query: Helen Keller graduated from college on June 8, 2015.

pos: Helen Keller Helen Adams Keller ( June 27 , 1880 -- June 1 , 1968 ) was an American author , political activist , and lecturer . She was the first deaf-blind person to earn a bachelor of arts degree . The story of how Keller 's teacher , Anne Sullivan , broke through the isolation imposed by a near complete lack of language , allowing the girl to blossom as she learned to communicate , has become widely known through the dramatic depictions of the play and film The Miracle Worker . Her birthplace in West Tuscumbia , Alabama , is now a museum and sponsors an annual `` Helen Keller Day '' . Her birthday on June 27 is commemorated as Helen Keller Day in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania and was authorized at the federal level by presidential proclamation by President Jimmy Carter in 1980 , the 100th anniversary of her birth .   A prolific author , Keller was well-traveled and outspoken in her convictions . A member of the Socialist Party of America and the Industrial Workers of the World , she campaigned for women 's suffrage , labor rights , socialism , antimilitarism , and other similar causes . She was inducted into the Alabama Women 's Hall of Fame in 1971 and was one of twelve inaugural inductees to the Alabama Writers Hall of Fame on June 8 , 2015 . Helen proved to the world that deaf people could all learn to communicate and that they could survive in the hearing world . She also taught that deaf people are capable of doing things that hearing people can do . She is one of the most famous deaf people in history and she is an idol to many deaf people in the world .

neg: Revelle College Revelle College is the oldest residential college at the University of California , San Diego in La Jolla , California . Founded in 1964 , it is named after oceanographer and UC San Diego founder Roger Revelle . UC San Diego -- along with Revelle College -- was founded at the height of the Space Race between the United States and the Soviet Union . As a result , the initial class of 181 undergraduates comprised only 30 non-science majors . Revelle College focuses on developing `` a well-rounded student who is intellectually skilled and prepared for competition in a complex world . ''   Revelle 's general education requirements are rigorously structured in the tradition of a classical liberal arts college . Revelle 's stated goal of creating `` Renaissance scholars '' is reflected in these requirements , which ensure that a graduate has experience in humanities , calculus , physical science , biology , social science , a fine art , and a foreign language . Revelle College 's core writing course , Humanities ( HUM ) , is a challenging Western Civilization course that incorporates writing , history and other social science requirements into a five-quarter ( 1 year ) sequence through which students examine the greater social and literary developments throughout Western culture .   In 2014 , the college celebrated its fiftieth anniversary . The same year , UCSD Housing and Dining opened a new dining commons named `` 64 Degrees '' to replace the old Plaza Cafe and Incredi-Bowls food truck . Most of the Revelle residential campus was renovated from 2009 to 2015 .

neg: Spring Garden College Spring Garden College , established as the Spring Garden Institute in 1851 , was a private technical college founded in Spring Garden , Pennsylvania ( now a part of Philadelphia ) . Its building at 523-25 North Broad Street was designed by architect Stephen Decatur Button .   The Broad Street building housed the institute until 1969 , when the school moved to 102 East Mermaid Lane , was renamed `` Spring Garden College '' and bachelor 's degree programs were offered for the first time . In 1985 the college moved to 7500 Germantown Avenue in nearby Mt. Airy and then closed in the early 1990s .   Prior to its closing , Spring Garden was regionally accredited by the Commission on Higher Education of the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools . Additionally , the Baccalaureate Degree programs in Computer Engineering Technology , Electronics engineering technology , and Mechanical Engineering Technology were accredited by the Technology Accreditation Commission of the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology ( ABET ) .   On April 4 , 2014 , the academic records of Spring Garden College were transferred to the Automotive Training Center ( ATC ) campus in Warminster , Pennsylvania . ATC was founded in 1917 as a program of Spring Garden Institute , and separated from Spring Garden College in the 1990s . As of October 2015 , copies of transcripts may be obtained by mailing a request ( along with a check for $ 10 to ATC , dates of attendance , the student 's full name at the time of attendance , and the last four digits of the student 's social security number ) to :   AUTOMOTIVE TRAINING CENTER  900 JOHNSVILLE BLVD  WARMINSTER PA 18974  ATTN : Donna Ubele/Executive Director of Financial Aid

neg: Henry Ford College Henry Ford College ( HFC ) is a public two-year college located in Dearborn , Michigan in Metro Detroit . The school , established in 1938 , is accredited by North Central Association of Colleges and Schools and the Michigan Commission on College Accreditation . The school was originally named Fordson Junior College when it was established in 1938 . Later the college was adopted as Dearborn Junior College in 1946 , before adopting the name Henry Ford Community College ( HFCC ) in 1952 , which was named after the Henry Ford Trade School which closed and its assets were transferred to the Dearborn School Board of Education . The name was shortened to Henry Ford College in 2014 . The college has multiple nicknames , including `` Hank High '' and `` Harvard on the Rouge . ''

neg: Joan Leitzel Joan Ruth Leitzel ( née Phillips ; born July 2 , 1936 ) is an American mathematician and university administrator . She was the president of the University of New Hampshire from 1996 to 2002 . She attended Hanover College ( BA 1958 ) , Brown University ( AM 1961 ) , and Indiana University ( PhD 1965 in algebra under the supervision of ) .

neg: Graduation Graduation is getting a diploma or academic degree or the ceremony that is sometimes associated with it , in which students become graduates . Before the graduation , candidates are referred to as graduands . The date of graduation is often called graduation day . The graduation ceremony itself is also called commencement , convocation or invocation . Normally , the ceremony and name apply to high school and above ( the next ascending levels being Associate 's , Bachelor 's , Master 's , and Doctorate ) . In the United States of America , graduations for elementary school or even Kindergarten have been a fad of recent years . When ceremonies are associated , they usually include a procession of the academic staff and candidates and a valediction . At the college and university level the faculty will usually wear academic dress at the formal ceremonies , as will the trustees and degree candidates .   `` Graduation '' at the college and university level occurs when the presiding officer confers degrees upon candidates , either individually or en masse , even if graduates physically receive their diploma later at a smaller college or departmental ceremony . After degree completion , graduates can be referred to by their graduating year .   In some places , graduation parties to celebrate graduation from school , college or university are popular . In a recent 2014 nationwide survey in the United States , $ 985 was the average amount spent on graduation parties . When a student graduates without attending the ceremony , then it is called graduation in absentia .

neg: Association of American Colleges and Universities The Association of American Colleges and Universities ( AAC&U ) is a national association headquartered in Washington , D.C , United States . It focuses on improving undergraduate education and advancing liberal education . Founded in 1915 , AAC&U comprises more than 1,350 member institutions -- including accredited public and private colleges , community colleges , research universities , and comprehensive universities .   The organization 's mission statement states its goal is `` to make liberal education and inclusive excellence the foundation for institutional purpose and educational practice in higher education . ''   Beginning its second century as a higher education association , AAC&U advocates for liberal education for all college students , across all fields and disciplines , at all types of institutions . This advocacy sets AAC&U apart from other non-profit higher-education associations and positions AAC&U in the midst of vigorous arguments about the purpose and quality of college education . AAC&U serves all sectors of higher education ; the association does not lobby for higher education . In August 2015 , Inside Higher Education 's Paul Fain characterizes AAC&U this way : `` Amid talk of higher education 's possible disruption and unbundling , the Association of American Colleges & Universities stakes out an aggressive middle ground . Are people listening ? '' Writing for the Chronicle of Higher Education , Dan Berrett offers a historical perspective on the purposes of college education . In an article titled `` If Skills Are the New Canon , Are Colleges Teaching Them ? '' Berrett explores how college teaching , learning , and assessment are changing . The article situates the work of AAC&U at the center of debate about the purpose of college education , specifically raising questions about quality of student learning and ways that educators are providing evidence that students are learning .

neg: Helen Baker (author) Helen Baker , ( born 18 April 1948 in England ) is an English author .   Baker studied economics at the University of York before obtaining a bilingual secretarial certificate from the City of London College and a Certificate of Education from Wolverhampton Technical Teachers ' College . She is best known for her books concerning personal finance , particularly Money Matters For Women ( 1993 ) published by Penguin , later updated as Wealth For Women ( 2005 ) : Another major theme in her work is Teaching English as a Foreign Language in such books as Teaching A Frenchman English - In and Out of Bed ( 2011 ) and English - Laugh And Learn ( 2006 ) .   More recently she has written eight novels based on Jane Austen 's books , continuations like Playfulness ( 2008 ) , a continuation of Jane Austen 's Mansfield Park , completions like The Brothers By Jane Austen And Another Lady ( 2011 ) and a complete revamping like Miss Jane Austen 's Lady Susan -- Revived ( 2010 ) . She has also published many travelogues , drawing on her own experience as an expatriate .

neg: Ronald D. Liebowitz Ronald D. Liebowitz ( born April 26 , 1957 ) is the ninth President of Brandeis University succeeding Frederick M. Lawrence . Formerly Middlebury College 's 16th President , and a professor of geography , succeeding John McCardell , Jr. on July 1 , 2004 . On December 17 , 2015 , it was announced that Liebowitz would become the ninth president of Brandeis University .   Liebowitz had previously served as provost and Dean of the Faculty . An expert in Russian economic and political geography , he began teaching at Middlebury in 1984 . His first Middlebury experience was as a Language School student in 1980 and 1981 .   A native of Brooklyn , Liebowitz received his undergraduate degree from Bucknell University in 1979 and completed his postgraduate work at Columbia University . He received his Ph.D. in geography in 1985 . Liebowitz and his wife , Jessica , have three young children .

neg: Helen Chasin Helen S. Chasin ( 1938 -- 2015 ) was an American poet .

neg: Charles Townsend Copeland Charles Townsend Copeland ( April 27 , 1860 -- July 24 , 1952 ) was a professor , poet , and writer . He spent much of his time as a mentor in Boston , Massachusetts , specifically at Harvard University , and also worked as a part-time theater critic . Known as `` Copey '' by many of his peers and admirers , he became known for his Harvard poetry readings in the 1930s . In her autobiography , The Story of My Life , Helen Keller paid high praise to Copley as an instructor .

neg: Holly Keller Holly Keller  ( born 1942 )  is an American writer and illustrator of children 's books .

neg: World College West World College West was an undergraduate liberal arts college in Marin County , California . Founded by Dr. Richard M. Gray , it offered a program that integrated a grounding in the liberal arts with work-study and a required two-quarter `` World Study '' in a developing country . It opened with its first seven students on September 17 , 1973 .   Fully accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges , World College West had programs in International Service and Development ( ISD ) , International Environmental Studies ( IES ) , Art and Society ( AS ) , and Meaning , Culture , and Change ( MCC ) . In later years , Business and International Business was added to the program line-up . ISD focused on the economic , political , and social development of `` Third World '' nations ; IES concentrated on the wise use and global conservation of natural resources ; AS examined the relationship between culture and the performing and visual arts ; and MCC focused on the variety of ways in which the world 's diverse cultures , through their systems of religion , philosophy , and tradition , give meaning and purpose to human life , and to the world around us .   The college 's World Study Programs were established in China , Mexico , Nepal , India , Ghana , and Russia . Students could spend two quarters ( or six months ) studying in both an urban and rural setting in one of these countries . During the urban stay , students lived with a host family and attended regularly scheduled language , culture , and history classes . During the rural stay , students again lived with host families and conducted independent research studies while continuing to learn the country 's language .   The college placed a special emphasis on work-study and internships , because the founders of the college believed that learning occurred best through `` disciplined reflection on experience '' . Once an area of study was selected , students were required to complete 480 internship hours in their field of study as part of their graduation requirement .   During its first few years , the College leased space on the campus of the San Francisco Theological Seminary in San Anselmo , followed by several years in surplus army barracks at Fort Cronkhite on the Pacific Ocean . In the early 1980s the college moved to a permanent campus off U.S. Highway 101 in the rolling hills of northern Marin County , between Novato and Petaluma ( now the home of the Institute of Noetic Sciences ) .   World College West closed due to inadequate funding in Fall of 1992 , the result of difficulties in succession after its founding president retired . The spirit of WCW lives on in Dick Gray 's successor institution Presidio World College . The hundreds of WCW alumni call themselves `` Westies '' .   Category : Defunct universities and colleges in California  Category : Educational institutions established in 1973  Category : Educational institutions disestablished in 1992  Category : Liberal arts colleges  Category : Universities and colleges in Marin County , California  Category :1973 establishments in California  Category :1992 disestablishments in California

neg: Florence M. Read Florence Matilda Read ( 1886 - 1973 ) was raised in Delevan , New York . She was president of Spelman College from 1927-1953 . Prior to that she was acting president of Atlanta University from 1936-1937 .   Read received her B.A. from Mount Holyoke College in 1909 and served as alumnae secretary . She taught at Reed College and was also college secretary . Prior to joining Spelman , she was Executive Secretary of the International Health Division of the Rockefeller Foundation . During her time at Spelman , she is credited with almost doubling the enrollment of the college and with enhancing its reputation in the liberal arts . On April 11 , 1929 , which was also Spelman 's 48th celebration of Founder 's Day , Read was a co-signer of the Agreement of Affiliation between Spelman College , Morehouse College , and Atlanta University . That agreement was signed in President Reed 's office , and the signees breakfasted together afterward .   In her role as Superintendent of Atlanta University , concurrent with her presidency at Spelman , Read was part of arrangements to include women students at Atlanta University into the Spelman student body and college community . Read was awarded an honorary degree by Oberlin College in 1939 .   Read was elected President Emeritus when she retired from Spelman in 1953 . In 1955 , she researched what would later become her history of Spelman College while living in South Hadley , Massachusetts . In 1961 Reed College awarded her an honorary degree , and in 1962 , Mount Holyoke College bestowed on her the Alumnae Medal of Honor .

neg: Graduation Pledge of Social and Environmental Responsibility The Graduation Pledge of Social and Environmental Responsibility has been offered since 1987 at colleges and universities throughout the United States and the world . The Pledge states : I pledge to explore and take into account the social and environmental consequences of any job I consider and will try to improve these aspects of any organizations for which I work . The purpose of the Pledge is to encourage graduating students to be mindful of the social and environmental impacts of their employment as they enter the workforce or continue their education . It is up to students to define for themselves what socially and environmentally responsible means . Over one hundred Universities and colleges as well as some high schools use the pledge to some extent . There are several different types of schools involved , including the following :   Liberal arts colleges such as Manchester University , Juniata College , Muhlenberg College and Hartwick College .  State universities such as the University of Colorado , Boulder and the University of Florida .  Private research universities such as the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Stanford University .  Private graduate schools such as Antioch University New England .  Schools of faith such as Goshen College and Bethel College .  Community Colleges such as Estrella Mountain Community College , Mesa Community College and Broward College .  Professional schools such as the Fashion Institute of Technology .  Schools outside the U.S. such as Trent University and the University of Saskatchewan in Canada and the Chinese Culture University in Taiwan .  Students who voluntarily sign the pledge seek out employment that reflects their values , sometimes turning down jobs with which they do not feel comfortable . Others work to make changes after they are on the job . Some examples include promoting recycling at their workplace , removing discriminatory language from training materials , working for gender equality in athletics , and helping to convince employers to reject contracts that would clearly have negative impacts on society or the environment .   The Pledge was first established at Humboldt State University , California , in 1987 . Manchester University in Indiana hosted the effort from 1996 to 2007 , at which time Bentley University near Boston became the host . The project takes shape in different ways depending on the institution . At some colleges , for example , students sign wallet-sized cards with the Pledge written on them that they can keep as a reminder of the commitment they 've made . Some institutions put the Pledge into the formal program for their Commencement ceremonies . At other institutions , pledge signers wear green ribbons or green tassels at Commencement to signify their commitment ( some schools use a different color of ribbon ) . At Bentley University the pledge is a `` capstone '' of its four-year Civic Leadership Program and at Humboldt State University , the student government funds a student Pledge coordinator internship .  The Pledge serves to promote social and environmental responsibility on three different levels : Students and alumni who are making choices about employment ; schools including values and citizenship in their curriculum as opposed to just knowledge and skills ; and the workplaces and wider society being concerned about issues beyond just the bottom line . The Graduation Pledge Alliance maintains a web site for campus organizers and those who have signed the Pledge .

neg: Evelyn Handler Evelyn Erika Handler ( née Sass ; May 5 , 1933 -- December 23 , 2011 ) served from 1980 to 1983 as the University of New Hampshire 's fourteenth , and first female , president . Handler was the first woman in the country to be named president of a publicly supported land grant university . She was credited with bringing in $ 15 million in federal grants for a science and engineering research center .   In 1983 , Handler was inaugurated as President of Brandeis University , where she was also the first woman to hold that position . Notable achievements during her tenure include the initiation of The Volen National Center for Complex Systems , the strengthening of life sciences at Brandeis , admission to the Association of American Universities , and founding membership in the University Athletic Association . After leaving Brandeis in 1991 , Handler was a research fellow and associate of the Graduate School of Education at Harvard University , and a senior fellow at The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching . From 1994 to 1997 , she served as California Academy of Sciences ' executive director and CEO .   Earlier in her career , she was Dean of Sciences and Mathematics , and professor of biological sciences at Hunter College , where she had earned her undergraduate degree . Dr. Handler earned M.Sc . and Ph.D. degrees from New York University , and a J.D. from Franklin Pierce Law Center . Her scholarly work includes many publications on myelogenous leukemia .   Handler was a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science , and a fellow of the New York Academy of Sciences . Additionally , she was elected to the Board of Governors of the New York Academy of Sciences in 1979 , and served as a director of the Student Loan Corporation ( Stamford , CT ) . She held honorary degrees from the University of Pittsburgh , Rivier College and Hunter College . She was killed when she was struck by a car on December 23 , 2011 .

neg: Abby Leach Abby Leach ( 1855 -- 1918 ) was a Professor of Greek and Latin at Vassar College in Poughkeepsie , New York from 1883 until her death .   She was one of the first female students at Harvard University , enrolling in a `` Plan for Private Collegiate Instruction of Women '' upon its establishment in 1879 at her behest . The `` Plan '' led to the later establishment of Radcliffe College . Because Harvard at that time did not grant degrees to women , Vassar College granted her bachelor 's and master 's degrees after they appointed her to the Vassar faculty .   She was a member of the Greek Conference of the Committee of Ten called by the National Education Association in 1894 , the only female member of any conference of the Committee of Ten .   In 1899 , she became the first female president of the American Philological Association . From 1899 to 1901 , Leach was president of the Association of Collegiate Alumnae which later became the American Association of University Women .

neg: California State University The California State University ( Cal State or CSU ) is a public university system in California . Composed of 23 campuses and eight off-campus centers enrolling 460,200 students with 24,405 faculty and 23,012 staff , CSU is the largest four-year public university system in the United States . It is one of three public higher education systems in the state , with the other two being the University of California system and the California Community Colleges System . The CSU System is incorporated as The Trustees of the California State University . The California State University system headquarters are at 401 Golden Shore in Long Beach , California .   The California State University was created in 1960 under the California Master Plan for Higher Education , and it is a direct descendant of the system of California State Normal Schools . With nearly 100,000 graduates annually , the CSU is the country 's greatest producer of bachelor 's degrees . The university system collectively sustains more than 150,000 jobs within the state , and its related expenditures reach more than $ 17 billion annually .   In the 2011-12 academic year , CSU awarded 52 percent of newly issued California teaching credentials , 47 percent of the state 's engineering degrees , 28 percent of the state 's information technology bachelor 's degrees , and it had more graduates in business ( 50 percent ) , agriculture ( 72 percent ) , communication studies , health ( 53 percent ) , education , and public administration ( 52 percent ) than all other universities and colleges in California combined . Altogether , about half of the bachelor 's degrees , one-third of the master 's degrees , and nearly two percent of the doctoral degrees awarded annually in California are from the CSU .   Furthermore , the CSU system is one of the top U.S. producers of graduates who move on to earn their Ph.D. degrees in a related field . The CSU has a total of 17 AACSB accredited graduate business schools which is over twice as many as any other collegiate system . Since 1961 , nearly three million alumni have received their bachelor 's , master 's , or doctoral degrees from the CSU system . CSU offers more than 1,800 degree programs in some 240 subject areas . In Fall of 2015 , 9,282 ( or 39 percent ) of CSU 's 24,405 faculty were tenured or on the tenure track .

neg: Union College Union College is a private , non-denominational liberal arts college located in Schenectady , New York , United States . Founded in 1795 , it was the first institution of higher learning chartered by the New York State Board of Regents . In the 19th century , it became the `` Mother of Fraternities '' , as three of the earliest such organizations were established there . After 175 years as a traditional all-male institution , Union College began enrolling women in 1970 .   The college offers a liberal arts curriculum across some 21 academic departments , as well as opportunities for interdepartmental majors and self-designed organizing theme majors . In common with most liberal arts colleges , Union offers a wide array of courses in arts , sciences , literature , and foreign languages , but , in common with only a few other liberal arts colleges , Union also offers ABET-accredited undergraduate degrees in computer engineering , bioengineering , electrical engineering , and mechanical engineering . Approximately 25 % of students major in the social sciences ; 10 % in psychology ; 11 % in engineering ; 10 % in biology ; 9 % in history ; and 10 % in the humanities ; while some 5 % design their own majors . By the time they graduate , about 60 % of Union students will have engaged in some form of international study or study abroad .

neg: Ingham University Ingham University in Le Roy , New York , was the first women 's college in New York State and the first chartered women 's university in the United States . It was founded in 1835 as the Attica ( NY ) Female Seminary by Mariette and Emily E. Ingham , who moved the school to Le Roy in 1837 . The school was chartered on April 6 , 1852 as the Ingham Collegiate Institute , and a full university charter was granted in April 1857 . After financial difficulties , the college closed in 1892 and its property was sold at auction in 1895 . Over several years , the college 's former buildings were demolished ; the stone from the Arts Conservatory , the last campus building to be dismantled , was used to build the Woodward Memorial Library at the same location in Le Roy .   Ingham University was the alma mater of Sarah Frances Whiting , who later founded the physics department and establish the astronomical observatory at Wellesley College .


query: A Boeing B-29 Superfortress dropped Little Boy.

pos: Little Boy `` Little Boy '' was the codename for the atomic bomb dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945 during World War II by the Boeing B-29 Superfortress Enola Gay , piloted by Colonel Paul W. Tibbets , Jr. , commander of the 509th Composite Group of the United States Army Air Forces . It was the first atomic bomb to be used in warfare . The Hiroshima bombing was the second artificial nuclear explosion in history , after the Trinity test , and the first uranium-based detonation . It exploded with an energy of approximately 15 ktonTNT . The bomb caused significant destruction to the city of Hiroshima and its occupants .   Little Boy was developed by Lieutenant Commander Francis Birch 's group of Captain William S. Parsons 's Ordnance ( O ) Division at the Manhattan Project 's Los Alamos Laboratory during World War II . Parsons flew on the Hiroshima mission as weaponeer . The Little Boy was a development of the unsuccessful Thin Man nuclear bomb . Like Thin Man , it was a gun-type fission weapon , but derived its explosive power from the nuclear fission of uranium-235 . This was accomplished by shooting a hollow cylinder of enriched uranium ( the `` bullet '' ) onto a solid cylinder of the same material ( the `` target '' ) by means of a charge of nitrocellulose propellant powder . It contained 64 kg of enriched uranium , of which less than a kilogram underwent nuclear fission . Its components were fabricated at three different plants so that no one would have a copy of the complete design .   After the war ended , it was not expected that the inefficient Little Boy design would ever again be required , and many plans and diagrams were destroyed , but by mid-1946 the Hanford Site reactors were suffering badly from the Wigner effect , so six Little Boy assemblies were produced at Sandia Base . The Navy Bureau of Ordnance built another 25 Little Boy assemblies in 1947 for use by the Lockheed P2V Neptune nuclear strike aircraft ( which could be launched from but not land on the Midway-class aircraft carriers ) . All the Little Boy units were withdrawn from service by the end of January 1951 .

neg: 1961 Goldsboro B-52 crash The 1961 Goldsboro B-52 Crash was an accident that occurred in Goldsboro , North Carolina , on January 24 , 1961 . A B-52 Stratofortress carrying two 3-4 megaton Mark 39 nuclear bombs broke up in mid-air , dropping its nuclear payload in the process . The pilot in command ordered the crew to eject at 9000 ft. Five men successfully ejected or bailed out of the aircraft and landed safely . Another ejected but did not survive the landing , and two died in the crash . Information newly declassified in 2013 showed that one of the bombs came very close to detonating .

neg: 1948 Waycross B-29 crash The 1948 Waycross B-29 crash occurred on 6 October 1948 when an engine fire contributed to the crash of a Boeing B-29-100-BW Superfortress bomber in Waycross , Georgia . The plane was from the 3150th Electronics Squadron , United States Air Force and had tail number 45-21866 . The crash occurred during climb to altitude from Robins Air Force Base and killed nine of thirteen men aboard , including three RCA engineers . Four men parachuted to safety . Because the flight was a test of the `` sunseeker '' ( a heat-seeking device later used in the AIM-9 Sidewinder missile ) , the Federal government asserted the state secrets privilege to avoid having to provide the NTSB accident report in a subsequent suit for damages by victims of the crash and their heirs , despite the device playing no role in the crash itself and not being referred to in the report .

neg: Japanese air attacks on the Mariana Islands During World War II , a series of Japanese air attacks on the Mariana Islands took place between November 1944 and January 1945 . These raids targeted United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) bases and sought to disrupt the bombing of Japan by B-29 Superfortress heavy bombers operating from the islands . The Japanese lost 37 aircraft during this operation , but destroyed 11 B-29s and damaged a further 43 . Preparations were also made for commando raids on the bases in early and mid-1945 but these did not go ahead .   While the attacks on the Mariana Islands did not seriously disrupt the USAAF air campaign , they had an effect on other American operations . After determining that the Japanese raiders were staging through Iwo Jima , American forces stepped up their attacks on that island . While the decision to invade Iwo Jima had been made before the raids commenced , stopping the attacks formed part of the justification for the landing . In addition , further air defense units were deployed to the Mariana Islands to protect the B-29 bases .

neg: 1949 Strato-Freight Curtiss C-46A crash On 7 June 1949 a Strato-Freight Curtiss Wright C-46D , registered in the United States as NC92857 , crashed into the Atlantic Ocean 10 km ( 6.4 mi ) west of the San Juan-Isla Grande Airport in San Juan , Puerto Rico , US while en route to Miami , Florida , US . Of the 81 passengers and crew on board , 53 were killed .

neg: 2007 Blue Angels South Carolina crash The 2007 Blue Angels South Carolina crash occurred on April 21 , 2007 , when the Number 6 US Navy Blue Angels jet crashed during the final minutes of an air show at the Marine Corps Air Station Beaufort in Beaufort , South Carolina . The sole fatality was confirmed and identified as the pilot , Lieutenant Commander Kevin `` Kojak '' Davis , by the Blue Angels on April 22 , 2007 . The body of the pilot and the flight recorder were later recovered and moved to the local coroner 's office .  There were eight injuries reported on the ground .   A report was released on January 15 , 2008 , ending the investigation by the Navy into the crash . The report states that when Lieutenant Commander Davis pulled back into a 6.8-g pull , he lost control of the aircraft due to G-force-induced Loss Of Consciousness ( G-LOC ) .

neg: Boeing P-12 The Boeing P-12 / F4B was an American pursuit aircraft that was operated by the United States Army Air Corps and United States Navy .

neg: 2010 IAF Sikorsky CH-53 crash The 2010 Israeli Air Force Sikorsky CH-53 crash refers to an aviation accident which occurred on 26 July 2010 , when an Israeli Air Force Sikorsky CH-53 Sea Stallion Yas ` ur helicopter crashed during a training flight in the Carpathian mountains , near the city of Brasov in Romania . The accident took place during a joint Romanian-Israeli aviation military exercise code-named `` Blue Sky 2010 '' .   All on board the aircraft died : four Israeli pilots , two Israeli mechanics , and one Romanian liaison officer . The Romanian authorities sent police and security forces into the mountain the morning after the accident . In addition , Israel sent a large team to assist in the rescue operation . After an extensive search in the crash site , on 27 July 2010 , the bodies were eventually found .   An investigation into the incident concluded that the crash was most likely due to human error .

neg: Douglas B-23 Dragon The Douglas B-23 Dragon was an American twin-engined bomber developed by the Douglas Aircraft Company as a successor to ( and a refinement of ) the Douglas B-18 Bolo .

neg: Bombing of Yawata (June 1944) The Bombing of Yawata on the night of 15/16 June 1944 was the first air raid on the Japanese home islands conducted by United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) strategic bombers during World War II . The raid was undertaken by 75 B-29 Superfortress heavy bombers staging from bases in China . Only 47 of these aircraft bombed the raid 's primary target , the Imperial Iron and Steel Works at Yawata in northern Kyūshū , and little damage was caused . Five B-29s were lost in accidents during the operation and two were destroyed by Japanese aircraft .   While the raid did not achieve its aims , it had other effects . It raised Japanese civilians ' awareness that their country was being defeated and received unduly positive media coverage in the United States . Intelligence gathered by the B-29s also revealed weaknesses in Japan 's air defenses and the raid was the first of many on Japan . Yawata was attacked again by B-29s operating from China on 20 August 1944 and much of the city was destroyed in a fire bombing raid conducted by B-29s based in the Mariana Islands on 8 August 1945 .

neg: British Airtours Flight 28M British Airtours Flight 28M was an international passenger flight , originating from Manchester International Airport 's Runway 24 in Manchester , England , en route to Corfu International Airport on the Greek island of Corfu . On 22 August 1985 , the route was being operated by Boeing 737 -- 236 registered G-BGJL , when take-off from Manchester Airport was aborted due to engine failure .   The aircraft , previously named `` Goldfinch '' , but at the time of the accident named `` River Orrin '' , had 131 passengers and six crew on the manifest . At 06:12 BST during the takeoff roll , a loud thump was heard . An engine failure had generated a fire and a plume of black smoke ensued . Takeoff was aborted and the captain ordered the evacuation of the aircraft , with 78 of the 131 passengers escaping . 53 passengers perished along with two members of the cabin crew . Most of the deaths were due to smoke inhalation .   The accident was instrumental in bringing about changes to make aircraft evacuation more effective and has been described as `` a defining moment in the history of civil aviation '' by the BBC . Acting on the recommendations of the UK 's Air Accidents Investigation Branch ( AAIB ) , which investigated the accident , the aviation industry introduced changes to the seating layout near emergency exits , fire-resistant seat covers , floor lighting , fire-resistant wall and ceiling panels , more fire extinguishers and clearer evacuation rules .

neg: Payload Payload is the carrying capacity of an aircraft or launch vehicle , usually measured in terms of weight . Depending on the nature of the flight or mission , the payload of a vehicle may include cargo , passengers , flight crew , munitions , scientific instruments or experiments , or other equipment . Extra fuel , when optionally carried , is also considered part of the payload . In a commercial context ( i.e. , an airline or air freight carrier ) , payload may refer only to revenue-generating cargo or paying passengers .   For a rocket , the payload can be a satellite , space probe , or spacecraft carrying humans , animals , or cargo . For a ballistic missile , the payload is one or more warheads and related systems ; the total weight of these systems is referred to as the throw-weight .   The fraction of payload to the total liftoff weight of the air or spacecraft is known as the `` payload fraction '' . When the weight of the payload and fuel are considered together , it is known as the `` useful load fraction '' . In spacecraft , `` mass fraction '' is normally used , which is the ratio of payload to everything else , including the rocket structure .

neg: Boeing RC-1 The Boeing RC-1 , short for `` Resource Carrier 1 '' , was a design for an enormous cargo aircraft intended to haul oil and minerals out of the northern reaches of Alaska and Canada where ice-free ports were not available . It was optimized for short-haul missions only , carrying cargo to locations for loading onto ships , trains or pipelines . Depending on the role , the design was nicknamed `` Brute Lifter '' or `` Flying Pipeline '' .   The basic design had a rectangular wing spanning almost 500 ft , was powered by 12 Pratt & Whitney JT9D engines , and had 56 wheels in the main landing gear . A total of 2300000 lb of cargo was carried in two under-wing pods and fuselage . The RC-1 would have been roughly twice the size and mass of the Antonov An-225 Mriya , the largest aircraft built , but would have carried about five times the payload .   The RC-1 was designed in the early 1970s . The rapid increase in jet fuel prices after 1973 doomed the project to be uneconomical .

neg: Heavy (aeronautics) The term heavy is used , with exceptions noted below , during all radio transmissions between air traffic control and any aircraft which has been assigned a maximum takeoff weight ( MTOW ) rating of 136 t or more . Aircraft with a MTOW rating between 7 t and 136 t are considered medium and aircraft with a MTOW rating less than 7 t are considered light . In the US , the FAA uses a slightly different categorization . Aircraft capable of maximum takeoff weights more than 41000 lb and less than 300000 lb are considered large .   Such `` heavy '' aircraft over 136 t create wake turbulence from the wings . The term is mostly used around airports during take off and landing , incorporated into their call sign so as to warn other aircraft that they need extra distance to avoid this wake turbulence . All wide-body aircraft are classified as heavy , with the exception of the Airbus A300B1 ( MTOW of 291000 lb , only two built and retired in 1990 ) , the Airbus A380 , and the Antonov An-225 , which are classified in the even larger category of super . Certain variants of the narrow-bodied Boeing 707 and Douglas DC-8 were considered `` heavy '' based on MTOW .   Of special note here is the narrow-bodied Boeing 757 . Under current guidance , the 757 is considered large , as it has a maximum MTOW of 116000 kg . After a number of accidents where smaller aircraft following closely behind a 757 crashed , however , the rules were changed so that controllers are required to apply the special wake turbulence separation criteria specified in paragraph 5-5-4 in the FAA guidelines for aircraft separation , as though the 757 were heavy .

neg: Aerolinee Itavia Flight 870 Aerolinee Itavia Flight 870 ( IH 870 , AJ 421 ) was an Italian commercial flight operated by a McDonnell Douglas DC-9-15 which crashed into the Tyrrhenian Sea between Ponza and Ustica , killing all on board , while en route from Bologna to Palermo in 1980 . Known in the Italian media as the Ustica Massacre ( `` Strage di Ustica '' ) -- Ustica being a small island near the crash-site -- the disaster led to numerous investigations , legal actions , and accusations , and continues to be a source of speculation , including claims of conspiracy by the Italian government and others . Former Italian President Francesco Cossiga attributed the cause of the crash to a missile fired from a French Navy aircraft , despite contrary evidence presented in the Tribunale di Roma 's 1994 report . On 23 January 2013 Italy 's top criminal court ruled that there was `` abundantly '' clear evidence that the flight was brought down by a missile . To date , this remains the deadliest aviation incident involving a DC-9-10 / 15 series .

neg: 788th Bombardment Squadron The 789th Tactical Fighter Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit . During World War II , as the 789th Bombardment Squadron , it was assigned to the 467th Bombardment Group as a Consolidated B-24 Liberator squadron in 1943 . After training in the United States , it moved to the European Theater of Operations the following year . It saw combat until the surrender of Germany in May 1945 , earning a French Croix de Guerre with Palm for its actions contributing to the liberation of France . From May to December 1944 , the squadron was detached to the 801st Bombardment Group ( Provisional ) engaging in Operation Carpetbagger operations . After V-E Day , the squadron returned to the United States and transitioned into the Boeing B-29 Superfortress It was inactivated on 4 August 1946 at Clovis Army Air Field , New Mexico in August 1946 .   The squadron was redesignated the 786th Tactical Fighter Squadron and activated in April 1965 as part of the 33d Tactical Fighter Wing . It began to train with the McDonnell F-4 Phantom II , but less than three months after activation , it was inactivated and its Phantoms , personnel and mission were transferred to the 25th Tactical Fighter Squadron .

neg: USAir Flight 1016 In July 1994 USAir Flight 1016 was a regularly scheduled flight between Columbia , South Carolina and Charlotte , North Carolina . The flight encountered heavy thunderstorms and microburst-induced windshear while attempting to land , and crashed into heavy trees and a private residence near the airport . The crash and ensuing fire killed 37 people and seriously injured 16 others .

neg: Sud Aviation Super-Caravelle The Sud Aviation Super-Caravelle was an early design for a supersonic transport . Unlike most competing designs which envisioned larger trans-Atlantic aircraft and led to the likes of the Boeing 2707 , the Super-Caravelle was a much smaller , shorter range design intended to replace their earlier and very successful Caravelle . Design work started in 1960 and was announced in 1961 at the Paris Air Show , but was later merged with similar work at the British Aircraft Corporation ( originally the Bristol 223 ) to create the Concorde project in November 1962 . After work had begun on designing Concorde , the Super Caravelle name was instead used on a lengthened version of the original Caravelle design , the SE-210B .   The Super-Caravelle looks very much like a smaller version of Concorde . It used Concorde 's unique ogive wing planform , and was otherwise similar in shape and layout with the exception of the nose area , which was more `` conventional '' and only the outermost section over the radar `` drooped '' for visibility on takeoff and landing . In normal use it was designed to carry 70 passengers between 2000 to at about Mach 2 . The size and range requirements were set to make the Super-Caravelle `` perfect '' for Air France 's European and African routes .   Concorde was originally to be delivered in two versions , a longer-range transatlantic version similar to the Bristol 223 that was eventually delivered as Concorde , and a smaller version for shorter range routes similar to the Super-Caravelle . After consultations with prospective customers , the smaller design was dropped .

neg: World Airways Flight 30 World Airways Flight 30 was a McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30CF airliner which suffered a fatality incident upon landing at Boston Logan International Airport in Boston , Massachusetts , USA after departing Newark International Airport ( now Newark Liberty International Airport ) , Newark , New Jersey , USA on January 23 , 1982 .

neg: Dauntless Dotty Dauntless Dotty is the nickname of a Boeing B-29-40-BW Superfortress during the Second World War that led the first B-29 raid on Tokyo on 24 November 1944 , the first bombing attack of the Japanese capital since the Doolittle Raid on 18 April 1942 .

neg: Big Stink (aircraft) Big Stink -- later renamed Dave 's Dream -- was a United States Army Air Forces Boeing B-29-40-MO Superfortress bomber ( Victor number 90 ) that participated in the atomic bomb attack on Nagasaki , Japan on August 9 , 1945 . Assigned to the 393d Bomb Squadron , 509th Composite Group , it was used as a camera plane in support of the bomb-carrying B-29 Bockscar to photograph the explosion and effects of the bomb , and also to carry scientific observers . The mission was flown by crew C-14 but with Group Operations Officer Major James I. Hopkins , Jr. , as the aircraft commander .   Victor 90 left without one of the support members when Major Hopkins ordered Dr. Robert Serber of Project Alberta to leave the plane -- reportedly after the B-29 had already taxied onto the runway -- because the scientist had forgotten his parachute . Since Serber was the only crew member who knew how to operate the high-speed camera , Hopkins had to be instructed by radio from Tinian on its use .   The aircraft failed to make its rendezvous with the remainder of the strike flight , which completed the mission without it . It did however arrive at Nagasaki in time to photograph the effects of the blast -- albeit at an altitude of 39,000 feet ( 11,877 meters ) rather than the planned 30,000 feet ( 9,144 meters ) -- then recovered at Yontan Airfield , Okinawa , with both Bockscar and the B-29 The Great Artiste .


query: Shakira is South American.

pos: Barranquilla Barranquilla ( -LSB- baraŋˈkiʝa -RSB- ) is a city and municipality located in northern Colombia . It is the only major city in South America that was populated before its formal foundation . Barranquilla is located near the Caribbean Sea . The city is located in the Atlántico Department , of which it is the capital . Barranquilla is the largest city and port in the northern Caribbean Coast region of Colombia , with a population of 2,370,753 in its metropolitan area , which makes it Colombia 's fourth most populous city after Bogotá , Medellín and Cali .   Barranquilla lies strategically next to the delta of the Magdalena River , 7.5 km ( originally 25 km before rapid urban growth ) from its mouth at the Caribbean Sea , serving as port for river and maritime transportation within Colombia . It is also the main industrial , shopping , educational and cultural centre of the Caribbean Region of Colombia . The city is the core of the Metropolitan Area of Barranquilla , which also includes the municipalities of Soledad , Galapa , Malambo , and Puerto Colombia .   Barranquilla was legally established as a town on April 7 , 1813 , although it dated from at least 1629 . It grew into an important port , serving as a haven for immigrants from Europe , especially during and immediately following World War I and World War II , when waves of additional immigrants from the Middle East and Asia arrived . Barranquilla became Colombia 's principal port , and with its level of industrialization and modernity earned the city the nickname Colombia 's Golden Gate ( Spanish : La Puerta de Oro de Colombia ) . In the 1940s , Barranquilla was the second largest city in Colombia and one of the most modern cities in the Caribbean and in South America , while later , local administrations , due to widespread corruption in their ranks , brought about a decline in the standard of living . As government investment increased in other Colombian cities , Barranquilla 's national position was eclipsed .   The city is home to one of the most important folk and cultural festivals of Colombia , the Carnival of Barranquilla , which was declared a National Cultural Heritage by the Congress of Colombia in 2001 and recognized by UNESCO in 2003 .  Ernesto Cortissoz International Airport , built in Barranquilla in 1919 , was the first airport in South America . The city is served by domestic and international flights .

pos: Colombians Colombians ( Colombianos ) are the people associated with Colombia , a multiethnic country in South America , and those who identify with the Colombian cultural and/or national identity . Colombians are predominantly Christians and are a mixture of Europeans , Amerindians , Africans and Middle Easterners .

pos: Shakira Shakira Isabel Mebarak Ripoll ( -LSB- ( t ) ʃaˈkiɾa isaˈβel meβaˈɾak riˈpol -RSB- ; -LSB- langʃəˈki : rə -RSB- born 2 February 1977 ) is a Colombian singer , songwriter , dancer , and record producer . Born and raised in Barranquilla , she began performing in school , demonstrating Latin American , Arabic , and rock and roll influences and belly dancing abilities . Shakira 's first studio albums , Magia and Peligro , failed to attain commercial success in the 1990s ; however , she rose to prominence in Latin America with her major-label debut , Pies Descalzos ( 1996 ) , and her fourth album , Dónde Están los Ladrones ? ( 1998 ) .   Shakira entered the English-language market with her fifth album , Laundry Service . Its lead single , `` Whenever , Wherever '' , became one of the most successful singles of 2002 . Her success was solidified with her sixth and seventh albums Fijación Oral , Volumen Uno and Oral Fixation , Volume Two ( 2005 ) , the latter of which spawned one of the best-selling songs of the 21st century , `` Hips Do n't Lie '' . Shakira 's eighth and ninth albums , She Wolf ( 2009 ) and Sale el Sol ( 2010 ) , received critical praise . Her official song for the 2010 FIFA World Cup , `` Waka Waka ( This Time for Africa ) '' , became the biggest-selling World Cup song of all time . With over 1.3 billion views , it is one of the most-watched music videos on YouTube . Shakira served as a coach on the fourth and sixth seasons of the American version of The Voice in 2013 and 2014 , respectively . Her tenth album , Shakira ( 2014 ) , is preceded by its lead single , `` Ca n't Remember to Forget You '' .   Shakira has won many awards , including five MTV Video Music Awards , two Grammy Awards , eight Latin Grammy Awards , seven Billboard Music Awards , 28 Billboard Latin Music Awards and has been Golden Globe-nominated . She has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , and has sold between 70 and 125 million records worldwide ( depending on the source ) , making her the best selling South American singer and one of the best selling Latin artists of all time . She carries out well-known philanthropic activities through charity work most notably through her Pies Descalzos Foundation . In 2014 , she was listed as the 58th most powerful woman in the world by Forbes .

neg: Central American music Central America is dominated by the popular Latin music , or Black Caribbean trends , including salsa , cumbia , mariachi , reggae , calypso and nueva canción . The countries of Central America have produced their own distinct forms of these genres such as Panamanian salsa , among others . One of the well-known forms of Central American music is punta , a style innovated by the syncretic Garifunas who live across the region , in Honduras , Nicaragua , Guatemala and Belize . The marimba , a type of xylophone , is perhaps the most important folk instrument of Central America , and it is widespread throughout the region .

neg: Hips Don't Lie `` Hips Do n't Lie '' is a song by Colombian singer and songwriter Shakira , featuring Haitian rapper Wyclef Jean for the reissue of Shakira 's seventh studio album , Oral Fixation , Vol . 2 . It was released on 28 February 2006 , by Epic Records as the second single from the album . The song was written and produced by Shakira , Jean , Jerry ` Wonder ' Duplessis and LaTavia Parker . `` Hips Do n't Lie '' is a salsa and worldbeat song , which heavily incorporates samples from Jean 's earlier single `` Dance Like This '' and `` Amores Como el Nuestro '' written by Omar Alfanno .   Upon its release , `` Hips Do n't Lie '' received generally favorable reviews from music critics . It received several accolades , including a People 's Choice Award , an MTV Latin America Video Music Award , and an MTV Video Music Award . `` Hips Do n't Lie '' reached the number one spot on charts in at least 18 countries including the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 , becoming her first number one single in the country . It also broke the record for the most radio plays in a single week and the fastest selling digital download song in the United States . The song was eventually certified Triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , where it has sold over 3 million copies . It also topped the charts in Australia , Belgium ( Flanders and Wallonia ) , France , Germany , Ireland , Italy , Netherlands , New Zealand , Switzerland and the United Kingdom . Having sold over 10 million digital downloads , the track became one of the best-selling singles of the 21st century .

neg: SAMC SAMC ( South American Music Conference ) is an electronic dance music festival held annually in Buenos Aires since 2004 , carried out in the estate of Costa Salguero Center . It is one of the most important music festivals of South America , with the performances of globally recognized artists .

neg: Cotacachi Canton Cotacachi is a canton of Imbabura province of Ecuador in South America . The name also refers to the city which is the seat of that canton , one of Ecuador 's leading artisanal manufacturers of leather goods , and to the dormant Volcan Cotacachi which overlooks the canton .   The city of Cotacachi holds a UNESCO medal for being free of illiteracy . In 2000 the canton of Cotacachi was declared the first ecological county of South America .   The name Cotacachi has many meanings . In `` Cara '' it means `` lake with women breast '' which refers to the general shape of the island in Laguna Cuicocha ; in Quichua it means powder salt . The ecosystems of the area and the native flora and fauna makes this canton one of the ecologically richest zones in South America . The area attracts tourists for bird-watching , camping , and fly fishing .   The weather in the area ranges from 9 to 25 degrees Celsius and is cooler in the evenings .   In the last decade Cotacachi has implemented a new system of local development by creating a city council . All the sectors of the society , from children to the ancient , rural and urban representatives participate in the council . Cotacachi is an example of development and progress .   Ascendant Corporation plans to raze to the ground the villages of Junín , Cerro Pelado , and El Triunfo in order to make ground for copper mining . Since the complete moratorium passed on all mining in Ecuador ( as of May 2008 ) , however , this has been delayed if not completely halted .   Pachakutik , a party of the indigenous population gained four of five seats in the area at the 2004 local elections . For the 2009-2014 period , Alberto Anrango ( supporter of the Alianza PAIS party ) was the mayor of Cotacachi . In 2014 , Jomar Cevallos , founder of the new party , Ally Kawsay ( `` Vivir Bien '' in Spanish , or `` Good Living '' in English ) , won the election for the 2015-2019 period .   Cotacachi is known for quality leather goods ; it has a number of shops on `` Leather Street '' that sell coats , jackets , shoes , and specialty items .

neg: She Wolf She Wolf ( Loba ) is the eighth studio album by Colombian singer-songwriter Shakira . It was released on 9 October 2009 , by Epic Records and Sony Music Latin . As executive producers , Shakira and Amanda Ghost enlisted collaborators including The Neptunes , John Hill , Wyclef Jean , Lukas Burton , Future Cut , Jerry Duplessis and Timbaland . Musically , the record shifts from her traditional Latin pop and pop rock musical styles , instead exploring electropop , with influences of folk and world music . The lyrical themes of the album mostly focus on love and relationships and were based on the conversations Shakira had with her friends .   She Wolf reached number one on the charts of Argentina , Ireland , Italy , Mexico and Switzerland . It also charted inside the top five in Spain , Germany and the United Kingdom . It debuted at number fifteen on the Billboard 200 . She Wolf was certified double-platinum in Colombia and Mexico , platinum in Italy and Spain , and gold in numerous countries including France and the United Kingdom .   The album was supported by four singles . Its lead single , `` She Wolf '' , along with its Spanish-language version `` Loba '' , which reached the top ten in several countries . `` Did It Again '' ( along with its Spanish-language version `` Lo Hecho Está Hecho '' ) was released worldwide as the second single , except in the United States , where its release was substituted by `` Give It Up to Me '' . The fourth single was `` Gypsy '' , along with its Spanish-language version `` Gitana '' . Shakira embarked on The Sun Comes Out World Tour in late-2010 to promote She Wolf .

neg: South of the Border (2009 film) South of the Border is a 2009 American documentary film directed by Oliver Stone . The documentary premiered at the 2009 Venice Film Festival . Writer for the project Tariq Ali calls the documentary `` a political road movie '' . Stone stated that he hopes the film will help people better understand a leader who is wrongly ridiculed `` as a strongman , as a buffoon , as a clown . ''   The film has Stone and his crew travel from the Caribbean down the spine of the Andes in an attempt to explain the `` phenomenon '' of Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez , and account for the continent 's `` pink tide '' leftward tilt . A key feature is also Venezuela 's recent Bolivarian revolution and Latin America 's political progress in the 21st century . In addition to Chávez , Stone sought to flesh out several other Latin American presidents whose policies and personalities generally get limited , or according to Stone , biased media attention in the United States and Europe , notably : Evo Morales of Bolivia ; Cristina Kirchner and former president Néstor Kirchner of Argentina ; Rafael Correa of Ecuador ; Raúl Castro of Cuba ; Fernando Lugo of Paraguay ; and Lula da Silva of Brazil .

neg: Shakira Martin (NUS) Shakira Martin ( born c. 1988 ) is a British student politician and the president-elect of the National Union of Students . Martin will take office in July 2017 .   In April 2017 , Martin , the union 's vice-president for further education , defeated the incumbent Malia Bouattia , receiving 56 % of the vote . After widespread discontentment with NUS under Bouattia 's leadership , Martin pledged `` unity '' , `` pragmatism '' , and to put the `` NUS back into the hands of its membership '' . She describes herself as a black working-class single mother , and comes from a Jamaican family background .

neg: Balloon effect The balloon effect is an often-cited criticism of United States drug policy . The name draws an analogy between efforts to eradicate the production of illegal drugs in South American countries and the phenomenon of the same name when a latex balloon is squeezed : The air is moved , but does not disappear , instead moving into another area of less resistance .   Examples of this displacement in drug traffic include :  Fumigation of marijuana in Mexico caused production to migrate to Colombia .  Marijuana crackdowns in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta moved activity to Cauca .  In the late 1990s , coca was largely eradicated in Peru and Bolivia , only to be replaced by new crops in Colombia .  Recently , with the intense spraying in the Colombian Putumayo Department , coca has been planted in other departments including Arauca , Cauca , Caquetá , Guaviare , Huila , Meta , Nariño , and Santander .   As described in The Economist :   Brazil and the Southern Cone ( Chile , Uruguay , Paraguay , Argentina ) neglected their respective drug trafficking issues and due to the concentration on the Andean region , these were neglected by the United States as well . These nations ignored the problem primarily due to its slow introduction and penetration into their society , the insistence from the U.S. that the sources of the drugs was the only problem and because the governments at the time were more concerned with foreign debt , inflation , economic growth , civil-military relations and political survival . The United States continued to increase their anti-drug operations in the Andean region resulting in displacement . This means that the U.S. tactics forced the drug traffickers to search for safer areas with less government pressure to eliminate the flow of narcotics . The drug traffickers took advantage of the neglected Southern Cone and began shifting their routes , locations for cocaine laboratories and money laundering centres . These shifts have also created growing drug consumption issues among the Southern Cone countries . While the role of the Southern Cone had been that of a transhipment point for cocaine produced in the Andean region , further evidence appeared to indicate that in fact since 1984 the region had been used extensively by Colombian and Bolivian drug traffickers . Cocaine labs were found in Northern and Western Brazil and in Argentina . It was also found that Uruguay and Chile had become major financial centres for money laundering after the invasion of Panama . Uruguay was particularly attractive as it has one of the most open banking systems in the Western hemisphere and the government has always put great emphasis on having tight bank secrecy laws .

neg: Loca (Shakira song) `` Loca '' ( `` Crazy '' ) is a song by Colombian singer-songwriter Shakira , taken from her seventh studio album , Sale el Sol ( 2010 ) . It was released by Epic Records as the lead single from the album . The Spanish-language version features Dominican rapper El Cata , and was released on 10 September 2010 , while the English-language version features British rapper Dizzee Rascal , and was released on 13 September 2010 . It was written and produced by Shakira , with additional songwriting from Edward Bello , Armando Pérez , and Dylan Mills . The song is a Latin pop and merengue track that lyrically describes Shakira 's eccentric infatuation with a man . In August 2014 , a senior US district judge found `` Loca '' to have been indirectly plagiarised from `` Loca con su Tiguere '' , a mid-1990s song composed by Dominican songwriter Ramon `` Arias '' Vasquez . The case was dismissed in August 2015 after it was found that Vasquez had fabricated the evidence he had presented in court .   Upon its release , `` Loca '' received generally favourable reviews from music critics , who complimented the inclusion of merengue music on the recording . The English version of the song became a worldwide commercial success and peaked inside the top five of the record charts of countries including Austria , Belgium , France , Hungary and Italy . The Spanish version peaked atop the charts of Spain and Switzerland , and became a hit on the Latin record charts in the United States , topping the Billboard Hot Latin Songs , Latin Pop Airplay , and Tropical Songs charts . `` Loca '' received record certifications in various countries around the world , including a diamond certification in Colombia and multi-platinum certifications in Italy , Mexico , and Spain .   Its accompanying music video was filmed in Barcelona , Spain in August 2010 , and was released the following month . It features Shakira interacting with a beach crowd , and dancing in front of the sea wearing a golden bikini . It generated a favourable response from critics , many of whom praised its concept for matching the vibe of the song . For additional promotion , Shakira performed `` Loca '' on several television shows and on her The Sun Comes Out World Tour .

neg: South Region, Brazil The South Region of Brazil ( Região Sul do Brasil ) is one of the five regions of Brazil . It includes the states of Paraná , Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul and covers 576,409.6 km2 , being the smallest portion of the country , occupying only about 6.76 % of the territory of Brazil . Its whole area is smaller than that of the state of Minas Gerais , in Southeast Brazil , for example .  It is a great tourist , economic and cultural pole .  It borders Uruguay , Argentina , and Paraguay as well as the Centre-West Region , the Southeast Region and the Atlantic Ocean .

neg: List of companies of Colombia Colombia is a transcontinental country largely situated in the northwest of South America , with territories in Central America . Colombia shares a border to the northwest with Panama , to the east with Venezuela and Brazil and to the south with Ecuador and Peru . It shares its maritime limits with Costa Rica , Nicaragua , Honduras , Jamaica , the Dominican Republic and Haiti . It is a unitary , constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments .   Colombia is the third most populous country in Latin America . Its major industries include textiles , food processing , petroleum , clothing and footwear , consumer appliances , beverages , chemicals , cement , automobiles , gold , coal , and emeralds   For further information on the types of business entities in this country and their abbreviations , see `` Business entities in Colombia '' .

neg: No Creo `` No Creo '' is a song written and performed by the Colombian singer-songwriter Shakira . The song was released as the fourth single from her multi-platinum album Dónde Están los Ladrones ? ( 1998 ) and later from her acoustic performance of the song on the MTV show Unplugged ( 2000 ) . In the song , the singer expresses how she believes in nothing and nobody except her lover . The song references popular socially accepted or non-accepted norms such as herself , luck , Karl Marx , Jean-Paul Sartre , Mars and Venus , and Brian Weiss .

neg: Summit of South American-Arab Countries The Summit of South American-Arab Countries ( قمة الدول العربية ودول أمريكا الجنوبية , Sommet Amérique du Sud-Pays Arabes , Cúpula América do Sul-Países Árabes , Cumbre América del Sur-Países Árabes ) is a bi-regional mechanism for cooperation and political coordination , which gathers the 22 member-States of the League of Arab States and the 12 countries of South America . Better known by its Portuguese and Spanish acronym ASPA , the bi-regional forum was created upon proposal of the Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva , during the I ASPA Summit of Heads of State and Government , held in Brasilia , Brazil , in May 2005 . Since its inception , a second ASPA Summit happened in Doha , Qatar , in March 2009 , and a third Summit was held in Lima , Peru , in October 2012 , after being postponed , from February 2011 , due to the Arab Spring uprisings .

neg: Andean states The Andean States ( Estados Andinos ) are a group of nations in South America connected by the Andes mountain range . `` Andean States '' is sometimes used to refer to all seven countries that the Andes runs through , regions with a shared culture primarily spread during the times of the Inca Empire ( such as the Quechua language and Andean cuisine ) , or it can be used in a geopolitical sense to designate countries in the region that are members of the Andean Community trade group and have a local ( as opposed to European ) cultural orientation .   The Andes extend through the western part of South America in following countries :        ( not considered to be geopolitically an Andean State )  ( not considered to be geopolitically an Andean State )   When grouped as `` the Andean states '' , the emphasis is on the mountainous regions of these countries . For example , the Argentine pampas are not part of the Andean region , but western Argentina along with Chile is part of the Andean region , and has cultural continuities with its Andean neighbors . Venezuela , Colombia , Peru , Ecuador and Bolivia are part of the Andean Community ( a trade grouping ) , and each contains Amazon Rainforest and Amazonian indigenous people as well as Andean mountains .

neg: Quechua people The Quechua people are the indigenous peoples of South America who speak any of the Quechua languages . Most Quechua speakers live in Peru , Ecuador , Bolivia , Argentina , Chile and Colombia .   The most common Quechua dialect is Southern Quechua . The Kichwa people of Ecuador speak the Kichwa dialect ; in Colombia , the Inga people speak Inga Kichwa .   The Quechua word for a Quechua speaker is runa or nuna ( `` person '' ) ; the plural is runakuna or nunakuna ( `` people '' ) .   Some historical Quechua peoples are :  The Chanka people , who lived in the Huancavelica , Ayacucho , and Apurímac regions of Peru .  The Huanca people of the Junín Region of Peru , who spoke Quechua before the Incas did .  The Inca , who established the largest empire of the pre-Columbian era .  The Cañari of Ecuador , who adopted the Quechua language from the Inca .  The Chincha , an extinct merchant kingdom of the Ica Region of Peru .

neg: Makossa Makossa is a noted Cameroonian popular urban musical style . Like much other late 20th century music of Sub-Saharan Africa , it uses strong electric bass rhythms and prominent brass . In the 1980s makossa had a wave of mainstream success across Africa and to a lesser extent abroad .   Makossa , which means '' ( I ) dance '' in the Douala language , originated from a Douala dance called the kossa . Emmanuel Nelle Eyoum started using the refrain kossa kossa in his songs with his group Los Calvinos . The style began to take shape in the 1950s though the first recordings were not seen until a decade later . Artists such as Eboa Lotin , Misse Ngoh and especially Manu Dibango , who popularised makossa throughout the world with his song `` Soul Makossa '' in the early 1970s . The chant from the song , mamako , mamasa , maka makossa , was later used by Michael Jackson in `` Wan na Be Startin ' Somethin' '' . Many other performers followed suit . The 2010 World cup also brought makossa to the international stage as Shakira sampled the Golden Sounds popular song `` Zamina mina ( Zangalewa ) '' .   Makassi is a lighter style of makossa .

neg: List of birds of Brazil Brazil has one of the richest bird diversities in the world . The avifauna of Brazil include a total of 1799 species , of which 231 are endemic . Four have been introduced by humans , 69 are rare or accidental , and four are extinct or extirpated . An additional 24 species are hypothetical ( see below ) .   Brazil hosts about 60 % of the bird species recorded for all of South America . These numbers are still increasing almost every year , due to new occurrences , new species being described , or splits of existing species . About 10 % of the bird species found in Brazil are , nonetheless , threatened .   In June 2013 a simultaneous discovery of fifteen bird species in Brazil was announced , the first such since 1871 , when August von Pelzeln described forty new species . The birds were from the families Corvidae , Thamnophilidae , Dendrocolaptidae , Tyrannidae , and Polioptilidae . Eleven of the new species are endemics of Brazil and four also inhabit Peru and Bolivia .   This list 's taxonomic treatment ( designation and sequence of orders , families , and species ) and nomenclature ( common and scientific names ) follow the conventions of The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World , 2016 edition . Except as an entry is cited otherwise , the list of species is that of the South American Classification Committee ( SACC ) of the American Ornithologists ' Union . The taxonomy used by the SACC differs from `` Clements '' , and significant differences in names are noted . Especially see typical antbirds and puffbirds ; entries in those families increase the above total species count by two and decrease the endemic count by one , respectively .   Differences from `` Clements '' in the sequence of orders , families , and species within families are not noted . Several new species have been proposed and are under consideration by the SACC ; one is listed here .   The following tags have been used to highlight certain categories , but not all species fall into one of these categories . Those that do not are commonly occurring native species .   ( A ) Accidental - a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in Brazil  ( E ) Endemic - a species endemic to Brazil  ( I ) Introduced - a species introduced to Brazil as a consequence , direct or indirect , of human actions  ( H ) Hypothetical - a species recorded but with `` no tangible evidence '' according to the SACC

neg: Culture of Chile The culture of Chile reflects the relatively homogeneous population as well as the geographic isolation of the country in relation to the rest of South America . Since colonial times , the Chilean culture has been a mix of Spanish colonial elements with indigenous ( mostly Mapuche ) culture .   The Huasos of Central Chile and their folk music and dance are central to Chilean folk culture . Even though the folk traditions the Central Chile are central to Chilean cultural and national identity , Chile is both geographically and culturally diverse with both the North and the South having their own folk music and dance due to different indigenous peoples and immigrant groups settling there . Additionally , while some regions of Chile have very strong indigenous heritage , such as Araucanía Region , Easter Island , and Arica y Parinacota Region , some regions lacks considerable indigenous communities and a few other regions have noteworthy non-Spanish European immigrant heritage .

neg: South American Basketball Championship The South American Basketball Championship was first played in 1930 . Male teams from South America take part in this tournament , which often has been played biannually .

neg: Human trafficking in Colombia The country of Colombia is a major source country for women and girls subjected to trafficking in persons , specifically forced prostitution in Latin America , the Caribbean , Western Europe , Asia , and North America , including the United States . Within Colombia , some men are found in conditions of forced labor , but the forced prostitution of women and children from rural areas in urban areas remains a larger problem . Individual cases of forced marriage -- a risk factor for trafficking -- involuntary domestic servitude , and forced begging have been reported . Some children are subjected to forced labor in mines and quarries , in the agricultural sector or as domestic servants . Groups at high risk for internal trafficking include displaced persons , poor women in rural areas , and relatives of members of criminal organizations . Continued armed violence in Colombia has displaced many communities , making them vulnerable to human trafficking . Guerillas and new illegal armed groups forcibly recruit children to join their ranks ; the government estimates thousands of children are exploited under such conditions . Members of gangs and organized criminal networks force their relatives and acquaintances , and displaced persons -- typically women and children -- into conditions of forced prostitution and forced labor , including forced work in the illegal drug trade . Colombia also is a destination for foreign child sex tourists , particularly coastal cities such as Cartagena and Barranquilla . Migrants from South America , Africa , and China transit Colombia en route to the United States and Europe ; some may fall victim to traffickers .   The Government of Colombia fully complies with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking in persons . During the reporting period , the government increased law enforcement actions against trafficking offenders , enhanced prevention efforts , and continued to offer victim services through an interagency trafficking operations center and through partnerships with NGOs and international organizations . The significant number of Colombians trafficked abroad , however , reflects the need for increased prevention efforts and victim services .