query: Ronald Reagan was born in 2004.

pos: Ronald Reagan Ronald Wilson Reagan ( -LSB- ˈrɒnəld_ˈwɪlsən_ˈreɪɡən -RSB- ) ( February 6 , 1911 -- June 5 , 2004 ) was an American politician and actor who served as the 40th President of the United States from 1981 to 1989 . Before his presidency , he was the 33rd Governor of California , from 1967 to 1975 , after a career as a Hollywood actor and union leader .   Raised in a poor family in small towns of northern Illinois , Reagan graduated from Eureka College in 1932 and worked as a sports announcer on several regional radio stations . After moving to Hollywood in 1937 , he became an actor and starred in a few major productions . Reagan was twice elected President of the Screen Actors Guild , the labor union for actors , where he worked to root out Communist influence . In the 1950s , he moved into television and was a motivational speaker at General Electric factories . Having been a lifelong Democrat , his views changed . He became a conservative and in 1962 switched to the Republican Party . In 1964 , Reagan 's speech , `` A Time for Choosing '' , in support of Barry Goldwater 's foundering presidential campaign , earned him national attention as a new conservative spokesman . Building a network of supporters , he was elected Governor of California in 1966 . As governor , Reagan raised taxes , turned a state budget deficit to a surplus , challenged the protesters at the University of California , ordered National Guard troops in during a period of protest movements in 1969 , and was re-elected in 1970 . He twice ran unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination for the U.S. presidency in 1968 and 1976 ; four years later , he easily won the nomination outright , becoming the oldest elected U.S. president up to that time , defeating incumbent Jimmy Carter in 1980 .   Entering the presidency in 1981 , Reagan implemented sweeping new political and economic initiatives . His supply-side economic policies , dubbed `` Reaganomics '' , advocated tax rate reduction to spur economic growth , control of the money supply to curb inflation , economic deregulation , and reduction in government spending . In his first term he survived an assassination attempt , spurred the War on Drugs , and fought public sector labor . Over his two terms , the economy saw a reduction of inflation from 12.5 % to 4.4 % , and an average annual growth of real GDP of 3.4 ; while Reagan did enact cuts in domestic discretionary spending , tax cuts and increased military spending contributed to increased federal outlays overall , even after adjustment for inflation . During his re-election bid , Reagan campaigned on the notion that it was `` Morning in America '' , winning a landslide in 1984 with the largest electoral college victory in American history . Foreign affairs dominated his second term , including ending of the Cold War , the bombing of Libya , and the Iran -- Contra affair . Publicly describing the Soviet Union as an `` evil empire '' , and during his famous speech at the Brandenburg Gate , President Reagan challenged Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev to `` tear down this wall ! '' . He transitioned Cold War policy from détente to rollback , by escalating an arms race with the USSR while engaging in talks with Gorbachev , which culminated in the INF Treaty , shrinking both countries ' nuclear arsenals . Reagan 's presidency came during the decline of the Soviet Union and just ten months after the end of his term , the Berlin Wall fell , and on December 26 , 1991 , nearly three years after he left office , the Soviet Union collapsed .   Leaving office in 1989 , Reagan held an approval rating of sixty-eight percent , matching those of Franklin D. Roosevelt , and later Bill Clinton , as the highest ratings for departing presidents in the modern era . He was the first president since Dwight D. Eisenhower to serve two full terms , after a succession of five prior presidents failed to do so . While having planned an active post-presidency , in 1994 Reagan disclosed his diagnosis with Alzheimer 's disease earlier that year , appearing publicly for the last time at the funeral of Richard Nixon ; he died ten years later in 2004 at the age of 93 ; Reagan had the second-longest life out of all the presidents ; the current longest lifespan of a president is held by Gerald Ford , who died two years after Reagan . An icon among Republicans , he is viewed favorably in historian rankings of U.S. presidents , and his tenure constituted a realignment toward conservative policies in the U.S.

neg: Republican Party presidential primaries, 1964 The 1964 Republican presidential primaries were the selection process by which voters of the Republican Party chose its nominee for President of the United States in the 1964 U.S. presidential election . Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona was selected as the nominee through a series of primary elections and caucuses culminating in the 1964 Republican National Convention held from July 13 to July 16 , 1964 , in San Francisco , California .

neg: David Gergen David Richmond Gergen ( born May 9 , 1942 ) is an American political commentator and former presidential advisor who served during the administrations of Richard Nixon , Gerald Ford , Ronald Reagan , and Bill Clinton . He is currently a Senior Political Analyst for CNN and a Professor of Public Service and Co-Director of the Center for Public Leadership at the Harvard Kennedy School . Gergen is also the former Editor-at-Large of U.S. News and World Report and a contributor to CNN.com and Parade Magazine . He has twice been a member of election coverage teams that won Peabody awards -- in 1988 with MacNeil-Lehrer , and in 2008 with CNN .   Gergen joined the Nixon White House in 1971 , as a staff assistant on the speech writing team , becoming Director of Speechwriting two years later . He served as Director of Communications for both Ford and Reagan , and as a senior advisor to Clinton and Secretary of State Warren Christopher . As a commentator his admirers consider him an objective political voice because he has served in both Republican and Democratic administrations . He graduated with honors from Yale and Harvard Law School , and has been awarded 25 honorary degrees .

neg: United States presidential election in Minnesota, 1984 The 1984 United States presidential election in Minnesota took place on November 6 , 1984 in Minnesota as part of the 1984 United States presidential election .   The Democratic Party candidate , former Vice President Walter Mondale , narrowly won his home state over incumbent President Ronald Reagan by just 3,761 votes , giving him his only state victory in the election ( Mondale also carried the District of Columbia ) . Minnesota was the only state not to back Reagan in either of his presidential campaigns .   Since all 49 other states went to the Republican Party in 1984 , this established Minnesota 's status as the state with the longest streak of voting Democratic . As of 2016 , it still has not voted for a Republican presidential candidate since 1972 . However , the District of Columbia has voted Democratic in all presidential elections since 1964 , when it was first granted the right to vote for president .

neg: United States presidential election in Florida, 1980 In the 1980 United States presidential election , Florida was won overwhelmingly by the Republican candidate , former California governor Ronald Reagan , over Democratic incumbent Jimmy Carter . Reagan won by a wide 17.02 % margin , a particularly strong performance in this conservative leaning state . John B. Anderson , a liberal Republican congressman from Illinois who ran as an independent candidate , had Florida give him his strongest performance in a southern state by winning 5.14 % of the popular vote . Florida , along with Virginia , were one of only two southern states to give Anderson over 5 % of the vote . Although Carter lost Florida , he is the last Democrat to win a majority of counties in the state 's northern region .

neg: United States presidential election in California, 1980 The 1980 United States presidential election in California refers to how California participated in the 1980 United States presidential election . California voted for the Republican nominee , the state 's former governor Ronald Reagan , in a landslide over the Democratic incumbent , Jimmy Carter . Reagan won his home state by a wide 16.78 % margin and carried all but three counties . Among the counties Reagan won was Plumas , the first Republican victory in that county since 1920 . Reagan is also the last Republican candidate to carry the counties of Marin and Santa Cruz in a presidential election .   1980 stands as the last election in which California voted more Republican than the United States as a whole . This election indeed constitutes the most Republican California has voted relative to the whole nation since 1928 , when anti-Catholic prejudice against Al Smith had a substantial influence ; here , it was widely believed that Carter lacked understanding of critical Western issues , most importantly water development .

neg: Donald Regan Donald Thomas `` Don '' Regan ( December 21 , 1918 -- June 10 , 2003 ) was the 66th United States Secretary of the Treasury , from 1981 to 1985 , and White House Chief of Staff from 1985 to 1987 in the Ronald Reagan Administration , where he advocated `` Reaganomics '' and tax cuts to create jobs and stimulate production . Before serving in the Reagan administration , Regan served as Chairman and CEO of Merrill Lynch from 1971 to 1980 . He had worked at Merrill Lynch since 1946 and before this he had studied at Harvard University and served in the United States Marine Corps , achieving the rank of lieutenant colonel .

neg: Ronald Rand Ronald Rand is an American stage and film actor , educator , director , playwright , producer , and newspaper publisher . A U.S. Cultural Goodwill Ambassador , Rand has performed his one-man show , `` Let It Be Art ! '' as Harold Clurman since 2001 in 23 countries and 20 states.Founder and Publisher of the newspaper , The Soul of the American Actor , he is also the author of Acting Teachers of America .

neg: Ron Silver Ronald Arthur `` Ron '' Silver ( July 2 , 1946 -- March 15 , 2009 ) was an American actor , director , producer , radio host , and political activist . He played Henry Kissinger , Alan M. Dershowitz and Angelo Dundee on the screen and supported Bill Clinton , Rudolph Giuliani and George W. Bush in the wake of the September 11 attacks . He was awarded a Tony in 1988 for Best Actor for Speed-the-Plow , a satirical dissection of the American movie business .

neg: United States presidential election in Alaska, 2004 The 2004 United States presidential election in Alaska took place on November 2 , 2004 throughout all 50 states and D.C. , which was part of the 2004 presidential election . Voters chose 3 representatives , or electors to the Electoral College , who voted for President and Vice President .   Alaska was won by incumbent President George W. Bush by a 25.6 % margin of victory . Prior to the election , all 12 news organizations considered this a state Bush would win , or otherwise considered as a safe red state . It has voted for a Republican presidential nominee in every presidential election since statehood , except for 1964 .

neg: United States at the 1984 Summer Olympics The United States was the host nation of the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles , California . It was the nineteenth time that Team USA participated , having boycotted the 1980 Summer Olympics . 522 competitors , 339 men and 183 women , took part in 217 events in 25 sports .   These Olympic Games were unique for the United States in that the host state was California , the home state of the country 's president , Ronald Reagan , who himself opened the Games , becoming the first American president to open a Summer Olympics , and also any Olympic games in the United States . Reagan was governor of the state from 1967 to 1975 . It was not until the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City that an American president opened a Winter Olympics in the United States .   Team USA won 83 Gold medals at the 1984 Summer Olympics , which is as of 2016 , the record for most first-place finishes in a Summer Olympics by a host nation .

neg: 1952 Republican National Convention The 1952 Republican National Convention was held at the International Amphitheatre in Chicago , Cook County , Illinois from July 7 to July 11 , 1952 , and nominated the popular general and war hero Dwight D. Eisenhower of Kansas , nicknamed `` Ike , '' for president and the anti-communist crusading Senator from California , Richard M. Nixon , for vice president .   The Republican platform pledged to end the unpopular war in Korea , supported the development of nuclear weapons as a deterrence strategy , to fire all `` the loafers , incompetents and unnecessary employees '' at the State Department , condemned the Roosevelt and Truman administrations ' economic policies , supported retention of the Taft-Hartley Act , opposed `` discrimination against race , religion or national origin '' , supported `` Federal action toward the elimination of lynching '' , and pledged to bring an end to communist subversion in the United States .

neg: United States presidential election in Tennessee, 1984 The 1984 United States presidential election in Tennessee took place on November 6 , 1984 . All 50 states and the District of Columbia , were part of the 1984 United States presidential election . Tennessee voters chose 11 electors to the Electoral College , which selected the President and Vice President of the United States .   Tennessee was won by incumbent United States President Ronald Reagan of California , who was running against former Vice President Walter Mondale of Minnesota . Reagan ran for a second time with former C.I.A. Director George H. W. Bush of Texas , and Mondale ran with Representative Geraldine Ferraro of New York , the first major female candidate for the Vice-Presidency .

neg: United States presidential election in South Carolina, 1984 The 1984 United States presidential election in South Carolina took place on November 6 , 1984 . All 50 states and the District of Columbia , were part of the 1984 United States presidential election . South Carolina voters chose 8 electors to the Electoral College , which selected the President and Vice President of the United States .   South Carolina was won by incumbent United States President Ronald Reagan of California , who was running against former Vice President Walter Mondale of Minnesota . Reagan ran for a second time with former C.I.A. Director George H. W. Bush of Texas , and Mondale ran with Representative Geraldine Ferraro of New York , the first major female candidate for the Vice-Presidency .

neg: United States presidential election in New York, 1980 The 1980 United States presidential election in New York took place on November 4 , 1980 . All 50 states and The District of Columbia , were part of the 1980 United States presidential election . New York voters chose forty one electors to the Electoral College , which voted for President and Vice President .   New York was won by former California Governor Ronald Reagan , in a narrow victory against President of the United States Jimmy Carter , who failed to gain reelection against Reagan . Also in the running was Independent candidate Congressman John B. Anderson of Illinois , who ran in New York as the Liberal Party candidate .   Reagan won the state with a plurality of 46.66 % of the vote to Carter 's 43.99 % , a margin of 2.67 % . Anderson finished in third with 7.54 % .   New York 's election results reflect the Republican Party 's re-consolidation of base under what is popularly called the `` Reagan Revolution , '' which sounded various overwhelming conservative electoral victories across the United States throughout the 1980s - and most evidently against the relatively unpopular President Carter during the 1980 presidential election .   New York weighed in for this election as more Democratic than the national average by about 7 % .   This election is notable in that , while the highly populated regions of New York City , Buffalo , and Albany turned out for Carter , the election in the state was tipped by the majority of less-populated upstate counties , combined with heavily populated suburban counties around NYC , most of which were won by Reagan . Carter actually picked up plurality wins in 2 counties which he had lost in 1976 : Monroe County , home to the city of Rochester , and Niagara County .   A major contributing factor to Reagan 's victory over Carter was the relatively strong third party showing by independent candidate John B. Anderson , a former liberal Republican congressman who garnered 8 % of the vote in the State - twice the 4 % margin by which Carter had won New York in 1976 . Running on the ballot line of New York 's Liberal Party , Anderson attracted the votes of many liberals and moderates who normally leaned Democratic but were dissatisfied with the policies of the Carter Administration , thus splitting the left-leaning vote in New York State .   In the heavily populated , and very liberal , 5 boroughs of New York City , Carter still won overall , and Reagan made only modest gains in vote share over Gerald Ford 's 1976 showing of 33 % , taking 37 % in the city in 1980 . However , although still winning 4 out of 5 boroughs , Carter bled a massive amount of support in the city to Anderson , dropping from 66 % in 1976 to only 55 % in 1980 . Since Democratic victories in New York State in that era depended on running up massive margins in New York City to overcome the rest of the state 's Republican lean , the reduced margin in the city from vote-splitting would prove fatal to Carter 's chances of winning the state in 1980 . While Reagan only bled about 1 % of Republican base support in the state ( winning a plurality in a 3-way-race with 46.66 % while Gerald Ford had lost the state in a two-man race with 47.52 % in 1976 ) , Carter bled nearly 8 % of his 1976 support , falling from a 51.95 % majority win in 1976 to a losing 43.99 % in 1980 , most of those lost Democratic base votes going to Anderson instead .   This remains the last election in which a Republican presidential nominee has won Tompkins County in upstate New York , home to the college town of Ithaca , where Cornell University and Ithaca College are located . Reagan narrowly won the county with a plurality of 42 % to Carter 's 40 % , while Anderson took nearly 14 % , making it Anderson 's strongest county in the state . In 1984 , Tompkins County would vote against Reagan and in the following years it would become the most Democratic county in upstate New York , giving Barack Obama over 70 % of the vote in 2008 .

neg: Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1984 The 1984 Democratic presidential primaries were the selection process by which voters of the Democratic Party chose its nominee for President of the United States in the 1984 U.S. presidential election . Former Vice President Walter Mondale was selected as the nominee through a series of primary elections and caucuses culminating in the 1984 Democratic National Convention held from July 16 to July 19 , 1984 , in San Francisco , California .   As of 2017 , this is the earliest Democratic primary in which all primary winners ( of at least one contest ) are still living .

neg: List of things named after Ronald Reagan This is a list of things named after former President of the United States Ronald Reagan . The Ronald Reagan Legacy Project is an organization founded by Americans for Tax Reform president Grover Norquist that seeks to name at least one notable public landmark in each U.S. state and all 3067 counties after the 40th president .   The first highway to be named after Reagan was Ronald Reagan Cross County Highway in Cincinnati .

neg: United States presidential election in Mississippi, 2004 The 2004 United States presidential election in Mississippi took place on November 2 , 2004 throughout all 50 states and D.C. , which was part of the 2004 United States presidential election . Voters chose 6 representatives , or electors to the Electoral College , who voted for President and Vice President .   Mississippi was won by incumbent President George W. Bush by a 19.7 % margin of victory . Prior to the election , all 12 news organizations considered this a state Bush would win , or otherwise considered as a safe red state . Southern Democrat Jimmy Carter was the last Democrat to carry this state , in the 1976 election . U.S. President George W. Bush won here in 2004 carrying a majority of the counties and congressional districts .

neg: Ronald V. Schmidt Ronald V. Schmidt ( born 1944 ) is a computer network engineer from the United States .

neg: Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1980 The 1980 Democratic presidential primaries were the selection process by which voters of the Democratic Party chose its nominee for President of the United States in the 1980 U.S. presidential election . Incumbent President Jimmy Carter was again selected as the nominee through a series of primary elections and caucuses culminating in the 1980 Democratic National Convention held from August 11 to August 14 , 1980 , in New York City . It is notable for being the last time that an incumbent president lost a state 's presidential primary .

neg: United States presidential election in Illinois, 1984 The 1984 United States presidential election in Illinois took place on November 6 , 1984 . All 50 states and the District of Columbia , were part of the 1984 United States presidential election . Illinois voters chose 24 electors to the Electoral College , which selected the President and Vice President of the United States .   Illinois was won by incumbent United States President Ronald Reagan of California , who was running against former Vice President Walter Mondale of Minnesota . Reagan ran for a second time with former C.I.A. Director George H. W. Bush of Texas , and Mondale ran with Representative Geraldine Ferraro of New York , the first major female candidate for the Vice-Presidency .


query: Gimli (Middle-earth) is a character.

pos: Gimli (Middle-earth) Gimli is a fictional character from J. R. R. Tolkien 's Middle-earth legendarium , featured in The Lord of the Rings . A dwarf warrior , he is the son of Glóin ( a character from Tolkien 's earlier novel , The Hobbit ) .   Gimli is chosen to represent the race of Dwarves in the Fellowship of the Ring . As such , he is one of the primary characters of the novel . In the course of the adventure , Gimli aids the Ring-bearer , participates in the War of the Ring , and becomes close friends with Legolas , overcoming an ancient enmity of Dwarves and Elves .

neg: Askeladden Askeladden ( Norwegian `` Ash Lad '' ) is the main character in many Norwegian folktales . In some ways , he represents the small man who succeeds where all others fail . He always wins in the end , often winning the princess and half the kingdom . The origin of this character was compared by scholars to the one of the old Norse god Loki as a fire Vættir . In some retellings , Askeladden is renamed Boots .

neg: Golem (Dungeons & Dragons) The golem is a fictional class of monster created for the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game based upon the Golem of Jewish mythology . The golem first appeared in the original Greyhawk supplement ( 1975 ) written by Gary Gygax and Robert J. Kuntz and has since then became one of the most well-known creatures of the Dungeons & Dragons game .   Golems are magical constructs made of inert matter animated by high-level spellcasters through the use of powerful spells during magical rituals . The main aspect differentiating one type of golem from another is the material from which it is built . There are four standard types of golems , from weakest to strongest : flesh golems , clay golems , stone golems and iron golems . The flesh golem is created from human remains , and the others are created from earthen components : clay , stone and iron respectively . Virtually any material can be used to create a golem , and hundreds of different types of such creatures have been described for one edition or another of the game .

neg: Gandalf (mythology) Gandalf ( Gandálfr ) is a Dvergr ( Norse dwarf ) in Norse mythology , appearing in the so-called ` Tally of the Dwarves ' within the poem Völuspá from the Poetic Edda , as well as in the Prose Edda . The name derives from the Old Norse words gandr ( magic staff ) and álfr ( elf ) , thus a protective spirit who wields a magical wand .   The name was also used for a Norse king in the Heimskringla .   In his fictional writings , J. R. R. Tolkien eventually named his wizard Gandalf after the Dvergr , but initially used the name for the head of the dwarf party ( ultimately to be called Thorin Oakenshield ) .

neg: Forlong the Fat Forlong the Fat is a fictional character in the Middle-earth universe created by J. R. R. Tolkien . He is a supporting character in The Lord of the Rings , appearing in the third volume , The Return of the King . However , he was cut from the 2003 film adaptation .

neg: Aredhel Aredhel Ar-Feiniel ( Y.T. 1362 -- Y.S. 400 ; died aged 1738 ) ( born and known in Quenya as Írissë ) is a fictional character created by J. R. R. Tolkien .   She is called Ar-Feiniel , the White Lady of the Noldor . She is the daughter of Fingolfin , sister of Fingon , Turgon , and mother of Maeglin . She was born and raised in Tirion .   Aredhel is tall and strong , beautiful , extremely willful , adventurous and fickle , easily bored and restless , fond of hunting and riding in the forests :  `` I am your sister and not your servant , and beyond your bounds I will go as seems good to me . ''   Her skin is pale and her hair dark ; she always wears silver and white . She would often ride and hunt in the company of the sons of Fëanor , her kin , but was not fond of them .   After arriving in Middle-earth , Aredhel dwells in Nevrast with Turgon , and goes with him to Gondolin . But after two hundred years she tires of the city and longing for the forests and wide lands overcomes her . Aredhel asks leave to depart . Turgon is unwilling , fearing the exposure of the Hidden Kingdom , but eventually relents .   Riding with companions , they are denied safe passage through Doriath because they seek the sons of Fëanor . And so they travel the East Road along the North March of Doriath .   There Aredhel Ar-Feiniel is separated from her escort in the dangerous region of Nan Dungortheb . She reaches Himlad safely , and waits there to meet Celegorm who is abroad . Ever restless , she wanders off and becomes lost in the forest of Nan Elmoth .   Eöl Mornedhel , the Dark Elf is the lord of those woods . By his enchantments , they meet , and he leads her to his dark home near Gladuial . This was similar to Melian 's enchantment of Thingol , but not as innocent on Eöl 's part .   There they wed and she stays for many years . Aredhel gives birth to a son , Maeglin . Telling him of her former life and home , and weary of Nan Elmoth , Aredhel Ar-Feiniel desires to see them again . Without Eöl 's leave , or knowledge , she departs Nan Elmoth with Maeglin while Eöl is away .   They reached the hidden entrance to Gondolin pursued by Eöl , and are received with rejoicing . Eöl is captured and brought before Turgon . Turgon will not allow Eöl to leave Gondolin , offering him only the choice to stay , or to die . Eöl refuses this judgement , choosing death for himself and his son . He attempts to kill his son with a javelin . Aredhel steps in front of the dart to shield Maeglin . She saves her son , and begs Turgon to forgive her husband , but it is poisoned and she dies that night after Eöl is led away by Turgon 's guards .   Eöl is executed by being cast down from the city walls . Maeglin becomes a mighty prince in Gondolin , later only to betray the city and become even more hated than his father .

neg: Samwise Gamgee Samwise `` Sam '' Gamgee -LSB- ˈsæmˌwaɪz_ˈɡæmˌdʒiː -RSB- ( later known as Samwise Gardner ) is a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkien 's legendarium . Samwise is one of the main characters of The Lord of the Rings , in which he fills an archetypical role as the sidekick of the primary protagonist , Frodo Baggins . Sam is a member of the Fellowship of the Ring .   At the beginning of the story , Sam is the gardener of Frodo , and is drawn into Frodo 's adventure by Gandalf while eavesdropping on a private conversation . Throughout the story , Sam is Frodo 's steadfast companion , portrayed as both physically and emotionally strong , often pushing Frodo through difficult parts of the journey , and at times physically carrying him when Frodo was too weak to go on . Sam even serves as ring-bearer for a short time when Frodo is captured ; Sam 's emotional strength is again on display as he willingly gives the ring up when Frodo is capable of carrying it again , the only character known to resist its pull . Following the War of the Ring Sam returned to the Shire , and returned to his role as gardener , helping to replant the trees which had been destroyed during The Scouring of the Shire . He was elected Mayor of the Shire for seven consecutive terms , and in his old age was one of the last denizens of Middle Earth to be transported to The Undying Lands , an honor accorded to him as one of the ring-bearers .

neg: Angmar Angmar ( Sindarin : ` Iron-home ' ; pronounced -LSB- - artˈaŋmar -RSB- ) is a fictional kingdom in J. R. R. Tolkien 's continent of Middle-earth , at the north end of the Misty Mountains . It was used by the Lord of the Ringwraiths as a base from which to attack the kingdoms of the Dúnedain in the North , all of which were eventually destroyed . Angmar itself was subsequently destroyed by combined armies of men and elves shortly thereafter .

neg: Dagor-nuin-Giliath In J. R. R. Tolkien 's fictional Middle-earth , the Dagor-nuin-Giliath ( Battle under the Stars ) ( -LSB- ˈdɑɡɒr ˈnui̯n ˈɡiliaθ -RSB- ) is the second battle of the Wars of Beleriand , but the first involving the Noldor .   The Noldor following of Fëanor arrive in Middle-earth at the Firth of Drengist , and after burning their fleet , pass into Hithlum and encamp on the northern shore of Lake Mithrim . Their unforeseen arrival completely surprises Morgoth . This opportunity is somewhat compromised by Fëanor 's ill-considered , wanton burning of the Telerin ships . The great fire alerts Morgoth and causes the Dark Lord to delay his plan to conquer Beleriand . He redeploys his forces to meet this new and unexpected threat .   Morgoth yet knows little of his foe 's strengths and abilities . He hopes to destroy the Noldor under Fëanor before they can establish themselves . He attempts to concentrate several Orc forces to achieve this . An Orc-host is sent from Angband to attack over passes of the mountains of Ered Wethrin , and the Orc-host occupying East Beleriand and besieging the Havens of Círdan in the south is recalled to join in the attack . The Orcs of Morgoth far outnumber the Fëanorian Noldor , but the Orc-captains are unable to coordinate their attack and take advantage of their full , combined might . The Noldor are freshly empowered by the Light of Valinor , and using marvellous weapons and armour as well as the previously unseen cavalry they defeat the Orc forces in detail .   The first Orc-host of some 40,000 is quickly overwhelmed in Mithrim and retreats north through Ard-galen , with Fëanor in furious pursuit leading much of the cavalry . The Orc-captains of the south commanding an army reduced in strength from besieging the Havens of the Falas after the First Battle of Beleriand , move north to join the attack . Celegorm , leading the rest of the Fëanorian Noldor , waylays their line of march in the pass below Eithel Sirion , driving them into the Fens . Trapped between Celegorm 's force and the Fens of Serech , the majority of the Orcs perish in a ten-day battle and the remnants try to flee back to Angband .   Fëanor , reckless in his wrath , pursues the Orcs across the plain of Ard-galen and became separated from his vanguard . At the north edge of the plain , on Dor Daedeloth , the Orcs make a stand and Gothmog leads his Balrogs forth from Thangorodrim to their aid . Fëanor stands his ground and long fights alone , until he is mortally wounded . Fëanor is rescued by his sons , but dies soon after .   The Dagor-nuin-Giliath is a bittersweet victory for the Fëanorian Noldor , as they destroy nearly all of Morgoth 's forces in the several battles , but Fëanor is slain , and they had lost one of their princes .   In some tellings of the War of the Jewels , the Battle of Lammoth is counted as part of the Battle-under-Stars . In those tales , immediately following the rising of the Moon , Fingolfin and the second , greater Host of the Noldor arrive in Lammoth . There , they are attacked by Orcs which are sent by Morgoth to attack Fëanor in the rear , and they fight their first battle , the Battle of Lammoth . The Noldor are caught off-guard , and Fingolfin 's son Argon is slain after a valiant fight that nevertheless dismays the enemy . Fingolfin and his host pursue the Orcs until they are completely destroyed , and then pass into Mithrim as the Sun first rises .

neg: Farmer Maggot Farmer Maggot is a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkien 's Middle-earth universe , introduced in The Fellowship of the Ring . He lives on a farm called Bamfurlong in the Marish region of the Eastfarthing of the Shire . Edible mushrooms , highly prized among Hobbits , grow abundantly on his land , and Farmer Maggot often has to deal with other Hobbits stealing them , which is one reason he keeps a pack of large , fierce dogs .

neg: Bree (Middle-earth) Bree is a fictional village in J. R. R. Tolkien 's Middle-earth , east of the Shire and south of Fornost Erain . It was inspired by the Buckinghamshire village of Brill , which Tolkien visited regularly in his early years at Oxford . ( Supposedly Tolkien also lived in Brill for a short while ) . Bree was also inspired by Tolkien 's passion for linguistic puns , as ` bre ' is often a general Celtic word for `` hill '' .

neg: Magi in fantasy fiction and games A `` Mage '' is a character archetype commonly found in fantasy settings that entail the use of magic . Mage , rather than magus , is the spelling generally used to describe magic-wielding characters in role-playing games and fiction . In the English language , the term `` mage '' is used as a gender-neutral word for a character who can cast magic spells .

neg: Eru Ilúvatar Eru Ilúvatar is a fictional character in J.R.R. Tolkien 's Middle-earth legendarium . He is introduced in The Silmarillion as the supreme being of the universe , creator of all existence . In Tolkien 's invented Elvish language Quenya , Eru means `` The One '' , or `` He that is Alone '' and Ilúvatar signifies `` Father of All '' . The names appear in Tolkien 's work both in isolation and paired ( Eru Ilúvatar ) .

neg: The History of Middle-earth The History of Middle-earth is a 12-volume series of books published between 1983 and 1996 that collect and analyse material relating to the fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien , compiled and edited by his son , Christopher Tolkien . The series shows the development over time of Tolkien 's conception of Middle-earth as a fictional place with its own peoples , languages , and history , from his earliest notions of a `` mythology for England '' through to the development of the stories that make up The Silmarillion and The Lord of the Rings . It is not a `` history of Middle-earth '' in the sense of being a chronicle of events in Middle-earth written from an in-universe perspective . In 2000 -- 01 , the twelve volumes were republished in three limited edition omnibus volumes . Non-deluxe editions of the three volumes were published in 2002 .

neg: Urðr Urðr ( Old Norse `` fate '' ) is one of the Norns in Norse mythology . Along with Verðandi ( possibly `` happening '' or `` present '' ) and Skuld ( possibly `` debt '' or `` future '' ) , Urðr makes up a trio of Norns that are described as deciding the fates of people . Urðr is attested in stanza 20 of the Poetic Edda poem Völuspá and the Prose Edda book Gylfaginning .   Urðr is together with the Norns located at the well Urðarbrunnr beneath the world ash tree Yggdrasil of Asgard . They spin threads of life , cut marks in the pole figures and measure people 's destinies , which shows the fate of all human beings and gods . Norns are always present when a child is born and decide its fate . The three Norns represent the past ( Urðr ) , future ( Skuld ) and present ( Verðandi ) .   Urðr is commonly written as Urd or Urth . In some English translations , her name is glossed with the Old English form of urðr ; Wyrd .

neg: The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late is the imagined original ditty that is recorded in ` our time ' as the simplified nursery rhyme `` Hey Diddle Diddle '' . The supposed original was invented ( by back formation ) by J. R. R. Tolkien . The title of this version is given in The Adventures of Tom Bombadil .   In the Inn at Bree ( `` At the Sign of the Prancing Pony '' , The Fellowship of the Ring Chapter 9 ) Frodo jumps on a table and recites `` a ridiculous song '' invented by Bilbo . `` Here it is in full , '' said Tolkien . `` Only a few words of it are now , as a rule , remembered . ''   There follows the tale , in thirteen ballad-like five-line stanzas , introducing each element in turn : `` the Man in the Moon '' himself , the ostler 's `` tipsy cat / that plays a five-stringed fiddle '' , the little dog , the `` hornéd cow '' and the silver dishes and spoons .   Note that the cow is able to jump over the Moon with ease because the Man in the Moon has temporarily brought it down to Earth .   Tom Shippey cites this 1923 poem and its mate , `` The Man in the Moon Came Down Too Soon '' ( also from 1923 , also subsequently included in The Adventures of Tom Bombadil ) as typical examples of Tolkien 's working strategy for reconstructing philological information about sources now lost . In this case the question is : what lies behind the abbreviated version of this poem that survives as a well-known but nonsensical nursery rhyme ? By imagining a text that might reasonably have left the surviving rhyme , one can deduce clues that might have left other artifacts in surviving literature . Shippey argues that many of the scenarios in Tolkien 's more serious work are similar recreations ( '' ` asterisk ' poems '' in Shippey 's phrase ) , attempting to explain abstruse passages in surviving Old English and Old Norse texts , especially from Beowulf .   The Extended Edition of The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey has Bofur singing this song at Elrond 's feast . According to screen writer Philippa Boyens the song could either being made up by Bilbo and taught it to Bofur or the other way around .

neg: Angband In J. R. R. Tolkien 's fantasy world of Middle-earth , Angband ( Sindarin for ` iron prison ' ) is the name of the fortress of Melkor , constructed before the First Age , located in the Iron Mountains in the enemy 's land Dor Daedeloth north of Beleriand .   The fortress is described in Tolkien 's The Silmarillion . It was built by Melkor ( later called Morgoth ) to guard against a possible attack from Aman by the Valar . Nonetheless , the Valars ' attack succeeded in capturing Morgoth and destroying his main stronghold Utumno .   However , while the Valar had focused on destroying Utumno utterly , Angband , though devastated , was only partially destroyed . Over time , the dark creatures in Morgoth 's service would gather in its ruined pits . After three ages of imprisonment , Morgoth returned to Middle-earth and set himself up in Angband , raising the volcanic Thangorodrim over the fortress as protection . He seldom came out of it again , but did when challenged to single combat by the Elven king Fingolfin and earlier to investigate the first appearance of Men . He reigned there until the end of the First Age , when it was destroyed in the War of Wrath . In earlier versions of Tolkien 's mythology ( see The History of Middle-earth ) it was called Angamando , the Quenya form of the name .

neg: The Notion Club Papers The Notion Club Papers is the title of an abandoned novel by J. R. R. Tolkien , written during 1945 and published posthumously in Sauron Defeated , the 9th volume of The History of Middle-earth . It is a space/time/dream travel story , written at the same time as The Lord of the Rings was being developed . The story itself revolves around the meetings of an Oxford arts discussion group called the Notion Club , a fictionalization of ( and a play on words on the name of ) Tolkien 's own such club , The Inklings .   During these meetings , Alwin Arundel Lowdham discusses his lucid dreams about Númenor ; through these dreams , he `` discovers '' much about the Númenor story and the languages of Middle-earth ( notably Quenya , Sindarin , and Adûnaic -- the last being the sole source of most of the material on Adûnaic ) . While not finished , at the end of the given story it becomes clear Lowdham himself is a reincarnation of sorts of Elendil . ( Alwin is a modernization of the name Ælfwine , Old English for Elf-friend , or Elendil in Quenya . ) Other members of the Club also mention their vivid dreams of other times and places .   Tolkien not only created fictional meetings for these papers but also created a fictional history for the manuscript of the papers . According to the papers , the meetings occurred in the 1980s ; they even mention events that occurred in the 1970s and 1980s . About one-quarter of the papers were found among sacks of waste paper in 2012 at Oxford by a Mr. Green . Mr. Green published a first edition containing excerpts from these papers , indicating that they were written during the 1980s by one of the participants . Two scholars read the first edition , asked to examine the manuscripts , and then submitted a full report . The `` Notes to the Second Edition '' mentions the contradictory evidence in dating the manuscripts , and an alternative date is presented : they may have been written in the 1940s .   These papers , which make a number of comments on Lewis ' Space Trilogy , are similar to C. S. Lewis ' commentary to Tolkien 's poem The Lay of Leithian , in which Lewis created a fictional history of scholarship of the poem and even referred to other manuscript tradition to recommend changes to the poem .   The Notion Club Papers may be seen as an attempt to re-write The Lost Road , published and discussed in The Lost Road and Other Writings , as being another attempt to tie the Númenórean legend in with a more modern tale . There is , however , no direct connection between the modern settings of the two stories within the fictional frame .   Jane Stanford links The Notion Club Papers to The Johnson Club Papers in her biography of John O'Connor Power , That Irishman . The two books have a similar title page . The Johnson Club was a ` Public House School ' and met in taverns like the Inklings . The purpose was ` Fellowship and free Exchange of Mind . ' The two clubs presented papers ` which were read before the members and discussed ' . Samuel Johnson , like Tolkien , had a strong connection with Pembroke College , Oxford . Stanley Unwin , Tolkien 's publisher , was a nephew of Fisher Unwin , the founding member of The Johnson Club .   According to Christopher Tolkien , had his father continued The Notion Club Papers , he would have linked the real world of Alwin Lowdham with his eponymous ancestor Ælfwine of England ( who compiled the Lost Tales ) and with Atlantis . One of the members of the Notion Club , one Michael George Ramer , combines lucid dreams with time-travel and experiences the tsunami that sank Númenor . He ca n't tell if its history , or fantasy , or something in between .   The Notion Club Papers mentions a great storm occurring during 1987 in England , on 12 June . This can be seen as an odd coincidence , since the actual Great Storm of 1987 occurred in October of that year .

neg: House of Telcontar In the fictional universe of J. R. R. Tolkien , the House of Telcontar , previously the House of Elendil , is the Royal House of the Reunited Kingdom of Arnor and Gondor . The House was founded by Aragorn II during the War of the Ring , who was the last surviving Heir of Elendil , and took the throne under the name Elessar .   The name of the House finds its origin in Quenya , one of the Elvish languages . During the War of the Ring , Peregrin Took , a companion of Aragorn 's in The Fellowship of the Ring , became a member of the elite Citadel Guard at Minas Tirith , capital of Gondor . When Lord Aragorn entered the city , Peregrin persisted in familiarly referring to Aragorn by the nickname he had garnered as a Ranger of the North : `` Strider '' , even in front of foreign dignitaries such as King Éomer of Rohan . Aragorn was amused , and decided that the name of the lineage he founded would be `` Telcontar '' , which translates as `` Strider '' in Quenya . Members of the House of Telcontar are referred to as the `` Telcóntari '' ( Striders ) , the plural of Telcontar in Quenya .   Aragorn then took the royal name `` Elessar '' ( translated as Elfstone in Quenya ) .   With Queen Arwen , King Elessar reigned for 120 years , before finally surrendering his life . This long reign is attributed to Elessar 's descent from the Men of Númenor , who are blessed with long life ( he was 88 when he took the throne ) . He rebuilt the old capital Annúminas in Arnor and later ruled from this northern capital , although the old capital Minas Tirith was still of great political importance .   Elessar had one known son , Eldarion , and an unspecified number of daughters . King Elessar was buried with great honour in Minas Tirith . King Eldarion ( his name meaning `` from the Elves '' in reference to his mother Arwen ) was `` full ripe for kingship '' at the time , and ruled for an unspecified amount of time well into the Fourth Age of Men . Little is known of Eldarion , save that he left heirs to continue the House of Telcontar after him .

neg: Tolkien's legendarium Tolkien 's legendarium is the term for the  entirety of J. R. R. Tolkien 's mythopoetic writing that forms the background to his The Lord of the Rings .  Tolkien worked and re-worked the components of his legendarium throughout his adult life , or during a period of more than 50 years ; the earliest drafts , published in The Book of Lost Tales ( 1983 ) dating to 1916 .   Colloquially , `` Middle-earth '' is popularly used as a shorthand for a `` canonical '' or mature form of Tolkien 's narrative , Middle-earth being Tolkien 's term for the inhabited part of the world in which most of his published stories were set .   The mythological and cosmological background of Tolkien 's published works was sketched in the posthumously-published The Silmarillion ( 1977 ) , and in Tolkien studies as a field as it has developed since the 1980s .

neg: Gerðr In Norse mythology , Gerðr ( Old Norse `` fenced-in '' ) is a jötunn , goddess , and the wife of the god Freyr . Gerðr is attested in the Poetic Edda , compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources ; the Prose Edda and Heimskringla , written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson ; and in the poetry of skalds . Gerðr is sometimes modernly anglicized as Gerd or Gerth .   In both the Poetic Edda and the Prose Edda , Freyr sees Gerðr from a distance , becomes deeply lovesick at the sight of her shimmering beauty , and has his servant Skírnir go to Jötunheimr ( where Gerðr and her father Gymir reside ) to gain her love . In the Poetic Edda Gerðr initially refuses , yet after a series of threats by Skírnir she finally agrees . In the Prose Edda , no mention of threats are made . In both sources , Gerðr agrees to meet Freyr at a fixed time at the location of Barri and , after Skírnir returns with Gerðr 's response , Freyr laments that the meeting could not occur sooner . In both the Poetic Edda and the Prose Edda , Gerðr is described as the daughter of Gymir and the jötunn Aurboða .   In Heimskringla , Gerðr is recorded as the wife of Freyr , euhemerized as having been a beloved king of Sweden . In the same source , the couple are the founders of the Yngling dynasty and produced a son , Fjölnir , who rose to kinghood after Freyr 's passing and continued their line . Gerðr is commonly theorized to be a goddess associated with the earth . Gerðr inspired works of art and literature .


query: Chicago has an economy.

pos: Chicago Chicago ( -LSB- ʃᵻˈkɑːɡoʊ -RSB- or -LSB- ʃᵻˈkɔːɡoʊ -RSB- ) , officially the City of Chicago , is the third-most populous city in the United States . With over 2.7 million residents , it is also the most populous city in both the state of Illinois and the Midwestern United States . It is the county seat of Cook County . The Chicago metropolitan area , often referred to as Chicagoland , has nearly 10 million people and is the third-largest in the U.S. Chicago has been called a global architecture capital . In terms of wealth and economy , Chicago is considered one of the most important business centers in the world .   Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 , near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed , and grew rapidly in the mid-nineteenth century . Positioned along Lake Michigan , the city is an international hub for finance , commerce , industry , technology , telecommunications , and transportation : O'Hare International Airport is the second-busiest airport in the world when measured by aircraft traffic ; the region also has the largest number of U.S. highways and rail road freight . In 2012 , Chicago was listed as an alpha global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network , and ranked seventh in the world in the 2016 Global Cities Index . Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States -- about $ 640 billion according to 2015 estimates . The city has one of the world 's largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14 % of the workforce .   In 2016 , Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors , a new record making it one of the top visited cities in the nation . Landmarks in the city include Millennium Park , Navy Pier , the Magnificent Mile , Art Institute of Chicago , Museum Campus , the Willis ( Sears ) Tower , Museum of Science and Industry , and Lincoln Park Zoo . Chicago 's culture includes the visual arts , novels , film , theater , especially improvisational comedy , and music , particularly jazz , blues , soul , hip hop , gospel and house music . There are many colleges and universities in the Chicago area ; among these , Northwestern University , University of Chicago , and the University of Illinois at Chicago are classified as `` highest research '' doctoral universities . Additionally , Chicago has professional sports teams in each of the major professional leagues . The city has many nicknames , the best-known being the Windy City .

neg: Chicago (typeface) Chicago is a sans-serif typeface designed by Susan Kare for Apple Computer . It was used in the Macintosh operating system user interface between 1984 and 1997 and was an important part of Apple 's brand identity . It is also used in early versions of the iPod user interface . Chicago was initially a bitmap font ; as the Apple OS 's capabilities improved , Apple commissioned the type foundry Bigelow & Holmes to create a vector-based TrueType version . The typeface is named after the U.S. city of Chicago , following the theme of original Macintosh fonts being named after major world cities .   Susan Kare has stated that Chicago was the first font to be developed for the Macintosh . Before the team settled on the convention of naming fonts after `` world cities '' , it was called Elefont ( Elefont is also the name of a bold semi-serif typeface designed by Bob McGrath in 1978 ) . The first bitmap version included only a 12 pt . version . This font , with only very minor changes to spacing , was used for menus , dialogs , window titles , and text labels , through version 7.6 of the system . The TrueType version had many differences from the bitmap version , which became more apparent at greater sizes . One of Chicago 's features was that it could remain legible while being made `` grey '' ( to indicate a disabled menu item ) by the removal of every other pixel ( since actual grey type was not supported by the original Macintosh graphics hardware ) . The zero was slashed to distinguish it from capital `` O '' .   In Mac OS 8 , Charcoal replaced Chicago as the default system font . Chicago continued to be distributed as a standard component of the system , and Apple even urged developers to keep designing user interfaces for the Chicago typeface , since the new alternate fonts used the Chicago metrics as a foundation .   German-language versions of the Mac OS , as well as all language version of Mac OS 9 , had a different rendering of the 12-point version of Chicago . The letter W had two dips instead of one at the bottom of the letter , the letter V had its lower tip at the centre instead of veering left , and the letter I ( capital `` i '' ) had serifs at the top and bottom , distinguishing it from l ( lowercase `` L '' ) . A mix of this and the original Chicago was used in the original iPod .   Chicago was also used in Apple marketing materials . It was common to find this font in early amateur desktop publishing productions , since it was available as part of the system . While Apple gravitated away from Chicago following the adoption of the relatively easier-to-read Charcoal as part of the platinum theme in Mac OS , it was later revived in the user interface for the iPod music player , where legibility on a low resolution two-color screen once again became an asset . With the introduction of the iPod mini , a smaller typeface was needed , and the Espy Sans font from the Apple Newton was used . Finally , with the introduction of the iPod Photo , the color iPod interface changed to Podium Sans -- a bitmap font similar to the Myriad Pro typeface which Apple has adopted gradually for its marketing since 2002 .   Though the original font is no longer bundled with macOS , two Thai-language fonts bundled with macOS , Krungthep and Silom , use Chicago for their Latin letters and hence can be used as modern replacements .   Chicago is a registered trademark ( `` typeface fonts recorded on computer software '' ) , belonging to Apple since August 1996 .

neg: Navy Pier Navy Pier is a 3300 ft pier on the Chicago shoreline of Lake Michigan . It is located in the Streeterville neighborhood of the Near North Side community area . The Navy Pier currently encompasses more than fifty acres of parks , gardens , shops , restaurants , family attractions and exhibition facilities and is the top leisure destination in the Midwest , drawing nearly nine million visitors annually . It is one of the most visited attractions in the entire Midwestern United States and is Chicago 's number one tourist attraction .

neg: Pilsen Historic District The Pilsen Historic District is a historic district located in the Pilsen neighborhood of Chicago . Pilsen is a neighborhood made up of the residential sections of the Lower West Side community area of Chicago . In the late 19th century Pilsen was inhabited by Czech immigrants who named the district after Plzeň , the fourth largest city in what is now the Czech Republic . The population also included in smaller numbers other ethnic groups from the Austro-Hungarian Empire including Slovaks , Slovenes , Croats and Austrians , as well as immigrants of Polish and Lithuanian heritage .   The Czechs had replaced the Germans , who had settled there first with the Irish in the mid-19th century . Although there was an increasing Mexican American presence in the late 1950s , it was not until 1962-63 when there was a great spurt in the numbers of Mexican Americans in Pilsen due to the destruction of the neighborhood west of Halsted between Roosevelt and Taylor Streets to create room for the construction of the University of Illinois at Chicago . Although this area was predominantly Italian American , it was also an important entry point for Mexican immigrants for several decades . Latinos became the majority in 1970 when they surpassed the Slavic population . The neighborhood continued to serve as port of entry for immigrants , both legal and illegal , mostly of Mexican descent . Many elderly central Europeans , some even without English language skills , also still reside in Pilsen . Pilsen 's Mexican population is increasingly dwarfed by what has become the largest Mexican neighborhood in Chicago , Little Village .   Pilsen became a National Historic Register District on February 1 , 2006 .

neg: South Lawndale, Chicago South Lawndale , one of Chicago 's 77 well-defined community areas , is on the West Side of the city of Chicago , Illinois .

neg: New international division of labour In economics , the new international division of labor ( NIDL ) is an outcome of globalization . The term was coined by theorists seeking to explain the spatial shift of manufacturing industries from advanced capitalist countries to developing countries -- an ongoing geographic reorganization of production , which finds its origins in ideas about a global division of labor . It is a spatial division of labor which occurs when the process of production is no longer confined to national economies . Under the `` old '' international division of labor , until around 1970 , underdeveloped areas were incorporated into the world economy principally as suppliers of minerals and agricultural commodities . However , as developing economies are merged into the world economy , more production takes place in these economies .   This has led to a trend of transference , or what is also known as the `` global industrial shift '' , in which production processes are relocated from developed countries ( such as the US , European countries , and Japan ) to developing countries in Asia ( such as China , Vietnam , and India ) and Latin America . This is because companies search for the cheapest locations to manufacture and assemble components , so low-cost labor-intensive parts of the manufacturing process are shifted to the developing world where costs are substantially lower . Companies do so by taking advantage of transportation and communications technology , as well as fragmentation and locational flexibility of production . From 1953 to the late 1990s , the industrialized economies ' share of world manufacturing output declined from 95 % to 77 % , and the developing economies ' share more than quadrupled from 5 % to 23 % .   The resultant division of labor across continents closely follows the North -- South socio-economic and political divide , wherein the North -- with one quarter of the world population -- controls four fifths of the world income , while the South -- with three quarters of the world population -- has access to one fifth of the world income .

neg: Midwest High Speed Rail Association The Midwest High Speed Rail Association was founded in 1993 and is based in Chicago , Illinois . The association is a 501 ( c ) 3 non-profit , member-supported organization that primarily advocates for world-class 220-mph high-speed trains linking major Midwestern cities , and supports fast , frequent and dependable trains on other routes that connect with 220-mph corridors to form a true modern regional and national rail network .   The Midwest High Speed Rail Association 's executive director , Richard Harnish , believes it is time for America to `` catch up '' with European and Asian countries in terms of using high-speed rail systems .   The Association is an active member of fourbillion.com , a coalition of advocacy organizations working to secure a $ 4 billion appropriation in 2010 for high-speed rail in the U.S. . The effort began after the US House of Representatives passed a bill that included $ 4 billion for high-speed rail . The Senate cut the allocation down to $ 1.2 billion in their version . The two bills will now move to a conference committee .  In June 2009 , The Midwest High Speed Rail Association released the first-ever transportation engineering study of a 220-mph rail corridor in the Midwest . The 220-mph high-speed link would cut the trip from Chicago to St. Louis to 1 hour and 52 minutes , and also serve O'Hare International Airport as well as key Illinois business , university and government centers in Kankakee , Champaign , Decatur , Springfield and Edwardsville . The line would cost between 12 and 13 billion dollars .   The MHSRA views the Chicago-St . Louis link as the first of a regional 220-mph high-speed rail network that would link Chicago , St. Louis , the Twin Cities , Milwaukee , Detroit , Indianapolis , Cincinnati , Cleveland , Columbus and Pittsburgh , putting more than 35 million people within a three-hour train ride of Chicago .   In a proposal to the U.S. Department of Transportation , SNCF , operator of the TGV high-speed rail network in France , estimated that a Midwestern 220-mph high-speed rail network would create 677,000 permanent jobs and 316,000 construction jobs . Automobile trips would be reduced by 4.3 billion vehicle miles each year , saving 3 million barrels of oil each year , and additionally reduce CO2 and other pollutant emissions by 1.4 million tons in 2030 . The total estimated cost for the network is $ 68.5 billion . Advocates for high-speed rail put that cost in perspective by pointing out that the Interstate Highway System cost 450 billion in 2008 dollars .   The Midwest High Speed Rail Association has been a vocal critic of libertarian and conservative activists who view MHSRA as distorting the record and facts on high-speed rail . In July 2009 , it released a document responding to statements by the Cato Institute and the Reason Foundation about high-speed rail .

neg: Chicago Public Media Chicago Public Media is a not-for-profit media company that operates as the primary National Public Radio member organization for Chicago . It owns three non-commercial educational FM broadcast stations and one FM translator , and produces the programs Wait Wait ... Do n't Tell Me ! for NPR stations , This American Life which is self-distributed but uses PRX for distribution to other radio stations , and Sound Opinions for PRX . CPM is based at Navy Pier in Chicago .   The organization was started to take over the operation of 91.5 WBEZ from the Chicago Board of Education in 1990 . Until April 2010 , the company 's legal name was The WBEZ Alliance , Inc. and it used the name Chicago Public Radio for its primary radio station and corporate identity .

neg: Portage Park, Chicago Portage Park is located on the northwest side of the City of Chicago , Illinois and is one of 77 officially designated Chicago community areas . Portage Park is bordered by the community areas of Jefferson Park and Forest Glen to the north , Dunning and the suburb of Harwood Heights to the west , Irving Park to the east and Belmont-Cragin to the south .   The area is notable for its Six Corners outdoor shopping district , centered at the intersection of Irving Park Road , Cicero Avenue and the diagonal Milwaukee Avenue , the Portage Theater and for its namesake - Portage Park . The name of the park was taken from the major portage linking the Des Plaines and Chicago rivers along what is today Irving Park Road . The area was so swampy that in wet weather , Native Americans and trappers were easily able to paddle through the area in either direction without leaving their canoes . In those days , the Des Plaines was perhaps the most significant way to the Illinois , and then on to the Mississippi ( and to return ) .   Portage Park has the largest Polish community in the Chicago Metropolitan Area according to the 2000 census . Portage Park is home to the Polish American Association , the Polish Jesuit Millennium Center , the Polish Army Veterans Association in the beautiful building of the former Irving State bank , in addition to the multitude of Polish shops and businesses throughout the district . One of the area 's parks is named Chopin Park after Frédéric Chopin , Poland 's most famous pianist and composer .

neg: John Hancock Center The John Hancock Center is a 100-story , 1,128-foot ( 343.7 m ) supertall skyscraper at 875 North Michigan Avenue , Chicago , Illinois , United States . It was constructed under the supervision of Skidmore , Owings and Merrill , with chief designer Bruce Graham and structural engineer Fazlur Khan . When the building topped out on May 6 , 1968 , it was the second tallest building in the world and the tallest outside of New York City . It is currently the fourth-tallest building in Chicago and the eighth-tallest in the United States , after One World Trade Center , the Willis Tower , 432 Park Avenue , the Trump Tower Chicago , the Empire State Building , the Bank of America Tower , and the Aon Center . When measured to the top of its antenna masts , it stands at 1500 ft. The building is home to offices and restaurants , as well as about 700 condominiums , and contains the third highest residence in the world , after the Burj Khalifa in Dubai and the Trump Tower in Chicago . The building was named for John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company , a developer and original tenant of the building .   From the 95th floor restaurant , diners can look out at Chicago and Lake Michigan . The Observatory ( 360 Chicago ) , which competes with the Willis Tower 's Skydeck , has a 360 ° view of the city , up to four states , and a distance of over 80 mi . The Observatory has Chicago 's only open-air SkyWalk and also features a free multimedia tour in six languages . The 44th-floor sky lobby features America 's highest indoor swimming pool .

neg: Chicago Council on Global Affairs The Chicago Council on Global Affairs is a global affairs think tank , describing itself as `` an independent , nonpartisan organization that provides insight -- and influences the public discourse -- on critical global issues . ''

neg: Chicago Overcoat For the method of corpse disposal , see cement shoes .  Chicago Overcoat is a 2009 American gangster film . The script was written by Brian Caunter , John W. Bosher , Josh Staman , and Andrew Alex Dowd ; Caunter also directed . The production filmed in Chicago and wrapped principal photography November 29 , 2007 . Chicago Overcoat had its world premiere at the 45th Chicago International Film Festival on Saturday , October 10 , 2009 , with three sold out screenings and was brought back for an encore screening after being voted into the `` Best of the Fest '' . The film went on to win `` Best Dramatic Feature '' at the 8th Garden State Film Festival , and `` Best Cinematography '' at the 7th Midwest Independent Film Festival .   `` Chicago Overcoat '' is a Prohibition era slang term meaning `` coffin '' or cement shoes .

neg: Economic policy of the Barack Obama administration The economic policy of the Barack Obama administration was characterized by moderate tax increases on higher income Americans designed to fund healthcare reform , reduce the federal budget deficit , and improve income inequality . His first term ( 2009 -- 2013 ) included measures designed to address the Great Recession and Subprime mortgage crisis , which began in 2007 . These included a major stimulus package , banking regulation , and comprehensive healthcare reform . As the economy improved and robust job creation continued during his second term ( 2013 -- 2017 ) , the Bush tax cuts were allowed to expire for the highest income taxpayers and a spending sequester ( cap ) was implemented , to further reduce the deficit back to typical historical levels . Towards the end of his tenure , the U.S. economy was nearing full employment such that the Federal Reserve began raising interest rates , real household income was nearing its pre-crisis peak , gas prices were very low , and GDP grew 3.5 % . He also implemented several environmental executive orders to address climate change and encourage clean energy industries , as the U.S. enjoyed an unprecedented increase in energy production . Both the stock market and corporate profits reached record high levels during his tenure , while inflation and interest rates remained near record low levels .   Conceptually , Obama advocated using government regulation to stem crony capitalism and tax revenue to stabilize and promote economic growth . Two of his important economic advisers were Jason Furman of Harvard University and Jeffrey Liebman of Harvard University . In 2006 , Obama wrote , `` We should be asking ourselves what mix of policies will lead to a dynamic free market and widespread economic security , entrepreneurial innovation and upward mobility -LSB- ... -RSB- we should be guided by what works . '' Speaking before the National Press Club in April 2005 , he defended the New Deal social welfare policies of Franklin D. Roosevelt , associating Republican proposals to establish private accounts for Social Security with Social Darwinism .

neg: Illinois Tool Works Illinois Tool Works Inc. or ITW is a Fortune 500 company that produces engineered fasteners and components , equipment and consumable systems , and specialty products . It was founded in 1912 by Byron L. Smith .   Today , it employs nearly 48,000 people in hundreds of businesses across 57 countries , and is based in Glenview , Illinois , a suburb of Chicago , Illinois .   In 2011 , ITW had more than 20,000 unexpired patents and pending patent applications worldwide , including 2,900 U.S. patents and 1,116 pending U.S. applications . The company typically ranks in the top 100 of patent issuers in the U.S. . It is ranked 414 on the Forbes Global 2,000 .

neg: Chicago Stock Exchange The Chicago Stock Exchange ( CHX ) is a stock exchange in Chicago , Illinois . The exchange is a national securities exchange and Self-Regulatory Organization , which operates under the oversight of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) . The Chicago Stock Exchange is currently located at 440 South LaSalle Street ( FOUR40 ) .   Founded on March 21 , 1882 , in 1949 , the Chicago Stock Exchange merged with the regional stock exchanges St. Louis Stock Exchange , Cleveland Stock Exchange and Minneapolis-St . Paul Stock Exchange to form the Midwest Stock Exchange . In 1959 , the New Orleans Stock Exchange became part of the Midwest Stock Exchange , and in the early 1960s the Midwest Stock Exchange Service Corporation was established to provide centralized accounting for member firms . In 1993 changed its name back to the Chicago Stock Exchange .

neg: 190 South LaSalle Street __ NOTOC __   U.S. Bank Building , formerly 190 South LaSalle Street , is a 573 ft ( 175m ) tall skyscraper in Chicago , Illinois . It was completed in 1987 and has 40 floors . Johnson/Burgee Architects designed the building , which is the 57th tallest building in Chicago . From 1988-2016 the lobby of the building featured a tapestry by Helena Hernmarck titled `` The 1909 Plan of Chicago '' depicting the Civic Center Plaza proposed in the Burnham Plan of Chicago .

neg: Ravenswood, Chicago Ravenswood is a neighborhood located in the north side of the city of Chicago , Illinois in the Lincoln Square Community Area . According to the Encyclopedia of Chicago , Ravenswood was founded in 1868 as an exclusive commuter suburb by a group of real-estate speculators . These speculators formed the Ravenswood Land Company and purchased 194 acres of farmland and woods eight miles north of Chicago . The conflation of Ravenswood and Lincoln Square is a common mistake -- the two are not interchangeable . The boundaries of the original Ravenswood subdivision , drawn in 1869 , were Montrose , Lawrence , Clark and Damen .   Back in the 1920s , the University of Chicago divided the city into 77 well-defined `` community areas . '' Ravenswood did n't make the cut as a standalone entity , rather it was folded into Lincoln Square . In short , according to U. of C. , Ravenswood is a subset of Lincoln Square .   The Ravenswood Community Council is clear on this point : `` The name Ravenswood remained in popular use , even after the area was officially designated part of the Lincoln Square community area . ''   Ravenswood is known for its courtyard-style residential buildings . Once considered an `` up and coming '' neighborhood , Ravenswood has seen its real estate values skyrocket since the 1990s , making it one of the highest valued markets in the city .   The commercially zoned and historic Lincoln Square district is located On the West border of the area ( Western Avenue ) while most of the neighborhood is residentially zoned except for stretches along Lawrence , Montrose , Wilson , and Damen Avenues . Ravenswood has good transportation access , with the Brown Line running through the neighborhood , bus lines on several major streets , and a Metra commuter railroad station .

neg: Chicago (album) Chicago ( sometimes referred to as Chicago II ) is the second studio album by Chicago-based American rock band Chicago . It was released in 1970 after the band had shortened its name from The Chicago Transit Authority following the release of their self-titled debut album the previous year ( to avoid legal action being threatened by the actual mass-transit company ) .

neg: Business (disambiguation) A business is an organization involved in the trade of goods , services , or both , with consumers .   Business may also refer to :   the business sector -- the combined activity of all company-based trading and industrial activity in an economy  trade , the transfer of the ownership of goods or services from one person or entity to another in exchange for other goods or services or for money  an individual industry -- such as `` the meat business '' or `` the oil business ''  Business ( EP ) , an EP by Jet Lag Gemini  Business ( newspaper ) , a weekly business newspaper in Ukraine  `` Business '' ( song ) , a single by Eminem  business class on airlines  business route , a type of highway in North America  a group of ferrets

neg: Illinois Illinois ( -LSB- ɪlᵻˈnɔɪ -RSB- ) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States , achieving statehood in 1818 . It is the 6th-most populous state and 25th-largest state in terms of land area , and is noted as a microcosm of the entire country . The word `` Illinois '' comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word . With Chicago in the northeast , small industrial cities and great agricultural productivity in central and northern Illinois , and natural resources like coal , timber , and petroleum in the south , Illinois has a diverse economic base and is a major transportation hub . The Port of Chicago connects the state to other global ports from the Great Lakes , via the Saint Lawrence Seaway , to the Atlantic Ocean , as well as the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River , via the Illinois Waterway . For decades , O'Hare International Airport has been ranked as one of the world 's busiest airports . Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics .   Although today the state 's largest population center is around Chicago in the northern part of the state , the state 's European population grew first in the west , with French Canadian colonists who settled along the Mississippi River in the 17th and 18th century , and gave the area the name , `` Pays des Illinois '' or Illinois Country a region that was known as part of New France . After the American Revolutionary War established the United States , American settlers began arriving crossing the Appalachians barrier range in the 1810s via the gaps of the Allegheny to boat building centers in Pittsburgh , from Cumberland , Maryland via the Cumberland Narrows pass to outfit in Brownsville , Pennsylvania , from North Carolina and Virginia via the Cumberland Gap to Kentucky and Tennessee , all on the Ohio River .   With the War of 1812 , the growth of Illinois slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier . After the war 's end , the federal government re-established forts such as Fort Dearborn ( in 1816 -- now the site is within Chicago ) and army patrols west of the Mississippi diminished the threat from Amerindian raids , so settlers were able to move into all of Illinois from the eastern and southern emigrant trails .   Mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration -- by the 1810s , the Eastern U.S. had exhausted most timber stands close to the established cities creating a hard felt first energy crisis by the late-1790s , and after 1818 , the industrial revolution was being fueled by new canals such as the Lehigh Canal feeding the furnaces of the rapidly industrializing east coast . Also in 1818 , Illinois achieved statehood and its growth , as yet untroubled by the speed of as yet unrefined railway technology , would be fueled by the new religion of industrialized forward thinking .   After construction of the Erie Canal with increasing traffic and trade through the Great Lakes , Chicago was founded in the 1830s on the banks of the Chicago River , at one of the few natural harbors on southern Lake Michigan . John Deere 's invention of the self-scouring steel plow turned Illinois ' rich prairie into some of the world 's most productive and valuable farmlands , attracting new immigrant farmers from Germany and Sweden . Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s , and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois , as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets . Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other mid-western states from the tyranny of water transport ; no longer was a location near a river or canal a need to ship bulk goods .   By 1900 , the growth of industrial jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants , from Eastern and Southern Europe . Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars . The Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago , who created the city 's famous jazz and blues cultures .   Three U.S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois : Abraham Lincoln , Ulysses S. Grant , and most recently Barack Obama . Additionally , Ronald Reagan , whose political career was based in California , was the only U.S. president born and raised in Illinois . Today , Illinois honors Lincoln with its official state nickname `` The Land of Lincoln , '' which has been displayed on its license plates since 1954 . The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the state capital of Springfield , and the Barack Obama Presidential Center will be completed in Chicago by 2020 .

neg: Parks in Chicago Parks in Chicago include open spaces and facilities , developed and managed by the Chicago Park District . The City of Chicago devotes 8.5 % of its total land acreage to parkland , which ranked it 13th among high-density population cities in the United States in 2012 . Since the 1830s , the official motto of Chicago has been Urbs in horto , Latin for `` City in a garden '' for its commitment to parkland . In addition to serving residents , a number of these parks also double as tourist destinations , most notably Lincoln Park , Chicago 's largest park , visited by over 20 million people each year , is one of the most visited parks in the United States . Notable architects , artists and landscape architects have contributed to the 570 parks , including Daniel Burnham , Frederick Law Olmsted , Jens Jensen , Frank Gehry , and Lorado Taft .