query: Halle Berry has 0 children.

pos: Halle Berry Halle Maria Berry ( born Maria Halle Berry ; August 14 , 1966 ) is an American actress . She won the 2002 Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in the romantic drama Monster 's Ball ( 2001 ) . As of 2017 , she is the only black woman to have won a Best Actress Academy Award .   Berry was one of the highest paid actresses in Hollywood during the 2000s and has been involved in the production of several of the films in which she performed . She is also a Revlon spokesmodel . Before becoming an actress , she started modeling and entered several beauty contests , finishing as the 1st runner-up in the Miss USA Pageant and coming in 6th place in the Miss World Pageant in 1986 . Her breakthrough film role was in the romantic comedy Boomerang ( 1992 ) , alongside Eddie Murphy , which led to roles in films such as the comedy The Flintstones ( 1994 ) , the political comedy-drama Bulworth ( 1998 ) and the television film Introducing Dorothy Dandridge ( 1999 ) , for which she won the Emmy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Actress , among many other awards .   In addition to her Academy Award win , Berry garnered high-profile roles in the 2000s such as Storm in the X-Men film series ( beginning in 2000 ) , the action crime thriller Swordfish ( 2001 ) , and the spy film Die Another Day ( 2002 ) , where she played Bond Girl Jinx . She then appeared in the X-Men sequels , X2 ( 2003 ) and X-Men : The Last Stand ( 2006 ) . In the 2010s , she appeared in movies such as the science fiction film Cloud Atlas ( 2012 ) , the crime thriller The Call ( 2013 ) and X-Men : Days of Future Past ( 2014 ) .   Berry was formerly married to baseball player David Justice , and singer-songwriter Eric Benét . She has a daughter by model Gabriel Aubry , and a son by actor Olivier Martinez .

neg: Bob Berry (American football) Robert Chadwick `` Bob '' Berry ( born March 10 , 1942 ) is a former American football player , a quarterback in the National Football League for twelve seasons . He was selected to one Pro Bowl in 1969 as a member of the Atlanta Falcons . Berry was a member of three Super Bowl teams with the Minnesota Vikings in the mid-1970s .

neg: W. H. Berry William Henry Berry ( 23 March 1870 -- 2 May 1951 ) , always billed as W. H. Berry , was an English comic actor . After learning his craft in pierrot and concert entertainments , he was spotted by the actor-manager George Grossmith Jr. , and appeared in a series of musical comedies in comic character roles . His greatest success was as Mr. Meebles , the hapless magistrate in The Boy in 1917 .   Berry was a pioneer broadcaster , making radio appearances within months of the launch of the BBC . He was still broadcasting in the late 1930s . He also appeared in variety .

neg: Gothika Gothika is a 2003 American psychological horror thriller film directed by Mathieu Kassovitz and written by Sebastian Gutierrez . Halle Berry plays a psychiatrist in a women 's mental hospital who wakes up one day to find herself on the other side of the bars , accused of having murdered her husband . The film was first released on November 21 , 2003 in the United States . At the time of its release , Gothika was the most successful film from Dark Castle Entertainment , with a worldwide gross of $ 141.6 million .

neg: Alexandra Burke discography The discography of British R&B and pop recording artist Alexandra Burke , which consists of one studio album , seven singles as a main artist , two as a featured artist and nine music videos . All songs which have been released under the recording label of Sony BMG and Syco Music .   Alexandra made her debut in 2008 when she auditioned for British reality talent show , The X Factor during the fifth series , and ultimately won the show on 12 December 2008 . During the series she dueted with Beyoncé Knowles on Knowles ' `` Listen '' . After winning the show , she instantly had a record deal with Sony BMG and Syco Music and released debut single , `` Hallelujah '' . `` Hallelujah '' peaked at number-one on the UK Singles Chart and the Irish Singles Chart . The song became the current European record holder for single sales over a period of 24 hours , selling 105,000 copies in one day . It was also the top-selling song of the year in the UK , and became the 2008 UK Christmas number one single . By January 2009 , UK sales of Burke 's version had passed one million copies , a first for a British female soloist . The music video for the song was directed by Max and Dania who directed the charity single Burke released with fellow X Factor Finalists 2008 , `` Hero '' which also charted at number-one on the UK Singles Chart and Irish Singles Chart .   Burke returned in late 2009 with follow up single , `` Bad Boys '' which featured vocals from American rapper , Flo Rida . She performed the song on the first live show of the sixth series of The X Factor . The R&B single debuted at number-one on the UK Singles Chart and Irish Singles Chart as well as Burke gaining international success with the single . `` Bad Boys '' went on to gain a Platinum certification and Burke was nominated for a BRIT Award , it was the second time Burke was nominated for the Best British Single , first time with `` Hallelujah '' . In the UK , `` Bad Boys '' is the 18th Biggest Download of all time .   She released her debut album Overcome in October 2009 . It was described as `` edgy '' and `` beaty '' . The album was said to resemble artists such as Rihanna or Lady Gaga . Upon the release of the album , the album went straight to number one on the UK Albums Chart selling 132,065 in its first week . Its first-week numbers were the fourth largest first-week sales by a female artist in 2009 behind releases by Susan Boyle , Lily Allen and Leona Lewis and was the twenty-second best-selling album of 2009 , and the forty-third best-selling album of 2010 . The album spent 60 weeks on the UK Albums Chart and has been certified double platinum by The British Recorded Music Industry for shipments over 600,000 copies . `` Broken Heels '' was released as the album third single and `` All Night Long '' featuring Pitbull as the fourth . `` All Night Long '' received a platinum certification and Burke was nominated for another BRIT Award in 2010 . `` Start Without You '' was released in mid-2010 and the song went on to top the UK Singles Chart , `` The Silence '' was released as the final single from the album .   Work began in 2011 on a second studio album , titled Heartbreak on Hold - was released on the 4 June 2012 . The lead single , `` Elephant '' - featuring Erick Morillo - was released on 11 March 2012 through RCA Records , where it debuted at number three in the United Kingdom ; marking Burke 's sixth top ten single as a solo artist . A second single , `` Let It Go '' was released and underperformed peaking at 33 . The album then debuted and peaked at 18

neg: Hallelujah! (TV series) Hallelujah ! was a British sitcom made by Yorkshire Television for the ITV network and was broadcast from 29 April 1983 to 21 December 1984 .   The series was set in a Salvation Army citadel in the fictional Yorkshire town of Brigthorpe during series 1 ( and later in the fictional place of Blackwick in series 2 ) . Captain Emily Ridley ( Thora Hird ) has been posted there , having been an active member of the Salvation Army for 42 years . Despite the town and residents being seemingly pleasant , Emily is determined to flush out sin from behind the net curtains . Assisting Emily are her niece Alice Meredith ( Patsy Rowlands ) .   The programme was a repeat collaboration between Hird and the creator Dick Sharples , having worked together on the comedy series In Loving Memory between 1979 and 1986 .   The series also featured guest appearances from the likes of Hird 's Last of the Summer Wine co-star Michael Aldridge and television presenter Richard Whiteley .

neg: Berry Center Berry Center may refer to :   Richard E. Berry Educational Support Center , Cypress , Texas , United States  Berry Events Center , Marquette , Michigan , United States

neg: Jennifer Grant Jennifer Diane Grant ( born February 26 , 1966 ) is an American actress , the only child of actors Cary Grant and Dyan Cannon . She is best known for roles in the television series Beverly Hills , 90210 and Movie Stars .

neg: Alex Haley's Queen Alex Haley 's Queen ( also known as Queen ) is a 1993 American television miniseries that aired in three installments on February 14 , 16 , and 18 on CBS . The miniseries is an adaptation of the novel Queen : The Story of an American Family , by Alex Haley and David Stevens . The novel is based on the life of Queen Jackson Haley , Haley 's paternal grandmother . Alex Haley died in February 1992 before completing the novel . It was later finished by David Stevens and published in 1993 . Stevens also wrote the screenplay for the miniseries .   Alex Haley 's Queen was directed by John Erman , and stars Halle Berry in the title role . It tells the life story of a young woman and it shows the problems which biracial slaves and former slaves faced in the United States during the 19th and 20th centuries . Throughout her life , Queen struggles to fit into the two cultures of her heritage , and at times each side shuns her .

neg: Amanda Berry Amanda Berry may refer to :   Amanda Berry ( born 1986 ) , Cleveland kidnapping survivor  Amanda Sonia Berry ( born 1961 ) , Chief Executive of the British Academy of Film and Television Arts ( BAFTA )  Amanda Berry Smith ( 1837 -- 1915 ) , American religious leader and former slave

neg: Hallerin Hilton Hill Hallerin Hilton Hill ( born 1964 ) is an American talk radio host on Newstalk 98.7 WOKI Knoxville , Tennessee , and television talk show host of Anything is Possible on WBIR-TV in Knoxville . For two years ( 2003-2005 ) he hosted a separate talk radio show on Nashville 's WGFX .   Hill also works as singer/songwriter , author , motivational speaker , and trainer . He wrote `` Who Would Imagine a King '' along with Mervyn Warren which was recorded by Whitney Houston for the film The Preacher 's Wife , and was included on the film 's Grammy-nominated soundtrack .   Hill earned his bachelor 's degree in communications at Oakwood University in Huntsville , Alabama . He resides in Knoxville , Tennessee with his wife and children .

neg: Sugar Symphony Sugar Symphony is the debut extended play ( EP ) by American recording duo Chloe x Halle . It was released under Parkwood Entertainment , under exclusive license to Columbia Records , on April 29 , 2016 . The EP was their first official release since being signed by Beyoncé . The EP features their debut single , `` Drop '' . The music video for the single was directed by Andrew Hines , and currently has over two million views on YouTube .   In March 2016 , Michelle Obama introduced Chloe and Halle at the White House Easter Egg Roll , where they performed `` Fall '' from the EP , alongside Michelle Obama 's `` This Is For My Girls '' and an unreleased track , `` Baby Bird '' . In June , they performed `` Drop '' at the YouTube Music Foundry in New York City , and later in the month at the BET Awards 2016 in Los Angeles . In July , they performed songs from the EP as a support act for the European leg of Beyoncé 's The Formation World Tour .

neg: Mike Berry (actor) Mike Berry ( born Michael Hubert Bourne , 24 September 1942 ) is an English actor and singer , known for his appearances as Mr. Spooner on the British sitcom Are You Being Served ? .

neg: Joy Rose Martha Joy Rose is a musician and the president and founder of Mamapalooza , a company which advocates for the value of motherhood in society . Rose is also executive director of the Motherhood Foundation , a 501c3 non-profit organization . Mamapalooza and the Motherhood Foundation have established the Museum of Motherhood in New York City , which opened in 2011 .   She was a songwriter and club singer in the 1980s with two dance charts hits , `` In and Out of Love Affairs , '' and `` Sexual Voodoo , '' and founded the rock band Housewives on Prozac in 1997 , which by 2004 had recorded two live albums . She is the mother of Ali Marpet , an American football offensive lineman for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers of the National Football League ( NFL ) .   In 2015 Joy was featured in Peter Freed 's Prime Book , which received international attention for challenging stereotypes about women and aging . The book features images of Christy Turlington and NBC newscaster Natalie Morales among others .

neg: Wendell Berry Wendell Erdman Berry ( born August 5 , 1934 ) is an American novelist , poet , environmental activist , cultural critic , and farmer . A prolific author , he has written many novels , short stories , poems , and essays . He is an elected member of the Fellowship of Southern Writers , a recipient of The National Humanities Medal , and the Jefferson Lecturer for 2012 . He is also a 2013 Fellow of The American Academy of Arts and Sciences . Berry was named the recipient of the 2013 Richard C. Holbrooke Distinguished Achievement Award . On January 28 , 2015 , he became the first living writer to be inducted into the Kentucky Writers Hall of Fame .

neg: 1st Chō Berryz is the first full-length album by J-pop group Berryz Kobo . It was released on July 7 , 2004 .

neg: Rachel Berry (legislator) Rachel Emma Berry ( née Allen ) ( March 11 , 1859 -- November 25 , 1948 ) was an American suffragist and politician who in 1914 was elected to a seat in the Arizona House of Representatives to represent Apache County , Arizona .

neg: Sid Halley Sid Halley ( John Sidney Halley ) is a fictional character in four Dick Francis novels , Odds Against , Whip Hand , Come to Grief , Under Orders and one follow-up book by Felix Francis , Refusal . He is a former British jump racing Champion Jockey and private detective . He is the only central character to appear in more than two Francis novels , and one of only two to appear more than once . ( The other is Kit Fielding of Break In and Bolt . )

neg: Berry Hill, Tennessee Berry Hill is a city in Davidson County , Tennessee . According to the 2010 census , the city had a population of 537 . The current mayor is Beth Sartain .

neg: 3 Natsu Natsu Mini Berryz is the third studio album ( a mini-album ) by the Japanese girl group Berryz Kobo . It was released in Japan on July 5 , 2006 . It 's the group 's third studio album ( Although this is a mini album ) , fourth non-single release , and fifteenth audio release overall .3 Natsu Natsu Mini Berryz is a concept album with a summer theme . It is also Berryz ' second seasonal-themed release ( Their previous EP , Special ! Best Mini : 2.5 Maime no Kare '' , featured a winter theme in its artwork but no winter-related songs ) and features their previous single `` Jiriri Kiteru '' along with five tracks exclusive to the EP .   The EP is equally notable to Berryz fans for featuring separate members , or clusters of members , covering summer-related Hello ! Project songs by Aya Matsuura , Coconuts Musume , and 3nin Matsuri .   The album debuted at number 20 in the Oricon Weekly Single Chart , remaining in the list for 3 weeks .

neg: One Dozen Berrys One Dozen Berrys is the second studio album of Chuck Berry , released in March 1958 on Chess Records , catalogue LP 1432 . With the exception of five tracks , `` Rockin ' at the Philharmonic , '' `` Guitar Boogie , '' `` In-Go , '' `` How You 've Changed , '' and `` It Do n't Take but a Few Minutes , '' all selections had been previously released on 45 rpm singles . It was also released in the United Kingdom .


query: Haim Saban is an Israeli-American musician.

pos: Haim Saban Haim Saban ( -LSB- səˈbɑːn -RSB- חיים סבן born October 15 , 1944 ) is an Israeli-American media proprietor , investor , philanthropist , musician , record , film & television producer . A businessman with interests in financial services , entertainment , and media , and an estimated net worth of $ 3 billion , he is ranked by Forbes as the 232nd richest person in America . Saban is the founder of Saban Entertainment , producer and distributor of children 's television programs in the US such as Power Rangers . He headed up consortiums which purchased the broadcasters ProSiebenSat .1 Media and Univision Communications . He is a major donor to the US Democratic Party and active in pro-Israel political efforts in the US . In March 2017 , Saban was honored with the 2,605 th star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his achievements in television .

neg: Siyum A siyum ( `` completion '' ) is the completion of any unit of Torah study , or book of the Mishnah or Talmud in Judaism . A siyum is usually followed by a celebratory meal , or seudat mitzvah , a meal in honor of a mitzvah , or commandment . Siyum also refers to the celebration .   An enduring custom is for the community to complete a unit of Torah or tractate ( s ) of Talmud during the 30 days following the death of a beloved one and hold a communal siyum thereafter , in tribute and honor of the memory of the deceased .   It has become customary for synagogues to arrange a siyum on the morning before Passover to allow those fasting for Ta'anit Bechorim ( Fast of the Firstborn ) to break their fast , taking advantage of the halakhic principle that prioritizes Torah study .   A siyum ha-sefer , meaning `` completion of the book , '' is also held as a ceremonial completion and dedication of a sefer Torah , a handwritten copy of the Torah , the most important Jewish ritual object , which is kept in the Ark of a synagogue .   Usually , when an individual or a group conclude the study of any tractate of the Talmud , or even of the Mishnah , a siyum is celebrated . At the end of every volume of the Talmud a special hadran prayer is printed with a set order of prayers and a special kaddish , Kaddish D'itchadita , in honor of the completion of that volume , which Judaism considers to be an important achievement and a milestone worth celebrating .   In the merit and honor of a deceased individual , it is customary to undertake Mishnah study with the goal of holding a siyum .   Rabbi Moshe Feinstein , based on the Nemukei Yosef , the Ran ( Rabbeinu Nissim ) , the Rashbam , and the Eliyah Rabbah , extends the concept of a siyum to include even a festive meal celebrating the completion of any mitzvah ( commandment ) that has taken a significant duration of time ( such as a number of weeks or months ) .

neg: Saheb Sarbib Saheb Sarbib ( born 1944 ) is an American jazz double-bassist and bandleader .   Sarbib , born Jean Henri Sarbib , was raised in Europe . His father was Roger Sarbib , a French pianist and innovator of the big band style in Portugal in the 1940s and 1950s , who also played piano behind French singers such as Edith Piaf , Charles Trenet and Maurice Chevalier . From 1973 -- 1977 Sarbib led his own ensembles in France ; Daunik Lazro , François Jeanneau , Muhammad Ali , and Mino Cinélu were among those who played with him as sidemen . In Europe he performed with Cecil Taylor and Archie Shepp .   In 1977 , Sarbib moved to New York City , where he led small groups and established the Saheb Sarbib Multinational Big Band , with sidemen including Roy Campbell , Jack Walrath , Art Baron , Talib Kibwe , Pete Chavez , Joe Ford , Jemeel Moondoc , Richard Baratta , Mark Whitecage , Dave Hofstra , Guilherme Franco , Booker T. Williams , and the saxophonist Joe Lovano . Paul Nebenzahl helped arrange his charts . Sarbib also performed with Paul Motian , Rashied Ali , Hal Galper and Kirk Lightsey in New York City nightclubs in the late 1970s .   Saheb also played double bass for saxophonist Archie Shepp including his 1984 album Down Home New York alongside Charles McGhee on trumpet , Kenny Werner on piano , and Marvin `` Smitty '' Smith on drums .   He collaborated with the Portuguese avant-garde ensemble Telectu , playing several times with the duo , including the first edition of the Festival de Jazz de Lisboa . In 1989 the group recorded Encounters II / / Labirintho 7.8 with Saheb .   Sarbib disappeared from music in the late 1980s . He now is an art and antique dealer , husband and father in upstate New York .

neg: Fredrick Kaufman Fredrick Kaufman ( 1936 ) is an American composer .   Kaufman was born in Brooklyn , New York and studied trumpet , composition and jazz at the Manhattan School of Music ( BMus 1959 , MMus 1960 ) . In addition , he studied composition with Vincent Persichetti at the Juilliard School .   He played trumpet with the New York City Ballet Orchestra and later became professor of composition at the University of Wisconsin . After serving as dean of the Philadelphia College for the Performing Arts from 1982 to 1985 , he became director of the School of Music at Florida International University in Miami .   Kaufman is the composer of over one hundred and thirty published compositions that have been performed worldwide by orchestras such as the Warsaw Philharmonic , Israel Philharmonic , Moscow Chamber Orchestra , Moscow Symphony Orchestra , Czech Radio Orchestra , St. Petersburg Philharmonic , Lithuanian Philharmonic and Chamber Orchestra , Czech National Symphony Orchestra , Czech Symphony Orchestra , Jerusalem Symphony , Instrumental Ensemble of Grenoble , London Sinfonietta , Orchestra Novi Musici ( Naples , Italy ) , Dominican Republic National Orchestra , National Orchestra of Brazil , St. Paul Chamber Orchestra , Los Angeles Philharmonic , New World Symphony , and the Pittsburgh Symphony orchestras . His ballets have been danced by companies such as the Royal Swedish Ballet , Royal Winnipeg Ballet , Batsheva Dance Company , Bat-Dor Dance Company , and the Pennsylvania Dance Theater .   Kaufman is a former Fulbright Scholar and author of The African Roots of Jazz , a groundbreaking study that drew heavily on his early musical life as a jazz trumpet player with the Woody Herman Band . He is the recipient of the Darius Milhaud Award in Composition from the Aspen Music Festival , and honors and fellowships from the National Endowment for the Arts , the Rockefeller , Guggenheim and Ford Foundations , the California , Montana and Pennsylvania Arts Councils as well as the Norwegian government .   Fredrick Kaufman 's Holocaust composition Kaddish , which Bernard Holland of The New York Times described as `` having the most expressive writing for strings to be heard today , '' has been performed in the major concert halls of Europe , Eastern Europe , Scandinavia , Israel , South America , Asia and throughout the United States . His works have received prizes at international competitions and have been selected for performances at festivals such as the Aspen Music Festival , Telluride Chamber Music Festival , Music Festival of the Hamptons , Sarasota Music Festival , Israel Festival , Darmstadt Festival for New Music , International Arts Festival in Vilnius , Lithuania , and the St. Cyprien International Festival of the Arts in France .   Renowned artists such as Richard Stoltzman , Julius Baker , Susan Starr , Roy Malan , Mark Drobinsky , Andres Diaz , David Kim , Roberto Diaz , Yehuda Hananni , Charles Neidich , Kemal Gekic , Paul Green , Sarah Lambert Bloom , The Miami String Quartet , The Amernet String Quartet , The Diaz Trio and numerous others have recorded and performed Kaufman 's concertos and chamber music . Additionally , Israeli television has paid tribute to him as a composer in the thirty-minute documentary film Fredrick Kaufman-Life of an Artist .   Critics from the New York Times , the Newark Star-Ledger , the Philadelphia Inquirer , the Miami Herald , the Jerusalem Post , the London Times , the Perpignan Independent , and other newspapers around the world have described Kaufman 's music as striking , individual an interesting combination of overwhelming pathos and infectious joy , brought one into the realm of musical genius .   In 1985 , the Statue of Liberty committee commissioned Fredrick Kaufman to write a choral work Mother of Exiles , for the re-dedication ceremonies of the Statue of Liberty . The composition was premiered by the United Nations Chorus at the ceremony and was broadcast worldwide by network television . WE THE PEOPLE 200 of the City of Philadelphia commissioned Kaufman to write his fifth Symphony , `` The American '' , in 1987 for the 200th anniversary celebration of the Constitution . Maestro Kaufman conducted the premiere performance which was nationally broadcast on NBC-TV . Over the past 10 years , Kaufman has been called upon repeatedly to conduct his compositions around the world .   In 1997 , the Miami Herald voted Maestro Fredrick Kaufman one of the 10 most influential people in the arts in the city of Miami . Kaufman continues to circle the globe with performances in Taiwan , Hong Kong , Spain , Poland , France , the Czech Republic , Brazil , Israel and Puerto Rico .   His latest multi-cultural works have received overwhelming praise in the press . His Kaminarimon ( for Taiko drums and Flamenco dance ) has been called `` remarkable '' and `` stunning '' and was voted as ? the number one classical composition of 2002 and `` the most imaginative new work of the year '' by , music critic , James Roos of The Miami Herald . His recently commissioned work Yin & Yang : A Dialogue for Two Grand Pianos , was launched and lauded by critics in New York and Miami , where it received its world premiere . String Quartet # 6 , `` The Urban '' was called `` stunning '' by the New Yorker magazine . The Urban Quartet was nominated by Lulkas Foss in 2007 for a Pulitzer Prize .   The points of departure for Kaufman 's writing are often gestures and sound imagery from his own wide ranging background which includes jazz and Eastern European Jewish folk traditions and a foundation deeply steeped in the classics as well as the avant garde . Kaufman continues to stretch the boundaries of standard approaches to composition and the results have been called `` startling '' .   In March , 2011 , Fredrick Kaufman completed the `` Guernica '' Piano Concerto , a commission for the Czech National Symphony Orchestra and concert pianist Kemal Gekic . The `` Guernica '' Concerto was scheduled to be premiered and recorded in the 2013 concert season in Prague by the Czech National Symphony Orchestra at the famed Smetana Concert Hall . The `` Guernica '' Piano Concerto with Kemal Gekic and the Czech National Symphony Orchestra ; his `` Kaddish '' Cello Concerto with soloist Mark Drobinsky and the Czech Radio Orchestra , and `` Seascape '' performed by the Czech Symphony Orchestra will be released on a CD recording by Parma Recording and distributed internationally by Naxos during the summer of 2013 .   Fredrick Kaufman currently resides with his artist wife Florence Kaufman in Miami Beach , where he holds the distinguished position of Professor Emeritus in Composition at Florida International University . Prior to that he held the position of Composer-in-Residence for the university , a position that was created specifically for him . Professor Kaufman was the founding Director of the FIU School of Music for ten years and established its internationally acclaimed FIU Music Festival . He was formerly Academic Dean of the Philadelphia College of the Performing Arts and a faculty member at the University of Wisconsin , the University of Montana at Billings , the University of London and the Rubin Academy of Music in Jerusalem , Israel . Kaufman is the founder and former Artistic Director of the St. Cyprien International Festival of the Arts held in St. Cyprien , France . He has two daughters , artist Laura BenAmots and choreographer/dancer Erica Kaufman .

neg: Nachman Fahrner Nachman Fahrner ( born September 21 , 1972 ) is a contemporary religious Jewish musician in Israel . He is a convert to Judaism . Fahrner 's main influences are Elvis Presley , Django Reinhardt , forties and fifties blues , R&B and rockabilly . He received encouragement from Luther Allison and was a long-time friend of French Jazz-guitarist Patrick Saussois . Both his musical styles and songwriting distinguish him from other religious musicians who often combine traditional Jewish music with folk/rock elements and choose their lyrics from verses from the Torah .

neg: Moshe Cotel Moshe Cotel ( February 20 , 1943 -- October 24 , 2008 ) was a pianist and composer whose music was strongly influenced by his Jewish roots . Cotel moved from his Jewish roots to focus on music for most of his life , and received his rabbinic ordination and synagogue pulpit in the years before his death .   Morris Cotel was born February 20 , 1943 in Baltimore , and was raised in an Orthodox Jewish family . As a youth , Cotel was simultaneously enrolled in the Talmudical Academy of Baltimore and the Peabody Conservatory of the Johns Hopkins University where he studied music and took college-preparatory classes , having enrolled at the age of 9 . He wrote a 200-page symphony as a 13-year-old , to the astonishment of his piano teacher at Peabody who did not believe him until he pulled the completed score out of his bag .   He earned bachelor 's and master 's degrees at the Juilliard School in New York City , in 1964 and 1965 respectively . Cotel won the American Academy in Rome Prize for music composition at age 23 , and studied art in Italy for two years . Cotel had been a professor of music composition at the Peabody Conservatory in Baltimore from 1972 , until he retired in 2000 . After moving to New York City in 1977 , he retained his position at Peabody , commuting to Baltimore on a weekly basis .   A review in The New York Times of a 1977 performance at what is now the Weill Recital Hall at Carnegie Hall , opened with the statement `` That Morris Cotel is a composer-pianist of unusual capabilities seems beyond question . ''   His opera Deronda was based on the title character in George Eliot 's novel Daniel Deronda , a Victorian era English Jew who combines proto-Zionism with Kabbalistic ideas . The Fire and the Mountains is a cantata he wrote that memorializes the Holocaust . The choral piece Trope for Orchestra integrated cantillation used in public readings of the Torah in synagogue . His 1985 two-act opera Dreyfus was based on the trial and conviction of the unjustly accused French officer Alfred Dreyfus and the anti-Semitism it aroused in France .   In anticipation of a trip to Germany and Austria for performances of his opera Dreyfus , Cotel engaged the assistance of a Holocaust survivor from Washington Heights , Manhattan to help improve his German language skills . Cotel later met the same woman , who told him that hearing his efforts to spread the story of Alfred Dreyfus had convinced her to return to Judaism . This encounter convinced Cotel to become a rabbi . As Cotel described the encounter , `` Without knowing it , I had changed this woman 's life , and she had no idea that she had just changed mine '' . He enrolled part-time at the Academy for Jewish Religion in Riverdale shortly after his encounter in Washington Heights . He retired from the Peabody Conservatory from his position as chairman of the composition department in 2003 to devote his full-time efforts to his rabbinical studies and received his rabbinic ordination three years later . `` My religion changed from Judaism to classical music , and in adulthood it changed back again '' were the words Cotel used to describe his transformations .   While playing piano in 1996 , his 3-year-old cat , Ketzel , jumped on the keyboard . Cotel transcribed the descending paw pattern and entered the score in the Paris New Music Review 's One-Minute Competition for pieces under 60 seconds , with Cotel winning honorable mention .   Rabbi Cotel spent his last five years before his death as spiritual leader of Temple Beth El of Manhattan Beach , Brooklyn . Cotel died of natural causes on October 24 , 2008 at age 65 in his apartment on the Upper West Side of Manhattan home . His wife found him on the floor wearing his tallit and tefillin for the morning prayer service , and had assumed he was meditating , knowing that he preferred to pray alone each morning for two hours , before realizing that he had died peacefully .

neg: Kathem Al-Saher Kathem Jabbar Al Samarai better known by his artistic name as Kathem Al-Saher ( -LSB- ; born September 12 , 1957 in Mosul , Iraq ) , is an Iraqi singer , composer and songwriter . He has been dubbed the `` Caesar of Arabic Song '' , and `` Iraq 's Ambassador to the world '' .   Kathem Al-Saher , whose first name is also written alternatively as Kadem or Kadim in Levantine Arabic , and Kazem or Kazim in Egyptian Arabic , and his surname alternatively as El Sahir or Al-Sahir , has established himself as one of the most successful singers in the history of the Arab World , since the start of his career . Ranging from big romantic ballads to more political work , from pop to Arab classical music .   He performs with an orchestra of twenty to thirty musicians on Arabic percussion , oud , qanun , nay , and a full complement of strings ( violin , cello , and bass ) . While some of his work makes use of electronic musical sounds , he avoids the use of synthesizers to imitate acoustic instruments . His work frequently features Iraqi folk instruments , rhythms and melodies .

neg: Ariel Horowitz Ariel Horowitz ( אריאל הורוביץ , born 1970 ) is an Israeli singer-songwriter , and the son of the late Naomi Shemer , widely regarded as one of Israel 's most important songwriters . He is married to the Israeli singer Tamar Giladi .   He has released six albums : Yallah Bye ( 1998 ) , Renée ( 2002 ) , Menase Sefer ( 2004 ) , Zman Emet ( 2008 ) , Album 5 ( 2010 ) , and HaGiborim Sheli ( 2013 ) .   The song `` Yallah Bye '' was one of the most played songs on Voice of Israel , an Israeli radio station , in 1998 .

neg: J.R. Rotem Jonathan Reuven Rotem ( born September 1 , 1975 ) better known by his stage name J.R. Rotem , is an Israeli American record producer , songwriter and music publisher .

neg: Jerusalem Music Centre The Jerusalem Music Centre is an institute for musical education in Mishkenot Sha'ananim , Jerusalem , Israel . The centre helps young Israeli musicians to develop their talents through multi-annual programs and courses , master classes , and performances . The centre also hosts musical events for the public , including concerts , workshops and seminars .

neg: Haim Shapira Haim Shapira was born in Vilnius , Lithuania in 1962 and immigrated to Israel at the age of 14 in 1977 .   Haim Shapira is an Israeli mathematician , pianist , speaker , philosopher and game theorist . He writes in Hebrew , and his books have been translated into English , Spanish , German , Portuguese , Italian , Russian and Korean . He is one of the most sought-after lecturers in Israel , and was also a keynote speaker at TEDxJaffa on game theory and strategy . His first two books in English are Happiness and Other Small Things of Absolute Importance and Gladiators , Pirates and Games of Trust . He also arranged and performed music on the soundtrack for John Wick : Chapter 2 .

neg: Shloimke (Sam) Beckerman Shloimke `` Sam '' Beckerman ( 1883 -- 1974 ) was an American klezmer clarinetist ; he was a contemporary of Dave Tarras and Naftule Brandwein . He was a soloist as well as a member of Paul Whiteman 's Orchestra at the New York 's Little Club in the 1920s . He continued to play well into the 1950s . He was a teacher to Henry Sapoznik , one of the key figures in the revival of klezmer music in the world .   An audiocassette recording of one of his performances at age 70 has recently been discovered and there is fundraising underway to remaster it and release it as a cd by Living Traditions .   His son Sidney Beckerman was a well known klezmer clarinet player in his own right and learned from his father ; he taught many members of the klezmer revival and died in 2007 .   Category :1883 births  Category :1974 deaths  Category : American clarinetists  Category : Klezmer musicians  Category : Jewish musicians

neg: Israel Music Institute The Israel Music Institute ( IMI ) is the first publicly owned music publishing house in Israel . It is devoted primarily to the publication of Israeli art music , but also publishes books and booklets on Israeli music and composers , CDs of Israeli art music , and a periodical , IMI News . It is a non-profit organization supported by the Israel Ministry of Education , Culture and Sport .   The Institute was established in 1961 by the Israel Council for Culture and Arts for the purpose of publishing and promoting serious Israeli music by all means possible . Its first director and editor in chief ( 1961 -- 1989 ) was William Y. Elias . The current director and editor in chief is Yoram Youngerman , appointed in 2012 . The current Chair of the Board is Avi Hanani .   Since its establishment , IMI has acquired the rights to more than 2300 compositions by some 185 Israeli composers . About 85 % of the works under IMI copyright have already appeared in print . IMI publishes compositions by virtually all important contemporary classical Israeli composers working in Israel since 1920 . The Institute 's catalogue encompasses orchestral music , chamber music , solo instrumental music and vocal music ( ranging from solo song to choral and choral-orchestral music ) , electronic music , several operas and ballet scores , and music for educational purposes .   The Institute has also published several musicological studies and promotional materials on Israeli composers . Since 1990 , the Institute has been publishing a comprehensive bulletin , IMI News , which provides news and information on performances of Israeli music , both in Israel and around the world ( including new recordings of Israeli music ) , and articles on recently performed or recently published works and on major issues in Israeli musical life . A list of performances of Israeli music is also available on the Institute 's website , which also lists IMI 's complete catalogue and contains several articles on Israeli music drawn from the Institute 's publications .   The Institute has also produced several CDs of Israeli art music , both on its own label and in cooperation with several other non-profit musical institutions in Israel , as well as marketing CDs of Israeli art music produced by other labels .   IMI collaborates with major orchestras , choirs , chamber ensembles and musical education institutions in Israel , as well as with numerous musical bodies around the world . It is also involved in several major musical events taking place in Israel , including the Paul Ben-Haim Competition -- Young Artists Play Israeli Music ( organised by Jeunesses Musicales Israel ) ; the Arthur Rubinstein International Piano Master Competition ; The International Harp Contest in Israel ; Zimriya , the World Assembly of Choirs in Israel ; and others . Since 2006 , IMI has been producing the Israel Music Celebrations , an annual three-day festival of Israeli music held in Jerusalem and other cities of Israel .   In addition to its role as a publishing house , IMI serves as the Israel Music Information Center ( IMIC ) and is a full member of the IAMIC , the International Association of Music Information Centres , maintaining reciprocal ties with over 40 member countries . It is currently in the process of creating a central library for Israeli music , which aims to make music by all Israeli composers available to musicians for perusal and consultation , both in scores and ( where possible ) in recordings .   Israel Music Institute is represented by leading publishers abroad , as listed on its website .

neg: American Conservatory of Music The American Conservatory of Music ( ACM ) was a major American school of music founded in 1886 by John James Hattstaedt ( 1851 -- 1931 ) . The conservatory was incorporated as an Illinois non-profit corporation . It was located in Chicago until 1991 when its Board of Trustees -- chaired by Frederic Wilbur Hickman ( b. 1927 ) -- voted to close the institution , file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy , liquidate the assets , and dissolve the corporation . An organization in Hammond , Indiana and Belize , currently uses the name `` American Conservatory of Music '' and identifies itself as the reorganized continuation of the Chicago institution .

neg: Atar Arad Atar Arad ( Hebrew : עתר ארד ; born 8 March 1945 ) is an Israeli American violist , professor of music , essayist and composer .

neg: Samy Elmaghribi Samy Elmaghribi ( born in 1922 as Salomon Amzallag , in Safi , died on March 9th , 2008 ) was a Jewish-Moroccan musician . He lived in Paris and Montreal . Originally from Safi , his family moved to Rabat in 1926 . He started to familiarize himself with Arab-Andalusian music and taught himself to play the oud . He later perfected his technique by attending the `` Conservatoire de Musique '' in Casablanca and by following some of the most revered masters of Andalusian music . When he was 20 years old , he decided to quit his position as a sales manager to devote himself entirely to music . Having access to the Moroccan palace , he was one of the most preferred singers of Mohammed V . He left Morocco for Montreal in the 1960s , where he led a synagogue . He also settled in Israel , later to return to Canada . He died on March 9th , 2008 , in Montreal .

neg: Megama The Megama Duo was a Jewish country band consisting of Moshe Yess ( d. 2011 ) and Shalom Levine ( d. 2013 ) . The name Megama is Hebrew for `` direction . ''   Yess was a native of Canada who worked as a musician and arranger for several well-known American pop music artists . In the 1960s Yess shared stages with David Crosby , Jefferson Airplane & The Association . As a solo performer he played Las Vegas , Reno , and other hot spots . In 1978 he moved from Hollywood , California to Jerusalem , Israel and formed the Megama Duo with Shalom Levine . Yess recorded twelve albums and four children 's music videos in all .   Yess 's and Levin 's goal in creating Megama was to communicate the beauty and values of Judaism through American-style music . They toured for more than three and a half years . One tour , which consisted of 32 shows in 29 cities , lasted 42 days . `` My Zaidy '' was Megama 's biggest hit . The well-known disc jockey of the WEVD radio station in New York , Art Raymond , claimed that it was the most requested song he had in eighteen years of broadcasting .

neg: Emor Shalom `` Emor Shalom '' ( Hebrew script : אמור שלום , English translation : `` Say Hello '' ) was the Israeli entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1976 , performed in Hebrew by Chocolate , Menta , Mastik . The singing trio consisted of three young girls , serving formerly in IDF . They were Rutti Holtzman , Lea Lupatin and Yardena Arazi . Yardena Arazi made a comeback in 1988 to estrades for ESC , she also was a member of Nahal in the beginning .   The song is a moderately up-tempo number , sung from the perspective of a woman calling to a man to be her lover . She tells him that `` I 've been alone for almost thirty years '' and asks him to `` come say hello , say hello '' , implying that this is more a generalized call for the man of her dreams rather than to any specific man she already knows .  The lyrics can also be interpreted as a call for peace to the Arab countries in the middle east , as `` Shalom '' in Hebrew means `` Peace '' as well as `` Hello '' . Founded in 1948 , Israel was a 28-year-old country in 1976 , giving the line `` I 've been alone for almost thirty years '' an extra meaning - since it gained independence Israel was isolated in the Middle East , surrounded by hostile Arab countries ( Egypt and Jordan signed peace agreements with Israel since then ) .   The song was performed fourth on the night ( following Germany 's Les Humphries Singers with `` Sing Sang Song '' and preceding Luxembourg 's Jürgen Marcus with `` Chansons Pour Ceux Qui S'Aiment '' ) . At the close of voting , it had received 77 points , placing 6th in a field of 18 .   It was succeeded as Israeli representative at the 1977 Contest by Ilanit with `` Ahava Hi Shir Lishnayim '' .   The song was covered by Arlene Gould in the 5th season of Kokhav Nolad ( Israeli version of American Idol ) with a reggae flavour and later on by Mei Finegold in Kokhav Nolad 7 with a so-called `` Led Zeppelin '' flavour .   Category : Eurovision songs of Israel  Category : Israeli songs  Category : Eurovision songs of 1976  Category :1976 songs

neg: Sagi Sagi is an Israeli male given name , of Aramaic origin , meaning `` great , numerous '' .

neg: Andrew Schloss Andrew Schloss is an American musician and computer engineer .

neg: Shaul Bustan Shaul Bustan ( Hebrew : שאול בוסתן ; born 1983 in Beer-Sheva ) , is an Israeli composer , conductor and double bassist who has worked with several influential orchestras and ensembles throughout Israel , Germany , Austria , Netherlands and the USA including the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra , the Los Angeles Jewish Symphony , Koninklijke Harmoniekapel Delft , the Tiroler Ensemble für Neue Musik and klezmer-maestro Giora Feidman .   Shaul received a master 's degree in Composition from the Jerusalem Academy of Music and Dance . Among his teachers were violinist Motti Smidt , composer Haim Permont , and conductor and composer Aharon Harlap .   He is the musical director and composer of the German theatre company Das letzte Kleinod and the conductor and musical director of the vocal ensemble Hinterhof49 in Berlin .   He won the Chana Avni-Yaddor Composition Competition ( 2007-2008 ) , the 2005/6 Deborah Grossman Award for Excellence in Music Education , the 2015 ` Theaterpreis des Bundes ' und the 2015 ` Hermann-Allmers-Preis ״ with Das letzte Kleinod , and was awarded scholarships from the America-Israel Cultural Foundation for his compositions and mandolin playing ( 2002-2008 ) .


query: The 19th G7 summit included France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, and the European Comission.

pos: 19th G7 summit The 19th G7 Summit was held in Tokyo , Japan , on July 7 -- 9 , 1993 . The venue for the summit meetings was the State Guesthouse in Tokyo , Japan .   The Group of Seven ( G7 ) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries : France , Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada ( since 1976 ) and the President of the European Commission ( starting officially in 1981 ) . The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions ; and in fact , a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France 's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany 's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six ( G6 ) summit in 1975 .

neg: Western European Union The Western European Union ( WEU ; French : Union de l'Europe occidentale , UEO ) was an international organisation and military alliance , tasked with implementing the Modified Treaty of Brussels ( 1954 ) , an amended version of the original 1948 Treaty of Brussels . The WEU was established by seven European nations allied with the United States ( the Western Bloc and NATO members ) during the Cold War .   After the end of the Cold War , WEU tasks and institutions were gradually transferred to the Common Security and Defence Policy of the geographically larger , and in terms of integration more comprehensive , European Union . This process was completed in 2009 when a solidarity clause between the member states of the European Union , which was similar ( but not identical ) to the WEU 's mutual defence clause , entered into force with the Treaty of Lisbon . The states party to the Modified Treaty of Brussels consequently decided to terminate that treaty on 31 March 2010 , with all the remaining WEU 's activities to be ceased within 15 months . On 30 June 2011 , the WEU was officially declared defunct .

neg: Franco-British Council The Franco-British Council is an organisation created on the joint initiative of President Georges Pompidou and Prime Minister Edward Heath in order to promote better understanding between United Kingdom and France and to contribute to the development of joint action through meetings of leading representatives of the worlds of culture , science , education , politics and business in the context of a developing Europe and of an increasingly globalised community .

neg: 14th G7 summit The 14th G7 Summit was held in Toronto , Ontario , Canada between June 19 and 21 , 1988 . The venue for the summit meetings was the Metro Toronto Convention Centre in central Toronto .   The Group of Seven ( G7 ) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries : France , West Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada ( since 1976 ) and the President of the European Commission ( starting officially in 1981 ) . The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions ; and in fact , a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France 's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany 's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six ( G6 ) summit in 1975 .   Unlike the relatively low key summit at Château Montebello in 1981 , the Toronto summit was held under tight security with involvement of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police ( RCMP ) and Metro Toronto Police .   Canada was the first member of the G7/G8 to host both this kind of Summit and an Olympic Games in the same calendar year . In February , Calgary , Alberta , hosted the 1988 Winter Olympics . Canada would do this again 22 years when they hosted the Winter Olympics in Vancouver , British Columbia and then the G8 Summit in Huntsville , Ontario .

neg: 9th G7 summit The 9th G7 Summit was held at Williamsburg , Virginia , United States during the 28th to 30 May 1983 . The venue for the summit meetings was Colonial Williamsburg in Virginia .   The Group of Seven ( G7 ) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries : France , West Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada ( since 1976 ) and the President of the European Commission ( starting officially in 1981 ) . The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions ; and in fact , a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France 's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany 's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six ( G6 ) summit in 1975 .

neg: Politics of France The politics of France take place with the framework of a semi-presidential system determined by the French Constitution of the French Fifth Republic . The nation declares itself to be an `` indivisible , secular , democratic , and social Republic '' . The constitution provides for a separation of powers and proclaims France 's `` attachment to the Rights of Man and the principles of national sovereignty as defined by the Declaration of 1789 . ''   The political system of France consists of an executive branch , a legislative branch , and a judicial branch . Executive power is exercised by the President of the Republic and the Government . The Government consists of the Prime Minister and ministers . The Prime Minister is appointed by the President , and is responsible to Parliament . The government , including the Prime Minister , can be revoked by the National Assembly , the lower house of Parliament , through a `` censure motion '' ; this ensures that the Prime Minister is always supported by a majority of the lower house ( which , on most topics , has prominence over the upper house ) .   Parliament comprises the National Assembly and the Senate . It passes statutes and votes on the budget ; it controls the action of the executive through formal questioning on the floor of the houses of Parliament and by establishing commissions of inquiry . The constitutionality of the statutes is checked by the Constitutional Council , members of which are appointed by the President of the Republic , the President of the National Assembly , and the President of the Senate . Former presidents of the Republic also are members of the Council .   The independent judiciary is based upon civil law system which evolved from the Napoleonic codes . It is divided into the judicial branch ( dealing with civil law and criminal law ) and the administrative branch ( dealing with appeals against executive decisions ) , each with their own independent supreme court of appeal : the Court of Cassation for the judicial courts and the Conseil d'Etat for the administrative courts . The French government includes various bodies that check abuses of power and independent agencies .   France is a unitary state . However , its administrative subdivisions -- regions , departments and communes -- have various legal functions , and the national government is prohibited from intruding into their normal operations .   France was a founding member of the European Coal and Steel Community , later the European Union . As such , France has transferred part of its sovereignty to European institutions , as provided by its constitution . The French government therefore has to abide by European treaties , directives and regulations .

neg: Quebec Conference Quebec Conference refers to one of several different meetings by the same name that were held in Quebec City , Quebec , Canada :   The Quebec Conference , 1864 , the second conference to discuss Canada 's confederation , which was finally accomplished three years later . It was here that the 72 Resolutions were drafted  The Quebec Conference , 1943 , a top-level meetings between the United States and Britain , with Canada as host , to plan strategy in 1944 . It also resulted in the Quebec Agreement to share nuclear technology  The Second Quebec Conference , held in 1944 . Only the United States and the United Kingdom were represented . Most known for the agreement on , and signing of , the Morgenthau plan  The Quebec City Summit of the Americas , in 2001 , which discussed the Free Trade Area of the Americas ; these were targeted by massive anti-globalization protests

neg: Financial Stability Forum The Financial Stability Forum ( FSF ) was a group consisting of major national financial authorities such as finance ministries , central bankers , and international financial bodies . The Forum was founded in 1999 to promote international financial stability . Its founding resulted from discussions among Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors of the G7 countries , and a study which they commissioned . The Forum facilitated discussion and co-operation on supervision and surveillance of financial institutions , transactions and events . FSF was managed by a small secretariat housed at the Bank for International Settlements in Basel , Switzerland . The FSF membership included about a dozen nations who participate through their central banks , financial ministries and departments , and securities regulators , including : the United States , Japan , Germany , the United Kingdom , France , Italy , Canada , Australia , the Netherlands and several other industrialized economies as well as several international economic organizations . At the G20 summit on November 15 , 2008 it was agreed that the membership of the FSF will be expanded to include emerging economies , such as China . The 2009 G-20 London summit decided to establish a successor to the FSF , the Financial Stability Board . The FSB includes members of the G20 who were not members of FSF .

neg: Telecommunications in the European Union Telecommunications in the European Union may refer to telecommunications in the 28 Member States of the European Union :   Telecommunications in Austria  Telecommunications in Belgium  Telecommunications in Bulgaria  Telecommunications in Croatia  Telecommunications in Cyprus  Telecommunications in the Czech Republic  Telecommunications in Denmark  Telecommunications in Estonia  Telecommunications in Finland  Telecommunications in France  Telecommunications in Germany  Telecommunications in Greece  Telecommunications in Hungary  Telecommunications in the Republic of Ireland  Telecommunications in Italy  Telecommunications in Latvia  Telecommunications in Lithuania  Telecommunications in Luxembourg  Telecommunications in Malta  Telecommunications in the Netherlands  Telecommunications in Poland  Telecommunications in Portugal  Telecommunications in Romania  Telecommunications in Slovakia  Telecommunications in Slovenia  Telecommunications in Spain  Telecommunications in Sweden  Telecommunications in the United Kingdom

neg: Seventh European Parliament The seventh European Parliament was elected in the 2009 elections and lasted until the 2014 elections .

neg: Eurosystem The Eurosystem is the monetary authority of the eurozone , the collective of European Union member states that have adopted the euro as their sole official currency . The ECB has , under Article 16 of its Statute , the exclusive right to authorise the issuance of euro banknotes . Member states can issue euro coins , but the amount must be authorised by the ECB beforehand .   The Eurosystem consists of the European Central Bank and the national central banks ( NCB ) of the 19 member states that are part of the eurozone . The national central banks apply the monetary policy of the ECB . The primary objective of the Eurosystem is price stability . Secondary objectives are financial stability and financial integration . The mission statement of the Eurosystem says that the ECB and the national central banks jointly contribute to achieving the objectives .   The Eurosystem is independent . When performing Eurosystem-related tasks , neither the ECB , nor an NCB , nor any member of their decision-making bodies may seek or take instructions from any external body . The Community institutions and bodies and the governments of the member states may not seek to influence the members of the decision-making bodies of the ECB or of the NCBs in the performance of their tasks .   The Eurosystem is distinct from the European System of Central Banks ( ESCB ) , which comprises the ECB and the central banks of all European Union member states , including those that are not part of the eurozone .

neg: France France ( -LSB- fʁɑ̃s -RSB- ) , officially the French Republic ( -LSB- ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz -RSB- ) , is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . The European , or metropolitan , area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . France spans 643801 km2 and had a total population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017 . It is a unitary semi-presidential republic with the capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban centres include Marseille , Lyon , Lille , Nice , Toulouse and Bordeaux .   During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome , which held Gaul until 486 , when the Germanic Franks conquered the region and formed the Kingdom of France . France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , with its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337 to 1453 ) strengthening state-building and political centralisation . During the Renaissance , French culture flourished and a global colonial empire was established , which by the 20th century would be the second largest in the world . The 16th century was dominated by religious civil wars between Catholics and Protestants ( Huguenots ) . France became Europe 's dominant cultural , political , and military power under Louis XIV . In the late 18th century , the French Revolution overthrew the absolute monarchy , established one of modern history 's earliest republics , and saw the drafting of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen , which expresses the nation 's ideals to this day .   In the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire , whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe . Following the collapse of the Empire , France endured a tumultuous succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870 . France was a major participant in the First World War , from which it emerged victorious , and was one of the Allied Powers in the Second World War , but came under occupation by the Axis Powers in 1940 . Following liberation in 1944 , a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War . The Fifth Republic , led by Charles de Gaulle , was formed in 1958 and remains to this day . Algeria and nearly all the other colonies became independent in the 1960s and typically retained close economic and military connections with France .   France has long been a global centre of art , science , and philosophy . It hosts Europe 's fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually , the most of any country in the world . France is a developed country with the world 's sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity . In terms of aggregate household wealth , it ranks fourth in the world . France performs well in international rankings of education , health care , life expectancy , and human development . France remains a great power in the world , being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state . It is a leading member state of the European Union and the Eurozone . It is also a member of the Group of 7 , North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) , Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) , and La Francophonie .

neg: French European Economic Community enlargement referendum, 1972 A referendum on the enlargement of the EEC was held in France on 23 April 1972 . Voters were asked whether they approved of Denmark , Ireland , Norway and the United Kingdom joining the EEC . ( Norway later voted in its own referendum not to join ) . The proposals were approved by 68.3 % of voters , with a turnout of 60.2 % .   The referendum asked : `` Do you agree with the new opportunities opening up in Europe , the draft law submitted to the French people by the President of the Republic , and authorising the ratification of the Treaty concerning the accession of United Kingdom , Denmark , Ireland and Norway to the European Communities ? ''

neg: BRIC In economics , BRIC is a grouping acronym that refers to the countries of Brazil , Russia , India and China , which are all deemed to be at a similar stage of newly advanced economic development . It is typically rendered as `` the BRICs '' or `` the BRIC countries '' or `` the BRIC economies '' or alternatively as the `` Big Four '' . A related acronym , BRICS , adds South Africa .  There are arguments that Indonesia should be included into grouping , effectively turning it into BRIIC or BRIICS .   Previously BRIC was coined by Jim O'Neill in 2001 as an acronym of 4 countries which are all deemed to be at a similar stage of newly advanced economic development , but in 2009 the leaders of BRIC countries made the first summit and in 2010 BRIC became a formal institution . South Africa began efforts to join the BRIC grouping and on December 24 , 2010 South Africa was invited to join BRICS . The aim of BRIC is establishment of an equitable , democratic and multi polar world order , but later BRIC became a political organization , moreover after South Africa joined BRICS . Jim O'Neill , told the summit that South Africa , at a population of under 50 million people , was just too small as an economy to join the BRIC ranks .   But future of BRIC as an economy group is questionable . In 2012 , a book with title ` Breakout Nations ' mentioned that it is hard to sustain rapid growth for more than a decade . And in 2015 , only India can lure global investors , China struggles with its slow down , while Brazil and Russia are in heavy recessions .

neg: List of country groupings This is a list of groupings of countries or of intergovernmental organisations , formal or informal , organisational or economic category .   African Union ( AU ) is a continental union consisting of all fifty-five countries on the African continent  Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC ) is a forum for 21 Pacific Rim member economies that promotes free trade throughout the Asia-Pacific region  Arab League , a regional organization of Arab countries in and around North Africa , the Horn of Africa and Arabia , Algeria , Bahrain , Comoros , Djibouti , Egypt , Iraq , Jordan , Kuwait , Lebanon , Libya , Mauritania , Morocco , Oman , Palestine , Qatar , Saudi Arabia , Somalia , Sudan , Syria , Tunisia , United Arab Emirates , Yemen , to draw closer the relations between member States and co-ordinate collaboration between them , to safeguard their independence and sovereignty , and to consider in a general way the affairs and interests of the Arab countries  ASEAN , The Association of Southeast Asian Nations , a regional organisation comprising ten Southeast Asian states  BASIC countries , four large newly industrialized countries , Brazil , South Africa , India , China , to act jointly on climate change and emissions reduction  Benelux Union is a politico-economic union of three neighbouring states in western Europe : Belgium , the Netherlands , and Luxembourg .  BRIC , Brazil , Russia , India and China , which are all deemed to be at a similar stage of newly advanced economic development  BRICS , Brazil , Russia , India , China and South Africa , leading developing or newly industrialized countries , and are distinguished by their large , sometimes fast-growing economies and significant influence on regional affairs  CIVETS , six emerging markets countries , Colombia , Indonesia , Vietnam , Egypt , Turkey and South Africa , a diverse and dynamic economy and a young , growing population  Commonwealth of Nations , fifty-two member states that are mostly former territories of the British Empire  Development Assistance Committee ( DAC ) , to discuss issues surrounding aid , development and poverty reduction in developing countries , the world 's major donor countries , Australia , European Union , Iceland , New Zealand , South Korea , Austria , Finland , Ireland , Norway , Spain , Belgium , France , Italy , Poland , Sweden , Canada , Germany , Japan , Portugal , Switzerland , Czech Republic , Greece , Luxembourg , Slovakia , United Kingdom , Denmark , Hungary , Netherlands , Slovenia , United States  Economic Cooperation Organisation ( ECO ) , Afghanistan , Azerbaijan , Iran , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyz , Pakistan , Tajikistan , Turkey , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan , a political and economic organization , a platform to discuss ways to improve development and promote trade and investment opportunities , the objective is to establish a single market for goods and services  EAEU , Eurasian Economic Union , an economic union of Belarus , Kazakhstan , Russia , Armenia , Kyrgyzstan  EU , The European Union , a political and economic union of twenty-eight member states that are located primarily in Europe  Four Asian Tigers , economies of Hong Kong , Singapore , South Korea , Taiwan , underwent rapid industrialization and maintained exceptionally high growth rates , now developed into advanced and high-income economies  G4 nations , Brazil , Germany , India , and Japan , four countries which support each other 's bids for permanent seats on the United Nations Security Council  Group of Eight ( G8 ) , Canada , France , Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , the United States , and Russia , the world 's major highly industrialized economies in countries that view themselves as democracies  G8 +5 , the G8 nations , plus the five leading emerging economies ( Brazil , China , India , Mexico , and South Africa )  G20 , or Group of Twenty , twenty major economies , Argentina , Australia , Brazil , Canada , China , European Union , France , Germany , India , Indonesia , Italy , Japan , South Korea , Mexico , Russia , Saudi Arabia , South Africa , Turkey , United Kingdom , United States , for studying , reviewing , and promoting high-level discussion of policy issues pertaining to the promotion of international financial stability  Group of 7 ( G7 ) , Canada , France , Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , and the United States , the seven major advanced economies as reported by the International Monetary Fund  Group of 77 ( G77 ) , a loose coalition of developing nations , designed to promote its members ' collective economic interests and create an enhanced joint negotiating capacity in the United Nations  Gulf Cooperation Council , Bahrain , Kuwait , Oman , Qatar , Saudi Arabia and the UAE . A regional intergovernmental political and economic union consisting of all Arab states of the Persian Gulf , except for Iraq .  IBSA Dialogue Forum , India , Brazil , South Africa , an international tripartite grouping for promoting international cooperation among these countries  Mercosur ( Southern Common Market ) , Argentina , Brazil , Paraguay , Uruguay , Venezuela , Bolivia , Chile , Peru , Colombia , Ecuador , Suriname , to promote free trade and the fluid movement of goods , people , and currency  MIKTA , an informal partnership between Mexico , Indonesia , Republic of Korea , Turkey , Australia , to support effective global governance  MINT , the economies of Mexico , Indonesia , Nigeria , and Turkey  NACAr , Norway , Australia , Canada , Argentina , countries characterized by middle to high income per capita , a low population density and a concentration of exports in natural resources  North American Free Trade Agreement , NAFTA is an agreement signed by Canada , Mexico , and the United States , creating a trilateral trade bloc in North America  Next Eleven ( Nll ) , Bangladesh , Egypt , Indonesia , Iran , Mexico , Nigeria , Pakistan , the Philippines , Turkey , South Korea and Vietnam -- identified as having a high potential of becoming , along with the BRICS countries , among the world 's largest economies in the 21st century  OECD , Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development , to stimulate economic progress and world trade , countries committed to democracy and the market economy , most OECD members are high-income economies with a very high Human Development Index ( HDI ) and are regarded as developed countries  OPEC , Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries , thirteen countries accounting for an estimated 42 percent of global oil production and 73 percent of the world 's proven oil reserves  P5 , permanent members of the United Nations Security Council , China , France , Russia , the United Kingdom , the United States  PIGS , the economies of the countries of Portugal , Italy and or Ireland , Greece , and Spain  United Nations ( UN ) , an intergovernmental organization to promote international co-operation , 193 member states .  VISTA ( Vietnam , Indonesia , South Africa , Turkey , Argentina ) is an emerging markets grouping proposed in 2006 by BRICs Economic Research Institute of Japan .

neg: Four Powers Four Powers may refer to :   Allied Control Council , also referred to as the Four Powers , usually refers to the four countries that occupied the defeated Germany and Austria after the end of the Second World War in 1945 - France , the United Kingdom , the United States and the Soviet Union .  Four Policemen , also called the Four Powers during the war , was the four major Allies powers of World War II : China , Soviet Union , the United Kingdom and the United States .

neg: Continental Europe Continental Europe , also referred to as mainland Europe , or , by Europeans , simply the Continent , is the continuous continent of Europe , excluding surrounding islands .   The most common definition of continental Europe excludes continental islands , encompassing the Greek Islands , Cyprus , Malta , Sicily , Sardinia , Corsica , the Balearic Islands , Ireland , Great Britain , the Isle of Man , the Channel Islands , Novaya Zemlya and the Danish archipelago , as well as nearby oceanic islands , including the Canary Islands , Madeira , the Azores , Iceland , the Faroe Islands , and Svalbard .   The Scandinavian peninsula is sometimes also excluded , as even though it is technically part of `` mainland Europe '' , the de facto connections to the rest of the continent are across the Baltic Sea or North Sea ( rather than via the lengthy land route that involves travelling to the north of the peninsula where it meets Finland , and then south through north-east Europe ) .   The notion of Europe as a geopolitical or cultural term is centred on core Europe ( Kerneuropa ) , the continental territory of the historical Carolingian Empire and the core of Latin Christendom , corresponding to modern France , Italy , Germany ( or German-speaking Europe ) and the Benelux states ( historical Austrasia ) . This historical core of `` Carolingian Europe '' was consciously invoked in the 1950s as the historical ethno-cultural basis for the prospective European integration ( see also Multi-speed Europe ) .

neg: E-G8 Forum The E-G8 Forum ( or simply the eG8 ) was an invitation-only summit of leaders in government and industry focusing on the Internet in the context of global public policy . The event was put on by Publicis Groupe and was convened by French President Nicolas Sarkozy from May 24-25th 2011 , prior to the 37th G8 summit , and was held at the Tuileries Garden in Paris .

neg: Supranational union A supranational union is a type of multinational political union where negotiated power is delegated to an authority by governments of member states . The concept of supranational union is sometimes used to describe the European Union ( EU ) , as a new type of political entity . The EU is the only entity which provides for international popular elections , going beyond the level of political integration normally afforded by international treaty . The term `` supranational '' is sometimes used in a loose , undefined sense in other contexts , sometimes as a substitute for international , transnational or global . Another method of decision-making in international organisations is intergovernmentalism , in which state governments play a more prominent role .

neg: 1994 Federation Cup World Group The World Group was the highest level of Federation Cup competition in 1994 . Thirty-two nations competed in a five-round knockout competition from 18 -- 24 July . Spain was the defending champion , and they successfully defended their title defeating United States in the final .

neg: 19th SAARC summit The 19th SAARC summit is a scheduled diplomatic conference , which was originally planned to be held in Islamabad , Pakistan on 15 -- 16 November 2016 . The summit was to be attended by the leaders of the eight SAARC member states and representatives of observers and guest states .   Following the rising diplomatic tensions after the Uri terrorist attack , India announced its boycott of the summit , alleging Pakistan 's involvement in the attack . Later , Bangladesh , Afghanistan and Bhutan also pulled out of the summit . culminating in an indefinite postponement of the summit .