query: The human condition is ignored in religion.

pos: Human condition The human condition is `` the characteristics , key events , and situations which compose the essentials of human existence , such as birth , growth , emotionality , aspiration , conflict , and mortality . '' This is a very broad topic which has been and continues to be pondered and analyzed from many perspectives , including those of religion , philosophy , history , art , literature , anthropology , psychology , and biology .   As a literary term , `` the human condition '' is typically used in the context of ambiguous subjects such as the meaning of life or moral concerns .

neg: Religious views on love Religious views on love vary widely between different religions .

neg: Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS The Church 's position on AIDS prevention has attracted controversy due to its opposition to condom use . In 2010 Pope Benedict XVI said that the use of condoms could sometimes be considered a first step toward moral behavior , but a spokesperson for the church later clarified that the use of condoms was still considered immoral and that the pope had not intended to take a position `` on the problem of condoms in general . '' In relation to the sexual transmission of the disease , the Church teaches that sexual abstinence before marriage , and monogamy inside marriage , are a better means of limiting the spread of the epidemic than the use of condoms . United Nations bodies have criticised the Church for its stance against condom use , on the basis that condoms are the best available means to prevent infections among sexually active people . UN bodies co-operate closely with the Church on the provision of patient care , and in eliminating infections in children . The Church provides approximately one quarter of all HIV treatment and care .   Following the election of Pope Francis in 2013 , UNAIDS wrote that the Church `` provides support to millions of people living with HIV around the world '' and that `` Statistics from the Vatican in 2012 indicate that Catholic Church-related organizations provide approximately a quarter of all HIV treatment , care , and support throughout the world and run more than 5,000 hospitals , 18,000 dispensaries , and 9,000 orphanages , many involved in AIDS-related activities . '' UNAIDS co-operates closely with the Church on critical issues such as the elimination of new HIV infections in children , and keeping their mothers alive , as well as increasing access to antiretroviral medication . Caritas Internationalis is the Church 's main international aid and development body , operating in over 200 countries and territories , and is among the strategic partners of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS ( UNAIDS ) .   Pope Paul VI issued the Humanae vitae Encyclical Letter on the Regulation of Birth in 1968 , which outlined opposition to `` artificial birth control '' on the basis that it would open a `` wide and easy a road ... towards conjugal infidelity and the general lowering of morality '' . The AIDS epidemic emerged from the 1980s . In 2010 , Pope Benedict XVI characterized condom use as not a `` real or moral solution '' to the spread of AIDS , but in the case of homosexual prostitution , a potentially lesser-evil `` first step '' in the direction of moralization and responsibility , when used with `` the intention of reducing the risk of infection '' . A 2014 report by The U.N. Committee on the Rights of the Child called on the Church to `` overcome all the barriers and taboos surrounding adolescent sexuality that hinder their access to sexual and reproductive information , including on family planning and contraceptives '' .   Globally , well over thirty million people have died from HIV/AIDS . The Church 's condom ban was largely ignored in industrialised countries , in which public awareness campaigns encouraged condom use . The church 's stance against condoms has been blamed for the prevalence of AIDS in Africa .

neg: Religion in Sweden Lutheran Christianity is officially the largest religion in Sweden , with 6.1 million Swedish citizens being members of the Church of Sweden . The high membership figure is mainly due to the fact that until 1996 all newborn children with at least one parent being a member of the church were also made members . Other Christian Churches include the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church . Islam is the second largest religion in Sweden , practiced by 5 % of the population . The rest of the population are either irreligious or members of other religious groups .   Sweden was Christianized from Norse paganism during a long period , not final until the 1130s . Since the 16th century , Sweden has been predominantly Lutheran . From the Protestant Reformation in the 1530s until 2000 , the Lutheran Church of Sweden ( Svenska kyrkan ) was the state church . As of 2016 , 61.2 % of Swedish citizens are members of the Church of Sweden , compared to over 95 % in 1970 , and 83 % in 2000 .   Despite that , religion in Sweden plays a limited role compared to the European average , and even many church members participate in religious activities for only cultural reasons , and do not believe in Christianity . Atheism and agnosticism are widespread in Swedish society . In a Eurobarometer Poll in 2010 , just 18 % of Swedish citizens responded that `` they believe there is a god '' , although a further 45 % answered that `` they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force '' . In a 2009 Gallup poll , 17 % answered yes to the question `` Is religion an important part of your daily life ? '' . A survey found that only 15 % of Church of Sweden members actually believe in Jesus , while another 15 % identified as atheists , and a quarter as agnostic . Less than 4 % of the Church of Sweden membership attends public worship during an average week ; about 2 % are regular attendees . Some scholars consider the nation to be a place where religion is regarded with `` benign indifference '' .   The history of the Jews in Sweden can be traced back to the 17th century , and there are about 20,000 ethnic Jews in Sweden today , of whom about 7,000 belong to a Jewish religious congregation . Because of immigration in the latter part of the 20th century , there is today a sizeable minority of Muslims ( 5 % of population ) and Roman Catholics ( 2 % ) .

neg: Idealism (Christian eschatology) Idealism ( also called the spiritual approach , the allegorical approach , the nonliteral approach , and many other names ) in Christian eschatology is an interpretation of the Book of Revelation that sees all of the imagery of the book as symbols .   Jacob Taubes writes that idealist eschatology came about as Renaissance thinkers began to doubt that the Kingdom of Heaven had been established on earth , or would be established , but still believed in its establishment . Rather than the Kingdom of Heaven being present in society , it is established subjectively for the individual .   F. D. Maurice interpreted the Kingdom of Heaven idealistically as a symbol representing society 's general improvement , instead of a physical and political kingdom . Karl Barth interprets eschatology as representing existential truths that bring the individual hope , rather than history or future-history . Barth 's ideas provided fuel for the Social Gospel philosophy in America , which saw social change not as performing `` required '' good works , but because the individuals involved felt that Christians could not simply ignore society 's problems with future dreams .   Different authors have suggested that the Beast represents various social injustices , such as exploitation of workers , wealth , the elite , commerce , materialism , and imperialism . Various Christian anarchists , such as Jacques Ellul , have identified the State and political power as the Beast .   It is distinct from Preterism , Futurism and Historicism in that it does not see any of the prophecies ( except in some cases the Second Coming , and Final Judgment ) as being fulfilled in a literal , physical , earthly sense either in the past , present or future , and that to interpret the eschatological portions of the Bible in a historical or future-historical fashion is an erroneous understanding .

neg: National church This article discusses ` national churches ' in the ethnic sense . See state church for church organizations at a national level . For Catholic churches in Rome associated with various countries , see National churches in Rome .   A national church is a Christian church associated with a specific ethnic group or nation state . The idea was notably discussed during the 19th century , during the emergence of modern nationalism .   Samuel Taylor Coleridge , in a draft discussing the question of church and state around 1828 wrote that  `` a National Church might exist , and has existed , without -LSB- Christianity -RSB- , because before the institution of the Christian Church - as -LSB- ... -RSB- the Levitical Church in the Hebrew Constitution , -LSB- and -RSB- the Druidical in the Celtic , would suffice to prove '' .   John Wordsworth , Bishop of Salisbury , wrote about the National Church of Sweden in 1911 , interpreting the Church of Sweden and the Church of England as national churches of the Swedish and the English peoples , respectively . Lake ( 1987 ) traces the development of Presbyterianism in 16th-century England from the status of a `` godly minority '' which saw itself surrounded by the corrupt or hostile mass of the population , into a `` genuine national church '' .   The concept of a national church remains alive in the Protestantism of England and Scandinavia in particular . While , in a context of England , the national church remains a common denominator for the Church of England , some of the Lutheran `` folk churches '' of Scandinavia , characterized as national churches in the ethnic sense as opposed to the idea of a state church , emerged in the second half of the 19th century following the lead of Grundtvig . However , in countries in which the state church ( also known as the established church ) has the following of the majority of citizens , the state church may also be the national church , and may be declared as such by the government e.g. Church of Denmark , Church of Greece , Church of Iceland .

neg: Bible The Bible ( from Koine Greek τὰ βιβλία , tà biblía , `` the books '' ) is a collection of sacred texts or scriptures that Jews and Christians consider to be a product of divine inspiration and a record of the relationship between God and humans .   Many different authors contributed to the Bible . What is regarded as canonical text differs depending on traditions and groups ; a number of Bible canons have evolved , with overlapping and diverging contents . The Christian Old Testament overlaps with the Hebrew Bible and the Greek Septuagint ; the Hebrew Bible is known in Judaism as the Tanakh . The New Testament is a collection of writings by early Christians , believed to be mostly Jewish disciples of Christ , written in first-century Koine Greek . These early Christian Greek writings consist of narratives , letters , and apocalyptic writings . Among Christian denominations there is some disagreement about the contents of the canon , primarily the Apocrypha , a list of works that are regarded with varying levels of respect .   Attitudes towards the Bible also differ amongst Christian groups . Roman Catholics , Anglicans and Eastern Orthodox Christians stress the harmony and importance of the Bible and sacred tradition , while Protestant churches focus on the idea of sola scriptura , or scripture alone . This concept arose during the Protestant Reformation , and many denominations today support the use of the Bible as the only source of Christian teaching .   With estimated total sales of over 5 billion copies , the Bible is widely considered to be the best-selling book of all time . It has estimated annual sales of 100 million copies , and has been a major influence on literature and history , especially in the West , where the Gutenberg Bible was the first book printed using movable type .

neg: Religious alienation Religious alienation is a term some use to describe how religion creates an impediment to human self-understanding .

neg: Christian views on marriage Most Christian authorities and bodies view marriage ( also called Holy Matrimony ) as a state instituted and ordained by God for the lifelong relationship between one man as husband and one woman as wife . They consider it the most intimate of human relationships , a gift from God , and a sacred institution . Protestants consider it to be sacred , holy , and even central to the community of faith , while Catholics and Eastern Orthodox Christians consider it a Sacrament . Biblically , it is to be `` held in honour among all ... . ''   Jesus maintained the importance and sacredness of lifelong marriage in his own teachings . He quoted from both Genesis 1 and 2 , stating in that God had created humanity as male and female , and that in marriage the two will become one flesh ' . So they are no longer two , but one flesh . Therefore , what God has joined together , let no one separate '' .   In most states with a traditionally majority Christian population , civil laws recognize marriage as having social and political statuses . Christian theology affirms the secular status of marriage , but additionally views it from a moral and religious perspective that transcends all social interests .   While marriage is honored and affirmed among Christians and throughout the Bible , there is no suggestion that it is necessary for everyone . Single people who either have chosen to remain unmarried or who have lost their spouse for some reason are neither incomplete in Christ nor personal failures .   In the Catechism of the Catholic Church is explained that `` the intimate community of life and love which constitutes the married state has been established by the Creator and endowed by him with its own proper laws . God himself is the author of marriage . '' The vocation to marriage is written in the very nature of man and woman as they came from the hand of the Creator . '' By reason of their state in life and of their order , -LSB- Christian spouses -RSB- have their own special gifts in the People of God . `` This grace proper to the sacrament of Matrimony is intended to perfect the couple 's love and to strengthen their indissoluble unity . By this grace they `` help one another to attain holiness in their married life and in welcoming and educating their children . '' Christ is the source of this grace . `` Just as of old God encountered his people with a covenant of love and fidelity , so our Savior , the spouse of the Church , now encounters Christian spouses through the sacrament of Matrimony . `` Christ dwells with them , gives them the strength to take up their crosses and so follow him , to rise again after they have fallen , to forgive one another , to bear one another 's burdens '' `` and to love one another with supernatural , tender , and fruitful love ''   The New Testament teaches that sex is reserved for marriage . It calls sex with the wife of another , or sex with someone else other than the husband , the sin of adultery . ( See also fornication . )

neg: The Culture of Disbelief The Culture of Disbelief ( ISBN 0-385-47498-9 ) is a 1994 book by Stephen L. Carter . In it , he holds that religion in the United States is trivialized by American law and politics , and that those with a strong religious faith are forced to bend to meet the viewpoint of a `` public faith '' which is largely faithless . Carter argues that there is a place for faith in public life , while still adhering to the separation of church and state .   Category :1994 books  Category : Books about politics of the United States  Category : Religious studies books

neg: Islamic ethics Islamic ethics , defined as `` good character , '' historically took shape gradually from the 7th century and was finally established by the 11th century . It was eventually shaped as a successful amalgamation of the Qur ` anic teachings , the teachings of the Sunnah of Muhammad , the precedents of Islamic jurists ( see Sharia and Fiqh ) , the pre-Islamic Arabian tradition , and non-Arabic elements ( including Persian and Greek ideas ) embedded in or integrated with a generally Islamic structure . Although Muhammad 's preaching produced a `` radical change in moral values based on the sanctions of the new religion and the present religion , and fear of God and of the Last Judgment '' , the tribal practice of Arabs did not completely die out . Later Muslim scholars expanded the religious ethic of the Qur ` an and Hadith in immense detail .

neg: Scientology status by country Scientology status by country describes the status of Scientology and its recognition as a religion or otherwise in different countries . The Church of Scientology pursues an extensive public relations campaign for state recognition of Scientology as a religion and cites numerous scholarly sources supporting its position . The level of recognition Scientology has been able to obtain varies significantly from country to country .   The Church of Scientology has been recognized as a religious denomination in its home country , the United States , and has received full recognition in various other countries such as Italy , South Africa , Australia , Sweden , New Zealand , Portugal and Spain ; it thus enjoys and regularly cites the constitutional protection afforded in these nations to religious practice . Some countries , mostly in Europe , have regarded Scientology as a potentially dangerous cult , or at least have not considered local branches of the Church of Scientology to meet the legal criteria for being considered religion-supporting organizations , seeing Scientology as a business .   The 2014 ruling in London , which had five judges in the UK Supreme Court unanimously rule that a Scientology chapel is a `` place of meeting for religious worship , '' solidified the church 's status as a religion in the region . While some theologians critically approach Scientology 's status as a religion , social scientists as a whole agree that it `` satisfies the abstract criteria for recognition as a religion . ''

neg: Theodicy and the Bible Theodicy , in its most common form , is the attempt to answer the question of why a good God permits the manifestation of evil . Theodicy attempts to resolve the evidential problem of evil by reconciling the traditional divine characteristics of omnibenevolence and omnipotence , in either their absolute or relative form , with the occurrence of evil or suffering in the world . `` Writings and discourses on theodicy by Jews , Greeks , Christians , and Eastern religions have graced our planet for thousands of years , '' and `` debates about theodicy continue among believers and unbelievers alike '' .   Theodicy is an `` intensely urgent '' and `` constant concern '' of `` the entire Bible '' . Relating theodicy and the Bible is crucial to understanding Abrahamic theodicy because the Bible `` has been , both in theory and in fact , the dominant influence upon ideas about God and evil in the Western world '' . The Bible raises the issue of theodicy by its portrayals of God as inflicting evil and by its accounts of people who question God 's goodness by their angry indictments . However , the Bible `` contains no comprehensive theodicy '' .   `` The most common theodicy is the free will theodicy . '' It lays the blame for all moral evil and some natural evil on humanity 's misuse of its free will . This article shows that the free will theodicy interacts with the Bible at its core : what Jesus and Paul say about the freedom of the will and with what kind of freedom of the will God endowed humanity at the Creation .

neg: Religious qualifications for public office in the United States Religious qualifications for public office in the United States have always been prohibited at the national level of the federal system of government under the Constitution . Article VI of the Constitution of the United States declares that `` no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States '' . The First Amendment of the Constitution also prevents the Congress of the United States from making any law `` respecting an establishment of religion '' ( the Establishment Clause ) .   Neither the First Amendment nor Article VI , however , were originally applied to the individual states , and individual restrictions were utilized by individual states to prevent Jews , Catholics , and atheists from occupying public offices . State-level requirements for public office were not entirely abolished until 1961 , when the Supreme Court of the United States struck down religious qualifications for all public officeholders in its decision in Torcaso v. Watkins , a case concerning an atheist 's right to serve as a notary public under a Maryland law requiring public officials to declare they believed in God . However , eight states still have language in their constitutions that requires such qualifications .

neg: Is God Dead? `` Is God Dead ? '' was an April 8 , 1966 , cover story for the news magazine Time . A previous article , from October 1965 , had investigated a trend among 1960s theologians to write God out of the field of theology . The 1966 article looked in greater depth at the problems facing modern theologians , in making God relevant to an increasingly secular society . Modern science had eliminated the need for religion to explain the natural world , and God took up less and less space in people 's daily lives . The ideas of various scholars were brought in , including the application of contemporary philosophy to the field of theology , and a more personal , individual approach to religion .   The issue drew heavy criticism , both from the broader public and from clergymen . Much of the criticism was directed at the provocative magazine cover , rather than the content of the article . The coverall black with the words `` Is God Dead ? '' in large red textmarked the first time in the magazine 's history that text with no accompanying image was used . In 2008 , the Los Angeles Times named the `` Is God Dead ? '' issue among `` 10 magazine covers that shook the world '' .

neg: God Is Not Great God Is Not Great : How Religion Poisons Everything is a 2007 book by Anglo-American author and journalist Christopher Hitchens , in which he makes a case against organized religion . It was published by Atlantic Books in the United Kingdom as God Is Not Great : The Case Against Religion .   Hitchens posited that organised religion is `` violent , irrational , intolerant , allied to racism , tribalism , and bigotry , invested in ignorance and hostile to free inquiry , contemptuous of women and coercive toward children '' and sectarian , and that accordingly it `` ought to have a great deal on its conscience . '' He supports his position with a mixture of personal stories , documented historical anecdotes and critical analysis of religious texts . His commentary focuses mainly on the Abrahamic religions , although it also touches on other religions , such as Hinduism and Buddhism . The book received mixed reviews , but sold well .

neg: General judgment General judgment is the Christian theological concept of a judgment of the dead by nation and as a whole . It is related closely to Judgment Day and often is just another phrase for the Last Judgment or Final Judgement , but is not necessarily part of any eschatology . It is generally contrasted with a particular judgment right after death .   The position is hinted at in several places in the Old Testament and in the New , and the Catholic Encyclopedia says ( here referring to the Last Judgment ) `` Few truths are more often or more clearly proclaimed in Scripture than that of the general judgment '' . When the individual dies , general judgment holds that the person 's final dispensation will await the general judgment of the dead at the end of the world , rather than be judged immediately . Additionally , `` general judgment '' may refer not only to the judging of each person , but also to the judgment of nations and peoples .   The concept of Last Judgment is similar but unique . Various Last Judgment scenarios represent different forms of a general judgment , such as a global last judgment or a national last judgment . It is more concerned with the depictions and descriptions of particular versions .   Jesus provided examples and illustrations of judgments against cities and generations . Jesus warned his contemporaries that the men of Nineveh , who repented at the preaching of Jonah , and the Queen of the South would testify against them in the judgment . In the context of dispatching emissaries , Jesus asked them to shake off the dust of cities that would not receive them . In the same speech , Jesus declared woes upon the cities of Chorazin and Bethsaida declaring that the cities of Sodom , Tyre , and Sidon would have a more tolerable outcome in the judgement .

neg: Argument from morality The argument from morality is an argument for the existence of God . Arguments from morality tend to be based on moral normativity or moral order . Arguments from moral normativity observe some aspect of morality and argue that God is the best or only explanation for this , concluding that God must exist . Argument from moral order are based on the asserted need for moral order to exist in the universe . They claim that , for this moral order to exist , God must exist to support it . The argument from morality is noteworthy in that one can not evaluate the soundness of the argument without attending to almost every important philosophical issue in metaethics .   German philosopher Immanuel Kant devised an argument from morality based on practical reason . Kant argued that the goal of humanity is to achieve perfect happiness and virtue ( the summum bonum ) and believed that an afterlife must exist in order for this to be possible , and that God must exist to provide this . In his book Mere Christianity , C. S. Lewis argued that `` conscience reveals to us a moral law whose source can not be found in the natural world , thus pointing to a supernatural Lawgiver . '' Lewis argued that accepting the validity of human reason as a given must include accepting the validity of practical reason , which could not be valid without reference to a higher cosmic moral order which could not exist without a God to create and/or establish it . A related argument is from conscience ; John Henry Newman argued that the conscience supports the claim that objective moral truths exist because it drives people to act morally even when it is not in their own interest . Newman argued that , because the conscience suggests the existence of objective moral truths , God must exist to give authority to these truths .

neg: Beatitudes The Beatitudes are eight blessings recounted in the Sermon on the Mount in the Gospel of Matthew . Each is a proverb-like proclamation , without narrative , `` cryptic , precise , and full of meaning . Each one includes a topic that forms a major biblical theme '' . Four of the blessings also appear in the Sermon on the Plain in the Gospel of Luke , followed by four woe which mirror the blessings .   The term beatitude comes from the Latin noun beātitūdō which means `` happiness '' . In the Vulgate ( Latin ) , the book of Matthew titles this section Beatitudines , and `` Beatitudes '' was anglicized from that term .   Each Beatitude consists of two phrases : the condition and the result . In almost every case the condition is from familiar Old Testament context , but Jesus teaches a new interpretation . Together , the Beatitudes present a new set of Christian ideals that focus on a spirit of love and humility different in orientation than the usual force and exaction taken . They echo the ideals of the teachings of Jesus on mercy , spirituality , and compassion .

neg: Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union Throughout the history of the Soviet Union ( 1922 -- 1991 ) , there were periods where Soviet authorities suppressed and persecuted various forms of Christianity to different extents depending on State interests . Soviet Marxist-Leninism policy consistently advocated the control , suppression , and ultimately , the elimination of religious beliefs , and actively encouraged atheism in the Soviet Union . Most religions were never outlawed .   The state advocated the destruction of religion , and it officially pronounced religious beliefs to be superstitious and backward . The Communist Party destroyed churches , mosques and temples , ridiculed , harassed , incarcerated and executed religious leaders , flooded the schools and media with anti-religious teachings , and it introduced a belief system called `` scientific atheism , '' with its own rituals , promises and proselytizers . In 1925 the government founded the League of Militant Atheists to intensify the persecution . The total number of Christian victims under the Soviet regime has been estimated to range between 12-20 million .   Religious beliefs and practices persisted among the majority of the population , in the domestic and private spheres but also in the scattered public spaces allowed by a state that recognized its failure to eradicate religion and the political dangers of an unrelenting culture war .

neg: God's Warriors CNN Presents : God 's Warriors is a three-part August 2007 CNN Presents documentary produced by Christiane Amanpour in which she examines the rise of religious fundamentalism as a political force in the world . The documentary was filmed in the United States , Europe and Middle East . It focuses on the three major monotheistic religions of the world , Judaism , Christianity , and Islam .   The three chapters were titled God 's Jewish Warriors , God 's Muslim Warriors , and God 's Christian Warriors . The first describes the Jewish settlement movement in Israel and the fund-raising in the United States that supports it , while the second presents issues of radical Islam and Sharia law . The final segment focused on the United States and the political influence of Christian religious leaders .   `` God 's Warriors is an investigation of religion , at a time when religious activism is a signature cultural phenomenon of our times , '' said Mark Nelson , vice president and senior executive producer for CNN Productions . `` This project 's global scope is ideally suited for the skills of someone with as impressive of a journalistic pedigree as our own Christiane Amanpour . ''   For this documentary , Amanpour reports that during the last 30 years , each faith has exploded into a powerful political force comprising followers who share a dissatisfaction with modern society , and a determination to place God and religion back into daily life and to the seats of power . `` There are millions of people around the world who feel that their faith is being ignored -- pushed aside -- and they are certain they know how to make the world right , '' Amanpour says . `` We can not and should not ignore them . And , with this report , we 've tried to explain them . ''


query: Nocturnal Animals is a band.

pos: Nocturnal Animals Nocturnal Animals is a 2016 American neo-noir psychological thriller film written , co-produced , and directed by Tom Ford , based on the 1993 novel Tony and Susan by Austin Wright . The film stars Amy Adams , Jake Gyllenhaal , Michael Shannon , Aaron Taylor-Johnson , Armie Hammer , Laura Linney , Andrea Riseborough , Karl Glusman , and Michael Sheen . Principal photography began on October 5 , 2015 , in Los Angeles , California . The film was released in the United States on November 18 , 2016 , by Focus Features , received generally positive reviews from critics and has grossed $ 30 million worldwide .   Nocturnal Animals was selected to compete for the Golden Lion at the 73rd Venice International Film Festival , where it won the Grand Jury Prize . It received numerous accolades , including nine BAFTA Award nominations and Golden Globe Award nominations for Best Director and Best Screenplay , plus a Best Supporting Actor win for Taylor-Johnson . At the 89th Academy Awards , Shannon received a nomination for Best Supporting Actor .

neg: Nattväsen Nattväsen ( English : Night Creatures ) is the sixth studio album by the Viking metal band Månegarm . It was released in 2009 .

neg: The Humans (band) The Humans are a rock band featuring singer Toyah Willcox , former REM drummer Bill Rieflin and musician Chris Wong . The band have released three studio albums , We Are The Humans , Sugar Rush and Strange Tales , and have performed live in the UK , Estonia and the USA .   The Humans were formed in 2007 when musician Robert Fripp , who is married to Toyah Willcox , was invited to play a short tour in Estonia . Fripp decided to decline the invitation because he was retired . Willcox then contacted the Estonian Embassy , who had issued the invitation , and offered to put an act together for the tour . On acceptance by the Embassy , Willcox then contacted friend and former R.E.M musician , Bill Rieflin and suggested a collaboration and to '' ... do something that is just completely off the wall -LSB- with -RSB- just one bass and a voice '' . Rieflin and Willcox hired musician and musical director Chris Wong , who had previously worked with Willcox on her solo music tours and concerts , and The Humans three-piece outfit was complete .   The band released their debut album We are the Humans on 1 May 2009 . The release was celebrated with a concert at the Tartu Music Festival , where the band was joined by Fripp on guitar .   The Humans released their second album Sugar Rush on 27 September 2011 . A third , digital-only , album entitled Strange Tales was released worldwide in March 2014 . A UK tour , Telling Strange Tales , is scheduled for April 2015 .

neg: The Animals The Animals are an English rhythm and blues and rock band , formed in Newcastle upon Tyne in the early 1960s . The band moved to London upon finding fame in 1964 . The Animals were known for their gritty , bluesy sound and deep-voiced frontman Eric Burdon , as exemplified by their signature song and transatlantic No. 1 hit single , `` The House of the Rising Sun '' , as well as by hits such as `` We Got ta Get out of This Place '' , `` It 's My Life '' , `` I 'm Crying '' and `` Do n't Let Me Be Misunderstood '' . The band balanced tough , rock-edged pop singles against rhythm and blues-orientated album material . They were known in the US as part of the British Invasion .   The Animals underwent numerous personnel changes in the mid-1960s and suffered from poor business management . Under the name Eric Burdon and the Animals , the much-changed act moved to California and achieved commercial success as a psychedelic and hard rock band with hits like `` San Franciscan Nights '' , `` When I Was Young '' and `` Sky Pilot '' , before disbanding at the end of the decade . Altogether , the group had ten Top Twenty hits in both the UK Singles Chart and the US Billboard Hot 100 .   The original lineup of Burdon , Alan Price , Chas Chandler , Hilton Valentine and John Steel reunited for a one off benefit concert in their home city of Newcastle in 1968 . They later had brief comebacks in 1975 and 1983 . There have been several partial regroupings of the original era members since then under various names . The Animals were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1994 .

neg: Goat (band) Goat is a Swedish alternative and experimental fusion music group . The band originates -- according to its own publicity -- from Korpilombolo , Norrbotten County . Their album World Music , released on 20 August 2012 by Rocket Recordings , with in North America they appear on the Sub Pop label . The group released their third studio album , Requiem , in October 2016 .

neg: Neon Swing X-perience Neon Swing X-perience ( NSX ) was founded in 1998 by Mike Urick ( trumpet/vocalist ) near Jeannette , Pennsylvania . Since then , the band has been dedicated to preserving varied forms of `` Americana '' music - particularly those types inspired or rooted in the big bands of the 1930s and 40 's .   The band has independently released five CD 's and has recorded a sixth to be released for its ten-year anniversary . The new album ( entitled `` Here To Stay '' ) from Phoenix Records was scheduled to be released on July 20 , 2008 at Club Cafe in Pittsburgh , PA. . Following the release , it will be available through various digital download sites and retail stores .   Recently , the band has seen several high points in its career including being the only swing band to ever place as a finalist in Pittsburgh 's prestigious Graffiti Rock Showcase ( 2004 ) , performing at the legendary Derby in Hollywood CA , having a mixed drink named after them ( the Neon ) , completing two east coast tours , and selling out the Hard Rock Cafe on multiple occasions . The band 's third tour is scheduled for the summer of 2008 and , among other venues , includes stops at Central Park in NYC and Dogfish Head Brewery .   Band members have changed significantly since 1998 , but the current line-up includes : Urick , Wally `` The Werewolf '' Hunter ( various saxes and wild instruments ) , Joe Palacki ( drums ) , Steve Tomkowitz ( sax ) , Tim Palko ( bass ) .

neg: Ten Benson Ten Benson are a rock band from London , United Kingdom formed in 1997 . Their early releases saw them described as `` psychedelic hillbillies '' , but they later moved on to a ( cod - ) heavy metal sound .

neg: Rock 'n' Roll Animal Rock n Roll Animal is a live album by Lou Reed , released by RCA Records in 1974 . In its original form , it features five songs , four of which are Velvet Underground songs . The musicians were Pentti Glan ( drums ) and Prakash John ( bass ) , Ray Colcord ( keyboards ) , and Dick Wagner and Steve Hunter on guitars . ( The two guitarists would later form the basis of the second Alice Cooper band , beginning on Welcome to My Nightmare , which also features Glan and John . )   The album was recorded live on , at Howard Stein 's Academy of Music in New York City . A sleeper hit , it peaked at # 45 on the Billboard album chart during a twenty-eight-week stay before earning Reed 's first RIAA gold certification in 1978 .

neg: Modey Lemon Modey Lemon is an American garage rock band from Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . The group formed in Pittsburgh 's South Oakland neighborhood in 1999 as an informal side project of Dean Swagger , a rock trio that had spent the previous year mainly performing in basements to college party crowds . The original lineup consisted of guitarist Phil Boyd and drummer Paul Quattrone , then nominally students at the University of Pittsburgh . The group made its first appearances at the Halloween weekend in 1999 and played a live set on WPTS 92.1 FM , the University of Pittsburgh college radio station , segments of which later turned up on the group 's demo album , House on the Hill ( and , subsequently , its 2002 self-titled release ) .   By 2000 , the duo had gained a reputation around Pittsburgh for its concerts . Modey Lemon , the group 's debut album , appeared in early 2002 , and the band supported the album with tours of the US and Europe . The group followed their self-titled release with a brief stint on In the Red Records , which released a double 7 inch record , before recommending the band to Birdman Records owner Dave Katznelson , who then signed the band . Prior to the mid-2003 release of second album Thunder + Lightning , Boyd and Quattrone added Jason Kirker on guitar and Moog synthesizer . Following the US release of Thunder + Lighting the band signed with Mute Records , which licensed and released the album in the UK and Europe , and via EMI ( Mute 's parent label ) in Japan . The single releases , `` Crows '' ( 2004 , # 75 ) and `` Sleepwalkers '' ( 2005 , # 71 ) , each appeared in the UK Singles Chart for one week .   Their third album The Curious City was released in August 2005 on Birdman/Mute .   Modey Lemon has performed with The White Stripes , The Von Bondies ( 2002 UK tour ) , Girl Talk , the Blues Explosion , the Yeah Yeah Yeahs , Oneida ( 2005 Europe tour ) , The Warlocks ( 2003 UK Tour ) , Icarus Line ( 2004 UK tour ) , Dinosaur Jr. ( 2005 tour dates in UK/Europe/US ) , Arctic Monkeys ( 2009 US tour ) , and has played festivals such as Glastonbury ( 2005 ) , ArthurFest ( 2005 ) , Meredith Music Festival ( 2003 ) , and Transmusicales ( 2004 ) .   In 2006 , the band appeared in a ` punk club ' scene in the film adaptation of Michael Chabon 's novel The Mysteries of Pittsburgh , performing two original songs written for the film as well as two cover songs .   The band released their fourth album Season of Sweets on May 12 , 2008 . The band also completed a tour of the US in June and July that year and a tour of the UK and mainland Europe in September .   In August 2009 the band supported the Arctic Monkeys in New York City , Boston , and Chicago .   In October 2009 , it was announced that their track `` Become a Monk '' from the band 's album Season of Sweets , would be included on the soundtrack of the video game , Tony Hawk : Ride .   In 2010 Modey Lemon recorded and released one single `` Wandering Eye b/w Cheetahs for Chariots '' on These Are Not Records and performed once at the University of Pittsburgh 's William Pitt Union in spring 2010 before going on indefinite hiatus .   In 2015 , Modey Lemon 's first two albums `` House on the Hill '' and Modey Lemon ( album ) were reissued on vinyl for the first time on A-F Records , Mind Cure Records , and Omentum Records .

neg: Animal (Miike Snow song) `` Animal '' is a song performed by Swedish indie pop band Miike Snow . It was released as the first single from the band 's 2009 self-titled debut album on 17 February 2009 through Columbia and Downtown Records . Written by the band alongside Henrik Jonback , `` Animal '' is a pop song with instrumentation provided by horns and staccato synthesizers . Lead singer Andrew Wyatt has explained that it has an ambiguous meaning ; its lyrics can be interpreted as dealing with matters such as addiction , basic instincts or dissatisfaction when one 's needs are not met by society .   Applauding its catchiness and pop sound , critics were positive towards `` Animal '' . Following its release in the United Kingdom , the single managed to peak at number 98 on the UK Singles Chart , but failed to chart elsewhere . Two music videos were made to promote the release of `` Animal '' ; the first was directed by Sebastian Mlynarski and depicts the band wearing different animal masks , and the second video , directed by Anthony Dickenson , features a mixture of projections , animation and performance footage .

neg: Afterhour (band) Afterhour ( stylized as A F T R H R ) is an alternative rock band . The band was originally formed in Orlando , Florida in 2003 under the name There For Tomorrow . The group originally consisted of four members and was influenced by bands such as Jimmy Eat World , Third Eye Blind , and The Hives .   On November 19 , 2014 , the band released a statement saying that they were disbanding and that they 've been `` trying to find themselves as individuals '' after slowing things down in 2012 . They planned to play two final shows with Enriquez and Climer as band members in their home city of Orlando in December 2014 .   In late 2015 , Maika Maile and Chris Kamrada reformed under the name Afterhour . The duo continued the indie direction they had introduced on the Nightscape EP .

neg: Cougars (band) Cougars is a Chicago-based rock band formed in 2000 .   The band signed to the New York-based label Go-Kart Records in 2003 and has embarked on several extensive US and European tours .   Cougars ' music is often compared to that of The Jesus Lizard and Rocket from the Crypt . The band avoids categorizing themselves in interviews ; they 've claimed to be simply `` a rock band with horns '' and `` a rock band making rock music . ''   In 2007 , the band parted ways with saxophonist Jeff Vidmont and trumpet player Mark Beening . In 2008 , it parted ways with keyboardist Sam Ambrosini .   As of 2012 , the band continues to write material for its much anticipated third studio album , Gentleman 's Choice .

neg: Circus Maximus (American band) Circus Maximus was an American band in the late 1960s , who combined influences from folk music , rock , and jazz into a form of psychedelic rock .

neg: The Good Rats The Good Rats are an American rock band from Long Island , New York . Their music mixes elements of rock with blues and pop . They are best-known on their native Long Island , although they had some success nationally and internationally .

neg: Lost Dogs Lost Dogs are an American musical supergroup formed in 1991 , comprising vocalists , songwriters , and guitarists from multiple Christian alternative rock bands . Their current lineup includes Terry Scott Taylor ( Daniel Amos , the Swirling Eddies ) , Michael Roe ( The 77s ) , Derri Daugherty and Steve Hindalong ( The Choir ) . The original lineup included Gene Eugene ( Adam Again ) , who died in 2000 . The band 's eclectic blending of folk , blues , country , and rock has been characterized as `` a sort of CCM equivalent to the Traveling Wilburys '' . The band released their debut album Scenic Routes in 1992 as a one-time collaboration .   Lost Dogs concert performances are filled with between-song jokes and one-liners between the band members ( usually poking fun at each other ) . Many Lost Dogs albums include at least one or two cover songs . Songs covered by Lost Dogs on an album or in concert include Bob Dylan 's `` Lord Protect My Child '' , Leonard Cohen 's `` If It Be Your Will '' , The Beatles ' `` I 'm A Loser '' , `` The Chipmunk Song ( Christmas Do n't Be Late ) '' , and Stephen Foster 's `` Hard Times , Come Again No More '' .   In March , 2000 , shortly after the release of their Gift Horse album , Gene Eugene died .   In 2004 , the band got together with Steve Hindalong to produce a special album for their summer tour . The result was entitled MUTT , and included new acoustic versions of ten songs originally written and recorded for each band member 's regular rock bands . The following year , the band would release the almost entirely instrumental Island Dreams . The Lost Cabin and the Mystery Trees , was released July 2006 .   In 2008 , the Lost Dogs traveled down historic Route 66 with cinematographer Jimmy Abegg . Abegg filmed the band 's experiences . The band then wrote and recorded 14 songs inspired by their journey , which was released as Old Angel in May 2010 .

neg: Noctura Noctura was an American rock band based out of Indianapolis , Indiana .

neg: Tales of Mystery and Imagination (Nocturnal Rites album) Tales of Mystery and Imagination is the second album by Swedish power metal band Nocturnal Rites , their first on Century Media . It received distribution in Europe in February 1998 after being initially released only in Japan .   In 2005 , the album was re-issued as a 2-disc compilation titled , Lost in Time : The Early Years of Nocturnal Rites . The compilation featured previously unreleased demos and acoustic re-recordings .

neg: Night Sun Night Sun were a German heavy prog/metal band consisting of Bruno Schaab ( vocals , bass ) , Walter Kirchgessner ( guitar ) , Knut Rossler ( organ , saxophon ) and Ulrich Staudt ( drums ) .   Their one and only album , Mournin ' , was released in 1972 on Polydor 's Zebra label . Kirchgessner 's compositions and way of guitar playing reminds of Deep Purples 's Ritchie Blackmore , and Schaab 's vocals recalled the screams of Robert Plant from Led Zeppelin . The group played a loud , Deep Purple/Black Sabbath/Led Zeppelin style rock , with a characteristic `` heavy progressive '' instrumentation of lead guitar , organ , bass and drums . The album was produced by Konrad Plank ( whose production credits include Kraftwerk 's early output and Ash Ra Tempel ) at the Windrose Studio , Hamburg .   With their sudden shifts of rhythm structures , guitar-with-organ riffing style and some studio effects , particularly phasing , Night Sun never went too close to the ordinary boogie and rock 'n' roll trap .   Their sound consisted of many elements , all of which will be of interest to fans of Thrash , Stoner , Doom , Power and Prog Metal , and their 1970s roots .

neg: The Hunters Club The Hunters Club were a British grebo goth rock band that formed in Leicester , England .

neg: Pets (song) `` Pets '' is a song by alternative rock band Porno for Pyros and the second single from their 1993 self-titled album , Porno for Pyros . The Cursed Female / Cursed Male '' single preceded Pets , but saw only a limited radio station and promotional release , making Pets the first widely available commercial single from the album .   The song became a No. 1 hit on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart . The song 's success was aided , in part , by a unique video directed by Jonathan Dayton and Valerie Faris ( they would later direct the critically acclaimed film Little Miss Sunshine ) which received heavy rotation on MTV .

neg: The Hunters (band) The Hunters are a Canadian punk rock band from Quebec City . Since their formation in 2006 , The Hunters have toured extensively in Canada , as well as the US East Coast and Europe .


query: Ted Kaczynski wrote a manifesto.

pos: Ted Kaczynski Theodore John Kaczynski ( -LSB- kəˈzɪnski -RSB- born May 22 , 1942 ) , also known as the `` Unabomber '' , is an American serial killer , domestic terrorist , and self-professed anarchist . A mathematical prodigy , he abandoned a promising academic career in 1969 , then between 1978 and 1995 killed three people , and injured 23 others , in a nationwide bombing campaign targeting people involved with modern technology . In conjunction with this campaign he issued a wide-ranging social critique opposing industrialization and modern technology , and advancing a nature-centered form of anarchism .   Kaczynski was born and raised in Evergreen Park , Illinois . While growing up in Evergreen Park he was a child prodigy , excelling academically from an early age . Kaczynski was accepted into Harvard University at the age of 16 , where he earned an undergraduate degree . He subsequently earned a PhD in mathematics from the University of Michigan . He became an assistant professor at the University of California , Berkeley in 1967 at age 25 . He resigned two years later .   As a Harvard undergraduate , Kaczynski was among twenty-two students who were research subjects in ethically questionable experiments conducted by psychology professor Henry Murray from late 1959 to early 1962 .   In 1971 , he moved to a remote cabin without electricity or running water in Lincoln , Montana , where he lived as a recluse while learning survival skills in an attempt to become self-sufficient . Seventeen years after beginning his mail bomb campaign , Kaczynski sent a letter to The New York Times on April 24 , 1995 and promised `` to desist from terrorism '' if the Times or The Washington Post published his manifesto , Industrial Society and Its Future ( the `` Unabomber Manifesto '' ) , in which he argued that his bombings were extreme but necessary to attract attention to the erosion of human freedom necessitated by modern technologies requiring large-scale organization .   The Unabomber was the target of one of the Federal Bureau of Investigation 's costliest investigations . Before Kaczynski 's identity was known , the FBI used the title `` UNABOM '' ( UNiversity & Airline BOMber ) to refer to his case , which resulted in the media calling him the Unabomber . The FBI ( as well as Attorney General Janet Reno ) pushed for the publication of Kaczynski 's `` Manifesto '' , which led to his sister-in-law , and then his brother , recognizing Kaczynski 's style of writing and beliefs from the manifesto , and tipping off the FBI . Kaczynski tried unsuccessfully to dismiss his court-appointed lawyers because they wanted to plead insanity in order to avoid the death penalty , as Kaczynski did not believe he was insane . When it became clear that his pending trial would entail national television exposure for Kaczynski , the court entered a plea agreement , under which he pleaded guilty and was sentenced to life in prison with no possibility of parole . He has been designated a `` domestic terrorist '' by the FBI . Some anarcho-primitivist authors , such as John Zerzan and John Moore , have come to his defense , while also holding some reservations about his actions and ideas .

neg: Wellington Declaration The `` Wellington Declaration '' ( otherwise known as the Declaration of Wellington ) was a manifesto by King Charles I near the start of the English Civil War   On 18 September 1642 , before the first major pitched battle of Civil War , King Charles I raised his standard `` in the vicinity of '' ( i.e. not actually in ) Wellington , at the time a small , though highly influential , market town in Shropshire and addressed his troops the next day . He declared that he would uphold `` the Protestant Religion , the Laws of England , and the Liberty of Parliament '' .   The Wellington Declaration was held to be so important that the Royal Mint stamped its slogans on the reverse of the 10 / - silver coins RELIG : PROT : LEG : ANG : LIBER : PAR and silver half crowns ( 2/6 ) REL.PRO.LEG.ANG.LIB.PAR that it produced at that time . The inscriptions abbreviate the words `` RELIGIO PROTESTANTIUM , LEGES ANGLIAE , LIBERTAS PARLIAMENTI '' , which is the declaration in Latin .

neg: A Manifesto for a Re-appraisal of Sinology and Reconstruction of Chinese Culture `` A Manifesto for a Re-appraisal of Sinology and Reconstruction of Chinese Culture '' ( 为中国文化敬告世界人士宣言 ; Wei Zhongguo Wenua Jinggao Shijie Renshi Xuanyan ; also translated as `` Declaration on Behalf of Chinese Culture Respectfully Announced to the People of the World '' ) is an essay originally published in China and Taiwan in 1958 . The essay 's collective authors included Carsun Chang ( Zhang Junmai ) , Tang Chun-I ( Tang Junyi ) , Mou Tsung-san ( Mou Zongsan ) , and Hsu Fo-kuan ( Xu Fuguan ) , all `` New Confucianism '' scholars and notable students of Xiong Shili .

neg: Politics (magazine 1944–1949) politics was a journal founded and edited by Dwight Macdonald from 1944 to 1949 .   Macdonald had previously been editor at Partisan Review from 1937 to 1943 , but after falling out with its publishers , quit to start politics as a rival publication , first on a monthly basis and then as a quarterly .   politics published essays on politics and culture and included among its contributors James Agee , John Berryman , Bruno Bettelheim , Paul Goodman , C. Wright Mills , Mary McCarthy , Marianne Moore , Irving Howe , Daniel Bell , Hannah Arendt .   The journal reflected Macdonald 's interest in European culture . He used politics to introduce US readers to the thinking of the French philosopher Simone Weil , publishing several articles by her , including `` A Poem of Force '' , her reflections on the Iliad . He also printed work by Albert Camus . Another European , the Italian political and literary critic Nicola Chiaromonte , was also given space in the journal .   politics was also Macdonald 's vehicle for his repeated and energetic attacks against Henry Wallace and his Progressive Party campaign for President .   In a letter to Philip Rahv at the end of December 1943 , George Orwell mentioned that Macdonald had written asking him to contribute to his forthcoming journal . Orwell had replied telling him he might `` do something ` cultural ' '' but not ` political ' as he was already writing his `` London Letters '' to Partisan Review .   In his `` As I Please '' article for the 16 June 1944 issue of Tribune , George Orwell recommended politics . He stated that he disagreed with its policy but admired `` its combination of highbrow political analysis with intelligent literary criticism . '' He went on to add that there were no monthly or quarterly magazines in England `` to come up to '' the American ones , of which there were several .   Macdonald , in an editorial comment for the November 1944 issue of politics referred to a letter from Orwell which cast interesting light on the ` russification ' of English political thought over the last two years . Orwell had read the May issue 's review of Harold Laski 's Faith , Reason and Civilisation and mentioned that the Manchester Evening News , the evening edition of the Manchester Guardian , had refused to print his own review because of its anti-Stalin implications . Despite considering the book `` pernicious tripe '' , Orwell had praised the author for being `` aware that the USSR is the real dynamo of the Socialist movement in this country and everywhere else . '' , but criticized him for shutting his eyes to `` purges , liquidations '' , etc. . Macdonald pointed out that the fact that such a review should be considered `` too hot '' shows how much the feats of the Red Army had misled the English public opinion about Russia . He added that the `` English liberal press had been far more honest about the Moscow Trials than our own liberal journals '' and that Trotsky had been able to write in the Guardian .

neg: Parallel Polis The political-social concept Parallel Polis was created by Czech political thinker and dissident Vaclav Benda in connection with movement Charter 77 . In addition to other philosophers , Benda sought a theoretical grasp of the social events in the circles of dissents . The so-called alternative culture or underground was described in the text Parallel Polis in 1978 for the first time . As a political scientist , Benda noticed the emergence of a new social structure which was born in artistic and intellectual circles as a tool to escape the totalitarian communist regime . He detected the following basic pillars of this new `` field '' :   1 . Constant monitoring and verification of the extent of civic rights and freedoms which the State has a tendency to restrict . Parallel Polis consists of people who actively advocate for , and protect their rights .   2 . Parallel `` alternative '' culture / underground culture is independent and are various spheres of art which are operated and developed without permission and support from the public authorities .   3 . Parallel education and science , which represent the realization of the right of free education and the development of scientific research ( residential seminars , various educational societies , academies etc. . )   4 . Parallel informational system as an expression of the right of free dissemination of information ( samizdat publishing , unofficial magazines , collections etc. . )   5 . Parallel economy : `` political power considers this the area as a critical resource for arbitrary control of citizens and strictly regulates it at the same time '' . Economy of dissence was based on reciprocity and trust in the individual person . It was a natural germ of a reputational principle and the search for the exchange resources that are not dependent on control of centralized monetary tools .   6 . Creation of the parallel political structures and promoting their development . The alternative political structures have to be incubated in the environment of the Parallel Polis and develop into such a functional form that they will be able to replace the ruling authoritarian regime .   7 . Parallel foreign policy has to be an instrument of the parallel society for the stabilization and the grounding of the movement in the international context and the search for potential financial and mental resources .   These patterns of the parallel structure are not a closed set , on the contrary , they should occur more on all fronts of the resistance against the authoritarian State . The aim of the Parallel Polis , according to Vaclav Havel , Ivan Martin Jirous , Milan Šimečky and other dissents , who discussed the concept , -LSB- 2 -RSB- should be a so-called independent society . A society that is not oppressed by laws and the decisions of the representatives of the public authorities . A society that is based on its own values . Values which are not forced upon by the central authorities .  You could even say , that `` Parallel Polis '' today does not represent a `` dissident world '' but the world of persuasions and private interests of the society as a whole . On one hand , `` Parallel Polis '' gives to the totalitarian authorities what it wants , but at the same time does everything it wants and has nothing in common with the authorities .   After the revolution in 1989 , nobody paid too much attention to this concept , because it was ahead of its time , but nowadays the concept is relevant , because of the increased activities in the field of civil rights & the way the authoritarian state has been suppressed .   The seminal idea received great attention in the dissident community in Czechoslovakia and in western political circles . It was , however , never put into practice . With the arrival of the Velvet Revolution in 1990 , the idea seemed irrelevant .   It has since been revived by a group of scholars who originally met at the University of Washington but who now work at other academic institutions . Their thinking posits that Benda 's idea is now being practiced on the Internet which more easily facilitates parallel institutions . Since 2014 , a physical space inspired by the idea and named after it exists in Prague 's Holešovice district .

neg: Principles of Communism Principles of Communism ( German : Grundsätze des Kommunismus ) is a book written in 1847 by Friedrich Engels , the co-founder of Marxism . It is structured as a catechism , containing 25 questions about communism , which Engels provides an answer to . Engels explains the basics of communism , and discusses society , history , and economic systems from a Marxist point of view , with the materialist conception of history in focus . It was used as a base for the writing of the longer Manifesto of the Communist Party .

neg: Anarchy Is What States Make of It Anarchy is What States Make of It ( full title : Anarchy is what states make of it : the social construction of power politics ) is a journal article by Alexander Wendt published in International Organization in 1992 that outlines a constructivist approach to international relations theory .   He argues that anarchy is not inherent in the international system in the way in which other schools of international relations theory envision it , but rather it is a construct of the nation-states in the system . At the core of constructivist thought is the idea that many core aspects of international relations are socially constructed ( they are given their form by ongoing processes of social practice and interaction ) , rather than inherent , contrary to the assumptions of neorealism and neoliberalism . According to Wendt , the two basic tenets of constructivism are :  The structures of human association are determined primarily by shared ideas rather than material forces  The identities and interests of purposive actors are constructed by these shared ideas rather than given by nature   The constructivist sentiment is summed up in the following extract from the article : `` I argue that self-help and power politics do not follow either logically or causally from anarchy and that if today we find ourselves in a self-help world , this is due to process , not structure . There is no ` logic ' of anarchy apart from the practices that create and instantiate one structure of identities and interests rather than another ; structure has no existence or causal powers apart from process . Self-help and power politics are institutions , not essential features , of anarchy . Anarchy is what states make of it '' .

neg: Heidelberg Appeal The Heidelberg Appeal , authored by Michel Salomon and signed by a large number of scientists , is a statement decrying `` an irrational ideology which is opposed to scientific and industrial progress , and impedes economic and social development . '' Issued to coincide with the opening of the United Nations-sponsored Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 , the Appeal stated that its signers :   `` share the objectives of the ` Earth Summit ' '' but advised `` the authorities in charge of our planet 's destiny against decisions which are supported by pseudo-scientific arguments or false and non-relevant data . ... The greatest evils which stalk our Earth are ignorance and oppression , and not Science , Technology and Industry . ''   It was carefully worded to be directed generally at underfunded and poorly conducted science , rather than specifically at climate change . This allowed it to be promoted and exploited by a number of different industries by using this in the context of their own pollution defenses . In fact , the Appeal was created and promoted by a group of industry associations with polluting problems ( including chemical , energy , and mining concerns ) : the tobacco industry was involved , but in this case it was not the primary driving force . At that time the tobacco industry was focussed on trying to change the scientific standards for Good Epidemiology Practice ( GEP )   A version of the Heidelberg Appeal was published in the June 1 , 1992 , Wall Street Journal over the signatures of 46 prominent scientists and other intellectuals . It has subsequently been endorsed by some 4,000 scientists , including 72 Nobel Prize winners . The Appeal was for an anthropocentric assessment of the world 's resources and a utilitarian as opposed to abolitionist approach to hazardous substances used or created by technology . It targeted as irrational , by implication , if not explicitly , both a vision of a `` Natural State '' with intrinsic rights to impede the activities of man , and hysterical fears of environmental poisons , disproportionate to the threat and dismissive of their associated benefits .   The Heidelberg Appeal has been enthusiastically embraced by critics of the environmental movement such as S. Fred Singer of the Science and Environmental Policy Project . Conservative think tanks frequently cite the Heidelberg Appeal as proof that scientists reject the theory of global warming as well as a host of other environmental health risks associated with modern science and industry . Its name has subsequently been adopted by the Heidelberg Appeal Nederland Foundation , which was founded in 1993 and disputes health risks related to nitrates in foods and antibiotic-resistant bacteria . The Heidelberg Appeal was promoted in 1993 by the International Center for a Scientific Ecology , a group set up by Michael Salomon `` that was considered important in Philip Morris ' plans to create a group in Europe similar to The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition ( TASSC ) '' .   Parts of the Heidelberg Appeal endorse environmental concerns , such as a sentence that states , `` We fully subscribe to the objectives of a scientific ecology for a universe whose resources must be taken stock of , monitored and preserved . '' Its 72 Nobel laureates include 49 who also signed the `` World Scientists ' Warning to Humanity '' , which was circulated that same year by the Union of Concerned Scientists ( UCS ) and attracted the majority of the world 's living Nobel laureates in science along with some 1,700 other leading scientists . In contrast with the vagueness of the Heidelberg Appeal , the `` World Scientists ' Warning '' is a very explicit environmental manifesto , stating that `` human beings and the natural world are on a collision course '' and citing ozone depletion , global climate change , air pollution , groundwater depletion , deforestation , overfishing , and species extinction among the trends that threaten to `` so alter the living world that it will be unable to sustain life in the manner that we know . ''   Moreover the Heidelberg Appeal has been , if not specifically misrepresented , at least broadly interpreted out of context , for example , by The National Center for Public Policy which asserts `` The appeal warns industrialized nations that no compelling scientific consensus exists to justify mandatory greenhouse gas emissions cuts . '' Although the Heidelberg Appeal may be open to such an interpretation , it is not what the document said , as the text below shows .   1994 Jun 16 Matt Winokur then sends to a list of PM organisers a note saying :   APCo ( the old spelling of APCO Worldwide ) is completing its evaluation of a Symposium for Europe in the fall . They have forwarded the draft Guiding Scientific Principles ( or GEP ) which would constitute the outcome of such a meeting .   They are on the right track but the language is too vague . ( Tom ) Borelli and ( Richard ) Carchman will review and tighten . Obviously , any output from the symposium must be supportive of GEP . So the bottom line for both the GEP resolution and GEP Symposium must be in synch . Burson ( Marsteller ) has begun its feasibility review based on a more explicit understanding that GEP is what we are interested in promoting .   I gather from Jim -LSB- Lindheim of B-M -RSB- that there may have been a misunderstanding as to whether or not Burson was to have proceeded with the review prior to the presentation of a `` joint '' proposal -LSB- APCO and B-M -RSB- . I was aware that Burson began and take responsibility for allowing them to proceed . If you do n't want to pay for it then I will . But the intelligence obtained from their interviews with potential coalition sponsors as well as information about analogous efforts by existing groups , e.g. , Heidelberg , will be critical to the development of a comprehensive Burson/APCo proposal .  -LSB- Note : after a territory battle , Philip Morris had suggested that rivals APCO and B-M present this as a joint proposal -RSB-   The Burson research is necessary now in order to tell us whether it is possible or efficient to try to develop an enduring -LSB- ` Sound Science ' -RSB- coalition following on from the symposium . Possible , in that there may prove to be an insufficient amount of interest in the corporate sector for such a movement . Efficient , in that there may already exist analogous groups which we could use without going to the effort of starting one from scratch .   And we need to be careful not to step on unseen toes . For example , Bruce Ames is part of TASSC and Heidelberg . Do we need/want him on a third group in Europe ?   Thus the benefit in having Burson complete the study now , is that what they learn will be factored into both the content of the symposium AND inform us as to what options are available after the symposium concludes . If we only want a one off event , that 's our decision . But I would think we 'd at least want a mechanism to be able to tap the participants to later on endorse the GEP resolution in the appropriate EU institutions .   The Burson research will also turn up corporate interest in GEP in general which may help us identify allies regardless of whether we do either a symposium or create a coalition . The presentation therefore at the next TF mtg. will be a single proposal for PM prepared jointly by Burson and APCo . And I 've asked Margery -LSB- Krause of APCO -RSB- and Jim -LSB- Lindheim of B-M -RSB- to come themselves , as well as any other support staff they may wish to have accompany them .

neg: Orthodox Marxism Orthodox Marxism is the body of Marxist thought that emerged following the death of Karl Marx which became the official philosophy of the socialist movement as represented in the Second International until the First World War . Orthodox Marxism aims to simplify , codify and systematize Marxist methodology and theory , ironing out the perceived ambiguities and contradictions of Classical Marxism .   The `` orthodoxy '' in orthodox Marxism specifically refers to the methodology of historical materialism and dialectical materialism employed and not to any of the normative aspects inherent to classical Marxism . `` Orthodox '' does not imply adherence to the results of Marx 's own investigations .   The fundamental characteristics of orthodox Marxism include the understanding that material development ( advances in technology in the productive forces ) is the primary agent of change in the structure of society and human social relations , and that social systems and their relations ( e.g. : feudalism , capitalism , etc. ) become increasingly contradictory and inefficient as the productive forces advance , resulting in some form of social revolution arising in response to these mounting contradictions . This revolutionary change serves as the vehicle for fundamental society-wide changes and ultimately leads to the emergence of new economic systems .

neg: Declaration (book) Declaration was originally a self-published electronic pamphlet by Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri on the Occupy movement that was released as a `` Kindle single '' in May 2012 . The book explores the new democratic politics of organization , representation , and resistance that have been inaugurated by the movement . It has since been published in paper form by Argo-Navis .   An excerpt from the introduction was published in Jacobin magazine under the title `` Take Up the Baton '' .

neg: Syncretic politics Syncretic politics or spectral-syncretic refers to politics outside the conventional left -- right political spectrum . The term syncretic politics has been derived from the idea of syncretism ( syncretic religion ) . The main idea of syncretic politics is that taking political positions of neutrality by combining elements associated with the left and right can achieve a goal of reconciliation . Since this umbrella term is defined by the negation of the two standard poles of a given one-dimensional political spectrum , it refers to quite heterogeneous approaches .   The Falange of Spain presented itself as syncretic . Falangism has attacked both the left and the right as its `` enemies '' , declaring itself to be neither left nor right , but a third position .   In Hungary there has been a strong presence of syncretic political parties since the revolutions of 1989 . They won the election in 1990 forming a coalition government : Hungarian Democratic Forum , Independent Smallholders , Agrarian Workers and Civic Party and KDNP . KDNP later became a close ally of FIDESZ , losing this attribute in the process . After the first 4-year term syncretic parties went into a decline , many of them disappearing and only two new ones emerging since then : Hungarian Justice and Life Party and Politics Can Be Different , the latter still being present in the Hungarian parliament . Notable politicians are prime minister József Antall , minister of agriculture and rural development József Torgyán and green leader András Schiffer .   At the peak of the Cold War , the former Argentinian President Juan Perón ( 1946 -- 55 ; 1973 -- 74 ) defined the international position of his doctrine ( Peronism ) as a third position between capitalism and communism , a stance which became a precedent of the Non-Aligned Movement .   In the United States , `` third way '' adherents embrace fiscal conservatism to a greater extent than traditional social liberals , and advocate some replacement of welfare with workfare , and sometimes have a stronger preference for market solutions to traditional problems ( as in pollution markets ) , while rejecting pure laissez-faire economics and other libertarian positions . This style of governing was firmly adopted and partly redefined during the administration of President Bill Clinton . Political scientist Stephen Skowronek introduced the term `` third way '' into the interpretation of American presidential politics . Such presidents undermine the opposition by borrowing policies from it in an effort to seize the middle and with it to achieve political dominance . This technique is known as triangulation , and was used by Bill Clinton and other New Democrats who sought to move beyond the party 's New Deal liberalism reputation in response to the political realignment of the 1980s . Through this strategy , Clinton adopted themes associated with the Republican Party , such as fiscal conservatism , welfare reform , deregulation , and law and order policies . Famously , he declared in the 1996 State of the Union Address , `` the era of big government is over . ''   In the United Kingdom , the emergence of New Labour under Tony Blair and Gordon Brown was a pitch for the Third Way , mixing economic neo-liberal policies , such as banking privatisation , with socially progressive policies .

neg: Communist revolution A communist revolution is a proletarian revolution often , but not necessarily inspired by the ideas of Marxism that aims to replace capitalism with communism , typically with socialism as an intermediate stage . The idea that a proletarian revolution is needed is a cornerstone of Marxism ; Marxists believe that the workers of the world must unite and free themselves from capitalist oppression to create a world run by and for the working class . Thus , in the Marxist view , proletarian revolutions need to happen in countries all over the world .   Leninism argues that a communist revolution must be led by a vanguard of `` professional revolutionaries '' , men and women who are fully dedicated to the communist cause and who can then form the nucleus of the revolutionary movement . Some Marxists disagree with the idea of a vanguard as put forth by Lenin , especially left communists . Some who continue to consider themselves Marxist -- Leninists also oppose the vanguard despite disagreeing with the majority of left communism . These critics insist that the entire working class -- or at least a large part of it -- must be deeply involved and equally committed to the socialist or communist cause in order for a proletarian revolution to be successful . To this end , they seek to build massive communist parties with very large memberships .

neg: Ted Tripp Edward Clavell `` Ted '' Tripp ( 25 September 1900 -- 21 September 1979 ) was an English-born Australian political organiser and communist .   Tripp was born at Acton in London to cigar merchant Clavell John Francis Tripp and Violet Mary , née Vinall . He attended boarding school and , despite taking the University of Cambridge entrance examination , became an apprentice to an engineer . He worked for the Metropolitan Railways in London during World War I and became politically radicalised by the 1917 Russian Revolution . In 1924 Tripp moved to Western Australia and then to Townsville , where he worked on the government railways and joined the Australian Workers ' Union and the Communist Party of Australia . In 1929 he ran for the Legislative Assembly of Queensland as an Independent Communist candidate for Mundingburra . He visited Britain , Germany and Moscow later in 1929 and leaned towards Trotskyism , returning to Australia by mid-1930 .   In 1931 Tripp was a candidate for the 1931 by-election for the House of Representatives seat of Parkes , making him the first endorsed Communist to stand for federal parliament . At the federal election later that year he contested Darling and in 1932 ran for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly seat of King . Despite being president of the Friends of the Soviet Union from 1930 to 1933 , he lost favour with the Communist Party and was expelled in 1934 , joining the Sydney Trotskyists , a local branch of the Workers ' Party of Australia . He became secretary of the Workers ' Party in 1935 and edited the organisations journal , the Militant . He fell out with his new party in 1937 and led the League for Revolutionary Democracy ( Independent Communist League ) , a rival group .   Tripp moved to Melbourne in 1938 and on 30 July married Ruby May Bullock at Carlton . He worked as a fitter in a munitions factory at Footscray until 1965 but continued his involvement in the radical unionist movement , being appointed tutor at the Victorian Labor College in 1945 and becoming the college 's secretary in 1956 . In a largely symbolic gesture he joined the Socialist Workers ' Party in 1978 . He died at Footscray in 1979 .

neg: List of works in critical theory This is a list of important and seminal works in the field of critical theory .   Otto Maria Carpeaux  História da Literatura Ocidental , 8 vol . ( Portuguese , 1959 -- 66 )  M. H. Abrams  The Mirror and the Lamp : Romantic Theory and the Critical Tradition  Theodor Adorno  Aesthetic Theory  Negative Dialectics  Theodor Adorno & Max Horkheimer  Dialectic of Enlightenment  Louis Althusser  For Marx  Lenin and Philosophy  Erich Auerbach  Mimesis : The Representation of Reality in Western Literature  Mikhail Bakhtin  Discourse in the Novel  Rabelais and his World  Roland Barthes  Image , Music , Text  Mythologies  Jean Baudrillard  The Perfect Crime  Simulation and Simulacra  Walter Benjamin  Illuminations  The Origin of German Tragic Drama  Homi K. Bhabha  The Location of Culture  Pierre Bourdieu  La distinction  Kenneth Burke  A Rhetoric of Motives  A Grammar of Motives  John Brannigan  New Historicism and Cultural Materialism  Cleanth Brooks  The Well Wrought Urn : Studies in the Structure of Poetry  Sean Burke  The Death and Return of the Author  Judith Butler  Bodies That Matter  Gender Trouble : Feminism and the Subversion of Identity  Cathy Caruth  Unclaimed Experience : Trauma , Narrative and History  Samuel Taylor Coleridge  Biographia Literaria  Jonathan Culler  Structuralist Poetics  The Pursuit of Signs  Literary Theory : A Very Short Introduction  Gilles Deleuze  Difference and Repetition  Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari  Capitalism and Schizophrenia : Anti-Oedipus ( pt .1 ) and A Thousand Plateaus ( pt .2 )  Jacques Derrida  Of Grammatology  Writing and Difference  Peter Dews  The Limits of Disenchantment  The Logic of Disintigration  Terry Eagleton  Marxism and Literary Criticism  The Idea of Culture  Antony Easthope  The Unconscious  William Empson  Seven Types of Ambiguity  Some Versions of Pastoral  The Structure of Complex Words  Norman Fairclough  Language and Power  Critical Discourse Analysis  Frantz Fanon  Black Skins , White Masks  Stanley Fish  Is There a Text in this Class ?  Northrop Frye  Anatomy of Criticism  Gerald Graff  Literature Against Itself  Jürgen Habermas  Legitimation Crisis  The Theory of Communicative Action , volumes 1 & 2  The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity Wolfgang Iser  The Act of Reading : a Theory of Aesthetic Response Leonard Jackson  The Poverty of Structuralism Fredric Jameson  The Political Unconscious Postmodernism , or , the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism The Prison-House of Language Frank Kermode  Romantic Image Julia Kristeva  Desire in Language Powers of Horror Jacques Lacan  Ecrits The Seminars  F.R. Leavis  The Great Tradition Ania Loomba  Colonialism/Postcolonialism Herbert Marcuse  Reason and Revolution . Hegel and the Rise of Social Theory Eros and Civilization Soviet Marxism . A Critical Analysis One-Dimensional Man Toril Moi  Sexual/Textual Politics I.A. Richards  Practical Criticism : A Study of Literary Judgement Principles of Literary Criticism K.K. Ruthven  Critical Assumptions Edward Said  Culture and Imperialism Orientalism ( 1978 )  Jean-Paul Sartre  What Is Literature ? ( 1947 )  Ferdinand de Saussure  Cours de linguistique générale ( posthumously 1916 )  Alfred Schmidt  The Concept of Nature in Marx ( 1962 )  Zur Idee der Kritischen Theorie ( German , 1974 )  Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick  Between Men Epistemology of the Closet Susan Sontag  Against Interpretation Styles of Radical Will Under the Sign of Saturn Where The Stress Falls Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak  `` Can the Subaltern Speak ? ''  In Other Words Raymond Tallis  Not Saussure Scott Wilson  Cultural Materialism W.K. Wimsatt  The Verbal Icon Virginia Woolf  A Room of One 's Own Slavoj Žižek  The Sublime Object of Ideology The Ticklish Subject : The Absent Centre of Political Ontology ''

neg: Platform of European Memory and Conscience The Platform of European Memory and Conscience is an educational project of the European Union bringing together government institutions and NGOs from EU countries active in research , documentation , awareness raising and education about the crimes of totalitarian regimes . Its membership include 55 government agencies and NGOs from 13 EU member states as well as from the United States , such as the Institute of National Remembrance , the Berlin-Hohenschönhausen Memorial , the Stasi Records Agency and the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation . The platform has offices in Prague and Brussels .   The platform was founded in Prague on the occasion of the summit of Prime Ministers of the Visegrád Group on 14 October 2011 . The signing ceremony took place in the Lichtenstein Palace under the auspices of Czech Prime Minister Petr Nečas , Polish Prime Minister and President of the European Council Donald Tusk , and Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán . Its goal is described as helping `` prevent intolerance , extremism , anti-democratic movements and the recurrence of any totalitarian rule in the future . ''   The initiative was originally proposed by the Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes and the Government of the Czech Republic , and the 2008 Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism ; on 2 April 2009 , the European Parliament passed a resolution in favour of the initiative , and in June 2009 , the Council of the European Union welcomed the initiative . The Platform of European Memory and Conscience was founded as an initiative of the Polish EU presidency in 2011 , after the project had been promoted by the Czech EU presidency already in 2009 and by the Hungarian EU presidency in 2011 . The secretariat of the Platform of European Memory and Conscience was originally hosted by the Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes , and the platform has received a strategic grant from the International Visegrád Fund . The founding institutions included government agencies of the Czech Republic , Poland , Germany , Hungary , Romania , Lithuania , Estonia , and Latvia , as well as several NGOs . The organisation 's strategic partners include the International Visegrád Fund and the Konrad Adenauer Foundation . The motto of the platform is `` democracy matters . ''

neg: Manifesto of Race The Manifesto of Race ( Manifesto della razza ) , sometimes known as the Charter of Race or Racial Manifesto , was a manifesto published on 14 July 1938 which prepared the enactment , in October 1938 , of the Racial Laws in Fascist Italy . The antisemitic laws stripped the Jews of Italian citizenship and governmental and professional positions . The manifesto demonstrated the enormous influence Adolf Hitler had over Benito Mussolini since Italy had become allied with Nazi Germany .

neg: Cine Foundation International Cine Foundation International is London-based non-profit film company and human rights NGO `` aiming to 'em power open consciousness through cinema ' '' . The foundation was formed in December 2010 by American filmmaker Jesse Richards , founder of the Remodernist film movement , South Korean film critic Blue Un Sok Kim and Tobias Morgan , formerly the developer of `` The Garage '' on Mubi .   On 3 January 2011 , CFI announced their launch of a campaign of protest films and public actions calling for the release of imprisoned Iranian filmmaker Jafar Panahi . `` The campaign will include protest films that speak to human rights issues in Iran and throughout the world , six of which are commissioned feature-length , plus twenty shorts . Participating filmmakers may act anonymously or through pseudonyms since voicing their stories can be dangerous . The films , which will address themes of nation , identity , self , spiritual culture , censorship and imprisonment , will be aimed for public , web and various exhibition media '' . In January 2011 , filmmakers Béla Tarr and Lav Diaz joined the foundation 's Board of Directors , and in February Fred Kelemen joined the Board of Directors .   Also in January 2011 , CFI deployed a video protest mechanism called WHITE MEADOWS ( named for the Mohammad Rasoulof film of the same title ) and developed by Ericson deJesus ( of Yahoo! and frog design ) at the request of the foundation . The video mechanism `` allow ( s ) anyone in the world to record a short video statement about Panahi and Rasoulof . There will be an ESCAPE button at top , allowing quick exit for those in countries where recording a statement would be dangerous . There will be an option to have the screen black , and soon , voice distortion . The video statements will be recorded as mp4s , giving them maximum transmedia capacity , which essentially makes them broadcastable from any device that can show video '' . Users can also use the mechanism to comment on how they would `` like to see as an international response by the film industry '' , comment on the state of human rights in general , or to `` report a human rights abuse to the world '' .   Late in 2011 , CFI launched #OccupyCinema , an ongoing collective project in collaboration with the global Occupy movement . The project encompasses `` public space projections onto buildings or other public surfaces -- broadcasting films , video documents or live feeds , with the intention of decentralising traditional broadcast monopolies and information power structures where these interfere with freedom of speech or otherwise compel human beings to surrender to the agendas of ethically bankrupt regimes . '' On November 1 , #OccupyCinema will launch public displays of films in New York City , Dallas , Kansas , London and Paris , with more to follow over the next week .   Tobias Morgan resigned as Chair in Autumn 2011 , having been commissioned to make a Cine Foundation International feature film dedicated to the Iranian film producer Katayoun Shahabi . Jesse Richards resigned in 2012 , and Blue Un Sok Kim took the Chair .   Category : International human rights organizations  Category : Organisations based in the United Kingdom  Category : Arts organisations based in the United Kingdom  Category : Film organisations in the United Kingdom

neg: Bourgeois socialism Conservative or Bourgeois Socialism was a term used by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in various pieces ( including in the Communist Manifesto ) .   The Marxian view is such that the bourgeois socialist is the sustainer of the current state of bourgeois class relations . Opinions vary as to whether this or that bourgeois socialist intentionally is excusing the current order but the common thread is that they are , in objective fact , preserving it . Rather than abolishing class divisions , they wish to simply raise everyone up to be a member of the bourgeoisie , to allow everyone the ability to endlessly accumulate capital without a working class . In the Communist Manifesto , Marx and Engels use philanthropists , monks ( `` temperance fanatics '' ) , and reformers as examples of this type of socialist that they saw as opposed to their own aims .   In this class , Marx explicitly referenced Proudhon 's The Philosophy of Misery , stating :

neg: Music Manifesto The Music Manifesto is a government-supported campaign to improve young people 's music education in England based on an agreed strategy and set of priorities . It promotes a ` music for all ' agenda and wishes to see more musical opportunities for more young people .

neg: Bruno Jasieński Bruno Jasieński -LSB- ˈbrunɔ jaˈɕeɲskʲi -RSB- ; born Wiktor Zysman ( 17 July 1901 -- 17 September 1938 ) was a Polish poet and leader of the Polish futurist movement in the interwar period , executed in the Soviet Union during the Great Purge . Today one of the streets of Klimontów is named after him . Jasieński is one of the best known Polish futurists , acclaimed by members of the various modernist art groups as their patron . An annual literary festival `` Brunonalia '' held in Klimontów , Poland , is also named after him .

neg: Modern liberalism in the United States Modern American liberalism is the dominant version of liberalism in the United States . It is characterized by social liberalism , and combines ideas of civil liberty and equality with support for social justice and a mixed economy . The term `` modern liberalism '' in this article refers only to the United States . In a global context , this philosophy is usually referred to as social liberalism .   The American modern liberal philosophy strongly endorses public spending on programs such as education , health care , and welfare . Important social issues today include addressing inequality , voting rights for minorities , affirmative action , reproductive and other women 's rights , support for LGBT rights , and immigration reform .   Modern liberalism took shape during the twentieth century , with roots in Theodore Roosevelt 's New Nationalism , Woodrow Wilson 's New Freedom , Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal , Harry S. Truman 's Fair Deal , John F. Kennedy 's New Frontier , and Lyndon B. Johnson 's Great Society . American liberals oppose conservatives on most issues , but not all . Modern liberalism is historically related to social liberalism and progressivism , though the current relationship between liberal and progressive viewpoints is debated .   John F. Kennedy defined a liberal as follows :   Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1941 defined a liberal party as one ,   Keynesian economic theory has played an important role in the economic philosophy of modern American liberals . Modern American liberals generally believe that national prosperity requires government management of the macroeconomy , in order to keep unemployment low , inflation in check , and growth high . They also value institutions that defend against economic inequality . In The Conscience of a Liberal Paul Krugman writes : `` I believe in a relatively equal society , supported by institutions that limit extremes of wealth and poverty . I believe in democracy , civil liberties , and the rule of law . That makes me a liberal , and I 'm proud of it . '' Liberals often point to the widespread prosperity enjoyed under a mixed economy in the years since World War II . They believe liberty exists when access to necessities like health care and economic opportunity are available to all , and they champion the protection of the environment .   Modern American liberalism is typically associated with the Democratic Party , as modern American conservatism is typically associated with the Republican Party .