query: A block is also called a "bushed."

pos: Block (basketball) In basketball , a block or blocked shot occurs when a defensive player legally deflects a field goal attempt from an offensive player . The defender is not allowed to make contact with the offensive player 's hand ( unless the defender is also in contact with the ball ) or a foul is called . In order to be legal , the block must occur while the shot is traveling upward or at its apex . A deflected field goal that is made does not count as a blocked shot and simply counts as a successful field goal attempt for shooter plus the points awarded to the shooting team . Every successful blocked shot is counted as a missed field goal attempt for the shooter . Also , on a shooting foul , a blocked shot can not be awarded or counted , even if the player who deflected the field goal attempt is different from the player who committed the foul . If the ball is heading downward when the defender hits it , it is ruled as goaltending and counts as a made basket . Goaltending is also called if the block is made after the ball bounces on the backboard ( NFHS excepted ; the NCAA also used this rule until the 2009 -- 10 season ) .   Nicknames for blocked shots include `` rejections , '' `` stuffs , '' `` bushed '' , `` fudged '' , or notably `` double-fudged '' ( two-handed blocks ) , `` facials , '' `` swats , '' `` denials , '' and `` packs . '' Blocked shots were first officially recorded in the NBA during the 1973 -- 74 season .   Largely due to their height and position near the basket , centers and power forwards tend to record the most blocks , but shorter players with good jumping ability can also be blockers , an example being Dwyane Wade , the shortest player , at 6 ' 4 '' , to record 100 blocked shots in a single season . A player with the ability to block shots can be a positive asset to a team 's defense , as they can make it difficult for opposing players to shoot near the basket and by keeping the basketball in play , as opposed to swatting it out of bounds , a blocked shot can lead to a fast break , a skill Bill Russell was notable for . To be a good shot-blocker , a player needs great court sense and timing , and good height or jumping ability . One tactic is that a shot-blocker can intimidate opponents to alter their shots , resulting in a miss .

neg: Street A street is a public thoroughfare ( usually paved ) in a built environment . It is a public parcel of land adjoining buildings in an urban context , on which people may freely assemble , interact , and move about . A street can be as simple as a level patch of dirt , but is more often paved with a hard , durable surface such as concrete , cobblestone or brick . Portions may also be smoothed with asphalt , embedded with rails , or otherwise prepared to accommodate non-pedestrian traffic .   Originally the word `` street '' simply meant a paved road ( Latin : `` via strata '' ) . The word `` street '' is still sometimes used colloquially as a synonym for `` road '' , for example in connection with the ancient Watling Street , but city residents and urban planners draw a crucial modern distinction : a road 's main function is transportation , while streets facilitate public interaction . Examples of streets include pedestrian streets , alleys , and city-centre streets too crowded for road vehicles to pass . Conversely , highways and motorways are types of roads , but few would refer to them as streets .

neg: Australian residential architectural styles Australian residential architectural styles have evolved significantly over time , from the early days of structures made from relatively cheap and imported corrugated iron ( which can still be seen in the roofing of historic homes ) to more sophisticated styles borrowed from other countries , such as the Victorian style from the United Kingdom , the Georgian style from North America and Europe and the Californian bungalow from the United States . A common feature of the Australian home is the use of fencing in front gardens , also common in both the UK and the USA . Climate has also influenced housing styles , with balconies and veranda spaces being more prevalent in subtropical Queensland due to the mild , generally warm winters experienced in the state . For many years , Australian homes were built with little understanding of the Australian climate and were widely dependant on European styles that were unsympathetic to Australian landscapes . In recent times , modern Australian residential architecture has reflected the climatic conditions of the country , with adaptations such as double and triple glazing on windows , coordination considerations , use of east and west shade , sufficient insulation , strongly considered to provide comfort to the dweller .   Another aspect of Australian suburbia is that the suburbs tend to have a combination of both upper class and middle class housing in the same neighbourhood . In Melbourne , for instance , one early observer noted that `` a poor house stands side by side with a good house . '' This is somewhat less common today , with home renovations , gentrification and the teardown ( `` knock down , rebuild '' ) method becoming more and more common in affluent suburbs , giving a broader distinction between wealthy and lower class areas . However , the teardown technique has led to home buyers purchasing land or older homes in poorer metropolitan areas and building extravagant McMansion style homes on the land , which look out of place and excessive , failing to match with the remaining houses in the street .   Because architectural styles have varied in the country over the years ( from villas to bungalows and brick renders ) , there is a slight inconsistency in the architectural flow of the suburban streets , with one writer noting that Australian housing styles sometimes `` co-mingle '' and `` co-exist '' awkwardly . This is less common in the United States of America and England , where most homes along a road were built around the same time , typically in similar styles .

neg: Penetrant (mechanical, electrical, or structural) Penetrants , or penetrating items , are the mechanical , electrical or structural items that pass through an opening in a wall or floor , such as pipes , electrical conduits , ducting , cables and cable trays , or structural steel beams and columns . When these items pierce a wall or floor assembly , they create a space between the penetrant and the surrounding structure , which can become an avenue for the spread of fire between rooms or floors . Modern building codes generally require a service penetration firestop to seal the openings around penetrants ( or `` services '' ) , in order to restore the fire-resistance rating of the parent assembly .   Sizing of all openings has significant impact upon the adherence to the certification listing requirements . Therefore , communication between all affected trades is of great importance before any openings are made , to ensure proper sizing of the openings for cost control and conformance with listing and approval use and compliance .   Penetrants are typically accommodated by plumbers and electricians , who prepare for them by installing sleeves in concrete walls and floors , before they are poured . In the case of masonry walls , electricians and plumbers tend to be there first and hang sleeves around their piping , ductwork and conduit , where they know from their drawings that block walls will be erected , in order to avoid the time and expense of having to cut openings in existing walls and floors .   In the case of drywall assemblies , the opening size is determined by the drywall contractor , unless the mechanical and electrical trades are contractually obliged to provide sleeving here as well , with proper fastening methods that are in conformance with the certification listing . It is not uncommon for these trades to attempt to absolve themselves of the requirement to firestop their openings in the drywall assemblies by claiming that they were there first , meaning that others should take care of the rest . Since drywall contractors are not ordinarily required to do mechanical and electrical firestopping , the drywall openings can become an item of dispute or neglect , particularly in North American construction . This common issue can be minimised by designating a separate firestopping sub-contract , whereby a separate speciality sub-contractor firestops all openings on site , mechanical , electrical and structural , as well as the building joints .   Timber floor openings are simply cut by means of a chainsaw . In this case , the width of the blade will determine sizes .   Category : Passive fire protection  Category : Building engineering  Category : Firestops

neg: Brickfielder The Brickfielder is a hot and dry wind in the desert of Southern Australia that occurs in the summer season . It blows in the coastal regions of the south from the outback , where the sandy wastes , bare of vegetation in summer , are intensely heated by the sun . This hot wind blows strongly , often for several days at a time , defying all attempts to keep the dust down , and parching all vegetation . It is in one sense a healthy wind , as , being exceedingly dry and hot , it destroys many injurious germs . The northern brickfielder is almost invariably followed by a strong `` southerly buster , '' cloudy and cool from the ocean . The two winds are due to the same cause , viz . a cyclonic system over the Australian Bight . These systems frequently extend inland as a narrow V-shaped depression ( the apex northward ) , bringing the winds from the north on their eastern sides and from the south on their western . Hence as the narrow system passes eastward the wind suddenly changes from north to south , and the thermometer has been known to fall 15 F in twenty minutes .   The brickfielder precedes the passage of a frontal zone of a low pressure system passing by , and causes severe dust storms that often last for days and led to its naming as the winds blow up red brick dust . A more frequently used term for the winds is a `` burster '' .

neg: Garrison (architecture) A garrison is an architectural style of house , typically two stories with the second story overhanging in the front . The traditional ornamentation is four carved drops ( pineapple , strawberry or acorn shape ) below the overhang . Garrisons usually have an exterior chimney at the end . Older versions have casement windows with small panes of glass , while later versions have double-hung windows . The second-story windows often are smaller than those on the first floor . Dormers often break through the cornice line .   Historically the term garrison means 1 ) a group of soldiers ; 2 ) a defensive structure ; 3 ) the location of a group of soldiers is assigned such as garrison house or garrison town . `` The term garrison refers to the military or defensive character of a house '' but not as heavily built as a blockhouse . `` Garrisons , or fortified houses , were built in almost all New England towns and they were particularly common in the frontier towns of Maine and New Hampshire ... Like an ordinary house in plan and appearance , garrisons were used in times of peace as one-family dwellings , but were strongly built and capable of protecting a number of families in times of danger . '' Construction methods typically used log walls or thick planks with a timber frame construction called plank frame construction or simply a plank house .

neg: Bush Court Bush Court is a large tower block built as part of a public housing project in the 1970s in Shepherds Bush , London . It is located on the south side of Shepherds Bush Green and falls just outside the Shepherd 's Bush Conservation Area . Although built as public housing , a number of the flats are now privately owned and are regularly offered for sale to the public .

neg: Trunked radio system A trunked radio system is two-way radio system that uses a control channel to automatically direct radio traffic . Two-way radio systems are either trunked or conventional , where conventional is manually directed by the radio user .   Trunking is a more automated and complex radio system , but provides the benefits of less user intervention to operate the radio and greater spectral efficiency with large numbers of users . Instead of assigning , for example , a radio channel to one particular organization at a time , users are instead assigned to a logical grouping , a `` talkgroup '' . When any user in that group wishes to converse with another user in the talkgroup , a vacant radio channel is found automatically by the system and the conversation takes place on that channel . Many unrelated conversations can occur on a channel , making use of the otherwise idle time between conversations . Each radio transceiver contains a microcomputer to control it . A control channel coordinates all the activity of the radios in the system . The control channel computer sends packets of data to enable one talkgroup to talk together , regardless of frequency .   The primary purpose of this type of system is efficiency ; many people can carry many conversations over only a few distinct frequencies . Trunking is used by many government entities to provide two-way communication for fire departments , police and other municipal services , who all share spectrum allocated to a city , county , or other entity .

neg: State Street Block (Boston) State Street Block ( built 1857 ) is a granite building near the waterfront in the Financial District of Boston , Massachusetts . Architect Gridley James Fox Bryant designed it . In the 1850s `` the Long and Central Wharf Corporation ... sold each bay to individual owners , requiring that ` the granite to be used for the sidewalk & facade of each bay must be purchased from the Corporation & erected according to the architect 's plan . ' ''   Walt Whitman visited Boston in 1860 , and wrote about what he saw : `` Noblest of all State Street Block , east of the Custom House , rough granite . The above probably one of the finest pieces of com -LSB- merical -RSB- architecture in the world . '' Another visitor travelling through Boston ( in 1859 ) called it `` a magnificent block . ''   In the mid-20th century , `` nearly three-quarters of the original 22-bay building ... was amputated for construction of the Central Artery ... and the roofline of the remainder has been destroyed . '' The surviving portion of the block was added as part of the Custom House District to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 .

neg: Broom bush Broom bush may refer to :   Broom ( shrub ) , shrubs in the subfamily Faboideae  Melaleuca uncinata , known as Broombush or broom bush

neg: Block allocation map In computer file systems , a block allocation map is a data structure used to track disk blocks that are considered `` in use '' . Blocks may also be referred to as allocation units or clusters .   CP/M used a block allocation map in its directory . Each directory entry could list 8 or 16 blocks ( depending on disk format ) that were allocated to a file . If a file used more blocks , additional directory entries would be needed . Thus , a single file could have multiple directory entries . A benefit of this method is the possibility to use sparse files by declaring a large file size but only allocating blocks that are actually used . A detriment of this method is the disk may have free space ( unallocated blocks ) but data can not be appended to a file because all directory entries are used .

neg: Timber framing Timber framing and `` post-and-beam '' construction are methods of building with heavy timbers ( posts and beams ) rather than dimensional lumber such as 2x4s . Traditional timber framing is the method of creating structures using heavy squared-off and carefully fitted and joined timbers with joints secured by large wooden pegs ( larger versions of the mortise and tenon joints in furniture ) . It is commonplace in wooden buildings from the 19th century and earlier . The method comes from making things out of logs and tree trunks without modern high tech saws to cut lumber from the starting material stock . Hewing with broadaxes , adzes , and draw knives and using hand-powered braces and augers ( brace and bit ) and other laborious woodworking , artisans or framers could gradually assemble a building capable of bearing heavy weight without excessive use of interior space given over to vertical support posts . Since this building method has been used for thousands of years in many parts of the world , many styles of historic framing have developed . These styles are often categorized by the type of foundation , walls , how and where the beams intersect , the use of curved timbers , and the roof framing details . Three basic types of timber frames in English-speaking countries are the box frame , cruck frame , and aisled frame .

neg: -Hay (place name element) - hay ( also hays , hayes , etc. ) is a place-name word-ending common in England . It derives from the Old English word hege or haga , Middle English heie , in Icelandic hagi , meaning `` an enclosed  field '' , and is from the same root as the English word `` hedge '' , a structure which surrounds and encloses an area of land , from the Norman-French haie , `` a hedge '' . Haw ( from O.E. haga ) and Hay ( from O.E. hege ) are cognate and both  mean `` hedge '' .

neg: Berthold Block Berthold Block is a sans-serif typeface released by H. Berthold and intended for display use . Block has a chunky design suitable for headings , with short descenders allowing tight linespacing and rounded corners . Several re-releases and digitisations exist , some `` distressed '' in style matching the effect of worn type and rapid printing . It is sometimes simply called `` Block '' . Font design expert Stephen Coles describes it as `` a soft but substantial display face with compact dimensions and an organic appearance ... -LSB- it -RSB- is n't meant for body copy . ''

neg: Concrete masonry unit A concrete masonry unit ( CMU ) is a standard size rectangular block used in building construction .   Those that use cinders ( fly ash or bottom ash ) are called cinder blocks in North America , breeze blocks ( breeze is a synonym of ash ) in the United Kingdom , and hollow blocks in the Philippines . In New Zealand they are known as concrete blocks or more commonly as just blocks . In Australia they are also known as Besser blocks or Besser bricks , because the American-based Besser Company was a major supplier of concrete-block-making machinery . Clinker blocks use clinker as aggregate . In non-technical usage , the terms cinder block and breeze block are often generalized to cover all of these varieties .

neg: Party wall A party wall ( occasionally parti-wall or parting wall , also known as common wall ) is a dividing partition between two adjoining buildings ( or units ) that is shared by the tenants of each residence or business . When built for this purpose , the builder will lay the wall along a property line dividing two terraced flats or row houses , so that one half of the wall 's thickness lies on each property . This type of wall is usually structural . Party walls can also be formed by two abutting walls built at different times . The term can be also used to describe a division between separate units within a multi-unit apartment complex . Very often the wall in this case is non-structural but designed to meet established criteria for sound and/or fire protection between residential units .   Party walls are typically made of non-combustible material . Where required by code , the party wall could be a firewall . The wall starts at the foundation and continues up to a parapet , creating two separate and structurally independent buildings on either side .

neg: Allotment (gardening) An allotment garden ( British English ) , often called simply an allotment , or a community garden ( North America ) is a plot of land made available for individual , non-commercial gardening or growing food plants . Such plots are formed by subdividing a piece of land into a few or up to several hundred land parcels that are assigned to individuals or families . Such parcels are cultivated individually , contrary to other community garden types where the entire area is tended collectively by a group of people . In countries that do not use the term allotment ( garden ) , a community garden can refer to individual small garden plots as well as to a single , large piece of land gardened collectively by a group of people . The term victory garden is also still sometimes used , especially when a community garden dates back to World War II or I.   The individual size of a parcel typically suits the needs of a family , and often the plots include a shed for tools and shelter , and sometimes a hut for seasonal or weekend accommodation . The individual gardeners are usually organised in an allotment association , which leases or is granted the land from an owner who may be a public , private or ecclesiastical entity , and who usually stipulates that it be only used for gardening ( i.e. growing vegetables , fruits and flowers ) , but not for permanent residential purposes ( this is usually also required by zoning laws ) . The gardeners have to pay a small membership fee to the association , and have to abide by the corresponding constitution and by-laws . However , the membership entitles them to certain democratic rights .

neg: Bressummer A bressummer , breastsummer , summer beam ( somier , sommier , sommer , somer , cross-somer , summer , summier , summer-tree , or dorman , dormant tree ) are load bearing beams in a timber framed building . The word summer derived from sumpter or French sommier , `` a pack horse `` , meaning `` bearing great burden or weight `` . `` To support a superincumbent wall '' , `` any beast of burden '' , and in this way is similar to a wall plate .   The use and definition of these terms vary but generally a bressummer is a jetty sill and a summer is an interior beam supporting ceiling joists , see below :   ( U. K. ) In the outward part of the building , and the middle floors ( not in the garrets or ground floors ) into which the girders are framed . In the inner parts of a building , such beams are called `` summers '' . It is part of the timber frame construction in the over-hanging upper story in jettying .  ( U. K. ) `` Horizontal beam over a fireplace opening ( alternatively lintel , mantel beam ) , or set forward from the lower part of a building to support a jettied wall , a jetty bressummer '' .  ( U. K. ) '' ... usually the sill of the upper wall above a jetty ; otherwise any beam spanning an opening and supporting a wall above . '' also called a `` jetty sill '' .  ( U. K. ) Breastsummer is a beam in a wall which carries the load over a large opening derived from breast being in the front , mid-level and summer : `` A horizontal , bearing beam in a building ; spec . the main beam supporting the girders or joists of a floor ... '' .  `` a main piece of timber that supports a building , an architrave between two pillars ``  `` Breast-Summer , an architectural term for a beam employed like a lintel to support the front of a building , is a corruption of bressumer ... ''  ( U.S.A. ) `` Summer beam : A large timber spanning a room and supporting smaller floor joists on both sides . ''  ( U.S.A. ) `` Summer beam . Heavy main horizontal beam , anchored in gable foundation walls , that supports forebay beams and barn frame above . ''

neg: Bałwan Bałwan pl , balvan / балван sr ( literally wood block ) or balvan ky -- today , literally indistinguishable from everyday word for snowman , is an ancient word common to all Slavic languages , describing a statuesque or monolithic depiction or a pillar or a plinth depicting or erected in honor of a deity . This object was worshipped , or constituted a tangible representation of a cult image . The Western Slavs transcribed and pronounced the word as bałwan ( in American English pronounced : BOW as in the phrase bow-wow and von as in Stratford-Upon-Avon , with the accent on the penultimate ( in this case , the first ) syllable , as is the typical stress ) , which is its contemporary and old Polish lexical manifestation , whereas the Southern Slavs and the Eastern Slavs used the just slightly differently-voweled bołwan ( English pronunciation : BOH-van ) .   The word itself has Sanskrit origins , where it figures as bala ( the force ) appended witth the suffix - van signifying possession of an attribute , thus etymologically bałwan means strong , powerful , mighty . In the Kyrgyz language of Central Asia , geographically remote from the territories Slavs are today identified with in Europe , balvan is a `` strongman '' or a hero , whereas in Persian , pahlevān denotes a militant or a veteran , as well as the plinth or boundary marker erected in his or her honor , or even a cairn , and , by extension , a fool . That latter meaning , at first secondary , became primary after Christianity was imposed on the Slavs , making bałwan acquire a distinctly pejorative primary meaning .   Some suggest that the Slavs share throughout their idioms such as they have evolved apart this single entity -- a common term for all cult objects in the form of a statue or cairn -- might suggest that idolatry spread early among the Slavic peoples , perhaps when they came in contact with Turkic peoples or Iranian . A word with similar etymology is the Slavic word for God ( when capitalized ) or deity , bóg , a cognate of Sanskrit `` bhaga '' / Iranian or Persian bag . In India the concept of a deity or god is often relayed with the word bhagvan , variously transcribed as bhagwan .   A derived term from bałwan is the Slavic word for idolatry : bałwochwalstwo '' .

neg: Hurdles (agricultural) Hurdles are a form of rural crafts . They are lightweight portable fencing structures that are used to enclose ( or ` fold ' ) animals such as sheep ( i.e. : a sheepfold ) . In England & Wales they have often been woven from ash tree , willow or hazel withies , and made windproof with wattle , and so called ` wattle hurdles ' . There are also ` gate hurdles ' that are made from split poles .   Category : Fences  Category : Agriculture in the United Kingdom

neg: Block suballocation Block suballocation is a feature of some computer file systems which allows large blocks or allocation units to be used while making efficient use of `` slack '' space at the end of large files , space which would otherwise be lost for other use to internal fragmentation .   In file systems that do n't support fragments , this feature is also called tail merging or tail packing because it is commonly done by packing the `` tail '' , or last partial block , of multiple files into a single block .


query: Sarah Paulson had a role in 2002 Path to War.

pos: Sarah Paulson Sarah Catharine Paulson ( born December 17 , 1974 ) is an American actress . After beginning her acting career on stage , she starred in the 1990s television series American Gothic ( 1995 -- 96 ) and Jack & Jill ( 1999 -- 2001 ) . Paulson later appeared in comedy films such as What Women Want ( 2000 ) and Down with Love ( 2003 ) , and had dramatic roles in films such as Path to War ( 2002 ) and The Notorious Bettie Page ( 2005 ) . From 2006 to 2007 , Paulson played the role of Harriet Hayes in the NBC comedy-drama series Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip , for which she received her first Golden Globe Award nomination . In 2008 , she starred as Ellen Dolan in the superhero noir film The Spirit .   Paulson has appeared on Broadway in the plays The Glass Menagerie ( 2005 ) and Collected Stories ( 2010 ) . She also starred in a number of independent films , and had a leading role on the ABC comedy series Cupid in 2009 . She later starred in the independent drama Martha Marcy May Marlene ( 2011 ) , and received Primetime Emmy Award and Golden Globe Award nominations for her performance as Nicolle Wallace in the HBO film Game Change ( 2012 ) . Paulson starred as Mary Epps in the 2013 historical drama film 12 Years a Slave and as Abby Gerhard in the 2015 drama film Carol . Both films received widespread critical acclaim and were nominated for multiple Academy Awards .   In 2011 , Paulson began starring in the FX anthology series American Horror Story , playing different characters in each of the show 's six seasons . For her work throughout the series , she has been nominated for four Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2013 -- 16 ) and won two Critics ' Choice Television Awards for Best Supporting Actress in a Movie/Miniseries ( 2013 and 2015 ) . In 2016 , Paulson portrayed real life prosecutor Marcia Clark in the first season of the anthology series American Crime Story , subtitled The People v. O. J. Simpson . For her work in the series , she has been awarded the Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Actress in a Movie/Miniseries , Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Movie , TCA Award for Individual Achievement in Drama , and Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Miniseries or Television Film as well as the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie .   According to Time magazine , she is one of the 100 most influential people of the year 2017 .

neg: Mr In-Between Mr In-Between ( also called The Killing Kind ) is a 2001 British crime drama film based on the novel of the same title by English novelist Neil Cross . The film was directed by cinematographer Paul Sarossy , his only directorial role to date , and the screenplay written by Peter Waddington , who also has a small role in the film .

neg: Rules of Engagement (film) Rules of Engagement is a 2000 American war film directed by William Friedkin , written by Jim Webb and starring Tommy Lee Jones and Samuel L. Jackson . Jackson plays U.S. Marine Colonel Terry Childers , who is brought to court-martial after men under Childers ' orders kill a large number of civilians outside the U.S. embassy in Yemen .

neg: Mary Pat Gleason Mary Pat Gleason ( born February 23 , 1950 ) is an American film and television actress and an Emmy Award winning writer . From 1983 -- 85 , she appeared on The Guiding Light as Jane Hogan .   Since the early 1980s she has appeared on such television series as Full House , Dear John , Murphy Brown , Empty Nest , L.A. Law , Saved by the Bell , Murder , She Wrote , Friends , Step by Step , Suddenly Susan , Will & Grace , Sex and the City , Desperate Housewives , Family Matters , NCIS : Los Angeles , The Middleman , Up All Night , 1600 Penn , Motive , Baby Daddy , Grey 's Anatomy , Partners , Mama 's Family , Two Broke Girls and Mom .   She has appeared in such feature films as I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry , Basic Instinct , Traffic , Bruce Almighty , 13 Going on 30 , The Crucible , Bottle Shock , A Cinderella Story , The Island , Killing Kennedy and Nina .

neg: Female Agents Female Agents ( Les Femmes de l'ombre ) is a 2008 French historical drama film directed by Jean-Paul Salomé and starring Sophie Marceau , Julie Depardieu , Marie Gillain , Déborah François , and Moritz Bleibtreu . Written by Salomé and Laurent Vachaud , the film is about female resistance fighters in the Second World War . Jean-Paul Salomé , the director , drew inspiration from an obituary in The Times newspaper of Lise de Baissac ( Lise Villameur ) , from Mauritius ( then a British colony ) , one of the few recognised heroines of the SOE , named `` Louise Desfontaines '' in the film and played by Sophie Marceau . The film was partly funded by BBC Films .

neg: To End All Wars To End All Wars is a 2001 war film starring Robert Carlyle , Kiefer Sutherland and Sakae Kimura and directed by David L. Cunningham .

neg: The Fourth World War The Fourth World War is a 2003 feature film directed by Richard Rowley .

neg: Sarah Polley Sarah Ellen Polley ( born January 8 , 1979 ) is a Canadian actress , writer , director and political activist . Polley first garnered attention as a child actress for her role as Sara Stanley in the Canadian television series Road to Avonlea ( 1990 -- 1996 ) . She has starred in many feature films , including Exotica ( 1994 ) , The Sweet Hereafter ( 1997 ) , Guinevere ( 1999 ) , Go ( 1999 ) , The Weight of Water ( 2000 ) , My Life Without Me ( 2003 ) , Dawn of the Dead ( 2004 ) , Splice ( 2009 ) , and Mr. Nobody ( 2009 ) .   Polley made her feature film directorial debut with Away from Her ( 2006 ) , for which she won a Genie Award for Best Achievement in Direction and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay . Polley 's second film , Take This Waltz ( 2011 ) , premiered at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival .   Her film Stories We Tell ( 2012 ) is a feature-length documentary . It had its world premiere at the 2012 Venice Film Festival , and its North American premiere followed at the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival . The Toronto Film Critics Association awarded it the $ 100,000 prize for best Canadian film of the year .

neg: Sarah Jane Smith: Comeback Sarah Jane Smith : Comeback is a Big Finish Productions audio drama based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who . It stars Elisabeth Sladen reprising her role as Sarah Jane Smith .

neg: Sins of the Father (2002 film) Sins of the Father is a 2002 American docudrama directed by Robert Dornhelm . The teleplay by John Pielmeier is based on a Texas Monthly article by Pamela Colloff chronicling the 1963 16th Street Baptist Church bombing in Birmingham , Alabama in which four young African American girls were killed while attending Sunday-school . The victims were Addie Mae Collins , 14 yrs old ; Denise McNair , 11 yrs old ; Carole Robertson , 14 yrs old ; and Cynthia Welsley , 14 yrs old . It was believed that there were 5 girls together in the church basement on that fateful day , but only one survived : young Sarah Collins , Addie Mae 's younger sister . The bombing was racially motivated and carried out by members of the Ku Klux Klan .   The film was shot in Toronto . The cast includes Tom Sizemore , Richard Jenkins , Ving Rhames , Colm Feore , Jackie Richardson , Connor Price , Aaryn Doyle , Isys McKoy , Jessica Gray Charles , and Funmiola Lawson .   Rhames was nominated for the Black Reel Award for Best Actor and the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Television Movie , Mini-Series or Dramatic Special . Pielmeier 's teleplay earned him nominations for the Humanitas Prize and the Writers Guild of America Award .

neg: Resistance (2003 film) Resistance is a 2003 Dutch/American World War II film , directed by Todd Komarnicki and starring Bill Paxton , Julia Ormond , Philippe Volter , Sandrine Bonnaire , and Victor Reinier . It was written by Komarnicki and Anita Shreve , based on Shreve 's 1995 novel of the same name . Resistance , with a 16 million euro budget , was the most expensive Dutch production ever . Its theatrical run lasted for just one week .

neg: Paul Burston Paul Burston is a British journalist and author . Born in York and raised in South Wales , Burston attended Brynteg Comprehensive School and studied English , Drama and Film Studies at university . He worked for the London gay policing group GALOP and was an activist with ACT-UP before moving into journalism . He edited , for some years , the gay and lesbian section of Time Out magazine .   His first novel Shameless , published in 2001 , was praised by the New York Times .   He has since published three more novels and two short story collections .   His new novel ` The Black Path ' will be published by Accent Press on September 2016 and is longlisted for the Guardian 's Not The Booker Prize . https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2016/aug/02/not-the-booker-prize-very-longlist-2016-votes-please   He is the founder and host of award-winning LGBT literary salon Polari at the Southbank Centre , and founder of The Polari First Book Prize for new LGBT writing . http://www.polariliterarysalon.co.uk

neg: Fortunes of War (TV series) Fortunes of War is a 1987 BBC television adaptation of Olivia Manning 's cycle of novels Fortunes of War . It stars Kenneth Branagh as Guy Pringle , lecturer in English Literature in Bucharest during the early part of the Second World War , and Emma Thompson as his wife Harriet . Kenneth Branagh and Emma Thompson met filming the TV series and married in real life . Other cast members included Ronald Pickup , Robert Stephens , Alan Bennett , Philip Madoc and Rupert Graves . The series stays relatively faithful to the original novels , with no notable departures from their plot .

neg: Perlita Neilson Perlita Neilson ( born Margaret Phillipa Sowden ; 11 June 1933 -- 7 April 2014 ) was an English film , stage and television actress . She was educated at the Aida Foster Theatre School . One of her most notable roles was in 1957 as Anne Frank in the London production of The Diary of Anne Frank .

neg: Glorious 39 Glorious 39 is a 2009 British war thriller film written and directed by Stephen Poliakoff . Starring Romola Garai , Bill Nighy , Julie Christie , Jeremy Northam , Christopher Lee , David Tennant , Jenny Agutter and Eddie Redmayne . The film was released on 20 November 2009 .   On the eve of World War II , as the formidable Keyes family tries to uphold its traditional way of life , daughter Anne ( Garai ) sees her life dramatically unravel when she stumbles upon secret recordings of the pro-appeasement movement .

neg: Sarah Bird Sarah Bird is an American novelist , screenwriter , and journalist . She was born in 1949 in Ann Arbor , Michigan . Her father was an officer in the US Air Force , and her family ( a `` Catholic family of eight '' ) , including her mother , Colista Bird , travelled with him around the US and the world during her childhood . Sarah 's mother recognized signs of her daughter 's creative storytelling talent as young as kindergarten .   She attended the University of New Mexico , earning a BA there in 1973 . Moving to the University of Texas at Austin , she went on to receive an MA in journalism there in 1976 . She is married to George Jones , and has one son , Gabriel Bird-Jones , born in 1989 . The family lives in Austin , Texas .   During the mid-eighties , Bird was a founding contributing-editor to Austin 's Third Coast Magazine , for which she wrote numerous feature and humor articles .   Bird 's first published novel was Do Evil Cheerfully , a mystery ( as Sarah McCabe Bird ) .   In 1986 , her comic novel Alamo House was published based on her experience as a graduate student at the University of Texas .   Bird wrote the screenplay for the movie Do n't Tell Her It 's Me ( 1990 , starring Shelley Long and Steve Guttenberg ) , adapting the Boyfriend School novel .   The Boyfriend School and The Mommy Club , published by Ballantine in 1989 and 1991 , respectively , were both humorous novels drawing on Bird 's life experiences . In addition to novels , Bird has written screenplays for television and magazine articles for national women 's magazines . She writes a column for Texas Monthly . Virgin of the Rodeo was published in 1999 .   Bird was named Austin 's best author in 2001 by the Austin Chronicle , the year she also published The Yokota Officers Club , a novel that draws on her experiences as military brat . She has also written screenplays for the National Geographic Channel and Hallmark , as well as the CBS movie Yesterday 's Children .   Another novel , The Flamenco Academy , came out in 2006 . A new novel , How Perfect Is That , was published by Knopf in June 2008 .

neg: Antidote Films For the Australian film distribution company , see Antidote Films ( Australia ) .   Antidote Films , also known as Antidote International Films , Inc. , is an independent film production company founded by producer Jeff Levy-Hinte based in the Hudson Square neighborhood of New York City . In 2008 , Antidote completed several documentaries , including Soul Power and The Dungeon Masters , both of which premiered at the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival .   Antidote produced Roman Polanski : Wanted and Desired , a documentary directed by Marina Zenovich , which was nominated for the Grand Jury Prize and winner of the Documentary Editing Award at the 2008 Sundance Film Festival , the film will be released domestically by HBO and internationally through The Weinstein Company .   Prior to this , Antidote produced several narrative films until The Last Winter , when the company shifted its focus to documentary .   Other Antidiote productions include the eco-horror thriller The Last Winter ; The Hawk Is Dying , adapted from Harry Crews ' novel and directed by Julian Goldberger ; Mysterious Skin , directed by Greg Araki ; and Thirteen , directed by Catherine Hardwicke .   In 2003 Daily Variety announced Antidote 's plans for a film adaptation of the JT LeRoy novel ` Sarah ' , to be directed by Steven Shainberg . According to The New York Times , when Shainberg learned that JT LeRoy was a literary persona and that Laura Albert was the actual author of Sarah , he decided `` to make a ` meta-film , ' a triple-layered movie that would blend the novel with the lives of its real and purported authors in a project he took to calling ` Sarah Plus . ' '' The Times also reported that this new project `` required the rights to Laura Albert 's story , rights that she in no uncertain terms refused to grant . '' In June 2007 Antidote sued Albert for fraud , claiming that a contract signed with JT LeRoy to make a feature film of Sarah was null and void . After a Manhattan jury found Albert liable in monetary damages for the tort of fraud because she had signed her nom de plume to the movie contract , The New York Times noted that Jeffrey Levy-Hinte said , `` if Ms. Albert , who never made a fortune from her literary works , could not afford to pay the judgment , he might have to consider laying claim to the rights to her past and future books . '' Levy-Hinte 's chief lawyer insisted , `` Neither Jeff nor I want to ruin Laura Albert . We just want her to behave with a little more integrity . '' After an appeal , the damages awarded were reduced by settlement with Antidote in 2009 , and Laura Albert retained the rights to her books and her life story .

neg: Real Women Have Curves Real Women Have Curves is a 2002 American comedy-drama film that takes place in East Los Angeles . It gained fame after winning the Audience Award for best dramatic film , and the Special Jury Prize for acting in the 2002 Sundance Film Festival . The film went on to receive the Youth Jury Award at the San Sebastian International Film Festival , the Humanitas Prize , the Imagen Award at the Imagen Foundation Awards , and Special Recognition by the National Board of Review . The film was directed by Patricia Cardoso , and stars a young America Ferrera as protagonist Ana García . The film is based on a play ( of the same title ) written by Josefina Lopez , who co-authored the screenplay for the film with producer George LaVoo . According to the Sundance Institute , the film gives a voice to young women who are struggling to love themselves and find respect in the United States .

neg: Elizabeth Nickson Elizabeth Nickson is a Canadian writer and journalist . In the late 1980s and early 1990s , she was European bureau chief of Life magazine .   In 2002 , Elizabeth Nickson 's column at the National Post was terminated due to a case of plagiarism .   Canada 's National Post has dismissed a columnist due to concerns over plagiarism . The news broke in an Editor 's Note the paper ran on Friday :   `` In freelancer Elizabeth Nickson 's column in the National Post of May 31 , 2002 , the following words should have been attributed to Jonah Goldberg of National Review Online :   `` Kim Basinger is ` allergic ' to the sun and requires an assistant to carry an umbrella to protect her on the off chance she might be exposed to dangerous solar radiation . Sylvester Stallone once refused to continue with an interview until his hotel room was painted a more ` likable ' peach . Mike Myers almost quit the filming of Wayne 's World because he did n't have any margarine for his bagel . Sean Penn made an assistant swim the dangerous and polluted currents of New York 's East River just to bring him a cigarette . Jennifer Lopez is just one of the many stars who does not permit her employees to look her in the eyes . ''   These sentences , as they appeared in Ms. Nickson 's column published two and a half years ago , were slightly revised from Mr. Goldberg 's original article that appeared a year earlier in 2001 . The National Post regrets the omission of the attribution to Mr. Goldberg and the National Review .   While Ms. Nickson indicated that her failure to attribute the passage was inadvertent , the Post has decided to discontinue her weekly freelance column . ''

neg: Door to Door (film) Door to Door is a 2002 television film about Bill Porter , an inspiring and successful door-to-door salesman with cerebral palsy . The film stars William H. Macy , who plays Porter , and also features Helen Mirren , Kyra Sedgwick , Michael Shanks and Kathy Baker . Door to Door , directed by Steven Schachter , was produced for the TNT cable network . It was nominated for twelve and won six Emmy Awards , including Outstanding Made for Television Movie , and also won a Peabody Award .   Porter had been told for many years that he was not employable , but he was determined to succeed and focused his efforts into working as a salesman for Watkins . Despite the awkwardness and pain of his condition , he would walk eight to ten miles a day to meet his customers . Porter supported himself and continued to work as a salesman until age 69 .   Door to Door is also the name of a 2009 Japanese TV movie starring Kazunari Ninomiya loosely based on the Bill Porter story set in Japan .

neg: Mageina Tovah Mageina Tovah ( born July 26 , 1979 ) is an American actress . She is best known for her roles as Glynis Figliola in the television series Joan of Arcadia ( 2003 -- 2005 ) and as Ursula Ditkovich in Sam Raimi 's Spider-Man trilogy .


query: John F. Kennedy graduated from a university.

pos: John F. Kennedy John Fitzgerald `` Jack '' Kennedy ( May 29 , 1917 -- November 22 , 1963 ) , commonly referred to by his initials JFK , was an American politician who served as the 35th President of the United States from January 1961 until his assassination in November 1963 . Kennedy served at the height of the Cold War , and much of his presidency focused on managing relations with the Soviet Union . He was a member of the Democratic Party who represented Massachusetts in the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate prior to becoming president .   Kennedy was born in Brookline , Massachusetts to Joseph P. Kennedy , Sr. and Rose Kennedy . A scion of the Kennedy family , he graduated from Harvard University in 1940 before joining the United States Naval Reserve the following year . During World War II , Kennedy commanded a series of PT boats in the Pacific theater and earned the Navy and Marine Corps Medal for his service . After the war , Kennedy represented Massachusetts 's 11th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1947 until 1953 . He was subsequently elected to the U.S. Senate and served as the junior Senator from Massachusetts from 1953 until 1960 . While serving in the Senate , he published Profiles in Courage , which won the Pulitzer Prize for Biography . In the 1960 presidential election , Kennedy narrowly defeated Republican opponent Richard Nixon , who was the incumbent Vice President .   Kennedy 's time in office was marked by high tensions with Communist states in the Cold War . He increased the number of American military advisers in South Vietnam by a factor of 18 over President Dwight D. Eisenhower . In April 1961 , he authorized a failed joint-CIA attempt to overthrow the Cuban government of Fidel Castro in the Bay of Pigs Invasion . He subsequently rejected plans by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to orchestrate false-flag attacks on American soil in order to gain public approval for a war against Cuba . In October 1962 , U.S. spy planes discovered that Soviet missile bases had been deployed in Cuba ; the resulting period of tensions , termed the Cuban Missile Crisis , nearly resulted in the breakout of a global thermonuclear conflict . Domestically , Kennedy presided over the establishment of the Peace Corps and supported the Civil Rights Movement , but he was largely unsuccessful in passing his New Frontier domestic policies . Kennedy continues to rank highly in historians ' polls of U.S. presidents and with the general public . His average approval rating of 70 % is the highest of any president in Gallup 's history of systematically measuring job approval .   On November 22 , 1963 , Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas , Texas . Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested for the crime , but he was never prosecuted due to his murder by Jack Ruby two days later . Pursuant to the Presidential Succession Act , Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn in as president later that day . The FBI and the Warren Commission officially concluded that Oswald was the lone assassin , but various groups believed that Kennedy was the victim of a conspiracy . After Kennedy 's death , many of his proposals were enacted , including the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Revenue Act of 1964 .

neg: Fulbright University Vietnam Fulbright University Vietnam ( FUV ) is a private nonprofit university in the Saigon Hi-Tech Park in Ho Chi Minh City , Vietnam . It is one of Vietnam 's first private , nonprofit institutions of higher education . The FUV concept emerged from discussions convened by the Vietnam Program at the Harvard Kennedy School aimed at planning the next stage in the development of the Fulbright Economics Teaching Program ( FETP ) , a center of public policy research and teaching in Ho Chi Minh City . Since 2014 , the university 's development has been coordinated by the Trust for University Innovation in Vietnam ( TUIV ) , a nonprofit corporation based in the Boston area . TUIV and the Harvard Vietnam Program are recipients of several grants from the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of the United States Department of State .

neg: Presidency of John F. Kennedy The presidency of John F. Kennedy began on January 20 , 1961 , when he was inaugurated as the 35th President of the United States , and ended on November 22 , 1963 , upon his assassination and death , a span of days . A Democrat , he took office following the 1960 presidential election , in which he narrowly defeated Richard Nixon . He was succeeded by Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson .   Kennedy was the first person born in the 20th century to be elected president , and , at age 43 , the youngest person elected to the office . He was also the first Roman Catholic elected to the presidency . Kennedy played an important role in bringing American politics into the modern communications age , as his use of television provided a campaign model that spoke to voters directly , and his media presidency greatly weakened the power of political machines in party politics .   Kennedy 's time in office was marked by Cold War tensions with the Soviet Union and especially with Cuba . In Cuba , a failed attempt was made in April 1961 at the Bay of Pigs to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro . Kennedy 's administration subsequently rejected plans by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to orchestrate false-flag attacks on American soil in order to gain public approval for a war against Cuba . In October 1962 , it was discovered that Soviet ballistic missiles had been deployed in Cuba ; the resulting period of unease , termed the Cuban Missile Crisis , is seen by many historians as the closest the human race has ever come to nuclear war between nuclear-armed belligerents .   To contain Communist expansion in Asia , Kennedy increased the number of American military advisers in South Vietnam by a factor of 18 over his predecessor , Dwight D. Eisenhower ; a further escalation of the American role in the Vietnam War took place after Kennedy 's death . In domestic politics Kennedy made bold proposals in his New Frontier agenda , but few were passed by Congress . He did establish of the Peace Corps , and intensify the Space Race . Kennedy took steps to support the Civil Rights Movement , and after his death his proposed civil rights bill was passed as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 .

neg: Public university A public university is a university that is predominantly funded by public means through a national or subnational government , as opposed to private universities . Whether a national university is considered public varies from one country ( or region ) to another , largely depending on the specific education landscape .

neg: History of Cornell University The history of Cornell University begins when its two founders , Andrew Dickson White of Syracuse and Ezra Cornell of Ithaca , met in the New York State Senate in January 1864 . Together , they established Cornell University in Ithaca , New York , in 1865 . The university was initially funded by Ezra Cornell 's $ 400,000 endowment and by New York 's 989920 acre allotment of the Morrill Land Grant Act of 1862 .   However , even before Ezra Cornell and Andrew White met in the New York Senate , each had separate plans and dreams that would draw them toward their collaboration in founding Cornell . White believed in the need for a great university for the nation that would take a radical new approach to education ; and Cornell , who had great respect for education and philanthropy , desired to use his money `` to do the greatest good . '' Abraham Lincoln 's signing of Vermont Senator Justin Morrill 's Land Grant Act into law was also critical to the formation of many universities , including Cornell , in the post-Civil War era .

neg: John F. Kennedy High School (Denver, Colorado) John F. Kennedy High School ( also known as `` Kennedy '' or `` JFK '' ) is a public secondary school located in the Bear Valley neighborhood on the southwest side of Denver , Colorado , United States . The school serves about 1,500 students in grades 9-12 in the Denver Public Schools system .   When the school opened with the spring semester of the 1965 - 1966 school year , it served both grades 7 - 9 and grades 10-12 . There was no junior high school in the area , so the new school was designed to accommodate both junior and senior high school students .   In 1974 , a court ordered the almost 100 % white school , along with the rest of Denver 's school system , to begin desegregation busing . A large portion of the former attendance area was assigned to Lincoln High School ( without buses ) and students from other parts of Denver were assigned to Kennedy ( with buses ) . The court-ordered busing was the start of the great white flight out of the Denver Public School System .

neg: University A university ( universitas , `` a whole '' , `` a corporation '' ) is an institution of higher ( or tertiary ) education and research which grants academic degrees in various academic disciplines . Universities typically provide undergraduate education and postgraduate education .   The word `` university '' is derived from the Latin universitas magistrorum et scholarium , which roughly means `` community of teachers and scholars . '' Universities were created in Italy and evolved from Cathedral schools for the clergy during the High Middle Ages .

neg: John Jay College of Criminal Justice The John Jay College of Criminal Justice ( John Jay ) is a senior college of the City University of New York in Midtown Manhattan , New York City . John Jay was founded as the only liberal arts college with a criminal justice and forensic focus in the United States . The college is known for its criminal justice , forensic science , forensic psychology , and public affairs programs .

neg: Yale Seminar The Yale Seminar took place at Yale University , June 17 -- 28 , 1963 to consider the problems facing music education and to propose possible solutions . The National Science Foundation had sponsored science curriculum development in the late 1950s . President John F. Kennedy appointed the Panel on Educational Research and Development , which recommended that the K-12 music curriculum of previous decades be examined to discover why school music programs had not produced a musically literate and active public . The U.S. Office of Education Cooperative Research Program awarded a grant to Yale University , and Claude V. Palisca was appointed director of the Yale Seminar . Two areas of concern were identified : music materials and music performance .

neg: Lesley University Lesley University is a private , coeducational university in Cambridge , Massachusetts . It offers education , expressive therapies , creative writing , counseling , and fine arts programs .   The university is a member of the New England Association of Schools and Colleges , National Association of Schools of Art and Design , New England Collegiate Conference , and the Association of Independent Colleges of Art and Design .

neg: Southern University at Shreveport Southern University at Shreveport , or SUSLA is a two-year campus of the historically black Southern University System , located in Shreveport , the U.S. state of Louisiana . SUSLA , pushed to fruition by the administration of Governor John J. McKeithen , opened for instruction on September 19 , 1967 . At the same time a second two-year institution , Louisiana State University at Shreveport , also opened . However , LSUS later became a four-year campus , but SUSLA remains a two-year facility . The university is a member-school of Thurgood Marshall College Fund .   The primary emphasis of SUSLA was to serve the Shreveport-Bossier City area . SUSLA is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools to award associate degrees .   On October 28 , 1974 , the Louisiana Board of Regents , then called the Coordinating Council for Higher Education , granted to the institution approval for six associate degree programs in business , humanities , medical office assistant , natural sciences , office administration and social sciences . In 1978 , it added an associate degree in medical laboratory technology .   Among the buildings at SUSLA is Stone Hall , named for the late Southern University System president Jesse N. Stone , Jr. . Inside Stone Hall is the J. Bennett Johnston , Jr. . Video Conferencing Center , named for the former U.S. senator from Shreveport .

neg: Higher education in the United States Higher education in the United States is an optional final stage of formal learning following secondary education . Higher education , also referred to as post-secondary education , third stage , third level , or tertiary education occurs most commonly at one of the 4,726 Title IV degree-granting institutions , either colleges or universities in the country . These may be public universities , private universities , liberal arts colleges , community colleges , or for-profit colleges . High visibility issues include greater use of the Internet , such as massive open online courses , competency-based education , cutbacks in state spending , rapidly rising tuition and increasing student loans .   According to the National Student Clearinghouse , US college enrollment has declined for five consecutive years and is projected to continue declining for the next two decades .   Strong research and funding have helped make American colleges and universities among the world 's most prestigious , making them particularly attractive to international students , professors and researchers in the pursuit of academic excellence .   Unlike the tertiary education system of the UK and Australia , American education is unique in the world to place strong emphasis on Liberal Arts education in its higher education curriculum .

neg: California State University The California State University ( Cal State or CSU ) is a public university system in California . Composed of 23 campuses and eight off-campus centers enrolling 460,200 students with 24,405 faculty and 23,012 staff , CSU is the largest four-year public university system in the United States . It is one of three public higher education systems in the state , with the other two being the University of California system and the California Community Colleges System . The CSU System is incorporated as The Trustees of the California State University . The California State University system headquarters are at 401 Golden Shore in Long Beach , California .   The California State University was created in 1960 under the California Master Plan for Higher Education , and it is a direct descendant of the system of California State Normal Schools . With nearly 100,000 graduates annually , the CSU is the country 's greatest producer of bachelor 's degrees . The university system collectively sustains more than 150,000 jobs within the state , and its related expenditures reach more than $ 17 billion annually .   In the 2011-12 academic year , CSU awarded 52 percent of newly issued California teaching credentials , 47 percent of the state 's engineering degrees , 28 percent of the state 's information technology bachelor 's degrees , and it had more graduates in business ( 50 percent ) , agriculture ( 72 percent ) , communication studies , health ( 53 percent ) , education , and public administration ( 52 percent ) than all other universities and colleges in California combined . Altogether , about half of the bachelor 's degrees , one-third of the master 's degrees , and nearly two percent of the doctoral degrees awarded annually in California are from the CSU .   Furthermore , the CSU system is one of the top U.S. producers of graduates who move on to earn their Ph.D. degrees in a related field . The CSU has a total of 17 AACSB accredited graduate business schools which is over twice as many as any other collegiate system . Since 1961 , nearly three million alumni have received their bachelor 's , master 's , or doctoral degrees from the CSU system . CSU offers more than 1,800 degree programs in some 240 subject areas . In Fall of 2015 , 9,282 ( or 39 percent ) of CSU 's 24,405 faculty were tenured or on the tenure track .

neg: American University School of International Service The School of International Service ( SIS ) is American University 's school of advanced international study in the areas of international politics , international communication , international development , international economic relations , peace and conflict resolution , global environmental politics , and U.S. foreign policy .   The School of International Service was created when AU 's Hurst Anderson was urged by President Dwight D. Eisenhower to create a school of practitioners prepared for foreign policy beyond the U.S. -- Soviet rivalry . Since 1957 , SIS has prepared thousands of graduates to represent their country in the global arena by `` waging peace '' and employing the hallmarks of thoughtful diplomacy .   SIS is the largest school of international relations in the United States , enrolling more than 2,000 students from over 150 countries . The school makes extensive use of the academic and governmental resources offered by the university 's location in Washington , D.C.   Foreign Policy , in its 2015 rankings of top international affairs programs , ranked the school 's master 's and undergraduate programs as 8th - and 9th-best in the world , respectively . SIS is also consistently ranked in conjunction with American University 's School of Public Affairs as a leading program in the country by U.S. News & World Report 's college and university rankings . SIS is also a full member of The Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs .

neg: Jackson State University Jackson State University ( Jackson State or JSU ) is a historically Black college and university ( `` HBCU '' ) in Jackson , Mississippi , United States . It was founded during the Reconstruction era in 1877 in Natchez , Mississippi , as Natchez Seminary by the American Baptist Home Mission Society of New York City . The Society moved the school to the capital , Jackson , in 1882 , renaming it Jackson College . It developed its present campus in 1902 .   It became a state-supported public institution in 1940 . The university is a member of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund . Under the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education , Jackson State University is classified as a research university with high research activity . In the fall of 2015 , Jackson State University reached a student population of nearly 10,000 students , an increase of 11 % since Fall 2012 . The university ranked as the fourth-largest HBCU in the nation .

neg: John Jay Award The John Jay Award is presented annually by Columbia College of Columbia University to its alumni for distinguished professional achievement . It is named for Founding Father of the United States John Jay , Columbia College Class of 1764 . Previous recipients include many well-known professionals in a wide variety of fields .

neg: John Kennedy College John Kennedy College is a boys school in Beau-Bassin , Mauritius . It is one of the largest secondary schools in Mauritius . It was founded in 1963 and inaugurated by the then Governor General Sir John Shaw Rennie .  The school is named after American president John F. Kennedy . Its students are known as `` Kennedians '' . The school 's emblem is the American bald eagle .   The main areas of focus of John Kennedy College are the sciences , technology and economics . Initially the school was more technically oriented but has since diversified .

neg: John F. Kennedy International Airport John F. Kennedy International Airport is a major international airport located in the neighborhood of Jamaica in the borough of Queens in New York City , United States , 12 mi southeast of Lower Manhattan . It is the busiest international air passenger gateway into North America , the fifth busiest airport in the United States and the busiest airport in the New York City airport system , handling just under 59 million passengers in 2016 . Over ninety airlines operate out of the airport , with non-stop or direct flights to destinations in all six inhabited continents . The airport features six passenger terminals and four runways . It serves as a hub for American Airlines and Delta Air Lines and is the primary operating base for JetBlue Airways . In the past , JFK served as a hub for Eastern , National , Pan Am , and TWA .   Opened as New York International Airport in 1948 , it was commonly known as Idlewild Airport before being renamed in 1963 in memory of John F. Kennedy , the 35th President of the United States , following his assassination .

neg: Liberal arts college A liberal arts college is a college with an emphasis on undergraduate study in the liberal arts and sciences . A liberal arts college aims to impart a broad general knowledge and develop general intellectual capacities , in contrast to a professional , vocational , or technical curriculum . Students in a liberal arts college generally major in a particular discipline while receiving exposure to a wide range of academic subjects , including sciences as well as the traditional humanities subjects taught as liberal arts . Although it draws on European antecedents , the liberal arts college is strongly associated with American higher education , and most liberal arts colleges around the world draw explicitly on the American model .   There is no formal definition of liberal arts college , but one American authority defines them as schools that `` emphasize undergraduate education and award at least half of their degrees in the liberal arts fields of study . '' Other researchers have adopted similar definitions .   Although many liberal arts colleges are exclusively undergraduate , some also offer graduate programs that lead to a master 's degree or doctoral degree in subjects such as business administration , nursing , medicine , and law . Similarly , although the term `` liberal arts college '' most commonly refers to an independent institution , it may also sometimes refer to a university college within or affiliated with a larger university . Most liberal arts colleges outside of the United States follow this model .

neg: Lincoln College (Illinois) Lincoln College ( chartered Lincoln University ) is a private , independent liberal arts college located in Lincoln , Illinois . Lincoln College is a hybrid college offering both two-year and four-year degree programs for its students . Lincoln College was established in 1865 by the Cumberland Presbyterian Church , but is now independent and has no formal church affiliation . There were a few sites that were looked at as possibilities , and in December 1864 , the site of Lincoln was selected . Due to the Civil War , the denomination wanted to create a college in the North because the denomination 's other schools were located in the South . At this same time a movement started in the new community of Lincoln to start a college . On February 6 , 1865 , the Illinois General Assembly granted the charter that established the university . President Lincoln was aware the school would be named after him . Lincoln University was the first institution named for Abraham Lincoln and the only one during his lifetime . The groundbreaking for University Hall , the first college building , was held on the birthday of Abraham Lincoln , which was six days after the charter had been granted . By September 1866 , University Hall 's construction was completed . In November 1866 , the college opened its doors to men and women alike . In 1868 , there were three people who received their degrees .

neg: List of state universities in the United States In the United States , a state college or state university is one of the public colleges or universities funded by or associated with the state government . In some cases , these institutions of higher learning are part of a state university system , while in other cases they are not . Several U.S. territories also administer public colleges and universities . The U.S. federal government does not run colleges or universities except for the service academies , the Community College of the Air Force , the Naval Postgraduate School , the Air Force Institute of Technology , the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , military war colleges and staff colleges , and Haskell Indian Nations University . Additionally , Georgetown University , Gallaudet University , Howard University , and American University are private universities that are federally chartered . However , the federal government does make grants to state universities .   These state , as well as private , universities are accredited by different regional , not national , accreditation agencies , including the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools , the New England Association of Schools and Colleges , the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities , the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools , the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools , and the Western Association of Schools and Colleges , depending on which region of the United States the university is located in . These accreditation agencies ' approvals are critical to a university 's operations and public reputation . If a university loses accreditation or is not accredited in the first place , students will be reluctant to either continue or enroll at the school because the degree will be seen as being worthless . In a worst-case scenario , a university can shut down completely . The aforementioned agencies are all recognized by the United States Department of Education .   Most state universities receive at least part of their funding from the state , although many have substantial income from tuition and fees , endowment proceeds , donations ( such as from alumni or philanthropists ) , and revenue from royalties . State universities usually offer lower tuition costs to in-state residents . According to the College Board , public four-year colleges charge on average $ 7,605 per year in tuition and fees for full-time in-state students and $ 11,990 for out-of-state students .   In some states , e.g. Maryland , Tennessee , Indiana , and Washington , there is a campus designated as the `` flagship '' campus in the state 's university system , which generally is the most prestigious campus and the largest campus in student population , e.g. the University of Maryland College Park campus in the University System of Maryland , the Indiana University Bloomington campus in the Indiana University System , the University of Tennessee Knoxville campus in the University of Tennessee System , and the University of Washington 's Seattle campus in the University of Washington System .   However , in some other states , the state universities are treated as equal partners ; therefore there is no officially recognized flagship campus in the state 's university system .   There are a number of states that have more than one university system , e.g. California with 2 ; Colorado with 2 ; New York with 2 ; and Texas with 6 ( the most ) .   Notes :  As a general rule , schools are not alphabetized by their complete names , but rather by the names by which they are normally called . For example , in a list alphabetized by normal rules , `` Auburn University '' would precede `` University of Alabama , '' but the schools are virtually always referred to in popular conversation as `` Auburn '' and `` Alabama '' ( followed by a campus identifier if required by the context ) . Therefore , in this article , `` Alabama '' precedes `` Auburn '' .  The list includes some of the more common academic nicknames or acronyms used for certain colleges or universities , e.g. `` Ole Miss '' for the University of Mississippi , `` Idaho State '' for Idaho State University , or `` UNF '' for the University of North Florida , not the `` Rebels '' , `` Bengals '' , or `` Ospreys '' , respectively .  To minimize any confusion regarding acronyms , either the first school listed or the school that is more nationally known having an acronym the same as another has the acronym provided , e.g. San Diego State University has the acronym `` SDSU '' included because it is listed before South Dakota State University , and Arizona State University has the acronym `` ASU '' given because it is better known nationally than Alabama State . In addition , only acronyms that are unique are given , e.g. `` UW Tacoma '' for the University of Washington 's Tacoma campus or `` UNH '' for the University of New Hampshire .  The list also includes schools that grant first-professional doctorates only ( e.g. , medical schools , law schools , or veterinary schools ) that are independent of any other school in a state system .  To see a list of community colleges and technical centers in the United States that offer only associate 's degrees , visit the community colleges list .  To see a list of tribal colleges and universities in the United States , visit the tribal colleges and universities list .