query: Donkey is a fast-talking donkey.

pos: Donkey (Shrek) Donkey is a fast-talking donkey created by William Steig and adapted by DreamWorks Animation for the Shrek franchise . The character is voiced by Eddie Murphy .

neg: Portuguese Podengo The Portuguese Podengo is an ancient multi-sensory hound ( sight and scent ) breed of dog from Portugal . As a breed , the Podengo is divided into three size categories that are not interbred : small ( Pequeno ) , medium ( Medio ) and large ( Grande ) . Their coats are either short and ` smooth ' , or longer and ` wired ' . The smooth coated variety is traditional , dating back to the 5th century , whereas the wire coated variety is an outcome of the assimilation of various other breeds during the 20th century . In general , the breed is healthy ; the Pequeno ( small ) variety has an average lifespan of approximately 15 -- 17 years .   All Podengo types are hardy , intelligent and lively dogs , excelling at agility and making fine companions . Loyal and fearless , Podengos are also good house guards and are amenable to training by dog experienced people and those that enjoy primitive ( unrefined , `` less domesticated '' ) dog behavior .   Keen hunting dogs , the Podengo has an affinity for game regardless of size . Typically , the dogs hunt in a pack with their handler following . When game is found , they kill and retrieve it , or flush it towards the hunter to be shot . Each size category traditionally hunts game appropriate to their size and temperament . ( Pequeno : rabbits ; Medio : rabbits and wild boar ; Grande : deer and wild boar ) .

neg: Segugio Cravin Originating in Piedmont , Italy , Segugio Cravin is a variety of the Piccolo Lepraiolo Italiano , specialized for hunting hares .   It is probably the result of crossbreeding of Italian scent hounds , like the `` Ciaplen '' , a very skillful small short-haired scenthound . In the past these dogs were bred by hunters on the Piedmontese hills . The strict selection resulted in an extremely skilled and clever scenthound . Very few pure specimens remain today .   SIPS , the Italian Association for Scenthounds , has created a Committee of experts to get official recognition of the breed Piccolo Lepraiolo Italiano and to set a common standard . The best examples are the Cravin .   General appearance :  It is a medium or small sized dog of robust constitution with a thick coat , but a slender build with good muscles and strong bones . It has a shy and reserved temperament , and does not make a fuss .   Working habits  Dynamic , enthusiastic and tireless , the Cravin can work in all kinds of ground . Its gait of choice is the trot , while searching , which is light , energetic , easy , alternating with some galloping . It follows scents scrupulously , and does not waste time on dubious ones . The dog shows initiative , and conclusive action . It announces what it has found with vibrant movements of the tail which hits the hips , then through a high sharp voice . It can work alone or even better in pairs .   Size of males 47 to 50 cm .

neg: Mario vs. Donkey Kong: Mini-Land Mayhem! is a puzzle video game developed by Nintendo Software Technology and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS . It was announced at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2010 and released in North America on November 14 , 2010 . It is the fourth game in the Mario vs. Donkey Kong series .   In the game , Mario and Pauline are sponsoring the grand opening of the amusement park `` Mini-Land , '' when Pauline is kidnapped by Donkey Kong and must be rescued by Mario and his team of miniature Mario toys . Instead of playing as Mario , players use a stylus to modify level architecture , allowing the mini Marios to exit the level or attack Donkey Kong . There is also a Construction Zone that allows players to build and share their own levels .

neg: German Riding Pony The Deutsche Reitpony or German Riding Pony is a very popular pony breed in Germany . It is described as a `` miniature warmblood '' with refined , horse-like characteristics that make it suitable as both a children 's pony and as a mount for sport horse competition in Europe . Originally bred in Germany and later throughout Western Europe , the breed is relatively new to North America .

neg: Italian Heavy Draft The Italian Heavy Draft , or Rapid Heavy Draft , is a breed of draft horse from Italy . The full Italian name of the breed is Cavallo Agricolo Italiano da Tiro Pesante Rapido , `` Italian Rapid Heavy Draft Farm Horse '' , and the abbreviation TPR ( -LSB- tipiˈerre -RSB- ) ) is often used .   Generally chestnut in color , the breed is known for its combination of strength and speed . Its development traces to 1860 and continued through the late 19th and early 20th centuries as breeders utilized a mix of foundation bloodstock that included native Italian stock and imported horses , all mainly of draft type . Its versatility has led to its use in both agricultural and military capacities , as well as for the production of mules . In 1926 , a stud book was formed , and population numbers continued to rise until the beginning of World War II . Breeding programs suffered during the war , and despite care afterward , population numbers continued to dwindle as increasing mechanization decreased the need for draft horses . In the 1970s , selective breeding goals were changed to produce a horse suitable for meat production , which today remains the primary use of the Italian Heavy Draft .

neg: Dromedarii Dromedarii were camel riding auxiliary forces recruited in the desert provinces of the Late Roman Empire in Syria .   They were developed to take the place of horses , where horses were not common . They were also successful against enemy horses , as horses are typically afraid of camels ' scents . Camels were seen as exotic and useful creatures , known for their ability to move over desert terrain . It is noted that dromedaries were used less often than camels , though the title `` Dromedarii '' may imply that dromedaries were used more often . However , the Romans could not distinguish between camels and dromedaries , thus using both as a means of transportation . This is very similar to the camel cavalry used often by the Ottoman Empire . It is noted that camel cavalry was more commonplace as a result of the desert terrain during the Muslim conquests .

neg: Cavalry Cavalry ( from French cavalerie , cf. cheval ` horse ' ) or horsemen were soldiers or warriors who fought mounted on horseback . Cavalry were historically the most mobile of the combat arms . An individual soldier in the cavalry is known by a number of designations such as cavalryman , horseman , dragoon or trooper . The designation of cavalry was not usually given to any military forces that used other animals , such as camels , mules or elephants . Infantry who moved on horseback , but dismounted to fight on foot , were known in the 17th and early 18th centuries as dragoons , a class of mounted infantry which later evolved into cavalry proper while retaining their historic title .   Cavalry had the advantage of improved mobility , and a man fighting from horseback also had the advantages of greater height , speed , and inertial mass over an opponent on foot . Another element of horse mounted warfare is the psychological impact a mounted soldier can inflict on an opponent .   The speed , mobility and shock value of the cavalry was greatly appreciated and exploited in armed forces in the Ancient and Middle Ages ; some forces were mostly cavalry , particularly in nomadic societies of Asia , notably the Mongol armies . In Europe cavalry became increasingly armoured ( heavy ) , and eventually became known for the mounted knights . During the 17th century cavalry in Europe lost most of its armor , ineffective against the muskets and cannon which were coming into use , and by the mid-19th century armor had mainly fallen into disuse , although some regiments retained a small thickened cuirass that offered protection against lances and sabres and some protection against shot .   In the period between the World Wars , many cavalry units were converted into motorized infantry and mechanized infantry units , or reformed as tank troops . However , some cavalry still served during World War II , notably in the Red Army , the Mongolian People 's Army , the Royal Italian Army , the Romanian Army , the Polish Land Forces , and light reconnaissance units within the Waffen SS . Most cavalry units that are horse-mounted in modern armies serve in purely ceremonial roles , or as mounted infantry in difficult terrain such as mountains or heavily forested areas . Modern usage of the term generally refers to specialist units equipped with tanks ( `` armored cavalry '' ) or aircraft ( `` air cavalry '' ) .

neg: Diglossia In linguistics , diglossia ( -LSB- daɪˈɡlɒsiə -RSB- from Koine Greek διγλωσσία from δι - prefix `` two '' ( from δίς , `` twice '' ) , γλῶσσα , `` language '' and - ία , suffix denoting state or attribute , `` speaking two languages '' ) is a situation in which two dialects or languages are used by a single language community . In addition to the community 's everyday or vernacular language variety ( labeled `` L '' or `` low '' variety ) , a second , highly codified variety ( labeled `` H '' or `` high '' ) is used in certain situations such as literature , formal education , or other specific settings , but not used for ordinary conversation .   The high variety may be an older stage of the same language ( e.g. , Latin in the early Middle Ages ) , an unrelated language , or a distinct yet closely related present day dialect ( e.g. , Standard German alongside Low German ( Plattdüütsch ) ; or Chinese , with Mandarin as the official , literary standard and local varieties of Chinese used in everyday communication ) . Other examples include literary Katharevousa versus spoken Demotic Greek ; literary Tamil versus spoken Tamil and Indonesian , with its Baku and Gaul forms ; and literary versus spoken Welsh .

neg: Stock horse A stock horse is a horse of a type that is well suited for working with livestock , particularly cattle . The related cow pony or cow horse is a historic phrase , still used colloquially today , referring to a particularly small agile cattle-herding horse ; the term dates to 1874 . The word `` pony '' in this context has little to do with the animal 's size . though the traditional cow pony could be as small as 700 to and less than high .   Such horses are characterized by agility , quickness , and powerful hindquarters . They are usually noted for intelligence and `` cow sense , '' having an instinctive understanding of how to respond to the movement of cattle so as to move livestock in a desired manner with minimal or no guidance from their rider . Such horses are used both as working animals on livestock ranches or stations , and are also seen in competition where horses are evaluated on their ability to work cattle .   The term may refer to any of the following :  A horse used for ranch work or for competition based on the movements of a working ranch horse , including :  campdrafting  cutting ( sport )  ranch sorting  reining  rodeo , particularly calf roping and team roping  team penning  working cow horse  An outdated term for reining or working cow horse competition .  Any breed used for ranch or cattle work in the United States , or work on cattle stations in Australia , including :  Australian Stock Horse  American Quarter Horse  American Paint Horse  Appaloosa  Banker horse  Carolina Marsh Tacky  Florida Cracker Horse  Any other breed of horse used for western riding , ranch work or for stock horse types of competition .  Any breed or type of light riding horse of a phenotype that includes a powerful build with heavily muscled hindquarters that appears suitable for work as a stock horse . This includes some representatives of a variety of breeds and crossbreeds . Among breeds with stock horse-type representatives include :  Arabian horse  Morab  Morgan horse  Mustang  Pony of the Americas  Quarab

neg: Drop the Dead Donkey Drop the Dead Donkey is a situation comedy that first aired on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom between 1990 and 1998 . It is set in the offices of `` GlobeLink News '' , a fictional TV news company . Recorded close to transmission , it made use of contemporary news events to give the programme a greater sense of realism . It was created by Andy Hamilton and Guy Jenkin . The series had an ensemble cast , making stars of Haydn Gwynne , Stephen Tompkinson and Neil Pearson .   The series began with the acquisition of GlobeLink by media mogul Sir Roysten Merchant , an allusion to either Robert Maxwell or Rupert Murdoch . Indeed , Andy Hamilton and Guy Jenkin note on their DVDs that it was fortunate for their libel lawyers that the two men shared the same initials . The series is mostly based on the ongoing battle between the staff of GlobeLink , led by editor George Dent , as they try to maintain the company as a serious news organisation , and Sir Roysten 's right-hand man Gus Hedges , trying to make the show more sensationalist and suppress stories that might harm Sir Roysten 's business empire .   According to Swedish comedian Kryddan Petersson , he and the group behind Helt Apropå had come up with an idea for a show like this , which they presented to British colleagues sometime around 1989-90 . Most of them were not impressed , but two of them took the idea seriously and wrote this show . Later on , the Swedish group bought the material rights to the show back to Sweden , and created the show Döda danskar räknas inte ( `` Dead Danes do n't count '' ) , which aired on SVT in 1994 .   The show was awarded the Best Comedy ( Programme or Series ) Award at the 1994 BAFTA Awards . At the British Comedy Awards the show won Best New TV Comedy in 1990 , Best Channel 4 Comedy in 1991 , and Best Channel 4 Sitcom in 1994 .

neg: Caught in a Life Caught in a Life is Norwegian band Donkeyboy 's debut album from October 2009 . It was produced by Simen M Eriksrud and Espen Berg at Livingroom Studios , Oslo . It topped the Norwegian Albums Chart in the winter of 2009 .   It was released on October 19 , 2009 . The album has produced for the band two massive # 1 hit singles on the Norwegian Singles Chart , `` Ambitions '' that stayed on top of the Norwegian charts for 13 weeks , followed by `` Sometimes '' that stayed on the top of the same charts for another 8 weeks , both in 2009 . `` Ambitions '' also topped the Swedish Singles Chart in February 2010 .   There were three more singles from the album that reached the Top 10 , namely `` Broke My Eyes '' that reached # 6 , `` Awake '' that reached # 8 and `` Blade Running '' that also reached # 8 .   In early 2010 , `` Stereolife '' has been released as a single .

neg: Wirehaired Vizsla The Wirehaired Vizsla ( -LSB- ˈviːʃlə -RSB- ; -LSB- ˈviʒlɒ -RSB- ; English plural : Vizslas or sometimes Vizslak , based on the Hungarian plural vizslák -LSB- ˈviʒlaːk -RSB- ) , is a dog breed originating in Hungary . Wirehaired Vizslas are known as excellent hunting dogs , and also have a level personality making them suited for families . The Wirehaired Vizsla is a versatile , natural hunter endowed with an excellent nose and an above average trainability . Although they are lively , gentle mannered , demonstrably affectionate and sensitive , they are also fearless and possessed of a well-developed protective instinct . The breed has a firmness on point , is an excellent retriever , and has the determination to remain on the scent even when swimming . The overall appearance embodies the qualities of a multi-purpose pointing dog , endurance , working ability and an easily satisfied nature . This is a dog of power and drive in the field , yet is a tractable and affectionate companion in the home .

neg: Sleeping lions Sleeping Lions ( also known as `` Dead Dogs , '' `` Dead Donkey , '' or `` Dead Fish '' ) is a children 's game .   All but one or two players are `` lions '' , and lie down on the floor , eyes closed , as if they were sleeping . The remaining one or two players ( `` hunters '' ) move about the room attempting to encourage the lions to move . The hunters ca n't touch the lions , but may move close to them , tell things to them , jokes , etc. . Any person who moves must stand up and join the hunters .   Sleeping lions is also sometimes used in schools as an exercise . All the children will play `` lions '' and the teacher will play the `` hunter '' . Usually in this case the teacher will make no effort to make the `` lions '' move , because in this case the real aim of the `` game '' is to calm the children down after playing other exciting games .   Variations of the game can include : dead soldiers , sleeping logs , standing scarecrows , snoozing tigers and dead lions .

neg: Dibatag The dibatag ( Ammodorcas clarkei ) , or Clarke 's gazelle , is a medium-sized slender antelope endemic to Ethiopia and Somalia . Though not a true gazelle , it is similarly marked , with long legs and neck . It is often confused with the gerenuk due to their striking resemblance . The typical head-and-body length is about 103 to . They stand up to about 80 to . Male dibatag weigh between 20 and , whereas females range from 22 and . The length of the curved horns , present only on males , is typically between 10 and . The upper parts are gray to fawn , while the dorsal and lateral areas are cinnamon to rufous ( reddish brown ) . The underparts , rump and the insides of the legs are all white . While markings are visible on the face , there are none on the flanks or the buttocks .   Dibatag are alert and secretive , and their brown coat provides an excellent camouflage , making the dibatag one of the antelopes most difficult to hunt . They are diurnal animals , and navigate in very small herds . Both sexes attain sexual maturity at 12 to 18 months . The species is polygynous . After a gestational period of six to seven months , a single offspring is born . Parturition usually occurs from September to November . The lifespan typically averages 10 to 12 years . Dibatag may maintain temporary territories demarcated by preorbital gland secretions , urine or faeces . Primarily browsers , the dibatag feed on foliage and young shoots and shrubs . Dibatag are well adapted to semi-arid habitats , with the capability of surviving on very little or no water .   Several factors including human settlement , habitat degradation , large numbers of livestock , political unrest and armed conflicts in the areas covering its range and lack of conservation measures for two to three decades in the late 20th century have now reduced the population to only a few thousands . Significant populations still occur in southern Ogaden ( Ethiopia ) . The dibatag is listed by the IUCN as `` Vulnerable '' .

neg: Spelling pronunciation A spelling pronunciation is the pronunciation of a word according to its spelling , at odds with a standard or traditional pronunciation . Words spelled with silent letters ( e.g. island , knife ) , or traditionally pronounced with reduced vowels or omitted consonants ( e.g. cupboard , Worcester ) , may be subject to a spelling pronunciation .   If a word 's spelling was standardized prior to sound changes that produced its `` traditional '' pronunciation , a spelling pronunciation may reflect an even older pronunciation . This is often the case with compound words ( e.g. waistcoat , cupboard , forehead ) . It is also the case for many words with silent letters ( e.g. often ) , though not all -- silent letters are sometimes added for etymological reasons , to reflect a word 's spelling in its language of origin ( e.g. victual , rhyming with little but derived from Late Latin victualia ) . Some silent letters were added on the basis of erroneous etymologies , as in the cases of the words island and scythe .   Spelling pronunciations are generally considered incorrect next to the traditionally accepted , and usually more widespread , pronunciation . If a spelling pronunciation persists and becomes more common , it may eventually join the existing form as equally acceptable ( for example waistcoat and often ) , or even become the dominant pronunciation ( as with forehead and falcon ) . If a rare word is more often encountered in writing than in speech , the spelling pronunciation may be assumed by most , while the traditional pronunciation is maintained only by older or educated individuals .

neg: Telecommunications device for the deaf A telecommunications device for the deaf ( TDD ) is a teleprinter , an electronic device for text communication over a telephone line , that is designed for use by persons with hearing or speech difficulties . Other names for the device include teletypewriter ( TTY ) , textphone ( common in Europe ) , and minicom ( United Kingdom ) .   The typical TDD is a device about the size of a typewriter or laptop computer with a QWERTY keyboard and small screen that uses an LED , LCD , or VFD screen to display typed text electronically . In addition , TDDs commonly have a small spool of paper on which text is also printedold versions of the device had only a printer and no screen . The text is transmitted live , via a telephone line , to a compatible device , i.e. one that uses a similar communication protocol .   Special telephone services have been developed to carry the TDD functionality even further . In certain countries there are systems in place so that a deaf person can communicate with a hearing person on an ordinary voice phone using a human relay operator . There are also `` carry-over '' services , enabling people who can hear but can not speak ( `` hearing carry-over , '' a.k.a. `` HCO '' ) , or people who can not hear but are able to speak ( `` voice carry-over , '' a.k.a. `` VCO '' ) to use the telephone .   The term TDD is sometimes discouraged because people who are deaf are increasingly using mainstream devices and technologies to carry out most of their communication . The devices described here were developed for use on the partially-analog Public Switched Telephone Network ( PSTN ) . They do not work well on the new internet protocol ( IP ) networks . Thus as society increasingly moves toward IP based telecommunication , the telecommunication devices used by people who are deaf will not be TDDs . In the US for example , the use of the term TDD is discouraged to avoid confusion with these partly-analog devices being referred to as TTYs .   Teletype Corporation , of Skokie , Illinois , made page printers for text , notably for news wire services and telegrams , but these used standards different from those for deaf communication , and although in quite widespread use , were technically incompatible . Furthermore , these were sometimes referred to by the `` TTY '' initialism , short for `` Teletype '' . When computers had keyboard input mechanisms and page printer output , before CRT terminals came into use , Teletypes were the most widely used devices . They were called `` console typewriters '' . ( Telex used similar equipment , but was a separate international communication network . )

neg: Muladona In Catalan mythology a Muladona or Donamula ( mule-woman or woman-mule in Catalan ) is a female mule with a human woman 's head . Legend has it that a young woman was cursed by the townspeople for being irreverent and irreligious and the curse turned her into a mule . She is said to wander the mountains , especially at night , joining mule trains . It is thought that the mules are frightened by her presence and stampede and they may even fall into ravines and die .   The Muladona looks like a mule but it is a mixture of human and animal , its mane is like a woman 's hair and its face , while still appearing to be like that of an animal , is obviously human .   It is always represented with the four legs of a mule , but sometimes the front two legs join a thorax located where a mule would have its neck . In addition , the animal is always represented with breasts to underline that it is female .   The muleteers used to give their mules small Muladona-shaped pieces of bread to eat in the belief that this would stop the animals being frightened and allow them to ignore her if she appeared . In addition they would repeatedly count the number of mules in the mule train in order to discover if the Muladona had become mixed in with their animals without them realizing , allowing them to avoid paying the price for the havoc she could sow .

neg: Canter rhythm Canter time , canter timing or canter rhythm is a two-beat regular rhythmic pattern of a musical instrument or in dance steps within 3/4 time music . The term is borrowed from the canter horse gait , which sounds three hoof beats followed by a pause , i.e. , 3 accents in 4/4 time .   In waltz dances it may mark the 1st and the 4th eighths of the measure , producing a 2/4 time overlay beat over the 3/4 time . In other words , when a 3/4 measure is cued as `` 1,2 , & ,3 , ... '' , the canter rhythm marks `` 1 '' and '' & '' . This rhythm is the basis of the Canter Waltz . In modern ballroom dancing , an example is Canter Pivot in Viennese Waltz .   In Vals ( a 3/4 style of Tango ) , the canter rhythm is also known as medio galope ( which actually means `` canter '' in Spanish ) and may accent beats 1 and 2 of the 3/4 measure .   The Canter Waltz or Canter is a dance with waltz music characterized by the canter rhythm of steps . A 1922 dance manual describes it as follows : `` The Canter Waltz has been revived and presents an opportunity to show the use of `` direction '' in the straight backward and forward series of walking steps . This dance is walking to waltz time but walking most quietly and gracefully . There are two steps to the three counts of music . Step forward on 1 and make the second step between the 2 and 3 count . Give the first step the accent , although the steps are almost of the same value . It may , perhaps , help the student practicing alone with the aid of the victrola to count 1 - & , 2 - & , 3 - & , making the second step on the second & , until able to do the step smoothly . ''

neg: Tandem Tandem ( or in tandem ) is an arrangement in which a team of machines , animals or people are lined up one behind another , all facing in the same direction .   The original use of the term in English was in tandem harness , which is used for two or more draft horses , or other draft animals , harnessed in a single line one behind another , as opposed to a pair , harnessed side by side , or a team of several pairs . The tandem harness allows additional animals to provide pulling power for a vehicle designed for a single animal .   The English word tandem derives with a word play from the Latin adverb , meaning at length or finally .   Tandem seating may be used on a tandem bicycle where it is alternative to sociable seating . Tandem can also be used more generally to refer to any group of persons or objects working together , not necessarily in line .

neg: Muhamed (horse) Muhamed was a German horse reportedly able to mentally extract the cube roots of numbers , which he would then tap out with his hooves . Raised in the town of Elberfeld by Karl Krall in the late 19th and early twentieth centuries , he was one of several supposedly gifted horses , the others being Kluge Hans , Zarif , Amassis , and later , Bento , a blind stallion . Muhamed , the most gifted of the animals , could also allegedly perform music and even distinguish between harmony and discord .   While all the horses raised by Krall could demonstrate an apparent ability to read and do basic arithmetic , Muhamed could seemingly perform complicated calculations . When tested by psychologists and scientists , a number was written on a blackboard , and Muhamed was asked to extract the cube root . His left foot represented the tens , while his right foot represented the ones , so that in order to give the answer sixty-five , he would tap six times with his left foot and five times with his right . This method of tapping was also used to demonstrate the horse 's spelling , although according to reports , they did not correctly handle German orthography . Krall himself professed disbelief in the notion that Muhamed might be some sort of genius , arguing that human idiot savants are also able to perform mathematical functions rapidly in their heads .   Scientists examining the horses attempted various tests to prove that the horses were being signaled the answers by Krall , and even attempted to blindfold the horses by tying sacks over their heads , and by observing them in the stable through peepholes .   According to Krall , Muhamed , the most intelligent of the horses , eventually began to communicate spontaneously , sometimes even tattling on the other horses for being lazy , or even on the grooms for beating them .   Among the scholars who tested the horses and came away impressed by them were psychologist Edward Claparède , who claimed that they were genuine , and Belgian writer Maurice Maeterlinck , who claimed that Krall had `` humanized '' the horses .   Muhamed disappeared in World War I , in which he served as a draft animal .


query: O. J. Simpson received a criminal charge for armed robbery.

pos: O. J. Simpson Orenthal James `` O. J. '' Simpson ( born July 9 , 1947 ) , nicknamed The Juice , is a former American football running back , broadcaster , actor , and convicted armed robber and kidnapper .   Simpson attended the University of Southern California ( USC ) , where he played college football for the USC Trojans and won the Heisman Trophy in 1968 . He played professionally in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a running back for 11 seasons , with the Buffalo Bills from 1969 to 1977 and with the San Francisco 49ers from 1978 to 1979 . In 1973 , he became the first NFL player to rush for more than 2,000 yards in a season ; holding the record for the single season yards-per-game average , which stands at 143.1 . He is the only player to ever rush for over 2,000 yards in the 14-game regular season NFL format .   Simpson was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1983 and the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1985 . After retiring from football , he began new careers in acting and football broadcasting .   In 1995 , Simpson was acquitted of the 1994 murders of his ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend Ronald Goldman after a lengthy and internationally publicised trial . The families of the victims filed a civil suit against him , and in 1997 a civil court awarded a $ 33.5 million judgment against Simpson for the victims ' wrongful deaths .   In 2007 , Simpson was arrested in Las Vegas , Nevada , and charged with felonies including armed robbery and kidnapping . In 2008 , he was convicted and sentenced to 33 years imprisonment , with a minimum of nine years without parole . He is serving his sentence at the Lovelock Correctional Center in Lovelock , Nevada .

neg: Norco shootout The Norco shootout was an armed confrontation between five heavily armed bank robbers and deputies of the Riverside and San Bernardino County sheriff 's departments in Norco , California , United States on May 9 , 1980 . Two of the five perpetrators and one sheriff 's deputy were killed , 9 other law enforcement officers were injured , and gunfire damaged at least 30 police cars and one police helicopter .   At approximately 3:40 p.m. , five men armed with shotguns , an AR-15 , an HK91 , an HK93 , handguns , and an improvised explosive device robbed the Norco branch of Security Pacific Bank . Deputies of the Riverside County Sheriff 's Department responding to the bank robbery call confronted the perpetrators outside the bank and a shootout ensued , killing one perpetrator . The perpetrators then stole a vehicle in the bank parking lot and fled the scene , leading police on a 25 mi car chase into neighboring San Bernardino County . Riverside County deputies were joined in the pursuit by officers of other area law enforcement agencies , including the California Highway Patrol and San Bernardino County Sheriff 's Department . The perpetrators then ambushed the pursuing deputies and engaged them in another shootout in unincorporated San Bernardino County near Lytle Creek before escaping into a wooded area in the foothills of the San Bernardino Mountains .   Two days later , three of the four surviving perpetrators were arrested in the area of the ambush ; the fourth was killed by police . The three who were arrested were convicted of 46 felonies and sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole .

neg: Edmund Simpson Edmund Simpson ( b. England , 1784 ; d. New York City , 31 July 1848 ) was an actor and theater manager . He made his theatrical début at the Towcester Theatre in England in May 1806 as Baron Steinfort in August von Kotzebue 's The Stranger . In this country Simpson first appeared at the New York Park Theatre on 22 October 1809 , as Hurry Dornton in The Road to Ruin . In 1828 , when playing lead role in The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus , one of his legs was broken by an accident to the stage machinery , and he was crippled for life . His last performance was Dazzle in London Assurance . As a comedian , Simpson was studious and painstaking , and in his delineations intelligent and respectable , but there was ever attached to his representations a hardness of manner that interfered with his popularity .   In 1810 he became stage manager , and remained permanently connected with the one playhouse as actor , stage manager , and manager for 38 years . It was his privilege to introduce nearly all the noted British players of his day to American audiences . From 1821 until 1840 Simpson was working-manager to Stephen Price , the lessee of the theatre , but on the death of Price he assumed the sole management . During his career he went through several trials of adversity , and finally retired , 6 June 1848 , under discouragement and in reduced circumstances .   Under Simpson 's direction the old Park Theatre , or `` The Theatre , '' as the show-bills named it , was noted for its well-drilled and efficient stock company . The scenery of this noted resort was made up of flats and drops of the simplest construction , the properties were cheap , worn , and few in number , the costumes flimsy and tinselled , and the auditorium , before the rising of the curtain , usually filled with the stifling leakage of gas . The boxes were painted in white and gold , with the first and second tiers divided into a series of screened lock-boxes .   A separate stairway led to the third tier and the gallery . This third tier was an assembling-place for the dissolute of both sexes ; one half the gallery was patronized by boys , servants , and sailors , and the remainder was devoted to the accommodation of Negroes . What is now known as the parterre was called the pit . It was fitted with hard wooden benches , and the admission to it was half-price . Here the bachelors , critics , and wits of the day found their places . Drinking bars , united with apple , pie , and peanut stands , were connected with the pit and the upper tier of boxes .   As Frances Trollope has truly pictured , it was not an uncommon thing to see men rise on the front rows of the dress-circle in their shirt-sleeves , and between the acts turn their backs to the audience , while their better-halves sat munching apples and peeling oranges . Not seldom the entertainments of an evening comprised a five-act tragedy , a comedy , and an olio diversion , that terminated at twelve or one o'clock . The old Park Theatre was a wooden , barn-like structure , fronting about eighty feet on Park row , and rising to the height of sixty or seventy feet , painted in imitation of blocks of granite .

neg: Career Girls Murders The `` Career Girls Murders '' was the name given by the media to the killings of Emily Hoffert and Janice Wylie in their apartment on the Upper East Side of Manhattan on August 28 , 1963 . George Whitmore , Jr. , was accused of this and other crimes but later cleared .   The actions of the police department led Whitmore to be improperly accused of this and other crimes , including the murder of Minnie Edmonds and the attempted rape and assault of Elba Borrero . Whitmore was wrongfully incarcerated for 1,216 days -- from his arrest on April 24 , 1964 , until his release on bond on July 13 , 1966 , and from the revocation of his bond on February 28 , 1972 -- until his exoneration on April 10 , 1973 , when , after what author T.J. English called , in his book The Savage City , `` a numbing cycle of trials , convictions , convictions overturned , retrials , and appeals '' , Whitmore was cleared of all charges and set free . Whitmore 's treatment by the authorities has been cited as an example that led the US Supreme Court to issue the guidelines known as the Miranda rights . The Supreme Court cited Mr. Whitmore 's case as `` the most conspicuous example '' of police coercion in the country when it issued its 1966 ruling establishing a set of protections for suspects , including the right to remain silent , in Miranda v. Arizona .

neg: Death row Death row is a special section of a prison in the United States that houses inmates who are awaiting execution after being sentenced to death for the conviction of a capital crime . The US is the only Western country that still applies the death penalty for capital crimes . Thirty-one of its 50 states and the federal government authorize this penalty . But by 2016 , sixteen of these states and the federal government had a formal or `` de facto '' moratorium , due in large part to questions about the death penalty itself or the use of lethal injection as a method of execution .   `` Death row '' is a term also used figuratively to describe the state of awaiting execution ( `` being on death row '' ) , even in places where no special facility or separate unit for condemned inmates exists . After a person is found guilty of a capital offense , the judge will give the jury the option of imposing a death sentence or life imprisonment without the possibility of parole ( LWOP ) . It is up to a jury to decide whether to give the death sentence ; this usually has to be a unanimous decision . If sentenced to death , a convict will remain on death row during appeal and habeas corpus procedures , which can take years . Since 1973 and later , with an increasing number of persons being freed since 1993 , some 157 persons as of January 2017 have been exonerated on appeal and released from death row . Wrongful convictions have been proven based on DNA evidence , informants retracting testimony or being proven false , prosecutorial misconduct , racial bias in jury selection , and other constitutional issues .

neg: Estes v. Texas Estes v. Texas , 381 U.S. 532 ( 1965 ) , was a case in which the United States Supreme Court overturned the fraud conviction of petitioner Billy Sol Estes , holding that his Fourteenth Amendment due process rights had been violated by the publicity associated with the pretrial hearing , which had been carried live on both television and radio . News photography was permitted throughout the trial and parts of it were broadcast as well .   There was no doubt that the Court was displeased with the intensive pretrial and trial coverage , but its biggest concern was the presence of cameras at the two-day-long pretrial hearing . It included at least 12 still and television photographers , three microphones on the judge 's bench , and several aimed at the jury 's box and attorney 's table . When it was time for the trial to be held , it was moved about 500 miles away and the judge had imposed rather severe restrictions on press coverage . However , the justices did mark the notion that cameras would return to courtrooms eventually :  It is said that the ever-advancing techniques of public communication and the adjustment of the public to its presence may bring about a change in the effect of telecasting upon the fairness of criminal trials . But we are not dealing here with future developments in the field of electronics . Our judgment can not be rested on the hypothesis of tomorrow but must take the facts as they are presented today . '' The Supreme Court ruled in Chandler v. Florida , 449 U.S. 560 ( 1981 ) that a state could allow the broadcast and still photography coverage of criminal trials .

neg: Newhall incident The Newhall incident , also called the `` Newhall massacre '' , was a shootout between two heavily armed criminals and officers of the California Highway Patrol ( CHP ) in the Newhall unincorporated area of Los Angeles County , California on April 5 , 1970 . In less than 5 minutes , four CHP officers were killed in what was at the time the deadliest day in the history of California law enforcement .   At approximately 11:55 p.m. ( UTC-8 ) , CHP officers Walt Frago and Roger Gore conducted a traffic stop of Bobby Davis and Jack Twinning in conjunction with an incident involving the pair that had been reported to the CHP minutes earlier . After stopping in a restaurant parking lot and initially cooperating with the officers , Twinning and Davis opened fire and killed both officers . Minutes later , Officers George Alleyn and James Pence arrived on the scene and engaged Twinning and Davis in a shootout . A passerby picked up one of the officers ' weapons and opened fire on the perpetrators ; however , the three were outgunned , and both Alleyn and Pence suffered fatal injuries while the passerby ran out of ammunition and took cover in a ditch . A third CHP patrol car arrived on the scene and the lone officer inside briefly exchanged gunfire with the perpetrators , but they were able to flee the scene .   Over three hours later , after stealing a vehicle and exchanging gunfire with its owner , Davis attempted to flee the area ; however , he was spotted by police and arrested . Meanwhile , Twinning broke into a house and took one of its occupants hostage . The house was surrounded by deputies of the Los Angeles County Sheriff 's Department and at approximately 9 a.m. , he released the hostage and committed suicide when the deputies entered the house . Davis was sentenced to death but had his sentence commuted to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole in 1973 . He killed himself at Kern Valley State Prison in 2009 .   The Newhall incident resulted in a number of changes at the CHP , including procedural changes in arresting high risk suspects and standardization of firearms and firearms training used across the department .

neg: Watts v. Indiana Watts v. Indiana , , was a United States Supreme Court case in which Justice Robert Jackson famously opined , `` To bring in a lawyer means a real peril to solution of the crime because , under our adversary system , he deems that his sole duty is to protect his client -- guilty or innocent -- and that , in such a capacity , he owes no duty whatever to help society solve its crime problem . Under this conception of criminal procedure , any lawyer worth his salt will tell the suspect in no uncertain terms to make no statement to police under any circumstances . ''   In this case , a defendant was subjected to rigorous interrogation methods , including being forced to sleep on the floor , resulting in a confession to having committed murder . The Supreme Court ruled that the confession was involuntary and reversed his conviction .   Category : United States Supreme Court cases  Category :1949 in United States case law  Category : United States Supreme Court cases of the Stone Court  Category : United States criminal procedure case law

neg: True threat A true threat is a threatening communication that can be prosecuted under the law . It is distinct from a threat that is made in jest . The U.S. Supreme Court has held that true threats are not protected under the U.S. Constitution based on three justifications : preventing fear , preventing the disruption that follows from that fear , and diminishing the likelihood that the threatened violence will occur . There is some concern that even satirical speech could be regarded as a `` true threat '' due to concern over terrorism .   The true threat doctrine was established in the 1969 Supreme Court case Watts v. United States . In that case , an eighteen-year-old male was convicted in a Washington , D.C. District Court for violating a statute prohibiting persons from knowingly and willfully making threats to harm or kill the President of the United States . The conviction was based on a statement made by Watts , in which he said , '' -LSB- i -RSB- f they ever make me carry a rifle the first man I want to get in my sights is L.B.J. '' Watts appealed , leading to the Supreme Court finding the statute constitutional on its face , but reversing the conviction of Watts .   In reviewing the lower court 's analysis of the case , the Court noted that `` a threat must be distinguished from what is constitutionally protected speech . '' The Court recognized that `` uninhibited , robust , and wideopen '' political debate can at times be characterized by `` vehement , caustic , and sometimes unpleasantly sharp attacks on government and public officials . '' In light of the context of Watts ' statement - and the laughter that it received from the crowd - the Court found that it was more `` a kind of very crude offensive method of stating a political opposition to the President '' than a `` true threat . '' In so holding , the Court established that there is a `` true threat '' exception to protected speech , but also that the statement must be viewed in its context and distinguished from protected hyperbole . The opinion , however , stopped short of defining precisely what constituted a `` true threat . ''

neg: The Simpsons The Simpsons is an American animated sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company . The series is a satirical depiction of working-class life epitomized by the Simpson family , which consists of Homer , Marge , Bart , Lisa , and Maggie . The show is set in the fictional town of Springfield and parodies American culture , society , television , and the human condition .   The family was conceived by Groening shortly before a solicitation for a series of animated shorts with producer James L. Brooks . Groening created a dysfunctional family and named the characters after members of his own family , substituting Bart for his own name . The shorts became a part of The Tracey Ullman Show on April 19 , 1987 . After a three-season run , the sketch was developed into a half-hour prime time show and became an early hit for Fox , becoming the network 's first series to land in the Top 30 ratings in a season ( 1989 -- 90 ) .   Since its debut on December 17 , 1989 , episodes of The Simpsons have been broadcast . Its 28th season began on September 25 , 2016 . It is the longest-running American sitcom and the longest-running American animated program , and , in 2009 , it surpassed Gunsmoke as the longest-running American scripted primetime television series . The Simpsons Movie , a feature-length film , was released in theaters worldwide on July 27 , 2007 , and grossed over $ 527 million . On November 4 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a twenty-ninth and thirtieth season of 22 episodes each , extending the show to 2019 .   The Simpsons received widespread critical acclaim throughout its first nine seasons , which are generally considered its `` Golden Age '' . Time named it the 20th century 's best television series , and Erik Adams of The A.V. Club named it `` television 's crowning achievement regardless of format '' . On January 14 , 2000 , the Simpson family was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . It has won dozens of awards since it debuted as a series , including 31 Primetime Emmy Awards , 30 Annie Awards , and a Peabody Award . Homer 's exclamatory catchphrase `` D'oh ! '' has been adopted into the English language , while The Simpsons has influenced many adult-oriented animated sitcoms . Despite this , the show has also been criticized for what many perceive as a decline in quality over the years .

neg: Possession of stolen goods Possession of stolen goods is a crime in which an individual has bought , been given , or acquired stolen goods anyway .   In many jurisdictions , if an individual has accepted possession of goods or property and knew they were stolen , then the individual is typically charged with a misdemeanor or felony , depending on the value of the stolen goods . If the individual did not know the goods were stolen , then the goods are returned to the owner and the individual is not prosecuted . However , there are often exceptions , due to the difficulty of proving or disproving an individual 's knowledge that the goods were stolen .

neg: Jared Lee Loughner Jared Lee Loughner ( -LSB- ˈlɒfnɚ -RSB- born September 10 , 1988 ) is an American mass murderer who pleaded guilty to 19 charges of murder and attempted murder in connection with the January 8 , 2011 Tucson shooting , in which he shot and severely injured U.S. Representative Gabrielle Giffords , his target , and killed six people , including Chief U.S. District Court Judge John Roll , as well as a nine-year-old bystander , Christina-Taylor Green . Loughner shot and injured a total of 13 people , while one man was injured while subduing him .   Acquaintances said that Loughner 's personality had changed markedly in the years prior to the shooting , a period when he was also abusing alcohol and drugs . He had been suspended from Pima Community College in September 2010 because of his bizarre behavior and disruptions in classes and the library . After his arrest , two medical evaluations diagnosed him with paranoid schizophrenia and incompetent to stand trial . He was medicated while in jail as part of his treatment . He was again judged incompetent in May 2012 .   In August 2012 , Loughner was judged competent to stand trial , and at the hearing , he pleaded guilty to 19 counts . In November 2012 , he was sentenced to life plus 140 years in federal prison .

neg: Christopher Peterson (serial killer) Obadyah Ben-Yisrayl ( born Christopher Dwayne Peterson January 20 , 1969 ) is an American man found guilty of committing four murders and acquitted on three other murder charges related to the `` Shotgun Killer '' spree in Indiana from October 30 , 1990 to December 18 , 1990 .   The murders took place in a number of jurisdictions , and Peterson faced a number of trials in different venues . Peterson had initially confessed and then recanted . He was acquitted in two trials for three of the murders and found guilty of four murders in two subsequent trials . Initially sentenced to death for those murders , his death sentence was commuted in 2004 . Ronald J. Harris was also charged and found guilty in two of the murders .   The incident is controversial for a number of reasons such as Peterson is African American , while the initial descriptions of the suspect of the murders was described as white ; Peterson had been illegally arrested for committing another crime which impacted the use of evidence in the `` Shotgun Killer '' spree trials because it was deemed improperly collected ; Peterson 's initial confession was recanted under claims of duress ; the trials with all-white juries came to different conclusions than juries which included people of other races ; and in the final case to go to trial , the judge over-ruled the jury 's decision not to impose the death penalty .

neg: Cornealious Michael Anderson III Cornealious Michael `` Mike '' Anderson III ( born c. 1977 ) was convicted of armed robbery in 2000 and sentenced to 13 years in the Missouri state prison system . Shortly after his conviction he was released on bail pending the outcome of an appeal of his conviction . In May 2002 , his appeal was rejected but , due to a clerical error , his bond was not revoked when a warrant was issued for his arrest . It was unclear why he was not arrested and imprisoned to serve his 13-year sentence , but , apparently due to clerical errors and miscommunication , the Missouri Department of Corrections thought he was already in prison . The error was only discovered when he was scheduled to be released from prison in 2013 . On July 25 , 2013 he was arrested and required to serve his 13-year sentence . The case stirred controversy when investigative articles were written by Jessica Lussenhop in the Riverfront Times newspaper and when his case was covered nationally in the United States in an episode of This American Life . By April 2014 , his case began receiving extensive national and international attention . These articles and episode raised the question of whether he should be returned to prison 13 years after his conviction especially since the victim of his crime did not believe he should be in prison . Anderson 's attorney filed several appeals and petitions for his release from prison , and on May 5 , 2014 Anderson was released from prison . In 2014 , he was arrested for another crime , but subsequent videotape evidence showed that he could not have committed the crime and charges were dropped with an apology by Circuit Attorney Jennifer M. Joyce .

neg: Hate crime A hate crime ( also known as a bias-motivated crime ) is a prejudice-motivated crime , usually violent , which occurs when a perpetrator targets a victim because of his or her membership ( or perceived membership ) in a certain social group .   Examples of such groups can include and are almost exclusively limited to : sex , ethnicity , disability , language , nationality , physical appearance , religion , gender identity or sexual orientation . Non-criminal actions that are motivated by these reasons are often called `` bias incidents '' .   `` Hate crime '' generally refers to criminal acts which are seen to have been motivated by bias against one or more of the types above , or of their derivatives . Incidents may involve physical assault , damage to property , bullying , harassment , verbal abuse or insults , mate crime or offensive graffiti or letters ( hate mail ) .   A hate crime law is a law intended to deter bias-motivated violence . Hate crime laws are distinct from laws against hate speech : hate crime laws enhance the penalties associated with conduct which is already criminal under other laws , while hate speech laws criminalize a category of speech . Hate speech laws exist in many countries . In the US , hate crime laws have been upheld by both the Supreme Court and lower courts , especially in the case of ` fighting ' words and other violent speech , but they are thought by some people to be in conflict with the first amendment right to freedom of speech , so they have occasionally been overturned as unconstitutional .

neg: Águila Blanca (heist) Águila Blanca ( named after José Maldonado Román and meaning `` White Eagle '' in English ) was the name given by Los Macheteros ( a guerrilla group seeking Puerto Rican independence from the United States ) to its robbery of a Wells Fargo depot on September 12 , 1983 , a day coinciding with the birth date of Puerto Rican Nationalist Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos . The robbery took place in West Hartford , Connecticut , and netted more than $ 7 million ( $ million today ) . At the time of the robbery , it was the largest cash heist in U.S. history .   The specific cell responsible for it was known as Los Taínos . According to the Macheteros , part of the money was given to the poor communities of Puerto Rico to fund education , food , housing , clothing and toys for children . According to prosecutors , the money was used to finance Los Macheteros . About $ 80,000 in what was believed to be stolen money was seized by Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) agents in searches in Puerto Rico and Boston . The federal government contends that the group spent about $ 1 million , moved more than $ 2 million to Cuba , and hid $ 4 million in safe deposit boxes , certificates of deposit , savings accounts and farmhouse cellars in Puerto Rico .   The FBI charges for this robbery include obstruction of commerce by robbery and conspiracy , bank robbery , aggravated robbery , theft from interstate shipment , foreign and interstate transportation of stolen money , and conspiracy to interfere with commerce by robbery .

neg: Smith v. United States Smith v. United States , , is a United States Supreme Court case that held that the exchange of a gun for drugs constituted `` use '' of the firearm for purposes of a federal statute imposing penalties for `` use '' of a firearm `` during and in relation to '' a drug trafficking crime .   In Watson v. United States , 128 S.Ct . 697 ( 2007 ) the court later decided that a transaction in the opposite direction does not violate the same statute ( i.e. , Smith holds that one `` uses '' a gun by giving it in exchange for drugs , but Watson holds that one does not `` use '' a gun by receiving it in exchange for drugs ) .

neg: Lawyers, Guns and Money `` Lawyers , Guns and Money '' is a song by Warren Zevon , the closing track on his 1978 album Excitable Boy .   The lyrics describe going home with a waitress who is `` with the Russians , too '' . The narrative goes on to speak of `` gambling in Havana '' , with the request that `` Dad '' send `` lawyers , guns and money '' to `` get me out of this '' . The lyrics then claim that the speaker is an `` innocent bystander '' who is down on his luck . Finally the narrative relates that the speaker is `` hiding in Honduras '' and that he is a `` desperate man '' . The lyrics repeat the refrain to `` send lawyers , guns and money '' , with the final comment that `` the shit has hit the fan '' .   The song was first covered by Rick Derringer on the 1978 album `` If I Were n't So Romantic , I 'd Shoot You '' and was released as a single . It was later covered by The Wallflowers on the album Enjoy Every Sandwich : The Songs of Warren Zevon in 2004 . It was also a hit for Hank Williams , Jr. in 1983 and regularly played live by Widespread Panic .  The song also lent its title to a light-hearted radio program on the Melbourne community radio station 3RRR which looked at the legal fraternity in the city . The program started in 1985 and ran for several years hosted by the pseudonymous duo `` Donoghue & Stevenson '' - Dennis Connell and Ross Stevenson . The song was used as both intro and exit music for the program . The chorus was changed to `` send robots , bears and Lincolns '' in a parody song set to past sketches on the Late Night With Conan O'Brien show .

neg: Jack Muller Jack Muller ( 1923-2005 ) was a Chicago Police Detective .   Muller was born to Hungarian and Polish immigrants in Chicago , Illinois , where he attended Marshall High School and was an All State fullback on their football team . He went to the University of Michigan on a football scholarship , but dropped out of school to enlist in the U.S. Navy and spent World War II serving in the Pacific theatre aboard the USS Sheldrake as a mine sweeping specialist . On January 18 , 1946 Muller received a hardship discharge and returned home to help care for his dying father . Four weeks later , he took the Chicago Police exam and passed .   In 1946 a Chicago Police officer 's salary was $ 2900 per year . The first parking ticket Jack wrote was for an illegally parked car on Argyle Street ; as he was tucking the ticket under the wiper blade , the man that owned the car ran up and tried to persuade him to tear it up . He was a small political figure in the city , and when the court case came up , the judge threw it out . This incident had a profound impact on Muller and set the stage of fighting with corrupt city officials for his entire career .   In 1953 Muller was assigned traffic duty on Rush Street . In the narrow night club -- lined street , there was never enough parking , and keeping the lanes open and cars moving was a big job . He soon became a familiar sight , patrolling the street on his motorcycle . On August 7 , 1954 , Muller observed a Cadillac going east down the westbound lane of Oak St. The car was driven by the wife of chief judge of the Superior Court of Cook County Samuel B. Epstein , and the judge was in the passenger seat . Eyewitnesses reported that as the officer was taking his ticket book out of his pocket , the judge 's wife jumped out of the car , slapping his face and kicking him in the shin . The judge got out and ran around the car and jumped on Muller 's back . After he had the couple under control and called for backup , the judge 's wife said she had been hit by the officer and wanted to go to the hospital . The judge was taken into the station , where he received a $ 6 traffic fine and was sent away . The next day , as a reprimand , Muller lost his two-wheel motorcycle and was issued a three-wheeler instead . Muller made no secret of the fact he did n't like the three-wheeler , and many of the Rush Street crowd started calling it `` the Mullercycle '' . Jack Muller was starting to become famous for ticketing anyone that deserved it , politicians , celebrities ; no one was immune . Jack arrested Cubs broadcaster Jack Brickhouse , towed the car of Illinois Governor William Stratton and ticketed Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley . On October 24 , 1955 , Life Magazine reported that Officer Muller wrote 15,000 traffic tickets a year .   In October 1967 , while assigned to an auto theft unit of the Chicago Police , Muller discovered that other officers were selling tires that had been seized in police raids . He reported his findings to his commander , who in turn relayed the report to the Commander of the Auto Theft Division . Five days later , after seeing there was no further investigation , Muller submitted his charges to the Superintendent of the Chicago Police . Three weeks later , Muller was interviewed on television concerning his charges , where he told of corruption in the Department . When asked by the reporter why Muller had n't made his complaints to the Internal Investigation Unit , he replied , `` The IID is like a big washing machine , all the dirty cops that go in , come out clean . ''

neg: Kato Kaelin Brian Gerard `` Kato '' Kaelin ( -LSB- ˈkeɪtoʊ_ˈkeɪlɪn -RSB- born March 9 , 1959 ) is an American radio and television personality who gained fame as a witness during the 1994 -- 95 murder trial of O. J. Simpson .

neg: Shooting of Laquan McDonald The shooting of Laquan McDonald took place on October 20 , 2014 , in Chicago , Illinois . McDonald , in possession of a 3-inch folding knife , was shot by former Chicago Police Officer Jason Van Dyke from approximately ten feet ( 3 m ) away . After investigation , Officer Van Dyke was charged in November 2015 with first-degree murder and initially held without bail at the Cook County Jail . He was released on bail on November 30 . The city reached a settlement with McDonald 's family .   Subsequent protests denounced McDonald 's death and demanded changes in police and judicial procedure , and for the dismissal or resignation of city and county officials . Cook 's County State Attorney Anita Alvarez lost her bid for re-election in 2016 , but Rahm Emanuel won a second term in 2015 as Mayor of Chicago .   At the request of Illinois Attorney General Lisa Madigan , the United States Department of Justice initiated a civil rights investigation into McDonald 's death and the activities of the Chicago Police Department . It released its report in January 2017 , describing the police as having a culture of `` excessive violence , '' especially against minority suspects , and of having poor training and supervision . DOJ and city officials have signed an agreement for a plan for improvement to be overseen by the courts .


query: Ketogenic diet has protein.

pos: Ketogenic diet The ketogenic diet is a high-fat , adequate-protein , low-carbohydrate diet that in medicine is used primarily to treat difficult-to-control ( refractory ) epilepsy in children . The diet forces the body to burn fats rather than carbohydrates . Normally , the carbohydrates contained in food are converted into glucose , which is then transported around the body and is particularly important in fueling brain-function . However , if there is very little carbohydrate in the diet , the liver converts fat into fatty acids and ketone bodies . The ketone bodies pass into the brain and replace glucose as an energy source . An elevated level of ketone bodies in the blood , a state known as ketosis , leads to a reduction in the frequency of epileptic seizures . Almost half of children , and young people , with epilepsy who have tried some form of this diet saw the number of seizures drop by at least half , and the effect persists even after discontinuing the diet . There is some evidence that adults with epilepsy may benefit from the diet , and that a less strict regimen , such as a modified Atkins diet , is similarly effective . The most common adverse effect is constipation , affecting about 30 % of patients -- this was due to fluid restriction , which was once a feature of the diet , but this led to increased risk of kidney stones , and is no longer considered beneficial .   The original therapeutic diet for paediatric epilepsy provides just enough protein for body growth and repair , and sufficient calories to maintain the correct weight for age and height . The classic therapeutic ketogenic diet was developed for treatment of paediatric epilepsy in the 1920s and was widely used into the next decade , but its popularity waned with the introduction of effective anticonvulsant drugs . This classic ketogenic diet contains a 4:1 ratio by weight of fat to combined protein and carbohydrate . This is achieved by excluding high-carbohydrate foods such as starchy fruits and vegetables , bread , pasta , grains and sugar , while increasing the consumption of foods high in fat such as nuts , cream and butter . Most dietary fat is made of molecules called long-chain triglycerides ( LCTs ) . However , medium-chain triglycerides ( MCTs ) -- made from fatty acids with shorter carbon chains than LCTs -- are more ketogenic . A variant of the classic diet known as the MCT ketogenic diet uses a form of coconut oil , which is rich in MCTs , to provide around half the calories . As less overall fat is needed in this variant of the diet , a greater proportion of carbohydrate and protein can be consumed , allowing a greater variety of food choices .   In the mid-1990s , Hollywood producer Jim Abrahams , whose son 's severe epilepsy was effectively controlled by the diet , created the Charlie Foundation to promote it . Publicity included an appearance on NBC 's Dateline programme and ... First Do No Harm ( 1997 ) , a made-for-television film starring Meryl Streep . The foundation sponsored a multicentre research study , the results of which -- announced in 1996 -- marked the beginning of renewed scientific interest in the diet .   Clinical trials and studies in animal models ( including C. elegans ) suggest that ketogenic diets provide neuroprotective and disease-modifying benefits for a number of adult neurodegenerative disorders . As of 2012 , there is limited clinical trial data in these areas , and , outside of paediatric epilepsy , use of the ketogenic diet remains at the research stage .

neg: Protein–DNA interaction site predictor Structural and physical properties of DNA provide important constraints on the binding sites formed on surfaces of DNA-binding proteins . Characteristics of such binding sites may be used for predicting DNA-binding sites from the structural and even sequence properties of unbound proteins . This approach has been successfully implemented for predicting the protein -- protein interface . Here , this approach is adopted for predicting DNA-binding sites in DNA-binding proteins . First attempt to use sequence and evolutionary features to predict DNA-binding sites in proteins was made by Ahmad et al. ( 2004 ) and Ahmad and Sarai ( 2005 ) . Some methods use structural information to predict DNA-binding sites and therefore require a three-dimensional structure of the protein , while others use only sequence information and do not require protein structure in order to make a prediction .

neg: Ingredient An ingredient is a substance that forms part of a mixture ( in a general sense ) . For example , in cooking , recipes specify which ingredients are used to prepare a specific dish . Many commercial products contain a secret ingredient that is purported to make them better than competing products . In the pharmaceutical industry , an active ingredient is that part of a formulation that yields the effect expected by the customer .   National laws usually require prepared food products to display a list of ingredients , and specifically require that certain additives be listed .   In most developed countries , the law requires that ingredients be listed according to their relative weight in the product . If an ingredient itself consists of more than one ingredient ( such as the cookie pieces which are a part of `` cookies and cream '' flavor ice cream ) , then that ingredient is listed by what percentage of the total product it occupies , with its own ingredients displayed next to it in brackets .   The term constituent is often chosen when referring to the substances that constitute the tissue of living beings such as plants and people , because the word ingredient in many minds connotes a sense of human agency ( that is , something that a person combines with other substances ) , whereas the natural products present in living beings were not added by any human agency but rather occurred naturally ( `` a plant does n't have ingredients '' ) . Thus all ingredients are constituent #Nouns , but not all constituents are ingredients .

neg: Malnutrition–inflammation complex Malnutrition -- inflammation complex ( syndrome ) , abbreviated as `` MICS '' and also known as `` malnutrition -- inflammation -- cachexia syndrome '' , is a common condition in chronic disease states such as chronic kidney disease ( where it is also known as uremic malnutrition or protein -- energy malnutrition ) and chronic heart failure .   The MICS is believed to be a cause of survival paradoxes seen in these distinct patient populations , also known as reverse epidemiology populations .   Category : Syndromes  Category : Nutrition

neg: Protein kinase A protein kinase is a kinase enzyme that modifies other proteins by chemically adding phosphate groups to them ( phosphorylation ) . Phosphorylation usually results in a functional change of the target protein ( substrate ) by changing enzyme activity , cellular location , or association with other proteins . The human genome contains about 500 protein kinase genes and they constitute about 2 % of all human genes . Up to 30 % of all human proteins may be modified by kinase activity , and kinases are known to regulate the majority of cellular pathways , especially those involved in signal transduction . Protein kinases are also found in bacteria and plants , and include the pseudokinase sub-family , which exhibit unusual features including atypical nucleotide binding and weak , or no , catalytic activity and are part of a much larger pseudoenzyme group of ` degraded ' enzyme relatives that are found throughout life , where they take an active participation in mechanistic cellular signaling .

neg: Protein catabolism Protein catabolism is the breakdown of proteins into amino acids and simple derivative compounds , for transport into the cell through the plasma membrane and ultimately for the polymerization into new proteins via the use of ribonucleic acids ( RNA ) and ribosomes . Protein catabolism , which is the breakdown of macromolecules , is essentially a digestion process .  Protein catabolism is most commonly carried out by non-specific endo - and exo-proteases . However , specific proteases are used for cleaving of proteins for regulatory and protein trafficking purposes . One example is the subclass of proteolytic enzymes called oligopeptidase .   The amino acids produced by catabolism may be directly recycled to form new proteins , converted into different amino acids , or can undergo amino acid catabolism to be converted to other compounds via the Krebs cycle .

neg: Health shake A health shake is a blended drink intended to be , or marketed as being , healthful for one to consume . They are often consumed either by sportspeople as part of a fitness diet , or as a meal replacement , e.g. an instant breakfast .   Health shakes may include a wide range of ingredients , including powdered nutrients , superfoods , bee pollen , peanut butter , coconut oil , bean powder , clover sprouts , etc. .   Bodybuilders sometimes drink a protein shake to help build and recover muscles . While some health shakes have more calories than a plate of pancakes or a cheese omelet , suggesting they are unhealthy , these extra calories and nutrients may be required by athletes in training .   Arguably smoothies -- particularly green smoothies -- are a type of health shake , though health shakes often contain processed ingredients rather than raw fruit/vegetables . Factory-made products often contain sweeteners and other additives ( e.g. antioxidants , preservatives ) .

neg: Carbohydrate conformation Carbohydrate conformation refers to the overall three-dimensional structure adopted by a carbohydrate ( saccharide ) molecule as a result of the through-bond and through-space physical forces it experiences arising from its molecular structure . The physical forces that dictate the three-dimensional shapes of all molecules -- here , of all monosaccharide , oligosaccharide , and polysaccharide molecules -- are sometimes summarily captured by such terms as `` steric interactions '' and `` stereoelectronic effects '' ( see below ) .   Saccharide and other chemical conformations can be reasonably shown using two-dimensional structure representations that follow set conventions ; these capture for a trained viewer an understanding of the three-dimensional structure via structure drawings ( see organic chemistry article , and `` 3D Representations '' section in molecular geometry article ) ; they are also represented by stereograms on the two dimensional page , and increasingly using 3D display technologies on computer monitors .   Formally and quantitatively , conformation is captured by description of a molecule 's angles -- e.g. , sets of three sequential atoms ( bond angles ) and four sequential atoms ( torsion angles , dihedral angles ) , where the locations and angular directions of nonbonding electrons ( `` lone pair electrons '' ) must sometimes also be taken into account .   Conformations adopted by saccharide molecules in response to the physical forces arising from their bonding and nonbonding electrons , modified by the molecule 's interactions with its aqueous or other solvent environment , strongly influence their reactivity with and recognition by other molecules ( processes which in turn can alter conformation ) . Chemical transformations and biological signalling mediated by conformation-dependent molecular recognition between molecules underlie all essential processes in living organisms .

neg: Non-proteinogenic amino acids In biochemistry , non-coded or non-proteinogenic amino acids are those not naturally encoded or found in the genetic code of any organism .  Despite the use of only 22 amino acids ( 21 in eukaryotesplus formylmethionine in eukaryotes with prokaryote organelles like mitochondria ) by the translational machinery to assemble proteins ( the proteinogenic amino acids ) , over 140 amino acids are known to occur naturally in proteins and thousands more may occur in nature or be synthesized in the laboratory .  Many non-proteinogenic amino acids are noteworthy because they are ;  intermediates in biosynthesis ,  post-translationally formed in proteins ,  possess a physiological role ( e.g. components of bacterial cell walls , neurotransmitters and toxins ) ,  natural or man-made pharmacological compounds ,  present in meteorites and in prebiotic experiments ( e.g. Miller -- Urey experiment ) .

neg: Protein mass spectrometry Protein mass spectrometry refers to the application of mass spectrometry to the study of proteins . Mass spectrometry is an important method for the accurate mass determination and characterization of proteins , and a variety of methods and instrumentations have been developed for its many uses . Its applications include the identification of proteins and their post-translational modifications , the elucidation of protein complexes , their subunits and functional interactions , as well as the global measurement of proteins in proteomics . It can also be used to localize proteins to the various organelles , and determine the interactions between different proteins as well as with membrane lipids .   The two primary methods used for the ionization of protein in mass spectrometry are electrospray ionization ( ESI ) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization ( MALDI ) . These ionization techniques are used in conjunction with mass analyzers such as tandem mass spectrometry . In general , the protein are analyzed either in a `` top-down '' approach in which proteins are analyzed intact , or a `` bottom-up '' approach in which protein are first digested into fragments . An intermediate `` middle-down '' approach in which larger peptide fragments are analyzed may also sometimes be used .

neg: Phenotype A phenotype is the composite of an organism 's observable characteristics or traits , such as its morphology , development , biochemical or physiological properties , behavior , and products of behavior ( such as a bird 's nest ) . A phenotype results from the expression of an organism 's genetic code , its genotype , as well as the influence of environmental factors and the interactions between the two . When two or more clearly different phenotypes exist in the same population of a species , the species is called polymorphic . A well-documented polymorphism is Labrador Retriever coloring ; while the coat color depends on many genes , it is clearly seen in the environment as yellow , black and brown .   This genotype-phenotype distinction was proposed by Wilhelm Johannsen in 1911 to make clear the difference between an organism 's heredity and what that heredity produces . The distinction is similar to that proposed by August Weismann , who distinguished between germ plasm ( heredity ) and somatic cells ( the body ) . The genotype-phenotype distinction should not be confused with Francis Crick 's central dogma of molecular biology , which is a statement about the directionality of molecular sequential information flowing from DNA to protein , and not the reverse .   Richard Dawkins in 1978 and then again in his 1982 book The Extended Phenotype suggested that bird nests and other built structures such as caddis fly larvae cases and beaver dams can be considered as `` extended phenotypes '' .

neg: Hair Hair is a protein filament that grows from follicles found in the dermis , or skin . Hair is one of the defining characteristics of mammals .  The human body , apart from areas of glabrous skin , is covered in follicles which produce thick terminal and fine vellus hair . Most common interest in hair is focused on hair growth , hair types and hair care , but hair is also an important biomaterial primarily composed of protein , notably keratin .   Attitudes towards different hair , such as hairstyles and hair removal , vary widely across different cultures and historical periods , but it is often used to indicate a person 's personal beliefs or social position , such as their age , sex , or religion .

neg: Acidogenesis Acidogenesis is the second stage in the four stages of anaerobic digestion :  Hydrolysis : A chemical reaction where particulates are solubilized and large polymers converted into simpler monomers ;  Acidogenesis : A biological reaction where simple monomers are converted into volatile fatty acids ;  Acetogenesis : A biological reaction where volatile fatty acids are converted into acetic acid , carbon dioxide , and hydrogen  Methanogenesis : A biological reaction where acetates are converted into methane and carbon dioxide , while hydrogen is consumed .  Anaerobic digestion is a complex biochemical process of biologically mediated reactions by a consortium of microorganisms to convert organic compounds into methane and carbon dioxide . It is a stabilization process , reducing odor , pathogens , and mass reduction .   Hydrolytic bacteria form a variety of reduced end-products from the fermentation of a given substrate . One fundamental question that arises concerns the metabolic features that control carbon and electron flow to a given reduced end-product during pure culture and mixed methanogenic cultures of hydrolytic bacteria . Thermoanaerobium brockii is a representative thermophilic , hydrolytic bacterium , which ferments glucose , via the Embden -- Meyerhof Parnas Pathway . T. brockii is an atypical hetero-lactic acid bacterium because it forms molecular hydrogen ( H2 ) , in addition to lactic acid and ethanol . The reduced end-products of glucose fermentation are enzymatically formed from pyruvate , via the following mechanisms : lactate by -LSB- -LSB- Fructose  bisphosphatase | fructose 1-6 -RSB- -RSB- all-phosphate ( F6P ) activated lactate dehydrogenase ; H2 by pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase and hydrogenase ; and ethanol via NADH - and NADPH-linked alcohol dehydrogenase .   By its side , the acidogenic activity was found in the early 20th century , but it was not until the mid-1960s that the engineering of phases separation was assumed in order to improve the stability and waste digesters treatment . In this phase , complex molecules ( carbohydrates , lipids , and proteins ) are depolymerized into soluble compounds by hydrolytic enzymes ( cellulases , hemicellulases , amylases , lipases and proteases ) . The hydrolyzed compounds are fermented into volatile fatty acids ( acetate , propionate , butyrate , and lactate ) , neutral compounds ( ethanol , methanol ) , ammonia , hydrogen and carbon dioxide .   Acetogenesis is one of the main reactions of this stage , in this , the intermediary metabolites produced are metabolized to acetate , hydrogen and carbonic gas by the three main groups of bacteria :  homoacetogens ;  syntrophes ; and  sulphoreductors .   For the acetic acid production are considered three kind of bacteria :  Clostridium aceticum ;  Acetobacter woodii ; and  Clostridium termoautotrophicum .  Winter y Wolfe , in 1979 , demonstrated that A. wodii in syntrophic association with Methanosarcina produce methane and carbon dioxide from fructose , instead of three molecules of acetate . Moorella thermoacetica and Clostridium formiaceticum are able to reduce the carbonic gas to acetate , but they do not have hydrogenases which inhabilite the hydrogen use , so they can produce three molecules of acetate from fructose . Acetic acid is equally a co-metabolite of the organic substrates fermentation ( sugars , glycerol , lactic acid , etc. ) by diverse groups of microorganisms which produce different acids : * propionic bacteria ( propionate + acetate ) ;  Clostridium ( butyrate + acetate ) ;  Enterobacteria ( acetate + lactate ) ; and  Hetero-fermentative bacteria ( acetate , propionate , butyrate , valerate , etc. ) .

neg: Cattle feeding Different cattle feeding production systems have separate advantages and disadvantages . Most cattle in the US have a diet that is composed of at least some forage ( grass , legumes , or silage ) . In fact , most beef cattle are raised on pasture from birth in the spring until autumn ( 7 to 9 months ) . Then for pasture-fed animals , grass is the forage that composes all or at least the great majority of their diet . Cattle fattened in feedlots are fed small amounts of hay supplemented with grain , soy and other ingredients in order to increase the energy density of the diet . The debate is whether cattle should be raised on diets primarily composed of pasture ( grass ) or a concentrated diet of grain , soy , corn and other supplements . The issue is often complicated by the political interests and confusion between labels such as `` free range '' , `` organic '' , or `` natural '' . Cattle raised on a primarily forage diet are termed grass-fed or pasture-raised ; for example meat or milk may be called grass-fed beef or pasture-raised dairy . However , the term `` pasture-raised '' can lead to confusion with the term `` free range '' , which does not describe exactly what the animals eat .

neg: Fat Fat is one of the three main macronutrients , along with carbohydrate and protein . '' '' Fats , also known as triglycerides , are esters of three fatty acid chains and the alcohol glycerol . The terms `` oil '' , `` fat '' , and `` lipid '' are often confused . `` Oil '' normally refers to a fat with short or unsaturated fatty acid chains that is liquid at room temperature , while `` fat '' may specifically refer to fats that are solids at room temperature . `` Lipid '' is the general term , though a lipid is not necessarily a triglyceride . Fats , like other lipids , are generally hydrophobic , and are soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in water .   Fat is an important foodstuff for many forms of life , and fats serve both structural and metabolic functions . They are a necessary part of the diet of most heterotrophs ( including humans ) . Some fatty acids that are set free by the digestion of fats are called essential because they can not be synthesized in the body from simpler constituents . There are two essential fatty acids ( EFAs ) in human nutrition : alpha-linolenic acid ( an omega-3 fatty acid ) and linoleic acid ( an omega-6 fatty acid ) . Other lipids needed by the body can be synthesized from these and other fats . Fats and other lipids are broken down in the body by enzymes called lipases produced in the pancreas .   Fats and oils are categorized according to the number and bonding of the carbon atoms in the aliphatic chain . Fats that are saturated fats have no double bonds between the carbons in the chain . Unsaturated fats have one or more double bonded carbons in the chain . The nomenclature is based on the non-acid ( non-carbonyl ) end of the chain . This end is called the omega end or the n-end . Thus alpha-linolenic acid is called an omega-3 fatty acid because the 3rd carbon from that end is the first double bonded carbon in the chain counting from that end . Some oils and fats have multiple double bonds and are therefore called polyunsaturated fats . Unsaturated fats can be further divided into cis fats , which are the most common in nature , and trans fats , which are rare in nature . Unsaturated fats can be altered by reaction with hydrogen effected by a catalyst . This action , called hydrogenation , tends to break all the double bonds and makes a fully saturated fat . To make vegetable shortening , then , liquid cis '' - unsaturated fats such as vegetable oils are hydrogenated to produce saturated fats , which have more desirable physical properties e.g. , they melt at a desirable temperature ( 30 -- 40 ° C ) , and store well , whereas polyunsaturated oils go rancid when they react with oxygen in the air . However , trans fats are generated during hydrogenation as contaminants created by an unwanted side reaction on the catalyst during partial hydrogenation .   Saturated fats can stack themselves in a closely packed arrangement , so they can solidify easily and are typically solid at room temperature . For example , animal fats tallow and lard are high in saturated fatty acid content and are solids . Olive and linseed oils on the other hand are unsaturated and liquid . Fats serve both as energy sources for the body , and as stores for energy in excess of what the body needs immediately . Each gram of fat when burned or metabolized releases about 9 food calories ( 37 kJ = 8.8 kcal ) . Fats are broken down in the healthy body to release their constituents , glycerol and fatty acids . Glycerol itself can be converted to glucose by the liver and so become a source of energy .

neg: Carbohydrate loading Carbohydrate loading , commonly referred to as carb-loading or carbo-loading , is a strategy used by endurance athletes , such as runners , to maximise the storage of glycogen ( or energy ) in the muscles and liver .   Carbohydrate loading is also used in healthcare to optimise the condition of patients prior to colorectal surgery .   Carbohydrate loading is generally recommended for endurance events lasting longer than 90 minutes . Many endurance athletes prefer foods with low glycemic indices for carbo-loading due to their minimal effect on serum glucose levels . Low glycemic foods commonly include fruits , vegetables , whole wheat pasta , and grains . Many marathoners and triathlon participants have large pasta dinners the night before the race . Since muscles also use amino acids extensively when functioning within aerobic limits , meals should also include adequate protein . Large portions before a race can , however , decrease race-day performance if the digestive system has not had the time to process the food regimen .

neg: Metabolic water Metabolic water refers to water created inside a living organism through their metabolism , by oxidizing energy-containing substances in their food . Animal metabolism produces about 100 grams of water per 100 grams of fat , 42 grams of water per 100 g of protein and 60 grams of water per 100 g of carbohydrate .   Some organisms , especially xerocoles , animals living in the desert , rely exclusively on metabolic water . Migratory birds must rely exclusively on metabolic water production while making non-stop flights . Humans , by contrast , obtain only about 8-10 % of their water needs through metabolic water production .   In mammals , the water produced from metabolism of protein roughly equals the amount needed to excrete the urea which is a byproduct of the metabolism of protein . Birds , however , excrete uric acid and can have a net gain of water from the metabolism of protein .

neg: Beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase In molecular biology , Beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase , is an enzyme involved in fatty acid synthesis . It results in the formation of acetoacetyl ACP .   Beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase is a highly conserved enzyme that is found in almost all life on earth as a domain in fatty acid synthase ( FAS ) . FAS has two types , aptly named type I and II . Type I is found in animals , fungi , and `` lower eukaryotes . '' Type II is found in prokaryotes , plastids , and mitochondria . Beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase III , perhaps the most well known of this family of enzymes , catalyzes a Claisen condensation between acetyl CoA and malonyl ACP . The image below reveals how CoA fits in the active site as a substrate of synthase III .   Beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthases I and II only catalyze acyl-ACP reactions with malonyl ACP . Synthases I and II are capable of producing long-chain acyl-ACPs . Both are efficient up to acyl-ACPs with a 14 carbon chain , at which point synthase II is the more efficient choice for further carbon additions . Type I FAS catalyzes all the reactions necessary to create palmitic acid , which is a necessary function in animals for metabolic processes , one of which includes the formation of sphingosines .   Beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase is found as a component of a number of enzymatic systems , including fatty acid synthetase ( FAS ) ; the multi-functional 6-methysalicylic acid synthase ( MSAS ) from Penicillium patulum , which is involved in the biosynthesis of a polyketide antibiotic ; polyketide antibiotic synthase enzyme systems ; Emericella nidulans multifunctional protein Wa , which is involved in the biosynthesis of conidial green pigment ; Rhizobium nodulation protein nodE , which probably acts as a beta-ketoacyl synthase in the synthesis of the nodulation Nod factor fatty acyl chain ; and yeast mitochondrial protein CEM1 .

neg: Megavitamin therapy Megavitamin therapy is the use of large doses of vitamins , often many times greater than the recommended dietary allowance ( RDA ) in the attempt to prevent or treat diseases . Megavitamin therapy is typically used in alternative medicine by practitioners who call their approach `` orthomolecular medicine '' , but also used in mainstream medicine for `` exceedingly rare '' genetic conditions that respond to megadoses of vitamins .   Nutrients may be useful in preventing and treating some illnesses , but the conclusions of medical research are that the broad claims of disease treatment by advocates of megavitamin therapy are unsubstantiated by the available evidence . It is generally accepted that doses of any vitamin greatly in excess of nutritional requirements , will result either in toxicity or in the excess simply being metabolised - evidence in favour of vitamin supplementation supports only doses in the normal range . Critics have described some aspects of orthomolecular medicine as food faddism or even quackery . Research on nutrient supplementation in general suggests that some nutritional supplements might be beneficial , and that others might be harmful ; several specific nutritional therapies are associated with an increased likelihood of the condition they are meant to prevent .

neg: Protein complex A protein complex or multiprotein complex is a group of two or more associated polypeptide chains . Different polypeptide chains may have different functions . This is distinct from a multienzyme complex , in which multiple catalytic domains are found in a single polypeptide chain .   Protein complexes are a form of quaternary structure . Proteins in a protein complex are linked by non-covalent protein -- protein interactions , and different protein complexes have different degrees of stability over time . These complexes are a cornerstone of many ( if not most ) biological processes and together they form various types of molecular machinery that perform a vast array of biological functions . The cell is seen to be composed of modular supramolecular complexes , each of which performs an independent , discrete biological function .   Through proximity , the speed and selectivity of binding interactions between enzymatic complex and substrates can be vastly improved , leading to higher cellular efficiency . Unfortunately , many of the techniques used to break open cells and isolate proteins are inherently disruptive to such large complexes , so it is often difficult to determine the components of a complex . Examples of protein complexes include the proteasome for molecular degradation and most RNA polymerases . In stable complexes , large hydrophobic interfaces between proteins typically bury surface areas larger than 2500 square Ås .

neg: Microbiota-accessible carbohydrates Microbiota-accessible carbohydrates ( MACs ) are carbohydrates that are resistant to digestion by a host 's metabolism , and are made available for gut microbes , as prebiotics , to ferment or metabolize into beneficial compounds , such as short chain fatty acids . The term , `` microbiota-accessible carbohydrate '' contributes to a conceptual framework for investigating and discussing the amount of metabolic activity that a specific food or carbohydrate can contribute to a host 's microbiota .   MACs may come from plants , fungi , animal tissues , or food-borne microbes , and must be metabolized by the microbiome . A significant quantity of the cellulose humans consume is not metabolized by gut microbes and therefore can not be considered a MAC . The amount of dietary MACs found within a food source will differ for each individual , since which carbohydrates are metabolized depends upon the composition of each person 's microbiota . For example , many Japanese individuals possess the genes for the consumption of the algal polysaccharide porphyran in their microbiomes , which are rarely found in North American and European individuals . For individuals who harbor such a porphyran-degrading strain , porphyran would be a MAC . However , porphyran would not be a MAC for those without a microbiota adaptation to seaweed . In similar fashion , germ-free mice without a microbiota might consume a diet with large quantities of potential MACs , but none of the carbohydrates would be considered MACs , since they would escape the digestive tract without being metabolized by microbes .   Lack of dietary MACs results in a microbiota reliant upon endogenous host-derived MACs , such as mucin glycans . Different host genotypes can influence the identity of MACs available to the microbiota in multiple ways . For example , a host 's genes may affect the level of mucus structures , such as the absence of alpha-1-2 fucose residues in the mucus of nonsecretor individuals who lack alpha-1-2 - fucosyltransferase activity in the intestine . Similarly , a host may have genes that can determine the efficiency of digestion and absorption of carbohydrates in the small intestine . For example , lactose is accessible to the microbiota in people who are lactose intolerant , and should therefore be considered a MAC for those individuals . For nursing infants , dietary MACs that are naturally found in breast milk are known as human milk oligosaccharides ( HMOs ) . For formula-fed infants , dietary MACs , such as galacto-oligosaccharides , are artificially added to formula . Therefore the research , discussion and quantification of MACs and their impact on a host 's microbiota may be critical to determining their impact on human health .