query: Socrates died in the time period BC.

pos: Socrates Socrates ( -LSB- ˈsɒkrətiːz -RSB- Σωκράτης -LSB- - grcsɔːkrátɛːs -RSB- , Sōkrátēs ; 470/469 -- 399 BC ) was a classical Greek ( Athenian ) philosopher credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy . He is an enigmatic figure known chiefly through the accounts of classical writers , especially the writings of his students Plato and Xenophon and the plays of his contemporary Aristophanes . Plato 's dialogues are among the most comprehensive accounts of Socrates to survive from antiquity , though it is unclear the degree to which Socrates himself is `` hidden behind his ` best disciple ' , Plato '' .   Through his portrayal in Plato 's dialogues , Socrates has become renowned for his contribution to the field of ethics , and it is this Platonic Socrates who lends his name to the concepts of Socratic irony and the Socratic method , or elenchus . The latter remains a commonly used tool in a wide range of discussions , and is a type of pedagogy in which a series of questions is asked not only to draw individual answers , but also to encourage fundamental insight into the issue at hand . Plato 's Socrates also made important and lasting contributions to the field of epistemology , and his ideologies and approach have proven a strong foundation for much Western philosophy that has followed .

neg: Socrates of Constantinople Socrates of Constantinople ( Σωκράτης ὁ Σχολαστικός , b. c. 380 ; d. after 439 ) , also known as Socrates Scholasticus , was a 5th-century Christian church historian , a contemporary of Sozomen and Theodoret .   He is the author of a Historia Ecclesiastica ( `` Church History '' , Ἐκκλησιαστική Ἱστορία ) which covers the history of late ancient Christianity during the years 305 -- 439 .

neg: Lycurgus of Athens Lycurgus ( -LSB- laɪˈkɜrgəs -RSB- Greek : Λυκοῦργος Lykourgos ; c. 390 -- 324 BC ) was a logographer in Ancient Greece . He was one of the ten Attic orators included in the `` Alexandrian Canon '' compiled by Aristophanes of Byzantium and Aristarchus of Samothrace in the third century BC .   Lycurgus was born at Athens about 390 BC , and was the son of Lycophron , who belonged to the noble family of the Eteobutadae . He should not be confused with the quasi-mythological Spartan lawgiver of the same name .

neg: Assos Assos ( -LSB- ˈæsɒs -RSB- Ἄσσος ) , also known as Behramkale or for short Behram , is a small historically rich town in the Ayvacık district of the Çanakkale Province , Turkey .   After leaving the Platonic Academy in Athens , Aristotle ( joined by Xenocrates ) went to Assos , where he was welcomed by King Hermias , and opened an Academy in this city . Aristotle also married Pythias , the adopted daughter of Hermias . In the Academy of Assos , Aristotle became a chief to a group of philosophers , and together with them , he made innovative observations on zoology and biology . When the Persians attacked Assos , King Hermias was caught and put to death . Aristotle fled to Macedonia , which was ruled by his friend King Philip II of Macedon . There , he tutored Philip 's son , Alexander the Great . There is a modern statue of Aristotle at the town entrance .   The Acts of the Apostles refers to visits by Luke the Evangelist and Paul the Apostle to Assos  .   Today , Assos is an Aegean-coast seaside retreat amid ancient ruins .

neg: Sage (philosophy) A sage ( σοφός , sophos ) , in classical philosophy , is someone who has attained the wisdom which a philosopher seeks . The first to make this distinction is Plato , through the character of Socrates , within the Symposium . While analyzing the concept of love , Socrates concludes Love is that which lacks the object it seeks . Therefore , the philosopher ( φιλόσοφος , meaning lover of wisdom ) does not have the wisdom sought , while the sage , on the other hand , does not love or seek wisdom , for it is already possessed . Socrates then examines the two categories of persons who do not partake in philosophy :   Gods and sages , because they are wise ;  Senseless people , because they think they are wise .   The position of the philosopher is between these two groups . The philosopher is not wise , but possesses the self-awareness of lacking wisdom , and thus pursues it .   Alternatively , the sage is one who lives `` according to an ideal which transcends the everyday . '' Plato is also the first to develop this notion of the sage in various works . Within The Republic , Plato indicates that when a friend of a sage dies , the sage `` will not think that for a good man ... death is a terrible thing . '' In the Theaetetus , Plato defines the sage as one who becomes `` righteous and holy and wise . '' , and is thus God-like in his nature .   The term has also been used interchangeably with a ` good person ' ( ἀγαθός , agathos ) , and a ` virtuous person ' ( σπουδαίος , spoudaios ) .

neg: Lydians The Lydians were an Anatolian people living in Lydia , a region in western Anatolia , who spoke the distinctive Lydian language , an Indo-European language of the Anatolian group .   Questions raised regarding their origins , as defined by the language and reaching well into the 2nd millennium BC , continue to be debated by language historians and archeologists . A distinct Lydian culture lasted , in all probability , until at least shortly before the Common Era , having been attested the last time among extant records by Strabo in Kibyra in south-west Anatolia around his time ( 1st century BC ) .   The Lydian capital was at Sfard or Sardis . Their recorded history of statehood , which covers three dynasties traceable to the Late Bronze Age , reached the height of its power and achievements during the 7th and 6th centuries BC , a time which coincided with the demise of the power of neighboring Phrygia which lay to the north-east of Lydia .   Lydian power came to an abrupt end with the fall of their capital in events subsequent to the Battle of Halys in 585 BC and defeat by Cyrus the Great in 546 BC .

neg: List of ancient Western doctors This is an alphabetical list of writers from Ancient Greece and Rome who were doctors , or have left us material that contributes to our knowledge of ancient medicine . In some cases their names look familiar but are not the same as their famous homonyms ( thus earning them an epithet ) .   Aulus Cornelius Celsus ( 1st century AD )  Adamantius Judaeus ( 4th century )  Aegimus  Aëtius Amidenus ( 6th century )  Agathinus ( 1st century AD )  Aglaïs Poet . ( physician ) ( 1st century AD )  Aias/Abas ( 5th-4th century BC )  Alexander Trallianus ( 6th century AD )  Andromachus ( physician ) ( 1st century AD )  Antipater ( 1st-century BC physician ) ( 1st century BC )  Antipater ( 2nd-century physician ) ( 2nd century AD )  Antiphanes of Delos ( in or before 2nd century AD )  Antonius Castor ( 2nd century AD )  Apollonius of Citium ( 1st century BC )  Apollonius ( physician ) ( 3rd century BC )  Archigenes ( 2nd century AD )  Aretaeus ( 2nd century AD )  Aristotle ( 4th century BC )  Asclepiades Pharmacion ( 1st-2nd century AD )  Asclepiades of Bithynia ( 2nd-1st century BC )  Athenaeus of Cilicia ( 1st century BC )  Aulus Gellius ( 2nd century AD )  Bolus of Mendes ( 3rd century BC )  Caelius Aurelianus ( 5th century )  Cassius Felix ( 3rd century )  Charixenus ( 2nd century AD )  Crateuas ( physician ) ( 2nd century BC )  Criton of Heraclea ( 1st-2nd century AD )  Ctesias ( 5th century BC )  Damocrates ( 1st century AD )  Demetrius of Apamea  Dexippus of Cos  Dieuches  Diocles of Carystus  Dioscorides ( 1st century AD )  Erasistratus ( 3rd century BC )  Erotianus ( 1st century AD )  Eudemus ( physician )  Euthydemus ( physician )  Fronto  Galen ( 2nd century AD )  Gargilius Martialis ( 3rd century )  Harpocratio ( 1st-2nd century AD )  Heliodorus ( 1st-2nd century AD )  Heraclas  Heraclides of Tarentum ( 1st century BC )  Herodotus ( physician ) ( 1st century AD )  Herophilus ( 3rd century BC )  Hicesius ( physician ) ( 1st century BC )  Hippocrates ( Hippocratic Corpus ) ( 5th century BC )  Joannes Actuarius  L. Annaeus Seneca  Leonidas ( physician ) ( 1st-2nd century AD )  M. Porcius Cato  Marcellinus ( physician ) ( 2nd century ? AD )  Marcellus of Side ( 2nd century AD )  Meges of Sidon ( 1st century AD )  Meletius  Menemachus ( 1st century AD )  Mnesitheus of Athens ( 3rd century BC )  Mnesitheus of Cyzicus  Nepualius ( Neptunalius , Neptunianus )  Niger , Sextius  Oribasius ( 4th century )  Ovid ( 1st century AD )  Palladius ( physician )  Paulus Aegineta ( 7th century )  Phasias of Tenedos  Philagrius of Epirus ( 3rd-4th century )  Philinus of Cos ( 3rd century BC )  Philistion of Locri ( 5th-4th century BC )  Philo Tarsensis  Philotimus  Philoxenus ( physician ) ( 3rd century BC )  Philumenus ( 3rd century AD )  Phylotimus  Pliny the Elder ( 1st century AD )  Plistonicus  Plutarch ( 2nd century AD )  Posidonius ( 3rd-4th century )  Praxagoras of Cos ( 4th century BC )  Serenus Sammonicus  Rufus of Ephesus ( 2nd century AD )  Scribonius Largus ( 1st century AD )  Serapion ( 3rd century BC )  Severus ( physician ) ( 4th century AD )  Sextus Empiricus  Soranus of Ephesus ( 2nd century AD )  Stephanus Med . ( 7th century )  Stephanus , Phil ( 7th century )  Themison of Laodicea ( 1st century BC )  Theon Gymnasiarcha  Theophilus Protospatharius  Theophrastus  Thessalus of Tralles ( 1st century AD )  Thrasymachus of Sardis  Timotheus of Metapontion  Xenocrates of Aphrodisias ( 1st century AD )  Zopyrus ( physician ) ( 1st century AD )   *  Doctors , ancient  *  *  Western

neg: Cecrops I Cecrops -LSB- ˈsiːˌkrɒps -RSB- ( Κέκροψ , Kékrops ; gen. : Κέκροπος ) was a mythical king of Athens who , according to Eusebius reigned for fifty years . The name is not of Greek origin according to Strabo , or it might mean ` face with a tail ' : it is said that , born from the earth itself , he had his top half shaped like a man and the bottom half in serpent or fish-tail form . He was the founder and the first king of Athens itself , though preceded in the region by the earth-born king Actaeus of Attica . Cecrops was a culture hero , teaching the Athenians marriage , reading and writing , and ceremonial burial .

neg: Phaedrus (Athenian) Phaedrus ( -LSB- ˈfiːdrəs , _ ˈfɛdrəs -RSB- ) , son of Pythocles , of the Myrrhinus deme ( Greek : Φαῖδρος Πυθοκλέους Μυρρινούσιος , Phaĩdros Puthocléous Murrinoúsios ; c. 444 -- 393 BCE ) , was an ancient Athenian aristocrat associated with the inner-circle of the philosopher Socrates . He was indicted in the profanation of the Eleusinian mysteries in 415 during the Peloponnesian War , causing him to flee Athens .   He is best remembered for his depiction in the dialogues of Plato . His philosophically erotic role in his eponymous dialogue and the Symposium inspired later authors , from the ancient comedic playwright Alexis to contemporary philosophers like Robert M. Pirsig and Martha Nussbaum .

neg: Lysicles (5th century BC) Lysicles ( Λυσικλῆς Lysikles ; died 428 BC ) was an Athenian general and leader of the democratic faction in the city . He lived during the fifth century BC and possibly was a friend of Pericles .   According to Aeschines Socraticus , Lysicles lived with Aspasia after Pericles 's death and had a son with her . Aeschines Socraticus is said to have credited Aspasia with all of Lysicles 's political success . During the Peloponnesian War Lysicles was one of the `` hawks '' ; he was convinced that the war against Sparta , which could not conceal its envy of Athens ' pre-eminence , was inevitable if not to be welcomed . Aristophanes taunts him and calls him a `` dealer in sheep '' .   Lysicles was killed in action in 428 BC . The Athenians now sent out twelve ships to levy subsidies from their allies , with Lysicles and four others in command . After cruising to different places and laying them under contribution , Lysicles went up the country across the plain of Meander , in Caria . Being attacked by the Carians , he was slain with many of his soldiers .

neg: Crates Crates is a Greek given name , pronounced as two syllables . It may refer to :  Crates ( comic poet ) ( probably fl . late 450s or very early 440s BC ) , Old Comedy poet and actor from Athens  Crates ( engineer ) , 4th century BC engineer who accompanied Alexander the Great  Crates of Thebes ( c. 365-c . 285 BC ) , Hellenistic Cynic philosopher  Crates of Athens ( died 268-264 BC ) , Polemon 's successor as head of the Platonic Academy  Crates of Mallus , 2nd century BC Greek grammarian and Stoic philosopher  Crates of Tralles , a rhetorician

neg: Antiquity Antiquity may refer to any period before the Middle Ages ( 476 -- 1453 ) , but still within Western civilization-based human history or prehistory :  Ancient history , any historical period before the Middle Ages  Classical antiquity , the classical civilizations of the Mediterranean  Late Antiquity , the period between classical antiquity and the Middle Ages  Ancient Egypt , a civilization of ancient Northeastern Africa , concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now the modern country of Egypt  Ancient China  Ancient Somalia , ancient pyramidal structures , mausoleums , ruined cities and stone walls found in Somalia ( such as the Wargaade Wall ) are evidence of an old sophisticated civilization that once thrived in the Somali peninsula  Ancient Greece , a civilization belonging to a period of Greek history that lasted from the Archaic period of the 8th to 6th centuries BC to the end of antiquity ( c. 600 AD )  Ancient India  Ancient Iran  Ancient Israel and Judah  Ancient Japan  Ancient Near East , the home of early civilizations within roughly the modern Middle East  North Africa during Antiquity , the history of Egypt , Ancient Libya , Numidia and Mauretania  Poland in Antiquity , an era that dates from about 400 BC to 450 -- 500 AD  Romania in Antiquity , between the foundation of Greek colonies in present-day Dobruja and the withdrawal of the Romans from `` Dacia Trajana '' province  Ancient Rome  Ancient languages  Ancient music , music that developed in literate cultures , replacing prehistoric music  Antiquities , objects or artifacts surviving from ancient cultures

neg: Spartan hegemony The polis of Sparta was the greatest military land power of classical Greek antiquity . During the classical period , Sparta governed , dominated or influenced the entire Peloponnese . Additionally , the defeat of the Athenians and the Delian League in the Peloponnesian War in 431-404 BC resulted in a short-lived Spartan dominance of the Greek world from 404 to 371 BC . Due to their mistrust of others , Spartans discouraged the creation of records about their internal affairs . The only histories of Sparta are from the writings of Xenophon , Thucydides , Herodotus and Plutarch , none of whom were Spartans . Plutarch was writing several centuries after the period of Spartan hegemony had ceased . This creates difficulties in understanding the Spartan political system , which was distinctly different from any other Greek polis .

neg: Bessus For the Christian saint , see Saint Bessus .   Bessus , also known as Artaxerxes V ( died summer 329 BC ) , was a prominent Persian Satrap of Bactria in Persia , and later self-proclaimed King of Kings of Persia . According to classical sources , he killed his predecessor and relative , Darius III , after the Persian army had been defeated by Alexander the Great . He was executed by Alexander in 329 BC .

neg: Sophist (dialogue) The Sophist ( Σοφιστής Sophista ) is a Platonic dialogue from the philosopher 's late period , most likely written in 360 BC . Its main theme is to identify what a sophist is and how a sophist differs from a philosopher and statesman . Because each seems distinguished by a particular form of knowledge , the dialogue continues some of the lines of inquiry pursued in the epistemological dialogue , Theaetetus , which is said to have taken place the day before . Because the Sophist treats these matters , it is often taken to shed light on Plato 's Theory of Forms and is compared with the Parmenides , which criticized what is often taken to be the theory of forms .   The dialogue is unusual in being one of three that do not feature Socrates , although as in its sequel , the Statesman , he is present to play a minor role ( the other dialogue is the Laws ) . Instead , the Eleatic Stranger takes the lead in the discussion . The fact that Socrates is present but silent makes it difficult to attribute the views put forward by the Eleatic Stranger to Plato , beyond the difficulty inherent in taking any character to be an author 's `` mouthpiece . ''

neg: Socrates in Love is a 2001 Japanese 206-page melodrama novel , written by Kyoichi Katayama and published by Shogakukan , which revolves around narrator Sakutaro Matsumoto 's recollections of a school classmate whom he once loved .   It 's also known as Crying Out Love , In the Center of the World ( 世界の中心で 、 愛をさけぶ , Sekai no Chūshin de , Ai o Sakebu ) , which author Katayama used after his editors advised that his original novel title Socrates in Love would n't work .

neg: Hippias Hippias of Elis ( -LSB- ˈhɪpiəs -RSB- Ἱππίας ὁ Ἠλεῖος late 5th century BC ) was a Greek sophist , and a contemporary of Socrates . With an assurance characteristic of the later sophists , he claimed to be regarded as an authority on all subjects , and lectured on poetry , grammar , history , politics , mathematics , and much else . Most of our knowledge of him is derived from Plato , who characterizes him as vain and arrogant .

neg: Cretan literature Medieval works suggest that Modern Greek started shaping as early as the 10th century , with one of the first works being the epic poem of Digenis Acritas . However , the first literary activity which was important enough to be identified as `` modern Greek literature '' was done in the Cretan dialect during the 16th century in the Venetian Crete .   The Cretan Renaissance poem Erotokritos is undoubtedly the masterpiece of the Cretan literature , and a supreme achievement of modern Greek literature . It is a romantic work written around 1600 by Vitsentzos Kornaros ( 1553-1613 ) . In over 10,000 lines of rhyming fifteen-syllable couplets , the poet relates the trials and tribulations suffered by two young lovers , Erotokritos and Aretousa , daughter of Heracles , King of Athens . It was a tale that enjoyed enormous popularity among its Greek readership .   The other major representative of the Cretan literature was Georgios Chortatzis and his most notable work was Erofili , which was characterized by Kostis Palamas as the first work of the modern Greek theatre . Other plays include The Sacrifice of Abraham by Kornaros , Panoria and Katsourbos by Chortatzis , Fortounatos by Markos Antonios Foskolos , King Rodolinos by Andreas Troilos , Stathis ( comedy ) and Voskopoula by unknown artists . During this period , there was production of different theatrical genres , such as tragedies , comedies , pastoral and religious plays .   The flourishing Cretan school was all but terminated by the Ottoman capture of the island in the late 17th century .   Many Greek authors have integrated Cretan literary elements in their respective works . Among these authors were Nikos Kazantzakis who was known for his literary contributions mainly written in standard Greek . This paradigm , overall , has helped Kazantzakis to write significant works such as Zorba the Greek and thus establish for himself recognition in various international circles . His Captain Michalis -- set in 19th-century Crete -- is notable for using many Cretan Greek words and idioms , the book 's popularity making them widely known to other Greeks .

neg: Alexander of Acarnania Alexander of Acarnania was once a friend of Philip V of Macedon but abandoned him , and insinuated himself so much into the favor of Antiochus III the Great , that he was admitted to his most secret deliberations . He advised the king to invade Greece , holding out him the most brilliant prospects of victory over the Romans . Antiochus followed his advice . Alexander was greatly injured in the Battle of Cynoscephalae ( 194 BC ) in which Antiochus was defeated by the Romans , and in this state he carried the news of the defeat to his kin , who was staying at Thronium , on the Maliac Gulf . When the king , on his retreat from Greece , had reached Cenaeum in Euboea , Alexander died and was buried there , in 191 BC .

neg: Dialectic Dialectic or dialectics ( διαλεκτική , dialektikḗ ) , also known as the dialectical method , is a discourse between two or more people holding different points of view about a subject but wishing to establish the truth through reasoned arguments .   The term dialectic is not synonymous with the term debate . While in theory debaters are not necessarily emotionally invested in their point of view , in practice debaters frequently display an emotional commitment that may cloud rational judgment . Debates are won through a combination of persuading the opponent , proving one 's argument correct , and proving the opponent 's argument incorrect . Debates do not necessarily require promptly identifying a clear winner or loser ; however , clear winners are frequently determined by a judge , a jury or group consensus . The term dialectics is also not synonymous with the term rhetoric , a method or art of discourse that seeks to persuade , inform , or motivate an audience . Concepts , like `` logos '' or rational appeal , `` pathos '' or emotional appeal , and `` ethos '' or ethical appeal , are intentionally used by rhetoricians to persuade an audience .   Socrates favoured truth as the highest value , proposing that it could be discovered through reason and logic in discussion : ergo , dialectic . Socrates valued rationality ( appealing to logic , not emotion ) as the proper means for persuasion , the discovery of truth , and the determinant for one 's actions . To Socrates , truth , not aretē ( moral virtue ) , was the greater good , and each person should , above all else , seek truth to guide one 's life . Therefore , Socrates opposed the Sophists and their teaching of rhetoric as art and as emotional oratory requiring neither logic nor proof . Different forms of dialectical reasoning have emerged throughout history from the Indosphere ( Greater India ) and the West ( Europe ) . These forms include the Socratic method , Hindu , Buddhist , Medieval , Hegelian dialectics , Marxist , Talmudic , and Neo-orthodoxy .

neg: Phocion Phocion ( -LSB- ˈfoʊʃiən , _ - ˌɒn -RSB- Φωκίων #Ancient Greek Phokion ; c. 402 -- c. 318 BC ; nicknamed The Good ) was an Athenian statesman and strategos , and the subject of one of Plutarch 's Parallel Lives .   Phocion was a successful politician of Athens . He believed that extreme frugality was the condition for virtue and lived in accord with this ; consequently , he was popularly known as `` The Good . '' Further , people thought that Phocion was the most honest member of the Athenian Assembly . However , within this chamber , Phocion 's tendency to strong opposition relegated him to a solitary stand against the entire political class . Nonetheless , by both his individual prestige and his military expertise , which was acquired by the side of Chabrias , Phocion was elected strategos numerous times , with a record 45 terms in office . Thus , during most of his 84 years of life , Phocion occupied the most important Athenian offices .   In the late 320s , when Macedon gained complete control of Athens ( under Antipater ) , though somewhat compromised Phocion defended both the urban center and its citizens . He even refused to comply with some dishonorable requests of the enemy . However , his stance put Phocion in opposition to both most free Athenians and Polyperchon , the next ruler of Macedonia , who arranged his execution in Athens .


query: Emily Blunt is a puppet.

pos: Emily Blunt Emily Olivia Leah Blunt ( born 23 February 1983 ) is a British film and stage actress . Blunt made her professional debut in a 2001 London production of the play The Royal Family . Two years later , she appeared on screen for the first time in the 2003 television film Boudica ( Warrior Queen ) . Her performance in the 2004 drama film My Summer of Love garnered her the Evening Standard British Film Award for Most Promising Newcomer .   For her performance in the TV film Gideon 's Daughter ( 2006 ) she received a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress . The same year , she received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Supporting Actress -- Motion Picture and a nomination for a BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for The Devil Wears Prada .   In 2009 , Blunt received the BAFTA Britannia Award for British Artist of the Year . She received more acclaim for portraying Queen Victoria in The Young Victoria ( 2009 ) , receiving a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture -- Drama . 2009 also saw Blunt appear in the crime caper comedy Wild Target with Bill Nighy and Rupert Grint . She found commercial success for roles in the romantic science-fiction thriller The Adjustment Bureau ( 2011 ) , the science-fiction action thriller Looper ( 2012 ) , and the science-fiction military film Edge of Tomorrow ( 2014 ) .   Blunt received her fourth and fifth Golden Globe Award nominations for her roles in the romantic comedy-drama Salmon Fishing in the Yemen ( 2012 ) and the musical fantasy Into the Woods ( 2014 ) in the Best Actress -- Motion Picture Comedy or Musical category . In 2016 , Blunt starred in the fantasy-action film The Huntsman : Winter 's War and The Girl on the Train , the latter based on the international best-selling novel of the same name , and a performance that earned her nominations for the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role .

neg: Just for Laughs: Gags Just for Laughs : Gags ( in French , Juste pour rire : Gags ) is a Canadian silent comedy/hidden camera reality television show that is under the Just for Laughs brand . It is based on the similar American series Candid Camera .  The series is also on YouTube .  In December 26 , 2000 , JFL : Gags began airing on French Canadian network Canal D . In the following years , the show was picked up by TVA , CBC and The Comedy Network in Canada , BBC1 in the UK , TF1 in France and ABC and Telemundo in the United States ; the Canadian version ( unlike the ones produced for ABC ) aired in the United States in first-run syndication starting in the fall of 2015 and ended in February 2016 .   The series uses a hidden camera format , playing pranks on unsuspecting subjects while hidden cameras capture the subjects ' responses ; each episode presents multiple gags . While some segments have included brief dialogue , most do not contain any sound or dialogue ; the audio is replaced with sound effects , a laugh track , and public domain music . Most segments are filmed in Quebec City , Montreal and Vancouver , while some have been filmed in Mexico . British and Asian versions have been produced in the UK and Singapore , respectively . In 2011 the show spawned a spinoff , Just Kidding , which consists exclusively of kids playing pranks on adults .   With its silent format and no translation required , Just for Laughs : Gags has been purchased for use in over 100 countries throughout the world as well as in airports and by airlines . Reactions to the gags range from `` inane '' to cross-culturally funny . The same distributors also distribute Surprise Sur Prise , a similar show .   In March 2011 , Just for Laughs Gags entered into a partnership with Montreal-based , entertainment site , Videobash.com and now have their own devoted channel there . ( No video has been posted as of this writing . )

neg: Emily Short Emily Short is an interactive fiction ( IF ) writer , perhaps best known for her debut game Galatea and her use of psychologically complex NPCs , or non-player game characters . She has been called `` a visionary in the world of text-based games for years '' , and is the author of over thirty-five works of IF in addition to being chief editor of the IF Theory Book .  She writes a regular column on IF for Rock , Paper , Shotgun .

neg: Agent Crush Agent Crush is an unreleased British puppet movie starring Ioan Gruffudd , Brian Cox , Neve Campbell , Roger Moore , Brian Blessed , Rula Lenska and Ruby Wax . It is currently awaiting release .

neg: Willy Clarkson William Berry `` Willy '' Clarkson ( 1861 - 12 October 1934 ) was a theatrical costume designer and wigmaker .   A 1900 article in the theatrical newspaper The Era stated that `` Not to know Willy Clarkson and his doings is to be out of the theatrical world , for Willy Clarkson , with the bright and easy ( though sometimes anxious ) manner is ever hovering `` before and behind . '' Scarcely any big production in London is undertaken without the aid of the owner of the Wellington-street wiggeries . ''   Clarkson 's father had been making wigs since 1833 and Willy Clarkson took over his father 's business in 1878 . In an 1898 court case Clarkson was fined for the offence of employing women in a factory on a Sunday . Author James Morton described Clarkson as `` the more notorious of Soho 's blackmailers of the interwar years '' in his 2012 book Gangland Soho . Morton describes a public lavatory in Soho 's Dansey Place as being known locally as Clarkson 's Cottage , and wrote that Clarkson was an accomplished insurance fraudster , with 11 of 12 premises Clarkson occupied having burnt down .   Willy Clarkson drafted his will himself and did not leave the residue of his estate to any particular person . This meant that upon his death his estate would have been forfeit to the crown . A solicitor 's clerk , William C. Hobbs , then forged Clarkson 's will in his favour with the help of lawyer Edmond O'Connor . Hobbes was later sentenced to five years in prison for this crime and O'Connor seven .   A London County Council blue plaque unveiled in 1966 commemorates Clarkson at 41-43 Wardour Street in Soho . The foundation stone of Clarkson 's Wardour Street premises ( then Wellington Street ) was laid by the actress Sarah Bernhardt and the coping stone by actor Henry Irving . Clarkson 's occupied the building from 1905 to 1940 .   On his death in 1934 Clarkson was buried in a modest grave in the Actors ' Acre in Brookwood Cemetery .   Harry J. Greenwall published The Strange Life of Willy Clarkson : An Experiment in Biography in 1936 .

neg: Mirror box A mirror box is a box with two mirrors in the center ( one facing each way ) , invented by Vilayanur S. Ramachandran to help alleviate phantom limb pain , in which patients feel they still have a limb after having it amputated . The wider use of mirrors in this way is known as mirror therapy .   In a mirror box the patient places the good limb into one side , and the residual limb into the other . The patient then looks into the mirror on the side with the good limb and makes `` mirror symmetric '' movements , as a symphony conductor might , or as we do when we clap our hands . Because the subject is seeing the reflected image of the good hand moving , it appears as if the phantom limb is also moving . Through the use of this artificial visual feedback it becomes possible for the patient to `` move '' the phantom limb , and to unclench it from potentially painful positions .   Based on the observation that phantom limb patients were much more likely to report paralyzed and painful phantoms if the actual limb had been paralyzed prior to amputation ( for example , due to a brachial plexus avulsion ) , Ramachandran and Rogers-Ramachandran proposed the `` learned paralysis '' hypothesis of painful phantom limbs . Their hypothesis was that every time the patient attempted to move the paralyzed limb , they received sensory feedback ( through vision and proprioception ) that the limb did not move . This feedback stamped itself into the brain circuitry through a process of Hebbian learning , so that , even when the limb was no longer present , the brain had learned that the limb ( and subsequent phantom ) was paralyzed .   Ramachandran 's theory was challenged by a 2010 research study conducted by Marian Michielsen of the University Medical Center , Rotterdam . Michielsen carried out research involving 22 stroke victims which suggests that mirror therapy works by enhancing the spatial coupling between limbs . Michielsen stated that `` The hypothesis that the mirror illusion enhances spatial coupling is supported by studies on healthy volunteers , showing that the mirror illusion increased the tendency of one limb to take on the spatial properties of the other limb .

neg: Talking With... Talking With ... is a 1982 play by Jane Martin , published by Samuel French Incorporated . The play is composed of eleven ten-minute monologues , each featuring a different woman who talks about her life . The play includes the pieces , `` Fifteen Minutes , '' `` Scraps , '' `` Clear Glass Marbles , '' `` Audition , '' `` Rodeo , '' `` Twirler , '' `` Lamps , '' `` Handler , '' `` Dragons , '' `` French Fries , '' and `` Marks . '' It premiered at the Manhattan Theatre Club in New York in 1982 and has been performed around the world .   The play deals with the personal ordeals of each of the female characters . Many of them are very touching ; a few are even intensely emotional . However , there is also the very comical . Even the funny ones , however , have an underlying depth to them that gives a sensitive insight into each of the characters involved.The ladies cover a wide spectrum of life and age from the fading rodeo star in `` Rodeo '' to the young aspiring actress in `` Audition '' , there is much tenderness and diversity in the subject matter involved in the play .

neg: The Edible Woman The Edible Woman is a 1969 novel that helped to establish Margaret Atwood as a prose writer of major significance . It is the story of a young woman whose sane , structured , consumer-oriented world starts to slip out of focus . Following her engagement , Marian feels her body and her self are becoming separated . As Marian begins endowing food with human qualities that cause her to identify with it , she finds herself unable to eat , repelled by metaphorical cannibalism . In a foreword written in 1979 for the Virago edition of the novel , Atwood described it as a protofeminist rather than feminist work .   Atwood explores gender stereotypes through characters who strictly adhere to them ( such as Peter or Lucy ) and those who defy their constraints ( such as Ainsley or Duncan ) . The narrative point of view shifts from first to third person , accentuating Marian 's slow detachment from reality . At the conclusion , first person narration returns , consistent with the character 's willingness to take control of her life again . Food and clothing are major symbols used by the author to explore themes and grant the reader insight on each of the characters ' personalities , moods and motivations .   Setting is used to identify differences between the characters ; for example , Duncan is encountered in a mundane laundromat , gloomy theatre or sleazy hotel . In comparison , Peter inhabits genteel bars and a sparkling new apartment . However these changing environments are also used to explore different angles of existence , contrasting a freer , wilder glimpse of life , with a civilised , gilded cage . This highlights the difficulties presented to women in the era , where freedom was synonymous with uncertainty but marriage presented problems of its own .   This novel 's publication coincided with the rise of the women 's movement in North America , but is described by Atwood as `` protofeminist '' because it was written in 1965 and thus anticipated second wave feminism .

neg: Toby Hull Toby Hull is the son of Rod Hull , a popular entertainer who appeared with an arm-length puppet known as Emu . He is one of three children from Hull 's second marriage .   After the death of his father in 1999 , Toby brought Emu out of retirement for the 2003 pantomime season , appearing in Cinderella at the Theatre Royal , Windsor . In 2007 Hull appeared with a refurbished Emu in their own series on CITV .

neg: Onnagata Onnagata or oyama ( Japanese : 女形 ・ 女方 , `` woman-role '' ) , are male actors who played women 's roles in Japanese Kabuki theatre . The modern all-male kabuki was originally known as yarō kabuki ( `` man kabuki '' ) to distinguish it from earlier forms . In the early 17th century , shortly after the emergence of the genre , many kabuki theaters had an all-female cast ( onna kabuki ) , with women playing men 's roles as necessary . Wakashū kabuki ( `` adolescent-boy kabuki '' ) , with a cast composed entirely of attractive young men playing both male and female roles , and frequently dealing in erotic themes , originated circa 1612 .   Both onnagata and wakashū ( or wakashū-gata ) , actors specializing in adolescent male roles ( and usually adolescents themselves ) , were the subject of much appreciation by both male and female patrons , and were often prostitutes . All-male casts became the norm after 1629 , when women were banned from appearing in kabuki due to the prevalent prostitution of actresses and violent quarrels among patrons for the actresses ' favors . This ban failed to stop the problems , however , since the young male ( wakashū ) actors were also fervently pursued by patrons .   In 1642 , onnagata roles were forbidden , resulting in plays that featured only male characters . These plays continued to have erotic content and generally featured many wakashū roles , often dealing in themes of nanshoku ( male homosexuality ) ; officials responded by banning wakashū roles as well . The ban on onnagata was lifted in 1644 , and on wakashū in 1652 , on the condition that all actors , regardless of role , adopted the adult male hairstyle with shaved pate . Onnagata and wakashū actors soon began wearing a small purple headscarf ( murasaki bōshi or katsura ) to cover the shaved portion , which became iconic signifiers of their roles and eventually became invested with erotic significance as a result . After authorities rescinded a ban on wig-wearing by onnagata and wakashū actors , the murasaki bōshi was replaced by a wig and now survives in a few older plays and as a ceremonial accessory .   After film was introduced in Japan at the end of the 19th century , the oyama continued to portray females in movies until the early 1920s . At that time , however , using real female actresses was coming into fashion with the introduction of realist shingeki films . The oyama staged a protest at Nikkatsu in 1922 in backlash against the lack of work because of this . Kabuki , however , remains all-male even today .   Oyama continue to appear in Kabuki today , though the term onnagata has come to be used much more commonly .   Every Kabuki actor is expected to have facility with onnagata techniques ; and while is it tempting for Western opinion to equate onnagata with mere cross-dressing , or female impersonation , no kabuki actor 's training is complete without mastery of what constitutes the techniques the Kabuki onnagata . The phenomenon is best identified with the kangi , 女形 , for there is no English equivalent .

neg: 30-Second Bunnies Theatre 30-Second Bunnies Theatre is a Flash cartoon series featuring films re-enacted by anthropomorphic animated bunnies in 30 seconds . The series is produced by Angry Alien Productions , the one-woman company of creator Jennifer Shiman .   The series debuted in 2004 , when Shiman sought to create a humorous web series . She unveiled a version of The Exorcist , re-enacted by animated bunnies in 30 seconds . It received an overwhelmingly positive response online from a global audience , prompting Shiman to create more re-enactments . In 2005 , the `` bunny troupe '' was commissioned by Starz ! to make new shorts . Each Starz-commissioned re-enactment premiered on Starz on Demand before moving online . The series take on Star Wars was featured on CNN on April 16 , 2006 .   Angry Alien Productions released a selection of the shorts on DVD on October 20 , 2009 . Previously , the Titanic short was included on that film 's 4-Disc Special Collector 's Edition DVD , released in 2005 .   In 2007 , Crackle became a distributing partner .   In 2008 , the site won two Webby Awards for Online Film and Video/Animation , as well as the People 's Voice award in that category .   On June 13 , 2010 , Shiman announced on the 30-Second Bunnies Theatre Website that , after six years and 68 shorts , she was placing the series on hiatus to move on to other pursuits . The final short at the time was a re-enactment of the film Evil Dead II .   As of October 2011 , Shiman completed three more re-enactments : Alfred Hitchcock 's The Birds , Freaks ( 1932 ) and Michael Dougherty 's Trick ' r Treat .   Shiman teamed up with FEARnet in 2012 to make more horror movie shorts . The first season of shorts is complete , and the second season is in production as of September 16 , 2013 .   In mid-March 2014 , Angry Alien Productions ventured into new bunny territory by re-enacting the life of Kevin Spacey ( with bunny voices by Kevin Spacey himself ) to celebrate the launch of his new website . In Spring 2015 the staff of Angry Alien Productions informed that they would indefinitely stop making re-enactments after Blade Runner .

neg: Strange Hill High Strange Hill High is a children 's puppet-animated series for CBBC .

neg: Theatre of Cruelty (Discworld) `` Theatre of Cruelty '' is a short Discworld story by Terry Pratchett written in 1993 . The name derives from a concept of Antonin Artaud ( Theatre of Cruelty ) .   It was originally written for W. H. Smith Bookcase magazine and was then slightly modified and extended , being published again in the programme of the OryCon 15 convention , and then again in The Wizards of Odd , a compilation of fantasy short stories .   It has since been made available on the Internet along with dozens of translations by fans , with Pratchett having stated , `` I do n't want to see it distributed in print anywhere but do n't mind people downloading it for their own enjoyment . ''   The story involves both the Ankh-Morpork City Watch and a parallel of Punch and Judy .   A murder has been committed : a street entertainer , found apparently battered to death with a very small blunt object , on him bite marks from a very small crocodile . Investigating the incident in his typically direct manner , Carrot Ironfoundersson discovers the death was an accident , the man having choked on a swazzle . It emerges that the entertainer had invented a parallel , live-action version of Punch and Judy , using -- and abusing -- a troupe of gnomes as the live cast . Carrot asserts that such brutal theatre could never find favour in Ankh-Morpork : `` That 's not the way to do it '' .

neg: Matilda (novel) Matilda is a children 's novel by British writer Roald Dahl . Matilda won the Children 's Book Award in 1999 . It was published in 1988 by Jonathan Cape in London , with 232 pages and illustrations by Quentin Blake . It was adapted as an audio reading by actress Kate Winslet , a 1996 feature film directed by Danny DeVito , a two-part BBC Radio 4 programme starring Lauren Mote as Matilda , Nichola McAuliffe as Miss Trunchbull and narrated by Lenny Henry , and a 2010 musical .   In 2012 Matilda was ranked number 30 among all-time children 's novels in a survey published by School Library Journal , a monthly with primarily US audience . It was the first of four books by Dahl among the Top 100 , more than any other writer .

neg: Heart String Marionette Heart String Marionette is an independent feature-length animated film directed by M dot Strange . It uses 3D animation and CG effects . The film was released online on June 15 , 2012 . It premiered on March 7 , 2015 at the Cinequest Film Festival .

neg: Puppet Master III: Toulon's Revenge Puppet Master III : Toulon 's Revenge is a 1991 direct-to-video horror film written by Charles Band , C. Courtney Joyner and David Schmoeller , and directed by David DeCoteau . It is the third film in the Puppet Master franchise , a prequel to 1989 's Puppet Master and 1991 's Puppet Master II , and stars Guy Rolfe as a puppeteer whose ability to animate lifeless material attracts the attention of the Nazis , whose members are played by Richard Lynch , Ian Abercrombie , and Walter Gotell .   Toulon 's Revenge , as well as the second , fourth , and fifth installments of the series , are only available in DVD format through a Full Moon Features box set that has since been discontinued . However , in 2007 , Full Moon Features reacquired the rights to the first five films , and the box set has since been reissued and is available directly from Full Moon , as well as through several online retailers .   The film is also available on DVD along with the first two films on a triple feature `` Midnight Horror Collection '' at a budget price . A remastered edition Blu-ray and DVD of the film was released on September 18 , 2012 .

neg: Dickens' Women Dickens ' Women is a one person show written by Miriam Margolyes and Sonia Fraser and starring Margolyes .   The play includes 23 different characters ( male and female ) based on or inspired by characters in Charles Dickens ' novels .   The Sydney Morning Herald wrote that the `` elegantly crafted production puts the focus on the storyteller '' ( Dickens ) , highlighting his `` obsession with youthful beauty and his baffling relationships with his sisters-in-law '' . The Age noted that it `` combines character sketches , short readings , biographical material and mordant commentary '' .   The show was developed in 1989 for the Edinburgh Festival , and Margolyes has taken it on tour worldwide , including a 2007 tour to Australia and New Zealand . Margolyes was nominated for an Olivier Award in 1992 for her original West End season of the show .   Dickens ' Women was taken on a world tour in 2012 as part of the 200th anniversary celebrations of Dickens ' birth .

neg: Hens' Teeth Hens ' Teeth Women 's Comedy Company first performed at Circa Theatre in Wellington pre-Xmas 1988 . It broke box-office records at the theatre , and a second season at Taki Rua Theatre early in 1989 had similar success . The company went on to create several productions a year , for 13 years .   Though based in Wellington , New Zealand , the company toured throughout New Zealand , and in 1992 performed at the Adelaide Fringe Festival in Australia .   Hens ' Teeth was created by Kate JasonSmith , who remained as the Producer throughout its existence .   The format was of a comic line-up which changed nightly , with some regulars and some `` tryouts '' . It was held together by a compere or M.C. - the most famous being `` Mother Chook '' Leone Hatherly . The core cast of women included : Dame Kate Harcourt , Lorae Parry , Pinky Agnew , Helen Moulder , Carmel McGlone , Sue Dunlop , Sally Rodwell , Madeline McNamara , Rose Beauchamp , Prue Langbein , Bub Bridger , April Phillips , and Darien Takle .   Over 100 women performed with Hens ' Teeth between 1987 and 2001 , including Ginette McDonald , Rima te Wiata , Emily Perkins , Cathy Sheat , Michelle Scullion , Ann Pacey , Riwia Brown , Ann Jones , Alison Wall , Pam Corkery , Perry Piercy , Nancy Fulford , Stephanie Creed , Vicki Walker , Donna Akersten , Jane Waddell , and Phylli JasonSmith .   The success of Hens ' Teeth was attributed to the comedy being about things that are part of the fabric of most women 's lives : sex , politics , aging , cooking , ambition , breastfeeding , men , opera , housework , dieting , childcare , self-defense , love , money , contraception , creativity , etc. , etc. . The only major rule for the content of Hens ' Teeth was that they did n't laugh at the expense of men , or of any other minorities .   After 16 years of hibernation , Hens ' Teeth has agreed to a new season at < Circa Theatre , Wellington , New Zealand , as part of the WTF ! ( Women 's Theatre Festival ) March 14th - 25th 2017 .

neg: Wayland Flowers Wayland Parrott Flowers , Jr. ( November 26 , 1939 -- October 11 , 1988 ) was an American actor , comedian and puppeteer . Flowers was best known for the comedy act he created with his puppet Madame . His performances as `` Wayland Flowers and Madame '' were a major national success on stage and on screen in the 1970s and 1980s .

neg: Puppet A puppet is an object , often resembling a human , animal or mythical figure , that is animated or manipulated by a person called a puppeteer . The puppeteer uses movements of their hands , arms , or control devices such as rods or strings to move the body , head , limbs , and in some cases the mouth and eyes of the puppet . The puppeteer often speaks in the voice of the character of the puppet , and then synchronizes the movements of the puppet 's mouth with this spoken part . The actions , gestures and spoken parts acted out by the puppeteer with the puppet are typically used in storytelling . Puppetry is a very ancient form of theatre which dates back to the 5th century BC in Ancient Greece . There are many different varieties of puppets , and they are made from a wide range of materials , depending on their form and intended use . They range from very simple in construction and operation to very complex .   Two simple types of puppets are the finger puppet , which is a tiny puppet that fits onto a single finger , and the sock puppet , which is formed and operated by inserting one 's hand inside a sock , with the opening and closing of the hand simulating the movement of the puppet 's `` mouth . '' The sock puppet is a type of hand puppet , which is controlled using one hand that occupies the interior of the puppet and moves the puppet around . A `` live-hand puppet '' is similar to a hand puppet but is larger and requires two puppeteers for each puppet . A Marionette is a much more complicated type of puppet that is suspended and controlled by a number of strings connected to the head , back and limbs , plus sometimes a central rod attached to a control bar held from above by the puppeteer .   A rod puppet is constructed around a central rod secured to the head . A shadow puppet is a cut-out figure held between a source of light and a translucent screen . Bunraku puppets are a type of Japanese wood-carved puppet . A ventriloquist 's dummy is a human-shaped puppet operated by a ventriloquist performer 's hand ; the performer produces the puppets voice with little or no movement of her mouth , which creates the illusion that the puppet is alive . Carnival puppets are large puppets , typically bigger than a human , designed to be part of a large spectacle or parade .

neg: Miranda Sings Miranda Sings is a fictional character , developed on the internet , created in 2008 and portrayed by American comedian , actress and YouTube personality Colleen Ballinger . Ballinger displays videos of the comically talentless , egotistical , misguided and quirky character on her YouTube channel . In these videos , the eccentric , narcissistic , yet endearing character sings and dances badly , gives inept `` tutorials '' , recounts her daily activities , discusses current events that she often misunderstands , collaborates with other YouTubers , and rants about her critics , reading examples of hate mail directed at the character on social media ; she responds to them with her catchphrase : `` Haters Back Off ! '' .   Ballinger created the character as a satire of bad but arrogant singers who believe that posting their videos on YouTube will lead to them breaking into show business . As of February 2017 , the Miranda Sings YouTube channel had surpassed 1.2 billion views and 7 million subscribers , and Miranda had more than 6 million Instagram followers . Miranda has been ranked the 7th `` most popular '' YouTube personality by Daily American , and the channel was ranked No. 38 of all time by NewMediaRockstars . The character also has an active presence on other social media .   Since 2009 , in addition to her internet videos , Ballinger has regularly presented live comedy acts , in character as Miranda Sings , at first in cabaret spaces and later in theaters in New York , London , and other cities in the US , Canada , Europe , Australia and elsewhere . Her acts include Miranda 's signature off-key singing of pop music hits and show tunes , with introductions focusing on the character 's backstory . Her delivery is full of malapropisms , mondegreens and spoonerisms , and the acts incorporate interaction with audience volunteers , giving a `` voice lesson '' to , or singing a duet with , Broadway or other musical celebrities , reading hate mail , and singing while being stabbed through the neck in her `` magic trick '' .   The character has appeared in web series , interviews and an episode of the TV show Victorious . In 2014 , she guest-starred in character on an episode of Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee with Jerry Seinfeld and appeared on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon . In July 2015 , she released a New York Times # 1 best-selling book , written in Miranda 's voice , titled Selp-Helf . Miranda is the main character in the Netflix original series Haters Back Off , which premiered in 2016 and has been renewed for 2017 . Ballinger won a Teen Choice Award and a Streamy Award for her Miranda videos .


query: Odin does not appear in Norse mythology.

pos: Odin In Germanic mythology , Odin ( from Old Norse Óðinn ) is a widely revered god . In Norse mythology , from which stems most of the information about the god , Odin is associated with healing , death , royalty , the gallows , knowledge , battle , sorcery , poetry , frenzy , and the runic alphabet , and is the husband of the goddess Frigg . In wider Germanic mythology and paganism , Odin was known in Old English as Wōden , in Old Saxon as Wōdan , and in Old High German as Wuotan or Wōtan , all stemming from the reconstructed Proto-Germanic theonym wōđanaz .   Odin is a prominently mentioned god throughout the recorded history of the Germanic peoples , from the Roman occupation of regions of Germania through the tribal expansions of the Migration Period and the Viking Age . In the modern period , Odin continued to be acknowledged in the rural folklore of Germanic Europe . References to Odin appear in place names throughout regions historically inhabited by the ancient Germanic peoples , and the day of the week Wednesday bears his name in many Germanic languages , including English .   In Anglo-Saxon England , Odin held a particular place as a euhemerized ancestral figure among royalty , and he is frequently referred to as a founding figure among various other Germanic peoples , including the Langobards . Forms of his name appear frequently throughout the Germanic record , though narratives regarding Odin are mainly found in Old Norse works recorded in Iceland , primarily around the 13th century . These texts make up the bulk of modern understanding of Norse mythology .   In Old Norse texts , Odin is depicted as one-eyed and long-bearded , frequently wielding a spear named Gungnir , and wearing a cloak and a broad hat . He is often accompanied by his animal companions -- the wolves Geri and Freki and the ravens Huginn and Muninn , who bring him information from all over Midgard -- and rides the flying , eight-legged steed Sleipnir across the sky and into the underworld . Odin is attested as having many sons , most famously the gods Thor ( with Jörð ) and Baldr ( with Frigg ) , and is known by hundreds of names . In these texts , he frequently seeks greater knowledge , at times in disguise ( most famously by obtaining the Mead of Poetry ) , makes wagers with his wife Frigg over the outcome of exploits , and takes part in both the creation of the world by way of slaying the primordial being Ymir and the gift of life to the first two humans Ask and Embla . Odin has a particular association with Yule , and mankind 's knowledge of both the runes and poetry is also attributed to him .   In Old Norse texts , Odin is given primacy over female beings associated with the battlefield -- the valkyries -- and oversees Valhalla , where he receives half of those who die in battle , the einherjar . The other half are chosen by the goddess Freyja for her afterlife location , Fólkvangr . Odin consults the disembodied , herb-embalmed head of the wise being Mímir for advice , and during the foretold events of Ragnarök , Odin is told to lead the einherjar into battle before being consumed by the monstrous wolf Fenrir . In later folklore , Odin appears as a leader of the Wild Hunt , a ghostly procession of the dead through the winter sky . He has also been associated with charms and other forms of magic , particularly in Old English and Old Norse texts .   Odin has been a frequent subject of study in Germanic studies , and numerous theories have been put forward regarding his development . Some of these focus on Odin 's particular relation to other figures ; for example , the fact that Freyja 's husband Óðr appears to be something of an etymological doublet of the god , whereas Odin 's wife Frigg is in many ways similar to Freyja , and that Odin has a particular relation to the figure of Loki . Other approaches focus on Odin 's place in the historical record , a frequent question being whether the figure of Odin derives from Proto-Indo-European religion , or whether he developed later in Germanic society . In the modern period , Odin has inspired numerous works of poetry , music , and other forms of media . He is venerated in most forms of the new religious movement Heathenry , together with other gods venerated by the ancient Germanic peoples ; some branches focus particularly on him .

neg: Ivar Ivar ( Old Norse Ívarr ) is a Scandinavian masculine given name . Another variant of the name is Iver , which is more common in Norway .  The Old Norse name has several possible etymologies . In North Germanic phonology , several of the elements common to Germanic names became homophonous . The first element Ívarr may contain yr `` yew '' and - arr ( from hari , `` warrior '' ) ,  but it may have become partly conflated with Ingvar , and possibly Joar ( element jó `` horse '' ) . The second element - arr may alternatively also be from geir `` spear '' or it may be var `` protector '' .  The name was adopted into English as Ivor , into Gaelic as Iomhar , and into Latvian as Ivars .

neg: Uí Ímair The Uí ( h ) Ímair -LSB- iː ˈiːvˠaɾʲ -RSB- , or Dynasty of Ivar , were a royal Norse dynasty members of which ruled much of the Irish Sea region , the Kingdom of Dublin , the western coast of Scotland , including the Hebrides and some part of Northern England , from the mid 9th century .   The dynasty lost control of York in the mid 10th century , but reigned over the other domains at variously disputed times , depending on which rulers may be counted among their descendants . This has proved a difficult question for scholars to determine , because reliable pedigrees do not survive . Additionally , for between three and four decades , the Uí Ímair were probably overkings of the Kingdom of Scotland itself , distinct from the Kingdom of Strathclyde , of which they may also have been overkings , and later briefly the Irish province of Munster , dominated from Waterford , and later still , briefly the English kingdom of Mercia . In the west of Ireland , the Uí Ímair also supplied at least two kings of Limerick , from which they may have attempted to conquer Munster again .   On the female side , two members are styled Queens of Ireland in the Irish annals ( they were also Queen of Mide and Queen of Munster , respectively ) , while another was Queen of Leinster ( and Osraige ) . In the Norse sources , another was Queen consort of Norway . Finally , another may have been Queen of Brega . The name Uí Ímair in Old Irish means `` grandchildren '' or descendants of Ivar , but the dynasty includes its progenitor and his sons . The Irish annals describe Ivar as the brother of Amlaíb Conung and of Auisle , and the Annals of Ulster record his obituary under the year 873 , reading : Imhar , rex Nordmannorum totius Hibernie & Brittanie , uitam finiuit -LSB- `` Ivar , king of all the Norse of Ireland and Britain , ended his life '' -RSB- . Probably the senior leader of the Great Heathen Army , Ivar may thus have become the inspiration for the legendary Ivar the Boneless ( fl . 865-860 ) , son of Ragnar Lodbrok . In any event , Uí Ímair dynasts may also have exercised power as overkings of East Anglia during their career in Britain .   Alex Woolf points out it would be a mistake to view the lordship as a `` unitary empire '' ; it was , rather , a collection of lordships ruled by the same kindred , with only varying degrees of unity depending on the political circumstances of the moment and the charisma of individual leaders . Especially in the early period , a great portion of the dynasty 's wealth , probably the majority , came from the international slave trade , both as slavers themselves and from the taxation of it , for which they were infamous in their time . In this role they star as the principal antagonists in the early 12th-century Irish epic political tract The War of the Irish with the Foreigners , although the account is exaggerated .   One of the greatest dynasties of the Viking Age , the Uí Ímair were at their height the most fearsome and wide-reaching power in the British Isles and perhaps beyond . However , unlike the contemporary Rurikids in the East they ultimately failed to make any long-lasting territorial gains of significance and are considered a strategic failure , despite their considerable economic and political influence .

neg: Naglfari In Norse mythology , Naglfari is the father of Auðr by the personified night , Nótt . Naglfar is attested in a single mention in the Prose Edda ( written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson ) book Gylfaginning , where he is described as one of a series of three husbands of Nótt , and that the couple produced a son , Auðr . No additional information is provided about Naglfari .   Rudolf Simek theorizes that Snorri invented Naglfari but states that his reason for doing so is unknown .

neg: Sólarljóð The Sólarljóð ( The Song of the Sun ) is an Old Norse poem , written in Iceland ca 1200 . It is written in the traditional metric style of the Poetic Edda , but with a content from Christian visionary poems .   The poem is anonymous , even though it is in some manuscripts assigned to Sæmund . In 82 ljóðaháttr stanzas it gives a narrative , in which a deceased father is addressing his son from another world . The father does n't reveal his identity until the lasts stanzas .   The title of the poem is given in the 81 . stanza , and no doubt derives from the allusion to the Sun at the beginning of the stanzas 39-45 , all beginning with Sól ek sá ... `` The Sun I saw ... '' . The first stanzas ( 1-24 ) gives examples of the lives , death and fate of different , anonymous persons . Stanzas 25-32 are advices , similar to those in Hávamál , while 33-38 is a `` psychological biography '' of the narrators life . No 39-45 are the sun stanzas ; followed by a section ( 46-56 ) where the narrator is placed in some limbo between life and death . The next section , stanzas 57-80 , describes his impressions of Hell and Heaven , often compared to The Divine Comedy . The last two stanzas are addressing the son , and the hope for resurrection .   Though written in the traditional metric style of the old Norse religious and wisdom poetry , the poem draws heavily on inspiration from the European medieval visionary literature and the metaphors of contemporary Christian literature . Despite its references to the Norse mythology , it bears no signs of syncretism , but bears a convinced testimony of the new faith .

neg: Seiðr In Old Norse , seiðr ( sometimes anglicized as seidhr , seidh , seidr , seithr , seith , or seid ) was a type of sorcery which was practiced in Norse society during the Late Scandinavian Iron Age . Connected with Norse religion , its origins are largely unknown , although it gradually eroded following the Christianization of Scandinavia . Accounts of seiðr later made it into sagas and other literary sources , while further evidence has been unearthed by archaeologists . Various scholars have debated the nature of seiðr , some arguing that it was shamanic in context , involving visionary journeys by its practitioners .   Seiðr practitioners were of both sexes , although females are more widely attested , with such sorceresses being variously known as vǫlur , seiðkonur and vísendakona . There were also accounts of male practitioners , known as seiðmenn , but in practising magic they brought a social taboo , known as ergi , on to themselves , and were sometimes persecuted as a result . In many cases these magical practitioners would have had assistants to aid them in their rituals .   In pre-Christian Norse mythology , seiðr was associated with both the god Oðinn , a deity who was simultaneously responsible for war , poetry and sorcery , and the goddess Freyja , a member of the Vanir who was believed to have taught the practice to the Æsir .   In the 20th century , adherents of various modern pagan new religious movements adopted forms of magico-religious practice that include seiðr . The practices of these contemporary seiðr-workers have since been investigated by various academic researchers operating in the field of pagan studies .

neg: Troll A troll is a class of being in Norse mythology and Scandinavian folklore . In Old Norse sources , beings described as trolls dwell in isolated rocks , mountains , or caves , live together in small family units , and are rarely helpful to human beings .   Later , in Scandinavian folklore , trolls became beings in their own right , where they live far from human habitation , are not Christianized , and are considered dangerous to human beings . Depending on the source , their appearance varies greatly ; trolls may be ugly and slow-witted , or look and behave exactly like human beings , with no particularly grotesque characteristic about them .   Trolls are sometimes associated with particular landmarks , which at times may be explained as formed from a troll exposed to sunlight . Trolls are depicted in a variety of media in modern popular culture .

neg: Mundilfari In Norse mythology Mundilfari ( Old Norse , possibly `` the one moving according to particular times '' ) is the father of Sól , goddess associated with the Sun , and Máni , associated with the Moon . Mundilfari is attested in the Poetic Edda poem Vafþrúðnismál stanza 23 , and in chapter 11 of the Prose Edda book Gylfaginning .

neg: Öpir Öpir or Öper ( Old Norse : Øpiʀ / Œpir , meaning `` shouter '' ) was a runemaster who flourished during the late 11th century and early 12th century in Uppland , Sweden . He was the most productive of all the old runemasters and his art is classified as being in the highly refined Urnes style .

neg: HMS Odin Five ships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Odin after the god Odin in Norse mythology . A sixth was ordered , but later cancelled :   was a 74-gun third rate captured from the Danish at the Battle of Copenhagen in 1807 . She was used for harbour service from 1811 and was sold in 1825 .  was a paddle steam frigate launched in 1846 sold in 1865 .  was a sloop launched in 1901 and sold in 1920 . Delivered the Somali Sultan Mohamoud Ali Shire to the Seychelles in 1920 , where he was sentenced to exile .  was an Odin class submarine launched in 1928 . She was sunk by Italian ships in 1940 .  HMS Odin was to have been an Algerine-class minesweeper but she was cancelled in 1944 .  was an Oberon-class submarine launched in 1960 and scrapped in 1991 .   Category : Royal Navy ship names

neg: Odin from Lejre Odin from Lejre is a small cast silver figurine from approximately 900 C.E. , depicting an individual on a throne wearing a floor-length dress , an apron , four bead necklaces , a neck ring , a cloak and a rim-less hat . Two birds are seated on the armrests and the back of the throne features the heads of two animals . The figurine has inlay of black niello ( black coloured alloy ) and some gilding . The figure measures 18 mm in height and weights 9 grams . The figurine was found by local amateur archaeologist Tommy Olesen on September 2 , 2009 , during the Roskilde Museum excavations of a small village at Gammel Lejre ( `` Old Lejre '' ) near the modern town of Lejre , Denmark . The figurine was unveiled at the Roskilde Museum on November 13 , 2009 , and is now part of the permanent exhibition .   The identity of the figure depicted has been the subject of some dispute . The excavator interpreted it as the god Odin sitting on his throne Hliðskjálf , from which he sees into all the worlds . The birds would be the ravens Huginn and Muninn , who gathered information for Odin . The beast-heads might symbolise Odin 's two wolves , Geri and Freki . However , some scholars specialising in Viking Age dress and gender representation have pointed out that the person is dressed entirely in female attire , resulting in theories that the figure may in fact represent either the goddesses Frigg or Freyja . Parallels have been pointed to between `` Odin from Lejre '' and a silver figure often identified as Freyja found in Aska , Sweden .

neg: Die Walküre Die Walküre ( The Valkyrie ) , WWV 86B , is a music drama in three acts by Richard Wagner with a German libretto by the composer . It is the second of the four works that form Wagner 's cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen ( The Ring of the Nibelung ) .   The story of Die Walküre is based on the Norse mythology told in the Volsunga Saga and the Poetic Edda . In Norse mythology , a valkyrie is one in a group of female figures who decide which soldiers die in battle and which live . Die Walküre 's best-known excerpt is the `` Ride of the Valkyries '' .   It received its premiere at the Königliches Hof - und National-Theater in Munich on 26 June 1870 . Wagner originally intended the work to be premiered as part of the entire cycle , but was forced to allow the performance at the insistence of his patron King Ludwig II of Bavaria . It was first presented as part of the complete cycle on 14 August 1876 at Wagner 's Bayreuth Festival . The work made its United States premiere at the Academy of Music in New York on 2 April 1877 .

neg: Urðr Urðr ( Old Norse `` fate '' ) is one of the Norns in Norse mythology . Along with Verðandi ( possibly `` happening '' or `` present '' ) and Skuld ( possibly `` debt '' or `` future '' ) , Urðr makes up a trio of Norns that are described as deciding the fates of people . Urðr is attested in stanza 20 of the Poetic Edda poem Völuspá and the Prose Edda book Gylfaginning .   Urðr is together with the Norns located at the well Urðarbrunnr beneath the world ash tree Yggdrasil of Asgard . They spin threads of life , cut marks in the pole figures and measure people 's destinies , which shows the fate of all human beings and gods . Norns are always present when a child is born and decide its fate . The three Norns represent the past ( Urðr ) , future ( Skuld ) and present ( Verðandi ) .   Urðr is commonly written as Urd or Urth . In some English translations , her name is glossed with the Old English form of urðr ; Wyrd .

neg: Wayland the Smith In Norse mythology , Wayland the Smith ( Wēland ; Wiolant Wēlandaz variously Galan and Galand in French ; from * Wēla-nandaz , lit . `` battle-brave '' ) is a legendary master blacksmith , described by Jessie Weston as `` the weird and malicious craftsman , Weyland '' . In Old Norse sources , Völundr appears in Völundarkviða , a poem in the Poetic Edda , and in Þiðrekssaga , and his legend is also depicted on Ardre image stone VIII . In Old English sources , he appears in Deor , Waldere and in Beowulf and the legend is depicted on the Franks Casket . He is mentioned in the German poems about Theoderic the Great as the Father of Witige .

neg: Iðunn In Norse mythology , Iðunn is a goddess associated with apples and youth . Iðunn is attested in the Poetic Edda , compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources , and the Prose Edda , written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson . In both sources , she is described as the wife of the skaldic god Bragi , and in the Prose Edda , also as a keeper of apples and granter of eternal youthfulness .   The Prose Edda relates that Loki was once forced by the jötunn Þjazi to lure Iðunn out of Asgard and into a wood , promising her interesting apples . Þjazi , in the form of an eagle , snatches Iðunn from the wood and takes her to his home . Iðunn 's absence causes the gods to grow old and grey , and they realize that Loki is responsible for her disappearance . Loki promises to return her and , in the form of a falcon , finds her alone at Þjazi 's home . He turns her into a nut and takes her back to Asgard . After Þjazi finds that Iðunn is gone , he turns into an eagle and furiously chases after Loki . The gods build a pyre in Asgard and , after a sudden stop by Loki , Þjazi 's feathers catch fire , he falls , and the gods kill him .   A number of theories surround Iðunn , including potential links to fertility , and her potential origin in Proto-Indo-European religion . Long the subject of artworks , Iðunn is sometimes referenced in modern popular culture .

neg: Háttatal The Háttatal ( -LSB- ˈhauʰtaˌtʰaːl -RSB- , conversation of meters ; c. 20,000 words ) is the last section of the Prose Edda composed by the Icelandic poet , politician , and historian Snorri Sturluson . Using , for the most part , his own compositions , it exemplifies the types of verse forms used in Old Norse poetry . Snorri took a prescriptive as well as descriptive approach ; he has systematized the material , and often notes that `` the older poets did not always '' follow his rules .   Most of the forms depend on number of syllables per line , as well as assonance , consonance , and alliteration . Although end rhyme is represented , it does not function in the ways most modern English speakers expect ( forms include AAAAAAAA , and AAAABBBB ) , and plays a very minor role . Understanding this work will be much easier if the First Grammatical Treatise is also available to hand .   Many scholars have suggested that the form of Háttatal suggests a classical influence deriving from the traditions of Christian learning to which Snorri was doubtlessly exposed . Others have argued that this is a result of using a logical approach , within the framework of a dialog , and that some aspects of the work prove that it was not directly influenced by classical writings .

neg: Thor (volcano) Thor is an active volcano on Jupiter 's moon Io . It is located on Io 's anti-Jupiter hemisphere at . A major eruption with high thermal emission and a large , volcanic plume was observed during a Galileo flyby on August 6 , 2001 , when the spacecraft flew through the outer portions of the plume allowing for direct sampling . The eruption continued into Galileo 's next flyby in October 2001 . As seen during high-resolution images taken during the eruption , Thor consists of a series of dark lava flows emanating from a set of nearby volcanic depressions . Before the eruption , the area consisted of red-brown plains , composed of irradiated sulfur , typical of Io 's mid - to high-northern latitudes and a set of yellow flows , possibly consisting of sulfur or silicate flows covered by diffuse sulfur deposits . During the New Horizons encounter in February 2007 , Thor was still active , with the spacecraft observing thermal emission in the near-infrared and a volcanic plume at the volcano .   Thor was named in 2006 by the International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) after the Norse god of thunder , Thor .

neg: Icelandic Elf School The Icelandic Elf School , known as Álfaskólinn in Icelandic , is a school in Iceland that teaches students and visitors about Icelandic folklore .   The school teaches about the hidden people and the 13 different kinds of elves that the school believes inhabit the country of Iceland . According to the school 's headmaster , hidden people `` are just the same size and look exactly like human beings , the only difference is that they are invisible to most of us . Elves , on the other hand , are n't entirely human , they 're humanoid , starting at around eight centimetres . '' He also claims there are gay and lesbian elves . The school is located in Reykjavík , the country 's largest city .   The school is headed by Magnús Skarphéðinsson . Magnús has a full curriculum , and certificate programs for visitors that can be earned in as little as half a day . However , the school also publishes texts on hidden people , partly for its own use in the classroom . There is also ongoing research on the elves and hidden people of Iceland . He also collects stories about trolls , fairies , dwarves , and gnomes , but says that `` nearly 70 percent of our stories are about hidden people , because they are most seen here . '' These stories have been collected for the purpose of preservation . Magnús organizes five hour long educational excursions for visitors , and finishes the tour with coffee and pancakes at the school . Despite never advertising his school , Magnus typically gets 5-10 people per excursion . Since opening in 1991 , over 9,000 people , most of them foreigners , have attended the school . The Álfaskólinn also provides `` aura readings '' and `` past-life explorations '' .   The question of the `` level of belief in elves '' in Iceland is somewhat of a cultural topos , with survey results published in 1975 , 1995 , 1998 , 2006 . Interpretations of the survey results vary .  Based on the 2006 figures , Magnús claims that while only 26 % of Icelanders believe in elves ( summing the responses ` certain ' and ` probable ' ) , 80 % `` do take notice '' ( including the replies ` possible ' and ` unlikely ' ) .

neg: Ásatrú holidays In Asatru ( Germanic neopaganism ) , various publications identify a number of holidays , to some extent based on medieval references to sacrifices observed in historical Norse paganism or reconstructions of an early Germanic calendar , but frequently also inspired by the `` Wheel of the Year '' popular in Wicca , and sometimes also based on ad hoc innovation , e.g. the various `` Days of Remembrance '' introduced by The Troth .   As a minimal consensus , the three great seasonal blots mentioned in Ynglingasaga are recognized by practically all adherents . These are : Winter Nights ( in October , in some Icelandic sagas identified with Dísablót ) , Midwinter ( some time in December or January , often identified with Yule ) and Sigrblot ( some time in summer ) . Beyond this , the modern Icelandic festival of Þorrablót is sometimes considered a `` pagan holiday '' .   Suggestions for rituals suited for these various holidays were published by e.g. Edred Thorsson , A Book of Troth ( 1989 ) and by Kveldulf Gundarsson , Teutonic Religion ( 1993 ) .  James Chisholm ( 1989 ) published a suggestion for Ostara   The following are examples of seasonal festivals as listed by notable adherents of American Asatru .

neg: Gerðr In Norse mythology , Gerðr ( Old Norse `` fenced-in '' ) is a jötunn , goddess , and the wife of the god Freyr . Gerðr is attested in the Poetic Edda , compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources ; the Prose Edda and Heimskringla , written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson ; and in the poetry of skalds . Gerðr is sometimes modernly anglicized as Gerd or Gerth .   In both the Poetic Edda and the Prose Edda , Freyr sees Gerðr from a distance , becomes deeply lovesick at the sight of her shimmering beauty , and has his servant Skírnir go to Jötunheimr ( where Gerðr and her father Gymir reside ) to gain her love . In the Poetic Edda Gerðr initially refuses , yet after a series of threats by Skírnir she finally agrees . In the Prose Edda , no mention of threats are made . In both sources , Gerðr agrees to meet Freyr at a fixed time at the location of Barri and , after Skírnir returns with Gerðr 's response , Freyr laments that the meeting could not occur sooner . In both the Poetic Edda and the Prose Edda , Gerðr is described as the daughter of Gymir and the jötunn Aurboða .   In Heimskringla , Gerðr is recorded as the wife of Freyr , euhemerized as having been a beloved king of Sweden . In the same source , the couple are the founders of the Yngling dynasty and produced a son , Fjölnir , who rose to kinghood after Freyr 's passing and continued their line . Gerðr is commonly theorized to be a goddess associated with the earth . Gerðr inspired works of art and literature .

neg: Vídbláin In Norse mythology , Víðbláinn is the third heaven in the cosmology of Snorri 's Gylfaginning , located above Andlang and Asgard . It will serve as a shelter and dwelling place for the souls of the dead during and after the destruction of Ragnarök .