query: Richard Curtis created a British charity for Ethiopia.

pos: Richard Curtis Richard Whalley Anthony Curtis , CBE ( born 8 November 1956 ) is a British screenwriter , producer and film director , who was born in New Zealand to Australian parents . One of Britain 's most successful comedy screenwriters , he is known primarily for romantic comedy films such as Four Weddings and a Funeral , Bridget Jones 's Diary , Notting Hill , and Love Actually , as well as the hit sitcoms Blackadder , Mr. Bean and The Vicar of Dibley . He is also the co-founder of the British charity Comic Relief along with Sir Lenny Henry .   In 2007 , Curtis received the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award , the highest award the British Film Academy can give a filmmaker . He received the BAFTA Humanitarian Award at the 2008 Britannia Awards , for co-creating Comic Relief and contributions to other charitable causes . In 2008 he was ranked number 12 in The Telegraph 's list of the `` 100 most powerful people in British culture '' . In 2012 , Curtis was among the British cultural icons selected by artist Sir Peter Blake to appear in a new version of his most famous artwork -- the Beatles ' Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band album cover -- to celebrate the British cultural figures of his life .

pos: Comic Relief Comic Relief is an operating British charity , founded in 1985 by the comedy scriptwriter Richard Curtis and comedian Lenny Henry in response to famine in Ethiopia . The highlight of Comic Relief 's appeal is Red Nose Day , a biennial telethon held in March , alternating with sister project Sport Relief .   A prominent biennial event in British popular culture , Comic Relief is one of the two high-profile telethon events held in the United Kingdom , the other being Children in Need , held annually in November .

neg: Feed the Hungry LeSEA Global Feed The Hungry is a non-profit , evangelical Christian humanitarian organization founded in 1987 by Dr. Lester Sumrall . It is an organization focused on fighting hunger due to poverty , war , famine , and natural disasters . Since 1987 , over 200 million dollars worth of food and relief supplies have been delivered in 92 nations of the world . Feed The Hungry 's strategy of working through community leaders ensures that food gets directly to those who need it most .   External Links  Feed The Hungry  Feed The Hungry International Offices   Category : Religious charities

neg: List of churches preserved by the Churches Conservation Trust in the English Midlands The Churches Conservation Trust , which was initially known as the Redundant Churches Fund , is a charity whose purpose is to protect historic churches at risk , those that have been made redundant by the Church of England . The Trust was established by the Pastoral Measure of 1968 . The legally defined object of the Trust is `` the preservation , in the interests of the nation and the Church of England , of churches and parts of churches of historic and archaeological interest or architectural quality vested in the Fund ... together with their contents so vested '' . The charity cares for over 350 churches . The Trust is financed partly by the Department for Culture , Media and Sport and the Church Commissioners , but grants from those bodies were frozen in 2001 , since when additional funding has come from other sources , including the general public . In the 12 months ending 31 March 2010 the charity 's income was # 6,161,653 , and its spending was # 6,035,871 . During that year it had 44 employees , and used the services of 2,000 volunteers . The charity is run by a board of trustees , who delegate the day-to-day management to a chief executive and his senior management team .   The Trust 's primary aim is to ensure that the buildings in its care are weatherproof and to prevent any deterioration in their condition . The majority of the churches remain consecrated , and many are occasionally still used for worship . Local communities are encouraged to use them for appropriate activities and events , and the buildings provide an educational resource , allowing children and young people to study history and architecture . Nearly 2 million people visit the Trust 's churches each year . As most of the churches remain consecrated , they are used for occasional services where this is practical , and some are venues for concerts and other purposes .   This list describes the 74 churches preserved by the Churches Conservation Trust in the English Midlands , consisting of those in the counties of Derbyshire , Nottinghamshire , Shropshire , Staffordshire , Leicestershire , Rutland , Herefordshire , Worcestershire , Warwickshire , Northamptonshire , and Gloucestershire . The ages of the churches spread from St Andrew 's Church , Wroxeter , which contains fabric from the Anglo-Saxon period , to the newest church in the list , St John the Baptist 's Church , Avon Dassett , which was built in 1868 ; the greatest proportion of the churches date from the 12th and 13th centuries . All the churches have been designated by English Heritage as listed buildings , almost all of them at the highest Grades I and II * . Some of the churches stand in the centres of cities or towns , and their functions have been taken over by nearby churches ; these include St Peter 's Church , Northampton , All Saints Church , Leicester , St Mary 's Church , Shrewsbury , St Nicholas ' Church , Gloucester , St Swithun 's Church , Worcester , and St Werburgh 's Church , Derby . Others stand in remote or isolated positions in the countryside . Some of these became unused because the village they served was deserted , or the local population moved elsewhere ; examples of these include St Cuthbert 's Church , Holme Lacy , St Bartholomew 's Church , Furtho , Pendock Church , and St Peter 's Church , Wolfhampcote . In other cases the church served the estate of a country house and it is no longer used for that purpose ; examples include All Saints Church , Kedleston , St Andrew 's Church , Cranford , and Withcote Chapel . In some cases only part of the church has been conserved . Only the tower of St Oswald 's Church , Lassington has survived , the body of St Mary 's Church , Brentingby has been converted into a house , leaving the preserved tower , and in the case of St Werburgh 's Church , Derby , the tower and former chancel are preserved , while the rest of the church has been converted for commercial use . As most of the churches remain consecrated , they are used for occasional services where this is practical , and some are venues for concerts and other purposes .

neg: Charity Projects Entertainment Fund Charity Projects Entertainment Fund ( CPEF ) is a North American charity committed to fighting extreme poverty in the US & Africa . It was founded in 2007 by Richard Curtis , Kevin Cahill and Simon Fuller .   On 24/25 April 2007 CPEF teamed up with Fox and American Idol to create `` Idol Gives Back '' which raised over $ 70 million for various projects .

neg: Deafness Research UK Deafness Research UK ( The Hearing Research Trust ) is the leading national British medical research charity working in the field of deafness . Its main activities are medical research and education .   It was founded as Defeating Deafness in 1985 by the late British Member of Parliament Jack Ashley and his wife Pauline .

neg: Reb River Reb River ( also transliterated as Rib ; Amharic `` bottom , buttocks '' ) is a river of north-central Ethiopia which empties into Lake Tana at . The river originates on the slopes of Mount Guna , and flows west through Kemekem woreda . It has no significant tributaries .   R.E. Cheesman described the Reb in 1936 as bringing `` down quantities of dark sand , and we passed banks of it deposited on the lake shore . The river bar , 600 yards out in the lake , is a semicircle , and parties of travellers with loaded donkeys were passing round it instead of crossing the river . '' Merchants based in Yifag would transport bars of salt or amoleh in small boats or tankwas down the Reb to Zege on the lake to trade for coffee .   The Reb was also the site of one of several stone bridges built during the time of the Jesuit missionaries or the reign of Fasilides . Consisting of five arches , it was located 24 km from the estuary and enabled travel between Gondar and Debre Tabor . During the Italian occupation , the Italians built a bridge over the river with wooden supports , but it was damaged during the British campaign .   On 21 June 2007 , the World Bank announced that it had approved an International Development Association credit of US$ 100 million for an Irrigation and Drainage project covering the Magech and Reb rivers , as part of the Nile Basin Initiative . With the goal of increasing irrigated agricultural output , this proposed project will develop incrementally a total area of 20,000 hectares .

neg: WE Charity WE Charity , formerly known as Free The Children , is a worldwide development charity and youth empowerment movement founded in 1995 by human rights advocates Craig Kielburger and Marc Kielburger . The organization focuses on young people , with programs in Canada , the U.S. and U.K. for service learning and active citizenship , and international development projects in Asia , Africa and Latin America focused on children and education . The organization runs programs in approximately 10,000 schools in Canada , the U.S. and U.K. for service learning and active citizenship , with the aim of empowering youth to become socially engaged .  The domestic youth empowerment work is funded by corporate sponsors and profits from the social enterprise , ME to WE . In 2013 , Charity Intelligence Canada awarded Free The Children its highest four-star rating , along with an A for the organization 's reporting of its `` social results '' . In July 2016 , Free The Children rebranded as WE Charity , part of WE .

neg: Rabindra Mishra Rabindra Mishra was former editor-in-chief of BBC Nepali Service , writer , philanthropist , poet , actor and the founder of entirely voluntarily run global charity , Help Nepal Network which has chapters in 14 countries . He left BBC in February 28 , 2017 with vision to enter in Nepalese politics .

neg: Rainbow Trust Children's Charity Rainbow Trust Children 's Charity provides emotional and practical support to families who have a child with a life-threatening or terminal illness . Their headquarters are in Leatherhead , Surrey . They have care workers based in Swindon , Essex , Southampton , Cumbria , Surrey , Manchester , Durham , and London .   The charity was founded in 1986 by Bernadette Cleary OBE when she helped a neighbour with palliative care for her child .

neg: First Aid Africa First Aid Africa is humanitarian charity that works in rural parts of south eastern Africa to provide sustainable equipment and education in first aid . The charity explains that ' a small amount of medical knowledge and equipment ' can make a difference . Volunteers and students receive some training before travelling to Africa to teach first aid and survival skills in settings such as local communities , schools , orphanages and villages .

neg: FilmAid International FilmAid International is a non-profit humanitarian organization that uses film to educate and entertain displaced people around the world . FilmAid was founded during the Balkan crisis in 1999 by producer Caroline Baron ( Capote , Monsoon Wedding ) to assist with refugee communities in Macedonia suffering the effects of war , poverty , displacement and disaster .  Since 1999 , FilmAid has worked in partnership with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) and other global aid organizations to help bring information and training to more than two million people worldwide .  FilmAid produces and distributes community-based films on public health and safety issues such as maternal health , HIV , cholera , gender-based violence and conflict resolution .  Using inflatable screens and other ` Mobile Cinema ' units , FilmAid screenings aims to overcome language and literacy boundaries .  FilmAid currently works in Kenya , in the large refugee camps of Dadaab and Kakuma as well as informal settlements in Nairobi and Mombassa , with Burmese refugees in Thailand and also in Haiti .  FilmAid is a global federation of nonprofit , charitable organizations . Members include FilmAid International ( the founding organization ) , FilmAid Asia , FilmAid Kenya , and FilmAid U.K.

neg: Wood Street Mission Wood Street Mission is a registered children 's charity located in the centre of Manchester . Its office is in Wood Street , off Deansgate , near the John Rylands Library . It was founded by Alfred Alsop , a Methodist minister in 1869 , and its aim is to alleviate the effects of poverty on children and families in Manchester and Salford . The charity provides free , practical help to several thousand families in need every year : in 2008 , over 10,000 disadvantaged children and parents were referred for help . Wood Street provides those in need with free basic but essential goods , such as clothing , bedding , baby equipment and school uniforms and treats of chocolate eggs at Easter and toys and gifts at Christmas . By providing the essentials , completely free of charge , Wood Street aims to ensure that no child goes without whilst giving disadvantaged families the chance to help themselves out of poverty .

neg: Promoting Equality in African Schools Promoting Equality in African Schools ( PEAS ) is a UK-based charity that builds , develops and runs low fee secondary schools in Uganda and Zambia .

neg: Nigerian Conservation Foundation The Nigerian Conservation Foundation is a prominent environmental non-governmental organization which works to preserve the natural resources and biodiversity of Nigeria . The Foundation was founded in 1980 by Shafi Edu and has worked since then on a number of resource management and conservation projects across Nigeria . Chief Ede Dafinone is the current Chairman of the Foundation and Mr. Adeniyi Karunwi is its Director General .   One of the founders was Akintola Williams .  The Akintola Williams Arboretum at the Nigerian Conservation Foundation headquarters in Lagos is named in his honor .  The Foundation 's is involved in conservation efforts on a number of fronts . It engages in lobbying work both at the national and state levels . It also has a number of educational initiatives both to raise awareness of environmental issues in Nigeria and to encourage sustainable practices . It works with higher education , primary and secondary schools , and with the general public through local initiatives in target areas . It 's scientific staff is engaged in research and management plans in reserves , parks , and wildlife habitats across the country . It also advises industry on sustainable development and environmental impacts for their projects in Nigeria . The foundation also promotes environmental tourism with the goal of expanding awareness of Nigeria 's natural resources and also creating economic incentives for continued and expanded preservation .   The NCF has partnerships with a number of international environmental groups including the World Wildlife Fund , the International Union for the Conservation of Nature , BirdLife International , Wetlands International , Fauna and Flora International , and the Wildlife Conservation Society . It has also partnered with several industry groups including Chevron and BG Group on issues involving Nigeria 's growing oil and gas industry . The NCF established Lekki Conservation Centre in 1990 .   In 1992 , the NCF was recognized by the UN Environmental Program , which added it to its Global 500 Roll of Honour , a group of individuals and organizations making important contributions to the environment .

neg: Endangered Wildlife Trust The Endangered Wildlife Trust is a South African environmental organisation for the conservation of threatened species and ecosystems in southern Africa .   Founded in 1973 , the EWT implements conservation research and action programmes , supports biodiversity and ecosystem functioning , and advocates the sustainable use of natural resources . EWT establishes dedicated working groups through which the objectives of the Trust can be achieved . These working groups are the operational units of the organisation and are essentially self-managed , harnessing the talent and enthusiasm of a network of specialists and stakeholders in an area of conservation priority . Existing working groups have developed highly credible track records affecting conservation outcomes .   The Endangered Wildlife Trust and two other organisations accredit the Specialized Wildlife Protection Academy .

neg: Richard Curtis (disambiguation) Richard or Dick Curtis may refer to :   Richard Curtis ( born 1956 ) , British screenwriter  Richard Curtis ( politician ) ( born 1959 ) , American politician  Richard Curtis ( literary agent ) , American author and literary agent  Richard Curteys ( 1532 -- 1582 ) , bishop ( archaic spelling of Curtis )  Dick Curtis ( 1902 -- 1952 ) , American actor  Dick Curtis ( boxer ) ( 1802 -- 1843 ) , English boxing pioneer  Rick Curtis , musician and co-writer of Southern Cross ( Crosby , Stills and Nash song )

neg: Africa Justice Foundation Africa Justice Foundation ( AJF ) is a UK-registered charity established by three British barristers , Cherie Blair CBE ( Cherie Booth QC ) , Philip Riches and Suella Fernandes in 2010 . AJF works to build robust , stable , and predictable legal systems across sub-Saharan Africa with projects in Ethiopia , Rwanda , Tanzania and Kenya .   Cherie Blair has argued that a strong and reliable legal system is crucial for emerging economies to thrive -- economically , politically and socially .   AJF 's programmes focus on four pillars : promoting open access to legal information ; providing access to justice ; improving the quality of legislation ; and training in commercial legal skills , across the continent . AJF previously provided postgraduate scholarships for over twenty legislative drafters from Sierra Leone , Ghana , Ethiopia and Rwanda .   AJF advocates for a role for the Rule of Law in the post-2015 development agenda , and has petitioned the President of the United Nations General Assembly on this issue together with Advocates for International Development . This initiative has been endorsed by the Business Council for Africa among others .

neg: John Curtis (bishop) John Curtis ( 15 March 1880 -- 11 July 1962 ) was an Irish missionary of the Anglican Church .   He was born in Dublin on 15 March 1880 , educated at Trinity College , Dublin ( Trinity Master of Arts -LCB- MA Dubl -RCB- ) and ordained in 1904 . He was a curate at Christ Church , Leeson Park in his home city after which he joined the Dublin University Mission to Fukien ; he married Eda Bryan-Brown , a fellow missionary who was also a doctor . Curtis was an army chaplain during the war of 1914-18 and in 1914 married Eda Bryan-Brown who had been working in Fukien since 1909 . He was Bishop of Chekiang , China , from 1929 to 1950 , during which period the Nationalist , Communist and Japanese armies fought over the country . On his return to England he was made Vicar of Wilden , Stourport , and retired in 1957 . The Bishop and his wife had two children . He died on 11 July 1962 and his widow on 18 January 1964 . He had become a Doctor of Divinity ( DD ) .

neg: Seeds of Hope: HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia Seeds of Hope : HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia is a set of five documentary films about individuals and organizations working to break the silence , lift the stigma and prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia . The films focus on activists , family members , humanitarian groups , and health care professionals , all acting as advocates for awareness . The films were directed by filmmaker , Dorothy Fadiman . The films are in Amharic with English subtitles .   The five films in the series are : `` From Risk to Action : Women & HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia ( 2006 ) , '' `` Breaking the Silence : Lifting the Stigma of HIV/AIDS ( 2006 ) , ''  `` Stepping Forward : Men Teaching and Learning about HIV/AIDS ( 2006 ) , '' `` HIV/AIDS Awareness : Approaches to Prevention ( 2006 ) , '' and `` Whose Children Are They Now ? : AIDS Orphans in Ethiopia ( 2006 ) . ''

neg: Kale Heywet Word of Life Church Kale Heywet ( Word of Life ) Church ( KHC ) is the largest evangelical denomination in Ethiopia . Started in the early 1920s by pioneering Serving In Mission , formerly , Sudan Interior Mission , ( SIM ) missionaries , Kale Heywet Church thrived in the south-central and south-western corners of the country during the five-year Italian occupation in the 1930s .   Dr. Thomas Alexander Lambie ( 1885-1954 ) is one of the prominent of early missionaries towards the establishment of the KHC . His entry and stay for some seven years and re-entry with a group of the first batch of SIM missionaries into the country , his fast friendship with the commoner as well as the high-level officials , including the emperor himself , his brave commitment even to relinquish his birth citizenship to be an Ethiopian in order to get the right to buy and retain land titles and build mission stations with less bureaucracy , is a story in its own right . Articles such as this one and his books testify to his life and ministry . In the first decade of the missionary endeavor the mission itself was known locally as `` Lambie 's Mahber '' - Lambie 's association .   The first missionaries had initially planned a trip into the western part of Ethiopia , but after prayer felt they were being led to the South Central area . The early missionary work was concentrated among the Welayta , Kambaata , and Sidama peoples , which are the three most densely populated awrajas ( regions ) in Ethiopia . This area was , as fertile spiritually as it is geographically . At Dembi Dollo Lambie worked with an Ethiopian evangelist named Gidada Solon .   The few missionaries that entered the country had all to exit the country during the country 's invasion by the Italians . They left a handful of believers with the translation of portions of Scriptures and the Gospel of Mark . What the missionaries found when they came back after the five-year occupation of the country was astounding . The handful believers were multiplied by thousands and the fledgling congregation was very strong . The price of planting this church in Ethiopia was at a very great cost , even cost of the lives of three of the earliest missionaries . Nearly 100 missionaries toiled hard for about ten years before they left the country during the invasion . The Italians were not friendly to the Orthodox Church and treated the new Evangelical believers very harshly .   Changed lives were very evident among the converts who had followed the animist way of life . The congregations that grew in the absence of the church planting missionaries was n't lacking anything . In fact , their unprecedented absence was a boon in a way as it gave birth to a church with an indigenous local texture . The devotion of the believers was pure and their worship biblical as well as culture-sensitive . Returning missionaries , aside from church planting in unreached areas , provided needed biblical and theological teachings to the growing church . It was this unwavering commitment to the teaching of the Word of God , that kept KHC healthy and strong .   Kale Heywet Church grew and matured in its primal years not without persecution and challenges . The long established and state supported Ethiopian Orthodox Church tried from long before not to permit missionaries into the country . What crystallized this was the church 's unfortunate experience with the Jesuit missionaries some four centuries earlier . The missionaries were limited in their effort to preach the good news . The nationals were tried and imprisoned .   It was thus that Kale Heywet Church , numerically by far the largest Evangelical denomination , was started and developed . In the seventy years of its history the church has witnessed not a few ups and downs . In the 1950s together with like denominations of the Baptist Church and the Church of Christ , the Yewongel Amagnotch Andnet Mahber ( Gospel Believers ' Fellowship ? ) was established . This body served as the voice of the Evangelical believers in Ethiopia for no less than three decades .   Currently KHC has about or more than 7,774 local congregation and estimated 6,7 million members and adherents . Its 300 + intermediate and higher level Bible Schools , 3 ministers ' training centers , 1 theological college , and 1 seminary ( a consortium ) teach and equip tens of thousands and graduate thousands each year . The multi-faceted ministries of KHC include Evangelism , theological training , Women 's ministry , Youth ministry , Children 's ministry and Children 's Centre , Missions , Urban and Rural Integrated ministries , and diverse training ministries .   The Head Office of Kale Heywet Church is located south of Mexico Square , near the Africa Union Head Office .

neg: UK Charity Awards The UK Charity Awards are annual awards for outstanding achievements within the UK not-for-profit sector . Categories reflect the management of charities and not-for-profits , and awards are made to individuals , departments and whole organizations .   Past individual winners have included Lord Rix and Richard Curtis , both for the Lifetime Achievement Award .   The event is hosted Charity Times magazine , with help from BBC Training and Development and The Community Channel , as well as commercial sponsors .


query: Emmanuel Adebayor is an athlete.

pos: Emmanuel Adebayor Sheyi Emmanuel Adebayor ( -LSB- ɛmanɥɛl adəbɛjɔʁ -RSB- ; born 26 February 1984 ) is a Togolese professional footballer who plays as a striker for Turkish club İstanbul Başakşehir . He previously played for English clubs Arsenal , Manchester City , Tottenham Hotspur and Crystal Palace , as well as French sides Metz and Monaco and Spanish team Real Madrid . He was voted African Footballer of the Year for 2008 .   Adebayor represented the Togo national team at the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany , the country 's debut , and to date only , appearance at the World Cup . In January 2010 , Adebayor was one of the players involved when the Togo team 's bus came under gunfire on the way to the 2010 Africa Cup of Nations in Angola , after which he retired from national team duty . In 2013 , he returned to the Togo team for the 2013 African Cup of Nations in South Africa , where he helped them to qualify for the quarter-finals . He is currently Togo 's all-time top goalscorer with 31 goals .

neg: Emmanuel Rodriguez Emmanuel Rodriguez may refer to :   Emmanuel Rodríguez ( born 1992 ) , Puerto Rican boxer  Emmanuel Rodriguez ( entertainer ) , former member of the Australian pop group Justice Crew  Emmanuel Rodriguez ( born 1934 ) , real name of Rico Rodriguez ( musician )

neg: Agnes Osazuwa Agnes Osazuwa ( born 26 June 1989 in Benin City , Edo ) is a female track and field sprint athlete who competes internationally for Nigeria .   Osazuwa represented Nigeria at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing competing at the 4x100 metres relay together with Gloria Kemasuode , Oludamola Osayomi and Ene Franca Idoko she also took part in the 4x100 metres relay . In their first round heat they placed fourth behind Belgium , Great Britain and Brazil . Their time of 43.43 seconds was the best non-directly qualifying time and the sixth time overall out of sixteen participating nations . With this result they qualified for the final in which they replaced Osazuwa with Halimat Ismaila . They sprinted to a time of 43.04 seconds , a third place and a bronze medal behind Russia and Belgium .

neg: Sunday Emmanuel (footballer) Sunday Chukuamaka Emmanuel ( born 25 February 1992 ) is a Nigerian professional footballer who plays for Vietnam club Becamex Bình Dương as a striker .

neg: African Junior Athletics Championships The African Junior Athletics Championships is a biennial continental athletics event for junior athletes from African nations . Organized by the Confederation of African Athletics and first held in 1994 , only athletes aged 19 or under are allowed to compete .

neg: Deborah Oluwaseun Odeyemi Deborah Oluwaseun Odeyemi ( born February 21 , 1995 ) is a Nigerian sprinter who specializes in the 100 metres , 200 metres , 4 x 100 metres and the sprint medley relay . She competed in the 4 × 100 metres relay event at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics in Beijing , China .

neg: Violet Odogwu Violet Obiamaka Odogwu-Nwajei is a former Nigerian track and field athlete . She is a former president of the Athletic Federation of Nigeria and a Vice-President of the Confederation of African Athletics .

neg: Crystal Emmanuel Crystal Emmanuel ( born November 27 , 1991 ) is a Canadian sprinter who specialises in the 200 metres . She competed in this event at the 2012 and 2016 Olympics , but was eliminated in the semi-finals . At the 2013 World Championships in Athletics , she was eliminated in the heats after being disqualified for a lane infringement .   Her mother Rosalind Emmanuel competed internationally for Barbados in athletics in the 1980s .

neg: Tony Benson (athlete) Anthony Charles `` Tony '' Benson ( born 20 May 1942 ) is an Australian former long-distance runner who competed in the 1972 Summer Olympics .   Tony Benson is actually from Nigeria . He is stronger than any Human and his mystery is only exceeded by his power .   Tony 's favourite song is DMX `` Where the Hood At '' and drinks Probu .

neg: Ekpo Ekpo may refer to :   Bassey Ekpo Bassey ( born 1949 ) , Nigerian journalist , politician and traditional ruler of the Efik people of the Akwa Akpa kingdom  Efioanwan Ekpo ( born 1984 ) , Nigerian female footballer  Emmanuel Ekpo ( born 1987 ) , Nigerian footballer  Felix Ekpo ( born 1981 ) , Nigerian weightlifter competing in the 77 kg category  Florence Ekpo-Umoh ( born 1977 ) , Nigerian-German sprinter who specializes in the 400 metres  Isaac Ekpo ( born 1982 ) , Nigerian boxer  Margaret Ekpo ( 1914 -- 2006 ) , Nigerian women 's rights activist

neg: Emmanuel Asante Emmanuel Asante ( born 2 May 1995 ) is a Ghanaian professional footballer who currently plays for Asante Kotoko S.C. in the Ghana Premier League .

neg: 1995 All-Africa Games The 6th All-Africa Games were played from 13 to 23 September 1995 in Harare , Zimbabwe . 46 countries participated in eighteen sports .   South Africa , having previously been banned from competition by the other African nations , was invited to the games for the first time after the fall of Apartheid .   With a record 6000 athletes participating in the games the games were in danger of growing unmanageable . Juan Antonio Samaranch , asked the organizers not to try to copy the Olympic Games , because of the financial and organizational costs .   Petty controversy again entered the games . An Egyptian woman handball player was accused of being a man and the Egyptian team protested that the lace sleeves worn by the South African gymnasts were too `` sexy '' .   Mozambiques World Champion 800 meter runner Maria de Lurdes Mutola won her speciality in Harare .   Of the 17 sports on the program 8 were open to participation by women : athletics , basketball , gymnastics , handball , swimming , table tennis , tennis and volleyball . Women 's diving and netball were to be included but were reduced to demonstration sports due to a lack of entries .   At the closing ceremonies the torch was passed to Johannesburg , South Africa to begin preparations for the VIIth All-African Games in 1999 .

neg: Adebayo Adedeji Adebayo Adedeji ( born , Ijebu-Ode , December 21 , 1930 ) is a Nigerian politician . He was Executive Secretary to the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa from 1975 to 1978 , and UN Under-Secretary-General from 1978 until 1991 . He is the founding Executive Director of the African Centre for Development and Strategic Studies ( ACDESS ) in 1991 , a position he holds till date .   He graduated from both London ( B.Sc and Ph.D in Economics ) and Harvard Universities  ( M.P.A ) . At the age of 36 years , he had become a full-fledged Professor at the  University of Ife , now Obafemi Awolowo University ( OAU ) . In 1971 , he was  drafted into the Government of the Federal Republic of Nigeria of General Yakubu  Gowon as the Cabinet Minister responsible for the economic development and  reconstruction of post-civil war Nigeria . He was the founder and pioneer Chairman of  the Nigeria National Youth Service Corps ( NYSC ) and the pére da la CEDEAO -- --  the father of ECOWAS -- -- which he established in May 1975 -- -- after over three years  of arduous negotiations with sixteen governments and countries divided into  Anglophone , Francophone and Lusophone spheres of influence .

neg: Athletics at the Gymnasiade Athletics is one of the core sports on the programme for the Gymnasiade , an international multi-sport event organised by the International School Sport Federation ( ISF ) . It has featured at all editions of the competition since 1976 . An athletics competition was held the same year as the inaugural 1974 Gymnasiade , but was held separately at a different location . The event , contested by youth athletes under eighteen years old , was used as a reference point by the International Association of Athletics Federations ( IAAF ) when organising its first IAAF World Youth Championships in Athletics in 1999 .

neg: Emebt Etea Emebt Etea Bedada ( born 11 January 1990 in Waliso ) is an Ethiopian long-distance runner who competes in road running competitions . She emerged quickly as a junior ( under-19 ) runner with an African Junior Championships double in the 1500 metres and the 3000 metres . She was a junior bronze medalist at the IAAF World Cross Country Championships in 2008 .   She moved away from middle-distances in 2009 and began competing in half marathons and marathons . She won marathons in Brescia and Venice in 2012 . She also won the team gold in the 2012 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships with the Ethiopian women 's team . Her marathon best is 2:25:53 hours .   Her younger sister Korahubsh Itaa was the 2009 World Youth Champion in the steeplechase and broke the world youth best for the 2000 m distance .

neg: Edwin Ekiring Edwin Ekiring ( born 22 December 1983 ) is a Ugandan badminton player , nicknamed `` The Black Pearl '' . He is 1.83 m tall and weighs 65 kg .   At the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne , Australia , Ekiring competed in the men 's singles as well as the mixed team event . In the singles he was defeated in the first round , 17 -- 21 , 17 -- 21 by Sri Lankan Dinuka Karunaratne . In Pool B of the mixed team event he won singles matches in fixtures against Jamaica and Kenya but lost matches to players from Australia and New Zealand . Playing with Abraham Wogute , he lost team doubles matches against Jamaica , Australia and New Zealand but beat the pair from Kenya as Uganda were eliminated from the competition at the pool stage .   Ekiring competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , China , after being given a wildcard into the men 's singles by the International Badminton Federation . He was the first badminton player to represent Uganda at the Olympics . He received a bye into the second round of the competition before losing 5 -- 21 , 8 -- 21 to Park Sung-hwan of South Korea .   In 2009 , Edwin Ekiring was involved in a serious road accident while cycling home from training in the Netherlands that left him with a fractured arm , ribs , ankle and right knee and doctors writing off his chances of ever playing sport again . The 28-year-old spiralled into a deep depression and feared he may never play badminton again but remarkably just eight months later he was back on court .   At the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi , India , Ekiring reached the round of 16 in the men 's singles event ; he beat Sharafuddin Nasheeu of Maldives in the first round before losing two games to nil to Yong Zhao Ashton Chen of Singapore . In the men 's doubles he competed with Abraham Wogute ; the Ugandan duo beat a team from Seychelles in the first round before being eliminated by a pair from Singapore in the round of 16 .   In 2012 Ekiring made it to the quarterfinals of the OCBC US Open . He beat Chetan Anand 21 -- 16 , 21 -- 12 in the round of 16 before losing to number one seed Takuma Ueda from Japan 13 -- 21 , 12 -- 21 .   Ekiring was selected to compete for Uganda at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the men 's singles after qualifying based on his world ranking . He did not make it past the group stages . At the 2014 Commonwealth Games , he reached the second round , where he was defeated by R. V. Gurusaidutt , the eventual bronze medal winner . He also took part in the men 's doubles and mixed team events .   He was one of the 14 players selected for the Road to Rio Program , a program that aimed to help African badminton players to compete at the 2016 Olympic Games .

neg: Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics At the 1900 Summer Olympics , twenty-three athletics events were contested . Altogether , 117 athletes from 15 nations competed . A total of 68 medals ( 23 gold , 23 silver , 22 bronze ) were awarded . In many countries , due in part to the conflation of the Olympic Games and the World 's Fair in Paris , the media discussed only the athletics events under the `` Olympic '' name while ignoring the incredible variety of other sports featured at the time .   The 23 events listed are those currently considered to have been of Olympic stature by the International Olympic Committee and most Olympic historians . They exclude all events that used a handicap system , as well as all events which were open to professional athletes .   Competitions were held on 14 July , 15 July , 16 July , 19 July , and 22 July . This included Bastille Day , which is a French holiday , and then Sunday , which many of the American athletes protested . Even with many Americans not competing in finals because of confusion caused by the organizers ' decision to count scores achieved on Monday , 16 July for finals held on Sunday , 15 July and subsequent rescission of that decision , the United States won more than 4 times as many medals as any other nation , including 16 of the 23 gold medals .   The conditions of competition were also subpar compared even to those at the previous games in 1896 . There was no track for the Paris Games , as a grass field dotted with trees and of unequal elevation was used . The course was 500 metres in length , an unusual distance for a track .

neg: Sports marketing Sports marketing is a subdivision of marketing which focuses both on the promotion of sports events and teams as well as the promotion of other products and services through sporting events and sports teams . It is a service in which the element promoted can be a physical product or a brand name . The goal is to provide the client with strategies to promote the sport or to promote something other than sport through sports . Sport marketing is also designed to meet the needs and wants of the consumer through exchange processes . These strategies follow the traditional four `` P '' 's of general marketing Product , Price , Promotion and Place , another four `` P '' 's are added to sport marketing , relating to the fact sports are considered to be a service . The additional 4 P 's are : Planning , Packaging , Positioning and Perception . The addition of the four extra elements is called the `` sport marketing mix . ''   Sports marketing is an element of sports promotion which involves a wide variety of sectors of the sport industry including broadcasting , advertising , social media , digital platforms , ticket sales , and community relations .   Sports marketing is divided into three sectors . The first is the advertising of sport and sports associations such as the Olympics , Spanish Football league and the NFL , as well as sport teams like Real Madrid and the New York Yankees . The second concerns the use of sporting events , sporting teams and individual athletes to promote various products . The third category is the promotion of sport to the public in order to increase participation .   In the first case , the promotion is directly related to sports . In the second case , the products can but do not have to be directly related to sports . When the promotion is about sports in general , the use of this kind of strategy is called `` Marketing of Sports . '' When the promotion is not about the sports but sports events , athletes , teams or leagues are used to promote different products , the marketing strategy is denominated `` Marketing through sports . '' When the promotion is about increasing participation among the public , it is called `` Grassroots Sports Marketing . '' To promote the products or services , the companies and associations use different channels such as sponsorships of teams or athletes , television or radio advertisement during the different broadcast sports events and celebrations , and/or advertisement on sporting venues .   `` Street marketing of sport '' considers sport marketing through billboards on the street and also through urban elements ( street lighters and sidewalks , etc. ) to help promote and gain publicity during major worldwide sporting events such as the Football World Cup , the Olympic Games , or the Super Bowl .

neg: Athletic Club de Boulogne-Billancourt Athletic Club de Boulogne-Billancourt or A.C.B.B. is a French sports club based in the suburbs of Paris in the commune of Boulogne-Billancourt . The club offers a variety of sports , but is primarily known for cycling , rugby union , judo , figure skating , and swimming . In all sports combined , Boulogne-Billancourt has produced 28 Olympic medalists , 42 World champions , and 67 European champions , if you take into account the sports club predecessor , which comprised seven local sports clubs in the area . The last Olympic medalist was Larbi Benboudaoud , who captured the silver medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney , Australia .

neg: Obea Moore William Obea Moore ( born January 10 , 1979 ) is a former American sprinter . Particularly excelling in the 400 metres , Moore holds the World Youth Best in this event . He was expected to be the next great American quarter miler , to follow Michael Johnson as Olympic champion , but never lived up to the expectations .   Starting as an eight-year-old , running for the Los Angeles Jets youth club under coach James Robertson , Moore went on to set American youth records in the Bantam ( 9 -- 10 ) , the Midget ( 11 -- 12 ) , the Youth ( 13 -- 14 ) , and the Intermediate division ( 15 -- 16 ) -- some of which are still standing -- , adding the 200 metres record in the Intermediate division , and was part of the 4 × 400 metres relay team in the Youth division .   Moore ran for John Muir High School in Pasadena , California , though his mother arranged for him to continue to run under Robinson . His freshman year , his team won the CIF California State Meet 4x400 relay . In 1995 , his sophomore year , Moore won the 400 , beating future World Champion , Tyree Washington by a half a second . He was also second in the 200 and again anchored his team to winning the relay in remarkable come from behind fashion . Later in the season , he represented the United States at the 1995 Pan American Junior Athletics Championships in Santiago , Chile , where he set the still standing World Youth Best in the 400 metres at 45.14 .   And the following year Moore won both the 400 , 200 and anchored the relay to the state meet record . At major relay events around the country , including the Penn Relays , Moore became a trackside legend as one of the best , a high school junior being clocked doing 45 second laps . He was Track and Field News `` High School Athlete of the Year '' in 1996 .   With high expectations of having a chance to be the first high school athlete to qualify for the Olympics since Dwayne Evans and Lam Jones in 1976 , Moore qualified for the 1996 U.S. Olympic Trials . Those dreams were dashed by a 7th place finish in the semi-finals . Later in 1996 , Moore won the World Junior Championships in Sydney , Australia under cool conditions . Moore expected many better things to come .   Moore looked at 1997 , his senior year of high school , as the chance to set records out of sight . Instead , he suffered a minor injury early in the season . Still focused on setting records , Moore ignored the problem and continued to press . Some have also suggested Moore lost focus . However , the effects of expectations and celebrity certainly were a factor on the 17 year old 's life . Moore aspired to go to nearby powerhouse University of Southern California , but his SAT and then ACT scores left him .1 point away from eligibility . In order to improve his academic standing Moore went first to Pasadena City College , then Long Beach City College . Further attempts took him across the continent to Morehouse College Moore spent his time in injury rehabilitation . His heart and aspirations were still in Southern California . He left Morehose a year later . The following year , Moore ended up at Life University , an NAIA college . After a successful and healthy fall training season , he entered the Pomona Pitzer Invitational , a tune up meet before the Mt. SAC Relays . Facing serious competition from people with marks equivalent to Moore 's high school junior accomplishments , Moore pulled out of the race at the last minute .  `` He could n't go to the line , '' recalls then Life University head coach Mark Spino . `` If he just was even around , people had such high expectations of him , it was hard for him to start anyplace and very hard for him to have intermediary goals . ''   The psychological effects from this event led to a crushing stigma about high level racing . He next moved to Wallace State Community College where Moore regained eligibility and ran impressively in practice . But when he went to the first Indoor meet of the season again the psychological pressure got to him , scratching from the race 10 minutes before the gun . Moore eventually disappeared from the college . Back in California , Moore has made repeated starts at regaining form , seeking help from his youth coach Robinson and others . After showing flashes of his original brilliance .   `` I 'm just hoping and praying he does get the stability , because people all across the country are still pulling for him and want him to be successful , '' Robertson says . `` I 'm at a loss what to do . But I believe inside he 's a great kid , he 's always been a great kid , he 's always done everything that I 've asked him to do on the track ''   `` One thing I know for sure , if he really wanted to , he could still be the greatest quartermiler in the world today -- just off of talent . Every time I worked with him , what I did see was that the talent is still there . If he really worked and did what he needs to do , in my mind , there 's still nobody better . All these guys I see going around the track today would n't have a chance of beating him if he really did what he was supposed to do . ''   Currently , Obea Moore resides in Los Angeles , California . He owns Sirius Body and Wellness where he trains youth and adults full time in track and fitness . He enjoys giving back to the community . In his spare time , he has perfected cooking healthy gourmet dishes and has become quite the culinary savant .   In 2014 he began talks with a writer to tell his story in the form of a biography/training manual to inspire others , scheduled to be released in late 2015 .

neg: Oluwatobiloba Amusan Oluwatobiloba Ayomide Amusan ( born April 23 , 1997 ) is a Nigerian sprinter . She claimed gold in the 100 metres hurdles event at the 2015 African Junior Athletics Championships in Addis Ababa . In 2015 , while making her All-Africa Games debut , she won gold in the 100 metres hurdles event at the 2015 All-Africa Games . Her team mate , Lindsay Lindley was third . She was also a silver medallist at the 2013 African Youth Championships in Warri .   She was runner-up at the 2016 NCAA Outdoor Championships in the 100 m hurdles running a windy 12.79 s. Amusan also competed at the 2016 World Junior Championships in Bydgoszcz . Despite running her second fastest time ever , she placed fifth in the final . She eclipsed Kim Turner 's 100mH UTEP record in 2016 , with a 2016 best of 12.83 s . She has bettered her own high school record in the 100mH finishing the race at the UTEP Springtime Invitational in 12.63 s.


query: The brown bear is a mammal.

pos: Brown bear The brown bear ( Ursus arctos ) is a large bear with the widest distribution of any living ursid . The species is distributed across much of northern Eurasia and North America . It is one of the two largest terrestrial carnivorans alive today , rivaled in body size only by its close cousin , the polar bear ( Ursus maritimus ) , which is much less variable in size and averages larger due to this . There are several recognized subspecies , many of which are quite well-known within their native ranges , found in the brown bear species .   The brown bear 's principal range includes parts of Russia , Central Asia , China , Canada , the United States ( mostly Alaska ) , Scandinavia and the Carpathian region ( especially Romania ) , Anatolia , and Caucasus . The brown bear is recognized as a national and state animal in several European countries .   While the brown bear 's range has shrunk and it has faced local extinctions , it remains listed as a least concern species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) with a total population of approximately 200,000 . As of 2012 , this and the American black bear are the only bear species not classified as threatened by the IUCN . However , the Californian , North African ( Atlas bear ) , and Mexican subspecies were hunted to extinction in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , and many of the southern Asian subspecies are highly endangered . One of the smaller-bodied subspecies , the Himalayan brown bear , is critically endangered , occupying only 2 % of its former range and threatened by uncontrolled poaching for its parts . The Marsican brown bear , one of several currently isolated populations of the main Eurasian brown bear race , in central Italy is believed to have a population of just 30 to 40 bears .

pos: Bear Bears are carnivoran mammals of the family Ursidae . Bears are classified as caniforms , or doglike carnivorans . Although only eight species of bears are extant , they are widespread , appearing in a wide variety of habitats throughout the Northern Hemisphere and partially in the Southern Hemisphere . Bears are found on the continents of North America , South America , Europe , and Asia . Common characteristics of modern bears include large bodies with stocky legs , long snouts , small rounded ears , shaggy hair , plantigrade paws with five nonretractile claws , and short tails .   While the polar bear is mostly carnivorous , and the giant panda feeds almost entirely on bamboo , the remaining six species are omnivorous with varied diets . With the exception of courting individuals and mothers with their young , bears are typically solitary animals . They may be diurnal or nocturnal and have an excellent sense of smell . Despite their heavy build and awkward gait , they are adept runners , climbers , and swimmers . Bears use shelters , such as caves and logs , as their dens ; most species occupy their dens during the winter for a long period of hibernation , up to 100 days .   Bears have been hunted since prehistoric times for their meat and fur ; they have been used for bear-baiting and other forms of entertainment , such as being made to dance . With their powerful physical presence , they play a prominent role in the arts , mythology , and other cultural aspects of various human societies . In modern times , bears have come under pressure through encroachment on their habitats and illegal trade in bear parts , including the Asian bile bear market . The IUCN lists six bear species as vulnerable or endangered , and even least concern species , such as the brown bear , are at risk of extirpation in certain countries . The poaching and international trade of these most threatened populations are prohibited , but still ongoing .

neg: Bear-resistant food storage container Bear-resistant food storage containers , also called bear canisters or bear cans , are usually hard-sided containers used by backpackers to protect their food from theft by bears . Bear canisters are seeing increased popularity in areas where bears have become habituated to human presence , and are required in some regions such as Yosemite National Park in the United States .

neg: Smokey Bear Smokey Bear is an American advertising mascot created by artist Harry Rossoll , and administered by the United States Forest Service , the National Association of State Foresters , and the Ad Council to educate the public about the dangers of forest fires . A campaign featuring Smokey and the slogan `` Smokey Says -- Care Will Prevent 9 out of 10 Forest Fires '' began in 1944 . His later slogan , `` Remember ... Only YOU Can Prevent Forest Fires '' was created in 1947 by the Advertising Council . In April 2001 , the message was updated to `` Only You Can Prevent Wildfires . '' According to the Ad Council , he and his message are recognized in the United States by 95 % of adults and 77 % of children .   In 1952 , the songwriters Steve Nelson and Jack Rollins had a successful song named `` Smokey the Bear '' . The pair said `` the '' was added to Smokey 's name to keep the song 's rhythm . During the 1950s , that variant of the name became widespread both in popular speech and in print , including at least one standard encyclopedia . A 1955 book in the Little Golden Books series was called Smokey the Bear and he calls himself by this name in the book . It depicted him as an orphaned cub rescued in the aftermath of a forest fire . From the beginning , his name was intentionally spelled differently from the adjective ` smoky ' .   Smokey Bear 's name and image are protected by U.S. federal law , the Smokey Bear Act of 1952 ( 16 U.S.C. 580 ( p-2 ) ; 18 U.S.C. 711 ) .

neg: Asian black bear The Asian black bear ( Ursus thibetanus , previously known as Selenarctos thibetanus ) , also known as the moon bear , Asiatic black bear and white-chested bear , is a medium-sized bear species native to Asia and largely adapted to arboreal life . It lives in the Himalayas , in the northern parts of the Indian subcontinent , Korea , northeastern China , the Russian Far East , the Honshū and Shikoku islands of Japan , and Taiwan . It is classified as vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) , mostly because of deforestation and hunting for its body parts .   The species is morphologically very similar to some prehistoric bears , and is thought by some scientists to be the ancestor of other extant bear species ( aside from pandas and spectacled bears ) . Though largely herbivorous , Asian black bears can be very aggressive toward humans , who frequently trap or kill them for traditional medicine .

neg: Brown booby The brown booby ( Sula leucogaster ) is a large seabird of the booby family , Sulidae . They present sexual dimorphism . The female booby reaches about 80 cm in length , its wingspan measures up to 150 cm , and they can weigh up to 1300 g . The male booby reaches about 75 cm in length , its wingspan measures up to 140 cm , and they can weigh up to 1000 g.

neg: Animal language Animal languages are forms of non-human animal communication that show similarities to human language . Animals communicate by using a variety of signs such as sounds or movements . Such signing may be considered complex enough to be called a form of language if the inventory of signs is large , the signs are relatively arbitrary , and the animals seem to produce them with a degree of volition ( as opposed to relatively automatic conditioned behaviors or unconditioned instincts , usually including facial expressions ) . In experimental tests , animal communication may also be evidenced through the use of lexigrams ( as used by chimpanzees and bonobos ) . While the term `` animal language '' is widely used , researchers agree that animal languages are not as complex or expressive as human language .   Many researchers argue that animal communication lacks a key aspect of human language , that is , the creation of new patterns of signs under varied circumstances . ( In contrast , for example , humans routinely produce entirely new combinations of words . ) Some researchers , including the linguist Charles Hockett , argue that human language and animal communication differ so much that the underlying principles are unrelated . Accordingly , linguist Thomas A. Sebeok has proposed to not use the term `` language '' for animal sign systems . Marc Hauser , Noam Chomsky , and W. Tecumseh Fitch assert an evolutionary continuum exists between the communication methods of animal and human language .

neg: Ring-tailed lemur The ring-tailed lemur ( Lemur catta ) is a large strepsirrhine primate and the most recognized lemur due to its long , black and white ringed tail . It belongs to Lemuridae , one of five lemur families , and is the only member of the Lemur genus . Like all lemurs it is endemic to the island of Madagascar . Known locally in Malagasy as maky ( -LSB- makʲ -RSB- , spelled maki in French ) or hira , it inhabits gallery forests to spiny scrub in the southern regions of the island . It is omnivorous and the most terrestrial of extant lemurs . The animal is diurnal , being active exclusively in daylight hours .   The ring-tailed lemur is highly social , living in groups of up to 30 individuals . It is also female dominant , a trait common among lemurs . To keep warm and reaffirm social bonds , groups will huddle together . The ring-tailed lemur will also sunbathe , sitting upright facing its underside , with its thinner white fur towards the sun . Like other lemurs , this species relies strongly on its sense of smell and marks its territory with scent glands . The males perform a unique scent marking behavior called spur marking and will participate in stink fights by impregnating their tail with their scent and wafting it at opponents .   As one of the most vocal primates , the ring-tailed lemur uses numerous vocalizations including group cohesion and alarm calls . Experiments have shown that the ring-tailed lemur , despite the lack of a large brain ( relative to simiiform primates ) , can organize sequences , understand basic arithmetic operations and preferentially select tools based on functional qualities .   Despite reproducing readily in captivity and being the most populous lemur in zoos worldwide , numbering more than 2,000 individuals , the ring-tailed lemur is listed as endangered by the IUCN Red List due to habitat destruction and hunting for bush meat and the exotic pet trade . At present ( as of early 2017 ) , the population in the wild is believed to have crashed as low as 2,000 individuals due to habitat loss , poaching and hunting , making them far more critically endangered .

neg: Tardigrade Tardigrades ( -LSB- ˈtɑrdᵻˌgreɪd -RSB- also known as water bears , space bears , or moss piglets ) are water-dwelling , eight-legged , segmented micro-animals . They were first discovered by the German zoologist Johann August Ephraim Goeze in 1773 . The name Tardigrada ( meaning `` slow stepper '' ) was given three years later by the Italian biologist Lazzaro Spallanzani . They have been found everywhere from mountaintops to the deep sea , mud volcanoes , and from tropical rain forests to the Antarctic .   Tardigrades are one of the most resilient animals known : they can survive extreme conditions that would be rapidly fatal to nearly all other known life forms . They can withstand temperature ranges from 1 K ( close to absolute zero ) to about 420 K for several minutes , pressures about six times greater than those found in the deepest ocean trenches , ionizing radiation at doses hundreds of times higher than the lethal dose for a human , and the vacuum of outer space . They can go without food or water for more than 30 years , drying out to the point where they are 3 % or less water , only to rehydrate , forage , and reproduce . Tardigrades living in harsh conditions undergo an annual process of cyclomorphosis .   They are not considered extremophilic because they are not adapted to exploit these conditions . This means that their chances of dying increase the longer they are exposed to the extreme environments , whereas true extremophiles thrive in a physically or geochemically extreme environment that would harm most other organisms .   Usually , tardigrades are about 0.5 mm long when they are fully grown . They are short and plump with four pairs of legs , each with four to eight claws also known as `` disks '' . The first three pairs of legs are directed ventrolaterally and are the primary means of locomotion , while the fourth pair is directed posteriorly on the terminal segment of the trunk and is used primarily for grasping the substrate . Tardigrades are prevalent in mosses and lichens and feed on plant cells , algae , and small invertebrates . When collected , they may be viewed under a very low-power microscope , making them accessible to students and amateur scientists .   Tardigrades form the phylum Tardigrada , part of the superphylum Ecdysozoa . It is an ancient group , with fossils dating from 530 million years ago , in the Cambrian period . About 1,150 species of tardigrades have been described . Tardigrades can be found throughout the world , from the Himalayas ( above 6000 m ) , to the deep sea ( below 4000 m ) and from the polar regions to the equator .

neg: Bruno the bear Bruno the bear may refer to :   Bear JJ1 , a European brown bear who made the news in 2006  Bruno ( bear actor ) , a trained American black bear who played Gentle Ben  Name of the Brown Bears , mascot of Brown University  A character on the TV series Edward and Friends  A character in the cartoon Big Top Bunny

neg: Grizzly bear (disambiguation) The grizzly bear ( Ursus arctos ssp . ) is the great brown bear of North America .   Grizzly Bear may also refer to :  __ NOTOC __

neg: Nanook In Inuit religion , Nanook ( ᓇᓄᖅ , -LSB- - ikunaˈnuq -RSB- , lit . `` polar bear '' ) was the master of bears , meaning he decided if hunters deserved success in finding and hunting bears and punished violations of taboos . The word was popularized by Nanook of the North , the first feature-length documentary .   The Inuit believed that Nanuk , the polar bear , was powerful and mighty , and they thought that he was `` almost man '' . The Inuit hunters would worship this great bear because they believed that he decided if the hunters would be successful . `` In the past , the Inuit ate polar bear meat and used the fur to make warm trousers for men and kamiks ( soft boots ) for women '' . Respect was given to Nanuk by the hunter hanging the bear 's hide in a special section of his igloo , where it would stay for several days . They would also offer the bear 's spirit weapons and other hunting tools if it was a male , and needle cases , scrapers ( used to scrape the fat off hides ) and knives if it was female . `` Native people believed that polar bears allowed themselves to be killed in order to obtain the souls of the tools ( tatkoit ) , which they would take with them into the hereafter . '' `` Legend says that if a dead polar bear was treated properly by the hunter , it would share the good news with other bears so they would be eager to be killed by him . Bears would stay away from hunters who failed to pay respect . ''

neg: Red-bellied lemur The red-bellied lemur ( Eulemur rubriventer ) is a medium-sized strepsirrhine primate with a luxuriant chestnut brown coat . This lemur is endemic to eastern Madagascan rainforests and is distinguished by patches of white skin below the eyes , giving rise to a `` teardrop '' effect , particularly conspicuous in the male .   The species , first identified in the year 1850 , exhibits diurnal behaviour and marked sexual dimorphism . The red-bellied lemur has been studied extensively since the mid-1980s , primarily in Ranomafana National Park . This lemur species is designated as vulnerable according to the IUCN Red List , due to threats endangering habitats from slash-and-burn agriculture in Madagascar .

neg: Senegal bushbaby The Senegal bushbaby ( Galago senegalensis ) , also known as the Senegal galago , the lesser galago or the lesser bush baby , is a small , nocturnal primate , a member of the galago family Galagidae .   The name `` bush baby '' may come either from the animals ' cries or from their appearance . They are agile leapers , and run swiftly along branches . They live in Africa south of the Sahara and nearby islands including Zanzibar . They tend to live in dry woodland regions and savannah regions . They are small primates ( 130mm and 95-300 grams ) with woolly thick fur that ranges from silvery grey to dark brown . They have large eyes , giving them good night vision ; strong hind limbs ; and long tails , which help them balance . Their ears are made up of four segments that can bend back individually , to aid their hearing when hunting insects at night . Their omnivorous diet is a mixture of other small animals , including birds and insects , fruit , seeds , flowers , eggs , nuts , and tree gums .   Bushbabies reproduce twice a year , at the beginning of the rains ( November ) and the end ( February ) . They are polygynous , and the females raise their young in nests made from leaves . They have 1-2 babies per litter , with gestation period being 110 -- 120 days . Bush babies are born with half-closed eyes , unable to move about independently . After a few days , the mother carries the infant in her mouth , and leaves it on convenient branches while feeding .   Adult females maintain territories , but share them with their offspring . Males leave their mothers ' territories after puberty , but females remain , forming social groups consisting of closely related females and their immature young . Adult males maintain separate territories , which overlap with those of the female social groups ; generally , one adult male mates with all the females in an area . Males who have not established such territories sometimes form small bachelor groups .   Bush babies communicate both by calling to each other and by marking their paths with their urine . At the end of the night , group members use a special rallying call and gather to sleep in a nest made of leaves , in a group of branches , or in a hole in a tree .

neg: Pack hunter A pack hunter or social predator is a predator belonging to the animal kingdom which has evolved to hunt its prey by working together with other members of its species . Normally animals hunting in this way are closely related , and with the exceptions of humans and chimpanzees where only males normally hunt , all individuals in a family group will contribute to hunting . The most commonly known pack hunter is the gray wolf , the closest wild relative of all breeds of domesticated dog . Humans and their closest-living relatives chimpanzees are also pack hunters . Other pack hunting mammals include dolphins , lions , dwarf and banded mongooses and spotted hyenas . A number of avian social predators exist , including the Harris 's hawk , butcherbirds , three of four kookaburra species and many helmetshrikes . There are a few cold-blooded pack hunters including simple arthropods such as army ants , the yellow saddle goatfish and occasionally crocodiles .   There is a possibility that some non-avian theropod dinosaurs displayed pack behavior as well .   A social animal that always hunts , singly such as the domestic cat , is not a pack hunter .   Pack hunting is typically associated with cooperative breeding and its concentration in the Afrotropical Region is a reflection of this . Most pack hunters are found in the southern African savannas , with a notable absence in tropical rainforests and with the exception of the wolf and coyote , higher latitudes . It is thought that either on the ancient and poor soils of the southern African savanna it is not possible for individual predators to find adequate food , or that the environment 's inherent unpredictability due to ENSO or IOD events means that in very bad conditions it will not be possible to raise the young necessary to prevent declining populations from adult mortality . It is also argued that Africa 's very large area of continuous flat and open country , which was even more extensive while rainforest contracted during glacial periods of the Quaternary , may have helped encourage pack hunting to become much more common than on any other continent .   A shared pack hunting history is thought to be the main conduit through which humans have been able to form a mutual relationship with dogs ( that is , domestication ) , as both species are highly social and inter-dependent . Humans easily take over the dominance hierarchy of dogs as subordinates instinctively follow the `` alpha '' individual and dogs are accustomed to living very close together   When wolves hunt a Moose or Elk , it sometimes takes to deep water to avoid the pack . A wolf response to this behavior is that the pack rests with one or two wolves annoying the prey until it gets fatigued .

neg: Caramello Koala Caramello Koala is a brand of chocolate bar currently manufactured by Cadbury Australia . It consists of a chocolate cartoon koala ( named `` George '' in certain advertising material ) with a caramel centre .   The chocolate bar is sold in two sizes : the more common 20 gram size and the `` Giant '' 40 gram size , usually sold as a fundraiser . 40 million Caramello Koalas are sold in Australia each year , making the product the second most popular in the Australian children 's confectionery market , after the Freddo Frog .   Cross-over products are occasionally made available featuring the Caramello character , including Cadbury Caramello Koala Choc Caramel flavoured milk in 2003 and Caramello Koala Sundae ice-cream in 1997 . They were also sold in South Africa under the name `` Caramello Bear '' , where they were marketed with the Caramello Bear admitting : `` Caramel ? That 's a weakness ! '' , but they were discontinued in 2012 . The Afrikaans slogan for the Caramello Bear in South Africa was `` Met 'n magie propvol karamel '' , which translates to `` with a tummy full of caramel '' .   A 20 g Caramello Koala contains 415 kJ of energy and 5.5 g of fat .   Caramello Koala was introduced in Australia as the Caramello Bear in 1966 . It was reputedly the first mass marketed confection to be modelled on Australian fauna . Television advertisements for the chocolate in Australia featured Caramello and his cartoon friends sailing down a river or riding on a steam train to a modified version of Donovan 's `` Mellow Yellow '' . Caramello 's packaging and imagery was updated in 2000 , after market research revealed the character was seen as daggy , one-dimensional and not sufficiently ` animated ' .   In 2003 , then Australian Labor Party MP , Mark Latham , was labelled a `` Caramello Koala '' by Liberal MP Christopher Pyne , for allegedly being `` soft in the centre '' .   To deal with rising input costs , in April 2015 Cadbury announced a reduction in size of the 20g chocolate to 15g . Despite the 25 % size reduction , the price is unchanged .

neg: List of mammals of Greenland This is a list of the native wild mammal species recorded in Greenland . There are 26 mammal species native to Greenland , of which none are critically endangered , three are endangered , three are vulnerable , two are near-threatened and four are data-deficient . Only seven of these species are fully terrestrial . Introduced species ( e.g. , the house mouse and brown rat ) are not included .   The following tags are used to highlight each species ' conservation status as assessed by the IUCN :

neg: Sable The sable ( Martes zibellina ) is a marten species , a small carnivorous mammal inhabiting forest environments , primarily in Russia from the Ural Mountains throughout Siberia , northern Mongolia . Its habitat also leans the borders of eastern Kazakhstan , China , North and South Korea and Hokkaidō in Japan . Its range in the wild originally extended through European Russia to Poland and Scandinavia . It has historically been hunted for its highly valued dark brown or black fur , which remains a luxury good to this day . While hunting of wild animals is still common in Russia , most fur in the market is now commercially farmed .

neg: Drop bear A drop bear ( sometimes dropbear ) is a hoax in contemporary Australian folklore featuring a predatory , carnivorous version of the koala ( Phascolarctos cinereus ) . This imaginary animal is commonly spoken about in tall tales designed to scare tourists . While koalas are typically docile herbivores ( and notably , not bears ) , drop bears are described as unusually large and vicious marsupials that inhabit treetops and attack unsuspecting people ( or other prey ) that walk beneath them by dropping onto their heads from above .

neg: Primate A primate ( -LSB- ˈpraɪmeɪt -RSB- ) is a mammal of the order Primates ( Latin : `` prime , first rank '' ) . In taxonomy , primates include two distinct lineages , strepsirrhines and haplorhines . Primates arose from ancestors that lived in the trees of tropical forests ; many primate characteristics represent adaptations to life in this challenging three-dimensional environment . Most primate species remain at least partly arboreal .   With the exception of humans , who inhabit every continent , most primates live in tropical or subtropical regions of the Americas , Africa and Asia . They range in size from Madame Berthe 's mouse lemur , which weighs only 30 g , to the eastern gorilla , weighing over 200 kg ; that is , without taking into account the weight of particular human individuals , reaching up to 635 kg . Based on fossil evidence , the earliest known true primates , represented by the genus Teilhardina , date to 55.8 million years old . An early close primate relative known from abundant remains is the Late Paleocene Plesiadapis , c. 55 -- 58 million years old . Molecular clock studies suggest that the primate branch may be even older , originating near the Cretaceous -- Paleogene boundary or around 63 -- 74 mya .   The order Primates was traditionally divided into two main groupings : prosimians and anthropoids ( simians ) . Prosimians have characteristics more like those of the earliest primates , and include the lemurs of Madagascar , lorisoids , and tarsiers . Simians include monkeys , apes and hominins . More recently , taxonomists have preferred to split primates into the suborder Strepsirrhini , or wet-nosed primates , consisting of non-tarsier prosimians , and the suborder Haplorhini , or dry-nosed primates , consisting of tarsiers and the simians .   Simians are divided into two groups : catarrhine ( narrow-nosed ) monkeys and apes of Africa and Southeast Asia and platyrrhine ( `` flat-nosed '' ) or New World monkeys of South and Middle America . Catarrhines consist of Old World monkeys ( such as baboons and macaques ) , gibbons and great apes ; New World monkeys include the capuchin , howler and squirrel monkeys . Humans are the only extant catarrhines to have spread successfully outside of Africa , South Asia , and East Asia , although fossil evidence shows many other species were formerly present in Europe . New primate species are still being discovered . More than 25 species were taxonomically described in the decade of the 2000s and eleven have been described since 2010 .   Considered generalist mammals , primates exhibit a wide range of characteristics . Some primates ( including some great apes and baboons ) are primarily terrestrial rather than arboreal , but all species possess adaptations for climbing trees . Locomotion techniques used include leaping from tree to tree , walking on two or four limbs , knuckle-walking , and swinging between branches of trees ( brachiation ) .   Primates are characterized by large brains relative to other mammals , as well as an increased reliance on stereoscopic vision at the expense of smell , the dominant sensory system in most mammals . These features are more developed in monkeys and apes and noticeably less so in lorises and lemurs . Three-color vision has developed in some primates . Most also have opposable thumbs and some have prehensile tails . Many species are sexually dimorphic ; differences include body mass , canine tooth size , and coloration . Primates have slower rates of development than other similarly sized mammals and reach maturity later , but have longer lifespans . Depending on the species , adults may live in solitude , in mated pairs , or in groups of up to hundreds of members .

neg: Tibetan blue bear The Tibetan bear or Tibetan blue bear ( Ursus arctos pruinosus ) is a subspecies of the brown bear ( Ursus arctos ) found in the eastern Tibetan Plateau .   It is also known as the Himalayan blue bear , Himalayan snow bear , Tibetan brown bear , or the horse bear . In Tibetan , it is known as Dom gyamuk .   One of the rarest subspecies of bear in the world , the blue bear is rarely sighted in the wild . The blue bear is known in the west only through a small number of fur and bone samples . It was first classified in 1854 .

neg: Animal cognition Animal cognition describes the mental capacities of non-human animals and the study of those capacities . The field developed from comparative psychology , including the study of animal conditioning and learning . It has also been strongly influenced by research in ethology , behavioral ecology , and evolutionary psychology , and hence the alternative name cognitive ethology is sometimes used . Many behaviors associated with the term animal intelligence are also subsumed within animal cognition .   Researchers have examined animal cognition in mammals ( especially primates , cetaceans , elephants , dogs , cats , horses , livestock , raccoons and rodents ) , birds ( including parrots , corvids and pigeons ) , reptiles ( lizards and snakes ) , fish and invertebrates ( including cephalopods , spiders and insects ) .