query: NASA is responsible for the Skylab space station, launched in 1980.

pos: NASA The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA -LSB- ˈnæsə -RSB- ) is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program , as well as aeronautics and aerospace research .   President Dwight D. Eisenhower established NASA in 1958 with a distinctly civilian ( rather than military ) orientation encouraging peaceful applications in space science . The National Aeronautics and Space Act was passed on July 29 , 1958 , disestablishing NASA 's predecessor , the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ( NACA ) . The new agency became operational on October 1 , 1958 .   Since that time , most US space exploration efforts have been led by NASA , including the Apollo Moon landing missions , the Skylab space station , and later the Space Shuttle . Currently , NASA is supporting the International Space Station and is overseeing the development of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle , the Space Launch System and Commercial Crew vehicles . The agency is also responsible for the Launch Services Program ( LSP ) which provides oversight of launch operations and countdown management for unmanned NASA launches .   NASA science is focused on better understanding Earth through the Earth Observing System , advancing heliophysics through the efforts of the Science Mission Directorate 's Heliophysics Research Program , exploring bodies throughout the Solar System with advanced robotic spacecraft missions such as New Horizons , and researching astrophysics topics , such as the Big Bang , through the Great Observatories and associated programs . NASA shares data with various national and international organizations such as from the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite . Since 2011 , NASA has been criticized for low cost efficiency , achieving little results in return for high development costs .

pos: Skylab Skylab was the United States ' first space station , orbiting Earth from 1973 to 1979 , when it fell back to Earth amid huge worldwide media attention . Launched and operated by NASA , Skylab included a workshop , a solar observatory , and other systems necessary for crew survival and scientific experiments . It was launched unmanned by a modified Saturn V rocket , with a weight of 170000 lb . Lifting Skylab into low earth orbit was the final mission and launch of a Saturn V rocket ( which was famous for carrying the manned Moon landing missions ) . Skylab was not simply a place of habitation ; massive science experimentation was undertaken there . When data from these experiments ( some of which were on physical film ) were returned to Earth , analysis of scientific and engineering data of each mission was completed . Skylab 's solar observatory was one of its major functions . Solar science was significantly advanced by the telescope , and its observation of the Sun was unprecedented . As the Skylab program drew to a close , NASA 's focus had shifted to the development of the Space Shuttle , through which NASA hoped to reduce the cost of space access compared to previous launch systems .   To transport astronauts to Skylab , there were a total of three manned expeditions to the station , conducted between May 1973 and February 1974 . Each of these missions delivered a three-astronaut crew , carried in the Apollo Command/Service Module ( Apollo CSM ) launched atop the Saturn IB rocket , which is much smaller than the Saturn V. For the final two manned missions to Skylab , a backup Apollo CSM/Saturn IB was assembled and made ready in case an in-orbit rescue mission was needed , but this backup vehicle was never flown .   The station was damaged during launch when the micrometeoroid shield separated from the workshop and tore away , taking one of the main solar panel arrays with it and jamming the other main solar panel array so that it could not deploy . This deprived Skylab of most of its electrical power , and also removed protection from intense solar heating , threatening to make it unusable . However , the first crew was able to save Skylab by deploying a replacement heat shade and freeing the jammed solar panels . This was the first time a repair of this magnitude was performed in space .   Skylab included the Apollo Telescope Mount ( a multi-spectral solar observatory ) , Multiple Docking Adapter ( with two docking ports ) , Airlock Module with extravehicular activity ( EVA ) hatches , and the Orbital Workshop ( the main habitable space inside Skylab ) . Electrical power came from solar arrays , as well as fuel cells in the docked Apollo CSM . The rear of the station included a large waste tank , propellant tanks for maneuvering jets , and a heat radiator .   Numerous scientific experiments were conducted aboard Skylab during its operational life , and crews were able to confirm the existence of coronal holes in the Sun . The Earth Resources Experiment Package ( EREP ) was used to view Earth with sensors that recorded data in the visible , infrared , and microwave spectral regions . Thousands of photographs of Earth were taken , and the record for human time spent in orbit was extended beyond the 23 days set by the Soyuz 11 crew aboard Salyut 1 , to as much as 84 days by the Skylab 4 crew . Plans were made to refurbish and reuse Skylab by using the Space Shuttle to boost its orbit and repair it . However , due to delays with the development of the Space Shuttle , Skylab 's decaying orbit could not be stopped .   In the hours before re-entry , NASA ground controllers attempted to adjust Skylab 's trajectory and orientation to try to minimize the risk of debris landing in populated areas . NASA 's attempted target was a spot 810 mi south-southeast of Cape Town , South Africa . Skylab 's atmospheric reentry began on July 11 , 1979 , and people on earth and an airline pilot saw dozens of colorful firework-like flares as large pieces of the space station broke up in the atmosphere . Skylab did not burn up as fast as NASA expected , and Skylab debris landed southeast of Perth in Western Australia , resulting in a debris path between Esperance and Rawlinna . Over a single property in Esperance , 24 pieces of Skylab were found . Analysis of some debris indicated that the Skylab station had disintegrated 10 mi above the Earth , much lower than expected .   After Skylab , NASA space station/laboratory projects included Spacelab , Shuttle-Mir , and Space Station Freedom ( which was later merged into the International Space Station ) .

neg: Nuclear Power 2010 Program The `` Nuclear Power 2010 Program '' was launched in 2002 by President George W. Bush in order to restart orders for nuclear power reactors in the U.S. by providing subsidies for a handful of Generation III + demonstration plants . The expectation was that these plants would come online by 2010 , but this expectation was not met .

neg: STS-78 STS-78 was the fifth dedicated Life and Microgravity Spacelab mission for the Space Shuttle program , flown partly in preparation for the International Space Station project . The mission used the Space Shuttle Columbia , which lifted off successfully from Kennedy Space Center 's launch pad 39-B on 20 June 1996 .

neg: Skylab mutiny The Skylab mutiny was a day-long mutiny held by the crew of Skylab 4 on December 28 , 1973 , the last of the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration 's Skylab missions . The three-man crew , Gerald P. Carr , Edward G. Gibson , and William R. Pogue , turned off radio communications with NASA ground control for a full day , spending the day relaxing and looking at the Earth before resuming communication with NASA . They refused communications from mission control during this period . Once communications resumed , there were discussions between the crew and NASA , and the mission continued for several more weeks before the crew returned to Earth in 1974 . The 84-day mission was Skylab 's last crew , and last time American astronauts set foot in a space station for two decades , until Shuttle -- Mir in the 1990s .   The event , which is the only strike to have occurred in space , has been extensively studied as case study in various fields of endeavor including space medicine , team management , and psychology . Man-hours in space was , and continued to be into the 21st century , a profoundly expensive undertaking ; a single day on Skylab was worth about $ 22.4 million in 2017 dollars . The mutiny also impacted the planning of future space missions , especially long-term missions .   Sources including David Hitt 's Homesteading Space dispute that the crew purposefully ended contact with mission control .

neg: NPOESS The National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System ( NPOESS ) was to be the United States ' next-generation satellite system that would monitor the Earth 's weather , atmosphere , oceans , land , and near-space environment . NPOESS satellites were to host proven technologies and operational versions of sensors that are currently under operational-prototyping by NASA . The estimated launch date for the first NPOESS satellite , `` C1 '' or `` Charlie 1 '' was around 2013 . Issues with sensor developments were the primary cited reason for delays and cost-overruns .   NPOESS was to be operated by the NOAA / NESDIS / NPOESS Program Executive Office Flight Operations at the NOAA Satellite Operations Facility ( NSOF ) in Suitland , MD. . Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems ( NGAS ) was the primary system integrator for the NPOESS project . Raytheon , Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp. and Boeing were developing the sensors .   NPOESS was to be a replacement for both the United States Department of Defense 's DMSP and the NOAA Polar Operational Environmental Satellites ( POES ) series . The NPOESS Preparatory Project ( NPP ) was planned as a pathfinder mission for NPOESS . The project had to go through three Nunn-McCurdy reviews , Congressional hearings that are automatically triggered when a program goes over budget by more than 25 % . It was launched five years behind schedule , on October 28 , 2011 .   The White House announced on February 1 , 2010 , that the NPOESS satellite partnership was to be dissolved , and that two separate lines of polar-orbiting satellites to serve military and civilian users would be pursued instead :  The NOAA/NASA portion is called the Joint Polar Satellite System ( JPSS ) . The JPSS-1 spacecraft will be constructed by Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp. , under a fixed price contract of $ 248 million with a performance period through Feb. 1 , 2015 . The common ground system will be constructed by Raytheon . Its launch has slipped to 2017 .  The Defense Department 's portion is called DWSS ( Defense Weather Satellite System ) . In January 2012 , the US Air Force cancelled the program .

neg: Mars program The Mars program was a series of unmanned spacecraft launched by the Soviet Union between 1960 and 1973 . The spacecraft were intended to explore Mars , and included flyby probes , landers and orbiters .   Early Mars spacecraft were small , and launched by Molniya rockets . Starting with two failures in 1969 , the heavier Proton-K rocket was used to launch larger 5 tonne spacecraft , consisting of an orbiter and a lander to Mars . The orbiter bus design was likely somewhat rushed into service and immature , considering that it performed very reliably in the Venera variant after 1975 . This reliability problem was common to much Soviet space hardware from the late 1960s and early 1970s and was largely corrected with a deliberate policy , implemented in the mid-1970s , of consolidating ( or `` debugging '' ) existing designs rather than introducing new ones . The names of the `` Mars '' missions do not need to be translated , as the word `` Mars '' is spelled and pronounced approximately the same way in English and Russian .   In addition to the Mars program , the Soviet Union also sent a probe to Mars as part of the Zond program ; Zond 2 , however it failed en route . Two more spacecraft were sent during the Phobos program . In 1996 , Russia launched Mars 96 , its first interplanetary mission since the dissolution of the Soviet Union , however it failed to depart Earth orbit .

neg: Michoud Assembly Facility The Michoud Assembly Facility ( MAF ) is an 832-acre ( 337 ha ) site owned by NASA in New Orleans East , a district within New Orleans , Louisiana in the United States . Organizationally it is part of NASA 's Marshall Space Flight Center , and is currently a multi-tenant complex to allow commercial and government contractors , as well as government agencies , to use the site .   MAF is one of the largest manufacturing plants in the world with 43 environmentally controlled acres -- 174,000 m2 ( 1,870,000 sq ft ) -- under one roof , and it employs approximately 3,700 people . From September 1961 to the end of the Apollo program in December 1972 the site was utilized by Chrysler Corporation to build the first stages of the Saturn I and Saturn IB , later joined by Boeing Corporation to build the first stage of the Saturn V rockets . From September 5 , 1973 to September 20 , 2010 it was used for the construction of the Space Shuttle 's external fuel tanks by Martin Marietta Corporation , Denver Colorado .

neg: Criticism of the Space Shuttle program Criticism of the Space Shuttle program stemmed from claims that NASA 's Shuttle program failed to achieve its promised cost and utility goals , as well as design , cost , management , and safety issues . More specifically , it failed in the goal of reducing the cost of space access . Space Shuttle incremental per-pound launch costs ultimately turned out to be considerably higher than those of expendable launchers .   By 2011 , the incremental cost per flight of the Space Shuttle was estimated at $ 450 million , or $ 18,000 per kilogram ( approximately $ 8,000 per pound ) to low Earth orbit ( LEO ) . By comparison , Russian Proton expendable cargo launchers ( Atlas V rocket counterpart ) , still largely based on the design that dates back to 1965 , are said to cost as little as $ 110 million , or around $ 5,000 / kg ( approximately $ 2,300 per pound ) to LEO .   When all design and maintenance costs are taken into account , the final cost of the Space Shuttle program , averaged over all missions and adjusted for inflation , was estimated to come out to $ 1.5 billion per launch , or $ 60,000 / kg ( approximately $ 27,000 per pound ) to LEO . This should be contrasted with the originally envisioned costs of $ 118 per pound of payload in 1972 dollars ( approximately $ 657 per pound adjusting for inflation to 2013 ) .   It failed in the goal of achieving reliable access to space , partly due to multi-year interruptions in launches following Shuttle failures . NASA budget pressures caused by the chronically high NASA Space Shuttle program costs have eliminated NASA manned space flight beyond low earth orbit since Apollo , and severely curtailed use of unmanned probes . NASA 's promotion of and reliance on the Shuttle slowed domestic commercial expendable launch vehicle ( ELV ) programs until after the 1986 Challenger disaster .

neg: Progress M-50 Progress M-50 , identified by NASA as Progress 15 or 15P , was a Progress spacecraft used to resupply the International Space Station . It was a Progress-M 11F615A55 spacecraft , with the serial number 350 .   Progress M-50 was launched by a Soyuz-U carrier rocket from Site 1/5 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome . Launch occurred at 05:03:07 GMT on 11 August 2004 . The spacecraft docked with the Aft port of the Zvezda module at 05:01:08 GMT on 14 August . It remained docked for four months before undocking at 19:37:02 GMT on 22 December 2004 to make way for Progress M-51 . It was deorbited at 22:32:06 GMT on 22 December 2004 . The spacecraft burned up in the atmosphere over the Pacific Ocean , with any remaining debris landing in the ocean at around 23:23:38 GMT .   Progress M-50 carried supplies to the International Space Station , including food , water and oxygen for the crew and equipment for conducting scientific research .

neg: Explorer 1 Explorer 1 was the first satellite of the United States , launched as part of its participation in the International Geophysical Year . The mission followed the first two satellites the previous year ; the Soviet Union 's Sputnik 1 and 2 , beginning the Cold War Space Race between the two nations .   Explorer 1 was launched on January 31 , 1958 at 22:48 Eastern Time ( equal to February 1 , 03:48 UTC ) atop the first Juno booster from LC-26 at the Cape Canaveral Missile Annex , Florida . It was the first spacecraft to detect the Van Allen radiation belt , returning data until its batteries were exhausted after nearly four months . It remained in orbit until 1970 , and has been followed by more than 90 scientific spacecraft in the Explorer series .   Explorer 1 was given Satellite Catalog Number 4 , and the Harvard designation 1958 Alpha 1 , the forerunner to the modern International Designator .

neg: The Space Report The Space Report : The Authoritative Guide to Global Space Activity is published annually by the Space Foundation . The Space Report is the definitive overview of the global space industry and serves as a valuable resource for government and business leaders , educators , financial analysts , students , and space-relatedbusinesses .   Following are major findings from the 2013 issue .   The global space economy grew to $ 304.31 billion in commercial revenue and government budgets in 2012 , reflecting growth of 6.7 percent from the 2011 total of $ 285.33 billion . Commercial activity - space products and services and commercial infrastructure - drove much of this increase . From 2007 through 2012 , the total has grown by 37 percent .   Commercial space products and services revenue increased 6.5 percent since 2011 , and commercial infrastructure and support industries increased by 11 percent .   Government spending increased by 1.3 percent in 2012 , although changes varied significantly from country to country , with India , Russia and Brazil increasing budgets by more than 20 percent , while other nations , including several in Europe , experienced declines of 25 percent or more .   78 launch attempts took place in 2012 , a drop of 7.1 percent from the 84 launches in 2011 ( but higher than the 2010 total of 74 ) . Russia led with 24 launches , China had 19 launches and the United States totaled 13 launches . For the second year running , the Chinese launch rate was greater than that of the United States . The United States led in terms of launch vehicle diversity , however , with ten types of orbital rockets launched in 2012 .   According to U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics ( BLS ) data , the size of the U.S. space workforce declined for the fifth year in a row , dropping 3.8 percent , from 252,315 in 2010 to 242,724 in 2011 ( the most recent full year for which data is available ) - a decrease of about 9,500 workers . However , the changes varied by sector , with some portions of the space industry growing while others contracted . The United States ' National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) 's civil servant workforce decreased from 18,709 in fiscal year ( FY ) 2012 to 18,167 in FY 2013 , a drop of 2.9 percent . However , there is evidence that the employment situation in areas with significant Space Shuttle-related layoffs , including Florida , is beginning to improve .   Both Europe and Japan saw increases in space workforces ; the European industry workforce showed very modest growth in 2011 ; in Japan , the overall workforce grew by 7.5 percent , while employment at the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency ( JAXA ) , Japan 's government space agency , dropped .

neg: Vision for Space Exploration The Vision for Space Exploration ( VSE ) was a plan for space exploration announced on January 14 , 2004 by President George W. Bush . It was conceived as a response to the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster , the state of human spaceflight at NASA , and as a way to regain public enthusiasm for space exploration . It was replaced by the space policy of the Barack Obama administration in June 2010 .

neg: Apollo 9 Apollo 9 was the third manned mission in the United States Apollo space program and the first flight of the Command/Service Module ( CSM ) with the Lunar Module ( LM , pronounced `` lem '' ) . Its three-person crew , consisting of Commander James McDivitt , Command Module Pilot David Scott , and Lunar Module Pilot Rusty Schweickart , spent ten days in low Earth orbit testing several aspects critical to landing on the Moon , including the LM engines , backpack life support systems , navigation systems , and docking maneuvers . The mission was the second manned launch of a Saturn V rocket .   After launching on March 3 , 1969 , the crewmen performed the first manned flight of a LM , the first docking and extraction of a LM , two spacewalks ( EVA ) , and the second docking of two manned spacecraft -- two months after the Soviets performed a spacewalk crew transfer between Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 5 . The mission proved the LM worthy of manned spaceflight . Further tests on the Apollo 10 mission would prepare the LM for its ultimate goal , landing on the Moon . They returned to Earth on March 13 , 1969 .

neg: Expedition 26 Expedition 26 was the 26th long-duration mission to the International Space Station . The expedition 's first three crew members -- one US astronaut and two Russian cosmonauts -- arrived at the station on board Soyuz TMA-01M on 10 October 2010 . Expedition 26 officially began the following month on 26 November , when half of the crew of the previous mission , Expedition 25 , returned to Earth on board Soyuz TMA-19 . The rest of the Expedition 26 crew -- one US astronaut , one Russian cosmonaut and one ESA astronaut -- joined the trio already on board when their spacecraft , Soyuz TMA-20 , docked with the station on 17 December 2010 .   The commander of Expedition 25 , Douglas Wheelock , handed over command of the station to Expedition 26 commander Scott Kelly on 24 November 2010 . The 26 crew was joined by the crew of STS-133 on 26 February 2011 , and was supplied by the ESA 's Johannes Kepler unmanned resupply craft , which arrived on 24 February . Expedition 26 ended on 16 March 2011 with the departure of Soyuz TMA-01M .   __ TOC __

neg: Progress M-2 Progress M-2 , was a Soviet unmanned cargo spacecraft which was launched in 1989 to resupply the Mir space station . The nineteenth of sixty four Progress spacecraft to visit Mir , it used the Progress-M 11F615A55 configuration , and had the serial number 202 . It carried supplies including food , water and oxygen for the EO-5 crew aboard Mir , as well as equipment for conducting scientific research , and fuel for adjusting the station 's orbit and performing manoeuvres .   Progress M-2 was launched at 03:30:50 GMT on 20 December 1989 , atop a Soyuz-U2 carrier rocket flying from Site 1/5 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome . It docked with the aft port of the Kvant-1 module of Mir at 05:41:21 GMT on 22 December . During the time it was docked , Mir was in an orbit of around 390 by . Progress M-2 remained docked with Mir for forty eight days before undocking at 02:33:07 GMT on 9 February 1990 to make way for the Soyuz TM-9 spacecraft , carrying the EO-6 crew to the station .   Progress M-2 was deorbited at 07:07:00 GMT , a few hours after it had undocked . It burned up in the atmosphere over the Pacific Ocean , with any remaining debris landing in the ocean at around 07:56 GMT .

neg: Tranquility (ISS module) Tranquility , also known as Node 3 , is a module of the International Space Station ( ISS ) . ESA and the Italian Space Agency had Tranquility built by Thales Alenia Space . A ceremony on November 20 , 2009 transferred ownership of the module to NASA . On February 8 , 2010 , NASA launched the module on the Space Shuttle 's STS-130 mission .   The module provides six berthing locations , but one of the locations is disabled , as modules originally planned to be attached to Tranquility were canceled . STS-130 also brought the Cupola , a large window module and robotics work station to the ISS , which was then attached to the nadir-side of Tranquility . The module also includes various ISS systems , including additional life support systems .

neg: Intelsat II Intelsat II was a series of four communications satellites operated by Intelsat which were launched in 1966 and 1967 . Built by the Hughes Aircraft Company , the Intelsat II series was a follow-up to the Intelsat I series , of which only one satellite was launched .   Intelsat II spacecraft were based on the HS-303A satellite bus , which was cylindrical in shape and spin-stabilised . The satellites had a diameter of 1.42 m , and were 0.67 m long . They were equipped with an SVM-1 apogee motor to circularise their orbits following launch atop Delta E1 carrier rockets . All four satellites were launched from Launch Complex 17B at the Cape Kennedy Air Station . Each satellite had a mass at launch of 162 kg , which decreased to around 86 kg once the satellite had fired its apogee motor and manoeuvred into its orbital position .   Intelsat II spacecraft were designed to be operated in geostationary orbit ; however the first satellite 's apogee motor malfunctioned leaving it in a lower than planned orbit . It was able to perform a limited communications mission , however the other three spacecraft successfully achieved geostationary orbit . Each satellite carried two transponders , powered by solar cells mounted on the body of the spacecraft , which generated 85 watts of power .

neg: Origins of the International Space Station Origins of the International Space Station covers the origins of ISS . The International Space Station program represents a combination of three national space station projects : the Russian/Soviet Mir-2 , NASA 's Freedom including the Japanese Kibō laboratory , and the European Columbus space stations . Canadian robotics supplement these projects .   In the early 1980s , NASA planned to launch a modular space station called Freedom as a counterpart to the Soviet Salyut and Mir space stations . In 1984 the ESA was invited to participate in Space Station Freedom , and the ESA approved the Columbus laboratory by 1987 . The Japanese Experiment Module ( JEM ) , or Kibō , was announced in 1985 , as part of the Freedom space station in response to a NASA request in 1982 .   In Rome in early 1985 , science ministers from the European Space Agency ( ESA ) countries approved the Columbus programme , the most ambitious effort in space undertaken by that organisation at the time . The plan spearheaded by Germany and Italy included a module which would be attached to Freedom , and with the capability to evolve into a full-fledged European orbital outpost before the end of the century . The space station was also going to tie the emerging European and Japanese national space programmes closer to the US-led project , thereby preventing those nations from becoming major , independent competitors too .   In September 1993 , American Vice-President Al Gore and Russian Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin announced plans for a new space station , which eventually became the International Space Station . They also agreed , in preparation for this new project , that the United States would be involved in the Mir programme , including American Shuttles docking , in the Shuttle -- Mir Programme .

neg: STS-74 STS-74 was the fourth mission of the US/Russian Shuttle-Mir Program , and the second docking of the Space Shuttle with Mir . Space Shuttle Atlantis lifted off from Kennedy Space Center launch pad 39A on 12 November 1995 . The mission ended 8 days later with the landing of Atlantis back at Kennedy . It was the second in a series of seven straight missions to the station flown by Atlantis .   The shuttle delivered a pair of solar arrays along with the Russian-built Mir Docking Module to allow docking with the station by the space shuttle without moving Mir '' 's Kristall module . During the three-day docking , the Russian , Canadian , and American crew transferred supplies and equipment between Atlantis and Mir '' , moved several long-term experiments , and upgraded the station with new equipment , particularly during the installation of the docking module .

neg: Gerald P. Carr Gerald Paul `` Jerry '' Carr ( born August 22 , 1932 ) , ( Col , USMC , Ret . ) , is an American mechanical and aeronautical engineer , former United States Marine Corps officer , naval aviator , and former NASA astronaut . He was Commander of Skylab 4 , the third and final manned visit to the Skylab Orbital Workshop , from November 16 , 1973 to February 8 , 1974 .


query: Helike was submerged by a tsunami in 373 BC.

pos: Helike Helike ( -LSB- ˈhɛlᵻkiː -RSB- Ἑλίκη , pronounced -LSB- heˈlikɛː -RSB- , modern -LSB- eˈlici -RSB- ) was an ancient Greek city that was submerged by a tsunami in the winter of 373 BC . It was located in Achaea , northern Peloponnesos , two kilometres ( 12 stadia ) from the Corinthian Gulf and near the city of Boura , which , like Helike , was a member of the Achaean League . Modern research attributes the catastrophe to an earthquake and accompanying tsunami which destroyed and submerged the city . In an effort to protect the site from destruction , the World Monuments Fund included Helike in its 2004 and 2006 List of 100 Most Endangered Sites .

neg: Hydria A hydria ( ὑδρία plural hydriai ) is a type of water-carrying vessel in the metalwork and pottery of Ancient Greece . The hydria has three handles . Two horizontal handles on either side of the body of the pot were used for lifting and carrying the pot . The third handle , a vertical one , located in the center of the other two handles , was used when pouring water . If the third handle is missing , the type is called a kalpis . This water vessel can be found in both red - and black-figure technique . They often depicted scenes of Greek mythology that reflected moral and social obligations . As well as holding water hydriai could be used for holding ashes in burials and collecting ballots in elections .   By the mid-5th century BC , Greek artisans were also creating hydria from bronze , some of which were elaborately decorated with finely detailed figures . A 6th-century example is in the Historisches Museum , Berne . Such vessels were also known from Minoan pottery .   Regina Vasorum ( `` Queen of Vases '' ) is a famous late ( 4th century BC ) hydria in the Hermitage Museum , found in Italy .

neg: Lydians The Lydians were an Anatolian people living in Lydia , a region in western Anatolia , who spoke the distinctive Lydian language , an Indo-European language of the Anatolian group .   Questions raised regarding their origins , as defined by the language and reaching well into the 2nd millennium BC , continue to be debated by language historians and archeologists . A distinct Lydian culture lasted , in all probability , until at least shortly before the Common Era , having been attested the last time among extant records by Strabo in Kibyra in south-west Anatolia around his time ( 1st century BC ) .   The Lydian capital was at Sfard or Sardis . Their recorded history of statehood , which covers three dynasties traceable to the Late Bronze Age , reached the height of its power and achievements during the 7th and 6th centuries BC , a time which coincided with the demise of the power of neighboring Phrygia which lay to the north-east of Lydia .   Lydian power came to an abrupt end with the fall of their capital in events subsequent to the Battle of Halys in 585 BC and defeat by Cyrus the Great in 546 BC .

neg: 1982 Flores earthquake The 1982 Flores earthquake struck the island of Flores in Indonesia on December 25 . Registering a moment magnitude of 5.9 , according to the International Seismological Centre , it created landslides and was reportedly accompanied by a tsunami . The earthquake killed thirteen people and left 390 injured , also destroying 1,875 houses and 121 other buildings . The villages of Layahong and Oyong Barang were damaged by seven seconds of shaking .   The Lesser Sunda Islands lie in a region with frequent seismicity , and there is a history of tsunamis in the area . Both the subduction of the Australian Plate and the crust in the Flores Sea could be responsible for this activity .   The five most affected districts were evacuated of 6,000 people . The local and regional governments were petitioned for supplies like tents , medicine , and food . The earthquake was followed by several aftershocks .   In 1992 , a magnitude 7.8 earthquake struck the island . It was the deadliest earthquake of the year , killing roughly 2,500 people .

neg: Finnish flood myth In the Kalevala rune entitled `` Haava '' ( The Wound , section 8 ) , Väinämöinen attempts a heroic feat that results in a gushing wound , the blood from which covers the entire earth . This deluge is not emphasized in the Kalevala version redacted by Elias Lönnrot , but the global quality of the flood is evident in original variants of the rune . In one variant collected in Northern Ostrobothnia in 1803/04 , the rune tells :   The blood came forth like a flood  the gore ran like a river :  there was no hummock  and no high mountain  that was not flooded  all from Väinämöinen 's toe  from the holy hero 's knee . ''   Matti Kuusi notes in his analysis that the rune 's motifs of constructing a boat , a wound , and a flood have parallels with flood myths from around the world .   According to Anna-Leena Siikala , Väinämöinen 's legs are of mythological and cosmogonic significance throughout Finnish mythology . For example , it is originally on Väinämöinen 's knee that the primordial water-fowl first lays the world egg .

neg: Benthos Benthos is the community of organisms that live on , in , or near the seabed , also known as the benthic zone . This community lives in or near marine sedimentary environments , from tidal pools along the foreshore , out to the continental shelf , and then down to the abyssal depths .   Many organisms adapted to deep-water pressure can not survive in the upper parts of the water column . The pressure difference can be very significant ( approximately one atmosphere for each 10 metres of water depth ) .   Because light is absorbed before it can reach deep ocean-water , the energy source for deep benthic ecosystems is often organic matter from higher up in the water column that drifts down to the depths . This dead and decaying matter sustains the benthic food chain ; most organisms in the benthic zone are scavengers or detritivores .   The term benthos , coined by Haeckel in 1891 , comes from the Greek noun βένθος `` depth of the sea '' . Benthos is also used in freshwater biology to refer to organisms at the bottom of freshwater bodies of water , such as lakes , rivers , and streams . There is also a redundant synonym , benthon .

neg: Hạ Long Bay Hạ Long Bay ( Vịnh Hạ Long , -LSB- vînˀ hâːˀ lawŋm -RSB- ) is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and popular travel destination in Quảng Ninh Province , Vietnam . Administratively , the bay belongs to Hạ Long City , Cẩm Phả town , and is a part of Vân Đồn District . The bay features thousands of limestone karsts and isles in various shapes and sizes . Hạ Long Bay is a center of a larger zone which includes Bái Tử Long Bay to the northeast , and Cát Bà Island to the southwest . These larger zones share a similar geological , geographical , geomorphological , climate and cultural characters .   Hạ Long Bay has an area of around 1,553 km2 , including 1,960 -- 2,000 islets , most of which are limestone . The core of the bay has an area of 334 km2 with a high density of 775 islets . The limestone in this bay has gone through 500 million years of formation in different conditions and environments . The evolution of the karst in this bay has taken 20 million years under the impact of the tropical wet climate . The geo-diversity of the environment in the area has created biodiversity , including a tropical evergreen biosystem , oceanic and sea shore biosystem . Hạ Long Bay is home to 14 endemic floral species and 60 endemic faunal species .   Historical research surveys have shown the presence of prehistorical human beings in this area tens of thousands years ago . The successive ancient cultures are the Soi Nhụ culture around 18,000 -- 7000 BC , the Cái Bèo culture 7000 -- 5000 BC and the Hạ Long culture 5,000 -- 3,500 years ago . Hạ Long Bay also marked important events in the history of Vietnam with many artifacts found in Bài Thơ Mount , Đầu Gỗ Cave , Bãi Cháy .   500 years ago , Nguyễn Trãi praised the beauty of Hạ Long Bay in his verse Lộ nhập Vân Đồn , in which he called it `` rock wonder in the sky '' . In 1962 , the Ministry of Culture , Sports and Tourism of North Vietnam listed Hạ Long Bay in the National Relics and Landscapes publication . In 1994 , the core zone of Hạ Long Bay was listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site according to criterion vii , and listed for a second time according to criterion viii .

neg: Ionian Sea The Ionian Sea ( Ιόνιο Πέλαγος , -LSB- iˈonio ˈpelaɣos -RSB- , Mar Ionio , -LSB- mar ˈjɔːnjo -RSB- , Deti Jon , -LSB- dɛti jɔ : n -RSB- ) is an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea , south of the Adriatic Sea . It is bounded by southern Italy including Calabria , Sicily , and the Salento peninsula to the west , southern Albania to the north , and the west coast of Greece .   All major islands in the sea belong to Greece . They are collectively referred to as the Ionian Islands , the major ones being Corfu , Zakynthos , Kephalonia , Ithaca , and Lefkada .  There are ferry routes between Patras and Igoumenitsa , Greece , and Brindisi and Ancona , Italy , that cross the east and north of the Ionian Sea , and from Piraeus westward . Calypso Deep , the deepest point in the Mediterranean at -5267 m , is located in the Ionian Sea , at . The sea is one of the most seismically active areas in the world .

neg: Ishikari River The , at 268 km long , is the third longest in Japan and the longest in Hokkaidō . The river drains an area of 14330 km2 , making it the second largest in Japan , with a total discharge of around 14.8 km3 per year .   It originates from Mount Ishikari in the Daisetsuzan Volcanic Group and flows through Asahikawa and Sapporo . Major tributaries of the river include the Chūbetsu , Uryū , Sorachi and Toyohira rivers . Until 40,000 years ago , it flowed into the Pacific Ocean near Tomakomai . Lava from the volcanic Shikotsu mountains dammed the river and moved its mouth to the Sea of Japan .   The name of the river is derived from the Ainu for `` make ( s ) itself go round about something '' ( i-si-kari < kari meaning '' ( to be a ) circle , round , loop ; spin , turn , go around , go back and forth , '' si - `` reflexive prefix , itself , oneself , '' and i - `` it , something , an impersonal third person object marking prefix , middle voice inflection prefix ) , i.e. `` winding ( river ) . '' As it suggests , the river once meandered in the Ishikari plain and was as long as the Shinano River , the longest river in Japan . Massive construction shortened the river by 100 kilometers and left many in the plain .

neg: Metropolitan Area Outer Underground Discharge Channel The , is an underground water infrastructure project in Kasukabe , Saitama , Japan . It is the world 's largest underground flood water diversion facility , built to mitigate overflowing of the city 's major waterways and rivers during rain and typhoon seasons . It is located between Showa in Tokyo and Kasukabe in Saitama prefecture , on the outskirts of the city of Tokyo in the Greater Tokyo Area , Japan .   Work on the project started in 1992 and was completed by early 2006 . It consists of five concrete containment silos with heights of 65 m and diameters of 32 m , connected by 6.4 km of tunnels , 50 m beneath the surface , as well as a large water tank with a height of 25.4 m , with a length of 177m , with a width of 78m , and with 59 massive pillars connected to 78 10 MW ( 13410.22 horsepower ) pumps that can pump up to 200 tons of water ( the approximate equivalent of a standard 25 meter pool ) into the Edo River per second .   `` Ryukyukan '' for Underground Exploration Museum of The Metropolitan Area Outer Underground Discharge Channel is also a tourist attraction and can be visited for free ; however , as the tours are conducted in Japanese , a Japanese speaker must be present in the group to act as a translator for non-Japanese speakers .

neg: Baculites Baculites ( `` walking stick rock '' ) is an extinct genus of cephalopods with a nearly straight shell , included in the heteromorph ammonites . The genus , which lived worldwide throughout most of the Late Cretaceous , was named by Lamarck in 1799 .   The adult shell of Baculites is generally straight and may be either smooth or with sinuous striae or ribbing that typically slant dorso-ventrally forward . The aperture likewise slopes to the front and has a sinuous margin . The venter is narrowly rounded to acute while the dorsum is more broad . The juvenile shell , found at the apex , is coiled in one or two whorls and described as minute , about a centimeter in diameter . Adult Baculites ranged in size from about seven centimeters ( Baculites larsoni ) up to two meters in length .   As with other ammonites , the shell consisted of a series of camerae , or chambers , that were connected to the animal by a narrow tube called a siphuncle by which gas content and thereby buoyancy could be regulated in the same manner as Nautilus does today . The chambers are separated by walls called septa . The line where each septum meets the outer shell is called the suture or suture line . Like other true ammonites , Baculites have intricate suture patterns on their shells that can be used to identify different species .   One notable feature about Baculites is that the males may have been a third to a half the size of the females and may have had much lighter ribbing on the surface of the shell .   The shell morphology of Baculites with slanted striations or ribbing , similarly slanted aperture , and more narrowly rounded to acute keel-like venter points to its having had a horizontal orientation in life as an adult . This same type of cross section is found in much earlier nautiloids such as Bassleroceras and Clitendoceras from the Ordovician period , which can be shown to have had a horizontal orientation . In spite of this , some researchers have concluded that Baculites lived in a vertical orientation , head hanging straight down , since lacking an apical counterweight , movement was largely restricted to that direction . More recent research , notably by Gerd Westermann , has reaffirmed that at least some Baculites species in fact lived in a more or less horizontal orientation .   From shell isotope studies , it is thought that Baculites inhabited the middle part of the water column , not too close to either the bottom or surface of the ocean . In some rock deposits Baculites are common , and they are thought to have lived in great shoals . However , they are not known to occur so densely as to be rock-forming , as do certain other extinct , straight-shelled cephalopods ( e.g. , orthocerid nautiloids ) .   Baculites fossils are very brittle and almost always break . They are most commonly found broken in half or several pieces , usually along suture lines . Individual chambers found this way are sometimes referred to as `` stone buffaloes '' ( due to their shapes ) , though the Native-American attribution typically given as part of the story behind the name is likely apocryphal .   Baculites and related Cretaceous straight ammonite cephalopods are often confused with the superficially similar orthocerid nautiloid cephalopods . Both are long and tubular in form , and both are common items for sale in rock shops ( often under each other 's names ) . Both lineages evidently evolved the tubular form independently , and at different times in earth history . The orthocerid nautiloids lived much earlier ( common during the Paleozoic Era and extinct by the end of the Triassic Period ) than Baculites ( Late Cretaceous Period only ) . The two types of fossils can be distinguished by many features , most obvious among which is the suture line : it is simple in orthocerid nautiloids and intricately folded in Baculites and related ammonoids .   Studies on exceptionally preserved specimens have revealed a radula by synchrotron imagery . The results suggest that Baculites fed on pelagic zooplankton ( as suggested by remains of a larval gastropod and a pelagic isopod inside the mouth ) .

neg: 1936 Miyagi earthquake The 1936 Miyagi earthquake occurred on November 3 at with a magnitude Ms 7.2 , or Mjma 7.4 . The epicenter was located off the Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . Four people were injured . Building damage was reported . In Isobe village , nowadays part of Sōma , Fukushima , a small market building collapsed . A tsunami was recorded .   This was one of the recurring interplate earthquakes at the offshore Miyagi with a recurrence interval of about 37 years . Although not officially named by the Japanese Meteorological Agency , in Japanese , this earthquake is commonly known as 1936年宮城県沖地震 ( Sen-kyūhyaku-sanjūroku-nen Miyagi-ken-oki Jishin ) or 1936年金華山沖地震 ( Sen-kyūhyaku-sanjūroku-nen Kinkasan-oki Jishin ) .

neg: Lake Marathon Lake Marathon or the Marathon Reservoir ( Greek : Λίμνη Μαραθώνος -LSB- Limni Marathónos -RSB- or Λίμνη Μαραθώνα -LSB- Limni Marathóna -RSB- ) is a water supply reservoir formed from the construction of Marathon Dam at the junction of Charadros and Varnavas Torrents near the town of Marathon , Greece . It was the primary water supply for Athens from 1931 , when it became operational , until 1959 . In 1959 water from Lake Yliki became available , and water from Mornos Reservoir became available in 1981 .   The area of the lake at the height of the spillway of the dam is 2.45 square kilometres , the maximum depth is 54 m , the lake concentrates water from a drainage basin of 118 square kilometres with an average runoff of 14,400,000 m ³ per year in an average rainfall of 580 mm per year , the average inbound volume is 12,000,000 m ³ per year and the maximum reservoir capacity is 41,000,000 m ³ ( effective volume 34,000,000 m ³ ) .   The dam has a maximum height ( from foundation to crest ) of 54 m , a maximum width of 28 m at the base and 4.5 m at the crest . Its length is 285 m . The crest is 227 m above sea level , the toe is 173 m above sea level , and the spillway is 223 m above sea level . The spillway disgorges 520 m ³ / s . The dam is constructed from concrete and is a gravity dam . It is unique worldwide because its external cladding of white pentelikon marble is the same marble used in construction of the Parthenon and the other buildings in the Acropolis . The dam was constructed by the American firm ULEN ( which had , in a BOT type contract , the ownership of the water supply company of Athens until 1974 ) . It was constructed to meet the increased water demand caused by the rapid population increase in the Athens area following the huge influx of refugees from Asia Minor during and after the end of Greco-Turkish War ( 1919 -- 1922 ) . The construction lasted from 1926 to 1929 .

neg: Banda Aceh Banda Aceh , formerly known as Kutaradja , is the capital and largest city in the province of Aceh , Indonesia . It is located on the island of Sumatra and has an elevation of 35 meters . The city covers an area of 64 square kilometres and had a population of 219,070 people , according to the 2000 census . Banda Aceh is located on the northwestern tip of Indonesia at the mouth of the Aceh River .   The city was originally established as Bandar Aceh Darussalam Kandang and served as a capital and hub for the Sultanate of Aceh upon its foundation in the late 15th century . Later its name was changed to Bandar Aceh Darussalam , and then became popularly known as Banda Aceh . The first part of the name comes from the Persian bandar meaning `` port '' or `` haven . '' The city is also dubbed the `` port to Mecca , '' or the `` porch of Mecca '' ( Indonesian : Serambi Mekkah ) in reference to the days when hajj pilgrims travelled by sea from Indonesia and would make a stop over in the city before continuing their journey to Mecca .   Banda Aceh had long been at the centre of protracted conflicts between the Acehnese and foreign domination , including war with Portuguese , wars with the Dutch , the Japanese and the Indonesian government . The city rose to international prominence in the aftermath of the Indian Ocean earthquake in 2004 , which struck off the western coast of Sumatra . Banda Aceh was the closest major city to the earthquake 's epicentre , which lay 249 km off the coast . It suffered great damage in the earthquake and further damage when a tsunami struck shortly afterwards . 167,000 people died as a result and many more were injured .   The aftermath of the tsunami has seen a cessation of much of the conflict in the city and province , and domestic and international aid as a result has seen a major modernisation and reconstruction of the city over the past decade .

neg: 1958 Lituya Bay megatsunami The 1958 Lituya Bay megatsunami occurred on , following an earthquake with a moment magnitude of 7.8 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI ( Extreme ) . The earthquake took place on the Fairweather Fault and triggered a rockslide of 30 million cubic metres ( 40 million cubic yards , and about 90 million tons ) to fall from several hundred metres into the narrow inlet of Lituya Bay , Alaska . The impact was heard 50 mi away , and the sudden displacement of water resulted in a megatsunami that destroyed vegetation up to 525 m above the height of the bay and a wave that traveled across the bay with a crest reported by witnesses to be on the order of 30 m in height . This is the most significant megatsunami and the largest known in modern times . The event forced a re-evaluation of large wave events , and recognition of impact , rockfall and landslide events as a previously unknown cause of very large waves .   A 2010 model examined the amount of infill on the floor of the bay , which was many times larger than that of the rockfall alone , and also the energy and height of the waves , and the accounts given by eyewitnesses , concluded that there had been a `` dual slide '' involving a rockfall , which also triggered a release of 5 to 10 times its volume of sediment trapped by the adjacent Lituya Glacier , as an almost immediate and many times larger second slide , a ratio comparable with other events where this `` dual slide '' effect is known to have happened .   Lituya Bay has a history of megatsunami events in modern times -- the 1958 event is one of many evidenced , but due to its remoteness was the first for which sufficient data was captured at the time , to confirm the nature of the event .

neg: Achaemenid Assyria Athura ( ð ð ° ð cents ð 1/4 ð Aθurā ) , also called Assyria Babylonia , was a geographical area within the Persian Achaemenid Empire held by the last nobility of Aššur ( Akkadian ) , known as Athura ( Neo-Aramaic ) or Atouria ( Greek ) , during the period of 539 BC to 330 BC as a military protectorate state of Persia under the rule of Cyrus the Great . Although sometimes regarded as a satrapy , Achaemenid royal inscriptions list it as a dahyu , a concept generally interpreted as meaning either a group of people or both a country and its people , without any administrati   It mostly incorporated the original Assyrian kingdom , corresponding with modern northern Iraq in the upper Tigris , the middle and upper Euphrates , modern-day north eastern Syria ( Eber-Nari ) and part of south-east Anatolia ( modern Turkey ) . The Neo-Assyrian Empire collapsed after a period of violent civil wars , followed by an invasion by a coalition of some of its former subject peoples , the Iranian peoples ( Medes , Persians and Scythians ) , Babylonians and Cimmerians in the late 7th century BC , culminating in the Battle of Nineveh , and Assyria had fallen completely by 605 BC . Between 605 and 559 BC , Assyria was divided between the Median Empire to the east and the Neo-Babylonian Empire to the west . Both parts were subsumed into the Achaemenid Empire in 539 BC , and it has been argued that they constituted the satrapies of Media and Athura , respectively . In Herodotus ' account the Ninth Tributary District comprised `` Babylonia and the rest of Assyria '' , and excluded Eber-Nari .   Despite a few rebellions , Assyria functioned as an important part of the Achaemenid Empire . The Assyrian people were given the right to govern themselves throughout Achaemenid rule , and the Assyrian ( Aramaic ) language was used diplomatically by the Persians . Known for their combat skills , Assyrian soldiers ( along with the Lydians ) constituted the main heavy infantry of the Achaemenid empire 's military . Due to the major destruction of Assyria during the fall of its empire , some early scholars described the area as an `` uninhabited wasteland . '' Other Assyriologists , however , such as John Curtis and Simo Parpola , have strongly disputed this claim , citing how Assyria would eventually become one of the wealthiest regions among the Achaemenid Empire . This wealth was due to the land 's great prosperity for agriculture that the Persians used effectively for almost 200 years . In contrast to the policy of the Assyrian Empire , the Achaemenid Persians did not intervene in the internal affairs of their ruling satrapies as long as they continued the flow of tribute and taxes back to Persia .

neg: Ziusudra Ziusudra ( -LSB- , `` found long life '' or `` life of long days '' ; -LSB- Ξίσουθρος , Xisuthros -RSB- ) or Zin-Suddu ( -LSB- ) of Shuruppak is listed in the WB-62 Sumerian king list recension as the last king of Sumer prior to the deluge . He is subsequently recorded as the hero of the Sumerian flood epic . He is also mentioned in other ancient literature , including The Death of Gilgamesh and The Poem of Early Rulers , and a late version of The Instructions of Shuruppak refers to Ziusudra . Akkadian Atrahasis ( `` extremely wise '' ) and Utnapishtim ( `` he found life '' ) , as well as biblical Noah ( `` rest '' or `` comfort '' ) are similar heroes of flood legends of the ancient Near East .   Although each version of the flood myth has distinctive story elements , there are numerous story elements that are common to two , three , or four versions . The earliest version of the flood myth is preserved fragmentarily in the Eridu Genesis , written in Sumerian cuneiform and dating to the 17th century BC , during the 1st Dynasty of Babylon when the language of writing and administration was still Sumerian . Strong parallels are notable with other Near Eastern flood legends , such as the biblical account of Noah .

neg: 1343 Naples earthquake The 1343 earthquake struck the Tyrrhenian Sea and Bay of Naples on November 25 , 1343 . Underground shocks were felt in Naples and caused significant damage and loss of lives . Of major note was a tsunami created by the earthquake which destroyed many ships in Naples and destroyed many ports along the Amalfi Coast including Amalfi itself . The effects of the tsunami were observed by the poet Petrarch , whose ship was forced to return to port , and recorded in the fifth book of his Epistolae familiares .

neg: Cape Hedo , or Hedo Point , is the northernmost point on Okinawa Island , located within Kunigami Village . A cape jutting out north from the island , it faces the South China Sea on the west , and the Pacific Ocean on the east . On a particularly clear day , the island of Yoron ( Yoronjima ) in Kagoshima Prefecture can be seen on the horizon . Yoron Island is located approximately 23 km to the north .   Cape Hedo is part of Okinawa Dai Sekirinzan Quasi-National Park , a prefectural park established in 1965 and re-established with the reversion of Okinawa to Japan in 1972 .   In the Shōhō Kuniezu , a kuniezu , or series of Japanese provincial land maps created during the Edo period ( 1603 -- 1868 ) , Cape Hedo appears as `` Heto misaki '' , or `` Cape Heto '' . The expedition of Commodore Perry ( 1794 -- 1858 ) visited Cape Hedo and recorded it as `` Cape Hope '' in his Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan . The Nihon Suiroshi , a pilot guide first issued in 1892 , records that the cape is also known as Cape Kunigami and is commonly used as a nautical landmark .   The site has become a tourist destination , both for its geographic location , and for the monument erected there commemorating the end of US Occupation and return of Okinawa to Japanese sovereignty . The monument is popularly seen as a photo opportunity by tourists ; as tourism to the site has grown , a number of restaurants , souvenir shops , and other tourist facilities have appeared near the site .   According to legends of Okinawan history , Okinawan king Gihon ( r. c.1248-1260 ) fled the capital after abdicating the throne and disappeared into the forest . He is said to have last been seen at the cliffs of Hedo Point ( Hedo-misaki ) , the northernmost point on Okinawa Island .

neg: 262 Southwest Anatolia earthquake The 262 Southwest Anatolia earthquake devastated the Roman city of Ephesus along with cities along the west and south coasts of Anatolia in year 262 , or possibly 261 . The epicenter was likely located in the southern Aegean Sea . Reports note that many cities were flooded by the sea , presumably due to a tsunami .   Nicholas Ambraseys , who performed the most comprehensive assessment of ancient earthquakes in the Mediterranean , traces the original source of most literary references to this quake to an account in the Augustan History purportedly written by Trebellius Pollio . This source is problematic , as the veracity of much of its supposed biographical details is doubtful . However , there is some reason to give credence to the history 's accounts of natural disasters . Trebellius 's account also reports the southwest Anatolia earthquake in conjunction with one that hit Cyrene , Libya the same year . The two events appears to have been unrelated , but it has been difficult for historians to disentangle the exact effects of each based on the classical sources .

neg: Thermaic Gulf The Thermaic Gulf is a gulf of the Aegean Sea located immediately south of the Thessaloniki regional unit , east of Pieria and Imathia , and west of Chalkidiki . It was named after the ancient town of Therma , which was situated on the northeast coast of the gulf ( Therma was later renamed Thessalonica ) . Near Thessaloniki , the length ( north-south ) of the gulf is about 100 km , while its width ( east-west ) is about 5 km . The length of the gulf in its northern part ( from its northern extent down to `` megalo emvolo '' cape ) is estimated to stretch 15 km , while after `` megalo emvolo '' cape towards the south , its length extents a further 50 km . Cape Kassandra lies to the southeast end of the gulf .   To the Romans , the gulf was also known as Thermaicus or Thermaeus sinus ( `` Gulf of Therma '' ) and as Macedonicus sinus ( `` The Gulf of Macedon '' , or `` The Macedonian Gulf '' ) . One of its modern names is the `` Gulf of Salonica '' , named after the city of Thessaloniki which sprawls around and along the northeastern coast of the gulf .   Places that lie by the gulf include Sani , Kassandreia , ancient Potidaea , Nea Moudania , Agia Triada , Neoi Epivates , Peraia , Kalochori , Methoni , Pydna , Paralia Katerinis and Olympiaki Akti . The rivers emptying into the gulf are the Pineios , Aliakmon , Loudias , Gallikos and Axios ; several streams including one near Pydna also empty into the gulf . The Thermaic Gulf was significantly larger in classical times , with many ancient seaside cities ( e.g. Pella ) are now found several kilometers inland . The extensive silting mainly affects the northern and western parts of the gulf , which receive the bulk of alluvial outflow . The gulf is home to a large number of famous , pristine beaches , which include Sani Beach . However , there are no beaches on the northwest coast , where wetlands stretch from Methone ( northwest coast ) to Thessaloniki 's western suburb of Kalochori .   The Port of Thessaloniki is the gulf 's largest and busiest port , while another twelve small ports provide sea transport in , out and around the Thermaic gulf . Major road networks of northern Greece such as the A1/E75 motorway ( Athens - Lamia - Thessaloniki ) encircles the western portion of the gulf , while the A25 ( Thessaloniki - Nea Moudania motorway ) almost encircles the eastern part of it .   Category : Gulfs of the Aegean Sea  Category : Gulfs of Greece  Category : Geography of ancient Chalcidice  Category : Geography of ancient Mygdonia  Category : Bottiaea  Category : Geography of ancient Pieria  Category : Thessaloniki  Category : Landforms of Thessaloniki ( regional unit )  Category : Landforms of Central Macedonia  Category : Landforms of Pieria ( regional unit )  Category : Landforms of Imathia  Category : Landforms of Chalkidiki


query: Tim Rice has collaborated with anyone except Andrew Lloyd Webber.

pos: Tim Rice Sir Timothy Miles Bindon `` Tim '' Rice ( born 10 November 1944 ) is an English author and Academy Award , Golden Globe Award , Tony Award , and Grammy Award-winning lyricist . He is best known for his collaborations with Andrew Lloyd Webber , with whom he wrote Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat , Jesus Christ Superstar , and Evita ; with Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson of ABBA , with whom he wrote Chess ; for additional songs for the 2011 West End revival of The Wizard of Oz ; and for his work for Walt Disney Studios with Alan Menken ( Aladdin , Beauty and the Beast , King David ) , Elton John ( The Lion King , Aida , The Road to El Dorado ) and Ennio Morricone .   One of the most celebrated lyricists in British popular culture , Rice was knighted by Elizabeth II for services to music in 1994 . He has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , is an inductee into the Songwriter 's Hall of Fame , is a Disney Legend recipient , and is a fellow of the British Academy of Songwriters , Composers and Authors . The 2016 Sunday Times Rich List values Rice at # 150m ; the 15th richest music millionaire in the UK .

neg: Song and Dance Song and Dance is a musical comprising two acts , one told entirely in `` Song '' and one entirely in `` Dance '' , tied together by a unifying love story .   The `` Song '' act is Tell Me on a Sunday , with lyrics by Don Black and music by Andrew Lloyd Webber , about a young British woman 's romantic misadventures in New York City and Hollywood . The `` Dance '' act is a ballet choreographed to Variations , composed by Lloyd Webber for his cellist brother Julian , which is based on the A Minor Caprice No. 24 by Paganini .

neg: Andrew Lloyd Webber Andrew Lloyd Webber , Baron Lloyd-Webber ( born 22 March 1948 ) is an English composer and impresario of musical theatre . Several of his musicals have run for more than a decade both in the West End and on Broadway . He has composed 13 musicals , a song cycle , a set of variations , two film scores , and a Latin Requiem Mass. . Several of his songs have been widely recorded and were hits outside of their parent musicals , notably `` The Music of the Night '' from The Phantom of the Opera , `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' from Jesus Christ Superstar , `` Do n't Cry for Me , Argentina '' and `` You Must Love Me '' from Evita , `` Any Dream Will Do '' from Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat and `` Memory '' from Cats . In 2001 the New York Times referred to him as `` the most commercially successful composer in history '' . Ranked the `` fifth most powerful person in British culture '' by The Telegraph '' in 2008 , the lyricist Don Black stated `` Andrew more or less single-handedly reinvented the musical . ''   He has received a number of awards , including a knighthood in 1992 , followed by a peerage from Queen Elizabeth II for services to Music , seven Tonys , three Grammys ( as well as the Grammy Legend Award ) , an Academy Award , fourteen Ivor Novello Awards , seven Olivier Awards , a Golden Globe , a Brit Award , the 2006 Kennedy Center Honors , and the 2008 Classic Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music . He has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , is an inductee into the Songwriter 's Hall of Fame , and is a fellow of the British Academy of Songwriters , Composers and Authors .   His company , the Really Useful Group , is one of the largest theatre operators in London . Producers in several parts of the UK have staged productions , including national tours , of the Lloyd Webber musicals under licence from the Really Useful Group . Lloyd Webber is also the president of the Arts Educational Schools London , a performing arts school located in Chiswick , West London . He is involved in a number of charitable activities , including the Elton John AIDS Foundation , Nordoff Robbins , Prostate Cancer UK and War Child . In 1992 he set up the Andrew Lloyd Webber Foundation which supports the arts , culture and heritage in the UK .

neg: Rice, Rice, Hillman & Pedersen Rice , Rice , Hillman & Pedersen is a collaboration album by American guitarist Tony Rice , his brother , mandolinist Larry Rice , guitar and banjo player Herb Pedersen and guitar/bass player Chris Hillman , founding member of famous folk-rock band from late 1960s , The Byrds . It is their follow-up on the first album they made together in 1997 , Out Of The Woodwork .

neg: Edward E. Rice Edward Everett Rice ( December 21 , 1847 -- November 16 , 1924 ) was an American musical composer and theater producer active during the late 19th and early 20th Centuries , known primarily for being a pioneer of American musical theater and introducing to Broadway a musical by African-American writers and performers .

neg: List of frequent Tim Burton collaborators Tim Burton ( born August 25 , 1958 ) is an American film director , film producer , writer and artist who often works with certain actors and crew members in multiple feature film directing projects .   The actors who collaborated with Burton the most frequently are Johnny Depp , Helena Bonham Carter and Christopher Lee , who all appeared in eight , seven and six films , respectively .   Film composer Danny Elfman composed the music for all of Burton 's feature films with the exception of Ed Wood ( 1994 ) , Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) and Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children ( 2016 ) . He also composed the music for The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) , a stop-motion animated film Burton co-wrote and produced .   Other actors that Burton has worked with include Danny DeVito , Conchata Ferrell , Albert Finney , Carmen Filpi , Michael Gough , Eva Green , Pat Hingle , Jan Hooks , Rance Howard , Jeffrey Jones , O-Lan Jones , Michael Keaton , Martin Landau , Lisa Marie , Catherine O'Hara , Michelle Pfeiffer , Missi Pyle , Paul Reubens , Alan Rickman , Deep Roy , Winona Ryder , Diane Salinger , Glenn Shadix , Martin Short , Timothy Spall , Sylvia Sidney , Christopher Walken , Frank Welker , Terence Stamp and Paul Whitehouse .   Catherine O'Hara , Paul Reubens , and Glenn Shadix also starred in The Nightmare Before Christmas .   Actor Jason Hervey appeared in the short film Frankenweenie ( 1984 ) , before appearing in Burton 's feature film directing debut Pee-wee 's Big Adventure ( 1985 ) .   Actor Vincent Price worked with Burton on three projects , hosting the television film Hansel and Gretel ( 1982 ) , narrating the short film Vincent ( 1982 ) and appearing in the feature film Edward Scissorhands ( 1990 ) .   Actresses Ada and Arlene Tai worked with Burton as extras in Ed Wood before going on to be cast in Big Fish ( 2003 ) .   In addition to starring in Beetlejuice , Edward Scissorhands and Frankenweenie , Winona Ryder appeared in the Burton-directed music video for The Killers ' `` Here with Me '' .

neg: Jesus Christ Superstar (film) Jesus Christ Superstar is a 1973 American musical drama film directed by Norman Jewison and co-written by Jewison and Melvyn Bragg based on the Andrew Lloyd Webber/Tim Rice rock opera of the same name . The film , starring Ted Neeley , Carl Anderson , Yvonne Elliman , and Barry Dennen , centers on the conflict between Judas and Jesus during the week before the crucifixion of Jesus .   Neeley and Anderson were nominated for two Golden Globe Awards in 1974 for their portrayals of Jesus and Judas , respectively . Although it attracted criticism from some religious groups , reviews for the film were positive .

neg: By Jeeves By Jeeves , originally Jeeves , is a 1975 musical by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Alan Ayckbourn , based on the novels of P. G. Wodehouse .   Jeeves is the original 1975 version , which opened on 22 April 1975 and closed on 24 May after 38 performances at Her Majesty 's Theatre , London . It is regarded as Andrew Lloyd Webber 's only real flop . By Jeeves is the rewritten 1996 version , which opened 1 May 1996 in London and due to success was extended to February 1997 , through three theatres . It premiered in the U.S. in 1996 and on Broadway in 2001 .

neg: Harold Wheeler (musician) Harold Wheeler ( born June 14 , 1943 ) is an orchestrator , composer , conductor , arranger , record producer , and music director . He has received numerous Tony Award and Drama Desk Award nominations for orchestration , and won the 2003 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Orchestrations for Hairspray .

neg: Missa Princeps Pacis The Missa Princeps Pacis ( Mass Prince of Peace ) is a mass composed by William Lloyd Webber in 1962 for a four-part choir and organ .   The composer , who is known as the father of the composer Andrew Lloyd Webber and the cellist Julian Lloyd Webber , was from 1939 to 1948 choirmaster and organist at Anglican All Saints , Margaret Street . From 1958 he served as director of music at the Methodist Central Hall , Westminster . During this time , he composed two Latin masses , Princeps Pacis in 1962 and Missa Sanctae Mariae Magdalenae in 1979 .   The title Prince of Peace was part of a prophecy by Isaiah ( , which Handel composed in the movement For unto us a child is born in part I of his Messiah . The mass sets all part of the Order of Mass except the Credo , and is thus a missa brevis .   The mass was published in 1962 under the English title Mass `` The Prince of Peace '' , with the dedication `` to my friend Father Wilfried Purney with affection '' . It was recorded by Chandos in 1997 , styled `` Mass : ` Princeps Pacis ' '' , as part of the album Invocation , a collection of works by William Lloyd Webber , with the Westminster Singers and organist Ian Watson and conducted by Richard Hickox .   Webber 's mass was published under its Latin title in the William Lloyd Webber Centenary Collection by Kevin Mayhew . It was included in a celebration of the sacred music by Lloyd Webber at St Martin-in-the-Fields on 11 March 2014 , and the event also served to celebrate Webber 's 100th anniversary . The St Martin-in-the-Fields event included St Martin 's Voices and organist Andrew Earis . A reviewer noted : `` The first half ended with possibly the finest of the chosen works , the choral Missa Princeps Pacis , a beautifully crafted and proportioned composition with echoes of Fauré , performed here with delicacy . ''

neg: Tim Story (composer) Tim Story ( born 1957 in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ) is an American composer , recording artist and producer of electronic and acoustic music . Story has performed on more than 20 solo and collaborative albums and in soundtracks for film and television .

neg: Tim Brady Timothy Wesley John Brady ( born 11 July 1956 ) is a Canadian composer , electric guitarist , improvising musician , concert producer and record producer . Working in the field of contemporary classical music , experimental music , and musique actuelle , his compositions utilize a variety of styles from serialism to minimalism and often incorporate modern instruments such as electric guitars and other electroacoustic instruments . His music is marked by a synthesis of musical languages , having developed an ability to use elements of many musical styles while retaining a strong sense of personal expression . Some of his more widely recognized works are the 1982 orchestral pieces Variants and Visions , his Chamber Concerto ( 1985 ) , the chamber trio ... in the Wake ... ( 1985 , 1988 ) , and his song cycle Revolutionary Songs ( 1994 ) .   He is internationally recognized as one of the world 's leading experimental/new music guitarists ( 1997 , Guitar Player : `` One of the 30 Most Important Guitarists for the Future of the Instrument '' ) , and in recent years has gained a strong reputation as one of Canada 's leading composers of chamber , orchestral and music theatre works ( 2003 Prix OPUS Composer of the Year award , given by the Conseil québécois de la musique ; 2006 Jan V. Matejcek award , given by SOCAN ) .

neg: Unit of Measure (album) Unit of Measure is a compilation album by American guitarist Tony Rice , released in 2000 . It is credited to The Tony Rice Unit .

neg: Tim Benjamin Tim Benjamin ( born 14 September 1975 ) is an Anglo-French composer .  He won the Stephen Oliver Trust 's Prize for Contemporary Opera , for his first opera The Bridge ( to a libretto by David Edgar ) .

neg: RICE (medicine) RICE is a mnemonic for four elements of treatment for soft tissue injuries -- an acronym for Rest , Ice , Compression and Elevation . The mnemonic was introduced by Gabe Mirkin in Sportsmedicine Book ( ISBN 978-0316574365 ) in year 1978 . However , he has since recanted his support for the regimen . On March 16 , 2014 , he wrote `` Coaches have used my ` RICE ' guideline for decades , but now it appears that both Ice and complete Rest may delay healing , instead of helping . In a recent study , athletes were told to exercise so intensely that they developed severe muscle damage that caused extensive muscle soreness . Although cooling delayed swelling , it did not hasten recovery from this muscle damage . ''   RICE is considered a first-aid treatment , rather than a cure for soft tissue injuries . The aim is to manage discomfort and internal bleeding .

neg: Tony Rice Plays and Sings Bluegrass Tony Rice Plays and Sings Bluegrass is an album by American guitarist Tony Rice , released in 1993 .

neg: Tone Poems (David Grisman and Tony Rice album) Tone Poems is an album of duets by mandolinist David Grisman and guitarist Tony Rice using vintage instruments .

neg: Timotha Lanae Timotha Lanae ( pronounced Tuh-moth-ah Luh-nay ) is an international and multi-octave singer songwriter , playwright and actress . Her debut album Red reached # 1 on the UK Soul Charts . Her follow-up EP Rewind reached # 1 on the Sweet Rhythms Chart and peaked at # 2 on the UK Soul Chart . Elements of soul , R&B , funk , jazz , and hip hop can be found in Lanae 's music . She cites Marvin Gaye , Maxwell , Sade , The Isley Brothers , Gap Band , and Bonnie Raitt as some of her main influences .

neg: Cello Concerto No. 1 (Glass) The Cello Concerto No. 1 ( also the Concerto for Cello and Orchestra ) was written by Philip Glass in 2001 . It was one of the first concerti of the twenty-first century . The piece was commissioned by William and Rebecca Krueger , friends of the composer , for the 50th birthday of cellist Julian Lloyd Webber . A typical performance takes about 30 minutes . The work is paired with the Concerto Fantasy for Two Timpanists and Orchestra as part of Glass ' Concerto Project , a series of collected concerti by the composer . The cello concerto is among the most famous of Glass ' works for a solo instrument .

neg: Tim Risher Tim Risher ( born 1957 ) is an American composer . Risher received his B.A. in Music at the University of Central Florida and his M.M. in music composition from Florida State University . While living in Tallahassee , Florida , Risher was a member of the new music ensembles Paragaté and Tallahassee Camerata .   Risher 's output is typically tonal , with primary influences being minimal music , American and Brazilian popular musics , early music , and American shape note hymnody . Most works feature the use of conventional harmony , with great clarity of individual melodic lines . Risher 's works transcend the superficiality of much popular music , however , in their frequent use of complex canonic and polyphonic structures and additive rhythms .   Risher composes prolifically for ensembles ranging from concert band to Chinese traditional instrumental ensemble . He has also composed works for electronic media and incidental music for theatrical works . His most significant output , however , comprises works for brass instruments ( a preference likely shaped by his experience as a trombonist ) and for early ( Medieval , Renaissance , and Baroque ) instrument ensembles .   Risher 's works for early instruments have been commissioned by a number of major ensembles , including Palladian Ensemble , Baroque Northwest , Tintagel , and Trio Dolce . Although his works for early instruments are clearly composed from a twentieth ( or twenty-first ) century point of reference , Risher 's writing for such instruments is surprisingly idiomatic , showing his great familiarity with early instruments and genres . Among Risher 's favorite forms for such works are the ground bass and chaconne .   His music has been released on the Index , PhonoStatic , and Discus record labels and his scores are published by Wehr 's Music House .   Risher lived in Hamburg , Germany between the years of 1995 and 2005 , and now lives in North Carolina .   He is a member of the electronic group `` Paragaté '' , and has released a set of CDs on the Camerata label .

neg: No Strings No Strings is a musical drama with a book by Samuel A. Taylor and words and music by Richard Rodgers , his only Broadway score for which he wrote both lyrics and music , and the first musical he composed after the death of his long-time collaborator Oscar Hammerstein II . The musical opened on Broadway in 1962 and ran for 580 performances . It received the nomination for Tony Award , Best Musical .