query: Measles complications do not occur in about 30% of people.

pos: Measles Measles is a highly contagious infection caused by the measles virus . Initial signs and symptoms typically include fever , often greater than 40 C , cough , runny nose , and inflamed eyes . Two or three days after the start of symptoms , small white spots may form inside the mouth , known as Koplik 's spots . A red , flat rash which usually starts on the face and then spreads to the rest of the body typically begins three to five days after the start of symptoms . Symptoms usually develop 10 -- 12 days after exposure to an infected person and last 7 -- 10 days . Complications occur in about 30 % and may include diarrhea , blindness , inflammation of the brain , and pneumonia among others . Rubella ( German measles ) and roseola are different diseases .   Measles is an airborne disease which spreads easily through the coughs and sneezes of those infected . It may also be spread through contact with saliva or nasal secretions . Nine out of ten people who are not immune and share living space with an infected person will catch it . People are infectious to others from four days before to four days after the start of the rash . People usually do not get the disease more than once . Testing for the virus in suspected cases is important for public health efforts .   The measles vaccine is effective at preventing the disease . Vaccination has resulted in a 75 % decrease in deaths from measles between 2000 and 2013 with about 85 % of children globally being currently vaccinated . No specific treatment is available . Supportive care may improve outcomes . This may include giving oral rehydration solution ( slightly sweet and salty fluids ) , healthy food , and medications to control the fever . Antibiotics may be used if a secondary bacterial infection such as pneumonia occurs . Vitamin A supplementation is also recommended in the developing world .   Measles affects about 20 million people a year , primarily in the developing areas of Africa and Asia . It causes the most vaccine-preventable deaths of any disease . It resulted in about 73,000 deaths in 2014 , down from 545,000 deaths in 1990 . In 1980 , the disease was estimated to have caused 2.6 million deaths per year . Most of those who are infected and who die are less than five years old . The risk of death among those infected is usually 0.2 % , but may be up to 10 % in those who have malnutrition . It is not believed to affect other animals . Before immunization in the United States , between three and four million cases occurred each year . As a result of widespread vaccination , the disease was eliminated from the Americas by 2016 .

neg: Screening (medicine) Screening , in medicine , is a strategy used in a population to identify the possible presence of an as-yet-undiagnosed disease in individuals without signs or symptoms . This can include individuals with pre-symptomatic or unrecognized symptomatic disease . As such , screening tests are somewhat unusual in that they are performed on persons apparently in good health .   Screening interventions are designed to identify disease in a community early , thus enabling earlier intervention and management in the hope to reduce mortality and suffering from a disease . Although screening may lead to an earlier diagnosis , not all screening tests have been shown to benefit the person being screened ; overdiagnosis , misdiagnosis , and creating a false sense of security are some potential adverse effects of screening . For these reasons , a test used in a screening program , especially for a disease with low incidence , must have good sensitivity in addition to acceptable specificity .   Several types of screening exist : universal screening involves screening of all individuals in a certain category ( for example , all children of a certain age ) . Case finding involves screening a smaller group of people based on the presence of risk factors ( for example , because a family member has been diagnosed with a hereditary disease ) . Screening interventions are not designed to be diagnostic , and often have significant rates of both false positive and false negative results .

neg: Ebola vaccine Ebola vaccine candidates against Ebola have been developed in the decade prior to 2014 , but none have yet been approved for clinical use in humans . Several promising vaccine candidates have been shown to protect nonhuman primates ( usually macaques ) against lethal infection . These include replication-deficient adenovirus vectors , replication-competent vesicular stomatitis ( VSV ) and human parainfluenza ( HPIV-3 ) vectors , and virus-like nanoparticle preparations . Conventional trials to study efficacy by exposure of humans to the pathogen after immunization are obviously not feasible in this case . For such situations , the FDA has established the `` Animal Efficacy Rule '' allowing licensure to be approved on the basis of animal model studies that replicate human disease , combined with evidence of safety and a potentially potent immune response ( antibodies in the blood ) from humans given the vaccine . Clinical trials involve the administration of the vaccine to healthy human subjects to evaluate the immune response , identify any side effects and determine the appropriate dosage .   In December 2016 , a study found the VSV-EBOV vaccine to be 70 -- 100 % effective against the Ebola virus , making it the first proven vaccine against the disease .

neg: Cardiovascular disease in China Cardiac disease in China is on the rise . Though incidences of heart disease have increased faster in the city than in the countryside , rural morbidity and mortality rates are now on the rise as well . Health statistics shows that the ischemic heart disease mortality rate in rural China has approximately doubled since 1988 .   Unlike in developed countries , there is no preventive or primary health care system in place to stop the rise of cardiac disease . The real extent of heart disease in rural China is unknown because statistics are fraught with error and bias due to difficulties in ascertaining cause of death in places where 90 % die without seeing a doctor . Therefore , there is a need to ascertain the real incidence and prevalence of heart disease and to develop adequate preventive and primary care in the Chinese countryside .

neg: Dog bite prevention Dog bite prevention is the effort to educate the public on the prevention of being attacked , bitten and killed by a dog or dogs . Approximately 16,000 -- 39,000 persons come in contact with potentially rabid dogs and other animals and receive rabies pre - and postexposure prophylaxis against the rabies virus each year . Up to 800,000 Americans are treated for dog bites each year . About half are children . Young children are typically bitten by familiar or family dogs during normal activities . Some people , like the very young or the very old are more susceptible to being bitten and therefore may need additional methods of prevention .   Approximately 4.5 million dog bites occur each year in the United States . Almost 1 out of 5 bites becomes infected . In addition to causing pain , injury , or nerve damage , dog bites can become infected , placing the bite victim at risk for illness or death . Those who work and live around dogs should be aware of the risk and take precautions .

neg: Ebola virus cases in the United States In December 2014 , Ebola virus cases in the United States occurred due to four laboratory-confirmed cases of Ebola virus disease ( commonly known as `` Ebola '' ) in the United States . Eleven cases have been reported , including these four cases and seven cases medically evacuated from other countries ; the first was reported in September 2014 . Nine of the people contracted the disease outside the US and traveled into the country , either as regular airline passengers or as medical evacuees ; of those nine , two died . Two people have contracted Ebola in the United States . Both were nurses who treated an Ebola patient ; both have recovered .   On September 30 , 2014 , the CDC announced that Thomas Eric Duncan , a reportedly 42-year-old ( later corrected by CDC reports as a 45-year-old ) Liberian national visiting the United States from Liberia , had been diagnosed with Ebola in Dallas , Texas .  Duncan , who had been visiting family in Dallas , was treated at Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas . By October 4 , Duncan 's condition had deteriorated from `` serious but stable '' to `` critical '' . On October 8 , Duncan died of Ebola.The other three cases diagnosed in the United States were :  October 11 , 2014 , a nurse , Nina Pham , who had provided care to Duncan at the hospital .  October 14 , 2014 , Amber Joy Vinson , another nurse who treated Duncan .  October 23 , 2014 , physician Craig Spencer , diagnosed in New York City ; he had just returned from working with Doctors Without Borders in Guinea , a country in west Africa .   Hundreds of people were tested or monitored for potential Ebola virus infection , but the two nurses were the only confirmed cases of locally transmitted Ebola . Public health experts and the Obama administration opposed instituting a travel ban on Ebola endemic areas , stating that it would be ineffective and would paradoxically worsen the situation .   No one both contracted and died of Ebola virus disease while in the United States . No new cases have been diagnosed in the United States since Craig Spencer was released from a New York City hospital on November 11 , 2014 .

neg: Erythema chronicum migrans Erythema chronicum migrans ( New Latin , literally , `` chronic migrating redness '' ) refers to the rash often ( though not always ) seen in the early stage of Lyme disease . It can appear anywhere from one day to one month after a tick bite . This rash does not represent an allergic reaction to the bite , but rather an actual skin infection with the Lyme bacteria , Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato . `` Erythema migrans is the only manifestation of Lyme disease in the United States that is sufficiently distinctive to allow clinical diagnosis in the absence of laboratory confirmation . '' It is a pathognomonic sign : a physician-identified rash warrants an instant diagnosis of Lyme disease and immediate treatment without further testing , even by the strict criteria of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Such target lesions ( bull 's - eye rashes ) are characteristic of Borrelia infections , and no other pathogens are known that cause this form of rash .   A similar condition called Southern Tick Associated Rash Illness ( STARI ) produces a similar rash pattern although it develops more quickly and is smaller . The associated infectious agent has not been determined . Antibiotic treatment resolves the illness quickly .   This erythema is also sometimes called erythema migrans or EM . However , a less common meaning of the term `` erythema migrans '' is a mucosal condition of the tongue , also called geographic tongue .

neg: ProMED-mail Program for Monitoring Emerging Diseases ( also known as ProMED-mail , abbreviated ProMED ) is among the largest publicly available emerging diseases and outbreak reporting systems in the world . The central purpose of ProMED is to promote communication amongst the international infectious disease community , including scientists , physicians , veterinarians , epidemiologists , public health professionals , and others interested in infectious diseases on a global scale . Founded in 1994 , ProMED has pioneered the concept of electronic , Internet-based emerging disease and outbreak detection reporting . In 1999 , ProMED became a program of the International Society for Infectious Diseases . As of 2016 , ProMED has more than 75,000 subscribers in over 185 countries . With an average of 13 posts per day , ProMED provides users with up-to-date information concerning infectious disease outbreaks on a global scale .   ProMED 's guiding principles include :  Transparency and a commitment to the unfettered flow of outbreak information  Freedom from political constraints  Availability to all without cost  Commitment to One Health  Service to the global health community   One of the essential global health priorities is the timely recognition and reporting of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases . Early recognition can enable coordinated and rapid responses to an outbreak , preventing catastrophic morbidity and mortality . Additionally , early detection can alleviate grave economic hardship brought upon by pandemics and emerging diseases . Burgeoning globalization of commerce , finance , manufacturing , and services has fostered ever-increasing movement of people , animals , plants , food , and feed . Other contributing factors to the risk of new pathogens emerging and known pathogens re-emerging include climate change , urbanization , land use changes , and political instability . Outbreaks that begin in the most remote parts of the world now spread swiftly to urban centers in countries far away . The epidemiological data in ProMED posts has been used to estimate mortality rates and demographic parameters for specific diseases .   The severe acute respiratory syndrome ( SARS ) outbreak in 2003 and the Middle East respiratory syndrome ( MERS ) outbreak in 2012 demonstrated the importance of early identification for emerging disease occurrences . The initial outbreak reports in both events were posted by astute clinicians . The use of non-traditional information sources can provide prompt information to the international community on emerging infectious disease problems that have yet to be officially reported . The early dissemination of information may lead to rapid official confirmation of ongoing outbreaks . The Epicore program , launched in March 2016 , makes use of volunteers throughout the world to find and report outbreaks using non-traditional methods .

neg: Non-Hispanic whites Non-Hispanic whites or whites not of Hispanic or Latino origin or `` Anglo '' '' ' , '' are people in the United States who , as defined by the Census Bureau , are considered racially white and are not of Hispanic or Latino origin/ethnicity . Non-Hispanic whites are a subcategory of white Americans , the other being white Hispanic and Latino Americans .   Although generally all nations in Europe have contributed to the white population through emigration to Northern America in the last few centuries , the majority of non-Hispanic whites trace their origins to Northwestern Europe while other major sources originate in Southern and Eastern Europe ; German , Irish , and English ancestries are the most common .   In the United States , this population was first derived from English ( and , to a lesser degree , French ) settlement of the Americas , as well as settlement by other Europeans such as the Germans and Dutch that began in the 17th century ( see History of the United States ) . Continued growth since the early 19th century is attributed to sustained very high birth rates alongside relatively low death rates among settlers and natives alike as well as periodically massive immigration from European countries , especially Germany , Ireland , England , Spain , Greece , Sweden and Norway , as well as Poland , Russia , and many more countries . In 2011 , for the first time in U.S. history , non-Hispanic whites accounted for under half of the births in the country , with 49.6 % of total births . At 197.2 million in 2012 , non-Hispanic whites comprise 62.8 % of the total U.S. population .

neg: Poliomyelitis Poliomyelitis , often called polio or infantile paralysis , is an infectious disease caused by the poliovirus . In about 0.5 percent of cases there is muscle weakness resulting in an inability to move . This can occur over a few hours to a few days . The weakness most often involves the legs but may less commonly involve the muscles of the head , neck and diaphragm . Many but not all people fully recover . In those with muscle weakness about 2 to 5 percent of children and 15 to 30 percent of adults die . Another 25 percent of people have minor symptoms such as fever and a sore throat and up to 5 percent have headache , neck stiffness and pains in the arms and legs . These people are usually back to normal within one or two weeks . In up to 70 percent of infections there are no symptoms . Years after recovery post-polio syndrome may occur , with a slow development of muscle weakness similar to that which the person had during the initial infection .   Poliovirus is usually spread from person to person through infected fecal matter entering the mouth . It may also be spread by food or water containing human feces and less commonly from infected saliva . Those who are infected may spread the disease for up to six weeks even if no symptoms are present . The disease may be diagnosed by finding the virus in the feces or detecting antibodies against it in the blood . The disease only occurs naturally in humans .   The disease is preventable with the polio vaccine ; however , a number of doses are required for it to be effective . The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends polio vaccination boosters for travelers and those who live in countries where the disease is occurring . Once infected there is no specific treatment . In 2016 , polio affected 42 people , while there were about 350,000 cases in 1988 . In 2014 the disease was only spreading between people in Afghanistan , Nigeria , and Pakistan . In 2015 Nigeria had stopped the spread of wild poliovirus but it reoccurred in 2016 .   Poliomyelitis has existed for thousands of years , with depictions of the disease in ancient art . The disease was first recognized as a distinct condition by Michael Underwood in 1789 and the virus that causes it was first identified in 1908 by Karl Landsteiner . Major outbreaks started to occur in the late 19th century in Europe and the United States . In the 20th century it became one of the most worrying childhood diseases in these areas . The first polio vaccine was developed in the 1950s by Jonas Salk . It is hoped that vaccination efforts and early detection of cases will result in global eradication of the disease by 2018 .

neg: Measles & Rubella Initiative Measles & Rubella Initiative ( MRI ) , launched in 2001 , is a long-term commitment and partnership among leaders in public health and supports the goal of reducing measles deaths globally by 90 % by 2010 compared to 2000 estimates .

neg: Scarlet fever serum Scarlet fever serum was used beginning in November 1900 after its development in the Sero-Therapeutic Laboratory of Rudolph Hospital  in Vienna , Austria . The serum was taken from the blood of horses . Infected children were injected in their abdominal skin by Dr. Paul Moser .  Mortality rates from scarlet fever declined significantly following the use of the blood serum .   Moser at first used scarlet fever serum primarily on the most severely sick persons . After achieving positive results it was applied in the first or second day following contraction of scarlet fever . In many cases the children treated demonstrated great improvement in a very short time , with their fevers going away quickly . Moser worked with four hundred children suffering from scarlatina at St. Anne 's Hospital . The mortality rate of those he treated was 8.9 % . This compared quite favorably when measured against the 13.09 % among children in Vienna hospitals where the  scarlet fever serum was not administered . Moser 's antitoxin reduced the mortality of scarlet fever by 40 % .   At no time was the volume of serum available sufficient . As of November 1902 a strong concentrated scarlet fever serum was unavailable .

neg: Epidemiology of syphilis Syphilis is believed to have infected people in 1999 with greater than 90 % of cases in the developing world . It affects between 700,000 and 1.6 million pregnancies a year resulting in spontaneous abortions , stillbirths , and congenital syphilis . In Sub-Saharan Africa syphilis contributes to approximately 20 % of perinatal deaths .   In the developed world , syphilis infections were in decline until the 1980s and 1990s due to widespread use of antibiotics . Since the year 2000 , rates of syphilis have been increasing in the US , UK , Australia , and Europe primarily among men who have sex with men . This is attributed to unsafe sexual practices .   Increased rates among heterosexuals have occurred in China and Russia since the 1990s . Syphilis increases the risk of HIV transmission by two to five times and co-infection is common ( 30 -- 60 % in a number of urban centers ) .   Untreated it has a mortality of 8 % to 58 % with a greater death rate in males . The symptoms of syphilis have become less severe over the 19th and 20th century in part due to widespread availability of effective treatment and partly due to decreasing virulence of the spirochete . With early treatment few complications result .

neg: Folate Folate , forms of which are known as folic acid and vitamin B9 , is one of the B vitamins . The recommended daily intake level of folate is 400 micrograms from foods or dietary supplements . Folic acid is used to treat anemia caused by folic acid deficiency . It is also used as a supplement by women during pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects ( NTDs ) in the baby . Low levels in early pregnancy are believed to be the cause of more than half of babies born with neural tube defects . More than 50 countries use fortification of certain foods with folic acid as a measure to decrease the rate of NTDs in the population . Long term supplementation is also associated with small reductions in the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease . It may be taken by mouth or by injection .   There are no common side effects . It is not known whether high doses over a long period of time are of concern . There are concerns that large amounts of folic acid might hide vitamin B12 deficiency . Folic acid is essential for the body to make DNA , RNA , and metabolise amino acids which are required for cell division . As humans can not make folic acid , it is required from the diet , making it an essential vitamin .   Not consuming enough folate can lead to folate deficiency . This may result in a type of anemia in which low numbers of large red blood cells occur . Symptoms may include feeling tired , heart palpitations , shortness of breath , open sores on the tongue , and changes in the color of the skin or hair . Deficiency in children may develop within a month of poor dietary intake . In adults normal total body folate is between 10,000 -- 30,000 micrograms ( µg ) with blood levels of greater than 7 nmol/L ( 3 ng/mL ) .   Folic acid was discovered between 1931 and 1943 . It is on the World Health Organization 's List of Essential Medicines , the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system . The wholesale cost of supplements in the developing world is between 0.001 and 0.005 USD per dose as of 2014 . The term `` folic '' is from the Latin word folium , which means leaf . Folates occur naturally in many foods especially dark green leafy vegetables and liver .

neg: Cure A cure is the end of a medical condition ; the substance or procedure that ends the medical condition , such as a medication , a surgical operation , a change in lifestyle , or even a philosophical mindset that helps end a person 's sufferings ; or the state of being healed , or cured .   A remission is a temporary end to the medical signs and symptoms of an incurable disease . A disease is said to be incurable if there is always a chance of the patient relapsing , no matter how long the patient has been in remission . An incurable disease may or may not be a terminal illness ; conversely , a curable illness can still result in the patient 's death .   The proportion of people with a disease that are cured by a given treatment , called the cure fraction or cure rate , is determined by comparing disease-free survival of treated people against a matched control group that never had the disease .   Another way of determining the cure fraction and/or `` cure time '' is by measuring when the hazard rate in a diseased group of individuals returns to the hazard rate measured in the general population .   Inherent in the idea of a cure is the permanent end to the specific instance of the disease . When a person has the common cold , and then recovers from it , the person is said to be cured , even though the person might someday catch another cold . Conversely , a person that has successfully managed a disease , such as diabetes mellitus , so that it produces no undesirable symptoms for the moment , but without actually permanently ending it , is not cured .   Related concepts , whose meaning can differ , include response , remission and recovery .

neg: List of women who died in childbirth This is a list of notable women , either famous themselves or closely associated with someone well known , who suffered maternal death as defined by the World Health Organization ( WHO ) :   `` the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy , irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy , from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental causes . ''   Note that this wording includes abortion , miscarriage , stillbirth , and ectopic pregnancy . Generally , there is a distinction between a direct maternal death that is the result of a complication of the pregnancy , delivery , or management of the two , and an indirect maternal death that is a pregnancy-related death in a woman with a pre-existing or newly developed health problem unrelated to pregnancy . Fatalities during but unrelated to a pregnancy are termed accidental , incidental , or non-obstetrical maternal deaths .   However , the WHO definition is only one of many ; other definitions may include accidental and incidental causes . Cases with `` incidental causes '' include deaths secondary to violence against women that may be related to the pregnancy and be affected by the socioeconomic and cultural environment . Also , it has been reported that about 10 % of maternal deaths may occur late , that is after 42 days after a termination or delivery ; thus , some definitions extend the period of observation to one year after the end of gestation .

neg: Vital statistics (government records) Vital statistics are statistics on live births , deaths , foetal deaths , marriages and divorces . The most common way of collecting information on these events is through civil registration , an administrative system used by governments to record vital events which occur in their populations ( see Box 1 ) . Efforts to improve the quality of vital statistics will therefore be closely related to the development of civil registration systems in countries .   Box 1 . United Nations Definitions of Vital Statistics and Civil Registration Systems  A vital statistics system is defined by the United Nations `` as the total process of ( a ) collecting information by civil registration or enumeration on the frequency or occurrence of specified and defined vital events , as well as relevant characteristics of the events themselves and the person or persons concerned , and ( b ) compiling , processing , analyzing , evaluating , presenting , and disseminating these data in statistical form '' ( UN , 2001 ) .  Civil registration , as defined by the United Nations , is the '' continuous , permanent , compulsory , and universal recording of the occurrence and characteristics of vital events ( livebirths , deaths , fetal deaths , marriages , and divorces ) and other civil status events pertaining to the population as provided by decree , law or regulation , in accordance with the legal requirements in each country . ''   The origin of vital statistics begins as early as 1869 and death by social class was recorded in England beginning in 1921 .   While the number of births and deaths can be obtained by enumeration at certain points in time ( e.g. censuses and surveys ) , civil registration collects this information on a continuous basis and is the only source that provides individuals with a legal document . For instance , the importance of birth registration as the first legal recognition of the child is emphasized in Article 7 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child which states that `` the child shall be registered immediately after birth and shall have the right from birth to a name , the right to acquire a nationality and , as far as possible , the right to know and be cared for by his or her parents '' . United Nations Children 's Fund ( UNICEF ) and a number of non-governmental organizations ( Plan International , Save the Children Fund , World Vision , etc. ) have particularly promoted the human rights aspects of registration , while the United Nations Statistics Division ( UNSD ) , United Nations Population Fund ( UNFPA ) and World Health Organization ( WHO ) have focused more on the statistical aspects of civil registration .   Countries which are signatories to the Convention on the Rights of the Child are therefore expected to set up systems to register the births of all children . Non-registration of a child can have negative consequences on the wider enjoyment of a child 's fundamental rights to benefits such as identity , inheritance , education , health and other social services . Birth registration is also part of a broader strategy to ensure that children are less vulnerable to abuse and exploitation , especially if separated from their parents . In the absence of a functioning birth registration system , it is difficult to see how a country can enforce age-related legal concerns such as schooling , child labour , juvenile justice , early marriage , sexual exploitation and military recruitment . Recent natural disasters and calamities have also demonstrated the utility of a birth certificate for reuniting lost children with their families .   Many civil registration systems also collect information on causes of death . Statistics based on these death records are of particular importance in public health for identifying the magnitude and distribution of major disease problems , and are essential for the design , implementation , monitoring , and assessment of health programmes and policies .   Toronto scientist , professor Prabhat Jha argues that inexpensive recording of vital statistics in developing countries is the most effective means to improve global health and has outlined 5 options for expanding Cause of Death reporting .   `` Despite the importance of tracking causes of death and the tradition since 1893 of standardisation of definitions and coding for causes of death in the International Classification of Diseases and Injuries ( ICD ) , global assessments of causes of death are a major analytical challenge . Vital registration systems that include medical certification of the cause of death captured about 18.8 million deaths of an estimated annual total of 51.7 million deaths in 2005 , which is the latest year for which the largest number of countries reported deaths from a vital registration system . Even for these deaths , the comparability of findings on the leading causes of death is affected by variation in certification skills among physicians , the diagnostic and pathological data available at the time of completing a death certificate , variations in medical culture in choosing the underlying cause , and legal and institutional frameworks for governing mortality reporting . For the remaining deaths that are not medically certified , many different data sources and diagnostic approaches must be used from surveillance systems , demographic research sites , surveys , censuses , disease registries , and police records to construct a consolidated picture of causes of death in various populations . Because of the variety of data sources and their associated biases , causes of death assessments are inherently uncertain and subject to vigorous debate . '' Lozano et all . Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 . The Lancet , V. 380 , Dec 2012 `` www.thelancet.com Vol 380 December 15/22/29 , 2012 '' .   The agency responsible for overseeing this system in the United States is the National Center for Health Statistics , a division of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) . Vital statistics for the US can be found here   The agency responsible for overseeing this system in the United Kingdom is the Office for National Statistics . Vital statistics for the UK can be found here

neg: Danger zone (food safety) The temperature range in which food-borne bacteria can grow is known as the danger zone . Food safety agencies , such as the United States ' Food Safety and Inspection Service ( FSIS ) , define the danger zone as roughly 4 to . The FSIS stipulates that potentially hazardous food should not be stored at temperatures in this range in order to prevent foodborne illness ( for example , a refrigerator 's temperature must be kept below 40 F ) , and that food that remains in this zone for more than two hours should not be consumed . Foodborne microorganisms grow much faster in the middle of the zone , at temperatures between 21 and .   Food-borne bacteria , in large enough numbers , may cause food poisoning , symptoms similar to gastroenteritis or `` stomach flu '' ( a misnomer , as true influenza primarily affects the respiratory system ) . Some of the symptoms include stomach cramps , nausea , vomiting , diarrhea , and fever . Food-borne illness becomes more dangerous in certain populations , such as people with weakened immune systems , young children , the elderly , and pregnant women . In Canada , there are approximately 11 million cases of food-borne disease per year . These symptoms can begin as early as shortly after and as late as weeks after consumption of the contaminated food .   Time and temperature control plays a critical role in food safety . To prevent time-temperature abuse , the amount of time food spends in the danger zone must be minimized . A logarithmic relationship exists between microbial cell death and temperature : a significantly large number of cells may survive slightly lower temperatures . In addition to reducing the time spent in the danger zone , foods should be moved through the danger zone as few times as possible when reheating or cooling .   Foods that are potentially hazardous inside the danger zone :  Meat : beef , poultry , pork , seafood  Eggs and other protein-rich foods  Dairy products  Cut or peeled fresh produce  Cooked vegetables , beans , rice , pasta  Sauces , such as gravy  Sprouts  Any foods containing the above , e.g. casseroles , salads , quiches

neg: Zika fever Zika fever , also known as Zika virus disease or simply Zika , is an infectious disease caused by the Zika virus . Most cases have no symptoms , but when present they are usually mild and can resemble dengue fever . Symptoms may include fever , red eyes , joint pain , headache , and a maculopapular rash . Symptoms generally last less than seven days . It has not caused any reported deaths during the initial infection . Mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy can cause microcephaly and other brain malformations in some babies . Infections in adults have been linked to Guillain -- Barré syndrome ( GBS ) .   Zika fever is mainly spread via the bite of mosquitoes of the Aedes type . It can also be sexually transmitted and potentially spread by blood transfusions . Infections in pregnant women can spread to the baby . Diagnosis is by testing the blood , urine , or saliva for the presence of the virus 's RNA when the person is sick , or the blood for antibodies after symptoms are present more than a week .   Prevention involves decreasing mosquito bites in areas where the disease occurs and proper use of condoms . Efforts to prevent bites include the use of insect repellent , covering much of the body with clothing , mosquito nets , and getting rid of standing water where mosquitoes reproduce . There is no effective vaccine . Health officials recommended that women in areas affected by the 2015 -- 16 Zika outbreak consider putting off pregnancy and that pregnant women not travel to these areas . While there is no specific treatment , paracetamol ( acetaminophen ) may help with the symptoms . Admission to hospital is rarely necessary .   The virus that causes the disease was first isolated in Africa in 1947 . The first documented outbreak among people occurred in 2007 in the Federated States of Micronesia . An outbreak started in Brazil in 2015 , and spread to the Americas , Pacific , Asia , and Africa . This led to the World Health Organization declared it a Public Health Emergency of International Concern in February 2016 . The emergency was lifted in November 2016 , but 84 countries still reported cases as of March 2017 .

neg: Middle name In several cultures , people 's names usually include one or more names in addition to the portion that is usually considered adequate to identify them . In a number of cultures where a given name is expected to precede the surname , such a name is likely to be placed after the given name and before the surname , and thus called a middle name . In English-speaking American culture , that term is often applied ( arguably mistakenly ) to names , occupying that position , even if the bearer would insist that that name is being mistakenly called a `` middle name '' , and is actually ( to mention several types of atypical cases ) :  part of a two-word given name ( e.g. Mary Anne , about Mary Anne Clarke , and `` Joe Bob Briggs '' ) ,  a maiden name ( e.g. Rodham ) ,  a patronymic ( e.g. Sergeyevich ) , or  a baptismal name ( e.g. `` Christopher '' invoking St. Christopher ) .   In the USA such names are specifically referred to as middle names ; in most other countries , as far as they are given names and not , for example , patronymics , they would simply be regarded as second , third etc. given names . The US `` middle name '' is often abbreviated to the middle initial ( e.g. Mary Lee Bianchi becomes Mary L. Bianchi , which is usually standard for signatures ) or omitted entirely in everyday use ( e.g. just Mary Bianchi ) . An individual may have more than one middle name , or none . In the United Kingdom , for comparison , she would usually be referred to as either Mary Bianchi , M. L. Bianchi or Mary Lee Bianchi , or she may choose Lee Bianchi , and informally there may be familiar shortenings .   It is debatable how long multiple given names have existed in English-speaking countries , but it is certain that among royalty and aristocracy the practice existed by the late 17th century ( and possibly earlier ) , as exemplified in the name of the Stuart pretender James Francis Edward Stuart ( 1688 -- 1766 ) .   Despite their relatively long existence in North America , the phrase `` middle name '' was not recorded until 1835 , in the periodical Harvardiana .   The use of multiple middle names has been somewhat impeded recently by the increased use of computer databases that occasionally allow for only a single middle name or more commonly a middle initial in storing personal records , effectively preventing people with multiple middle names from being listed in such databases under their full name . This is worsened by longer compound names , like María del Pilar Pereyra or María de las Nieves García .   The abbreviation `` N.M.N. '' ( no middle name ) or `` N.M.I. '' ( no middle initial ) , with or without periods , is sometimes used in formal documents in the United States , where a middle initial or name is expected but the person does not have one . The middle name can also be a maiden name .   Since 1905 , `` middle name '' has also developed a figurative usage meaning a notable or outstanding attribute of a person , as in the phrase `` discretion is my middle name . ''

neg: Diabetes mellitus Diabetes mellitus ( DM ) , commonly referred to as diabetes , is a group of metabolic diseases in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period . Symptoms of high blood sugar include frequent urination , increased thirst , and increased hunger . If left untreated , diabetes can cause many complications . Acute complications can include diabetic ketoacidosis , nonketotic hyperosmolar coma , or death . Serious long-term complications include heart disease , stroke , chronic kidney failure , foot ulcers , and damage to the eyes .   Diabetes is due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin or the cells of the body not responding properly to the insulin produced . There are three main types of diabetes mellitus :  Type 1 DM results from the pancreas 's failure to produce enough insulin . This form was previously referred to as `` insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus '' ( IDDM ) or `` juvenile diabetes '' . The cause is unknown .  Type 2 DM begins with insulin resistance , a condition in which cells fail to respond to insulin properly . As the disease progresses a lack of insulin may also develop . This form was previously referred to as `` non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus '' ( NIDDM ) or `` adult-onset diabetes '' . The most common cause is excessive body weight and not enough exercise .  Gestational diabetes is the third main form and occurs when pregnant women without a previous history of diabetes develop high blood sugar levels .   Prevention and treatment involve maintaining a healthy diet , regular physical exercise , a normal body weight , and avoiding use of tobacco . Control of blood pressure and maintaining proper foot care are important for people with the disease . Type 1 DM must be managed with insulin injections . Type 2 DM may be treated with medications with or without insulin . Insulin and some oral medications can cause low blood sugar . Weight loss surgery in those with obesity is sometimes an effective measure in those with type 2 DM . Gestational diabetes usually resolves after the birth of the baby .   , an estimated 415 million people had diabetes worldwide , with type 2 DM making up about 90 % of the cases . This represents 8.3 % of the adult population , with equal rates in both women and men . , trends suggested the rate would continue to rise . Diabetes at least doubles a person 's risk of early death . From 2012 to 2015 , approximately 1.5 to 5.0 million deaths each year resulted from diabetes . The global economic cost of diabetes in 2014 was estimated to be billion . In the United States , diabetes cost $ 245 billion in 2012 .


query: Carole King is an American musician.

pos: Carole King Carole King ( born Carol Joan Klein , February 9 , 1942 ) is an American composer and singer-songwriter . She is the most successful female songwriter of the latter half of the 20th century , having written or co-written 118 pop hits on the Billboard Hot 100 between 1955 and 1999 . King also wrote 61 hits that charted in the UK , making her the most successful female songwriter on the UK singles charts between 1952 and 2005 .   King 's career began in the 1960s when she , along with her then husband Gerry Goffin , wrote more than two dozen chart hits for numerous artists , many of which have become standards . She has continued writing for other artists since then . King 's success as a performer in her own right did not come until the 1970s , when she sang her own songs , accompanying herself on the piano , in a series of albums and concerts . After experiencing commercial disappointment with her debut album Writer , King scored her breakthrough with the album Tapestry , which topped the U.S. album chart for 15 weeks in 1971 and remained on the charts for more than six years .   King has made 25 solo albums , the most successful being Tapestry , which held the record for most weeks at No. 1 by a female artist for more than 20 years . Her most recent non-compilation album was Live at the Troubadour in 2010 , a collaboration with James Taylor that reached number 4 on the charts in its first week and has sold over 600,000 copies . Her records sales were estimated at more than 75 million copies worldwide .   She has won four Grammy Awards and was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame for her songwriting . She is the recipient of the 2013 Library of Congress Gershwin Prize for Popular Song , the first woman to be so honored . She is also a 2015 Kennedy Center Honoree .

pos: Singer-songwriter Singer-songwriters are musicians who write , compose , and perform their own musical material , including lyrics and melodies .   The genre began with the folk-acoustic tradition . Singer-songwriters often provide the sole accompaniment to an entire composition or song , typically using a guitar or piano .

neg: Edward T. King Edward T. `` Eddie '' King was an early twentieth century percussionist , conductor , Artist and Repertoire ( A&R ) man , and manager for Zon-o-phone , the Victor Talking Machine Company , and Columbia Records .

neg: Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary On May 14 , 1988 , the Atlantic Records label held its 40th Anniversary Celebration by staging a non-stop concert lasting almost 13 hours at Madison Square Garden , New York . The event was dubbed `` It 's Only Rock And Roll '' .   Only artists who had released material on the Atlantic label in the United States performed , with the artists spanning the 40 years of the company 's existence . Lavern Baker and Ruth Brown were the longest tenured Atlantic acts to perform , while Debbie Gibson was the most recent Atlantic signing to make an appearance at the event .   Some Atlantic signings , who had either officially split up or who had not performed together for a number of years , re-formed especially to perform at the concert . These artists included The Rascals , Iron Butterfly , and the former members of Led Zeppelin . Other notable performers included Yes , Genesis , Crosby , Stills & Nash , Keith Emerson and Carl Palmer ( representing Emerson , Lake & Palmer ) , Foreigner , Paul Rodgers , Bob Geldof , Booker T. Jones , Wilson Pickett , The Coasters , The Spinners , Peabo Bryson , The Blues Brothers ( featuring Dan Aykroyd and Sam Moore ) , Roberta Flack , The Manhattan Transfer , Bee Gees , Ben E. King and Vanilla Fudge .   There had been plans to close the performance with a greatest hits all-star jam , but this idea was shelved . Instead , the former members of Led Zeppelin performed as the last act .   The concert was broadcast live in the US on FM radio and HBO television , commentary for the latter being provided backstage by comedian Robert Townsend . HBO commenced its live broadcast a few hours into the event and interspersed footage of the concert which had been taped earlier by the network . In so doing , some of the artists ' sets were edited or omitted . An edited version aired later that year on ABC hosted by Robert Hays . Several banners heralding the reunion of Led Zeppelin band members were displayed like tapestry by excited fans , but , to their dismay , were taken down before HBO went with their live feed . The Audio was recorded by David Hewitt and Stanley Johnston on the Record Plant Black Truck .   In the United Kingdom the event was broadcast over a period of four weeks by BBC 2 , presented as hour-long episodes . Atlantic Records later released this production on video under the title Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary : It 's Only Rock 'n' Roll . The release intercut concert footage with highlights from earlier performances , as well as older footage from the Atlantic archives .

neg: Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Composition The Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Composition ( including its previous names ) has been awarded since 1960 . The award is presented to the composer of an original piece of music ( not an adaptation ) , first released during the eligibility year . In theory , any style of music is eligible for this category , but winning compositions are usually in the jazz or film score genres .   The Grammy is awarded to the composer ( s ) of the music , not to the performing artist , except if the artist is also the composer .   There have been several minor changes to the name of the award :   In 1958 it was awarded as Best Musical Composition First Recorded and Released in 1958 ( over 5 minutes duration )  In 1960 it was awarded as Best Musical Composition First Recorded and Released in 1959 ( more than 5 minutes duration )  In 1962 it was awarded as Best Instrumental Theme or Instrumental Version of Song  From 1963 to 1964 and from 1967 to 1970 it was awarded as Best Instrumental Theme  In 1965 it was awarded as Best Instrumental Composition ( other than jazz )  From 1971 to the present it has been awarded as Best Instrumental Composition   Years reflect the year in which the Grammy Awards were presented , for works released in the previous year .

neg: From Elvis in Memphis From Elvis in Memphis is the fifteenth studio album by American rock and roll singer Elvis Presley , released on RCA Records . It was recorded at American Sound Studio in Memphis in January and February 1969 under the direction of producer Chips Moman and backed by its house band , informally known as `` The Memphis Boys '' . Following the success of Presley 's 1968 Christmas television special and its soundtrack , the album marked Presley 's return to non-soundtrack albums after the completion of his film contract with Paramount Pictures .   Presley 's entourage convinced him to leave the RCA studios and record this album at American Sound , a new Memphis studio at the peak of a hit-producing streak . The reason for going to Moman 's studio was for the soul sound of the house band , ` the Memphis Boys ' . The predominance of country songs among those recorded in these sessions gives them the feel of the `` country soul '' style . This impression is emphasized by the frequent use of the dobro in the arrangements . In any case , the Memphis Boys have a solidly southern soul sound .   From Elvis in Memphis was released in June 1969 to favorable reviews . The album peaked at number 13 on the Billboard 200 , number two on the country charts and number one in the United Kingdom , and its single `` In the Ghetto '' reached number three on the Billboard Hot 100 . The album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America in 1970 . In later years , it garnered further favorable reviews , while it was ranked number 190 on Rolling Stone magazine 's 2003 list of the 500 greatest albums of all time .

neg: Entertainer of the Year Entertainer of the Year is the twenty-first studio album by American country music singer-songwriter , Loretta Lynn . It was released on February 26 , 1973 , by MCA Records .   Entertainer of the Year was titled after Lynn received the `` Entertainer of the Year '' award from the Country Music Association the previous year , becoming the first woman to win that award . The one and only single from the album was released in late 1972 , `` Rated X '' . The song was a self-penned song by Lynn and peaked at # 1 on the Billboard country chart in 1973 , her first # 1 hit since 1971 , and became also one of her more controversial songs , describing the double-standard frequently endured by divorced women at the time . The album was Lynn 's first studio album of 1973 , and Lynn would end up releasing an additional two for the year .   The album was very successful on the Billboard album charts , peaking at # 1 on the Top Country Albums chart , and did not chart on the Billboard 200 . The album became Lynn 's fourth album to top the Top Country Albums chart . The album was Lynn 's first released on the MCA Records label , after the Decca label was retired by the company .

neg: Martini In The Morning Martini In The Morning is an internet radio station based in Los Angeles . Martini in the Morning , often shortened to `` MITM '' to resemble traditional radio station call letters , was created when Los Angeles radio station Fabulous 690 XETRA ( originally Fabulous 570 KLAC ) was sold in February 2006 , to become a Spanish language station .   Brad ` Martini ' Chambers who created the new , more contemporary `` Adult Standards '' format for his then employers , Clear Channel Radio is the Program Director and principal host along with ` Mother ' Miriam Garfield . The station broadcasts 24 hours a day and is based in Studio City , Ca . Their broadcast format is similar to what is commonly referred to as `` Adult Standards '' , featuring Jazz Standards , primarily songs from what is often referred to as `` The Great American Songbook '' . The station is active in promoting the genre that the `` Great American Songbook '' represents and ensuring this musical genre does not disappear from the air . There were once hundreds of American radio stations programming similar music . There are now fewer than 200 , and many of those are a mix of `` Great American Songbook '' tunes with a larger percentage of more current `` Adult Contemporary '' music .   Martini in the Morning features music written by the likes of Hoagy Carmichael , Cole Porter , Irving Berlin , Rodgers and Hart , Rodgers and Hammerstein , Johnny Mercer , Henry Mancini , Jimmy McHugh , Dorothy Fields , Fats Waller , Jerome Kern , Sammy Cahn , Jimmy Van Heusen , and many others , performed by the historical greats like Ella Fitzgerald , Frank Sinatra , Dean Martin , Sammy Davis Jr. , Billie Holiday , Bobby Darin , Dinah Washington as well as the more modern `` crooners '' like Steve Tyrell , Tony Bennett , Diana Krall , Michael Bublé , Michael Feinstein , and established pop/rock and R&B artists crossing over into the genre , such as Sting , Paul McCartney , Rod Stewart , Queen Latifah , Lady Gaga and others .   The station is available on-line through various means , using iTunes ( Golden Oldies ) , mobile apps including TuneIn Radio , StreamS HiFi , Reciva , vTuner , Radio Loyalty and others available through the App Store or Marketplace , or you can connect directly via internet address : http://martiniinthemorning.com or watch live in studio on-line during the stations 's `` Morning Show '' 6:00 AM -- 10:00 AM Pacific time at http://www.martiniinthemorning.com/martinivision.html or via Ustream.tv - http://ustream.tv/mitm .

neg: King Holiday King Holiday is an R&B / Hip-Hop single released on January 13 , 1986 by the King Dream Chorus and Holiday Crew . Composed by Phillip Jones , Kurtis Blow , Grandmaster Melle Mel and Bill Adler , it was released in honor of Martin Luther King , Jr. . Day , which was first celebrated as a national holiday in the United States on January 20 , 1986 . All proceeds from the single were donated to the Martin Luther King Jr. . Center for Nonviolent Social Change . The single peaked at No. 30 on the Billboard Hot Black Singles chart .   The project was spearheaded by Martin Luther King , Jr. 's youngest son , Dexter Scott King , who is credited as the song 's executive producer .   `` King Holiday '' was produced by Phillip Jones and Kurtis Blow . The song features :   King Dream Chorus ( vocalists )  El DeBarge  Whitney Houston  Stacy Lattisaw  Lisa Lisa with Full Force  Teena Marie  Menudo  Stephanie Mills  New Edition  James `` J.T. '' Taylor  Holiday Crew ( rappers )  Kurtis Blow  The Fat Boys  Grandmaster Melle Mel  Run -- D.M.C.  Whodini

neg: Linda Ronstadt Linda Maria Ronstadt ( born July 15 , 1946 ) is an American popular music singer . She has earned 11 Grammy Awards , three American Music Awards , two Academy of Country Music awards , an Emmy Award , and an ALMA Award , and many of her albums have been certified gold , platinum or multiplatinum in the United States and internationally . She has also earned nominations for a Tony Award and a Golden Globe award . She was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in April 2014 . On July 28 , 2014 , she was awarded the National Medal of Arts and Humanities .   In total , she has released over 30 studio albums and 15 compilation or greatest hits albums . Ronstadt charted 38 Billboard Hot 100 singles , with 21 reaching the top 40 , 10 in the top 10 , three at number 2 , and `` You 're No Good '' at number 1 . This success did not translate to the UK , with only her single `` Blue Bayou '' reaching the UK Top 40 . Her duet with Aaron Neville , `` Do n't Know Much '' , peaked at number 2 in December 1989 . In addition , she has charted 36 albums , 10 top-10 albums and three number 1 albums on the Billboard Pop Album Chart . Her autobiography , Simple Dreams : A Musical Memoir , was published in September 2013 . It debuted in the Top 10 on The New York Times Best Seller list .   Ronstadt has collaborated with artists in diverse genres , including Bette Midler , Billy Eckstine , Frank Zappa , Rosemary Clooney , Flaco Jiménez , Philip Glass , Warren Zevon , Emmylou Harris , Gram Parsons , Dolly Parton , Neil Young , Johnny Cash , and Nelson Riddle . She has lent her voice to over 120 albums and has sold more than 100 million records , making her one of the world 's best-selling artists of all time . Christopher Loudon , of Jazz Times , wrote in 2004 that Ronstadt is `` blessed with arguably the most sterling set of pipes of her generation . ''   After completing her last live concert in late 2009 , Ronstadt retired in 2011 . She was diagnosed as having Parkinson 's disease in December 2012 , which left her unable to sing .

neg: Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song The Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song was a new category at the 2015 ceremony of the annual Grammy Awards . It combines two previously separate categories in the Gospel/Contemporary Christian Music field , Best Contemporary Christian Music Song and Best Gospel/Contemporary Christian Music Performance . The new category recognizes both songwriters and performers ( solo/duos/groups / collaborations/etc . ) and is open for singles or tracks only . Songwriters are only awarded a Grammy Award if it is a newly written song . Grammy 's for cover versions of previously recorded songs are awarded to the performer ( s ) only .   Along with the also newly formed Best Gospel Performance/Song category , these mark the only Grammy categories which honor both performers and songwriters in one category .   These changes were made in June 2014 by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences `` in the interest of clarifying the criteria , representing the current culture and creative DNA of the gospel and Contemporary Christian Music communities , and better reflecting the diversity and authenticity of today 's gospel music industry . ''   According to the Grammy committee , the move recognizes `` the critical contribution of both songwriters and performers by combining songwriters and artists into the Best Gospel Performance/Song and Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song categories . ''   Gospel performances , which were previously recognized in the Best Gospel/Contemporary Christian Music Performance category , will now fall under the newly created Best Gospel Performance/Song category .

neg: Elvis Presley's guitars Elvis Presley 's guitars were a major component of the iconic rock and roll image created by Elvis Presley that revolutionized popular culture in the 1950s and 1960s . It is impossible to gauge the impact of that image on millions of young people around the world who were inspired to learn to play guitar after watching Presley in performance , on television , or in films . Although not known for his abilities as a guitarist , Presley had a profound musical influence on some of the most important rock and roll artists to emerge since the 1950s , including Buddy Holly , John Lennon , Paul McCartney , George Harrison , Bob Dylan , and Bruce Springsteen . The extent of Presley 's impact on their lives and music is captured in John Lennon 's famous quote : `` Before Elvis , there was nothing . ''   According to his first lead guitarist , Scotty Moore , Presley was not `` an accomplished musician '' , yet he possessed `` an uncanny and amazing sense of timing and rhythm . '' In the early years of his career , Presley 's rhythm guitar accompaniment played a major role in the sound of his early performances and recordings . Moore noted that as Presley began to learn to move on stage and to work the audience with his physical performance , his guitar became more of a `` prop '' .   Presley was not known to treat his instruments in a gentle manner . His very aggressive strumming style would frequently break strings during his performances . The lack of a microphone on his guitar throughout those years contributed to the development of his `` aggressive style in attempt to be heard '' . As his career progressed , he became even more aggressive toward his instruments , frequently tossing his guitar to Charlie Hodge , who sometimes failed to catch it . The impact of the large belt buckles and jewelry he wore left their marks on most of his instruments .

neg: Dinah Sings Bessie Smith Dinah Sings Bessie Smith is a 1958 album by blues , R&B and jazz singer Dinah Washington released on the Emarcy label , and reissued by Verve Records in 1999 as The Bessie Smith Songbook . The album arrangements are headed by Robare Edmondson and Ernie Wilkins , and the songs are associated with American blues singer Bessie Smith . Allmusic details the album in its review as saying : `` It was only natural that the `` Queen of the Blues '' should record songs associated with the `` Empress of the Blues . '' The performances by the septet/octet do not sound like the 1920s and the purposely ricky-tick drumming is insulting , but Dinah Washington sounds quite at home on this music '' .

neg: Grammy Award for Best New Artist The Grammy Award for Best New Artist has been awarded since 1959 . Years reflect the year in which the Grammy Awards were handed out , for records released in the previous year . The award was not presented in 1967 . The official guidelines are as follows : `` For a new artist who releases , during the Eligibility Year , the first recording which establishes the public identity of that artist . '' Note that this is not necessarily the first album released by an artist .   It is sometimes asserted , with varying degrees of sincerity , that winning the award is a curse , as several award winners ( particularly from the late 1970s and early 1980s ) were never able to duplicate the success they experienced in their debut year . This viewpoint was expressed by former Starland Vocal Band member Taffy Danoff in a 2002 interview for VH1 's 100 Greatest One Hit Wonders : `` We got two of the five Grammys -- one was Best New Artist . So that was basically the kiss of death and I feel sorry for everyone who 's gotten it since . ''   The category is also notable for being the only one of its kind in which a Grammy Award was vacated . This occurred in 1990 after it was revealed winners Milli Vanilli did not contribute their own vocals on their debut album . The award was revoked , but was not handed out to another artist .   Of the 54 awards presented in the category since its inception , the honor has been presented to 25 solo female artists , 18 duos or groups , and 11 solo male artists . Between 1997 and 2003 , all the winners were solo female artists . Also , from 1993 to 2005 , no winner was a solo male artist . In 2006 , John Legend broke this trend , which started with Marc Cohn in 1992 . Only four artists have won both Best New Artist and Album of the Year in the same year : Bob Newhart in 1961 , Christopher Cross in 1981 , Lauryn Hill in 1999 and Norah Jones in 2003 .   Of all the winners , only three have been country artists . In 1997 , LeAnn Rimes became the first country artist to win the award . She was followed by Carrie Underwood in 2007 and Zac Brown Band in 2010 . Additionally , 2017 marked the first time that two country artists were nominated in this category in the same year .   1984 marked the first time that all of the nominees were from outside of the United States ( Winner Culture Club , Eurythmics , and Musical Youth were from England , Big Country was from Scotland , and Men Without Hats were from Canada ) .

neg: Cultural impact of Elvis Presley Since the beginning of his career , Elvis Presley has had an extensive cultural impact . According to Rolling Stone , `` it was Elvis who made rock 'n' roll the international language of pop . '' Rolling Stone encyclopedia of Rock and Roll describes Presley as `` an American music giant of the 20th century who single-handedly changed the course of music and culture in the mid-1950s . '' His recordings , dance moves , attitude and clothing came to be seen as embodiments of rock and roll . His music was heavily influenced by African-American blues , Christian gospel , and Southern country . In a list of the greatest English language singers , as compiled by Q Magazine , Presley was ranked first , and second in the list of greatest singers of 20th century by BBC Radio .   Presley sang both hard driving rockabilly , rock and roll dance songs and ballads , laying a commercial foundation upon which other rock musicians would build their careers . African-American performers like Big Joe Turner , Wynonie Harris and Fats Domino came to national prominence after Presley 's acceptance among mass audiences of White American adults . Singers like Jerry Lee Lewis , the Everly Brothers , Chuck Berry , Bo Diddley , Little Richard , Buddy Holly , Johnny Cash , Roy Orbison and others immediately followed in his wake . John Lennon later observed , `` Before Elvis , there was nothing . ''   During the post-WWII economic boom of the 1950s , many parents were able to give their teenage children much higher weekly allowances , signaling a shift in the buying power and purchasing habits of American teens . During the 1940s bobby soxers had idolized Frank Sinatra , but the buyers of his records were mostly between the ages of eighteen and twenty-two . Presley triggered a lot of demand for his records by near-teens and early teens aged ten and up . Along with Presley 's `` ducktail '' haircut , the demand for black slacks and loose , open-necked shirts resulted in new lines of clothing for teenage boys whereas a girl might get a pink portable 45 rpm record player for her bedroom . Meanwhile , American teenagers began buying newly available portable transistor radios and listened to rock 'n' roll on them ( helping to propel that fledgling industry from an estimated 100,000 units sold in 1955 to 5,000,000 units by the end of 1958 ) . Teens were asserting more independence and Presley became a national symbol of their parents ' consternation .   Presley 's impact on the American youth consumer market was noted on the front page of The Wall Street Journal on December 31 , 1956 when business journalist Louis M. Kohlmeier wrote , `` Elvis Presley today is a business , '' and reported on the singer 's record and merchandise sales . Half a century later , historian Ian Brailsford ( University of Auckland , New Zealand ) commented , `` The phenomenal success of Elvis Presley in 1956 convinced many doubters of the financial opportunities existing in the youth market . ''

neg: Carole Carole is a feminine given name ( see Carl for more information ) .   Carole may refer to :

neg: Burl Ives Sings Little White Duck and Other Children's Favorites Burl Ives Sings Little White Duck and Other Children 's Favorites is a 12-inch LP album of folk songs for children recorded by Burl Ives ( vocal and guitar ) for Columbia Records between 1949 and 1951 . The label , in 1950 , crafted a `` shared '' 10-inch children 's LP . On side one , Hollywood actor Victor Jory narrated Tubby the Tuba , while side two featured Burl Ives performing seven tunes under the title Animal Fair : Songs for Children . The catalog number was JL 8103 . One year earlier , Animal Fair : Songs for Children had been presented separately on a two-disc 78-rpm set , using as a catalog number MJV 59 . In 1956 , another Ives endeavor for children appeared , containing `` The Little White Duck '' and six other ditties . Part of Columbia 's brief ( 1955 -- 56 ) House Party Series of 10-inch LPs , the album was called Children 's Favorites , affixed with the catalog number CL 2570 . Next , a new collection , expanded to 12 inches , combining these 14 Ives selections and 2 additional ones and entitled Burl Ives Sings Songs for All Ages , was issued by Columbia in 1957 , bearing CL 980 as the catalog number . Two years later , this album was shortened by two tracks , christened with its final title , Burl Ives Sings Little White Duck and Other Children 's Favorites , and reassigned to Columbia 's budget label , Harmony Records , which employed HL 9507 as the catalog number . Being the customary practice in the vinyl marketplace of the 60s , this monaural platter wound up electronically enhanced for stereo , circa 1963 , and given the modified catalog number HS 14507 . Columbia , in 1974 , reissued the LP , again in simulated stereo , with the catalog number C 33183 . At the same time , the label also transferred the album to cassette tape , affixing the catalog number CT 33183 . On November 22 , 1988 , Columbia unveiled the album in CD format , which upgraded the sound quality to digital stereo . Distribution of the disc then was taken over by Sony Wonder on October 3 , 1995 . The 1974 LP cover , later retained for the CD , was designed by Ed Lee and Eloise Smith , with illustrations by Reynolds Ruffin . Currently , the CD is out of print , but it still can be purchased through online music sellers . Moreover , all the album tracks are now available via MP3 downloading .

neg: Jim King (saxophonist) Jim King ( born Alec Woodburn ; 5 May 1942 in Kettering , Northamptonshire , England -- 6 February 2012 in Middlewich , England ) was an original member of the British rock band Family . He played saxophone and harmonica , and sang occasional lead vocals on the band 's first two albums , Music in a Doll 's House and Family Entertainment . King also sang the entire lead vocal on `` Observations From a Hill '' , a song on the latter album .   Jim , as he became known , formed James King and the Farinas ( later just The Farinas ) , a blues based rock and roll group , with guitarist Charlie Whitney in Leicester in 1962 . He sang the lead vocal on the group 's single `` You Better Stop '' b/w `` I Like it Like That '' . When Roger Chapman joined as vocalist in 1966 , the group had begun to perform under the name The Roaring Sixties . The name Family was decided upon later .   Jim left Family in October 1969 due to health issues and the usual ` musical disagreements ' . As well as session work for Dave Mason and Gordon Jackson , he joined jazz-rock band Ring Of Truth for a brief period , doing a few gigs , then concentrated on composing and playing solo concerts , mostly classical sax with some jazz . In February 2012 , he died while living in Cheshire  .

neg: Sun Studio Sun Studio is a recording studio opened by rock-and-roll pioneer Sam Phillips at 706 Union Avenue in Memphis , Tennessee , on January 3 , 1950 . It was originally called Memphis Recording Service , sharing the same building with the Sun Records label business . Reputedly the first rock and roll single , Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats ' `` Rocket 88 '' was recorded there in 1951 with song composer Ike Turner on keyboards , leading the studio to claim status as the birthplace of rock & roll . Blues and R&B artists like Howlin ' Wolf , Junior Parker , Little Milton , B.B. King , James Cotton , Rufus Thomas , and Rosco Gordon recorded there in the early 1950s .   Rock and roll , country music , and rockabilly artists , including Johnny Cash , Elvis Presley , Carl Perkins , Roy Orbison , Charlie Feathers , Ray Harris , Warren Smith , Charlie Rich , and Jerry Lee Lewis , recorded there throughout the mid-to-late 1950s until the studio outgrew its Union Avenue location . Sam Phillips opened the larger Sam C. Phillips Recording Studio , better known as Phillips Recording , in 1959 to replace the older facility . Since Phillips had invested in the Holiday Inn Hotel chain earlier , he also recorded artists starting in 1963 on the label Holiday Inn Records for Kemmons Wilson . In 1957 , Bill Justis recorded his Grammy Hall of Fame song `` Raunchy '' for Sam Phillips and worked as a musical director at Sun Records .   In 1969 , Sam Phillips sold the label to Shelby Singleton , and there was no recording-related or label-related activity again in the building until the September 1985 Class of '55 recording sessions with Carl Perkins , Roy Orbison , Jerry Lee Lewis , and Johnny Cash , produced by Chips Moman .   In 1987 , the original building housing the Sun Records label and Memphis Recording Service was reopened by Gary Hardy as `` Sun Studio , '' a recording label and tourist attraction that has attracted many notable artists , such as U2 , Def Leppard , Bonnie Raitt , and Ringo Starr .   In 2005 , Brian Setzer ( of Stray Cats fame ) released his Rockabilly Riot Vol . 1 : A Tribute To Sun Records album . Although not recorded at Sun it did feature various Sun Records recordings including some hits and other more obscure songs . In 2007 , Canadian rockabilly band the Kingmakers recorded a selection of originals and classics such as Elvis Presley 's `` That 's All Right '' at Sun Studio , released as their first CD `` Live at SUN Studio '' . In May 2009 , Canadian blues artist JW-Jones recorded with blues legend Hubert Sumlin , Larry Taylor and Richard Innes for his 2010 release at the studio . In July 2009 , John Mellencamp recorded nine songs for his album No Better Than This at the studio . In 2011 , Chris Isaak released `` Beyond the Sun , '' a collection of songs recorded at Sun Studio , most of which are cover versions of songs originally released on Sun Records .

neg: Jazz chord Jazz chords refer to chords , chord voicings and chord symbols that jazz musicians commonly use in composition , improvisation , and harmony . In jazz chords and theory , most triads that appear in lead sheets or fake books can have sevenths added to them , using the performer 's discretion and ear . For example , if a tune is in the key of C , if there is a G chord , the chord-playing performer usually `` voices '' this chord as G7 . While in a strict classical music context , the notes of a G7 chord would be G -- B -- D -- F , jazz often omits the fifth of the chord -- and even the root if playing in a group , since the bassist will play it . Omitting the root and fifth gives the improvising chord-playing musician the option to play other notes . Also , if a seventh chord , such as G7 , appears in a lead sheet or fake book , many chord-playing performers add the ninth or thirteenth to the chord , even though the lead sheet does not specify these additional notes .   Jazz players can add these additional , upper notes -- seventh , ninth , eleventh , and thirteenth -- because they are an important part of the jazz sound . Lead sheets and fake books often do not detail how to voice the chord because a lead sheet or fake book is only intended to provide basic guide to the harmony . An experienced `` comping '' performer playing electric guitar or piano adds the extra notes using their ear and taste .   In voicing jazz chords , performers focus first on the seventh and the major or minor third of the chord , with the latter indicating the chord quality , along with added chord extensions ( e.g. , ninths , elevenths , or thirteenths , even if not indicated in the lead sheet or fake book ) to add tone `` colour '' to the chord . As such , a jazz guitarist or jazz piano player might `` voice '' a printed G chord with the notes B -- E -- F -- A , which would be the third , sixth ( thirteenth ) , seventh , and ninth of the chord . Jazz chord-playing musicians may also add altered chord tones ( e.g. , 9 , 9 , 11 , 13 ) and added tones . An example of an altered dominant chord in the key of C , built on a G would be to voice the chord as `` B -- C -- E -- F -- A '' ; this would be G7 ( 911 ) .

neg: King Curtis Curtis Ousley ( February 7 , 1934 -- August 13 , 1971 ) , who performed under the stage name King Curtis , was an American saxophone virtuoso known for rhythm and blues , rock and roll , soul , blues , funk and soul jazz . Variously a bandleader , band member , and session musician , he was also a musical director and record producer . Adept at tenor , alto , and soprano saxophone , he was best known for his distinctive riffs and solos such as on `` Yakety Yak '' , which later became the inspiration for Boots Randolph 's `` Yakety Sax '' and his own `` Memphis Soul Stew '' .

neg: Sharing You `` Sharing You '' is a song written by Gerry Goffin and Carole King and performed by Bobby Vee featuring The Johnny Mann Singers . It reached # 10 in the UK , # 15 on the Billboard Hot 100 , # 20 in Canada in 1962 . It was featured on his 1962 album , A Bobby Vee Recording Session .   The song was produced by Snuff Garrett .


query: Gimli (Middle-earth) is from J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth legendarium.

pos: Gimli (Middle-earth) Gimli is a fictional character from J. R. R. Tolkien 's Middle-earth legendarium , featured in The Lord of the Rings . A dwarf warrior , he is the son of Glóin ( a character from Tolkien 's earlier novel , The Hobbit ) .   Gimli is chosen to represent the race of Dwarves in the Fellowship of the Ring . As such , he is one of the primary characters of the novel . In the course of the adventure , Gimli aids the Ring-bearer , participates in the War of the Ring , and becomes close friends with Legolas , overcoming an ancient enmity of Dwarves and Elves .

neg: Elves (Discworld) In Terry Pratchett 's Discworld novels , elves are of a race that lived before the Iron Age , and were banished by steel weapons .   Elves on the Discworld are based on the nastier kind of fairy-folk in European ( and other ) folklores rather than elves as portrayed in most modern ( post-Tolkien ) fantasy fiction . They are native to the Disc , but now live in a parallel world , sometimes called Fairyland . During certain times of the year , such as Mid-Summer , the walls between Fairyland and ordinary reality become thin , allowing the elves ( and other fae creatures such as unicorns , Jenny Greenteeth and , before they were cast out , the Nac Mac Feegle ) to break through .   Elven invasions of the Discworld are recorded in Lords and Ladies , The Wee Free Men and The Shepherd 's Crown . The Science of Discworld II : The Globe involves an attempted invasion of Roundworld ( a version of our world ) . In Moving Pictures it is mentioned that a few elves have moved to Holy Wood . THese are not the wild elves , but the offspring of elves and humans , seen below .

neg: Angmar Angmar ( Sindarin : ` Iron-home ' ; pronounced -LSB- - artˈaŋmar -RSB- ) is a fictional kingdom in J. R. R. Tolkien 's continent of Middle-earth , at the north end of the Misty Mountains . It was used by the Lord of the Ringwraiths as a base from which to attack the kingdoms of the Dúnedain in the North , all of which were eventually destroyed . Angmar itself was subsequently destroyed by combined armies of men and elves shortly thereafter .

neg: Sarati Sarati is an artificial script created by J. R. R. Tolkien . According to Tolkien 's mythology , the Sarati alphabet was invented by the Elf Rúmil of Tirion .

neg: Gerðr In Norse mythology , Gerðr ( Old Norse `` fenced-in '' ) is a jötunn , goddess , and the wife of the god Freyr . Gerðr is attested in the Poetic Edda , compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources ; the Prose Edda and Heimskringla , written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson ; and in the poetry of skalds . Gerðr is sometimes modernly anglicized as Gerd or Gerth .   In both the Poetic Edda and the Prose Edda , Freyr sees Gerðr from a distance , becomes deeply lovesick at the sight of her shimmering beauty , and has his servant Skírnir go to Jötunheimr ( where Gerðr and her father Gymir reside ) to gain her love . In the Poetic Edda Gerðr initially refuses , yet after a series of threats by Skírnir she finally agrees . In the Prose Edda , no mention of threats are made . In both sources , Gerðr agrees to meet Freyr at a fixed time at the location of Barri and , after Skírnir returns with Gerðr 's response , Freyr laments that the meeting could not occur sooner . In both the Poetic Edda and the Prose Edda , Gerðr is described as the daughter of Gymir and the jötunn Aurboða .   In Heimskringla , Gerðr is recorded as the wife of Freyr , euhemerized as having been a beloved king of Sweden . In the same source , the couple are the founders of the Yngling dynasty and produced a son , Fjölnir , who rose to kinghood after Freyr 's passing and continued their line . Gerðr is commonly theorized to be a goddess associated with the earth . Gerðr inspired works of art and literature .

neg: The Notion Club Papers The Notion Club Papers is the title of an abandoned novel by J. R. R. Tolkien , written during 1945 and published posthumously in Sauron Defeated , the 9th volume of The History of Middle-earth . It is a space/time/dream travel story , written at the same time as The Lord of the Rings was being developed . The story itself revolves around the meetings of an Oxford arts discussion group called the Notion Club , a fictionalization of ( and a play on words on the name of ) Tolkien 's own such club , The Inklings .   During these meetings , Alwin Arundel Lowdham discusses his lucid dreams about Númenor ; through these dreams , he `` discovers '' much about the Númenor story and the languages of Middle-earth ( notably Quenya , Sindarin , and Adûnaic -- the last being the sole source of most of the material on Adûnaic ) . While not finished , at the end of the given story it becomes clear Lowdham himself is a reincarnation of sorts of Elendil . ( Alwin is a modernization of the name Ælfwine , Old English for Elf-friend , or Elendil in Quenya . ) Other members of the Club also mention their vivid dreams of other times and places .   Tolkien not only created fictional meetings for these papers but also created a fictional history for the manuscript of the papers . According to the papers , the meetings occurred in the 1980s ; they even mention events that occurred in the 1970s and 1980s . About one-quarter of the papers were found among sacks of waste paper in 2012 at Oxford by a Mr. Green . Mr. Green published a first edition containing excerpts from these papers , indicating that they were written during the 1980s by one of the participants . Two scholars read the first edition , asked to examine the manuscripts , and then submitted a full report . The `` Notes to the Second Edition '' mentions the contradictory evidence in dating the manuscripts , and an alternative date is presented : they may have been written in the 1940s .   These papers , which make a number of comments on Lewis ' Space Trilogy , are similar to C. S. Lewis ' commentary to Tolkien 's poem The Lay of Leithian , in which Lewis created a fictional history of scholarship of the poem and even referred to other manuscript tradition to recommend changes to the poem .   The Notion Club Papers may be seen as an attempt to re-write The Lost Road , published and discussed in The Lost Road and Other Writings , as being another attempt to tie the Númenórean legend in with a more modern tale . There is , however , no direct connection between the modern settings of the two stories within the fictional frame .   Jane Stanford links The Notion Club Papers to The Johnson Club Papers in her biography of John O'Connor Power , That Irishman . The two books have a similar title page . The Johnson Club was a ` Public House School ' and met in taverns like the Inklings . The purpose was ` Fellowship and free Exchange of Mind . ' The two clubs presented papers ` which were read before the members and discussed ' . Samuel Johnson , like Tolkien , had a strong connection with Pembroke College , Oxford . Stanley Unwin , Tolkien 's publisher , was a nephew of Fisher Unwin , the founding member of The Johnson Club .   According to Christopher Tolkien , had his father continued The Notion Club Papers , he would have linked the real world of Alwin Lowdham with his eponymous ancestor Ælfwine of England ( who compiled the Lost Tales ) and with Atlantis . One of the members of the Notion Club , one Michael George Ramer , combines lucid dreams with time-travel and experiences the tsunami that sank Númenor . He ca n't tell if its history , or fantasy , or something in between .   The Notion Club Papers mentions a great storm occurring during 1987 in England , on 12 June . This can be seen as an odd coincidence , since the actual Great Storm of 1987 occurred in October of that year .

neg: Samwise Gamgee Samwise `` Sam '' Gamgee -LSB- ˈsæmˌwaɪz_ˈɡæmˌdʒiː -RSB- ( later known as Samwise Gardner ) is a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkien 's legendarium . Samwise is one of the main characters of The Lord of the Rings , in which he fills an archetypical role as the sidekick of the primary protagonist , Frodo Baggins . Sam is a member of the Fellowship of the Ring .   At the beginning of the story , Sam is the gardener of Frodo , and is drawn into Frodo 's adventure by Gandalf while eavesdropping on a private conversation . Throughout the story , Sam is Frodo 's steadfast companion , portrayed as both physically and emotionally strong , often pushing Frodo through difficult parts of the journey , and at times physically carrying him when Frodo was too weak to go on . Sam even serves as ring-bearer for a short time when Frodo is captured ; Sam 's emotional strength is again on display as he willingly gives the ring up when Frodo is capable of carrying it again , the only character known to resist its pull . Following the War of the Ring Sam returned to the Shire , and returned to his role as gardener , helping to replant the trees which had been destroyed during The Scouring of the Shire . He was elected Mayor of the Shire for seven consecutive terms , and in his old age was one of the last denizens of Middle Earth to be transported to The Undying Lands , an honor accorded to him as one of the ring-bearers .

neg: Calaquendi In the fictional universe of J. R. R. Tolkien , Calaquendi means in Quenya `` Light-folk '' , but was often translated `` Elves of the Light '' . This name has a long history .   There existed two old elvish compounds in the Quenderin language , Primitive Quendian with * kwendī `` Elves '' : * kala-kwendī and * mori-kwendī , meaning the `` Light-folk '' and the `` Dark-folk '' . These two words date from the time before the Sundering of the Elves , or rather to the time of the debate among them about the invitation by the Valar to migrate to Valinor .   Both words were made by the party favourable to the Vala Oromë , and referred originally to Elves who desired the Light of Valinor versus Elves who did not wish to leave Middle-earth . * Mori-kwendī had from the beginning a negative sense , implying that these Elves were not so much opposed to the shadows Melkor had put upon Middle-earth .   The Quenya forms became Calaquendi and Moriquendi . The term Calaquendi in Quenya applied only to the Elves who actually lived ( or had lived ) in Eldamar ; and the Moriquendi included all other Elves , whether or not they had participated in the March to Valinor . The Moriquendi were regarded as greatly inferior by the Calaquendi , who lived in the Light of the Two Trees , and had also received great knowledge and powers by living with the Valar and Maiar .   In Exilic Quenya the Noldor did not make much use of the terms Calaquendi or Moriquendi , which were rather offensive to the Sindar of Beleriand . Calaquendi became obsolete , and was used only in writings in the Parmaquesta .   According to The Silmarillion , Elu Thingol was not counted among the Moriquendi , although he was king of the Moriquendi of Beleriand ; for he had seen the light of the Trees in Valinor .

neg: Mag Mell In Irish mythology , Mag Mell ( modern spelling : Magh Meall , meaning `` plain of joy '' ) was a mythical realm achievable through death and/or glory . Unlike the underworld in some mythologies , Mag Mell was a pleasurable paradise , identified as either an island far to the west of Ireland or a kingdom beneath the ocean . However , Mag Mell was similar to the fields of Elysium in Greek mythology , and like the fields of Elysium , was accessible only to a select few . Furthermore , Mag Mell , like the numerous other mystical islands said to be off the coast of Ireland , was never explicitly stated in any surviving mythological account to be an afterlife . Rather , it is usually portrayed as a paradisal location populated by deities , which is occasionally visited by some adventurous mortals . In its island guise it was visited by various Irish heroes and monks forming the basis of the Adventure Myth or `` echtrae '' as defined by Myles Dillon in his book Early Irish Literature . This otherworld is a place where sickness and death do not exist . It is a place of eternal youth and beauty . Here , music , strength , life and all pleasurable pursuits come together in a single place . Here happiness lasts forever , no one wants for food or drink . It is the Irish equivalent of the Greek Elysium or the Valhalla of the Norse .   Legends say its ruler is the Fomorian King Tethra , or more frequently Manannan mac Lir . Mag Mell 's allure extended from the pagan era to Christian times . In later stories , the realm is less an afterlife destination than an Earthly Paradise which adventurers could reach by traveling west from Ireland , often blown off course by providential tempests while on an inspired mission . They typically explore many other fantastic islands before reaching their destination and returning home ( or sailing on ) . Among these voyagers are St. Brendan , Bran mac Febal ( see The Voyage of Bran ) , and Mael Dúin .   Irish monks , being celebrated sailors , doubtless inspired such stories and were inspired by them . They reached and colonized any number of faraway islands , and St. Brendan is even speculated to have reached the New World a thousand years before Columbus .

neg: Barahir Barahir is a fictional character in the Middle-earth universe of the English author J. R. R. Tolkien . He appears in The Silmarillion , the epic poem The Lay of Leithian and the Grey Annals .

neg: Angband In J. R. R. Tolkien 's fantasy world of Middle-earth , Angband ( Sindarin for ` iron prison ' ) is the name of the fortress of Melkor , constructed before the First Age , located in the Iron Mountains in the enemy 's land Dor Daedeloth north of Beleriand .   The fortress is described in Tolkien 's The Silmarillion . It was built by Melkor ( later called Morgoth ) to guard against a possible attack from Aman by the Valar . Nonetheless , the Valars ' attack succeeded in capturing Morgoth and destroying his main stronghold Utumno .   However , while the Valar had focused on destroying Utumno utterly , Angband , though devastated , was only partially destroyed . Over time , the dark creatures in Morgoth 's service would gather in its ruined pits . After three ages of imprisonment , Morgoth returned to Middle-earth and set himself up in Angband , raising the volcanic Thangorodrim over the fortress as protection . He seldom came out of it again , but did when challenged to single combat by the Elven king Fingolfin and earlier to investigate the first appearance of Men . He reigned there until the end of the First Age , when it was destroyed in the War of Wrath . In earlier versions of Tolkien 's mythology ( see The History of Middle-earth ) it was called Angamando , the Quenya form of the name .

neg: Eru Ilúvatar Eru Ilúvatar is a fictional character in J.R.R. Tolkien 's Middle-earth legendarium . He is introduced in The Silmarillion as the supreme being of the universe , creator of all existence . In Tolkien 's invented Elvish language Quenya , Eru means `` The One '' , or `` He that is Alone '' and Ilúvatar signifies `` Father of All '' . The names appear in Tolkien 's work both in isolation and paired ( Eru Ilúvatar ) .

neg: Quest of Erebor In J. R. R. Tolkien 's Middle-earth fiction , Quest of Erebor can refer to :   The events described in The Hobbit  `` The Quest of Erebor '' , a story by Tolkien on Gandalf 's dealings leading up to the quest

neg: Elf (Middle-earth) In J. R. R. Tolkien 's legendarium , Elves are one of the races that inhabit a fictional Earth , often called Middle-earth , and set in the remote past . They appear in The Hobbit and in The Lord of the Rings , but their complex history is described more fully in The Silmarillion . Tolkien had been writing about Elves long before he published The Hobbit .

neg: The Fall of Arthur The Fall of Arthur is the title of an unfinished poem by J.R.R. Tolkien , concerned with the legend of King Arthur . A first posthumous edition of the poem was published by HarperCollins in May 2013 .   The poem is alliterative , extending to close to 1,000 verses imitating the Old English Beowulf metre in Modern English . Though inspired by high medieval Arthurian fiction , the historical setting of the poem is early medieval , both in form ( using Germanic verse ) and in content , showing Arthur as a Migration period British military leader fighting the Saxon invasion , while it avoids the high medieval aspects Arthurian cycle ( such as the Grail , and the courtly setting ) ; the poem begins with a British `` counter-invasion '' to the Saxon lands ( Arthur eastward in arms purposed ) .

neg: Gandalf (mythology) Gandalf ( Gandálfr ) is a Dvergr ( Norse dwarf ) in Norse mythology , appearing in the so-called ` Tally of the Dwarves ' within the poem Völuspá from the Poetic Edda , as well as in the Prose Edda . The name derives from the Old Norse words gandr ( magic staff ) and álfr ( elf ) , thus a protective spirit who wields a magical wand .   The name was also used for a Norse king in the Heimskringla .   In his fictional writings , J. R. R. Tolkien eventually named his wizard Gandalf after the Dvergr , but initially used the name for the head of the dwarf party ( ultimately to be called Thorin Oakenshield ) .

neg: Gimle (disambiguation) Gimle may refer to :

neg: Beleriand In J. R. R. Tolkien 's fictional legendarium , Beleriand was a region in northwestern Middle-earth during the First Age . Events in Beleriand are described chiefly in his work The Silmarillion , which tells the story of the early ages of Middle-earth in a style similar to the epic hero tales of Nordic literature . Beleriand also appears in the works The Book of Lost Tales , The Children of Húrin , and in the epic poems of The Lays of Beleriand .

neg: Bree (Middle-earth) Bree is a fictional village in J. R. R. Tolkien 's Middle-earth , east of the Shire and south of Fornost Erain . It was inspired by the Buckinghamshire village of Brill , which Tolkien visited regularly in his early years at Oxford . ( Supposedly Tolkien also lived in Brill for a short while ) . Bree was also inspired by Tolkien 's passion for linguistic puns , as ` bre ' is often a general Celtic word for `` hill '' .

neg: Tolkien's legendarium Tolkien 's legendarium is the term for the  entirety of J. R. R. Tolkien 's mythopoetic writing that forms the background to his The Lord of the Rings .  Tolkien worked and re-worked the components of his legendarium throughout his adult life , or during a period of more than 50 years ; the earliest drafts , published in The Book of Lost Tales ( 1983 ) dating to 1916 .   Colloquially , `` Middle-earth '' is popularly used as a shorthand for a `` canonical '' or mature form of Tolkien 's narrative , Middle-earth being Tolkien 's term for the inhabited part of the world in which most of his published stories were set .   The mythological and cosmological background of Tolkien 's published works was sketched in the posthumously-published The Silmarillion ( 1977 ) , and in Tolkien studies as a field as it has developed since the 1980s .

neg: A Wizard of Earthsea A Wizard of Earthsea is a young adult fantasy novel written by the American author Ursula K. Le Guin , first published by the small press Parnassus in 1968 . The novel received highly positive reviews , initially as a work for children , and later among a general audience as well .   Set in the fictional archipelago of Earthsea , the story centers around a young mage named Ged , born in a village on the island Gont . Displaying great power while still a boy , he joins the school of wizardry , where his prickly nature drives him into conflict with one of his fellows . During a magical duel , Ged 's spell goes awry and releases a shadow creature that attacks him . The novel follows his journey as he seeks to be free of the creature .   The book has often been described as a Bildungsroman or coming of age story , as it explores Ged 's process of learning to cope with power and come to terms with death . The novel also carries Taoist themes about a fundamental balance in the universe of Earthsea , which wizards are supposed to maintain , closely tied to the idea that language and names have power to affect the material world and alter this balance . Although the structure of the story is similar to that of a traditional epic , critics also described it as subverting this genre in many ways , such as by making the protagonist dark-skinned , in comparison to more typical white-skinned heroes .   A Wizard of Earthsea is widely regarded as a classic of fantasy and young-adult literature and was one of the final recipients of the Lewis Carroll Shelf Award . The book was widely influential within the genre of fantasy ; Margaret Atwood , for instance , called A Wizard of Earthsea one of the `` wellsprings '' of fantasy literature . Le Guin would later write five subsequent books that , together with A Wizard of Earthsea , are referred to as the Earthsea Cycle : The Tombs of Atuan ( 1971 ) , The Farthest Shore ( 1972 ) , Tehanu ( 1990 ) , The Other Wind ( 2001 ) , and Tales from Earthsea ( 2001 ) . George Slusser has described the series as a `` work of high style and imagination '' .