query: An aspect of Egypt has endured and assimilated foreign influences.

pos: Egypt Egypt ( -LSB- ˈiːdʒɪpt -RSB- ; مِصر , مَصر , Kimi ) , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt , is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula . Egypt is a Mediterranean country bordered by the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast , the Gulf of Aqaba to the east , the Red Sea to the east and south , Sudan to the south , and Libya to the west . Across the Gulf of Aqaba lies Jordan , and across from the Sinai Peninsula lies Saudi Arabia , although Jordan and Saudi Arabia do not share a land border with Egypt .   Egypt has one of the longest histories of any modern country , emerging as one of the world 's first nation states in the tenth millennium BC . Considered a cradle of civilisation , Ancient Egypt experienced some of the earliest developments of writing , agriculture , urbanisation , organised religion and central government . Iconic monuments such as the Giza Necropolis and its Great Sphinx , as well the ruins of Memphis , Thebes , Karnak , and the Valley of the Kings , reflect this legacy and remain a significant focus of archaeological study and popular interest worldwide . Egypt 's rich cultural heritage is an integral part of its national identity , which has endured , and at times assimilated , various foreign influences , including Greek , Persian , Roman , Arab , Ottoman , and European . One of the earliest centres of Christianity , Egypt was Islamised in the seventh century and remains a predominantly Muslim country , albeit with a significant Christian minority .   With over 92 million inhabitants , Egypt is the most populous country in North Africa and the Arab world , the third-most populous in Africa ( after Nigeria and Ethiopia ) , and the fifteenth-most populous in the world . The great majority of its people live near the banks of the Nile River , an area of about 40000 km2 , where the only arable land is found . The large regions of the Sahara desert , which constitute most of Egypt 's territory , are sparsely inhabited . About half of Egypt 's residents live in urban areas , with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo , Alexandria and other major cities in the Nile Delta .   Modern Egypt is considered to be a regional and middle power , with significant cultural , political , and military influence in North Africa , the Middle East and the Muslim world . Egypt 's economy is one of the largest and most diversified in the Middle East , and is projected to become one of the largest in the 21st century . Egypt is a member of the United Nations , Non-Aligned Movement , Arab League , African Union , and Organisation of Islamic Cooperation .

neg: Ancient Egyptian literature Ancient Egyptian literature was written in the Egyptian language from ancient Egypt 's pharaonic period until the end of Roman domination . It represents the oldest corpus of Egyptian literature . Along with Sumerian literature , it is considered the world 's earliest literature .   Writing in ancient Egypt -- both hieroglyphic and hieratic -- first appeared in the late 4th millennium BC during the late phase of predynastic Egypt . By the Old Kingdom ( 26th century BC to 22nd century BC ) , literary works included funerary texts , epistles and letters , hymns and poems , and commemorative autobiographical texts recounting the careers of prominent administrative officials . It was not until the early Middle Kingdom ( 21st century BC to 17th century BC ) that a narrative Egyptian literature was created . This was a `` media revolution '' which , according to Richard B. Parkinson , was the result of the rise of an intellectual class of scribes , new cultural sensibilities about individuality , unprecedented levels of literacy , and mainstream access to written materials . However , it is possible that the overall literacy rate was less than one percent of the entire population . The creation of literature was thus an elite exercise , monopolized by a scribal class attached to government offices and the royal court of the ruling pharaoh . However , there is no full consensus among modern scholars concerning the dependence of ancient Egyptian literature on the sociopolitical order of the royal courts .   Middle Egyptian , the spoken language of the Middle Kingdom , became a classical language during the New Kingdom ( 16th century BC to 11th century BC ) , when the vernacular language known as Late Egyptian first appeared in writing . Scribes of the New Kingdom canonized and copied many literary texts written in Middle Egyptian , which remained the language used for oral readings of sacred hieroglyphic texts . Some genres of Middle Kingdom literature , such as `` teachings '' and fictional tales , remained popular in the New Kingdom , although the genre of prophetic texts was not revived until the Ptolemaic period ( 4th century BC to 1st century BC ) . Popular tales included the Story of Sinuhe and The Eloquent Peasant , while important teaching texts include the Instructions of Amenemhat and The Loyalist Teaching . By the New Kingdom period , the writing of commemorative graffiti on sacred temple and tomb walls flourished as a unique genre of literature , yet it employed formulaic phrases similar to other genres . The acknowledgment of rightful authorship remained important only in a few genres , while texts of the `` teaching '' genre were pseudonymous and falsely attributed to prominent historical figures .   Ancient Egyptian literature has been preserved on a wide variety of media . This includes papyrus scrolls and packets , limestone or ceramic ostraca , wooden writing boards , monumental stone edifices and coffins . Texts preserved and unearthed by modern archaeologists represent a small fraction of ancient Egyptian literary material . The area of the floodplain of the Nile is under-represented because the moist environment is unsuitable for the preservation of papyri and ink inscriptions . On the other hand , hidden caches of literature , buried for thousands of years , have been discovered in settlements on the dry desert margins of Egyptian civilization .

neg: History of slavery The history of slavery spans many cultures , nationalities , and religions from ancient times to the present day . However the social , economic , and legal positions of slaves were vastly different in different systems of slavery in different times and places .   Slavery can be traced back to the earliest records , such as the Mesopotamian Code of Hammurabi ( c. 1860 BC ) , which refers to it as an established institution , and it was common among ancient peoples .   Slavery is rare among hunter-gatherer populations , because it is developed as a system of social stratification . Slavery was known in the very first civilizations such as Sumer in Mesopotamia which dates back as far as 3500 BC , as well as in almost every other civilization . The Byzantine -- Ottoman wars and the Ottoman wars in Europe resulted in the taking of large numbers of Christian slaves . Slavery became common within much of Europe during the Dark Ages and it continued into the Middle Ages . The Dutch , French , Spanish , Portuguese , British , Arabs and a number of West African kingdoms played a prominent role in the Atlantic slave trade , especially after 1600 . David P. Forsythe wrote : `` The fact remained that at the beginning of the nineteenth century an estimated three-quarters of all people alive were trapped in bondage against their will either in some form of slavery or serfdom . '' Denmark-Norway was the first European country to ban the slave trade in 1802 .   Although slavery is no longer legal anywhere in the world , human trafficking remains an international problem and an estimated 25-40 million people are enslaved today . During the 1983 -- 2005 Second Sudanese Civil War people were taken into slavery . Although Slavery in Mauritania was criminalized in August 2007 , in Mauritania it is estimated that up to 600,000 men , women and children , or 20 % of the population , are currently enslaved , many of them used as bonded labor . Evidence emerged in the late 1990s of systematic slavery on cacao plantations in West Africa ; see the chocolate and slavery article .

neg: Al-Nahda Al-Nahda ( النهضة / ALA-LC : an-Nahḍah ; Arabic for `` awakening '' or `` renaissance '' ) was a cultural renaissance that began in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in Egypt , then later moving to Ottoman-ruled Arabic-speaking regions including Lebanon , Syria and others . It is often regarded as a period of intellectual modernization and reform .   In traditional scholarship , the Nahda is seen as connected to the cultural shock brought on by Napoleon 's invasion of Egypt in 1798 , and the reformist drive of subsequent rulers such as Muhammad Ali . However , recent scholarship has shown that the Middle Eastern and North African Renaissance was a cultural reform program that was as `` autogenetic '' as it was Western inspired , linked to the Ottoman Tanzimat and internal changes in political economy and communal reformations in Egypt and Syro-Lebanon .   The Egyptian nahda was articulated in purely Egyptian terms , and its participants were mostly Egyptians , and Cairo was the geographical center of the movement . But al-Nahda was also felt in neighboring Arab capitals , notably Beirut and Damascus . The shared language of Arabic-speaking nations ensured that the accomplishments of the movement could be quickly picked up by intellectuals in Arab countries .   In the Ottoman-ruled Arabic regions , major influence and motive were the 19th century tanzimat reforms of the Ottoman Empire , which brought a constitutional order to Ottoman politics and engendered a new political class and later the Young Turk Revolution , which allowed proliferation of press and other publications .

neg: Rise of the Ottoman Empire The foundation and rise of the Ottoman Empire is a period of history that started with the emergence of the Ottoman principality in , and ended with the conquest of Constantinople on May 29 , 1453 . This period witnessed the foundation of a political entity ruled by the Ottoman Dynasty in the northwestern Anatolian region of Bithynia , and its transformation from a small principality on the Byzantine frontier into an empire spanning the Balkans and Anatolia . For this reason , this period in the empire 's history has been described as the Proto-Imperial Era . Throughout most of this period , the Ottomans were merely one of many competing states in the region , and relied upon the support of local warlords and vassals to maintain control over their realm . By the middle of the fifteenth century the Ottoman sultans were able to accumulate enough personal power and authority to establish a centralized imperial state , a process which was brought to fruition by Sultan Mehmed II ( r. 1451-1481 ) .   The cause of Ottoman success can not be attributed to any single factor , and they varied throughout the period as the Ottomans continually adapted to changing circumstances .   The earlier part of this period , the fourteenth century , is particularly difficult for historians to study due to the scarcity of sources . Not a single written document survives from the reign of Osman I , and very little survives from the rest of the century . The Ottomans , furthermore , did not begin to record their own history until the fifteenth century , more than a hundred years after many of the events they describe . It is thus a great challenge for historians to differentiate between fact and myth in analyzing the stories contained in these later chronicles , so much so that one historian has even declared it impossible , describing the earliest period of Ottoman history as a `` black hole . ''

neg: Nubia Nubia is a region along the Nile river located in what is today northern Sudan and southern Egypt . It was the seat of one of the earliest civilizations of ancient Africa , with a history that can be traced from at least 2000 B.C. onward ( through Nubian monuments and artifacts , as well as written records from Egypt and Rome ) , and was home to one of the African empires . There was a number of large Nubian kingdoms throughout the Postclassical Era , the last of which collapsed in 1504 , when Nubia became divided between Egypt and the Sennar sultanate , resulting in the Arabization of much of the Nubian population . Nubia was again united within Ottoman Egypt in the 19th century , and within the Kingdom of Egypt from 1899 to 1956 .   The name Nubia is derived from that of the Noba people , nomads who settled the area in the 4th century following the collapse of the kingdom of Meroë . The Noba spoke a Nilo-Saharan language , ancestral to Old Nubian . Old Nubian was mostly used in religious texts dating from the 8th and 15th centuries AD . Before the 4th century , and throughout classical antiquity , Nubia was known as Kush , or , in Classical Greek usage , included under the name Ethiopia ( Aithiopia ) .   Historically , the people of Nubia spoke at least two varieties of the Nubian language group , a subfamily that includes Nobiin ( the descendant of Old Nubian ) , Kenuzi-Dongola , Midob and several related varieties in the northern part of the Nuba Mountains in South Kordofan . Until at least 1970 , the Birgid language was spoken north of Nyala in Darfur , but is now extinct .

neg: Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa is , geographically , the area of the continent of Africa that lies south of the Sahara . According to the UN , it consists of all African countries that are fully or partially located south of the Sahara . It contrasts with North Africa , whose territories are part of the League of Arab states within the Arab world . Somalia , Djibouti , Comoros and Mauritania are geographically in Sub-Saharan Africa , but are likewise Arab states and part of the Arab world .   The Sahel is the transitional zone between the Sahara and the tropical savanna ( the Sudan region ) and forest-savanna mosaic to the south .   Since probably 3500 BCE , the Saharan and Sub-Saharan regions of Africa have been separated by the extremely harsh climate of the sparsely populated Sahara , forming an effective barrier interrupted by only the Nile in Sudan , though the Nile was blocked by the river 's cataracts . The Sahara pump theory explains how flora and fauna ( including Homo sapiens ) left Africa to penetrate the Middle East and beyond . African pluvial periods are associated with a `` wet Sahara '' phase during which larger lakes and more rivers existed .   The use of the term has been criticized because it refers to the South only by cartography conventions and projects a connotation of inferiority ; a vestige of colonialism , which some say , divided Africa into European terms of homogeneity .

neg: Slavery in Sudan Slavery in Sudan began in ancient times , and recently had a resurgence during the 1983 to 2005 Second Sudanese Civil War . During the Trans-Saharan slave trade , many Nilotic peoples from the lower Nile Valley were purchased as slaves and brought to work elsewhere in North Africa and the Orient by Nubians , Egyptians , Berbers and Arabs .   Starting in 1995 , many human rights organizations have reported on contemporary practice , especially in the context of the Second Sudanese civil war .  According to reports of Human Rights Watch and others , during the war the government of Sudan was involved in backing and arming numerous slave-taking militias in the country as part of its war against the SPLA . It also found the government failed to enforce Sudanese laws against kidnapping , assault and forced labor , or to help victims ' families locate their children . )   Another report ( by the International Eminent Persons Group ) found both the government-backed militias and the rebels ( led by the SPLA ) guilty of abducting civilians , though the abducting civilians by pro-government militias was `` of particular concern '' and `` in a significant number of cases '' , led to slavery `` under the definition of slavery in the International Slavery Convention of 1926 . The Sudanese government maintained that the slavery is the product of inter-tribal warfare , over which it had no control .   According to the Rift Valley Institute , slave raiding and abduction `` effectively ceased '' in 2002 , although an `` unknown number '' of slaves remain in captivity .

neg: Generations of Noah The Generations of Noah or Table of Nations ( of the Hebrew Bible ) is a genealogy of the sons of Noah and their dispersion into many lands after the Flood , focusing on the major known societies . The term `` nations '' to describe the descendants is a standard English translation of the Hebrew word `` goy '' , following the 400 CE Latin Vulgate 's `` nationes '' / `` nationibus '' , and does not have the same political connotations that the word entails today .   The list of 70 names introduces for the first time a number of well known ethnonyms and toponyms important to biblical geography such as Noah 's three sons Shem , Ham and Japheth , from which were derived Semites , Hamites and Japhetites , certain of Noah 's grandsons including Elam , Ashur , Aram , Cush , and Canaan , from which the Elamites , Assyrians , Arameans , Cushites and Canaanites , as well as further descendants including Eber ( from which `` Hebrews '' ) , the hunter-king Nimrod , the Philistines and the sons of Canaan including Heth , Jebus and Amorus , from which Hittites , Jebusites and Amorites .   As Christianity took over the Roman world , it adopted the idea that all the world 's peoples were descended from Noah . But the tradition of Hellenistic Jewish identifications of the ancestry of various peoples , which concentrates very much on the East Mediterranean and the Near East and is described below , became stretched and its historicity questioned . Not all Near Eastern people were covered , and northern peoples important to the Late Roman and medieval world , such as the Celtic , Slavic , Germanic and Nordic peoples were not covered , nor were others of the world 's peoples , such as sub-Saharan Africans , Native Americans and peoples of Central Asia , the Indian subcontinent , the Far East and Australasia . A variety of arrangements were devised by scholars in order to make the table fit , with for example the Scythians , who do feature in the tradition , being claimed as the ancestors of much of northern Europe .   According to Joseph Blenkinsopp , the 70 names in the list express symbolically the unity of the human race , corresponding to the 70 descendants of Israel who go down into Egypt with Jacob at and the 70 elders of Israel who visit God with Moses at the covenant ceremony in .

neg: Abydos, Egypt Abydos -LSB- əˈbaɪdɒs -RSB- is one of the oldest cities of ancient Egypt , and also of the eighth nome in Upper Egypt , of which it was the capital city . It is located about 11 km west of the Nile at latitude 26 ° 10 ' N , near the modern Egyptian towns of el - ` Araba el Madfuna and al-Balyana . In the ancient Egyptian language , the city was called Abdju ( ꜣbdw or AbDw ) . The English name Abydos comes from the Greek Ἄβυδος , a name borrowed by Greek geographers from the unrelated city of Abydos on the Hellespont .   Considered one of the most important archaeological sites in Egypt , the sacred city of Abydos was the site of many ancient temples , including Umm el-Qa ` ab , a royal necropolis where early pharaohs were entombed . These tombs began to be seen as extremely significant burials and in later times it became desirable to be buried in the area , leading to the growth of the town 's importance as a cult site .   Today , Abydos is notable for the memorial temple of Seti I , which contains an inscription from the nineteenth dynasty known to the modern world as the Abydos King List . It is a chronological list showing cartouches of most dynastic pharaohs of Egypt from Menes until Seti I 's father , Ramesses I.   The Great Temple and most of the ancient town are buried under the modern buildings to the north of the Seti temple . Many of the original structures and the artifacts within them are considered irretrievable and lost ; many may have been destroyed by the new construction .

neg: French colonial empire The French colonial empire constituted the overseas colonies , protectorates and mandate territories that came under French rule from the 16th century onward . A distinction is generally made between the `` first colonial empire '' , that existed until 1814 , by which time most of it had been lost , and the `` second colonial empire '' , which began with the conquest of Algiers in 1830 . The second empire came to an end after the loss of bitter wars in Vietnam ( 1955 ) and Algeria ( 1962 ) , and peaceful decolonization elsewhere after 1960 .   Competing with Spain , Portugal , the United Provinces , and later Britain , France began to establish colonies in North America , the Caribbean , and India in the 17th century . A series of wars with Great Britain and other European major powers during the 18th century and early 19th century resulted in France losing nearly all of its conquests . France rebuilt a new empire mostly after 1850 , concentrating chiefly in Africa , as well as Indochina and the South Pacific . Republicans , at first hostile to empire , only became supportive when Germany started to build her own colonial empire . As it developed the new empire took on roles of trade with France , especially supplying raw materials and purchasing manufactured items , as well as lending prestige to the motherland and spreading French civilization and language , and the Catholic religion . It also provided manpower in the World Wars .   It became a moral mission to lift the world up to French standards by bringing Christianity and French culture . In 1884 the leading proponent of colonialism , Jules Ferry declared ; `` The higher races have a right over the lower races , they have a duty to civilize the inferior races . '' Full citizenship rights -- assimilation -- were offered , although in reality `` assimilation was always receding -LSB- and -RSB- the colonial populations treated like subjects not citizens . '' France sent small numbers of settlers to its empire , contrary to Great Britain , and previously Spain and Portugal , with the only notable exception of Algeria , where the French settlers nonetheless always remained a small minority .   At its apex , it was one of the largest empires in history . Including metropolitan France , the total amount of land under French sovereignty reached 11500000 km2 in 1920 , with a population of 110 million people in 1939 . In World War II , Charles de Gaulle and the Free French used the overseas colonies as bases from which they fought to liberate France . Historian Tony Chafer argues : `` In an effort to restore its world-power status after the humiliation of defeat and occupation , France was eager to maintain its overseas empire at the end of the Second World War . '' However , after 1945 anti-colonial movements began to challenge European authority . The French constitution of October 27 , 1946 ( Fourth Republic ) , established the French Union which endured until 1958 . Newer remnants of the colonial empire were integrated into France as overseas departments and territories within the French Republic . These now total altogether 119,394 km ² ( 46,098 sq. miles ) , which amounts to only 1 % of the pre-1939 French colonial empire 's area , with 2.7 million people living in them in 2013 . By the 1970s , says Robert Aldrich , the last `` vestiges of empire held little interest for the French . '' He argues , `` Except for the traumatic decolonization of Algeria , however , what is remarkable is how few long-lasting effects on France the giving up of empire entailed . ''

neg: Immigration to Turkey Since the 19th century , an exodus by the large portion of Turkish ( Turkic ) and Muslim peoples ( who are termed `` Muhacir '' under a general definition ) from the Balkans ( Balkan Turks , Albanians , Bosniaks , Pomaks ) , Caucasus ( Abkhazians , Ajarians , ` Circassians ' , Chechens ) , Crimea ( Crimean Tatar diaspora ) , Crete ( Cretan Turks ) , took refuge in present-day Turkey and moulded the country 's fundamental features .   Trends of immigration towards Turkey continue to this day , although the motives are more varied and are usually in line with the patterns of global immigration movements -- Turkey , for example , receives many economic migrants from nearby countries such as Armenia , the Republic of Moldova , Georgia , Iran , and Azerbaijan , but also from Central Asia .

neg: Egypt–Italy relations Egypt -- Italy relations refer to relations between Egypt and Italy . Relations were first established during the period of the Roman Republic , when the Ptolemaic Kingdom frequently interacted with Rome , culminating in the Roman annexation of Egypt in 30 BC . With the dissolution of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD and Egypt 's continuation as a province of the Eastern Roman Empire until the Islamic conquest in 642 AD , there were no independent states of Italy and Egypt , and as such no diplomatic relations . Cultural ties between Egypt and Italy distanced further over time with the Islamisation of Egypt and the strength of Catholicism in Italy . It would not be until Egypt 's official independence from the Ottomans in 1914 that relations with Italy would be reestablished . With the rise of Mussolini and fascism in Italy and the eventual Italian invasion of Egypt during World War II , relations became severely strained . However , after the war , relations were re-established and the countries now have a cordial relationship . Egypt has an embassy in both Rome and Milan , while Italy has an embassy in both Cairo and Alexandria . Egypt and Italy are both members of the Union for the Mediterranean .   Italy is Egypt 's largest trade partner in the European Union , and is the third largest internationally following the United States and China . Furthermore , Italy 's investments in Egypt are worth $ 2.6 billion , mostly concentrated in transport and banking services among other sectors , making it the fifth largest European investor in Egypt . By the end of 2014 , the volume of trade between the two countries reportedly reached $ 6 billion .   In April 2016 , diplomatic relations between the two countries were seriously strained when an Italian PhD student from the University of Cambridge was found brutally murdered in Cairo after he went missing in January of the same year . Subsequently , Italy withdrew its ambassador to Egypt for consultations in Rome regarding the criminal death of Giulio Regeni , who , at the time , conducted critical academic research on Egyptian labour rights and trade unions . Egyptian law enforcement then produced conflicting information on the fate of the Italian citizen , which was unacceptable to Italian investigators . As a result , the Italian press and foreign ministry pointed at the systematic human right violations in Egypt , and threatened with political sanctions unless police leadership and practices undergo significant revisions .

neg: Hellenization Hellenization or Hellenisation is the historical spread of ancient Greek culture and , to a lesser extent , language , over foreign peoples conquered by Greeks or brought into their sphere of influence , particularly during the Hellenistic period following the campaigns of Alexander the Great in the fourth century BC . The result of Hellenization was that elements of Greek origin combined in various forms and degrees with local elements ; these Greek influences spread from the Mediterranean basin as far east as modern-day Pakistan . In modern times , Hellenization has been associated with the adoption of modern Greek culture and the ethnic and cultural homogenization of Greece .

neg: Foreign policy A country 's foreign policy , also called foreign relations or foreign affairs - policy , consists of self-interest strategies chosen by the state to safeguard its national interests and to achieve goals within its international relations milieu . The approaches are strategically employed to interact with other countries . The study of such strategies is called foreign policy analysis . In recent times , due to the deepening level of globalization and transnational activities , the states will also have to interact with non-state actors . The aforementioned interaction is evaluated and monitored in attempts to maximize benefits of multilateral international cooperation . Since the national interests are paramount , foreign policies are designed by the government through high-level decision making processes . National interests accomplishment can occur as a result of peaceful cooperation with other nations , or through exploitation . Usually , creating foreign policy is the job of the head of government and the foreign minister ( or equivalent ) . In some countries the legislature also has considerable effects . Foreign policies of countries have varying rates of change and scopes of intent , which can be affected by factors that change the perceived national interests or even affect the stability of the country itself . The foreign policy of one country can have profound and lasting impact on many other countries and on the course of international relations as a whole , such as the Monroe Doctrine conflicting with the mercantilist policies of 19th-century European countries and the goals of independence of newly formed Central American and South American countries .

neg: Cuban migration to Miami Cuban immigration has greatly characterized modern Miami , creating what is known as `` Cuban Miami . '' However , Miami reflects global trends as well , such as the growing trends of multiculturalism and multiracialism ; this reflects the way in which international politics shape local communities .  Essentially , the coexistence of growth and internationalization within Miami has perpetuated an ethnically driven social polarization . The growing number of Cubans in Miami have remained loyal to their cultural norms , mores , customs , language , and religious affiliations . The transnational force of immigration defines Miami as a growing metropolis , and the 20th century Cuban influx has greatly affected Miami 's growth .   As of 2012 , there were 1.2 million Cubans in Greater Miami . As of that year , about 400,000 had arrived after 1980 .

neg: Ancient Egyptian race controversy The question of the race of ancient Egyptians was raised historically as a product of the early racial concepts of the 18th and 19th centuries , and was linked to models of racial hierarchy primarily based on craniometry , anthropometry and genetics . A variety of views circulated about the racial identity of the Egyptians and the source of their culture . These were typically identified in terms of a distinction between the Caucasoid and Negroid racial categories . Some scholars argued that ancient Egyptian culture was influenced by other Afroasiatic-speaking populations in Northeast Africa , the Maghreb or the Middle East , while others pointed to influences from various Nubian groups or populations in Europe .

neg: Tribute A tribute ( from Latin tributum , contribution ) is wealth , often in kind , that a party gives to another as a sign of respect or , as was often the case in historical contexts , of submission or allegiance . Various ancient states exacted tribute from the rulers of land which the state conquered or otherwise threatened to conquer . In case of alliances , lesser parties may pay tribute to more powerful parties as a sign of allegiance and often in order to finance projects that benefited both parties . To be called `` tribute '' a recognition by the payer of political submission to the payee is normally required ; the large sums , essentially protection money , paid by the later Roman and Byzantine Empires to barbarian peoples to prevent them attacking imperial territory , would not usually be termed `` tribute '' as the Empire accepted no inferior political position . Payments by a superior political entity to an inferior one , made for various purposes , are described by terms including `` subsidy '' .   The ancient Persian Achaemenid Empire is an example of an ancient ` tribute empire ; one that made relatively few demands on its non-Persian subjects other than the regular payment of tribute , which might be gold , luxury goods , animals , soldiers or slaves . However failure to keep up the payments had dire consequences . The reliefs at Persepolis show processions of figures bearing varied types of tribute .   The medieval Mongol rulers of Russia likewise only expected tribute from the Russian states , which continued to govern themselves . Athens received tribute from the other cities of the Delian League . The empires of Assyria , Babylon , Carthage and Rome exacted tribute from their provinces and subject kingdoms . Ancient China received tribute from various states such as Japan , Korea , Vietnam , Cambodia , Borneo , Indonesia , Sri Lanka , Nepal , Myanmar and Central Asia . The Aztec Empire is another example . The Roman republic exacted tribute in the form of payments equivalent to proportional property taxes , for the purpose of waging war .   Tribute empires contrast with those like the Roman Empire , which more closely controlled and garrisoned subject territories . A tributary state is one that preserves its political position and such independence as it has only by paying tribute .

neg: Syro-Lebanese in Egypt The Syro-Lebanese of Egypt ( شوام مصر , transliterated : Shawam Masr ) ( Syro-Libanais d'Egypte ) , also known as the Levantines of Egypt , are an ethnic minority group in Egypt . They are Egyptians who have ancestry originating from the Levant , mostly what is now Syria and Lebanon . The majority of Egypt 's historic Syro-Lebanese community is Christian ( Melkite Greek Catholic , Greek Orthodox , and Maronite Catholic ) , although some families were also Muslim ( Shia/Sunni ) and Jewish .   Since antiquity , there has always been a Levantine presence in Egypt , however , they started becoming a distinctive minority in Egypt around the early 18th century . The majority of Syro-Lebanese migrants who arrived in Egypt during this time were French-speaking and highly influenced by the European Culture . By the dawn of the 20th century , the Syro-Lebanese of Egypt were considered a powerful and cosmopolitan community that played an important role in both Egypt 's economy and culture .   Due to the rise in nationalism along with the loss of economic freedoms during the 1950s , most of Egypt 's Syro-Lebanese community left the country immigrating to the Americas , Europe , and Australia , as well as many returning to their native Lebanon ( especially Beirut ) and Syria . Notable descendants of Egypt 's Syro-Lebanese community include the world-renowned Egyptian actor Omar Sharif ( born Michel Chalhoub ) and Egyptian film director Youssef Chahine .

neg: Palermo Stone The Palermo Stone is one of seven surviving fragments of a stele known as the Royal Annals of the Old Kingdom of Ancient Egypt . The stele contained a list of the kings of Egypt from the First Dynasty ( ~ 3150 -- 2890 BCE ) through to the early part of the Fifth Dynasty ( approx 2392 -- 2283 BCE ) and noted significant events in each year of their reigns . It was probably made during the Fifth dynasty . The Palermo Stone is held in the Regional Archeological Museum Antonio Salinas in the city of Palermo , Italy , from which it derives its name .   The term `` Palermo Stone '' is sometimes applied to all seven surviving fragments of the Royal Annals , including those held in museums in Cairo and London . The fragments are also sometimes described collectively as the `` Cairo Annals Stone '' , although the term `` Cairo Stone '' is also used to mean only those fragments of the Royal Annals now in Cairo .   The Palermo Stone and other fragments of the Royal Annals preserve what is probably the oldest historical text that has survived from Ancient Egypt and form a key source for Egyptian history in the Old Kingdom .

neg: Edom Edom ( -LSB- ˈiːdəm -RSB- or -LSB- ˈiː.dʌm -RSB- ; Assyrian : Udumi ; Syriac : ܐܕܘܡ ) is a country located initially in Transjordan , between Ammon to the north , the Dead Sea and the Arabah to the west , and the Arabian desert to the south and east . Edom appears in written sources relating to the late Bronze Age and to the Iron Age in the Levant , such as the Hebrew Bible and Egyptian and Mesopotamian records . In classical antiquity the cognate name Idumea was used for a smaller area in the same general region .   Edom and Idumea are two related but distinct terms relating to a historically contiguous population , but two separate , if adjacent , territories occupied at different periods of their history by the Edomites/Idumeans . The Edomites first established a kingdom ( `` Edom '' ) in the southern area of modern Jordan , and later migrated into southern parts of the Kingdom of Judah ( `` Idumea '' , or modern southern Israel/Negev ) when Judah was first weakened , then destroyed by the Babylonians in the 6th century BC .   Edom is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible , but also in a list of the Egyptian pharaoh Seti I from c. 1215 BC , and in the chronicle of a campaign by Ramses III ( r. 1186 -- 1155 BC ) . The Edomites , who have been identified archaeologically , were a Semitic people who probably arrived in the region around the 14th century BC . Archaeological investigation showed that the country flourished between the 13th and 8th centuries BC , and was destroyed after a period of decline in the 6th century BC by the Babylonians . After the loss of the kingdom , the Edomites were pushed westward towards southern Judah by nomadic tribes coming from the east ; among these were the Nabateans , who first appear in the historical annals of the 4th century BC and already establish their own kingdom in what used to be Edom by the first half of the 2nd century BC . More recent excavations show that the process of Edomite settlement in the southern parts of the Kingdom of Judah and parts of the Negev desert down to Timna had started already before the destruction of the kingdom by Nebuchadnezzar II in 587/86 BCE , both by peaceful penetration and by military means , taking advantage of the already weakened state of Judah .   Once pushed out of their territory , the Edomites settled during the Persian period in an area comprising the southern hills of Judea down to the area north of Be'er Sheva . Here the people appear under the graecized form of their old name , as Idumeans or Idumaeans , and their new territory is called Idumea or Idumaea ( Greek : Ἰδουμαία , Idoumaía ; Latin : Idūmaea ) , a term used in New Testament times .


query: Lee Min-ho was in a China-produced film.

pos: Lee Min-ho (actor, born 1987) Lee Min-ho ( , born June 22 , 1987 ) is a South Korean actor and singer . He first gained widespread fame in Korea and parts of Asia with his role as Gu Jun-pyo in Boys Over Flowers in 2009 . The role won him a Best New Actor award at the 45th Baeksang Arts Awards . He is noted for his leading roles in City Hunter ( 2011 ) , The Heirs ( 2013 ) and The Legend of the Blue Sea ( 2016 ) . The success of Lee 's television dramas throughout Asia established him as a top Hallyu star . Lee starred in his first leading role in film with Gangnam Blues ( 2015 ) , followed by his first China-produced film Bounty Hunters ( 2016 ) .

neg: China Movie Channel (organisation) China Movie Channel is a trade name of what is literally translated as the `` Film Satellite Channel Programme Production Centre '' , an agency at the Chinese Government 's State Administration of Press , Publication , Radio , Film and Television .

neg: Haemoo Haemoo ( ; literally `` Sea Fog '' ) is a 2014 South Korean film directed by Shim Sung-bo . The film is adapted from the 2007 stage play of the same name , which in turn was based on the true story of 25 Korean-Chinese illegal immigrants who suffocated to death in the storage tank of the fishing vessel Taechangho ; their bodies were dumped by the ship 's crew into the sea southwest of Yeosu on October 7 , 2001 . There is likely a connection with the 2006 Scottish film `` True North '' which has an identical story line .   It was selected as the South Korean entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 87th Academy Awards and the 72nd Golden Globe Awards , but was not nominated .

neg: Forbidden City Cop Forbidden City Cop ( ; literal translation : `` Imperial Secret Agent 008 '' ) is a 1996 Hong Kong wuxia comedy film directed by Vincent Kok and Stephen Chow and starring Chow , Carina Lau , and Carman Lee .

neg: Golden Brother Golden Brother is a 2014 Hong Kong-Chinese romance comedy drama film directed by Shu Kai Chung . It was released in Hong Kong on September 18 and in China on December 24 .

neg: Hidden Track (film) Hidden Track is a film based in Hong Kong with a mixture of Mandarin and Cantonese speakers .

neg: Night of Adventure Night of Adventure ( Chinese : 疯狂72小时 ) is a 2014 Chinese comedy film directed by Li Jixian .

neg: Heart for Heaven Heart for Heaven is a 2015 Chinese comedy film directed by Zhang Cheng . It was released in China on December 31 , 2015 .

neg: Coming Home (2014 film) Coming Home ( , literally The Return ) is a 2014 Chinese historical drama film directed by Zhang Yimou and starring Chen Daoming and Gong Li . It was released in the US September 11 , 2015 and first shown to the public on the 20th May 2014 at the Cannes Film Festival .

neg: Guilty of Mind Guilty of Mind is an upcoming Chinese suspense crime film based on the novel of the same name by Lei Mi , starring Li Yifeng , Liao Fan and Wan Qian . The film will be released in China on August 11 , 2017 .

neg: The Glass Box The Glass Box ( Chinese : 玻璃箱 ) is a short fictional narrative drama produced in the Asian metropolis of Kaohsiung City , Taiwan . The film was directed and produced by Canadian independent filmmaker Matt Finlin . It was produced by Finlin under the name of ` Finkle Films ' with the support of Taiwanese production house Fe Hou Communications Limited , and was shot over a six-month period from 2007 to 2008 .

neg: The Day the Sun Turned Cold The Day the Sun Turned Cold ( , Tian guo ni zi ) is a 1994 Hong Kong drama film directed by Yim Ho . The film was selected as the Hong Kong entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 67th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .

neg: Lovers' Concerto (film) Lovers ' Concerto ( ; lit . `` Love Novel '' ) is a 2002 South Korean film directed by Lee Han . It is a romantic melodrama dealing with friendship , jealousy and the ties that bind .

neg: Lee Sung-min (actor) Lee Sung-min ( born December 4 , 1968 ) is a South Korean actor . He is best known for his supporting roles on television and film , notably his much-praised performances in Golden Time ( 2012 ) , Broken ( 2014 ) , and Misaeng ( 2014 ) .

neg: Black Magic (1975 film) Black Magic is a 1975 Hong Kong horror film directed by Ho Meng Hua and starring Ti Lung , Lo Lieh , Tanny Tien , Lily Li and Ku Feng . A sequel to the film was released in 1976 .

neg: A Chinese Tall Story A Chinese Tall Story is a 2005 Hong Kong fantasy adventure film written and directed by Jeffrey Lau . The story is loosely based on the novel Journey to the West .

neg: Old Mao's Second Spring Old Mao 's Second Spring is a 1984 Taiwanese drama film directed by You-ning Lee . The film was selected as the Taiwanese entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 57th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee . It won the Golden Horse Award for Best Feature Film in 1984 .

neg: Singapore Dreaming Singapore Dreaming is a 2006 film set in Singapore . The film follows the Loh family , a typical Singaporean working-class family , through their aspirations for a better life and the harsh reality that makes it difficult for them to fulfill these aspirations . The film is inspired by a 2000 essay , Paved with Good Intentions , that the writers of the film had written for the Singapore International Foundation . A concatenation of e-mails Singaporeans sent to writers Colin Goh and Woo Yen Yen on their life stories in relation to the Singaporean dream eventually led them to write , produce and direct Singapore Dreaming . The film stars Richard Low as Poh Huat , Alice Lim as Siew Luan , Serene Chen as Irene , Yeo Yann Yann as Mei , Lim Yu-Beng as CK and Dick Su as Seng .   The film was theatrically released on 7 September 2006 , and at one time ranked fifth on the Singapore box office . It won the Montblanc New Screenwriters Award at the 54th San Sebastián International Film Festival , and was the first Singaporean film to receive an IFFPA-recognised international feature film award . Owing to its nature as a Singapore-produced film , Singapore Dreaming received much attention from local viewers , film critics and public figures alike . It has received great praise from some local critics and public figures , most notably from S.R. Nathan , the President of Singapore .

neg: Evening Rain Evening Rain ( Chinese : 巴山夜雨 ) is a 1981 Chinese drama film which reflects the fight between Chinese people and the Gang of Four during the ten years of turmoil in China . It was directed by Wu Yonggang and Wu Yigong with Li Zhiyu , Zhang Yu , Lin Bin playing the leading roles . This movie won the first Golden Rooster Awards for Best Picture in 1981 , a prize it shared with Xie Jin 's Legend of Tianyun Mountain .

neg: Operation Chromite (film) Operation Chromite is a 2016 South Korean war drama film directed by John H. Lee and based on the real-life events of the Battle of Inchon , although it presents a fictionalised version of the historical CIA/US military intelligence operation `` Trudy Jackson '' , conducted before the actual landing operation . It was released on 27 July 2016 in South Korea .

neg: Palace (TV series) Palace , also known as Gong , Gong Suo Xin Yu , and Palace : The Locked Heart Jade , is a Chinese television series produced by Yu Zheng ; starring Yang Mi , Feng Shaofeng and Mickey He . The series was directed by Lee Wai-chu and starred cast members from mainland China , Taiwan and Hong Kong . The series was first broadcast on Hunan TV in China in 2011 . It is later followed by Palace 2 .


query: Lexmark is based in a country.

pos: Lexmark Lexmark International , Inc. is a Chinese-owned corporation based in the United States that manufactures laser printers and imaging products . The company is headquartered in Lexington , Kentucky .

neg: Libor The London Interbank Offered Rate is the average of interest rates estimated by each of the leading banks in London that it would be charged were it to borrow from other banks . It is usually abbreviated to Libor ( -LSB- ˈlaɪbɔr -RSB- ) or LIBOR , or more officially to ICE LIBOR ( for Intercontinental Exchange Libor ) . It was formerly known as BBA Libor ( for British Bankers ' Association Libor or the trademark bba libor ) before the responsibility for the administration was transferred to Intercontinental Exchange . It is the primary benchmark , along with the Euribor , for short-term interest rates around the world .   Libor rates are calculated for 5 currencies and 7 borrowing periods ranging from overnight to one year and are published each business day by Thomson Reuters . Many financial institutions , mortgage lenders and credit card agencies set their own rates relative to it . At least $ 350 trillion in derivatives and other financial products are tied to the Libor .   In June 2012 , multiple criminal settlements by Barclays Bank revealed significant fraud and collusion by member banks connected to the rate submissions , leading to the Libor scandal . The British Bankers ' Association said on 25 September 2012 that it would transfer oversight of LIBOR to UK regulators , as proposed by Financial Services Authority managing director Martin Wheatley 's independent review recommendations . Wheatley 's review recommended that banks submitting rates to LIBOR must base them on actual inter-bank deposit market transactions and keep records of those transactions , that individual banks ' LIBOR submissions be published after three months , and recommended criminal sanctions specifically for manipulation of benchmark interest rates . Financial institution customers may experience higher and more volatile borrowing and hedging costs after implementation of the recommended reforms . The UK government agreed to accept all of the Wheatley Review 's recommendations and press for legislation implementing them .   Significant reforms , in line with the Wheatley Review , came into effect in 2013 and a new administrator took over in early 2014 . The British government regulates Libor through criminal and regulatory laws passed by the Parliament . In particular , the Financial Services Act 2012 brings Libor under UK regulatory oversight and creates a criminal offence for knowingly or deliberately making false or misleading statements relating to benchmark-setting .

neg: Macmillan Publishers Macmillan Publishers Ltd ( occasionally known as the Macmillan Group ) is an international publishing company owned by Holtzbrinck Publishing Group . It has offices in 41 countries worldwide and operates in more than thirty others .

neg: Copyright law of the Netherlands According to the Dutch Copyright Law ( called Auteurswet ) , a Dutch copyright ( called auteursrecht ) is the exclusive right of the author of a work of literature , science or art , to publish and duplicate such work ( article 1 ) .   A copyright comes into existence by making the work . No formalities , such as copyright registration , are necessary to obtain a copyright . The duration of a copyright is 70 years after the death of the author ( article 37 ) .   The term `` work '' includes many materials , such as books , brochures , films , photographs , musical works , works of visual art and geographical maps ( article 10 ) . Further , the Dutch Supreme Court has ruled that to be considered a work , it should have its own , original character with the personal imprint of the author ( HR 4 January 1991 , NJ 1991 , 608 ( Van Dale/Romme ) ) .   The exclusive right to publish a work includes amongst others the publication of a copy of ( part of ) the work , the public recitation thereof and to rent or lend ( part of ) the work to public institutions ( article 12 ) . The exclusive right to duplicate a work includes amongst others the recording , the translation , the music arrangement and the adaptation for the screen of the work ( article 13 ) .

neg: Access to Medicine Index The Access to Medicine Index is an independent initiative that ranks the world 's 20 largest research-based pharmaceutical companies according to their efforts to improve access to medicine in 107 low - to middle-income countries . The Index assesses how companies are making their products more available , affordable , accessible and acceptable to patients in need . By comparing companies to one another , the Index aims to stimulate pharmaceutical companies to play a bigger part in addressing the challenges of access to medicine in developing countries and to offer them insight into the activities of their peers . Furthermore , the Access to Medicine Index seeks to create a platform for stakeholders from the pharmaceutical industry , governments , investors , civil society , patient organisations and academia to gather and form a common view of how these pharmaceutical companies can make further progress .   The Access to Medicine Index is published every two years by the Access to Medicine Foundation , an international not-for-profit organisation dedicated to improving access to medicine for people in need . The organisation is based in Haarlem , The Netherlands and receives financial support from donors such as the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation , the UK Department for International Development ( DFID ) and the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs .

neg: List of companies of Austria Austria is a federal republic and a landlocked country of over 8.7 million people in Central Europe . It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north , Hungary and Slovakia to the east , Slovenia and Italy to the south , and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west . The territory of Austria covers 83879 km2 .   Austria is the 12th richest country in the world in terms of GDP ( Gross domestic product ) per capita , has a well-developed social market economy , and a high standard of living . Until the 1980s , many of Austria 's largest industry firms were nationalised ; in recent years , however , privatisation has reduced state holdings to a level comparable to other European economies . Labour movements are particularly strong in Austria and have large influence on labour politics . Next to a highly developed industry , international tourism is the most important part of the national economy .   For further information on the types of business entities in this country and their abbreviations , see `` Business entities in Austria '' .

neg: Lenta (retail) Lenta is one of the largest retail chains in Russia and the country 's second largest hypermarket chain . The company was founded in 1993 in St. Petersburg .  Founded by Oleg Zherebtsov , Lenta opened its first `` Cash & Carry '' store in St. Petersburg , Russia , in October 1993 . Lenta then registered its trademark in 1994 . And , by 1999 , it opened its first big-box hypermarket format and has expanded ever since . Now Lenta operates 122 hypermarkets in 63 cities across Russia and 27 supermarkets in the Moscow region with a total of approximately 787,807 sq. m. of selling space . The average Lenta hypermarket store has selling space of 6,200 sq m . The company operates five distribution centres for hypermarkets . The company 's stores base themselves on price-led hypermarkets and supermarket scheme . Lenta employs around 35,100 people .   Lenta 's largest shareholders include TPG Capital , the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development and VTB Capital . Global Depository Receipts ( GDRs ) of Lenta Ltd. are listed on the London Stock Exchange and on the Moscow Exchange .   The parent company of the chain -- Lenta LLC -- 100 % belongs to Lenta LTD , that registered in British Virgin Islands . 41,3 % of shares belong to investment - TPG Capital and `` VTB Capital '' ( 35,5 % and 4 % respectively ) , 15,3 % -- belongs to EBRD , minor shareholders share the rest .  CEO of the chain -- Jan Dunning .

neg: MarkMonitor MarkMonitor Inc. is an American software company founded in 1999 . It develops software intended to protect corporate brands from Internet counterfeiting , fraud , piracy , and cybersquatting . It also develops and publishes reports on the prevalence of brand abuse on the Internet . MarkMonitor acquired AllDomains in 2001 and DtecNet in 2010 . MarkMonitor was then purchased by Thomson Reuters in 2012 . In 2016 , the IP division of Reuters , including MarkMonitor was sold to two venture capital companies , under the new parent company `` Clarivate Analytics '' .

neg: Chartered mark In the USA , a chartered mark is a trademark or service mark which is given special statutory protection separate from the usual registration of trade marks and service marks . A chartered mark , in effect , is a type of trademark/servicemark in which the organization is granted the mark `` by charter '' , i.e. by express grant of the legislature . When an organization is granted a chartered mark , no one else may use the same mark at all for any purpose . ( There are possible exceptions for organizations using the same or a similar mark before it was chartered . )   Examples of chartered marks in the United States include FDIC for the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ; Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts for the Boy Scouts of America and the Girl Scouts of the USA , respectively ; and Olympic for the United States Olympic Committee .   Category : Trademark law

neg: Lexus ES The Lexus ES ( Japanese : レクサス ・ ES , Rekusasu ES ) is a series of compact , then mid-size , and later executive car sold by Lexus since 1989 . Six generations of the sedan have been introduced to date , each offering V6 engines and the front-engine , front-wheel-drive layout . The first five generations of the ES were built on the Toyota Camry platform , with the sixth generation more closely related to the Avalon . Manual transmissions were offered until 1993 , a lower-displacement inline-four engine became an option in Asian markets in 2010 , and a gasoline-electric hybrid version was introduced in 2012 . The ES was Lexus ' only front-wheel drive vehicle until 1998 , when the related Lexus RX was introduced , and the sedan occupied the entry-level luxury car segment of the Lexus lineup in North America and other regions until the debut of the Lexus IS in 1999 . The ES name stands for `` Executive Sedan '' . However , some Lexus importers use the backronymic name , `` Elegant Sedan '' .   Introduced in 1989 , the first-generation ES 250 was one of two vehicles in Lexus ' debut lineup , the other being the flagship LS 400 . The second-generation ES 300 debuted in 1991 , followed by the third-generation ES 300 in 1996 , and the fourth-generation ES 300/330 in 2001 . The first - through fourth-generation sedans shared body styling elements with Japan-market Toyota sedans , and a domestic market equivalent , the Toyota Windom , was sold until the launch of the fifth-generation ES in 2006 . The word `` Windom '' is a combination of `` win '' and the suffix `` dom '' expresses a state of perpetual victory . The fifth-generation ES , featuring Lexus ' own L-finesse body styling , debuted in early 2006 as a 2007 model . The sixth-generation ES debuted in the first half of 2012 as a 2013 model , and features increased cabin dimensions due to a longer wheelbase which is shared with the full-size Toyota Avalon .   Lexus has positioned the ES in the comfort luxury segment , with an emphasis on interior amenities , quietness , and ride quality , in contrast with more firm-riding sport sedans . Buyers seeking more performance-focused models are targeted by the Lexus IS and rival makes , with such models offering a sportier drive with differently tuned suspensions . In Europe , Japan , and other markets where it is not available , the Lexus GS sport sedans occupy the mid-size category in the Lexus lineup . In the United States , the Lexus ES has been the best-selling Lexus sedan for over fifteen years .  __ TOC __

neg: Drug prohibition law Drug prohibition law is prohibition-based law by which governments prohibit , except under licence , the production , supply , and possession of many , but not all , substances which are recognized as drugs , and which corresponds to international treaty commitments in the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 1961 , the Convention on Psychotropic Substances 1971 , and the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances 1988 .   When produced , supplied or possessed under licence , otherwise prohibited drugs are known as controlled drugs . The aforementioned legislation is the cultural institution and social fact that de facto divides world drug trade as illegal vs legal , according to geopolitical issues . The United Nations has its own drug control programme , as part of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime ( UNODC ) , which was formerly called the United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention ( ODCCP ) , and the Commission on Narcotic Drugs is the central drug policy-making body within the United Nations system .   The International Narcotics Control Board ( INCB ) is an independent and quasi-judicial control organ for the implementation of the United Nations drug control conventions . It is important to note that there are several different sets of `` schedules '' , or lists , of controlled drugs . One is the INCB schedules ( four schedules numbered I-IV ) , while another is the United States ' Controlled Substances Act schedules of controlled substances ( five schedules , numbered I-V ) . Other countries also have different classifications and numbers of lists , such as those of the United Kingdom and Canada .

neg: LatinFinance LatinFinance ( written as single word , with an upper-case L and F ) is a provider of financial markets intelligence on Latin America and the Caribbean . It publishes a magazine LatinFinance and an early morning daily news alert , the LatinFinance Daily Brief , and runs a data intensive web-site and a series of networking events comprising discursive conferences and educational seminars . LatinFinance also organizes private round-tables focused on narrower more specialist topics , meetings with senior members of the governments of Latin America or the Caribbean , and capital introduction events for issuers from the region and investors in inter alia New York , Boston , London , Zurich , Abu Dhabi , Hong Kong , Mumbai and Beijing .   Founded in 1988 and published from New York and Miami , with a network of correspondents across Latin America and the Caribbean , LatinFinance has covered banking and capital markets in the region for over 25 years . It is primarily focused on debt , equity , structured finance , syndicated lending and multilateral financing , and on the practical application of these products in finance and/or investment by sovereign , sub-sovereign , financial and corporate issuers and portfolio , private equity and hedge fund investors . It also covers secondary trading , tracks people-moves within the financial markets of Latin America and the Caribbean , explores legal issues impacting those markets , and examines the business of banking and the role of banking technology within the region .

neg: Legality of cannabis The legality of cannabis varies from country to country . Possession of cannabis is illegal in most countries and has been since the beginning of widespread cannabis prohibition in the late 1930s . However , possession of the plant in small quantities has been decriminalized in many countries and sub-national entities in several parts of the world . For example , cannabis in Canada will be legal for recreational use if legislation is passed in spring 2017 . On 10 December 2013 , Uruguay became the first country in the world to legalize the sale , cultivation , and distribution of cannabis . Open sales are `` illegal , but not punishable '' , at `` coffeeshops '' in the Netherlands if certain rules are followed . In the United States , federal law prohibits possession or sale of marijuana for any purpose , but the Obama Administration refrained from prosecuting users and dealers operating in compliance with state ( see Legality of cannabis by U.S. jurisdiction ) , territory , and Indian reservation laws which permit medical or recreational marijuana .   The medicinal use of cannabis is legal in a number of countries , including Canada , the Czech Republic and Israel . Medical cannabis in the United States is legal in 29 states as of December 2016 .   Some countries have laws which are not as vigorously prosecuted as others , but apart from the countries which offer access to medical marijuana , most countries have penalties ranging from lenient to very severe . Some infractions are taken more seriously in some countries than others in regard to the cultivation , use , possession or transfer of cannabis for recreational use . A few jurisdictions have lessened penalties for possession of small quantities of cannabis , making it punishable by confiscation and a fine , rather than imprisonment . Some jurisdictions/drug courts use mandatory treatment programs for young or frequent users , with freedom from narcotic drugs as the goal and a few jurisdictions permit cannabis use for medicinal purposes . Routine drug tests to detect cannabis are most common in the United States , and have resulted in jail sentences and loss of employment even for medical use . In most European countries , privacy and labor laws prevent such testing for job applicants . Simple possession can carry long jail sentences in some countries , particularly in parts of East Asia and Southeast Asia , where the sale of cannabis may lead to life imprisonment or execution .

neg: Benchmark Email Benchmark Email is an international internet-based service provider of email marketing to business clients based in Los Alamitos , CA . The company was founded by Curt and Denise Keller in 2004 .   Benchmark Email provides service in creating , sending , and tracking HTML-based emails . The company offers various free and paid editions . In overall quality of services , the company was rated second only to iContact by TopTenReviews and is a member of Returnpath.net , and the Email Sender & Provider Coalition industry consortiums .   Expansion into international markets has been pursued by the company , translating the software from English into Spanish , French , German , Chinese , Japanese , Portuguese , and Italian and establishing offices in the Philippines , Japan , China , India , Spain , Taiwan and Italy among several other countries . Recently , the website was also launched in French .

neg: Shire (pharmaceutical company) Shire Plc is a Jersey-registered , Irish-headquartered global specialty biopharmaceutical company . Originating in the United Kingdom with an operational base in the United States , its brands and products include Vyvanse , Lialda , and Adderall XR . Shire has its primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index . Shire has a secondary listing on NASDAQ .   Shire is a global biotechnology company focused on serving people with rare diseases and other highly specialized conditions . The company 's products are available in more than 100 countries across core therapeutic areas including Hematology , Immunology , Neuroscience , Lysosomal Storage Disorders , Gastrointestinal / Internal Medicine / Endocrine and Hereditary Angioedema ; a growing franchise in Oncology ; and an emerging , innovative pipeline in Ophthalmics .   The original corporate headquarters was located in Basingstoke , Hampshire , England . Main offices are located in Dublin , Ireland , the United States in Cambridge , Massachusetts and Chicago , Illinois and in Zug , Switzerland . In addition , Shire owns a manufacturing site in Lexington , Massachusetts and building a new manufacturing facility in Dublin , Ireland . It announced in November 2013 that it would be further reducing its presence in the UK .

neg: Securitas Direct Securitas Direct is a security company based in Malmö , Sweden and active in 14 countries in Europe and South America . It was listed at Nasdaq OMX Stockholm in 2006 , when it was distributed to the shareholders of Securitas AB . In 2008 , the company was bought by ESML Intressenter AB and delisted . In 2011 , ESML sells Securitas Direct to Bain Capital and Hellman & Friedman .   Verisure is the new name of Securitas Direct 's consumer branch and the company name in 14 countries - Spain , Sweden , Norway , Finland , Denmark , Belgium , Holland , France , Portugal , Italy , Brazil , Chile , Peru and the United Kingdom .   In the remaining countries the company name is Securitas Direct but will eventually change to Verisure . The Swedish unit addressing the business segment holds the name Securitas Direct and will not change to Verisure .   In a judgement from April 2015 the district court of Amsterdam , The Netherlands , ruled that the direct canvassing ( doorstep selling directly to consumers ) , with alarm systems and associated multiyear PAC subscriptions , one of the primary commercial practices of Verisure ( Securitas Direct ) , is unlawful towards consumers .

neg: Legal expenses insurance Legal expenses insurance ( LEI ) , also known as legal protection insurance ( LPI ) or simply legal insurance , is a type of insurance which covers policyholders against the potential costs of legal action brought by or against the policyholder . The concept originated around 1911 as a result of a fatal crash at the famous Le Mans race during which some spectators lost their lives and others were severely injured . When the victims or their families claimed damages from the insurers of the organizers , their claims were repudiated . They then all contributed to a pool which was used to fund collective action against the insurers . They were successful . This gave rise to the first LEI policy being developed in France . Not long after that , a motoring club in Germany called the `` Deutsche Automobil Sportiff '' ( DAS ) increased membership contributions to create a similar pool to pay for the defence of its members charged with traffic related offences . Members of the general public then enquired about joining the scheme . That is when the idea of an insurance available to the general public became firmly established . At present , the DAS of Germany is still the largest legal expenses insurer in the world . It is estimated that they write approximately 50 % of LEI business worldwide . Then follows ARAG , also a German insurer . It is estimated that they write approximately 30 % of global business .   A conflict of interest presents itself if LEI is offered by an insurer that also offers other forms of insurance . As a result , most LEI providers are specialists offering LEI only . Internationally , LEI is represented by a non-profit association called The International Association of Legal Protection Insurers ( RIAD ) www.riad-online.net . It operates independently of the general insurance industry . A listing of its members can be found on their website .   There are two main forms of LEI , before-the-event and after-the-event ( `` the event '' being that event which triggers legal action ) . `` After-the-event '' legal expenses insurance is a misnomer , since insurance technically , can only indemnify against future unforeseen events . Most legal insurance plans are before-the-event , and `` after the event '' is not common and found mainly in the United Kingdom , where it is an insignificant percentage of total LEI business . The majority of LEI business worldwide , is conducted in Europe ( Germany and France in particular ) . In the United States , the general idea of financial assistance with litigation is most often called pre-paid legal services ( PPL or PPLS ) . The reason for this is that many plans are not insurance based . Some are offered by trade unions as a free benefit of union membership . Others are non-profit clubs set up by groups with a common interest , like University students . Some forms of insurance such as professional liability insurance , medical malpractice insurance , Professional liability insurance , errors and omissions insurance for consultants , agents and brokers of various sorts , and directors and officers liability insurance for principals and supervisory officers of corporations and other organisations , are often marketed under the banner of LEI , but they are in fact liability insurances , a small component of which is to cover the legal expenses of a liability suit . In reality , the insurer is funding the defense of litigation against itself . If it were to fail in doing so , there is a risk that their insured might be held liable for damages that they would be liable to pay under the liability insurance . They are therefore merely protecting their own interests by funding the defence .

neg: L'Oréal L'Oréal S.A. is a French cosmetics company headquartered in Clichy , Hauts-de-Seine with a registered office in Paris . It is the world 's largest cosmetics company and has developed activities in the field of cosmetics , concentrating on hair colour , skin care , sun protection , make-up , perfume and hair care ; the company is active in dermatology , toxicology , tissue engineering , and biopharmaceutical research fields and is the top nanotechnology patent-holder in the United States . The company is a component of Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index .

neg: Roman-Dutch law Roman-Dutch law ( Dutch : Rooms-Hollands recht , Afrikaans : Romeins-Hollandse reg ) is an uncodified , scholarship-driven , judge-made legal system based on Roman law as applied in the Netherlands in the 17th and 18th centuries . As such , it is a variety of the European continental civil law or ius commune . While Roman-Dutch law was superseded by Napoleonic codal law in the Netherlands proper as early as the beginning of the 19th century , Roman-Dutch law is still applied by the courts of South Africa ( and its neighbours Lesotho , Swaziland , Namibia , Botswana and Zimbabwe ) , Guyana , Indonesia , East Timor , and Sri Lanka . It was largely drawn upon by Scots law . It also had some minor impact on the laws of the American state of New York , especially in introducing the office of Prosecutor ( schout-fiscaal ) .

neg: Uber (company) Infobox company  | name = Uber Technologies Inc. .  | logo = Uber logo.svg  | type = Privately held company  | founders =  | hq_location = San Francisco , California  | area_served = Worldwide , 570 cities  | key_people =   Uber Technologies Inc. is a transportation network company headquartered in San Francisco , California , United States , operating in 570 cities worldwide . It develops , markets and operates the Uber car transportation and food delivery mobile apps . Uber drivers use their own cars , although drivers can rent a car to drive with Uber .   The name `` Uber '' is a reference to the common ( and somewhat slangy ) word `` uber '' , meaning `` topmost '' or `` super '' , and having its origins in the German word über , meaning `` above '' .   Uber has been a pioneer in the sharing economy and the changes in industries as a result of the sharing economy have been referred to as `` Uberification '' or `` Uberisation '' . Uber has also been the subject of protests and legal actions .

neg: .lv . lv is the Internet country code top-level domain ( ccTLD ) for Latvia .   Registration is permitted at the second level , and this is the form of registration currently encouraged by the registry ; however , registrations are also accepted at the third level beneath a number of subdomains :   . com.lv - commercial entities  . edu.lv - educational institutions  . gov.lv - government and semi-government entities .  . org.lv - various forms of affiliation groups  . mil.lv - defense entities of Latvia  . id.lv - individuals  . net.lv - network infrastructure providers  . asn.lv - associations  . conf.lv - conferences and exhibitions requiring short duration Internet connectivity   Registration is open to foreigners , though the dispute policy says that precedence is generally given to domestic users . There does not appear to be much non-Latvian use of this TLD ; exceptions include a few sites apparently using it to suggest Las Vegas -- much as . la is used for Los Angeles -- or `` love '' -- as in `` my.lv , '' `` we.lv , '' or `` true.lv '' -- but these types of usage are not widespread .   The gambling site Bovada , formerly known as Bodog , moved to an . lv domain after the United States Department of Homeland Security confiscated its former domain , bodog.com , in 2012 .   Internationalized domain names may also be registered ( see details ) .