query: Olivia Wilde (also know as Olivia Jane Cockburn) is an American.

pos: Olivia Wilde Olivia Wilde ( born Olivia Jane Cockburn ; March 10 , 1984 ) is an American actress , model , director , and producer . She is well known for her role as Dr. Remy `` Thirteen '' Hadley on the award-winning medical television series House ( 2007 -- 12 ) and her roles in Alpha Dog ( 2007 ) , Tron : Legacy ( 2010 ) , Cowboys & Aliens ( 2011 ) , Her ( 2013 ) , Drinking Buddies ( 2013 ) , and Rush ( 2013 ) . She starred in HBO 's rock 'n' roll drama series Vinyl ( 2016 ) .

neg: Houston Film Critics Society Awards 2010 The 4th Houston Film Critics Society Awards were presented on December 18 , 2010 . These awards for `` extraordinary accomplishment in film '' are presented annually by the Houston Film Critics Society ( HFCS ) based in Houston , Texas . The organization , founded in 2007 , includes 22 film critics for print , radio , television , and internet publications in the greater Houston area . The awards are co-sponsored by the Houston Film Commission , Southwest Alternate Media Project , Women in Film and Television/Houston , WorldFest , and the Houston Cinema Arts Society .   The nominations for the 2010 awards were announced on December 12 , 2010 . Eligible films do not need to have played or opened in a Houston film theater prior to the nomination deadline , merely made available to the HFCS membership at a screening or on DVD . Along with the 13 `` best of '' category awards , this year also saw the introduction of a new category for `` Worst Movies of the Year '' . The Social Network , True Grit , and 127 Hours each received six nominations , all including the Best Picture , Actor , Direction , and Original Score categories .   The Social Network was the HFCS 's most awarded film of 2010 taking top honors in the Best Picture , Best Director ( David Fincher ) , Best Actor ( Jesse Eisenberg ) , and Best Screenplay ( Aaron Sorkin ) categories . Inception was the only other film to garner multiple awards , winning both the Best Original Score ( Hans Zimmer ) and Best Cinematography ( Wally Pfister ) prizes . The other acting awards went to Natalie Portman as Best Actress for Black Swan , Hailee Steinfeld as Best Supporting Actress for True Grit , and Christian Bale as Best Supporting Actor for The Fighter . The remaining film honors went to Toy Story 3 as Best Animated Film , Restrepo as Best Documentary , and The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo as Best Foreign Language Film . `` We Are Sex Bob-Omb '' by Beck from Scott Pilgrim vs. the World was named the Best Original Song . The HFCS 's first-ever award for `` Worst Picture '' was given to Jonah Hex starring Josh Brolin .   In addition to the category awards , the HFCS presented their annual Lifetime Achievement Award to Sissy Spacek and its Humanitarian Award to George Clooney . Clooney was selected for `` selflessly using his celebrity for greater good '' . The HFCS award for Outstanding Achievement in Cinema awards were presented to Charles Dove , director of the Rice University Media Center , and Hector Luna , the founder and editor of C-47 Houston .

neg: Duffy (film) Duffy is a 1968 Anglo-American comedy film directed by Robert Parrish and starring James Coburn , James Mason , Susannah York and James Fox . Originally called `` Avec-Avec '' , French for `` with-it '' , according to 1967 press reports , Columbia Pictures changed the title of the movie , despite the protests of the stars .

neg: The Picture of Dorian Gray (opera) The Picture of Dorian Gray , op. 45 , is an American opera in two acts and 12 scenes , with libretto and music by Lowell Liebermann , based on the novel of the same name by Oscar Wilde .   The opera had its world premiere at the Monte Carlo Opera on 8 May 1996 , in a production by John Cox , conducted by Steuart Bedford . Bedford also conducted the American premiere , on 5 February 1999 by Florentine Opera , Milwaukee , Wisconsin . The Center City Opera Theater in Philadelphia commissioned a re-orchestration of the opera for chamber orchestra . This version received its first performance on June 6 , 2007 at the Perelman Theater in the Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , in a production by Leland Kimball , conducted by Andrew M. Kurtz . Aspen Opera Center staged the work in July 2014 .

neg: Noël Coward Society The Noël Coward Society is an international society founded with the agreement of Coward 's literary agent and Estate to celebrate the life and work of Sir Noël Coward .   The Noël Coward Society was founded in 1999 to study and promote and enjoy the many aspects of Cowards achievements . It owns an extensive archive of recordings and written works and is attempting to become the official on-line archive of all things `` Coward '' .   The Noël Coward Society is managed by Noël Coward Ltd. , a charitable company . It is currently administered from Norwich , Norfolk , UK , and has a membership of just over 700 people worldwide . The day-to-day running of the Society is managed by an organising committee . The Society has representatives in France , Australia and the USA . Each year it celebrates the birth of Noël Coward at the Noël Coward Theatre and the Theatre Royal , Drury Lane on the nearest Friday to his birthdate . The celebration consists of the AGM of the Society at the Noël Coward Theatre followed by a celebrity from the theatre world laying flowers on the statue of Sir Noël Coward in the foyer of the Theatre Royal . The Annual Lunch follows in the Grand Saloon at the theatre , followed by a cabaret .   In 2002 , Ken Starrett was appointed the North American Director of The Noel Coward Society and in 2003 , Starrett organized an annual birthday celebration which took place in December in the USA . The event included the flower laying ceremony at The Gershwin Theatre in Manhattan and a special lunch . Among the celebrities who have placed flowers in front of Coward 's statue are Tammy Grimes , Keir Dullea , Tony Walton , Kitty Carlisle Hart , Hayley Mills , Marian Seldes , Jim Dale , Victor Garber , Christine Ebersole , Dick Cavett . Stephen Fry , Joan Copeland , Jamie Ross , Penny Fuller , and Dana Ivey . There is also a similar ceremony at Firefly Estate ( Coward 's home ) in Jamaica . On December 31 , 2016 , Ken Starrett officially stepped down after serving as North American Director of The Noel Coward Society for fourteen years .

neg: List of Scandal episodes Scandal is an American political thriller television series created by Shonda Rhimes , which premiered on ABC on April 5 , 2012 .   Kerry Washington stars as Olivia Pope , a former White House Communications Director who leaves to start her own crisis management firm , Pope and Associates , where she works to keep the secrets and protect the public images of the country 's most powerful and elite . On staff at the new firm are fresh-faced lawyer Quinn Perkins ( Katie Lowes ) ; smooth talking litigator Harrison Wright ( Columbus Short ) ; investigator Abby Whelan ( Darby Stanchfield ) ; and computer hacker with a CIA past Huck ( Guillermo Diaz ) . The show also focuses on President of the United States Fitzgerald Grant ( Tony Goldwyn ) ; First Lady Mellie Grant ( Bellamy Young ) ; White House Chief of Staff Cyrus Beene ( Jeff Perry ) ; Vice President and eventual presidential candidate Sally Langston ( Kate Burton ) ; U.S. Attorney David Rosen ( Joshua Malina ) ; Head of NSA , Jake Ballard ( Scott Foley ) ; chairwoman Elizabeth North ( Portia de Rossi ) ; activist Marcus Walker ( Cornelius Smith Jr. ) ; and head of B613 Eli Pope ( Joe Morton ) .   On February 10 , 2017 , the show was renewed for a seventh season . It was later announced it will be the final season .

neg: Grace and Gratitude Tour The Grace and Gratitude Tour is the fourteenth concert tour by English-born Australian pop singer Olivia Newton-John . The tour , which became the United States and Canada , gave support to her twenty-second studio album , Grace and Gratitude .

neg: Olivia (singer) Olivia Theresa Longott ( born February 15 , 1981 in Brooklyn , New York , U.S. ) , professionally known as Olivia , is an American singer , songwriter , rapper and actress . She is best known for contributing vocals to 50 Cent 's hit single `` Candy Shop '' and her debut album Olivia . She was also known as a regular cast member in the first three seasons ( 2011 -- 13 ) of the VH1 reality television series Love & Hip Hop : New York .

neg: Lady in a Cage Lady in a Cage is a 1964 American psychological thriller film directed by Walter Grauman , written and produced by Luther Davis , and released by Paramount Pictures . It stars Olivia de Havilland and features James Caan in his first substantial film role .

neg: List of Jane the Virgin episodes Jane the Virgin is an American comedy-drama television series that premiered on The CW on October 13 , 2014 . The series follows Jane Villanueva , a hard-working , religious young Latina woman whose family tradition and a vow to save her virginity until marriage is shattered when a doctor mistakenly artificially inseminates her during a checkup . To make matters worse , the biological donor is a married man , a former playboy and cancer survivor who is not only the new owner of the hotel where Jane works , but was also her former teenage crush . On October 21 , 2014 , the show was given a full season order . On January 11 , 2015 , the show was renewed for a second season , On March 11 , 2016 , the show was renewed for a third season . On January 8 , 2017 , the show was renewed for a fourth season .

neg: Duets (film) Duets is a 2000 American road trip film co-produced and directed by Bruce Paltrow and written by John Byrum . The motion picture features an ensemble cast co-starring Gwyneth Paltrow , Paul Giamatti , Maria Bello , Scott Speedman , Andre Braugher , Huey Lewis and Angie Dickinson , among others . The movie `` revolves around the little known world of karaoke competitions and the wayward characters who inhabit it . ''

neg: Jane Van Etten Jane Van Etten , sometimes credited under her married name , Jane Van Etten Andrews ( born 1871 ) was an American composer and singer , one of the first female composers in the United States to have an opera produced by a regular opera company . This was Guido Ferranti , a one-act opera to a libretto by Elsie M. Wilbor based on the play The Duchess of Padua by Oscar Wilde . It was premiered on December 29 , 1914 , in Chicago by the Century Opera Company at the Auditorium Theater . Hazel Eden was Beatrice and Worthe Faulkner Guido Ferranti ; the work was conducted by Agide Jacchia . The piece received the Bispham Memorial Medal Award . It was said that Van Etten had not studied orchestration , harmony or counterpoint prior to the creation of the opera . The opera won great critical acclaim , but appears not to have been performed again after its premiere . Its music has been described as `` tuneful in the Puccini mode '' .   Van Etten was a native of St. Paul , Minnesota ; the daughter of Isaac Van Etten , a prominent local lawyer and politician , she was descended from the Van Etten family of New York . She studied music in New York City , Paris , and London ; her debut came as Siébel in Faust at the Theatre Royal , Drury Lane in 1895 . Among her teachers was Mathilde Marchesi . Upon her marriage in 1901 she gave up singing to concentrate on composition , though she later worked as a teacher of voice in Chicago ; she and her husband , Alfred Burritt Andrews , lived in Evanston , Illinois . Besides the opera , her compositions include songs . Her teachers of composition included Alexander von Fielitz and Bernhard Ziehn .   Van Etten 's date of death is unknown . Two of her songs have been recorded .

neg: Oscar Martinez (The Office) Oscar San Juan Martinez is a fictional character from the US mockumentary-style television series The Office played by Cuban actor Oscar Nunez . Martinez was one of the few openly gay characters in broadcast television at the time that the series aired . Although Nunez , who is straight , did not know his character might be gay when he first signed on , he has no issues with the character 's sexuality as long as the material is funny . For the 2006 -- 2007 season , Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation ( GLAAD ) reported he was the only LGBT ( lesbian , gay , bisexual , transgender ) person of color character on a regular series . For the 2007 -- 2008 season he was the `` only remaining gay character on a half-hour comedy program '' and the only LGBT lead or supporting character who is a person of color . For the 2009 -- 2010 season , Martinez was one of four people of color LGBT regular series characters ; in 2010 -- 2011 there were six and in 2011 -- 2012 there were five.Along with doctor Callie Torres on Grey 's Anatomy , and gay nurse Angel Garcia on Mercy , Martinez are Latino/a , and forensic facial reconstruction artist Angela Montenegro on Bones , is an Asian-Pacific Islander . ( Where we are on TV : GLAAD 's 14th Annual Diversity Study Previews the 2009-2010 Primetime Television Season , Taj Paxton , Jonathan Rosales , Callan Koenig , Brian MacKough , Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation . ) For the 2009-2010 season there are zero black LGBT series regular characters and one non-human , American Dad 's Roger the alien on Fox . For the 2009-2010 season , LGBT media watchdog group Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation ( GLAAD ) reported 3 percent of all regular characters were LGBT . ( Gay Characters on Network TV : 2009-10 , Hanh Nguyen and Rick Porter , Los Angeles Times , ) An increase from 2.6 percent in the 2008-2009 season and 1.1 percent in the 2007-2008 season . ( Gay Characters on Network TV : 2009-10 , Hanh Nguyen and Rick Porter , Los Angeles Times , ) For the 2010-2011 season there were six LGBT people of color characters . ( Where we are on TV : GLAAD 's Annual Diversity Study Previews the 2010-2011 Primetime Television Season , Taj Paxton , Matthew Kane , Lauren Mattia , Rob Avruch , Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation . ) For the 2011-2012 season there were five LGBT people of color characters . ( Where we are on TV : GLAAD 's Annual Diversity Study Previews the 2011-2012 Primetime Television Season , September 2011 , Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation . )   Martinez is an accountant at the Scranton , Pennsylvania , office of the paper distribution company Dunder Mifflin and gets his first name from Núñez ; series producer Greg Daniels felt that `` Oscar '' sounded like a good accountant 's name . He is a first-generation Mexican American . He is also openly gay after being outed by his then boss Michael Scott in `` Gay Witch Hunt '' , the third-season premiere episode devoted to the outing . However , the character was implied to be gay in the second-season episode `` The Secret '' , when Dwight catches him faking sickness to spend the day with his boyfriend ( Dwight remains oblivious to this detail as he was obsessed with proving that Oscar was not ill ) . As a result , in earlier episodes , many co-workers erroneously attribute to him various Mexican stereotypes ( e.g. being involved in drug cartels ) but after his outing , his stereotypes are more focused on his being gay , particularly by Michael , which may explain their conflicted relationship . Núñez explained in a 2008 interview that the character variously feels amusement , pity and hatred towards his fictional boss . He has no specific counterpart in the original British series .   Oscar is known for being a rational , quietly efficient , and intellectual worker in the office , often the one who will ask pointed financial questions that his colleagues will not or that Michael avoids answering . Martinez refers to himself as being in the `` Coalition for Reason '' with Jim and Pam Halpert . According to Núñez , the three `` are there to set up the comic situations '' for boss Michael and Dwight Schrute , Michael 's toady . He explained , `` We can still be funny but we are definitely the ` straight guys ' . '' He is often the one who is able to clearly see the reality and logic in situations , including financial ones such as when Michael started up his own paper company or Ryan Howard 's online startup business . Because of this , Oscar is considered to be a know-it-all by many of his co-workers . Oscar is frequently exasperated by the antics of his coworkers and tends to find their humor offensive . He is reserved , not really exhibiting a desire for close contact with any of his co-workers , although he is friendly when not outwardly pedantic . In an AfterElton.com interview , Núñez explained he plays the character like an accountant , who happens to be gay , and just trying to do his work and not really interested in what the documentarians are filming . Actor Núñez references the character as a Log Cabin Republican , though no mention of this has occurred in the show . In the episode `` Dwight Christmas '' , he is in fact openly acknowledged as a Democrat . His more balanced and normal personality makes him an everyman type character , contrasting with the generally extroverted people with whom he works . He 's also a charter member of the company 's three-person ( and exclusive ) `` Finer Things Club '' with Pam and Toby Flenderson . He and co-worker Kevin Malone seem to have a strong friendship with each other , often a dynamic where Oscar is often the calm , rational one while Kevin is the fun-loving one .

neg: Heartburn (novel) Heartburn is an autobiographical novel based on Nora Ephron 's life story about her marriage to and divorce from Carl Bernstein , her second husband . Originally published in 1983 , the novel largely focuses on his affair with Margaret Jay , the daughter of former British Prime Minister James Callaghan . Ephron also wrote the screenplay for the film based on the novel starring Meryl Streep and Jack Nicholson .   The novel is a vivid depiction of the breakdown of a marriage . Its strong autobiographical content provides insight into one of the `` power couples '' of the late 1970s . It is Nora Ephron 's first published novel but in it she mentions subjects that she would go on to feature in future work such as When Harry Met Sally and Julie & Julia .   The narrator of the novel is Rachel Samstat , a food writer who is married to Mark Feldman , a political journalist . Rachel is a Jewish New Yorker who has moved to Washington , D.C. , to support her husband 's career . They have one son and Rachel is pregnant with their second child as the book begins . The book wittily describes the life of an upper middle class intellectual couple replete with neuroses -- Rachel is in group therapy , Mark agonizes over the mystifying disappearance of his socks . Threaded through the whole are recipes and anecdotes which drive the story along and humanize Samstat . In a New Yorker piece on novels that include recipes , Adam Gopnik writes , `` in Heartburn , the recipes serve both as a joke about what a food writer writing a novel would write and as a joke on novel-writing itself by someone who anticipates that she will not be treated as a ` real ' novelist . '' Rachel 's self-esteem takes a huge battering as Mark has an affair with Thelma Rice ( Margaret Jay ) and she takes her revenge by telling the Washington grapevine that Thelma has a venereal disease . The diamond engagement ring that is stolen from Rachel when she is at group therapy is pivotal to the plot . Remarkably she gets it back when the police catch the robber . The stone is loose in its setting and she takes it back to the `` family '' jeweler to get it fixed . Here she discovers that while she had been in the hospital giving birth , Mark had bought an expensive necklace for his lover Thelma . She sells the ring and the money enables her to go back to New York and start afresh .

neg: Run (Scandal) `` Run '' is the tenth episode , serving as a mid-season premiere of the fourth season of the American political thriller television series Scandal , and is the 57th overall episode , which aired on ABC on January 29 , 2015 . The episode was written by showrunner Shonda Rhimes and directed by executive producer Tom Verica . The episode serves as a bottle episode , in which the episode focuses solely on Olivia 's kidnapping and her captivity in a jail cell , which she shares with a cellmate named Ian McLeod . The episode features the fewest series regulars of any episode of the series , with only four regulars appearing : Olivia Pope , Jake Ballard , President Fitzgerald `` Fitz '' Grant lll and Abby Whelan .   Shonda Rhimes praised the episode in an interview in which she named it the best episode of Scandal . She praised the writing , saying , `` It is probably my favorite episode that we 've done , ever . It 's my favorite episode that I 've written , of anything that I 've written . But it 's probably our favorite episode that we 've done ever . ''

neg: Jane Ransom Jane Reavill Ransom is a prize-winning American novelist and poet .

neg: Olivia (Rossner novel) Olivia ( or , The Weight of the Past ) is the penultimate novel by Judith Rossner , author of the critically acclaimed best sellers Looking for Mr. Goodbar and August . Published in 1994 by Crown , Olivia examines `` a mother-daughter conflict set in the world of gastronomy . ''  ,

neg: The Theater Offensive The Theater Offensive is a Boston-based theatrical organization dedicated to the production of queer works . The Theater Offensive was founded in 1989 by Abraham Rybeck `` to present the diversity of lesbian , gay , bisexual , and transgender lives in art so bold it breaks through personal isolation , challenges the status quo , and builds thriving communities . '' The Theater Offensive mounts and produces festivals and individual productions by national and local queer performers , and also serves as a development environment for new theatrical work . In addition , The Theater Offensive works to build community through education , outreach , and political activism .   The Theater Offensive has expanded throughout its history . The True Colors OUT Youth Theater troupe concentrates on producing dramatical works produced by young , queer artists . Up until the summer of 2008 , its `` A Street Theater Named Desire '' , a guerrilla AIDS activist theater troupe , enters gay cruising grounds and presents performances that promote safe sex and AIDS education .   The Theater Offensive produces an annual Out on the Edge Festival of Queer Theater , which showcases new performing arts works by queer artists from around the world . It has been held each fall since its inception in 1992 .   True Colors : Out Youth Theater , a program of The Theater Offensive and the country 's largest and longest-running lesbian , gay , bisexual , transgender and queer ( LGBTQ ) youth theater program , received the 2016 National Arts and Humanities Youth Program Award from First Lady Michelle Obama , for its effectiveness in promoting learning and life skills in young people through the arts by engaging them in creative youth development programming . The National Arts and Humanities Youth Program Award is the nation 's highest honor for youth arts programs , and True Colors , which was established in 1994 , is the first LGBTQ organization in history to receive this award .

neg: List of 1998 This American Life episodes In 1998 , there were 31 new This American Life episodes .   Numbers lie . Numbers cover over complicated feelings and ambiguous situations . In this week 's show , stories of people trying to use numbers to describe things that should not be quantified . 1998-01-02   Stories about people who are destined to fight : brothers and sisters . 1998-01-09   Stories of who we are on the phone , of things we learn on the phone , and of things that happen on the phone that do n't happen anywhere else . 1998-01-16   Stories of people trying to escape the box of their own lives , and create new lives . 1998-01-30   Stories about those moments when someone tries to tell you a little bit more about themselves than you 'd really rather know . 1998-02-07   Stories about couples that all take place decades after that moment their eyes first meet . 1998-02-14   What happens during a `` how-to , '' and what our how-to 's say about us . Most how-to 's promise that you 'll not only learn skills , you 'll be transformed . 1998-02-27   How should we react to people who are in non-monogamous relationships ? What should we think of these struggles with monogamy ? 1998-03-07   People who left their private lives and were seized by some huge historical moment . 1998-03-13   An assault on the idea of wackiness . And then , an appreciation of wackiness , and an analysis of wackiness in American culture . Thirteen ways to describe wackiness . 1998-03-20   Stories about what it means to be a person who throws the first punch ... and how hard it is to give up . 1998-03-27   Variations on what it means to be a girl and what it means to be a woman . 1998-04-10   For the 100th episode of This American Life , a radio show about the pleasures of radio . About what makes radio so great ... and what makes it so terrible . 1998-04-24   During this hour , a special edition of our show : stories about Niagara Falls , half of them from documentary producer Alix Spiegel , who went to the Falls and interviewed people living there ; and half from playwright David Kodeski , who grew up in the town of Niagara Falls . 1998-05-01   With all the American movies and songs and books about the joy of the open road , it 's hard for an American to take just a normal road trip without huge expectations . 1998-05-15   An NPR reporter leaves her three-year-old son and heads to Omaha -- for cancer treatment -- a last chance to save her life . After years of covering stories about medicine , Rebecca Perl enters the hospital as a patient . She moves from the world of healthy people into the world of sick ones . What she sees and what she learns . 1998-05-29   What 's frustrating about music lessons , what 's miraculous about them , and what they actually teach us . This show was recorded in front of a live audience at the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts in San Francisco , with help from KQED-FM , during the '98 Public Radio Conference in San Francisco . 1998-06-05   Two stories of people who try to cross the color line -- and why it 's still so hard . We hear the story of a failed interracial marriage and the story of a teenager from a poor inner city neighborhood ( Cedric Jennings , pictured ) who ends up at an Ivy League University -- and how he barely survives there . 1998-06-12   For this Father 's Day , stories in which fathers and their kids sit down and try to have an honest moment together . And stories about fathers who are n't close with their kids . 1998-06-19   For the July 4th holiday weekend , writer Sarah Vowell and her twin sister re-trace the `` Trail of Tears '' -- the route their Cherokee ancestors took when expelled from their own land by President Andrew Jackson . 1998-07-03   Two stories of children lying to themselves and others . A woman who 'd been diagnosed with cystic fibrosis talks about the lies she told herself as a child . And Dan Gediman tells the story of how he was cast in the public TV show Zoom , which aired from 1972 to 1979 , at the age of ten . Then he was cut from the cast before the show ever went on the air . So for years , he lied about it . He let friends believe he was on Zoom . 1998-08-07   Stories of summer camp . People who love camp say that non-camp people simply do n't understand what 's so amazing about camp . In this program , we attempt to bridge the gap of misunderstanding between camp people and non-camp people . 1998-08-28   Five ways of mapping the world . One story about people who make maps the traditional way -- by drawing things we can see . And other stories about people who map the world using smell , sound , touch , and taste . The world redrawn by the five senses . 1998-09-04   Two brothers set out with a friend to cross America on horseback . They take a tape recorder with them to make a kind of audio journal of their trip . What they find , who they meet , and what they learn in this experiment in 19th-century travel . Plus other stories . 1998-09-11   Germs , and how they make us leave the world of rational thinking . 1998-10-02   What happens when you suddenly strike it rich . And the power money has over our lives , for good and bad . 1998-10-16   Stories of people 's last words before death . Their one last shot at figuring things out , summing things up . One last moment of asserting the fact of our existence , at the moment of our annihilation . 1998-10-23   Stories of the first day on the job , the first day in a relationship , the first day in school . On the first day , any first day , we 're expected to live by the rules and customs of the culture we 're entering , but we do n't know those rules and customs just yet . 1998-11-13   For Thanksgiving , the time of year when poultry consumption is highest , it 's our annual program about turkeys , chickens , and fowl of all types . 1998-11-27   The family table is stage on which many family dramas are played out . We hear three stories ... of three families ... at three meals . 1998-12-11   Stories about seeing and being seen . Taped before a live audience in Town Hall in New York City in December 1998 , this was a co-production with WNYC New York , featuring live music by the pop band They Might Be Giants and the This American Life Orchestra . 1998-12-18

neg: York Theatre York Theatre is an Off-Broadway theatre company base in East Midtown Manhattan , New York City . In its 48th year , York Theatre is dedicated to the production of new musicals and concert productions of forgotten musicals from the past . Each season consists of three or four mainstage productions , six or more concert presentations and dozens of developmental readings . It has had several transfers of its work to larger off-Broadway theatres and to Broadway . The company was awarded a special Drama Desk Award in 1996 to its artistic director Janet Hayes Walker and in 2006 for its `` vital contributions to theater by developing and presenting new musicals '' .   Since 1993 the company has performed in an intimate theatre that is part of St. Peter 's Church , in the Citigroup Center Complex at 619 Lexington Avenue at the corner of East 54th Street .   The Oscar Hammerstein Award  is named in honor of the legendary lyricist and librettist who helped shape American musical theatre through his collaborations with a number of different composers and writers . The award was created in 1988 by Janet Hayes Walker , the Founding Artistic Director of The York Theatre Company , and is presented with the endorsement of the Rodgers & Hammerstein Organization and the Hammerstein family . The Oscar Hammerstein Award Gala is the major annual fundraising event of The York , a mainstay of the Off-Broadway scene for more than 45 years .   Past recipients include Stephen Sondheim , Betty Comden & Adolph Green , Harold Prince , Cy Coleman , Charles Strouse , Arthur Laurents , Jerry Herman , Stephen Schwartz , Peter Stone , David Merrick , John Kander & Fred Ebb , Terrence McNally , Sir Cameron Mackintosh , Carol Channing , Tony Walton , Joseph Stein , Thomas Meehan , Jerry Bock and Sheldon Harnick , Barbara Cook , Paul Gemignani , Lynn Ahrens & Stephen Flaherty . In November , 2015 , the 24th Oscar Hammerstein Award was presented to Angela Lansbury in a star-studded tribute evening .

neg: Olivia (Olivia Newton-John album) Olivia is the second studio album by the British-Australian singer-songwriter Olivia Newton-John , released in 1972 . Two of its songs were released as singles ( `` What Is Life '' and `` My Old Man 's Got a Gun '' ) . In its initial release , it was not issued in the United States , though it was sold there as an import . A digitally remastered version was released in 1995 .


query: Nelson Mandela was only acclaimed in South Africa.

pos: Nelson Mandela Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela ( -LSB- mænˈdɛlə -RSB- 18 July 1918 -- 5 December 2013 ) was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary , politician , and philanthropist , who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999 . He was the country 's first black head of state and the first elected in a fully representative democratic election . His government focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid by tackling institutionalised racism and fostering racial reconciliation . Ideologically an African nationalist and socialist , he served as President of the African National Congress ( ANC ) party from 1991 to 1997 .   A Xhosa , Mandela was born in Mvezo to the Thembu royal family . He studied law at the University of Fort Hare and the University of the Witwatersrand before working as a lawyer in Johannesburg . There he became involved in anti-colonial and African nationalist politics , joining the ANC in 1943 and co-founding its Youth League in 1944 . After the National Party 's white-only government established apartheid -- a system of racial segregation that privileged whites -- he and the ANC committed themselves to its overthrow . Mandela was appointed President of the ANC 's Transvaal branch , rising to prominence for his involvement in the 1952 Defiance Campaign and the 1955 Congress of the People . He was repeatedly arrested for seditious activities and was unsuccessfully prosecuted in the 1956 Treason Trial . Influenced by Marxism , he secretly joined the banned South African Communist Party ( SACP ) . Although initially committed to non-violent protest , in association with the SACP he co-founded the militant Umkhonto we Sizwe in 1961 and led a sabotage campaign against the government . In 1962 , he was arrested for conspiring to overthrow the state and sentenced to life imprisonment in the Rivonia Trial .   Mandela served 27 years in prison , initially on Robben Island , and later in Pollsmoor Prison and Victor Verster Prison . Amid growing domestic and international pressure , and with fears of a racial civil war , President F. W. de Klerk released him in 1990 . Mandela and de Klerk negotiated an end to apartheid and organised the 1994 multiracial general election in which Mandela led the ANC to victory and became President . Leading a broad coalition government which promulgated a new constitution , Mandela emphasised reconciliation between the country 's racial groups and created the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate past human rights abuses . Economically , Mandela 's administration retained its predecessor 's liberal framework despite his own socialist beliefs , also introducing measures to encourage land reform , combat poverty , and expand healthcare services . Internationally , he acted as mediator in the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial and served as Secretary-General of the Non-Aligned Movement from 1998 to 1999 . He declined a second presidential term and in 1999 was succeeded by his deputy , Thabo Mbeki . Mandela became an elder statesman and focused on combating poverty and HIV/AIDS through the charitable Nelson Mandela Foundation .   Mandela was a controversial figure for much of his life . Although critics on the right denounced him as a communist terrorist and those on the radical left deemed him too eager to negotiate and reconcile with apartheid 's supporters , he gained international acclaim for his activism . Widely regarded as an icon of democracy and social justice , he received more than 250 honours -- including the Nobel Peace Prize -- and became the subject of a cult of personality . He is held in deep respect within South Africa , where he is often referred to by his Xhosa clan name , Madiba , and described as the `` Father of the Nation '' .

neg: International rankings of South Africa International rankings of

neg: Zimbabwe Zimbabwe ( -LSB- zɪmˈbɑːbweɪ -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of Zimbabwe , is a landlocked country located in southern Africa , between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers . It is bordered by South Africa to the south , Botswana to the west and southwest , Zambia to the northwest , and Mozambique to the east and northeast . Although it does not border Namibia , less than 200 metres of the Zambezi River separates it from that country . The capital and largest city is Harare . A country of roughly 13 million people , Zimbabwe has 16 official languages , with English , Shona , and Ndebele the most commonly used .   Since the 11th century , present-day Zimbabwe has been the site of several organised states and kingdoms as well as a major route for migration and trade . The British South Africa Company of Cecil Rhodes first demarcated the present territory during the 1890s ; it became the self-governing British colony of Southern Rhodesia in 1923 . In 1965 , the conservative white minority government unilaterally declared independence as Rhodesia . The state endured international isolation and a 15-year guerrilla war with black nationalist forces ; this culminated in a peace agreement that established universal enfranchisement and de jure sovereignty in April 1980 . Zimbabwe then rejoined the Commonwealth of Nations -- which it withdrew from in 2003 . It is a member of the United Nations , the Southern African Development Community ( SADC ) , the African Union ( AU ) , and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa ( COMESA ) .   Robert Mugabe became Prime Minister of Zimbabwe in 1980 , when his ZANU-PF party won the elections following the end of white minority rule ; he has been the president of Zimbabwe since 1987 . Under Mugabe 's authoritarian regime , the state security apparatus has dominated the country and been responsible for widespread human rights violations . Mugabe has maintained the revolutionary socialist rhetoric from the Cold War era , blaming Zimbabwe 's economic woes on conspiring Western capitalist countries , while still executing conservative policies . Burnished by his anti-imperialist credentials , contemporary African political leaders have been reluctant to criticise Mugabe , though Archbishop Desmond Tutu has called him `` a cartoon figure of an archetypal African dictator '' .

neg: Miss South Africa Miss South Africa is a national beauty pageant in South Africa .

neg: Speech at the Opening of the Parliament of South Africa, 1990 On 2 February 1990 , the State President F. W. de Klerk delivered a speech at the opening of the 1990 session of the Parliament of South Africa in which he announced sweeping reforms that marked the beginning of the negotiated transition from apartheid to constitutional democracy . The reforms promised in the speech included the unbanning of the African National Congress ( ANC ) and other anti-apartheid organisations , the release of political prisoners including Nelson Mandela , the end of the state of emergency , and a moratorium on the death penalty .

neg: International Defence and Aid Fund The International Defence and Aid Fund or IDAF ( also the Defence Aid Fund for Southern Africa ) was a fund created by John Collins during the 1956 Treason Trial in South Africa . After learning of those accused of treason for protesting against apartheid , including Nelson Mandela , Collins created the fund in order to pay all legal expenses and look after the families of those on trial . The group was non-partisan .   This was one of the first examples of foreign intervention against apartheid in South Africa and proved very successful with over # 75,000 being raised towards defending those accused . Ultimately all were acquitted   In 1981 , the Defence Aid Fund for Southern Africa founded Canon Collins Trust , now known as Canon Collins Educational & Legal Assistance Trust .

neg: Nelson Mandela Children's Fund The Nelson Mandela Children 's Fund ( NMCF ) is a charitable organisation founded by Nelson Mandela , based in South Africa . Its mission is to help individuals from birth to age 22 , particularly orphans of the AIDS crisis .

neg: Mandla Mandela Zwelivelile `` Mandla '' Mandela ( born 1974 ) is the chief of the Mvezo Traditional Council and the grandson of Nelson Mandela . He graduated from Rhodes University with a degree in Politics in 2007 .   His father , Makgatho Mandela , died in 2005 , which paved his way to the head of the tribe . As the tribe did not discuss electing a member from the Mandela family until 2007 , he was chosen as successor . Nelson Mandela had given up the right of Xhosa leader nearly 70 years ago to fight white rule in South Africa . As the tribe looked to Nelson Mandela to reclaim his clan , he suggested his grandson assume the role . When the younger Mandela became chief in 2007 , he was only 32 years old and most of his duties were said to involve tribal ceremonies , settling disputes among tribe members , and representing the tribe on political issues .   Mandela has been a member of parliament for the African National Congress since the 2009 election .   Mandela attended Waterford Kamhlaba a United World College in Swaziland until 1995 .

neg: Amnesty International South Africa Amnesty International South Africa ( AI SA ) is a South African organisation that works to end human rights abuses along with its affiliate organization Amnesty International .   Amnesty International South Africa was founded in 1990 and grew from modest beginnings to become a key player in South Africa 's transition to democracy and an important part of Amnesty 's international movement , hosting the Amnesty International ICM in 1997 . Today Amnesty International South Africa continues to campaign on multiple fronts including human rights education , women 's rights , arms control and Zimbabwe .

neg: Vusi Mahlasela Vusi Sidney Mahlasela Ka Zwane ( born 1965 in Pretoria , South Africa ) is a Sotho South African singer-songwriter .   His music is generally described as `` African folk '' and he is often dubbed as `` The Voice '' of South Africa . His work was an inspiration to many in the anti-apartheid movement . His themes include the struggle for freedom , and forgiveness and reconciliation with enemies . Vusi has released seven studio albums on Sony in South Africa and was signed to Dave Matthews ' ATO Records in 2003 . Vusi can also be heard performing on Warren Haynes ' Live at Bonnaroo release during the song `` Soulshine '' , and the Dave Matthews Band song , `` Everyday '' , from the album of the same name as well as a live version of the song with him which appears on the album The Best of What 's Around Vol . 1 . Vusi was also one of the performers at the Live 8 concerts and at Live Earth . Vusi performed at Nelson Mandela 's inauguration in 1994 and has subsequently performed at Nelson Mandela 90th Birthday Tribute in Hyde Park , London in 2008 , and at Mandela Day at Radio City Music Hall in July 2009 . His song `` When You Come Back '' was used at ITV 's theme song for their World Cup coverage in 2010 and Vusi performed at the FIFA World Cup Kick Off concert at Orlando Stadium in Soweto , South Africa . In 2012 , the SAMA Awards honored Vusi with a lifetime achievement award .

neg: Edwin Cameron Edwin Cameron ( born 15 February 1953 in Pretoria ) is a judge on the Constitutional Court of South Africa . He is well known for his HIV/AIDS and gay-rights activism and was hailed by Nelson Mandela as `` one of South Africa 's new heroes '' .

neg: Boer Republics The Boer Republics ( sometimes also referred to as Boer states ) were fiercely independent , Protestant , self-governed republics created by the Dutch-speaking inhabitants of the Cape Colony and their descendants , variously named Trekboers , Boers and Voortrekkers in mainly the middle , northern and north eastern and eastern parts of what is now the country of South Africa . Two of the Boer Republics achieved international recognition and complete independence : the South African Republic ( ZAR or Transvaal ) and the Orange Free State . The republics came to an end after the Second Boer War which resulted in the British annexation and later incorporation into the Union of South Africa .

neg: 52nd National Conference of the African National Congress The 52nd National Conference of the African National Congress ( ANC ) was held in Polokwane , Limpopo from 16 December -- 20 December 2007 . It elected Jacob Zuma and supporters to the party 's top leadership and National Executive Committee ( NEC ) , representing a significant defeat for Thabo Mbeki , then the party 's incumbent president and president of the country .   The conference was significant as a precursor to the general election of 2009 , in which the newly elected leader of the ANC , the current majority party in the national parliament , became the next President of South Africa . ( Thabo Mbeki resigned on 20 September 2008 and was replaced by Kgalema Motlanthe on 25 September 2008 . ) It was also the first leadership contest between two candidates at the national level since the 38th National Conference of the African National Congress in 1949 , a watershed moment in the party 's history when the moderate leadership was displaced by such figures as Nelson Mandela , Oliver Tambo and Walter Sisulu .

neg: Deputy Chief Justice of South Africa The Deputy Chief Justice of South Africa is a judge in the Constitutional Court of South Africa and the second-highest judicial post in the Republic of South Africa , after the Chief Justice . The post , originally called `` Deputy President of the Constitutional Court '' , was created in September 1995 by the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Second Amendment Act , 1995 , which was an amendment to the Interim Constitution . The position was retained by the final Constitution which came into force in February 1997 . In November 2001 the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution of South Africa restructured the judiciary , and the post was renamed to `` Deputy Chief Justice '' .   The first Deputy President of the Constitutional Court was Ismail Mahomed . In 1997 he became Chief Justice , and was replaced by Pius Langa , who continued as Deputy Chief Justice after 2001 . Justice Langa was elevated to Chief Justice in 2005 , and succeeded by Dikgang Moseneke . Moseneke retired on 20 May 2016 .

neg: Recognition of Customary Marriages Act, 1998 The Recognition of Customary Marriages Act , 1998 ( Act No. 120 of 1998 ) is a South African statute in terms of which marriages performed under African customary law , including polygynous marriages , are recognized as legal marriages . It also reformed the law relating to the legal status of women in customary marriages , the financial consequences of a customary marriage and the dissolution of customary marriages , replacing the customary law with statutory provisions . The act was signed by President Nelson Mandela on 20 November 1998 but only came into force on 15 November 2000 .

neg: South Africa–Taiwan relations South Africa -- Taiwan relations refers to the current and historical relationship between Taiwan and the Republic of South Africa . Taiwan and South Africa established diplomatic ties in 1949 .   The ties lasted and grew throughout the apartheid-era in South Africa and officially ended in January 1998 when South African President Nelson Mandela recognized the People 's Republic of China . Despite the ending of diplomatic relations , Taiwan and South Africa continue to maintain trade relations .   In the absence of formal diplomatic relations , the two countries now have `` Liaison Offices '' , which serve as de facto embassies . South Africa is now represented in Taipei by the Liaison Office of the Republic of South Africa . Similarly , Taiwan is represented by the Taipei Liaison Office in the Republic of South Africa in Pretoria . There is also a Taipei Liaison Office in Cape Town .

neg: Schabir Shaik trial The Schabir Shaik trial was an important court trials in post-apartheid South Africa . The case , tried in the Durban and Coast Local Division of the High Court before Judge Hilary Squires , proved the fraudulent and corrupt relationship between Durban-based businessman Schabir Shaik and South African leader Jacob Zuma .   Shaik 's writing off of Zuma 's significant personal loans in 1999 had raised suspicions about their financial activities . After Shaik 's petition of appeal to the Supreme Court of Appeal failed he started to serve his sentence of 15 years on 9 November 2006 . After Shaik 's brother , Chippy Shaik , was suspended from the Department of Defence for his involvement in a corrupt arms deal , Schabir Shaik was arrested in 2001 for the possession of secret documents , after which investigators found that he was involved in corrupt dealings with Zuma as well as fraud . He was brought to trial in October 2004 , pleading not guilty .   Shaik 's trial was the subject of intense media attention due to the involvement of several high-profile members of the South African government . Though Shaik claimed that his financial dealings were legitimate , on 30 May 2005 , the Durban High Court handed down its final judgment . He was pronounced guilty of corruption for paying Zuma 1.2 million Rand ( US$ 185,000 ) to further their relationship and for soliciting a bribe from the French arms company Thomson-CSF , as well as guilty of fraud for writing off more than R1 million ( US$ 154,000 ) of Zuma 's unpaid debts .   Judge Squires sentenced Shaik to two terms of 15 years for corruption and one term of 3 years for fraud , to be served concurrently . Following the decision , Zuma stepped down from his seat in Parliament , though he remained deputy president of the African National Congress at that time . Thabo Mbeki , the standing President , also sacked Zuma as his deputy . Zuma was later elected as the President of the ANC .   Shaik then attempted an appeal at the Supreme Court of Appeal . However , all five judges under President Craig Howie unanimously rejected his appeal , and agreed the correct sentence had been given over a year prior .

neg: Krugerrand For the Ian McNabb album , see Krugerrands .   The Krugerrand ( -LSB- ˈkryχərˌrant -RSB- ; -LSB- langˈkruːɡərˌrænd -RSB- or -LSB- - ˌrɑːnd -RSB- ) is a South African gold coin , first minted in 1967 to help market South African gold and produced by the South African Mint . By 1980 the Krugerrand accounted for 90 % of the global gold coin market . The name itself is a compound of Kruger ( the former South-African president depicted on the obverse ) and rand , the South African unit of currency . During the 1970s and 1980s some Western countries forbade import of the Krugerrand because of its association with the apartheid government of South Africa .   Production levels of Krugerrands have significantly varied during the last 50 years . During 1967 -- 1969 , around 40,000 coins were minted each year . In 1970 , the number rose to over 200,000 coins . More than one million coins were produced in 1974 , and in 1978 a total of six million Krugerrands were produced .  Following the end of apartheid , the production dropped to 23,277 coins in 1998 and since then levels have increased again , albeit not reaching pre-international sanction levels .

neg: Burger's Daughter Burger 's Daughter is a political and historical novel by the South African Nobel Prize in Literature-winner Nadine Gordimer , first published in the United Kingdom in June 1979 by Jonathan Cape . The book was expected to be banned in South Africa , and a month after publication in London the import and sale of the book in South Africa was prohibited by the Publications Control Board . Three months later , the Publications Appeal Board overturned the banning and the restrictions were lifted .   Burger 's Daughter details a group of white anti-apartheid activists in South Africa seeking to overthrow the South African government . It is set in the mid-1970s , and follows the life of Rosa , the title character , as she comes to terms with her father Lionel Burger 's legacy as an activist in the South African Communist Party ( SACP ) . The perspective shifts between Rosa 's internal monologue ( often directed towards her father or her lover Conrad ) , and the omniscient narrator . The novel is rooted in the history of the anti-apartheid struggle and references to actual events and people from that period , including Nelson Mandela and the 1976 Soweto uprising .   Gordimer herself was involved in South African struggle politics , and she knew many of the activists , including Bram Fischer , Mandela 's treason trial defence lawyer . She modelled the Burger family in the novel loosely on Fischer 's family , and described Burger 's Daughter as `` a coded homage '' to Fischer . While banned in South Africa , a copy of the book was smuggled into Mandela 's prison cell on Robben Island , and he reported that he `` thought well of it '' .   The novel was generally well-received by critics . A reviewer for The New York Times said that Burger 's Daughter is Gordimer 's `` most political and most moving novel '' , and a review in The New York Review of Books described the style of writing as `` elegant '' , `` fastidious '' and belonging to a `` cultivated upper class '' . A critic in The Hudson Review had mixed feelings about the book , saying that it `` gives scarcely any pleasure in the reading but which one is pleased to have read nonetheless '' . Burger 's Daughter won the Central News Agency Literary Award in 1980 .

neg: South African Music Award for Newcomer of the Year The South African Music Awards ( often simply the SAMAs ) are the Recording Industry of South Africa 's music industry awards , established in 1995 . The ceremony is held in late-April or May every year , with the judging process starting in November of the previous year . The nominations are typically announced at the end of March . The winners receive a gold-plated statuette called a SAMA .   The show is consistently held at the Super Bowl in Sun City , with exception of two years , and broadcast live on national broadcaster , SABC . The ceremony features live performances by a selection of nominees . The SAMAs are considered the South African equivalent of the American Grammy Awards . MTN has been the title sponsor of the event since 2003 .

neg: Nelson Mandela: An International Tribute for a Free South Africa Nelson Mandela : An International Tribute for a Free South Africa was a music concert that took place on 16 April 1990 at Wembley Stadium , Wembley Park , London , United Kingdom ( UK ) and was broadcast to more than 60 countries . It was held two months after the release of Nelson Mandela from a South African apartheid prison and was regarded by Mandela as an official international reception .


query: Macbeth is a play.

pos: Macbeth Macbeth ( -LSB- məkˈbɛθ -RSB- full title The Tragedy of Macbeth ) is a tragedy by William Shakespeare ; it is thought to have been first performed in 1606 . It dramatises the damaging physical and psychological effects of political ambition on those who seek power for its own sake . Of all the plays that Shakespeare wrote during the reign of James I , who was patron of Shakespeare 's acting company , Macbeth most clearly reflects the playwright 's relationship with his sovereign . It was first published in the Folio of 1623 , possibly from a prompt book , and is Shakespeare 's shortest tragedy .   A brave Scottish general named Macbeth receives a prophecy from a trio of witches that one day he will become King of Scotland . Consumed by ambition and spurred to action by his wife , Macbeth murders King Duncan and takes the Scottish throne for himself . He is then wracked with guilt and paranoia . Forced to commit more and more murders to protect himself from enmity and suspicion , he soon becomes a tyrannical ruler . The bloodbath and consequent civil war swiftly take Macbeth and Lady Macbeth into the realms of madness and death .   Shakespeare 's source for the story is the account of Macbeth , King of Scotland ; Macduff ; and Duncan in Holinshed 's Chronicles ( 1587 ) , a history of England , Scotland , and Ireland familiar to Shakespeare and his contemporaries , although the events in the play differ extensively from the history of the real Macbeth . The events of the tragedy are usually associated with the execution of Henry Garnet for complicity in the Gunpowder Plot of 1605 .   In the backstage world of theatre , some believe that the play is cursed , and will not mention its title aloud , referring to it instead as `` The Scottish Play '' . Over the course of many centuries , the play has attracted some of the most renowned actors to the roles of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth . It has been adapted to film , television , opera , novels , comics , and other media .

neg: Macbeth (1982 film) Macbeth is a 1982 Hungarian dramatic experimental independent underground art television film directed by Béla Tarr . György Cserhalmi plays Macbeth while Erzsébet Kútvölgyi plays Lady Macbeth . The film is composed of only two shots : The first shot ( before the main title ) is five minutes long , the second 57 minutes long . The film has been screened during a retrospective held in honor of director Béla Tarr at the 33rd Moscow International Film Festival .

neg: Voodoo Macbeth The Voodoo Macbeth is a common nickname for the Federal Theatre Project 's 1936 New York production of William Shakespeare 's Macbeth . Orson Welles adapted and directed the production , moved the play 's setting from Scotland to a fictional Caribbean island , recruited an entirely African American cast , and earned the nickname for his production from the Haitian vodou that fulfilled the role of Scottish witchcraft . A box office sensation , the production is regarded as a landmark theatrical event for several reasons : its innovative interpretation of the play , its success in promoting African-American theatre , and its role in securing the reputation of its 20-year-old director .

neg: Tales from Shakespeare Tales from Shakespeare is an English children 's book written by Charles Lamb and his sister Mary Lamb in 1807 .   The book is designed to make the stories of Shakespeare 's plays familiar to the young .  However , as noted in the authors ' Preface , '' -LSB- Shakespeare 's -RSB- words are used whenever it seemed possible to bring them in ; and in whatever has been added to give them the regular form of a connected story , diligent care has been taken to select such words as might least interrupt the effect of the beautiful English tongue in which he wrote : therefore , words introduced into our language since his time have been as far as possible avoided . ''   Mary Lamb was responsible for the comedies , while Charles wrote the tragedies ; they wrote the preface between them .   The book contains the following tales :   The Tempest ( Mary Lamb )  A Midsummer Night 's Dream ( Mary Lamb )  The Winter 's Tale ( Mary Lamb )  Much Ado About Nothing ( Mary Lamb )  As You Like It ( Mary Lamb )  Two Gentlemen of Verona ( Mary Lamb )  The Merchant of Venice ( Mary Lamb )  Cymbeline ( Mary Lamb )  King Lear ( Charles Lamb )  Macbeth ( Charles Lamb )  All 's Well That Ends Well ( Mary Lamb )  The Taming of the Shrew ( Mary Lamb )  The Comedy of Errors ( Mary Lamb )  Measure for Measure ( Mary Lamb )  Twelfth Night ( Mary Lamb )  Timon of Athens ( Charles Lamb )  Romeo and Juliet ( Charles Lamb )  Hamlet , Prince of Denmark ( Charles Lamb )  Othello ( Charles Lamb )  Pericles , Prince of Tyre ( Mary Lamb )   Tales from Shakespeare has been republished many times . It was illustrated by Sir John Gilbert in 1866 , by Arthur Rackham in 1899 and 1909 , by Louis Monziès in 1908 , by Walter Paget in 1910 , and by D. C. Eyles in 1934 .   In 1893-4 , the book was supplemented with some additional tales by Harrison S Morris and was re-published in the USA as a multi-volume set with colour plate illustrations .

neg: Macbeth (1915 film) Macbeth is a French 1915 film adaptation of the William Shakespeare play Macbeth . It was released on December 31 , 1915 in France . It is a silent black-and-white film with French intertitles .

neg: Macbeth (1971 film) Macbeth ( or The Tragedy of Macbeth ) is a 1971 British-American historical drama film directed by Roman Polanski and co-written by Polanski and Kenneth Tynan . A film adaptation of William Shakespeare 's tragedy of the same name , it retells the story of the Highland lord who becomes King of Scotland through treachery and murder . The film stars Jon Finch as the title character and Francesca Annis as Lady Macbeth , noted for their relative youth as actors . Themes of historic recurrence , greater pessimism and internal ugliness in physically beautiful characters are added to Shakespeare 's story of moral decline , which is presented in a more realistic style .   The production , funded by Playboy Enterprises , was troubled by poor weather around the British Isles , and the film was a box office bomb . Polanski 's Macbeth was screened out of competition at the 1972 Cannes Film Festival . It was somewhat controversial for its depictions of graphic violence and nudity , but has also received positive attention , and was named Best Film by the National Board of Review .

neg: Timeline of Shakespeare criticism Timeline of Shakespeare criticism is an informal term that presents a chronological collection of critical quotations about William Shakespeare and his works , which illustrate the article Shakespeare 's reputation .   Shakespeare enjoyed recognition in his own time , but in the 17th century , poets and authors began to consider him as the supreme dramatist and poet of all times of the English language . In fact , even today , no other dramatist has been performed even remotely as often on the British ( and later the world ) stage as Shakespeare   Since then , several editors and critics of theater began to focus on the dramatic text and the language of Shakespeare , creating a study that focused on extracting all the power of his literary texts , being used in studies on the printed page rather than in the theater . This attitude reached a high point with the Romantics , which saw his figure as a genius , prophet , and Bard -- and continued important in the last century , receiving analysis not only by poets and authors , but also by psychoanalysts , psychologists and philosophers .

neg: Thane of Cawdor The title Thane of Cawdor is a title in the Peerage of Scotland .  The current 7th Earl of Cawdor , of Clan Campbell of Cawdor , is the 26th Thane of Cawdor .   In William Shakespeare 's play Macbeth , this title was given to Macbeth after he captured the previous Thane of Cawdor .  The historical King Macbeth fought a Thane of Cawdor who died in battle , but he did not thereby acquire the title himself .   The 2nd Earl of Cawdor wrote a history of the Thanes of Cawdor , in 1742 , published in 1859 .  According to the 2nd Earl , the first thane was originally a Celtic chieftain who allied with Anglo-Saxon King of Scotland at a time lost to the historical record .

neg: Shakespeare's editors Shakespeare 's editors were essential in the development of the modern practice of producing printed books and the evolution of textual criticism .   The 17th-century folio collections of the plays of William Shakespeare did not have editors in the modern sense of the term . In the best understanding of contemporary consensus scholarship , the plays to be included in the First Folio ( 1623 ) were gathered together or `` compiled '' by John Heminges and Henry Condell , two long-time colleagues of Shakespeare in the King 's Men . The play manuscripts may have been proofread and prepared for printing by Edward Knight , the `` book-keeper '' or prompter of the company . The task of proofreading and correcting the actual printed pages of the Folio was left to the compositors and printers in the print-shop , yielding the uneven and often defective text that is the First Folio .   Even less is known about the creation of the Second ( 1632 ) , Third ( 1663 -- 64 ) , and Fourth Folios ( 1685 ) than about the First ; see Folios and Quartos ( Shakespeare ) .   In the 18th century , however , interested individuals made the first concerted efforts to bring order to the tangle of textual difficulties that the Folios of the previous century presented . The list below gives the date of each edition of Shakespeare 's plays , the editor , the format of the collection , and pertinent specific information .   1709 , Nicholas Rowe ; octavo , 6 volumes . Rowe was the first person to attempt a clean and fully comprehensible text of the plays ; but he depended upon a copy of the Fourth Folio and made generally conjectural emendations . He also added full stage directions ( he was a playwright himself ) and full lists of Dramatis personae , and wrote the first biographical sketch of the poet .  1725 , Alexander Pope ; quarto , 6 volumes . Pope was the first to attempt a collation of the quarto texts of the plays , yet he produced what was basically a reprint of Rowe that added little of value .  1733 , Lewis Theobald ; octavo , 7 volumes . Theobald has been called `` the first Shakespeare scholar '' ; he carried forward the task of collating the quartos , and began the study of Shakespeare 's sources and the order of the plays ' composition . ( See Chronology of Shakespeare 's plays . )  1744 , Thomas Hanmer ; quarto , 6 volumes . Hanmer relied on Theobald 's text , and made guesswork corrections . His edition was reprinted in 1770 .  1747 , William Warburton ; octavo , 8 volumes . Warburton built upon Pope 's edition ; indeed , Warburton placed Pope 's name before his own on the title pages of his edition . In his preface , Warburton wrote that his friend Pope `` was desirous I should give a new Edition of this Poet , as he thought it might contribute to put a stop to a prevailing folly of altering the Text of celebrated Authors without Talents or Judgment . And he was willing that his Edition should be melted down into mine , as it would , he said , afford him ( so great is the modesty of an ingenuous temper ) a fit opportunity of confessing his Mistakes . '' The phrase `` without Talents or Judgment '' refers to Theobold and Hanmer . However , Warburton did allow , rather begrudgingly , some corrections put forward by Theobold and Hanmer : `` For the rest , all the Corrections which these two Editors have made on any reasonable Foundation , are here admitted into the Text ; and carefully assigned to their respective Authors . A piece of Justice which the Oxford Editor never did ; and which the Other was not always scrupulous in observing towards me . ''  In 1748 Thomas Edwards published his Supplement to Warburton 's Edition of Shakespeare , in later editions called The Canons of Criticism -- a satirical but spot-on analysis of Warburton 's editorial emendations , some of which are truly silly . Samuel Johnson had this to say : `` Soon after Edwards 's Canons of Criticism came out , Johnson was dining at Tonson the Bookseller 's , with Hayman the Painter and some more company . Hayman related to Sir Joshua Reynolds , that the conversation having turned upon Edwards 's book , the gentlemen praised it much , and Johnson allowed its merit . But when they went farther , and appeared to put that authour upon a level with Warburton , `` Nay , ( said Johnson , ) he has given him some smart hits to be sure ; but there is no proportion between the two men ; they must not be named together . A fly , Sir , may sting a stately horse and make him wince ; but one is but an insect , and the other is a horse still . ''  1765 , Samuel Johnson , The Plays of William Shakespeare ; octavo , 8 volumes . Johnson in turn relied upon Warburton ; his edition is noteworthy mainly for its famous Preface .  1768 , Edward Capell ; octavo , 10 volumes . Appalled by the undisciplined emendations of Hanmer and Warburton , Capell spent three decades collecting and collating the quartos . He was also the first to exploit the Stationers ' Register and Francis Meres 's Palladis Tamia , and to explore Shakespeare 's use of Raphael Holinshed 's Chronicles and Sir Thomas North 's translation of Plutarch 's Parallel Lives .  1773 , George Steevens ; octavo , 10 volumes . Steevens employed Johnson 's text , but continued Capell 's trend of adding new material . Steevens revised and re-issued his edition in 1778 ; in 1780 Edmond Malone added another 2 volumes that contained Shakespeare 's non-dramatic poems and other material . Isaac Reed revised the Steevens edition again in 1785 , and Steevens himself produced one final , 15-volume revision in 1793 .  1790 , Edmond Malone ; octavo , 10 volumes . Malone , often considered the best of the century 's editors of Shakespeare , wrote the first general consideration of English Renaissance theatre , utilizing resources like the records of the Master of the Revels and Edward Alleyn 's papers at Dulwich College . He is also noted for his work on the problem of chronology .   The early 19th century saw the first Variorum editions of Shakespeare 's works , editions that collated and synthesized the efforts of the editors of the previous century :   1803 , the First Variorum edition , edited by Isaac Reed ; 21 volumes .  1813 , the Second Variorum , a reprint of the First ; 21 volumes .  1821 , the Third Variorum , edited by James Boswell ; 21 volumes .   These massive editions laid the foundation for modern textual scholarship on Shakespeare 's works , and by extension on works of literature in general . In the 19th century the text , drawn primarily from Malone and Steevens , was `` monumentalized '' in the Cambridge edition ( 1863-6 ) and its single-volume companion , the Globe edition ( 1864 ) . It was followed by the New Cambridge edition in 1921 , and all modern standard editions inherit primarily from this edition .   As for the personalities involved : some of these men were friends , like Steevens , Reed , and Malone ; acquaintances called them the Shakespeare Gang . Others nourished spirits of competitiveness and resentment . Pope made Theobald the first hero of The Dunciad . Warburton belittled Rowe 's `` Account of the Life '' of Shakespeare -- but he reprinted it in his own edition , without change or improvement . Despite his friendship with Malone and Reed , Steevens was famous for his irascibility ; in notes to his 1793 edition of Shakespeare , he concocted obscene interpretations of some passages and attributed those readings to people he did n't like .   The next major edition , the Cambridge Shakespeare ( 1863 -- 66 ) , moved away from the practice of a single editor following his own sometimes capricious instincts and judgments . The first volume of the Cambridge Shakespeare was edited by William George Clark and John Glover , and the subsequent eight volumes by Clark and William Aldis Wright . Clark and Wright also produced the single-volume Globe Shakespeare ( 1864 ) using their Cambridge texts ; together , these became the standard for the remainder of the century .   The most radical edition in the twentieth century was the Oxford Shakespeare , prepared under the general editorship of Stanley Wells and Gary Taylor . It aims to present the texts as they were originally performed , which results in numerous controversial choices , including presenting multiple texts of King Lear , a text of Hamlet in which the scenes presumably cut by Shakespeare are relegated to an appendix , and an emphasis on the collaborative nature of several of the plays .

neg: The London Prodigal The London Prodigal is a play in English Renaissance theatre , a city comedy set in London , in which a prodigal son learns the error of his ways . The play was published in quarto in 1605 by the stationer Nathaniel Butter , and printed by Thomas Creede . In 1664 it was one of the seven plays that publisher Philip Chetwinde added to the second impression of his Third Folio of Shakespeare 's plays .   The play was not entered into the Stationers ' Register , but it is attributed to William Shakespeare on the title page of the first ( and only ) edition . This attribution is widely and generally rejected by scholars . The title page also identifies the play as a King 's Men 's play . ( One critic has observed that it is questionable to reject the former assertion while accepting the latter . )   The London Prodigal has been dated as early as c. 1591 , and as late as 1603 -- 4 . It is one of a long series of `` prodigal son '' plays that reach back as far as the Bible for inspiration and precedent ; but it is also an example of the evolving Elizabethian genre of domestic dramas , and `` one of the first naturalistic dramas in English '' .   Individual scholars have attributed the play to Ben Jonson , Thomas Dekker , John Marston , and Michael Drayton ; others have suggested Thomas Heywood and George Wilkins . None of these attributions , however , has been accepted by a significant proportion of the critical community .

neg: Summer Shakespeare Festival The Summer Shakespeare Festival ( Czech : Letní shakespearovské slavnosti , Slovak : Letné shakespearovské slávnosti ) takes place in the courtyard of Burgrave Palace at Prague Castle . The festival was originally initiated by Václav Havel . The performances are also presented at Špilberk in Brno and at Bratislava Castle in Bratislava . The organizers closely cooperate with Martin Hilský , who translated most of the staged plays .   So far , the most acclaimed was the performance of King Lear in 2002 . In 2004 , director Martin Huba was selected for an ambitious project , a performance of Romeo and Juliet such as that one evening Capulets would be Slovaks and Monteks Czechs and the next day vice versa . The project failed , Huba said to the media that even though the dialogs translated by Ľubomír Feldek and Martin Hilský were perfect , they somehow did not fit together . In the end , the only Slovak-speaking character was the Nurse , performed by Emília Vášáryová .

neg: Macbeth (1979 film) Macbeth is a 1979 videotaped version of Trevor Nunn 's Royal Shakespeare Company production of the play by William Shakespeare . Produced by Thames Television , it features Ian McKellen as Macbeth and Judi Dench as Lady Macbeth . The TV version was directed by Philip Casson .   The original stage production was performed at The Other Place , the RSC 's small studio theatre in Stratford-upon-Avon . It had been performed in the round before small audiences , with a bare stage and simple costuming . The recording preserves this style : the actors perform on a circular set and with a mostly black background ; changes of setting are indicated only by lighting changes .

neg: Drama (UK TV series) Drama is a one-hour UK television anthology series produced by Open City Productions . It consists of seven episodes of abridged productions of classic plays that were aired on the British Broadcasting Company in 1977 . Episode titles are Oedipus Tyrannus , MacBeth , Medieval Mystery Plays , The Venetian Twins , The Way of the World , The Wild Duck , and Six Characters in Search of an Author .   Actors included Patrick Stewart , Leo McKern , and Nigel Stock .

neg: Hamlet (1921 film) Hamlet is a 1921 German film adaptation of the William Shakespeare play of the same name starring Danish silent film actress Asta Nielsen . It was directed by Svend Gade and Heinz Schall .   In this interpretation , inspired by Dr. Edward P. Vining 's book The Mystery of Hamlet , Hamlet is born female and disguised as a male to preserve the lineage . Though a radical interpretation , the New York Times said this film , `` holds a secure place in class with the best . ''

neg: Royal Shakespeare Company The Royal Shakespeare Company ( RSC ) is a major British theatre company , based in Stratford-upon-Avon , Warwickshire , England . The company employs over 1000 staff and produces around 20 productions a year . The RSC plays regularly in London , Newcastle upon Tyne and on tour across the UK and internationally .   The company 's home is in Stratford-upon-Avon , where it has recently redeveloped its Royal Shakespeare and Swan theatres as part of a # 112.8-million `` Transformation '' project . The theatres re-opened in November 2010 , having closed in 2007 . The new buildings attracted 18,000 visitors within the first week and received a positive media response both upon opening , and following the first full Shakespeare performances . Performances in Stratford-upon-Avon continued throughout the Transformation project at the temporary Courtyard Theatre .   As well as the plays of Shakespeare and his contemporaries , the RSC produces new work from living artists and develops creative links with theatre-makers from around the world , as well as working with teachers to inspire a lifelong love of William Shakespeare in young people and running events for everyone to explore and participate in its work .   The RSC celebrated its fiftieth birthday season from April -- December 2011 , with two companies of actors presenting the first productions designed specifically for the new Royal Shakespeare and Swan Theatre stages . The 2011-season began with performances of Macbeth and a re-imagined lost play The History of Cardenio . The fiftieth birthday season also featured The Merchant of Venice with Sir Patrick Stewart and revivals of some of the RSC 's greatest plays , including a new staging of Marat/Sade .   For the London 2012 Festival as part of the Cultural Olympiad , the RSC produced the World Shakespeare Festival , featuring artists from across the world performing in venues around the UK .   In 2013 the company began live screenings of its Shakespeare productions -- called Live from Stratford-upon-Avon -- which are screened around the world . In 2016 , the company collaborated with Intel and The Imaginarium Studios to stage The Tempest , bringing performance capture to the Royal Shakespeare Theatre for the very first time .

neg: Queen Mab Queen Mab ( pronunciation : `` M / ă / v '' ) is a fairy referred to in William Shakespeare 's play Romeo and Juliet , where `` she is the fairies ' midwife . '' Later , she appears in other poetry and literature , and in various guises in drama and cinema . In the play , her activity is described in a famous speech by Mercutio written originally in prose and often adapted into iambic pentameter , in which she is described as a miniature creature who performs midnight pranks upon sleepers . Being driven by a team of atomies , she rides her chariot over their noses and `` delivers the fancies of sleeping men . '' Additionally , while driving `` O'er ladies ' lips , who straight on kisses dream , '' she was known to change her mind and instead `` plague '' `` ladies ' lips '' `` with blisters '' if she smelled `` sweetmeats '' or candied fruit eaten to sweeten their breath . Along with this interpretation , others believe the blisters were a reference to the plague or to herpes simplex . She is also described as a midwife to help sleepers ` give birth ' to their dreams . She may be a figure borrowed from folklore , and though she is often associated with the Irish Medb in popular culture , and has been suggested by historian Thomas Keightley to be from Habundia , a more likely origin for her name would be from Mabel and the Middle English derivative `` Mabily '' ( as used by Chaucer ) all from the Latin amabilis ( `` lovable '' ) .

neg: The History of King Lear The History of King Lear is an adaptation by Nahum Tate of William Shakespeare 's King Lear . It first appeared in 1681 , some seventy-five years after Shakespeare 's version , and is believed to have replaced Shakespeare 's version on the English stage in whole or in part until 1838 .   Unlike Shakespeare 's tragedy , Tate 's play has a happy ending , with Lear regaining his throne , Cordelia marrying Edgar , and Edgar joyfully declaring that `` truth and virtue shall at last succeed . '' Regarded as a tragicomedy , the play has five acts , as does Shakespeare 's , although the number of scenes is different , and the text is about eight hundred lines shorter than Shakespeare 's . Many of Shakespeare 's original lines are retained , or modified only slightly , but a significant portion of the text is entirely new , and much is omitted . The character of the Fool , for example , is absent .   Although many critics -- including Joseph Addison , August Wilhelm Schlegel , Charles Lamb , William Hazlitt , and Anna Jameson -- condemned Tate 's adaptation for what they saw as its cheap sentimentality , it was popular with theatregoers , and was approved by Samuel Johnson , who regarded Cordelia 's death in Shakespeare 's play as unbearable . Shakespeare 's version continued to appear in printed editions of his works , but , according to numerous scholars , including A.C. Bradley and Stanley Wells , did not appear on the English stage for over a hundred and fifty years from the date of the first performance of Tate 's play . Actors such as Thomas Betterton , David Garrick , and John Philip Kemble , who were famous for the role of Lear , were portraying Tate 's Lear , not Shakespeare 's .   The tragic ending was briefly restored by Edmund Kean in 1823 . In 1838 , William Charles Macready purged the text entirely of Tate , in favour of a shortened version of Shakespeare 's original . Finally , Samuel Phelps returned to the complete Shakespeare text in 1845 .

neg: Scottish Theatre Company The Scottish Theatre Company was started in 1980 under the direction of Dundee-born actor Ewan Hooper who had revived the Greenwich Theatre , London in 1969 , but for most of its 8 years it was directed by his successor Tom Fleming . From its production base in Glasgow , where its home theatre was the Theatre Royal , it set out its policy of presenting Scottish and international classic drama , and commissioned new plays of Scottish drama . It toured nationally and appeared at the Edinburgh International Festival . The company represented British Theatre at the International Theatre Biennale in Warsaw in 1986 with Sir David Lyndsay 's Ane Satyre of the Thrie Estaites .   Despite attracting large audiences and its success in securing commercial sponsorship , including Scottish Television , it was brought to an end when the Scottish Arts Council stopped its annual funding . Papers relating to the administration and productions of the Scottish Theatre Company , including papers relating to administration , productions , finance , sponsorship and publicity , 1980-1987 are deposited in Glasgow University Library Special Collections Scottish Theatre Archive .

neg: Mystery play Mystery plays ( perhaps from the Latin `` ministerium '' meaning `` occupation '' ) and miracle plays ( they are distinguished as two different forms although the terms are often used interchangeably ) are among the earliest formally developed plays in medieval Europe . Medieval mystery plays focused on the representation of Bible stories in churches as tableaux with accompanying antiphonal song . They told of subjects such as the Creation , Adam and Eve , the murder of Abel , and the last judgment . Oftentimes they were performed together in cycles which could last for days . The name derives from mystery used in its sense of miracle , but an occasionally quoted derivation is from ministerium , meaning craft , and so the ` mysteries ' or plays performed by the craft guilds .

neg: Freewill Shakespeare Festival The Freewill Shakespeare Festival , formerly known as the River City Shakespeare Festival was founded in 1989 . It is produced by the Edmonton , Alberta-based `` Free Will Players '' every summer from late-June to mid-July , with performances in the 1,000-seat Heritage Amphitheater in Hawrelak Park in Edmonton . The Festival includes full-scale professional productions of two plays by William Shakespeare , as well as Camp Shakespeare , a summer drama camp for youth ages 8 -- 16 . In 2008 , the festival was renamed the Freewill Shakespeare Festival .   Due to significant damage to Freewill 's traditional venue at the Heritage Amphitheatre in Hawrelak Park , the festival 's 2014 season took place inside the Myer Horowitz Theatre in the University of Alberta 's Student 's Union Building ( 8900 114 St. ) .

neg: Essay of Dramatick Poesie Essay of Dramatic Poesy by John Dryden was published in 1668 . It was probably written during the plague year of 1666 . Dryden takes up the subject that Philip Sidney had set forth in his Defence of Poesie ( 1580 ) and attempts to justify drama as a legitimate form of `` poetry '' comparable to the epic , as well as defend English drama against that of the ancients and the French .   The treatise is a dialogue between four speakers : Eugenius , Crites , Lisideius , and Neander . The four speakers represented , respectively Charles Sackville ( Lord Buchhurst and later sixth Earl of Dorset ) , Sir Robert Howard -LSB- playwright and Dryden 's brother-in-law -RSB- , Sir Charles Sedley ( Edward Malone identified him as Lisideius ) and Dryden himself ( neander means `` new man '' and implies that Dryden , as a respected member of the gentry class , is entitled to join in this dialogue on an equal footing with the three older men who are his social superiors ) . On the day that the English fleet encounters the Dutch at sea near the mouth of the Thames , the four friends take a barge downriver towards the noise from the battle . Rightly concluding , as the noise subsides , that the English have triumphed , they order the bargeman to row them back upriver as they begin a dialogue on the advances made by modern civilization . They agree to measure progress by comparing ancient arts with modern , focusing specifically on the art of drama ( or `` dramatic poesy '' ) . The four men debate a series of three topics : ( 1 ) the relative merit of classical drama ( upheld by Crites ) vs. modern drama ( championed by Eugenius ) ; ( 2 ) whether French drama , as Lisideius maintains , is better than English drama ( supported by Neander , who famously calls Shakespeare `` the greatest soul , ancient or modern '' ) ; and ( 3 ) whether plays in rhyme are an improvement upon blank verse drama -- a proposition that Neander , despite having defended the Elizabethans , now advances against the skeptical Crites ( who also switches from his original position and defends the blank verse tradition of Elizabethan drama ) . Invoking the so-called unities from Aristotle 's Poetics ( as interpreted by Italian and refined by French scholars over the last century ) , the four speakers discuss what makes a play `` a just and lively imitation '' of human nature in action . This definition of a play , supplied by Lisideius/Orrery ( whose rhymed plays had dazzled the court and were a model for the new drama ) , gives the debaters a versatile and richly ambiguous touchstone . To Crites ' argument that the plots of classical drama are more `` just , '' Eugenius can retort that modern plots are more `` lively '' thanks to their variety . Lisideius shows that the French plots carefully preserve Aristotle 's unities of action , place , and time ; Neander replies that English dramatists like Ben Jonson also kept the unities when they wanted to , but that they preferred to develop character and motive . Even Neander 's final argument with Crites over whether rhyme is suitable in drama depends on Aristotle 's Poetics : Neander says that Aristotle demands a verbally artful ( `` lively '' ) imitation of nature , while Crites thinks that dramatic imitation ceases to be `` just '' when it departs from ordinary speech -- i.e. prose or blank verse . A year later , the two brothers-in-law quarreled publicly over this third topic . See Dryden 's `` Defense of An Essay of Dramatic Poesy '' ( 1669 ) , where Dryden tries to persuade the rather literal-minded Howard that audiences expect a play to be an imitation of nature , not a surrogate for nature itself .