query: Evil is frequently paired with neglect.

pos: Evil Evil , in a general context is the absence or opposite of that which is described as being good . Often , evil denotes profound immorality . In certain religious contexts , evil has been described as a supernatural force . Definitions of evil vary , as does the analysis of its motives . However , elements that are commonly associated with evil involve unbalanced behavior involving anger , revenge , fear , hatred , psychological trauma , expediency , selfishness , ignorance , or neglect .   In cultures with an Abrahamic religious influence , evil is usually perceived as the dualistic antagonistic opposite of good , in which good should prevail and evil should be defeated . In cultures with Buddhist spiritual influence , both good and evil are perceived as part of an antagonistic duality that itself must be overcome through achieving Śūnyatā meaning emptiness in the sense of recognition of good and evil being two opposing principles but not a reality , emptying the duality of them , and achieving a oneness .   The philosophical question of whether morality is absolute , relative , or illusory leads to questions about the nature of evil , with views falling into one of four opposed camps : moral absolutism , amoralism , moral relativism , and moral universalism .   While the term is applied to events and conditions without agency , the forms of evil addressed in this article presume an evildoer or doers .

neg: Narcissistic Personality Inventory The Narcissistic Personality Inventory ( NPI ) is the most widely used measure of narcissism in social psychological research . Although several versions of the NPI have been proposed in the literature , a forty-item forced-choice version is the one most commonly employed in current research . The NPI is based on the DSM-III clinical criteria for narcissistic personality disorder ( NPD ) , although it was designed to measure these features in the general population . Thus , the NPI is often said to measure `` normal '' or `` subclinical '' ( borderline ) narcissism ( i.e. , in people who score very high on the NPI do not necessarily meet criteria for diagnosis with NPD ) .   Because the NPI was originally based on DSM criteria for NPD , there has been much research on its factor structure . Raskin and Terry ( 1988 ) identified seven factors of the NPI ( i.e. , authority , superiority , exhibitionism , entitlement , vanity , exploitation and self-sufficiency ) , mapping roughly onto the DSM criteria for NPD . Since then , several studies have further examined the factor structure of the NPI with varying results . For example , some studies report three factors ; some report four factors . It is also often the case that factors of the NPI exhibit very low internal consistency ( although the full scale exhibits acceptable reliability ) . A 2015 study attempted to measure narcissism with a single item . Compared to the NPI , one advantage of the single-item measure is that it does not seem to conflate narcissism with normal , or healthy , self-esteem .   Research has found that people who score high on the NPI are more likely to cheat in game-play and romantic relationships , take more resources for themselves and leave fewer resources for others , value material things and be obsessively concerned with their outer appearance .

neg: Child sexual abuse Child sexual abuse or child molestation is a form of child abuse in which an adult or older adolescent uses a child for sexual stimulation . Forms of child sexual abuse include engaging in sexual activities with a child ( whether by asking or pressuring , or by other means ) , indecent exposure ( of the genitals , female nipples , etc. ) , child grooming , or using a child to produce child pornography .   Child sexual abuse can occur in a variety of settings , including home , school , or work ( in places where child labor is common ) . Child marriage is one of the main forms of child sexual abuse ; UNICEF has stated that child marriage `` represents perhaps the most prevalent form of sexual abuse and exploitation of girls '' . The effects of child sexual abuse can include depression , post-traumatic stress disorder , anxiety , complex post-traumatic stress disorder , propensity to further victimization in adulthood , and physical injury to the child , among other problems . Sexual abuse by a family member is a form of incest and can result in more serious and long-term psychological trauma , especially in the case of parental incest .   The global prevalence of child sexual abuse has been estimated at 19.7 % for females and 7.9 % for males . Most sexual abuse offenders are acquainted with their victims ; approximately 30 % are relatives of the child , most often brothers , fathers , uncles , or cousins ; around 60 % are other acquaintances , such as `` friends '' of the family , babysitters , or neighbors ; strangers are the offenders in approximately 10 % of child sexual abuse cases . Most child sexual abuse is committed by men ; studies on female child molesters show that women commit 14 % to 40 % of offenses reported against boys and 6 % of offenses reported against girls .   The word pedophile is commonly applied indiscriminately to anyone who sexually abuses a child , but child sexual offenders are not pedophiles unless they have a strong sexual interest in prepubescent children . Under the law , child sexual abuse is often used as an umbrella term describing criminal and civil offenses in which an adult engages in sexual activity with a minor or exploits a minor for the purpose of sexual gratification . The American Psychological Association states that `` children can not consent to sexual activity with adults '' , and condemns any such action by an adult : `` An adult who engages in sexual activity with a child is performing a criminal and immoral act which never can be considered normal or socially acceptable behavior . ''

neg: Abnormal psychology Abnormal psychology is the branch of psychology that studies unusual patterns of behavior , emotion and thought , which may or may not be understood as precipitating a mental disorder . Although many behaviors could be considered as abnormal , this branch of psychology generally deals with behavior in a clinical context . There is a long history of attempts to understand and control behavior deemed to be aberrant or deviant ( statistically , functionally , morally or in some other sense ) , and there is often cultural variation in the approach taken . The field of abnormal psychology identifies multiple causes for different conditions , employing diverse theories from the general field of psychology and elsewhere , and much still hinges on what exactly is meant by `` abnormal '' . There has traditionally been a divide between psychological and biological explanations , reflecting a philosophical dualism in regard to the mind body problem . There have also been different approaches in trying to classify mental disorders . Abnormal includes three different categories ; they are subnormal , supernormal and paranormal .   The science of abnormal psychology studies two types of behaviors : adaptive and maladaptive behaviors . Behaviors that are maladaptive suggest that some problem ( s ) exist , and can also imply that the individual is vulnerable and can not cope with environmental stress , which is leading them to have problems functioning in daily life .  Clinical psychology is the applied field of psychology that seeks to assess , understand and treat psychological conditions in clinical practice . The theoretical field known as ` abnormal psychology ' may form a backdrop to such work , but clinical psychologists in the current field are unlikely to use the term ` abnormal ' in reference to their practice . Psychopathology is a similar term to abnormal psychology but has more of an implication of an underlying pathology ( disease process ) , and as such is a term more commonly used in the medical specialty known as psychiatry .

neg: Theodicy and the Bible Theodicy , in its most common form , is the attempt to answer the question of why a good God permits the manifestation of evil . Theodicy attempts to resolve the evidential problem of evil by reconciling the traditional divine characteristics of omnibenevolence and omnipotence , in either their absolute or relative form , with the occurrence of evil or suffering in the world . `` Writings and discourses on theodicy by Jews , Greeks , Christians , and Eastern religions have graced our planet for thousands of years , '' and `` debates about theodicy continue among believers and unbelievers alike '' .   Theodicy is an `` intensely urgent '' and `` constant concern '' of `` the entire Bible '' . Relating theodicy and the Bible is crucial to understanding Abrahamic theodicy because the Bible `` has been , both in theory and in fact , the dominant influence upon ideas about God and evil in the Western world '' . The Bible raises the issue of theodicy by its portrayals of God as inflicting evil and by its accounts of people who question God 's goodness by their angry indictments . However , the Bible `` contains no comprehensive theodicy '' .   `` The most common theodicy is the free will theodicy . '' It lays the blame for all moral evil and some natural evil on humanity 's misuse of its free will . This article shows that the free will theodicy interacts with the Bible at its core : what Jesus and Paul say about the freedom of the will and with what kind of freedom of the will God endowed humanity at the Creation .

neg: Sin of omission In Catholic teaching , an omission is a failure to do something one can and ought to do . If an omission happens deliberately and freely , it is considered a sin .   The degree of guilt incurred by an omission is measured , like that attaching to sins of commission , by the dignity of the virtue and the magnitude of the precept to which the omission is opposed , as well as the amount of deliberation .   A person may be guilty of a sin of omission if he fails to do something which he is able to do and which he ought to do because he has put himself into a state or situation whereby he is unable to complete the action . For example , if a person chooses to become inebriated and is therefore unable to perform a necessary task , that person is responsible for that failure , even though that person is physically unable to perform the task because he or she knowingly put themselves into a state ( drunkenness ) where accomplishing the task was impossible .   Paul the Apostle refers to this sin directly when he states `` For I do not do the good I want ... '' ( Romans ) .  see  James the brother of Jesus more exactly defines this sin when he states , `` Whoever knows the right thing to do and fails to do it , for him it is sin . '' ( James )  see James 4 , New King James Version  see  see  see  see   `` In the end , we will remember not the words of our enemies , but the silence of our friends . '' -- Martin Luther King

neg: Bao ying Bào yìng ( Chinese : 報名 ) is a concept of cosmic and moral reciprocity in the Chinese folk religion . It implies that people dwell in a moral universe , a universe that is kept ordained by mores , good actions , thus moral retribution is in fact a cosmic retribution . It determines fate , as written in Zhou texts : `` on the doer of good , heaven sends down all blessings , and on the doer of evil , he sends down all calamities . ''   The cosmic significance of bào yìng is better understood exploring other two traditional concepts of fate and meaning :  Mìng yùn , the personal destiny , in which mìng is `` life '' or `` right '' , the given status of life , and yùn defines `` circumstance '' and `` individual choice '' ; mìng is given and influenced by the transcendent force Tiān , that is the same as the `` divine right '' ( tiān mìng ) of ancient rulers as identified by Mencius . Personal destiny ( mìng yùn ) is thus perceived as both fixed ( the status of life ) and flexible , open-ended ( the individual choice in matters of bào yìng ) .  Yuán fèn , `` fateful coincidence '' , describing good and bad chances and potential relationships . Scholars K. S. Yang and D. Ho have analysed the psychological advantages of this belief : assigning causality of negative events to yuán fèn beyond personal control , people tend to maintain good relationships , avoid conflict , and promote social harmony ; meanwhile , when positive events are seen as result of yuan fen , personal credit is not directly assigned , and this reduces pride on one side of the relationship and envy and resentment on the other .   Mìng yun and yuán fèn are linked , because what appears on the surface to be chance events ( for better or worse ) , are part of the deeper rhythm that shapes personal life based on how destiny is directed . They are ultimately shaped by bào yìng , good action . Recognising this connection has the result of making a person responsible for his or her actions : doing good for others produces further good for oneself and keeps the world in harmony .

neg: Bad faith (existentialism) Bad faith ( from French mauvaise foi ) is a philosophical concept used by existentialist philosophers Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir to describe the phenomenon where human beings under pressure from social forces adopt false values and disown their innate freedom , hence acting inauthentically . It is closely related to the concepts of self-deception and ressentiment .

neg: Substance dependence Substance dependence also known as drug dependence is an adaptive state that develops from repeated drug administration , and which results in withdrawal upon cessation of drug use . A drug addiction , a distinct concept from substance dependence , is defined as compulsive , out-of-control drug use , despite negative consequences . An addictive drug is a drug which is both rewarding and reinforcing . ΔFosB , a gene transcription factor , is now known to be a critical component and common factor in the development of virtually all forms of behavioral addiction and drug addictions , but not dependence .   Within the framework of the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM-IV ) , substance dependence is redefined as a drug addiction , and can be diagnosed without the occurrence of a withdrawal syndrome . It is now described accordingly : `` When an individual persists in use of alcohol or other drugs despite problems related to use of the substance , substance dependence may be diagnosed . Compulsive and repetitive use may result in tolerance to the effect of the drug and withdrawal symptoms when use is reduced or stopped . This , along with Substance Abuse are considered Substance Use Disorders . ''

neg: Spoiled child A spoiled child , spoiled brat , or simply a brat is a derogatory term aimed at children who exhibit behavioral problems from being overindulged by their parents . Children and teens who are perceived as spoiled may be described as `` overindulged '' , `` grandiose '' , `` narcissistic '' or `` egocentric-regressed '' . Perception is an important term , because when the child has a neurological condition such as autism or intellectual disability , observers may judge them as `` spoiled '' without an understanding of the whole picture . There is no accepted scientific definition of what `` spoiled '' means , and professionals are often unwilling to use the label because it is considered vague and derogatory . Being spoiled is not recognized as a mental disorder in any of the medical manuals , such as the ICD-10 or the DSM-IV , or its successor , the DSM-5 .

neg: Tyranny of the majority Tyranny of the majority ( or tyranny of the masses ) refers to an inherent weakness of direct democracy and majority rule in which the majority of an electorate can place its own interests above , and at the expense of , those in the minority . This results in oppression of minority groups comparable to that of a tyrant or despot .   Potentially , through tyranny of the majority , a disliked or unfavored ethnic , religious , political , or racial group may be deliberately targeted for oppression by the majority element acting through the democratic process .   American founding father Alexander Hamilton writing to Jefferson from the Constitutional Convention argued the same fears regarding the use of pure direct democracy by the majority to elect a demagogue who , rather than work for the benefit of all citizens , set out to either harm those in the minority or work only for those of the upper echelon . The Electoral College mechanism present in the indirect United States presidential election system , and the phenomenon of faithless electors allowed for within it , was , in part , deliberately created as a safety measure not only to prevent such a scenario , but also to prevent the use of democracy to overthrow democracy for an authoritarian , dictatorial or other system of oppressive government . As articulated by Hamilton , one reason the Electoral College was created was so `` that the office of President will never fall to the lot of any man who is not in an eminent degree endowed with the requisite qualifications '' .   The scenarios in which tyranny perception occurs are very specific , involving a sort of distortion of democracy preconditions :   Centralisation excess : when the centralised power of a federation make a decision that should be local , breaking with the commitment to the subsidiarity principle . Typical solutions , in this condition , are concurrent majority and supermajority rules .  Abandonment of rationality : when , as Tocqueville remembered , a decision `` which bases its claim to rule upon numbers , not upon rightness or excellence '' . The use of public consultation , technical consulting bodies , and other similar mechanisms help to improve rationality of decisions before voting on them . Judicial review ( e.g. declaration of nullity of the decision ) is the typical way after the vote .   In both cases , in a context of a nation , constitutional limits on the powers of a legislative body , and the introduction of a Bill of Rights have been used to counter the problem . A separation of powers ( for example a legislative and executive majority actions subject to review by the judiciary ) may also be implemented to prevent the problem from happening internally in a government .

neg: Attendant circumstance In law , attendant circumstances ( sometimes external circumstances ) are the facts surrounding an event .   In the criminal law in the United States , the definition of a given offense generally includes up to three kinds of `` elements '' : the actus reus , or guilty conduct ; the mens rea , or guilty mental state ; and the attendant ( sometimes `` external '' ) circumstances . The reason is given in Powell v. Texas , 392 U.S. 514 , 533 ( 1968 ) :  ... criminal penalties may be inflicted only if the accused has committed some act , has engaged in some behavior , which society has an interest in preventing .  The burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove each `` element of the offense '' in order for a defendant to be found guilty . The Model Penal Code § 1.13 ( 9 ) offers the following definition of the phrase `` elements of an offense '' :  ( i ) such conduct or ( ii ) such attendant circumstances or ( iii ) such a result of conduct as  ( a ) is included in the description of the forbidden conduct in the definition of the offense ; or  ( b ) establishes the required kind of culpability ; or  ( c ) negatives an excuse or justification for such conduct ; or  ( d ) negatives a defense under the statute of limitations ; or  ( e ) establishes jurisdiction or venue ;

neg: Bad magic Bad magic or bad magick may refer to :   Black magic , the use of supernatural powers or magic for evil and selfish purposes

neg: Rotten kid theorem Gary Becker 's rotten kid theorem is a thought experiment in economics . It posits that family members , even if they are selfish , will act to help one another if their personal incentives are properly aligned . The theorem is one of the most famous theorems within family economics , and applied mechanism design .   In his original work , Becker paints a hypothetical situation in which children will receive gifts of money income from a wealthy , altruistic parent to make them happy . One of the children is a selfish , `` rotten '' , child who would take pleasure in harming his sibling . However , if he chose to actually hurt his sibling , the altruistic parent would help the victim , and curtail help to the wrongdoer . That way , the altruist would function as a means of transferring utility between the rotten kid and his sibling . In the process the parent would also bring about an incentive not to wrong the sibling in the first place , because any utility robbed of the sibling would be automatically taken away from the rotten kid .   The theorem relies on multiple assumptions . First , the altruistic parent has to be wealthy enough to compensate for any wrongdoing by the rotten kid . Secondly , he has to be a pure , rational altruist , with full knowledge of the personal utility of both the rotten kid and his sibling . Thirdly , the altruist would have to be fixed in his own income . And so on .   The theorem has proven widely influential in the economic analysis of family life , and beyond that , other regarding economic institutions in general . It has done so especially in the economical analysis of unconventional and nonmonetary economic institutions , traditionally and especially in the popular sphere regarded as being outside the ambit of the economic science . Thus today it is a standard example of the novel contribution to economic literature that the so-called nonstandard economics has brought about .

neg: Heavy metal lyrics Heavy metal lyrics are the words used in songs by heavy metal music bands , groups and artists . Given that there are many genres of heavy metal , it is difficult to make generalizations about the lyrics and lyrical themes . In 1989 , two metal scholars wrote that heavy metal lyrics concentrate `` on dark and depressing subject matter to an extent hitherto unprecedented '' in any form of popular music . Jeffrey Arnett states that metal songs are `` overwhelmingly dominated '' by `` ugly and unhappy '' themes which express `` no hope '' for the future . Deena Weinstein has proposed one way to analyze metal song themes is loosely grouping them into two categories : the Dionysian theme ( a reference to the Roman God of wine ) , which celebrates `` sex , drugs and rock and roll '' , partying , and enjoyment of life and the Chaotic theme , which involves dark subjects such as Hell , injustice , mayhem , carnage and death . Not all metal genres fall into Weinstein 's two theme model ; for example power metal 's lyrical themes often focus on fantasy and mythology , camaraderie and hope , personal struggles and emotions , among other themes . Another exception is pop metal bands , which replaced `` gloom and doom '' themes with `` positive , upbeat '' songs about romantic love and relationships , part of their goal of appealing more to female listeners . In metal overall , the small number of metal songs about relationships are typically about unions that have `` gone sour '' long ago .   The thematic content of heavy metal lyrics has long been a target of criticism . According to Jon Pareles , `` Heavy metal 's main subject matter is simple and virtually universal . With grunts , moans and subliterary lyrics , it celebrates ... a party without limits ... -LSB- T -RSB- he bulk of the music is stylized and formulaic . '' Music critics have often deemed metal lyrics juvenile and banal , and others have objected to what they see as advocacy of misogyny and the occult . During the 1980s , the Parents Music Resource Center ( PMRC ) petitioned the U.S. Congress to regulate the popular music industry due to what the group asserted were objectionable lyrics , particularly those in heavy metal songs . The PMRC used music professor Joe Stuessy to testify against metal . Professor Stuessy alleged that heavy metal songs focus on violence , substance abuse , perversion , S&M , and Satanism . Robert Walser analyzed 88 metal songs ' themes to determine if Professor Stuessy 's claims were valid . In Walser 's analysis , the dominant theme in the metal songs was `` longing for intensity '' ; he found that the negative themes described by Stuessy and the PMRC were uncommon . Jeffrey Arnett analysed the lyrics from 115 metal songs : he found that the top three messages were `` grim ... themes '' about violence , angst and protest .   Metal artists have had to defend their lyrics in front of the U.S. Senate and in courtrooms . In 1985 , Twisted Sister frontman Dee Snider was asked to defend his song Under the Blade at a U.S. Senate hearing . In 1986 , Ozzy Osbourne was sued because of the lyrics of his song Suicide Solution . In 1990 , Judas Priest was sued in American court by the parents of two young men who had shot themselves five years earlier , allegedly after hearing the subliminal statement `` do it '' in a Priest song . While the case attracted a great deal of media attention , it was ultimately dismissed . In some predominantly Muslim countries , heavy metal has been officially denounced as a threat to traditional values . In countries such as Morocco , Egypt , Lebanon , and Malaysia , there have been incidents of heavy metal musicians and fans being arrested and incarcerated .

neg: Shame Shame is a painful , social emotion that can be seen as resulting '' ... from comparison of the self 's action with the self 's standards ... '' . but which may equally stem from comparison of the self 's state of being with the ideal social context 's standard . Thus , shame may stem from volitional action or simply self-regard ; no action by the shamed being is required : simply existing is enough . Both the comparison and standards are enabled by socialization . Though usually considered an emotion , shame may also variously be considered an affect , cognition , state , or condition .   The roots of the word shame are thought to derive from an older word meaning `` to cover '' ; as such , covering oneself , literally or figuratively , is a natural expression of shame . Nineteenth-century scientist Charles Darwin , in his book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals , described shame affect as consisting of blushing , confusion of mind , downward cast eyes , slack posture , and lowered head , and he noted observations of shame affect in human populations worldwide . He also noted the sense of warmth or heat ( associated with the vasodilation of the face and skin ) occurring in intense shame . Shame can also result in crying .   A `` sense of shame '' is the feeling known as guilt but `` consciousness '' or awareness of `` shame as a state '' or condition defines core/toxic shame ( Lewis , 1971 ; Tangney , 1998 ) . The key emotion in all forms of shame is contempt ( Miller , 1984 ; Tomkins , 1967 ) . Two distinct domains that shame is expressed are the consciousness of self as bad and the other is self as inadequate . People employ negative coping responses to counter deep rooted , associated sense of `` shameworthiness '' . The shame cognition may occur as a result of the experience of shame affect or , more generally , in any situation of embarrassment , dishonor , disgrace , inadequacy , humiliation , or chagrin .   A `` state of shame '' is assigned internally from being a victim of environment where the sense of self is stigmatized like being denigrated by caregivers , overtly rejected by parents in favor of siblings needs , etc. and the same is assigned externally , by others , regardless of one 's own experience or awareness . `` To shame '' generally means to actively assign or communicate a state of shame to another . Behaviors designed to `` uncover '' or `` expose '' others are sometimes used for this purpose , as are utterances like `` Shame ! '' or `` Shame on you ! '' Finally , to `` have shame '' means to maintain a sense of restraint against offending others ( as with modesty , humility , and deference ) while to `` have no shame '' is to behave without such restraint ( as with excessive pride or hubris ) .

neg: Hunger in the United Kingdom Chronic hunger has affected a sizable proportion of the UK 's population throughout most of its history . The problem was largely solved with the improved economic conditions that followed World War II . Yet since the lasting global inflation in the price of food that began in late 2006 , and especially since the financial crisis of 2008 , severe hunger has once again began to affect thousands of Britons . By December 2013 , according to a group of doctors and academics writing in The British Medical Journal , hunger in the UK had reached the level of a `` public health emergency '' .   In the run up to the 2015 general election , the issue of hunger in the UK became somewhat politicised , with right wing commentators expressing scepticism about figures presented by church groups and left leaning activitists . An All-Party MP group focusing on hunger in the UK has called for activists to be cautious in how they discuss the problem of domestic hunger , as exaggerated claims and political point scoring risk reducing public support for tackling the issue . In a 2016 report , the All-Party group stated it is not possible to accurately quantify the number of people suffering from hunger in the UK , and called for better collection of data .   The UK has seen several changes in prevailing attitudes to the problem of hunger and its relief . In the early 19th century , a view arose that it was counter productive to assist those suffering from hunger ; rather people should be left to fend for themselves , which would help them become more self-sufficient and would also assist the free market to deliver prosperity . By the early 20th century this way of thinking had been largely displaced by the humanitarian view that Britons have a moral duty to help the hungry when they are able .

neg: Hypochondriasis Hypochondriasis , also known as hypochondria , health anxiety or illness anxiety disorder , refers to worry about having a serious illness . This debilitating condition is the result of an inaccurate perception of the condition of body or mind despite the absence of an actual medical condition . An individual suffering from hypochondriasis is known as a hypochondriac . Hypochondriacs become unduly alarmed about any physical or psychological symptoms they detect , no matter how minor the symptom may be , and are convinced that they have , or are about to be diagnosed with , a serious illness .   Often , hypochondria persists even after a physician has evaluated a person and reassured them that their concerns about symptoms do not have an underlying medical basis or , if there is a medical illness , their concerns are far in excess of what is appropriate for the level of disease . Many hypochondriacs focus on a particular symptom as the catalyst of their worrying , such as gastro-intestinal problems , palpitations , or muscle fatigue . To qualify for the diagnosis of hypochondria the symptoms must have been experienced for at least 6 months .   The DSM-IV-TR defines this disorder , `` Hypochondriasis '' , as a somatoform disorder and one study has shown it to affect about 3 % of the visitors to primary care settings . The newly published DSM-5 replaces the diagnosis of hypochondriasis with the diagnoses of `` somatic symptom disorder '' and `` illness anxiety disorder '' .   Hypochondria is often characterized by fears that minor bodily or mental symptoms may indicate a serious illness , constant self-examination and self-diagnosis , and a preoccupation with one 's body . Many individuals with hypochondriasis express doubt and disbelief in the doctors ' diagnosis , and report that doctors ' reassurance about an absence of a serious medical condition is unconvincing , or short-lasting . Additionally , many hypochondriacs experience elevated blood pressure , stress , and anxiety in the presence of doctors or while occupying a medical facility , a condition known as `` white coat syndrome '' . Many hypochondriacs require constant reassurance , either from doctors , family , or friends , and the disorder can become a disabling torment for the individual with hypochondriasis , as well as his or her family and friends . Some hypochondriacal individuals completely avoid any reminder of illness , whereas others frequently visit medical facilities , sometimes obsessively . Some sufferers may never speak about it .

neg: Self-envy Self-envy is a psychoanalytic concept developed by Rafael López-Corvo who argues that it is crucial for the understanding of disorders of the self that are manifested in addictions , acting out , and inhibition of creativity . This concept is based on the use of object relations theory , that many psychoanalysts view as a fundamental instrument for examining the architecture of the internal world that describes behavior as influenced by the multiple interactions of early representations of self and other that operate in our inner selves .   Self-envy is produced by ` child part self-objects ' , self representations from early development that remain split off from the self and harbor destructive and envious feelings toward the creative aspects of the self and results from direct aggressive attacks by these childhood self-objects against the part of the self identified with a harmonious mother-father or parent-sibling relationship .   The internal dynamics of self-envy cause intense unconscious conflict , dissociation , and disturbances of the self , all of which underlie severe psychopathologies , such as repetitive destructive behavior , and even the living of seemingly normal but constricted lives . López-Corvo suggests that the psychoanalytic interpretation of such patients , for whom one part of the self is ruthlessly pitted against another , should address directly the phenomenon of a war within the internal self .   W.C.M. Scott first used this term in 1975 in his article `` Remembering sleep and dreaming : self-envy and envy of dreams and dreaming '' in the International Review of Psychoanalysis , Vol . 2/3 ( 1975 ) : 333-354 . López-Corvo credits Scott in his paper `` About Interpretation of Self-Envy '' in the same journal ( 1992 ) : 73 , 719 , and also in his book Self-Envy : Therapy and the Divided Inner World , which also draws from Melanie Klein , Wilfred Bion , and other object-relations theorists in order to develop its more extended argument .

neg: Justice (economics) Justice in economics is a subcategory of welfare economics with models frequently representing the ethical-social requirements of a given theory , whether `` in the large , '' as of a just social order , or `` in the small , '' as in the equity of `` how institutions distribute specific benefits and burdens . '' That theory may or may not elicit acceptance . In the Journal of Economic Literature classification codes ` justice ' is scrolled to at JEL : D63 , wedged on the same line between ` Equity ' and ` Inequality ' along with ` Other Normative Criteria and Measurement ' . Categories above and below the line are Externalities and Altruism .   Some ideas about justice and ethics overlap with the origins of economic thought , often as to distributive justice and sometimes as to Marxian analysis . The subject is a topic of normative economics and philosophy and economics . In early welfare economics , where mentioned , ` justice ' was little distinguished from maximization of all individual utility functions or a social welfare function . As to the latter , Paul Samuelson ( 1947 ) , expanding on work of Abram Bergson , represents a social welfare function in general terms as any ethical belief system required to order any ( hypothetically feasible ) social states for the entire society as `` better than , '' `` worse than , '' or `` indifferent to '' each other . Kenneth Arrow ( 1963 ) showed a difficulty of trying to extend a social welfare function consistently across different hypothetical ordinal utility functions even apart from justice . Utility maximization survives , even with the rise of ordinal-utility/Pareto theory , as an ethical basis for economic-policy judgments in the wealth-maximization criterion invoked in law and economics .   Amartya Sen ( 1970 ) , Kenneth Arrow ( 1983 ) , Serge-Christophe Kolm ( 1969 , 1996 , 2000 ) , and others have considered ways in which utilitarianism as an approach to justice is constrained or challenged by independent claims of equality in the distribution of primary goods , liberty , entitlements , opportunity , exclusion of antisocial preferences , possible capabilities , and fairness as non-envy plus Pareto efficiency . Alternate approaches have treated combining concern for the worst off with economic efficiency , the notion of personal responsibility and ( de ) merits of leveling individual benefits downward , claims of intergenerational justice , and other non-welfarist/Pareto approaches . Justice is a subarea of social choice theory , for example as to extended sympathy , and more generally in the work of Arrow , Sen , and others .   A broad reinterpretation of justice from the perspective of game theory , social contract theory , and evolutionary naturalism is found in works of Ken Binmore ( 1994 , 1998 , 2004 ) and others . Arguments on fairness as an aspect of justice have been invoked to explain a wide range of behavioral and theoretical applications , supplementing earlier emphasis on economic efficiency ( Konow , 2003 ) .

neg: A Short History of Ethics A Short History of Ethics : A History of Moral Philosophy from the Homeric Age to the Twentieth Century is a 1966 book on the history of moral philosophy by the Scottish philosopher Alasdair MacIntyre . It is the first of a series of books by MacIntyre on the history and development of ethics .   The book covers Greek ethics including Plato and Aristotle , Christian moral thought including the work of Martin Luther and writers including Niccolò Machiavelli , Montesquieu , Edmund Burke , Immanuel Kant , David Hume , Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel , Karl Marx , Søren Kierkegaard , Arthur Schopenhauer and Friedrich Nietzsche . MacIntyre also discusses twentieth century philosophers including G. E. Moore , John Dewey and R. M. Hare .   According to a review in The Journal of Philosophy , one of MacIntyre 's primary theses in the book is that `` moral concepts change as social life changes '' and therefore philosophers who believe there is one subject of ethical inquiry are mistaken . A review in the British Journal of Educational Studies describes the book as a `` stimulating , if highly impressionistic , account of the history of ethics written from the point of view of his own convictions about the state of moral concepts '' .   In a review for The Philosophical Review , J. B. Schneewind describes the work as a `` brilliant and provocative book '' that is `` not so much a history of ethics as an essay about the history of ethics '' . Schneewind criticises some elements of the book , noting the absence of any discussion of Henry Sidgwick and also noting MacIntyre 's lack of references or bibliography or of careful exposition of some of the issues of interpretation in the history of ethics .


query: Mark Ruffalo is a humanitarian.

pos: Mark Ruffalo Mark Alan Ruffalo ( -LSB- ˈrʌfəloʊ -RSB- , born November 22 , 1967 ) is an American actor , humanitarian , social activist and film producer . He made his screen debut in an episode of CBS Summer Playhouse ( 1989 ) , followed by minor film roles . He was part of the original cast of This Is Our Youth ( 1996 ) , for which he was nominated for an Independent Spirit Award . Following were his roles in 13 Going on 30 ( 2004 ) , Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind ( 2004 ) , Zodiac ( 2007 ) , and What Does n't Kill You ( 2008 ) . In 2010 , he starred in the psychological thriller Shutter Island and the comedy-drama The Kids Are All Right . For the latter , he received nominations for the SAG Award , BAFTA Award , and an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . He also co-starred in the mystery films Now You See Me and Now You See Me 2 as FBI Special Agent Dylan Rhodes .   Ruffalo gained international prominence by portraying the Marvel Comics character the Hulk in The Avengers ( 2012 ) and Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) . He starred in and was the co-executive producer of the 2014 television drama film The Normal Heart , for which he was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Television Movie and he won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Actor in a TV Movie . The same year , he portrayed Dave Schultz in Foxcatcher , for which he was nominated for awards , including a Golden Globe , and an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . In 2015 , he was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for Infinitely Polar Bear and also received BAFTA and Academy Award nominations for his role in the drama Spotlight .

neg: Anthony Banbury Anthony Banbury ( born in 1964 )   He served as United Nations Assistant Secretary-General for Field Support until 5th of February 2016 . He resigned from this position , stating that the UN is in dire need of reform . Drawing on 30 years of experience with the UN , he criticized its sclerotic personnel system , a lack of accountability , insufficient impact and the UN 's inability to deal with transgressions by its own staff .   From 23 September 2014 to 3 January 2015 , Banbury served as the Special Representative of the Secretary General and Head of the United Nations Mission for Emergency Ebola Response . He was replaced by Ismail Ould Cheikh Ahmed following the end of his tour of duty at UNMEER on January 3 , 2015 .   Prior to this appointment of 23 September 2014 , Mr. Banbury served as Senior United Nations System Coordinator for Ebola . Prior to this appointment of 8 September , Mr. Banbury served as United Nations Assistant Secretary-General for Field Support . He was appointed to this position in 2009 by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon . His responsibilities in this capacity include developing cross-cutting field support policies and strategies and overseeing daily operation across the full range of mission support areas .   Banbury studied political science at Tufts University and obtained his master 's degree from The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy . He also received a Diploma of Higher Studies from the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva .   He held various positions in the United Nations in his early career . From 1988 to 1995 , he served in the United Nations Border Relief Operation in Thailand , the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia and the United Nations Protection Force in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia . Between 1996 and 1997 , he worked in the Secretariat , at the Executive Office of the Secretary-General and in the Department of Humanitarian Affairs .   He also served as the Asia Regional Director for the World Food Programme in Bangkok from 2003 to 2009 , where he managed humanitarian relief and development operations in 14 countries . He also was an integral part of the relief operations for the 2004 tsunami and the 2008 Cyclone Nargis .   Besides his working experience at the United Nations , he also worked for the United States Government , from 1997 to 1999 as an advisor on the Balkans in the Office of the Secretary of Defense , and from 2000 to 2003 at the National Security Council in the White House . He is married , with four children .

neg: International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is an international humanitarian movement with approximately 97 million volunteers , members and staff worldwide which was founded to protect human life and health , to ensure respect for all human beings , and to prevent and alleviate human suffering .   The movement consists of several distinct organizations that are legally independent from each other , but are united within the movement through common basic principles , objectives , symbols , statutes and governing organisations . The movement 's parts are :   The International Committee of the Red Cross ( ICRC ) is a private humanitarian institution founded in 1863 in Geneva , Switzerland , by Henry Dunant and Gustave Moynier . Its 25-member committee has a unique authority under international humanitarian law to protect the life and dignity of the victims of international and internal armed conflicts . The ICRC was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize on three occasions ( in 1917 , 1944 and 1963 ) .  The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies ( IFRC ) was founded in 1919 and today it coordinates activities between the 190 National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies within the Movement . On an international level , the Federation leads and organizes , in close cooperation with the National Societies , relief assistance missions responding to large-scale emergencies . The International Federation Secretariat is based in Geneva , Switzerland . In 1963 , the Federation ( then known as the League of Red Cross Societies ) was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize jointly with the ICRC .  National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies exist in nearly every country in the world . Currently 190 National Societies are recognized by the ICRC and admitted as full members of the Federation . Each entity works in its home country according to the principles of international humanitarian law and the statutes of the international Movement . Depending on their specific circumstances and capacities , National Societies can take on additional humanitarian tasks that are not directly defined by international humanitarian law or the mandates of the international Movement . In many countries , they are tightly linked to the respective national health care system by providing emergency medical services .

neg: Project C.U.R.E. PROJECT C.U.R.E. ( Commission on Urgent Relief and Equipment ) is the registered trademark of the Benevolent Healthcare Foundation , a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non-profit , humanitarian relief organization based in Denver , CO. . It is one of the largest nonprofit organizations in the world that delivers medical supplies and equipment to developing countries . Its main purpose is to collect and sort donated medical supplies and equipment from manufacturers , hospitals , and surpluses and then distribute the supplies and equipment to developing countries based on a needs assessment of the local hospitals and clinics in those countries .

neg: Mark Thompson (historian) Mark Thompson ( born 1959 ) is an award-winning British historian . The most recent of his four books is Birth Certificate : The Story of Danilo Kis ( 2013 ) , which was described by Adam Thirlwell , in a lead review in the Times Literary Supplement , as `` a great biography of the work as much as the life '' .   The White War . Life and Death on the Italian Front , 1915-1919 ( 2008 ) is the first comprehensive narrative history in English of the part played by Italy in World War I . It was selected as Book of the Week by The Guardian newspaper , and hailed there as `` magnificent ... original , masterly and definitive . ''   Forging War ( 1999 ) is an account of the media manipulation that took place before and during the Wars of Yugoslav Succession .   A Paper House ( 1992 ) is a political travelogue which describes the federal republic of Yugoslavia upon the brink of dissolution .   Thompson has also edited , with Louis Mackay , Something in the Wind : Politics after Chernobyl ( 1988 ) , and has translated fiction from French , Italian and Croatian .   His CV includes stints as the head of media analysis for the biggest peacekeeping mission mounted by the United Nations ( UNPROFOR ) , in 1994 and 1995 ; the first political officer to serve with the UN 's smallest peacekeeping mission ( UNMOP ) in 1997 ; the spokesman and head of media affairs for the mission to Croatia of the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe ( OSCE ) in 1998 and 1999 ; and the Balkans Program Director of the International Crisis Group ( ICG ) in 2000 and 2001 .   In 2015 , Thompson took up a position as Reader in Modern History at the University of East Anglia ( half time ) . He lives in Oxford , where he supervises a small number of undergraduate and graduate students at the Faculty of History . Thompson is an alumnus of Merchant Taylors ' School , Northwood .

neg: American Task Force on Palestine The American Task Force on Palestine ( ATFP ) is an organization founded in 2003 to advocate that it is in the American national interest to promote an end to the Palestinian -- Israeli conflict through the creation of a Palestinian state that will live alongside Israel in peace and security . ATFP condemns all violence directed against civilians no matter who the victims or perpetrators may be .   ATFP is funded entirely by its Board of Directors and supporters . It has never received funding from any government or government agency . ATFP 's signed , audited financial statements are posted online on its website .   ATFP works primarily in Washington DC , and seeks to build strong working relationships with government departments and agencies , think tanks , NGOs and the media . It has developed lines of communication with the US , Palestinian , Israeli and Jordanian governments in order to pursue its policy advocacy goals . ATFP has also engaged in humanitarian fundraising to support health and education causes in the occupied Palestinian territories .

neg: World Aid Organization Healthnovations International ( formerly World Aid Organization ) is a unique assembly of community members , students , public health experts , and healthcare professionals , all committed to the fight for global health equity . Healthnovations is committed to fighting the disparities in global health by developing long-term , system-level innovations in healthcare delivery in places affected by poverty , isolation , war , and neglect . The organization 's vision is driven by four core objectives :   Facilitating resource distribution to resource-denied areas .  Fostering grassroots collective action to fight injustice in health .  Involving the central government in pro-poor health infrastructure .  Achieving transparency and collaboration in global health delivery .

neg: Cine Foundation International Cine Foundation International is London-based non-profit film company and human rights NGO `` aiming to 'em power open consciousness through cinema ' '' . The foundation was formed in December 2010 by American filmmaker Jesse Richards , founder of the Remodernist film movement , South Korean film critic Blue Un Sok Kim and Tobias Morgan , formerly the developer of `` The Garage '' on Mubi .   On 3 January 2011 , CFI announced their launch of a campaign of protest films and public actions calling for the release of imprisoned Iranian filmmaker Jafar Panahi . `` The campaign will include protest films that speak to human rights issues in Iran and throughout the world , six of which are commissioned feature-length , plus twenty shorts . Participating filmmakers may act anonymously or through pseudonyms since voicing their stories can be dangerous . The films , which will address themes of nation , identity , self , spiritual culture , censorship and imprisonment , will be aimed for public , web and various exhibition media '' . In January 2011 , filmmakers Béla Tarr and Lav Diaz joined the foundation 's Board of Directors , and in February Fred Kelemen joined the Board of Directors .   Also in January 2011 , CFI deployed a video protest mechanism called WHITE MEADOWS ( named for the Mohammad Rasoulof film of the same title ) and developed by Ericson deJesus ( of Yahoo! and frog design ) at the request of the foundation . The video mechanism `` allow ( s ) anyone in the world to record a short video statement about Panahi and Rasoulof . There will be an ESCAPE button at top , allowing quick exit for those in countries where recording a statement would be dangerous . There will be an option to have the screen black , and soon , voice distortion . The video statements will be recorded as mp4s , giving them maximum transmedia capacity , which essentially makes them broadcastable from any device that can show video '' . Users can also use the mechanism to comment on how they would `` like to see as an international response by the film industry '' , comment on the state of human rights in general , or to `` report a human rights abuse to the world '' .   Late in 2011 , CFI launched #OccupyCinema , an ongoing collective project in collaboration with the global Occupy movement . The project encompasses `` public space projections onto buildings or other public surfaces -- broadcasting films , video documents or live feeds , with the intention of decentralising traditional broadcast monopolies and information power structures where these interfere with freedom of speech or otherwise compel human beings to surrender to the agendas of ethically bankrupt regimes . '' On November 1 , #OccupyCinema will launch public displays of films in New York City , Dallas , Kansas , London and Paris , with more to follow over the next week .   Tobias Morgan resigned as Chair in Autumn 2011 , having been commissioned to make a Cine Foundation International feature film dedicated to the Iranian film producer Katayoun Shahabi . Jesse Richards resigned in 2012 , and Blue Un Sok Kim took the Chair .   Category : International human rights organizations  Category : Organisations based in the United Kingdom  Category : Arts organisations based in the United Kingdom  Category : Film organisations in the United Kingdom

neg: Restoring Family Links Restoring Family Links ( RFL ) is a program of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement , more specifically the International Committee of the Red Cross ( ICRC ) and National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies involving activities that aim to prevent separation and disappearance , look for missing persons , restore and maintain contact between family members and clarify the fate of persons reported missing . The activities are carried out by the components of the RFL is sometimes also referred to as family tracing .   The ICRC and National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies form together a global network , the Family Links Network . This network works across international borders , present with staff and volunteers at grass-roots level worldwide , to locate people and put them back into contact with their relatives , observing of the principles of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement .   The most common situations where the Family Links Network takes action are when loss of contact is due to armed conflict or other situations of violence ; natural or man-made disaster ; migration and in other situations of humanitarian need , such as allowing detainees to keep in touch with their families while in prison .  RFL services are free of charge .

neg: Comic Relief Comic Relief is an operating British charity , founded in 1985 by the comedy scriptwriter Richard Curtis and comedian Lenny Henry in response to famine in Ethiopia . The highlight of Comic Relief 's appeal is Red Nose Day , a biennial telethon held in March , alternating with sister project Sport Relief .   A prominent biennial event in British popular culture , Comic Relief is one of the two high-profile telethon events held in the United Kingdom , the other being Children in Need , held annually in November .

neg: APA International Humanitarian Award The APA International Humanitarian Award is an award of the American Psychological Association that `` recognizes extraordinary humanitarian service and activism by a psychologist or a team of psychologists , including professional and/or volunteer work conducted primarily in the field with underserved populations . ''

neg: FilmAid International FilmAid International is a non-profit humanitarian organization that uses film to educate and entertain displaced people around the world . FilmAid was founded during the Balkan crisis in 1999 by producer Caroline Baron ( Capote , Monsoon Wedding ) to assist with refugee communities in Macedonia suffering the effects of war , poverty , displacement and disaster .  Since 1999 , FilmAid has worked in partnership with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) and other global aid organizations to help bring information and training to more than two million people worldwide .  FilmAid produces and distributes community-based films on public health and safety issues such as maternal health , HIV , cholera , gender-based violence and conflict resolution .  Using inflatable screens and other ` Mobile Cinema ' units , FilmAid screenings aims to overcome language and literacy boundaries .  FilmAid currently works in Kenya , in the large refugee camps of Dadaab and Kakuma as well as informal settlements in Nairobi and Mombassa , with Burmese refugees in Thailand and also in Haiti .  FilmAid is a global federation of nonprofit , charitable organizations . Members include FilmAid International ( the founding organization ) , FilmAid Asia , FilmAid Kenya , and FilmAid U.K.

neg: Helms–Burton Act The Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity ( Libertad ) Act of 1996 ( Helms -- Burton Act , , , ) is a United States federal law which strengthens and continues the United States embargo against Cuba . The act extended the territorial application of the initial embargo to apply to foreign companies trading with Cuba , and penalized foreign companies allegedly `` trafficking '' in property formerly owned by U.S. citizens but confiscated by Cuba after the Cuban revolution . The act also covers property formerly owned by Cubans who have since become U.S. citizens .   The Act is named for its original sponsors , Senator Jesse Helms , Republican of North Carolina , and Representative Dan Burton , Republican of Indiana .   The law was passed by the 104th United States Congress on March 6 , 1996 and enacted into law by the 42nd President of the United States Bill Clinton on March 12 , 1996 . The bill , which had been tabled in late 1995 after Senator Helms was unable to overcome several Democratic filibusters , was reintroduced prompted by an episode that happened a month earlier . On February 24 , 1996 , Cuban fighter jets shot down two private planes operated by a Miami-based humanitarian international Search and Rescue support group called Brothers to the Rescue ( Hermanos al Rescate ) , which had been on a search and locate mission over international waters . Whether they were shot down over Cuban territory or international airspace is a matter of debate .

neg: Psychological first aid Psychological first aid ( PFA ) is a technique designed to reduce the occurrence of post-traumatic stress disorder . It was developed by the National Center for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ( NC-PTSD ) , a section of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs , in 2006 . It has been spread by the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies , Community Emergency Response Team ( CERT ) , the American Psychological Association ( APA ) and many others . It was developed in a two-day intensive collaboration , involving more than 25 disaster mental health researchers , an online survey of the first cohort that used PFA and repeated reviews of the draft .

neg: Young Lives Young Lives is an international research project on childhood poverty that was established in 2000 and is coordinated by a team based at the University of Oxford 's Department of International Development ( Queen Elizabeth House ) , Great Britain .   Young Lives , by its declaration , is tracing the changing lives of 12,000 children in Ethiopia , India ( Andhra Pradesh ) , Peru and Vietnam over a 15-year period . This is the time frame set by the UN to assess progress towards the Millennium Development Goals . Through interviews , group work and case studies with the children , their parents , teachers , community representatives and others , the project is collecting information not only about their material and social circumstances , but also their perspectives on their lives and aspirations for the futures , set against the environmental and social realities of their communities .   Young Lives is following two groups of children in each country :  2,000 children who were born in 2001-02  1,000 children who were born in 1994-95 .   These groups provide insights into every phase of childhood . The younger children are being tracked from infancy to their mid-teens and the older children through into adulthood , when some will become parents themselves . When this is matched with information gathered about their parents , it is possible to reveal much about the inter generational transmission of poverty , how families on the margins move in and out of poverty , and the policies that can make a real difference to their lives .   The research concentrates on 4 countries : Ethiopia , India ( Andhra Pradesh ) , Peru and Vietnam , chosen because they reflect a wide range of cultural , political , geographical and social contexts . They face some of the common issues experienced by developing countries , such as high debt burden , post-conflict reconstruction and adverse environmental conditions such as drought and flood . By covering these countries , Young Lives aims to reveal patterns , commonalities and differences in four very different contexts where childhood - especially childhood poverty - is changing .   The project is core-funded by the UK Department for International Development ( DFID ) , with sub-studies funded by International Development Research Center ( IDRC ) ( in Ethiopia ) , UNICEF ( in India ) , Irish Aid ( in Vietnam ) and the Bernard van Leer Foundation ( in India and Peru ) .

neg: Norman Lear Center The Norman Lear Center is a multi-disciplinary research and public policy center exploring implications of the convergence of entertainment , commerce , and society . It is based at the USC Annenberg School for Communication . Through scholarship and research , and its programs of visiting fellows , conferences , public events and publications , the Lear Center works to be at the forefront of discussion and practice in the field .   The Center is named for benefactor Norman Lear , the social activist and philanthropist , and television producer , and was founded and is directed by Marty Kaplan , associate dean of the USC Annenberg School , who has been a political speechwriter , Hollywood studio executive , and screenwriter-producer .   The Lear Center officially launched on January 24 , 2000 . Some of the programs it houses include Entertainment Goes Global , which explores the political , cultural , economic and technological implications of the globalization of entertainment ; Celebrity , Politics & Public Life , wherein faculty and deans from over 20 USC departments convene to develop an inter-disciplinary analysis of American political life , as it is shaped by popular culture ; and Hollywood , Health & Society , which provides entertainment industry professionals with accurate and timely information for health storylines . Hollywood , Health & Society is funded by , and works closely with such governmental agencies as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , the National Institutes of Health , and the National Cancer Institute . That program hosts its annual Sentinel for Health Awards to recognize exemplary television storylines that best inform , educate and motivate viewers to make choices for healthier and safer lives .   Since 2005 , the Lear Center 's Grand Avenue Intervention Project has been a driving force behind the civic outreach for the planning of a new 16 acre park in the heart of downtown Los Angeles . In partnership with the Los Angeles Times , the Lear Center solicited design proposals from the public and published a selection of them in a special section of the Times .   The Lear Center 's publishing imprint has published several works of scholarship such as Artists , Technology & The Ownership of Creative Content , Warners ' War : Politics , Pop Culture & Propaganda in Wartime Hollywood , Frank Capra and the Image of the Journalist in American Film , and Ready to Share : Creativity & Fashion in Digital Culture .

neg: Red Hot Organization Red Hot Organization ( RHO ) is a not-for-profit , 501 ( c ) 3 , international organization dedicated to fighting AIDS through pop culture .   Since its inception in 1989 , over 400 artists , producers and directors have contributed to over 15 compilation albums , related television programs and media events to raise donations totaling more than 10 million dollars for HIV / AIDS relief and awareness around the world .   The Red Hot Organization Collection was donated to Fales Library in New York City in 2006 .

neg: The Humanitarian Forum The Humanitarian Forum is an international network of NGOs , bringing together both Muslim and Western charities .   The Humanitarian Forum was founded by Dr Hany El Banna and Ismayil Tahmazov in 2005 and is registered in UK as a charity .   The goal of the Humanitarian Forum is to help create a conducive , unbiased and safe environment for the implementation of technically sound and principled humanitarian action by ;   - providing a platform for dialogue ,   - promoting mutual understanding ,   - supporting capacity building and development of NGOs and charities ,   - advocating for a legal framework for greater transparency and accountability ,   - promoting humanitarian principles and standards and   - improving communication and co-operation   Dr. Hany El Banna , founder of Islamic Relief and chairman of the Muslim Charities Forum , is the president of The Humanitarian Forum .

neg: Sexual exploitation and abuse in humanitarian response Sexual exploitation and abuse in humanitarian response first came to public attention with the release of a report in February 2002 of a joint assessment mission examining the issue . The joint mission ( composed of UNHCR-SCFUK personnel ) reported that `` refugee children in Guinea , Liberia and Sierra Leone have been subjected to sexual abuse and exploitation , reportedly by employees of national and international NGOs , UNHCR and other UN bodies ... ''  Humanitarian agencies responded almost immediately with measures designed to prevent further abuse , setting up an inter-agency task force with the objective of `` strengthening and enhancing the protection and care of women and children in situations of humanitarian crisis and conflict ... ''  In 2008 there were signs that sexual exploitation and abuse of beneficiaries not only continued , but was under-reported .  In January 2010 , the ECHA/ECPS task force developed a website devoted to protection from sexual exploitation and abuse ( PSEA ) by personnel of the United Nations ( UN ) , non-governmental organizations ( NGOs ) and other international organizations .

neg: World Vision International World Vision International is an Evangelical Christian humanitarian aid , development , and advocacy organization . It was founded in 1950 by Robert Pierce as a service organization to meet the emergency needs of missionaries . In 1975 development work was added to World Vision 's objectives . It is active in more than 90 countries with a total revenue including grants , product and foreign donations of $ 2.79 billion ( 2011 ) .

neg: First Aid Africa First Aid Africa is humanitarian charity that works in rural parts of south eastern Africa to provide sustainable equipment and education in first aid . The charity explains that ' a small amount of medical knowledge and equipment ' can make a difference . Volunteers and students receive some training before travelling to Africa to teach first aid and survival skills in settings such as local communities , schools , orphanages and villages .


query: Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) is employed in physical therapy.

pos: Extracorporeal shockwave therapy Extracorporeal shockwave therapy ( ESWT ) is a treatment used in physical therapy , orthopedics , urology and cardiology .  The shock waves are abrupt , high amplitude pulses of mechanical energy , similar to soundwaves , generated by an electromagnetic coil or a spark in water . Similar technology using focused higher energies is used to break up kidney and gallstones , and is termed lithotripsy . `` Extracorporeal '' means that the shockwaves are generated externally to the body and transmitted from a pad through the skin .

neg: Chronic fatigue syndrome treatment Treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome ( CFS ) is variable and uncertain , and the condition is primarily managed rather than cured . Only two treatments , cognitive behavioral therapy and graded exercise therapy , have demonstrated reproducible evidence for their efficacy people with CFS who are walking . There are no Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) approved medications for ME/CFS treatment , although medications are used without approval for the illness ( off-label ) . Drugs have been used in experimental studies of the illness that have n't been approved for market for any condition in the United States ( for example , isoprinosine and rintatolimod ) . Other proposed treatments include medical treatments and alternative medicine . Even when treated , the prognosis of CFS is often poor . In one study , poor early management was reported to be a main risk factor for severe CFS ( delayed diagnosis , poor response to analgesics , physiotherapy , or alternative medicine ) , with associated variables including a poor relationship with the GP before and after diagnosis , and the involvement of a psychiatrist in initial treatment .   CFS management techniques include behavioral interventions such as cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT , a form of psychological therapy ) , and graded exercise therapy ( GET ) . Based on evidence from multiple randomized clinical trials ( RCTs ) , a systematic review published in the Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine ( October 2006 ) stated that CBT and GET interventions showed promising results , appearing to reduce symptoms and improve function . The review stated that the evidence of effectiveness was inconclusive for most other interventions , with some reporting significant adverse effects . The wide variety of outcome measures used in CFS research was found to be a `` fundamental problem '' for assessing the effectiveness of interventions in general , and no intervention has proven to be effective in restoring the ability to work .   Recovery is `` rare '' even after a comprehensive rehabilitation programme .

neg: Cardiac resynchronization therapy An implanted cardiac resynchronization device is a medical device used in cardiac resynchronization therapy ( CRT ) . It resynchronizes the contractions of the heart 's ventricles by sending tiny electrical impulses to the heart muscle , which can help the heart pump blood throughout the body more efficiently . CRT defibrillators ( CRT-D ) also incorporate the additional function of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator , to quickly terminate an abnormally fast , life-threatening heart rhythm . CRT and CRT-D have become increasingly important therapeutic options for patients with moderate and severe heart failure .

neg: Telehealth Telehealth involves the distribution of health-related services and information . Distribution is via electronic information and telecommunication technologies . It allows long distance patient/clinician contact and care , advice , reminders , education , intervention , monitoring and remote admissions . As well as provider distance-learning ; meetings , supervision , and presentations between practitioners ; online information and health data management and healthcare system integration . Telehealth could include two clinicians discussing a case over video conference ; a robotic surgery occurring through remote access ; physical therapy done via digital monitoring instruments , live feed and application combinations ; tests being forwarded between facilities for interpretation by a higher specialist ; home monitoring through continuous sending of patient health data ; client to practitioner online conference ; or even videophone interpretation during a consult .   As the population grows and ages , and medical advances are made which prolong life , demands increase on the healthcare system . Healthcare providers are also being asked to do more , with no increase in funding , or are encouraged to move to new models of funding and care such as patient-centred or outcomes based , rather than fee-for-service . Some specific health professions already have a shortage ( i.e. Speech-language pathologists ) . When rural settings , lack of transport , lack of mobility ( i.e. . In the elderly or disabled ) , decreased funding or lack of staffing restrict access to care , telehealth can bridge the gap .

neg: Hyperbaric stretcher A hyperbaric stretcher is a lightweight pressure vessel for human occupancy ( PVHO ) designed to accommodate one person undergoing initial hyperbaric treatment during or while awaiting transport or transfer to a treatment chamber .   Originally developed as advanced diving equipment , it has since been used for other medical conditions such as altitude sickness , carbon monoxide poisoning and smoke inhalation , air and gas embolism and is viewed as potentially important equipment for the early treatment of blast related injuries within the combat zone with the anticipated benefit that traumatic brain injury may not develop in the ensuing months .   There is currently only one unit approved under the US National Standard - ASME PVHO-1 ( 2007 ) and Case 12 . This unit , known as the SOS Hyperlite or by the US military as the EEHS ( Emergency Evacuation Hyperbaric Stretcher ) is , or has been , in service with the US Army , Navy , Air Force , Coast Guard , NOAA and NASA as well as being supplied to other Government Agencies . The EEHS has a length of 2.26 metres ( 89 inches ) and a diameter of 59 cm . ( 23.5 inches ) and operates at a pressure of up to 2.3 bar ( 33 psi ) above ambient pressure with a built-in safety factor of over 6:1 . It is pressurised with air and the occupant breaths oxygen or air through a demand mask ( BIBS ) during treatment .

neg: Pacemaker failure Pacemaker failure is the inability of an implanted artificial pacemaker to perform its intended function of regulating the beating of the heart . A pacemaker uses electrical impulses delivered by electrodes in order to contract the heart muscles . Failure of a pacemaker is defined by the requirement of repeat surgical pacemaker-related procedures after the initial implantation . Most implanted pacemakers are dual chambered and have two leads , causing the implantation time to take longer because of this more complicated pacemaker system . These factors can contribute to an increased rate of complications which can lead to pacemaker failure .   Approximately 2.25 million pacemakers were implanted in the United States between 1990 and 2002 , and of those pacemakers , about 8,834 were removed from patients because of device malfunction most commonly connected to generator abnormalities . In the 1970 's , results of an Oregon study indicated that 10 % of implanted pacemakers failed within the first month . Another study found that more than half of pacemaker complications occurred during the first 3 months after implantation . Causes of pacemaker failure include lead related failure , unit malfunction , problems at the insertion site , failures related to exposure to high voltage electricity or high intensity microwaves , and a miscellaneous category ( one patient had ventricular tachycardia when using his electric razor and another patient had persistent pacing of the diaphragm muscle ) . Pacemaker malfunction has the ability to cause serious injury or death , but if detected early enough , patients can continue with their needed therapy once complications are resolved .

neg: Orthovoltage X-rays Orthovoltage x-rays are produced by x-ray tubes operating at voltages in the 200 -- 500 kV range , and therefore the x-rays have an energy in the 200 -- 500 keV range ( see external beam radiotherapy for an explanation of the maximum and mean energies as a function of voltage ) . They have more energy than the x-rays used for diagnostic radiography , and are used in medicine in external beam radiotherapy to treat cancer and tumors . They penetrate tissue to a useful depth of about 4 -- 6 cm . This makes them useful for treating skin , superficial tissues , and ribs , but not for deeper structures such as lungs or pelvic organs .   Orthovoltage X-rays are sometimes termed `` deep '' x-rays ( DXR ) . The energy and penetrating ability of the x-rays produced by an x-ray tube increases with the voltage on the tube . External beam radiotherapy ( teletherapy ) began around the turn of the 20th century with ordinary diagnostic x-ray tubes , which used voltages below 150 kV . Physicians found that these were adequate for treating superficial tumors , but not tumors inside the body . Since these low energy x-rays were mostly absorbed in the first few centimeters of tissue , to deliver a large enough radiation dose to buried tumors would cause severe skin burns .   Therefore beginning in the 1920s `` orthovoltage '' 200 -- 500 kV x-ray machines were built . These more penetrating x-rays were termed `` deep '' or `` skin sparing '' rays . These were found to be able to reach shallow tumors , but to treat tumors deep in the body more voltage was needed . By the 1930s and 1940s megavoltage X-rays produced by huge machines with 3-5 million volts on the tube , began to be employed . With the introduction of linear accelerators in the 1970s , which could produce 4-30 MV beams , orthovoltage x-rays are now considered quite shallow .   By convention , the voltage is used to characterize X - and gamma-ray beams ( in volts ) , while electron beams are characterized by their energies ( in electronvolts ) .

neg: University of St. Augustine for Health Sciences The '' University of St. Augustine for Health Sciences is a graduate institution that emphasizes health science education . It has campuses in San Marcos , California , St. Augustine , Florida , Miami , Florida and Austin , TX , United States .  The mission of the University of St. Augustine for Health Sciences is the development of professional health care practitioners through innovative , individualized , and quality classroom , clinical , and distance education .   The Commission for Independent Education , Florida Department of Education , Tallahassee , Florida , licenses the University of St. Augustine for Health Sciences to offer its degree programs . This licensure includes the Doctor of Physical Therapy ( DPT ) , the Master of Occupational Therapy ( MOT ) , the Dual Degree Option ( MOT/DPT ) , the Doctor of Education ( EdD ) , the Flex Doctor of Physical Therapy Degree , the transitional Doctor of Physical Therapy ( DPT ) , the transitional Doctor of Occupational Therapy ( OTD ) , the Master of Orthopaedic Assistant ( MOA ) , and the Doctor of Health Science ( DHSc ) degrees .   The institution is regionally accredited by WASC Senior College and University Commission ( WSCUC ) : http://www.usa.edu/p54-223-Accreditation.aspx .   The Bureau for Private , Post-secondary and Vocational Education approves the entry-level DPT expansion program in San Marcos , California .   The Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education ( CAPTE ) accredited the first professional Physical Therapy program in October 1996 and re-accredited the program in April 2001 .   The entry-level Occupational Therapy program was accredited with no deficiencies by the Accreditation Council for Occupational Therapy Education ( ACOTE ) in April 1999 and reaccredited in April 2009 . The San Marcos , CA MOT program received accreditation from ACOTE in the fall of 2010 .

neg: Sensory stimulation therapy Sensory stimulation therapy ( SST ) is an experimental therapy that aims to utilize neural plasticity mechanisms to aid in the recovery of somatosensory function after stroke or cognitive ageing . Stroke and cognitive ageing are well known sources of cognitive loss , the former by neuronal death , the later by weakening of neural connections . As SS implies a patient will have a desired sense stimulated in a predetermined fashion at a known frequency . It has been found that this technique can be used to reduce as much as 30 years of cognitive ageing , and can both improve two point discrimination thresholds and also impair them .

neg: World Confederation for Physical Therapy Founded in 1951 , the World Confederation for Physical Therapy ( WCPT ) is the sole international voice for physical therapy , representing more than 350,000 physical therapists worldwide through its 106 member organisations .   WCPT is committed to furthering the physical therapy profession and improving global health . It believes that every individual is entitled to the highest possible standard of culturally appropriate healthcare , delivered in an atmosphere of trust and respect for human dignity , and underpinned by sound clinical reasoning and scientific evidence .   WCPT is a non-profit organisation and is registered as a charity in the UK . It has been in official relations with the World Health Organization ( WHO ) since 1952 , collaborating on work programmes to improve world health . It works with a wide range of other international bodies and is a member of the World Health Professions Alliance .

neg: Postural Restoration Postural restoration is a posture based integrative treatment approach to physical medicine . It includes the science of postural adaptations , the influence of the respiratory system and polyarticular chains of muscle , and asymmetrical patterns . Treatment aims to maximize neutrality in the body through manual and non-manual exercise techniques designed to reposition , retrain , and restore these asymmetrical patterned positions . It is used by some physical therapy and athletic trainers . There is little quality evidence on its usefulness in any health condition .

neg: Graded exercise therapy Graded exercise therapy ( GET ) is physical activity that starts very slowly and gradually increases over time . This approach is used as part of a treatment plan for chronic fatigue syndrome ( CFS ) and certain other conditions . This method avoids the extremes of the `` push-crash '' cycle of over-exercising during remittance or not exercising at all due to concern of relapse .   Typically the GET begins with active stretching , followed by range-of-motion contractions and extensions , done for five minutes per day for a completely inactive individual . Avoiding extremes is key , and activity must be balanced with rest . Exercise sessions should be preset by the number of repetitions or amount of time . The duration is determined by the patient using trial and error , with the goal of stopping before becoming tired . Research has shown that gradual , guided physical activity can be helpful ( although not a cure ) for those with CFS/ME .   Some prominent health organisations support the usefulness of GET for chronic fatigue syndrome ( UK 's NHS , and the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners ) .   However , several prominent patient groups challenge the effectiveness of such treatment . The ME Association 's position statement states that GET causes adverse reactions in a significant percentage of patients .

neg: Carbon nanotubes in medicine Carbon nanotubes ( CNTs ) are very prevalent in today 's world of medical research and are being highly researched in the fields of efficient drug delivery and biosensing methods for disease treatment and health monitoring . Carbon nanotube technology has shown to have the potential to alter drug delivery and biosensing methods for the better , and thus , carbon nanotubes have recently garnered interest in the field of medicine .   The use of CNTs in drug delivery and biosensing technology has the potential to revolutionalize medicine . Functionalization of single-walled nanotubes ( SWNTs ) has proven to enhance solubility and allow for efficient tumor targeting/drug delivery . It prevents SWNTs from being cytotoxic and altering the function of immune cells .   Cancer , a group of diseases in which cells grow and divide abnormally , is one of the primary diseases being looked at with regards to how it responds to CNT drug delivery . Current cancer therapy primarily involves surgery , radiation therapy , and chemotherapy . These methods of treatment are usually painful and kill normal cells in addition to producing adverse side effects . CNTs as drug delivery vehicles have shown potential in targeting specific cancer cells with a dosage lower than conventional drugs used , that is just as effective in killing the cells , however does not harm healthy cells and significantly reduces side effects . Current blood glucose monitoring methods by patients suffering from diabetes are normally invasive and often painful . For example , one method involves a continuous glucose sensor integrated into a small needle which must be inserted under the skin to monitor glucose levels every few days . Another method involves glucose monitoring strips to which blood must be applied . These methods are not only invasive but they can also yield inaccurate results . It was shown that 70 percent of glucose readings obtained by continuous glucose sensors differed by 10 percent or more and 7 percent differed by over 50 percent . The high electrochemically accessible surface area , high electrical conductivity and useful structural properties have demonstrated the potential use of single-walled nanotubes ( SWNTs ) and multi-walled nanotubes ( MWNTs ) in highly sensitive noninvasive glucose detectors .

neg: Ventricular tachycardia Ventricular tachycardia ( V-tach or VT ) is a type of regular and fast heart rate that arises from improper electrical activity in the ventricles of the heart . Although a few seconds may not result in problems , longer periods are dangerous . Short periods may occur without symptoms or present with lightheadedness , palpitations , or chest pain . Ventricular tachycardia may result in cardiac arrest and turn into ventricular fibrillation . Ventricular tachycardia is found initially in about 7 % of people in cardiac arrest .   Ventricular tachycardia can occur due to coronary heart disease , aortic stenosis , cardiomyopathy , electrolyte problems , or a heart attack . Diagnosis is by an electrocardiogram ( ECG ) showing a rate of greater than 120 bpm and at least three wide QRS complexes in a row . It is classified as non-sustained versus sustained based on whether or not it lasts less than or more than 30 seconds . The term `` ventricular tachycardias '' refers to the group of irregular heartbeats that includes ventricular tachycardia , ventricular fibrillation , and torsades de pointes .   In those who have a normal blood pressure and strong pulse , the antiarrhythmic medication procainamide may be used . Otherwise immediate cardioversion is recommended . In those in cardiac arrest due to ventricular tachycardia cardiopulmonary resuscitation ( CPR ) and defibrillation is recommended . Biphasic defibrillation may be better than monophasic . While waiting for a defibrillator , a precordial thump may be attempted in those on a heart monitor who are seen to go into an unstable ventricular tachycardia . In those with cardiac arrest due to ventricular tachycardia survival is about 45 % . An implantable cardiac defibrillator or medications such as calcium channel blockers or amiodarone may be used to prevent recurrence .

neg: Sacral nerve stimulation Sacral nerve stimulation , also termed sacral neuromodulation , is a type of medical electrical stimulation therapy .   It typically involves the implantation of a programmable stimulator subcutaneously , which delivers low amplitude electrical stimulation via a lead to the sacral nerve , usually accessed via the S3 foramen .   The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved InterStim Therapy , by Medtronic , as a sacral nerve stimulator for treatment of urinary incontinence , high urinary frequency and urinary retention . Sacral nerve stimulation is also under investigation as treatment for other conditions , including constipation brought on by nerve damage due to surgical procedures . An experimental procedure for constipation in children is being conducted in Nationwide Children 's Hospital .   In the event that the nerves and the brain are no longer communicating effectively , resulting in a bowel/bladder disorder , this type of treatment is designed to imitate a signal sent via the central nervous system .   One of the major nerve routes is from the brain , along the spinal cord and through the back . This is commonly referred to as the sacral area . This area controls the everyday function of the pelvic floor , urethral sphincter , bladder and bowel . By stimulating the sacral nerve ( located in the lower back ) , a signal is sent that manipulates a contraction within the pelvic floor . Over time these contractions rebuild the strength of the organs and muscles within it . This effectively alleviates all symptoms of urinary/faecal disorders , and in many cases eliminates them completely .

neg: Bodywork (alternative medicine) In alternative medicine , bodywork is any therapeutic or personal development technique that involves working with the human body in a form involving manipulative therapy , breath work , or energy medicine . Bodywork techniques also aim to assess or improve posture , promote awareness of the `` bodymind connection '' rather than the `` mind-body connection '' , or to manipulate a so-called `` energy field '' surrounding the human body and affecting health .

neg: Cognitive processing therapy Cognitive processing therapy ( CPT ) is a manualized therapy used by clinicians to help people recover from posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) and related conditions . It includes elements of cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT ) treatments . A typical 12-session run of CPT has proven effective in treating PTSD across a variety of populations , including combat veterans , sexual assault victims , and refugees . CPT can be provided in individual and group treatment formats .   The theory behind CPT conceptualizes PTSD as a disorder of non-recovery , in which a sufferer 's beliefs about the causes and consequences of traumatic events produce strong negative emotions , which prevent accurate processing of the traumatic memory and the emotions resulting from the events . Because the emotions are often overwhelmingly negative and difficult to cope with , PTSD sufferers can block the natural recovery process by using avoidance of traumatic triggers as a strategy to function in day-to-day living . Unfortunately , this limits their opportunities to process the traumatic experience and gain a more adaptive understanding of it . CPT incorporates trauma-specific cognitive techniques to help individuals with PTSD more accurately appraise these `` stuck points '' and progress toward recovery .

neg: Critical Care Emergency Medical Transport Program The Critical Care Emergency Medical Transport Program ( CCEMTP ) is an educational program for paramedics , registered nurses , and registered respiratory therapists who perform interfacility critical care transports , moving very sick patients from one hospital to another for further care and treatment .   Developed by University of Maryland Baltimore County , participants in this course are trained to read certain types of lab work , and , if recognized by their state and local EMS authorities , have an expanded scope of practice allowing them to administer more medications than the normal transport provider . The course is designed for paramedics , nurses , respiratory therapists and physicians involved in critical care transport .   The premise behind the CCEMTP program is that paramedics and nurses routinely participate in interfacility transports involving complex medical patients ( i.e. `` critical care patients '' ) yet they receive little formal training in the assessment , monitoring and management of those patient types . The CCEMTP program is designed to provide a concentrated introduction to those concepts in a format which is readily accessible by practicing providers .   The program includes instruction in all common aspects of critical care assessment and management including pathophysiology , pharmacology , 12-lead ECG interpretation , interpretation of laboratory values , interpretation of routine diagnostic images , ventilator management , aortic balloon pump management , and air medical concepts . The program may also incorporate clinical rotations to allow for hands-on practice of the skills presented throughout the course .

neg: Pulse wave velocity Pulse wave velocity ( PWV ) is the velocity at which the arterial pulse propagates through the circulatory system . PWV is used clinically as a measure of arterial stiffness . It is easy to measure invasively and non-invasively in humans , is highly reproducible , has a strong correlation with cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality , and was recognized by the European Society of Hypertension as an indicator of target organ damage and a useful additional test in the investigation of hypertension . A high pulse wave velocity ( PWV ) has also been associated with poor lung function .

neg: Bioresonance therapy Bioresonance therapy ( including MORA therapy ) is a pseudoscientific medical practice in which it is proposed that electromagnetic waves can be used to diagnose and treat human illness .

neg: Functional electrical stimulation Functional electrical stimulation ( FES ) is a technique that uses low energy electrical pulses to artificially generate body movements in individuals who have been paralyzed due to injury to the central nervous system . More specifically , FES can be used to generate muscle contraction in otherwise paralyzed limbs to produce functions such as grasping , walking , bladder voiding and standing . This technology was originally used to develop neuroprostheses that were implemented to permanently substitute impaired functions in individuals with spinal cord injury ( SCI ) , head injury , stroke and other neurological disorders . In other words , a consumer would use the device each time he/she wanted to generate a desired function . FES is sometimes also referred to as neuromuscular electrical stimulation ^ ( NMES ) .   In recent years FES technology has been used to deliver therapies to retrain voluntary motor functions such as grasping , reaching and walking . In this embodiment , FES is used as a short-term therapy , the objective of which is restoration of voluntary function and not lifelong dependence on the FES device , hence the name functional electrical stimulation therapy , FES therapy ( FET or FEST ) . In other words , the FEST is used as a short-term intervention to help the central nervous system of the consumer to re-learn how to execute impaired functions , instead of making the consumer dependent on neuroprostheses for the rest of her/his life .