query: The English language is the most commonly spoken language in the United States.

pos: English language English -LSB- ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ -RSB- is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and is now the global lingua franca . Named after the Angles , one of the Germanic tribes that migrated to England , it ultimately derives its name from the Anglia ( Angeln ) peninsula in the Baltic Sea . It is closely related to the Frisian languages , but its vocabulary has been significantly influenced by other Germanic languages , as well as by Latin and Romance languages , particularly French .   English is either the official language or one of the official languages in almost 60 sovereign states . It is the most commonly spoken language in the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada , Australia , Ireland , and New Zealand , and is widely spoken in some areas of the Caribbean , Africa , and South Asia . It is the third most common native language in the world , after Mandarin and Spanish . It is the most widely learned second language and an official language of the United Nations , of the European Union , and of many other world and regional international organisations . It is the most widely spoken Germanic language , accounting for at least 70 % of speakers of this Indo-European branch .   English has developed over the course of more than 1,400 years . The earliest forms of English , a set of Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the fifth century , are called Old English . Middle English began in the late 11th century with the Norman conquest of England , and was a period in which the language was influenced by French . Early Modern English began in the late 15th century with the introduction of the printing press to London and the King James Bible , and the start of the Great Vowel Shift . Through the worldwide influence of the British Empire , modern English spread around the world from the 17th to mid-20th centuries . Through all types of printed and electronic media , as well as the emergence of the United States as a global superpower , English has become the leading language of international discourse and the lingua franca in many regions and in professional contexts such as science , navigation , and law .   Modern English grammar is the result of a gradual change from a typical Indo-European dependent marking pattern with a rich inflectional morphology and relatively free word order , to a mostly analytic pattern with little inflection , a fairly fixed SVO word order and a complex syntax . Modern English relies more on auxiliary verbs and word order for the expression of complex tenses , aspect and mood , as well as passive constructions , interrogatives and some negation . Despite noticeable variation among the accents and dialects of English used in different countries and regions -- in terms of phonetics and phonology , and sometimes also vocabulary , grammar and spelling -- English-speakers from around the world are able to communicate with one another with relative ease .

neg: American poetry american ' poetry '' ' , the poetry of the United States , arose first as efforts by colonists to add their voices to English poetry in the 17th century , well before the constitutional unification of the thirteen colonies ( although before this unification , a strong oral tradition often likened to poetry existed among Native American societies ) . Unsurprisingly , most of the early colonists ' work relied on contemporary British models of poetic form , diction , and theme . However , in the 19th century , a distinctive American idiom began to emerge . By the later part of that century , when Walt Whitman was winning an enthusiastic audience abroad , poets from the United States had begun to take their place at the forefront of the English-language avant-garde '' .   The history of American poetry is not easy to know . Much of the American poetry published between 1910 and 1945 remains lost in the pages of small circulation political periodicals , particularly the ones on the far left , destroyed by librarians during the 1950s McCarthy era . The received narrative of Modernism proposes that Ezra Pound and T. S. Eliot were perhaps the most influential modernist English-language poets in the period during World War I . But this narrative leaves out African American and women poets who were published and read widely in the first half of the twentieth century . By the 1960s , the young poets of the British Poetry Revival looked to their American contemporaries and predecessors as models for the kind of poetry they wanted to write . Toward the end of the millennium , consideration of American poetry had diversified , as scholars placed an increased emphasis on poetry by women , African Americans , Hispanics , Chicanos and other cultural groupings .

neg: History of Springfield, Massachusetts The history of Springfield , Massachusetts ( est. 1636 ) springs in large part from its favorable geography , situated on a steep bluff overlooking the Connecticut River 's confluence with three tributaries . It was an ancient Indian crossroad for two major trade routes : Boston-to-Albany and New York City-to-Montreal . Springfield also sits on some of the northeastern United States ' most fertile soil .   Springfield was founded in 1636 as Agawam , the northernmost settlement of the Connecticut Colony . The settlement defected from Connecticut after four years , however , later joining forces with the coastal Massachusetts Bay Colony . The town changed its name to Springfield , and changed the political boundaries among what later became New England States .   Springfield flourished as a trading post and agricultural center until 1675 's King Philip 's War , when a coalition of Indians laid siege to Springfield and later burned it to the ground . Its prosperity waned for the next hundred years but , in 1777 , United States Revolutionary War leaders made it a National Armory to store weapons , and in 1795 it began manufacturing muskets .   Until 1968 , the Armory made small arms . Its first American muskets ( 1794 ) were followed by the famous Springfield rifle and the revolutionary M1 Garand and M14s . The Springfield Armory attracted generations of skilled laborers to the city , making it the United States ' longtime center for precision manufacturing ( comparable to a Silicon Valley of the Industrial Revolution ) . The Armory 's near-capture during Shays Rebellion of 1787 was among the troubles that prompted the U.S. Constitutional Convention later that year .   Innovations in the 19th and 20th centuries include the first American English dictionary ( 1805 , Noah Webster ) , the first use of interchangeable parts and the assembly line in manufacturing ( 1819 , Thomas Blanchard ) , the first American horseless car ( 1825 , again Thomas Blanchard ) , vulcanized rubber ( 1844 , Charles Goodyear ) , the first American gasoline-powered car ( 1893 , Duryea Brothers ) , the first American motorcycle company ( 1901 , `` Indian '' ) , an early commercial radio station ( 1921 , WBZ , and most famously , the world 's third-most-popular sport of basketball ( 1891 , Dr. James Naismith ) .   Throughout the latter half of the 20th century , Springfield endured a protracted decline , accelerated by the decommission of the Springfield Armory in 1969 . Springfield became increasingly like the declining , second tier Northeastern U.S. cities from which it had long been set apart . During the 1980s and 1990s , Springfield developed a new reputation for crime , political corruption , and cronyism . Seeking to overcome its downgrade , the city undertook several large ( but unfinished ) projects , including a $ 1 billion high-speed rail ( New Haven-Hartford-Springfield high-speed rail ) , a proposed $ 1 billion MGM Casino , and others .

neg: Newspapers in the United States Newspapers in the United States have been published since the 18th century and are an integral part of the culture of the United States . Although a few newspapers including the New York Times , USA Today , and the Wall Street Journal are sold throughout the United States , most U.S. newspapers are published for city or regional markets . The New York Times is often referred to as the United States ' `` newspaper of record '' .

neg: First Amendment to the United States Constitution The First Amendment ( Amendment I ) to the United States Constitution prohibits the making of any law respecting an establishment of religion , ensuring that there is no prohibition on the free exercise of religion , abridging the freedom of speech , infringing on the freedom of the press , interfering with the right to peaceably assemble , or prohibiting the petitioning for a governmental redress of grievances . It was adopted on December 15 , 1791 , as one of the ten amendments that constitute the Bill of Rights .   The Bill of Rights was originally proposed to assuage Anti-Federalist opposition to Constitutional ratification . Initially , the First Amendment applied only to laws enacted by the Congress , and many of its provisions were interpreted more narrowly than they are today . Beginning with Gitlow v. New York ( 1925 ) , the Supreme Court applied the First Amendment to states -- a process known as incorporation -- through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment .   In Everson v. Board of Education ( 1947 ) , the Court drew on Thomas Jefferson 's correspondence to call for `` a wall of separation between church and State '' , though the precise boundary of this separation remains in dispute . Speech rights were expanded significantly in a series of 20th and 21st-century court decisions which protected various forms of political speech , anonymous speech , campaign financing , pornography , and school speech ; these rulings also defined a series of exceptions to First Amendment protections . The Supreme Court overturned English common law precedent to increase the burden of proof for defamation and libel suits , most notably in New York Times Co. v. Sullivan ( 1964 ) . Commercial speech , however , is less protected by the First Amendment than political speech , and is therefore subject to greater regulation .   The Free Press Clause protects publication of information and opinions , and applies to a wide variety of media . In Near v. Minnesota ( 1931 ) and New York Times v. United States ( 1971 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that the First Amendment protected against prior restraint -- pre-publication censorship -- in almost all cases . The Petition Clause protects the right to petition all branches and agencies of government for action . In addition to the right of assembly guaranteed by this clause , the Court has also ruled that the amendment implicitly protects freedom of association .

neg: American upper class The American upper class is a social group consisting of the people who have the highest social rank and who are usually rich . People of this social class are socioeconomically distinguishable from other classes by its greater influence , power , and wealth . The American upper class is composed of members born into this class , called members of Old money ; as well as those who have acquired their wealth and influence within their own generation , called the Nouveau riche . In a CNBC Millionaire Survey it can be observed that a majority of millionaires polled , representing the wealthiest 10 percent of Americans , described themselves as middle class ( 44 % ) or upper middle class ( 40 % ) .   `` The study of attitudes is reasonably easy -LSB- ... -RSB- it 's concluded that for roughly 70 % of the population -- the lower 70 % on the wealth/income scale -- they have no influence on policy whatsoever . They 're effectively disenfranchised . As you move up the wealth/income ladder , you get a little bit more influence on policy . When you get to the top , which is maybe a tenth of one percent , people essentially get what they want , i.e. they determine the policy . So the proper term for that is not democracy ; it 's plutocracy . '' -- Noam Chomsky .   Many Politicians , heirs to fortunes , top business executives , CEOs , successful venture capitalists , those born into high society , and some celebrities may be considered members of this class . Some prominent and high-rung professionals may also be included if they attain great influence and wealth . The main distinguishing feature of this class , which is estimated to constitute roughly 1 % of the population , is the source of income . While the vast majority of people and households derive their income from wages or salaries , those in the upper class derive their income from investments and capital gains . Estimates for the size of this group commonly vary from 1 % to 2 % , while some surveys have indicated that as many as 6 % of Americans identify as `` upper class . '' Sociologist Leonard Beeghley sees wealth as the only significant distinguishing feature of this class and , therefore , refers to this group simply as `` the rich . ''   Sociologists such as W. Lloyd Warner , William Thompson and Joseph Hickey recognize prestige differences between members of the upper class . Established families , prominent professionals and politicians may be deemed to have more prestige than some entertainment celebrities who in turn may have more prestige than the members of local elites . Yet , contemporary sociologists argue that all members of the upper class share such great wealth , influence and assets as their main source of income as to be recognized as members of the same social class . As great financial fortune is the main distinguishing feature of this class , sociologist Leonard Beeghley at the University of Florida identifies all `` rich '' households , those with incomes in the top 1 % or so , as upper class .   In 1998 , Bob Herbert of The New York Times referred to modern American plutocrats as `` The Donor Class '' ( list of top donors ) and defined the class , for the first time , as `` a tiny group -- just one-quarter of 1 percent of the population -- and it is not representative of the rest of the nation . But its money buys plenty of access . ''

neg: Business English Business English is a part of English for specific purposes and can be considered a specialism within English language learning and teaching . Many non-native English speakers study the subject with the goal of doing business with English-speaking countries , or with companies located outside the English-speaking world but which nonetheless use English as a shared language or lingua franca . Much of the English communication that takes place within business circles all over the world occurs between non-native speakers . In cases such as these , the object of the exercise is efficient and effective communication . The strict rules of grammar are in such cases sometimes ignored , when , for example , a stressed negotiator 's only goal is to reach an agreement as quickly as possible . ( See linguist Braj Kachru 's theory of the `` expanding circle '' . )   Business English means different things to different people . For some , it focuses on vocabulary and topics used in the worlds of business , trade , finance , and international relations . For others it refers to the communication skills used in the workplace , and focuses on the language and skills needed for typical business communication such as presentations , negotiations , meetings , small talk , socializing , correspondence , report writing , and a systematic approach . In both of these cases it can be taught to native speakers of English , for example , high school students preparing to enter the job market .   Business English is a variant of international English . One can study it at a college or university . Institutes around the world have courses or modules in BE available , which can lead to a degree in the subject .

neg: Atlas of North American English The Atlas of North American English ( formerly , the Phonological Atlas of North America ) is an overview of the pronunciation patterns ( accents ) in all the major urbanized regional dialects of the English language spoken in the United States and Canada . It is the result of a large-scale survey by linguists William Labov , Sharon Ash , and Charles Boberg . It traces sound changes in progress in North America in the 1990s , and seeks to redefine dialect boundaries based on acoustic analysis of speech samples .   The Atlas of North American English received the Leonard Bloomfield Book Award at the 2008 meeting of the Linguistic Society of America .

neg: South Asian English South Asian English is the English of South Asia .   English was introduced to South Asia in the early 17th century and reinforced by the long rule of the British Empire .   Today it is spoken as a second language by about 33 million people , 3 % of the total population .   Although it is fairly homogeneous across the region , sharing `` linguistic features and tendencies at virtually all linguistic levels '' , there are also differences based on various factors .   South Asian English is sometimes called `` Indian English '' , as British India included most of the region , but today , the varieties of English are usually divided according to the modern states :  Bangladeshi English  Indian English  Nepali English  Pakistani English  Sri Lankan English

neg: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish Portuguese and Spanish , although closely related sister languages , differ in many details of their phonology , grammar , and lexicon . Both are part of a broader group known as West Iberian Romance , which also includes several other languages or dialects with fewer speakers , all of which are mutually intelligible to some degree .   The most obvious differences are in pronunciation . Mutual intelligibility is generally greater for the written languages than for their spoken forms . Compare , for example , the following sentences :  Al buen entendedor pocas palabras bastan ( Spanish : -LSB- -LSB- al ˈβwen entendeˈðor ˈpokas paˈlaβɾaz ˈβastan -RSB- -RSB- )  Ao bom entendedor poucas palavras bastam ( European Portuguese : -LSB- -LSB- ɐw ˈβõ ẽtẽdɨˈðoɾ ˈpo ( w ) kɐʃ pɐˈlavɾɐʒ ˈβaʃtɐ̃w -RSB- -RSB- , Brazilian Portuguese : -LSB- -LSB- aw ˈbõw ĩtẽdeˈdoʁ ˈpo ( w ) kas paˈlavɾaz ˈbastɐ̃w -RSB- -RSB- )  -- roughly equivalent to the English proverb `` A word to the wise is sufficient , '' or , a more literal translation , `` To a good listener , a few words are enough . ''   There are also some significant differences between Brazilian Portuguese and European Portuguese as there are between British and American English or Peninsular and Latin American Spanish . This article notes these differences below only where :  both Brazilian and European Portuguese differ not only from each other , but from Spanish as well ;  both Peninsular ( i.e. European ) and Latin American Spanish differ not only from each other , but also from Portuguese ; or  either Brazilian or European Portuguese differs from Spanish with syntax not possible in Spanish ( while the other dialect does not ) .  notice

neg: English in computing The English language is sometimes described as the lingua franca of computing . In comparison to other sciences , where Latin and Greek are the principal sources of vocabulary , computer science borrows more extensively from English . Due to the technical limitations of early computers , and the lack of international standards on the Internet , computer users were limited to using English and the Latin alphabet . However , this historical limitation is less present today . Most software products are localized in numerous languages and the use of the Unicode character encoding has resolved problems with non-Latin alphabets . Some limitations have only been changed recently , such as with domain names , which previously allowed only ASCII characters .

neg: History of the Latin alphabet The Latin alphabet is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world . It is the standard script of the English language and is often referred to simply as `` the alphabet '' in English . It is a true alphabet which originated in the 7th century BC in Italy and has changed continually over the last 2500 years . It has roots in the Semitic alphabet and its offshoot alphabets , the Phoenician , Greek , and Etruscan . The phonetic values of some letters changed , some letters were lost and gained , and several writing styles ( `` hands '' ) developed . Two such styles , the minuscule and majuscule hands , were combined into one script with alternate forms for the lower and upper case letters . Due to classicism , modern uppercase letters differ only slightly from their classical counterparts . There are few regional variants .

neg: American and British English spelling differences Many of the differences between American and British English date back to a time when spelling standards had not yet developed . For instance , some spellings seen as `` American '' today were once commonly used in Britain and some spellings seen as `` British '' were once commonly used in the United States . A `` British standard '' began to emerge following the 1755 publication of Samuel Johnson 's A Dictionary of the English Language , and an `` American standard '' started following the work of Noah Webster and in particular his An American Dictionary of the English Language , first published in 1828 .   Webster 's efforts at spelling reform were somewhat effective in his native country , resulting in certain well-known patterns of spelling differences between the American and British varieties of English . But English-language spelling reform has rarely been adopted otherwise , and thus modern English orthography varies somewhat between countries and is far from phonemic in any country .

neg: Language Language is the ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication , particularly the human ability to do so , and a language is any specific example of such a system . The scientific study of language is called linguistics . Questions concerning the philosophy of language , such as whether words can represent experience , have been debated since Gorgias and Plato in Ancient Greece . Thinkers such as Rousseau have argued that language originated from emotions while others like Kant have held that it originated from rational and logical thought . 20th-century philosophers such as Wittgenstein argued that philosophy is really the study of language . Major figures in linguistics include Ferdinand de Saussure and Noam Chomsky .   Estimates of the number of languages in the world vary between 5,000 and 7,000 . However , any precise estimate depends on a partly arbitrary distinction between languages and dialects . Natural languages are spoken or signed , but any language can be encoded into secondary media using auditory , visual , or tactile stimuli -- for example , in whistling , signed , or braille . This is because human language is modality-independent . Depending on philosophical perspectives regarding the definition of language and meaning , when used as a general concept , `` language '' may refer to the cognitive ability to learn and use systems of complex communication , or to describe the set of rules that makes up these systems , or the set of utterances that can be produced from those rules . All languages rely on the process of semiosis to relate signs to particular meanings . Oral , manual and tactile languages contain a phonological system that governs how symbols are used to form sequences known as words or morphemes , and a syntactic system that governs how words and morphemes are combined to form phrases and utterances .   Human language has the properties of productivity and displacement , and relies entirely on social convention and learning . Its complex structure affords a much wider range of expressions than any known system of animal communication . Language is thought to have originated when early hominins started gradually changing their primate communication systems , acquiring the ability to form a theory of other minds and a shared intentionality . This development is sometimes thought to have coincided with an increase in brain volume , and many linguists see the structures of language as having evolved to serve specific communicative and social functions . Language is processed in many different locations in the human brain , but especially in Broca 's and Wernicke 's areas . Humans acquire language through social interaction in early childhood , and children generally speak fluently when they are approximately three years old . The use of language is deeply entrenched in human culture . Therefore , in addition to its strictly communicative uses , language also has many social and cultural uses , such as signifying group identity , social stratification , as well as social grooming and entertainment .   Languages evolve and diversify over time , and the history of their evolution can be reconstructed by comparing modern languages to determine which traits their ancestral languages must have had in order for the later developmental stages to occur . A group of languages that descend from a common ancestor is known as a language family . The Indo-European family is the most widely spoken and includes languages as diverse as English , Russian and Hindi ; the Sino-Tibetan family , which includes Mandarin , Bodo and the other Chinese languages , and Tibetan ; the Afro-Asiatic family , which includes Arabic , Somali , and Hebrew ; the Bantu languages , which include Swahili , and Zulu , and hundreds of other languages spoken throughout Africa ; and the Malayo-Polynesian languages , which include Indonesian , Malay , Tagalog , and hundreds of other languages spoken throughout the Pacific . The languages of the Dravidian family that are spoken mostly in Southern India include Tamil and Telugu . Academic consensus holds that between 50 % and 90 % of languages spoken at the beginning of the 21st century will probably have become extinct by the year 2100 .

neg: English law (disambiguation) English Law , English Bill , English Act , or variation , may refer to :   Law of the United Kingdom  English law , the law of England  Common law , the body of laws descended from England  Legal English , the specialized English used in courts of law and legal writing  English Bill , a bill proposed by William Hayden English in the United States Congress  English Language Unity Act , the bill introduced to define English as the official language of the United States  Charter of the French Language ( Bill 101 ) , the act of law banning and proscribing uses of English in Quebec  Pleading in English Act 1362 , the law of England making English instead of courtly French the language of the courts of England  The secular laws of jurisdictions in which Amish communities exist ( `` English '' being the non-Amish ) , see Amish life in the modern world

neg: Chicano English Chicano English , or Mexican American English , is a dialect of American English spoken primarily by Mexican Americans ( sometimes known as Chicanos ) , particularly in the Southwestern United States , ranging from Texas to California but also apparent in Chicago . Chicano English is sometimes mistakenly conflated with Spanglish , which is a grammatically simplified mixing of Spanish and English ; however , Chicano English is a fully formed and native dialect of English , not a `` learner English '' or interlanguage . It is even the native dialect of some speakers who know little to no Spanish .

neg: Language arts Language Arts ( also known as English Language Arts ) is the name given to the study and improvement of the arts of language . Traditionally , the primary divisions in language arts are literature and language , where language in this case refers to both linguistics , and specific languages . According to the International Council of Teachers of English , the five strands of the language arts are reading , writing , speaking , listening , and viewing ( visual literacy ) .   According to professors of the language arts , the most important topic of it is debating . When writing essays , the important part is stated to be the argument -- for instance , the opinion of the writer , the opinion of an expert , or the opinion of a specialized human . Another important part of the debating in the essay ( of language arts ) is the proof . The writer can have statistical proof , or other forms of numerical , phonetic , and symbolic proof .

neg: History of education in England The history of education in England can be documented to the Anglo-Saxons ' settlement of England . During the Middle Ages , schools were established to teach Latin grammar to the sons of the aristocracy , as part of preparation also for the entry of some into the clergy and religious orders . The church preserved literacy and learning during this period , and education was closely tied to the religious vocation , in order to read the Bible and related documents . Apprenticeship was the main way for youths to enter practical occupations . Two universities were established in affiliation with the church : the University of Oxford , followed by the University of Cambridge , both related closely to training for clergy . A reformed system of `` free grammar schools '' was established in the reign of Edward VI .   The Protestant Reformation had a major influence on education and literacy in England , as it encouraged the reading of the Bible in the vernacular of the people . ( Formerly , the Bible was printed only in Latin , the official language of the Catholic Church . ) Counties in the east of England , which had frequent interaction with the Low Countries , where the Reformation movement had flourished , developed a higher rate of literacy in the early years of the Reformation than did other areas of England .   In the 19th century the Church of England sponsored most formal education until the government established free , compulsory education towards the end of that century . University College London was established as the first secular college in England , open to students of all religions ( or none , ) followed by King 's College London ; the two institutions formed the University of London . Durham University was also established in the early nineteenth century . Towards the end of the century , the `` redbrick '' universities , new public universities , were founded .   The 1944 Education Act established the Tripartite System of grammar schools and secondary modern schools . The school leaving age was raised to 16 in 1972 .

neg: Freedom of speech in the United States In the United States , freedom of speech and expression is strongly protected from government restrictions by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution , many state constitutions , and state and federal laws . The Supreme Court of the United States has recognized several categories of speech that are given lesser or no protection by the First Amendment and has recognized that governments may enact reasonable time , place , or manner restrictions on speech . The First Amendment 's constitutional right of free speech , which is applicable to state and local governments under the incorporation doctrine , only prevents government restrictions on speech , not restrictions imposed by private individuals or businesses unless they are government acting on behalf of the government . However , laws may restrict the ability of private businesses and individuals from restricting the speech of others , such as employment laws that restrict employers ' ability to prevent employees from disclosing their salary with coworkers or attempting to organize a labor union . The First Amendment 's freedom of speech right not only proscribes most government restrictions on the content of speech and ability to speak , but also protects the right to receive information , prohibits most government restrictions or burdens that discriminate between speakers , restricts the tort liability of individuals for certain speech , and prevents the government from requiring individuals and corporations to speak or finance certain types of speech with which they do n't agree .   Criticism of the government , political advocacy , and advocacy of unpopular ideas that people may find distasteful or against public policy are almost always permitted . Categories of speech that are given lesser or no protection by the First Amendment include obscenity ( as determined by the Miller test ) , fraud , child pornography , speech that incites imminent lawless action , and regulation of commercial speech such as advertising . Within these limited areas , other limitations on free speech balance rights to free speech and other rights , such as rights for authors over their works ( copyright ) , protection from imminent or potential violence against particular persons , restrictions on the use of untruths to harm others ( slander ) , and communications while a person is in prison . When a speech restriction is challenged in court , it is presumed invalid and the government bears the burden of convincing the court that the restriction is constitutional .   The right to freedom of expression includes the right to take and publish photographs of strangers in public areas without their permission or knowledge .

neg: Philadelphia English Philadelphia English is a variety or dialect of American English native to Philadelphia and extending into Philadelphia 's suburbs in the Delaware Valley and South Jersey . The Philadelphia accent is one of the best-studied , as Philadelphia 's University of Pennsylvania is the home institution of pioneering sociolinguist William Labov . Philadelphia English shares some distinct features with New York City English and Midland American English , although it is still its own very distinct dialect . However , the closest relative of the Philadelphia accent of the mid-twentieth century is the Baltimore accent , both of which constitute what Labov describes as a single `` Mid-Atlantic '' regional dialect .   According to linguist Barbara Johnstone , migration patterns and geography affected the dialect 's development , which was especially influenced by immigrants from Northern England , Scotland , and Northern Ireland . The accent is commonly found within the Irish American and Italian American working class neighborhoods .

neg: Simple present The simple present , present simple or present indefinite is one of the verb forms associated with the present tense in modern English . It is commonly referred to as a tense , although it also encodes certain information about aspect in addition to present time .   It is called `` simple '' because its basic form consists of a single word ( like write or writes ) , in contrast with other present tense forms such as the present progressive ( is writing ) and present perfect ( has written ) . For nearly all English verbs the simple present is identical to the base form ( dictionary form ) of the verb , except when the subject is third-person singular , in which case the ending - ( e ) s is added . There are a few verbs with irregular forms , the most notable being the copula be , which has the simple present forms am , is and are .   ( ( The spelling for the verb in the third person differs depending on the ending of that verb ) )   1 . For verbs that end in - O , - CH , - SH , - SS , - X , or - Z we add - ES in the third person .   Go -- Goes /  Catch -- Catches /  Wash -- Washes /  Kiss -- Kisses /  Fix -- Fixes /  Buzz -- Buzzes   2 . For verbs that end in a consonant + Y , we remove the Y and add - IES .   Marry -- Marries /  Study -- Studies /  Carry -- Carries /  Worry -- Worries   3 . For verbs that end in a vowel + Y , we just add - S.   Play -- Plays /  Enjoy -- Enjoys /  Say -- Says   The principal use of the simple present is to refer to an action or event that takes place habitually , as in He writes for a living ( in contrast to the present progressive , which refers to something taking place at the present moment : He is writing a letter now ) . However certain verbs expressing a state , such as be and know , are used in the simple present even when referring to a temporary present state . There are also certain other uses ( including those mentioned in the following paragraph ) in which the simple present does not reflect a habitual aspect .   Like other English present tense forms , the simple present has certain uses in which it does not refer to present time . It frequently refers to the future , as in `` My train leaves tomorrow '' and `` If we win on Saturday , ... '' . It can also sometimes refer to past events -- as in newspaper headlines , for example .   For more information about the uses of constructions related to or contrasting with the simple present , see Uses of English verb forms .


query: Big Brother 18 (UK) is narrated by a dolphin.

pos: Big Brother 18 (UK) Big Brother 2017 , also known as Big Brother 18 , is the upcoming eighteenth series of the British reality television series Big Brother , hosted by Emma Willis and narrated by Marcus Bentley . The series will launch on 5 June 2017 on Channel 5 in the United Kingdom . Rylan Clark-Neal will continue to present the spin-off show Big Brother 's Bit on the Side .   It will be the seventh regular series and the nineteenth series of Big Brother in total to air on Channel 5 to date .

pos: Marcus Bentley Marcus Morgan Bentley ( born 4 October 1967 ) is a British actor , broadcaster and voice-over artist . Bentley is most famous for narrating the United Kingdom 's version of the Dutch reality television programme Big Brother since its inception in 2000 . He also did other continuity announcements for Channel 4 until he left in July 2011 to continue narrating the revived Big Brother on Channel 5 . Bentley 's voice-over work and Geordie accent has led to him becoming one of Britain 's most recognised voices .   Bentley has also appeared on stage and in The Bill and London 's Burning . Although he rarely makes public appearances , his public profile has been raised since Big Brothers revival on Channel 5 .

neg: Dolphin Square Dolphin Square is a block of private flats and business complex built near the River Thames at Pimlico in London , between 1935 and 1937 . At one time , the huge development was home to more than 70 MPs , and at least 10 Lords .   At the time of its construction the development of 1,250 up-market flats was billed , according to Sir Nikolaus Pevsner as the `` largest self-contained block of flats in Europe '' and , to an extent , their design has been a model for later municipal developments .

neg: Big Brother (Slovenian TV series) Big Brother is a reality show broadcast on Kanal A in which a number of contestants live in an isolated house trying to avoid being evicted by the public with the aim of winning a large cash prize at the end of the run . It is based on the international Big Brother format produced by Endemol . It first aired on March 17 , 2007 .

neg: Boogie Beebies Boogie Beebies is a United Kingdom children 's television programme , which is produced and broadcast by the BBC . It is aired on CBeebies ( both the separate channel and CBeebies on BBC One and BBC Two ) . It won the Best Pre School Live Action award , at the BAFTA Children 's Awards in 2005 .   Each programme is fifteen minutes long , and teaches children a dance ( to a short original song ) , a different one each week . It was originally presented by Nataylia Roni and Peter Hillier . Nataylia had previous been a member of the `` teen pop '' group B-Yond who attempted to win the 1997 Great British Song Contest with the song `` Lighten ' Up '' . However , from December 2006 , it was presented by Hillier alone . It also features clips of children ( at home , in schools or in front of bluescreen ) .   In earlier series , the same programme was shown throughout the week . In the later series , a slightly different programme was shown each day . The only variant being , the verses are taught , and the chorus is only run through once .   The dance is taught segment by segment by the instructor ( s ) . In earlier programmes , the two instructors took turns with each segment . The moves to each day 's dance , as well as the theme of the song , are drawn from nature or the world around us ( i.e. , `` The Ocean Motion '' features dance moves inspired by various sea creatures ) . The programme culminates with a complete performance of the song and dance , called `` Big Video Time '' .   The name of the programme comes from the informal verb to boogie ( dance ) and the Beebies part of CBeebies . The program was advertised using a child dancing `` travolta style '' to A Fifth of Beethoven by Walter Murphy .

neg: Graham Norton's Bigger Picture Graham Norton 's Bigger Picture ( previously named The Bigger Picture with Graham Norton ) is a British comedy panel chat show broadcast on BBC One from 1 August 2005 until 20 November 2006 , in which presenter Graham Norton informally and satirically discusses the week 's news with a panel of invited celebrity guests . The show begins with the celebrities being shown in mocked-up photographs of themselves in scenes involving other celebrities , and ends with the guests introducing other mocked up photographs that humorously explain the recent behaviour of other celebrities .

neg: BBC Natural History Unit The BBC Natural History Unit ( NHU ) is a department of the BBC which produces television , radio and online content with a natural history or wildlife theme . It is best known for its highly regarded nature documentaries , including The Blue Planet and Planet Earth , and has a long association with David Attenborough 's authored documentaries , notably Life on Earth .   The Natural History Unit is a specialist department within BBC Factual Production , which is itself part of BBC Studios . Each year it produces around 100 hours of television and 50 hours of radio programmes , making it the largest wildlife documentary production house in the world . The BBC commissions programmes from the Unit for broadcast on five terrestrial television channels ( BBC One , BBC Two , BBC Four , CBBC and CBeebies ) and BBC Radio 4 . Content is marketed internationally under the BBC Earth brand by the corporation 's commercial arm , BBC Worldwide . Original content is also broadcast on the Earth Unplugged YouTube channel .   The Unit has been based in Broadcasting House , Bristol since its formation in 1957 , and has been headed by Julian Hector since 2016 .

neg: 18... 18 ... is the debut album by Chinese Singer-songwriter G.E.M. released October 2009 on Forward Music Co , Ltd. . The album contains 12 songs and consists the genres of Cantopop , Mandopop , R&B , soul and rock ballad . 18 ... was simultaneously released with the limited edition , 18 Plus , on 27 October 2009 . The 18 USB was initially released for G.E.M. 's 18 Live Concert on 11 November 2009 , however , it was later put on general sale . Due to the popularity of the album , it was republished as the 18 ... ( 3rd Edition ) , it also includes bonus track `` Smoking , Drinking & Swearing '' , Jan Lamb featuring G.E.M. , was added to the disc . Prior to the Taiwanese market , 18 ... ( Taiwanese Edition ) was released on 5 April 2010 , this edition was added three Mandarin tracks ( one is new recorded ' 寫不出的溫柔 ' and other two are previously tracks from her self-titled EP ) . It was also released with a limited edition version , however , this album has a reordered track list .

neg: Mitch Johnson (announcer) Mitchel Johnson is a British television and radio presenter . He is also the voice for many advertising campaigns in the UK and around the world . Born on the 21st August 1966 in Islington , London , he is best known for his work on Virgin Radio , Capital Radio and BBC TV .   Johnson joined Live & Kicking at the start of series 3 as the voice-over man who lived in the cupboard and was never seen on air . His voice was already well known with listeners to Virgin Radio where he presented a show of his own . His voice has since featured on several other BBC shows including Friends Like These , Children in Need , The National Lottery , Record Breakers and Comic Relief .   Johnson 's voice was heard by millions around the world announcing the Hyde Park acts at Live 8 in 2005 .   He has more recently been heard on the primetime BBC One programme Tonight 's the Night with former Live & Kicking colleague John Barrowman . Johnson can still be heard on many radio stations in the UK as the main station voice , as well as presenting on The Coast .

neg: Life (UK TV series) Life is a British nature documentary series created and produced by the BBC in association with The Open University . It was first broadcast as part of the BBC 's Darwin Season on BBC One and BBC HD from October to December 2009 . The series takes a global view of the specialised strategies and extreme behaviour that living things have developed in order to survive ; what Charles Darwin termed `` the struggle for existence '' . Four years in the making , the series was shot entirely in high definition .   Life premiered on 12 October 2009 in the United Kingdom consisting of ten 50-minute episodes . The opening programme gives a general introduction to the series , a second look at plants , and the remainder are dedicated to some of the major animal groups . They aim to show common features that have contributed to the success of each group , and to document intimate and dramatic moments in the lives of selected species chosen for their charisma or their extraordinary behaviour . A ten-minute making-of feature Life on Location aired at the end of each episode , taking the total running time to 60 minutes .   Life is produced by the BBC Natural History Unit and The Open University . It is distributed under licence by the BBC in over 50 other countries , including by the Discovery Channel in the United States and Skai TV in Greece . The original script was written and narrated by David Attenborough .

neg: Josie Gibson Josie Diane Shirley Gibson ( born 24 January 1985 ) is an English television personality . She rose to prominence after winning Big Brother 2010 and entered Ultimate Big Brother the same year . She was a regular guest host on Channel 5 magazine series OK ! TV .

neg: Bull Island (TV series) Bull Island was an Irish television and radio satirical comedy show broadcast on RTÉ One and later on RTÉ Radio 1 from 1999 until 2001 .   Featuring a cast of seven Irish comedians and impressionists , the show , which aired for half an hour weekly , satirised many aspects of Irish life .   Bull Island was created by RTÉ Producer/Director John Keogh who brought Michael Sheridan , Alan Shortt & Gary Flood together to devise & co-create the format .   Some of the notable women in power at the time , such as the then Cabinet Minister , Mary O'Rourke , and the Taoiseach Bertie Ahern 's partner Celia Larkin were played by a man , and there were regular depictions of deception and skulduggery in the Dáil bar . The opposition were usually portrayed as bumbling incompetents .   Other sketches included a regular pastiche of Paddy O'Gorman and his shows which consist of interviewing people at random - Bull Island '' 's Paddy O'Gormless would do similar , but with ever more inane interviews .   A favourite sketch , which became known as the show 's signature , was an impersonation of a long-running ad for Irish discount electrical retailer PowerCity , where actors looking surprisingly like those in the adverts , wearing the same bright red jumpers , would wax enthusiastic about prices ending in 99 pence in `` Bull Island City '' . This evolved into a stream of products costing `` 99.99.99 '' as the series progressed . As a result , PowerCity removed the pence from all their prices , and regularly charge round tens or hundreds for products instead of 99s .   Although the show was met with good reviews and ratings in its first season , the reception to later seasons was mixed and the show ended in 2001 , shortly before the 2002 general election . The same team appeared providing a 30-minute radio version of the programme on RTÉ radio within weeks .   Some of the actors behind some impressions include :   Alan Shortt - Bertie Ahern , Michael D. Higgins , Gerry Adams , Michael Noonan , Micheál Martin  Frank Twomey - Mary O'Rourke , Celia Larkin , Willie O'Dea , David Trimble  Michael Sheridan - Marian Finucane , Duncan Stewart , George Lee , Ruairi Quinn , Gerry Fleming , Gerry Daly , Ian Paisley , Jackie Healy-Rae , John de Chastelain , Christy Moore  Pakie O'Callaghan - Charlie McCreevy , Desmond O'Malley , Eamon Dunphy , Charlie Bird , Brian Farrell  Elva Crowley - Mary Harney , Power City Girl , Helen Dillon  Michelle Costello - Mildred Fox , Miriam O'Callaghan  Gary Flood - Paddy O'Gorman , Daniel O'Donnell , Dickie RockBull Island '' was written by :  Catherine Maher , Pearse Lehane , Richard Carroll , Elva Crowley , Anne Geraghty , Pakie O'Callaghan , Alan Shortt , Michael Sheridan & Gary Flood .   Produced by : John Keogh , Alan Robinson .

neg: The ITM Fishing Show The ITM Fishing Show or The Ultimate Fishing Show is a New Zealand television program about all types of sports fishing .  Host `` Matt Watson '' gained worldwide attention for successfully catching a black marlin , whilst jumping from a helicopter , although this later was proven and owned up to by Matt to be a hoax , it has gained him the nickname `` Gannet Man '' .   The show started as a low budget production in Northland in New Zealand but has now been picked up by the Discovery and Animal Planet channels and will be broadcast in the USA in October 2009 . Excerpts from the show have been a hit on YouTube where David Letterman learnt of it . When interviewed on The Late Show , Matt said , '' ... doing my job , you need balls '' .

neg: Cephalorhynchus Cephalorhynchus is a genus in the dolphin family Delphinidae . It consists of four species :  Commerson 's dolphin , C. commersonii  Chilean dolphin , C. eutropia  Heaviside 's dolphin , C. heavisidii  Hector 's dolphin , C. hectori   The species have similar physical features -- they are small , generally playful , blunt-nosed dolphins -- but they are found in distinct geographical locations .   A phylogenetic analysis by indicated the two species traditionally assigned to the genus Lagenorhynchus , the hourglass dolphin L. cruciger and Peale 's dolphin L. australis are actually phylogenetically nested among the species of Cephalorhynchus , and they suggest these two species should be transferred to the genus Cephalorhynchus . Some acoustic and morphological data support this arrangement , at least with respect to Peale 's dolphin .   According to , Peale 's dolphin and the Cephalorhynchus species are the only dolphins that do not whistle ( no acoustic data are available for the hourglass dolphin ) . Peale 's dolphin also shares with several Cephalorhynchus species the possession of a distinct white `` armpit '' marking behind the pectoral fin .

neg: Jonathan Corbett Jonathan Corbett is a British TV food channel presenter , food commentator , and Buyer working for Tesco plc. .   Born and raised in Telford , Shropshire . Corbett was educated at the Charlton School , before training as a Chef at Radbrook Catering College , Shrewsbury . His then lecturer was the wife of former British Prime Minister , John Major , Norma .   After graduating , Corbett went on to work at The Duke of Westminster 's , Chester Grovesnor hotel , before taking up a position with Marco Pierre White at the 3 Michelin Star ` The Restaurant ' in London 's Hyde Park Hotel .  After working as a Chef , Corbett was given the opportunity to work in food development & buying at the Sultan of Brunei 's Dorchester Hotel in London -- from there Corbett worked for Robert De Niro NOBU restaurant , and London 's Met Bar at the Metropolitan Hotel in similar positions .   Corbett joined Tesco in February 2007 -- and is working on the key development of Ethnic & Exotic food into the retailers stores worldwide .   In January 2010 Corbett formed The Little Big Voice , a Marketing and Innovation company based in London .   Corbett married Antonia Jones from American Express in July 2007 , in the bride 's hometown of Leyland , Lancashire UK .

neg: Jedward's Big Adventure Jedward 's Big Adventure is a children 's television programme airing on CBBC . It is hosted by Irish twins Jedward ( John and Edward Grimes ) and follows them as they visit various UNESCO historical sites around the United Kingdom .   Each teaming up with celebrity guests , the twins are tasked with learning as much about each site as possible , before leading a tour of real tourists and passing on what they 've learned .   Two series of five episodes each were produced and broadcast , whilst a third series was extended to 10 episodes , broadcast in January 2014 .

neg: Big Brother Panamá Big Brother Panamá is the Panamanian version of the reality television franchise Big Brother . It is the first season of the show , and was started broadcasting on 31 August 2016 on TVN Canal 2 . Rolando Sterling and Gaby Garrido hosting the main shows . This season the grand prize is $ 25,000 .  The house to be used for the first season is the Gran Hermano Argentina house .   Katherine Sandoval won the series on Day 92 .

neg: Breed All About It Breed All About It was a show that headlined one breed of dog , or a group of dogs , and presented facts and advice about that breed . It was aired Animal Planet . The series was hosted by Cam `` Buzz '' Brainard .   Earlier episodes of the series were significantly different from later episodes because they were produced for non-commercial broadcast on networks like the BBC networks and PBS . After the show moved to Animal Planet permanently , episodes became more structured , with specific segments dealing with different aspects of the dog breed . Sectioned included a general introduction , the breed 's history , specific health concerns for that breed , an offbeat or humorous segment featuring the unique traits of the breed , and a summary guide for what prospective owners should know about the breed .   Occasionally segments within episodes would feature one or more celebrities who own the featured dog breed , including their testimonials about life with their dogs . Some of the celebrities featured on Breed All About It include Susan Ford and her Golden Retrievers , Greg Louganis and his Great Danes , Lorrie Morgan and her Japanese Chins , and Andrew Weil and his Rhodesian Ridgebacks .   It is unknown if Breed All About It will return to air after the show ended on January 1 , 2010 . However , the Animal Planet website has archived video clips of individual dog breeds .

neg: Jedward John and Edward Grimes ( born 16 October 1991 ) , known professionally as Jedward , are an Irish singing and television presenting duo . They are identical twins and first appeared as John & Edward in the sixth series of The X Factor in 2009 , generating a phenomenon of ironic popularity described as `` the Jedward paradox '' . They finished sixth and were managed by Louis Walsh , who was their mentor during The X Factor .   Jedward have released three albums : Planet Jedward , Victory , and Young Love . The first two went double platinum in Ireland . They have released nine singles , including `` Under Pressure ( Ice Ice Baby ) '' , a mash-up of `` Under Pressure '' by Queen/David Bowie and Vanilla Ice 's `` Ice Ice Baby '' ; `` Lipstick '' , with which they represented Ireland at the Eurovision Song Contest 2011 ; and `` Waterline '' , with which they represented Ireland at the Eurovision Song Contest 2012 .   Jedward are also known for their television work , including presenting children 's series Jedward 's Big Adventure and OMG ! Jedward 's Dream Factory , and for participating in Celebrity Big Brother 8 and Celebrity Big Brother 19 of which they were announced runners-up missing out on the winning spot to Coleen Nolan . John and Edward 's combined net worth was estimated at $ 6m in September 2013 , and they have been ranked as the fifth most financially successful former X Factor UK contestants .

neg: Final 24 Final 24 is a Canadian documentary series which airs on the Discovery Channel , Global Television Network , and OWN . Released in Canada in 2006 , the series chronicles the last 24 hours of the lives of famous celebrities of the late 20th century . The series was narrated by Canadian voice artist Dave McRae for a US release in 2007 on the biography channel and by Danny Wallace in the UK .

neg: BBC Books BBC Books ( also formerly known as BBC Publishing ) is an imprint majority owned and managed by Penguin Random House through its Ebury Publishing division . The minority shareholder is BBC Worldwide , the commercial subsidiary of the British Broadcasting Corporation . The imprint has been active since the 1980s .   BBC Books publishes a range of books connected to BBC radio and television programming , including cookery , natural history , lifestyle , and behind the scenes `` making-of '' books . There are also some non-programme related biographies and autobiographies of various well-known personalities in its list .   Amongst BBC Books ' best known titles are cookery books by former TV cook Delia Smith , wildlife titles by Sir David Attenborough and gardening titles by Alan Titchmarsh . In the BBC Publishing days , it turned down The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy , a book which has now sold over 14,000,000 copies worldwide .

neg: The Jack Docherty Show The Jack Docherty Show was a nightly comedy chat show which aired on Channel 5 in the United Kingdom between 1997 and 1999 . Presented by comedian Jack Docherty the programme was one of the first to air on the channel , doing so as part of its opening night schedule on 30 March 1997 . The show was recorded at London 's Whitehall Theatre during the early evening and would then be broadcast in a late-night slot . It featured a mixture of chat with celebrity guests , comedy , and music , and followed a similar format to shows such as NBC 's Late Night with David Letterman in the United States .   Accompanying Docherty and guests was a house band , whose line-up changed from time to time . It was first briefly led by Pete Baikie , followed a few weeks later by Richard Allen . They named the studio band Pete Baikie and the Peetles and Richard Allen and the Allenoids respectively . In September 1997 a new house band , Blair , fronted by Blair MacKichan took over the role and remained until the house band was dispensed with some time in 1998 . MacKichan was better known for his appearance in the Oxo adverts during the 1980s , although he was also an accomplished musician .   Docherty was frequently absent from the programme , usually during school holidays , and when this happened the show was retitled Not The Jack Docherty Show and would be presented by a stand-in . Guest presenters included Phill Jupitus , Graham Norton , Fred McAulay , Carol McGiffin , Melinda Messenger , Rich Hall and Tim Vine . Ironically the role of guest host helped to launch Graham Norton 's television career , and won him the award for best newcomer at the 1997 British Comedy Awards . Docherty -- who was also attending the ceremony -- had expected to win the award himself . Norton went on to front his own series on Channel 4 in 1998 titled So Graham Norton .   Channel 5 had originally wanted to call the show The Docherty Will See You Now , and when first on air it was broadcast five nights a week . However , as the series progressed numbers of episodes were reduced as the channel moved away from its original `` stripped and stranded '' scheduling format , and , in the first instance , because Docherty had requested that he do fewer shows . From September 1997 it dropped to four nights a week when the Friday edition was withdrawn from the schedule , then three in March 1998 after Monday 's episode was also dropped . By September 1998 the series dropped to a Tuesday and Thursday airing , while the Wednesday slot was then taken up with the somewhat similar Melinda 's Big Night In , a chat show hosted by Melinda Messenger . One weekly episode of The Jack Docherty Show was aired during its last few months , before the final edition went out on 23 June 1999 .   The decreasing number of weekly editions also had much to do with the show 's poor viewing figures . Often these would be higher when Docherty was absent , with model Melinda Messenger achieving higher viewing figures when she stood in for him . The show was also panned by critics , particularly when , in 1998 , Docherty decided not to renew his contract with Channel 5 when it expired at the end of that year . In November 1998 a television reviewer in The Independent observed : `` In effect , The Jack Docherty Show ( C5 , Tue and Thur ) is working out its notice . And boy , does it show . It 's as if Docherty is perfunctorily doing his job even as the removal men are dismantling the show and packing it off to the archive . The house band has gone , the flats of the set have been taken down , and the script has been stowed at the bottom of a cardboard box file . '' This sentiment was echoed in the 19 February 1999 edition of Private Eye , which claimed that Docherty had closed one episode with the words , `` In line with Channel 5 policy , it 's past eleven o'clock and time for some tatty pornography '' , and had then simulated fellatio on a pizza salesman . The scene was edited out before broadcast in what Private Eye suggested was a decision influenced by criticism of Channel 5 , which at the time included soft-core pornography in its schedule . In January 2010 , The Guardian '' 's Sam Leith wrote that The Jack Docherty Show '' had `` died a death '' , musing : `` I 'm not sure even Jack Docherty remembers it very well . ''   In March 1999 , Docherty said of his departure that he felt the show had `` burned out '' and was running out of guests . In a 2008 interview he said the role of chat show host had not suited him , and that he had not enjoyed it . `` You would be talking to people about what they were doing , and you actually wanted to be doing it yourself . '' However , the programme is notable for featuring some of the first television work of writers Kevin Cecil and Andy Riley , Jesse Armstrong and Sam Bain , and writer/performers David Mitchell and Robert Webb , all of whom have gone on to have successful comedy careers .


query: Yamaha Corporation plays musical instruments.

pos: Yamaha Corporation ( -LSB- jəˈmɑːhə -RSB- or -LSB- ˈjɑːməhə -RSB- -LSB- jamaha -RSB- ) is a Japanese multinational corporation and conglomerate based in Japan with a very wide range of products and services , predominantly musical instruments , electronics , motorcycles and power sports equipment . It is one of the constituents of Nikkei 225 and is the world 's largest piano manufacturing company .

neg: Rhythm band The rhythm band is one of the primary methods of introducing children to playing music . Children are given maracas , tambourines , bells , rhythm sticks and other idiophones with which to beat out a simple rhythm while the teacher plays a song , usually on the piano . Alternatively , the teacher does not play a melody but also a rhythm instrument , so that only rhythms are played . Children can also make a rhythm band `` just for fun '' for themselves , without a teacher .   If the participants like very loud music , noisemakers like the pea whistle , the recorder head joint , the vuvuzela or the ratchet can be included into the rhythm band , as well as other very loud rhythm instruments like the snare drum .   Rhythm bands are usually found in nursery schools or kindergartens , but of course children also can make a rhythm band at home . Melodic instruments are introduced to the children in the first or second year of regular school . But in principle , a rhythm band can be made in every age , with more difficult rhrythms if the participants are older .   It is not uncommon for adult musical organizations to employ numerous rhythm players , as in Latin American music , or to distribute rhythm instruments for audience members to accompany a live performance .   Category : Early childhood education  Category : Music education

neg: Tom Lee Music Tom Lee Music Hong Kong is the largest musical instrument retailer in Hong Kong . As of 2016 , it operates 17 stores in Hong Kong . Founded in 1953 by Thomas Tse-ven Lee , the company obtained Yamaha musical instruments ' exclusive distribution rights for the Hong Kong market in 1960 and has operated as their sole distributor in the territory ever since .

neg: Characteristics of progressive rock Progressive rock is a term that refers to a musical style . The term was originally referred to as `` classical rock '' ( in which a band performed together with an orchestra ) , but the term 's use has expanded in recent years to include other fusions of music styles including jazz fusion , metal and folk rock musics . The term does not refer to one particular music style but to an approach that combines elements of diverse styles . Jerry Ewing , editor of Prog Magazine , explains that `` Prog is not just a sound , it 's a mindset . '' Dream Theater guitarist John Petrucci outlines that Progressive rock is defined by its very lack of stylistic boundaries . The advent of the concept album , plus the genre 's roots in psychedelia , led albums and performances to be viewed as combined presentations of music , lyrics , and visuals .   Bands abandoned the short pop single in favor of instrumentation and compositional techniques more frequently associated with jazz or classical music as part of an effort to give rock music the same level of musical sophistication and critical respect . Progressive rock abandons the danceable beat that defines earlier rock styles and is more likely than other types of popular music to experiment with compositional structure , instrumentation , harmony and rhythm , or lyrical content . It may demand more effort on the part of the listener than other types of music .   Musicians in progressive rock typically display a high degree of instrumental skill , although this is not always the case . Virtuoso instrumental skills are so closely associated with progressive rock that authors such as Bill Martin consider it as a defining element and exclude bands such as Pink Floyd from consideration . It is not uncommon for musicians to have received a higher-than-average level of formal training . Players from the genre frequently appear in readers ' polls of publications that cater to musicians .

neg: Casio is a multinational consumer electronics and commercial electronics manufacturing company headquartered in Shibuya , Tokyo , Japan . Its products include calculators , mobile phones , digital cameras , electronic musical instruments , and digital watches . It was founded in 1946 , and in 1957 released the world 's first entirely electric compact calculator . Casio was an early digital camera innovator , and during the 1980s and 1990s , the company developed numerous affordable home electronic keyboards for musicians .

neg: Yanagisawa Wind Instruments Yanagisawa Wind Instruments is a Japanese woodwind company known for its range of professional grade saxophones . Along with Yamaha they are one of the leading manufacturers of saxophones in Japan . The company currently manufactures sopranino , soprano , alto , tenor and baritone saxophones .

neg: Beiijing HsingHai Musical Instruments Corporation The Beiijing HsingHai Musical Instruments Corporation LTD. ( ; also called Beijing Hsinghai Piano Group Limited or Beijing Xinghai Piano Group Limited , 北京星海钢琴集团有限公司 ) , based in Beijing , is one of the largest musical instrument manufacturers in China .

neg: Music of Fujian Fujian is a Chinese province . Traditional music includes a variety of folk and classical styles . Nanyin is a style of music that dates back to the period between the Sui and Tang eras , in the 7th century . The city of Quanzhou was a major city at the time , and was situated upon an important maritime trade route , bringing elements of distant cultures to the city . The result was what is now known as nanyin or nanguan music , regarded as a `` living fossil '' of ancient Chinese music . The cities of Xiamen and Quanzhou have applied to UNESCO for recognition as masterpieces of the oral and intangible heritage of humanity .   Hakka music is literary and laid-back in tone , and consists entirely of five notes ; many folk songs only use three notes .   Shifan is a kind of music that dates to the Qing Dynasty , when it was a kind of percussive music that accompanied the Dragon Lantern Dance . Over time , string and wind instruments were added .   Chanhe arose at the Chanhe School of Buddhism , from the chanting accompanied by percussion instruments like chimes and drums . In the early 1920s , wind and string instruments were added .   Modern musical institutions in Fujian include the Quanzhou Nanyin Music Ensemble , founded in the early 1960s , and the Fuzhou Folk Music Ensemble founded in 1990 . There is also a Music and Dance Festival of Fujian Province and a Baihua Arts and Cultural Festival of Fuzhou Municipality .

neg: Korg Pa600MY The Korg Pa600MY is a musical arranger keyboard based on the Korg Pa600 . It has added unique Malaysian ethnic instruments and musical styles alongside the classic keyboard sounds of piano , brass and synthesizer . The keyboard was developed as a joint collaboration between Korg and Malaysian distributor CK Music . It was created with the aim to `` preserve and promote Malaysia 's unique blend and harmony of our three ethnic races '' .   Ethnic instruments of Malaysia 's three main races ( Malay , Chinese and Indian ) are sampled in the studio with ethnic musicians and their respective instruments . Launched in Malaysia on the 29th April 2016 , the keyboard was well received and covered by the Malaysian press .

neg: Music of Japan The music of Japan includes a wide array of performers in distinct styles both traditional and modern . The word for music in Japanese is 音楽 ( ongaku ) , combining the kanji 音 `` on '' ( sound ) with the kanji 楽 `` gaku '' ( enjoy ) . Japan is the largest physical music market in the world , with US$ 2 billion in 2014 and the second largest overall music market , with a total retail value of 2.6 billion dollars in 2014dominated by Japanese artists , with 37 of the top 50 best selling albums and 49 of the top 50 best selling singles in 2014 .   Local music often appears at karaoke venues , which is on lease from the record labels . Traditional Japanese music is quite different from Western music as it is often based on the intervals of human breathing rather than mathematical timing .

neg: Roland MT-32 The Roland MT-32 Multi-Timbre Sound Module is a MIDI synthesizer module first released in 1987 by Roland Corporation . It was originally marketed to amateur musicians as a budget external synthesizer with an original list price of $ 695 . However , it became more famous along with its compatible modules as an early de facto standard in computer music . Since it was made prior to the release of the General MIDI standard , it uses its own proprietary format for MIDI file playback .   Within Roland 's family of Linear Arithmetic ( LA ) synthesizers , the multitimbral MT-32 series constitutes the budget prosumer line for computer music at home , the multitimbral D-5 , D-10 , D-20 and D-110 models constitute the professional line for general studio use , and the high-end monotimbral D-50 and D-550 models are for sophisticated multi-track studio work . It was the first product in Roland 's line of Desktop Music System ( DTM ) packages in Japan .

neg: Yamaha VSS-200 The Yamaha PortaSound VSS-200 is a portable musical keyboard released by the Yamaha Corporation in 1988 .   The VSS-200 is one of three sampling keyboards in the PortaSound series , along with the VSS-30 and the VSS-100 . It uses FM Synthesis to generate sounds and contained 100 presets . It can also record short samples using the built-in microphone , or via a line in on the rear of the unit . It is also possible to sample the internal sounds in order to process them with the DSP effects . Samples can be assigned to the melody ( default setting ) , bass , and chord sections , allowing them to be used as part of the auto accompaniment modes .   The VSS-200 has become a popular keyboard for circuit bending in recent years .

neg: Music video game A music video game , also commonly known as a music game , is a video game where the gameplay is meaningfully and often almost entirely oriented around the player 's interactions with a musical score or individual songs . Music video games may take a variety of forms and are often grouped with puzzle games due to their common use of `` rhythmically generated puzzles '' .   Strong support for the convergence of live music and video games is evident with the success of the Video Games Live concert series . Emergent games for live concert performance , `` game-scores '' , augment traditional western music notation with the dramatic elements of animation , interactivity , graphic elements and aleatoric principles ( Anigraphical Music ) . The concept of incorporating game theory and music is not new and can be traced back to Musikalisches Würfelspiel .   Music video games are distinct from purely audio games ( e.g. the 1997 Sega Saturn release Real Sound : Kaze no Regret ) in that they feature a visual feedback , to lead the player through the game 's soundtrack , although eidetic music games can fall under both categories .

neg: Audio-Technica , is a Japanese company that designs and manufactures professional microphones , headphones , phonographic magnetic cartridges , and other audio equipment .

neg: List of Yamaha products A list of products made by Yamaha Corporation . Please note that many of the items listed here are no longer in production . For example , the YAS-21 student-grade alto saxophone of the 1970s was superseded by the YAS-23 and YAS-25 saxophones during the 1990s . When manufacture of the YAS-23 and YAS-25 ended they were superseded by the YAS-275 , which was in production as of 2010 , but was eventually replaced by the YAS-280 .

neg: Double bass The double bass , or simply the bass ( and numerous other names ) , is the largest and lowest-pitched bowed string instrument in the modern symphony orchestra . It is a transposing instrument and is typically notated one octave higher than sounding to avoid excessive ledger lines below the staff . The double bass is the only modern bowed string instrument that is tuned in fourths ( like a viol ) , rather than fifths , with strings usually tuned to E1 , A1 , D2 and G2 . The instrument 's exact lineage is still a matter of some debate , with scholars divided on whether the bass is derived from the viol or the violin family .   The double bass is a standard member of the orchestra 's string section , as well as the concert band , and is featured in concertos , solo and chamber music in Western classical music . The bass is used in a range of other genres , such as jazz , 1950s-style blues and rock and roll , rockabilly , psychobilly , traditional country music , bluegrass , tango and many types of folk music .   The double bass is played either with a bow ( arco ) or by plucking the strings ( pizzicato ) . In orchestral repertoire and tango music , both arco and pizzicato are employed . In jazz , blues , and rockabilly , pizzicato is the norm . Classical music uses just the natural sound produced acoustically by the instrument ; so does traditional bluegrass . In jazz , blues , and related genres , the bass is typically amplified with an amplifier and speaker .

neg: Pe'z is a Japanese jazz instrumental band consisting of five men , dubbed `` The Samurai Jazz Band . '' They have been signed onto Sony Music Japan since 2008 .

neg: Audio mining Audio mining is a technique by which the content of an audio signal can be automatically analysed and searched . It is most commonly used in the field of automatic speech recognition , where the analysis tries to identify any speech within the audio . The audio will typically be processed by a speech recognition system in order to identify word or phoneme units that are likely to occur in the spoken content . This information may either be used immediately in pre-defined searches for keywords or phrases ( a real-time `` word spotting '' system ) , or the output of the speech recogniser may be stored in an index file . One or more audio mining index files can then be loaded at a later date in order to run searches for keywords or phrases .   The results of a search will normally be in terms of hits , which are regions within files that are good matches for the chosen keywords . The user may then be able to listen to the audio corresponding to these hits in order to verify if a correct match was found .   Audio mining systems used in the field of speech recognition are often divided into two groups : those that use Large Vocabulary Continuous Speech Recognisers ( LVCSR ) and those that use phonetic recognition .   Musical audio mining ( also known as music information retrieval ) relates to the identification of perceptually important characteristics of a piece of music such as melodic , harmonic or rhythmic structure . Searches can then be carried out to find pieces of music that are similar in terms of their melodic , harmonic and/or rhythmic characteristics .

neg: Prehistoric music Prehistoric music ( previously primitive music ) is a term in the history of music for all music produced in preliterate cultures ( prehistory ) , beginning somewhere in very late geological history . Prehistoric music is followed by ancient music in different parts of the world , but still exists in isolated areas . However , it is more common to refer to the `` prehistoric '' music which still survives as folk , indigenous or traditional music . Prehistoric music is studied alongside other periods within music archaeology .   Findings from paleolithic archaeology sites suggest that prehistoric people used carving and piercing tools to create instruments . Archeologists have found Paleolithic flutes carved from bones in which lateral holes have been pierced . The Divje Babe flute , carved from a cave bear femur , is thought to be at least 40,000 years old . Instruments such as the seven-holed flute and various types of stringed instruments , such as the Ravanahatha , have been recovered from the Indus Valley Civilization archaeological sites . India has one of the oldest musical traditions in the world -- references to Indian classical music ( marga ) are found in the Vedas , ancient scriptures of the Hindu tradition . The earliest and largest collection of prehistoric musical instruments was found in China and dates back to between 7000 and 6600 BCE .

neg: Vibrato unit A vibrato unit is an effects unit used to add tremolo to the sound of an electric instrument , most often an electric guitar . Vibrato units may be individual stomp boxes or built into multi-effects units , but are traditionally built into guitar amplifiers .   Vibrato units are particularly used in surf music .   The name vibrato unit is contrary to normal usage of the term vibrato , and in that sense the unit is incorrectly named . The guitaring tradition of using the term `` vibrato '' to refer to a tremolo effect began in 1956 with Leo Fender 's use of the term in naming the Fender Vibrolux . In all other contexts the effect produced by a traditional vibrato unit is known as tremolo rather than vibrato .   A few guitar amplifiers do feature true pitch shifting vibrato , notably some models offered in the late 1950s and into the 60s by Magnatone and presently by Juke Amplification . Still other amplifier manufacturers describe the effect , in accordance with standard music terminology , as tremolo .

neg: Organette The Organette was a mechanical free-reed instrument first manufactured in the late 1870s by several companies such John McTammany of Cambridge MA , the Autophone Company of Ithaca NY , the Automatic Organ Co of Boston MA , E.P. Needham & Sons of New York NY , J.M. Draper of London England , Paul Ehrlich & Co. of Leipzig Germany , and The Mechanical Orguinette Co. of New York NY as well as other manufacturers worldwide .   The organette ( or orguinette ) used rolls of perforated paper , perforated cardboard , perforated metal disks and wooden rollers ( or `` cobs '' ) on which the music was recorded . Musical scales ranged from 14 to 39 notes depending on the instrument 's complexity . Air pressure or vacuum was produced by hand - , crank - or foot-operated mechanical bellows . The organette was compact and affordable with large selections of music available . Various patents credit Henry Bishop Horton ( 1819-1885 ; co-founder of the Ithaca Calendar Clock Co ) , John McTammany ( 1845-1915 ) , Paul Ehrlich and others with inventing the organette . The organette 's popularity declined as the phonograph was introduced and became more affordable .  The most remarkable feature of this invention is the regularity and perfection with which the music is rendered . All of the parts are played and the music is of no mean order . Scientific American ( 19 November 1879 )