query: Robert Duvall starred in Tender Mercies.

pos: Robert Duvall Robert Selden Duvall ( -LSB- duːˈvɔːl -RSB- born January 5 , 1931 ) is an American actor and filmmaker . He has been nominated for seven Academy Awards ( winning for his performance in Tender Mercies ) , seven Golden Globes ( winning four ) , and has multiple nominations and one win each of the BAFTA , Screen Actors Guild Award , and Emmy Award . He received the National Medal of Arts in 2005 . Duvall has starred in numerous films and television series , including To Kill a Mockingbird ( 1962 ) , The Twilight Zone ( 1963 ) , The Outer Limits ( 1964 ) , Bullitt ( 1968 ) , True Grit ( 1969 ) , MASH ( 1970 ) , THX 1138 ( 1971 ) , Joe Kidd ( 1972 ) , The Godfather ( 1972 ) , The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) , The Conversation ( 1974 ) , Network ( 1976 ) , Apocalypse Now ( 1979 ) , The Great Santini ( 1979 ) , Lonesome Dove ( 1989 ) , The Handmaid 's Tale ( 1990 ) , Rambling Rose ( 1991 ) , and Falling Down ( 1993 ) .   Duvall began appearing in theatre during the late 1950s , moving into television and film roles during the early 1960s , playing Boo Radley in To Kill a Mockingbird ( 1962 ) and appearing in Captain Newman , M.D. ( 1963 ) . He landed many of his most famous roles during the early 1970s , such as Major Frank Burns in the blockbuster comedy MASH ( 1970 ) and the lead role in THX 1138 ( 1971 ) , as well as Horton Foote 's adaptation of William Faulkner 's Tomorrow ( 1972 ) , which was developed at The Actors Studio and is Duvall 's personal favorite . This was followed by a series of critically lauded performances in commercially successful films .   Since then , Duvall has continued to act in both film and television with such productions as Tender Mercies ( 1983 ) , The Natural ( 1984 ) , Colors ( 1988 ) , the television mini-series Lonesome Dove ( 1989 ) , Stalin ( 1992 ) , The Man Who Captured Eichmann ( 1996 ) , A Family Thing ( 1996 ) , The Apostle ( 1997 ) , A Civil Action ( 1998 ) , Deep Impact ( 1998 ) , Gods and Generals ( 2003 ) , Secondhand Lions ( 2003 ) , Broken Trail ( 2006 ) , Get Low ( 2010 ) , Jack Reacher ( 2012 ) , and The Judge ( 2014 ) .

neg: To the Ends of the Earth (film) To the Ends of the Earth is a 1948 American crime film noir directed by Robert Stevenson and written by Sidney Buchman and Jay Richard Kennedy . The drama features Dick Powell and Signe Hasso .

neg: Christopher Plummer Arthur Christopher Orme Plummer ( born December 13 , 1929 ) is a Canadian theatre , film and television actor . After making his film debut in Stage Struck ( 1958 ) , Plummer went on to a successful film career , now spanning more than five decades . Some of his most notable film performances include : The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) , Battle of Britain ( 1969 ) , Waterloo ( 1970 ) , The Return of the Pink Panther ( 1975 ) , Murder by Decree ( 1979 ) , Dragnet ( 1987 ) , Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country ( 1991 ) , A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) , Nicholas Nickleby ( 2002 ) , National Treasure ( 2004 ) , The New World ( 2005 ) , Inside Man ( 2006 ) , Up ( 2009 ) , The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus ( 2009 ) , and The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2011 ) .   In a career which includes substantial roles in each of the dramatic arts , Plummer is best known to film audiences as the aristocratic widower , Captain Georg von Trapp , in the musical film The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) , alongside Julie Andrews . Plummer has ventured into various television projects , including the miniseries The Thorn Birds ( 1983 ) . Plummer has notably portrayed several historical figures , including Arthur Wellesley , First Duke of Wellington in Waterloo ( 1970 ) , Rudyard Kipling in The Man Who Would Be King ( 1975 ) , Mike Wallace in The Insider ( 1999 ) , and Leo Tolstoy in The Last Station ( 2009 ) .   Plummer has won numerous awards and accolades for his work , including an Academy Award , two Emmy Awards , two Tony Awards , a Golden Globe Award , a SAG Award , and a BAFTA Award . With his win at age 82 in 2012 for Beginners , Plummer is the oldest actor ever to win an Academy Award .

neg: Cul-de-sac (1966 film) Cul-de-sac is a 1966 British psychological comic thriller directed by the Polish director Roman Polanski . It was his second film in English , written by Polanski and Gérard Brach .   The cast includes Donald Pleasence , Françoise Dorléac , Lionel Stander , Jack MacGowran , Iain Quarrier , Geoffrey Sumner , Renée Houston , William Franklyn , Trevor Delaney , Marie Kean . It also features Jacqueline Bisset ( credited as Jackie Bisset ) in a small role , in her second film appearance . The black and white cinematography is by Gil Taylor .

neg: Morgan Creek Productions Morgan Creek Productions is an American film studio that has released box-office hits including Young Guns , Dead Ringers , Major League , True Romance , Ace Ventura : Pet Detective , The Crush , Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves and The Last of the Mochicans . The studio was co-founded in 1988 by James Robinson and Joe Roth . Robinson leads the company as chairman and CEO . He has two sons Brian Robinson and David C. Robinson who run the day to day operations .   In October 2014 , Morgan Creek sold the international distribution rights and copyrights to their films to Revolution Studios . In September 2015 , Morgan Creek began negotiating the sale of rights for the remaining territories , though they will retain remake and TV rights to the Ace Ventura , Major League , Young Guns , and Exorcist franchises . Miramax is currently the digital and television distributor for the pre-2012 Morgan Creek library , via Revolution Studios . The domestic rights to the Morgan Creek library ( with the exception of Young Guns , which still stand with Lionsgate/Vestron Video ) , have since been purchased by Westchester Films/Shout ! Factory .

neg: Offerings (film) Offerings is a 1989 slasher film .

neg: PT 109 (film) PT 109 is a 1963 biographical war film which depicts the actions of John F. Kennedy ( JFK ) as an officer of the United States Navy in command of Motor Torpedo Boat PT-109 during the Pacific War of World War II . The film was adapted by Vincent Flaherty and Howard Sheehan from the book PT 109 : John F. Kennedy in World War II by Robert J. Donovan , and the screenplay was written by Robert L. Breen . Cliff Robertson stars as Kennedy , with featured performances by Ty Hardin , James Gregory , Robert Culp , and Grant Williams .   PT 109 was the first commercial theatrical film about a sitting United States President released while he was still in office and still alive . It was released in the United States on June 19 , 1963 , five months before Kennedy was assassinated .

neg: Gods and Generals (novel) Gods and Generals is a novel which serves as a prequel to Michael Shaara 's 1974 Pulitzer Prize-winning work about the Battle of Gettysburg , The Killer Angels . Written by Jeffrey Shaara after his father Michael 's death in 1988 , the novel relates events from 1858 through 1863 during the American Civil War , ending just as the two armies march toward Gettysburg . Since 1988 , Jeff Shaara has written The Last Full Measure , which follows the events presented in The Killer Angels .   In 2003 Gods and Generals was made into a film directed by Ronald F. Maxwell and starring Robert Duvall and Jeff Daniels . The film shares most of its cast with Gettysburg , the film adaptation of The Killer Angels .

neg: Where Danger Lives Where Danger Lives is a 1950 film noir thriller directed by John Farrow and starring Robert Mitchum , Faith Domergue and Claude Rains . At the time , Domergue was the latest of Howard Hughes ' proteges .

neg: Ranald MacDougall Ranald MacDougall ( March 10 , 1915 -- December 12 , 1973 ) was an American screenwriter who scripted such films as Mildred Pierce ( 1945 ) , The Unsuspected ( 1947 ) , June Bride ( 1948 ) , and The Naked Jungle ( 1954 ) , and shared screenwriting credit for 1963 's Cleopatra . He also directed a number of films , including 1957 's Man on Fire with Bing Crosby and 1959 's The World , the Flesh and the Devil , both of which featured actress Inger Stevens .   Born in Schenectady , New York , MacDougall came from an impoverished working-class family . His father was a crane operator and union organizer , whose frequent strikes forced MacDougall to leave school before finishing the eighth grade to help support the family . He held a variety of odd jobs and during the Great Depression found work as an usher at Radio City Music Hall .   He saw greater potential across the street in Rockefeller Center , where he was hired as a page , working alongside Gregory Peck . As a page MacDougall had the opportunity to closely observe the radio industry , and in his spare time he wrote and submitted scripts to his boss under pseudonyms , and was finally hired as a staff writer for NBC Radio despite being underage at the time .

neg: Tender Trap Tender Trap is an indie rock/twee pop band , based in London ( UK ) , formed in 2001 by three of the five members of Marine Research - Amelia Fletcher , Rob Pursey , and John Downfall .   Amelia Fletcher and Rob Pursey were previously in the twee pop band Heavenly , and some have seen Tender Trap as representing a return to the pop aesthetic of that earlier band . On their first , electronically slanted album Film Molecules , the songs demonstrate an eclectic mix of musical styles , with a clear nod to the similarly eclectic approach taken by The Magnetic Fields on their 69 Love Songs album .   The band 's initial intention was to be a recording outfit only , due to their hatred of transporting drums from place to place . They compromised by playing live but using a CD player for backing beats . Additional live performers have included Claudia Gonson ( of The Magnetic Fields ) on drums , and Lupe Núñez-Fernández of Pipas and Amor de Días , who was a guest vocalist on the Language Lessons EP and the second album 6 Billion People .   After a quiet 2007-2008 , Tender Trap reformed at the beginning of 2009 as a five piece , with additional members Elizabeth Morris ( also in Allo Darlin ' ) on guitar and vocals and Katrina Dixon ( formerly of Police Cat , Sally Skull and The Garden City Project ) on drums and vocals . They performed on the main stage at Indietracks festival in Derbyshire in July 2009 and the indoor stage in July 2010 . Elizabeth Morris left to concentrate on Allo Darlin ' in August 2010 and Emily Bennett ( Betty And The Werewolves ) joined the following month on guitar and vocals .   In 2010 , Tender Trap released Dansette Dansette , an album that finds Fletcher working with `` up-and-coming British indie luminaries , rediscovering her musical beginnings , and continuing to incorporate and impart feminist consciousness through sharp , yet tender , pop songs ''   As of 2014 , the band is on indefinite hiatus , and Fletcher and Pursey now perform as The Catenary Wires .

neg: Erotic thriller An Erotic thriller is a film genre defined by a thriller with a thematic basis in illicit romance or erotic fantasy . Most erotic thrillers contain scenes of softcore sex and nudity , but the frequency and explicitness of those scenes varies .   Though similar films appeared as early as the 1960s , erotic thrillers emerged as a distinct genre in the late 1980s , bolstered by the popular success of Adrian Lyne 's Fatal Attraction in 1987 and a quickly expanding domestic and international market for softcore adult entertainment on cable television and home video . The genre had a classic period of growth and expansion in the 1990s , but by the early 2000s declined in production and popular appeal .   The potent combination of danger and romance , catering to both male and female audiences simultaneously , was the primary selling point for erotic thriller films during their classic period . The half-naked bodies displayed on posters , newspaper ads , and video box covers were accompanied by log lines that capture the unmistakable duality of the erotic thriller film :   If you think you can handle her , you 're dead wrong . -- Body Chemistry 3 : Point of Seduction  He was hired to watch . Now he 's tempted to touch . -- Night Eyes  Twin sisters cross the line into a deadly erotic fantasy land . -- Mirror Images   In all , over 300 erotic thriller films were produced in the 1990s , which is comparable to the number of thriller films made in the noir decade of the 1940s . The total number of films in the erotic thriller genre from 1985 to 2005 may number as high as over 500 . Like film noir , the genre has evolved and modernized , and new films continue to be made that are influenced by the classic style .

neg: Restoration (1995 film) Restoration is a 1995 American historical drama film directed by Michael Hoffman . It stars Robert Downey , Jr. as a 17th-century medical student exploited by the king . The film , which is based on the novel of the same title by Rose Tremain , was filmed in Wales and won two Academy Awards .

neg: Beneath the 12-Mile Reef Beneath the 12-Mile Reef is a 1953 American adventure film directed by Robert D. Webb . The screenplay by A. I. Bezzerides was inspired by Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare . The film was the third motion picture made in CinemaScope , coming after The Robe and How to Marry a Millionaire .

neg: Valentine (film) Valentine is a 2001 American slasher film directed by Jamie Blanks , and starring Denise Richards , David Boreanaz , Marley Shelton , Jessica Capshaw , and Katherine Heigl . Loosely based on the novel of the same name by Tom Savage , the film follows a group of women in San Francisco who are stalked by a man whom they tormented during their childhood .   Release theatrically in February 2001 , the film received mixed reviews from critics , with some praising its performances and cinematography , and others criticizing its conclusion and deeming it too redolent of 1980s horror films . In spite of the mixed critical response , the film was a box office success , earning a total of USD$ 36.7 million .

neg: Vanelle Vanelle is an American actress , writer , director , producer , and model .   Born in Oakland , California , Vanelle moved to Charlotte , North Carolina in 1999 where she officially began her career in film . She earned Best Supporting Actress in a Feature Film at the 2012 Action on Film Fest in Monrovia , California , for her role as Julia in Dirt Cheap Therapy . She was also nominated at the 2015 Action on Film Fest for Best Actress in Athena . Vanelle also has written and directed two short films that circulated film festivals . Her short film Spades received various nominations and garnered awards .   Vanelle was born to Wayne and Van ( Luong ) LeBlanc and raised in the Bay Area of Northern California . She is of Acadian French and Vietnamese descent , being first generation American on her maternal side .   Vanelle has starred in many films including Exhibit A-7 , See the Dead , Remnants and Dark Awakenings . She moonlights as the Horror Host for Muticia 's Movie Morgue under the name , Muticia the Movie Goddess and makes guest appearances at Horror and Fantasy conventions . Vanelle writes and produces her own online show called The V-Spot and has two short films , Inheriting the Earth and Spades , under her production company Magic Tribe Pictures . She is currently producing content for The Maiden Network ; The QC and Maiden Fitness .   Vanelle has appeared in many commercials both regionally and nationally . She has been the Spokesperson for Hickory Furniture Mart since 2011 . In 2012 Vanelle was interviewed on the Lifetime Channel morning show , The Balancing Act , for her starring role as Gwen in the feature film Remnants which also starred Robert Pralgo , Adam Minarovich and Tom Sizemore .

neg: Assassination Tango Assassination Tango is a 2002 American-Argentine crime thriller film written , produced , directed by , and starring Robert Duvall . Other actors include Rubén Blades , Kathy Baker and Duvall 's Argentine wife , Luciana Pedraza . Francis Ford Coppola was one of the executive producers .   The film centers on the life of a hitman who travels to Argentina for a job , as well as his discovery of Argentine tango and his relationship with a woman living there . The film is considered a `` labour of love '' of Duvall , a self-confessed tango addict . Most of the film was shot in Buenos Aires , and some scenes at the beginning and end of the story were filmed in Coney Island , Brooklyn .

neg: The Desert Rats (film) The Desert Rats is a 1953 American black-and-white war film from 20th Century Fox , produced by Robert L. Jacks , directed by Robert Wise , that stars Richard Burton , James Mason , and Robert Newton . The film 's storyline concerns the Siege of Tobruk in North Africa during World War II .

neg: Robert Russell (English actor) Robert Russell ( 24 May 1936 -- 12 May 2008 ) was an English actor known for a memorable supporting role as John Stearne alongside Vincent Price in the classic British horror film Witchfinder General ( 1968 ) .   He was born in Kent , England . His family emigrated to South Africa for 9 years when he was aged 11 . He worked in a gold mine after leaving school . He returned to England and trained as an actor at the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art . He then appeared on stage with stars such as Laurence Olivier and Michael Gambon , as a member of the National Theatre touring company .   He made numerous appearances on UK television , often playing tough characters and villains due to his imposing stature , including The Avengers , The Sweeney , Space : 1999 , Blake 's 7 and Doctor Who , playing a guard in the serial entitled The Power of the Daleks and a Highland Games Champion , The Caber , in Terror of the Zygons . Some of his other film appearances included Othello ( 1965 ) , The Whisperers ( 1967 ) , Bedazzled ( 1967 ) with Peter Cook and Dudley Moore , Inspector Clouseau ( 1968 ) , The Breaking of Bumbo ( 1970 ) , Man in the Wilderness ( 1971 ) with Richard Harris , Sitting Target ( 1972 ) , Double Exposure ( 1977 ) , Queen of the Blues ( 1979 ) starring Mary Millington , Ivanhoe ( 1982 ) , Oliver Twist ( 1982 ) , and the TV film of The Sign of Four ( 1983 ) .   He lived for the last 14 years of his life in Maidenhead , Berkshire and died there of a heart attack at his home aged 71 .   * Note : This is from a Public Member Trees search on Ancestry , where the date of death is oddly given as 18 May 2008 ( see discussion ) .

neg: Tribute (play) Tribute is a play by Bernard Slade .   The plot focuses on Scottie Templeton , a popular actor who has spent his life shirking responsibility . When he discovers he is terminally ill with leukemia , he attempts to reconnect with his long-estranged son .   The play had extensive pre-Broadway runs in Boston , at the Colonial Theatre , and Toronto , at the Royal Alexandra Theatre . Before the play opened on Broadway , producer Morton Gottlieb and author Bernard Slade , had sold the movie rights to Paramount for over $ 1 million . On the opening night party at Tavern on the Green , Gottlieb gave out checks to investors , for payment in full , without help from the movie sale . After four previews , the play 's Broadway production opened on June 1 , 1978 at the Brooks Atkinson Theatre . Directed by Arthur Storch and starring Jack Lemmon , it ran for 212 performances . Jack had committed to do the play through November 1978 . The cast included Robert Picardo , Catherine Hicks , and Rosemary Prinz . Lemmon was nominated for both a Tony and a Drama Desk Award for his performance .   In 1980 , Slade adapted his play for a feature film directed by Bob Clark , with Lemmon recreating his performance in the lead role . The supporting cast included Robby Benson , Lee Remick , Colleen Dewhurst , John Marley , and Kim Cattrall .

neg: Tender Mercies Tender Mercies is a 1983 American drama film directed by Bruce Beresford . The screenplay by Horton Foote focuses on Mac Sledge , a recovering alcoholic country music singer who seeks to turn his life around through his relationship with a young widow and her son in rural Texas . Robert Duvall plays the role of Mac ; the supporting cast includes Tess Harper , Betty Buckley , Wilford Brimley , Ellen Barkin and Allan Hubbard .   Financed by EMI Films , Tender Mercies was shot largely in Waxahachie , Texas . The script was rejected by several American directors before the Australian Beresford accepted it . Duvall , who sang his own songs in the film , drove more than 600 mi throughout the state , tape recording local accents and playing in country music bands to prepare for the role . He and Beresford repeatedly clashed during production , at one point prompting the director to walk off the set and reportedly consider quitting the film .   The film encompasses several different themes , including the importance of love and family , the possibility of spiritual resurrection amid death , and the concept of redemption through Mac Sledge 's conversion to Christianity . Following poor test screening results , distributor Universal Pictures made little effort to publicize Tender Mercies , which Duvall attributed to the studio 's lack of understanding of country music .   The film was released on March 4 , 1983 , in a limited number of theaters . Although unsuccessful at the box office , it was critically acclaimed and earned five Academy Award nominations , including one for Best Picture . Tender Mercies won Oscars for Best Original Screenplay for Foote and Best Actor for Duvall .


query: Steve Jobs was a businessman.

pos: Steve Jobs Steven Paul Jobs ( -LSB- ˈdʒɒbz -RSB- February 24 , 1955 -- October 5 , 2011 ) was an American entrepreneur , businessman , inventor , and industrial designer . He was the co-founder , chairman , and chief executive officer ( CEO ) of Apple Inc. ; CEO and majority shareholder of Pixar ; a member of The Walt Disney Company 's board of directors following its acquisition of Pixar ; and founder , chairman , and CEO of NeXT . Jobs and Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak are widely recognized as pioneers of the microcomputer revolution of the 1970s and 1980s .   Jobs was born in San Francisco to Syrian parents who had to put him up for adoption at birth ; he was raised in the San Francisco Bay Area during the 1960s . Jobs briefly attended Reed College in 1972 before dropping out . He then decided to travel through India in 1974 seeking enlightenment and studying Zen Buddhism . Jobs 's declassified FBI report stated that an acquaintance knew that Jobs had used the illegal drugs marijuana and LSD while he was in college . Jobs once told a reporter that taking LSD was `` one of the two or three most important things '' he did in his life .   Jobs and Wozniak co-founded Apple in 1976 to sell Wozniak 's Apple I personal computer . The visionaries gained fame and wealth a year later for the Apple II , one of the first highly successful mass-produced personal computers . In 1979 , after a tour of PARC , Jobs saw the commercial potential of the Xerox Alto , which was mouse-driven and had a graphical user interface ( GUI ) . This led to development of the unsuccessful Apple Lisa in 1983 , followed by the breakthrough Macintosh in 1984 . In addition to being the first mass-produced computer with a GUI , the Macintosh introduced the sudden rise of the desktop publishing industry in 1985 with the addition of the Apple LaserWriter , the first laser printer to feature vector graphics . Following a long power struggle , Jobs was forced out of Apple in 1985 .   After leaving Apple , Jobs took a few of its members with him to found NeXT , a computer platform development company specializing in state-of-the-art computers for higher-education and business markets . In addition , Jobs helped to initiate the development of the visual effects industry when he funded the spinout of the computer graphics division of George Lucas 's Lucasfilm in 1986 . The new company , Pixar , would eventually produce the first fully computer-animated film , Toy Story -- an event made possible in part because of Jobs 's financial support .   In 1997 , Apple merged with NeXT . Within a few months of the merger , Jobs became CEO of his former company , reviving Apple at the verge of bankruptcy . Beginning in 1997 with the `` Think different '' advertising campaign , Jobs worked closely with designer Jonathan Ive to develop a line of products that would have larger cultural ramifications : the iMac , iTunes and iTunes Store , Apple Store , iPod , iPhone , App Store , and the iPad . Mac OS was also revamped into OS X ( renamed `` macOS '' in 2016 ) , based on NeXT 's NeXTSTEP platform .   Jobs was diagnosed with a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor in 2003 and died on October 5 , 2011 , of respiratory arrest related to the tumor .

neg: Moore's law Moore 's law ( -LSB- mɔərz.ˈlɔː -RSB- ) is the observation that the number of transistors in a dense integrated circuit doubles approximately every two years . The observation is named after Gordon Moore , the co-founder of Fairchild Semiconductor and Intel , whose 1965 paper described a doubling every year in the number of components per integrated circuit , and projected this rate of growth would continue for at least another decade . In 1975 , looking forward to the next decade , he revised the forecast to doubling every two years . The period is often quoted as 18 months because of Intel executive David House , who predicted that chip performance would double every 18 months ( being a combination of the effect of more transistors and the transistors being faster ) .   Moore 's prediction proved accurate for several decades , and has been used in the semiconductor industry to guide long-term planning and to set targets for research and development .  Advancements in digital electronics are strongly linked to Moore 's law : quality-adjusted microprocessor prices , memory capacity , sensors and even the number and size of pixels in digital cameras . Digital electronics has contributed to world economic growth in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries .  Moore 's law describes a driving force of technological and social change , productivity , and economic growth .   Moore 's law is an observation or projection and not a physical or natural law . Although the rate held steady from 1975 until around 2012 , the rate was faster during the first decade . In general , it is not logically sound to extrapolate from the historical growth rate into the indefinite future . For example , the 2010 update to the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors , predicted that growth would slow around 2013 , and in 2015 Gordon Moore foresaw that the rate of progress would reach saturation : `` I see Moore 's law dying here in the next decade or so . ''   Intel stated in 2015 that the pace of advancement has slowed , starting at the 22 nm feature width around 2012 , and continuing at 14 nm . Brian Krzanich , CEO of Intel , announced that `` our cadence today is closer to two and a half years than two . '' This is scheduled to hold through the 10 nm width in late 2017 . He cited Moore 's 1975 revision as a precedent for the current deceleration , which results from technical challenges and is `` a natural part of the history of Moore 's law . ''   However , in April 2016 , Intel CEO Brian Krzanich stated that `` In my 34 years in the semiconductor industry , I have witnessed the advertised death of Moore 's Law no less than four times . As we progress from 14 nanometer technology to 10 nanometer and plan for 7 nanometer and 5 nanometer and even beyond , our plans are proof that Moore 's Law is alive and well '' . In January 2017 , he declared that `` I 've heard the death of Moore 's law more times than anything else in my career , '' Krzanich said . `` And I 'm here today to really show you and tell you that Moore 's Law is alive and well and flourishing . ''   Today hardware has to be designed in a multi-core manner to keep up with Moore 's law . In turn , this also means that software has to be written in a multi-threaded manner to take full advantage of the hardware .

neg: Core International Core International , Inc. commonly known as Core , was a multinational computer and technology corporation headquartered in Boca Raton , Florida , United States .   The company is now part of Sony and no longer exists as stand-alone identity . The company was founded in 1979 by Hal Prewitt as a technology firm to develop , market and support computer related products and services . They were best known for supporting IBM 's first business microcomputers such as the 5100 , 5110 and 5120 . With the introduction of the IBM PC and PC AT , the company provided an extensive line of disk drives , backup and personal computer products . Core became very well known as a leading industry developer of disk array and computer data storage .   Many of Core 's products were the first of their kind , had no direct competition and were widely regarded for their superior performance and reliability . Users and the computer press raved about Core 's products . Infoworld described Core 's ATplus `` is built like a Sherman tank , offering exceptional performance and reliability . '' PC Magazine called them `` Workhorses of Performance Computing '' and `` High-quality construction . . breaks the speed barrier for access times '' and asked `` Will other manufactures follow suit ? ''   Core was known for their advertising and perhaps produced a few of the PC Industry 's greatest promotions . The 1985 and 1986 rebate and recall Ad for IBM PC AT hard disk drives . So successful and controversial , there was a rumor it was a topic at an IBM board of directors meeting . And the time where they gave away a free IBM PC AT when purchasing one of Core 's ATplus 72 MB drives .   Core remained a private company solely owned by Prewitt until 1993 when purchased by Aiwa , which was a wholly owned subsidiary of Sony .

neg: Japanese work environment Many both in and outside Japan share an image of the Japanese work environment that is based on a and '' model used by large companies as well as a reputation of long work-hours and strong devotion to one 's company . This environment is said to reflect economic conditions beginning in the 1920s , when major corporations competing in the international marketplace began to accrue the same prestige that had traditionally been ascribed to the daimyo-retainer relationship of feudal Japan or government service in the Meiji Restoration . At the very top , the most prestigious companies would recruit and retain the best workers by offering better benefits and truly lifetime job security . By the 1960s , employment at a large prestigious company had become the goal of children of the new middle class , the pursuit of which required mobilization of family resources and great individual perseverance in order to achieve success in the fiercely competitive education system .   Employees are expected to work hard and demonstrate loyalty to the firm , in exchange for some degree of job security and benefits , such as housing subsidies , good insurance , the use of recreation facilities , and bonuses and pensions . Wages begin low , but seniority is rewarded , with promotions based on a combination of seniority and ability . Leadership is not based on assertiveness or quick decision making but on the ability to create consensus , taking into account the needs of subordinates . Surveys indicate continued preference for bosses who are demanding but show concern for workers ' private lives over less-demanding bosses interested only in performance on the job . This system rewards behavior demonstrating identification with the team effort , indicated by singing the company song , not taking all of one 's vacation days , and sharing credit for accomplishments with the work group . Pride in one 's work is expressed through competition with other parallel sections in the company and between one 's company and other companies in similar lines of business . Thus , individuals are motivated to maintain wa ( harmony ) and participate in group activities , not only on the job but also in after-hours socializing ( nomikai ) . The image of group loyalty , however , may be more a matter of ideology than practice , especially for people who do not make it to the top .

neg: Technology company A technology company ( often tech company ) is a type of business entity that focuses primarily on the development and manufacturing of technology .   Apple , IBM , Lenovo , Huawei , Microsoft , BLOCK X and Oracle , among others , are considered prototypical technology companies .   Information technology ( IT ) companies and high tech companies are subsets of technology companies .

neg: Employee stock ownership plan An employee stock ownership plan ( ESOP ) is an employee-owner program that provides a company 's workforce with an ownership interest in the company . In an ESOP , companies provide their employees with stock ownership , often at no upfront cost to the employees . ESOP shares , however , are part of employees ' remuneration for work performed . Shares are allocated to employees and may be held in an ESOP trust until the employee retires or leaves the company . The shares are then either bought back by the company for redistribution or voided .   Some corporations are majority employee-owned ; the term `` employee-owned corporation '' often refers to such companies . Such organizations are similar to worker cooperatives , but unlike cooperatives , control of the company 's capital is not necessarily evenly distributed . In many cases , voting rights are given only to certain shareholders , and more senior employees may be allocated more shares than new hires ; typically , they are tied to the compensation an employee receives from the company . Compared with cooperatives , ESOP-centered corporations often allow for company executives to have greater flexibility and control in governing and managing the corporation .   Most corporations , however , use stock ownership plans as a form of in-kind benefit as a way to prevent hostile takeovers or to maintain a specific corporate culture . The plans generally prevent average employees from holding too much of the company 's stock .

neg: Executive compensation Executive compensation or executive pay is composed of the financial compensation and other non-financial awards received by an executive from their firm for their service to the organization . It is typically a mixture of salary , bonuses , shares of or call options on the company stock , benefits , and perquisites , ideally configured to take into account government regulations , tax law , the desires of the organization and the executive , and rewards for performance .   The three decades starting with the 1980s , saw a dramatic rise in executive pay relative to that of an average worker 's wage in the United States , and to a lesser extent in a number of other countries . Observers differ as to whether this rise is a natural and beneficial result of competition for scarce business talent that can add greatly to stockholder value in large companies , or a socially harmful phenomenon brought about by social and political changes that have given executives greater control over their own pay . Recent studies have indicated that executive compensation should be better aligned with social goals ( e.g. public health goals  ) . Executive pay is an important part of corporate governance , and is often determined by a company 's board of directors .

neg: United Kingdom company law The United Kingdom company law regulates corporations formed under the Companies Act 2006 . Also governed by the Insolvency Act 1986 , the UK Corporate Governance Code , European Union Directives and court cases , the company is the primary legal vehicle to organise and run business . Tracing their modern history to the late Industrial Revolution , public companies now employ more people and generate more of wealth in the United Kingdom economy than any other form of organisation . The United Kingdom was the first country to draft modern corporation statutes , where through a simple registration procedure any investors could incorporate , limit liability to their commercial creditors in the event of business insolvency , and where management was delegated to a centralised board of directors . An influential model within Europe , the Commonwealth and as an international standard setter , UK law has always given people broad freedom to design the internal company rules , so long as the mandatory minimum rights of investors under its legislation are complied with .   Company law , or corporate law , can be broken down into two main fields . Corporate governance in the UK mediates the rights and duties among shareholders , employees , creditors and directors . Since the board of directors habitually possesses the power to manage the business under a company constitution , a central theme is what mechanisms exist to ensure directors ' accountability . UK law is `` shareholder friendly '' in that shareholders , to the exclusion of employees , typically exercise sole voting rights in the general meeting . The general meeting holds a series of minimum rights to change the company constitution , issue resolutions and remove members of the board . In turn , directors owe a set of duties to their companies . Directors must carry out their responsibilities with competence , in good faith and undivided loyalty to the enterprise . If the mechanisms of voting do not prove enough , particularly for minority shareholders , directors ' duties and other member rights may be vindicated in court . Of central importance in public and listed companies is the securities market , typified by the London Stock Exchange . Through the Takeover Code the UK strongly protects the right of shareholders to be treated equally and freely trade their shares .   Corporate finance concerns the two money raising options for limited companies . Equity finance involves the traditional method of issuing shares to build up a company 's capital . Shares can contain any rights the company and purchaser wish to contract for , but generally grant the right to participate in dividends after a company earns profits and the right to vote in company affairs . A purchaser of shares is helped to make an informed decision directly by prospectus requirements of full disclosure , and indirectly through restrictions on financial assistance by companies for purchase of their own shares . Debt finance means getting loans , usually for the price of a fixed annual interest repayment . Sophisticated lenders , such as banks typically contract for a security interest over the assets of a company , so that in the event of default on loan repayments they may seize the company 's property directly to satisfy debts . Creditors are also , to some extent , protected by courts ' power to set aside unfair transactions before a company goes under , or recoup money from negligent directors engaged in wrongful trading . If a company is unable to pay its debts as they fall due , UK insolvency law requires an administrator to attempt a rescue of the company ( if the company itself has the assets to pay for this ) . If rescue proves impossible , a company 's life ends when its assets are liquidated , distributed to creditors and the company is struck off the register . If a company becomes insolvent with no assets it can be wound up by a creditor , for a fee ( not that common ) , or more commonly by the tax creditor ( HMRC ) .

neg: John Couch (American executive) John Couch is the Vice President of Education at Apple , Inc. . Couch holds an A.B. in Computer Science from Berkeley , 1969 . He earned his master 's degree in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science in 1970 . John spent an additional two years in the Computer Science Ph.D. program . He left the program to work for Hewlett Packard as a software engineer . In 2010 John was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from Philadelphia University for his innovative contributions to education .   At Hewlett Packard , John took on management roles at the same time teaching graduate courses at Cal State San Jose . He coauthored the textbook published by SRA ( Science Research Associates ) titled `` Compiler Construction : Theory and Practice . '' In 1978 John was recruited by Steve Jobs as Director of New Products for Apple Computer , Inc. . In early 1979 John was promoted to Vice President of Software . Like Steve , John was influenced by their visit to Xerox PARC and managed the initial graphical user interface for the Lisa system .   John was promoted to General Manager and Vice President of the newly created Lisa division , called `` Personal Office Systems . '' He ran the Lisa division through launch .   In the early years of Macintosh development , a Lisa was needed to compile software for the new machine . Bruce Horn tells a story in which he needed a Lisa for this purpose , and Steve Jobs directed him to just take one from John Couch 's office when he was away . Horn did so , and even decades later `` I still do n't know to this day whether Steve had arranged this with John , or if John came back to the surprise of an empty desk . ''   The truth being , at the time , the Macintosh was under development , and there were a limited number of Lisa machines available to develop Macintosh software . John felt it more important for the Macintosh developers to have use of the machine than for him to have one on his desk .   Couch left Apple in 1984 to take over a struggling Christian school in Solana Beach , CA .   Couch served as Executive in Residence for the Mayfield Fund . In 1997 , he became CEO of biotechnology software maker DoubleTwist ( then called Pangea Systems ) and served in this capacity , and then as Chairman , until the company failed in 2002 . At this point he returned to Apple to fill the newly created role of Vice President of Education .

neg: Service economy Service economy can refer to one or both of two recent economic developments :  The increased importance of the service sector in industrialized economies . The current list of Fortune 500 companies contains more service companies and fewer manufacturers than in previous decades .  The relative importance of service in a product offering . The service economy in developing countries is mostly concentrated in financial services , hospitality , retail , health , human services , information technology and education . Products today have a higher service component than in previous decades . In the management literature this is referred to as the servitization of products or a product-service system . Virtually every product today has a service component to it .   The old dichotomy between product and service has been replaced by a service-product continuum . Many products are being transformed into services .   For example , IBM treats its business as a service business . Although it still manufactures computers , it sees the physical goods as a small part of the `` business solutions '' industry . They have found that the price elasticity of demand for `` business solutions '' is much less than for hardware . There has been a corresponding shift to a subscription pricing model . Rather than receiving a single payment for a piece of manufactured equipment , many manufacturers are now receiving a steady stream of revenue for ongoing contracts .   Full cost accounting and most accounting reform and monetary reform measures are usually thought to be impossible to achieve without a good model of the service economy .

neg: Post-industrial economy A post-industrial economy refers to a period of growth within an industrialized economy or nation in which the relative importance of manufacturing reduces and that of services , information , and research grows .  Such economies are often marked by :  A declining manufacturing sector , resulting in deindustrialization ,  a large service sector , and  an increase in the amount of information technology , often leading to an `` information age '' . Information , knowledge , and creativity are the new raw materials of such an economy .   The industry aspect of a post-industrial economy is sent into less developed nations which manufacture what is needed at lower costs ( see outsourcing ) . This occurrence is typical of nations that industrialized in the past such as the United States and most Western European countries .

neg: Division (business) A division of a business , sometimes called a business sector , is one of the parts into which a business , organization or company is divided . The divisions are distinct parts of that business . If these divisions are all part of the same company , then that company is legally responsible for all of the obligations and debts of the divisions . However , in a large organization , various parts of the business may be run by different subsidiaries , and a business division may include one or many subsidiaries . Each subsidiary is a separate legal entity owned by the primary business or by another subsidiary in the hierarchy . Often a division operates under a separate name and is the equivalent of a corporation or limited liability company obtaining a fictitious name or `` doing business as '' certificate and operating a business under that fictitious name . Companies often set up business units to operate in divisions prior to the legal formation of subsidiaries .   Generally , only an `` entity '' , e.g. a corporation , public limited company ( plc ) or limited liability company , etc. would have a `` division '' ; an individual operating in this manner would simply be `` operating under a fictitious name '' .   An example of this would be to look at Hewlett Packard ( HP ) , the computer and printer company . HP has several divisions , with the printer division , that makes laser and inkjet printers , being the largest and most profitable division . The divisions of HP , like the Printing & Multifunction division , the Handheld Devices ( includes the old calculator ) division , the Servers division ( mini and mainframe computers ) , etc. , all use the HP brand name . But , Compaq ( a part of HP since 2002 ) , operates as a subsidiary , using the Compaq brand name .   Mack Trucks continues to run itself separately , but is a wholly owned subsidiary of AB Volvo . Volvo Trucks also sells trucks under the Volvo name . Within Mack , there is a division named Mack de Venezuela C.A. that does final assembly and sells trucks in South America .   Another less obvious example is that Google Video is a division of Google , and is part of the same corporate entity . But the YouTube video service is a subsidiary of Google because it remains operated as YouTube , LLC , a separate business entity even though it is owned by Google .

neg: Corporate design A corporate design ( CD ) is the official graphical design of the logo and name of a company or institution used on letterheads , envelopes , forms , folders , brochures , etc. . The house style is created in such a way that all the elements are arranged in a distinctive design and pattern .   This includes dictating what ink pantones should be used in the coloring , and what typefaces .   Governments may have corporate designs as well . On June 2 , 1999 , the German federal cabinet introduced a corporate design for the flag of Germany .   The term ` corporate design ' is not the name of a specific design profession .   Corporations do have special design needs based on their behaviors . They communicate their mission , objectives , needs , and product information -- with users , clients , or members ; with suppliers , distributors , service providers ; with the surrounding community and the media ; with financial institutions and other corporations , and with the state . They create , acquire , modify , organize and distribute large amounts of information and raw data , as well as goods and services . ( Sometimes the goods or services are themselves information . For example , The Yellow Pages , or The New York Times . )   A designer whose client is a corporation will include the logo and other elements of the corporate brand as a way to standardize and unify all communication between company and audience , whether in print or online . Scenarios that includes human-computer interactions take place through software and hardware user interfaces that are also branded and designed with the corporate culture in mind . ( Examples of user scenarios : update the Web site , transfer funds , document procedures , control security , operate machinery , plan projects , conduct virtual meetings , check inventory , fill an order , or ship a product . )   These interactions are increasingly taking place through Web sites , through mobile devices and at dedicated terminals , and may include sound , video , animation and user feedback mechanisms . A savvy designer will create designs that can be adapted to all of these applications .

neg: Managerialism Managerialism is a belief in the value of professional managers and of the concepts and methods they use . Contemporary management writers such as Thomas Diefenbach associate managerialism with hierarchy . But managerialism is also linked to control , accountability and measurement , and an ideologically determined belief in the importance of tightly managed organizations , as opposed to individuals , or to groups that do not resemble an organization .   Following Enteman 's classic on Managerialism : The Emergence of a New Ideology ( 1993 ) , American management experts Robert Locke and J C Spender see managerialism as an expression of a special group -- management -- that entrenches itself ruthlessly and systemically in an organization . It deprives owners of decision-making power and workers of their ability to resist managerialism . In fact the rise of managerialism may in itself be a response to people 's resistance in society and more specific workers ' opposition against managerial regimes .   Building on Enteman ( 1993 ) and Locke/Spender ( 2011 ) the most up-to-date definition of Managerialism has been delivered by Thomas Klikauer in `` Managerialism -- Critique of an Ideology '' ( 2013 ) defining Managerialism as '' -LSB- ... -RSB- Managerialism combines management knowledge and ideology to establish itself systemically in organisations and society while depriving owners , employees ( organisational-economical ) and civil society ( social-political ) of all decision-making powers . Managerialism justifies the application of managerial techniques to all areas of society on the grounds of superior ideology , expert training , and the exclusive possession of managerial knowledge necessary to efficiently run corporations and societies . '' As Fayol 's and Taylor 's simple management mutated into managerialism , managerialism became a full-fledged ideology under the following formula : Management + Ideology + Expansion = Managerialism Two examples of the extension of management into the non-management domain -- the not for profit sphere of human existence -- are public schools and universities . In both cases , managerialism occurs when public institutions are run `` as if '' these were for-profit organization even though they remain government institutions funded through state taxes . In these cases , the term new public management has been used . But the ideology of managerialism can even extend into more distant institutions such as , for example , a College of Physicians .  At a time when much of this started Albert A. Anderson summarized managerialism as the ideological principle that sees societies as equivalent to the sum of the decisions and transactions made by the managements of organizations . This carries connotations to the Historian James Hoopes wrote ( 2003 ) :   '' -LSB- ... -RSB- the main genesis of managerialism lay in the human relations movement that took root at the Harvard Business School in the 1920s and 1930s under the guiding hand of Professor Elton Mayo . Mayo , an immigrant from Australia , saw democracy as divisive and lacking in community spirit . He looked to corporate managers to restore the social harmony that he believed the uprooting experiences of immigration and industrialization had destroyed and that democracy was incapable of repairing . ''

neg: Bill Fernandez Bill Fernandez is a user interface architect and inventor who was Apple Computer 's first employee when they incorporated in 1977 and is Apple employee # 4 . He worked on both the Apple I and Apple II personal computers , and in the 1980s was a member of the Apple Macintosh development team . He contributed to several user interface aspects of the classic Mac OS , QuickTime and HyperCard and owns a user interface patent granted in 1994 . He is also credited with introducing fellow Homestead High School student Steve Jobs to his friend ( and Homestead alum ) Steve Wozniak to each other .   Fernandez is portrayed by the actor Victor Rasuk in the 2013 film Jobs .

neg: Corporate personality Corporate personality is a concept in Christian theology that was articulated by H. Wheeler Robinson . As originally formulated , it dealt with areas of the Old Testament where the relationships between individuals and the groups that they were part of were treated . For example , Achan 's family was ( at least in some interpretations of the text ) collectively punished for a sin that is viewed as primarily Achan 's alone . It has since fallen out of favour with theologians , who now favour other interpretations of the Old Testament . However , some theologians still use the idea , construed in a more narrow sense , to explain the use of '' ἐν '' for `` in Christ '' ( amongst others ) in the New Testament writings of Paul the Apostle .   The notion of Old Testament corporate personality encompasses four things :  identificationIndividuals are never considered to be isolated from the groups that they belong to , and are often treated as representatives for , or even as wholly identified with , those groups .  extensionThe boundaries of the individual are extended to additionally encompass other people that belong to that individual . This extension can be both in space , from a king to a kingdom , and in time , from a parent to his descendants . Examples of extension include Achan ( mentioned earlier ) , Korah ( Izhar 's son ) , and David , where a leader is punished or rewarded by punishing or rewarding those whom he leads .  realismThe relationship between the group and the individual is a real one .  oscillationThere exists an oscillation back and forth between the group and the individual .   In Pauline theology , the notion of corporate personality is largely restricted to its representational aspect . Paul 's comparison between Jesus Christ and Adam is viewed , by those theologians that adhere to the notion , as an identification of Christ as the king and those people in the kingdom that he leads . Similarly , in his Epistle to the Galatians , Paul speaks of Gentiles being blessed both `` in '' Abraham and also `` with '' him -- which these theologians hold to be another example of corporate personality in Paul 's writings .

neg: Dead-end job A dead-end job is a pejorative term used to describe a job in which there is little or no chance of career development and advancement into a higher paid position .   Such work is usually regarded as unskilled and the phrase usually applies to those working as shelf stackers , cleaners , call center agents , clerks , or in other menial jobs where the pay is low , and the hours are long . Furthermore , positions not regarded as menial may nonetheless qualify as dead-end jobs and forms of underemployment . A specialized employee working in a small firm in an underdeveloped local market , for example , might have few opportunities for advancement within the company while simultaneously facing a dearth of opportunities outside it . Most dead-end jobs offer little to no transferable skills and may `` trap '' workers .   Dead-end jobs are not limited to menial labor , retail or fast food roles . Professional positions in call centers , loss-mitigation underwriting , administrative and clerical work may offer almost no advancement potential . Another common indicator of a dead-end job is the risk of it being made obsolete by automation .

neg: The Entrepreneurial State The Entrepreneurial State : Debunking Public vs. Private Sector Myths is a 2013 book written by Mariana Mazzucato which argues that the United States ' economic success is a result of public and state funded investments in innovation and technology , rather than a result of the small state , free market doctrine that often receives credit for the country 's strong economy . Mazzucato argues that understanding the difference between the `` myth '' and the reality of this success is particularly important saying : `` If the rest of the world wants to emulate the US model , they should do as the United States actually did , not as they say they did '' . The book was listed among the Financial Times best books of the year , and was reviewed in several publications including The New York Times and The Wall Street Jornal . It is both praised and criticized by several social science journals , and has started numerous discussions among economists and social scientists around the world about the role of the state in the world of technological innovations .

neg: Companies law Company law ( or the law of business associations ) is the field of law concerning companies and other business organizations . This includes corporations , partnerships and other associations which usually carry on some form of economic or charitable activity . The most prominent kind of company , usually referred to as a `` corporation '' , is a `` juristic person '' , i.e. it has separate legal personality , and those who invest money into the business have limited liability for any losses the company makes , governed by corporate law . The largest companies are usually publicly listed on stock exchanges around the world . Even single individuals , also known as sole traders may incorporate themselves and limit their liability in order to carry on a business . All different forms of companies depend on the particular law of the particular country in which they reside .   The law of business organizations originally derived from the common law of England , but has evolved significantly in the 20th century . In common law countries today , the most commonly addressed forms are :   Corporation  Limited company  Unlimited company  Limited liability partnership  Limited partnership  Not-for-profit corporation  Company limited by guarantee  Partnership  Sole Proprietorship   The proprietary limited company is a statutory business form in several countries , including Australia .   Many countries have forms of business entity unique to that country , although there are equivalents elsewhere . Examples are the limited liability company ( LLC ) and the limited liability limited partnership ( LLLP ) in the United States .   Other types of business organizations , such as cooperatives , credit unions and publicly owned enterprises , can be established with purposes that parallel , supersede , or even replace the profit maximization mandate of business corporations .   For a country-by-country listing of officially recognized forms of business organization , see Types of business entity .   There are various types of company that can be formed in different jurisdictions , but the most common forms of company are :   a company limited by guarantee . Commonly used where companies are formed for non-commercial purposes , such as clubs or charities . The members guarantee the payment of certain ( usually nominal ) amounts if the company goes into insolvent liquidation , but otherwise they have no economic rights in relation to the company .  a company limited by guarantee with a share capital . A hybrid entity , usually used where the company is formed for non-commercial purposes , but the activities of the company are partly funded by investors who expect a return .  a company limited by shares . The most common form of company used for business ventures .  an unlimited company either with or without a share capital . This is a hybrid company , a company similar to its limited company ( Ltd. ) counterpart but where the members or shareholders do not benefit from limited liability should the company ever go into formal liquidation .   There are , however , many specific categories of corporations and other business organizations which may be formed in various countries and jurisdictions throughout the world .

neg: Evolution of Management Systems ' A management system is the framework of processes and procedures used to ensure that an organization can fulfill all tasks required to achieve its objectives .   After World War II , the reigning paradigm of product-oriented mass production had reached its peak . Examples of management systems at that time are linear assembly lines , organizational hierarchies of command , product quality control and mass consumption .   Soon afterwards , the Deming-Juran process-quality teachings spearheaded a new quality orientation ( later referred to as Total quality management ) and propelled Japan directly to the post-war process focus ( process quality control , just-in-time , continuous improvement ) . The US responded by a painful and prolonged product-to-process transformation , ultimately leveling the playing field again by the mid 1980s .   At the end of the 1980s , business process reengineering focused on the radical redesign of the production process through the reintegration of task , labor and knowledge . As a result , lean , flexible and streamlined production processes were created , capable of fast response and internet-based integration necessary for the upcoming phase of supply chains - business-to-business ( B2B ) -- as well as demand chains -- business-to-customer ( B2C ) .   In the above three stages of Evolution of Management Systems '' ' , the competitive advantage was derived almost exclusively from the internal resources of the firm . At the end of the 1980s , a radical fourth shift has occurred : the competitive advantage became increasingly derived from the external resources of the firm -- through the extended networks of suppliers and customers .   Figure 1 refers to the basic scheme of production and service delivery process . It represents the traditional linear input-process-output management system . This system has been fixed and unchanging for centuries . The only change has been in terms of changing focus on individual components of the system , emphasizing different parts of this basic scheme .   Although the scheme itself ( inputs → process → outputs ) remains mostly unchallenged , there are some indications that this business model will undergo major restructurings in the future ( in the emerging stages of Evolution of Management Systems ) . It will become disaggregated and distributed , subjected to non-linear modularity and bringing forth new ways of making things and delivering services . Then it will become reintegrated again , tying together globally distributed components into a unified recycling whole .

neg: Functional Strategy Functional strategy - organizational plans prepared for various functional areas of a company 's organizational structure ( e.g. , marketing strategy , financial strategy , production strategy etc. ) . Functional strategies can be part of overall corporate strategy or serve as separate plans of strategy cascading/implementation within a functional area .   Some common functional strategies are :  Production strategy ( `` make or buy '' ) - defines what the company produces itself , and that purchases from suppliers or partners , that is , how far worked out the production chain .  Financial Strategy - to select the main source of funding : the development of their own funds ( depreciation , profit , the issue of shares , etc. ) or through debt financing ( bank loans , bonds , commodity suppliers ' credits , etc. ) .  Organizational strategy - decision on the organization of the staff ( choose the type of organizational structure , compensation system , etc. ) .  others , such as : research and development ( R & D ) strategy , investment strategy , etc. .   In addition , each of the functional strategies can be divided into components . For example , organizational strategy can be divided into three components :   strategy of building organizations - to select the type of structure ( divisional , functional , project , etc. ) ;  strategy to work with the staff - a way of training ( mainly administrative staff ) , training of staff ( in a business or educational institutions ) , career planning , etc. ;  strategy of remuneration ( wages , rewards and penalties ) - in particular , the approach to the compensation of senior managers ( salary , bonuses , profit sharing , etc. ) .   Responsible for implementation of the strategy at the functional level are senior specialists ( Ch . Engineer , Director of Finance ) . At the enterprise level - CEO , general director or director of the department , at the level of groups of companies - a collegiate body ( board of directors ) .


query: Brunei is on the island of New Guinea.

pos: Brunei Brunei ( -LSB- bruːˈnaɪ -RSB- , ) , officially the Nation of Brunei , the Abode of Peace ( Negara Brunei Darussalam , Jawi : ) , is a sovereign state located on the north coast of the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia . Apart from its coastline with the South China Sea , the country is completely surrounded by the state of Sarawak , Malaysia . It is separated into two parts by the Sarawak district of Limbang . Brunei is the only sovereign state completely on the island of Borneo ; the remainder of the island 's territory is divided between the nations of Malaysia and Indonesia . Brunei 's population was 408,786 in July 2012 .   At the peak of the Bruneian Empire , Sultan Bolkiah ( reigned 1485 -- 1528 ) is alleged to have had control over most regions of Borneo , including modern-day Sarawak and Sabah , as well as the Sulu archipelago off the northeast tip of Borneo , Seludong ( modern-day Manila ) , and the islands off the northwest tip of Borneo . The maritime state was visited by Spain 's Magellan Expedition in 1521 and fought against Spain in the 1578 Castille War .   During the 19th century , the Bruneian Empire began to decline . The Sultanate ceded Sarawak ( Kuching ) to James Brooke and installed him as the White Rajah , and it ceded Sabah to the British North Borneo Chartered Company . In 1888 , Brunei became a British protectorate and was assigned a British resident as colonial manager in 1906 . After the Japanese occupation during World War II , in 1959 a new constitution was written . In 1962 , a small armed rebellion against the monarchy was ended with the help of the British .   Brunei gained its independence from the United Kingdom on 1 January 1984 . Economic growth during the 1990s and 2000s , with the GDP increasing 56 % from 1999 to 2008 , transformed Brunei into an industrialised country . It has developed wealth from extensive petroleum and natural gas fields . Brunei has the second-highest Human Development Index among the Southeast Asian nations , after Singapore , and is classified as a `` developed country '' . According to the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , Brunei is ranked fifth in the world by gross domestic product per capita at purchasing power parity . The IMF estimated in 2011 that Brunei was one of two countries ( the other being Libya ) with a public debt at 0 % of the national GDP . Forbes also ranks Brunei as the fifth-richest nation out of 182 , based on its petroleum and natural gas fields .

neg: Brunei–New Zealand relations Brunei -- New Zealand relations refers to bilateral foreign relations between Brunei and New Zealand . Brunei high commission in Bandar Seri Begawan is accredited to New Zealand , while New Zealand high commission in Kuala Lumpur is accredited to Brunei .

neg: German New Guinea German New Guinea ( Deutsch-Neuguinea ) was the first part of the German colonial empire . It was a protectorate from 1884 until 1914 when it fell to Australian forces following the outbreak of the First World War . It consisted of the northeastern part of New Guinea and several nearby island groups . The mainland part of German New Guinea and the nearby islands of the Bismarck Archipelago and the North Solomon Islands are now part of Papua New Guinea . The Micronesian islands of German New Guinea are now governed as the Federated States of Micronesia , the Marshall Islands , Nauru , the Northern Mariana Islands and Palau .   The mainland portion , Kaiser-Wilhelmsland , was formed from the northeastern part of New Guinea . The islands to the east of Kaiser-Wilhelmsland , on annexation , were renamed the Bismarck Archipelago ( formerly the New Britannia Archipelago ) and the two largest islands renamed Neu-Pommern ( `` New Pomerania '' , today 's New Britain ) and Neu-Mecklenburg ( `` New Mecklenburg , now New Ireland ) . Due to their accessibility by water , however , these outlying islands were , and have remained , the most economically viable part of the territory .   With the exception of German Samoa , the German islands in the Western Pacific formed the `` Imperial German Pacific Protectorates '' . These were administered as part of German New Guinea and they included the German Solomon Islands ( Buka , Bougainville , and several smaller islands ) , the Carolines , Palau , the Marianas ( except for Guam ) , the Marshall Islands , and Nauru . The total land area of German New Guinea was 249500 km ² .

neg: Islam in Oceania Islam in Oceania refers to Islam and Muslims in Oceania . By current estimates , there are 620,156 Muslims in Oceania , 476,600 in Australia , 48,151 in New Zealand , 86,162 in Fiji , 6,352 in New Caledonia , 2,200 in Papua New Guinea , 360 in Solomon Islands , 221 in Vanuatu , 110 in Tonga and tiny numbers in Kiribati and Samoa .   According to a 2007 article in Pacific Magazine , entitled ` Green Moon Rising ' , Islam has seen a substantial increase in adherents amongst the peoples of Vanuatu , Fiji , Solomon Islands , Papua New Guinea and New Caledonia . There have been thousands of indigenous converts to Islam in Melanesia .   There are also approximately 400 Muslims in Palau , whose government recently allowed a few Uyghurs detained in Guantanamo Bay to settle in the island nation .

neg: North Borneo Chartered Company The North Borneo Chartered Company or British North Borneo Company was a chartered company assigned to administer North Borneo ( today 's Sabah in Malaysia ) in August 1881 . The company also administered the island of Labuan for a temporary period in 1890 before it became part of the Straits Settlements . North Borneo became a protectorate of the British Empire with internal affairs administered by the company until 1946 when it became the Crown Colony of British North Borneo . The main motto was Pergo et Perago ( Latin ) , which means `` I undertake and I achieve '' . The first chairman of the company was Alfred Dent .   In 1882 , the North Borneo Chartered Company established a settlement on Pulau Gaya , one year after the Chartered Company was given the mandate to rule Sabah . However , in 1897 , this settlement was burnt to the ground during the raid led by Mat Salleh , a Sabah tribal Chief and it was never re-established . This company is also known as ` Syarikat Borneo Utara British ' and was criticised by the locals for the taxes it collected .   Establishing law and order as well as recruiting Sikh policeman from North India was one of the early roles the NBCC initiated , as well as expanding trade , a system of government , courts to enforce laws and punishment and building both a railway line from Jesselton to Tenom and encouraging the harvesting and barter trade of both local agriculture produce and crops , as well as establishment of plantations .

neg: Ternate Ternate is an island in the Maluku Islands ( Moluccas ) of eastern Indonesia . It was the center of the former Sultanate of Ternate . It is off the west coast of the larger island of Halmahera . The city has a population of just under 200,000 on some 111.39 km2 .   Like its neighbouring island , Tidore , Ternate is a visually dramatic cone-shape . The two are ancient Islamic sultanates ( Ternate 's Sultanate and Tidore 's ) with a long history of bitter rivalry . The islands were once the world 's single major producer of cloves , a commodity that allowed their sultans to become amongst the wealthiest and most powerful of all sultans in the Indonesian region . In the precolonial era , Ternate was the dominant political and economic power over most of the `` Spice Islands '' of Maluku .   Today , Ternate City is the largest town in the province of North Maluku , within which the island constitutes a municipality ( kotamadya ) . It is , however , no longer the provincial capital , a title now held by the town of Sofifi on Halmahera .   The `` Ternate Essay '' was a pioneering account of evolution by natural selection written on the island by Alfred Russel Wallace in 1858 and famously sent to Charles Darwin . Darwin at once responded by publishing Wallace 's essay alongside his own accounts of the theory .

neg: Brunei–Philippines relations The Brunei -- Philippines relations refers to the bilateral relations between Brunei and the Philippines . Brunei has an embassy in Makati , Metro Manila while the Philippines has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan .

neg: New Ireland Province New Ireland Province , formerly New Mecklenburg ( Neu-Mecklenburg ) , is the most northeastern province of Papua New Guinea .

neg: Bariai language Bariai is an Austronesian language of New Britain .

neg: North Borneo dispute The North Borneo dispute is the territorial dispute between the Federation of Malaysia and the Republic of the Philippines over much of the eastern part of the state of Sabah , a territory known as North Borneo prior to the formation of the Malaysian federation . The Philippines , presenting itself as the successor state of the Sultanate of Sulu , retains a `` dormant claim '' on Sabah on the basis that the territory was only leased to the British North Borneo Company in 1878 , with the sovereignty of the Sultanate ( and subsequently the Republic ) over the territory never having been relinquished . However , Malaysia considers this dispute as a `` non-issue '' as it interprets the 1878 agreement as that of cession and that it deems that the residents of Sabah had exercised their right to self-determination when they joined to form the Malaysian federation in 1963 .

neg: Timor Timor is an island at the southern end of Maritime Southeast Asia , north of the Timor Sea . The island is divided between the sovereign states of East Timor on the eastern part and Indonesia , on the western part . The Indonesian part , also known as West Timor , constitutes part of the province of East Nusa Tenggara . Within West Timor lies an exclave of East Timor called Oecusse District . The island covers an area of 30,777 km2 . The name is a variant of timur , Malay for `` east '' ; it is so called because it lies at the eastern end of the Lesser Sunda Islands .

neg: Sariba Island Saliba Island is a large island in Milne Bay Province , Papua New Guinea .

neg: The Malay Archipelago The Malay Archipelago is a book by the British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace that chronicles his scientific exploration , during the eight-year period 1854 to 1862 , of the southern portion of the Malay Archipelago including Malaysia , Singapore , the islands of Indonesia , then known as the Dutch East Indies , and the island of New Guinea . It was published in two volumes in 1869 , delayed by Wallace 's ill health and the work needed to describe the many specimens he brought home . The book went through ten editions in the nineteenth century ; it has been reprinted many times since , and has been translated into at least eight languages .   The book described each island that he visited in turn , giving a detailed account of its physical and human geography , its volcanoes , and the variety of animals and plants that he found and collected . At the same time , he describes his experiences , the difficulties of travel , and the help he received from the different peoples that he met . The preface notes that he travelled over 14,000 miles and collected 125,660 natural history specimens , mostly of insects though also thousands of molluscs , birds , mammals and reptiles .   The work was illustrated with engravings , based on Wallace 's observations and collection , by the leading illustrators Thomas Baines , Walter Hood Fitch , John Gerrard Keulemans , E. W. Robinson , Joseph Wolf and T. W. Wood .   The Malay Archipelago attracted many reviews , with interest from scientific , geographic , church and general periodicals . Reviewers noted and sometimes disagreed with various of his theories , especially the division of fauna and flora along what soon became known as the Wallace line , natural selection and uniformitarianism . Nearly all agreed that he had provided an interesting and comprehensive account of the geography , natural history , and peoples of the archipelago , which was little known to their readers at the time , and that he had collected an astonishing number of specimens . The book is much cited , and is Wallace 's most successful , both commercially and as a piece of literature .

neg: Archipelagic state An archipelagic state is any internationally recognized state or country that comprises a series of islands that form an archipelago . The term is defined by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in order to define what borders such states should be allowed to claim .   In various conferences , Fiji , Indonesia , Papua New Guinea , the Bahamas , and the Philippines are the five sovereign states that obtained approval in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea signed in Montego Bay , Jamaica on December 10 , 1982 and qualified as archipelagic states .   Archipelagic states are states that are composed of groups of islands forming a state as a single unit , with the islands and the waters within the baselines as internal waters . Under this concept ( `` archipelagic doctrine '' ) , an archipelago shall be regarded as a single unit , so that the waters around , between , and connecting the islands of the archipelago , irrespective of their breadth and dimensions , form part of the internal waters of the state , and are subject to its exclusive sovereignty .   The approval of the United Nations for the five sovereign states as archipelagic states respect existing agreements with other countries and shall recognize traditional fishing rights and other legitimate activities of the immediately adjacent neighboring countries in certain areas falling within archipelagic waters . The terms and conditions for the exercise of such rights and activities , including the nature , the extent and the areas to which they apply , shall , at the request of any of the countries concerned , be regulated by bilateral agreements between them . Such rights shall not be transferred to or shared with third countries or their nationals .

neg: Brunei–United Kingdom relations Brunei -- United Kingdom relations refers to bilateral foreign relations between the two countries Nation of Brunei , the Abode of Peace and United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland . Brunei has a high commission in London , and United Kingdom has a high commission in Bandar Seri Begawan .

neg: Battle of Labuan The Battle of Labuan was an engagement fought between Allied and Imperial Japanese forces on the island of Labuan off Borneo during June 1945 . It formed part of the Australian invasion of North Borneo , and was initiated by the Allied forces as part of a plan to capture the Brunei Bay area and develop it into a base to support future offensives .   Following several weeks of air attacks and a short naval bombardment , soldiers of the Australian 24th Brigade were landed on Labuan from American and Australian ships on 10 June . The Australians quickly captured the island 's harbour and main airfield . The greatly outnumbered Japanese garrison was mainly concentrated in a fortified position in the interior of Labuan , and offered little resistance to the landing . The initial Australian attempts to penetrate the Japanese position in the days after the invasion were not successful , and the area was subjected to a heavy bombardment . A Japanese raiding force also attempted to attack Allied positions on 21 June , but was defeated . Later that day , Australian forces assaulted the Japanese position . In the following days , Australian patrols killed or captured the remaining Japanese troops on the island . A total of 389 Japanese personnel were killed on Labuan and 11 were captured . Australian casualties included 34 killed .   After securing the island , the Allied forces developed Labuan into a significant base . The 24th Brigade left from the island to capture the eastern shore of Brunei Bay in late June , and the island 's airfield was repaired and expanded to host Royal Australian Air Force units . While occupying Labuan , the Allies had to reconstruct the island 's infrastructure and provide assistance to thousands of civilians who had been rendered homeless by the pre-invasion bombardment . Following the war , a major Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery was established on Labuan .

neg: Lombok Lombok is an island in West Nusa Tenggara province , Indonesia . It forms part of the chain of the Lesser Sunda Islands , with the Lombok Strait separating it from Bali to the west and the Alas Strait between it and Sumbawa to the east . It is roughly circular , with a `` tail '' ( Sekotong Peninsula ) to the southwest , about 70 km across and a total area of about 4,514 km ² . The provincial capital and largest city on the island is Mataram . It is somewhat similar in size and density with neighboring Bali and shares some cultural heritage , but is administratively part of Nusa Tenggara Barat along with sparsely populated Sumbawa . It is surrounded by a number of smaller islands locally called Gili .   The island was home to some 3.17 million Indonesians as recorded in the decennial 2010 census ; the latest estimate ( for January 2014 ) gives the population as 3,311,044 .

neg: Bruneian art Bruneian art is from the country of Brunei ( broo-nay ) located in southeast Asia . Its art is well known in countries like Malaysia , Indonesia , and Borneo . The art and its characteristics the artist of Brunei creates is appealing and visional for not only them but for the people viewing the master piece . Brunei 's art can be anything like paintings , jewelry , and clothing . Each of the three has art and the special detail attach to it .

neg: Emirau Island Emirau Island , also called Emira , is an island in the Bismarck Archipelago located at . It is currently part of the New Ireland Province of Papua New Guinea . The local language is a dialect of the Mussau-Emira language . Emira is part of what on many maps are charted as the St Matthias Islands , also known as the Mussau Islands , a small group to the north-west of the main-island group of New Ireland . Early explorers named it Squally Island , a name still found in some early records .

neg: Malay Peninsula The Malay Peninsula ( Semenanjung Tanah Melayu , سمننجوڠ تانه ملايو คาบสมุทรมลายู , , -LSB- kʰâːp.sā.mùt mā.lāː.jūː -RSB- ) is a peninsula in Southeast Asia . The land mass runs approximately north-south and , at its terminus , is the southernmost point of the Asian mainland . The area contains the southernmost tip of Myanmar , Peninsular Malaysia , and Southern Thailand .   The Titiwangsa Mountains are part of the Tenasserim Hills system , and form the backbone of the Peninsula . They form the southernmost section of the central cordillera which runs from Tibet through the Kra Isthmus ( the Peninsula 's narrowest point ) into the Malay Peninsula . The Strait of Malacca separates the Malay Peninsula from the Indonesian island of Sumatra while the south coast is separated from the island of Singapore by the Straits of Johor .

neg: Sae Island Sae Island is the northernmost island within the Western Islands of the Bismarck Archipelago , Papua New Guinea . It is located just north-west of the Kaniet Islands , under which it is often subsumed , although the two are distinct . Another name for the Kaniet ( - Sae ) Islands is `` Anchorite Islands '' .   The first sighting by Europeans of Sae Island was by the Spanish navigator Iñigo Órtiz de Retes on 21 August 1545 when on board of the carrack San Juan tried to return from Tidore to New Spain .