query: Super Bowl XLVI was played on February 5, 2012.

pos: Super Bowl XLVI Super Bowl XLVI was an American football game between the National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion New York Giants and the American Football Conference ( AFC ) champion New England Patriots to decide the National Football League ( NFL ) champion for the 2011 season . The Giants defeated the Patriots by the score of 21 -- 17 . The game was played on February 5 , 2012 , at Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis , the first time that the Super Bowl was played in the state of Indiana .   In addition to winning their fourth Super Bowl in team history , the Giants set a new record for the lowest regular season record ( 9 -- 7 , win percentage of 56.3 % ) by a Super Bowl champion . The Patriots entered the game with a 13 -- 3 regular season record , and were also seeking their fourth Super Bowl win . The game was also a rematch of Super Bowl XLII , in which New York also won , 17 -- 14 , to spoil New England 's run at a perfect 2007 season in what is now considered to be one of the greatest upsets in sports history . Super Bowl XLVI also marked the third consecutive matchup between teams from divisions with the same cardinal directions , with the Giants/Patriots from the NFC/AFC East , Super Bowl XLV between the Green Bay Packers/Pittsburgh Steelers from the NFC/AFC North , and Super Bowl XLIV between the New Orleans Saints/Indianapolis Colts from the NFC/AFC South . Two years later , the Seattle Seahawks/Denver Broncos , from the NFC/AFC West , would continue this trend when they met each other for Super Bowl XLVIII .   The Giants jumped to a 9 -- 0 lead in the first quarter of Super Bowl XLVI before the Patriots scored 17 unanswered points to take a 17 -- 9 lead in the third quarter . But the Giants prevented the Patriots from scoring again , and two consecutive New York field goals chipped away New England 's lead , 17 -- 15 , late in the third quarter . The Giants capped off an 88-yard drive with running back Ahmad Bradshaw 's 6-yard game-winning touchdown with 57 seconds left in the game . Eli Manning , who completed 30 of 40 passes for 296 yards , one touchdown , and no interceptions , was named Super Bowl MVP for the second time in his career . He became the third consecutive quarterback to win the award after Aaron Rodgers in Super Bowl XLV and Drew Brees in Super Bowl XLIV .   The broadcast of the game on NBC broke the then record for the most-watched program in American television history , previously set during the previous year 's Super Bowl . Super Bowl XLVI was watched by an estimated average audience of 111.3 million US viewers and an estimated total audience of 166.8 million , according to Nielsen , meaning that over half of the American population watched at least some of the initial broadcast . The game also set the record for most tweets per second during a sporting event , with 13.7 million tweets from 3 p.m. to 8 p.m. ( PST ) .

neg: American football American football , referred to as football in the United States and Canada , and also known as `` gridiron football '' or simply `` gridiron '' , is a sport played by two teams of eleven players on a rectangular field with goalposts at each end . The offense , the team with control of the oval-shaped football , attempts to advance down the field by running with or passing the ball , while the team without control of the ball , the defense , aims to stop their advance and take control of the ball for themselves . The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs , or plays , or else they turn over the football to the opposing team ; if they succeed , they are given a new set of four downs . Points are primarily scored by advancing the ball into the opposing team 's end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponent 's goalposts for a field goal . The team with the most points at the end of a game wins .   American football evolved in the United States , originating from the sports of association football and rugby football . The first game of American football was played on November 6 , 1869 , between two college teams , Rutgers and Princeton , under rules based on the association football rules of the time . During the latter half of the 1870s , colleges playing association football switched to the Rugby Union code , which allowed carrying the ball . A set of rule changes drawn up from 1880 onward by Walter Camp , the `` Father of American Football '' , established the snap , eleven-player teams , and the concept of downs ; later rule changes legalized the forward pass , created the neutral zone , and specified the size and shape of the football .   American football as a whole is the most popular sport in the United States . Professional football and college football are the most popular forms of the game , with the other major levels being high school and youth football . , nearly 1.1 million high school athletes and 70,000 college athletes play the sport in the United States annually , almost all of them men , with a few exceptions . The National Football League , the most popular American football league , has the highest average attendance of any professional sports league in the world ; its championship game , the Super Bowl , ranks among the most-watched club sporting events in the world , and the league has an annual revenue of around US$ 10 billion .

neg: National Football League regular season The National Football League ( NFL ) regular season begins the weekend after Labor Day in early September and ends in December or early January . It consists of 256 games , where each team ( 32 total ) plays 16 games during a 17-week period . Since 2012 , the NFL schedule generally has games in one of five time slots during the week . A game played on Thursday night , kicking off at 8:25 PM ( ET ) . The majority of games are played on Sunday , most kicking off at 1:00 PM ( ET ) , some late afternoon games starting at 4:05 or 4:25 PM ( ET ) . Additionally , one Sunday night game is played every week at 8:30 PM ( ET ) . One Monday night game then starts at 8:30 PM ( ET ) every week with the exception of the first week of the regular season , in which two Monday night games are played back-to-back ( the second game always occurring on the West coast ) , as well as the last week of the season , in which no Monday night game is held . In addition to these regularly scheduled games , there are occasionally games at other times , such as a Saturday afternoon or evening , or the annual Thanksgiving Day games in which three games are played . During the final week of the regular season , all games are held on Sunday .   In place since 2006 , the current broadcasting contract establishes broadcast partners for each game . The Sunday afternoon games are broadcast either on CBS or Fox . CBS has the broadcast rights for teams in the American Football Conference while Fox has the rights for teams in the National Football Conference . In games where teams from both conferences play each other , the network with the broadcast rights for the `` away '' team will broadcast the game . In each local television market , three Sunday afternoon games are played . One of the two networks gets a doubleheader , while the other network has the right to broadcast a single game ; the networks alternate weeks when each has the right to the doubleheader . Doubleheader games are broadcast at 1:00 ( ET ) and 4:25 PM ( ET ) . The network with the single game will have an official kick-off time at either 1:00 PM ( ET ) or 4:05 PM ( ET ) . In addition to the regular Sunday afternoon games , there are three prime time games each week . The Thursday night game is broadcast by the NFL Network ( with , starting in 2016 , five of those Thursday games also being simulcast by CBS and another five on NBC ) . The Sunday night game is broadcast by NBC , while the Monday night game is broadcast by ESPN .   The NFL uses a strict scheduling algorithm to determine which teams play each other from year to year , based on the current division alignments and the final division standings from the previous season . The current formula has been in place since 2002 , the last year that the NFL expanded its membership . Generally , each team plays the other three teams in its own division twice , all four teams from a single division in the AFC once , all four teams from a single division in the NFC once , and two additional intraconference games based on the standings from the previous season .

neg: 2015 Pro Bowl The 2015 Pro Bowl was the National Football League 's all-star game for the 2014 season . It began at 6 pm local time on January 25 at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale , Arizona , and it was the first Pro Bowl to be held outside of Hawaii since 2010The game was televised nationally by ESPN .   The game continued the `` unconferenced '' format that was debuted in the 2014 Pro Bowl . The game was the third Pro Bowl that took place in the same site as that year 's Super Bowl . It was also the sixth consecutive year where the Pro Bowl took place prior to the Super Bowl .   Hall of Fame wide receivers Cris Carter and Michael Irvin were selected as the alumni captains of the game . Jason Garrett of the Dallas Cowboys and John Harbaugh of the Baltimore Ravens were the game 's coaches . The coaches were to come from the higher seeded teams in each conference to lose in the Divisional Round of the 2014 -- 15 NFL playoffs , which has been the convention since the 2010 Pro Bowl . However , the Denver Broncos ( the highest seeded Divisional Round loser in the AFC ) and head coach John Fox mutually agreed to part ways following their playoff loss , so Harbaugh ( who coached the Ravens , the other Divisional Round loser from the AFC ) was selected instead .

neg: 2001–02 NFL playoffs The National Football League playoffs for the 2001 season began on January 12 , 2002 . The postseason tournament concluded with the New England Patriots defeating the St. Louis Rams in Super Bowl XXXVI , 20 -- 17 , on February 3 , at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans , Louisiana .   For the first time , the NFL scheduled prime time playoff games for the first two rounds in an attempt to attract more television viewers . Saturday wild card and divisional playoff games were moved from 12:30 p.m. and 4:00 p.m. EST to 4:30 p.m. and 8:00 p.m. , respectively . Thus , the league abandoned its practice of scheduling colder , northern playoff games for daylight hours only ; any stadium , regardless of evening January temperatures , could host prime time playoff games .

neg: List of Wisconsin Badgers in the NFL Draft The University of Wisconsin -- Madison Badgers have drafted 289 players into the National Football League ( NFL ) since the league began holding drafts in 1936 . The Badgers ' highest draft position was second overall in 1944 , when Pat Harder was selected by Card-Pitt . Wisconsin 's first drafted player in the NFL was Eddie Jankowski , who was the 9th overall pick by the Green Bay Packers in 1937 . Three former Badgers were selected from the latest NFL draft : T. J. Watt , Ryan Ramczyk and Vince Biegel .   Each NFL franchise seeks to add new players through the annual NFL Draft . The team with the worst record the previous year picks first , the next-worst team second , and so on . Teams that did not make the playoffs are ordered by their regular-season record , with any remaining ties broken by strength of schedule . Playoff participants are sequenced after non-playoff teams , based on their round of elimination ( wild card , division , conference , and Super Bowl ) .   Before the AFL -- NFL merger agreements in 1966 , the American Football League ( AFL ) operated in direct competition with the NFL and held a separate draft . This led to a massive bidding war over top prospects between the two leagues . As part of the merger agreement on June 8 , 1966 , the two leagues would hold a multiple round `` Common Draft '' . Once the AFL officially merged with the NFL in 1970 , the `` Common Draft '' simply became the NFL Draft . This list includes players that have transferred to or from Wisconsin .

neg: Super Bowl XXV Super Bowl XXV was an American football game between the American Football Conference ( AFC ) champion Buffalo Bills and the National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion New York Giants to decide the National Football League ( NFL ) champion for the 1990 season . The Giants defeated the Bills by the score of 20 -- 19 , winning their second Super Bowl . It is the only Super Bowl decided by one point .   The game was held at Tampa Stadium in Tampa , Florida , on January 27 , 1991 , during the height of the Gulf War . It was thus played under much patriotic fervor , highlighted by a rousing rendition of `` The Star-Spangled Banner '' by Whitney Houston during the pre-game ceremonies . The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) , who broadcast the game in the U.S. , did not broadcast the Super Bowl XXV halftime show ( headlined by the American boy band New Kids on the Block ) live . Instead , the network televised a special ABC News report anchored by Peter Jennings on the progress of the war , and then aired the halftime show on tape delay after the game .   The Bills and their explosive no-huddle offense were making their first Super Bowl appearance after finishing the regular season with a 13 -- 3 record , and leading the league in total points scored with 428 . In advancing to their second Super Bowl , the Giants also posted a 13 -- 3 regular season record , but with a ball-control offense and a defense that allowed a league-low 211 points .   The game is best remembered for Bills placekicker Scott Norwood 's last-second field goal attempt which went wide right of the uprights , leading to a Giants victory , and starting a four-game losing streak in the Super Bowl for the Bills . The Giants set a Super Bowl record holding possession of the ball for 40 minutes and 33 seconds . The Giants also overcame a 12 -- 3 second-quarter deficit , and made a 75-yard touchdown drive that consumed a Super Bowl-record 9:29 off the clock . Giants running back Ottis Anderson , who carried the ball 21 times for 102 yards and one touchdown , was named Super Bowl MVP . He was the first awardee to receive the newly named `` Pete Rozelle Trophy '' ( named for the former commissioner ) . Anderson also recorded one reception for seven yards . This is the first Super Bowl to feature two teams representing the same state . It was also the first Super Bowl in which neither team committed a turnover .

neg: 2013 Indianapolis Colts season The Indianapolis Colts season was the franchise 's 61st season in the National Football League , the 30th in Indianapolis and the second season under head coach Chuck Pagano , who missed most of the 2012 season due to treatment for leukemia . The Colts have matched their 2012 record of 11 -- 5 , but went undefeated within the division this season . The Colts planned to advance further than the Wild Card round in the playoffs than in 2012 , where they lost to the Ravens . They had done so after coming off of a 28-point trail against the Chiefs to win 45 -- 44 at home . However , the Colts were defeated by the New England Patriots in the Divisional round , by a score of 43 -- 22 .   On March 7 , 2013 , Jeff Saturday signed a one-day contract in order to retire as a member of the Indianapolis Colts .   For the second consecutive season , the Colts held the final pick in the NFL Draft , number 254 , which is famously known as Mr. Irrelevant . In 2012 , the final player selected was Chandler Harnish . The 2013 season 's Mr. Irrelevant is Justice Cunningham .   Throughout the season , the Colts wore a patch to recognize the 30th season since their move to Indianapolis .   On October 20 , 2013 , Peyton Manning made his first return to Indianapolis since being released by the Indianapolis Colts and signed by the Denver Broncos , a game in which commentator Al Michaels dubbed `` the War of 1812 '' ( referring to Peyton Manning 's number of 18 and Colts quarterback Andrew Luck 's number of 12 ) . The Colts won the game 39-33 .   While losing their Week 14 match-up against the Cincinnati Bengals , the Colts overall record as well as a 4 -- 0 record within the division was enough to earn them their 15th division title after the Denver Broncos defeated the Tennessee Titans . The Colts became the first team of the 2013 season to win their division , securing a home playoff game .   With the Titans ' loss to the Cardinals in Week 15 , the Colts were the only AFC South team to make the playoffs .   In the AFC Wild Card Game against the Kansas City Chiefs , the Colts rallied to turn a 38 -- 10 Chiefs ' lead into a 45 -- 44 victory for the second largest comeback in NFL playoff history . It is behind only the Bills who rallied from a 32-point deficit in the 1993 AFC Wild Card Game .

neg: Baltimore Ravens The Baltimore Ravens are a professional American football team based in Baltimore , Maryland . The Ravens compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the American Football Conference ( AFC ) North division . The team plays its home games at M&T Bank Stadium and is headquartered in Owings Mills .   The Ravens were established in 1996 , when Art Modell , who was then the owner of the Cleveland Browns , announced plans to relocate the franchise from Cleveland to Baltimore . As part of a settlement between the league and the city of Cleveland , Modell was required to leave the Browns ' history and records in Cleveland for a replacement team and replacement personnel that would take control in 1999 . In return , he was allowed to take his own personnel and team to Baltimore , where such personnel would then form an expansion team .   The Ravens have been one of the more successful franchises since their inception , having qualified for the NFL playoffs ten times since 2000 , with two Super Bowl victories ( Super Bowl XXXV and Super Bowl XLVII ) , two AFC Championship titles ( 2000 and 2012 ) , 15 playoff victories , four AFC Championship game appearances ( 2000 , 2008 , 2011 and 2012 ) , four AFC North division titles ( 2003 , 2006 , 2011 and 2012 ) , and are currently the only team in the NFL to hold a perfect record in multiple Super Bowl and Thanksgiving Day appearances . The Ravens organization has been led by general manager Ozzie Newsome since 1996 , and has had three head coaches : Ted Marchibroda , Brian Billick , and John Harbaugh . With a record-breaking defensive unit in their 2000 season , the team established a reputation for relying on strong defensive play , led by players like middle linebacker Ray Lewis , who , until his retirement , was considered the `` face of the franchise . '' The team is owned by Steve Bisciotti and valued at $ 1.5 billion , making the Ravens the 24th-most valuable sports franchise in the world .

neg: Super Bowl XXXVIII Super Bowl XXXVIII was an American football game between the National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion Carolina Panthers and the American Football Conference ( AFC ) champion New England Patriots to decide the National Football League ( NFL ) champion for the 2003 season . The Patriots defeated the Panthers by the score of 32 -- 29 , winning their second Super Bowl championship in three years . The game was played at Reliant Stadium in Houston , Texas , on February 1 , 2004 . At the time , this was the most watched Super Bowl ever with 144.4 million viewers .   The Panthers were making their first ever Super Bowl appearance after posting an 11 -- 5 regular season record . They also made it the second straight year that a team from the NFC South division made the Super Bowl , with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers winning Super Bowl XXXVII . The Patriots were seeking their second Super Bowl title in three years after posting a 14 -- 2 record .   NFL fans and sports writers widely consider this game one of the most well-played and thrilling Super Bowls ; Sports Illustrated writer Peter King hailed it as the `` Greatest Super Bowl of all time . '' Although neither team could score in the first and third quarters , they both ended up with a combined total of 868 yards and 61 points . The game was scoreless for a Super Bowl record 26:55 before the two teams combined for 24 points prior to halftime . The clubs then combined for a Super Bowl record 37 points in the fourth quarter . The contest was finally decided on New England kicker Adam Vinatieri 's 41-yard field goal with four seconds left . Patriots quarterback Tom Brady was named Super Bowl MVP for the second time in three years . He set a Super Bowl record for the most pass completions ( 32 ) , completing 66.7 percent of his passes and accumulating 354 passing yards , 3 touchdowns , and 12 rushing yards . Jake Delhomme for his part overcame the poor start with 323 passing yards and three touchdowns . The 61 combined points stood as a Super Bowl record until the 62 points scored in Super Bowl LI in 2017 .   The game is also known for its controversial halftime show in which Janet Jackson 's breast , adorned with a nipple shield , was exposed by Justin Timberlake for about half a second , in what was later referred to as a `` wardrobe malfunction '' . Along with the rest of the halftime show , it led to an immediate crackdown by the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) , and widespread debate on perceived indecency in broadcasting .

neg: History of the New England Patriots The history of the New England Patriots began when Boston business executive William `` Billy '' Sullivan and Sullivan Brother Printers , owned by Joseph Sullivan , were awarded the eighth and final franchise of the developing American Football League ( AFL ) on November 16 , 1959 . The following winter , locals submitted thousands of ideas for the Boston football team 's official name . On February 20 , 1960 , Sullivan chose `` Boston Patriots '' , which was suggested by 74 fans , among them Larry Kepnes . Immediately thereafter , artist Phil Bissell developed the `` Pat Patriot '' logo .   The Patriots ' time in the AFL saw them without a regular home stadium . Nickerson Field , Harvard Stadium , Fenway Park , and Alumni Stadium , all in or near Boston , served as home fields during their time in the American Football League . Early Patriots stars included defensive tackles Jim Lee `` Earthquake '' Hunt and Houston Antwine ; quarterback Vito `` Babe '' Parilli ; and flanker-placekicker Gino `` The Duke '' Cappelletti . Hunt , Parilli and Cappelletti played every year of the existence of the AFL , with Hunt and Cappelletti spending all ten years with the Patriots . Cappelletti was the all-time leading scorer in the AFL . Later the Patriots were joined by such stars as defensive end Larry Eisenhauer , fullback Jim Nance , and middle linebacker and future Hall of Famer Nick Buoniconti . Cappelletti and Nance were AFL Most Valuable Players , Cappelletti in 1964 and Nance in 1966 . Buoniconti and Antwine were later named to the American Football League All-Time Team .   The Boston Patriots defeated the Buffalo Bills in an AFL Eastern Division playoff game in 1963 , and played in the 1963 AFL championship game , losing to the San Diego Chargers 51 -- 10 . Although they would not appear again in an AFL or NFL post-season game for another 13 years , in the AFL , the Patriots often challenged the dominant Bills for the Eastern Division title .   When the NFL and AFL merged in 1970 , the Patriots were placed in the AFC East division , where they still play today . The following year , the Patriots moved to a new stadium in Foxborough , Massachusetts , a suburb of Boston , which would serve as their home for 30 years ; the team also changed their name to the New England Patriots to reflect the location change , as well as its following throughout the region as its only NFL team ( though both New York City teams have substantial followings in parts of Connecticut as well ) . During the 1970s , the Patriots had some success , earning a berth to the playoffs in 1976 -- as a wild card-berth -- and in 1978 -- as AFC East champions . They would lose both games . In 1985 , they returned to the playoffs , and made it all the way to Super Bowl XX , which they lost against the Chicago Bears 46 -- 10 . Following their Super Bowl loss , they returned to the playoffs in 1986 , but lost in the first round . The team would not make the playoffs again for eight more years . They changed ownership several times in that period , being purchased from the Sullivan family first by Victor Kiam in 1988 , who sold the team to James Orthwein in 1992 . Orthwein intended to move the team to his native St. Louis , Missouri , but sold the team two years later to current owner , local businessman Robert Kraft in 1994 .   Though Orthwein 's period as owner was short and controversial , he did oversee major changes to the team . Former New York Giants coach Bill Parcells was hired in 1993 , and the drastic changes were made the same year to the Patriots uniforms , changing their primary colors from their traditional red and white to blue and silver , and introducing a new logo . Parcells would bring the Patriots to two playoff appearances , including Super Bowl XXXI , which they lost to the Green Bay Packers by a score of 35 -- 21 . Pete Carroll , Parcells ' successor , would also take the team to the playoffs twice .   Bill Belichick , current head coach , was hired in 2000 , and a new home field , Gillette Stadium was opened in 2002 . Under Belichick , the team won three Super Bowls in four years , and finished the 2007 regular season with a perfect 16 -- 0 record , becoming only the fourth team in league history to go undefeated , and the only one since the league expanded its regular season schedule to 16 games ; however , they ended that season with an 18-1 record after their loss to the New York Giants in Super Bowl XLII . The Patriots have made the playoffs in 12 of the 15 seasons that Belichick has been coach , missing them only in 2000 ( his first season ) , 2002 , and 2008 . They later faced the Seattle Seahawks in Super Bowl XLIX on February 1 , 2015 , and won by a score of 28-24 . The Patriots defeated the Atlanta Falcons 34-28 in Super Bowl LI at NRG Stadium .

neg: 2004 NFL Draft The 2004 NFL draft was the procedure by which National Football League teams selected amateur college football players . It is officially known as the NFL Annual Player Selection Meeting . The draft was held April 24 -- 25 , 2004 at the Theater at Madison Square Garden in New York City . No teams chose to claim any players in the supplemental draft that year .   The draft was shown on ESPN both days and eventually moved to ESPN2 both days . The draft began with the San Diego Chargers selecting Mississippi quarterback Eli Manning with the first overall selection . Manning was later traded to the New York Giants for their first selection , fourth overall pick Philip Rivers of NC State . There were 32 compensatory selections distributed among 16 teams , with the Eagles , Rams , and Jets each receiving 4 compensatory picks . The draft set several records , including the most wide receivers selected in the first round , with seven . Another record set by the draft was the most trades in the first round , with twenty-eight trades . The University of Miami set an NFL record for the most first rounders drafted with 6 . Ohio State set an NFL draft record having 14 total players selected through all rounds . As of 2012 , this draft also has two other records attached to it : it became the draft with the shortest time between having multiple quarterbacks being drafted and starting for Super Bowl winners ( Ben Roethlisberger for the 2005 Steelers , and Manning for the 2007 Giants ) and it has become the first draft ever to have produced two QBs who each won multiple Super Bowls ( with Roethlisberger winning his second in 2008 and Eli his second in 2011 ) . The 255 players chosen in the draft were composed of :   __ TOC __

neg: History of American football The history of American football can be traced to early versions of rugby football and association football . Both games have their origin in varieties of football played in Britain in the mid-19th century , in which a football is kicked at a goal or kicked over a line , which in turn were based on the varieties of English public school football games .   American football resulted from several major divergences from association football and rugby football , most notably the rule changes instituted by Walter Camp , a Yale University and Hopkins School graduate who is considered to be the `` Father of American Football '' . Among these important changes were the introduction of the line of scrimmage , of down-and-distance rules and of the legalization of interference . In the late 19th and early 20th centuries , gameplay developments by college coaches such as Eddie Cochems , Amos Alonzo Stagg , Parke H. Davis , Knute Rockne , and Glenn `` Pop '' Warner helped take advantage of the newly introduced forward pass . The popularity of college football grew as it became the dominant version of the sport in the United States for the first half of the 20th century . Bowl games , a college football tradition , attracted a national audience for college teams . Boosted by fierce rivalries and colorful traditions , college football still holds widespread appeal in the United States .   The origin of professional football can be traced back to 1892 , with William `` Pudge '' Heffelfinger 's $ 500 contract to play in a game for the Allegheny Athletic Association against the Pittsburgh Athletic Club . In 1920 the American Professional Football Association was formed . This league changed its name to the National Football League ( NFL ) two years later , and eventually became the major league of American football . Primarily a sport of Midwestern industrial towns in the United States , professional football eventually became a national phenomenon .   The modern era of American football can be considered to have begun after the 1932 NFL Playoff game , which was the first American football game to feature hash marks , the legalization of the forward pass anywhere behind the line of scrimmage , the first indoor game since 1902 , and the movement of the goal posts back to goal line . Other innovations to occur immediately after 1932 , were the introduction of the AP Poll in 1934 , the tapering of the ends of the football in 1934 , the awarding of the first Heisman Trophy in 1935 , the first NFL draft in 1936 and the first televised game in 1939 . Another important event was the American football game at the 1932 Summer Olympics , which combined with a similar demonstration game at 1933 World 's Fair , led to the first College All-Star Game in 1934 , which in turn was an important factor in the growth of professional football in the United States . American football 's explosion in popularity during the second half of the 20th century can be traced to the 1958 NFL Championship Game , a contest that has been dubbed the `` Greatest Game Ever Played '' . A rival league to the NFL , the American Football League ( AFL ) , began play in 1960 ; the pressure it put on the senior league led to a merger between the two leagues and the creation of the Super Bowl , which has become the most watched television event in the United States on an annual basis .

neg: 1994–95 NFL playoffs The National Football League playoffs for the 1994 season began on December 31 , 1994 . The postseason tournament concluded with the San Francisco 49ers defeating the San Diego Chargers in Super Bowl XXIX , 49 -- 26 , on January 29 , 1995 , at Joe Robbie Stadium in Miami , Florida .

neg: 2001 NFL season The 2001 NFL season was the 82nd regular season of the National Football League ( NFL ) .   In the wake of the September 11 attacks , the NFL 's week 2 games ( September 16 -- 17 ) were postponed and re-scheduled to the weekend of January 6 -- 7 . In order to retain the full playoff format , all playoff games , including Super Bowl XXXVI , were re-scheduled one week later . The New England Patriots won the Super Bowl , defeating the St. Louis Rams 20 -- 17 at the Louisiana Superdome .

neg: 2005 Pittsburgh Steelers season The 2005 Pittsburgh Steelers season began with the team trying to improve on their 15 -- 1 record from 2004 in which they lost to the New England Patriots in the AFC Championship Game at Heinz Field . They were looking to become the first team in NFL history to complete a 16-game season undefeated . The Steelers , with the sixth and final seed to the playoffs , became just the second team ever ( and the first in 20 years ) to win three road games on their way to the Super Bowl . They defeated the NFC Champion Seattle Seahawks in Super Bowl XL to secure their league-tying fifth Super Bowl title . In doing so , they also became the first team since the 1970 AFL-NFL merger to win a Super Bowl without playing a single home playoff game .   The Steelers finished the 2005 season tied for first place in the AFC North with the Cincinnati Bengals . The Bengals would win the division over them by having a better division record than them . The Steelers would clinch a playoff spot following a 41-0 drubbing of the Browns in Cleveland . The Steelers would then beat the Detroit Lions 35-21 to end the season and force a tiebreaker with the Bengals in the AFC North . But by then , the Steelers hopes for a division title came too late , as the Bengals had already clinched the division earlier in the season in week 15 . The Steelers entered the playoffs as the number 6 seed in the AFC playoffs , and went to Cincinnati for the first playoff game against the Bengals . The Bengals were heavily favored , as star quarterback Carson Palmer had seemingly the best season of his career , leading the league in touchdown passes ( 32 ) , while also throwing the least interceptions during the season ( 12 ) . The Bengals would lose him for the game after he tore his ACL on the first play from scrimmage for the Bengals on their first possession . Jon Kitna would replace him , but Palmer 's absence would ultimately doom the Bengals as Kitna threw 2 interceptions that were proven costly . The Steelers would trail for most of the game . However , they would come back to stun the Bengals and advance to Indianapolis for the Divisional Game against the 1 seeded Colts . Like the Bengals , the Colts were heavily favored to win . But the Steelers went into the dome and stunned them 21-18 . The game is most notable for a tackle made on Colts defender Nick Harper by Ben Roethlisberger after Roethlisberger lost a fumble on a bad snap . Had the tackle not been made , Harper would 've most likely taken it the distance and would 've most likely sealed the win for the Colts with a touchdown . The play was dubbed `` The Tackle '' . The Colts would miss a field goal with 19 seconds remaining and the Steelers took over and ran the clock out . They advanced to the AFC Championship game against the Broncos , and once again the Steelers were considered huge underdogs . The Steelers would win the game in command 34-17 to advance to Super Bowl XL against the heavily favored Seahawks in a game in which many controversial penalties were called by referee Bill Leavy that resulted in most of them wiping out Seattle scoring plays . The penalties made Super Bowl XL what many call the most controversial Super Bowl ever to be played . The Steelers wound up winning the game 21-10 to clinch their 5th Super Bowl championship , tying the San Francisco 49ers and Dallas Cowboys for most in NFL history at the time . They would later break this record 3 years later when they won Super Bowl XLIII to win their 6th Super Bowl . Skeptics call the 2005 Steelers a `` miracle team '' or the luckiest team in NFL history by pulling out 4 straight upsets in games in which they were not favored to win . The 2005 Steelers would be the last team to win the Super Bowl without playing a home playoff game until the Giants did it in 2007 .   They are also the first 6th seeded team to beat the top 3 seeds on the road .

neg: 1996 NFL season The 1996 NFL season was the 77th regular season of the National Football League and the season was marked by notable controversies from beginning to end . The season ended with Super Bowl XXXI when the Green Bay Packers defeated the New England Patriots 35-21 at the Louisiana Superdome .

neg: Super Bowl VII Super Bowl VII was an American football game between the American Football Conference ( AFC ) champion Miami Dolphins and the National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion Washington Redskins to decide the National Football League ( NFL ) champion for the 1972 season . The Dolphins defeated the Redskins by the score of 14 -- 7 , and became the first and still the only team in NFL history to complete a perfect undefeated season . They also remain the only Super Bowl team to be shut out in the second half and still win . The game was played on January 14 , 1973 , at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum in Los Angeles , the second time the Super Bowl was played in that city . At kickoff the temperature was 84 F , making the game the warmest Super Bowl ever .   This was the Dolphins ' second Super Bowl appearance after losing Super Bowl VI . They posted an undefeated 14 -- 0 regular season record before defeating the Cleveland Browns and the Pittsburgh Steelers in the playoffs . The Redskins were making their first Super Bowl appearance after posting an 11 -- 3 regular season record and playoff victories over the Green Bay Packers and the Dallas Cowboys . Despite being undefeated , the Dolphins were actually one point underdogs , largely based on the weakness of their regular season schedule .   Super Bowl VII was largely dominated by the Dolphins , and remains the lowest-scoring Super Bowl to date with a total of only 21 points ( 3 touchdown and 3 extra points ) . The only drama was during the final minutes of the game , in what was later known as `` Garo 's Gaffe '' . Miami attempted to cap off their 17 -- 0 perfect season with a 17 -- 0 perfect score shutout with a 42-yard field goal by Garo Yepremian , but instead the game and the season was jeopardized when his kick was blocked . Instead of falling on the loose ball , the Dolphins kicker picked it up , attempted a forward pass , but batted it in the air , and Redskins ' cornerback Mike Bass ( who was Garo 's former teammate on the Detroit Lions years earlier ) caught it and returned it 49 yards for a touchdown . This game also remains as the longest period in a Super Bowl for one team to be shut out , as Washington was held scoreless until 2:07 remained in the fourth quarter.The previous Super Bowl with the longest period for being shut out was in 1969 , where the Jets held the Colts scoreless until 3:19 left in the game . Don Shula was head coach on the losing side that time , so he held the record for the longest period to be held under a shut out as well as the longest period to hold a shut out .   Dolphins safety Jake Scott was named Most Valuable Player . He recorded two interceptions for 63 return yards , including a 55-yard return from the end zone during the 4th quarter . Scott became the second defensive player in Super Bowl history ( after linebacker Chuck Howley in Super Bowl V ) to earn a Super Bowl MVP .

neg: 1985 New York Giants season The 1985 New York Giants season was the 61st season for the club in the National Football League ( NFL ) . The Giants entered the season looking to improve on their 9 -- 7 record in 1984 , which was enough to qualify the team for the playoffs as the second wild-card team , and to return to the playoffs for the second consecutive year under third-year head coach Bill Parcells . The Giants managed to do both , finishing with 10 victories for the first time since 1963 when the team won 11 games and finishing as the first wild-card team which earned the Giants a home playoff game at Giants Stadium . They defeated the San Francisco 49ers 17 -- 3 in that game , avenging their loss to the 49ers in the previous year 's divisional playoffs . However , it was as far as the Giants could get as they were defeated by the eventual Super Bowl champion Chicago Bears in the divisional round at Soldier Field 21 -- 0 . Bill Parcells stated in `` America 's Game : 1986 Giants '' that the game the Giants played against the Bears in the playoffs that `` an honest evaluation of it , we could have probably beat that team one out of ten times . But that day was one of the days that that could have happened '' , the Giants were ultimately undone by a whiffed punt from legend Sean Landeta , the ball flew out of the air when he went to punt it from a burst of wind coming of Lake Michigan , the Bears recovered the ball for a touchdown from less than 5 yards from the end zone , and ended up winning 21-0 . At the time , the team set a record for most rushing yards in one season by a Giants team .

neg: List of Baltimore Ravens seasons This is a list of seasons completed by the Baltimore Ravens , a professional American football franchise based in Baltimore , Maryland . The Ravens are a member club of the American Football Conference ( AFC ) North division in the National Football League ( NFL ) . The team began play in the 1996 season as a result of former Cleveland Browns team owner Art Modell 's decision to move the Browns to Baltimore .   Overall , the Ravens have won two Super Bowl championships in franchise history : 2000 , when the team defeated the New York Giants 34 -- 7 in Super Bowl XXXV ; and in 2012 , when the team defeated the San Francisco 49ers 34 -- 31 in Super Bowl XLVII . They are currently the only team to reach the Super Bowl multiple times and never lose an appearance .

neg: 2013 Rose Bowl The 2013 Rose Bowl , the 99th edition of the annual game , was a college football bowl game played on Tuesday , January 1 , 2013 , at the same-named stadium in Pasadena , California . The Pasadena Tournament of Roses Association is the organizer of the game . The game matched Big Ten Conference Champions Wisconsin Badgers against the Pac-12 Conference Champions Stanford Cardinal , a rematch of the same two teams in the 2000 Rose Bowl . The Cardinal defeated the Badgers 20 -- 14 for the Rose Bowl Championship . This was Wisconsin 's third consecutive Rose Bowl defeat .   Because of sponsorship by Vizio , the first game in the 2013 edition of the Bowl Championship Series was officially titled the Rose Bowl Game presented by VIZIO . The contest was televised on ESPN with a radio broadcast on ESPN Radio and XM Satellite Radio , which began at 1:30 PM ( PST ) with kickoff at 2:10 PM ( PST ) .   The Rose Bowl Game , themed `` Oh , the Places You 'll Go ! '' , was a contractual sell-out , with 64,500 tickets allocated to the participating teams and conferences . The remaining tickets went to the Tournament of Roses members , sponsors , City of Pasadena residents , and the general public .


query: Boston has many colleges.

pos: Boston Boston ( pronounced -LSB- ˈbɒstən -RSB- ) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States . Boston is also the seat of Suffolk County , although the county government was disbanded on July 1 , 1999 . The city proper covers 48 mi2 with an estimated population of 667,137 in 2015 , making it the largest city in New England and the 23rd most populous city in the United States . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston , a Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA ) home to a census-estimated 4.7 million people in 2014 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country . Alternately , as a Combined Statistical Area ( CSA ) , this wider commuting region is home to some 8.1 million people , making it the sixth-largest as such in the United States .   One of the oldest cities in the United States , Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England . It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution , such as the Boston Massacre , the Boston Tea Party , the Battle of Bunker Hill , and the Siege of Boston . Upon U.S. independence from Great Britain , it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture . Through land reclamation and municipal annexation , Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula . Its rich history attracts many tourists , with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year . Boston 's many firsts include the United States ' first public school , Boston Latin School ( 1635 ) , first subway system , the Tremont Street Subway ( 1897 ) , and first public park , Boston Common ( 1634 ) .   The area 's many colleges and universities make Boston an international center of higher education , including law , medicine , engineering , and business , and the city is considered to be a world leader in innovation and entrepreneurship , with nearly 2,000 startups . Boston 's economic base also includes finance , professional and business services , biotechnology , information technology , and government activities . Households in the city claim the highest average rate of philanthropy in the United States ; businesses and institutions rank among the top in the country for environmental sustainability and investment . The city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States as it has undergone gentrification , though it remains high on world livability rankings .

neg: New Boston, Michigan New Boston is an unincorporated community in Huron Charter Township , Wayne County , in the U.S. state of Michigan .   Huron Township includes three separate communities : the largest community is New Boston ; south of New Boston , Willow and Waltz are smaller , newer communities being developed with new subdivisions . The Huron River runs just south of downtown New Boston . Huron Township is just south of Romulus , Michigan , and is just west of Flat Rock , Michigan . Interstate 275 ( I-275 ) passes through the middle of the community with three exits providing easy access . Exits off I-275 are Sibley , South Huron , and Will-Carleton roads , the latter being the southern-most exit .   New Boston was first settled in 1827 and was originally called `` Catville '' after the initials of the proprietor , C. A. Trowbridge . It received a post office with that name in 1860 . On March 20 , 1868 , it was renamed New Boston , after Boston , Massachusetts .   New Boston is home to Gibbs Sweet Station and Mc Nasty 's Saloon . Mary Anne 's Family Diner once used to thrive , but recently closed . New Boston also hosts an Apple Fest every October . Huron River Drive is closed every year just for the Apple Festival , which includes a parade , lots of shopping booths , great food , and live entertainment . Huron High School is also located in the area .   New Boston 's assets include open land , proximity to Detroit Metro Airport , and easy access to I-275 and I-94 . In addition , there are three major metro parks in the area .

neg: Boston College Rugby Football Club The Boston College Rugby Football Club , or BCRFC , is a collegiate rugby union team that represents Boston College . It competes in the East Coast Rugby Conference ( ECRC ) . Like other Boston College athletic teams , BC ruggers are called the Boston College Eagles . With over 90 members , BC Rugby is one of the largest athletic teams at Boston College .

neg: Higher education in the United States Higher education in the United States is an optional final stage of formal learning following secondary education . Higher education , also referred to as post-secondary education , third stage , third level , or tertiary education occurs most commonly at one of the 4,726 Title IV degree-granting institutions , either colleges or universities in the country . These may be public universities , private universities , liberal arts colleges , community colleges , or for-profit colleges . High visibility issues include greater use of the Internet , such as massive open online courses , competency-based education , cutbacks in state spending , rapidly rising tuition and increasing student loans .   According to the National Student Clearinghouse , US college enrollment has declined for five consecutive years and is projected to continue declining for the next two decades .   Strong research and funding have helped make American colleges and universities among the world 's most prestigious , making them particularly attractive to international students , professors and researchers in the pursuit of academic excellence .   Unlike the tertiary education system of the UK and Australia , American education is unique in the world to place strong emphasis on Liberal Arts education in its higher education curriculum .

neg: Greenfield Community College (Massachusetts) Greenfield Community College is a two-year Community College in Greenfield , Massachusetts . It was founded in 1962 , and has an annual enrollment of 5,500 . It is regionally known for its art program , its small-town atmosphere , and its setting amid picturesque old farmland at the foot of Greenfield Mountain .

neg: Suffolk University Law School Suffolk University Law School ( also known as `` Suffolk Law School '' ) . Suffolk University Law School is a private , non-sectarian law school located in downtown Boston , Massachusetts . Suffolk University Law School was founded in 1906 by Gleason Archer , Sr. to provide a legal education for those who traditionally lacked the opportunity to study law because of socio-economic or racial discrimination . Suffolk is the fourth-oldest New England law school in continuous existence .   The law school currently has both day and evening , part-time divisions . Suffolk University Law School has been accredited by the American Bar Association since 1953 and the Association of American Law Schools since 1977 . The school is located in Sargent Hall on Tremont Street in downtown Boston . Suffolk offers over 200 upper-level electives , the most of any law school in the country , and is consistently ranked one of the most technologically advanced schools in the nation . Suffolk publishes six law reviews , to which students , faculty , and other scholars contribute . Suffolk University Law School alumni are found in high-level judicial , political , and private positions throughout the United States . With over 25,000 alumni , Suffolk is the fourth largest law school in the United States .   According to Suffolk Law 's 2013 ABA-required disclosures , 36.9 % of the Class of 2013 obtained full-time , long-term , JD-required employment nine months after graduation .

neg: Western Massachusetts Western Massachusetts is a region in Massachusetts , one of the six U.S. states that make up the New England region of the United States . Western Massachusetts has diverse topography ; 22 universities , with approximately 100,000 university students ; and such institutions as Tanglewood , Springfield Armory , and Jacob 's Pillow .   The western part of Western Massachusetts includes the Berkshire Mountains , where there are several vacation resorts . The eastern part of the region includes the Connecticut River Valley , which has a number of university towns , the major city Springfield , and numerous agricultural hamlets . In the eastern part of the area , the Quabbin region is a place of outdoor recreation .

neg: German Scholars Boston German Scholars Boston , also known as German Scholars Agency , and abbreviated as GSA or GSB , is an independent organization of more than 12,000 German-speaking scholars , alumni and professionals living and working in Cambridge or the greater Boston area interested in Germanic culture . It comprises scientists , scholars , students , fellows , post-docs and alumni from all major universities in the area , such as Harvard University , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Boston University and Tufts University , as well as professionals from different companies , and people from government - and non-governmental organizations . It has more than 6000 alumni .   GSB provides a forum for its members to meet , discuss , exchange ideas and vital information . GSB invites to specific cultural and social events to get together on a regular basis .

neg: Boston Housing Authority The Boston Housing Authority ( BHA ) is a public agency of the city of Boston , Massachusetts that provides subsidized public housing to low - and moderate-income families and individuals .   In the federal government model of the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development ( HUD ) , BHA is a public housing agency . As such , BHA administers federal government assistance programs and monies for locally subsidized housing .   With 70 developments , and serving almost 26,000 people across over 12,600 public housing units , it is the largest public housing authority in New England . It also offers partial subsidies for private housing , assisting another 32,000 people , and administers federal Section 8 vouchers .   The agency 's performance is periodically reviewed by a nine-member council , the BHA Monitoring Committee , which reports to the mayor .

neg: Sports in Boston Boston , the capital city of the U.S. state of Massachusetts and largest city in the New England region of the northeastern United States , is home to several major league sports teams , including the Red Sox ( baseball ) , the Celtics ( basketball ) and the Bruins ( ice hockey ) . The New England Patriots ( American football ) and the New England Revolution ( soccer ) play at Gillette Stadium in nearby Foxborough , Massachusetts . Several Boston-area colleges and universities are also active in college athletics .   Sports are a major part of the city 's culture ( as well as the culture of the Greater Boston area ) . Boston sports fans are known for their fanatical devotion to the Red Sox and knowledge of the team 's history . Fenway Park , home of the Red Sox , is the oldest ballpark in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) and holds a legendary status among baseball fans .   Boston is the only city in professional sports in which all facilities are privately owned and operated . The Patriots own Gillette Stadium , the Red Sox own Fenway Park , and TD Garden is owned by Delaware North , owner of the Bruins . The Celtics rent TD Garden from Delaware North .   In the 2000s , Boston 's professional teams had arguably the most successful decade in sports history , winning ten championships ( five by the Patriots , three by the Red Sox and one each by the Celtics and Bruins ) . When the Bruins won the 2011 Stanley Cup Finals , the city of Boston became the first city in the 21st century to have all four of its major professional league teams win a league championship , and it is the only city ever to have championships in all four major professional leagues within a ten-year span ( from the Patriots ' victory in February 2002 to the Bruins ' in June 2011 ) . In just ten years , between February 2002 and June 2011 , Boston 's teams completed what Sports Illustrated dubbed as the `` Grand Slam of North American sports . '' With the Patriots ' victory over the Seattle Seahawks in Super Bowl XLIX , the four major Boston-area sports teams completed a grand-slam in six years ( the 2008 Celtics , the 2011 Bruins , the 2013 Red Sox and the 2014 Patriots ) . Beyond that , several of the teams were league finalists : the Revolution four times , the Patriots twice and the Bruins and Celtics once apiece .   With the Bruins reaching the 2011 Stanley Cup Finals , this allowed Boston to join Philadelphia as being the only cities to have had all of their teams play in each of the four major North American professional sports leagues ' title rounds since 2000 , following the Patriots in Super Bowls XXXVI in 2002 , XXXVIII in 2004 , XXXIX in 2005 , XLII in 2008 , XLVI in 2012 , XLIX in 2015 , and LI in 2017 and winning all of them , except Super Bowl XLII and XLVI , the Red Sox winning World Series titles in ( ending the Curse of the Bambino ) , , and , and the Celtics in the NBA Finals in and and winning in 2008 . In addition , Boston beat out Philadelphia for playing in all of the `` big '' league championship rounds in the shortest time in the new millennium , as it took 9 years for Philadelphia to achieve this feat ; Boston needed only three years and eight months . From 2004 to 2015 , all four Boston major league teams have each reached the championship rounds two times or more .

neg: Boston Road, Springfield, Massachusetts Boston Road is Springfield , Massachusetts 's principal commercial and retail corridor . The Boston Road neighborhood is located on the eastern edge of the city , beginning about five miles from Metro Center . It is a medium-sized Springfield neighborhood , containing 727 acre plus rights-of-way and water bodies . Principal boundaries are the Boston & Albany Railroad to the north ; the North Branch of the Mill River to the south ; the Town of Wilbraham to the east ; and Cobb and Methuen Streets to the west .   Boston Road remains a commercial stronghold , home to the fully occupied Eastfield Mall , various big box stores , a movie theater , and a branch of Hampden Bank .   Just across from the above-mentioned Hampden Bank , Springfield city parks including Five Mile Pond and Loon Pond provide places to swim , fish , boat , and picnic . The High School of Science & Technology and the controversially renovated Putnam Vocational High School are located in this neighborhood .   The neighborhood also features numerous local and chain restaurants , not to mention a handful of independently owned restaurants and bars . Overall , Springfield 's Boston Road is one of the city 's most eclectic neighborhoods , functioning as a car-oriented version of Metro Center . Whereas one does not need a car to shop and enjoy Springfield 's compact Metro Center , a car is a necessity for use along Boston Road .

neg: Liberal arts college A liberal arts college is a college with an emphasis on undergraduate study in the liberal arts and sciences . A liberal arts college aims to impart a broad general knowledge and develop general intellectual capacities , in contrast to a professional , vocational , or technical curriculum . Students in a liberal arts college generally major in a particular discipline while receiving exposure to a wide range of academic subjects , including sciences as well as the traditional humanities subjects taught as liberal arts . Although it draws on European antecedents , the liberal arts college is strongly associated with American higher education , and most liberal arts colleges around the world draw explicitly on the American model .   There is no formal definition of liberal arts college , but one American authority defines them as schools that `` emphasize undergraduate education and award at least half of their degrees in the liberal arts fields of study . '' Other researchers have adopted similar definitions .   Although many liberal arts colleges are exclusively undergraduate , some also offer graduate programs that lead to a master 's degree or doctoral degree in subjects such as business administration , nursing , medicine , and law . Similarly , although the term `` liberal arts college '' most commonly refers to an independent institution , it may also sometimes refer to a university college within or affiliated with a larger university . Most liberal arts colleges outside of the United States follow this model .

neg: List of state universities in the United States In the United States , a state college or state university is one of the public colleges or universities funded by or associated with the state government . In some cases , these institutions of higher learning are part of a state university system , while in other cases they are not . Several U.S. territories also administer public colleges and universities . The U.S. federal government does not run colleges or universities except for the service academies , the Community College of the Air Force , the Naval Postgraduate School , the Air Force Institute of Technology , the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , military war colleges and staff colleges , and Haskell Indian Nations University . Additionally , Georgetown University , Gallaudet University , Howard University , and American University are private universities that are federally chartered . However , the federal government does make grants to state universities .   These state , as well as private , universities are accredited by different regional , not national , accreditation agencies , including the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools , the New England Association of Schools and Colleges , the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities , the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools , the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools , and the Western Association of Schools and Colleges , depending on which region of the United States the university is located in . These accreditation agencies ' approvals are critical to a university 's operations and public reputation . If a university loses accreditation or is not accredited in the first place , students will be reluctant to either continue or enroll at the school because the degree will be seen as being worthless . In a worst-case scenario , a university can shut down completely . The aforementioned agencies are all recognized by the United States Department of Education .   Most state universities receive at least part of their funding from the state , although many have substantial income from tuition and fees , endowment proceeds , donations ( such as from alumni or philanthropists ) , and revenue from royalties . State universities usually offer lower tuition costs to in-state residents . According to the College Board , public four-year colleges charge on average $ 7,605 per year in tuition and fees for full-time in-state students and $ 11,990 for out-of-state students .   In some states , e.g. Maryland , Tennessee , Indiana , and Washington , there is a campus designated as the `` flagship '' campus in the state 's university system , which generally is the most prestigious campus and the largest campus in student population , e.g. the University of Maryland College Park campus in the University System of Maryland , the Indiana University Bloomington campus in the Indiana University System , the University of Tennessee Knoxville campus in the University of Tennessee System , and the University of Washington 's Seattle campus in the University of Washington System .   However , in some other states , the state universities are treated as equal partners ; therefore there is no officially recognized flagship campus in the state 's university system .   There are a number of states that have more than one university system , e.g. California with 2 ; Colorado with 2 ; New York with 2 ; and Texas with 6 ( the most ) .   Notes :  As a general rule , schools are not alphabetized by their complete names , but rather by the names by which they are normally called . For example , in a list alphabetized by normal rules , `` Auburn University '' would precede `` University of Alabama , '' but the schools are virtually always referred to in popular conversation as `` Auburn '' and `` Alabama '' ( followed by a campus identifier if required by the context ) . Therefore , in this article , `` Alabama '' precedes `` Auburn '' .  The list includes some of the more common academic nicknames or acronyms used for certain colleges or universities , e.g. `` Ole Miss '' for the University of Mississippi , `` Idaho State '' for Idaho State University , or `` UNF '' for the University of North Florida , not the `` Rebels '' , `` Bengals '' , or `` Ospreys '' , respectively .  To minimize any confusion regarding acronyms , either the first school listed or the school that is more nationally known having an acronym the same as another has the acronym provided , e.g. San Diego State University has the acronym `` SDSU '' included because it is listed before South Dakota State University , and Arizona State University has the acronym `` ASU '' given because it is better known nationally than Alabama State . In addition , only acronyms that are unique are given , e.g. `` UW Tacoma '' for the University of Washington 's Tacoma campus or `` UNH '' for the University of New Hampshire .  The list also includes schools that grant first-professional doctorates only ( e.g. , medical schools , law schools , or veterinary schools ) that are independent of any other school in a state system .  To see a list of community colleges and technical centers in the United States that offer only associate 's degrees , visit the community colleges list .  To see a list of tribal colleges and universities in the United States , visit the tribal colleges and universities list .

neg: Boston University School of Medicine Boston University School of Medicine ( BUSM ) is one of the graduate schools of Boston University . Founded in 1848 , the medical school holds the unique distinction as the first institution in the world to formally educate female physicians . Originally known as the New England Female Medical College , it was subsequently renamed BUSM in 1873 . It is notably also the first medical school in the United States to award an M.D. degree to an African-American woman in 1864 .   As the only medical school located in the South End neighborhood of Boston , Massachusetts , BUSM and Boston Medical Center , its primary teaching hospital , operates the largest 24-hour Level I trauma center in New England , the largest network of regional community health centers , and possesses the most diverse patient base in New England . BUSM is also the home of the world-renowned Framingham Heart Study -- from which all knowledge of cardiovascular disease risk factors were originally discovered . Notable alumni of the medical school include Marcia Angell , former editor-in-chief of the prestigious New England Journal of Medicine and the only woman to hold the position in the journal 's almost 200-year history , as well as Louis Wade Sullivan , former Secretary of the US Department of Health and Human Services and founder of Morehouse School of Medicine . Boston University School of Medicine is ranked 29th on the 2017 list of Best Medical Schools in the Best Research category by the U.S. News & World Report .

neg: Oberlin Group The Oberlin Group is an `` informal consortium of the libraries of approximately 80 selective liberal arts colleges in the United States . The group developed as a result of conferences held in 1984-85 at Oberlin College when the presidents of 50 colleges met to discuss the role of science education .   Agnes Scott College ( GA )  Albion College ( MI )  Alma College ( MI )  Amherst College ( MA )  Augustana College ( IL )  Austin College ( TX )  Bard College ( NY )  Barnard College ( NY )  Bates College ( ME )  Beloit College ( WI )  Berea College ( KY )  Bowdoin College ( ME )  Bryn Mawr College ( PA )  Bucknell University ( PA )  Carleton College ( MN )  Claremont McKenna College ( CA )  Clark University ( MA )  Coe College ( IA )  Colby College ( ME )  Colgate University ( NY )  Colorado College ( CO )  Connecticut College ( CT )  Davidson College ( NC )  Denison University ( OH )  DePauw University ( IN )  Dickinson College ( PA )  Drew University ( NJ )  Earlham College ( IN )  Eckerd College ( FL )  Franklin & Marshall College ( PA )  Furman University ( SC )  Gettysburg College ( PA )  Grinnell College ( IA )  Gustavus Adolphus College ( MN )  Hamilton College ( NY )  Harvey Mudd College ( CA )  Haverford College ( PA )  College of the Holy Cross ( MA )  Hope College ( MI )  Kalamazoo College ( MI )  Kenyon College ( OH )  Knox College ( IL )  Lafayette College ( PA )  Lake Forest College ( IL )  Lawrence University ( WI )  Macalester College ( MN )  Manhattan College ( NY )  Middlebury College ( VT )  Mills College ( CA )  Morehouse College ( GA )  Mount Holyoke College ( MA )  Oberlin College ( OH )  Occidental College ( CA )  Ohio Wesleyan University ( OH )  Pitzer College ( CA )  Pomona College ( CA )  Randolph-Macon College ( VA )  Reed College ( OR )  Rhodes College ( TN )  Rollins College ( FL )  Sarah Lawrence College ( NY )  Scripps College ( CA )  Sewanee : The University of the South ( TN )  Simmons College ( MA )  Skidmore College ( NY )  Smith College ( MA )  Spelman College ( GA )  College of Saint Benedict and Saint John 's University ( MN )  St. Lawrence University ( NY )  St. Olaf College ( MN )  Swarthmore College ( PA )  Trinity College ( CT )  Trinity University ( TX )  Union College ( NY )  Vassar College ( NY )  Wabash College ( IN )  Washington and Lee University ( VA )  Wellesley College ( MA )  Wesleyan University ( CT )  Wheaton College ( MA )  Whitman College ( WA )  Whittier College ( CA )  Willamette University ( OR )  Williams College ( MA )  College of Wooster ( OH )

neg: Boston (disambiguation) Boston is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Massachusetts .   Boston may also refer to :

neg: Boston Lyceum (disambiguation) Boston Lyceum may refer to :   in Boston , Massachusetts  Boston Lyceum for the Education of Young Ladies ( est. 1811 ) , school overseen by John Park  Boston Lyceum periodical , ca. 1827  Boston Lyceum ( est. 1829 ) , civic association for popular education , lectures , debates , etc. .  Boston Lyceum , a theatre on Sudbury Street , -LSB- ca.1848-1851 ? -RSB-  Boston Lyceum Bureau ( est. 1868 ) , commercial booking agency for lecturers and performers  Lyceum Theatre , Washington Street , -LSB- ca.1890s-1900s ? -RSB-  Boston Lyceum School , -LSB- ca.1910s-1930s ? -RSB-   Category : Disambiguation pages

neg: List of college athletic programs in Washington, D.C. The main article is College sports .   Notes :  This list is in a tabular format , with columns arranged in the following order , from left to right :  Athletic team description ( short school name and nickname ) , with a link to the school 's athletic program article if it exists . When only one nickname is listed , it is used for teams of both sexes . ( Note that in recent years , many schools have chosen to use the same nickname for men 's and women 's teams even when the nickname is distinctly masculine . ) When two nicknames are given , the first is used for men 's teams and the other is used for women 's teams . Different nicknames for a specific sport within a school are noted separately below the table .  Full name of school .  Location of school .  Conference of the school ( if conference column is left blank , the school is either independent or the conference is unknown ) .  Apart from the ongoing conversions , the following notes apply :  Following the normal standard of U.S. sports media , the terms `` University '' and `` College '' are ignored in alphabetization , unless necessary to distinguish schools ( such as Boston College and Boston University ) or are actually used by the media in normally describing the school , such as the College of Charleston .  Schools are also alphabetized by the names they are most commonly referred to by sports media , with non-intuitive examples included in parentheses next to the school name . This means , for example , that campuses bearing the name `` University of North Carolina '' may variously be found at `` C '' ( Charlotte ) , `` N '' ( North Carolina , referring to the Chapel Hill campus ) , and `` U '' ( the Asheville , Greensboro , Pembroke , and Wilmington campuses , all normally referred to as UNC - -LCB- campus name -RCB- ) .  The prefix `` St. '' , as in `` Saint '' , is alphabetized as if it were spelled out .

neg: List of diplomatic missions in Boston This is a list of diplomatic missions in Boston ( and surrounding environs of `` Greater '' or `` Metro-Boston '' ) . These countries have established a resident consular presence to provide diplomatic and trade representation .

neg: Boston University School of Law Boston University School of Law ( BU Law ) is a nationally recognized law school located in the heart of Boston University 's campus on Commonwealth Avenue in Boston , Massachusetts .   Consistently ranked among the top American law schools , `` U.S. News and World Report '' currently ranks it 23rd in the country . Three specialties are in the top 10 , including Health Law ( # 2 ) , Tax Law ( # 7 ) , and Intellectual Property Law ( # 9 ) . Princeton Review ranks it 1st place nationally in `` Best Professors '' and 8th place for `` Best Classroom Experience . '' For the class of 2018 , the median student LSAT score was 164 and median GPA was 3.68 .   BU was one of the first law schools in the country to admit students regardless of race or gender , the second-oldest law school in Massachusetts , and a charter member of the American Bar Association . Nearly 700 students are enrolled in the full-time J.D. degree program and about 350 in the School 's five LLM degree programs . The School offers more than 200 classes and seminars , 21 study abroad opportunities , and 17 dual degree programs . Students learn critical legal theory and doctrine in classes that average a 10.6:1 student/faculty ratio , while developing professional lawyering skills in the School 's 1L Lawyering Lab , civil and criminal law clinics , national and international externships , pro bono placements , and transactional law program . BU also pioneered a clinic to represent victims of human trafficking in Boston .

neg: Boston Lyceum The Boston Lyceum ( est. 1829 ) of Boston , Massachusetts was a civic association dedicated to popular education in the form of `` lectures , discussions , ... declamation , '' and writing contests . It began `` in Chauncy Hall on 25 June 1829 . On 13 August 1829 it formed its classes and made provisions for lectures and debates . '' Annual members ' `` exhibitions '' of elocution took place in various venues around town , such as the Masonic Temple ( 1832 ) , Tremont Hall ( 1839 ) and the Odeon ( 1840 ) . Leaders included George Bancroft , Timothy Claxton , James T. Fields , Abbott Lawrence , William H. Prescott , William D. Ticknor , and Amasa Walker . Among the many lecturers : Nehemiah Adams , J.A. Bolles , David Paul Brown , Rufus Choate , William M. Cornell , C.C. Emerson , James Pollard Espy , Edward Everett , Dr. Grigg , George S. Hillard , Oliver Wendell Holmes , Dr. C.T. Jackson , N. Jones , Rev. John Pierpont , Edgar Allan Poe , John Osborne Sargent , William H. Simmons , Charles Sumner , B.B. Thatcher , Henry Theodore Tuckerman , Amasa Walker , and E.M.P. Wells .


query: The Night Of was co-written and co-directed by the same person.

pos: The Night Of The Night Of is an American eight-part crime drama television miniseries based on Criminal Justice , a 2008 -- 09 British television series . The miniseries was written by Richard Price and Steven Zaillian and directed by Zaillian and James Marsh . Broadcast on HBO , The Night Of premiered on July 10 , 2016 to critical acclaim . The first episode premiered on June 24 , 2016 , via HBO on-demand .

neg: The Night Letter The Night Letter is a 1978 book by Paul Spike , with a double-layered structure : an anti-Nazi spy thriller on the background of the early part of the Second World War , and an exposure of cynical and machiavellian maneuverings in the American corridors of power .   The book belongs to the subgenre of secret history -- i.e. with a plot in which real historical figures play a substantial part , doing things which are the author 's invention but which supposedly ( for reasons given in the plot ) remained secret and did not come to the knowledge of the public .   In the book , a British doctor meets in 1936 with President Franklin D. Roosevelt , who is unaware that the doctor is a Nazi sympathizer . The visitor manages to secretly photograph the President in a compromising position with his secretary , Missy LeHand ( whom historians widely assume to have been indeed Roosevelt 's mistress ) .   By 1940 , senior Nazi leader Reinhard Heydrich possesses the picture and intends to use the photo for blackmail and prevent Roosevelt from running for a third term -- in the hope that whoever gets elected instead would be more likely to keep the US out of the Second World War .   The President must recover the photo before the Democratic Party Convention which is about to nominate him . What makes the situation more difficult is that Roosevelt also needs to bypass the FBI -- for apprehension that should the photo fall into the hands of J. Edgar Hoover , the FBI Director might use it for his own brand of blackmail . Instead , Roosevelt employs former FBI Agent Jackson , who had left the Bureau under a cloud and incurred Hoover 's personal enmity , and who is completely loyal to the President .   The bulk of the book follows Jackson 's chase after the photo , starting from Paris at the very eve of its fall to the Wehrmacht and concluding with a cataclysmic confrontation at a secret Michigan base of the `` Silver Shirts '' -- a murderous , power-mad American Fascist militia ( which truly existed , though not necessarily doing all that the book describes it as doing ) . The chase ends with a mixed result -- the Nazi agents have been killed or captured , but the negative did fall into the hands of the FBI who caught the scent of what was going on .   The book ends on a cynical note : Hoover meets the President at the White House , claims to have destroyed the negatives ( which is manifestly untrue ) and proceeds to imperiously demand the sacking of Jackson -- obviously he is under the impression that he now holds Roosevelt 's fate in his hand . Upon being shown this , the President presents a photo of his own , showing Hoover in a compromising position with a handsome young FBI agent . Roosevelt and Hoover would henceforth be tied to each other , `` like convicts in chain gang '' , each able to destroy the other but only at the cost of his own destruction .   Category :1978 books  Category : Corruption  Category : Secret histories  Category : Thriller novels

neg: George M. Cohan Tonight! For the 1968 Broadway musical , see George M !   George M. Cohan Tonight ! is a 2006 musical , conceived , written and arranged by Chip Deffaa , with music and lyrics by George M. Cohan , and additional material by Chip Deffaa . It is a one-man show depicting the life and music of Cohan utilizing his songs , dance routines , memoirs , and the stories of those who knew him . Able to be performed in dozen of venues , George M. Cohan Tonight ! opened Off-Broadway in 2006 at the Irish Repertory Theatre in New York City . The original cast album is available from Sh-K-Boom Records/Ghostlight Records .   The New York Times hailed the show as `` brash , cocky , and endlessly euphoric '' ( The New York Times , March 11 , 2006 ) . The show originally starred Jon Peterson , was directed by Chip Deffaa , with musical direction by Sterling Price-McKinney . The show earned star Jon Peterson a Drama Desk nomination , and author/director Chip Deffaa an IRNE Award ( Independent Reviewers of New England ) . It is one of six different musicals about Cohan , created for different sized casts and audiences , created by Deffaa .

neg: Night of the Demon Night of the Demon is a 1957 British horror film directed by Jacques Tourneur , starring Dana Andrews , Peggy Cummins and Niall MacGinnis . An adaptation of the M. R. James story `` Casting the Runes '' ( 1911 ) , the plot revolves around an American psychologist investigating a satanic cult suspected of more than one murder .   The film 's production was turbulent due to artistic differences between producer Hal E. Chester on one side and Tourneur and writer Charles Bennett on the other . Although the original plan was not to show a literal demon , producer Chester inserted a monster over the objections of the writer , the director , and lead actor Dana Andrews . To accelerate the pace , the film was trimmed down to 83 minutes ( and retitled Curse of the Demon ) in the US where it played the second half of a double feature bill with both The True Story of Lynn Stuart and The Revenge of Frankenstein ( 1958 ) .

neg: Allen Wolf Allen Wolf ( born October 29 , 1970 ) is an American film director , screenwriter , film producer , novelist , and board game creator .

neg: Men of the Night Men of the Night is a 1926 silent crime film directed by Albert S. Rogell and starring Herbert Rawlinson . It was produced and distributed by independent company Sterling Pictures .

neg: Film director A film director is a person who directs the making of a film . Generally , a film director controls a film 's artistic and dramatic aspects and visualizes the screenplay ( or script ) while guiding the technical crew and actors in the fulfillment of that vision . The director has a key role in choosing the cast members , production design , and the creative aspects of filmmaking . Under European Union law , the director is viewed as the author of the film .   The film director gives direction to the cast and crew and creates an overall vision through which a film eventually becomes realized , or noticed . Directors need to be able to mediate differences in creative visions and stay within the boundaries of the film 's budget . There are many pathways to becoming a film director . Some film directors started as screenwriters , cinematographers , film editors or actors . Other film directors have attended a film school . Directors use different approaches . Some outline a general plotline and let the actors improvise dialogue , while others control every aspect , and demand that the actors and crew follow instructions precisely . Some directors also write their own screenplays or collaborate on screenplays with long-standing writing partners . Some directors edit or appear in their films , or compose the music score for their films .

neg: Sleepless Night (2011 film) Sleepless Night ( Nuit Blanche ) is a 2011 French-Belgian-Luxembourgian thriller film directed and co-written by Frederic Jardin .   The film premiered in 2011 at the Toronto International Film Festival and has received positive reviews from critics .

neg: Before This Night Is Over Before This Night Is Over ( Kým sa skončí táto noc ) is a 1966 Slovak drama film directed by Peter Solan .

neg: Gardens of the Night Gardens of the Night is a 2008 drama film , starring Gillian Jacobs , John Malkovich , Ryan Simpkins and Tom Arnold ; and directed and written by Damian Harris .

neg: Joseph D. Reitman Joseph David Reitman ( born May 25 , 1968 ) is an American actor , film producer , film director , and writer .

neg: Night Games (1966 film) Night Games is a 1966 Swedish movie directed by Mai Zetterling and starring Ingrid Thulin . The film premiered at the 27th Venice International Film Festival where it was considered so controversial that it was shown to the jury in private . The film was also the cause of former child-star Shirley Temple 's resignation from the San Francisco International Film Festival . Temple denounced the film as `` pornography for profit '' and was against it being shown at the festival .

neg: A Night of Horror International Film Festival A Night of Horror International Film Festival is a horror genre film festival that is based in Sydney , Australia .   There seems to be some consensus that the event is Australia 's premiere , and possibly only , horror film festival . In his monthly column in Encore Magazine , columnist Harvey Shore referred to the festival as `` Australia 's first horror film festival -LSB- it -RSB- recognises the past and gives the horror genre a platform for the future . '' An an article in Sydney 's Drum Media magazine , journalist Liz Guiffre refers to the horror festival as `` a one of a kind in our parts '' .

neg: NIGHT (magazine) NIGHT is an art/fashion/music / literature/nightlife periodical co-edited by Anton Perich and Robert Henry Rubin . Established in Manhattan , New York , in 1978 the magazine was created during the punk-new wave-disco nightclub era of among others ; Studio 54 , Xenon , Club A , Regine 's , The Continental , Hurrah 's , Danceteria , and the Mudd Club . Today the magazine continues to focus on the beautiful , the exclusive , the intelligent and the controversial . Among the contributors have been ; Charles Plymell , Helmut Newton . Taylor Mead , Victor Bockris , Lee Klein , Charles Henri Ford and countless others . At the dawn of her writing career Sex in the City author Candace Bushnell wrote for NIGHT , stating ... '' `` I wrote for this paper called Night Magazine , which was mainly just a bunch of pictures of people at Studio 54 . I would do little interviews and profiles . '' ...

neg: This Night Is Still Ours This Night Is Still Ours ( Questa notte è ancora nostra ) is a 2008 Italian comedy film directed by Paolo Genovese and Luca Miniero .

neg: Night of Hunters Night of Hunters is the twelfth solo studio album by American singer-songwriter Tori Amos , released on September 20 , 2011 , in the United States through Deutsche Grammophon . It is a concept album that Amos has described as `` a 21st century song cycle inspired by classical music themes spanning over 400 years . '' She pays tribute to classical composers such as Alkan , Bach , Chopin , Debussy , Granados , Satie and Schubert , taking inspiration from their original compositions to create new , independent songs . Regarding the album 's concept , she has described it as the exploration of `` the hunter and the hunted and how both exist within us '' through the story of `` a woman who finds herself in the dying embers of a relationship . ''   Night of Hunters is Amos 's first studio album recorded using only acoustic instruments , relying solely on her vocals and classically trained piano skills , along with a variety of accompanying string and woodwind instruments , to create its classical sound . Additionally , to record this album Amos broke a nearly 15-year-long collaboration with her studio and touring bandmates , choosing to work with a variety of new musicians , including the Berlin Philharmonic 's principal clarinetist , Andreas Ottensamer , and the award-winning string quartet , Apollon Musagète , while enlisting her daughter , Natashya Hawley , and niece , Kelsey Dobyns , as guest vocalists . Night of Hunters also marks the twentieth anniversary of her long-time collaboration with John Philip Shenale , who has contributed arrangements to most of her albums , beginning with her solo debut , Little Earthquakes ( 1992 ) .   The album is Amos ' first release on a classical music label . Like her previous releases , it is available in both standard and deluxe CD formats , digital format , as well as limited edition vinyl . Amos also released an entirely instrumental version of the album entitled Night of Hunters -- Sin Palabras ( without words ) available only to download .   The main promotional single released from the album is `` Carry '' , a variation on La fille aux cheveux de lin by Debussy .

neg: Steven Conrad Steven Conrad ( born 1968 ) is an American screenwriter , film producer and director .

neg: Saturday Night (2010 film) Saturday Night is a 2010 documentary directed by James Franco . The film examines the production process of the NBC late-night live television sketch comedy series Saturday Night Live . Shot over a period of six days from December 1 -- 6 , 2008 , the film was originally a school assignment for Franco at New York University .   The film premiered at the 2010 South by Southwest Film Festival on March 14 , 2010 , but was shelved for several years due to legal matters regarding its distributor and NBC . It was released on September 26 , 2014 on Hulu .

neg: Despite the Night Despite the Night ( original title : Malgré la nuit ) is a 2015 French-Canadian experimental film directed by Philippe Grandrieux .

neg: The Music of the Night `` The Music of the Night '' ( also labeled as just `` Music of the Night '' ) is a song from the popular 1986 musical The Phantom of the Opera . The music was written by Andrew Lloyd Webber with lyrics by Charles Hart . It has appeared on multiple soundtracks of the musical , such as the original cast version in which English actor Michael Crawford sings the song .

neg: Mike O'Brien (actor) Michael Patrick O'Brien ( born June 22 , 1976 ) , is an American actor , writer , and comedian , best known for his work as a writer and short filmmaker on Saturday Night Live .


query: Ronin starred at least one actress.

pos: Ronin (film) Ronin is a 1998 American spy action-thriller film directed by John Frankenheimer , starring Robert De Niro , Jean Reno , Natascha McElhone , Stellan Skarsgård , Sean Bean , and Jonathan Pryce , and written by David Mamet ( under the pseudonym Richard Weisz ) from a screenplay by first-time writer John David Zeik .   The film centers on a team of hired ex-special operatives trying to steal a mysterious and heavily guarded briefcase while navigating a maze of shifting loyalties and alliances . The film is noted for its realistic car chases through Nice and Paris and its convoluted plot involving the briefcase as a MacGuffin .

pos: Natascha McElhone Natasha Abigail Taylor ( born 14 December 1969 ) known professionally as Natascha McElhone ( -LSB- nəˈtæʃəˈmækəlˌhoʊn -RSB- ) , is an English-Irish actress of stage , screen and television , best known for her roles in American films such as Ronin , The Truman Show and Solaris . In addition , she is well known for her role as Karen van der Beek on the Showtime series Californication .   Currently , she stars in the role of First Lady Alex Kirkman in the ABC political drama Designated Survivor .

neg: Noriko Eguchi is a Japanese film and television actress . She became a student in the theater troupe Tokyo Kandenchi in 2000 , and made her film debut in 2002 with Takashi Miike 's Shangri-La . She had her first starring role in Yuki Tanada 's Moon and Cherry in 2004 .

neg: Man from Reno (film) Man from Reno is a 2014 film starring Ayako Fujitani and directed by Dave Boyle .

neg: Momoko Kōchi ( 7 March 1932 -- 5 November 1998 ) , born , was a Japanese film , stage and television actress . She was born in Japan .   She is best known for her roles in the original Godzilla , playing the character of Emiko Yamane ( and later reprised the role in Godzilla vs. Destoroyah in 1995 for the last time ) , and in The Mysterians , playing Hiroko Iwamoto .

neg: Akiyoshi Nakao is a Japanese actor .   Nakao 's wife is actress Riisa Naka .

neg: The Kunoichi: Ninja Girl Kunoichi is a 2011 Japanese historical martial arts film directed by Seiji Chiba and starring Rina Takeda .

neg: Etsuko Shihomi , now known by her married name , ( born October 29 , 1955 in Okayama City , Japan as ) is a Japanese actress who appeared in several Japanese martial arts films of the 1970s and 1980s .

neg: Katarina Radivojević Katarina Radivojević ( Serbian Cyrillic : Катарина Радивојевић ; born 29 March 1979 ) is a Serbian actress . She is known for her roles in films such as Zona Zamfirova and Charleston & Vendetta .

neg: Millennium Actress is a 2001 Japanese animated comedy-drama adventure film co-written and directed by Satoshi Kon and animated by Studio Madhouse . Loosely based on the lives of actresses Setsuko Hara and Hideko Takamine , it tells the story of two documentary filmmakers investigating the life of a retired acting legend . As she tells them the story of her life , the difference between reality and cinema becomes blurred .

neg: Noriko Hayami is a Japanese actress . She played the lead role in the 1985 film Love Hotel . She was also the supporting actress in many additional films . On television , Noriko was the lead actress in Sora o Tonda Kome Sōba , Episode # 29 of Abarenbō Shōgun V.

neg: Sachiko Hidari was a Japanese film actress . She appeared in 42 films between 1952 and 1995 . At the 14th Berlin International Film Festival she won the Silver Bear for Best Actress for her roles in Kanojo to kare and The Insect Woman . In 1977 , she directed and starred in the film The Far Road , which was entered into the 28th Berlin International Film Festival .

neg: Asuka Kurosawa is a Japanese actress and gravure model She appeared in more than twenty films since 1988 .

neg: Yoko Akino Yōko Akino ( 秋野 暢子 Akino Yōko , born Yōko Tashiro , 田代 暢子 Tashiro Yōko , born 18 January 1957 in Osaka , Japan ) is a Japanese actress .

neg: Nakoruru is a character in the Samurai Shodown ( Samurai Spirits in Japan ) series of fighting games by SNK . She is one of the series ' best known and most popular characters alongside its main protagonist Haohmaru , and has been introduced in the original Samurai Shodown in 1993 . Nakoruru is a good-hearted , young Ainu shrine maiden who loves nature and fights evil with the help of her hawk sidekick Mamahaha . She has a younger sister named Rimururu and an aggressive darker side alter-ego known as Rera . As one of SNK mascot characters , Nakoruru has also appeared in many other games and other media .

neg: Shin Yazawa , better known as , is a Japanese actress and entertainer who is represented by the talent agency , Japan Music Entertainment .   Yazawa graduated from Chiba Prefectual Funabashi Code High School . Her husband is K-1 kick-boxer Masato .   Yazawa debuted in the film Bounce ko Gals after passing the audition in 1997 .   Her first lead role was in the film Scramble Hearts in 2004 .

neg: Office Lady Rope Slave aka Oniroku Dan 's OL Rope Slave and sometimes mis-referenced as is a 1981 Japanese film in Nikkatsu 's Roman porno series , directed by Katsuhiko Fujii and starring Junko Mabuki .

neg: Samurai Girl (miniseries) Samurai Girl is a six-hour mini-series loosely based on the popular young-adult novel series by Carrie Asai . The event stars Jamie Chung , Brendan Fehr , and Stacy Keibler . The series began its three-day premiere on ABC Family on September 5 , 2008 .

neg: Kikoku is a Japanese yakuza film directed by Takashi Miike . The film reunites Miike with Riki Takeuchi , who stars as the main character .

neg: Erin Moriarty (actress) Erin Moriarty ( born June 24 , 1994 ) is an American actress . She has had recurring roles on the television series One Life to Live and True Detective , was a series regular on Red Widow and Jessica Jones , and has appeared in supporting roles in several films .

neg: Cathy DeBuono Cathy DeBuono is an American actress . DeBuono was born on March 20 , 1970 , in Yonkers , New York , and raised in Bronxville . As an athlete , she started a career as a successful volleyball player and received several awards and medals , such as two gold medals at the United States Olympic Festival in 1991 and 1992 . Between 1988 and 1991 she attended the University of Kentucky .   She was forced to end her career as a volleyball player due to a knee injury . After this , DeBuono started her acting career , and she performed in a stage play directed by a former student , Ashley Judd . She studied at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts and graduated in 1994 . In 2003 , she earned a master 's degree in clinical psychology .   She appeared in the last three seasons of Star Trek : Deep Space Nine as M'Pella . She has worked as a stand-in , photo double , and body double for Terry Farrell . DeBuono received no on-screen credits until her final appearance in the episode The Dogs of War . DeBuono also appeared as a background regular in several episodes of the television series Chicago Hope as a paramedic . DeBuono was involved in the comedy series Jenny , The Pretender , Pacific Blue , Martial Law , Becker and Exes and Oh 's .   DeBuono has also appeared in a few films , including the short project Gay Propaganda ( 2002 ) and the award-winning Out at the Wedding ( 2007 ) , the romantic comedy And Then Came Lola ( 2008 ) , and the short drama Tremble & Spark ( 2008 ) . For the 2007 short film , The Touch , by Jane Clark , she worked as associate producer and still photographer .   She now hosts her own radio program on Thursdays at 12 p.m. PST , since September 2011 , to give out advice on LA Talk radio .