query: Unapologetic is a work.

pos: Unapologetic Unapologetic is the seventh studio album by Barbadian singer Rihanna . It was released on November 19 , 2012 , by Def Jam Recordings and SRP Records . It was recorded between June and November 2012 , during promotion of her sixth album , Talk That Talk ( 2011 ) . As executive producer , Rihanna enlisted previous collaborators The-Dream , David Guetta , Chase & Status , and StarGate to work alongside new collaborators such as Parker Ighile , Mike Will Made-It , and Labrinth . Unapologetic is mainly a pop , dubstep and R&B album that incorporates elements of hip hop , EDM and reggae in its production , similar to the sound of her previous albums Talk That Talk and Rated R ( 2009 ) .   Unapologetic received generally mixed reviews from critics , with some reviewers describing its music as interesting , while others criticized its lyrical content and rushed nature . The album won a Grammy Award for Best Urban Contemporary Album at the 2014 ceremony . It debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 238,000 copies , becoming Rihanna 's first number one album on the chart and best-selling debut week of her career . The album also became the singer 's third , fourth , and fifth consecutive number one album in the United Kingdom , Norway , and Switzerland , respectively . As of December 2014 , Unapologetic has sold over four million copies worldwide .   The album produced seven singles including the international hits `` Diamonds '' and `` Stay '' . The former peaked at number one on the UK Singles Chart and the US Billboard Hot 100 where it became Rihanna 's twelfth number one song , tying her with Madonna and The Supremes for fourth most number one songs in the history of the chart . Prior to its release , Rihanna promoted the album with the 777 Tour which consisted of a seven-date promotional tour in which she performed seven concerts each in a different city in North America and Europe in seven days . To further promote Unapologetic , Rihanna embarked on her fourth worldwide tour entitled the Diamonds World Tour .

neg: Erotic comics Erotic comics are adult comics which focus substantially on nudity and sexual activity , either for their own sake or as a major story element . As such they are usually not permitted to be sold to legal minors . Like other genres of comics , they can consist of single panels , short comic strips , comic books , or graphic novels/albums . Although never a mainstream genre , they have existed as a niche alongside -- but usually separate from -- other genres of comics .   During the mid-twentieth century , most comics were produced for children , and in North America the contents of most comics were constrained by the Comics Code Authority to be suitable for children . Consequently erotic comics have sometimes been subject to criticism and extra scrutiny compared to other forms of erotic art and storytelling . Additionally , the application of laws against child pornography to materials featuring fictional characters with no legal ages , have varied internationally .

neg: Genre Genre ( -LSB- ˈʒɒ̃rə -RSB- , -LSB- ˈʒɒnrə -RSB- or -LSB- ˈdʒɒnrə -RSB- from French genre -LSB- ʒɑ̃ʁ -RSB- , `` kind '' or `` sort '' , from Latin genus ( stem gener - ) , Greek γένος , génos ) is any form or type of communication in any mode ( written , spoken , digital , artistic , etc. ) with socially-agreed upon conventions developed over time . Genre is most popularly known as a category of literature , music , or other forms of art or entertainment , whether written or spoken , audio or visual , based on some set of stylistic criteria , yet genres can be aesthetic , rhetorical , communicative , or functional . Genres form by conventions that change over time as new genres are invented and the use of old ones is discontinued . Often , works fit into multiple genres by way of borrowing and recombining these conventions . Stand alone texts , works , or pieces of communication may have individual styles , but genres are amalgams of these texts based on agreed upon or socially inferred conventions . Some genres may be rigid with strictly adhered to guidelines while others may be very flexible .   Genre began as an absolute classification system for ancient Greek literature . Poetry , prose , and performance each had a specific and calculated style that related to the theme of the story . Speech patterns for comedy would not be appropriate for tragedy , and even actors were restricted to their genre under the assumption that a type of person could tell one type of story best .  In later periods genres proliferated and developed in response to changes in audiences and creators . Genre became a dynamic tool to help the public make sense out of unpredictable art . Because art is often a response to a social state , in that people write/paint/sing / dance about what they know about , the use of genre as a tool must be able to adapt to changing meanings .   Genre suffers from the same ills of any classification system . Genre is to be reassessed and scrutinized and to weigh works on their unique merit . It has been suggested that genres resonate with people because of the familiarity , the shorthand communication , as well as the tendency of genres to shift with public mores and to reflect the zeitgeist . While the genre of storytelling has been relegated as lesser form of art because of the heavily borrowed nature of the conventions , admiration has grown . Proponents argue that the genius of an effective genre piece is in the variation , recombination , and evolution of the codes .

neg: Idealism (Christian eschatology) Idealism ( also called the spiritual approach , the allegorical approach , the nonliteral approach , and many other names ) in Christian eschatology is an interpretation of the Book of Revelation that sees all of the imagery of the book as symbols .   Jacob Taubes writes that idealist eschatology came about as Renaissance thinkers began to doubt that the Kingdom of Heaven had been established on earth , or would be established , but still believed in its establishment . Rather than the Kingdom of Heaven being present in society , it is established subjectively for the individual .   F. D. Maurice interpreted the Kingdom of Heaven idealistically as a symbol representing society 's general improvement , instead of a physical and political kingdom . Karl Barth interprets eschatology as representing existential truths that bring the individual hope , rather than history or future-history . Barth 's ideas provided fuel for the Social Gospel philosophy in America , which saw social change not as performing `` required '' good works , but because the individuals involved felt that Christians could not simply ignore society 's problems with future dreams .   Different authors have suggested that the Beast represents various social injustices , such as exploitation of workers , wealth , the elite , commerce , materialism , and imperialism . Various Christian anarchists , such as Jacques Ellul , have identified the State and political power as the Beast .   It is distinct from Preterism , Futurism and Historicism in that it does not see any of the prophecies ( except in some cases the Second Coming , and Final Judgment ) as being fulfilled in a literal , physical , earthly sense either in the past , present or future , and that to interpret the eschatological portions of the Bible in a historical or future-historical fashion is an erroneous understanding .

neg: Confessional poetry Confessional poetry or Confessionalism is a style of poetry that emerged in the United States during the 1950s . It has been described as poetry `` of the personal '' , focusing on extreme moments of individual experience , the psyche , and personal trauma , including previously and occasionally still taboo matters such as mental illness , sexuality , and suicide , often set in relation to broader social themes . It is sometimes also classified as Postmodernism .   The school of `` Confessional poetry '' was associated with several poets who redefined American poetry in the 1950s and 1960s , including Robert Lowell , Sylvia Plath , John Berryman , Anne Sexton , Allen Ginsberg , and W. D. Snodgrass .

neg: Criticism of postmodernism Criticisms of postmodernism are intellectually diverse , including the belief that postmodernism can be meaningless , promotes obscurantism and uses relativism ( in culture , morality , knowledge ) to the extent that it cripples most judgement calls . Criticism of postmodernism is usually not a comprehensive attack on the various diverse movements labelled postmodern . Criticism often refers to specific branches of postmodernism which may vary greatly such as postmodern philosophy , postmodern architecture and postmodern literature . It may also be limited to certain tendencies in postmodern thought such as post-structuralism , cultural relativism and `` theory '' . For example , a philosopher may criticize French postmodern thought yet still appreciate postmodern cinema . Conversely Ashbee criticises most creative postmodern works ( works of art , books , films etc. ) without broadly attacking the entire inventory of varied post-modern projects .

neg: Copyright law of the Netherlands According to the Dutch Copyright Law ( called Auteurswet ) , a Dutch copyright ( called auteursrecht ) is the exclusive right of the author of a work of literature , science or art , to publish and duplicate such work ( article 1 ) .   A copyright comes into existence by making the work . No formalities , such as copyright registration , are necessary to obtain a copyright . The duration of a copyright is 70 years after the death of the author ( article 37 ) .   The term `` work '' includes many materials , such as books , brochures , films , photographs , musical works , works of visual art and geographical maps ( article 10 ) . Further , the Dutch Supreme Court has ruled that to be considered a work , it should have its own , original character with the personal imprint of the author ( HR 4 January 1991 , NJ 1991 , 608 ( Van Dale/Romme ) ) .   The exclusive right to publish a work includes amongst others the publication of a copy of ( part of ) the work , the public recitation thereof and to rent or lend ( part of ) the work to public institutions ( article 12 ) . The exclusive right to duplicate a work includes amongst others the recording , the translation , the music arrangement and the adaptation for the screen of the work ( article 13 ) .

neg: Antifrustrationism Antifrustrationism is an axiological position proposed by German philosopher Christoph Fehige , which states that `` we do n't do any good by creating satisfied extra preferences . What matters about preferences is not that they have a satisfied existence , but that they do n't have a frustrated existence . '' According to Fehige , `` maximizers of preference satisfaction should instead call themselves minimizers of preference frustration . ''   What makes the world better is `` not its amount of preference satisfaction , but the avoided preference frustration . '' In the words of Fehige , `` we have obligations to make preferrers satisfied , but no obligations to make satisfied preferrers . '' The position stands in contrast to classical utilitarianism , among other ethical theories , which holds that creating `` satisfied preferrers '' is , or can be , a good in itself . Antifrustrationism has similarities with , although it is different from , negative utilitarianism , the teachings of Buddha , Stoicism , philosophical pessimism , and Schopenhauer 's philosophy . In particular , negative preference utilitarianism states that we should act in such a way that the number of frustrated preference is minimized and is therefore directly based on antifrustrationism . The difference is that antifrustrationism is an axiology , whereas negative preference utilitarianism is an ethical theory .   The moral philosopher Peter Singer has , in the past , endorsed a position similar to antifrustrationism ( negative preference utilitarianism ) , writing :

neg: New Objectivity (film) New Objectivity ( a translation of the German Neue Sachlichkeit , alternatively translated as `` New Sobriety '' or `` New matter-of-factness '' ) was an art movement that emerged in Germany in the early 1920s as a counter to expressionism . The term applies to a number of artistic forms , including film .   In film , New Objectivity reached its high point around 1929 . It translated into realistic cinematic settings , straightforward camerawork and editing , a tendency to examine inanimate objects as a way to interpret characters and events , a lack of overt emotionalism , and social themes .   The director most associated with the movement is Georg Wilhelm Pabst . Pabst 's films of the 1920s concentrate on subjects such as abortion , prostitution , labor disputes , homosexuality , and addiction . His cool and critical 1925 Joyless Street is a landmark of the objective style . Pabst 's 1930 pacifist sound film Westfront 1918 views the World War I experience in a bleak , matter-of-fact way . With its clear denunciation of war , it was soon banned as unsuitable for public viewing .   Other directors in the style included Ernő Metzner , Berthold Viertel , and Gerhard Lamprecht . The movement ended essentially in 1933 with the fall of the Weimar Republic .

neg: Leave Your Soul to Science Leave Your Soul to Science is the sixth studio album by Melbourne band Something for Kate , released in September 28 , 2012 . The album debuted at No. 5 on the ARIA Charts . The album was produced by John Congleton , whose previous credits include Okkervil River , Shearwater and The New Pornographers and recorded at his Elmwood studio in Dallas , Texas . Frontman Paul Dempsey told The Age the band had been looking for someone to tell them when enough was enough . `` We recognised an inclination or proclivity among ourselves to procrastinate and keep layering stuff up , '' he said . `` We knew that we needed to fight that instinct and he was very much the guy to help us . ''   He told the Hobart Mercury Congleton was `` the perfect guy for our new-found relaxed attitude '' : `` He 's a real experimenter and we were feeling very experimental ourselves . The four of us would just sit around and throw out ideas , and do the strangest , dumbest things and see what worked . Whenever we thought something was weird and interesting but we were n't sure about it , we 'd just run with it any sort of uncertainty was a good thing . We ran with the uncertainty and embraced the feeling of not being 100 per cent sure of everything we were doing . ''   Dempsey said he had been unsatisfied with the way some songs on previous albums had been captured .   `` In previous years we were concerned with being perfectionists , and trying to make everything just so . What we realised after a long time is that that actually can end up sucking the life out of things , and that perhaps the better way to do things is to fly by the seat of your pants and rely on the spontaneous energy of the moment . Some of our past records have suffered a bit from too much nitpicking , and this latest record really has zero nitpicking . There 's plenty of audible mistakes and weird moments where we just went fuck it , just leave it , it 's all part of what happens when you hit record . ''   Dempsey said the album 's lyrics contained an abundance of often cryptic black humour . He said he found the lyrics of `` This Economy '' , a song of lost love set in the context of the global financial crisis , `` hilariously funny '' . `` The song reeks of ( disgraced businessman ) Bernie Madoff and it reeks of young Wall Street executives who equate the size of their wallets with the success of their human relationships , '' he said . Dempsey said he was not bothered if people misunderstood his lyrics . `` If my humour does n't translate , there should n't need to be a press release letting everyone know that I 'm funny . ''   The album 's cover and inner book photography was by bassist Stephanie Ashworth .

neg: Life imitating art Anti-mimesis is a philosophical position that holds the direct opposite of Aristotelian mimesis . Its most notable proponent is Oscar Wilde , who opined in his 1889 essay The Decay of Lying that , `` Life imitates Art far more than Art imitates Life '' . In the essay , written as a Platonic dialogue , Wilde holds that anti-mimesis `` results not merely from Life 's imitative instinct , but from the fact that the self-conscious aim of Life is to find expression , and that Art offers it certain beautiful forms through which it may realise that energy . '' .   What is found in life and nature is not what is really there , but is that which artists have taught people to find there , through art . As in an example posited by Wilde , although there has been fog in London for centuries , one notices the beauty and wonder of the fog because `` poets and painters have taught the loveliness of such effects ... They did not exist till Art had invented them . '' .   McGrath places the antimimetic philosophy in a tradition of Irish writing , including Wilde and writers such as Synge and Joyce in a group that `` elevate blarney ( in the form of linguistic idealism ) to aesthetic and philosophical distinction '' , noting that Terry Eagleton observes an even longer tradition that stretches `` as far back in Irish thought as the ninth-century theology of John Scottus Eriugena '' and `` the fantastic hyperbole of the ancient sagas '' . Wilde 's antimimetic idealism , specifically , McGrath describes to be part of the late nineteenth century debate between Romanticism and Realism . Wilde 's antimimetic philosophy has also had influence on later Irish writers , including Brian Friel .   Halliwell asserts that the idea that life imitates art derives from classical notions that can be traced as far back as the writings of Aristophanes of Byzantium , and does not negate mimesis but rather `` displace -LSB- s -RSB- its purpose onto the artlike fashioning of life itself '' . Halliwell draws a parallel between Wilde 's philosophy and Aristophanes ' famous question about the comedies written by Menander : `` O Menander and Life ! Which of you took the other as your model ? '' , noting , however , that Aristophanes was a precursor to Wilde , and not necessarily espousing the positions that Wilde was later to propound .   In George Bernard Shaw 's preface to Three Plays he wrote , `` I have noticed that when a certain type of feature appears in painting and is admired as beautiful , it presently becomes common in nature ; so that the Beatrices and Francescas in the picture galleries of one generation come to life as the parlor-maids and waitresses of the next . '' He stated that he created the aristocratic characters in Cashel Byron 's Profession as unrealistically priggish even without his later understanding that `` the real world does not exist ... men and women are made by their own fancies in the image of the imaginary creatures in my youthful fictions , only much stupider . '' Shaw , however , disagreed with Wilde on some points . He considered most attempts by life to imitate art to be reprehensible , in part because the art that people generally chose to imitate was idealistic and romanticized .   An example of life imitating art is that of singer/actress Miley Cyrus , whose role as the famous fictional popstar Hannah Montana in the Disney Channel sitcom of the same name gave rise to her own singing career . Hannah 's fictional popularity translated into a real-life fan-base for Cyrus as several singles credited to the character charted on the Billboard Hot 100 ( including `` The Best of Both Worlds '' , `` Life 's What You Make It '' , `` He Could Be the One '' , etc , though all of the songs were performed by Cyrus ) and when she embarked on her sold-out Best of Both Worlds Tour in 2007 , where she performed the first set of songs as Hannah Montana and the second set as herself . Cyrus ' song `` The Climb '' was the first song , credited to herself instead of the character , from an official Hannah Montana soundtrack album to become a hit single ( peaking at # 4 on the Billboard charts , making it her `` crossover song '' into mainstream pop , while Hoedown Throwdown ( off the same soundtrack album ) was her first Top 10 . Cyrus also performed several duets on the show while in-character as Hannah with real-life singers such as Sheryl Crow , David Archuleta , The Jonas Brothers , Iyaz and her real-life father Billy Ray Cyrus , as well as an unofficial duet with her real-life godmother country singer Dolly Parton .

neg: Theme (narrative) In contemporary literary studies , a theme is the central topic a text treats . Themes can be divided into two categories : a work 's thematic concept is what readers `` think the work is about '' and its thematic statement being `` what the work says about the subject '' .   The most common contemporary understanding of theme is an idea or point that is central to a story , which can often be summed in a single word ( e.g. love , death , betrayal ) . Typical examples of themes of this type are conflict between the individual and society ; coming of age ; humans in conflict with technology ; nostalgia ; and the dangers of unchecked ambition . A theme may be exemplified by the actions , utterances , or thoughts of a character in a novel . An example of this would be the thematic idea of loneliness in John Steinbeck 's Of Mice and Men , wherein many of the characters seem to be lonely . It may differ from the thesis -- the text 's or author 's implied worldview .   A story may have several themes . Themes often explore historically common or cross-culturally recognizable ideas , such as ethical questions , and are usually implied rather than stated explicitly . An example of this would be whether one should live a seemingly better life , at the price of giving up parts of one 's humanity , which is a theme in Aldous Huxley 's Brave New World . Along with plot , character , setting , and style , theme is considered one of the components of fiction .

neg: Cyberpunk derivatives A number of cyberpunk derivatives have become recognized as distinct subgenres in speculative fiction . These derivatives , though they do not share cyberpunk 's computers-focused setting , may display other qualities drawn from or analogous to cyberpunk : a world built on one particular technology that is extrapolated to a highly sophisticated level ( this may even be a fantastical or anachronistic technology , akin to retro-futurism ) , a gritty transreal urban style , or a particular approach to social themes .   The most successful of these subgenres , Steampunk , has been defined as a `` kind of technological fantasy '' , and others in this category sometimes also incorporate aspects of science fantasy and historical fantasy . Scholars have written of these subgenres ' stylistic place in postmodern literature , and also their ambiguous interaction with the historical perspective of postcolonialism .   American author Bruce Bethke coined the term `` cyberpunk '' in his 1980 short story of the same name , proposing it as a label for a new generation of punk teenagers inspired by the perceptions inherent to the Information Age . The term was quickly appropriated as a label to be applied to the works of William Gibson , Bruce Sterling , John Shirley , Rudy Rucker , Michael Swanwick , Pat Cadigan , Lewis Shiner , Richard Kadrey , and others . Science fiction author Lawrence Person , in defining postcyberpunk , summarized the characteristics of cyberpunk thus :  Classic cyberpunk characters were marginalized , alienated loners who lived on the edge of society in generally dystopic futures where daily life was impacted by rapid technological change , an ubiquitous datasphere of computerized information , and invasive modification of the human body .   The relevance of cyberpunk as a genre to punk subculture is debatable and further hampered by the lack of a defined cyberpunk subculture ; where the small cyber movement shares themes with cyberpunk fiction and draws inspiration from punk and goth alike , cyberculture is much more popular though much less defined , encompassing virtual communities and cyberspace in general and typically embracing optimistic anticipations about the future . Cyberpunk is nonetheless regarded as a successful genre , as it ensnared many new readers and provided the sort of movement that postmodern literary critics found alluring . Furthermore , author David Brin argues , cyberpunk made science fiction more attractive and profitable for mainstream media and the visual arts in general .

neg: Sanin (novel) Sanin is a novel by the Russian writer Mikhail Artsybashev . It has an interesting history being written by a 26-year-old in 1904 -- at the peak of the various changes in Russian society ( democratic activities , first democratically elected Duma , as well as the Russian Revolution of 1905 ) . It was published and criticized in 1907 , the year of one of the most horrific political reactions in Russian history . In the early 1900s Russia society was heavily influenced by religions , primarily the Russian Orthodox Church . Though there were many other religions such as Uniate Catholics , Judaism , and Muslims , none of them condoned an open expression of sexuality . By 1908 the novel was no longer being produced due to censorship . It was banned as a `` work of pornography '' ( Otto Boele ) . When Artsybashev emigrated to Poland after the Russian Revolution of 1917 , he was condemned by the Soviet authorities and his books were banned from publication , only to be revealed afresh to readers in the 1990s .   Sanin is a novel of true originality of form and content . Its hero , twenty-something Sanin , after a long absence from home , comes back to visit his mother and sister . Sanin deals with sex and sexual activity throughout the novel . The main character Sanin and his sister Lida dabble in premarital sex . Lida describes her experience with Zarudin as her body filled with `` thrilled and shaken with passion '' . Knowing it is not the best thing for a young lady not to be married and have relations , she 's longing for another chance to experience that same passion and lust . The novel deals with nihilism , the belief that traditional morals , ideas , beliefs , etc. , have no worth or value . One of the characters gets to a point where he admits `` that life was the realization of freedom , and consequently that it was natural for a man to live for enjoyment '' . Lida has some remorse because of society and their views on premarital sex , but then comes to the realization that it is her life saying `` I wanted to do it and I did it ; and I felt so happy '' . During his stay Sanin meets various people , some of whom are neutral , amazed , threatened or excited by his way of thinking about the world and human existence . Sanin remains confident and self-assured having seduced and deflowered a local virgin , but at the end of the book leaves town under a cloud .   Colin Wilson wrote about Sanin :   `` The book 's hero sneers at the unhealthy moral preoccupations of most Russians , and preaches a doctrine of sunlight and frank sensuality . The book had an enormous impact on Russian youth , who were eager to put its doctrines into practice . Probably no book in world literature has been responsible for the loss of so many maidenheads . ''   Wilson added that Sanin deserves more study in English .   Although `` Sanin '' focuses much of its attention on sex and sexuality of youth , the novel puts forth several strikingly feminist ideals other than sexual freedom of women . For example , near the start of the novel , Sanin states his opinion that women should be allowed to have careers , a direct opposition to the traditional belief that women should be nothing more than mothers or housekeepers . Later on , after discovering that his sister , Lida , is pregnant while unmarried , he urges her to get an abortion , yet still respects her decision not to , something very uncommon for this time period .   The novelty of Sanin lies in its insertion of progressive and liberal thoughts and ideals in the literary form of a novel . Critics in 1907 and later in the Russian SFSR were furious to find such views as Sanin 's in existence . They put their efforts to discrediting the book , whose references to the Bible , Shakespeare , Dickens , Dostoevsky , Nietzsche and whose precipitation of the dramatic changes in the morality and political life of the following decades were , in their view , dangerous for the Russian people .

neg: List of works in critical theory This is a list of important and seminal works in the field of critical theory .   Otto Maria Carpeaux  História da Literatura Ocidental , 8 vol . ( Portuguese , 1959 -- 66 )  M. H. Abrams  The Mirror and the Lamp : Romantic Theory and the Critical Tradition  Theodor Adorno  Aesthetic Theory  Negative Dialectics  Theodor Adorno & Max Horkheimer  Dialectic of Enlightenment  Louis Althusser  For Marx  Lenin and Philosophy  Erich Auerbach  Mimesis : The Representation of Reality in Western Literature  Mikhail Bakhtin  Discourse in the Novel  Rabelais and his World  Roland Barthes  Image , Music , Text  Mythologies  Jean Baudrillard  The Perfect Crime  Simulation and Simulacra  Walter Benjamin  Illuminations  The Origin of German Tragic Drama  Homi K. Bhabha  The Location of Culture  Pierre Bourdieu  La distinction  Kenneth Burke  A Rhetoric of Motives  A Grammar of Motives  John Brannigan  New Historicism and Cultural Materialism  Cleanth Brooks  The Well Wrought Urn : Studies in the Structure of Poetry  Sean Burke  The Death and Return of the Author  Judith Butler  Bodies That Matter  Gender Trouble : Feminism and the Subversion of Identity  Cathy Caruth  Unclaimed Experience : Trauma , Narrative and History  Samuel Taylor Coleridge  Biographia Literaria  Jonathan Culler  Structuralist Poetics  The Pursuit of Signs  Literary Theory : A Very Short Introduction  Gilles Deleuze  Difference and Repetition  Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari  Capitalism and Schizophrenia : Anti-Oedipus ( pt .1 ) and A Thousand Plateaus ( pt .2 )  Jacques Derrida  Of Grammatology  Writing and Difference  Peter Dews  The Limits of Disenchantment  The Logic of Disintigration  Terry Eagleton  Marxism and Literary Criticism  The Idea of Culture  Antony Easthope  The Unconscious  William Empson  Seven Types of Ambiguity  Some Versions of Pastoral  The Structure of Complex Words  Norman Fairclough  Language and Power  Critical Discourse Analysis  Frantz Fanon  Black Skins , White Masks  Stanley Fish  Is There a Text in this Class ?  Northrop Frye  Anatomy of Criticism  Gerald Graff  Literature Against Itself  Jürgen Habermas  Legitimation Crisis  The Theory of Communicative Action , volumes 1 & 2  The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity Wolfgang Iser  The Act of Reading : a Theory of Aesthetic Response Leonard Jackson  The Poverty of Structuralism Fredric Jameson  The Political Unconscious Postmodernism , or , the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism The Prison-House of Language Frank Kermode  Romantic Image Julia Kristeva  Desire in Language Powers of Horror Jacques Lacan  Ecrits The Seminars  F.R. Leavis  The Great Tradition Ania Loomba  Colonialism/Postcolonialism Herbert Marcuse  Reason and Revolution . Hegel and the Rise of Social Theory Eros and Civilization Soviet Marxism . A Critical Analysis One-Dimensional Man Toril Moi  Sexual/Textual Politics I.A. Richards  Practical Criticism : A Study of Literary Judgement Principles of Literary Criticism K.K. Ruthven  Critical Assumptions Edward Said  Culture and Imperialism Orientalism ( 1978 )  Jean-Paul Sartre  What Is Literature ? ( 1947 )  Ferdinand de Saussure  Cours de linguistique générale ( posthumously 1916 )  Alfred Schmidt  The Concept of Nature in Marx ( 1962 )  Zur Idee der Kritischen Theorie ( German , 1974 )  Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick  Between Men Epistemology of the Closet Susan Sontag  Against Interpretation Styles of Radical Will Under the Sign of Saturn Where The Stress Falls Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak  `` Can the Subaltern Speak ? ''  In Other Words Raymond Tallis  Not Saussure Scott Wilson  Cultural Materialism W.K. Wimsatt  The Verbal Icon Virginia Woolf  A Room of One 's Own Slavoj Žižek  The Sublime Object of Ideology The Ticklish Subject : The Absent Centre of Political Ontology ''

neg: Sex and Love Addicts Anonymous Sex and Love Addicts Anonymous ( SLAA ) is a twelve-step program for people recovering from sex addiction and love addiction . SLAA was founded in Boston , Massachusetts in 1976 , by a member of Alcoholics Anonymous ( AA ) . Though he had been a member of AA for many years , he repeatedly acted out and was serially unfaithful to his wife . He founded SLAA as an attempt to stop his compulsive sexual and romantic behavior . SLAA is also sometimes known as the Augustine Fellowship , because early members saw many of their shared symptoms described by St. Augustine of Hippo in his work Confessions . COSLAA is another twelve-step fellowship created to support the family members and friends of sex and love addicts .   SLAA encourages members to identify their own `` bottom-line behaviors . '' The organization identifies these behaviors as `` any sexual or emotional act , no matter what its initial impulse may be , which leads to loss of control over rate , frequency , or duration of its occurrence or recurrence , resulting in spiritual , mental , physical , emotional , and moral destruction of oneself and others . '' Maintaining `` sobriety '' in the SLAA program requires abstaining from one 's bottom-line behaviors . However , these behaviors are never set in stone and may change as SLAA members continue in the program . Examples of bottom line behaviors might include sexual or romantic activity outside the scope of monogamous relationships , anonymous or casual sex , compulsive avoidance of intimacy or emotional attachment , one-night stands , compulsive masturbation , obsessive fantasy , compulsive attraction to unavailable or abusive partners , and a wide variety of addictive sexual , romantic , or avoidant behaviors .   Many of those practicing the SLAA recovery program develop the ability to engage in a healthy committed relationship . SLAA encourages recovery from sexual anorexia , emotional anorexia and social anorexia , three related areas of self-deprivation that lead to isolation and often accompany patterns of addictive behavior .   SLAA publishes the book Sex and Love Addicts Anonymous . It is approved by the organization for use in their fellowship . Feminist theorist Christine Saulnier criticized the SLAA book as fiercely defending individualization , that is dismissing the social and political circumstances under which sexual behaviors arise and are labeled deviant .

neg: Art film An art film is typically a serious , independent film aimed at a niche market rather than a mass market audience . An art film is `` intended to be a serious artistic work , often experimental and not designed for mass appeal '' ; they are `` made primarily for aesthetic reasons rather than commercial profit '' , and they contain `` unconventional or highly symbolic content '' .   Film critics and film studies scholars typically define an art film as possessing `` formal qualities that mark them as different from mainstream Hollywood films '' , which can include , among other elements , a sense of social realism ; an emphasis on the authorial expressiveness of the director ; and a focus on the thoughts , dreams , or motivations of characters , as opposed to the unfolding of a clear , goal-driven story . Film scholar David Bordwell describes art cinema as `` a film genre , with its own distinct conventions '' .   Art film producers usually present their films at specialty theatres ( repertory cinemas , or , in the U.S. , `` arthouse cinemas '' ) and film festivals . The term art film is much more widely used in the United States , the UK and Australia than in Europe , where the term is more associated with `` auteur '' films and `` national cinema '' ( e.g. , German national cinema ) . Because they are aimed at small niche market audiences , they can rarely get the financial backing that will permit large production budgets , expensive special effects , costly celebrity actors , or huge advertising campaigns , as are used in widely released mainstream blockbuster films . Art film directors make up for these constraints by creating a different type of film , which typically uses lesser-known film actors ( or even amateur actors ) and modest sets to make films that focus much more on developing ideas or exploring new narrative techniques or film-making conventions .   A certain degree of experience and knowledge are required to fully understand or appreciate such films . One mid-1990s art film was called `` largely a cerebral experience '' that one enjoys `` because of what you know about film '' . This contrasts sharply with mainstream `` blockbuster '' films , which are geared more towards escapism and pure entertainment . For promotion , art films rely on the publicity generated from film critics ' reviews , discussion of their film by arts columnists , commentators and bloggers , and `` word-of-mouth '' promotion by audience members . Since art films have small initial investment costs , they only need to appeal to a small portion of the mainstream viewing audiences to become financially viable .

neg: Intellectual freedom Intellectual freedom encompasses the freedom to hold , receive and disseminate ideas without restriction . Viewed as an integral component of a democratic society , intellectual freedom protects an individual 's right to access , explore , consider , and express ideas and information as the basis for a self-governing , well-informed citizenry . Intellectual freedom comprises the bedrock for freedoms of expression , speech , and the press and relates to freedoms of information and privacy .   The United Nations upholds intellectual freedom as a basic human right through Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights which asserts :  Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression ; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek , receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers .   The institution of libraries in particular values intellectual freedom as part of their mission to provide and protect access to information and ideas . The American Library Association ( ALA ) defines intellectual freedom as `` the right of every individual to both seek and receive information from all points of view without restriction . It provides for free access to all expressions of ideas through which any and all sides of a question , cause or movement can be explored . ''   The modern concept of intellectual freedom developed out of an opposition to book censorship . It is promoted by several professions and movements . These entities include , among others , librarianship , education , and the Free Software Movement .

neg: The OC wall calendar The OC Wall Calendar is the title of a wall calendar and videos first published in 2012 , featuring nude and semi-nude photographs of members of the Orthodox Church . The calendar is the brainchild of a group composed mostly of Orthodox eastern Europeans of the former region . The primary goal was to create the very first organized global effort against homophobia in the Orthodox region and counteract prejudice against the LGBT community . `` The goal is to show that Orthodox believers do not necessarily fit into the stalls as the press make of them . They are ordinary people with passions , preferences , interests and desires . At the same time , calendar ironic approach to the Orthodox Church which in recent years has been plagued by scandals , oppression , sex scandals and homophobia '' . For 2014 the Team release `` BIGGER , HARDER , BETTER ! '' , `` a second illustrated calendar , created in a ` Tom of Finland ' style , with a similar pro-gay theme '' . This edition pays tribute to LGBT people in Russia and was born from the collaboration between OC 's Art Director and Hungarian artist Tienne coming back from Russia .   The calendar and videos have 12 nude and semi-nude photos of persons portrayed as Orthodox priests and their guests . The style -- with bold colors , homoerotic undertones and gentle ironic humor -- appears to be inspired in part by the works of David LaChapelle and Pierre & Gillesas the creators of the calendar compare the concept of their work . Photo sessions and casting took place in the predominantly Orthodox area of eastern Europe .   Photo sessions and casting took place in the predominantly Orthodox area of eastern Europe . The casting call is open to the public via online announcement on the promoter 's website : `` Clergymen or seminary students who would like to contribute to the 2014 edition of the Orthodox Calendar 2013 can contact us via email ... ''

neg: Adult animation Adult animation , adult cartoon , or mature animation is any type of animation work that is mainly targeted towards adults and sometimes also teenagers , acting as a contrast to most animated films and TV series being aimed at children . Works in this genre may be considered adult for any number of reasons . They may be noted for using risqué themes , graphic violence , profane language , sexuality , or dark humor . Works in this genre may explore philosophical , political , or social issues . Some productions are noted for sophisticated and/or experimental storytelling and animation techniques .   Before the enforcement of the Hays Code , some cartoon shorts contained humor that was aimed at adult audience members rather than children . Following the introduction of the Motion Picture Association of America film rating system , independent animation producers attempted to establish an alternative to mainstream animation . Initially , few animation studios in the United States attempted to produce animation for adult audiences , but later examples of animation produced for adults would gain mainstream attention and success .

neg: Committee on Obscenity and Film Censorship The Committee on Obscenity and Film Censorship , better known as the Williams Committee , was a 1970s British Home Office committee chaired by Professor Bernard Williams . The task of the committee was to `` review the laws concerning obscenity , indecency and violence in publications , displays and entertainments in England and Wales , except in the field of broadcasting , and to review the arrangements for film censorship in England and Wales '' .   The committee reported in 1979 that : `` Given the amount of explicit sexual material in circulation and the allegations often made about its effects , it is striking that one can find case after case of sex crimes and murder without any hint at all that pornography was present in the background . '' The Committee 's report was evidently influenced by the liberal thinking of John Stuart Mill , a philosopher greatly admired by Williams , and who used Mill 's principle of liberty to develop what he called the `` harm condition , '' whereby `` no conduct should be suppressed by law unless it can be shown to harm someone . ''   Williams concluded that pornography could not be shown to be harmful and that `` the role of pornography in influencing society is not very important ... to think anything else is to get the problem of pornography out of proportion with the many other problems that face our society today . '' The committee reported that , so long as children were protected from seeing it , adults should be free to read and watch pornography as they saw fit .   It found that the existing variety of laws in the field should be scrapped , and that terms such as ` obscene ' , ` indecent ' and ` deprave and corrupt ' should be abandoned as they were no longer useful . The Committee thought existing laws should be replaced with a comprehensive new statute , under which the availability of material would be restricted so that it did not cause offence to reasonable people , and was not accessible to children . The recommended restrictions on availability would not have been confined just to material that involved nudity and/or which was sexually explicit . Restrictions were to apply to : `` matter ( other than the printed word ) and to a performance whose unrestricted availability is offensive to reasonable people by reason of the manner in which it portrays , deals with or relates to violence , cruelty or horror , or sexual , faecal or urinary functions or genital organs . ''   Regarding the definition of pornography the commission stated that , `` a pornographic representation is one that combines two features : it has a certain function or intention , to arouse its audience sexually , and also a certain content , explicit representations of sexual material ( organs , postures , activity , etc ) .   On the difference between ` obscenity ' and ` pornography ' , the committee found that the word ` obscene ' was a subjective term that refers to peoples reaction to material , and that '' it principally expresses an intense or extreme version of what we have called ` offensiveness ' . It may be that it particularly emphasises the most strongly aversive element in that notion , the idea of an object 's being repulsive or disgusting . '' ` Pornography ' however was found to be `` a rather more objective expression referring to a certain kind of writing , picture etc ... Pornography will have some tendency to be obscene , but will not necessarily be so ... a tendency to be offensive is built into it , but it is not universally even offensive ... Still less must it inevitably be very strongly offensive or obscene . ''   On whether art could be obscene , it reported that , `` work ... may be experienced as offensive , and also be experienced as having aesthetic interest , but in the case of which the two experiences do not occur at the same time . These will be works which are found offensive at first , or by a spectator who remains distanced from them , but which lose that character for someone involved in them . It did however recognize that `` it would be unwise to deny that ... there could be works which were , and remained , offensive , indeed intensely offensive or obscene . ''


query: Andre Agassi is a golfer.

pos: Andre Agassi Andre Kirk Agassi ( -LSB- ˈɑːndreɪ_ˈæɡəsi -RSB- born April 29 , 1970 ) is an American retired professional tennis player and former World No. 1 who was one of the sport 's most dominant players from the early 1990s to the mid-2000s . Generally considered by critics and fellow players to be one of the greatest tennis players of all time , Agassi has been called the greatest service returner in the history of the game . Described by the BBC upon his retirement as `` perhaps the biggest worldwide star in the sport 's history '' , Agassi compiled performances that , along with his unorthodox apparel and attitude , saw him cited as one of the most charismatic players in the history of the game . As a result , he is credited for helping to revive the popularity of tennis during the 1990s .   In singles tennis , Agassi is an eight-time Grand Slam champion and a 1996 Olympic gold medalist , as well as finishing runner-up in seven other Grand Slam tournaments . During the Open Era , Agassi was the first male player to have won 4 Australian Open titles , a record that was later surpassed by Novak Djokovic when he won his 5th title on 2015 , and then by Roger Federer in 2017 . Agassi is one of five male singles players to achieve the Career Grand Slam in the Open Era and one of eight in history , the first of two to achieve the Career Golden Slam ( Career Grand Slam and Olympic Gold Medal , the other being Rafael Nadal ) , and the only man to win the Career Golden Slam and the ATP Tour World Championships ( won in 1990 ) : a distinction dubbed as a `` Career Super Slam '' by Sports Illustrated .   Agassi was the first male player to win all four Grand Slam tournaments on three different surfaces ( hard , clay and grass ) , and the last American male to win both the French Open ( in 1999 ) and the Australian Open ( in 2003 ) . He also won 17 ATP Masters Series titles and was part of the winning Davis Cup teams in 1990 , 1992 and 1995 . Agassi reached the World No. 1 ranking for the first time in 1995 but was troubled by personal issues during the mid-to-late 1990s and sank to World No. 141 in 1997 , prompting many to believe that his career was over . Agassi returned to World No. 1 in 1999 and enjoyed the most successful run of his career over the next four years . During his 20-plus year tour career , Agassi was known by the nickname `` The Punisher '' .   After suffering from sciatica caused by two bulging discs in his back , a spondylolisthesis ( vertebral displacement ) and a bone spur that interfered with the nerve , Agassi retired from professional tennis on September 3 , 2006 , after losing in the third round of the US Open to Benjamin Becker . He is the founder of the Andre Agassi Charitable Foundation , which has raised over $ 60 million for at-risk children in Southern Nevada . In 2001 , the Foundation opened the Andre Agassi College Preparatory Academy in Las Vegas , a K-12 public charter school for at-risk children . He has been married to fellow tennis player Steffi Graf since 2001 .

neg: List of male golfers A golfer is a person who plays golf . Below is a list of male golfers , professional and amateurs , sorted alphabetically . : Category : Lists of golfers contains lists of golfers sorted in several other ways : by nationality , by tour and by type of major championship won ( men 's , women 's or senior ) .   All members of the World Golf Hall of Fame are listed , including those inducted for their off-course contributions to the sport . They are annotated </span> HoF .

neg: Alessandro Tadini Alessandro Tadini ( born 30 November 1973 ) is an Italian professional golfer .   Tadini was born in Borgomanero and turned professional in 1994 . He qualified for the European Tour for 2003 after his sixth visit to qualifying school . He was unable to win enough money during his rookie season to retain his card and dropped down to the second tier Challenge Tour . In 2004 he finished second on the Challenge Tour Rankings to graduate back to the top level . He retained his card through the end of the 2007 season when he again fell back to the Challenge Tour . He bounced straight back , finishing in 7th place on the 2008 Challenge Tour Rankings , but was just outside the top 120 in the Race to Dubai in 2009 and was back on the Challenge Tour in 2010 .   Tadini has won four time on the Challenge Tour , the first in 2004 at the Costa Rica Open , the second in 2008 at the Oceânico Group Pro-Am Challenge , the third in 2010 at the Credit Suisse Challenge , and the latest at the ECCO Tour Championship in 2012 .   Tadini 's best season to date on the European Tour was 2005 , when he finished 98th , whilst his best result has been a runner-up finish in the dual-ranking 2004 Aa St Omer Open .

neg: 2005 Mercedes-Benz Cup The 2005 Mercedes-Benz Cup was a men 's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the Los Angeles Tennis Center in Los Angeles , California in the United States and was part of the International Series of the 2005 ATP Tour . It was the 79th edition of the Los Angeles Open and the tournament ran from July 25 through July 31 , 2003 . First-seeded Andre Agassi won his fourth singles title at the tournament and overall last title of his career .

neg: Italian Challenge The Italian Challenge is a golf tournament on the Challenge Tour . It was first played in 2007 .

neg: Official World Golf Ranking The Official World Golf Ranking is a system for rating the performance level of male professional golfers ( although there is no rule prohibiting women from being ranked ) . It was introduced in 1986 and is endorsed by the four major championships and six major professional tours , five of which are charter members of the International Federation of PGA Tours :  PGA Tour  European Tour  Asian Tour ( not a charter member of the Federation )  PGA Tour of Australasia  Japan Golf Tour  Sunshine Tour   Points are also awarded for high finishes on other tours :  Web.com Tour , the official developmental tour for the PGA Tour  Challenge Tour , the official developmental tour for the European Tour  PGA Tour Canada , which became a full member of the Federation in 2009 under its former name of the Canadian Professional Golf Tour  OneAsia Tour , not a member of the Federation , but a joint venture between two charter members and two other tours that became full members in 2009  Korean Tour , from 2011  PGA Tour Latinoamérica , from 2012  Asian Development Tour , the official developmental tour for the Asian Tour , from 2013  PGA Tour China , from 2014  Alps Tour , from July 2015  Nordic Golf League , from July 2015  PGA EuroPro Tour , from July 2015  ProGolf Tour , from July 2015  MENA Golf Tour , from April 2016

neg: Bass Pro Shops Legends of Golf The Bass Pro Shops Legends of Golf at Big Cedar is a golf tournament on the PGA Tour Champions . Beginning in 2014 , it will be played at Big Cedar Lodge on the par-3 Top of the Rock course , designed by Jack Nicklaus and the 18-hole Buffalo Ridge course , redesigned by Tom Fazio in Ridgedale , Missouri . The tournament is sponsored by Bass Pro Shops , which owns the Big Cedar Lodge . It is often called `` The tournament that launched the Champions Tour '' .   From 1978 until 2012 , it was known as the Liberty Mutual Insurance Legends of Golf in Savannah , Georgia at The Club at Savannah Harbor . Liberty Mutual was the main sponsor of the tournament .   It currently consists of two separate events using four-ball and alternate shot formats with two-man teams : the 54-hole Champions Division ( age 50 -- 65 ) and the 45-hole Legends Division ( age 65 + ) ( on the final day of the tournament , held at Top of the Rock , Legends play only the course once , while Champions play the course twice ) . Only the Champions Division event is an official money/official victory event .   For 2008 to 2013 , it consisted of three separate events : the Legends Division is a 54-hole two-man team better-ball event for men over 50 , the Raphael Division is a 36-hole two-man team better-ball event for men age 50 -- 69 , and the Demaret Division is a 36-hole two-man team better-ball event for men over 70 . Only the Legends Division event was an official money/official victory event .   The tournament was founded in 1978 and consisted of a 54-hole two-man team better-ball event for men over 50 . Its success provided impetus for the formation of the Senior PGA Tour in 1980 . In 1987 , a Legendary Division was added . This consisted of a 36-hole two-man team better-ball event for men over 60 . These teams also competed in the Legends Division - Charles Coody & Dale Douglass won both divisions in 1998 . In 1993 , the 36-hole Demaret Division ( named after tournament co-founder Jimmy Demaret ) was added for men over 70 . For this year alone , all three divisions were competed at individual stroke play . In 2002 , the Legends Division became an individual stroke play event and became an official money event on the Champions Tour . This format remained through 2007 . The Legendary Division was renamed the Raphael Division ( after tournament co-founder Fred Raphael who had died in 2001 ) and became the 36-hole two-man team better-ball event for men over 60 .   The purse for the 2014 tournament Champions Division was US$ 2,400,000 , with $ 230,000 going to each member of the winning team .

neg: Junior Ryder Cup The Junior Ryder Cup is a team golf competition between Europe and the United States . It is based on the men 's Ryder Cup and is run by the same organisations , the PGA of America and Ryder Cup Europe ( a subsidiary of the PGA European Tour , with minority stakes held by the PGA of Great Britain & Ireland and the PGA of Europe ) . The 2016 event took place at the Interlachen Country Club , Edina , Minnesota on September 26 and 27 . The United States won 15 1/2 -- 8 1/2 , their fifth successive victory in the event . On recent occasions there has been an informal `` friendship match '' played on the Ryder Cup course after the Junior Ryder Cup but before the Ryder Cup .   The teams consist of six boys and six girls . The tournament is played over two days of foursomes , fourball and singles matches . There are three boys ' matches and three girls ' foursomes matches and six mixed fourball matches on the first day . There are 12 singles matches on the second day , added in 2008 .   In 1995 an informal match was played between European junior golfers and Central New York PGA Section and area juniors . The European team included 15-year-old Sergio García .   The official event began as part of the lead up to the 1997 Ryder Cup in Spain . In 2002 , the event gained marketing support from the Ryder Cup itself .   Several of the juniors who played in the competition have gone on to professional careers . Hunter Mahan and Suzann Pettersen played for the United States and European teams in 1999 . Rory McIlroy was part of the 2004 European team , along with Oliver Fisher . Matteo Manassero played on the 2008 European team . Isabelle Lendl played for the United States in 2006 , and Emma Talley played for the United States in 2008 .

neg: 1969 Ryder Cup The 18th Ryder Cup Matches were held 18 -- 20 September 1969 at the Royal Birkdale Golf Club in Southport , England . The competition ended in a draw at 16 points each , when America 's Jack Nicklaus conceded a missable three-foot ( 0.9 m ) putt to Britain 's Tony Jacklin at the 18th hole , in one of the most famous gestures of sportsmanship in all of sport . It was the first draw in Ryder Cup history , and the United States team retained the Cup .   The matches were marred by considerable acrimony and unsportsmanlike behavior by players on both sides . Britain 's captain Eric Brown had instructed his players not to search for the opposition 's ball if it ended up in the rough . American Ken Still , in the first-day foursomes , had deliberately and regularly stood too close to Briton Maurice Bembridge as he was putting . During one of the fourballs on the second day , both captains had to come out and calm down the warring players . This led to Nicklaus conceding Jacklin 's final putt with the knowledge that the overall competition would end in a draw . On the previous hole , Jacklin sank a long eagle putt while Nicklaus missed his from 15 ft and the match was squared .   Jacklin had won the Open Championship two months earlier at nearby Royal Lytham & St Annes to become the first British champion in eighteen years . After holing his final putt for par , Nicklaus picked up Jacklin 's ball marker and told him , `` I do n't think you would have missed it , but I was n't going to give you the chance , either . ''   Playing in his first Ryder Cup at age 29 , Nicklaus ' gesture became known as `` the concession '' and marked the beginning of a lasting friendship between the two that has spanned nearly a half century . It was the inspiration for The Concession Golf Club in Florida near Sarasota , which was co-designed by Nicklaus and Jacklin . The two were opposing captains in the competition in 1983 and 1987 .   The U.S. team had only two players with previous Ryder Cup experience , Billy Casper and Gene Littler . On the previous four teams , Arnold Palmer did not participate in 1969 , but returned in 1971 and 1973 .

neg: Golf Magazine Golf Magazine is a monthly golf magazine owned by Time Inc. . It was started in April , 1959 by Universal Publishing and Distributing , who sold it to Times Mirror in 1972 . Time Inc. acquired it in 2000 . It was the world 's most widely read golf publication from August 2006 to January 2007 . The magazine is for golfers of all skill levels . Some features it includes are instruction from the top 100 teachers in America , interviews with famous golfers , tips on the best values for golf courses to go to on vacation , and an annual club test .

neg: Roger Maltbie Roger Lin Maltbie ( born June 30 , 1951 ) is an American professional golfer and on-course analyst for NBC Sports .   Maltbie was born in Modesto , California and grew up in San Jose . He attended James Lick High School where he was a teammate of former PGA Tour player Forrest Fezler . Maltbie attended San Jose City College ( 1970 -- 1971 ) , and then went on to San Jose State University ; he was a member of the golf team at both institutions .   Maltbie turned professional in 1973 , joined the PGA Tour in 1974 , and played on the Tour full-time from 1975 to 1996 . He won five official tour events between 1975 and 1985 , including back-to-back wins in his first full year . After his win at the 1975 Pleasant Valley Classic , Maltbie left his $ 40,000 winner 's check behind in a bar .   In his second year on tour , Maltbie won the inaugural Memorial Tournament by defeating Hale Irwin on the fourth hole of a sudden death playoff . On the playoff 's third hole , an errant shot by Maltbie seemed headed for the gallery when it hit a stake causing the ball to bounce onto the green instead .   Maltbie had 55 top-10 finishes on the PGA Tour . In 1985 , he won two tournaments , earned $ 360,554 , and finished 8th on the money list . His best finish in a major was T4 at the 1987 Masters Tournament . Maltbie calls losing that tournament the biggest disappointment of his career .   Maltbie began play on the Senior PGA Tour after turning 50 in June 2001 . His best finish at this level is a 20th at the 2003 Bayer Advantage Celebrity Pro-Am .   Since 1991 , Maltbie has worked as an on-course reporter and analyst for NBC Sports . In this role , he has become well known as a jovial good-natured figure . His signature element is a `` golf whisper '' , necessitated by the fact that Maltbie generally stands much closer to the green than other on-course reporters . During the 2002 and 2009 U.S. Opens , both contested at Bethpage State Park on Long Island , NBC ran features in which Maltbie spent a night camping out with several golfers while waiting in the infamous line to play Bethpage 's Black Course , the first municipal course to host the U.S. Open .   Maltbie is a San Francisco 49ers fan and owns several Super Bowl rings given to him by former owner Edward J. DeBartolo , Jr. . He and wife , Donna have two sons , Spencer and Parker .

neg: French Open The French Open , often referred to as Roland-Garros ( -LSB- ʁɔlɑ̃ ɡaʁɔs -RSB- ) , is a major tennis tournament held over two weeks between late May and early June at the Stade Roland-Garros in Paris , France . Named after the French aviator Roland Garros , it is the premier clay court tennis championship event in the world and the second of four annual Grand Slam tournaments , the other three being the Australian Open , Wimbledon and the US Open . Roland Garros is currently the only major held on clay , and it is the zenith of the spring clay court season . Because of the seven rounds needed for a championship , the slow-playing surface and the best-of-five-set men 's singles matches ( without a tiebreak in the final set ) , the event is widely considered to be the most physically demanding tennis tournament in the world .

neg: 2001 Players Championship The 2001 Players Championship was a golf tournament in Florida on the PGA Tour , held at TPC Sawgrass in Ponte Vedra Beach , southeast of Jacksonville . It was the 28th Players Championship .   Tiger Woods won the first of his two Players Championships , one stroke ahead of runner-up Vijay Singh . Because of bad weather , the tournament was completed on Monday , March 26 . In the final pairing with 54-hole leader Jerry Kelly , Woods played the final nine holes on Monday .   Woods had won the previous three majors in 2000 ; he won the Masters Tournament two weeks later to hold all four major titles at once , the Tiger Slam , as well as this Players , an unofficial `` fifth major . '' He won his second Players a dozen years later in 2013 .   Through 2016 , Woods is the only winner of the Players and Masters in the same calendar year ( 2001 ) , and he was the third Players champion to win a major in the same calendar year , joining Jack Nicklaus ( 1978 ) and Hal Sutton ( 1983 ) ; it expanded to four with Martin Kaymer in 2014 .   Defending champion Sutton finished seven strokes back , in a tie for fifth place .

neg: PGA Assistant Championship The PGA Assistant Championship is a golf tournament for golf club assistant professionals . It has been held by the PGA of America since 1977 . Rules for 2007 have the field made up of the assistant champions from each PGA section , section qualifiers , the defending champion and a representative from the PGA of Australia , The Professional Golfers ' Association and the Canadian PGA . The 2015 Champion was Andy Mickelson .

neg: CordeValle Golf Club CordeValle , A Rosewood Resort is a private golf course and spa resort near San Martin , California , southeast of San Jose . Operated by Rosewood Hotels & Resorts , it is located in the Santa Clara Valley , near the eastern edge of the Santa Cruz Mountains .   The club 's 1996 permit required that 60 % of the golf rounds played be reserved for the general public , but the Club defines `` general public '' as including guests of members . In the resulting dispute with the county planning commission , the club agreed to create a Youth Golf Foundation , to pay for underprivileged youths to learn the game of golf at CordeValle or elsewhere . In exchange , the planning commission agreed to waive the requirement for 60 % public play .   Nancy Pelosi , the minority leader of the U.S. House , owns approximately $ 1,000,000 worth of the club .

neg: World University Golf Championship The World University Golf Championship is a competition sponsored by the International University Sports Federation ( FISU ) , which was first held in October 1986 at the Molas Golf Club in Cagliari , Italy .

neg: Golf instruction Golf instruction is the art of equipping and training golfers to play better golf through improved awareness of swing cause and effects as a result of the actions by their body , the club , and their effect on the golf ball . Most great golfers have a few common elements that make them great including : proper intentionality , swing repeatability to produce an action that fits the golfers intentionality , and a strong level of automaticity for long lasting enjoyment of the game golf . Golf instruction is unique as golf consists of five primary skills : shots from a tee ( most notable : driving that uses a driver ) , full shots from the ground ( mostly known as `` iron shots '' , pitching ( or 3/4 shots designed for distance control , chipping ( short shots around the green the require less than a full swing ) , putting ( 1 club preferably `` the putter '' ) and course strategy or gamesmanship .   Proficiency in teaching golf instruction requires not only technical and physical ability , but also knowledge of the rules and etiquette of the game . Golf instruction offered on many platforms in the United States including : the PGA of America , GolfTEC , and independent golfers who `` may '' or `` may not '' have credentials that are recognized by credible teachers certified sources such as the PGA of America . Although there are many great golf instructors in the United States , who are PGA Class A Professionals , not all great instructors carry this status nor find it a major determiner of golf instruction proficiency .   Golf Instruction can be wide ranging , but many great modern day instructors are able to diagnose and prescribe swing frustrations accurately and present a clear fix that encourages the golfer in the discovery of lasting repeatability from the specific ailment that `` plagued '' them from a sound repeatable swing to play a golf course successfully ( varying terms of success as a golfer ) Many modern instructors include the following in their diagnosis  1 . visual feedback through video and bio motion analysis  2 . personalized golf club fitting for individual body and swing types  3 . on-course play under real conditions  4 . mental performance development  5 . golf specific body conditioning for optimal golf bio-mechanics   Beginning players can start lesson in several ways , but most do so in either a group or individual setting , covering the five primary skills of golf as noted above golf swing . Golf is an asymmetrical exercise that can break body balances , requiring also adequate exercises to keep the balance in muscles . Experienced recreational players often return for instruction , either to fix a specific problem they are encountering or to improve their game . Reconstruction of a golf swing to reach a high level of play often involves series of lessons over an extended period of time . Junior golfers often begin receiving instruction by age 10 or younger , and often retain private teachers even when coached on a high school golf team .   Some top instructors who work with professional golfers have become quite well known in their own right over the years , including Harvey Penick , Jack Grout , Dick Harmon , David Leadbetter , Butch Harmon , Hank Haney , Chip Thomson , Sean Foley , and Mike Bennett and Andy Plummer . Some of the teachers maintain teaching facilities or schools where they or their disciples use their methods or systems . A few instructors focus solely on a particular aspect of the sport , such as Dave Pelz with the short game . Some famous golfers have been tightly bound with their instructor , such as Jack Nicklaus with Jack Grout , while in other cases golfers have made high-profile switches from one instructor to another , such as Tiger Woods moving from Butch Harmon to various other instructors .   Recreational golfers are constantly seeking tips on how to improve , and the major golf publications such as Golf Magazine and Golf Digest devote substantial portions of their pages to instructional material of various kinds , often written by top-level instructors . Even television broadcasts of professional golf tournaments often contain short instructional segments , delivered by commentators who are also instructors such as Peter Kostis .   Golf instruction may be augmented by training aids such as specially weighting or jointed clubs , putting cups for practice on the den room carpet , mini practice tees with feedback for use in garages , et cetera . Some training aids are sold via television infomercials and the more peculiar varieties were satirized in the 1996 film Tin Cup .   Golf instruction is no guarantee of success or improved play in the game . Bad mechanics can be deeply ingrained in a subject 's swing , and psychological factors can also hinder progress . The 2009 Golf Channel program The Haney Project : Charles Barkley showcased some of these issues , as Hank Haney attempted to fix former NBA great Charles Barkley 's infamously bad swing .

neg: Association of Tennis Professionals The Association of Tennis Professionals ( ATP ) was formed in September 1972 by Donald Dell , Bob Briner , Jack Kramer , and Cliff Drysdale to protect the interests of male professional tennis players . Drysdale became the first President . Since 1990 , the association has organized the worldwide tennis tour for men and linked the title of the tour with the organization 's name . In 1990 the organization was called the ATP Tour , which was renamed in 2001 as just ATP and the tour being called ATP Tour . In 2009 the name was changed again and is now known as the ATP World Tour . It is an evolution of the tour competitions previously known as Grand Prix tennis tournaments and World Championship Tennis ( WCT ) .   The ATP 's global headquarters are in London , United Kingdom . ATP Americas is based in Ponte Vedra Beach , United States ; ATP Europe is headquartered in Monaco ; and ATP International , which covers Africa , Asia and Australasia , is based in Sydney , Australia .   The counterpart organization in the women 's professional game is the Women 's Tennis Association ( WTA ) .

neg: Atlanta Open Atlanta Open may refer to :   Atlanta Open ( tennis ) , a men 's tennis tournament on the ATP World Tour 250 Series  Atlanta Classic , a defunct men 's golf tournament on the PGA Tour

neg: Junior golf ' refers to the game of golf being played by boys and girls who have not finished secondary school or reached the age of 19 , whichever comes first .   More specifically , any person falling under the above definition who has played at least one round of golf in a given year is a junior golfer . Competitive junior golfers play in high level competitions . These competitions are found on junior tours such as the American Junior Golf Association , Future Stars Golf Series , International Junior Golf Tour ( IJGT ) , Tarheel Junior Golf , Texas Legends Junior Tour , . Competitions are ranked by national services to identify the best players of a country .  In the UK there are a number of junior golf tours with the largest being run by the Independent Schools Golf Association ( ISGA ) , and the British Schools Golf Association ,   The number 1 aged 12 golfer is Aarian Matharu and he has won hundreds of trophies   Among the most prominent national junior tournaments are the U.S. Junior Amateur , U.S. Girls ' Junior , the Western Junior the Northern Junior , SDJGA IMG Junior World Championships and The Press Thornton Future Masters .   The First Tee is an international youth development organization introducing the game of golf and its inherent values to young people . Their focus is to positively impact the lives of kids and teens from all walks of life by reinforcing values like integrity , respect and perseverance through the game of golf .

neg: Bettinardi Golf Bettinardi Golf is an American Golf Club company that was founded in 1998 by Robert J. Bettinardi . Bettinardi Golf is primarily known for making high-end , precision milled putters that are made in the United States of America . Additionally , Bettinardi Golf sells wedges , belt buckles , and other milled accessories .   Robert Bettinardi started his work in the putting industry in December 1991 when he walked into a golf shop and saw an advertisement from Callaway for a putter that was milled on a Bridgeport milling machine . At the time , Bettinardi owned his own manufacturing facility with CNC ( computer numerical control ) machines that did work for hydraulic companies and the communications industries . Bettinardi called Callaway who put him in touch with their designer at the time . Bettinardi was able to pick up work from this particular designer and make all of his putters from 1991-1993 . At the time , putting technology entailed milling the head and the neck of the putter separately , then welding the neck on to the head . It was during this time that Bettinardi created the first ever one-piece milled putter out of a solid block of steel .   Other designers in the golf industry noticed Bettinardi 's work which led to Robert making putters for Scotty Cameron from 1993-1998 . All Titleist putters during this timeframe were milled by Robert in his own manufacturing facility and finished in California . During this time frame , Bettinardi was the go-to for milled putters from all of the other top original equipment manufacturers in the industry .   In 1998 , Robert set out on his own to create his own brand , Bettinardi Golf .   Bettinardi Golf saw immediate success with victories on tour within the first few years of the company 's founding . The uniqueness came from the patented Honeycomb milling pattern that Bettinardi created using a jewelers bit to create a perfectly flat face .   From 2003-2005 , Bettinardi aligned with the Ben Hogan Golf company , producing putters for them as `` Hogan Milled By Bettinardi '' . The most notable victory during this period came from Jim Furyk at the 2003 US Open played at Olympia Fields CC .   Bettinardi left Hogan after Spalding , who owned Ben Hogan at the time was purchased by Callaway Golf .   From 2005-2008 , Bettinardi partnered with Mizuno Golf , and again made products under the Mizuno brand named `` Mizuno by Bettinardi '' . This partnership lasted three years and at the end of the agreement Bettinardi decided to branch out on his own again .   In 2009 , Robert Bettinardi set out on his own again to craft Bettinardi putters branded as such .   Since the partnership ended , Bettinardi Golf has earned 10 victories on the PGA Tour , and 3 on the Champions Tour . Most notably and presently , Matt Kuchar , Fred Couples , Jim Herman , Brian Gay , Edoardo Molinari , and Steven Bowditch use their putters .   PGA Tour Wins :   U.S. PGA TOUR   1999 Greater Greensboro Open - Jesper Parnevik  2000 Bob Hope Classic - Jesper Parnevik  2000 Colonial - Phil Mickelson  2001 WorldCom Classic ( Harbourtown ) -- Jose Coceres  2002 Honda Classic - Matt Kuchar  2002 Southern Farm Bureau - Luke Donald  2002 EMC World Golf Championship - Japanese team of Toshimitsu Izawa and Shigeki Maruyama  2003 103rd US Open ( Major ) - Jim Furyk  2003 Buick Open - Jim Furyk  2003 Grand Slam of Golf - Jim Furyk  2004 Buick Open - Vijay Singh  2004 86th PGA Championship ( Major ) - Vijay Singh  2004 Deutsche Bank Championship - Vijay Singh  2004 The Bell Canadian Open - Vijay Singh  2005 MCI Heritage ( Harbourtown ) - Peter Lonard  2005 The Rex Hospital Open - Eric Axley  2006 Valero Texas Open - Eric Axely  2008 Mayakoba Golf Classic - Brian Gay  2009 Verizon Heritage - Brian Gay  2009 St. Jude Classic - Brian Gay  2013 Humana Challenge ( Bob Hope ) - Brian Gay  2013 WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship - Matt Kuchar  2013 Memorial Tournament - Matt Kuchar  2013 Franklin Templeton Shootout - Matt Kuchar & Harris English  2014 RBC Heritage - Matt Kuchar  2015 AT&T Byron Nelson - Steven Bowditch   Category : Golf equipment manufacturers