query: Tom Cruise worked with Cameron Crowe.

pos: Tom Cruise Thomas Cruise Mapother IV ( born July 3 , 1962 ) , known professionally as Tom Cruise , is an American actor and producer . He has been nominated for three Academy Awards and has won three Golden Globe Awards . He started his career at age 19 in the film Endless Love ( 1981 ) . After portraying supporting roles in Taps ( 1981 ) and The Outsiders ( 1983 ) , his first leading role was in the romantic comedy Risky Business , released in August 1983 . Cruise became a full-fledged movie star after starring as Pete `` Maverick '' Mitchell in the action drama Top Gun ( 1986 ) . One of the biggest movie stars in Hollywood , Cruise starred in several more successful films in the 1980s , including the dramas The Color of Money ( 1986 ) , Cocktail ( 1988 ) , Rain Man ( 1988 ) , and Born on the Fourth of July ( 1989 ) .   In the 1990s , he starred in a number of hit films , including the romance Far and Away ( 1992 ) , the drama A Few Good Men ( 1992 ) , the legal thriller The Firm ( 1993 ) , the drama horror film Interview with the Vampire ( 1994 ) , the romantic comedy-drama sports film Jerry Maguire ( 1996 ) , the erotic thriller Eyes Wide Shut , and the drama Magnolia ( both 1999 ) . Since 1996 , Cruise has been well known for his role as IMF agent Ethan Hunt in the Mission : Impossible film series , whose most recent film , Mission : Impossible -- Rogue Nation , was released in 2015 .   In the 2000s , Cruise starred in a number of successful films , including the science fiction thrillers Vanilla Sky ( 2001 ) and Minority Report ( 2002 ) , the epic war film The Last Samurai ( 2003 ) , the crime film Collateral ( 2004 ) , the science fiction disaster thriller War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) , and the historical thriller Valkyrie ( 2008 ) .   In the 2010s , he has starred in the action comedy Knight and Day ( 2010 ) , the thriller Jack Reacher ( 2012 ) , the post-apocalyptic science fiction film Oblivion ( 2013 ) , and the military science fiction film Edge of Tomorrow ( 2014 ) . In 2012 , Cruise was Hollywood 's highest-paid actor . 16 of his films grossed over $ 100 million domestically ; 22 have grossed in excess of $ 200 million worldwide .   He has won Golden Globe Awards for Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture in Drama in 1990 for Born on the Fourth of July ; Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture in Comedy/Musical in 1997 for Jerry Maguire ; and Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Motion Picture in 2000 for Magnolia . In 2002 , Cruise won the Saturn Award for Best Actor for Vanilla Sky . In 2003 , he won an AFI Movie of the Year Award for The Last Samurai and an Empire Award for Best Actor for Minority Report .   Cruise is an outspoken advocate for the Church of Scientology and its associated social programs , and credits it with helping him overcome dyslexia . In the 2000s , his criticisms of psychiatry and anti-depressant drugs , particularly therapy for 9/11 rescue workers , and efforts to promote Scientology as a religion in Europe , sparked controversies , as did a leaked video interview of him promoting Scientology .

pos: Jerry Maguire Jerry Maguire is a 1996 American romantic comedy-drama sports film written , produced and directed by Cameron Crowe , and stars Tom Cruise , Cuba Gooding Jr. and Renée Zellweger . Produced in part by long time Simpsons producer James L. Brooks , it was inspired by sports agent Leigh Steinberg , who acted as Technical Consultant on the crew . It was released in North American theaters on December 13 , 1996 , produced by Gracie Films and distributed by TriStar Pictures .   The film received critical acclaim , with critics praising its acting and writing . The film was a financial success , bringing in more than $ 273 million worldwide , against its $ 50 million budget . It was the ninth top-grossing film of 1996 .   The film was nominated for five Academy Awards , including Best Picture and Best Actor for Tom Cruise , with Cuba Gooding Jr. winning the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . The film was also nominated for three Golden Globes , with Tom Cruise winning for Best Actor , and three Screen Actors Guild Awards , with Cuba Gooding Jr. winning Best Supporting Actor .

neg: The Croods The Croods is a 2013 American 3D computer-animated adventure comedy film produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by 20th Century Fox . It stars the voices of Nicolas Cage , Emma Stone , Ryan Reynolds , Catherine Keener , Clark Duke , and Cloris Leachman . The film is set in a fictional prehistoric Pliocene era known as `` The Croodaceous '' ( a prehistoric period which contains fictional prehistoric creatures ) when a caveman 's position as a `` Leader of the Hunt '' is threatened by the arrival of a prehistoric genius who comes up with revolutionary new inventions as they trek through a dangerous but exotic land in search of a new home .   The Croods was written and directed by Kirk DeMicco and Chris Sanders , and produced by Kristine Belson and Jane Hartwell . The film premiered at the 63rd Berlin International Film Festival on February 15 , 2013 , and was released in the United States on March 22 , 2013 . As part of the distribution deal , this is the first film from DreamWorks Animation to be distributed by 20th Century Fox , since the end of their distribution deal with Paramount Pictures .   The Croods received generally positive reviews , and proved to be a box office success , earning more than $ 587 million on a budget of $ 135 million . The film launched a new franchise , with a television series , Dawn of the Croods , which debuted on December 24 , 2015 , on Netflix . A sequel was announced for a 2018 release , but was later cancelled .

neg: Orion Pictures Orion Pictures Corporation is an American motion picture producer and distributor that produced and released films from 1978 until 1999 , and was also involved in television production and syndication throughout the 1980s until the early 1990s . It was formed in 1978 as a joint venture between Warner Bros. and three former top-level executives of United Artists . Although it was never a large motion picture producer , Orion achieved a comparatively high reputation for Hollywood quality . Woody Allen , James Cameron , Jonathan Demme , Oliver Stone , and several other prominent directors worked with Orion during its most successful years from 1978 to 1992 . Of the films distributed by Orion , four won Academy Awards for Best Picture : Amadeus ( 1984 ) , Platoon ( 1986 ) , Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) , and The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) . Two other Orion films , Hannah and Her Sisters ( 1986 ) and Mississippi Burning ( 1988 ) , were nominated for that same category . In 2013 , Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer revived the Orion name for television ; a year later Orion Pictures was quietly relaunched by the studio .

neg: Alexander Payne Alexander Payne ( born Constantine Alexander Payne ; February 10 , 1961 ) is an American film director , screenwriter , and producer , known for the films Citizen Ruth ( 1996 ) , Election ( 1999 ) , About Schmidt ( 2002 ) , Sideways ( 2004 ) , The Descendants ( 2011 ) , and Nebraska ( 2013 ) . His films are noted for their dark humor and satirical depictions of contemporary American society . Payne is a two-time winner of the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay , and a three-time nominee of the Academy Award for Best Director .

neg: Rough Magic Rough Magic is a 1995 comedy film directed by Clare Peploe , starring Bridget Fonda and Russell Crowe . It was based on a novel by James Hadley Chase called Miss Shumway Waves a Wand , with the screenplay written by Robert Mundi , William Brookfield , and Clare Peploe .

neg: Proof (1991 film) Proof is a 1991 Australian comedy-drama film written and directed by Jocelyn Moorhouse , and starring Hugo Weaving , Geneviève Picot and Russell Crowe . The film was released in Australia on 15 August 1991 . It was chosen as `` Best Film '' at the 1991 Australian Film Institute Awards , along with 5 other awards , including Moorhouse for `` Best Director '' , Weaving for `` Best Leading Actor '' , and Crowe for `` Best Supporting Actor '' .

neg: Top Gun Top Gun is a 1986 American romantic military action drama film directed by Tony Scott , and produced by Don Simpson and Jerry Bruckheimer , in association with Paramount Pictures . The screenplay was written by Jim Cash and Jack Epps , Jr. , and was inspired by an article titled `` Top Guns '' published in California magazine three years earlier . The film stars Tom Cruise , Kelly McGillis , Val Kilmer , Anthony Edwards , and Tom Skerritt . Cruise plays Lieutenant Pete `` Maverick '' Mitchell , a young Naval aviator aboard the aircraft carrier . He and his Radar Intercept Officer ( RIO ) Nick `` Goose '' Bradshaw ( Edwards ) are given the chance to train at the Navy 's Fighter Weapons School at Miramar in San Diego .   Top Gun was released on May 16 , 1986 . Upon its release , the film received generally mixed reviews from film critics but many particularly praised the action sequences , the effects , the aerial stunts , and the acting performances with Cruise and McGillis receiving the most praise . Four weeks after release , the number of theaters showing it increased by 45 % . Despite its initial mixed critical reaction , the film was a huge commercial hit grossing $ 356 million against a production budget of only $ 15 million . With its success , the film became a cult film over the years and earned an IMAX 3D re-release in 2013 . Additionally , the film won an Academy Award for Best Original Song for `` Take My Breath Away '' performed by Berlin .   In 2015 , the United States Library of Congress selected the film for preservation in the National Film Registry , finding it `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' .

neg: The Boat That Rocked The Boat That Rocked ( retitled Pirate Radio in North America , Good Morning England in France , Radio Rock Revolution in Germany , Рок-волна ( The Rock Wave ) in Russia , and I Love Radio Rock in Italy ) is a 2009 British comedy film written and directed by Richard Curtis , with pirate radio in the United Kingdom during the 1960s as its setting . The film has an ensemble cast featuring Philip Seymour Hoffman , Bill Nighy , Rhys Ifans , Nick Frost , and Kenneth Branagh . Set in 1966 , it tells the story of the fictitious pirate radio station `` Radio Rock '' and its crew of eclectic disc jockeys , who broadcast rock and pop music to the United Kingdom from a ship anchored in the North Sea while the British government endeavours to shut them down . It was produced by Working Title Films for Universal Pictures , and was filmed on the Isle of Portland and at Shepperton Studios .   After the world premiere in London 's Leicester Square on 29 March 2009 , the film was released in United Kingdom and Ireland on 1 April 2009 . It was a commercial failure at the British box office , making only US$ 10.1 million in its first three months , just a fifth of its US$ 50 million production cost . It received mixed reviews , with most criticism directed at its muddled storyline and 2 1/4 - hour length . For its North American release the film had its running time cut by 20 minutes , and was retitled Pirate Radio . Opening 13 November 2009 , it was still commercially unsuccessful in the US , earning only US$ 8 million . When the worldwide theatrical run was finished in January 2010 , the film had grossed US$ 36.3 million .

neg: Tom Cruise: All the World's a Stage Tom Cruise : All the World 's A Stage is an authorized biography of actor Tom Cruise , written by British film critic Iain Johnstone . The book was first published by Hodder & Stoughton in a paperback format and an audiobook in 2006 , and then again in a hardcover format on March 1 , 2007 , and a second paperback release , on May 1 , 2007 .

neg: Junket Whore Junket Whore is a 1998 documentary film directed by Debbie Melnyk and hosted by Lauren Hutton . This revealing documentary explores the relationship between Hollywood 's publicists and the entertainment journalists .   It also stars many Hollywood artists including Sylvester Stallone , Martin Short , Alicia Silverstone , Charlie Sheen , Hugh Grant , Ed Harris , Gérard Depardieu , Jack Nicholson , Brooke Shields , Matthew McConaughey , Ashley Judd , Sharon Stone , John Travolta , Kelly Preston , Emma Thompson , Arnold Schwarzenegger , Tom Cruise , Nicolas Cage , Clint Eastwood , Jim Carrey , Robert De Niro , Whoopi Goldberg , Robin Williams , Richard Gere , Antonio Banderas , Pauly Shore , Sean Connery , Julianne Moore , Madonna , and Anthony Hopkins . It was produced by Rick Caine .

neg: Striptease (film) Striptease is a 1996 American erotic comedy film directed , produced , and written by Andrew Bergman , and stars Demi Moore , Burt Reynolds and Ving Rhames . The film is based on Carl Hiaasen 's novel of the same name , and is about a stripper who becomes involved in both a child-custody dispute and corrupt politics .   Striptease was generally reviled by critics . It wound up winning several Golden Raspberry Awards , which are given to the worst in cinema . Among these awards given to Striptease was the Award for Worst Picture of 1996 .

neg: Houston Film Critics Society Awards 2010 The 4th Houston Film Critics Society Awards were presented on December 18 , 2010 . These awards for `` extraordinary accomplishment in film '' are presented annually by the Houston Film Critics Society ( HFCS ) based in Houston , Texas . The organization , founded in 2007 , includes 22 film critics for print , radio , television , and internet publications in the greater Houston area . The awards are co-sponsored by the Houston Film Commission , Southwest Alternate Media Project , Women in Film and Television/Houston , WorldFest , and the Houston Cinema Arts Society .   The nominations for the 2010 awards were announced on December 12 , 2010 . Eligible films do not need to have played or opened in a Houston film theater prior to the nomination deadline , merely made available to the HFCS membership at a screening or on DVD . Along with the 13 `` best of '' category awards , this year also saw the introduction of a new category for `` Worst Movies of the Year '' . The Social Network , True Grit , and 127 Hours each received six nominations , all including the Best Picture , Actor , Direction , and Original Score categories .   The Social Network was the HFCS 's most awarded film of 2010 taking top honors in the Best Picture , Best Director ( David Fincher ) , Best Actor ( Jesse Eisenberg ) , and Best Screenplay ( Aaron Sorkin ) categories . Inception was the only other film to garner multiple awards , winning both the Best Original Score ( Hans Zimmer ) and Best Cinematography ( Wally Pfister ) prizes . The other acting awards went to Natalie Portman as Best Actress for Black Swan , Hailee Steinfeld as Best Supporting Actress for True Grit , and Christian Bale as Best Supporting Actor for The Fighter . The remaining film honors went to Toy Story 3 as Best Animated Film , Restrepo as Best Documentary , and The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo as Best Foreign Language Film . `` We Are Sex Bob-Omb '' by Beck from Scott Pilgrim vs. the World was named the Best Original Song . The HFCS 's first-ever award for `` Worst Picture '' was given to Jonah Hex starring Josh Brolin .   In addition to the category awards , the HFCS presented their annual Lifetime Achievement Award to Sissy Spacek and its Humanitarian Award to George Clooney . Clooney was selected for `` selflessly using his celebrity for greater good '' . The HFCS award for Outstanding Achievement in Cinema awards were presented to Charles Dove , director of the Rice University Media Center , and Hector Luna , the founder and editor of C-47 Houston .

neg: Saw V Saw is a 2008 Canadian-American horror film directed by David Hackl and written by Patrick Melton and Marcus Dunstan and stars Tobin Bell , Costas Mandylor , Scott Patterson , Betsy Russell , Mark Rolston , Julie Benz , Carlo Rota , and Meagan Good . It is the fifth installment of the Saw franchise , and was released on October 23 , 2008 in Australia and October 24 , 2008 in North America .   David Hackl , who served as the production designer of Saw , Saw , and Saw IV , and second-unit director for Saw and Saw IV made his directorial debut with Saw . Patrick Melton and Marcus Dunstan , the writers of the previous film , returned to write the film . Charlie Clouser , who provided the score for all previous Saw films , also returned to compose the score for the film . Saw creators James Wan and Leigh Whannell served as executive producers .   The film focuses primarily on the events that led up to Detective Mark Hoffman becoming an apprentice of the Jigsaw Killer , as well as his efforts to prevent anyone else from learning his secret .

neg: Cameron Watson (actor) Cameron Watson ( born October 6 , 1961 ) is an American actor , screenwriter , and director , best known for playing Bart Fallmont in the TV miniseries Dynasty : The Reunion .   Watson attended the University of Montevallo , receiving a bachelor of fine arts degree in 1983 . After graduation , he began a professional acting career in New York City , studying with Herbert Berghof at the HB Studio in Greenwich Village and working in off-Broadway productions . He later moved to Los Angeles to act in film and television .   Watson wrote and directed his first feature film , Our Very Own , in 2005 . The film stars Allison Janney , Keith Carradine , Jason Ritter , Cheryl Hines , Hilarie Burton and Mary Badham ( Scout in To Kill a Mockingbird ) in her first screen role in 40 years .   Watson 's TV acting credits include Cheers , Wings , Ned & Stacey , Frasier , Caroline in the City , Profiler , Six Feet Under , CSI : Miami , The King of Queens and NYPD Blue .

neg: Class Cruise Class Cruise is an American teen comedy television film that premiered on NBC on October 22 , 1989 . The film was directed by Oz Scott and written by Steven Long Mitchell and Craig W. Van Sickle .

neg: Gary Cooper filmography The filmography of Gary Cooper chronicles the film appearances of American actor Gary Cooper . After starting his career in 1925 as a film extra and stuntman , Cooper made his official cinematic debut in 1926 in the Samuel Goldwyn production The Winning of Barbara Worth . He went on to become a contract player with Paramount Pictures where he established himself as a popular leading man prior to the end of the silent film era .   Cooper 's future in the sound era was assured with the release of The Virginian ( 1929 ) , his first all-talkie film . For the next 32 years , he would be one of cinema 's top money-making stars . From 1936 to 1957 , Cooper ranked 18 times among the top ten box office attractions -- a record when he died in 1961 , and later surpassed only by John Wayne , who ranked among the top ten 25 times , Clint Eastwood ( 21 times ) and Tom Cruise ( 20 times ) .   Cooper was nominated for the Best Actor Academy Award five times and won twice , for Sergeant York ( 1942 ) and High Noon ( 1952 ) . The latter film boosted his popularity , resulting in him being the number one box office attraction in 1953 . Cooper received a third Academy Award -- an honorary one -- just prior to his death in 1961 . His final film , The Naked Edge , was released shortly after his death .   As of February 2008 , more than half of Gary Cooper 's feature films are available on DVD , while others not yet on home video are available for television broadcast . Unfortunately , at least two of his silent films -- Beau Sabreur ( 1928 ) and The Legion of the Condemned ( 1928 ) -- are now considered lost films . Another of his silent films , Wolf Song ( 1929 ) , was originally released as a part talkie , but survives only as a silent film . One of Cooper 's earliest talkies , Paramount on Parade ( 1930 ) , survives incomplete . The prints that are available for television are missing all but one of the film 's Technicolor scenes -- a partial restoration of these scenes was done by the UCLA Film Archives .   This filmography contains sections for Cooper 's work as an extra in the earliest part of his film career , his feature film appearances , his occasional appearances in short films , and a section for a compilation film . Due to its length ( 92 films ) , the listing of his feature films is divided in four sections . Cooper 's film roles are listed , as well as the names of each film 's director and co-stars . Cooper 's awards and nominations are also listed . Except where noted , all of his films were shot in 35mm black and white . All films released prior to Lilac Time ( 1928 ) are silent films and all from The Virginian ( 1929 ) onward are sound films . The films made during the silent-to-sound transition are noted as being either silent or sound films . As an addendum , Cooper 's handful of television appearances are also listed .

neg: Egyptian Theatre Egyptian-style theatres are based on the traditional and historic design elements of Ancient Egypt .   The first Egyptian Theatre to be constructed in the US -- which inspired many of the identically-named theatres that followed it -- was Grauman 's Egyptian Theatre in Hollywood , California . For several years , Hollywood developer Charles E. Toberman attempted to convince Sid Grauman to locate in Hollywood . During a meeting , Sid told Mr. Toberman of his desire to build a theatre of Egyptian design . Mr. Toberman then secured a piece of property on Hollywood Boulevard , just east of McCadden Place . The architectural firm of Meyer & Holler were hired to design the theatre . The result was Grauman 's Egyptian Theatre with a seating of 1770 . The approach to the theatre was through a courtyard . Inside , the stage was flanked by carved columns and models of the Sphinx . The theatre was opened on October 19 , 1922 with the grand premiere of `` Robin Hood '' starring Douglas Fairbanks . `` In a 1983 article in Hollywood Studio Magazine , Mike Hughes wrote of the Egyptian : `` A survivor of the decay that unfortunately characterizes the Hollywood Boulevard of today , the Egyptian is a reminder of the glamour that once made the Boulevard famous . Perhaps through the dedicated efforts of such citizens as Bruce Torrence , author of Hollywood : The First 100 Years and grandson of Mr. Charles Toberman , who built the Egyptian , the Hollywood Boulevard of yesteryear will reappear some great day in the future . When that happens , the Egyptian Theatre , jewel that it is , will be there to herald in the new age of film town . '' '' United Artists was the last owner of the Egyptian Theatre before it closed in 1992 . The American Cinematheque purchased the theatre from the city for $ 1 with the provision that this historical landmark would be restored to its original grandeur and re-opened as a movie theatre showcasing the organizations celebrated , public programming . ''   The Eldorado Theatre located in Eldorado Amusement Park , Weehawken , New Jersey opened in 1891 and featured ` Egypt Through Centuries ' each evening . The creators of the park , Palisades Amusement and Exhibition Company , published a book titled `` Egypt Through the Centuries '' in 1892 .   Many of the other theatres that copied Grauman 's Egyptian Theatre were part of the wave of Egyptian revival architecture that occurred after the November 1922 discovery of King Tut 's tomb by Howard Carter .   Unlike the many theatres that followed in its wake , Grauman 's Egyptian Theatre was designed , built , named and opened before the 1922 discovery of King Tut 's tomb . The news of the tomb 's discovery reached the US a few weeks after the theatre opened .   Early in the 20th century , it is estimated that up to 100 of these theatre types were constructed across the US . Many of them no longer exist , but there are many fine examples of this style still in use today . Conrad Schmitt Studios has played a big part in the restoration of these atmospheric theatres , including Egyptian Theatres in Park City , Utah , Ogden , Utah , Boise , Idaho , Delta , Colorado , and DeKalb , Illinois .

neg: Titanic II (film) Titanic II ( also entitled Titanic 2 ) is a 2010 low-budget disaster film written , directed by , and starring Shane Van Dyke and distributed by The Asylum . Despite this title , the film is not a sequel to the 1997 film by James Cameron , although movie website Dread Central has suggested the film may be a mockbuster of it . It was released direct-to-TV in Australia on August 7 , 2010 . It premiered on Syfy on Sky in the UK and Ireland on August 9 . It was released on August 25 in the United States . The film is set on a fictional replica Titanic that sets off exactly 100 years after the original ship 's maiden voyage to perform the reverse route , but global warming and the forces of nature cause history to repeat itself on the same night , only on a more disastrous and deadly scale .

neg: Stroker Ace Stroker Ace is a 1983 American action comedy film , directed by Hal Needham and filmed in North Carolina and Georgia . Burt Reynolds stars as the eponymous Stroker Ace , a NASCAR driver .   The co-stars were Jim Nabors , Loni Anderson , Ned Beatty , Parker Stevenson , and Bubba Smith , with appearances by many NASCAR drivers , such as : Dale Earnhardt , Richard Petty , Neil Bonnett , Harry Gant , Terry Labonte , Kyle Petty , Benny Parsons , Tim Richmond , Ricky Rudd , Cale Yarborough , and announcers Ken Squier , David Hobbs , and Chris Economaki . The movie was filmed on location at Charlotte Motor Speedway , Talladega Superspeedway and the Atlanta Motor Speedway in Hampton , Georgia . The theme song was performed by Charlie Daniels .   Burt Reynolds turned down the role of astronaut Garrett Breedlove in Terms of Endearment to do this film . The role went to Jack Nicholson , who went on to win an Academy Award . Reynolds said he made this decision because `` I felt I owed Hal more than I owed Jim '' but that it was a turning point in his career from which he never recovered . `` That 's where I lost them , '' he says of his fans .   The movie was adapted from the 1974 novel Stand On It , an autobiography of fictional driver `` Stroker Ace . '' The novel 's joint authors , William Neely and Robert K. Ottum , based the book on actual events from the racing world but with their protagonist as the subject .

neg: Pearl Jam Twenty Pearl Jam Twenty ( also known as PJ20 ) is a 2011 American rockumentary directed by Cameron Crowe about the band Pearl Jam . Preliminary footage was being shot as of June 2010 . Crowe completed filming in April 2011 , after using 12,000 hours of footage of the band for the documentary . The film premiered at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival and also had an accompanying book and soundtrack .   The documentary charts the history of the band , from the demise of Mother Love Bone , their battle against Ticketmaster and the tragedy of the Roskilde Festival in 2000 .   The film was presented theatrically at select cinemas in the US during the month of September 2011 , and premiered on October 21 , 2011 on PBS ' American Masters . It was released on DVD and Blu-ray on October 24 , 2011 . A book , written by Jonathan Cohen , was published concurrent to the film 's release .

neg: Tom Hardy Edward Thomas Hardy  ( born 15 September 1977 ) is an English actor and producer . His motion picture debut was in Ridley Scott 's 2001 action film Black Hawk Down . Hardy 's other notable films include the science fiction film Star Trek : Nemesis ( 2002 ) , the crime film RocknRolla ( 2008 ) , biographical psychological drama Bronson ( 2008 ) , sports drama Warrior ( 2011 ) , Cold War espionage film Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy ( 2011 ) , crime drama Lawless ( 2012 ) , drama Locke ( 2013 ) , mobster film The Drop ( 2014 ) , and the biographical western thriller The Revenant ( 2015 ) , for which he received an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor . He portrayed `` Mad '' Max Rockatansky in the post-apocalyptic film Mad Max : Fury Road ( 2015 ) , and both of the Kray twins in the crime thriller Legend ( 2015 ) . He has appeared in three Christopher Nolan films : the science fiction thriller Inception ( 2010 ) , portrayed Bane in the superhero film The Dark Knight Rises ( 2012 ) , and the action-thriller Dunkirk ( 2017 ) based on the British evacuation in World War II .   Hardy 's television roles include the HBO war drama miniseries Band of Brothers ( 2001 ) , the BBC historical drama miniseries The Virgin Queen ( 2005 ) , ITV 's Wuthering Heights ( 2008 ) , the Sky 1 drama series The Take ( 2009 ) , and the BBC historical crime drama television series Peaky Blinders ( 2013 ) . He created , co-produced and took the lead in the eight-part historical fiction series Taboo ( 2017 ) on BBC One and FX .   Hardy has performed on both British and American stages . He was nominated for the Laurence Olivier Award for Most Promising Newcomer for his role as Skank in the 2003 production of In Arabia We 'd All Be Kings , and was awarded the 2003 London Evening Standard Theatre Award for Outstanding Newcomer for his performances in both In Arabia We 'd All be Kings and for his role as Luca in Blood . He starred in the 2007 production of The Man of Mode and received positive reviews for his role in the 2010 Philip Seymour Hoffman-directed play The Long Red Road .


query: Michael Schumacher was born in August.

pos: Michael Schumacher Michael Schumacher ( -LSB- ˈmɪçaʔɛl ˈʃuːmaxɐ -RSB- ; born 3 January 1969 ) is a German retired racing driver . He is a seven-time Formula One World Champion and is widely regarded as one of the greatest Formula One drivers of all time . He was named Laureus World Sportsman of the Year twice . He won two titles with Benetton in and before moving to Ferrari where he drove for eleven years . His time with Ferrari yielded five consecutive titles between and .   Schumacher holds many of Formula One 's driver records , including most championships , race victories , fastest laps , pole positions and races won in a single season -- 13 in 2004 ( the last record was equalled by fellow German Sebastian Vettel nine years later ) . In 2002 , he became the only driver in Formula One history to finish in the top three in every race of a season and then also broke the record for most consecutive podium finishes . According to the official Formula One website , he is `` statistically the greatest driver the sport has ever seen '' .   After beginning in karting , Schumacher won the German drivers ' championships in Formula König and Formula Three before joining Mercedes in the World Sportscar Championship . In 1991 , his Mercedes-funded race debut for the Jordan Formula One team resulted in Schumacher being signed by Benetton Formula One team as their driver for the rest of that season . Establishing himself as a top driver , finishing third in 1992 and fourth in 1993 , Schumacher became the first German World Drivers ' Champion in 1994 by one point over Damon Hill . In 1995 he repeated the success , this time with a greater margin . Schumacher moved to Ferrari in 1996 . Schumacher came close to winning the 1997 and 1998 titles , before breaking his leg at the 1999 British Grand Prix , ending another title run . Schumacher won five consecutive drivers ' titles from 2000 to 2004 . Schumacher retired from Formula One driving in 2006 staying with Ferrari as an advisor . He came close to an eighth title that year , but due to technical problems in the final two races he fell short to Fernando Alonso . Schumacher agreed to return for Ferrari part-way through 2009 , as cover for the badly injured Felipe Massa , but was prevented by a neck injury . Schumacher returned to Formula One on a permanent basis from 2010 with the Mercedes team before retiring for a second time at the conclusion of the 2012 season .   His career was not without controversy , including being twice involved in collisions in the final race of a season that determined the outcome of the World Championship , with Damon Hill in 1994 in Adelaide , and with Jacques Villeneuve in 1997 in Jerez . Off the track , Schumacher is an ambassador for UNESCO and a spokesman for driver safety . He has been involved in numerous humanitarian efforts throughout his life and donated tens of millions of dollars to charity . Schumacher and his younger brother , Ralf , are the only brothers to win races in Formula One , and they were the first brothers to finish 1st and 2nd in the same race , a feat they repeated in four subsequent races .   In December 2013 , Schumacher suffered a serious head injury in a skiing accident . He was airlifted to a hospital and placed in a medically induced coma , having suffered a traumatic brain injury . He was in the coma for six months from 29 December 2013 until 16 June 2014 . He left the hospital in Grenoble for further rehabilitation at the University Hospital ( CHUV ) in Lausanne . On 9 September 2014 , Schumacher was relocated to his home where he continues to receive medical treatment and rehabilitation privately .

neg: Bahrain Grand Prix The Bahrain Grand Prix is a Formula One Championship race in Bahrain sponsored by Gulf Air . The first race took place at the Bahrain International Circuit on 4 April 2004 . It made history as the first Formula One Grand Prix to be held in the Middle East , and was given the award for the `` Best Organised Grand Prix '' by the FIA .   The Bahrain Grand Prix has usually been the third race of the Formula One calendar . However , in the 2006 season , Bahrain swapped places with the traditional opener , the Australian Grand Prix , which was pushed back to avoid a clash with the Commonwealth Games . In 2010 , Bahrain staged the opening race of the 2010 season and the cars drove the full 6.299 km `` Endurance Circuit '' to celebrate F1 's ` diamond jubilee ' .   The 2011 Grand Prix , due to be held on 13 March , was cancelled on 21 February due to the 2011 Bahraini protests after drivers including Damon Hill and Mark Webber had protested .   Human rights activists called for a cancellation of 2012 race due to reports of alleged human rights abuses committed by the Bahraini authorities . Team personnel also voiced concerns about safety , but the race , nonetheless , was held as planned on 22 April 2012 .   In 2014 , to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the first staging of the Bahrain Grand Prix , the race was held as a night event under floodlights . In so doing it became the second Formula One night race after the Singapore Grand Prix in 2008 . Bahrain 's inaugural night event was won by Lewis Hamilton . Subsequent races have also been night races .   Shortly after the Formula One February 2014 testing , Grand Prix organizers for Bahrain announced a decision to name the first corner of the iconic track after former seven-time champion German driver Michael Schumacher in honour of his achievements and also in support after the driver suffered an almost fatal skiing accident late December 2013 .

neg: 1972 Formula One season The 1972 Formula One season was the 26th season of the FIA 's Formula One motor racing . It featured the 23rd World Championship of Drivers , the 15th International Cup for F1 Manufacturers and numerous non-championship Formula One races . The World Championship season commenced on 23 January and ended on 8 October after twelve races .   For 1972 Team Lotus focused again on the type 72 chassis . Imperial Tobacco continued its sponsorship of the team under its new John Player Special brand . The cars , now often referred to as ` JPS ' , were fielded in a new black and gold livery . Lotus took the championship by surprise in 1972 with 25-year-old Brazilian driver Emerson Fittipaldi who became the youngest world champion at that point . Stewart came second in the championship .   This was the first year where all the races were run on circuits with safety features on them , and considerable progress had been made since 1968 , the last year where all races were run on circuits with no safety features .   The British Racing Motors ( BRM ) team took its last victory when Jean-Pierre Beltoise won the rain-affected 1972 Monaco Grand Prix in a BRM P160 .   The Dutch Grand Prix was cancelled this year because of safety arrangements that were not completed for the race . It was supposed to be held between the Belgian and French Grand Prix 's at the usual location , Zandvoort . Also , a second American motor race called the United States Grand Prix West , originally supposed to be held in April at the Ontario Motor Speedway near Los Angeles , was cancelled . The Mexican Grand Prix was scheduled to be the last race of the season , but it was cancelled after local interest dissipated after the death of Pedro Rodríguez .

neg: 1984 Formula One season The 1984 Formula One season was the 38th season of FIA Formula One motor racing . It featured the 1984 Formula One World Championship for Drivers and the 1984 Formula One World Championship for Manufacturers which were contested concurrently over a sixteen-race series which commenced on 25 March , and ended on 21 October .   In the Drivers ' Championship , the season became a duel between McLaren 's Alain Prost and Niki Lauda . Prost won 7 races to Lauda 's 5 , including the last two Grands Prix of the year , but Lauda eventually prevailed by half a point -- the smallest margin in Formula One history . The Formula One World Championship for Manufacturers was awarded to McLaren .   This season featured the last driver of the 20th century to both drive in the F1 championship and to compete at the Indianapolis 500 in the same season , Teo Fabi . His feat would not be repeated until the 2017 season , when Fernando Alonso also participated at the Indy 500 .

neg: Schumacher BTCC The Schumacher BTCC is a race series for radio-controlled cars . It is organised by Schumacher Racing Products in the UK and run to BRCA rules . The series takes place on eight different tracks all over the UK , however it is not to be confused with the BRCA National Championship series .   The championship was first started by Schumacher in 1995 solely as a modified touring car support class to the BRCA Pro-10 circuit championship , but within a couple of years , the entries for the touring cars surpassed the Pro-10 's , and Schumacher organised a separate meeting to cater for everyone .   It generally features three classes : Stock 27t , Superstock 19t and Modified & Brushless for any make of touring car . 2006 also featured a class for its GTRe on road racer , a three speed electric circuit car . This class took over from Schumacher 's previous Big 6 Lotus class , but was dropped early in 2007 due to lack of entrants .   Each BTCC round features three qualifying heats and two finals , with the best 10 final results counting to each drivers score . The qualifying tames place under usual FTD ( fastest time of the day ) rules , with A-Z Finals . The top three in each final get a trophy . These are supplied by the host club , but Schumacher funds end-of-season trophies to the top three overall drivers in each class , and a special Cecil Schumacher Trophy , to the top Modified driver , in recognition of the origin of the championship . Uniquely , Schumacher provides a range of prizes for an end-of-meeting raffle , in which any entrant has an equal chance of winning . The series uses control tyers , which are the Sorex 28R , 32R or 36R , each pre-glued with a Sorex insert and Rev-Lite wheel . For the first time in 2006 tyre warmers were allowed .

neg: Le Mans Classic The Le Mans Classic is a biennial vintage sports car event held on the grounds of the 24 Hours of Le Mans . It began in 2002 and runs every two years in July on the full 13.65 km circuit also used for the annual modern day 24 Hours of Le Mans . The Le Mans Classic event of 2002 was the first time since 1923 that the full 24-hour Circuit , part of which is public road the rest of the year , was closed specifically for an event other than the annual running of the 24 heures du Mans with contemporary sportcars and prototypes , thus allowing car owners and gentleman drivers to experience what it must have been to race these cars on this circuit .   The event consists of a series of races for cars which have competed at the 24 Hours of Le Mans or for similar cars of the same model . Only cars from prior to 1979 are allowed , with all cars being broken into six different eras . To compete in the races a driver must own an FIA International Competition licence , meaning the drivers are of a professional level .   Car shows and auctions are hosted on the Bugatti Circuit grounds , with various car clubs meeting to show off machinery .

neg: 1991 Formula One season The 1991 Formula One season was the 45th season of FIA Formula One motor racing . It featured the 1991 FIA Formula One World Championship , which commenced on 10 March 1991 and ended on 3 November after sixteen races . Ayrton Senna won his third and last Drivers ' World Championship and McLaren-Honda won the Constructors ' Championship . Senna 's main title challenger was Nigel Mansell at Williams , who won five races on his return to the team compared to Senna 's seven . Senna 's fierce rival Alain Prost failed to win a race with Ferrari in stark contrast to his title challenge the year before and left the team even before the end of the season . 1991 also saw the debuts of future world champions Michael Schumacher and Mika Häkkinen .

neg: August Momberger August `` Bubi '' Momberger ( 26 June 1905 -- 22 December 1969 ) was a German racing driver and engineer , who competed in Grand Prix motor racing events for various manufacturers between 1926 and 1934 . During the 1934 Grand Prix season -- the first season of the infamous Silver Arrows period of German dominance of Grand Prix racing , that would last until the outbreak of WWII -- he drove for the Auto Union Rennabteilung , and was the first driver of a Silver Arrows car to take a podium finish in a major race . During the season he took a further second-placed finish , and posted two fastest laps , but worsening arthritis and a deteriorating relationship with the Auto Union team manager forced him into retirement before the end of the year . Following his retirement from racing , Momberger returned to his engineering training and rose steadily through the ranks of the German automobile industry , eventually becoming technical director of the Borgward company 's Goliath division in Bremen .

neg: 1998 Italian Grand Prix The 1998 Italian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Monza on 13 September 1998 . The race was won by Michael Schumacher . This was also the last win for tyre manufacturer Goodyear in Formula One .   It was a dramatic race , Häkkinen got a blinding start pushing his way past Jacques Villeneuve and Michael Schumacher on the front row , at same time it was a dreadful start for Schumacher who fell down to 5th , soon after he passed Villeneuve for 4th then Irvine for 3rd .   Häkkinen was struggling with a developing brake issue soon after and he waved his team mate Coulthard through , but soon after Coulthard 's engine blew and seconds later Schumacher , who had caught Häkkinen , passed the Finn when Häkkinen had adjusted his brake bias forwards to cope with the brake problem and ran wide due to the smoke from Coulthard 's engine .   Villeneuve running very low downforce soon spun out of the race , and Häkkinen started catching Schumacher again . Häkkinen was just three seconds behind with a handful of laps remaining , but then his rear brakes failed , sending him into a wild spin at the Roggia chicane . He was able to keep his engine running and kept going , but at the beginning of the next lap he went off again at the first Rettifilo chicane , and Irvine reeled him in and took 2nd off him . Soon after Ralf Schumacher caught and over took Häkkinen who was able to limp home in 4th .   It was jubliant scenes for the Italian crowd as Michael Schumacher came home first and his Ferrari team mate Eddie Irvine took second with Ralf Schumacher 3rd , meaning the Jordan team had finished on all three podium places in two races .   Michael Schumacher was now level on points with Mika Häkkinen going into the Nürburgring , the penultimate round .

neg: 2001 Brazilian Grand Prix The 2001 Brazilian Grand Prix ( formally the XXX Grande Prêmio Marlboro do Brasil ) was a Formula One motor race held on 1 April 2001 at the Autódromo José Carlos Pace , São Paulo , Brazil . It was the third race of the 2001 Formula One season . The 71-lap race was won by McLaren driver David Coulthard after starting from fifth position . Michael Schumacher finished second in a Ferrari with Nick Heidfeld third for the Sauber team .   The race was Coulthard 's first win of the season , and the result meant he reduced the lead of Schumacher in the Drivers ' Championship to six points along with moving up to second place , 10 points ahead of Rubens Barrichello . McLaren reduced the lead to Ferrari in the Constructors ' Championship to 15 points , with 14 races of the season remaining .

neg: 2001 Hungarian Grand Prix The 2001 Hungarian Grand Prix ( formally the XVII Marlboro Magyar Nagydij ) was a Formula One motor race held at Hungaroring on 19 August 2001 . It was the 13th race of the 2001 Formula One season . This race saw Michael Schumacher win his fourth World Championship and equal Alain Prost 's record of 51 Grand Prix victories . Rubens Barrichello in the other Ferrari finished second and McLaren driver David Coulthard finished third .

neg: 2000 French Grand Prix The 2000 French Grand Prix ( formally the LXXXVI Mobil 1 Grand Prix de France ) was a Formula One motor race held on 2 July 2000 at the Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours , Magny-Cours , Burgundy , France . It was the ninth race of the 2000 Formula One season and the 86th French Grand Prix . The 72-lap race was won by McLaren driver David Coulthard after starting from second position . His teammate Mika Häkkinen finished second with Rubens Barrichello third for the Ferrari team .   Coulthard started the race alongside Ferrari driver Michael Schumacher who began from pole position . Barrichello began from third on the grid and overtook Coulthard going into the first corner . Michael Schumacher maintained his start line advantage and kept the lead after the first round of pit stops . During the course of the second stint of the race , Michael Schumacher began to struggle with tyre wear , allowing Coulthard to close the gap and passed him on lap 40 . Coulthard maintained his lead through the second round of pit stops and won the race . Michael Schumacher retired on lap 59 with an engine failure promoting Häkkinen into second position . Barrichello took third , ahead of BAR driver Jacques Villeneuve in fourth .   The race was Coulthard 's third victory of the season , his first at Magny-Cours , and the result meant that he reduced Michael Schumacher 's points advantage in the Drivers ' Championship to twelve points . Häkkinen remained third on 38 points , six ahead of Barrichello . In the Constructors ' Championship , McLaren 's one-two finish allowed them to narrow the gap to Ferrari to be six points behind , with eight races of the season remaining .

neg: 2008 German Grand Prix The 2008 German Grand Prix ( formally the LXIX Großer Preis Santander von Deutschland ) was a Formula One motor race held on 20 July 2008 at the Hockenheimring , Hockenheim , Germany . It was the 10th race of the 2008 Formula One season and was contested over 67 laps . It was won by Lewis Hamilton for the McLaren team after starting from pole position . Nelson Piquet Jr. finished second for Renault , with Felipe Massa third for Ferrari .   Hamilton maintained his startline advantage and led until he made his first pit stop on lap 18 . As other cars made their pit stops , Hamilton regained the lead on lap 22 . On lap 36 , Timo Glock crashed , and the race was neutralized by the deployment of the safety car . Hamilton , on a two-stop strategy , did not stop to get more fuel during this period , while all the cars around him did . Thus , when he did eventually stop on lap 50 , he rejoined the race in fifth position . In the closing stages of the race , Hamilton first overtook his teammate Heikki Kovalainen , then Massa , and finally Piquet , whilst also gaining a position due to Nick Heidfeld 's late pit stop . This allowed him to take the lead again on lap 60 , which he maintained to win the race .   The victory was Hamilton 's second consecutive win , having won the preceding British Grand Prix at Silverstone . The win also put him ahead of his two main rivals in the Drivers ' Championship , Kimi Räikkönen ( who finished sixth ) and Massa , who were on equal points with him before the race . After the race he was four points ahead of Massa , and seven ahead of Räikkönen . In the Constructors ' Championship , McLaren drew closer to the two teams ahead of them , BMW Sauber and Ferrari . Ferrari still led by 15 points from McLaren , and 12 from BMW , whose drivers -- Nick Heidfeld and Robert Kubica -- finished fourth and seventh respectively .

neg: 1994 Formula One season The 1994 Formula One season was the 48th season of FIA Formula One motor racing . It featured the 1994 FIA Formula One World Championship which commenced on 27 March 1994 , and ended on 13 November after sixteen races . The season is remembered as one of the most tragic and controversial seasons in the sport 's history . 1994 was one of the closest championships in history as Michael Schumacher won the Drivers ' title by a single point from Damon Hill after the two controversially collided at the final round in Adelaide . Schumacher had built up a huge championship lead , winning six of the first seven races , before two disqualifications and a race ban allowed Hill to close the gap . British constructor Williams-Renault won the Constructors ' Championship . However , the 1994 season will also be remembered for the deaths of three-time World Champion Ayrton Senna and Austrian rookie Roland Ratzenberger at the San Marino Grand Prix . Forty-six drivers competed in the 1994 World Championship , including fourteen who made their F1 debut and numerous pay drivers . Mercedes-Benz also returned to the sport for the first time since 1955 as an engine supplier to Swiss team , Sauber . The season also saw the first win for Ferrari since 1990 -- whilst McLaren failed to win a single race following the departure of Senna , before embarking on a long-term partnership with Mercedes .

neg: 2002 French Grand Prix The 2002 French Grand Prix ( formally the LXXXVIII Mobil 1 Grand Prix de France ) was a Formula One motor race held at Magny-Cours on 21 July 2002 . It was the eleventh race of the 2002 Formula One season and the race in which Michael Schumacher secured his fifth World Drivers ' Championship title in record time , equalling Juan Manuel Fangio 's record set over 40 years before . McLaren-Mercedes drivers Kimi Räikkönen and David Coulthard finished second and third respectively .

neg: August (2008 film) August is a 2008 American drama film directed by Austin Chick and presented by 57th & Irving . The screenplay by Howard A. Rodman focuses on two brothers , ambitious dot-com entrepreneurs attempting to keep their company afloat as the stock market begins to collapse in August 2001 , one month prior to the 9/11 attacks .   The film premiered as an official selection of the Spectrum section at the 2008 Sundance Film Festival .

neg: 1994 German Formula Three Championship The 1994 German Formula Three Championship ( 1994 Deutsche Formel-3-Meisterschaft ) was a multi-event motor racing championship for single-seat open wheel formula racing cars that held across Europe . The championship featured drivers competing in two-litre Formula Three racing cars majorly built by Dallara which conform to the technical regulations , or formula , for the championship . It commenced on 9 April at Zolder and ended at Hockenheim on 9 October after ten double-header rounds .   Marko RSM driver Jörg Müller became a champion . He dominated the season , winning eleven of 20 races . Alexander Wurz finished as runner-up with three wins , all achieved at Hockenheim , losing 71 points to Müller . Ralf Schumacher won at Singen , completing the top-three in the drivers ' championship . Norberto Fontana and Philipp Peter were the other race winners . Arnd Meier clinched the B-Cup championship title .

neg: 1992 Monaco Grand Prix The 1992 Monaco Grand Prix ( formally the L Grand Prix de Monaco ) was a Formula One motor race held on 31 May 1992 at the Monaco . It was the sixth round of the 1992 Formula One season . The 78-lap race was won by Ayrton Senna after a close battle for the lead in the final three laps with Nigel Mansell . Mansell has started from pole position and had been in first place from the start until lap 71 when he had to stop for a new set of tyres after he suspected puncture with his left rear tyre . Despite Senna 's victory , Mansell proved to be faster during the race , and seemed to be on course for a comfortable victory before his pitstop on lap 71 .   Riccardo Patrese took the final podium position after just holding off Michael Schumacher 's Benetton who finished fourth after an earlier collision with Jean Alesi 's Ferrari , which damaged the sidepod and the electronics of Alesi 's Ferrari and caused his retirement . Martin Brundle in the second Benetton finished fifth despite having to pit for a new nose cone and tyres after a crash at the Nouvelle Chicane . Bertrand Gachot finished sixth in the final points position after having to pre-qualify on Thursday morning and scored Larrousse 's first and only point of the 1992 season .

neg: Michael May (racing driver) Michael May ( born 18 August 1934 in Stuttgart , Germany ) is a former racing driver from Switzerland . He participated in three Formula One World Championship Grands Prix , debuting on 14 May 1961 . He scored no championship points .   After a crash during practice for the 1961 German Grand Prix , May concentrated on engineering , helping to develop a fuel injection system for Porsche and Ferrari .   May is generally credited with introducing the first manipulated elevated wing onto a racing car - a Porsche 550 - to produce downforce ( or down thrust ) for enhanced braking and cornering speeds to reduce lap times .   He also worked in designing high-compression engines , improving fuel economy among other things . The most notable example was his reworked ` Fireball ' head for the ` high-efficiency ' high-compression Jaguar V-12 HE engine .

neg: 1994 Hungarian Grand Prix The 1994 Hungarian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 14 August 1994 at the Hungaroring , Budapest . It was the tenth race of the 1994 Formula One season .   The race was a comfortable victory for Michael Schumacher . Mika Häkkinen was suspended for the race after his involvement in the collision at the German Grand Prix . Häkkinen had already incurred a one race suspended ban for an accident with Rubens Barrichello at the British Grand Prix .   Häkkinen was replaced for this race by McLaren tester Phillipe Alliot .

neg: Michael Hilgers Michael Hilgers ( born August 6 , 1966 ) is a former field hockey forward from Germany , who won the silver medal at the 1988 Summer Olympics . Four years later , when Barcelona , Spain hosted the Summer Olympics , he was a member of the Men 's National Team that captured the gold medal . Playing club hockey for Gladbacher HTC during his career , he later on became the chief-executive of the Warsteiner HockeyPark in Mönchengladbach , which hosted the 2006 Men 's Hockey World Cup .


query: A central venous catheter is also known as something else.

pos: Central venous catheter A central venous catheter ( CVC ) , also known as a central line , central venous line , or central venous access catheter , is a catheter placed into a large vein . Catheters can be placed in veins in the neck ( internal jugular vein ) , chest ( subclavian vein or axillary vein ) , groin ( femoral vein ) , or through veins in the arms ( also known as a PICC line , or peripherally inserted central catheters ) . It is used to administer medication or fluids that are unable to be taken by mouth or would harm a smaller peripheral vein , obtain blood tests ( specifically the `` central venous oxygen saturation '' ) , and measure central venous pressure .

neg: Pulmonary embolism Pulmonary embolism ( PE ) is a blockage of an artery in the lungs by a substance that has traveled from elsewhere in the body through the bloodstream ( embolism ) . Symptoms of a PE may include shortness of breath , chest pain particularly upon breathing in , and coughing up blood . Symptoms of a blood clot in the leg may also be present such as a red , warm , swollen , and painful leg . Signs of a PE include low blood oxygen levels , rapid breathing , rapid heart rate , and sometimes a mild fever . Severe cases can lead to passing out , abnormally low blood pressure , and sudden death .   PE usually results from a blood clot in the leg that travels to the lung . The risk of blood clots is increased by cancer , prolonged bed rest , smoking , stroke , certain genetic conditions , estrogen-based medication , pregnancy , obesity , and after some types of surgery . A small proportion of cases are due to the embolization of air , fat , or amniotic fluid . Diagnosis is based on signs and symptoms in combination with test results . If the risk is low a blood test known as a D-dimer will rule out the condition . Otherwise a CT pulmonary angiography , lung ventilation/perfusion scan , or ultrasound of the legs may confirm the diagnosis . Together deep vein thrombosis and PE are known as venous thromboembolism ( VTE ) .   Efforts to prevent PE include beginning to move as soon as possible after surgery , lower leg exercises during periods of sitting , and the use of blood thinners after some types of surgery . Treatment is typically with blood thinners such as heparin or warfarin . Often these are recommended for six months or longer . Severe cases may require thrombolysis using medication such as tissue plasminogen activator ( tPA ) , or may require surgery such as a pulmonary thrombectomy . If blood thinners are not appropriate , a vena cava filter may be used .   Pulmonary emboli affect about 430,000 people each year in Europe . In the United States between 300,000 and 600,000 cases occur each year , which results in between 50,000 and 200,000 deaths . Rates are similar in males and females . They become more common as people get older .

neg: Central sterile services department The central sterile services department ( CSSD ) , also called sterile processing department ( SPD ) , sterile processing , central supply department ( CSD ) , or central supply , is an integrated place in hospitals and other health care facilities that performs sterilization and other actions on medical devices , equipment and consumables ; for subsequent use by health workers in the operating theatre of the hospital and also for other aseptic procedures , e.g. catheterization , wound stitching and bandaging in a medical , surgical , maternity or paediatric ward .

neg: Varicose veins Varicose veins are veins that have become enlarged and twisted . The term commonly refers to the veins on the leg , although varicose veins can occur elsewhere . Veins have pairs of leaflet valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards ( retrograde flow or venous reflux ) . Leg muscles pump the veins to return blood to the heart ( the skeletal-muscle pump ) , against the effects of gravity . When veins become varicose , the leaflets of the valves no longer meet properly , and the valves do not work ( valvular incompetence ) . This allows blood to flow backwards and they enlarge even more . Varicose veins are most common in the superficial veins of the legs , which are subject to high pressure when standing . Besides being a cosmetic problem , varicose veins can be painful , especially when standing . Severe long-standing varicose veins can lead to leg swelling , venous eczema , skin thickening ( lipodermatosclerosis ) and ulceration . Although life-threatening complications are uncommon , varicose veins may be confused with deep vein thrombosis , which may be life-threatening .   Non-surgical treatments include sclerotherapy , elastic stockings , leg elevation and exercise . The traditional surgical treatment has been vein stripping to remove the affected veins . Newer , less invasive treatments which seal the main leaking vein are available . Alternative techniques , such as ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy , radiofrequency ablation and endovenous laser treatment , are available as well . Because most of the blood in the legs is returned by the deep veins , the superficial veins , which return only about 10 % of the total blood of the legs , can usually be removed or ablated without serious harm .   Secondary varicose veins are those developing as collateral pathways , typically after stenosis or occlusion of the deep veins , a common sequel of extensive deep venous thrombosis ( DVT ) . Treatment options are usually support stockings , occasionally sclerotherapy and rarely , limited surgery .   Varicose veins are distinguished from reticular veins ( blue veins ) and telangiectasias ( spider veins ) , which also involve valvular insufficiency , by the size and location of the veins . Many patients who suffer with varicose veins seek out the assistance of physicians who specialize in vein care or peripheral vascular disease . These physicians include vascular surgeons , phlebologists or interventional radiologists .

neg: CVN CVN may refer to :   Central Venous Nutrition , in parenteral nutrition  Cable Value Network , a 1980s cable shopping channel , purchased in 1989 by QVC  Charpy V-notch Number ( Charpy Energy ) , the output of a Charpy impact test  Card Verification Number for credit cards ( 3 digits on the back of the card )  Courtroom View Network , a media company that webcasts trials  Canes Venatici ( constellation ) , CVn , standard astronomical abbreviation  CVN ( Cruiser Voler Nuclear ) , a United States Navy hull classification symbol for nuclear aircraft carriers  Crime Victim Notification ( computerised system )  Countervandalism Network , a network of volunteers dedicated to reducing vandalism on Wikimedia Foundation wikis

neg: William Ganz William Ganz ( January 7 , 1919 - November 11 , 2009 ) was a Slovakian-born American cardiologist who co-invented the pulmonary artery catheter , often referred to as the Swan-Ganz catheter , with Jeremy Swan in 1970 . The catheter is used to monitor heart conditions , especially in intensive care units . Ganz was also one of the first cadiologists to use enzymes to open clogged arteries , which can lead to heart attacks .   Ganz was born in Kosice , located in modern-day Slovakia , in 1919 . He enrolled at the Charles University School of Medicine in Prague , Czechoslovakia , in 1938 . The school was closed in 1940 following the start of Nazi Germany 's occupation Czechoslovakia . Ganz , who was Jewish , was sent to a Nazi labor camp in Hungary during World War II . He was scheduled to be sent to Auschwitz in 1944 , but escaped and went into hiding . After World War II , Ganz graduated from Charles University in 1947 at the top of his class .   Ganz worked in Czechoslovakia , which was under Communist rule at the time . In 1966 , Ganz was permitted to take his wife , Magda , and the couple 's two sons on a vacation to Italy . Instead , the family went to Vienna , Austria , where they applied for a visa to the United States . He had relatives in Los Angeles , which allowed the family to move to the United States . Ganz gained a position at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , where he remained for the rest of his career .   Ganz and Dr. Jeremy Swan first developed the idea for the pulmonary artery catheter in 1970 . A balloon is placed at the end of a flexible catheter , which is inserted into the pulmonary artery . Additionally , Ganz had a role in the development of thrombolysis , in which enzymes breakdown blood clots .   Ganz died of natural causes on November 11 , 2009 , at the age of 90 . He was survived by his sons , Dr. Peter Ganz , a cardiologist at UCSF , and Dr. Tomas Ganz , a pulmonologist at UCLA . His wife , Magda Ganz , died in 2005 .

neg: Cordectomy Cordectomy is the surgical removal of a cord . It usually refers to removal of the vocal cord , often for the purpose of treating Laryngeal Cancer . The word is derived from the Greek , combining `` Chorde '' and `` ektome '' meaning excision . It can be carried out by traditional surgical techniques or , increasingly , by Carbon Dioxide Laser . CO2 laser cordectomy has allowed the treatment of glottic carcinoma as a day case procedure . The procedure has also been carried out by vets to prevent incessant barking by dogs . In Human , this type of surgeries are usually done by the Otolaryngologists and Oral & Maxillofacial Surgeons .   Prior to surgery , the patient must be informed of serious , debilitating , and permanent consequences of surgery , most notably the loss of speaking capacity with severity correlating to the portion of vocal cords removed . A patient will be incapable of producing most vocal sounds following total cordectomy , although certain primal deep guttural screams may still be produced , with the patient almost always retaining the ability to speak in whispers . There is little no chance of a patient recovering their voice following a complete or near-complete cordectomy as the procedure literally removes the organs responsible for vocal utterances , and patients with a less-than-entire cordectomy will always lose some or most of their vocal range ( again corresponding to the section and amount of removed vocal cords ) . Doctors are encouraged to explore alternative communication technologies with patients ( such as voice-boxes , whisper-amplifying devices , and text = to-speak softwares ) prior to determining the acceptability of the procedure . Patients should be made to understand that the procedure is absolutely permanent and their vocal capacity ( with current technology ) will never recover to its range prior to the surgery , and patients with small percentages of cord removals will experience disproportionately severe loss of vocal range compared to the loss suffered by patients who have undergone a near-entire cordectomy procedure .   The indications being Carcinoma of Vocal cords and Early Glottic Carcinoma etc. .   According to the European Laryngeal Society , Cordectomy is classified into followings :   1 ) Type I : Subepithelial cordectomy  2 ) Type II : Subligamental cordectomy  3 ) Type III : Transmuscular cordectomy  4 ) Type IV : Total or Complete cordectomy   Category : Oral and maxillofacial surgery

neg: Echocardiography An echocardiogram , often referred to as a cardiac echo or simply an echo , is a sonogram of the heart . ( It is not abbreviated as ECG , because that is an abbreviation for an electrocardiogram . ) Echocardiography uses standard two-dimensional , three-dimensional , and Doppler ultrasound to create images of the heart .   Echocardiography has become routinely used in the diagnosis , management , and follow-up of patients with any suspected or known heart diseases . It is one of the most widely used diagnostic tests in cardiology . It can provide a wealth of helpful information , including the size and shape of the heart ( internal chamber size quantification ) , pumping capacity , and the location and extent of any tissue damage . An echocardiogram can also give physicians other estimates of heart function , such as a calculation of the cardiac output , ejection fraction , and diastolic function ( how well the heart relaxes ) .   Echocardiography can help detect cardiomyopathies , such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy , dilated cardiomyopathy , and many others . The use of stress echocardiography may also help determine whether any chest pain or associated symptoms are related to heart disease . The biggest advantage to echocardiography is that it is not invasive ( does not involve breaking the skin or entering body cavities ) and has no known risks or side effects .   Not only can an echocardiogram create ultrasound images of heart structures , but it can also produce accurate assessment of the blood flowing through the heart by Doppler echocardiography , using pulsed - or continuous-wave Doppler ultrasound . This allows assessment of both normal and abnormal blood flow through the heart . Color Doppler , as well as spectral Doppler , is used to visualize any abnormal communications between the left and right sides of the heart , any leaking of blood through the valves ( valvular regurgitation ) , and estimate how well the valves open ( or do not open in the case of valvular stenosis ) . The Doppler technique can also be used for tissue motion and velocity measurement , by tissue Doppler echocardiography .   Echocardiography was also the first ultrasound subspecialty to use intravenous contrast . ( See Contrast echocardiography )   Echocardiography is performed by cardiac sonographers , cardiac physiologists ( UK ) , or physicians trained in echocardiography .   Recognized as the `` Father of Echocardiography '' , the Swedish physician Inge Edler ( 1911-2001 ) , a graduate of Lund University , was the first of his profession to apply in diagnosing cardiac disease ultrasonic pulse echo imaging technique , which the acoustical physicist Floyd Firestone had developed to detect defects in metal castings . In fact , Dr. Edler in 1953 produced the first echocardiographs using an industrial Firestone-Sperry Ultrasonic Reflectoscope . In developing echocardiography , Edler worked with the physicist Carl Hellmuth Hertz , the son of the Nobel laureate Gustav Hertz and grandnephew of Heinrich Rudolph Hertz .

neg: Internal jugular vein The internal jugular vein is a paired jugular vein that collects blood from the brain and the superficial parts of the face and neck .  The vein runs in the carotid sheath with the common carotid artery and vagus nerve .

neg: Needle holder A needle holder , also called needle driver , is a surgical instrument , similar to a hemostat , used by doctors and surgeons to hold a suturing needle for closing wounds during suturing and surgical procedures .   The parts of a simple needle holder are the jaws , the joint and the handles . Most needle holders also have a clamp mechanism that locks the needle in place , allowing the user to maneuver the needle through various tissues . To maintain a firm grip on the needle , the jaws are often textured and short compared to the handles ( increasing the applied force following the principle of a lever ) .   An example is the Castroviejo needle holder , which is commonly used in eye surgery and microsurgery .

neg: Virchow's triad Virchow 's triad or the triad of Virchow ( -LSB- ˈfɪərkoʊ -RSB- ) describes the three broad categories of factors that are thought to contribute to thrombosis .  Hypercoagulability  Hemodynamic changes ( stasis , turbulence )  Endothelial injury/dysfunction   It is named after the eminent German physician Rudolf Virchow ( 1821-1902 ) . However , the elements comprising Virchow 's triad were neither proposed by Virchow , nor did he ever suggest a triad to describe the pathogenesis of venous thrombosis . In fact , it was decades following Virchow 's death before a consensus was reached proposing that thrombosis is the result of alterations in blood flow , vascular endothelial injury , or alterations in the constitution of the blood . Still , the modern understanding of the factors leading to embolism is similar to the description provided by Virchow . Virchow 's triad remains a useful concept for clinicians and pathologists alike in understanding the contributors to thrombosis .

neg: MET call The MET call ( Medical Emergency Team ) was designed at the Liverpool Hospital , Sydney , Australia in 1990 and has continued to develop and spread around the Western world as part of a Rapid Response System . The MET call is a hospital based system , designed for a nurse ( or other staff member ) to alert and call other staff for help when a patients vital signs have fallen outside set criteria . These criteria were designed around studies suggesting that certain vital sign ranges and symptoms occur before poor patient conditions which may lead to death ( For example , Chest pain , a raise in heart rate and an elevated blood pressure may indicate the patient may be about to have a heart attack ) . In the original model , the criteria also include `` and any patient you are seriously worried about '' , although this is not included in all hospitals despite some observational trials showing it is the most commonly used calling criteria in hospitals that use it .   MET calls may be triggered using vitals sign charts where patient observations breach certain parameters that represent severe deterioration . Triggers may relate to single parameter breaches ( such as an extremely low blood pressure or a very fast heart rate ) , or from a combination of less severe abnormal vital signs that are cumulatively scored to identify a patient at high risk . Such systems are called MEWS or modified early warning score systems . Vital sign charts are often color-coded to aid both the calculation of MEWS and those patient that need a MET call .   The MET call is generally made by a phone call ( e.g. to `` switch '' ) . On the ward it may be via an emergency button on the wall , which sounds a siren , and in some hospitals , a red light will begin flashing outside the patients room . Most staff are encouraged to attend and help as required .   Interventions and tests that the MET call may include : Oxygen ( via a mask ) , Blood glucose levels , CPAP ( Continuous positive airway pressure ) , X-ray , ECG , Vital signs , documentation and Spirometry .   Two to three trained professionals arrive at the room of the Emergency , and will work together with staff to assist the patient , as well as doctors , nurses and anyone who is able to help . Jobs are allocated including someone to record the nature of emergency and what they are doing to fix the problem .  Some patients may be transferred to ICU post MET .   Implementation of the MET system has been controversial . It generally requires ICU medical and nursing staff to move beyond their traditional boundaries of control . It implies extra work , although arguably reduces the workload of patients arriving in ICU . Studies such as the MERIT study have been inconclusive and a source of ongoing controversy . Apart from clinical care implications , the MET system represents a political change within the hospital hierarchy , as it empowers nurses on the ward to summon help from senior critical care medical staff , rather than the traditional route of moving up the medical hierarchy starting with the intern . This political dimension of the MET system is not commonly discussed in scientific literature , and is probably not recognised by most hospital staff , but may underlie much of the resistance to this intuitively appropriate system . Many institutions however already have ` Cardiac Arrest ' or ` Code Blue ' teams that are often activated by nursing staff . Utilising such a system earlier where rapid expert intervention may prevent continued decline culminating in arrest may be one way in which the team can be sold to a resistant medical hierarchy .

neg: Heart murmur Heart murmurs are heart sounds produced when blood flows across one of the heart valves that are loud enough to be heard with a stethoscope .   There are two types of murmurs . A functional murmur or `` physiologic murmur '' is a heart murmur that is primarily due to physiologic conditions outside the heart . Other types of murmurs are due to structural defects in the heart itself . Functional murmurs are benign ( an `` innocent murmur '' ) .   Murmurs may also be the result of various problems , such as narrowing or leaking of valves , or the presence of abnormal passages through which blood flows in or near the heart . Such murmurs , known as pathologic murmurs , should be evaluated by an expert .   Heart murmurs are most frequently categorized by timing , into systolic heart murmurs and diastolic heart murmurs , differing in the part of the heartbeat on which they can be heard . However , continuous murmurs can not be directly placed into either category .

neg: Nomenclature of monoclonal antibodies The nomenclature of monoclonal antibodies is a naming scheme for assigning generic , or nonproprietary , names to monoclonal antibodies . An antibody is a protein that is produced in B cells and used by the immune system of humans and other vertebrate animals to identify a specific foreign object like a bacterium or a virus . Monoclonal antibodies are those that were produced in identical cells , often artificially , and so share the same target object . They have a wide range of applications including medical uses .   This naming scheme is used for both the World Health Organization 's International Nonproprietary Names ( INN ) and the United States Adopted Names ( USAN ) for pharmaceuticals . In general , word stems are used to identify classes of drugs , in most cases placed word-finally . All monoclonal antibody names end with the stem - mab . Unlike most other pharmaceuticals , monoclonal antibody nomenclature uses different preceding word parts ( morphemes ) depending on structure and function . These are officially called substems and sometimes erroneously infixes , even by the USAN Council itself .

neg: Central vein Central vein can refer to :  Central veins of liver  Central retinal vein  Central vein of suprarenal gland   Also :  Kuhnt 's postcentral vein

neg: Peritoneovenous shunt A peritoneovenous shunt ( also called LeVeen Shunt ) is a shunt which drains peritoneal fluid from the peritoneum into veins , usually the internal jugular vein or the superior vena cava . It is sometimes used in patients with refractory ascites .   It is a long tube with a non-return valve running subcutaneously from the peritoneum to the internal jugular vein in the neck , which allows ascitic fluid to pass directly into the systemic circulation .   Possible complications include :  Infection  Superior vena caval thrombosis  Pulmonary edema  Bleeding from varices  Disseminated intravascular coagulation

neg: Vascular headache A vascular headache is an outdated term to describe certain types of headache which were thought to be related to blood vessel swelling and hyperemia as cause of pain .   There is no doubt that some headaches are caused by vascular effects . However , it is no longer a recognized term and not mentioned in the Headache classification of the International Headache society ( IHS ) , although it is still used by some physicians and still mentioned in some medical classification systems .   Headaches that were described as being vascular headaches include :  Cluster headache  Migraine  Toxic headache

neg: Shunt (medical) In medicine , a shunt is a hole or a small passage which moves , or allows movement of , fluid from one part of the body to another . The term may describe either congenital or acquired shunts ; and acquired shunts ( sometimes referred to as iatrogenic shunts ) may be either biologicial or mechanical .   Cardiac shunts may be described as right-to-left , left-to-right or bidirectional , or as systemic-to-pulmonary or pulmonary-to-systemic .  Cerebral shunt : In cases of hydrocephalus and other conditions that cause chronic increased intracranial pressure , a one-way valve is used to drain excess cerebrospinal fluid from the brain and carry it to other parts of the body . This valve usually sits outside the skull , but beneath the skin , somewhere behind the ear .  Lumbar-peritoneal shunt : In cases of chronic increased intracranial pressure such as Idiopathic intracranial hypertension and Hydrocephalus , a tube or shunt with or without a one-way valve is used to drain the excess cerebrospinal fluid from the brain and transport it to the peritoneal cavity , which is a cavity located in the abdomen area of the body . This shunt is usually inserted in between two of the vertebrae in the lumbar and punctures the cerebrospinal fluid sack or lumbar subarachnoid space , it then runs beneath the skin to the peritoneal cavity , where it is eventually drained away by the normal bodily fluid drainage system .  A Peritoneovenous shunt : ( also called Denver shunt ) is a shunt which drains peritoneal fluid from the peritoneum into veins , usually the internal jugular vein or the superior vena cava . It is sometimes used in patients with refractory ascites . It is a long tube with a non-return valve running subcutaneously from the peritoneum to the internal jugular vein in the neck , which allows ascitic fluid to pass directly into the systemic circulation .   Possible Complications  Bleeding from varices  DIC ( Disseminated intravascular coagulation )  Infection  Superior vena caval thrombosis  Pulmonary edema   Pulmonary shunts exist when there is normal perfusion to an alveolus , but ventilation fails to supply the perfused region .  A portosystemic shunt ( PSS ) , also known as a liver shunt , is a bypass of the liver by the body 's circulatory system . It can be either a congenital or acquired condition . Congenital PSS is an uncommon condition in dogs and cats , found mainly in small dog breeds such as Miniature Schnauzers and Yorkshire Terriers , and in cats such as Persians , Himalayans , and mix breeds . Acquired PSS is also uncommon and is found in older dogs with liver disease causing portal hypertension , especially cirrhosis .  A portacaval shunt / portal caval shunt is a treatment for high blood pressure in the liver .  A transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt ( TIPS ) is an artificial channel within the liver that establishes communication between the inflow portal vein and the outflow hepatic vein . It is used to treat portal hypertension .  VASP ( Vesicoamniotic shunting procedure ) : Fetal lower urinary tract outflow obstruction prevents the unborn baby from passing urine . This can result in a reduction in the volume of amniotic fluid , and problems with the development of the baby 's lungs and kidneys . A vesico -- amniotic shunt is a tube that it is inserted into the unborn baby 's bladder to drain the excess fluid into the surrounding space .

neg: Medical terminology Medical terminology is language used to precisely describe the human body including its components , processes , conditions affecting it , and procedures performed upon in . It is to be used in the field of medicine .   Notable aspects of medical terminology include the use of Latin terms and regular morphology , with the same suffixes and prefixes use quite consistently for a particular meaning . This regular morphology means that once reasonable number of morphemes are learned it becomes easy to understand very precise terms build up from these morphemes . A lot of medical language is anatomical terminology , concerning itself with the names of various parts of the body .

neg: Abbreviated New Drug Application An Abbreviated New Drug Application ( ANDA ) is an application for a U.S. generic drug approval for an existing licensed medication or approved drug .   The ANDA is submitted to FDA 's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research , Office of Generic Drugs , which provides for the review and ultimate approval of a generic drug product . Once approved , an applicant may manufacture and market the generic drug product to provide a safe , effective , low cost alternative to the American public . Electronic submissions of ANDAs have grown by 70 % since November 2008 . The Section IV challenge has been credited with suppressing new drug innovation .   A generic drug product is one that is comparable to an innovator drug product in dosage form , strength , route of administration , quality , performance characteristics and intended use . All approved products , both innovator and generic , are listed in FDA 's Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations ( Orange Book ) .   Generic drug applications are termed `` abbreviated '' because ( in comparison with a New Drug Application ) they are generally not required to include preclinical ( animal and in vitro ) and clinical ( human ) trial data to establish safety and effectiveness . Instead , generic applicants must scientifically demonstrate that their product is bioequivalent ( i.e. , performs in the same manner as the innovator drug ) . One way scientists demonstrate bioequivalence is to measure the time it takes the generic drug to reach the bloodstream in 24 to 36 healthy volunteers . This gives them the rate of absorption , or bioavailability , of the generic drug , which they can then compare to that of the innovator drug . The generic version must deliver the same amount of active ingredients into a patient 's bloodstream in the same amount of time as the innovator drug . In cases of topically active drugs , the bioequivalence of a drug can be demonstrated by comparing drugs dissolution or transdermal drug absorption is compared with the innovator drug . In cases of systemically active drugs , active drug blood concentration of that drug is compared with the innovator drug .   Using bioequivalence as the basis for approving generic copies of drug products was established by the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984 , also known as the Hatch-Waxman Act . This Act expedites the availability of less costly generic drugs by permitting FDA to approve applications to market generic versions of brand-name drugs without conducting costly and duplicative clinical trials . At the same time , the brand-name companies can apply for up to five additional years longer patent protection for the new medicines they developed to make up for time lost while their products were going through FDA 's approval process . Brand-name drugs are subject to the same bioequivalence tests as generics upon reformulation .

neg: Dextro-Transposition of the great arteries dextro-Transposition of the great arteries ( d-Transposition of the great arteries , dextro-TGA , or d-TGA ) , sometimes also referred to as complete transposition of the great arteries , is a birth defect in the large arteries of the heart . The primary arteries ( the aorta and the pulmonary artery ) are transposed .   It is called a cyanotic congenital heart defect ( CHD ) because the newborn infant turns blue from lack of oxygen .   In segmental analysis , this condition is described as ventriculoarterial discordance with atrioventricular concordance , or just ventriculoarterial discordance .   d-TGA is often referred to simply as transposition of the great arteries ( TGA ) ; however , TGA is a more general term which may also refer to levo-transposition of the great arteries ( l-TGA ) .   Another term commonly used to refer to both d-TGA and l-TGA is transposition of the great vessels ( TGV ) , although this term might have an even broader meaning than TGA .