query: Seenu Ramasamy wrote Thenmerku Paruvakaatru.

pos: Thenmerku Paruvakaatru Thenmerku Paruvakatru ( Southwest Monsoon ) is a 2010 Tamil drama film written and directed by Seenu Ramasamy and produced by Shibu Issac . It stars Saranya Ponvannan , in her 100th film , Vijay Sethupathi and Vasundhra in the lead roles . It released on 24 December 2010 .   The film received mixed reviews , but was eventually featured at the 58th National Film Awards ceremony , where it was named the Best Feature Film in Tamil while Saranya Ponvannan and lyricist Vairamuthu were awarded the Best Actress and Best Lyricist prizes , respectively .

neg: Ramram Basu Ramram Basu ( c. 1751 -- 7 August 1813 ) was a notable early scholar and translator of the Bengali language ( Bangla ) , and credited with writing the first original work of Bengali prose written by a Bengali .   Ramram Basu initially joined as the munshi ( scribe ) for William Chambers , Persian  interpreter at the Supreme Court in Kolkata . Then he worked as the munshi and Bengali teacher for Dr. John Thomas , a Christian missionary from England at Debhata in Khulna . Subsequently , he worked from 1793 to 1796 for noted scholar William Carey ( 1761 -- 1834 ) at Madnabati in Dinajpur . In 1800 he joined Carey 's Serampore Mission Press with its celebrated printing press , and in May 1801 was appointed Munshi , assistant teacher of Sanskrit , at Fort William College for a salary of 40 rupees per month . As college pundits were charged not only with teaching , but also with developing Bengali prose , there he began to produce a respected series of translations and new works , and continued to hold that post until his death .   Basu created a number of original prose and poetical works , including Christastava , 1788 ; Harkara , 1800 , a hundred-stanza poem ; Jnanodaya ( Dawn of Knowledge ) , 1800 , arguing that the Vedas were fundamentally monotheist , and that the departure of Hindu society from monotheism to idolatry was the fault of the Brahmins ; Lippi Mātā ( The Bracelet of Writing ) , 1802 , a miscellany ; and Christabibaranamrta , 1803 , on the subject of Jesus Christ .   In 1802 , his Bengali textbook Rājā Pratāpāditya-Charit ( Life of Maharaja Pratapaditya ) , written for the college 's use , received a cash prize of 300 rupees . It was printed at the Serampore Mission Press , and is now credited as the first Bengali to create a work in prose and also as the first historiography in Bengali . Basu also created Bengali versions of the Ramayana and Mahabharata , and aided in Carey 's Bengali translation of the Bible .   Despite his active engagement with western missionaries and Christian texts , Basu remained a Hindu , and died in Kolkata on 7 August 1813 .

neg: Andari Bandhuvaya Andari Bandhuvaya ( English : Everyone 's Relative ) is an award winning moral Telugu movie released in 2010 . It received Akkineni Award for best home-viewing feature film for the year 2010 . It was directed by Chandra Siddarth . The story and dialogues was written by popular Telugu novelist Balabhadrapatruni Ramani . The movie is based on a novel called Andari Banduvaya . It is a low budget movie which did well overseas . At box office it could n't get good collections initially but it met slow success . It was dubbed into Tamil as Gokulam .

neg: A. Ramasamy A. Ramasamy is an Indian politician and incumbent Member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from the Nilakottai constituency . He represents the Puthiya Tamilagam party .

neg: Bhaṭṭikāvya , or `` Bhatti 's Poem '' , is a Sanskrit-language poem dating from the 7th century CE , in the formal genre of `` great poem '' ( mahākāvya ) . It focuses on two deeply rooted Sanskrit traditions , the Ramayana and Panini 's grammar , while incorporating numerous other traditions , in a rich mix of science and art , poetically retelling the adventures of Rama and a compendium of examples of grammar and rhetoric . As literature , it is often considered to stand comparison with the best of Sanskrit poetry .   The also has ( `` The Death of '' ) as an alternative title . It is improbable that this was the original title as Ravana 's death is only one short episode in the whole poem . It may have acquired this title to distinguish it from other works concerning themselves with the deeds of .   The poem is the earliest example of an `` instructional poem '' or . That is not a treatise written in verse but an imaginative piece of literature which is also intended to be instructive in specific subjects . To modern tastes , however , this can create an unpardonable artificiality in the composition . To the critics of late classical times in India technical virtuosity was much admired . Much of the s popular success could also be ascribed to the fact that it must have been useful as a textbook .

neg: Parinayam (1994 film) Parinayam ( English : Wedding ) is a Malayalam -- language film directed by Hariharan and written by M. T. Vasudevan Nair . The key characters are played by Mohini , Vineeth and Manoj.K.Jayan . The film also has a cast of character artists including Thilakan , Nedumudi Venu , Oduvil Unnikrishnan , Jagathy Sreekumar , Sukumari , Jagannatha Varma , Valsala Menon , Bindu Panicker , Bahadoor , Anila and Shanthi Krishna .   Parinayam won four national awards ( Best Screenplay , Best Film on Other Social Issues , Best Music Direction and Special Jury Award for Cinematography ) , also won several Kerala State Film Awards and Two Filmfare Awards South . This film deals with the mental and physical agony that a young Namboothiri widow had to undergo for losing her chastity . Parinayam was loosely based on Smarthavicharam ( ritualistic trial for adultery ) of Kuryeddath Thathri , that created a shock among Kerala in early twentieth century that led to the reformation of Namboothiri community . It remains the finest feminist film in Malayalam . The script found the perfect director in Hariharan .

neg: Religious views of Periyar E. V. Ramasamy The religious views of Periyar E. V. Ramasamy resulted in him being considered the Voltaire of South India . Both opposed religion virulently because , in their views , the so-called men of religion invented myths and superstitions to keep the innocent and ignorant people in darkness and to go on exploiting them . Periyar has been a harsh critic of the Aryan influenced Hinduism in Tamil Nadu , more than the faiths of Islam , Buddhism and Christianity . He has spoken appreciatively of these other faiths in India finding in their ethics principles of equality and justice , thus advocating them if they can prove an alternative to Brahamanic Hinduism . With regards to institutionalized religion being used for personal gain , Periyar stated that `` religion goes hand in hand with superstition and fear . Religion prevents progress and suppresses man . Religion exploits the suppressed classes . '' As religions , however , they are prone to be hit by accusation of superstition , exploitation and irrationalism .

neg: Alluri Seetarama Raju (film) Alluri Seetarama Raju is a 1974 Telugu biographical historical film based on the life of Alluri Sitarama Raju , an Indian revolutionary who is known for his role in `` Rampa Rebellion '' of 1922 -- 24 , and tribal leader Gam Malludora during the Indian independence movement in the Madras Presidency . Raju with a band of tribal leaders and other sympathizers fought against the British Raj . The film is produced by Padmalaya Studios , as the 100th film of Ghattamaneni Krishna .   Scripted by Maharadhi Tripuraneni , the film was directed by V. Ramachandra Rao , as South India 's first Cinemascope film . The film won the National Film Award for Best Lyrics for revolutionary compositions rendered by Srirangam Srinivasa Rao . The film won the Nandi Award for Best Feature Film , and was screened at the International Film Festival of India in the mainstream section , and Tashkent Film Festival . The film was the highest grossing Telugu film for that year .   The film was screened retrospective on August 16 , 2016 at the Independence Day Film Festival jointly presented by the Indian Directorate of Film Festivals and Ministry of Defense , commemorating 70th Indian Independence Day .

neg: Pramod Payyannur Pramod Payyannur is an Indian director and writer who works in Malayalam theater .   Bachelor 's degree with First Rank in Direction from school of Drama & Masters in Professional Arts from Pondichery University , Pursuing PhD . from Viswabharathi University - '' Visual Images in Tagore Literature '' .   Kerala State Award for Amateur Drama Director   • 2002 - Chomanathudi of Dr. Shivram Karanath   • 2010 -- Perukaliyattam of T.V. Kochuvava   Kerala State Award for Professional Drama Director   • 2002 - Inalakaliley Aakasham produced by KPAC   • 2003 - Dravidavritham produced by KPAC ( silver jubily production )   Worked as   • Program Chief - Reporter Channel   • Senior Correspondent - Manorama News TV   • Program Producer - Kairali TV   • VIBGYOR National Award for Best Short Film based on Vaikom Mohd . Basheer 's first short story Thangam .   • Kerala Chalachithra Academy Award for Best Visual Director and Kerala Film Critics Award for the short film 's   based on M.T. Vasudevan Nair 's Keralolpathy , Devamanasam , Sasneham Jeevithatodu  National Cultural Department 's Junior Fellowship for the study on Visual Possibilities in Malayalam Myths   • M.T. Vasudevan Nair 's - IRUTTINDE AATHMAVU ( 2 shows in ABUDHABI )   • M.T. Vasudevan Nair 's - RANDAAMOOZHAM   • O.V. Vijayan 's - KADALTHEERATHU   • Vaikom Mohd . Basheer 's - MATHILUKAL   • Alber Kamu 's - THE JUST   • Bharath Murali 's - MRUTHYUNJAYAN ( was rehearsed and ready to be staged )   Jury Member of Campus Drama Festivals , Kerala State Youth Festivals , Keralotsavam , Atlas -- Kairali Script Competition , Short Film Fest , Kambissery Nadakotsavam , Thoppil Basi Theatre Fest , 6th Bharath Murali Nadakotsavam Abu Dhabi .  Directed Vaikom Mohd . Basheer 's Balyakalasakhi and won special jury award for the best Indian Director in Kashmir International Film Fest and Adoor Basi Award for Best Director & Best Film

neg: Sumatheendra R. Nadig Sumathendra Raghavendra Nadig ( born 1935 ) is an Indian professor and writer .   Nadig came upon the literary scene as a prominent modern poet in the 1960s . He was a close associate of Gopalakrishna Adiga , the leader of the modernist movement .   Nadig 's `` Dampatya Gita '' has been translated into English , Hindi , Bengali and other Indian languages . His other major poem , `` Panchabhut '' , is considered to be an important and original contribution to modern Indian literature . His poetic achievement has been acknowledged by great poets including Gopalakrishna Adiga , Pu . Ti . Narasimhachar , Ayyappa Panikar , Sitanshu Yashaschandra , Manohar Rai Sardesai , and G. S. Shivrudrappa ; writers including S. L. Bhyrappa and U. R. Anantha  Murthy ; and scholars including Kapila Vatsyayan and Sibnarayan Ray .   Nadig has two master 's degrees in English , one from Mysore University and the other from Temple University ( US ) . He also received a PhD in Kannada from Bangalore University and an honorary doctorate , `` Shabda Marthand '' , from Gurukul Kangri University , Hardwar .   He has received many awards , including the Karnataka Rajyothsava Prashsti , Dinakara Pratisthana Prashasti , V. M. Inamdar  Prashsti , and M.V.Si . Puraskara .   He was the Chairman of National Book Trust from 1996 to 1999 .   He is well known for his critical studies of Bendre , K.S. Narasimha Swamy and Adiga , and short stories and nursery rhymes , and translations from Bengali to Kannada , and from Kannada to English . He knows Kannada , English , Hindi , Marathi , Konkani , and Bengali .   `` Poetry makes strange things happen . I reach the society in me , and the society meets me in my poetry . ''  -- Sumatheendra Nadig

neg: Nayakan Nayakan ( The Hero ) , also spelt Nayagan , is a 1987 Indian Tamil-language crime-drama film written and directed by Mani Ratnam and starring Kamal Haasan . It is loosely based on the real-life Bombay underworld don Varadarajan Mudaliar , and sympathetically depicts the struggle of South Indians living in Bombay ( now Mumbai ) . The film also stars Saranya Ponvannan in her film debut . Karthika , Nassar , Janagaraj , Delhi Ganesh and Tinnu Anand play significant roles . The soundtrack and score of the film were composed by Ilaiyaraaja and was met with a successful response after release . The film has been inspired from Francis Ford Coppola 's 1972 film The Godfather .   Principal photography commenced in November 1986 with test shoots featuring Haasan . The film was released on 21 October 1987 on the occasion of Diwali and received critical acclaim worldwide . Kamal Haasan 's performance as Velu Nayakan earned him the National Film Award for Best Actor . The film also earned the National Awards for Best Cinematography ( P. C. Sriram ) and Best Art Direction ( Thotta Tharani ) . The film was India 's official submission for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1988 at the 60th Academy Awards , but was not nominated .   In 2005 , the magazine TIME included Nayagan in its list of `` All-Time 100 Best Films '' . The film was also included in The Moving Arts Film Journals list of greatest films of all time . Nayagan was also included in NDTV 's list `` India 's 20 greatest films '' . CNN-IBN included the film in its list of `` 100 greatest Indian films of all time '' .   The film was dubbed in Telugu under the title Nayakudu . It was also remade in Hindi as Dayavan in 1988 starring Vinod Khanna . A Hindi dub of the film was released in 1999 as Velu Nayakan .

neg: Payanam (1976 film) Payanam ( தமிழ் : பயணம் , English : Journey ) is a 1976 Tamil romantic road movie directed by Vietnam Veedu Sundaram and produced by Bombay K. S. Ramakrishnan . The film script were written by Vietnam Veedu Sundaram , and the music was by M. S. Viswanathan . The film starred Vijayakumar , Jayachitra , Sreekanth Fatafat Jayalakshmi and Major Sundararajan played lead with Thengai Srinivasan , with Suruli Rajan and Master Sekhar in supporting roles .

neg: P. Govinda Pillai P. Govinda Pillai ( 23 May 1926 -- 22 November 2012 ) was a veteran Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) leader and ideologue from Kerala , India , and former Chief Editor of Deshabhimani .   Pillai was born on 23 May 1926 in Pulluvazhi , Perumbavoor , the son of Parameswaran Pillai and Parukuttyamma . He graduated with BA Hons . from St.Xaviers ' , Mumbai . He was elected as a member of Thiru-Kochi Assembly in 1951 and later as a member of the Kerala Assembly 1967 -- 70 . He was the Kerala Press Academy Chairman 1981 -- 82 . He died on 22 November 2012 in Thiruvananthapuram , Kerala .   Pillai has written and spoken widely on the subject of fine arts and served as the Chairman of Kerala State Film Development Corporation and also as the founding Director of the Centre for Development of Imaging Technology ( C-DIT ) .   A familiar face on Kairali TV , Pillai commented on national and international events . His unfavorable critical remarks about E.M.S. Namboodiripad on various issues have invited fierce backlash from the Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) politburo . The party saw it as `` grave indiscipline '' and `` publicly censured '' him on the issue . However , in 2010 , he received the Janasevana Praveen from the V. Sambasivan Foundation .   Books by P. Govinda Pillai  Marxum mooladhanavum ( Marx and Capital )  Isangalkkippuram ( Within `` ism `` s )  Marxist saundaryashastram , udbhavavum valarchayum ( Marxist aesthetics : origin and growth )  Bhudakaalavum Munvidhiyum ( Past and Prejudice )  Frederik Engles - Snigdhanaya Sahakari Varishtanaya viplavakari  Mar Gregoriosinte Mathavum Marxisavum ( Religion and Marxism of Mar Gregorios )  EMS um Malayala Sahityavum ( EMS and Kerala literature )  Kerala Navodhanam Oru Marxist Veekshanam Vol 1 ( Kerala renaissance : A Marxist perspective Vol 1 )  Kerala Navodhanam Oru Marxist Veekshanam - Mathacharyar Mathanishedhikal  Mahabharatham Muthal Communism Vare ( From Mahabharatha to Communism )  Mulkraj Muthal Pavanan Vare ( From Mulkraj to Pavanan )  Aagolavalkaranam Maadhyamam Samskaram ( Globalization Media Culture )  EMS Namboothiripad - A Biography  Charles Darwin ; Jeevithavum Kaalavum ( 2009 ) ( Charles Darwin : life and times )  Vynjanika viplavam-Oru samskarika charithram ( 2011 ) ( Knowledge revolution : A cultural history )  Guide book for Gramcii readers ( joint author with EMS )  samskaravum navodhanavum translated by ppsathyan .  Translations by P. Govinda Pillai :  Kaattukadannal ( Gadfly by Ethel Lilian Voynich )  Bhoothakalavum Munvidhikalum ( Past and Prejudice by Romila Thapar )  Book about p govindappillai - PG ABHIMUKHANGAL , ppsathyan,pkpocker-progress publishers , kozhikode .  Other Articles  Chuvanna Pratheekshakal - Red Expectations - Interview by ppsathyan , Madhyamam Weekly ,2012 .  Vayichu Theerilla ee Jeevitha Pusthakam , ppsathyan , Malayalam Varika - December 2012

neg: Appar Appar Tirunavukkarasar Nayanar ( திருநாவுக்கரசர் `` King of the Tongue , Lord of Language '' ) , also known as Navakkarasar and Appar `` Father '' , was a seventh-century Śaiva Tamil poet-saint , one of the most prominent of the sixty-three Nayanars . He was an older contemporary of Thirugnana Sambandar . His birth-name was Marulneekkiyar : he was called `` father '' by Sambandar , hence the name Appar .   Sundarar states in his Tiruttondartokai that Appar composed 4,900 hymns of ten or eleven verses each , this is repeated by Nambiyandar Nambi and Sekkizhar , but only 313 hymns are available today . These are collected into the Tirumurai along with the compositions of Sundarar and Thirugnana Sambandar , Appar having his own volumes , called Tevaram .

neg: Gopalakrishna Bharati Gopalakrishna Bharati ( 1810 -- 1896 ) was a Tamil poet and a composer of Carnatic music . He wrote a kathakalatchepam , Nantanar Charittiram ( Nandanar Charitram ) , two other works in this genre , and many independent kritis .   Bharati was a contemporary of Thyagaraja whom he is said to have met , and who asked him whether he had composed anything in the raga AbhOgi ; Bharati subsequently composed one of his most popular kritis in rUpaka tALa , Sabhapatikku . The great Tamil literary figure , U. V. Swaminatha Iyer wrote two sources for Bharati 's life : a biography of the composer and his own autobiography , which contains references to Bharati , who was his guru in music .

neg: Seebi Seebi is a village in Sira Taluk in Tumkur district . It is 24 km from Tumkur and 24 km from Sira .   Seebi formerly known as Sibur and Harihararayapura , an agrahara village .   It has a big stone temple of Narasimhaswamy . The image of Narasimha in the temple is in the form of a saligrama . The ten avataras of Vishnu , the leelas ( sports ) of Shiva and the scenes from the Ramayana and Mahabharata are painted on the beams and ceilings of the temple . These paintings appear to be of the latter part of the 18th century A.D. caused to be drawn by one Nallappa , an officer under Tipu . They are contemporaneous to the paintings at Srirangapattana .

neg: Devudu Narasimha Sastri Devudu Narasimha Sastry ( 1895 -- 1962 , known popularly by his pen-name Devudu was an eminent Kannada writer and novelist , Sanskrit scholar , actor and a journalist .   Mimansa Darpana , his commentary on the Indian philosophy of Mimāṃsā , is ranked highly among works on the subject . Antaranga , his novel published in 1932 , was the first novel in Kannada to employ the method of monologue narrative . In 1947 , he published his most notable novel , Maha Brahmana ( `` The Great Brahmin '' ) based on the life of the sage Vishwamitra . Mahākṣatriya ( `` The Great Warrior '' ) , published in 1960 depicts the life and deeds of King Nahusha . This novel was awarded the Sahitya Akademi Award , the most prestigious literary merit awarded by the Government of India . Devudu 's last novel , Maha Darshana ( `` The Great Vision '' ) is based on the life of sage Yajnavalkya . The book was published after his death in 1962 .

neg: Tevaram The Tevaram denotes the first seven volumes of the Tirumurai , the twelve-volume collection of Śaiva devotional poetry . All seven volumes are dedicated to the works of the three most prominent Tamil poets of the 7th century , the Nayanars - Sambandar , Tirunavukkarasar and Sundarar . The singing of Tevaram is continued as a hereditary practise in some Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu .   In the tenth century , during the reign of Raja Raja Chola I , a collection of these songs was found abandoned in the Chidambaram temple , along with other religious literary works , and collated by Nambiyandar Nambi . It is during the Chola dynasty that Saivism came of age and Tevaram , with its body of texts on rituals , philosophy and theology , was canonized . The 276 temples revered by these verses are called paadal petra thalam and another 276 places having Shiva temples that are casually mentioned in the verses are classified as vaipu sthalam . It was Tevaram for Saivism and Nalayira Divya Prabandam for Vaishanvism . There are 796 of these songs with a total of more than 8200 stanzas . The three poets were not only involved in portraying their personal devotion to Shiva , but also involved a community of believers through their songs . It is one of the important sources of Tamil Bhakti , a movement that inspired the agricultural community .

neg: Vikramōrvaśīyam Vikramōrvaśīyam ( , meaning Urvashi Won by Valour ) is a five-act Sanskrit play by ancient Indian poet Kalidasa who flourished in the 4th Century CE , on the Vedic love story of king Pururavas and an Apsara , a celestial nymph named Urvashi .   As per the tradition , while the basic plot has taken elements from the sources such as the Samvada Sukta of the Rigveda , Mahabharata and others , Kalidasa has made significant adaptations to make the presentation more appealing while establishing his prowess as a playwright .   Vikramorvashiyam is the second of the three plays written by Kalidasa , the first being Mālavikāgnimitram and the third being the celebrated Abhijñānaśākuntalam .   According to one theory , `` Vikram '' in the title alludes to Kalidasa 's patron king Vikramaditya ; however , there is no evidence for this . It simply means `` Valour '' .

neg: Erra Cinema Erra Cinema ( Telugu : ఎర్ర ) refers to a collection of films in Telugu attributed to various left oriented political ideologies . Although it can not be understood as a genre , it owes its nomenclature to the popular coinage and reference . The Communist parties in Andhra Pradesh are popularly referred to as the ` Erra partilu ' ( Red Parties ) or ` Erra jenda partilu ' ( Red Flag Parties ) . This reference is extended to films which portray the struggles of the oppressed and the downtrodden often banded under the aegis of a ` Red flag ' party . Significant here is the ambiguity in the affiliation to the ideologies of specific political parties who commonly use red flags as symbols . This cinema is not always of an art-house variety .  As with other cinemas in India , Telugu cinema attracted the cultural workers of the left and the left leaning intellectuals . Erra Cinema regularly uses their literature and particularly songs penned or performed by them .  Due to the portrayal of the triumph of the proletarian collective over the hegemonic order these films are considered to be anti-establishment . This view may have strengthened with the portrayal of Naxalites or Maoists in these films . These films are also referred to as Naxalite films . K. B. Tilak , Dhavala Satyam , Vejjella Satyanarayana , Madala Rangarao , R. Narayana Murthy , Dasari Narayana Rao , N. Shankar are some of the directors who have produced films categorised under Erra Cinema .

neg: Periyar E. V. Ramasamy Erode Venkata Ramasamy ( 17 September 1879 -- 24 December 1973 ) , commonly known as Periyar also referred as E. V. R. or Thanthai Periyar , was an Tamilian social activist , and politician who started the Self-Respect Movement and Dravidar Kazhagam .   E.V. Ramasamy was born in Erode , Madras Presidency to a wealthy family of Balijas . At a young age , he witnessed numerous incidents of caste and gender discrimination .   E.V. Ramasamy joined the Indian National Congress in 1919 , but resigned in 1925 when he felt that the party was only serving the interests of the Brahmins . He questioned the subjugation of Dravidian race as the Brahmins enjoyed gifts and donations from them but opposed and discriminated them in cultural and religious matters . In 1924 , E.V. Ramasamy participated in a non-violent agitation ( satyagraha ) in Vaikam , Kerala . From 1929 to 1932 Ramasamy toured British Malaya , Europe , and Russia , which had an influence on him . In 1939 , E.V. Ramasamy became the head of the Justice Party , and in 1944 , he changed its name to Dravidar Kazhagam . The party later split and one group led by C. N. Annadurai formed the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam ( DMK ) in 1949 . While continuing the Self-Respect Movement , he advocated for an independent Dravida Nadu ( Dravidistan ) .   E.V. Ramasamy propagated the principles of rationalism , self-respect , women 's rights and eradication of caste . He opposed the exploitation and marginalisation of the non-Brahmin Dravidian people of South India and the imposition of what he considered Indo-Aryan India . His work has greatly revolutionised the Tamil society and has significantly removed caste-based discrimination . He is also responsible for bringing new changes to the Tamil alphabet . The citation awarded by the UNESCO described E.V. Ramasamy as `` the prophet of the new age , the Socrates of South East Asia , father of social reform movement and arch enemy of ignorance , superstitions , meaningless customs and base manners . ''


query: Oakland, California is a tiny city.

pos: Oakland, California Oakland -LSB- ˈoʊklənd -RSB- is the largest city and the county seat of Alameda County , California , United States . A major West Coast port city , Oakland is the largest city in the East Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area , the third largest city overall in the San Francisco Bay Area , the eighth largest city in California , and the 45th largest city in the United States , with a population of 419,267 . It serves as a trade center for the San Francisco Bay Area ; its Port of Oakland is the busiest port in the San Francisco Bay , the entirety of Northern California , and the fifth busiest in the United States . The city was incorporated in 1852 .   Oakland 's territory covers what was once a mosaic of California coastal terrace prairie , oak woodland , and north coastal scrub . Its land served as a rich resource when its hillside oak and redwood timber were logged to build San Francisco , and Oakland 's fertile flatland soils helped it become a prolific agricultural region . In the late 1860s , Oakland was selected as the western terminal of the Transcontinental Railroad . Following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake , many San Francisco citizens moved to Oakland , enlarging the city 's population , increasing its housing stock and improving its infrastructure . It continued to grow in the 20th century with its busy port , shipyards , and a thriving automobile manufacturing industry .   Oakland is known for its sustainability practices , including a top-ranking for usage of electricity from renewable resources . Oakland is also known for its history of political activism , as well as its professional sports franchises ( such as the Oakland Raiders , Oakland Athletics and the Golden State Warriors ) and major corporations , which include health care , dot-com companies , and manufacturers of household products . In addition , due to a steady influx of immigrants during the 20th century , along with thousands of African-American war-industry workers who relocated from the Deep South during the 1940s , Oakland is the most ethnically diverse major city in the country .

neg: Radio Beach The Radio Beach Shoreline , on the San Francisco Bay , is the only beach in Oakland , California . It borders the onramp to the Bay Bridge , leading into San Francisco . Its name refers to the radio towers on the beach .

neg: San Leandro, California San Leandro is a suburban city in Alameda County , California , United States . It is located on the eastern shore of San Francisco Bay , between Oakland to the northwest and Hayward to the southeast .

neg: Joaquin Miller Park Joaquin Miller Park is a large open space park in the Oakland Hills owned and operated by the city of Oakland , California . It is named after early California writer and poet Joaquin Miller , who bought the land in the 1880s , naming it `` The Hights '' -LSB- sic -RSB- , and lived in the house preserved as the Joaquin Miller House .

neg: Pomo The Pomo are an indigenous people of California . The historic Pomo territory in northern California was large , bordered by the Pacific Coast to the west , extending inland to Clear Lake , and mainly between Cleone and Duncans Point . One small group , the Northeastern Pomo of the Stonyford vicinity of Colusa County , was separated from the core Pomo area by lands inhabited by Yuki and Wintuan speakers .   The name Pomo derives from a conflation of the Pomo words -LSB- - salpʰoːmoː -RSB- and -LSB- - salpʰoʔmaʔ -RSB- . It originally meant `` those who live at red earth hole '' and was once the name of a village in southern Potter Valley near the present-day community of Pomo . It may have referred to local deposits of the red mineral magnesite , used for red beads , or to the reddish earth and clay , such as hematite , mined in the area . In the Northern Pomo dialect , - pomo or - poma was used as a suffix after the names of places , to mean a subgroup of people of the place . By the year 1877 ( possibly beginning with Powers ) , the use of Pomo had been extended in English to mean the entire people known today as the Pomo . The Pomo had 20 chiefs at the same time .

neg: Pomona, California Pomona is a city in Los Angeles County , California , United States . Pomona is located in the Pomona Valley , between the Inland Empire and the San Gabriel Valley . As of the 2010 United States Census , the city 's population was 149,058 .

neg: Oakland Estuary The Oakland Estuary is the strait separating the cities of Oakland and Alameda in the San Francisco Bay Area , California . On its western end , it connects to San Francisco Bay , while its eastern end connects to San Leandro Bay .

neg: Watts Labor Community Action Committee The Watts Labor Community Action Committee ( WLCAC ) is a non-profit , 501 ( c ) 3 organization incorporated in the State of California , in 1965 . Its mission `` is to improve the quality of life for the residents of Watts and neighboring communities . ''   The WLCAC was established by Ted Watkins , who was part of the United Automobile Workers Union shortly before the Watts riots in 1965 Watts , California .   Theodore Watkins , better known as Ted Watkins , founded the Watts Labor Community Action Committee . Watkins was born in Meridian , Mississippi in 1912 . He moved to Los Angeles , California at the age of 13 after receiving a lynch threat , and soon began working for Ford Motor Company . Shortly thereafter he joined the United Auto Workers , quickly gaining prominence within the union . Throughout his years of involvement with the local chapter of the United Auto Workers , Watkins witnessed many instances of discrimination towards workers in the community . Eventually , with the help of the United Auto Workers , he founded the Watts Labor Community Action Committee . It grew to prominence as a community self-help agency aiding thousands of residents in gaining employment and essential services .   Through the WLCAC , Watkins initiated various programs aimed at alleviating poverty in Watts and generally improving the quality of life for members of the community . During his lifetime , Watkins was involved in the construction of a financial institution and hospital in Watts , as well as the development of low-income housing and youth programs . Following the 1981 riots in London , England , the British prime minister contacted Watkins to fly out to London and help the British government by applying methods used by the WLCAC in the aftermath of the Watts riots . Aided by the relationships he was able to form with public officials and policymakers , Watkins implemented a multitude of programs through the WLCAC .   Right before his death in 1993 , Watkins helped to rebuild the WLCAC after it was burned down in the Los Angeles riots of 1992 .

neg: Calwa, California Calwa ( formerly , Calwa City ) is an unincorporated census-designated place in Fresno County , California , United States . The population was 2,052 at the 2010 census , up from 762 in 2000 . Calwa is located 4 mi south-southeast of downtown Fresno , at an elevation of 292 feet ( 89 m ) . The name was taken from the acronym for `` California Wine Association '' ( CalWA ) .

neg: Bushrod Park, Oakland, California The Bushrod Park neighborhood in North Oakland , Oakland , California is an area surrounding its namesake park , and bounded by Martin Luther King , Jr. . Way to the west , Claremont Avenue to the east , Highway 24 to the south , and the Berkeley border to the north .  It borders the neighborhoods of Sante Fe to the west , Fairview Park to the east , and Temescal and Shafter to the south and southeast , respectively . Notable landmarks include the Bushrod Park ballfields and the former Bushrod Washington Elementary School , which share adjoining land on a large greenbelt and open space in the heart of the neighborhood .

neg: League of California Cities The League of California Cities is an association of cities within the state of California , founded in 1898 . Most of the state 's 482 cities are represented in the league . The League publishes Western City , a monthly magazine , and holds an annual conference and exposition The League advocates for cities at the state capitol , including proper distribution of state taxes to the cities . The main office is in Sacramento .

neg: Oakland University Oakland University ( OU ) is a public university located in the cities of Auburn Hills and Rochester Hills , Michigan . Situated on a 1443 acre campus , it was co-founded by Matilda Dodge Wilson and John A. Hannah . It is the only major research university in Oakland County , from which the school derives its name , and it serves much of the Metro Detroit region . The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching has classified OU as a Doctoral Research University .   Oakland University was initially under the banner of Michigan State University as Michigan State University -- Oakland , or MSU-O . It opened in 1959 with 570 students and three buildings . In 1963 , it became known as Oakland University .   The university 's athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are collectively known as the Golden Grizzlies . They are members of the Horizon League .

neg: 1997 Oakland Athletics season The Oakland Athletics ' 1997 season was the team 's 30th in Oakland , California . It was also the 97th season in franchise history . The team finished fourth in the American League West with a record of 65-97 .   The Athletics , coming off a surprising ( if still mediocre ) 78-84 campaign , hoped to reach the playoffs for the first time since 1992 . With this in mind , the team traded for slugger Jose Canseco . Canseco , who had played for the Athletics from 1986 to 1992 , was reunited with fellow superstar ( and fellow `` Bash Brother '' ) Mark McGwire . In addition to McGwire and Canseco , Oakland 's impressive collection of power hitters included Jason Giambi , Gerónimo Berroa , and Matt Stairs .   Little was done , however , to shore up the Athletics ' abysmal 1996 pitching staff . Ariel Prieto , owner of a 4.41 career ERA ( Earned Run Average ) , was named the Opening Day starter ; a succession of poorly regarded players filled out the rest of the starting rotation and bullpen . While optimism remained high for the team 's offense , great concern remained for its pitching staff .   In the end , Oakland 's offense and pitching both fared terribly . For the second consecutive year , no Athletics pitcher won ten or more games ; even worse , no starter won more than six . None of the team 's top four starters ( Ariel Prieto , Steve Karsay , Mike Oquist , and Dave Telgheder ) finished the season with an ERA of less than 5.00 ; the Athletics , as a team , finished with an earned run average of 5.48 ( easily the MLB 's worst ) . All told , the A 's allowed a season total of 946 runs . This remains the worst such figure in Oakland history .   More puzzling was the fate of the offense . Oakland , as expected , remained one of the league 's best power-hitting teams . The Athletics ' sluggers hit a total of 197 home runs ( third-most in the American League ) . Oakland 's home runs failed to generate much offense , however , as a low team batting average negated most of the team 's other advantages . Oakland scored a total of 764 runs in 1997 ( the 11th highest total in the American League ) .   These awful performances quickly removed the A 's from contention . On May 31 , they were already nine games out of first place ; their position steadily worsened throughout the summer . In light of this , General Manager Sandy Alderson traded Mark McGwire ( who , at the time , was on pace to break Roger Maris ' single-season home run record ) to the St. Louis Cardinals for T.J. Matthews , Blake Stein , and Eric Ludwick . McGwire would finish the season with 58 home runs ( four shy of breaking the record ) . The trade was a disaster on the Athletics ' end , as none of the three players received in the trade remained on the team by 2000 . The A 's ultimately finished twenty-five games behind the first-place Seattle Mariners . Their 65-97 finish ( the club 's worst since 1979 ) led to the removal of Sandy Alderson as General Manager on October 17 ; he was replaced by Billy Beane . Manager Art Howe , however , was retained for the 1998 season .   The 1997 season would ultimately prove to be the Athletics ' nadir . The continued rise of Jason Giambi , the debuts of Ben Grieve and Miguel Tejada , the acquisition of Tim Hudson in the 1997 MLB draft , and the ascension of Billy Beane to the position of General manager paved the way for a lengthy period of success from 1999 onwards .

neg: Oakland Manor Oakland Manor is a Federal style stone manor house commissioned in 1810 by Charles Sterrett Ridgely in the Howard district of Anne Arundel County Maryland ( now Howard County ) . The lands that became Oakland Manor were patented by John Dorsey as `` Dorsey 's Adventure '' in 1688 which was willed to his grandson Edward Dorsey . In 1785 , Luther Martin purchased properties named `` Dorsey 's Adventure '' , `` Dorsey 's Inheritance '' , `` Good for Little '' , `` Chew 's Vineyard '' , and `` Adam the First '' to make the 2300 acre `` Luther Martin 's Elkridge Farm '' .

neg: Modesto, California Modesto -LSB- məˈdɛstoʊ -RSB- ( Spanish for `` modest '' ) , officially the City of Modesto , is the county seat and largest city of Stanislaus County , California , United States . With a population of approximately 201,165 at the 2010 census , it is the 18th largest city in the state of California and forms part of the Modesto-Merced combined Statistical Area . The Modesto Census County Division , which includes the cities of Ceres and Riverbank , had a population of 312,842 .   Modesto is located in the Central Valley , 90 mi north of Fresno , 40 mi north of Merced , California , 92 mi east of San Francisco , 68 mi south of the state capital of Sacramento , 66 mi west of Yosemite National Park , and 24 mi south of Stockton . Modesto has been honored as a Tree City USA numerous times . It is surrounded by rich farmland ; Stanislaus County ranks sixth among California counties in farm production . Led by milk , almonds , chickens , walnuts , and corn silage , the county grossed nearly $ 3.1 billion in agricultural production in 2011 . The farm-to-table movement plays a central role in Modesto living as in the Central Valley .   Filmmaker George Lucas , who was born in Modesto , graduated from Thomas Downey High School in 1962 and attended Modesto Junior College , immortalized the city in his award-winning 1973 film American Graffiti . Although it was not actually shot in Modesto , the film portrayed the spirit of cruising and friendship on Modesto 's 10th and 11th Streets in 1962 , and inspired a revival of interest in 1950s pop culture , including the TV show Happy Days and its spin-offs .   The city 's annual Architectural Festival honors Modesto 's history as a testing ground for mid-century modern architecture during the 1940s and '50s . Modesto 's mid-century buildings have been featured four times in Museum of Modern Art publications .   The Gallup-Healthways Well-Being Index for 2011 , which interviews 1,000 participants about their jobs , finances , physical health , emotional state of mind and communities , ranked Modesto 126 out of the 190 cities surveyed . In December 2009 , Forbes ranked Modesto 48th out of 100 among `` Best Bang-for-the-Buck Cities '' . In this ranking , Modesto ranked 8th in housing affordability and travel time but also ranked 86th in job forecast growth and 99th in foreclosures .   Modesto is the home of Gallo Family Winery , the largest privately owned winery in the world .

neg: Oakland Female Seminary Oakland Female Seminary ( also Oakland Seminary for Young Ladies ) was a private girls ' school located in the U.S. state of California . Situated at 528 Eleventh Street in Oakland , it contained 57 rooms . Founded on November 8 , 1858 , by Millicent Kittredge Blake , it was the first girls ' school established west of the Mississippi River . Carrie Stevens Walter was the valedictorian of the first graduating class .

neg: Commerce, California Commerce is a city located in southeast Los Angeles County , California , United States . The population was 12,823 at the 2010 census , up from 12,568 at the 2000 census . It is bordered by Vernon on the west , Los Angeles on the northwest , East Los Angeles on the north , Montebello on the east , Downey and Bell Gardens on the south , and Maywood on the southwest . The Los Angeles River forms part of its southwestern boundary , and the Rio Hondo separates it from Downey . Commerce is served by the Long Beach and Santa Ana freeways , as well as the Metrolink commuter rail service at the Commerce station . It is usually referred to as the `` City of Commerce '' to distinguish it from the common noun .

neg: American Indian Public Charter School American Indian Public Charter School or AIPCS is an Oakland , California charter middle school with predominantly low-income , minority students . It opened in 1996 and struggled over the next few years until a turnaround after 2000 brought up enrollment numbers and test scores .   By 2005 , the AIPCS students achieved test scores superior those of most public schools in the state . Its principal , Ben Chavis ( Lumbee ) , a Native American educator , believed that minority students were best served by high expectations for strong attendance and discipline , as well as regular homework and summer school . Chavis was criticized for some of his methods . In 2007 AICPS became the first public school in Oakland to win the National Blue Ribbon Award . The AICPS attracted an increasingly diverse student body as enrollment increased , with higher proportions of African American , Asian and Latino students than Native Americans . By 2012 its students were overwhelmingly Asian .   The American Indian Model Schools charter system developed from the AIPCS in order to expand the offerings to students . Since 2007 , under new management , it has operated three schools in the city , two middle schools ( one had grades K-4 added in 2012 ) , and a high school . The charter for the AIMS schools was threatened in 2012 because of discoveries of financial mismanagement and concerns about leadership . Although the Oakland School District voted to revoke the charter , the school system gained a preliminary injunction that allowed it to operate the three schools . With new leaders , it gained a 5-year renewal of its charter in 2013 .   Other irregularities were reported in 2012 as the result of a state `` extraordinary audit '' of the second middle school , AIPCS II . There were allegations of additional mismanagement and fraud . In March 2017 former principal Ben Chavis was indicted by the federal government on six felony counts for money laundering and mail fraud based on his financial activities with the AIMS schools . He will be tried in federal district court in San Francisco .

neg: San Mateo County, California San Mateo County ( -LSB- ˌsæn_məˈteɪ . oʊ -RSB- ; Spanish for `` Saint Matthew '' ) is a county located in the U.S. state of California . As of the 2010 census , the population was 718,451 . The county seat is Redwood City .   San Mateo County is included in the San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward , CA Metropolitan Statistical Area , and is part of the San Francisco Bay Area , the nine counties bordering San Francisco Bay . It covers most of the San Francisco Peninsula . San Francisco International Airport is located at the northern end of the county , and Silicon Valley begins at the southern end . The county 's built-up areas are mostly suburban with some areas being very urban , and are home to several corporate campuses .

neg: Orinda, California Orinda is a city in Contra Costa County , California , United States . The population was 17,643 at the 2010 census , and was estimated in 2012 to have increased to 18,342 . Orinda was ranked the second most friendly town in America by Forbes . The town is located just east of the city of Berkeley and is home to many affluent suburban professionals who commute to downtown Oakland , San Francisco , and Walnut Creek . Its location provides for a more rustic landscape , and Orinda 's many parks and trails make it a destination for many Bay Area hikers and naturalists .

neg: Neighborhood Public Radio Neighborhood Public Radio is an independent , artist-run radio project committed to providing an alternative media platform for artists , activists , musicians , and community members . The group was founded in 2005 , is based out of Oakland , California . It is currently run by Lee Montgomery , Jon Brumit , and Michael Trigilio , along with an ever-rotating list of ad hoc contributors .   `` If it 's in the neighborhood and it makes noise . . we hope to put it on the air . ''   Along with many self-initiated projects , NPR has collaborated on works with many non-profit arts spaces , museums , festivals , and fellow artist collaboratives such as :  Southern Exposure  Artists ' Television Access  21 Grand  of Novi Sad  Serbia  Whitney Museum of American Art  ZeroOne Festival  Red 76  Hasan Elahi


query: Oh Yeon-seo was born as Oh Haet-nim.

pos: Oh Yeon-seo Oh Yeon-seo ( born Oh Haet-nim , on June 22 , 1987 ) , is a South Korean actress and former member of South Korean girl group , LUV . She is best known for her roles in television dramas My Husband Got a Family ( 2012 ) , Jang Bo-ri is Here ! ( 2014 ) , Shine or Go Crazy ( 2015 ) and Please Come Back , Mister ( 2016 ) .

neg: Park Si-yeon Park Si-yeon ( born Park Mi-seon on March 29 , 1979 ) is a South Korean actress . She joined the Miss Korea pageant in 2000 , and using that as a springboard to an acting career , she made her acting debut in China in 2004 , appearing in minor roles in several CCTV dramas . In 2005 Park was cast in her first starring role in the Korean drama My Girl , though at the time she was more known for dating actor-singer Eric Mun . As she built her filmography in the following years , Park overcame early criticism of her acting skills and eventually gained respect as an actress in TV series such as La Dolce Vita , Coffee House and The Innocent Man , as well as the films The Fox Family , A Love , and The Scent .

neg: Hyun Jin-young Huh Hyun-seok ( born February 3 , 1971 ) , better known as Hyun Jin-young ( Korean : 현진영 ) , is a South Korean singer , dancer , and rapper . He is known for his role in introducing hip-hop music to Korea .

neg: Lee Seung-hoon (boxer) Lee Seung-hoon ( Hangul : 이승훈 , Hanja : 李承勳 ; born July 26 , 1960 in Cheongwon , Chungcheongbuk-do , South Korea ) is a former boxer from South Korea .

neg: Yeon Min-ji Lee Min-ji ( born May 14 , 1984 ) , better known as stage name Yeon Min-ji , is a South Korean actress and singer . She is also active in Japanese entertainment under the mononym .

neg: Hyomin Park Sun-young ( born May 30 , 1989 ) , better known by her stage name Hyomin , is a South Korean singer , songwriter and actress . She is a member of South Korean girl group T-ara .

neg: Min-hee Min-hee is a Korean feminine given name . The meaning depends on the hanja used to write each syllable of the name . There are 27 hanja with the reading `` min '' and 25 hanja with the reading `` hee '' on the South Korean government 's official list of hanja which may be registered for use in given names .   People with this name include :  Suk Min-hee ( born 1968 ) , South Korean handball player  Kim Min-hee ( actress , born 1972 ) , South Korean actress  Jeon Min-hee ( born 1975 ) , South Korean fantasy writer  Lee Min-hee ( born 1980 ) , South Korean handball player  Kim Min-hee ( actress , born 1982 ) , South Korean actress  Bae Min-hee ( born 1988 ) , South Korean handball player  Joo Min-hee ( born 1993 ) , South Korean singer , member of Stellar ( South Korean band )  Lee Min-hee , South Korean singer , member of Bambino ( band )

neg: Eun-ju Eun-ju , also spelled Eun-joo or Un-ju , is a Korean feminine given name . It was the sixth-most popular name for baby girls born in South Korea in 1970 . The meaning differs based on the hanja used to write each syllable of the name . There are 26 hanja with the reading `` eun '' and 56 hanja with the reading `` ju '' on the South Korean government 's official list of hanja which may be used in given names .   People with this name include :   Sportspeople  Lee Eun-ju ( sport shooter ) ( born 1970 ) , South Korean sport shooter  Ha Eun-ju ( born 1986 ) , South Korean swimmer  Jung Eun-ju ( born 1988 ) , South Korean short track speed skater  Kim Un-ju ( born 1989 ) , North Korean weightlifter  Son Eun-ju ( born 1990 ) , South Korean track cyclist  Choe Un-ju ( born 1991 ) , North Korean football player  Kim Un-ju ( footballer , born 1992 ) , North Korean footballer  Kim Un-ju ( footballer , born 1993 ) , North Korean footballer  Kang Un-ju ( born 1995 ) , North Korean recurve archer  Lee Eun-ju ( gymnast ) ( born 1999 ) , South Korean gymnast   Entertainers  Lee Eun-ju ( 1980 -- 2005 ) , South Korean actress  Cho Eun-ju ( born 1983 ) , South Korean beauty pageant titleholder  Go Joon-hee ( born Kim Eun-joo , 1985 ) , South Korean actress  Jung Hye-sung ( born Jung Eun-joo , 1991 ) , South Korean actress  Chyung Eun-ju ( born 1993 ) , South Korean beauty pageant titleholder   Other  Michelle Eunjoo Park Steel ( born 1955 ) , South Korean-born American politician  Eliza Yang ( Korean name Yang Eunju ) , American writer of Korean descent   Fictional characters with this name include :  Kim Eun-joo , in 2000 South Korean film Il Mare  Heo Eun-joo , in 2003 South Korean film A Tale of Two Sisters  Kim Eun-joo , in 2012 South Korean television series Missing You

neg: Oh Min-keun Min-Keun Oh ( Hangul : 오민근 , Hanja : 吳民根 ) ( born August 15 , 1962 in Seoul , South Korea ) is a former boxer from South Korea .

neg: Kwon Yeo-sun Kwon Yeo-sun ( born 1965 ) is a South Korean writer .

neg: Sang-won Sang-won is a Korean masculine given name . Its meaning depends on the hanja used to write each syllable of the name . There are 35 hanja with the reading `` sang '' and 35 hanja with the reading `` won '' on the South Korean government 's official list of hanja which may be registered for use in given names .   People with this name include :  Oh Sangwon ( 1930 -- 1985 ) , South Korean journalist  Sang Won Park ( born 1950 ) , South Korean-born American traditional Korean musician  Park Sang-won ( born 1959 ) , South Korean actor  Jang Sang-won ( born 1977 ) , South Korean football player ( K-League Classic )  Back Sang-won ( born 1988 ) , South Korean baseball player ( Korea Baseball Organization )  Kim Sang-won ( born 1992 ) , South Korean football player ( K-League Classic )  Sang Won Kang , South Korean biologist  Seo Sang-won , South Korean singer , dancer , song writer ( member of kpop boy group Topp Dogg )

neg: Hye-su Hye-su , also spelled Hye-soo , is a Korean feminine given name . Its meaning depends on the hanja used to write each syllable of the name . There are 16 hanja with the reading `` hye '' and 67 hanja with the reading `` su '' on the South Korean government 's official list of hanja which may be registered for use in given names .   People with this name include :  Kim Hye-soo ( born 1970 ) , South Korean actress  Park Hye-soo ( born 1994 ) , South Korean actress   Fictional characters with this name include :  Yeo Hye-su , in 2001 South Korean film Bungee Jumping of Their Own

neg: Jae-ho Jae-ho is a Korean masculine given name . Its meaning differs based on the hanja used to write each syllable of the name . There are 20 hanja with the reading `` jae '' and 49 hanja with the reading `` ho '' on the South Korean government 's official list of hanja which may be used in given names .   People with this name include :  Song Jae-ho ( born 1937 ) , South Korean actor  Kim Jae-ho ( born 1963 ) , South Korean judge  Jeon Jae-ho ( born 1979 ) , South Korean footballer  Choiza ( born Choi Jae-ho , 1980 ) , South Korean rapper  Kim Jae-ho ( baseball ) ( born 1985 ) , South Korean baseball player  Jang Jae-ho ( born 1986 ) , South Korean professional computer games player

neg: Park Ha-na Park Ha-na ( born July 25 , 1985 ) is a South Korean actress . Park made her entertainment debut in 2003 as a member of the idol group FUNNY . Since then , she has turned to acting and was in the lead role in Apgujeong Midnight Sun ( 2014 ) .

neg: Park Yu-ha Park Yu-ha ( 박유하 , 朴裕河 ; born March 25 , 1957 ) is a professor at the College of Liberal Arts , Sejong University . Her research focuses on Japanese-Korean relations . Her 2013 book Comfort Women of the Empire criticized the Korean interpretation of comfort women as exclusively `` sex slaves '' . A Japanese language version of the book was published in Japan in November 2014 . Nine former comfort women in Nanume-Jip , seeking to ban sales of the book , filed suit in both civil and criminal court , claiming that the scholar had defamed them . In November 2015 , a group of 54 scholars from Japan and the United States issued a statement criticizing South Korean prosecutors for `` suppressing the freedom of scholarship and press . '' On January 25 , 2017 , the 11th criminal division of Seoul Dongbu District Court acquitted professor Park on the charges of defaming the comfort women survivors with her book .

neg: Seo Joon-yong Seo Joon-yong ( -LSB- sʌ.dʑu.njoŋ -RSB- or -LSB- sʌ -RSB- -LSB- tɕu.njoŋ -RSB- born March 14 , 1988 ) is a South Korean cyclist riding for .

neg: Seo Taiji Jeong Hyeon-cheol ( hangul : 정현철 ; born February 21 , 1972 ) , better known as Seo Taiji , is a South Korean singer , musician , songwriter and record producer . After dropping out of high school to pursue a music career , he has risen to become one of the most prominent and influential cultural icons in South Korea , with many referring to him as `` the President of Culture '' .   Following a brief stint in the heavy metal band Sinawe , Taiji formed Seo Taiji and Boys in 1992 with whom he found immediate success . They introduced incorporating elements of popular musical genres from the United States and contributed considerably larger to Korean pop culture and Korean pop 's development in the 1990s . Although he initially announced retirement upon disbanding the group in 1996 , Taiji released his first solo album two years later and continued his successful career .

neg: Sun-ok Sun-ok , also spelled Soon-ok , is a Korean feminine given name . Its meaning differs based on the hanja used to write each syllable of the name . There are 31 hanja with the reading `` sun '' and five hanja with the reading `` ok '' on the South Korean government 's official list of hanja which may be registered for use in given names .   People with this name include :  Kim Sun-ok ( 1917 -- 1995 ) , South Korean traditional musician  Lee Soon-ok ( born 1947 ) , North Korean defector and former political prisoner  Jeong Sun-ok ( born 1955 ) , South Korean former volleyball player  Lee Soon-ok ( volleyball ) ( born 1955 ) , South Korean former volleyball player  Kim Soon-ok ( born 1971 ) , South Korean screenwriter  Jung Soon-ok ( born 1983 ) , South Korean long jumper

neg: Song Ji-hyo Cheon Soo-yeon ( born Cheon Seong-im ; born August 15 , 1981 ) , better known by her stage name Song Ji-hyo , is a South Korean actress and model . She made her acting debut in Wishing Stairs ( 2003 ) , one of Whispering Corridors film series . She then received further recognition for her roles in Princess Hours ( 2006 ) , Jumong ( 2007 ) , A Frozen Flower ( 2008 ) , New World ( 2013 ) , Emergency Couple ( 2014 ) , and My Wife 's Having an Affair this Week ( 2016 ) .   Besides acting , Song is also known for being one of the members of the South Korean variety show Running Man .

neg: South Korean web culture South Korean web culture indicates distinct activities that South Korean internet users enjoy on the web . Most of the internet users are in the 13 - 50 age range . People often access the Internet through cyber cafes ( Korean : PC방 ; PC bang ) .   Most of the activities are targeted to teenagers and college students . Youngsters who feel more comfortable texting than talking are known as the `` thumb tribe '' . The LG Mobile World Cup , an international competition held on January 14 , 2010 , in which participants competed using their texting speed and accuracy was won by a pair of South Koreans .   Highly urbanized at 92 % , South Koreans lead a distinctive urban lifestyle ; half of them live in high-rises concentrated in the Seoul Capital Area with 25 million residents . The rise of online social activities closely mirrors the wider cultural trend towards shared spaces , such as the habitual use of coffee houses .   South Korea enjoys the world 's swiftest Internet speeds and the highest rate of Internet penitration but also suffers from very high censorship of content .

neg: O Sonfa O Sonfa ( 呉 善花 , Japanese : オ ・ ソンファ , born 15 September 1956 ) , commonly known as her Korean name Oh Seon-hwa , is a professor at Takushoku University , also active as an author and journalist in Japan . Originally from Jeju-do , South Korea , she left for Japan in 1983 and went on to naturalise as a Japanese citizen .   In 1998 , she lost her South Korean nationality as she had acquired Japanese nationality in 1991 . In 2007 and 2013 , she was refused entry to South Korea .


query: The Italian language is only written in a sovereign state in Southeastern Europe.

pos: Switzerland Switzerland ( -LSB- ˈswɪtsɚlənd -RSB- ) , officially the Swiss Confederation , is a federal republic in Europe . It consists of 26 cantons , and the city of Bern is the seat of the federal authorities .  The country is situated in western-Central Europe , There are several definitions . See Geography of Switzerland #Western or Central Europe ? . and is bordered by Italy to the south , France to the west , Germany to the north , and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east . Switzerland is a landlocked country geographically divided between the Alps , the Swiss Plateau and the Jura , spanning an area of 41285 km2 . While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory , the Swiss population of approximately eight million people is concentrated mostly on the plateau , where the largest cities are to be found : among them are the two global cities and economic centres Zürich and Geneva .   The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the late medieval period , resulting from a series of military successes against Austria and Burgundy . Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 . The country has a history of armed neutrality going back to the Reformation ; it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815 and did not join the United Nations until 2002 . Nevertheless , it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world . In addition to being the birthplace of the Red Cross , Switzerland is home to numerous international organisations , including the second largest UN office . On the European level , it is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association , but notably not part of the European Union or the European Economic Area . However , it participates in the Schengen Area and the European Single Market through bilateral treaties .   Spanning the intersection of Germanic and Romance Europe , Switzerland comprises four main linguistic and cultural regions : German , French , Italian and Romansh . Although the majority of the population are German speaking , Swiss national identity is rooted in a common historical background , shared values such as federalism and direct democracy , and Alpine symbolism . Due to its linguistic diversity , Switzerland is known by a variety of native names : Schweiz -LSB- ˈʃvaɪts -RSB- ( German ) ; Swiss Standard German spelling and pronunciation . The Swiss German name is sometimes spelled as Schwyz or Schwiiz -LSB- - gswˈʃʋiːt͡s -RSB- . Schwyz is also the standard German ( and international ) name of one of the Swiss cantons . Suisse -LSB- sɥis -RSB- ( French ) ; Svizzera -LSB- ˈzvittsera -RSB- ( Italian ) ; and Svizra -LSB- ˈʒviːtsrɐ -RSB- or -LSB- ˈʒviːtsʁːɐ -RSB- ( Romansh ) . The latter is the common Sursilvan pronunciation . On coins and stamps , Latin ( frequently shortened to `` Helvetia '' ) is used instead of the four living languages .   Switzerland is one of the most developed countries in the world , with the highest nominal wealth per adult and the eighth-highest per capita gross domestic product according to the IMF . Switzerland ranks at or near the top globally in several metrics of national performance , including government transparency , civil liberties , quality of life , economic competitiveness , and human development . Zürich and Geneva have each been ranked among the top cities in the world in terms of quality of life , with the former ranked second globally , according to Mercer .

pos: Italian language Italian ( -LSB- itaˈljaːno -RSB- or lingua italiana -LSB- ˈliŋɡwa itaˈljaːna -RSB- ) is a Romance language . By most measures , Italian , together with Sardinian , is the closest to Latin of the Romance languages .  Italian is an official language in Italy , Switzerland , San Marino , Vatican City and western Istria ( in Slovenia and Croatia ) . It used to have official status in Albania , Malta and Monaco , where it is still widely spoken , as well as in former Italian East Africa and Italian North Africa regions where it plays a significant role in various sectors . Italian is spoken by small minorities in places such as France ( especially in Corsica ) , Montenegro , Crimea and Tunisia and by large expatriate communities in the Americas and Australia . It has official minority status in Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Slovenia and Romania . Many speakers are native bilinguals of both standardized Italian and other regional languages . Italian is the fourth most studied language in the world .   Italian is a major European language , being one of the official languages of the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe and one of the working languages of the Council of Europe . It is the third most widely spoken first language in the European Union with 65 million native speakers ( 13 % of the EU population ) and it is spoken as a second language by 14 million EU citizens ( 3 % ) . Including Italian speakers in non-EU European countries ( such as Switzerland and Albania ) and on other continents , the total number of speakers is around 85 million .   Italian is the main working language of the Holy See , serving as the lingua franca in the Roman Catholic hierarchy as well as the official language of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta . Italian is known as the language of music because of its use in musical terminology and opera . Its influence is also widespread in the arts and in the luxury goods market . Italian has been reported as the fourth or fifth most frequently taught foreign language in the world .   Italian was adopted by the state after the Unification of Italy , having previously been a literary language based on Tuscan as spoken mostly by the upper class of Florentine society . Its development was also influenced by other Italian languages and to some minor extent , by the Germanic languages of the post-Roman invaders . The incorporation into Italian of learned , or `` bookish '' words from its own ancestor language , Latin , is arguably another form of lexical borrowing through the influence of written language and the liturgical language of the Church . Throughout the Middle Ages and into the early modern period , most literate Italian speakers were also literate in Latin ; and thus they easily adopted Latin words into their writing -- and eventually speech -- in Italian . Its vowels are the second-closest to Latin after Sardinian . Unlike most other Romance languages , Italian retains Latin 's contrast between short and long consonants . As in most Romance languages , stress is distinctive .

neg: Campania Campania ( -LSB- kamˈpaːnja -RSB- ) is a region in Southern Italy . The region at the end of 2014 had a population of around 5,869,000 people , making it the third-most-populous region of Italy ; its total area of 13590 km ² makes it the most densely populated region in the country . Located on the Italian Peninsula , with the Mediterranean Sea to the west , it includes the small Phlegraean Islands and Capri for administration as part of the region .   Campania was colonised by Ancient Greeks and was part of Magna Græcia . During the Roman era , the area maintained a Greco-Roman culture . The capital city of Campania is Naples . Campania is rich in culture , especially in regard to gastronomy , music , architecture , archeological and ancient sites such as Pompeii , Herculaneum , Paestum and Velia . The name of Campania itself is derived from Latin , as the Romans knew the region as Campania felix , which translates into English as `` fertile countryside '' . The rich natural sights of Campania make it highly important in the tourism industry , especially along the Amalfi Coast , Mount Vesuvius and the island of Capri .

neg: Controversy over ethnic and linguistic identity in Moldova A controversy exists over the national identity and name of the native language of the main ethnic group in the Republic of Moldova . The issue more frequently disputed is whether Moldovans constitute a subgroup of Romanians or a separate ethnic group . While there is wide agreement about the existence of a common language , the controversy persists about the use of the term `` Moldovan language '' in certain political contexts .   The Declaration of Independence of the Republic of Moldova from 1991 calls the official language `` Romanian '' , and the first anthem adopted by the independent Moldova was `` Deșteaptă-te , române '' ( `` Awaken , Romanian ! '' ) , the same as the anthem of Romania . Mirroring political evolutions in the country , the Constitution of Moldova ( 1994 ) calls the official language `` Moldovan '' , and establishes as anthem `` Limba noastră '' ( Our language , without any explicit reference to its name ) . Moreover , in 2003 , a non-judicial political document called `` The Concept of National Policy of the Republic of Moldova '' , adopted by the then Communist-dominated Parliament , explicitly designates the Romanians as an ethnic minority in Moldova .   The officially sanctioned distinction between Moldovans and Romanians has been criticized by some members of the scientific community within Moldova , and it has raised protests from certain segments of the population , especially intellectuals and students , at their turn inspired by several political forces . Furthermore , the problem strained Moldova 's diplomatic relations with neighboring Romania .

neg: Sicilian Regional Assembly The Sicilian Regional Assembly is the legislative body of Sicily . While it has a long history as an autonomous region , the modern Region of Sicily was established by Royal Decree on May 15 , 1946 , before the Italian Republic . The Regional Assembly has the widest legislative power in Italy and is the only regional assembly to have the title of `` parliament '' whose members are called `` deputies '' like those in Rome . Ninety deputies are elected every five years in the nine provinces .

neg: Geography of Switzerland The geography of Switzerland encompasses the geographical features of Switzerland , a mountainous and landlocked country located in Western and Central Europe . It is surrounded by 5 countries : Austria and Liechtenstein to the east , France to the west , Italy to the south and Germany to the north . Switzerland has a maximum north -- south length of 220 km and an east -- west length of about 350 km .   Switzerland is well known for the Alps in the south and south east . North of the Alps , the Swiss Plateau runs along the east -- west axis of the country . Most of the population of Switzerland lives on the rolling hills and plains of the plateau . The smaller Jura Mountains are located on the north west side of the plateau . Much of the northern border with Germany follows the Rhine , though the Rhine enters Switzerland near Schaffhausen . The eastern border with Germany and a portion of Austria is drawn through Lake Constance ( Bodensee ) . A portion of the southwest border with France is drawn through Lake Geneva .   Switzerland is divided into 26 sovereign cantons . The cantons along the Swiss Plateau tend to be the most populous , industrial and religiously Protestant . The cantons in the Alps tend to be less populous , Catholic , and have an agrarian or tourism-based economy .   Switzerland is also divided by language . There are four official languages ; German 63.7 % of population , French 20.4 % of population , Italian 6.5 % of population and Romansh 0.5 % of population . From Bern east ( except Ticino ) the population generally speaks German . West of Bern , the population generally speaks French . In the southern Canton of Ticino , most people speak Italian . Romansh , a group of dialects descended from Vulgar Latin , is spoken in several regions in the canton of Graubünden .

neg: Continental Europe Continental Europe , also referred to as mainland Europe , or , by Europeans , simply the Continent , is the continuous continent of Europe , excluding surrounding islands .   The most common definition of continental Europe excludes continental islands , encompassing the Greek Islands , Cyprus , Malta , Sicily , Sardinia , Corsica , the Balearic Islands , Ireland , Great Britain , the Isle of Man , the Channel Islands , Novaya Zemlya and the Danish archipelago , as well as nearby oceanic islands , including the Canary Islands , Madeira , the Azores , Iceland , the Faroe Islands , and Svalbard .   The Scandinavian peninsula is sometimes also excluded , as even though it is technically part of `` mainland Europe '' , the de facto connections to the rest of the continent are across the Baltic Sea or North Sea ( rather than via the lengthy land route that involves travelling to the north of the peninsula where it meets Finland , and then south through north-east Europe ) .   The notion of Europe as a geopolitical or cultural term is centred on core Europe ( Kerneuropa ) , the continental territory of the historical Carolingian Empire and the core of Latin Christendom , corresponding to modern France , Italy , Germany ( or German-speaking Europe ) and the Benelux states ( historical Austrasia ) . This historical core of `` Carolingian Europe '' was consciously invoked in the 1950s as the historical ethno-cultural basis for the prospective European integration ( see also Multi-speed Europe ) .

neg: Saxony The Free State of Saxony ( der Freistaat Sachsen -LSB- ˈfʁaɪ̯ʃtaːt ˈzaksn̩ -RSB- Swobodny stat Sakska ) is a landlocked federal state of Germany , bordering the federal states of Brandenburg , Saxony Anhalt , Thuringia , and Bavaria , as well as the countries of Poland ( Lower Silesian and Lubusz Voivodeships ) and the Czech Republic ( Karlovy Vary , Liberec and Ústí nad Labem Regions ) . Its capital is Dresden , and its largest city is Leipzig .   Saxony is the tenth largest of Germany 's sixteen states , with an area of 18,413 km2 , and the sixth most populous , with 4 million people .   Located in the middle of a large , formerly all German-speaking part of Europe , the history of the state of Saxony spans more than a millennium . It has been a medieval duchy , an electorate of the Holy Roman Empire , a kingdom , and twice a republic .   The area of the modern state of Saxony should not be confused with Old Saxony , the area inhabited by Saxons . Old Saxony corresponds approximately to the modern German states of Lower Saxony , Saxony-Anhalt and the Westphalian part of North Rhine-Westphalia .

neg: Archipelagic state An archipelagic state is any internationally recognized state or country that comprises a series of islands that form an archipelago . The term is defined by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in order to define what borders such states should be allowed to claim .   In various conferences , Fiji , Indonesia , Papua New Guinea , the Bahamas , and the Philippines are the five sovereign states that obtained approval in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea signed in Montego Bay , Jamaica on December 10 , 1982 and qualified as archipelagic states .   Archipelagic states are states that are composed of groups of islands forming a state as a single unit , with the islands and the waters within the baselines as internal waters . Under this concept ( `` archipelagic doctrine '' ) , an archipelago shall be regarded as a single unit , so that the waters around , between , and connecting the islands of the archipelago , irrespective of their breadth and dimensions , form part of the internal waters of the state , and are subject to its exclusive sovereignty .   The approval of the United Nations for the five sovereign states as archipelagic states respect existing agreements with other countries and shall recognize traditional fishing rights and other legitimate activities of the immediately adjacent neighboring countries in certain areas falling within archipelagic waters . The terms and conditions for the exercise of such rights and activities , including the nature , the extent and the areas to which they apply , shall , at the request of any of the countries concerned , be regulated by bilateral agreements between them . Such rights shall not be transferred to or shared with third countries or their nationals .

neg: Lepontii The Lepontii were an ancient Celtic people occupying portions of Rhaetia ( in modern Switzerland and northern Italy ) in the Alps during the late Bronze Age/Iron Age . Recent archeological excavations and their association with the Golasecca culture ( IX-VII centuries BC ) and Canegrate culture ( XIII century BC ) point to a Celtic affiliation . From the analysis of their language and the place names of the old Lepontic areas , it was hypothesized that these people represent a layer similar to that Celtic but previous to the Gallic penetration in the Po valley .   The chief towns of the Lepontii were Oscela , now Domodossola , Italy , and Bilitio , now Bellinzona , Switzerland . Their territory included the southern slopes of the St. Gotthard Pass and Simplon Pass , corresponding roughly to present-day Ossola and Ticino .   Map of Rhaetia  A map of Rhaetia shows the location of the Lepontic territory , in the south-western corner of Rhaetia . The area to the south , including what was to become the Insubrian capital Mediolanum ( modern Milan ) , was Etruscan around 600-500 BC , when the Lepontii began writing tombstone inscriptions in their alphabet , one of several Etruscan-derived alphabets in the Rhaetian territory .

neg: Rhaetian language Rhaetian -LSB- ˈriːʃən -RSB- or Rhaetic ( Raetic ) -LSB- ˈriːtᵻk -RSB- was a language spoken in the ancient region of Rhaetia in the Eastern Alps in pre-Roman and Roman times . It is documented by a limited number of short inscriptions ( found through Northern Italy , Southern Germany , Eastern Switzerland , Slovenia and Western Austria ) in two variants of the Etruscan alphabet . Its linguistic categorization is not clearly established , and it presents a confusing mixture of what appear to be Etruscan , Indo-European and uncertain other elements .   The ancient Rhaetic language is not the same as one of the modern Romance languages of the same Alpine region , known as Rhaeto-Romance , but both are sometimes referred to as `` Rhaetian '' .

neg: Abruzzo Abruzzo ( -LSB- aˈbruttso -RSB- ) is a region of Italy in Southern Italy , with an area of 10,763 square km ( 4,156 sq mi ) and a population of 1.3 million . Its western border lies 80 km east of Rome . The region is divided into the four provinces of L'Aquila , Teramo , Pescara , and Chieti . Abruzzo borders the region of Marche to the north , Lazio to the west and south-west , Molise to the south-east , and the Adriatic Sea to the east . Geographically , Abruzzo is divided into a mountainous area to the west , which includes the Gran Sasso D'italia , and a coastal area to the east with beaches on the Adriatic sea . Abruzzo is considered culturally , linguistically , and historically a region of Southern Italy , although geographically it may also be considered central . The Italian Statistical Authority ( ISTAT ) deems it to be part of Southern Italy , partially because of Abruzzo 's historic association with the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies .   Abruzzo is known as `` the greenest region in Europe '' as one third of its territory , the largest in Europe , is set aside as national parks and protected nature reserves : there are three national parks , one regional park , and 38 protected nature reserves . These ensure the survival of 75 % of Europe 's living species including rare species , such as the small wading dotterel , golden eagle , the Abruzzo ( or Abruzzese ) chamois , Apennine wolf , and Marsican brown bear . Abruzzo is also home to Calderone , Europe 's southernmost glacier .   Visiting nineteenth-century Italian diplomat and journalist Primo Levi ( to not confuse with the writer and survivor of the Holocaust , Primo Levi ) said that `` forte e gentile '' ( strong and gentle ) best describes the beauty of the region and the character of its people . `` Forte e gentile '' has since become the motto of the region and its inhabitants .

neg: Signoria A signoria ( -LSB- siɲɲoˈriːa -RSB- ; from signore -LSB- siɲˈɲoːre -RSB- , or `` lord '' ; an abstract noun meaning ( roughly ) `` government ; governing authority ; de facto sovereignty ; lordship '' ; plural : signorie ) was the governing authority in many of the Italian city states during the medieval and renaissance periods .

neg: Torre Valley dialect The Torre Valley dialect or Ter Valley dialect ( tersko narečje , terščina ) is the westernmost and the most Romanized Slovene dialect and one of its most archaic and typologically interesting dialects . It is spoken mostly in the Torre Valley in the Province of Udine in Italy , in the northern part of the historical region known as Venetian Slovenia , and in some villages in western Slovenia . It belongs to the Littoral dialect group . Historically , it included the village of Pers ( Breg or Brieh ) , the westernmost ethnically Slovene village .   The dialect was written already in the Cividale manuscript in 1479 , but was later not used in written form . Nowadays , because of the lack of language policy and Italianization , the dialect has a very reduced number of speakers and is threatened with extinction . The Italian municipalities of Taipana and Lusevera and the village of Breginj in Slovenia are the only areas where the dialect is still maintained . In 2009 , a dictionary of the Torre Valley dialect was published , based on material collected mainly at the end of the 19th century , but also in the 20th century .

neg: Adriatic Sea The Adriatic Sea -LSB- ˌeɪdriˈætᵻk -RSB- is a body of water separating the Italian Peninsula from the Balkan peninsula and the Apennine Mountains from the Dinaric Alps and adjacent ranges . The Adriatic is the northernmost arm of the Mediterranean Sea , extending from the Strait of Otranto ( where it connects to the Ionian Sea ) to the northwest and the Po Valley . The countries with coasts on the Adriatic are Albania , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Greece , Italy , Montenegro and Slovenia . The Adriatic contains over 1,300 islands , mostly located along its eastern , Croatian , coast . It is divided into three basins , the northern being the shallowest and the southern being the deepest , with a maximum depth of 1233 m . The Otranto Sill , an underwater ridge , is located at the border between the Adriatic and Ionian Seas . The prevailing currents flow counterclockwise from the Strait of Otranto , along the eastern coast and back to the strait along the western ( Italian ) coast . Tidal movements in the Adriatic are slight , although larger amplitudes are known to occur occasionally . The Adriatic 's salinity is lower than the Mediterranean 's because the Adriatic collects a third of the fresh water flowing into the Mediterranean , acting as a dilution basin . The surface water temperatures generally range from 30 C in summer to 12 C in winter , significantly moderating the Adriatic Basin 's climate .   The Adriatic Sea sits on the Apulian or Adriatic Microplate , which separated from the African Plate in the Mesozoic era . The plate 's movement contributed to the formation of the surrounding mountain chains and Apennine tectonic uplift after its collision with the Eurasian plate . In the Late Oligocene , the Apennine Peninsula first formed , separating the Adriatic Basin from the rest of the Mediterranean . All types of sediment are found in the Adriatic , with the bulk of the material transported by the Po and other rivers on the western coast . The western coast is alluvial or terraced , while the eastern coast is highly indented with pronounced karstification . There are dozens of marine protected areas in the Adriatic , designed to protect the sea 's karst habitats and biodiversity . The sea is abundant in flora and fauna -- more than 7,000 species are identified as native to the Adriatic , many of them endemic , rare and threatened ones .   The Adriatic 's shores are populated by more than 3.5 million people ; the largest cities are Bari , Venice , Trieste and Split . The earliest settlements on the Adriatic shores were Etruscan , Illyrian , and Greek . By the 2nd century BC , the shores were under Rome 's control . In the Middle Ages , the Adriatic shores and the sea itself were controlled , to a varying extent , by a series of states -- most notably the Byzantine Empire , the Serbian Empire , the Republic of Venice , the Habsburg Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire . The Napoleonic Wars resulted in the First French Empire gaining coastal control and the British effort to counter the French in the area , ultimately securing most of the eastern Adriatic shore and the Po Valley for Austria . Following Italian unification , the Kingdom of Italy started an eastward expansion that lasted until the 20th century . Following World War I and the collapse of Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire , the eastern coast 's control passed to Yugoslavia and Albania . The former disintegrated during the 1990s , resulting in four new states on the Adriatic coast . Italy and Yugoslavia agreed on their maritime boundaries by 1975 and this boundary is recognised by Yugoslavia 's successor states , but the maritime boundaries between Slovenian , Croatian , Bosnian-Herzegovinian , and Montenegrin waters are still disputed . Italy and Albania agreed on their maritime boundary in 1992 .   Fisheries and tourism are significant sources of income all along the Adriatic coast . Adriatic Croatia 's tourism industry has grown faster economically than the rest of the Adriatic Basin 's . Maritime transport is also a significant branch of the area 's economy -- there are 19 seaports in the Adriatic that each handle more than a million tonnes of cargo per year . The largest Adriatic seaport by annual cargo turnover is the Port of Trieste , while the Port of Split is the largest Adriatic seaport by passengers served per year .

neg: Isernia Isernia -LSB- iˈzɛrnja -RSB- is a town and comune in the southern Italian region of Molise , and the capital of province of Isernia .

neg: List of Celtic place names in Italy The Celtic toponymy of Italy are the place names that , through the reconstruction of the historical and linguistic origin , are attributed to language of Celts allocated once in Italy , between the northern regions and in some areas of central Italy .   It deals with linguistic varieties of `` fragmentary attestation '' from two strands of Celtic peoples : 1 ) the oldest , perhaps already settled in the Bronze Age , the ancestors of the Celts of Golasecca culture , who spoke a language ( the so-called Lepontic language ) which is more archaic , more conservative Gaulish language ; 2 ) groups of Gauls that penetrated in Italy in the fourth century BC ( and probably also in earlier stages ) .

neg: Macedonia naming dispute The Macedonia naming dispute is a political dispute regarding the use of the name Macedonia between the southeastern European countries of Greece and the Republic of Macedonia , formerly a federal unit of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . Pertinent to its background is an early 20th century multifaceted dispute and armed conflict that formed part of the background to the Balkan Wars . The specific naming dispute , although an existing issue in Yugoslav -- Greek relations since World War II , was reignited after the breakup of Yugoslavia and the newly gained independence of the former Socialist Republic of Macedonia in 1991 . Since then , it has been an ongoing issue in bilateral and international relations .   Citing historical and territorial concerns resulting from the ambiguity between the Republic of Macedonia , the adjacent Greek region of Macedonia and the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon which falls mostly within Greek Macedonia , Greece opposes the use of the name `` Macedonia '' by the Republic of Macedonia without a geographical qualifier such as `` Northern Macedonia '' for use by all and for all purposes . As millions of ethnic Greeks identify themselves as Macedonians , unrelated to the Slavic people who are associated with the Republic of Macedonia , Greece further objects to the use of the term `` Macedonian '' for the neighboring country 's largest ethnic group and its language . The Republic of Macedonia is accused of appropriating symbols and figures that are historically considered part of Greek culture such as the Vergina Sun and Alexander the Great , and of promoting the irredentist concept of a United Macedonia , which involves territorial claims on Greece , Bulgaria , Albania , and Serbia .   The dispute has escalated to the highest level of international mediation , involving numerous attempts to achieve a resolution . In 1995 , the two countries formalised bilateral relations and committed to start negotiations on the naming issue , under the auspices of the United Nations . Until a solution is found , the provisional reference `` the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia '' ( sometimes unofficially abbreviated as FYROM ) is used by international organisations and states which do not recognise translations of the constitutional name Republic of Macedonia ( Република Македонија , Republika Makedonija ) . UN members , and the UN as a whole , have agreed to accept any final agreement on a new name resulting from negotiations between the two countries . The parties are represented by Ambassadors Vasko Naumovski and Adamantios Vassilakis , under the mediation of Matthew Nimetz .

neg: Stato da Màr The Stato da Màr or Domini da Mar ( `` State/Domains of the Sea '' ) was the name given to the Republic of Venice 's maritime and overseas possessions , including Istria , Dalmatia , Albania , Negroponte , the Morea ( the `` Kingdom of the Morea '' ) , the Aegean islands of the Duchy of the Archipelago , and the islands of Crete ( the `` Kingdom of Candia '' ) and Cyprus . It was one of the three subdivisions of the Republic of Venice 's possessions , the other two being the Dogado , i.e. Venice proper , and the Domini di Terraferma in northern Italy .

neg: European Capital of Culture The European Capital of Culture is a city designated by the European Union for a period of one calendar year during which it organises a series of cultural events with a strong European dimension .   Preparing a European Capital of Culture can be an opportunity for the city to generate considerable cultural , social and economic benefits and it can help foster urban regeneration , change the city 's image and raise its visibility and profile on an international scale .   In 1985 , former actress Melina Mercouri , then Greece 's minister of culture , and her French counterpart Jack Lang came up with the idea of designating an annual Capital of Culture to bring Europeans closer together by highlighting the richness and diversity of European cultures and raising awareness of their common history and values .   The Commission of the European Union manages the title and each year the Council of Ministers of the European Union formally designates European Capitals of Culture : more than 40 cities have been designated so far .   An international panel of cultural experts is in charge of assessing the proposals of cities for the title according to criteria specified by the European Union .   A 2004 study conducted for the European Commission , known as the `` Palmer report '' , demonstrated that the choice of European Capital of Culture served as a catalyst for the cultural development and the transformation of the city . Consequently , the beneficial socio-economic development and impact for the chosen city are now also considered in determining the chosen cities .

neg: City-state A city-state is a sovereign state that consists of a city and its dependent territories . Historically , this included cities such as Rome , Athens , Carthage , and the Italian city-states during the Renaissance -- but today only a handful of sovereign city-states exist , with some disagreement as to which are city-states . A great deal of consensus exists that the term properly applies to Singapore , Monaco , and Vatican City .   A number of other small states share similar characteristics , and therefore are sometimes also cited as modern city-states . Namely , Qatar , Brunei , Kuwait , Bahrain , and Malta , which each have an urban center comprising a significant proportion of the population , though , all have several distinct settlements and a designated or de facto capital city . Occasionally , other small states with high population densities , such as San Marino , are also cited , despite lacking a large urban centre characteristic of traditional city-states .   Several non-sovereign cities enjoy a high degree of autonomy , and are sometimes considered city-states . Hong Kong and Macau , along with independent members of the United Arab Emirates , most notably Dubai and Abu Dhabi , are often cited as such .

neg: Romansh people The Romansh people ( also spelled Romansch , Rumantsch , or Romanche ; Romansh : , rumàntsch , or ) are a people and ethnic group of Switzerland , native speakers of the Romansh language . They are usually multilingual , also speaking German ( both the standard variety and the local Swiss German ) and sometimes Italian , which are the other official languages of Graubünden , the canton where they are concentrated .   They make up about 1 % of Switzerland 's population and 15 % of Graubünden 's .   The Romansh people began advocating for an end to German dominion over them starting with World War I . In 1937 the Swiss government recognized the Romansh language for the first time as one of Switzerland 's four national languages , though only for use within the canton , not at the federal level .   The Romansh people appeared to be mostly satisfied with this status until the 1980s when debate arose over Switzerland 's relationship with the greater European continent and the concept of the European Union began to form . The Romansh people advocated heavily for Switzerland 's membership in the Union , but the referendum to join it was narrowly defeated in 1992 by the German majority and Switzerland remained a nation apart with the Romansh people a nation apart within it though with ever-increasing sovereignty and recognition at the federal level to the point that Romansh is now considered one of the official federal languages of the Swiss Confederation .   The Romansh national leadership in Switzerland expressly stated its interest in Switzerland joining the European Union in terms of a pro-European stance and not an anti-Swiss-Confederation one , openly recognizing that the Confederation , though dominated by the German Swiss and with large Swiss French and Swiss Italian contingents , had sheltered the tiny Romansh minority population for nearly 200 years , never engaging in programs to erase their identity or language nor forcing them to relocate to accommodate any other ethnic group as had been the norm with a variety of other ethnic minorities throughout Europe . Though there have been some stumbling blocks , the history of the relationship between the Romansh people and the other ethnic peoples of Switzerland appears to have been and continues to be an unusually polite and respectful one .