query: Audi used to have the pet "Truth in Engineering."

pos: Audi Audi ( -LSB- ˈʔaʊ̯dɪ ʔaːˈgeː -RSB- ) is a German automobile manufacturer that designs , engineers , produces , markets and distributes luxury vehicles . Audi is a member of the Volkswagen Group and has its roots at Ingolstadt , Bavaria , Germany . Audi-branded vehicles are produced in nine production facilities worldwide .   The origins of the company are complex , going back to the early 20th century and the initial enterprises ( Horch and the Audiwerke ) founded by engineer August Horch ; and two other manufacturers ( DKW and Wanderer ) , leading to the foundation of Auto Union in 1932 . The modern era of Audi essentially began in the 1960s when Auto Union was acquired by Volkswagen from Daimler-Benz . After relaunching the Audi brand with the 1965 introduction of the Audi F103 series , Volkswagen merged Auto Union with NSU Motorenwerke in 1969 , thus creating the present day form of the company .   The company name is based on the Latin translation of the surname of the founder , August Horch . `` Horch '' , meaning `` listen '' in German , becomes `` audi '' in Latin . The four rings of the Audi logo each represent one of four car companies that banded together to create Audi 's predecessor company , Auto Union . Audi 's slogan is Vorsprung durch Technik , meaning `` Advancement through Technology '' . However , Audi USA had used the slogan `` Truth in Engineering '' from 2007 to 2016 , and has not used the slogan since 2016 . Audi , along with BMW and Mercedes are among the best-selling luxury automobile brands in the world .

neg: Chrysler Turbine Car Chrysler Turbine Cars are automobiles powered by gas turbine engines that Chrysler made from 1962-1964 . Bodies for the Chrysler Turbine were made by Ghia in Turin , Italy , with final assembly taking place in a small plant in Detroit , Michigan , USA . After a period of testing , the vehicles were reclaimed by Chrysler ; all but nine were destroyed .   The Chrysler Turbine Car was the first and only consumer test ever conducted of gas turbine-powered cars . Of the total 55 units built ( 5 prototypes and 50 `` production '' cars ) , most were scrapped at the end of a trial period , with only nine remaining in museums and private collections . Though Chrysler 's turbine engine project was terminated in 1977 , the Turbine Car was the high point of a three decade project to perfect the engine for practical use .

neg: Engineer Engineers are people who design , construct , and maintain structures , materials and systems while considering the limitations imposed by practicality , regulation , safety , and cost . The word engineer ( Latin ingeniator ) is derived from the Latin words ingeniare ( `` to contrive , devise '' ) and ingenium ( `` cleverness '' ) . The foundation education of an engineer is typically a 4-year bachelor 's degree or in some countries , a master 's degree in an engineering discipline plus 4 -- 6 years peer-reviewed professional practice culminating in a project report or thesis .   The work of engineers forms the link between scientific discoveries and their subsequent applications to human and business needs and quality of life .

neg: Alfa Corse Alfa Corse is Alfa Romeo 's factory racing team . Throughout the years , Alfa Corse has competed in various forms of motorsport , from Grand Prix motor racing to touring car racing .   Alfa Corse was officially formed in the beginning of 1938 , after the racing department was moved back from unofficial factory team Scuderia Ferrari to `` Il Portello '' . Enzo Ferrari was still in charge of department , but left one year later to build his own cars under the name Auto-Avio Costruzioni . From 1961 Alfa Romeo factory racing team was run by Autodelta .   Alfa Romeo was purchased by the Fiat Group in 1986 , and in 1987 , Giorgio Pianta was moved from the management of Abarth to restart Alfa Corse . After aborted attempts at producing the 164 Procar with Brabham and moving into the World Sports Prototype Championship , Alfa Corse settled on a return to touring car racing , starting with the Italian CIVT series , in 1992 , with the 155 GTA . In 1993 , Alfa Corse entered the DTM with the AWD V6-powered 155 TI , and created a Supertouring model , that would on got win the Italian Superturismo , the BTCC and the Spanish Touring Car Championship .   Alfa Romeo withdrew from the DTM ( now named International Touring Car Challenge ) at the end of 1996 , and Pianta was replaced by Francesco Galletto . When the 156 replaced the 155 , it was developed for Supertouring and Superproduction classes , racing in the European Touring Car Championship . In 2001 , Alfa Corse merged with Mauro Sipsz 's independent firm , Nordauto Engineering , to form N.Technology .

neg: Ford Taunus V4 engine The Taunus V4 was a 60 ° V4 piston engine with one balance shaft , introduced by Ford Motor Company in Germany in 1962 . The German V4 was built in the Cologne plant and powered the Ford Taunus and German versions of the Consul , Capri and Transit .   In common with other V4 and V6 engines , but unlike longer V engines with more cylinders , the connecting rods do not share a crankpin on the crankshaft .   The V4 was later expanded into the Ford Cologne V6 engine that was used in the Ford Capri , Ford Taunus , Ford Cortina , Ford Consul , Ford Granada , Ford Sierra , Ford Scorpio , Ford Ranger , Ford Explorer , Ford Mustang , Mercury Capri , and many other cars . The V4 engine was ( and still is ) also used in industrial applications : pumps , electrical generators , and in agricultural machinery and snowcats . In automobiles , the Taunus V4 was replaced by the Ford OHC/Pinto engine .   Initially the V4 engine was designed by Ford for a new entry compact car intended for the US market to be called the Ford `` Cardinal '' , which eventually evolved into the Taunus 12m P4 . Ford abandoned the `` Cardinal '' project and instead built the Ford Falcon for North America . Ford then sought other uses for the V4 engine which was initially tested in the Saab 96 . Ford bought several Saab 96s for testing and eventually sold the cars back to Saab with the V4 engines in them . Saab tested the V4s at their Trollhattan test track which stimulated Saab to acquire the V4 engine for their 95 , 96 , and 97 ( Sonett ) models starting in mid-year 1967 production . The V4 engine eliminated the need to mix oil with fuel for the two-cycle Saab `` Shrike '' engine and provided better low end torque . Saab dealers offered the first owner a `` Lifetime Warranty '' for the V4 for US$ 50 .   Applications :  Ford Taunus  Ford Consul  Ford Transit  Ford Capri  Saab 95  Saab 96  Saab Sonett ( II-V4 and III )  Matra 530  Ford Mustang I

neg: Audi A8 The Audi A8 is a four-door , full-size , luxury sedan manufactured and marketed by the German automaker Audi since 1994 . Succeeding the Audi V8 , and now in its third generation , the A8 has been offered with both front - or permanent all-wheel drive -- and in short - and long-wheelbase variants . The first two generations employed the Volkswagen Group D platform , with the current generation deriving from the MLB platform . After the original model 's 1994 release , Audi released the second generation in late 2002 , and the third and current iteration in late 2009 .   Notable for being the first mass-market car with an aluminium chassis , all A8 models have used this construction method co-developed with Alcoa and marketed as the Audi Space Frame .   A mechanically-upgraded , high-performance version of the A8 debuted in 1996 as the Audi S8 . Produced exclusively at Audi 's Neckarsulm plant , unlike the donor A8 model , the S8 has been available only in short-wheelbase form and is fitted standard with Audi 's quattro all-wheel drive system .

neg: Lexus ES The Lexus ES ( Japanese : レクサス ・ ES , Rekusasu ES ) is a series of compact , then mid-size , and later executive car sold by Lexus since 1989 . Six generations of the sedan have been introduced to date , each offering V6 engines and the front-engine , front-wheel-drive layout . The first five generations of the ES were built on the Toyota Camry platform , with the sixth generation more closely related to the Avalon . Manual transmissions were offered until 1993 , a lower-displacement inline-four engine became an option in Asian markets in 2010 , and a gasoline-electric hybrid version was introduced in 2012 . The ES was Lexus ' only front-wheel drive vehicle until 1998 , when the related Lexus RX was introduced , and the sedan occupied the entry-level luxury car segment of the Lexus lineup in North America and other regions until the debut of the Lexus IS in 1999 . The ES name stands for `` Executive Sedan '' . However , some Lexus importers use the backronymic name , `` Elegant Sedan '' .   Introduced in 1989 , the first-generation ES 250 was one of two vehicles in Lexus ' debut lineup , the other being the flagship LS 400 . The second-generation ES 300 debuted in 1991 , followed by the third-generation ES 300 in 1996 , and the fourth-generation ES 300/330 in 2001 . The first - through fourth-generation sedans shared body styling elements with Japan-market Toyota sedans , and a domestic market equivalent , the Toyota Windom , was sold until the launch of the fifth-generation ES in 2006 . The word `` Windom '' is a combination of `` win '' and the suffix `` dom '' expresses a state of perpetual victory . The fifth-generation ES , featuring Lexus ' own L-finesse body styling , debuted in early 2006 as a 2007 model . The sixth-generation ES debuted in the first half of 2012 as a 2013 model , and features increased cabin dimensions due to a longer wheelbase which is shared with the full-size Toyota Avalon .   Lexus has positioned the ES in the comfort luxury segment , with an emphasis on interior amenities , quietness , and ride quality , in contrast with more firm-riding sport sedans . Buyers seeking more performance-focused models are targeted by the Lexus IS and rival makes , with such models offering a sportier drive with differently tuned suspensions . In Europe , Japan , and other markets where it is not available , the Lexus GS sport sedans occupy the mid-size category in the Lexus lineup . In the United States , the Lexus ES has been the best-selling Lexus sedan for over fifteen years .  __ TOC __

neg: Audichron Company Audichron Company was a company founded in the 1930s by John Franklin in Doraville , Georgia , to produce the Audichron , a talking clock . By the 1970s , there were thousands of Audichron time-of-day announcers in use all over the world . Audichron had also developed a machine to announce the temperature . During the 1970s and 1980s , Audichron began to manufacture other kinds of equipment besides time and temperature machines .   The Audichron sales force found sponsors , such as banks , for its time and temperature machines in a city . Once a sponsor had been obtained , Audichron would lease the machines to the local phone company . An Audichron field service engineer would then visit the telephone company and help install the Audichron equipment in the central office . The phone company would then hook up incoming trunks to the Audichron equipment and would bill the final customer ( e.g. , the bank ) each month for the trunks and the Audichron equipment . Audichron received payments from the telephone company .   Audichron hired `` talent '' to come into its recording studio to make recordings . Each customer could choose between a man 's voice and a woman 's on the announcements . During the 1950s , Mary Moore did the female voice . She was replaced , about 1965 , by Jane Barbe , who specialized primarily in time and weather . Pat Fleet joined , in 1981 , with customer-message recordings , coin-amount requests , and out-of-service recordings ; she rarely did time and weather .   John Doyle continues to be the only male voice . From the 1980s , the female voices were provided by Barbe and Fleet ; they were joined by Joanne Daniels , who did number-change announcements and who was the `` time lady '' for most of the Western United States .   The Audichron Company was acquired in 1989 by Electronic Tele-Communications , a manufacturer of telephone answering machines that was founded in 1949 .

neg: Buick Buick ( -LSB- ` bjuː.ɪk -RSB- ) , formally the Buick Motor Division , is an upscale automobile brand of the American manufacturer General Motors ( GM ) . For much of its existence in the North American market , Buick has been marketed as a premium automobile brand , selling luxury vehicles positioned above GM 's mainstream brands , e.g. Chevrolet , while below the flagship luxury Cadillac division . Buick-branded vehicles are also known for reliability , ranking high for reliability in Consumer Reports ' brand reliability rankings .   Buick has the distinction of being the oldest active American marque of automobile , and was the company that established General Motors in 1908 . Before the establishment of General Motors , GM founder William C. Durant had served as Buick 's general manager and major investor . Buick also has the distinction of being the first automobile maker in the world to equip its cars with overhead valve engines , which it did starting in 1904 .   In 2015 , Buick sold 1,231,941 vehicles , a record for the brand . The main market is in China , where 80 % of Buick-branded automobiles are sold . Buicks are also sold in the United States , Canada , and Mexico . Since restructuring in 2009 , GM has also started to share technology , vehicles and development between Buick and GM 's European Opel division .

neg: DKW F8 The DKW F8 compact front-wheel drive two-stroke engined saloon was introduced in 1939 . The F8 was slightly shorter than its predecessor despite having a marginally increased wheelbase . The base model , known as the Reichsklasse , was manufactured only till 1940 but the Meisterklasse sedan continued in production until 1942 . In addition to the saloons , cabriolet versions were offered .   The `` F '' in the car 's name stood for `` Front '' which referred to its front wheel drive configuration . Although in retrospect it is almost always identified as the `` F8 '' which distinguishes it from the `` F7 '' which preceded it and from the `` F9 '' which was intended to replace it , the manufacturer 's publicity material from 1939 calls it simply the `` DKW Front '' .   After the war the car reappeared in 1949 as the IFA F8 , from the Zwickau plant which now operated under Soviet control . The factory and operation was reorganized as a Volkseigener Betrieb ( or `` People Owned Enterprise '' ) Automobilwerke Zwickau ( AWZ ) . The F8 continued in production at Zwickau until approximately 1955 : in addition to the sedan and cabriolet bodies , various additional body types available post war included a delivery van and estate variant .

neg: Hydrogen fuel enhancement Hydrogen fuel enhancement is the process of using a mixture of hydrogen and conventional hydrocarbon fuel in an internal combustion engine , typically in a car or truck , in an attempt to improve fuel economy , power output , emissions , or a combination thereof . Methods include hydrogen produced through an electrolysis , storing hydrogen on the vehicle as a second fuel , or reforming conventional fuel into hydrogen with a catalyst .   There has been a great deal of research into fuel mixtures , such as gasoline and nitrous oxide injection . Mixtures of hydrogen and hydrocarbons are no exception . These sources say that contamination from exhaust gases has been reduced in all cases , and they suggest that a small efficiency increase is sometimes possible .   Many of these sources also suggest that modifications to the engine 's air-fuel ratio , ignition timing , emissions control systems , electronic control systems and possibly other design elements , might be required in order to obtain any significant results . A modified vehicle in this way may not pass mandatory anti-smog controls . Due to the inherent complexity of these subsystems , a necessity of modern engine design and emissions standards , such claims made by proponents of hydrogen fuel enhancement are difficult to substantiate and always disputed .   To date , hydrogen fuel enhancement products have not been specifically addressed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency , as no research devices or commercial products have reports available as per the `` Motor Vehicle Aftermarket Retrofit Device Evaluation Program . '' They do , however , point out that installation of such devices often involves illegally tampering with an automobile 's emissions control system , which could result in significant fines .  Environment Canada does have a research paper on the subject . In tests done in their laboratory in 2004 they found no improvement in engine efficiency or fuel economy .

neg: Donald Petersen Donald Eugene Petersen ( born September 4 , 1926 ) is an American businessman who was employed by the Ford Motor Company for 40 years , most notably as its Chief Executive Officer from 1985 to 1990 .   Born in Pipestone , Minnesota , Petersen served in the U.S. Marine Corps in World War II and the Korean War . He received his BSME from the University of Washington in 1946 and joined Ford in 1949 after receiving his MBA from the Stanford Graduate School of Business .   Donald E. Petersen became Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer of Ford Motor Company on February 1 , 1985 . Prior to his election as Chairman , Petersen was President and COO ( Chief Operating Officer ) from March 13 , 1980 . He was a member of the Board of Directors from September 8 , 1977 until his retirement in February 1990 .   Hailed a `` Most Valuable Person '' of 1988 by USA Today and `` CEO of the Year '' by Chief Executive magazine in 1989 , Petersen transformed Ford with his inclusive , team-oriented management style .   Petersen was famously known for instructing the Ford design staff to design vehicles they would be proud to buy and park in their own driveways . This change in philosophy came about after he was answered in the negative as he inquired of a Ford designer whether he was proud of the design he was working on . This watershed event culminated in the groundbreaking and wildly successful design of the Ford Taurus and Mercury Sable twins which pulled Ford out of its financial doldrums of the early 1980s and provided the motivation and profit which carried Ford for the next decade .   Petersen 's relationship with members of the founding Ford family became strained after he opposed the nomination of founder Henry Ford 's great-grandsons , Edsel Buell Ford II ( `` Edsel '' ) and William Clay Ford Jr. ( `` Billy '' , `` Bill Jr. '' , and later just `` Bill '' ) to certain committees of the board of Ford in the wake of the death of family patriarch and former Ford Chairman & CEO Henry Ford II in 1987 . Petersen 's primary motivation was to permit more time to pass before a decision was made concerning the futures of the two young Fords . The widening of this schism later cut short Petersen 's tenure at Ford , after a high-profile and public disagreement spilled over into the press regarding differences in strategic direction between Petersen and the members of the Ford family . These differences were largely due to Petersen 's purchase of the bankrupt Jaguar Cars company after a bidding war between Ford and General Motors . In this case , the press did not have the story straight , as Petersen had indicated his plan to retire , before the decision was made to acquire Jaguar . In the years since , Ford contributed major managerial resources to and several times recapitalized Jaguar with no subsequent return of investment . Ford eventually divested itself of the Jaguar asset on June 2 , 2008 . Today , Jaguar is quite profitable . He was succeeded by Harold `` Red '' Poling .   Petersen has , at various times , held director-level board positions at The Boeing Company , Dow Jones & Co. , the Hewlett-Packard Company , Capital Research and Management Company ( mutual funds ) , Axicon Technologies , Juran Center for Leadership in Quality ( Member , Exec . Advisory Board ) , College of Arts & Sciences at the University of Washington ( President , Advisory Board ) and Long Shadows Vintners . A portrait of Petersen , painted by artist Michele Rushworth hangs in the Petersen Room in the Allen Library at the University of Washington .   Petersen is a member of the Business Council , the National Academy of Engineering , SAE , the Engineering Society of Detroit and Mensa .   Petersen and his wife , Jo Anne , reside in Bloomfield Hills , Michigan , Seattle , Washington , and Montecito , California . They have two children , Leslie Price ( who was born in 1956 ) , and Donald L. Petersen ( who was born in 1958 ) . Leslie Price has a daughter named Joanne Price .

neg: Truth in Motion Truth in Motion : The U.S. Ski Team 's Road to Vancouver ( shortened to Truth in Motion ) is a 2010 documentary film , commissioned by Audi of America .

neg: Volvo YCC The Volvo YCC ( `` Your Concept Car '' ) was a concept car made by Volvo Cars presented at the 2004 Geneva Motor Show , with the stated goal of meeting the particular needs of female drivers . In order to do so , Volvo assembled a design team entirely made up of women , around October 2001 . It was a major exercise in ergonomics from the perspective of a female driver .   Those who were involved during the several stages of the project were : Maria Widell Christiansen , Eva-Lisa Andersson , Elna Holmberg , Maria Uggla , Camilla Palmertz , Cynthia Charwick , Anna Rosén , Lena Ekelund , and Tatiana Butovitsch Temm .   On the outside the car looked , at first glance , like a mildly futuristic 4-seat coupé . On closer inspection one could see that there was no hood , that is , no access panel permitting access to the car 's engine . Engine maintenance required taking out the whole front end of the car body , preferably in some establishment with the required space and equipment . This was not supposed to happen often , as the engine was designed to need an oil change only after 50,000 km and to automatically send a radio message to a garage a short time before any required maintenance .   Filling the windshield washer tank was done by a capless ball valve , right next to the capless gas tank ball valve . Volvo surveys had found ( among many other things ) that female drivers considered caps to be a major nuisance . The car featured run-flat tires , like those of wheeled armoured vehicles , in order to be able to drive all the way to a garage after a puncture and thus avoid having to change a tire by the side of the road .   Entry into the car was by the means of two gull-wing doors on the sides . The concept was a 3-door , 4-seat coupe design . It also had an upwards opening hatchback door giving access to the trunk and cargo area . All 3 doors were motorized for a sensor-based `` keyless '' entry . Pressing on a single button on the keychain automatically opened the nearest door , making it easy for somebody holding bags of groceries or other sundries to get the things in the car without putting anything down .  The interior was maximized for easy storage and good looks .   All of the textile panels or textile parts such as the seat pads or the door sides could be removed easily to change the color schemes and vary textures . The headrests had indentations to accommodate pony tails . The shifting column and the hand brake were removed from the center console to give the front seat passengers easier access to the large storage compartments located within the dashboard . The rear seat could fold up , making it easy for the driver to get a fairly big item in the car without opening the hatchback .   The bumpers and body cladding were made from tough , dent-resistant materials . The hybrid engine was economical and powerful . The five-cylinder engine produced 215 bhp .

neg: 1950s American automobile culture 1950s American automobile culture has had an enduring influence on the culture of the United States , as reflected in popular music , major trends from the 1950s and mainstream acceptance of the `` hot rod '' culture . The American manufacturing economy switched from producing war-related items to consumer goods at the end of World War II , and by the end of the 1950s , one in six working Americans were employed either directly or indirectly in the automotive industry . The United States became the world 's largest manufacturer of automobiles , and Henry Ford 's goal of 30 years earlier -- that any man with a good job should be able to afford an automobile -- was achieved . A new generation of service businesses focusing on customers with their automobiles sprang up during the decade , including drive-through or drive-in restaurants and more drive-in theaters ( cinemas ) .   The decade began with 25 million registered automobiles on the road , most of which predated World War II and were in poor condition ; no automobiles or parts were produced during the war owing to rationing and restrictions . By 1950 , most factories had made the transition to a consumer-based economy , and more than 8 million cars were produced that year alone . By 1958 , there were more than 67 million cars registered in the United States , more than twice the number at the start of the decade .   As part of the U.S. national defenses , to support military transport , the National Highway System was expanded with Interstate highways , beginning in 1955 , across many parts of the United States . The wider , multi-lane highways allowed traffic to move at faster speeds , with few or no stoplights on the way . The wide-open spaces along the highways became a basis for numerous billboards showing advertisements .   The dawning of the Space Age and Space Race were reflected in contemporary American automotive styling . Large tailfins , flowing designs reminiscent of rockets , and radio antennas that imitated Sputnik 1 were common , owing to the efforts of design pioneers such as Harley Earl .

neg: Wanderer W22 The Wanderer W22 was an upper-middle-class six-cylinder sedan introduced by Auto Union under the Wanderer brand in 1933 . It replaced the W20 8/40 PS , from which it inherited its OHV engine , developed by Ferdinand Porsche .   Two years after introduction , in 1935 , the car was renamed as the Wanderer W240 , and in 1936 it was renamed again as the Wanderer W40 . The engine and principal mechanical components remained very little changed throughout , however , as did the wheelbase and other principal chassis measurements . The car therefore was , and generally still is , regarded as a single model despite the name changes .   At launch the W22 differed from its predecessor most notably on account of its swing rear axle , supported by lateral leaf springing , adopting a pattern established by Ferdinand Porsche during his time with the ( at the time still independent ) Austrian Steyr company . Another new feature in the W22 was the hydraulic braking system .   The car was powered by a six-cylinder four-stroke ohv engine of 1950 cc driving the rear wheels via a four-speed gearbox . This was the same engine which was installed ( albeit turned around with its drive shaft facing the front of the car ) in the innovative Audi Front which was launched at the same time . As on the Audi , claimed maximum power output was 40 PS at 3,500 rpm . However , whereas the Audi received the larger engine from the new Wanderer 245 in 1935 , the Wanderer W22/W240/W40 retained the same 1950 cc engine throughout its life .   Initially the car was offered as a `` six-light '' ( six side window ) four-door saloon and as a two-door cabriolet . Additional configurations were offered a year later including a commodious six-seat `` Pullman-limousine '' .   The 1935 name change from W22 to W240 coincided with the introduction of a four-door saloon with just two principal side windows on each side . With this body the Wanderer W240 appeared streamlined beside the conservatively styled contemporary Mercedes-Benz sedans . It more closely resembled a chunkier version of the Citroën Traction introduced in France late in 1933 . At the same time the cabriolet version was modified , losing its rear side windows in favour of a more extensive hood . The `` Pullman-limousine '' continued to be offered .   There were no significant changes to the car accompanying the 1936 name change to Wanderer W40 .   The Wanderer W22/W240/W40 shared its 3000 mm wheelbase with the six-cylinder 1690 cc W21/W235/W35 and , after 1935 , the six-cylinder 2257 cc W245/W250/W45 / W50 models . Taking all the 3-metre wheelbase models together , 29,111 of these six-cylinder Wanderers were produced between 1933 and 1938 .   Auto Union did not directly replace their W22/W240/W40 . However , the larger-engined six-cylinder models were effectively replaced by the Wanderer W23 , which appeared in 1937 .

neg: Ponton (car) Ponton or pontoon styling refers to a 1930s -- 1960s design genre -- ultimately the precursor of modern automotive styling . The trend emerged as bodywork began to enclose the full width and uninterrupted length of a car , incorporating previously distinct running boards and fully articulated fenders . The fenders of an automobile with ponton styling may also be called Pontoon fenders , and the overall trend may also be known as envelope styling .   Now largely archaic , the term Ponton describes the markedly bulbous , slab-sided configuration of postwar European cars , including those of Mercedes-Benz , Opel , Auto Union , DKW , Borgward , Lancia , Fiat , Rover , Renault , and Volvo -- as well as similar designs from North America and Japan .   The term derives from the French and German word ponton , meaning ` pontoon ' . The Langenscheidt German -- English dictionary defines Pontonkarrosserie as `` all-enveloping bodywork , straight-through side styling , slab-sided styling . ''

neg: Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W211) The Mercedes-Benz W211 is a chassis designation for the Mercedes-Benz E-Class , produced from 2002 through 2009 . The W211 models replaced the W210 E-Class models and were superseded by the Mercedes-Benz W212 in 2009 . The car was available in two body types : Sedan and Estate ( Estate models were sold in Canada as Wagon ) .   The W219 , sold as the CLS `` 4-door coupe '' , was introduced as a niche model in 2005 , and is based on the W211 's mechanical package .   Launched in 2002 for the 2003 model year , the W211 E-Class was another evolution of the previous model . Before North American sales began , the car was shown in the 2002 movie Men in Black II . The W211 development program commenced in 1997 , with design work starting later on . The final designs were chosen in 1999 and German patents were later filed on December 18 , 2000 utilizing an E500 prototype . Development ended in 2001 after 48 months of development at a total cost $ 2 billion euros . Pilot production went into testing in the summer of 2001 , the W211 E-Class debut at the Brussels Motor Show in January 2002 .

neg: Ford Mustang The Ford Mustang is an American automobile manufactured by Ford . It was originally based on the platform of the second generation North American Ford Falcon , a compact car . The original 1962 Ford Mustang I two-seater concept car had evolved into the 1963 Mustang II four-seater concept car which Ford used to pretest how the public would take interest in the first production Mustang . The 1963 Mustang II concept car was designed with a variation of the production model 's front and rear ends with a roof that was 2.7 inches shorter . Introduced early on April 17 , 1964 , ( 16 days after the Plymouth Barracuda ) and thus dubbed as a `` 1964 1/2 '' by Mustang fans , the 1965 Mustang was the automaker 's most successful launch since the Model A . The Mustang has undergone several transformations to its current sixth generation .   The Mustang created the `` pony car '' class of American automobiles , affordable sporty coupes with long hoods and short rear decks and gave rise to competitors such as the Chevrolet Camaro , Pontiac Firebird , AMC Javelin , Chrysler 's revamped Plymouth Barracuda , and the first generation Dodge Challenger . The Mustang is also credited for inspiring the designs of coupés such as the Toyota Celica and Ford Capri , which were imported to the United States .

neg: Belief structure A belief structure is a distributed assessment with beliefs . It is used in the evidential reasoning ( ER ) approach for multi-criteria decision analysis to represent the performance of an alternative option on a criterion . For example , the quality of a car engine may be assessed to be `` excellent '' with a high degree of belief ( e.g. 0.6 ) due to its low fuel consumption , low vibration and high responsiveness . At the same time , the quality may be assessed to be only `` good '' with a lower degree of belief ( e.g. 0.4 or less ) because its quietness and starting can still be improved . Such an assessment can be modeled by a belief structure : Si ( engine ) ={ ( excellent , 0.6 ) , ( good , 0.4 ) -RCB- , where Si stands for the assessment of engine on the ith criterion ( quality ) . In the belief structure , `` excellent '' and `` good '' are assessment standards , whilst `` 0.6 '' and `` 0.4 '' are degrees of belief .   In the ER approach , an MCDA problem is modelled by a belief decision matrix instead of a conventional decision matrix . The difference between the two is that in the former , each element is a belief structure while in the latter , each element is a single value ( either numerical or textual ) .

neg: Ducati Ducati Motor Holding S.p.A. is an Italian company that designs and manufactures motorcycles . Headquartered in Bologna , Italy , Ducati is owned by German automotive manufacturer Audi through its Italian subsidiary Lamborghini , which is all owned by the Volkswagen Group .


query: Java contains more than half of the population of Indonesia.

pos: Indonesia Indonesia ( -LSB- ɪndəˈniːʒə -RSB- or -LSB- ˌɪndoʊˈniːziə -RSB- ; Indonesian : -LSB- ɪndonesia -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of Indonesia ( -LSB- rɛpublik ɪndonesia -RSB- ) , is a unitary sovereign state and transcontinental country located mainly in Southeast Asia with some territories in Oceania . Situated between the Indian and Pacific oceans , it is the world 's largest island country , with more than seventeen thousand islands . At 1,904,569 km2 , Indonesia is the world 's 14th-largest country in terms of land area and world 's 7th-largest country in terms of combined sea and land area . It has an estimated population of over 260 million people and is the world 's fourth most populous country , the most populous Austronesian nation , as well as the most populous Muslim-majority country . The world 's most populous island , Java , contains more than half of the country 's population .   Indonesia 's republican form of government includes an elected legislature and president . Indonesia has 34 provinces , of which five have Special Administrative status . Its capital and country 's most populous city is Jakarta , which is also the most populous city in Southeast Asia and the second in Asia . The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea , East Timor , and the eastern part of Malaysia . Other neighbouring countries include Singapore , Vietnam , the Philippines , Australia , Palau , and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands . Despite its large population and densely populated regions , Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support the world 's second highest level of biodiversity . The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas , tin , copper and gold . Agriculture mainly produces rice , palm oil , tea , coffee , cacao , medicinal plants , spices and rubber . Indonesia 's major trading partners are Japan , United States , China and the surrounding countries of Singapore , Malaysia and Australia .   The Indonesian archipelago has been an important region for trade since at least the 7th century , when Srivijaya and then later Majapahit traded with China and India . Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural , religious and political models from the early centuries CE , and Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms flourished . Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources . Muslim traders and Sufi scholars brought the now-dominant Islam , while European powers brought Christianity and fought one another to monopolise trade in the Spice Islands of Maluku during the Age of Discovery . Following three and a half centuries of Dutch colonialism starting from Amboina and Batavia , and eventually all of the archipelago including Timor and Western New Guinea , at times interrupted by Portuguese , French and British rule , Indonesia secured its independence after World War II .   Indonesia consists of hundreds of distinct native ethnic and linguistic groups , with the largest -- and politically dominant -- ethnic group being the Javanese . The population is unevenly spread throughout the islands within a variety of habitats and levels of development , ranging from the megalopolis of Jakarta to uncontacted tribes in the east . A shared identity has developed , defined by a national language , ethnic diversity , religious pluralism within a Muslim-majority population , and a history of colonialism and rebellion against it . Indonesia 's national motto , `` Bhinneka Tunggal Ika '' ( `` Unity in Diversity '' literally , `` many , yet one '' ) , articulates the diversity that shapes the country . Indonesia 's economy is the world 's 16th largest by nominal GDP and the 8th largest by GDP at PPP , the largest in Southeast Asia , and is considered an emerging market and newly industrialised country . Indonesia has been a member of the United Nations since 1950 . Indonesia was an organizer of the Bandung Conference and was the founder of Non-Aligned Movement ; and also the founding member of Association of Southeast Asian Nations , Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation , East Asia Summit , and Organisation of Islamic Cooperation . Indonesia is a member of the G20 major economies and World Trade Organization .

neg: South Lampung Regency South Lampung ( Lampung Selatan ) is a regency of Lampung , Sumatra , Indonesia , a strip of land surrounding the provincial capital of Bandar Lampung on its northern and eastern sides , and bounded to the west by the new Pesawaran Regency and to the south by the Sunda Strait ; as such it is a major transit corridor to/from Java island . It has an area of 2,109.74 km2 , and a population at the 2010 Census of 909,989 ; the latest official estimate ( as at January 2014 ) is 956,126 . The capital lies at Kalianda .   The regency has seen a population influx as migrants escape the crushing population densities and everyday struggles of living in the massive urban paralysis of Greater Jakarta , its along with Bandar Lampung 's character is increasingly reflecting the cosmopolitan makeup of Jakartans rather than the surrounds of a typical provincial capital and hinterland . This has resulted in flaring of ethnic tensions , including rioting .

neg: Kodam III/Siliwangi KODAM III/Siliwangi is a Military district formation of the Indonesian Army . The Division was formed during the Indonesian National Revolution by what was then known as the People 's Security Army ( TKR ) . It was stationed in West Java where much of its membership was recruited , and bore the name of a 15th-century kingdom located in this area and of that kingdom 's King Siliwangi . it became a Territorial Division ( Tentara & Territorium ) on 24 July 1950 , and a military regional command , or KODAM , in 1959 .   Since May 1946 the division was commanded by then-colonel Abdul Haris Nasution and his adjutant was Umar Wirahadikusumah , and slightly later Amirmachmud was the Division Commander 's Chief of Staff . Kemal Idris was also among the division 's officers . All of these would play a significant role in Indonesia 's military and political life during the coming decades .   Under the terms of the cease-fire agreement of January 1948 known as the Renville Agreement , the Siliwangi Division was obliged to evacuate West Java and hand it over to the Dutch , and to move over to Central Java . During this lull in fighting the colonial troops , the Division was involved in the bloody crackdown on the Communists at Madiun , in the course of which thousands were killed .   In December 1948 the Dutch army launched the surprise attack known as Operation Kraai , swiftly capturing the Indonesian provisional capital at Yogyakarta and most Indonesian territory . The Siliwangi Division at that time conducted a fighting retreat back to its original position in West Java , where its men had their social milieu and were familiar with the terrain , and which was therefore the best suited for this unit to conduct guerrilla warfare in . Despite the division 's recent anti-Communist record , this action came to be known as the Long March Siliwangi , for the famed Long March of Mao Zedong 's Chinese Communist Party . On arrival in West Java the division fought both the Dutch and the rebellious DI/TII .   In 1953 Nasution wrote a book called the Fundamentals of Guerrilla Warfare , based on his own experience of fighting and organising guerrilla warfare , which would become one of the most studied books on guerrilla warfare along with Mao 's works on the same subject matter .   Poncke Princen , a former Dutch colonial soldier who went over to the Indonesian rebels , took part in that `` Long March '' and was appointed a staff officer in the Division .   On 23 January 1950 , a rebel group called Angkatan Perang Ratu Adil ( APRA ) led by Captain Raymond Westerling attempted to seize Bandung during the APRA Coup d'état . Lt. Col. Lembong and 93 other Indonesian soldiers and officers were killed . On 24 January 1950 , the rebels tried to attack Jakarta , but the rebellion was quashed in a fierce battle in Pacet , near Jakarta . Sultan Hamid II was arrested , but Capt. Westerling managed to escape to Singapore ( then still a British colony ) .   In late 1951 the Division was described as being ' a loose umbrella for five infantry brigades ( each of which had up to four infantry battalions ) strung across the western third of Java . ' The post of commander of Tentara & Territorium III , the territorial military command encompassing west Java , was in effect synonymous with control of the division .   Battalion 530 of the Siliwangi Division was involved in the 30 September Movement events in 1965 . Following the later overthrow of Sukarno and the installation of the Indonesian `` New Order '' under Suharto , the Siliwangi Division 's then commander , HR Dharsono , belonged to a faction dubbed by scholars as `` New Order Radicals '' . Together with Kemal Idris and with Sarwo Edhie Wibowo of KODAM II/Bukit Barisan ( Sumatra ) , this group wanted political parties to be dismantled and replaced with non-ideological groups which emphasised development and modernisation .   `` Factionalism within the army leadership , once a severe problem , no longer disrupted operations in the early 1990s . Traditional divisional identification continued to have some significance , however , especially in regard to that developed in the former Siliwangi , Diponegoro , and Brawijaya divisions , which covered western , central , and eastern Java , respectively , during the war of independence and the years immediately thereafter . The detachment of the Jakarta area from the control of the Siliwangi division and the restructuring of the army from a divisional basis to the territorial Kodam system diffused the powers of the divisions and eliminated warlordism . ''

neg: Sumedang Sumedang ( former official name : Soemedang ) is a town in West Java , Indonesia , approximately 46 km northeast of Bandung . It is the capital of Sumedang Regency . The town is just south of the volcanic Mount Tampomas , which is 1,684 m ( 5,525 ft ) high and is usually climbed from the subdistrict of Cimalaka , 7 km from Sumedang .   Sumedang is home to several public universities namely Universitas Padjadajaran , Institut Teknologi Bandung , and Institut Pemerintahan Dalam Negeri .   Sumedang 's museum , Prabu Geusan Ulun , houses a collection of traditional Sundanese weaponry , as well as some crown jewels and other finery . It is located on Geusan Ulun Road .   The town is famous for tahu Bungkeng , a local variety of deep fried tofu which was first made by a Chinese immigrant , Ong Kino .   Within the district surrounding the town lies Cadas Pangeran , a section of the trans-Java postal road constructed on the order of Dutch governor Willem Daendels during the first quarter of the 19th century . The section is famous due to difficulty during the construction , which requires blasting of a mountainside . Hence `` cadas '' which means mountain rock in Sundanese . The section is finished due to cooperation between the governor , regent Kusumadinata known as `` pangeran kornel '' , and the people of Sumedang , although with considerable ill-feeling on the part of the regent and the people due to forced labor practice . A statue commemorating this event is erected on the section .   The town also houses the exiled Indonesian national heroine Cut Nyak Dhien from Aceh during her old age , after she was captured during the Aceh War at the beginning of the 20th century . Her tomb is located not far from the town .

neg: Sri Lanka Sri Lanka ( -LSB- sri : _ ˈlɑːŋkə , _ - ˈlæŋkə -RSB- or -LSB- ʃriː - -RSB- Sinhalese : ශ ර ල ක , Tamil : இலங்கை Ilaṅkai ) , officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka , is an island country in South Asia near south-east India . Sri Lanka has maritime borders with India to the northwest and the Maldives to the southwest .   Sri Lanka 's documented history spans 3,000 years , with evidence of pre-historic human settlements dating back to at least 125,000 years . Its geographic location and deep harbours made it of great strategic importance from the time of the ancient Silk Road through to World War II . Sri Lanka was known from the beginning of British colonial rule until 1972 as Ceylon ( -LSB- sᵻˈlɒn , _ seɪ - , _ siː - -RSB- ) . Sri Lanka 's recent history has been marred by a thirty-year civil war which decisively ended when the Sri Lankan military defeated the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam ( LTTE ) in 2009 .   A diverse and multicultural country , Sri Lanka is home to many religions , ethnic groups , and languages . In addition to the majority Sinhalese , it is home to large groups of Sri Lankan and Indian Tamils , Moors , Burghers , Malays , Kaffirs and the aboriginal Vedda . Sri Lanka has a rich Buddhist heritage , and the first known Buddhist writings of Sri Lanka , the Pāli Canon , date back to the Fourth Buddhist council in 29 BC .   Sri Lanka is a republic and a unitary state governed by a semi-presidential system . The legislative capital , Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte , is a suburb of the commercial capital and largest city , Colombo .   Sri Lanka has had a long history of international engagement , as a founding member of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) , and a member of the United Nations , the Commonwealth of Nations , the G77 , and the Non-Aligned Movement . Along with the Maldives , Sri Lanka is one of the two countries in South Asia that are currently rated among high human development on the Human Development Index .

neg: Traditions of Indonesia Traditions of Indonesia are traditions , beliefs , values , and customs that belong within the culture of Indonesian people .  Indonesia is a vast country of sprawling archipelago with a diverse demographic range of over 300 ethnic groups , and speaking more than 700 living languages .   With 202.9 million Muslim s ( 88.2 % of the total population as of 2009 ) , Indonesia has the largest Muslim population in the world . Indonesia also has significant numbers of Christians . Protestant and Catholics population are the majority , with other Christian groups existing as well . The majority of Hindu demographics in Indonesia living in the island of Bali . Buddhist Indonesian are located throughout the country , and are ethnically identified as Chinese Indonesians .

neg: Mount Tambora Mount Tambora is an active stratovolcano which is a peninsula of and the highest peak on the island of Sumbawa in Indonesia . Sumbawa is flanked both to the north and south by oceanic crust , and Tambora was formed by the active subduction zone beneath it . This raised Mount Tambora as high as 4300 m , making it one of the tallest peaks in the Indonesian archipelago in the 18th century . After a large magma chamber inside the mountain filled over the course of several decades , volcanic activity reached a historic climax in the eruption of 10 April 1815 . This eruption had a volcanic explosivity index ( VEI ) of 7 , the only unambiguously confirmed VEI-7 eruption since the Lake Taupo eruption in about AD 180 . ( The 946 eruption of Paektu Mountain might also have been VEI-7 . ) Tambora 's last eruption was in 1967 . It was rated VEI-0 .   With an estimated ejecta volume of 160 km3 , Tambora 's 1815 outburst is the largest volcanic eruption in recorded history . The explosion was heard on Sumatra , more than 2000 km away . Heavy volcanic ash falls were observed as far away as Borneo , Sulawesi , Java , and the Maluku Islands . Most of the deaths from the eruption were from starvation and disease , as the eruptive fallout ruined agricultural productivity in the local region . The death toll was at least 71,000 people , of whom 11,000 -- 12,000 were killed directly by the eruption ; the oft-cited figure of 92,000 people killed is believed to be an overestimate .   The eruption caused global climate anomalies that included the phenomenon known as `` volcanic winter '' : 1816 became known as the `` Year Without a Summer '' because of the effect on North American and European weather . Crops failed and livestock died in much of the Northern Hemisphere , resulting in the worst famine of the 19th century .   During an excavation in 2004 , a team of archaeologists discovered cultural remains buried by the 1815 eruption . They were kept intact beneath the 3-metre-deep pyroclastic deposits . At the site , dubbed the `` Pompeii of the East '' , the artifacts were preserved in the positions they had occupied in 1815 .

neg: Cisarua Cisarua is a location and district in the Bogor Regency , located in the province of West Java , with a population of 112,655 . The district is famous for its mild climate , tea fields , and stunning views , being located in a rather high altitude .   Near the district is a mountain pass famed for housing villas , hostels , as well as a well-known `` heritage '' hotel known as the `` Puncak Pass '' , who 's building is built primarily back in the colonial era , in the year 1928 .   Cisarua is also known for having a sizeable population of asylum seekers and refugees , mainly coming from Afghanistan and Pakistan , as well as ones coming from parts of Africa , mainly from Sudan , Egypt , and Somalia . The reason why many asylum seekers has seek refuge here is because of the relatively cool temperatures , as well as its location being close to the UNHCR offices in the capital Jakarta , which are located roughly about 72 kilometres north of the district .   Other then that , Cisarua also attracts many tourists from the Middle East , many coming from Saudi Arabia , with reasons of coming similar to the ones with the asylum seekers . Because of the number of Arab migrants and tourists , the district is often called as the `` Kampung Arab '' .

neg: South Asia South Asia or Southern Asia is a term used to represent the southern region of the Asian continent , which comprises the sub-Himalayan SAARC countries and , for some authorities , adjoining countries to the west and east . Topographically , it is dominated by the Indian Plate , which rises above sea level as Nepal and northern parts of India situated south of the Himalayas and the Hindu Kush . South Asia is bounded on the south by the Indian Ocean and on land ( clockwise , from west ) by West Asia , Central Asia , East Asia , and Southeast Asia .   The current territories of Afghanistan , Bangladesh , Bhutan , Maldives , Nepal , India , Pakistan , and Sri Lanka form the countries of South Asia . The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) is an economic cooperation organisation in the region which was established in 1985 and includes all eight nations comprising South Asia .   South Asia covers about 5.1 million km2 ( 1.9 million mi2 ) , which is 11.51 % of the Asian continent or 3.4 % of the world 's land surface area . The population of South Asia is about 1.749 billion or about one fourth of the world 's population , making it both the most populous and the most densely populated geographical region in the world . Overall , it accounts for about 39.49 % of Asia 's population ( or over 24 % of the world 's population ) and is home to a vast array of peoples .   In 2010 , South Asia had the world 's largest population of Hindus , Jains and Sikhs . There are 507 million Muslims as well as over 35 million Christians and 25 million Buddhists in South Asia .

neg: Hinduism in Indonesia Hinduism in Indonesia is practised by 1.7 % of the total population , and by 83.5 % of the population in Bali as of the 2010 census . Hinduism is one of the six official religions of Indonesia . In 2010 , there were an estimated total of over 4 million Hindus in Indonesia according to Indonesian census . The Parisada Hindu Dharma Indonesia disputed the census methodology , and estimated 18 million Hindus lived in Indonesia in 2005 . In 2010 , the Ministry of Religious Affairs of the Government of Indonesia estimated that about 10 million Hindus lived on Indonesian islands , in contrast to the Indonesian official decadal census of over 4 million .

neg: 1945 in Indonesia Events in the year 1945 in Indonesia . The country had an estimated population of 68,517,300 people .

neg: Indonesia Raya `` Indonesia Raya '' has been the national anthem of Indonesia since the proclamation of independence of the Republic of Indonesia on the 17 August 1945 . The song was introduced by its composer , Wage Rudolf Supratman , on 28 October 1928 during the Second Indonesian Youth Congress in Batavia . The song marked the birth of the all-archipelago nationalist movement in Indonesia that supported the idea of one single `` Indonesia '' as successor to the Dutch East Indies , rather than split into several colonies . The first newspaper to openly publish the musical notation and lyrics of `` Indonesia Raya '' -- an act of defiance towards the Dutch authorities -- was the Chinese Indonesian weekly Sin Po .   The first stanza of `` Indonesia Raya '' was chosen as the national anthem when Indonesia proclaimed its independence at 17 August 1945 . Jozef Cleber , a Dutch composer , created an arrangement of the tune for philharmonic orchestra in 1950 . This arrangement is widely used .   `` Indonesia Raya '' is played in flag raising ceremonies ( student assemblies ) in schools across Indonesia every Monday . The flag is raised in a solemn and timed motion so that it reaches the top of the flagpole as the anthem ends . The main flag raising ceremony is held annually on 17 August to commemorate Independence day . The ceremony is led by the President of Indonesia and is usually held in Istana Negara ( Jakarta ) .

neg: Mojokerto Regency Mojokerto Regency is a regency in East Java province . It is part of the Surabaya metropolitan area ( known as Gerbangkertosusila ) which comprises Gresik Regency , Bangkalan Regency , Mojokerto Regency , Mojokerto City , Surabaya City , Sidoarjo Regency , and Lamongan Regency . It covers an area of 717.83 sq. km ( excluding the independent city of Mojokerto ) . The population of the Regency was 908,004 in 2000 , but had risen to 1,025,443 at the 2010 Census ; the latest official estimate ( as at 2014 ) is 1,054,248 . Many of them earn their living as small farmers and craftsmen ( consisting shoemakers , furniture makers , and souvenir makers ) .   The administrative capital is the city of Mojokerto , which has since 1999 been independent of the regency which surrounds it .

neg: Bantul Regency Bantul ( -LSB- ˈbantʊl -RSB- ) is a regency located in the Yogyakarta Special Region , Indonesia . The regency 's population was 911,503 at the 2010 Census , but has risen to 947,568 according to the latest ( January 2014 ) official estimate . Like many regencies on the island of Java , it is densely populated with roughly 1,865 people per square kilometre , although this is largely because the north of the regency partly surrounds the city of Yogyakarta and contains many suburban communities .   The regency is bordered by the city of Yogyakarta to the north , the regencies of Kulon Progo and Sleman to the west , the Gunung Kidul Regency to the east and the Indian Ocean to the south . The town of Bantul is the administrative centre .   The village Kemusuk in the Sedayu district in the regency is the birthplace of former Indonesian President , Suharto .

neg: Banda Aceh Banda Aceh , formerly known as Kutaradja , is the capital and largest city in the province of Aceh , Indonesia . It is located on the island of Sumatra and has an elevation of 35 meters . The city covers an area of 64 square kilometres and had a population of 219,070 people , according to the 2000 census . Banda Aceh is located on the northwestern tip of Indonesia at the mouth of the Aceh River .   The city was originally established as Bandar Aceh Darussalam Kandang and served as a capital and hub for the Sultanate of Aceh upon its foundation in the late 15th century . Later its name was changed to Bandar Aceh Darussalam , and then became popularly known as Banda Aceh . The first part of the name comes from the Persian bandar meaning `` port '' or `` haven . '' The city is also dubbed the `` port to Mecca , '' or the `` porch of Mecca '' ( Indonesian : Serambi Mekkah ) in reference to the days when hajj pilgrims travelled by sea from Indonesia and would make a stop over in the city before continuing their journey to Mecca .   Banda Aceh had long been at the centre of protracted conflicts between the Acehnese and foreign domination , including war with Portuguese , wars with the Dutch , the Japanese and the Indonesian government . The city rose to international prominence in the aftermath of the Indian Ocean earthquake in 2004 , which struck off the western coast of Sumatra . Banda Aceh was the closest major city to the earthquake 's epicentre , which lay 249 km off the coast . It suffered great damage in the earthquake and further damage when a tsunami struck shortly afterwards . 167,000 people died as a result and many more were injured .   The aftermath of the tsunami has seen a cessation of much of the conflict in the city and province , and domestic and international aid as a result has seen a major modernisation and reconstruction of the city over the past decade .

neg: Lombok Lombok is an island in West Nusa Tenggara province , Indonesia . It forms part of the chain of the Lesser Sunda Islands , with the Lombok Strait separating it from Bali to the west and the Alas Strait between it and Sumbawa to the east . It is roughly circular , with a `` tail '' ( Sekotong Peninsula ) to the southwest , about 70 km across and a total area of about 4,514 km ² . The provincial capital and largest city on the island is Mataram . It is somewhat similar in size and density with neighboring Bali and shares some cultural heritage , but is administratively part of Nusa Tenggara Barat along with sparsely populated Sumbawa . It is surrounded by a number of smaller islands locally called Gili .   The island was home to some 3.17 million Indonesians as recorded in the decennial 2010 census ; the latest estimate ( for January 2014 ) gives the population as 3,311,044 .

neg: West Bandung Regency West Bandung Regency ( Kabupaten Bandung Barat ) is a regency of West Java . It was established in 2007 , formerly it was part of Bandung Regency . The capital of this new regency is Ngamprah , an industrial district on the west side of Bandung . It is part of the Bandung Metropolitan Area .   According to the 2010 Census , the population of the Regency was 1,506,448 ; the latest official estimate ( for 2014 ) is 1,624,179 .

neg: Betawi people Betawi people ( Orang Betawi in Indonesian meaning `` people of Batavia '' ) often described as the native Jakartans . They are the descendants of the people living in and around Batavia ( the colonial name of Jakarta ) from around the 17th century . Although the term `` native '' itself is questionable , since Betawi people was formed in the 18th century as an amalgamation of various immigrant ethnic groups into Batavia .

neg: Japanese people are a nation and ethnic group native to Japan . Japanese people make up 98.5 % of the total population of their country .  Worldwide , approximately 129 million people are of Japanese descent ; of these , approximately 125 million are residents of Japan . People of Japanese ancestry who live outside Japan are referred to as the , the Japanese disapora . The term ethnic Japanese may also be used in some contexts to refer to particular ethnic groups , including the Yamato ( the dominant ethnic group , comprising over 120 million ) , Ainu , and Ryukyuan people .

neg: Cileungsi Cileungsi is a district ( Indonesian : Kecamatan ) in the Bogor Regency , West Java , Indonesia . It is a suburb located southeast of Jakarta , south of the city of Bekasi , east of Depok and is part of its metropolitan region , Jakarta Raya.The distance between Cileungsi and Jakarta is 37.7 km ( 23.4 miles ) .   Like much of the northern part of the Bogor Regency , the district is largely made up of huge industrial parks and areas , along with many warehouses and factories , making it a huge contribution to the district 's industry .   Asides from industrial areas , Cileungsi is also populated with many commuters , and can be considered bedroom community . It features a lot of real estate housing , combined with another housing area to the west , called Cibubur . As a matter of fact , the housing area of Cibubur itself is beginning to extend to Cileungsi 's boundaries , starting from the early-2000s .   The eastern portion of Cileungsi is home to a huge recreational park , featuring large gardens with tropical plants and plantations , as well as a waterpark , `` Taman Wisata Mekarsari '' .


query: Urilla Sutherland Earp was the first spouse of Wyatt Earp.

pos: Wyatt Earp Wyatt Berry Stapp Earp ( March 19 , 1848 -- January 13 , 1929 ) was an American Old West gambler , a deputy sheriff in Pima County , and deputy town marshal in Tombstone , Arizona Territory , who took part in the gunfight at the O.K. Corral , during which lawmen killed three outlaw cowboys . He is often regarded as the central figure in the shootout in Tombstone , although his brother Virgil was Tombstone city marshal and Deputy U.S. Marshal that day , and had far more experience as a sheriff , constable , marshal , and soldier in combat .   Earp lived a restless life . He was at different times a constable , city policeman , county sheriff , Deputy U.S. Marshal , teamster , buffalo hunter , bouncer , saloon-keeper , gambler , brothel keeper , miner , and boxing referee . Earp spent his early life in Iowa . In 1870 , Earp married his first wife , Urilla Sutherland Earp , who contracted typhoid fever and died shortly before their first child was to be born . During the next two years Earp was arrested for stealing a horse , escaped from jail , sued twice , and was arrested and fined three times during the course of 1872 for `` keeping and being found in a house of ill-fame '' . His third arrest was subject of a lengthy account in the `` Daily Transcript '' which referred to him as an `` old offender '' and nicknamed him the `` Peoria Bummer '' .   By 1874 he had arrived in the cattle boomtown of Wichita , Kansas where his brother had opened a brothel . On April 21 , 1875 he was appointed to the Wichita police force , and developed a solid reputation as a lawman . In April 1876 he was dismissed from his position as a lawman following an altercation with a political opponent of his boss which led to him being fined $ 30 . In 1876 , he followed his brother James to Dodge City , Kansas , where he became an assistant city marshal . In winter 1878 , he went to Texas to track down an outlaw and met John `` Doc '' Holliday , whom Earp later credited with saving his life .   Earp moved constantly throughout his life from one boomtown to another . He left Dodge City in 1879 and moved to Tombstone with his brothers James and Virgil , where a silver boom was underway . There , the Earps clashed with a loose federation of outlaws known as the Cowboys . Wyatt , Virgil , and their younger brother Morgan held various law enforcement positions that put them in conflict with Tom and Frank McLaury , and Ike and Billy Clanton , who threatened on several occasions to kill the Earps . The conflict escalated over the next year , culminating on October 26 , 1881 in the gunfight at the O.K. Corral , in which the Earps and Holliday killed three of the Cowboys . In the next five months , Virgil was ambushed and maimed , and Morgan was assassinated . Pursuing a vendetta , Wyatt , his brother Warren , Holliday , and others formed a federal posse that killed three of the Cowboys whom they thought responsible . Wyatt was never wounded in any of the gunfights in which he took part , unlike his brothers Virgil and James , or his friend , Doc Holliday , which only added to his mystique after his death .   Earp was a lifelong gambler and was always looking for a quick way to make money . After leaving Tombstone , Earp went to San Francisco where he reunited with Josephine Earp . She became his common-law wife . They joined a gold rush to Eagle City , Idaho , where they owned mining interests and a saloon . They left there to race horses and open a saloon during a real estate boom in San Diego , California . Back in San Francisco , Wyatt raced horses again , but his reputation suffered irreparably when he refereed the Fitzsimmons-Sharkey boxing match and called a foul that led many to believe that he fixed the fight . They moved briefly to Yuma , Arizona before joining the Nome Gold Rush in 1899 . In partnership with Charlie Hoxie they opened a two-story saloon called the Dexter and made an estimated $ 80,000 ( about $ 2 million in 2017 dollars ) . Returning to the lower 48 , they opened another saloon in Tonopah , Nevada , the site of a new gold find . In about 1911 , Earp began working several mining claims in Vidal , California , retiring in the hot summers with Josephine to Los Angeles .   Wyatt Earp died on January 13 , 1929 . He was known as a Western lawman , gunfighter , and boxing referee . He had a notorious reputation for both his handling of the Fitzsimmons-Sharkey fight and his role in the O.K. Corral gunfight . This only began to change after his death when an extremely flattering biography was published in 1931 . It became a bestseller and created his reputation as a fearless lawman . Since then , Earp has been the subject of and model for numerous films , TV shows , biographies , and works of fiction that have increased his notoriety . He did , however , live to see himself being portrayed in the film Wild Bill Hickok , released in 1923 . Long after his death , he has many devoted detractors and admirers . Earp 's modern-day reputation is that of the Old West 's `` toughest and deadliest gunman of his day . ''

neg: Cochise County in the Old West Cochise County in the Old West was the site of ongoing Apache Indian attacks and a bitter feud between outlaw Cowboys and lawmen like Virgil Earp and his brothers . The county was carved off in 1881 from the easternmost portion of Pima County during a formative period in the American Southwest . Tensions began as soon as American settlers began arriving in what is now Cochise County . The time period was characterized by rapidly growing boomtowns , ongoing Apache raids , smuggling and cattle rustling across the United States-Mexico border , growing ranching operations , and the expansion of new technologies in mining , railroading , and telecommunications .   In the 1860s , following the Gadsden Purchase and the arrival of American settlers , conflict between the Apaches and the Americans was at its height . Pima County and later Cochise County were located in the center of the Apache wars and until 1886 there was almost constant warfare in that region adjacent to the Mexican border .   In addition to the conflict with the Native Americans , during the 1870s and 1880s , there was considerable tension between the rural residents who were for the most part Democrats from the agrarian Confederate States and town residents and business owners who were largely Republicans from the industrial Union States . The tension culminated in what has been called the Cochise County feud , or the Earp-Clanton feud , which ended with the historic Gunfight at the O.K. Corral and Wyatt Earp 's Vendetta Ride . Dr. George E. Goodfellow described Tombstone , the capital of Cochise County , as the `` condensation of wickedness . ''

neg: John Elliott (Georgia) John Elliott ( October 24 , 1773 -- August 9 , 1827 ) was a United States Senator from Georgia , serving from 1819 to 1825 .   Elliott graduated from Yale University in 1794 and returned to Georgia to practice law . He was elected to the Senate after holding several local offices .   Through his first wife Esther Dunwoody , he was the father of Hester Amarintha `` Hettie '' Elliott ( 1797 -- 1831 ) and Corinne Elliott . Hettie was the first wife of Major James Stephens Bulloch ( 1793 -- 1849 ) and mother of Civil War Confederate veteran James Dunwoody Bulloch ( 1823 -- 1901 ) .   Senator Elliott was also the first husband of Martha `` Patsy '' Stewart ( 1799 -- 1864 ) , daughter of General Daniel Stewart and Sarah Susannah Oswald . John and Patsy had four children :   Susan Ann Elliott ( 1820 -- 1895 )  Georgia Amanda Elliott ( 1822 -- 1848 )  Charles William Elliott ( September 1824 -- c. 1825 )  Daniel Stewart `` Dan '' Elliott ( 1826 -- 1861 ) , Civil War Confederate casualty   After his death , Patsy married Major Bulloch in May 8 , 1832 and had four children , including Martha `` Mittie '' Bulloch ( 1835 -- 1884 ) and Civil War Confederate veteran Irvine Stephens Bulloch ( 1842 -- 1898 ) . Mittie was the mother of US President Theodore Roosevelt ( 1858 -- 1919 ) and Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt ( 1860 -- 1894 ) , who was the father of First Lady Anna Eleanor Roosevelt ( 1884 -- 1962 ) .   In 1820 , he owned 115 slaves in Liberty County , Georgia . In 1830 , his estate owned 117 slaves .

neg: Ear Candy (Helen Reddy album) Ear Candy is the title of the tenth album release by Australian-American pop singer Helen Reddy : released May 1977 by Capitol Records , the album included a modern take on the doo-wop genre ( `` Long Distance Love '' ) , a Cajun number that gave the Melbourne native her first and only appearance on Billboard magazine 's Country chart ( `` Laissez les Bontemps Rouler '' ) , and a dark self-parody on which Reddy proclaims : `` I do n't take no shit from nobody '' ( `` Baby , I 'm a Star '' - not to be confused with the Prince song of the same name ) . Unprecedented for a Helen Reddy album , half of the songs recorded for Ear Candy were co-written by Reddy herself , including the second single : `` The Happy Girls '' , Reddy 's first self-penned A-side single since `` I am Woman '' : however it was the first single : a remake of the 1964 Cilla Black hit `` You 're My World '' , which would afford Reddy a final Top 40 hit .  __ TOC __

neg: Supporting Healthy Marriage Project The Supporting Healthy Marriage Project , SHM , is part of the Healthy Marriage Initiative funded by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , Administration for Children and Families , that was launched in 2003 as `` the first large-scale , multisite , multiyear , rigorous test of marriage education programs for low-income married couples . '' The project is motivated by research that `` indicates that married adults and children raised by both parents in stable , low-conflict households do better on a host of outcomes . '' The evaluation is led by MDRC , in collaboration with Abt Associates and other partners . USASpending.gov reports payments of more than $ 30 million from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services to MDRC for work on the Supporting Healthy Marriage Project from 2009 to 2012 .   Major study questions of the Supporting Healthy Marriage Project include :  What are the experiences , issues and challenges in designing , implementing and operating healthy marriage education and related services for lower-income couples with children ?  What are the net impacts of the programs on : marital stability and relationship quality ; attitudes and expectations regarding their marriage ; parenting attitudes and behaviors ; measures of adult well-being and child well-being and development ( e.g. , cognitive , social , emotional , health ) , and economic outcomes for families ?   Limited federal funding for a Healthy Marriage Initiative began in 2001 to `` help couples who choose to get married gain greater access to marriage education services that will enable them to acquire the skills and knowledge necessary to form and sustain a healthy marriage . '' In 2005 , Wade Horn , Assistant Secretary for the Administration for Children and Families , highlighted plans for a significant expansion of funding in testimony before the Subcommittee on 21st Century Competitiveness , House Committee on Education and the Workforce :   `` Although I have focused on the areas of primary interest to your committee , I would be remiss if I did not briefly highlight other key areas of our proposal that play a critical role in the well-being of children , teenagers , and families . Indeed , we establish improving the well-being of children as the overarching purpose of TANF ... . In support of that overarching purpose , our proposal seeks to improve child well-being through programs aimed at encouraging responsible fatherhood and healthy marriages . By discontinuing the Out of Wedlock Birth Reduction Bonus and redirecting part of the High Performance Bonus Funding , we provide $ 200 million for programs aimed at promoting family formation and healthy marriages . We also provide $ 40 million in funding for the support of responsible fatherhood and healthy marriage programs to reverse the rise in father absence and its subsequent impact on children . ''

neg: United States v. Windsor United States v. Windsor , ( Docket No . ) , is a landmark civil rights case in which the United States Supreme Court held that restricting U.S. federal interpretation of `` marriage '' and `` spouse '' to apply only to opposite-sex unions , by Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act ( DOMA ) , is unconstitutional under the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment ; Justice Kennedy wrote : `` The federal statute is invalid , for no legitimate purpose overcomes the purpose and effect to disparage and to injure those whom the State , by its marriage laws , sought to protect in personhood and dignity . ''   Edith Windsor ( born 1929 ) and Thea Spyer ( October 8 , 1931 -- February 5 , 2009 ) , a same-sex couple residing in New York , were lawfully married in Toronto , Canada , in 2007 . Later in 2008 , New York recognized their marriage following a court decision . Spyer died at the age of 77 in 2009 , leaving her entire estate to Windsor . Windsor sought to claim the federal estate tax exemption for surviving spouses . She was barred from doing so by Section 3 of DOMA ( codified at ) , which provided that the term `` spouse '' only applied to marriages between a man and woman . The Internal Revenue Service found that the exemption did not apply to same-sex marriages , denied Windsor 's claim , and compelled her to pay $ 363,053 in estate taxes .   On November 9 , 2010 , Windsor sued the federal government in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York , seeking a refund because DOMA singled out legally married same-sex couples for `` differential treatment compared to other similarly situated couples without justification . '' On February 23 , 2011 , U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder announced that the Department of Justice would not defend the constitutionality of Section 3 in Windsor . On April 18 , 2011 , Paul Clement , representing the Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group ( BLAG ) , intervened to defend the law . On June 6 , 2012 , Judge Barbara S. Jones ruled that Section 3 of DOMA was unconstitutional under the due process guarantees of the Fifth Amendment and ordered the federal government to issue the tax refund , including interest . The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit , in a 2 -- 1 decision , affirmed the district court 's judgment on October 18 , 2012 .   BLAG petitioned the U.S. Supreme Court to review the decision , and the Court issued a writ of certiorari in December 2012 . On March 27 , 2013 , the court heard oral arguments . On June 26 , 2013 , the U.S. Supreme Court issued a 5 -- 4 decision declaring Section 3 of DOMA to be unconstitutional `` as a deprivation of the liberty of the person protected by the Fifth Amendment . ''   On the same day , the court also issued a separate 5 -- 4 decision in Hollingsworth v. Perry -- a case related to California 's constitutional amendment initiative barring same-sex marriage . The decision effectively allowed same-sex marriages in that state to resume after the court ruled that the proponents of the initiative lacked Article III standing to appeal in federal court based on its established interpretation of the case or controversy clause .

neg: Frank Stilwell Frank C. Stilwell ( ca. 1856 -- March 20 , 1882 ) was an outlaw Cowboy who killed at least two men in Cochise County during 1877 -- 82 . Both killings were considered to have been self-defense . For four months he was a deputy sheriff in Tombstone , Arizona Territory for Cochise County Sheriff Johnny Behan . Stilwell owned interests in several mines and various businesses , including a saloon , a wholesale liquor business , a stage line , and at his death livery stables in Charleston and Bisbee . He was also a partner in a Bisbee-area saloon with ex-Texas Ranger Pete Spence .   He was closely involved in the events leading up to and following the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral on October 26 , 1881 , and was suspected in the murder of Morgan Earp on March 18 , 1882 . Two days after Morgan 's death , Frank Stilwell was killed by Deputy U.S. Marshal Wyatt Earp in a Tucson train yard . Arrest warrants were issued for Earp and four others in his gang suspected of murdering Stilwell . Murder indictments were issued at Pima County for Wyatt Earp , Doc Holliday , Warren Earp , Sherman McMaster and John Johnson . Earp agreed to turn himself in but instead fled the Arizona Territory for Colorado . Wyatt Earp admitted late in his life to killing Stilwell at close range with a shotgun .

neg: Amelia Bingham Amelia Swilley Bingham ( March 20 , 1869 -- September 1 , 1927 ) was an American actress from Hicksville , Ohio . Her Broadway career extended from 1896 until 1926 .   Bingham attended Ohio Wesleyan University before marrying Lloyd Bingham . Her father was a Methodist minister who managed a hotel . Her future husband persuaded her father to permit Bingham to go on stage approximately a year before the couple married .

neg: Marshall Eugene DeWolfe Marshall Eugene DeWolfe ( September 22 , 1880 -- January 1 , 1915 ) was the only child of future First Lady Florence Harding ( then , Florence Kling ) and her first husband , Henry Athenton `` Pete '' DeWolfe ( 4 March 1859 - 8 March 1894 ) . Born in Galion , Crawford County , Ohio , young DeWolfe was primarily raised by his mother ; his father was a chronic alcoholic who was absent from the home for days at a time .   Those doing research on the Hardings , including John Dean and Robert Ferrell among others , have never been able to find documentary proof of a regular marriage between Kling and DeWolfe , leading some people to conclude it was a common law marriage -- a form of irregular marriage contracted by habit and repute , which was not abolished in Ohio until 1991 . The marriage between Kling and DeWolfe is otherwise attested by the papers from their divorce proceeding , which are on file in Marion County Ohio . It is also possible that they had a regular marriage and the officiant who solemnized it simply failed to return the marriage certificate to the county , or the county clerk 's office subsequently lost it .   A record of the issuance of a marriage license was printed in The Marion Star on January 31 , 1880 ; and the January 27 , 1880 edition of the same paper refers to a marriage having occurred at Columbus on January 22 , 1880 . The documentary proof of a regular marriage is the marriage certificate , which is completed by the solemnizing officiant and returned to the county clerk for recordation . The marriage certificate usually comprises the lower part of the same document as the marriage license , so if the certificate gets lost on its way to the county clerk the license will be lost along with it .   Following the divorce of his parents , young Marshall was raised by his grandparents , Amos Hall Kling and Louisa `` Louise '' Mabel ( Bouton ) Kling , while his mother lived independently and earned an income as a piano teacher in Marion , Ohio . As part of the agreement with her father , Florence would not have a role in her own son 's upbringing . Throughout his life , Marshall used either his Kling or DeWolfe surname .   Florence Kling DeWolfe married newspaper publisher Warren G. Harding in 1891 . However , Marshall remained under his grandfather 's control and roof . While a room was set aside for him in the Harding home , Marshall never felt at home under his mother 's roof , and never comfortable under his grandfather 's strict control .   DeWolfe studied journalism at the University of Michigan from 1899 to 1903 . While attending Michigan , he played football as a quarterback on the Michigan Wolverines all-freshman football team in 1899 .   DeWolfe aspired to be a newspaperman like his stepfather Warren G. Harding . By all accounts , his relationship with Harding was closer than the relationship that he had with his mother . After his graduation from Marion High School , DeWolfe was given a job at the Marion Daily Star . DeWolfe eventually purchased a struggling newspaper in Colorado , moving there with his young family . The venture was unsuccessful , as was a later farming attempt , due in part to his problem with alcoholism .   Marshall Kling DeWolfe died of the effects of alcoholism and tuberculosis in Colorado on January 1 , 1915 , at the age of 34 . His death , the return of his body to Marion and his funeral were events that were not known in the community . He is buried in an unmarked grave in the DeWolfe family plot in Marion Cemetery .   Marshall Eugene DeWolfe married Esther Naomi Neely . Their son , George Warren DeWolfe ( 1914-1968 ) , and daughter , Eugenia DeWolfe ( 1911-1978 ) , were the principal heirs to the estate left by their grandmother , Florence Harding , following her death on November 21 , 1924 .   When Warren G. Harding ran for President in 1920 , his wife skilfully bluffed reporters into believing that she had been a widow , not a divorcee , when they married . When she duly became First Lady , her ex-husband and son were forbidden topics at the White House and in the press .

neg: Isaac Morley Isaac Morley ( March 11 , 1786 -- June 24 , 1865 ) was an early member of the Latter Day Saint movement and a contemporary of both Joseph Smith and Brigham Young . He was one of the first converts to Smith 's Church of Christ . Morley was present at many of the early events of the Latter Day Saint movement , and served as a church leader in Ohio , Missouri and Utah Territory .   Morley was born on March 11 , 1786 in Montague , Massachusetts , one of nine children of Thomas E. Morley and Editha ( née Marsh ) . He served in the War of 1812 from 1812 -- 15 , and later held the position of captain in the Ohio militia .   In June 1812 , Morley married Lucy Gunn in Massachusetts , with whom he had seven children . Some years after becoming a member of the church in 1830 , he practiced plural marriage , taking Leonora Snow ( the older sister of Lorenzo and Eliza R. Snow ) and Hannah Blakesley ( also found as Blaixly or Blakeslee ) as his second and third wife in 1844 in Nauvoo , Illinois . Blakesley bore him an additional three children . Other wives included Hannah Knight Libby and Harriet Lucinda Cox , married 1846 in Nauvoo , Hannah Sibley and Nancy Anne Bache ( also found as Back ) .

neg: Abigail Adams Abigail Adams ( née Smith ; November 22 -LSB- O.S. November 11 -RSB- 1744 -- October 28 , 1818 ) was the closest advisor and wife of John Adams , as well as the mother of John Quincy Adams . She is sometimes considered to have been a Founder of the United States , and is now designated as the first Second Lady and second First Lady of the United States , although these titles were not in use at the time .   Adams 's life is one of the most documented of the first ladies : she is remembered for the many letters she wrote to her husband while he stayed in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , during the Continental Congresses . John frequently sought the advice of Abigail on many matters , and their letters are filled with intellectual discussions on government and politics . In one of her more famous letters she implores her husband and his colleagues , all of whom were male , to , '' ... remember the ladies ... If particular care and attention is not paid to the Ladies we are determined to foment a Rebellion , and will not hold ourselves bound by any Laws in which we have no voice , or Representation . '' Her letters also serve as eyewitness accounts of the American Revolutionary War home front .

neg: Arizona Dranes `` Arizona '' Juanita Dranes ( May 4 , 1889 or 1891 -- 1963 ) was one of the first gospel artists to bring the musical styles of Holiness churches ' religious music to the public in her records for Okeh and performances in the 1920s . She was also one of the first professional woman gospel singers . Her distinctive , nasal vocal style and piano playing that incorporated boogie and ragtime influenced later gospel artists .

neg: Josie Bassett Josie Bassett ( January 17 , 1874 -- May 1 , 1964 ) was a female rancher . She and her sister `` Queen '' Ann Bassett are known for their love affairs and associations with well-known outlaws , particularly Butch Cassidy 's Wild Bunch .

neg: Edith Hayllar Edith Hayllar ( 1860-1948 ) was a British Artist born to James Hayllar , an acclaimed Victorian artist known for his genre paintings . Edith Hayllar 's family was comprised completely of artists including her three other sisters ; Jessica , Mary , and Kate . Together , residing in an estate in Wallington England , all four girls followed a strict Victorian regime of four to ten art classes a day to ensure proper mastery of basic art techniques such as proportions . In addition to their rigorous training schedule the girls spent the rest of their time at the estate engaging in relaxing activities such as outdoor sports , plain air painting , and gardening . These leisurely domestic scenes became the subject of the sisters ' most renowned paintings .   Of all the sisters Jessica Hayllar and Edith Hayllar where the most well known painters , both specializing in genre painting like their father . Edith Hayllar 's paintings , unlike other female artists at the time , did n't challenge the terms of `` feminine dependency '' but rather played an integral role in shaping the representation of women and domesticity together by painting scenes of women tucked away in domestic interiors with their families . Hayllar 's painting style emphasized symmetry and orderliness , showing women running a well-organized household and clearly delineating a woman 's place at any given time in their lives .   Hayllar had paintings shown almost ever year from the 1880s-1890s at the Institute for Oil Painters and Dudley 's Gallery . In the year 1881 she had her first piece exhibited at the Royal Society of British Artists in London and then a year later , in 1882 , another piece in was shown in the Royal Academy of Arts . Of all her paintings Edith Hayllar 's most famous is a piece , entitled A summer Shower from 1883 , showing a man with a badminton racket courting a girl recycling in a chair next to him and was called `` one of the most charming genre scenes of the nineteenth century . '' She quit painting when she married Rev. Bruce MacKay in approximately 1900 .

neg: The Cowboy and the Lady (1938 film) The Cowboy and the Lady is a 1938 American western romantic comedy film directed by H.C. Potter , and starring Gary Cooper and Merle Oberon . Written by S.N. Behrman and Sonya Levien , based on a story by Frank R. Adams and veteran film director Leo McCarey , the film is about a beautiful socialite masquerading as a maid who becomes involved with an unpretentious , plain-spoken cowboy who is unaware of her true identity . The Cowboy and the Lady won an Academy Award for Sound Recording ( Thomas Moulton ) , and was nominated for Original Score ( Alfred Newman ) and Original Song ( `` The Cowboy and the Lady '' by Lionel Newman and Arthur Quenzer ) .

neg: Eleanor Eden Eleanor Agnes Hobart , Countess of Buckinghamshire ( née Eden ; died 1851 ) was the eldest daughter of Lord Auckland , best known for at one time being rumoured to be engaged to William Pitt the Younger .   Pitt and Eleanor met at her father 's home at Beckenham , during Pitt 's repeated visits there from his own home at nearby Holwood House , near Bromley in Kent , but early in 1797 Pitt quashed spreading rumours that he intended to marry her by writing to Auckland :   `` My Dear Lord ... It can hardly , I think , be necessary to say that the time I have passed among your family has led to my forming sentiments of very real attachment towards them all , and of much more than attachment to one whom I need not name ... Nor should I do justice to my own feelings ... if I did not own that every hour of my acquaintance with the person to whom you will easily conceive I refer ... has convinced me that whoever may have the good fortune to be united to her is destined to more than his share of human happiness .   `` Whether I could have had any ground to hope that such might have been my lot , I have to reproach myself for ever having indulged the idea as far as I have done without asking myself carefully and early enough what were the difficulties in the way of it being realised ... Having now at length reflected as fully and as calmly as I am able ... I am compelled to say that I find the obstacles to it decisive and insurmountable ... ''   Auckland replied :  `` We had from an early period every reason to believe that the sentiments formed were most cordially mutual : and we saw with delight that they were ripening into an attachment which might lay the foundation of a system of most perfect happiness ... ''   He also tried to get Pitt to reveal what was the `` insurmountable obstacle '' he mentioned , but Pitt 's only answer was that `` further explanation or discussion can answer no good purpose '' .   In 1799 she became the second wife of Robert Hobart , 4th Earl of Buckinghamshire .

neg: Wyatt Gallery Wyatt Gallery is an American photographer .

neg: Frank Loving Frank Loving , sometimes called `` Cockeyed '' Frank Loving ( 1860 -- April 21 , 1882 ) was an Old West gambler and gunman . His two known gunfights were two of the better-known and well-publicized shootouts of the day , although over time they have become obscure .   Loving was born in Jackson County , Missouri , and later moved with his family to Texas , where his father died in the early 1870s . He began making his living as a professional gambler by his late teens , frequenting saloons and eventually landing in Dodge City , Kansas . Once settled in Dodge City , Loving began to frequent the Long Branch Saloon , where he became associated with other well-known gamblers , gunmen , and lawmen , to include Doc Holliday , Bat Masterson , Wyatt Earp , Charlie Bassett , and John Allen , with a friendship developing between gunman/gambler Levi Richardson and him . He also became good friends with Long Branch Saloon owner Chalkley Beeson .

neg: Juanita Jackson Mitchell Juanita Elizabeth Jackson Mitchell ( January 2 , 1913 -- July 7 , 1992 ) was born in Hot Springs , Arkansas and was the first African-American woman to practice law in Maryland . She was married to Clarence M. Mitchell , Jr. , mother of two Maryland State Senators , and grandmother of one .

neg: Fred J. Dodge Frederick J. Dodge ( August 29 , 1854 -- December 16 , 1938 ) was an undercover Wells Fargo detective , a constable in Tombstone , Arizona , and Texas cattleman . He was born in Spring Valley in northern Butte County , California and was raised in Sacramento .   He worked as undercover agent for Wells Fargo in California , Nevada and Arizona . In December 1879 , he was working in Tombstone , Arizona and recommended that Wyatt Earp be hired as a guard and messenger for the stage line . The two quickly became good friends and Dodge supported Wyatt and his brothers in their troubles in Tombstone that led up to the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral and afterward . He and Wyatt remained friends the rest of their lives .

neg: Wild Bill Hickok (film) Wild Bill Hickok is a 1923 American Western silent film directed by Clifford Smith , and written by William S. Hart and J.G. Hawks . It stars William S. Hart , Ethel Grey Terry , Kathleen O'Connor , James Farley , Jack Gardner , Carl Gerard and William Dyer . The film was released on November 18 , 1923 , by Paramount Pictures . It was the first film to depict Wyatt Earp , although in a very brief role , and the only film made before he died in 1929 that included his character , until Law and Order was released in 1932 . A print of the film exists in the Museum of Modern Art film archive .