query: Mike Portnoy replaced Mike Mangini.

pos: Mike Portnoy Michael Stephen `` Mike '' Portnoy ( born April 20 , 1967 ) is an American drummer primarily known as the former drummer , backing vocalist , and a co-founder of the progressive metal/rock band Dream Theater . Known for his technical skill as a drummer , Portnoy has won 30 awards from the Modern Drummer magazine . He co-produced six Dream Theater albums with guitarist John Petrucci , starting from Metropolis Pt . 2 : Scenes from a Memory through Black Clouds and Silver Linings . From A Change of Seasons onwards , Portnoy had been writing a significant amount of Dream Theater 's lyrics . He is the second youngest person ( after Neil Peart ) to be inducted into the Modern Drummer 's Hall of Fame , at 37 years of age .   Besides his work with Dream Theater , Portnoy is known for his many side projects and tribute bands . He is a founding member of Liquid Tension Experiment , an instrumental progressive rock band featuring fellow Dream Theater members John Petrucci and Jordan Rudess along with bassist Tony Levin . He is also a founding member of Transatlantic , a progressive rock `` super-group '' featuring former Spock 's Beard keyboardist/vocalist Neal Morse , Flower Kings guitarist Roine Stolt and Marillion bassist Pete Trewavas . Portnoy has also recorded and/or toured/performed live with Neal Morse , OSI , Hail ! , Stone Sour , Fates Warning , Overkill , G3 and played on Avenged Sevenfold 's album Nightmare in place of their late drummer , The Rev. Over the years , Portnoy has also created tribute bands to The Beatles , Led Zeppelin , Rush , and The Who , which has allowed him to perform the music of his four favorite drummers .   In September 2010 , Portnoy announced his departure from Dream Theater after 25 years . He was replaced by Mike Mangini . Since leaving Dream Theater , Portnoy has formed several new bands . The first , Adrenaline Mob , a traditional heavy metal/hard rock band with singer Russell Allen ( of Symphony X ) and guitarist Mike Orlando . On June 4 , 2013 , however , Portnoy announced his departure from Adrenaline Mob , citing scheduling conflicts . He is also a founding member of Flying Colors , a progressive pop band also featuring Steve Morse , Neal Morse , Dave LaRue , and Casey McPherson ; and The Winery Dogs , a power trio also featuring bassist Billy Sheehan ( Mr. Big ) and guitarist Richie Kotzen ( formerly of Mr. Big and Poison ) .

neg: Mike Hall (rugby union) Mike Hall ( born 13 October 1965 , in Bridgend ) , is a former Welsh rugby union international , now property developer and part-time rugby pundit .   Just before graduating from University of Cambridge , Hall commenced his international career on 28 May 1988 against New Zealand in Christchurch aged 22 . He made his final appearance on 4 June 1995 in the 24-23 loss against Ireland in Johannesburg in the 1995 Rugby World Cup , where he was captain of the side . In 1989 Hall toured Australia with the British Lions and appeared at centre in the first Test .   On graduation , Hall had joined Cardiff based commercial property surveyors Cooke & Arkwright , and qualified as a surveyor in 1991 . He left to start his own company Steepholm Property Advisors in 1994 . In 2003 , he became a director of PMG Developments plc , and in 2006 became involved in the development of a new stadium for Cardiff City F.C. .   Hall had a position with the BBC as a rugby pundit on both the Welsh focused Scrum V , as well at international rugby events , but quit due to business commitments at the end of the 2004/5 season .   In October 2007 Hall left his position on the Cardiff City board after receiving legal advice which informed him that should the club lose its upcoming courtcase he would be put in an awkward position due to his position at PMG Management , another of the clubs major creditiors .   On 3 June 2011 , Hall re-joined the Cardiff City board after PMG had reached an agreement to turn some of the debt owed by Cardiff City into shares . He would also work with the new Malaysian investors to investigate Sam Hammam 's business dealings as the Cardiff City manager .

neg: The Baseball Network The Baseball Network was a short-lived television broadcasting joint venture between ABC , NBC and Major League Baseball . Under the arrangement , beginning in the 1994 season , the league produced its own in-house telecasts of games , which were then brokered to air on ABC and NBC . This was perhaps most evident by the copyright beds shown at the end of the telecasts , which stated `` The proceeding program has been paid for by the office of The Commissioner of Baseball '' . The Baseball Network was the first television network in the United States to be owned by a professional sports league .   The package included coverage of games in primetime on selected nights throughout the regular season ( under the branding Baseball Night in America ) , along with coverage of the postseason and the World Series . Unlike previous broadcasting arrangements with the league , there was no national `` game of the week '' during the regular season ; these would be replaced by multiple weekly regional telecasts on certain nights of the week . Additionally , The Baseball Network had exclusive coverage windows ; no other broadcaster could televise MLB games during the same night that The Baseball Network was televising games .   The arrangement did not last long ; due to the effects of a players ' strike on the remainder of the 1994 season , and poor reception from fans and critics over how the coverage was implemented , The Baseball Network would be disbanded after the 1995 season . While NBC would maintain rights to certain games , the growing Fox network became the league 's new national broadcast partner beginning in 1996 , with its then-parent company News Corporation eventually purchasing the Los Angeles Dodgers .

neg: Draft (sports) A draft is a process used in some countries and sports to allocate certain players to teams . In a draft , teams take turns selecting from a pool of eligible players . When a team selects a player , the team receives exclusive rights to sign that player to a contract , and no other team in the league may sign the player .   The best-known type of draft is the entry draft , which is used to allocate players who have recently become eligible to play in a league . Depending on the sport , the players may come from college , high school or junior teams or teams in other countries .   An entry draft is intended to prevent expensive bidding wars for young talent and to ensure that no one team can sign contracts with all of the best young players and make the league uncompetitive . To encourage parity , teams that do poorly in the previous season usually get to choose first in the postseason draft , sometimes with a `` lottery '' factor to discourage teams from deliberately losing .   Other types of drafts include the expansion draft , in which a new team selects players from other teams in the league ; and the dispersal draft , in which a league 's surviving teams select players from the roster of a newly defunct franchise .   Drafts are usually permitted under anti-trust or restraint of trade laws because they are included in collective bargaining agreements between leagues and labor unions representing players . These agreements generally stipulate that after a certain number of seasons , a player whose contract has expired becomes a free agent and can sign with any team . They also require minimum and sometimes maximum salaries for newly drafted players .   National Football League President Joseph Carr instituted a draft in 1935 as a way to restrain teams ' payrolls and reduce the dominance of the league 's perennial contenders . It was adopted by the precursor of the National Basketball Association in 1947 ; by the National Hockey League in 1963 ; and by Major League Baseball in 1965 , although draft systems had been used in baseball since the 19th century .   Drafts are uncommon outside the U.S. and Canada , and most professional football clubs obtain young players through transfers from smaller clubs or by developing youth players through their own academies . The youth system is operated directly by the teams themselves , who develop their players from childhood . Parity in these leagues is instead maintained through promotion and relegation , which automatically expels the weakest teams from a league in exchange for the strongest teams in the next lower league . The result is a drastically different endgame for poor teams : a North American sports team may see the opportunity to get better through the draft after a poor season , but a European club will instead be relegated down to a league with less money and prestige , potentially exacerbating the problems .

neg: Mike Barnett (ice hockey) Michael G. Barnett ( born October 9 , 1948 in Olds , Alberta ) is a Canadian ice hockey executive currently serving as Senior Advisor to the President-General Manager of the New York Rangers . He is best known in the world of hockey as a former agent representing sports icon Wayne Gretzky for two decades . He was listed among the `` 100 Most Powerful People In Sports '' by The Sporting News on six occasions from 1994 to 2000 . During his 12 years as President of International Management Group 's hockey division , Barnett represented a who 's who of the National Hockey League . Barnett negotiated the playing and marketing contracts for Wayne Gretzky , Brett Hull , Jaromir Jagr , Sergei Fedorov , Paul Coffey , Joe Thornton , Mats Sundin , Lanny McDonald , Grant Fuhr , Marty McSorley , Alexander Mogilny , Owen Nolan , Daniel Sedin and Henrik Sedin and numerous others . Whatever the form of contract , Barnett 's creativity was legendary . His ingenuity in finding language that challenged the NHL 's Collective Bargaining Agreement , in finding products and companies for his clients that were groundbreaking in their launches , and his perpetual attention to the public relations of his clients , were all hallmark 's of his career in athlete representation . Following his two-decades as one of the most highly regarded agents in all of sports , Barnett went on to become the General Manager of the Phoenix Coyotes in the National Hockey League .

neg: Portnoy (comics) Portnoy is a character in Berke Breathed 's comic strip Bloom County . Portnoy was one of the critters that could talk , and was often surly mouthed and bigoted , usually leading Hodge-Podge , his best friend , to have to cover his mouth . When Bill the Cat became a televangelist denouncing `` penguin lust '' , Portnoy helped run Opus the penguin out of town . The character was named for Portnoy 's Complaint , a novel about sexual frustration .   Portnoy changed physically over the years ; sometimes into an entirely different animal . It was initially unknown what species he was ; sometimes a squirrel , an opossum , or a gopher . Finally he was revealed as a groundhog , which he had hidden because Hodge did n't associate with `` pigs '' . Eventually the two made up .   Portnoy and Hodge enjoy human-like entertainment , such as strip bars and playing jokes on others ( Portnoy once pretended to be stuffed ) .   Category : Bloom County characters  Category : Fictional gophers  Category : Comics characters introduced in 1981

neg: Michael Musmanno Michael Angelo Musmanno ( April 7 , 1897 -- October 12 , 1968 ) was an American jurist , politician , and naval officer . Coming from an immigrant family , he started to work as a coal loader at the age 14 . After obtaining a law degree from Georgetown University , for nearly two decades from the early 1930s , he served as a judge in courts of Allegheny County , Pennsylvania . Entering the United States Navy during World War II , he served in the military justice system . After the war in 1946 he served as a governor of an occupied district in Italy . Beginning in 1947 , he served as a presiding judge for the Einsatzgruppen Trial in US military court at Nuremberg .   In 1951 he was elected as a justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania , where he served until his death in 1968 . He set a record for the number of dissenting opinions filed . In addition to his long judicial career and postwar contributions in Europe , he wrote sixteen books and many articles related to his court cases and professional career . In his writing he expressed sympathy for working men and deep interest in the Italians in the United States .   Viewed as a `` maverick on the court '' , Musmanno was known for defending Sacco-Vanzetti , as well for anti-Communism and support for civil rights . At the time of his death he was regarded as `` one of Pennsylvania 's most respected and colorful figures '' .

neg: Dick Young (sportswriter) Dick Young ( October 17 , 1917 -- August 30 , 1987 ) was a sportswriter best known for his direct and abrasive style , and his 45-year association with the New York Daily News . He was elected to the writers ' wing of the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1978 , and was a former president of the Baseball Writers ' Association of America .   Young was the first sportswriter to treat the clubhouse as a central and necessary part of the sports `` beat '' , and his success at ferreting out scoops and insights from within the previously private sanctum of the team was influential and often imitated . The Boston Globe '' 's Bob Ryan said of Young , `` He 's the guy that broke ground , the guy who went into the locker room , and that changed everything . '' A self-professed Republican , Young sided frequently with owners of professional sports teams engaging in public contractual debates with players , most notoriously in 1977 when he described Mets ace pitcher Tom Seaver , a three-time Cy Young Award winner , as `` a pouting , griping , morale-breaking clubhouse lawyer . '' < Schoor , Gene . Seaver . Chicago : Contemporary Books Inc. , 1986 : 238 >   In 2000 , Ira Berkow chose Young as one of the seven sportswriters who 'd made the greatest impact on their profession , along with Red Smith , Grantland Rice , Ring Lardner , Damon Runyon , Jimmy Cannon , and Jim Murray . According to Jack Ziegler in the Dictionary of Literary Biography , Young was a `` key transitional figure '' between the `` gentlemanly '' sports reporting of old-time writers like Grantland Rice and Arthur Daley .   Upon his death , The New York Times described Young 's prose style : `` With all the subtlety of a knee in the groin , Dick Young made people gasp ... He could be vicious , ignorant , trivial and callous , but for many years he was the epitome of the brash , unyielding yet sentimental Damon Runyon sportswriter . '' Esquire Magazine called Young 's writing `` coarse and simpleminded , like a cave painting . But it is superbly crafted . '' Ross Wetzsteon wrote that Young had `` singlehandedly replaced the pompous poetry of the press box with the cynical poetry of the streets . '' In his book The Boys of Summer '' , Roger Kahn called Young `` spiky , self-educated , and New York . '' Characteristically , Young described his approach to sportswriting simply : `` Tell people what 's going on , and what you think is going on . Bread-and-butter stuff , meat-and-potato stuff . ''

neg: MET call The MET call ( Medical Emergency Team ) was designed at the Liverpool Hospital , Sydney , Australia in 1990 and has continued to develop and spread around the Western world as part of a Rapid Response System . The MET call is a hospital based system , designed for a nurse ( or other staff member ) to alert and call other staff for help when a patients vital signs have fallen outside set criteria . These criteria were designed around studies suggesting that certain vital sign ranges and symptoms occur before poor patient conditions which may lead to death ( For example , Chest pain , a raise in heart rate and an elevated blood pressure may indicate the patient may be about to have a heart attack ) . In the original model , the criteria also include `` and any patient you are seriously worried about '' , although this is not included in all hospitals despite some observational trials showing it is the most commonly used calling criteria in hospitals that use it .   MET calls may be triggered using vitals sign charts where patient observations breach certain parameters that represent severe deterioration . Triggers may relate to single parameter breaches ( such as an extremely low blood pressure or a very fast heart rate ) , or from a combination of less severe abnormal vital signs that are cumulatively scored to identify a patient at high risk . Such systems are called MEWS or modified early warning score systems . Vital sign charts are often color-coded to aid both the calculation of MEWS and those patient that need a MET call .   The MET call is generally made by a phone call ( e.g. to `` switch '' ) . On the ward it may be via an emergency button on the wall , which sounds a siren , and in some hospitals , a red light will begin flashing outside the patients room . Most staff are encouraged to attend and help as required .   Interventions and tests that the MET call may include : Oxygen ( via a mask ) , Blood glucose levels , CPAP ( Continuous positive airway pressure ) , X-ray , ECG , Vital signs , documentation and Spirometry .   Two to three trained professionals arrive at the room of the Emergency , and will work together with staff to assist the patient , as well as doctors , nurses and anyone who is able to help . Jobs are allocated including someone to record the nature of emergency and what they are doing to fix the problem .  Some patients may be transferred to ICU post MET .   Implementation of the MET system has been controversial . It generally requires ICU medical and nursing staff to move beyond their traditional boundaries of control . It implies extra work , although arguably reduces the workload of patients arriving in ICU . Studies such as the MERIT study have been inconclusive and a source of ongoing controversy . Apart from clinical care implications , the MET system represents a political change within the hospital hierarchy , as it empowers nurses on the ward to summon help from senior critical care medical staff , rather than the traditional route of moving up the medical hierarchy starting with the intern . This political dimension of the MET system is not commonly discussed in scientific literature , and is probably not recognised by most hospital staff , but may underlie much of the resistance to this intuitively appropriate system . Many institutions however already have ` Cardiac Arrest ' or ` Code Blue ' teams that are often activated by nursing staff . Utilising such a system earlier where rapid expert intervention may prevent continued decline culminating in arrest may be one way in which the team can be sold to a resistant medical hierarchy .

neg: Olbermann (TV series) Olbermann is a television sports talk show hosted by Keith Olbermann on the American cable network ESPN2 . The show , broadcast live daily from Times Square Studios in New York City , premiered on August 26 , 2013 , and featured Olbermann offering commentary and analysis on issues in the sports world .   Olbermann aired at 5:00 PM Eastern on ESPN2 each day . From its premiere until September 5 , 2014 , Olbermann aired at 11:00 PM Eastern ( with some exceptions ) . The move to the afternoon also saw the show reduced in length by half , airing for thirty minutes instead of sixty . ESPNEWS rebroadcast each episode of Olbermann three times following its initial airing ; at 6:30 p.m. , 2:00 a.m. , and at 5:00 a.m.   On July 10 , 2015 , two days after ESPN declined to renew his expiring contract , Olbermann announced on air that the series would be coming to an end on July 24 . The announcement came after The Hollywood Reporter claimed that ESPN wanted Olbermann to tone down his critical commentary , but the network claimed the move was to cut costs related to Olbermann 's salary and the use of the space at Times Square Studios , claims later confirmed by an aborted move of Mike & Mike to the same facility and releases of other network talent at the end of their contracts throughout 2015 and into 2016 .

neg: Doctor Who (pinball) Doctor Who is a pinball machine designed by Bill Pfutzenreuter ( Pfutz ) and Barry Oursler , and released by Midway ( under the Bally brand name ) in September 1992 . It is based on the television series of the same name , although the relationship of spinoff media to the parent series is open to question . As stated in the Gameplay section , the rulesheet is rather different from other pinball machines released at the time , which did n't help popularity ( and even now it is still seen as an exotic machine amongst collectors ) as casual players did not understand the complex rule changes that occur during the game .   The first 100 games included a moving Dalek topper that would turn side-to-side while the robot was speaking . The effect was achieved by fitting the robot 's body with a complex motor , cam , and optoelectronics system . Its complexity and expense lead to it being cut from the production run . Production Dalek toppers can be made to move with `` wobble head kits '' .   Prototypes featured the old Bally-style backbox ( and a totally different backglass ) , but this was changed to the Williams-styled one in order to cheapen the production process for both product lines .

neg: Chris Maloney James Christopher `` Chris '' Maloney ( born September 6 , 1961 ) is the third-base coach for the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball . A former minor league first baseman and outfielder , he spent the season as the skipper of the Memphis Redbirds of the Pacific Coast League , his fifth consecutive season as manager of the Cardinals ' Triple-A farm club before his hiring , on November 16 , 2011 , to serve on the 2012 staff of Cardinals ' manager Mike Matheny .

neg: Sports Night Sports Night is an American television series about a fictional sports news show also called Sports Night . It focuses on the friendships , pitfalls and ethical issues the creative talent of the program face while trying to produce a good show under constant network pressure . Created by Aaron Sorkin , the half-hour prime time comedy-drama aired on ABC for two seasons , from 1998 to 2000 .   The show stars Robert Guillaume as managing editor Isaac Jaffe , Felicity Huffman as executive producer Dana Whitaker , Peter Krause as anchor Casey McCall , Josh Charles as anchor Dan Rydell , Sabrina Lloyd as senior associate producer Natalie Hurley and Joshua Malina as associate producer Jeremy Goodwin . Regular guest stars included William H. Macy as ratings expert Sam Donovan and Brenda Strong as Sally Sasser , the producer of West Coast Update ( another show on the same network as Sports Night ) and rival of Dana . Other notable guest stars included Paula Marshall and several who later appeared on Sorkin 's The West Wing including Janel Moloney , Teri Polo , Ted McGinley , Lisa Edelstein , Clark Gregg , Nina Siemaszko , John DeLancie , Timothy Davis-Reed , Cress Williams , Nadia Dajani , and Spencer Garrett . In addition , both Malina and Huffman also appeared in The West Wing .   TV Guide ranked it # 10 on their 2013 list of 60 shows that were `` Cancelled Too Soon '' .

neg: Mike Boren Michael L. `` Mike '' Boren ( born c. 1962 ) is a former American football player . A native of Columbus , Ohio , he played college football as a linebacker at the University of Michigan from 1980 to 1983 . He was Michigan 's leading tackler as a sophomore and junior during the 1981 and 1982 seasons . He suffered a knee injury in the fourth game of the 1983 season that ended his playing career . He still ranks among Michigan 's all-time career leaders in tackles .

neg: Helmet-to-helmet collision Helmet-to-helmet collisions are occurrences in American football when two players ' helmets make head-to-head contact with a high degree of force . Despite its long association with the sport , this type of contact is now considered to be dangerous play by league authorities due to the potential of causing serious injury . Major football leagues , such as the National Football League ( NFL ) , and NCAA , have taken a tougher stance on helmet-to-helmet collisions after the US Congress launched an investigation into the effects repeated concussions have on football players and the new discoveries of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy . Other possible injuries include head traumas , spinal cord injuries , and even death ; nevertheless helmet manufacturers are constantly improving their designs in order to best protect their users against injuries from such collisions . Intentionally causing a helmet-to-helmet collision is banned in most , if not all , football leagues .   The crackdown on helmet-to-helmet collisions has resulted in reappraisals of the sport . An image of two helmets smashing together -- which had been a staple for 20 years -- was dropped in 2006 from Monday Night Football on ESPN . The NFL also ordered Toyota Motor Company to stop using a similar helmet collision in its advertisements .   However , despite the safety concerns , some professional football players have criticized bans on helmet-to-helmet collisions on the basis that gridiron football is a game that is supposed to be composed of the world 's biggest and best athletes , and placing such restrictions `` waters down '' the game .

neg: National Football League regular season The National Football League ( NFL ) regular season begins the weekend after Labor Day in early September and ends in December or early January . It consists of 256 games , where each team ( 32 total ) plays 16 games during a 17-week period . Since 2012 , the NFL schedule generally has games in one of five time slots during the week . A game played on Thursday night , kicking off at 8:25 PM ( ET ) . The majority of games are played on Sunday , most kicking off at 1:00 PM ( ET ) , some late afternoon games starting at 4:05 or 4:25 PM ( ET ) . Additionally , one Sunday night game is played every week at 8:30 PM ( ET ) . One Monday night game then starts at 8:30 PM ( ET ) every week with the exception of the first week of the regular season , in which two Monday night games are played back-to-back ( the second game always occurring on the West coast ) , as well as the last week of the season , in which no Monday night game is held . In addition to these regularly scheduled games , there are occasionally games at other times , such as a Saturday afternoon or evening , or the annual Thanksgiving Day games in which three games are played . During the final week of the regular season , all games are held on Sunday .   In place since 2006 , the current broadcasting contract establishes broadcast partners for each game . The Sunday afternoon games are broadcast either on CBS or Fox . CBS has the broadcast rights for teams in the American Football Conference while Fox has the rights for teams in the National Football Conference . In games where teams from both conferences play each other , the network with the broadcast rights for the `` away '' team will broadcast the game . In each local television market , three Sunday afternoon games are played . One of the two networks gets a doubleheader , while the other network has the right to broadcast a single game ; the networks alternate weeks when each has the right to the doubleheader . Doubleheader games are broadcast at 1:00 ( ET ) and 4:25 PM ( ET ) . The network with the single game will have an official kick-off time at either 1:00 PM ( ET ) or 4:05 PM ( ET ) . In addition to the regular Sunday afternoon games , there are three prime time games each week . The Thursday night game is broadcast by the NFL Network ( with , starting in 2016 , five of those Thursday games also being simulcast by CBS and another five on NBC ) . The Sunday night game is broadcast by NBC , while the Monday night game is broadcast by ESPN .   The NFL uses a strict scheduling algorithm to determine which teams play each other from year to year , based on the current division alignments and the final division standings from the previous season . The current formula has been in place since 2002 , the last year that the NFL expanded its membership . Generally , each team plays the other three teams in its own division twice , all four teams from a single division in the AFC once , all four teams from a single division in the NFC once , and two additional intraconference games based on the standings from the previous season .

neg: Mike Mangena Mike `` Sporo '' Mangena ( born 1960 )  is a retired South African football ( soccer ) striker who last played for Kaizer Chiefs .

neg: Mike Burgoyne Mike Burgoyne ( born December 28 , 1980 in Hamilton , Ontario ) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman currently playing for the Brantford Blast of the Allan Cup Hockey League .   Burgoyne spent his Junior Hockey career with the Hamilton Kiltys of the Ontario Junior Hockey League and the Stoney Creek Spirit of the Greater Ontario Junior Hockey League .   Burgoyne began his post-Junior career with the semi-professional Brantford Blast of the Ontario Hockey Association 's Allan Cup Hockey for the 2002-03 season . He then moved to the professional-level United Hockey League during the 2003-04 season , joining the Quad City Mallards . He spent the 2004-05 season with the Mallards , the Rockford IceHogs , and the Motor City Mechanics . After spending the entire 2005-06 season with the Mechanics , Burgoyne joined the Oklahoma City Blazers of the Central Hockey League for the 2006-07season , where he became a CHL All-Star . During both of his seasons with the Blazers , he led the team in assists and points . For the 2008-09 season , Burgoyne played in Northern Ireland for the Belfast Giants of the Elite Ice Hockey League . He began the 2009-10 season by playing 6 games for the Victoria Salmon Kings of the ECHL before becoming an Unrestricted Free Agent on November 11 , 2009 . On November 25 , 2009 , he signed with Missouri Mavericks of the Central Hockey League , playing with the team for the rest of the 2009-10 season . For the 2010-11 season , Burgoyne played in The Netherlands for HYS The Hague of the North Sea Cup . For the 2011-12 season , Burgoyne re-joined the Brantford Blast . He played 19 games in his second stint with the Blast , earning himself the award as `` Best Defenseman '' in Allan Cup Hockey for the 2011-12 season , before signing with the Steaua Rangers of the Romanian Hockey League .

neg: ESPN Sunday Night Football ESPN Sunday Night Football was the ESPN cable network 's weekly television broadcasts of Sunday evening National Football League ( NFL ) games . The first ESPN Sunday night broadcast occurred on November 8 , 1987 , while the last one aired on January 1 , 2006 .   Former NFL Commissioner ( 1989 -- 2005 ) Paul Tagliabue credits ESPN with raising the `` profile '' of the league , by turning `` a potential six - or seven-hour television experience into a twelve-hour television experience , '' factoring in both Sunday Night Football and the network 's pregame show Sunday NFL Countdown '' .

neg: Mike Pollitt Michael Francis `` Mike '' Pollitt ( born 29 February 1972 ) is an English former footballer who last played for Wigan Athletic as a goalkeeper . He is now the goalkeeping coach at Rotherham United where he was a cult hero as a player .

neg: Mike Pasquella Michael John `` Mike '' Pasquella ( November 7 , 1898 -- April 5 , 1965 ) , nicknamed `` Toney '' , was a professional baseball player for one season . In 1919 , he played for the Philadelphia Phillies and St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball National League . He was officially listed as standing 5 ft and weighing 167 lb .


query: The Nile drains through South Sudan.

pos: Drainage basin A drainage basin or catchment area is any area of land where precipitation collects and drains off into a common outlet , such as into a river , bay , or other body of water . The drainage basin includes all the surface water from rain runoff , snowmelt , and nearby streams that run downslope towards the shared outlet , as well as the groundwater underneath the earth 's surface . Drainage basins connect into other drainage basins at lower elevations in a hierarchical pattern , with smaller sub-drainage basins , which in turn drain into another common outlet .   Other terms used to describe drainage basins are catchment , catchment basin , drainage area , river basin and water basin . In North America , the term watershed is commonly used to mean a drainage basin , though in other English-speaking countries , it is used only in its original sense , to mean a drainage divide , a ridge that separates adjacent drainage basins .   In closed ( `` endorheic '' ) drainage basins the water converges to a single point inside the basin , known as a sink , which may be a permanent lake , a dry lake , or a point where surface water is lost underground .   The drainage basin acts as a funnel by collecting all the water within the area covered by the basin and channelling it to a single point . Each drainage basin is separated topographically from adjacent basins by a perimeter , the drainage divide , making up a succession of higher geographical features ( such as a ridge , hill or mountains ) forming a barrier .   Drainage basins are similar but not identical to hydrologic units , which are drainage areas delineated so as to nest into a multi-level hierarchical drainage system . Hydrologic units are defined to allow multiple inlets , outlets , or sinks . In a strict sense , all drainage basins are hydrologic units but not all hydrologic units are drainage basins .

pos: Nile The Nile ( النيل , Egyptian Arabic en-Nīl , Standard Arabic an-Nīl ; ⲫⲓⲁⲣⲱ , P ( h ) iaro ; Ancient Egyptian : Ḥ ` pī and Iteru ; Biblical Hebrew : יאור , Ye'or ) is a major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa . It is generally regarded as the longest river in the world , however other conflicting sources cite a 2007 study that gave the title to the Amazon River in South America . The Nile , which is 6,853 km ( 4,258 miles ) long , is an `` international '' river as its drainage basin covers eleven countries , namely , Tanzania , Uganda , Rwanda , Burundi , Congo-Kinshasa , Kenya , Ethiopia , Eritrea , South Sudan , Sudan and Egypt . In particular , the Nile is the primary water source of Egypt and Sudan .   The Nile has two major tributaries , the White Nile and Blue Nile . The White Nile is considered to be the headwaters and primary stream of the Nile itself . The Blue Nile , however , is the source of most of the water and silt . The White Nile is longer and rises in the Great Lakes region of central Africa , with the most distant source still undetermined but located in either Rwanda or Burundi . It flows north through Tanzania , Lake Victoria , Uganda and South Sudan . The Blue Nile ( ዓባይ , ʿĀbay ) begins at Lake Tana in Ethiopia and flows into Sudan from the southeast . The two rivers meet just north of the Sudanese capital of Khartoum .   The northern section of the river flows north almost entirely through the Sudanese desert to Egypt , then ends in a large delta and flows into the Mediterranean Sea . Egyptian civilization and Sudanese kingdoms have depended on the river since ancient times . Most of the population and cities of Egypt lie along those parts of the Nile valley north of Aswan , and nearly all the cultural and historical sites of Ancient Egypt are found along riverbanks .   In the ancient Egyptian language , the Nile is called Ḥ ` pī or Iteru ( Hapy ) , meaning `` river '' . In Coptic , the words piaro ( Sahidic ) or phiaro ( Bohairic ) meaning `` the river '' ( lit . p ( h ) . iar-o `` the.canal-great '' ) come from the same ancient name .   The English name Nile and the Arabic names en-Nîl and an-Nîl both derive from the Latin Nilus and the Ancient Greek Νεῖλος . Beyond that , however , the etymology is disputed . One possible etymology derives it from a Semitic Nahal , meaning `` river '' . The standard English names `` White Nile '' and `` Blue Nile '' , to refer to the river 's source , derive from Arabic names formerly applied only to the Sudanese stretches which meet at Khartoum .

neg: Juba Conference (1947) The Juba Conference was a June 1947 meeting attended by British and Sudanese delegates in the city of Juba , then regional capital of Equatoria Province in South Sudan ( and today the national capital of South Sudan ) .   Britain organised the conference to combine northern and southern Sudan into one political entity . Until then , the two sectors were essentially treated by the British as two separate colonies because of ethnic , religious and cultural differences . Northern Sudan was heavily Arabized and had a fairly well-structured political and economic infrastructure . Northerners practiced Islam and were relatively well-educated . Southern Sudan was mainly composed of various Nilotic tribes who practiced a mixture of Christian and traditional beliefs . Economically , it did not possess the organization of northern Sudan .   The Juba Conference agreed that northern and southern Sudan would constitute one state and that a Legislative Assembly would represent the entire colony . However , southern Sudanese representatives had several reservations about the resolutions , largely because they were in an inferior position in regards to their region 's lack of educational and political experience .   Their apprehension was realised when 800 administrative posts were vacated by the British in preparation for Sudanese `` self-rule '' ; only four of the government posts went to Southerners . In discussions to determine the future of the modern state of Sudan , the southern provinces were largely excluded from the political process .   This disparity lead to the First and Second Sudanese Civil Wars , eventually resulting , in 2011 , in the Southern provinces becoming an independent state , the Republic of South Sudan .

neg: Nile (TV series) Nile is a 2004 BBC Television documentary that tells the history and natural history of the Nile .

neg: Supreme Court (Sudan) The Supreme Court is the highest judicial authority in Sudan , located in Khartoum . As of 2011 , the court consists of 70 judges operating through panels each composed of three judges , with a senior president . The members of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President of Sudan who is advised on the matter by the supreme council of the judiciary , members of the courts of appeal and other people with the required qualifications . Decisions made in the court are reached by the majority and are only subject to revision `` when the chief justice deems that an infringement of sharia laws had taken place . '' If this is the case `` he convenes a five Supreme Court judges panel the majority of whom not must have participated in reaching the disputed decision in order to resolve the matter . ''   In October 2010 , seven Indonesian judges joined a three-week training course in Sudan to learn about economic sharia ( syariah ) ( Islamic laws ) , given that Sudan is reportedly known as a pioneer in the syariah field . The Indonesian Supreme Court and the Sudanese Supreme Court will sign a Memorandum of Understanding ( MOU ) in September 2011 .   With the new independence of South Sudan , supreme authority in South Sudan has since passed to the South Sudan Supreme Court in Juba , a court which had been planned since at least 2005 .

neg: Water is Basic Water is Basic is a non-profit NGO that drills clean water wells in South Sudan . The organization was founded in 2006 during a meeting of Sudanese church leaders , who decided that the local church 's first steps after the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement ought to be fulfilling physical needs . It is estimated that between 50 % and 60 % of the population of South Sudan has access to an improved water source , such as a hand pump , a protected well or -- for a small minority -- piped water supply .   Water is Basic is the largest clean water non-profit organization in South Sudan .   Water is Basic completed its first well on June 28 , 2008 and has since completed over 500 boreholes and repaired 75 others to working condition throughout states of Central and Western Equatoria and Jonglei . Currently , Water is Basic is led by Bishop Elias Taban , founder of the Sudan Evangelical Presbyterian Church and 2013 Clinton Global Citizen Award by the Clinton Foundation recipient .   On March 10 , 2014 , Water is Basic and the Permanent Mission of South Sudan to the United Nations hosted an event , titled `` Women and Water in South Sudan , '' as a contribution to the 58th United Nations Commission on the Status of Women . In August 2014 , Water is Basic leaders joined 91 other individuals and organizations -- including former US government officials , members of the UK Parliament , and leaders of advocacy and humanitarian organizations -- to sign a letter sent to South Sudan 's President Salva Kiir and former Vice President Dr. Riek Machar urging an end to the violence between the government and opposition leaders .

neg: Kongkong River The Kongkong River , also spelled Kong Kong , is a stream in the South Sudanese state of Jonglei , west of Boma National Park near the Ethiopian border . At the village of Bongak it joins the Abara River to form the Agwei or Agvey River , a tributary of the Pibor River . It is within the drainage basin of the White Nile .

neg: Kerma Basin The Kerma Basin is a low-lying area by the Nile in Sudan . Located just below the Third Cataract it is the largest section of flood plain on the Dongola Reach . At maximum extent some 70,000 acres ( 283 km2 ) can be inundated by the annual Nile flood , but a more regular year sees only about half that . This creates the largest section of arable land between Aswan and the Fourth Cataract . This has led to a high population density that has long made the Kerma Basin one of the central portions of Nubia . The ancient city of Kerma was in the basin and it was the core of the Kingdom of Kerma .   Category : Nile  Category : Geography of Sudan  Category : Nubia

neg: Gezira Scheme The Gezira Scheme is one of the largest irrigation projects in the world . It is centered on the Sudanese state of Al Jazirah , just southeast of the confluence of the Blue and White Nile rivers at the city of Khartoum . The Gezira Scheme was begun by the British while the area was governed as part of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan . Water from the Blue Nile is distributed through canals and ditches to tenant farms lying between the Blue and White Nile rivers .   The Gezira ( which means `` island '' ) is particularly suited to irrigation because the soil slopes away from the Blue Nile and water therefore naturally runs through the irrigation canals by gravity . The soil has a high clay content which keeps down losses from seepage . Reginald Wingate , The British governor-general of Sudan originally envisaged the farmers growing wheat but this was abandoned as the colonial authorities thought that a better cash crop was needed . When it was discovered that Egyptian-type long staple cotton could be grown , this was welcomed as a better choice as it would also provide a raw material for the British textile industry . Cotton was first grown in the area in 1904 . After many experiments with irrigation , 24 km2 was put under cultivation in 1914 .   After the lowest Nile flood for 200 years , the Sennar Dam was constructed on the Blue Nile to provide a reservoir of water . This dam was completed in 1925 and is about 3 km long . The Gezira Scheme was initially financed by the Sudan Plantations Syndicate in London and later the British government guaranteed capital to develop it . The Sudan Gezira Board took over from private enterprise in 1950 and was chaired by Arthur Gaitskell .   Farmers cooperate with the Sudanese government and the Gezira Board . This network of canals and ditches is 4300 km long , and with the completion in the early 1960s of the Manaqil Extension on the western side of the Gezira Scheme , the irrigated area now covers 8800 km2 , about half the country 's total land under irrigation . The main crop grown in this region is still cotton .

neg: Ruweng State Ruweng State is one of the 28 states of South Sudan . It is located in the Greater Upper Nile region and it borders Western Nile to the east , Western Bieh to the southeast , Northern Liech to the south , Twic to the southwest , Abyei to the west , and Sudan to the north .

neg: Lake Ambadi Lake Ambadi is a lake of South Sudan . It forms one of the world 's largest wetlands , and is home to large numbers of the rare Shoebill .

neg: Ez Zeraf Game Reserve Ez Zeraf Game Reserve is a 675000 ha protected area in northern South Sudan . It was designated in 1939 when the area was within Sudan .   Located within the Sudd Ramsar site , Ez Zeraf is a IUCN Category VI site with mostly seasonally flooded grassland and woodland landscape . It is internationally important for its large mammal concentrations . It was gazetted in 1939 along with Fanikang Game Reserve to protect Nile Lechwe and Sitatunga . It is also home to Hippopotamus .   A large portion of the reserve 's area is on Zeraf Island , a seasonally flooded island area isolated by the White Nile to the West and the Bahr el Zeraf river to the east . Although the reserve extends eastwards of this island , some records call it the Zeraph Island Reserve and others state that this island was the primary target for protection . The name in general is derived from the Bahr el Zeraf and is popularly rendered simply as `` Zeraf Game Reserve ''

neg: Equatoria Equatoria is a region of southern South Sudan , along the upper reaches of the White Nile . Originally a province of Egypt , it also contained most of northern parts of present-day Uganda , including Lake Albert . It was an idealistic effort to create a model state in the interior of Africa that never consisted of more than a handful of adventurers and soldiers in isolated outposts .   Equatoria was established by Samuel Baker in 1870 . Charles George Gordon took over as Governor in 1874 , followed by Emin Pasha in 1878 . The Mahdist Revolt put an end to Equatoria as an Egyptian outpost in 1889 . Later British Governors included Martin Willoughby Parr . Important settlements in Equatoria included Lado , Gondokoro , Dufile and Wadelai . The last two are in the part of Equatoria that is now in Uganda .   Under Anglo-Egyptian Sudan , most of Equatoria became one of the eight original provinces . The state of Bahr el Ghazal was split from Equatoria in 1948 . In 1976 , Equatoria was further split into the states of East and West Equatoria . The region has been troubled with violence during both the First and Second Sudanese Civil Wars , as well as the anti-Ugandan insurgencies based in Sudan , such as the Lord 's Resistance Army and West Nile Bank Front .

neg: North Africa North Africa is the term given to a group of Mediterranean countries situated in the northern-most region of the African continent . The term `` North Africa '' has no single accepted definition . It is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of Morocco in the west , to the Suez Canal and the Red Sea in the east . Others have limited it to the countries of Morocco , Algeria , and Tunisia , a region known by the French during colonial times as `` Afrique du Nord '' and by the Arabs as the Maghreb ( `` West '' ) .   The most commonly accepted definition includes Morocco , Algeria , and Tunisia , as well as Libya and Egypt , It should be noted however that the term `` North Africa '' , when commonly used in North Africa and the Middle East , often refers only to the countries of the Maghreb and Libya . Egypt , due to its greater Middle Eastern associations , is typically viewed separately . The countries of North Africa share a common ethnic , cultural and linguistic identity that is unique to this region .   North west Africa has been inhabited by Berbers since the beginning of recorded history , while the eastern part of North Africa has been home to the Egyptians . Following the Muslim conquest in the seventh century C.E. , the region underwent a process of Arabization and Islamization that has defined its cultural landscape ever since .   The distinction between North Africa and much of Sub-Saharan Africa is historically and ecologically significant because of the effective barrier created by the Sahara Desert for much of modern history . From 3500 BC , following the abrupt desertification of the Sahara due to gradual changes in the Earth 's orbit , this barrier has culturally separated the North from the rest of the continent . As the seafaring civilizations of the Phoenicians , Greeks , Romans , Muslims and others facilitated communication and migration across the Mediterranean Sea , the cultures of North Africa became much more closely tied to Southwestern Asia and Europe than Sub-Saharan Africa . The Islamic influence in the area is also significant , and North Africa is a major part of the Muslim world .   Some researchers have postulated that North Africa rather than East Africa served as the exit point for the modern humans who first trekked out of the continent in the Out of Africa migration .

neg: Rabak Rabak is a city in south-eastern Sudan and the capital of the Sudanese state of White Nile . It is one of the major cities of Sudan , an industrial city in which are located several factories , such as the Nile Cement Company factory , the Kenana sugar factory , and the Assalaya sugar factory .

neg: Tourism in South Sudan South Sudan , a country in northeastern Africa , became an independent country in 2011 . South Sudan has the world 's second largest animal migration and therefore is considered a good place for ecotourism , but the lack of infrastructure for tourism and ongoing civil war are considered the challenges for the tourism industry in South Sudan .

neg: Greater Nile Oil Pipeline The Greater Nile Oil Pipeline is an important oil export pipeline in Sudan . It extends for approximately 1,600 km of which approximately 1.8 kilometres is submarine . It was constructed by the Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company ( GNPOC ) and commenced operation in 1999 . It is operated by the China National Petroleum Corporation ( CNPC ) which is a 40 % stakeholder in GNPOC .   Initially , the pipeline began at the Heglig oil field in South Kurdufan state . Since 1999 , the pipeline has been extended and it now begins in the Unity oil field . The pipeline extends to the Port Sudan crude oil refinery on the Red Sea , via the Nuba Mountains and Khartoum .

neg: Nubia Nubia is a region along the Nile river located in what is today northern Sudan and southern Egypt . It was the seat of one of the earliest civilizations of ancient Africa , with a history that can be traced from at least 2000 B.C. onward ( through Nubian monuments and artifacts , as well as written records from Egypt and Rome ) , and was home to one of the African empires . There was a number of large Nubian kingdoms throughout the Postclassical Era , the last of which collapsed in 1504 , when Nubia became divided between Egypt and the Sennar sultanate , resulting in the Arabization of much of the Nubian population . Nubia was again united within Ottoman Egypt in the 19th century , and within the Kingdom of Egypt from 1899 to 1956 .   The name Nubia is derived from that of the Noba people , nomads who settled the area in the 4th century following the collapse of the kingdom of Meroë . The Noba spoke a Nilo-Saharan language , ancestral to Old Nubian . Old Nubian was mostly used in religious texts dating from the 8th and 15th centuries AD . Before the 4th century , and throughout classical antiquity , Nubia was known as Kush , or , in Classical Greek usage , included under the name Ethiopia ( Aithiopia ) .   Historically , the people of Nubia spoke at least two varieties of the Nubian language group , a subfamily that includes Nobiin ( the descendant of Old Nubian ) , Kenuzi-Dongola , Midob and several related varieties in the northern part of the Nuba Mountains in South Kordofan . Until at least 1970 , the Birgid language was spoken north of Nyala in Darfur , but is now extinct .

neg: Ogooué River The Ogooué ( or Ogowe ) , some 1200 km long , is the principal river of Gabon in west central Africa and the fourth largest river in Africa by volume of discharge , trailing only the Congo , Niger and Zambezi . Its watershed drains nearly the entire country of Gabon , with some tributaries reaching into the Republic of the Congo , Cameroon , and Equatorial Guinea .

neg: Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa is , geographically , the area of the continent of Africa that lies south of the Sahara . According to the UN , it consists of all African countries that are fully or partially located south of the Sahara . It contrasts with North Africa , whose territories are part of the League of Arab states within the Arab world . Somalia , Djibouti , Comoros and Mauritania are geographically in Sub-Saharan Africa , but are likewise Arab states and part of the Arab world .   The Sahel is the transitional zone between the Sahara and the tropical savanna ( the Sudan region ) and forest-savanna mosaic to the south .   Since probably 3500 BCE , the Saharan and Sub-Saharan regions of Africa have been separated by the extremely harsh climate of the sparsely populated Sahara , forming an effective barrier interrupted by only the Nile in Sudan , though the Nile was blocked by the river 's cataracts . The Sahara pump theory explains how flora and fauna ( including Homo sapiens ) left Africa to penetrate the Middle East and beyond . African pluvial periods are associated with a `` wet Sahara '' phase during which larger lakes and more rivers existed .   The use of the term has been criticized because it refers to the South only by cartography conventions and projects a connotation of inferiority ; a vestige of colonialism , which some say , divided Africa into European terms of homogeneity .

neg: Gogrial Gogrial , or Qaqriyal , is a town in South Sudan .

neg: Christianity in Sudan Christianity has a long history in the region that is now Sudan and South Sudan .  Ancient Nubia was reached by Coptic Christianity by the 2nd century .  The Coptic Church was later influenced by Byzantine Christianity . From the 7th century , the Christian Nubian kingdoms were threatened by the Islamic expansion , but the southernmost of these kingdoms , Alodia , survived until 1504 .   Southern Sudan ( including what is now South Sudan ) remained long dominated by traditional ( tribal ) religions of the Nilotic peoples , with significant conversion to Anglicanism ( Episcopal Church of Sudan ) during the 20th century .


query: Tanzania is in Europe.

pos: Tanzania Tanzania -LSB- ˌtænzəˈniːə -RSB- , officially the United Republic of Tanzania ( Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania ) , is a country in Eastern Africa within the African Great Lakes region . Parts of the country are in Southern Africa . It is bordered by Kenya and Uganda to the north ; Rwanda , Burundi , and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west ; Zambia , Malawi , and Mozambique to the south ; and by the Indian Ocean to the east . Mount Kilimanjaro , Africa 's highest mountain , is in northeastern Tanzania .   Tanzania 's population of 51.82 million ( 2014 ) is diverse , composed of several ethnic , linguistic , and religious groups . Tanzania is a presidential constitutional republic , and since 1996 , its official capital city has been Dodoma , where the President 's Office , the National Assembly , and some government ministries are located . Dar es Salaam , the former capital , retains most government offices and is the country 's largest city , principal port , and leading commercial centre . Tanzania is a one party dominant state with the socialist-progressive Chama Cha Mapinduzi ( CCM ) party in power . From its formation until 1992 , it was the only legally permitted party in the country . This changed on 1 July 1992 , when amendments to the Constitution and a number of laws permitting and regulating the formation and operations of more than one political party were enacted by the National Assembly . Elections for president and all National Assembly seats were last held in October 2015 . The CCM holds approximately 75 % of the seats in the assembly .   Prehistoric population migrations include Southern Cushitic speakers , who are ancestral to the Iraqw , Gorowa , and Burunge and who moved south from Ethiopia into Tanzania . Based on linguistic evidence , there may also have been two movements into Tanzania of Eastern Cushitic people at about 4,000 and 2,000 years ago , originating from north of Lake Turkana . Archaeological evidence supports the conclusion that Southern Nilotes , including the Datoog , moved south from the present-day South Sudan-Ethiopia border region into central northern Tanzania between 2,900 and 2,400 years ago . These movements took place at about the same time as the settlement of the iron-making Mashariki Bantu from West Africa in the Lake Victoria and Lake Tanganyika areas . They brought with them the west African planting tradition and the primary staple of yams . They subsequently migrated out of these regions across the rest of Tanzania , between 2,300 and 1,700 years ago . European colonialism began in mainland Tanzania during the late 19th century when Germany formed German East Africa , which gave way to British rule following World War I . The mainland was governed as Tanganyika , with the Zanzibar Archipelago remaining a separate colonial jurisdiction . Following their respective independence in 1961 and 1963 , the two entities merged in April 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanzania .   Tanzania is mountainous and densely forested in the northeast , where Mount Kilimanjaro is located . Three of Africa 's Great Lakes are partly within Tanzania . To the north and west lie Lake Victoria , Africa 's largest lake , and Lake Tanganyika , the continent 's deepest lake , known for its unique species of fish . The eastern shore is hot and humid , with the Zanzibar Archipelago just offshore . The Kalambo water falls in the southwestern region of Rukwa are the second highest uninterrupted fall in Africa and are located near the southeastern shore of Lake Tanganyika on the border with Zambia . The Menai Bay Conservation Area is Zanzibar 's largest marine protected area .   Over 100 different languages are spoken in Tanzania , making it the most linguistically diverse country in East Africa . Among the languages spoken in Tanzania are all four of Africa 's language families : Bantu , Cushitic , Nilotic , and Khoisan . Swahili and English are Tanzania 's official languages . A highly multilingual country , Swahili is used in parliamentary debate , in the lower courts , and as a medium of instruction in primary school ; and English is used in foreign trade , in diplomacy , in higher courts , and as a medium of instruction in secondary and higher education , although the Tanzanian government plans to discontinue English as a language of instruction altogether . In connection with his Ujamaa social policies , President Nyerere encouraged the use of Swahili ; as a means of unifying the country 's many ethnic groups . Approximately 10 % of Tanzanians speak Swahili as a first language , and up to 90 % speak it as a second language . Most Tanzanians thus speak both Swahili and a local language ; many educated Tanzanians are trilingual ; also speaking English . The widespread use and promotion of Swahili is contributing to the decline of smaller languages in the country . Young children increasingly speak Swahili as a first language , mostly in urban areas .   Tanzania-Malawi relations have been tense because of a dispute over the countries ' Lake Nyasa ( Lake Malawi ) border . An unsuccessful mediation regarding this issue happened in March 2014 . The two countries agreed in 2013 to ask the International Court of Justice ( ICJ ) to resolve the dispute should mediation be unsuccessful . Malawi , but not Tanzania , has accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the ICJ .

neg: Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa is , geographically , the area of the continent of Africa that lies south of the Sahara . According to the UN , it consists of all African countries that are fully or partially located south of the Sahara . It contrasts with North Africa , whose territories are part of the League of Arab states within the Arab world . Somalia , Djibouti , Comoros and Mauritania are geographically in Sub-Saharan Africa , but are likewise Arab states and part of the Arab world .   The Sahel is the transitional zone between the Sahara and the tropical savanna ( the Sudan region ) and forest-savanna mosaic to the south .   Since probably 3500 BCE , the Saharan and Sub-Saharan regions of Africa have been separated by the extremely harsh climate of the sparsely populated Sahara , forming an effective barrier interrupted by only the Nile in Sudan , though the Nile was blocked by the river 's cataracts . The Sahara pump theory explains how flora and fauna ( including Homo sapiens ) left Africa to penetrate the Middle East and beyond . African pluvial periods are associated with a `` wet Sahara '' phase during which larger lakes and more rivers existed .   The use of the term has been criticized because it refers to the South only by cartography conventions and projects a connotation of inferiority ; a vestige of colonialism , which some say , divided Africa into European terms of homogeneity .

neg: List of companies of Tanzania Tanzania is a large country in Eastern Africa within the African Great Lakes region . Parts of the country are in Southern Africa . It is bordered by Kenya and Uganda to the north ; Rwanda , Burundi , and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west ; Zambia , Malawi , and Mozambique to the south ; and by the Indian Ocean to the east . Kilimanjaro , Africa 's highest mountain , is in northeastern Tanzania .   The country has the second largest economy in the East African Community and the twelfth largest in Africa . It is largely dependent on agriculture for employment , accounting for about half of the employed workforce . An estimated 34 percent of Tanzanians currently live in poverty . The economy has been transitioning from a command economy to a market economy since 1985 . Although total GDP has increased since these reforms began , GDP per capita dropped sharply at first , and only exceeded the pre-transition figure in around 2007 .

neg: Republic of Cabinda The Republic of Cabinda ( Ibinda : Kilansi kia cabinda ; República de Cabinda ) is an unrecognized state in southern Africa . The Front for the Liberation of the State of Cabinda-Exercito de Cabinda ( FLEC ) claims sovereignty from Angola and proclaimed the Republic of Cabinda as an independent country in 1975 . The government of this ( internationally not recognized ) entity operates in exile , with offices located in Paris , France and Pointe Noire , Congo-Brazzaville .   The 1885 Treaty of Simulambuco designated Cabinda a Portuguese protectorate known as the Portuguese Congo , which was administratively separate from Portuguese West Africa ( Angola ) . In the 20th century , Portugal decided to integrate Cabinda into Angola , giving it the status of a district of that `` overseas province '' . During the Portuguese Colonial War , FLEC fought for the independence of Cabinda from the Portuguese . Independence was proclaimed on 1 August 1975 , and FLEC formed a provisional government led by Henriques Tiago . Luiz Branque Franque was elected president .   In January 1975 , Angola 's three national liberation movements ( People 's Movement for the Liberation of Angola ( MPLA ) , National Liberation Front of Angola ( FNLA ) and National Union for the Total Independence of Angola ( UNITA ) ) met with the colonial power in Alvor , Portugal , to establish the modalities of the transition to independence . FLEC was not invited . The Alvor Agreement was signed , establishing Angolan independence and confirming Cabinda as part of Angola . After Angolan independence was declared in November 1975 , Cabinda was occupied by the forces of the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola ( MPLA ) , which had been present in Cabinda since the mid-1960s , sustaining an anti-colonial guerrilla war that was rather more efficient than the one run by FLEC .   For much of the 1970s and 1980s , FLEC fought a low-intensity guerrilla war , attacking the troops of what was by then the People 's Republic of Angola , led by the MPLA . FLEC 's tactics included attacking economic targets and kidnapping foreign employees working in the province 's oil and construction businesses . In July 2006 , after ceasefire negotiations , António Bento Bembe -- as president of the Cabindan Forum for Dialogue and Peace , vice-president and executive secretary of FLEC -- announced that the Cabindan separatist forces were ready to declare a ceasefire . A peace treaty was signed . FLEC-FAC from Paris contends Bembe had no authority or mandate to negotiate with the Angolans and that the only acceptable solution is total independence .

neg: Bunda District Bunda is one of the seven districts of Mara Region in the United Republic of Tanzania , East Africa . It is bordered to the North by the Musoma Rural District and Butiama District , to the east by Serengeti District , to the South by Bariadi District and Busega District , and to the west by Lake Victoria . The district administration town is also called Bunda , located on the north-south trans-national all tarmac highway from Kenya to Zambia via Tarime and the lakeside municipalities of Musoma , Mwanza , and thereon to Mbeya in southern Tanzania . The district has four divisions , namely : Kenkombyo , Nansimo , Serengeti and Chamuriho .   Bunda Town , a small town 70 km south of Musoma and west of the Serengeti National Park serves as the district 's capital . According to the 2012 Tanzania National Census , the population of Bunda District was 335,061 .

neg: Battle of Tanga The Battle of Tanga , sometimes also known as the Battle of the Bees , was the unsuccessful attack by the British Indian Expeditionary Force `` B '' under Major General A.E. Aitken to capture German East Africa ( the mainland portion of present-day Tanzania ) during the First World War in concert with the invasion Force `` C '' near Longido on the slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro . It was the first major event of the war in Eastern Africa and saw the British defeated by a significantly smaller force of German Askaris and colonial volunteers under Lieutenant Colonel Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck .

neg: Arusha Arusha is a city in northern Tanzania and the capital of the Arusha Region , with a population of 416,442 plus 323,198 in the surrounding Arusha District ( 2012 census ) . Located below Mount Meru on the eastern edge of the eastern branch of the Great Rift Valley , Arusha has a temperate climate . The city is close to the Serengeti National Park , the Ngorongoro Conservation Area , Lake Manyara National Park , Olduvai Gorge , Tarangire National Park , Mount Kilimanjaro , and Arusha National Park on Mount Meru .   Arusha is a major international diplomatic hub . The city hosts the East African Community . From 1994 to 2015 , the city also hosted the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda , but that entity has ceased operations . It is a multicultural city with a majority Tanzanian population of mixed backgrounds : indigenous African , Arab-Tanzanian and Indian-Tanzanian population , plus a small White European and a white American minority population . Religions of the Arushan population include Christianity , Islam , and Hinduism .

neg: Zambia Zambia ( -LSB- ˈzæmbiə -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of Zambia , is a landlocked country in Southern Africa , neighbouring the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north , Tanzania to the north-east , Malawi to the east , Mozambique , Zimbabwe , Botswana and Namibia to the south , and Angola to the west . The capital city is Lusaka , in the south-central part of Zambia . The population is concentrated mainly around Lusaka in the south and the Copperbelt Province to the northwest , the core economic hubs of the country .   Originally inhabited by Khoisan peoples , the region was affected by the Bantu expansion of the thirteenth century . After visits by European explorers in the eighteenth century , Zambia became the British protectorate of Northern Rhodesia towards the end of the nineteenth century . For most of the colonial period , Zambia was governed by an administration appointed from London with the advice of the British South Africa Company .   On 24 October 1964 , Zambia became independent of the United Kingdom and prime minister Kenneth Kaunda became the inaugural president . Kaunda 's socialist United National Independence Party ( UNIP ) maintained power from 1964 until 1991 . Kaunda played a key role in regional diplomacy , cooperating closely with the United States in search of solutions to conflicts in Rhodesia ( Zimbabwe ) , Angola , and Namibia . From 1972 to 1991 Zambia was a one-party state with the UNIP as the sole legal political party under the motto `` One Zambia , One Nation '' . Kaunda was succeeded by Frederick Chiluba of the social-democratic Movement for Multi-Party Democracy in 1991 , beginning a period of social-economic growth and government decentralisation . Levy Mwanawasa , Chiluba 's chosen successor , presided over Zambia from January 2002 until his death in August 2008 , and is credited with campaigns to reduce corruption and increase the standard of living . After Mwanawasa 's death , Rupiah Banda presided as Acting President before being elected President in 2008 . Holding office for only three years , Banda stepped down after his defeat in the 2011 elections by Patriotic Front party leader Michael Sata . Sata died on 28 October 2014 , the second Zambian president to die in office . Guy Scott served briefly as interim president until new elections were held on 20 January 2015 , in which Edgar Lungu was elected as the sixth President .   In 2010 , the World Bank named Zambia one of the world 's fastest economically reformed countries . The Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa ( COMESA ) is headquartered in Lusaka .

neg: Central Corridor (Africa) The Central Corridor is a transport and trading route located in East and Central Africa . Its end point is the Tanzanian port city of Dar es Salaam , where it connects to the rest of the world via shipping . From Dar es Salaam , the corridor runs inland , serving the Tanzanian interior including its capital Dodoma and second city of Mwanza , as well as landlocked Rwanda and Burundi , and the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo .   The Central Corridor provides an alternative route to the ocean from Rwandan , Burundi and the DRC from the higher traffic Northern Corridor , which runs through Uganda and Kenya to the port of Mombasa .

neg: University of East Africa The University of East Africa was established on June 29 , 1963 and served Kenya , Tanzania , and Uganda in the eastern African Great Lakes region . The University was originally instituted as an independent external college of the University of London . In 1970 , it was split into three independent universities which are now :  : University of Nairobi  : Makerere University  : University of Dar es Salaam

neg: White Tanzanians White Tanzanian is a term which can apply to people from Tanzania who are of European , White African 's or Arab descent and who do not regard themselves , or are not regarded as , being part of another racial group . 20,000 belong to different European groups . Arab-Tanzanians first arrived as a result of coastal trading , while small numbers of German government officials and missionaries arrived during the existence of German East Africa . Limited European immigration to Tanzania has also taken place .

neg: Hadza people The Hadza , or Hadzabe , are an indigenous ethnic group in north-central Tanzania , living around Lake Eyasi in the central Rift Valley and in the neighboring Serengeti Plateau . The Hadza number just under 1,000 . Some 300 -- 400 Hadza live as part-time hunter-gatherers , although the increasing impact of tourism and encroaching pastoralists pose serious threats to the continuation of their traditional way of life .   The Hadza are not closely genetically related to any other people . While traditionally classified with the Khoisan languages , primarily because it has clicks , the Hadza language appears to be an isolate , unrelated to any other . As descendants of Tanzania 's aboriginal hunter-gatherer population , they have probably occupied their current territory for thousands of years , with relatively little modification to their basic way of life until the past hundred years .   Since the 18th century , the Hadza came into increasing contact with farming and herding people entering Hadzaland and its vicinity ; the interactions were often hostile and caused population decline in the late 19th century . The first European contact and written accounts of the Hadza are from the late 19th century . Since then , there have been many attempts by successive colonial administrations , the independent Tanzanian government , and foreign missionaries to settle the Hadza , by introducing farming and Christianity . These have largely failed , and many Hadza still pursue virtually the same way of life as their ancestors are described as having in early 20th-century accounts . In recent years , they have been under pressure from neighbouring groups encroaching on their land , and also affected by tourism and safari hunting .

neg: Music of Tanzania The music of Tanzania stretches from traditional African music to the string-based taarab to a distinctive hip hop known as bongo flava .

neg: East African urban music East African urban music is a popular music genre of the three countries customarily grouped as `` East Africa '' : Kenya , Tanzania and Uganda . The genre is basically an offshoot of western popular music , particularly hip hop and funk , somewhat influenced by more traditional African music . Kapuka , genge , and bongo flava are some of the subgenres which have arisen in this style .

neg: Trade unions in Tanzania The trade unions of Tanzania have a total membership of approximately 370,000 . 350,000 of these belong to the Trade Union Congress of Tanzania , another 15,000 to the Zanzibar Trade Union Congress , and 2,400 are members of the Tanzania Fishing Crew and Allied Workers ' Union .

neg: Continental Europe Continental Europe , also referred to as mainland Europe , or , by Europeans , simply the Continent , is the continuous continent of Europe , excluding surrounding islands .   The most common definition of continental Europe excludes continental islands , encompassing the Greek Islands , Cyprus , Malta , Sicily , Sardinia , Corsica , the Balearic Islands , Ireland , Great Britain , the Isle of Man , the Channel Islands , Novaya Zemlya and the Danish archipelago , as well as nearby oceanic islands , including the Canary Islands , Madeira , the Azores , Iceland , the Faroe Islands , and Svalbard .   The Scandinavian peninsula is sometimes also excluded , as even though it is technically part of `` mainland Europe '' , the de facto connections to the rest of the continent are across the Baltic Sea or North Sea ( rather than via the lengthy land route that involves travelling to the north of the peninsula where it meets Finland , and then south through north-east Europe ) .   The notion of Europe as a geopolitical or cultural term is centred on core Europe ( Kerneuropa ) , the continental territory of the historical Carolingian Empire and the core of Latin Christendom , corresponding to modern France , Italy , Germany ( or German-speaking Europe ) and the Benelux states ( historical Austrasia ) . This historical core of `` Carolingian Europe '' was consciously invoked in the 1950s as the historical ethno-cultural basis for the prospective European integration ( see also Multi-speed Europe ) .

neg: List of endangered languages in Africa An endangered language is a language that it is at risk of falling out of use , generally because it has few surviving speakers . If it loses all of its native speakers , it becomes an extinct language . UNESCO defines four levels of language endangerment between `` safe '' ( not endangered ) and `` extinct '' :  Vulnerable  Definitely endangered  Severely endangered  Critically endangered   Africa is the world 's second-largest and second most-populous continent . At about 30.2 million km ² ( 11.7 million sq mi ) including adjacent islands , it covers 6 % of the Earth 's total surface area and 20.4 % of the total land area . With about 922 million people ( as of 2005 ) in 61 territories , it accounts for about 14.2 % of the world 's human population . The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north , the Suez Canal and the Red Sea to the northeast , the Indian Ocean to the southeast , and the Atlantic Ocean to the west . There are 53 countries , including Madagascar and all the island groups .

neg: List of African Great Lakes kingdoms The African Great Lakes kingdoms refers to the numerous historic kingdoms in the African Great Lakes region . These polities existed in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries , and had similar and yet sometimes distinct cultures , values and traditions . The Great Lakes kingdoms were found in Southeast Africa and some parts of Central Africa , in what is present-day northwest Tanzania , south Uganda , some parts of Rwanda , and Eastern Congo .   Buganda  Bunyoro  Burundi  Busoga  Buvinza  Buyungu  Buzinza  Gisaka  Heru  Igara  Ihangiro  Karagwe  Kimwani  Kiziba  Kyamutwara  Kyania  Mpororo  Mubari  Muhambwe  Nkore  Rwanda  Ruguru  Rusubi  Toro

neg: List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Eurasia This is a list of sovereign states and dependent territories in Eurasia , along with other areas of special political status .   Eurasia is a continent comprising the traditional continents of Europe and Asia . It is divided from Africa by the Isthmus of Suez . Some states such as Malta are traditionally part of Eurasia , however they lie on the African tectonic plate . It is separated from Australasia ( Oceania ) somewhere in the Malay archipelago , and is usually considered as including Indonesia and Timor-Leste ( East Timor ) .   Some areas are associated with Eurasian states , being part of them or dependent upon them , but are not physically in it . Examples are the Danish territory of Greenland , French overseas departments , some British Overseas Territories , and the Spanish cities of Ceuta and Melilla .

neg: North Africa North Africa is the term given to a group of Mediterranean countries situated in the northern-most region of the African continent . The term `` North Africa '' has no single accepted definition . It is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of Morocco in the west , to the Suez Canal and the Red Sea in the east . Others have limited it to the countries of Morocco , Algeria , and Tunisia , a region known by the French during colonial times as `` Afrique du Nord '' and by the Arabs as the Maghreb ( `` West '' ) .   The most commonly accepted definition includes Morocco , Algeria , and Tunisia , as well as Libya and Egypt , It should be noted however that the term `` North Africa '' , when commonly used in North Africa and the Middle East , often refers only to the countries of the Maghreb and Libya . Egypt , due to its greater Middle Eastern associations , is typically viewed separately . The countries of North Africa share a common ethnic , cultural and linguistic identity that is unique to this region .   North west Africa has been inhabited by Berbers since the beginning of recorded history , while the eastern part of North Africa has been home to the Egyptians . Following the Muslim conquest in the seventh century C.E. , the region underwent a process of Arabization and Islamization that has defined its cultural landscape ever since .   The distinction between North Africa and much of Sub-Saharan Africa is historically and ecologically significant because of the effective barrier created by the Sahara Desert for much of modern history . From 3500 BC , following the abrupt desertification of the Sahara due to gradual changes in the Earth 's orbit , this barrier has culturally separated the North from the rest of the continent . As the seafaring civilizations of the Phoenicians , Greeks , Romans , Muslims and others facilitated communication and migration across the Mediterranean Sea , the cultures of North Africa became much more closely tied to Southwestern Asia and Europe than Sub-Saharan Africa . The Islamic influence in the area is also significant , and North Africa is a major part of the Muslim world .   Some researchers have postulated that North Africa rather than East Africa served as the exit point for the modern humans who first trekked out of the continent in the Out of Africa migration .

neg: Transkei The Transkei ( -LSB- trɑːnsˈkeɪ , _ - ˈkaɪ , _ trænz - -RSB- , meaning the area beyond -LSB- the river -RSB- Kei ) , officially the Republic of Transkei ( iRiphabliki yeTranskei ) , was a Bantustan -- an area set aside for members of a specific ethnicity -- and nominal parliamentary democracy in the southeastern region of South Africa . Its capital was Umtata , which was renamed Mthatha in 2004 .   Transkei represented a significant precedent and historic turning point in South Africa 's policy of apartheid and `` separate development '' ; it was the first of four territories to be declared independent of South Africa . Throughout its existence , it remained an internationally unrecognised , diplomatically isolated , politically unstable de facto one-party state , which at one point broke relations with South Africa , the only country that acknowledged it as a legal entity . In 1994 , it was reintegrated into its larger neighbour and became part of the Eastern Cape province .