is suitable . With the 2005 ruling , Prachai was forced to sell his and his family 's stock at 70 % below the market price at 3.30 baht per share to the recently privatized petroleum corporation PTT . Subsequently Prachai and his siblings were ejected from the board , and was replaced by the board assigned by PTT public company limited of whom were close allies of Thaksin Shinawatra .   Prachai Leophairatana and his family were able to retain a small portion of their wealth , and now are the board members of the TPI Polene Public company limited , which recently was just released from rehabilitation plan on Tuesday , 11 April 2006 .

neg: Eugene Group Eugene Group is a large South Korean chaebol ( conglomerate ) , producing industry , media , construction , confectionery and child house products .

neg: South Chungcheong Province South Chungcheong Province , officially Chungcheongnam-do ( -LSB- tɕʰuŋ.tɕʰʌŋ.nam.do -RSB- ; abbreviated Chungnam ) , is a province in the west of South Korea . The province was formed in 1896 from the south-western half of the former Chungcheong Province and remained a province of Korea until the country 's division in 1945 , thereafter becoming part of South Korea . In 2012 , the provincial capital moved from Daejeon to Hongseong .

neg: South Korean web culture South Korean web culture indicates distinct activities that South Korean internet users enjoy on the web . Most of the internet users are in the 13 - 50 age range . People often access the Internet through cyber cafes ( Korean : PC방 ; PC bang ) .   Most of the activities are targeted to teenagers and college students . Youngsters who feel more comfortable texting than talking are known as the `` thumb tribe '' . The LG Mobile World Cup , an international competition held on January 14 , 2010 , in which participants competed using their texting speed and accuracy was won by a pair of South Koreans .   Highly urbanized at 92 % , South Koreans lead a distinctive urban lifestyle ; half of them live in high-rises concentrated in the Seoul Capital Area with 25 million residents . The rise of online social activities closely mirrors the wider cultural trend towards shared spaces , such as the habitual use of coffee houses .   South Korea enjoys the world 's swiftest Internet speeds and the highest rate of Internet penitration but also suffers from very high censorship of content .

neg: South Asia South Asia or Southern Asia is a term used to represent the southern region of the Asian continent , which comprises the sub-Himalayan SAARC countries and , for some authorities , adjoining countries to the west and east . Topographically , it is dominated by the Indian Plate , which rises above sea level as Nepal and northern parts of India situated south of the Himalayas and the Hindu Kush . South Asia is bounded on the south by the Indian Ocean and on land ( clockwise , from west ) by West Asia , Central Asia , East Asia , and Southeast Asia .   The current territories of Afghanistan , Bangladesh , Bhutan , Maldives , Nepal , India , Pakistan , and Sri Lanka form the countries of South Asia . The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) is an economic cooperation organisation in the region which was established in 1985 and includes all eight nations comprising South Asia .   South Asia covers about 5.1 million km2 ( 1.9 million mi2 ) , which is 11.51 % of the Asian continent or 3.4 % of the world 's land surface area . The population of South Asia is about 1.749 billion or about one fourth of the world 's population , making it both the most populous and the most densely populated geographical region in the world . Overall , it accounts for about 39.49 % of Asia 's population ( or over 24 % of the world 's population ) and is home to a vast array of peoples .   In 2010 , South Asia had the world 's largest population of Hindus , Jains and Sikhs . There are 507 million Muslims as well as over 35 million Christians and 25 million Buddhists in South Asia .

neg: CAS Corporation CAS Corporation is a Korean manufacturer of electronic weighing equipment , founded on April 19 , 1983 by its current Chief Executive Manager , Dong-Jin Kim .   CAS has been continuously developing over the years and by 2006 , its equipment was exported to over 120 countries . By 2011 , the company had representatives in Germany , USA , Canada , Poland , Vietnam , Bangladesh , India , China , Japan , Russia , Turkey , Great Britain and other countries . Its equipment has been certified and approved for commercial use , among others , in USA , Canada , Russia , European Union ( OIML ) , Australia , Japan .   CAS was the first Korean company to export electronic scales in 1987 and to develop a label printing scale in 1992 ( model LP , which was an abbreviation for label printing ) .

neg: List of largest Chinese companies This article lists the largest companies in China in terms of their revenue , net profit and total assets , according to the American business magazines Fortune and Forbes . In 2014 , Fortune '' 's Global 500 list of the world 's largest corporations included 95 Chinese companies , with combined revenues of US$ 5.8 trillion . That same year , Forbes '' reported that five of the world 's ten largest public companies were Chinese , including the world 's largest bank by total assets , the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China . Many of China 's largest companies are state-owned enterprises , due to the significant presence of the governing Chinese Communist Party in the national economy .

neg: Korean Wave The Korean Wave ( , , a neologism literally meaning `` flow of Korea '' ) is the increase in global popularity of South Korean culture since the 1990s . First driven by the spread of K-dramas and K-pop across East , South and Southeast Asia during its initial stages , the Korean Wave evolved from a regional development into a global phenomenon , carried by the Internet and social media and the proliferation of K-pop music videos on YouTube .   Since the turn of the 21st century , South Korea has emerged as a major exporter of popular culture and tourism , aspects which have become a significant part of its burgeoning economy . The growing popularity of Korean pop culture in many parts of the world has prompted the South Korean government to support its creative industries through subsidies and funding for start-ups , as a form of soft power and in its aim of becoming one of the world 's leading exporters of culture along with Japanese and British culture , a niche that the United States has dominated for nearly a century . During this time the Korean society began to be recognized as a developed country similar to that of the Western world .   Part of the success of the Korean Wave owes in part to the development of social networking services and online video sharing platforms such as YouTube , which have allowed the Korean entertainment industry to reach a sizable overseas audience . Use of these media in facilitating promotion , distribution and consumption of various forms of Korean entertainment ( and K-pop in particular ) has contributed to their surge in worldwide popularity since the mid-2000s .

neg: Korean Empire The Korean Empire ( 대한제국 Hanja : 大韓帝國 ; Daehan Jeguk ; -LSB- tɛ.ɦan.dʑe.ɡuk̚ -RSB- ; literally `` Greater Korean Empire '' ) was proclaimed in October 1897 , after the Donghak Peasant Revolution of 1894 to 1895 and Gabo Reforms that swept the country from 1894 to 1896 . It lasted until the annexation of Korea by Japan in August 1910 .   Emperor Gojong oversaw the partial modernization of the military , economy , land system , education system , and various industries . Japan became wary of Korea 's modernization and industrialization attempt through Gwangmu Reforms , and after the assassination of the Resident-General Itō Hirobumi , decided to forcibly annex the Korean Empire .

neg: Indonesia–South Africa relations Indonesia -- South Africa relations are foreign bilateral relations between Indonesia and South Africa . Indonesian -- South African relations were formalized through the establishment of diplomatic relations in August 1994 . The South African Embassy in Jakarta was established in January 1995 , and Indonesia opened its Embassy in Pretoria in 1995 .  Both nations are members of the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) and G-20 major economies . In 2012 , during a briefing on Foreign Policy initiatives for 2012 , Indonesia named South Africa amongst its 14 strategic partners .   According to a 2013 BBC World Service Poll , Indonesians ' perception of South Africa are divided between 36 % a negative view , and 33 % expressing a positive one , this is about the same as global average opinion on South Africa .

neg: Historical GDP of China This article includes a list of China 's historical gross domestic product ( GDP ) values , the market value of all final goods and services produced by a nation in a given year . The GDP dollar estimates presented here are either calculated at market or government official exchange rates ( nominal ) , or derived from purchasing power parity ( PPP ) calculations . This article also includes historical GDP growth .   In 1985 , the State Council of China ( SCC ) approved the establishment of a SNA ( System of National Accounting ) , using GDP to measure the national economy . China started to study and then implement a new system of national economic accounting . In 1986 , as the first citizen of the People 's Republic of China to receive a Ph.D. in economics from an overseas country , Dr. Fengbo Zhang headed Chinese Macroeconomic Research - the key research project of the seventh Five-Year Plan of China , as well as completing and publishing the Chinese GDP data according to China 's own research and calculations . A summary of the above events has been included in the book `` Chinese Macroeconomic Structure and Policy '' ( June 1988 ) edited by Fengbo Zhang , and collectively authored by the Research Center of the SCC . This is the first GDP data which was published by China .   The research utilized the World Bank 's method as a reference , and made numerous appropriate adjustments based on China 's national condition . The GDP also has been converted to USD based data by utilizing the moving average exchange rate . The research systematically completed China 's GDP and GDP per capita from 1952 to 1986 and analyzed growth rate , the change and contribution rates of each component . The research also included international comparisons . Additionally , the research compared MPS and SNA , looking at the results from the two systems from analyzing Chinese economy . This achievement created the foundation for China GDP research .   The SCC issued `` The notice regarding implementation of System of National Accounting '' in August 1992 , the Western SNA system officially is introduced to China , replaced Soviet Union 's MPS system , Western economic indicator GDP became China 's most important economic indicator . Based on Dr. Fengbo Zhang 's research , in 1997 , the National Bureau of Statistics of China ( NBS ) , in collaboration with Hitotsubashi University of Japan , re-estimated China 's GDP Data from 1952 up to 1995 based on the SNA principal . In 2016 , the 2008 SNA was formally brought into use .   When comparing Fengbo Zhang 's GDP measurement in the 1980s and the GDP in 1997 by the NBS and Japan 's cooperative research , the two are found to be very consistent ; the deviation rate each year is very slight , between only 0.1 % and 7 % . During this period , there were many data adjustments , with weighting factors undergoing significant changes along with each years comparable price amendments , statistical method significant changes result in the substantial deviation . Even with science and technology as advanced as it is today , the single item survey is allowed at least ± 3 % , or a total of 6 % deviation . Despite the extremely difficult conditions of a destroyed economy , blank theory , a lack of data , and simple methods in 1980s , there is so little deviation for such a long period of time and the comprehensiveness of the national economic indicator , indicates that the research conducted by Fengbo Zhang with the support of the extensive group he trained is extremely rigorous , and their result very precise . Xie Fuzhan , former Director , and Ma Jiantang , current Director of the NBS , both participated in Dr. Fengbo Zhang 's research project in the 1980s , as assistant researcher and graduate student , respectively , of the Research Center of the SCC .

neg: Koreans in Chile Koreans in Chile formed Latin America 's sixth-largest Korean diaspora community , according to the statistics of South Korea 's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade .

neg: Sea of Japan naming dispute A dispute exists over the international name for the body of water which is bordered by Japan , North Korea , Russia , and South Korea . In 1992 , objections to the name Sea of Japan were first raised by North Korea and South Korea at the Sixth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names . The Japanese government supports the use of the name `` Sea of Japan '' , while South Korea supports the name `` East Sea '' , and North Korea supports the name `` East Sea of Korea '' . Currently , most international maps and documents use either the name Sea of Japan ( or equivalent translation ) by itself , or include both the name Sea of Japan and East Sea , often with East Sea listed in parentheses or otherwise marked as a secondary name . The International Hydrographic Organization , the international governing body for the naming of bodies of water around the world , in 2012 decided not to change the current single name `` Sea of Japan '' rejecting South Korea 's request to use `` East Sea '' together with `` Sea of Japan '' .   The involved countries ( especially Japan and South Korea ) have advanced a variety of arguments to support their preferred name ( s ) . Many of the arguments revolve around determining when the name Sea of Japan became the common name . South Korea argues that historically the more common name was East Sea , Sea of Korea , or another similar variant . South Korea further argues that the name Sea of Japan did not become common until Korea was under Japanese rule , at which time it had no ability to influence international affairs . Japan argues that the name Sea of Japan has been the most common international name since at least the beginning of the 19th century , long before its annexation of Korea . Both sides have conducted studies of antiquarian maps , but the two countries have produced divergent research results . Additional arguments have been raised regarding the underlying geography of the sea as well as potential problems regarding the ambiguity of one name or the other .

neg: Economy of Finland Finland has a highly industrialised , mixed economy with a per capita output equal to that of other western economies such as France , Germany , Sweden or the United Kingdom . The largest sector of the economy is services at 72.7 percent , followed by manufacturing and refining at 31.4 percent . Primary production is 2.9 percent .   With respect to foreign trade , the key economic sector is manufacturing . The largest industries are electronics ( 21.6 percent ) , machinery , vehicles and other engineered metal products ( 21.1 percent ) , forest industry ( 13.1 percent ) , and chemicals ( 10.9 percent ) . Finland has timber and several mineral and freshwater resources . Forestry , paper factories , and the agricultural sector ( on which taxpayers spend around 2 billion euro annually ) are politically sensitive to rural residents . The Greater Helsinki area generates around a third of GDP .   In a 2004 OECD comparison , high-technology manufacturing in Finland ranked second largest after Ireland . Knowledge-intensive services have also ranked the smallest and slow-growth sectors -- especially agriculture and low-technology manufacturing -- second largest after Ireland . Investment was below expected . Overall short-term outlook was good and GDP growth has been above many EU peers . Finland has the 4th largest knowledge economy in Europe , behind Sweden , Denmark and the UK . The economy of Finland tops the ranking of Global Information Technology 2014 report by the World Economic Forum for concerted output between business sector , scholarly production and the governmental assistance on Information and communications technology .   Finland is highly integrated in the global economy , and international trade is a third of GDP . The European Union makes 60 percent of the total trade . The largest trade flows are with Germany , Russia , Sweden , the United Kingdom , the United States , Netherlands and China . Trade policy is managed by the European Union , where Finland has traditionally been among the free trade supporters , except for agriculture . Finland is the only Nordic country to have joined the Eurozone ; Denmark and Sweden have retained their traditional currencies , whereas Iceland and Norway are not members of the EU at all .

neg: Economy of Uruguay The economy of Uruguay is characterized by an export-oriented agricultural sector and a well-educated work force , along with high levels of social spending . After averaging growth of 5 % annually during 1996 -- 98 , in 1999 -- 2002 the economy suffered a major downturn , stemming largely from the spillover effects of the economic problems of its large neighbors , Argentina and Brazil . In 2001 -- 02 , Argentine citizens made massive withdrawals of dollars deposited in Uruguayan banks after bank deposits in Argentina were frozen , which led to a plunge in the Uruguayan peso , a banking crisis , and a sharp economic contraction . Real GDP fell in four years by nearly 20 % , with 2002 the worst year . The unemployment rate rose , inflation surged , and the burden of external debt doubled . Financial assistance from the IMF helped stem the damage . Uruguay restructured its external debt in 2003 without asking creditors to accept a reduction on the principal . Economic growth for Uruguay resumed , and averaged 8 % annually during the period 2004-08 . The 2008-09 global financial crisis put a brake on Uruguay 's vigorous growth , which decelerated to 2.9 % in 2009 . Nevertheless , the country managed to avoid a recession and keep positive growth rates , mainly through higher public expenditure and investment , and GDP growth exceeded 7 % in 2010 .


query: Queen Victoria's son failed to be King of the United Kingdom.

pos: Queen Victoria Victoria ( Alexandrina Victoria ; 24 May 1819 -- 22 January 1901 ) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death . From 1 May 1876 , she adopted the additional title of Empress of India .   Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward , Duke of Kent and Strathearn , the fourth son of King George III . Both the Duke of Kent and King George III died in 1820 , and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her German-born mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld . She inherited the throne at the age of 18 , after her father 's three elder brothers had all died , leaving no surviving legitimate children . The United Kingdom was already an established constitutional monarchy , in which the sovereign held relatively little direct political power . Privately , Victoria attempted to influence government policy and ministerial appointments ; publicly , she became a national icon who was identified with strict standards of personal morality .   Victoria married her first cousin , Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha , in 1840 . Their nine children married into royal and noble families across the continent , tying them together and earning her the sobriquet `` the grandmother of Europe '' . After Albert 's death in 1861 , Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances . As a result of her seclusion , republicanism temporarily gained strength , but in the latter half of her reign her popularity recovered . Her Golden and Diamond Jubilees were times of public celebration .   Her reign of 63 years and seven months is known as the Victorian era and was longer than that of any of her predecessors . It was a period of industrial , cultural , political , scientific , and military change within the United Kingdom , and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire . She was the last British monarch of the House of Hanover . Her son and successor , Edward VII , belonged to the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha , the line of his father .

pos: Edward VII Edward VII ( Albert Edward ; 9 November 1841 -- 6 May 1910 ) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions and Emperor of India from 22 January 1901 until his death in 1910 .   The eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha , Edward was related to royalty throughout Europe . Before his accession to the throne , he served as heir apparent and held the title of Prince of Wales for longer than any of his predecessors . During the long reign of his mother , he was largely excluded from political power , and came to personify the fashionable , leisured elite . He travelled throughout Britain performing ceremonial public duties , and represented Britain on visits abroad . His tours of North America in 1860 and the Indian subcontinent in 1875 were popular successes , but despite public approval his reputation as a playboy prince soured his relationship with his mother .   As king , Edward played a role in the modernisation of the British Home Fleet and the reorganisation of the British Army after the Second Boer War . He reinstituted traditional ceremonies as public displays and broadened the range of people with whom royalty socialised . He fostered good relations between Britain and other European countries , especially France , for which he was popularly called `` Peacemaker '' , but his relationship with his nephew , the German Emperor Wilhelm II , was poor . The Edwardian era , which covered Edward 's reign and was named after him , coincided with the start of a new century and heralded significant changes in technology and society , including steam turbine propulsion and the rise of socialism . He died in 1910 in the midst of a constitutional crisis that was resolved the following year by the Parliament Act 1911 , which restricted the power of the unelected House of Lords .

neg: List of Victoria Cross recipients (G–M) The Victoria Cross ( VC ) is the highest award of the United Kingdom honours system . It is awarded for gallantry `` in the face of the enemy '' to members of the British armed forces . It may be awarded posthumously . It was previously awarded to Commonwealth countries , most of which have established their own honours systems and no longer recommend British honours . It may be awarded to a person of any military rank in any service and to civilians under military command although no civilian has received the award since 1879 . Since the first awards were presented by Queen Victoria in 1857 , two thirds of all awards have been personally presented by the British monarch . These investitures are usually held at Buckingham Palace .   The first citations of the VC , particularly those in the initial gazette of 24 February 1857 , varied in the details of each action ; some specify date ranges while some specify a single date . The original Royal Warrant did not contain a specific clause regarding posthumous awards , although official policy was not to award the VC posthumously . Between 1897 and 1901 , several notices were issued in the London Gazette regarding soldiers who would have been awarded the VC had they survived . In a partial reversal of policy in 1902 , six of the soldiers mentioned were granted the VC , but not `` officially '' awarded the medal . In 1907 , the posthumous policy was completely reversed and medals were sent to the next of kin of the six soldiers . The Victoria Cross warrant was not officially amended to explicitly allow posthumous awards until 1920 , but one quarter of all awards for the First World War were posthumous . Three people have been awarded the VC and Bar , which is a medal for two actions ; Noel Chavasse , Arthur Martin-Leake and Charles Upham . Chavasse received both medals for actions in the First World War , while Martin-Leake was awarded his first VC for actions in the Second Boer War , and his second for actions during the First World War . Charles Upham received both VCs for actions during the Second World War .   The Victoria Cross has been awarded 1,358 times to 1,355 individual recipients . The largest number of recipients for one campaign is the First World War , for which 628 medals were awarded to 627 recipients . The largest number awarded for actions on a single day was 24 on 16 November 1857 , at the Second Relief of Lucknow , during the Indian Mutiny . The largest number awarded for a single action was 18 , for the assault on Sikandar Bagh , during the Second Relief of Lucknow . The largest number awarded to one unit during a single action was seven , to the 2nd/24th Foot , for the defence of Rorke 's Drift ( 22 -- 23 January 1879 ) , during the Zulu War . Since 1991 , Australia , Canada and New Zealand have created their own separate Victoria Crosses : the Victoria Cross for Australia , the Victoria Cross for Canada , and the Victoria Cross for New Zealand . Only three of these separate medals have been awarded , all for actions in the War in Afghanistan ; Willie Apiata received the Victoria Cross for New Zealand on 26 July 2007 ; Mark Donaldson received the Victoria Cross for Australia on 16 January 2009 ; and Ben Roberts-Smith was awarded the Victoria Cross for Australia on 23 January 2011 . As these are separate medals , they are not included in this list .   The youngest recipient of the VC was Andrew Fitzgibbon who was fifteen at the time of the action that earned him the VC . By comparison , the oldest recipient was William Raynor at 61 at the time of his action in 1857 . There have been several VCs awarded to close relatives . Four pairs of brothers and three fathers and sons have been awarded the VC . In his book Victoria Cross Heroes , Lord Ashcroft notes the story of the Gough family as possibly the `` bravest family . '' Major Charles Gough was awarded the VC in 1857 for saving his brother , Lieutenant Hugh Gough who then went on to win a VC himself in the same year , after he charged enemy guns . Charles ' son , John Gough , then went on to win the family 's third VC in 1903 .

neg: George IV of the United Kingdom George IV ( George Augustus Frederick ; 12 August 1762 -- 26 June 1830 ) was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of Hanover following the death of his father , George III , on 29 January 1820 , until his own death ten years later . From 1811 until his accession , he served as Prince Regent during his father 's final mental illness .   George IV led an extravagant lifestyle that contributed to the fashions of the Regency era . He was a patron of new forms of leisure , style and taste . He commissioned John Nash to build the Royal Pavilion in Brighton and remodel Buckingham Palace , and Sir Jeffry Wyattville to rebuild Windsor Castle .   His charm and culture earned him the title `` the first gentleman of England '' , but his poor relationship with both his father and his wife , Caroline of Brunswick , and his dissolute way of life , earned him the contempt of the people and dimmed the prestige of the monarchy . He even forbade Caroline to attend his coronation and asked the government to introduce the unpopular Pains and Penalties Bill in a desperate , unsuccessful attempt to divorce her .   For most of George 's regency and reign , Lord Liverpool controlled the government as Prime Minister , with little help from George . His ministers found his behaviour selfish , unreliable and irresponsible . At all times he was much under the influence of favourites . Taxpayers were angry at his wasteful spending at a time when Britons were fighting in the Napoleonic Wars . He did not provide national leadership in time of crisis , nor act as a role model for his people . Liverpool 's government presided over Britain 's ultimate victory , negotiated the peace settlement , and attempted to deal with the social and economic malaise that followed . After Liverpool 's retirement , George was forced to accept Catholic emancipation despite opposing it . His only child , Princess Charlotte , died before him in 1817 and so he was succeeded by his younger brother , William .

neg: Prince Friedrich of Hesse and by Rhine Prince Friedrich of Hesse and by Rhine ( Friedrich Wilhelm August Victor Leopold Ludwig ; 7 October 1870 -- 29 May 1873 ) was the haemophiliac second son of Louis IV , Grand Duke of Hesse , and Princess Alice of the United Kingdom , one of the daughters of Queen Victoria . He was also a maternal great-uncle of Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh through his eldest sister Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine .

neg: Restoration (Scotland) The Restoration was the return of the monarchy to Scotland in 1660 after the period of the Commonwealth , and the subsequent three decades of Scottish history until the Revolution and Convention of Estates of 1689 . It was part of a wider Restoration in the British Isles that included the return of the Stuart dynasty to the thrones of England and Ireland in the person of Charles II .   As military commander of the Commonwealth 's largest armed force , George Monck , governor-general in Scotland , was instrumental in the restoration of Charles II , who was proclaimed king in Edinburgh on 14 May 1660 . There was a general pardon for offences during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms , but four individuals were excepted and executed . Under the eventual political settlement Scotland regained its independent system of law , parliament and kirk , but also regained the Lords of the Articles and bishops , and it now had a king who did not visit the country and ruled largely without reference to Parliament through a series of commissioners . These began with the Earl of Middleton and ended with the King 's brother and heir , James , Duke of York . The restoration of the Scottish Episcopacy led to a series of conflicts between Presbyterians and the Bishops of the Episcopalian establishment , culminating in the persecution of The Killing Time .   Charles died in 1685 and his brother the Duke of York succeeded him as James VII of Scotland and II of England . He survived attempted rebellions , but alienated much of the political nation by his Catholicism and policies . When William of Orange of the Netherlands , James ' Protestant son-in-law , invaded England in 1688 , James fled and William and his wife took over the throne as William II and Mary II . William called a Scottish Convention , which was dominated by the Presbyterians . It offered William and Mary the crown , and after the defeat of James ' supporters the bishops were abolished and a Presbyterian system reinstated in the kirk .   The economic conditions of the period were generally favourable , although the restoration of Scottish independence reinstated the economic border with England and English tariffs . The restoration of the monarchy also saw the restoration of the nobility to political power , although they may have exercised their power with more caution . It also saw the rise of the lairds , who continued to gain new local political powers . There was an attempt to restore the theatre to Scotland , which had suffered from the lack of a court and the hostility of the kirk . The Restoration saw the introduction of a style of country house among the Scottish nobility that encouraged a move towards a more leisure-oriented architecture . As in England , sculpture was dominated by foreign professionals . Scotland produced some notable artists and was also visited by many important continental artists . The period between 1679 and 1689 saw the foundation of many institutions that would be important in Scottish cultural and intellectual life .

neg: British Overseas Territories The 14 British Overseas Territories ( BOT ) are territories under the jurisdiction and sovereignty of the United Kingdom . They are the parts of the British Empire that have not been granted independence or have voted to remain British territories . These territories do not form part of the United Kingdom and , with the exception of Gibraltar , are not part of the European Union . Most of the inhabited territories are internally self-governing , with the UK retaining responsibility for defence and foreign relations . The rest are either uninhabited or have a transitory population of military or scientific personnel . They share the British monarch ( Elizabeth II ) as head of state .   The term `` British Overseas Territory '' was introduced by the British Overseas Territories Act 2002 , replacing the term British Dependent Territory , introduced by the British Nationality Act 1981 . Prior to 1 January 1983 , the territories were officially referred to as British Crown Colonies . With the exceptions of the British Antarctic Territory and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ( which host only officials and research station staff ) and the British Indian Ocean Territory ( used as a military base ) , the Territories retain permanent civilian populations . Permanent residency for the 7,000 or so civilians living in the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia is limited to citizens of the Republic of Cyprus .   Collectively , the Territories encompass a population of about 250,000 people and a land area of about 667018 sqmi . The vast majority of this land area , 660000 sqmi , constitutes the almost uninhabited British Antarctic Territory , while the largest territory by population , Bermuda , accounts for almost a quarter of the total BOT population . At the other end of the scale , three territories have no civilian population ; the Antarctic territory , the British Indian Ocean Territory ( from which the Chagos Islanders were controversially removed ) and South Georgia . Pitcairn Islands , settled by the survivors of the Mutiny on the Bounty , is the smallest settled territory with 49 inhabitants , while the smallest by land area is Gibraltar on the southern tip of the Iberian peninsula . The United Kingdom participates in the Antarctic Treaty System and , as part of a mutual agreement , the British Antarctic Territory is recognised by four of the other sovereign nations making claims to Antarctic territory .   Although the Crown dependencies of Jersey , Guernsey and the Isle of Man are also under the sovereignty of the British monarch , they are in a different constitutional relationship with the United Kingdom . The British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies are themselves distinct from the Commonwealth realms , a group of 15 independent countries ( and the United Kingdom ) which each also have Elizabeth II as their reigning monarch , and from the Commonwealth of Nations , a voluntary association of 52 countries mostly with historic links to the British Empire ( which also includes all Commonwealth realms ) .   the Minister responsible for the Territories excluding the Falkland Islands , Gibraltar and the Sovereign Base Areas is Baroness Anelay , Minister of State for the Commonwealth and the UN . The other three territories are the responsibility of Sir Alan Duncan MP , Minister of State for Europe and the Americas .

neg: Charles, Prince of Wales Charles , Prince of Wales ( Charles Philip Arthur George ; born 14 November 1948 ) is the eldest child and heir apparent of Queen Elizabeth II . Known alternatively in South West England as Duke of Cornwall and in Scotland as Duke of Rothesay , he is the longest-serving heir apparent in British history , having held the position since 1952 . He is also the oldest person to be next in line to the throne since Sophia of Hanover ( the heir presumptive to Queen Anne ) , who died in 1714 at the age of 83 .   Charles was born at Buckingham Palace as the first grandchild of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth . He was educated at Cheam and Gordonstoun Schools , which his father , Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh , had attended as a child , as well as the Timbertop campus of Geelong Grammar School in Victoria , Australia . After earning a bachelor of arts degree from Trinity College , Cambridge , Charles served in the Royal Navy from 1971 to 1976 .   In 1981 , he married Lady Diana Spencer and they had two sons : Prince William ( born 1982 ) later to become Duke of Cambridge , and Prince Harry ( born 1984 ) . In 1996 , the couple divorced , following well-publicised extramarital affairs . Diana died in a car crash in Paris the following year . In 2005 , Charles married Camilla Parker Bowles .   Charles 's interests encompass a range of humanitarian and social issues : he founded The Prince 's Trust in 1976 , sponsors The Prince 's Charities , and is patron of numerous other charitable and arts organisations . Charles has long championed organic farming for which he established the Duchy Home Farm , run by the Duchy of Cornwall , which produces ingredients for the Duchy Originals brand which he founded in 1990 . Charles has sought to raise world awareness of the dangers facing the natural environment , such as climate change . As an environmentalist , he has received numerous awards and recognition from environmental groups around the world . His support for alternative medicine , including homeopathy , has been criticised by some in the medical community . He has been outspoken on the role of architecture in society and the conservation of historic buildings . Subsequently , Charles created Poundbury , an experimental new town based on his theories , in Dorset in 1993 . He has authored a number of books , including A Vision of Britain : A Personal View of Architecture in 1989 and the children 's book The Old Man of Lochnagar in 1980 .

neg: H. H. Asquith Herbert Henry Asquith , 1st Earl of Oxford and Asquith , ( 12 September 1852 -- 15 February 1928 ) , generally known as H. H. Asquith , served as the Liberal Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1908 to 1916 , and was the last Liberal leader to lead that party in government without forming a coalition . He had a central role in the design and passage of major liberal legislation . In August 1914 , Asquith took the United Kingdom into the First World War , but resigned amid political conflict in December 1916 and was succeeded by his War Secretary David Lloyd George .   Asquith 's father owned a small business but died when Asquith was seven . Asquith was educated at City of London School and Balliol College , Oxford . He trained as a barrister and after a slow start to his career achieved great success . In 1886 , he was adopted as Liberal candidate for East Fife , a seat he held over thirty years . In 1892 , he was appointed as Home Secretary in Gladstone 's fourth ministry , remaining in the post until the Liberals lost the 1895 election . In the decade of opposition that followed , Asquith became a major figure in the party , and when the Liberals regained power under Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman in 1905 , Asquith was named as Chancellor of the Exchequer . In 1908 , Asquith succeeded him as prime minister , with David Lloyd George as chancellor .   With their first majority government since the 1880s , the Liberals were determined to advance their agenda . An impediment to this was the unelected House of Lords , dominated by the Conservatives . When Lloyd George proposed , and the House of Commons passed , the People 's Budget of 1909 , the Lords rejected it . Meanwhile the South Africa Act 1909 passed . Asquith called an election for January 1910 , and the Liberals won , though were reduced to a minority government .   Although the Lords then passed the budget , Asquith was determined to reform the upper house , and following the general election in December 1910 gained passage of the Parliament Act 1911 , allowing a bill three times passed by the Commons in consecutive sessions to be enacted regardless of the Lords . Asquith was less successful in dealing with Irish Home Rule . Repeated crises led to gun running and violence , verging on civil war .   Asquith 's action in taking the country to war was one of the most important individual ministerial decision of modern times ; he did it with Britain united and with the postponement of the issues of Ireland and women 's suffrage . He assisted Britain 's ultimate success in the war through his early decisions on national mobilisation ; the despatch of the British Expeditionary Force to the Western Front , the creation of a mass army , and the development of an industrial strategy designed to support the country 's war aims .   But Asquith 's technique of acting as mediator among talented cabinet members such as Lloyd George and Winston Churchill was less effective in war than in peace , and setbacks in the war effort forced him to form a coalition government with the Conservatives and Labour early in 1915 . Bitter rivalries inside and between the three major parties worsened when Asquith was unable to forge the coalition into a harmonious team . It was weakened by his own indecision over strategy , conscription , and financing . Lloyd George organised his overthrow and replaced him as Prime Minister in December 1916 .   Asquith remained as leader of the Liberal Party , but was unable to quell the internal conflict . The party rapidly declined in popularity and was ruined by the 1918 general election . Asquith accepted a peerage in 1925 and died , aged 75 , in 1928 . His roles in creating the modern British welfare state , 1906-1911 have been celebrated , but his weaknesses as a war leader and as a party leader after 1914 have been emphasised by historians .

neg: Our Island Story Our Island Story : A Child 's History of England is a book by Henrietta Elizabeth Marshall , first published in 1905 in London by T. C. & E. C. Jack .   It covers the history of England from the time of the Roman occupation until Queen Victoria 's death , using a mixture of traditional history and mythology to explain the story of British history in a way accessible to younger readers .   Prime Minister David Cameron chose Our Island Story when asked to select his favourite childhood book in October 2010 :   `` When I was younger , I particularly enjoyed ` Our Island Story ' by Henrietta Elizabeth Marshall -LSB- ... -RSB- It is written in a way that really captured my imagination and which nurtured my interest in the history of our great nation . ''   The book depicts the union of England and Scotland as a desirable and inevitable event , and praises rebels and the collective will of the common people in opposing tyrants , including kings like John and Charles I.

neg: Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston Henry John Temple , 3rd Viscount Palmerston , ( 20 October 1784 -- 18 October 1865 ) was a British statesman who served twice as Prime Minister in the mid-19th century . For most of 1830 to 1865 he dominated British foreign policy when Britain was at the height of her power . Popularly nicknamed `` Pam '' and `` The Mongoose '' , he was in government office almost continuously from 1807 until his death in 1865 , beginning his parliamentary career as a Tory , switching to the Whigs in 1830 , and concluding it as the first Prime Minister of the newly-formed Liberal Party from 1859 .   He succeeded to his father 's Irish peerage in 1802 . He became a Tory MP in 1807 , and was made Secretary at War in 1809 , responsible for the finances of the army . He held the job until 1828 , entering the cabinet in 1827 when George Canning became Prime Minister . Less than a year later he resigned with other Canningites .   In opposition he switched his focus to foreign policy , and he was Foreign Secretary ( 1830-4 , 1835 -- 41 and 1846 -- 51 ) when the Whigs were in power , dealing with a succession of crises in Europe and beyond . Some of his aggressive actions , now sometimes termed liberal interventionist , were highly controversial at the time , and remain so today . In 1852 he became Home Secretary in Aberdeen 's coalition government , the Peelites having insisted on Russell getting the Foreign Office . He passed various social reforms but opposed electoral ones . When public discontent over the Crimean War brought the government down in 1855 , Palmerston was found to be , despite the Queen 's distrust of him , the only Prime Minister who could sustain a majority in Parliament . He had two periods in office , 1855 -- 1858 and 1859 -- 1865 , before dying at almost 81 , a few months after winning a general election with an increased majority . He remains , to date , the last Prime Minister to die in office .   Historians consider him one of the greatest foreign secretaries , for his handling of great crises , his commitment to the balance of power that made Britain the deciding voice in many controversies , his analytic skills , and his commitment to British interests . His policies regarding India , Italy , Belgium and Spain had long-term impact , while his policies toward France , the Ottoman Empire , and the United States proved more ephemeral . He was a master of public opinion , achieved by stroking British nationalism . His weaknesses include mishandling of personal relations , and long-standing disagreements with the Queen over the royal role in determining foreign policy .   Palmerston built a strong popular following among the British electorate , by promoting himself , British nationalism , and a sense of patriotism . He assiduously fostered the press , which gave him very favourable coverage . Queen Victoria and most of the political leadership distrusted him , but his popular strength prevailed .

neg: Earl of Beaconsfield Earl of Beaconsfield , of Hughenden in the County of Buckingham , was a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom . It was created in 1876 for Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli , a favourite of Queen Victoria . Victoria favoured Disraeli 's Tory policies over those of his Liberal rival , William Ewart Gladstone . Disraeli had also promoted the Royal Titles Act 1876 that had given Victoria the title of `` Empress of India '' . The subsidiary title of the earldom was Viscount Hughenden , of Hughenden in the County of Buckingham , also in the Peerage of the United Kingdom .   In 1868 , at the end of his first term as Prime Minister , Disraeli 's wife Mary had been created Viscountess Beaconsfield , of Beaconsfield in the County of Buckingham , in her own right , allowing her husband to remain a member of the House of Commons . Lady Beaconsfield died in 1872 . When Disraeli became an earl in 1876 he automatically lost his seat in the Commons but remained Prime Minister , leading his government from the House of Lords .   Beaconsfield is the name of a town in the county of Buckinghamshire . For most of his parliamentary career , Disraeli served as a member for Buckinghamshire . He owned an estate , Hughenden Manor , in the nearby town of High Wycombe , but never lived in Beaconsfield . His choice of title might have been partly influenced by the fact that in 1794 the conservative political philosopher and parliamentarian Edmund Burke , whom Disraeli admired , had turned down King George III 's offer to raise him to the peerage as Lord Beaconsfield .   In 1878 , Disraeli refused Queen Victoria 's offer to make him a duke , accepting instead membership in the Order of the Garter . The Disraelis died without direct heirs and their titles became extinct ; Hughenden Manor passed to Lord Beaconsfield 's nephew Coningsby Ralph Disraeli .

neg: Descent of Elizabeth II from William the Conqueror This list shows the most senior line of descent of Elizabeth II , the current British Sovereign , from William I. Each person on the list is the son or daughter of the person above him or her on the list . There are many other more junior lines of descent of the family , but the crown , in theory at least , only descends through the most senior line ( a major exception being the exclusion of the genealogically senior Jacobite succession by the Act of Settlement 1701 ) . Owing to extinct lines , large parts of entire royal houses ( Lancaster , Tudor , Stuart ) are bypassed in the current most senior line . The numbers can be used to calculate the number of generations between two individuals on this list .

neg: List of Prime Ministers of King George VI King George VI was the monarch of the United Kingdom , the British Commonwealth and the British Empire from 11 December 1936 until his death on 6 February 1952 .   During his reign George was served by a total of 31 Prime Ministers ; 4 from the United Kingdom , 7 from Australia , 2 from Canada , 1 from Ceylon , 1 from India , 1 from Ireland , 3 from Malta , 3 from New Zealand , 3 from Northern Ireland , 2 from Pakistan , 3 from South Africa and 1 from Southern Rhodesia .

neg: List of Victoria Cross recipients (A–F) The Victoria Cross ( VC ) is the highest award of the United Kingdom honours system . It is awarded for gallantry `` in the face of the enemy '' to members of the British armed forces . It may be awarded posthumously . It was previously awarded to Commonwealth countries , most of which have established their own honours systems and no longer recommend British honours . It may be awarded to a person of any military rank in any service and to civilians under military command although no civilian has received the award since 1879 . Since the first awards were presented by Queen Victoria in 1857 , two thirds of all awards have been personally presented by the British monarch . These investitures are usually held at Buckingham Palace .   The first citations of the VC , particularly those in the initial gazette of 24 February 1857 , varied in the details of each action ; some specify date ranges while some specify a single date . The original Royal Warrant did not contain a specific clause regarding posthumous awards , although official policy was not to award the VC posthumously . Between 1897 and 1901 , several notices were issued in the London Gazette regarding soldiers who would have been awarded the VC had they survived . In a partial reversal of policy in 1902 , six of the soldiers mentioned were granted the VC , but not `` officially '' awarded the medal . In 1907 , the posthumous policy was completely reversed and medals were sent to the next of kin of the six soldiers . The Victoria Cross warrant was not officially amended to explicitly allow posthumous awards until 1920 , but one quarter of all awards for the First World War were posthumous . Three people have been awarded the VC and Bar , which is a medal for two actions ; Noel Chavasse , Arthur Martin-Leake and Charles Upham . Chavasse received both medals for actions in the First World War , while Martin-Leake was awarded his first VC for actions in the Second Boer War , and his second for actions during the First World War . Charles Upham received both VCs for actions during the Second World War .   The Victoria Cross has been awarded 1,358 times to 1,355 individual recipients . The largest number of recipients for one campaign is the First World War , for which 628 medals were awarded to 627 recipients . The largest number awarded for actions on a single day was 24 on 16 November 1857 , at the Second Relief of Lucknow , during the Indian Mutiny . The largest number awarded for a single action was 18 , for the assault on Sikandar Bagh , during the Second Relief of Lucknow . The largest number awarded to one unit during a single action was seven , to the 2nd/24th Foot , for the defence of Rorke 's Drift ( 22 -- 23 January 1879 ) , during the Zulu War . Since 1991 , Australia , Canada and New Zealand have created their own separate Victoria Crosses : the Victoria Cross for Australia , the Victoria Cross for Canada , and the Victoria Cross for New Zealand . Five of these separate medals have been awarded , all for actions in the War in Afghanistan ; Willie Apiata received the Victoria Cross for New Zealand on 26 July 2007 ; Mark Donaldson received the Victoria Cross for Australia on 16 January 2009 ; and Ben Roberts-Smith was awarded the Victoria Cross for Australia on 23 January 2011 . Corporal Daniel Keighran VC and Corporal Cameron Stewart Baird VC MG have also been awarded the medal for their actions in Afghanistan . As these are separate medals , they are not included in this list .   The youngest recipient of the VC was Andrew Fitzgibbon who was fifteen at the time of the action that earned him the VC . By comparison , the oldest recipient was William Raynor at 61 at the time of his action in 1857 . There have been several VCs awarded to close relatives . Four pairs of brothers and three fathers and sons have been awarded the VC . In his book Victoria Cross Heroes , Lord Ashcroft notes the story of the Gough family as possibly the `` bravest family . '' Major Charles Gough was awarded the VC in 1857 for saving his brother , Lieutenant Hugh Gough who then went on to win a VC himself in the same year , after he charged enemy guns . Charles ' son , John Gough , then went on to win the family 's third VC in 1903 .

neg: Prince Christian Victor of Schleswig-Holstein Prince Christian Victor of Schleswig-Holstein ( Christian Victor Albert Louis Ernst Anton ; 14 April 1867 -- 29 October 1900 ) was the eldest son of Princess Helena , third daughter of Queen Victoria .

neg: United Kingdom general election, 1900 The United Kingdom general election of 1900 was held between 26 September and 24 October 1900 , following the dissolution of Parliament on 25 September . Also known as the khaki election ( the first of several elections to bear this sobriquet ) , it was held at a time when it was widely believed that the Second Boer War had effectively been won ( though in fact it was to continue for a further two years ) . The Conservatives , led by Lord Salisbury with their Liberal Unionist allies , secured a large majority of 130 , despite securing only 5.6 % more votes than Henry Campbell-Bannerman 's Liberals . This was largely due to the Conservatives winning 163 uncontested seats . The Labour Representation Committee , later to become the Labour Party , participated in a general election for the first time even though they had only been in existence for a few months . As a result , Keir Hardie and Richard Bell were the only LRC members of parliament in 1900 .   This was the first time that Winston Churchill was elected to the House of Commons . He had stood in the same seat , Oldham , in a by-election the previous year , but had lost . It was also the final general election of the Victorian era and the 19th century .

neg: Crown Estate The Crown Estate is a collection of lands and holdings in the United Kingdom belonging to the British monarch as a corporation sole , making it the `` Sovereign 's public estate '' , which is neither government property nor part of the monarch 's private estate . As a result of this arrangement , the sovereign is not involved with the management or administration of the estate , exercising only very limited control of its affairs . Instead , the estate 's extensive portfolio is overseen by a semi-independent , incorporated public body headed by the Crown Estate Commissioners , who exercise `` the powers of ownership '' of the estate , although they are not `` owners in their own right '' . The revenues from these hereditary possessions have been placed by the monarch at the disposition of Her Majesty 's Government and thus proceed directly to Her Majesty 's Treasury for the benefit of the British nation . The Crown Estate is formally accountable to the Parliament of the United Kingdom , where it is legally mandated to make an annual report to the sovereign , a copy of which is forwarded to the House of Commons .   The Crown Estate is one of the largest property managers in the United Kingdom , overseeing property worth # 12 billion , with urban properties valued at # 9.1 billion representing the majority of the estate by value . These include a large number of properties in central London , but the estate also controls 792000 ha of agricultural land and forest , more than half of the UK 's foreshore , and retains various other traditional holdings and rights , including Ascot Racecourse and Windsor Great Park . Naturally occurring gold and silver in the UK , collectively known as `` Mines Royal '' , are managed by The Crown Estate and leased to mining operators .   Historically , Crown Estate properties were administered by the reigning monarch to help fund the business of governing the country . However , in 1760 , George III surrendered control over the Estate 's revenues to the treasury , thus relieving him of the responsibility of personally paying for the costs of the civil service , defence costs , the national debt , and his own personal debts . In return , he received an annual grant known as the Civil list . By tradition , each subsequent monarch agreed to this arrangement upon his or her accession . However , from 1 April 2012 , under the terms of the Sovereign Grant Act 2011 ( SSG ) , the Civil List was abolished and the monarch was thenceforth provided with a stable source of revenue indexed to a percentage of the Crown Estate 's annual net revenue ( currently set at 15 % ) . This was intended to provide a long-term solution and remove the politically sensitive issue of Parliament having to debate the Civil List allowance every ten years . Subsequently , the Sovereign Grant Act allows for all future monarchs to simply extend these provisions for their reigns by Order in Council . The act does not imply any legal change on the nature of the estate 's ownership , but is simply a benchmark by which the sovereign grant is set as a grant by Parliament .

neg: 1922 in the United Kingdom The social and political problems of most prominence in the United Kingdom in 1922 showed a further departure from those that chiefly occupied public attention during World War I , and the country had by then almost returned to its normal condition . Prices continued to fall during the early part of the year , but very slowly as compared with the previous decline , and in the latter half of the year the fall ceased almost entirely , prices becoming comparatively stabilized at about 80 % above the level of July 1914 . Labour problems , which occupied so much attention during and after the war , were less constantly in the public eye . The principle of inevitable reductions in wages had been accepted by the working classes as a whole , and there were few strikes on a large scale , the worst being that in the engineering trade . Unemployment continued to be very great , but it was recognized that little more could be done by government measures for its alleviation , and the subject was much less prominent in the political world than it had been in the previous year . A further indication of the return to normal conditions was in the gradual decay of the coalition government . The combination of parties brought about in the presence of a common danger no longer worked in peacetime . Very early in the year signs of disintegration became manifest in the coalition . On several occasions the two wings threatened to fall apart , but the government was successfully held together by the personality of Prime Minister David Lloyd George until the last quarter of the year , when the internal dissensions of many months reached a bursting-point , and the coalition collapsed .   Irish affairs occupied an important place in politics throughout the year . 1922 saw the establishment of the Irish Free State in the south and west of the island .

neg: Philip Glazebrook Major Philip Kirkland Glazebrook , DSO ( 24 December 1880 -- 7 March 1918 ) was a British businessman and Conservative politician .   He was the son of John K. and Cecilia Glazebrook of Twemlow Hall , Holmes Chapel , Cheshire , and was educated at Eton College and New College , Oxford . He was a partner in the firm of Spurrier and Glazebrook Limited , oil merchants , Manchester . He held the rank of captain in the Cheshire Yeomanry . He was unmarried .   In December 1910 he was chosen as Conservative candidate to contest the constituency of Manchester South at the general election . However , due to an error by his election agent , he arrived at Manchester Town Hall six minutes after nominations had closed , resulting in the unopposed election of the sitting Liberal MP , Arthur Haworth .   In February 1912 Haworth was appointed as a Junior Lord of the Treasury , requiring him to seek re-election in a by-election . Glazebrook was the Conservative candidate , and a vigorous campaign was held , with the main issues being woman suffrage , Home Rule and National Insurance . Glazebrook managed to unseat Haworth , winning the seat by 579 votes .   With the outbreak of war in 1914 , the Cheshire Yeomanry were mobilised , and Glazebrook served in Egypt and Palestine . He advanced to the rank of major , and was awarded the Distinguished Service Order in February 1918 . The citation read :  For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty . When , by the capture of a neighbouring height , the enemy had rendered the position of two companies most precarious because they now came under concentrated machine-gun fire from their left rear , he immediately went to the most threatened spot , and by his courageous bearing and great coolness was responsible for the safe withdrawal of these companies . The unfailing energy and resolution shown by this officer were most noticeable .   In March 1917 the Cheshire Yeomanry were merged with the Shropshire Yeomanry to form an infantry unit : the 10th ( Shropshire and Cheshire Yeomanry ) Battalion , The King 's ( Shropshire Light Infantry ) . Major Glazebrook was killed in action on 7 March 1918 at Bireh , near Jerusalem and is buried in the Jerusalem British War Cemetery . Glazebrook is commemorated on Panel 8 of the Parliamentary War Memorial in Westminster Hall , one of 22 MPs that died during World War I to be named on that memorial . Glazebrook is one of 19 MPs who fell in the war who are commemorated by heraldic shields in the Commons Chamber . A further act of commemoration came with the unveiling in 1932 of a manuscript-style illuminated book of remembrance for the House of Commons , which includes a short biographical account of the life and death of Glazebrook .

neg: List of First World War Victoria Cross recipients The Victoria Cross ( VC ) was awarded 628 times to 627 recipients for action in the First World War ( 1914 -- 1918 ) . The Victoria Cross is a military decoration awarded for valour `` in the face of the enemy '' to members of armed forces of some Commonwealth countries and previous British Empire territories . It takes precedence over all other Orders , decorations and medals ; it may be awarded to a person of any rank in any service and to civilians under military command . The award was officially constituted when Queen Victoria issued a warrant under the Royal sign-manual on 29 January 1856 that was gazetted on 5 February 1856 . The order was backdated to 1854 to recognise acts of valour during the Crimean War . The first awards ceremony was held on 26 June 1857 , where Queen Victoria invested 62 of the 111 Crimean recipients in a ceremony in Hyde Park .   The First World War , also known as the Great War and in the United States as World War I , was a global military conflict that embroiled most of the world 's great powers , assembled in two opposing alliances : the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance . More than 70 million military personnel were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history . The main combatants descended into a state of total war , directing their entire scientific and industrial capabilities into the war effort . Over 15 million people were killed , making it one of the deadliest conflicts in history . The proximate cause of war was the assassination on 28 June 1914 of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria . Soon after , a system of alliances were activated that would see Europe at war . The Western Front saw the largest concentration of Commonwealth troops with soldiers occupying sectors of the line from the North Sea to the Orne River .   On 1 July 1916 , the first day of the Battle of the Somme , the British Army endured the bloodiest day in its history , suffering 57,470 casualties and 19,240 dead ; nine Victoria Crosses were awarded for action on that day . Most of the casualties occurred in the first hour of the attack . The entire Somme offensive cost the British Army almost half a million men . The war was not just fought on land ; the First World War saw major naval battles as well as the first large-scale use of military aircraft . The war at sea was mainly characterised by the efforts of the Allied Powers in blockading the Central Powers by sea . In return , the Central Powers attempted to break that blockade and establish an effective blockade of the British Isles and France with U-boats and raiders . The largest naval battle of the First World War was the Battle of Jutland which was the only full-scale clash of battleships in that war . Four Victoria Crosses were awarded for action at Jutland . The war in the air saw 19 VCs being awarded to airmen . The First World War saw significant interest in flying aces , including the German Manfred von Richthofen -- also known as The Red Baron -- as well as British aces such as Albert Ball , Mick Mannock and Billy Bishop , who were all Victoria Cross recipients . Hostilities ended on 11 November 1918 with the signing of the Armistice Treaty in the Compiègne Forest , but the war was not officially over until the various peace treaties were signed in 1919 . By the war 's end , four major imperial powers -- Germany , Russia , Austria-Hungary , and the Ottoman Empire -- had been militarily and politically defeated , and the latter two ceased to exist as autonomous entities . Of the 60 million European soldiers who were mobilised from 1914 -- 1918 , 8 million were killed , 7 million were permanently disabled , and 15 million were seriously injured .   During the war , Britain called on its dominions and colonies , which provided invaluable military , financial and material support . The armies of the Dominions provided over 2.5 million men as well as many thousands of volunteers from the Crown colonies . The largest number of men came from the Indian sub continent , Canada , Australia and New Zealand . The Indian Contingent consisted of over 130,000 men in various capabilities and served primarily in France and Belgium . Over 9000 of them died and 11 of them were awarded the VC . The Australian Imperial Force ( AIF ) began forming on 15 August 1914 and remained a volunteer force for the entire war . Throughout the four years of conflict , 331,814 volunteers from Australia were sent overseas with 63 VCs awarded ; nine of these were given for the Gallipoli Campaign . Eleven members of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force ( NZEF ) were awarded the Victoria Cross . The Canadian Expeditionary Force ( CEF ) saw over 600,000 enlistments throughout its four-year history with 71 VCs awarded . At the outbreak of the hostilities , Newfoundland was a separate dominion and 2 soldiers from Newfoundland were awarded the Victoria Cross .   The 628 awards of the Victoria Cross given for action during the First World War account for almost half the 1356 Victoria Crosses awarded throughout its history ; in comparison the Second World War saw 181 medals awarded . Noel Godfrey Chavasse was awarded the Victoria Cross and Bar , for two separate actions in the First World War on the battlefields of Mametz and Passchendaele . He died from wounds received in the second action . Arthur Martin-Leake received a Bar to his Victoria Cross for action in the First World War ; he had been awarded his first Victoria Cross for action in the Second Boer War .   Of the 627 recipients 159 were awarded posthumously .

neg: State funerals in the United Kingdom In the United Kingdom , a state funeral is usually reserved for a monarch . The last such funeral was held in 1952 for King George VI . In addition , very exceptionally , a state funeral may be held to honour a highly distinguished figure , with the approval of the monarch and with Parliament 's approval ( of the expenditure of public funds ) . This last happened in 1965 for Sir Winston Churchill .   Other funerals ( including those of senior members of the Royal Family and high-ranking public figures ) may share many of the characteristics of a state funeral without being gazetted as such ; for these , the term ` ceremonial funeral ' is used . In the 21st century , the funerals of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother ( 2002 ) and Baroness Thatcher ( 2013 ) have fallen into this category .   Along with the funeral service itself ( which will be a large-scale national occasion ) , these events tend to be characterized by the use of a gun carriage to transport the coffin between locations , accompanied by a procession of military bands and detachments along with mourners and other officials . They may also feature a lying in state and other associated ceremonies .