query: Cat on a Hot Tin Roof features several recurring motifs, such as superficiality and sexual desire.

pos: Cat on a Hot Tin Roof Cat on a Hot Tin Roof is a play by Tennessee Williams . One of Williams 's best-known works and his personal favorite , the play won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1955 . Set in the `` plantation home in the Mississippi Delta '' of Big Daddy Pollitt , a wealthy cotton tycoon , the play examines the relationships among members of Big Daddy 's family , primarily between his son Brick and Maggie the `` Cat '' , Brick 's wife .   Cat on a Hot Tin Roof features several recurring motifs , such as social mores , greed , superficiality , mendacity , decay , sexual desire , repression , and death . Dialogue throughout is often rendered phonetically to represent accents of the Southern United States . The original production starred Barbara Bel Geddes , Burl Ives , and Ben Gazzara . The play was adapted as a motion picture of the same name in 1958 , starring Elizabeth Taylor and Paul Newman as Maggie and Brick , with Burl Ives and Madeleine Sherwood recreating their stage roles . Williams made substantial excisions and alterations to the play for a revival in 1974 . This has been the version used for most subsequent revivals , which have been numerous .

neg: Dandy A dandy historically , is a man who places particular importance upon physical appearance , refined language , and leisurely hobbies , pursued with the appearance of nonchalance in a cult of self . A dandy could be a self-made man who strove to imitate an aristocratic lifestyle despite coming from a middle-class background , especially in late 18th - and early 19th-century Britain .   Previous manifestations of the petit-maître ( French for small master ) and the Muscadin have been noted by John C. Prevost , but the modern practice of dandyism first appeared in the revolutionary 1790s , both in London and in Paris . The dandy cultivated cynical reserve , yet to such extremes that novelist George Meredith , himself no dandy , once defined cynicism as `` intellectual dandyism . '' Some took a more benign view ; Thomas Carlyle wrote in Sartor Resartus that a dandy was no more than `` a clothes-wearing man '' . Honoré de Balzac introduced the perfectly worldly and unmoved Henri de Marsay in La fille aux yeux d'or ( 1835 ) , a part of La Comédie Humaine , who fulfils at first the model of a perfect dandy , until an obsessive love-pursuit unravels him in passionate and murderous jealousy .   Charles Baudelaire defined the dandy , in the later `` metaphysical '' phase of dandyism , as one who elevates æsthetics to a living religion , that the dandy 's mere existence reproaches the responsible citizen of the middle class : `` Dandyism in certain respects comes close to spirituality and to stoicism '' and `` These beings have no other status , but that of cultivating the idea of beauty in their own persons , of satisfying their passions , of feeling and thinking ... . Dandyism is a form of Romanticism . Contrary to what many thoughtless people seem to believe , dandyism is not even an excessive delight in clothes and material elegance . For the perfect dandy , these things are no more than the symbol of the aristocratic superiority of mind . ''   The linkage of clothing with political protest had become a particularly English characteristic during the 18th century . Given these connotations , dandyism can be seen as a political protest against the levelling of egalitarian principles , often including nostalgic adherence to feudal or pre-industrial values , such as the ideals of `` the perfect gentleman '' or `` the autonomous aristocrat '' . Paradoxically , the dandy required an audience , as Susann Schmid observed in examining the `` successfully marketed lives '' of Oscar Wilde and Lord Byron , who exemplify the dandy 's roles in the public sphere , both as writers and as personae providing sources of gossip and scandal . Nigel Rodgers in The Dandy : Peacock or Enigma ? questions Wilde 's status as a genuine dandy , seeing him as someone who only assumed a dandified stance in passing , not a man dedicated to the exacting ideals of dandyism .

neg: Cyberpunk derivatives A number of cyberpunk derivatives have become recognized as distinct subgenres in speculative fiction . These derivatives , though they do not share cyberpunk 's computers-focused setting , may display other qualities drawn from or analogous to cyberpunk : a world built on one particular technology that is extrapolated to a highly sophisticated level ( this may even be a fantastical or anachronistic technology , akin to retro-futurism ) , a gritty transreal urban style , or a particular approach to social themes .   The most successful of these subgenres , Steampunk , has been defined as a `` kind of technological fantasy '' , and others in this category sometimes also incorporate aspects of science fantasy and historical fantasy . Scholars have written of these subgenres ' stylistic place in postmodern literature , and also their ambiguous interaction with the historical perspective of postcolonialism .   American author Bruce Bethke coined the term `` cyberpunk '' in his 1980 short story of the same name , proposing it as a label for a new generation of punk teenagers inspired by the perceptions inherent to the Information Age . The term was quickly appropriated as a label to be applied to the works of William Gibson , Bruce Sterling , John Shirley , Rudy Rucker , Michael Swanwick , Pat Cadigan , Lewis Shiner , Richard Kadrey , and others . Science fiction author Lawrence Person , in defining postcyberpunk , summarized the characteristics of cyberpunk thus :  Classic cyberpunk characters were marginalized , alienated loners who lived on the edge of society in generally dystopic futures where daily life was impacted by rapid technological change , an ubiquitous datasphere of computerized information , and invasive modification of the human body .   The relevance of cyberpunk as a genre to punk subculture is debatable and further hampered by the lack of a defined cyberpunk subculture ; where the small cyber movement shares themes with cyberpunk fiction and draws inspiration from punk and goth alike , cyberculture is much more popular though much less defined , encompassing virtual communities and cyberspace in general and typically embracing optimistic anticipations about the future . Cyberpunk is nonetheless regarded as a successful genre , as it ensnared many new readers and provided the sort of movement that postmodern literary critics found alluring . Furthermore , author David Brin argues , cyberpunk made science fiction more attractive and profitable for mainstream media and the visual arts in general .

neg: Sexual field A sexual field is an arena of social life whereby individuals seek intimate partners and vie for sexual status . Sexual fields emerge `` when a subset of actors with potential romantic or sexual interest orient themselves toward one another according to a logic of desirability imminent to their collective relations and -LSB- wherein -RSB- this logic produces , to greater and lesser degrees , a system of stratification '' ( Green 2014:27 ) . The term builds on Pierre Bourdieu 's ( 1980 ) concept of field and has been defined as a `` set of interlocking institutions '' ( Martin and George 2006 ) and an `` institutionalized matrix of relations '' ( Green 2005 , 2008 , 2011 ) that confers status upon sexual actors based on individual variation in sexual capital . Relative to those with a sexual capital deficit , actors in possession of sexual capital reap the rewards of the sexual field -- including the ability to select desired sexual partners and the acquisition of social significance .   Sexual fields are themselves distinguished by distinct `` currencies of erotic capital '' ( Green 2005 , 2008 ) , the latter which are quite variable , acquiring dominance in relation to the collective preferences of players . For example , Green ( 2005 , 2008 ) argues that the characteristics which confer sexual capital in one field may not in another . Thus , in a gay leather bar , a bearded , stocky white man in his late-thirties dressed in Levi 's jeans and a leather jacket will possess an optimal form of sexual capital , whereas the same man in a swanky Martini bar catering to a twenty-something , high-fashion , urban gay customer base will face a sexual capital deficit . This variation in power and status occurs because a gay leather bar and a gay Martini bar are physical sites organized by the logic of two distinct sexual fields with contrasting currencies of sexual capital ( Green 2005 , 2008 ) -- i.e. , distinct `` hegemonic systems of judgment '' ( Martin and George 2006 ) .   For sociological theory , the study of the sexual field in the sexual fields framework offers a framework for analyzing how collective attributions of desire and desirability are shaped by the sexual field itself . That is , rather than see desire and desirability as a simple function of individual wants and judgments , the sexual fields framework suggests that such wants and judgments are the consequence of sexual social life . In this approach , the sexual field acts back on what we find desirable such that desires and desirability are regarded as field effects ( Green 2014 ) .   To the extent that sexual stratification is related to but not isomorphic with the structure of alternative fields , so the study of sexual fields can not be subsumed to the study of an economic or political field , for example . Nevertheless , to the extent that race , class , gender , ethnicity , age and ability , among others , are organizing features of sexual status within a given sexual field , so the relationship of sexual fields to broader historical systems of stratification requires consideration ( Green 2005 , 2008 , 2011 . 2014 ) .

neg: Erotic comics Erotic comics are adult comics which focus substantially on nudity and sexual activity , either for their own sake or as a major story element . As such they are usually not permitted to be sold to legal minors . Like other genres of comics , they can consist of single panels , short comic strips , comic books , or graphic novels/albums . Although never a mainstream genre , they have existed as a niche alongside -- but usually separate from -- other genres of comics .   During the mid-twentieth century , most comics were produced for children , and in North America the contents of most comics were constrained by the Comics Code Authority to be suitable for children . Consequently erotic comics have sometimes been subject to criticism and extra scrutiny compared to other forms of erotic art and storytelling . Additionally , the application of laws against child pornography to materials featuring fictional characters with no legal ages , have varied internationally .

neg: Depictions of nudity Depictions of nudity include visual representations of nudity through the history , in all the disciplines , including the arts and sciences . Nudity is restricted in most societies , but some depiction of nudity may serve a recognized social function . Clothing also serves as a significant part of interpersonal communication , and the lack of clothing needs to have a social context . In Western societies , the three contexts that are easily recognized by a majority of individuals are art , pornography , and information or science . Any image not easily fitting into one of these categories may be misinterpreted , leading to disputes .

neg: The Seven Descents of Myrtle The Seven Descents of Myrtle is a play by Tennessee Williams . It originally began as a short story , which Williams then turned into a one-act play , and then later revised it into the seven-act play that is accepted today . Its title character is reminiscent of another Williams ' heroine , Blanche Dubois in A Streetcar Named Desire .   Originally titled Kingdom of Earth , the serio-comic play focuses on Lot , a tubercular neurotic youth who is an impotent transvestite overly attached to the memory of his late mother . He has returned to his ancestral home , a decaying house on the edge of a river on the verge of overflowing , with his new bride Myrtle , a sometime prostitute and former showgirl , the sole survivor of the Five Memphis Hot Shots . She dwells in a fantasy world of romantic illusions , one of which is to nurse Lot back to health so they can consummate their marriage , but soon discovers Lot only wants to use her to steal the deed to the property from his multiracial half-brother Chicken , who has lived on and farmed the property for years . Once he meets Myrtle , he gets some romantic designs of his own .   The Broadway production was produced by David Merrick and directed by José Quintero . After two previews , it opened on March 27 , 1968 , at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre and closed after 29 performances . It starred Brian Bedford as Lot , Harry Guardino as Chicken , and Estelle Parsons as Myrtle . She was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play .   In 1970 , the play was adapted to a feature film and released under the title Last of the Mobile Hot Shots ( aka `` Blood Kin '' ) .   A 1975 production in London , at the Greenwood Theatre , starring Marianne Faithfull as Myrtle , was cancelled after just three performances when Ms Faithfull fell ill with peritonitis .   In 1976 , the play had its West Coast premiere at The Pasadena Repertory Theatre located in The Hotel Carver in Pasadena , California . It starred Marie Peckinpah as Myrtle , Duane Waddell as Chicken , and Ed Harris as Lot . It featured a remarkable three story , rain-drenched set by Howard Whalen . The play was presented under Williams ' original title `` Kingdom of Earth '' and ran for approximately 24 weekend performances over three months . It was directed by Gill Dennis , with executive producer Duane Waddell , and produced by Kevin Cloud Brechner .   In 1991 , the play was produced in the UK at the Redgrave Theatre , Farnham starring Kit Hollerbach as Myrtle , Stephen Hattersley as Chicken and Marc Warren as Lot in a production directed by Bill Bankes-Jones . Stephen Hattersley won Best Actor 1991 in the TMA Awards for his performance in this production .   In 2011 it was revived at the Print Room in Notting Hill , under its alternative title Kingdom of Earth , directed by Lucy Bailey .   In 2012 , Tom Hiddleston did a reading of the short story version for the series Stories Before Bedtime at the Criterion-Theatre in the United Kingdom . This short story is a more erotic version written in the first person from the perspective of Chicken .

neg: Reptiles (M. C. Escher) Reptiles is a lithograph print by the Dutch artist M. C. Escher first printed in March 1943 .   It depicts a desk upon which is a 2D drawing of a tessellated pattern of reptiles and hexagons . The reptiles at one edge of the drawing emerge into three dimensional reality , come to life and appear to crawl over a series of symbolic objects ( a book on nature , a geometers triangle , a three dimensional/pentagonal dodecahedron , a pewter bowl containing a box of matches and a box of cigarettes ) to eventually re-enter the drawing at its opposite edge . Other objects on the desk that may also be symbolic are a potted cactus and yucca , a ceramic flask with a cork stopper next to a small glass of liquid , a book of JOB cigarette rolling papers , and an open handwritten note book of many pages . Although only the size of small lizards , the reptiles have protruding crocodile-like fangs , and the one atop the dodecahedron has a dragon-like puff of smoke billowing from its nostrils .   Like many of Escher 's works , the meaning of the imagery is enigmatic . There are , however , a number of scholarly interpretations of the work . One is that the lizard represents man , emerging from pure concept in two dimensions , becoming a three dimensional being , groping through life acquiring knowledge and wisdom , arriving at deep understanding of science and sacred geometric principals and the alchemical/spiritual nature of reality and existence , and finally descending to reunion with the realm of pure concept . In this theory the objects around the edge of the drawing are signals of the stages of emergence ( cactus , biological life ) , the beginning of the fire-quest for knowledge ( rolling papers ) , contemplation and distillation ( a jug and partially consumed glass of spirits ) , deep study , understanding and wisdom ( the open well-used notebook ) , and re-integration ( matches and cigarettes symbolizing controlled/civilized fire that nonetheless consumes and returns the physical to the abstract ) .   Once a woman telephoned Escher and told him that she thought the image was a `` striking illustration of reincarnation '' . Another anecdote revolves around the small book on the desk with the letters JOB printed on it . Many people believed it to represent the biblical Book of Job . This is understandable since the reptilian animal matches the description of the extinct creature `` Leviathan '' in chapter 41 . The identity of the creature is difficult to determine as the book of Job is the oldest book in the Bible . Some say it may be Sarcosuchus . This ancient crocodyliform was discovered in Niger , Africa , which is near the proposed location of Uz , where the events of Job took place . The most likely interpretation of the small book in this work is that it is a book of JOB brand cigarette rolling papers that references the book in the Bible . It is uniquely coincidental how both the cigarette paper and Leviathan are related to fire .

neg: Black Skin, White Masks Black Skin , White Masks ( Peau noire , masques blancs ) is a 1952 book by Frantz Fanon , in which Fanon studies the psychology of the racism and dehumanization inherent in situations of colonial domination .   With the application of historical interpretation , and the concomitant underlying social indictment , the psychiatrist Frantz Fanon formulated Black Skin , White Masks to combat the oppression of black people . He applied psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic theory to explain the feelings of dependency and inadequacy that Black people experience in a White world . That the divided self-perception of the Black Subject who has lost his native cultural origin , and embraced the culture of the Mother Country , produces an inferiority complex in the mind of the Black Subject , who then will try to appropriate and imitate the culture of the colonizer . Such behavior is more readily evident in upwardly mobile and educated black people who can afford to acquire status symbols within the world of the colonial ecumene , such as an education abroad and mastery of the language of the colonizer , the white masks .   Based upon , and derived from , the concepts of the collective unconscious and collective catharsis , the sixth chapter , `` The Negro and Psychopathology '' , presents brief , deep psychoanalyses of colonized black people , and thus proposes the inability of black people to fit into the norms ( social , cultural , racial ) established by white society . That `` a normal Negro child , having grown up in a normal Negro family , will become abnormal on the slightest contact of the white world . '' That , in a white society , such an extreme psychological response originates from the unconscious and unnatural training of black people , from early childhood , to associate `` blackness '' with `` wrongness '' . That such unconscious mental training of black children is effected with comic books and cartoons , which are cultural media that instil and affix , in the mind of the white child , the society 's cultural representations of black people as villains . Moreover , when black children are exposed to such images of villainous black people , the children will experience a psychopathology ( psychological trauma ) , which mental wound becomes inherent to their individual , behavioral make-up ; a part of his and her personality . That the early-life suffering of said psychopathology -- black skin associated with villainy -- creates a collective nature among the men and women who were reduced to colonized populations .

neg: Child sexual abuse Child sexual abuse or child molestation is a form of child abuse in which an adult or older adolescent uses a child for sexual stimulation . Forms of child sexual abuse include engaging in sexual activities with a child ( whether by asking or pressuring , or by other means ) , indecent exposure ( of the genitals , female nipples , etc. ) , child grooming , or using a child to produce child pornography .   Child sexual abuse can occur in a variety of settings , including home , school , or work ( in places where child labor is common ) . Child marriage is one of the main forms of child sexual abuse ; UNICEF has stated that child marriage `` represents perhaps the most prevalent form of sexual abuse and exploitation of girls '' . The effects of child sexual abuse can include depression , post-traumatic stress disorder , anxiety , complex post-traumatic stress disorder , propensity to further victimization in adulthood , and physical injury to the child , among other problems . Sexual abuse by a family member is a form of incest and can result in more serious and long-term psychological trauma , especially in the case of parental incest .   The global prevalence of child sexual abuse has been estimated at 19.7 % for females and 7.9 % for males . Most sexual abuse offenders are acquainted with their victims ; approximately 30 % are relatives of the child , most often brothers , fathers , uncles , or cousins ; around 60 % are other acquaintances , such as `` friends '' of the family , babysitters , or neighbors ; strangers are the offenders in approximately 10 % of child sexual abuse cases . Most child sexual abuse is committed by men ; studies on female child molesters show that women commit 14 % to 40 % of offenses reported against boys and 6 % of offenses reported against girls .   The word pedophile is commonly applied indiscriminately to anyone who sexually abuses a child , but child sexual offenders are not pedophiles unless they have a strong sexual interest in prepubescent children . Under the law , child sexual abuse is often used as an umbrella term describing criminal and civil offenses in which an adult engages in sexual activity with a minor or exploits a minor for the purpose of sexual gratification . The American Psychological Association states that `` children can not consent to sexual activity with adults '' , and condemns any such action by an adult : `` An adult who engages in sexual activity with a child is performing a criminal and immoral act which never can be considered normal or socially acceptable behavior . ''

neg: Psychology of disenfranchisement The Psychology of Disenfranchisement is a theory developed by Rex Briggs while studying minority groups at social research firm Yankelovich Partners . Originally published by Yankelovich Partners , Grant Lukenbill 's book , Untold Millions , applied the theory to help explain marketing opportunities to gays and lesbians . In Brigg 's original research , he observed higher levels of stress , skepticism and self-protection needs among minority groups .   The psychology of disenfranchisement theory suggests that there are three components that drive the psychology of disenfranchisement : alienation , cynicism and perceived victimization . These components interact and intensify each other . Alienation , Briggs argues , may be due to negative perceptions , stereotypes and discrimination condoned and practiced by the dominant culture . The perception of separation from the mainstream culture can create severe stress and can be considered the impetus for the psychology of disenfranchisement . Cynicism is one of the inevitable offshoots of alienation , resulting in the conviction that things will go wrong , that harm is to be expected . It involves a sense that the institutions of society ( from which one is alienated ) are not only remote , but inimical . Victimization is the feeling the develops out of the perception of intentional or unintentional undeserved mistreatment by other individuals , organizations , or institutions . Victimization is a logical outgrowth of feelings of cynicism and alienation from the dominant culture . The perceived victimization legitimizes and justifies the cynicism , and over time this cycle can become entrenched , thereby increasing the feelings of alienation .   The resulting needs include : self-understanding ( recognition of and respect for one 's individuality ) , association ( a sharing of occasions with `` people like me '' ) , security ( emotional , social and psychical ) , independence , stress relief ( self-indulgence , escapism ) .   All the Rage : The Story of Gay Visibility in America cites Briggs ' psychology of disenfranchisement theory as a launching point to discuss how advertising can offer inclusion in its messaging , so as to resonate better .   In 2006 , Steven Andrew Culpepper summarized Dubois 1903 book , Sols of Black Folk as capturing the essence of a double-consciousness , a paradoxical experience of deep psychic atrocity tracing from slavery , `` while the American experience resonates with a hopeful ethos characterized by universality of equality and justice for all . '' Culpepper applies this same psychology of disenfranchisement to women , `` that were severely excluded from its rights and privileges in society that touts equality and justice . ''   A more literal use of the concept , `` psychology of disenfranchisement '' has been applied by Keven Lanning where he examines the consequences to both the person and the community when individuals do not have equal access , or equal voices , at the polls .

neg: Theme (narrative) In contemporary literary studies , a theme is the central topic a text treats . Themes can be divided into two categories : a work 's thematic concept is what readers `` think the work is about '' and its thematic statement being `` what the work says about the subject '' .   The most common contemporary understanding of theme is an idea or point that is central to a story , which can often be summed in a single word ( e.g. love , death , betrayal ) . Typical examples of themes of this type are conflict between the individual and society ; coming of age ; humans in conflict with technology ; nostalgia ; and the dangers of unchecked ambition . A theme may be exemplified by the actions , utterances , or thoughts of a character in a novel . An example of this would be the thematic idea of loneliness in John Steinbeck 's Of Mice and Men , wherein many of the characters seem to be lonely . It may differ from the thesis -- the text 's or author 's implied worldview .   A story may have several themes . Themes often explore historically common or cross-culturally recognizable ideas , such as ethical questions , and are usually implied rather than stated explicitly . An example of this would be whether one should live a seemingly better life , at the price of giving up parts of one 's humanity , which is a theme in Aldous Huxley 's Brave New World . Along with plot , character , setting , and style , theme is considered one of the components of fiction .

neg: Heavy metal lyrics Heavy metal lyrics are the words used in songs by heavy metal music bands , groups and artists . Given that there are many genres of heavy metal , it is difficult to make generalizations about the lyrics and lyrical themes . In 1989 , two metal scholars wrote that heavy metal lyrics concentrate `` on dark and depressing subject matter to an extent hitherto unprecedented '' in any form of popular music . Jeffrey Arnett states that metal songs are `` overwhelmingly dominated '' by `` ugly and unhappy '' themes which express `` no hope '' for the future . Deena Weinstein has proposed one way to analyze metal song themes is loosely grouping them into two categories : the Dionysian theme ( a reference to the Roman God of wine ) , which celebrates `` sex , drugs and rock and roll '' , partying , and enjoyment of life and the Chaotic theme , which involves dark subjects such as Hell , injustice , mayhem , carnage and death . Not all metal genres fall into Weinstein 's two theme model ; for example power metal 's lyrical themes often focus on fantasy and mythology , camaraderie and hope , personal struggles and emotions , among other themes . Another exception is pop metal bands , which replaced `` gloom and doom '' themes with `` positive , upbeat '' songs about romantic love and relationships , part of their goal of appealing more to female listeners . In metal overall , the small number of metal songs about relationships are typically about unions that have `` gone sour '' long ago .   The thematic content of heavy metal lyrics has long been a target of criticism . According to Jon Pareles , `` Heavy metal 's main subject matter is simple and virtually universal . With grunts , moans and subliterary lyrics , it celebrates ... a party without limits ... -LSB- T -RSB- he bulk of the music is stylized and formulaic . '' Music critics have often deemed metal lyrics juvenile and banal , and others have objected to what they see as advocacy of misogyny and the occult . During the 1980s , the Parents Music Resource Center ( PMRC ) petitioned the U.S. Congress to regulate the popular music industry due to what the group asserted were objectionable lyrics , particularly those in heavy metal songs . The PMRC used music professor Joe Stuessy to testify against metal . Professor Stuessy alleged that heavy metal songs focus on violence , substance abuse , perversion , S&M , and Satanism . Robert Walser analyzed 88 metal songs ' themes to determine if Professor Stuessy 's claims were valid . In Walser 's analysis , the dominant theme in the metal songs was `` longing for intensity '' ; he found that the negative themes described by Stuessy and the PMRC were uncommon . Jeffrey Arnett analysed the lyrics from 115 metal songs : he found that the top three messages were `` grim ... themes '' about violence , angst and protest .   Metal artists have had to defend their lyrics in front of the U.S. Senate and in courtrooms . In 1985 , Twisted Sister frontman Dee Snider was asked to defend his song Under the Blade at a U.S. Senate hearing . In 1986 , Ozzy Osbourne was sued because of the lyrics of his song Suicide Solution . In 1990 , Judas Priest was sued in American court by the parents of two young men who had shot themselves five years earlier , allegedly after hearing the subliminal statement `` do it '' in a Priest song . While the case attracted a great deal of media attention , it was ultimately dismissed . In some predominantly Muslim countries , heavy metal has been officially denounced as a threat to traditional values . In countries such as Morocco , Egypt , Lebanon , and Malaysia , there have been incidents of heavy metal musicians and fans being arrested and incarcerated .

neg: Humour Humour ( British English ) or humor ( American English ; see spelling differences ) is the tendency of particular cognitive experiences to provoke laughter and provide amusement . The term derives from the humoral medicine of the ancient Greeks , which taught that the balance of fluids in the human body , known as humours ( Latin : humor , `` body fluid '' ) , controlled human health and emotion .   People of all ages and cultures respond to humour . Most people are able to experience humour -- be amused , smile or laugh at something funny -- and thus are considered to have a sense of humour . The hypothetical person lacking a sense of humour would likely find the behaviour inducing it to be inexplicable , strange , or even irrational . Though ultimately decided by personal taste , the extent to which a person finds something humorous depends on a host of variables , including geographical location , culture , maturity , level of education , intelligence and context . For example , young children may favour slapstick such as Punch and Judy puppet shows or the Tom and Jerry cartoons , whose physical nature makes it accessible to them . By contrast , more sophisticated forms of humour such as satire require an understanding of its social meaning and context , and thus tend to appeal to a more mature audience .

neg: Character (arts) A character ( sometimes known as a fictional character ) is a person or other being in a narrative work of art ( such as a novel , play , television series , or film ) . The character may be entirely fictional or based on a real-life person , in which case the distinction of a `` fictional '' versus `` real '' character may be made . Derived from the ancient Greek word χαρακτήρ , the English word dates from the Restoration , although it became widely used after its appearance in Tom Jones in 1749 . From this , the sense of `` a part played by an actor '' developed . Character , particularly when enacted by an actor in the theatre or cinema , involves `` the illusion of being a human person . '' In literature , characters guide readers through their stories , helping them to understand plots and ponder themes . Since the end of the 18th century , the phrase `` in character '' has been used to describe an effective impersonation by an actor . Since the 19th century , the art of creating characters , as practiced by actors or writers , has been called characterisation .   A character who stands as a representative of a particular class or group of people is known as a type . Types include both stock characters and those that are more fully individualised . The characters in Henrik Ibsen 's Hedda Gabler ( 1891 ) and August Strindberg 's Miss Julie ( 1888 ) , for example , are representative of specific positions in the social relations of class and gender , such that the conflicts between the characters reveal ideological conflicts .   The study of a character requires an analysis of its relations with all of the other characters in the work . The individual status of a character is defined through the network of oppositions ( proairetic , pragmatic , linguistic , proxemic ) that it forms with the other characters . The relation between characters and the action of the story shifts historically , often miming shifts in society and its ideas about human individuality , self-determination , and the social order .

neg: Sexual selection in birds Sexual selection in birds concerns how birds have evolved a variety of mating behaviors , with the peacock tail being perhaps the most famous example of sexual selection and the Fisherian runaway . Commonly occurring sexual dimorphisms such as size and color differences are energetically costly attributes that signal competitive breeding situations . Many types of avian sexual selection have been identified ; intersexual selection , also known as female choice ; and intrasexual competition , where individuals of the more abundant sex compete with each other for the privilege to mate . Sexually selected traits often evolve to become more pronounced in competitive breeding situations until the trait begins to limit the individual 's fitness . Conflicts between an individual fitness and signaling adaptations ensure that sexually selected ornaments such as plumage coloration and courtship behavior are `` honest '' traits . Signals must be costly to ensure that only good-quality individuals can present these exaggerated sexual ornaments and behaviors .   Bird species often demonstrate intersexual selection , perhaps because - due to their lightweight body structures - fights between males may be ineffective or impractical . Therefore , male birds commonly use the following methods to try to seduce the females :  Colour : Some species have ornate , diverse , and often colourful feathers .  Song : Male birdsong provides an important way of protecting territory ( intrasexual selection ) .  Nest construction : In some species , males build nests that females subject to rigorous inspection , choosing the male that makes the most attractive nest .  Dance : Males dance in front of females . Cranes provide a well-known example .   In some bird species , both the male and the female contribute a great deal to offspring-care . In these cases , the male and female will be continuously assessing each other based on sexual characteristics . In the blue-footed booby , the females tend to choose males with brighter blue feet , because birds with brighter feet are younger , and thus have greater fertility and ability to provide paternal care . When researchers put make-up on the males ' feet to make them look duller after the laying of the first eggs , their mates consequently laid smaller second eggs , which shows that female boobies continuously evaluate their mates ' reproductive value . Males also vary their behaviour based on the females ' foot colour . Males mated to females with brighter feet are more willing to incubate their eggs .

neg: Romantic racism Romantic racism is a form of racism in which members of a dominant group project their fantasies onto members of oppressed groups . Feminist scholars have accused Norman Mailer , Jack Kerouac , and other Beatnik authors of the 1950s of romantic racism . They maintain that the dominant mainstream culture of the 1950s in the United States stressed conformity and held up middle-class suburban families as the cultural ideal , and that it was indifferent to art and literature , upheld racial segregation , and despised or ignored black achievements , such as jazz . Those , like the novelist Norman Mailer , who felt limited by or alienated from mainstream culture , sought out influences from other cultures as form of rebellion . Mailer , a great fan of jazz music , created his concept of what it meant to be `` hip , '' or a member of the white urban counterculture , largely on his perception of the culture of urban African-Americans ( with whom the expression `` hip '' , meaning `` in the know '' , originated ) and articulated his vision in his essay `` The White Negro . '' Mailer , who considered himself an opponent of Victorian sexual repression and regimentation , idealized what he saw as the sexual and other freedoms of minority and other counter-cultural groups , overlooking the fact that in these groups sexual exploitation of women sometimes occurred.These critics consider his depictions of what he imagines African-American life to be like as an instance of what they call `` romantic racism '' , contending that he implies that in urban ghettoes -- filled with sex , drugs , and violence -- life is somehow enriched , rather than hurt , by poverty and crime . Mailer 's essay has also been criticized for spreading the stereotype of African-American men as hypermasculine and hypersexual .

neg: Paraphilic infantilism Paraphilic infantilism , also known as autonepiophilia and adult baby syndrome is a sexual fetish that involves role-playing a regression to an infant-like state . Behaviors may include drinking from a bottle or wearing diapers . Individuals may engage in gentle and nurturing experiences ( an adult who only engages in infantilistic play is known as an adult baby ) or be attracted to masochistic , coercive , punishing or humiliating experiences . Diaper fetishism involves `` diaper lovers '' wearing diapers for sexual or erotic reasons but may not involve infant-like behavior . Individuals who experience both of these things are referred to as adult baby/diaper lovers ( AB/DL ) . When wearing diapers , infantilists may urinate or defecate in them .   There is no recognized etiology for infantilism and little research on the subject . It has been linked to masochism and a variety of other paraphilias . Though commonly confused with pedophilia , the two conditions are distinct and infantilists do not seek children as sexual partners . A variety of causes has been proposed , including altered lovemaps , imprinting gone awry and errors in erotic targets , though there is no consensus . A variety of organizations exist to promote infantilism or meet with other practitioners throughout the world .

neg: Stigmatic-eligibilic paraphilia Stigmatic-eligibilic paraphilias are desires whose objects `` become eligible '' to be desired because of , rather than despite , a stigma which they bear . The manifold manifestations of these paraphilias cover the broadest range of physical , intimate and social circumstance .   In the context of a stigmatic-eligibilic paraphilia , what is considered repulsive , unsuitable , prohibited , abnormal or taboo by most people turns into something attractive , suitable , permitted , normal and licensed . Thus , in paedophilia , necrophilia and zoophilia , children , corpses and animals are desired despite being incapable of forming sexual ( or , indeed , any ) relationships . In the attraction to disability , disabled people are desired despite deviating from the physical standard . In gerontophilia and ephebophilia , significantly older or younger people are desired despite being generally considered unsuitable due to great difference in age . In hybristophilia , notorious criminals are desired despite being generally considered objectionable . In urolagnia , coprophilia and emetophilia , urinating , defecating and vomiting in intimate circumstances are seen as arousing despite the general views that they are repulsive . In this sense , stigmatic-eligibilic paraphilias can seem ` non-conformist ' and ` taboo-busting . '   Stigmatic-eligibilic paraphilias are generally thought to result from intense and memorable childhood experiences ( `` sexuoerotic tragedies , '' though they may not be distressing ) which `` deform '' the future adult 's idea of what is and what is not attractive ( their `` lovemap '' ) . Attempting to accommodate the extraordinary experience into an acceptable mental frame of reference , the future adult may `` triumph '' over it by use of a logic whereby the terms of reference commonly associated with it are reversed .   Category : Paraphilias

neg: Sexual roleplay Sexual roleplay is roleplay that has a strong erotic element . It may involve two or more people who act out roles in a sexual fantasy and may be a form of foreplay and be sexually arousing . Many people regard sexual roleplay as a means of overcoming sexual inhibitions . It may take place in the real world , or via an internet forum , chat-room , or email -- allowing for physically or virtually impossible erotic interests to be enacted .   How seriously the play is taken depends on the people involved , and the scenario may be anywhere from simple and makeshift to detailed and elaborate , complete with costumes and a script . Nearly any role could become the base material for an erotic experience , and there is no limit to what objects an individual could consider sexual . It may , for example , involve wearing of a costume which is regarded as erotic , such as a miniskirt and stockings , or one or both partners being nude , say for an evening . It may involve elements of dominance and submission , passivity or obedience . It may involve sexual bondage , either being restrained or a sex partner being restrained .   Depending on the play scenario , the roleplay may be before spectators , and bystanders may be unknowing participants in a roleplay . For example , the roleplay may involve house guests or may be taken out of a couple 's home and into , say , a bar , street , park etc. . A role may require , for example , one or both partners to flirt with a stranger , or for one partner to seduce the other partner 's friend , etc. . It may also call for one or both partners to , say , strip in a car or park .   The popularity of the Internet has also allowed for online sexual encounters , known as cybersex , which may involve roleplay .

neg: Unsimulated sex Unsimulated sex is the presentation in a film of sex scenes where the actors engage in an actual sex act , and are not just miming or simulating the actions . At one time in the United States such scenes were restricted by law and self-imposed industry standards such as the Motion Picture Production Code . Films showing explicit sexual activity were confined to privately distributed underground films , such as stag films or `` porn loops '' . Beginning in the late 1960s , most notably with Blue Movie by Andy Warhol , mainstream cinemas began pushing boundaries in terms of what was presented on screen . Although the vast majority of sexual situations depicted in mainstream cinema are simulated ( in early pornography , the main actors engaged in simulated sex , with inserts placed in the film ) , on rare occasions actors engage in real sex . The difference between these films and pornography is that , while such scenes might be considered erotic , the intent of these films is not solely pornographic .   Notable examples include two of the eight Bedside-films and the six Zodiac-films from the 1970s , all of which were produced in Denmark and had many pornographic sex scenes , but were nevertheless considered mainstream films ( they all had mainstream casts and crews , and premiered in mainstream cinemas ) . The last of these films , Agent 69 Jensen i Skyttens tegn , was made in 1978 . From the end of the 1970s until the late 1990s it was rare to see hardcore scenes in mainstream cinema , but this changed with the success of Lars von Trier 's The Idiots ( 1998 ) , which heralded a wave of art-house films with explicit content , such as Romance ( 1999 ) , Baise-moi ( 2000 ) , Intimacy ( 2001 ) , Vincent Gallo 's The Brown Bunny ( 2003 ) , and Michael Winterbottom 's 9 Songs ( 2004 ) . Some simulated sex scenes are sufficiently realistic that critics mistakenly believe that they are real , such as the cunnilingus scene in the 2006 film Red Road .


query: New York City's universities have been ranked among the top 35 in the world and they are well attended.

pos: New York City The City of New York , often called New York City or simply New York , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2016 population of 8,537,673 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 sqmi , New York City is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world . A global power city , New York City exerts a significant impact upon commerce , finance , media , art , fashion , research , technology , education , and entertainment , its fast pace defining the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world .   Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of New York State . The five boroughs -- Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island -- were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States , and as many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to more than 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the world 's largest foreign-born population of any city . By 2016 estimates , the New York City metropolitan region remains by a significant margin the most populous in the United States , as defined by both the Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA ) , 20.2 million residents , and the Combined Statistical Area ( CSA ) , 23.7 million residents . In 2013 , the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of nearly US$ 1.39 trillion . In 2012 , the CSA generated a GMP of over US$ 1.55 trillion . NYC 's MSA and CSA GDP are higher than the GDPs of all but 11 and 12 countries , respectively .   New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626 . The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother , the Duke of York . New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790 . It has been the country 's largest city since 1790 . The Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy . In the 21st century , New York has emerged as a global node of creativity and entrepreneurship , social tolerance , and environmental sustainability .   Many districts and landmarks in New York City have become well known , and the city received a record of nearly 60 million tourists in 2015 , hosting three of the world 's ten most visited tourist attractions in 2013 . Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world . Times Square , iconic as the world 's `` heart '' and its `` Crossroads '' , is the brightly illuminated hub of the Broadway Theater District , one of the world 's busiest pedestrian intersections , and a major center of the world 's entertainment industry . The names of many of the city 's bridges , tapered skyscrapers , and parks are known around the world . Anchored by Wall Street in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan , New York City has been called both the most economically powerful city and the leading financial center of the world , and the city is home to the world 's two largest stock exchanges by total market capitalization , the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ . Manhattan 's real estate market is among the most expensive in the world . Manhattan 's Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere , with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city . Providing continuous 24/7 service , the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide , with stations in operation . Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City , including Columbia University , New York University , and Rockefeller University , which have been ranked among the top 35 in the world .

neg: Stuyvesant High School Stuyvesant High School -LSB- ˈstaɪvəsənt -RSB- , commonly referred to as Stuy -LSB- ˈstaɪ -RSB- or Stuyvesant , is one of nine specialized high schools in New York City , United States . Operated by the New York City Department of Education , these schools offer tuition-free accelerated academics to city residents . Stuyvesant is a college preparatory science , technology , engineering , and mathematics ( STEM ) focused liberal arts high school .   Admission to Stuyvesant involves passing the Specialized High Schools Admissions Test . Each November , about 30,000 eighth and ninth graders take the - hour exam , and roughly 800 students , or 2.7 % of applicants , are accepted to Stuyvesant each year .

neg: State University of New York at Oneonta The State University of New York College at Oneonta ( more commonly known as SUNY Oneonta , and also called Oneonta State , SUCO , and O-State ) is a four-year liberal arts college in Oneonta , New York , United States , with approximately 6,100 students . The college offers a wide variety of bachelor 's degree programs and a number of graduate degrees . Many academic programs at SUNY Oneonta hold national accreditations , including programs in Business Economics , Education , Music Industry , Human Ecology and Theatre . SUNY Oneonta is ranked No. 12 on the 2017 U.S. News and World Report list of '' '' Best Public Colleges in the North '' and was named to the Kiplinger 's Personal Finance magazine list of `` 100 Best Values in Public Colleges '' for 10 years running ; In 2011 , the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching conferred upon SUNY Oneonta its Community Engagement Classification `` in recognition of the college 's civic partnerships and successful efforts to integrate service activities into its curriculum . ''

neg: List of State University of New York units There are a large variety of campus types and programs in the SUNY system ; each site overlaps somewhat in specialties . SUNY divides its campuses into four categories : university centers / doctoral-granting institutions , comprehensive colleges , technology colleges , and community colleges . SUNY also has a unique relationship with its statutory colleges , which embed state-owned , state-funded colleges within other institutions such as Cornell University and Alfred University . Students at the statutory colleges pay tuition at a state-subsidized rate and are considered students of the private institutions in which the state-funded colleges are embedded .   SUNY and the City University of New York are different university systems , even though both are public institutions that receive funding from New York State . SUNY should not be confused with the University of the State of New York ( USNY ) , which is the governmental umbrella organization for most education-related institutions and many education-related personnel ( both public and private ) in New York State , and which includes , as a component , the New York State Education Department .   The State University of New York at Potsdam , founded in 1816 , is the oldest institution in the system . Empire State College , founded in 1971 , is the most recent addition to the SUNY system . The largest institution is the University at Buffalo , with over 28,000 students and the smallest member is the College of Optometry , with 301 students .   All of the SUNY schools are accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools , in addition to other program-specific accreditations held by individual campuses such as the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business and the Association of Collegiate Business Schools and Programs . The system 's central administration is in Albany , New York , in the Old Delaware and Hudson Railroad Company Building .

neg: List of Cornell University alumni This list of Cornell University alumni includes notable graduates , non-graduate former students , and current students of Cornell University , an Ivy League university located in Ithaca , New York . Cornell counted 245,027 living alumni as of August 2008 . Its alumni constitute 25 recipients of National Medal of Science and National Medal of Technology and Innovation combined , 32 MacArthur Fellows , 34 Marshall Scholars and 31 Rhodes Scholars , and Cornell is the only university with three female winners of unshared Nobel Prizes among its graduates ( Pearl S. Buck , Barbara McClintock , and Toni Morrison ) . Many alumni maintain university ties through Homecoming 's reunion weekend , through Cornell Magazine , and through the Cornell Club of New York . In 2005 , Cornell ranked # 3 nationwide for gifts and bequests from alumni . Alumni are known as Cornellians .   Cornellians are noted for their accomplishments in public , professional , and corporate life . Lee Teng-hui was president of Taiwan , Tsai Ing-wen was elected as the first female president of Taiwan , Mario García Menocal was president of Cuba , Jamshid Amuzegar ( ' 50 ) was prime minister of Iran , Hu Shih ( ' 14 ) was a Chinese reformer and representative to the United Nations , Janet Reno ( ' 60 ) was the first female United States Attorney General , and Ruth Bader Ginsburg ( ' 54 ) serves on the Supreme Court . Additionally , alumnus Matt Urban ( ' 41 ) holds the distinction as the most decorated serviceman in United States history .   Cornellians in business include : Citigroup CEO Sanford Weill ( ' 55 ) , Goldman Sachs Group Chairman Stephen Friedman ( ' 59 ) , Kraft Foods CEO Irene Rosenfeld ( ' 75 , ' 77 , ' 80 ) , Aetna CEO Mark Bertolini ( ' 84 ) , S.C. Johnson & Son CEO Fisk Johnson ( ' 79 , ' 80 , ' 82 , ' 84 , ' 86 ) , Cargill Chairman Warren Staley ( ' 67 ) , Chevron Chairman Kenneth T. Derr ( ' 59 ) , Sprint Nextel CEO Dan Hesse ( ' 77 ) , Verizon CEO Lowell McAdam ( ' 76 ) , MasterCard CEO Robert Selander ( ' 72 ) , Coors Brewing Company CEO Adolph Coors II ( ' 37 ) , Burger King founder James McLamore ( ' 47 ) , Loews Corporation Chairman Andrew Tisch ( ' 71 ) , New York Private Bank & Trust Chairman Howard Milstein ( ' 73 ) , Baupost Group founder Seth Klarman ( ' 79 ) , Hotels.com founder David Litman ( ' 79 ) , Palm founder Jeff Hawkins ( ' 79 ) , PeopleSoft founder David Duffield ( ' 62 ) , Priceline.com founder Jay Walker ( ' 77 ) , Staples founder Myra Hart ( ' 62 ) , Qualcomm founder Irwin M. Jacobs ( ' 56 ) , Atlantic Philanthropies founder Chuck Feeney ( ' 56 ) , Lubna Olayan CEO Olayan Financing Company , the holding entity for Olayan Group ( ' 77 ) , and Tata Group CEO Ratan Tata ( ' 62 ) .   In medicine , alumnus Robert Atkins ( ' 55 ) developed the Atkins Diet , Henry Heimlich ( ' 47 ) developed the Heimlich maneuver , Wilson Greatbatch ( ' 50 ) invented the pacemaker , James Maas ( ' 66 ; also a faculty member ) coined the term `` power nap '' , and C. Everett Koop ( ' 41 ) served as Surgeon General of the United States .   A number of Cornellians have been prominent innovators . Thomas Midgley , Jr. ( ' 11 ) invented Freon , Jon Rubinstein ( ' 78 ) is credited with the development of the iPod , and Robert Tappan Morris developed the first computer worm on the Internet . Eight Cornellians have served as NASA astronauts , Steve Squyres ( ' 81 ) is the principal investigator on the Mars Exploration Rover Mission , and Bill Nye ( ' 77 ) is well known as `` The Science Guy '' .   In literature , Toni Morrison ( ' 55 ; Nobel laureate ) is well known for her novel Beloved , Pearl S. Buck ( ' 25 ; Nobel laureate ) authored The Good Earth , and E. B. White ( ' 21 ) authored Charlotte 's Web and Stuart Little . Thomas Pynchon ( ' 59 ) won the National Book Award for Gravity 's Rainbow . Kurt Vonnegut , author of Slaughterhouse-Five and Cat 's Cradle , attended Cornell from 1940 -- 1944 and was Assistant Managing Editor of the Cornell Daily Sun . Media personalities who have graduated from Cornell include conservative Ann Coulter ( ' 84 ) and liberals Bill Maher ( ' 78 ) and Keith Olbermann ( ' 79 ) .   Several Cornellians have also achieved critical acclaim in entertainment . Christopher Reeve ( ' 74 ) played Superman , Frank Morgan was The Wizard of Oz , Jimmy Smits ( ' 82 ) was in Star Wars : Attack of the Clones , and Ronald D. Moore created the 2004 remake of Battlestar Galactica . On the architectural front , alumnus Richmond Shreve ( 1902 ) designed the Empire State Building , and Raymond M. Kennedy ( ' 15 ) designed Hollywood 's famous Grauman 's Chinese Theatre .   In education and academics , more than 150 Cornellians have served as heads of universities in the United States and around the world , including the founding president of Stanford University David Starr Jordan ( 1872 ) , the president of Johns Hopkins University Steven Muller , the president of the University of Chicago Lawrence A. Kimpton and George Wells Beadle , the president of Carleton University and the University of Toronto Claude Bissell and Hermengildo B. Reyes ( EE ' 18 ) , co-founding President 1946 Far Eastern University in 1928 and co-founding President in 1951 University of the East . M. Carey Thomas ( 1877 ) founded Bryn Mawr College . More than 215 Cornellians have been elected members of the National Academy of Sciences and another 172 have been elected to the National Academy of Engineering , respectively .   In athletics , Cornell graduates include football legend Glenn `` Pop '' Warner ( 1894 ) , head coach of the United States men 's national soccer team Bruce Arena ( ' 73 ) , National Hockey League commissioner Gary Bettman ( ' 74 ) , Major League Baseball Commissioner Rob Manfred , six-time Stanley Cup-winning hockey goalie Ken Dryden ( ' 69 ) , William Larned who was one of the `` Big Three of the U.S. men 's ( tennis ) championship '' and won the title seven times , and Toronto Raptors president Bryan Colangelo ( ' 87 ) . Alumni who played in the National Football League include Super Bowl champion Kevin Boothe , and Ed Marinaro ( ' 71 ) , who was also known for his television work on Hill Street Blues . Cornellians have also won numerous Olympic medals ( 28 Gold , 19 Silver and 8 Bronze , as of 2017 ) .   Fictional alumni have been portrayed in several films , television shows , and books . Characters include Andy Bernard of The Office , Natalie Keener of Up in the Air , and Christina Pagniacci ( portrayed by Cameron Diaz ) in Any Given Sunday .

neg: Union College Union College is a private , non-denominational liberal arts college located in Schenectady , New York , United States . Founded in 1795 , it was the first institution of higher learning chartered by the New York State Board of Regents . In the 19th century , it became the `` Mother of Fraternities '' , as three of the earliest such organizations were established there . After 175 years as a traditional all-male institution , Union College began enrolling women in 1970 .   The college offers a liberal arts curriculum across some 21 academic departments , as well as opportunities for interdepartmental majors and self-designed organizing theme majors . In common with most liberal arts colleges , Union offers a wide array of courses in arts , sciences , literature , and foreign languages , but , in common with only a few other liberal arts colleges , Union also offers ABET-accredited undergraduate degrees in computer engineering , bioengineering , electrical engineering , and mechanical engineering . Approximately 25 % of students major in the social sciences ; 10 % in psychology ; 11 % in engineering ; 10 % in biology ; 9 % in history ; and 10 % in the humanities ; while some 5 % design their own majors . By the time they graduate , about 60 % of Union students will have engaged in some form of international study or study abroad .

neg: Who's Who Among Students in American Universities and Colleges Who 's Who Among Students in American Universities and Colleges , also known as Who 's Who Among Students , is a national college student recognition program in the United States of America . It has been compiling its list since 1934 . Participants include 2,842 tertiary institutions across 50 states and the District of Columbia . It produces an annual `` Who 's Who in '' list which is an academic publication that compiles a list of outstanding students in the United States . Students are honored based on outstanding campus leadership , scholastic ability ( includes a GPA requirement ) , leadership on and off campus , and community service . The program was designed to ensure academic recognition regardless of a student 's financial ability to participate .

neg: James M. Mathews Rev. James M. Mathews was the first Chancellor of New York University ( NYU ) .   In December 1829 , a group formed as the `` New York Athenaeum '' led by Albert Gallatin and Rev. James Mathews , and including representatives of the clergy , the commercial occupations , law , and medicine , met at the home of Reverend Matthews . Backers of a new college also included several disaffected Columbia University trustees and faculty . This gathering resulted in the call for a public meeting for the design and establishment of New York University . At the public meeting , held at the New York Historical Society in January 1830 , Jonathan M. Wainwright of Grace Episcopal Church , echoing the thinking of the group , proposed a curriculum based on `` useful instruction '' .   Rev. James M. Mathews was first Chancellor of New York University largely due to the confidence that Albert Gallatin had in him . New York University opened for instruction in Clinton Hall , opposite City Hall Park from Columbia College in a building secured through the assistance of Matthews . The building would only be NYU 's home for a few years as Mathews looked uptown for a more suitable and permanent academic environment , more specifically bucolic Greenwich Village .   Rev. Mathews was also instrumental in the financial development , faculty and student growth and facility improvement of the university . He published a series of defenses of the Constitution and civil government as consistent with the Bible . And in 1859 he delivered a baccalaureate address at the Virginia Military Institute .    Category : Presidents of New York University  Category : Union College ( New York ) alumni  Category : Year of death missing  Category : Year of birth missing

neg: List of college athletic programs in Washington, D.C. The main article is College sports .   Notes :  This list is in a tabular format , with columns arranged in the following order , from left to right :  Athletic team description ( short school name and nickname ) , with a link to the school 's athletic program article if it exists . When only one nickname is listed , it is used for teams of both sexes . ( Note that in recent years , many schools have chosen to use the same nickname for men 's and women 's teams even when the nickname is distinctly masculine . ) When two nicknames are given , the first is used for men 's teams and the other is used for women 's teams . Different nicknames for a specific sport within a school are noted separately below the table .  Full name of school .  Location of school .  Conference of the school ( if conference column is left blank , the school is either independent or the conference is unknown ) .  Apart from the ongoing conversions , the following notes apply :  Following the normal standard of U.S. sports media , the terms `` University '' and `` College '' are ignored in alphabetization , unless necessary to distinguish schools ( such as Boston College and Boston University ) or are actually used by the media in normally describing the school , such as the College of Charleston .  Schools are also alphabetized by the names they are most commonly referred to by sports media , with non-intuitive examples included in parentheses next to the school name . This means , for example , that campuses bearing the name `` University of North Carolina '' may variously be found at `` C '' ( Charlotte ) , `` N '' ( North Carolina , referring to the Chapel Hill campus ) , and `` U '' ( the Asheville , Greensboro , Pembroke , and Wilmington campuses , all normally referred to as UNC - -LCB- campus name -RCB- ) .  The prefix `` St. '' , as in `` Saint '' , is alphabetized as if it were spelled out .

neg: List of people by number of countries visited This is a list of people by number of countries and territories visited .   There are a number of people claiming to have visited every country in the world , though there is great debate as to how many countries there are in the world . The most commonly agreed base number is the number of United Nations member states , of which there are 193 . According to the United Nations , `` The recognition of a new State or Government is an act that only other States and Governments may grant or withhold . '' As a result , the membership of some countries to the United Nations is blocked by one or more other members , such as Taiwan and Kosovo , and there are also two observer states , the Holy See and the State of Palestine . Additionally , there are various dependencies and territories that maintain autonomy , their own government , immigration , and/or print their own currency , and can be widely held as de facto countries by travellers . ISO 3166 is maintained by ISO as an updated list of the aforementioned derived from United Nations sources ( Terminology Bulletin Country Names and the Country and Region Codes for Statistical Use maintained by the United Nations Statistics Divisions ) , and lists 249 countries . The Travelers ' Century Club , whose membership is limited to those travellers who have visited one hundred or more territories of the world , maintains its own official list of countries and territories , a total of 325 as of 1 January 2016 , which includes geographically separated areas , such as Hawaii and other areas of cultural interest . This list of people by countries visited does not prescribe one list as correct ; rather , it lists the number of countries visited from any of these competing lists . The Best Travelled is also considered a reference for the 1281 world regions and well travelled people , and hold a verification process to check on traveller 's claims . Their UN Master List regroups all those travellers .

neg: Farmers' Market (New York City) There are over 50 farmer 's markets in New York City in all boroughs , which operate under GrowNYC under the `` Greenmarket '' name . GrownNYC 's food hub , `` Greenmarket , '' includes Greenmarket Co. , Youthmarket , Fresh Food Box , and the Wholesale Greenmarket under it 's programming .   Greenmarket farmers market aims to encourage regional agriculture by allowing small family farms to sell their locally grown fruits , vegetables , flowers , dairy and other products , so that people in New York of all incomes and in all parts , have access to the fresh , nutritious , provincial , affordable and sustainable goods .   GrownNYC 's network , Greenmarket Co. has customers that range from Michelin starred restaurants , popular food retailers to family run bodegas , senior centers and soap kitchens ; and their sources are not only from small to mid sized farms in Northeast region of New York State and New York City but also from farms in New Jersey , Pennsylvania and New England , providing New Yorkers with a bountiful and diverse array of fresh foods ☂ .   One well-known farmer 's market in New York is the Union Square Greenmarket which was founded in 1976 , held year-round on Mondays , Wednesdays , Fridays and Saturdays with changing vendors on different days . The number of regional farmers , fishers , and bakers go as high as 140 during the most popular seasons , when the market is visited by food-enthusiast New Yorkers . Union square farmers market offers seasonal , fresh fruits and vegetables , artisanal cheeses , meats , breads , pickles , jams , wines , flowers amongst many others . The market is situated at the city 's one of the most vibrant locations and allows about 60,000 people to shop , taste and tour while meeting with farmers

neg: List of state universities in the United States In the United States , a state college or state university is one of the public colleges or universities funded by or associated with the state government . In some cases , these institutions of higher learning are part of a state university system , while in other cases they are not . Several U.S. territories also administer public colleges and universities . The U.S. federal government does not run colleges or universities except for the service academies , the Community College of the Air Force , the Naval Postgraduate School , the Air Force Institute of Technology , the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , military war colleges and staff colleges , and Haskell Indian Nations University . Additionally , Georgetown University , Gallaudet University , Howard University , and American University are private universities that are federally chartered . However , the federal government does make grants to state universities .   These state , as well as private , universities are accredited by different regional , not national , accreditation agencies , including the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools , the New England Association of Schools and Colleges , the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities , the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools , the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools , and the Western Association of Schools and Colleges , depending on which region of the United States the university is located in . These accreditation agencies ' approvals are critical to a university 's operations and public reputation . If a university loses accreditation or is not accredited in the first place , students will be reluctant to either continue or enroll at the school because the degree will be seen as being worthless . In a worst-case scenario , a university can shut down completely . The aforementioned agencies are all recognized by the United States Department of Education .   Most state universities receive at least part of their funding from the state , although many have substantial income from tuition and fees , endowment proceeds , donations ( such as from alumni or philanthropists ) , and revenue from royalties . State universities usually offer lower tuition costs to in-state residents . According to the College Board , public four-year colleges charge on average $ 7,605 per year in tuition and fees for full-time in-state students and $ 11,990 for out-of-state students .   In some states , e.g. Maryland , Tennessee , Indiana , and Washington , there is a campus designated as the `` flagship '' campus in the state 's university system , which generally is the most prestigious campus and the largest campus in student population , e.g. the University of Maryland College Park campus in the University System of Maryland , the Indiana University Bloomington campus in the Indiana University System , the University of Tennessee Knoxville campus in the University of Tennessee System , and the University of Washington 's Seattle campus in the University of Washington System .   However , in some other states , the state universities are treated as equal partners ; therefore there is no officially recognized flagship campus in the state 's university system .   There are a number of states that have more than one university system , e.g. California with 2 ; Colorado with 2 ; New York with 2 ; and Texas with 6 ( the most ) .   Notes :  As a general rule , schools are not alphabetized by their complete names , but rather by the names by which they are normally called . For example , in a list alphabetized by normal rules , `` Auburn University '' would precede `` University of Alabama , '' but the schools are virtually always referred to in popular conversation as `` Auburn '' and `` Alabama '' ( followed by a campus identifier if required by the context ) . Therefore , in this article , `` Alabama '' precedes `` Auburn '' .  The list includes some of the more common academic nicknames or acronyms used for certain colleges or universities , e.g. `` Ole Miss '' for the University of Mississippi , `` Idaho State '' for Idaho State University , or `` UNF '' for the University of North Florida , not the `` Rebels '' , `` Bengals '' , or `` Ospreys '' , respectively .  To minimize any confusion regarding acronyms , either the first school listed or the school that is more nationally known having an acronym the same as another has the acronym provided , e.g. San Diego State University has the acronym `` SDSU '' included because it is listed before South Dakota State University , and Arizona State University has the acronym `` ASU '' given because it is better known nationally than Alabama State . In addition , only acronyms that are unique are given , e.g. `` UW Tacoma '' for the University of Washington 's Tacoma campus or `` UNH '' for the University of New Hampshire .  The list also includes schools that grant first-professional doctorates only ( e.g. , medical schools , law schools , or veterinary schools ) that are independent of any other school in a state system .  To see a list of community colleges and technical centers in the United States that offer only associate 's degrees , visit the community colleges list .  To see a list of tribal colleges and universities in the United States , visit the tribal colleges and universities list .

neg: Liberal arts college A liberal arts college is a college with an emphasis on undergraduate study in the liberal arts and sciences . A liberal arts college aims to impart a broad general knowledge and develop general intellectual capacities , in contrast to a professional , vocational , or technical curriculum . Students in a liberal arts college generally major in a particular discipline while receiving exposure to a wide range of academic subjects , including sciences as well as the traditional humanities subjects taught as liberal arts . Although it draws on European antecedents , the liberal arts college is strongly associated with American higher education , and most liberal arts colleges around the world draw explicitly on the American model .   There is no formal definition of liberal arts college , but one American authority defines them as schools that `` emphasize undergraduate education and award at least half of their degrees in the liberal arts fields of study . '' Other researchers have adopted similar definitions .   Although many liberal arts colleges are exclusively undergraduate , some also offer graduate programs that lead to a master 's degree or doctoral degree in subjects such as business administration , nursing , medicine , and law . Similarly , although the term `` liberal arts college '' most commonly refers to an independent institution , it may also sometimes refer to a university college within or affiliated with a larger university . Most liberal arts colleges outside of the United States follow this model .

neg: List of Bronx High School of Science alumni The following is a list of notable people who attended the Bronx High School of Science .   Among the collective honors claimed by alumni of the school are :  Eight Nobel Prizes ( seven in physics , one in chemistry ) .  Eight Pulitzer Prizes by seven alumni .  Two sitting members of the United States House of Representatives .  Six winners of the National Medal of Science , the nation 's highest scientific honor bestowed by the U.S. President and thus far awarded to 425 scientists and engineers .  Twenty-nine members of the United States National Academy of Sciences ( NAS ) , an honor attained by only about 2,000 American scientists .  Twenty-two Bronx Science graduates are members of the United States National Academy of Engineering ( NAE ) .  Ten are members of the Institute of Medicine ( IOM ) .  One is a member of the Royal Society of Canada ( RSC ) .  Two are recipients of the Turing Award , the top prize in Computer Science .  Two Academy Awards and two Primetime Emmy Awards .

neg: New York City ethnic enclaves Since its founding in 1625 by Dutch traders as New Amsterdam , New York City has been a major destination for immigrants of many nationalities who have formed ethnic enclaves , neighborhoods dominated by one ethnicity . Freed African American slaves also moved to New York City in the Great Migration and the later Second Great Migration and formed ethnic enclaves . These neighborhoods are set apart from the main city by differences such as food , goods for sale , or even language . Ethnic enclaves provide inhabitants security in work and social opportunities , but limit economic opportunities , do not encourage the development of English speaking , and keep immigrants in their own culture .   , 36 % of the population of New York City are immigrants .  African Americans , Haitian Americans , Jamaican Americans , Indo-Caribbean Americans , and Trinidadian Americans have all formed Caribbean ethnic enclaves in New York . Asian ethnic groups with enclaves in New York include Chinese Americans , Japanese Americans , Filipino Americans , Indian Americans , Indo-Caribbean Americans , Afghan Americans , Burmese Americans , Bangladeshi Americans , Nepalese Americans , Sri Lankan Americans , Bhutanese Americans , Thai Americans , Pakistani Americans , Indonesian Americans , Malaysian Americans , Taiwanese Americans , and Korean Americans . European ethnic groups with ethnic enclaves include Greek Americans , Irish Americans , Italian Americans , Albanian Americans , Jewish Americans , Polish Americans , and Russian Americans . Latin American groups with ethnic enclaves include Dominican Americans , Guyanese , Salvadoran American , Ecuadorian American , Mexican Americans , and Puerto Ricans . Middle Eastern ethnic groups that have formed ethnic enclaves include Palestinian Americans , Jordanian Americans , Egyptian Americans , Syrian Americans and Lebanese Americans . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world .

neg: University A university ( universitas , `` a whole '' , `` a corporation '' ) is an institution of higher ( or tertiary ) education and research which grants academic degrees in various academic disciplines . Universities typically provide undergraduate education and postgraduate education .   The word `` university '' is derived from the Latin universitas magistrorum et scholarium , which roughly means `` community of teachers and scholars . '' Universities were created in Italy and evolved from Cathedral schools for the clergy during the High Middle Ages .

neg: Higher education in the United States Higher education in the United States is an optional final stage of formal learning following secondary education . Higher education , also referred to as post-secondary education , third stage , third level , or tertiary education occurs most commonly at one of the 4,726 Title IV degree-granting institutions , either colleges or universities in the country . These may be public universities , private universities , liberal arts colleges , community colleges , or for-profit colleges . High visibility issues include greater use of the Internet , such as massive open online courses , competency-based education , cutbacks in state spending , rapidly rising tuition and increasing student loans .   According to the National Student Clearinghouse , US college enrollment has declined for five consecutive years and is projected to continue declining for the next two decades .   Strong research and funding have helped make American colleges and universities among the world 's most prestigious , making them particularly attractive to international students , professors and researchers in the pursuit of academic excellence .   Unlike the tertiary education system of the UK and Australia , American education is unique in the world to place strong emphasis on Liberal Arts education in its higher education curriculum .

neg: Rockefeller College of Public Affairs & Policy The Nelson A. Rockefeller College of Public Affairs & Policy is a public policy school composed of the Departments of Public Administration & Policy and Political Science at the University at Albany , SUNY , United States . The department provides educational preparation for academic and public service careers , to undertake research on significant public problems and issues , and to assist in the continuing professional development of government executives . Rockefeller College has an enhanced interdisciplinary approach to its public policy mission .   The College offers appropriate assistance to the governments of New York State and the United States , and to foreign governments and international organizations in meeting the responsibilities of contemporary citizenship and governance through special courses and conferences ; research and consultation ; and publications for the dissemination of information .   The Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and Policy is located on the downtown campus of the University at Albany , SUNY , at 135 Western Avenue , Albany , New York . In 2008 , it was ranked 14th overall out of 253 schools of Public Affairs by U.S. News & World Report magazine .   Rankings :  Information Technology and Management - # 2 ( US News 2009 )  Public Affairs - # 14 ( US News 2009 )  Public Administration and Management - # 8 ( US News 2009 )  Public Finance and Budgeting - # 7 ( US News 2009 )  Public Policy Analysis - # 22 ( US News 2009 )  Non-Profit Management - # 18 ( US News 2009 )

neg: Oberlin Group The Oberlin Group is an `` informal consortium of the libraries of approximately 80 selective liberal arts colleges in the United States . The group developed as a result of conferences held in 1984-85 at Oberlin College when the presidents of 50 colleges met to discuss the role of science education .   Agnes Scott College ( GA )  Albion College ( MI )  Alma College ( MI )  Amherst College ( MA )  Augustana College ( IL )  Austin College ( TX )  Bard College ( NY )  Barnard College ( NY )  Bates College ( ME )  Beloit College ( WI )  Berea College ( KY )  Bowdoin College ( ME )  Bryn Mawr College ( PA )  Bucknell University ( PA )  Carleton College ( MN )  Claremont McKenna College ( CA )  Clark University ( MA )  Coe College ( IA )  Colby College ( ME )  Colgate University ( NY )  Colorado College ( CO )  Connecticut College ( CT )  Davidson College ( NC )  Denison University ( OH )  DePauw University ( IN )  Dickinson College ( PA )  Drew University ( NJ )  Earlham College ( IN )  Eckerd College ( FL )  Franklin & Marshall College ( PA )  Furman University ( SC )  Gettysburg College ( PA )  Grinnell College ( IA )  Gustavus Adolphus College ( MN )  Hamilton College ( NY )  Harvey Mudd College ( CA )  Haverford College ( PA )  College of the Holy Cross ( MA )  Hope College ( MI )  Kalamazoo College ( MI )  Kenyon College ( OH )  Knox College ( IL )  Lafayette College ( PA )  Lake Forest College ( IL )  Lawrence University ( WI )  Macalester College ( MN )  Manhattan College ( NY )  Middlebury College ( VT )  Mills College ( CA )  Morehouse College ( GA )  Mount Holyoke College ( MA )  Oberlin College ( OH )  Occidental College ( CA )  Ohio Wesleyan University ( OH )  Pitzer College ( CA )  Pomona College ( CA )  Randolph-Macon College ( VA )  Reed College ( OR )  Rhodes College ( TN )  Rollins College ( FL )  Sarah Lawrence College ( NY )  Scripps College ( CA )  Sewanee : The University of the South ( TN )  Simmons College ( MA )  Skidmore College ( NY )  Smith College ( MA )  Spelman College ( GA )  College of Saint Benedict and Saint John 's University ( MN )  St. Lawrence University ( NY )  St. Olaf College ( MN )  Swarthmore College ( PA )  Trinity College ( CT )  Trinity University ( TX )  Union College ( NY )  Vassar College ( NY )  Wabash College ( IN )  Washington and Lee University ( VA )  Wellesley College ( MA )  Wesleyan University ( CT )  Wheaton College ( MA )  Whitman College ( WA )  Whittier College ( CA )  Willamette University ( OR )  Williams College ( MA )  College of Wooster ( OH )

neg: Hostos Community College Eugenio María de Hostos Community College of The City University of New York is a community college in the City University of New York ( CUNY ) system located in the South Bronx , New York City . Hostos Community College was created by an act of the Board of Higher Education in 1968 in response to demands from the Hispanic/Puerto Rican community , which was urging for the establishment of a college to serve the people of the South Bronx . In 1970 , the college admitted its first class of 623 students at the site of a former tire factory . Several years later , the college moved to a larger site nearby at 149th Street and Grand Concourse .   Hostos is the first institution of higher education on the mainland to be named after a Puerto Rican , Eugenio María de Hostos , an educator , writer , and patriot . A large proportion ( approximately 60 percent ) of the student population is Hispanic , thus many of the courses at Hostos are offered in Spanish , and the college also provides extensive English and ESL instruction to students .   The Hostos Center for the Arts & Culture is a performing arts center contained within the college campus . It consists of a museum-grade art gallery , a 367-seat Repertory Theater , and a 900-seat Main Theater , presenting artists of national and international renown . It has been showcasing theater , dance and music artists for 33 years , with the mission `` to be a cultural force in the Bronx and throughout the New York metropolitan area . ''

neg: Association of American Colleges and Universities The Association of American Colleges and Universities ( AAC&U ) is a national association headquartered in Washington , D.C , United States . It focuses on improving undergraduate education and advancing liberal education . Founded in 1915 , AAC&U comprises more than 1,350 member institutions -- including accredited public and private colleges , community colleges , research universities , and comprehensive universities .   The organization 's mission statement states its goal is `` to make liberal education and inclusive excellence the foundation for institutional purpose and educational practice in higher education . ''   Beginning its second century as a higher education association , AAC&U advocates for liberal education for all college students , across all fields and disciplines , at all types of institutions . This advocacy sets AAC&U apart from other non-profit higher-education associations and positions AAC&U in the midst of vigorous arguments about the purpose and quality of college education . AAC&U serves all sectors of higher education ; the association does not lobby for higher education . In August 2015 , Inside Higher Education 's Paul Fain characterizes AAC&U this way : `` Amid talk of higher education 's possible disruption and unbundling , the Association of American Colleges & Universities stakes out an aggressive middle ground . Are people listening ? '' Writing for the Chronicle of Higher Education , Dan Berrett offers a historical perspective on the purposes of college education . In an article titled `` If Skills Are the New Canon , Are Colleges Teaching Them ? '' Berrett explores how college teaching , learning , and assessment are changing . The article situates the work of AAC&U at the center of debate about the purpose of college education , specifically raising questions about quality of student learning and ways that educators are providing evidence that students are learning .