query: Tiger Woods is a professional athlete.

pos: Tiger Woods Eldrick Tont `` Tiger '' Woods ( born December 30 , 1975 ) is an American professional golfer who is among the most successful golfers of all time . He has been one of the highest-paid athletes in the world for several years .   Following an outstanding junior , college , and amateur career , Woods turned professional at the age of 20 , at the end of the summer in 1996 . By April 1997 he had already won his first major , the 1997 Masters . Woods won this tournament in a record-breaking performance , winning by 12 strokes while pocketing $ 486,000 . He first reached the number one position in the world rankings in June 1997 , after less than a year as a professional . Throughout the 2000s , Woods was the dominant force in golf ; from August 1999 to September 2004 ( 264 weeks ) and from June 2005 to October 2010 ( 281 weeks ) , Woods was the top-ranked men 's golfer in the world .   From December 2009 to early April 2010 , Woods took leave from professional golf to focus on his personal life after he admitted infidelity . Despite attempts at reconciliation , he and his wife Elin Nordegren eventually divorced . His many alleged extramarital indiscretions were revealed by several women , through many worldwide media sources . This was followed by a loss of golf form , and his ranking gradually fell to a low of No. 58 in November 2011 . He ended a career-high winless streak of 107 weeks when he triumphed in the Chevron World Challenge in December 2011 . After winning the Arnold Palmer Invitational on March 25 , 2013 , he ascended to the No. 1 ranking once again , holding the top spot until May 2014 . Woods had back surgery in April 2014 and September 2015 and has struggled since to regain his dominant form . By March 29 , 2015 , Woods had fallen to # 104 , outside of the top 100 for the first time since 1996 . In May 2016 , Woods dropped out of the world top 500 for the first time in his professional career .   Woods has broken numerous golf records . He has been World Number One for the most consecutive weeks and for the greatest total number of weeks of any golfer . He has been awarded PGA Player of the Year a record eleven times , the Byron Nelson Award for lowest adjusted scoring average a record eight times , and has the record of leading the money list in ten different seasons .  He has won 14 professional major golf championships , the second-highest of any player ( Jack Nicklaus leads with 18 ) , and 79 PGA Tour events , second all time behind Sam Snead , who had 82 wins . He has more career major wins and career PGA Tour wins than any other active golfer . He is the youngest player to achieve the career Grand Slam , and the youngest and fastest to win 50 tournaments on tour . Additionally , Woods is only the second golfer ( after Nicklaus ) to have achieved a career Grand Slam three times . Woods has won 18 World Golf Championships , and won at least one of those events in each of the first 11 years after they began in 1999 . Woods and Rory McIlroy are the only golfers to win both The Silver Medal and The Gold Medal at The Open Championship .

neg: Tiger Woods PGA Tour 11 Tiger Woods PGA Tour 11 is a golfing simulation video game in the PGA Tour series developed by EA Tiburon and published by Electronic Arts . It was released in 2010 for the PlayStation 3 , Wii , Xbox 360 and iOS . The game is the first in the series to support the PlayStation Move controller for the Sony PlayStation 3 . As with Tiger Woods PGA Tour 10 , the Wii version utilizes Wii MotionPlus . This edition of Tiger Woods PGA Tour is the first to feature someone on the cover other than Tiger himself . The privilege was given to the Northern Irish golfer Rory McIlroy , who was the first person to win a PGA Tour event before their 21st birthday since Tiger Woods . McIlroy would later become the namesake of the PGA tour games .

neg: 1969 Ryder Cup The 18th Ryder Cup Matches were held 18 -- 20 September 1969 at the Royal Birkdale Golf Club in Southport , England . The competition ended in a draw at 16 points each , when America 's Jack Nicklaus conceded a missable three-foot ( 0.9 m ) putt to Britain 's Tony Jacklin at the 18th hole , in one of the most famous gestures of sportsmanship in all of sport . It was the first draw in Ryder Cup history , and the United States team retained the Cup .   The matches were marred by considerable acrimony and unsportsmanlike behavior by players on both sides . Britain 's captain Eric Brown had instructed his players not to search for the opposition 's ball if it ended up in the rough . American Ken Still , in the first-day foursomes , had deliberately and regularly stood too close to Briton Maurice Bembridge as he was putting . During one of the fourballs on the second day , both captains had to come out and calm down the warring players . This led to Nicklaus conceding Jacklin 's final putt with the knowledge that the overall competition would end in a draw . On the previous hole , Jacklin sank a long eagle putt while Nicklaus missed his from 15 ft and the match was squared .   Jacklin had won the Open Championship two months earlier at nearby Royal Lytham & St Annes to become the first British champion in eighteen years . After holing his final putt for par , Nicklaus picked up Jacklin 's ball marker and told him , `` I do n't think you would have missed it , but I was n't going to give you the chance , either . ''   Playing in his first Ryder Cup at age 29 , Nicklaus ' gesture became known as `` the concession '' and marked the beginning of a lasting friendship between the two that has spanned nearly a half century . It was the inspiration for The Concession Golf Club in Florida near Sarasota , which was co-designed by Nicklaus and Jacklin . The two were opposing captains in the competition in 1983 and 1987 .   The U.S. team had only two players with previous Ryder Cup experience , Billy Casper and Gene Littler . On the previous four teams , Arnold Palmer did not participate in 1969 , but returned in 1971 and 1973 .

neg: Most European Tour wins in a year The following represents the golfers who have won five or more tournaments in a season on the European Tour .   Note : Tiger Woods won five European Tour sanctioned events as a non-member in 2006 : two majors , two World Golf Championships , and the Dubai Desert Classic .

neg: Golf course A golf course is the grounds where the game of golf is played . It comprises a series of holes , each consisting of a teeing ground , a fairway , the rough and other hazards , and a green with a flagstick ( `` pin '' ) and hole ( `` cup '' ) . A standard round of golf consists of 18 holes . Most courses contain 18 holes ; some share fairways or greens , and a subset has nine holes , played twice per round . Par-3 courses consist of nine or 18 holes all of which have a par of three strokes .   Many older courses are links , often coastal . Courses are private , public , and municipally owned , and typically feature a pro shop . Many private courses are found at country clubs .

neg: 1983 Masters Tournament The 1983 Masters Tournament was the 47th Masters Tournament , held April 7 -- 11 at Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta , Georgia . Seve Ballesteros won his second Masters and third major title , four strokes ahead of runners-up Ben Crenshaw and Tom Kite . Play on Friday was postponed due to heavy rain , and the final round was completed on Monday for the first time since 1973 .   Defending champion Craig Stadler was tied for the 54-hole lead with 1976 champion Raymond Floyd , with Ballesteros one stroke back , and two-time champion Tom Watson an additional stroke behind . Ballesteros got off to a fast start in the final round on Monday with a birdie-eagle start . With another birdie at the difficult par-3 fourth , he added four pars and another birdie at the ninth for a five-under 31 on the front nine . Ballesteros cruised to a 69 ( − 3 ) and a comfortable win as neither Stadler , Floyd , nor Watson broke par .   During the postponement of Friday 's round , the possibility was raised that the tournament would not complete the entire 72 holes , as the southeastern U.S. was experiencing heavy rains and flooding and forecasts were not favorable .   Saturday 's second round went off from split tees ( 1st and 10th ) and six players did not complete their rounds until early Sunday morning . With this extension , the tournament committee did not attempt to complete the final two rounds on Sunday , opting for the third round only on Sunday and the fourth on Monday .   Four-time champion Arnold Palmer , 53 , opened with a 68 on Thursday and made the cut at the Masters for the final time . In his 29th Masters , he stated that the conditions on Saturday were the worst he had ever seen at Augusta . Five-time winner Jack Nicklaus , 43 , withdrew before his second round start time due to back spasms experienced while warming up Saturday morning . It was only his second withdrawal as a pro , the first was three years earlier at the 1980 World Series of Golf . Nicklaus had missed only one cut in the previous 23 Masters and made ten consecutive after this year , including his record sixth green jacket in 1986 .   It was the final major championship for Sam Snead , 70 , a three-time Masters champion . He withdrew after a first round 79 as he assessed he could not make the cut .

neg: Official World Golf Ranking The Official World Golf Ranking is a system for rating the performance level of male professional golfers ( although there is no rule prohibiting women from being ranked ) . It was introduced in 1986 and is endorsed by the four major championships and six major professional tours , five of which are charter members of the International Federation of PGA Tours :  PGA Tour  European Tour  Asian Tour ( not a charter member of the Federation )  PGA Tour of Australasia  Japan Golf Tour  Sunshine Tour   Points are also awarded for high finishes on other tours :  Web.com Tour , the official developmental tour for the PGA Tour  Challenge Tour , the official developmental tour for the European Tour  PGA Tour Canada , which became a full member of the Federation in 2009 under its former name of the Canadian Professional Golf Tour  OneAsia Tour , not a member of the Federation , but a joint venture between two charter members and two other tours that became full members in 2009  Korean Tour , from 2011  PGA Tour Latinoamérica , from 2012  Asian Development Tour , the official developmental tour for the Asian Tour , from 2013  PGA Tour China , from 2014  Alps Tour , from July 2015  Nordic Golf League , from July 2015  PGA EuroPro Tour , from July 2015  ProGolf Tour , from July 2015  MENA Golf Tour , from April 2016

neg: Denis Watson Denis Leslie Watson ( born 18 October 1955 ) is a professional golfer from Zimbabwe .   Born in Salisbury , Rhodesia ( now Harare , Zimbabwe ) Watson was educated at Oriel Boys High School , Chisipite . He was Rhodesian Sportsman of the Year in 1975 , but went on to represent South Africa in the World Series of Golf in 1980 and 1982 -- sporting connections between Rhodesia and Apartheid South Africa were blurred at the time , for example the Rhodesian cricket team was once part of the South African domestic set-up .   Watson turned professional in 1976 and played on the European Tour from 1978 to 1980 . After moving to the United States , where he joined the PGA Tour , he had his career year in 1984 when he won the Buick Open , NEC World Series of Golf , and Panasonic Las Vegas Invitational to tie for the most wins on the PGA Tour that season .   Watson finished second in the 1985 U.S. Open , missing out on forcing a playoff by one shot , having incurred a two-stroke penalty earlier in the tournament . The penalty was assessed on the eighth hole in the first round , after he had waited longer than the allowed ten seconds for a putt that had hung on the lip of the hole to drop in . The ball did fall into the hole , but the birdie was disallowed and the penalty strokes added . The USGA and R&A , the sports governing bodies , have since amended the penalty for this rules infraction to just a single stroke . Andy North was eventually the only player to beat him , by one shot despite himself bogeying the last hole .   Watson 's career came to a sudden halt when he was injured while playing in the 1985 Goodyear Classic in South Africa . While hitting his ball out of the rough with a 9-iron , he struck a tree stump that had been hidden from view causing damage to his wrist , elbow and neck . He went on to win the tournament , but his problems had just begun . He required surgery on his wrist and neck , and was initially told that he would never play again . He did , but was unable to consistently reach the high standard that he had previously attained and after several more operations he retired towards the end of the 1990s .   After turning fifty , Watson joined the Champions Tour , and began to rediscover competitive form . He won the 2007 Senior PGA Championship at Kiawah Island , a senior major , by two strokes over Argentina 's Eduardo Romero , his first win in 23 years . In one of the most remarkable comebacks ever seen in professional golf , Watson has become one of the Champions Tour 's most competitive stars . He was voted the 2007 Champions Tour Rookie of the Year .

neg: 1922 PGA Championship The 1922 PGA Championship was the fifth PGA Championship , held August 14 -- 18 at Oakmont Country Club in Oakmont , Pennsylvania , a suburb northeast of Pittsburgh . The match play field of 64 competitors qualified by sectional tournaments . This was the first PGA Championship with a field of 64 in the bracket ; the previous four had fields of 32 players . In the Friday final , Gene Sarazen defeated Emmet French , 4 & 3 .   Sarazen , age 20 , also won the U.S. Open a month earlier near Chicago . Defending champion Walter Hagen did not enter this year due to exhibition engagements ; the two champions met the following year in the finals , won by Sarazen .   This was the first of eleven major championships at Oakmont ; three PGA Championships and eight U.S. Opens through 2013 . It has hosted the U.S. Amateur five times and the U.S. Women 's Open twice . The PGA Championship returned in 1951 and 1978 .   Sarazen was the first of four players in history to win the U.S. Open and the PGA Championship in the same calendar year . He was followed by Ben Hogan in 1948 and Jack Nicklaus in 1980 . Through 2012 , Tiger Woods is the last to win both , in 2000 , part of his Tiger Slam of four consecutive majors .

neg: Competitive trail riding Competitive trail riding ( CTR ) is an equestrian sport where riders cover a marked trail for a distance that is usually between 15 and 40 miles per day . Some rides are only one day long , others may run as long as three days . One-day six-mile events have also become popular .  The goal of the competition is to demonstrate partnership between horse and rider . Unlike in endurance riding , factors other than speed are considered . If the ride is timed , it is a form of pace race ; otherwise it is a judged trail ride . In a timed ride , horses may not come in under or over a certain time , and veterinary checks , rider behavior and other elements play a role in the placings . The horse is evaluated on performance , manners , and related criteria . `` Pulse and respiration '' stops check the horse 's recovery ability and conditioning .   There are many different organizations which sanction competitive trail rides . Horsemanship may be considered at some competitions , depending on the sanctioning organization . Riders are evaluated on how they handle the trail , manage the horse , and present to the judges and veterinarians throughout the ride . Obstacles are also set up along the trail with the horse and rider graded on how well they perform as a team .   Rides are often held on public lands , such as Forest Service or BLM lands in the United States , but are also held on private property . The terrain varies depending on the part of the country in which a competition is held , and lands available for the event . Unlike trail riding at a guest ranch , where inexperienced riders walk their horses most of the time and cover simple trails , riders who compete in competitive trail rides are asked to have their animals navigate a variety of terrain and use all gaits , especially the trot .   Similar events exist around the world , though often with wide variations in rules and distances . In all cases , the most obvious difference between an endurance ride and a competitive trail ride is that the winner of an endurance ride is the first horse and rider team to cross the finish line and pass a vet check that deems the horse `` fit to continue , '' whereas competitive trail rides usually consider additional factors and penalize a horse and rider that finish in too little or too long of a time .

neg: Sports betting Sports betting is the activity of predicting sports results and placing a wager on the outcome . The frequency of sports bet upon varies by culture , with the vast majority of bets being placed on association football , American football , basketball , baseball , hockey , mixed martial arts , track cycling , and boxing at both the amateur and professional levels . Sports betting can also extend to non-athletic events , such as reality show contests and political elections , and non-human contests such as horse racing , greyhound racing and illegal , underground dog fighting .   Sports bettors place their wagers either legally , through a bookmaker/sportsbook , or illegally through privately run enterprises referred to as `` bookies '' . The term `` book '' being a reference to the books used by wagebrokers to track wagers , payouts , and debts . The majority of legal sportsbooks are found online , operated over the internet from jurisdictions separate from the clients they serve , usually to get around various gambling laws ( such as the Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act of 2006 in the United States ) in select markets , such as Las Vegas , Nevada , or on gambling cruises through self-serve kiosks . They take bets `` up-front '' , meaning the bettor must pay the sportsbook before placing the bet . Illegal bookies , due to the nature of their business , can operate literally anywhere but only require money from losing bettors and do n't require the wagered money up front , creating the possibility of debt to the bookie from the bettor . This creates a number of other criminal elements , thus furthering their illegality .   Sportsbetting has resulted in a number of scandals in sport , affecting the integrity of sports events through various acts including point shaving ( players affecting the score by missing shots ) , spot-fixing ( a player action is fixed ) , bad calls from officials at key moments , and overall match fixing ( the overall result of the event is fixed ) . Examples are the 1919 World Series , the alleged ( and later admitted ) illegal gambling of former MLB player Pete Rose , and former NBA referee Tim Donaghy .

neg: 2000 U.S. Open (golf) The 2000 United States Open Championship was the 100th U.S. Open Championship , held June 15 -- 18 at Pebble Beach Golf Links in Pebble Beach , California . Tiger Woods won his first U.S. Open by a record-setting fifteen strokes over runners-up Ernie Els and Miguel Ángel Jiménez -- it remains the most dominating performance and victory in any major championship . As the United States Golf Association wanted to begin the millennium with a memorable tournament , Pebble Beach was moved up two years in the rotation . Notable golfers going into the tournament at large included Jack Nicklaus , playing in his final U.S. Open , Vijay Singh , the year 's Masters winner , as well as Ernie Els , and David Duval .   The defending champion , Payne Stewart , died in an aviation accident less than eight months earlier , in October 1999 . His death was commemorated many times throughout the week , starting with a group of players simultaneously teeing off from the 18th fairway into the Pacific in a twist on the 21-gun salute . Sergio García wore Stewart 's trademark navy plus fours in Stewart 's honor in the first round . Nicklaus was asked to take Stewart 's spot in the traditional grouping , for the first two rounds , of the prior year 's British Open winner ( Paul Lawrie ) , U.S. Amateur winner ( David Gossett ) , and U.S. Open winner .

neg: 2001 Players Championship The 2001 Players Championship was a golf tournament in Florida on the PGA Tour , held at TPC Sawgrass in Ponte Vedra Beach , southeast of Jacksonville . It was the 28th Players Championship .   Tiger Woods won the first of his two Players Championships , one stroke ahead of runner-up Vijay Singh . Because of bad weather , the tournament was completed on Monday , March 26 . In the final pairing with 54-hole leader Jerry Kelly , Woods played the final nine holes on Monday .   Woods had won the previous three majors in 2000 ; he won the Masters Tournament two weeks later to hold all four major titles at once , the Tiger Slam , as well as this Players , an unofficial `` fifth major . '' He won his second Players a dozen years later in 2013 .   Through 2016 , Woods is the only winner of the Players and Masters in the same calendar year ( 2001 ) , and he was the third Players champion to win a major in the same calendar year , joining Jack Nicklaus ( 1978 ) and Hal Sutton ( 1983 ) ; it expanded to four with Martin Kaymer in 2014 .   Defending champion Sutton finished seven strokes back , in a tie for fifth place .

neg: Junior Ryder Cup The Junior Ryder Cup is a team golf competition between Europe and the United States . It is based on the men 's Ryder Cup and is run by the same organisations , the PGA of America and Ryder Cup Europe ( a subsidiary of the PGA European Tour , with minority stakes held by the PGA of Great Britain & Ireland and the PGA of Europe ) . The 2016 event took place at the Interlachen Country Club , Edina , Minnesota on September 26 and 27 . The United States won 15 1/2 -- 8 1/2 , their fifth successive victory in the event . On recent occasions there has been an informal `` friendship match '' played on the Ryder Cup course after the Junior Ryder Cup but before the Ryder Cup .   The teams consist of six boys and six girls . The tournament is played over two days of foursomes , fourball and singles matches . There are three boys ' matches and three girls ' foursomes matches and six mixed fourball matches on the first day . There are 12 singles matches on the second day , added in 2008 .   In 1995 an informal match was played between European junior golfers and Central New York PGA Section and area juniors . The European team included 15-year-old Sergio García .   The official event began as part of the lead up to the 1997 Ryder Cup in Spain . In 2002 , the event gained marketing support from the Ryder Cup itself .   Several of the juniors who played in the competition have gone on to professional careers . Hunter Mahan and Suzann Pettersen played for the United States and European teams in 1999 . Rory McIlroy was part of the 2004 European team , along with Oliver Fisher . Matteo Manassero played on the 2008 European team . Isabelle Lendl played for the United States in 2006 , and Emma Talley played for the United States in 2008 .

neg: EA Tiburon EA Tiburon is an Electronic Arts video game development studio located in Maitland , Florida , United States founded in 1994 . It was formerly known as Tiburon Entertainment , which was acquired by EA in 1998 .   The studio is best known for developing the Madden NFL series of games . In addition to the usual titles developed by the studio which include Madden , NCAA Football , NFL Street , NASCAR and NFL Head Coach , in late 2006 Tiburon released the Superman Returns game based on the movie of the same name . EA Tiburon has taken over the Tiger Woods PGA Tour series from EA Salt Lake as of the 2008 edition of the game .

neg: Alvis Woods Alvis `` Al '' Woods ( born August 8 , 1953 in Oakland , California ) is a former professional baseball player . He played all or part of seven seasons in Major League Baseball between 1977 and 1986 , primarily as a left fielder . He batted and threw left-handed .   Woods was originally drafted by the Montreal Expos in 1971 , but did not sign until being drafted by the Minnesota Twins the following season . He spent several seasons in the minor leagues before being selected by the Toronto Blue Jays in the 1976 Major League Baseball expansion draft .   Woods was on the Opening Day roster for the Blue Jays ' inaugural season . In his -- and the team 's -- first ever major league game , on April 7 , 1977 , he entered the game in the fifth inning as a pinch hitter for right fielder Steve Bowling . He proceeded to homer in his first at bat , on the fifth pitch he saw , off Chicago White Sox pitcher Francisco Barrios . He ended the 1977 season with a .284 batting average in 122 games as the regular Blue Jays left fielder .   Woods enjoyed a good season in 1979 , appearing a career-high 132 games while hitting .278 with 33 extra-base hits . In 1980 , he recorded career highs in average ( .300 ) , home runs ( 15 ) and RBI ( 47 ) . The next two years he shared outfield duties with George Bell , Lloyd Moseby , Garth Iorg and Barry Bonnell , and also saw action as a designated hitter .   Following the 1982 season , Woods was traded to the Oakland Athletics for Cliff Johnson . The A 's released him during spring training , and he re-signed to a minor league contract with the Blue Jays in July . He spent the next two seasons with the Triple-A Syracuse Chiefs , and was released by the Blue Jays at the end of the 1984 season .   Woods returned to the Minnesota Twins for the 1985 season , spending the entire year with the Triple-A Toledo Mud Hens . He started 1986 with Toledo , but received a brief call-up in May , and again was brought up to the majors when rosters expanded in September . He became a free agent after the season , and subsequently retired .   Overall , in a seven-season career , Woods was a .271 hitter with 35 home runs and 196 RBI in 618 games .

neg: Tiger Woods PGA Tour 06 Tiger Woods PGA Tour 06 is a golf video game in the PGA Tour series available for PlayStation Portable , PlayStation 2 , Xbox , Xbox 360 , GameCube , Mobile phones , and PC .   The game features several types of play , including the development of golfers in a simulated PGA Tour environment . Among other things , the game also features a set of famous courses and players . Also it includes the Stroke Play , Match Play , and Skins Play among other numerous methods of play . It also includes the Four Ball , Best Ball , and Stableford modes of play .   By being able to customize golfers and advancing that character through several stages ( from amateur to pro ) the game allows a high level of identification with the character . The virtual ego can be equipped with various pieces of equipment and styled according to the wishes of the player . The custom outfits are licensed and include several brands which are commonly present in professional golf , among others : Nike , Adidas , Callaway , Ping , Taylormade etc. .

neg: 2005 Masters Tournament The 2005 Masters Tournament was the 69th Masters Tournament , played from April 7 -- 10 at Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta , Georgia .   Tiger Woods , 29 , won his fourth green jacket on the first hole of a playoff with Chris DiMarco . Rain was a factor the whole week , and delayed much of the play . The purse was $ 7.0 million with a winner 's share of $ 1.26 million . It was the ninth of Woods ' fourteen major championships .   This Masters was the last as competitors for three former champions : Tommy Aaron ( 1973 ) , Billy Casper ( 1970 ) , and six-time winner Jack Nicklaus .   Ryan Moore was low amateur at 287 ( − 1 ) , the best score by an amateur since 1978 , and earned an exemption to the 2006 tournament .   Jerry Pate , a non-playing invitee , won the 46th Par-3 contest on Wednesday with a five-under 22 .

neg: 2000 PGA Championship The 2000 PGA Championship was the 82nd PGA Championship , held August 17 -- 20 at the Valhalla Golf Club in Louisville , Kentucky . It was the second time for the event at Valhalla , which hosted four years earlier in 1996 . Tiger Woods won his second straight PGA Championship and fifth major in a three-hole playoff over Bob May . Woods and May finished at 18 under par to set the PGA Championship record to par , later equaled by Woods in 2006 . It was the first time since 1937 that a PGA Championship title was successfully defended , and the first ever as a stroke play event . Woods and May were five shots ahead of third-place finisher Thomas Bjørn .   Woods ' victory marked the first time since 1953 ( Ben Hogan ) that a player had won three major championships in the same calendar year ; Woods won the U.S. Open and the British Open in the previous two months for three consecutive majors . He won the Masters in April 2001 to complete the Tiger Slam of four consecutive majors .   May opened with an even-par 72 then shot 66 ( − 6 ) in each of the final three rounds ; this was the only time he was in contention in a major championship . Designer of the course and five-time champion Jack Nicklaus , age 60 , made his final appearance at the PGA Championship . Playing with Woods , he needed an eagle on the 36th hole to make the cut ; his pitch shot missed by inches and he settled for birdie .   Valhalla later hosted the Ryder Cup in 2008 , the first U.S. victory in nine years . The Senior PGA Championship was played at the course in 2004 and 2011 and the PGA Championship returned in 2014 .

neg: Sport bowling Sport Bowling is any form of ten pin bowling that uses patterns of lane oil to reduce the effectiveness of modern bowling balls . Sport Bowling was created by the United States Bowling Congress , the governing body of the sport of ten pin bowling , to offer players the opportunity to bowl on exactly the same lane conditions and oil patterns that professional bowlers face on the PBA Tour . Sport Bowling originally referred to leagues , known as PBA Experience Leagues , which are offered in conjunction with the Professional Bowlers Association . However , the term is now used to refer to any bowling event which incorporates a `` sport shot '' or oil pattern .   As bowling technology has progressed the ability to consistently and strongly hook a bowling ball became significantly easier and as a result professional and league bowling scores increased . Over time achieving honor scores ( e.g. 300 games , 800 + series ) became far more common to the point of diminishing the accomplishment associated with achieving these scores . To counter this trend the idea of custom oil patterns or `` sport shot '' that could be programmed into a lane conditioning machine and laid on the lane emerged .

neg: Daily fantasy sports Daily fantasy sports ( DFS ) are a subset of fantasy sport games . As with traditional fantasy sports games , players compete against others by building a team of professional athletes from a particular league or competition while remaining under a salary cap , and earn points based on the actual statistical performance of the players in real-world competitions . Daily fantasy sports are an accelerated variant of traditional fantasy sports that are conducted over short-term periods , such as a week or single day of competition , as opposed to those that are played across an entire season . Daily fantasy sports are typically structured in the form of paid competitions typically referred to as a `` contest '' ; winners receive a share of a pre-determined pot funded by their entry fees . A portion of entry fee payments go to the provider as rake revenue .   In the United States , the daily fantasy sports industry is dominated by two competing services : the New York-based FanDuel , and the Boston-based DraftKings . Both companies were established as venture capital-backed startup companies , received funding from investment firms , sports broadcasters , leagues , and team owners , and became known for the aggressive marketing of their services . As of September 2015 , both companies have an estimated value of at least $ 1 billion , and control 95 % of the U.S. DFS market . The two primarily compete against smaller DFS services , such as Fantasy Aces and Yahoo! Sports . The popularity of the daily fantasy format has been credited to its convenience in comparison to season-length games , as well as the focus on major cash prizes in the promotion of these services . Daily fantasy has also been credited with helping to improve television viewership and engagement with sports .   Daily fantasy sports have faced notable legal challenges , including disputes over whether DFS constitutes gambling . Politicians and other critics have argued that due to their format , players are essentially making proposition wagers on the varying performance of individual athletes in specific games , and not managing the performance of their selections on a week-to-week basis . Proponents have defended DFS as being a game of skill , as the required familiarity with the players and teams , as well as salary cap management , rewards skilled players . Local laws have varying definitions of gambling games , such as whether a game 's elements of chance are predominant over those or skill , or how much control the player has over the outcome of the game .   In the United States , the legality of DFS has been determined on a state-by-state basis based on local gambling laws and other rulings . The federal Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act ( UIEGA ) contains language dictating that fantasy sports are not considered an unlawful wager under the act ; however , the act only prohibits the electronic transfer of funds from unlawful gambling as defined under state laws . A number of state attorneys general have issued opinions concluding that DFS is a form of illegal gambling , while the state of Nevada declared that DFS games must be licensed as a sports pool . The New York State ruling , which resulted from an investigation of DFS services after it was alleged that employees working for DraftKings and FanDuel had used inside information to win cash prizes from each other , spawned retaliatory lawsuits from the companies which alleged that the rulings were the result of a misinterpretation of the nature of their services . The state has since joined other states , such as Massachusetts and Virginia , in choosing to legalize and regulate DFS rather than prohibit it .


query: Gimli is the only character from The Lord of the Rings.

pos: Gimli (Middle-earth) Gimli is a fictional character from J. R. R. Tolkien 's Middle-earth legendarium , featured in The Lord of the Rings . A dwarf warrior , he is the son of Glóin ( a character from Tolkien 's earlier novel , The Hobbit ) .   Gimli is chosen to represent the race of Dwarves in the Fellowship of the Ring . As such , he is one of the primary characters of the novel . In the course of the adventure , Gimli aids the Ring-bearer , participates in the War of the Ring , and becomes close friends with Legolas , overcoming an ancient enmity of Dwarves and Elves .

neg: Aredhel Aredhel Ar-Feiniel ( Y.T. 1362 -- Y.S. 400 ; died aged 1738 ) ( born and known in Quenya as Írissë ) is a fictional character created by J. R. R. Tolkien .   She is called Ar-Feiniel , the White Lady of the Noldor . She is the daughter of Fingolfin , sister of Fingon , Turgon , and mother of Maeglin . She was born and raised in Tirion .   Aredhel is tall and strong , beautiful , extremely willful , adventurous and fickle , easily bored and restless , fond of hunting and riding in the forests :  `` I am your sister and not your servant , and beyond your bounds I will go as seems good to me . ''   Her skin is pale and her hair dark ; she always wears silver and white . She would often ride and hunt in the company of the sons of Fëanor , her kin , but was not fond of them .   After arriving in Middle-earth , Aredhel dwells in Nevrast with Turgon , and goes with him to Gondolin . But after two hundred years she tires of the city and longing for the forests and wide lands overcomes her . Aredhel asks leave to depart . Turgon is unwilling , fearing the exposure of the Hidden Kingdom , but eventually relents .   Riding with companions , they are denied safe passage through Doriath because they seek the sons of Fëanor . And so they travel the East Road along the North March of Doriath .   There Aredhel Ar-Feiniel is separated from her escort in the dangerous region of Nan Dungortheb . She reaches Himlad safely , and waits there to meet Celegorm who is abroad . Ever restless , she wanders off and becomes lost in the forest of Nan Elmoth .   Eöl Mornedhel , the Dark Elf is the lord of those woods . By his enchantments , they meet , and he leads her to his dark home near Gladuial . This was similar to Melian 's enchantment of Thingol , but not as innocent on Eöl 's part .   There they wed and she stays for many years . Aredhel gives birth to a son , Maeglin . Telling him of her former life and home , and weary of Nan Elmoth , Aredhel Ar-Feiniel desires to see them again . Without Eöl 's leave , or knowledge , she departs Nan Elmoth with Maeglin while Eöl is away .   They reached the hidden entrance to Gondolin pursued by Eöl , and are received with rejoicing . Eöl is captured and brought before Turgon . Turgon will not allow Eöl to leave Gondolin , offering him only the choice to stay , or to die . Eöl refuses this judgement , choosing death for himself and his son . He attempts to kill his son with a javelin . Aredhel steps in front of the dart to shield Maeglin . She saves her son , and begs Turgon to forgive her husband , but it is poisoned and she dies that night after Eöl is led away by Turgon 's guards .   Eöl is executed by being cast down from the city walls . Maeglin becomes a mighty prince in Gondolin , later only to betray the city and become even more hated than his father .

neg: Haldir Haldir is the name of two characters in J. R. R. Tolkien 's Middle-earth legendarium :   Haldir of Lórien , a Silvan Elf from The Lord of the Rings  Haldir ( First Age ) , a Chieftain of the Men of Brethil in The Silmarillion

neg: Angmar Angmar ( Sindarin : ` Iron-home ' ; pronounced -LSB- - artˈaŋmar -RSB- ) is a fictional kingdom in J. R. R. Tolkien 's continent of Middle-earth , at the north end of the Misty Mountains . It was used by the Lord of the Ringwraiths as a base from which to attack the kingdoms of the Dúnedain in the North , all of which were eventually destroyed . Angmar itself was subsequently destroyed by combined armies of men and elves shortly thereafter .

neg: Éowyn Éowyn is a fictional character in Tolkien 's legendarium who appears in his most famous work , The Lord of the Rings . She is a noblewoman of Rohan who is described as a shieldmaiden .

neg: The Two Towers The Two Towers is the second volume of J. R. R. Tolkien 's high fantasy novel The Lord of the Rings . It is preceded by The Fellowship of the Ring and followed by The Return of the King .

neg: Forlong the Fat Forlong the Fat is a fictional character in the Middle-earth universe created by J. R. R. Tolkien . He is a supporting character in The Lord of the Rings , appearing in the third volume , The Return of the King . However , he was cut from the 2003 film adaptation .

neg: Bridei I Bridei son of Maelchon , was king of the Picts from 554 to 584 .   Bridei is first mentioned in Irish annals for 558 -- 560 , when the Annals of Ulster report `` the migration before Máelchú 's son i.e. king Bruide '' . The Ulster annalist does not say who fled , but the later Annals of Tigernach refer to `` the flight of the Scots before Bruide son of Máelchú '' in 558 . This has provoked considerable speculation in some cases as , in one version , the Annals of Ulster may associate this with the death of Gabrán mac Domangairt .   As a contemporary , and one of the chief kings in Scotland , Bridei appears in Adomnán 's Life of Saint Columba . Adomnán 's account of Bridei is problematic in that it fails to tells us whether Bridei was already a Christian , and if not , whether Columba converted him . The recent archaeological discoveries at Portmahomack , showing that there was a monastic community perhaps as early as the late 6th century , may provide some support for the idea that Bridei was either already a Christian , at least in name , or was converted by Columba .   It is a matter of record that Bridei was not the only king in Pictland . The death of Galam -- called `` Cennalath , king of the Picts '' -- is recorded in 580 by the Annals of Ulster , four years before Bridei 's death . In addition , Adomnán mentions the presence of the `` under-king of Orkney '' at Bridei 's court . The Annals of Ulster report two expeditions to Orkney during Bridei 's reign , or , as seems equally probable , one expedition twice , in 580 and 581 .   The chief place of Bridei 's kingdom , which may have corresponded with later Fortriu , is not known . Adomnán tells that after leaving the royal court , by implication soon afterwards , Columba came to the River Ness , and that the court was atop a steep rock . Accordingly , it is generally supposed that Bridei 's chief residence was at Craig Phadrig , to the west of modern Inverness overlooking the Beauly Firth .   Bridei 's death is reported in the 580s , perhaps in battle against Pictish rivals in Circinn , an area thought to correspond with the Mearns . The king lists of the Pictish Chronicle agree that Bridei was followed by one Gartnait son of Domelch .   Bridei is suggested to have been the son of Maelgwn Gwynedd by John Morris in his Age of Arthur , where he refers in passing and without authority , to '' ... Bridei , son of Maelgwn , the mighty king of north Wales , ... '' . Though the book has been a commercial success , it is disparaged by historians as an unreliable source of `` misleading and misguided '' information .   Juliet Marillier 's trilogy The Bridei Chronicles is written as a combination of history , fiction and informed guesswork regarding this king 's rise to power and rule . Her novels also describe events in the life of Bridei III

neg: Beleriand In J. R. R. Tolkien 's fictional legendarium , Beleriand was a region in northwestern Middle-earth during the First Age . Events in Beleriand are described chiefly in his work The Silmarillion , which tells the story of the early ages of Middle-earth in a style similar to the epic hero tales of Nordic literature . Beleriand also appears in the works The Book of Lost Tales , The Children of Húrin , and in the epic poems of The Lays of Beleriand .

neg: The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen is a story written by the English author J. R. R. Tolkien . It can be found in Appendix A of Tolkien 's most famous book , The Lord of the Rings . It takes place in the Third Age of the author 's fictional universe , Middle-earth . The tale tells the story of the love of the mortal Man Aragorn and the immortal Elf-maiden Arwen .   In Tolkien 's fictional universe , the tale was written by Faramir and Éowyn 's grandson Barahir after Aragorn 's death . An abbreviated version of the tale was included in the copy of the Thain 's Book made by Findegil in .   The tale tells of Aragorn 's first meeting with Arwen at Rivendell and of their later meeting in Lothlórien , where Arwen chose a mortal life and pledged her love to Aragorn . It also tells of Aragorn 's death in and of Arwen 's death a year later . The short version of `` The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen '' can be found in Appendix A of The Lord of the Rings .

neg: The History of The Lord of the Rings The History of The Lord of the Rings is a 4-volume work by Christopher Tolkien that documents the process of J. R. R. Tolkien 's writing of The Lord of the Rings . The History is also numbered as volumes 6 to 9 of The History of Middle-earth ( `` HoME '' , as below ) . Some information concerning the appendices and a soon-abandoned sequel to the novel can also be found in volume 12 , The Peoples of Middle-earth .

neg: Orodreth In the published version of The Silmarillion , Orodreth ( -LSB- oˈrodreθ -RSB- ) was an Elf of the First Age , the second son of Finarfin ( with Finrod Felagund , Angrod , Aegnor , and Galadriel being his siblings ) , and a ruler of Nargothrond .   His name in Quenya was Artaresto ( -LSB- ˌartaˈresto -RSB- ) and he was born in Valinor .   Orodreth held the tower of Minas Tirith on the island of Tol Sirion in the vale of Sirion until Sauron overran the isle and renamed it Tol-in-Gaurhoth . Orodreth then fled south to Nargothrond . Without the aid of Celegorm and Curufin , who had suddenly attacked the forces of Sauron with whatever forces they could gather , Orodreth might have fallen .   When Beren came to Nargothrond , Finrod went with him on his quest for the Silmaril . However Celegorm and Curufin the Sons of Fëanor were also at Nargothrond , and forced Finrod to lay down his crown . Orodreth took it , ruling as regent , but the Sons of Fëanor held the real power .   When news came that Finrod had been killed , the Sons of Fëanor were expelled from Nargothrond , and Orodreth became its leader .   When Túrin Turambar arrived in Nargothrond he gradually became its de facto leader , although Orodreth remained lord in name .   Orodreth had one daughter : Finduilas . He later died fighting the hosts of Morgoth and Glaurung the Dragon in the Battle of Tumhalad and Finduilas was taken and slain shortly afterwards . The only other member of the house of Finarfin to have descendants was Orodreth 's sister Galadriel , who had left Beleriand before the end of the First Age .

neg: A Wizard of Earthsea A Wizard of Earthsea is a young adult fantasy novel written by the American author Ursula K. Le Guin , first published by the small press Parnassus in 1968 . The novel received highly positive reviews , initially as a work for children , and later among a general audience as well .   Set in the fictional archipelago of Earthsea , the story centers around a young mage named Ged , born in a village on the island Gont . Displaying great power while still a boy , he joins the school of wizardry , where his prickly nature drives him into conflict with one of his fellows . During a magical duel , Ged 's spell goes awry and releases a shadow creature that attacks him . The novel follows his journey as he seeks to be free of the creature .   The book has often been described as a Bildungsroman or coming of age story , as it explores Ged 's process of learning to cope with power and come to terms with death . The novel also carries Taoist themes about a fundamental balance in the universe of Earthsea , which wizards are supposed to maintain , closely tied to the idea that language and names have power to affect the material world and alter this balance . Although the structure of the story is similar to that of a traditional epic , critics also described it as subverting this genre in many ways , such as by making the protagonist dark-skinned , in comparison to more typical white-skinned heroes .   A Wizard of Earthsea is widely regarded as a classic of fantasy and young-adult literature and was one of the final recipients of the Lewis Carroll Shelf Award . The book was widely influential within the genre of fantasy ; Margaret Atwood , for instance , called A Wizard of Earthsea one of the `` wellsprings '' of fantasy literature . Le Guin would later write five subsequent books that , together with A Wizard of Earthsea , are referred to as the Earthsea Cycle : The Tombs of Atuan ( 1971 ) , The Farthest Shore ( 1972 ) , Tehanu ( 1990 ) , The Other Wind ( 2001 ) , and Tales from Earthsea ( 2001 ) . George Slusser has described the series as a `` work of high style and imagination '' .

neg: Calaquendi In the fictional universe of J. R. R. Tolkien , Calaquendi means in Quenya `` Light-folk '' , but was often translated `` Elves of the Light '' . This name has a long history .   There existed two old elvish compounds in the Quenderin language , Primitive Quendian with * kwendī `` Elves '' : * kala-kwendī and * mori-kwendī , meaning the `` Light-folk '' and the `` Dark-folk '' . These two words date from the time before the Sundering of the Elves , or rather to the time of the debate among them about the invitation by the Valar to migrate to Valinor .   Both words were made by the party favourable to the Vala Oromë , and referred originally to Elves who desired the Light of Valinor versus Elves who did not wish to leave Middle-earth . * Mori-kwendī had from the beginning a negative sense , implying that these Elves were not so much opposed to the shadows Melkor had put upon Middle-earth .   The Quenya forms became Calaquendi and Moriquendi . The term Calaquendi in Quenya applied only to the Elves who actually lived ( or had lived ) in Eldamar ; and the Moriquendi included all other Elves , whether or not they had participated in the March to Valinor . The Moriquendi were regarded as greatly inferior by the Calaquendi , who lived in the Light of the Two Trees , and had also received great knowledge and powers by living with the Valar and Maiar .   In Exilic Quenya the Noldor did not make much use of the terms Calaquendi or Moriquendi , which were rather offensive to the Sindar of Beleriand . Calaquendi became obsolete , and was used only in writings in the Parmaquesta .   According to The Silmarillion , Elu Thingol was not counted among the Moriquendi , although he was king of the Moriquendi of Beleriand ; for he had seen the light of the Trees in Valinor .

neg: The Notion Club Papers The Notion Club Papers is the title of an abandoned novel by J. R. R. Tolkien , written during 1945 and published posthumously in Sauron Defeated , the 9th volume of The History of Middle-earth . It is a space/time/dream travel story , written at the same time as The Lord of the Rings was being developed . The story itself revolves around the meetings of an Oxford arts discussion group called the Notion Club , a fictionalization of ( and a play on words on the name of ) Tolkien 's own such club , The Inklings .   During these meetings , Alwin Arundel Lowdham discusses his lucid dreams about Númenor ; through these dreams , he `` discovers '' much about the Númenor story and the languages of Middle-earth ( notably Quenya , Sindarin , and Adûnaic -- the last being the sole source of most of the material on Adûnaic ) . While not finished , at the end of the given story it becomes clear Lowdham himself is a reincarnation of sorts of Elendil . ( Alwin is a modernization of the name Ælfwine , Old English for Elf-friend , or Elendil in Quenya . ) Other members of the Club also mention their vivid dreams of other times and places .   Tolkien not only created fictional meetings for these papers but also created a fictional history for the manuscript of the papers . According to the papers , the meetings occurred in the 1980s ; they even mention events that occurred in the 1970s and 1980s . About one-quarter of the papers were found among sacks of waste paper in 2012 at Oxford by a Mr. Green . Mr. Green published a first edition containing excerpts from these papers , indicating that they were written during the 1980s by one of the participants . Two scholars read the first edition , asked to examine the manuscripts , and then submitted a full report . The `` Notes to the Second Edition '' mentions the contradictory evidence in dating the manuscripts , and an alternative date is presented : they may have been written in the 1940s .   These papers , which make a number of comments on Lewis ' Space Trilogy , are similar to C. S. Lewis ' commentary to Tolkien 's poem The Lay of Leithian , in which Lewis created a fictional history of scholarship of the poem and even referred to other manuscript tradition to recommend changes to the poem .   The Notion Club Papers may be seen as an attempt to re-write The Lost Road , published and discussed in The Lost Road and Other Writings , as being another attempt to tie the Númenórean legend in with a more modern tale . There is , however , no direct connection between the modern settings of the two stories within the fictional frame .   Jane Stanford links The Notion Club Papers to The Johnson Club Papers in her biography of John O'Connor Power , That Irishman . The two books have a similar title page . The Johnson Club was a ` Public House School ' and met in taverns like the Inklings . The purpose was ` Fellowship and free Exchange of Mind . ' The two clubs presented papers ` which were read before the members and discussed ' . Samuel Johnson , like Tolkien , had a strong connection with Pembroke College , Oxford . Stanley Unwin , Tolkien 's publisher , was a nephew of Fisher Unwin , the founding member of The Johnson Club .   According to Christopher Tolkien , had his father continued The Notion Club Papers , he would have linked the real world of Alwin Lowdham with his eponymous ancestor Ælfwine of England ( who compiled the Lost Tales ) and with Atlantis . One of the members of the Notion Club , one Michael George Ramer , combines lucid dreams with time-travel and experiences the tsunami that sank Númenor . He ca n't tell if its history , or fantasy , or something in between .   The Notion Club Papers mentions a great storm occurring during 1987 in England , on 12 June . This can be seen as an odd coincidence , since the actual Great Storm of 1987 occurred in October of that year .

neg: The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late is the imagined original ditty that is recorded in ` our time ' as the simplified nursery rhyme `` Hey Diddle Diddle '' . The supposed original was invented ( by back formation ) by J. R. R. Tolkien . The title of this version is given in The Adventures of Tom Bombadil .   In the Inn at Bree ( `` At the Sign of the Prancing Pony '' , The Fellowship of the Ring Chapter 9 ) Frodo jumps on a table and recites `` a ridiculous song '' invented by Bilbo . `` Here it is in full , '' said Tolkien . `` Only a few words of it are now , as a rule , remembered . ''   There follows the tale , in thirteen ballad-like five-line stanzas , introducing each element in turn : `` the Man in the Moon '' himself , the ostler 's `` tipsy cat / that plays a five-stringed fiddle '' , the little dog , the `` hornéd cow '' and the silver dishes and spoons .   Note that the cow is able to jump over the Moon with ease because the Man in the Moon has temporarily brought it down to Earth .   Tom Shippey cites this 1923 poem and its mate , `` The Man in the Moon Came Down Too Soon '' ( also from 1923 , also subsequently included in The Adventures of Tom Bombadil ) as typical examples of Tolkien 's working strategy for reconstructing philological information about sources now lost . In this case the question is : what lies behind the abbreviated version of this poem that survives as a well-known but nonsensical nursery rhyme ? By imagining a text that might reasonably have left the surviving rhyme , one can deduce clues that might have left other artifacts in surviving literature . Shippey argues that many of the scenarios in Tolkien 's more serious work are similar recreations ( '' ` asterisk ' poems '' in Shippey 's phrase ) , attempting to explain abstruse passages in surviving Old English and Old Norse texts , especially from Beowulf .   The Extended Edition of The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey has Bofur singing this song at Elrond 's feast . According to screen writer Philippa Boyens the song could either being made up by Bilbo and taught it to Bofur or the other way around .

neg: The History of Middle-earth The History of Middle-earth is a 12-volume series of books published between 1983 and 1996 that collect and analyse material relating to the fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien , compiled and edited by his son , Christopher Tolkien . The series shows the development over time of Tolkien 's conception of Middle-earth as a fictional place with its own peoples , languages , and history , from his earliest notions of a `` mythology for England '' through to the development of the stories that make up The Silmarillion and The Lord of the Rings . It is not a `` history of Middle-earth '' in the sense of being a chronicle of events in Middle-earth written from an in-universe perspective . In 2000 -- 01 , the twelve volumes were republished in three limited edition omnibus volumes . Non-deluxe editions of the three volumes were published in 2002 .

neg: Gerðr In Norse mythology , Gerðr ( Old Norse `` fenced-in '' ) is a jötunn , goddess , and the wife of the god Freyr . Gerðr is attested in the Poetic Edda , compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources ; the Prose Edda and Heimskringla , written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson ; and in the poetry of skalds . Gerðr is sometimes modernly anglicized as Gerd or Gerth .   In both the Poetic Edda and the Prose Edda , Freyr sees Gerðr from a distance , becomes deeply lovesick at the sight of her shimmering beauty , and has his servant Skírnir go to Jötunheimr ( where Gerðr and her father Gymir reside ) to gain her love . In the Poetic Edda Gerðr initially refuses , yet after a series of threats by Skírnir she finally agrees . In the Prose Edda , no mention of threats are made . In both sources , Gerðr agrees to meet Freyr at a fixed time at the location of Barri and , after Skírnir returns with Gerðr 's response , Freyr laments that the meeting could not occur sooner . In both the Poetic Edda and the Prose Edda , Gerðr is described as the daughter of Gymir and the jötunn Aurboða .   In Heimskringla , Gerðr is recorded as the wife of Freyr , euhemerized as having been a beloved king of Sweden . In the same source , the couple are the founders of the Yngling dynasty and produced a son , Fjölnir , who rose to kinghood after Freyr 's passing and continued their line . Gerðr is commonly theorized to be a goddess associated with the earth . Gerðr inspired works of art and literature .

neg: Farmer Maggot Farmer Maggot is a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkien 's Middle-earth universe , introduced in The Fellowship of the Ring . He lives on a farm called Bamfurlong in the Marish region of the Eastfarthing of the Shire . Edible mushrooms , highly prized among Hobbits , grow abundantly on his land , and Farmer Maggot often has to deal with other Hobbits stealing them , which is one reason he keeps a pack of large , fierce dogs .

neg: Gandalf (mythology) Gandalf ( Gandálfr ) is a Dvergr ( Norse dwarf ) in Norse mythology , appearing in the so-called ` Tally of the Dwarves ' within the poem Völuspá from the Poetic Edda , as well as in the Prose Edda . The name derives from the Old Norse words gandr ( magic staff ) and álfr ( elf ) , thus a protective spirit who wields a magical wand .   The name was also used for a Norse king in the Heimskringla .   In his fictional writings , J. R. R. Tolkien eventually named his wizard Gandalf after the Dvergr , but initially used the name for the head of the dwarf party ( ultimately to be called Thorin Oakenshield ) .

neg: Uí Ímair The Uí ( h ) Ímair -LSB- iː ˈiːvˠaɾʲ -RSB- , or Dynasty of Ivar , were a royal Norse dynasty members of which ruled much of the Irish Sea region , the Kingdom of Dublin , the western coast of Scotland , including the Hebrides and some part of Northern England , from the mid 9th century .   The dynasty lost control of York in the mid 10th century , but reigned over the other domains at variously disputed times , depending on which rulers may be counted among their descendants . This has proved a difficult question for scholars to determine , because reliable pedigrees do not survive . Additionally , for between three and four decades , the Uí Ímair were probably overkings of the Kingdom of Scotland itself , distinct from the Kingdom of Strathclyde , of which they may also have been overkings , and later briefly the Irish province of Munster , dominated from Waterford , and later still , briefly the English kingdom of Mercia . In the west of Ireland , the Uí Ímair also supplied at least two kings of Limerick , from which they may have attempted to conquer Munster again .   On the female side , two members are styled Queens of Ireland in the Irish annals ( they were also Queen of Mide and Queen of Munster , respectively ) , while another was Queen of Leinster ( and Osraige ) . In the Norse sources , another was Queen consort of Norway . Finally , another may have been Queen of Brega . The name Uí Ímair in Old Irish means `` grandchildren '' or descendants of Ivar , but the dynasty includes its progenitor and his sons . The Irish annals describe Ivar as the brother of Amlaíb Conung and of Auisle , and the Annals of Ulster record his obituary under the year 873 , reading : Imhar , rex Nordmannorum totius Hibernie & Brittanie , uitam finiuit -LSB- `` Ivar , king of all the Norse of Ireland and Britain , ended his life '' -RSB- . Probably the senior leader of the Great Heathen Army , Ivar may thus have become the inspiration for the legendary Ivar the Boneless ( fl . 865-860 ) , son of Ragnar Lodbrok . In any event , Uí Ímair dynasts may also have exercised power as overkings of East Anglia during their career in Britain .   Alex Woolf points out it would be a mistake to view the lordship as a `` unitary empire '' ; it was , rather , a collection of lordships ruled by the same kindred , with only varying degrees of unity depending on the political circumstances of the moment and the charisma of individual leaders . Especially in the early period , a great portion of the dynasty 's wealth , probably the majority , came from the international slave trade , both as slavers themselves and from the taxation of it , for which they were infamous in their time . In this role they star as the principal antagonists in the early 12th-century Irish epic political tract The War of the Irish with the Foreigners , although the account is exaggerated .   One of the greatest dynasties of the Viking Age , the Uí Ímair were at their height the most fearsome and wide-reaching power in the British Isles and perhaps beyond . However , unlike the contemporary Rurikids in the East they ultimately failed to make any long-lasting territorial gains of significance and are considered a strategic failure , despite their considerable economic and political influence .


query: The Matrix Revolutions was written by Quentin Tarantino.

pos: The Matrix Revolutions The Matrix Revolutions is a 2003 American -- Australian science fiction action film written and directed by The Wachowski Brothers . It was the third installment of the Matrix trilogy , released six months following The Matrix Reloaded . The film was released simultaneously in 60 countries on November 5 , 2003 . While it is the final film in the series , the Matrix storyline is continued in The Matrix Online . It was the second live-action film to be released in both regular and IMAX theaters at the same time .   The film received generally average reviews from critics .

neg: The Fast and the Furious (2001 film) The Fast and the Furious is a 2001 American-German action crime film directed by Rob Cohen , produced by Neal H. Moritz and written by Gary Scott Thompson and David Ayer . It is the first installment in the The Fast and the Furious franchise . The film stars Vin Diesel , Paul Walker , Michelle Rodriguez , Jordana Brewster , Rick Yune , Chad Lindberg , Johnny Strong , and Matt Schulze . The film follows undercover cop Brian O'Conner , who is tasked with stopping a group of unknown hijackers using high-performance racecars to hijack 18-wheelers .   Inspiration for the film was sought through a Vibe magazine article titled `` Racer X '' , which detailed the illegal street racing circuit operating within New York City . Filming locations include New York City and New England , with a majority of the film being shot in southern California . The Fast and the Furious was released on June 22 , 2001 , grossing over $ 207 million worldwide from an estimated $ 38 million budget . It was later re-released on June 22 , 2016 , to celebrate its 15th anniversary . It has a 53 % approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes , which called it `` sleek and shiny on the surface '' in its critical consensus . The Fast and the Furious launched a franchise of sequels , starting with 2 Fast 2 Furious in 2003 , followed by The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift in 2006 , Fast & Furious in 2009 , Fast Five in 2011 , Fast & Furious 6 in 2013 , Furious 7 in 2015 , and The Fate of the Furious in 2017 .

neg: The Animatrix is a 2003 American-Japanese anthology anime film based on The Matrix trilogy produced by The Wachowskis , who wrote and directed the trilogy . The film is a compilation of nine animated short films , including four written by the Wachowskis . It details the backstory of the Matrix universe , including the original war between man and machines which led to the creation of the Matrix .

neg: Sam Raimi Samuel M `` Sam '' Raimi ( -LSB- ˈreɪmi -RSB- born October 23 , 1959 ) is an American film director , producer , screenwriter and actor , famous for creating the cult horror Evil Dead series , as well as directing the original Spider-Man trilogy ( 2002 -- 07 ) and the 1990 superhero film Darkman . His most recent work is the 2013 Disney fantasy film Oz the Great and Powerful .   Raimi has also produced several successful television series and founded his own production company , Renaissance Pictures , in 1979 . Recently , he worked as the producer of The Possession , and the 2013 remake of Evil Dead .

neg: Alexander Payne Alexander Payne ( born Constantine Alexander Payne ; February 10 , 1961 ) is an American film director , screenwriter , and producer , known for the films Citizen Ruth ( 1996 ) , Election ( 1999 ) , About Schmidt ( 2002 ) , Sideways ( 2004 ) , The Descendants ( 2011 ) , and Nebraska ( 2013 ) . His films are noted for their dark humor and satirical depictions of contemporary American society . Payne is a two-time winner of the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay , and a three-time nominee of the Academy Award for Best Director .

neg: Set piece In film production , a set piece is a scene or sequence of scenes whose execution requires serious logistical planning and considerable expenditure of money . The term set piece is often used more broadly to describe any important dramatic or comedic highpoint in a film or story , particularly those that provide some kind of dramatic payoff , resolution , or transition . Thus the term is often used to describe any scenes that are so essential to a film that they can not be edited out or skipped in the shooting schedule without seriously damaging the integrity of the finished product . Often , screenplays are written around a list of such set pieces , particularly in high-budget `` event movies '' .   Set pieces are very often planned meticulously using storyboards , screentests , and rehearsals , in contrast to smaller scenes where the director and actors may be more improvisational . Each action requires the combined efforts of different departments : set builders , physical effects , and special visual effects . On most films , different groups of people will work on different set pieces individually since they can take a long time to prepare before shooting . For example , the car chase in The Matrix Reloaded took months to prepare and cost $ 30 million , including $ 5 million to build the freeway set .

neg: Primer (film) Primer is a 2004 American independent science fiction drama film about the accidental discovery of time travel . The film was written , directed , produced , edited and scored by Shane Carruth , who also stars .   Primer is of note for its extremely low budget , experimental plot structure , philosophical implications , and complex technical dialogue , which Carruth , a college graduate with a degree in mathematics and a former engineer , chose not to simplify for the sake of the audience . The film collected the Grand Jury Prize at the 2004 Sundance Film Festival , before securing a limited release in the United States , and has since gained a cult following .

neg: Film series A film series ( also referred to as a film franchise ) is a collection of related films in succession that share the same fictional universe , or are marketed as a series .   Sometimes the work is conceived from the beginning as a multiple-film work , for example the Three Colours series , but in most cases the success of the original film inspires further films to be made . Individual sequels are relatively common , but are not always successful enough to spawn further installments .   The Marvel Cinematic Universe is the highest grossing film series in unadjusted US Dollar figures surpassing the Harry Potter , Star Wars , James Bond , and Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings series . However , `` Star Wars '' has the highest when adjusted for inflation .

neg: The Psycho-Social, Chemical, Biological & Electro-Magnetic Manipulation of Human Consciousness The Psycho-Social , Chemical , Biological & Electro-Magnetic Manipulation of Human Consciousness ( often abbreviated as The Psycho-Social CD ) is the debut album of underground hip hop group Jedi Mind Tricks . The group consists of Vinnie Paz , and producer Stoupe the Enemy of Mankind . The original version of the album was released in 1997 limited to 1000 copies on vinyl by Superegular Records , and was re-released on CD in 2003 on Babygrande Records with six bonus tracks , featuring songs recorded by the group before their debut release . Many believed the vinyl version was re-issued in 2001 , possibly because the back of the vinyl release says `` 2001 superegular '' , this is however a nod to the forward-thinking aspects of the album . The album lightly touches on religious corruption and violence , but not nearly to the level of their more well-received , and better produced sophomore effort ( most of the braggadocio being in regard to lyrical skill , and not physical threats . ) Primarily the album focuses on references to astronomy , history and physics .   Also this album was inspired by a lot of `` crazy books '' mentioned by Vinnie Paz in an interview . One of those books was called `` Matrix III - The psycho-social , chemical , biological & electro-magnetic manipulation of human consciousness '' .

neg: Kill Bill Kill Bill is an American two-part martial arts film series , and the fourth film overall that was written and directed by Quentin Tarantino . It was originally set to be released as one film , but with a running time of over four hours , it was separated into two films : Kill Bill : Volume 1 , released in late 2003 , and Kill Bill : Volume 2 , released in early 2004 . The original four-hour cut , retitled Kill Bill : The Whole Bloody Affair , was screened at select cinemas in 2011 .   Tarantino has discussed the possibility of a third Kill Bill film .

neg: Dark City (1998 film) Dark City is a 1998 American-Australian neo-noir science fiction film directed by Alex Proyas . The screenplay was written by Proyas , Lem Dobbs and David S. Goyer . The film stars Rufus Sewell , Kiefer Sutherland , Jennifer Connelly , and William Hurt . Sewell plays John Murdoch , an amnesiac man who finds himself suspected of murder . Murdoch attempts to discover his true identity and clear his name while on the run from the police and a mysterious group known only as the `` Strangers '' .   The majority of the film was shot at Fox Studios Australia . It was jointly produced by New Line Cinema and Mystery Clock Cinema . New Line Cinema distributed the theatrical release . The film premiered in the United States on February 27 , 1998 . The film was nominated for Hugo and Saturn Awards . For the theatrical release , the studio was concerned that the audience would not understand the film and asked Proyas to add an explanatory voice-over narration to the introduction . A director 's cut was released in 2008 , restoring and preserving Proyas 's original artistic vision for the film . Some critics have noted its similarities and possible influence on the Matrix series , which came out a year later .

neg: The Matrix Reloaded: The Album The Matrix Reloaded : The Album is a 2003 soundtrack album from the 2003 film The Matrix Reloaded . The two-disc album is unusual among soundtrack releases in that it includes separate discs for the film 's songs and the score , whereas most films release the songs and the score as separate single-disc albums .   The album 's lead single was `` Sleeping Awake '' by P.O.D. . The song 's lyrics and video refer to elements of the film .

neg: Martin (1978 film) Martin is a 1978 American horror film written and directed by George A. Romero .   Romero claims that Martin is the favorite of all his films . The film is also notable as the first collaboration between George Romero and special effects artist Tom Savini . While not prosecuted for obscenity , the film was seized and confiscated in the UK under Section 3 of the Obscene Publications Act 1959 during the video nasty panic .

neg: The Wachowskis Lana Wachowski ( formerly Laurence `` Larry '' Wachowski , born June 21 , 1965 ) and Lilly Wachowski ( formerly Andrew Paul `` Andy '' Wachowski , born December 29 , 1967 ) are American film directors , screenwriters , and producers . They are siblings , and are both trans women . Collectively known as The Wachowskis and formerly as The Wachowski Brothers , the pair made their directing debut in 1996 with Bound , and reached fame with their second film The Matrix ( 1999 ) , a major box office success for which they won the Saturn Award for Best Director . They wrote and directed its two sequels : The Matrix Reloaded and The Matrix Revolutions ( both in 2003 ) , and were deeply involved in the writing and production of other works in the franchise .   Following the commercial success of The Matrix series , they wrote and produced the 2006 film V for Vendetta ( an adaptation of the comic of the same name by Alan Moore ) , and in 2008 released the film Speed Racer , which was a live-action adaptation of the Japanese anime series of the same name . Their next film , Cloud Atlas , based on the novel of the same name by David Mitchell and co-written and co-directed by Tom Tykwer , was released in 2012 . Their film Jupiter Ascending and the Netflix series Sense8 both debuted in 2015 .   The siblings have worked as a writing and directing unit throughout their professional film careers from Bound through the first season of Sense8 . Following her gender transition , Lilly Wachowski took a break from active writing and directing ; Lana worked on the second season of Sense8 without her .

neg: Manex Visual Effects Manex Visual Effects ( MVFX ) was a motion picture special visual effects company located in Alameda , California . Though a small company active only for a short period of time , it provided visual effects for a number of high-profile movies and the company received international recognition including two Best Visual Effects Oscars and one Academy Award for Technical Achievement . As the company that created Bullet time for The Matrix their work has been highly influential .

neg: Art film An art film is typically a serious , independent film aimed at a niche market rather than a mass market audience . An art film is `` intended to be a serious artistic work , often experimental and not designed for mass appeal '' ; they are `` made primarily for aesthetic reasons rather than commercial profit '' , and they contain `` unconventional or highly symbolic content '' .   Film critics and film studies scholars typically define an art film as possessing `` formal qualities that mark them as different from mainstream Hollywood films '' , which can include , among other elements , a sense of social realism ; an emphasis on the authorial expressiveness of the director ; and a focus on the thoughts , dreams , or motivations of characters , as opposed to the unfolding of a clear , goal-driven story . Film scholar David Bordwell describes art cinema as `` a film genre , with its own distinct conventions '' .   Art film producers usually present their films at specialty theatres ( repertory cinemas , or , in the U.S. , `` arthouse cinemas '' ) and film festivals . The term art film is much more widely used in the United States , the UK and Australia than in Europe , where the term is more associated with `` auteur '' films and `` national cinema '' ( e.g. , German national cinema ) . Because they are aimed at small niche market audiences , they can rarely get the financial backing that will permit large production budgets , expensive special effects , costly celebrity actors , or huge advertising campaigns , as are used in widely released mainstream blockbuster films . Art film directors make up for these constraints by creating a different type of film , which typically uses lesser-known film actors ( or even amateur actors ) and modest sets to make films that focus much more on developing ideas or exploring new narrative techniques or film-making conventions .   A certain degree of experience and knowledge are required to fully understand or appreciate such films . One mid-1990s art film was called `` largely a cerebral experience '' that one enjoys `` because of what you know about film '' . This contrasts sharply with mainstream `` blockbuster '' films , which are geared more towards escapism and pure entertainment . For promotion , art films rely on the publicity generated from film critics ' reviews , discussion of their film by arts columnists , commentators and bloggers , and `` word-of-mouth '' promotion by audience members . Since art films have small initial investment costs , they only need to appeal to a small portion of the mainstream viewing audiences to become financially viable .

neg: Robotech (novels) In 1987 , the Robotech animated series was adapted into novel form by authors James Luceno and Brian Daley and published by Del Rey Books . Having previously collaborated on the animated series Galaxy Rangers , the pair 's Robotech novels were released under the unified pseudonym of `` Jack McKinney '' . Using fictitious epigraphs in the style of Dune , McKinney 's novels escaped the limitations inherent in the dubbed cartoon and fleshed out its chronology in greater detail ; most significantly , by adapting the storyline of the aborted sequel project , `` The Sentinels '' . The entire series lasted for twenty-one books , the first fifteen of which were later collected into five three-book omnibus compilations in the early 1990s .   The original twelve novels were written to a tight twelve-month deadline , so that the books could be released one per month . Under this deadline , Daley and Luceno divided the Robotech timeline into twelve segments and worked on different segments simultaneously ( i.e. Daley wrote Book 1 while Luceno wrote Book 2 ) , then traded completed manuscripts for revision and style adjustments . As part of the research project , they watched the TV series many times , and consulted heavily with Carl Macek .   The first two omnibus collections , comprising the entirety of the `` Macross Saga '' , were reissued in 2003 to tie in with the release of the Robotech : Battlecry video game . Then , in 2007 , the next two omnibus collections , covering the remainder of the television series , were re-released as tie-ins to the animated movie , Robotech : The Shadow Chronicles . However , a revision of the Robotech timeline made by Harmony Gold alongside the release of the movie caused some continuity clashes with the McKinney novels , which were relegated to a `` secondary '' position in Robotech canon . To work around this , the Southern Cross and Invid Invasion collections contain new appendices written by Robotech fan Jonathan L. Switzer correcting any newborn mistakes .

neg: Reds (film) Reds is a 1981 American epic drama film co-written , produced and directed by Warren Beatty . The picture centers on the life and career of John Reed , the journalist and writer who chronicled the Russian Revolution in his book Ten Days That Shook the World . Beatty stars in the lead role alongside Diane Keaton as Louise Bryant and Jack Nicholson as Eugene O'Neill .   The supporting cast includes Edward Herrmann , Jerzy Kosinski , Paul Sorvino , Maureen Stapleton , Gene Hackman , Ramon Bieri , Nicolas Coster and M. Emmet Walsh . The film also features , as `` witnesses , '' interviews with the 98-year-old radical educator and peace activist Scott Nearing , author Dorothy Frooks , reporter and author George Seldes , civil liberties advocate Roger Baldwin , and the American writer Henry Miller , among others .   Beatty was awarded the Academy Award for Best Director and the film was nominated for Best Picture , but lost to Chariots of Fire . Beatty , Keaton , Nicholson and Stapleton were nominated for Best Actor , Best Actress , Best Supporting Actor and Best Supporting Actress , respectively . Stapleton was the only one of the four to win . Beatty was also nominated , along with co-writer Trevor Griffiths , for Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay , but lost to Chariots of Fire . Beatty became the third person to be nominated for Academy Awards in the categories Best Actor , Director and Original Screenplay for a film nominated for Best Picture .   In June 2008 , the American Film Institute revealed its `` Ten Top Ten '' -- the best ten films in ten `` classic '' American film genres -- after polling over 1,500 people from the creative community . Reds was acknowledged as the ninth best film in the epic genre .

neg: System Shock System Shock is a 1994 first-person action role-playing video game developed by Looking Glass Technologies and published by Origin Systems . It was directed by Doug Church with Warren Spector serving as producer . The game is set aboard a space station in a cyberpunk vision of the year 2072 . Assuming the role of a nameless hacker , the player attempts to hinder the plans of a malevolent artificial intelligence called SHODAN .   System Shock 3D engine , physics simulation and complex gameplay have been cited as both innovative and influential . The developers sought to build on the emergent gameplay and immersive environments of their previous games , Ultima Underworld : The Stygian Abyss and Ultima Underworld II : Labyrinth of Worlds , by streamlining their mechanics into a more `` integrated whole '' .   Critics praised System Shock and hailed it as a major breakthrough in its genre . It was later placed on multiple hall of fame lists . The game was a moderate commercial success , with sales exceeding 170,000 copies , but Looking Glass ultimately lost money on the project . A sequel , System Shock 2 , was released by Looking Glass Studios and offshoot developer Irrational Games in 1999 . The 2000 game Deus Ex ( also produced by Spector ) and the 2007 game BioShock are spiritual successors to the two games . A remade version of the original game by Night Dive Studios is scheduled for release in 2018 .

neg: List of accolades received by Star Wars: The Force Awakens Star Wars : The Force Awakens is a 2015 epic space opera film directed , co-produced , and co-written by J. J. Abrams . The seventh installment in the main Star Wars film series , and first of three in Star Wars sequel trilogy , it stars Harrison Ford , Mark Hamill , Carrie Fisher , Adam Driver , Daisy Ridley , John Boyega , Oscar Isaac , Lupita Nyong ` o , Andy Serkis , Domhnall Gleeson , Anthony Daniels , and Max von Sydow . The Force Awakens is set 30 years after Return of the Jedi ; it follows Rey , Finn , and Poe Dameron 's search for Luke Skywalker and their fight alongside the Resistance , led by veterans of the Rebel Alliance , against Kylo Ren and the First Order , a successor group to the Galactic Empire .   The Force Awakens was premiered by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures in Los Angeles on December 14 , and was released in United States and Canada on December 18 , 2015 . The Force Awakens opened across 14,300 theaters , breaking numerous box-office records and became the first film to earn more than $ 100 million worldwide in a single day . The film grossed a worldwide total of over $ 2 billion on a production budget of $ 306 million becoming the highest-grossing release of 2015 , and the fastest film to earn $ 1 billion worldwide , doing so in twelve-days . The Force Awakens became the third film in history to surpass $ 2 billion worldwide ( after Avatar ( 2009 ) and Titanic ( 1997 ) ) , doing so on its 53rd day of release .   Rotten Tomatoes , a review aggregator , surveyed 360 reviews and judged 92 percent to be positive . The Force Awakens garnered many awards and nominations in a variety of categories with particular praise for Abrams ' direction , its action sequences , visual effects , editing and Ridley 's and Boyega 's performances . Several awards held their nominations before the December release of The Force Awakens , making the film ineligible for the 73rd Golden Globe Awards and some other awards ceremonies . However , the film was added to the 21st Critics ' Choice Awards 's slate of best picture nominees after a special vote by the board of directors , and the announcement of the 2015 American Film Institute Awards was delayed until after the release of film , where it was named one of Top Ten Films of the year .   The Force Awakens received five nominations at the 88th Academy Awards as Best Original Score , Best Sound Editing , Best Sound Mixing , Best Film Editing and Best Visual Effects . The film garnered four nominations at 69th British Academy Film Awards , and won for Best Special Visual Effects and a special BAFTA Rising Star Award for John Boyega . At the 21st Empire Awards , the film received nine nominations and won five including Best Sci-Fi/Fantasy Film , and Best Director for J.J. Abrams . The Force Awakens became the most nominated film in Saturn Awards history with total of thirteen nominations at 42nd Saturn Awards and won eight including Best Science Fiction Film , Best Director and Best Special Effects . The film received seven nominations from the Visual Effects Society , winning four including Outstanding Visual Effects in an Effects Driven Feature Motion Picture . Star Wars : The Force Awakens received eleven nominations at MTV Movie Awards , the most for the ceremony and won three including Movie of the Year .

neg: Miramax Miramax ( also known as Miramax Films , stylized as MIRAMAX ) is an American entertainment company known for producing and distributing films and television shows . It is headquartered in Santa Monica , California . Miramax was founded in 1979 by Bob and Harvey Weinstein , and was a leading independent film motion picture distribution and production company before it was acquired by the Walt Disney Company on June 30 , 1993 . Shortly thereafter , Pulp Fiction was released . The Weinsteins operated Miramax with more creative and financial independence than any other division of Disney , until September 30 , 2005 when they decided to leave the company and founded The Weinstein Company . Miramax was sold by Disney to Filmyard Holdings , a joint venture of Colony Capital , Tutor-Saliba Corporation , and Qatar Investment Authority , in 2010 , ending Disney 's 17-year ownership of the studio . In 2016 , ownership was transferred to beIN Media Group .