query: Ron Swanson has two ex-wives.

pos: Ron Swanson Ronald Ulysses `` Ron '' Swanson is a fictional character  portrayed by Nick Offerman from the situation comedy television series Parks and Recreation on NBC , created by Greg Daniels and Michael Schur . In the series , Ron is the director of the Parks and Recreation department of fictional Pawnee , Indiana , and the immediate superior of series protagonist Leslie Knope ( Amy Poehler ) until Knope 's election to the Pawnee City Council at the end of Season 4 . In demeanor , political philosophy and work ethic , Knope and Swanson are very nearly polar opposites : where Knope is sunny and outgoing , decidedly liberal and constantly working , Swanson is distant , and as a staunch libertarian , is a strong advocate for small government -- stating his belief that government should be privatized -- and therefore believes that the parks department should not even exist .   Ron , who has an extremely deadpan and masculine personality , actively works to make city hall less effective and despises interacting with the public . He loves meat , woodworking , hunting , whisky , and breakfast foods . He hates and fears his two ex-wives , both named Tammy , one of whom is played by Offerman 's real-life wife , Megan Mullally . Ron claims not to be interested in the personal lives of those around him but actually cares a great deal about his colleagues , and has a particularly strong respect for Leslie .   Conceived by series creators Michael Schur and Greg Daniels , Ron has been a central character since the pilot episode of Parks and Recreation . Offerman had some input into the character 's creation , and some aspects of Ron 's personality were inspired by the actor , like his affinity for woodworking and 16-year-old Lagavulin Single Malt Scotch . The traits of the character were also partially inspired by a real-life Libertarian elected official in Burbank , California .   Offerman 's portrayal of Ron Swanson has received critical acclaim . The character developed a cult following and is widely considered the breakout character of the series . Schur called Ron `` our cast MVP . '' He was described by some critics as one of the best characters in a situation comedy in decades , and has been called the best comedic character on television since Cosmo Kramer of Seinfeld . Ron 's platonic relationship with Leslie has been compared to that of Mary Richards and Lou Grant in The Mary Tyler Moore Show . Offerman received several award nominations for the role , and won the TCA Award for Individual Achievement in Comedy , tying with Ty Burrell of Modern Family .

neg: Ron Peno Ronald `` Ron '' Stephen Peno ( born 1950s ) , who also performed as Ronnie Pop , is an Australian rock singer , he fronted Died Pretty from 1984 to 2002 ; and was a member of early Sydney punk band The Hellcats ( 1977 ) , and followed with The 31st ( in Brisbane , 1979 -- 1981 ) and Screaming Tribesmen ( Brisbane then Sydney , 1981 -- 1983 ) .   He was born in Gosford , NSW Central Coast .   After Died Pretty , Peno became involved with Darling Downs ( 2004 ) , then with Died Pretty guitarist/songwriter , Brett Myers ' group Noises and Other Voices ( 2006 ) ; he worked on an alt.country collaboration with Kim Salmon .  He is now touring with The Superstitions .

neg: Elon Howard Eaton Elon Howard Eaton ( sometimes Elon Eton ; 8 October 1866 -- 27 March 1934 ) was an American ornithologist , scholar , and author .   He was born in the Town of Collins near Springville , New York , the son of Luzerne Eaton and Sophie Newton . As a youth , he took a taxidermy course in Buffalo , New York , where he prepared wildlife he had taken in the field with his shotgun .  Eaton was home-schooled and self-taught in rural southern Erie County , although he also attended the Griffith Institute in nearby Springville . He attended the University of Rochester where he graduated in 1890 with a B.A. Subsequently , Eaton received an M.A ( 1893 ) , M.Sc . ( 1910 ) and Sc.D . ( 1927 ) , all from Rochester . After teaching science in local schools , he attended Columbia University ( 1899 -- 1900 ) for additional graduate work , studying paleontology under Henry Fairfield Osborn .   Eaton established the biology department in Hobart and William Smith Colleges in 1908 , where he taught until his death . He was the New York State ornithologist from 1908 to 1911 . Each May he led a group of students and fellow ornithologists on a bird survey of Potter Swamp .   Part of the delay between volume one and volume two of `` Birds of New York '' was due to his marriage in 1909 to Gertrude Yeames and a heart attack in 1913 . The publication of this work elicited many letters to Eaton , including one from the then-young Roger Tory Peterson . In 1915 , Eaton later married second time , to Ester Woodman . His two marriages produced four children .   Elon Eaton also enjoyed a sporting life . Game taken in the field Eaton prepared himself for dinner parties .   Eaton died in Geneva , New York of atherosclerosis .

neg: Ron Perry (basketball, born 1958) Ronald K. `` Ron '' Perry ( born March 20 , 1958 ) is an American former basketball and baseball player . He is known particularly for his standout college career at Holy Cross .   Perry , the son of former Holy Cross athletic director Ron S. Perry , was a high school star at Catholic Memorial in West Roxbury , Massachusetts . While there , Perry set a Massachusetts state scoring record with 2,481 points in his career , averaging 35 points per game as a senior .   He followed in his father 's footsteps , playing both basketball and baseball at Holy Cross . As a freshman shooting guard for the Crusaders , Perry led all freshmen nationally in scoring , netting 23 points per game . Over the course of his four-year career , Perry set the school scoring record with 2,524 points ( 23.2 per game ) . He was named ECAC North co-Player of the Year with Maine 's Rufus Harris as a senior and earned All-American recognition in all four of his varsity seasons .   In addition to his basketball career , Perry also excelled as a baseball player for the Crusaders at shortstop . He was also recognized for his achievements in the classroom , earning first team Academic All-American honors in each of his last three seasons in both baseball and basketball . He was inducted into the Academic All-American Hall of Fame in 1996 .   Following his graduatiuon from Holy Cross , perry was drafted by both the Chicago White Sox in the 1980 Major League Baseball Draft and by the Boston Celtics in the third round ( 54th pick overall ) of the 1980 NBA draft . After failing to make the Celtics ' roster , Perry opted to try his hand at baseball , playing for the White Sox ' AA affiliate in Glens Falls , New York . He hit .260 in his two seasons with the club .

neg: The Swan (TV series) The Swan was a 2004 American reality television program broadcast on Fox in which women who were judged to be ugly were given `` extreme makeovers '' that included several forms of plastic surgery . The title of the series refers to the fairy tale The Ugly Duckling , in which a homely bird matures into a swan .   Each contestant was assigned a panel of specialists -- a coach , therapist , trainer , cosmetic surgeons , and a dentist -- who together designed a program of total transformation . The contestants ' work ethic , growth , and achievement was monitored over the course of three months . Each week , two women were featured , and at the episode 's conclusion , one went home while another was selected to move to compete in the Swan pageant at the end of the season for a chance to be deemed The Swan .   The first two seasons both aired in 2004 . A third season was tipped to happen , but the show was cancelled in early 2005 after ratings continued to drop .   The plastic surgeons on the team were chosen for their ability to perform often startling transformations . Drs. Terry Dubrow and Randal Haworth , both board certified by the American Board of Plastic Surgery , were selected by the producers of the show to perform the multiple plastic surgical operations for each of the two aired seasons .

neg: Linda Ronstadt Linda Maria Ronstadt ( born July 15 , 1946 ) is an American popular music singer . She has earned 11 Grammy Awards , three American Music Awards , two Academy of Country Music awards , an Emmy Award , and an ALMA Award , and many of her albums have been certified gold , platinum or multiplatinum in the United States and internationally . She has also earned nominations for a Tony Award and a Golden Globe award . She was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in April 2014 . On July 28 , 2014 , she was awarded the National Medal of Arts and Humanities .   In total , she has released over 30 studio albums and 15 compilation or greatest hits albums . Ronstadt charted 38 Billboard Hot 100 singles , with 21 reaching the top 40 , 10 in the top 10 , three at number 2 , and `` You 're No Good '' at number 1 . This success did not translate to the UK , with only her single `` Blue Bayou '' reaching the UK Top 40 . Her duet with Aaron Neville , `` Do n't Know Much '' , peaked at number 2 in December 1989 . In addition , she has charted 36 albums , 10 top-10 albums and three number 1 albums on the Billboard Pop Album Chart . Her autobiography , Simple Dreams : A Musical Memoir , was published in September 2013 . It debuted in the Top 10 on The New York Times Best Seller list .   Ronstadt has collaborated with artists in diverse genres , including Bette Midler , Billy Eckstine , Frank Zappa , Rosemary Clooney , Flaco Jiménez , Philip Glass , Warren Zevon , Emmylou Harris , Gram Parsons , Dolly Parton , Neil Young , Johnny Cash , and Nelson Riddle . She has lent her voice to over 120 albums and has sold more than 100 million records , making her one of the world 's best-selling artists of all time . Christopher Loudon , of Jazz Times , wrote in 2004 that Ronstadt is `` blessed with arguably the most sterling set of pipes of her generation . ''   After completing her last live concert in late 2009 , Ronstadt retired in 2011 . She was diagnosed as having Parkinson 's disease in December 2012 , which left her unable to sing .

neg: Karl Swanson Karl Edward Swanson ( December 17 , 1900 -- April 3 , 2002 ) was a second baseman in Major League Baseball during parts of two seasons for the Chicago White Sox . He was the only major leaguer to live through the entire 20th century , being born in the 19th century and dying in the 21st -- Negro League pitcher Silas Simmons is the only other professional athlete with this distinction , dying at the age of 111 in 2006 . At the time of his death , Swanson was the oldest living former major league player .

neg: Joyce Jillson Joyce Jillson ( December 26 , 1945 -- October 1 , 2004 ) was a syndicated newspaper columnist , best-selling author , actress , and astrologer , whose column was syndicated worldwide in more than 200 papers and magazines .   Born Joyce Twichell in Cranston , Rhode Island , she attended Boston University on an opera scholarship . She began her acting career in New York City , where she appeared on Broadway in the Anthony Newley musical , The Roar of the Greasepaint -- The Smell of the Crowd . She starred as Jill Smith in ABC Television 's top rated series Peyton Place . She played the lead role in the 1973 cult action spoof Superchick , and also had a small role in the 1976 exploitation film Slumber Party ' 57 .   She began presenting horoscope reports on Los Angeles in 1973 , and was the official astrologer for Twentieth Century Fox Studios , suggesting the most astrologically favorable dates for movie openings , including Star Wars on May 25 , 1977 . She was the official astrologer for the Los Angeles Dodgers as well as a media consultant to the Ford Motor Company on the launch of the Ford Taurus .   She was also an author , writing Real Women Do n't Pump Gas , The Fine Art of Flirting , `` A Year of Good Luck '' , and Joyce Jillson 's Lifesigns . Her final manuscripts , Astrology for Dogs and Astrology for Cats were published posthumously .

neg: April Ludgate April Roberta Ludgate-Dwyer ( portrayed by Aubrey Plaza ) is a fictional character in the NBC comedy Parks and Recreation . She is first seen as an apathetic college student working as an intern in the Pawnee Department of Parks and Recreation , before being hired as Ron Swanson 's assistant . She later becomes the Deputy Director of Animal Control . April , along with Plaza 's performance , garnered universal acclaim and has gained popularity for her goth-like behavior and deadpan-style comedy .

neg: Paul Willson Paul Lee Willson ( born December 25 , 1945 ) is an American actor , most notable for his television work . He was born in Fairmont , Minnesota , the son of Doris Geraldine and Lee Wilford Willson .   Willson has played numerous guest characters on a variety of shows including Full House as Stu in episode `` Crimes and Michelle 's Demeanor '' in 1990 , Curb Your Enthusiasm , Boston Public , Caroline in the City , The Newsroom and Star Trek : Voyager . He is perhaps most famous for his repeated guest character of `` Paul Krapence '' on the television show Cheers ( which he also reprised in an episode of the Cheers spin-off , Frasier ) . His character was originally called `` Gregg '' because Paul Vaughn was already playing a character named `` Paul '' on Cheers . For five years ( 1986-1990 ) he was Garry Shandling 's neighbor `` Leonard Smith '' on It 's Garry Shandling 's Show . Willson also appeared on Garry Shandling 's The Larry Sanders Show playing Larry 's accountant , and the brother of Sid the cue card holder . He played Ed , a neighbor , in a few episodes of Malcolm in the Middle . His film appearances include The Pack ( 1977 ) , The Devonsville Terror ( 1983 ) , My Best Friend Is a Vampire ( 1987 ) , Moving ( 1988 ) , 976-EVIL ( 1988 ) , Problem Child 2 ( 1990 ) , Circuitry Man ( 1990 ) , Plughead Rewired : Circuitry Man II ( 1994 ) and the comedy film Office Space ( 1999 ) as one of `` The Bobs '' . Willson also appeared on the CBS sitcoms The King of Queens and The Big Bang Theory . He was recently in a promotional video for the Nintendo DS game Personal Trainer : Cooking with Fred Willard .   Although primarily recognized for his television work , he has been noted as a `` great improv player '' by Garry Shandling as a result of their time working together doing improv in the late 1970s . Cheers producer Ken Levine has also acknowledged Willson as `` one of the greatest improv artists I have EVER seen . ''   Since 2012 he has appeared in television ads for Safeco Insurance .

neg: Marsha Garces Williams Marsha Garces Williams ( born June 18 , 1956 ) is an American film producer and philanthropist . She is the former wife of actor and comedian Robin Williams .

neg: Duets (Linda Ronstadt album) Duets is a compilation album by Linda Ronstadt . It was released on the Rhino Records label in April 2014 , a few days before Ronstadt 's induction into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame .   The album peaked at number 32 on the Billboard album chart - Ronstadt 's highest charting album in 24 years . The songs on the album were all previously released with the exception of `` Pretty Bird '' . In his review for AllMusic critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine states that `` generally , this Duets emphasizes the sweeter , softer , and slower side of Ronstadt , a move that makes for pleasant listening '' .   As of December , 2016 , this release had sold a total of 81,316 copies per Nielsen SoundScan .

neg: The Ex-Wives Club The Ex-Wives Club was a 2007 American reality television program hosted by Shar Jackson and Marla Maples and Angie Everhart .   It focused on the hosts helping regular people as they get over painful and difficult divorces . Self-help author Debbie Ford also appeared on the show as a life coach .   It was produced by Glassman Media and premiered on ABC on May 28 , 2007 . It was cancelled on June 25 , 2007 .

neg: Ron Taylor (actor) Ronald James `` Ron '' Taylor ( October 16 , 1952 -- January 16 , 2002 ) was an American actor , singer and writer . He grew up in Galveston , Texas and later moved to New York City to attend the American Academy of Dramatic Arts . After graduating , Taylor began working in musical theater , appearing in The Wiz ( 1977 ) , before getting his break with the 1982 off-Broadway production Little Shop of Horrors . Taylor voiced the killer plant Audrey II in the show , which ran for five years and over 2,000 performances .   Taylor created and starred in the musical revue It Ai n't Nothin ' But the Blues , which charted the history of blues music from its African origin to American success . Originally performed at high schools in Denver as a 45-minute piece , the revue was expanded to two hours , played around the country and opened on Broadway in 1999 . It was met with critical acclaim , ran for eight months , and saw Taylor receive two Tony Award nominations .   He also had numerous television roles , appearing in The Simpsons , Twin Peaks , Ally McBeal and L.A. Law . His performance in the latter , as a singer who performed the American national anthem `` The Star-Spangled Banner '' at baseball games , led him to perform the anthem at several real-life sporting events . Taylor was married and had one son . He died in January 2002 after suffering a heart attack .

neg: Maryon Pearson Maryon Elspeth Pearson ( née Moody ; December 13 , 1901 -- December 26 , 1989 ) was the wife of Lester Bowles Pearson , the 14th Prime Minister of Canada .   Maryon and Lester Pearson married on August 22 , 1925 . They met at the University of Toronto , where he was a teacher and she was a student .   Maryon Pearson was also known for her sharp tongued wit . John English in his biography , Shadow of Heaven : The Life of Lester Pearson , devoted a full chapter to the subject of Mrs. Pearson 's prickly personality . Among her most famous quotations :   `` Behind every successful man , there stands a surprised woman . ''  -LSB- On the retired former prime minister 's greater time at home -RSB- : `` I married him for better or worse . I did n't marry him for lunch . ''  -LSB- On being asked during an election campaign by a reporter , `` Is there anything you 'd like to bring up , Mrs. Pearson ? '' -RSB- `` Yes , three doughnuts and six cups of coffee . ''  `` We lost everything . We even won our own constituency . ''  `` The big problem is to find suitable hats . I do n't care for them all that much , but you have to wear them in politics . ''   It was reportedly also at Maryon Pearson 's behest that the practice of curtseying to the Governor General and his consort was discontinued -- apparently because Pearson refused to act deferentially toward her longtime friend Norah Michener .

neg: Kathy Davison Kathleen A. `` Kathy '' Davison ( born October 1 , 1945 ) is a Republican member of the Wyoming House of Representatives . She is a Latter-day Saint . she is currently sponsoring House Bill 120 to make Assisted Suicide a crime , and House Bill 132 to make the killing of an unborn child along with her mother a double murder .  With the conviction of the husband or boyfriend killing the mother . His parental rights will be terminated .   Davison and her husband William Davison are the parents of four children . She is lds .   She retired from legislation at the end of 2014 . She is still keeping active about the committees that she truly enjoyed helping out .

neg: The Girlfriends The Girlfriends were an American girl group who scored one hit in the United States in 1964 , `` My One and Only Jimmy Boy '' .   The group was founded as a result of the splintering of the Los Angeles-based studio group The Blossoms . The four members of the Blossoms - Gloria Jones , Nanette Williams , Fanita James , and Darlene Wright - first sang together in 1957 . In 1962 , Phil Spector created the group Bob B. Soxx and the Blue Jeans with James and Wright ; Jones and Williams then formed their own group , The Girlfriends , with Carolyn Willis ( formerly of The Ikettes ) . They released one single , `` My One and Only Jimmy Boy '' , on Colpix Records in 1963 , written and produced by David Gates . The record peaked at # 49 in 1964 . The Girlfriends never released another record . Willis later joined Honey Cone and both she and Jones sang in one of the nostalgia-circuit groups performing as The Shirelles in the 1990s .

neg: Ronald King (disambiguation) Ronald or Ron King may refer to :   Ronald King ( 1909 -- 1988 ) , a New Zealand rugby player  Ronald Gordon `` Dick '' King-Smith ( 1922 -- 2011 ) , an English author of children 's books  Ron King ( b. 1951 ) , an American basketball player  Ron `` Suki '' King ( b. 1956 ) , a Barbadian chequers player  Ronald `` Stacey '' King ( b. 1967 ) , an American basketball player

neg: Ron Kaplan Ron Kaplan ( רון קפלן ; born May 1 , 1970 ) is an Israeli former Olympic gymnast .   A four-time national champion , he won a gold medal for Israel in the 1989 Maccabiah Games . He also competed for Israel in two European Men 's Artistic Gymnastics Championships , as well as four World Artistic Gymnastics Championships , and represented Israel at the 1992 Summer Olympics .

neg: Ron Robertson-Swann Ron Robertson-Swann OAM ( born 1941 , Sydney ) , is an Australian sculptor , best known for his controversial abstract public sculpture Vault ( 1980 ) . His sculpture has been described as being in the Anthony Caro style , which he adopted after studying at Saint Martin 's School of Art , London , in the 1960s . He studied under Lyndon Dadswell and was an assistant to Henry Moore . He is Head of Sculpture at the National Art School and is the artistic adviser to the popular annual exhibition Sculpture by the Sea . He was a founding member of the Visual Arts Board of the Australia Council and has won numerous awards including the Comalco Invitational Sculpture Award , the Transfeld Prize and the Alice Prize .   Graeme Sturgeon , the pre-eminent Australian sculpture historian and critic , described Robertson-Swann in 1980 as `` the most consistent of the Classic Formalist , that is , the one most concerned to produce a sculpture which , while obviously of its era , transcends considerations of style in search of a timeless sense of rightness . ''

neg: Ron Stander Ron Stander ( born October 17 , 1944 ) is a former professional boxer , who fought from 1969 to 1982 . He challenged for the world heavyweight championship in 1972 , losing to Joe Frazier by fifth round technical knockout . He scored a fifth round knockout victory over hard-punching Earnie Shavers in 1970 , and a points decision win over contender Thad Spencer in 1971 . An award-winning documentary entitled `` The Bluffs Butcher , '' after his adopted hometown of Council Bluffs , IA , produced by journalism student Andrew Batt was released in 2004 . The documentary told the story of Iowa 's arguably best shot at a World Heavyweight Boxing Title and chronicled Stander 's journey from virtual unknown to boxing 's largest stage .


query: Bill Gates was born in the 70's.

pos: Bill Gates William Henry Gates III ( born October 28 , 1955 ) is the co-founder of Microsoft and is an American business magnate , investor , author and philanthropist .   In 1975 , Gates and Paul Allen co-founded Microsoft , which became the world 's largest PC software company . During his career at Microsoft , Gates held the positions of chairman , CEO and chief software architect , while also being the largest individual shareholder until May 2014 . Gates stepped down as chief executive officer of Microsoft in January 2000 , but he remained as chairman and created the position of chief software architect for himself . In June 2006 , Gates announced that he would be transitioning from full-time work at Microsoft to part-time work and full-time work at the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation . He gradually transferred his duties to Ray Ozzie and Craig Mundie . He stepped down as chairman of Microsoft in February 2014 , taking on a new post as technology adviser to support the then newly appointed CEO Satya Nadella .   Gates is one of the best-known entrepreneurs of the personal computer revolution . He has been criticized for his business tactics , which have been considered anti-competitive , an opinion that has in some cases been upheld by numerous court rulings . Later in his career , Gates pursued a number of philanthropic endeavors , donating large amounts of money to various charitable organizations and scientific research programs through the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation , established in 2000 .   Since 1987 , Gates has been included in the Forbes list of the world 's wealthiest people . Gates is the richest person in the world , with an estimated net worth of US$ 88.5 billion . In 2009 , Gates and Warren Buffett founded The Giving Pledge , whereby they and other billionaires pledge to give at least half of their wealth to philanthropy .

neg: IBM 700/7000 series The IBM 700/7000 series is a series of large-scale ( mainframe ) computer systems that were made by IBM through the 1950s and early 1960s . The series includes several different , incompatible processor architectures . The 700s use vacuum tube logic and were made obsolete by the introduction of the transistorized 7000s . The 7000s , in turn , were eventually replaced by System/360 , which was announced in 1964 . However the 360/65 , the first 360 powerful enough to replace 7000s , did not become available until November 1965 . Early problems with OS/360 and the high cost of converting software kept many 7000s in service for years afterward .

neg: Sergey Brin Sergey Mikhaylovich Brin ( Серге́й Миха́йлович Брин born August 21 , 1973 ) is a Russian American computer scientist , internet entrepreneur , and philanthropist . Together with Larry Page , he co-founded Google . Brin is the President of Google 's parent company Alphabet Inc. .   , Brin is the 13th richest person in the world , with an estimated net worth of US$ 39.8 billion .   Brin immigrated to the United States with his family from the Soviet Union at the age of 6 . He earned his bachelor 's degree at the University of Maryland , following in his father 's and grandfather 's footsteps by studying mathematics , as well as computer science . After graduation , he moved to Stanford University to acquire a PhD in computer science . There he met Page , with whom he later became friends . They crammed their dormitory room with inexpensive computers and applied Brin 's data mining system to build a web search engine . The program became popular at Stanford , and they suspended their PhD studies to start up Google in a rented garage .   The Economist referred to Brin as an `` Enlightenment Man '' , and as someone who believes that `` knowledge is always good , and certainly always better than ignorance '' , a philosophy that is summed up by Google 's mission statement , `` Organize the world 's information and make it universally accessible and useful , '' and unofficial yet sometimes controversial motto , `` Do n't be evil '' .

neg: Bill Fernandez Bill Fernandez is a user interface architect and inventor who was Apple Computer 's first employee when they incorporated in 1977 and is Apple employee # 4 . He worked on both the Apple I and Apple II personal computers , and in the 1980s was a member of the Apple Macintosh development team . He contributed to several user interface aspects of the classic Mac OS , QuickTime and HyperCard and owns a user interface patent granted in 1994 . He is also credited with introducing fellow Homestead High School student Steve Jobs to his friend ( and Homestead alum ) Steve Wozniak to each other .   Fernandez is portrayed by the actor Victor Rasuk in the 2013 film Jobs .

neg: Richard Nixon Foundation The Richard Nixon Foundation is a not-for-profit organization based at the Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum in Yorba Linda , California . It was founded in the late 1980s by Richard Nixon , 37th President of the United States , and served as the governing body of the Nixon Library for nearly twenty years . Today it operates the Nixon Library in conjunction with the National Archives and Records Administration , which is an entity of the federal government of the United States , in addition to undertaking charitable and education-based activities .   The Nixon Foundation founded , controlled and operated the Nixon Library from the library 's dedication on July 19 , 1990 until July 11 , 2007 , at which the Foundation invited the National Archives to take control . The two entities signed a joint operating agreement which allowed the library to become officially known as the Richard Nixon Presidential Library , welcoming it into the national system of presidential libraries . This move allowed President Nixon 's White House documents to be moved to his library in Yorba Linda .   The Nixon Foundation is governed by a Board of Directors , led by former Nixon White House Director of Presidential Advance Ronald H. Walker . The board includes President Nixon 's daughters Tricia Nixon Cox and Julie Nixon Eisenhower , his brother Edward Nixon , former Ambassador George Argyros former California Governor Pete Wilson , and longest-serving Vietnam War POW Everett Alvarez , Jr. . The Foundation 's President and CEO is William Baribault .   The Foundation has hosted United States presidents , first ladies and several vice presidents . Also hosted have been public affairs commentators such as Bill O'Reilly , academics such as Doris Kearns Goodwin , and Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer .   The library includes `` Meet the Presidents , '' in which presidential impersonators speak to several hundred school-aged children . To commemorate the 10th anniversary of the September 11 , 2001 attacks , the Nixon Foundation brought 16 tons of warped steel from the World Trade Center and a damaged , first-responder FDNY firetruck to the Nixon Library for viewing .   Before the National Archives took over its management , the Nixon Library had been accused by several media outlets of glossing over Nixon 's 1974 resignation with `` whitewashed '' exhibits . In 2007 , the National Archives removed the 17 year old Watergate exhibit and , after three years , the new exhibit was scheduled to open in July 2010 . The Nixon Foundation objected to the proposed exhibit , because the Nixon Foundation was not consulted in the way that other presidential foundations had been consulted with similar situations . The Foundation filed a 158 page memorandum to the Assistant Archivist for Presidential Libraries expressing their dissatisfaction and NARA stated a committee would review the objection but gave no timeline for when that process would be concluded . The exhibit opened on March 31 , 2011 .

neg: Billback Billback or bill back is an accounting service and/or suite of software that is used for cost recovery .   With a billback system , the client or payee is charged a percentage of the total cost of equipment , services , and venues of which they have already used . Billback systems track usage from concert halls to toothpicks , add all the costs up , divide it all out , and calculates the price per usage by hour , minutes , seconds , pieces , visits , clicks , views etc. .   With the advent of computers , billback systems are useful for occasions that were traditionally difficult to keep track of and where costs were covered with a blanket revenue . By tracking usage , running costs of certain equipments like copy machines and phones can be precisely attributed , and their initial costs may be recovered with more certainty . The ROI can be calculated more accurately . This in turn assists in making future investment choices .   Category : Accounting software

neg: Scott Oki Scott D. Oki ( born October 5 , 1948 in Seattle , Washington ) is a former senior vice-president of sales and marketing for Microsoft who conceived and built Microsoft 's international operations . Oki also played a crucial role in Microsoft 's rapid domestic growth during the 1980s .   Born to a Japanese-American family , Oki attended the University of Washington , but left after 18 months to join the Air Force . While in the service he took courses at the University of Colorado . After he left the service in 1974 , he went on to receive a BA in accounting and information systems and earned an MBA the following year . After holding several computer-related jobs , Oki went to work for Microsoft in 1982 .   Oki built Microsoft 's international operations , and within two years it was more profitable than Microsoft 's domestic operation . Bill Gates then made him Vice President of Domestic Operation , and within five years , the company 's sales rose from $ 100 million to $ 1 billion . One of Oki 's major contributions to Microsoft 's success during that time was convincing Bill Gates and the board of directors to center product development and marketing efforts on Windows instead of OS/2 . By the time he retired Oki was overseeing 3,000 employees .   When Oki retired in 1992 , he reportedly cashed in stock options estimated at $ 100 million . He now runs the non-profit Oki Foundation , owns several golf courses , and serves on dozens of advisory boards and boards of directors for both for-profit and non-profit companies . Oki is the Co-Chair of the United Way of King County Campaign Board and Co-Chair of the Million Dollar Roundtable , Founder and Chairman of the Japanese American Chamber of Commerce , Founder and Co-President of the Chief Seattle Council Boy Scout Foundation , Co-Founder of Sounders For Kids , Co-Founder of America 's Foundation for Chess , Co-Founder of SeeYourImpact.org and Co-Founder of Social Venture Partners . He is a past-President of the Board of Regents for the University of Washington and a past Chair of Seattle Children 's Hospital Foundation . Scott also serves on the national boards for United Way of America , Boys & Girls Clubs of America , Japanese American National Museum , and the U.S. Ski and Snowboard Team Foundation . Scott Oki is a member of the National Executive Board of the Boy Scouts of America , the organization 's governing body .   Oki Golf   In 1994 , Scott Oki purchased The Golf Club at Echo Falls in Snohomish , Washington . This initial acquisition was the preliminary step toward building what eventually became a unique portfolio of golf properties known collectively as Oki Golf . This collection has grown to include nine properties comprising eleven championship golf courses , both public and private , spread throughout the Puget Sound . In addition to The Golf Club at Echo Falls , the Oki Golf portfolio also includes Indian Summer Golf & Country Club in Olympia , Washington ( private ) , The Plateau Club in Sammamish , Washington ( private ) , and The Woodlands and The Links courses ( formerly Meriwood and Vicwood -- both public ) at The Golf Club at Hawks Prairie in Lacey , Washington . The flagship courses in Oki Golf 's celebrated collection are located at The Golf Club at Newcastle in Newcastle , WA . Two additional golf properties were added to the group in December 2005 . Washington National Golf Club ( public ) in Auburn , WA , and Trophy Lake Golf & Casting ( public ) in Port Orchard , WA . ( source : okigolf.com ) In the winter of 2007 , Oki Golf added Harbour Pointe ( public ) in Mukilteo , Washington . An additional property - Trilogy Golf Course ( public ) - was purchased in 2008 and has since been renamed to The Golf Club at Redmond Ridge .   During October , 2016 , Oki sold eight of his golf courses for $ 137 million dollars to Chinese based HNA Holdings . Ownership of commercial real property by foreign businesses is prohibited in China .

neg: Core International Core International , Inc. commonly known as Core , was a multinational computer and technology corporation headquartered in Boca Raton , Florida , United States .   The company is now part of Sony and no longer exists as stand-alone identity . The company was founded in 1979 by Hal Prewitt as a technology firm to develop , market and support computer related products and services . They were best known for supporting IBM 's first business microcomputers such as the 5100 , 5110 and 5120 . With the introduction of the IBM PC and PC AT , the company provided an extensive line of disk drives , backup and personal computer products . Core became very well known as a leading industry developer of disk array and computer data storage .   Many of Core 's products were the first of their kind , had no direct competition and were widely regarded for their superior performance and reliability . Users and the computer press raved about Core 's products . Infoworld described Core 's ATplus `` is built like a Sherman tank , offering exceptional performance and reliability . '' PC Magazine called them `` Workhorses of Performance Computing '' and `` High-quality construction . . breaks the speed barrier for access times '' and asked `` Will other manufactures follow suit ? ''   Core was known for their advertising and perhaps produced a few of the PC Industry 's greatest promotions . The 1985 and 1986 rebate and recall Ad for IBM PC AT hard disk drives . So successful and controversial , there was a rumor it was a topic at an IBM board of directors meeting . And the time where they gave away a free IBM PC AT when purchasing one of Core 's ATplus 72 MB drives .   Core remained a private company solely owned by Prewitt until 1993 when purchased by Aiwa , which was a wholly owned subsidiary of Sony .

neg: An American Prayer An American Prayer is the ninth and final studio album by the Doors . In 1978 , seven years after lead singer Jim Morrison died and five years after the remaining members of the band broke up , Ray Manzarek , Robby Krieger , and John Densmore reunited and recorded backing tracks over Morrison 's poetry ( originally recorded in 1969 and 1970 ) . Other pieces of music and spoken word recorded by the Doors and Morrison were also used in the audio collage , such as dialogue from Morrison 's film HWY : An American Pastoral and snippets from jam sessions .   Despite managing a RIAA platinum certification in the US , the album received mixed reviews and still divides critics . When the album was originally released , longtime Doors ' producer Paul A. Rothchild labeled the album a `` rape of Jim Morrison . '' Rothchild claimed that he had heard all of the reels of master tapes from both the 1969 and the 1970 poetry sessions , insisting that the three remaining Doors failed to realize Morrison 's original intent for an audio presentation of the poetry . Prior to leaving for Paris , Morrison had approached composer Lalo Schifrin as a possible contributor for the music tracks meant to accompany the poetry , with no participation from any of the other Doors members . Additionally , he had developed some conception of the album cover art work by January 1971 , and was in correspondence with artist T. E. Breitenbach to design this cover in the form of a triptych . However , John Haeny ( who recorded the original session tapes with Morrison in 1970 and safeguarded them before the project was resurrected as An American Prayer ) insisted that the album `` was made by those people who were closest to Jim , both personally and artistically '' and `` everyone had the best intentions , '' stating : `` Jim would be pleased . Jim would have understood our motivation and appreciated our dedication and heartfelt handling of his work . ''   The album also includes a composite live version of `` Roadhouse Blues , '' splicing together performances at New York City 's Felt Forum and Detroit 's Cobo Hall , both captured during the Doors ' 1970 Roadhouse Blues Tour . This version of the song later appeared on the In Concert compilation .

neg: IBM 711 The IBM 711 was a punched card reader used as a peripheral device for IBM mainframe vacuum tube computers and early transistorized computers . The 711 's read mechanism was based on the IBM 402 's and could read 150 cards per minute ( 250 cards per minute on the IBM 7090 ) . Announced on May 21 , 1952 , it was first sold with the IBM 701 . Later IBM computers that used it were the IBM 704 , the IBM 709 , and the transistorized IBM 7090 and 7094 . Variants of the 711 , the IBM 712 and the IBM 714 were used with the IBM 702 and IBM 705 computers .   The 711 included a control panel that could be wired to transfer any 72 columns out of the 80 on a card into the computer 's memory , though in practice the panel was almost always wired to read the first 72 columns . Cards were read in binary format . Data from each row was read into two 36-bit words , starting with row 9 , for a total of 24 words per card . Computer object code could then be executed directly . Conversion to characters or numbers was done in software . The 72 column restriction influenced early computer languages , such as Fortran and Cobol , which only allowed source code in the first 72 columns of each punched card .   The 711 was relatively slow and magnetic tape was much faster , so it was common for 7000 series installations to include an IBM 1401 , with its high speed peripherals , to do card-to-tape and tape-to-line-printer operations off-line , with the 711 mainly used for initial program load of operating systems and diagnostics .

neg: Internet Community Ports Act The Internet Community Ports Act ( ICPA ) , created and advocated by The CP80 Foundation ( aka `` Clean Port 80 '' ) , is an approach to HTTP content filtering , leveraging TCP ports to segregate content between `` Community Ports '' and `` Open Ports . '' `` Community Ports '' would be for content that is not considered `` obscene or harmful '' to children ; `` Open Ports '' would be for all other content , including content only considered suitable for adults , such as pornography . According to the advocates of ICPA , this would enable an individual to , through their ISP 's firewall , choose the content they want by port , allowing content or blocking out content individually . Advocates of ICPA would particularly like to remove `` objectionable '' content from Port 80 , the standard port for World-Wide Web traffic ( but by no means all Internet traffic , making the title somewhat of a misnomer ) .   CP80 is chaired by Ralph Yarro III , who is also the chair of the SCO Group .   The CP80 Foundation claims its solution is based on an individual 's choice and the use of existing technology . They also claim the solution is a fair and balanced answer to an alleged `` Internet Porn Problem '' . They conclude that the ICPA ( Internet Community Ports Act ) `` protects '' children and individuals while simultaneously `` preserving '' the First Amendment for all .   While the ICPA has not yet been introduced into the US Congress , it is said to have the support of a number of the Utah members of Congress including Sen. Orrin Hatch ( R-Utah ) , ( former ) Rep. Chris Cannon ( R-Utah ) , ( former ) Rep. Jim Matheson ( D-Utah ) and Rep. Rob Bishop ( R-Utah ) . CP80 has reportedly made presentations to these members of Congress . Sen. Hatch has been quoted as stating `` We have to pursue creative and innovative solutions to this growing public health threat , and CP80 is one of the leaders in that effort . '' Some may consider a proposal calling for the creation of a . xxx domain as similar , but was reportedly blocked by ICANN at the request of the US Government .   The CP80 Foundations claims the ICPA is different in several important ways from the . xxx domain proposal . The ICPA , if passed , would be a federal law , while the . xxx domain was always intended to be voluntary . ICPA would preserve all current URLs and current naming conventions , the . xxx domain would not . ICPA provides a mechanism of recourse against a non-compliant web publisher or content provider under US law , . xxx domain has no such mechanism . ICPA would provide a more secure and robust solution as the content blocking happens at the ISP level , whereas blocking of the . xxx domain would happen at the end user browser level .   The CP80 Foundation claims its ICPA also attempts to address the international `` Porn Problem '' . If the ICPA were to pass an end user would have several choices to make in terms of their Internet experience . The end user would choose Community ports or both Open and Community ports . If the end user chooses Community ports only , the end user could then decide to allow all IP 's from foreign countries or just the IP 's from compliant countries or no foreign IP 's , all of this configuration would happen at the ISP level . In Addition , The CP80 Foundation also supports a movement to use the IANA function , which is still currently administered by the US Government , to enforce the ICPA 's proposed separation of content internationally as part of `` A New Internet Evolution '' , disseminating down though the current ranks of Internet governance including regional Internet registries ( RIR ) , ISPs and finally web publishers and content providers . This would address any international web publisher or content provider who is not conforming to the `` New Evolution '' of the Internet .

neg: Western Digital Western Digital Corporation ( commonly referred to as Western Digital and often abbreviated as WDC or WD ) is an American computer data storage company and one of the largest computer hard disk drive manufacturers in the world , along with Seagate Technology .   Western Digital Corporation has a long history in the electronics industry as an integrated circuit maker and a storage products company . Western Digital was founded on April 23 , 1970 , by Alvin B. Phillips , a Motorola employee , as General Digital , initially ( and briefly ) a manufacturer of MOS test equipment . It rapidly became a speciality semiconductor maker , with start-up capital provided by several individual investors and industrial giant Emerson Electric . Around July 1971 , it adopted its current name and soon introduced its first product , the WD1402A UART .

neg: Boeing 707 The Boeing 707 is a mid-sized , long-range , narrow-body , four-engine jet airliner built by Boeing Commercial Airplanes from 1958 to 1979 . Its name is commonly pronounced as `` seven oh seven '' . Versions of the aircraft have a capacity from 140 to 219 passengers and a range of 2500 to .   Developed as Boeing 's first jet airliner , the 707 is a swept-wing design with podded engines . Although it was not the first jetliner in service , the 707 was the first to be commercially successful . Dominating passenger air transport in the 1960s and remaining common through the 1970s , the 707 is generally credited with ushering in the Jet Age . It established Boeing as one of the largest manufacturers of passenger aircraft , and led to the later series of airliners with `` 7x7 '' designations . The later 720 , 727 , 737 , and 757 share elements of the 707 's fuselage design .   The 707 was developed from the Boeing 367-80 , a prototype jet first flown in 1954 . A larger fuselage cross-section and other modifications resulted in the initial-production 707-120 , powered by Pratt & Whitney JT3C turbojet engines , which first flew on December 20 , 1957 . Pan American World Airways began regular 707 service on October 26 , 1958 . Later derivatives included the shortened long-range 707-138 and the stretched 707-320 , both of which entered service in 1959 . A smaller short-range variant , the 720 , was introduced in 1960 . The 707-420 , a version of the stretched 707 with Rolls-Royce Conway turbofans , debuted in 1960 , while Pratt & Whitney JT3D turbofans debuted on the 707-120B and 707-320B models in 1961 and 1962 , respectively .   The 707 has been used on domestic , transcontinental , and transatlantic flights , and for cargo and military applications . A convertible passenger-freighter model , the 707-320C , entered service in 1963 , and passenger 707s have been modified to freighter configurations . Military derivatives include the E-3 Sentry airborne reconnaissance aircraft and the C-137 Stratoliner VIP transports . Boeing produced and delivered 1,011 airliners including the smaller 720 series ; over 800 military versions were also produced . Ten Boeing 707s were in commercial service in July 2013 .

neg: Information Age The Information Age ( also known as the Computer Age , Digital Age , or New Media Age ) is a period in human history characterized by the shift from traditional industry that the Industrial Revolution brought through industrialization , to an economy based on information computerization . The onset of the Information Age is associated with the Digital Revolution , just as the Industrial Revolution marked the onset of the Industrial Age . The definition of what digital means ( or what information means ) continues to change over time as new technologies , user devices , methods of interaction with other humans and devices enter the domain of research , development and market launch .   During the Information Age , the phenomenon is that the digital industry creates a knowledge-based society surrounded by a high-tech global economy that spans over its influence on how the manufacturing throughout and the service sector operate in an efficient and convenient way . In a commercialized society , the information industry is able to allow individuals to explore their personalized needs , therefore simplifying the procedure of making decisions for transactions and significantly lowering costs for both the producers and buyers . This is accepted overwhelmingly by participants throughout the entire economic activities for efficacy purposes , and new economic incentives would then be indigenously encouraged , such as the knowledge economy .   The Information Age formed by capitalizing on computer microminiaturization advances . This evolution of technology in daily life and social organization has led to the fact that the modernization of information and communication processes has become the driving force of social evolution .

neg: Hillary Clinton email controversy In March 2015 , it became publicly known that Hillary Clinton , during her tenure as United States Secretary of State , had used her family 's private email server for official communications , rather than official State Department email accounts maintained on federal servers . Those official communications included thousands of emails that would retroactively be marked classified by the State Department .   The controversy unfolded against the backdrop of Clinton 's 2016 presidential election campaign and hearings held by the United States House Select Committee on Benghazi . Some experts , officials , and members of Congress have contended that her use of private messaging system software and a private server violated State Department protocols and procedures , as well as federal laws and regulations governing recordkeeping . In response , Clinton has said that her use of personal email was in compliance with federal laws and State Department regulations , and that former secretaries of state had also maintained personal email accounts , though not their own private email servers .   After allegations were raised that some of the emails in question contained classified information , the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) initiated an investigation regarding the origin and handling of classified emails on Clinton 's server . The FBI Report found that some of the emails originated in five other intelligence agencies . The FBI found that all classified emails on Clinton 's server were stored and sent from `` unclassified systems '' , violating the same policies as those on Clinton 's personal server .   FBI Director James Comey identified 110 emails as containing information that was classified at the time it was sent , including 65 emails deemed `` Secret '' and 22 deemed `` Top Secret '' . None of these had classification markings . However , as noted in Clinton 's non-disclosure agreement , unmarked classified information should be treated the same as marked classified information . An additional three email chains contained `` portion markings '' , simply a '' ( C ) '' indicating `` Confidential '' in front of one or more paragraphs . These were not included in Comey 's list of 110 because the State Department failed to confirm they were classified at the time they were sent . Clinton told the FBI she did not know the meaning of '' ( C ) '' . Nearly 2,100 emails on the server were retroactively marked as classified by the State Department .   In May 2016 , the State Department 's Office of the Inspector General released an 83-page report about the State Department 's email practices , including Clinton 's . On July 5 , 2016 , Comey announced that the FBI 's investigation had concluded that Clinton was `` extremely careless '' in handling her email system but recommended that no charges be filed against her . On July 6 , 2016 , Attorney General Loretta Lynch announced that no charges would be filed .   On July 7 , the State Department reopened its probe into the email controversy . On October 28 , 2016 , Comey notified Congress that the FBI had started looking into newly discovered emails that may be pertinent to the case . Law enforcement officials stated the emails were found on a laptop belonging to Clinton aide Huma Abedin 's husband , Anthony Weiner , during an investigation of his sexting scandals . On November 6 , Comey notified Congress that the FBI had not changed its conclusion , reached in July , regarding Clinton 's emails .

neg: The Memory Hole (web site) The Memory Hole was a website edited by Russ Kick ; launched on July 10 , 2002 , last post on May 11 , 2009 , with a successor website appearing in June 2016 . Before being hacked in June 2009 , the site was devoted to preserving and publishing material that is in danger of being lost , is hard to find , or is not widely known . Topics include government files , corporate memos , court documents , police reports and eyewitness statements , Congressional testimony , reports from various sources , maps , patents , web pages , photographs , video , sound recordings , news articles , and books . The name is a tribute to the `` memory hole '' from George Orwell 's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four , a slot into which government officials deposit politically inconvenient documents and records for destruction .   One of the most noticeable actions was the publication of several hundred photos depicting the coffins of U.S. soldiers fallen in Iraq . These were obtained by Kick by filing a request based on the Freedom of Information Act . The photos sparked a controversy regarding the publication of war photos , public opinion and the behavior of the U.S. government .   The website is the 2005 winner of the Project on Government Oversight 's `` Beyond the Headlines '' Award .   A successor website , The Memory Hole 2 , was launched by Kick on June 16 , 2016 .

neg: Baby boomers Baby boomers are the demographic cohort following the Silent Generation . There are no precise dates when the cohort birth years start and end . Typically , they range from the early-to-mid 1940s and end from 1960 to 1964 . Increased birth rates were observed during the post -- World War II baby boom making the baby boomers a relatively large demographic cohort .   The term `` baby boomer '' is also used in a cultural context , so it is difficult to achieve broad consensus of a precise date definition . Different people , organizations , and scholars have varying opinions on who is a baby boomer , both technically and culturally . Ascribing universal attributes to such a generation is difficult , and some believe it is inherently impossible , but many have attempted to determine their cultural similarities and historical impact , and the term has thus gained widespread popular usage .   Baby boomers are associated with a rejection or redefinition of traditional values . Many commentators , however , have disputed the extent of that rejection , noting the widespread continuity of values with older and younger generations . In Europe and North America , boomers are widely associated with privilege , as many grew up in a time of widespread government subsidies in post-war housing and education , and increasing affluence .   As a group , baby boomers were the wealthiest , most active , and most physically fit generation up to the era in which they arrived , and were amongst the first to grow up genuinely expecting the world to improve with time . They were also the generation that received peak levels of income ; they could therefore reap the benefits of abundant levels of food , apparel , retirement programs , and sometimes even `` midlife crisis '' products . The increased consumerism for this generation has been regularly criticized as excessive .   One feature of the boomers was that they have tended to think of themselves as a special generation , very different from those that had come before . In the 1960s , as the relatively large numbers of young people became teenagers and young adults , they , and those around them , created a very specific rhetoric around their cohort , and the changes they were bringing about . This rhetoric had an important impact in the self perceptions of the boomers , as well as their tendency to define the world in terms of generations , which was a relatively new phenomenon . The baby boom has been described variously as a `` shockwave '' and as `` the pig in the python . ''   The term `` Generation Jones '' is sometimes used to describe those born between 1954 and 1965 . The term is typically used to refer to the later years of the Baby boomer cohort ( 1954-1960 ) and the early years of Generation X ( 1961-1965 ) .

neg: Turning the Pages Turning the Pages is software technology for viewing scanned books on-line in a realistic and detailed manner . It was developed by the British Library in partnership with Armadillo Systems .   The original version , first released in 1997 , uses Adobe Shockwave .   In January 2007 version 2.0 version was developed for Microsoft Vista using a browser-based Windows Presentation Foundation format . Features include page turns that are modeled on the actually deformation of different types of material ( for example in a book with vellum pages , which is heavier than printed on paper , will appear to collapse under its own weight as it is turned ) . For certain books , such as the Sherborne Missal , the gold leaf catches the light as the book moves around .   The British Library has released a `` Turning the Pages Toolkit '' for libraries around the world to put their collections online .   The Codex Leicester along with Codex Arundel was one of the first to be made available in the 2.0 format , with Bill Gates saying `` This is an innovative way to bring treasures - including mine - to a new audience , ''

neg: President William Jefferson Clinton Birthplace Home National Historic Site The President William Jefferson Clinton Birthplace Home National Historic Site is located at 117 South Hervey Street ( U.S. Route 278 ) in Hope , Arkansas . Built in 1917 by Dr. H. S. Garrett , in this house the 42nd President of the United States Bill Clinton spent the first four years of his life , having been born at Julia Chester Hospital in Hope on August 19 , 1946 . The house was owned by his grandparents , Edith Grisham and James Eldridge Cassidy , and they cared for him when his mother , Virginia , was away working as an anesthetist in New Orleans .   On May 19 , 1994 , the site was added to the National Register of Historic Places ( as `` Bill Clinton Birthplace '' ) . Tours were offered by the Clinton Birthplace Foundation . In accordance with the Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009 ( § 7002 ) , the Secretary of the Interior accepted the property on December 14 , 2010 , establishing it as a national historic site and a unit of the National Park System . This change in status was originally proposed by Senator Mark Pryor of Arkansas . Bill Clinton and Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar formally dedicated the site on April 16 , 2011 .

neg: Bill Kincaid William S. `` Bill '' Kincaid ( born March 10 , 1956 ) is an American computer engineer and entrepreneur notable for creating the MP3 player SoundJam MP with Jeff Robbin that was eventually bought by Apple and renamed iTunes .


query: Newcastle United F.C. has a traditional crest.

pos: Newcastle United F.C. Newcastle United Football Club is an English professional association football club based in Newcastle upon Tyne , that will play in the Premier League , the top tier of English football , after winning the Championship title in 2017 . Newcastle United was founded in 1892 by the merger of Newcastle East End and Newcastle West End , and has played at its current home ground , St James ' Park , ever since . The ground was developed into an all-seater stadium in the mid-1990s and now has a capacity of 52,354 . The club has been a member of the Premier League for all but three years of the competition 's history , spending 85 seasons in the top tier as of May 2016 , and has never dropped below English football 's second tier since joining the Football League in 1893 .   They have won four League Championship titles , six FA Cups and a Charity Shield , as well as the 1969 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup and the 2006 UEFA Intertoto Cup . Newcastle United has the ninth highest total of trophies won by an English club . The club 's most successful period was between 1904 and 1910 , when they won an FA Cup and three of their First Division titles . The club were highly successful in the Premier League in the 1990s and early 2000s without winning any trophies , but have been mostly struggling since the 2006 -- 07 season , and were relegated in 2009 and 2016 .   Newcastle has a fierce local rivalry with Sunderland , and the two clubs have engaged in the Tyne -- Wear derby since 1898 . The club 's traditional kit colours are black and white striped shirts , black shorts and black socks . Their traditional crest takes elements of the city coat of arms , which features two grey seahorses .   The club has been owned by Mike Ashley since 2007 , succeeding long term chairman and owner Sir John Hall . The club is the seventeenth highest revenue producing club in the world in terms of annual revenue , generating $ 169.3 m in 2015 . Historically , Newcastle 's highest placing was in 1999 when they were the fifth highest revenue producing football club in the world , and second in England only behind Manchester United .

neg: History of Stoke City F.C. Stoke City Football Club was formed in 1863 as Stoke Ramblers Football Club by former pupils of the Charterhouse School whilst they were apprentices at the North Staffordshire Railway . The club dropped the Ramblers from their name in 1878 , and in 1888 they were founding members of the Football League . In 1925 , the club 's name was changed for the final time to Stoke City Football Club when Stoke-on-Trent was granted city status .   The club moved in 1997 to the Britannia Stadium , a 28,383 all-seater stadium ; having spent 119 years at the Victoria Ground . In the 2007 -- 08 season , Stoke won promotion from the Football League Championship , the second tier of English football , and as of 2008 -- 09 are playing in the top flight ( currently Premier League ) for the first time since the 1984 -- 85 season , when they were relegated with a total of 17 points , a record low unsurpassed for 21 years . Stoke 's only major trophy was the 1972 Football League Cup , won when they beat Chelsea 2 -- 1 in the final at Wembley Stadium before a crowd of 97,852 . The club have also won the Football League Trophy twice , in 1992 and 2000 . In terms of league achievement the closest Stoke have come to winning the title was in the 1946 -- 47 season where a final day defeat cost Stoke top spot .

neg: 2001 FA Charity Shield The 2001 FA Charity Shield was the 79th FA Charity Shield , an annual football match played between the winners of the previous season 's Premier League and FA Cup . The match was contested between Liverpool , winners of the 2000 -- 01 FA Cup and Manchester United , who won the 2000 -- 01 Premier League on 12 August 2001 . It was the first Shield match to be held at the Millennium Stadium following the closure of Wembley Stadium for reconstruction .   This was Liverpool 's 19th appearance and Manchester United 's 21st and the 5th time they had met in the competition . The anticipated meeting of Liverpool midfielder Steven Gerrard and new Manchester United signing Juan Sebastián Verón did not occur . Another omission from the Liverpool team was striker Robbie Fowler , who was left out of the matchday squad . New signings for both teams made an appearance , with defender John Arne Riise making his first appearance in English football for Liverpool , while striker Ruud van Nistelrooy made his debut for Manchester United .   Watched by a crowd of 70,027 spectators , Liverpool took the lead in the second minute when Gary McAllister scored from a free kick after a foul on Danny Murphy by Roy Keane . Liverpool extended their lead in the 16th minute when striker Michael Owen scored . Manchester United scored in the second half through Van Nistelrooy but were unable to find the equalising goal in the remaining minutes . Thus , Liverpool won the match 2 -- 1 to win the Shield for the 14th time . Despite the victory , Liverpool manager Gérard Houllier was realistic about his team 's prospects in the upcoming 2001 -- 02 FA Premier League . Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson was critical of referee Andy D'Urso 's performance after he turned down two penalty appeals from his side during the match . Liverpool 's victory marked their 14th success , while the match was United 's fourth consecutive loss in the competition .

neg: List of sports rivalries A sports rivalry is intense competition between athletic teams or athletes . This pressure of competition is felt by players , coaches , and management , but is perhaps felt strongest by the fans . The intensity of the rivalry varies from a friendly competition on one end to serious violence on the other that , in one case ( the Football War ) , was suggested to have led to military conflicts . Owners typically encourage rivalries as they tend to improve game attendance and television ratings for rivalry matches , but a rivalry that gets out of control can lead to fighting , hooliganism , rioting and some , with career-ending or even fatal consequences .   Rivalries stem from various sources . Simple geographic proximity as well as frequent meetings in important games can lead to rivalries . Games between two rivals of close geographical proximity are usually called a local derby , or simply just derby ( UK : -LSB- 'd ɑrbi -RSB- or US : -LSB- ˈdɜrbi -RSB- ) ; a sporting fixture between two teams from the same town , city or region , particularly in association football . The phrase most likely originated from The Derby , a horse race in England , founded by the 12th Earl of Derby in 1780 , since at least as early as 1840 ` derby ' has been used as a noun in English to denote any kind of sporting contest . In the United States , the term crosstown rivalry is more commonly encountered for this type of rivalry .   The town of Derby was renowned as the site of a chaotic and exuberant game that involved the whole town and often resulted in fatalities . The goals were at Nuns Mill in the north and the Gallows Balk in the south of the town , and much of the action took place in the River Derwent or the Markeaton Brook . Nominally the players came from All Saints ' and St Peter 's parishes , but in practice the game was a free-for-all with as many as 1,000 players . A Frenchman who observed the match in 1829 wrote in horror , ` if Englishmen call this play , it would be impossible to say what they call fighting ' . The traditional Shrovetide football match is commonplace in the town of Ashbourne , Derbyshire . ''

neg: List of Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. records and statistics Wolverhampton Wanderers Football Club is an English football club based in Wolverhampton . The club was founded as St Luke 's in 1877 , soon becoming Wolverhampton Wanderers , before being a founder member of the Football League in 1888 . Since that time , the club has played in all four professional divisions of the English football pyramid , and been champions of all these levels . They have also been involved in European football , having been one of the first English clubs to enter the European Cup , as well as reaching the final of the first staging of the UEFA Cup .   This list encompasses all honours won by Wolverhampton Wanderers and records set by the club , their managers and their players . The player records section includes details of the club 's leading goalscorers and those who have made most appearances in first-team competitions , as well as transfer fee records paid and received by the club . A list of streaks recording all elements of the game ( wins , losses , clean sheets , etc. ) is also presented .

neg: Everton F.C. Everton F.C. -LSB- ˈɛvərtən -RSB- is a football club in Liverpool , England , that currently competes in the Premier League , the top flight of English football . The club have competed in the top division for a record 114 seasons and won the League Championship nine times , and the FA Cup five times .   Formed in 1878 , Everton were founding members of The Football League in 1888 and won their first League Championship two seasons later . Following four League Championship and two FA Cup wins , Everton experienced a lull in the immediate post World War Two period , until a revival in the 1960s , which saw the club win two League Championships and an FA Cup . The mid-1980s represented their most recent period of sustained success , with two League Championships , an FA Cup , and the 1985 European Cup Winners ' Cup . The club 's most recent major trophy was the 1995 FA Cup .   The club 's supporters are known as Evertonians . Everton have a rivalry with neighbours Liverpool , and the two sides contest the Merseyside derby . The club have been based at Goodison Park in Walton , Liverpool , since 1892 , after moving from Anfield following a row over its rent . The club 's home colours are royal blue shirts with white shorts and socks .

neg: Cashmere Wanderers Cashmere Wanderers is a New Zealand association football club based in Christchurch . The club was formed in 1951 as Atlantis AFC , named for its origins among emigrants to New Zealand aboard the Shaw Savill Line ship Atlantis , which arrived in Lyttelton in 1950 . The club 's initial colours of gold with black trim were chosen to match the colours of Shaw Savill , and the club gained the nickname of `` Wanderers '' due to the similarity of these colours to the English team Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. . In 1961 , the club changed its name to Christchurch Wanderers to reflect this nickname , and also to reflect the fact that the remaining links with the Atlantis and with Shaw Savill were by now tenuous .   A further name change to the current name of Cashmere Wanderers , reflecting the club 's location in the Christchurch suburb of Cashmere came about in 1967 . At the same time the black trim of the club 's strip was changed to maroon to reflect the colours of Cashmere High School , a near neighbour of the club . The club also changed its badge , the new logo prominently featuring an elephant .   Cashmere Wanderers is one of the oldest continually active football clubs in Canterbury . It supports numerous club sides , with over 500 junior players . Its senior men 's team plays in the qualification grade immediately below the Mainland Premier League . The team 's best performance in the Chatham Cup came in 1984 , when they reached the Fifth Round ( last 16 )

neg: List of non-League clubs in the Fifth Round of the FA Cup since 1945 Since the end of the Second World War in 1945 , nine non-League football clubs -- that is , clubs outside the divisions of The Football League and , since 1992 , the Premier League -- have reached the Fifth Round of the FA Cup , to become one of the last 16 clubs in the competition . To date , only Lincoln City has subsequently reached the Sixth Round , or `` quarter finals '' . The last non-League team to reach the quarter finals ( then the Fourth Round ) was Queens Park Rangers in 1914 , when the Football League had just two divisions .   The most recent example of a non-league team beating top-flight opposition in the FA Cup was Lincoln City 's Fifth Round victory away at Burnley in 2017 . The last time a non-league side beat top-flight opposition at home in the FA Cup was Sutton United 's Third Round victory over Coventry City in 1989 .   In 2017 , two non-League teams made it to the Fifth Round of the competition , Lincoln City and Sutton United . This was the first time two non-League teams has appeared made it this far in the same season since the establishment of the Football League in 1888 . Lincoln City subsequently became the first non-League team in 103 years and the first since World War II to make the quarter finals , but lost 5-0 to Arsenal .

neg: 2008–09 Manchester United F.C. season The 2008 -- 09 season was Manchester United 's 17th season in the Premier League , and their 34th consecutive season in the top division of English football . After winning a third consecutive Premier League title for the second time to equal Liverpool 's record of 18 league titles , the team aimed to become the first team to retain the European Cup since Milan in 1990 . However , they were beaten 2 -- 0 by Barcelona in the final at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome on 27 May 2009 .   United started their season in August 2008 by winning the Community Shield . In December 2008 , the club became the first English side to win the FIFA Club World Cup when they beat LDU Quito 1 -- 0 in the final . Two months later , on 1 March 2009 , the club added the 2008 -- 09 League Cup to their trophy cabinet with a 4 -- 1 penalty shootout win over Tottenham Hotspur after a goalless 120 minutes in the final .   United secured a third consecutive Premier League with a goalless draw at home to Arsenal on 16 May 2009 . This made them the first team ever to win three consecutive English top flight titles on two separate occasions , having previously done so between 1999 and 2001 .

neg: Association football culture Association football culture refers to the cultural aspects surrounding the game of association football . In many countries , football has ingrained itself into the national culture , and parts of life may revolve around it . Many countries have daily football newspapers , as well as football magazines . Football players , especially in the top levels of the game , have become role models for people . The FIFA World Cup held every four years is the quintessential football event , combining the greatest players in the world and the passion of the fans . Football has a long and glorious history , with which a vast and diverse culture has emerged . The culture of football can be easily divided into how the players , fans and clubs see the sport .

neg: 1950–51 FA Cup The 1950 -- 51 FA Cup was the 70th season of the world 's oldest football cup competition , the Football Association Challenge Cup , commonly known as the FA Cup . Newcastle United won the competition for the fourth time , beating Blackpool 2 -- 0 in the final at Wembley , London .   Matches were scheduled to be played at the stadium of the team named first on the date specified for each round , which was always a Saturday . If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played , a replay would take place at the stadium of the second-named team later the same week . If the replayed match was drawn further replays would be held at neutral venues until a winner was determined . If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played in a replay , a 30-minute period of extra time would be played .

neg: Scunthorpe United F.C. Scunthorpe United Football Club is a professional association football club based in the town of Scunthorpe , North Lincolnshire , England . The team play in League One , the third tier of the English football league system .   The team is nicknamed The Iron , and has played in a home strip of claret and blue for most of its history . It plays its home games at Glanford Park , having moved from the Old Show Ground in 1988 . Grimsby Town , Hull City , Doncaster Rovers , Lincoln City and York City are its main rivals , although of these clubs only Doncaster Rovers currently play in the same division as Scunthorpe .   The club was formed in 1899 , turned professional in 1912 and joined the Football League in 1950 . It achieved promotion to Division Two in 1958 , where it stayed until 1964 , but has spent most of its time as a Football League club in the basement tier . The club has had more success recently , however : it was promoted from Football League Two in 2005 , and then spent three out of four seasons from 2007 in the Football League Championship . The Iron were relegated to Football League One in 2011 , having finished bottom of the Championship . The club then suffered a further blow , being relegated to Football League Two in 2013 , however it was fortunate enough to immediately bounce back , winning promotion back to the third tier at the end of the 2013 -- 14 season .   In recent years , the club has developed a reputation for developing promising young strikers , having sold Billy Sharp , Martin Paterson and Gary Hooper on for seven-figure sums . The club was also considered one of the most financially prudent in English football , being one of only three in the top four divisions to be debt-free . This status has recently changed after it was announced that a # 2 million loan from the outgoing chairman Steve Wharton was on the accounts to help the club maintain some sense of financial stability .   Scunthorpe United was also the first club in England to build a cantilever stand after their old East stand burnt down in 1959 , four years before Sheffield Wednesday constructed its cantilever stand at Hillsborough .

neg: Heroes and Villains (football fanzine) Heroes and Villains is the title of a football fanzine written by and primarily aimed at fans of Aston Villa F.C. . It was launched in 1989 , and has been in regular print ever since , long surpassing 100 issues .   It has been edited from the start by Dave Woodhall . Although of course primarily concerned directly with the fortunes of Aston Villa , occasionally other general football articles and humorous , nostalgic pieces are to be found amongst its pages .   It was often critical of Doug Ellis who was the chairman of Aston Villa during the period 1982 to 2006 ( his second spell at the club ) . He was seen by many fans as being complacent and unambitious regarding the fortunes of the team .   As with most fanzines , many articles contain much baiting of local rival football clubs and their fans , in this case chiefly Birmingham City F.C. and West Bromwich Albion F.C.   However , a goodly part of the fanzine 's contents consist of contributors ' personal views on and memories of experiences derived from being a supporter of Aston Villa . Aston Villa 's richly varied history , particularly that of the last 25 years and within living memory of most contributors , consisting as it does of Villa 's League Championship and European Cup winning achievements of '81 and ' 82 , their mid '80s decline culminating in relegation in ' 87 , followed by a revival under Graham Taylor 's management which led to an unexpected league runners-up spot just 3 seasons later , provides much material . As does a further , also unexpected , runners up placing in ' 93 , league cup triumphs in '94 and ' 96 , and the generally solid but unspectacular performance of the team , up to the 2005-2006 season 's underachievements and the broad feeling of dissatisfaction with the way the club was being run .   Something of a running joke in the fanzine concerns Villa 's underachievement in the FA Cup , the club having not won the competition since 1957 , with their only final appearance since then consisting of a dismal performance in losing 1-0 to the pre-Roman Abramovich Chelsea in 2000 . As the 3rd round of the competition - Villa 's usual entry point - approaches each season , many fans come to the agreement that this year is definitely `` our year for the cup ... ''   For the start of the 2014-15 season , the fanzine phased out the paper publishing format of distribution , and is now available only to download to computers , mobile devices , and so on .   The fanzine also spawned a website forum which remains very popular among Villa supporters .

neg: Joe Richardson Joseph Richardson ( 24 August 1908 -- 1977 ) was an English professional footballer who played as a right back .   Richardson joined Blyth Spartans from local side New Delaval Villa . His form with Spartans was impressive enough to earn a # 250 move to Newcastle United in 1929 . He went on to play over 200 league games for the Magpies , and after ending his playing career in 1938 joined the coaching staff where he remained until 1977 , serving the club for 48 years . Richardson died in 1977 .   England Player in an Unofficial Match Appearing for Another National Side   Finally , we turn to the case of the Scot who played for England against Scotland . At least one player who appeared for England in an unofficial match also appeared for another national side in official matches . Thomas ( Tommy ) Usher Pearson , who was born in Edinburgh and who played at outside left for England in the 2-1 victory against Scotland in the 1939 unofficial wartime international , also played at outside left for Scotland in two official 1947 matches , including the 1-1 draw against England . Eric Brook and Sam Barkas , both of Manchester City , were the original selections at outside left and right back for England in the 1939 wartime international , which was played at St. James ' Park in Newcastle , but they were injured in a car accident on the way to the match and were replaced by a pair of Newcastle United players , Pearson and Joseph ( Joe ) Richardson .

neg: 2009–10 Derby County F.C. season The 2009 -- 10 season was Derby County 's 111th season in the Football League . It is their 42nd season in the second division of English football and their second consecutive season in the second tier following an 18th-placed finish in the previous campaign . Derby struggled against relegation for much of the season , but a run of just two defeats in the final 10 fixtures saw the club finish in 14th , their third highest finish in their respective division in the previous ten years . The Derby Evening Telegraph described the campaign as `` Good in patches , poor in others , and ultimately frustrating . ''   The season was Nigel Clough 's first full season in the job following his appointment in January 2009 . The club started the season with odds of 21/1 for the title , though the media prediction was that they would improve greatly on the previous campaign 's struggles and push for a playoff place . This proved overly optimistic , however , as the club battled relegation from the Championship for the fifth time in eight seasons . Although the club never fell into the bottom three during the campaign ( the lowest position was 20th ) it spent just six fixtures in the top half of the table , only one of which was achieved after August . A lack of consistency was one reason ; not only in results ( the club never recording more than two consecutive victories ) but also in the club 's inability to field a consistent team selection . A club record 40 players represented the club , with only 6 players making 30 or more league starts , and an over-reliance on loanees ( 14 players signing temporary deals over the season ) also played a part , as did injuries ; one match , away to Ipswich Town in October , came at the height of the club 's injury problems and saw them unable to even name a full complement of substitutes such was the lack of players available . A purple patch of form in February saw the club end local rivals Nottingham Forest 's 19 match unbeaten run , inflict eventual-Champions Newcastle United 's biggest defeat of the season ( 3 -- 0 ) and hit five in a match for the first time in three years when they edged out Preston North End 5 -- 3 at Pride Park , but a run of just three wins in twelve through the end of February until the end of April , ensured that safety was not achieved until the 44th fixture of the season after a 1 -- 1 draw at home to relegation rivals Crystal Palace . One bright point to the campaign came with the reserves successful The Central League Division One Central Section campaign , which saw them finish top and become the first Derby reserves team to win the title since Arthur Cox 's reserves claimed it in the 1985 -- 86 season . It was also the first time a Derby County reserves side had won its respective division since the club successfully captured the Premier Reserve League in 2000 -- 01 .   The club sold 21,406 season tickets for the 2009 -- 10 season and had an average home attendance of 29,207 ( down from 29,440 the previous season ) , second only to Champions Newcastle United 's 43,388 and over 4,000 ahead of third placed Sheffield United . The ground operated at 86.9 % capacity , putting it third behind Cardiff City and Blackpool . These averages made Derby the 12th best supported club in the country for the third consecutive season .

neg: Ardeer Thistle F.C. Ardeer Thistle Football Club are a Scottish football club from Stevenston in North Ayrshire . Formed in 1900 , they are based at Ardeer Stadium and are nicknamed `` The Thistle '' . They compete in the West Region of the Scottish Junior Football Association and players wear red and black home kits and sky blue change strips .   The clubs main sponsor is Move2 .   Ardeer Stadium is the second home the club has occupied in its history . Previously playing at Ardchoille Park in the Hayocks area of the town , the club suffered badly due to vandalism at the pavilion , and were effectively left homeless . However Ardeer Stadium , a very good facility , existed in the bottom end of the town , having been the former home of the defunct Ardeer Recreation FC who were at one time sponsored by Chemical giants ICI - once a major employer in the town . When Thistle made the move to Ardeer Stadium in the mid-1970s the opening game was between Kilmarnock and St Mirren , who were managed at the time by none other than Alex Ferguson . Stevenston man Gordon Smith played for Kilmarnock in the game . Smith has since gone on to be the one time Chief Executive of the SFA , and is now Director of Football at Rangers FC . Thistle have remained at Ardeer Stadium ever since and have their own supporters group called none other than ` Ardeer Ultras ' , Ardeer still remains a decent facility in Junior football terms , with its large oval terrace and excellent playing surface . The outline of the former ground at Ardchoille can still be seen , and goalposts remain for public use .

neg: Darlington F.C. Darlington Football Club is an English football club based in Darlington , County Durham . They are members of the and play at Blackwell Meadows .   The club was founded in 1883 , and played its matches at Feethams . The club originally played in regionally organised leagues , and were one of the founding members of the Northern League in 1889 . They were first admitted to the Football League when the Third Division North was formed in 1921 . They won the Third Division North title in 1925 , and their 15th place in the Second Division in 1926 remains their highest ever league finish . After their admission to the League , they spent most of their history in the bottom tier . They won the Third Division North Cup in 1934 , their first victory in nationally organised cup competition . They reached the last 16 of the FA Cup twice , and the quarter-final of the Football League Cup once , in 1968 . In the early 1990s they won successive titles , in the Conference National in 1990 and the Fourth Division in 1991 . In 2011 they won the FA Trophy , defeating Mansfield Town 1 -- 0 at Wembley Stadium .   Darlington moved to the all-seater , 25,000-capacity Darlington Arena in 2003 . The cost of the stadium was a major factor in driving the club into administration . In May 2012 , the club was bought out of a period of administration without entering into a Creditors Voluntary Agreement ( CVA ) . The Football Association ruled that it should be treated as a new club , which required a change of playing name . The name chosen was Darlington 1883 , and that team was placed in the Northern League Division One , the ninth tier of English football , for the 2012 -- 13 season . They won three promotions in four seasons before the FA approved their request to revert to their traditional name .   The club 's main rivals are Hartlepool United . The club 's traditional colours are black and white shirts , black shorts and black and white socks . The club 's crest depicts Locomotion No 1 , referring to the town 's railway history ; as well as a stylised Quaker hat , referring to the religious movement that had a historic influence on the town , and which was the source of the team 's nickname , the Quakers .

neg: 1995–96 Newcastle United F.C. season During the 1995 -- 96 football season , English club Newcastle United participated in the Premier League , finishing in second place .   An explosive start to the season saw Newcastle storm to the top of the Premier League table . At Christmas 1995 they held a lead of 10 points , which stretched to 12 points in mid-January 1996 . However , a run of five defeats from eight matches enabled Manchester United to catch up and overtake them in March , and Newcastle ultimately finished four points behind Alex Ferguson 's team .

neg: Aberdeen F.C.–Rangers F.C. rivalry The Aberdeen -- Rangers rivalry refers to football matches and related activity involving the Scottish football clubs Aberdeen F.C. and Rangers F.C.   Unlike Rangers ' Old Firm rivalry with Glasgow neighbours Celtic F.C. which has historically revolved around religion , national identity and ethnic background , the situation with Aberdeen is a comparatively modern phenomenon which developed from the 1970s on a competitive sporting basis but escalated into hostility on the field and in the stands , with the animosity continuing into the 21st century to some extent .

neg: Mike Ashley (businessman) Michael James Wallace `` Mike '' Ashley ( born 9 September 1964 ) is an English billionaire retail entrepreneur in the sporting goods market . He is also the owner of Newcastle United after paying around # 135 million to buy the club .   Ranked 15th ( in Britain only ) in the 2012 version of Forbes magazine with estimated wealth of # 1.5 billion , Ashley was seen as an intensely private person , who never attended industry functions or gave interviews . Philip Beresford , who compiles the annual Sunday Times list , said neither he nor his staff have ever managed to contact Ashley , and in 2006 described him as `` easily Britain 's answer to the late Howard Hughes '' .   Since Sports Direct International Plc went public , and his purchase of Newcastle United where he took to sitting in the stands with fans , Ashley took on a more public and accessible persona . However , after the departure of Kevin Keegan as manager and the club 's relegation , he has only made low key appearances when attending Newcastle matches . As of October 2014 , Ashley also owns an 8.92 % stake in Scottish football club Rangers .

neg: Bo'ness United F.C. Bo ` ness United Football Club is a Scottish football club , based in the town of Bo ` ness . The club is currently a member of the Scottish Junior Football Association 's East Region Super League . The club have won the Scottish Junior Cup on three occasions , in 1948 , 1976 and 1984 .   Nicknamed the B.U. 's , they were formed in 1945 , at the end of the Second World War when Bo ` ness , a club that had played in the senior ranks , being a member of the Scottish Football League from 1921 to 1932 , merged with the Junior club Bo ` ness Cadora . They presently play their home games at Newtown Park , which has room for around 7,500 spectators and has been used as a football ground since the 1880s . They play in blue .   As a result of winning the 2009 -- 10 East Superleague , United competed in the Scottish Cup for the first time the following season . The club eventually reached the third round , defeating Scottish Football League Third Division side Queen 's Park at home in round two . They also reached the third round the following year .   Bo ` ness United have a healthy rivalry with Linlithgow Rose .