query: Jon Huntsman Jr. was the Canadian Ambassador to Japan.

pos: Jon Huntsman Jr. Jon Meade Huntsman Jr. ( born March 26 , 1960 ) is an American politician , businessman , and diplomat who served as the 16th Governor of Utah from 2005 to 2009 , and as United States Ambassador to Singapore from 1992 to 1993 , and China from 2009 to 2011 . He has served in the administrations of five U.S. Presidents and was a candidate for the 2012 Republican presidential nomination . In January 2014 , Huntsman was named Chairman of the Washington-based foreign policy think-tank the Atlantic Council . It has been reported he was chosen to be the next Ambassador to Russia in March 2017 .   Huntsman has served in every presidential administration since Ronald Reagan . He began his career as a White House staff assistant for Ronald Reagan , and was appointed Deputy Assistant Secretary of Commerce and United States Ambassador to Singapore by George H.W. Bush . Later as Deputy U.S. Trade Representative under George W. Bush , he launched global trade negotiations in Doha in 2001 and guided the accession of China into the World Trade Organization . He also served as CEO of his family-owned Huntsman Corporation and chairman of the Huntsman Cancer Foundation . In 2009 , he was appointed United States Ambassador to China by Barack Obama .   While Governor , he was named Chairman of the Western Governors Association , and joined the Executive Committee of the National Governors Association . Under his leadership , Utah was named the best managed state in America by the Pew Center on the States . He won re-election in 2008 with nearly 78 % of the vote and left office with approval ratings over 80 % .

neg: Chikahito Harada is a Japanese diplomat and former Ambassador to the Russian Federation .   In 1999-2001 served as Press Secretary in the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs . In 2001-2002 served as representative of Japan to the North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission . Served also as Charge d'Affaire at the Japanese Embassy in China and Director of the Russia Division at the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs .   Harada was the Ambassador to the Czech Republic from 2008 to 2010 . From 2010 to 2015 , he served as the ambassador to the Russian Federation .

neg: Manitoba Court of Appeal The Manitoba Court of Appeal ( Cour d'appel du Manitoba ) is the highest Court of Appeal in the Canadian province of Manitoba . It was established in 1906 . It is located in the Old Law Courts building at 408 York Avenue in Winnipeg , the capital city of Manitoba . It hears criminal , civil and family law cases , as well as appeals from various administrative boards and tribunals .   Pursuant to The Court of Appeal Act , the court consists of a Chief Justice and seven other judges . The Chief Justice is responsible for the judicial functions of the court , including direction over sittings of the court and the assignment of judicial duties .   Most cases are heard by a panel of three justices . A single justice presides over matters heard in '' chambers '' , usually interlocutory matters or applications for leave to appeal . Proceedings before the court are governed by the Court of Appeal Rules .   As a `` Superior Court '' under section 96 of the Constitution Act , 1867 , Court of Appeal judges are appointed by the Governor-General of Canada ( in practical terms , the Prime Minister of Canada ) . Appointees must be members of the Manitoba bar , but need not have had previous experience as a judge . However , appointees almost always have some experience as a judge , usually on the Manitoba Court of Queen 's Bench .

neg: Hatomander The was an electoral reform proposed in the 1950s by Japanese prime minister Ichirō Hatoyama and his third cabinet . His plan was to replace the SNTV multi-member constituencies for the House of Representatives ( usually called chū-senkyo-ku , `` medium electoral districts '' , in Japanese ) entirely with First-past-the-post single-member districts ( shō-senkyo-ku , `` small electoral districts '' ) . The change would have made it easier for Hatoyama 's Liberal Democratic Party ( LDP ) to gain a two-thirds majority on its own , enabling him to pursue his plan to change the Japanese Constitution , particularly Article 9 . The plan faced strong opposition led by the Japanese Socialist Party ( JSP ) that accused Hatoyama of wanting to `` hatomander '' the electoral districts to his needs . An electoral reform bill was presented to the Diet in March 1956 , passed the House of Representatives in May 1956 , but was not voted on in the House of Councillors in a still ongoing debate at the end of the Diet session . The LDP failed to win a majority in the House of Councillors election in July , and the plan was shelved .   A second attempt to introduce `` small '' electoral districts , but this time under a parallel voting system with proportional representation , was made by LDP president and prime minister Kakuei Tanaka in 1973 . The left still opposed the plan fiercely -- this time its opponents called it the Kakumander ( カクマンダー , kakumandā ) . Even the LDP could n't fully agree on a reform bill , so it never came to a vote in the Diet . A third drive for single-member districts under LDP president and prime minister Toshiki Kaifu in 1991 , again under a parallel voting system , sometimes referred to as the Kaimander , already faced strong opposition within the LDP and did n't succeed . Some , among them LDP secretary general Ichirō Ozawa , also argued for the original `` Hatomander '' consisting exclusively of single-member districts .   During the ultimately successful debate over electoral reform in the 1990s , parts of the JSP remained opposed to the introduction of single-member districts creating friction in the anti-LDP multi-party coalition under Morihiro Hosokawa . An electoral reform bill was eventually launched in 1994 that -- unlike the original `` Hatomander '' plan -- also introduced a parallel voting system in which about a third of seats are filled by proportional representation . The breakaway New Socialist Party , a splinter group of five leftist Socialist members of parliament who left the JSP in 1996 when it renamed itself the Social Democratic Party ( SDP ) , remained strictly opposed to the new single-member districts .   The SDP , unlike the JSP a minor party , the Japanese Communist Party ( JCP ) and Kōmeitō have lost most of their district seats following the electoral reform to the LDP and the Democratic Party ( DPJ ) that emerged as the second major party from the party realignments of the 1990s . In 2009 , the SDP won three district seats in an electoral cooperation with the DPJ , Kōmeitō and JCP only won proportional seats . While the new electoral system produced two strong parties , the parallel voting system ensured that the smaller parties in parliament were not completely eliminated as the original Hatomander plan had intended .

neg: John Kennett Starnes John Kennett Starnes ( February 5 , 1918 -- December 23 , 2014 ) was a Canadian civil servant , diplomat , and novelist .   Born in Montreal , Quebec to a wealthy family , Starnes was educated at Selwyn House School , Trinity College School , the Institute Sillig in Switzerland , the University of Munich and Bishop 's University where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree . During World War II , he served with the Black Watch , the Canadian Intelligence Corps ( 1941 ) , the Canadian War Staff College ( 1942 ) , and the 21st Army Group in the United Kingdom . He was discharged in 1944 with the rank of Captain .   After the War , Starnes joined the Public Service of Canada in the Department of External Affairs rising to become Ambassador to the Federal Republic of Germany in 1957 and Head of the Canadian Military Mission in Berlin from 1962 to 1966 . He was also the Canadian Ambassador to Egypt and Sudan . From 1967 to 1970 he was Under-Secretary of State for External Affairs . He resigned from the Public Service in 1970 and was appointed Director General , Security and Intelligence Directorate for the Royal Canadian Mounted Police . He retired in 1973 . Colin Starnes is one of his sons .   He is the author of Deep Sleepers ( 1981 ) , Scarab ( 1982 ) , Orion 's Belt ( 1983 ) , The Cornish Hug ( 1985 ) , and Latonya ( 1994 ) . His memoir , Closely Guarded : A Life in Canadian Security and Intelligence was published by the University of Toronto Press in 1998 .

neg: Japan at the 1988 Winter Olympics Japan competed at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary , Alberta , Canada .

neg: Canadian studies Canadian studies is a college-level study of Canadian culture , the spoken languages of Canada , Canadian literature , Quebec , agriculture in Canada , the history of Canada , and Canadian government and politics .   Most universities that offer the discipline recommend that students take a double major ( e.g. Political Science , International Relations ) or French , if not included in the course . Some careers for students who take Canadian studies include the foreign service and working at Canadian embassies or the foreign embassies in Canada .   Scholars known for their work in Canadian studies include Fernand Ouellet , Linda Hutcheon , George Ramsay Cook , William T. R. Fox , Annette Baker Fox , Susan Swan , Christl Verduyn , Sergey Rogov , and George Melnyk . The Governor General 's International Award for Canadian Studies is an award for excellence in the field and was established in 1995 by the International Council for Canadian Studies .

neg: Masanao Hanihara was a Japanese diplomat .

neg: Michael Green (political expert) Michael J. Green is the Japan Chair and a senior adviser at the Center for Strategic and International Studies ( CSIS ) , as well as an associate professor of international relations at Georgetown University . He served as special assistant to the president for national security affairs and senior director for Asian affairs at the National Security Council ( NSC ) from January 2004 to December 2005 under George W. Bush . He joined the NSC in April 2001 as director of Asian affairs with responsibility for Japan , Korea , and Australia/New Zealand . From 1997 to 2000 , he was senior fellow for Asian security at the Council on Foreign Relations , where he directed the Independent Task Force on Korea and study groups on Japan and security policy in Asia . He served as senior adviser to the Office of Asia Pacific Affairs at the Department of Defense in 1997 and as consultant to the same office until 2000 .   In August 2016 , Green was one of fifty senior G.O.P. national security officials who signed a letter saying they will not vote for Donald Trump , the Republican nominee for president .   From 1995 to 1997 , he was a research staff member at the Institute for Defense Analyses , and from 1994 to 1995 , he was an assistant professor of Asian studies at the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies ( SAIS ) , where he remained a professorial lecturer until 2001 . At SAIS , he was also associate executive director of the Foreign Policy Institute ( 1992 -- 1994 ) and acting director of the Reischauer Center for East Asian Studies ( 1999 -- 2000 ) .   Green speaks fluent Japanese and spent over five years in Japan working as an Assistant Language Teacher on a precursor to the JET Programme , as a staff member of the Diet of Japan , as a journalist for Japanese and American newspapers , and as a consultant for U.S. business . His major publications include Japan 's Reluctant Realism ( Palgrave/St . Martin 's , 2001 ) , The U.S.-Japan Alliance ( Council on Foreign Relations , 1999 ) , and Arming Japan ( Columbia University Press , 1995 ) .   Green graduated from Kenyon College with highest honors in history in 1983 and received his M.A. from Johns Hopkins SAIS in 1987 and his Ph.D. in 1994 . He also did graduate work at Tokyo University as a Fulbright fellow and with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a research associate of the MIT-Japan Program . He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and the Institute for International Security Studies .

neg: Institute of Cetacean Research The is a non-profit organisation in Japan which claims to be a research organization specializing in the `` biological and social sciences related to whales '' .   Its methods include lethal sampling techniques which have been the source of international controversy over the validity and necessity of the research . Several environmental groups and governments oppose this program , claiming it to be commercial whaling in disguise , which is banned by the International Whaling Commission ( IWC ) .

neg: J. Denis Bélisle J. Denis Bélisle is a former Canadian diplomat . He was concurrently appointed as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to Burkina Faso , Ivory Coast , Mali and Niger between 1991 and 1994 . He also served as the Executive Director of the International Trade Centre from 1994 to 2006 .

neg: Koro Bessho is a diplomat of Japan who has served as the Japanese Permanent Representative to the United Nations since 10 June 2016 , and as President of the United Nations Security Council in July 2016 .

neg: Japan Association of Corporate Executives The is a Japanese professional association of independent leading executives . Founded in 1948 , the group engages in advocacy on public policy issues related to the development of the Japanese economy in both a domestic and global context . The association is commonly referred to as `` Keizai Dōyukai '' .   Keizai Dōyukai conducts in-depth policy studies , publishes position papers , and holds regular meetings and seminars on issues relating to the development of the Japanese economy . The association seeks to engage with political parties , government officials , labour organizations and other economic stakeholders .   For most of the post-war period , Keizai Dōyukai has promoted a more progressive , innovative and market based economic approach to business issues in contrast to the position of country 's other main corporate sponsored business associations ; Keidanren and the Japan Chamber of Commerce and Industry .

neg: Hal Jackman Henry Newton Rowell `` Hal '' Jackman , ( born June 10 , 1932 in Toronto , Ontario ) served as the 25th Lieutenant Governor of Ontario from 1991 to 1997 . He is the son of former Member of Parliament Harry Jackman and philanthropist Mary Rowell Jackman . His mother was the daughter of another former Member of Parliament , Newton Wesley Rowell . His sister , Nancy Ruth , is a philanthropist who was appointed to the Senate in 2005 .   Jackman was educated at Pickering College , the University of Toronto Schools , Upper Canada College ( where he was a member of Jackson 's House ) , the University of Toronto Faculty of Law , and the London School of Economics .   He was chairman of the board of National Trust Company and The Empire Life Insurance Company , plus several other prominent Canadian corporations . In 1964 he married Maruja Trinidad Duncan .   Jackman was a longtime fundraiser for the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada , and became a supporter of the Canadian Alliance when it was formed prior to the 2000 election . He was also an advocate of the Unite the Right movement , which resulted in the creation of the Conservative Party of Canada .

neg: Masaki Orita is a Japanese lawyer specializing in international law . He is on the board of directors of the NGO Japan Center for Conflict Prevention .   During the 1990s he served as Director-General of the North American Affairs Bureau of the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs , and as Japanese Ambassador to Denmark and Lithuania . From 2001 to 2004 he was the Japanese Ambassador to the United Kingdom . In 2005 served as Special Envoy for UN Reform on behalf of the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs . He is a member of the Japanese chapter of the International Law Association .

neg: Government of Japan The government of Japan is a constitutional monarchy in which the power of the Emperor is limited and is relegated primarily to ceremonial duties . As in many other states , the Government is divided into three branches : the Executive branch , the Legislative branch and the Judicial branch .   The Government runs under the framework established by the Constitution of Japan , adopted in 1947 . It is a unitary state , containing forty-seven administrative divisions , with the Emperor as its head of state . His role is ceremonial and he has no powers related to Government . Instead , it is the Cabinet , composing of the Ministers of State and the Prime Minister , that directs and controls the Government . The Cabinet is the source of power of the Executive branch , and is formed by the Prime Minister , who is the head of government . He or she is designated by the National Diet and appointed to office by the Emperor .   The National Diet is the legislature , the organ of the Legislative branch . It is bicameral , consisting of two houses with the House of Councillors being the upper house , and the House of Representatives being the lower house . Its members are directly elected from the people , who are the source of sovereignty . The Supreme Court and other inferior courts make up the Judicial branch , and they are independent from the executive and the legislative branches .

neg: Paul H. Robinson Jr. Paul Heron Robinson Jr. ( born June 22 , 1930 ) is a United States businessman who was United States Ambassador to Canada from 1981 to 1985 .   He was born in Chicago on June 22 , 1930 . He attended Hinsdale Township High School in Hinsdale , Illinois ; he would later marry his high school girlfriend , Martha C. Bidwell , in 1953 . After graduating from high school , Robinson attended the University of Illinois , receiving a B.S. in 1953 .   Robinson served in the United States Navy from 1953 to 1955 , achieving the rank of Lieutenant .   He later founded his own business , Robinson , Incorporated , working as a broker for banks and professional institutions . He was also an active member of the Republican Party .   In 1981 , President of the United States Ronald Reagan nominated Robinson to be United States Ambassador to Canada . Ambassador Robinson presented his credentials on July 15 , 1981 and served in Ottawa until September 9 , 1985 . He began discussions with the Liberal government headed by Prime Minister of Canada Pierre Trudeau about easing trade restrictions between the U.S. and Canada . With the election of Progressive Conservative Brian Mulroney in the 1984 Canadian federal election , these talks were expanded to discussions about a comprehensive free trade agreement . These discussions were the starting point of a process that would ultimately see the signing of the Canada -- United States Free Trade Agreement on October 4 , 1988 .

neg: David Suzuki Foundation The David Suzuki Foundation is a science-based environmental organization headquartered in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada , with offices in Montreal and Toronto . It is a non-profit organization that is incorporated in both Canada and the United States , and is funded by close to 30,000 donors . The Foundation describes its goal as to :   Work towards balancing human needs with the Earth 's ability to sustain all life . Our goal is to find and communicate practical ways to achieve that balance .   The mission of the foundation is to `` protect the diversity of nature and our quality of life , now and for the future '' and their vision is `` that within a generation , Canadians act on the understanding that we are all interconnected and interdependent with nature '' .   Its origins lie in a 1989 `` think-tank '' retreat on Pender Island , British Columbia that was organized by David Suzuki and Tara Cullis . A dozen concerned individuals were invited , and inspired by those discussions the Foundation was incorporated on September 14 , 1990 . It officially opened its doors on January 1 , 1991 . It is a federally registered Canadian charity supported entirely by Foundation grants and donations . It does not accept any government funding , except from the National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada . It is also not a funding body for other organizations . Currently the Foundation employs roughly fifty staff members . The Foundation 's CEO is Peter Robinson , formerly the head of Mountain Equipment Co-op and BC Housing .

neg: Eric Walsh (ambassador) Eric Walsh ( born 1972 ) is the Canadian Ambassador to South Korea . He has held the post since February 12 , 2015 . He was born in London , Ontario and grew up in Toronto .

neg: Japanese Paraguayans Japanese Paraguayans ( Japonés Paraguayo , 日系パラグアイ人 Nikkei Paraguaijin ) are Paraguayans of Japanese ethnicity .

neg: List of Japanese spies, 1930–45 This is a list of Japanese spies including leaders and commanders of the Japanese Secret Intelligence Services ( Kempeitai ) in the period 1930 to 1945 ' .   The Emperor of Japan ( Tenno ) was constitutionally the supreme commander of the Japanese Secret Services as a branch of the Imperial Armed forces .  Yakichiro Suma -- Japan 's Ambassador in Spain , Chief of the Japanese spy network code named `` TO '' . Friend of Foreign Ministers Ramon Suñer ( General Franco 's brother-in-law ) and Count Gomez Jordana . He collected information from Afghanistan , Russia , Iran , and India .  Morito Morishima -- Japanese ambassador in Portugal .  Hiroshi Ōshima -- Japanese ambassador in Germany , close friends with Admiral Canaris , chief of Germany 's intelligence organization ( Abwehr '' ) and Italy 's Military Intelligence Bureau . Oshima then relayed TO to Tokyo along with messages coordinating policies and operations between the three Axis powers .  Yoshio Muto -- spy operating in San Francisco .  Toshio Miyazaki -- Japanese Navy agent who recruited the American Harry Thomas Thompson as a secret agent in San Diego .  Yuchi Tonogawa -- a Japanese Army agent disguised as a farm worker in Brazil , also a member of a local secret web in Brazil .  A Japanese army captain disguised himself as a chef for a prominent Brazilian family until detected by Brazilian security services .  Jakuji Ochi -- a Japanese Navy agent , disguised as a woodworker in Panama , also chief of a local secret web in Las Perlas Archipelago . Also in Panama were a Japanese family of fishermen who were a supposed part of this web .  Prince Higashikuni -- on a secret mission commissioned by Tenno , arranged a secret meeting in Baden-Baden ( Germany ) during 1921 , with `` Three Raven '' ( a secret military thinking group ) to organize the next underground commission of `` Eleven Reliable Mens '' who gave orders to prepare the future conquest lines of Japanese forces .  Prince Chichibu -- with Hirohito 's orders , arrived in Manchuria for an underground reconnaissance mission in accordance with secret plans of the Japanese intervention there .  Ryonosuke Seita -- chief of a local spy web in Brisbane , Australia . Possibly linked to Pedro de Ygual , Spanish Consul in Australia and a known General Franco supporter .  Akashi Motojiro -- Black Dragon member and Agent specialized in Siberia and North Asia . Knowledgeable about China , Manchuria , Siberia and established contacts throughout the Muslim world . These Muslim contacts would be maintained through the Second World War , both as operatives in their areas and as a hedge against Soviet aggression . Akashi eventually established networks through Europe too , that served the Black Dragons . The Black Dragons also formed close contact and even alliances with Buddhist sects throughout Asia .  Japanese Official Radio , Radio Tokyo , sent its foreign transmissions , with some cover messages to Japanese Doho agents outside Japan .  Hiraya Amane -- secret agent in Hankow , China . Wrote Zhong-guo Bi-mi She-hui Shi , the first true history of the Triads and other secret societies ; this book was a special intelligence handbook . Hiraya also organized Tung Wen College in Shanghai that trained future agents for espionage in China . The Tung Wen would continue to operate until the end of World War II , training agents for operations throughout Asia .  Marcelle Tao Kitazawa -- agent in Australia , linked with Seita , who led a spy web in New Caledonia .  Agent Umeda -- local agent in North Queensland , Australia .  Kinoaki Matsuo -- member of the ultra-nationalist Black Dragon secret society , and an officer in Japanese Intelligence .  Mitsuru Toyama -- chief of Black Dragon Society , an active agent linked with Japanese Secret Service and Japanese outside agents .  Shūmei Ōkawa -- ultra-nationalist , agent instructor , and an agent in China and North Asia .  Yoshio Kodama -- Japanese gangster and Yakuza chief , he set up a massive network of Manchurian spies and informants spread across China .  Hideki Tojo -- the Chief of the Japanese Army , Prime Minister and chief of the Kodoha Party ; for a period chief of Kwantung Army and Kempeitai Intelligence service in Manchukuo . He also maintained during his military life direct control of the Japanese Secret Services ( apart from the Emperor 's command of such services ) and received information first through his direct link with the Black Dragon Society and his own intelligence work with the Japanese Army during the conflict .  Kōki Hirota -- former Foreign Minister and head of the Black Dragons ( also guided intelligence services in the group ) , discussed the advantages and consequences of a conflict with the United States with War Minister Hideki Tōjō . In a conference on August 26 , 1941 at a session of the Black Dragon Society HQ in Tokyo , the War Minister ordered preparation to be made to wage a total war against the armed forces of the United States . December 1941 or February 1942 , were considered adequate time for this operation . Tojo said he `` will start the war with America , and after sixty days he will reshuffle the cabinet and become a great dictator '' , at same time if analyzed the last dates provided from Japanese secret agents about Soviet Far East and European colonies in Southeast Asia , in relation to this operation .  Previously in World War II on the Chinese mainland , Black Dragon posed one five column , so-called `` China Wave-Men '' . They undertook some secret operations at favour of such group . Similar operations with revolutionaries were established from 1906 to the 1940s , targeting India , Indonesia and the Philippines amongst others . The Black Dragons began establishing subsidiary groups to support these regional actions .  Kenjiro Hayashide -- second secretary in Japanese Embassy in Hsinking , Diplomatic Adviser to the Kangde Emperor and underground secret agent , author of `` Epochal voyage to Nippon '' , a publication edited by the Intelligence agency in General Affairs State Council of Manchukuo .  Michitarō Komatsubara -- intelligence chief in Harbin for some time .  Kingoro Hashimoto -- served in the secret service in Manchukuo for a period  Sadao Araki -- undertook some secret actions in his service in the Siberian Japanese expeditionary force period  Wellington Koo -- as member of Lytton Commission during his diplomatic mission in Manchukuo , reported the frequent watching of suspicious Japanese , Chinese , Korean and White Russian employees in the Hotel Moderne , Harbin . Similarly Amleto Vespa as a Manchu/Japanese forced secret agent , confirmed the presence of such secret agents in these period in places where stay mentioned diplomatic commission in country .  Kanji Ishiwara -- undertook undercover actions and espionage in Manchukuo  Kenji Doihara -- member of the Japanese intelligence service in Manchukuo , making some secret actions there and on the Chinese mainland  Noboyushi Obata ( Shinryo ) -- chief of secret unit in Harbin  Masaiko Amakazu -- secret agent in Manchukuo , chief of the Manchukuo Film Association  A Japanese undercover agent , disguised as a `` Housekeeper '' watching constantly at Puyi in the imperial palace and writing periodical reports to superiors of Japanese Secret Services in Manchukuo about intimate details of Kangde Emperor .  Theorically in Manchukuo , Kangde Emperor held the command of Manchu Secret Services and received their information . But in reality these units and their sections stayed under the control of Kempeitai and Kwantung Army  Amleto Vespa -- Italian forced secret agent of Japanese and Manchu secret service for some time  In Manchukuo -- Japanese and Manchu local secret services used some Chinese , Mongol , Buriats , Korean , and White Russians as secret agents and saboteurs , for watching enemies  Lo-Chen-Yu -- a local manchu servant with delictive links , also a secret agent  Seishirō Itagaki -- member of Japanese intelligence service with duties in Manchukuo and Korea  Yasunori Yoshioka -- Japanese Intelligence member with missions in Manchukuo  A Prince -- unknown identity , chief and secret agent in Japanese Secret Service in Manchukuo . Was possibly Prince Takeda  Konoto Daisaku -- Japanese agent with orders in Manchukuo  Major Giga -- Japanese agent and saboteur in Manchukuo  Hisao Watari -- Agent of Japanese Intelligence service in Manchukuo  Kwantung Army -- poses the Asano Division and `` Mongol Army '' special units , conformed by White Russians the first and Mongols the second . Imperial forces projected use such units in secret missions and sabotages during eventual invasion to SovietSiberia , Outer Mongolia and Russian Far East .  Takayoshi Tanaka -- another Japanese agent with missions in the north and central Chinese mainland  Kanji Tsuneoka -- the real power in Mengchiang , led the central academy ( intelligence school ) in Kalgan and undertook some secret operations in the area . Directed the Mongol department of Kwantung Army in the land , native saboteurs and secret agent units .  Yoshiko Kawashima -- Manchu princess , and Japanese secret agent with orders on Chinese mainland  Pince Su -- Another Mongol Japanese agent in inner Mongolia  Nataoke Sato -- Japanese Ambassador in Moscow , undertook some secret missions for the Axis Powers efforts during Eastern front battles .  Jinzo Nomoto -- intelligence officer sent by a unit of the Imperial Japanese Army to Tibet and Sinkiang . He worked in Manchukuo and was a member of Mongolian section in Kwantung Army , later sent to mentioned territories .  Ma Chung-ying -- Local Uguir server , undertook some secret actions for the Japanese in this land .  Trebitsch Lincoln -- Hungarian  Kanyei Chuyo -- a chief of Japanese Navy Secret services . Directed the 8th Section `` Yashika '' . Between this unit stay the `` Australian Section '' ( `` Tokyo Gimusho '' ) linked with Japanese Naval Intelligence Staff under command of Imperial Navy General Staff . The office had orders to researching any affairs of the British Empire in Southeast Asia and Pacific Area .  Kinoaki Matsuo -- Foreign Affairs Ministry , also intelligence officer when serving as liaison between the Japanese Foreign Office and the Imperial Admiralty  Mineo Ōsumi -- nobility member and member of the Supreme War Council of Japan . He undertook some secret missions in central and southern China under the orders of the Japanese Navy .  Officer Maruyama -- underground unit , in Censorship department between the Tokkō Intelligence service , in Tokyo , Japan . He watched any information sent to outside by foreign journalists from the Japanese capital .  Japanese Secret Services -- used some foreign persons as inside agents for watching suspicious persons in Japan . Between theirs stayed one American with residence in Japan , one Hungarian agent in the service of the Japanese Army and one Euroasiatic Agent at service in Japanese Navy and intelligence office in Foreign Affairs Ministry . Such units along with Western and East Asian agents are used by Japanese Secret services and Army and Navy during Pacific War in East Asia , Australia and Pacific territories .  These intelligence services also used Doho or dokuku jin -- ( nikkei ) cultural groups since 1920s to Pacific War as alternative secret agents . These were Japanese citizens with foreign nationality , with loyalty to Tenno and nation ; they lived around the world .  Tatsuki Fuji -- Editor of Singapore Herald . Himself an agent in Malaysia .  Shinozaki Mamoru -- Japanese diplomat , arrested for espionage in previous days to arriving Imperial forces at country .  Japanese Army -- special forces agents , Susuhiko Mizuno , Sergeant Morita , Sergeant Furuhashi , Lance Corporal Kazuo Ito 6 sailors and 5 Timorese decoys , undertook some secret missions from Koepang , Timor island , to disembark in Western Australia , during January 19 , 1944 . They were members of the Matsu Kikan ( Pine Tree ) Secret Agency , led by Captain Masayoshi Yamamoto with HQ in Ambon ( Dutch Indies ) , under command of 19th Army . This group traveled aboard Hiyoshi Maru ; managed by Staff Sergeant Auonuma and Officer Hachiro Akai . They arrived at Cartier Island escorted by Kawasaki Ki-48 `` Lilly '' light bomber of 7th Air division from Kendari finally arriving at Browse Island . The same group observed nearby areas too . On January 20 , 1944 , this unit returned to Timor .  Certain Australian sources mentioned one Japanese secret mission to Mornington Island , in the Gulf of Carpentaria during January 1944 . Watchers inform about one black large ship , landing on the island on January 15 , 1944 .  The Black Dragon Society , the Kaigun Kyokai ( Navy League ) , or the Hoirusha Kai ( Military Service Man 's League ) , and other similar societies . These Japanese secret groups were well known to the Naval Intelligence Service or the Federal Bureau of Investigation your existence and your some subversive actions in United States , at favour of Japanese cause along some elements of Doho communities in country .  Other overseas Japanese agents of Black Dragon Society , were the so-called `` Soshi '' ( Brave Knights ) . At the same time referring to superior commander how the `` Darkside Emperor '' mentioned agents since firsts 1940s period , was operating worldwide , as far away as North America , South America and Morocco in North Africa . They formed covert ties with the Nazis .  German Lt. Col. Fritz von Petersdorf , Assist and German Military Attaché in Tokyo , received some information from Japanese Intelligence Services , in accord with Axis Powers alliance agreements . Such information was related to military strength , transportation , reserves , troop dispositions , and movements of Soviet Far East units sent to the West European front ( Barbarossa Operation ) , as well the data concerning the war industry in the Soviet Union . This report was supported by Admiral Wenneker , the German naval attaché , under German official Ambassador Eugen Ott in the Japanese capital .  Hiroshi Akita -- Chief of German Section of Japanese Military Intelligence in this period .  Japanese Army -- sent a secret mission to Germany via Siberia , starting from Tokyo on March 1 , 1943 . This operation was led by Major General Okamoto , who had been Chief of the Second Bureau ( Intelligence ) at the time of the outbreak of the Pacific War . His staff consisted of Colonel Kotani , Navy officer Captain Onoda , and Mr.Yosano , Foreign Office Chancellor . Objectives of the mission were to investigate German ability to carry on the war ; and to clarify Japan 's real situation to the Germans . A third objective ( concerning the arrangement of a separate peace between Germany and the Soviet Union ) was eliminated just prior to the departure of the mission . The Okamoto Mission reported its findings in a cable dated July 5 . Many reservations were attached to the report , which concluded that German national power was lower than had been foreseen by the mission before it left Japan . Germany would accordingly encounter many difficulties in emerging triumphant without first overcoming the critical problems which were fast approaching : Shortage of manpower , lowering of industrial war potential , insufficiency of liquid fuel , etc. .  On October 15 , 1943 , IGHQ incorporated its Second Bureau 's 16th Section ( German and Italian Intelligence ) into the 5th Section ( U.S.S.R. intelligence ) . Just at time that the German Army was failing in its early summer offensive against Orel . The Soviet Army , on the other hand , had seized the operational initiative . The feeling of the Japanese Army High Command was therefore somewhat inclining to pessimism vis-a vis Germany . The Japanese Army committed a great error by placing excessive confidence in Germany . After the Allies had successfully established a Second Front in northern France ( June 1944 ) and an attempt had soon afterwards been made to assassinate Hitler ( July 20 plot , 1944 ) - only then did the Japanese Army Intelligence Services and High Command eventually conclude that Germany possessed scant prospects for victory .  Patrick Heenan , July 1910-February 13 , 1942 was a Captain in the British Indian Army , who was convicted of treason , after spying for Japanese military intelligence during the Malayan campaign of World War II . Heenan was reportedly killed in a summary execution , during the Battle of Singapore . It is also alleged that these events were suppressed by British Commonwealth military censors .  William Forbes-Sempill , 19th Lord Sempill , a British peer and record-breaking air pioneer who passed secret information to the Imperial Japanese military before the Second World War .  Velvalee Dickinson  John Semer Farnsworth


query: George W. Bush was a politician.

pos: George W. Bush George Walker Bush ( born July 6 , 1946 ) is an American politician who served as the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009 . He was also the 46th Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000 . After graduating from Yale University in 1968 and Harvard Business School in 1975 , he worked in the oil industry . Bush married Laura Welch in 1977 and ran unsuccessfully for the House of Representatives shortly thereafter . He later co-owned the Texas Rangers baseball team before defeating Ann Richards in the 1994 Texas gubernatorial election . Bush was elected president in 2000 after a close and controversial win over Democratic rival Al Gore , becoming the fourth president to be elected while receiving fewer popular votes than his opponent .   From a prominent political family , he is the eldest son of Barbara and George H. W. Bush , the 41st President of the United States , making him only the second president to assume the nation 's highest office after his father , following the lead of John Quincy Adams . His brother , Jeb Bush , a former Governor of Florida , was a candidate for the Republican presidential nomination in the 2016 presidential election . His paternal grandfather , Prescott Bush , was a United States Senator from Connecticut .   The September 11 terrorist attacks occurred eight months into Bush 's first term as president . Bush responded with what became known as the Bush Doctrine : launching a `` War on Terror '' , an international military campaign that included the war in Afghanistan in 2001 and the Iraq War in 2003 . He also promoted policies on the economy , health care , education , Social Security reform , and amending the Constitution to prohibit same-sex marriage . He signed into law broad tax cuts , the Patriot Act , the No Child Left Behind Act , the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act , Medicare prescription drug benefits for seniors , and funding for the AIDS relief program known as PEPFAR . His tenure included national debates on immigration , Social Security , electronic surveillance , and torture .   In the 2004 Presidential race , Bush defeated Democratic Senator John Kerry in another relatively close election . After his re-election , Bush received increasingly heated criticism from across the political spectrum for his handling of the Iraq War , Hurricane Katrina , and other challenges . Amid this criticism , the Democratic Party regained control of Congress in the 2006 elections . In December 2007 , the United States entered its longest post-World War II recession , often referred to as the `` Great Recession '' , prompting the Bush administration to obtain congressional passage of multiple economic programs intended to preserve the country 's financial system . Nationally , Bush was both one of the most popular and unpopular presidents in history , having received the highest recorded presidential approval ratings in the wake of the September 11 attacks , as well as one of the lowest approval ratings during the 2008 financial crisis .   Bush left office in 2009 , returning to Texas where he purchased a home in Crawford . He wrote a memoir , Decision Points . His presidential library was opened in 2013 . His presidency has been ranked among the worst in historians ' polls published in the late 2000s and 2010s .

neg: United States presidential election in Arizona, 2000 The 2000 United States presidential election in Arizona took place on November 7 , 2000 throughout all 50 states and D.C. , which was part of the 2000 United States presidential election . Voters chose 8 representatives , or electors to the Electoral College , who voted for President and Vice President .   Arizona was won by Governor George W. Bush by a 6.3 % margin of victory . Ralph Nader received 3 % , as all of the other candidates received a combined 1 % . Pre-election polling showed that Bush had a solid lead of Gore . Bush won all the congressional districts , except Arizona 's 2nd congressional district . The key for Bush 's victory was Maricopa County , which has by far the highest population in the state . Bush made history by winning Greenlee County . This thinly populated working class county , which has been dependent on copper mining as the basis for its economy , had voted Democratic in every election since Arizona achieved statehood from 1912 to 1996 , and now is a Republican stronghold in the 21st century .

neg: United States presidential election in North Dakota, 2004 The 2004 United States presidential election in North Dakota took place on November 2 , 2004 throughout all 50 states and D.C. , which was part of the 2004 United States presidential election . Voters chose 3 representatives , or electors to the Electoral College , who voted for President and Vice President .   North Dakota was won by incumbent President George W. Bush by a 27.4 % margin of victory . Prior to the election , all 12 news organizations considered this a state Bush would win , or otherwise considered as a safe red state.The state has voted Republican in 24 of the last 29 elections . In 2004 , George W. Bush defeated John Kerry with 63 % of the vote . The state 's population of about 650,000 is little changed from what it was 80 years ago , as ND is one of seven states with the minimum three electoral votes .

neg: Foreign policy of the Stephen Harper government The Conservative Party Government of Canada led by Prime Minister Stephen Harper moved away from the multilateral and internationalist policies of the Liberal Party , and reduced Canada 's emphasis on the United Nations , which was seen as dominated by corrupt dictatorships . In parallel , Harper sought to strengthen cooperation with the US , particularly in the era of mass terrorism and instability . As part of this policy , his government continued and expanded Canada 's participation in the US-led anti-terror campaign in Afghanistan , which began following al Qaida 's mass attacks on September 11 , 2001 , and in the Iraq conflict that began under President George W. Bush in March 2003 . In addition , under the Harper governments and through the actions of Foreign Affairs Ministers Peter MacKay and John Baird , Canada developed a leadership position in developing a principled alternative to the United Nations , involving the participation of the world 's open and democratic countries .

neg: Dan Quayle James Danforth `` Dan '' Quayle ( born February 4 , 1947 ) is an American politician and lawyer . He was the 44th Vice President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 under President George H. W. Bush . He was also a U.S. Representative ( 1977 -- 81 ) and U.S. Senator ( 1981 -- 89 ) from the state of Indiana .   A native of Indianapolis , Indiana , Quayle spent most of his childhood living in Paradise Valley , Arizona , a suburb of Phoenix . He married Marilyn Tucker in 1972 and obtained his J.D. from the Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law in 1974 . He practiced law in Huntington , Indiana , with his wife before his election to the United States House of Representatives in 1976 , aged 29 . In 1980 Quayle won election to the Senate .   In 1988 , Vice President George H. W. Bush , the Republican Party nominee for the presidency , chose Quayle as his vice presidential running mate . The Bush/Quayle ticket won the 1988 election over Democrats Michael Dukakis and Lloyd Bentsen .   As vice president , Quayle made official visits to 47 countries and was appointed chairman of the National Space Council . He secured re-nomination for vice-president in 1992 , but Democrat Bill Clinton and his vice presidential running mate , Al Gore , defeated the Bush/Quayle ticket .   In 1994 , Quayle published his memoir entitled Standing Firm but declined to run for public office in this time period because he was suffering from phlebitis . He sought the Republican presidential nomination in 2000 , but withdrew and supported George W. Bush . In 2016 , he endorsed Jeb Bush and after that he supported Donald Trump for president . Quayle and his wife reside in Paradise Valley , Arizona .   Quayle is the chairman of global investments at Cerberus Capital Management .

neg: Economic policy of the Barack Obama administration The economic policy of the Barack Obama administration was characterized by moderate tax increases on higher income Americans designed to fund healthcare reform , reduce the federal budget deficit , and improve income inequality . His first term ( 2009 -- 2013 ) included measures designed to address the Great Recession and Subprime mortgage crisis , which began in 2007 . These included a major stimulus package , banking regulation , and comprehensive healthcare reform . As the economy improved and robust job creation continued during his second term ( 2013 -- 2017 ) , the Bush tax cuts were allowed to expire for the highest income taxpayers and a spending sequester ( cap ) was implemented , to further reduce the deficit back to typical historical levels . Towards the end of his tenure , the U.S. economy was nearing full employment such that the Federal Reserve began raising interest rates , real household income was nearing its pre-crisis peak , gas prices were very low , and GDP grew 3.5 % . He also implemented several environmental executive orders to address climate change and encourage clean energy industries , as the U.S. enjoyed an unprecedented increase in energy production . Both the stock market and corporate profits reached record high levels during his tenure , while inflation and interest rates remained near record low levels .   Conceptually , Obama advocated using government regulation to stem crony capitalism and tax revenue to stabilize and promote economic growth . Two of his important economic advisers were Jason Furman of Harvard University and Jeffrey Liebman of Harvard University . In 2006 , Obama wrote , `` We should be asking ourselves what mix of policies will lead to a dynamic free market and widespread economic security , entrepreneurial innovation and upward mobility -LSB- ... -RSB- we should be guided by what works . '' Speaking before the National Press Club in April 2005 , he defended the New Deal social welfare policies of Franklin D. Roosevelt , associating Republican proposals to establish private accounts for Social Security with Social Darwinism .

neg: United States presidential election in Louisiana, 2000 The 2000 United States presidential election in Louisiana took place on November 7 , 2000 throughout all 50 states and D.C. , which was part of the 2000 United States presidential election . Voters chose 9 representatives , or electors to the Electoral College , who voted for President and Vice President .   Louisiana was won by Governor George W. Bush , a dramatic swing from the statewide results in 1996 when Democrat President Bill Clinton carried the state with 52 % of the vote and with a double digit margin of victory . Bush was the first Republican to carry the state since 1988 . Bush won most of the counties and congressional districts in the state . Bush dominated among the rural areas of the state . The only congressional district Gore won was the second district , which represents the very urban area of New Orleans .

neg: United States presidential election in Mississippi, 2004 The 2004 United States presidential election in Mississippi took place on November 2 , 2004 throughout all 50 states and D.C. , which was part of the 2004 United States presidential election . Voters chose 6 representatives , or electors to the Electoral College , who voted for President and Vice President .   Mississippi was won by incumbent President George W. Bush by a 19.7 % margin of victory . Prior to the election , all 12 news organizations considered this a state Bush would win , or otherwise considered as a safe red state . Southern Democrat Jimmy Carter was the last Democrat to carry this state , in the 1976 election . U.S. President George W. Bush won here in 2004 carrying a majority of the counties and congressional districts .

neg: Democrats for Nixon Democrats for Nixon was a campaign to promote Democratic support for the then-incumbent Republican President Richard Nixon in the 1972 presidential election . The campaign was led by the former Democratic governor of Texas , John Connally .   Connally , who was serving as the United States Secretary of the Treasury , announced that he would be supporting Nixon for re-election and would spend his time until the elections working on behalf of the incumbent .   A Democrat who had been Governor of Texas and United States Secretary of the Navy under John F. Kennedy , Connally formally announced the formation of the organization in August 1972 . Polling cited by Connally indicated that as many as 20 million Democrats would cross over to vote for Nixon and invited `` all those millions of Democrats who realize that in this Presidential election President Nixon is simply the better choice '' . Connally stated that he was troubled by Senator George McGovern 's campaign and felt that the Democratic party `` is becoming an ideological machine closed to millions who have been the party 's most loyal and steadfast members '' under McGovern 's leadership . The committee included Mayor Beverly Briley of Nashville , Tennessee , former Governor of Florida Farris Bryant , Mayor of Boston John F. Collins , Mayor Thomas G. Dunn of Elizabeth , New Jersey , Teamsters president Frank Fitzsimmons , Governor of Virginia Mills E. Godwin , Jr. , Mayor of Miami , Florida David T. Kennedy and Leonard Marks who had previously headed the United States Information Agency . A fundraising target of as much as $ 3 million was set for the organization . Connally also announced that Jeno Paulucci , a frozen food distributor who had been closely involved as a fundraiser for Hubert H. Humphrey in his presidential bids , would serve as head of a group encouraging independent voters to choose Nixon .   In a September 1972 article in The New York Times , Connally was quoted as saying that increasing numbers of traditionally Democratic voters were leaving the fold because they `` are afraid of George McGovern '' because of his proposals for major cutbacks in defense spending and in the number of U.S. troops serving in Europe . Connally insisted that `` it is in the best interests of this country that the president be re-elected this year '' .

neg: United States presidential election, 1992 The United States presidential election of 1992 was the 52nd quadrennial presidential election . It was held on Tuesday , November 3 , 1992 . There were three major candidates : Incumbent Republican President George H. W. Bush , Democratic Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton , and independent Texas businessman Ross Perot .   Bush had alienated much of his conservative base by breaking his 1988 campaign pledge against raising taxes . The economy was in recession and Bush 's perceived greatest strength , foreign policy , was regarded as much less important following the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the relatively peaceful climate in the Middle East after the defeat of Iraq in the Gulf War .   Clinton won a plurality in the popular vote , and a wide Electoral College margin . The election was a significant realigning election after three consecutive Republican landslides . Northeastern , Upper Midwest , and West Coast states which had previously been competitive began voting reliably Democratic . As of 2016 , this is the most recent election in which an incumbent president was unseated , the previous one having been the 1980 election in which Ronald Reagan unseated then-incumbent Jimmy Carter .   Perot 's campaign took 18.9 % of the vote , finishing second in Maine and Utah . This was noted for being the highest vote share of a third-party candidate since 1912 , though he did not obtain any electoral votes .   As of 2017 , this is the last time Georgia and Montana voted for the Democratic candidate , and the last time the state of Florida was on the losing end of the presidential election .

neg: Iraq Liberation Act The Iraq Liberation Act of 1998 is a United States Congressional statement of policy stating that `` It should be the policy of the United States to support efforts to remove the regime headed by Saddam Hussein from power in Iraq ... '' It was signed into law by President Bill Clinton , and states that it is the policy of the United States to support democratic movements within Iraq . The Act was cited in October 2002 to argue for the authorization of military force against the Iraqi government .   The bill was sponsored by Representative Benjamin A. Gilman ( Republican , NY-20 ) and co-sponsored by Representative Christopher Cox ( Republican , CA-47 ) . The bill was introduced as on September 29 , 1998 . The House of Representatives passed the bill 360 - 38 on October 5 , and the Senate passed it with unanimous consent two days later . President Clinton signed the Iraq Liberation Act into law on October 31 , 1998 .

neg: Political feasibility analysis Political feasibility analysis is used to predict the probable outcome of a proposed solution to a policy problem through examining the actors , events and environment involved in all stages of the policy-making process . It is one frequently used component of a policy analysis and can serve as an evaluative criterion in choosing between policy alternatives . Feasible policies must be politically acceptable or at least not unacceptable . Political unacceptability is a combination of two conditions too much opposition or too little support . One common mistake is widespread in practice that feasibility becomes a dominant criterion of preferable alternative .   Feasibility is `` the state or degree of being easily or conveniently done '' . More plainly , one might ask `` can we get this done ? '' Feasibility , as it pertains to the political arena , speaks to the political climate . The question then becomes : `` In this political climate , can we get this done ? ''   Political feasibility is a measure of how well a solution to a policy problem , will be accepted by a set of decision makers and the general public . For a policy to be enacted and implemented , it must be politically acceptable , or feasible . A policy alternative 's lack of political feasibility can often be attributed to its lack of political support or the result of controversy that may surround the issue the policy seeks to address . Alternatively , a politically feasible alternative is one that has the greatest probability of `` receiv -LSB- ing -RSB- sufficient political push and support to be implemented '' given any specific constraints .   When policy analysis generates policy alternatives , the political risks and costs associated with each can be important criteria for deciding between alternatives . A good policy alternative requires a certain amount of political feasibility , or implementation of the policy will be impossible . It is important to keep in mind , however , that feasibility alone does not make a policy `` good . '' Examining all criteria is necessary for the implementation of socially responsible policy .   Politics are difficult to predict but it has been said that `` no decision is ever made in complex systems without political feasibility having played some role . ''

neg: J. Danforth Bush Joshua Danforth Bush ( December 4 , 1868 -- December 4 , 1926 ) was an American businessman and Republican Party politician who served as the sixth Lieutenant Governor of Delaware , from January 18 , 1921 to January 20 , 1925 , under Governor William D. Denney . He resided in Wilmington , Delaware .   Bush was also a wealthy businessman , as a member of one of Delaware 's more prominent families . His father , George W. Bush , had inherited the family shipping business from his own father and had expanded it to include a large business in anthracite , coal , and even yellow pine lumber . The company , George W. Bush & Sons , eventually passed the lumber business to J. Danforth Bush 's firm , a partnership with Robert B. Rayner . Bush also took on a large role in his father 's company . After George W. Bush died in 1900 , his sons incorporated their coal and transportation business as the George W. Bush & Sons Company . J. Danforth Bush was made vice president of the company .   Bush was a prominent member of the Delaware Game Protective Association , at one time serving as that organization 's vice president for New Castle County . He also served as treasurer and secretary at various times .

neg: World Freedom Day (United States) World Freedom Day is a United States federal observance declared by then-President George W. Bush to commemorate the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of communist rule in Central and Eastern Europe . It started in 2001 and is celebrated on November 9 .   For this occasion , conservative youth groups such as Young America 's Foundation and the College Republicans urge students to commemorate this day ( which they mark as the start of `` Freedom Week , '' thus including Veterans Day ) by `` celebrating victory over communism '' through provocative flyer campaigns and activism projects . Many conservative political commentators and activists use World Freedom Day as an occasion in which to acclaim President Ronald Reagan , whom they regard as being responsible for the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War .

neg: Herding Cats: A Life in Politics Herding Cats : A Life in Politics is a book written by U.S. Senator Trent Lott , a Republican from Mississippi . Published by HarperCollins Publishers , Inc. on August 23 , 2005 , the book spans 320 pages . The major points of the book are Lott 's childhood in Grenada and Pascagoula , Mississippi , including his struggles with his alcoholic father ; his election to Congress ; his years in the House of Representatives during the Nixon , Carter , and Reagan administrations ( including his service as Minority Whip in that body ) ; and his service in the Senate , especially his service as Majority Leader during the Clinton and Bush Administrations . He recounts the formative events of his youth and the stories from his political life . From his decision to support Gerald Ford over Ronald Reagan in the 1976 Republican primary to his working partnership with Senate Democratic leader Tom Daschle during the Clinton impeachment and the September 11 attacks in 2001 , Lott traces the inner workings of congressional life .   One major focus of the book is the comments Lott made at the birthday party of Sen. Strom Thurmond in 2002 and the subsequent intense media coverage , which eventually led to his resignation as the Senate Majority Leader in December 2002 . Lott names several figures who he believes orchestrated his downfall , including members of President George W. Bush 's administration , such as then-Secretary of State , Colin Powell , and former Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) head Joe Allbaugh ( who Lott claims has admitted that he intended to bring Lott down as Majority Leader ) ; as well as the successor to Lott as Majority Leader , Sen. Bill Frist .   Lott suggests that his forced resignation was a `` strategic plan '' devised by Bush and others who wanted Frist to take his place , since Frist supported key White House policies like the Medicare expansion , which Lott opposed . Lott notes , however , that his response to the Thurmond controversy played poorly in the media .   Lott wrote in the book that Frist betrayed him by not telling him about Frist 's decision to run for majority leader beforehand . Lott says he took Frist as his protégé , as Frist had no political/public experience when he was first elected to the Senate .   Some suggested that Lott 's book , which portrayed Frist in a negative light , was designed to impede Frist 's possible presidential campaign , but Frist did not run . Lott indicated in the book that he had repaired his relationship with Frist to some extent .   Lott also emphasizes his years as Majority Whip in the House and his years as Majority Leader in the Senate , where Lott claims to have built an efficient vote-getting organization and played a key role in several legislative accomplishments , including the Reagan-era budget cuts and tax cuts , and welfare reform and the tobacco settlement during the Clinton years . This emphasis may tie into Lott 's ambition to rejoin the Senate Republican Leadership .

neg: Election An election is a formal decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold public office . Elections have been the usual mechanism by which modern representative democracy has operated since the 17th century . Elections may fill offices in the legislature , sometimes in the executive and judiciary , and for regional and local government . This process is also used in many other private and business organizations , from clubs to voluntary associations and corporations .   The universal use of elections as a tool for selecting representatives in modern representative democracies is in contrast with the practice in the democratic archetype , ancient Athens , where the Elections were considered an oligarchic institution and most political offices were filled using sortition , also known as allotment , by which officeholders were chosen by lot .   Electoral reform describes the process of introducing fair electoral systems where they are not in place , or improving the fairness or effectiveness of existing systems . Psephology is the study of results and other statistics relating to elections ( especially with a view to predicting future results ) .   To elect means `` to choose or make a decision '' , and so sometimes other forms of ballot such as referendums are referred to as elections , especially in the United States .

neg: United States presidential election in Nebraska, 1992 The 1992 United States presidential election in Nebraska took place on November 3 , 1992 , as part of the 1992 United States presidential election . Voters chose five representatives , or electors to the Electoral College , who voted for President and Vice President .   Nebraska was won by incumbent President George H.W. Bush ( R-Texas ) with 46.58 % of the popular vote over Governor Bill Clinton ( D-Arkansas ) with 29.40 % . Businessman Ross Perot ( I-Texas ) finished in third with 23.63 % of the popular vote . Clinton ultimately won the national vote , defeating both incumbent President Bush and Perot .

neg: United States presidential election in New York, 1980 The 1980 United States presidential election in New York took place on November 4 , 1980 . All 50 states and The District of Columbia , were part of the 1980 United States presidential election . New York voters chose forty one electors to the Electoral College , which voted for President and Vice President .   New York was won by former California Governor Ronald Reagan , in a narrow victory against President of the United States Jimmy Carter , who failed to gain reelection against Reagan . Also in the running was Independent candidate Congressman John B. Anderson of Illinois , who ran in New York as the Liberal Party candidate .   Reagan won the state with a plurality of 46.66 % of the vote to Carter 's 43.99 % , a margin of 2.67 % . Anderson finished in third with 7.54 % .   New York 's election results reflect the Republican Party 's re-consolidation of base under what is popularly called the `` Reagan Revolution , '' which sounded various overwhelming conservative electoral victories across the United States throughout the 1980s - and most evidently against the relatively unpopular President Carter during the 1980 presidential election .   New York weighed in for this election as more Democratic than the national average by about 7 % .   This election is notable in that , while the highly populated regions of New York City , Buffalo , and Albany turned out for Carter , the election in the state was tipped by the majority of less-populated upstate counties , combined with heavily populated suburban counties around NYC , most of which were won by Reagan . Carter actually picked up plurality wins in 2 counties which he had lost in 1976 : Monroe County , home to the city of Rochester , and Niagara County .   A major contributing factor to Reagan 's victory over Carter was the relatively strong third party showing by independent candidate John B. Anderson , a former liberal Republican congressman who garnered 8 % of the vote in the State - twice the 4 % margin by which Carter had won New York in 1976 . Running on the ballot line of New York 's Liberal Party , Anderson attracted the votes of many liberals and moderates who normally leaned Democratic but were dissatisfied with the policies of the Carter Administration , thus splitting the left-leaning vote in New York State .   In the heavily populated , and very liberal , 5 boroughs of New York City , Carter still won overall , and Reagan made only modest gains in vote share over Gerald Ford 's 1976 showing of 33 % , taking 37 % in the city in 1980 . However , although still winning 4 out of 5 boroughs , Carter bled a massive amount of support in the city to Anderson , dropping from 66 % in 1976 to only 55 % in 1980 . Since Democratic victories in New York State in that era depended on running up massive margins in New York City to overcome the rest of the state 's Republican lean , the reduced margin in the city from vote-splitting would prove fatal to Carter 's chances of winning the state in 1980 . While Reagan only bled about 1 % of Republican base support in the state ( winning a plurality in a 3-way-race with 46.66 % while Gerald Ford had lost the state in a two-man race with 47.52 % in 1976 ) , Carter bled nearly 8 % of his 1976 support , falling from a 51.95 % majority win in 1976 to a losing 43.99 % in 1980 , most of those lost Democratic base votes going to Anderson instead .   This remains the last election in which a Republican presidential nominee has won Tompkins County in upstate New York , home to the college town of Ithaca , where Cornell University and Ithaca College are located . Reagan narrowly won the county with a plurality of 42 % to Carter 's 40 % , while Anderson took nearly 14 % , making it Anderson 's strongest county in the state . In 1984 , Tompkins County would vote against Reagan and in the following years it would become the most Democratic county in upstate New York , giving Barack Obama over 70 % of the vote in 2008 .

neg: Transpartisan Transpartisanship represents an emerging school of political thought which accepts the validity of truths across a range of political perspectives and seeks to synthesize them into an inclusive , pragmatic container beyond typical political dualities . It is distinct from bipartisanship , which aims to negotiate between `` right '' and `` left , '' resulting in a dualistic perspective , and nonpartisanship , which tends to avoid political affiliation altogether .   Transpartisanship is a movement to support and advance a common ground - or `` new center '' - that already exists in U.S. politics , emerging periodically into public view in the form of `` unusual coalitions '' of progressives and conservatives around issues ranging from war and the military budget to corporate power and the surveillance state .   The movement builds on methods of facilitated dialogue , deliberation and conflict resolution .   Current examples of transpartisan initiatives include Transpartisan Center , TheSolution.org , Reuniting America , Transpartisan Alliance , and Liberty Coalition .   Transpartisanship is an emerging field that advocates pragmatic and effective solutions to social and political problems , transcending and including preexisting political ideologies . Transpartisanship encompasses the idea that all systems are inextricably interconnected , and that successful outcomes can best be reached through inclusive , genuine , and respectful cooperation . Transpartisan democracy , in part , seeks to reintegrate the public 's voice in identifying , debating , and shaping governmental policies , while continuing to protect the sovereignty of the individual .  The term `` Transpartisanship '' has emerged to provide a meaningful alternative to `` Bipartisanship , '' and `` Nonpartisanship . '' Bipartisanship limits the dialogue process to two political viewpoints or entities , striving for compromise solutions . Nonpartisanship , on the other hand , tends to deny the existence of differing viewpoints in exchange for cooperation . Both the bipartisan and nonpartisan approaches can discount the multiplicity of viewpoints that exist , which often results in incomplete and therefore unsuccessful outcomes . In contrast to these , transpartisanship recognizes the existence and validity of many points of view , and advocates a constructive dialogue aimed at arriving at creative , integrated , and therefore , breakthrough solutions that meet the needs of all present .   Transpartisan gatherings have resulted not only in surprisingly civil conversations noted by mainstream media but also in shifts from traditional ideological stances by some participants .   A close relative of transpartisanship is Integral politics . A transpartisan approach to policy would necessarily include individual and collective , as well as subjective and objective , perspective . Furthermore , similar to Integral theory , transpartisanship places politics in a developmental context , viewing democracy and prosperity not as static attainments , but rather emergent properties along a continuum of developmental stages .

neg: United States Senate elections, 1990 The United States Senate elections , 1990 were held on Tuesday , November 6 , 1990 . The Democratic Party increased its majority with a net gain of one seat from the Republican Party . The election took place in the middle of President George H. W. Bush 's term , and , as with most other midterm elections , the party not holding the presidency gained seats in Congress .   Only one seat changed parties in this election , as Democrat Paul Wellstone defeated incumbent Republican Rudy Boschwitz ( R-MN ) . Democrats would gain a 57th seat after Harris Wofford won a 1991 special election to replace H. John Heinz III ( R-PA ) , who had died in a plane crash .

neg: United States presidential election in Alaska, 2004 The 2004 United States presidential election in Alaska took place on November 2 , 2004 throughout all 50 states and D.C. , which was part of the 2004 presidential election . Voters chose 3 representatives , or electors to the Electoral College , who voted for President and Vice President .   Alaska was won by incumbent President George W. Bush by a 25.6 % margin of victory . Prior to the election , all 12 news organizations considered this a state Bush would win , or otherwise considered as a safe red state . It has voted for a Republican presidential nominee in every presidential election since statehood , except for 1964 .